----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcrib]'s ,note3    ,?is v]sion ( ! 
text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical    
effects4  ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' 
"* z italic4    ,! orig9al text 0 pr9t$ 
9 two columns1 :i* _c be replicat$  "h4 
,z is common 9 diction>ies1 ea* column  
is head$ ) a ?ree-lett]  indication ( ! 
fir/ & la/ articles on t page4 ,?is     
feature is  n feasible "h4    ,m9or     
errors1 attributable to ! pr9t]1 h be5  
correct$4 ,please  see ! transcrib]'s   
note at ! end ( ?is text = details      
reg>d+  ! h&l+ ( any textual issues     
enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4    ,!re   
are sev]al unusual ,greek *>act]s       
employ$ 9 ?is text3                     
ligature ( #8'                /igma1 a  
ligature ( #8'                a cursive 
v>iant ( #8'1 almo/ always us$ z        
! fir/ "* ( a ^w4                a      
cursive v>iant ( #8'1 us$ 9 any position
               o!r ?an ! fir/ "*1 :i*   
appe>s z               #8'4             

,a ,,biblical ,,& ,,!ological           
,,diction>y3                            
--------------                          
,,explanatory ,,( ,,!                   
,,hi/ory1 ,,mann]s1 ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,!
 ,,jews1                           ,,&  
,,neighb\r+ ,,nations4           ,,)    
,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,rem>kable 
,,places ,,& ,,p]sons                   
,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,sacr$ ,,scripture2      
,an ,exposition                         
,,( ,,!                      ,,pr9cipal 
,,doctr9es ,,( ,,*ri/ianity2            
,,& ,,notices ,,( ,,jewi% ,,& ,,*ri/ian 
,,sects ,,& ,,h]esies4                  
,,by ,,ri*>d ,,watson4                  
,,revis$ ,,by ,,! ,,am]ican ,,editors4  
'  1   1   1          1    1   1        
1       1            4--,,*ryso/om4     
,an intimate acqua9tance ) ! ,holy      
,scriptures is a secure hav51        &  
an impregnable bulw>k1 & an immovable   
t[]1 &        imp]i%able glory1 &       
imp5etrable arm\r1 & unfad+ joy1 &      
p]petual delight1 & :atev] o!r excell5ce

 c be utt]$4    ,illu/ration            
,,new-,,york1                           
,,publi%$ ,,by ,b4 ,,waugh ,,& ,t4      
,,mason1           ,,= ,,! ,,me?odi/    
,,episcopal ,,*ur*1 ,,at ,,! ,,conf]5ce 
,,(fice1 #ad ,,crosby-,,/reet4          
-------                              ,j4
 ,collord1 ,pr9t]4                      
#ahcb4                  8,ent]$ accord+ 
to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahcb1 by  
,b4 ,,waugh &  ,t4 ,,mason1 9 ! ,cl]k's 
,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,s\!rn    
,di/rict ( ,new-,york40                 
,,preface ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4             
-------      ,9 ! foll[+ ,diction>y1    
compil$ f ! be/ s\rces anci5t &  mod]n1 
) ! addition ( _m orig9al articles1 !   
selections h  be5 made ) ref]5ce to :at 
0 ?\ght mo/ useful2 & ?us _m  ?+s ( m9or
 importance1 usually f\nd 9 simil>      
works1 h be5  exclud$4 ,e article too1  
tak5 f prec$+ ,diction>ies1 has be5     
c>efully weigh$1 & 9 a great numb] (    
in/ances modifi$1  correct$1 or enl>g$2 
& num]\s o!r writ+s v>i\sly  illu/rative

 ( ! ,holy ,scriptures h be5 made to    
contribute a  portion ( _! in=mation "u 
diff]5t heads4 ,?is g5]al  ackn[l$gm5t  
r5d]s a p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! works made
 use (  unnecess>y4 ,! fact is1 t _m ( !
 mo/ valuable ( !m are  compilations f  
prec$+ compilations1 & s h no title to  
be  ref]r$ to z orig9al au?orities2 :ile
 9 o!r in/ances !  articles 9 ?is       
,diction>y h be5 collect$ f sev]al      
s\rces1  & s alt]$1 or comb9$ ) orig9al 
corrections or enl>gem5ts1  t x w\ld be 
difficult to assign ea* portion to its  
prop]  orig9al4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 any        
p>ticul>s ( fact or hi/ory requir$      
confirmation1 ! au?ority has be5 giv54  
,x w be obs]v$ t all ! places & p]sons  
m5tion$ 9 !  ,bible h n be5 notic$1 =   
?is w\ld only h made ! same  unpr(itable
 display ( prop] names :i* is se5 9     
sev]al o!r  ,diction>ies2 b ^? h be5    
select$ on :i* any ?+ important  = ! "r 
und]/&+ ( ! ,scriptures seem$1 m or     
less1 to  dep5d4 ,! same rule has be5   
obs]v$ z to ! natural hi/ory ( !        

,bible1 on :i* dep>tm5t great light has 
be5 ?r[n by ,dr4 ,h>ris1  ^: le>n$ "w   
has be5 r freely us$4 ,! lead+ sects &  
h]esies1 anci5t & mod]n1 h also be5     
introduc$2 b ) no  design to embody a   
complete acc\nt ( religi\s op9ions3 ^?  
only1  !re=e1 h be5 ins]t$ ) :i* x is   
mo/ necess>y t !  !ological /ud5t %\ld h
 a g5]al acqua9tance4    ,all t is      
important 9 ^? useful mod]n works :i* h 
be5  publi%$ ^u ! mann]s & cu/oms ( !   
ea/ w be f\nd  embodi$ "u diff]5t heads 
s f> z x t5ds to elucidate !  sacr$     
volume2 & _m int]e/+ extracts are giv5 f
 ! mo/  intellig5t ( our mod]n travell]s
 9 ,pale/9e1 & neighb\r+  c\ntries1     
po9t+ out ! pres5t condition ( places   
celebrat$ 9  sacr$ geography1 &         
especially :5 ! acc\nt illu/rates &     
r5d]s rem>kable ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy4 
,at ! close ( ! :ole1 a complete        
alphabetical li/ ( prop] names  occurr+ 
9 ! ,bible1 ) _! significations & "r    
pronunciation1 is app5d$4    ,,london1  
,augu/ #bj1 #ahca4                      

,,adv]tisem5t ,,to ,,! ,,am]ican        
,,edition4      ,no o!r improvem5ts h   
be5 attempt$ 9 ?is edition ( ,mr4       
,watson's ,biblical & ,!ological        
,diction>y1 ?an add+ a few notes 9      
relation to "s matt]s exi/+ 9 ?is       
c\ntry1 :i* _h escap$ !  att5tion ( !   
au?or1 & r5d]+ ^? passages & phrases    
into  ,engli% :i* _h be5 left           
untranslat$4 ,su* translations are      
includ$  9 brackets4 ,x may be prop] to 
rem>k1 t only t "p ( ! "w  f ! eight    
hundr$ & =ty second page has be5 pr9t$  
"u !  sup]9t5d5ce ( ! pres5t editor2 !  
=m] "p hav+ pass$  ?r\gh ! press previ\s
 to ! la/ g5]al conf]5ce4    ,x is n    
necess>y to say any ?+ 9 comm5dation (  
?is "w4  ,:atev] m]it1 h[ev]1 may be    
atta*$ to o!rs ( a simil>  "* :i* h     
prec$$ x1 we ?9k x w be conc$$ by all1  
t ,mr4 ,watson1 by furni%+ ?is          
,diction>y1 has suppli$ a  desid]atum1 9
 ! dep>tm5t ( ,biblical & ,!ological    
lit]ature1  :i* _h long be5 felt1 & =   
do+ :i* ! religi\s community  w n be    

backw>d 9 ackn[l$g+ its obligations4    
,n4 ,,bangs4    ,,new-,,york1 ,sept4    
#be1 #ahcb4    ,illu/ration3      ,!    
,,_w1    z ,peopl$ by    ,,!            
,,desc5dants ,,(    ,,noah    ,%ew+ !   
,c\ntries possess$ by    ,,%em1 ,,ham   
,,japhet    & _! po/]ity                
,a                      ,,biblical ,,&  
,,!ological ,,diction>y4                
,,a>on1 ! son ( ,amram & ,jo*eb$1 ( !   
tribe ( ,levi4 ,a>on 0  ?ree ye>s old]  
?an 8 bro!r ,moses2 & :5 ,god appe>$ 9 !
  burn+ bu%1 ,moses hav+ excus$ himself 
f ! und]tak+  committ$ to him1 by urg+ t
 he 0 sl[ ( spee*1 ,a>on1 :o 0  an      
eloqu5t man1 0 made 8 int]pret] &       
spokesman2 & 9  effect+ ! deliv]ance ( !
 ,hebrews we !re=e f9d !m  con/antly    
associat$4 ,dur+ ! m>* ( ! *ildr5 (     
,israel  ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 ,a>on & 8   
sons 7 appo9t$ by ,god to  ex]cise = ev]
 ! (fice ( prie/s 9 ! tab]nacle4        
,moses hav+ asc5d$ ! m\nta9 to receive !
 law f ,god1 ,a>on1  8 sons1 & sev5ty   
eld]s1 foll[$ him1 ,exod4 xxiv1 #a1 #b1 

#i-aa2 n  inde$ to ! summit1 b 8af> (f10
 8& !y saw ! ,god ( ,israel10  t is1 !  
glory 9 :i* he appe>$1 8z x 7 ! pav$ "w 
( a  sapphire /one1 & z x 7 ! body (    
heav5 = cle>ness20--a  cle> & dazzl+    
azure1 a pure1 unm+l$ spl5d\r l t ( !   
heav5s4 8,& ^u ! nobles ( ,israel10     
,a>on1 8 sons1 & !  sev5ty eld]s1 8he   
laid n 8 h&10--!y 7 n de/roy$ by a      
sight :i* mu/ h ov]:elm$ ! weakness (   
mortal m5 _h !y  n be5 /r5g!n$ to be> x2
 8& !y did eat & dr9k10--!y  joyfully & 
dev\tly fea/$ be=e ! ,"l1 z a religi\s  
act1 ^u  ! sacrifices !y (f]$4 ,aft] ?is
 !y dep>t$1 & ,moses  rema9$ ) ,god on !
 v summit ( ! m\nt =ty days4    ,dur+   
?is p]iod1 ! p1 gr[n impati5t at ! long 
abs5ce (  ,moses1 address$ !mselves to  
,a>on 9 a tumultu\s mann]1 say+1  8,make
 u gods :i* %all g be=e u3 =1 z = ?is   
,moses1 ! man  t br\ght u up out ( ! l& 
( ,egypt1 we wot n :at is become  (     
him40 ,a>on s9fully yield$ to !         
importunities ( ! p2 &  hav+ ord]$ !m to
 br+ ! p5dants & ! e>-r+s ( _!  wives & 

*ildr51 he melt$ !m d[n1 & !n made a    
gold5 calf1  probably 9 imitation ( !   
,egyptian ,apis1 an ox or calf d$icat$  
to  ,osiris4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! image 0   
d$icat$ to ,jehovah ! true  ,god2 b !   
guilt consi/$ 9 an attempt to e/abli%   
image wor%ip1  :i*1 :5 ev5 ultimately   
ref]r+ to ,god1 he has =bidd54 ,nei!r   
are images to be wor%ipp$1 nor ! true   
,god by images2--?is is !  /&+ unrepeal$
 law ( ,heav54 ,! calf 0 call$ a gold5  
calf1 z  be+ highly ornam5t$ ) gold4    
,hav+ f9i%$ ! idol1 ! p  plac$ x on a   
p$e/al1 & danc$ ar\nd x1 say+1 8,^! be  
?y  gods1 ,o ,israel20 or1 z x is       
express$ 9 ,nehemiah1 8,?is is ?y ,god10
  ! image or symbol ( ?y ,god1 8:i*     
br\ght !e up out ( ! l&  ( ,egypt40     
,moses1 hav+ ha/5$ f ! m\nt by ! comm& (
 ,god1  te/ifi$ to ! p1 by break+ !     
tables ( ! law 9 _!  pres5ce1 t !       
cov5ant betwe5 ,god & !m 0 n[ r5d]$ (   
none effect ?r\gh _! (f5ce4 ,he also    
indignantly reprov$ ,a>on1  ^: s9 inde$ 
_h k9dl$ aga9/ him ! ang] ( ! ,"l1 s t  

he w\ld 8h de/roy$ him b t ,moses pray$ 
= him40    ,aft] ! tab]nacle 0 built1   
,moses consecrat$ ,a>on to ! high       
prie/hood ) ! holy oil1 & inve/$ him ) 8
 prie/ly  robes1--8 g>m5ts 8( glory &   
beauty20 b ,a>on's weakness 0  aga9     
manife/$ 9 concurr+ ) ,miriam1 8 si/]1  
to c5sure &  oppose ,moses1 ?r\gh envy4 
,a>on1 z be+ ! eld] bro!r1 c\ld n       
p]haps brook 8 sup]iority4 ,:at ! motive
 ( ,miriam might be does  n appe>2 b %e 
be+ /ruck ) leprosy1 ?is puni%m5t1 z be+
  imm$iately f ,god1 op5$ ,a>on's eyes2 
he ackn[l$g$ 8 fault1  & ask$ =giv5ess (
 ,moses bo? = himself & 8 si/]4    ,a>on
 himself became also ! object ( jeal\sy2
 b two miracul\s  int]positions confirm$
 him 9 8 (fice ( high prie/1 z ( ,div9e 
appo9tm5t4 ,! fir/ 0 ! de/ruction (     
,korah1 :o s\ght t  (fice = himself1 & (
 ! two hundr$ & fifty ,levites :o       
support$ 8 pret5sions1 ,num4 xvi4 ,!    
second 0 ! blossom+ (  ,a>on's rod1 :i* 
0 design$ 8to cause ! murmur+s ( !      
,israelites aga9/ him to cease10 by %[+ 

t he 0 *os5 ( ,god4  ,moses hav+1 at !  
comm& ( ,god1 tak5 twelve rods ( an     
almond tree  f ! pr9ces ( ! twelve      
tribes1 & ,a>on's sep>ately1 he plac$   
!m 9 ! tab]nacle be=e ! sanctu>y1 aft]  
hav+ writt5 ^u  ea* ! "n ( ! tribe :i* x
 repres5t$1 & ^u ! rod (  ,a>on ! "n (  
,a>on4 ,! day foll[+1 :5 ! rods 7 tak5  
out1 t ( ,a>on 80 budd$1 & br\ght =?    
buds1 & bloom$  blossoms1 & yield$      
almonds40 ,?is rod !re=e 0 laid up by ! 
ark1 to p]petuate ! remembrance ( !     
miracle1 & to be a tok5 (  ,a>on's "r to
 8 (fice4    ,a>on m>ri$ ,eli%eba1 !    
daught] ( ,amm9adab1 ( ! tribe (        
,judah1 by :om he _h f\r sons1 ,nadab & 
,abihu1 ,eleaz> & ,i?am>1  ,exodus vi1  
#bc4 ,! two fir/ 7 kill$ by fire f      
heav51 z a  puni%m5t = presum+ to (f]   
inc5se ) /range fire 9 _!  c5s]s1 ,lev4 
x1 #a1 #b4 ,f ! two o!rs ! succession ( 
high  prie/s 0 cont9u$ 9 ,israel4    ,! 
acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,a>on is peculi>ly    
solemn & affect+4 ,z  he & ,moses1 9    
/rik+ ! rock at ,m]ibah1 ,num4 xvi1 _h n

  hon\r$ ,god by a p]fect ob$i5ce &     
fai?1 he 9 8 wra? decl>$  unto !m t !y  
%\ld n ent] into ! promis$ l&4 ,soon    
aft]1  ! ,"l comm&$ ,moses1 8,take      
,a>on1 & ,eleaz> 8 son1 & br+  !m up to 
m\nt ,hor2 & /rip ,a>on ( 8 g>m5ts10--8 
spl5did  pontifical ve/m5ts1--8& put !m 
^u ,eleaz>1 8 son2 & ,a>on  %all be     
ga!r$ unto 8 p1 & %all die !re40 ,?is   
comm&  0 c>ri$ into effect 9 ! pres5ce (
 all ,israel1 :o 7 encamp$  at ! foot ( 
! m\nta92 & 8 son be+ inve/$ ) !  fa!r's
 prie/ly dress1 ,a>on di$1 & all ! p    
m\rn$ = him  ?irty days4 ,8 sepul*re 0  
left unm>k$ & unkn[n1 p]haps to  prev5t 
! sup]/iti\s rev]5ce ( future ages4 ,9  
,deut]onomy x is  said t ,a>on di$ at   
,mos]a2 because t 0 ! "n ( !  di/rict 9 
:i* m\nt ,hor 0 situat$4    #b4 ,!      
,,prie/hood be+ e/abli%$ 9 ,a>on & 8    
family1 ! nature  ( ?is (fice among !   
,israelites1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 !     
high prie/ & ! o!r prie/s1 require "h to
 be po9t$ out4    ,be=e ! promulgation (
 ! law by ,moses1 ! fa!rs ( e  family1 &

 ! pr9ces ( e tribe1 7 prie/s4 ,?is 0 ! 
case  bo? be=e & aft] ! flood2 = ,ca9 & 
,abel1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,job1           
,abimele*1 ,laban1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1    
!mselves (f]$ _! own  sacrifices4 ,b    
aft] ! ,"l _h *os5 ! family ( ,a>on1 &  
annex$ ! prie/hood to t l9e1 !n ! "r (  
sacrific+ to  ,god 0 res]v$ to t family 
only4 ,! high prie/hood 0 conf9$  to !  
fir/-born 9 succession2 & ! re/ ( 8     
po/]ity 7  prie/s simply s call$1 or    
prie/s ( ! second ord]4 ,bo? 9 !  high  
prie/ & ! second or inf]ior prie/s1 two 
?+s des]ve  notice1--_! consecration &  
_! (fice4 ,9 "s ?+s !y  diff]$1 & 9 o!rs
 agre$4 ,9 _! consecration !y diff]$    
?us3 ! high prie/ _h ! *rism1 or sacr$  
o9tm5t1 p\r$ ^u  8 head1 s z to run d[n 
to 8 be>d1 & ! skirts ( 8 g>m5t1  ,exod4
 xxx1 #bc2 ,lev4 viii1 #ab2 ,psa4       
cxxxiii1 #b4 ,b ! second prie/s  7 only 
spr9kl$ ) ?is oil1 mix$ ) ! blood ( !   
sacrifice1 ,lev4 viii1 #cj4 ,!y diff]$  
also 9 _! robes1 :i*  7 a necess>y      
adjunct to consecration4 ,! high prie/  

wore at !  ord9>y times ( 8 m9i/ration 9
 ! temple1 eight g>m5ts2--l95  draw]s--a
 coat ( f9e l95 close to 8 sk9--an      
embroid]$ girdle  ( f9e l951 blue &     
sc>let1 to surr\nd ! coat--a robe all ( 
blue ) sev5ty-two bells1 & z _m         
embroid]$ pomegranates ^u  ! skirts ( x2
 ?is 0 put ov] ! coat & girdle--an ephod
 (  gold1 & ( blue1 purple1 sc>let1 &   
f9e l951 curi\sly wr\ght1  on ! %\ld]s (
 :i* 7 two /ones engrav$ ) ! names ( !  
twelve tribes2 ?is 0 put ov] ! robe1 &  
girt ) a curi\s  girdle ( ! same--a     
brea/plate1 ab\t a span squ>e1 wr\ght ) 
gold1 blue1 purple1 sc>let1 & f9e l951 &
 fa/5$ ^u ! ephod  by gold5 *a9s & r+s2 
9 ?is brea/plate 7 plac$ ! urim &       
?ummim1 also twelve sev]al /ones1       
conta9+ ! names ( ! twelve  tribes--a   
mitre ( f9e l951 sixte5 cubits long1 to 
wrap r\nd 8  head--& la/ly1 a plate (   
gold1 or holy cr[n1 two f+]s broad1     
:]eon 0 engrav$1 8,hol9ess to ! ,"l20   
?is 0 ti$ ) blue  lace ^u ! front ( !   
mitre4 ,beside ^! g>m5ts1 :i* he wore  9

 8 ord9>y m9i/ration1 !re 7 f\r o!rs1   
:i* he wore only  ^u extraord9>y        
occasions1 viz4 on ! day ( expiation1 :5
 he w5t  into ! holy ( holies1 :i* 0    
once a ye>4 ,^! 73 l95  draw]s--a l95   
coat--a l95 girdle--a l95 mitre1 all    
:ite1 ,exod4  xxviii2 ,lev4 xvi1 #d4 ,b 
! inf]ior prie/s _h only f\r g>m5ts3    
l95 draw]s--a l95 coat--a l95 girdle--a 
l95 bonnet4 ,! prie/  & high prie/      
diff]$ also 9 _! m>riage re/rictions2 = 
!  high prie/ might n m>ry a wid[1 nor a
 divorc$ woman1 nor a h>lot1  b a virg9 
only2 :]eas ! o!r prie/s might lawfully 
m>ry a  wid[1 ,lev4 xxi1 #g4    ,9 !    
foll[+ p>ticul>s ! high prie/ & inf]ior 
prie/s agre$  9 _! consecration3 bo? 7  
to be void ( bodily blemi%--bo? 7  to be
 pres5t$ to ! ,"l at ! door ( !         
tab]nacle--bo? 7 to  be wa%$ ) wat]--bo?
 7 to be consecrat$ by (f]+ up c]ta9    
sacrifices--bo? 7 to h ! blood ( a ram  
put ^u ! tip ( !  "r e>1 ! ?umb ( ! "r  
h&1 & ! great toe ( ! "r  foot1 ,exod4  
xxix1 #bj4 ,9 ! "t ( consecration1 c]ta9

 pieces ( !  sacrifice 7 put into !     
prie/'s h&1 :i* 0 call$ 8fill+ 8  h&20  
h5ce ! ,hebrew phrase1 8to fill ! h&10  
signifies  consecration4    ,9 ! dis*>ge
 ( _! (fices1 ! high prie/ diff]$ f !   
o!r prie/s 9 ^! p>ticul>s3 ! high prie/ 
only1 & t b  once a ye>1 might ent] into
 ! holy ( holies--! high prie/ might  n 
m\rn = 8 ne>e/ relations by uncov]+ 8   
head1 or te>+  any "p ( 8 g>m5ts1 except
 ! skirt2 :]eas ! prie/ 0  all[$ to m\rn
 = ^! six1--fa!r1 "m1 son1 daught]1     
bro!r1  & si/] if %e _h no husb&1 ,lev4 
xxi1 #b1 #aj1 #aa2 b !y agre$  9 ^!     
respects3 !y bo? burnt inc5se & (f]$    
sacrifices--!y  bo? s\nd$ ! trumpet1    
ei!r z an al>m 9 w>1 or to assemble !  p
 & _! rul]s--!y bo? slew !              
sacrifices--bo? in/ruct$  ! p--& bo?    
judg$ ( leprosy4    ,= ! m ord]ly       
p]=mance ( ^! (fices1 ! high prie/ _h  8
 sagan1 :o1 9 case ( ! high prie/'s     
pollution1 p]=m$ 8  duty4 ,! high prie/ 
& 8 sagan resembl$ our bi%op & 8        
suffragan4    #c4 ,a>on 0 a ,,type (    

,*ri/1 n p]sonally1 b z ! high prie/ (  
! ,jewi% *ur*4 ,all ! prie/s1 z (f]+    
gifts & sacrifices1  7 9 _! (fice types 
( ,*ri/2 b ,a>on especially1 #a4 ,z !   
high prie/4 #b4 ,9 ent]+ into ! holy    
place on ! great day (  atonem5t1 &     
reconcil+ ! p to ,god2 9 mak+           
int]cession =  !m1 & pron\nc+ ^u !m !   
bless+ ( ,jehovah1 at !  t]m9ation (    
solemn s]vices4 #c4 ,9 be+ ano9t$ ) !   
holy oil  by effusion1 :i* 0            
prefigurative ( ! ,holy ,_s ) :i* our   
,"l 0 end[$4 #d4 ,9 be>+ ! names ( all !
 tribes ( ,israel  ^u 8 brea/ & ^u 8    
%\ld]s1 ?us pres5t+ !m always  be=e     
,god1 & repres5t+ !m to him4 #e4 ,9 be+ 
! m$ium (  _! inquir+ ( ,god by urim &  
?ummim2 & ( ! communication (  8 w to   
!m4 ,b ?\gh ! (fices ( ,a>on 7 typical1 
!  prie/hood ( ,*ri/ is ( a diff]5t &   
high] ,,ord] ?an 81  namely1 t (        
,,mel*iz$eck4 ,see ,,calf1 ,,prie/1     
,,type1 ,,ephod1  ,,brea/plate1 ,,urim4 
,,ab1 9 ! ,hebrew *ronology1 ! elev5?   
mon? ( ! civil ye>1 &  ! fif? ( !       

ecclesia/ical ye>1 :i* began ) ,nisan4  
,?is mon?  answ]$ to ! moon ( ,july1    
compreh5d+ "p ( ,july & ( ,augu/1  &    
conta9$ ?irty days4    ,! fir/ day ( ?is
 mon? is obs]v$ z a fa/ by ! ,jews1 9   
memory  ( ,a>on's dea?2 & ! n9?1 9      
commemoration ( ! de/ruction (  ! temple
 by ,nebu*adnezz>1 9 ! ye> be=e ,*ri/   
#ehg4 ,josephus  obs]ves1 t ! burn+ ( ! 
temple by ,nebu*adnezz> happ5$ on  !    
same day ( ! ye> on :i* x 0 aft]w>d     
burn$ by ,titus4 ,!  same day 0         
rem>kable = ,adrian's edict1 :i*        
prohibit$ ! ,jews to  cont9ue 9 ,judea1 
or to look t[>d ,j]usalem & lam5t its   
desolation4 ,! eighte5? day is also kept
 z a fa/1 because !  sacr$ lamp 0       
ext+ui%$ on t night1 9 ! reign ( ,ahaz4 
,on !  tw5ty-fir/1 or1 accord+ to       
,scalig]1 ! tw5ty-second day1 0 a  fea/ 
call$ ,xylophoria1 f _! lay+ up !       
necess>y wood 9 !  temple3 & on !       
tw5ty-f\r?1 a fea/ 9 commemoration ( !  
aboli%+ ( a law by ! ,asmoneans1 or     
,maccabees1 :i* _h be5  introduc$ by !  

,sadducees1 & :i* enact$1 t bo? sons &  
daught]s %\ld alike inh]it ! e/ate ( _! 
p>5ts4    ,,abaddon1 ,heb4 correspond+  
to ,apollyon1 ,gr4 t is1 ,de/roy]1 is   
repres5t$1 ,rev4 ix1 #aa1 z k+ ( !      
locu/s1 & ! angel ( !  bottomless pit4  
,le ,cl]c & ,dr4 ,hammond und]/& by !   
locu/s 9  ?is passage1 ! zealots &      
robb]s :o infe/$ & desolat$ ,judea  be=e
 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by ! ,romans2 & by    
,abaddon1 ,john (  ,gis*ala1 :o hav+    
trea*]\sly left t t[n be=e x 0  surr5d]$
 to ,titus1 came to ,j]usalem & head$ ^?
 ( ! zealots  :o ackn[l$g$ him z _! k+1 
& involv$ ! ,jews 9 _m  griev\s         
calamities4 ,! le>n$ ,grotius concurs 9 
op9ion1 t !  locu/s are design$ to      
repres5t ! sect ( ! zealots1 :o appe>$  
among ! ,jews dur+ ! siege1 & at ! "t ( 
! de/ruction (  ,j]usalem4 ,b ,mr4 ,m$e 
rem>ks1 t ! title ,abaddon alludes to   
,obodas1 ! common "n ( ! anci5t mon>*s (
 t "p ( ,arabia  f :i* ,mohamm$ came2 & 
consid]s ! passage z descriptive (  !   
inundation ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,mr4 ,l[man     

adopts & confirms ?is  int]pretation4   
,he %[s t ! rise & progress ( !         
,mohamm$an  religion & empire exhibit a 
signal accompli%m5t ( ?is prophecy4     
,all ! circum/ances "h recit$ correspond
 to ! "* ( !  ,arabians1 & ! hi/ory ( ! 
p]iod t ext5d$ f ,a4 ,d4 #efh to  ,a4   
,d4 #fge4 ,9 con=mity to ?is op9ion1    
,abaddon may be und]/ood to  d5ote ei!r 
,mohamm$1 :o issu$ f ! abyss1 or ! cave 
( ,h]a1  to propagate 8 pret5d$         
revelations1 or1 m g5]ally1 ! ,s>ac5    
p[]4 ,mr4 ,bryant supposes ,abaddon to h
 be5 ! "n ( ! ,ophite  deity1 ! wor%ip (
 :om prevail$ v anci5tly & v g5]ally4   
,,abana4 ,naaman1 ! lep]1 on be+ direct$
 to wa% 9 ! riv] ,jordan1  says1 #b ,k+s
 v1 #ab1 8,are n ,abana & ,ph>p>1 riv]s 
( ,damascus1  bett] ?an all ! wat]s (   
,israel80 ,probably ! ,abana is a bran* 
(  ! ,b>rady1 or ,*rysorrhoas1 :i*      
d]ives its s\rce f ! foot (  m\nt       
,libanus1 ea/w>d2 runs r\nd & ?r\gh     
,damascus1 & cont9ues  its c\rse till   
lo/ 9 ! wild]ness1 f\r or five leagues  

s\? (  ! city4 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela w h t  
"p ( ,b>rady :i* runs  ?r\gh ,damascus  
to be ! ,abana1 & ! /reams :i* wat] !   
g>d5s )\t ! city1 to be ,ph>p>2 b p]haps
 ! ,ph>p> is !  same ) ,orontes1 ! mo/  
not$ riv] ( ,syria1 :i*1 tak+ its rise  
a little to ! nor? or nor?-ea/ (        
,damascus1 glides ?r\gh a  delightful   
pla91 till1 aft] pass+ ,antio*1 & runn+ 
ab\t two  hundr$ miles to ! nor?-we/1 x 
loses itself 9 ! ,m$it]ranean  sea1 #b  
,k+s v1 #ab4    ,,abba1 a ,syriac ^w1   
:i* signifies fa!r4 ,! le>n$ ,mr4       
,seld51  f ! ,babylonian ,gem>a1 has    
prov$ t slaves 7 n all[$ to  use ! title
 abba 9 address+ ! ma/] ( ! family to   
:i* !y  belong$4 ,?is may s]ve to       
illu/rate ,rom4 viii1 #ae1 & ,gal4 iv1  
#f1 z  x %[s t ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ all   
true ,*ri/ians pass into !  relation (  
sons2 are p]mitt$ to address ,god )     
filial confid5ce 9  pray]2 & to reg>d   
!mselves z heirs ( ! heav5ly inh]itance4
  ,?is adoption into ! family ( ,god1   
insep>ably foll[s our  ju/ification2 & !

 p[] to call ,god our ,fa!r1 9 ?is      
special &  appropriative s5se1 results f
 ! inw>d te/imony giv5 to our  =giv5ess 
by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,m>k use
 ! ,syriac  ^w abba1 a t]m :i* 0        
und]/ood 9 ! synagogues & primitive     
assemblies ( ,*ri/ians2 b add$ to x :5  
writ+ to =eign]s !  explanation1 fa!r4  
,figuratively1 abba means also a        
sup]ior1 9  respect ( age1 dignity1 or  
affection4 ,x is m p>ticul>ly us$ 9  !  
,syriac1 ,coptic1 & ,e?iopic *ur*es z a 
title giv5 to _!  bi%ops4 ,! bi%ops     
!mselves be/[ ! title abba m em95tly  ^u
 ! bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 :i* occasion$ ! p 
to give him  ! title ( baba1 or papa1 t 
is1 gr&fa!r2 a title :i* he bore  be=e !
 bi%op ( ,rome4    ,,ab$nego1 ! ,*aldee 
"n giv5 by ! k+ ( ,babylon's (fic] to   
,az>iah1 "o ( ,daniel's companions1     
,dan4 i1 #g4 ,?is "n imports !  s]vant (
 ,nago1 or ,nego1 :i* is suppos$ to     
signify ! sun1 or  morn+ />1 s call$ f  
its brightness4 ,ab$nego 0 ?r[n into a  
fi]y furnace1 at ,babylon1 ) 8 two      

companions ,%adra* & ,me%a*1  = refus+  
to adore ! /atue erect$ by ! comm& (    
,nebu*adnezz>4 ,god suff]$ !m n to be   
injur$ by ! flames2 b  made ! :ole to   
r$\nd to 8 own glory1 & ! %ame ( ! idols
  ( ,babylon4 ,"o l unto ! ,son ( ,god1 
or a ,div9e p]son1 probably  ! ,angel ( 
! ,div9e pres5ce himself1 appe>$ 9 !    
mid/ ( !m2  & !y came out ( ! furnace1  
:i* _h be5 heat$ sev5 times  hott] ?an  
usual1 s completely pres]v$ f ! p[] ( ! 
flames1  t n ev5 8! smell ( fire _h     
pass$ ^u !m40 ,?is 0 an  illu/ri\s      
in/ance ( ! c\rage\s & hall[$ _s (      
m>tyrdom2  & ! int]position 0 no d\bt   
design$ to enc\rage ! ,jews :ile  9     
captivity1 liv+ among idolat]s1 to hold 
fa/ _! religion4 ,x is  an in/ance also 
( ^? graci\s visitations to ! old ,hea!n
 _w1  by :i* x 0 l\dly call$ f its      
idolatries1 & ar\s$ to !  ackn[l$gm5t ( 
! true & only ,jehovah1 :o1 9 v>i\s     
ways1 8left  n himself )\t witness0     
among !m4 ,a great tempor>y effect 0    
produc$ by ?is & o!r miracles relat$ 9 !

 book ( ,daniel2 b  ! p relaps$ aga9    
into idolatry1 & ju/ly br\ght ^u        
!mselves all ^? wa/+ judgm5ts :i* 9     
succession swept ov]  ! mightie/ & mo/  
anci5t /ates4    ,,abel4 ,he 0 ! second 
son ( ,adam & ,eve1 & born probably 9 ! 
second or ?ird ye> ( ! _w2 ?\gh "s w h x
 t he &  ,ca9 7 tw9s4 ,8 "n signifies   
vap\r1 vanity1 & might be  giv5 ei!r    
because our fir/ p>5ts n[ began s to    
feel !  empt9ess & vanity ( all e>?ly   
?+s1 t ! bir? ( ano!r  son rem9d$ !m    
pa9fully ( x1 al?\gh 9 itself a matt] ( 
joy2  or x 0 impos$ "u prophetic        
impulse1 & obscurely ref]r$ to 8        
premature dea?4 ,8 employm5t 0 t ( a    
%eph]d2 ,ca9 foll[$  ! occupation ( 8   
fa!r1 & 0 a till] ( ! gr\nd4 ,:e!r  !y  
rema9$ 9 _! fa!r's family at ! "t :5 !y 
br\ght  _! (f]+s to ! ,"l1 or _h        
e/abli%m5ts sep>ate f t (  ,adam1 does n
 cle>ly appe>4 ,abel 0 probably unm>ri$1
 or _h no  *ildr52 b ,ca9's wife is     
m5tion$4 8,at ! end ( ! days10--:i*  is 
a m lit]al r5d]+ ?an 89 process ( "t10 z

 9 our  translation1 t is1 on !         
,sabba?1--bo? bro!rs br\ght an (f]+  to 
! ,"l4 ,ca9 8br\ght ( ! fruit ( !       
gr\nd20 ,abel 8!  fir/l+s ( 8 flock1 & (
 ! fat !re(40 8,& ! ,"l _h  respect to  
,abel & to 8 (f]+2 b unto ,ca9 & 8 (f]+ 
he  _h n respect40 ,z ,ca9 aft]w>d      
compla9s t 8he %\ld be hid  f ! face or 
pres5ce ( ! ,"l10 x is probable t !     
wor%ip ( ! fir/ family 0 p]=m$ be=e "s  
visible  manife/ation ( ! glory ( ,god1 
:i* ?us consecrat$ a p>ticul>  place =  
_! s]vices4 ,"s h ?\ght t ?is 0 at ! ea/
  gate ( ,ed51 :]e 8,*]ubim & a flam+   
sword 7 plac$20 b ?is  0 a v5geful      
manife/ation1 & c\ld only h inspir$ a   
dread (  ,god inconsi/5t ) ! confid5ce &
 hope ) :i* m5 ?r\gh !  promise (       
r$emption 7 n[ enc\rag$ to draw nigh to 
him4 ,!  respect :i* ,god 0 pleas$ to %[
 to ,abel's (f]+1 appe>s f  ! acc\nt to 
h be5 s5sibly decl>$2 = ,ca9 mu/ h kn[n 
by  "s tok5 t ! sacrifice ( ,abel 0     
accept$1 ! abs5ce ( :i*  sign1 z to 8   
own (f]+1 %[$ t x 0 reject$4 ,:e!r ?is  

0 by fire go+ =? f 8! pres5ce ( ! ,"l10 
to consume !  sacrifice1 z 9 lat]       
in/ances record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or 9
  "s o!r way1 x is 9 va9 to inquire2--t 
! tok5 ( acceptance  0 a s5sible "o is  
h[ev] an almo/ c]ta9 inf]5ce4 ,! effect 
(  ?is ^u ,ca9 0 n to humble him be=e   
,god1 b to excite ang]  aga9/ 8 bro!r2  
&1 be+ 9 ! field ) him1 or1 z ! old     
v]sions h x1 hav+ said to him1 8,let u g
 out into ! field10  8he rose up aga9/  
,abel 8 bro!r1 & slew him20 & = t crime1
  by :i* ! fir/ blood ( man 0 %$ by man 
^u ! e>?1--a  murd] aggravat$ by !      
relation%ip & ! 8righte\s0 "* (  !      
suff]]1 & hav+ 9 x also ! nature (      
religi\s  p]secution1--he 0 pron\nc$ by 
! ,"l 8curs$ f ! e>?40    #b4 ,z !      
sacrifice ( ,abel is ! fir/ on record1 &
 has giv5 rise  to "s controv]sy1 x     
dem&s p>ticul> att5tion4 ,x 0 (f]$1     
says ,/4 ,paul1 89 fai?10 & x 0 8a m    
excell5t sacrifice0 ?an  t ( ,ca94 ,bo? 
^! expressions intimate t x 0           
,,expiatory &  ,,prefigurative4    ,z to

 ! matt] ( ! sacrifice1 x 0 an animal   
(f]+4 8,ca9  br\ght ( ! fruit ( ! gr\nd2
 & ,abel also br\ght ( !  fir/l+s ( 8   
flock1 & ( ! fat !re(20 or1 m lit]ally1 
8! fat ( !m10 t is1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew
 idiom1 ! fatte/  or be/ ( 8 flock2 & 9 
?is circum/ance consi/$ its specific  "*
 z an act ( fai?4 ,?is is support$ by ! 
import ( !  phrase1  1 us$ by ! ,apo/le 
9 ! ,epi/le to !  ,hebrews1 :5 speak+ ( 
! sacrifice ( ,abel4 ,our translators h 
r5d]$ x1 8a m excell5t sacrifice40      
,wickliffe translates x1 z  ,ar*bi%op   
,magee obs]ves1 unc\?ly1 b 9 ! full s5se
 ( !  orig9al1 8a mu* m sacrifice20 & ! 
controv]sy :i* has aris5  on ?is po9t   
is1 :e!r ?is epi!t ( 8mu* m10 or        
8full]10  ref]s to quantity or quality2 
:e!r x is to be und]/ood 9 !  s5se ( a m
 abundant1 or ( a bett]1 a m excell5t   
sacrifice4 ,dr4 ,k5nicott takes x 9 !   
s5se ( measure & quantity1  z well z    
quality2 & supposes t ,abel br\ght a    
d\ble (f]+ (  ! fir/l+s ( 8 flock1 & ( !
 fruit ( ! gr\nd also4 ,8  criticism has

 be5 v satisfactorily refut$ by         
,ar*bi%op ,magee4 ,!  sacrifice ( ,abel 
0 t ( animal victims1 & x 0 indicative n
  ( gratitude b ( 8fai?30 a quality n to
 be made manife/ by !  quantity ( an    
(f]+1 = ! "o has no relation to ! o!r4  
#c4 ,?is w m fully appe> if we consid] !
 import ( ! words (  ! ,apo/le1--8,by   
,,fai? ,abel (f]$ unto ,god a m excell5t
 sacrifice  ?an ,ca91 by :i* he obta9$  
,,witness t he 0 ,,righte\s1 ,god       
te/ify+ ( 8 gifts2 & by x1 he1 be+ dead1
 yet speake?40 ,n[  :at is ! mean+ ( !  
,apo/le1 :5 he says t x 0 witness$  or  
te/ifi$ to ,abel t he 0 righte\s8 ,8    
doctr9e is1 t m5  are s9n]s2 t all1     
consequ5tly1 ne$ p>don2 & to be decl>$1 
witness$1 & acc\nt$ righte\s1 are1      
accord+ to 8 /yle (  writ+1 ! same z 8to
 be ju/ifi$1 p>don$1 & dealt ) z        
righte\s40 ,?us he argues t ,abraham    
believ$ ,god1 8& x 0  acc\nt$ to him =  
righte\sness10--8t fai? 0 reckon$ to    
,abraham = righte\sness10--8t he receiv$
 ! sign ( circumcision1  a seal10 a     

visible confirmatory1 decl>atory1 &     
witness+ m>k 8(  ! righte\sness :i* he  
_h by fai?40 ,9 ^! cases we h a         
simil>ity s /rik+1 t !y c sc>cely fail  
to expla9 ea*  o!r4 ,9 bo?1 s9ful m5 are
 plac$ 9 ! condition ( righte\s  m52 !  
in/rum5t1 9 bo? cases1 is fai?2 & !     
transaction is1  9 bo? cases also1      
publicly & s5sibly witness$1--z to      
,abraham1  by ! sign ( circumcision2 z  
to ,abel1 by a visible acceptance ( 8   
sacrifice1 & ! rejection ( t ( ,ca94    
,abel _h fai?1 & he express$ t fai? by !
 k9d ( sacrifice he  (f]$4 ,x 0 9 ?is   
way t 8 fai? 8pleas$ ,god20 x pleas$ him
  z a pr9ciple1 & by ! act to :i* x l$1 
:i* act 0 !  (f]+ ( a sacrifice to ,god 
diff]5t f t ( ,ca94 ,ca9 _h n  ?is fai?1
 :atev] might be its object2 & ,ca91    
accord+ly1 did n  br+ an (f]+ to :i*    
,god _h 8respect40 ,t :i* vitiat$ !     
(f]+ ( ,ca9 0 ! want ( ?is fai?2 = 8    
(f]+ 0 n  significant ( fai?3 t :i*     
8pleas$ ,god10 9 ! case ( ,abel1 0  8   
fai?2 & he _h 8respect0 to 8 (f]+1      

because x 0 !  expression ( t fai?2 & ^u
 8 fai? s express+ itself1 ,god         
witness$ to him 8t he 0 righte\s40 ,s   
=cibly d ! words (  ,/4 ,paul1 :5       
comm5t+ ^u ?is transaction1 %[1 t       
,abel's  sacrifice 0 accept$1 because ( 
its imm$iate connection ) 8  fai?1 = by 
fai? he is said to h (f]$ x2 & :atev] x 
might be1 :i* made ,abel's (f]+ diff] f 
t ( ,ca91 :e!r  abundance1 or k9d1 or   
bo?1 ?is 0 ! result ( 8 fai?4 ,s  evid5t
 also is x f ! ,apo/le1 t ,abel 0       
witness$ to be  8righte\s10 n ) ref]5ce 
to any previ\s 8habit ( a religi\s      
life10 z "s say1 b ) ref]5ce to 8 fai?2 
& to ?is fai?  z express+ itself by 8   
(f]+ 8a m excell5t sacrifice40    #d4   
,if1 !n1 ! fai? ( ,abel _h an imm$iate  
connection ) 8  sacrifice1 & bo? ) 8 be+
 accept$ z 8righte\s10--t is1  ju/ifi$1 
9 ,/4 ,paul's use ( ! t]m1--to :at _h 8 
fai?  respect8 ,! p>ticul> object ( !   
fai? ( ! eld]s1 celebrat$ 9  ,hebrews   
xi1 is to be d$uc$ f ! circum/ances     
m5tion$ z  illu/rative ( ! exi/5ce &    

op]ation ( ?is great pr9ciple1 &  by :i*
 x manife/$ itself 9 !m4 ,let u expla9  
?is1 & !n  asc]ta9 ! object ( ,abel's   
fai? also f ! mann] ( its               
manife/ation1--f ! acts 9 :i* x embodi$ 
& r5d]$ itself  conspicu\s4    ,fai?1 9 
?is *apt]1 is tak5 9 ! s5se ( affiance 9
 ,god1 &1  z su*1 x c only be ex]cis$   
t[>d ,god1 z to all its p>ticul>  acts1 
9 ^? respects 9 :i* we h "s w>rant to   
confide 9 him4  ,?is supposes           
revelation1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 promises or  
decl>ations  on 8 "p1 z ! gr\nd ( e act 
( affiance4 ,:51 !re=e1 x  is said t 8by
 fai? ,eno* 0 translat$ t he %\ld n see 
dea?10 x mu/ be suppos$ t he _h "s      
promise or intimation to  ?is effect1 on
 :i*1 improbable z ! ev5t 01 he nobly   
reli$2 &  9 ! result ,god hon\r$ 8 fai? 
9 ! sight ( all m54 ,! fai?  ( ,noah _h 
imm$iate respect to ! ?reat5$ flood1 &  
to !  promise ( ,god to pres]ve him 9 ! 
ark :i* he 0 comm&$ to  prep>e4 ,! *apt]
 is fill$ ) o!r in/ances1 express$ or   
impli$2 & f ! :ole1 z well z f ! nature 

( ?+s1 x  w appe>1 t1 :5 ! ,apo/le      
speaks ( ! fai? ( ! eld]s 9  its        
p>ticul> acts1 he repres5ts x z hav+    
respect to "s promise1  decl>ation1 or  
revelation ( ,god4    ,?is revelation 0 
necess>ily antec$5t to ! fai?2 b x is   
also  to be obs]v$1 t ! acts by :i* !   
fai? 0 repres5t$1  :5ev] x 0 repres5t$  
by p>ticul> acts1 & :5 ! case  admitt$  
x1 _h a natural & /rik+ con=mity &      
correspond5ce to  ! previ\s revelation4 
,s ,noah built ! ark1 :i* indicat$ t he 
_h he>d ! ?reat ( ! _w's de/ruction by  
wat]1 & _h  receiv$ ! promise ( 8 own   
pres]vation1 & t ( 8 family1 z  well z t
 ( a "p ( ! bea/s ( ! e>?4 ,:5 ,abraham 
w5t  into ,canaan at ! comm& ( ,god1 &  
^u ! promise t t  c\ntry %\ld become !  
inh]itance ( 8 dec5dants1 he %[$ 8  fai?
 by tak+ possession ( x = !m 9          
anticipation1 & 8  resid5ce !re indicat$
 ! k9d ( promise :i* he _h receiv$4     
,?us ^! in/ances %[1 t :5 ! fai? :i* !  
,apo/le  comm5ds exhibit$ itself 9 "s   
p>ticul> act1 t act _h a  correspond5cy 

to ! previ\s promise or revelation :i* 0
 !  gr\nd ( fai?4 ,we mu/ !re=e int]pret
 ! acts ( ,abel's fai? s  z to make !m  
also correspond ) an antec$5t           
revelation4 ,8 fai?  _h respect to "s   
previ\s revelation1 & ! nature ( !      
revelation is to be collect$ f !        
significant mann] 9 :i* he  decl>$ 8    
fai? 9 x4    ,n[ t :i* ,abel did 8by    
fai?10 01 g5]ally1 to p]=m an act  (    
solemn wor%ip1 9 ! confid5ce t x w\ld be
 acceptable to ,god4  ,?is supposes a   
revelation1 imm$iate or by tradition1 t 
su* acts (  wor%ip 7 acceptable to ,god1
 or 8 fai? c\ld h _h no w>rant1  & w\ld 
n h be5 fai?1 b fancy4 ,b ! case mu/ be 
consid]$ m p>ticul>ly4 ,8 fai? l$ him to
 (f] 8a m  excell5t sacrifice0 ?an t (  
,ca92 b ?is z necess>ily implies1  t !re
 0 "s antec$5t revelation to :i* 8 fai?1
 z ?us  express$1 _h respect1 & on :i* t
 peculi>ity ( 8 (f]+1  :i* di/+ui%$ x f 
! (f]+ ( ,ca91 0 f\nd$2 a  revelation   
:i* indicat$ t ! way 9 :i* ,god w\ld be 
approa*$  acceptably1 9 solemn wor%ip1 0

 by animal sacrifices4 ,)\t ?is1  ! fai?
 to :i* 8 (f]+1 :i* 0 an (f]+ ( !       
fir/l+s  ( 8 flock1 _h a special fitness
 & adaptation1 c\ld h _h no  w>rant 9   
,div9e au?ority4 ,b ?is revelation mu/ h
 includ$1 9  ord] to its be+ ! gr\nd (  
fai?1 z 8! sub/ance ( ?+s  hop$ =10 a   
promise ( a b5efit to be conf]r$1 9 :i* 
promise  ,abel might confide4 ,b if s1  
!n ?is promise mu/ h be5  connect$1 n ) 
! wor%ip ( ,god 9 g5]al1 or p]=m$ 9 any 
way :atev] indiff]5tly1 b ) 8 wor%ip by 
animal oblations2  = x 0 9 ?is way t !  
fai? ( ,abel specially &  di/9ctively   
indicat$ itself4 ,! antec$5t revelation 
01  !re=e1 a promise ( a b5efit to be   
conf]r$1 by means ( animal  sacrifice2 &
 we are taught :at ?is b5efit 01 by t   
:i* 0  actually receiv$ by ! (f]]1--8,he
 obta9$ witness t he 0  righte\s20 :i*  
mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! s5se ( a decl>ation
 (  8 p]sonal ju/ification1 & acceptance
 z righte\s1 by !  =giv5ess ( 8 s9s4 ,! 
reason ( ,abel's acceptance & ( ,ca9's  
rejection is h]eby made manife/2 ! "o1 9

 seek+ ! ,div9e  fav\r1 con=m$ to 8     
e/abli%$ & appo9t$ me?od ( be+  approa*$
 by guilty m51 & ! o!r n only neglect$  
?is1 b  pr(anely & presumptu\sly        
sub/itut$ 8 own inv5tions4    #e4 ,x is 
impossible1 !n1 to all[ ! sacrifice (   
,abel1 9 ?is  in/ance1 to h be5 an act (
 ,,fai?1 )\t suppos+ t x _h  respect to 
a previ\s revelation1 :i* agre$ ) all ! 
p>ts (  t sacrificial action by :i* he  
express$ 8 fai? 9 x4 ,_h  ,abel's       
sacrifice be5 eu*>i/ic m]ely1 x w\ld h  
express$  gratitude1 b n fai?2 or if    
fai? 9 ! g5]al s5se ( confid5ce  9 ,god 
t he w\ld receive an act ( grateful     
wor%ip1 & rew>d !  wor%ipp]s1 x did n m 
express fai? ?an ! (f]+ ( ,ca91  :o     
surely believ$ ^! two po9ts1 or he w\ld 
n h br\ght an  (f]+ ( any k9d4 ,! (f]+ (
 ,abel express$ a fai? :i* ,ca9  _h n2 &
 ! doctr9al pr9ciples :i* ,abel's fai?  
respect$ 7  su* z 8 sacrifice visibly   
embodi$4 ,if x 0 n an eu*>i/ic          
sacrifice1 x 0 an expiatory "o2 &1 9    
fact1 x is only 9 a  sacrifice ( ?is    

k9d1 t x is possible to see t fai?      
exhibit$  :i* ,abel _h1 & ,ca9 _h n4 ,if
 !n we ref] to ! subsequ5t  sacrifices (
 expiation appo9t$ by ,div9e au?ority1 &
 _!  explanation 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x w 
be obvi\s to :at doctr9es  & pr9ciples (
 an antec$5t revelation ! fai? ( ,abel  
_h  respect1 & :i* 8 sacrifice1 !       
exhibition ( 8 fai?1  proclaim$3        
confession ( ! fact ( be+ a             
s9n]1--ackn[l$gm5t  t ! dem]it & p5alty 
( s9 is dea?1--submission to an  appo9t$
 mode ( expiation1--animal sacrifice    
(f]$ vic>i\sly1  b 9 itself a m]e type (
 a bett] sacrifice1 8! ,se$ ( !  woman10
 appo9t$ to be (f]$ at "s future        
p]iod1--& ! efficacy  ( ?is appo9t$     
me?od ( expiation to obta9 =giv5ess1 &  
to  admit ! guilty into ! ,div9e fav\r4 
8,abel10 ,dr4 ,magee ju/ly says1 89 firm
 reliance on ! promise ( ,god1  & 9     
ob$i5ce to 8 comm&1 (f]$ t sacrifice :i*
 _h be5  enjo9$ z ! religi\s expression 
( 8 fai?2 :il/ ,ca91  disreg>d+ !       
graci\s assurances t _h be5 v\*saf$1 or 

at  lea/ disda9+ to adopt ! prescrib$   
mode ( manife/+ 8 belief1  possibly z n 
appe>+ to 8 reason to possess any       
efficacy or  natural fitness1 ?\ght he  
_h suffici5tly acquitt$ himself ( 8     
duty 9 ackn[l$g+ ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce (  
,god1 & express+  8 gratitude to !      
,supreme ,b5efactor1 by pres5t+ "s ( ^? 
good ?+s :i* he !reby confess$ to h be5 
d]iv$ f 8  b\nty4 ,9 %ort1 ,ca91 !      
fir/-born ( ! fall1 exhibits ! fir/     
fruits ( 8 p>5ts' disob$i5ce1 9 !       
arrogance &  self-suffici5cy ( reason   
reject+ ! aids ( revelation1 because  !y
 fell n )9 its appreh5sion ( "r4 ,he    
takes ! fir/ place  9 ! annals ( ,deism1
 & displays1 9 8 pr\d rejection ( !     
ord9ance ( sacrifice1 ! same _s :i*1 9  
lat] days1 has  actuat$ 8 enlight5$     
foll[]s1 9 reject+ ! sacrifice (        
,*ri/40    ,abel 0 kill$ ab\t ! ye> ( ! 
_w1 #acj4    ,,abel-,,misraim1 ! floor (
 ,atad1 beyond ! riv] ,jordan1 :]e      
,joseph1  8 bre?r51 & ! ,egyptians m\rn$
 = ! dea? ( ,jacob1 ,g54 l1  #aa4 ,on   

?is occasion ! fun]al procession 01 at !
 comm& (  ,joseph1 att5d$ by 8all !     
eld]s ( ,egypt1 & all ! s]vants (       
,ph>aoh1 & all 8 h\se1 & ! h\se ( 8     
bre?r51 *>iots &  horsem51 a v great    
company20 an affect+ pro(1 z x has be5  
rem>k$1 ( ,joseph's simplicity & s+l5ess
 ( he>t1 :i* all[$  him to give to !    
great m5 ( ,egypt1 ov] :om he bore      
absolute rule1  an opportunity ( obs]v+ 
8 own comp>atively humble orig91 by     
lead+ !m 9 att5dance ^u 8 fa!r's corpse 
to ! valleys (  ,canaan1 ! mode/ cradle 
( 8 race1 & to _! simple burial  places4
    ,,abel-,,%ittim1 a city situate 9 ! 
pla9s ( ,moab1 beyond ,jordan1  opposite
 to ,j]i*o1 ,num4 xxv1 #a1 c2 xxiii1    
#di2 ,jo%ua xi1 #a4 ,eusebius  says x   
/ood 9 ! neighb\rhood ( m\nt ,peor4     
,moses encamp$ at  ,abel-,%ittim "s "t  
be=e ! ,hebrew army pass$ ! ,jordan4 ,"h
  ! ,israelites fell into idolatry1 &   
wor%ipp$ ,baal-peor1 = :i*  ,god puni%$ 
!m by ! de/ruction ( tw5ty-f\r ?\s&     
p]sons 9  "o day4    ,,abiah1 ! second  

son ( ! prophet ,samuel1 & bro!r (      
,joel4 ,samuel  hav+ entru/$ to 8 sons !
 adm9i/ration ( public ju/ice1 &        
admitt$ !m to a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 !y    
behav$ s ill1 t  ! p dem&$ a k+1 #a     
,sam4 viii1 #b4 ,a4 ,m4 #biji4          
,,abia?>1 ! son ( ,ahimele*1 & ! t5?    
high prie/ among !  ,jews1 & f\r? 9     
desc5t f ,eli1 #b ,sam4 viii1 #ag2 #a   
,*ron4 xviii1  #af4 ,:5 ,saul s5t to    
,nob to murd] all ! prie/s1 ,abia?>     
escap$  ! massacre1 & fl$ to ,david 9 ! 
wild]ness4 ,!re he cont9u$ 9  ! quality 
( high prie/2 b ,saul1 out ( av]sion to 
,ahimele*1 :om  he imag9$ to h betray$ 8
 int]e/s1 transf]r$ ! dignity (  ! high 
prie/hood f ,i?am>'s family into t (    
,eleaz>1 by  conf]r+ ?is (fice ^u       
,zadok4 ,?us !re 71 at ! same "t1  two  
high prie/s 9 ,israel1 ,abia?> ) ,david1
 & ,zadok ) ,saul4 ,9  ?is /ate ?+s     
cont9u$1 until ! reign ( ,solomon1 :5   
,abia?>1  be+ atta*$ to ! p>ty (        
,adonijah1 01 by ,solomon1 dive/$ (  8  
prie/hood1 ,a4 ,m4 #bihi2 & ! race (    

,zadok alone p]=m$ !  functions ( t     
(fice dur+ ! reign ( ,solomon1 to !     
exclusion  ( ! family ( ,i?am>1 accord+ 
to ! ^w ( ! ,"l to ,eli1 #a  ,sam4 ii1  
#cj1 c4    ,,abib1 ! "n ( ! fir/ ,hebrew
 sacr$ mon?1 ,exod4 xiii1 #d4 ,?is  mon?
 0 aft]w>d call$ ,nisan2 x conta9$ ?irty
 days1 & answ]$  to "p ( our ,m>* &     
,april4 ,abib signifies gre5 e>s ( corn1
 or  fre% fruits1 accord+ to ,j]om's    
translation1 ,exod4 xiii1 #d1 & to  !   
,,lxx4 ,x 0 s nam$ because corn1        
p>ticul>ly b>ley1 0 9 e>  at t "t4 ,x 0 
an e>ly cu/om to give names to mon?s1 f 
!  appe>ances ( nature2 & ! cu/om is    
/ill 9 =ce among _m  nations4 ,! ye>    
among ! ,jews comm5c$ 9 ,septemb]1 &    
consequ5tly _! jubilees & o!r civil     
matt]s 7 regulat$ 9  ?is way1 ,lev4 xxv1
 #h-aj2 b _! sacr$ ye> began 9 ,abib4   
,?is  *ange took place at ! r$emption ( 
,israel f ,egypt1 ,exod4 xii1 #b1  8,?is
 %all be to y ! beg9n+ ( mon?s40        
,ravanelli obs]ves1 t  z ?is deliv]ance 
f ,egypt 0 a figure ( ! r$emption ( !   

*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o di$ & rose aga9 
9 ?is mon?1 x 0  made ! 8beg9n+ (       
mon?s10 to lead ! *ur* to expect !      
acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l4 ,on ! t5? day ( 
?is mon? ! pas*al  lamb 0 tak52 & on !  
f\rte5? !y ate ! passov]4 ,on !  sev5   
succe$+ days !y celebrat$ ! fea/ (      
unleav5$ bread1 on  ! la/ ( :i* days !y 
held a solemn convocation1 ,exod4 xii1  
xiii4  ,on ! fifte5? !y ga!r$ ! %eaf ( !
 b>ley fir/ fruits1 &  on ! foll[+ day  
pres5t$ an (f]+ ( x to ! ,"l1 :i*  hav+ 
done !y might beg9 _! h>ve/1 ,lev4      
xxiii4    ,,abihu1 ! son ( ,a>on1 ! high
 prie/1 0 consum$1 toge!r )  8 bro!r    
,nadab1 by fire s5t f ,god1 because he  
_h (f]$ inc5se  ) /range fire1 in/ead ( 
tak+ x f ! alt>1 ,lev4 x1 #a1 #b4  ,?is 
calamity happ5$ ,a4 ,m4 #bead2 )9 eight 
days aft] !  consecration ( ,a>on & 8   
sons4 ,"s comm5tators believe t ?is     
fire proce$$ f ! alt> ( burnt (f]+s2    
o!rs1 t x came  f ! alt> ( inc5se4      
,sev]al int]pret]s1 z ! ,rabb9s1 ,lyra1 
,cajetan1 & o!rs1 are ( op9ion1 t ,nadab

 & ,abihu 7 ov]tak5  ) w9e1 & s =got to 
take ! sacr$ fire 9 _! c5s]s4 ,?is      
conjecture is f\nd$ on ! comm& ( ,god   
deliv]$ imm$iately  aft]w>d to ! prie/s1
 =bidd+ !m ! use ( w9e dur+ !  "t !y    
%\ld be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! temple4  
,ano!r class  allege1 t !re 0 no?+ s    
he9\s 9 _! transgression1 b x  0 awfully
 puni%$1 to tea* m9i/]s fidelity &      
exactness 9  dis*>g+ _! (fice4 ,x _h a  
va/ly m important mean+1--?is  in/ance (
 v5geance is a /&+ example ( t div9e    
wra? :i*  %all consume all :o pret5d to 
s]ve ,god1 except ) inc5se k9dl$  f ! "o
 alt> & (f]+ by :i* he = ev] p]fects !m 
t  are sanctifi$4    ,,abijah1 ! son (  
,j]oboam1 ! fir/ k+ ( ! t5 tribes1 :o   
di$  v "y1 #a ,k+s xiv1 #a1 c1 ,a4 ,m4  
#cjdf4--b4 ,! son ( ,rehoboam1  k+ (    
,judah1 & ( ,maa*ah1 ! daught] ( ,uriel1
 :o succe$$ 8  fa!r1 ,a4 ,m4 #cjdf1 #b  
,*ron4 xi1 #bj2 xiii1 #b1 c4 ,! ,rabb9s 
reproa*  ?is mon>* ) neglect+ to de/roy 
! pr(ane alt> :i* ,j]oboam  _h erect$ at
 ,be!l2 & ) n suppress+ ! wor%ip ( !    

gold5 calves !re aft] 8 victory ov] t   
pr9ce4    ,,abil5e1 a small prov9ce 9   
,clo ,syria1 betwe5 ,lebanon &          
,antilibanus4 ,( ?is place ,lysanias 0  
gov]nor 9 ! fifte5? ye>  ( ,tib]ius1    
,luke iii1 #a4 ,abela1 or ,abila1 !     
capital1 0 nor? (  ,damascus1 & s\? (   
,heliopolis4    ,,abimele*4 ,?is seems  
to h be5 ! title ( ! k+s ( ,phili/ia1  z
 ,cs> 0 ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 & ,ph>aoh ( 
! sov]eigns (  ,egypt4 ,x 0 ! "n also ( 
"o ( ! sons ( ,gideon1 :o became a      
judge ( ,israel1 ,judges ix2 & ( !      
,jewi% high prie/1 :o gave  ,golia?'s   
sword1 :i* _h be5 deposit$ 9 !          
tab]nacle1 & "p (  ! %ew bread1 to      
,david1 at ! "t ?is pr9ce 0 fly+ f      
,saul1  #a ,sam4 xxi1 #a4    ,,abiram1 !
 elde/ son ( ,hiel1 ! ,be!lite4 ,jo%ua  
hav+ de/roy$  ! city ( ,j]i*o1 pron\nc$ 
?is curse3 8,curs$ be ! man1 be=e  !    
,"l1 t rise? up & builde? ?is city1     
,j]i*o3 he %all lay  ! f\ndation !re( 9 
8 fir/-born1 & 9 8 y\nge/ son %all  he  
set up ! gates ( x10 ,jo%ua vi1 #bf4    

,hiel ( ,be!l1 ab\t five  hundr$ &      
?irty-sev5 ye>s aft] ?is imprecation1   
hav+ und]tak5  to rebuild ,j]i*o1 :il/  
he 0 lay+ ! f\ndation ( x1 lo/ 8  elde/ 
son1 ,abiram1 #a ,k+s xvi1 #cd2 &       
,segub1 ! y\nge/1 :5 !y  set up ! gates 
( x3 a rem>kable in/ance ( a prophetic  
d5unciation fulfill$1 p]haps on a p]son 
:o w\ld n cr$it !  tradition1 or ! tru? 
( ! pr$iction4 ,s true is ! ^w ( !  ,"l2
 s m9utely are ! mo/ di/ant cont+5cies  
=ese5 by him2  & s exact is !           
accompli%m5t ( ,div9e prophecy6    #b4  
,,abiram1 ! son ( ,eliab1 ( ! tribe (   
,reub51 0 "o ( ^?  :o conspir$ ) ,korah 
& ,da?an aga9/ ,moses 9 ! wild]ness1 &  
0 swall[$ up alive1 ) 8 companions1 by !
 e>?1 :i* op5$  to receive !m1 ,num4    
xvi4    ,,abi%ag1 a "y woman1 a native (
 ,%unam1 9 ! tribe ( ,issa*>4  ,david1  
at ! age ( sev5ty1 f9d+ no w>m? 9 8 b$1 
0 advis$  by 8 physicians to procure "s 
"y p]son1 :o might communicate  ! heat  
requir$4 ,to ?is end ,abi%ag 0 pres5t$  
to him1 :o 0 "o  ( ! mo/ beautiful wom5 

9 ,israel1 #a ,k+s i1 #c2 & ! k+ made   
h] 8 wife4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ,adonijah      
reque/$ h] 9 m>riage1 =  :i* he lo/ 8   
life2 ,solomon p]ceiv+ 9 ?is a design ^u
 !  cr[n also4 ,adonijah 0 8 eld] bro!r1
 an intrigu+ man1 & _h  aspir$ to be k+ 
be=e ! dea? ( ,david1 & _h _h 8 life    
sp>$ only ^u ! condition ( 8 peaceable  
conduct4 ,by ?is reque/  he conv9c$     
,solomon1 t he 0 /ill actuat$ by        
political views1 &  ?is br\ght ^u him ! 
puni%m5t ( treason4    ,,abi%ai1 ! son (
 ,z]uiah1 ,david's si/]1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/
  valiant m5 ( 8 "t1 & "o ( ! pr9cipal  
g5]als 9 ,david's  armies4              
,,ablution1 purification by wa%+ ! body1
 ei!r 9 :ole or "p4  ,ablutions appe> to
 be almo/ z anci5t z ext]nal wor%ip     
itself4  ,moses enjo9$ !m2 ! ,hea!ns    
adopt$ !m2 & ,mohamm$ & 8  foll[]s h    
cont9u$ !m3 ?us !y h be5 introduc$ among
 mo/  nations1 & make a consid]able "p (
 all sup]/iti\s religions4  ,! ,egyptian
 prie/s _h _! diurnal & nocturnal       
ablutions2 !  ,grecians1 _! spr9kl+s2 ! 

,romans1 _! lu/rations &  lavations2 !  
,jews1 _! wa%+s ( h&s & feet1 beside _! 
baptisms2 ! anci5t ,*ri/ians us$        
ablution be=e communion1 :i*  ! ,romi%  
*ur* /ill reta9s be=e ! mass1 sometimes 
aft]2 !  ,syrians1 ,copts1 c1 h _!      
solemn wa%+s on ,good ,friday2 ! ,turks 
_! great] & less ablutions1 c4          
,lu/ration1 among ! ,romans1 0 a solemn 
c]emony by :i* !y  purifi$ _! cities1   
fields1 armies1 or p1 aft] any crime or 
impurity4 ,lu/rations might be p]=m$ by 
fire1 by sulphur1 by wat]1  & by air2 ! 
la/ 0 appli$ by v5tilation1 or fann+ !  
?+ to  be purifi$4 ,all sorts ( p1      
slaves except$1 might p]=m "s  k9d (    
lu/ration4 ,:5 a p]son di$ ! h\se 0 to  
be swept 9 a  p>ticul> mann]2 new m>ri$ 
p]sons 7 spr9kl$ by ! prie/ )  wat]4 ,p 
sometimes1 by way ( purification1 ran   
sev]al times nak$  ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,!re 
0 sc>cely any action p]=m$1 at !  beg9n+
 & end ( :i* "s c]emony 0 n requir$ to  
purify  !mselves & appease ! gods4      
,,abn] 0 ! uncle ( k+ ,saul1 & ! g5]al (

 8 army4 ,aft]  ,saul's dea?1 he made   
,i%bo%e? k+2 & = sev5 ye>s support$ !   
family ( ,saul1 9 opposition to ,david2 
b 9 mo/ ( 8 skirmi%es  came (f ) loss4  
,:ile ,i%bo%e?'s & ,david's troops lay  
ne> ea*  o!r1 h>d by ,gibeon1 ,abn]     
*all5g$ ,joab to select twelve (        
,david's  w>riors to fight ) an equal   
numb] ( 84 ,joab cons5t$3 !  tw5ty-f\r  
engag$2 & fell toge!r on ! spot4 ,a     
fi]ce battle  ensu$1 9 :i* ,abn] & 8    
troops 7 r\t$4 ,abn] himself 0  hotly   
pursu$ by ,asahel1 :om he kill$ by a    
back /roke ( 8 spe>4  ,/ill he 0 foll[$ 
by ,joab & ,abi%ai1 till he1 :o 9 !     
morn+  sport$ ) murd]1 0 oblig$ at ev5  
to entreat t ,joab w\ld /ay  8 troops f 
! effusion ( blood1 #b ,sam4 ii4    ,n  
long aft]1 ,abn]1 tak+ x highly amiss = 
,i%bo%e? to *>ge  him ) lewd behavi\r   
t[>d ,rizpah1 ,saul's concub9e1 v[$ t he
  w\ld quickly transf] ! :ole k+dom into
 ! h&s ( ,david4 ,he  !re=e comm5c$ a   
correspond5ce ) ,david1 & _h an int]view
  ) him at ,hebron4 ,abn] _h j left !   

fea/ at :i* ,david _h  ent]ta9$ him1 :5 
,joab1 in=m$ ( ! matt]1 w>mly           
remon/rat$1  ass]t+1 t ,abn] _h come z a
 spy4 ,on 8 own au?ority he s5t a       
mess5g] to invite him back1 to h "s f>!r
 communication )  ! k+2 & :5 ,abn] 0    
come into ,joab's pres5ce1 ! latt]1     
p>tly f jeal\sy le/ ,abn] might become 8
 sup]ior1 & p>tly to  rev5ge 8 bro!r    
,asahel's dea?1 mortally /abb$ him 9 !  
act (  salutation4 ,david1 to %[ h[     
he>tily he dete/$ ! act1 hon\r$  ,abn] )
 a spl5did fun]al1 & compos$ an elegy on
 8 dea?1 #b  ,sam4 iii4    ,,abom9ation4
 ,?is t]m 0 us$ ) reg>d to ! ,hebrews1  
:o1 be+  %eph]ds1 are said to h be5 an  
abom9ation to ! ,egyptians2  because !y 
sacrific$ ! animals held sacr$ by t p1 z
 ox51  goats1 %eep1 c1 :i* ! ,egyptians 
e/eem$ unlawful4 ,?is ^w is  also appli$
 9 ! sacr$ writ+s to idolatry & idols1 n
 only  because ! wor%ip ( idols is 9    
itself an abom9able ?+1 b  likewise     
because ! c]emonies ( idolat]s 7 almo/  
always ( an  infam\s & lic5ti\s nature4 

,= ?is reason1 ,*ryso/om affirms1  t e  
idol1 & e image ( a man1 0 call$ an     
abom9ation  among ! ,jews4 ,!           
8abom9ation ( desolation0 =etold by !   
,prophet  ,daniel1 x1 #bg1 xi1 #ca1 is  
suppos$ by "s int]pret]s to d5ote !     
/atue ( ,jupit] ,olympius1 :i* ,antio*us
 ,epiphanes caus$ to be  erect$ 9 !     
temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,! second ( !       
passages above  cit$ may probably ref]  
to ?is circum/ance1 z ! /atue ( ,jupit] 
did1 9 fact1 8make desolate10 by bani%+ 
! true wor%ip ( ,god1 &  ^? :o p]=m$ x1 
f ! temple4 ,b ! =m] passage1  consid]$ 
9 its :ole connection1 be>s m imm$iate  
ref]5ce to  t :i* ! evangeli/s h        
d5om9at$ ! 8abom9ation (  desolation10  
,matt4 xxiv1 #ae1 #af2 ,m>k xiii1 #ad4  
,?is1 )\t d\bt1  signifies ! ensigns ( !
 ,roman armies "u ! comm& ( ,titus1     
dur+ ! la/ siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,! images 
( _! gods &  emp]ors 7 del9eat$ on ^!   
ensigns2 & ! ensigns !mselves1          
especially ! eagles1 :i* 7 c>ri$ at !   
heads ( ! legions1  7 objects ( wor%ip2 

&1 accord+ to ! usual /yle ( ,scripture1
  !y 7 !re=e an abom9ation4 ,^? ensigns 
7 plac$ ^u !  ru9s ( ! temple aft] x 0  
tak5 & demoli%$2 &1 z ,josephus  in=ms  
u1 ! ,romans sacrific$ to !m !re4 ,!    
horror ) :i*  ! ,jews reg>d$ !m1        
suffici5tly appe>s f ! acc\nt :i*       
,josephus gives ( ,pilate's introduc+ !m
 into ! city1 :5 he s5t  8 army f ,cs>ea
 into w9t] qu>t]s at ,j]usalem1 & (     
,vitellius's propos+ to m>* ?r\gh       
,judea1 aft] he _h receiv$  ord]s f     
,tib]ius to attack ,aretas1 k+ ( ,petra4
 ,! p  supplicat$ & remon/rat$1 & induc$
 ,pilate to remove ! army1 &  ,vitellius
 to m>* 8 troops ano!r way4 ,! ,jews    
appli$ ! above  passage ( ,daniel to !  
,romans1 z we are in=m$ by ,j]ome4 ,!   
le>n$ ,mr4 ,m$e concurs 9 ! same op9ion4
 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,obs4 on  ,daniel 
ix1 xii1 obs]ves1 t 9 ! sixte5? ye> ( ! 
emp]or  ,adrian1 ,b4 ,c4 #acb1 ! ,romans
 accompli%$ ! pr$iction ( ,daniel by    
build+ a temple to ,jupit] ,capitol9us1 
:]e ! temple ( ,god 9  ,j]usalem _h     

/ood4 ,^u ?is occasion ! ,jews1 "u !    
conduct (  ,b>*o*ab1 rose up 9 arms     
aga9/ ! ,romans1 & 9 ! w> _h fifty      
cities demoli%$1 n9e hundr$ &           
eighty-five ( _! be/ t[ns  de/roy$1 &   
five hundr$ & eighty ?\s& m5 sla9 by !  
sword2  & 9 ! end ( ! w>1 ,b4 ,c4 #acf1 
!y 7 bani%$ f ,judea ^u  pa9 ( dea?2 &  
!nce=? ! l& rema9$ desolate ( its old   
inhabitants4 ,o!rs aga9 h appli$ !      
pr$iction ( ,daniel to !  invasion &    
desolation ( ,*ri/5dom by ! ,mohamm$ans1
 & to _!  conv]sion ( ! *ur*es into     
mosques4 ,f ?is int]pretation !y  inf]1 
t ! religion ( ,mohamm$ w prevail 9 !   
ea/ "o  ?\s& two hundr$ & sixty ye>s1 & 
be succe$$ by !  re/oration ( ! ,jews1 !
 de/ruction ( anti*ri/1 ! full          
conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles to ! *ur* (      
,*ri/1 & ! comm5cem5t  ( ! mill5nium4   
,9 g5]al1 :atev] is morally or          
c]emonially impure1 or leads to s91  is 
designat$ an abom9ation to ,god4 ,?us   
ly+ lips are said to be an  abom9ation  
to ! ,"l4 ,e ?+ 9 doctr9e or practice   

:i*  t5d$ to corrupt ! simplicity ( !   
,gospel is also 9 ,scripture  call$     
abom9able2 h5ce ,babylon is repres5t$1  
,rev4 xvii1 #d1 z  hold+ 9 h] h& a cup  
8full ( abom9ations40 ,9 ?is view1 to   
8"w  abom9ation10 is to introduce       
idolatry1 or any o!r great corruption1  
into ! *ur* & wor%ip ( ,god1 #a ,k+s xi1
 #g4    ,,abram1 1 a high fa!r2 &       
,,abraham1 1 fa!r ( a great  multitude1 
! son ( ,t]ah1 born at ,ur1 a city (    
,*aldea1 ,a4 ,m4 #bjjh4  ,! acc\nt ( ?is
 em95t patri>* occupies s l>ge a "p ( ! 
book ( ,g5esis1 & /&s s intimately      
connect$ ) bo? ! ,jewi%  & ,*ri/ian     
disp5sations1--) ! "o by a political &  
religi\s1  & ) ! o!r by a my/ical1      
relation1--t 8 hi/ory dem&s  p>ticul>   
notice4 ,our acc\nt may be divid$ into 8
 p]sonal  hi/ory1 & 8 typical1 & my/ic  
"*4    ,i4 ,abraham's ,,p]sonal hi/ory4 
#a4 ,*aldea1 ! native c\ntry ( ,abraham1
 0 inhabit$ by a pa/oral  p1 :o 7 almo/ 
irresi/ibly invit$ to ! /udy ( ! motions
  ( ! heav5ly bodies1 by ! peculi>      

s]5ity ( ! heav5s 9 t  climate1 & _!    
habit ( sp5d+ _! nights 9 ! op5 air 9   
t5d+ _! flocks4 ,! fir/ rudim5ts (      
a/ronomy1 z a sci5ce1 is  trac$ to ?is  
region2 & "h1 too1 "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms (  
idolatry1 ! wor%ip ( ! ho/ ( heav51     
usually call$ ,tsabaism1  fir/ began to 
prevail4 ,dur+ ! ?ree hundr$ & fifty    
ye>s :i*  elaps$ betwe5 ! deluge & !    
bir? ( ,abraham1 ?is & o!r  idolatr\s   
sup]/itions _h greatly corrupt$ ! human 
race1 p]v]t$  ! simple =ms ( ! patri>*al
 religion1 & becl\d$ ! import  ( its    
typical rites4 ,! family ( ,abraham 0   
idolatr\s1 = 8  8fa!rs s]v$ o!r gods    
beyond ! flood10 t is1 ! great riv]     
,euphrates2 b :e!r he himself 0 9 ! e>ly
 p]iod ( 8 life an  idolat]1 we are n   
in=m$ by ,moses4 ,! ,arabian & ,jewi%   
leg5ds  speak ( 8 e>ly idolatry1 8      
conv]sion f x1 & ( 8 zeal 9  break+ !   
images 9 8 fa!r's h\se2 b ^! are little 
to be  dep5d$ ^u4 ,be=e 8 call he 0     
c]ta9ly a wor%ipp] ( ! true  ,god2 & t n
 9 =m only1 b 89 _s & 9 tru?40 ,:il/    

,abraham 0 /ill soj\rn+ 9 ,ur1 8! ,god (
 glory0 appe>$ to him1  & said unto him1
 8,get !e out ( ?y c\ntry & f ?y k9dr$1 
& g into ! l& :i* ,i %all %[ !e20 & s   
firm 0 8 fai?  9 ! provid5ce & c>e (    
,god1 t al?\gh ! place ( 8 future  abode
 0 n indicat$1 nor any in=mation giv5 ( 
! nature ( !  c\ntry1 or ! "* ( its     
inhabitants1 he nev]!less promptly      
obey$1 & 8w5t out1 n kn[+ :i!r he w5t40 
,t]ah 8 fa!r1  ,nahor 8 bro!r1 & ,lot 8 
nephew1 ! son ( ,h>an 8 deceas$  bro!r1 
accompani$ him2 a circum/ance :i*       
indicates t if !  family _h =m]ly be5   
idolatr\s x _h n[ receiv$ ! fai? (      
,abraham4 ,!y fir/ migrat$ to ,h>an1 or 
,*>ran1 9 ,mesopotamia1 a  flat1 b>r5   
region we/w>d ( ,ur2 & aft] a resid5ce  
!re ( a few  ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,t]ah _h    
di$1 ,abraham left ,h>an to g into      
,pale/9e1 tak+ ) him ,s>ah 8 wife1 :o _h
 no *ild1 & ,lot1  ) 8 pat]nal prop]ty4 
,nahor appe>s to h be5 left 9 ,h>an4 ,to
  ?is second migration he 0 incit$ also 
by a ,div9e comm&1  accompani$ by !     

promises ( a num]\s issue1 t 8 se$ %\ld 
become a great nation1 &1 above all1 t  
89 him all ! families (  ! e>? %\ld be  
bless$20 9 o!r words1 t ! ,messiah1 kn[n
  among ! patri>*s z ! promis$ 8se$ ( ! 
woman10 %\ld be born  9 8 l9e4 ,pale/9e 
0 !n inhabit$ by ! ,canaanites1 f :om  x
 0 call$ ,canaan4 ,abraham1 lead+ 8     
tribe1 fir/ settl$ at  ,se*em1 a valley 
betwe5 ! m\nta9s ,ebal & ,g]izim1 :]e   
,god  appe>$ to him & promis$ to give   
him ! l& ( ,canaan1 & :]e1  z 9 o!r     
places 9 :i* he rema9$ any "t1 he built 
an alt> to  ! ,"l4 ,he !n remov$ to a   
hilly region on ! nor? ( ,j]i*o2 &  z ! 
pa/ures 7 exhau/$1 migrat$ s\?w>d1 till 
a fam9e drove  him into ,egypt1 probably
 ! e>lie/1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ productive1    
corn c\ntry ( ! anci5t _w4    #b4 ,"h x 
may be obs]v$1 t ! migrations ( ,abraham
 & 8 sons  %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! e>? 0     
gradually cov]$ ) p4 ,9  ^? ages "s     
cities _h be5 built1 & ! c\ntry to "s   
ext5t  ab\t !m cultivat$2 b wide spaces 
( unoccupi$ l& lay betwe5  !m4 ,a "p (  

society foll[+ !re=e ! pa/oral life1 l$ 
=?  _! flocks1 &1 9 l>ge family tribes1 
( :i* ! p>5t 0 !  head1 unit+ bo? !     
sov]eign p[] & ! prie/hood 9 himself1  &
 ) a tra9 ( s]vants atta*$ to ! tribe by
 h]$it>y ties1  pit*$ _! camps :]ev] a  
f]tile & unappropriat$ di/rict  (f]$ !m 
pa/ure4 ,a few ( ^! nomadic tribes appe>
 to h made  ! circuit ( ! same region1  
seldom go+ f> f _! native  seats2 :i*   
w\ld probably h be5 ! case ) ,abraham1  
_h he n  receiv$ ! call ( ,god to dep>t 
to a di/ant c\ntry4 ,o!rs1 m  bold1     
foll[$ ! track ( riv]s1 & ! sweep (     
f]tile valleys1  & at l5g? "s built     
cities & =m$ settlem5ts 9 ^? di/ant     
regions2 :il/ o!rs1 ei!r f atta*m5t to  
_! =m] mode (  life1 or f necessity1    
cont9u$ 9 _! pa/oral occupations1 &     
foll[$ ! supplies af=d$ = _! flocks by !
 /ill exp&+  regions ( ! f]tile e>?4    
,w>s & viol5ces1 dr\ghts1 fam9es1 &  !  
con/ant increase ( population1 cont9u$  
to impel ^!  innum]able1 b at fir/1     
small /reams ( m5 into p>ts /ill m      

remote4 ,^? :o settl$ on ! sea coa/     
began to use t elem5t1  bo? = supply+   
!mselves ) a new species ( food1 & z a  
m$ium ( communication by vessels ) o!r  
c\ntries = !  int]*ange ( su*           
commodities z _! own l&s af=d$ ) ^?     
(f]$ by m>itime /ates1 m or less di/ant4
 ,?us 7 laid !  f\ndations ( comm]ce1 & 
?us ! m>itime cities 7 gradually  r5d]$ 
opul5t & p[]ful4 ,colonies 7 9 "t       
transport$ f  !m by means ( _! %ips1 &  
settl$ on ! coa/s ( /ill m  di/ant &    
f]tile c\ntries4 ,?us ! migrations ( !  
?ree  primitive families proce$$ f !    
c5tral regions ( ,arm5ia1  ,mesopotamia1
 & ,assyria2 & 9 succession !y e/abli%$ 
num]\s  communities1--! ,ph5icians1     
,arabians1 ,egyptians1 ,e?iopians1 &    
,lybians s\?w>d2--! ,p]sians1 ,indians1 
& ,*9ese ea/w>d2--!  ,scy?ians1 ,celts1 
& ,t>t>s nor?w>d2--& ! ,go?s1 ,greeks1 &
  ,lat9s we/w>d1 ev5 z f> z ! ,p]uvians 
& ,mexicans ( ,s\?  ,am]ica1 & !        
,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica4    #c4        
,abraham1 kn[+ ! dissolute "* ( !       

,egyptians1 direct$  ,s>ah to call      
h]self 8 si/]1 :i* %e 01 al?\gh by ano!r
  "m2 fe>+ t if !y knew h] to be 8 wife1
 !y w\ld n  only seize h]1 b kill him4  
,?is circum/ance indicates ! vici\s     
/ate ( morals & gov]nm5t 9 ,egypt at ?is
 e>ly p]iod4 ,9 ?is  affair ,abraham has
 be5 blam$ = want ( fai? 9 ,god2 b x 0  
p]haps no m ?an an act ( common prud5ce1
 z ! s]aglio ( !  ,egyptian mon>* 0     
suppli$ by any means1 h[ev] viol5t &    
lawless4  ,s>ah1 ^u ! report ( h]       
beauty1 0 seiz$ & tak5 into 8  h>em2 &  
,god s5t great plagues ^u 8 h\se1 :i*1 f
 _!  extraord9>y "*1 he conclud$ to be  
div9e judgm5ts4 ,?is l$  to inquiry1 &  
on discov]+ t he 0 deta9+ ano!r man's   
wife  by viol5ce1 he s5t h] back1 &     
dismiss$ ,abraham lad5 )  pres5ts4      
#d4 ,aft] ! fam9e ,abraham return$ to   
,canaan1 & pit*$ 8 t5ts  betwe5 ,be!l & 
,hai1 :]e he _h previ\sly rais$ an alt>4
 ,"h1  z 8 flocks & h]ds1 & ^? ( ,lot1  
_h greatly increas$1 &  /rifes _h aris5 
betwe5 _! h]dsm5 z to pa/urage & wat]1  

!y peaceably sep>at$4 ,lot return+ to ! 
pla9 ( ! ,jordan1  :i* be=e ! de/ruction
 ( ,sodom 0 z 8! g>d5 ( ,god10 &        
,abraham to ,mamre1 ne> ,hebron1 aft]   
receiv+ a r5ewal ( ! promise1  t ,god   
w\ld give him ! :ole l& = a possession4 
,! sep>ation  ( ,abraham & ,lot /ill    
f>!r secur$ ! unm+l$ desc5t ( !         
,abrahamitic family4 ,! t]ritories ( !  
k+s ( ! cities ( !  pla9 7 a few ye>s   
aft]w>d invad$ by a conf$]acy ( ! petty 
k+s ( ! ,euphrates & ! neighb\r+        
c\ntries1 & ,lot & 8  family 7 tak5     
prison]s4 ,?is intellig5ce be+ br\ght to
 ,abraham1  he collect$ ! m5 ( 8 tribe1 
?ree hundr$ & eighte51 &  fall+ ^u ! k+s
 by night1 ne> ! f\nta9s ( ,j]i*o1 he   
defeat$ !m1 retook ! spoil1 & recov]$   
,lot4 ,on 8 return1  pass+ ne> ,salem1  
suppos$ to be ! city aft]w>d call$      
,j]usalem1  he 0 bless$ by its k+       
,mel*iz$ec1 :o 0 prie/ ( ! mo/ high     
,god2 s t ! k & wor%ip ( ,jehovah _h n q
 dep>t$  at t "t f ! ,canaaniti%        
nations4 ,to him ,abraham gave a ti!  ( 

! spoil4 ,! re/ he g5]\sly re/or$ to !  
k+ ( ,sodom1  refus+1 9 a noble _s (    
indep5d5ce1 to reta9 s mu* z a  8%oe    
la*et10 except ! portion :i*1 by usage (
 w>1 fell to !  "y native %eiks1 ,an]1  
,es*al1 & ,mamre1 :o _h jo9$ him 9 !    
exp$ition4    #e4 ,aft] ?is he _h ano!r 
enc\rag+ vision ( ,god1 ,g54 xv1 #a2 &  
to 8 compla9t t he 0 /ill *ildless1 & t 
8 "n &  prop]ty w\ld desc5d to ! /rang] 
,eliez]1 :o held ! next rank  9 8 tribe1
 ! promise 0 giv51 t he himself %\ld h a
 son1  & t 8 se$ %\ld be c\ntless z !   
/>s ( heav54 ,& x is  emphatically add$1
 8,he believ$ 9 ! ,"l1 & he c\nt$ x to  
him  = righte\sness40 ,he 0 !n fully    
assur$1 t he /ood be=e ,god1  a p>don$ &
 accept$ man1 8^: iniquities 7 =giv510 &
 to  :om 8! ,"l did n impute s940 ,/ill 
! fulfilm5t ( ! promise  ( a son 0      
delay$2 & ,s>ah1 p]haps despair+ t x    
w\ld be  accompli%$ 9 h] p]son1 & !     
revelation :i* _h be5 made  m]ely /at+ t
 ?is son %\ld be ! fruit ( ,abraham's   
body1  )\t any ref]5ce to h]1 %e gave to

 him1 accord+ to ! cu/om  ( ^? times1 "o
 ( h] h&maids1 an ,egyptian1 to be 8    
second>y  wife1 :o br\ght =? ,i%mael4   
,*ildr5 born 9 ?is mann] _h !           
privileges ( legitimacy2 b f\rte5 ye>s  
aft]w>d1 :5 ,abraham 0  a hundr$ ye>s   
old1 & ,s>ah n9ety1 ! ,"l appe>$ to him 
aga91  e/abli%$ 8 cov5ant ) him & ) 8   
se$1 *ang$ 8 "n to  ,abraham1 8! fa!r ( 
_m nations10 promis$ t ,s>ah h]self     
%\ld br+ =? ! son to :om ! prec$+       
promises _h ref]r$2  in/itut$           
circumcision z ! sign ( ! cov5ant2 &    
*ang$ !  "n ( 8 wife f ,s>ai1 my        
pr9cess1 to ,s>ah1 ! pr9cess1  t is1 (  
_m p to desc5d f h]4    #f4 ,at ?is "t  
,abraham occupi$ 8 =m] encampm5t ne>    
,hebron4  ,"h1 z he sat 9 ! door ( 8    
t5t1 ?ree my/]i\s /rang]s  appe>$4      
,abraham1 ) true ,arabian hospitality1  
receiv$ &  ent]ta9$ !m4 ,! *ief ( ! ?ree
 r5ew$ ! promise ( a son to  be born f  
,s>ah1 a promise :i* %e receiv$ ) a     
laugh (  incr$ulity1 = :i* %e 0 mildly  
reprov$4 ,z ,abraham accompani$  !m t[>d

 ! valley ( ! ,jordan1 ! same div9e     
p]son1 = s he  manife/ly appe>s1 ann\nc$
 ! dreadful ru9 imp5d+ ov] !  lic5ti\s  
cities among :i* ,lot _h tak5 up 8      
abode4 ,no passage1  ev5 9 ! sacr$      
writ+s1 exhibits a m exalt$ view ( !    
div9e  condesc5sion ?an t 9 :i* ,abraham
 is se5 expo/ulat+ on !  app>5t inju/ice
 ( involv+ ! innoc5t 9 ! ru9 ( ! guilty3
  8,%all ! city p]i%1 if fifty1 if      
=ty-five1 if =ty1 if ?irty1 if  tw5ty1  
if t5 righte\s m5 be f\nd )9 its walls80
 8,t5 righte\s  m5 %all av]t its doom40 
,su* 0 ! promise ( ! cele/ial  visitant2
 b ! guilt 0 univ]sal1 ! ru9 inevitable2
 & !  violation ( ! sacr$ laws (        
hospitality & nature1 :i* ,lot 9 8      
horror attempt$ to av]t by ! mo/ revolt+
 exp$i5t1 confirm$ !  ju/ice ( ! div9e  
s5t5ce4    #g4 ,s>ah hav+ conceiv$1     
accord+ to ! div9e promise1 ,abraham    
left  ! pla9 ( ,mamre1 & w5t s\? to     
,g]>1 :]e ,abimele* reign$2  & aga9 fe>+
 le/ ,s>ah %\ld be =c$ f him1 & himself 
be  put to dea?1 h] beauty hav+ be51 x  

w\ld appe>1 pret]naturally  cont9u$1    
not)/&+ h] age1 he "h call$ h]1 z he _h 
done  9 ,egypt1 8 si/]4 ,abimele* took  
h] to 8 h\se1 design+ to  m>ry h]2 b    
,god hav+1 9 a dream1 in=m$ him t %e 0  
,abraham's wife1 he return$ h] to him ) 
great pres5ts4 ,?is ye>  ,s>ah 0 deliv]$
 ( ,isaac2 & ,abraham circumcis$ him1   
accord+ to  ! cov5ant /ipulation2 & :5  
he 0 wean$1 made a great  ent]ta9m5t4   
,s>ah1 hav+ obs]v$ ,i%mael1 son ( ,hag>1
 mock+ h]  son ,isaac1 said to ,abraham1
 8,ca/ out ?is bondwoman & h] son1 =    
,i%mael %all n be heir ) ,isaac40 ,aft] 
great reluctance1 ,abraham  compli$2    
,god hav+ in=m$ him t ?is 0 accord+ to !
  appo9tm5ts ( 8 provid5ce1 ) respect to
 future ages4 ,ab\t !  same "t1         
,abimele* came ) ,phicol1 8 g5]al1 to   
conclude an  alliance ) ,abraham1 :o    
made t pr9ce a pres5t ( sev5 ewe lambs  
out ( 8 flock1 9 confirmation t a well  
he _h op5$ %\ld be  8 own prop]ty2 & !y 
call$ ! place ,be]-%eba1 or 8! well (   
swe>+10 because ( ! cov5ant !re ratifi$ 

) oa?s4 ,"h  ,abraham plant$ a grove1   
built an alt>1 & = "s "t resid$1 ,g54   
xx1 xxi4    #h4 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft]  
?is1 7,a4 ,m4 #bacc17 ,god1 = ! f9al    
trial & illu/ration ( ,abraham's fai?1  
direct$ him to (f] up 8  son ,isaac4    
,abraham took 8 son1 & two s]vants1 &   
w5t t[>d m\nt  ,moriah4 ,:5 )9 sight ( !
 m\nta91 ,abraham left 8 s]vants1  &    
asc5d$ x ) 8 son only2 & !re hav+ b\nd  
him1 he  prep>$ = ! affect+ sacrifice2 b
 :5 he 0 ab\t to give !  bl[1 an angel f
 heav5 cri$ out to him1 8,lay n ?9e h&  
^u  ! lad1 nei!r d ?\ any ?+ to him4 ,n[
 ,i "k t ?\ fe>e/  ,god1 s9ce ?\ ha/ n  
)held ?9e only son f me40 ,abraham1     
turn+1 saw a ram entangl$ 9 ! bu% by 8  
horns2 & he (f]$  ?is animal z a burnt  
(f]+1 in/ead ( 8 son ,isaac4 ,?is       
memorable place he call$ by ! prophetic 
"n1 ,jehovah-jireh1 or  ! ,"l w see--or 
provide1 ,g54 xxii1 #a-ad1 hav+ respect1
 no  d\bt1 to ! true sacrifice :i*1 9 ! 
fulness ( "t1 0 to be  (f]$ = ! :ole _w 
^u ! same m\nta94    #i4 ,twelve ye>s   

aft]w>d1 ,s>ah1 wife ( ,abraham1 di$ 9  
,hebron4  ,abraham came to m\rn & to    
p]=m ! fun]al (fices = h]4 ,he  address$
 ! p at ! city gate1 entreat+ !m to all[
 him to  bury 8 wife among !m2 =1 be+ a 
/rang]1 & hav+ no l& (  8 own1 he c\ld  
claim no "r ( int]m5t 9 any sepul*re ( t
  c\ntry4 ,he1 !re=e1 b\ght ( ,ephron1  
"o ( ! inhabitants1 !  field (          
,ma*pelah1 ) ! cave & sepul*re 9 x1 at !
 price (  f\r hundr$ %ekels ( silv]1    
ab\t =ty-five p\nds /]l+4 ,&  "h        
,abraham buri$ ,s>ah1 ) due solemnities1
 accord+ to ! cu/om  ( ! c\ntry1 ,g54   
xxiii4 ,?is :ole transaction            
impressively  illu/rates ! dignity1     
c\rtesy1 & hon\r ( ^! anci5t *iefs2  &  
:olly disproves ! notion t !irs 0 a rude
 & unpoli%$  age4    #aj4 ,abraham1 hav+
 gr[n old1 s5t ,eliez]1 8 /ew>d1 into   
,mesopotamia1 ) directions to obta9 a "y
 woman ( 8 own family1  z a wife = 8 son
 ,isaac4 ,eliez] execut$ 8 commission ) 
fidelity1 & br\ght back ,rebecca1       
daught] ( ,be?uel1 gr&-daught]  (       

,nahor1 &1 consequ5tly1 ,abraham's      
niece1 :om ,isaac m>ri$4  ,abraham      
aft]w>d m>ri$ ,keturah2 by :om he _h six
 sons1 ,zimran1  ,jok%an1 ,m$an1        
,midian1 ,i%bak1 & ,%uah2 :o became     
heads ( diff]5t  p1 :i* dwelt 9 ,arabia1
 & ar\nd x4 ,he di$1 ag$ a hundr$  &    
sev5ty-five ye>s1 & 0 buri$1 ) ,s>ah 8  
wife1 9 ! cave  ( ,ma*pelah1 :i* he _h  
pur*as$ ( ,ephron1 ,g54 xxiv1 xxv1 ,a4  
,m4  #bahc1 be=e ,*ri/ #ahba4    ,,ii4  
,f ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ,abraham we may n[
 proce$ to !  consid]ation ( ! ,,typical
 circum/ances :i* 7 connect$ ) x4    #a4
 ,abraham himself ) 8 family may be     
reg>d$ z a type ( !  *ur* ( ,god 9      
future ages4 ,!y inde$ con/itut$ ,god's 
anci5t  *ur*4 ,n t _m scatt]$ patri>*al 
& family *ur*es did n  rema93 su* 0 t ( 
,mel*iz$ec2 & su* probably 0 t (        
,nahor1 :om ,abraham left beh9d 9       
,mesopotamia4 ,b a visible *ur*         
relation 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,abraham's   
family & ! ,mo/ ,high1  signifi$ by !   
visible & di/+ui%+ sacram5t (           

circumcision1  & foll[$ by new & enl>g$ 
revelations ( tru?4 ,two purposes 7  to 
be answ]$ by ?is1--! pres]vation ( !    
true doctr9e (  salvation 9 ! _w1 :i* is
 ! great & solemn duty ( e  bran* ( !   
*ur* ( ,god1--& ! manife/ation ( t tru? 
to  o!rs4 ,bo? 7 done by ,abraham4      
,:]ev] he soj\rn$ he built 8  alt>s to !
 true ,god1 & publicly celebrat$ 8      
wor%ip2 &1 z we  le>n f ,/4 ,paul1 he   
liv$ 9 t5ts 9 pref]5ce to settl+ 9 !  l&
 ( ,canaan1 ?\gh x _h be5 giv5 to him = 
a possession1 9  ord] t he might ?us    
proclaim 8 fai? 9 ! et]nal inh]itance  (
 :i* ,canaan 0 a type2 & 9 be>+ ?is     
te/imony1 8 example  0 foll[$ by ,isaac 
& ,jacob1 ! 8heirs ) him ( ! same       
promise10 :o also ?us 8confess$ t !y 7  
/rang]s &  pilgrims10 & t 8!y look$0 = a
 cont9u+ & et]nal city 9  heav54 ,s also
 n[ is ! same doctr9e ( immortality     
committ$ to !  *ur* ( ,*ri/2 & by       
deadness to ! _w ought its memb]s to    
decl>e ! reality ( _! own fai? 9 x4     
#b4 ,! num]\s natural po/]ity promis$ to

 ,abraham 0 also a type (  ! spiritual  
se$1 ! true memb]s ( ! *ur* ( ,*ri/1    
spr++  f ! ,messiah1 ( :om ,isaac 0 !   
symbol4 ,?us ,/4 ,paul expressly        
di/+ui%es betwe5 ! fle%ly & ! spiritual 
se$ ( ,abraham2 to  ! latt] ( :i*1 9 _! 
ultimate & highe/ s5se1 ! promises  (   
increase z ! />s ( heav51 & ! s&s ( !   
sea %ore1 are  to be ref]r$1 z also !   
promise ( ! heav5ly ,canaan4    #c4 ,!  
int5tional (f]+ up ,isaac1 ) its result1
 0 probably t  transaction 9 :i*        
,abraham1 m cle>ly ?an 9 any o!r1 8saw !
  day ( ,*ri/1 & 0 glad40 ,he receiv$   
,isaac f ! dead1 says ,/4  ,paul1 89 a  
figure40 ,?is c\ld be a figure ( no?+ b 
!  resurrection ( our ,"l2 &1 if s1     
,isaac's be+ laid ^u ! alt>  0 a figure 
( 8 sacrificial dea?1 sc5ically & mo/   
impressively  repres5t$ to ,abraham4 ,! 
place1 ! same ridge ( hills on :i*  our 
,"l 0 crucifi$2 ! p]son1 an only son1 to
 die = no (f5ce  ( 8 own2 ! sacrific]1 a
 fa!r2 ! receiv+ back1 z x  71 f dea? to
 life2 ! "n impress$ ^u ! place1        

import+1 8! ,"l w provide10 9 allusion  
to ,abraham's own words  to ,isaac1 8!  
,"l w provide a lamb = a burnt (f]+20   
all  indicate a my/]y :i* lay deep b5ea?
 ?is transaction1 & :i*  ,abraham1 z !  
rew>d ( 8 ob$i5ce1 0 p]mitt$ to behold4 
8,!  day0 ( ,*ri/'s humiliation &       
exaltation 0 ?us op5$ to him2 &  s]v$ to
 keep ! great tru? 9 m9d1 t ! true burnt
 (f]+ &  sacrifice = s9 0 to be some?+  
high] ?an ! immolation (  lambs & bulls 
& goats1--nay1 some?+ m ?an :at 0 m]ely 
human4    #d4 ,! transaction ( !        
expulsion ( ,hag> 0 also a type4 ,x 0 an
  allegory 9 action1 by :i* ,/4 ,paul   
tea*es u to und]/& t !  son ( !         
bondwoman repres5t$ ^? :o are "u ! law2 
& !  *ild ( ! freewoman ^? :o by fai? 9 
,*ri/ are sup]naturally  begott5 into ! 
family ( ,god4 ,! bondwoman & h] son be+
 ca/  out1 repres5t$ also ! expulsion ( 
! unbeliev+ ,jews f !  *ur* ( ,god1 :i* 
0 to be compos$ ( true believ]s ( all   
nations1 all ( :om1 :e!r ,jews or       
,g5tiles1 7 to become 8fell[  heirs40   

,,iii4 ,b ,abraham appe>s be=e u inve/$ 
) a ,,my/ic "*1  :i* x is ( great       
importance rightly to und]/&4    #a4 ,he
 is to be reg>d$ z /&+ 9 a f$]al or     
cov5ant  relation1 n only to 8 natural  
se$1 b specially & em95tly to  all      
believ]s4 8,! ,gospel10 we are told by  
,/4 ,paul1 80 prea*$ to  ,abraham1 say+1
 ,9 !e %all all nations be bless$40     
8,abraham  believ$ 9 ,god1 & x 0 acc\nt$
 to him = righte\sness20 9  o!r words1  
he 0 ju/ifi$4 ,a cov5ant ( gratuit\s    
ju/ification  ?r\gh fai? 0 made ) him & 
8 believ+ desc5dants2 & !  rite (       
circumcision1 :i* 0 n conf9$ to 8       
po/]ity by ,s>ah1  b appo9t$ 9 e bran* (
 8 family1 0 ! sign or sacram5t  ( ?is  
cov5ant ( grace1 & s rema9$ till x 0    
displac$ by !  sacram5ts appo9t$ by     
,*ri/4 ,:]ev] t sign 0 x decl>$ !       
doctr9e1 & (f]$ ! grace1 ( ?is          
cov5ant--free ju/ification by  fai?1 &  
its glori\s results--to all ! tribes t  
proce$$ f  ,abraham4 ,?is same grace is 
(f]$ to u by ! ,gospel1 :o become       

8,abraham's se$10 8 spiritual *ildr5 )  
:om ! cov5ant is  e/abli%$1 ?r\gh ! same
 fai?1 & are ?us made 8! heirs )  him ( 
! same promise40    #b4 ,abraham is also
 exhibit$ to u z ! repres5tative ( true 
believ]s2 & 9 ?is especially1 t ! true  
nature ( fai? 0  exhibit$ 9 him4 ,?is   
great pr9ciple 0 m>k$ 9 ,abraham ) !    
foll[+ *>act]s3--,an entire unhesitat+  
belief 9 ! ^w (  ,god2--an unfalt]+ tru/
 9 all 8 promises2--a /eady reg>d to 8  
almighty p[]1 lead+ him to ov]look all  
app>5t difficulties &  impossibilities 9
 e case :]e ,god _h explicitly          
promis$2--&  habitual & *e]ful & entire 
ob$i5ce4 ,! ,apo/le has describ$  fai? 9
 ,heb4 xi1 #a2 & t fai? is se5 liv+ &   
act+ 9 all its  en]gy 9 ,abraham4    ,a 
few miscellane\s rem>ks are sugge/$ by  
"s ( ! circum/ances  ( ,abraham's       
hi/ory3--    #a4 ,! anci5t me?od (      
ratify+ a cov5ant by sacrifice is       
illu/rat$ 9 ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,g54 xv1 #i1
 #aj4 ,! bea/s 7  sla9 & divid$ 9 !     
mid/1 & ! p]sons cov5ant+ pass$  betwe5 

! p>ts4 ,h5ce1 aft] ,abraham _h p]=m$   
?is "p ( !  c]emony1 ! symbol ( !       
,almighty's pres5ce1 8a smok+ furnace1 &
  a burn+ lamp1 pass$ betwe5 ! pieces10 
v]se #ah1 & s bo?  p>ties ratifi$ !     
cov5ant4    #b4 ,z ! beauty ( ,s>ah1 :i*
 %e reta9$ s long z q to  conceal h]    
real age f obs]v]s1 attract$ s mu*      
notice z to lead  to h] =cible seizure1 
once by ,ph>aoh 9 ,egypt1 & aga9 by     
,abimele* 9 ,pale/9e1 x may appe>       
/range1 t1 z 9 ! ea/  wom5 are g5]ally  
kept 9 seclusion1 & seldom appe> )\t    
veils1  %e expos$ h]self to obs]vation4 
,b to ?is day ! ,arab wom5 d  n we>     
veils at home 9 _! t5ts2 & ,s>ah's      
c\nt5ance might  h be5 se5 9 ! t5t by "s
 ( ! (fic]s ( ,ph>aoh &  ,abimele*1 :o  
report$ h] beauty to _! ma/]s4    #c4 ,!
 int5tional (f]+ up ( ,isaac is n to be 
suppos$ z view$  by ,abraham z an act   
sanction$ by ! ,pagan practice ( human  
sacrifice4 ,! immolation ( human        
victims1 p>ticul>ly ( t :i*  0 mo/      
preci\s1 ! fav\rite1 ! fir/-born *ild1  

appe>s to h  be5 a common usage among _m
 e>ly nations1 m especially ! tribes  by
 :i* ,abraham 0 surr\nd$4 ,x 0 !        
di/+ui%+ rite among  ! wor%ipp]s (      
,molo*2 at a lat] p]iod ( ! ,jewi%      
hi/ory1 x  0 practis$ by a k+ ( ,moab2 &
 x 0 und\bt$ly d]iv$ by !  ,c>?ag9ians f
 _! ,ph5ecian ance/ors on ! %ores (     
,syria4  ,:]e x 0 an ord9>y usage1 z 9 !
 wor%ip ( ,molo*1 x 0 9  unison ) ! "* (
 ! religion1 & ( its deity4 ,x 0 !  la/ 
act ( a d>k & sangu9>y sup]/ition1 :i*  
rose by regul>  gradation to ?is        
complete triumph ov] human nature4 ,!   
god1 :o 0  propitiat$ by ^! (f]+s1 _h   
be5 satiat$ ) m *eap &  vulg> victims2  
he _h be5 glutt$ to ! full ) human      
suff]+ &  ) human blood4 ,9 g5]al x 0 ! 
f9al m>k ( ! subjugation (  ! national  
m9d to an inhuman & dom9e]+ prie/hood4  
,b !  ,mosaic religion held human       
sacrifices 9 abhorr5ce2 & ! ,god ( !    
,abrahamitic family1 uni=mly b5efic5t1  
_h impos$ no duties :i*  entail$ human  
suff]+1 _h dem&$ no (f]+s :i* 7         

repugnant  to ! bett] feel+s ( our      
nature4 ,! comm& to (f] ,isaac z 8a     
burnt (f]+10 0 = ^! reasons a trial ! m 
sev]e to  ,abraham's fai?4 ,he mu/ !re=e
 h be5 fully assur$ ( ! div9e  comm&2 & 
he left ! my/]y to be expla9$ by ,god   
himself4 ,8 0  a simple act ( unhesitat+
 ob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ,god2 ! la/  pro( 
( p]fect reliance on ! c]ta9            
accompli%m5t ( ! div9e  promises4       
,isaac1 s miracul\sly be/[$1 c\ld be z  
miracul\sly  re/or$2 ,abraham1 su* is ! 
comm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,apo/le1  8believ$ t
 ,god c\ld ev5 raise him up f ! dead40  
#d4 ,! wide & deep impression made by ! 
"* ( ,abraham ^u  ! anci5t _w is prov$  
by ! rev]5ce :i* p ( almo/ all  nations 
& c\ntries h paid to him1 & ! mann] 9   
:i* !  ev5ts ( 8 life h be5 int]wov5 9  
_! my?ology1 & _!  religi\s traditions4 
,jews1 ,magians1 ,sabians1 ,indians1 &  
,mohamm$ans  h claim$ him z ! great     
patri>* & f\nd] ( _! sev]al  sects2 & 8 
hi/ory has be5 embelli%$ ) a v>iety (   
fictions4  ,"o ( ! mo/ pleas+ ( ^! is ! 

foll[+1 b x proce$s ^u  ! supposition t 
he 0 educat$ 9 idolatry3 8,z ,abraham 0 
walk+ by night f ! grotto :]e he 0 born1
 to ! city (  ,babylon1 he gaz$ on ! />s
 ( heav51 & among !m on !  beautiful    
planet ,v5us4 #8,behold1' said he )9    
himself1 #8! ,god &  ,"l ( ! univ]se6' b
 ! /> set & disappe>$1 & ,abraham  felt 
t ! ,"l ( ! univ]se c\ld n ?us be liable
 to *ange4  ,%ortly aft]1 he beheld !   
moon at ! full3 #8,lo1' he cri$1 #8!    
,div9e ,creator1 ! manife/ ,deity6' b ! 
moon sank bel[ !  horizon1 & ,abraham   
made ! same reflection z at ! sett+ ( ! 
ev5+ />4 ,all ! re/ ( ! night he pass$ 9
 pr(\nd  rum9ation2 at sunrise he /ood  
be=e ! gates ( ,babylon1 & saw !  :ole p
 pro/rate 9 adoration4 #8,wondr\s orb1#8
 he exclaim$1 #8?\  surely art !        
,creator & ,rul] ( all nature6 b ?\1    
too1 ha/e/  l ! re/ to ?y sett+6--nei!r 
!n art ?\ my ,creator1 my  ,"l1 or my   
,god6'0    ,,abrahamites1 report$       
h]etical sects ( ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1
  *>g$ ) ! ,paulician errors1 & "s ( !m 

) idolatry4 ,=  ^! *>ges we h1 h[ev]1   
only ! ^w ( _! p]secutors4 ,also  ! "n (
 a sect 9 ,bohemia1 z late z #aghb1 :o  
pr(ess$ !  religion ( ,abraham be=e 8   
circumcision1 & admitt$ no scriptures  b
 ! decalogue & ! ,"l's pray]4 ,z ^! 7   
p]secut$1 !y  too 7 probably            
misrepres5t$1 & especially z _! conduct 
is  all[$ to h be5 good1 ev5 by _!      
enemies4    ,,absalom1 ! son ( ,david by
 ,maa*ah1 daught] ( ! k+ ( ,ge%ur2      
di/+ui%$ = 8 f9e p]son1 8 vices1 & 8    
unnatural  rebellion4 ,( 8 op5 revolt1 8
 conduct 9 ,j]usalem1 8 pursuit (  ! k+ 
8 fa!r1 8 defeat & dea?1 see #b ,sam4   
xvi-xviii1 at  l>ge4    ,,absolution1 9 
! *ur* ( ,rome1 is a sacram5t1 9 :i* !  
prie/s  assume ! p[] ( =giv+ s9s4 ,!    
rite ( absolution 9 ! *ur*  ( ,engl& is 
ackn[l$g$ to be decl>ative              
only--8,almighty ,god ha?  giv5 p[] &   
comm&m5t to 8 m9i/]s to decl>e &        
pron\nce to  8 p1 be+ p5it5t1 !         
absolution & remission ( _! s9s3  ,he   
p>done?10 c4 ,9 ?is view x is innoc5t2 &

 al?\gh any private  ,*ri/ian has a "r  
to decl>e & pron\nce ! same doctr9e to 8
  neighb\r1 ! (ficial publication ( !   
grace ( ! ,gospel is !  public duty (   
its m9i/]s 9 ! congregation1 s9ce !y are
  ,*ri/'s 8ambassadors40    ,,ab/95ce1  
=be>ance ( any ?+ ,x is g5]ally us$ )   
ref]5ce  to =be>ance f food "u a        
religi\s motive4 ,! ,jewi% law  orda9$ t
 ! prie/s %\ld ab/a9 f ! use ( w9e dur+ 
!  :ole "t ( _! be+ employ$ 9 ! s]vice (
 ! temple1 ,lev4 x1  #i4 ,! same ab/95ce
 0 enjo9$ ^u ! ,naz>ites1 dur+ ! "t  (  
_! ,naz>ite%ip1 or sep>ation1 ,num4 vi1 
#c4 ,! ,jews 7  comm&$ to ab/a9 f sev]al
 sorts ( animals4 ,see ,,animal4    ,!  
fat ( all sorts ( animals t 7 sacrific$ 
0 =bidd5 to be  eat51 ,lev4 iii1 #ag2   
vii1 #bc2 & ! blood ( e animal1 9 g5]al1
  0 prohibit$ "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,inde$     
blood 0 =bidd5 by !  ,creator1 f ! "t ( 
! grant ( ! fle% ( bea/s to man =  food2
 ?is prohibition 0 cont9u$ "u ! ,jewi%  
economy1 &  transmitt$ to ! ,*ri/ian    
*ur* by ,apo/olic au?ority1 ,acts xv1   

#bh1  #bi4 7,see ,blood47 ,! ,jews also 
ab/a9$ f ! s9ew :i* is ^u  ! holl[ ( !  
?igh1 ,g54 xxxii1 #be2 because ( ! %r9k+
 ( !  s9ew ( ,jacob's ?igh :5 t\*$ by ! 
angel1 z ?\gh by t !  "p _h be5 made    
sacr$4    ,among ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 
"s d5i$ !mselves ! use ( su*  meats z 7 
prohibit$ by ! law2 o!rs treat$ ?is     
ab/95ce )  contempt4 ,/4 ,paul has giv5 
8 decision on ^! que/ions 9 8  epi/les1 
#a ,cor4 viii1 #g-aj2 ,rom4 xiv1 #a-c4  
,! c\ncil ( ,j]usalem1  :i* 0 held by ! 
,apo/les1 enjo9$ ! ,*ri/ian conv]ts to  
ab/a9 f meats /rangl$1 f blood1 f       
=nication1 & f  idolatry1 ,acts xv1 #bj4
    ,! spiritual mon>*y ( ! we/]n _w    
introduc$ ano!r sort (  ab/95ce :i* may 
be t]m$ ritual1 & :i* consi/s 9  ab/a9+ 
f p>ticul> meats at c]ta9 times &       
seasons1 ! rules  ( :i* are call$       
rogations4 ,! anci5t ,l5t 0 obs]v$ only 
a few  days be=e ,ea/]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( !  
?ird c5tury1 x ext5d$ at  ,rome to ?ree 
weeks2 & be=e ! middle ( ! succe$+ age1 
x 0  prolong$ to six weeks1 & began to  

be call$ quadragesima1 or !  =ty days'  
fa/4    ,,abyss1 or ,,deep1 1 )\t       
bottom4 ,! *aos2 ! deepe/ p>ts  ( ! sea2
 &1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! place ( ! dead1
 ,rom4 x1 #g2  a deep place ( puni%m5t4 
,! devils bes\ght ,jesus t he w\ld n    
s5d !m into ! abyss1 a place !y evid5tly
 dread$1 ,luke viii1 #ca2  :]e x seems  
to mean t "p ( ,hades 9 :i* wick$       
spirits are 9  torm5t4 ,see ,,hell4     
,9 ! op9ion ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 & ( !  
g5]ality ( ea/]n  p at ?is day1 ! abyss1
 ! sea1 or wat]s1 encompass$ ! :ole     
e>?4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to float ^u ! abyss1
 ( :i* x cov]$ a  small "p4 ,accord+ to 
! same notion1 ! e>? 0 f\nd$ on !       
wat]s1 or at lea/ its f\ndations 7 on ! 
abyss b5ea?1 ,psalm  xxiv1 #b2 cxxxvi1  
#f4 ,"u ^! wat]s1 & at ! bottom ( ?is   
abyss1  !y repres5t$ ! wick$ z groan+1 &
 suff]+ ! puni%m5t (  _! s94 ,! ,rephaim
 7 conf9$ !re1 ^? old giants1 :o1  :il/ 
liv+1 caus$ surr\nd+ nations to tremble1
 ,prov4 ix1 #ah2 xxi1  #af1 c4 ,la/ly1 9
 ^! d>k dungeons ! k+s ( ,tyre1         

,babylon1 &  ,egypt are describ$ by !   
,prophets z suff]+ ! puni%m5t ( _!      
pride & cruelty1 ,isaiah xxvi1 #ad2     
,ezek4 xxviii1 #aj1 c4    ,^! dep?s are 
figuratively repres5t$ z ! abodes ( evil
 spirits1  & p[]s oppos$ to ,god3 8,i   
saw10 says ,/4 ,john1 8a /> fall f      
heav5 unto ! e>?1 & to him 0 giv5 ! key 
( ! bottomless  pit4 ,& he op5$ !       
bottomless pit2 & !re arose a smoke out 
(  x1 z ! smoke ( a great furnace2 & !  
sun & ! air 7  d>k5$ by reason ( ! smoke
 ( ! pit4 ,& !re came out ( !  smoke    
locu/s ^u ! e>?4 ,& !y _h a k+ ov] !m1  
:i* is  ! angel ( ! bottomless pit10    
,rev4 ix1 #a1 #b1 #aa4 ,9 ano!r place1  
! bea/ is repres5t$ z asc5d+ out ( !    
bottomless pit1 &  wag+ w> aga9/ ! two  
witnesses ( ,god1 ,rev4 xi1 #g4 ,la/ly1 
,/4  ,john says1 8,i saw an angel come  
d[n f heav51 hav+ ! key ( !  bottomless 
pit1 & a great *a9 9 8 h&4 ,& he laid   
hold on !  dragon1 t old s]p5t1 :i* is !
 devil1 & ,satan1 & b\nd him a  ?\s&    
ye>s1 & ca/ him into ! bottomless pit1 &

 %ut him up1  & set a seal ^u him1 t he 
%\ld deceive ! nations no m till  ! ?\s&
 ye>s %\ld be fulfill$3 & aft] t he mu/ 
be loos$  a little season10 ,rev4 xx1   
#a-c4    ,,abyss9ian ,,*ur*1 a bran* ( !
 ,coptic *ur*1 9 ,upp] ,e?iopia4 ,!     
,abyss9ians1 by ! mo/ au!ntic acc\nts1 7
 conv]t$ to !  ,*ri/ian fai? ab\t ! ye> 
#ccj2 :5 ,frum5tius1 be+  provid5tially 
rais$ to a high (fice1 "u ! patronage ( 
! que5  ( ,e?iopia1 & orda9$ bi%op ( t  
c\ntry by ,a?anasius1  patri>* (        
,alex&ria1 e/abli%$ ,*ri/ianity1 built  
*ur*es1 &  orda9$ a regul> cl]gy to     
(ficiate 9 !m4 ,! ,abyss9ian  ,*ri/ians 
!mselves1 inde$1 claim a mu* high]      
antiquity1 hav+ a  tradition1 t !       
doctr9e ( ,*ri/ 0 fir/ introduc$ among  
!m  by ,que5 ,c&ace1 ,acts viii1 #bg2 or
 ev5 prea*$ !re by ! ,apo/les  ,mat!w & 
,b>?olomew2 b ! =m] is support$ by no   
collat]al  evid5ce1 & ! latt] is 9      
opposition to high au?ority4 ,"s (  !m  
claim relation to ! ,israelites1 ?r\gh !
 que5 ( ,%eba1 s  f> back z ! reign (   

,solomon4    ,! ,abyss9ian ,*ri/ians h  
always receiv$ _! abuna1 or  patri>*1 f 
,alex&ria1 :5ce !y sprang1 & consequ5tly
 _!  cre$ is ,monophysite1 or ,euty*ian2
 ma9ta9+ "o nature only 9 !  p]son (    
,*ri/1 namely1 ! div9e1 9 :i* !y        
consid]$ all !  prop]ties ( ! humanity  
to be absorb$2 9 opposition to !        
,ne/orians4    ,on ! p[] ( ! ,s>ac5s    
prevail+ 9 ! ea/1 all communication  be+
 ne>ly cut (f betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n    
*ur*es1 !  ,abyss9ian *ur* rema9$ unkn[n
 9 ,europe till ne>ly ! close (  !      
fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ,john ,,ii1 (        
,portugal1 accid5tally he>+  ( ! exi/5ce
 ( su* a *ur*1 s5t to make inquiry4 ,?is
 l$ to a  correspond5ce betwe5 !        
,abyss9ians & ! *ur* ( ,rome2 &         
,b]mudes1 a ,portuguese1 0 consecrat$ by
 ! pope patri>* (  ,e?iopia1 & !        
,abyss9ians 7 requir$ to receive !      
,roman  ,ca?olic fai?1 9 return = "s    
milit>y assi/ance af=d$ to !  emp]or4   
,in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ! emp]or s5t = a  
new patri>*  f ,alex&ria1 imprison$     

,b]mudes1 & decl>$ ! pope a h]etic4     
,ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 !    
,jesuits attempt$ a  mission to         
,abyss9ia1 9 ! hope ( r$uc+ x to !      
pope's  au?ority2 b )\t success4 ,9     
#aehh a second mission 0 attempt$1  & s 
f> succe$$ z to introduce a sy/em (     
p]secution1 :i* co/  _m lives1 & caus$  
_m tr\bles to ! empire4 ,9 ! foll[+     
c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! ,jesuits 7 all expell$1
 ,abyss9ia return$ to  its anci5t fai?1 
& no?+ m 0 he>d ( ! *ur* (  ,abyss9ia1  
till ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury4    ,aft]
 ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits1 all          
,europeans 7 int]dict$2 nor  does x     
appe> t any "o d>$ to attempt an        
entrance until !  celebrat$ ,mr4 ,bruce1
 by ! report ( 8 m$ical skill1 contriv$ 
to  introduce himself to ! c\rt1 :]e he 
ev5 obta9$ milit>y  promotion2 & 0 9 su*
 repute1 t x 0 ) great difficulty he    
obta9$ leave to return to ,engl&4       
,enc\rag$1 p]haps1 by ?is circum/ance1 !
 ,moravian bre?r5  attempt$ a mission to
 ?is c\ntry1 b 9 va94 ,!y 7 compell$ to 

retreat to ,gr& ,cairo1 f :5ce1 by leave
 ( ! patri>*1 !y  visit$ ! ,copts at    
,behruss]1 & =m$ a small society2 b 9   
#aghc1  !y 7 driv5 !nce1 & compell$ to  
return to ,europe4 ,m  rec5tly1 h[ev]1 !
 late k+ ( ,abyss9ia 7,itsa ,takley     
,gorges7  address$ a lett] to ,mr4      
,salt1 ! ,briti% consul 9 ,egypt1 &     
reque/$ copies ( "s p>ts ( bo? ! ,old & 
,new ,te/am5ts4  ,copies ( ! ,psalms1 9 
,e?iopic1 z pr9t$ by ! ,briti% & ,=eign 
,bible ,society1 7 also s5t to him4     
,,academics1 a "n giv5 to su*           
philosoph]s z adopt$ ! doctr9es (       
,plato4 ,!y 7 s call$ f ! ,academia1 a  
grove ne> ,a!ns1  :]e !y frequ5tly      
indulg$ _! contemplations4 ,academia is 
said to  d]ive its "n f "o ,academus1 a 
god or h]o s call$4 ,?us  ,horace1--    
,atque int] sylvas ,academi qur]e v]um4 
,& 9 ! groves ( ,academus to se>* =     
tru?4    ,! academics are divid$ into ^?
 ( ! fir/ academy1 :o taught  ! doctr9es
 ( ,plato 9 _! orig9al purity2 ^? ( !   
second or  middle academy1 :o diff]$    

mat]ially f ! fir/1 & incl9$ to         
skepticism2 & ^? ( ! new academy4 ,!    
middle s*ool laid x d[n  z a pr9ciple1 t
 nei!r our s5ses1 nor our reason1 are to
 be  tru/$2 b t 9 common affairs we are 
to con=m to receiv$  op9ions4 ,! new    
academy ma9ta9$ t we h no means (       
di/+ui%+ tru?1 & t ! mo/ evid5t         
appe>ances may lead u  into error2 !y   
grant$ ! wise man op9ion1 b d5i$ him    
c]ta9ty4  ,!y held1 h[ev]1 t x 0 be/ to 
foll[ ! greate/ probability1  :i* 0     
suffici5t = all ! useful purposes (     
life1 & laid d[n  rules = ! atta9m5t (  
felicity4 ,! diff]5ce betwixt ! middle  
academy & ! new seems to h be5 ?is1 t   
?\gh !y agre$ 9  ! imbecility ( human   
nature1 yet ! fir/ d5i$ t probabilities 
7 ( any use 9 ! pursuit ( happ9ess2 & ! 
latt] held !m to  be ( s]vice 9 su* a   
design3 ! =m] recomm5d$ a con=mity )    
receiv$ op9ions1 & ! latt] all[$ m5 an  
op9ion ( _! own4  ,9 ! fir/ academy1    
,speusippus fill$ ! *air2 9 ! second1   
,arcesilaus2 & 9 ! new or ?ird academy1 

,c>neades4    ,,accad1 "o ( ! f\r cities
 built by ,nimrod1 ! f\nd] ( !          
,assyrian empire4 7,see ,nimrod47 8,& ! 
beg9n+ ( 8 k+dom 0  ,babel1 & ,ere*1 &  
,accad1 & ,calneh1 9 ! l& ( ,%9>10 ,g54 
x1  #aj4 ,?us x appe>s t ,accad 0       
contempor>y ) ,babylon1 & 0  "o ( ! fir/
 f\r great cities ( ! _w4    ,x w\ld    
sc>cely be expect$ t any ?+ %\ld n[     
rema9 to guide  u 9 our se>* = ?is      
anci5t city1 see+ t ,babylon itself1 )  
:i* x 0 coeval1 is r$uc$ to heaps2 & t x
 is n m5tion$  "u its anci5t "n by any  
pr(ane au?or4 ,b ! discov]ies (  mod]n  
travell]s may be br\ght to aid u 9 our  
inquiry4 ,at !  di/ance ( ab\t six miles
 f ! mod]n t[n ( ,bagdad1 is f\nd a     
m\nd1 surm\nt$ by a t[]-%ap$ ru91 call$ 
by ! ,arabs ,tell  ,nimrood1 & by !     
,turks ,nemrood ,tepasse2 bo? t]ms      
imply+ ! ,hill  ( ,nimrod4 ,?is gigantic
 mass rises 9 an irregul>ly pyramidal or
  turret$ %ape1 accord+ to ! view 9 :i* 
x is tak51 "o hundr$  & tw5ty-five or "o
 hundr$ & ?irty feet above ! g5tly      

incl9$  elevation on :i* x /&s4 ,its    
circumf]5ce1 at ! bottom1 is ?ree       
hundr$ feet4 ,! m\nd :i* con/itutes its 
f\ndation is compos$ (  a collection (  
rubbi%1 =m$ f ! decay ( ! sup]/ructure2 
& consi/s ( s&y e>?1 fragm5ts ( burnt   
brick1 pott]y1 & h>d  clay1 p>tially    
vitrifi$4 ,9 ! rema9s ( ! t[]1 ! diff]5t
  lay]s ( sun-dri$ brick1 ( :i* x is    
compos$1 may be trac$ )  great          
precision4 ,^! bricks1 cem5t$ toge!r by 
slime1 & divid$  into c\rses v>y+ f     
twelve to tw5ty feet 9 height1 are      
sep>at$  f "o ano!r by a /ratum ( re$s1 
simil> to ^? n[ gr[+ 9  ! m>%y p>ts ( ! 
pla91 & 9 a wond]ful /ate ( pres]vation4
  ,! resemblance ( ?is mode ( build+ to 
t 9 "s ( !  /ructures at ,babylon1 _c   
escape obs]vation2 & we may reasonably  
conclude x to be ! workman%ip ( ! same  
ar*itects4 ,! solidity  & ! l(t9ess (   
?is pile1 unfa%ion$ to any o!r purpose1 
bespeak x to be "o ( ^? enorm\s         
pyramidal t[]s :i* 7  consecrat$ to !   
,sabian wor%ip2 :i*1 z ess5tial to _!   

religi\s rites1 7 probably erect$ 9 all 
! e>ly cities ( !  ,cu?ites2 &1 l _!    
prototype at ,babylon1 answ]$ ! d\ble   
purpose ( alt>s & obs]vatories4 ,"h !n 0
 ! site ( "o (  ^! e>ly cities4 ,x 0 n  
,babylon2 x 0 n ,ere*2 x 0 n  ,calneh4  
,x might be too mu* to say t !re=e x mu/
 be ,accad2  b ! inf]5ce is at lea/     
w>rantable2 :i* is f>!r /r5g!n$  by ! "n
 ( ! place1 ,ak>k\ff2 :i* be>s a great] 
aff9ity to  t ( ,accad ?an _m o!rs :i*  
are =c$ into ! support (  geographical  
speculations1 especially :5 x is        
recollect$ t !  ,syrian "n ( ! city 0   
,a*>4    ,,access1 free admission1 op5  
entrance4 ,our access to ,god is by     
,jesus  ,*ri/1 ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life1 
,rom4 v1 #b2 ,eph4 ii1 #ah4 ,"u  ! law1 
! high prie/ alone _h access into !     
holie/ ( all2 b  :5 ! veil ( ! temple 0 
r5t 9 twa91 at ! dea? ( ,*ri/1  x 0     
decl>$ t a new & liv+ way ( access 0    
laid op5  ?r\gh ! veil1 t is to say1 8  
fle%4 ,by 8 dea?1 also1 !  middle wall (
 p>tition 0 brok5 d[n1 & ,jew & ,g5tile 

_h bo?  free access to ,god2 :]eas1     
be=e1 ! ,g5tiles _h no ne>] access  9 ! 
temple wor%ip ?an to ! gate ( ! c\rt (  
,israel4 ,?us !  sav+ grace & l(ty      
privileges ( ! ,gospel are equally be/[$
  ^u true believ]s ( all nations4       
,,ac*o1 aft]w>d call$ ,ptolemais1 & n[  
,akka by ! ,arabs1 & ,acre  by ! ,turks4
 ,x 0 giv5 to ! tribe ( ,a%]1 ,judges i1
 #ca4  ,*ri/ianity 0 plant$ "h at an    
e>ly p]iod1 & "h ,/4 ,paul  visit$ !    
sa9ts 9 8 way to ,j]usalem1 ,acts xxi1  
#g4 ,x is a seaport  ( ,pale/9e1 ?irty  
miles s\? ( ,tyre1 &1 9 ! fir/ p>tition 
(  ! holy l&1 belong$ to ! tribe ( ,a%]2
 b ?is 0 "o ( !  places out ( :i* !     
,israelites c\ld n drive ! primitive    
inhabitants4 ,9 succe$+ times x 0 enl>g$
 by ! fir/ ,ptolemy1  to ^: lot x fell1 
& :o nam$ x aft] himself1 ,ptolemais4   
,?is city1 n[ call$ ,acre1 :i*1 f !     
conv5i5ce ( its port1 is  "o ( ! mo/    
consid]able on ! ,syrian coa/1 01 dur+  
almo/ two  c5turies1 ! pr9cipal !atre ( 
! holy w>s1 & ! frequ5t  sc5e ( !       

p]fidies & trea*]ies ( ! crusad]s4      
,among its antiquities1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4    
,cl>ke describes ! rema9s ( a v         
consid]able edifice1 exhibit+ a         
conspicu\s appe>ance among !  build+s on
 ! nor? side ( ! city4 8,9 ?is /ructure 
! /yle (  ! ar*itecture is ( ! k9d we   
call ,go?ic4 ,p]haps x has on t  acc\nt 
borne among our c\ntrym5 ! appellation (
 #8,k+ ,ri*>d's  ,palace1' al?\gh1 9 !  
p]iod to :i* ! tradition ref]s1 !       
,engli% 7 h>dly capable ( erect+        
palaces1 or any o!r build+s  ( equal    
magnific5ce4 ,two l(ty ar*es1 & "p ( !  
cornice1 are  all t n[ rema9 to atte/ ! 
=m] greatness ( !  sup]/ructure4 ,!     
cornice1 ornam5t$ ) enorm\s /one bu/s1  
exhibit+ a s]ies ( hide\s di/ort$       
c\nt5ances1 ^: features  are 9 no       
in/ances alike1 may ei!r h s]v$ z       
allusions to !  decapitation ( ,/4      
,john1 or 7 int5d$ = a repres5tation ( !
  heads ( ,s>ac5s susp5d$ z trophies ^u 
! walls40 ,maundrell &  ,pococke consid]
 ?is build+ to h be5 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,&rew2

  b ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke ?9ks x 0 t ( ,/4
 ,john1 erect$ by !  ,knights (         
,j]usalem1 :5ce ! city *ang$ its "n (   
,ptolemais =  t ( ,/4 ,john d',acre4 ,he
 also consid]s ! /yle ( ar*itecture to  
be 9 "s degree ! orig9al ( our ornam5t$ 
,go?ic1 be=e its  translation f ! holy  
l& to ,italy1 ,france1 & ,engl&4    ,mr4
 ,buck+ham1 :o visit$ ,acre 9 #ahaf1    
says1 8,( ! ,canaaniti%  ,ac*o x w\ld be
 ?\ght idle p]haps to seek = rema9s2 yet
 "s  pres5t$ !mselves to my obs]vation s
 peculi> 9 =m &  mat]ials1 & ( su* high 
antiquity1 z to leave no d\bt 9 my own  
m9d ( _! be+ ! fragm5ts ( build+s       
con/ruct$ 9 !  e>lie/ ages4    8,( !    
spl5d\r ( ,ptolemais1 no p]fect monum5t 
rema9s2 b  ?r\gh\t ! t[n are se5 %afts (
 r$ & grey granite1 & m>ble  pill>s4 ,! 
,s>ac5ic rema9s are only to be p>tially 
trac$ 9 !  inn] walls ( ! t[n2 :i* h    
!mselves be5 s brok5 d[n &  repair$1 z  
to leave little visible ( ! orig9al "w2 
& all !  mosques1 f\nta9s1 baza>s1 & o!r
 public build+s1 are 9 a /yle  r ,turki%

 ?an ,arabic1 except+ only an old1 b    
regul> &  well-built khan or c>avans]ai1
 :i* might p]haps be attribut$ to  !    
,s>ac5 age4 ,! ,*ri/ian ru9s are        
altoge!r gone1 sc>cely  leav+ a trace ( 
! spot on :i* !y /ood40    ,acre has be5
 r5d]$ fam\s 9 our own times by !       
successful  resi/ance made by our       
c\ntryman ,sir ,sydney ,smi?1 aid$ by ! 
celebrat$ ,djezz> ,pa%a1 to ! progress (
 ! ,fr5* "u  ,buonap>te4 ,s9ce ?is      
p]iod1 ! =tifications h be5 consid]ably 
increas$2 & al?\gh to ! eye ( an eng9e] 
!y may /ill be v  defective1 ,acre may  
be consid]$ z ! /ronge/ place 9         
,pale/9e4    ,mr4 ,conn] says1 on !     
au?ority ( ! ,engli% consul1 t !re are  
ab\t t5 ?\s& inhabitants 9 ,acre1 ( :om 
?ree ?\s& are  ,turks1 & ! rema9d]      
,*ri/ians1 *iefly ,ca?olics4            
,,accubation1 ! po/ure us$ at table by !
 anci5ts4 ,! old ,romans  sat at meat z 
we d1 till ! ,grecian luxury & s(tness  
_h corrupt$  !m4 ,! same cu/om1 ( ly+ ^u
 c\*es at _! ent]ta9m5ts1  prevail$     

among ! ,jews also 9 our ,savi\r's "t2 =
 hav+ be5  lately conqu]$ by ,pompey1 !y
 con=m$ 9 ?is1 & 9 _m o!r  respects1 to 
! example ( _! ma/]s4 ,! mann] ( ly+ at 
meat  among ! ,romans1 ,greeks1 & m     
mod]n ,jews1 0 ! same 9 all  respects4  
,! table 0 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! room1   
ar\nd :i*  /ood ?ree c\*es cov]$ ) clo? 
or tape/ry1 accord+ to !  quality ( !   
ma/] ( ! h\se2 ^u ^! !y lay1 incl9+ !   
sup]ior "p ( _! bodies ^u _! left arms1 
! l[] "p be+  /ret*$ out at full l5g?1  
or a little b5t4 ,_! heads 7  support$ &
 rais$ ) pill[s4 ,! fir/ man lay at !   
head ( !  c\*2 ! next man lay ) 8 head  
t[>d ! feet ( ! o!r1 f  :i* he 0 def5d$ 
by ! bol/] t support$ 8 own back1       
commonly rea*+ ov] to ! middle ( ! fir/ 
man2 & ! re/  aft] ! same mann]4 ,! mo/ 
hon\rable place 0 ! middle  c\*--& !    
middle ( t4 ,fav\rites commonly lay 9 ! 
bosom  ( _! fri5ds2 t is1 !y 7 plac$    
next bel[ !m3 see ,john  xiii1 #bc1 :]e 
,/4 ,john is said to h la9 9 our        
,savi\r's bosom4  ,! anci5t ,greeks sat 

at ! table2 = ,hom] obs]ves t :5        
,ulysses arriv$ at ! palace ( ,alc9\s1 !
 k+ dispat*$ 8 son  ,laodamas to seat   
,ulysses 9 a magnific5t *air4 ,!        
,egyptians sat at  table anci5tly1 z    
well z ! ,romans1 till t[>d ! end ( !   
,punic  w>1 :5 !y began to recl9e at    
table4    ,,accurs$1 9 ! ,scriptures1   
signifies t :i* is sep>at$ or  devot$4  
,) reg>d to p]sons1 x d5otes ! cutt+ (f 
or  sep>at+ any "o f ! communion ( !    
*ur*1 ! numb] ( !  liv+1 or ! privileges
 ( society2 & also ! devot+ an animal1  
city1 or o!r ?+ to de/ruction4 ,ana!ma 0
 a species (  excommunication among !   
,jews1 & 0 (t5 practis$ aft] !y _h  lo/ 
! p[] ( life & dea?1 aga9/ ^? p]sons :o1
 accord+  to ! ,mosaic law1 ought to h  
be5 execut$4 ,a crim9al1 aft] !  s5t5ce 
( excommunication 0 pron\nc$1 became    
ana!ma3 & !y  _h a full p]suasion t !   
s5t5ce w\ld n be 9 va92 b t  ,god w\ld  
int]f]e to puni% ! (f5d] 9 a mann]      
simil> to !  p5alty ( ! law ( ,moses3 a 
man1 = in/ance1 :om ! law condemn$  to  

be /on$1 w\ld1 !y believ$1 be kill$ by !
 fall+ ( a /one  ^u him2 a man to be    
hang$1 w\ld be *ok$2 & "o :om ! law     
s5t5c$ to ! flames1 w\ld be burnt 9 8   
h\se1 c4 ,m>ana?a1 a  ,syriac ^w1       
signify+ ! ,"l come?1 0 add$ to !       
s5t5ce1 to  express _! p]suasion t ! ,"l
 ,god w\ld come to take v5geance  ^u t  
guilt :i* !y1 circum/anc$ z !y 71 _h n !
  p[] to puni%1 #a ,cor4 xvi1 #bb4      
,accord+ to ! idiom ( ! ,hebrew         
language1 accurs$ &  crucifi$ 7         
synonym\s t]ms4 ,by ! ,jews e "o :o di$ 
^u a  tree 0 reckon$ accurs$1 ,deut4    
xxi1 #bc4    ,excommunication is a k9d (
 ana!ma also among "s ,*ri/ians2 & by  x
 ! (f5d] is depriv$1 n only (           
communicat+ 9 pray]s &  o!r holy (fices1
 b ( admittance to ! *ur*1 & (          
conv]sation  ) ! fai?ful4 ,! _s (       
,judaism1 r ?an t ( !  ,gospel1 has 9   
?is be5 imitat$2 = among ! ,hebrews1 !y 
:o 7  excommunicat$ c\ld n p]=m any     
public duty ( _! employm5ts2  c\ld be   
nei!r judges nor witnesses2 nei!r be    

pres5t at fun]als1  nor circumcise _!   
own sons1 nor sit d[n 9 ! company ( o!r 
m51  ne>] ?an )9 ! di/ance ( f\r cubits4
 ,if !y di$ "u  excommunication1 !y 7   
d5i$ ! rites ( burial2 & a l>ge /one  0 
left on _! graves1 or a heap ( /ones 0  
?r[n ov] !m1 z  ov] ,a*an1 ,jo%ua vii1  
#bf4 ,! ,apo/olical excommunication 0   
simply  to d5y to ! (f5d]1 aft]         
admonition1 ! "r ( p>tak+ ( !  ,"l's    
,supp]1 :i* 0 excision f ! *ur* ( ,*ri/4
    ,,aceldama1 a piece ( gr\nd )\t !   
s\? wall ( ,j]usalem1 on !  o!r side ( !
 brook ,siloam4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,pott]'s   
,field1  because an e>? or clay 0 dug 9 
x1 ( :i* pott]y 0 made4 ,x  0 likewise  
call$ ! ,full]'s ,field1 because clo? 0 
dri$ 9 x4  ,b x hav+ be5 aft]w>d b\ght )
 ! money by :i* ! high  prie/ & rul]s ( 
! ,jews pur*as$ ! blood ( ,jesus1 x 0   
call$ ,aceldama1 or ! ,field ( ,blood4  
,,a*aia4 ,?is "n is us$ to d5ote ! :ole 
( ,greece1 z x exi/$  z a ,roman        
prov9ce2 or ,a*aia ,prop]1 a di/rict 9 !
 nor!rn "p  ( ! ,peloponnesus1 on ! bay 

( ,cor9?1 & 9 :i* ! city (  t "n /ood4  
,x appe>s to h be5 us$ 9 ! =m] s5se 9 #b
  ,cor4 xi1 #aj2 & 9 ! latt]1 9 ,acts   
xix1 #ba4    ,,a*an1 ! son ( ,c>mi1 ( ! 
tribe ( ,judah1 :o hav+ tak5 a "p  ( !  
spoils ( ,j]i*o1 aga9/ ! injunction (   
,god1 :o _h  accurs$ or devot$ ! :ole   
city1 01 ^u be+ tak5 by lot1  doom$ to  
be /on$ to dea?4 ,! :ole hi/ory is      
record$1 ,jo%ua vii4  ,x w\ld appe> t   
,a*an's family 7 also /on$2 = !y 7 l$   
out ) him1 & all 8 prop]ty1 8,& all     
,israel /on$ him )  /ones1 & burn$ !m ) 
fire1 aft] !y _h /on$ !m )  /ones40 ,"s 
( ! critics h made ef=ts to conf9e !    
/on+ to  ,a*an1 & ! burn+ to 8 goods2 b 
n )\t viol5ce to !  text4 ,x is         
probable1 !re=e1 t 8 family 7 privy to !
  !ft1 see+ he hid ! accurs$ ?+s :i* he 
_h /ol5 9 !  e>?1 9 8 t5t4 ,by          
concealm5t !y !re=e became p>tak]s (  8 
crime1 & s ! s5t5ce 0 ju/ifi$4          
,,a*me?a4 ,see ,,ecbatana4    ,,a*or1   
,valley (1 betwe5 ,j]i*o & ,ai4 ,s call$
 f ! tr\ble  br\ght ^u ! ,israelites by 

! s9 ( ,a*an2 ,a*or 9 ! ,hebrew  d5ot+  
tr\ble4    ,,a*zib1 a city on ! coa/ ( !
 ,m$it]ranean1 9 ! tribe ( ,a%]1  & "o (
 ! cities out ( :i* t tribe did n expel 
!  inhabitants1 ,judges i1 #ca4 ,x 0    
call$ ,ecdippa by ! ,greeks1 & is  at   
pres5t t]m$ ,zib4 ,x is situat$ ab\t t5 
miles nor? ( ,ac*o1 or  ,ptolemais4 ,mr4
 ,buck+ham1 :o pass$ by ?is place1 says 
t x is  small1 & situat$ on a hill ne> !
 sea2 hav+ a few palm trees  re>+       
!mselves above its dwell+s4    ,,acra1 4
 ,?is ,greek ^w signifies1 9 g5]al1 a   
citadel4 ,!  ,syrians & ,*aldeans use 1 
9 ! same s5se4 ,k+ ,antio*us gave  ord]s
 = build+ a citadel at ,j]usalem1 nor? (
 ! temple1 on an  em95ce1 :i* comm&$ !  
holy place2 & = t reason 0 call$  ,acra4
 ,josephus says1 t ?is em95ce 0         
semicircul>1 & t ,simon  ,maccabu1 hav+ 
expell$ ! ,syrians1 :o _h seiz$ ,acra1  
demoli%$  x1 & sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 levell+ 
! m\nta9 on :i* x /ood2  t no situation 
9 future %\ld comm& ! temple4 ,on m\nt  
,acra  7 aft]w>d built1 ! palace (      

,hel5a2 ,agrippa's palace1 ! place  :]e 
! public records 7 lodg$2 & t :]e !     
magi/rates (  ,j]usalem assembl$4       
,,acrabat5e1 a di/rict ( ,juda1 ext5d+  
betwe5 ,%e*em 7n[  ,napolose7 & ,j]i*o1 
incl9+ ea/4 ,x 0 ab\t twelve miles 9    
l5g?4 ,! ,acrabat5e _h its "n f a place 
call$ ,akrabbim1 ab\t  n9e miles f      
,%e*em1 ea/w>d4 ,?is 0 also ! "n ( ano!r
  di/rict ( ,judea on ! fronti] (       
,idumea1 t[>d ! nor!rn  extremity ( !   
,dead ,sea4    ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les4
 ,?is book1 9 ! v beg9n+1 pr(esses      
itself  to be a cont9uation ( ! ,gospel 
( ,/4 ,luke2 & its /yle bespeaks  x to  
be writt5 by ! same p]son4 ,! ext]nal   
evid5ce is also v  satisfactory2 =      
besides allusions 9 e>li] au?ors1 &     
p>ticul>ly  9 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,polyc>p1
 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ! ,acts ( !  ,apo/les  
are n only quot$ by ,ir5u1 z writt5 by  
,luke !  evangeli/1 b !re are few ?+s   
record$ 9 ?is book :i* are n  m5tion$ by
 t anci5t fa!r4 ,?is /rong te/imony 9   
fav\r ( !  g5u95ess ( ! ,acts ( !       

,apo/les is support$ by ,clem5t (       
,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ,j]ome1          
,eusebius1 ,!odoret1 & mo/ ( !  lat]    
fa!rs4 ,x may be add$1 t ! "n ( ,/4     
,luke is prefix$ to  ?is book 9 sev]al  
anci5t ,greek manuscripts ( ! ,new      
,te/am5t1 &  also 9 ! old ,syriac       
v]sion4    #b4 ,?is is ! only inspir$ "w
 :i* gives u any hi/orical acc\nt  ( !  
progress ( ,*ri/ianity aft] our         
,savi\r's asc5sion4 ,x  compreh5ds a    
p]iod ( ab\t ?irty ye>s1 b x by no means
 conta9s  a g5]al hi/ory ( ! *ur* dur+ t
 "t4 ,! pr9cipal facts  record$ 9 x are1
 ! *oice ( ,mat?ias to be an ,apo/le 9 !
 room  ( ! traitor ,judas2 ! desc5t ( ! 
,holy ,gho/ on ! day (  p5teco/2 !      
prea*+1 miracles1 & suff]+s ( ! ,apo/les
 at  ,j]usalem2 ! dea? ( ,/eph51 ! fir/ 
m>tyr2 ! p]secution &  disp]sion ( !    
,*ri/ians2 ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel 9       
diff]5t  p>ts ( ,pale/9e1 especially 9  
,sam>ia2 ! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul2  !    
call ( ,cornelius1 ! fir/ ,g5tile       
conv]t2 ! p]secution ( !  ,*ri/ians by  

,h]od ,agrippa2 ! prea*+ ( ,paul &      
,b>nabas to !  ,g5tiles1 by ! express   
comm& ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 ! decree made at 
,j]usalem1 decl>+ t circumcision1 & a   
con=mity to o!r ,jewi%  rites &         
c]emonies1 7 n necess>y 9 ,g5tile       
conv]ts2 & !  latt] "p ( ! book is      
conf9$ to ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,paul1 ( :om   
,/4 ,luke 0 ! con/ant companion = sev]al
 ye>s4    #c4 ,z ?is acc\nt ( ,/4 ,paul 
is n cont9u$ beyond 8 two ye>s'         
imprisonm5t at ,rome1 x is probable t   
?is book 0 writt5 soon  aft] 8 release1 
:i* happ5$ 9 ! ye> #fc2 we may !re=e    
consid] ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les z writt5   
ab\t ! ye> #fd4    #d4 ,! place ( its   
publication is m d\btful4 ,! probability
  appe>s to be 9 fav\r ( ,greece1 ?\gh  
"s cont5d = ,alex&ria 9  ,egypt4 ,?is   
latt] op9ion re/s ^u ! subscriptions at 
! end (  "s ,greek manuscripts1 & ( !   
copies ( ! ,syriac v]sion2 b !  be/     
critics ?9k1 t ^! subscriptions1 :i* are
 also affix$ to  o!r books ( ! ,new     
,te/am5t1 des]ve b little weight2 & 9   

?is  case !y are n support$ by any      
anci5t au?ority4    #e4 ,x mu/ h be5 ( !
 utmo/ importance 9 ! e>ly times ( !    
,gospel1 & c]ta9ly n ( less importance  
to e subsequ5t age1 to  h an au!ntic    
acc\nt ( ! promis$ desc5t ( ! ,holy     
,gho/1 &  ( ! success :i* att5d$ ! fir/ 
prea*]s ( ! ,gospel bo?  among ! ,jews &
 ,g5tiles4 ,^! great ev5ts complet$ !   
evid5ce  ( ! div9e mission ( ,*ri/1     
e/abli%$ ! tru? ( ! religion  :i* he    
taught1 & po9t$ out 9 ! cle>e/ mann] !  
compreh5sive nature ( ! r$emption :i* he
 pur*as$ by 8 dea?4    cum5ius calls !  
,acts1 ! 8,gospel ( ! ,holy ,gho/20 &   
,/4  ,*ryso/om1 ! 8,gospel ( our        
,savi\r's resurrection10 or ! ,gospel ( 
,jesus ,*ri/ ris5 f ! dead4 ,"h1 9 !    
lives & prea*+ (  ! ,apo/les1 we h ! mo/
 miracul\s in/ances ( ! p[] ( !  ,holy  
,gho/2 & 9 ! acc\nt ( ^? :o 7 ! fir/    
believ]s1 we  h receiv$ ! mo/ excell5t  
patt]n ( ! true ,*ri/ian life4          
,,adam1 ! "n giv5 to man 9 g5]al1 bo?   
male & female 9 !  ,hebrew ,scriptures1 

,g54 i1 #bf1 #bg2 v1 #a1 #b2 xi1 #e2    
,jo%4 xiv1 #ae2 #b ,sam4  vii1 #ai2     
,eccl4 iii1 #ba2 ,j]4 xxxii1 #bj2 ,hosea
 vi1 #g2 ,ze*4 xiii1 #g3 9  all :i*     
places mank9d is und]/ood2 b p>ticul>ly 
x is ! "n  ( ! fir/ man & fa!r ( ! human
 race1 creat$ by ,god himself  out ( !  
du/ ( ! e>?4 ,josephus ?9ks t he 0 call$
 ,adam by  reason ( ! r$di% col\r ( !   
e>? out ( :i* he 0 =m$1  = ,adam 9      
,hebrew signifies r$4 ,god hav+ made man
 out ( ! du/ (  ! e>?1 brea!d into him !
 brea? ( life1 & gave him dom9ion  ov]  
all ! creatures ( ?is _w1 ,g54 i1 #bf1  
#bg2 ii1 #g4 ,he creat$  him aft] 8 own 
image & resemblance2 & hav+ bless$ him1 
he  plac$ him 9 a delici\s g>d51 9 ,ed51
 t he might cultivate x1  & fe$ ^u its  
fruits1 ,g54 ii1 #h2 b "u ! foll[+      
injunction3 8,( e tree ( ! g>d5 ?\ maye/
 freely eat3 b (  ! tree ( ! k ( good & 
evil1 ?\ %alt n eat ( x2  = 9 ! day ?\  
eate/ !re(1 ?\ %alt surely die40 ,! fir/
  ?+ t ,adam did aft] 8 introduction    
into p>adise1 0 to give  names to all ! 

bea/s & birds :i* pres5t$ !mselves be=e 
him1  ,g54 ii1 #ai1 #bj4    ,b man 0 )\t
 a fell[ creature ( 8 own species2 :]e=e
 ,god  said1 8,x is n good = man to be  
alone2 ,i w make him a help meet  =     
him40 ,& ! ,"l caus$ a deep sleep to    
fall ^u ,adam1 & :ile  he slept1 he took
 "o ( 8 ribs1 8& clos$ up ! fle% in/ead 
!re(20 & ( t sub/ance :i* he took f man 
made he a woman1  :om he pres5t$ to him4
 ,!n said ,adam1 8,?is is n[ bone ( my  
bone1  & fle% ( my fle%3 %e %all be     
call$ woman1 because %e 0 tak5  out (   
man10 ,g54 ii1 #ba1 c4    ,! woman 0    
s$uc$ by ! tempt]2 & %e s$uc$ h] husb&  
to eat  ( ! =bidd5 fruit4 ,:5 call$ to  
judgm5t = ?is transgression  be=e ,god1 
,adam attempt$ to ca/ ! blame ^u 8 wife1
 & !  woman ^u ! s]p5t tempt]4 ,b ,god  
decl>$ !m all guilty1 &  puni%$ ! s]p5t 
by degradation2 ! woman by pa9ful       
*ildbe>+  & subjection2 & ! man by      
agricultural lab\r & toil2 ( :i*        
puni%m5ts e day witnesses ! fulfilm5t4  
,z _! natural  passions n[ became       

irregul>1 & _! exposure to accid5ts 0   
great1 ,god made a cov]+ ( sk9s = ,adam 
& = 8 wife2 &  expell$ !m f ! g>d51 to !
 c\ntry )\t2 plac+ at !  ea/ ( ! g>d5   
*]ubims & a flam+ sword1 :i* turn$ e    
way1 to keep ! way ( ! tree ( life4 ,x  
is n kn[n h[ long ,adam  & 8 wife       
cont9u$ 9 p>adise3 "s say1 _m ye>s2     
o!rs1 n  _m days2 o!rs1 n _m h\rs4 ,adam
 call$ 8 wife's "n ,eve1  :i* signifies 
8! "m ( all liv+40 ,%ortly aft]1 ,eve   
br\ght  =? ,ca91 ,g54 iv1 #a1 #b4 ,x is 
believ$ t %e _h a girl at !  "t1 & t1   
g5]ally1 %e _h tw9s4 ,! ,scriptures     
notice only  ?ree sons ( ,adam3 ,ca91   
,abel1 & ,se?2 & omits daught]s2 except 
t ,moses tells u1 8,adam begat sons &   
daught]s20 no d\bt _m4 ,he  di$1 ag$ n9e
 hundr$ & ?irty1 ,b4 ,c4 #cjgd4    ,^u  
?is hi/ory1 s int]e/+ to all ,adam's    
desc5dants1 "s  rem>ks may be (f]$4     
#a4 ,x is disput$ :e!r ! "n ,adam is    
d]iv$ f r$ e>?4  ,sir ,w4 ,jones ?9ks x 
may be f ,adim1 :i* 9 ,sanscrit         
signifies1  ! fir/4 ,! ,p]sians1 h[ev]1 

d5om9ate him ,adamah1 :i*  signifies1   
accord+ to ,sale1 r$ e>?4 ,! t]m = woman
 is  ,ai%a1 ! fem99e ( ,ai%1 man1 &     
signifies1 !re=e1 maness  or female man4
    #b4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! creation (     
,adam is n>rat$ indicates  some?+       
peculi> & em95t 9 ! be+ to be =m$4      
,among !  heav5ly bodies ! e>?1 & above 
all ! v>i\s productions ( its  surface1 
vegetable & animal1 h[ev] p]fect 9 _!   
k9ds1 &  beautiful & excell5t 9 _!      
respective natures1 n "o be+ 0  f\nd to 
:om ! re/ c\ld m9i/] in/ruction2 inspire
 ) moral  delight2 or lead up to !      
,creator himself4 ,!re 01 prop]ly       
speak+1 no intellectual be+2 none to :om
 ! :ole frame &  furniture ( mat]ial    
nature c\ld m9i/] k2 no "o :o c\ld      
employ ^u !m ! g5]aliz+ faculty1 & make 
!m ! basis (  inductive k4 ,if1 !n1 x 0 
n :olly = himself t !  _w 0 creat$ by   
,god2 & if angels 7 n s imm$iately      
connect$ ) ?is sy/em1 z to lead u to    
suppose t x 0 made  = !m2 a rational    
inhabitant 0 obvi\sly /ill want+ to     

complete  ! "w1 & to con/itute a p]fect 
:ole4 ,! =mation ( su* a  be+ 0 m>k$1   
!re=e1 by a mann] ( proce$+ :i* s]ves to
  impress u ) a s5se ( ! greatness ( !  
"w4 ,n t x c\ld  be a matt] ( m         
difficulty to ,omnipot5ce to create man 
?an any  ?+ beside2 b pr9cipally1 x is  
probable1 because he 0 to be !  "l ( !  
:ole & !re=e himself acc\ntable to !    
orig9al  proprietor2 & 0 to be ! subject
 ( ano!r species ( gov]nm5t1  a moral   
adm9i/ration2 & to be con/itut$ an image
 ( !  intellectual & moral p]fections1 &
 ( ! immortality1 ( !  common ,mak]4 ,e 
?+ !re=e1 z to man's creation1 is giv5 9
 a  solemn & delib]ative =m1 & conta9s  
also an intimation ( a  ,tr9ity (       
,p]sons 9 ! ,godhead1 all equally       
possess$ ( creative  p[]1 & !re=e       
,div9e1 to ea* ( :om man 0 to /& 9      
relations ! mo/ sacr$ & intimate3--8,&  
,god said1 ,let ,,u make man  9 our     
image1 aft] our lik5ess2 & let !m h     
dom9ion10 c4    #c4 ,x may be next      
inquir$ 9 :at t image ( ,god 9 :i* man 0

  made consi/s4    ,x is manife/ f !    
hi/ory ( ,moses1 t human nature has two 
ess5tial con/itu5t p>ts1 ! ,,body =m$   
out ( prexi/+ matt]1  ! e>?2 & a ,,liv+ 
,,s\l1 brea!d into ! body by an         
inspiration  f ,god4 8,& ! ,"l ,god =m$ 
man out ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1  & brea!d    
into 8 no/rils 7or face7 ! brea? ( life1
  7lives17 & man became a liv+ s\l40    
,:atev] 0 ?us imp>t$ to  ! body ( man1  
already 8=m$10 & p]fectly f9i%$ 9 all   
its  p>ts1 0 ! only cause ( life2 & !   
:ole t5or ( ,scripture  %[s t ?is 0 !   
rational _s itself1 :i*1 by a law ( its 
,creator1 0 incapable ( dea?1 ev5 aft] !
 body _h fall5 "u  t p5alty4    ,!      
8image0 or lik5ess ( ,god 9 :i* man 0   
made has1 by "s1 be5  assign$ to ! body2
 by o!rs1 to ! s\l4 ,x has1 also1 be5   
plac$  9 ! circum/ance ( 8 hav+         
8dom9ion0 ov] ! o!r creatures4  ,z to ! 
body1 x is n necess>y to prove t 9 no   
s5se c x  be> ! image ( ,god2 t is1 be  
8l0 ,god4 ,an upright =m has no  m      
lik5ess to ,god ?an a prone or reptile  

"o2 ,god is incorporeal1  & _c be !     
antitype ( any ?+ mat]ial4    ,equally  
unf\nd$ is ! notion t ! image ( ,god 9  
man consi/$  9 ! 8dom9ion0 :i* 0 grant$ 
to him ov] ?is l[] _w4  ,limit$ dom9ion 
may1 x is true1 be an image ( l>ge &    
absolute  dom9ion2 b man is n said to h 
be5 made 9 ! image ( ,god's  dom9ion1   
:i* is an accid5t m]ely1 =1 be=e        
creatures exi/$1  ,god himself c\ld h no
 dom9ion3--he 0 made 9 ! image &        
lik5ess ( ,god himself4 ,/ill f>!r1 x is
 evid5t t man1  accord+ to ! hi/ory1 0  
made 9 ! image ( ,god 9 ord] to 8  hav+ 
dom9ion1 z ! ,hebrew p>ticle imports2 &1
 !re=e1 8  dom9ion 0 consequ5t ^u 8     
=mation 9 ! 8image0 & 8lik5ess0  ( ,god1
 & c\ld n be t image itself4    ,!      
notion t ! orig9al resemblance ( man to 
,god mu/ be plac$ 9  "s "o ess5tial     
quality1 is n consi/5t ) holy writ1 f   
:i*  alone we c d]ive our in=mation on  
?is subject4 ,we %all1 x is  true1 f9d t
 ! ,bible p>tly places x 9 :at is       
ess5tial to human  nature2 b t x %\ld   

compreh5d no?+ else1 or consi/ 9 "o     
quality only1 has no pro( or reason2 &  
we are1 9 fact1 taught t  x comprises   
also :at is s f> f be+ ess5tial t x may 
be  bo? lo/ & rega9$4 ,:5 ,god is call$ 
8! ,fa!r ( spirits10 a  lik5ess is      
sugge/$ betwe5 man & ,god 9 !           
spirituality ( _!  nature4 ,?is is also 
impli$ 9 ! /rik+ argum5t ( ,/4 ,paul )  
! ,a!nians3 8,=asmu*1 !n1 z we are !    
,,(fspr+ ( ,god1 we  ought n to ?9k t ! 
,godhead is l unto gold1 or silv]1 or   
/one1 grav5 by art & man's              
device20--pla9ly ref]r+ to !  idolatr\s 
/atues by :i* ,god 0 repres5t$ among    
,hea!ns4 ,if  lik5ess to ,god 9 man     
consi/$ 9 bodily %ape1 ?is w\ld n h  be5
 an argum5t aga9/ human repres5tations (
 ! ,deity2 b x  imports1 z ,h[e well    
expresses x1 t 8we are to und]/& t our  
resemblance to him1 z we are 8 (fspr+1  
lies 9 "s high]1 m  noble1 & m excell5t 
?+1 ( :i* !re c be no figure2 z :o  c   
tell h[ to give ! figure or image ( a   
?\ght1 or ( ! m9d or  ?9k+ p[]80 ,9     

spirituality1 &1 consequ5tly1           
immat]iality1  ?is image ( ,god 9 man1  
!n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 consi/s4 ,nor is  
x any valid objection to say1 t         
8immat]iality is n peculi> to  ! s\l (  
man2 = we h reason to believe t !       
inf]ior animals  are actuat$ by an      
immat]ial pr9ciple40 ,?is is z c]ta9 z  
analogy  c make x3 b ?\gh we all[ a     
spiritual pr9ciple to animals1 its  k9d 
is obvi\sly inf]ior2 = t _s :i* is      
incapable (  induction & moral k1 mu/ be
 ( an inf]ior ord] to !  _s :i*         
possesses ^! capabilities2 & ?is is !   
k9d (  _s :i* is peculi> to man4    ,!  
s5tim5t express$ 9 ,wisdom ii1 #bc1 is  
an evid5ce t1 9 !  op9ion ( ! anci5t    
,jews1 ! image ( ,god 9 man compris$    
immortality also4 8,= ,god creat$ man to
 be immortal1 & made him to  be an image
 ( 8 own et]nity30 & ?\gh o!r creatures 
7 made  capable ( immortality1 & at lea/
 ! mat]ial human frame1 :atev]  we may  
?9k ( ! case ( animals1 w\ld h escap$   
dea?1 _h n  s9 ent]$ ! _w2 yet1 )\t     

admitt+ ! absurdity ( !  8natural       
immortality0 ( ! human s\l1 t ess5ce mu/
 h be5  con/itut$ immortal 9 a high &   
peculi> s5se :i* has ev]  reta9$ its    
pr]ogative ( cont9u$ duration amid/ !   
univ]sal  dea? n only ( animals1 b ( !  
bodies ( all human be+s4 ,!re  appe>s   
also a manife/ allusion to man's        
immortality1 z be+ includ$  9 ! image ( 
,god1 9 ! reason :i* is giv5 9 ,g5esis =
 !  law :i* inflicts dea? on murd]]s3   
8,:oso %$de? man's blood1 by  man %all 8
 blood be %$3 = 9 ! image ( ,god made he
 man40 ,!  ess5ce ( ! crime ( homicide  
is n conf9$ "h to ! putt+ to  dea? ! m]e
 animal "p ( man2 & x mu/1 !re=e1 lie 9 
!  peculi> value ( life to an immortal  
be+1 acc\ntable 9 ano!r  /ate = !       
actions done 9 ?is1 & ^: life ought to  
be specially  gu>d$ = ?is v reason1 t   
dea? introduces him into *angeless  &   
et]nal relations1 :i* 7 n to be left to 
! m]cy ( human  passions4    ,to ^! we  
are to add ! intellectual p[]s1 & we h  
:at  div9es1 9 p]fect accordance ) !    

,scriptures1 h call$1 8!  ,,natural     
image ( ,god 9 8 creatures10 :i* is     
ess5tial &  ineffaceable4 ,man 0 made   
capable ( k1 & he 0 end[$  ) lib]ty ( w4
    ,?is natural image ( ,god 0 !       
f\ndation ( t ,,moral image by  :i* also
 man 0 di/+ui%$4 ,unless he _h be5 a    
spiritual1  kn[+1 & will+ be+1 he w\ld h
 be5 :olly incapable (  moral qualities4
 ,t he _h su* qualities em95tly1 & t 9  
!m consi/$ ! image ( ,god1 z well z 9 ! 
natural attributes  j /at$1 we h also ! 
express te/imony ( ,scripture3 8,lo ?is 
only h ,i f\nd1 t ,god made man         
,,upright2 b !y h s\ght out  _m         
inv5tions40 ,!re is also an express     
allusion to ! moral image  ( ,god1 9 :i*
 man 0 at fir/ creat$1 9 ,colossians    
iii1 #aj3 8,&  h put on ! new man1 :i*  
is r5ew$ 9 k1 aft] ! image  ( ,him t    
creat$ him20 & 9 ,ephesians iv1 #bd3    
8,put on ! new man1  :i* aft] ,god is   
creat$ 9 righte\sness & true hol9ess40  
,9 ^!  passages ! ,apo/le repres5ts !   
*ange produc$ 9 true ,*ri/ians  by !    

,gospel1 z a 8r5ewal ( ! image ( ,god 9 
man2 z a new or  second creation 9 t    
image20 & he explicitly decl>es1 t t    
image consi/s 9 8k10 9 8righte\sness10 &
 9 8true  hol9ess40    ,?is also may be 
f9ally argu$ f ! satisfaction ) :i* !   
hi/orian ( ! creation repres5ts !       
,creator z view+ ! works (  8 h&s z 8v  
good10 :i* 0 pron\nc$ ) ref]5ce to ea*  
( !m individually1 z well z to ! :ole3  
8,& ,god saw e  ?+ t he _h made1 &      
behold x 0 v good40 ,b1 z to man1  ?is  
goodness mu/ necess>ily imply moral z   
well z physical  qualities4 ,)\t !m he  
w\ld h be5 imp]fect z man2 & _h  !y1 9  
_! fir/ ex]cises1 be5 p]v]t$ & s9ful1 he
 mu/ h  be5 an exception1 & c\ld n h be5
 pron\nc$ 8v good40 ,!  goodness ( man1 
z a rational be+1 mu/ lie 9 devot$ness &
  consecration to ,god2 consequ5tly1 man
 0 at fir/ holy4 ,a rational  creature1 
z su*1 is capable ( kn[+1 lov+1 s]v+1 & 
liv+ 9  communion ) ! ,mo/ ,holy ,"o4   
,adam1 at fir/1 did or did n ex]t  ?is  
capacity2 if he did n1 he 0 n v good1--n

 good at all4    #d4 ,on ! intellectual 
& moral end[m5ts ( ! prog5itor ( !      
human race1 err+ views appe> to h be5   
tak5 on bo? sides4    ,9 k1 "s h ?\ght  
him little inf]ior to ! angels2  o!rs1 z
 furni%$ ) b ! simple elem5ts ( sci5ce &
 (  language4 ,! tru? seems to be t1 z  
to capacity1 8 intellect  mu/ h be5     
vigor\s beyond t ( any ( 8 fall5        
desc5dants2  :i* itself gives u v high  
views ( ! /r5g? ( 8  und]/&+1 al?\gh we 
%\ld all[ him to h be5 creat$ 8l[]  ?an 
! angels40 ,z to 8 actual k1 t w\ld     
dep5d ^u  ! "t & opportunity he _h =    
obs]v+ ! nature & laws ( !  objects     
ar\nd him2 & ! degree 9 :i* he 0 fav\r$ 
)  revelations f ,god on moral &        
religi\s subjects4    ,on ! degree (    
moral excell5ce also 9 ! fir/ man1 mu*  
lic5se  has be5 giv5 to a w>m           
imag9ation1 & to rhetorical embelli%m5t2
  & ,adam's p]fection has sometimes be5 
fix$ at an elevation :i*  r5d]s x       
exce$+ly difficult to conceive h[ he    
c\ld fall into s9  at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1

 ^? :o ei!r d5y or hold v slightly  !   
doctr9e ( our h]$it>y depravity1 delight
 to repres5t ,adam z  little sup]ior 9  
moral p]fection & capability to 8       
desc5dants4  ,b1 if we att5d to !       
passages ( holy writ above quot$1 we    
%all be  able1 on ?is subject1 to       
asc]ta91 if n ! exact degree ( 8  moral 
end[m5ts1 yet t !re is a c]ta9 /&>d bel[
 :i* !y  _c be plac$4--,g5]ally1 he 0   
made 9 ! image ( ,god1 :i*1  we h       
already prov$1 is to be und]/ood morally
 z well z  naturally4 ,n[1 h[ev] ! image
 ( any ?+ may be limit$ 9  ext5t1 x mu/ 
/ill be an accurate repres5tation z f> z
 x goes4  ,e ?+ good 9 ! creation mu/   
always be a m9iature  repres5tation ( ! 
excell5ce ( ! ,creator2 b1 9 ?is case1 !
  8goodness10 t is1 ! p]fection1 ( e    
creature1 accord+ to !  "p x 0 design$  
to act 9 ! g5]al assemblage ( be+s      
collect$ into our sy/em1 :olly =bids u  
to suppose t ! image  ( ,god's moral    
p]fections 9 man 0 a blurr$ & dim       
repres5tation4  ,to :atev] ext5t x w5t1 

x necess>ily exclud$ all t f man  :i*   
did n resemble ,god2 x 0 a lik5ess to   
,god 9 8righte\sness  & true hol9ess10  
:atev] ! degree ( ea* might be1 &       
exclud$  all admixture ( unrighte\sness 
& unhol9ess4 ,man1 !re=e1 9 8  orig9al  
/ate1 0 s9less1 bo? 9 act & 9 pr9ciple4 
,h5ce x is  said t 8,god made man       
,,upright40 ,t ?is signifies moral      
rectitude  _c be d\bt$2 b ! import ( !  
^w is v ext5sive4 ,x  expresses1 by an  
easy figure1 ! exactness ( tru?1 ju/ice1
 &  ob$i5ce2 & x compreh5ds ! /ate &    
habit bo? ( ! he>t &  ! life4 ,su*1 !n1 
0 ! condition ( primitive man2 !re 0 no 
obliquity 9 8 moral pr9ciples1 8 m9d1 or
 affections2 none 9 8  conduct4 ,he 0   
p]fectly s9c]e & exactly j1 r5d]+ f !   
he>t all t 0 due to ,god & to !         
creature4 ,tri$ by ! exacte/  plummet1  
he 0 upright2 by ! mo/ p]fect rule1 he 0
  /raight4    ,! 8k0 9 :i* ! ,apo/le    
,paul1 9 ! passage quot$ above  f       
,colossians iii1 #aj1 places 8! image ( 
,god0 aft] :i* man 0  creat$1 does n    

m]ely imply ! faculty ( und]/&+1 :i* is 
a  "p ( ! natural image ( ,god2 b t :i* 
might be lo/1  because x is t 9 :i* we  
may be 8r5ew$40 ,x is1 !re=e1 to  be    
und]/ood ( ! faculty ( k 9 "r ex]cise2 &
 ( t  will+ reception1 & firm reta9+1 & 
he>ty approval1 ( religi\s  tru?1 9 :i* 
k1 :5 spok5 ( morally1 is always        
und]/ood  9 ! ,scriptures4 ,we may n be 
dispos$ to all[1 ) "s1 t ,adam  und]/ood
 ! deep philosophy ( nature1 & c\ld     
compreh5d &  expla9 ! sublime my/]ies ( 
religion4 ,! circum/ance ( 8  giv+ names
 to ! animals1 is c]ta9ly no suffici5t  
pro( ( 8  hav+ atta9$ to a philosophical
 acqua9tance ) _! qualities &  di/+ui%+ 
habits1 al?\gh we %\ld all[ _! names to 
be /ill  reta9$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 & to be z  
expressive ( _! peculi>ities  z "s      
expositors h /at$4 ,suffici5t "t appe>s 
n to h be5  af=d$ him = ! /udy ( !      
prop]ties ( animals1 z ?is ev5t  took   
place previ\s to ! =mation ( ,eve2 & z =
 ! notion (  8 acquir+ k by intuition1  
?is is contradict$ by !  reveal$ fact1 t

 angels !mselves acquire _! k by        
obs]vation & /udy1 ?\gh no d\bt1 ) great
 rapidity &  c]ta9ty4 ,! :ole ( ?is     
transaction 0 sup]natural2 ! bea/s  7   
8br\ght0 to ,adam1 & x is probable t he 
nam$ !m "u a  ,div9e sugge/ion4 ,he has 
be5 also suppos$ to be ! inv5tor (      
language1 b 8 hi/ory %[s t he 0 nev] )\t
 spee*4 ,f  ! fir/ he 0 able to conv]se 
) ,god2 & we may1 !re=e1 inf]  t        
language 0 9 him a sup]natural &        
miracul\s end[m5t4 ,t  8 und]/&+ 01 z to
 its capacity1 deep & l>ge beyond any ( 
8 po/]ity1 mu/ foll[ f ! p]fection 9 :i*
 he 0 creat$2  & 8 acquisitions ( k     
w\ld1 !re=e1 be rapid & easy4  ,x 01    
h[ev]1 9 moral & religi\s tru?1 z be+ ( 
! fir/  conc]n to him1 t we are to      
suppose ! excell5cy ( 8 k  to h consi/$4
 8,8 reason w\ld be cle>1 8 judgm5t     
uncorrupt$1  & 8 consci5ce upright &    
s5sible40 ,! be/ k w\ld1 9  him1 be     
plac$ fir/1 & t ( e o!r k9d be made     
subs]vi5t  to x1 accord+ to its relation
 to t4 ,! ,apo/le adds to k1            

8righte\sness & true hol9ess20 t]ms :i* 
express1 n m]ely  fre$om f s91 b        
positive & active virtue4    ,sob] z ^! 
views ( man's primitive /ate are1 x is  
n1 p]haps1  possible = u fully to       
conceive ( s exalt$ a condition z ev5   
?is4 ,bel[ ?is /&>d x c\ld n fall2 & t x
 impli$ a  glory1 & dignity1 & moral    
greatness ( a v exalt$ k9d1 is made     
suffici5tly app>5t f ! degree ( guilt   
*>g$ ^u ,adam :5 he  fell3 = ! aggravat+
 circum/ances ( 8 (f5ce may well be     
d$uc$ f ! trem5d\s consequ5ces :i*      
foll[$4    #e4 ,! salvation ( ,adam has 
be5 disput$2 = :at reason does n  appe>1
 except t ! sil5ce ( ,scripture1 z to 8 
aft] life1 has  giv5 bold m5 occasion to
 obtrude _! speculations ^u a subject   
:i* call$ = no su* expression ( op9ion4 
,z no?+ to !  contr>y appe>s1 ! *>itable
 inf]5ce is1 t z he 0 ! fir/  to receive
 ! promise ( r$emption1 s he 0 ! fir/ to
 prove its  virtue4 ,x is ano!r         
presumption1 t z ,adam & ,eve 7 clo!d  )
 sk9s ( bea/s1 :i* c\ld n h be5 sla9 =  

food1 ^!  7 ! sk9s ( _! sacrifices2 & z 
! (f]+ ( animal  sacrifice 0 an         
expression ( fai? 9 ! appo9t$           
propitiation1 to  t refuge we may       
conclude !y resort$1 & ?r\gh its m]its 7
  accept$4    #f4 ,! ,rabb9ical &       
,mohamm$an traditions & fables respect+ 
!  fir/ man are z absurd z !y are       
num]\s4 ,"s ( !m inde$ are  mon/r\s1    
unless we suppose !m to be allegories 9 
! exagg]at$  /yle ( ! ori5tals4 ,"s say 
t he 0 n9e hundr$ cubits high2  :il/    
o!rs1 n satisfi$ ) ?is1 affirm t 8 head 
t\*$ !  heav5s4 ,! ,jews ?9k t he wrote 
! n9ety-fir/ ,psalm1 inv5t$  ! ,hebrew  
lett]s1 & compos$ sev]al treatises2 !   
,arabians1 t  he pres]v$ tw5ty books :i*
 fell f heav52 & ! ,musselm51  t he     
himself wrote t5 volumes4    #g4 ,t     
,adam 0 a type ( ,*ri/1 is pla9ly       
affirm$ by ,/4 ,paul1 :o  calls him 8!  
figure ( him :o 0 to come40 ,h5ce our   
,"l is  sometimes call$1 n inaptly1 !   
,second ,adam4 ,?is typical relation    
/&s sometimes 9 ,,similitude1 sometimes 

9 ,,contra/4 ,adam 0 =m$  imm$iately by 
,god1 z 0 ! humanity ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ea* !  
nature  0 spotless1 & ri*ly end[$ ) k & 
true hol9ess4 ,bo?  are se5 inve/$ )    
dom9ion ov] ! e>? & all its creatures2  
& ?is may expla9 ! eigh? ,psalm1 :]e    
,david seems to make !  sov]eignty ( !  
fir/ man ov] ! :ole e>? 9 its pri/9e    
glory1  ! prophetic symbol ( ! dom9ion (
 ,*ri/ ov] ! _w re/or$4  ,beyond ^!     
p>ticul>s fancy mu/ n c>ry u2 & !       
typical  ,,contra/ mu/ also be limit$ to
 t :i* is /at$ 9 ,scripture1 or         
support$ by its allusions4 ,adam & ,*ri/
 7 ea* a public p]son1 a  f$]al head to 
! :ole race ( mank9d2 b ! "o 0 !  f\nta9
 ( s9 & dea?1 ! o!r ( righte\sness &    
life4 ,by  ,adam's transgression 8_m 7  
made s9n]s10 ,rom4 v1 #ad-ai4 ,?r\gh    
him1 8dea? pass$ ^u all m51 because all 
h s9n$0 9 him4 ,b he  ?us prefigur$ t "o
 man1 by ^: righte\sness ! 8free gift   
comes ^u all m5 to ju/ification ( life40
 ,! fir/ man communicat$  a liv+ s\l to 
all 8 po/]ity2 ! o!r is a quick5+ ,_s1  

to  re/ore !m to newness ( life n[1 & to
 raise !m up at ! la/  day4 ,by !       
imputation ( ! fir/ ,adam's s91 & !     
communication (  8 fall51 deprav$       
nature1 dea? reign$ ov] ^? :o _h n s9n$ 
aft] ! similitude ( ,adam's             
transgression2 & ?r\gh !  righte\sness (
 ! ,second ,adam1 & ! communication ( a 
div9e  nature by ! ,holy ,_s1 fav\r &   
grace %all mu* m ab\nd 9  ,*ri/'s true  
foll[]s unto et]nal life4 ,see          
,,r$emption4    ,,adama1 "o ( ! five    
cities :i* 7 de/roy$ by fire f heav51  &
 buri$ "u ! wat]s ( ! ,dead ,sea1 ,g54  
xiv1 #b2 ,deut4 xxix1  #bc4 ,x 0 ! mo/  
ea/]ly ( all ^? :i* 7 swall[$ up2 &  !re
 is "s probability t x 0 n entirely sunk
 "u !  wat]s2 or t ! inhabitants ( !    
c\ntry built a new city ( !  same "n ^u 
! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,dead ,sea3 = ,isaiah1 
accord+  to ! ,septuag9t1 says1 8,god w 
de/roy ! ,moabites1 ! city ( ,ar1  & !  
remnant ( ,adama40    ,,adamant1 1 1    
,ecclus4 xvi1 #af4 ,a /one ( imp5etrable
  h>dness4 ,sometimes ?is "n is giv5 to 

! diamond2 & s x is  r5d]$1 ,j]4 xvii1  
#a4 ,b ! ,hebrew ^w r means a v h>d  k9d
 ( /one1 probably ! smiris1 :i* 0 also  
us$ = cutt+1  engrav+1 & poli%+ o!r h>d 
/ones & cry/als4 ,! ^w occurs  also 9   
,ezek4 iii1 #i1 & ,ze*4 vii1 #ab4 ,9 !  
=m] place ! ,"l  says to ! ,prophet1 8,i
 h made ?y =ehead z an adamant1 firm]   
?an a rock20 t is1 endu$ !e ) undaunt$  
c\rage4 ,9 !  latt]1 ! he>ts ( wick$ m5 
are decl>$ to be z adamant2 nei!r  brok5
 by ! ?reat5+s & judgm5ts ( ,god1 nor   
p5etrat$ by 8  promises1 invitations1 & 
m]cies4 ,see ,,diamond4    ,,adamites1  
sects reput$ to h pr(ess$ ! atta9m5t ( a
 p]fect  innoc5ce1 s t !y wore no clo!s 
9 _! assemblies4 ,b ,l>dn]  d\bts _!    
exi/5ce 9 anci5t1 & ,beausobre 9 mod]n1 
times4    ,,ad>1 ! twelf? mon? ( !      
ecclesia/ical1 & ! six? ( !  civil1 ye> 
among ! ,hebrews4 ,x conta9s b tw5ty-n9e
 days1 &  answ]s to our ,febru>y1 &     
sometimes ent]s into ,m>*1 accord+ to  !
 c\rse ( ! moon1 by :i* !y regulat$ _!  
seasons4    ,,ad>conim1 1 a sort (      

money1 m5tion$ #a ,*ron4 xxix1 #g1 &    
,ezra viii1 #bg4 ,! ,vulgate translates 
x1 gold5 p5ce1 ! ,,lxx1  pieces ( gold4 
,!y 7 d>ics1 a gold co91 :i* "s value at
  tw5ty dra*ms ( silv]4    ,,ad]4 ,j]om 
obs]ves1 t ! place :]e ! angels decl>$ !
 bir?  ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to ! %eph]ds1 0   
call$ by ?is "n1 ,luke ii1 #h1  #i4 ,!  
empress ,hel5a built a *ur* on ?is spot1
 ! rema9s ( :i*  are /ill visible4      
,,add]1 a v5om\s s]p5t1 m usually call$ 
! vip]4 ,9 our  translation ( ! ,bible  
we f9d ! ^w add] five times2 b )\t      
suffici5t au?ority f ! orig9al4    1 9  
,g54 xlix1 #ag1 is probably ! c]a/es2 a 
s]p5t ( !  vip] k9d1 ( a light br[n     
col\r1 :i* lurks 9 ! s& & !  tracks (   
:eels 9 ! road1 & unexpect$ly bites n   
only ! unw>y  travell]1 b ! legs (      
horses & o!r bea/s4 ,by comp>+ !        
,danites to ?is artful reptile1 !       
patri>* intimat$ t by  /ratagem1 m ?an  
by op5 brav]y1 !y %\ld av5ge !mselves ( 
_! enemies & ext5d _! conque/s4--1 9    
,psalm lviii1 #d2 xci1  #ac1 signifies  

an asp4 ,we may p]haps trace to ?is !   
,py?on ( !  ,greeks1 & its d]ivatives4  
7,see ,asp47--1  f\nd only 9  ,psalm    
cxl1 #c1 is d]iv$ f a v]b :i* signifies 
to b5d back on  itself4 ,! ,*aldee      
,p>aphra/s r5d] x 1 :i* we translate    
else:]e1 spid]3 !y may !re=e h und]/ood 
x to h be5  ! t>antula4 ,x is r5d]$ asp 
by ! ,septuag9t & ,vulgate1 &  is s     
tak51 ,rom4 iii1 #ac4 ,! "n is f !      
,arabic a*asa4 ,b  !re are sev]al s]p5ts
 :i* coil !mselves previ\sly to d>t+  on
 _! enemy2 if ?is be a "* ( ! asp1 x is 
n peculi> to  t reptile4--1 or 1 ,prov4 
xxiii1 #cb2 ,isaiah xi1 #h2 xiv1 #bi2   
lix1 #e2 & ,j]4 viii1 #ag1 is t deadly  
s]p5t call$ ! basilisk1  said to kill ) 
its v brea?4 ,see ,,cockatrice4    ,9   
,psalm lviii1 #e1 ref]5ce is made to !  
effect ( musical s\nds  ^u s]p5ts4 ,t !y
 might be r5d]$ tame & h>mless by c]ta9 
*>ms1 or s(t & sweet s\nds1 & tra9$ to  
delight 9 music1 0  an op9ion :i*       
prevail$ v e>ly & univ]sally4    ,_m    
anci5t au?ors m5tion ?is effect2 ,virgil

 speaks ( x  p>ticul>ly1 n4 vii1 v1     
#gej4                ,qu9 et ,m>rubia   
v5it de g5te sac]dos1                   
,fronde sup] galeam et felici comptus   
oliva1              ,ar*ippi regis missu
 =tissimus ,umbro2              ,vip]eo 
g5]i1 et gravit] spirantibus hydris     
,sp>g]e qui somnos cantuque manuque     
solebat1              ,mulcebatque iras1
 et morsus arte levabat4                
8,umbro1 ! brave ,m>rubian prie/1 0 !re1
                ,s5t by ! ,m>sian mon>* 
to ! w>4               ,! smil+ olive ) 
h] v]dant b\ghs               ,%ades 8  
bright helmet & adorns 8 br[s2          
,8 *>ms 9 peace ! furi\s s]p5t keep2    
,& lull ! env5om'd vip]'s race to sleep3
               ,8 heal+ h& allay'd !    
rag+ pa91               ,& at 8 t\* !   
poisons fl$ aga940                      
,pitt4    ,mr4 ,boyle quotes ! foll[+   
passage f ,sir ,h4 ,blunt's ,voyage into
  ! ,levant3--    8,_m r>ities ( liv+   
creatures ,i saw 9 ,gr& ,cairo2 b ! mo/ 
+5i\s 0 a ne/ ( s]p5ts1 ( two feet long1

 black & ugly1 kept  by a ,fr5*man1 :o1 
:5 he came to h&le !m1 w\ld n endure    
him1  b ran & hid 9 _! hole4 ,!n he w\ld
 take 8 citt]n & play  ^u x4 ,!y1 he>+ 8
 music1 came all crawl+ to 8 feet1 &    
began to climb up him1 till he gave ov] 
play+1 !n away !y ran40    ,! wond]ful  
effect :i* music produces on ! s]p5t    
tribes1 is  confirm$ by ! te/imony (    
sev]al respectable mod]ns4 ,add]s swell 
at ! s\nd ( a flute1 rais+ !mselves up  
on ! "o half ( _!  body1 turn+ !mselves 
r\nd1 beat+ prop] "t1 & foll[+ !        
in/rum5t4 ,_! head1 naturally r\nd &    
long l an eel1 becomes  broad & flat l a
 fan4 ,! tame s]p5ts1 _m ( :i* !        
ori5tals keep 9 _! h\ses1 are kn[n to   
leave _! holes 9 hot  wea!r1 at ! s\nd (
 a musical in/rum5t1 & run ^u !  p]=m]4 
,dr4 ,%aw _h an opportunity ( see+ a    
numb] ( s]p5ts  keep exact "t ) !       
,d]vi%es 9 _! circulatory dances1 runn+ 
ov] _! heads & arms1 turn+ :5 !y turn$1 
& /opp+ :5  !y /opp$4 ,! rattlesnake    
ackn[l$ges ! p[] ( music z mu* z  any ( 

8 family2 ( :i* ! foll[+ in/ance is a   
decisive pro(3  ,:5 ,*ateaubri& 0 9     
,canada1 a snake ( t species ent]$ _!   
encampm5t2 a "y ,canadian1 "o ( ! p>ty1 
:o c\ld play on !  flute1 to div]t 8    
associates1 advanc$ aga9/ ! s]p5t ) 8   
new species ( weapon3 on ! approa* ( 8  
enemy1 ! haughty reptile  curl$ himself 
into a spiral l9e1 flatt5$ 8 head1      
inflat$ 8  *eeks1 contract$ 8 lips1     
display$ 8 env5om$ fangs1 & 8  bloody   
?roat1 8 d\ble tongue gl[$ l two flames 
( fire2 8  eyes 7 burn+ coals2 8 body1  
swoll5 ) rage1 rose & fell l  ! bell[s (
 a =ge2 8 dilat$ sk9 assum$ a dull &    
scaly  appe>ance2 & 8 tail1 :i* s\nd$ ! 
d5unciation ( dea?1  vibrat$ ) s great  
rapidity z to resemble a light vap\r4 ,!
  ,canadian n[ began to play ^u 8 flute1
 ! s]p5t />t$ )  surprise1 & drew back 8
 head4 ,9 proportion z he 0 /ruck )  !  
magic effect1 8 eyes lo/ _! fi]c5ess1 ! 
oscillations (  8 tail became sl[]1 & ! 
s\nd :i* x emitt$ became weak]1  &      
gradually di$ away4 ,less p]p5dicul> ^u 

_! spiral l9e1 !  r+s ( ! fasc9at$ s]p5t
 7 by degrees exp&$1 & sunk "o  aft]    
ano!r ^u ! gr\nd1 9 conc5tric circles4  
,! %ades (  azure1 gre51 :ite1 & gold1  
recov]$ _! brilliancy on 8  quiv]+ sk91 
& slightly turn+ 8 head1 he rema9$      
motionless1  9 ! attitude ( att5tion &  
pleasure4 ,at ?is mom5t1 ! ,canadian    
advanc$ a few /eps1 produc+ ) 8 flute   
sweet & simple notes4  ,! reptile1      
incl9+ 8 v>iegat$ neck1 op5$ a passage )
 8  head ?r\gh ! high grass1 & began to 
creep aft] ! musician1  /opp+ :5 he     
/opp$1 & beg9n+ to foll[ him aga91 z    
soon z  he mov$ =w>d4 ,9 ?is mann] he 0 
l$ out ( _! camp1 att5d$  by a great    
numb] ( spectators1 bo? savages &       
,europeans1 :o c\ld  sc>cely believe _! 
eyes1 :5 !y beheld ?is wond]ful effect (
  h>mony4 ,! assembly unanim\sly decre$1
 t ! s]p5t :i* _h s  highly ent]ta9$ !m1
 %\ld be p]mitt$ to escape4 ,_m ( !m are
  c>ri$ 9 baskets ?r\gh ,h9do/an1 &     
procure a ma9t5ance = a  set ( p :o play
 a few simple notes on ! flute1 ) :i* ! 

snakes seem mu* delight$1 & keep "t by a
 graceful motion ( !  head1 erect+ ab\t 
half _! l5g? f ! gr\nd1 & foll[+  !     
music ) g5tle curves1 l ! undulat+ l9es 
( a swan's  neck4    ,b on "s s]p5ts1 ^!
 *>ms seem to h no p[]2 & x appe>s  f   
,scripture1 t ! add] sometimes takes    
precautions to prev5t  ! fasc9ation :i* 
he sees prep>+ = him3 8= ! deaf add]    
%utte? h] e>1 & w n he> ! voice ( ! mo/ 
skilful  *>m]40 ,! ?reat5+ ( ! ,prophet 
,j]emiah proce$s ^u ! same  fact3 8,i w 
s5d s]p5ts0 7cockatrices7 8among y1 :i* 
w n be  *>m$1 & !y %all bite y40 ,9 all 
^! quotations1 ! sacr$  writ]s1 :ile !y 
take x = grant$ t _m s]p5ts are dis>m$  
by *>m+1 pla9ly admit t ! p[]s ( ! *>m] 
are 9 va9  ex]t$ ^u o!rs4    ,x is !    
op9ion ( "s int]pret]s1 t ! ^w 1 :i* 9  
"s  p>ts ( ,scripture d5otes a lion1 9  
o!rs means an add]1 or "s  o!r k9d (    
s]p5t4 ,?us1 9 ! n9ety-fir/ ,psalm1 !y  
r5d] x  ! basilisk3 8,?\ %alt tread ^u !
 add] & ! basilisk1 !  "y lion & !      
dragon ?\ %alt trample "u foot40 ,inde$1

 all  ! anci5t expositors agree1 t "s   
species ( s]p5t is meant1  al?\gh !y _c 
det]m9e :at p>ticul> s]p5t ! sacr$ writ]
  _h 9 view4 ,! le>n$ ,bo*>t ?9ks x     
extremely probable t !  holy ,psalmi/ 9 
?is v]se treats ( s]p5ts only2 &1 by    
consequ5ce1 t bo? ! t]ms  &  mean "s k9d
 ( snakes1  z well z  & 2 because !     
coh]5ce ( ! v]se is by ?is  view bett]  
pres]v$1 ?an by m+l+ lions & s]p5ts     
toge!r1 z  our translators & o!r        
int]pret]s h commonly done2 nor is x    
easy to imag9e :at c be meant by tread+ 
^u ! lion1 &  trampl+ ! "y lion "u foot2
 = x is n possible 9 walk+  to tread ^u 
! lion1 z ^u ! add]1 ! basilisk1 & o!r  
s]p5ts4    ,to ,,adjure1 to b9d by oa?1 
z "u ! p5alty ( a fe>ful curse1  ,jo%ua 
vi1 #bf2 ,m>k v1 #g4 #b4 ,to *>ge       
solemnly1 z by ! au?ority1  & "u pa91 ( 
! displeasure ( ,god1 ,matt4 xxvi1 #fc2 
,acts xix1 #ac4    ,,adonai1 "o ( !     
names ( ,god4 ,?is ^w 9 ! plural numb]  
signifies my ,lords4 ,! ,jews1 :o ei!r  
out ( respect or  sup]/ition1 d n       

pron\nce ! "n ( ,jehovah1 read ,adonai 9
 !  room ( x1 z (t5 z !y meet ) ,jehovah
 9 ! ,hebrew text4 ,b  ! anci5t ,jews 7 
n s scrupul\s4 ,nei!r is !re any law :i*
  =bids !m to pron\nce any "n ( ,god4   
,,adonis4 ,! text ( ! ,vulgate 9 ,ezek4 
viii1 #ad1 says1 t !  ,prophet saw wom5 
sitt+ 9 ! temple1 & weep+ = ,adonis2 b  
accord+ to ! read+ ( ! ,hebrew text1 !y 
are said to weep =  ,?amuz1 or ,tammuz1 
! hidd5 "o4 ,among ! ,egyptians ,adonis 
0  ador$ "u ! "n ( ,osiris1 ! husb& (   
,isis4 ,b he 0  sometimes call$ by ! "n 
( ,ammuz1 or ,tammuz1 ! conceal$1       
probably to d5ote 8 dea? or burial4 ,!  
,hebrews1 9 d]ision1  sometimes call him
 ! dead1 ,psalm cvi1 #bh2 ,lev4 xix1    
#bh2 because !y  wept = him1 & repres5t$
 him z dead 9 8 c(f92 & at o!r  times !y
 d5om9ate him ! image ( jeal\sy1 ,ezek4 
viii1 #c1 #e1  because he 0 ! object ( !
 jeal\sy ( ,m>s4 ,! ,syrians1           
,phnicians1 & ,cyprians1 call$ him      
,adonis2 & ,calmet is ( op9ion  t !     
,ammonites & ,moabites designat$ him by 

! "n ( ,baal-peor4    ,! mann] 9 :i* !y 
celebrat$ ! fe/ival ( ?is false deity 0 
z foll[s3 ,!y repres5t$ him z ly+ dead 9
 8 c(f91 wept =  him1 bemoan$ !mselves1 
& s\ght = him ) great eag]ness &        
inquietude4 ,aft] ?is1 !y pret5d$ t !y  
_h f\nd him aga91  & t he 0 /ill liv+4  
,at ?is good news !y exhibit$ m>ks (  ! 
mo/ extravagant joy1 & 7 guilty ( a ?\s&
 lewd practices1  to conv9ce ,v5us h[   
mu* !y congratulat$ h] on ! return &    
revival ( h] fav\rite1 z !y _h be=e     
condol$ ) h] on 8  dea?4 ,! ,hebrew     
wom51 ( :om ! ,prophet ,ezekiel speaks1 
celebrat$  ! fea/s ( ,tammuz1 or        
,adonis1 9 ,j]usalem2 & ,god %[$ !      
,prophet ^! wom5 weep+ = ?is infam\s    
god1 ev5 9 8 temple4    ,fabul\s hi/ory 
gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,adonis3 ,he 0 a
  beautiful "y %eph]d1 ! son ( ,cyniras1
 k+ ( ,cyprus1 by 8 own  daught]        
,myrrha4 ,! goddess ,v5us fell 9 love ) 
?is y\?1 &  frequ5tly met him on m\nt   
,libanus4 ,m>s1 :o envi$ ?is rival1     
trans=m$ himself into a wild bo>1 &1 z  

,adonis 0 hunt+1 /ruck  him 9 ! gro9 &  
kill$ him4 ,v5us lam5t$ ! dea? ( ,adonis
 9  an inconsolable mann]4 ,! ea/]n p1 9
 imitation ( h]  m\rn+1 g5]ally e/abli%$
 "s solemn days = ! bewail+ (  ,adonis4 
,aft] 8 dea?1 ,v5us w5t to ! %ades1 &   
obta9$ f  ,pros]p9e1 t ,adonis might be 
) h] six mon?s 9 ! ye>1 &  cont9ue ! o!r
 six 9 ! inf]nal regions4 ,^u ?is 7     
f\nd$  ^? public rejoic+s1 :i* succe$$ !
 lam5tations ( 8 dea?4  ,"s say t       
,adonis 0 a native ( ,syria2 "s1 (      
,cyprus2 & o!rs1  ( ,egypt4             
,,adoption4 ,an act by :i* "o takes     
ano!r into 8 family1 owns him  = 8 son1 
& appo9ts him 8 heir4 ,! ,greeks &      
,romans _h _m  regulations conc]n+      
adoption4 ,x does n appe> t adoption1   
prop]ly s call$1 0 =m]ly 9 use among !  
,jews4 ,moses makes no  m5tion ( x 9 8  
laws2 & ! case ( ,jacob's two gr&sons1  
,g54  xlviii1 #ad1 seems r a            
sub/itution4    #b4 ,adoption 9 a       
!ological s5se is t act ( ,god's free   
grace by  :i*1 ^u our be+ ju/ifi$ by    

fai? 9 ,*ri/1 we are receiv$ into  !    
family ( ,god1 & entitl$ to ! inh]itance
 ( heav54 ,?is  appe>s n s mu* a di/9ct 
act ( ,god1 z involv$ 91 &  necess>ily  
fl[+ f1 our ju/ification2 s t1 at lea/ !
 "o  always implies ! o!r4 ,nor is !re  
any good gr\nd to suppose t  9 ! ,new   
,te/am5t ! t]m adoption is us$ ) any    
ref]5ce to !  civil practice ( adoption 
by ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 or o!r ,hea!ns1 &
  !re=e x is n judici\s to illu/rate !  
texts 9 :i* ! ^w  occurs by _!          
=malities4 ,! ,apo/les 9 us+ ! t]m appe>
 to  h _h be=e !m ! simple view1 t our  
s9s _h depriv$ u (  our son%ip1 ! fav\r 
( ,god1 & ! "r to ! inh]itance (  et]nal
 life2 b t1 ^u our return to ,god1 &    
reconciliation )  him1 our =feit$       
privileges 7 n only re/or$1 b greatly   
height5$ ?r\gh ! pat]nal k9dness ( ,god4
 ,!y c\ld sc>cely be  =getful ( !       
affect+ p>able ( ! prodigal son2 & x is 
"u  ! same view t ,/4 ,paul quotes f !  
,old ,te/am5t1 8,:]e=e  come out f among
 !m1 & be ye sep>ate1 sai? ! ,"l1 & t\* 

n ! unclean ?+1 & ,i w receive y1 & ,i w
 be a ,fa!r  unto y1 & ye %all be my    
sons & daught]s1 sai? ! ,"l  ,almighty40
    ,adoption1 !n1 is t act by :i* we :o
 7 ali5at$1 & enemies1  & dis9h]it$1 are
 made ! sons ( ,god1 & heirs ( 8 et]nal 
glory4 8,if *ildr51 !n heirs1 heirs (   
,god & jo9t heirs )  ,*ri/20 :]e x is to
 be rem>k$1 t x is n 9 our own "r1  nor 
9 ! "r ( any "w done 9 u1 or :i* we     
ourselves d1  ?\gh x %\ld be an         
evangelical "w1 t we become heirs2 b    
jo9tly ) ,*ri/1 & 9 8 "r4    #c4 ,to ?is
 /ate belong1 fre$om f a s]vile _s1 = we
 are n  s]vants b sons2 ! special love &
 c>e ( ,god our heav5ly ,fa!r2  a filial
 confid5ce 9 him2 free access to him at 
all times & 9 all  circum/ances2 a title
 to ! heav5ly inh]itance2 & ! ,_s (     
adoption1 or ! witness ( ! ,holy ,_s to 
our adoption1 :i* is  ! f\ndation ( all 
! com=t we c d]ive f ^? privileges1  z x
 is ! only means by :i* we c "k t !y are
 ours4    #d4 ,! la/ m5tion$ great      
privilege ( adoption m]its special      

att5tion4 ,x consi/s 9 ! inw>d witness  
or te/imony ( ! ,holy  ,_s to ! son%ip (
 believ]s1 f :i* fl[s a com=table       
p]suasion or conviction ( our pres5t    
acceptance ) ,god1 & !  hope ( our      
future & et]nal glory4 ,?is is taught 9 
sev]al passages  ( ,scripture3--        
,rom4 viii1 #ae1 #af1 8,= ye h n receiv$
 ! _s ( bondage aga9  to fe>1 b ! ,_s ( 
adoption1 :]eby we cry1 ,abba1 ,fa!r4 ,!
  ,_s itself be>e? witness ) our _s t we
 are ! *ildr5  ( ,god40 ,9 ?is passage x
 is to be rem>k$1 #a4 ,t ! ,holy ,_s    
takes away 8fe>10 a s]vile dread ( ,god 
z (f5d$4 #b4 ,t !  8,_s ( ,god0 "h      
m5tion$1 is n ! p]sonifi$ _s or g5ius  (
 ! ,gospel1 z "s w\ld h x1 b 8! ,_s     
itself10 or  himself1 & h5ce he is call$
 9 ! ,galatians1 8! ,_s ( 8  ,son10 :i* 
_c mean ! g5ius ( ! ,gospel4 #c4 ,t he  
inspires a  filial confid5ce 9 ,god1 z  
our ,fa!r1 :i* is oppos$ to 8! fe>0     
produc$ by ! 8_s ( bondage40 #d4 ,t he  
excites ?is filial  confid5ce1 & enables
 u to call ,god our ,fa!r1 by witness+1 

be>+ te/imony ) our _s1 8t we are !     
*ildr5 ( ,god40    ,gal4 iv1 #d-f1 8,b  
:5 ! fulness ( ! "t 0 come1 ,god s5t =? 
8 ,son1 made ( a woman1 made "u ! law1  
to r$eem !m t 7  "u ! law1 t we might   
receive ! adoption ( sons2 & because  ye
 are sons1 ,god ha? s5t =? ! ,_s ( 8    
,son into y\r he>ts1  cry+1 ,abba1      
,fa!r40 ,"h also are to be not$1 #a4 ,! 
means ( our  r$emption f "u 7! curse (7 
! law1--! inc>nation &  suff]+s ( ,*ri/4
 #b4 ,t ! adoption ( sons foll[s ^u our 
actual r$emption f t curse1 or1 9 o!r   
words1 ^u our p>don4  #c4 ,t ^u our be+ 
p>don$1 ! 8,_s ( ! ,son0 is 8s5t =?     
into our he>ts10 produc+ ! same effect z
 t m5tion$ 9 !  ,epi/le to ! ,romans1   
viz4 filial confid5ce 9 ,god1--8cry+1   
,abba1  ,fa!r40 ,to ^! texts are to be  
add$ all ^? passages1 s num]\s  9 ! ,new
 ,te/am5t1 :i* express ! confid5ce & !  
joy (  ,*ri/ians2 _! fri5d%ip ) ,god2 _!
 confid5t access to him z  _! ,god2 _!  
entire union & delightful int]c\rse )   
him 9  _s4    ,?is has be5 g5]ally t]m$ 

! doctr9e ( assurance1 &1 p]haps1  !    
expressions ( ,/4 ,paul1 8! full        
assurance ( fai?10 & 8!  full assurance 
( hope10 may w>rant ! use ( ! ^w4 ,b z  
!re  is a curr5t & g5]ally und]/ood s5se
 ( ?is t]m1 imply+ t  ! assurance ( our 
pres5t acceptance & son%ip implies an   
assurance  ( our f9al p]sev]ance1 & ( an
 indefeasible title to heav52 !  phrase1
 a com=table p]suasion1 or conviction ( 
our ju/ification &  adoption1 aris+ out 
( ! ,_s's inw>d & direct te/imony1 is to
  be pref]r$4    ,!re is1 also1 ano!r   
reason = ! sp>+ & cauti\s use ( !  t]m  
assurance1 :i* is1 t x seems to imply1  
?\gh n  necess>ily1 ! abs5ce ( all d\bt1
 & %uts out all ^? l[]  degrees (       
p]suasion :i* may exi/ 9 ! exp]i5ce (   
,*ri/ians4  ,=1 our fai? may n at fir/1 
or at all times1 be equally /rong1 &  ! 
te/imony ( ! ,_s may h its degrees (    
cle>ness4  ,nev]!less1 ! fulness ( ?is  
atta9m5t is to be press$ ^u e  "o3 8,let
 u draw ne>10 says ,/4 ,paul to all     
,*ri/ians1 8) full  assurance ( fai?40  

,x may s]ve1 also1 to remove an         
objection sometimes made to !  doctr9e1 
& to correct an error :i* sometimes     
p]vades ! /atem5t  ( x1 to obs]ve t ?is 
assurance1 p]suasion1 or conviction1    
:i*ev] t]m be adopt$1 is n ( ! ess5ce ( 
ju/ify+ fai?2  t is1 ju/ify+ fai? does n
 consi/ 9 ! assurance t ,i am  n[ =giv51
 ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,?is w\ld be obvi\sly     
contradictory4 ,=  we mu/ believe be=e  
we c be ju/ifi$2 mu* m be=e we c be     
assur$1 9 any degree1 t we are          
ju/ifi$3--?is p]suasion1  !re=e1 foll[s 
ju/ification1 & is "o ( its results4 ,b 
?\gh  we mu/ n only di/+ui%1 b sep>ate1 
?is p]suasion ( our  acceptance f ! fai?
 :i* ju/ifies1 we mu/ n sep>ate x1 b    
only di/+ui% x1 f ju/ification itself4  
,) t come 9 z  concomitants1 adoption1 !
 8,_s ( adoption10 & reg5]ation4        
,,adoration1 ! act ( r5d]+ div9e hon\rs2
 or ( address+ ,god or  any o!r be+ z   
suppos+ x to be ,god4 7,see ,wor%ip47 ,!
 ^w is  comp\nd$ ( ad1 8to10 & os1      
8m\?20 & lit]ally signifies to  apply ! 

h& to ! m\?2 manum ad os admov]e1 8to   
kiss ! h&20  ?is be+ 9 ea/]n c\ntries "o
 ( ! great m>ks ( respect &  submission4
 ,to ?is mode ( idolatr\s wor%ip ,job   
ref]s1 xxxi1 #bf1 #bg4  ,see also #a    
,k+s xix1 #ah4    ,! ,jewi% mann] (     
adoration 0 by pro/ration1 b[+1 &       
kneel+4  ,! ,*ri/ians adopt$ ! ,grecian1
 r ?an ! ,roman1 me?od1 &  always ador$ 
uncov]$4 ,! ord9>y po/ure ( ! anci5t    
,*ri/ians  0 kneel+2 b on ,sundays1 /&+4
    ,,adoration is also us$ = c]ta9     
extraord9>y acts ( civil hon\r1  :i*    
resemble ^? paid to ! ,deity1 yet are   
giv5 to m54    ,we read ( adorations    
paid to k+s1 pr9ces1 emp]ors1 popes1    
bi%ops1  abbots1 c1 by kneel+1 fall+    
pro/rate1 kiss+ ! feet1 h&s1  g>m5ts1 c4
    ,! ,p]sian mann] ( adoration1       
introduc$ by ,cyrus1 0 by b5d+ !  knee1 
& fall+ on ! face at ! pr9ce's feet1    
/rik+ ! e>?  ) ! =ehead1 & kiss+ !      
gr\nd4 ,?is 0 an indisp5sable  condition
 on ! "p ( =eign m9i/]s & ambassadors1 z
 well z  ! k+'s own vassals1 ( be+      

admitt$ to audi5ce1 & ( obta9+  any     
fav\r4 ,?is tok5 ( rev]5ce 0 ord]$ to be
 paid to _!  fav\rites z well z to      
!mselves1 z we le>n f ! hi/ory (  ,haman
 & ,mordecai1 9 ! book ( ,e/h]2 & ev5 to
 _! /atues &  images2 = ,philo/ratus    
in=ms u t1 9 ! "t ( ,apollonius1 a      
gold5 /atue ( ! k+ 0 expos$ to all :o   
ent]$ ,babylon1 &  none b ^? :o ador$ x 
7 admitt$ )9 ! gates4 ,!  c]emony1 :i* !
 ,greeks call$ 1 ,conon refus$ to p]=m  
to ,artax]xes1 & ,calli/h5es to ,alex&] 
! ,great1 z reput+ x  impi\s & unlawful4
    ,! adoration p]=m$ to ! ,roman &    
,grecian emp]ors consi/$ 9  b[+ or      
kneel+ at ! pr9ce's feet1 lay+ hold ( 8 
purple robe1  & !n br++ ! h& to ! lips4 
,"s attribute ! orig9 (  ?is practice to
 ,con/antius4 ,!y 7 only p]sons ( rank  
or dignity  t 7 entitl$ to ! hon\r4 ,b>e
 kneel+ be=e ! emp]or to  deliv] a      
petition1 0 also call$ adoration4    ,x 
is p>ticul>ly said ( ,dioclesian1 t he  
_h gems fa/5$ to 8  %oes1 t div9e hon\rs
 might be m will+ly paid him1 by kiss+  

8 feet4 ,& ?is mode ( adoration 0       
cont9u$ till ! la/ age (  ! ,greek      
mon>*y4 ,:5 any "o pays 8 respects to ! 
k+ ( ,a*5  9 ,sumatra1 he fir/ takes (f 
8 %oes & /ock+s1 & leaves !m  at ! door4
    ,! practice ( adoration may be said 
to be /ill subsi/+ 9 ,engl&1  9 ! cu/om 
( kiss+ ! k+'s or que5's h&4            
,adoration is also us$ 9 ! c\rt ( ,rome1
 9 ! c]emony ( kiss+  ! pope's feet4 ,x 
is n c]ta9 at :at p]iod ?is practice 0  
introduc$ into ! *ur*3 b x 0 probably   
borr[$ f !  ,byzant9e c\rt1 & accompani$
 ! temporal p[]4 ,dr4 ,macla9e1 9  !    
*ronological table :i* he has subjo9$ to
 8 translation (  ,mo%eim's             
,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 places its      
introduction 9 !  eigh? c5tury1         
imm$iately aft] ! grant ( ,pep9 &       
,*>lemagne4  ,b>onius traces x to a mu* 
high] antiquity1 & pret5ds t  examples (
 ?is homage to ! vic>s ( ,*ri/ occur s  
e>ly z !  ye> #bjd4 ,^! prelates f9d+ a 
vehem5t disposition 9 ! p to  fall d[n  
be=e !m1 & kiss _! feet1 procur$        

crucifixes to be  fa/5$ on _! slipp]s2  
by :i* /ratagem1 ! adoration int5d$  = !
 pope's p]son is suppos$ to be transf]r$
 to ,*ri/4 ,div]s  acts ( ?is adoration 
we f9d (f]$ ev5 by pr9ces to ! pope2 &  
,gregory ,,xiii1 claims ?is act ( homage
 z a duty4    ,adoration prop]ly is paid
 only to ! pope :5 plac$ on ! alt>1 9   
:i* po/ure ! c>d9als1 conclavi/s1 alone 
are admitt$ to kiss 8  feet4 ,! p are   
aft]w>d admitt$ to d ! l at ,/4 ,pet]'s 
*ur*2 ! c]emony is describ$ at l>ge by  
,guicci>d94    ,adoration is m          
p>ticul>ly us$ = kiss+ "o's h& 9 pres5ce
  ( ano!r z a tok5 ( rev]5ce4 ,! ,jews  
ador$ by kiss+ _!  h&s1 & b[+ d[n _!    
heads2 :5ce 9 _! language kiss+ is      
prop]ly us$ = adoration4 ,?is illu/rates
 a passage 9 ,psalm ii1  8,kiss ! ,son  
le/ he be angry20--t is1 pay him homage 
&  wor%ip4    ,x 0 ! practice among !   
,greek ,*ri/ians to wor%ip ) ! head     
uncov]$1 #a ,cor4 xi2 b 9 ! ea/ ! anci5t
 cu/om ( wor%ipp+  ) ! head cov]$ 0     
reta9$4    ,,adrammele*1 ! son (        

,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria4 ,! k+ return+ 
to ,n9eveh1 aft] 8 unhappy exp$ition    
made into ,judea aga9/ k+  ,hezekiah1 0 
kill$ by 8 two sons1 ,adrammele* &      
,%>ez]1 :il/  at 8 devotions 9 ! temple 
( 8 god ,nisro*1 ,isaiah xxxvii1 #ch2 #b
  ,k+s xix4 ,x is n kn[n :at prompt$ ^! 
two pr9ces to commit  ?is p>ricide2 b   
aft] !y _h committ$ ! murd]1 !y fl$ =   
safety to ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 & _!     
bro!r1 ,es>haddon1  succe$$ to ! cr[n4  
,,adrammele* 0 also "o ( ! gods ador$ by
 ! inhabitants (  ,seph>vaim1 :o 7      
settl$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ,sam>ia1 9 ! room ( 
! ,israelites1 :o 7 c>ri$ beyond !      
,euphrates4 ,! ,seph>vaites  made _!    
*ildr5 pass ?r\gh ! fire 9 hon\r ( ?is  
idol1 &  ano!r1 call$ ,anammele*1 #b    
,k+s xvii1 #ca4 ,! ,rabb9s say1 t       
,adrammele* 0 repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a     
mule2 b !re is mu*  m reason to believe 
t ,adrammele* meant ! sun1 & ,anammele* 
! moon2 ! fir/ signify+ ! magnific5t k+1
 ! second !  g5tle k+1--_m ea/]n nations
 ador+ ! moon z a god1 n z  a goddess4  

,,adramyttium1 a city on ! we/ coa/ (   
,mysia1 9 ,less] ,asia1 ov]  aga9/ !    
isle ( ,lesbos4 ,x 0 9 a %ip belong+ to 
?is place1  t ,/4 ,paul sail$ f ,ces>ea 
to proce$ to ,rome z a prison]1 ,acts   
xxvii1 #b4 ,x is n[ call$ ,edremit4     
,,adria4 ,?is "n1 :i* occurs 9 ,acts    
xxvii1 #bg1 is n[ conf9$ to !  gulf ly+ 
betwe5 ,italy on ! "o side1 & ! coa/s ( 
,dalmatia &  ,albania on ! o!r4 ,b 9 ,/4
 ,paul's "t x 0 ext5d$ to all t  portion
 ( ! ,m$it]ranean betwe5 ,crete &       
,sicily4 ,?us ,ptolemy says  t ,sicily 0
 b\nd$ on ! ea/ by ! ,adriatic1 & ,crete
 9 a  simil> mann] on ! we/2 & ,/rabo   
says t ! ,ionian ,gulf 0 a  "p ( :at1 9 
8 "t1 0 call$ ! ,adriatic ,sea4         
,,adullam1 a city 9 ! tribe ( ,judah1 to
 ! we/ ( ,hebron1 ^: k+  0 sla9 by      
,jo%ua1 ,jo%4 xii1 #ae4 ,x is frequ5tly 
m5tion$ 9 !  hi/ory ( ,saul & ,david2 & 
is *iefly memorable f ! cave 9 its      
neighb\rhood1 :]e ,david retir$ f ,a*i%1
 k+ ( ,ga?1 :5 he  0 jo9$ by ! di/ress$ 
& discont5t$1 to ! numb] ( f\r  hundr$1 

ov] :om he became capta91 #a ,sam4 xxii1
 #a4 ,judas ,maccabeus  encamp$ 9 ! pla9
 ( ,adullam1 :]e he pass$ ! ,sabba? day1
 #b  ,mac4 xii1 #ch4 ,eusebius says t1 9
 8 "t1 ,adullam 0 a v great  t[n1 t5    
miles to ! ea/ ( ,eleu!ropolis4         
,,adult]y1 ! violation ( ! m>riage b$4  
,! law ( ,moses puni%$  ) dea? bo? ! man
 & ! woman :o 7 guilty ( ?is crime1     
,lev4 xx1 #aj4 ,if a woman 0 betro!d to 
a man1 & 0 guilty ( ?is  infam\s crime  
be=e ! m>riage 0 complet$1 %e 01 9 ?is  
case1  along ) h] p>am\r1 to be /on$1   
,deut4 xxii1 #bb-bd4    ,:5 any man     
among ! ,jews1 prompt$ by jeal\sy1      
suspect$ 8 wife (  ! crime ( adult]y1 he
 br\ght h] fir/ be=e ! judges1 &  in=m$ 
!m t1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 suspicions1 he _h
 privately  admoni%$ h]1 b t %e 0       
reg>dless ( 8 admonitions4 ,if  be=e !  
judges %e ass]t$ h] innoc5cy1 he requir$
 t %e  %\ld dr9k ! wat]s ( jeal\sy1 t   
,god might by ^! means  discov] :at %e  
attempt$ to conceal1 ,num4 v1 #ab1 c4 ,!
 man !n  produc$ 8 witnesses1 & !y 7    

he>d4 ,aft] ?is1 bo? ! man  & ! woman 7 
convey$ to ,j]usalem1 & plac$ be=e !    
sanh$rim2 ! judges ( :i*1 by ?reats &   
o!r means1 endeav\r$  to conf\nd !      
woman1 & make h] confess4 ,if %e p]si/$ 
9 d5y+  ! fact1 %e 0 l$ to ! ea/]n gate 
( ! c\rt ( ,israel1  /ripp$ ( h] own    
clo!s1 & dress$ 9 black1 be=e great     
numb]s  ( h] own sex4 ,! prie/ !n told  
h]1 t if %e 0 really  innoc5t1 %e _h    
no?+ to fe>2 b if guilty1 %e might      
expect to  suff] all t ! law _h d5\nc$  
aga9/ h]1 to :i* %e  answ]$1 8,am51     
am540 ,! prie/ !n wrote ! t]ms ( ! law 9
  ?is =m3--8,if a /range man ha? n come 
ne> y1 & y are n  pollut$ by =sak+ ! b$ 
( y\r husb&1 ^! bitt] wat]s1  :i* ,i h  
curs$1 w n hurt y3 b if y h pollut$     
y\rself by com+ ne> to ano!r man1 & gone
 a/ray f y\r  husb&1--may y be accurs$ (
 ! ,"l1 & become an example = all  8 p2 
may y\r ?igh rot1 & y\r belly swell till
 x bur/2 may  ^! curs$ wat]s ent] into  
y\r belly1 & be+ swell$ !re)1  may y\r  
?ighs putrefy48    ,aft] ?is1 ! prie/   

fill$ a pit*] out ( ! braz5 vessel1 ne> 
! alt> ( burnt (f]+s1 ca/ "s du/ ( !    
pavem5t into x1  m+l$ some?+ ) x z bitt]
 z wormwood1 & !n read !  curses1 &     
receiv$ h] answ] ( ,am54 ,ano!r prie/1 9
 !  meantime1 tore (f h] clo!s z l[ z h]
 bosom--made h] head  b>e--unti$ !      
tresses ( h] hair--fa/5$ h] clo!s1 :i* 7
  ?us torn1 ) a girdle "u h] brea/s1 &  
!n pres5t$ h] )  ! t5? "p ( an ephah1 or
 ab\t ?ree p9ts1 ( b>ley meal4 ,!  o!r  
prie/ !n gave h] ! wat]s ( jeal\sy1 or  
bitt]ness1 to  dr9k2 & z soon z ! woman 
_h swall[$ !m1 he gave h] ! meal  9 a   
vessel l a fry+-pan into h] h&4 ,?is 0  
/irr$ be=e !  ,"l1 & "p ( x ?r[n into ! 
fire ( ! alt>4 ,if ! wife 0  innoc5t1 %e
 return$ ) h] husb&1 & ! wat]s1 s f> f  
injur+ h]1 increas$ h] heal?1 & made h] 
m fruitful2 b if  %e 0 guilty1 %e grew  
pale imm$iately1 h] eyes swell$2 &1 le/ 
%e %\ld pollute ! temple1 %e 0 in/antly 
c>ri$ out1 ) ^!  symptoms ^u h]1 & di$  
in/antly1 ) all ! ignom9i\s             
circum/ances relat$ 9 ! curses4    ,on  

?is law ( ,moses1 ,mi*alis has ! foll[+ 
rem>ks3--    8,?is oa? 01 p]haps1 a     
relic ( "s m sev]e & b>b>\s             
consuetud9>y laws1 ^: rig\rs ,moses     
mitigat$2 z he did 9 _m  o!r cases1 :]e 
an e/abli%$ usage c\ld n be conv5i5tly  
aboli%$ altoge!r4 ,among ourselves1 9   
b>b>\s times1 ! ordeal1  or trial by    
fire1 01 not)/&+ ! p>ity ( our m>ri$ p1 
9 common use2 & ?is1 9 po9t ( equity1 0 
mu* ! same 9  effect1 z if ! husb& _h _h
 ! "r to insi/ on 8 wife  submitt+ to ! 
haz>d\s trial ( h] purity1 by dr9k+ a   
poison$  potion2 :i*1 accord+ to an     
anci5t sup]/ition1 c\ld nev] hurt  h] if
 %e 0 innoc5t4 ,&1 9 fact1 su* a "r is n
 altoge!r  unexampl$2 =1 accord+ to     
,old5dorp's ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( !    
,evangelical ,bre?r51 9 ! ,c>ibbee      
,isl&s1 x is actually 9 use  among "s ( 
! savage nations 9 ! int]ior p>ts (     
,we/]n  ,africa4    8,n[1 :5 9 place ( a
 poison$ potion l ?is1 :i* v few  husb&s
 c be v will+ to h adm9i/]$ to _! wives1
 we  see1 z among ! ,hebrews1 an        

imprecation-dr9k1 ^: av5g] ,god  himself
 promises to become1 we _c b be /ruck ) 
! contra/ (  wisdom & clem5cy :i* su* a 
contrivance manife/s4 ,9 ! "o case1  7& 
h]e9 consi/s _! great di/9ction17       
innoc5ce c only be  pres]v$ by a        
miracle2 :ile1 on ! o!r1 guilt only is  
reveal$ &  puni%$ by ! h& ( ,god        
himself4    8,by "o ( ! clauses ( ! oa? 
( purgation1 7& _h n !  legislator be5  
p]fectly assur$ ( 8 div9e mission1 !    
ins]tion  ( any su* clause w\ld h be5 a 
v bold /ep inde$17 a visible  &         
corporeal puni%m5t 0 specifi$1 :i* !    
p]son swe>+  imprecat$ on h]self1 & :i* 
,god himself 0 und]/ood z engag+  to    
execute4 ,to h giv5 s accurate a        
def9ition ( ! puni%m5t  t ,god meant to 
inflict1 & /ill m "o t consi/$ ( su* a  
r>e disease1 w\ld h be5 a /ep (         
incompreh5sible boldness 9 a  legislator
 :o pret5d$ to h a div9e mission1 if he 
0 n1 )  ! mo/ assur$ conviction1        
consci\s ( its reality4    8,seldom1    
h[ev]1 v seldom1 0 x likely t ,provid5ce

 w\ld h  an opportunity ( inflict+ !    
puni%m5t 9 "q4 ,= ! oa?  0 s regulat$1 t
 a woman ( ! utmo/ effront]y c\ld       
sc>cely  h tak5 x )\t *ang+ col\r to su*
 a degree z to betray  h]self4    8,9 ! 
fir/ place1 x 0 n adm9i/]$ to ! woman 9 
h] own  h\se1 b %e 0 "u ! necessity (   
go+ to t place ( !  l& :]e ,god 9 a     
special mann] _h 8 abode1 & took x !re4 
,n[1 ! solemnity ( ! place1 unfamili>iz$
 to h] by daily bus9ess  or resort1 w\ld
 h a great effect ^u h] m9d4 ,9 ! next  
place1  !re 0 (f]$ unto ,god :at 0 t]m$ 
an execration (f]+1 n  9 ord] to        
propitiate 8 m]cy1 b to invoke 8        
v5geance on !  guilty4 ,"h ! process 0  
extremely sl[1 :i* gave h] m "t  =      
reflection ?an to a guilty p]son c\ld be
 acceptable1 & t1  too1 amid/ a         
multitude ( unusual c]emonies4 ,= !     
prie/ conduct$  h] to ! front ( !       
sanctu>y1 & took holy wat]1 t is1 wat]  
out ( ! prie/s' lav]1 :i* /ood be=e x1  
toge!r ) "s  e>? (f its floor1 :i* 0    
likewise deem$ holy2 & hav+ put !  e>? 9

 ! wat]1 he !n proce$$ to uncov] !      
woman's head1 t  h] face might be se51 &
 e *ange on h] c\nt5ance dur+ !         
adm9i/ration ( ! oa? accurately obs]v$3 
& ?is 0 a  circum/ance :i*1 9 ! ea/1 :]e
 ! wom5 are always veil$1 mu/  h _h a   
great effect2 because a woman1 accu/om$ 
to we> a veil1  c\ld1 on s extraord9>y  
an occasion1 h _h f> less comm& ( h]    
eyes & h] c\nt5ance ?an a ,european     
adult]ess1 :o is g5]ally a  p]fect      
mi/ress 9 all ! arts ( dissimulation1   
w\ld display4 ,to  r5d] ! sc5e /ill m   
awful1 ! tresses ( h] hair 7  loos5$1 & 
!n ! execration (f]+ 0 put into h] h&1  
:ile ! prie/ held 9 8 ! imprecation     
wat]4 ,?is is commonly  t]m$ ! bitt]    
wat]2 b we mu/ n und]/& ?is z if !  wat]
 _h really be5 bitt]2 = h[ c\ld x h be5 
s8 ,! e>?  ( ! floor ( ! tab]nacle c\ld 
n make x bitt]4 ,among !  ,hebrews1 &   
o!r ori5tal nations1 ! ^w bitt] 0 r us$ 
= curse3 &1 /rictly speak+1 ! phrase    
does n mean bitt]  wat]1 b ! wat] (     
bitt]nesses1 t is1 ( curses4 ,! prie/   

n[ pron\nc$ ! oa?1 :i* 0 9 all po9ts s  
fram$ t x c\ld  excite no t]rors 9 !    
brea/ ( an innoc5t woman2 = x expressly 
consi/$ 9 ?is1 t ! imprecation wat] %\ld
 n h>m h] if %e  0 innoc5t4 ,x w\ld seem
 z if ! prie/ "h made a /op1 & aga9     
left ! woman "s "t to consid] :e!r %e   
w\ld proce$ ) !  oa?4 ,?is ,i inf] f !  
circum/ance ( 8 spee* n be+  directly   
cont9u$ 9 v]se #ba/1 :i* is r ! apodosis
 ( :at  goes be=e2 & f ! detail proce$+ 
anew 9 ! words ( !  hi/orian1 ,!n %all !
 prie/ pron\nce ! re/ ( ! oa? & !       
curses to ! woman2 & proce$ ?us4--,aft] 
?is /op he pron\nc$  ! curses1 & ! woman
 0 oblig$ to decl>e h] acquiesc5ce 9  !m
 by a repeat$ ,am54 ,nor 0 ! solemn sc5e
 yet altoge!r at an  end2 b r1 z x 7    
comm5c$ anew4 ,= ! prie/ _h yet to      
write ! curses 9 a book1 :i* ,i suppose 
he did at great  delib]ation2 hav+ done 
s1 he wa%$ !m out aga9 9 ! v            
imprecation wat]1 :i* ! woman _h n[ to  
dr9k2 & ?is wat]  be+ n[ pres5t$ to h]1 
%e 0 oblig$ to dr9k x1 ) ?is  w>n+ &    

assurance1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 t if %e 0     
guilty1 x  w\ld prove )9 h] an absolute 
curse4 ,n[1 :at mu/ h be5 h]  feel+s1   
:ile dr9k+1 if n consci\s ( purity8 ,9  
my op9ion %e  mu/ h conceiv$ t %e       
already felt an alt]ation 9 ! /ate (  h]
 body1 & ! g]m1 z x 71 ( ! disease spr++
 )9 h]4  ,consci5ce & imag9ation w\ld   
conspire toge!r1 & r5d] x almo/         
impossible = h] to dr9k x out4 ,f9ally1 
! execration (f]+ 0  tak5 out ( h] h&1 &
 burnt ^u ! alt>4 ,i _c b ?9k  t1 "u !  
sanction ( su* a purgatorium1 p]jury mu/
 h be5  a v r>e occurr5ce inde$4 ,if x  
happ5$ b once 9 an age1 ,god  _h b\nd   
himself to puni% x2 & if ?is took place 
b once1 7if b  "o woman :o _h tak5 ! oa?
 0 attack$ ) t r>e disease  :i* x       
?reat5$17 x 0 q en\gh to s]ve z a       
det]m5t to all  o!rs = at lea/ "o       
g5]ation40    ,?is proc$ure _h also !   
effect ( keep+ 9 m9d1 among ! ,jews1    
,god's high displeasure aga9/ ?is       
violation ( 8 law2 & ?\gh  "s lax       
morali/s h be5 f\nd1 9 mod]n times1 to  

palliate x1 yet  ! ,*ri/ian w always    
rememb] ! solemn d5unciations ( ! ,new  
,te/am5t aga9/ a crime s aggravat$1 :e!r
 consid]$ 9 its  effects ^u ! dome/ic   
relations1 ^u ! moral "* ( !  guilty    
p>ties1 or ^u society at                
l>ge1--8,:oremong]s & adult]]s  ,god w  
judge40    ,,adult]y1 9 ! prophetic     
scriptures1 is (t5 metaphorically tak51 
& signifies idolatry1 & apo/asy f ,god1 
by :i* m5 basely  defile !mselves1 &    
wick$ly violate _! ecclesia/ical &      
cov5ant relation to ,god1 ,hos4 ii1 #b2 
,ezek4 xvi4    ,,advocate1 1 a patron1  
"o :o pleads ! cause ( any "o  be=e     
ano!r4 ,9 ?is s5se ! t]m is appli$ to   
,*ri/ our  int]cessor1 #a ,john ii1 #a4 
,x signifies also a com=t]1 & an        
in/ruct]2 & is us$ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,john 
xiv1 #af1 & xv1 #bf4    ,,adytum is a   
,greek ^w1 signify+ inaccessible1 by :i*
 is  und]/ood ! mo/ retir$ & secret     
place ( ! ,hea!n temples1  into :i* none
 b ! prie/s 7 all[$ to ent]4 ,! adytum (
  ! ,greeks & ,romans answ]$ to !       

sanctum sanctorum ( ! ,jews1  & 0 !     
place f :5ce oracles 7 deliv]$4    ,,ra1
 a s]ies ( ye>s1 comm5c+ f a c]ta9 po9t 
( "t call$  an epo*a3 ?us we say1 !     
,*ri/ian ra2 t is1 ! numb] (  ye>s      
elaps$ s9ce ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,! g5]ality 
( au?ors use  ! t]ms ra & epo*a 9 a     
synonym\s s5se2 t is1 = ! po9t  ( "t f  
:i* any computation beg9s4    ,! anci5t 
,jews made use ( sev]al ras 9 _!        
computation2  sometimes !y reckon$ f !  
deluge1 sometimes f ! division (        
tongues2 sometimes f _! dep>ture out (  
,egypt2 & at o!r times  f ! build+ ( !  
temple2 & sometimes f ! re/oration  aft]
 ! ,babyloni% captivity3 b _! vulg> ra 0
 f !  creation ( ! _w1 :i* falls 9 ) !  
ye> ( ! ,julian p]iod  #iec2 &          
consequ5tly !y suppos$ ! _w creat$ #bid 
ye>s soon]  ?an accord+ to our          
computation4 ,b :5 ! ,jews became       
subject to  ! ,syro-,mac$onian k+s1 !y 7
 oblig$ to make use ( ! ra (  !         
,seleucid 9 all _! contracts1 :i* f !nce
 0 call$ !  ra ( contracts4 ,?is ra     

beg9s ) ! ye> ( ! _w #cfib1 (  ! ,julian
 p]iod #ddjb1 & be=e ,*ri/ #cab4 ,! ra 9
 g5]al use  among ! ,*ri/ians is t f !  
bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 conc]n+  ! true "t 
( :i* *ronolog]s diff]2 "s place x two  
ye>s1  o!rs f\r1 & aga9 o!rs five1 be=e 
! vulg> ra1 :i* is  fix$ = ! ye> ( ! _w 
#djjd3 b ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 & aft]  him !  
g5]ality ( mod]n *ronolog]s1 place x 9 !
 ye> ( !  _w #djjj4    ,! anci5t ,hea!ns
 us$ sev]al ras3    #a4 ,! ra ( ! fir/  
olympiad is plac$ 9 ! ye> ( ! _w  #cbbh1
 & be=e ! vulg> ra ( ,jesus ,*ri/ #ggf4 
#b4 ,! tak+ (  ,troy by ! ,greeks1 9 !  
ye> ( ! _w #bhbj1 & be=e ,jesus  ,*ri/  
#ahhd4 #c4 ,! voyage und]tak5 = !       
purpose ( br++ away  ! gold5 fleece1 9 !
 ye> ( ! _w #bgfj4 #d4 ,! f\ndation (   
,rome1 9 #bhef4 #e4 ,! ra ( ,nabonass>1 
9 #cbeg4 #f4 ,! ra (  ,alex&] ! ,great1 
or 8 la/ victory ov] ,d>ius1 9 #cfgd1 & 
be=e ,jesus ,*ri/ #ccj4    ,,a]ians1 a  
sect :i* arose ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r?   
c5tury1  be+ ! foll[]s ( ,arius1 7:o mu/
 be di/+ui%$ f ,arius &  ,atius17 a monk

 & a presbyt] ( ,seba/ia1 9 ,pontus4 ,he
 is *>g$  ) be+ an ,arian1 or           
,semi-,arian2 b ! heavie/ accusation    
aga9/  him is an attempt to re=m ! *ur*2
 &1 by reject+ pray]s =  ! dead1 ) c]ta9
 fa/s & fe/ivals !n sup]/iti\sly        
obs]v$1 to r$uce ,*ri/ianity z ne>ly z  
possible 8to its primitive  simplicity2 
a purpose1 inde$1 laudable & noble10    
says ,dr4 ,mo%eim1  8:5 consid]$ 9      
itself3 ?\gh ! pr9ciples f :5ce x       
spr+s1 & ! means by :i* x is execut$1   
are sometimes1 9 _m  respects1 wor?y (  
c5sure1 & may h be5 s 9 ! case ( ?is    
re=m]40 ,?is g5tle rebuke probably ref]s
 to a report t ! zeal  ( ,arius orig9at$
 9 8 be+ disappo9t$ ( ! bi%opric (      
,seba/ia1 7conf]r$ on ,eu/a?ius17 :i* l$
 him to affirm t !  ,scriptures make no 
di/9ction betwe5 a presbyt] & a bi%op1  
:i*  he f\nd$ *iefly on #a ,tim4 iv1    
#ad4 ,h5ce he is consid]$ by _m1 z  !   
fa!r ( ! mod]n ,presbyt]ians4--8,= ?is  
op9ion1 *iefly10  says ,dr4 ,turn]1 8he 
is rank$ among ! h]etics1 by            

,epiphanius1 8  contempor>y1 :o calls x 
a notion full ( folly & madness4 ,8     
foll[]s 7 driv5 f ! *ur*es1 & out ( all 
! t[ns &  villages1 & 7 oblig$ to       
assemble 9 ! woods1 cav]ns1 & op5       
defiles40    ,,aetians1 ano!r bran* 7z x
 is said7 ( ,arians1 s call$ f  ,atius1 
bi%op ( ,antio*1 :o is also *>g$ )      
ma9ta9+ 8fai?  )\t works10 z 8suffici5t 
to salvation10 or r ju/ification2  & )  
ma9ta9+ 8t s9 is n imput$ to believ]s40 
,x is  add$1 t he taught ,god _h reveal$
 to him ?+s :i* he _h  8conceal$ f !    
,apo/les20 :i*1 p]haps1 is only a       
misrepres5tation ( :at he taught on !   
doctr9e ( div9e  influ5ces4             
,,aff9ity4 ,!re are sev]al degrees (    
aff9ity1 :]e9 m>riage 0  prohibit$ by ! 
law ( ,moses3 ?us ! son c\ld n m>ry 8   
"m1  nor 8 fa!r's wife1 ,lev4 xviii1 #g1
 c4 ,! bro!r c\ld n m>ry  8 si/]1 :e!r  
%e 7 s by ! fa!r only1 or only by !  "m1
 & mu* less if %e 7 8 si/] bo? by ! same
 fa!r &  "m4 ,! gr&fa!r c\ld n m>ry 8   
gr&daught]1 ei!r by 8  son or daught]4  

,no "o c\ld m>ry ! daught] ( 8 fa!r's   
wife2  nor ! si/] ( 8 fa!r or "m2 nor ! 
uncle1 8 niece2 nor  ! aunt1 h] nephew2 
nor ! nephew1 ! wife ( 8 uncle by !     
fa!r's side4 ,! fa!r-9-law c\ld n m>ry 8
 daught]-9-law2  nor ! bro!r ! wife ( 8 
bro!r1 :ile liv+2 nor ev5 aft]  ! dea? (
 8 bro!r1 if he left *ildr54 ,if he left
 no *ildr51  ! surviv+ bro!r 0 to raise 
up *ildr5 to 8 deceas$ bro!r  by m>ry+ 8
 wid[4 ,x 0 =bidd5 to m>ry ! "m & !     
daught] at "o "t1 or ! daught] ( ! "m's 
son1 or !  daught] ( h] daught]1 or two 
si/]s1 toge!r4    ,x is true ! patri>*s1
 be=e ! law1 m>ri$ _! si/]s1 z  ,abraham
 m>ri$ ,s>ah1 :o 0 8 fa!r's daught] by  
ano!r "m2  & two si/]s toge!r1 z ,jacob 
m>ri$ ,ra*el & ,leah2 & _!  own si/]s1  
bo? by fa!r & "m1 z ,se? & ,ca94 ,b ^!  
cases are n to be propos$ z examples2   
because 9 "s !y 7  au?oriz$ by          
necessity2 9 o!rs1 by cu/om2 & ! law z  
yet 0  n 9 be+4 ,if "s o!r examples may 
be f\nd1 ei!r be=e or  s9ce ! law1 !    
,scripture expressly disapproves ( !m2 z

 ,reub5's  ince/ ) ,balah1 8 fa!r's     
concub9e2 & ! action ( ,amnon )  8 si/] 
,tam>2 & t ( ,h]od ,antipas1 :o m>ri$   
,h]odias1 8  si/]-9-law1 8 bro!r        
,philip's wife1 :ile h] husb& 0 yet     
liv+2 & t :i* ,/4 ,paul reproves &      
puni%es among !  ,cor9?ians1 #a ,cor4 v1
 #a4    ,,agabus1 a prophet1 & z !      
,greeks say1 "o ( ! sev5ty disciples  ( 
our ,savi\r4 ,he =etold t !re w\ld be a 
great fam9e ov] all  ! e>?2 :i* came to 
pass accord+ly1 "u ! emp]or ,claudius1  
9 ! f\r? ye> ( 8 reign1 ,a4 ,d4 #dd1    
,acts xi1 #bh4    ,t5 ye>s aft] ?is1 z  
,/4 ,paul 0 go+ to ,j]usalem1 & _h      
already l&$ at ,cs>ea1 9 ,pale/9e1 !    
same prophet1 ,agabus1  arriv$ !re1 &   
com+ to visit ,/4 ,paul & 8 company1 he 
took  ?is ,apo/le's girdle1 & b9d+      
himself h& & feet1 he said1 8,?us  sai? 
! ,holy ,gho/1 ,s %all ! ,jews at       
,j]usalem b9d ! man t  owne? ?is girdle1
 & %all deliv] him into ! h&s ( !       
,g5tiles10 ,acts xxi1 #aj4 ,we "k no o!r
 p>ticul>s ( ! life (  ,agabus4 ,!      

,greeks say t he suff]$ m>tyrdom at     
,antio*4    ,,agag4 ,?is seems to h be5 
a common "n ( ! pr9ces ( ,amalek1  "o ( 
:om 0 v p[]ful z e>ly z ! "t ( ,moses1  
,num4 xxiv1  #g4 ,on acc\nt ( !         
cruelties ex]cis$ by ?is k+ & 8 army    
aga9/ ! ,israelites1 z !y return$ f     
,egypt1 a bloody & long  conte/$ battle 
took place betwe5 ,jo%ua & !            
,amalekites1 9 :i*  ! =m] 0 victori\s1  
,exod4 xvii1 #h-ac4 ,at ! same "t1 ,god 
prote/$ ) an oa? to de/roy ,amalek1     
v]ses #ad-af2 ,deut4 xxv1  #ag-ai1 ,a4  
,m4 #beac4 ,ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s aft]   
?is1 ! ,"l  rememb]$ ! cruel treatm5t ( 
8 p1 & 8 own oa?2 & he  comm&$ ,saul1 by
 ! m\? ( ,samuel1 to de/roy !           
,amalekites4 ,saul  mu/]$ 8 army1 & f\nd
 x two hundr$ ?\s& /rong1 #a ,sam4 xv1  
#a1 c4 ,hav+ ent]$ into _! c\ntry1 he   
cut 9 pieces all he c\ld  meet ) f      
,havilah to ,%ur4 ,agag _! k+1 & ! be/ (
 _!  cattle1 7 h[ev] sp>$1 an act (     
disob$i5ce on ! "p ( ,saul1  probably   
dictat$ by covet\sness4 ,b ,agag did n  

long enjoy ?is  reprieve2 = ,samuel no  
soon] he>d t he 0 alive1 ?an he s5t =   
him2 & not)/&+ 8 ins9uat+ address1 & !  
va9 hopes  ) :i* he flatt]$ himself t ! 
bitt]ness ( dea? 0 pa/1  he caus$ him to
 be hew$ to pieces 9 ,gilgal be=e ! ,"l1
 say+1  8,z1 1 9 ! same id5tical mode z1
 ?y sword ha? made wom5  *ildless1 s    
%all ?y "m be *ildless among wom540 ,?is
 savage  *iefta9 _h hew$ _m prison]s to 
dea?2 &1 !re=e1 by comm&  ( ! ,judge ( !
 :ole e>?1 he 0 visit$ ) ! same puni%m5t
  :i* he _h inflict$ ^u o!rs4    ,,agap4
 ,see ,,love ,,fea/4    ,,ag>1 m\nt     
,s9ai1 s call$1 ,gal4 iv1 #bd1 #be4 ,b  
?is read+ is  d\btful1 _m ,,mss4 hav+ ! 
v]se1 8= ?is ,s9ai is a m\nta9 (        
,arabia40 ,"s critics h[ev] cont5d = !  
read+ ( ! receiv$  text1 & urge t ,ag>1 
:i* signifies 8a rocky m\nta910 is !    
,arabic "n = ,s9ai4    ,,agate1 1 ,exod4
 xxviii1 #ai2 xxxix1 #ab4 ,9 !          
,septuag9t 1 &  ,vulgate1 a*ates4 ,a    
preci\s /one1 semi-pellucid4 ,its       
v>iegations  are sometimes mo/          

beautifully dispos$1 repres5t+ plants1  
trees1  riv]s1 cl\ds1 c4 ,its ,hebrew "n
 is1 p]haps1 d]iv$ f !  c\ntry :5ce !   
,jews import$ x2 = ! m]*ants ( ,%eba    
br\ght  to ! m>ket ( ,tyre all k9ds (   
preci\s /ones1 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #bb4 ,!    
agate 0 ! second /one 9 ! ?ird r[ ( !   
pectoral ( ! high  prie/1 ,exod4 xxviii1
 #ai1 & xxxix1 #ab4    ,,age1 9 ! mo/   
g5]al s5se ( ! t]m1 d5otes ! duration ( 
any  sub/ance1 animate or inanimate2 &  
is appli$ ei!r to ! :ole  p]iod ( its   
exi/5ce1 or to t portion ( x :i* prec$es
 !  "t to :i* ! description ( x ref]s4  
,9 ?is s5se x is us$ to  signify ei!r ! 
:ole natural duration ( ! ,,life ( man1 
or any  int]val ( x t has elaps$ be=e ! 
p]iod ( :i* we speak4  ,:5 age is       
und]/ood ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! life (   
man1 its  :ole duration is divid$ into  
f\r diff]5t ages1 viz4 infancy1 y\?1    
manhood1 & old age3 ! fir/ ext5d+ to !  
f\rte5? ye>2 !  second1 d5om9at$ y\?1   
adolesc5ce1 or ! age ( pub]ty1  comm5c+ 
at f\rte51 & t]m9at+ at ab\t tw5ty-five2

 manhood1  or ! virile age1 conclud+ at 
fifty2 & ! la/ end+ at ! close  ( life4 
,"s divide ! fir/ p]iod into infancy &  
*ildhood2 &  ! la/ likewise into two    
/ages1 call+ t :i* succe$s ! age  (     
sev5ty-five1 decrepit old age4 ,age is  
applicable to ! duration (  ?+s         
inanimate or factiti\s2 & 9 ?is use ( ! 
t]m we speak (  ! age ( a h\se1 ( a     
c\ntry1 ( a /ate or k+dom1 c4    ,,age1 
9 *ronology1 is us$ = a c5tury1 or a    
p]iod ( "o hundr$  ye>s3 9 :i* s5se x is
 ! same ) seculum1 & diff]s f  g5]ation4
 ,x is also us$ 9 speak+ ( ! times pa/  
s9ce !  creation ( ! _w4 ,! sev]al ages 
( ! _w may be r$uc$ to  ?ree gr& epo*as1
 viz4 ! age ( ! law ( nature1 call$ by !
  ,jews ! void age1 f ,adam to ,moses4  
,! age ( ! ,jewi% law1 f  ,moses to     
,*ri/1 call$ by ! ,jews ! pres5t age4 ,&
 ! age (  grace1 f ,*ri/ to ! pres5t    
ye>4 ,! ,jews call ! ?ird age1 !  age to
 come1 or ! future age2 d5ot+ by x ! "t 
f ! adv5t  ( ! ,messiah to ! end ( ! _w4
 ,! ,romans di/+ui%$ !  "t t prec$$ !m  

into ?ree ages3 ! obscure or unc]ta9    
age1  :i* rea*$ d[n z l[ z ,ogyges k+ ( 
,attica1 9 ^: reign !  deluge happ5$ 9  
,greece2 ! fabul\s or h]oic age1 :i*    
end$ at  ! fir/ olympiad2 & ! hi/orical 
age1 :i* comm5c$ at !  build+ ( ,rome4  
,among ! poets1 ! f\r ages ( ! _w are1 !
  gold51 ! silv]1 ! braz51 & ! iron age4
    ,age is sometimes us$ among ! anci5t
 poets 9 ! same s5se z  g5]ation1 or a  
p]iod ( ?irty ye>s4 ,?us ,ne/or is said 
to h  liv$ ?ree ages1 :5 he 0 n9ety ye>s
 old4    ,! p]iod prec$+ ! bir? ( ,jesus
 ,*ri/ has be5 g5]ally  divid$ into six 
ages4 ,! fir/ ext5ds f ! creation to !  
deluge1 & compreh5ds #afef ye>s4 ,!     
second age1 f ! deluge to  ,abraham's   
ent]+ ! l& ( promise1 ,a4 ,m4 #bjhb1    
compreh5ds #dbf  ye>s4 ,! ?ird age f    
,abraham's entrance into ! promis$ l& to
  ! ,exodus1 ,a4 ,m4 #beab1 includes    
#dcj ye>s4 ,! f\r? age1 f !  ,exodus to 
! build+ ( ! temple by ,solomon1 ,a4 ,m4
 #biib1 conta9s  #dhj ye>s4 ,! fif? age 
f ! f\ndation ( ,solomon's temple to !  

,babyloni% captivity1 ,a4 ,m4 #cdaf1    
compreh5ds #dbd ye>s4 ,! six? age1  f ! 
,babyloni% captivity to ! bir? ( ,jesus 
,*ri/1 ,a4 ,m4 #djjj1  ! f\r? ye> be=e !
 vulg> ra1 includes #ehd ye>s4 ,^? :o   
foll[ ! ,septuag9t1 or ,greek v]sion1   
divide ?is p]iod into sev5  ages1 viz4  
#a4 ,f ! creation to ! deluge1 #bbfb    
ye>s4 #b4 ,f !  deluge to ! confusion ( 
tongues1 #gch ye>s4 #c4 ,f ?is confusion
 to  ! call+ ( ,abraham1 #dfj ye>s4 #d4 
,f ?is p]iod to ,jacob's  desc5t into   
,egypt1 #bae ye>s2 & f ?is ev5t to !    
,exodus1 #dcj  ye>s1 mak+ ! :ole #fde   
ye>s4 #e4 ,f ! ,exodus to ,saul1 #ggd   
ye>s4 #f4 ,f ,saul to ,cyrus1 #ehc ye>s4
 #g4 ,f ,cyrus to ! vulg> ra  (         
,*ri/ians1 #ech ye>s2 ! :ole p]iod f !  
creation to ?is  p]iod conta9+ #fjjj    
ye>s4    ,,agrippa1 surnam$ ,h]od1 ! son
 ( ,ari/obulus & ,m>iamne1 &  gr&son (  
,h]od ! ,great1 0 born ,a4 ,m4 #ciig1   
?ree ye>s be=e !  bir? ( our ,savi\r1 & 
sev5 ye>s be=e ! vulg> ra4 ,aft] !  dea?
 ( 8 fa!r ,ari/obulus1 ,josephus in=ms u

 t ,h]od1 8  gr&fa!r1 took c>e ( 8      
education1 & s5t him to ,rome to make  8
 c\rt to ,tib]ius4 ,agrippa1 hav+ a     
great incl9ation = ,caius1  ! son (     
,g]manicus1 & gr&son ( ,antonia1 *ose to
 atta* himself  to ?is pr9ce1 z if he _h
 "s prophetic views ( ! future          
elevation ( ,caius1 :o at t "t 0 belov$ 
by all ! _w4 ,!  great assiduity &      
agreeable behavi\r ( ,agrippa s f> won  
^u ?is  pr9ce1 t he 0 unable to live )\t
 him4 ,agrippa1 be+ "o day  9           
conv]sation ) ,caius1 0 ov]he>d by "o   
,euty*us1 a slave :om  ,agrippa _h      
emancipat$1 to say t he %\ld be glad to 
see ! old  emp]or take 8 dep>ture = !   
o!r _w & leave ,caius ma/] (  ?is1 )\t  
meet+ ) any ob/acle f ! emp]or's gr&son1
  ,tib]ius ,n]o4 ,euty*us1 "s "t aft]   
?is1 ?9k+ he _h reason to  be           
dissatisfi$ ) ,agrippa1 communicat$ !   
conv]sation to !  emp]or2 :]eupon       
,agrippa 0 load$ ) fett]s1 & committ$ to
 !  cu/ody ( an (fic]4 ,soon aft] ?is1  
,tib]ius dy+1 & ,caius  ,caligula       

succe$+ him1 ! new emp]or heap$ _m      
fav\rs & mu*  weal? ^u ,agrippa1 *ang$ 8
 iron fett]s into a *a9 ( gold1 set  a  
royal diadem on 8 head1 & gave him !    
tetr>*y :i* ,philip1 !  son ( ,h]od !   
,great1 _h be5 possess$ (1 t is1 ,batana
 &  ,tra*onitis4 ,to ?is he add$ t (    
,lysanias2 & ,agrippa return$  v soon   
into ,judea1 to take possession ( 8 new 
k+dom4 ,! emp]or  ,caius1 desir+ to be  
ador$ z a god1 comm&$ to h 8 /atue set  
up 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,b ! ,jews   
oppos$ ?is design ) s  mu* resolution1 t
 ,petronius 0 =c$ to susp5d 8 proce$+s 9
  ?is affair1 & to repres5t1 9 a lett]  
to ! emp]or1 !  resi/ance he met ) f !  
,jews4 ,agrippa1 :o 0 !n at ,rome1  com+
 to ! emp]or at ! v "t he 0 read+ !     
lett]1 ,caius  told him t ! ,jews 7 !   
only p ( all mank9d :o refus$  to own   
him = a deity2 & t !y _h tak5 arms to   
oppose 8  resolution4 ,at ^! words      
,agrippa fa9t$ away1 &1 be+ c>ri$ home  
to 8 h\se1 cont9u$ 9 t /ate = a long "t4
 ,z soon z he 0  some:at recov]$1 he    

wrote a long lett] to ,caius1 :]e9 he   
endeav\r$ to s(t5 him2 & 8 argum5ts made
 su* an impression  ^u ! emp]or's m9d1 t
 he desi/$1 9 appe>ance1 f !  design :i*
 he _h =m$ ( sett+ up 8 /atue 9 !       
temple4 ,caius  be+ kill$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( !
 foll[+ ye>1 ,a4 ,d4 #da1 ,agrippa1  :o 
0 !n at ,rome1 contribut$ mu* by 8      
advice to ma9ta9  ,claudius 9 possession
 ( ! imp]ial dignity1 to :i* he _h be5  
advanc$ by ! army4 ,! emp]or1 z an      
ackn[l$gm5t = 8 k9d  (fices1 gave him   
all ,judea1 & ! k+dom ( ,*alcis1 :i* _h 
be5  possess$ by ,h]od 8 bro!r4 ,?us    
,agrippa became ( a sudd5 "o (  !       
greate/ pr9ces ( ! ea/1 & 0 possess$ ( z
 mu*1 if n  m t]ritory1 ?an _h be5 held 
by ,h]od ! ,great1 8 gr&fa!r4  ,he      
return$ to ,judea1 & gov]n$ x to ! great
 satisfaction ( !  ,jews4 ,b ! desire ( 
pleas+ !m1 & a mi/ak5 zeal = _!         
religion1 induc$ him to put to dea? !   
,apo/le ,james1 & to ca/  ,pet] into    
prison ) ! same design2 &1 b = a        
miracul\s  int]position1 :i*1 h[ev]1    

produc$ no effect ^u ! m9d ( !  tyrant1 
8 h&s w\ld h be5 imbru$ 9 ! blood ( two 
,apo/les1  ! memory :]e( is pres]v$ 9   
,scripture4 ,at ,cs>ea1 he _h games     
p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,claudius4 ,"h !        
inhabitants ( ,tyre & ,sidon  wait$ on  
him to sue = peace4 ,agrippa be+ come   
e>ly 9 ! morn+  into ! !atre1 ) a design
 to give !m audi5ce1 seat$ himself on  8
 ?rone1 dress$ 9 a robe ( silv] tissue1 
work$ 9 ! mo/  admirable mann]4 ,! ris+ 
sun d>t$ 8 gold5 beams !reon1 &  gave x 
su* a lu/re z dazzl$ ! eyes ( !         
spectators2 & :5  ! k+ began 8 spee* to 
! ,tyrians & ,sidonians1 ! p>asites     
ar\nd him began to say1 x 0 8! voice ( a
 god & n ( man40  ,in/ead ( reject+ ^!  
impi\s flatt]ies1 ,agrippa receiv$ !m  )
 an air ( complac5cy2 & ! angel ( ! ,"l 
smote him because  he did n give ,god ! 
glory4 ,be+ !re=e c>ri$ home to 8       
palace1 he di$1 at ! end ( five days1   
rack$ ) torm5t+ pa9s  9 8 b[els1 &      
dev\r$ ) worms4 ,su* 0 ! dea? ( ,h]od   
,agrippa1 ,a4 ,d4 #dd1 aft] a reign (   

sev5 ye>s4 ,he left a son ( !  same "n1 
& ?ree daught]s--,b]nice1 :o 0 m>ri$ to 
h] uncle  ,h]od1 h] fa!r's bro!r2       
,m>iamne1 betro!d to ,julius ,ar*elaus2 
& ,drusilla1 promis$ to ,epiphanius1 !  
son ( ,ar*elaus1 ! son (  ,comag5a4     
,,agrippa1 son ( ! =m] ,agrippa1 0 at   
,rome ) ! emp]or  ,claudius :5 8 fa!r   
di$4 ,! emp]or1 we are told by          
,josephus1 0  incl9$ to give him all !  
dom9ions t _h be5 possess$ by 8  fa!r1 b
 0 dissuad$ f x1 ,agrippa be+ only      
sev5te5 ye>s (  age2 & he kept him !re=e
 at 8 c\rt f\r ye>s4    ,?ree ye>s aft] 
?is1 ,h]od1 k+ ( ,*alcis1 & uncle to "y 
,agrippa1 dy+1 ! emp]or gave 8 dom9ions 
to ?is pr9ce1 :o1  not)/&+1 did n g into
 ,judea till f\r ye>s aft]1 ,a4 ,d4 #ec2
  :51 ,claudius tak+ f him ! k+dom (    
,*alcis1 gave him !  prov9ces (         
,gaulonitis1 ,tra*onitis1 ,batana1      
,paneas1 & ,abyl5e1  :i* =m]ly _h be5 9 
! possession ( ,lysanias4 ,aft] ! dea?  
( ,claudius1 8 successor1 ,n]o1 :o _h a 
great affection = ,agrippa1  to 8 o!r   

dom9ions add$ ,julias 9 ,p]a1 & t "p (  
,galilee  to :i* ,t>i*a & ,tib]ias      
belong$4 ,fe/us gov]nor ( ,judea1  com+ 
to 8 gov]nm5t1 ,a4 ,d4 #fj1 k+ ,agrippa 
& ,b]nice1 8  si/]1 w5t z f> z ,cs>ea to
 salute him2 & z !y cont9u$  !re = "s   
"t1 ,fe/us talk$ ) ! k+ conc]n+ ! affair
  ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o _h be5 seiz$ 9 !      
temple ab\t two ye>s be=e1  & )9 a few  
days previ\s to 8 visit _h appeal$ to ! 
emp]or4  ,agrippa wi%+ to he> ,paul1 t  
,apo/le deliv]$ t noble address  9 8    
pres5ce :i* is record$1 ,acts xxvi4     
,,agur4 ,! ?irtie? *apt] ( ,prov]bs     
beg9s ) ?is title3 8,!  words ( ,agur1 !
 son ( ,jakeh20 & ! ?irty-fir/1 ) 8!    
words  ( k+ ,lemuel20 ) respect to :i*  
"s conjecture t ,solomon  describes     
himself "u ^! appellations2 o!rs1 t ^!  
*apt]s  are ! productions ( p]sons ^:   
real names are prefix$4 ,scripture      
hi/ory1 inde$1 af=ds u no in=mation     
respect+ _! situation  & "*2 b !re mu/ h
 be5 suffici5t reason = reg>d+  _! works
 9 ! light ( inspir$ productions1 or !y 

w\ld n h  be5 admitt$ into ! sacr$      
canon4    ,!y are call$ ,massa1 a t]m   
frequ5tly appli$ to ! und\bt$           
productions ( ! prophetic ,_s2 & x is n 
improbable t !  au?ors meant1 by !      
adoption ( ?is t]m1 to lay claim to !   
"* ( inspiration4 ,a succession (       
virtu\s & em95t m51  fav\r$ ) div9e     
illum9ations1 fl\ri%$ 9 ,judea till !   
f9al  completion ( ! sacr$ code2 &1 mo/ 
likely1 _m m ?an ^?  ^: writ+s h be5    
pres]v$4 ,agur may !n h be5 "o ( ^?     
prophets :om ,div9e provid5ce rais$ up  
to com=t or admoni% 8  *os5 p2 & ,lemuel
 may h be5 "s neighb\r+ pr9ce1 !  son ( 
a ,jewi% woman1 by :om he 0 taught !    
,massa conta9$ 9 !  ?irty-fir/ *apt]4   
,^!1 ( c\rse1 c only be consid]$ z m]e  
conjectures2 =1 9 ! abs5ce ( hi/oric    
evid5ce1 :o c v5ture  to pron\nce )     
c]ta9ty8 ,! op9ion1 h[ev]1 t ,agur &    
,lemuel  are appellations ( ,solomon1 is
 sanction$ by s _m & su*  respectable   
writ]s1 t x dem&s a m p>ticul>          
exam9ation4    ,! k ( names 0 anci5tly  

reg>d$ z a matt] ( ! highe/  importance1
 9 ord] to und]/& ! nature ( ! p]sons or
 ?+s  :i* !y designate2 &1 9 ! op9ion ( 
! rabb9s1 0 pref]able  ev5 to ! /udy ( !
 writt5 law4 ,! ,hea!ns paid consid]able
  att5tion to x1 z appe>s f ! ,cratylus 
( ,plato2 & "s ( !  ,*ri/ian fa!rs      
ent]ta9$ v fav\rable notions ( su* k4   
,! ,jewi% doctors1 x is true1 ref9$ ^u !
 subject ) an amaz+  degree ( subtilty1 
gr\nd+ ^u x _m ridicul\s ideas & absurd 
fancies2 yet x is unque/ionable t _m ( !
 prop] names 9  ,scripture are          
significant & *>act]i/ic4 ,?us ! names  
,eve1 ,ca91  ,se?1 ,noah1 ,abraham1     
,israel1 c1 7 impos$ by reason ( _! be+ 
expressive ( ! sev]al *>act]s ( ! p]sons
 :om !y repres5t4  ,reason+ f analogy1  
we may inf] t all ! prop] names 9 !     
,old ,te/am5t1 at _! orig9al imposition1
 7 int5d$ to d5ote  "s quality or       
circum/ance 9 ! p]son or ?+ to :i* !y   
belong2 & ?\gh _m1 f transf]5ce1 h ceas$
 to be p]sonally  *>act]i/ic1 yet are !y
 all significative4    ,z ! cu/om (     

impos+ descriptive names prevail$ 9 !   
primitive  ages1 x is n impossible t    
,agur & ,lemuel may be appropriat$ to   
,solomon1 & ,jakeh to ,david z my/ic    
appellations significative (  _!        
respective *>act]s4 ,x is ev5 "s        
confirmation ( ?is  op9ion1 t ,solomon  
is d5om9at$ ,j$idiah 7belov$ ( ! ,"l7 by
  ! ,prophet ,na?an2 & t 9 ! book (     
,ecclesia/es1 he /yles  himself         
,kohele?1 or ! ,prea*]4 ,nev]!less1 ?is 
hypo!sis does  n appe> to re/ ^u a firm 
f\ndation4 ,x is =eign to !  simplicity 
( ! sacr$ p5m51 & contr>y to _! cu/om 9 
simil>  cases1 to adopt a my/ic "n1 )\t 
ei!r expla9+ x1 or alleg+  ! reasons =  
its adoption4 ,9 ! names ,eve1 ,ca91    
,se?1 ,noah1 c1  be=e allud$ to2 9 !    
appellation ,nabal2 9 ! enigmatical     
names 9  ! fir/ *apt] ( ,hosea2 9 !     
descriptive names giv5 to places1 z     
,be]%eba1 ,jehovah-jireh1 ,p5iel1 ,be!l1
 ,gilgal2 & 9 _m o!r  in/ances1 ! mean+ 
( ! t]ms is ei!r expla9$1 or !          
circum/ances are m5tion$ :i* l$ to _!   

selection4 ,:5 ,solomon  is call$       
,j$idiah1 x is add$ t x 0 8because ( !  
,"l20 &  :5 he /yles himself ,kohele?1  
an explanatory clause is annex$1        
describ+ himself 8! son ( ,david1 ! k+ (
 ,j]usalem40 ,b if  ,solomon be meant by
 ! titles ,agur & ,lemuel1 he is s call$
 )\t  any /atem5t ( ! reasons = _!      
application1 & )\t any  explanation ( _!
 import2 a circum/ance unusual ) ! sacr$
  writ]s1 & ! rev]se to :at is practis$ 
9 ! book ( ,prov]bs1  :]e 8 prop] "n1   
,solomon1 is attribut$ to him 9 ?ree    
diff]5t  places4 ,nor is any?+          
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,jewi% mon>*s            
discov]able 9 ! t]ms !mselves4 ,jakeh1  
:i* d5otes ob$i5t1  is no m applicable  
to ,david ?an to ,na?an1 or any o!r     
p]sonage (  em95t wor? & piety among !  
,israelites4 ,! "n ( ,agur is n (  easy 
explanation2 "s giv+ x ! s5se (         
recollectus1 t is1  recov]$ f 8 errors1 
& become p5it5t2 an explanation m       
applicable to ,david ?an to ,solomon4   
,simon1 9 8 lexicon1 says x may  p]haps 

d5ote 8him :o applies to ! /udy (       
wisdom20 an  int]pretation v suitable to
 ! royal philosoph]1 b n support$  by   
adequate au?ority2 & 9 8 ,onoma/icon he 
expla9s x 9 a  diff]5t mann]4 ,o!rs     
suppose t x means collector2 ?\gh x  has
 be5 argu$1 t1 z x has a passive =m1 x  
_c h an  active s5se4 ,b ?is is n a     
valid objection1 z sev]al examples may  
be produc$ f ! ,bible ( a simil> =m ) an
 active  signification4 ,if su* be its  
mean+1 x is suitable to ,solomon1 :o  0 
n ! collector or compil]1 b ! au?or1 ( !
 ,prov]bs4 ,)  respect to ! "n ,lemuel1 
x signifies "o t is = ,god1 or devot$   
to ,god2 & is n1 !re=e1 peculi>ly       
descriptive ( ,solomon4 ,x  appe>s1 !n1 
t no?+ c be inf]r$ f ! signification (  
! names ,agur & ,lemuel 9 support ( !   
conjecture1 t !y are  appellations (    
,solomon4 ,! cont5ts1 likewise1 ( ! two 
*apt]s 9  "q /rongly militate aga9/ ?is 
hypo!sis4    ,:5 all ^! circum/ances are
 tak5 into consid]ation1 toge!r )  !    
extreme improbability t ,solomon %\ld be

 d5om9at$ ?ree times  by 8 prop] "n1 &  
aft]w>d1 9 ! same "w1 by two diff]5t    
enigmatical names1 we are fully w>rant$ 
9 reject+ ! notion1 t  ! wise mon>* is  
design$ by ! appellations ,agur &       
,lemuel4 ,& x  seems mo/ reasonable to  
consid] !m z d5ot+ real p]sons4         
,,ahab1 ! son & successor ( ,omri4 ,he  
began 8 reign ov] ,israel1 ,a4  ,m4     
#cjhf1 & reign$ #bb ye>s4 ,9 impiety he 
f> exce$$ all ! k+s  ( ,israel4 ,he     
m>ri$ ,jezebel1 ! daught] ( ,e?baal1 k+ 
( ,zidon1  :o introduc$ ! :ole          
abom9ations & idols ( h] c\ntry1 ,baal &
  ,a%t>o?4    #b4 ,,ahab ! son (        
,kolaiah1 & ,z$ekiah ! son ( ,maaseiah1 
7 two  false prophets1 :o1 ab\t ,a4 ,m4 
#cdjf1 s$uc$ ! ,jewi% captives at       
,babylon ) hopes ( a spe$y deliv]ance1 &
 /irr$ !m up aga9/  ,j]emiah4 ,! ,"l    
?reat5$ !m ) a public & ignom9i\s dea?1 
be=e su* z !y _h deceiv$2 & t _! names  
%\ld become a  curse2 m5 wi%+ t _! foes 
might be made l ,ahab & ,z$ekiah1  :om  
,nebu*adnezz> k+ ( ,babylon roa/$ 9 !   

fire1 ,j]4 xxix1 #ba1  #bb4             
,,ahasu]us 0 ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 :o advanc$  
,e/h] to be que51 &  at h] reque/       
deliv]$ ! ,jews f ! de/ruction plott$ = 
!m  by ,haman4 ,ar*bi%op ,u%] is (      
op9ion t ?is ,ahasu]us 0 ,d>ius         
,hy/aspes2 & t ,atossa 0 ! ,va%ti1 &    
,arty/ona ! ,e/h]1 (  ! ,scriptures4 ,b1
 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ! latt] 0 !      
daught]  ( ,cyrus1 & !re=e c\ld n be    
,e/h]2 & ! =m] _h f\r  sons by ,d>ius1  
besides daught]s1 born to him aft] he 0 
k+2 &  !re=e %e c\ld n be ! que5 ,va%ti1
 divorc$ f h] husb&  9 ! ?ird ye> ( 8   
reign1 nor he ! ,ahasu]us :o divorc$ h]4
  ,besides1 ,atossa reta9$ h] influ5ce  
ov] ,d>ius to 8 dea?1 &  obta9$ !       
succession ( ! cr[n = 8 son1 ,x]xes2    
:]eas ,va%ti  0 remov$ f ! pres5ce (    
,ahasu]us by an irrevocable decree1     
,e/h] i1 #ai4 ,joseph ,scalig] ma9ta9s t
 ,x]xes 0 ! ,ahasu]us1  & ,hame/ris 8   
que51 ! ,e/h]1 ( ,scripture4 ,! op9ion  
is  f\nd$ on ! similitude ( names1 b    
contradict$ by !  dissimilitude ( !     

*>act]s ( ,hame/ris & ,e/h]4 ,besides1  
,h]odotus says t ,x]xes _h a son by     
,hame/ris t 0 m>riageable  9 ! sev5? ye>
 ( 8 reign2 & !re=e %e c\ld n be ,e/h]4 
,! ,ahasu]us ( ,scripture1 accord+ to   
,dr4 ,prideaux1 0 ,artax]xes            
,longimanus4 ,josephus positively says t
 ?is 0 ! p]son4 ,!  ,septuag9t1 ?r\gh ! 
:ole book ( ,e/h]1 uses ,artax]xes = !  
,hebrew ,ahasu]us :]ev] ! appellation   
occurs2 & ! apocryphal  additions to t  
book e :]e call ! husb& ( ,e/h]         
,artax]xes2 & he c\ld be no o!r ?an     
,artax]xes ,longimanus4 ,!  extraord9>y 
fav\r %[n to ! ,jews by ?is k+1 fir/ 9  
s5d+  ,ezra1 & aft]w>d ,nehemiah1 to    
relieve ?is p1 & re/ore !m  to _! anci5t
 prosp]ity1 af=ds /rong presumptive     
evid5ce t  !y _h ne> 8 p]son & high 9 8 
reg>d su* an advocate z  ,e/h]4         
,ahasu]us is also a "n giv5 9           
,scripture1 ,ezra iv1 #f1 to  ,cambyses1
 ! son ( ,cyrus2 & to ,a/yages1 k+ ( !  
,m$es1 ,dan4 ix1  #a4    ,,ahava4 ,! "n 
( a riv] ( ,babylonia1 or r ( ,assyria1 

:]e  ,ezra assembl$ ^? captives :om he  
aft]w>d br\ght into ,judea1 ,ezra  viii1
 #ae4 ,! riv] ,ahava is ?\ght to be t   
:i* ran along !  ,adab5e1 :]e a riv]    
,diava1 or ,adiava1 is m5tion$1 & on :i*
  ,ptolemy places ! city ,abane or      
,aavane4 ,?is is probably ! c\ntry      
call$ ,ava1 :5ce ! k+s ( ,assyria       
translat$ ! p call$  ,avites into       
,pale/9e1 & :]e !y settl$ "s ( ! captive
  ,israelites1 #b ,k+s xvii1 #bd2 xviii1
 #cd2 xix1 #ac2 xvii1 #ca4 ,ezra1       
int5d+ to collect z _m ,israelites z he 
c\ld1 :o might return to  ,judea1 halt$ 
9 ! c\ntry ( ,ava1 or ,aahava1 :5ce he  
s5t ag5ts  into ! ,caspian m\nta9s1 to  
invite su* ,jews z 7 will+ to jo9  him1 
,ezra viii1 #af4 ,! hi/ory ( ,izates1 k+
 ( ! ,adiab5ians1 &  ( 8 "m ,hel5a1 :o  
became conv]ts to ,judaism "s ye>s aft] 
! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 suffici5tly      
proves t !re 7 _m ,jews  /ill settl$ 9 t
 c\ntry4    ,,ahaz succe$$ 8 fa!r       
,jo?am1 z k+ ( ,israel1 at ! age (      
tw5ty ye>s1 reign$ till ! ye> be=e      

,*ri/1 #gbf1 & addict$  himself to !    
practice ( idolatry4 ,aft] ! cu/oms ( ! 
,hea!n1  he made 8 *ildr5 to pass ?r\gh 
fire2 he %ut up ! temple1 &  de/roy$ its
 vessels4 ,he became tribut>y to        
,tigla?-piles]1 ^:  assi/ance he        
supplicat$ aga9/ ! k+s ( ,syria &       
,israel4 ,su*  0 8 impiety1 t he 0 n    
all[$ burial 9 ! sepul*res ( !  k+s (   
,israel1 #b ,k+s xvi2 #b ,*ron4 xxviii4 
,,ahaziah1 ! son ( ,ahab1 k+ ( ,israel4 
,ahaziah reign$ two ye>s1  p>tly alone1 
& p>tly ) 8 fa!r ,ahab1 :o appo9t$ him 8
  associate 9 ! k+dom a ye> be=e 8 dea?4
 ,ahaziah imitat$ 8  fa!r's impieties1  
#a ,k+s xxii1 #eb1 c1 & paid 8          
adorations to  ,baal & ,a%t>o?1 ! wor%ip
 ( :om _h be5 introduc$ into ,israel  by
 ,jezebel 8 "m4 ,! ,moabites1 :o _h be5 
always ob$i5t to !  k+s ( ! t5 tribes1  
ev] s9ce _! sep>ation f ! k+dom (       
,judah1 revolt$ aft] ! dea? ( ,ahab1 &  
refus$ to pay ! ord9>y  tribute4        
,ahaziah _h n leisure or p[] to r$uce   
!m1 #b ,k+s i1 #a1  #b1 c1 =1 ab\t !    

same "t1 hav+ fall5 ?r\gh a lattice f  !
 top ( 8 h\se1 he 0 consid]ably injur$1 
& s5t mess5g]s  to ,ekron to consult    
,baalzebub1 ! god ( t place1 :e!r he    
%\ld  recov]1 #b ,k+s i1 #a-ag4 ,elijah 
met ! mess5g]s1 & in=m$ !m  he %\ld     
c]ta9ly die2 & he di$ accord+ly4    #b4 
,,ahaziah1 k+ ( ,judah1 ! son ( ,jehoram
 & ,a?aliah4 ,he succe$$  8 fa!r 9 !    
k+dom ( ,judah1 ,a4 ,m4 #caai2 be+ 9 !  
tw5ty-second ye> ( 8 age1 #b ,k+s viii1 
#bf1 c2 & he reign$ "o  ye> only 9      
,j]usalem4 ,he walk$ 9 ! ways ( ,ahab's 
h\se1 to :i*  he 0 relat$1 8 "m be+ ( t 
family4 ,joram1 k+ ( ,israel1  #b ,k+s  
viii1 go+ to attack ,ramo? ,gilead1 :i* 
! k+s ( ,syria  _h tak5 f 8 pr$ecessors1
 0 !re dang]\sly w\nd$1 &  c>ri$ by 8   
own appo9tm5t to ,jezreel1 = ! purpose (
 surgical  assi/ance4 ,ahaziah1 ,joram's
 fri5d & relation1 accompani$ him 9  ?is
 w>1 & came aft]w>d to visit him at     
,jezreel4 ,9 ! meantime1  ,jehu1 ! son (
 ,nim%i1 :om ,joram _h left besieg+ !   
=tress (  ,ramo?1 rebell$ aga9/ 8 ma/]1 

& set out ) a design (  extirpat+ ! h\se
 ( ,ahab1 accord+ to ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l1
  #b ,k+s ix4 ,joram & ,ahaziah1 :o knew
 no?+ ( 8 int5tions1 w5t  to meet him4  
,jehu kill$ ,joram dead ^u ! spot3      
,ahaziah fl$1 b  ,jehu's p ov]took him  
at ! go+ up ( ,gur1 & mortally w\nd$    
him2 not)/&+ :i*1 he _h /r5g? en\gh to  
rea* ,megiddo1  :]e he di$4 ,8 s]vants1 
hav+ laid him 9 8 *>iot1 c>ri$ him  to  
,j]usalem1 :]e he 0 buri$ ) 8 fa!rs1 9 !
 city (  ,david4    ,,ahijah1 ! prophet 
( ! ,"l1 :o dwelt 9 ,%iloh4 ,he is ?\ght
 to  be ! p]son :o spoke twice to       
,solomon f ,god1 once :ile he 0  build+ 
! temple1 #a ,k+s vi1 #aa1 at :i* "t he 
promis$ him !  div9e protection2 & aga91
 #a ,k+s xi1 #aa1 aft] 8 fall+ into 8   
irregul>ities1 ) great ?reat5+s &       
reproa*es4 ,ahijah 0 "o  ( ^? :o wrote !
 hi/ory or annals ( ?is pr9ce1 #b ,*ron4
 ix1  #bi4 ,! same prophet decl>$ to    
,j]oboam1 t he w\ld usurp !  k+dom1 #a  
,k+s xi1 #bi1 c2 &1 ab\t ! end (        
,j]oboam's reign1 he  also pr$ict$ !    

dea? ( ,abijah1 ! only pi\s son ( t     
pr9ce1  z is record$ #a ,k+s xiv1 #b1 c4
 ,ahijah1 9 all probability1 did n  long
 survive ! deliv]y ( ?is la/ prophecy2 b
 we are n in=m$  ( ! "t & mann] ( 8     
dea?4    ,,ahikam1 ! son ( ,%aphan1 &   
fa!r ( ,g$aliah4 ,he 0 s5t by  ,josiah1 
k+ ( ,judah1 to ,huldah ! prophetess1 #b
 ,k+s xxii1 #ab1 to  consult h] conc]n+ 
! book ( ! law1 :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 !     
temple4    ,,ahimaaz1 ! son ( ,zadok1 ! 
high prie/4 ,ahimaaz succe$$ 8 fa!r  "u 
! reign ( ,solomon4 ,he p]=m$ a v       
important piece (  s]vice = ,david dur+ 
! w> ) ,absalom4 ,:ile 8 fa!r ,zadok  0 
9 ,j]usalem1 #b ,sam4 xv1 #bi1 ,ahimaaz 
& ,jona?an cont9u$ )\t  ! city1 xvii1   
#ag1 ne> ,en-,rogel1 or ! f\nta9 (      
,rogel2 ?i!r a  maid s]vant came to tell
 !m ! resolution :i* _h be5 tak5 9      
,absalom's c\ncil3 :]eupon !y imm$iately
 dep>t$ to give ! k+  intellig5ce4 ,b   
be+ discov]$ by a "y lad :o gave        
in=mation  conc]n+ !m to ,absalom1 t    
pr9ce s5t ord]s to pursue !m3  ,ahimaaz 

& ,jona?an1 fe>+ to be tak51 retir$ to a
 man's h\se at  ,bah>im1 9 ^: c\rt-y>d  
!re 0 a well1 :]e9 !y conceal$          
!mselves4 ,aft] ! battle1 9 :i* ,absalom
 0 ov]come & sla91  xviii1 ,ahimaaz     
desir$ leave ( ,joab to c>ry ! news !re(
 to ,david4  ,b in/ead ( him ,joab s5t  
,cu%i to c>ry ! news1 & told ,ahimaaz  t
 he w\ld s5d him to ! k+ ^u "s o!r      
occasion2 b soon  aft] ,cu%i 0 dep>t$1  
,ahimaaz appli$ aga9 to ,joab1 pray+ to 
be  p]mitt$ to run aft] ,cu%i2 &1 hav+  
obta9$ leave1 he ran by !  way ( ! pla91
 & outran ,cu%i4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 !      
prie/hood  by 8 son ,az>iah4            
,,ahimele*4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,ahitub1 &    
bro!r ( ,ahia1 :om he  succe$$ 9 ! high 
prie/hood4 ,he is call$ ,abia?>1 ,m>k   
ii1 #bf4  ,dur+ 8 prie/hood ! tab]nacle 
0 at ,nob1 :]e ,ahimele*1 )  o!r prie/s1
 _h _! habitation4 ,david1 be+ in=m$ by 
8 fri5d  ,jona?an t ,saul 0 det]m9$ to  
de/roy him1 ?\ght x prud5t to  retire4  
,he !re=e w5t to ,nob1 to ! high prie/  
,ahimele*1 :o gave  him ! %ew bread1 & !

 sword ( ,golia?4 ,"o day1 :5 ,saul 0   
compla9+ ( 8 (fic]s1 t no "o 0 affect$ )
 8  mis=tunes1 or gave him any          
intellig5ce ( :at 0 c>ry+ on  aga9/ him1
 #a ,sam4 xxii1 #i1 c1 ,doeg relat$ to  
him :at _h occurr$  :5 ,david came to   
,ahimele* ! high prie/4 ,on ?is         
in=mation1 ,saul  conv5$ ! prie/s1 &    
hav+ *>g$ !m ) ! crime ( treason1  ord]$
 8 gu>ds to slay !m1 :i* !y refus+ to d1
 ,doeg1 :o  _h be5 _! accus]1 at ! k+'s 
comm& became _! execution]1  & ) 8      
sacrilegi\s h& massacr$ no less ?an     
eighty-five (  !m2 ! ,septuag9t &       
,syriac v]sions make ! numb] ( prie/s   
sla9 by ,doeg ?ree hundr$ & five4 ,nor  
did ,saul /op "h2 b1  s5d+ a p>ty to    
,nob1 he comm&$ !m to slay m51 wom51 &  
*ildr51 & ev5 cattle1 ) ! edge ( !      
sword4 ,only "o son (  ,ahimele*1 nam$  
,abia?>1 escap$ ! c>nage & fl$ to       
,david4    ,,ahi?ophel1 a native (      
,giloh1 :o1 aft] hav+ be5 ,david's      
c\nsellor1 jo9$ 9 ! rebellion (         
,absalom1 & assi/$ him )  8 advice4     

,hu%ai1 ! fri5d ( ,david1 0 employ$ to  
c\nt]act !  c\nsels ( ,ahi?ophel1 & to  
deprive ,absalom1 "u a pret5ce (  s]v+  
him1 ( ! advantage t 0 likely to result 
f !  measures :i* he propos$4 ,"o ( ^!  
measures 0 calculat$ to  r5d] ,david    
irreconcilable1 & 0 imm$iately adopt$2 &
 ! o!r  to secure1 or to slay him4 ,be=e
 ! la/ c\nsel 0 foll[$1  ,hu%ai's advice
 0 desir$2 & he recomm5d$ _! assembl+   
toge!r ! :ole =ce ( ,israel1 putt+      
,absalom at _! head1 &  ov]:elm+ ,david 
by _! numb]4 ,! trea*]\s c\nsel ( ,hu%ai
  0 pref]r$ to t ( ,ahi?ophel2 ) :i* !  
latt] be+  disgu/$ he ha/5$ to 8 h\se at
 ,giloh1 :]e he put an end to 8  life4  
,he probably =esaw ,absalom's defeat1 & 
dread$ ! puni%m5t  :i* w\ld be inflict$ 
on himself z a traitor1 :5 ,david 0     
resettl$ on ! ?rone4 ,a4 ,m4 #biha4 ,b4 
,c4 #ajbc4 #b ,sam4 xv1 xvii4           
,,aholibah4 ,?is & ,aholah are two      
feign$ names made use ( by ,ezekiel1    
xxiii1 #d1 to d5ote ! two k+doms (      
,judah & ,sam>ia4 ,aholah &  ,aholibah  

are repres5t$ z two si/]s ( ,egyptian   
extraction4 ,aholah  /&s = ,sam>ia1 &   
,aholibah = ,j]usalem4 ,! fir/ signifies
 a  t5t1 & ! second1 my t5t is 9 h]4 ,!y
 bo? pro/itut$  !mselves to ! ,egyptians
 & ,assyrians1 9 imitat+ _!  abom9ations
 & idolatries2 = :i* reason ! ,"l ab&on$
 !m to  ^? v p = ^: evil practices !y _h
 %[n s passionate  an affection4 ,!y 7  
c>ri$ into captivity1 & r$uc$ to !      
sev]e/ s]vitude4    ,,ai1 call$ by !    
,,lxx1 ,gai1 by ,josephus ,a9a1 & by    
o!rs ,ajah1 a t[n  ( ,pale/9e1 situate  
we/ ( ,be!l1 & at a small di/ance       
nor?-we/  ( ,j]i*o4 ,! ?ree ?\s& m51    
fir/ s5t by ,jo%ua to r$uce ?is  city1 7
 repuls$1 on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( ,a*an1 :o  
_h violat$  ! ana!ma pron\nc$ aga9/     
,j]i*o1 by appropriat+ a "p ( !  spoil4 
,aft] ! expiation ( ?is (f5ce1 ! :ole   
army ( ,israel  m>*$ aga9/ ,ai1 ) ord]s 
to treat t city z ,j]i*o _h be5  treat$1
 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! plund] 0 to be giv5
 to !  army4 ,jo%ua1 hav+ appo9t$ an    
ambu% ( ?irty ?\s& m51 m>*$  aga9/ !    

city1 & by a feign$ retreat1 drew out ! 
k+ ( ,ai )  8 troops2 & ^u a signal giv5
 by elevat+ 8 %ield on ! top  ( a pike1 
! m5 9 ambu% ent]$ ! city & set fire to 
x4 ,?us  ! soldi]s ( ,ai1 plac$ betwe5  
two divisions ( ,jo%ua's army1 7  all   
de/roy$2 ! k+ alone be+ pres]v$ = a m   
ignom9i\s  dea? on a gibbet1 :]e he hung
 till sunset4 ,! spoil ( ! place 0      
aft]w>d divid$ among ! ,israelites4 ,!  
m5 appo9t$ = ambu%  are1 9 "o place1    
said to be ?irty ?\s&1 & 9 ano!r five   
?\s&4 ,= reconcil+ ?is app>5t           
contradiction1 mo/ comm5tators  h       
g5]ally suppos$1 t !re 7 two bodies     
plac$ 9 ambuscade  betwe5 ,be!l & ,ai1  
"o ( tw5ty-five ?\s& & ! o!r ( five     
?\s& m52 ! latt] be+ probably a deta*m5t
 f ! ?irty  ?\s& fir/ s5t1 & ord]$ to   
lie z ne> to ! city z possible4  ,masius
 all[s only five ?\s& m5 = ! ambuscade1 
& tw5ty-five  ?\s& = ! attack4          
,,ai*malot>*1  signifies ! pr9ce ( !    
captivity1 or  *ief ( ! captives4 ,!    
,jews pret5d t ?is 0 ! title ( him  :o  

_h ! gov]nm5t ( _! p dur+ ! captivity ( 
,babylon2  & !y believe ^! pr9ces or    
gov]nors to h be5 con/antly (  ! tribe (
 ,judah1 & family ( ,david4 ,b !y give  
no satisfactory  pro( ( ! real exi/5ce (
 ^! ,ai*malot>*s4 ,!re 0 no pr9ce  ( !  
captivity be=e ! end ( ! second c5tury1 
f :i* p]iod  ! (fice cont9u$ till !     
elev5? c5tury4 ,! pr9ces ( !  captivity 
resid$ at ,babylon1 :]e !y 7 in/all$ )  
great  c]emony1 held c\rts ( ju/ice1 c1 
& 7 set ov] ! ea/]n  ,jews1 or ^? settl$
 9 ,babylon1 ,*alda1 ,assyria1 & ,p]sia4
 ,?us  !y affect$ to re/ore ! spl5d\r ( 
_! anci5t mon>*y1 & 9  ?is view ! foll[+
 acc\nt may be amus+4 ,! c]emonial ( !  
in/allation is ?us describ$3 ,!         
spiritual heads ( ! p1 !  ma/]s ( !     
le>n$ s*ools1 ! eld]s1 & ! p1 assembl$ 9
  great multitudes )9 a /ately *amb]1   
adorn$ ) ri* curta9s1  9 ,babylon1 :]e1 
dur+ 8 days ( spl5d\r1 ! ,res*-,glu?a   
fix$  8 resid5ce4 ,! pr9ce 0 seat$ on a 
l(ty ?rone4 ,! heads ( !  s*ools ( ,sura
 & ,pumb$i?a on 8 "r h& & left4 ,^!     

*iefs  ( ! le>n$ m5 !n deliv]$ an       
address1 exhort+ ! new mon>*  n to abuse
 8 p[]2 & rem9d$ him t he 0 call$ to    
slav]y  r ?an to sov]eignty1 = he 0     
pr9ce ( a captive p4 ,on  ! next        
,?ursday he 0 inaugurat$ by ! lay+ on ( 
h&s1 & !  s\nd ( trumpets1 &            
acclamations4 ,he 0 escort$ to 8 palace 
)  great pomp1 & receiv$ magnific5t     
pres5ts f all 8 subjects4 ,on  ! ,sabba?
 all ! pr9cipal p be+ assembl$ be=e 8   
h\se1  he plac$ himself at _! head1 &1 )
 8 face cov]$ ) a  silk5 veil1 proce$$  
to ! synagogue4 ,b5$ictions & hymns (   
?anksgiv+ ann\nc$ 8 entrance4 ,!y !n    
br\ght him ! book (  ! law1 out ( :i* he
 read ! fir/ l9e1 aft]w>d he address$ ! 
assembly1 ) 8 eyes clos$ out ( respect4 
,he exhort$ !m to  *>ity1 & set !       
example by (f]+ lib]al alms to ! poor4  
,!  c]emony clos$ ) new acclamations1 & 
pray]s to ,god t1 "u  ! new pr9ce1 he   
w\ld be pleas$ to put an end to _!      
calamities4  ,! pr9ce gave 8 bless+ to !
 p1 & pray$ = ea*  prov9ce1 t x might be

 pres]v$ f w> & fam9e4 ,he conclud$  8  
orisons 9 a l[ voice1 le/ 8 pray] %\ld  
be repeat$ to !  jeal\s e>s ( ! native  
mon>*s1 = he pray$ = ! re/oration  ( !  
k+dom ( ,israel1 :i* c\ld n rise b on ! 
ru9s ( _!  empire4 ,! pr9ce return$ to 8
 palace1 :]e he gave a spl5did  banquet 
to ! *ief p]sons ( ! community4 ,aft] t 
day he liv$  9 a sort ( /ately ori5tal  
seclusion1 nev] quitt+ 8 palace1  except
 to g to ! s*ools ( ! le>n$1 :]e1 z he  
ent]$1 !  :ole assembly rose & cont9u$  
/&+1 till he took 8 seat4 ,he  sometimes
 paid a visit to ! native sov]eign 9    
,babylon 7,bagdad47 ,?is  probably ref]s
 to a some:at lat] p]iod4 ,on ^! great  
occasions 8  imp]ial ho/ s5t 8 own *>iot
 = 8 gue/2 b ! pr9ce ( !  captivity d>$ 
n accept ! invidi\s di/9ction1 he walk$ 
9  humble & submissive mode/y beh9d !   
*>iot4 ,yet 8 own /ate 0  by no means   
want+ 9 spl5d\r3 he 0 array$ 9 clo? (   
gold2 fifty  gu>ds m>*$ be=e him2 all ! 
,jews :o met him on ! way paid  _!      
homage1 & fell beh9d into 8 tra94 ,he 0 

receiv$ by !  eunu*s1 :o conduct$ him to
 ! ?rone1 :ile "o ( 8 (fic]s1 z  he m>*$
 sl[ly along1 di/ribut$ gold & silv] on 
all sides4 ,z  ! pr9ce approa*$ !       
imp]ial ?rone1 he pro/rat$ himself on ! 
gr\nd1 9 tok5 ( vassalage4 ,! eunu*s    
rais$ him & plac$ him on  ! left h& ( ! 
sov]eign4 ,aft] ! fir/ salutation1 !    
pr9ce  repres5t$ ! grievances1 or       
discuss$ ! affairs1 ( 8 p4    ,! c\rt ( 
! ,res*-,glu?a is describ$ z spl5did4 ,9
 imitation (  8 ,p]sian ma/]1 he _h 8   
(fic]s1 c\nsellors1 & cup-be>]s2  &     
rabb9s 7 appo9t$ z satraps ov] ! diff]5t
 communities4  ,?is /ate1 x is probable1
 0 ma9ta9$ by a tribute rais$ f !  body 
( ! p1 & sub/itut$ = t :i*1 9 anci5t    
times 0  paid = ! temple 9 ,j]usalem4 ,8
 subjects 9 ,babylonia 7 _m (  !m       
weal?y4    ,,aijalon1 a city ( !        
,canaanites2 ! valley adjo9+ to :i* is  
memorable 9 sacr$ hi/ory f ! miracle (  
,jo%ua1 9 arre/+ !  c\rse ( ! sun &     
moon1 t ! ,israelites might h suffici5t 
light to pursue _! enemies1 ,jo%ua x1   

#ab1 #ac4 ,aijalon 0 aft]w>d a          
,levitical city1 & belong$ to ! tribe ( 
,dan2 :o did n1 h[ev]1  drive out !     
,amorite inhabitants1 ,judges i1 #ce4   
,,air1 t ?91 fluid1 ela/ic1 transp>5t1  
pond]\s1 compressible  body :i* surr\nds
 ! t]raque\s globe to a consid]able     
height4 ,9  ,scripture x is sometimes   
us$ = heav52 z1 8! birds ( ! air20  8!  
birds ( heav540 ,to 8beat ! air10 & 8to 
speak to ! air10 #a  ,cor4 ix1 #bf1     
signify to fatigue ourselves 9 va91 & to
 speak to no  purpose4 8,! pr9ce ( ! p[]
 ( ! air0 is ! head & *ief (  ! evil    
spirits1 ) :i* bo? ,jews & ,hea!ns ?\ght
 ! air 0  fill$4    ,,alaba/]1 1 ! "n ( 
a g5us ( fossils ne>ly alli$ to  m>ble4 
,x is a bright elegant /one1 sometimes (
 a sn[y :it5ess4 ,x  may be cut freely1 
& is capable ( a f9e poli%2 &1 be+ ( a  
s(t  nature1 x is wr\ght into any =m or 
figure ) ease4 ,vases or  cruises 7     
anci5tly made ( x1 :]e9 to pres]ve      
odorif]\s  liquors & o9tm5ts4 ,pl9y &   
o!rs repres5t x z peculi>ly  prop] = ?is

 purpose2 & ! druggi/s 9 ,egypt h1 at   
?is day1  vessels made ( x1 9 :i* !y    
keep _! m$ic9es & p]fumes4    ,9 ,matt4 
xxvi1 #f1 #g1 we read t ,jesus be+ at   
table 9 ,be?any1 9  ! h\se ( ,simon !   
lep]1 a woman came ?i!r & p\r$ an       
alaba/] box ( o9tm5t on 8 head4 ,/4 ,m>k
 adds1 8,%e brake !  box10 :i* m]ely    
ref]s to ! seal ^u ! vase :i* clos$ x1 &
  kept ! p]fume f evaporat+4 ,?is _h    
nev] be5 remov$1 b 0  on ?is occasion   
brok51 t is1 fir/ op5$4    ,,albig5ses4 
,see ,,wald5ses4    ,,aleph1 1 ! "n ( ! 
fir/ lett] 9 ! ,hebrew alphabet1 f  :i* 
! alpha ( ! ,syrians & ,greeks 0 =m$4   
,?is ^w  signifies1 pr9ce1 *ief1 or     
?\s&1 express+1 z x 71 a  lead+ numb]4  
,,alex&]1 commonly call$ ! ,great1 son &
 successor ( ,philip1 k+  ( ,mac$on1 is 
d5ot$ 9 ! prophecies ( ,daniel by a     
leop>d )  f\r w+s1 signify+ 8 great     
/r5g?1 & ! unusual rapidity (  8        
conque/s1 ,dan4 vii1 #f2 & by a "o-horn$
 he-goat runn+ ov] !  e>? s swiftly z n 
to t\* x1 attack+ a ram ) two horns1    

ov]?r[+ him1 & trampl+ him "u foot1 )\t 
any be+ able  to rescue him1 ,dan4 viii1
 #d-g4 ,! he-goat prefigur$ ,alex&]2 !  
ram1 ,d>ius ,codomannus1 ! la/ ( !      
,p]sian k+s4 ,9 ! /atue  beheld by      
,nebu*adnezz> 9 8 dream1 ,dan4 ii1 #ci1 
! belly ( brass  0 ! emblem ( ,alex&]4  
,he 0 appo9t$ by ,god to de/roy !       
,p]sian empire1 & to sub/itute 9 its    
room ! ,grecian mon>*y4    ,alex&]      
succe$$ 8 fa!r ,philip1 ,a4 ,m4 #cffh1 &
 ,b4 ,c4 #ccf4 ,he 0  *os51 by !        
,greeks1 g5]al ( _! troops aga9/ !      
,p]sians1 &  ent]$ ,asia at ! head (    
?irty-f\r ?\s& m51 ,a4 ,m4 #cfgj4 ,9 "o 
campaign1 he subdu$ almo/ all ,asia     
,m9or2 & aft]w>d defeat$1 9  ! n>r[     
passes :i* l$ f ,syria to ,cilicia1 !   
army ( ,d>ius1  :i* consi/$ ( f\r hundr$
 ?\s& foot1 & "o hundr$ ?\s&  horse4    
,d>ius fl$1 & left 9 ! h&s ( ! conqu]or1
 8 camp1  baggage1 *ildr51 wife1 & "m4  
,aft] subdu+ ,syria1 ,alex&] came to    
,tyre2 & ! ,tyrians refus+  him entrance
 into _! city1 he besieg$ x4 ,at ! same 

"t he wrote  to ,jaddus1 high prie/ ( ! 
,jews1 t he expect$ to be ackn[l$g$  by 
him1 & to receive f him ! same          
submission :i* _h hi!rto  be5 paid to ! 
k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,jaddus refus+ to comply "u
 !  plea ( hav+ sworn fidelity to       
,d>ius1 ,alex&] resolv$ to m>*  aga9/   
,j]usalem1 :5 he _h r$uc$ ,tyre4 ,aft] a
 long siege1 ?is  city 0 tak5 & sack$2 &
 ,alex&] ent]$ ,pale/9e1 ,a4 ,m4 #cfgb1 
& subject$ x to 8 ob$i5ce4 ,z he 0 m>*+ 
aga9/ ,j]usalem1  ! ,jews became greatly
 al>m$1 & _h rec\rse to pray]s &        
sacrifices4 ,! ,"l1 9 a dream1 comm&$   
,jaddus to op5 ! gates to  ! conqu]or1  
&1 at ! head ( 8 p1 dress$ 9 8          
pontifical  ornam5ts1 & att5d$ by !     
prie/s 9 _! robes1 to advance &  meet ! 
,mac$onian k+4 ,jaddus obey$2 & ,alex&] 
p]ceiv+ ?is  company approa*+1 ha/5$    
t[>d ! high prie/1 :om he salut$4  ,he  
!n ador$ ,god1 ^: "n 0 engrav5 on a ?9  
plate ( gold1  worn by ! high prie/ ^u 8
 =ehead4 ,! k+s ( ,syria :o  accompani$ 
him1 & ! great (fic]s ab\t ,alex&]1 c\ld

 n  compreh5d ! mean+ ( 8 conduct4      
,p>m5io alone v5tur$ to ask  him :y he  
ador$ ! ,jewi% high prie/2 ,alex&]      
repli$1 t he  paid ?is respect to ,god1 
& n to ! high prie/4 8,=10 add$ he1     
8:il/ ,i 0 yet 9 ,mac$onia1 ,i saw !    
,god ( ! ,jews1 :o appe>$  to me 9 !    
same =m & dress z ! high prie/ at       
pres5t1 & :o  enc\rag$ me & comm&$ me to
 m>* boldly into ,asia1 promis+ t  he   
w\ld be my guide1 & give me ! empire ( !
 ,p]sians4 ,z soon1  !re=e1 z ,i p]ceiv$
 ?is habit1 ,i recollect$ ! vision1 &   
und]/ood t my und]tak+ 0 fav\r$ by ,god1
 & t "u 8  protection ,i might expect   
prosp]ity40    ,hav+ said ?is1 ,alex&]  
accompani$ ,jaddus to ,j]usalem1 :]e he 
(f]$ sacrifices 9 ! temple accord+ to ! 
directions ( ! high  prie/4 ,jaddus is  
said to h %[$ him ! prophecies (        
,daniel1 9  :i* ! de/ruction ( ! ,p]sian
 empire by ,alex&] is decl>$4  ,! k+ 0  
!re=e confirm$ 9 8 op9ion1 t ,god _h    
*os5 him  to execute ?is great "w4 ,at 8
 dep>ture1 ,alex&] bade ! ,jews  ask (  

him :at !y w\ld4 ,! high prie/ desir$   
only ! lib]ty (  liv+ "u 8 gov]nm5t     
accord+ to _! own laws1 & an  exemption 
f tribute e sev5? ye>1 because 9 t ye> !
 ,jews  nei!r till$ _! gr\nds1 nor reap$
 _! fruits4 ,) ?is reque/  ,alex&]      
readily compli$4    ,hav+ left          
,j]usalem1 ,alex&] visit$ o!r cities (  
,pale/9e1 &  0 e :]e receiv$ ) great    
te/imonies ( fri5d%ip &  submission4 ,! 
,sam>itans :o dwelt at ,si*em1 & 7      
apo/ates f  ! ,jewi% religion1 obs]v+ h[
 k9dly ,alex&] _h treat$ !  ,jews1      
resolv$ to say t !y also 7 by religion  
,jews4 ,= x 0  _! practice1 :5 !y saw ! 
affairs ( ! ,jews 9 a prosp]\s  /ate1 to
 boa/ t !y 7 desc5d$ f ,manasseh &      
,ephraim2 b  :5 !y ?\ght x _! int]e/ to 
say ! contr>y1 !y fail$ n  to affirm1 & 
ev5 to swe>1 t !y 7 n relat$ to ! ,jews4
  ,!y came1 !re=e1 ) _m demon/rations ( 
joy1 to meet  ,alex&]1 z f> almo/ z !   
t]ritories ( ,j]usalem4 ,alex&]  comm5d$
 _! zeal2 & ! ,si*emites entreat$ him to
 visit _!  temple & city4 ,alex&]       

promis$ ?is at 8 return2 b z !y         
petition$ him = ! same privileges z !   
,jews1 he ask$ !m if  !y 7 ,jews4 ,!y   
repli$1 !y 7 ,hebrews1 & 7 call$ by !   
,phnicians1 ,si*emites4 ,alex&] said t  
he _h grant$ ?is  exemption only to !   
,jews1 b t at 8 return he w\ld inquire  
into  ! affair1 & d !m ju/ice4    ,?is  
pr9ce hav+ conqu]$ ,egypt1 & regulat$ x1
 gave ord]s =  ! build+ ( ! city (      
,alex&ria1 & dep>t$ !nce1 ab\t  spr+1 9 
pursuit ( ,d>ius4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,pale/9e1
 he 0 in=m$  t ! ,sam>itans1 9 a g5]al  
insurrection1 _h kill$ ,&roma*us1       
gov]nor ( ,syria & ,pale/9e1 :o _h come 
to ,sam>ia to regulate  "s affairs4 ,?is
 action greatly inc5s$ ,alex&]1 :o lov$ 
,&roma*us4 ,he !re=e comm&$ all ^? :o 7 
conc]n$ 9 8  murd] to be put to dea?1 & 
! re/ to be bani%$ f ,sam>ia2 &  settl$ 
a colony ( ,mac$onians 9 _! room4 ,:at  
rema9$ ( _!  l&s he gave to ! ,jews1 &  
exempt$ !m f ! paym5t (  tribute4 ,!    
,sam>itans :o escap$ ?is calamity1      
retir$ to ,si*em1 at  ! foot ( m\nt     

,g]izim1 :i* aft]w>d became _! capital4 
,le/  ! eight ?\s& m5 ( ?is nation1 :o 7
 9 ! s]vice (  ,alex&]1 & _h accompani$ 
him s9ce ! siege ( ,tyre1 if p]mitt$  to
 return to _! own c\ntry1 %\ld r5ew ! _s
 ( rebellion1 he  s5t !m into ,!bais1 ! 
mo/ remote s\!rn prov9ce ( ,egypt1  :]e 
he assign$ !m l&s4    ,alex&]1 aft]     
defeat+ ,d>ius 9 a pit*$ battle1 &      
subdu+ all  ,asia & ! ,indies )         
incr$ible rapidity1 gave himself up to  
intemp]ance4 ,hav+ drunk to excess1 he  
fell sick & di$1 aft] he  _h oblig$ 8all
 ! _w to be quiet be=e him10 #a ,macc4  
i1 #c4 ,be+  s5sible t 8 end 0 ne>1 he  
s5t = ! gr&ees ( 8 c\rt1  & decl>$ t 8he
 gave ! empire to ! mo/ des]v+40 ,"s    
affirm t he regulat$ ! succession by a  
w4 ,! au?or ( !  fir/ book ( ,maccabees 
says1 t he divid$ 8 k+dom among 8       
g5]als :ile he 0 liv+1 #a ,macc4 i1 #g4 
,?is he might d2 or he  might express 8 
=esight ( :at actually took place aft] 8
 dea?4  ,x is c]ta91 t a p>tition 0 made
 ( ,alex&]'s dom9ions among  ! f\r      

pr9cipal (fic]s ( 8 army1 & t ! empire  
:i* he  f\nd$ 9 ,asia subsi/$ = _m ages4
 ,alex&] di$1 ,a4 ,m4 #cfhd1 &  ,b4 ,c4 
#cbc1 9 ! ?irty-?ird ye> ( 8 age1 & !   
twelf? ( 8  reign4 ,! above p>ticul>s ( 
,alex&] are "h introduc$ because1  f 8  
invasion ( ,pale/9e1 ! int]c\rse ( !    
,jews ) !  ,greeks became intimate1 &   
influ5c$ _m ev5ts ( _! subsequ5t        
hi/ory4    ,on ! acc\nt above giv5 ( !  
int]view betwe5 ,alex&] & !  ,jewi% high
 prie/1 by ,josephus1 _m d\bts h be5 ca/
 by critics4  ,b ! sudd5 *ange ( 8      
feel+s t[>d !m1 & ! fav\r )  :i* !      
nation 0 treat$ by him1 r5d] ! /ory n   
improbable4    ,,alex&ria1 a fam\s city 
( ,egypt1 &1 dur+ ! reign ( !           
,ptolemies1 ! regal capital ( t k+dom4  
,x 0 f\nd$ by  ,alex&] ! ,great3 :o be+ 
/ruck ) ! advantage\s situation (  !    
spot :]e ! city aft]w>d /ood1 ord]$ its 
imm$iate erection2  drew ! plan ( ! city
 himself1 & peopl$ x ) colonies (       
,greeks & ,jews3 to :i* latt] p1 9      
p>ticul>1 he gave great  enc\ragem5t4   

,!y 71 9 fact1 made free citiz5s1 & _h  
all !  privileges ( ,mac$onians grant$  
to !m2 :i* lib]al policy  contribut$ mu*
 to ! rise & prosp]ity ( ! new city2 =  
?is  ent]pris+ & comm]cial p knew mu*   
bett] ?an ei!r !  ,greeks or !          
,egyptians h[ to turn ! happy situation 
( ,alex&ria to  ! be/ acc\nt4 ,! fall ( 
,tyre happ5+ ab\t ! same "t1 !  trade ( 
t city 0 soon drawn to ,alex&ria1 :i*   
became ! c5tre  ( comm]cial int]c\rse   
betwe5 ! ea/ & ! we/2 & 9 process  ( "t 
grew to su* an ext5t1 9 magnitude &     
weal?1 z to be second  9 po9t (         
population & magnific5ce to none b ,rome
 itself4    ,alex&ria ow$ mu* ( its     
celebrity z well z its population to !  
,ptolemies4 ,ptolemy ,sot]1 "o (        
,alex&]'s capta9s1 :o1 aft] !  dea? (   
?is mon>*1 0 fir/ gov]nor ( ,egypt1 &   
aft]w>d  assum$ ! title ( k+1 made ?is  
city ! place ( 8 resid5ce1  ab\t ,b4 ,c4
 #cjd4 ,?is pr9ce f\nd$ an academy1     
call$ ! ,museum1 9  :i* a society (     
le>n$ m5 devot$ !mselves to             

philosophical  /udies1 & ! improvem5t ( 
all ! o!r sci5ces2 & he also gave  !m a 
libr>y1 :i* 0 prodigi\sly increas$ by 8 
successors4 ,he  likewise induc$ !      
m]*ants ( ,syria & ,greece to reside 9  
?is  city1 & to make x a pr9cipal m>t ( 
_! comm]ce4 ,8 son &  successor1        
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 pursu$ ! designs
 ( 8 fa!r4    ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,romans1 !   
successors ( ! ,mac$onians 9 !  gov]nm5t
 ( ,egypt1 ! trade ( ,alex&ria cont9u$  
to fl\ri%1  until luxury & lic5ti\sness 
pav$ ! way1 z 9 e simil>  in/ance1 = its
 ov]?r[4    ,alex&ria1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( 
,egypt1 pass$ f ! dom9ion (  ! ,romans  
to t ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,) ?is ev5t1 ! sun (  
,alex&ria may be said to h set3 !       
blight+ h& ( ,islamism 0  laid on x2 &  
al?\gh ! g5ius & ! res\rces ( su* a city
  c\ld n be imm$iately de/roy$1 x       
cont9u$ to langui% until !  passage by !
 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ! fifte5?       
c5tury1 gave a new  *annel to ! trade   
:i* = s _m c5turies _h be5 its support2 
& at ?is day1 ,alex&ria1 l mo/ ea/]n    

cities1 pres5ts a mix$  spectacle ( ru9s
 & wret*$ness1--( fall5 greatness &     
enslav$  human be+s4    ,"s idea may be 
=m$ ( ! ext5t & gr&eur ( ,alex&ria1 by !
  boa/ made by ,amr\3 8,i h tak510 said 
he1 8! great city ( !  we/4 ,x is       
impossible = me to enum]ate ! v>iety (  
its ri*es &  beauty4 ,i %all cont5t     
myself ) obs]v+1 t x conta9s f\r  ?\s&  
palaces1 f\r ?\s& ba?s1 f\r hundr$      
!atres or places  ( amusem5t1 twelve    
?\s& %ops = ! sale ( vegetable foods1 & 
=ty ?\s& tribut>y ,jews40    ,x 0 9     
,alex&ria *iefly t ! ,grecian philosophy
 0 engraft$  ^u ! /ock ( anci5t ori5tal 
wisdom4 ,! ,egyptian me?od (  tea*+ by  
allegory 0 peculi>ly fav\rable to su* a 
union3 & we  may well suppose t :5      
,alex&]1 9 ord] to pres]ve by ! arts  ( 
peace t ext5sive empire :i* he _h obta9$
 by ! =ce (  arms1 endeav\r$ to         
incorporate ! cu/oms ( ! ,greeks ) ^? ( 
! ,p]sian1 ,indian1 & o!r ea/]n nations1
 ! op9ions z well z  ! mann]s ( ?is     
feeble & obsequi\s race w\ld1 9 a great 

measure1 be accommodat$ to ^? ( _!      
conqu]ors4 ,?is influ5ce (  ! ,grecian  
^u ! ori5tal philosophy cont9u$ long    
aft] ! "t  ( ,alex&]1 & 0 "o pr9cipal   
occasion ( ! confusion (  op9ions :i*   
occurs 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,alex&rian &      
,*ri/ian  s*ools4 ,alex&]1 :5 he built !
 city ( ,alex&ria1 ) a  det]m9ation to  
make x ! seat ( 8 empire1 & peopl$ x )  
emigrants f v>i\s c\ntries1 op5$ a new  
m>t ( philosophy1 :i*  emulat$ ! fame ( 
,a!ns itself4 ,a g5]al indulg5ce 0      
grant$ to  ! promiscu\s cr[d assembl$ 9 
?is ris+ city1 :e!r ,egyptians1         
,grecians1 ,jews1 or o!rs1 to pr(ess _! 
respective sy/ems (  philosophy )\t     
mole/ation4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ,egypt 0 
soon  fill$ ) religi\s & philosophical  
sect>ies ( e k9d2 &  p>ticul>ly1 t almo/
 e ,grecian sect f\nd an advocate &     
pr(essor 9 ,alex&ria4 ,! family ( !     
,ptolemies1 z we h se51  :o aft] ,alex&]
 obta9$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,egypt1 f motives (
  policy enc\rag$ ?is new e/abli%m5t4   
,ptolemy ,lagus1 :o _h  obta9$ ! cr[n ( 

,egypt by usurpation1 0 p>ticul>ly      
c>eful to  secure ! int]e/ ( ! ,greeks 9
 8 fav\r1 & ) ?is view  invit$ p f e "p 
( ,greece to settle 9 ,egypt1 & remov$  
! s*ools ( ,a!ns to ,alex&ria4 ,?is     
enlight5$ pr9ce sp>$ no  pa9s to raise !
 lit]>y1 z well z ! civil1 milit>y1 &   
comm]cial cr$it ( 8 c\ntry4 ,"u !       
patronage fir/ ( !  ,egyptian pr9ces1 & 
aft]w>d ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 ,alex&ria   
long  cont9u$ to enjoy great celebrity z
 ! seat ( le>n+1 & to s5d  =? em95t     
philosoph]s ( e sect to di/ant c\ntries4
 ,x  rema9$ a s*ool ( le>n+1 z well z a 
comm]cial emporium1 till x  0 tak51 &   
plund]$ ( its lit]>y treasures by !     
,s>ac5s4  ,philosophy1 dur+ ?is p]iod1  
suff]$ a griev\s corruption f !  attempt
 :i* 0 made by philosoph]s ( diff]5t    
sects & c\ntries1  ,grecian1 ,egyptian1 
& ori5tal1 :o 7 assembl$ 9 ,alex&ria1 to
  frame1 f _! diff]5t t5ets1 "o g5]al   
sy/em ( op9ions4 ,!  respect :i* _h long
 be5 univ]sally paid to ! s*ools (      
,greece1  & ! hon\rs ) :i* !y 7 n[      

adorn$ by ! ,egyptian  pr9ces1 induc$   
o!r wise m51 & ev5 ! ,egyptian prie/s & 
philosoph]s !mselves1 to submit to ?is  
innovation4 ,h5ce arose a  het]og5e\s   
mass ( op9ions1 "u ! "n ( ! ,eclectic   
philosophy1 & :i* 0 ! f\ndation (       
endless confusion1 error1  & absurdity1 
n only 9 ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 b among    
,jews &  ,*ri/ians2 produc+ among ! =m] 
t speci\s k9d ( philosophy1  :i* !y     
call$ _! ,cabala1 & among ! latt]       
innum]able  corruptions ( ! ,*ri/ian    
fai?4    ,at ,alex&ria !re 01 9 a v e>ly
 p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian ra1 a  ,*ri/ian     
s*ool ( consid]able em95ce4 ,/4 ,j]ome  
says1 ! s*ool  at ,alex&ria _h be5 9 be+
 f ! "t ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,pantnus1  plac$ by 
,l>dn] at ! ye> #aib1 presid$ 9 x4 ,/4  
,clem5t (  ,alex&ria succe$$ ,pantnus 9 
?is s*ool ab\t ! ye> #aij2 & he  0      
succe$$ by ,orig54 ,! ext5sive comm]ce (
 ,alex&ria1 & its  proximity to         
,pale/9e1 gave an easy entrance to ! new
 religion1 &  :5 ,adrian visit$ ,egypt1 
he f\nd a *ur* compos$ ( ,jews &        

,greeks1 suffici5tly important to       
attract ! notice ( t inquisitive  pr9ce4
 ,! !ological sy/em ( ,plato 0 introduc$
 into bo? !  philosophical & ,*ri/ian   
s*ools ( ,alex&ria2 & ( c\rse _m (  8   
s5tim5ts & expressions 7 bl5d$ ) !      
op9ions &  language ( ! pr(essors &     
tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity4    ,alex&ria 0 !  
s\rce1 & = "s "t ! pr9cipal /ronghold1  
( ,arianism2 :i* _h its "n f its f\nd]1 
,arius1 a presbyt] (  ! *ur* ( ?is city1
 ab\t ! ye> #cae4 ,8 doctr9es 7         
condemn$ by a c\ncil held "h 9 ! ye>    
#cbj2 & aft]w>d by a  g5]al c\ncil (    
?ree hundr$ & eighty fa!rs1 held at     
,nice1 by  ord] ( ,con/ant9e1 9 #cbe4   
,^! doctr9es1 h[ev]1 :i* suit$ !  reign+
 ta/e = disputative !ology1 & ! pride & 
self-suffici5cy ( nom9al ,*ri/ians1     
bett] ?an ! unsophi/icat$  simplicity ( 
! ,gospel1 spread widely & rapidly      
not)/&+4  ,arius 0 /eadfa/ly oppos$ by !
 celebrat$ ,a?anasius1 bi%op (          
,alex&ria1 ! intrepid *ampion ( !       
ca?olic fai?1 :o 0 rais$  to !          

ar*iepiscopal ?rone ( ,alex&ria 9 #cbf4 
,?is city 01 9 #dae1 di/+ui%$ by a fi]ce
 p]secution ( ! ,jews  by ! patri>*     
,cyril4 ,!y :o _h enjoy$ ! rights (     
citiz5s1 &  ! fre$om ( religi\s wor%ip1 
= sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 ev] s9ce  !         
f\ndation ( ! city1 incurr$ ! hatr$ (   
?is ecclesia/ic2  :o1 9 8 zeal = !      
ext]m9ation ( h]etics ( e k9d1 pull$    
d[n _! synagogues1 plund]$ _! prop]ty1 &
 expell$ !m1 to  ! numb] ( =ty ?\s&1 f !
 city4    ,x 0 9 a %ip belong+ to ! port
 ( ,alex&ria1 t ,/4 ,paul  sail$ f      
,myra1 a city ( ,lycia1 on 8 way to     
,rome1 ,acts xxvii1 #e1 #f4  ,alex&ria 0
 also ! native place ( ,apollos4        
,,alex&rian ,,libr>y4 ,?is celebrat$    
collection ( books 0 fir/  f\nd$ by     
,ptolemy ,sot]1 = ! use ( ! academy1 or 
society (  le>n$ m51 :i* he _h f\nd$ at 
,alex&ria4 ,beside ! books :i*  he      
procur$1 8 son1 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 
add$ _m m1 & left 9  ?is libr>y at 8    
dea? a hundr$ ?\s& volumes2 & ! succe$+ 
pr9ces ( ?is race enl>g$ x /ill m1 till 

at l5g? ! books  lodg$ 9 x am\nt$ to !  
numb] ( sev5 hundr$ ?\s& volumes4  ,!   
me?od by :i* !y are said to h collect$  
^! books 0  ?is3 !y seiz$ all ! books t 
7 br\ght by ! ,greeks or o!r  =eign]s   
into ,egypt1 & s5t !m to ! academy1 or  
museum1 :]e  !y 7 transcrib$ by p]sons  
employ$ = t purpose4 ,!  transcripts 7  
!n deliv]$ to ! proprietors1 & !        
orig9als  laid up 9 ! libr>y4 ,ptolemy  
,eu]getes1 = in/ance1 borr[$ ( !        
,a!nians ! works ( ,sophocles1          
,euripides1 & s*ylus1 & only  return$ !m
 ! copies1 :i* he caus$ to be transcrib$
 9 z  beautiful a mann] z possible2 !   
orig9als he reta9$ = 8 own  libr>y1     
pres5t+ ! ,a!nians ) fifte5 tal5ts = !  
ex*ange1  t is1 ) ?ree ?\s& p\nds /]l+ &
 upw>ds4 ,z ! museum  0 at fir/ 9 !     
qu>t] ( ! city call$ ,bru*ion1 ! libr>y 
0  plac$ !re2 b :5 ! numb] ( books      
am\nt$ to f\r hundr$  ?\s& volumes1     
ano!r libr>y1 )9 ! ,s]apeum1 0 erect$ by
  way ( supplem5t to x1 &1 on t acc\nt1 
call$ ! daught] (  ! =m]4 ,! books lodg$

 9 ?is increas$ to ! numb] ( ?ree       
hundr$ ?\s& volumes2 & ^! two made up ! 
numb] ( sev5  hundr$ ?\s& volumes1 ( :i*
 ! royal libr>ies ( ! ,ptolemies  7 said
 to consi/4 ,9 ! w> :i* ,julius ,cs>    
wag$ ) !  inhabitants ( ,alex&ria1 !    
libr>y ( ,bru*ion 0 accid5tally1 b      
un=tunately1 burnt4 ,b ! libr>y 9       
,s]apeum /ill rema9$1 &  !re ,cleopatra 
deposit$ ! two hundr$ ?\s& volumes ( !  
,p]gamean libr>y ) :i* %e 0 pres5t$ by  
,m>c ,antony4 ,^!1  & o!rs add$ to !m f 
"t to "t1 r5d]$ ! new libr>y  m num]\s &
 consid]able ?an ! =m]2 & ?\gh x 0      
plund]$ m ?an once dur+ ! revolutions   
:i* happ5$ 9 !  ,roman empire1 yet x 0 z
 frequ5tly suppli$ ) ! same numb] (     
books1 & cont9u$1 = _m ages1 to be (    
great fame & use1 till  x 0 burnt by !  
,s>ac5s1 ,a4 ,d4 #fdb4 ,abulph>agius1 9 
8 hi/ory  ( ! t5? dyna/y1 gives ! foll[+
 acc\nt ( ?is cata/rophe3  ,john        
,philoponus1 surnam$ ! ,gramm>ian1 a    
fam\s ,p]ipatetic  philosoph]1 be+ at   
,alex&ria :5 ! city 0 tak5 by !         

,s>ac5s1 0 admitt$ to famili> int]c\rse 
) ,amr\1 ! ,arabian  g5]al1 & presum$ to
 solicit a gift1 ine/imable 9 8 op9ion1 
b  contemptible 9 t ( ! b>b>ians2 & ?is 
0 ! royal libr>y4  ,amr\ 0 incl9$ to    
gratify 8 wi%1 b 8 rigid integrity      
scrupl$  to ali5ate ! lea/ object )\t ! 
cons5t ( ! caliph4 ,he  accord+ly wrote 
to ,om>1 ^: well kn[n answ] 0 dictat$ by
 !  ignorance ( a fanatic3 8,if ^!      
writ+s ( ! ,greeks agree ) !  ,koran1 or
 book ( ,god1 !y are useless1 & ne$ n be
 pres]v$2 if  !y disagree1 !y are       
p]nici\s1 & ought to be de/roy$40 ,!    
s5t5ce ( de/ruction 0 execut$ ) bl9d    
ob$i5ce3 ! volumes  ( pap] or p>*m5t 7  
di/ribut$ to ! f\r ?\s& ba?s ( !  city2 
& su* 0 _! numb]1 t six mon?s 7 b>ely   
suffici5t  = ! consumption ( ?is preci\s
 fuel4    ,,algum1  or 1 #a ,k+s x1 #aa1
 #ab4 ,?is is ! "n ( a k9d (  wood1 or  
tree1 l>ge quantities ( :i* 7 br\ght by 
! fleet (  ,solomon f ,ophir1 ( :i* he  
made pill>s = ! h\se ( ! ,"l1  & = 8 own
 palace2 also musical in/rum5ts4 ,see   

,,almug4    ,,allegory1 a figure 9      
rhetoric1 :]eby we make use ( t]ms :i*1 
9  _! prop] signification1 mean some?+  
else ?an :at !y are  br\ght to d5ote2 or
 x is a figure :]eby we say "o ?+1      
expect+  x %all be und]/ood ( ano!r1 to 
:i* x alludes2 or :i*1 "u  ! lit]al s5se
 ( ! words1 conceals a =eign or di/ant  
mean+4  ,an allegory is1 prop]ly1 a     
cont9u$ metaphor1 or a s]ies ( sev]al   
metaphors 9 "o or m s5t5ces4 ,su* is t  
beautiful allegory 9  ,horace1 lib4 i1  
,od4 #ad4                      8,o      
navis1 ref]5t 9 m>e te novi             
,fluctus10 c4    ,o %ip1 %all new bill[s
 drive !e aga9 to sea1 c4    ,:]e ! %ip 
is usually held to /& = ! republic2     
waves1 =  civil w>2 port1 = peace &     
concord2 o>s1 = soldi]s2 & m>9]s  =     
magi/rates4 ,?us1 also1 9 ,prior's ,h5ry
 & ,emma1 ,emma describes  h] con/ancy  
to ,h5ry 9 ! foll[+ allegorical mann]3--
                8,did ,i b purpose to   
emb>k ) !e              ,on ! smoo?     
surface ( a summ]'s sea1                

,:ile g5tle zephyrs play ) prosp]\s     
gales1              ,& =tune's fav\r    
fills ! swell+ sails2              ,b   
w\ld =sake ! %ip1 & make ! %ore1        
,:5 ! w9ds :i/le1 & ! tempe/s ro>80     
,cic]o1 likewise1 speak+ ( himself1 9   
,pison4 c4 #i1 tom4 vi1 p4 #ahg1  uses  
?is allegorical language3 8,nor 0 ,i s  
timor\s1 t1 aft] ,i  _h /e]$ ! %ip ( !  
/ate ?r\gh ! greate/ /orms & waves1  &  
br\ght h] safe into port1 ,i %\ld fe> ! 
cl\d ( y\r  =ehead1 or y\r colleague's  
pe/il5tial brea?4 ,i saw o!r w9ds1 ,i   
p]ceiv$ o!r /orms1 ,i did n )draw f o!r 
imp5d+  tempe/s2 b ,i expos$ myself s+ly
 to !m = ! common safety40  ,"h ! /ate  
is comp>$ to a %ip1 & all ! ?+s said ( x
  "u t image1 are express$ 9 metaphors  
made use ( to d5ote !  dang]s ) :i* x _h
 be5 ?reat5$4 ,we h also a v f9e        
example ( an allegory 9 ,psalm lxxx2 9  
:i* ! p ( ,israel are  repres5t$ "u !   
image ( a v9e1 & ! figure is support$   
?r\gh\t ) great correctness & beauty4   
,:]eas1 if1 in/ead (  describ+ ! v9e z  

wa/$ by ! bo> f ! wood1 & dev\r$ by  !  
wild bea/s ( ! field1 ! ,psalmi/ _h     
said1 x 0 afflict$ by  ,hea!ns1 or      
ov]come by enemies1 :i* is ! real mean+1
 !  figurative & ! lit]al mean+ w\ld h  
be5 bl5d$1 & !  allegory ru9$4 ,! le>n$ 
,bi%op ,l[?1 ,de ,sacr ,poesi ,hebrorum1
  ,prl4 #aj1 #aa1 has specifi$ ?ree =ms 
( allegory t occur 9  sacr$ poetry4 ,!  
fir/ is t :i* rhetoricians call a       
cont9u$  metaphor4 ,:5 sev]al metaphors 
succe$ ea* o!r1 !y alt] ! =m  ( !       
composition2 & ?is succession has v     
prop]ly1 9 ref]5ce  to ! etymology ( !  
^w1 be5 d5om9at$ by ! ,greeks 1  an     
allegory2 al?\gh ,ari/otle1 in/ead (    
consid]+ x z a new  species ( figure1   
has ref]r$ x to ! class ( metaphors4 ,! 
pr9ciple ( allegory 9 ?is s5se ( ! t]m1 
& ( ! simple  metaphor1 is ! same2 nor  
is x an easy matt] to re/rict ea* to its
  prop] limit1 & to m>k ! precise       
t]m9ation ( ! "o1 & !  comm5cem5t ( !   
o!r4 ,?is em95tly judici\s critic       
obs]ves1  t :5 ! ,hebrew poets use !    

cong5ial figures ( metaphor1  allegory1 
& comp>ison1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! prophetic   
poetry1 !y  adopt a peculi> mode ( do+  
x1 & seldom regulate ! imag]y :i*  !y   
introduce by any fix$ pr9ciple or /&>d4 
,n satisfi$ ) a  simple metaphor1 !y (t5
 run x into an allegory1 or bl5d ) x a  
direct comp>ison4 ,! allegory sometimes 
foll[s1 & sometimes  prec$es ! simile3  
to ?is is add$ a frequ5t *ange ( imag]y1
 z  well z ( p]sons & t5ses2 & ?us are  
display$ an en]gy &  boldness1 bo? (    
expression & mean+1 :i* are unconf9$ by 
any  /at$ rules1 & :i* m>k ! discrim9at+
 g5ius ( ! ,hebrew  poetry4 ,?us1 9 ,g54
 xlix1 #i1 8,judah is a lion's :elp20   
?is metaphor  is imm$iately drawn out   
into an allegory1 ) a *ange ( p]son3    
8,f ! prey1 my son1 ?\ art gone up10 t  
is1 to ! m\nta9s1  :i* is und]/ood2 & 9 
! succe$+ s5t5ces ! p]son is aga9       
*ang$1 ! image is gradually advanc$1 & !
 metaphor is jo9$  ) a comp>ison t is   
repeat$4                   8,he /oope?  
d[n1 he c\*e? z a lion2                 

,& z a lioness2 :o %all r\se him80    ,a
 simil> in/ance occurs 9 ! prophecy1    
record$ 9 ,psalm cx1 #c1  :i* explicitly
 =etels ! abundant increase ( ! ,gospel 
on its  fir/ promulgation4 ,?is k9d (   
allegory1 h[ev]1 sometimes assumes a  m 
regul> & p]fect =m1 & !n occupies ! :ole
 subject &  compass ( ! disc\rse4 ,an   
example ( ?is k9d occurs 9 ,solomon's   
well kn[n allegory1 ,eccles4 xii1 #b-f1 
9 :i* old age is s admirably  depict$4  
,!re is also1 9 ,isaiah xxviii1 #bd-bi1 
an allegory1 :i*1  ) no less elegance ( 
imag]y1 is m simple & regul>1 z well z  
m j & complete1 bo? 9 ! =m & ! me?od (  
treat+ x4  ,ano!r k9d ( allegory is t   
:i*1 9 ! prop] & m  re/rict$ s5se1 may  
be call$ a p>able2 & consi/s ( a cont9u$
  n>ration ( "s fictiti\s ev5t1         
accommodat$1 by way ( similitude1  to ! 
illu/ration ( "s important tru?4 ,!     
,greeks call ^!  allegories  or         
apologues1 & ! ,lat9s fabul1 or fables4 
7,see  ,p>able47 ,! ?ird species (      
allegory1 :i* (t5 occurs 9 !  prophetic 

poetry1 is t 9 :i* a d\ble mean+ is c\*$
 "u !  same words1 or :5 ! same         
disc\rse1 diff]5tly int]pret$1          
designates diff]5t ev5ts1 dissimil> 9 _!
 nature1 & remote z  to "t4 ,^! diff]5t 
relations are d5om9at$ ! lit]al &       
my/ical s5ses4 ,?is k9d ( allegory1 :i* 
! le>n$ prelate calls  my/ical1 seems to
 d]ive its orig9 f ! pr9ciples ( !      
,jewi%  religion2 & x diff]s f ! two =m]
 species 9 a v>iety (  respects4 ,9 ^!  
allegories ! writ] may adopt any imag]y 
t is  mo/ suitable to 8 fancy or        
incl9ation2 b ! only prop] mat]ials  =  
?is allegory mu/ be suppli$ f ! sacr$   
rites ( ! ,hebrews  !mselves2 & x c only
 be introduc$ 9 relation to su* ?+s z   
are imm$iately connect$ ) ! ,jewi%      
religion1 or _! imm$iate  opposites4 ,! 
=m] k9ds p>take ( ! common privileges ( 
poetry2  b ! my/ical allegory has its   
f\ndation 9 ! nature ( ! ,jewi%         
economy1 & is adapt$ solely to ! poetry 
( ! ,hebrews4 ,besides1 9  ! o!r =ms (  
allegory1 ! ext]ior or o/5sible imag]y  

is m]e  fiction1 & ! tru? lies altoge!r 
9 ! int]ior or remote s5se2  b 9 ?is    
allegory ea* idea is equally agreeable  
to tru?4 ,!  ext]ior or o/5sible image  
is itself a reality2 & al?\gh x  su/a9s 
ano!r "*1 x does n :olly lay aside its  
own4 ,!re  is also a great v>iety 9 !   
use & conduct ( ! my/ical allegory2  9 !
 modes 9 :i* ! correspond+ images are   
arrang$1 & 9  :i* !y are obscur$ or     
eclips$ by "o ano!r4 ,sometimes !       
obvi\s or lit]al s5se is s prom95t &    
conspicu\s1 bo? 9 !  words & s5tim5ts1 t
 ! remote or figurative s5se is sc>cely 
p]mitt$ to glimm] ?r\gh x4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 ! figurative s5se  is m frequ5tly f\nd 
to beam =? ) s mu* p]spicuity &  lu/re1 
t ! lit]al s5se is q ca/ into ! %ade1 or
 becomes  indisc]nible4 ,sometimes !    
pr9cipal or figurative idea is exhibit$ 
to ! att5tive eye ) a con/ant & equal   
light2 & sometimes x  unexpect$ly gl>es 
^u u1 & breaks =? ) sudd5 &  a/oni%+    
coruscations1 l a fla% ( lightn+ bur/+ f
 !  cl\ds4 ,b ! mode or =m ( ?is figure 

:i* possesses ! *ief  beauty & elegance1
 is1 :5 ! two images1 equally           
conspicu\s1 run1  z x 71 p>allel ?r\gh\t
 ! :ole poem1 mutually illu/rat+  &     
correspond5t to ea* o!r4 ,! le>n$ au?or 
has illu/rat$  ^! obs]vations by        
in/ances select$ f ,psalms ii1 & lxxii4 
,he  adds1 t ! my/ical allegory is1 on  
acc\nt ( ! obscurity  result+ f ! nature
 ( ! figure1 & ! /yle ( !  composition1 
s agreeable to ! nature ( ! prophecy1 t 
x is !  =m :i* x g5]ally1 & inde$       
lawfully1 assumes1 z be/ adapt$  to !   
pr$iction ( future ev5ts4 ,x describes  
ev5ts 9 a mann]  exactly con=mable to ! 
int5tion ( prophecy2 t is1 9 a d>k1     
disguis$1 & intricate mann]1 sket*+ out1
 9 a g5]al way1 _!  =m & outl9e2 &      
seldom desc5d+ to a m9ut5ess (          
description  & exactness ( detail4      
,,alleluia1 or ,,hallelu-,,jah1 1 praise
 ! ,"l2 or1 praise to !  ,"l3 comp\nd$ (
 1 praise ye1 & 1 ! ,"l4 ,?is ^w  occurs
 at ! beg9n+1 or at ! end1 ( _m ,psalms4
 ,alleluia 0  sung on solemn days (     

rejoic+3 8,& all h] /reets %all s+      
,alleluia10 says ,tobit1 speak+ ( !     
rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem1 ,tob4  xiii1 #ah4 
,/4 ,john1 9 ! ,revelation1 xix1 #a1 #c1
 #d1 #f1 says1 8,i he>d a  great voice (
 mu* p 9 heav51 :o cri$1 ,alleluia2 & ! 
f\r  liv+ creatures fell d[n1 & wor%ipp$
 ,god1 say+1 ,alleluia40 ,?is           
expression ( joy & praise 0 transf]r$ f 
! synagogue to !  *ur*4 ,at ! fun]al (  
,fabiola1 8sev]al psalms 7 sung ) l\d   
alleluias10 says ,j]om1 9 ,epitaphio    
,paul1 8,! monks ( ,pale/9e  7 awak$ at 
_! midnight wat*+s1 ) ! s++ (           
alleluias40  ,x is /ill occasionally us$
 9 devotional psalmody4    ,,almah1 1 a 
,hebrew ^w signify+ prop]ly a virg91 a  
"y woman  unacqua9t$ ) man4 ,9 ?is s5se 
x occurs 9 ! fam\s passage (  ,isaiah1  
vii1 #ad3 8,behold a virg9 %all conceive
 & be> a son40 ,!  ,hebrew has no t]m t 
m prop]ly signifies a virg9 ?an almah4  
,/4 ,j]om1 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is passage1 
obs]ves1 t ! ,prophet  decl9$ us+ ! ^w  
be?aul :i* signifies any "y woman1 or   

"y p]son1 b employ$ ! t]m almah1 :i*    
d5otes a virg9  nev] se5 by man4 ,?is is
 ! import ( ! ^w almah1 :i* is  d]iv$ f 
a root :i* signifies to conceal4 ,x is v
 well kn[n1  t "y wom5 9 ! ea/ d n appe>
 9 public1 b are %ut up 9  _! h\ses1 &  
_! mo!rs' ap>tm5ts1 l nuns4 ,! ,*aldee  
p>aphra/ & ! ,septuag9t translate almah 
8a virg920 & ,akiba1  ! fam\s rabb91 :o 
0 a great enemy to ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ians1 & 
liv$ 9 ! second c5tury1 und]/&s x 9 !   
same mann]4 ,!  ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s1 
& ! ,jews ( our ,savi\r's "t1 expla9$  x
 9 ! same s5se1 & expect$ a ,messiah    
born ( a virg94    ,! ,jews1 t !y may   
obscure ?is pla9 text1 & weak5 ?is pro( 
( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 pret5d t
 ! ,hebrew ^w  signifies a "y woman1 & n
 a virg94 ,b ?is corrupt translation  is
 easily confut$4 #a4 ,because ?is ^w    
con/antly d5otes a virg9 9  all o!r     
passages ( ,scripture 9 :i* x is us$4   
#b4 ,f ! int5t  ( ! passage1 :i* 0 to   
confirm _! fai? by a /range &  wond]ful 
sign4 ,x surely c\ld be no wond]1 t a "y

 woman %\ld  conceive a *ild2 b x 0 a v 
extraord9>y circum/ance t a  virg9 %\ld 
conceive & be> a son4    ,,almighty1 an 
attribute ( ! ,deity1 ,g54 xvii1 #a4 ,! 
,hebrew "n1 1  ,%addai1 signifies also  
all-suffici5t1 or all-b\ntiful4 ,see    
,g54  xxviii1 #c2 xxxv1 #aa2 xliii1 #ad2
 xlix1 #be4 ,( ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 we  
h a mo/ ample revelation 9 !            
,scriptures1 express$ 9 ! mo/  sublime  
language4 ,f ! annunciation by ,moses ( 
a div9e exi/5ce  :o 0 89 ! beg9n+10 be=e
 all ?+s1 ! v fir/ /ep is to  ! display 
( 8 almighty p[] 9 ! creation out (     
no?+1 &  ! imm$iate arrangem5t 9 ord] & 
p]fection1 ( ! 8heav5 &  ! e>?20 by :i* 
is meant1 n ?is globe only ) its        
atmosph]e1  or ev5 ) its own cele/ial   
sy/em1 b ! univ]se itself2 = 8he  made !
 />s also40 ,we are ?us at once plac$ 9 
! pres5ce ( an  ag5t ( unb\nd$ p[]2 = we
 mu/ all feel t a be+ :i* c\ld  create  
su* a _w z ?is1 mu/1 beyond all         
comp>ison1 possess a  p[] great] ?an any
 :i* we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves1 ?an any   

:i*  we obs]ve 9 o!r visible ag5ts1 & to
 :i* we are n au?oriz$  by our          
obs]vation or k to assign any limits (  
space or  duration4    #b4 ,t ! sacr$   
writ]s %\ld s frequ5tly dwell ^u !      
omnipot5ce ( ,god1 has important reasons
 :i* arise out ( ! v  design ( !        
revelation :i* !y 7 ! means (           
communicat+ to  mank9d4 ,m5 7 to be     
rem9d$ ( _! obligations to ob$i5ce2 &   
,god is !re=e con/antly exhibit$ z !    
,creator1 ! ,pres]v]1 &  ,"l ( all ?+s4 
,8 solemn wor%ip & fe> 7 to be enjo9$ ^u
  !m2 &1 by ! manife/ation ( 8 works1 ! 
veil 0 )drawn  f 8 glory & maje/y4      
,idolatry 0 to be *eck$ & reprov$1 &  ! 
true ,god 0 !re=e plac$ 9 contra/ ) !   
limit$ &  p[]less gods ( ! ,hea!n3      
8,among ! gods ( ! nations1 is !re  no  
god l unto !e2 nei!r are !re any works l
 ?y works40  ,f9ally1 he is exhibit$ z !
 object ( tru/ to creatures  con/antly  
rem9d$ by exp]i5ce ( _! own infirmity & 
dep5d5ce2  & to !m x is ess5tial to "k1 
t 8 p[] is absolute1  unlimit$1 &       

irresi/ible1 & t1 9 a ^w1 he is 8mighty 
to  save40    #c4 ,9 a revelation :i* 0 
?us design$ to awe & control !  wick$1 &
 to af=d /r5g? ( m9d & consolation to   
good m5 "u  all circum/ances1 !         
omnipot5ce ( ,god is !re=e plac$ 9 a    
great  v>iety ( impressive views1 &     
connect$ ) ! mo/ /rik+  illu/rations4   
,x is decl>$ by ! fact ( creation1 !    
creation ( be+s out (  no?+2 :i* itself1
 ?\gh x _h be5 conf9$ to a s+le object1 
h[ev] m9ute1 exce$s f9ite compreh5sion1 
& ov]:elms !  faculties4 ,?is ) ,god    
requir$ no ef=t3 8,he spake & x 0 done1 
he comm&$ & x /ood fa/40 ,! va/ness &   
v>iety ( 8  works enl>ge ! conception3  
8,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 &  !  
firmam5t %[e? 8 h&y "w40 8,he spreade?  
out ! heav5s1  & treade? ^u ! waves ( ! 
sea2 he make? ,arcturus1 ,orion1 &      
,pleiades1 & ! *amb]s ( ! s\?2 he doe?  
great ?+s1 pa/  f9d+ out1 yea1 & wond]s 
)\t numb]4 ,he /ret*e? out !  nor? ov] !
 empty place1 & hange? ! e>? ^u no?+4   
,he  b9de? up ! wat]s 9 ! ?ick cl\ds1 & 

! cl\d is n r5t  "u !m2 he ha? compass$ 
! wat]s ) b\nds until ! day &  night    
come to an end40 ,! ease ) :i* he       
su/a9s1 ord]s1 &  controls ! mo/ p[]ful 
& unruly ( ! elem5ts1 arrays 8          
omnipot5ce ) an aspect ( ineffable      
dignity & maje/y3 8,by him all  ?+s     
consi/40 8,he brake up = ! sea a decre$ 
place1 & set b>s  & doors1 & said1      
,hi!rto %alt ?\ come & no f>!r1 & "h    
%all ?y pr\d waves be /ay$40 8,he looke?
 to ! end ( ! e>?1  & see? "u ! :ole    
heav51 to make ! weight = ! w9ds1 to    
weigh ! wat]s by measure1 to make a     
decree = ! ra91 & a way  = ! lightn+ ( !
 ?und]40 8,:o ha? measur$ ! wat]s 9 !   
holl[ ( 8 h&1 met$ out heav5 ) a span1  
compreh5d$ ! du/  ( ! e>? 9 a measure1 &
 weigh$ ! m\nta9s 9 scales1 & !  hills 9
 a balance40 ,! descriptions ( ! div9e  
p[] are (t5  t]rible3 8,! pill>s ( heav5
 tremble1 & are a/oni%$ at 8  repro(2 he
 divide? ! sea by 8 p[]40 8,he remove? !
 m\nta9s1  & !y "k x n2 he ov]turne? !m 
9 8 ang]2 he %ake? !  e>? out ( h]      

place1 & ! pill>s !re( tremble2 he      
comm&e?  ! sun & x rise? n1 & seale? up 
! />s40 ,! same absolute  subjection (  
creatures to 8 dom9ion is se5 among !   
intellig5t  inhabitants ( ! mat]ial     
univ]se2 & angels1 mortals ! mo/        
exalt$1 & evil spirits1 are sway$ ) z   
mu* ease z ! mo/  passive elem5ts3 8,he 
make? 8 angels spirits1 & 8 m9i/]s a    
flame ( fire40 ,!y veil _! faces be=e 8 
?rone1 & ackn[l$ge  !mselves 8 s]vants3 
8,x is he t sitte? ^u ! circle ( !  e>?1
 & ! inhabitants !re( are z gras%opp]s10
 8z ! du/ (  ! balance1 less ?an no?+ & 
vanity40 8,he br+e? pr9ces to  no?+40   
8,he sette? up "o & putte? d[n ano!r20  
8= ! k+dom  is ! ,"l's1 & he is gov]nor 
among ! nations40 8,! angels t  s9n$ he 
ca/ d[n to hell1 & deliv]$ !m into *a9s 
( d>kness1  to be res]v$ unto judgm5t40 
,! clos+ sc5es ( ?is _w complete  ^!    
transc5d5t conceptions ( ! maje/y & p[] 
( ,god4 ,! dead  ( all ages rise f _!   
graves at 8 voice3 & ! sea gives up  !  
dead :i* are 9 x4 ,be=e 8 face heav5 &  

e>? fly away2  ! />s fall f heav51 & !  
p[]s ( heav5 are %ak54 ,!  dead1 small &
 great1 /& be=e ,god1 & are divid$ z a  
%eph]d  divide? ! %eep f ! goats4 ,!    
wick$ g away into ev]la/+  puni%m5t1 b !
 righte\s into life et]nal4    #d4 ,( ^!
 amaz+ views ( ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1     
spread almo/  ?r\gh e page ( !          
,scriptures1 ! p[] lies 9 _! tru?4  ,!y 
are n ea/]n exagg]ations1 mi/ak5 =      
sublimity4 ,e ?+  9 nature answ]s to !m1
 & r5ews f age to age ! en]gy ( !       
impression :i* !y _c b make on !        
reflect+ m9d4 ,! ord]  ( ! a/ral        
revolutions indicates ! con/ant pres5ce 
( an  invisible b incompreh5sible p[]4  
,! seas hurl ! weight ( _!  bill[s ^u ! 
ris+ %ores1 b e :]e f9d a 8b\nd fix$ by 
a p]petual decree40 ,! tides rea* _!    
height2 if !y fl[$ on =  a few h\rs1 !  
e>? w\ld *ange places ) ! b$ ( ! sea2 b1
  "u an invisible control1 !y become    
reflu5t4 ,! expression1 8,he  t\*e? !   
m\nta9s & !y smoke10 is n m]e imag]y3--e
  volcano is a te/imony ( its tru?2 &   

e>?quakes proclaim1 t1  be=e him1 8!    
pill>s ( ! _w tremble40 ,m5 collect$    
into  armies1 or popul\s nations1 give u
 va/ ideas ( human p[]2 b let  an army  
be plac$ amid/ ! s& /orms & burn+ w9ds (
 !  des]t1 z1 9 ! ea/2 or1 be=e 88      
fro/10 z 9 our own day 9  ,russia1 :]e  
"o ( ! mightie/ armam5ts 0 se5 retreat+ 
be=e1  or p]i%+ "u1 an unexpect$        
visitation ( sn[ & /orm2 or let  !      
utt]ly helpless /ate ( a popul\s c\ntry 
:i* has be5 visit$  by fam9e1 or by a   
resi/less pe/il5tial disease1 be        
reflect$ ^u2  & we feel t x is sc>cely a
 figure ( spee* to say1 t 8all  nations 
be=e him are less ?an no?+ & vanity40   
#e4 ,nor1 9 review+ ?is doctr9e (       
,scripture1 ought ! great  practical    
uses made ( ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 by !   
sacr$ writ]s1 to  be ov]look$4 ,by !m   
no?+ is said = ! m]e display (  k1 z 9  
,hea!n writ]s2 & we h no speculations   
)\t a  subs]vi5t moral4 ,to excite &    
keep alive 9 man ! fe> &  wor%ip ( ,god1
 & to br+ him to a felicit\s confid5ce 9

 t  almighty p[] :i* p]vades & controls 
all ?+s1 are ! noble  ends ( ^? ample   
displays ( ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 :i* roll
  ?r\gh ! sacr$ volume ) a sublimity t  
inspiration only c\ld  supply4 8,decl>e 
8 glory among ! ,hea!n1 8 m>vell\s works
 among  all nations2 = great is ! ,"l1 &
 greatly to be prais$4--,glory  & hon\r 
are 9 8 pres5ce1 & /r5g? & gladness 9 8 
place4--,give unto ! ,"l1 ye k9dr$s ( ! 
p1 give unto !  ,"l glory & /r5g?2 give 
unto ! ,"l ! glory due unto 8  "n4--,!  
,"l is my light & my salvation2 :om %all
 ,i fe>8--,!  ,"l is ! /r5g? ( my life2 
( :om %all ,i be afraid8 ,if ,god be  = 
u1 :o !n c be aga9/ u8 ,our help /&e? 9 
! "n (  ! ,"l1 :o made heav5 &          
e>?4--,:at "t ,i am afraid1 ,i w  tru/ 9
 !e40--,?us1 z "o obs]ves1 8our natural 
fe>s1 ( :i* we  mu/ h _m1 remit u to    
,god1 & rem9d u1 s9ce we "k :at ,god    
is1 to lay hold on 8 almighty p[]40     
#f4 ,ample1 h[ev]1 z are ^! views ( !   
p[] ( ,god1 ! subject  is n exhau/$4 ,z1
 :5 ! ,scriptures speak ( ! et]nity (   

,god1  !y decl>e x s z to give u a m]e  
glimpse ( t fe>ful  peculi>ity ( ! div9e
 nature1 t ,god is ! f\nta9 ( be+ to    
himself1 & t he is et]nal1 because he is
 ! 8,i ,,am20 s we are  taught n to     
measure ,god's omnipot5ce by ! actual   
displays ( x  :i* we see ar\nd u4 ,^!   
are ! manife/ations ( ! fact1 b  n !    
measure ( ! attribute2 & %\ld we resort 
to !  discov]ies ( mod]n philosophy1    
:i*1 by ! help ( in/rum5ts1 has  s      
greatly enl>g$ ! kn[n b\nd>ies ( !      
visible univ]se1 &  add to ! />s :i* are
 visible to ! nak$ eye1 ^? new          
exhibitions ( ! div9e p[] 9 ! nebul\s   
appe>ances ( !  heav5s :i* are          
resolvable into myriads ( di/9ct        
cele/ial  lum9>ies1 ^: imm5se di/ances  
comm+le _! light be=e x  rea*es our     
eyes2 we ?us almo/ inf9itely exp& !     
circle ( creat$  exi/5ce1 & ent] ^u a   
=m]ly unkn[n & ov]:elm+ range (  div9e  
op]ation4 ,b /ill we are only rem9d$1 t 
8 p[] is  truly almighty &              
measureless--8,lo1 all ^! are p>ts ( 8  

ways2 b h[ little a portion is kn[n (   
him1 & ! ?und] ( 8  p[] :o c und]/&80 ,x
 is a mighty conception t we =m ( a  p[]
 f :i* all o!r p[] is d]iv$1 & to :i* x 
is  subord9ate2 :i* no?+ c oppose2 :i* c
 beat d[n &  annihilate all o!r p[]     
:atev]2 :i* op]ates 9 ! mo/ p]fect      
mann]1 at once1 9 an in/ant1 ) ! utmo/  
ease2 b ! ,scriptures  lead u to !      
contemplation ( great] & ev5 unfa?omable
 dep?s4  ,! omnipot5ce ( ,god is        
inconceivable & b\ndless4 ,x arises f  !
 inf9ite p]fection ( ,god1 t 8 p[] c    
nev] be actually  exhau/$2 &1 9 e       
imag9able in/ant 9 et]nity1 t           
inexhau/ible p[] ( ,god c1 if x please  
him1 be add+ ei!r m  creatures to ^? 9  
exi/5ce1 or great] p]fection to !m2 s9ce
  8x belongs to self-exi/5t be+1 to be  
always full & communicative1  &1 to !   
communicat$ cont+5t be+1 to be ev] empty
 &  crav+40    #g4 ,"o limitation ( !   
div9e p[] x is true we c conceive1 b x  
detracts no?+ f its p]fection4 ,:]e ?+s 
9 !mselves imply a  contradiction1 z t a

 body may be ext5d$ & n ext5d$1 9 a     
c]ta9 place & n 9 x1 at ! same "t2 su*  
?+s _c be  done by ,god1 because        
contradictions are impossible 9 _! own  
nature4  ,nor is x any d]ogation f !    
div9e p[] to say1 !y _c be  done2 = z ! 
object ( ! und]/&+1 ( ! eye1 & ! e>1  is
 t :i* is intelligible1 visible1 &      
audible2 s ! object (  p[] mu/ be t :i* 
is possible2 & z x is no prejudice to ! 
mo/ p]fect und]/&+1 or sight1 or he>+1 t
 x does n  und]/& :at is n intelligible1
 or see :at is n visible1 or he>  :at is
 n audible2 s nei!r is x any dim9ution  
to ! mo/ p]fect  p[]1 t x does n d :at  
is n possible4 ,9 l mann]1 ,god  _c d   
any ?+ t is repugnant to 8 o!r          
p]fections3 he  _c lie1 nor deceive1 nor
 d5y himself2 = ?is w\ld be injuri\s  to
 8 tru?4 ,he _c love s91 nor puni%      
innoc5ce2 = ?is w\ld  de/roy 8 hol9ess &
 goodness3 & !re=e to ascribe a p[] to  
him t is inconsi/5t ) ! rectitude ( 8   
nature1 is n to  magnify b debase him2 =
 all unrighte\sness is weakness1 a      

defection  f "r reason1 a deviation f ! 
p]fect rule ( action1 &  arises f a want
 ( goodness & p[]4 ,9 a ^w1 s9ce all !  
attributes ( ,god are ess5tially ! same1
 a p[] 9 him :i* t5ds  to de/roy any o!r
 attribute ( ! div9e nature1 mu/ be a   
p[]  de/ructive ( itself4 ,well1 !re=e1 
may we conclude him absolutely          
omnipot5t1 :o1 by be+ able to effect all
 ?+s consi/5t ) 8  p]fections1 %[e?     
inf9ite ability1 &1 by n be+ able to d  
any  ?+ repugnant to ! same p]fections1 
demon/rates himself subject to  no      
infirmity4    #h4 ,no?+ c]ta9ly 9 ! f9e/
 writ+s ( antiquity1 7 all _!  be/      
?\ghts collect$ z to ! maje/y & p[] (   
,god1 c be> any  comp>ison ) ! views ?us
 pres5t$ to u by div9e revelation4  ,7  
we to =get1 = a mom5t1 :at is ! fact1 t 
_! noble/  notions /& connect$ ) fancies
 & va9 speculations :i* deprive  !m ( _!
 =ce1 /ill _! ?\ghts nev] rise s high2 !
  curr5t is brok51 ! r\nd ( l(ty        
conception is n complet$1 &1  unconnect$
 z _! views ( div9e p[] 7 ) ! et]nal    

de/9y  ( man1 & ! v reason ( creation1  
we nev] he> 9 !m1 z 9  ! ,scriptures1 8!
 ,,?und] ( 8 p[]40    ,,almond ,,tree1 4
 ,arabic1 lauz4 ,translat$ hazel1 ,g54  
xxx1 #cg2 1  r5d]$ almond1 ,g54 xliii1  
#aa2 ,exod4 xxv1 #cc1 #cd2 xxxvii1 #ai1 
#bj2  ,num4 xvii1 #h2 ,eccles4 xii1 #e2 
& ,j]4 i1 #aa4 ,! fir/ "n may be t  ( ! 
tree2 ! o!r1 t ( ! fruit1 or nut4    ,a 
tree resembl+ ! pea* tree 9 its leaves &
 blossoms1 b !  fruit is long] & m      
compress$1 ! out] gre5 coat is ?9n] &   
dri] :5 ripe1 & ! %ell ( ! /one is n s  
rugg$4 ,?is  /one1 or nut1 conta9s a    
k]nel1 :i* is ! only escul5t "p4 ,!     
:ole arrives at maturity 9 ,septemb]1 :5
 ! out] t\gh cov]  splits op5 & dis*>ges
 ! nut4 ,f ! circum/ance ( its  blossom+
 ! e>lie/ ( any ( ! trees1 beg9n+ z soon
 z !  rig\r ( w9t] is pa/1 & be=e x is 9
 leaf1 x has its ,hebrew  "n %akad1 :i* 
comes f a v]b signify+ to make ha/e1 to 
be 9 a hurry1 or to awake e>ly4 ,to !   
=w>dness ( ! almond  tree !re seems to  
be a ref]5ce 9 ,j]emiah3 8,! ^w ( ! ,"l 

came unto me1 say+1 ,j]emiah1 :at see/  
?\8 ,& ,i said1 ,i see a rod  ( an      
almond tree4 ,!n said ! ,"l unto me1 ,?\
 ha/ well se53 =  ,i w ha/5 my ^w to    
p]=m x20 or r1 8,i am ha/5+1 or  wat*+  
ov] my ^w to fulfil x10 ,j]4 i1 #aa1    
#ab4 ,9 ?is mann] x  is r5d]$ by !      
,sev5ty2 & by ! ,vulgate1 ,vigilabo ego 
sup]  v]bum meum4 ,i w wat* ov] my ^w4  
,?is is ! fir/ vision )  :i* ! ,prophet 
0 hon\r$2 & 8 att5tion is r\s$ by a v   
significant emblem ( t sev]e correction 
) :i* ! ,mo/ ,high  0 ha/5+ to visit 8 p
 = _! iniquity2 & f !  species ( tree to
 :i* ! rod belong$1 he is w>n$ ( its ne>
  approa*4 ,! idea :i* ! appe>ance ( !  
almond rod sugge/$ to  8 m9d1 is        
confirm$ by ! exposition ( ,god himself3
 8,i am wat*+  ov]1 or on acc\nt (1 my  
^w to fulfil x20 & ?is d\ble mode (     
in/ruction1 fir/ by emblem1 & !n by     
exposition1 0 c]ta9ly  int5d$ to make a 
deep] impression on ! m9d bo? ( ,j]emiah
 & (  ! p to :om he 0 s5t4    ,x is     
probable t ! rods :i* ! pr9ces ( ,israel

 bore1 7  scions ( ! almond tree1 at    
once ! ensign ( _! (fice1 & !  emblem ( 
_! vigilance4 ,su*1 we "k f ! te/imony (
  ,scripture1 0 ! rod ( ,a>on2 :i* r5d]s
 x exce$+ly probable1  t ! rods ( ! o!r 
*iefs 7 f ! same tree4    ,! ho>y head  
is beautifully comp>$ by ,solomon to !  
almond tree1  cov]$ 9 ! e>lie/ days (   
spr+ ) its sn[ :ite fl[]s1  be=e a s+le 
leaf has budd$3 8,! almond tree %all    
fl\ri%1 &  ! gras%opp] %all be a burd51 
& desire %all fail10 ,eccl4 xii1 #e4    
,man has exi/$ 9 ?is _w b a few days1 :5
 old age beg9s to  appe>1 %$s its sn[s  
^u 8 head1 prematurely nips 8 hopes1    
d>k5s 8 e>?ly prospects1 & hurries him  
into ! grave4    ,,almug ,,tree1 a c]ta9
 k9d ( wood1 m5tion$ #a ,k+s1 x1 #aa2 #b
 ,*ron4  ii1 #h2 ix1 #aj1 #aa4 ,j]om & !
 ,vulgate r5d] x1 ligna ?y9a1 &  !      
,septuag9t  1 wr\ght wood4 ,sev]al      
critics und]/&  x to mean gummy wood2 b 
a wood ab\nd+ 9 res9 mu/ be v  unfit = !
 uses to :i* ?is is said to be appli$4  
,celsus qu]ies  if x be n ! s&al2 b     

,mi*aelis ?9ks ! p>ticul> species (     
wood to be :olly unkn[n to u4 ,dr4 ,%aw 
supposes t ! almug tree  0 ! cypress2 & 
he obs]ves t ! wood ( ?is tree is /ill  
us$ 9 ,italy & o!r places = viol9s1     
h>psi*ords1 & o!r  /r+$ in/rum5ts4      
,,aloe1 1 a plant ) broad leaves1 ne>ly 
two in*es ?ick1 prickly  & s]rat$4 ,x   
gr[s ab\t two feet high4 ,a v bitt] gum 
is  extract$ f x1 us$ = m$ic9al         
purposes1 & anci5tly =  embalm+ dead    
bodies4 ,nicodemus is said1 ,john xix1  
#ci1 to h br\ght  "o hundr$ p\nds'      
weight ( myrrh & aloes to embalm ! body 
(  ,jesus4 ,! quantity has be5 exclaim$ 
aga9/ by c]ta9 ,jews1 z be+  en\gh =    
fifty bodies4 ,b in/ead (  x might      
orig9ally h  be5 writt5 1 t5 p\nds'     
weight4 ,h[ev]1 at ! fun]al (  ,h]od !re
 7 five hundr$ 1 spice be>]s2 & at  t ( 
,r4 ,gamaliel1 eighty p\nds (           
opobalsamum 7 us$4    ,! wood :i* ,god  
%[$ ,moses1 t ) x he might sweet5 !     
wat]s ( ,m>ah1 is call$ alvah1 ,exod4   
xv1 #be4 ,! ^w has "s  relation to aloe2

 & "s int]pret]s are ( op9ion t ,moses  
us$ a  bitt] sort ( wood1 t s ! p[] (   
,god might be ! m  rem>kable4 ,mr4      
,bruce m5tions a t[n1 or l>ge village1  
by ! "n (  ,elvah4 ,x is ?ickly plant$ )
 trees2 is ! oasis p>va ( !  anci5ts2 & 
! la/ inhabit$ place to ! we/ t is "u ! 
jurisdiction ( ,egypt4 ,he also obs]ves 
t ! ,arabs call a %rub or  tree1 n      
unlike our haw?orn1 ei!r 9 wood or fl[]1
 by ! "n (  elvah4 8,x 0 ?is10 say !y1  
8) :i* ,moses sweet5$ ! wat]s  ( ,m>ah2 
& ) ?is1 too1 did ,kalib ,ibn el ,walid 
sweet5 ^? (  ,elvah1 once bitt]1 & give 
! place ! "n ( ?is circum/ance40  ,x may
 be t ,god direct$ ,moses to ! v wood   
prop] = !  purpose4 ,m4 ,neibuhr1 :5 9  
^! p>ts1 inquir$ aft] wood capable (    
?is effect1 b c\ld ga9 no in=mation (   
any su*4 ,x w n1  h[ev]1 f h5ce foll[ t 
,moses really us$ a bitt] wood2 b1 z    
,provid5ce usually works by ! prop] &   
fit means to accompli% its  ends1 x     
seems likely t ! wood he made use ( 01 9
 "s degree  at lea/1 corrective ( t     

quality :i* ab\nd$ 9 ! wat]1 & s  r5d]$ 
x potable4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! op9ion 
( ! au?or  ( ,ecclesia/icus1 xxxviii1   
#e4 ,t o!r wat]1 also1 requires "s      
correction1 & t su* a correction is     
appli$ to x1 appe>s f  ! cu/om 9 ,egypt 
9 respect to t ( ! ,nile1 :i*1 ?\gh     
some:at muddy1 is r5d]$ pure & salut>y  
by be+ put into j>s1  ! inside ( :i* is 
rubb$ ) a pa/e made ( bitt] almonds4 ,! 
fir/ discov]]s ( ! ,floridas are said to
 h correct$ !  /agnant & fetid wat] !y  
f\nd !re1 by infus+ 9 x bran*es (       
sassafras2 & x is und]/ood t ! fir/     
inducem5t ( ! ,*9ese  to ! g5]al use (  
tea1 0 to correct ! wat] ( _! ponds &   
riv]s4    ,! ,,lign-,,aloe1 or          
agallo*um1 ,num4 xxiv1 #f2 ,psalm xlv1  
#i2 & ,cantic4  iv1 #ad4 1 mascul9e1 1  
^: plural is 1 is a small tree  ab\t    
eight or t5 feet high4 ,t ! fl[] ( ?is  
plant yield$ a  fragrance1 is assur$ to 
u 9 ! foll[+ extract f ,sw9burne's      
,travels1 lett] xii3 8,?is morn+1 l _m (
 ! =ego+ ones1 0  delici\s4 ,! sun rose 

glori\sly out ( ! sea1 & all ! air      
ar\nd 0 p]fum$ ) ! effluvia ( ! aloe1 z 
its rays suck$ up  ! dew f ! leaves40   
,?is extremely bitt] plant conta9s "u ! 
b>k ?ree sorts ( wood4 ,! fir/ is black1
 solid1 & weighty2 !  second is ( a     
tawny col\r1 ( a light spongy texture1 v
 por\s1 &  fill$ ) a res9 extremely     
fragrant & agreeable2 ! ?ird k9d (      
wood1 :i* is ! he>t1 has a /rong        
aromatic od\r1 & is e/eem$  9 ! ea/ m   
preci\s ?an gold itself4 ,x is us$ =    
p]fum+  habits & ap>tm5ts1 & is adm9i/]$
 z a cordial 9 fa9t+ &  epileptic fits4 
,^! pieces1 call$ calunbac1 are c>efully
 pres]v$  9 pewt] boxes1 to prev5t _!   
dry+4 ,:5 !y are us$ !y are  gr\nd ^u a 
m>ble ) su* liquids z are be/ suit$ to !
 purpose  = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,?is     
wood1 m5tion$ ,cantic4 iv1 #ad1 9       
conjunction ) sev]al o!r odorif]\s      
plants !re ref]r$ to1 0  9 high e/eem   
among ! ,hebrews = its exquisite        
exhalations4                ,! sc5t$    
aloe1 & ea* %rub t %[]s                 

,gum f its ve9s1 & od\rs f its fl[]s4   
,?us ! son ( ,sira*1 ,ecclesia/icus     
xxiv1 #ae3 8,i gave a sweet smell  l !  
c9namon & aspala?us4 ,i yield$ a        
pleasant od\r l !  be/ myrrh2 l galbanum
 & onyx1 & fragrant /orax1 & l !  fume (
 frank9c5se 9 ! tab]nacle40 ,x may n be 
amiss to obs]ve  t ! ,p]sian translator 
r5d]s ahalim1 s&al wood2 & ! same  0 !  
op9ion ( a c]ta9 ,jew 9 ,arabia :o 0    
consult$ by ,neibuhr4    ,,alpha1 ! fir/
 lett] ( ! ,greek alphabet2 ,omega be+ !
 la/  lett]4 ,h5ce ,alpha & ,omega is a 
title :i* ,*ri/ appropriates to         
himself1 ,rev4 i1 #h2 xxi1 #f2 xxii1    
#ac2 z signify+ ! beg9n+ &  ! end1 !    
fir/ & ! la/1 & ?us prop]ly d5ot+ 8     
p]fection & et]nity4    ,,alpheus1 fa!r 
( ,james ! less1 ,matt4 x1 #c2 ,luke vi1
 #ae4 ,alpheus 0  ! husb& ( ,m>y1       
believ$ to h be5 si/] to ! "m (  ,*ri/2 
= :i* reason1 ,james is call$ ! ,"l's   
bro!r2 b !  t]m bro!r is too g5]al 9 its
 application to fix _! relation1  ?\gh !
 fact is probable4 ,_m are ( op9ion t   

,cleopas1 m5tion$  ,luke xxiv1 #ah1 is !
 same z ,alpheus2 ,alpheus be+ 8 ,greek 
"n1 &  ,cleopas 8 ,hebrew1 or ,syriac   
"n1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ?is  prov9ce1  
7or ( ! "t17 :]e m5 (t5 _h two names2 by
 "o (  :i* !y 7 kn[n to _! fri5ds &     
c\ntrym51 by ! o!r to  ! ,romans or     
/rang]s4    #b4 ,,alpheus1 fa!r ( ,levi1
 or ,mat!w1 :om ,jesus took to be an    
,apo/le  & ,evangeli/1 ,m>k ii1 #ad4    
,,alt>4 ,sacrifices are ne>ly z anci5t z
 wor%ip1 & alt>s are (  almo/ equal     
antiquity4 ,scripture speaks ( alt>s1   
erect$ by !  patri>*s1 )\t describ+ _!  
=m1 or ! mat]ials ( :i*  !y 7 compos$4  
,! alt> :i* ,jacob set up at ,be!l1 0 ! 
/one :i* _h s]v$ him = a pill[2 ,gideon 
sacrific$ on ! rock  be=e 8 h\se4 ,!    
fir/ alt>s :i* ,god comm&$ ,moses to    
raise1  7 ( e>? or r\gh /ones2 & x 0    
decl>$ t if iron 7  us$ 9 con/ruct+ !m  
!y w\ld become impure1 ,exod4 xx1 #bd1  
#be4  ,! alt> :i* ,moses enjo9$ ,jo%ua  
to build on ,m\nt ,ebal1 0 to be  (     
unpoli%$ /ones1 ,deut4 xxvii1 #e2 ,jo%4 

viii1 #ca2 & x is v  probable t su* 7 ^?
 built by ,samuel1 ,saul1 & ,david4 ,!  
alt> :i* ,solomon erect$ 9 ! temple 0 ( 
brass1 b fill$1 x  is believ$1 ) r\gh   
/ones1 #b ,*ron4 iv1 #a-c4 ,x 0 tw5ty   
cubits  long1 tw5ty wide1 & t5 high4 ,t 
built at ,j]usalem1 by ,z]ubbabel1  aft]
 ! return f ,babylon1 0 ( r\gh /ones2 z 
0 t (  ,maccabees4 ,josephus says t !   
alt> :i* 9 8 "t 0 9 !  temple 0 ( r\gh  
/ones1 fifte5 cubits high1 =ty long1 &  
=ty  wide4    ,among ! ,romans alt>s 7 (
 two k9ds1 ! high] & ! l[]2 !  high] 7  
int5d$ = ! cele/ial gods1 & 7 call$     
alt>ia1  f altus2 ! l[] 7 = ! t]re/rial 
& inf]nal gods1 &  7 call$ ar4 ,^?      
d$icat$ to ! heav5ly gods 7 rais$ a     
great height above ! surface ( ! e>?2 ^?
 ( ! t]re/rial  gods 7 almo/ ev5 ) !    
surface2 & ^? = ! inf]nal  deities 7    
only holes dug 9 ! gr\nd call$          
scrobiculi4    ,be=e temples 7 9 use !  
alt>s 7 plac$ 9 ! groves1  highways1 or 
on tops ( m\nta9s1 inscrib$ ) ! names1  
ensigns1 or  *>act]s ( ! respective gods

 to :om !y belong$4 ,! great  temples at
 ,rome g5]ally conta9$ ?ree alt>s2 !    
fir/ 9 !  sanctu>y1 at ! foot ( ! /atue1
 = inc5se & libations2 !  second be=e ! 
gate ( ! temple1 = ! sacrifices (       
victims2 &  ! ?ird 0 a portable "o = !  
(f]+s & sacr$ ve/m5ts or  vessels to lie
 ^u4 ,! anci5ts us$ to swe> ^u ! alt>s  
^u  solemn occasions1 su* z confirm+    
alliances1 treaties ( peace1 c4  ,!y 7  
also places ( refuge1 & s]v$ z an asylum
 & sanctu>y  to all :o fl$ to !m1 :atev]
 _! crimes 74    ,! pr9cipal alt>s among
 ! ,jews 7 ^? ( inc5se1 (  burnt-(f]+1 &
 ! alt> or table = ! %ew bread4 ,! alt> 
(  inc5se 0 a small table ( %ittim wood 
cov]$ ) plates ( gold4  ,x 0 a cubit    
long1 a cubit broad1 & two cubits high4 
,at ! f\r  corn]s 7 f\r horns4 ,! prie/1
 ^: turn x 0 to (ficiate1  burnt inc5se 
on ?is alt>1 at ! "t ( ! morn+ sacrifice
  betwe5 ! spr9kl+ ( ! blood & ! lay+ ( 
! pieces ( !  victim on ! alt> (        
burnt-(f]+4 ,he did ! same also 9 !     
ev5+1 betwe5 ! lay+ ( ! pieces on ! alt>

 & !  dr9k-(f]+4 ,at ! same "t ! p pray$
 9 sil5ce1 & _!  pray]s 7 (f]$ up by !  
prie/s4 ,! alt> ( burnt-(f]+ 0  ( %ittim
 wood also1 & c>ri$ ^u ! %\ld]s ( !     
prie/s1 by  /aves ( ! same wood ov]laid 
) brass4 ,9 ,moses's days x 0 five      
cubits squ>e1 & ?ree high3 b x 0 greatly
 enl>g$ 9 ! days  ( ,solomon1 be+ tw5ty 
cubits squ>e1 & t5 9 height4 ,x 0  cov]$
 ) brass1 & _h a horn at ea* corn] to   
:i* ! sacrifice  0 ti$4 ,?is alt> 0     
plac$ 9 ! op5 air1 t ! smoke might  n   
sully ! inside ( ! tab]nacle or temple4 
,on ?is alt> ! holy  fire 0 r5ew$ f "t  
to "t1 & kept con/antly burn+4 ,h]eon1  
likewise1 ! sacrifices ( lambs &        
bullocks 7 burnt1 especially a  lamb e  
morn+ at ! ?ird h\r1 or n9e ( ! clock1 &
 a lamb  e aft]noon at ?ree1 ,exod4 xx1 
#bd1 #be2 xxvii1 #a1 #b1 #d2 xxxviii1   
#a4  ,! alt> ( burnt-(f]+ _h ! privilege
 ( be+ a sanctu>y or  place ( refuge4 ,!
 wilful murd]]1 inde$1 s\ght protection 
!re 9  va92 = by ! express comm& ( ,god 
he might be dragg$ to ju/ice1  ev5 f !  

alt>4 ,! alt> or table ( %ew bread 0 (  
%ittim  wood also1 cov]$ ) plates (     
gold1 & _h a bord] r\nd x  adorn$ )     
sculpture4 ,x 0 two cubits long1 "o     
wide1 & "o & a  half 9 height4 ,?is     
table /ood 9 ! sanctum sanctorum1 holy (
  holies1 & ^u x 7 plac$ ! loaves ( %ew 
bread4 ,aft] !  return ( ! ,jews f _!   
captivity1 & ! build+ ( ! second        
temple1 ! =m & size ( ! alt>s 7 some:at 
*ang$4    ,sacrifices accord+ to ! laws 
( ,moses1 c\ld n be (f]$ except  by !   
prie/s2 & at any o!r place ?an on ! alt>
 ( !  tab]nacle or ! temple4 ,fur!rmore1
 !y 7 n to be (f]$ to  idols1 nor ) any 
sup]/iti\s rites4 ,see ,lev4 xvii1 #a-g2
 ,deut4 xii1  #ae1 #af4 ,)\t ^!         
precaution>y measures1 ! true religion  
w\ld  h>dly h be5 secure4 ,if a diff]5t 
arrangem5t _h be5 adopt$1 if  ! prie/s  
_h be5 scatt]$ ab\t to v>i\s alt>s1 )\t 
be+  subject$ to ! salut>y re/ra9t :i*  
w\ld result f a mutual  obs]vation ( ea*
 o!r1 !y w\ld no d\bt "s ( !m h  will+ly
 cons5t$ to ! wor%ip ( idols2 & o!rs1 9 

_!  sep>ate situation1 w\ld n h be5 9 a 
condition to resi/ !  wi%es ( !         
multitude1 _h ^? wi%es be5 wrong4 ,!    
necessity (  sacrific+ at "o alt>1 7t ( 
! tab]nacle or temple17 is  frequ5tly & 
emphatically insi/$ on1 ,deut4 xii1 #ac1
 #ad2 & all  o!r alt>s are disapprov$1  
,lev4 xxvi1 #cj1 comp>e ,jo%ua xxii1    
#i-cd4  ,not)/&+ ?is1 x appe>s t1       
subsequ5tly to ! "t (  ,moses1          
especially 9 ! days ( ! k+s1 alt>s 7    
multipli$2 b  !y fell "u suspicions1    
al?\gh "s ( !m 7 p]haps sacr$ to  !     
wor%ip ( ! true ,god4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 
true1 t prophets1  ^: *>act]s 7 above   
all suspicion1 sacrific$1 9 "s          
in/ances1 9 o!r places ?an ! "o         
designat$ by ! laws1 #a ,sam4  xiii1    
#c-ad2 xvi1 #a-e2 #a ,k+s xviii1 #ba-dj4
    ,,amalekites1 a p ^: c\ntry adjo9$ !
 s\!rn bord] ( !  l& ( ,canaan1 9 !     
nor?-we/]n "p ( ,arabia ,petra4 ,!y are 
g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 ! desc5dants ( 
,amalek1 ! son (  ,eliphaz1 & gr&son (  
,esau4 ,b ,moses speaks ( ! ,amalekites 

long  be=e ?is ,amalek 0 born2 namely 9 
! days ( ,abraham1 :5  ,*$orlaom]1 k+ ( 
,elam1 deva/at$ _! c\ntry1 ,g54 xiv1 #g2
 f  :i* x may be inf]r$ t !re 0 "s o!r &
 m anci5t  ,amalek1 f :om ?is p sprang4 
,! ,arabians h a tradition t  ?is       
,amalek 0 a son ( ,ham2 & :5 we consid] 
t s e>ly z !  m>* f ,egypt ! ,amalekites
 7 a p p[]ful en\gh to attack  !        
,israelites1 x is f> m probable t !y    
%\ld d]ive _!  ance/ry f ,ham1 ?an f !  
!n rec5t /ock ( ! gr&son (  ,esau4 ,x   
may also be said1 t ! "* & fate ( ?is p 
7 m consonant ) ! deal+s ( ,provid5ce   
t[>d ! families  ( ! =m]4 ,?is m e>ly   
orig9 ( ! ,amalekites w likewise  expla9
 :y ,balaam call$ !m ! 8fir/ ( !        
nations40    ,!y are suppos$ by "s to h 
be5 a p>ty or tribe ( ! %eph]ds  :o     
invad$ ,egypt1 & kept x 9 subjection =  
two hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is  w agree ) !      
,arabian tradition z to _! desc5t4 ,x   
also  agrees ) _! pa/oral & m>tial      
habits1 z well z ) _!  geographical     
position2 :i* 0 p]haps made *oice ( on  

_!  retir+ f ,egypt1 adjo9+ t ( _!      
c\ntrym5 ! ,phili/9es1  ^: hi/ory is v  
simil>4 ,x also furni%es a motive = _!  
ho/ility to ! ,jews1 & _! trea*]\s      
attempt to de/roy !m 9  ! des]t4 ,!     
gr\nd ( ?is ho/ility has be5 v g5]ally  
suppos$ to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! remembrance (
 ,jacob's depriv+  _! prog5itor ( 8     
bir?right4 ,b we d n f9d t !  ,edomites1
 :o _h ?is gr\nd = a hatr$ to ! ,jews1  
made any attempt  to mole/ !m1 nor t    
,moses ev] reproa*es ! ,amalekites =    
attack+ ! ,israelites z _! bre?r52 nor d
 we ev] f9d 9  ,scripture t !           
,amalekites jo9$ ) ! ,edomites1 b always
 )  ! ,canaanites & ! ,phili/9es4 ,^!   
consid]ations w\ld be  suffici5t1 _h we 
no o!r reasons = believ+ !m n to be ( ! 
/ock ( ,esau4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be d$uc$ f
 a high] orig92 &  view+ !m z ,cu?ite   
%eph]ds & w>riors1 we h an adequate     
explanation bo? ( _! imp]i\s & w>like   
"*1 & ( !  motive ( _! ho/ility to !    
,jews 9 p>ticul>4 ,if expell$ )  ! re/ (
 _! race f ,egypt1 !y c\ld n b recollect

 !  fatal ov]?r[ at ! ,r$ ,sea2 & if n  
p>ticipators 9 t  cata/rophe1 /ill1 z   
memb]s ( ! same family1 !y mu/ be> ?is  
ev5t 9 remembrance ) bitt] feel+s (     
rev5ge4 ,b an additional  motive is n   
want+ = ?is ho/ility1 especially = its  
fir/ act4  ,! ,amalekites probably knew 
t ! ,israelites 7 advanc+ to take       
possession ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 & resolv$  
to fru/rate ! purposes  ( ,god 9 ?is    
respect4 ,h5ce !y did n wait = _! ne>   
approa*  to t c\ntry1 b came d[n f _!   
settlem5ts1 on its s\!rn  bord]s1 to    
attack !m unaw>es at ,rephidim4 ,be ?is 
z x may1 !  ,amalekites came on !       
,israelites1 :5 encamp$ at t place1     
little  expect+ su* an assault4 ,moses  
comm&$ ,jo%ua1 ) a *os5 b&1  to attack !
 ,amalekites2 :ile he1 ) ,a>on & ,hur1  
w5t up !  m\nta9 ,horeb4 ,dur+ !        
engagem5t1 ,moses held up 8 h&s to      
heav52 & s long z !y 7 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is    
attitude1 !  ,israelites prevail$1 b :5 
?r\gh we>9ess !y fell1 !  ,amalekites   
prevail$4 ,a>on & ,hur1 see+ ?is1 held  

up 8 h&s till  ! latt] 7 entirely       
defeat$ ) great slaught]1 ,exod4 xvii4  
,! ,amalekites 7 inde$ ! e>lie/ & ! mo/ 
bitt] enemies !  ,jews _h to enc\nt]4   
,!y attack$ !m 9 ! des]t2 & s\ght  e    
opportunity aft]w>d ( mole/+ !m4 ,"u !  
judges1 !  ,amalekites1 9 conjunction ) 
! ,midianites1 invad$ ! l& (  ,israel2  
:5 !y 7 defeat$ by ,gideon1 ,judges vi1 
vii4 ,b ,god1 =  _! fir/ act ( trea*]y1 
_h decl>$ t he w\ld 8utt]ly put  out !  
remembrance ( ,amalek f "u heav520 a    
d5unciation :i*  0 n long aft]          
accompli%$4 ,saul de/roy$ _! entire     
army1 )  ! exception ( ,agag _! k+2 =   
sp>+ :om1 & p]mitt+ !  ,israelites to   
take ! spoil ( _! foes1 he incurr$ !    
displeasure  ( ! ,"l1 :o took ! sceptre 
f him4 ,agag 0 imm$iately  aft]w>d hewn 
9 pieces by ,samuel1 #a ,sam4 xv4 ,x is 
rem>kable1 t  mo/ au?ors make ,saul's   
pursuit ( ! ,amalekites to comm5ce f !  
l[] ,euphrates1 in/ead ( f ! s\!rn bord]
 ( ! l& (  ,canaan4 7,see ,havilah47    
,david a few ye>s aft]1 defeat$ ano!r ( 

_! armies2 ( :om only f\r hundr$ m5     
escap$ on camels1 #a ,sam4  xxx2 aft]   
:i* ev5t1 ! ,amalekites appe> to h be5  
oblit]at$  z a nation4    ,,amasa1 ! son
 ( ,i?ra & ,abigail1 ,david's si/]1 :om 
,absalom1 :5  he rebell$ aga9/ 8 fa!r1  
appo9t$ g5]al ( 8 army1 #b ,sam4  xvii1 
#be4 ,amasa hav+ ?us receiv$ ! comm& (  
,absalom's troops1  engag$ 8 c\s9 ,joab1
 g5]al ( ,david's army1 & 0 wor/$4 ,b1  
aft] ! defeat ( ,absalom's p>ty1 ,david1
 be+ angry at ,joab =  kill+ ,absalom1  
p>don$ ,amasa1 & gave him ! comm& ( 8   
own  army4 ,^u ! revolt ( ,%eba1 ! son (
 ,bi*ri1 ,david gave ord]s to  ,amasa to
 assemble all ,judah & m>* aga9/ ,%eba4 
,amasa n be+  able to =m 8 army 9 ! "t  
prescrib$1 ,david direct$ ,abi%ai to    
pursue ,%eba ) ! gu>ds4 ,joab1 ) 8 p1   
accompani$ him2  & ^! troops 7 sc>cely  
got z f> z ! great /one 9 ,gibeon1  be=e
 ,amasa came & jo9$ !m ) 8 =ces4 ,!n    
said ,joab to  ,amasa1 8,art ?\ 9 heal?1
 my bro!r80 & took him by ! be>d )  8 "r
 h& to kiss him2 & trea*]\sly smote him 

"u ! fif?  rib1 s t he expir$4          
,,amaziah1 "o ( ! k+s ( ,judah1 #b      
,*ron4 xxiv1 #bg1 son ( ,joa%1  succe$$ 
8 fa!r ,a4 ,m4 #cafe1 ,b4 ,c4 #hci4 ,he 
0 tw5ty-five ye>s (  age :5 he began to 
reign1 & reign$ tw5ty-n9e ye>s at       
,j]usalem4  8,he did good 9 ! sight ( ! 
,"l1 b n ) a p]fect he>t40  ,:5 settl$ 9
 8 k+dom1 he put to dea? ! murd]]s ( 8  
fa!r1 b avoid$ a b>b>\s practice !n too 
common1 to de/roy  also _! *ildr52 9 :i*
 he _h respect to ! precept1 8,!  fa!rs 
%all n be put to dea? = ! *ildr51 nei!r 
%all !  *ildr5 be put to dea? = ! fa!rs2
 e man %all be put to  dea? = 8 own s910
 ,deut4 xxiv1 #af2 #b ,*ron4 xxv1 #a-c4 
,9 ! mu/] :i* ,amaziah made ( 8 p1 he   
f\nd ?ree hundr$  ?\s& m5 able to be>   
arms4 ,he hir$1 besides1 "o hundr$ ?\s& 
m5 ( ,israel2 = :i* he paid ! k+ (      
,israel a hundr$ tal5ts1  ab\t ?irty-f\r
 ?\s& p\nds ,engli%4 ,8 design 0 to     
employ  ^! troops aga9/ ,edom1 :i* _h   
revolt$ f ,judah1 9 ! reign  ( ,joram1  
ab\t fifty-f\r ye>s be=e1 #b ,k+s1 viii1

 #bj4 ,b a  prophet ( ! ,"l came to him1
 & said1 8,o k+1 let n ! army (  ,israel
 g ) !e2 = ! ,"l is n ) ,israel40       
,amaziah1  h]eupon1 s5t back ^? troops2 
& !y return+1 /rongly irritat$  aga9/   
,amaziah1 disp]s$ !mselves ov] ! cities 
( ,judah1 f  ,be?oron to ,sam>ia1 kill$ 
?ree ?\s& m51 & c>ri$ (f a great  booty1
 to make !mselves am5ds = ! loss ( !    
plund] ( ,edom4  ,amaziah1 ) 8 own =ces 
gave battle to ! ,edomites 9 ! ,valley  
( ,salt1 & defeat$ !m2 b hav+ ?us puni%$
 ,edom1 & tak5  _! idols1 he ador$ !m z 
8 own deities4 ,?is provok$ ! ,"l1  :o  
p]mitt$ ,amaziah to be s bl9d$ z to     
believe himself inv9cible4  ,he !re=e   
s5t to defy ! k+ ( ,israel1 say+1       
8,come1 let u look  "o ano!r 9 ! face40 
,! motive ( ?is *all5ge 0 probably to   
oblige ,joa%1 k+ ( ,israel1 to repair ! 
ravages :i* 8 troops _h  committ$ on _! 
return homew>ds4 ,joa% answ]$ him by !  
fable (  ! c$> ( ,lebanon1 & ! ?i/le    
trodd5 d[n by a bea/1 #b ,k+s  xiv1 #h1 
#i4 ,b ,amaziah1 deaf to ^! reason+s1   

advanc$ to  ,be?%eme%1 & 0 defeat$ &    
tak5 prison] !re1 by ,joa%1 :o  c>ri$   
him to ,j]usalem4 ,joa% ord]$ !         
demolition ( f\r hundr$  cubits ( ! city
 wall1 c>ri$ to ,sam>ia all ! gold &    
silv]1 !  ri* vessels ( ! h\se ( ,god1 !
 treasuries ( ! royal palace1  & ! sons 
( ^? among 8 own p :o _h be5 ho/ages    
!re4  ,amaziah reign$ aft] ?is1 fifte5  
or sixte5 ye>s at ,j]usalem1 b  return$ 
n to ! ,"l4 ,he endeav\r$ to escape f a 
conspiracy to  ,la*i%2 b 0 assass9at$4  
,he 0 buri$ ) 8 ance/ors 9 !  city (    
,david1 & ,uzziah1 or ,az>iah1 8 son1   
ab\t sixte5 ye>s (  age1 succe$$ him4   
,,ambassador1 a mess5g] s5t by a        
sov]eign1 to transact affairs (  great  
mom5t4 ,m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel are call$    
ambassadors1 because1  9 ! "n ( ,jesus  
,*ri/ ! ,k+ ( k+s1 !y decl>e 8 w to  m51
 & propose ! t]ms ( _! reconciliation to
 ,god1 #b ,cor4 v1 #bj2  ,eph4 vi1 #bj4 
,eliakim1 ,%ebna1 & ,joah1 ! s]vants (  
k+ ,hezekiah1  7 call$ 8ambassadors (   
peace40 ,9 _! ma/]'s "n !y  e>ne/ly     

solicit$ a peace f ! ,assyrian mon>*1 b 
7 made 8to  weep bitt]ly0 ) !           
disappo9tm5t & refusal1 ,isaiah xxxiii1 
#g4    ,,amb]1 1 ,ezek4 i1 #d1 #bg2     
viii1 #b4 ,! amb] is a h>d inflammable  
bitum54 ,:5 rubb$ x is highly end[$ ) t 
rem>kable prop]ty  call$ electricity1 a 
^w :i* ! mod]ns h =m$ f its ,greek  "n 4
 ,b ! anci5ts _h also a mix$ metal ( f9e
 copp]  & silv]1 resembl+ ! amb] 9      
col\r1 & call$ by ! same "n4  ,f !      
v]sion ( ,ezekiel i1 #d1 by ! ,,lxx1    
1 8,& 9 ! mid/ ( x z !  appe>ance (     
electrum 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire10 x appe>s t 
^?  translators by 1 c\ld n mean amb]1  
:i* gr[s dim z soon  z x feels ! fire1 &
 quickly dissolves into a res9\s or     
pit*y  sub/ance2 b ! mix$ metal above   
m5tion$1 :i* is mu* celebrat$  by !     
anci5ts = its beautiful lu/re1 & :i*1 :5
 expos$ to !  fire l o!r metals1 gr[s m 
bright & %9+4 ,/4 ,j]om1  ,!odoret1 ,/4 
,gregory & ,orig5 ?9k1 t1 9 ! above cit$
  passages f ,ezekiel1 a preci\s &      
highly poli%$ metal is meant4    ,,am54 

1 9 ,hebrew1 signifies true1 fai?ful1   
c]ta94 ,x is  us$ likewise 9            
affirmation2 & 0 (t5 ?us employ$ by our 
,savi\r3 8,am51 am510 t is1 8,v]ily1    
v]ily40 ,x is also und]/ood  z express+ 
a wi%1 8,am56 s be x60 or an            
affirmation1 8,am51 yes1 ,i  believe x30
 ,num4 v1 #bb4 ,%e %all answ]1 8,am56   
,am560 ,deut4 xxvii1  #ae1 #af1 #ag1 c4 
8,all ! p %all answ]1 ,am56 ,am560 #a   
,cor4 xiv1  #af4 8,h[ %all he :o        
occupie? ! place ( ! unle>n$1 say1 ,am56
  at ?y giv+ ( ?anks8 see+ he und]/&e? n
 :at ?\ saye/40  8,! promises ( ,god are
 ,am5 9 ,*ri/20 t is1 c]ta91 confirm$1  
grant$1 #b ,cor4 i1 #bj4 ,! ,hebrews end
 ! five books ( ,psalms1  accord+ to _! 
di/ribution ( !m1 ) 8,am51 am520 :i* !  
,septuag9t translate1 1 1 & ! ,lat9s1   
,fiat1 fiat4  ,! ,gospels1 c1 are end$ )
 ,,am54 ,! ,greek1 ,lat91 & o!r  *ur*es1
 pres]ve ?is ^w 9 _! pray]s1 z well z   
alleluia &  hosanna4 ,at ! conclusion ( 
! public pray]s1 ! p anci5tly  answ]$ ) 
a l\d voice1 8,am560 & ,j]om says1 t1 at

 ,rome1 :5  ! p answ]$1 8,am560 ! s\nd 0
 l a clap ( ?und]1 9  similitud9em      
cle/is tonitrui ,am5 reboat4 ,am5 r+s   
aga9 l  a peal ( ?und]4 ,! ,jews ass]t t
 ! gates ( heav5 are op5$  to him :o    
answ]s1 8,am560 ) all 8 might4    ,!    
,jewi% doctors give ?ree rules =        
pron\nc+ ! ^w3 #a4 ,t x  be n pron\nc$  
too ha/ily & rapidly1 b ) a grave &     
di/9ct  voice4 #b4 ,t x be n l\d] ?an ! 
tone ( him t blesses4 #c4  ,t x be      
express$ 9 fai?1 ) a c]ta9 p]suasion t  
,god w\ld  bless !m1 & he> _! pray]s4   
,,am5 is a title ( our ,"l1 8,! ,am51 ! 
true & fai?ful witness10  ,rev4 i1 #ad4 
,,ame?y/4 1 ,exod4 xxviii1 #ai2 & xxix1 
#ab2 & once 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 ,rev4   
,,xxi1 #bj1 4    ,a transp>5t gem1 ( a  
col\r :i* seems compos$ ( a /rong blue &
  deep r$2 &1 accord+ z ei!r prevails1  
af=ds diff]5t t+es (  purple1 sometimes 
approa*+ to violet1 & sometimes ev5 fad+
 to a  rose col\r4 ,! /one call$ ame?y/ 
by ! anci5ts 0 evid5tly !  same ) t n[  
g5]ally kn[n by ?is "n2 :i* is f> f be+ 

! case ) reg>d to "s o!r gems4 ,!       
ori5tal is ! h>de/1  sc>ce/1 & mo/      
valuable4 ,x 0 ! n9? /one 9 ! pectoral (
  ! high prie/1 & is m5tion$ z ! twelf? 
9 ! f\ndations (  ! ,new ,j]usalem4     
,,amm9adab1 or ,,ab9adab1 a ,levite1 &  
an inhabitant ( ,kirja?-je>im1  ) :om ! 
ark 0 deposit$ aft] x 0 br\ght back f ! 
l&  ( ! ,phili/9es1 #a ,sam4 vii4 ,?is  
,amm9adab dwelt 9 ,gibea?1 t is  to say1
 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! city ( ,kirja?-je>im4
    #b4 ,! *>iots ( ,amm9adab are       
m5tion$1 ,canticles vi1 #ab1 z be+      
extremely light4 ,he is ?\ght to h be5  
"s celebrat$ *>iote]1  ^: horses 7      
s+ul>ly swift4    ,,ammon1 or ,,hammon1 
or ,,jupit]-,,ammon1 an epi!t giv5 to   
,jupit] 9  ,lybia1 :]e 0 a celebrat$    
temple ( t deity "u !  d5om9ation (     
,jupit] ,ammon1 :i* 0 visit$ by ,alex&] 
! ,great4    ,! ^w ,am\n1 :i* imports   
8%9+10 accord+ to ,jablonski1  d5ot$ !  
effects produc$ by ! sun on atta9+ !    
equator1 su*  z ! increase ( ! days2 a m
 spl5did light2 &1 above all1 !  =tunate

 presage ( ! inundation ( ! ,nile1 & its
 consequ5t  abundance4    ,ammon is by  
o!rs d]iv$ f ,ham1 ! son ( ,noah1 :o    
fir/ peopl$  ,egypt & ,lybia1 aft] !    
flood2 &1 :5 idolatry began to ga9      
gr\nd soon aft] ?is p]iod1 became ! *ief
 deity ( ^? two  c\ntries1 9 :i* 8      
desc5dants cont9u$4 ,a temple1 x is     
said1 0  built to 8 hon\r1 9 ! mid/ ( ! 
s&y des]ts ( ,lybia1 ^u a  spot ( good  
gr\nd1 ab\t two leagues broad1 :i* =m$ a
 k9d (  isl& or oasis 9 a sea ( s&4 ,he 
0 e/eem$ ! ,zeus ( ,greece1  & ! ,jupit]
 ( ,latium1 z well z ! ,ammon ( !       
,egyptians4 ,9  process ( "t1 ^! two    
names 7 jo9$2 & he 0 call$ ,jupit]      
,ammon4 ,= ?is reason ! city ( ,ammon1  
,no-ammon1 or ! city ( ,ham1  0 call$ by
 ! ,greeks ,diospolis1 or ! city (      
,jupit]4 ,plut>*  says1 t ( all !       
,egyptian deities :i* seem$ to h any    
correspond5ce ) ! ,zeus ( ,greece1 ,amon
 or ,ammon 0 ! mo/  peculi> &           
appropriate4 ,f ,egypt 8 "n & wor%ip 7  
br\ght  into ,greece2 z inde$ 7 almo/   

all ! names ( all ! deities t  7 !re    
wor%ipp$4 ,jupit] ,ammon1 or ! ,egyptian
 ,jupit]1 0  usually repres5t$ "u !     
figure ( a ram2 ?\gh 9 "s m$als he      
appe>s ( a human %ape1 hav+ only two    
ram's horns gr[+ out  b5ea? 8 e>s4 ,!   
,egyptians1 says ,proclus1 9 ! ,timu (  
,plato1  _h a s+ul> v5]ation = ! ram1   
because ! image ( ,ammon bore  its head1
 & because ?is fir/ sign ( ! zodiac 0 ! 
presage (  ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,eusebius  
adds1 t ?is symbol m>k$ !  conjunction (
 ! sun & moon 9 ! sign ( ! ram4    #b4  
,,ammon1 or ,,b5-,,ammi1 ! son ( ,lot1  
by 8 y\nge/ daught]1 ,g54  xix1 #ch4 ,he
 0 ! fa!r ( ! ,ammonites1 & dwelt on !  
ea/ side  ( ! ,dead ,sea1 9 ! m\nta9s ( 
,gilead4    ,,ammonians1 ! disciples (  
,ammonius ,saccas1 ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool4
  ,8 "* 0 s equivocal1 t x is disput$   
:e!r he 0 a  ,hea!n or a ,*ri/ian4 ,mr4 
,miln] calls him 8a ,pagan ,*ri/ian10 :o
  imag9$ 8t all religions1 vulg> &      
philosophical1 ,grecian &  b>b>\s1      
,jewi% & ,g5tile1 meant ! same ?+ 9     

sub/ance4 ,he  und]took1 by allegoriz+ &
 subtiliz+ v>i\s fables & sy/ems1  to   
make up a coalition ( all sects &       
religions2 & f 8 lab\rs1  cont9u$ by 8  
disciples1--"s ( ^: works /ill rema91--8
  foll[]s 7 taught to look on ,jew1     
philosoph]1 vulg>1 ,pagan1 &  ,*ri/ian1 
z all ( ! same cre$10 & wor%ipp]s ( !   
same ,god1  :e!r d5om9at$ 8,jehovah1    
,jove1 or ,"l40    ,,ammonites1 !       
desc5dants ( ,ammon1 ! son ( ,lot4 ,!y  
took  possession ( ! c\ntry call$ by _! 
"n1 aft] hav+ driv5 out  ! ,zamzummims1 
:o 7 its anci5t inhabitants4 ,! precise 
p]iod at  :i* ?is expulsion took place  
is n asc]ta9$4 ,! ,ammonites _h  k+s1 & 
7 uncircumcis$1 ,j]4 ix1 #be1 #bf1 &    
seem to h be5  pr9cipally addict$ to    
husb&ry4 ,!y1 z well z ! ,moabites1 7   
among ! nations ^: peace or prosp]ity ! 
,israelites 7  =bidd5 to di/urb1 ,deut4 
ii1 #ai1 c4 ,h[ev]1 nei!r ! "o nor !    
o!r 7 to be admitt$ into ! congregation 
to ! t5? g5]ation1  because !y did n    
come out to relieve !m 9 ! wild]ness1 & 

7 implicat$ 9 hir+ ,balaam to curse !m4 
,_! *ief & peculi>  deity is1 9         
,scripture1 call$ ,molo*4 ,*emo% 0 also 
a god ( !  ,ammonites4 ,be=e !          
,israelites ent]$ ,canaan1 ! ,amorites  
conqu]$  a great "p ( ! c\ntry belong+  
to ! ,ammonites & ,moabites2 b  x 0     
retak5 by ,moses1 & divid$ betwe5 !     
tribes ( ,gad &  ,reub54 ,previ\s to !  
"t ( ,jeph?ah1 ,b4 ,c4 #aahh1 !         
,ammonites  engag$ z pr9cipals 9 a w>1  
"u a k+ ^: "n is n giv51  aga9/ !       
,israelites4 ,?is pr9ce1 det]m9+ to     
recov] ! anci5t  c\ntry ( ! ,ammonites1 
made a sudd5 irruption into x1 r$uc$ !  
l&1 & kept ! inhabitants 9 subjection = 
eighte5 ye>s4 ,he  aft]w>d cross$       
,jordan ) a design ( fall+ ^u ! tribes (
  ,judah1 ,b5jam91 & ,ephraim4 ,!       
,israelites resi/$ ! invad]2 &1         
assembl+ at ,mizpeh1 *ose ,jeph?ah = _! 
g5]al1 & s5t an  expo/ulatory message to
 ! k+ ( ! ,ammonites1 ,judges x1 xi4 ,! 
k+ repli$1 t ^? l&s belong$ to !        
,ammonites1 :o _h be5  unju/ly          

dispossess$ ( !m by ! ,israelites1 :5 !y
 came out (  ,egypt1 & exhort$ ,jeph?ah 
to re/ore !m peaceably to ! lawful      
own]s4 ,jeph?ah remon/rat$ on ! inju/ice
 ( 8 claim2 b f9d+  a w> inevitable1 he 
fell ^u ! ,ammonites ne> ,aro]1 &       
defeat$  !m ) great slaught]4 ,on ?is   
occasion ! ,ammonites lo/ tw5ty  cities2
 & ?us an end 0 put1 aft] eighte5 ye>s' 
bondage1 to !  tyranny ( ,ammon ov] !   
,israelites beyond ,jordan4 ,9 ! days ( 
,saul1  #a ,sam4 xi1 ,b4 ,c4 #ajie1 !   
old claim ( ! ,ammonites 0 reviv$ by    
,naha% _! k+1 & !y laid siege to ! city 
( ,jabe%4 ,!  inhabitants 7 incl9$ to   
ackn[l$ge ,naha% z _! sov]eign2 b  he   
w\ld accept _! submission only on       
condition t e "o (  !m %\ld cons5t to   
lose 8 "r eye1 & t ?us he might fix a   
la/+ reproa* ^u ,israel3 b f ?is        
humiliat+ & sev]e  requisition !y 7     
deliv]$ by ,saul1 :o vanqui%$ & disp]s$ 
! army ( ,naha%4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,naha%1   
,david s5t ambassadors to  8 son &      
successor ,hanun1 to congratulate him on

 8 accession2 b  ^! ambassadors 7 treat$
 z spies1 & dismiss$ 9 a v  reproa*ful  
mann]1 #b ,sam4 x4 ,?is indignity 0     
puni%$ by ,david )  rig\r4 ,rabbah1 !   
capital ( ,hanun1 & ! o!r cities (      
,ammon1  :i* resi/$ ! progress ( !      
conqu]or1 7 de/roy$ & raz$  to ! gr\nd2 
& ! inhabitants 7 put to dea? or r$uc$  
to  s]vitude4 ,9 ! reign ( ,jeho%aphat !
 ,ammonites unit$ ) _!  bre?r51 !       
,moabites1 & ! inhabitants ( ,m\nt      
,seir1 aga9/ !  k+ ( ,judah2 b !y 7     
completely r\t$4 ,!y 7 aft]w>d  ov]?r[n 
by ,uzziah1 k+ ( ,judah1 & made         
tribut>y1 #b ,*ron4 xxvi1  #h2 & rebell+
 9 ! reign ( 8 son ,jo?am1 !y 7 r$uc$ to
  ! necessity ( pur*as+ peace at a v de>
 rate4 ,aft] ! tribes  ( ,reub51 ,gad1 &
 ! half tribe ( ,manasseh1 7 c>ri$ into 
captivity by ,tigla? ,piles]1 ,b4 ,c4   
#gdj1 ! ,ammonites & ,moabites took     
possession ( ! cities belong+ to ^!     
tribes1 & 7 reproa*$  = x by ,j]emiah1  
xlix1 #a4 ,_! ambassadors 7 exhort$ to  
submit  to ,nebu*adnezz>1 & ?reat5$1 on 

_! refusal1 ) captivity &  slav]y1 ,j]4 
xxvii1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,! ,prophet ,ezekiel1
 xxv1 #d-aj1 d5\nces  _! entire         
de/ruction1 & in=ms !m1 t ,god w\ld     
deliv] !m  up to ! p ( ! ea/2 & t !     
,ammonites %\ld no m be  m5tion$ among !
 nations3 & ?is puni%m5t !y 7 to suff] =
  insult+ ! ,israelites on acc\nt ( _!  
calamities1 & !  de/ruction ( _! temple 
by ! ,*aldeans4 ,?is mal$iction began to
  be inflict$ ^u !m 9 ! fif? ye> aft] ! 
tak+ ( ,j]usalem1  :5 ,nebu*adnezz> made
 w> aga9/ all ! p ar\nd ,judea1 ,a4 ,m4 
#cdbj or #cdba1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehc4 ,x is     
probable t ,cyrus grant$ to !           
,ammonites & ,moabites lib]ty to return 
into _! own c\ntry1 :5ce  !y _h be5     
remov$ by ,nebu*adnezz>2 = !y 7 expos$  
to !  revolutions t 7 common to ! p (   
,syria & ,pale/9e1 &  7 subject         
sometimes to ! k+s ( ,egypt1 & sometimes
 to ! k+s  ( ,syria4 ,polybius in=ms u1 
t ,antio*us ! ,great took ,rabbo?1 or   
,philadelphia1 ! capital ( ! ,ammonites1
 demoli%$ ! walls1 &  put a g>rison into

 x1 ,a4 ,m4 #chjf1 ,b4 ,c4 #aih4 ,dur+ !
 p]secutions  ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ! 
,ammonites manife/$ _! hatr$ to !       
,jews1 & ex]cis$ great cruelties aga9/  
su* ( !m z liv$ 9  _! p>ts4 ,at l5g? _! 
city ,jas]1 & ! neighb\r+ t[n1 fell  a  
prey to ! ,jews1 :o smote ! m51 c>ri$ _!
 wives & *ildr5  into captivity1 &      
plund]$ & burn$ ! city4 ,?us end$ _! la/
  conflict ) ! desc5dants ( ,israel4    
,ammon 01 h[ev]1 a highly  productive & 
popul\s c\ntry :5 ! ,romans became ma/]s
 ( all  ! prov9ces ( ,syria2 & sev]al ( 
! t5 alli$ cities1 :i* gave  "n to !    
celebrat$ ,decapolis1 7 includ$ )9 its  
b\nd>ies4  ,ev5 :5 fir/ invad$ by !     
,s>ac5s1 ?is c\ntry1 includ+ ,moab1  0  
enri*$ by ! v>i\s b5efits ( trade1 cov]$
 ) a l9e (  =ts1 & possess$ "s /rong &  
popul\s cities4 ,volney be>s  witness1  
8t 9 ! imm5se pla9s ( ! ,hauran1 ru9s   
are  cont9ually to be met )1 & t :at is 
said ( its actual  f]tility p]fectly    
corresponds ) ! idea giv5 ( x 9 !       
,hebrew  writ+s40 ,! fact ( its natural 

f]tility is corroborat$ by e  travell]  
:o has visit$ x4 ,& 8x is evid5t10 says 
,burckh>dt1  8t ! :ole c\ntry mu/ h be5 
extremely well cultivat$ 9  ord] to h   
af=d$ subsi/5ce to ! inhabitants ( s _m 
t[ns10  z are n[ visible only 9 _! ru9s4
 ,:ile ! fruitfulness ( !  l& ( ,ammon1 
& ! high degree ( prosp]ity & p[] 9 :i* 
x  subsi/$ long prior & long subsequ5t  
to ! date ( ! pr$ictions1  are ?us      
indisputably e/abli%$ by hi/orical      
evid5ce & by exi/+  pro(s1 ! rese>*es ( 
rec5t travell]s 7:o 7 actuat$ by !  m]e 
desire ( explor+ ^! regions & obta9+    
geographical  in=mation7 h made kn[n its
 pres5t aspect2 & te/imony ! mo/  cle>1 
unexceptionable1 & conclusive1 has be5  
borne to ! /ate (  dire desolation to   
:i* x is & has long be5 r$uc$4    ,x 0  
prophesi$ conc]n+ ,ammon1 8,son ( man1  
set ?y face aga9/  ! ,ammonites1 &      
prophesy aga9/ !m4 ,i w make ,rabbah ( !
  ,ammonites a /able = camels & a c\*+  
place = flocks4 ,behold1 ,i  w /ret* out
 my h& ^u !e1 & deliv] !e = a spoil to !

  ,hea!n2 ,i w cut !e (f f ! p1 & cause 
!e to p]i%  out ( ! c\ntries2 ,i w      
de/roy !e4 ,! ,ammonites %all n be      
rememb]$ among ! nations4 ,rabbah0 7!   
*ief city7 8( ! ,ammonites  %all be a   
desolate heap4 ,ammon %all be a p]petual
 desolation10 ,ezek4  xxv1 #b1 #e1 #g1  
#aj2 xxi1 #cb2 ,j]4 xlix1 #b2 ,zeph4 ii1
 #i4    ,ammon 0 to be deliv]$ to be a  
spoil to ! ,hea!n--to be de/roy$1  & to 
be a p]petual desolation4 8,all ?is     
c\ntry1 =m]ly s  popul\s & fl\ri%+1 is  
n[ *ang$ into a va/ des]t40  7,seetz5's 
,travels47 ,ru9s are se5 9 e direction4 
,! c\ntry is  divid$ betwe5 ! ,turks & !
 ,arabs1 b *iefly possess$ by !  latt]4 
,! extortions ( ! "o1 & ! depr$ations ( 
! o!r1  keep x 9 8p]petual desolation10 
& make x 8a spoil to ! ,hea!n40  8,! f> 
great] "p ( ! c\ntry is un9habit$1 be+  
ab&on$ to  ! w&]+ ,arabs1 & ! t[ns &    
villages are 9 a /ate ( total  ru940    
7,ibid47 8,at e /ep are to be f\nd !    
ve/iges ( anci5t  cities1 ! rema9s ( _m 
temples1 public edifices1 & ,greek      

*ur*es40 7,burckh>dt's ,travels47 ,!    
cities are left desolate4 8,_m  ( ! ru9s
 pres5t no objects ( any int]e/4 ,!y    
consi/ ( a few  walls ( dwell+ h\ses1   
heaps ( /ones1 ! f\ndations ( "s  public
 edifices1 & a few ci/]ns fill$ up2 !re 
is no?+ entire1  ?\gh x appe>s t ! mode 
( build+ 0 v solid1 all !  rema9s be+   
=m$ ( l>ge /ones4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,ammon 
!re is  a f]tile pla9 int]sp]s$ ) l[    
hills1 :i* = ! great] "p  are cov]$ )   
ru9s40 7,burckh>dt's ,travels 9 ,syria47
 ,:ile !  c\ntry is ?us despoil$ &      
desolate1 !re are valleys & tracts      
?r\gh\t x :i* 8are cov]$ ) a f9e coat ( 
v]dant pa/ure1  & are places ( resort to
 ! ,b$\9s1 :]e !y pa/ure _!  camels & _!
 %eep40 7,buck+ham's ,travels 9         
,pale/9e47 8,!  :ole way we trav]s$10   
says ,seetz51 8we saw villages 9 ru9s1 &
  met numb]s ( ,arabs ) _! camels10 c4  
,mr4 ,buck+ham describes a  build+ among
 ! ru9s ( ,ammon1 8! masonry ( :i* 0    
evid5tly  con/ruct$ ( mat]ials ga!r$ f !
 ru9s ( o!r & old]  build+s on ! spot4  

,on ent]+ x at ! s\? end10 he adds1 8we 
came to an op5 squ>e c\rt1 ) ar*$       
recesses on ea* side1 !  sides ne>ly    
fac+ ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,! recesses 9 !    
nor!rn  & s\!rn wall 7 orig9ally op5    
passages1 & _h ar*$ door  ways fac+ ea* 
o!r2 b ! fir/ ( ^! 0 f\nd :olly clos$   
up1 & ! la/ 0 p>tially fill$ up1 leav+  
only a n>r[ passage1  j suffici5t = !   
entrance ( "o man & ( ! goats1 :i* !    
,arab keep]s drive 9 "h occasionally =  
%elt] dur+ ! night40  ,he relates t he  
lay d[n among 8flocks ( %eep & goats10  
close  beside ! ru9s ( ,ammon2 &        
p>ticul>ly rem>ks t1 dur+ !  night1 he  
80 almo/ entirely prev5t$ f sleep+ by ! 
bleat+  ( flocks40 ,s lit]ally true is  
x1 al?\gh ,seetz51 & ,burckh>dt1  &     
,buck+ham1 :o relate ! facts1 make no   
ref]5ce or allusion  :atev] to any ( !  
prophecies1 & travell$ = a diff]5t      
object  ?an ! elucidation ( !           
,scriptures1--t 8! *ief city ( !        
,ammonites is a /able = camels1 & a c\*+
 place = flocks40    8,! ,ammonites %all

 n be rememb]$ among ! nations40 ,:ile !
  ,jews1 :o 7 long _! h]$it>y enemies1  
cont9ue z di/9ct a  p z ev]1 ?\gh       
disp]s$ among all nations1 no trace ( ! 
,ammonites rema9s2 none are n[ designat$
 by _! "n1 nor d any  claim desc5t f !m4
 ,!y did exi/1 h[ev]1 long aft] ! "t  :5
 ! ev5tual annihilation ( _! race 0     
=etold2 = !y  reta9$ _! "n1 & cont9u$ a 
great multitude until ! second  c5tury (
 ! ,*ri/ian ra4 7,ju/9 ,m>tyr47 8,yet !y
 are cut (f  f ! p4 ,ammon has p]i%$ out
 ( ! c\ntries2 x is  de/roy$40 ,no p is 
atta*$ to its soil2 none reg>d x z _!   
c\ntry & adopt its "n3 8,& ! ,ammonites 
are n rememb]$ among  ! nations40       
8,rabbah0 7,rabbah ,ammon1 ! *ief city (
 ,ammon7 8%all be a desolate  heap40    
,situat$1 z x 01 on ea* side ( ! bord]s 
( a pl5tiful  /ream1 encircl$ by a      
fruitful region1 /rong by nature &      
=tifi$  by art1 no?+ c\ld h ju/ifi$ !   
suspicion1 or w>rant$ !  conjecture 9 ! 
m9d ( an un9spir$ mortal1 t ! royal city
 (  ,ammon1 :atev] disa/]s might        

possibly befal x 9 ! fate ( w> or  *ange
 ( ma/]s1 w\ld ev] und]go s total a     
transmutation z to  become a desolate   
heap4 ,b al?\gh1 9 addition to su* tok5s
 ( its  cont9uance z a city1 m ?an a    
?\s& ye>s _h giv5  un9t]rupt$ exp]i5ce (
 its /ability1 ere ! prophets ( ,israel 
d5\nc$ its fate2 yet a p]iod ( equal    
l5g? has n[ m>k$ x out1  z x exi/s to   
?is day1 a desolate heap1 a p]petual or 
p]man5t  desolation4 ,its anci5t "n is  
/ill pres]v$ by ! ,arabs1 & its  site is
 n[ 8cov]$ ) ! ru9s ( private           
build+s--no?+ (  !m rema9+ except !     
f\ndations & "s ( ! door po/s4 ,!       
build+s1 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 are all 
9 decay10 7,burckh>dt's  ,travels 9     
,syria17 s t !y may be said lit]ally to 
=m a  desolate heap4 ,! public edifices1
 :i* once /r5g!n$ or adorn$  ! city1    
aft] a long resi/ance to decay1 are n[  
also desolate2 &  ! rema9s ( ! mo/      
entire among !m1 subject$ z !y are to ! 
abuse & spoliation ( ! wild ,arabs1 c be
 adapt$ to no bett]  object ?an 8a /able

 = camels40 ,yet ^! brok5 walls & ru9$  
palaces1 says ,mr4 ,kei?1 :i* atte/ !   
anci5t spl5d\r ( ,ammon1  c n[ be made  
subs]vi5t1 by means ( a s+le act (      
reflection1 to  a f> nobl] purpose ?an !
 mo/ magnific5t edifices on e>? c be1   
:5 !y are contemplat$ z monum5ts on :i* 
! hi/oric &  prophetic tru? ( ,scripture
 is bl5d$ 9 "o bright inscription4      
,,amorites1 ! desc5dants ( ,amori1 or   
,hmorri1 or ,amorrhu1 ,g54 x1  #af1 !   
f\r? son ( ,canaan1 ^: fir/ possessions 
7 9 !  m\nta9s ( ,judea1 among ! o!r    
families ( ,canaan3 b1 gr[+  /rong above
 _! fell[s1 & impati5t ( conf9em5t )9 ! 
n>r[ b\nd>ies ( _! native di/rict1 !y   
pass$ ! ,jordan1 &  ext5d$ _! conque/s  
ov] ! f9e/ prov9ces ( ,moab & ,ammon2   
seiz+ & ma9ta9+ possession ( t ext5sive 
& almo/  insulat$ portion ( c\ntry      
includ$ betwe5 ! riv]s ,jordan1 ,jabbok1
  & ,arnon4 ,?is 0 ! k+dom1 & ,he%bon ! 
capital1 ( !  ,amorites1 "u ,sihon _!   
k+1 :5 ! ,israelites1 9 _! way f        
,egypt1 reque/$ a passage ?r\gh _!      

c\ntry4 ,?is reque/1 h[ev]1  ,sihon     
refus$2 & came out aga9/ !m ) all 8 =ce1
 :5 he 0  sla91 8 p extirpat$1 & 8 k+dom
 tak5 possession ( by !  ,israelites4 ,x
 0 subsequ5tly divid$ betwe5 ! tribes ( 
,reub5 &  ,gad1 ,num4 xiii1 #bi2 xxi1   
#ac1 #be2 ,jo%ua v1 #a2 xi1 #c2 ,judges 
xi1 #ai1 #bb4    ,,amos1 ! f\r? ( ! m9or
 prophets1 :o 9 8 y\? _h be5 a  h]dsman 
9 ,tekoa1 a small t[n ab\t f\r leagues  
s\?w>d (  ,j]usalem4 ,he 0 s5t to ! p ( 
,sam>ia1 to br+ !m back to  ,god by     
rep5tance1 & re=mation ( mann]s4 ,h5ce x
 is natural to  suppose t he mu/ h be5  
born )9 ! t]ritories ( ,israel1  & t he 
only retir$ to ,tekoa1 on be+ expell$ f 
,be!l by  ,amaziah1 ! prie/ ( ! calves  
at ,be!l4 ,he frequ5tly compla9s (  !   
viol5ce (f]$ him by ^? :o endeav\r$ to  
impose sil5ce on  him4 ,he boldly       
inveighs aga9/ ! cry+ s9s ( !           
,israelites1 su*  z idolatry1           
oppression1 wantonness1 & ob/9acy4 ,nor 
does he sp>e  ! s9s ( ,judah1 su* z _!  
c>nal security1 s5suality1 &  inju/ice4 

,he utt]s frequ5t ?reat5+s aga9/ !m bo?1
 &  pr$icts _! ru94 ,x is obs]vable 9   
?is prophecy1 t1 z x  beg9s )           
d5unciations ( judgm5t & de/ruction     
aga9/ !  ,syrians1 ,phili/9es1 ,tyrians1
 & o!r enemies ( ! ,jews1 s x  concludes
 ) com=table promises ( ! re/oration ( !
 tab]nacle  ( ,david1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( !
 k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,amos 0  call$ to !     
prophetic (fice 9 ! "t ( ,uzziah1 k+ (  
,judah1 &  ,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,joa%1 k+ (
 ,israel4    ,"s writ]s1 9 adv]t+ to !  
condition ( ,amos1 h1 ) a m9ute         
affectation ( criticism1 pret5d$ to     
discov] a c]ta9 rud5ess &  vulg>ity 9 8 
/yle2 & ev5 ,j]om is ( op9ion t he is   
defici5t 9 magnific5ce & sublimity4 ,he 
applies to him ! words  :i* ,/4 ,paul   
speaks ( himself1 t he 0 rude 9 spee*1  
?\gh n  9 k2 & 8 au?ority1 says ,bi%op  
,l[?1 8has influ5c$ _m  comm5tators to  
repres5t him z entirely rude1 & void (  
elegance2  :]eas x requires b little    
att5tion to be conv9c$ t he is n  a :it 
beh9d ! v *iefe/ ( ! prophets20 equal to

 ! greate/  9 l(t9ess ( s5tim5t1 &      
sc>cely inf]ior to any 9 ! spl5d\r  ( 8 
diction1 & 9 ! elegance ( 8 composition4
 ,mr4 ,locke has  obs]v$1 t 8 comp>isons
 are *iefly drawn f lions1 & o!r        
animals1 because he liv$ among1 & 0     
conv]sant )1 su* objects4  ,b1 inde$1 ! 
f9e/ images & allusions1 :i* adorn !    
poetical  p>ts ( ,scripture1 9 g5]al are
 drawn f sc5es ( nature1 & f  ! gr&     
objects t range 9 h] walks2 & true g5ius
 ev] delights  9 consid]+ ^! z ! real   
s\rces ( beauty & magnific5ce4 ,!  :ole 
book ( ,amos is animat$ ) a f9e &       
mascul9e eloqu5ce4    ,,amulet1 a *>m or
 suppos$ pres]vative aga9/ diseases1    
wit*craft1  or any o!r mis*ief4 ,!y 7 v 
frequ5t among ! ,jews1 !  ,greeks1 & !  
,romans1 & 7 made ( /one1 metal1 animal 
sub/ances1 or1 9 %ort1 any ?+ :i* a weak
 imag9ation sugge/$4  ,! ,jews 7 v      
sup]/iti\s 9 ! use ( amulets1 b ! ,mi%na
  =bids !m1 unless receiv$ f "s p]son ( 
^: cures1 at lea/1  ?ree in/ances c\ld  
be produc$4 ,! phylact]ies worn by !    

,ph>isees & o!rs ( ! ,jewi% nation 7 a  
sort ( amulets4    ,amulets among !     
,greeks 7 call$1 1 1  1 1 1 & 4 ,!      
,lat9s call$ !m  amuleta1 app5sa1       
p5tacula1 c4 ,rema9s ( ?is sup]/ition   
cont9ue  among ignorant p ev5 9 ?is     
c\ntry1 :i* ought to be /rongly         
disc\nt5anc$ z weak or wick$4 ,! ^w     
amulet is probably d]iv$  f amula1 a    
small vessel ) lu/ral wat] 9 x1 anci5tly
 c>ri$  9 ! pocket = ! sake (           
purification & expiation4               
,,amyraldism1 a "n giv5 by "s writ]s to 
! doctr9e ( univ]sal  grace1 z expla9$ &
 ass]t$ by ,amyraldus1 or ,moses        
,amyraut1 & 8  foll[]s1 among ! re=m$ 9 
,france1 t[>d ! middle ( !  sev5te5?    
c5tury4 ,?is doctr9e pr9cipally consi/$ 
( !  foll[+ p>ticul>s1 viz4 t ,god      
desires ! happ9ess ( all m51  f :i* none
 are exclud$ by a div9e decree2 t none c
 obta9  salvation )\t fai? 9 ,*ri/2 t   
,god refuses to none ! p[] (  believ+1  
?\gh he does n grant to all 8 assi/ance1
 t !y may  improve ?is p[] to sav+      

purposes2 & t _m p]i% ?r\gh  _! own     
fault4 ,^? :o embrac$ ?is doctr9e 7     
call$  ,univ]sali/s1 al?\gh1 x is evid5t
 t !y r5d]$ grace  univ]sal 9 words1 b  
p>tial 9 reality1 & are *>geable )      
great] inconsi/5cies ?an !              
,supralaps>ians4 ,amyraldus is said to  
h =m$ 8 sy/em ) a view ( produc+ a      
reconciliation betwe5  ! ,lu!rans &     
,calv9i/s4 ,?is !ory 0 support$ 9 ,engl&
 by  ,baxt]4 ,see ,,baxt]ianism4        
,,anabapti/s1 a "n giv5 to ^? ,*ri/ians 
:o ma9ta9 t baptism  ought always to be 
p]=m$ by imm]sion2 t x ought n to be    
adm9i/]$ to *ildr5 be=e ! age (         
discretion2 & t at ?is  age x ought to  
be readm9i/]$ to ^? :o h be5 baptiz$ 9  
_! infancy4 ,!y affirm t ! adm9i/ration 
( ?is sacram5t is  nei!r valid nor      
useful1 if x be done by spr9kl+ only1 & 
n by  imm]sion2 or if ! p]sons :o       
receive x be n 9 a condition to  give ! 
reasons ( _! belief4 ,! ,anabapti/s (   
,g]many br\ght !  "n into great odium by
 _! turbul5t conduct2 b by ! p (  ?is   

p]suasion g5]ally1 ! conduct ( ^!       
fanatics 0 at all  times condemn$4 ,9   
,engl& !y =m a mo/ respectable1 ?\gh n a
  v num]\s body4    ,! ^w ,anabapti/ is 
comp\nd$ ( 1 new1 & 1 a bapti/2  & has  
be5 indiscrim9ately appli$ to p ( v     
diff]5t  pr9ciples4 ,_m ( !m object to !
 "n1 because ! baptism (  infants by    
spr9kl+ is1 9 _! op9ion1 no baptism2 &  
o!rs hold  no?+ 9 common except+ "s "o  
or o!r ( ! above m5tion$  op9ions       
conc]n+ baptism4 ,see ,,baptism4        
,,anagogical4 ,?is is "o ( ! f\r s5ses 9
 :i* ,scripture may be  int]pret$1 viz4 
! lit]al1 allegorical1 anagogical1 &    
tropological4 ,! anagogical s5se is giv5
 :5 ! text is expla9$  ) reg>d to ! end 
:i* ,*ri/ians %\ld h 9 view1 t is1      
et]nal life3 = example1 ! re/ ( !       
,sabba?1 9 ! anagogical  s5se1          
corresponds to ! repose ( ev]la/+       
bless$ness4    ,,anak1 ,,anakim1 fam\s  
giants 9 ,pale/9e4 ,anak1 fa!r ( !      
,anakim1  0 son ( ,arba1 :o gave 8 "n to
 ,kirja?-,arba1 or ,hebron4 ,anak _h    

?ree sons1 ,%e%ai1 ,ahiman1 & ,talmai1  
^: desc5dants 7 t]rible  = _! fi]c5ess &
 /ature4 ,! ,hebrew spies report$ t 9   
comp>ison ( ^? mon/r\s m51 !y !mselves 7
 b  gras%opp]s4 ,"s h ?\ght t ! "n      
,phnician1 giv5 to  ! ,canaanites1 &    
p>ticul>ly to ! ,sidonians1 0 orig9ally 
f  ,b5e-,anak1 sons ( ,anak4 ,caleb1    
assi/$ by ! tribe ( ,judah1 took        
,kirja?-,arba1 & de/roy$ ! ,anakim1 ,a4 
,m4 #beei4 ,jo%4 xv1 #ad2 ,judg4  i1    
#bj4    ,,analogy ,,( ,,fai?4 ,?is has  
be5 (t5 & l>gely descant$ ^u z an       
important rule = int]pret+ ,scripture1  
f\nd$1 z x is said1 ^u  ,rom4 xii1 #f1  
8,let u prophesy accord+ to !           
proportion0 7analogy7  8( fai?40    ,!  
pr9ciple ( ?is rule has be5 ?us /at$3 ,x
 is evid5t !  ,almighty do? n act )\t a 
design 9 ! sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity1  any m  
?an 9 ! works ( nature4 ,n[ ?is design  
mu/ be uni=m2  = z 9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se
 e "p is proportion$ to !  :ole1 & made 
subs]vi5t to x1--s1 9 ! sy/em ( !       
,gospel1 all  ! v>i\s tru?s1 doctr9es1  

decl>ations1 precepts1 & promises mu/   
correspond )1 & t5d to1 ! end design$4  
,= in/ance1 suppos+  ! glory ( ,god 9 ! 
salvation ( s9n]s by free grace be ! gr&
  design1--!n1 :atev] doctr9e1 ass]tion1
 or hypo!sis agrees n  ) ?is1 x is to be
 consid]$ z false4 ,! effect h[ev] ( ?is
  view ( ! case appe>s to be (t5        
delusive4 ,if no?+ m be meant  ?an t1   
:at is obscure 9 a revelation %\ld be   
int]pret$ by t  :i* is pla91 ! same rule
 applies to all sob] int]pretations (   
any book :atev]2 b if we call our       
op9ions1 p]haps ha/ily tak5  up1 or     
admitt$ on "s au?ority )\t exam9ation by
 ! light (  ,scripture1 8! analogy (    
fai?10 we %all greatly err4 ,on ?is     
subject  ,dr4 ,campbell rem>ks3--    8,9
 va9 d we se>* ! ,scriptures = _!       
te/imony conc]n+  ,*ri/1 if1 indep5d5tly
 ( ^! ,scriptures1 we h receiv$ a       
te/imony f ano!r qu>t]1 & are det]m9$ to
 admit no?+ z  ! te/imony ( ,scripture  
:i* w n p]fectly quadrate ) t  =m]ly    
receiv$4 ,?is 0 ! v s\rce ( ! bl9dness (

 ! ,jews  9 our ,savi\r's "t4 ,!y se>*$ 
! ,scriptures z mu* z we d2  b1 9 !     
disposition !y 7 91 !y w\ld nev] h      
discov]$  :at t sacr$ volume te/ifies ( 
,*ri/4 ,:y8 because _! great  rule (    
int]pretation 0 ! analogy ( ! fai?2 or1 
9 o!r  words1 ! sy/em ( ! ,ph>isean     
scribes1 ! doctr9e !n 9 vogue1  & 9 !   
pr(\nd v5]ation ( :i* !y _h be5 educat$4
 ,?is is  t veil by :i* ! und]/&+s ( t p
 7 d>k5$1 ev5  9 read+ ! law1 & ( :i* ! 
,apo/le obs]v$1 t x rema9$  unremov$ 9 8
 day1 & ( :i* we ourselves h occasion to
  obs]ve1 t x rema9s unremov$ 9 ours4 ,&
 is x n precisely 9  ! same way t !     
phrase is us$ by e sect ( ,*ri/ians1 =  
! p>ticul> sy/em or dige/ ( t5ets = :i* 
!y !mselves h  ! greate/ rev]5ce8 ,!    
,lat9 *ur*1 & ev5 ! ,greek1 are         
explicit 9 _! decl>ations on ?is        
article4 ,) ea*1 ! analogy  ( ! fai? is 
_! own sy/em alone4 ,& t diff]5t p>ties 
(  ,prote/ants1 ?\gh m res]v$ 9 _! mann]
 ( speak+1 aim at  ! same ?+1 is        
und5iable2 ! same1 ,i mean1 consid]$    

relatively  to ! speak]s2 =1 absolutely 
consid]$1 e p>ty means a  diff]5t ?+4   
#8,b1' say "s1 #8is n ?is mode (        
int]pretation  w>rant$ by ,apo/olical   
au?ority8 ,does n ,paul1 ,rom4 xii1 #f1 
9  speak+ ( ! ex]cise ( ! spiritual     
gifts1 enjo9 ! prophets to  prophesy    
1 accord+ to ! proportion (  fai?1 z our
 translators r5d] x1 b z "s critics     
expla9 x1  accord+ to ! analogy ( !     
fai?8' ,?\gh ?is exposition has  be5    
admitt$ into "s v]sions1 & adopt$ by    
,hammond & o!r  comm5tators1 & may be   
call$ lit]al1 x is suit$ nei!r to !     
ord9>y mean+ ( ! words1 nor to ! t5or ( 
! context4 ,! ^w   /rictly d5otes       
proportion1 measure1 rate1 b by no means
  t complex notion convey$ 9 ! a=esaid  
phrase by ! t]m  analogy1 :i* has be5   
well obs]v$ by ,:itby to be p>ticul>ly  
unsuitable 9 ?is place1 :]e ! ,apo/le   
treats ( ^? :o speak by  inspiration1 n 
( ^? :o expla9 :at has be5 ?us spok5 by 
o!rs4 ,! context manife/ly leads u to   
und]/&  1  v]se #f1 z equival5t to  1   

v]se #c4 ,& = ! bett]  und]/&+ ( ?is    
phrase1 ! measure ( fai?1 x may be prop]
  to obs]ve1 #a4 ,t a /rong conviction (
 any t5et1 f :atev]  cause x arises1 is 
9 ,scripture sometimes t]m$ fai?4 ,?us 9
 !  same epi/le1 ,rom4 xiv1 #bb1 !      
,apo/le says1 #8,ha/ ?\ fai?8 h x  to   
?yself be=e ,god4' ,! scope ( 8 reason+ 
%[s t no?+ is  !re meant by fai?1 b a   
conviction ( ! tru? 9 reg>d to !        
article ( :i* he _h be5 treat+1 namely1 
! equality ( days &  meats1 9 po9t (    
sanctity1 "u ! ,gospel disp5sation4 ,!  
same is  evid5tly ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 v]se  
#bc1 #8,:atsoev] is n (  fai?1 is s92'  
:]e1 )\t reg>d to ! morality ( an action
  ab/ractly consid]$1 t is conclud$ to  
be s9 :i* is done by "o  :o d\bts ( its 
lawfulness4 #b4 ,z to spiritual gifts1  
prophecy &  inspiration 9 p>ticul>1 !y  
appe> to h be5 accompani$ )  su* a fai? 
or conviction t !y came f ! ,_s1 z left 
no  room = hesitation4 ,& inde$ x is    
easy to p]ceive t some?+ (  ?is k9d 0   
absolutely necess>y to enable ! inspir$ 

p]son to  di/+ui% :at proce$$ f ! ,_s ( 
,god1 f :at 0 !  creature ( 8 own       
imag9ation4 ,! prophets ( ,god 7 n act$ 
^u  l ma*9es 9 deliv]+ _! pr$ictions1 z 
! div9]s 7  suppos$ to be among !       
,hea!n1 b _h !n1 z at o!r times1 !  free
 use ( _! faculties1 bo? ( body & m9d40 
,?is caution is  !re=e ) great propriety
 giv5 !m by ! ,apo/le1 to induce !m  to 
be att5tive 9 prophesy+1 n to exce$ !   
precise measure  all[$ !m1 7= diff]5t   
measures ( ! same gift 7 committ$ to    
diff]5t p]sons17 & n to m+le aught ( _! 
own ) ! ?+s  ( ,god's ,_s4 ,let him     
prophesy accord+ to ! proportion 9 :i*  
he has receiv$ ?is gift1 :i* is 9       
proportion to 8 fai?4 ,?\gh a  s5se     
some:at diff]5t has be5 giv5 to ! words 
by "s anci5t  ,greek expositors1 none ( 
!m seems to h =m$ a conception ( t      
s5se1 :i*1 z 0 obs]v$ above1 has be5    
giv5 by "s mod]ns4  ,?is has1 nev]!less1
 a s\nd & sob] pr9ciple includ$ 9 x1    
al?\gh capable ( great abuse4 ,und\bt$ly
 !re is a class ( great  & lead+ tru?s 9

 ! ,scriptures s cle>ly reveal$ z to    
af=d  pr9ciples ( int]pretation 9       
d\btful passages1 & ^! are s  obvi\s t  
p]sons ( s\nd m9ds & he>ts w n ne$ ^?   
=mal rules = ! application ( ! analogy (
 fai? to  int]pretation1 :i* h be5 drawn
 up by sev]al writ]s1 & :i*  :5 n       
mislead+1 are g5]ally sup]flu\s4        
,,ananias 0 ! son ( ,neb$u1 high prie/ (
 ! ,jews4 ,accord+ to  ,josephus1 he    
succe$$ ,joseph1 ! son ( ,cami?1 9 !    
=ty-sev5?  ye> ( ! ,*ri/ian ra2 & 0     
himself succe$$ by ,i%mael1 ! son  (    
,tabu1 9 ! ye> #fc4 ,quadratus1 gov]nor 
( ,syria1 com+ into  ,juda1 on ! rum\rs 
:i* prevail$ among ! ,sam>itans & ,jews1
  s5t ! high prie/ ,ananias to ,rome1 to
 v9dicate 8 conduct to !  emp]or4 ,!    
high prie/ ju/ifi$ himself1 0 acquitt$1 
& return$4  ,/4 ,paul be+ appreh5d$ at  
,j]usalem by ! tribune ( ! ,roman       
troops t gu>d$ ! temple1 decl>$ to him t
 he 0 a citiz5 (  ,rome4 ,?is oblig$ !  
(fic] to treat him ) "s reg>d4 ,z he 0  
ignorant ( :at ! ,jews accus$ him1 !    

next day he conv5$ !  prie/s1 & plac$   
,/4 ,paul 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 t he might     
ju/ify  himself4 ,/4 ,paul began z      
foll[s3 8,m5 & bre?r51 ,i h liv$ 9  all 
good consci5ce be=e ,god until ?is day40
 ,he _h sc>cely spok5  ?is1 :5 ! high   
prie/1 ,ananias1 comm&$ ^? :o 7 ne> him 
to smite him on ! face4 ,! ,apo/le      
imm$iately repli$1 8,god %all  judge !e1
 ?\ :it$ wall2 =1 sitte/ ?\ to judge me 
aft] !  law1 & comm&e/ me to be smitt5  
contr>y to ! law80 ,!y t  /ood by said1 
8,revile/ ?\ ,god's high prie/80 ,&     
,paul answ]$1 8,i  wi/ n1 bre?r51 t he 0
 ! high prie/2 = x is writt51 ,?\  %alt 
n speak evil ( ! rul] ( ?y p10 ,acts    
xxii1 #bc1 #bd2  xxiii1 #a-e2 by :i*    
words _m suppose t ! ,apo/le spake 9    
bitt]  irony2 or at lea/ t he consid]$  
,ananias z a usurp] ( ! (fice  ( !      
prie/hood4    ,aft] ?is1 ! assembly be+ 
divid$ 9 op9ion1 ,/4 ,paul 0 s5t by  !  
tribune to ,cs>ea1 t ,felix1 gov]nor ( !
 prov9ce1 might take  cognizance ( !    
affair4 ,:5 x 0 kn[n t ! ,apo/le _h     

arriv$  at ,cs>ea1 ,ananias ! high      
prie/1 & o!r ,jews1 w5t ?i!r to  accuse 
him2 b ! affair 0 adj\rn$1 & ,/4 ,paul  
cont9u$ two  ye>s 9 prison 9 t city1    
,acts xxiv4    ,! ,apo/le's pr$iction t 
,god w\ld smite ,ananias1 0 ?us         
accompli%$3 ,alb9us1 gov]nor ( ,juda1   
be+ come into t c\ntry1  ,ananias f\nd  
means to ga9 him by pres5ts2 & ,ananias1
 by reason (  ?is patronage1 0 consid]$ 
z ! fir/ man ( 8 nation4 ,h[ev]1  !re 7 
9 8 p>ty "s viol5t p]sons1 :o plund]$ ! 
c\ntry1  & seiz$ ! ti!s ( ! prie/s2 &   
?is !y did ) impunity1  on acc\nt ( !   
great cr$it ( ,ananias4 ,at ! same "t1  
sev]al  companies ( assass9s infe/$     
,juda1 & committ$ great ravages4 ,:5    
any ( _! companions fell into ! h&s ( ! 
gov]nors ( !  prov9ce1 & 7 ab\t to be   
execut$1 !y fail$ n to seize "s  dome/ic
 or relation ( ! high prie/ ,ananias1 t 
he might procure  ! lib]ty ( _!         
associates1 9 ex*ange = ^? :om !y       
deta9$4 ,hav+ tak5 ,eleaz]1 "o (        
,ananias's sons1 !y did n  release him  

till t5 ( _! companions 7 lib]at$4 ,by  
?is means  _! numb] consid]ably         
increas$1 & ! c\ntry 0 expos$ to  _!    
ravages4 ,at l5g?1 ,eleaz]1 ! son (     
,ananias1 head+ a p>ty  ( mut9e]s1 seiz$
 ! temple1 & =bade any sacrifices = !   
emp]or4 ,be+ jo9$ by ! assass9s1 he     
pull$ d[n ! h\se ( 8  fa!r ,ananias1 ) 8
 bro!r1 hid himself 9 ! aqu$ucts belong+
  to ! royal palace1 b 0 soon discov]$1 
& bo? ( !m 7  kill$4 ,?us ,god smote ?is
 :it$ wall1 9 ! v beg9n+ ( !  ,jewi%    
w>s4    #b4 ,,ananias1 "o ( ! fir/      
,*ri/ians ( ,j]usalem1 :o be+  conv]t$1 
) 8 wife ,sapphira1 sold 8 e/ate2 7z did
 ! o!r  ,*ri/ians at ,j]usalem1 "u a    
tempor>y regulation t !y 7 to  h all ?+s
 9 common27 b privately res]v$ a "p ( ! 
pur*ase money to himself4 ,hav+ br\ght !
 rema9d] to ,/4 ,pet]1 z  ! :ole price (
 ! inh]itance sold1 ! ,apo/le1 to :om ! 
,holy  ,gho/ _h reveal$ ?is falsehood1  
rebuk$ him sev]ely1 z hav+ li$  n unto  
m5 b unto ,god1 ,acts v4 ,at t in/ant1  
,ananias1 be+  /ruck dead1 fell d[n at !

 ,apo/le's feet2 & 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree     
h\rs aft]1 8 wife suff]$ a simil>       
puni%m5t4 ,?is happ5$1 ,a4  ,d4 #cc1 or 
#cd4 ,x is evid5t1 t 9 ?is & simil>     
ev5ts1 !  spectators & civil magi/rates 
mu/ h be5 conv9c$ t "s  extraord9>y p[] 
0 ex]t$2 = if ,pet] _h himself sla9     
,ananias1  he w\ld h be5 am5able to !   
laws z a murd]]4 ,b1 if by  =ew>n+ him t
 he %\ld imm$iately die1 & ! pr$iction  
came  to pass1 x is evid5t t ! p[] :i*  
att5d$ ?is ^w ( ,pet]  0 n f ,pet]1 b f 
,god4 ,?is 0 made ! m c]ta9 by !  dea? (
 two p]sons1 9 ! same mann]1 & "u ! same
  circum/ances1 :i* c\ld n be attribut$ 
to accid5t4    #c4 ,ananias1 a disciple 
( ,*ri/1 at ,damascus1 :om ! ,"l direct$
  to visit ,paul1 !n lately conv]t$4    
,ananias answ]$1 8,"l1 ,i h  he>d by _m 
( ?is man1 h[ mu* evil he ha? done to ?y
 sa9ts at  ,j]usalem2 & h[ he ha?       
au?ority f ! *ief prie/s to b9d all  t  
call ^u ?y "n40 ,b ! ,"l said unto him1 
8,g ?y way1 =  he is a *os5 vessel unto 
me40 ,ananias1 !re=e1 w5t to ! h\se 9   

:i* ,god _h reveal$ unto him t ,paul 01 
& putt+ 8 h&s on  him1 said1 8,bro!r    
,saul1 ! ,"l ,jesus :o appe>$ unto !e 9 
!  way1 ha? s5t me t ?\ mighte/ receive 
?y sight1 & be fill$  ) ! ,holy ,gho/10 
,acts ix1 #aj-ab1 c4 ,we are n in=m$ (  
any  o!r circum/ance ( ! life (         
,ananias4    ,,ana!ma1 f 1 signifies    
some?+ set ap>t1 sep>at$1 or  devot$1   
,mic4 iv1 #ac1 or ! =mula by :i* ?is is 
effect$4 ,to  ana!matize is g5]ally     
und]/ood to d5ote ! cutt+ (f or  sep>at+
 any "o f ! communion ( ! fai?ful1 !    
numb] ( !  liv+1 or ! privileges (      
society2 or ! devot+ ( an animal1  city1
 or o!r ?+1 to de/ruction4 ,see         
,,accurs$4    ,,ana!ma ,,m>ana?a4 8,if  
any man love n ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 let  
him  be ,ana!ma ,m>ana?a10 #a ,cor4 xvi1
 #bb4 ,:y ^! two words1 "o ,greek  & !  
o!r ,syriac1 7 n translat$1 is n obvi\s4
 ,!y are !  words ) :i* ! ,jews began _!
 great] excommunication1 :]eby  !y n    
only exclud$ s9n]s f _! society1 b      
deliv]$ !m up  to ! div9e *]em1 or      

ana!ma1 t is1 to mis]y 9 ?is life1  &   
p]dition 9 ! life to come4 8,let him be 
,ana!ma0 is1 8,let him be  accurs$40    
,m>ana?a signifies1 8,! ,"l come?10 or1 
8w come20 t  is1 to take v5geance4 ,see 
,see ,,accurs$4    ,,&rew1 an ,apo/le ( 
,jesus ,*ri/1 a native ( ,be?saida1 & ! 
bro!r ( ,pet]4 ,he 0 at fir/ a disciple 
( ,john ! ,bapti/1 :om  he left to foll[
 our ,savi\r1 aft] ! te/imony ( ,john1  
8,behold !  ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away 
! s9 ( ! _w10 ,john i1 #bi1 & 0  ! fir/ 
disciple receiv$ by our ,savi\r4 ,&rew  
!n introduc$ 8  bro!r ,simon1 & !y w5t )
 him to ! m>riage 9 ,cana1 b  aft]w>d   
return$ to _! ord9>y occupation1 n      
expect+1 p]haps1  to be f>!r employ$ 9 8
 s]vice4 ,h[ev]1 "s mon?s aft]1 ,jesus  
meet+ !m1 :ile fi%+ toge!r1 call$ !m to 
a regul>  att5dance ^u him1 & promis$ to
 make !m fi%]s ( m51 ,matt4 iv1  #ai4   
,aft] our ,savi\r's asc5sion1 tradition 
/ates t ,&rew 0  appo9t$ to prea* 9     
,scy?ia & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,accord+
  to ,eusebius1 aft] ?is ,apo/le _h     

plant$ ! ,gospel 9 sev]al  places1 he   
came to ,patr1 9 ,a*aia1 :]e1 endeav\r+ 
to conv]t !  pro-consul geas1 he 01 by t
 gov]nor's ord]s1 fir/ sc\rg$1 &  !n    
crucifi$4 ,! "t ( 8 suff]+ m>tyrdom is n
 kn[n2 b  all ! anci5t & mod]n          
m>tyrologies ( ! ,greeks & ,lat9s agree 
9 celebrat+ 8 fe/ival on ! #cj? (       
,novemb]4 ,8 body 0  embalm$1 & dec5tly 
int]r$ at ,patr1 by ,maximilla1 a lady (
 great  quality & e/ate4 ,x 0 aft]w>d   
remov$ to ,con/ant9ople1 by  ,con/ant9e 
! ,great1 :o buri$ x 9 ! great *ur* :i* 
he _h  built to ! hon\r ( ! ,apo/les4 ,x
 is n kn[n = :at reason  pa9t]s repres5t
 ,/4 ,&rew's cross l an ,x4 ,pet]       
,*rysologus says  t he 0 crucifi$ ^u a  
tree2 & ! spuri\s ,hippolytus assures  u
 t x 0 an olive tree4 ,nev]!less1 !     
tradition :i*  describes him to h be5   
nail$ to a cross is v anci5t4           
,,angel1 a spiritual1 intellig5t        
sub/ance1 ! fir/ 9 rank & dignity  among
 creat$ be+s4 ,! ^w angel1 1 is n       
prop]ly a  d5om9ation ( nature b (      

(fice2 d5ot+ z mu* z nuncius1  mess5g]1 
a p]son employ$ to c>ry "o's ord]s1 or  
decl>e 8 w4  ,?us x is ,/4 ,paul        
repres5ts angels1 ,heb4 i1 #ad1 :]e he  
calls !m  8m9i/]+ spirits20 & yet cu/om 
has prevail$ s mu*1 t angel  is n[      
commonly tak5 = ! d5om9ation ( a        
p>ticul> ord] (  spiritual be+s1 ( great
 und]/&+ & p[]1 sup]ior to !  s\ls or   
spirits ( m54 ,"s ( ^! are spok5 ( 9    
,scripture 9  su* a mann] z pla9ly to   
signify t !y are real be+s1 ( a         
spiritual nature1 ( high p[]1 p]fection1
 dignity1 & happ9ess4  ,o!rs ( !m are   
di/+ui%$ z n hav+ kept _! fir/ /ation1  
,jude #f4 ,^! are repres5t$ z evil      
spirits1 enemies ( ,god1 &  int5t on    
mis*ief4 ,! devil z ! head ( !m1 & !y z 
8  angels1 are repres5t$ z ! rul]s ( !  
d>kness ( ?is _w1 or  spiritual         
wick$nesses1 or wick$ spirits1        1 
,eph4 vi1 #ab2 :i* may n be unfitly     
r5d]$1 8!  spiritual manag]s (          
opposition to ! k+dom ( ,god40    ,!    
exi/5ce ( angels is suppos$ 9 all       

religions1 ?\gh x is  incapable ( be+   
prov$ a priori4 ,inde$1 ! anci5t        
,sadducees are  repres5t$ z d5y+ all    
spirits2 & yet ! ,sam>itans1 &          
,c>aites1 :o are reput$ ,sadducees1     
op5ly all[$ !m3 witness  ,abusaid1 !    
au?or ( an ,arabic v]sion ( ! ,p5tateu*2
 & ,a>on1 a  ,c>aite ,jew1 9 8 comm5t on
 ! ,p5tateu*2 bo? extant 9 manuscript  9
 ! k+ ( ,france's libr>y4 ,9 ! ,alcoran 
we f9d frequ5t m5tion  ( angels4 ,!     
,mussulm5 believe !m ( diff]5t ord]s or 
degrees1  & to be de/9$ = diff]5t       
employm5ts bo? 9 heav5 & on  e>?4 ,!y   
attribute exce$+ly great p[] to ! angel 
,gabriel1 z  t he is able to desc5d 9 ! 
space ( an h\r f heav5 to e>?2  to      
ov]turn a m\nta9 ) a s+le fea!r ( 8 w+1 
c4 ,! angel  ,asrael1 !y suppose1 is    
appo9t$ to take ! s\ls ( su* z die2 &   
ano!r angel1 nam$ ,esraphil1 !y tell u1 
/&s ) a trumpet ready  9 8 m\? to       
proclaim ! day ( judgm5t4    ,! ,hea!n  
philosoph]s & poets 7 also agre$ z to ! 
exi/5ce  ( intellig5t be+s1 sup]ior to  

man2 z is %[n by ,/4 ,cyprian 9  8      
treatise ( ! vanity ( idols2 f !        
te/imonies ( ,plato1  ,socrates1        
,trismegi/us1 c4 ,!y 7 ackn[l$g$ "u     
diff]5t  appellations2 ! ,greeks call+  
!m dmons1 & ! ,romans g5ii1 or  l>es4   
,epicurus seems to h be5 ! only "o among
 ! old  philosoph]s :o absolutely       
reject$ !m4    ,au?ors are n s unanim\s 
ab\t ! nature z ab\t ! exi/5ce (        
angels4 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us believ$ !y _h
 bodies2 :i* 0 also  ! op9ion ( ,orig51 
,cs>ius1 ,t]tullian1 & sev]al o!rs4     
,a?anasius1 ,/4 ,basil1 ,/4 ,gregory    
,nic5e1 ,/4 ,cyril1 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1  c1  
held !m to be m]e spirits4 ,x has be5 ! 
m curr5t op9ion1  especially 9 lat]     
times1 t !y are sub/ances entirely      
spiritual1  :o c1 at any "t1 assume     
bodies1 & appe> 9 human or o!r  %apes4  
,ecclesia/ical writ]s make a hi]>*y (   
n9e ord]s (  angels4 ,o!rs h di/ribut$  
angels into n9e ord]s1 accord+ to  !    
names by :i* !y are call$ 9 ,scripture1 
& r$uc$ ^!  ord]s into ?ree hi]>*ies2 to

 ! fir/ ( :i* belong s]aphim1  *]ubim1 &
 ?rones2 to ! second1 dom9ions1 virtues1
 & p[]s2  & to ! ?ird1 pr9cipalities1   
ar*angels1 & angels4 ,! ,jews  reckon   
f\r ord]s or companies ( angels1 ea*    
head$ by an ar*angel2  ! fir/ ord] be+ t
 ( ,mi*ael2 ! second1 ( ,gabriel2 !     
?ird1 ( ,uriel2 & ! f\r?1 ( ,raphael4   
,foll[+ ! ,scripture  acc\nt1 we %all   
f9d m5tion made ( diff]5t ord]s ( ^!    
sup]ior be+s2 = su* a di/9ction ( ord]s 
seems intimat$ 9 !  names giv5 to       
diff]5t classes4 ,?us we h ?rones1      
dom9ions1  pr9cipalities1 or pr9c$oms1  
p[]s1 au?orities1 liv+ ones1  *]ubim1 & 
s]aphim4 ,t "s ( ^! titles may indicate 
!  same class ( angels is probable2 b t 
!y all %\ld be b  diff]5t appellations (
 "o common & equal ord] is improbable4  
,we  le>n also f ,scripture1 t !y dwell 
9 ! imm$iate pres5ce (  ,god2 t !y      
8excel 9 /r5g?20 t !y are immortal2 & t 
!y are ! ag5ts ?r\gh :i* ,god v (t5     
accompli%es 8  special purposes (       
judgm5t & m]cy4 ,no?+ is m frequ5t 9    

,scripture ?an ! missions & appe>ances (
 good & bad angels1 :om  ,god employ$ to
 decl>e 8 w2 to correct1 tea*1 reprove1 
&  com=t4 ,god gave ! law to ,moses1 &  
appe>$ to ! old patri>*s1  by ! m$iation
 ( angels1 :o repres5t$ him1 & spoke 9 8
 "n1  ,acts vii1 #cj1 #ce2 ,gal4 iii1   
#ai2 ,heb4 xiii1 #b4    ,?\gh ! ,jews1 9
 g5]al1 believ$ ! exi/5ce ( angels1 !re 
0  a sect among !m1 namely1 !           
,sadducees1 :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce (  all    
spirits :atev]1 ,god only except$1 ,acts
 xxiii1 #h4 ,be=e !  ,babyloni%         
captivity1 ! ,hebrews seem n to h kn[n !
 names (  any angel4 ,! ,talmudi/s say  
!y br\ght ! names ( angels f  ,babylon4 
,tobit1 :o is ?\ght to h resid$ 9       
,n9eveh "s "t  be=e ! captivity1 m5tions
 ! angel ,raphael1 ,tob4 iii1 #ag2 xi1  
#b1  #g2 & ,daniel1 :o liv$ at ,babylon 
"s "t aft] ,tobit1 has taught u  ! names
 ( ,mi*ael & ,gabriel1 ,dan4 viii1 #af2 
ix1 #ba2 x1 #ba4 ,9 !  ,new ,te/am5t1 we
 f9d only ! two latt] m5tion$ by "n4    
,!re are v>i\s op9ions z to ! "t :5 !   

angels 7 creat$4  ,"s ?9k ?is took place
 :5 our heav5s & ! e>? 7 made4 ,=  ?is  
op9ion1 h[ev]1 !re is no j f\ndation 9 !
 ,mosaic  acc\nt4 ,o!rs ?9k t angels    
exi/$ long be=e ! =mation (  our sol>   
sy/em2 & ,scripture seems to fav\r ?is  
op9ion1 ,job  xxxviii1 #d1 #g1 :]e ,god 
says1 8,:]e wa/ ?\ :5 ,i laid !         
f\ndations ( ! e>?8--& all ! sons ( ,god
 %\t$ = joy40  ,?\gh x be a univ]sal    
op9ion t angels are ( a spiritual &     
incorporeal nature1 yet "s ( ! fa!rs1   
misl$ by a passage 9 ,g54  vi1 #b1 :]e x
 is said1 8,! sons ( ,god saw ! daught]s
 ( m51 t  !y 7 fair1 & !y took !m wives 
( all :i* !y *ose10  imag9$ !m to be    
corporeal1 & capable ( s5sual pleasures4
 ,b1  )\t notic+ all ! wild rev]ies :i* 
h be5 propagat$ by  bold or ignorant    
p]sons1 let x suffice to obs]ve1 t by 8!
 sons  ( ,god0 we are evid5tly to und]/&
 ! desc5dants ( ,se?1 :o1 =  ! great    
piety :]e9 !y cont9u$ = "s "t1 7 s      
call$2  & t 8! daught]s ( m50 7 ! prog5y
 ( wick$ ,ca94    ,z to ! doctr9e (     

tutel>y or gu>d+ angels1 presid+ ov] !  
affairs ( empires1 nations1 prov9ces1 & 
p>ticul> p]sons1 ?\gh  receiv$ by ! lat]
 ,jews1 x appe>s to be :olly ,pagan 9   
its orig91  & to h no c\nt5ance 9 !     
,scriptures4 ,! passages 9 ,daniel      
br\ght to fav\r ?is notion are capable (
 a mu* bett] explanation2  & :5 our ,"l 
decl>es t ! 8angels0 ( little *ildr5 8d 
always behold ! face ( ,god10 he ei!r   
speaks ( *ildr5 z be+  ! objects ( !    
g5]al m9i/ry ( angels1 or1 /ill m       
probably1  by angels he !re means !     
disembodi$ spirits ( *ildr52 = t  !     
,jews call$ disembodi$ spirits by ! "n (
 angels1 appe>s f  ,acts xii1 #ae4      
,on ?is "q ( gu>dian angels1 ,bi%op     
,horsley obs]ves3 8,t !  holy angels are
 (t5 employ$ by ,god 9 8 gov]nm5t ( ?is 
sublun>y _w1 is inde$ to be cle>ly prov$
 by holy writ4 ,t !y  h p[] ov] ! matt] 
( ! univ]se1 analog\s to ! p[]s ov]  x  
:i* m5 possess1 great] 9 ext5t1 b /ill  
limit$1 is a ?+  :i* might reasonably be
 suppos$1 if x 7 n decl>$4 ,b x  seems  

to be confirm$ by _m passages ( holy    
writ2 f :i* x seems  also evid5t t !y   
are occasionally1 = c]ta9 specific      
purposes1  commission$ to ex]cise ^?    
p[]s to a prescrib$ ext5t4 ,t !  evil   
angels possess$ be=e _! fall ! l p[]s1  
:i* !y are  /ill occasionally p]mitt$ to
 ex]cise = ! puni%m5t ( wick$  nations1 
seems also evid5t4 ,t !y h a p[] ov] !  
human  s5sory1 :i* !y are occasionally  
p]mitt$ to ex]cise1 & by means  ( :i* !y
 may inflict diseases1 sugge/ evil      
?\ghts1 & be !  in/rum5ts ( temptation1 
mu/ also be admitt$4 ,b all ?is am\nts  
n to any ?+ ( a discretional au?ority   
plac$ 9 ! h&s (  tutel> angels1 or to an
 au?ority to advise ! ,"l ,god ) respect
  to ! measures ( 8 gov]nm5t4           
,confid5tly ,i d5y t a s+le text  is to 
be f\nd 9 holy writ1 :i*1 rightly       
und]/ood1 gives ! lea/  c\nt5ance to !  
abom9able doctr9e ( su* a p>ticipation (
 !  holy angels 9 ,god's gov]nm5t ( !   
_w4 ,9 :at mann] !n1 x  may be ask$1 are
 ! holy angels made at all subs]vi5t to 

!  purposes ( ,god's gov]nm5t8 ,?is "q  
is answ]$ by ,/4 ,paul 9  8 ,epi/le to !
 ,hebrews1 9 ! la/ v]se ( ! fir/ *apt]2 
&  ?is is ! only passage 9 ! :ole ,bible
 9 :i* we h any ?+  explicit ^u ! (fice 
& employm5t ( angels3 #8,are !y n all1' 
sai? he1 #8m9i/]+ spirits1 s5t =? to    
m9i/] = !m t  %all be heirs (           
salvation8' ,!y are all1 h[ev] high 9   
rank &  ord]1 no?+ m ?an #8m9i/]+       
spirits1' or1 lit]ally1 #8s]v+          
spirits2' n inve/$ ) au?ority ( _! own1 
b #8s5t =?1'  occasionally s5t =?1 to d 
su* s]vice z may be requir$ ( !m1  #8=  
!m t %all be heirs ( salvation4'0    ,! 
exact numb] ( angels is no :]e m5tion$ 9
 ,scripture2 b x is  always repres5t$ z 
v great4 ,daniel1 vii1 #aj1 says ( !    
,anci5t  ( ,days1 8,a fi]y /ream came f 
be=e him2 ?\s& ?\s&s  m9i/]$ unto him1 &
 t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s& /ood be=e  him40 
,jesus ,*ri/ says1 t 8 heav5ly ,fa!r    
c\ld h giv5 him  m ?an twelve legions ( 
angels1 t is1 m ?an sev5ty-two  ?\s&1   
,matt4 xxvi1 #ec2 & ! ,psalmi/ decl>es1 

t ! *>iots  ( ,god are tw5ty ?\s&1 ev5  
?\s&s ( angels1 lxviii1 #ag1 ,^!  are   
all int5d$ n to express any exact numb]1
 b indef9itely a  v l>ge "o4    ,?\gh   
all ! angels 7 creat$ alike good1 yet   
,jude in=ms u1  v]se #f1 t "s ( !m 8kept
 n _! fir/ e/ate1 b left _!  own        
habitation10 & ^! ,god ha? 8res]v$ 9    
ev]la/+ *a9s  "u d>kness1 unto ! judgm5t
 ( ! great day40 ,speculations on !     
cause & occasion ( _! fall are all va9 &
 trifl+4 ,milton is to  be read on ?is  
subject1 z on o!rs1 n z a div9e1 b z a  
poet4  ,all we "k1 is1 t !y are n 9 _!  
fir/ 8e/ate10 or 9 _!  orig9al place2 t 
?is 0 _! own fault1 = 8!y left _! own   
habitation20 t !y are 9 *a9s1 yet )     
lib]ty to tempt2 &  t !y are res]v$ to !
 g5]al judgm5t4    ,dr4 ,prideaux       
obs]ves1 t ! m9i/] ( ! synagogue1 :o    
(ficiat$ 9 (f]+ ! public pray]s1 be+ !  
m\? ( !  congregation1 delegat$ by !m1 z
 _! repres5tative1 mess5g]1 or  angel1  
to address ,god 9 pray] = !m1 0 9       
,hebrew call$  %eliack-zibbor1 t is1 !  

angel ( ! *ur*2 & t f  h5ce ! *ief      
m9i/]s ( ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia are 9 !  
,revelation1 by a "n borr[$ f !         
synagogue1 call$ angels (  ^? *ur*es4   
,,! ,,angel ,,( ,,! ,,"l1 or ! ,angel   
,jehovah1 a title giv5 to ,*ri/  9 8    
diff]5t appe>ances to ! patri>*s & o!rs 
9 ! ,old  ,te/am5t4    ,:5 ! ,angel ( ! 
,"l f\nd ,hag> 9 ! wild]ness1 8%e call$ 
! "n ( ,,jehovah t spake to h]1 ,?\ ,god
 see/ me40--,,jehovah  appe>$ unto      
,abraham 9 ! pla9s ( ,mamre4 ,abraham   
lift$ up 8  eyes1 & ?ree m51 ?ree p]sons
 9 human =m1 8/ood by him40 ,"o  ( !    
?ree is call$ ,jehovah4 ,& ,,jehovah    
said1 8,%all ,i hide f  ,abraham ! ?+ t 
,i d80 ,appe>ances ( ! same p]sonage    
occur to  ,isaac & to ,jacob "u ! "n (  
8! ,god ( ,abraham1 & ( ,isaac40  ,aft] 
"o ( ^! manife/ations1 ,jacob says1 8,i 
h se5 ,god face to  face20 & at ano!r1  
8,surely ! ,"l 7,,jehovah7 is 9 ?is     
place40 ,!  same ,jehovah 0 made visible
 to ,moses1 & gave him 8 commission2 &  
,god said1 8,i ,,am ,,t ,i ,,am2 ?\ %alt

 say to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,i  ,,am ha?
 s5t me unto y40 ,! same ,,jehovah w5t  
be=e ! ,israelites  by day 9 a pill> (  
cl\d1 & by night 9 a pill> ( fire2 & by 
,him ! law 0 giv5 amid/ t]rible displays
 ( p[] & maje/y f  ,m\nt ,s9ai4 8,i am !
 ,"l 7,,jehovah7 ?y ,god1 :i* h br\ght  
!e  out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 out ( ! h\se ( 
bondage3 ,?\ %alt h  no o!r gods be=e   
me10 c4 ,! collation ( a few passages1  
or ( !  diff]5t p>ts ( ! same passages1 
( ,scripture1 w %[ t  ,jehovah1 & 8!    
,angel ( ! ,"l10 :5 us$ 9 ?is em95t     
s5se1  are ! same p]son4 ,jacob says (  
,be!l1 :]e he _h exclaim$1  8,surely    
,jehovah is 9 ?is place20 8,! ,angel (  
,god appe>$ to me  9 a dream1 say+1 ,i  
am ! ,god ( ,be!l40 ,^u 8 dea? b$ he    
gives  ! names ( ,god & ,angel to ?is   
same p]son3 8,! ,god :i* f$  me all my  
life long unto ?is day1 ! ,angel :i*    
r$eem$ me f  all evil1 bless ! lads40 ,s
 9 ,hosea xii1 #b1 #e1 x is said1 8,by 8
  /r5g? he _h p[] ) ,god2 yea1 he _h p[]
 ov] ! ,angel1  & prevail$40 8,we f\nd  

him 9 ,be!l1 & !re he spake ) u1  ev5 ! 
,"l ,god ( ,ho/s2 ! ,"l is 8 memorial40 
,"h ! same  p]son has ! names1 ,god1    
,angel1 & ,"l ,god ( ,ho/s4 8,!  ,angel 
( ! ,"l call$ to ,abraham a second "t f 
heav51 &  said1 ,by myself h ,i sworn1  
sai? ! ,"l1 7,,jehovah17 t1 s9ce  ?\ ha/
 done ?is ?+1 9 bless+ w ,i bless !e40  
,! ,angel (  ! ,"l appe>$ to ,moses 9 a 
flame ( fire2 b ?is same ,angel  8call$ 
to him out ( ! bu%1 & said1 ,i am ! ,god
 ( ?y fa!rs1  ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ! ,god 
( ,isaac1 & ! ,god ( ,jacob2 & ,moses   
hid 8 face1 = he 0 afraid to look ^u    
,god40 ,to omit _m o!r  passages1 ,/4   
,/eph51 9 allud+ to ?is "p ( ! hi/ory ( 
,moses1  9 8 spee* be=e ! c\ncil1 says1 
8,!re appe>$ to ,moses 9 !  wild]ness ( 
,m\nt ,s9ai1 an ,angel ( ! ,"l 9 a flame
 ( fire10  %[+ t t phraseology 0 9 use  
among ! ,jews 9 8 day1 &  t ?is ,angel &
 ,jehovah 7 reg>d$ z ! same be+2 = he   
adds1 8,moses 0 9 ! *ur* 9 ! wild]ness )
 ! ,angel :i*  spoke unto him 9 ,m\nt   
,s9ai40 ,!re is "o "p ( ! hi/ory ( !    

,jews 9 ! wild]ness1 :i* s fully %[s t  
!y di/+ui%$  ?is ,angel ( ,jehovah f all
 creat$ angels1 z to des]ve p>ticul>    
att5tion4 ,9 ,exodus xxiii1 #bj1 ,god   
makes ?is promise to ,moses & !         
,israelites3 8,behold1 ,i s5d an ,angel 
be=e !e to keep !e 9 !  way1 & to br+ !e
 into ! place :i* ,i h prep>$4 ,bew>e ( 
him1 & obey 8 voice2 provoke him n2 = he
 w n p>don y\r  transgressions1 = my "n 
is 9 him40 ,( ?is ,angel let x be       
obs]v$1 t he is "h repres5t$ z ! guide &
 protector ( !  ,israelites2 to him !y 7
 to owe _! conque/s & _! settlem5t  9 ! 
promis$ l&1 :i* are 9 o!r places (t5    
attribut$ to !  imm$iate ag5cy ( ,god2 t
 !y are caution$ to 8bew>e ( him10  to  
rev]5ce & /& 9 dread ( him2 t ! p>don+ (
  transgressions belongs to him2 f9ally1
 8t ! "n ( ,god 0 9  him40 ,?is "n mu/  
be und]/ood ( ,god's own peculi> "n1    
,,jehovah1 ,i ,,am1 :i* he assum$ z 8   
di/9ctive appellation at 8  fir/ appe>+ 
to ,moses2 & z ! names ( ,god are       
indicative ( 8  nature1 he :o _h a "r to

 be> ! peculi> "n ( ,god1 mu/ also  h 8 
ess5ce4 ,?is view is put beyond all d\bt
 by ! fact1 t  ,moses & ! ,jews s       
und]/ood ! matt]2 = aft]w>d :5 _!  s9s  
_h provok$ ,god to ?reat5 n to g up ) !m
 himself1 b  to commit !m to 8an angel  
:o %\ld drive out ! ,canaanite10 c1 !  p
 m\rn$ ov] ?is z a great calamity1 &    
,moses betook himself  to special       
int]cession1 & re/$ n until he obta9$ ! 
repeal (  ! ?reat1 & ! r5ew$ promise1   
8,my pres5ce %all g ) !e1  & ,i w give  
!e re/40 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be m cle> ?an  
t ,moses & ! ,israelites consid]$ !     
promise ( ! ,angel1 9  :om 0 8! "n (    
,god10 z a promise t ,god himself w\ld g
  ) !m4 ,) ?is uncreat$ ,angel1 ?is     
pres5ce ( ! ,"l1 !y  7 satisfi$1 b n )  
8an angel0 indef9itely1 :o 0 by  nature 
( t ord] ( be+s usually s call$1 & !re=e
 a  creat$ be+2 = at ! news ( ,god's    
det]m9ation n to g up )  !m1 ,moses     
ha/5s to ! tab]nacle to make 8          
int]cessions1 &  refuses an inf]ior     
conductor3--8,if ?y pres5ce g n ) me1   

c>ry  u n up h5ce40    ,! ,jews held ?is
 ,^w1 or ,angel ( ! ,"l1 to be ! future 
,messiah1  z appe>s f ! writ+s ( _! old]
 rabb9s4 ,s t he appe>s  z ! ,jehovah ( 
all ! ?ree disp5sations1 & yet is       
inv>iably  describ$ z a sep>ate p]son f 
! unse5 ,jehovah :o s5ds him4 ,he  0 !n 
! ,^w to be made fle%1 & to dwell = a "t
 among u1 to  op5 ! way to ,god by 8    
sacrifice1 & to rescue ! race1 ^:       
nature he %\ld assume1 f s9 & dea?4 ,?is
 he has n[ actually  effect$2 & !       
,patri>*al1 ,mosaic1 & ,*ri/ian         
religions are ?us  f\nd$ ^u ! same great
 pr9ciples1--! fall & mis]y ( mank9d1  &
 _! deliv]ance by a ,div9e ,r$eem]4     
,,angelics1 wor%ipp]s ( angels4 ,^? :o  
consid] ?is z a sect (  ! ,apo/olic age1
 ?9k ,/4 ,paul1 ,coloss4 ii1 #ah1       
cautions ,*ri/ians  aga9/ a sup]/iti\s  
rev]5ce ( ^! cele/ial ag5ts ( !  ,deity1
 :i* !y conceive to h be5 borr[$ f !    
idolatr\s  rev]5ce paid by ! ,hea!n to  
g5ii & demons4 ,! ,jews ( t "t  are also
 accus$ ( wor%ipp+ angels1 & probably   

?is sup]/ition  might ?r\gh !m influ5ce 
! ,judaiz+ memb]s ( "s ( !  ,apo/olic   
*ur*es4 ,?is idolatry may n[ be too     
ju/ly *>g$ ^u !  ,romi% & "s o!r corrupt
 *ur*es4    ,,ang]1 a res5tful emotion (
 ! m9d1 aris+ ^u ! receipt1 or  suppos$ 
receipt1 ( an affront or injury2 & also 
simple feel+ (  /rong displac5cy at t   
:i* is 9 itself evil1 or base1 or       
injuri\s to o!rs4 ,9 ! latt] s5se x is n
 only innoc5t b  comm5dable4 ,/rong     
displeasure aga9/ evil do]s1 provid$ x  
be free  f hatr$ & malice1 & int]f]es n 
) a j placabl5ess1 is  also blameless1  
,eph4 iv1 #bf4 ,:5 x is v9dictive aga9/ 
! p]son (  our neighb\r1 or aga9/ !     
innoc5t creatures ( ,god1 x is wick$1   
,matt4 v1 #bb4 ,:5 ang]1 hatr$1 wra?1 & 
fury1 are ascrib$ to ,god1  !y d5ote no 
tumultu\s passion1 b m]ely 8 holy & j   
displeasure ) s9 & s9n]s2 & ! evid5ce ( 
x 9 8 t]rible  ?reat5+s1 or righte\s    
judgm5ts1 ,psalm vi1 #a1 & vii1 #aa4 ,we
 mu/1  h[ev]1 take c>e t we ref9e n too 
mu*4 ,^! are ,scriptural  t]ms1 & are   

(t5 us$ ( ,god2 & ?\gh !y express n a   
tumultu\s1 mu* less an unju/1 passion1  
!re is some?+ 9 ,god  :i* answ]s to !m4 
,9 him !y are pr9ciples aris+ out ( 8   
holy & j nature2 & = ?is reason !y are m
 /eady &  uni=m1 & m t]rible1 ?an if !y 
7 emotions1 or z we say  passions4 ,nor 
c we rightly reg>d ! sev]ity ( !        
judgm5ts :i*  ,god has s (t5 execut$ ^u 
s9 )\t /&+ 9 awe ( him1 8z a  consum+   
fire0 to ! ungodly4    ,,animal1 is an  
organiz$ & liv+ body1 end[$ ) s5sation4 
,m9]als are said to gr[ or increase1    
plants to gr[ & live1 &  animals alone  
to h s5sation4 ,! ,hebrews di/+ui%$     
animals into  pure & impure1 clean &    
unclean2 or ^? :i* might be eat5 &      
(f]$1 & ^? ^: use 0 prohibit$4 ,!       
sacrifices :i* !y  (f]$1 71 #a4 ,( !    
beeve k9d2 a c[1 bull1 or calf4 ,! ox   
c\ld  n be (f]$1 because x 0 mutilat$2 &
 :5 x is said ox5 7  sacrific$1 we are  
to und]/& bulls1 ,lev4 xxii1 #ah1 #ai4  
,calmet  ?9ks1 t ! mutilation ( animals 
0 nei!r p]mitt$1 nor us$1  among !      

,israelites4 #b4 ,( ! goat k9d2 a       
he-goat1 a %e-goat1 or  kid1 ,lev4 xxii1
 #bd4 #c4 ,( ! %eep k9d2 a ewe1 ram1 or 
lamb4 ,:5 x  is said %eep are (f]$1 rams
 are *iefly meant1 especially 9         
burnt-(f]+s & sacrifices = s92 = z to   
peace-(f]+s1 or  sacrifices ( pure      
devotion1 a female might be sometimes   
(f]$1  provid$ x 0 pure1 & )\t blemi%1  
,lev4 iii1 #a4    ,besides ^! ?ree sorts
 ( animals1 us$ 9 sacrifices1 _m o!rs   
might be eat51 wild or tame2 z ! /ag1 ! 
roe-buck1 & 9 g5]al  all t h clov5 feet1
 or t *ew ! cud1 ,lev4 ix1 #b1 #c1 c4   
,all  t h n clov5 ho(s1 & d n *ew ! cud1
 7 e/eem$  impure1 & c\ld nei!r be (f]$ 
nor eat54 ,! fat ( all sorts (  animals 
sacrific$ 0 =bidd5 to be eat54 ,! blood 
( all k9ds (  animals g5]ally1 & 9 all  
cases1 0 prohibit$ on pa9 ( dea?1  ,lev4
 iii1 #ag2 vii1 #bc-bg4 ,nei!r did !    
,israelites eat animals :i*  _h be5 tak5
 & t\*$ by a dev\r+ or impure bea/1 z a 
dog1 a  wolf1 a bo>1 c1 ,exodus xxii1   
#c2 nor ( any animal t di$ ( itself4    

,:oev] t\*$ its c>cass 0 impure until ! 
ev5+2 & till t  "t1 & be=e he _h wa%$ 8 
clo!s1 he did n return to !  company (  
o!r ,jews1 ,lev4 xi1 #ci1 #dj2 xvii1    
#ae2 xxii1 #h4 ,fi% t _h  nei!r f9s nor 
scales 7 unclean1 ,lev4 xi1 #bj4 ,birds 
:i* walk on  ! gr\nd ) f\r feet1 z bats1
 & flies t h _m feet1 7  impure4 ,! law1
 h[ev]1 excepts locu/s1 :i* h _! h9d    
feet  high] ?an ^? be=e1 & r leap ?an   
walk4 ,^! 7 clean1  & might be eat51    
,lev4 xi1 #ba1 #bb1 z !y /ill are 9     
,pale/9e4 ,!  di/9ction betwe5 clean &  
unclean animals has be5 v>i\sly  acc\nt$
 =4 ,"s h ?\ght x symbolical1 int5d$ to 
tea* !  avoidance ( ^? evil qualities = 
:i* ! unclean animals 7  rem>kable2     
o!rs1 t1 9 ord] t ! ,hebrews might be   
pres]v$  f idolatry1 !y 7 comm&$ to kill
 & eat _m animals :i*  7 sacr$ among !  
,egyptians1 & 7 taught to look )        
abhorr5ce  ^u o!rs :i* !y rev]5c$4 ,o!rs
 h f\nd a reason 9 !  un:olesom5ess ( ! 
fle% ( ! creatures pron\nc$ by ! law to 
be unclean1 s t !y resolve ! :ole into a

 sanative regulation4  ,b x is n to be  
=gott5 t ?is division ( animals into    
clean  & unclean exi/$ bo? be=e ! law ( 
,moses1 & ev5 prior to !  flood4 ,!     
f\ndation ( x 0 !re=e cle>ly            
sacrificial2 =  be=e ! deluge x c\ld n h
 ref]5ce to heal?1 s9ce animal  food 0 n
 all[$ to man prior to ! deluge2 & z no 
o!r gr\nd  = ! di/9ction appe>s1 except 
t ( sacrifice1 x mu/ !re=e  h _h ref]5ce
 to ! selection ( victims to be solemnly
 (f]$ to  ,god1 z a "p ( wor%ip1 & z !  
means ( draw+ ne> to him by  expiatory  
rites = ! =giv5ess ( s9s4 ,"s x is true1
 h  reg>d$ ?is di/9ction ( clean &      
unclean bea/s z us$ by ,moses  by way ( 
prolepsis1 or anticipation1--a notion   
:i*1 if x c\ld n  be refut$ by !        
context1 w\ld be p]fectly arbitr>y4 ,n  
only are  ! bea/s1 :i* ,noah 0 to       
receive1 spok5 ( z clean & unclean2  b x
 w be notic$1 t1 9 ! comm& to take !m   
into ! ark1  a diff]5ce is made 9 !     
numb] to be pres]v$--! clean be+  to be 
receiv$ by sev5s1 & ! unclean by two ( a

 k9d4 ,?is  %[s t ?is di/9ction among   
bea/s _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 !  "t ( ,noah2 &
 ?us ! assumption ( a prolepsis is      
refut$4 ,!  critical attempts :i* h be5 
made to %[ t animals 7 all[$  to man =  
food1 previ\s to ! flood1 h :olly fail$4
    ,a second argum5t is furni%$ by !   
prohibition ( blood = food1  aft]       
animals _h be5 grant$ to man = 8        
su/5ance along ) !  8h]b ( ! field40    
,?is prohibition is repeat$ by ,moses to
 !  ,israelites1 ) ?is explanation3--8,i
 h giv5 x ^u ! alt> to  make an atonem5t
 = y\r s\ls40 ,f ?is x has inde$ be5    
argu$1 t ! doctr9e ( ! aton+ p[] ( blood
 0 new1 & 0  !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 ann\nc$ by
 ,moses1 or ! same reason = !           
prohibition w\ld h be5 giv5 to ,noah4   
,to ?is we may reply1 #a4 ,t  unless !  
same be suppos$ z ! gr\nd ( !           
prohibition ( blood to  ,noah1 z t giv5 
by ,moses to ! ,jews1 no reason at all c
 be  conceiv$ = ?is re/ra9t be+ put ^u !
 appetite ( mank9d f  ,noah to ,moses4  
#b4 ,t x is a mi/ake to suppose1 t !    

decl>ation  ( ,moses to ! ,jews1 t ,god 
_h 8giv5 !m ! blood = an  atonem5t10 is 
an additional reason = ! int]dict1 n to 
be f\nd  9 ! orig9al prohibition to     
,noah4 ,! :ole passage 9 ,lev4 xvii1 is1
  8,& ?\ %alt say to !m1 ,:atsoev] man  
!re be ( ! h\se (  ,israel1 or ( !      
/rang]s t soj\rn among y1 t eate? any   
mann] ( blood1 ,i w ev5 set my face     
aga9/ t s\l t eate?  blood1 & ,i w cut  
him (f f among 8 p3 ,,= ,,! ,,life ( !  
fle% is 9 ! blood2 & ,i h giv5 x ^u !   
alt>1 to make  atonem5t = y\r s\ls3 = x 
is ! ,,blood 7or ,,life7 t make?        
atonem5t = ! s\l40 ,! great reason1 !n1 
( ! prohibition (  blood is1 t x is !   
,,life2 & :at foll[s respect+ atonem5t  
is  exegetical ( ?is reason2 ! life is 9
 ! blood1 & ! blood or  life is giv5 z  
an atonem5t4 ,n[1 by turn+ to ! orig9al 
prohibition 9 ,g5esis1 we f9d t         
precisely ! same reason is giv53  8,b ! 
fle% ) ! blood1 :i* is ! life !re(1 %all
 ye n  eat40 ,! reason1 !n1 be+ ! same1 
! "q is1 :e!r !  exegesis add$ by ,moses

 mu/ n necess>ily be und]/ood 9 !  g5]al
 reason giv5 = ! re/ra9t to ,noah4      
,blood is prohibit$ =  ?is cause1 t x is
 ! life2 & ,moses adds1 t x is 8!       
blood10 or life1 8:i* makes atonem5t40  
,let any "o attempt to  discov] any     
cause = ! prohibition ( blood to ,noah1 
9 ! m]e  circum/ance t x is 8! life10 & 
he w f9d x impossible4 ,x  is no reason 
at all1 moral or in/itut$1 except t z x 
0 life  sub/itut$ = life1 ! life ( !    
animal 9 sacrifice = ! life  ( man1 & t 
x _h a sacr$ appropriation4 ,! mann]1   
too1 9  :i* ,moses introduces ! subject 
is indicative t1 al?\gh he 0  r5ew+ a   
prohibition1 he 0 n publi%+ a 8new      
doctr9e20 he does  n tea* 8 p t ,god _h 
!n giv51 or appo9t$1 blood to  make     
atonem5t2 b he prohibits !m f eat+ x1   
because he _h  made ?is appo9tm5t1 )\t  
ref]5ce to "t1 & z a subject )  :i* !y 7
 famili>4 ,because ! blood 0 ! life1 x 0
  spr9kl$ ^u1 & p\r$ out at1 ! alt>3 &  
we h 9 !  sacrifice ( ! pas*al lamb1 & !
 spr9kl+ ( its blood1 a  suffici5t pro(1

 t1 be=e ! giv+ ( ! law1 n only 0 blood 
n eat51 b 0 appropriat$ to a sacr$      
sacrificial purpose4 ,nor 0  ?is conf9$ 
to ! ,jews2 x 0 cu/om>y ) ! ,romans &   
,greeks1  :o1 9 l mann]1 p\r$ out &     
spr9kl$ ! blood ( victims at  _! alt>s1 
a rite d]iv$1 probably1 f ! ,egyptians1 
z !y  d]iv$ x1 n f ,moses1 b f ! sons ( 
,noah4 ,! notion1  inde$1 t ! blood ( ! 
victims 0 peculi>ly sacr$ to ! gods1  is
 impress$ ^u all anci5t ,pagan my?ology4
    ,if1 !re=e1 ! di/9ction ( animals   
into clean & unclean exi/$  be=e !      
flood1 & 0 f\nd$ ^u ! practice ( animal 
sacrifice1  we h n only a pro( ( !      
antiquity ( t practice1 b t x  0 ( div9e
 in/itution & appo9tm5t1 s9ce almighty  
,god gave laws  = its "r & acceptable   
p]=mance4 ,/ill f>!r1 if animal         
sacrifice 0 ( div9e appo9tm5t1 x mu/ be 
conclud$ to be typical  only1 & design$ 
to tea* ! great doctr9e ( moral         
atonem5t1 &  to direct fai? to ! only   
true sacrifice :i* c\ld take away !  s9s
 ( m52--8! ,lamb sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! 

_w10--!  victim 8)\t spot10 :o suff]$ ! 
j = ! unju/1 t he  might br+ u to ,god4 
,see ,,sacrifices4    ,,anise1 an annual
 umbelif]\s plant1 ! se$s ( :i* h an    
aromatic  smell1 a pleasant w>m ta/e1 & 
a c>m9ative quality4 ,b by 1  ,matt4    
xxiii1 #bc1 ! dill is meant4 ,our       
translators seem to h be5  fir/ misl$ by
 a resemblance ( ! s\nd4 ,no o!r v]sions
 h  fall5 into ! mi/ake4 ,! ,greek (    
anise is 2 b ( dill1  4    ,,anna1 !    
daught] ( ,phanuel1 a prophetess & wid[1
 ( ! tribe (  ,a%]1 ,luke ii1 #cf1 #cg4 
,%e 0 m>ri$ e>ly1 & _h liv$ only sev5   
ye>s ) h] husb&4 ,be+ !n dis5gag$ f !   
ties ( m>riage1  %e ?\ght only ( pleas+ 
! ,"l2 & cont9u$ )\t ceas+ 9  ! temple1 
s]v+ ,god night & day1 ) fa/+ & pray]1 z
 !  ,evangeli/ expresses x4 ,h[ev]1 h]  
s]v+ ,god at ! temple night  & day1 says
 ,dr4 ,prideaux1 is to be und]/ood no   
o!rwise ?an t  %e con/antly att5d$ !    
morn+ & ev5+ sacrifice at ! temple2  &  
!n ) great devotion (f]$ up h] pray]s to
 ,god2 ! "t (  morn+ & ev5+ sacrifice   

be+ ! mo/ solemn "t ( pray] among  !    
,jews1 & ! temple ! mo/ solemn place =  
?is devotion4 ,anna  0 f\rscore ye>s (  
age :5 ! holy virg9 came to pres5t      
,jesus 9  ! temple2 & ent]+ accid5tally1
 :ile ,simeon 0 pron\nc+ 8  ?anksgiv+1  
%e likewise began to praise ,god1 & to  
speak ( !  ,messiah to all ^? :o wait$ =
 r$emption 9 ,j]usalem4 ,we "k  no?+ m  
ei!r ( ! life or dea? ( ?is holy woman4 
,,annas1 or ,,ananus1 z ,josephus calls 
him1 0 ! son ( ,se?1 & high  prie/ ( !  
,jews4 ,he succe$$ ,joaz>1 ! son (      
,simon1 enjoy$ !  high prie/hood elev5  
ye>s1 & 0 succe$$ by ,i%mael1 ! son (   
,phabi4 ,aft] he 0 depos$1 he /ill      
pres]v$ ! title ( high  prie/1 & _h a   
great %>e 9 ! managem5t ( public        
affairs4 ,he is  call$ high prie/ 9     
conjunction ) ,caiaphas1 :5 ,john !     
,bapti/  ent]$ ^u ! ex]cise ( 8 mission2
 ?\gh ,calmet ?9ks t at  t "t he did n1 
/rictly speak+1 possess or (ficiate 9 t 
"*1 ,luke iii1 #b4 ,on ! contr>y1       
,macknight & "s o!rs are  ( op9ion1 t at

 ?is "t ,caiaphas 0 only ! deputy (     
,annas4 ,he  0 fa!r-9-law to ,caiaphas2 
& ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 c>ri$ be=e him1        
directly aft] 8 seizure 9 ! g>d5 (      
,olives1 ,john xviii1 #ac4  ,josephus   
rem>ks1 t ,annas 0 consid]$ z "o ( !    
happie/ m5  ( 8 nation1 = five ( 8 sons 
7 high prie/s1 & he himself  possess$ t 
great dignity _m ye>s4 ,?is 0 an in/ance
 ( good  =tune :i*1 till t "t1 _h happ5$
 to no p]son4    ,,ano9t1 to p\r oil ^u1
 ,g54 xxviii1 #ah2 xxxi1 #ac4 ,! sett+  
up ( a  /one & ano9t+ x by ,jacob1 z "h 
record$1 9 grateful memory (  8 cele/ial
 vision1 probably became ! occasion (   
idolatry 9  succe$+ ages1 & gave rise to
 ! erection ( temples compos$ (         
%apeless masses ( unhewn /one1 ( :i* s  
_m a/oni%+ rema9s  are scatt]$ up & d[n 
! ,asiatic & ! ,european _w4    ,"u !   
law p]sons & ?+s set ap>t = sacr$       
purposes 7  ano9t$ ) ! holy oil2 :i*    
appe>s to h be5 a typical  repres5tation
 ( ! communication ( ! ,holy ,gho/ to   
,*ri/ & to  8 *ur*4 ,see ,exod4 xxviii1 

xxix4 ,h5ce ! ,holy ,_s is call$ an     
unction or ano9t+1 #a ,john ii1 #bj1    
#bg2 & our ,"l is call$ !  8,messiah10  
or 8,ano9t$ ,"o10 to d5ote 8 be+ call$  
to ! (fices  ( m$iator1 prophet1 prie/1 
& k+1 to all ( :i* he 0  consecrat$ by !
 ano9t+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,matt4 iii1    
#af1 #ag4    ,:5 we he> ( ! ano9t+ ( !  
,jewi% k+s1 we are to und]/&  by x !    
same z _! inauguration2 inasmu* z ano9t+
 0 !  pr9cipal c]emony on su* an        
occasion1 #b ,sam4 ii1 #d2 v1 #c4 ,z f> 
z we  are in=m$1 h[ev]1 unction1 z a    
sign ( inve/iture ) ! royal  au?ority1 0
 be/[$ only ^u ,saul & ,david1 &        
subsequ5tly ^u  ,solomon & ,joa%1 :o    
asc5d$ ! ?rone "u su* circum/ances1  t  
!re 0 dang] ( _! "r to ! succession be+ 
=cibly  disput$1 #a ,sam4 x1 #bd2 #b    
,sam4 ii1 #d2 v1 #a-c2 #a ,*ron4 xi1 #a1
 #b2 #b ,k+s  xi1 #ab-bj2 #b ,*ron4     
xxiii1 #a-ba4 ,! c]emony ( regal ano9t+ 
ne$$  n to be repeat$ 9 e in/ance (     
succession to ! ?rone1  because !       
unction :i* ! fir/ "o :o held ! sceptre 

9 any  p>ticul> l9e ( pr9ces _h receiv$ 
0 suppos$ to suffice = !  succe$+       
incumb5ts 9 ! same desc5t4    ,9 ! k+dom
 ( ,israel1 ^? :o 7 induct$ into ! royal
 (fice  appe> to h be5 inaugurat$ ) "s  
additional c]emonies1 #b ,k+s  ix1 #ac4 
,! private ano9t+s :i* we le>n to h be5 
p]=m$ by  ! prophets1 #b ,k+s ix1 #c1   
comp4 #a ,sam4 x1 #a2 xvi1 #a-ac1 7 only
  prophetic symbols or intimations t !  
p]sons :o 7 ?us ano9t$  %\ld ev5tually  
receive ! k+dom4    ,! holy ano9t+ oil  
:i* 0 made by ,moses1 ,exod4 xxx1       
#bb-cc1 =  ! ma9ta9+ & consecrat+ ( !   
k+1 ! high prie/1 & all  ! sacr$ vessels
 made use ( 9 ! h\se ( ,god1 0 "o ( ^?  
?+s1 z ,dr4 ,prideaux obs]ves1 :i* 0    
want+ 9 ! second  temple4 ,! oil made & 
consecrat$ = ?is use 0 comm&$ to be     
kept by ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ?r\gh\t _!  
g5]ations1 &  !re=e x 0 laid up 9 ! mo/ 
holy place ( ! tab]nacle &  ! fir/      
temple4    ,,anom,,ans1 ! "n by :i* !   
pure ,arians 7 call$ 9 ! f\r?  c5tury1 9
 contradi/9ction to ! ,semi-,arians4 ,! 

^w is =m$  f ! ,greek 1 diff]5t4 ,= !   
pure ,arians ass]t$1 t  ! ,son 0 ( a    
nature diff]5t f1 & 9 no?+ l1 t ( !     
,fa!r2 :]eas ! ,semi-,arians ackn[l$g$ a
 lik5ess ( nature 9 !  ,son1 at ! same  
"t t !y d5i$1 ) ! pure ,arians1 !       
consub/antiality ( ! ,^w4 ,!            
,semi-,arians condemn$ ! ,anomans  9 !  
c\ncil ( ,seleucia2 & ! ,anomans1 9 _!  
turn1  condemn$ ! ,semi-,arians 9 !     
c\ncils ( ,con/ant9ople & ,antio*1      
eras+ ! ^w l out ( ! =mula ( ,rim9i &   
,con/ant9ople4    ,,answ]4 ,beside !    
common usage ( ?is ^w1 9 ! s5se ( a     
reply1  x has o!r significations4       
,moses1 hav+ compos$ a ?anksgiv+1  aft] 
! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,miriam1 x is   
said1 answ]$1 8,s+  ye to ! ,"l0        
c1--mean+1 t ,moses1 ) ! m5 on "o side1 
&  ,miriam1 ) ! wom5 on ! o!r side1 sung
 ! same song1 z x  71 9 two *oruses1 or 
divisions2 ( :i* "o answ]$ ! o!r4  ,num4
 xxi1 #ag1 8,!n ,israel sung ?is song1  
,spr+ up1 ,o well1 answ]  unto x20 t is1
 s+ responsively1 "o side 7or *oir7 s++ 

fir/1  & !n ! o!r4 #a ,sam4 xxix1 #e1   
8,is n ?is ,david ( :om !y sung  "o to  
ano!r 9 dances1 say+1 ,saul ha? sla9 8  
?\s&s1 &  ,david 8 t5 ?\s&s80 ,!y sung  
?is song to 8 hon\r 9 di/9ct  *oruses4  
,?is ^w is tak5 likewise =1 to accuse or
 to def5d any "o1  judicially4 ,g54 xxx1
 #cc1 8,my righte\sness %all answ] =    
me20 x  %all be my advocate be=e !e4    
,deut4 xxxi1 #ba1 8,! song :i* ?\  %alt 
compose & tea* !m %all te/ify 7answ]7   
aga9/ !m z a  witness40 ,isaiah says1   
8,! %[ ( _! c\nt5ance w te/ify  7answ]7 
aga9/ !m20 _! impud5ce w be l a witness 
& an  accus]4 ,hosea1 v1 #e1 8,! pride (
 ,israel do? te/ify 7answ]7 to  8 face40
    ,to answ]1 is likewise tak5 9 a bad 
s5se2 z :5 x is said t a  son answ]s 8  
fa!r insol5tly1 or a s]vant 8 ma/]4     
,rom4 ix1  #bj1 8,:o art ?\ t replie/   
aga9/ ,god80 t is1 to conte/ or  debate 
) him4 ,john xviii1 #bb1 8,answ]e/ ?\ ! 
high prie/ s80  ,/4 ,paul decl>es t he  
8_h 9 himself ! answ] 7or s5t5ce7 (     
dea?20 #b ,cor4 i1 #i2 l a man :o has _h

 notice ( condemnation1 he  _h a c]ta9  
assurance ( dy+4    ,to answ] is also   
us$ 9 ,scripture = ! comm5cem5t ( a     
disc\rse1 :5 no reply to any "q or      
objection is int5d$4 ,?is  mode ( speak+
 is (t5 us$ by ! evangeli/s1 8,& ,jesus 
answ]$  & said40 ,x is a ,hebrew idiom4 
,,ant1 1 9 ! ,turki% & ,arabic1 neml1   
,prov4 vi1 #f2 xxx1 #be4 ,x  is a little
 insect1 fam\s f all antiquity = its    
social habits1 its  economy1 unwe>i$    
indu/ry1 & prud5t =esight4 ,x has af=d$ 
a  patt]n ( comm5dable frugality to !   
pr(use1 & ( unceas+  dilig5ce to !      
slo?ful4 ,solomon calls ! ants 8exce$+  
wise2 =  ?\gh a race n /rong1 yet !y    
prep>e _! meat 9 ! summ]40 ,he  !re=e   
s5ds ! slugg>d to ^! little creatures1  
to le>n wisdom1  =esight1 c>e1 &        
dilig5ce4                8,g to ! ant2  
le>n ( its ways1 be wise2               
,x e>ly heaps its /ores1 le/ want       
surprise4              ,skill'd 9 !     
v>i\s ye>1 ! presci5t sage              
,beholds ! summ] *ill'd 9 w9t]'s rage4  

,survey its arts2 9 ea* p>tition'd cell 
,economy & pl5ty deign to dwell40    ,t 
! ant ho>d$ up gra9s ( corn aga9/ w9t] =
 its  su/5ance1 0 v g5]ally believ$ by !
 anci5ts1 ?\gh mod]n  naturali/s seem to
 "q ! fact4 ,?us ,horace says1          
8------,sicut              ,p>vula 7nam 
exemplo e/7 magni =mica laboris         
,ore trahit quodcunque pote/1 atque     
addit ac]vo              ,quem /ruit1   
haud ign>a ac non incauta futuri2       
,qu1 simul inv]sum contri/at aqu>ius    
annum1              ,non usquam         
prorepit1 et illis utitur ante          
,qusitis sapi5s40                       
,sat4 i1 l4 i1 v4 #cc4                  
8,= ?us ! little ant 7to human lore     
,no mean example7 =ms h] frugal /ore1   
,ga!r'd ) mighty toil on e side1        
,nor ignorant nor c>eless to provide    
,= future want2 yet1 :5 ! />s appe>     
,t d>kly sadd5 ! decl9+ ye>1            
,no m %e comes abroad1 b wisely lives   
,on ! fair /ores indu/ri\s summ] gives40
    ,! le>n$ ,bo*>t1 9 8 ,hi]ozoicon1   

has display$ 8 va/  read+ on ?is        
subject1 & has cit$ passages f ,pl9y1   
,lucian1  lian1 ,zoroa/]1 ,orig51       
,basil1 & ,epiphanius1 ! ,jewi% rabb9s &
  ,arabian naturali/s1 all concurr+ 9   
op9ion t ants cut (f !  heads ( gra91 to
 prev5t _! g]m9at+2 & x is obs]vable t  
! ,hebrew "n ( ! insect is d]iv$ f ! v]b
 1 :i*  signifies to cut (f1 & is us$ = 
cutt+ (f e>s ( corn1 ,job  xxiv1 #bd4   
,! foll[+ rem>ks are f 8! ,introduction 
to ,entomology10 by  ,kirby & ,sp5ce3   
8,till ! mann]s ( exotic ants are m     
accurately explor$1 x w\ld  be ra% to   
affirm t no ants h magaz9es (           
provisions2 =1  al?\gh1 dur+ ! cold (   
our w9t]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 !y rema9 9  a   
/ate ( torpidity1 & h no ne$ ( food1 yet
 9 w>m] regions1  dur+ ! ra9y seasons1  
:5 !y are probably conf9$ to _!  ne/s1 a
 /ore ( provisions may be necess>y = !m4
 ,ev5 9 nor!rn  climates1 aga9/ wet     
seasons1 !y may provide 9 ?is way = _!  
su/5ance & t ( ! "y brood1 :i*1 z ,mr4  
,smea?am obs]ves1  are v voraci\s1 & _c 

be> to be long depriv$ ( _! food2  else 
:y d ants c>ry worms1 liv+ insects1 & _m
 o!r su*  ?+s1 into _! ne/s8 ,solomon's 
lesson to ! slugg>d has be5  g5]ally    
adduc$ z a /rong confirmation ( ! anci5t
 op9ion3 x  c1 h[ev]1 only relate to !  
species ( a w>m climate1 ! habits  ( :i*
 are probably diff]5t f ^? ( a cold "o2 
s t 8  words1 z commonly int]pret$1 may 
be p]fectly correct & consi/5t  )       
nature1 & yet be n at all applicable to 
! species t are  indig5\s to ,europe40  
,! ant1 accord+ to ! royal prea*]1 is "o
 ( ^? ?+s :i*  are little ^u ! e>?1 b   
exce$+ wise4 ,! sup]ior wisdom (  ! ant 
has be5 recognis$ by _m writ]s4 ,horace 
9 ! passage f  :i* ! prec$+ quotation is
 tak51 praises its sagacity2 ,virgil    
celebrates its =esight1 9 provid+ = !   
wants & infirmities (  old age1 :ile x  
is "y & vigor\s3--                      
----atque inopi metu5s =mica s5ect4     
,& ! ant dread+ a de/itute old age4     
,& we le>n f ,hesiod1 t among ! e>lie/  
,greeks x 0 call$  ,idris1 t is1 wise1  

because x =esaw ! com+ /orm1 & !        
inauspici\s day1 & collect$ h] /ore4    
,cic]o believ$ t ! ant  is n only       
furni%$ ) s5ses1 b also ) m9d1 reason & 
memory3--,9 =mica non modo s5sus s$     
etiam m5s1 ratio1 memoria4  ,! ant      
possesses n only s5ses1 b also m9d1     
reason1 memory4 ,!  union ( s _m noble  
qualities 9 s small a corpuscle1 is     
inde$ "o  ( ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a 9 ! 
works ( nature4    ,,an?ropomorphites1 a
 sect ( anci5t h]etics1 :o 7 s d5om9at$ 
f two ,greek words 1 man1 & 1 %ape4 ,!y 
und]/ood e ?+ spok5 9 ,scripture 9 a    
lit]al s5se1 &  p>ticul>ly t passage (  
,g5esis 9 :i* x is said1 8,god made man 
aft] 8 own image40 ,h5ce !y ma9ta9$1 t  
,god _h a human %ape4    ,,an?ropopa?y1 
a metaphor by :i* ?+s belong+ to        
creatures &  especially to man are      
ascrib$ to ,god4 ,in/ances ( ?is ab\nd 9
 !  ,scriptures1 by :i* !y adapt        
!mselves to human modes ( speak+1  & to 
! limit$ capacities ( m54 ,^!           
an?ropopa?ies we mu/  h[ev] int]pret 9 a

 mann] suitable to ! maje/y ( ! div9e   
nature4 ,?us1 :5 ! memb]s ( a human body
 are ascrib$ to ,god1 we  mu/ und]/& by 
!m ^? p]fections ( :i* su* memb]s 9 u   
are ! in/rum5ts4 ,! eye1 = in/ance1     
repres5ts ,god's k  & wat*ful c>e2 !    
arm1 8 p[] & /r5g?2 ! e>s1 !  reg>d he  
pays to pray] & to ! cry ( oppression & 
mis]y1 c4  ,f>!r1 :5 human affections   
are attribut$ to ,god1 we mu/ s         
int]pret !m z to imply no imp]fection1  
su* z p]turb$ feel+ 9  him4 ,:5 ,god is 
said to rep5t1 ! antec$5t1 by a frequ5t 
figure (  spee*1 is put = ! consequ5t2 &
 9 ?is case we are to und]/&  an alt]$  
mode ( proce$+ on ! "p ( ,god1 :i* 9 man
 is !  effect ( rep5t+4    ,,anti*ri/1  
comp\nd$ ( 1 contra1 aga9/1 & 1  ,*ri/1 
9 a g5]al s5se1 d5otes an adv]s>y (     
,*ri/1 or "o :o  d5ies t ! ,messiah is  
come4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,jews1 infidels1 c1  
may  be said to be anti*ri/s4 ,! epi!t1 
9 ! g5]al s5se ( x1  is also applicable 
to any p[] or p]son act+ 9 direct       
opposition to  ,*ri/ or 8 doctr9e4 ,its 

p>ticul> mean+ is to be collect$ f  ^?  
passages ( ,scripture 9 :i* x occurs4   
,accord+ly1 x may  ei!r signify "o :o   
assumes ! place & (fice ( ,*ri/1 or "o  
:o ma9ta9s a direct enmity & opposition 
to him4 ,! ,fa!rs all  speak ( anti*ri/ 
z a s+le man2 ?\gh !y also assure u1 t  
he  is to h div]s precursors1 or        
=]unn]s4 ,yet _m ,prote/ant  writ]s     
apply to ! ,romi% *ur*1 & ! pope :o is  
at ! head (  x1 ! sev]al m>ks &         
signatures ( anti*ri/ enum]at$ 9 !      
,apocalypse1 :i* w\ld imply anti*ri/ to 
be1 n a s+le p]son1 b  a corrupt        
society1 or a long s]ies ( p]secut+     
pontiffs1 or r1  a c]ta9 p[] & gov]nm5t1
 t may be held = _m g5]ations1  by a    
numb] ( individuals succe$+ "o ano!r4 ,!
 anti*ri/  m5tion$ by ! ,apo/le ,john1  
fir/ ,epi/le ii1 #ah1 & m  p>ticul>ly   
describ$ 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 seems  
evid5tly to be  ! same ) ! man ( s91 c1 
*>act]iz$ by ,/4 ,paul 9 8  ,second     
,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians1 *ap4 ii2 & ! 
:ole description  lit]ally applies to ! 

,papal p[]4 ,a late writ]1 aft] collect+
  ! pr9cipal prophecies relat+ to       
anti*ri/1 inf]s f !m t a  p[]1 sometimes
 repres5t$ z ! little horn1 ! man ( s91 
!  anti*ri/1 ! bea/1 ! h>lot1 ! /> fall+
 f heav51 !  false prophet1 ! dragon1 or
 z ! op]ation ( false tea*]s1 0 to  be  
expect$ to arise 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w to     
p]secute & oppress1  & delude !         
disciples ( ,*ri/1 corrupt ! doctr9e ( !
  primitive *ur*1 enact new laws1 &     
e/abli% its dom9ion ov] !  m9ds (       
mank9d4 ,he !n proce$s to %[1 f !       
application (  prophecy to hi/ory1 & to 
! rem>kable tra9 ( ev5ts t are n[  pass+
 9 ! _w1 h[ exactly ,pop]y1             
,mohamm$anism1 & ,infidelity1           
correspond ) ! "* giv5 9 ,scripture ( ! 
p[] (  anti*ri/1 :i* 0 to prevail a     
c]ta9 "t = ! especial trial  & puni%m5t 
( ! corrupt$ *ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,^u ?is      
sy/em1 !  diff]5t op9ions ( !           
,prote/ants & ,papi/s1 conc]n+ ! p[]  ( 
anti*ri/1 d]iv$ f p>tial views ( !      
subject1 are n :olly  incompatible ) ea*

 o!r4 ,) respect to ! commonly receiv$  
op9ion1 t ! *ur* ( ,rome is anti*ri/1   
,m$e & ,newton1 ,daubuz  & ,cl>ke1      
,l[man & ,hurd1 ,jurieu1 ,vitr+a1 & _m  
o!r memb]s (  ! ,prote/ant *ur*es :o h  
writt5 ^u ! subject1 concur 9  ma9ta9+1 
t ! prophecies ( ,daniel1 ,/4 ,paul1 &  
,/4 ,john1  po9t directly to ?is *ur*4  
,?is 0 likewise ! op9ion ( !  fir/      
re=m]s2 & x 0 ! preval5t op9ion (       
,*ri/ians1 9 !  e>lie/ ages1 t anti*ri/ 
w\ld appe> soon aft] ! fall ( !  ,roman 
empire4 ,gregory ! ,great1 9 ! six?     
c5tury1 appli$ !  prophecies conc]n+ !  
bea/ 9 ! ,revelation1 ! man ( s91 &  !  
apo/asy f ! fai? m5tion$ by ,/4 ,paul1  
to him :o %\ld  presume to claim ! title
 ( univ]sal prie/1 or univ]sal bi%op1 9 
! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 & yet 8 imm$iate       
successor1 ,boniface ,,iii1  receiv$ f !
 tyrant ,phocas ! precise title :i*     
,gregory _h ?us  c5sur$4 ,at ! synod (  
,rheims1 held 9 ! t5? c5tury1           
,arnulphus1  bi%op ( ,orleans1 appeal$  
to ! :ole c\ncil1 :e!r ! bi%op (  ,rome 

0 n ! anti*ri/ ( ,/4 ,paul1 8sitt+ 9 !  
temple ( ,god10  & p]fectly correspond+ 
) ! description ( him giv5 by ,/4       
,paul4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 all ! *>act]s
 ( anti*ri/ seem$  to be s unit$ 9 !    
p]son ( ,pope ,hildebr&1 :o took ! "n ( 
,gregory ,,vii1 t ,johannes ,av5t9us1 a 
,romi% hi/orian1 speaks ( x  z a subject
 9 :i* ! g5]ality ( fair1 c&id1 & +5u\s 
writ]s agre$1 t at t "t began ! reign ( 
anti*ri/4 ,& !  ,albig5ses & ,wald5ses1 
:o may be call$ ! ,prote/ants ( !       
twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 expressly    
ass]t$ 9 _!  decl>ations ( fai?1 t !    
*ur* ( ,rome 0 ! :ore ( ,babylon4  ,!   
,papi/s imag9e !y view 9 ! prophetical  
picture ( anti*ri/1  imp]ial ,rome1     
elat$ by h] victories1 exult+ 9 h]      
s5suality &  h] spoils1 pollut$ by      
idolatry1 p]secut+ ! p ( ,god1 &  f9ally
 fall+ l ! fir/ ,babylon2 :il/ a new &  
holy city1  repres5t$ by _! own         
communion1 fill$ ) ! spotless vot>ies ( 
! ,*ri/ian fai?1 rises out ( its ru9s1 &
 ! victory ( !  cross is complet$ ov] ! 

temples ( ,paganism4 ,?is s*eme has _h  
its  able advocates1 at ! head ( :om may
 be plac$ ,bossuet1 bi%op (  ,meaux1    
,grotius1 & ,hammond4 ,"s writ]s h      
ma9ta9$1 t ,caligula  0 anti*ri/2 & o!rs
 h ass]t$ ! same ( ,n]o4 ,b 9 ord]  to  
e/abli% ! resemblance1 !y violate ! ord]
 ( "t1 disreg>d  ! op9ions ( ! primitive
 ,*ri/ians1 & ov]look ! appropriate     
descriptions ( ! ,apo/les4 ,aft] ! po9t 
_h be5 maturely debat$  at ! c\ncil (   
,gap1 held 9 #afjc1 a resolution 0 tak5 
!reupon to  ins]t an article 9 !        
confession ( fai?1 :]eby ! ,pope is     
=mally decl>$ to be anti*ri/4 ,pope     
,clem5t ,,viii 0 /ung )  ?is decision2 &
 ev5 k+ ,h5ry ,,iv1 ( ,france 0 n a     
little  mortifi$1 to be ?us decl>$1 z he
 said1 an imp ( anti*ri/4    ,9 ! book (
 ,daniel x is =etold1 t ?is p[] %\ld    
ex]cise  dom9ion until a "t & times1 & !
 divid+ ( "t1 ,dan4 vii1 #be4  ,?is     
expression is g5]ally admitt$ to d5ote  
#abfj ye>s4 ,! ,papal  p[] 0 completely 
e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #gee1 :5 x obta9$ !    

ex>*ate ( ,rav5na4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 date !   
rise ( anti*ri/ 9 !  ye> ( ,*ri/ #fjf2 &
 ,m$e places x 9 #def4 ,if ! rise (     
anti*ri/  be n reckon$ till he 0        
possess$ ( secul> au?ority1 8 fall  w   
happ5 :5 ?is p[] %all be tak5 away4 ,if 
8 rise began1  accord+ to ,m$e 9 #def1  
he mu/ h fall5 9 #agaf2 if 9 #fjf1 x    
mu/ be 9 #ahff2 if 9 #gee1 9 #bjae4 ,if1
 h[ev]1 we use prophetical  ye>s1       
consi/+ ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty days1 &   
date ! rise (  anti*ri/ 9 ! ye> #gee1 8 
fall w happ5 9 ! ye> ( ,*ri/  #bjjj4 ,e 
?+ h[ev] 9 ! /ate ( ! _w betok5s a spe$y
  ov]?r[ ( ! ,papal & ,mohamm$an p[]s1  
bo? ( :i* h inde$  be5 already greatly  
weak5$4    ,,anti-,,libanus4 ,! ,greeks 
give ?is "n to t *a9 ( m\nta9s ea/  (   
,libanus1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 =ms1     
toge!r ) ,libanus1 b  "o ridge (        
m\nta9s1 ext5d+ f nor? to s\?1 & aft]w>d
  f s\? to nor?1 9 ! %ape almo/ ( a     
horse %oe1 = ! space  ( ab\t f\rscore   
leagues4 ,! we/]n "p ( ^! m\nta9s 0     
call$ ,libanus2 ! ea/]n 0 call$         

,antilibanus2 ! =m] rea*$  along !      
,m$it]ranean1 f ,sidon1 almo/ to ,arada1
 or ,symira4 ,!  ,hebrew text nev]      
m5tions ,antilibanus2 b uses ! g5]al "n 
,libanus3 & ! co9s /ruck at ,laodicea & 
,hi]apolis1 h !  inscription1 8cities ( 
,libanus10 ?\gh !y belong r to          
,antilibanus4 ,! ,septuag9t1 on !       
contr>y1 puts ,antilibanus (t5  in/ead (
 ,libanus4 ,! valley :i* sep>ates       
,libanus f ,antilibanus  is v fruitful3 
x 0 =m]ly1 on ! side ( ,syria1 inclos$ )
 a  wall1 :]e( !re are n[ no traces4    
,/rabo says1 t ! "n (  ,clo-,syria1 or  
8! holl[ ,syria10 belongs pr9cipally to 
! valley  betwe5 ,libanus &             
,antilibanus4    ,,ant9omians are ^? :o 
ma9ta9 t ! law is ( no use or           
obligation "u ! ,gospel disp5sation1 or 
:o hold doctr9es t  cle>ly sup]s$e !    
necessity ( good works & a virtu\s life4
 ,!  ,ant9omians took _! orig9 f ,john  
,agricola1 ab\t ! ye> #aech1  :o taught 
t ! law 0 9 no wise necess>y "u !       
,gospel2 t  good works d n promote our  

salvation1 nor ill ones h9d] x2 t       
rep5tance is n to be prea*$ f !         
decalogue1 b only f !  ,gospel4 ,?is    
sect sprung up 9 ,engl& dur+ !          
protectorate ( ,oliv]  ,cromwell2 &     
ext5d$ _! sy/em ( lib]t9ism mu* f>!r ?an
  ,agricola1 ! disciple ( ,lu!r4 ,"s (  
_! tea*]s expressly  ma9ta9$1 t z !     
elect _c fall f grace nor =feit !  div9e
 fav\r1 ! wick$ actions !y commit are n 
really s9ful1 nor  are to be consid]$ z 
in/ances ( _! violation ( ! div9e law2  
& t consequ5tly !y h no occasion ei!r to
 confess _!  s9s1 or to break !m (f by  
rep5tance4 ,accord+ to !m1 x is "o  ( ! 
ess5tial & di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! elect1 
t !y  _c d any ?+ :i* is displeas+ to   
,god4 ,lu!r1 ,ru!r=d1  ,s*lusselburgh1  
,s$gwick1 ,gatak]1 ,witsius1 ,bull1     
,williams1 c1 h  writt5 refutations2    
,crisp1 ,ri*>dson1 ,saltm>%1 c1 def5ces1
 ( !  ,ant9omians2 ,wig&us1 a comp>ison 
betwe5 anci5t & mod]n  ,ant9omians4     
,! doctr9e ( ,agricola 0 9 itself       
obscure1 & is ?\ght to h  be5 repres5t$ 

worse ?an x really 0 by ,lu!r1 :o wrote 
aga9/  him ) acrimony1 & fir/ /yl$ him &
 8 foll[]s ,ant9omians4  ,agricola1 9   
def5d+ himself1 compla9$ t op9ions 7    
imput$ to  him :i* he did n hold4 ,!    
writ+s ( ,dr4 ,crisp 9 ! sev5te5?       
c5tury are consid]$ z highly fav\rable  
to ,ant9omianism1 ?\gh he  ackn[l$ges t1
 89 respect ( ! rules ( righte\sness1 or
 !  matt] ( ob$i5ce1 we are "u ! law    
/ill1 or else10 z he adds1  8we are     
lawless1 to live e man z seems good 9 8 
own eyes1 :i*  no true ,*ri/ian d>es s  
mu* z ?9k (40 ,! foll[+ s5tim5ts1       
h[ev]1 among o!rs1 are taught 9 8       
s]mons3 8,! law is cruel &  tyrannical1 
requir+ :at is naturally impossible40   
8,! s9s ( !  elect 7 s imput$ to ,*ri/1 
z t ?\gh he did n commit !m1  yet !y    
became actually 8 transgressions1 &     
ceas$ to be !irs40  8,! feel+s (        
consci5ce1 :i* tell !m t s9 is !irs1    
arise  f a want ( kn[+ ! tru?40 8,x is b
 ! voice ( a ly+  _s 9 ! he>ts (        
believ]s1 t sai? !y h yet s9 wa/+  _!   

consci5ces1 & ly+ z a burd5 too heavy = 
!m to be>40  8,*ri/'s righte\sness is s 
imput$ to ! elect1 t !y1 ceas+  to be   
s9n]s1 are z righte\s z he 01 & all t he
 040 8,an  elect p]son is n 9 a condemn$
 /ate :ile an unbeliev]2 & %\ld  he     
happ5 to die be=e ,god call him to      
believe1 he w\ld n be lo/40  8,rep5tance
 & confession ( s9 are n necess>y to    
=giv5ess4 ,a  believ] may c]ta9ly       
conclude be=e confession1 yea1 z soon z 
he  ha? committ$ s91 ! int]e/ he ha? 9  
,*ri/1 & ! love (  ,*ri/ embrac+ him40  
,^! dang]\s s5tim5ts1 & o!rs ( a  simil>
 be>+1 h be5 fully answ]$ by _m writ]s2 
b by none  m ably ?an by ! ,rev4 ,john  
,flet*]1 9 8 8,*ecks to  ,ant9omianism40
    ,,antio*1 a city ( ,upp] ,syria1 on 
! riv] ,orontes1 ab\t tw5ty miles  f !  
place :]e x dis*>ges itself into !      
,m$it]ranean4 ,x 0  built by ,seleucus  
,nicanor1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e    
,*ri/2 &  became ! seat ( empire ( !    
,syrian k+s ( ! ,mac$onian race1  &     
aft]w>d ( ! ,roman gov]nors ( ! ea/]n   

prov9ces2 be+  v c5trally & commodi\sly 
situat$ midway betwe5 ,con/ant9ople  &  
,alex&ria1 ab\t sev5 hundr$ miles f ea*1
 9 #cg #ag nor?  latitude1 & #cf #de ea/
 longitude4 ,no city p]haps1 ,j]usalem  
except$1 has exp]i5c$ m frequ5t         
revolutions1 or suff]$ m  num]\s & dire 
calamities1 ?an ,antio*2 z1 besides !   
common  plagues ( ea/]n cities1         
pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 fire1 & sword1 x has   
sev]al times be5 entirely ov]?r[n by    
e>?quakes4    ,9 #cfb1 ! emp]or ,julian 
sp5t "s mon?s at ,antio*2 :i* 7  *iefly 
occupi$ 9 8 fav\rite object ( reviv+ !  
my?ology (  ,paganism4 ,! grove at      
,daphne1 plant$ by ,seleucus1 :i*1 ) its
  temple & oracle1 pres5t$1 dur+ !      
reigns ( ! ,mac$onian k+s  ( ,syria1 !  
mo/ spl5did & fa%ionable place ( resort 
= ,pagan  wor%ip 9 ! ea/1 _h sunk into  
neglect s9ce ! e/abli%m5t (             
,*ri/ianity4 ,! alt> ( ! god 0 des]t$1 !
 oracle 0  sil5c$1 & ! sacr$ grove      
itself defil$ by ! int]m5t (  ,*ri/ians4
 ,julian und]took to re/ore ! anci5t    

hon\rs & usages  ( ! place2 b x 0 fir/  
necess>y to take away ! pollution       
occasion$ by ! dead bodies ( !          
,*ri/ians1 :i* 7 dis9t]r$  & remov$6    
,among ^! 0 t ( ,babylas1 a bi%op (     
,antio*1 :o  di$ 9 prison 9 ! p]secution
 ( ,decius1 & aft] re/+ ne> a  c5tury 9 
8 grave )9 ! walls ( ,antio*1 _h be5    
remov$ by  ord] ( ,gallus into ! mid/ ( 
! grove ( ,daphne1 :]e a *ur*  0 built  
ov] him2 ! rema9s ( ! ,*ri/ian sa9t     
effectually  supplant+ ! =m] div9ity ( !
 place1 ^: temple & /atue1  h[ev]1 ?\gh 
neglect$1 rema9$ un9jur$4 ,! ,*ri/ians (
  ,antio*1 undaunt$ by ! conspiracy     
aga9/ _! religion1 or !  pres5ce ( !    
emp]or himself1 convey$ ! relics ( _!   
=m]  bi%op 9 triumph back to _! anci5t  
repository )9 ! city4 ,!  imm5se        
multitude :o jo9$ 9 ! procession1 *ant$ 
=? _!  execrations aga9/ idols &        
idolat]s2 & on ! same night ! image  & !
 temple ( ! ,hea!n god 7 consum$ by !   
flames4 ,a  dreadful v5geance might be  
expect$ to h foll[$ ^! sc5es2 b  ! real 

or affect$ clem5cy ( ,julian cont5t$    
itself ) %utt+  up ! ca!dral1 &         
confiscat+ its weal?4 ,_m ,*ri/ians1    
inde$1  suff]$ f ! zeal ( ! ,pagans2 b1 
z x w\ld appe>1 )\t  ! sanction ( !     
emp]or4    ,9 #abfh1 ,antio* 0 tak5 by  
,bib>s1 or ,bondocd>1 sultan ( ,egypt4  
,!  slaught] ( sev5te5 ?\s&1 & !        
captivity ( "o hundr$  ?\s& ( its       
inhabitants1 m>k ! f9al siege & fall (  
,antio*2  :i*1 :ile !y close ! long     
catalogue ( its public woes1 atte/  its 
ext5t & population4 ,f ?is "t x rema9$ 9
 a ru9\s &  ne>ly des]t$ condition1     
till1 ) ! re/ ( ,syria1 x pass$ into  ! 
h&s ( ! ,ottoman ,turks1 ) ^: empire x  
has ev] s9ce be5  incorporat$4    ,to   
di/+ui% x f o!r cities ( ! same "n1 !   
capital (  ,syria 0 call$ ,antio*ia apud
 ,daphnem1 or ,antio* ne> ,daphne1 a    
village 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :]e 0 a temple
 d$icat$ to !  goddess ( t "n2 ?\gh1 9  
tru?1 ! *ief deity ( ! place 0  ,apollo1
 "u ! fable ( 8 amor\s pursuit ( ! nymph
 ,daphne2 &  ! wor%ip 0 wor?y ( its     

object4 ,! temple /ood 9 ! mid/ ( a     
grove ( laurels & cypresses1 :]e e ?+ 0 
assembl$ :i*  c\ld m9i/] to ! s5ses2 & 9
 ^: recesses ! juv5ile devotee  want$ n 
! c\nt5ance ( a lib]t9e god to ab&on    
himself to  voluptu\sness4 ,ev5 ^? (    
rip] ye>s & grav] morals c\ld n  )      
safety brea! ! atmosph]e ( a place :]e  
pleasure1 assum+  ! "* ( religion1 r\s$ 
! dormant passions1 & subdu$ !  firmness
 ( virtu\s resolution4 ,su* be+ ! s\rce1
 ! /ream c\ld  sc>cely be expect$ to be 
m pure2 9 fact1 ! citiz5s ( ,antio*  7  
di/+ui%$ only = _! luxury 9 life &      
lic5ti\sness 9  mann]s4 ,?is 0 an       
unpromis+ soil = ,*ri/ianity to take    
root 94  ,b "h1 nev]!less1 x 0 plant$ at
 an e>ly p]iod1 &  fl\ri%$ vigor\sly4 ,x
 %\ld be obs]v$1 t ! inhabitants (      
,antio* 7 p>tly ,syrians1 & p>tly       
,greeks2 *iefly1 p]haps1 !  latt]1 :o 7 
invit$ to ! new city by ,seleucus4 ,to  
^! ,greeks1  9 p>ticul>1 c]ta9 ,cypriot 
& ,cyr5ian conv]ts1 :o _h fl$ f  !      
p]secution :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,/eph51  

address$  !mselves2 8& a great numb]    
believ$1 & turn$ unto ! ,"l40  ,:5 !    
heads ( ! *ur* at ,j]usalem 7 in=m$ (   
?is success1  !y s5t ,b>nabas to        
,antio*1 :o enc\rag$ ! new disciples1 & 
add$ _m to _! numb]2 & f9d+ h[ great 7  
bo? ! field  & ! h>ve/1 w5t to ,t>sus to
 solicit ! assi/ance ( ,paul4 ,bo?  ?is 
,apo/le & ,b>nabas !n taught conjo9tly  
at ,antio*2 & great  numb]s 71 by _!    
lab\rs dur+ a :ole ye>1 add$ to ! ris+  
*ur*1 ,acts xi1 #ai-bf2 xv1 #bb-ce4 ,"h 
!y 7 also jo9$ by ,pet]1  :o 0 reprov$  
by ,paul = 8 dissimulation1 & 8         
concession to  ! ,jews respect+ !       
obs]vance ( ! law1 ,gal4 ii1 #aa-ad4    
,antio* 0 ! bir?place ( ,/4 ,luke &     
,!ophilus1 & ! see (  ! m>tyr ,ignatius4
 ,9 ?is city ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ _h fir/ !
  "n ( ,*ri/ians giv5 !m4 ,we h !       
te/imony ( ,*ryso/om1 bo?  ( ! va/      
increase ( ?is illu/ri\s *ur* 9 ! f\r?  
c5tury1  & ( ! _s ( *>ity :i* cont9u$ to
 actuate x4 ,x consi/$  at ?is "t ( n   
less ?an a hundr$ ?\s& p]sons1 ?ree ?\s&

  ( :om 7 support$ out ( ! public       
donations4 ,x is pa9ful to  trace !     
progress ( decl5sion 9 su* a *ur* z ?is4
 ,b !  p]iod n[ ref]r$ to1 namely1 ! age
 ( ,*ryso/om1 t[>d ! close  ( ! f\r?    
c5tury1 may be consid]$ z ! brighte/ (  
its hi/ory  subsequ5t to ! ,apo/olic    
age1 & t f :i* ! *ur* at  ,antio* may   
date its fall4 ,x cont9u$1 inde$1       
outw>dly prosp]\s2  b sup]/ition1 secul>
 ambition1 ! pride ( life2 pomp &       
=mality 9 ! s]vice ( ,god1 9 place (    
humility & s9c]e  devotion2 ! gr[? (    
faction1 & ! decay ( *>ity2 %[$ t  real 
religion 0 fa/ disappe>+1 & t !         
f\ndations 7 laid  ( t great apo/asy    
:i*1 9 two c5turies f ?is "t1  ov]spread
 ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w1 l$ to ! entire     
ext9ction (  ! *ur* 9 ! ea/1 & /ill     
holds dom9ion ov] ! faire/  portions ( !
 we/4    ,antio*1 "u its mod]n "n (     
,antakia1 is n[ b little kn[n to  !     
we/]n nations4 ,x occupies1 or r did    
till lately occupy1 a  remote corn] ( ! 
anci5t enclosure ( its walls4 ,its      

spl5did  build+s 7 r$uc$ to hovels2 &   
its population ( half a million1  to t5 
?\s& wret*$ be+s1 liv+ 9 ! usual        
debasem5t &  insecurity ( ,turki%       
subjects4 ,su* 0 ne>ly its condition :5 
visit$ by ,pocock ab\t ! ye> #agch1 &   
aga9 by ,k9neir 9 #ahac4 ,b  its anci5t 
subt]ranean enemy1 :i*1 s9ce its        
de/ruction 9 #ehg1  nev] long toge!r    
)held its assaults1 has aga9 triumph$   
ov] x3  ! e>?quake ( ! #ac? ( ,augu/1   
#ahbb1 laid x once m 9 ru9s2  & e ?+    
relat+ to ,antio* is pa/4    ,,antio*1 (
 ,pisidia4 ,beside ! ,syrian capital1   
!re 0 ano!r  ,antio* visit$ by ,/4 ,paul
 :5 9 ,asia1 & call$1 = ! sake (        
di/9ction1 ,antio*ia ad ,pisidiam1 z    
belong+ to t prov9ce1 (  :i* x 0 !      
capital4 ,"h ,paul & ,b>nabas prea*$2 b 
! ,jews1  jeal\s1 z usual1 ( ! reception
 ( ! ,gospel by ! ,g5tiles1  rais$ a    
s$ition aga9/ !m1 & oblig$ !m to leave !
 city1 ,acts  xiii1 #ad1 to ! end4 ,!re 
7 sev]al o!r cities ( ! same "n1  sixte5
 9 numb]1 9 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 built 

by ! ,seleucid1 !  successors ( ,alex&] 
9 ^! c\ntries2 b ! above two are !  only
 ones :i* x is necess>y to describe z   
occurr+ 9 ,scripture4    ,,antio*us4    
,!re 7 _m k+s ( ?is "n 9 ,syria1 mu*    
celebrat$  9 ! ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,jewi% 
hi/ories1 aft] ! "t ( ,seleucus         
,nicanor1 ! fa!r ( ,antio*us ,sot]1 &   
reckon$ ! fir/ k+ (  ,syria1 aft]       
,alex&] ! ,great4    #a4 ,,antio*us     
,,sot] 0 ! son ( ,seleucus ,nicanor1 &  
obta9$ !  surname ( ,sot]1 or ,savi\r1 f
 hav+ h9d]$ ! invasion ( ,asia  by !    
,gauls4 ,"s ?9k t x 0 on ! foll[+       
occasion3 ,!  ,galatians hav+ m>*$ to   
attack ! ,jews 9 ,babylon1 ^: army      
consi/$ only ( eight ?\s& m51 re9=c$ )  
f\r ?\s&  ,mac$onians1 ! ,jews def5d$   
!mselves ) s mu* brav]y1 t  !y kill$ "o 
hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m51 #b ,mac4 viii1  
#bj4 ,x 0  p]haps1 too1 on ?is occasion1
 t ,antio*us ,sot] made ! ,jews (  ,asia
 free ( ! cities belong+ to ! ,g5tiles1 
& p]mitt$ !m to  live accord+ to _! own 
laws4    #b4 ,,antio*us ,,!os1 or1 !    

,god1 0 ! son & successor ( ,antio*us   
,sot]4 ,he m>ri$ ,b]5ice1 daught] (     
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 k+ (  ,egypt4   
,laodice1 8 fir/ wife1 see+ h]self      
despis$1 poison$  ,antio*us1 ,b]5ice1 & 
_! son1 :o 0 int5d$ to succe$ 9 !       
k+dom4 ,aft] ?is1 ,laodice procur$      
,seleucus ,call9icus1 h] son by         
,antio*us1 to be ackn[l$g$ k+ ( ,syria4 
,^! ev5ts 7 =etold  by ,daniel3 8,& 9 ! 
end ( ye>s10 ! k+ ( ,egypt1 or ( !  s\?1
 & ! k+ ( ,syria1 or ( ! nor?1 8%all jo9
 !mselves  toge!r2 = ! k+'s daught] ( ! 
s\? %all come to ! k+ (  ! nor? to make 
an agreem5t3 b %e %all n reta9 ! p[] (  
! arm2 nei!r %all he /&1 nor 8 arm3 b %e
 %all be giv5 up1  & !y t br\ght h]1 &  
he t begat h]1 & he t  /r5g!n$ h] 9 ^!  
times10 ,dan4 xi1 #f4    #c4 ,,antio*us 
,,! ,,great 0 ! son ( ,seleucus         
,call9icus1 & bro!r  to ,seleucus       
,c]aunus1 :om he succe$$ 9 ! ye> ( ! _w 
#cgha1  & be=e ,jesus ,*ri/ #bbc4 ,he   
made w> aga9/ ,ptolemy ,philopator1  k+ 
( ,egypt1 b 0 defeat$ ne> ,raphia1 #c   

,mac4 i4 ,?irte5 ye>s  aft]1 ,ptolemy   
,philopator be+ dead1 ,antio*us resolv$ 
to become  ma/] ( ,egypt4 ,he imm$iately
 seiz$ ,clo-,syria1 ,ph5icia1 &  ,judea2
 b ,scopas1 g5]al ( ! ,egyptian army1   
ent]$ ,judea :ile  ,antio*us 0 occupi$  
by ! w> aga9/ ,attalus1 & retook ^?     
places4 ,h[ev]1 he soon lo/ !m aga9 to  
,antio*us4 ,on ?is occasion  happ5$ :at 
,josephus relates ( ?is pr9ce's j\rney  
to ,j]usalem4  ,aft] a victory :i* he _h
 obta9$ ov] ,scopas1 ne> ! spr+s (      
,jordan1 he became ma/] ( ! /rong places
 9 ,clo-,syria &  ,sam>ia2 & ! ,jews    
submitt$ freely to him1 receiv$ him into
 _!  city & furni%$ 8 army pl5tifully ) 
provisions4 ,9 rew>d =  _! affection1   
,antio*us grant$ !m1 accord+ to         
,josephus1 tw5ty  ?\s& pieces ( silv]1  
to pur*ase bea/s = sacrifice1 "o  ?\s&  
f\r hundr$ & sixty measures ( meal1 &   
?ree hundr$ &  sev5ty-five measures (   
salt to be (f]$ ) ! sacrifices1 &  timb]
 to rebuild ! por*es ( ! ,"l's h\se4 ,he
 exempt$ !  s5ators1 scribes1 & s++ m5 (

 ! temple1 f ! capitation  tax2 & he    
p]mitt$ ! ,jews to live accord+ to _!   
own laws 9  e "p ( 8 dom9ions4 ,he also 
remitt$ ! ?ird "p ( _!  tribute1 to     
indemnify !m = _! losses 9 ! w>2 he     
=bade !  ,hea!ns to ent] ! temple )\t   
be+ purifi$1 & to br+ into  ! city !    
fle% ( mules1 asses1 & horses to sell1  
"u a sev]e  p5alty4    ,9 ! ye> ( ! _w  
#chae1 ,antio*us 0 ov]come by ! ,romans1
 &  oblig$ to c$e all 8 possessions     
beyond ,m\nt ,taurus1 to give tw5ty     
ho/ages1 among :om 0 8 own son          
,antio*us1 aft]w>d surnam$  ,epiphanes1 
& to pay a tribute ( twelve ?\s& ,euboic
 tal5ts1 ea*  f\rte5 ,roman p\nds 9     
weight4 ,to defray ^! *>ges1 he resolv$ 
to  seize ! treasures ( ! temple (      
,belus1 at ,elymais2 b ! p  ( t c\ntry1 
in=m$ ( 8 design1 surpris$ & de/roy$    
him1  ) all 8 army1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w      
#chag1 & be=e ,jesus  ,*ri/ #ahg4 ,he   
left two sons1 ,seleucus ,philopator1 & 
,antio*us  ,epiphanes1 :o succe$$ him4  
#d4 ,,antio*us ,,epiphanes1 ! son (     

,antio*us ! ,great1 hav+ cont9u$  a     
ho/age at ,rome f\rte5 ye>s1 8 bro!r    
,seleucus resolv$ to  procure 8 return  
to ,syria1 & s5t 8 own son ,demetrius to
 ,rome 9  ! place ( ,antio*us4 ,:il/    
,antio*us 0 on 8 j\rney to ,syria1      
,seleucus di$1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #chbi4    
,:51 !re=e1 ,antio*us  l&$1 ! p receiv$ 
him z "s propiti\s deity come to assume 
! gov]nm5t1 & to oppose ! ent]prises (  
,ptolemy1 k+ ( ,egypt1  :o ?reat5$ to   
invade ,syria4 ,= ?is reason ,antio*us  
obta9$ !  surname ( ,epiphanes1 !       
illu/ri\s1 or ( "o appe>+ l a god4      
,antio*us quickly turn$ 8 att5tion to ! 
possession ( ,egypt1 :i*  0 !n enjoy$ by
 ,ptolemy ,philometor1 8 nephew1 son to 
8 si/]  ,cleopatra1 :om ,antio*us !     
,great _h m>ri$ to ,ptolemy ,epiphanes1 
k+ ( ,egypt4 ,he s5t ,apollonius1 "o ( 8
 (fic]s1 into ,egypt1  app>5tly to hon\r
 ,ptolemy's coronation1 b 9 reality to  
obta9  intellig5ce :e!r ! great m5 ( !  
k+dom 7 incl9$ to place  ! gov]nm5t (   
,egypt 9 8 h&s dur+ ! m9ority ( ! k+ 8  

nephew1 #b ,mac4 iv1 #ba1 c4            
,apollonius1 h[ev]1 f\nd !m n dispos$   
to fav\r 8 ma/]2 & ?is oblig$ ,antio*us 
to make w> aga9/  ,philometor4 ,he came 
to ,j]usalem 9 #chca1 & 0 receiv$ !re by
  ,jason1 to :om he _h sold ! high      
prie/hood4 ,he design$ to attack        
,egypt1 b return$ )\t effect+ any ?+4 ,!
 ambition ( ^?  ,jews :o s\ght ! high   
prie/hood1 & b\ght x ( ,antio*us1 0 !   
beg9n+ ( ^? calamities :i* ov]:elm$ _!  
nation "u ?is  pr9ce4 ,jason procur$    
himself to be con/itut$ 9 ?is dignity 9 
!  /ead ( ,onias ,,iii2 b ,m5elaus (f]+ 
a great] price1 ,jason 0  depriv$1 &    
,m5elaus appo9t$ 9 8 place4 ,^! usurp]s 
( !  high prie/hood1 to gratify !       
,syrians1 assum$ ! mann]s ( !  ,greeks1 
_! games & ex]cises1 & neglect$ ! wor%ip
 ( !  ,"l1 & ! temple s]vice4    ,w>    
broke out betwe5 ,antio*us ,epiphanes & 
,ptolemy ,philometor4  ,antio*us ent]$  
,egypt 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #chcc1 & r$uc$    
almo/ ! :ole ( x to 8 ob$i5ce1 #b ,mac4 
v1 #c-e4 ,! next ye> he  return$2 & :il/

 he 0 engag$ 9 ! siege ( ,alex&ria1 a   
false  report 0 spread ( 8 dea?4 ,!     
inhabitants ( ,j]usalem te/ify+  _! joy 
at ?is news1 ,antio*us1 :5 return+ f    
,egypt1 ent]$  ?is city by =ce1 treat$ !
 ,jews z rebels1 & comm&$ 8 troops  to  
slay all !y met4 ,eighty ?\s& 7 kill$1  
made captives1 or  sold on ?is occasion4
 ,antio*us1 conduct$ by ! corrupt high  
prie/  ,m5elaus1 ent]$ into ! holy (    
holies1 :5ce he took & c>ri$  (f ! mo/  
preci\s vessels ( t holy place1 to !    
value ( "o  ?\s& eight hundr$ tal5ts4 ,9
 ! ye> #chce1 ,antio*us made a ?ird     
exp$ition aga9/ ,egypt1 :i* he entirely 
subdu$4 ,! ye> foll[+1  he s5t          
,apollonius into ,judea1 ) an army (    
tw5ty-two ?\s& m51  & comm&$ him to kill
 all ! ,jews :o 7 ( full age1 & to sell 
! wom5 & "y m51 #b ,mac4 v1 #bd1 #be4   
,^! ord]s 7 too  punctually execut$4 ,x 
0 on ?is occasion t ,judas ,maccabu     
retir$ into ! wild]ness ) 8 fa!r & 8    
bre?r51 #b ,mac4 v1  #bi4 ,^! mis=tunes 
7 only preludes ( :at !y 7 to suff]2  = 

,antio*us1 appreh5d+ t ! ,jews w\ld nev]
 be con/ant 9  _! ob$i5ce to him1 unless
 he oblig$ !m to *ange _! religion1  &  
to embrace t ( ! ,greeks1 issu$ an      
edict1 enjo9+ !m to  con=m to ! laws (  
o!r nations1 & =bidd+ _! usual          
sacrifices 9 ! temple1 _! fe/ivals1 & _!
 ,sabba?4 ,! /atue  ( ,jupit] ,olympus 0
 plac$ ^u ! alt> ( ! temple1 & ?us !    
abom9ation ( desolation 0 se5 9 ! temple
 ( ,god4 ,_m corrupt  ,jews compli$ ) ^!
 ord]s2 b o!rs resi/$ !m4 ,matta?ias  & 
8 sons retir$ to ! m\nta9s4 ,old        
,eleaz>1 & ! sev5  bre?r51 suff]$ dea? )
 great c\rage at ,antio*1 #b ,mac4 vii4 
,matta?ias be+ dead1 ,judas ,maccabu    
head$ ^? ,jews :o cont9u$  fai?ful1 &   
oppos$ ) success ! g5]als :om k+        
,antio*us s5t  into ,judea4 ,! k+1 in=m$
 ( ! val\r & resi/ance ( ,judas1  s5t   
new =ces2 &1 f9d+ 8 treasures exhau/$1  
he resolv$ to g  into ,p]sia to levy    
tributes1 & to collect l>ge sums :i* he 
_h  agre$ to pay to ! ,romans1 #a ,mac4 
iii1 #e-ca2 #b ,mac4 ix1 #a1 c2 #a ,mac4

  vi1 #a1 c4 ,kn[+ t v great ri*es 7    
lodg$ 9 ! temple (  ,elymas1 he det]m9$ 
to c>ry x (f2 b ! inhabitants ( !       
c\ntry made s vigor\s a resi/ance1 t he 
0 =c$ to retreat  t[>d ,babylonia4 ,:5  
he 0 come to ,ecbatana1 he 0 in=m$ ( !  
defeat ( ,nicanor & ,timo!us1 & t ,judas
 ,maccabu _h retak5  ! temple (         
,j]usalem1 & re/or$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,"l1 & 
!  usual sacrifices4 ,on receiv+ ?is    
intellig5ce1 ! k+ 0  transport$ )       
indignation2 &1 ?reat5+ to make         
,j]usalem a grave  = ! ,jews1 comm&$ !  
driv] ( 8 *>iot to urge ! horses  =w>d1 
& to ha/5 8 j\rney4 ,h[ev]1 div9e       
v5geance soon  ov]took him3 he fell f 8 
*>iot1 & bruis$ all 8 limbs4 ,he  0 also
 torm5t$ ) su* pa9s 9 8 b[els1 z all[$  
him no  re/2 & 8 disease 0 aggravat$ by 
grief & vexation4 ,9 ?is  condition he  
wrote to ! ,jews v humbly1 promis$ !m _m
 ?+s1  & engag$ ev5 to turn ,jew1 if    
,god w\ld re/ore him to heal?4 ,he      
e>ne/ly recomm5d$ to !m 8 son ,antio*us1
 :o 0 to succe$ him1  & entreat$ !m to  

fav\r ! "y pr9ce1 & to cont9ue fai?ful  
to him4 ,he di$1 ov]:elm$ ) pa9 & grief1
 9 ! m\nta9s (  ,p>atac5e1 9 ! little   
t[n ( ,tabes1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #chdj1  &  
be=e ,jesus ,*ri/ #afd4    #e4          
,,antio*us ,,eupator1 son ( ,antio*us   
,epiphanes1 0 only n9e ye>s  old :5 8   
fa!r di$ & left him ! k+dom ( ,syria4   
,lysias1 :o  gov]n$ ! k+dom 9 ! "n ( !  
"y pr9ce1 l$ aga9/ ,judea  an army ( "o 
hundr$ ?\s& foot1 tw5ty ?\s& horse1 &   
?irty  elephants1 #a ,mac4 vi2 #b ,mac4 
xiii4 ,he besieg$ & took ! =tress (     
,be?sura1 & !nce m>*$ aga9/ ,j]usalem4  
,! city 0 ready to  fall into 8 h&s :5  
,lysias receiv$ ! news t ,philip1 :om   
,antio*us ,epiphanes _h entru/$ ) !     
reg5cy ( ! k+dom1 _h  come to ,antio* to
 take ! gov]nm5t1 accord+ to !          
disposition (  ! late k+4 ,he !re=e     
propos$ an accommodation ) ! ,jews1  t  
he might return spe$ily to ,antio* &    
oppose ,philip4 ,aft]  conclud+ a peace1
 he imm$iately return$ into ,syria1 ) ! 
"y  k+ & 8 army4    ,9 ! meantime1      

,demetrius ,sot]1 son ( ,seleucus       
,philopator1 & nephew  to ,antio*us     
,epiphanes1 to :om by "r ! k+dom        
belong$1 hav+  escap$ f ,rome1 came into
 ,syria4 ,f9d+ ! p dispos$ =  revolt1   
,demetrius head$ an army1 & m>*$        
directly to ,antio*1  aga9/ ,antio*us & 
,lysias4 ,h[ev]1 ! inhabitants did n    
wait till  he besieg$ ! city2 b op5$ !  
gates1 & deliv]$ to him ,lysias  & ! "y 
k+ ,antio*us ,eupator1 :om ,demetrius   
caus$ to be put to  dea?1 )\t suff]+ !m 
to appe> 9 8 pres5ce4 ,antio*us         
,eupator reign$ only two ye>s1 & di$ 9 !
 ye> ( ! _w #chdb1  & be=e ,jesus ,*ri/ 
#afb4    #f4 ,,antio*us ,,!os1 or !     
,div9e1 ! son ( ,alex&] ,balas1 k+ (    
,syria1 0 br\ght up by ! ,arabian pr9ce 
,elma*uel1 or1 z he is  call$ 9 !       
,greek1 ,simalcue1 #a ,mac4 xi1 #ci1    
#dj1 c4 ,demetrius ,nicanor1  k+ (      
,syria1 hav+ r5d]$ himself odi\s to 8   
troops1 "o  ,diodotus1 o!rwise call$    
,tryphon1 came to ,zabdiel1 a k+ 9      
,arabia1  & desir$ him to entru/ him )  

"y ,antio*us1 :om he promis$ to  place  
on ! ?rone ( ,syria1 :i* 0 !n possess$  
by ,demetrius  ,nicanor4 ,aft] "s       
hesitation1 ,zabdiel compli$ ) ! reque/2
 &  ,tryphon c>ri$ ,antio*us into       
,syria1 & put ! cr[n on 8 head4 ,!      
troops dismiss$ by ,demetrius1 came &   
jo9$ ,tryphon1 :o1 hav+  =m$ a p[]ful   
army1 defeat$ ,demetrius1 & =c$ him to  
retreat to  ,seleucia4 ,tryphon seiz$ 8 
elephants1 & r5d]$ himself ma/] (       
,antio*1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #chei1 & be=e   
,jesus ,*ri/ #ade4  ,antio*us ,!os1 to  
/r5g!n himself 9 8 new acquisition1 s5t 
lett]s to ,jona?an ,maccabu1 high prie/ 
& pr9ce ( ! ,jews1  confirm+ him 9 !    
high prie/hood1 & grant+ him f\r        
top>*ies1  or f\r consid]able places1 9 
,judea4 ,he also receiv$ ,jona?an into  
! numb] ( 8 fri5ds1 s5t him vessels (   
gold1 p]mitt$ him to  use a gold cup1 to
 we> purple1 & a gold5 buckle2 & he gave
 8  bro!r1 ,simon ,maccabu1 ! comm& (   
all 8 troops on ! coa/ (  !             
,m$it]ranean1 f ,tyre to ,egypt4        

,jona?an1 engag$ by s _m  fav\rs1 decl>$
 resolutely = ,antio*us1 or r =         
,tryphon1 :o  reign$ "u ! "n ( ?is "y   
pr9ce2 & on sev]al occasions1  he       
attack$ ! g5]als ( ,demetrius1 :o /ill  
possess$ _m places  beyond ,jordan & 9  
,galilee1 #a ,macc4 xi1 #fc1 c2 xii1    
#bd1 #cd4 ,tryphon1  see+ "y ,antio*us 9
 peaceable possession ( ! k+dom (       
,syria1  resolv$ to usurp 8 cr[n4 ,he   
?\ght x necess>y1 9 ! fir/  place1 to   
secure ,jona?an ,maccabu :o 0 "o ( ! mo/
 p[]ful  support]s ( ,antio*us's ?rone4 
,he came1 !re=e1 ) troops into  ,judea1 
invit$ ,jona?an to ,ptolemais1 & !re1 on
 frivol\s pret5ces1  made him prison]4  
,h[ev]1 ,simon1 ,jona?an's bro!r1 head$ 
! troops  ( ,judea1 & oppos$ ,tryphon1  
:o int5d$ to take ,j]usalem4 ,tryphon1  
be+ disappo9t$1 put ,jona?an to dea? at 
,bassa or ,bascama1 &  return$ into     
,syria1 :]e1 )\t delay1 he execut$ 8    
design (  kill+ ,antio*us4 ,he corrupt$ 
! royal physicians1 :o1 hav+  publi%$ t 
,antio*us 0 torm5t$ ) ! /one1 murd]$    

him1 by  cutt+ him )\t any necessity4   
,?us ,tryphon 0 left ma/] (  ,syria1 9 !
 ye> ( ! _w #chfa1 & be=e ,jesus ,*ri/  
#adc4    #g4 ,,antio*us ,,sidetes1 or   
,sot] ! ,savi\r1 or ,eusebes ! pi\s1  0 
! son ( ,demetrius ,sot]1 & bro!r to    
,demetrius ,nicanor4  ,tryphon1 ! usurp]
 ( ! k+dom ( ,syria1 hav+ r5d]$ himself 
odi\s to 8 troops1 !y des]t$ him1 & (f]$
 _! s]vices to  ,cleopatra1 ! wife (    
,demetrius ,nicanor4 ,%e liv$ 9 ! city (
  ,seleucia1 %ut up ) h] *ildr51 :ile h]
 husb& ,demetrius 0 a  prison] 9 ,p]sia1
 :]e he _h m>ri$ ,rodeguna1 ! daught] ( 
,arsaces k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,cleopatra1 !re=e 
s5t to ,antio*us ,sidetes1  h]          
bro!r-9-law1 & (f]$ him ! cr[n ( ,syria1
 if he w\ld  m>ry h]2 to :i* ,antio*us  
cons5t$4 ,?is pr9ce 0 !n at ,cnidus1    
:]e 8 fa!r1 ,demetrius ,sot] _h plac$   
him ) "o ( 8  fri5ds4 ,he came into     
,syria1 & wrote to ,simon ,maccabu1 to  
engage him  aga9/ ,tryphon1 #a ,macc4   
xv1 #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 ,he confirm$ !       
privileges  :i* ! k+s ( ,syria _h grant$

 to ,simon1 p]mitt$ him to co9  money ) 
8 own /amp1 decl>$ ,j]usalem & ! temple 
exempt f  royal jurisdiction1 & promis$ 
o!r fav\rs z soon z he %\ld  obta9      
peaceable possession ( ! k+dom :i* _h   
belong$ to 8  ance/ors4 ,antio*us       
,sidetes hav+ m>ri$ 8 si/]-9-law1       
,cleopatra1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #chfe1 !     
troops ( ,tryphon resort$  to him 9     
cr[ds4 ,tryphon1 ?us ab&on$1 retir$ to  
,dora1 9  ,phnicia1 :i!r ,antio*us      
pursu$ him ) an army ( #abj1jjj foot1   
#hjj horse1 & a p[]ful fleet4 ,simon    
,maccabu s5t ,antio*us two  ?\s& *os5   
m51 b ! latt] refus$ !m & revok$ all 8  
promises4 ,he also s5t ,a!nobius to     
,j]usalem to oblige ,simon to  re/ore to
 him ,gaz>a & ,joppa1 ) ! citadel (     
,j]usalem2 & to  dem& ( him five hundr$ 
tal5ts m1 z rep>ation = injuries !  k+  
_h suff]$1 & z tribute = 8 own cities4  
,at ! same "t  he ?reat5$ to make w> ^u 
him1 if he did n comply4 ,simon %[$     
,a!nobius all ! lu/re ( 8 weal? & p[]1  
told him he _h 9  8 possession no place 

:i* belong$ to ,antio*us1 & said t !    
cities ( ,gaz>a & ,joppa _h greatly     
injur$ 8 p1 & he w\ld  give ! k+ = !    
prop]ty ( !m "o hundr$ tal5ts4 ,a!nobius
  return$ ) great indignation to        
,antio*us1 :o 0 extremely (f5d$  at     
,simon's answ]4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,tryphon 
hav+ escap$ privately  f ,dora1 emb>k$ 9
 a vessel & fl$4 ,antio*us pursu$ him1 &
  s5t ,c5debeus ) troops into ! m>itime 
p>ts ( ,pale/9e1 &  comm&$ him to       
rebuild ,c$ron1 & fight ! ,jews4 ,john  
,hircanus1 son  ( ,simon ,maccabu1 0 !n 
at ,gaza1 & gave notice to 8 fa!r (  !  
com+ ( ,c5debeus4 ,simon furni%$ 8 sons1
 ,john ,hircanus &  ,judas ) troops1 &  
s5t !m aga9/ ,c5debeus1 :om !y r\t$ 9  !
 pla9 & pursu$ to ,azotus4    ,antio*us 
foll[$ ,tryphon1 till he =c$ him to kill
 himself 9 !  ye> ( ! _w #chfi4 ,aft]   
?is1 ,antio*us ?\ght only ( r$uc+  to 8 
ob$i5ce ^? cities :i*1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8   
fa!r's  reign1 _h %ak5 (f _! subjection4
 ,simon ,maccabu1 pr9ce & high  prie/ ( 
! ,jews1 be+ trea*]\sly murd]$ by       

,ptolemy1 8  son-9-law1 9 ! ca/le (     
,docus1 ne> ,j]i*o1 ! murd]]  imm$iately
 s5t to ,antio*us ,sidetes to dem&      
troops1 t he might  recov] = him !      
c\ntry & cities ( ! ,jews4 ,antio*us    
came 9  p]son ) an army1 & besieg$      
,j]usalem1 :i* 0 bravely def5d$  by     
,john ,hircanus4 ,! siege 0 long        
protract$2 & ! k+ divid$  8 army into   
sev5 p>ts1 & gu>d$ all ! av5ues ( !     
city4 ,x  be+ ! "t = celebrat+ ! fea/ ( 
tab]nacles1 ! ,jews  desir$ ( ,antio*us 
a truce = sev5 days4 ,! k+ n only grant$
  ?is reque/1 b s5t !m bulls ) gild$    
horns1 & vessels ( gold  & silv] fill$ )
 inc5se1 to be (f]$ 9 ! temple4 ,he also
  ord]$ su* provisions z !y want$1 to be
 giv5 to ! ,jewi%  soldi]s4 ,?is c\rtesy
 ( ! k+ s won ! he>ts ( ! ,jews1 t  !y  
s5t ambassadors to treat ( peace1 & to  
desire t !y might  live accord+ to _!   
own laws4 ,antio*us requir$ t !y %\ld   
surr5d] _! arms1 demoli% ! city walls1  
pay tribute = ,joppa &  ! o!r cities !y 
possess$ out ( ,judea1 & receive a      

g>rison  into ,j]usalem4 ,to ^!         
conditions1 except ! la/1 ! ,jews       
cons5t$2 = !y c\ld n be induc$ to see an
 army ( /rang]s 9  _! capital1 & *ose r 
to give ho/ages & five hundr$  tal5ts ( 
silv]4 ,! k+ ent]$ ! city1 beat d[n !   
brea/ "w  above ! walls1 & return$ to   
,syria1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #chgj1  & be=e   
,jesus ,*ri/ #acd4 ,?ree ye>s aft]1     
,antio*us m>*$  aga9/ ! ,p]sians1 or    
,p>?ians1 & dem&$ ! lib]ty ( 8  bro!r   
,demetrius ,nicanor1 :o _h be5 made     
prison] long be=e by  ,arsaces1 & 0     
deta9$ = ! purpose ( be+ employ$ 9      
excit+  a w> aga9/ ,antio*us4 ,?is w>1  
!re=e1 ,antio*us ?\ght prop]  to prev5t4
 ,) an army ( eighty ?\s&1 or1 z        
,orosius says1 ( "o  hundr$ ?\s& m51 he 
m>*$ t[>d ,p]sia1 & no soon] appe>$  on 
! fronti]s ( t c\ntry1 ?an sev]al ea/]n 
pr9ces1  dete/+ ! pride & av>ice ( !    
,p]sians1 came & surr5d]$4  ,antio*us   
defeat$ 8 enemies 9 ?ree engagem5ts1 &  
took ,babylon4  ,he 0 accompani$ 9 ^!   
exp$itions by ,john ,hircanus1 high     

prie/ (  ! ,jews1 :o1 x is suppos$1     
obta9$ ! surname ( ,hircanus f  "s      
gallant action :i* he p]=m$4    ,z !    
army ( ,antio*us 0 too num]\s to cont9ue
 assembl$ 9 any  "o place1 he 0 oblig$  
to divide x1 to put x into w9t] qu>t]s4 
,^! troops behav$ ) s mu* insol5ce1 t !y
 ali5at$ !  m9ds ( all m54 ,! cities 9  
:i* !y 71 privately surr5d]$  to !      
,p]sians2 & all resolv$ to attack1 9 "o 
day1 ! g>risons  !y conta9$1 t ! troops 
be+ sep>at$ might n assi/ ea*  o!r4     
,antio*us at ,babylon obta9$ intellig5ce
 ( ?is design1 &1  ) ! few soldi]s ab\t 
him1 endeav\r$ to succ\r 8 p4 ,he  0    
attack$ 9 ! way by ,phraates1 k+ (      
,p]sia1 :om he f\ght )  great brav]y2 b 
be+ at l5g? des]t$ by 8 own =ces1       
accord+  to ! g5]ality ( hi/orians1 he 0
 ov]p[]$ & kill$ by !  ,p]sians or      
,p>?ians4 ,appian1 h[ev]1 says t he     
kill$ himself1 &  lian1 t he ?rew       
himself headlong f a precipice4 ,?is    
ev5t took  place 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #chgd1 &
 be=e ,jesus ,*ri/ #acj4 ,aft]  ! dea? (

 ,sidetes1 ,demetrius ,nicanor1 or      
,nicetor1 reasc5d$ !  ?rone ( ,syria4   
,,antip,,dobapti/s1 a d5om9ation giv5 to
 ^? :o object to !  baptism ( infants4  
,! ^w is d]iv$ f 1 aga9/1 1  1 a *ild1 1
 ,i baptize4 ,see ,,baptism4            
,,antipas1 ,antipas-,h]od1 or           
,h]od-,antipas1 0 ! son ( ,h]od !       
,great1 & ,cleopatra ( ,j]usalem4 ,h]od 
! ,great1 9 8 fir/ w1  decl>$ him 8     
successor 9 ! k+dom2 b he aft]w>d nam$ 8
  son ,ar*elaus k+ ( ,judea1 & gave to  
,antipas only ! title (  tetr>* (       
,galilee & ,p]a4 ,ar*elaus go+ to ,rome1
 to p]suade !  emp]or to confirm 8      
fa!r's w1 ,antipas also w5t ?i!r4 ,!    
emp]or be/[$ on ,ar*elaus "o moity ( :at
 _h be5 assign$ him by  ,h]od1 ) !      
quality ( e?n>*1 & promis$ to grant him 
! title  ( k+ :5 he _h %[n himself      
des]v+ ( x by 8 virtues4 ,to  ,antipas1 
,augu/us gave ,galilee & ,p]a2 & to     
,philip1 ,h]od's o!r  son1 ! ,batana1   
,tra*onitis1 & ,auranitis1 ) "s o!r     
places4    ,antipas1 return+ to ,judea1 

took great pa9s 9 adorn+ & =tify+  !    
pr9cipal places ( 8 dom9ions4 ,he m>ri$ 
! daught] (  ,aretas1 k+ ( ,arabia1 :om 
he divorc$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #cc1 t he might 
m>ry 8 si/]-9-law1 ,h]odias1 ! wife ( 8 
bro!r ,philip1 :o  0 /ill liv+4 ,john ! 
,bapti/1 exclaim+ aga9/ ?is ince/1 0    
seiz$ by ord] ( ,antipas1 & imprison$ 9 
! ca/le ( ,ma*rus4  ,josephus says1 t   
,antipas caus$ ,john to be tak51 because
 he drew too  great a conc\rse aft] him2
 & ,antipas 0 afraid he %\ld use 8      
influ5ce ov] ! p to induce !m to revolt4
 ,b ,josephus has  report$ ! pret5ce = !
 true cause4 ,! evangeli/s1 :o 7  bett] 
in=m$ ?an ,josephus1 z be+ eye witnesses
 ( :at pass$1  & p>ticul>ly acqua9t$ )  
,john & 8 disciples1 assure u1 t  ! true
 reason ( imprison+ ,john 0 ! av]sion ( 
,h]od &  ,h]odias aga9/ him1 on acc\nt (
 8 lib]ty 9 c5sur+ _!  sc&al\s m>riage1 
,matt4 xiv1 #c1 #d2 ,m>k vi1 #ad1 #ag1  
#ah2 ,luke iii1 #ai1  #bj4 ,:5 ! k+ 0   
celebrat+ 8 bir? day1 ) ! pr9cipal      
p]sons ( 8 c\rt1 ! daught] ( ,h]odias   

danc$ be=e !m1 &  pleas$ him s well t he
 swore to give h] :atev] %e %\ld ask4   
,%e consult$ h] "m1 :o advis$ h] to ask 
! head ( ,john !  ,bapti/4 ,return+1    
!re=e1 to ! hall1 %e address$ h]self to 
!  k+1 & said1 8,give me "h ,john       
,bapti/'s head 9 a *>g]40 ,!  k+ 0      
afflict$ at ?is reque/2 b 9 consid]ation
 ( 8 oa?1  & ( ! p]sons at table ) him1 
he s5t "o ( 8 gu>ds1 :o  behead$ ,john 9
 prison4 ,! head 0 br\ght 91 & giv5 to !
 "y  woman1 :o deliv]$ x to h] "m1      
,matt4 xiv1 #e1 #f1 c4 ,aretas1 k+  (   
,arabia1 to rev5ge ! affront :i* ,h]od  
_h (f]$ to 8  daught]1 decl>$ w> aga9/  
him1 & vanqui%$ him 9 a v  ob/9ate      
conte/4 ,josephus tells u1 t ! ,jews    
attribut$ !  defeat ( ,h]od to ! dea? ( 
,john ! ,bapti/4 ,9 ! ye> ( !  ,*ri/ian 
ra #ci1 ,h]odias be+ jeal\s ( !         
prosp]ity ( h]  bro!r ,agrippa1 :o f a  
private p]son _h become k+ ( ,judea1    
p]suad$ h] husb&1 ,h]od-,antipas1 to    
visit ,rome1 & desire ! same  dignity ( 
! emp]or ,caius4 ,%e resolv$ to         

accompany him2 & hop$  t h] pres5ts &   
appe>ance w\ld contribute to procure !  
emp]or's fav\r4 ,h[ev]1 ,agrippa obta9+ 
intellig5ce ( ?is  design1 wrote to !   
emp]or & accus$ ,antipas4 ,! mess5g] (  
,agrippa arriv$ at ,bai1 :]e ! emp]or 01
 at ! v "t :5  ,h]od receiv$ 8 fir/     
audi5ce4 ,caius1 on ! deliv]y (         
,agrippa's  lett]s1 read !m ) great     
e>ne/ness4 ,9 ^! lett]s1 ,agrippa       
accus$ ,antipas ( hav+ be5 a p>ty 9     
,sejanus's conspiracy aga9/  ,tib]ius1 &
 said t he /ill c>ri$ on a correspond5ce
 )  ,artabanus1 k+ ( ,p>?a1 aga9/ !     
,romans4 ,z a pro( ( ?is1 he  affirm$ t 
,antipas _h 9 8 ars5als arms = sev5ty   
?\s& m54  ,caius be+ angry1 dem&$ ha/ily
 ( ,antipas1 if x 7 true t he  _h su* a 
quantity ( arms8 ,! k+ n d>+ to d5y x1 0
  in/antly bani%$ to ,lyons 9 ,gaul4 ,! 
emp]or (f]$ to =give  ,h]odias1 9       
consid]ation ( h] bro!r ,agrippa2 b %e  
*ose r  to foll[ h] husb&1 & to %>e 8   
=tune 9 bani%m5t4 ,?is is  t ,antipas1  
:o1 be+ at ,j]usalem at ! "t ( our      

,savi\r's  passion1 ridicul$ ,jesus :om 
,pilate _h s5t to him1 dress$ him 9     
worn-out royalty1 & s5t him back to     
,pilate z a mock k+1 ^:  ambition gave  
him no umbrage1 ,luke xxiii1 #g1 #aa4 ,!
 ye> ( ! dea?  ( ,antipas is unkn[n2 b x
 is c]ta9 t he1 z well z ,h]odias1  di$ 
9 exile4 ,josephus says1 t he di$ 9     
,spa91 :i!r ,caius1 on  8 com+ into     
,gaul ! fir/ ye> ( 8 bani%m5t1 might    
ord] him  to be s5t4    #b4 ,,antipas1 !
 fai?ful m>tyr or witness m5tion$ 9 !   
book (  ,revelation1 ii1 #ac4 ,he is    
said to h be5 "o ( our ,savi\r's fir/   
disciples1 & to h suff]$ m>tyrdom at    
,p]gamus1 ( :i* he 0  bi%op4 ,8 ,acts   
relate t he 0 burnt 9 a braz5 bull4     
,?\gh  anci5t ecclesia/ical hi/ory      
furni%es no acc\nt ( ?is ,antipas1 yet  
x is c]ta9 t1 accord+ to all ! rules (  
language1 :at is said  conc]n+ him by   
,/4 ,john mu/ be und]/ood lit]ally1 & n 
my/ically1 z "s int]pret]s h done4      
,,antipatris1 ,acts xxiii1 #ca1 a t[n 9 
,pale/9e1 anci5tly call$  ,caph>-,saba1 

accord+ to ,josephus2 b nam$ ,antipatris
 by ,h]od !  ,great1 9 hon\r ( 8 fa!r   
,antipat]4 ,x 0 situat$ 9 a pleasant    
valley1 ne> ! m\nta9s1 9 ! way f        
,j]usalem to ,cs>ea4  ,josephus places x
 at ab\t ! di/ance ( sev5te5 miles f    
,joppa4  ,to ?is place ,/4 ,paul 0      
br\ght 9 8 way to ! gov]nor ( ,judea  at
 ,cs>ea1 ,acts xxiii1 #ca4              
,,antitype1 t :i* answ]s to a type or   
figure4 ,a type is a model1  m\ld1 or   
patt]n2 t :i* is =m$ accord+ to x is an 
antitype4  ,see ,,type4    ,,antonia1 "o
 ( ! t[]s ( ,j]usalem1 call$ by ,h]od   
aft] ,m4  ,antony4 ,! ,romans g5]ally   
kept a g>rison 9 ?is t[]2 & f  !nce x 0 
t ! tribune ran ) 8 soldi]s to rescue   
,/4 ,paul  out ( ! h&s ( ! ,jews1 :o _h 
seiz$ him 9 ! temple1 &  design$ to h   
murd]$ him1 ,acts xxi1 #ca1 #cb4        
,,ape1 1  & 1 cephus1 #a ,k+s x1 #bb2 #b
 ,*ron4 ix1 #ba4  ,?is animal seems to  
be ! same ) ! ceph ( ! ,e?iopians1 (    
:i* ,pl9y speaks1 l4 viii1 c4 #ai3 8,at 
! games giv5 by ,pompey !  ,great10 says

 he1 87 %[n cephs br\ght f ,e?iopia1 :i*
 _h  _! =e feet l a human h&1 _! h9d    
legs & feet also  resembl$ ^? ( a man40 
,! ,scripture says t ! fleet ( ,solomon 
br\ght apes1 or r monkeys1 c1 f ,ophir4 
,! le>n$ are n  agre$ respect+ !        
situation ( t c\ntry2 b ,major ,wil=d   
says  t ! anci5t "n ( ! ,riv] ,l&i s9dh 
9 ,india 0 ,cophes4  ,may x n h be5 s   
call$ f !  inhabit+ its banks8    ,we n[
 di/+ui% ?is tribe ( creatures into #a4 
,monkeys1 ^? )  long tails2 #b4 ,apes1  
^? ) %ort tails2 #c4 ,baboons1 ^?  )\t  
tails4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians are said to 
h wor%ipp$ apes2  x is c]ta9 t !y are   
/ill ador$ 9 _m places 9 ,india4        
,maffeus describes a magnific5t temple  
d$icat$ to ! ape1 ) a  portico = receiv+
 ! victims sacrific$1 support$ by sev5  
hundr$  columns4              8,)       
glitt]+ gold & sp>kl+ gems !y %9e1      
,b apes & monkeys are ! gods )940       
,figures ( apes are also made & rev]5c$ 
z idols1 ( :i* we h  sev]al 9 ,moore's  
8,h9doo ,pan!on20 also 9 ! avat>s1 giv5 

9  ,maurice's 8,hi/ory ( ,india10 c4 ,9 
"s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! apes  are held     
sacr$1 ?\gh n resid5t 9 temples2 &      
incauti\s ,engli%  g5tlem51 by attempt+ 
to %oot ^! apes1 7r1 p]haps1  monkeys17 
h be5 expos$1 n only to all mann] (     
insults &  vexations f ! inhabitants ( !
 villages1 c1 adjac5t1 b h  ev5 be5 9   
dang] ( _! lives4    ,,aph>sa*ites1 a p 
s5t by ! k+s ( ,assyria to inhabit !    
c\ntry ( ,sam>ia1 9 ! room ( ^?         
,israelites :o _h be5 remov$  beyond !  
,euphrates1 ,ezra v1 #f4 ,!y1 ) ! o!r   
,sam>itans1  oppos$ ! rebuild+ ( ! walls
 ( ,j]usalem1 ,ezra iv1 #i4    ,,apis1 a
 symbolical deity wor%ipp$ by !         
,egyptians4 ,x 0 an ox1  hav+ c]ta9     
ext]ior m>ks1 9 :i* animal ! s\l ( !    
great  ,osiris 0 suppos$ to subsi/4 ,!  
ox 0 probably made ! symbol (  ,osiris  
because he presid$ ov] agriculture4     
,,apocalypse1 1 signifies revelation4 ,x
 is1 h[ev]1  p>ticul>ly appli$ to !     
,revelations :i* ,/4 ,john _h 9 ! isle  
( ,patmos1 :i!r he _h be5 bani%$4 ,!    

te/imonies 9 fav\r (  ! book ( !        
,revelation be+ a g5u9e "w ( ,/4 ,john !
  ,evangeli/ are v full & satisfactory4 
,&rew1 bi%op ( ,cs>ea 9  ,capadocia1 9 !
 fif? c5tury1 assures u t ,papias       
ackn[l$g$ !  ,revelation to be inspir$4 
,b ! e>lie/ au?or n[ extant :o  m5tions 
?is book is ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o liv$ ab\t  
sixty ye>s aft]  x 0 writt51 & he       
ascribes x to ,/4 ,john4 ,s does        
,irneus1 ^:  evid5ce is alone suffici5t 
^u ?is po9t2 = he 0 ! disciple (        
,polyc>p1 :o 0 ! disciple ( ,john       
himself2 & he expressly tells  u t he _h
 ! explanation ( a c]ta9 passage 9 ?is  
book f  ^? :o _h conv]s$ ) ,/4 ,john !  
au?or4 ,^! two fa!rs are  foll[$ by     
,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,!ophilus (        
,antio*1 ,t]tullian1  ,orig51 ,cyprian1 
,lactantius1 ,j]ome1 ,a?anasius1 & _m   
o!r  ecclesia/ical writ]s1 all ( :om    
concur 9 consid]+ ! ,apo/le  ,john z !  
au?or ( ! ,revelation4 ,"s few p]sons1  
h[ev]1 d\bt$  ! g5u95ess ( ?is book 9 ! 
?ird & f\r? c5turies2 b  s9ce t "t x has

 be5 v g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be          
canonical2  &1 inde$1 z ,mr4 ,l[man     
obs]ves1 8h>dly any "o book has receiv$ 
m e>ly1 m au!ntic1 & m satisfactory     
atte/ations40 ,!  omission ( ?is book 9 
"s ( ! e>ly catalogues ( ! ,scriptures1 
0 probably n ow+ to any suspicion       
conc]n+ its au!nticity or  g5u95ess1 b  
because its obscurity & my/]i\sness 7   
?\ght  to r5d] x less fit to be read    
publicly & g5]ally4 ,x is call$  !      
,revelation ( ,john ! ,div9e2 & ?is     
appellation 0 fir/ giv5  to ,/4 ,john by
 ,eusebius1 n to di/+ui% him f any o!r  
p]son (  ! same "n1 b z an hon\rable    
title1 intimat+ t to him 0  m fully     
reveal$ ! sy/em ( div9e c\nsels ?an to  
any o!r  prophet ( ! ,*ri/ian           
disp5sation4    ,/4 ,john 0 bani%$ to   
,patmos 9 ! latt] "p ( ! reign (        
,domitian1 & he return$ to ,ephesus     
imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( t  emp]or1 :i* 
happ5$ 9 ! ye> #if2 & z ! ,apo/le /ates1
 t  ^! visions appe>$ to him :ile he 0 9
 t isl&1 we may  consid] ?is book z     

writt5 9 ! ye> #ie or #if4    ,9 ! fir/ 
*apt]1 ,/4 ,john ass]ts ! div9e au?ority
 ( !  pr$ictions :i* he is ab\t to      
deliv]2 addresses himself to !  *ur*es (
 ! ,proconsul> ,asia2 & describes ! fir/
 vision1 9  :i* he is comm&$ to write ! 
?+s !n reveal$ to him4 ,!  second & ?ird
 *apt]s conta9 sev5 epi/les to ! sev5   
*ur*es  9 ,asia2 namely1 ( ,ephesus1    
,smyrna1 ,p]gamus1 ,?yatira1 ,s>dis1    
,philadelphia1 & ,laodicea1 :i* relate  
*iefly to _! !n  respective circum/ances
 & situation4 ,at ! f\r? *apt] !        
prophetic visions beg91 & rea* to ! end 
( ! book4 ,!y conta9  a pr$iction ( all 
! mo/ rem>kable revolutions & ev5ts 9 ! 
,*ri/ian *ur* f ! "t ( ! ,apo/le to !   
f9al consummation  ( all ?+s4 ,an       
attempt to expla9 ^! prophecies does n  
fall  )9 ! design ( ?is "w2 & !re=e ^?  
:o are dispos$ to  /udy ?is sublime &   
my/]i\s book are ref]r$ to ,m$e1        
,daubuz1 ,sir  ,isaac ,newton1 ,l[man1  
,bi%op ,newton1 ,bi%op ,hurd1 & _m o!r  
excell5t comm5tators4 ,^! le>n$ m5 agree

 9 _! g5]al  pr9ciples conc]n+ !        
int]pretation ( ?is book1 al?\gh !y     
diff] 9 "s p>ticul> po9ts2 & x is n to  
be expect$ t  !re %\ld be a p]fect      
co9cid5ce ( op9ion 9 ! explanation (  ^?
 pr$ictions :i* relate to /ill future   
times2 =1 z !  incomp>able ,sir ,isaac  
,newton obs]ves1 8,god gave ^! & !      
prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 n to      
gratify m5's curiosity1 by  enabl+ !m to
 =ekn[ ?+s1 b t aft] !y 7 fulfill$  !y  
might be int]pret$ by ! ev5t1 & 8 own   
presci5ce1 n t  ( ! int]pret]s1 be !n   
manife/$ !reby to ! _w40 8,to  expla9   
?is book p]fectly10 says ,bi%op ,newton1
 8is n ! "w (  "o man1 or ( "o age2 b   
probably x nev] w be cle>ly  und]/ood1  
till x is all fulfill$40 ,x is graci\sly
 design$1 t  ! gradual accompli%m5t ( ^!
 pr$ictions %\ld af=d1 9 e  succe$+     
p]iod ( "t1 additional te/imony to !    
div9e orig9 (  our holy religion4       
,,apocrypha1 books n admitt$ into !     
sacr$ canon1 be+ ei!r  spuri\s1 or at   
lea/ n ackn[l$g$ to be div9e4 ,! ^w     

,apocrypha  is ( ,greek orig91 & is ei!r
 d]iv$ f ! words    1 because ! books 9 
"q 7 remov$ f ! crypt1  *e/1 ark1 or o!r
 receptacle 9 :i* ! sacr$ books 7       
deposit$  ^: au?ority 0 nev] d\bt$1 or m
 probably f ! v]b  1 to hide or conceal1
 because !y 7 conceal$ f !  g5]ality (  
read]s1 _! au?ority n be+ recognis$ by !
  *ur*1 & because !y are books :i* are  
de/itute ( prop]  te/imonials1 _!       
orig9al be+ obscure1 _! au?ors unkn[n1 &
  _! "* ei!r h]etical or suspect$4 ,!   
advocates ( !  *ur* ( ,rome1 inde$1     
affirm t "s ( ^! books are div9ely      
inspir$2 b x is easy to acc\nt = ?is3 ! 
apocryphal writ+s  s]ve to c\nt5ance "s 
( ! corrupt practices ( t *ur*4 ,!      
,prote/ant *ur*es n only acc\nt ^? books
 to be apocryphal &  m]ely human        
compositions :i* are e/eem$ su* by !    
*ur* ( ,rome1  z ! ,pray] ( ,manasseh1 !
 ?ird & f\r? books ( ,esdras1 !         
addition at ! end ( ,job1 & ! hundr$ &  
fifty-fir/ ,psalm2 b  also ! books (    
,tobit1 ,judi?1 ! additions to ! book ( 

,e/h]1  ,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,b>u* !
 ,prophet1 ) ! ,epi/le (  ,j]emiah1 !   
,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 ! ,/ory (      
,susanna1 !  ,/ory ( ,bel & ! ,dragon1 &
 ! fir/ & second books (  ,maccabees4 ,!
 books "h enum]at$ are unanim\sly       
reject$ by  ,prote/ants = ! foll[+      
reasons3--    #a4 ,!y possess no        
au?ority :atev]1 ei!r ext]nal or        
int]nal1 to  procure _! admission into !
 sacr$ canon4 ,none ( !m are extant  9  
,hebrew2 all ( !m are 9 ! ,greek        
language1 except ! f\r? book  ( ,esdras1
 :i* is only extant 9 ,lat94 ,!y 7      
writt5 = ! mo/  "p by ,alex&rian ,jews1 
subsequ5tly to ! cessation ( ! prophetic
  _s1 ?\gh be=e ! promulgation ( !      
,gospel4 ,n "o ( !  writ]s 9 direct t]ms
 advances a claim to inspiration2 nor 7 
!y  ev] receiv$ into ! sacr$ canon by ! 
,jewi% *ur*1 & !re=e  !y 7 n sanction$  
by our ,savi\r4 ,no "p ( ! apocrypha is 
quot$1 or ev5 allud$ to1 by him or by   
any ( 8 ,apo/les2 & bo?  ,philo &       
,josephus1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( 

! ,*ri/ian  ra1 are totally sil5t       
conc]n+ !m4    #b4 ,! apocryphal books 7
 n admitt$ into ! canon ( ,scripture    
dur+ ! fir/ f\r c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian   
*ur*4 ,!y are n  m5tion$ 9 ! catalogue (
 inspir$ writ+s made by ,melito bi%op ( 
,s>dis1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! second c5tury1   
nor 9 ^? ( ,orig5 9  ! ?ird c5tury1 (   
,a?anasius1 ,hil>y1 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 
,epiphanius1 ,gregory ,nazianz51        
,amphilo*ius1 ,j]om1 ,ruf9us1 & o!rs  ( 
! f\r? c5tury2 nor 9 ! catalogue (      
canonical books  recognis$ by ! c\ncil (
 ,laodicea1 held 9 ! same c5tury1 ^:    
canons 7 receiv$ by ! ca?olic *ur*2 s t 
z ,bi%op ,burnet  well obs]ves1 we h !  
concurr+ s5se ( ! :ole *ur* ( ,god  9   
?is matt]4 ,to ?is decisive evid5ce     
aga9/ ! canonical  au?ority ( !         
apocryphal books1 we may add t !y 7 nev]
 read  9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* until ! f\r?   
c5tury2 :51 z ,j]om in=ms  u1 !y 7 read 
8= example ( life1 & in/ruction (       
plann]s2  b 7 n appli$ to e/abli% any   
doctr9e40 ,& contempor>y  writ]s /ate1 t

 al?\gh !y 7 n approv$ z canonical or   
inspir$ writ+s1 yet "s ( !m1 p>ticul>ly 
,judi?1 ,wisdom1 &  ,ecclesia/icus1 7   
all[$ to be p]us$ by cate*um5s4 ,z a    
pro(  t !y 7 n reg>d$ z canonical 9 !   
fif? c5tury1 ,augu/9e  relates1 t :5 !  
book ( ,wisdom & o!r writ+s ( ! same    
class 7 publicly read 9 ! *ur*1 !y 7    
giv5 to ! read]s  or inf]ior            
ecclesia/ical (fic]s1 :o read !m 9 a l[]
 place ?an  ^? :i* 7 univ]sally         
ackn[l$g$ to be canonical1 :i* 7  read  
by ! bi%ops & presbyt]s 9 a m em95t &   
conspicu\s  mann]4 ,to conclude3 not)/&+
 ! v5]ation 9 :i* ^! books  7 held by ! 
we/]n *ur*1 x is evid5t t ! same        
au?ority  0 nev] ascrib$ to !m z to !   
,old & ,new ,te/am5t until !  la/ c\ncil
 ( ,tr5t1 at its f\r? session1 presum$  
to place !m all  7except ! ,pray] (     
,manasseh & ! ?ird & f\r? books (       
,esdras7  9 ! same rank ) ! inspir$     
writ+s ( ,moses & ! ,prophets4          
,,apoll9>ians1 or ,apoll9>i/s1 or1 z !y 
are call$ by ,epiphanius1  ,dim>it1 a   

sect :o d]ive _! pr9cipal "n f          
,apoll9>is1  bi%op ( ,laodicea1 9 ! f\r?
 c5tury4 ,apoll9>is /r5u\sly  def5d$ !  
div9ity ( ,*ri/ aga9/ ! ,arians2 b by   
indulg+ too  freely 9 philosophical     
di/9ctions & subtleties1 he d5i$ 9 "s   
measure 8 humanity4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! body
 :i* ,*ri/ assum$  0 end[$ ) a s5sitive1
 & n a rational1 s\l2 & t !  div9e      
nature p]=m$ ! functions ( reason1 &    
suppli$ ! place  ( ! intellectual       
pr9ciple 9 man4 ,h5ce x seem$ to foll[1 
t  ! div9e nature 9 ,*ri/ 0 bl5d$ ) !   
human & suff]$ )  x ! pa9s ( crucifixion
 & dea?4 ,apoll9>is & 8 foll[]s  h be5  
*>g$ ) o!r errors by c]ta9 anci5t       
wait]s2 b x  is n easy to det]m9e h[ f> 
_! *>ge is wor?y ( cr$it4 ,!  doctr9e ( 
,apoll9>is 0 fir/ condemn$ by a c\ncil  
at ,alex&ria  9 #cfb1 & aft]w>d 9 a m   
=mal mann] by a c\ncil at ,rome 9  #cge1
 & by ano!r c\ncil 9 #cgh1 :i* depos$   
,apoll9>is f 8  bi%opric4 ,9 %ort1 x 0  
attack$ at ! same "t by ! laws ( !      
emp]ors1 ! decrees ( c\ncils1 & ! writ+s

 ( ! le>n$2 &  sunk by degrees "u _!    
unit$ =ce4    ,,apollos 0 a ,jew (      
,alex&ria1 :o came to ,ephesus 9 ! ye> (
 our  ,"l #ed1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,/4      
,paul1 :o _h gone to ,j]usalem1 ,acts   
xviii1 #bd4 ,he 0 an eloqu5t man1 &     
mighty 9 ! ,scriptures2 b he  knew only 
! baptism ( ,john1 & 0 n fully in=m$ ( !
 high]  bran*es ( ,gospel doctr9e4      
,h[ev]1 he ackn[l$g$ t ,jesus ,*ri/  0 !
 ,messiah1 & decl>$ himself op5ly z 8   
disciple4 ,at  ,ephesus1 !re=e1 he began
 to speak boldly 9 ! synagogue1 &       
demon/rat$ by ! ,scriptures t ,jesus 0 !
 ,*ri/4 ,aquila &  ,priscilla1 hav+ he>d
 him !re1 took him ) !m1 & in/ruct$  him
 m fully 9 ! ways ( ,god4 ,"s "t aft]1  
he 0 incl9$ to  g into ,a*aia1 & !      
bre?r5 wrote to ! disciples !re1 desir+ 
!m to receive him4 ,he 0 v useful at    
,cor9?1 :]e he wat]$  :at ,/4 ,paul _h  
plant$1 #a ,cor4 iii1 #f4 ,x has be5    
suppos$1 t !  great admiration ( 8      
disciples = him t5d$ to produce a s*ism4
  ,"s said1 8,i am ( ,paul20 "s1 8,i am 

( ,apollos20 & o!rs1 8,i am (  ,cephas40
 ,b ?is division1 :i* ,/4 ,paul m5tions 
& reproves 9 8  ,fir/ ,epi/le to !      
,cor9?ians1 did n prev5t ,paul &        
,apollos1  p]sonally1 f be+ closely     
unit$ 9 ! bonds ( ,*ri/ian *>ity  &     
affection4 ,apollos1 he>+ t ! ,apo/le 0 
at ,ephesus1 w5t to  meet him1 & 0 !re  
:5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! 
,cor9?ians2 9 :i* he obs]ves1 t he _h   
e>ne/ly entreat$  ,apollos to return to 
,cor9?3 b ?\gh he _h n prevail$ ) him1  
,apollos gave him room to hope t he w\ld
 visit t city at a  fav\rable           
opportunity4 ,"s h suppos$1 t ! ,apo/le 
names  ,apollos & ,cephas1 n z ! real   
p]sons 9 ^: "n p>ties _h  be5 =m$ 9     
,cor9?1 b t1 9 ord] to avoid provok+ a  
temp]  :i* he wi%$ to subside1 he       
transf]s 8by a figure0 to ,apollos &    
himself :at 0 really meant ( o!r p>ties1
 :om f prud5ce he  decl9es to m5tion4   
,h[ev] ?is might be1 ! reluctance (     
,apollos to  return to ,cor9? seems to  
c\nt5ance ! g5]al op9ion4 ,/4 ,j]om     

says t ,apollos 0 s dissatisfi$ ) !     
division :i* _h  happ5$ on 8 acc\nt at  
,cor9?1 t he retir$ into ,crete )  ,z5o1
 a doctor ( ! law2 b t ! evil hav+ be5  
correct$ by  ! lett] ( ,/4 ,paul to !   
,cor9?ians1 ,apollos return$ to t  city1
 ( :i* he aft]w>d became bi%op4 ,!      
,greeks say t he 0  bi%op ( ,duras2 "s1 
t he 0 bi%op ( ,iconium1 9 ,phrygia2 &  
o!rs ( ,cs>ea4    ,,apollyon4 ,see      
,,abaddon4    ,,apologies1 9            
ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 7 def5ces 7s !    
,greek ^w  means7 ( ,*ri/ianity1 pres5t$
 to ,hea!n emp]ors1 by ! ,*ri/ian       
fa!rs1 :o 7 !re=e call$ ,apologi/s4 ,!  
fir/ 0 pres5t$  to ! emp]or ,adrian1 by 
,quadratus1 ,a4 ,d4 #abf1 a fragm5t (   
:i* is  pres]v$ by ,eusebius2 b ano!r1  
pres5t$ soon aft] to ! same1 by         
,ari/ides1 a conv]t$ ,a!nian philosoph]1
 is totally lo/4 ,ju/9  ,m>tyr wrote two
 apologies2 ! latt] 7to ! ,roman s5ate7 
is  imp]fect at ! beg9n+2 b ! =m]1      
address$ to ,anton9us ,pius1  is pres]v$
 entire1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ,engli%1 9 #agji1

 by ! ,rev4  ,w4 ,reeves1 toge!r ) "o by
 ,t]tullian1 ! ,octavius 7a dialogue7 ( 
,m9ucius ,felix1 & ! ,comm5t>y (        
,v9c5tius ,lir95sis1 ) notes  &         
prelim9>y diss]tations to ea*1 9 #b     
vols4 #hvo4 ,! ,apologies are  curi\s & 
valuable rema9s ( antiquity1 z %[+ :at 7
 !  objections ( ! ,hea!ns1 & ! mann] 9 
:i* !y 7 rebutt$  by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4  
,,apo/asy1 a des]t+ or ab&on+ ( ! true  
religion4 ,! ^w is  borr[$ f ! ,lat9    
apo/at>e1 or apo/>e1 to despise or      
violate any ?+4 ,h5ce apo/at>e leges    
anci5tly signifi$ to  transgress ! laws4
 ,! ,lat9 apo/at>e1 aga91 comes f 1  f1 
& 1 ,i /&4 ,among ! ,romani/s1 apo/asy  
also  signifies ! =sak+ ( a religi\s    
ord]1 :]e( a man _h made  pr(ession1 )\t
 a lawful disp5sation4 ,! anci5ts       
di/+ui%$  ?ree k9ds ( apo/asy3 ! fir/1 a
 sup]]ogatione1 is committ$ by  a prie/1
 or religi\s1 :o ab&ons 8 pr(ession1 &  
returns to 8  lay /ate2 ! second1 a     
m&atis ,dei1 by a p]son ( any condition1
  :o ab&ons ! comm&s ( ,god1 ?\gh he    

reta9s 8 fai?2 !  ?ird1 a fide1 by him  
:o n only ab&ons 8 works1 b also !      
fai?4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 an    
apo/ate & a h]etic2 t  ! latt] only     
ab&ons a "p ( ! fai?1 :]eas ! =m]       
r5\nces ! :ole4 ,! primitive ,*ri/ian   
*ur* di/+ui%$  sev]al k9ds ( apo/asy4 ,!
 fir/ 0 t ( ^? :o relaps$ f  ,*ri/ianity
 into ,judaism2 ! second1 t ( ^? :o     
bl5d$ ,judaism  & ,*ri/ianity toge!r2 & 
! ?ird 0 t ( ^? :o1 aft]  hav+ be5      
,*ri/ians1 volunt>ily relaps$ into      
,paganism4    ,,apo/le1 1 "o ( ! twelve 
disciples ( ,jesus ,*ri/1  commission$  
by him to prea* 8 ,gospel1 & propagate x
 to all p>ts  ( ! e>?4 ,! ^w orig9ally  
signifies a p]son delegat$ or  s5t2 f 1 
mitto2 9 :i* s5se x occurs 9 ,h]odotus1 
& o!r pr(ane au?ors4 ,h5ce1 9 ! ,new    
,te/am5t1 ! t]m is  appli$ to div]s     
sorts ( delegates2 & to ! twelve        
disciples by way  ( em95ce4 ,!y 7 limit$
 to ! numb] twelve1 9 allusion to !     
twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,see ,matt4    
xix1 #bh2 ,luke xxii1 #cj2 ,rev4 xxi1   

#ab-ad2 & comp>e ,exod4 xxiv1 #d2 ,deut4
 i1 #bc2 & ,jo%4 iv1 #b1 #c4  ,accord+ly
 c>e 0 tak51 on ! dea? ( ,judas1 to     
*oose ano!r1 to  make up ! numb]1 ,acts 
i1 #ba1 #bb1 #bf4 ,( ! fir/ selection & 
commission ( ! twelve ,apo/les1 we h an 
acc\nt1 ,luke vi1 #ac1 c2  ,matt4 x1 #a1
 c4 ,hav+ *os5 & con/itut$ twelve       
p]sons1 "u !  "n ( ,apo/les1 our bless$ 
,"l det]m9$ t = "s "t !y  %\ld be       
cont9ually ) him1 n only to att5d ^u 8  
public  m9i/ry1 b to enjoy ! b5efit ( 8 
private conv]sation1 t he  might furni% 
!m ! bett] = ! great "w 9 :i* !y 7 to   
be employ$2 & t1 at l5g?1 aft] suitable 
prep>ation1 he might1  ) great]         
advantage1 s5d !m abroad to prea* 8     
,gospel1 & ?us  make way = 8 own visits 
to "s m di/ant p>ts1 :]e he _h n  yet   
be52 & to enable !m m effectually to d  
?is1 he end[$  !m ) ! p[] ( work+       
miracles1 ( cur+ diseases1 & ca/+  out  
demons4 ,ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ird ye> 
( 8 m9i/ry1  accord+ to ! common acc\nt 
( its duration1 he s5t !m out two by    

two1 t !y might be assi/ants to ea* o!r 
9 _! "w2 &  comm&$ !m to re/rict _!     
tea*+ & s]vices to ! p (  ,israel1 & to 
avoid go+ to ! ,g5tiles or to !         
,sam>itans2 to  decl>e ! approa* ( !    
k+dom ( heav51 & ! e/abli%m5t (  !      
,gospel disp5sation2 to ex]cise !       
miracul\s p[]s ) :i*  !y _h be5 end[$   
gratuit\sly2 & to dep5d = _! subsi/5ce  
on ! provid5ce ( ,god1 & on ! donations 
( ^? to :om !y  m9i/]$4 ,_! names 71    
,simon ,pet]2 ,&rew1 8 bro!r2 ,james  ! 
great]1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee2 & ,john 8      
bro!r1 :o 0 !  belov$ disciple2 ,philip 
( ,be?saida2 ,b>?olomew2 ,?omas1 call$  
,didymus1 z hav+ a tw9 bro!r2 ,mat!w or 
,levi1 :o _h be5 a  publican2 ,james1 ! 
son ( ,alpheus1 call$ ,james ! less2    
,lebbeus1  surnam$ ,?addeus1 & :o 0 also
 call$ ,judas or ,jude1 ! bro!r (       
,james2 ,simon1 ! ,canaanite1 s call$1 z
 "s h ?\ght1 because he  0 a native (   
,cana1 or1 z ,dr4 ,hammond ?9ks1 f !    
,hebrew 1  signify+ ! same ) ,zelotes1  
or ! ,zelot1 a "n giv5 to him on  acc\nt

 ( 8 hav+ be=e pr(ess$ a di/+ui%+ zeal =
 !  law2 & ,judas ,isc>iot1 or a man (  
,c>io?1 ,jo%4 xv1 #be1 :o  aft]w>d      
betray$ him1 & !n laid viol5t h&s on    
himself4 ,(  ^!1 ,simon1 ,&rew1 ,james !
 great]1 & ,john1 7 fi%]m52  ,mat!w1 &  
,james ! son ( ,alpheus1 7 publicans2 & 
! o!r six  7 probably fi%]m51 ?\gh _!   
occupation is n di/9ctly  specifi$4     
,aft] ! resurrection ( our ,savi\r1 & n 
long be=e 8  asc5sion1 ! place ( ,judas 
! traitor 0 suppli$ by ,mat?ias1        
suppos$ by "s to h be5 ,na?anael (      
,galilee1 to :om our ,"l _h  giv5 !     
di/+ui%+ "* ( an 8,israelite inde$1 9   
:om  !re 0 no guile20 & ! twelve        
,apo/les1 ^: numb] 0 n[  complet$1      
receiv$ a new commission1 ( a m ext5sive
 nature ?an  ! fir/1 to prea* ! ,gospel 
to all nations1 & to be witnesses (     
,*ri/1 n only 9 ,j]usalem1 9 all ,judea1
 & 9 ,sam>ia1 b unto  ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( !
 e>?2 & !y 7 qualifi$ = !  execution (  
_! (fice by a pl5te\s effusion (        
miracul\s p[]s  & spiritual gifts1 &    

p>ticul>ly ! gift ( tongues4 ,9         
consequ5ce ( ?is commission1 !y prea*$  
fir/ to ! ,jews1 !n to  ! ,sam>itans1 & 
aft]w>d to ! idolatr\s ,g5tiles4 ,_!    
signal  success at ,j]usalem1 :]e !y    
op5$ _! commission1 al>m$ !  ,jewi%     
sanh$rim1 be=e :i* ,pet] & ,john 7      
summon$1 & f  :i* !y receiv$ a /rict    
*>ge nev] m to tea*1 publicly or        
privately1 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,!
 noble reply &  subsequ5t conduct ( !   
,apo/les are well kn[n4 ,?is c\rt ( !   
,jews 0 s aw$ & inc5s$1 z to plot ! dea?
 ( ! twelve  ,apo/les1 z ! only         
effectual measure = prev5t+ ! f>!r      
spread ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,gamaliel         
int]pos$1 by 8 prud5t & mod]ate  c\nsel2
 & 8 spee* _h s good an effect ^u !     
sanh$rim1 t1  in/ead ( putt+ ,pet] &    
,john to dea?1 !y sc\rg$ !m1 r5ew$  _!  
*>ge & ?reats1 & !n dismiss$ !m4 ,!     
,apo/les1  h[ev]1 7 n disc\rag$ nor     
re/ra9$2 !y c\nt$ x an hon\r  to suff]  
su* indignities1 9 tok5 ( _! affection  
to _! ,ma/]1  & zeal 9 8 cause2 & !y    

p]si/$ 9 prea*+ daily 9 !  c\rts ( !    
temple1 & 9 o!r places1 t ,jesus (      
,naz>e? 0  ! promis$ & long expect$     
,messiah4 ,_! doctr9e spread1 & !  numb]
 ( conv]ts 9 ,j]usalem /ill increas$4   
,dur+ ! viol5t  p]secution t rag$ at    
,j]usalem1 soon aft] ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4   
,/eph51 sev]al ( ! lead+ m5 among !     
,*ri/ians 7 disp]s$2  "s ( !m travell$  
?r\gh ! regions ( ,judea & ,sam>ia1 &   
o!rs to ,damascus1 ,phnicia1 ! ,isl& (  
,cyprus1 & v>i\s p>ts  ( ,syria2 b !    
twelve ,apo/les rema9$1 ) undaunt$      
firmness1 at  ,j]usalem1 av[+ _!        
atta*m5t to ! p]secut$ int]e/ (  ,*ri/1 
& consult+ h[ !y might be/ provide = !  
em]g5cies  ( ! *ur*1 9 its infant &     
oppress$ /ate4    ,:5 ! ,apo/les1 dur+  
_! abode at ,j]usalem1 he>d t _m (  !   
,sam>itans _h embrac$ ! ,gospel1 ,pet] &
 ,john 7 deput$ to  conf] ^u !m ! gift (
 ! ,holy ,_s2 = to ! ,apo/les  belong$ !
 pr]ogative ( conf]r+ ^u o!rs spiritual 
gifts &  miracul\s p[]s4 ,9 _! return to
 ,j]usalem1 f ! city (  ,sam>ia1 !y     

prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 _m ,sam>itan         
villages4 ,! mann]  ( its be+ s5t to    
,e?iopia1 by ! conv]sion ( ! eunu* :o 0 
*ief treasur] to ,c&ace1 que5 ( !       
c\ntry1 is relat$ 9 ,acts  viii1 #bf1 c4
 ,aft] ! ,*ri/ian religion _h be5 plant$
 9  ,j]usalem1 ,judea1 & ,sam>ia1 & s5t 
into ,e?iopia1 "o ( !  utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! 
e>?1 ,acts i1 #h2 & aft] x _h be5 prea*$
  ab\t eight ye>s to ! ,jews only1 ,god1
 9 8 wise & m]ciful  provid5ce1 dispos$ 
?+s = ! prea*+ ( x among ! ,g5tiles4    
,cs>ea 0 ! sc5e 9 :i* ! ,apo/le ,pet] 0 
to op5 8  commission = ?is purpose2 &   
,cornelius1 "o ( ! dev\t ,g5tiles1  & a 
man di/+ui%$ by 8 piety & *>ity1 0 !    
fir/  proselyte to ,*ri/ianity4 ,aft]   
,pet] _h laid ! f\ndation ( a  ,*ri/ian 
*ur* among ! dev\t ,g5tiles1 o!rs       
imitat$ 8 example1  & a great numb] (   
p]sons ( ?is description embrac$ !      
,*ri/ian  fai?1 m especially at ,antio*1
 :]e ! disciples1 :om _!  enemies _h    
hi!rto call$ ,galileans1 ,naz>5es1 & o!r
 names (  reproa*1 & :o1 among !mselves1

 _h be5 call$ 8disciples10  8believ]s10 
8! *ur*10 8! sa9ts10 & 8bre?r510 7      
d5om9at$1 probably n )\t a div9e        
direction1 ,*ri/ians4    ,:5 ,*ri/ianity
 _h be5 prea*$ = ab\t eight ye>s among !
 ,jews  only1 & = ab\t ?ree ye>s m among
 ! ,jews & dev\t ,g5tiles1  ! next /age 
( its progress 0 to ! idolatr\s         
,g5tiles1 9 !  ye> ( ,*ri/ #dd1 & ! f\r?
 ye> ( ! emp]or ,claudius4 ,b>nabas  &  
,saul 7 select$ = ?is purpose1 &        
con/itut$ 9 an  extraord9>y mann]       
,apo/les ( ! ,g5tiles1 or               
uncircumcision4  ,b>nabas 0 probably an 
eld] ( ! fir/ rank2 he _h se5 ,*ri/ 9  !
 fle%1 _h be5 an eye witness ( 8 be+    
alive aga9 aft] 8  crucifixion1 & _h    
receiv$ ! ,holy ,_s on ! day ( ,p5teco/1
  z be+ "o ( ! hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,saul    
also1 s9ce 8 conv]sion  _h prea*$ z a   
sup]ior prophet1 ab\t sev5 ye>s to !    
,jews only1  & ab\t two ye>s m to !     
,jews & dev\t ,g5tiles4 ,!y _h bo?  be5 
born 9 ,g5tile c\ntries2 & !re=e may be 
suppos$ to h  _h m respect & affection =

 ! ,g5tiles ?an mo/ ( ! ,jews1  :o 7    
natives ( ,judea4 ,saul _h be5 conv]t$1 
& _h hi!rto  prea*$ *iefly on ,g5tile   
gr\nd2 & he _h jo9$ ) ,b>nabas 9  tea*+ 
dev\t ,g5tiles = a :ole ye>1 at ,antio* 
9 ,syria2 by all  :i* previ\s /eps !y 7 
regul>ly conduct$ to ! la/  gradation1  
or ! conv]sion ( ! idolatr\s ,g5tiles4  
,b x 0  necess>y1 9 ord] to ! be+ an    
,apo/le1 to h se5 our ,"l ,jesus  ,*ri/ 
alive aft] 8 crucifixion1 = ! ,apo/les 7
 9 a peculi>  mann] ! witnesses ( 8     
resurrection4 ,"s h suppos$ t ,saul  saw
 ! p]son ( ,jesus1 :5 he 0 conv]t$1 ne> 
! city (  ,damascus2 b o!rs1 :o conceive
 f ! hi/ory ( ?is ev5t1 t  ?is c\ld n h 
be5 ! case1 z he 0 in/antly /ruck bl9d1 
are  ( op9ion t ! season1 :5 8 ,apo/olic
 qualification &  commission 7 complet$1
 0 t m5tion$ by himself1 ,acts xxii1    
#ag1  :5 he return$ to ,j]usalem !      
second "t aft] 8 conv]sion1 saw  ! ,"l  
,jesus ,*ri/ 9 p]son1 & receiv$ ! comm& 
to g quickly  out ( ,j]usalem1 t he     
might be s5t unto ! ,g5tiles4 ,see also 

,acts  xxvi1 #af-bj1 :]e he gives an    
acc\nt ( ! object ( 8 commission4  ,he  
also receiv$ a v>iety ( gifts & p[]s1   
:i*1 sup]add$ to 8  own g5ius & le>n+1 z
 well z =titude & pati5ce1 em95tly      
qualifi$ him = ! (fice ( an ,apo/le1 & =
 t p>ticul>  ex]cise ( x :i* 0 assign$  
to him4 ,/4 ,paul is frequ5tly call$  ! 
,apo/le1 by way ( em95ce2 & ! ,apo/le ( 
! ,g5tiles1  because 8 m9i/ry 0 *iefly  
employ$ = ! conv]sion ( !  ,g5tiles1 z t
 ( ,/4 ,pet] 0 = ,jews1 :o is !re=e /yl$
 !  ,apo/le ( ! circumcision4    ,!     
,apo/les hav+ cont9u$ at ,j]usalem      
twelve ye>s aft] !  asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 z 
tradition reports1 accord+ to 8 comm&1  
det]m9$ to disp]se !mselves 9 diff]5t   
p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b  :at 7 ! p>ticul>       
prov9ces assign$ to ea*1 does n c]ta9ly 
appe> f any au!ntic hi/ory4 ,socrates   
says1 t ,?omas took  ,p>?ia = 8 lot2    
,mat!w1 ,e?iopia1 & ,b>?olomew1 ,india4 
,eusebius  gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3       
8,?omas1 z we le>n by tradition1 _h     
,p>?ia = 8 lot2 ,&rew1 ,scy?ia2 ,john1  

,asia1 :o hav+ liv$ !re  a long "t1 di$ 
at ,ephesus4 ,pet]1 z x seems1 prea*$ to
 !  disp]s$ ,jews 9 ,pontus & ,galatia1 
,bi?ynia1 ,cappadocia1 & ,asia2 at      
l5g?1 com+ to ,rome1 he 0 crucifi$ ) 8  
head d[nw>d1 z he  _h desir$4 ,:at ne$  
,i to speak ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o fully prea*$
 !  ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 f ,j]usalem to     
,illyricum1 & at la/ di$ a m>tyr  at    
,rome1 9 ! "t ( ,n]o80 ,f ?is passage we
 may conclude1 t  at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r?  
c5tury1 !re 7 n any c]ta9 &  well atte/$
 acc\nts ( ! places out ( ,judea1 9 :i* 
sev]al (  ! ,apo/les ( ,*ri/ prea*$2 =  
if !re _h1 ,eusebius mu/ h  be5 acqua9t$
 ) !m4    ,! /ories t are told conc]n+  
_! arrival & exploits among  ! ,gauls1 !
 ,engli%1 ! ,spani>ds1 ! ,g]mans1 !     
,am]icans1 !  ,*9ese1 ! ,indians1 & !   
,russians1 are too romantic 9 _!        
nature1 & ( too rec5t a date1 to be     
receiv$ by an imp>tial  inquir] aft]    
tru?4 ,^! fables 7 = ! mo/ "p =g$ aft]  
! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 :5 mo/ ( ! ,*ri/ian  
*ur*es cont5d$  ab\t ! antiquity ( _!   

orig91 ) z mu* vehem5ce z !  ,arcadians1
 ,egyptians1 & ,greeks disput$ =m]ly    
ab\t _! s5iority  & prec$5ce4    ,x     
appe>s1 h[ev]1 t all ( ! ,apo/les did n 
die by m>tyrdom4  ,h]aclion1 cit$ by    
,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 reckons among !     
,apo/les :o  did n suff] m>tyrdom1      
,mat!w1 ,?omas1 ,philip1 & ,levi1       
probably  mean+ ,lebbeus4    ,to !      
,apo/les belong$ ! peculi> & exclusive  
pr]ogative (  writ+ doctr9al &          
preceptive books ( au?ority 9 ! ,*ri/ian
  *ur*2 & x suffici5tly appe>s t no     
epi/les or o!r doctr9al  writ+s ( any   
p]son :o 0 ( a rank bel[ t ( an ,apo/le1
 7  receiv$ by ,*ri/ians z a "p ( _!    
rule ( fai?4 ,) respect to  ! writ+s (  
,m>k & ,luke1 !y are reckon$ hi/orical1 
n  doctr9al or dogmatical2 & ,augu/9e   
says1 t ,m>k & ,luke wrote at  a "t :5  
_! writ+s might be approv$ n only by !  
*ur*1 b  by ,apo/les /ill liv+4    ,!   
appellation ( ,apo/les 0 also giv5 to ! 
ord9>y travell+  m9i/]s ( ! *ur*4 ,?us  
,/4 ,paul1 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1    

xvi1 #g1 says1 8,salute ,&ronicus &     
,junia1 my k9sm5 & fell[  prison]s1 :o  
are ( note among ! ,apo/les40 ,9 ?is    
inf]ior s5se  ! appellation is appli$1  
by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 to ,b>nabas2 :o 
0 n an ,apo/le 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 s
 z ! twelve  & ,paul 7 ,apo/les4        
,t]tullian calls all ! sev5ty disciples 
,apo/les2 & ,clem5t calls ,b>nabas      
,apo/olical m]ely 9 ano!r  place1 & says
 t he 0 "o ( ! sev5ty1 & fell[ lab\r] ( 
,paul4 ,^!1 says ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 are !     
highe/ *>act]s :i* he  really int5ds to 
give to ,b>nabas1 & :at he means :5 he  
/yles him  ,apo/le2 !re=e he ne$ n be   
suppos$ to ascribe to ,b>nabas t  l>ge  
measure ( inspiration & high au?ority1  
:i* 0 peculi> to  ! ,apo/les1 /rictly & 
prop]ly s call$4 ,9 a simil> subord9ate 
=m1 ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome is call$        
,apo/le4 ,timo?y also is call$ by       
,salvian1 ,apo/le1 mean+ m]ely          
,apo/olical1 or a companion &  disciple 
( ,apo/les4    ,apo/le 0 likewise a     
title giv5 to ^? s5t by ! *ur*es1 to    

c>ry _! alms to ! poor ( o!r *ur*es4    
,?is usage !y borr[$  f ! synagogues1 :o
 call$ ^? :om !y s5t on ?is message1 by 
! same "n2 & ! function or (fice itself 
1 t is1  mission4 ,?us ,/4 ,paul1 writ+ 
to ! ,philippians1 tells !m1 t          
,epaphroditus1 _! ,apo/le1 _h m9i/]$ to 
8 wants1 *ap4 ii1  #be4 ,x is appli$ 9 l
 mann] to ^? p]sons :o fir/ plant$ !    
,*ri/ian fai? 9 any place4    ,apo/le is
 also us$ among ! ,jews1 = a k9d ( (fic]
 anci5tly  s5t into ! sev]al p>ts &     
prov9ces 9 _! jurisdiction1 by way  (   
visit]1 or commiss>y2 to see t ! laws 7 
duly obs]v$1 &  to receive ! moneys     
collect$ = ! rep>ation ( ! temple1 &  ! 
tribute payable to ! ,romans4 ,^!       
apo/les 7 a degree bel[  ! (fic]s ( !   
synagogues1 call$ patri>*s1 & receiv$ _!
  commissions f !m4 ,"s au?ors obs]ve1 t
 ,/4 ,paul _h borne  ?is (fice2 & t x is
 ?is he alludes to 9 ! beg9n+ ( !       
,epi/le to ! ,galatians3 z if he _h     
said1 ,paul1 no long] an apo/le  ( !    
synagogue1 nor s5t by m5 to ma9ta9 ! law

 ( ,moses1 b n[  an ,apo/le & envoy (   
,jesus ,*ri/1 c4 ,/4 ,j]om1 ?\gh he does
 n  believe t ,/4 ,paul _h be5 an apo/le
 ( ?is k9d1 yet imag9es  t he alludes to
 x 9 ! passage j cit$4    ,,apo/les'    
,,cre$4 ,see ,,cre$4    ,,appellatio1 an
 appeal4 ,! ,sempronian law secur$ ?is  
privilege to !  ,roman citiz5s1 t !y    
c\ld n be capitally convict$1 b by !    
suffrage ( ! p2 & 9 :atev] prov9ces !y  
happ5$ to  reside1 if ! gov]nor %[$ a   
disposition to condemn !m to dea?1  to  
sc\rge1 or deprive !m ( _! prop]ty1 !y  
_h lib]ty to  appeal f 8 jurisdiction to
 ! judgm5t ( ! p4 ,?is law1  :i* 0      
enact$ "u ! republican =m ( gov]nm5t1   
cont9u$ 9  =ce "u ! emp]ors2 s t if any 
freeman ( ,rome ?\ght himself  ill us$ &
 aggriev$ by ! presid5ts 9 any ( !      
prov9ces1 he  c\ld1 by appeal1 remove 8 
cause to ,rome1 to ! det]m9ation ( !    
emp]or4 ,a numb] ( p]sons1 we are told1 
7 delegat$ by ,augu/us1  all ( consul>  
rank1 to receive ! appeals ( ! p 9 !    
prov9ces4 ,^! obs]vations w expla9 !    

nature ( ,/4 ,paul's  appeal 9 ! ,acts (
 ! ,apo/les4    ,,appii ,,=um1 a place  
ab\t fifty miles f ,rome1 ne> ! mod]n   
t[n  ( ,pip]no on ! road to ,naples4 ,x 
probably _h its "n f !  /atue ( ,appius 
,claudius1 a ,roman consul1 :o pav$ !   
fam\s way f  ,rome to ,capua1 & ^: /atue
 0 set up "h4 ,to ?is place "s          
,*ri/ians f ,rome came to meet ,/4      
,paul1 ,acts xxviii1 #ae4    ,,apple    
,,tree1 1 ,prov4 xxv1 #aa2 ,cant4 ii1   
#c1 #e2 vii1 #h2 viii1 #e2 ,joel  i1    
#ab4 ,z ! be/ apples ( ,egypt1 ?\gh     
ord9>y1 are br\ght ?i!r  by sea f       
,rhodes1 & by l& f ,damascus1 we may    
believe t  ,judea1 an int]m$iate c\ntry 
betwe5 ,egypt & ,damascus1 has none t   
are ( any value4 ,c x be imag9$1 !n1 t !
 apple trees (  :i* ! ,prophet ,joel    
speaks1 i1 #ab1 & :i* he m5tions among !
  ?+s t gave joy to ! inhabitants (     
,judea1 7 ^? t we  call by t "n8 ,our   
translators mu/ surely h be5 mi/ak5 "h1 
s9ce ! apples :i* ! inhabitants ( ,judea
 eat at ?is day are (  =eign gr[?1 & at 

! same "t b v indiff]5t4    ,!re are    
five places1 beside ?is 9 ,joel1 9 :i* !
 ^w occurs2  & f !m we le>n t x 0 ?\ght 
! noble/ ( ! trees (  ! wood1 & t its   
fruit 0 v sweet or pleasant1 ,cant4 ii1 
#c2 (  ! col\r ( gold1 ,prov4 xxv1 #aa2 
extremely fragrant1 ,cant4 vii1 #h2 &   
prop] = ^? to smell t 7 ready to fa9t1  
,cant4 ii1 #e4 ,we may  be sure t !     
taphua* 0 v e>ly kn[n 9 ! holy l&1 z x  
is m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,jo%ua z hav+ giv5
 "n to a city (  ,manasseh & "o (       
,judah4 ,sev]al int]pret]s & critics    
r5d]    1 ,lev4 xxiii1 #dj1 bran*es1 or 
fruit1 ( ! beautiful tree2 &  und]/& x (
 ! citron2 & x is kn[n t ! ,jews /ill   
make  use ( ! fruit ( ?is tree at _!    
ye>ly fea/ ( tab]nacles4    ,citron     
trees are v noble1 be+ l>ge1 _! leaves  
beautiful1 ev]  cont9u+ on ! trees1 ( an
 exquisite smell1 & af=d+ a mo/         
delightful %ade4 ,x might well1 !re=e1  
be said1 8,z ! citron tree  is among !  
trees ( ! wood1 s is my belov$ among !  
sons40 ,?is  is a delicate complim5t1   

comp>+ ! f9e appe>ance ( ! pr9ce1  amid 
8 escort1 to ! sup]ior beauty ) :i* !   
citron tree  appe>s among ! ord9>y trees
 ( ! =e/2 & ! complim5t is  height5$ by 
an allusion to ! refre%+ %ade & !       
exhil>at+  fruit4    ,! exhil>at+       
effects ( ! fruit are m5tion$ ,cant4 ii1
 #e1  8,com=t me ) citrons40 ,egmont &  
,heyman tell u ( an ,arabian :o  0 9 a  
great measure br\ght to himself1 :5     
ov]come ) w9e1 by  ! help ( citrons &   
c(fee4    ,to ! mann] ( s]v+ up ^!      
citrons 9 8 c\rt1 ,solomon seems to     
ref]1 :5 he says1 8,a ^w fitly spok5 is 
l gold5 citrons 9  silv] baskets20 :e!r1
 z ,maimonides supposes1 9 baskets      
wr\ght  ) op5 "w1 or 9 salv]s curi\sly  
*as$1 x no?+ conc]ns u  to det]m9e2 !   
mean+ is1 t an excell5t say+1 suitably  
express$1 is z ! mo/ acceptable gift 9 !
 faire/ conveyance4 ,s  ! rabb9s say1 t 
! tribute ( ! fir/ ripe fruits 0 c>ri$  
to ! temple 9 silv] baskets4            
,,apries1 a k+ ( ,egypt1 call$ 9 ! sacr$
 writ+s ,ph>aoh ,hophrah1  ,j]4 xliv1   

#cj4 ,apries 0 ! son ( ,psammis1 &      
gr&son ( ,ne*o1 or  ,ne*ao1 :o wag$ w>  
aga9/ ,josiah1 k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,he reign$ 
tw5ty-five ye>s1 & 0 long consid]$ z "o 
( ! happie/  pr9ces 9 ! _w2 b hav+      
equipp$ a fleet = ! r$uction (  !       
,cyr5ians1 he lo/ 9 ?is exp$ition almo/ 
! :ole ( 8 army4  ,! ,egyptians resolv$ 
to make him responsible = ?is ill       
success1  rebell$1 & pret5d$ t he       
und]took ! w> only to get rid ( 8       
subjects1 & t he might gov]n ! rema9d] m
 absolutely4 ,apries  deput$ ,amasis1 "o
 ( 8 (fic]s1 to suppress ! rebellion1 & 
induce ! p to return to _! allegiance4  
,b1 :ile ,amasis 0  h>angu+ !m1 "o ( !  
multitude plac$ a diadem ab\t 8 helmet1 
& proclaim$ him k+4 ,! re/ applaud$ him2
 & ,amasis hav+  accept$ _! (f]1 cont9u$
 ) !m1 & confirm$ !m 9 _!  rebellion4   
,amasis put himself at ! head ( !       
rebels1 & m>*$  aga9/ ,apries1 :om he   
defeat$ & took prison]4 ,amasis treat$  
him  ) k9dness2 b ! p 7 n satisfi$ till 
!y _h tak5 him  f ,amasis & /rangl$ him4

 ,su* 0 ! end ( ,apries1 accord+ to     
,h]odotus4 ,j]emiah ?reat5$ ?is pr9ce ) 
be+ deliv]$ into !  h&s ( 8 enemies1 z  
he _h deliv]$ ,z$ekiah1 k+ ( ,judah1    
into  ! h&s ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ (       
,babylon4    ,apries _h made a league ) 
,z$ekiah1 & promis$ him assi/ance1      
,ezek4 xvii1 #ae4 ,z$ekiah1 !re=e1 rely+
 on 8 =ces1 revolt$  f ,nebu*adnezz>1 9 
! ye> ( ! _w #cdad1 & be=e ,jesus  ,*ri/
 #eij4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> foll[+1            
,nebu*adnezz> m>*$ aga9/  ,hezekiah2 b z
 o!r nations ( ,syria _h %ak5 (f _!     
ob$i5ce1  he fir/ r$uc$ !m to _! duty1 &
 t[>d ! end ( ! ye>  besieg$ ,j]usalem1 
#b ,k+s xxv1 #e2 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi1 #ag2  
,j]4 xxxix1 #a2  lii1 #d4 ,z$ekiah      
def5d$ himself 9 ,j]usalem1 long &      
ob/9ately1  t he might give "t to       
,ph>aoh ,hophrah1 or ,apries1 to come to
 8  assi/ance4 ,apries advanc$ ) a      
p[]ful army2 & ! k+ (  ,babylon rais$ ! 
siege1 & m>*$ to meet him4 ,b ,apries n 
d>+  to haz>d a battle aga9/ !          
,*aldeans1 retreat$ into ,egypt1 &      

ab&on$ ,z$ekiah4 ,ezekiel reproa*es     
,egypt sev]ely ) ?is  bas5ess1 & says t 
x _h be5 a /aff ( re$ to ! h\se (       
,israel1 & an occasion ( fall+2 = :5 !y 
took hold ( x by !  h&1 x broke & r5t   
all _! %\ld]4 ,he !re=e prophesies t    
,egypt %\ld be r$uc$ to a solitude1 & t 
,god w\ld s5d aga9/  x ! sword1 :i* w\ld
 de/roy 9 x man & bea/1 ,ezek4 xxix4    
,?is  0 aft]w>d accompli%$1 fir/1 9 ! "t
 ( ,apries2 & secondly1  9 ! conque/ (  
,egypt by ! ,p]sians4    ,,aquila4 ,?is 
p]son 0 a native ( ,pontus 9 ,asia      
,m9or1 & 0  conv]t$ by ,/4 ,paul1 toge!r
 ) 8 wife ,priscilla1 to !  ,*ri/ian    
religion4 ,z ,aquila 0 by trade a       
t5tmak]1 ,acts xviii1 #b1  #c1 z ,/4    
,paul 01 ! ,apo/le lodg$ & wr\ght ) him 
at ,cor9?4  ,aquila came ?i!r1 n long   
be=e1 f ,italy1 be+ oblig$ to leave     
,rome ^u ! edict :i* ! emp]or ,claudius 
_h publi%$1 bani%+  ! ,jews f t city4   
,/4 ,paul aft]w>d quitt$ ,aquila's h\se1
 &  abode ) ,ju/us1 ne> ! ,jewi%        
synagogue at ,cor9?2 probably1 z        

,calmet ?9ks1 because ,aquila 0 a       
conv]t$ ,jew1 & ,ju/us 0 a  conv]t f    
,paganism1 t 9 ?is case ! ,g5tiles might
 come &  he> him ) m lib]ty4 ,:5 !      
,apo/le left ,cor9?1 ,aquila &          
,priscilla accompani$ him z f> z        
,ephesus1 :]e he left !m )  t *ur* :ile 
he pursu$ 8 j\rney to ,j]usalem4 ,!y    
r5d]$ him  great s]vice 9 t city1 s f> z
 to expose _! own lives to  pres]ve 84  
,!y _h return$ to ,rome :5 ,/4 ,paul    
wrote 8 ,epi/le  to ! ,romans1 xvi1 #d1 
:]e9 he salutes !m ) great k9dness4     
,la/ly1 !y 7 come back to ,ephesus aga91
 :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote 8  ,second ,epi/le  
to ,timo?y1 iv1 #ai1 :]e9 he desires him
 to salute !m  9 8 "n4 ,:at became ( !m 
aft] ?is "t is n kn[n4    ,,ar1 !       
capital city ( ! ,moabites1 situat$ 9 ! 
hills on ! s\?  ( ! riv] ,arnon4 ,?is   
city 0 likewise call$ ,rabbah or ,rabba?
  ,moab1 to di/+ui% x f ! ,ammonite     
,rabbah4 ,x 0 aft]w>d  call$ by !       
,greeks ,areopolis2 & is at pres5t t]m$ 
,el-,rabba4 ,see  ,,moab4    ,,arabia4  

,a va/ c\ntry ( ,asia1 ext5d+ "o ?\s&   
five hundr$  miles f nor? to s\?1 & "o  
?\s& two hundr$ f ea/ to  we/2 conta9+ a
 surface equal to f\r times t ( ,france4
 ,! ne>  approa* ( ! ,euphrates to !    
,m$it]ranean con/itutes x a  p59sula1 ! 
l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,x is call$               
,jezirat-el-,arab by !  ,arabs2 & by !  
,p]sians & ,turks1 ,arebi/an4 ,?is is "o
 ( ! mo/  int]e/+ c\ntries on ! face ( !
 e>?4 ,x has1 9 agreem5t  ) prophecy1   
nev] be5 subdu$2 & its inhabitants1 at  
once  pa/oral1 comm]cial1 & w>like1 are 
! same wild1 w&]+ p  z ! imm$iate       
desc5dants ( _! great ance/or ,i%mael   
are  repres5t$ to h be54    ,arabia1 or 
at lea/ ! ea/]n & nor!rn p>ts ( x1 7    
fir/  peopl$ by "s ( ! num]\s families (
 ,cu%1 :o appe> to h  ext5d$ !mselves1  
or to h giv5 _! "n z ! l& ( ,cu%1 or    
,asiatic ,e?iopia1 to all ! c\ntry f !  
,indus on ! ea/1 to !  bord]s ( ,egypt  
on ! we/1 & f ,arm5ia on ! nor? to      
,arabia  ,des]ta on ! s\?4 ,by ^!       
,cu%ites1 ^: fir/ plantations 7 on  bo? 

sides ( ! ,euphrates & ,gulf ( ,p]sia1 &
 :o 7 ! fir/  t trav]s$ ! des]t (       
,arabia1 ! e>lie/ comm]cial             
communications 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ea/ &
 ! we/4 ,b (  _! ,arabian t]ritory1 & ( 
! occupation dep5d5t on x1 !y  7 depriv$
 by ! sons ( ,abraham1 ,i%mael1 &       
,midian2 by :om !y  7 oblit]at$ 9 ?is   
c\ntry z a di/9ct race1 ei!r by         
sup]iority ( numb]s aft] m+l+ ) !m1 or  
by oblig+ !m to  rec$e altoge!r to _! m 
ea/]n possessions1 or ov] ! ,gulf (     
,arabia into ,africa4 ,f ?is "t1 t is1  
ab\t five hundr$ &  fifty ye>s aft] !   
flood1 we read only ( ,i%maelites &     
,midianites  z ! %eph]ds & c>ri]s ( !   
des]ts2 :o also appe> to h  be5         
int]m+l$1 & to h %>$ bo? ! t]ritory & ! 
traffic1 z ! trad]s :o b\ght ,joseph are
 call$ by bo? names1 &  ! same are      
probably ref]r$ to by ,j]emiah1 xxv1 z  
8! m+l$  p t dwell 9 ! des]t40 ,b       
,i%mael ma9ta9$ !  sup]iority1 & succe$$
 9 giv+ 8 "n to ! :ole p4    ,arabia1 x 
is well kn[n1 is divid$ by geograph]s   

into ?ree sep>ate  regions1 call$       
,arabia ,petra1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 &      
,arabia ,felix4    ,! fir/1 or ,arabia  
,petra1 is ! nor?-we/]n division1 & is  
b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,pale/9e & ! ,dead   
,sea1 on ! ea/ by  ,arabia ,des]ta1 on !
 s\? by ,arabia ,felix1 & on ! we/ by ! 
,h]oopolitan bran* ( ! ,r$ ,sea & !     
,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,! great]  "p ( ?is    
division 0 m exclusively ! possession ( 
!  ,midianites1 or l& ( ,midian2 :]e    
,moses1 hav+ fl$ f ,egypt1  m>ri$ !     
daught] ( ,je?ro1 & sp5t =ty ye>s keep+ 
! flocks  ( 8 fa!r-9-law3 no humiliat+  
occupation 9 ^? days1 &  p>ticul>ly 9   
,midian1 :i* 0 a l& ( %eph]ds2 ! :ole p 
hav+ no o!r way ( life ?an t ( re>+ &   
t5d+ _!  flocks1 or 9 c>ry+ ! goods !y  
receiv$ f ! ea/ & s\?  into ,ph5icia &  
,egypt4 ,! ^w flock1 us$ "h1 mu/ n      
convey !  idea naturally ent]ta9$ 9 our 
own c\ntry ( %eep only1 b1  toge!r ) ^! 
or goats1 horn$ cattle & camels1 ! mo/  
indisp5sable ( animals to ! ,midianite4 
,x 0 a mix$ flock ( ?is  k9d :i* 0 !    

sole c>e ( ,moses1 dur+ a ?ird "p ( 8   
long  life2 9 :i* he mu/ h _h abundance 
( leisure1 by night & by  day1 to       
reflect on ! unhappy condition ( 8 own  
p1 /ill  endur+ all ! rig\rs ( slav]y 9 
,egypt4 ,x 0 a simil> flock  also :i* ! 
daught]s ( ,je?ro 7 wat]+ :5 fir/       
enc\nt]$  by ,moses2 a trifl+ ev5t 9    
itself1 b important 9 ! hi/ory (  !     
future lead] ( ! ,jews2 & %[+1 at ! same
 "t1 ! simple  life ( ! p among :om he 0
 newly come1 z well z ! scanty  supply (
 wat] 9 _! c\ntry1 & ! /rifes frequ5tly 
occasion$  9 obta9+ a %>e ( x4 ,?r\gh a 
consid]able "p ( ?is region1  !         
,israelites w&]$ aft] !y _h escap$ f    
,egypt2 & 9 x  7 situat$ ! m\nta9s      
,horeb & ,s9ai4 ,beside ! tribes (      
,midian1 :i* gradually became bl5d$ ) ^?
 ( ,i%mael1 ?is 0  ! c\ntry ( !         
,edomites1 ! ,amalekites1 & ! ,naba?i1 !
 only  tribe ( pure ,i%maelites )9 its  
prec9cts4 ,b all ^? families  h long    
s9ce be5 conf\nd$ "u ! g5]al "n (       
,arabs4 ,!  great] "p ( ?is di/rict     

consi/s ( nak$ rocks & s&y &  fl9ty     
pla9s2 b x conta9$ also "s f]tile spots1
 p>ticul>ly 9  ! p59sula ( ,m\nt ,s9ai1 
& ?r\gh ! long range ( ,m\nt ,seir4     
,illu/ration3      ,map ( !             
,,j\rney+s  ,,encampm5ts    ( !         
,,israelites f    ,,egypt ,,to ,,canaan 
,?r\gh ! ,des]t (    ,arabia ,petra     
,! second region1 or ,arabia ,des]ta1 is
 b\nd$ on ! nor? &  nor?-ea/ by !       
,euphrates1 on ! ea/ by a ridge (       
m\nta9s :i*  sep>ates x f ,*aldea1 on ! 
s\? by ,arabia ,felix1 & on ! we/  by   
,syria1 ,judea1 & ,arabia ,petra4 ,?is 0
 m p>ticul>ly !  c\ntry fir/ ( !        
,cu%ites1 & aft]w>d ( ! ,i%maelites2 z x
  is /ill ( _! desc5dants1 ! mod]n      
,b$\9s1 :o ma9ta9 !  same pr$atory &    
w&]+ habits4 ,x consi/s almo/ entirely (
 "o  va/ & lonesome wild]ness1 a        
b\ndless level ( s&1 ^: dry &  burn+    
surface d5ies exi/5ce to all b ! ,arab &
 8 camel4 ,yet1  widely scatt]$ ov] ?is 
dre>y wa/e1 "s spots ( comp>ative       
f]tility are to be f\nd1 :]e1 spread    

ar\nd a feeble spr+ (  bracki% wat]1 a  
/unt$ v]dure1 or a few palm trees1 fix !
  pr9cipal settlem5t ( a tribe1 & af=d  
/ages ( refre%m5t 9  ^! o!rwise         
impassable des]ts4 ,"h1 ) a few dates1 !
 milk (  8 fai?ful camel1 & p]haps a    
little corn1 br\ght by pa9ful  j\rneys f
 di/ant regions1 or plund]$ f a pass+   
c>avan1 !  ,arab supports a h>d exi/5ce1
 until ! failure ( 8 res\rces  impels   
him to seek ano!r oasis1 or ! scanty    
h]bage furni%$ on a  pat* ( soil by     
transi5t ra9s2 or else1 :i* is frequ5tly
 ! case1  to resort1 by m di/ant        
migration1 to ! banks ( ! ,euphrates2   
or1  by ho/ile inroads on ! neighb\r+   
c\ntries1 to supply ^? wants  :i* !     
recesses ( ! des]t h d5i$4 ,! numb]s    
lead+ ?is  w&]+ & prec>i\s mode ( life  
are incr$ible4 ,f ^! des]ts  ,z]ah drew 
8 army ( a million ( m52 & ! same       
des]ts1 fifte5  hundr$ ye>s aft]1 p\r$  
=? ! c\ntless sw>ms1 :i*1 "u  ,mohamm$ &
 8 successors1 deva/at$ half ( ! !n kn[n
 _w4    ,! ?ird region1 or ,arabia      

,felix1 s d5om9at$ f ! happi]  condition
 ( its soil & climate1 occupies ! s\!rn 
"p ( !  ,arabian p59sula4 ,x is b\nd$ on
 ! nor? by ! two o!r divisions  ( !     
c\ntry2 on ! s\? & s\?-ea/ by ! ,indian 
,ocean2 on !  ea/ by "p ( ! same ocean &
 ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 & on ! we/ by  ! ,r$  
,sea4 ,?is division is subdivid$ into ! 
k+doms or prov9ces  ( ,yem51 at ! s\!rn 
extremity ( ! p59sula2 ,hejaz1 on !     
nor? ( ! =m]1 & t[>d ! ,r$ ,sea2 ,nej$1 
9 ! c5tral  region2 & ,hadramant &      
,oman1 on ! %ores ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,!
  f\r latt] subdivisions p>take ( mu* ( 
! "* ( ! o!r  great] divisions ( !      
c\ntry1 ?\gh ( a m v>i$ surface1 &  ) a 
l>g] portion capable ( cultivation4 ,b  
,yem5 seems to belong  to ano!r c\ntry &
 climate4 ,x is v m\nta9\s1 is well     
wat]$  ) ra9s & spr+s1 & is bless$ ) an 
abundant produce 9 corn  & fruits1 &    
especially 9 c(fee1 ( :i* va/ quantities
 are  export$4 ,9 ?is division 7 !      
anci5t cities ( ,nysa1 ,musa or  ,moosa1
 & ,ad54 ,?is is also suppos$ to h be5 !

 c\ntry ( !  que5 ( ,%eba4 ,9 ,hejaz are
 ! celebrat$ cities ( ,mecca & ,m$9a4   
,arabia ,felix is inhabit$ by a p :o    
claim ,jotkan = _! fa!r1  & s trace _!  
desc5t direct f ,%em1 in/ead ( ,abraham 
& ,ham4  ,!y are inde$ a totally diff]5t
 p f ^? inhabit+ !  o!r qu>t]s1 & pride 
!mselves on be+ ! only pure & unmix$    
,arabs4 ,in/ead ( be+ %eph]ds & robb]s1 
!y are fix$ 9 t[ns  & cities2 & live by 
agriculture & comm]ce1 *iefly m>itime4  
,"h  7 ! p :o 7 f\nd by ! ,greeks (     
,egypt enjoy+ an entire  monopoly ( !   
trade ) ! ea/1 & possess+ a high degree 
(  weal? & consequ5t ref9em5t4 ,x 0 "h1 
9 ! ports ( ,saba1  t ! spices1 musl9s1 
& preci\s /ones ( ,india1 7 = _m  ages  
obta9$ by ! ,greek trad]s ( ,egypt1 be=e
 !y _h acquir$  skill or c\rage         
suffici5t to pass ! /raits ( ! ,r$ ,sea2
 :i*  7 long consid]$ by ! nations (    
,europe to be ! produce (  ,arabia      
itself4 ,^! articles1 be=e ! inv5tion ( 
%ipp+1 or !  e/abli%m5t ( a m>itime     
int]c\rse1 7 convey$ across !  des]ts by

 ! ,cu%ite1 ,i%maelite1 & ,midianite    
c>ri]s4 ,x 0 !  produce p>tly ( ,india1 
& p>tly ( ,arabia1 :i* ! travell+       
m]*ants1 to :om ,joseph 0 sold1 7 c>ry+ 
into ,egypt4 ,! balm  & myrrh 7 probably
 ,arabian1 z !y are /ill ! produce ( !  
same c\ntry2 b ! spic]y 0 und\bt$ly     
br\ght f>!r f !  ea/4 ,^! circum/ances  
are adv]t$ to1 to %[ h[ ext5sive 0 !    
communication1 9 :i* ! ,arabians =m$ !  
pr9cipal l9k3 & t  9 ! e>lie/ ages ( :i*
 we h any acc\nt1 9 ^? ( ,joseph1  (    
,moses1 ( ,isaiah1 & ( ,ezekiel1 8! m+l$
 p0 inhabit+ !  va/ ,arabian des]ts1 !  
,cu%ites1 ,i%maelites1 & ,midianites1 7 
! *ief ag5ts 9 t comm]cial int]c\rse :i*
 has1 f ! mo/  remote p]iod ( antiquity1
 subsi/$ betwe5 ! extreme ea/ & we/4  ,&
 al?\gh ! curr5t ( trade is n[ turn$1   
c>avans ( m]*ants1  ! desc5dants ( ^! p1
 may /ill be f\nd trav]s+ ! same        
des]ts1 convey+ ! same articles1 & 9 !  
same mann] z  describ$ by ,moses6    ,! 
s+ul> & important fact t ,arabia has    
nev] be5 conqu]$1  has already be5      

cursorily adv]t$ to4 ,b ,mr4 ,gibbon1   
unwill+ to  pass by an opportunity (    
cavill+ at revelation1 says1 8,!        
p]petual  indep5d5ce ( ! ,arabs has be5 
! !me ( praise among /rang]s  & natives2
 & ! arts ( controv]sy trans=m ?is s+ul>
 ev5t  into a prophecy & a miracle 9    
fav\r ( ! po/]ity ( ,i%mael4  ,"s       
exceptions1 t c nei!r be dissembl$ nor  
elud$1 r5d] ?is  mode ( reason+ z       
indiscreet z x is sup]flu\s4 ,! k+dom ( 
,yem5 has be5 successively subdu$ by !  
,abyss9ians1 ! ,p]sians1  ! ,sultans (  
,egypt1 & ! ,turks2 ! holy cities (     
,mecca & ,m$9a  h repeat$ly b[$ "u a    
,scy?ian tyrant2 & ! ,roman prov9ce (   
,arabia embrac$ ! peculi> wild]ness 9   
:i* ,i%mael & 8 sons  mu/ h pit*$ _!    
t5ts 9 ! face ( _! bre?r540 ,b ?is      
le>n$ writ] has1 ) a peculi> infelicity1
 annull$ 8 own  argum5t2 & we h only to 
foll[ on ! above passage1 to obta9 a    
complete refutation ( ! unwor?y position
 ) :i* x beg9s3 8,yet  ^! exceptions10  
says ,mr4 ,gibbon1 8are tempor>y or     

local2 ! body (  ! nation has escap$ !  
yoke ( ! mo/ p[]ful mon>*ies3 !  arms ( 
,seso/ris & ,cyrus1 ( ,pompey1 &        
,trajan1 c\ld nev] a*ieve  ! conque/ (  
,arabia2 ! pres5t sov]eign ( ! ,turks   
may ex]cise  a %ad[ ( jurisdiction1 b 8 
pride is r$uc$ to solicit !  fri5d%ip ( 
a p :om x is dang]\s to provoke1 &      
fruitless to  attack4 ,! obvi\s causes (
 _! fre$om are inscrib$ on !  "* &      
c\ntry ( ! ,arabs4 ,_m ages be=e        
,mohamm$1 _!  intrepid val\r _h be5     
sev]ely felt by _! neighb\rs1 9 (f5sive 
& def5sive w>4 ,! pati5t & active       
virtues ( a soldi] are  ins5sibly nurs$ 
9 ! habits & discipl9e ( a pa/oral life4
 ,!  c>e ( ! %eep & camels is ab&on$ to 
! wom5 ( ! tribe2 b  ! m>tial y\?1 "u ! 
bann] ( ! emir1 is ev] on horseback  & 9
 ! field1 to practise ! ex]cise ( ! b[1 
! javel91 &  ! scimit>4 ,! long memory (
 _! indep5d5ce is ! firme/  pl$ge ( its 
p]petuity2 & succe$+ g5]ations are      
animat$ to  prove _! desc5t1 & to ma9ta9
 _! inh]itance4 ,_! dome/ic  feuds are  

susp5d$ on ! approa* ( a common enemy2 &
 9 _! la/  ho/ilities aga9/ ! ,turks1 ! 
c>avan ( ,mecca 0 attack$ &  pillag$ by 
f\r score ?\s& ( ! conf$]ates4 ,:5 !y   
advance  to battle1 ! hope ( victory is 
9 ! front1 9 ! re> !  assurance ( a     
retreat4 ,_! horses & camels1 :o 9 eight
 or t5  days c p]=m a m>* ( f\r or five 
hundr$ miles1 disappe> be=e  ! conqu]or2
 ! secret wat]s ( ! des]t elude 8 se>*2 
& 8  victori\s troops are consum$ )     
?ir/1 hung]1 & fatigue1 9 !  pursuit (  
an invisible foe1 :o scorns 8 ef=ts1 &  
safely reposes  9 ! he>t ( ! burn+      
solitude4 ,! arms & des]ts ( !  ,b$\9s  
are n only ! safegu>ds ( _! own fre$om1 
b !  b>ri]s also ( ! happy ,arabia1 ^:  
inhabitants1 remote f w>1  are en]vat$  
by ! luxury ( ! soil & climate4 ,!      
legions (  ,augu/us melt$ away 9 disease
 & lassitude2 & x is only by a naval    
p[] t ! r$uction ( ,yem5 has be5        
successfully attempt$4 ,:5  ,mohamm$    
erect$ 8 holy /&>d1 t k+dom 0 a prov9ce 
( !  ,p]sian empire2 yet sev5 pr9ces ( !

 ,hom]ites /ill reign$ 9 !  m\nta9s2 & !
 viceg]5t ( ,*osroes 0 tempt$ to =get 8 
di/ant c\ntry & 8 un=tunate ma/]40      
,yem5 0 ! only ,arabian prov9ce :i* _h !
 appe>ance (  submitt+ to a =eign yoke2 
b ev5 "h1 z ,mr4 ,gibbon himself        
ackn[l$ges1 sev5 ( ! native pr9ces      
rema9$ unsubdu$3 & ev5  admitt+ its     
subjugation to h be5 complete1 !        
p]petual  indep5d5ce ( ! ,i%maelites    
rema9s unimpea*$4 ,= ?is is n  _!       
c\ntry4 ,petra1 ! capital ( ! ,/ony     
,arabia1 & ! pr9cipal  settlem5t ( !    
,naba?i1 x is true1 0 long 9 ! h&s ( !  
,p]sians & ,romans2 b ?is nev] made !m  
ma/]s ( ! c\ntry4  ,hov]+ troops (      
,arabs conf9$ ! intrud]s )9 _! walls1 & 
cut (f _! supplies2 & ! possession ( ?is
 =tress gave z  little reason to !      
,romans to exult z ! conqu]ors ( ,arabia
 ,petra1  z t ( ,gibralt> does to u to  
boa/ ( ! conque/ ( ,spa94    ,! ,arabian
 tribes 7 conf\nd$ by ! ,greeks &       
,romans "u !  indiscrim9ate appellation 
( ,s>ac5s2 a "n ^: etymology has be5    

v>i\sly1 b nev] satisfactorily1 expla9$4
 ,?is 0 _! g5]al  "n :5 ,mohamm$ appe>$ 
9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury4  ,_!       
religion at ?is "t 0 ,sabianism1 or !   
wor%ip ( ! sun1  moon1 c2 v>i\sly       
trans=m$ by ! diff]5t tribes1 &         
int]m+l$ ) "s ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian maxims &
 traditions4 ,!  tribes !mselves 7      
g5]ally at v>iance1 f "s h]$it>y &      
implacable animosities2 & _! only w>f>e 
consi/$ 9 desultory  skirmi%es aris+ out
 ( ^! feuds1 & 9 _! pr$atory            
excursions1 :]e sup]iority ( numb]s     
r5d]$ c\rage ( less value  ?an activity 
& vigilance4 ,yet ( su* mat]ials        
,mohamm$ con/ruct$  a mighty empire2    
conv]t$ ! relaps$ ,i%maelites into good 
,musselm52  unit$ ! j>r+ tribes "u "o   
bann]2 suppli$ :at 0 want+ 9  p]sonal   
c\rage by ! ard\r ( religi\s zeal2 & out
 ( a b&itti1  little kn[n & little fe>$ 
beyond _! own des]ts1 rais$ an arm$     
multitude1 :i* prov$ ! sc\rge ( ! _w4   
,mohamm$ 0 born 9 ! ye> #efi1 ( ! noble 
tribe ( ! ,korei%1  & desc5d$1 accord+  

to ea/]n hi/orians1 9 a direct l9e f    
,i%mael4 ,8 p]son is repres5t$ z        
beautiful1 8 mann]s engag+1  & 8        
eloqu5ce p[]ful2 b he 0 illit]ate1 l !  
re/ ( 8  c\ntrym51 & indebt$ to a ,jewi%
 or ,*ri/ian scribe = p5n+ 8  ,koran4   
,:atev] ! views ( ,mohamm$ might h be5 9
 ! e>li]  "p ( 8 life1 x 0 n till !     
=tie? ye> ( 8 age t he  av[$ 8 mission z
 ! ,apo/le ( ,god3 :5 s little cr$it did
 he  ga9 = 8 pret5sions1 t 9 ! fir/ ?ree
 ye>s he c\ld only  numb] f\rte5        
conv]ts2 & ev5 at ! end ( t5 ye>s 8     
lab\rs  & 8 fri5ds 7 alike conf9$ )9 !  
walls ( ,mecca1 :5 !  designs ( 8       
enemies compell$ him to fly to ,m$9a1   
:]e he 0  fav\rably receiv$ by a p>ty ( 
! mo/ consid]able inhabitants1 :o  _h   
rec5tly imbib$ 8 doctr9es at ,mecca4    
,?is flight1 or ,hegira1  0 made !      
,mohamm$an ra1 f :i* "t is comput$1 &   
corresponds ) ! #af? ( ,july1 #fbb1 ( ! 
,*ri/ian ra4 ,mohamm$  n[ f\nd himself  
suffici5tly p[]ful to ?r[ aside all     
res]ve2  decl>$ t he 0 comm&$ to compel 

unbeliev]s by ! sword to  receive ! fai?
 ( "o ,god1 & 8 prophet ,mohamm$2 &     
confirm+  8 cr$ul\s foll[]s by ! ?reats 
( et]nal pa9 on ! "o h&1  & ! allurem5ts
 ( a s5sual p>adise on ! o!r1 he _h1    
be=e  8 dea?1 :i* happ5$ 9 ! ye> #fcb1  
ga9$ ov] ! :ole (  ,arabia to 8         
impo/ure4 ,8 dea? ?rew a tempor>y gloom 
ov] 8  cause1 & ! disunion ( 8 foll[]s  
?reat5$ its ext9ction4 ,any  o!r empire 
plac$ 9 ! same circum/ances w\ld h      
crumbl$ to  pieces2 b ! ,arabs felt _!  
p[]2 !y rev]$ _! f\nd] z  ! *os5 prophet
 ( ,god2 & _! ard5t temp]am5t1 animat$  
by a  religi\s en?usiasm1 gave an e>ne/ 
( future success1 & enc\rag$  ! zeal or 
! ambition ( _! lead]s4 ,! succession1  
aft] "s  blood%$1 0 settl$1 & unnumb]$  
hordes ( b>b>ians 7 ready  to c>ry into 
execution ! sangu9>y dictates ( _!      
prophet2 &1  ) 8! ,koran1 tribute1 or   
dea?10 z _! motto1 to invade !  c\ntries
 ( ! infidels4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! succe$+ 
c5tury1  _! rapid c>e] 0 un*eck$2 !     
discipl9$ armies ( ! ,greeks  & ,romans 

7 unable to /& aga9/ !m2 ! ,*ri/ian     
*ur*es (  ,asia & ,africa 7 annihilat$2 
& f ,india to ! ,atlantic1  ?r\gh       
,p]sia1 ,arabia1 ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 ,asia
 ,m9or1 ,egypt1 ) !  :ole ( nor!rn      
,africa1 ,spa91 & "p ( ,france1 !       
impo/or 0  ackn[l$g$4 ,con/ant9ople 0   
besieg$2 ,rome itself 0 plund]$2  & no?+
 less ?an ! subjection ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian
 _w 0  m$itat$ on ! "o h& & trembl+ly   
expect$ on ! o!r4    ,all ?is 0         
wond]ful2 b ! av5g+ ju/ice ( an inc5s$  
,deity1  & ! sure ^w ( prophecy1 relieve
 our a/oni%m5t4 ,x 0 to  puni% an       
apo/ate race1 t ! ,s>ac5 locu/s 7 let   
loose ^u  ! e>?2 & ! c\ntries :i* !y 7  
p]mitt$ to ravage 7  ^? 9 :i* ! pure    
light ( revelation _h be5 mo/ abus$4 ,! 
ea/]n *ur* 0 sunk 9 gross idolatry2 vice
 & wick$ness prevail$  9 _! wor/ =ms2 & 
^? :o /ill call$ !mselves ,*ri/ians     
tru/$ m to images1 relics1 alt>s1       
au/]ities1 & pilgrimages1  ?an to a     
crucifi$ ,savi\r4    ,ab\t a hundr$ &   
eighty ye>s f ! f\ndation ( ,bagdad1    

dur+  :i* p]iod ! p[] ( ! ,s>ac5s _h    
gradually decl9$1 a  dreadful reaction  
took place 9 ! conqu]$ c\ntries4 ,!     
,p]sians on  ! ea/1 & ! ,greeks on !    
we/1 7 simultane\sly r\s$ f  _! long    
?raldom1 &1 assi/$ by ! ,turks1 :o1     
issu+ f !  pla9s ( ,t>t>y1 n[ = ! fir/  
"t made _! appe>ance 9 !  ea/1 ext+ui%$ 
! p[] ( ! caliphate1 & virtually put an 
end  to ! ,arabian mon>*y 9 ! ye> #icf4 
,a succession ( nom9al caliphs  cont9u$ 
to ! ye> #abeh3 b ! prov9ces 7 lo/2 _!  
p[] 0  conf9$ to ! walls ( _! capital2 &
 !y 7 9 real subjection  to ! ,turks & !
 ,p]sians until ! above ye>1 :5         
,mo/acem1 !  la/ ( ! ,abbassides1 0     
de?ron$ & murd]$ by ,holag\1 or         
,hulaku1 ! ,t>t>1 ! gr&son ( ,z+is4 ,?is
 ev5t1 al?\gh x  t]m9at$ ! =eign dom9ion
 ( ! ,arabians1 left _! native          
indep5d5ce unt\*$4 ,!y 7 no long]1      
inde$1 ! ma/]s ( !  f9e/ p>ts ( ! ?ree  
great divisions ( ! anci5t _w3 _!  "w 0 
f9i%$2 & return+ to ! /ate 9 :i*        
,mohamm$ f\nd  !m ?ree c5turies be=e1 ) 

! exception ( ! *ange 9 _!  religion1 !y
 rema9$1 & /ill rema91 ! unconqu]$ rov]s
 ( !  des]t4    ,x is n ! lea/ s+ul>    
circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is            
extraord9>y p1 t ^? :o1 9 ! en?usiasm ( 
_! fir/  successes1 7 ! sworn foes (    
lit]ature1 %\ld become = sev]al  ages   
its exclusive patrons4 ,almansor1 !     
f\nd] ( ,bagdad1 has !  m]it ( fir/     
excit+ ?is _s1 :i* 0 enc\rag$ 9 a /ill  
great] degree by 8 gr&son ,almamon4 ,?is
 caliph employ$ 8 ag5ts  9 ,arm5ia1     
,syria1 ,egypt1 & at ,con/ant9ople1 9   
collect+ ! mo/  celebrat$ works on      
,grecian sci5ce1 & _h !m translat$ into 
!  ,arabic language4 ,philosophy1       
a/ronomy1 geometry1 & m$ic9e1 7  ?us    
introduc$ & taught2 public s*ools 7     
e/abli%$2 &  le>n+1 :i* _h altoge!r fl$ 
f ,europe1 f\nd an asylum on !  banks ( 
! ,tigris4 ,nor 0 ?is _s conf9$ to !    
capital3 native  works began to appe>2 &
 by ! h&s ( copyi/s 7 multipli$ out  (  
numb]1 = ! in=mation ( ! /udi\s1 or !   
pride ( !  weal?y4 ,! rage = lit]ature  

ext5d$ to ,egypt & to ,spa94 ,9 !  =m]  
c\ntry1 ! ,fatimites collect$ a libr>y (
 a hundr$ ?\s&  manuscripts1 beautifully
 transcrib$1 & v elegantly b\nd2 & 9  ! 
latt]1 ! ,ommiades =m$ ano!r ( six      
hundr$ ?\s& volumes2  =ty-f\r ( :i* 7   
employ$ 9 ! catalogue4 ,_! capital1     
,cordova1 ) ! t[ns ( ,malaga1 ,alm]ia1 &
 ,murcia1 produc$ ?ree  hundr$ writ]s2 &
 sev5ty public libr>ies 7 e/abli%$ 9 !  
cities ( ,&alusia4 ,:at a *ange s9ce !  
days ( ,om>1 :5 !  spl5did libr>y ( !   
,ptolemies 0 wantonly de/roy$ by ! same 
p6 ,a retribution1 ?\gh a slight "o1 0  
?us made = _!  =m] deva/ations2 & _m    
,grecian works1 lo/ 9 ! orig9al1 h  be5 
recov]$ 9 _! ,arabic dress4 ,nei!r 0 ?is
 le>n+ conf9$  to m]e p>ade1 ?\gh mu* ( 
x mu/ und\bt$ly h be5 s4 ,_!  pr(ici5cy 
9 a/ronomy & geometry is atte/$ by _!   
a/ronomical  tables1 & by ! accuracy )  
:i*1 9 ! pla9 ( ,*aldea1 a  degree ( !  
great circle ( ! e>? 0 measur$4 ,b x 0 9
  m$ic9e t1 9 ?is d>k age1 ! ,arabians  
%one mo/3 ! works (  ,hippocrates &     

,gal5 _h be5 translat$ & comm5t$ on2 _! 
physicians 7 s\ght aft] by ! pr9ces (   
,asia & ,europe2 & !  names ( ,rhazis1  
,albucasis1 & ,avic5na are /ill rev]$ by
 !  memb]s ( ! heal+ art4 ,s little1    
inde$1 did ! physicians (  ,europe 9 t  
age "k ( ! hi/ory ( _! own sci5ce1 t !y 
7 a/oni%$1 on ! revival ( le>n+1 to f9d 
9 ! anci5t  ,greek au?ors ^? sy/ems =   
:i* !y ?\ght !mselves indebt$  to !     
,arabians6    ,! la/ remnant ( ,arabian 
sci5ce 0 f\nd 9 ,spa92 f :5ce x  0      
expell$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 
by !  intemp]ate bigots ( t c\ntry1 :o h
 nev] _h any ?+ (  _! own ) :i* to      
supply its place4 ,! ,arabians are !    
only  p :o h pres]v$ _! desc5t1 _!      
indep5d5ce1 _!  language1 & _! mann]s & 
cu/oms1 f ! e>lie/ ages to !  pres5t    
times2 & x is among !m t we are to look 
= examples (  patri>*al life & mann]s4  
,a v lively sket* ( ?is mode ( life  is 
giv5 by ,sir ,r4 ,k4 ,port]1 9 ! p]son &
 tribe ( an ,arab %eik1  :om he enc\nt]$
 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,euphrates4 8,i _h

 met  ?is w>rior10 says ,sir ,r4 ,k4    
,p41 8at ! h\se ( ! ,briti% resid5t  at 
,bagdad2 & came1 accord+ to 8 repeat$   
wi%1 to see him 9 a  place m consonant )
 8 habits1 ! t5t$ field2 &1 z he        
express$ x1 #8at ! head ( 8 *ildr54' ,z 
soon z we arriv$ 9  sight ( 8 camp1 we 7
 met by cr[ds ( its inhabitants1 :o1 ) a
  wild & hurry+ delight1 l$ u t[>d ! t5t
 ( _! *ief4 ,!  v5]able old man came =? 
to ! door1 att5d$ by 8 subjects (  all  
sizes & descriptions1 & greet$ u ) a    
c\nt5ance beam+  k9dness2 :ile 8 words1 
:i* our int]pret] expla9$1 7            
demon/rative ( patri>*al welcome4 ,"o ( 
my ,h9doo troop]s spoke  ,arabic2 h5ce !
 sub/ance ( our succe$+ disc\rse 0 n lo/
 on  ea* o!r4 ,hav+ ent]$1 ,i sat d[n by
 my ho/2 & ! :ole ( !  p]sons pres5t1 to
 f> beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! t5t1 7! sides 
(  :i* 7 op517 seat$ !mselves also1 )\t 
any reg>d to ^?  m civiliz$ c]emonies ( 
subjection1 ! cr\*+ ( slaves1 or !  /&+ 
( vassalage4 ,^! p]sons1 9 r[s beyond   
r[s1 appe>$ j  z he _h describ$1 !      

(fspr+ ( 8 h\se1 ! desc5dants ( 8       
fa!rs1 f age to age2 & l bre?r51 :e!r   
hold+ ! highe/  or ! l[e/ rank1 !y seem$
 to ga!r r\nd _! common p>5t4 ,b  p]haps
 _! s5se ( p]fect equality 9 ! m9d ( _! 
*ief c\ld  n be m =cibly %[n1 ?an 9 !   
%>e !y took 9 ! objects  :i* appe>$ to  
int]e/ 8 feel+s2 & z ,i look$ f ! eld]s 
or lead]s ( ! p1 seat$ imm$iately ar\nd 
him1 to ! circles  beyond circles (     
brilliant faces1 b5d+ eag]ly t[>d him & 
8  gue/1 7all1 f ! mo/ respectably clad 
to ^? ) h>dly a  g>m5t cov]+ _! active  
limbs1 e>ne/ to ev9ce "s att5tion to  ! 
/rang] he bade welcome17 ,i ?\ght ,i _h 
nev] be=e se5 s  complete an assemblage 
( f9e & animat$ c\nt5ances1 bo? old &   
"y3 nor c\ld ,i suppose a bett] specim5 
( ! /ill exi/+ /ate  ( ! true ,arab2 nor
 a m lively picture ( ! sc5e :i* mu/ h  
pres5t$ itself1 ages ago1 9 ! fields (  
,h>an1 :5 ,t]ah sat 9  8 t5t door1      
surr\nd$ by 8 sons1 & 8 sons' sons1 & ! 
p born 9 8 h\se4 ,! v5]able ,arabian    
%eik 0 also seat$ on  ! gr\nd ) a piece 

( c>pet spread "u him2 &1 l 8  anci5t   
,*aldean ance/or1 turn$ to ! "o side & !
 o!r1  graci\sly answ]+ or que/ion+ !   
gr\ps ar\nd him1 ) an  int]e/ 9 !m all  
:i* cle>ly %[$ ! abid+ simplicity ( 8   
gov]nm5t1 & _! ob$i5ce4 ,on ! smalle/   
computation1 su* mu/  h be5 ! mann]s (  
^! p = m ?an ?ree ?\s&  ye>s2 ?us1 9 all
 ?+s1 v]ify+ ! pr$iction giv5 ( ,i%mael 
at  8 bir?1 t he1 9 8 po/]ity1 %\ld #8be
 a wild man1' & always  cont9ue to be s1
 ?\gh #8he %all dwell = ev] 9 ! pres5ce 
(  8 bre?r54' ,& t an acute & active p1 
surr\nd$ = ages  by poli%$ & luxuri\s   
nations1 %\ld f _! e>lie/ to _!  late/  
times1 be /ill f\nd a wild p1 dwell+ 9 !
 pres5ce (  all _! bre?r51 7z we may    
call ^! nations17 unsubdu$ &            
un*angeable1 is1 inde$1 a /&+ miracle3  
"o ( ^? my/]i\s  facts :i* e/abli% !    
tru? ( prophecy40 ,b al?\gh ! mann]s  ( 
! ,arabians h rema9$ unalt]$ ?r\gh s _m 
ages1 & w  probably s cont9ue1 _!       
religion1 z we h se51 has su/a9$ an     
important *ange2 & mu/ aga91 9 ! fulness

 ( "t1 give place to  a fai? m wor?y ( !
 p4    ,/4 ,paul fir/ prea*$ ! ,gospel 9
 ,arabia1 ,gal4 i1 #ag4 ,*ri/ian  *ur*es
 7 subsequ5tly f\nd$1 & _m ( _! tribes  
embrac$  ,*ri/ianity prior to ! fif?    
c5tury2 mo/ ( :i* appe> to h  be5       
t9ctur$ ) ! ,ne/orian h]esy4 ,at ?is "t1
 h[ev]1 x does  n appe> t ! ,arabians _h
 any v]sion ( ! ,scriptures 9 _!  own   
language1 to :i* "s writ]s attribute !  
ease ) :i* !y  7 drawn into ! ,mohamm$an
 delusion2 :ile ! 8,greeks1 ,syrians1   
,arm5ians1 ,abyss9ians1 ,copts1 & o!rs10
 :o enjoy$ t privilege1  7 able to resi/
 x4    ,,aram1 ! fif? son ( ,%em1 ,g54  
x1 #bb4 ,he 0 ! fa!r ( !  ,syrians1 :o f
 him 7 call$ ,aramans1 or ,aramites4    
,,ar>at1 a m\nta9 ( ,asia1 9 ,arm5ia1 on
 :i* ! ark ( ,noah re/$  aft] !         
cessation ( ! deluge4 ,conc]n+ !        
etymology ( ! "n1  ,dr4 ,bryant obs]ves1
 t x is a comp\nd ( ,ar-,arat1 &        
signifies  8! m\nta9 ( desc5t10 be+     
equival5t to 1 ( ! ,hebrews4  ,( !      
precise situation ( ?is m\nta91 diff]5t 

acc\nts h be5  giv54 ,"s h suppos$ t x 0
 "o ( ! m\nta9s :i* divide  ,arm5ia on !
 s\? f ,mesopotamia1 & t "p ( ,assyria  
inhabit$ by ! ,curds1 f :om ^? m\nta9s  
took ! "n (  ,curdue1 or ,c>du2 by !    
,greeks d5om9at$ ,gordyi4 ,x is call$ by
  ! ,arabs ,al-,judi1 & also ,?aman94 ,9
 confirmation ( ?is  op9ion1 x is alleg$
 t ! rema9s ( ! ark 7 to be se5 on  ^!  
m\nta9s2 & x is said1 t ,b]osus &       
,abyd5us bo? decl>e1  t su* a report    
exi/$ 9 _! "t4 ,epiphanius pret5ds1 if  
we may  cr$it 8 ass]tion1 t ! relics ( !
 ark 7 to be se5 9 8  day2 & we are f>!r
 told1 t ! emp]or ,h]aclius w5t f !  t[n
 ( ,?aman91 up ! m\nta9 ,al-,judi1 & saw
 ! place ( ! ark4  ,o!rs ma9ta91 t m\nt 
,ar>at 0 situat$ t[>d ! middle (        
,arm5ia1 ne> ! riv] ,araxes1 or ,aras1  
ab\t twelve miles f x1  accord+ to      
,t\rne=t1 above two hundr$ & eighty     
miles di/ant f  ,al-,judi1 to !         
nor?-ea/4 ,ar>at seems to be a "p ( t   
va/ *a9  ( m\nta9s call$ ,caucasus &    
,taurus2 & ^u ^! m\nta9s1 &  9 ! adjac5t

 c\ntry1 7 pres]v$ m au!ntic acc\nts ( !
  ark ?an 9 almo/ any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! 
region ab\t ,ar>at1  call$ ,ar>atia1 0  
e/eem$ among ! anci5ts z ne>ly a c5tral 
"p ( ! e>?2 & x is c]ta9ly z well       
calculat$ z any o!r  = ! accommodation (
 its fir/ inhabitants1 & = ! migration (
  colonies1 ^u ! increase ( mank9d4 ,!  
soil ( ! c\ntry 0 v  fruitful1 &        
especially ( t "p :]e ! patri>* made 8  
fir/  desc5t4 ,! c\ntry also 0 v high1  
?\gh x _h f9e pla9s &  valleys betwe5 ! 
m\nta9s4 ,su* a c\ntry1 !re=e1 mu/1 aft]
  ! flood1 h be5 ! soone/ exsiccat$1 &1 
consequ5tly1 !  soone/ habitable4    ,! 
m\nta9 :i* has /ill ! "n ( ,ar>at1 has  
reta9$ x ?r\gh  all ages4 ,t\rne=t has  
p>ticul>ly describ$ x1 & f 8 acc\nt  x  
seems to consi/ *iefly ( free/one1 or   
calc>e\s s&/one4 ,x is  a deta*$ m\nta9 
9 =m ( a sug> loaf1 9 ! mid/ ( a v      
ext5sive pla91 consi/+ ( two summits2 ! 
less]1 m %>p &  po9t$2 ! high]1 :i* is t
 ( ! ark1 lies nor?-we/ ( x1  & raises  
its head f> above ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 &

 is cov]$  ) p]petual sn[4 ,:5 ! air is 
cle>1 x does n appe> to be  above two   
leagues f ,erivan1 & may be se5 at !    
di/ance ( f\r  or five days' j\rney4    
,its be+ visible at su* a di/ance1      
h[ev]1 is  ascrib$ n s mu* to its       
height1 z to its lonely situation1 9 a  
l>ge pla91 & ^u ! mo/ elevat$ "p ( !    
c\ntry4 ,! asc5t  is difficult &        
fatigu+4 ,t\rne=t attempt$ x2 &1 aft] a 
:ole  day's toil1 he 0 oblig$1 by ! sn[ 
& int5se cold1 to return  )\t accompli%+
 8 design1 ?\gh 9 ! middle ( summ]4 ,on 
!  side ( ! m\nta9 t looks t[>d ,erivan1
 is a prodigi\s  precipice1 v deep1 )   
p]p5dicul> sides1 & ( a r\gh1 black     
appe>ance1 z if t+$ ) smoke4    ,!      
summit ( ,ar>at has nev] be5 rea*$1 ?\gh
 sev]al attempts  h be5 made2 & if ! ark
 re/$ on ! summit1 x is c]ta9 t  ^? :o h
 spok5 ( its fragm5ts be+ se5 !re 9     
diff]5t  ages1 mu/ h be5 impos$ ^u4 ,x  
is1 h[ev]1 n necess>y to  suppose t !   
ark re/$ ^u ei!r ( its tops2 & t spot   
w\ld  c]ta9ly be *os5 :i* w\ld af=d !   

greate/ facility ( desc5t4  ,sir ,rob]t 
,k] ,port] is among ! mod]n travell]s :o
 h giv5 u  an acc\nt ( ?is celebrat$    
m\nta93--8,z ! vale op5$ b5ea? u  9 our 
desc5t1 my :ole att5tion became absorb$ 
9 ! view be=e  me4 ,a va/ pla91 peopl$ )
 c\ntless villages2 ! t[]s & spires  ( !
 *ur*es ( ,eit*-mai-adz51 aris+ f amid/ 
!m2 !  glitt]+ wat]s ( ! ,araxes1 fl[+  
?r\gh ! fre% gre5 ( !  vale2 & !        
subord9ate range ( m\nta9s1 skirt+ !    
base ( !  awful monum5t ( ! ant$iluvian 
_w4 ,x seem$ to /& a  /up5d\s l9k 9 !   
hi/ory ( man1 unit+ ! two races ( m5    
be=e & aft] ! flood4 ,b x 0 n until we  
_h arriv$ ^u !  flat pla91 t ,i beheld  
,ar>at 9 all its amplitude ( gr&eur4 ,f 
! spot on :i* ,i /ood1 x appe>$ z if !  
huge/ m\nta9s ( !  _w _h be5 pil$ ^u ea*
 o!r1 to =m ?is "o sublime imm5sity  (  
e>?1 & rock1 & sn[4 ,! icy peaks ( its  
d\ble heads rose  maje/ically into !    
cle> & cl\dless heav5s2 ! sun blaz$     
bright  ^u !m2 & ! reflection s5t =? a  
dazzl+ radiance1 equal to  o!r suns4    

,?is po9t ( ! view unit$ ! utmo/ gr&eur 
( pla9  & height4 ,b ! feel+s ,i        
exp]i5c$ :ile look+ on !  m\nta91 are   
h>dly to be describ$4 ,my eye1 n able to
 re/ = any  l5g? ( "t ^u ! bl9d+ glory (
 its summits1 w&]$ d[n !  app>5tly      
int]m9able sides1 till ,i c\ld no long] 
trace _! va/  l9es 9 ! mi/s ( ! horizon2
 :5 an inexpressible impulse1           
imm$iately c>ry+ my eye upw>d aga91     
refix$ my gaze ^u ! awful  gl>e (       
,ar>at2 & ?is bewild]$ s5sibility (     
sight be+ answ]$  by a simil> feel+ 9 ! 
m9d1 = "s mom5ts ,i 0 lo/ 9 a  /range   
susp5sion ( ! p[]s ( ?\ght40    ,!      
sep>ate peaks are call$ ,great & ,little
 ,ar>at1 & ! space  betwe5 !m is ab\t   
sev5 miles4 8,^! inaccessible summits10 
cont9ues ,sir ,r4 ,k4 ,port]1 8h nev]   
be5 trodd5 by ! foot ( man  s9ce ! days 
( ,noah1 if ev5 !n2 = my idea is1 t !   
ark  re/$ 9 ! space betwe5 ^! heads1 & n
 on ! top ( ei!r4  ,v>i\s attempts h be5
 made 9 diff]5t ages to asc5d ^!        
trem5d\s m\nta9-pyramids1 b 9 va93 _!   

=m1 sn[s1 &  glaci]s1 are insurm\ntable 
ob/acles3 ! di/ance be+ s great f  !    
comm5cem5t ( ! icy region to ! highe/   
po9ts1 cold alone  w\ld be ! de/ruction 
( any p]son :o %\ld h ! h>dihood to     
p]sev]e4 ,on view+ m\nt ,ar>at f !      
nor!rn side ( ! pla91  its two heads are
 sep>at$ by a wide cleft1 or r gl51 9 ! 
body  ( ! m\nta94 ,! rocky side ( !     
great] head runs almo/  p]p5dicul>ly d[n
 to ! nor?-ea/1 :ile ! less] head rises 
f  ! slop+ bottom ( ! cleft1 9 a        
p]fectly conical %ape4 ,bo?  heads are  
cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! =m ( ! great] is simil> 
to !  less1 only broad] & r\nd] at !    
top2 & %[s to ! nor?-we/ a  brok5 &     
abrupt front1 op5+1 ab\t half way d[n1  
into a /up5d\s  *asm1 deep1 rocky1 &    
peculi>ly black4 ,at t "p ( ! m\nta91  !
 holl[ ( ! *asm receives an int]ruption 
f ! projection (  m9or m\nta9s1 :i* />t 
f ! sides ( ,ar>at l bran*es f  ! root (
 a tree1 & run along1 9 undulat+        
progression1 till lo/  9 ! di/ant vap\rs
 ( ! pla940 ,dr4 ,%uck=d argues t ! true

  ,ar>at lies among ! m\nta9s ( ! nor? (
 ,india2 b ,mr4 ,fab] has  answ]$ 8     
reason+1 & prov$ by a comp>ison (       
geographical  notices incid5tally       
m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t ! ,ar>at ( 
,arm5ia is ! true ,ar>at4    ,,ar*angel1
 accord+ to "s1 means an angel occupy+ !
 eigh? rank  9 ! cele/ial ord] or       
hi]>*y2 b o!rs reckon x a title only    
applicable to our ,savi\r2 ,jude #i2    
,dan4 xii1 #a2 #a ,!ss4 iv1 #af4 ,on ?is
  po9t ,bi%op ,horsley has ! foll[+     
obs]vations3--8,x has be5 = a  long "t a
 fa%ion 9 ! *ur* to speak v frequ5tly & 
famili>ly ( ar*angels z be+s ( an ord] )
 :i* we are  p]fectly well acqua9t$4 ,"s
 say !re are sev5 ( !m4 ,^u :at  solid  
gr\nd t ass]tion /&s1 ,i "k n2 b ?is ,i 
"k1 !  ^w #8ar*angel' is n to be f\nd 9 
any "o passage ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t3 9 !  
,new ,te/am5t x occurs twice1 & only    
twice4 ,"o (  ! two passages is 9 !     
,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians2 :]e !  
,apo/le1 among ! circum/ances ( ! pomp (
 our ,"l's desc5t f  heav5 to ! f9al    

judgm5t1 m5tions #8! voice ( !          
ar*angel2' !  o!r passage is 9 ! ,epi/le
 ( ,/4 ,jude1 :]e ! title (  ar*angel is
 c\pl$ ) ! "n ( #8,mi*ael ! ar*angel4'  
,?is  passage is s rem>kably obscure t  
,i %all n attempt to draw any           
conclusion f x b ?is1 :i* manife/ly     
foll[s1 be ! p>ticul>  s5se ( ! passage 
:at x may3 s9ce ?is is "o ( ! two texts 
9  :i* alone ! ^w #8ar*angel' is f\nd 9 
! :ole ,bible2 s9ce 9  ?is "o text only 
! title ( ar*angel is c\pl$ ) any "n2 & 
s9ce ! "n ) :i* x is "h c\pl$ is        
,mi*ael2 x foll[s  und5iably t !        
ar*angel ,mi*ael is ! only ar*angel (   
:om we  "k any ?+ f holy writ4 ,x _c be 
prov$ f holy writ1 &1  if n f holy writ1
 x _c be prov$ at all1 t any ar*angel   
exi/s b ! "o ar*angel ,mi*ael1 & ?is "o 
ar*angel ,mi*ael is  unque/ionably !    
,mi*ael ( ! book ( ,daniel4    8,i mu/  
obs]ve by ! way1 ) respect to ! import (
 ! title (  ar*angel1 t ! ^w1 by        
etymology1 cle>ly implies a sup]iority (
  rank & au?ority 9 ! p]son to :om x is 

appli$4 ,x implies a  comm& ov] angels2 
& ?is is all t ! ^w ( necessity implies4
  ,b x foll[s n1 by any s\nd rule (     
argum5t1 t1 because no  o!r sup]iority  
?an t ( rank & au?ority is impli$ 9 !   
title1 no o!r belongs to ! p]son        
di/+ui%$ by ! title1 &  t he is 9 all   
o!r respects a m]e angel4 ,s9ce we admit
 v>i\s  ord]s ( intellig5t be+s1 x is   
evid5t t a be+ highly above  ! angelic  
ord] may comm& angels4    8,to asc]ta91 
if we c1 to :at ord] ( be+s ! ar*angel  
,mi*ael  may belong1 let u see h[ he is 
describ$ by ! ,prophet ,daniel1 :o  nev]
 m5tions him by t title2 & :at action is
 attribut$ to him  9 ! book ( ,daniel & 
9 ano!r book1 9 :i* he be>s a pr9cipal  
"p4    8,n[ ,daniel calls him #8"o ( !  
*ief pr9ces1#8 or #8"o ( ! capital      
pr9ces1' or #8"o ( ! pr9ces t are at !  
head ( all3' = ?is  ,i ma9ta9 to be !   
full & n m ?an ! full import ( !        
,hebrew words4 ,n[ we are cle>ly got    
above ! e>?1 into ! ord] (  cele/ials1  
:o are ! pr9ces t are fir/1 or at ! head

 (  all8 ,are !y any o!r ?an ! ?ree     
p]sons 9 ! ,godhead8 ,mi*ael1  !re=e1 is
 "o ( !m2 b :i* ( !m8 ,?is is n left 9  
d\bt4  ,gabriel1 speak+ ( him to        
,daniel1 calls him #8,mi*ael y\r pr9ce1'
  & #8! great pr9ce :i* /&e? = ! *ildr5 
( ?y p2#8  t is1 n = ! nation ( ! ,jews 
9 p>ticul>1 b = !  *ildr51 ! spiritual  
*ildr51 ( t holy se$ ! elect p (  ,god2 
a description :i* applies p>ticul>ly to 
! ,son ( ,god1 & to  no "o else2 & 9    
p]fect consi/5ce ) ?is description (    
,mi*ael  9 ! book ( ,daniel1 is ! action
 assign$ to him 9 ! ,apocalypse1  9 :i* 
we f9d him fight+ ) ! old s]p5t1 !      
deceiv] ( !  _w1 & victori\s 9 ! combat4
 ,t combat :o 0 to ma9ta98 9  t combat  
:o 0 to be victori\s1 b ! se$ ( ! woman8
 ,f  all ?is x is evid5t1 t ,mi*ael is a
 "n = our ,"l himself1 9  8 p>ticul> "* 
( ! *ampion ( 8 fai?ful p1 aga9/  !     
viol5ce ( ! apo/ate faction & ! wiles ( 
! devil40 ,to  ?is op9ion !re is no?+   
irreconcilable 9 ! 8voice ( !  ar*angel0
 m5tion$ 9 #a ,!ss4 iv1 #af3 s9ce !     

8%\t10 ! 8voice10  ! 8trump ( ,god10 may
 all be ! maje/ic summons ( ! ,judge    
himself4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ feel t !  
reason+ ( ,bi%op  ,horsley1 ?\gh +5i\s1 
is = f be+ conclusive aga9/ !  exi/5ce (
 "o or m ar*angels4    ,,ar*bi%op1 a    
bi%op ( ! fir/ class1 :o sup]9t5ds !    
conduct (  o!r bi%ops4 ,ar*bi%ops 7 n   
kn[n 9 ! ea/ till ab\t !  ye> #cbj2 &   
?\gh !re 7 "s soon aft] ?is1 :o _h !    
title1  yet x 0 only a p]sonal hon\r1 by
 :i* ! bi%ops ( consid]able  cities 7   
di/+ui%$4 ,x 0 n till ( late t ar*bi%ops
  became metropolitans1 & _h suffragans 
"u !m4 ,a?anasius appe>s  to h be5 !    
fir/ :o us$ ! title ar*bi%op1 :i* he    
gave  occasionally to 8 pr$ecessor4     
,gregory ,nazianz51 9 l mann]1 gave  x  
to ,a?anasius2 n t ei!r ( !m 0 entitl$  
to any  jurisdiction1 or ev5 any        
prec$5cy1 9 virtue ( ?is title4 ,among !
  ,lat9s1 ,isidore ,hispal5sis is ! fir/
 :o speaks ( ar*bi%ops4    ,,ar*elaus1  
son ( ,h]od ! ,great1 & ,maltace1 8 fif?
 wife4 ,h]od  hav+ put to dea? 8 sons   

,alex&]1 ,ari/obulus1 & ,antipat]1 &    
expung$ out ( 8 w ,h]od ,antipas1 :om he
 _h decl>$ k+1 he  sub/itut$ ,ar*elaus1 
& gave ,antipas ! title ( tetr>* only4  
,aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od1 ,ar*elaus ord]$ t 
k+'s w to be read1  :]e9 he1 ,ar*elaus1 
0 decl>$ k+1 on condition t ,augu/us    
cons5t$4 ,h]eupon ! assembly cri$1      
8,long live k+ ,ar*elaus60 &  ! soldi]s 
promis$ ! same fidelity to him z !y _h  
%[n to 8  fa!r4 ,ar*elaus buri$ 8 fa!r  
magnific5tly1 came to ,j]usalem1  & !re 
m\rn$ sev5 days1 accord+ to cu/om4 ,he  
!n gave a  spl5did ent]ta9m5t to ! p1   
w5t to ! temple1 h>angu$ !  multitude1  
promis$ !m good treatm5t1 & decl>$ he   
w\ld n  assume ! title ( k+ till !      
emp]or _h confirm$ x1 ,a4 ,m4 #djja2    
,b4 ,c4 #c4 ,! p1 not)/&+1 tumultu\sly  
dem&$ !  execution ( ^? :o advis$ ,h]od 
to slay c]ta9 zealots1 :o _h  pull$ d[n 
a gold5 eagle f "o ( ! temple gates4 ,!y
 also  requir$ ,ar*elaus to dive/ ,joaz>
 ( ! high prie/hood2 & !y  vehem5tly    
reproa*$ ! memory ( ! late k+4 ,ar*elaus

 s5t troops  to suppress ! mut9e]s1 &   
kill$ ne> ?ree ?\s& ( !m ab\t  ! temple4
 ,aft] ?is he emb>k$ at ,cs>ea = ,rome1 
to procure f  ,augu/us ! confirmation ( 
,h]od's w4 ,antipas1 8 bro!r1 w5t to    
,rome likewise1 to dispute 8 title1     
pret5d+ t ,h]od's fir/ w  %\ld be       
pref]r$ to 8 la/1 :i* he alleg$ to h be5
 made by  him :5 8 und]/&+ 0 n s\nd4    
,! two bro!rs1 ,ar*elaus & ,antipas1    
procur$ able orators to  display _!     
pret5sions be=e ! emp]or2 & :5 !y _h    
done  speak+1 ,ar*elaus ?rew himself at 
,augu/us's feet4 ,augu/us g5tly  rais$  
him1 said he w\ld d no?+ contr>y to     
,h]od's int5tion or  8 int]e/1 b refus$ 
to decide ! affair at t "t4 ,"s "t      
aft]w>d1 ! ,jews s5t a solemn embassy to
 ,rome1 to desire ,augu/us  w\ld p]mit  
!m to live accord+ to _! own laws1 & on 
!  foot+ ( a ,roman prov9ce1 )\t be+    
subject to k+s ( ,h]od's  family1 b only
 to ! gov]nors ( ,syria4 ,augu/us he>d  
!m1 &  likewise he>d ,ar*elaus 9 reply2 
!n broke up ! assembly )\t  decl>+      

himself4 ,aft] "s days1 he s5t =        
,ar*elaus1 gave him !  title1 n ( k+1 b 
( e?n>*1 ) "o moiety ( ! t]ritories  :i*
 8 fa!r ,h]od _h enjoy$2 promis+ him !  
cr[n likewise1 if  8 good conduct des]v$
 x4 ,ar*elaus return$ to ,judea1 &1 "u  
pret5ce t he _h c\nt5anc$ ! s$iti\s     
aga9/ him1 he depriv$  ,joaz> ( ! high  
prie/hood1 & gave t dignity to 8 bro!r  
,eleaz>4 ,he gov]n$ ,judea ) s mu*      
viol5ce1 t1 aft] sev5  ye>s1 ! *iefs ( !
 ,sam>itans & ,jews accus$ him be=e     
,augu/us4 ,! emp]or imm$iately s5t = 8  
ag5t at ,rome1 &  )\t condesc5d+ to     
write to ,ar*elaus he comm&$ ! ag5t to  
dep>t in/antly = ,judea1 & ord]         
,ar*elaus to ,rome1 to give an  acc\nt (
 8 conduct4 ,on 8 arrival at ,rome1 !   
emp]or call$ =  8 accus]s1 & p]mitt$ him
 to def5d himself2 :i* he did s         
insuffici5tly1 t ,augu/us bani%$ him to 
,vi5ne1 9 ,gaul1 :]e he  cont9u$ 9 exile
 to ! end ( 8 life4 ,see ,,antipas4     
,,ar*i-,,synagogus1 ! rul] ( a          
synagogue4 ,see ,,synagogue4            

,,ar*itricl9us1 1 g5]ally translat$     
/ew>d1 signifies  r ! ma/] or sup]9t5d5t
 ( ! fea/2 8"o10 says  ,gaud5tius1 8:o  
is ! husb&'s fri5d1 & commission$ to    
conduct  ! ord] & economy ( ! fea/40 ,he
 gave directions to ! s]vants1          
sup]9t5d$ e ?+1 comm&$ ! tables to be   
cov]$1 or to be  cle>$ ( ! di%es1 z he  
?\ght prop]3 :5ce 8 "n1 z  regulator ( !
 tricl9ium1 or fe/ive bo>d4 ,he also    
ta/$ ! w9e1  & di/ribut$ x to ! gue/s4  
,! au?or ( ,ecclesia/icus ?us  describes
 ?is (fice1 xxxii1 #a1 #b3 8,if ?\ be   
made ! ma/] ( a  fea/1 lift n ?yself up1
 b be among !m z "o ( ! re/3 take       
dilig5t c>e ( !m1 & s sit d[n4 ,& :5 ?\ 
ha/ done all ?y  (fice1 take ?y place1 t
 ?\ maye/ be m]ry ) !m1 & receive  a    
cr[n = ! well ord]+ ( ! fea/40 ,?is     
(fice is m5tion$1  ,john ii1 #h1 #i1 ^u 
:i* ,!ophylact rem>ks3 8,t no "o might  
suspect t _! ta/e 0 vitiat$ by hav+     
drunk to excess1 s z  n to "k wat] f    
w9e1 our ,savi\r ord]s x to be fir/     
c>ri$  to ! gov]nor ( ! fea/1 :o c]ta9ly

 0 sob]2 = ^? :o  on su* occasions are  
intru/$ ) ?is (fice1 obs]ve ! /ricte/   
sobriety1 t !y may be able prop]ly to   
regulate ! :ole40    ,,areopagus1 ! high
 c\rt at ,a!ns1 fam$ = ! ju/ice ( its   
decisions2 & s call$1 because x sat on a
 hill ( ! same "n1 or  9 ! suburbs ( !  
city1 d$icat$ to ,m>s1 ! god ( w>1 z !  
city 0 to ,m9]va1 8 si/]4 ,/4 ,paul1    
,acts xvii1 #ai1 c1 hav+  prea*$ at     
,a!ns1 0 c>ri$ be=e ! ,areopagites1 z 8a
 sett]  =? ( /range gods40 ,on ?is      
occasion he deliv]$ t f9e s]mon  :i* is 
9 sub/ance record$ 9 ,acts xvii4        
,dionysius1 "o ( !  judges1 0 conv]t$2 &
 ! ,apo/le 0 dismiss$ )\t any f>!r      
tr\ble4    ,,argob1 a canton ly+ beyond 
,jordan1 9 ! half tribe ( ,manasseh1 &  
9 ! c\ntry ( ,ba%an1 "o ( ! mo/ fruitful
 on ! o!r side (  ,jordan4 ,9 ! region (
 ,argob !re 7 sixty cities1 call$       
,ba%an-havo?-,jair1 :i* _h v high walls 
& /rong gates1 )\t  reckon+ _m villages 
& hamlets1 :i* 7 n inclos$1 ,deut4 iii1 
#d-ad2 #a ,k+s iv1 #ac4 ,b ,argob 0 m   

peculi>ly ! "n ( !  capital city ( !    
region ( ,argob1 :i* ,eusebius says 0   
fifte5  miles we/ ( ,g]>a4    ,,arians1 
?is anci5t sect1 0 unque/ionably s call$
 f ,arius1 a  presbyt] ( ,alex&ria1 9 ! 
e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x  is said t  
he aspir$ to episcopal hon\rs2 & aft] ! 
dea? (  ,a*illes1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #cac1 felt n
 a little *agr9$ t ,alex&]  %\ld be     
pref]r$ be=e him4 ,:e!r ?is circum/ance 
_h any  influ5ce on 8 op9ions1 x is     
impossible to say2 b "o day1 :5  8 rival
 7,alex&]7 _h be5 address+ ! cl]gy 9    
fav\r ( !  or?odox doctr9e1 & ma9ta9+1 9
 /rong & po9t$ language1  8t ! ,son (   
,god 0 co-et]nal1 co-ess5tial1 &        
co-equal )  ! ,fa!r10 ,arius consid]$   
?is z a species ( ,sabellianism1 &      
v5tur$ to say1 t x 0 inconsi/5t &       
impossible1 s9ce !  ,fa!r1 :o begat1 mu/
 be be=e ! ,son1 :o 0 begott53 !  latt]1
 !re=e1 c\ld n be absolutely et]nal4    
,alex&] at fir/  admoni%$ ,arius1 &     
endeav\r$ to conv9ce him ( 8 error2 b   
)\t effect1 except t he became ! m bold 

9 contradiction4  ,"s ( ! cl]gy ?\ght _!
 bi%op too =be>+1 & x is  possible he   
felt 8 inf]iority ( tal5t2 = ,arius 0 a 
man (  accompli%$ le>n+1 & comm&+       
eloqu5ce2 v5]able 9 p]son1  & fasc9at+ 9
 address4 ,at l5g? ,alex&] 0 r\s$1 &    
attempt$ to sil5ce ,arius by 8 au?ority2
 b ?is n succe$+1  z ! latt] 0 bold &   
p]t9aci\s1 ,alex&]1 ab\t ! ye>  #cbj1   
call$ a c\ncil ( 8 cl]gy1 by :om !      
reput$ h]etic 0  depos$ & excommunicat$4
 ,arius n[ retir$ into ,pale/9e1 :]e  8 
tal5ts & address soon made a numb] (    
conv]ts2 & among !  re/1 ! celebrat$    
,eusebius1 bi%op ( ,nicom$ia1 & o!r     
bi%ops  & cl]gy ( ^? p>ts1 :o assembl$ 9
 c\ncil1 & receiv$ !  excommunicat$     
presbyt] into _! communion4 ,eusebius   
also1 hav+  great int]e/ ) ,con/antia1 !
 si/] ( ,con/ant9e1 & wife (  ,lic9ius1 
recomm5d$ ,arius to h] protection &     
patronage2 ?r\gh  :i*1 & by 8 own       
eloqu5t lett]s to ! cl]gy 9 v>i\s p>ts1 
8 sy/em spread ) great rapidity1 & to a 
va/ ext5t4 ,!  emp]or ,con/ant9e1 :o _h 

no great skill 9 ^! matt]s1 0  griev$ to
 see ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 7b j escap$ f ! r$ 
dragon ( p]secution7 ?us torn by inte/9e
 animosity &  diss5sions2 he !re=e      
det]m9$ to summon a g5]al c\ncil (  !   
cl]gy1 :i* met at ,nice1 ,a4 ,d4 #cbe1 &
 conta9$ m ?an #cjj  bi%ops4 ,con/ant9e 
att5d$ 9 p]son1 & /rongly recomm5d$     
peace & unanimity4 ,a?anasius 0 ! *ief  
oppon5t ( ! ,arians4  ,bo? p>ties 7     
will+ to subscribe to ! language ( !    
,scriptures1 b ea* insi/$ on int]pret+ =
 !mselves4 8,did !  ,tr9it>ians10 says  
,mr4 ,miln]1 8ass]t t ,*ri/ 0 ,god8 ,!  
,arians all[$ x1 b 9 ! same s5se z holy 
m5 & angels are  /yl$ gods 9 ,scripture4
 ,did !y affirm t he 0 truly ,god8 ,!   
o!rs all[$ t he 0 made s by ,god4 ,did  
!y affirm t !  ,son 0 naturally ( ,god8 
,x 0 grant$3 ,ev5 we1 said !y1 are (    
,god1 #8( :om are all ?+s4'0 ,at l5g? ! 
,a?anasians collect$ a  numb] ( texts1  
:i* !y conceiv$ am\nt$ to full pro( ( ! 
,son be+ ( "o & ! same sub/ance ) !     
,fa!r2 ! ,arians  admitt$ he 0 ( l      

sub/ance1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! ,greek  phrases
 be+ only 9 a s+le lett]1--1 homo\sios &
  1 homoi\sios4 ,at l5g? ! =m] 0 decre$ 
to be !  or?odox fai?1 & ! ,nic5e cre$ 0
 fram$ z x rema9s at ?is  day s f> z    
conc]ns ! p]son ( ! ,son ( ,god1 :o is  
said to be  8begott5 ( 8 ,fa!r be=e all 
worlds2 ,god ( ,god1 ,light ( ,light1  v
 ,god ( v ,god1 begott51 n made1 ( "o   
sub/ance ) !  ,fa!r1 by :om all ?+s 7   
made10 c4    ,arius 0 n[ excommunicat$4 
,! s5t5ce ( ! c\ncil pron\nc$  aga9/ him
 & 8 associates 0 foll[$ by ano!r ( !   
emp]or1  :]eby ! excommunicat$ p]sons 7 
condemn$ to bani%m5t1 t  !y might be    
deb>r$ ! society ( _! c\ntrym5 :om !    
*ur*  _h judg$ unwor?y to rema9 9 h]    
communion4 ,soon aft] :i*1  ,eusebius ( 
,nicom$ia1 & ,!ognis ( ,nice1 be+ f\nd  
to cont9ue  _! c\nt5ance & protection to
 ! ,arian cause1 to communicate )  ^?   
:om !y _h ana!matiz$1 & to concur 9 ^?  
s5tim5ts  :i* !y _h condemn$ by _!      
subscriptions2 !y 7 bo?  subject$ to !  
same p5alty ( exile by ! emp]or1 & 7    

actually  depos$1 7z we le>n f          
,a?anasius17 & _h successors orda9$ to  
_! sees1 ?\gh hi/ory is sil5t z to !    
c\ncil by :i* ?is 0  done4 ,b su* 0 !   
good nature & cr$ulity ( ,con/ant9e1 t  
^! m51 by _! usual artifices1 easily    
impos$ ^u him1 &  br\ght him to su* a   
full p]suasion ( _! agreem5t ) ! ,nic5e 
fai?1 t 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s' "t !y 7 n only
 recall$ f  bani%m5t1 b re/or$ to _!    
sees1 & to a consid]able degree (       
int]e/ at c\rt4 ,_! ?or\gh atta*m5t to !
 cause ( ,arius1 &  _! hatr$ (          
,a?anasius1 :o _h s vigor\sly )/ood !m 9
 !  c\ncil1 & 0 n[ advanc$ to ! see (   
,alex&ria1 made !m  wat*ful ( e         
opportunity to defeat ! decisions ( !   
c\ncil4    ,9 ! meantime "o :o wi%$ well
 to _! designs1 & :om  ,con/antia _h ^u 
h] dea? b$ recomm5d$ to ! emp]or1 did s 
f>  prevail ^u ! easy cr$ulity (        
,con/ant9e1 by compla9+ t  ,arius _h be5
 misrepres5t$1 & diff]$ no?+ 9 8        
s5tim5ts  f ! ,nic5e fa!rs1 t ! indulg5t
 emp]or recall$ him f  8 bani%m5t1 &    

requir$ him to exhibit 9 writ+1 a       
confession (  8 fai?4 ,he did ?is 9 su* 
t]ms z1 ?\gh !y admitt$ ( a  lat5t      
res]vation1 yet bore ! appe>ance ( be+  
entirely ca?olic2  & !re=e n only gave  
satisfaction to ! emp]or1 b ev5  (f5d$  
"s ( 8 own foll[]s1 :o f t "t =? sep>at$
  f him4 ,! disc]n+ ,a?anasius 0 n s    
easily impos$ ^u z  ,con/ant9e2 b1 well 
assur$ ( ! h]etic's prev>ication1 0     
resolute 9 refus+ to admit him to       
communion1 :om ! ,nic5e c\ncil  _h s    
op5ly condemn$4 ,^u ?is ! emp]or s5t =  
,arius to  ,con/ant9ople1 & insi/$ ^u 8 
be+ receiv$ into communion1 by  ,alex&]1
 bi%op ( t city4 ,h[ev]1 on ! day be=e  
?is 0 to  h tak5 place1 ,arius di$      
sudd5ly f a compla9t 9 8 b[els4  ,"s    
attribut$ ?is to poison2 o!rs to !      
judgm5t ( ,god4 ,!  emp]or did n long   
survive2 & ,con/antius1 8 successor1    
became  w>mly atta*$ to ! ,arian cause1 
z 7 all ! c\rt p>ty4  ,successive       
emp]ors took diff]5t sides1 & ?us 0 !   
peace ( !  *ur* agitat$ = _m ye>s1 &    

practical religion sacrific$  alt]nately
 to ! dogmas or ! int]e/s ( "o p>ty or !
 o!r2  & ea* 0 9 turn excommunicat$1    
f9$1 imprison$1 or bani%$4  ,con/antius 
support$ ,arianism triumphantly1 ,julian
 laugh$ at bo?  p>ties1 b p]secut$      
nei!r1 ,jovian support$ ! ,nic5e        
doctr9e4  ,val5t9ian1 & 8 bro!r ,val5s1 
took contr>y sides2 ! =m]  support+     
,a?anasianism 9 ! we/1 & ! latt]        
,arianism 9 !  ea/2 s t :at 0 or?odoxy  
at ,rome 0 h]esy at ,con/ant9ople1  &   
vice v]sa4 ,! ,arians !mselves 7 n      
unanim\s1 b divid$  into v>i\s %ades (  
s5tim5t1 "u _! respective lead]s2 z     
,eusebians1 ,eudoxians1 ,acasians1      
,atians1 c2 b ! m g5]al  di/9ction 0    
into ,arians & ,semi-,arians2 ! =m] s9k+
 !  "* ( ! ,son ( ,god into t ( a m]e   
creature1 :ile !  latt] admitt$ e ?+ b !
 homo\sian doctr9e1 or 8  absolute      
equality ) ! ,fa!r4 ,aft] ?is p]iod we  
he> little (  ,arianism1 till x 0 reviv$
 9 ,engl& 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/  c5tury by 
! ecc5tric ,mr4 ,:i/on1 by ,mr4 ,emlyn1 

& ,dr4 ,samuel  ,cl>ke4 ,! latt] 0 :at  
may be call$ a high or ,semi-,arian1 :o 
came )9 a %ade ( or?odoxy2 ! two =m] 7  
l[ ,arians1  r$uc+ ! rank ( our ,savi\r 
to ! scale ( angelic be+s--a  creature  
8made out ( no?+40 ,s9ce ?is "t1 h[ev]1 
bo? ,arians  & ,soc9ians are sunk into !
 common appellation ( ,unit>ians1 or  r 
,humanit>ians1 :o believe our ,savi\r 7z
 ,dr4 ,prie/ley  expresses x7 to be 8a  
man l !mselves40 ,! la/ advocates ( !   
pure ,arian doctr9e1 ( any celebrity1 7 
,mr4 ,h5ry ,taylor1 7"u !  signature (  
,b5 ,mordecai17 & ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,price1 9 
8 8,s]mons on  ! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e40 ,x 
may be prop] to obs]ve1 t ! ,arians1    
?\gh !y d5i$ ! absolute et]nity ( !     
,son1 /rongly  cont5d$ = 8 prexi/5ce1 z 
! ,logos1 or ! ,^w ( ,god1 8by  :om !   
worlds 7 made20 & admitt$1 m or less    
explicitly1 !  sacrifice :i* he (f]$ =  
s9 ^u ! cross4    ,,ariel1 ! capital    
city ( ,moab1 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9       
,scripture1 ,ezra  viii1 #af4 ,see      
,,moab4    ,,arima!a1 or ,,ramah1 n[    

call$ ,raml1 or ,ramla1 a pleasant t[n1 
beautifully situat$ on ! bord]s ( a     
f]tile & ext5sive pla91  ab\nd+ 9 g>d5s1
 v9ey>ds1 olive & date trees4 ,x /&s    
ab\t  ?irty miles nor?-we/ ( ,j]usalem1 
on ! high road to ,jaffa4 ,at ?is       
,rama1 :i* 0 likewise call$ ,rama?aim   
,zophim1 z ly+ 9 !  di/rict ( ,zuph1 or 
,zoph1 ,samuel 0 born1 #a ,sam4 i4 ,?is 
0 likewise  ! native place ( ,joseph1   
call$ ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 :o begg$ &    
obta9$ ! body ( ,jesus f ,pilate1 ,matt4
 xxvi1 #eg4 ,!re 0  ano!r ,ramah1 ab\t  
six miles nor? ( ,j]usalem1 9 a pass :i*
  sep>at$ ! k+doms ( ,israel & ,judah1  
:i* ,baa%a1 k+ (  ,israel1 took & began 
to =tify2 b he 0 oblig$ to rel9qui% x1  
9 consequ5ce ( ! alliance =m$ betwe5    
,asa1 k+ ( ,judah1 &  ,b5hadad1 k+ (    
,syria1 #a ,k+s xv4 ,?is is ! ,ramah1   
suppos$ to be  allud$ to 9 ! lam5tation 
( ,ra*el = h] *ildr54    ,,ari/>*us1    
spok5 ( by ,/4 ,paul 9 8 ,epi/le to !   
,colossians1 iv1  #aj1 & (t5 m5tion$ 9 !
 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,he 0 a            

,mac$onian1 & a native ( ,!ssalonica4   
,he accompani$ ,/4 ,paul to  ,ephesus1 &
 !re cont9u$ ) him dur+ ! two ye>s ( 8  
abode  9 t place1 %>+ ) him 9 all !     
dang]s & lab\rs ( !  m9i/ry1 ,acts xix1 
#bi2 xx1 #d2 xxvii1 #b4 ,he 0 ne> los+ 8
 life 9  a tumult rais$ by ! ,ephesian  
silv]smi?s4 ,he left ,ephesus ) !       
,apo/le1 & w5t ) him into ,greece4 ,f   
!nce he att5d$ him into  ,asia2 f ,asia 
into ,judea1 & f ,judea to ,rome4       
,,ark1 arca1 d5otes a k9d ( float+      
vessel built by ,noah1 = !  pres]vation 
( himself & family1 ) sev]al species (  
animals  dur+ ! deluge4 ,! ,hebrew ^w by
 :i* ! ark is express$1 is   or 1 !     
con/ructive =m ( 1 :i* is evid5tly !    
,greek  2 & s ! ,,lxx r5d] ! ^w 9 ,exod4
 ii1 #c1 :]e only x aga9  occurs4 ,!y   
also r5d] x 2 ,josephus1 2 & ! ,vulgate1
  arcam2 signify+ an ark1 c(f]1 or *e/4 
,al?\gh ! ark ( ,noah  answ]$1 9 "s     
respects1 ! purpose ( a %ip1 x is n s   
c]ta9  t x 0 ( ! same =m & %ape4 ,x has 
be5 inconclusively  argu$ by ,mi*aelis &

 "s o!rs1 t if its =m _h n be5 l  t ( a 
%ip1 x c\ld n h resi/$ ! =ce ( ! waves2 
because x 0 n int5d$ to be conduct$1 l a
 %ip1 f "o place  to ano!r1 b m]ely 8to 
float on ! surface ( ! wat]s10 ,g54     
vii1 #ag4 ,x appe>s to h _h nei!r helm1 
nor ma/1 nor o>s2 b  0 m]ely a bulky    
capaci\s vessel1 light en\gh to be rais$
 al(t  ) all its cont5ts1 by ! gradual  
rise ( ! deluge4 ,its %ape1  !re=e1 0 ( 
little importance2 m especially z x     
seems to h  be5 ! purpose ( ,provid5ce1 
9 ?is :ole transaction1 to signify to   
^? :o 7 sav$1 z well z to _! late/      
po/]ity1 t _!  pres]vation 0 n 9 any    
degree effect$ by human contrivance4 ,! 
ark 9 :i* ,moses 0 expos$ be>s ! same   
"n2 & "s h  ?\ght t bo? 7 ( ! same      
mat]ials4 ,) respect to !  etymology ( !
 ,hebrew ^w1 ! mo/ rational seems to be 
t (  ,clodius1 :o d]ives x f ! ,arabic  
^w 1 8he collect$10 f  :i* is =m$ 1 or 1
 d5ot+ a place 9 :i* ?+s are  collect$4 
,fo/] d$uces x f two ,egyptian words1   
?oi1 8a %ip10  & bai1 8a palm tree      

bran*02 & su* %ips are /ill to be se5 n 
only 9 ,egypt1 b 9 ,india & o!r         
c\ntries2 p>ticul>ly 9 "s  isles ( !    
,pacific ,ocean4    ,to ! insuffici5cy (
 ! ark to conta9 all ! creatures said to
  h be5 br\ght into x1 objections h1 at 
diff]5t times1 be5  made4 ,bi%op ,wilk9s
 & o!rs h le>n$ly discuss$ ?is subject1 
& af=d$ ! mo/ satisfactory answ]s4 ,dr4 
,hales proves ! ark to  h be5 ( ! burd5 
( =ty-two ?\s& f\r hundr$ & ?irte5      
tons2 & asks1 8,c we d\bt ( its be+     
suffici5t to conta9 eight  p]sons1 &    
ab\t two hundr$ or two hundr$ & fifty   
pair (  f\r-foot$ animals1 7a numb] to  
:i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,buffon1 all !      
v>i\s di/9ct species may be r$uc$17     
toge!r ) all !  subsi/5ce necess>y = a  
twelvemon?1 ) ! f[ls ( ! air1 &  su*    
reptiles & insects z _c live "u wat]80  
,all ^! v>i\s  animals 7 controll$ by ! 
p[] ( ,god1 ^: special ag5cy is  suppos$
 9 ! :ole transaction1 & 8! lion 0 made 
to lie d[n  ) ! kid40    ,:e!r ,noah 0  
comm&$ to br+ ) him1 into ! ark1 a pair 

(  all liv+ creatures1 zoologically &   
num]ically consid]$1 has  be5 d\bt$4    
,dur+ ! long p]iod betwe5 ! creation & !
 flood1  animals mu/ h spread !mselves  
ov] a great "p ( !  ant$iluvian e>?1 &  
c]ta9 animals w\ld1 z n[1 probably      
become  indig5\s to c]ta9 climates4 ,!  
pairs sav$ mu/ !re=e1 if all  ! k9ds 7  
includ$1 h travell$ f imm5se di/ances4  
,b (  su* m>*es no intimation is giv5 9 
! hi/ory2 & ?is seems to  r5d] x        
probable t ! animals :i* ,noah 0 8to br+
 ) him0  into ! ark1 7 ! animals clean &
 unclean ( ! c\ntry 9 :i*  he dwelt1 &  
:i*1 f ! capacity ( ! ark1 mu/ h be5 9  
great v>iety & numb]4 ,! t]ms us$1 x is 
true1 are univ]sal2 &  x is satisfactory
 to "k1 t if tak5 9 ! l>ge/ s5se !re 0  
ample accommodation 9 ! ark4 ,nev]!less1
 univ]sal t]ms 9  ,scripture are n      
always to be tak5 ma!matically1 & 9 !   
vision  ( ,pet]1 ! phrase     1--all !  
f\r-foot$  bea/s ( ! e>?1 mu/ be        
und]/ood ( v>ii g5]is quadrup$es1  z    
,s*leusn] p>aphrases x4 ,?us we may     

easily acc\nt = ! exuvi  ( animals1 ^:  
species no long] exi/1 :i* h be5        
discov]$ 9  v>i\s places4 ,! numb] ( su*
 ext9ct species probably has be5        
greatly ov]-rat$ by ,cuvi]2 b ( ! fact1 
to a consid]able ext5t1  !re c be no    
d\bt4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t !       
presumptive  evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ! fact (
 ! prep>ation ( su* a vessel1  & ( !    
sup]natural circum/ances :i* att5d$ x1  
is exce$+ly  /rong4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 !    
only solution ( a difficulty :i* has no 
o!r explanation2 = z a univ]sal deluge  
is confirm$ by ! g5]al  hi/ory ( ! _w1 &
 by a v>iety ( exi/+ facts & monum5ts1  
su* a /ructure z ! ark1 = ! pres]vation 
& su/5ance (  v>i\s animals1 seems to h 
be5 absolutely necess>y2 = z we c  trace
 up ! fir/ imp]fect rudim5ts ( ! art (  
%ip build+ among  ! ,greeks1 !re c\ld be
 no %ips be=e ! flood2 &1 consequ5tly1  
no animals c\ld h be5 sav$4 ,nay1 x is  
highly improbable t ev5  m5 & dome/ic   
animals c\ld be sav$1 n to m5tion wild  
bea/s1  s]p5ts1 c1 ?\gh we %\ld admit t 

! ant$iluvians _h  %ipp+1 unless we %\ld
 suppose1 also1 t !y _h a div9e         
intimation respect+ ! flood1 su* z      
,moses relates2 b ?is w\ld  be to give  
up ! cause ( infidelity4 ,mr4 ,bryant   
has collect$ a  v>iety ( anci5t         
hi/orical relations1 :i* %[ t "s records
  conc]n+ ! ark _h be5 pres]v$ among mo/
 nations ( ! _w1  & 9 ! g5]al sy/em (   
,g5tile my?ology4 ,abyd5us1 ) :om all  !
 ea/]n writ]s concur1 in=ms u t ! place 
( desc5t f  ! ark 0 ,arm5ia2 & t its    
rema9s _h be5 pres]v$ = a long  "t4     
,plut>* m5tions ! ,noa*ic dove1 & its   
be+ s5t out ( !  ark4 ,lucian speaks (  
,deucalion's go+ =? f ! ark1 & rais+  an
 alt> to ,god4 ,! prie/s ( ,ammonia _h a
 cu/om1 at p>ticul>  seasons1 ( c>ry+ 9 
procession a boat1 9 :i* 0 an oracul>   
%r9e1 held 9 great v5]ation3 & ?is cu/om
 ( c>ry+ ! deity  9 an ark or boat 0 9  
use also among ! ,egyptians4 ,bi%op     
,pococke  has pres]v$ ?ree specim5s (   
anci5t sculpture1 9 :i* ?is  c]emony is 
display$4 ,!y 7 v anci5t1 & f\nd by him 

9 ,upp]  ,egypt4 ,! %ip ( ,isis ref]r$  
to ! ark1 & its "n1 8,b>is10 0  t ( !   
m\nta9 correspond+ to ,ar>at 9 ,arm5ia4 
,bryant f9ds  ref]5ce to ! ark 9 !      
temples ( ! s]p5t wor%ip1 call$         
,dracontia2 & also 9 t ( ,seso/ris1     
fa%ion$ aft] ! model (  ! ark1 9        
commemoration ( :i* x 0 built1 &        
consecrat$ to  ,osiris at ,!ba2 & he    
conjectures t ! city1 said to be "o ( ! 
mo/ anci5t 9 ,egypt1 z well z ! prov9ce1
 0 d5om9at$ f x1  ,!ba be+ ! appellation
 ( ! ark4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 z well z  9  
,egypt1 an ark1 or %ip1 0 introduc$ 9 _!
 my/]ies1 & (t5  c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! seasons 
( _! fe/ivals4 ,he f9ds1 also1 9 !  /ory
 ( ! ,argonauts sev]al p>ticul>s1 t are 
?\ght to ref] to  ! ark ( ,noah4 ,z _m  
cities1 n 9 ,egypt only & ,botia1 b 9   
,cilicia1 ,ionia1 ,attica1 ,ph?iotis1   
,cataonia1 ,syria1 & ,italy1 7  call$   
,!ba2 s likewise ! city ,apamea 0       
d5om9at$ ,cibotus1  f 1 9 memory ( !    
ark1 & ( ! hi/ory connect$ )  x4 ,! ark1
 accord+ to ! traditions ( ! ,g5tile _w1

 0  prophetic2 & 0 reg>d$ z a k9d (     
temple or resid5ce ( !  deity4 ,x       
compreh5d$ all mank9d1 )9 ! circle (    
eight p]sons1  :o 7 ?\ght to be s highly
 fav\r$ ( ,heav5 t !y at la/  7 reput$  
to be deities4 ,h5ce 9 ! anci5t my?ology
 ( ,egypt1  !re 7 precisely eight gods2 
& ! ark 0 e/eem$ an emblem (  ! sy/em ( 
! heav5s4 ,! pr9cipal t]ms by :i* !     
anci5ts  di/+ui%$ ! ark 7 ,!ba1 ,b>is1  
,arguz1 ,ar51 ,ar5e1 ,arni1  ,l>is1     
,b\tas1 ,botus1 & ,cibotus2 & out ( ^!  
!y =m$  diff]5t p]sonages4 ,see         
,,deluge4    ,,ark ,,( ,,! ,,cov5ant1 a 
small *e/ or c(f]1 ?ree feet n9e in*es 9
  l5g?1 two feet ?ree in*es 9 bread?1 & 
two feet ?ree in*es 9  height2 9 :i* 7  
conta9$ ! gold5 pot t _h manna1 ,a>on's 
rod1 & ! tables ( ! cov5ant1 ,num4 xvii1
 #aj2 ,heb4 ix1 #d4 ,?is  c(f] 0 made ( 
%ittim wood1 & 0 cov]$ ) a lid1 call$ ! 
m]cy seat1 ,exod4 xxv1 #ag-bb1 c1 :i* 0 
( solid gold1 at ! two  ends :]e( 7 two 
figures1 call$ *]ubim1 look+ t[>d ea*   
o!r1 ) exp&$ w+s1 :i*1 embrac+ ! :ole   

circumf]5ce (  ! m]cy seat1 met 9 !     
middle4 ,! :ole1 accord+ to ! rabb9s1  0
 made out ( ! same mass1 )\t any ( !    
p>ts be+ jo9$ by  sold]4 ,ov] ?is x 0 t 
! ,%e*9ah1 or visible display ( !  div9e
 pres5ce 9 a lum9\s cl\d re/$1 bo? 9 !  
tab]nacle &  9 ! temple1 ,lev4 xvi1 #b2 
& f h5ce ! div9e oracles 7 giv5  =? by  
an audible voice1 z (t5 z ,god 0        
consult$ 9 behalf (  8 p4 ,h5ce x is t  
,god is said 9 ,scripture to dwell      
betwe5  ! *]ubim1 on ! m]cy seat1       
because !re 0 ! seat or ?rone (  !      
visible appe>ance ( 8 glory among !m1 #b
 ,k+s xix1 #ae2 #b  ,*ron1 xiii1 #f2    
,psalm lxxx1 #a1 c2 & = ?is reason !    
high prie/  appe>$ be=e ! m]cy seat once
 e ye>1 on ! great day (  expiation1 at 
:i* "t he 0 to make 8 ne>e/ approa* to !
  div9e pres5ce1 to m$iate & make       
atonem5t = ! :ole p (  ,israel4 ,on !   
two sides ( ! ark !re 7 f\r r+s ( gold1 
two  on ea* side1 ?r\gh :i* /aves1      
ov]laid ) gold1 7 put1 by  means :]e( !y
 c>ri$ x z !y m>*$ ?r\gh ! wild]ness1   

c1 on ! %\ld]s ( ! ,levites1 ,exod4 xxv1
 #ac1 #ad2 xxvii1 #e4 ,aft]  ! passage (
 ! ,jordan1 ! ark cont9u$ = "s "t at    
,gilgal1  f :5ce x 0 remov$ to ,%iloh4  
,f ?is place ! ,israelites  c>ri$ x to  
_! camp1 :]e1 9 an engagem5t ) !        
,phili/9es1  x fell into _! h&s4 ,!     
,phili/9es1 hav+ gott5 possession (  !  
ark1 c>ri$ x 9 triumph to "o ( _!       
pr9cipal cities1 nam$  ,a%dod1 & plac$ x
 9 ! temple ( ,dagon1 ^: image fell to !
  gr\nd & 0 brok54 ,! ,phili/9es also 7 
s afflict$ )  em]ods1 t !y aft]w>d      
return$ ! ark ) v>i\s pres5ts2 &  x 0   
lodg$ at ,kirja?-,je>im1 & aft]w>d at   
,nob4 ,david convey$ x  to ! h\se (     
,ob$$om1 & f !nce to 8 palace at ,zion2 
&  la/ly1 ,solomon br\ght x into !      
temple :i* he _h built at  ,j]usalem4 ,x
 rema9$ 9 ! temple till ! times ( ! la/ 
k+s (  ,judah1 :o gave !mselves up to   
idolatry1 & ev5 d>$ to place _!  idols 9
 ! holy temple itself4 ,! prie/s1 be+   
unable to be> ?is  pr(anation1 took !   
ark & c>ri$ x f place to place1 to      

pres]ve x f ! h&s ( ^? impi\s pr9ces4   
,josiah comm&$  !m to br+ x back to !   
sanctu>y1 & x 0 accord+ly replac$1  #b  
,*ron4 xxxv1 #c4 ,:at became ( ! ark at 
! de/ruction ( !  temple by             
,nebu*adnezz>1 is a dispute among !     
rabb9s4 ,_h x be5  c>ri$ to ,babylon ) !
 o!r vessels ( ! temple1 x w\ld1 9  all 
probability1 h be5 br\ght back ) !m at !
 close ( !  captivity4 ,b t ?is 0 n !   
case1 is agre$ on all h&s2  :5ce x is   
probable t x 0 de/roy$ ) ! temple4    ,!
 ark ( ! cov5ant 01 z x 71 ! c5tre (    
wor%ip to all  ^? ( ! ,hebrew nation :o 
s]v$ ,god accord+ to ! ,levitical  law2 
& n only 9 ! temple1 :5 !y came ?i!r to 
wor%ip1 b  e :]e else 9 _! disp]sions   
?r\gh ! :ole _w2 :5ev]  !y pray$1 !y    
turn$ _! faces t[>d ! place :]e ! ark   
/ood1 & direct$ all _! devotions t way1 
,dan4 vi1 #aj4 ,:5ce  ! au?or ( ! book (
 ,cosri1 ju/ly says1 t ! ark1 ) !  m]cy 
seat & *]ubim1 7 ! f\ndation1 root1     
he>t1 & m>r[ (  ! :ole temple1 & all !  
,levitical wor%ip p]=m$ !re92 &1  !re=e1

 _h !re be5 no?+ else want+ 9 ! second  
temple b  ! ark only1 ?is alone w\ld h  
be5 a suffici5t reason = ! old  m5 to h 
wept :5 !y rememb]$ ! fir/ temple 9 :i* 
x  /ood2 & = ! say+ ( ,haggai1 ii1 #c1 t
 ! second temple 0  z no?+ comp>$ ) !   
fir/2 s great a %>e _h ! ark ( !        
cov5ant 9 ! glory ( ,solomon's temple4  
,h[ev]1 ! defect 0  suppli$ z to !      
outw>d =m1 = 9 ! second temple !re 0    
also  an ark ( ! same dim5sions ) !     
fir/1 & put 9 ! same place2  b x want$ !
 tables ( ! law1 ,a>on's rod1 & ! pot ( 
manna2  nor 0 !re any appe>ance ( !     
div9e glory ov] x2 nor any  oracles     
deliv]$ f x4 ,! only use t 0 made ( x 0 
to be a  repres5tation ( ! =m] on !     
great day ( expiation1 & to be a        
repository ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 t is1 
( ! orig9al copy ( t  collection ( !m   
made by ,ezra aft] ! captivity2 9       
imitation (  :i* ! ,jews1 9 all _!      
synagogues1 h a l ark or c(f] 9  :i* !y 
keep _! ,scriptures4    ,= ! temple (   
,solomon a new ark 0 n made2 b he       

con/ruct$  *]ubim 9 ! mo/ holy place1   
:i* 7 design$ to give additional  /ate  
to ?is mo/ sacr$ symbol ( ,god's grace &
 m]cy4 ,^!  *]ubim 7 fifte5 feet high1 &
 7 plac$ at equal di/ance f  ! c5tre ( !
 ark & f ea* side ( ! wall1 s t _!  w+s 
be+ exp&$1 ! two w+s :i* 7 ext5d$ beh9d 
t\*$  ! wall1 & ! o!r two met ov] ! ark 
& s ov]%ad[$ x4  ,:5 ^! magnific5t      
*]ubim 7 f9i%$1 ! ark 0 br\ght 9  &     
plac$ "u _! w+s1 #b ,*ron4 v1 #g-aj4    
,! ark 0 call$ ! ark ( ! cov5ant1       
because x 0 a symbol (  ! cov5ant betwe5
 ,god & 8 p4 ,x 0 also nam$ ! ark (  !  
te/imony1 because ! two tables :i* 7    
deposit$ 9 x 7  witnesses aga9/ e       
transgression4    ,,arm4 ,z x is by ?is 
memb] ( ! body t we *iefly ex]t our     
/r5g?1 x is !re=e us$ 9 ,scripture = an 
emblem ( p[]4 ,?us  ,god is said to h   
deliv]$ 8 p f ,egyptian bondage 8) a    
/ret*$-out arm10 ,deut4 v1 #ae2 & he ?us
 ?reat5s ,eli ! high  prie/1 8,i w cut  
(f ?9e arm1 & ! arm ( ?y fa!r's h\se10  
#a  ,sam4 ii1 #ca2 t is1 ,i w deprive !e

 & ?y family ( p[] &  au?ority4         
,,armag$don1 a place spok5 (1 ,rev4 xvi1
 #af1 :i* lit]ally signifies  8! m\nta9 
( ,mag$don10 or 8,megiddo10 a city      
situat$ 9 ! great  pla9 at ! foot (     
,m\nt ,c>mel1 :]e ! good pr9ce ,josiah  
receiv$  8 mortal w\nd1 9 ! battle aga9/
 ,ne*o1 k+ ( ,egypt4 ,at  ,armag$don1 ! 
?ree unclean spirits com+ out ( !       
dragon's m\?  %all ga!r toge!r ! k+s ( !
 e>?1 to ! battle ( ! great  day ( ,god 
,almighty1 ,rev4 xvi1 #ac1 #ad2 :]e ! ^w
 ,armag$don1  accord+ to ,mr4 ,pool1    
does n signify any p>ticul> place1 b is 
us$ 9 allusion to ,megiddo1 m5tion$     
,judges v1 #ai1 :]e ,b>ak  ov]came      
,sis]a ) 8 great army1 & :]e ,josiah 0  
sla91 #b ,k+s  xxiii1 #cj4 ,if s1 ! t]m 
mu/ h be5 a prov]bial "o = a place  (   
de/ruction & m\rn+4    ,,arm5ia1 a      
consid]able c\ntry ( ,asia1 hav+ ,col*is
 & ,ib]ia on  ! nor?1 ,m$ia on ! ea/1   
,mesopotamia on ! s\?1 ,pontus &        
,cappadocia on ! we/1 & ! ,euphrates &  
,syria on ! s\?-we/4  ,arm5ia is (t5    

conf\nd$ ) ,arama1 ! l& ( ,aram or      
,syria2 b  !y are totally diff]5t4      
,arm5ia1 :i* is sep>at$ f ,aram by      
,m\nt ,taurus1 0 s d5om9at$ f ,ar-,m51 !
 m\nta9\s c\ntry (  ,m5i or ,m9ni1 ! p (
 :i* c\ntry are m5tion$ "u ?is "n  by   
,j]emiah1 :5 summon+ ! nations aga9/    
,babylon4    ,! p ( ?is c\ntry h 9 all  
ages ma9ta9$ a great  simil>ity ( "*1   
p>tly comm]cial & p>tly pa/oral4 ,!y  h1
 9 fact1 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,asiatic   
cont95t1 be5 :at  ! ,cu%ites &          
,i%maelites 7 9 ! s\?1 t5d]s ( cattle1  
liv+ on ! produce ( _! flocks & h]ds1 & 
c>ri]s (  m]*&ize betwe5 ! neighb\r+    
nations2 a "p liv+ at home )  _! flocks1
 & a "p travell+ z m]*ants & deal]s into
  di/ant c\ntries4 ,9 ! fl\ri%+ times ( 
,tyre1 ! ,arm5ians1  accord+ to         
,ezekiel1 xxvii1 #ad1 br\ght horses &   
mules to ! m>kets  ( t city2 &1 accord+ 
to ,h]odotus1 !y _h a consid]able trade 
9 w9e1 :i* !y s5t d[n ! ,euphrates to   
,babylon1 c4 ,at !  pres5t day1 !       
,arm5ians are ! pr9cipal trad]s ( ! ea/2

 &  are to be f\nd 9 ! capacity (       
m]*ants or comm]cial ag5ts all  ov]     
,asia1 a pati5t1 frugal1 indu/ri\s1 &   
hone/ p1 ^:  kn[n "* = ^! virtues has   
)/ood ! tyranny &  extortions ( ! wret*$
 gov]nm5ts "u :i* !y *iefly live4    ,! 
religion ( ! ,arm5ians is a corrupt     
,*ri/ianity ( ! sect (  ,euty*es2 t is1 
!y own b "o nature 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,_!  
rites  p>take ( ^? ( ! ,greek & ,lat9   
*ur*es1 b !y reject !  idolatries ( bo?4
 ,x is inde$ a rem>kable in/ance ( !    
firmness  ( ?is p1 t :ile ! surr\nd+    
nations submitt$ to !  religion z well z
 ! arms ( ! ,turks1 !y h pres]v$ !      
purity ( _! anci5t fai?1 su* z x is1 to 
! pres5t day4 ,x  _c be suppos$ b t !   
,turks us$ e ef=t to impose on !        
conqu]$ ,arm5ians ! doctr9es ( ! ,koran4
 ,m tol]ant1 inde$1  ?an ! ,s>ac5s1     
lib]ty ( consci5ce 0 /ill n to be       
pur*as$  ( !m b by great sacrifices1 :i*
 = ?ree c5turies ! ,arm5ians  h pati5tly
 endur$1 & exhibit to ! _w an hon\rable 
&  solit>y in/ance ( a successful       

national opposition ( ,*ri/ianity to    
,mohamm$anism4    ,,arm5ian ,,*ur*1 a   
bran*1 orig9ally1 ( ! ,greek *ur*1      
resid+ 9  ,arm5ia4 ,!y probably receiv$ 
,*ri/ianity 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,mr4       
,yeates gives ! mo/ rec5t acc\nt ( !m3--
    8,_! :ole ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t  
is "u ! gov]nm5t (  f\r patri>*s2 ! fir/
 has 8 resid5ce 9 ,e*miadz91 or         
,egmia?91 ne> ,irivan2 ! second1 at     
,sis1 9 ! less] ,arm5ia2 !  ?ird1 9     
,georgia2 & ! f\r?1 9 ,a*tam>1 or       
,altam>1 on ! ,lake  ( ,van2 b ! p[] ( !
 two la/ is b\nd$ )9 _! own  diocesses1 
:ile ! o!rs h m ext5sive au?ority1 & !  
patri>* ( ,egmia?an has1 or _h1 "u him  
eighte5 bi%ops1 beside  ^? :o are priors
 ( mona/]ies4 ,! ,arm5ians e :]e p]=m   
div9e s]vice 9 _! own tongue1 9 :i* _!  
liturgy & (fices  are writt51 9 !       
dialect ( ! f\r? or fif? c5turies4 ,!y h
  ! :ole ,bible translat$ f !           
,septuag9t1 z !y say1 s e>ly z  ! "t (  
,*ryso/om4 ,! ,arm5ian confession is    
simil> to t (  ! ,jacobite ,*ri/ians1   

bo? be+ ,monophysites1 ackn[l$g+ b "o   
nature 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/2 b ?is1 accord+
 to ,mr4 ,simon1 is  little m ?an a     
dispute ab\t t]ms2 few ( !m be+ able to 
ent]  into ! subtilties ( polemics4     
8,9 ! ye> #affd1 an ,arm5ian bi%op1 nam$
 ,uscan1 visit$ ,europe =  ! purpose (  
gett+ pr9t$ ! ,arm5ian ,bible1 &        
communicat$ !  above p>ticul>s to ,mr4  
,simon4 ,9 #affg1 a c]ta9 patri>* ( !   
less] ,arm5ia visit$ ,rome1 & made a    
pr(ession ( fai? :i* 0  consid]$        
or?odox1 & procur$ him a cordial        
reception1 ) ! hope  ( reconcil+ !      
,arm5ian ,*ri/ians to ! ,roman *ur*2 b1 
be=e  he got out ( ,italy1 x 0 f\nd he  
_h prev>icat$1 & /ill  p]si/$ 9 ! errors
 ( 8 *ur*4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ,clem5t ,,ix1  
wrote to ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 9 fav\r ( "s    
,ca?olic conv]ts 9  ,arm5ia1 & receiv$ a
 fav\rable answ]2 b ! ,arm5ian *ur* c\ld
  nev] be p]suad$ to ackn[l$ge !        
au?ority ( ,rome4    8,!y h among !m a  
numb] ( mona/]ies & conv5ts1 9 :i* is   
ma9ta9$ a sev]e discipl9e2 m>riage is   

disc\nt5anc$1 ?\gh n  absolutely        
prohibit$2 a m>ri$ prie/ _c obta9       
promotion1 & !  high] cl]gy are n all[$ 
to m>ry4 ,!y wor%ip 9 ! ea/]n  mann]1 by
 pro/ration3 !y are v sup]/iti\s1 & _!  
c]emonies mu* resemble ^? ( ! ,greek    
*ur*4 ,once 9 _! lives  !y g5]ally p]=m 
a pilgrimage to ,j]usalem2 & 9 #ahai1 ! 
numb] ( ,arm5ian pilgrims 0 ?irte5      
hundr$1 ne>ly z _m z !  ,greeks4 ,dr4   
,bu*anan1 h[ev]1 says1 #8,( all !       
,*ri/ians 9 c5tral  ,asia1 !y h pres]v$ 
!mselves mo/ free f ,mohamm$an & ,papal 
corruptions4'0    ,,armies4 ,9 ! reign (
 ,david1 ! ,hebrews acquir$ su* skill 9 
!  milit>y art1 toge!r ) su* /r5g?1 z   
gave !m a decid$  sup]iority ov] _!     
competitors on ! field ( battle4 ,david 
increas$ ! /&+ army1 :i* ,saul _h       
introduc$4 ,solomon  introduc$ cavalry  
into ! milit>y =ce ( ! nation1 also     
*>iots4  ,bo? cavalry & *>iots 7 reta9$ 
9 ! subsequ5t age2 an age1  9 :i*       
milit>y arms 7 improv$ 9 _! con/ruction1
 ! sci5ce  ( =tification made advances1 

& l>ge armies 7 mu/]$4 ,f  ?is p]iod1   
till ! "t :5 ! ,hebrews became subject  
to !  ,assyrians & ,*aldeans1 b little  
improvem5t 0 made 9 ! arts (  w>4 ,!    
,maccabees1 aft] ! return ( ! ,hebrews f
 ! captivity1  gave a new exi/5ce to !  
milit>y art among !m4 ,b _!  desc5dants 
7 "u ! necessity ( submitt+ to ! sup]ior
 p[]  ( ! ,romans4    ,:5ev] !re 0 an   
imm$iate prospect ( w>1 a levy 0 made by
 !  g5ealogi/s1 ,deut4 xx1 #e-i4 ,9 ! "t
 ( ! k+s1 !re 0 a head  or rul] ( !     
p]sons1 t made ! levy1 d5om9at$ 1 :o    
kept  an acc\nt ( ! numb] ( ! soldi]s1 b
 :o is1 nev]!less1 to  be di/+ui%$ f !  
g5]alissimo1 1 #b ,*ron4 xxvi1 #aa4     
,comp>e #b ,sam4 viii1 #ag2 xx1 #be2 #a 
,*ron4 xviii1 #af4 ,aft] ! levy 0  fully
 made out1 ! g5ealogi/s gave public     
notice1 t ! foll[+  p]sons might be     
excus$1 f milit>y s]vice1 ,deut4 xx1    
#e-h3 #a4 ,^?  :o _h built a h\se1 & _h 
n yet inhabit$ x4 #b4 ,^? :o _h  plant$ 
a 1 t is1 an olive or v9e g>d51 & _h n z
 yet  ta/$ ! fruit ( x2 an exemption1   

consequ5tly1 :i* ext5d$  ?r\gh ! fir/   
five ye>s aft] su* plant+4 #c4 ,^? :o _h
  b>ga9$ = a sp\se1 b _h n celebrat$ !  
nuptials2 also ^?  :o _h n z yet liv$ ) 
_! wife1 = a ye>4 #d4 ,!  fa9t-he>t$1 :o
 w\ld be likely to disc\rage o!rs1 & :o1
 if  !y _h gone into battle1 :]e1 9 ^?  
e>ly times1 e ?+  dep5d$ on p]sonal     
pr[ess1 w\ld only h fall5 victims4      
,at ! head ( ea* rank or file ( fifty1 0
 ! capta9 ( fifty4 ,!  o!r divisions    
consi/$ ( a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 & t5 ?\s&   
m51 ea* "o ( :i* 0 head$ by its         
appropriate comm&]4 ,^!  divisions rank$
 9 respect to ea* o!r accord+ to _!     
families1  & 7 subject to ! au?ority ( !
 heads ( ^? families1 #b  ,*ron4 xxv1   
#e2 xxvi1 #ab1 #ac4 ,! c5turions1 &     
*ili>*s or  capta9s ( ?\s&s1 7 admitt$  
into ! c\ncils ( w>1 #a ,*ron4  xiii1   
#a-c2 #a ,sam4 xviii1 #ac4 ,! lead] ( ! 
:ole army 0  d5om9at$ 1 ! capta9 ( !    
ho/4 ,! g5ealogi/s1 79  ! ,engli%       
v]sion1 (fic]s17 accord+ to a law 9     
,deut4 xx1 #i1 _h  ! "r ( appo9t+ !     

p]sons :o 7 to act z (fic]s 9 !  army2 &
 !y1 und\bt$ly1 made x a po9t1 9 _!     
selections1 to  *oose ^? :o are call$   
heads ( families4 ,! practice ( ?us     
select+ milit>y (fic]s ceas$ "u ! k+s4  
,"s ( !m 7  !n *os5 by ! k+1 & 9 o!r    
in/ances ! (fice became  p]man5t &      
h]$it>y 9 ! heads ( families4 ,bo? k+s &
  g5]als _h arm\r be>]s1  4 ,!y 7 *os5 f
 ! brave/  ( ! soldi]y1 & n only bore ! 
arms ( _! ma/]s1 b 7  employ$ to give 8 
comm&s to ! subord9ate capta9s1 & 7     
pres5t at 8 side 9 ! h\r ( p]il1 #a     
,sam4 xiv1 #f2 xvii1 #g4 ,!  infantry1 !
 cavalry1 & ! *>iots ( w> 7 s arrang$1 z
 to  make sep>ate divisions ( an army1  
,exod4 xiv1 #f1 #g4 ,! infantry 7       
divid$ likewise into light-arm$ troops1 
1 & into spe>m51  ,g5esis xlix1 #ai2 #a 
,samuel xxx1 #h1 #ae1 #bc2 #b ,sam4 iii1
 #bb2 iv1 #b2 xxii1  #cj2 ,psalm xviii1 
#cj2 #b ,k+s v1 #b2 ,hosea vii1 #a4 ,!  
light-arm$  infantry 7 furni%$ ) a sl+ &
 javel91 ) a b[1 arr[s1  & quiv]1 &     
also1 at lea/ 9 latt] times1 ) a buckl]4

 ,!y  f\ght ! enemy at a di/ance4 ,!    
spe>m51 on ! contr>y1 :o 7  arm$ )      
spe>s1 swords1 & %ields1 f\ght h& to h&1
 #a ,*ron4  xii1 #bd1 #cd2 #b ,*ron4    
xiv1 #h2 xvii1 #ag4 ,! light-arm$ troops
 7  commonly tak5 f ! tribes ( ,ephraim 
& ,b5jam91 #b ,*ron4 xiv1 #h2  xvii1    
#ag4 ,comp>e ,g54 xlix1 #bg2 ,psalm     
lxxviii1 #i4    ,! art ( lay+ out an    
encampm5t appe>s to h be5 well und]/ood 
9 ,egypt1 long be=e ! dep>ture ( !      
,hebrews f t c\ntry4 ,x  0 !re t ,moses 
became acqua9t$ ) t mode ( encamp+1     
:i*1 9 ! second *apt] ( ,numb]s1 is     
prescrib$ to ! ,hebrews4  ,9 ! encampm5t
 ( ! ,israelites1 x appe>s t ! holy     
tab]nacle  occupi$ ! c5tre4 ,9 ref]5ce  
to ?is circum/ance1 x may be  rem>k$1 t 
x is ! common practice 9 ! ea/1 = !     
pr9ce or  lead] ( a tribe to h 8 t5t    
pit*$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! o!rs2  & x ought n  
to be =gott51 t ,god1 ^: t5t or palace 0
 !  holy tab]nacle1 0 ! pr9ce1 ! lead] (
 ! ,hebrews4 ,! t5ts  ne>e/ to !        
tab]nacle 7 ^? ( ! ,levites1 ^: bus9ess 

x  0 to wat* x1 9 ! mann] ( a ,pretorian
 gu>d4 ,! family (  ,g]%om pit*$ to !   
we/1 t ( ,keha? to ! s\?1 t ( ,m]>i  to 
! nor?4 ,! prie/s occupi$ a position to 
! ea/1 opposite to  ! entrance ( !      
tab]nacle1 ,num4 i1 #ec2 iii1 #ba-ch4   
,at "s di/ance  to ! ea/1 7 ! tribes (  
,judah1 ,issa*>1 & ,zebulon2 on !  s\? 7
 ^? ( ,reub51 ,simeon1 & ,gad2 to ! we/ 
7 ,ephraim1  ,manasseh1 & ,b5jam92 to ! 
nor?1 ,dan1 ,a%]1 & ,nap?ali4 ,!  p 7   
?us divid$ into f\r bodies1 ?ree tribes 
to a division2  ea* ( :i* divisions _h  
its sep>ate /&>d1 4 ,ea* ( !  l>ge      
family associations likewise1 ( :i* !   
diff]5t tribes 7  compos$1 _h a sep>ate 
/&>d1 t]m$1 9 contradi/9ction f !  o!r1 
2 & e ,hebrew 0 oblig$ to numb] himself 
) 8  p>ticul> division1 & foll[ 8       
appropriate /&>d4 ,( milit>y  /&>ds1 !re
 71--#a4 ,! /&>d1 d5om9at$ 2 "o ( :i*   
p]ta9$ to ea* ( ! f\r g5]al divisions4  
,! f\r /&>ds (  ?is "n 7 l>ge1 &        
ornam5t$ ) col\rs 9 :ite1 purple1       
crimson1 & d>k blue4 ,! ,jewi% ,rabb9s  

ass]t1 7f\nd+ _!  /atem5t on ,g5esis    
xlix1 #c1 #i1 #ag1 #bb1 :i* 9 ?is case  
is v  d\btful au?ority17 t ! fir/ ( ^!  
/&>ds1 namely1 t1 (  ,judah1 bore a     
lion2 ! second1 or t ( ,reub51 bore a   
man2 t (  ,ephraim1 :i* 0 ! ?ird1       
display$ ! figure ( a bull2 :ile t  (   
,dan1 :i* 0 ! f\r?1 exhibit$ !          
repres5tation ( *]ubim4  ,!y 7 wr\ght   
into ! /&>ds ) embroid]$ "w4 #b4 ,!     
/&>d1 call$ 4 ,! ensign ( ?is "n belong$
 to ! sep>ate  classes ( families4 #c4  
,! /&>d1 call$ 4 ,?is /&>d 0 n1  l !    
o!rs1 borne f place to place4 ,x appe>s 
f ,num4 xxi1 #h1  #i1 t x 0 a long pole1
 fix$ into ! e>?4 ,a flag 0 fa/5$ to    
its top1 :i* 0 agitat$ by ! w9d1 & se5  
at a great di/ance1  ,j]4 iv1 #f1 #ba2  
li1 #b1 #ab1 #bg2 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #g4 ,9  
ord] to r5d] x  visible1 z f> z         
possible1 x 0 erect$ on l(ty m\nta9s1 & 
0  9 ?is way us$ z a signal1 to assemble
 soldi]s4 ,x no soon] made  its         
appe>ance on su* an elevat$ position1   
?an ! w>-cry 0  utt]$1 & ! trumpets 7   

bl[n1 ,isaiah v1 #bf2 xiii1 #b2 xviii1  
#c2  xxx1 #ag2 xlix1 #bb2 lxii1 #aj-ac4 
,be=e battle ! v>i\s k9ds ( arms 7 put  
into ! be/ ord]2  ! %ields 7 ano9t$1 & !
 soldi]s refre%$ !mselves by  tak+ food1
 le/ !y %\ld become we>y & fa9t "u !    
pressure  ( _! lab\rs1 ,j]4 xlvi1 #c1   
#d2 ,isaiah xxi1 #e4 ,! soldi]s1 m      
especially ! g5]als & k+s1 except :5 !y 
wi%$ to rema9  unkn[n1 #a ,k+s xxii1    
#cj-cd1 7 clo!d 9 spl5did habilim5ts1   
:i* are d5om9at$1 -1 ! sacr$ dress1     
,psalm cx1 #c4 ,x  0 ! duty ( ! prie/s1 
be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! battle1 to  exhort
 ! ,hebrews to exhibit t c\rage :i* 0   
requir$ by !  exig5cy ( ! occasion4 ,!  
words :i* !y us$ 7 z  foll[s3--8,he>1 ,o
 ,israel2 ye approa* ?is day unto battle
 aga9/ y\r  enemies2 let n y\r he>ts    
fa9t2 fe> n1 & d n tremble2  nei!r be ye
 t]rifi$1 because ( !m4 ,= ! ,"l y\r    
,god is he  t goe? ) y1 to fight = y    
aga9/ y\r enemies1 to save  y10 ,deut4  
xx1 #b1 c4 ,! la/ c]emony1 previ\s to an
 engagem5t1 0  ! s\nd+ ( ! sacr$        

trumpets by ! prie/s1 ,num4 x1 #i1 #aj2 
#b  ,*ron4 xiii1 #ab-ad2 #a ,macc4 iii1 
#ed4    ,,arm9ianism1 /rictly speak+1 is
 t sy/em ( religi\s doctr9e  :i* 0      
taught by ,arm9ius1 pr(essor ( div9ity 9
 ! univ]sity (  ,leyd54 ,if !re=e we    
w\ld le>n precisely :at ,arm9ianism is1 
we  mu/ h rec\rse to ^? writ+s 9 :i* t  
div9e himself has  /at$ & exp\nd$ 8     
peculi> t5ets4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w by no     
means give u an accurate idea ( t :i*1  
s9ce 8 "t1 has be5  usually d5om9at$    
,arm9ianism4 ,on exam9ation1 x w be     
f\nd1 t  9 _m important p>ticul>s1 ^? :o
 h call$ !mselves  ,arm9ians1 or h be5  
acc\nt$ su* by o!rs1 diff] z widely f  !
 nom9al head & f\nd] ( _! sect1 z he    
himself did f  ,calv91 & o!r doctors (  
,g5eva4 ,!re are1 inde$1 c]ta9 po9ts1  )
 reg>d to :i* he has be5 /rictly &      
uni=mly foll[$ by  almo/ all 8 pret5d$  
adh]5ts2 b !re are o!rs ( equal or (    
great] importance1 dogmatically insi/$  
on by !m1 to :i* he  unque/ionably nev] 
gave 8 sanction1 & ev5 appe>s to h be5  

decid$ly ho/ile4 ,su* a di/9ction1      
obvi\s z x mu/ be to e  att5tive read]1 
has yet be5 g5]ally s f> ov]look$1 t !  
memory ( ,arm9ius is frequ5tly load$ )  
imputations ! mo/  unreasonable & unju/4
 ,he is accus$1 by ! ignorant & !       
prejudic$1 ( introduc+ corruptions into 
! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 :i*  he probably nev]  
?\ght (1 & :i* c]ta9ly h no place 9 8   
works4 ,& all ! odium :i* 8 foll[]s h f 
"t to "t  incurr$ by _! v>i$ & increas+ 
het]odoxy1 has be5 absurdly  reflect$ ^u
 him1 z if he c\ld be responsible = e   
error t  may be s5t abroad "u ! sanction
 ( 8 "n4 ,:atev] be !  numb] or !       
species ( ^! errors1 & 9 :atev] way !y  
may be  associat$ ) 8 pr9ciples1 x is   
fair to ! "* ( ,arm9ius1  & useful to ! 
int]e/s ( religi\s tru?1 to rev]t to 8  
own  writ+s z ! only s\rce f :i* we     
ought to d]ive in=mation  conc]n+ !     
,arm9ian s*eme2 & by do+ s1 x may be    
discov]$1  t g5u9e unadult]at$          
,arm9ianism is n t great & dang]\s      
h]esy :i* among a c]ta9 class (         

,*ri/ians x is too (t5  repres5t$ to be4
    ,arm9ianism1 9 its prop] s5se1 is to
 be consid]$ z a sep>ation  f ,calv9ism1
 ) reg>d to ! doctr9es ( unconditional  
election1  p>ticul> r$emption1 & o!r    
po9ts necess>ily result+ f  ^!4 ,!      
,calv9i/s held t ,god _h elect$ a c]ta9 
portion ( !  human race to et]nal life1 
pass+ by ! re/1 or r doom+ !m  to       
ev]la/+ de/ruction2 t ,god's election   
proce$$ ^u no  presci5ce ( ! moral      
pr9ciples & "* ( ^? :om he _h  ?us      
pr$e/9at$1 b orig9at$ solely 9 ! motions
 ( 8 free &  sov]eign m]cy2 t ,*ri/ di$ 
= ! elect only1 & !re=e t  ! m]its ( 8  
dea? c avail = ! salvation ( none b !m2 
& t !y are con/ra9$ by ! irresi/ible p[]
 ( div9e grace  to accept ( him z _!    
,savi\r4 ,to ?is doctr9e1 t ( ,arm9ius  
& 8 legitimate foll[]s /&s oppos$4 ,!y d
 n d5y an  election2 b !y d5y t x is    
absolute & unconditional4 ,!y  argue1 t 
an election ( ?is k9d is inconsi/5t ) ! 
"*  ( ,god1 t x de/roys ! lib]ty ( !    
human w1 t x  contradicts ! language (  

,scripture1 & t x t5ds to enc\rage a    
c>eless & lic5ti\s practice 9 ^? by :om 
x is believ$4 ,!y  ma9ta9 t ,god has    
elect$ ^? only :o1 accord+1 n to 8      
decree1 b to 8 =ekn[l$ge1 & 9 ! ex]cise 
( _! natural  p[]s ( self-det]m9ation1  
act+ "u ! influ5ce ( 8 grace1  w\ld     
possess t fai? & hol9ess to :i*         
salvation is annex$ 9  ! ,gospel s*eme4 
,& ^? :o are n elect$ are all[$ to      
p]i%1 n because !y 7 n elect$1 b m]ely &
 solely 9  consequ5ce ( _! infidelity & 
disob$i5ce2 on acc\nt1 inde$1 (  :i*    
infidelity & disob$i5ce be+ =ese5 by    
,god1 _! election  did n take place4 ,!y
 hold1 t ,*ri/ di$ = all m5 9 !  lit]al 
& unre/rict$ s5se ( t phrase2 t 8       
atonem5t is  able1 bo? f its own m]it1 &
 f ! int5tion ( him :o  appo9t$ x1 to   
expiate ! guilt ( e individual2 t e     
individual is invit$ to p>take ( !      
b5efits :i* x has procur$2  t ! grace ( 
,god is (f]$ to make ! w comply ) ?is   
invitation1 b t ?is grace may be resi/$ 
& r5d]$ ineffectual  by ! s9n]'s        

p]v]sity4 ,:e!r true believ]s necess>ily
  p]sev]$1 or :e!r !y might fall f _!   
fai?1 & =feit  _! /ate ( grace1 0 a "q  
:i* ,arm9ius left 9 a great  measure    
unresolv$1 b :i* 0 soon det]m9$ by 8    
foll[]s 9  ?is additional proposition1 t
 sa9ts may fall f ! /ate (  grace1 9 :i*
 !y are plac$ by ! op]ation ( ! ,holy   
,_s4  ,?is1 inde$1 seems to foll[ z a   
coroll>y1 f :at ,arm9ius  ma9ta9$       
respect+ ! natural fre$om & corruption (
 ! w1  & ! resi/ibility ( div9e grace4  
,x may n[ be prop] to m5tion "s t5ets ) 
reg>d to :i*  ,arm9ianism has be5 mu*   
misrepres5t$4 ,if a man hold t good     
works  are necess>y to ju/ification2 if 
he ma9ta9 t fai? includes good  works 9 
its own nature2 if he reject ! doctr9e (
 orig9al s92 if  he d5y t div9e grace is
 requisite = ! :ole "w (                
sanctification2 if he speak ( human     
virtue z m]itori\s 9 ! sight  ( ,god2 x 
is v g5]ally conclud$1 t he is an       
,arm9ian4 ,b !  tru? is1 t a man ( su*  
s5tim5ts is prop]ly a disciple ( !      

,pelagian & ,soc9ian s*ools4 ,to su*    
s5tim5ts pure ,arm9ianism is z          
diametrically opposite z ,calv9ism      
itself4 ,! g5u9e ,arm9ians admit  !     
corruption ( human nature 9 its full    
ext5t4 ,!y admit1 t we  are ju/ifi$ by  
fai? only4 ,!y admit1 t our ju/ification
  orig9ates solely 9 ! grace ( ,god4 ,!y
 admit1 t ! procur+  & m]itori\s cause (
 our ju/ification is ! righte\sness (   
,*ri/4 ,propt] quam1 says ,arm9ius1     
,deus cr$5tibus peccatum  condonat1     
eosque pro ju/is reputat non alit] atque
 si legem p]fect  impleviss5t4 ,= ! sake
 ( :i* ,god p>dons believ]s1 &  acc\nts 
!m z righte\s precisely z if !y _h      
p]fectly obey$ !  law4 ,!y admit 9 ?is  
way1 t ju/ification implies n m]ely     
=giv5ess ( s91 b acceptance to ev]la/+  
happ9ess4 ,junctam  habet adoptionem 9  
filios1 et collationem juris 9 h]$itatem
 vit  et]n4 ,x has connect$ ) x adoption
 to son%ip1 & ! grant (  a "r to !      
inh]itance ( et]nal life4 ,!y admit1 9  
f9e1 t  ! "w ( sanctification1 f its v  

comm5cem5t to its p]fection  9 glory1 is
 c>ri$ on by ! op]ation ( ! ,holy ,_s1  
:i* is  ! gift ( ,god by ,jesus ,*ri/4  
,s s\nd1 inde$1 are ! ,arm9ians  )      
respect to ! doctr9e ( ju/ification1 a  
doctr9e s important  & ess5tial 9 !     
op9ion ( ,lu!r1 t he scrupl$ n to call  
x1  articulus ecclesi /antis vel        
cad5tis2 ! article ) :i* !  *ur* /&s or 
falls2 t ^? :o look into ! writ+s (     
,arm9ius may be dispos$ to suspect him (
 hav+ ev5 exce$$ ,calv9  9 or?odoxy4 ,x 
is c]ta91 at lea/1 t he decl>es 8       
will+ness  to subscribe to e ?+ t ,calv9
 has writt5 on t lead+  subject (       
,*ri/ianity1 9 ! ?ird book ( 8          
,in/itutes2 & )  ?is decl>ation ! t5or (
 8 writ+s inv>iably corresponds4    ,!  
sy/em ( ,arm9ius1 !n1 appe>s to h be5 ! 
same ) t  :i* 0 g5]ally ma9ta9$ 9 !     
re=m$ *ur*es at t "t2  except 9 s f> z !
 doctr9e ( ! div9e decrees 0 conc]n$4   
,b ! mo/ em95t ( ^? :o became ,arm9ians1
 or rank$ among 8  pr(ess$ foll[]s1 by  
embrac+ & av[+ 8 peculi> t5ets )        

respect to election & r$emption1 soon   
began to dep>t widely f !  o!r t5ets ( 8
 !ological cre$4 ,!y adopt$ views ( !   
corruption ( man1 ( ju/ification1 ( !   
righte\sness ( ,*ri/1 (  ! nature (     
fai?1 ( ! prov9ce ( good works1 ( !     
necessity &  op]ations ( grace1 t are q 
contr>y to ^? :i* he _h  ent]ta9$ &     
publi%$4 ,_m ( !m1 9 process ( "t1      
diff]$  m or less f "o ano!r1 on "s or  
all ( ^! po9ts4 ,& s  div]sifi$ are !   
=ms :i* ,arm9ianism1 z x is call$1 has  
assum$ 9 ! c\rse ( its progress1 t to   
describe precisely :at  x has be5 s9ce !
 synod ( ,dort1 or :at x is at ! pres5t 
day1  w\ld be a mo/ difficult1 if n an  
impossible1 task4 ,ev5 !  confession (  
fai?1 :i* 0 drawn out = ! ,arm9ians by  
,episcopius1 & is to be f\nd 9 ! second 
volume ( 8 works1 _c  be ref]r$ to z a  
/&>d4 ,x 0 compos$ m]ely to c\nt]act !  
reproa* ( _! be+ a society )\t any      
common pr9ciples4 ,x is  express$ *iefly
 9 ! words & phrases ( ,scripture1 to   
:i*1 (  c\rse1 e "o w\ld annex 8 own    

mean+4 ,beside1 no p]son1 n  ev5 a      
pa/or1 0 oblig$1 by any =m1 to adh]e    
/rictly to x2 b  e "o 0 left entirely at
 lib]ty to int]pret its language 9 !    
mann] t 0 mo/ agreeable to 8 own private
 s5tim5ts4  ,accord+ly1 s v>i\s &       
inconsi/5t are _! op9ions1 t c\ld       
,arm9ius p]use ! unnumb]$ volumes :i* h 
be5 writt5 z  expositions & illu/rations
 ( ,arm9ian doctr9e1 he w\ld be at a    
loss to discov] 8 own simple sy/em1     
amid/ t het]og5e\s mass  ( error ) :i* x
 has be5 rudely mix$2 & w\ld be a/oni%$ 
to  f9d1 t ! controv]sy :i* he _h       
consci5ti\sly introduc$1 _h  w&]$ f> f !
 po9t to :i* he _h conf9$ x1 & t )  8 "n
 dogmas 7 associat$1 ! unscriptural &   
dang]\s nature  ( :i* he _h po9t$ out & 
condemn$4    ,! same temp] ( m9d :i* l$ 
him to r5\nce ! peculi>ities (          
,calv9ism1 induc$ him also to adopt m   
enl>g$ & lib]al views (  *ur* communion 
?an ^? :i* _h hi!rto prevail$4 ,:ile he 
ma9ta9$ t ! m]cy ( ,god is n conf9$ to a
 *os5 few1 he  conceiv$ x to be q       

inconsi/5t ) ! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity1  t  
m5 ( t religion %\ld keep at a di/ance f
 ea* o!r1 &  con/itute sep>ate *ur*es1  
m]ely because !y diff]$ 9 _!  op9ions z 
to "s ( its doctr9al articles4 ,he ?\ght
 t  ,*ri/ians ( all d5om9ations %\ld =m 
"o great community1 unit$  & upheld by !
 bonds ( *>ity & bro!rly love2 ) !      
exception1 h[ev]1 ( ,roman ,ca?olics1   
:o1 on acc\nt ( _!  idolatr\s wor%ip &  
p]secut+ _s1 mu/ be unfit memb]s ( su*  
a society4 ,t ?is 0 n only agreeable to 
! wi%es ( ,arm9ius1  b "o *ief object ( 
8 lab\rs1 is evid5t f a passage 9 8  la/
 w1 :i* he made a little be=e 8         
dea?3--,ea proposui et  docui qu ad     
propagationem amplificationemque        
v]itatis religionis  ,*ri/ian1 v]i ,dei 
cultus1 communis pietatis1 et sanct int]
 hom9es  conv]sationis1 d5ique ad       
conv5i5tem ,*ri/iano nom9i              
tranquillitatem et pacem juxta v]bum    
,dei poss5t conf]re1 exclud5s ex  iis   
papatum1 cum quo nulla unitas fidei1    
nullum pietatis aut ,*ri/ian  pacis     

v9culum s]v>i pote/4 ,i h advanc$ &     
taught ^? ?+s  :i* might contribute to !
 propagation & spread ( ! tru? (        
,*ri/ianity1 ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1    
g5]al piety1 & a holy  fell[%ip among   
m52--9 f9e1 to a tranquillity & peace   
accord+ to  ,god's ^w & becom+ !        
,*ri/ian "n1 exclud+ ! ,papacy1 )  :i*  
no unity ( fai?1 no bond ( piety1 or (  
,*ri/ian peace c be  ma9ta9$4    ,mo%eim
 has /at$ ?is circum/ance 9 a note to 8 
hi/ory ( !  ,arm9ian *ur*2 b 8 /atem5t1 
or r ! conclusion :i* he  d$uces f x1 is
 evid5tly unfair & incorrect4 ,he       
alleges1 t  ,arm9ius _h actually laid ! 
plan ( t !ological sy/em :i* 0  aft]w>d 
embrac$ by 8 foll[]s2 t he _h inculcat$ 
! ma9 &  lead+ pr9ciples ( x on ! m9ds (
 8 disciples2 & t  ,episcopius & o!rs1  
:o reject$ ,calv9ism 9 m po9ts ?an 9  t 
:i* relat$ to ! div9e decrees1 only     
propagat$1 ) great]  c\rage &           
p]spicuity1 ! doctr9es :i* ,arm9ianism1 
z taught by  its f\nd]1 already conta9$4
 ,^! allegations1 x is cle>1 h no  sort 

( connection ) ! passage f :i* !y are   
drawn z  inf]5ces2 & !y are :olly       
inconsi/5t ) ! ass]tions1 &  reason+s1 &
 decl>ations ( ,arm9ius1 :5 he is       
discuss+ !  m]its ( ! "q t 0 agitat$    
betwe5 him & ! ,g5eva  s*ool4 ,arm9ius1 
9 addition to ! s*eme ( doctr9e :i* he  
taught1  0 anxi\s to e/abli% ?is maxim1 
& to r$uce x to practice1 t1  ) !       
exception above m5tion$1 no diff]5ce (  
op9ions %\ld  prev5t ,*ri/ians f rema9+ 
9 "o *ur* or religi\s body4 ,he  did n  
mean to ins9uate1 t a diff]5ce ( op9ion 
0 ( no  consequ5ce at all2 t !y :o ?\ght
 "o way 7 j z "r z  !y :o ?\ght a       
contr>y way2 or t m5 h no occasion to be
  solicit\s ab\t ! religi\s t5ets :i* !y
 hold4 ,he did n mean  to give up 8 own 
sy/em z equally true1 or equally false1 
) t  ( ,calv92 & z little c\ld he be    
suppos$ to sanction ^?  s5tim5ts ( 8    
foll[]s :i* 7 9 direct opposition to !  
s5tim5ts :i* he himself _h ma9ta9$4 ,b  
he endeav\r$1 9 !  fir/ place1 to ass]t 
lib]ty ( consci5ce1 & ( wor%ip2 & !n1   

^u t fundam5tal pr9ciple1 to p]suade all
 ,*ri/ians1 h[ev]  divid$ 9 op9ion1 to  
lay aside ! di/9ctions ( sect & p>ty1 & 
9 "o unit$ body to consult t            
tranquillity & peace :i* is s  agreeable
 to ! ,*ri/ian "n4 ,?is we conceive to h
 be5 !  object ( ,arm9ius2 an object s  
indicative ( an enlight5$ m9d1 s        
cong5ial to t *>ity :i* hope? all ?+s1 &
 ?9ke? no evil1  & s conducive to !     
int]e/s ( religion & ! peace ( !  _w1 z 
to reflect ! highe/ hon\r on him by :om 
x 0 fir/  pursu$1 & to con/itute ! true 
glory ( ,arm9ianism4    ,! controv]sy to
 :i* ,arm9ianism _h giv5 rise1 0 c>ri$  
on  aft] ! dea? ( its f\nd]1 ) ! greate/
 eag]ness1 &  produc$ ! mo/ bitt] &     
deplorable diss5sions4 ,! ,arm9ians     
reque/$ no?+ m ?an a b>e tol]ation4 ,?is
 mod]ate dem&1 at  all times reasonable 
& j1 0 p>ticul>ly s 9 ,holl&1 :i* _h    
?r[n (f ! yoke ( civil & spiritual      
despotism1 & :]e !  receiv$ confession (
 fai? _h n det]m9$ ! que/ions "u        
debate4 ,x 0 /rongly urg$ by ,grotius1  

,hoog]beets1 ,old5 ,b>nevelt1  & o!r    
p]sons ( respectability & influ5ce4 ,&  
,maurice1 pr9ce  ( ,orange1 & 8 "m !    
pr9cess d[ag]1 giv+ c\nt5ance to  !     
claim1 !re 0 "s prospect ( ! ,calv9i/s  
be+ p]suad$ to  ent] into pacific       
measures1 & to treat _! diss5t+ bre?r5 )
  =be>ance4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! ye> #afaa1 a
 conf]5ce betwe5 !  cont5d+ p>ties 0    
held at ! ,hague1 on :i* occasion1 x is 
commonly ass]t$1 ! tol]ation requir$ 0  
(f]$ to ! ,arm9ians1  provid$ !y w\ld   
r5\nce ! errors ( ,soc9ianism1--?\gh !  
pap]s :i* pass$ betwe5 ! p>ties at t    
conf]5ce1 z  au!nticat$ by ea* ( !m1    
conta9 no proviso ( t description4      
,ano!r conf]5ce 0 held at ,delft1 9     
#afac4 ,& 9 #afad1 ! ,/ates  ( ,holl&   
promulgat$ an edict1 exhort+ !          
disputants to !  ex]cise ( mutual *>ity4
 ,b ^! & o!r exp$i5ts employ$ =  ! same 
purpose1 _h n ! desir$ effect4 ,!       
,calv9i/s express$  great indignation at
 ! magi/rates1 = endeav\r+1 by _!       
au?ority1 to promote a union ) su*      

adv]s>ies4 ,! conduct ( !  ,/ates 0 ably
 & eloqu5tly def5d$ by ,grotius1 9 two  
treatises1  entitl$1 8,de ,jure ,summ>um
 ,pote/atum circa sacra10 & 8,ord9um    
,holl&i1 ac ,we/-,frisi ,pietas a       
multorum calumniis v9dicata40    ,!     
hopes ( success :i* ! ,arm9ians ent]ta9$
 f ! indulg5t  mann] 9 :i* !y 7 treat$  
by ! civil au?orities1 7 soon  bla/$ by 
a misund]/&+ :i* _h secretly subsi/$ =  
"s "t  betwe5 ! /ad?old] & ! pr9cipal   
magi/rates1 & at la/ broke  =? into an  
op5 rupture4 ,maurice1 be+ suspect$ (   
aim+ at  sov]eign p[]1 0 firmly oppos$  
by ! lead+ p]sons 9 !  gov]nm5t1 :o _h  
be5 ! fri5ds & patrons ( ! ,arm9ians1 & 
to :om1 !re=e1 ^! adh]$ at ?is difficult
 crisis4 ,on ! o!r  h&1 ! ,gom>i/s1 or  
,calv9i/s1 atta*$ !mselves to ,maurice1 
&  inflam$ ! res5tm5t :i* he _h already1
 = v>i\s reasons1  conceiv$ aga9/ !     
,arm9ians4 ,! pr9ce 0 resolv$1 at once  
to  ru9 ! m9i/]s :o _h v5tur$ to oppose 
8 s*emes ( usurpation1  & to cru% !     
,arm9ians1 by :om ^? /atesm5 _h be5     

w>mly  support$4 ,= ?is purpose he got !
 lead+ m5 ca/ into prison4  ,b>nevelt1  
^: long & fai?ful s]vices des]v$ a bett]
 fate1 di$  on ! scaffold3 & ,grotius & 
,hoog]beets1 "u pretexts m  plausible   
?an solid1 7 unju/ly condemn$ to        
p]petual imprisonm5t1  f :i*1 h[ev]1 !  
=m] aft]w>d escap$1 & fl$ into ,france4 
,! alleg$ crime ( ! ,arm9ians be+ ( an  
ecclesia/ical nature1 x  0 ?\ght prop]  
to br+ _! cause be=e a national assembly
 (  div9es by :i* _! religi\s op9ions   
might be regul>ly & f9ally  condemn$4   
,"u ! auspices ( ,maurice1 !re=e1 & by !
 au?ority ( !  /ates g5]al1 a synod 0   
convok$ at ,dort1 9 ! ye> #afah4 ,be=e  
?is meet+1 :i* consi/$ ( deputies f !   
,unit$ ,prov9ces1  f ,engl&1 ,scotl&1   
,switz]l&1 & o!r places1 ! ,arm9ians    
appe>$1 ) ,episcopius at _! head1 to    
answ] to ! accusations  br\ght aga9/ !m1
 ( dep>t+ f ! e/abli%$ religion4 ,= a   
full acc\nt ( ! proce$+s ( ?is synod1 ! 
read] may consult  ! second & ?ird      
volumes ( ,br&t's ,hi/ory ( !           

,re=mation1 &  ! ,rema9s ( ,mr4 ,john   
,hales ( ,eaton1 :o 0 pres5t at ! meet+1
  & gives a simple n>rative ( :at he saw
 & he>d4 ,! conduct (  ! synod has be5  
applaud$ by "s1 & condemn$ by o!rs4 ,on 
!  "o h&1 x has be5 plac$ above e o!r   
synod s9ce ! ,apo/olic  age1 = its      
temp]1 mod]ation1 & sanctity2 on ! o!r1 
x has be5  *>g$ ) inju/ice & cruelty1 & 
burlesqu$ 9 su* l9es z  ^!3--           
,dordre*ti synodus nodus2 *orus integ]1 
g]2 ,conv5tus1 v5tus2  sessio1 /ram51   
,am54    ,! po9t ( ?is doggrel1 :i*     
consi/s *iefly 9 ! g+le ( !  ,lat9      
words1 is lo/ 9 a translation4 ,! foll[+
 is a lit]al  v]sion3--              ,! 
synod ( ,dort1 a knot2 ! :ole assembly1 
sick2            ,! conv5tion1 w9d2 !   
session1 /raw1 ,am54    ,neal rem>ks1 t 
x behav$ z well z mo/ assemblies ( a    
simil>  k9d h done1 8:o h pret5d$ to    
e/abli% articles = o!r  m5's fai?1 )    
p5al sanctions40 ,?is says v little = ! 
synod  ( ,dort2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 x is ev5 m
 ?an c be said ) tru?4  ,m>t9ius (      

,brem5 seems to h spok5 mu* m correctly1
 :5 he  told 8 fri5ds1 8,i believe n[   
:at ,gregory ,nazianz5 says1 t he  _h   
nev] se5 any c\ncil att5d$ ) good       
effects1 b t x  always increas$ ! evil r
 ?an remov$ x4 ,i decl>e z well z  t    
fa!r1 t ,i w nev] set my foot 9 any     
synod aga94 ,o ,dort6  ,dort6 w\ld to   
,god t ,i _h nev] se5 !e60 ,! ,arm9ians1
 x is  cont5d$1 ask$ m indulg5ce ?an !y 
_h reason to expect2 h[ev]  x is c]ta9 t
 ! treatm5t :i* !y receiv$ f ! synod1 0 
arbitr>y1 fai?less1 & oppressive4 ,!y 7 
at l5g? f\nd guilty  ( h]esy1 & (       
ho/ility to _! c\ntry & its religion4 ,&
 !  measures adopt$ aga9/ !m1 9         
consequ5ce ( ?is s5t5ce1 7 (  ! mo/     
sev]e & rigor\s k9d4 ,!y 7              
excommunicat$2 !y 7  driv5 f all _!     
(fices1 civil & ecclesia/ical2 _! m9i/]s
  7 prohibit$ f prea*+2 & _!            
congregations 7 suppress$4  ,refus+ to  
submit to ! two la/ ( ^! h>d decrees1 !y
 7  subject$ to f9es1 imprisonm5ts1 &   
v>i\s o!r puni%m5ts4 ,to  avoid ?is     

tyrannical treatm5t1 _m ( !m retir$ to  
,antw]p1 o!rs  to ,france1 & a          
consid]able numb] into ,hol/e91 :]e !y 7
  k9dly receiv$ by ,fr$]ick ! duke1 &   
:]e1 9 ! =m ( a  colony1 !y built =     
!mselves a h&some t[n1 nam+ x           
,fr$]ick/adt1 9 complim5t to _! fri5d & 
protector4 ,! hi/ory  ( ?is colony may  
be f\nd 9 a "w entitl$ ,epi/ol          
,pr/antium et  ,eruditorum ,virorum     
,ecclesia/ic et ,!ologic1 & publi%$ by  
,limbor* & ,h>tsoek]4    ,! t5ets ( !   
,arm9ians may be compris$ 9 ! foll[+    
five  articles relat+ to pr$e/9ation1   
univ]sal r$emption1 !  corruption ( m51 
conv]sion1 & p]sev]ance1 viz4 #a4 ,t    
,god1 f  all et]nity1 det]m9$ to be/[   
salvation on ^? :om he =esaw  w\ld      
p]sev]e unto ! end 9 _! fai? 9 ,*ri/    
,jesus2 & to  inflict ev]la/+ puni%m5t  
on ^? :o %\ld cont9ue 9 _!  unbelief1 & 
resi/ unto ! end 8 div9e succ\rs2 s t   
election  0 conditional1 & reprobation 9
 l mann] ! result ( =ese5  infidelity & 
p]sev]+ wick$ness4 #b4 ,t ,jesus ,*ri/1 

by 8  suff]+s & dea?1 made an atonem5t =
 ! s9s ( all mank9d 9  g5]al1 & ( e     
individual 9 p>ticul>2 t1 h[ev]1 none b 
^? :o believe 9 him c be p>tak]s ( !    
div9e b5efits4 #c4  ,t true fai? _c     
proce$ f ! ex]cise ( our natural        
faculties & p[]s1 nor f ! =ce & op]ation
 ( free w2  s9ce man1 9 consequ5ce ( 8  
natural corruption1 is incapable ei!r  (
 ?9k+ or do+ any good ?+2 & t1 !re=e1 x 
is  necess>y1 9 ord] to 8 salvation1 t  
he be reg5]at$ & r5ew$  by ! op]ation ( 
! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* is ! gift ( ,god     
?r\gh  ,jesus ,*ri/4 #d4 ,t ?is div9e   
grace or en]gy ( ! ,holy ,gho/  beg9s & 
p]fects e ?+ t c be call$ good 9 man1 & 
consequ5tly all good works are to be    
attribut$ to ,god alone2 t1  nev]!less1 
?is grace is (f]$ to all1 & does n =ce  
m5 to  act aga9/ _! incl9ations1 b may  
be resi/$ & r5d]$  ineffectual by !     
p]v]se wills ( imp5it5t s9n]s4 #e4 ,t   
,god  gives to ! truly fai?ful1 :o are  
reg5]at$ by 8 grace1 ! means  ( pres]v+ 
!mselves 9 ?is /ate2 & ?\gh ! fir/      

,arm9ians  made "s d\bt ) respect to !  
clos+ "p ( ?is article1 _!  foll[]s     
uni=mly ma9ta91 t ! reg5]ate may lose   
true  ju/ify+ fai?1 =feit _! /ate (     
grace1 & die 9 _! s9s4  ,! ,arm9ians are
 also call$ ,remon/rants1 f an humble   
petition  entitl$ _! ,remon/rance1 :i*1 
9 ! ye> #afaj1 !y address$  to ! ,/ates 
( ,holl&4 ,_! pr9cipal writ]s are1      
,arm9ius1  ,episcopius1 ,uit5bog>t1     
,grotius1 ,curcellu1 ,limbor*1 ,le      
,cl]c1 ,wet/e91 ,goodw91 ,:itby1        
,wesley1 ,flet*]1  ,toml9e1 c4 ,! works 
( ,arm9ius1 ) a copi\s acc\nt ( 8  life 
& times1 h be5 rec5tly translat$ into   
,engli%1 by ,mr4 ,james  ,ni*ols2 & h n 
only s]v$ to dissipate _m misconceptions
  respect+ ! s5tim5ts ( ?is celebrat$   
div9e1 :i* _h prevail$  9 ,engl&1 :]e ! 
,pelagianism ( "s em95t div9es1 g5]ally 
call$ ,,arm9ian1 _h be5 unju/ly *>g$ ^u 
him2 b h add$ a  mo/ valuable collection
 ( treatises to our !ological lit]ature4
    ,,arms4 ,! ,hebrews d n appe> to h  
_h any peculi> milit>y habit4  ,z ! fl[+

 dress :i* !y ord9>ily wore w\ld h imp$$
 _!  movem5ts1 !y girt x closely ar\nd  
!m :5 prep>+ = battle1  & loos5$ x on _!
 return1 #b ,sam4 xx1 #h2 #a ,k+s xx1   
#aa4 ,!y us$  ! same arms z ! neighb\r+ 
nations1 bo? def5sive & (f5sive2  & ^! 7
 made ei!r ( iron or ( brass1 pr9cipally
 ( !  latt] metal4 ,( ! def5sive arms ( 
! ,hebrews1 ! foll[+ 7  ! mo/ rem>kable2
 namely1    #a4 ,! helmet1 1 = cov]+ &  
def5d+ ! head4 ,?is 0 a  "p ( ! milit>y 
provision made by ,uzziah = 8 va/ army1 
#b  ,*ron4 xxvi1 #ad2 & long be=e ! "t (
 t k+1 ! helmets (  ,saul & ( !         
,phili/9e *ampion 7 ( ! same metal1 #a  
,sam4 xvii1  #ch4 ,?is milit>y cap 0    
also worn by ! ,p]sians1 ,e?iopians1 &  
,libyans1 ,ezek4 xxxviii1 #e1 & by !    
troops :i* ,antio*us s5t  aga9/ ,judas  
,maccabeus1 #a ,mac4 vi1 #ce4    #b4 ,! 
brea/plate or corslet1 1 0 ano!r piece (
 def5sive  arm\r4 ,golia?1 & ! soldi]s (
 ,antio*us1 #a ,sam4 xvii1 #e2 #a ,mac4 
vi1 #ce1 7 acc\tr$ ) ?is def5ce2 :i*1 9 
our au?oriz$  translation1 is v>i\sly   

r5d]$ hab]geon1 coat ( mail1 &  brig&9e1
 #a ,sam4 xvii1 #ch2 #b ,*ron4 xxvi1    
#ad2 ,isa4 lix1 #ag2 ,j]4  xlvi1 #d4    
,betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ?is h>ness1 z x is    
t]m$ 9 #a  ,k+s xxii1 #d1 ! pr(ligate   
,ahab 0 mortally w\nd$ by an arr[1  %ot 
at a v5ture4 ,f ^! v>i\s r5d]+s ( !     
orig9al ^w1  x %\ld seem t ?is piece (  
arm\r cov]$ bo? ! back &  brea/1 b      
pr9cipally ! latt]4 ,! corslets 7 made (
 v>i\s  mat]ials3 sometimes !y 7 made ( 
flax or cotton1 wov5 v ?ick1  or ( a k9d
 ( wooll5 felt3 o!rs aga9 7 made ( iron 
or braz5  scales1 or lam91 laid "o ov]  
ano!r1 l ! scales ( a fi%2  o!rs 7      
prop]ly :at we call coats ( mail2 & o!rs
 7  compos$ ( two pieces ( iron or      
brass1 :i* protect$ ! back &  brea/4    
,all ^! k9ds ( corslets are m5tion$ 9 ! 
,scriptures4  ,golia?'s coat ( mail1 #a 
,sam4 xvii1 #e1 0 lit]ally a corslet (  
scales1 t is1 compos$ ( num]\s lam9 (   
brass1 cross+ ea*  o!r4 ,x 0 call$ by   
,virgil1 & o!r ,lat9 writ]s1 squama     
lorica4 ,simil> corslets 7 worn by !    

,p]sians & o!r nations4  ,! brea/plate  
worn by ! unhappy ,saul1 :5 he p]i%$ 9  
battle1 is  suppos$ to h be5 ( flax1 or 
cotton1 wov5 v close & ?ick1 #b  ,sam4  
i1 #i1 m>g9al r5d]+4    #c4 ,! %ield    
def5d$ ! :ole body dur+ ! battle4 ,x 0 (
  v>i\s =ms1 & made ( wood cov]$ ) t\gh 
hides1 or ( brass1  & sometimes 0       
ov]laid ) gold1 #a ,k+s x1 #af1 #ag2    
xiv1 #bf1 #bg4  ,two sorts are m5tion$ 9
 ! ,scriptures2 namely1 ! 1 great  %ield
 or buckl]1 & ! 1 or small] %ield4 ,x 0 
mu* us$  by ! ,jews1 ,babylonians1      
,*aldeans1 ,assyrians1 & ,egyptians4    
,david1  :o 0 a great w>rior1 (t5       
m5tions a %ield & buckl] 9 8  div9e     
poems1 to signify t def5ce & protection 
( ,heav5 :i* he  expect$ & exp]i5c$1 & 9
 :i* he repos$ all 8 tru/1 ,psalm  v1   
#ab2 & :5 he says1 8,god w ) fav\r      
compass ! righte\s z  ) a %ield10 he    
seems to allude to ! use ( ! great %ield
  ts9nah1 7:i* is ! ^w he uses17 ) :i*  
!y cov]$ &  def5d$ _! :ole bodies4 ,k+  
,solomon caus$ two diff]5t sorts (      

%ields to be made2 namely1 ! ts9nah1    
7:i* answ]s to clypeus  among ! ,lat9s17
 su* a l>ge %ield z ! infantry wore1 & !
  mag9nim1 or scuta1 :i* 7 us$ by !     
horsem51 & 7 ( a  mu* less size1 #b     
,*ron4 ix1 #ae1 #af4 ,! =m] ( ^! are    
translat$  t>gets1 & are d\ble 9 weight 
to ! o!r4 ,! ,phili/9es came  into !    
field ) ?is weapon3 s we f9d _! =midable
 *ampion  0 appo9t$1 #a ,sam4 xvii1 #g4 
,"o be>+ a %ield w5t be=e him1  ^: prop]
 duty x 0 to c>ry ?is & "s o!r weapons1 
)  :i* to furni% 8 ma/] ^u occasion4    
,! loss ( ! %ield 9 fight 0 excessively 
res5t$ by ! ,jewi%  w>riors1 z well z   
lam5t$ by !m2 = x 0 a signal aggravation
  ( ! public m\rn+1 t 8! %ield ( !      
mighty 0 vilely ca/  away10 #b ,sam4 i1 
#ba4 ,david1 a man ( arms1 :o compos$   
?is beautiful  elegy on ! dea? ( ,saul1 
felt h[ disgraceful a ?+ x 0 =  soldi]s 
to quit _! %ields 9 ! field4    ,^!     
hon\rable s5tim5ts 7 n conf9$ to !      
,jews4 ,we f9d !m  prevail+ among mo/   
o!r anci5t nations1 :o consid]$ x       

infam\s  to ca/ away or lose _! %ield4  
,) ! ,greeks x 0 a capital  crime1 &    
puni%$ ) dea?4 ,! ,lac$emonian wom51 x  
is well  kn[n1 9 ord] to excite ! c\rage
 ( _! sons1 us$ to deliv] to  !m _!     
fa!rs' %ields1 ) ?is %ort address3 8,?is
 %ield ?y  fa!r always pres]v$3 d ?\    
pres]ve x also1 or p]i%40 ,allud+       
p]haps to ^! s5tim5ts1 ,/4 ,paul1 :5    
exhort+ ! ,hebrew  ,*ri/ians to         
/eadfa/ness 9 ! fai? ( ! ,gospel1 urges 
!m n  to ca/ away _! confid5ce1 :i* 8ha?
 great recomp5se ( rew>d10  ,heb4 x1    
#ce4    #d4 ,ano!r def5sive provision 9 
w> 0 ! milit>y girdle1 :i* 0  = a d\ble 
purpose3 fir/1 9 ord] to hold ! sword1  
:i* hung1 z  x to ?is day1 at ! soldi]'s
 girdle or belt1 #a ,sam4 xvii1 #ci3    
secondly1 x 0 necess>y to gird ! clo!s &
 ! arm\r toge!r4  ,to gird & to arm are 
synonym\s words 9 ,scripture2 = ^? :o   
are said to be able to put on arm\r are1
 accord+ to ! ,hebrew &  ! ,septuag9t1  
girt ) a girdle2 & h5ce comes !         
expression (  8gird+ to ! battle10 #a   

,k+s xx1 #aa2 ,isa4 viii1 #i2 #b ,sam4  
xxii1 #dj2  #a ,sam4 xviii1 #d4 ,!re is 
express m5tion ( ?is milit>y girdle1 :]e
  x is record$ t ,jona?an1 to assure    
,david ( 8 entire love &  fri5d%ip by "s
 visible pl$ges1 /ripp$ himself n only (
 8  usual g>m5ts1 b ( 8 milit>y         
habilim5ts1 8 sword1 b[1 &  girdle1 &   
gave !m to ,david4    #e4 ,boots or     
greaves 7 "p ( ! anci5t def5sive h>ness1
 because  x 0 ! cu/om to ca/ c]ta9 1    
imp$im5ts1 7s call$1  because !y        
entangl$ ! feet17 9 ! way be=e ! enemy4 
,!  milit>y boot or %oe 0 !re=e necess>y
 to gu>d ! legs & feet  f ! iron /akes  
plac$ 9 ! way to gall & w\nd !m2 & ?us  
we are enabl$ to acc\nt = ,golia?'s     
greaves ( brass :i* 7 ^u  8 legs4    ,! 
(f5sive weapons 7 ( two sorts2 namely1  
su* z 7 employ$  :5 !y came to a close  
engagem5t1 & ^? ) :i* !y annoy$  ! enemy
 at a di/ance4 ,( ! =m] description 7 ! 
sword &  ! battle-axe4    #a4 ,! sword  
is ! mo/ anci5t weapon ( (f5ce m5tion$ 9
 !  ,bible4 ,) x ,jacob's sons          

trea*]\sly assass9at$ ! ,%e*emites1     
,g54 xxxiv1 #b4 ,x 0 worn on ! ?igh1    
,psalm xlv1 #d2 ,exod4 xxxii1 #bg2  &1 x
 %\ld seem on ! left ?igh2 = x is       
p>ticul>ly m5tion$  t ,ehud put a dagg] 
or %ort sword "u 8 g>m5ts on 8 "r  ?igh1
 ,judges iii1 #af4 ,!re appe> to h be5  
two k9ds ( swords 9  use1 a l>g] "o ) "o
 edge1 :i* is call$ 9 ,hebrew ! m\?  ( !
 sword1 ,jo%ua vi1 #ba2 & a %ort] "o )  
two edges1 l t  ( ,ehud4 ,! mod]n       
,arabs1 x is well kn[n1 we> a sabre on  
"o side1  & a cangi> or dagg] 9 _!      
girdles4    #b4 ,( ! battle-axe we h no 
description 9 ! sacr$ volume3 x  seems  
to h be5 a mo/ p[]ful weapon 9 ! h&s (  
cavalry1 f  ! allusion made to x by     
,j]emiah3 8,?\ art my battle-axe &      
weapons  ( w>2 = ) !e w ,i break 9      
pieces ! nations1 & ) !e  w ,i de/roy   
k+doms3 & ) !e w ,i break 9 pieces !    
horse  & 8 rid]1 & ) !e w ,i break 9    
pieces ! *>iot & 8  rid]10 ,j]4 li1 #bj1
 #ba4    #c4 ,! spe> & javel9 7z ! words
  &  are v>i\sly  r5d]$ 9 ,num4 xxv1 #g2

 #a ,sam4 xiii1 #ai1 & ,j]4 xlvi1 #d7 7 
(  diff]5t k9ds1 accord+ to _! l5g? or  
make4 ,"s ( !m might  be ?r[n or d>t$1  
#a ,sam4 xviii1 #aa2 o!rs 7 a k9d ( long
  swords1 ,num4 xxv1 #h2 & x appe>s f #b
 ,sam4 ii1 #bc1 t "s (  !m 7 po9t$ at   
bo? ends4 ,:5 armies 7 encamp$1 ! spe> (
  ! g5]al or comm&]-9-*ief 0 /uck into !
 gr\nd at 8 head4    #d4 ,sl+s are      
enum]at$ among ! milit>y /ores collect$ 
by ,uzziah1  #b ,*ron4 xxvi1 #ad4 ,9 !  
use ( ! sl+ ,david em95tly excell$1 &   
he slew ,golia? ) a /one f "o4 ,!       
,b5jam9ites 7 celebrat$  9 battle       
because !y _h atta9$ to great skill &   
accuracy 9  h&l+ ?is weapon2 8!y c\ld   
sl+ /ones to a hair's bread?1 &  n      
miss10 ,judges xx1 #af2 & :]e x is said 
t !y 7  left-h&$1 x %\ld r be r5d]$     
ambidext]s2 = we are told  !y c\ld use  
8bo? ! "r h& & ! left10 #a ,*ron4 xii1  
#b2 t  is1 !y did n con/antly use ! "r  
h& z o!rs did1 :5 !y  %ot arr[s or slung
 /ones2 b !y 7 s exp]t 9 _! milit>y     
ex]cises1 t !y c\ld p]=m !m ) _! left h&

 z well z  ) _! "r4    #e4 ,b[s & arr[s 
are ( great antiquity2 inde$1 no weapon 
is  m5tion$ s e>ly4 ,?us ,isaac said to 
,esau1 8,take ?y weapons1 ?y  quiv] & ?y
 b[10 ,g54 xxvii1 #c2 ?\gh1 x is true1  
^! are n  spok5 ( z us$ 9 w>1 b 9 hunt+2
 & s !y are suppos$ &  impli$ be=e ?is1 
:]e x is said ( ,i%mael1 t he became an 
ar*]1 he us$ b[s & arr[s 9 %oot+ ( wild 
bea/s1 ,g54 xxi1  #bj4 ,?is aft]w>d     
became s useful a weapon1 t c>e 0 tak5  
to  tra9 up ! ,hebrew y\? to x betimes4 
,:5 ,david _h1 9 a solemn  mann]1 lam5t$
 ! dea? ( ,k+ ,saul1 he gave ord]s =    
tea*+ !  "y m5 ! use ( ! b[1 #a ,sam4 i1
 #ah1 t !y might be z exp]t  z !        
,phili/9es1 by ^: b[s & arr[s ,saul & 8 
army 7  sla94 ,^! 7 "p ( ! milit>y      
ammunition2 = 9 ^? times  b[s 7 us$     
in/ead ( guns1 & arr[s suppli$ ! place (
 p[d]  & ball4 ,f ! book ( ,job1 xx1    
#bd1 x may be collect$1 t !  milit>y b[ 
0 made ( /eel1 & consequ5tly 0 v /iff & 
h>d  to b5d1 on :i* acc\nt !y us$ _!    
foot 9 b5d+ _! b[s2  & !re=e :5 !       

prophets speak ( tread+ ! b[ & ( b[s    
trodd51 !y are to be und]/ood ( b[s b5t1
 z our translators  rightly r5d] x1 ,j]4
 #a1 #ad2 ,isa4 v1 #bh2 xxi1 #ae2 b !   
,hebrew ^w  :i* is us$ 9 ^! places1     
signifies to tread ^u4 ,?is weapon  0   
?\ght s necess>y 9 w>1 t x is !re call$1
 8! b[ (  w>10 or ! 8battle-b[10 ,ze*4  
ix1 #aj2 x1 #ad4    ,,arnon1 a riv] or  
brook1 m5tion$ ,num4 xxi1 #bd1 &        
else:]e4 ,its  spr+ head is 9 ! m\nta9s 
( ,gilead1 or ( ! ,moabites1 & x        
dis*>ges itself into ! ,dead ,sea4      
,,arr[4 ,see ,,arms4 ,div9ation ) arr[s 
0 a me?od ( presag+ future  ev5ts1      
practis$ by ! anci5ts4 ,ezekiel1 xxi1   
#ba1 in=ms u1 t  ,nebu*adnezz>1 putt+   
himself at ! head ( 8 armies1 to m>*    
aga9/ ,z$ekiah1 k+ ( ! ,jews1 & aga9/ ! 
k+ ( !  ,ammonites1 /ood at ! p>t+ ( two
 ways1 to m+le 8 arr[s  toge!r 9 a      
quiv]1 9 ord] to div9e f !nce :i* way he
 %\ld  m>*4 ,j]om1 ,!odoret1 & ! mod]n  
comm5tators aft] !m1 believe  t ?is     
pr9ce took sev]al arr[s1 & ^u ea* ( !m  

wrote !  "n ( ! k+1 t[n1 or prov9ce1 :i*
 he 0 to attack3 =  example1 ^u "o1     
,j]usalem2 ^u ano!r1 ,rabbah1 ! capital 
( !  ,ammonites2 & ^u ano!r1 ,egypt1 c4 
,aft] hav+ put ^! into a  quiv]1 he %ook
 !m toge!r1 & !n drew !m out2 & ! arr[  
:i* 0 drawn 0 ?\ght to decl>e ! w ( !   
gods to attack  fir/ t city1 prov9ce1 or
 k+dom1 ) ^: "n x 0 inscrib$4           
,,artax]xes1 or ,,ahasu]us1 a k+ (      
,p]sia1 ! husb& ( ,e/h]1 :o1  9 ! op9ion
 ( ! le>n$ ,u%] & ,calmet1 0 ! ,d>ius ( 
pr(ane au?ors4 ,see ,,ahasu]us4    #b4  
,,artax]xes ,,longimanus is suppos$ by  
,dr4 ,prideaux to be ! ,ahasu]us  (     
,e/h]4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,x]xes1 & gr&son ( 
,d>ius ,hy/aspes1  & reign$ 9 ,p]sia f !
 ye> ( ! _w #ceca to #cegi4 ,he  p]mitt$
 ,ezra1 ) all ^? incl9$ to foll[ him1 to
 return into  ,judea1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w    
#cecg1 ,ezra vii1 viii4 ,aft]w>d1       
,nehemiah also obta9$ leave to return1 &
 to build ! walls & gates  ( ,j]usalem1 
9 ! ye> ( ! _w #ceej1 ,nehem4 i1 #aa4 ,f
 ?is  ye>1 *ronolog]s reckon ! beg9n+ ( 

,daniel's sev5ty weeks1  ,daniel xi1    
#bi4 ,^! are weeks ( ye>s1 & make f\r   
hundr$ &  n9ety ye>s4 ,dr4 ,prideaux1 :o
 disc\rses v copi\sly1 & )  great le>n+1
 on ?is prophecy1 ma9ta9s t ! decree    
m5tion$ 9  x = ! re/or+ & rebuild+ (    
,j]usalem1 _c be und]/ood  ( t grant$ to
 ,nehemiah1 9 ! tw5tie? ye> (           
,artax]xes2 b (  t grant$ to ,ezra1 by !
 same ,artax]xes1 9 ! sev5? ye> ( 8     
reign4 ,f t "t to ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 are   
exactly f\r hundr$  & n9ety ye>s1 to a  
mon?3 = 9 ! mon? ,nisan ! decree 0      
grant$ to ,ezra2 & 9 ! middle ( ! same  
mon? ,nisan1 ,*ri/  suff]$1 j f\r hundr$
 & n9ety ye>s aft]w>d4    ,! ea/]ns ?9k 
t ! surname ( ,longimanus 0 giv5 to     
,artax]xes by reason ( ! ext5t ( 8      
dom9ions2 z x is commonly  said t pr9ces
 h long h&s3 b ! ,greeks ma9ta9 t ?is   
pr9ce _h really long] h&s or arms ?an   
usual2 & t1 :5 he  /ood upright1 he c\ld
 t\* 8 knees4 ,he is said to h be5 !    
h&some/ man ( 8 "t4 ,! ea/]n p call him 
,bahaman1 &  give him ! surname (       

,ards*ir-diraz-de/1 or ! long-h&$4 ,he 0
  ! son ( ,asf5di>1 six? k+ ( ! second  
dyna/y ( ! ,p]sians4  ,aft] hav+        
ext+ui%$ ! family ( ,ro/am1 :i* 0       
=midable to  him on acc\nt ( ! great m5 
:o compos$ x1 he c>ri$ 8 arms  into !   
we/]n prov9ces1 ,mesopotamia & ,syria1  
:i* =m$ "p (  8 empire4 ,he took        
,babylon f ,bel%azz>1 son (             
,nebu*adnezz>2 &  he put 9 8 place      
,kires*1 :o by u is call$ ,cyrus4 ,"s   
,p]sian  hi/orians ass]t t ! "m (       
,artax]xes 0 a ,jewess1 ( !  tribe (    
,b5jam91 & family ( ,saul2 & t ! mo/    
belov$ ( 8  wives 0 ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 
& race ( ,solomon1 by ,rehoboam1 k+  (  
,judah4 ,if ?is be true1 we ne$ n wond] 
t he %\ld recomm5d  to ,cyrus to fav\r !
 ,jewi% nation4 ,?is ,cyrus p]=m$1 by   
s5d+  back ! p into _! own c\ntry1 &    
p]mitt+ !m to rebuild  _! temple4 ,b !  
tru? ( ?is /ory is d\btful2 & 7 x true1 
! int]f]5ce ( ! special provid5ce ( ,god
 mu/ /ill be  ackn[l$g$4 ,artax]xes     
reign$ =ty-sev5 ye>s1 & di$ 9 ! ye>  ( !

 _w #cegi1 & be=e ,jesus ,*ri/ #dbe4    
,,artemas1 ,/4 ,paul's disciple1 :o 0   
s5t by t ,apo/le into ,crete1  9 ! room 
( ,titus1 *ap4 iii1 #ab1 :ile he cont9u$
 ) ,/4 ,paul at  ,nicopolis1 :]e he     
pass$ ! w9t]4 ,we "k no?+ p>ticul> ( !  
life or dea? ( ,artemas2 b ! employm5t  
to :i* he 0 appo9t$  by ! ,apo/le is a  
pro( ( 8 great m]it4    ,,asa1 ! son &  
successor ( ,abijam1 k+ ( ,judah1 began 
to reign 9  ! ye> ( ! _w #cjdi1 & be=e  
,*ri/ #iee4 ,he reign$ =ty-"o  ye>s at  
,j]usalem1 & did "r 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l4  
,he purg$  ,j]usalem f ! infam\s        
practices att5d+ ! wor%ip ( idols2  & he
 depriv$ 8 "m ( h] (fice & dignity (    
que51 because  %e erect$ an idol to     
,a/>te1 :i* he burnt 9 ! valley (       
,h9nom1  #a ,k+s xv1 #h1 c4    ,!       
,scripture reproa*es ,asa ) n de/roy+ ! 
high places1 :i*1  p]haps1 he ?\ght x   
politic to tol]ate1 to avoid ! great]   
evil (  idolatry4 ,he c>ri$ into ! h\se 
( ! ,"l ! gold & silv]  vessels :i* 8   
fa!r ,abijam _h v[$ to consecrate4 ,he  

=tifi$  sev]al cities1 & repair$ o!rs1  
enc\rag+ 8 p to ?is  lab\r :ile ! k+dom 
0 at peace2 & ! ,"l fav\r$ !m )  8      
protection4 ,aft] ?is he levi$ ?ree     
hundr$ ?\s& m5 9  ,judah1 arm$ ) %ields 
& pikes2 & two hundr$ & eighty ?\s&  m5 
9 ,b5jam91 arm$ ) %ields & b[s1 all m5 (
 c\rage &  val\r4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ,z]ah1  
k+ ( ,e?iopia1 or r ( ,cu%1  :i* is "p (
 ,arabia1 m>*$ aga9/ ,asa ) a million ( 
foot1 &  ?ree hundr$ *>iots ( w>1 &     
advanc$ z f> z ,m>e%ah4 ,?is  probably  
happ5$ 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ,asa's reign1 &
 9 ! ye>  ( ! _w #cjfd1 #b ,*ron4 xv1   
#aj4 ,asa advanc$ to meet ,z]ah1 &      
encamp$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,zepha?ah1 or r      
,zephatah1 ne> ,m>e%ah1  & hav+ pray$ to
 ! ,"l1 ,god /ruck ! =ces ( ,z]ah ) su* 
a panic t !y began to flee4 ,asa & 8    
army pursu$ !m to ,g]an1  & slew ( !m a 
great numb]4 ,aft] ?is1 ,asa's army     
return$ to  ,j]usalem1 lad5 ) booty4 ,! 
prophet ,az>iah met !m1 & said1  8,he>  
ye me1 ,asa1 & all ,judah & ,b5jam91 ,! 
,"l is ) y :ile  ye be ) him1 & if ye   

seek him he w be f\nd ( y2 b if ye      
=sake him1 he w =sake y4--,be ye /rong1 
!re=e1 & let n  y\r h&s be weak3 = y\r  
"w %all be rew>d$10 #b ,*ron4 xv1 #b1   
#g4  ,aft] ?is exhortation1 ,asa1 be+   
animat$ ) new c\rage1 de/roy$  ! idols (
 ,judah1 ,b5jam91 & ,m\nt ,ephraim2     
repair$ ! alt> (  burnt-(f]+s2 &        
assembl$ ,judah & ,b5jam91 ) _m f !     
tribes ( ,simeon1 ,ephraim1 & ,manasseh1
 & on ! ?ird day1 9 !  fifte5? ye> ( 8  
reign1 celebrat$ a solemn fe/ival4 ,( ! 
cattle  tak5 f ,z]ah1 !y sacrific$ sev5 
hundr$ ox51 & sev5 ?\s&  %eep2 !y r5ew$ 
! cov5ant ) ! ,"l2 &1 ) cymbals &       
trumpets s\nd+1 !y swore to ! cov5ant1 &
 decl>$ t :oev]  %\ld =sake ! true      
wor%ip ( ,god1 %\ld be put to dea?4 ,!  
,"l  gave !m peace2 &1 accord+ to !     
,*ronicles1 ! k+dom ( ,judah  _h re/    
till ! ?irty-fif? ye> ( ,asa4 ,conc]n+  
?is ye>1  h[ev]1 !re are difficulties2 &
 "s ?9k t we %\ld read !  tw5ty-fif?1   
in/ead ( ! ?irty-fif?2 s9ce ,baa%a1 :o  
made w> on  ,asa1 liv$ no long] ?an !   

tw5ty-six? ye> ( ,asa1 #a ,k+s xvi1 #h4 
,9 ?is ye> ,baa%a1 k+ ( ,israel1 began  
to =tify ,ramah1 on !  fronti]s ( ! two 
k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel1 t he might   
prev5t  ! ,israelites f resort+ to !    
k+dom ( ,judah1 & ! temple (  ! ,"l at  
,j]usalem4 ,:5 ,asa 0 in=m$ ( ?is1 he   
s5t to  ,b5hadad1 k+ ( ,damascus1 all ! 
gold & silv] ( 8 palace1 &  ( ! temple1 
to induce him to break 8 alliance )     
,baa%a1 & to  assi/ him aga9/ ! k+ (    
,israel4 ,b5hadad accept$ ,asa's        
pres5ts1  & invad$ ,baa%a's c\ntry1 :]e 
he took sev]al cities belong+ to  !     
tribe ( ,naphtali4 ,?is oblig$ ,baa%a to
 retire f ,ramah1 t he  might def5d 8   
dom9ions ne>] home4 ,asa imm$iately     
ord]$ 8  p to ,ramah1 c>ri$ (f all !    
mat]ials prep>$ by ,baa%a1 &  employ$ !m
 9 build+ ,geba & ,mizpah4 ,?is         
application to ,b5hadad  = assi/ance 0  
inexcusable4 ,x impli$1 t ,asa di/ru/$  
,god's  p[] & goodness1 :i* he _h s     
lately exp]i5c$4 ,!re=e !  ,prophet     
,hanani 0 s5t to reprove him = 8        

conduct4 ,asa1 h[ev]1  0 s exasp]at$ at 
8 rebukes t he put ! ,prophet 9 *a9s1 & 
at ! same "t ord]$ ! execution ( sev]al 
p]sons 9 ,judah4  ,t[>d ! latt] "p ( 8  
life1 he 0 incommod$ ) swell+s 9  8     
feet1 :i*1 gradually ris+ upw>ds1 kill$ 
him4 ,! ,scripture  reproa*es him ) hav+
 _h rec\rse to physicians1 r ?an to  !  
,"l4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! sepul*re :i* he _h 
provid$ =  himself 9 ! city ( ,david2 & 
aft] 8 dea? !y plac$ on ! b$  great     
quantities ( p]fumes & spices1 ) :i* 8  
body 0 burn$4  ,8 bones & a%es 7 !n     
collect$1 & put into 8 grave4           
,,asahel1 ! son ( ,z]uiah1 & bro!r (    
,joab4 ,he 0 kill$ by ,abn]1  9 ! battle
 ( ,gibeon1 #b ,sam4 ii1 #ah1 #ai1 :ile 
he ob/9ately  p]si/$ 9 ! pursuit ( t    
g5]al4 ,to rev5ge 8 dea?1 8  bro!r      
,joab1 "s ye>s aft]1 trea*]\sly kill$   
,abn]1 :o _h come  to wait on ,david at 
,hebron1 9 ord] to procure him to be    
ackn[l$g$  k+ by all ,israel1 #b ,sam4  
iii1 #bf1 #bg4 ,see ,,abn]4    ,,asaph1 
a celebrat$ musician 9 ! "t ( ,david1 0 

! son (  ,b>a*ias ( ! tribe ( ,levi4    
,asaph1 & also 8 desc5dants1  presid$   
ov] ! musical b& 9 ! s]vice ( ! temple4 
,sev]al (  ! psalms1 z ! fiftie?1 !     
sev5ty-?ird to ! eighty-?ird1 h  ! "n ( 
,asaph prefix$2 b x is n c]ta9 :e!r !   
words or  ! music 7 compos$ by him4 ,)  
reg>d to "s ( !m1 :i* 7  writt5 dur+ !  
,babyloni% captivity1 !y _c 9 any       
respect be  ascrib$ to him4 ,p]haps !y 7
 writt5 or set to music by 8            
desc5dants1 :o bore 8 "n1 or by "s ( t  
class ( musicians (  :i* ! family (     
,asaph 0 ! head1 #a ,*ron4 vi1 #ci2 #b  
,*ron4 xxix1  #cj2 xxxv1 #ae2 ,neh4 xii1
 #df4 ,! psalms :i* be> ! "n ( ,asaph   
are  doctr9al or preceptive3 _! /yle1   
?\gh less sweet ?an t (  ,david1 is m   
vehem5t1 & little inf]ior to ! gr&eur ( 
,isaiah4    ,,asc5sion ,,( ,,*ri/1 8    
visible elevation to heav54 ,our        
,savi\r1  hav+ repeat$ly conv]s$ ) 8    
,apo/les aft] 8 resurrection1  & af=d$  
!m _m infallible pro(s ( its reality1 l$
 !m f  ,j]usalem to ,be?any1 & 0 rais$  

up to heav5 9 _! sight2 !re  to cont9ue 
till he %all desc5d at ! la/ day to     
judge ! quick &  ! dead4 ,! evid5ces (  
?is fact 7 num]\s4 ,! disciples saw  him
 asc5d1 ,acts i1 #i1 #aj4 ,two angels   
te/ifi$ t he did asc5d1 ,acts  i1 #aa4  
,/eph51 ,paul1 & ,john saw him 9 8      
asc5d$ /ate1 ,acts vii1  #ee1 #ef2 ix2  
,rev4 i4 ,! asc5sion 0 demon/rat$ by !  
desc5t ( !  ,holy ,gho/1 ,john xvi1 #g1 
#ad2 ,acts ii1 #cc2 & ! t]rible ov]?r[ &
  disp]sion ( ! ,jewi% nation is /ill a 
/&+ pro( ( x1 ,john  viii1 #ba2 ,matt4  
xxvi1 #fd4 ,! "t ( ,*ri/'s asc5sion 0   
=ty days  aft] 8 resurrection4 ,he      
cont9u$ s _m days ^u e>? t he  might    
give repeat$ pro(s ( 8 resurrection1    
,acts i1 #c2 in/ruct 8  ,apo/les 9 e ?+ 
( importance respect+ _! (fice &        
m9i/ry1 ,acts i1 #c2 & might op5 to !m !
 ,scriptures conc]n+  himself1 & r5ew _!
 commission to prea* ! ,gospel1 ,acts i1
 #e1 #f2  ,m>k xvi1 #ae4 ,z to ! mann] (
 8 asc5sion1 x 0 f m\nt  ,olivet to     
heav51 n 9 appe>ance only1 b 9 reality1 

& t  visibly & locally4 ,x 0 a real     
motion ( 8 human nature2 sudd51  swift1 
glori\s1 & 9 a triumphant mann]4 ,he 0  
p>t$ f 8  disciples :ile he 0 solemnly  
bless+ !m2 & multitudes ( angels  att5d$
 him ) %\ts ( praise1 ,psalm lxviii1    
#ag2 xlvii1 #e1 #f4    ,! effects or    
ends ( 8 asc5sion 71 #a4 ,to fulfil !   
types &  prophecies conc]n+ x2 #b4 ,to  
8appe>0 z a prie/ 89 ! pres5ce (  ,god =
 u20 #c4 ,to take ^u him m op5ly !      
ex]cise ( 8 k+ly  (fice2 #d4 ,to receive
 gifts = m51 bo? ord9>y & extraord9>y1  
,psalm lxviii1 #ah2 #e4 ,to op5 ! way to
 heav5 = 8 p1 ,heb4 x1  #ai1 #bj2 #f4   
,to assure ! sa9ts ( _! asc5sion to     
heav5 aft] _!  resurrection f ! dead1   
,john xiv1 #a1 #b4    ,,a%dod1 ,,azo?1  
accord+ to ! ,vulgate1 or ,azotus1      
accord+ to !  ,greek1 a city :i* 0      
assign$ by ,jo%ua to ! tribe ( ,judah1 b
  0 possess$ a long "t by ! ,phili/9es1 
& r5d]$ fam\s =  ! temple ( _! god      
,dagon1 ,jo%ua xv1 #dg4 ,x lies ^u !    
,m$it]ranean ,sea1 ab\t n9e or t5 miles 

nor? ( ,gaza2 & 9 !  times :5           
,*ri/ianity fl\ri%$ 9 ^! p>ts 0 made an 
episcopal  see1 & cont9u$ a fair village
 till ! days ( ,/4 ,j]om4 ,"h !  ark (  
,jehovah triumph$ ov] ! ,phili/9e idol  
,dagon1 #a ,sam4 v1 #b4    ,,a%]1 tribe 
(4 ,! prov9ce allott$ to ?is tribe 0 a  
m>itime "o1  /ret*+ along ! coa/ f      
,sidon on ! nor? to ,m\nt ,c>mel on  !  
s\?2 includ+ ! cities ,abdon1 ,a*%aph1  
,ac*o1 ,a*zib1 ,s>epta1  ,sidon1 &      
,tyre4 ,b ( ! nor!rn half ( ?is         
t]ritory1 t is1  f ,tyre nor?w>d1 ?is   
tribe nev] became possess$1 n hav+      
expell$ ! ,phnician inhabitants1 :o are 
suppos$ n to h be5  pure ,canaanites1 b 
a mixture ( ?is p ) a ,cu?ite colony f  
,egypt4 ,a%] 0 ! mo/ nor!rly ( ! tribes2
 & _h t (  ,naphtali on ! we/1 &        
,zebulun on ! s\?4    ,,a%es4 ,sev]al   
religi\s c]emonies1 & "s symbolical     
ones1 anci5tly  dep5d$ ^u ! use ( a%es4 
,to rep5t 9 sackclo? & a%es1 or1 z  an  
ext]nal sign ( self-affliction = s91 or 
( suff]+ "u "s  mis=tune1 to sit 9 a%es1

 are expressions common 9 ,scripture4   
8,i am  b du/ & a%es10 exclaims ,abraham
 be=e ! ,"l1 ,g54 xviii1 #bg2  indicat+ 
a deep s5se ( 8 own meanness 9 comp>ison
 ) ,god4 ,god  ?reat5s to %[] d[n du/ & 
a%es on ! l&s in/ead ( ra91  ,deut4     
xxviii1 #bd2 !reby to make !m b>r5      
in/ead ( bless+ !m1  to dry !m up in/ead
 ( wat]+ !m4 ,tam>1 aft] ! injury %e _h 
receiv$ f ,amnon1 cov]$ h] head ) a%es1 
#b ,sam4 xiii1 #ai4 ,!  ,psalmi/1 9     
great sorr[1 says poetically1 he _h     
8eat5 a%es z x  7 bread10 ,psalm cii1   
#i2 t is1 he sat on a%es1 he ?rew a%es  
on  8 head2 & 8 food1 8 bread1 0 spr9kl$
 ) ! a%es  :]e) he 0 himself cov]$4 ,s  
,j]emiah introduces ,j]usalem  say+1 8,!
 ,"l ha? cov]$ me ) a%es10 ,lam5tations 
iii1 #af4  ,sitt+ on a%es1 or ly+ d[n   
among a%es1 0 a tok5 ( extreme  grief4  
,we f9d x adopt$ by ,job1 ii1 #h2 by _m 
,jews :5 9 great  fe>1 ,e/h] iv1 #c2 &  
by ! k+ ( ,n9eveh1 ,jonah iii1 #f4 ,he  
arose  f 8 ?rone1 laid aside 8 robe1    
cov]$ himself ) sackclo?1  & sat 9 a%es4

 ,?is tok5 ( affliction is illu/rat$ by 
,hom]'s  description ( old ,la]tes      
griev+ = ! abs5ce ( 8 son1  8,sleep+ 9 !
 ap>tm5t :]e ! slaves slept1 9 ! a%es1  
ne>  ! fire40 ,comp>e ,j]4 vi1 #bf1     
8,daught] ( my p1 wall[ ?yself  9 a%es40
 ,!re 0 a sort ( ley & lu/ral wat]1 made
 ) !  a%es ( ! heif] sacrific$ on !     
great day ( expiation2 ^!  a%es 7       
di/ribut$ to ! p1 & us$ 9 purifications1
 by  spr9kl+1 to su* z _h t\*$ a dead   
body1 or _h be5 pres5t at  fun]als1     
,num4 xix1 #ag4    ,,a%k5az1 "o ( ! sons
 ( ,gom]1 & gr&son ( ,japhe?1 :o gave  8
 "n to ! c\ntry fir/ peopl$ by him 9 !  
nor? &  nor?-we/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or1    
answ]+ to ,bi?ynia2 :]e 7  traces long  
aft] ( 8 "n1 p>ticul>ly 9 t ( ,ascanius1
 appli$  to a bay & city1 z well z to "s
 isl&s ly+ along ! coa/4 ,x  0 also f   
?is c\ntry1 mo/ probably1 t ! k+        
,ascanius1  m5tion$ by ,hom]1 came to ! 
aid ( ,priamus at ! siege ( ,troy4  ,f !
 same s\rce1 likewise1 ! ,pontus        
,eux9us1 or ,black ,sea1  d]iv$ its "n4 

,x may f>!r be rem>k$ on ! id5tity ( ^! 
c\ntries1 t ! ,prophet ,j]emiah1 pr$ict+
 ! capture ( ,babylon1  & call+ by "n ! 
c\ntries :i* 7 to rise aga9/ x1         
exclaims1 8,call toge!r aga9/ h] !      
k+doms ( ,ar>at1 7or  ,arm5ia17 ,m9ni1 &
 ,a%k5az30 :i* 0 lit]ally fulfill$2 z   
,x5oph5 in=ms u t ,cyrus1 aft] tak+     
,s>dis1 became ma/] (  ,phrygia on !    
,hellespont1 & took along ) him _m      
soldi]s ( t  c\ntry4    ,,a%t>o?1 or    
,,a/>te1 a goddess ( ! ,zidonians4 ,! ^w
 ,a%t>o?  prop]ly signifies flocks (    
%eep1 or goats2 & sometimes ! grove1  or
 woods1 because %e 0 goddess ( woods1 & 
groves 7 h] temples4  ,9 groves         
consecrat$ to h]1 su* lascivi\sness 0   
committ$ z  r5d]$ h] wor%ip infam\s4 ,%e
 0 also call$ ! que5 ( heav52  &        
sometimes h] wor%ip is said to be t ( 8!
 ho/ ( heav540  ,%e 0 c]ta9ly repres5t$ 
9 ! same mann] z ,isis1 ) c[s'  horns on
 h] head1 to d5ote ! increase & decrease
 ( ! moon4  ,cic]o calls h] ! f\r? ,v5us
 ( ! ,syrians4 ,%e is almo/ always  jo9$

 ) ,baal1 & is call$ a god1 !           
,scriptures hav+ no  p>ticul> ^w to     
express a goddess4 ,x is believ$ t !    
moon 0  ador$ 9 ?is idol4 ,h] temples   
g5]ally accompani$ ^? ( ! sun2  & :ile  
bloody sacrifices or human victims 7    
(f]$ to ,baal1  bread1 liquors1 &       
p]fumes 7 pres5t$ to ,a/>te4 ,= h]1     
tables  7 prep>$ ^u ! flat t]race ro(s (
 h\ses1 ne> gates1 9  por*es1 & at      
crossways1 on ! fir/ day ( e mon?2 & ?is
 0  call$ by ! ,greeks1 ,hecate's supp]4
    ,solomon1 s$uc$ by 8 =eign wives1   
introduc$ ! wor%ip (  ,a%t>o? into      
,israel2 b ,jezebel1 daught] ( ! k+ (   
,tyre1 &  wife to ,ahab1 pr9cipally     
e/abli%$ h] wor%ip4 ,%e caus$ alt>s to  
be erect$ to ?is idol 9 e "p ( ,israel2 
& at "o "t f\r  hundr$ prie/s att5d$ !  
wor%ip ( ,a%t>o?1 #a ,k+s xviii1 #g4    
,,a%ur1 ! son ( ,%em1 :o gave 8 "n to   
,assyria4 ,x is believ$  t ,a%ur        
orig9ally dwelt 9 ! l& ( ,%9> & ab\t    
,babylonia1  b t he 0 compell$ by !     
usurp] ,nimrod to dep>t f !nce1  &      

settle high] t[>d ! spr+s ( ! ,tigris1 9
 ! prov9ce (  ,assyria1 s call$ f him1  
:]e "s ?9k he built ! fam\s city  (     
,n9eveh1 & ^? ( ,rehobo?1 ,calah1 &     
,res51 ,g54 x1 #aa1 #ab4    ,,asia1 "o (
 ! f\r gr& divisions ( ! e>?4 ,x is also
 us$ 9 a  m re/rict$ s5se = ,asia ,m9or1
 or ,anatolia4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t  x    
always signifies ! ,roman ,proconsul>   
,asia1 9 :i* ! sev5  ,apocalyptic *ur*es
 7 situat$4    ,,askelon1 a city 9 ! l& 
( ! ,phili/9es1 situat$ betwe5 ,azo?  & 
,gaza1 ^u ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 
ab\t #ebj furlongs  f ,j]usalem4 ,!     
tribe ( ,judah1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1   
took !  city ( ,askelon1 ,judges i1 #ah1
 be+ "o ( ! five gov]nm5ts  belong+ to !
 ,phili/9es4 ,! place at pres5t is 9    
ru9s4    ,,asmon,,ans1 a "n giv5 to !   
,maccabees1 ! desc5dants ( ,matta?ias4  
,aft] ! dea? ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 !     
,jews 7 gov]n$ by _!  high prie/1 9     
subjection1 h[ev]1 to ! ,p]sian k+s1 to 
:om !y  paid tribute2 b ) full enjoym5t 
( _! lib]ties1 civil &  religi\s4 ,ne>ly

 ?ree c5turies ( prosp]ity ensu$1 until 
!y 7  cruelly oppress$ by ,antio*us     
,epiphanes1 k+ ( ,syria1 :5 !y 7        
compell$ to take up arms 9 _! own       
def5ce4 ,"u ! able conduct  ( ,judas1   
surnam$ ,maccabeus1 & 8 valiant bro!rs1 
! ,jews  ma9ta9$ a religi\s w> =        
tw5ty-six ye>s ) five successive  k+s ( 
,syria2 & aft] de/roy+ upw>ds ( two     
hundr$ ?\s& (  _! be/ troops1 !         
,maccabees f9ally e/abli%$ ! indep5d5ce 
(  _! own c\ntry1 & ! aggr&isem5t ( _!  
family4 ,?is  illu/ri\s h\se1 ^: pr9ces 
unit$ ! regal & pontifical dignity  9 _!
 own p]sons1 adm9i/]$ ! affairs ( !     
,jews dur+ a  p]iod ( a hundr$ &        
tw5ty-six ye>s2 until1 disputes aris+   
betwe5 ,hyrcanus ,,ii1 & 8 bro!r        
,ari/obulus1 ! latt] 0  defeat$ by !    
,romans1 :o captur$ ,j]usalem1 & r$uc$  
,judea to a  milit>y prov9ce1 ,b4 ,c4   
#ei4    ,,asnapp]1 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 :o  
s5t ! ,cu!ans into ! c\ntry  belong+ to 
! t5 tribes1 ,ezra iv1 #aj4 ,_m take ?is
 pr9ce to be  ,%almanes]2 b o!rs1 ) m   

probability1 ?9k him to be  ,es>-haddon4
    ,,asp1 4 ,deut4 xxxii1 #cc2 ,job xx1
 #ad1 #af2 ,psalm lviii1 #d2 xci1 #ac2  
,isaiah xi1 #h4 ,a v v5om\s s]p5t1 ^:   
poison is s subtle z to  kill )9 a few  
h\rs ) a univ]sal gangr5e4 ,?is may well
 ref]  to ! bt5 ( ! ,arabians1 :i* ,m4  
,=skal describes z spott$  ) black &    
:ite1 ab\t "o foot 9 l5g?1 & ne>ly half 
an in*  9 ?ickness1 ovip>\s1 & ^: bite  
is dea?4 ,x is ! aspic (  ! anci5ts1 &  
is s call$ n[ by ! lit]ati ( ,cyprus1   
?\gh !  common p call x kufi1 717 deaf4 
,) ! ,,pe!n we may  connect ! py?on ( ! 
,greeks1 :i* 01 accord+ to fable1 a     
huge s]p5t t _h an oracle at m\nt       
,p>nassus1 fam\s =  pr$ict+ future      
ev5ts4 ,apollo is said to h sla9 ?is    
s]p5t1 &  h5ce he 0 call$ 8,py?ius40 ,^?
 possess$ ) a _s (  div9ation 7 also    
/yl$ 4 ,! ^w occurs 9 ,acts1 xvi1 #af1  
z ! *>act]i/ic ( a "y woman :o _h a     
py?onic _s4 ,x  is well kn[n t ! s]p5t 0
 p>ticul>ly employ$ by !  ,hea!ns 9 _!  
en*antm5ts & div9ations4 ,see ,,s]p5t4  

,pe!n1 1 is v>i\sly translat$ 9 our     
v]sion2 b int]pret]s  g5]ally consid] x 
z ref]r+ to ! asp4 ,zoph> alludes to x m
  ?an once 9 8 description ( a wick$    
man3 8,yet 8 meat 9 8  b[els is turn$1 x
 is ! gall ( asps )9 him4 ,he %all suck 
!  poison ( asps3 ! vip]'s tongue %all  
slay him40 ,! v5om ( asps is  ! mo/     
subtle ( all2 x is incurable2 &1 if !   
w\nd$ "p be n  in/antly amputat$1 x     
spe$ily t]m9ates ! exi/5ce ( !  suff]]4 
,to ^! circum/ances1 ,moses evid5tly    
alludes 9 8  "* ( ! ,hea!n3 8,_! w9e is 
! poison ( dragons1 & !  cruel v5om (   
asps40 ,to tread ^u ! asp is att5d$ )   
extreme  dang]2 !re=e1 to express 9 !   
/ronge/ mann] ! safety :i*  ! godly man 
enjoys "u ! protection ( 8 heav5ly      
,fa!r1 x is  promis$1 t he %all tread ) 
impunity ^u ^! v5om\s  creatures4 ,no   
p]son ( 8 own accord approa*es ! hole ( 
^!  deadly reptiles2 = he :o gives !m ! 
smalle/ di/urbance is 9  extreme dang] (
 pay+ ! =feit ( 8 ra%ness ) 8 life4     
,h5ce1 ! ,prophet ,isaiah1 pr$ict+ !    

conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles to  ! fai? (     
,*ri/1 & ! glori\s reign ( peace & tru? 
9 ^?  regions :i*1 prior to t p]iod1 7  
full ( horrid cruelty1  m>vell\sly      
height5s ! =ce ( ! :ole description by  
decl>+1  8,! suck+ *ild %all play on !  
hole ( ! asp1 & ! wean$  *ild %all put 8
 h& on ! cockatrice' d54 ,!y %all n hurt
 nor  de/roy 9 all my holy m\nta92 = !  
e>? %all be full ( !  k ( ! ,"l1 z !    
wat]s cov] ! sea40    ,,ass1 1 ,arabic1 
*am>a & ham>4 ,!re are ?ree words ref]r$
  by translators to ! ass3 #a4 1 :i* is 
! usual appellation1 &  d5otes ! ord9>y 
k9d2 su* z is employ$ 9 lab\r1 c>riage1 
&  dome/ic s]vices4 #b4 1 r5d]$ onag]1  
or 8wild ass40 #c4 1  r5d]$ %e ass4 ,to 
^! we mu/ add1 1 r5d]$ wild asses1      
,dan4 v1 #ba4 ,! prevail+ col\r ( ?is   
animal 9 ! ea/ is r$di%2  & ! ,arabic   
^w1 *am>a1 signifies to be r$4    ,9 8  
natural /ate he is fleet1 fi]ce1        
=midable1 & intractable2  b :5          
dome/icat$1 ! mo/ g5tle ( all animals1 &
 assumes a  pati5ce & submission ev5 m  

humble ?an 8 situation4 ,le ,cl]c       
obs]ves1 t ! ,israelites n be+ all[$ to 
keep horses1 ! ass  0 n only made a bea/
 ( burd51 b us$ on j\rneys2 & t ev5  !  
mo/ hon\rable ( ! nation 7 wont to be   
m\nt$ on asses1  :i* 9 ! ea/]n c\ntries 
7 mu* l>g] & m beautiful ?an  !y are )  
u4 ,jair ( ,gilead _h ?irty sons :o rode
 on z _m  asses1 & comm&$ 9 ?irty       
cities1 ,judges x1 #d4 ,abdon's sons &  
gr&sons rode also ^u asses1 ,judges xii1
 #d4 ,& ,*ri/ makes 8  solemn entry into
 ,j]usalem rid+ ^u an ass1 ,matt4 xxi1  
#d2 ,john xii1  #ad4 ,to draw ) an ox & 
ass toge!r 0 prohibit$ 9 ! ,mosaic  law1
 ,deut4 xxii1 #aj4 ,?is law is ?\ght to 
h respect to "s  idolatr\s cu/om ( !    
,g5tiles1 :o 7 taught to believe t _!   
fields w\ld be m fruitful if ?us pl\gh$2
 = x is n likely  t m5 w\ld h yok$      
toge!r two creatures s diff]5t 9 _!     
temp]s & motions1 _h !y n be5 l$ to x by
 "s sup]/ition4  ,!re might be1 h[ev]1 a
 physical reason = ?is injunction4 ,two 
bea/s ( a diff]5t species _c well       

associate toge!r2 & on  ?is acc\nt nev] 
pull pleasantly ei!r 9 ! c>t or pl\gh1 &
 are  n !re=e 8true yoke fell[s40 ,le   
,cl]c consid]s ?is law z m]ely          
symbolical1 import+ t we are n to =m    
improp] alliances 9  civil & religi\s   
life2 & he ?9ks 8 op9ion confirm$ by ^! 
words ( ,/4 ,paul1 #b ,cor4 vi1 #ad3    
8,be ye n unequally yok$ )  unbeliev]s20
 :i* are simply to be und]/ood z        
prohibit+ all  int]c\rse betwe5         
,*ri/ians & idolat]s1 9 social1         
matrimonial1  & religi\s life4 ,to tea* 
! ,jews ! propriety ( ?is1 a v>iety  (  
precepts relative to improp] &          
het]og5e\s mixtures 7  int]sp]s$ ?r\gh  
_! law2 s t 9 civil & dome/ic life !y   
might h !m ev] be=e _! eyes4    ,! wild 
ass1 call$ ,,p>a1 is probably ! onag] ( 
! anci5ts4  ,x is tall] & a mu* m       
dignifi$ animal ?an ! common or  dome/ic
 ass2 its legs are m elegantly %ap$2 & x
 be>s its head  high]4 ,x is peculi>ly  
di/+ui%$ by a dusky woolly mane1 long   
erect e>s1 & a =ehead highly ar*$4 ,!   

col\r ( ! hair1 9  g5]al1 is ( a silv]y 
:ite4 ,^! animals associate 9 h]ds1 "u  
a lead]1 & are v %y4 ,!y inhabit !      
m\nta9\s regions &  des]t p>ts ( ,t>t>y1
 ,p]sia1 c4 ,anci5tly !y 7 likewise f\nd
  9 ,lycaonia1 ,phrygia1 ,mesopotamia1 &
 ,arabia ,des]ta4 ,!y are  rem>kably    
wild2 & ,job1 xxxix1 #e-h1 describes !  
lib]ty !y enjoy1  ! place ( _! retreat1 
_! mann]s1 & wild1 impetu\s1 &          
untamable _s4 8,va9 man w\ld be wise1   
?\gh he be born a wild  ass's colt10    
,job xi1 #ab2  1 8ass colt10 n 8ass's   
colt20  be+  9 apposition ) 1 & n 9     
gov]nm5t4 ,! :ole is a prov]bial        
expression1 d5ot+ extreme p]v]sity &    
f]ocity1 & repeat$ly  allud$ to 9 ! ,old
 ,te/am5t4 ,?us1 ,g54 xvi1 #ab1 x is    
prophesi$ (  ,i%mael t he %\ld be  1 a  
wild ass man2 r\gh1 untaught1 &  lib]t9e
 z a wild ass4 ,s ,hosea1 xiii1 #ae2    
8,he 7,ephraim7 ha? run  wild 7lit]ally 
assifi$ himself7 amid/ ! bray+ mon/]s40 
,s  aga91 ,hosea viii1 #i1 ! v same "*  
is giv5 ( ,ephraim1 :o  is call$ 8a     

solit>y wild ass by himself10 or p]haps 
a solit>y wild  ass ( ! des]t2 = !      
orig9al w be> to be s r5d]$4 ,?is       
prov]bial expression has desc5d$ among !
 ,arabians to ! pres5t  day1 :o /ill    
employ1 z ,s*ult5s has rem>k$1 !        
expressions1 8!  ass ( ! des]t10 or 8!  
wild ass10 to describe an ob/9ate1      
indocile1 & contumaci\s p]son4 ,!       
,prophet ,isaiah1 xxxii1 #ad1  describes
 great desolation by say+ t 8! wild     
asses %all rejoice  :]e a city /ood40   
,!re is ano!r k9d ( ass call$1 4        
,abraham  _h ,,atono?1 ,g54 xii1 #af2   
,balaam rode on an ,,aton1 ,num4 xxii1  
#bc4 ,we  f9d f #a ,*ron4 xxvii1 #cj1 t 
,david _h an (fic] expressly  appo9t$ to
 sup]9t5d 8 ,,atono?2 n 8 ord9>y asses1 
b ^?  ( a nobl] race2 :i* implies at    
lea/ equal dignity 9 ?is (fic]  to 8    
colleagues m5tion$ ) him4 ,?is notion ( 
! ,,aton gives also  a _s to ! hi/ory ( 
,saul1 :o1 :5 8 fa!r's ,,atono? 7  lo/1 
0 at no little pa9s to seek !m2 moreov]1
 z beside be+  valuable1 !y 7 uncommon1 

he might ! m readily he> ( !m  if !y _h 
be5 notic$ or tak5 up by any "o2 & ?is  
leads to !  true int]pretation ( !      
s]vant's propos$ application to ,samuel1
  v]se #f1 z ?\gh he said1 8,9 8 (fice (
 magi/racy ?is hon\rable  man may h he>d
 ( ^! /ray$ r>ities1 & secur$ !m2       
p]adv5ture he c direct u40    ,?us we   
f9d t ^! atono? are m5tion$ 9           
,scripture1 only 9  ! possession (      
judges1 patri>*s1 & o!r great m52       
insomu* t  :]e ^! are !re is dignity1   
ei!r express$ or impli$4 ,!y 7  also a  
pres5t = a pr9ce2 = ,jacob pres5t$ ,esau
 ) tw5ty1 ,g54  xxxii1 #ae4 ,:at !n %all
 we say ( ! weal? ( ,job1 :o possess$ a 
?\s&8 ,ano!r ^w :i* is r5d]$ 8wild ass0 
by our  translators1 ,job xxxix1 #e1 is 
,,orud2 :i* seems to be ! same1 t 9  !  
,*aldee ( ,daniel1 v1 #ba1 is call$     
or$ia4 ,mr4 ,p>khur/ supposes  t ?is ^w 
d5otes ! bray]1 & t ,,p>a & ,,orud are  
only two  names = ! same animal4 ,b ^!  
names may p]haps ref] to  diff]5t races1
 ?\gh ( ! same species2 s t a           

description (  ! prop]ties ( "o may     
apply to bo?1 ?\gh n )\t "s  v>iation4  
,:o s5t out ! p>a free8                 
,or :o ha? loos$ ! b&s ( ! orud8        
,^: dwell+ ,i h made ! wild]ness1       
,& ! b>r5 l& 7salt des]ts7 8 resort3    
,! range ( op5 m\nta9s are 8 pa/ure1    
,& he se>*e? aft] e gre5 ?+4    ,gmel9  
obs]ves t ! onag] is v fond ( salt4     
,:e!r !  8des]ts0 ( ! above text 7 salt 
m>%es1 or salt des]ts1 is (  v little   
consequ5ce2 ! circum/ance %[s !         
correctness ( !  ,hebrew poet4 ,9       
,daniel we read t ,nebu*adnezz> dwelt ) 
!  ,,or$ia4 ,we ne$ n suppose t he 0    
bani%$ to ! des]ts1 b 0  at mo/ kept    
safely 9 an enclosure ( 8 own p>k1 :]e  
curi\s  animals 7 kept = /ate &         
pleasure4 ,if ?is be correct1 !n !      
,,orud 0 some:at1 at lea/1 ( a r>ity at 
,babylon2 & x might be (  a k9d diff]5t 
f ! ,,p>a1 z x is d5ot$ by ano!r "n4    
,may x  n be ! ,gicquetei ( ,pr(essor   
,pallas1 ! wild mule ( ,mongalia  :i*   
surpasses ! onag] 9 size1 beauty1 &     

p]haps 9 swiftness4    ,,assideans1 by  
"s nam$ ,*asideans1 f *asidim1 8m]ciful1
 pi\s40  ,!y 7 a k9d ( religi\s society 
among ! ,jews1 ^: *ief &  di/+ui%+ "* 01
 to ma9ta9 ! hon\r ( ! temple1 &  obs]ve
 punctually ! traditions ( ! eld]s4 ,!y 
7 !re=e n  only cont5t to pay ! usual   
tribute = ! ma9t5ance ( ! h\se  ( ,god1 
b *>g$ !mselves ) f>!r exp5se ^u t      
acc\nt2  = e day1 except t ( ! great    
expiation1 !y sacrific$ a  lamb1 9      
addition to ! daily oblation1 :i* 0     
call$ ! s9  (f]+ ( ! ,assideans4 ,!y    
practis$ great] h>d%ips &               
mortifications ?an o!rs2 & _! common oa?
 01 8,by ! temple20  = :i* our ,savi\r  
reproves ! ,ph>isees1 :o _h le>n$ t oa? 
( !m1 ,matt4 xxiii1 #af4 ,f ?is sect !  
,ph>isees sprung4 ,!  ,assideans are    
repres5t$ z a num]\s sect1 di/+ui%$ by  
its  val\r1 z well z by its zeal = !    
law1 #a ,mac4 ii1 #db4 ,a company (  !m 
resort$ to ,matta?ias1 to fight = ! law 
( ,god1 & !  lib]ties ( _! c\ntry4 ,?is 
sect arose ei!r dur+ ! captivity1  or   

soon aft] ! re/oration1 ( ! ,jews2 & 7  
probably 9 !  comm5cem5t1 & long        
aft]w>d1 a truly pi\s "p ( ! nation2 b  
!y at l5g? became sup]/iti\s4           
,,assurance4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ?is t]m is   
us$ !ologically is t (  a firm p]suasion
 ( our be+ 9 a /ate ( salvation4 ,!     
doctr9e  itself has be5 matt] ( dispute 
among div9es1 & :5 consid]$ z  imply+ n 
only t we are n[ accept$ ( ,god ?r\gh   
,*ri/1 b  t we %all be f9ally sav$1 or  
:5 x is s tak5 z to d5y a  /ate (       
salvation to ^? :o are n s assur$ z to  
be free f  all d\bt1 x is 9 _m views    
que/ionable4 ,assurance ( f9al          
salvation mu/ /& or fall ) ! doctr9e (  
p]sonal unconditional  election1 & is   
*iefly held by div9es ( ! ,calv9i/ic    
s*ool2 &  t no?+ is an evid5ce ( a /ate 
( pres5t salvation b s  entire a        
p]suasion z am\nts to assurance 9 !     
/ronge/ s5se1  might be d5i$ ^u ! gr\nd 
t degrees ( grace1 ( real sav+  grace1  
are und\bt$ly m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4     
,assurance1 h[ev]1 is  spok5 ( 9 ! ,new 

,te/am5t1 & /&s prom95t z "o ( !  lead+ 
doctr9es ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,we h     
8full assurance (  und]/&+20 t is a     
p]fect k & entire p]suasion ( !  tru? ( 
! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4 ,! 8assurance (      
fai?10 9 ,hebrews  ix1 #bb1 is an entire
 tru/ 9 ! sacrifice & prie/ly (fice (   
,*ri/4 ,! 8assurance ( hope10 m5tion$ 9 
,hebrews vi1 #aa1 relates to  ! heav5ly 
inh]itance1 & mu/ necess>ily imply a    
full p]suasion  t we are 8! *ildr5 (    
,god10 & !re=e 8heirs ( 8 glory20  & f  
?is passage x mu/ c]ta9ly be conclud$ t 
su* an  assurance is :at e ,*ri/ian     
ought to aim at1 & t x is  atta9able4   
,?is1 h[ev]1 does n exclude occasional  
d\bt &  weakness ( fai?1 f ! e>li] /ages
 ( 8 exp]i5ce4    ,a com=t+ & abid+     
p]suasion ( pres5t acceptance by ,god1  
?r\gh ,*ri/1 we may !re=e affirm1 mu/ 9 
v>i\s degrees foll[  true fai?4 ,9      
support ( ?is view1 ! foll[+ rem>ks may 
be  (f]$3--    ,if x is ! doctr9e ( !   
inspir$ records1 t man is by nature     
prone to evil1 & t 9 practice he        

violates t law "u :i* z  a creature he  
is plac$1 & is !reby expos$ to          
puni%m5t2--if also  x is !re /at$1 t an 
act ( grace & p>don is promis$ on !     
conditions ( rep5tance t[>d ,god1 & fai?
 9 our ,"l ,jesus  ,*ri/2--if t         
rep5tance implies consid]ation ( our    
ways1 a s5se  ( ! displeasure (         
,almighty ,god1 contrition ( he>t1 &    
consequ5tly tr\ble & grief ( m9d1 mix$1 
h[ev]1 ) a hope  inspir$ by ! promise ( 
=giv5ess1 & :i* leads to e>ne/          
supplication = ! actual p>don ( s9 s    
promis$1 x w foll[  f ^! premises--ei!r1
 #a4 ,t =giv5ess is n to be expect$     
till aft] ! t]m9ation ( our c\rse (     
probation1 t is1 9  ano!r life2 & t1    
!re=e1 ?is tr\ble & appreh5sion ( m9d  c
 only be assuag$ by ! hope we may h ( a 
fav\rable f9al  decision on our         
case2--or1 #b4 ,t s9 is1 9 ! pres5t     
life1 =giv5  z (t5 z x is ?us rep5t$ (1 
& z (t5 z we ex]cise !  requir$ &       
specific acts ( tru/ 9 ! m]its ( our    
,savi\r2 b  t ?is =giv5ess ( our s9s is 

n 9 any way made kn[n unto u3  s t we   
are left1 z to our feel+s1 9 precisely !
 same /ate z  if s9 7 n =giv5 till aft] 
dea?1 namely1 9 grief & tr\ble  ( m9d1  
reliev$ only by hope2--or1 #c4 ,!       
,scriptural view is1 t  :5 s9 is =giv5  
by ! m]cy ( ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/1 we are1 by
 "s  means1 assur$ ( x1 & peace &       
satisfaction ( m9d take ! place  (      
anxiety & fe>4    ,! fir/ ( ^!          
conclusions is suffici5tly disprov$ by !
  au?ority ( ,scripture1 :i* exhibits   
ju/ification z a bless+  atta9able 9 ?is
 life1 & repres5ts x z actually exp]i5c$
 by  true believ]s4 8,!re=e be+ ju/ifi$ 
by fai?40 8,!re is n[ no  condemnation  
to !m :o are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus40 8,:osoev] 
believe? is  ju/ifi$ f all ?+s10 c4 ,!  
quotations might be multipli$1 b  ^! are
 decisive4 ,! notion t ?\gh an act (    
=giv5ess may  take place1 we are unable 
to asc]ta9 a fact s important to u1 is  
also irreconcilable ) _m scriptures 9   
:i* ! writ]s ( ! ,new  ,te/am5t speak ( 
an exp]i5ce1 n conf9$ p]sonally to      

!mselves1  or to ^? ,*ri/ians :o 7 end[$
 ) spiritual gifts1 b common  to all    
,*ri/ians4 8,be+ ju/ifi$ by fai? we h   
peace ) ,god40  8,we joy 9 ,god1 by :om 
we h receiv$ ! reconciliation40 8,be+   
reconcil$ unto ,god by ! dea? ( 8 ,son40
 8,we h n receiv$ !  _s ( bondage aga9  
unto fe>1 b ! _s ( adoption1 by :i*  we 
cry1 ,abba1 ,fa!r40 ,to ^! may be add$  
innum]able passages :i*  express !      
com=t1 ! confid5ce1 & ! joy ( ,*ri/ians2
 _!  8fri5d%ip0 ) ,god2 _! 8access0 to  
him2 _! entire union &  delightful      
int]c\rse ) him2 & _! absolute confid5ce
 9 !  success ( _! pray]s4 ,all su*     
passages are p]fectly consi/5t  ) deep  
humility1 & self-diffid5ce2 b !y are    
irreconcilable  ) a /ate ( ho/ility     
betwe5 ! p>ties1 & ) an unasc]ta9$  &   
only hop$-= re/oration ( fri5d%ip &     
fav\r4    ,an assurance1 !re=e1 t ! s9s 
:i* are felt to 8be a burd5  intol]able0
 are =giv51 & t ! gr\nd ( t appreh5sion 
(  future puni%m5t :i* causes ! p5it5t  
to 8bewail 8 manifold  s9s10 is tak5    

away by re/oration to ! fav\r ( ! (f5d$ 
,god1  mu/ be all[$1 or no?+ w\ld be m  
incongru\s & impossible  ?an ! com=t1 ! 
peace1 ! rejoic+ ( _s1 :i* 9 !          
,scriptures are attribut$ to believ]s4  
,few ,*ri/ians ( evangelical views h1   
!re=e1 d5i$ !  possibility ( our becom+ 
assur$ ( ! fav\r ( ,god 9 a suffici5t   
degree to give sub/antial com=t to !    
m9d4 ,_! diff]5ces h  r respect$ ! means
 by :i* ! contrite become assur$ ( t    
*ange 9 _! relation to ,almighty ,god1  
:om !y h (f5d$1 :i*  9 ,scripture is    
express$ by ! t]m ju/ification4 ,! "q   
has  be51 7:]e ! notion ( an assurance (
 et]nal salvation has n  be5 "u         
discussion17 by :at means ! assurance ( 
! div9e fav\r  is convey$ to ! m9d4 ,"s 
h conclud$ t we obta9 x by  inf]5ce1    
o!rs by ! direct te/imony ( ! ,holy ,_s 
to !  m9d4 ,see ,,holy ,,_s4            
,,assyria1 a k+dom ( ,asia1 ( ! ext5t1  
orig91 & duration ( :i*  v diff]5t      
acc\nts h be5 giv5 by anci5t writ]s4    
,ctesias &  ,diodorus ,siculus affirm1 t

 ! ,assyrian mon>*y1 "u ,n9us &         
,semiramis1 compreh5d$ ! great] "p ( !  
kn[n _w3 b1 if  ?is _h be5 ! case1 x is 
n likely t ,hom] & ,h]odotus w\ld  h    
omitt$ a fact s rem>kable4 ,! sacr$     
records intimate t none  ( ! anci5t     
/ates or k+doms 7 ( consid]able ext5t2 =
  nei!r ,*$]laom]1 nor any ( ! neighb\r+
 pr9ces1 7  tribut>y or subject to      
,assyria2 & 8we f9d no?+10 says         
,playfair1  8( ! greatness or p[] ( ?is 
k+dom 9 ! hi/ory ( ! judges  & succe$+  
k+s ( ,israel1 ?\gh ! latt] k+dom 0     
oppress$  & enslav$ by _m diff]5t p[]s 9
 t p]iod40 ,x is !re=e  highly probable 
t ,assyria 0 orig9ally ( small ext5t4   
,accord+  to ,ptolemy1 ?is c\ntry 0     
b\nd$ on ! nor? by "p ( ,arm5ia &  ,m\nt
 ,niphates2 on ! we/ by ! ,tigris2 on ! 
s\? by ,susiana2 &  on ! ea/ by "p (    
,m$ia & ! m\nta9s ,*oatra & ,zagros4 ,( 
! orig91 revolutions1 & t]m9ation (     
,assyria1 prop]ly s call$1  & di/+ui%$ f
 ! gr& mon>*y :i* aft]w>d bore ?is      
appellation1 ! foll[+ acc\nt is giv5 by 

,mr4 ,playfair1 z ! mo/  probable3--8,! 
f\nd] ( x 0 ,a%ur1 ! second son ( ,%em1 
:o  dep>t$ f ,%9>1 ^u ! usurpation (    
,nimrod1 at ! head ( a  l>ge body (     
adv5tur]s1 & laid ! f\ndations (        
,n9eveh1 :]e he  resid$1 & erect$ a new 
k+dom1 call$ ,assyria1 aft] 8 "n1 ,g54  
x1 #aa4 ,^! ev5ts happ5$ n long aft]    
,nimrod _h e/abli%$ !  ,*aldean mon>*y1 
& fix$ 8 resid5ce at ,babylon2 b x does 
n  appe> t ,nimrod reign$ 9 ,assyria4 ,!
 k+doms ( ,assyria &  ,babylon 7        
orig9ally di/9ct & sep>ate1 ,micah v1   
#f2 & 9 ?is  /ate !y rema9$ until ,n9us 
conqu]$ ,babylon1 & made x tribut>y  to 
! ,assyrian empire4 ,n9us1 ! successor (
 ,a%ur1 ,g54 x1 #aa1  seiz$ on ,*aldea  
aft] ! dea? ( ,nimrod1 & unit$ ! k+doms 
(  ,assyria & ,babylon4 ,?is great pr9ce
 is said to h subdu$ ,asia1  ,p]sia1    
,m$ia1 ,egypt1 c4 ,if he did s1 !       
effects ( 8 conque/s  7 ( no long       
duration2 =1 9 ! days ( ,abraham1 we d n
 f9d  t any ( ! neighb\r+ k+doms 7      
subject to ,assyria4 ,n9us 0  succe$$ by

 ,semiramis1 a pr9cess bold1 ent]pris+1 
& =tunate2 (  ^: adv5tures & exploits _m
 fabul\s relations h be5  record$4      
,playfair is ( op9ion t !re 7 two       
pr9cesses ( ?is  "n1 :o fl\ri%$ at      
diff]5t p]iods3 "o1 ! consort ( ,n9us2  
& ano!r1 :o liv$ five g5]ations be=e    
,nitocris1 que5 (  ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,( !  
successors ( ,n9us & ,semiramis no?+    
c]ta9  is record$4 ,! la/ ( ! anci5t    
,assyrian k+s 0 ,s>danapalus1  :o 0     
besieg$ 9 8 capital by ,arbaces1 gov]nor
 ( ,m$ia1 9  concurr5ce ) !             
,babylonians4 ,^! unit$ =ces defeat$ !  
,assyrian army1 demoli%$ ! capital1 &   
became ma/]s ( ! empire1  ,b4 ,c4 #hba4 
8,aft] ! dea? ( ,s>danapalus10 says ,mr4
 ,playfair1 8! ,assyrian  empire 0      
divid$ into ?ree k+doms2 namely1 !      
,m$ian1 ,assyrian1  & ,babylonian4      
,arbaces reta9$ ! supreme au?ority1 &   
nom9at$  gov]nors 9 ,assyria & ,babylon1
 :o 7 hon\r$ ) ! title (  k+s1 :ile !y  
rema9$ subject & tribut>y to ! ,p]sian  
mon>*s  ,belesis10 he says1 8a ,*aldean 

prie/1 :o assi/$ ,arbaces 9 !  conque/ (
 ,s>danapalus1 receiv$ ! gov]nm5t (     
,babylon z !  rew>d ( 8 s]vices2 & ,phul
 0 intru/$ ) t ( ,assyria4 ,!  ,assyrian
 gov]nor gradually enl>g$ ! b\nd>ies ( 8
 k+dom1 &  0 succe$$ by ,tigla?-piles]1 
,salmanas>1 & ,s5na*]ib1 :o  ass]t$ &   
ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,aft] ! dea? (   
,ass>-haddon1 ! bro!r & successor (     
,s5na*]ib1 ! k+dom (  ,assyria 0 split1 
& annex$ to ! k+doms ( ,m$ia & ,babylon4
  ,sev]al tribut>y pr9ces aft]w>d reign$
 9 ,n9eveh2 b we he> no  m ( ! k+s (    
,assyria1 b ( ^? ( ,babylon4 ,cyax>es1  
k+ (  ,m$ia1 assi/$ ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( 
,babylon1 9 ! siege (  ,n9eveh1 :i* !y  
took & de/roy$1 ,b4 ,c4 #fjf40    ,!    
hi/ory ( ,assyria1 d$uc$ f ,scripture1 &
 ackn[l$g$ z !  only au!ntic "o by ,sir 
,isaac ,newton & _m o!rs1 ascribes !    
f\ndation ( ! mon>*y to ,pul1 or ,phul1 
ab\t ! second ye> (  ,m5ahem1 k+ (      
,israel1 tw5ty-f\r ye>s be=e ! ra (     
,nabonass>1  #aegi ye>s aft] ! flood1 &1
 accord+ to ,blair1 #gfi1 or1 accord+   

to ,newton1 #gij1 ye>s be=e ,*ri/4      
,m5ahem1 hav+ tak5 =cible  possession ( 
! ?rone ( ,israel by ! murd] ( ,%allum1 
#b ,k+s xv1  #aj1 0 attack$ by ,pul1 b  
prev5t$ ! ho/ilities m$itat$ aga9/  him 
by pres5t+ ! invad] ) a ?\s& tal5ts (   
silv]4 ,pul1  ?us gratifi$1 took ! k+dom
 ( ,israel "u 8 protection1  return$ to 
8 own c\ntry1 aft] hav+ receiv$ volunt>y
 homage f  sev]al nations 9 8 m>*1 z he 
_h done f ,israel1 & became !  f\nd] ( a
 great empire4 ,z x 0 9 ! days ( ,pul t 
!  ,assyrians began to afflict !        
inhabitants ( ,pale/9e1 #b ,k+s xi1 #i2 
#a ,*ron4 v1 #bf1 ?is 0 ! "t1 accord+ to
 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :5  ! ,assyrian   
empire arose4 ,?us he int]prets ! words1
 8s9ce ! "t  ( ! k+s ( ,assyria10       
,nehem4 ix1 #cb2 t is1 s9ce ! "t ( !    
k+dom ( ,assyria1 or s9ce ! rise ( t    
empire4 ,b ?\gh ?is  0 ! p]iod 9 :i* !  
,assyrians afflict$ ,israel1 x is n s   
evid5t t ! "t ( ! k+s ( ,assyria mu/    
necess>ily be  und]/ood ( ! rise ( !    
,assyrian empire4 ,h[ev]1 ,newton ?us   

reasons2 & obs]ves1 t 8,pul & 8         
successors afflict$ ,israel1  & conqu]$ 
! nations r\nd ab\t !m2 & ^u ! ru9 ( _m 
small & anci5t k+doms erect$ _! empire2 
conqu]+ ! ,m$es1  z well z o!r nations40
 ,x is f>!r argu$1 t ,god1 by !         
,prophet ,amos1 9 ! reign ( ,j]oboam1   
ab\t t5 or tw5ty ye>s be=e  ! reign (   
,pul1 7see ,amos vi1 #ac1 #ad17 ?reat5$ 
to raise up a nation  aga9/ ,israel2 &  
t1 z ,pul reign$ pres5tly aft] !        
prophecy (  ,amos1 & 0 ! fir/ ^u record 
:o began to fulfil x1 he may be  ju/ly  
reckon$ ! fir/ conqu]or & f\nd] ( ?is   
empire4 ,see #a  ,*ron4 v1 #bf4 ,pul 0  
succe$$ on ! ?rone ( ,assyria by 8 eld] 
son ,tigla?-piles]2 & at ! same "t he   
left ,babylon to 8 y\ng]  son           
,nabonass>1 ,b4 ,c4 #gdg4 ,( ! conque/s 
( ?is second k+ (  ,assyria aga9/ ! k+s 
( ,israel & ,syria1 :5 he took          
,damascus1  & subdu$ ! ,syrians1 we h an
 acc\nt 9 #b ,k+s xv1 #bi1 #cg2 xvi1    
#e1i2 #a ,*ron4 v1 #bf2 by :i* !        
prophecy ( ,amos 0 fulfill$1 &  f :i* x 

appe>s t ! empire ( ! ,assyrians 0 n[   
become  great & p[]ful4 ,! next k+ (    
,assyria 0 ,%almanes]1 or  ,salmanass>1 
:o succe$$ ,tigla?-piles]1 ,b4 ,c4 #gbi1
 & invad$  ,phnicia1 took ! city (      
,sam>ia1 &1 ,b4 ,c4 #gba1 c>ri$ ! t5    
tribes into captivity1 plac+ !m 9 ,*ala*
 & ,*abor1 by ! riv]  ,gazon1 & 9 !     
cities ( ! ,m$es1 #b ,k+s xvii1 #f4     
,%almanes] 0  succe$$ by ,s5na*]ib1 ,b4 
,c4 #gai2 & 9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #gad1 he 0  
put to flight ) great slaught] by !     
,e?iopians & ,egyptians4 ,9  ! ye> ,b4  
,c4 #gaa ! ,m$es revolt$ f ! ,assyrians2
 ,s5na*]ib  0 sla92 & he 0 succe$$ by 8 
son ,es>-,haddon1 ,ass]haddon1          
,asordan1 ,ass>ad91 or ,s>*$on1 by :i*  
names he is call$ by  diff]5t writ]s4   
,he began 8 reign at ,n9eveh1 9 ! ye> ( 
,nabonass> #db2 & 9 ! ye> #fh ext5d$ x  
ov] ,babylon4 ,he !n  c>ri$ ! rema9d] ( 
! ,sam>itans into captivity1 & peopl$   
,sam>ia ) captives br\ght f sev]al p>ts 
( 8 k+dom2 & 9  ! ye> ( ,nabonass> #gg  
or #gh he seems to h put an end to !    

reign  ( ! ,e?iopians ov] ,egypt4 8,9 ! 
reign ( ,s5na*]ib &  ,ass]-,hadon10 says
 ,sir ,i4 ,newton1 8! ,assyrian empire  
seems arriv$ at  its greatness2 be+     
unit$ "u "o mon>*1 & conta9+ ,assyria1  
,m$ia1 ,apolloniatis1 ,susiana1 ,*aldea1
 ,mesopotamia1 ,cilicia1 ,syria1        
,phnicia1 ,egypt1 ,e?iopia1 & "p (      
,arabia2 & rea*+ ea/w>d  into ,elymais1 
& ,p>tc5e1 a prov9ce ( ! ,m$es2 & if    
,*ala*  & ,*abor be ,col*is & ,ib]ia1 z 
"s ?9k1 & z may seem  probable f !      
circumcision us$ by ^? nations till !   
days (  ,h]odotus1 we are also to add ^!
 two prov9ces1 ) ! two  ,arm5ias1       
,pontus1 & ,cappadocia1 z f> z to ! riv]
 ,halys3 =  ,h]odotus tells u t ! p (   
,cappadocia1 z f> z to t  riv]1 7 call$ 
,syrians by ! ,greeks1 bo? be=e & aft] !
 days  ( ,cyrus2 & t ! ,assyrians 7 also
 call$ ,syrians by !  ,greeks40         
,ass]-,hadon 0 succe$$ 9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4  
#ffh by  ,saosdu*9us4 ,at ?is "t        
,manasseh 0 all[$ to return home1 &     
=tify ,j]usalem2 & ! ,egyptians also1   

aft] ! ,assyrians _h  h>ass$ ,egypt &   
,e?iopia ?ree ye>s1 ,isa4 xx1 #c1 #d1 7 
set at  lib]ty4 ,saosdu*9us1 aft] a     
reign ( tw5ty ye>s1 0 succe$$ at        
,babylon1 & probably at ,n9eveh also1 by
 ,*yniladon1 9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4  #fdg4 ,?is
 ,*yniladon is suppos$ by ,newton to be 
! ,nebu*adonosor  m5tion$ 9 ! book (    
,judi?1 i1 #a-ae1 :o made w> ^u         
,arphaxad1  k+ ( ! ,m$es2 &1 ?\gh des]t$
 by 8 auxili>ies ( ,cilicia1  ,damascus1
 ,syria1 ,phnicia1 ,moab1 ,ammon1 &     
,egypt1 r\t$ ! army (  ! ,m$es1 & slew  
,arphaxad4 ,?is ,arphaxad is suppos$ to 
be ei!r  ,dejoces or 8 son ,phraortes1  
m5tion$ by ,h]odotus4 ,soon aft] !  dea?
 ( ,phraortes1 9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #fce1 !  
,scy?ians invad$ !  ,m$es & ,p]sians2 & 
9 #fbe1 ,nabopolass>1 ! comm&] ( !  =ces
 ( ,*yniladon 9 ,*aldea1 revolt$ f him1 
& became k+ (  ,babylon4 ,*yniladon 0   
ei!r !n or soon aft] succe$$ at ,n9eveh 
by ! la/ k+ ( ,assyria1 call$ ,s>ac by  
,polyhi/or4 ,! au?ors (  ! ,univ]sal    
,hi/ory suppose ,saosdu*9us to h be5 !  

,nebu*adonosor ( ,scripture1 &          
,*yniladon or ,*ynaladan to h be5  !    
,s>ac ( ,polyhi/or4 ,at l5g?            
,nebu*adnezz>1 ! son (  ,nabopolass>1   
m>ri$ ,amyit1 ! daught] ( ,a/yages1 k+ (
 !  ,m$es1 & si/] ( ,cyax>es2 & by ?is  
m>riage ! two families  hav+ contract$  
aff9ity1 !y conspir$ aga9/ ! ,assyrians4
  ,nabopolass> be+ old1 & ,a/yages dead1
 _! sons ,nebu*adnezz> &  ,cyax>es l$ ! 
armies ( ! two nations aga9/ ,n9eveh1   
slew ,s>ac1  de/roy$ ! city1 & %>$ !    
k+dom ( ! ,assyrians4 ,?is  victory !   
,jews ref] to ! ,*aldeans2 ! ,greeks1 to
 ! ,m$es2  ,tobit1 xiv1 #ae1 ,polyhi/or1
 & ,ctesias1 to bo?4 ,) ?is victory     
comm5c$ ! great successes (             
,nebu*adnezz> & ,cyax>es1 & x  laid !   
f\ndation ( ! two collat]al empires ( ! 
,babylonians &  ,m$es1 :i* 7 bran*es ( !
 ,assyrian empire2 & h5ce ! "t (  ! fall
 ( ! ,assyrian empire is det]m9$1 !     
conqu]ors be+ !n  9 _! y\?4 ,9 ! reign (
 ,josiah1 :5 ,zephaniah prophesi$1      
,n9eveh & ! k+dom ( ,assyria 7 /&+2 & _!

 fall 0  pr$ict$ by t ,prophet1 ,zeph4  
i1 #c2 ii1 #ac4 ,& 9 ! end ( 8  reign1  
,ph>aoh-,ne*o1 k+ ( ,egypt1 ! successor 
( ,psammiti*us1 w5t  up aga9/ ! k+ (    
,assyria to ! riv] ,euphrates1 to fight 
aga9/  ,c>*emi%1 or ,circutium2 & 9 8   
way ?i!r slew ,josiah1 #b ,k+s  xxiii1  
#bi2 #b ,*ron4 xxxv1 #bj2 & !re=e ! la/ 
k+ ( ,assyria 0  n yet sla94 ,b 9 ! ?ird
 & f\r? ye>s ( ,jehoiakim1 !  successor 
( ,josiah1 ! two conqu]ors hav+ tak5    
,n9eveh1 &  f9i%$ _! w> 9 ,assyria1     
prosecut$ _! conque/s we/w>d2 &1  lead+ 
_! =ces aga9/ ! k+ ( ,egypt1 z an invad]
 ( _!  "r ( conque/1 !y beat him at     
,c>*emi%1 & took f him  :atev] he _h    
rec5tly tak5 f ! ,assyrians1 #b ,k+s    
xxiv1 #g2 ,j]4  xlvi1 #b2 8& !re=e we _c
 err10 says ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 8above 
a  ye> or two1 if we ref] ! de/ruction (
 ,n9eveh1 & fall ( !  ,assyrian empire1 
to ! ?ird ye>1 ( ,jehoiakim10 or !      
hundr$ &  =tie?1 or1 accord+ to ,blair1 
! hundr$ & =ty-fir/ ye> (  ,nabonass>2 t
 is1 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #fjg4    ,( !        

gov]nm5t1 laws1 religion1 le>n+1 cu/oms1
 c1 ( ! anci5t  ,assyrians1 no?+        
absolutely c]ta9 is record$4 ,_! k+dom 0
 at  fir/ small1 & subsi/$ = sev]al ages
 "u h]$it>y *iefs2 &  _! gov]nm5t 0     
simple4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 !y rose to !       
sublimity  ( empire1 _! gov]nm5t seems  
to h be5 despotic1 & ! empire  h]$it>y4 
,_! laws 7 probably few1 & dep5d$ ^u !  
m]e  w ( ! pr9ce4 ,to ,n9us we may      
ascribe ! division ( ! ,assyrian  empire
 into prov9ces & gov]nm5ts2 = we f9d t  
?is in/itution  0 fully e/abli%$ 9 !    
reigns ( ,semiramis & h] successors4 ,! 
p 7 di/ribut$ into a c]ta9 numb] (      
tribes2 & _!  occupations or pr(essions 
7 h]$it>y4 ,! ,assyrians _h sev]al      
di/9ct c\ncils1 & sev]al tribunals = !  
regulation ( public  affairs4 ,( c\ncils
 !re 7 ?ree1 :i* 7 creat$ by ! body (  !
 p1 & :o gov]n$ ! /ate 9 conjunction ) !
  sov]eign4 ,! fir/ consi/$ ( (fic]s :o 
_h retir$ f milit>y  employm5ts2 !      
second1 ( ! nobility2 & ! ?ird1 ( ! old 
m54  ,! sov]eigns also _h ?ree          

tribunals1 ^: prov9ce x 0 to wat*  ov] !
 conduct ( ! p4 ,! ,assyrians h be5     
competitors )  ! ,egyptians = ! hon\r ( 
hav+ inv5t$ alphabetic writ+4 ,x        
appe>s1 f ! few rema9s n[ extant ( !    
writ+ ( ^! anci5t  nations1 t _! lett]s 
_h a great aff9ity ) ea* o!r4 ,!y  mu*  
resembl$ "o ano!r 9 %ape2 & !y rang$ !m 
9 ! same  mann]1 f "r to left4          
,,a/rology1 ! art ( =etell+ future      
ev5ts1 f ! aspects1  positions1 &       
influ5ces ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! ^w is  
comp\nd$  (  />1 & 1 disc\rse2 :5ce1 9 !
 lit]al s5se ( !  t]m1 a/rology %\ld    
signify no m ?an ! doctr9e or sci5ce (  
! />s4 ,a/rology judici>y1 or judicial1 
is :at we commonly call  simple         
a/rology1 or t :i* pret5ds to =etel     
mortal ev5ts1 ev5  ^? :i* h a dep5d5ce  
on ! free w & ag5cy ( man2 z if  !y 7   
direct$ by ! />s4 ,?is art1 :i* ow$ its 
orig9 to !  practice ( knav]y on        
cr$ulity1 is n[ univ]sally explod$ by ! 
intellig5t "p ( mank9d4 ,judicial       
a/rology is commonly said to h  be5     

inv5t$ 9 ,*aldea1 & !nce transmitt$ to !
 ,egyptians1  ,greeks1 & ,romans2 ?\gh  
"s w h x ( ,egyptian orig91 &  ascribe !
 inv5tion to ,*am4 ,b we d]ive x f !    
,arabians4 ,!  ,*aldeans1 & !           
,egyptians1 & inde$ almo/ all ! nations 
(  antiquity1 7 infatuat$ ) ! *imras (  
a/rology4 ,x orig9at$  9 ! notion1 t !  
/>s h an influ5ce1 ei!r b5eficial or    
malignant1 ^u ! affairs ( m51 :i* may be
 discov]$1 & made  ! gr\nd ( c]ta9      
pr$iction1 9 p>ticul> cases2 & ! :ole   
art  consi/$ 9 apply+ a/ronomical       
obs]vations to ?is fanciful  purpose4   
,diodorus ,siculus relates1 t !         
,*aldeans le>n$ ^! arts  f ! ,egyptians2
 & he w\ld n h made ?is ass]tion1 if !re
  _h n be5 at lea/ a g5]al tradition t  
!y 7 practis$ f  ! e>lie/ times 9       
,egypt4 ,! sy/em 01 9 ^? remote ages1   
intimately connect$ ) ,sabaism1 or !    
wor%ip ( ! />s z  div9ities2 b :e!r x   
emanates f idolatry or fatality1 x d5ies
  ,god & 8 provid5ce1 & is !re=e        
condemn$ 9 ! ,scriptures1  & rank$ )    

practices ! mo/ (f5sive & provok+ to !  
,div9e  ,maje/y4    ,,a/yages1 o!rwise1 
,cyax>es1 k+ ( ! ,m$es1 & successor to  
,phraortes4 ,he reign$ =ty ye>s1 & di$  
,a4 ,m4 #cdji4 ,he 0 fa!r to  ,a/yages1 
o!rwise call$ ,d>ius ! ,m$e4 ,he _h two 
daught]s1  ,m&ane & ,amyit3 ,m&ane m>ri$
 ,cambyses1 ! ,p]sian1 & 0 !  "m (      
,cyrus2 ,amyit m>ri$ ,nebu*adnezz>1 !   
son ( ,nabopolass>1  & 0 ! "m (         
,evilm]oda*4    ,,a/yages1 o!rwise call$
 ,ahasu]us 9 ! ,greek1 ,dan4 ix1 #a1 or 
,cyax>es 9 ,x5ophon1 or ,ap&us 9        
,ctesias1 0 appo9t$ by 8 fa!r  ,cyax>es 
gov]nor ( ,m$ia1 & s5t ) ,nabopolass>1  
k+ ( ,babylon1  aga9/ ,s>acus1 o!rwise  
call$ ,*ynaladanus1 k+ ( ,assyria4 ,^!  
two pr9ces besieg$ ,s>acus 9 ,n9eveh1   
took ! city1 & dismemb]$  ! ,assyrian   
empire4 ,a/yages 0 ) ,cyrus at ! conque/
 ( ,babylon1  & succe$$ ,bel%azz>1 k+ ( 
! ,*aldeans1 z is expressly  m5tion$ 9  
,daniel1 v1 #cj1 #ca1 ,a4 ,m4 #cddg4    
,aft] 8 dea? ,cyrus  succe$$ him1 ,a4   
,m4 #cdef4    ,,asuppim1 a ^w :i*       

signifies ga!r+s1 & ! "n ( ! treasury  (
 ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 #a ,*ron4 xxvi1  
#ae4    ,,a?aliah1 ! daught] ( ,omri1 k+
 ( ,sam>ia1 & wife to ,jehoram1  k+ (   
,judah4 ,?is pr9cess1 be+ in=m$ t ,jehu 
_h sla9 h] son  ,ahaziah1 resolv$ to    
take ! gov]nm5t ^u h]self1 #b ,k+s xi2  
:i*  t %e might effect )\t opposition1  
%e de/roy$ all ! *ildr5  t ,jehoram _h  
by o!r wives1 & all _! (fspr+4 ,b       
,jeho%eba1  ! si/] ( ,ahaziah1 by !     
fa!r's side only1 0 at ?is "t  m>ri$ to 
,jehoiada1 ! high prie/2 & :ile         
,a?aliah's execution]s  7 murd]+ ! re/1 
%e convey$ ,joa% ! son ( ,ahaziah away1 
&  kept him & 8 nurse conceal$ 9 an     
ap>tm5t ( ! temple1 dur+  six ye>s4 ,9 !
 sev5? ye>1 8 uncle ,jehoiada be+       
det]m9$ to  place him on ! ?rone ( 8    
ance/ors1 & procure ! de/ruction (      
,a?aliah1 he engag$ ! prie/s & ,levites1
 & ! lead+ m5 9 all  ! p>ts ( ! k+dom 9 
8 int]e/1 & 9 a public assembly  produc$
 him1 & made !m take an oa? ( secrecy & 
fidelity to him4  ,he !n di/ribut$ arms 

among ! p1 :om he divid$ into ?ree      
bodies1 "o to gu>d ! p]son ( ! k+1 & !  
o!r two to secure  ! gates ( ! temple4  
,aft] ?is1 he br\ght out ! "y pr9ce1    
set ! cr[n on 8 head1 put ! book ( ! law
 into 8 h&1 &  ) s\nd ( trumpet         
proclaim$ him2 :i* 0 second$ ) ! joyful 
%\ts & acclamations ( ! p4 ,a?aliah1    
he>+ ! noise1 made  all ha/e to !       
temple2 b :51 to h] a/oni%m5t1 %e saw ! 
"y k+ seat$ on a ?rone1 %e r5t h] clo!s 
& cri$ out1  8,treason60 ,b1 at ! comm& 
( ,jehoiada1 ! gu>ds seiz$ &  c>ri$ h]  
out ( ! temple1 putt+ all to ! sword :o 
(f]$ to  rescue or assi/ h]2 & !n tak+  
h] to ! /able gate belong+  to ! palace1
 !re put h] to dea?1 ,a4 ,m4 #cabf4     
,,a?anasians1 ! or?odox foll[]s ( ,/4   
,a?anasius1 ! great &  able antagoni/ ( 
,arius4 ,! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 ?\gh       
g5]ally  admitt$ n to be drawn up by ?is
 fa!r1 7b probably1 z ,doctor  ,wat]l&  
says1 by ,hil>y1 bi%op ( ,arles1 9 !    
fif? c5tury17 is  univ]sally all[$ to   
conta9 a fair expression ( 8 s5tim5ts4  

,?is  cre$ says1 8,! ,ca?olic fai? is   
?is3 t we wor%ip ,"o ,god 9  ,tr9ity1 & 
,tr9ity 9 ,unity3 nei!r conf\nd+ !      
p]sons1 nor  divid+ ! sub/ance4 ,= !re  
is "o p]son ( ! ,fa!r1 ano!r  ( ! ,son1 
& ano!r ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b ! ,godhead (
 !  ,fa!r1 ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 
is all "o2 ! glory equal1  ! maje/y     
co-et]nal4 ,su* z ! ,fa!r is1 su* is !  
,son1 & su*  is ! ,holy ,gho/20 namely1 
8uncreate1 incompreh5sible1 et]nal10 c4 
,! true key to ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ lies 9
 ! k ( ! errors  to :i* x 0 oppos$4 ,!  
,sabellians consid]$ ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 &   
,holy ,_s z "o 9 p]son2--?is 0 8conf\nd+
 ! p]sons30 !  ,arians consid]$ !m z    
diff]+ 9 ess5ce--?ree be+s2--?is 0      
8divid+ ! sub/ance30 & aga9/ ^! two     
hypo!ses 0 ! cre$  orig9ally fram$4 ,&  
s9ce e sect 0 will+ to adopt !  language
 ( ,scripture1 x 0 ?\ght necess>y to    
adopt s*ola/ic  t]ms1 9 ord] to fix !   
s5se ( ,scripture language4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 
hold ! doctr9e ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 &  
approve its t]ms1 :o  object to its     

damnatory clauses4 ,see ,,arians4       
,,a?anasius1 ! celebrat$ patri>* (      
,alex&ria1 resi/$ ,arius &  8 errone\s  
doctr9es2 & 8 s5tim5ts z to ! ,tr9ity   
are  embodi$ 9 ! cre$ :i* be>s 8 "n1    
?\gh n compos$ by him4  ,at ! ,c\ncil ( 
,nice1 ?\gh !n b a deacon ( ,alex&ria1 8
  reputation = skill 9 controv]sy ga9$  
him an hon\rable place 9  ! c\ncil1 & ) 
great dext]ity he expos$ ! sophi/ry ( ^?
  :o plead$ on ! side ( ,arius4 ,not)/&+
 ! influ5ce ( !  emp]or1 :o _h recall$  
,arius f bani%m5t1 & ^u a plausible     
confession ( 8 fai?1 9 :i* he affect$ to
 be or?odox 9 8  s5tim5ts1 direct$ t he 
%\ld be receiv$ by ! ,alex&rian  *ur*1  
,a?anasius refus$ to admit him to       
communion1 & expos$ 8  prev>ication4 ,! 
,arians ^u ?is ex]t$ !mselves to raise  
tumults  at ,alex&ria1 & to injure ! "* 
( ,a?anasius ) !  emp]or1 :o 0 prevail$ 
^u to pron\nce aga9/ him a s5t5ce (     
bani%m5t4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign (       
,con/antius he 0  recall$2 b 0 aga9     
di/urb$ & depos$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce (  !  

,arians4 ,accusations 7 also s5t aga9/  
him & o!r bi%ops  f ! ea/ to ! we/1 b !y
 7 acquitt$ by ,pope ,julius 9  full    
c\ncil4 ,a?anasius 0 re/or$ to 8 see ^u 
! dea? ( !  ,arian bi%op1 :o _h be5     
plac$ 9 x4 ,arianism1 h[ev]1 be+ 9      
fav\r at c\rt1 he 0 condemn$ by a c\ncil
 conv5$ at ,arles1 & by  ano!r at       
,milan1 & 0 oblig$ to fly into ! des]ts4
 ,he return$  ) ! o!r bi%ops :om ,julian
 ! apo/ate recall$ f  bani%m5t1 & 9 ,a4 
,d4 #cfb1 held a c\ncil at ,alex&ria1   
:]e !  belief ( a consub/antial ,tr9ity 
0 op5ly pr(ess$4 ,_m n[ 7  recov]$ f    
,arianism1 & br\ght to subscribe !      
,nic5e ,cre$4  ,dur+ ! reign ( ,jovian  
also ,a?anasius held ano!r c\ncil1 :i*  
decl>$ its adh]5ce to ! ,nic5e fai?2 & )
 ! exception ( a  %ort retirem5t "u     
,val5s he 0 p]mitt$ to sit d[n 9 quiet &
  gov]n 8 affectionate *ur* ( ,alex&ria4
 ,a?anasius 0 an em95t  in/rum5t (      
ma9ta9+ ! tru? 9 an age :5 errors       
affect+ !  great f\ndation ( our fai? 7 
urg$ ) great subtlety4 ,he 0 by  8      

acut5ess able to trace ! enemy ?r\gh 8  
mo/ insidi\s modes  ( attack2 & ?us to  
pres]ve ! simple & unw>y f be+ misl$  by
 t]ms & di/9ctions1 :i*1 :il/ !y s\nd$ 9
 unison ) !  true fai? ( ! ,gospel1 did 
9 fact imply1 or at lea/ op5 ! door  to1
 ! mo/ deadly errors4 ,! ,scripture     
doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 z  expla9$ by him1 
at l5g? triumph$ ov] ! h]esies :i* at "o
  "t met ) s mu* support & sanction2 & !
 views ( ,a?anasius  h be5 receiv$1 9   
sub/ance1 by all or?odox *ur*es to !    
pres5t "t4    ,,a!i/1 9 ! /rict & prop] 
s5se ( ! ^w1 is "o :o does n  believe 9 
! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 or :o owns no be+   
sup]ior to  nature4 ,x is comp\nd$ ( !  
two t]ms1  negative1 & 1 ,god1  signify+
 )\t ,god4 ,a!i/s h be5 also kn[n by !  
"n  infidels2 b ! ^w infidel is n[      
commonly us$ to di/+ui% a  m num]\s     
p>ty1 & is become almo/ synonym\s )     
,dei/4 ,he :o  disbelieves ! exi/5ce ( a
 ,god1 z an inf9ite1 intellig5t1 & a    
moral ag5t1 is a direct or speculative  
,a!i/2 he :o confesses a  ,deity &      

provid5ce 9 words1 b d5ies !m 9 8 life &
 actions1  is a practical ,a!i/4 ,t     
,a!ism exi/$ 9 "s s5se be=e !  flood1   
may be suspect$ f :at we read 9         
,scripture1 z well z f  ,hea!n          
tradition2 & x is n v unreasonable to   
suppose1 t !  deluge 0 p>tly int5d$ to  
ev9ce to ! _w a heav5ly p[]1 z  ,"l ( ! 
univ]se1 & sup]ior to ! visible sy/em ( 
nature4 ,?is  0 at lea/ a happy         
consequ5ce ( t fatal cata/rophe2 =1 z x 
is obs]v$ by ,dean ,%]lock1 8,! univ]sal
 deluge1 & ! confusion  ( languages1 _h 
s abundantly conv9c$ mank9d ( a div9e   
p[] &  provid5ce1 t !re 0 no su*        
creature z an ,a!i/1 till _!  ridicul\s 
idolatries _h tempt$ "s m5 ( wit &      
?\ght1 r to  own no ,god ?an su* z !    
,hea!ns wor%ipp$40    ,a!i/ical         
pr9ciples 7 long n\ri%$ & *]i%$ 9       
,greece1 &  especially among ! atomical1
 p]ipatetic1 & skeptical philosoph]s2  &
 h5ce "s h ascrib$ ! orig9 ( ,a!ism to !
 philosophy (  ,greece4 ,?is is true1 if
 !y mean t species ( ref9$ ,a!ism1  :i* 

contrives any impi\s s*eme ( pr9ciples  
to acc\nt = !  orig9 ( ! _w1 )\t a div9e
 be+4 ,= ?\gh !re may h  be5 9 =m] ages1
 & 9 o!r c\ntries1 "s p]sons irreligi\s 
9  pr9ciple z well z 9 practice1 yet we 
"k ( none :o1 =m+ a  philosophical s*eme
 ( impiety1 became a sect1 & erect$     
colleges (  ,a!i/ical le>n+1 till !     
arrogant & ent]pris+ g5ius (  ,greece   
und]took t dete/able "w4 ,c>ry+ _!      
presumptu\s &  ungov]n$ speculations    
into ! v ess5ce ( ! div9ity1 at fir/  !y
 d\bt$1 & at l5g? d5i$1 ! exi/5ce ( a   
fir/ cause  indep5d5t ( nature & ( a    
provid5ce t sup]9t5ds its laws1  &      
gov]ns ! conc]ns ( mank9d4 ,^!          
pr9ciples1 ) ! o!r  improvem5ts (       
,greece1 7 transf]r$ to ,rome2 &1       
except+ 9  ,italy1 we he> little (      
,a!ism1 = _m ages aft] ! ,*ri/ian ra4   
8,= "s ages be=e ! ,re=mation10 says    
,ar*bi%op ,tillotson1  8,a!ism 0 conf9$ 
to ,italy1 & _h its *ief resid5ce at    
,rome4  ,b1 9 ?is la/ age1 ,a!ism has   
travell$ ov] ! ,alps & infect$  ,france1

 & n[ ( late x ha? cross$ ! seas1 &     
invad$ our  nation1 & ha? prevail$ to   
amazem5t40 ,h[ev]1 to ,tillotson1 &  o!r
 able writ]s1 we owe its suppression 9  
?is c\ntry2 = !y  press$ x d[n ) a      
weight ( s\nd argum5t1 f :i* x has nev] 
be5 able to raise itself4 ,= al?\gh 9   
our "t1 9 ,france &  ,g]many a subtle   
,a!ism 0 reviv$1 & spread its unhall[$ &
  de/ructive influ5ce = _m ye>s ?r\gh\t 
! ,cont95t1 x made  b little progress 9 
?is bett]-in/ruct$ nation4    ,a!ism1 9 
its prim>y s5se1 compreh5ds1 or at lea/ 
goes beyond1  e h]esy 9 ! _w2 = x       
pr(esses to ackn[l$ge no religion1  true
 or false4 ,! two lead+ hypo!ses :i* h  
prevail$1 among  ,a!i/s1 respect+ ?is _w
 & its orig91 are1 t ( ,ocellus         
,lucanus1 adopt$ & improv$ by ,ari/otle1
 t x 0 et]nal2 &  t ( ,epicurus1 t x 0  
=m$ by a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4  8,t 
! s\l is mat]ial & mortal1 ,*ri/ianity  
an impo/ure1 !  ,scripture a =g]y1 !    
wor%ip ( ,god sup]/ition1 hell a fable1 
&  heav5 a dream1 our life )\t          

provid5ce1 & our dea? )\t hope1  l t (  
asses & dogs1 are "p ( ! glori\s gospel 
( our  mod]n ,a!i/s40    ,! be+ ( a ,god
 may be prov$ f ! m>ks ( design1 & f !  
ord] & beauty visible 9 ! _w2 f univ]sal
 cons5t2 f !  relation ( cause & effect2
 f int]nal consci\sness2 & f !          
necessity ( a f9al z well z an effici5t 
cause4    ,( all ! false doctr9es &     
fooli% op9ions t ev] infe/$ !  m9d (    
man1 no?+ c possibly equal t ( ,a!ism1  
:i* is su* a  mon/r\s contradiction (   
all evid5ce1 to all ! p[]s (  und]/&+1 &
 ! dictates ( common s5se1 t x may be   
well  que/ion$ :e!r any man c really    
fall into x by a delib]ate use  ( 8     
judgm5t4 ,all nature s cle>ly po9ts out1
 & s l\dly  proclaims1 a ,creator (     
inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness1 t      
:oev] he>s n its voice1 & sees n its    
pro(s1 may well be  ?\ght wilfully deaf1
 & ob/9ately bl9d4 ,if x be evid5t1     
self-evid5t to e man ( ?\ght1 t !re c be
 no effect  )\t a cause1 :at %all we say
 ( t manifold comb9ation (  effects1 t  

s]ies ( op]ations1 t sy/em ( wond]s1 :i*
 fill  ! univ]se1 :i* pres5t !mselves to
 all our p]ceptions1 &  /rike our m9ds &
 our s5ses on e side8 ,e faculty1 e     
object ( e faculty1 demon/rates a       
,deity4 ,! meane/ insect we c  see1 !   
m9ute/ & mo/ contemptible we$ we c tread
 ^u1 is  really suffici5t to conf\nd    
,a!ism1 & baffle all its pret5sions4    
,h[ mu* m t a/oni%+ v>iety &            
multiplicity ( ,god's works  ) :i* we   
are cont9ually surr\nd$6 ,let any man   
survey ! face (  ! e>?1 or lift up 8    
eyes to ! firmam5t2 let him consid] !   
nature & in/9cts ( brute animals1 &     
aft]w>d look into !  op]ations ( 8 own  
m9d1 & w he presume to say or suppose t 
all ! objects he meets ) are no?+ m ?an 
! result (  unacc\ntable accid5ts & bl9d
 *ance8 ,c he possibly conceive t  su*  
wond]ful ord] %\ld spr+ out ( confusion8
 or t su*  p]fect beauty %\ld be ev] =m$
 by ! =tuit\s op]ations (  unconsci\s1  
unactive p>ticles ( matt]8 ,z well1 nay 
bett]1 & m  easily1 might he suppose t  

an e>?quake might happ5 to build t[ns  &
 cities2 or ! mat]ials c>ri$ d[n by a   
flood fit !mselves up  )\t h&s into a   
regul> fleet4 ,= :at are t[ns1 cities1  
or  fleets1 9 comp>ison ( ! va/ & amaz+ 
fabric ( ! univ]se6 ,9  %ort1 ,a!ism    
(f]s su* viol5ce to all our faculties1 t
 x seems  sc>ce cr$ible x %\ld ev]      
really f9d any place 9 ! human  und]/&+4
 ,a!ism is unreasonable1 because x gives
 no tol]able  acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _w4
 ,?is is "o ( ! greate/  difficulties ) 
:i* ! ,a!i/ has to cont5d4 ,= he mu/    
suppose  ei!r t ! _w is et]nal1 or t x 0
 =m$ by *ance & a  =tuit\s conc\rse ( ! 
p>ts ( matt]4 ,t ! _w _h a  beg9n+1 is  
evid5t f univ]sal tradition1 & ! mo/    
anci5t  hi/ory t exi/s2 f !re be+ no    
memorials ( any actions  p]=m$ previ\sly
 to ! "t assign$ 9 t hi/ory z ! ra (  ! 
creation2 f ! orig9 ( le>n+ & arts1 & ! 
liability (  ! p>ts ( matt] to decay4 ,t
 ! _w 0 n produc$ by *ance1  is also    
evid5t4 ,no?+ c be m unreasonable ?an to
 ascribe to  *ance an effect :i* appe>s 

) all ! *>act]s ( a wise design  &      
contrivance4 ,w *ance fit means to ends1
 ev5 9 t5 ?\s&  in/ances1 & n fail 9 a  
s+le "o8 ,h[ (t5 might a man1 aft]  %ak+
 a set ( lett]s 9 a bag1 ?r[ !m on !    
gr\nd1 be=e !y  w\ld become an exact    
poem1 or =m a good disc\rse 9 prose8 ,9 
%ort1  ! argum5ts 9 pro( ( ,deity are s 
num]\s1 & at ! same "t s  obvi\s to a   
?9k+ m9d1 t to wa/e "t 9 disput+ ) an   
,a!i/1 is approa*+ too mu* t[>d t       
irrationality1 :i* may be  consid]$ z "o
 ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ! sect4    
,! m not$ ,a!i/1 s9ce ! ,re=mation1 are 
,ma*iavel1 ,sp9oza1  ,hobbes1 ,bl\nt1 & 
,van9i4 ,to ^! may be add$ ,hume1 &     
,voltaire !  corypheus ( ! sect1 & !    
great nurs+ fa!r ( t sw>m (  !m :i* has 
appe>$ 9 ^! la/ days4    ,dr4 ,samuel   
,cl>ke1 9 8 8,demon/ration ( ! ,be+ ( a 
,god10 says1  t ,a!ism arises ei!r f    
/upid ignorance1 or f corruption (      
pr9ciples & mann]s1 or f ! reason+s (   
false philosophy2 &  he adds1 t ! latt]1
 :o are ! only ,a!i/ical p]sons capable 

( be+ reason$ ) at all1 mu/ ( necessity 
own t1 suppos+ x  _c be prov$ to be     
true1 yet x is a ?+ v desirable1 & :i*  
any wise man w\ld wi% to be true1 = !   
great b5efit & happ9ess  ( man1 t !re 0 
a ,god1 an intellig5t & wise1 a j & good
  ,be+1 to gov]n ! _w4 ,:atev] hypo!sis 
^! m5 c possibly  frame1 :atev] argum5t 
!y c inv5t1 by :i* !y w\ld exclude  ,god
 & provid5ce out ( ! _w2 t v argum5t or 
hypo!sis1  w ( necessity lead !m to ?is 
concession4 ,if !y argue1 t our  notion 
( ,god arises n f nature & reason1 b f !
 art &  contrivance ( politicians2 t    
argum5t itself =ces !m to confess1  t x 
is manife/ly = ! int]e/ ( human society1
 t x %\ld  be believ$ !re is a ,god4 ,if
 !y suppose t ! _w 0 made by  *ance1 &  
is e mom5t subject to be de/roy$ by     
*ance aga92 no  man c be s absurd z to  
cont5d1 t x is z com=table &  desirable 
to live 9 su* an unc]ta9 /ate ( ?+s1 & s
  cont9ually liable to ru91 )\t any hope
 ( r5ovation1 z 9 a  _w t is "u !       
pres]vation & conduct ( a p[]ful1 wise1 

& good ,god4 ,if !y argue aga9/ ! be+ ( 
,god1 f ! faults  & defects :i* !y      
imag9e !y c f9d 9 ! frame &  con/itution
 ( ! visible & mat]ial _w2 ?is          
supposition obliges  !m to ackn[l$ge t x
 w\ld h be5 bett] ! _w _h be5  made by  
an intellig5t & wise ,be+1 :o might h   
prev5t$ all  faults & imp]fections4 ,if 
!y argue aga9/ provid5ce1 f !  fault9ess
 & inequality :i* !y ?9k !y discov] 9 ! 
managem5t ( ! moral _w2 ?is is a pla9   
confession1 t x is a  ?+ m fit &        
desirable 9 itself1 t ! _w %\ld be      
gov]n$ by a j & good ,be+1 ?an by m]e   
*ance or un9tellig5t  necessity4 ,la/ly1
 if !y suppose ! _w to be et]nally &    
necess>ily self-exi/5t1 & consequ5tly t 
e ?+ 9 x is  e/abli%$ by a bl9d & et]nal
 fatality2 no rational man c at !  same 
"t d5y1 b t lib]ty & *oice1 or a free   
p[] ( act+1  is a m eligible /ate1 ?an  
to be det]m9$ ?us 9 all our actions1  z 
a /one is to move1 d[nw>d1 by an        
absolute & inevitable fate4 ,9  a ^w1   
:i* way soev] !y turn !mselves1 & :atev]

 hypo!sis  !y make1 conc]n+ ! orig9al & 
frame ( ?+s1 no?+ is s  c]ta9 &         
und5iable1 z t man1 consid]$ )\t !      
protection  & conduct ( a sup]ior ,be+1 
is 9 a f> worse case ?an ^u  supposition
 ( ! be+ & gov]nm5t ( ,god1 & ( m5's be+
 "u  8 peculi> conduct1 protection1 &   
fav\r4    ,,a!ns1 a celebrat$ city (    
,greece1 too well kn[n to be "h         
describ$4 ,/4 ,paul's celebrat$ s]mon1  
,acts xvii1 0 prea*$ on !  ,areopagus1  
or ,hill ( ,m>s1 :]e a celebrat$ c\rt 0 
held :i* took  cognizance ( matt]s (    
religion1 blasphemies aga9/ ! gods1 !   
build+ ( temples1 c4 7,see ,areopagus47 
,! inscription on !  alt>1 8to ! unkn[n 
,god10 :i* ,/4 ,paul s appropriately    
made !  text ( 8 disc\rse1 0 adopt$ on !
 occasion ( ! city hav+  be5 reliev$ f a
 pe/il5ce2 & !y erect$ alt>s to 8! ,god 
unkn[n10 ei!r z n kn[+ to :i* ( _!      
div9ities !y 7  indebt$ = ! fav\r1 or1  
:i* is m probable1 because !re 0  some?+
 9 ! circum/ances ( ?is deliv]ance1 :i* 
l$ !m to  ref] x to a high] p[] ?an _!  

own gods1 ev5 to ! supreme ,god1  :o 0 n
 unfrequ5tly /yl$1 ! 8unkn[n10 by ! wis]
 ,hea!ns4  ,! exi/5ce ( su* alt>s is    
expressly m5tion$ by ,lucian4 ,on !     
place :]e ! great ,apo/le bore 8 noble  
te/imony aga9/ idols1  & decl>$ to !m ! 
,god :om !y ignorantly wor%ipp$1 ,dr4   
,e4 ,d4  ,cl>ke1 ! travell]1 rem>ks1 8,x
 is n possible to conceive a  situation 
( great] p]il1 or "o m calculat$ to     
prove !  s9c]ity ( a prea*]1 ?an t 9 :i*
 ! ,apo/le 0 "h plac$2  & ! tru? ( ?is1 
p]haps1 w nev] be bett] felt ?an by a   
spectator1 :o f ?is em95ce actually     
beholds ! monum5ts (  ,pagan pomp &     
sup]/ition by :i* he1 :om ! ,a!nians    
consid]$  z ! sett] =? ( /range gods1 0 
!n surr\nd$3 repres5t+  to ! imag9ation 
! disciples ( ,socrates & ( ,plato1 !   
dogmati/  ( ! por*1 & ! skeptic ( !     
academy1 address$ by a poor &  l[ly man1
 :o1 #8rude 9 spee*1' )\t ! #8entic+    
words ( man's  wisdom1' enjo9$ precepts 
contr>y to _! ta/e1 & v ho/ile to  _!   
prejudices4 ,"o ( ! peculi> privileges (

 ! ,areopagit seems  to h be5 set at    
defiance by ! zeal ( ,/4 ,paul on ?is   
occasion2  namely1 t ( inflict+ extreme 
& exempl>y puni%m5t ^u any  p]son :o    
%\ld slight ! celebration ( ! holy      
my/]ies1 or  blaspheme ! gods ( ,greece4
 ,we asc5d$ to ! summit by means (  /eps
 cut 9 ! natural /one4 ,! sublime sc5e  
"h exhibit$ is s  /rik+1 t a brief      
description ( x may prove h[ truly x    
(f]s  to u a comm5t>y ^u ! ,apo/le's    
words1 z !y 7 deliv]$ ^u  ! spot4 ,he   
/ood ^u ! top ( ! rock1 & b5ea? ! canopy
 (  heav54 ,be=e him !re 0 spread a     
glori\s prospect ( m\nta9s1  isl&s1     
seas1 & skies2 beh9d him t[]$ ! l(ty    
,acropolis1  cr[n$ ) all its m>ble      
temples4 ,?us e object1 :e!r 9 !  face (
 nature1 or among ! works ( art1        
conspir$ to elevate !  m9d1 & to fill x 
) rev]5ce t[>d t ,be+ :o made &  gov]ns 
! _w1 ,acts xvii1 #bd1 #bh2 :o sitte? 9 
t light :i* no  mortal eye c approa*1 & 
yet is nigh unto ! meane/ ( 8           
creatures2 9 :om we live1 & move1 & h   

our be+40    ,,atonem5t1 ! satisfaction 
(f]$ to div9e ju/ice by ! dea? (  ,*ri/ 
= ! s9s ( mank9d1 by virtue ( :i* all   
true p5it5ts  :o believe 9 ,*ri/ are    
p]sonally reconcil$ to ,god1 are fre$ f 
! p5alty ( _! s9s1 & entitl$ to et]nal  
life4 ,! atonem5t  = s9 made by ! dea? (
 ,*ri/1 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian  sy/em
 z ! means by :i* mank9d may be deliv]$ 
f ! awful  cata/rophe ( et]nal dea?2 f  
judicial inflictions ( !  displeasure ( 
a ,gov]nor1 ^: au?ority has be5         
contemn$1 & ^:  w has be5 resi/$1 :i*   
%all "k no mitigation 9 _! degree1  nor 
b\nd to _! duration4 ,?is end x pr(esses
 to accompli% by  means :i*1 ) respect  
to ! ,supreme ,gov]nor himself1 pres]ve 
8  "* f mi/ake1 & ma9ta9 ! au?ority ( 8 
gov]nm5t2  & ) respect to man1 give him 
! /ronge/ possible reason =  hope1 &    
r5d] m fav\rable ! condition ( 8 e>?ly  
probation4  ,^! are consid]ations :i* s 
manife/ly %[1 f its own int]nal         
con/itution1 ! sup]lative importance &  
excell5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1  t x w\ld be   

exce$+ly crim9al to ov]look !m4    ,h[  
s9 may be =giv5 )\t lead+ to su*        
misconceptions ( !  div9e "* z w\ld     
enc\rage disob$i5ce1 & !reby weak5 !    
influ5ce ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 mu/ be     
consid]$ z a problem (  v difficult     
solution4 ,a gov]nm5t :i* admitt$ no    
=giv5ess1  w\ld s9k ! guilty to despair2
 a gov]nm5t :i* nev] puni%es  (f5ce1 is 
a contradiction1--x _c exi/4 ,n to puni%
 ! guilty1  is to dissolve au?ority2 to 
puni% )\t m]cy1 is to de/roy1 &  :]e all
 are guilty1 to make ! de/ruction       
univ]sal4 ,t we _c  s9 ) impunity1 is a 
matt] det]m9$4 ,! ,rul] ( ! _w is n     
c>eless ( ! conduct ( 8 creatures2 = t  
p5al consequ5ces  are atta*$ to ! (f5ce1
 is n a subject ( argum5t1 b is matt]  (
 fact evid5t by daily obs]vation ( !    
ev5ts & circum/ances (  ! pres5t life4  
,x is a pr9ciple !re=e already laid d[n1
 t  ! au?ority ( ,god mu/ be pres]v$2 b 
x ought to be rem>k$1  t 9 t k9d (      
adm9i/ration :i* re/ra9s evil by p5alty1
 &  enc\rages ob$i5ce by fav\r & hope1  

we & all moral creatures are  ! int]e/$ 
p>ties1 & n ! div9e ,gov]nor himself1   
:om1  because ( 8 indep5d5t &           
all-suffici5t nature1 our transgressions
  _c injure4 ,! reasons1 !re=e1 :i*     
compel him to ma9ta9 8  au?ority d n    
t]m9ate 9 himself4 ,if he treats (f5d]s 
)  sev]ity1 x is = our sake1 & = ! sake 
( ! moral ord] ( !  univ]se1 to :i* s91 
if enc\rag$ by a neglig5t adm9i/ration1 
or  by entire or frequ5t impunity1 w\ld 
be ! s\rce ( endless disord]  & mis]y2 &
 if ! grant+ ( p>don to (f5ce be /rongly
 &  ev5 sev]ely gu>d$1 s t no less a    
satisfaction c\ld be accept$  ?an ! dea?
 ( ,god's own ,son1 we are to ref] ?is  
to ! moral  necessity ( ! case z aris+  
out ( ! g5]al welf>e (  acc\ntable      
creatures1 liable to ! deep evil ( s91 &
 n to any  reluctance on ! "p ( our     
,mak] to =give1 mu* less to any ?+      
v9dictive 9 8 nature1--*>ges :i* h be5  
mo/ inconsid]ately  & unfairly said to  
be impli$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s vic>i\s 
suff]+s4 ,if x !n be true1 t ! release (

 (f5d+ man f  future puni%m5t1 & 8      
re/oration to ! div9e fav\r1 ought1 =  !
 int]e/s ( mank9d !mselves1 & = !       
in/ruction & caution  ( o!r be+s1 to be 
s be/[$1 t no lic5se %all be giv5 to    
(f5ce2--t ,god himself1 :il/ he manife/s
 8 compassion1 %\ld  n appe> less j1    
less holy1 ?an he really is2--t 8       
au?ority  %\ld be felt to be z compell+1
 & t disob$i5ce %\ld z  truly1 ?\gh n   
unconditionally1 subject u to ! des]v$  
p5alty1  z ?\gh no hope ( =giv5ess _h   
be5 exhibit$2--we ask1 ,on :at  s*eme1  
save t :i* is develop$ 9 ! ,new         
,te/am5t1 are ^!  necess>y conditions   
provid$ =8 ,necess>y !y are1 unless we  
cont5d  = a lic5se & an impunity :i*    
%all annul all good gov]nm5t 9  !       
univ]se1 a po9t = :i* no reasonable man 
w cont5d2 & if  s1 !n we mu/ all[ t !re 
is /rong int]nal evid5ce ( !  tru? ( !  
doctr9e ( ,scripture1 :5 x makes ! (f] (
 p>don  consequ5t only ^u ! securities  
we h be=e m5tion$4 ,if x be  said1 t s9 
may be p>don$ 9 ! ex]cise ( ! div9e     

pr]ogative1 ! reply is1 t if ?is        
pr]ogative 7 ex]cis$  t[>d a "p ( mank9d
 only1 ! pass+ by ( ! re/ w\ld be )     
difficulty reconcil$ to ! div9e "*2 & if
 ! b5efit 7  ext5d$ to all1 gov]nm5t    
w\ld be at an end4 ,?is s*eme ( br++  m5
 )9 ! ex]cise ( a m]ciful pr]ogative1   
does n !re=e  meet ! obvi\s difficulty (
 ! case2 nor is x improv$ by conf9+  !  
act ( grace only to rep5tant crim9als4  
,= 9 ! imm$iate view  ( dang]1 :at      
(f5d]1 surr\nd$ ) ! wreck ( =m]         
enjoym5ts1 feel+ ! vanity ( guilty      
pleasures1 n[ pa/ = ev]1  & behold+ !   
approa* ( ! delay$ p5al visitation1 b   
w\ld  rep5t8 ,7 ! pr9ciple ( grant+     
p>don to rep5tance to regulate  human   
gov]nm5ts1 e crim9al w\ld escape1 &     
judicial =ms w\ld  become a subject =   
ridicule4 ,nor is x recognis$ by ! div9e
 ,be+  9 8 conduct to m5 9 ! pres5t     
/ate1 al?\gh 9 ?is _w  puni%m5ts are n  
f9al & absolute4 ,rep5tance does n      
re/ore  heal? injur$ by intemp]ance2    
prop]ty1 wa/$ by pr(usion2 or  "*1 once 

/a9$ by di%on\rable practices4 ,if      
rep5tance alone  c\ld secure p>don1 !n  
all mu/ be p>don$1 & gov]nm5t  dissolv$1
 z 9 ! case ( =giv5ess by ! ex]cise (   
m]e  pr]ogative2 b if an arbitr>y       
selection be made1 !n diff]5t &         
discordant pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t are     
introduc$ into ! div9e  adm9i/ration1   
:i* is a d]ogatory supposition4    ,! "q
 propos$ ab/ract$ly1 ,h[ may m]cy be    
ext5d$ to  (f5d+ creatures1 ! subjects (
 ! div9e gov]nm5t1 )\t  enc\rag+ vice1  
by l[]+ ! righte\s & holy "* ( ,god1  & 
! au?ority ( 8 gov]nm5t1 9 ! ma9t5ance (
 :i* !  :ole univ]se ( be+s are int]e/$8
 is1 !re=e1 at once "o (  ! mo/         
important & "o ( ! mo/ difficult t c    
employ !  human m9d4 ,none ( ! !ories   
:i* h be5 oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity  af=ds a
 satisfactory solution ( ! problem4 ,!y 
assume pr9ciples  ei!r de/ructive (     
moral gov]nm5t1 or :i* _c1 9 !          
circum/ances ( man1 be act$ ^u4 ,! only 
answ] is f\nd 9 !  ,holy ,scriptures4   
,!y alone %[1 &1 inde$1 !y alone pr(ess 

to  %[1 h[ ,god may be 8j10 & yet !     
8ju/ifi]0 ( ! ungodly4  ,o!r s*emes %[  
h[ he may be m]ciful2 b ! difficulty    
does n  lie !re4 ,! ,gospel meets x1 by 
decl>+ 8! righte\sness ( ,god10  at !   
same "t t x proclaims 8 m]cy4 ,!        
volunt>y suff]+s  ( ! ,div9e ,son ( ,god
 8= u10 t is1 9 our room & /ead1        
magnify ! ju/ice ( ,god2 display 8 hatr$
 to s92 proclaim 8!  exce$+ s9fulness0 (
 transgression1 by ! deep & pa9ful mann]
  9 :i* !y 7 inflict$ ^u ! ,sub/itute2  
w>n ! p]sev]+  (f5d] ( ! t]ribl5ess1 z  
well z ! c]ta9ty1 ( 8  puni%m5t2 & op5 !
 gates ( salvation to e p5it5t4 ,x is a 
"p ( ! same div9e plan also to engage ! 
influ5ce ( ! ,holy  ,_s1 to awak5       
p5it5ce 9 man1 & to lead ! w&]] back to 
himself2 to r5ew our fall5 nature 9     
righte\sness1 at ! mom5t we  are ju/ifi$
 ?r\gh fai?1 & to place u 9 circum/ances
 9 :i*  we may h5ce=? 8walk n aft] !    
fle%1 b aft] ! ,_s40 ,all  ! ends (     
gov]nm5t are "h answ]$--no lic5se is    
giv5 to  (f5ce1--! moral law is         

unrepeal$1--a day ( judgm5t is /ill     
appo9t$1--future & et]nal puni%m5ts /ill
 display _! awful  sanctions1--a new &  
s+ul> display ( ! awful purity ( ! div9e
  "* is af=d$1--yet p>don is (f]$ to all
 :o seek x2 &  ! :ole _w may be sav$4   
,) su* evid5ce ( suitabl5ess to ! case (
 mank9d1 "u su*  l(ty views ( connection
 ) ! pr9ciples & ends ( moral  gov]nm5t1
 does ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t pres5t     
itself4 ,b o!r  important consid]ations 
are n want+ to m>k ! unit$ wisdom &     
goodness ( t me?od ( ext5d+ m]cy to !   
guilty1 :i*  ,*ri/ianity tea*es u to h  
be5 actually & exclusively adopt$4  ,x  
is r5d]$1 inde$1 8wor?y ( all           
acceptation10 by ! circum/ance  ( its   
meet+ ! difficulties we h j dwelt       
^u1--difficulties  :i* c\ld n o!rwise h 
fail$ to make a gloomy impression ^u  e 
(f5d] awak5$ to a s5se ( 8 spiritual    
dang]2 b x mu/  be v inatt5tively       
consid]$1 if x does n f>!r comm5d itself
  to u1 by n only remov+ ! appreh5sions 
we might feel z to !  sev]ity ( ! div9e 

,lawgiv]1 b z exalt+ him 9 our e/eem z  
8! righte\s ,"l1 :o love? righte\sness10
 :o surr5d]$ 8  belov$ ,son to suff]+ & 
dea?1 t ! influ5ce ( moral goodness     
might n be weak5$ 9 ! he>ts ( 8         
creatures2 & z a ,god (  love1 af=d+ 9  
?is in/ance a view ( ! t5d]ness &       
b5ignity  ( 8 nature inf9itely m        
impressive & affect+ ?an any ab/ract    
description c\ld convey1 or ?an any act 
( creat+ & provid5tial  p[] & grace c\ld
 exhibit1 &1 !re=e1 mo/ suitable to     
subdue  t enmity :i* _h unnaturally gr[n
 up 9 ! he>ts ( 8  creatures1 & :i*1 :5 
corrupt1 !y s easily transf] f a law    
:i* re/ra9s _! incl9ation to ! ,lawgiv] 
himself4 ,if x be  important to u to "k 
! ext5t & reality ( our dang]1 by !     
dea? ( ,*ri/ x is display$1 n 9         
description1 b 9 ! mo/  impressive      
action2 if x be important t we %\ld h an
 assurance  ( ! div9e placability t[>d  
u1 x "h receives a demon/ration         
incapable ( be+ height5$2 if gratitude  
be ! mo/ p[]ful motive  ( future        

ob$i5ce1 & "o :i* r5d]s comm& on ! "o   
"p1 &  active s]vice on ! o!r1 8n       
griev\s b joy\s10 ! recollection  ( su* 
obligations z ^? :i* ! 8love ( ,*ri/0   
has laid u  "u1 is a p]petual spr+ to   
?is en]getic affection1 & w be  ! means 
( rais+ x to high] & m delightful       
activity = ev]4  ,all t c mo/ p[]fully  
illu/rate ! unit$ t5d]ness & awful      
maje/y ( ,god1 & ! odi\sness ( s92 all t
 c w9 back !  he>t ( man to 8 ,mak] &   
,"l1 & r5d] future ob$i5ce a matt]  (   
affection & delight z well z duty2 all t
 c ext+ui% !  angry & malignant passions
 ( man to man2 all t c inspire a  mutual
 b5evol5ce1 & dispose to a self-d5y+    
*>ity = !  b5efit ( o!rs2 all t c ar\se 
by hope1 or tranquillize by  fai?2 is to
 be f\nd 9 ! vic>i\s dea? ( ,*ri/1 & !  
pr9ciples & purposes = :i* x 0 endur$4  
,! fir/ decl>ation1 on ?is subject1 aft]
 ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/1  is t ( ,john !   
,bapti/1 :5 he saw ,jesus com+ unto him1
 8,behold  ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :i* take?    
away ! s9 ( ! _w20 :]e x is  obvi\s1 t  

:5 ,john call$ our ,"l1 8! ,lamb (      
,god10 he spoke (  him "u a sacrificial 
"*1 & ( ! effect ( t sacrifice  z an    
atonem5t = ! s9s ( mank9d4 ,?is 0 said (
 our ,"l1 ev5  be=e he ent]$ on 8 public
 (fice2 b if any d\bt %\ld exi/         
respect+ ! mean+ ( ! ,bapti/'s          
expression1 x is remov$ by  o!r         
passages1 9 :i* a simil> allusion is    
adopt$1 & 9 :i* x  is specifically      
appli$ to ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 z an atonem5t 
= s94  ,9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! foll[+
 words ( ,isaiah are1 by  ,philip !     
evangeli/1 di/9ctly appli$ to ,*ri/1 &  
to 8 dea?3  8,he 0 l$ z a %eep to !     
slaught]2 & l a lamb dumb be=e 8  %e>]1 
s op5$ he n 8 m\?4 9 8 humiliation 8    
judgm5t 0  tak5 away3 & :o %all decl>e 8
 g5]ation8 = 8 life is tak5  f ! e>?40  
,?is p>ticul> "p ( ! prophecy be+ appli$
 to  our ,"l's dea?1 ! :ole mu/ relate  
to ! same subject2 = x is  und\bt$ly "o 
entire prophecy1 & ! o!r expressions 9 x
 are  /ill /rong]3 8,he 0 w\nd$ = our   
transgressions2 he 0 bruis$  = our      

iniquities2 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u
 him2 & )  8 /ripes we are heal$3 ! ,"l 
ha? laid on him ! iniquity ( u  all40 ,9
 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 is also a     
/rong & v apposite  text1 9 :i* !       
application ( ! t]m 8lamb0 to our ,"l1 &
 !  s5se 9 :i* x is appli$1 c admit ( no
 d\bt3 8,=asmu* z ye  "k t ye 7 n r$eem$
 ) corruptible ?+s1 b ) !  preci\s blood
 ( ,*ri/1 z ( a lamb )\t blemi% & )\t   
spot10 #a ,pet] i1 #ah1 #ai4 ,x is !re=e
 evid5t t ! ,prophet  ,isaiah1 six      
hundr$ ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus2 t     
,john !  ,bapti/1 on ! comm5cem5t ( 8   
m9i/ry2 & t ,/4 ,pet]1 8  fri5d1        
companion & ,apo/le1 subsequ5t to !     
transaction2 speak (  ,*ri/'s dea? z an 
atonem5t = s91 "u ! figure ( a lamb     
sacrific$4    ,! passages t foll[1      
pla9ly & di/9ctly decl>e ! aton+        
efficacy ( ,*ri/'s dea?3 8,n[ once 9 !  
end ( ! _w ha? he  appe>$ to put away s9
 by ! sacrifice ( himself40 8,*ri/ 0    
once  (f]$ to be> ! s9s ( _m2 & unto !m 
t look = him %all  he appe> ! second "t 

)\t s9 unto salvation10 ,heb4 ix1 #bf1  
#bh4  8,?is man1 aft] he _h (f]$ "o     
sacrifice = s91 = ev] sat d[n  on ! "r  
h& ( ,god2 = by "o (f]+ he ha? p]fect$ =
 ev]  !m t are sanctifi$10 ,heb4 x1 #ab4
 ,x is obs]vable1 t no?+  simil> is said
 ( ! dea? ( any o!r p]son1 & t no su*   
efficacy is imput$ to any o!r m>tyrdom4 
8,:ile we 7 yet s9n]s  ,*ri/ di$ = u2   
mu* m !n1 be+ n[ ju/ifi$ by 8 blood1 we 
%all be sav$ f wra? ?r\gh him3 = if1 :5 
we 7 enemies1 we  7 reconcil$ to ,god by
 ! dea? ( 8 ,son1 mu* m1 be+  reconcil$1
 we %all be sav$ by 8 life10 ,rom4 v1   
#h-aj4 ,! words1  8reconcil$ to ,god by 
! dea? ( 8 ,son10 %[ t 8 dea? _h an     
efficacy 9 our reconciliation2 b        
reconciliation is only prep>atory  to   
salvation4 8,he has reconcil$ u to 8    
,fa!r 9 8 cross1 & 9  ! body ( 8 fle%   
?r\gh dea?10 ,col4 i1 #bj1 #bb4 ,:at is 
said (  reconciliation 9 ^! texts1 is 9 
"s o!rs spok5 (  sanctification1 :i* is 
also prep>atory to salvation4 8,we are  
sanctifi$10--h[8 8by ! (f]+ ( ! body (  

,*ri/ once = all10  ,heb4 x1 #aj4 ,9 !  
same epi/le1 ! blood ( ,jesus is call$  
8! blood  ( ! cov5ant by :i* we are     
sanctifi$40 ,9 ^! & _m o!r  passages t  
occur 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 
x is  !re=e ass]t$ t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ _h  
an efficacy 9 !  procur+ ( human        
salvation4 ,su* expressions are us$     
conc]n+ no  o!r p]son1 & ! dea? ( no o!r
 p]son2 & x is !re=e  evid5t1 t ,*ri/'s 
dea? includ$ some?+ m ?an a confirmation
  ( 8 prea*+2 some?+ m ?an a patt]n ( a 
holy & pati5t  m>tyrdom2 some?+ m ?an a 
necess>y antec$5t to 8  resurrection1 by
 :i* he gave a gr& & cle> pro( ( our    
resurrection f ! dead4 ,*ri/'s dea? 0   
all ^!1 b x 0  some?+ m4 ,x 0 an        
atonem5t = ! s9s ( mank9d2 & 9 ?is  way 
only x became ! accompli%m5t ( our      
et]nal r$emption4 ,see ,,day  ,,(       
,,expiation4    ,,augsburgh1 or         
,,augu/an ,,confession4 ,9 #aecj1 a diet
 ( ! ,g]man pr9ces  0 conv5$ by ! emp]or
 ,*>les ,v1 to meet at ,augsburgh1 = !  
express purpose ( compos+ ! religi\s    

tr\bles :i* !n  di/ract$ ,g]many4 ,on   
?is occasion ,melanc?on 0 employ$ to    
draw up  ?is fam\s confession ( fai? :i*
 may be consid]$ z ! cre$ (  ! ,g]man   
re=m]s1 especially ( ! m temp]ate among 
!m4 ,x  consi/$ ( tw5ty-"o articles1    
includ+ ! foll[+ po9ts3--,!  ,tr9ity1   
orig9al s91 ! inc>nation1 ju/ification  
by fai?1 ! ^w  & sacram5ts1 necessity ( 
good works1 ! p]petuity ( ! *ur*1       
infant baptism1 ! ,"l's ,supp]1         
rep5tance & confession1 ! prop]  use ( !
 sacram5ts1 *ur* ord]1 rites &          
c]emonies1 !  magi/racy1 a future       
judgm5t1 free w1 ! wor%ip ( sa9ts1 c4 ,x
  !n proce$s to /ate ! abuses ( :i* !   
re=m]s *iefly  compla9$1 z ! d5ial ( !  
sacram5tal cup to ! laity1 !  celibacy (
 ! cl]gy1 ! mass1 auricul> confession1  
=c$  ab/95ce f meats1 mona/ic v[s1 & !  
enorm\s p[] ( !  *ur* ( ,rome4 ,!       
confession 0 read at a full meet+ ( !   
diet1  & sign$ by ! elector ( ,saxony1 &
 ?ree o!r pr9ces ( !  ,g]man empire4    
,john ,fab]1 aft]w>d ar*bi%op ( ,vi5na1 

& two o!r ,ca?olic  div9es1 7 employ$ to
 draw up an answ] to ?is confession1 :i*
  0 repli$ to by ,melanc?on 9 8         
8,apology = ! ,augsburgh  ,confession0 9
 #aeca4 ,?is confession & def5ce2 !     
articles (  ,smalcald1 drawn up by      
,lu!r2 8 cate*isms1 c1 =m ! symbolical  
books ( ! ,lu!ran *ur*2 & x mu/ be own$ 
t !y conta9  concessions 9 fav\r ( "s   
p>ts ( pop]y1 p>ticul>ly ! real         
pres5ce1 t few ,prote/ants 9 ?is c\ntry 
w\ld admit4    ,,augu/9e1 or1 z he is   
sometimes call$ 9 ! c\rt /yle ( !       
middle ages1 ,,/4 ,,au/91 "o ( ! anci5t 
fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 ^:  writ+s = _m c5turies
 _h almo/ z pot5t an influ5ce on !      
religi\s op9ions ( ,*ri/5dom z ^? (     
,ari/otle ex]cis$ ov]  philosophy4      
,inde$1 x has (t5 be5 m5tion$ z a fact1 
)  expressions ( regret1 t ! writ+s ( no
 man1 ^? ( !  ,/agirite except$1        
contribut$ m ?an ^? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e to   
enc\rage t _s ( subtle disquisition :i* 
subsequ5tly  di/+ui%$ ! era ( !         
,s*oolm54 ,he 0 born1 ,novemb] #ac?1 ,a4

  ,d4 #ced1 at ,taga/a1 an episcopal    
city ( ,numidia 9 ,africa4 ,8 p>5ts1    
,patricius & ,monica1 7 ,*ri/ians (     
respectable rank 9 life1 :o  af=d$ _!   
son all ! means ( in/ruction :i* 8      
excell5t  g5ius & wond]ful aptitude =   
le>n+ seem$ to require4 ,he /udi$       
gramm> & rhetoric at ,madura1 until he 0
 sixte5 ye>s old2 &  aft]w>d remov$ to  
,c>?age1 to complete 8 /udies4 ,9 bo? ^!
  cities1 9 all ! f]v\r ( unreg5]ate    
y\?1 he ent]$ eag]ly  into ! s$uc+ sc5es
 ( dissipation & folly ) :i* he 0       
surr\nd$1 & became n only deprav$ b     
infam\s 9 8 conduct4 ,9  ?is respect he 
0 n improv$ by 8 subsequ5t connection ) 
!  ,mani*ees1 ^: unhall[$ pr9ciples     
af=d$ an excuse = 8  immorality1 & ?rew 
a veil ov] ! vile/ ( 8 actions4 ,!      
simplicity & m9ut5ess ) :i* he has      
n>rat$ ! num]\s  incid5ts ( 8 *ildhood1 
y\?1 & mature age1 9 8 celebrat$  book (
 8,confessions10 h af=d$ abundant matt] 
( ridicule to !  pr(ane & infidel wits (
 ?is & ! la/ age4 ,! reflections1       

h[ev]1 :i* accompany 8 n>rative1 are    
g5]ally important &  judici\s1 & furni% 
to ! moral philosoph] copi\s mat]ials = 
a  hi/ory ( ! v>ieties ( ! human he>t1 &
 are ( sup]ior value  to ! humble       
,*ri/ian = ! inve/igation & bett] k (  8
 own4 ,) a /range ?\gh n uncommon       
inconsi/5cy1 few books  h be5 m         
frequ5tly quot$ z au?ority on matt]s    
relat+ to  g5]al lit]ature & philosophy 
by infidels !mselves1 ?an ,/4           
,augu/9e's o!rwise despis$              
8,confessions10 & 8 8,city ( ,god40  ,b1
 :atev] else is taught 9 ?is rem>kable  
piece ( autobiography1  e pi\s read] w  
be delight$ ) ! additional pro(s :i* x  
conta9s ( ! ultimate preval5ce ( fai?ful
 pray]1 especially on  ! "p ( ,*ri/ian  
p>5ts4 ,monica's importunate pray]s to  
heav5  foll[$ ! ab]rations ( h]         
graceless son1--:5 he settl$ at  ,c>?age
 z a tea*] ( rhetoric2 :5 he remov$ to  
,rome1 & lodg$  ) a ,mani*ee2--& :5 he  
f9ally settl$ at ,milan z pr(essor (    
rhetoric4 ,/4 ,ambrose 0 at t "t1 ,a4   

,d4 #chd1 bi%op ( ,milan1 &  to 8 public
 disc\rses ,augu/9e began to pay mu*    
att5tion4 ,8  he>t became gradually     
prep>$ = ! reception ( div9e tru?1 &  = 
t important *ange ( he>t & pr9ciples :i*
 con/itutes  8conv]sion40 ,!            
circum/ances att5d+ ?is *ange1 ?\gh (t5 
relat$1 are n unwor?y ( be+ repeat$1 if 
only to %[ t !  mode ( ! ,holy ,_s's    
op]ations 0 9 sub/ance ! same 9 ^?  e>ly
 days z !y are n[2 & "t 0 :5 "s ( !     
s\nde/  div9es & mo/ wor?y dignit>ies ( 
! *ur* ( ,engl& 7 9 !  habit ( ref]r+ ) 
approbation to ?is well atte/$ in/ance (
  *ange ( he>t4 ,"o ( 8 ,*ri/ian        
c\ntrym51 ,pont9ius1 :o held a  high    
situation at c\rt1 hav+ p]ceiv$ a copy (
 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les  ly+ on ! table1  
ent]$ "o day into conv]sation ) him & 8 
fri5d ,alipius ab\t ! nature ( fai? & ! 
happ9ess ( ^? :o  liv$ 9 ! enjoym5t (   
religion4 ,augu/9e 0 deeply affect$ at !
  close ( ?is visit2 & :5 ,pont9ius _h  
retir$1 giv+ v5t to 8  feel+s he        
address$ ,alipius 9 a mo/ animat$ /ra93 

8,h[ is ?is8  ,:at %all we d8 ,ignorant 
p come1 & seize ^u heav52 & we1  ) our  
le>n+1 7s5seless wret*es t we are67     
behold we are  imm]s$ 9 fle% & blood6   
,are we a%am$ to foll[ !m8 ,yet is x  n 
a /ill great] %ame1 n ev5 to be able to 
foll[ !m80 ,full (  remorse & contrition
 ,augu/9e left ! h\se & retir$ to a     
secret  "p ( ! g>d51 foll[$ by 8 fri5d1 
:o seem$ on ?is occasion  to be a p>tak]
 ( 8 grief only because he saw him      
griev$ 9 _s4  ,unwill+ to unman himself1
 z he acc\nt$ x1 be=e ,alipius1 he left 
him2 & ?r[+ himself d[n "u ! bran*es ( a
 l>ge fig tree he  p\r$ out a torr5t (  
te>s :i* he 0 unable any long] to       
re/ra91 & exclaim$ 9 bitt]ness ( s\l1   
8,:51 ,o ,"l1 :5 w  ?y ang] cease8 ,:y  
tomorr[8 ,:y n at ?is "t80 ,he in/antly 
he>d  :at he consid]$ to be ! voice ( a 
*ild1 say+ ,tolle1 lege1  8,take &      
read40 ,^! two ,lat9 words 7 repeat$    
sev]al times2  ,augu/9e reflect$ ^u !m1 
*eck$ 8 te>s1 receiv$ !m z !  voice (   
,god1 & runn+ into ! h\se1 op5$1 accord+

 to !  div9e direction1 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4
 ,paul :i* he _h left on !  table1 &    
att5tively read ! fir/ passage :i* he   
f\nd4 ,x 0  ,romans xiii1 #ac1 #ad2 a   
passage peculi>ly applicable to him1 9  
ref]5ce to 8 =m] habits & pres5t /ate ( 
m9d3 8,n 9  riot+ & drunk5ness1 n 9     
*amb]+ & wantonness1 n 9 /rife  & envy+3
 b put ye on ,,! ,,"l ,,jesus ,,*ri/1 & 
make n provision  = ! fle% to fulfil !  
lu/s !re(40 ,he %ut up ! book1 & 0      
amaz$ t all 8 d\bts & fe>s _h vani%$4   
,alipius 0 spe$ily  in=m$ ( ?is wond]ful
 *ange 9 8 feel+s & views2 & aft]  hav+ 
desir$ to see ! two v]ses1 9 ! _s ( a   
true seek] he  po9t$ out to ,augu/9e !  
passage :i* imm$iately foll[s1 &  :i* he
 consid]$ z peculi>ly adapt$ to 8 own   
case3 8,him t is  weak 9 ! fai? receive 
ye10 c1 ,rom4 xiv1 #a4 ,! two fri5ds !n 
ran  to acqua9t ,monica ) ^!            
circum/ances1 ! k ( :i*  transport$ h] )
 joy4    ,9 a frame ( m9d n unfamili> to
 ^? :o h !mselves _h 8mu*  =giv510      
,augu/9e wi%$ to retire at once f s     

wick$ a _w z  t 9 :i* he _h pass$ ! fir/
 ?irty-two ye>s ( 8 dissolute  life4 ,8 
secession1 h[ev]1 0 only a tempor>y "o2 
= he &  ,alipius 71 a few mon?s aft]w>d1
 receiv$ by baptism into !  ,*ri/ian    
*ur*4 ,aft] hav+ compos$ sev]al religi\s
 treatises 9  8 retreat ne> ,taga/a1    
especially aga9/ ! errors ( !           
,mani*ees1 f :i* he _h be5 s rec5tly    
reclaim$1 he 01 9 !  ye> #cib1 orda9$   
prie/ by ,val]ius1 bi%op ( ,hippo1 n[ a 
"p (  ! ,b>b>y ,/ates on ! coa/ (       
,africa4 ,he !re held a public          
disputation ) ,=tunatus1 a celebrat$    
prie/ among ! ,mani*ees1  & acquitt$    
himself ) great _s & success1 he also   
wrote &  prea*$ l>gely & to great effect
 aga9/ ! ,donati/s &  ,mani*ees4 ,8     
reputation z a div9e increas$2 & he 01  
at !  close ( ! ye> #cie1 orda9$ bi%op (
 ,hippo1 9 :i* high /ation  he cont9u$ )
 great advantage to wage w> aga9/ v>i\s 
ord]s (  h]etics4    ,augu/9e _h hi!rto 
direct$ 8 !ological artill]y pr9cipally 
aga9/ ! pr$e/9>ian errors ( ! ,mani*ees2

 b he 0 soon  call$ ^u to *ange 8       
weapons & 8 mode ( w>f>e1 9 attack+  a  
new & n less dang]\s class ( h]etics4 ,9
 ! ye> #dab he began  to write aga9/ !  
injuri\s doctr9es ( ,pelagias1 a native 
(  ,brita91 :o _h resid$ = a consid]able
 "t at ,rome1 & acquir$  univ]sal e/eem 
by ! purity ( 8 mann]s1 8 piety1 & 8    
erudition4 ,al>m$ at ! consequ5ces :i*  
seem$ to him obvi\sly to  result f all[+
 t ,adam's s9 is transmitt$ to all 8    
po/]ity1 & =tifi$ 9 8 s5tim5ts on ?is   
subject by ^? (  ,orig5 & ,ruff9us1 ) ! 
latt] ( :om he _h associat$1 he  boldly 
d5i$ t5ets :i* he did n believe4 ,9 !   
def5ce ( 8  op9ions1 ,pelagius1 0       
second$ by ,cele/ius1 a man equally     
em95t =  8 tal5ts & 8 virtues4 ,_!      
pr9ciples 7 propagat$ at fir/  r by h9ts
 & intimations1 ?an by op5 av[al & pla9 
decl>ations2 b ?is res]ve 0 laid aside  
:5 !y p]ceiv$ !  ready reception :i* _! 
doctr9es obta9$2 & ,cele/ius began      
zeal\sly to dissem9ate !m 9 ,africa1    
:ile ,pelagius s[$ ! same  t>es 9       

,pale/9e1 :5ce !y 7 spe$ily transplant$ 
to almo/  e corn] ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,if !    
brief notices1 :i* h come d[n  to u     
respect+ _! t5ets1 9 ! writ+s ( _!      
adv]s>ies1 be  correct1 !y affirm$1 8,x 
is n free w if x requires ! aid (  ,god2
 because e "o has x )9 ! p[] ( 8 own w  
to d any  ?+1 or n to d x4 ,our victory 
ov] s9 & ,satan proce$s n f  ! help :i* 
,god af=ds1 b is ow+ to our own free w4 
,!  pray]s :i* ! *ur* (f]s up ei!r = !  
conv]sion (  unbeliev]s & o!r s9n]s1 or 
= ! p]sev]ance ( believ]s1 are  p\r$ =? 
9 va94 ,! unre/rict$ capability ( m5's  
own free w  is amply suffici5t = all ^! 
?+s1 & !re=e no necessity  exi/s = ask+ 
( ,god ^? ?+s :i* we are able (         
ourselves to  obta92 ! gifts ( grace be+
 only necess>y to enable m5 to d t  m   
easily & completely :i* yet !y c\ld d   
!mselves ?\gh  m sl[ly & ) great]       
difficulty2 & t !y are p]fectly  free   
creatures10 9 opposition to all ! curr5t
 notions (  pr$e/9ation & reprobation4  
,^! novel op9ions 7 refut$ by ,/4       

,augu/9e & ,/4 ,j]om1 z well z by       
,orosius a ,spani% presbyt]1 &  !y 7    
condemn$ z h]esies 9 ! c\ncil ( ,c>?age 
& 9 t  ( ,milevum4 ,! discussions :i* !n
 arose h be5 w>mly agitat$  9 v>i\s     
subsequ5t p]iods ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 ?\gh
 little new  light has be5 ?r[n ^u !m f 
t age to ! pres5t4 ,9 8  eag]ness to    
confute ^! oppon5ts ,/4 ,augu/9e employ$
 language s  /rong z made x susceptible 
( an int]pretation :olly at v>iance  ) !
 acc\ntability ( man4 ,?is l$ to f>!r   
explanations &  modifications ( 8       
s5tim5ts1 :i* 7 multipli$ :5 !          
,semi-,pelagians arose1 :o ?\ght t !    
tru? lay betwe5 8  doctr9es & ^? ( !    
,pelagians4 ,conc]n+ orig9al s91 he     
ma9ta9$ t x 0 d]iv$ f our fir/ p>5ts2 & 
he believ$  he _h asc]ta9$ 9 :at !      
orig9al s9 convey$ by ,adam to 8        
po/]ity consi/$4 ,9 8 s5tim5ts1 h[ev]1  
^u ! latt] po9t  he 0 r inconsi/5t1 at  
"o "t ass]t+ t ! ess5ce (  orig9al s9 0 
concupisc5ce1 & at ano!r express+ d\bts 
respect+ 8 own position4 ,?is subject 0 

bequea!d z a legacy to  ! s*oolm5 ( a   
subsequ5t age1 :o ex]cis$ _! subtle wits
 ^u  all its ramifications d[n to !     
p]iod ( ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,on !         
consequ5ces ( ! fall ( our fir/ p>5ts1  
,/4 ,augu/9e taught t  by x human nature
 0 totally corrupt$1 & depriv$ ( all    
incl9ation & ability to d good4 ,be=e ! 
age 9 :i* he liv$1  ! e>ly fa!rs held   
:at1 9 ! language ( sy/ematic !ology1 is
  t]m$ ! syn]ge/ic sy/em1 or !          
ne$fulness ( human cop]ation  9 ! works 
( hol9ess2 b ?\gh ! fre$om ( ! w 0 n    
consid]$ by !m z exclud+ or r5d]+       
unnecess>y ! grace (  ,god1 yet mu*     
vagu5ess is p]ceptible 9 ! mann] 9 :i*  
!y  express !mselves1 because !y _h n   
exam9$ ! subject ) !  same att5tion z ! 
!ologians by :om !y 7 succe$$4 ,^?  e>ly
 div9es g5]ally us$ ! language (        
,scripture1 ! f]tile  inv5tion (        
controv]sial writ]s1 n hav+ z yet       
display$ itself1  except on ! div9e     
nature ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & subsidi>y t]ms 
&  le>n$ di/9ctions n be+ !n requir$ by 

any great diff]5ces (  op9ion4 ,b z soon
 z ,pelagius broa*$ 8 errors1 ! att5tion
 (  ,*ri/ians 0 naturally turn$ to !    
inve/igation ( ! doctr9e (  grace4 ,!   
op9ions ( ,/4 ,augu/9e on ?is subject1  
:i* soon became  ^? ( ! great body ( !  
,*ri/ian *ur*1 admitt$ ! necessity  (   
div9e grace1 or ! influ5ce ( ! ,holy    
,_s1 = our ob$i5ce  to ! law ( ,god4 ,he
 ascrib$ ! r5ovation ( our moral        
con/itution  :olly to ?is grace1 d5i$   
all cop]ation ( man ) x =  answ]+ ! end 
to be accompli%$1 & repres5t$ x z       
irresi/ible4 ,he f>!r affirm$ t x 0 giv5
 only to a c]ta9  portion ( ! human     
race1 to ^? :o %[$ ! fruits ( x 9 _!    
sanctification1 & t x secur$ !          
p]sev]ance ( all ^u :om x  0 be/[$4     
,plaif]e 9 8 8,appello ,evangelium0 has 
giv5 !  foll[+ z ! sub/ance ( t op9ion (
 ! ord] (  pr$e/9ation ( :i* 8_m d say t
 ,/4 ,au/9 0 ! fir/  au?or3 #a4 ,t ,god 
f all et]nity decre$ to create mank9d   
holy &  good4 #b4 ,t he =esaw man1 be+  
tempt$ by ,satan1 w\ld fall into  s91 if

 ,god did n h9d] x2 he decre$ n to h9d]4
 #c4 ,t out (  mank9d1 se5 fall5 into s9
 & mis]y1 he *ose a c]ta9 numb] to      
raise to righte\sness & to et]nal life1 
& reject$ ! re/1  leav+ !m 9 _! s9s4 #d4
 ,t = ^! 8 *os5 he decre$ to  s5d 8 ,son
 to r$eem !m1 & 8 ,_s to call !m &      
sanctify  !m2 ! re/ he decre$ to =sake1 
leav+ !m to ,satan &  !mselves1 & to    
puni% !m = _! s9s40    ,aft] ,/4        
,augu/9e _h ?us 9 a great degree new    
m\ld$ ! sci5ce  ( !ology1 & _h comb9$ ) 
x z an ess5tial "p ( div9e  tru?1 t !   
fate ( mank9d 0 det]m9$ by ! div9e      
decree  indep5d5tly ( _! own ef=ts &    
conduct1 & t !y 7 ?us  divid$ into !    
elect & reprobate1 x became necess>y1 9 
ord] to  pres]ve consi/5cy1 to introduce
 into 8 sy/em a limitation )  respect to
 baptism1 & to prev5t ! op9ions conc]n+ 
x f  int]f]+ ) ^? :i* fl[$ f ! doctr9e (
 pr$e/9ation4  ,he accord+ly taught1 t  
baptism br+s ) x ! =giv5ess (  s9s2 t x 
is s ess5tial1 t ! omission ( x w expose
 u to  condemnation2 & t x is att5d$ )  

reg5]ation4 ,he also  affirm$ t ! virtue
 ( baptism is n 9 ! wat]2 t !  m9i/]s ( 
,*ri/ p]=m ! ext]nal c]emony1 b t ,*ri/ 
accompanies x ) invisible grace2 t      
baptism is common to all1  :il/1 grace  
is n s2 & t ! same ext]nal rite may be  
dea? to  "s1 & life to o!rs4 ,by ?is    
di/9ction he rids himself ( !           
difficulty :i* w\ld h press$ ^u 8 s*eme 
( !ology1 _h  p>don1 reg5]ation1 &      
salvation be5 necess>ily connect$ )  !  
outw>d ord9ance ( baptism2 & limits its 
prop] efficacy to  ^? :o are compreh5d$1
 z ! heirs ( et]nal life1 9 ! decree  ( 
! ,almighty4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 ( ^? :o /rictly
 adh]e to him 9  o!r p>ts ( 8 doctr9al  
sy/em1 des]t him at ?is po9t4 ,bi%op    
,b$ell speaks ?us 9 disp>agem5t ( 8     
baptismal views1 9 a lett]  to ,dr4     
,w>d3 8,?is ,i d yield to my ,"l ( ,s>um
 mo/ will+ly1 t  ! ju/ification1        
sanctification1 & adoption :i* *ildr5 h 
9  baptism1 is n univoc univocally !    
same ) t :i* adulti  adults h4 ,i ?9k ! 
emphatical spee*es ( ,augu/9e aga9/ !   

,pelagians1 & ( ,prosp]1 are n s mu* to 
be reg>d$ 7:o say !  l ( ! eu*>i/ also7 
t\*+ ! necessity & efficacy 9 !  case ( 
infants2 & !y are v l ! spee*es (       
,lanfranc &  ,guitmund ( ,*ri/'s pres5ce
 9 ! sacram5t1 oppos+ v]acitr1  truly & 
v] truly to sacram5talitr2 sacram5tally2
 :i*  is a false & absurd               
contraposition4 ,! op9ion ( !           
,franciscans out  ( ,scotus & ,b]n>d1   
m5tion$ 9 ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 seems to be 
! true op9ion2 = !y make ! sacram5ts to 
be effectual1 #8because  ,god gives !m  
effectus regul>itr concomitantes1'      
regul>ly  accompany+ effects1 & to      
conta9 grace no o!rwise ?an z an        
effectual sign2 & t grace is receiv$ by 
!m z an inve/iture by  a r+ or /aff1 :i*
 is obsign&o1 by signation4 ,consid] t  
if  y w av]1 t baptism wa%es away       
o!rwise ?an sacram5tally1  t is1        
obsignatorily1 orig9al s92 yet y mu/    
all[ t mann] (  wa%+ = future actual    
s9s2 & y mu/ make two sorts (           
ju/ification1 "o = *ildr51 ano!r =      

adulti2 adults2 &  7:i* passes all !    
re/7 y mu/ f9d "s promise 9 ,god's      
cov5ant  :]e9 he b9ds himself to wa%    
away s9 )\t fai? or rep5tance4  ,by ?is 
doctr9e1 y mu/ also ma9ta9 t *ildr5 d   
spiritually  eat ! fle% ( ,*ri/ & dr9k 8
 blood1 if !y receive !  eu*>i/1 z =    
ages !y did1 & by ! analogy ( ! passov] 
!y  may2 & si? if ! use ( ?is sacram5t  
toties quoties z (t5  z x is us$ mu/    
ne$s conf] grace1 x seems x 7 necess>y  
to  let !m communicate1 & ! (t5] !      
bett]1 to ! int5t !y  might be /rong] 9 
grace3 :i* op9ion1 ?\gh ,/4 ,au/9 & _m  
m ( ! anci5ts d ma9ta91 ,i believe y w n
 easily  condesc5d unto1 or t *ildr5 dy+
 )\t baptism are damn$40  ,^! rem>ks are
 important1 z proce$+ f ! p5 ( ! p]sonal
  fri5d ( ,fa!r ,paul1 :o wrote !       
,hi/ory ( ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t4    ,9 !     
v>i\s discussions :i* h aris5 conc]n+   
pr$e/9ation  & ! doctr9es ) :i* x is    
connect$1 "s mod]n div9es h  quot$ !    
argum5ts ( ,/4 ,augu/9e aga9/ !         
,mani*ees1 & o!rs  ^? :i* he employ$    

aga9/ ! ,pelagians1 accord+ to !        
discordant views :i* ! combatants       
sev]ally ent]ta9 on ^!  controv]t$      
po9ts4 ,"o ( !m has ?us express$        
himself1 9 8  endeav\r to reconcile ,/  
,augu/9e ) himself3--8,! h]esy (        
,pelagius be+ suppress$1 ! ca?olic      
doctr9e 9 t po9t became  m settl$ &     
confirm$ by ! opposition2 su* fre$om be+
 left to  ! w ( man1 z 0 subs]vi5t unto 
grace1 cop]at+ 9 "s  measure ) ^?       
heav5ly influ5ces4 ,& s mu* is confess$ 
by ,/4  ,augu/9e himself1 :]e he asks   
?is "q1 #8,do? any man affirm  t free w 
is p]i%$ utt]ly f man by ! fall (       
,adam8' ,&  !reunto he makes ?is answ]3 
#8,fre$om is p]i%$ by s92 b x is  t     
fre$om only :i* we _h 9 p>adise1 ( hav+ 
p]fect  righte\sness ) immortality4' ,=1
 o!rwise1 x appe>s to be 8  op9ion1 t   
man 0 n m]ely passive 9 all ! acts (    
grace :i*  conduc$ to glory1 accord+ to 
! memorable say+ ( 81 s common  9 ! m\?s
 ( all m51 #8,he :o fir/ made u )\t our 
help w  n v\*safe to save u at la/ )\t  

our concurr5ce4' ,if any  h>%]          
expressions h escap$ 8 p51 7z commonly x
 happ5e? 9  ! heats ( a disputation17 !y
 are to be qualifi$ by ?is la/ rule1  & 
by t be=e1 9 :i* x 0 affirm$1 t #8,god  
c\ld n )  ju/ice judge & condemn ! _w1  
if all m5's s9s proce$$ n  f _! own free
 w1 b f "s ov]rul+ provid5ce :i*  in=c$ 
!m to x4#80 ,ano!r admir] ( ?is fa!r    
(f]s !  foll[+ z an attempt at          
reconciliation3 8,/4 ,augu/9e d5i$ t  ! 
cop]ation ( man is at all ex]t$ to      
produce ! r5ewal ( our  nature2 b1 :5 ! 
r5ewal _h be5 produc$1 he admitt$ t !re 
0 an ex]cise ( ! w comb9$ ) ! work+s (  
grace4 ,9 !  t5? *apt] ( 8 "w aga9/ !   
,mani*ans1 ! bi%op ( ,hippo  ?us        
expresses himself3 #8,:o is x t w n     
exclaim1 ,h[ fooli%  x is to deliv]     
precepts to t man :o is n at lib]ty to  
p]=m  :at is comm&$6 ,& h[ unju/ x is to
 condemn him :o _h n p[]  to fulfil !   
comm&s6 ,yet ^! unhappy p]sons !        
,mani*ees d  n p]ceive t !y are ascrib+ 
su* inju/ice & want ( equity  to ,god4  

,b :at great] tru? is !re ?an ?is1 t    
,god has  deliv]$ precepts1 & t human   
spirits h fre$om ( w8#8  ,else:]e he    
says1 #8,no?+ is m )9 our p[] ?an our   
own w4  ,! w is t by :i* we commit s91 &
 by :i* we live  righte\sly4' ,no?+ c be
 pla9] ?an t ! writ] ( ^!  passages     
admitt$ ! lib]ty ( ! human w1 & !       
necessity (  our own ex]tions 9         
conjunction ) div9e grace4 ,h[ ?is is to
 be  reconcil$ ) 8 g5]al doctr9e1 is    
p]haps indicat$ 9 !  foll[+ passage f 8 
book ,de ,grati et lib4 ,arbitrio1 c4   
#ag4  ,speak+ ( grace he says1 #8,t we  
may w ,god works )\t u2  b :5 we w1 & s 
w z to d1 he co-works ) u2 yet  unless  
he ei!r works t we may w1 or co-works :5
 we d  w1 we are utt]ly incapable ( do+ 
any ?+ 9 ! good works (  piety4'0 ,^!   
are b v slight specim5s ( ! mode 9 :i*  
le>n$ & +5i\s m5 h tri$ to give a k9d ( 
symmetrical  proportion to ?is fa!r's   
doctr9al sy/em4 ,sev]al l>ge treatises  
h be5 publi%$ ) ! same praisewor?y      
int5tion2 ! pi\s  au?ors ( !m ei!r      

entirely =gett+1 or hav+ nev] read1 !  r
 latitud9>ian indulg5ce ( op9ion :i* ,/4
 ,augu/9e claims  = himself 9 8         
8,retractations10 9 :i* he has qualifi$ 
!  h>%ness ( 8 previ\s ass]tions on _m  
subjects4 ,if1 h[ev]1 an  e/imate may be
 =m$ ( :at ?is fa!r int5d$ 9 8 v>i\s    
pacifacatory doctr9al explanations f :at
 he has actually admitt$  & express$1 x 
may be safely affirm$ t no sy/ematic    
writ] (  !ology seems s completely to h 
ent]$ into ! la/ & be/  views ( ! bi%op 
( ,hippo1 or s ne>ly reconcil$ ! app>5t 
discordances 9 !m1 z ,arm9ius has done2 
& few o!r au?ors h  r5d]$ m ample ju/ice
 to 8 s5tim5ts1 tal5ts1 & "*1  ?an !    
fam\s ,dut* ,pr(essor4    ,_m 7 !       
!ological lab\rs to :i* he 0 invit$ by !
 mo/  em95t ( 8 contempor>ies2 & ha/ily 
z "s ( 8 lucubrations  7 execut$1 x is n
 surpris+ t among two hundr$ &          
sev5ty-two treatises on diff]5t         
subjects1 "s are ( inf]ior value  &     
unwor?y ( ! fame :i* he _h acquir$ 9 !  
*ur*4 ,aft] a  life ( v>i\s *anges1 & ( 

a mix$ "*1 he di$ ,a4 ,d4 #dcj1 9  !    
sev5ty-six? ye> ( 8 age2 hav+ be5 h>ass$
 at ! close (  life by see+ 8 c\ntry    
invad$ by ! ,v&als1 & ! city ( :i*  he 0
 ! bi%op besieg$4 ,?\gh ^? b>b>ians took
 ,hippo &  burn$ x1 !y sav$ 8 libr>y1   
:i* conta9$ 8 volum9\s  writ+s4    ,/4  
,augu/9e 0 a dilig5t man 9 ! sacr$      
call+2 & t !  (fice ( a bi%op ev5 9 t   
age ( ! *ur* 0 no s9ecure1 is  evid5t f 
sev]al notices 9 8 lett]s4 ,at ! close (
 "o  address$ to ,m>cell9us he gives !  
subjo9$ acc\nt3 8,if ,i 7 able  to give 
y a n>rative ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,i sp5d my 
"t1 y  w\ld be bo? surpris$ & di/ress$  
on acc\nt ( ! great numb] (  affairs :i*
 oppress me )\t my be+ able to susp5d   
!m4 ,= :5  "s little leisure is all[$ me
 by ^? :o daily att5d ^u me  ab\t       
bus9ess1 & :o are s urg5t ) me t ,i c   
nei!r %un  !m nor ought to despise !m1  
,i h always "s o!r writ+s to  compose1  
:i* inde$ ought to be pref]r$1 to ^? :i*
 ,m>cell9us  reque/$1 because ! pres5t  
juncture w n p]mit !m to be  po/pon$4 ,=

 ! rule ( *>ity is1 n to consid] !      
greatness (  ! fri5d%ip1 b ! necessity (
 ! affair4 ,?us ,i h cont9ually  some?+ 
or o!r to compose :i* div]ts me f writ+ 
:at w\ld  be m agreeable to my          
incl9ations1 d>+ ! little int]vals 9  t 
multiplicity ( bus9ess ) :i* ,i am      
burd5$ ei!r ?r\gh  ! wants or ! passions
 ( o!rs40 ,he frequ5tly compla9s ( ?is  
oppressive weight ( occupation 9 :i* 8  
love ( 8 flock _h  engag$ him1 by obey+ 
! ,apo/olical precept1 :i* =bids        
,*ri/ians f go+ to law be=e ,pagan      
tribunals4 ,9 ref]5ce to  ?is employm5t 
8 biograph]1 ,posidonius1 says3 8,at !  
desire (  ,*ri/ians1 or ( m5 belong+ to 
any sect :atev]1 he w\ld he>  causes )  
pati5ce & att5tion1 sometimes till !    
usual h\r (  eat+1 & sometimes ! :ole   
day )\t eat+ at all1 obs]v+ !           
dispositions ( ! p>ties1 & h[ mu* !y    
advanc$ or decreas$ 9  fai? & good      
works2 & :5 he _h opportunity he        
in/ruct$ !m 9  ! law ( ,god1 & gave !m  
suitable advice1 requir+ no?+ ( !m      

except ,*ri/ian ob$i5ce4 ,he sometimes  
wrote lett]s1 :5 desir$1 on  temporal   
subjects2 b look$ ^u all ?is z          
unpr(itable occupation1  :i* drew him   
aside f t :i* 0 bett] & m agreeable to  
himself40    ,! "* ( ?is em95t fa!r has 
be5 mu* misrepres5t$ bo?  z a man & z a 
writ]4 ,:oev] looks into 8 writ+s =     
accurate  & enl>g$ views ( ,*ri/ian     
doctr9e1 looks = t :i* c\ld n  be       
expect$ 9 ! v infancy ( ,biblical       
criticism4 ,he 0 a  rhetorician by      
pr(ession1 & ! deg5]ate ta/e ( t age mu/
 be  blam$1 r ?an ! individual :o wrote 
9 ! /yle :i* !n  prevail$4 ,! le>n+ (   
,/4 ,augu/9e1 & p>ticul>ly 8 k  (       
,greek1 h be5 disput$2 & h5ce !         
importance ( 8 ,biblical  criticisms has
 be5 depreciat$4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! e>ly "p
 ( 8  life he confesses 8 great av]sion 
to ! /udy ( t language2 &  z he tells u1
 9 8 matur] age1 t he read ! ,platoni/s 
9 a  ,lat9 v]sion1 x has p]haps be5 too 
ha/ily conclud$ t he nev]  made any     
great pr(ici5cy 9 x4 ,b ?\gh x be all[$ 

t 8  comm5ts on ,scripture consi/ *iefly
 ( popul> reflections1 spiritual  &     
moral1 or allegorical & my/ical         
p]v]sions ( ! lit]al  mean+2 yet ! works
 ( ?is fa!r are n :olly de/itute (      
rem>ks & critical int]pretations1 t are 
p]t95t & judici\s3  to su*1 aft] a s]ies
 ( extracts f 8 writ+s1 ,dr4 ,l>dn] has 
ref]r$ 8 read]s4 ,) reg>d to 8 k (      
,greek1 ?is  imp>tial & c&id au?or is ( 
op9ion1 t he und]/ood t  language bett] 
?an "s h suppos$2 & he has cit$ sev]al  
passages f :i* x may be p]ceiv$1 t ,/4  
,augu/9e frequ5tly  comp>$ 8 copies ( ! 
,lat9 v]sion ) ^? ( ! ,greek  orig9al4  
,le ,cl]c himself all[s t he sometimes  
expla9s ,greek words  & phrases 9 a v   
felicit\s mann]4 ,inde$1 ! comm5cem5t ( 
8  correspond5ce ) ,/4 ,j]om proves him 
to h be5 no contemptible  critic4 ,9 ?is
 he bes\ght him1 9 ! "n ( all ! ,african
  *ur*es1 to apply himself to !         
translation into ,lat9 ( ! ,greek       
int]pret]s ( ,scripture1 r ?an to ent]  
^u a new translation  f ! orig9al       

,hebrew2 & to po9t out ^? passages 9 :i*
 !  ,hebrew diff]$ f ! ,septuag9t1 z he 
_h previ\sly done 9 !  book ( ,job4     
,voltaire & o!r pr(ane wits h1 9 !      
ex]cise (  _! buffoon]y1 impea*$ 8 moral
 conduct2 b _! *>ges1 :5  imp>tially    
exam9$1 w be se5 to be f\nd$ 9 ignorance
 or 9  malice4 ,!y resemble ^? :i* !    
same p>ties pref] aga9/  ,prophets1     
,apo/les1 & aga9/ ,*ri/ himself4 ,mo%eim
 obs]ves t  ,augu/9e's high reputation  
fill$ ! ,*ri/ian _w2 & 8n )\t  reason1 z
 a v>iety ( great & %9+ qualities 7     
unit$ 9 !  "* ( t illu/ri\s man4 ,a     
sublime g5ius1 an un9t]rupt$  & zeal\s  
pursuit ( tru?1 an indefatigable        
application1 an  inv9cible pati5ce1 a   
s9c]e piety1 & a subtle & lively wit1   
conspir$ to e/abli% 8 fame ^u ! mo/ la/+
 f\ndations40 ,su*  a te/imony z ?is f> 
outweighs ! vitup]ative rem>ks & petty  
sne]s ( a ?\s& infidels4 ,see           
,,pelagians & ,,synods4    ,,augu/us1   
emp]or ( ,rome1 & successor ( ,julius   
,cs>4 ,! battle (  ,actium1 :i* he f\ght

 ) ,m>k ,antony1 & :i* made him ma/] (  
! empire1 happ5$ fifte5 ye>s be=e ! bir?
 ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is  ! emp]or :o appo9t$ !
 enrolm5t m5tion$ ,luke ii1 #a1 :i*     
oblig$ ,joseph & ! ,virg9 ,m>y to g to  
,be?lehem1 ! place :]e  ,jesus ,*ri/ 0  
born4 ,augu/us procur$ ! cr[n ( ,judea =
 ,h]od1  f ! ,roman s5ate4 ,aft] !      
defeat ( ,m>k ,antony1 ,h]od adh]$ to   
,augu/us1 & 0 always fai?ful to him2 s t
 ,augu/us load$ him  ) hon\rs & ri*es4  
,,av51 a city ( ,egypt1 aft]w>d call$   
,heliopolis1 & ,on1 ,ezek4 xxx1  #ag4   
,h]odotus in=ms u t 9 ?is city !re 0 an 
annual assembly  9 hon\r ( ! sun1 & a   
temple d$icat$ to him4 ,x appe>s1       
h[ev]1 highly probable1 by ! behavi\r ( 
,ph>aoh to ,joseph &  ,jacob1 &         
especially by ,joseph's c>e to pres]ve !
 l& to !  prie/s1 ,g54 xlvii1 #bb1 #bf1 
t ! true religion prevail$ 9 ,egypt  9 8
 "t2 & x is incr$ible t ,joseph %\ld h  
m>ri$ !  daught] ( ! prie/ ( ,on1 _h t  
"n among ! ,egyptians d5ot$  only !     
mat]ial light2 :i*1 h[ev]1 no d\bt !y1 l

 all !  re/ ( ! _w1 idoliz$ 9 aft]      
times1 & to :i* we f9d a  temple d$icat$
 among ! ,canaanites1 "u ?is "n1 ,jo%ua 
vii1 #b4    ,,av5g] ,,( ,,blood4 ,he :o 
prosecut$ ! man-slay] "u ! law 0  call$ 
! av5g] ( blood1 & _h a "r to slay !    
p]son1 if he  f\nd him )\t a city (     
refuge4 ,see ,,goel4    ,,avims1 a p    
desc5d$ f ,hevus1 ! son ( ,canaan4 ,!y  
dwelt at  fir/ 9 ! c\ntry :i* 0 aft]w>d 
possess$ by ! ,caphtorims1 or           
,phili/9es4 ,! ,scripture says          
expressly1 t ! ,caphtorims drove out  ! 
,avims1 :o dwelt 9 ,haz]im1 ev5 unto    
,azzah1 ,deut4 ii1 #bc4 ,!re  7 also    
,avims1 or ,hivites1 at ,%e*em1 or      
,gibeon1 ,jo%ua xi1 #ai2 =  !           
inhabitants ( ,%e*em 7 ,hivites4 ,la/ly1
 !re 7 "s ( !m  beyond ,jordan1 at !    
foot ( ,m\nt ,h]mon4 ,bo*>t ?9ks1 t     
,cadmus1  :o conduct$ a colony ( !      
,phnicians into ,greece1 0 a ,hivite4   
,8 "n1 ,cadmus1 comes f ! ,hebrew ,k$em1
 8! ea/10 because he  came f ! ea/]n    
p>ts ( ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,! "n ( 8 wife   

,h]mione 0 tak5 f ,m\nt ,h]mon1 at !    
foot :]e( ! ,hivites  dwelt4 ,!         
metamorphoses ( ! companions ( ,cadmus  
into s]p5ts is  f\nd$ ^u ! signification
 ( ! "n ( ,hivites1 :i*1 9 !  ,phnician 
language1 signifies s]p5ts4    ,,az>iah1
 or ,,uzziah1 k+ ( ,judah1 son (        
,amaziah4 ,he began to reign at  ! age (
 sixte5 ye>s1 & reign$ fifty-two ye>s 9 
,j]usalem2 8  "m's "n be+ ,je*oliah1 #b 
,k+s xv4 ,az>iah did t :i* 0  "r 9 !    
sight ( ! ,"l2 nev]!less he did n de/roy
 ! high  places2 &1 aga9/ ! express     
prohibition ( ,god1 ! p  cont9u$ to     
sacrifice !re4 ,hav+ tak5 ^u him to (f] 
inc5se 9  ! temple1 :i* (fice belong$   
entirely to ! prie/s1 he 0 /ruck  ) a   
leprosy1 & cont9u$ )\t ! city1 sep>at$ f
 o!r m5  until ! day ( 8 dea?1 #b ,*ron4
 xxvi4 ,josephus says1 t ^u ?is         
occasion a great e>?quake happ5$2 & t ! 
temple op5+ at !  top1 a ray ( light    
d>t$ ^u ! k+'s =ehead1 ! v mom5t he     
took ! c5s] into 8 h&1 & he in/antly    
became a lep]2 nay1  t ! e>?quake 0 s v 

viol5t1 t x tore 9 sund] a  m\nta9 we/ (
 ,j]usalem1 & roll$ "o half ( x ov] &   
ov] to  ! di/ance ( f\r furlongs1 till  
at l5g? x 0 /opp$ by ano!r  m\nta9 :i*  
/ood ov] aga9/ x2 b *ok$ up ! highway1 &
  cov]$ ! k+'s g>d5s ) du/4 ,?is is :at 
,josephus adds to !  hi/ory relat$ 9 !  
,*ronicles2 b ! tru? ( x may be ju/ly   
suspect$4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t !re 0 a v    
great e>?quake 9  ! reign ( ,uzziah2 =  
,amos1 *ap4 i1 #a1 & ,ze*>iah1 *ap4 xiv1
 #e1  make m5tion ( x3 h[ev]1 x is n    
c]ta9 t x happ5$ at !  v "t t ,uzziah   
took ^u him to (f] inc5se4    ,dur+ ! "t
 t ,uzziah 0 a lep]1 8 son ,jo?am1 z 8  
fa!r's  vic]oy1 took ! public           
adm9i/ration ^u himself1 & succe$$ him  
aft] 8 dea?1 :i* happ5$ 9 ! fifty-second
 ye> ( 8 reign1  ,a4 ,m4 #cbdf4 ,he 0 n 
buri$ 9 ! royal sepul*re2 b 9 ! same    
field1 at "s di/ance1 on acc\nt ( 8     
leprosy4    ,! fir/ "p ( ,uzziah's reign
 0 v successful3 he obta9$ great        
advantages ov] ! ,phili/9es1 ,ammonites1
 & ,arabians4 ,he made  additions to !  

=tifications at ,j]usalem1 & always kept
 an army on  foot ( ?ree hundr$ & sev5  
?\s& m51 & upw>ds1 #b ,*ron4  xxvi2 & he
 _h great magaz9es1 well /or$ ) all     
sorts ( arms1 z  well (f5sive z         
def5sive2 & he 0 a great lov] (         
agriculture4      ,,baal1 ,,bel1 or     
,,belus1 d5ot+ "l1 a div9ity among      
sev]al anci5t  nations2 z ! ,canaanites1
 ,phnicians1 ,sidonians1 ,c>?ag9ians1   
,babylonians1 ,*aldeans1 & ,assyrians4  
,! t]m ,baal1 :i* is itself  an         
appellative1 s]v$ at fir/ to d5ote !    
true ,god1 among ^? :o  adh]$ to ! true 
religion4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,phnicians1 be+ 
orig9ally ,canaanites1 hav+ once _h1 z  
well z ! re/ ( _!  k9dr$1 ! k ( ! true  
,god1 probably call$ him ,baal1 or  "l4 
,b !y1 z well z o!r nations1 gradually  
deg5]at+ into  idolatry1 appli$ ?is     
appellation to _! respective idols2 &   
?us  7 introduc$ a v>iety ( div9ities1  
call$ ,baalim1 or ,baal1  ) "s epi!t    
annex$ to x1 z ,baal ,b]i?1 ,baal ,gad1 
,baal  ,molo*1 ,baal ,peor1 ,baal       

,zebub1 c4 ,"s h suppos$ t !  desc5dants
 ( ,ham fir/ wor%ipp$ ! sun "u ! title (
 ,baal1 #b  ,k+s xxiii1 #e1 #aa2 & t !y 
aft]w>d ascrib$ x to ! patri>*  :o 0 !  
head ( _! l9e2 mak+ ! sun only an emblem
 ( 8  influ5ce or p[]4 ,x is c]ta91     
h[ev]1 t :5 ! cu/om  prevail$ ( deify+ &
 wor%ipp+ ^? :o 7 9 any respect         
di/+ui%$ among mank9d1 ! appellation (  
,baal 0 n re/rict$  to ! sun1 b ext5d$  
to ^? em95t p]sons :o 7 deifi$1 &  :o   
became objects ( wor%ip 9 diff]5t       
nations4 ,! ,phnicians  _h sev]al       
div9ities ( ?is k9d1 :o 7 n int5d$ to   
repres5t  ! sun4 ,x is probable t ,baal1
 ,belus1 or ,bel1 ! great god ( !       
,c>?ag9ians1 & also ( ! ,sidonians1     
,babylonians1 & ,assyrians1  :o1 f !    
te/imony ( ,scripture1 appe>s to h be5  
delight$  ) human sacrifices1 0 ! ,molo*
 ( ! ,ammonites2 ! ,*ronus (  ! ,greeks1
 :o 0 ! *ief object ( adoration 9       
,italy1 ,crete1  ,cyprus1 & ,rhodes1 &  
all o!r c\ntries :]e div9e hon\rs 7     
paid him2 & ! ,saturn ( ! ,lat9s4 ,9    

process ( "t1 _m o!r  deities1 beside ! 
pr9cipal ones j m5tion$1 7 di/+ui%$ by  
! title ( ,baal among ! ,phnicians1     
p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,tyre1  & ( c\rse among 
! ,c>?ag9ians1 & o!r nations4 ,su* 7    
,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,bac*us1 & ,apollo1 or ! 
sun4    ,! temples & alt>s ( ,baal 7    
g5]ally plac$ on em95ces3 !y  7 places  
inclos$ by walls1 )9 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ a    
p]petual  fire2 & "s ( !m bad /atues or 
images1 call$ 9 ,scripture  8,*amanim40 
,maundrell1 9 8 j\rney f ,aleppo to     
,j]usalem1  obs]v$1 "s rema9s ( ^!      
enclosures 9 ,syria4 ,baal _h 8         
prophets & 8 prie/s 9 great numb]s2     
accord+ly1 we read ( f\r  hundr$ & fifty
 ( !m t 7 f$ at ! table ( ,jezebel only2
  & !y conduct$ ! wor%ip ( ?is deity1 by
 (f]+ sacrifices1 by  danc+ r\nd 8 alt> 
) viol5t ge/iculations & exclamations1  
by  cutt+ _! bodies ) knives & lancets1 
& by rav+ &  pret5d+ to prophesy1 z if  
!y 7 possess$ by "s invisible  p[]4     
,x is rem>kable t we d n f9d ! "n ,baal 
s mu* 9 popul>  use ea/ ( ,babylonia2 b 

x 0 g5]al we/ ( ,babylonia1 & to !  v   
extremity ( we/]n ,europe1 includ+ !    
,briti% isles4 ,!  wor%ip ( ,bel1       
,belus1 ,bel5us1 or ,bel9us1 0 g5]al    
?r\gh\t !  ,briti% isl&s2 & c]ta9 ( its 
rites & obs]vances are /ill  ma9ta9$    
among u1 not)/&+ ! e/abli%m5t (         
,*ri/ianity  dur+ s _m ages4 ,a t[n 9   
,p]?%ire1 on ! bord]s ( !  ,highl&s1 is 
call$ ,tilliebeltane or ,tulliebeltane2 
t is1 !  em95ce1 or ris+ gr\nd1 ( ! fire
 ( ,baal4 ,9 !  neighb\rhood is a       
,druidical temple ( eight upright /ones1
 :]e x is  suppos$ ! fire 0 k9dl$4 ,at  
"s di/ance f ?is is ano!r  temple ( !   
same k9d1 b small]2 & ne> x a well /ill 
held 9  great v5]ation4 ,on ,beltane    
morn+1 sup]/iti\s p g to ?is  well1 &   
dr9k ( x2 !n !y make a procession r\nd x
 n9e times4  ,aft] ?is !y 9 l mann] g   
r\nd ! temple4 ,s deep-root$ is  ?is    
,hea!ni% sup]/ition 9 ! m9ds ( _m :o    
reckon !mselves  good ,prote/ants1 t !y 
w n neglect ^! rites1 ev5 :5  ,beltane  
falls on ! ,sabba?4    ,9 ,irel&1       

,bel-te9 is celebrat$ on ! tw5ty-fir/ ( 
,june1 at !  "t ( ! sol/ice4 ,!re1 z !y 
make fires on ! tops ( hills1  e memb] (
 ! family is made to pass ?r\gh ! fire2 
z !y  reckon ?is c]emony necess>y to    
ensure good =tune ?r\gh !  succe$+ ye>4 
,?is resembles ! rites us$ by ! ,romans 
9 !  ,palilia4 ,bel-te9 is also obs]v$ 9
 ,lanca%ire4    ,9 ,wales1 ?is annual   
fire is k9dl$ 9 autumn1 on ! fir/ day ( 
,novemb]2 :i* be+ nei!r at ! sol/ice nor
 equ9ox1 des]ves  att5tion4 ,x may be   
acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t ! lapse ( ages   
has remov$ x f its anci5t /ation1 & t ! 
obs]vance is kept  on ! same day1       
nom9ally1 ?\gh t be n[ remov$ "s weeks  
backw>d f its true /ation4 ,h[ev] t may 
be1 9 ,nor? ,wales  especially1 ?is fire
 is att5d$ by _m c]emonies2 su* z runn+ 
?r\gh ! fire & smoke1 ea* p>ticipator   
ca/+ a /one into !  fire4    ,! ,hebrews
 (t5 imitat$ ! idolatry ( ! ,canaanites 
9 ador+  ,baal4 ,!y (f]$ human          
sacrifices to him 9 groves1 ^u high     
places1  & ^u ! t]races ( h\ses4 ,baal  

_h prie/s & prophets  consecrat$ to 8   
s]vice4 ,all sorts ( infam\s & immode/  
actions  7 committ$ 9 ! fe/ivals ( ,baal
 & ,a/>te4 ,see ,j]4 xxxii1 #ce2  #b    
,k+s xvii1 #af2 xxiii1 #d1 #e1 #ab2 #a  
,k+s xviii1 #bb2 #b ,k+s x1 #ai2 #a     
,k+s xiv1 #bd2 xv1 #ab2 #b ,k+s xxiii1  
#g2 ,hosea iv1 #ad4 ,?is false deity  is
 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,scripture 9 !     
plural numb]1 ,baalim1  :i* may intimate
 t ! "n ,baal 0 giv5 to sev]al diff]5t  
deities4    ,!re 7 _m cities 9 ,pale/9e1
 ^: names 7 comp\nd$ (  ,baal & "s o!r  
^w3 :e!r x 0 t ! god ,baal 0 ador$  9   
!m1 or t ^! places 7 look$ ^u z !       
capital  cities1--lords ( _! respective 
prov9ces1--is unc]ta94    ,,baal ,,b]i?1
 ! god ( ! ,%e*emites1 ,judges viii1    
#cc2 ix1 #d1 #df4    ,,baal ,,peor4     
,peor is suppos$ to h be5 a "p ( ,m\nt  
,ab>im2 &  ,baal 0 ! great idol or *ief 
god ( ! ,phnicians1 & 0 kn[n  & wor%ipp$
 "u a simil> "n1 ) tumultu\s & obsc5e   
rites1  all ov] ,asia4 ,he is ! same z !
 ,bel ( ! ,babylonians4 ,baal1 by       

itself1 signifies "l1 & 0 a "n ( ! sol> 
or pr9cipal god4  ,b x 0 also v>i\sly   
comp\nd$1 9 allusion to ! diff]5t       
*>act]s & attributes ( ! p>ticul> or    
local deities :o 7  kn[n by x1 z ,baal  
,peor1 ,baal ,zebub1 ,baal ,zephon1 c4  
,baal ,peor1 !n1  0 probably ! temple ( 
an idol belong+ to ! ,moabites1 on ,m\nt
  ,ab>im1 :i* ! ,israelites wor%ipp$ :5 
encamp$ at ,%ittim2 ?is  br\ght a plague
 ^u !m1 ( :i* tw5ty-f\r ?\s& di$1 ,num4 
xxxv4 ,*emo%1 ! abom9ation ( ,moab1 to  
:om ,solomon erect$ an  alt>1 #a ,k+s   
xi1 #g1 is suppos$ to h be5 ! same      
deity4 ,baal ,peor  has be5 f>!r suppos$
 by "s to h be5 ,priapus2 by o!rs1      
,saturn2 by o!rs1 ,pluto2 & by o!rs     
aga91 ,adonis4 ,mr4 ,fab] agrees  )     
,calmet 9 mak+ ,baal ,peor ! same )     
,adonis2 a "p ( ^:  wor%ip consi/$ 9    
bewail+ him ) fun]al rites1 z "o lo/ or 
dead1 & aft]w>d welcom+1 ) extravagant  
joy1 8 fictiti\s  return to life4 ,he 0 
9 an em95t degree ! god ( impurity4     
,hosea1  speak+ ( ! wor%ip ( ?is idol1  

emphatically calls x 8t  %ame10 ,hos4   
ix1 #aj4 ,yet 9 ! rites ( ?is deity !   
,moabite &  ,midianite wom5 s$uc$ !     
,israelites to jo94    ,,baal ,,zebub1  
,,beelzebub1 or ,,bel-,,zebub1 signifies
 ! god ( flies1 &  0 an idol ( !        
,ekronites4 ,x is n easy to discov] h[  
?is false  deity obta9$ its "n4 ,"s     
comm5tators ?9k t he 0 call$ ,baal      
,sam91 or ! "l ( heav52 b t ! ,jews1 f  
contempt1 gave him  ! "n ( ,baal-zebub4 
,o!rs ) great] reason believe t he 0    
d5om9at$ 8! god ( flies0 by 8 vot>ies1  
because he def5d$ !m  f flies1 :i* are  
extremely tr\blesome 9 hot c\ntries2 9 !
  same mann] z ! ,eleans wor%ipp$       
,h]cules "u ! appellation (  1 ! fly    
*as]4 ,pl9y is ( op9ion1 t ! "n ( ,a*or1
  ! god invok$ at ,cyr5e aga9/ flies1 is
 d]iv$ f ,acc>on1 or  ,ekron1 :]e       
,baal-zebub 0 wor%ipp$1 & :]e he _h a   
fam\s temple  & oracle4 ,w9kelman has   
giv5 ! figures ( two heads1 8bo? ( !m   
images ( ,jupit]1 call$ by ! ,greeks 1 &
 by ! ,romans  ,musc>ius2 t is to say1  

fly driv]2 = to ?is ,jupit] 0  attribut$
 ! function ( driv+ away flies40    ,x  
is evid5t t ,beelzebub 0 consid]$ z !   
patron deity (  m$ic9e2 = ?is is pla9ly 
impli$ 9 ! conduct ( ,ahaziah1 #b ,k+s  
i4 ,! ,greek my?ology consid]$ ,apollo z
 ! god ( m$ic9e1 &  attribut$ also to   
him ^? possessions by a py?onic _s :i*  
occasionally p]plex$ spectators1 & ( :i*
 we h an in/ance 9  ,acts xvi1 #ai4     
,apollo1 too1 0 ! sun4 ,h5ce we probably
 see ! reason  :y ,ahaziah s5t to       
,beelzebub to inquire ! issue ( 8       
accid5t2  s9ce ,beelzebub 0 ,apollo1 &  
,apollo 0 ! god ( physic4 ,! ,jews1  :o 
*ang$ ,beelzebub into ,beelzebul1 8god (
 a dunghill10 p]haps  _h a ref]5ce to ! 
,greek ( py?o1 :i* signifies putrefi$4  
,9  ,scripture ,beelzebub is call$ 8!   
pr9ce ( devils10 ,matt4 xii1 #bd2  ,luke
 xi1 #ae2 m]ely1 x w\ld seem1 ?r\gh !   
application ( ! "n  ( ! *ief idol ( !   
,hea!n _w to ! pr9ce ( evil spirits4    
,?is 0 natural1 s9ce ! ,jews 7 taught 9 
_! own ,scriptures to  consid] all !    

idols ( ! ,hea!ns 8devils40 ,^?         
comm5tators :o  ?9k t ! idol ( ,ekron   
himself is int5d$1 h indulg$ 9 an       
improbable fancy4 ,see ,,hornet4        
,,baal ,,zephon1 or ! god ( ! wat* t[]1 
0 probably ! temple (  "s idol1 :i* s]v$
 at ! same "t = a place ( obs]vation =  
! neighb\r+ sea & c\ntry1 & a beacon to 
! travell]s by  ei!r4 ,x 0 situat$ on a 
cape or promontory on ! ea/]n side (  ! 
we/]n or ,h]oopolitan bran* ( ! ,r$     
,sea1 ne> its nor!rn  extremity1 ov]    
aga9/ ,pihahiro?1 or ! op5+ 9 ! m\nta9s 
:i* l$ f ! des]t1 on ! side ( ,egypt1 to
 ! ,r$ ,sea4    ,,baa%a1 ! son (        
,ahijah1 comm&]-9-*ief ( ! armies       
belong+ to  ,nadab1 ! son ( ,j]oboam1 k+
 ( ,israel4 ,baa%a kill$ 8 ma/]         
trea*]\sly at ! siege ( ,gibbe?on1 a    
city ( ! ,phili/9es1 ,a4  ,m4 #cjea1 &  
usurp$ ! cr[n1 :i* he possess$ tw5ty-f\r
 ye>s1 #a  ,k+s xv1 #bg1 c4 ,&1 to      
secure himself 9 8 usurpation1 he       
massacr$  all ! relatives ( 8           
pr$ecessor2 :i* b>b>\s action prov$ !   

accompli%m5t ( ! prophecy d5\nc$ aga9/ !
 h\se ( ,j]oboam  by ,ahijah1 ! prophet1
 #a ,k+s xiv1 #a1 c4    ,,babel1 ! t[] &
 city f\nd$ by ! desc5dants ( ,noah 9 ! 
pla9 ( ,%9>4 ,! diff]5t tribes desc5d$ f
 ,noah 7 "h  collect$1 & f ?is po9t 7   
disp]s$1 ?r\gh ! confusion (  _!        
language4 ,! "t :5 ?is t[] 0 built is   
diff]5tly /at$  9 ! ,hebrew & ,sam>itan 
*ronologies4 ,! =m] fixes x 9 !  ye>    
#aja aft] ! flood1 :i* ,mr4 ,fab] ?9ks  
encumb]$ )  insup]able difficulties4    
,?is writ] !n goes on to %[1 t !        
*ronology ( ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*       
reconciles e date1 &  surm\nts e        
difficulty4 ,x repres5ts ,%em z dy+     
ne>ly a c5tury  & a half be=e ! dea? (  
,peleg1 in/ead ( m ?an t numb]  ( ye>s  
aft]w>d1 & almo/ f\r c5turies & a half  
be=e !  dea? ( ,abraham2 :om1 9         
accordance ) ! hi/ory1 x makes to       
survive 8 fa!r ,t]ah precisely a hundr$ 
ye>s4 ,x removes !  difficulties ) :i* !
 ,hebrew *ronology inve/s ! :ole hi/ory1
  by giv+ "t1 :ile x all[s ! disp]sion  

to h tak5 place 9  ! latt] "p ( ,peleg's
 life1 = ! ?irte5 sons ( 8 y\ng]  bro!r 
,joktan to h become heads ( families2 = 
,noah & 8 sons  to h di$1 z x is prov$  
!y mu/ h done1 prior to !  emigration f 
,arm5ia2 = ,nimrod1 in/ead ( be+ a boy1 
to h  be5 ( an age suitable to 8        
exploits1 & to h acquir$ !  sov]eign    
comm&1 n1 9 ! face ( all probability1   
:ile ! f\r  great patri>*s 7 liv+1 b    
aft] _! decease2 & = !  families (      
mank9d to h multipli$ suffici5tly to    
und]take !  /up5d\s "w ( ! t[]4 ,x      
expla9s also ! sil5ce respect+  ,%em 9 !
 hi/ory ( ,abraham1 by mak+ ! =m] die 9 
,arm5ia f\r  hundr$ & =ty ye>s be=e !   
latt] 0 born1 in/ead ( surviv+  him     
?irty-five ye>s2 &1 la/ly1 x makes sacr$
 hi/ory accord )  pr(ane2 ! ,babylonic  
hi/ory ( ,b]osus1 & ! old records       
consult$  by ,epiphanius1 bo? plac+ !   
dea? ( ,noah & 8 sons be=e !  emigration
 f ,arm5ia4    ,! sum ( ! :ole is z     
foll[s3 ,all ! desc5dants ( ,noah rema9$
  9 ,arm5ia 9 peaceable subjection to ! 

patri>*al religion &  gov]nm5t dur+ !   
lifetime ( ! f\r royal patri>*s1 or till
  ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury aft] !  
flood2 :51  gradually fall+ (f f ! pure 
wor%ip ( ,god1 & f _!  allegiance to !  
respective heads ( families1 & s$uc$ by 
!  s*emes ( ! ambiti\s ,nimrod1 & f>!r  
actuat$ by a re/less  disposition1 or a 
desire = a m f]tile c\ntry1 !y migrat$ 9
 a  body s\?w>ds1 till !y rea*$ ! pla9s 
( ,%9>1 probably ab\t  sixty ye>s aft] !
 dea? ( ,%em4 ,"h1 "u ! comm& ( _!  new 
lead]1 & 8 dom9ant milit>y & sac]dotal  
,cu?ites1 by :om  ! orig9al s*eme (     
idolatry1 ! gr\ndwork ( :i* 0 probably  
laid 9 ,arm5ia1 0 n[ p]fect$2 &1 ) !    
express view to  c\nt]act ! designs ( ! 
,almighty 9 _! disp]sion into  diff]5t  
c\ntries1 !y began to build ! city &    
t[]1 & set up  a bann] :i* %\ld s]ve z a
 m>k ( national union1 & conc5trate  !m 
9 "o unbrok5 empire2 :5 !y 7 defeat$ &  
disp]s$ by  ! miracul\s confusion (     
tongues4 ,all ?is probably occupi$ !    
f>!r space ( tw5ty or tw5ty-"o ye>s2    

mak+ eighty-"o f !  dea? ( ,%em1 & five 
hundr$ & eighty-?ree aft] ! flood4 ,all 
(  :i* also w come )9 ! life ( ,peleg1  
:o1 accord+ to !  ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1  
di$ 9 ! ye> #fdj4 ,! t[] ( ,belus 9     
,babylon1 m5tion$ by ,h]odotus1 0       
probably ei!r ! orig9al t[]  ( ,babel   
repair$1 or x 0 con/ruct$ ^u its massive
 f\ndations4  ,! rema9s ( ?is t[] are   
/ill to be se51 & are ?us describ$  by  
,capta9 ,mignan1 9 8 ,travels 9         
,*aldea3--    8,at day light ,i dep>t$ =
 ! ru9s1 ) a m9d absorb$ by !  objects  
:i* ,i _h se5 ye/]day4 ,an h\r's walk1  
indulg$ 9 int5se  reflection1 br\ght me 
to ! gr&e/ & mo/ gigantic nor!rn mass1  
on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,euphrates1 & di/ant
 ab\t f\r miles & a  half f ! ea/]n     
suburb ( ,hillah4 ,x is call$ by !      
natives1 ,el  ,mujellibah1 #8!          
ov]turn$2' also ,h>oot & ,m>oot1 f a    
tradition h&$ d[n1 ) little deviation1 f
 "t immemorial1 t  ne> ! foot ( ! ru9   
!re is a well1 invisible to mortals1 9  
:i* ^? rebelli\s angels 7 condemn$ by   

,god to be hung )  _! heels upw>d1 until
 ! day ( judgm5t1 z a puni%m5t = _!     
wick$ness4 ,?is solid m\nd1 :i* ,i      
consid]1 f its situation &  magnitude1  
to be ! rema9s ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 7an   
op9ion likewise  adopt$ by t v5]able &  
highly di/+ui%$ geograph]1 ,major       
,r5nell17 is a va/ oblong squ>e1 compos$
 ( kiln-burnt & sun-dri$  bricks1 ris+  
irregul>ly to ! height ( "o hundr$ &    
?irty-n9e  feet1 at ! s\?-we/2 :5ce x   
slopes t[>d ! nor?-ea/ to a  dep? ( "o  
hundr$ & t5 feet4 ,its sides face ! f\r 
c>d9al  po9ts4 ,i measur$ !m c>efully1 &
 ! foll[+ is ! full ext5t  ( ea* face3 t
 to ! nor?1 along ! visible face1 is two
 hundr$  & sev5ty-f\r y>ds2 to ! s\?1   
two hundr$ & fifty-six y>ds2  to ! ea/1 
two hundr$ & tw5ty-six y>ds2 & to ! we/1
 two  hundr$ & =ty y>ds4 ,! summit is an
 unev5 flat1 /rew$ )  brok5 & unbrok5   
bricks1 ! p]fect ones measur+ ?irte5    
in*es  squ>e1 by ?ree ?ick4 ,_m exhibit$
 ! arr[-head$ "*1 :i*  appe>$ rem>kably 
fre%4 ,pott]y1 bitum51 vitrifi$ &       

petrifi$  brick1 %ells1 & glass1 7 all  
equally abundant4 ,! pr9cipal  mat]ials 
compos+ ?is ru9 are1 d\btless1 mud      
bricks bak$ 9 !  sun1 & mix$ up ) /raw4 
,x is n difficult to trace brick "w     
along ea* front1 p>ticul>ly at ! s\?-we/
 angle1 :i* is fac$  by a wall1 compos$ 
p>tly ( kiln-burnt brick1 t 9 %ape      
exactly  resembles a wat* t[] or small  
turret4 ,on its summit !re are /ill     
consid]able traces ( erect build+2 at ! 
we/]n end is a circul>  mass ( sold     
brick "w1 slop+ t[>d ! top1 & ris+ f a  
confus$ heap ( rubbi%4 ,! *ief mat]ial  
=m+ ?is fabric  appe>$ simil> to t      
compos+ ! ru9 call$ ,ak]c\ff1 a mixture 
( *opp$ /raw1 ) slime us$ z cem5t2 &    
regul> lay]s (  unbrok5 re$s betwe5 !   
horizontal c\rses ( ! bricks4 ,! base is
  greatly injur$ by "t & ! elem5ts2     
p>ticul>ly to !  s\?-ea/1 :]e x is clov5
 into a deep furr[ f top to bottom4  ,! 
sides ( ! ru9 exhibit holl[s worn p>tly 
by ! wea!r1 b  m g5]ally =m$ by !       
,arabs1 :o are incessantly digg+ =      

bricks1 & hunt+ = antiquities40         
,,babylon1 #b ,k+s xxiv1 #a4 ,! capital 
( ,*aldea1 built by ,nimrod1 ,g54  x1   
#aj4 ,x 0 "u ,nebu*adnezz> t ,babylon1  
!n become ! seat (  univ]sal empire1 is 
suppos$ to h acquir$ t ext5t &          
magnific5ce1 & t ^? /up5d\s works 7     
complet$ :i*  r5d]$ x ! wond] ( ! _w & (
 po/]ity3 & accord+ly1  ?is pr9ce1 !n ! 
mo/ pot5t on ! e>?1 arrogat$ to himself 
!  :ole glory ( its erection2 & 9 !     
pride ( 8 he>t exclaim$1  8,is n ?is    
great ,babylon t ,i h built80 ,! city at
 ?is p]iod  /ood on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 
:i* int]sect$ x 9 ! middle4 ,x  01      
accord+ to ! lea/ computation1 t (      
,diodorus ,siculus1 #de  miles 9        
circumf]5ce2 & accord+ to ,h]odotus1 !  
old] au?or (  ! two1 #fj miles4 ,its    
%ape 0 t ( a squ>e1 trav]s$ ea* way by  
#be pr9cipal /reets2 :i* ( c\rse        
int]sect$ ea* o!r1 divid+  ! city into  
#fbf squ>es4 ,^! /reets 7 t]m9at$ at ea*
 end by  gates ( brass1 ( prodigi\s size
 & /r5g?1 ) a small] "o  op5+ t[>d !    

riv]4 ,! walls1 f ! mo/ mod]ate acc\nts1
  7 #ge feet 9 height & #cb 9 bread?2   
:ile ,h]odotus makes !m #cjj  9 height &
 #ge 9 bread?3 :i* la/ measurem5t1      
incr$ible z x  may seem1 is wor?y (     
cr$it1 z ,h]odotus is mu* ! olde/ au?or 
:o describes !m1 & :o gives _! orig9al  
height2 :]eas1 ^?  :o foll[ him 9 _!    
acc\nts ( ^! /up5d\s walls1 describe  !m
 z !y 7 aft] !y _h be5 tak5 d[n to !    
less elevation  by ,d>ius ,hy/aspes4 ,!y
 7 built ( brick1 cem5t$ ) bitum5       
in/ead ( mort>2 & 7 encompass$ by a     
broad & deep dit*1 l9$  ) ! same        
mat]ials1 z 7 also ! banks ( ! riv] 9   
its  c\rse ?r\gh ! city3 ! inhabitants  
desc5d+ to ! wat] by  /eps ?r\gh !      
small] braz5 gates be=e m5tion$4 ,!     
h\ses 7  ?ree or f\r /ories high1       
sep>at$ f ea* o!r by small c\rts or     
g>d5s1 ) op5 spaces & ev5 fields        
int]sp]s$ ov] ! imm5se  area enclos$ )9 
! walls4 ,ov] ! riv] 0 a bridge1        
connect+  ! two halves ( ! city1 :i*    
/ood1 ! "o on its ea/]n1 & !  o!r on its

 we/]n1 bank2 ! riv] runn+ ne>ly nor? & 
s\?4  ,! bridge 0 #e furlongs 9 l5g?1 & 
#cj feet 9 bread?1 & _h a  palace at ea*
 end1 )1 x is said1 a subt]rane\s       
passage b5ea?  ! riv]1 f "o to ! o!r3 ! 
"w ( ,semiramis4 ,)9 ! city  0 ! temple 
( ,belus1 or ,jupit]1 :i* ,h]odotus     
describes z a  squ>e ( two /adia1 or a  
qu>t] ( a mile3 9 ! mid/ ( :i*  arose ! 
celebrat$ t[]1 to :i* bo? ! same writ]1 
& ,/rabo1  give an elevation ( "o       
/adium1 or #ffj feet2 & ! same measure  
at  its base2 ! :ole be+ divid$ into    
eight sep>ate t[]s1 "o above  ano!r1 (  
decreas+ dim5sions to ! summit2 :]e /ood
 a *apel1  conta9+ a c\*1 table1 & o!r  
?+s ( gold4 ,"h ! pr9cipal  devotions 7 
p]=m$2 & ov] ?is1 on ! highe/ plat=m (  
all1  0 ! obs]vatory1 by ! help ( :i* ! 
,babylonians arriv$ to  su* p]fection 9 
a/ronomy1 t ,cali/h5es ! philosoph]1 :o 
accompani$ ,alex&] to ,babylon1 f\nd    
a/ronomical obs]vations =  #aijc ye>s   
backw>ds f t "t2 :i* rea* z high z !    
#aae?  ye> aft] ! flood4 ,on ei!r side (

 ! riv]1 accord+ to  ,diodorus1 adjo9+  
to ! bridge1 0 a palace2 t on ! we/]n   
bank be+ by mu* ! l>g]4 ,?is palace 0   
eight miles 9  circumf]5ce1 & /rongly   
=tifi$ ) ?ree walls "o )9  ano!r4 ,)9 x 
7 ! celebrat$ p5sile or hang+ g>d5s1    
enclos$ 9 a squ>e ( #djj feet4 ,^! g>d5s
 7 rais$ on t]races1  support$ by ar*es1
 or r by pi]s1 laid ov] ) broad flat    
/ones2 ! ar* appe>+ to be unkn[n to !   
,babylonians3 :i*  c\rses ( pi]s rose   
above "o ano!r1 till !y rea*$ ! level ( 
! top ( ! city walls4 ,on ea* t]race or 
plat=m1 a deep lay] (  m\ld 0 laid1 9   
:i* fl[]s1 %rubs & trees 7 plant$2 "s ( 
:i* are said to h rea*$ ! height ( #ej  
feet4 ,on ! highe/  level 0 a res]voir1 
) an eng9e to draw wat] up f ! riv] by  
:i* ! :ole 0 wat]$4 ,?is novel & a/oni%+
 /ructure1 !  "w ( a mon>* :o knew n h[ 
to create food = 8 own pamp]$  fancy1 or
 lab\r = 8 debas$ subjects or unhappy   
captives1 0  und]tak5 to please 8 wife  
,amyitis2 t %e might see an imitation  (
 ! hills & woods ( h] native c\ntry1    

,m$ia4    ,yet1 :ile 9 ! pl5itude ( its 
p[]1 &1 accord+ to ! mo/  accurate      
*ronolog]s1 #afj ye>s be=e ! foot ( an  
enemy _h ent]$  x1 ! voice ( an enemy _h
 ent]$ x1 ! voice ( prophecy  pron\nc$ !
 doom ( ! mighty & unconqu]$ ,babylon4  
,a succession  ( ages br\ght x gradually
 to ! du/2 & ! gradation ( its fall  is 
m>k$ till x s9ks at la/ into utt]       
desolation4 ,at a "t :5  no?+ b         
magnific5ce 0 ar\nd ?is city1           
emphatically call$ !  great1 fall5      
,babylon 0 del9eat$ by ! p5cil (        
inspiration  exactly z e travell] n[    
describes its ru9s4    ,! imm5se        
f]tility ( ,*aldea1 :i* reta9$ also ! "n
 (  ,babylonia till aft] ! ,*ri/ian ra1 
correspond$ ) ! greatness  ( ,babylon4  
,x 0 ! mo/ f]tile region ( ! :ole ea/4  
,babylonia  0 "o va/ pla91 adorn$ &     
enri*$ by ! ,euphrates & !  ,tigris1 f  
:i*1 & f ! num]\s canals t int]sect$ !  
c\ntry f ! "o riv] to ! o!r1 wat] 0     
di/ribut$ ov] !  fields by manual lab\r 
& by hydraulic ma*9es1 giv+ rise1 9 t   

w>m climate & ri* exhau/less soil1 to an
 exub]ance ( produce  )\t a kn[n        
p>allel1 ov] s ext5sive a region1 ei!r 9
 anci5t  or mod]n times4 ,h]odotus      
/ates1 t he knew n h[ to speak ( its    
wond]ful f]tility1 :i* none b eye       
witnesses w\ld cr$it2 &1  ?\gh writ+ 9 !
 language ( ,greece1 itself a f]tile    
c\ntry1 he  expresses 8 own consci\sness
 t 8 description ( :at he actually  saw 
w\ld appe> to be improbable1 & to exce$ 
belief4 ,su* 0 !  8,*aldees' excell5cy10
 t x dep>t$ n on ! fir/ conque/1 nor  on
 ! f9al ext9ction ( its capital1 b "o   
metropolis ( ,assyria  arose aft] ano!r 
9 ! l& ( ,*aldea1 :5 ,babylon _h ceas$  
to  be 8! glory ( k+doms40    #b4       
,manifold are ! prophecies respect+     
,babylon & ! l& ( !  ,*aldeans2 & ! long
 lapse ( ages has s]v$ to confirm _!    
fulfilm5t 9 e p>ticul>1 & to r5d] x at  
la/ complete4 ,!  judgm5ts ( ,heav5 are 
n casual1 b sure2 !y are n arbitr>y1  b 
righte\s4 ,& !y 7 d5\nc$ aga9/ !        
,babylonians1 & !  inhabitants (        

,*aldea1 expressly because ( _!         
idolatry1 tyranny1  oppression1 pride1  
covet\sness1 drunk5ness1 falsehood1 &   
o!r  wick$ness4 ,! burd5 ( ,babylon1 :i*
 ,isaiah ! son ( ,amos did see3  8,!    
noise ( a multitude 9 ! m\nta9s1 l z ( a
 great p3 a  tumultu\s noise ( ! k+doms 
( nations ga!r$ toge!r3 ! ,"l  ( ,ho/s  
mu/]e? ! ho/ ( ! battle4 ,!y come f a f>
 c\ntry1  f ! end ( heav51 ev5 ! ,"l & !
 weapons ( 8  indignation1 to de/roy !  
:ole l&4 ,behold1 ! day ( ! ,"l  come?1 
cruel bo? ) wra? & fi]ce ang]1 to lay ! 
l&  desolate3 & he %all de/roy ! s9n]s  
!re( out ( x4 ,babylon1  ! glory (      
k+doms1 ! beauty ( ! ,*aldees'          
excell5cy1 %all be  z :5 ,god ov]?rew   
,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,x %all nev] be     
inhabit$1  nei!r %all x be dwelt 9 f    
g5]ation to g5]ation3 nei!r  %all !     
,arabian pit* t5t !re3 nei!r %all !     
%eph]ds make  _! fold !re4 ,b wild bea/s
 ( ! des]t %all lie !re3 &  _! h\ses    
%all be full ( doleful creatures2 & owls
 %all dwell  !re1 & satyrs %all dance   

!re4 ,& ! wild bea/s ( ! isl&s  %all cry
 9 _! desolate h\ses1 & dragons 9 _!    
pleasant  palaces40 8,?\ %alt take up   
?is prov]b aga9/ ! k+ ( ,babylon1  &    
say1 ,h[ ha? ! oppressor ceas$6 ! gold5 
city ceas$6 ,?y pomp  is br\ght d[n to !
 grave1 & ! noise ( ?y viols3 ! worm is 
spread "u !e1 & ! worms cov] !e4 ,?\    
%alt be br\ght d[n  to hell1 to ! sides 
( ! pit4 ,?\ art ca/ out ( ! grave l an 
abom9able bran*4--,i w cut (f f ,babylon
 ! "n1 & remnant1  ! son1 & nephew1 sai?
 ! ,"l4 ,i w also make x a possession  =
 ! bitt]n1 & pools ( wat]3 & ,i w sweep 
x ) ! besom  ( de/ruction1 sai? ! ,"l ( 
,ho/s40 8,babylon is fall51 is fall52  &
 all ! grav5 images ( h] gods he ha?    
brok5 unto ! gr\nd40  8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 
t sai? unto ! deep1 ,be dry2 & ,i w dry 
up ?y riv]s3 t sai? ( ,cyrus1 ,he is my 
%eph]d1 & %all p]=m  all my pleasure1--&
 ,i w loose ! lo9s ( k+s1 to op5 be=e   
him ! two-leav$ gates2 & ! gates %all n 
be %ut40 8,bel b[e?  d[n10 c4 8,come    
d[n1 & sit 9 ! du/1 ,o virg9 daught] (  

,babylon3 sit on ! gr\nd1 !re is no     
?rone1 ,o daught] ( !  ,*aldeans4 ,sit  
?\ sil5t1 & get !e into d>kness1 ,o     
daught] (  ! ,*aldeans2 = ?\ %alt no m  
be call$ ! lady ( k+doms40    ,_m o!r   
prophecies aga9/ ,babylon1 & ! :ole l& (
 ,*aldea1  are f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 &
 ?\gh ! limits ( ?is article  w only    
all[ a ref]5ce to be made to ! exact    
fulfilm5t ( a few1  !re is n "o ( !     
great numb] ( pr$ictions on record1 !   
accompli%m5t ( :i* has n be5 rem>k$ by  
num]\s writ]s1 &  m especially by ^? :o 
h visit$ ! spot4 ,=1 ?\gh = _m  c5turies
 ! site ( ,babylon 0 unkn[n1 or ! ru9s (
 o!r  ,*aldean cities mi/ak5 = its      
rema9s1 its true situation & pres5t     
condition h be51 )9 a few ye>s1         
satisfactorily asc]ta9$1 &  accurately  
describ$1 by sev]al mo/ intellig5t &    
ent]pris+  travell]s4    ,:5 9 !        
pl5itude ( its greatness1 spl5d\r &     
/r5g?1 ,babylon  fir/ yield$ to ! arms (
 ,cyrus1 ^: "n1 & ! manuvre by  :i* !   
city 0 tak51 7 m5tion$ by ,isaiah ne>ly 

two hundr$  ye>s be=e ! ev5t2 :i* 0 also
 pr$ict$ by ,j]emiah3 8,g up1 ,o  ,elam1
 7or ,p]sia17 besiege1 ,o ,m$ia4 ,! ,"l 
ha? rais$ up ! _s  ( ! k+s ( ! ,m$es1 = 
8 device is aga9/ ,babylon1 to de/roy   
x40 ,! k+s ( ,p]sia & ,m$ia1 prompt$ by 
a common int]e/1  freely ent]$ into a   
league aga9/ ,babylon1 & ) "o accord    
entru/$ ! comm& ( _! unit$ armies to    
,cyrus1 ! relative &  ev5tually !       
successor ( !m bo?4--,b ! tak+ (        
,babylon 0  n res]v$ = ^! k+doms alone3 
o!r nations _h to be 8prep>$  aga9/ h]40
 8,set up a /&>d 9 ! l&2 bl[ ! trumpet  
among !  nations1 prep>e ! nations aga9/
 h]1 call toge!r aga9/ h] !  k+doms (   
,ar>at1 ,m9ni1 & ,as*5az3 ,lo1 ,i w     
raise & cause to  come up aga9/ ,babylon
 an assembly ( great nations f ! nor?   
c\ntry10 c4 ,cyrus subdu$ ! ,arm5ians1  
:o _h revolt$ aga9/  ,m$ia1 sp>$ _! k+1 
b\nd !m ov] anew to _! allegiance1 by   
k9dness r ?an by =ce1 & incorporat$ _!  
army ) 8  own4--8,! mighty m5 ( ,babylon
 h =eborne to fight4 ,!y h  rema9$ 9 _! 

holds2 _! might ha? fail$1 !y became z  
wom540  ,s dispirit$ became its p1 t    
,babylon1 :i* _h made ! _w  to tremble1 
0 long besieg$1 )\t mak+ any ef=t to    
drive (f  ! enemy4 ,b1 possess$ (       
provisions = tw5ty ye>s1 :i* 9 _!  timid
 caution !y _h pl5tifully /or$1 !y d]id$
 ,cyrus f _!  impregnable walls1 )9 :i* 
!y rema9$4 ,_! pr(ligacy1 _!  wick$ness 
& false confid5ce 7 unabat$2 !y cont9u$ 
to live  c>elessly 9 pleasures3 &       
,babylon ! great1 unlike to _m a small  
=tress & unwall$ t[n1 made n "o /ruggle 
to rega9 its fre$om  or to be rid ( !   
foe4--,mu* "t hav+ be5 lo/1 & no        
progress  be+ made 9 ! siege1 ! anxiety 
( ,cyrus 0 /rongly excit$1 &  he 0 r$uc$
 to great p]plexity1 :5 at la/ x 0      
sugge/$ &  imm$iately det]m9$ to div]t !
 c\rse ( ! ,euphrates4 ,& :ile  !       
unconsci\s & reckless citiz5s 7 engag$ 9
 danc+ &  m]rim5t1 ! riv] 0 sudd5ly     
turn$ into ! lake1 ! tr5*1 &  ! canals2 
& ! ,p]sians1 bo? foot & horse1 s soon z
 !  subsid+ ( ! wat] p]mitt$1 ent]$ by  

its *annel1 & 7  foll[$ by ! allies 9   
array1 along ! dry "p ( ! riv]4 8,i  w  
dry up ?y sea1 & make ?y spr+s dry4 ,t  
sai? to ! deep1  ,be dry1 ,i w dry up ?y
 riv]s40--,"o deta*m5t 0 plac$ :]e !    
riv] fir/ ent]s ! city1 & ano!r :]e x   
leaves x4 ,& 8"o  po/ did run to meet   
ano!r1 & "o mess5g] to meet ano!r1 to %[
  ! k+ ( ,babylon t 8 city is tak5 at ! 
end1 & t !  passages are %ut40 8,!y 7   
tak510 says ,h]odotus1 8by surprise2  & 
su* is ! ext5t ( ! city1 t1 z !         
inhabitants !mselves  affirm1 !y :o liv$
 9 ! extremities 7 made prison]s be=e   
any  al>m 0 communicat$ to ! c5tre ( !  
place10 :]e ! palace  /ood4 ,?us a 8sn>e
 0 laid = ,babylon1 x 0 tak51 & x 0 n   
aw>e2 x 0 f\nd & also caught2 = x _h    
s9n$ aga9/ ! ,"l4  ,h[ is ! praise ( !  
:ole e>? surpris$60--8,9 _! heat ,i w   
make _! fea/s1 & ,i w make !m drunk51 t 
!y may rejoice  & sleep a p]petual      
sleep1 & n wake1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,i w br+   
!m d[n l lambs to ! slaught]10 c4 8,i w 
make drunk5 h]  pr9ces & h] wise m51 h] 

capta9s & h] rul]s1 & h] mighty  m51 &  
!y %all sleep a p]petual sleep10 c4     
,cyrus1 z ! night  drew on1 /imulat$ 8  
assembl$ troops to ent] ! city1 because 
9  t night ( g5]al revel )9 ! walls1 _m 
( !m 7 asleep1  _m drunk1 & confusion   
univ]sally prevail$4 ,on pass+1 )\t     
ob/ruction or h9d]ance1 into ! city1 !  
,p]sians1 slay+ "s1  putt+ o!rs to      
flight1 & jo9+ ) ! revell]s1 z if       
slaught] _h be5 m]rim5t1 ha/5$ by !     
%orte/ way to !  palace1 & rea*$ x ere  
yet a mess5g] _h told ! k+ t 8  city 0  
tak54 ,! gates ( ! palace1 :i* 0 /rongly
 =tifi$1  7 %ut4 ,! gu>ds /ation$ be=e  
!m1 7 dr9k+ beside a  blaz+ light1 :5 ! 
,p]sians ru%$ impetu\sly ^u !m4 ,a l\d] 
& alt]$ clam\r1 no long] joy\s1 caught !
 e> ( ! inmates (  ! palace1 & ! bright 
light %[$ !m ! "w ( de/ruction1  )\t    
reveal+ its cause4 ,& n aw>e ( ! pres5ce
 ( an enemy  9 ! mid/ ( ,babylon1 ! k+  
himself1 7:o _h be5 r\s$ f 8  revelry by
 ! h& writ+ on ! wall17 excit$ by !     
w>like tumult  at ! gates1 comm&$ ^? )9 

to exam9e f :5ce x arose2  & accord+ to 
! same ^w1 by :i* 8! gates0 7lead+ f !  
riv] to ! city7 87 n %ut1 ! lo9s ( k+s 7
 loos$ to  op5 be=e ,cyrus ! two-leav$  
gates0 ( ! palace4 ,! eag]  ,p]sians    
sprang 94 8,! k+ ( ,babylon he>d !      
report ( !m2  angui% took hold ( him20  
he & all :o 7 ab\t him p]i%$2 ,god  _h  
8numb]$0 8 k+dom & f9i%$ x2 x 0         
8divid$10 & giv5  to ! ,m$es & ,p]sians2
 ! lives ( ! ,babylonian pr9ces1 &      
lords1 & rul]s1 & capta9s1 clos$ ) t    
night's fe/ival2 !  drunk5 slept 8a     
p]petual sleep1 & did n wake40--8,i w   
fill !e  ) m5 z ) cat]pill>s40 ,n only  
did ! ,p]sian army ent] )  ease z       
cat]pill>s1 toge!r ) all ! nations t _h 
come up  aga9/ ,babylon1 b !y seem$ also
 z num]\s4 ,cyrus1 aft] !  capture ( !  
city1 made a great display ( 8 cavalry 9
 ! pres5ce  ( ! ,babylonians1 & 9 ! mid/
 ( ,babylon4 ,f\r ?\s& gu>ds  /ood be=e 
! palace gates1 & two ?\s& on ea* side4 
,^!  advanc$ z ,cyrus approa*$2 two ?\s&
 spe>m5 foll[$ !m4 ,^!  7 succe$$ by f\r

 squ>e masses ( ,p]sian cavalry1 ea*    
consi/+  ( t5 ?\s& m53 & to ^! aga9 7   
add$1 9 _! ord]1 !  ,m$ian1 ,arm5ian1   
,hyrcanian1 ,caducian1 & ,sacian        
horsem51--all1 z  be=e1 8rid+ ^u horses1
 e man 9 array10--) l9es (  *>iots1 f\r 
abrea/1 conclud+ ! tra9 ( ! num]\s ho/s4
  ,cyrus aft]w>d review$1 at ,babylon1 !
 :ole ( 8 army1 consi/+  ( "o hundr$ &  
tw5ty ?\s& horse1 two ?\s& *>iots1 & six
  hundr$ ?\s& foot4 ,babylon1 :i* 0 tak5
 :5 n aw>e1 &  )9 ^: walls no enemy1    
except a captive1 _h be5 ev] se51 0  ?us
 8fill$ ) m5 z ) cat]pill>s10 z if !re  
_h n be5 a  wall ar\nd x4 ,! ,scriptures
 d n relate ! mann] 9 :i* ,babylon  0   
tak51 nor d !y ev] allude to ! exact    
fulfilm5t ( !  prophecies4 ,b !re is1 9 
e p>ticul>1 a /rict co9cid5ce  betwe5 ! 
pr$ictions ( ! prophets & ! hi/orical   
n>ratives1  bo? ( ,h]odotus & ,x5ophon4 
#c4 ,e /ep 9 ! progress ( ! decl9e (    
,babylon 0 !  accompli%m5t ( a prophecy4
 ,conqu]$1 = ! fir/ "t1 by ,cyrus1  x 0 
aft]w>d r$uc$ f an imp]ial to a tribut>y

 city4 8,come  d[n & sit 9 ! du/1 ,o    
daught] ( ,babylon3 sit on ! gr\nd1  !re
 is no ?rone1 ,o daught] ( ! ,*aldeans40
 ,aft] ! ,babylonians  rebell$ aga9/    
,d>ius1 ! walls 7 r$uc$ 9 height1 & all 
!  gates de/roy$4 8,! wall ( ,babylon   
%all fall1 h] walls are ?r[n            
d[n40--,x]xes1 aft] 8 ignom9i\s retreat 
f ,greece1 rifl$ !  temples ( ,babylon1 
! gold5 images alone ( :i* 7 e/imat$ at 
#bj1jjj1jjjl1 beside treasures ( va/    
am\nt4 8,i w puni% ,bel 9  ,babylon1 &  
,i w br+ =? out ( 8 m\? t :i* he has    
swall[$ up2 ,i w d judgm5t ^u ! grav5   
images (  ,babylon40--,alex&] ! ,great  
attempt$ to re/ore x to its =m]  glory1 
& design$ to make x ! metropolis ( a    
univ]sal empire4 ,b  :ile ! build+ ( !  
temple ( ,belus1 & ! rep>ation ( !      
embankm5ts ( ! ,euphrates1 7 actually   
c>ry+ on1 ! conqu]or  ( ! _w di$1 at !  
comm5cem5t ( ?is 8 la/ und]tak+1 9  !   
height ( 8 p[]1 & 9 ! fl[] ( 8 age4     
8,take balm =  h] pa91 if s be t %e may 
be heal$4 ,we w\ld h heal$ ,babylon1  b 

%e is n heal$40 ,! build+ ( ! neighb\r+ 
city (  ,seleucia 0 ! *ief cause ( !    
decl9e ( ,babylon1 & dra9$ x  ( a great 
"p ( its population4 ,& at a lat] p]iod1
 or ab\t #acj  ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1
 ,hum]us1 a ,p>?ian gov]nor1 :o 0  not$ 
z excell+ all tyrants 9 cruelty1 ex]cis$
 great sev]ities on  ! ,babylonians2 &  
hav+ burn$ ! =um & "s ( ! temples1  &   
de/roy$ ! faire/ p>ts ( ! city1 r$uc$ _m
 ( !  inhabitants to slav]y on !        
slighte/ pretexts1 & caus$ !m1  toge!r )
 all _! h\seholds1 to be s5t into ,m$ia4
 8,!y %all  remove1 !y %all dep>t1 bo?  
man & bea/40 ,! 8gold5 city0 ?us        
gradually v]g$1 = c5turies1 t[>d pov]ty 
& desolation4  ,not)/&+ t ,cyrus resid$ 
*iefly at ,babylon1 & s\ght to  re=m !  
gov]nm5t1 & remodel ! mann]s ( !        
,babylonians1 !  succe$+ k+s ( ,p]sia   
pref]r$1 z ! seat ( empire1 ,susa1      
,p]sepolis1 or ,ecbatana1 situat$ 9 _!  
own c\ntry3 & 9 l  mann] ! successors ( 
,alex&] did n attempt to complete 8     
purpose ( re/or+ ,babylon to its        

preem95ce & glory2 b1 aft]  !           
subdivision ( 8 mighty empire1 ! v k+s (
 ,assyria1 dur+  _! tempor>y resid5ce   
ev5 9 ,*aldea1 des]t$ ,babylon1 & dwelt 
9 ,seleucia4 ,& ?us ! =eign inhabitants1
 fir/ ,p]sians &  aft]w>d ,greeks1      
imitat+ _! sov]eigns by des]t+ ,babylon1
 act$  z if !y v]ily _h said1 8,=sake   
h]1 & let u g e man unto  8 own c\ntry2 
= h] judgm5t is rea*$ unto heav51 & is  
lift$  up ev5 to ! skies40    #d4 ,b    
k9dr$ judgm5ts1 ! issue ( common crimes1
 re/$ on ! l&  ( ,*aldea1 z well z on   
its doom$ metropolis4 8,!y come f a f>  
c\ntry1 f ! end ( ! e>?1 to de/roy !    
:ole l&4 ,_m  nations & great k+s %all  
s]ve !mselves ( !e also10 c4 ,!         
,p]sians1 ! ,mac$onians1 ! ,p>?ians1 !  
,romans1 ! ,s>ac5s1 &  ! ,turks1 are !  
*ief ( ! _m nations :o h unscrupul\sly &
  unsp>+ly 8s]v$ !mselves0 ( ! l& ( !   
,*aldeans3 & ,cyrus  & ,d>ius1 k+s (    
,p]sia2 ,alex&] ! ,great2 & ,seleucus1  
k+ (  ,assyria2 ,demetrius & ,antio*us !
 ,great2 ,tragan1 ,sev]us1 ,julian1 &   

,h]aclius1 emp]ors ( ,rome2 ! victori\s 
,om>1 ! successor (  ,mohamm$2 ,holag\1 
& ,tam]lane1--are 8great k+s0 :o        
successively  subdu$ or desolat$        
,*aldea1 or exact$ f x tribute to su* an
  ext5t1 z sc>cely any o!r c\ntry ev]   
paid to a s+le conqu]or4  ,& ?\gh !     
names ( "s ( ^! nations 7 unkn[n to !   
,babylonians1 & unhe>d ( 9 ! _w at ! "t 
( ! prophecy1  mo/ ( ^! 8_m nations &   
great k+s0 ne$ n[ b to be nam$1  to %[  
t1 9 local relation to ,*aldea1 8!y came
 f ! utmo/  bord]1 f ! coa/s ( !        
e>?40--8,i w puni% ! l& ( !  ,*aldeans1 
& w make x p]petual desolations2 cut (f 
! s[]  f ,babylon1 & him t h&le? !      
sickle 9 ! "t ( h>ve/4 ,a  dr\ght is on 
h] wat]s1 & !y %all be dri$ up4 ,behold 
!  h9d]-mo/ ( ! nations1 a dry l& & a   
des]t40 ,! l& ( !  ,*aldeans 0 inde$    
made--p]petual1 or long cont9u$1        
desolation4  ,ravag$ & spoil$ = ages1 ! 
,*aldees' excell5cy f9ally  disappe>$1 &
 ! l& became desolate1 z /ill x rema9s4 
,rauwolff1 :o pass$ ?r\gh x 9 #aegd1    

describes ! c\ntry z b>e1  & 8s dry &   
b>r5 t x _c be till$40 ,& ! mo/ rec5t   
travell]s all concur 9 describ+ x 9     
simil> t]ms4 ,on ! "o  side1 ne> to !   
site ( ,opis1 8! c\ntry all ar\nd10 says
 ,mr4  ,buck+ham1 8appe>s to be "o wide 
des]t1 ( s&y & b>r5 soil1  ?9ly scatt]$ 
ov] ) bru%wood & tufts ( re$y grass40   
,on !  o!r1 betwe5 ,bussorah & ,bagdad1 
8imm$iately on ei!r bank ( !  ,tigris10 
obs]ves ,mignan1 8is ! untrodd5 des]t4  
,! abs5ce ( all  cultivation1 ! /]ile1  
arid1 & wild "* ( ! :ole sc5e1  =m$ a   
contra/ to ! ri* & delightful acc\nts   
del9eat$ 9  ,scripture4 ,! natives1 9   
travell+ ov] ^! pa?less des]ts1 are     
compell$ to explore _! way by ! />s40   
8,! :ole c\ntry betwe5  ,bagdad &       
,hillah is a p]fectly flat & 7) !       
exception ( a few  spots z y approa* !  
latt] place7 uncultivat$ wa/e4 ,t x  0  
at "s =m] p]iod 9 a f> diff]5t /ate1 is 
evid5t f !  numb] ( canals by :i* x is  
trav]s$1 n[ dry & neglect$2 &  !        
quantity ( heaps ( e>? cov]$ ) fragm5ts 

( brick &  brok5 tiles1 :i* are se5 9 e 
direction1 ! indisputable traces  ( =m] 
population4 ,at pres5t ! only           
inhabitants ( ! tract are  ! ,sobeide   
,arabs4 ,ar\nd1 z f> z ! eye c rea* is a
 trackless  des]t40--8,h] cities are    
desolations40 ,! c\rse ( ! ,tigris      
?r\gh ,babylonia1 in/ead ( be+ adorn$ ) 
cities1 is m>k$ )  ! sites ( 8anci5t    
ru9s40 ,sitace1 ,sabata1 ,n>isa1 ,fu*]a1
 ,s5dia1  8no long] exi/40 ,a succession
 ( longitud9al m\nds1 cross$ at "r      
angles by o!rs1 m>k ! suppos$ site (    
,artemita1 or ,de/ag]$4 ,its  once      
luxuriant g>d5s are cov]$ ) grass2 & a  
high] m\nd  di/+ui%es 8! royal resid5ce0
 f ! anci5t /reets4 8,ext5sive  ridges &
 m\nta9s1 7ne> to ,h\mania17 v>y+ 9     
height & ext5t1  are se5 bran*+ 9 e     
direction40 ,a wall1 ) sixte5 ba/ions1  
is ! only memorial ( ,apollonia4 ,! once
 magnific5t ,seleucia is n[  a sc5e (   
desolation4 ,!re is n a s+le entire     
edifice1 b !  c\ntry is /rew$ = miles ) 
fragm5ts ( decay$ build+s4 8,z  f>10    

says ,major ,keppel1 8z ! eye c\ld rea*1
 ! horizon pres5t$  a brok5 l9e ( m\nds2
 ! :ole ( ?is place 0 a des]t flat40 ,on
  ! opposite bank ( ! ,tigris1 :]e      
,ctesiphon its rival /ood1 beside       
fragm5ts ( walls & brok5 masses ( brick 
"w1 & rema9s ( va/  /ructures encumb]$ )
 heaps ( e>?1 !re is "o magnific5t      
monum5t ( antiquity 89 a rem>kably      
p]fect /ate ( pres]vation10  8a l>ge &  
noble pile ( build+1 ! front ( :i*      
pres5ts to view  a wall ?ree hundr$ feet
 9 l5g?1 adorn$ ) f\r r[s ( ar*$        
recesses1 ) a c5tral ar*1 9 span        
eighty-six feet1 & above a  hundr$ feet 
high1 support$ by walls sixte5 feet     
?ick1 & lead+ to  a hall :i* ext5ds to !
 dep? ( a hundr$ & fifty-six feet10 !   
wid? ( ! build+4 ,a great "p ( ! back   
wall1 & ( ! ro(1  is brok5 d[n2 b t :i* 
rema9s 8/ill appe>s mu* l>g] ?an        
,we/m9/] ,abbey40 ,x is suppos$ to h be5
 ! l(ty palace (  ,*osroes2 b !re       
desolation n[ reigns4 8,on ! site (     
,ctesiphon10  says ,mignan1 8! smalle/  

insect "u heav5 w\ld n f9d a s+le  blade
 ( grass :]e9 to hide itself1 nor "o    
drop ( wat] to allay  its ?ir/40 ,9 !   
re> ( ! palace1 & atta*$ to x1 are m\nds
  two miles 9 circumf]5ce1 indicat+ !   
utt] desolation (  build+s1 =m$ to m9i/]
 to luxury4    #e4 ,b let u come to !   
fulfilm5t ( ^! wond]ful prophecies 9  ! 
pres5t condition ( ,babylon itself1 z   
describ$ by ^? :o h  mo/ rec5tly visit$ 
x4    8,babylon %all become heaps40     
,babylon ! glory ( k+doms is n[ !       
greate/ ( ru9s4 8,imm5se tumuli (       
temples1 palaces1 & habitations  ( e    
description10 are e :]e se51 & =m 8long 
& v>i$  l9es ( ru9s10 :i*1 9 "s places1 
says ,sir ,r4 ,k4 ,port]1 8r  resemble  
natural hills ?an m\nds :i* cov] !      
rema9s ( great  & spl5did edifices40 ,^!
 build+s1 :i* 7 once ! lab\r (  slaves &
 ! pride ( k+s1 are n[ mis%ap5 heaps (  
rubbi%4 8,!  :ole face ( ! c\ntry10     
obs]ves ,ri*1 8is cov]$ ) ve/iges (     
build+1 9 "s places consi/+ ( brick     
walls surpris+ly fre%1  9 o!rs1 m]ely a 

va/ succession ( m\nds ( rubbi%1 ( su*  
indet]m9ate figures1 v>iety1 & ext5t1 z 
to involve ! p]son :o  %\ld h =m$ any   
!ory 9 inextricable confusion40--8,let  
no?+  ( h] be left40 8,va/ heaps        
con/itute all t n[ rema9s (  anci5t     
,babylon10 says ,ri*4 ,all its gr&eur is
 dep>t$2 all its  treasures h be5       
spoil$2 all its excell5ce has utt]ly    
vani%$2  ! v heaps are se>*$ = bricks1  
:5 no?+ else c be f\nd2  ev5 ^! are n   
left1 :]ev] !y c be tak5 away2 &        
,babylon  has = ages be5 8a qu>ry above 
gr\nd10 ready to ! h& ( e  successive   
despoil]4 ,)\t ! mo/ remote allusion to 
?is prophecy1  ,capta9 ,mignan describes
 a m\nd atta*$ to ! palace1 n9ety y>ds 9
  bread? by half t height1 ! :ole ( :i* 
is deeply furr[$1 9  ! same mann] z !   
g5]ality ( ! m\nds4 8,! gr\nd is        
extremely s(t1 & tiresome to walk ov]1 &
 appe>s completely  exhau/$ ( all its   
build+ mat]ials2 no?+ n[ is left1 save  
"o t[]+ hill1 ! e>? ( :i* is mix$ )     
fragm5ts (  brok5 brick1 r$ v>ni%$      

pott]y1 tile1 bitum51 mort>1 glass1     
%ells1 & pieces ( "m ( pe>l10--wor?less 
fragm5ts1 ( no  value to ! poore/4 8,f  
!nce %all %e be tak51 let no?+ (  h] be 
left40 ,:ile ! workm5 8ca/ h] up z      
heaps0 :ile excavat+  = bricks1 t !y may
 8take0 !m 8f !nce10 & t 8no?+  may be  
left20 !y lab\r m ?an trebly 9 !        
fulfilm5t (  prophecy3 = ! num]\s & deep
 excavations =m pools ( wat]1 on  !     
ov]-fl[+ ( ! ,euphrates1 &1 annually    
fill$1 !y are n  dri$ up ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 
8,deep cavities are also =m$ by !       
,arabs1 :5 digg+ = hidd5 treasure40 ,?us
 8! gr\nd10 says  ,buck+ham1 8is        
sometimes cov]$ ) pools ( wat] 9 !      
holl[s40    8,sit 9 ! du/1 sit on !     
gr\nd1 ,o daught] ( ! ,*aldeans40 ,!    
surface ( ! m\nds :i* =m all t rema9s ( 
,babylon1 consi/s  ( decompos$ build+s1 
r$uc$ to du/2 & ov] all ! anci5t  /reets
 & habitations1 !re is lit]ally no?+ b !
 du/ ( !  gr\nd on :i* to sit4--8,?y    
nak$ness %all be uncov]$40 8,our pa?10  
says ,capta9 ,mignan1 8lay ?r\gh ! great

 mass ( ru9$ heaps on !  site ( #8%runk5
 ,babylon2' & ,i am p]fectly incapable (
 convey+ an  adequate idea ( ! dre>y1   
lonely nak$ness t appe>$ be=e           
me40--8,sit ?\ sil5t1 & get !e into     
d>kness40 8,!re reigns  ?r\gh\t ! ru9s10
 says ,sir ,r4 ,k4 ,port]1 8a sil5ce    
pr(\nd z !  grave40 8,babylon is n[ a   
sil5t sc5e1 a sublime solitude40--8,x   
%all  nev] be inhabit$1 nor dwelt 9 f   
g5]ation to g5]ation40 ,f  ,rauwolff's  
te/imony x appe>s t1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1
 8!re  0 n a h\se to be se540 ,& n[ 8!  
eye w&]s ov] a b>r5  des]t1 9 :i* ! ru9s
 are ne>ly ! only indication t x _h  ev]
 be5 inhabit$40 8,x is impossible10 adds
 ,major ,keppel1 8to behold  ?is sc5e & 
n to be rem9d$ h[ exactly ! pr$ictions (
 ,isaiah  & ,j]emiah h be5 fulfill$1 ev5
 9 ! appe>ance ,babylon 0  doom$ to     
pres5t1 t #8%e %\ld nev] be inhabit$2' t
 #8!  ,arabian %\ld n pit* 8 t5t !re2' t
 %e %\ld #8become  heaps2' t h] cities  
%\ld be #8a desolation1 a dry l&1 & a   
wild]ness4'0 8,babylon is spurn$ alike  

by ! heel ( ! ,ottomans1 !  ,israelites1
 & ! sons ( ,i%mael40 ,x is 8a t5antless
 & desolate  metropolis10 rem>ks        
,mignan4 8,x %all n be inhabit$1 b be   
:olly  desolate4 ,nei!r %all ! ,arabian 
pit* t5t !re1 nei!r %all !  %eph]ds make
 _! folds !re40 ,x 0 prophesi$ ( ,ammon 
t x  %\ld be a /able = camels & a c\*+  
place = flocks2 & (  ,phili/ia1 t x %\ld
 be cottages = %eph]ds1 & a pa/ure (    
flocks4 ,b ,babylon 0 to be visit$ ) a  
f> great] desolation1 &  to become unfit
 or unsuit$ ev5 = su* a purpose2 & t    
nei!r a  t5t w\ld be pit*$ !re1 ev5 by  
an ,arab1 nor a fold made by a  %eph]d1 
implies ! la/ degree ( solitude &       
desolation4 8,x is  common 9 ^! p>ts =  
%eph]ds to make use ( ru9$ edifices to  
%elt] _! flocks 940 ,b ,babylon is an   
exception4 ,in/ead ( tak+  ! bricks f   
!nce1 ! %eph]d might v readily erect a  
def5ce  f wild bea/s1 & make a fold = 8 
flock amid/ ! heaps (  ,babylon2 & !    
,arab :o fe>lessly trav]ses x by day1   
might pit*  8 t5t by night4 ,b nei!r !  

"o nor ! o!r c\ld n[ be  p]suad$ to     
rema9 a s+le night among ! ru9s4 ,!     
sup]/iti\s  dread ( evil spirits1 f> m  
?an ! natural t]ror ( ! wild  bea/s1    
effectually prev5ts !m4 ,capta9 ,mignan 
0 accompani$ by six  ,arabs1 completely 
arm$2 b he 8c\ld n induce !m to rema9   
t[>d  night1 f ! appreh5sion ( evil     
spirits4 ,x is impossible to  eradicate 
?is idea f ! m9ds ( ?is p1 :o are v     
deeply  imbu$ ) sup]/ition40    8,wild  
bea/s ( ! des]ts %all lie !re1 & _!     
h\ses %all be  full ( doleful creatures2
 & owls %all dwell !re1 & satyrs        
7goats7 %all dance !re10 c4 8,!re are _m
 d5s ( wild bea/s 9  v>i\s p>ts4 ,& :ile
 ! l[] excavations are (t5 pools ( wat]1
  9 mo/ ( ! cavities are numb]s ( bats &
 owls40 ,! k+ ( !  =e/ n[ ranges ov] !  
site ( t ,babylon :i* ,nebu*adnezz>     
built = 8 own glory4 ,& ! temple (      
,belus1 ! greate/ "w (  man1 is n[ l    
unto a natural d5 ( lions4 ,two or ?ree 
maje/ic  lions 7 se5 ^u its heights by  
,sir ,rob]t ,k] ,port]1 z he 0  approa*+

 x2 & 8! broad pr9ts ( _! feet 7 left   
pla9 9  ! clayey soil40 ,major ,keppel  
saw !re a simil> foot-pr9t ( a lion4  ,x
 is also ! unmole/$ retreat ( jackalls1 
hy5as1 & o!r noxi\s  animals4 ,wild     
bea/s are num]\s at ! ,mujelib1 z well z
 on ,birs  ,nimrood4 8,! m\nd10 says    
,k9neir1 80 full ( l>ge holes3 we ent]$ 
"s ( !m1 & f\nd !m /rew$ ) ! c>casses & 
skeletons (  animals rec5tly kill$4 ,!  
ordure ( wild bea/s 0 s /rong1 t        
prud5ce got ! bett] ( curiosity2 = we _h
 no d\bt z to !  savage nature ( !      
inhabitants4 ,our guides1 inde$1 told u1
 t all  ! ru9s ab\nd$ 9 lions1 & o!r    
wild bea/s3 s lit]ally has !  div9e     
pr$iction be5 fulfill$1 t wild bea/s ( !
 des]ts %\ld  lie !re1 & _! h\ses be    
full ( doleful creatures2 t ! wild      
bea/s ( ! isl&s %\ld cry 9 _! desolate  
h\ses40    8,! sea is come ^u ,babylon4 
,%e is cov]$ ) ! multitude ( !  waves   
!re(40 ,! traces ( ! we/]n bank ( !     
,euphrates are n[  no long] disc]nible4 
,! riv] ov]fl[s unre/ra9$2 & ! v  ru9s1 

) 8e appe>ance ( ! embankm5t10 h be5    
swept away4  8,! gr\nd !re is l[ & m>%y1
 & pres5ts n ! slighte/  ve/ige ( =m]   
build+s1 ( any description :atev]40     
8,morasses &  ponds10 says ,port]1      
8track$ ! gr\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts4 ,= a long 
"t aft] ! g5]al subsid+ ( ! ,euphrates1 
great "p ( ?is  pla9 is little bett] ?an
 a swamp10 c4 8,! ru9s ( ,babylon are !n
  inundat$1 s z to r5d] _m p>ts ( !m    
inaccessible1 by  conv]t+ ! valleys     
among !m into morasses40 ,b :ile        
,babylon is  ?us 8cov]$ ) ! multitude ( 
waves1 & ! wat]s come ^u x20  yet1 9    
/rik+ contra/ & seem+ contradiction to  
su* a feature (  desolation1 7l !       
=mation ( 8pools ( wat]10 f ! 8ca/+  up 
( heaps107 are ! elevat$ sunburnt ru9s1 
:i* ! wat]s d n  ov]fl[1 & ! 8dry wa/e0 
& 8p>*$ & burn+ pla910 on :i*  ! heaps (
 ,babylon lie1 equally prove t x is 8a  
des]t1 a dry  l&1 & a wild]ness40 ,"o   
"p1 ev5 on ! we/]n side ( !  riv]1 is   
8l[ & m>%y1 & ano!r10 says ,mignan1 8an 
arid des]t40    ,_m o!r /rik+ p>ticul>s 

might be collect$2 & we may conclude  9 
! words ( ,mr4 ,kei?1 f ^: "w on !      
prophecies sev]al (  ! above p>ticul>s h
 be5 extract$3--8,is x possible t !re  c
 be any atte/ation ( ! tru? ( prophecy1 
if x be n witness$  "h8 ,is !re any spot
 on e>? :i* has und]gone a m complete   
trans=mation8 #8,! records ( ! human    
race1' x has be5 said )  tru?1 #8d n    
pres5t a contra/ m /rik+ ?an t betwe5 ! 
primeval magnific5ce ( ,babylon & its   
long desolation4' ,its ru9s  h ( late   
be5 c>efully & scrupul\sly exam9$ by    
diff]5t  natives ( ,brita91 ( unimpea*$ 
v]acity2 & ! result ( e  rese>* is a m  
/rik+ demon/ration ( ! lit]al           
accompli%m5t  ( e pr$iction4 ,h[ few    
spots are !re on e>? ( :i* we h  s cle> 
& fai?ful a picture z prophecy gave to  
fall5 ,babylon at a  "t :5 no spot on   
e>? resembl$ x less ?an its pres5t      
desolate  solit>y site6 or c\ld any     
prophecies respect+ any s+le place h    
be5 m precise1 or wond]ful1 or num]\s1  
or true1 or m gradually  accompli%$     

?r\gh\t _m g5]ations8 ,& :5 !y look at  
:at  ,babylon 01 & :at x is1 & p]ceive !
 m9ute realization ( !m  all1 may n     
nations le>n wisdom1 may n tyrants      
tremble1 & may n  skeptics ?9k80    ,!  
reasons :y prophecies s num]\s &        
p>ticul> 7 record$  conc]n+ ,babylon1   
appe> to h be51 #a4 ,t ,babylon 0 !     
great  oppressor ( ! ,jews4 #b4 ,t x 0 !
 type ( all ! p[]ful  p]secut+ enemies (
 ! *ur* ( ,god1 especially ( ,rome2 & 9 
its  fate !y may read _! own4 #c4 ,t !  
accompli%m5t ( prophecy 9  ! de/ruction 
( s em95t an empire might give a solemn 
te/imony to  ! tru? ( ! ,scriptures to !
 :ole e>?1 & to all ages4               
,,backslid+1 a fall+ (f1 or defection 9 
matt]s ( religion2 an  apo/asy1 ,acts   
xxi1 #ba2 #b ,!ss4 ii1 #c2 #a ,tim4 iv1 
#a4 ,?is may be ei!r  p>tial or         
complete3 p>tial1 :5 x is 9 ! he>t1 z   
,prov4 xiv1 #ad2  complete1 z t describ$
 9 ,heb4 vi1 #d1 c2 x1 #f1 c4 ,on !     
latt]  passage ,*ryso/om obs]ves1 8,:5 a
 h\se has a /rong f\ndation1  suppose an

 ar* fall1 "s ( ! beams break1 or a wall
 decl9e1 :ile  ! f\ndation is good1 ^!  
brea*es may be repair$2 s 9 religion1   
:il/ a p]son ma9ta9s ! true doctr9es1 & 
rema9s on ! firm  rock1 ?\gh he fall1   
true rep5tance may re/ore him to ! fav\r
 &  image ( ,god3 b z 9 a h\se1 :5 !    
f\ndation is bad1 no?+ c  save ! build+ 
f ru92 s :5 h]etical doctr9es are       
admitt$  = a f\ndation1 no?+ c save !   
pr(essor f de/ruction40 ,x  is important
 9 int]pret+ ^! passages to keep x      
/eadfa/ly 9  m9d1 t ! apo/asy !y speak (
 is n only moral b  doctr9al4           
,,badg]1 4 ,?is ^w 9 a plural =m occurs1
 ,exod4 xxv1 #e2 xxvi1 #ad2  xxxv1 #g1  
#bc2 xxxvi1 #ai2 xxxix1 #cd2 ,num4 iv1  
#f1 #h1 #aj-ab1 #ad1 #be2 ,ezek4  xvi1  
#aj2 & is jo9$ ) 1 sk9s us$ = ! cov]+ ( 
!  tab]nacle 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! ,jewi%   
int]pret]s are agre$ z to  its be+ "s   
animal4 ,j>*i says x 0 a bea/ ( _m      
col\rs1 :i*  no m exi/s4 ,kim*i holds ! 
same op9ion4 ,ab5 ,ezra ?9ks x "s       
animal ( ! bov9e k9d1 ( ^: sk9s %oes are

 made2 allud+ to  ,ezek4 xvi1 #aj4 ,mo/ 
mod]n int]pret]s h tak5 x to be ! badg]1
  & among ^! our ,engli% translators2 b1
 9 ! fir/ place1 !  badg] is n an       
inhabitant ( ,arabia2 & !re is no?+ 9   
its sk9  peculi>ly prop] ei!r = cov]+ a 
tab]nacle or mak+ %oes4  ,hasu1         
,mi*aelis1 & o!rs1 h lab\r$ to prove t x
 is !  m]maid1 or homo m>9us1 ! tri*ekus
 ( ,l9nu4 ,fab]1 ,da!1  & ,ros5mull]1   
?9k t x is ! seal1 or sea calf1 vitulus 
m>9us1 ! sk9 ( :i* is bo? /rong &       
pliable1 & 0  acc\nt$ by ! anci5ts z a  
mo/ prop] out] cov]+ = t5ts1 &  0 also  
made into %oes1 z ,rau has cle>ly %[n4  
,niebuhr says1 8,a  m]*ant ( ,abu%ahr   
call$ daha% t fi% :i* ! capta9s 9       
,engli% vessels call porpoise1 & !      
,g]mans1 sea hog4 ,9 my voyage  f       
,maskat to ,abu%ahr1 ,i saw a prodigi\s 
quantity toge!r ne> ,ras  ,muss5dom1 t 7
 all go+ ! same way1 & seem$ to swim )  
great vehem5ce40 ,bo*>t ?9ks t n an     
animal1 b a col\r1  0 int5d$1 ,exodus   
xxv1 #e2 s t ! cov]+ ( ! tab]nacle 0  to

 be azure1 or sky blue4    ,,bag1 a     
purse or p\*1 ,deut4 xxv1 #ac2 #a ,sam4 
xvii1 #dj2 ,luke xii1 #cc2 ,job  xiv1   
#ag4 ,! money collect$ 9 ! treasuries ( 
ea/]n pr9ces 0  reckon$ up 9 c]ta9 equal
 sums1 put into bags & seal$4 ,^! are1  
9 "s p>ts ( ! ,levant1 call$ purses1 :]e
 !y e/imate great  exp5ses by s _m      
purses4 ,! money collect$ 9 ! temple 9 !
  "t ( ,joa%1 = its rep>ation1 seems1 9 
l mann]1 to h be5  told up 9 bags (     
equal value2 & ^! 7 probably deliv]$    
seal$  to ^? :o paid ! workm51 #b ,k+s  
xii1 #aj4 ,9 ! ea/1 9 !  pres5t day1 a  
bag ( money passes1 = "s "t at lea/1    
curr5tly  f h& to h&1 "u ! au?ority ( a 
bank]'s seal1 )\t any  exam9ation ( its 
cont5ts4 ,see ,tobit ix1 #e2 xi1 #af4   
,,bak+ ,,bread4 ,abraham direct$ ,s>ah  
to bake cakes ^u ! he>?1 =  ! use ( !   
/rang]s :o _h visit$ him1 ,g5esis xviii1
 #f4 ,elijah  reque/s ! same ( ! wid[ ( 
,z>epha?1 #a ,k+s xvii1 #ac4 ,amnon !   
son ( ,david reque/s ,tam> 8 si/] to    
come & make cakes 9 8  sight1 t he might

 eat at h] h&1 #b ,sam4 xiii1 #f4 ,^! & 
o!r  allusions to ! prep>ation ( bread w
 be expla9$ by ref]r+ to  ea/]n cu/oms4 
,rauwolff obs]ves t travell]s frequ5tly 
bake bread  9 ! des]ts ( ,arabia1 on !  
gr\nd heat$ = t purpose by fire1  cov]+ 
_! cakes ( bread ) a%es & coals1 & turn+
 !m  sev]al times till !y are en\gh4 ,! 
ea/]n bread is made 9 small  ?9 cakes1 &
 is g5]ally eat5 new4 ,sometimes x 0    
h[ev] made to  keep sev]al days1 z ! %ew
 bread2 & a sort ( rusks1 or bread =    
travell+1 ,jo%ua ix1 #ab4 ,! ea/]n      
ladies ( rank (t5 prep>e  cakes1 pa/ry1 
c1 9 _! own ap>tm5ts4    ,,balaam1 a    
prophet ( ! city ( ,pe?or1 or ,bosor1 ^u
 ! ,euphrates1  ^: int]c\rse ) ,balak1  
k+ ( ! ,moabites1 :o s5t = him to  curse
 ! ,israelites1 is record$ at l>ge by   
,moses1 ,num4 xxii-xxiv4 ,x  has be5 a  
subject ( controv]sy1 :e!r ,balaam 0 a  
true prophet or  a m]e div9]1 magician1 
or =tune tell]4 ,orig5 says t 8 :ole    
p[] consi/$ 9 magic & curs+4 ,!odoret is
 ( op9ion t  ,balaam did n consult !    

,"l1 b t he 0 sup]naturally  inspir$1 & 
con/ra9$ to speak aga9/ 8 own           
incl9ation4 ,cyril  says t he 0 a       
magician1 an idolat]1 & a false prophet1
 :o spoke  tru? aga9/ 8 w2 & ,/4        
,ambrose comp>es him to ,caiaphas1 :o   
prophesi$ )\t be+ aw>e ( ! import ( :at 
he said4 ,j]om  seems to h adopt$ !     
op9ion ( ! ,hebrews2 :i* 01 t ,balaam   
knew ! true ,god1 erect$ alt>s to him1 &
 t he 0 a true  prophet1 ?\gh corrupt$  
by av>ice1 ,num4 xxii1 #ah4 ,/4 ,au/9 & 
o!r comm5tators h incl9$ to ?is op9ion4 
,dr4 ,jort9 supposes  t ,balaam 0 a     
wor%ipp] ( ! true ,god1 & a prie/ &     
prophet  ( great reputation2 & t he 0   
s5t = by ,balak f a notion  :i* g5]ally 
prevail$1 t prie/s & prophets c\ld      
sometimes1 by  pray]s & sacrifices duly 
& skilfully appli$1 obta9 fav\rs f      
,god1 & t _! imprecations 7 efficaci\s4 
,he conceives t !  prophet _h be5       
accu/om$ to revelations1 & t he us$ to  
receive  !m 9 visions1 or 9 dreams ( !  
night4 ,x _c be d5i$ t !  ,scripture    

expressly calls him a prophet1 #b ,pet4 
ii1 #ae1 & !re=e  ^? are probably "r :o 
?9k t he _h once be5 a good man &  a    
true prophet1 till1 lov+ ! wages (      
unrighte\sness1 &  pro/itut+ ! hon\r ( 8
 (fice to covet\sness1 he apo/atiz$  f  
,god1 &1 betak+ himself to idolatr\s    
practices1 fell "u !  delusion ( !      
devil1 ( :om he le>n$ all 8 magical     
en*antm5ts2  ?\gh at ?is juncture1 :5 ! 
pres]vation ( 8 p 0  conc]n$1 x might be
 consi/5t ) ,god's wisdom to appe> to   
him &  ov]rule 8 m9d by ! impulse ( real
 revelations4 ,z to :at pass$  betwe5   
him & 8 ass1 :5 t animal 0 miracul\sly  
enabl$ to  speak to its ma/]1           
comm5tators are divid$ 9 _! op9ions2    
:e!r  x really & lit]ally happ5$ z      
,moses relates x1 or :e!r x be  an      
allegory only1 or 0 ! m]e imag9ation or 
vision ( ,balaam4 ,b  ,/4 ,pet] evid5tly
 m5tions x z a fact lit]ally & c]ta9ly  
occurr+3 8! dumb ass1 speak+ ) man's    
voice1 :5 %e =bade  ! madness ( !       
prophet10 #b ,pet4 ii1 #af4 ,?is1 x is  

true1 has  frequ5tly be5 made ! subject 
( pr(ane bant] by ^? ^:  skepticism     
leads !m to sc(f at all prodigies4 ,b h[
 absurd is x to  subject a miracul\s    
ev5t to ! ord9>y rules ( reason+6 8,say 
:at  y w ( ! =mation ( ! tongue & jaws  
be+ unfit =  speak+10 says ,bi%op       
,newton1 8yet an adequate cause is      
assign$ =  ?is wond]ful ev5t2 = x is    
expressly said t #8! ,"l op5$ !  m\? ( !
 ass2' & :o t believes a ,god1 c d\bt 8 
p[] to  d ?is & mu* m8 ,! miracle 0 by  
no means ne$less or  sup]flu\s2 x 0 well
 adapt$ to conv9ce ,balaam t ! m\? &    
tongue 7 "u ,god's direction1 & t ! same
 div9e p[] :i*  caus$ ! dumb ass to     
speak contr>y to its nature1 c\ld1 9 l  
mann]1 make him utt] bless+s contr>y to 
8 incl9ation4 ,&1  accord+ly1 he 0      
ov]rul$ to bless ! p1 ?\gh he came      
prep>$ & dispos$ to curse !m2 :i* 0 !   
great] miracle (  ! two2 = ! ass 0 m]ely
 passive1 b ,balaam resi/$ ! good       
motions ( ,god40 ,! prophecy :i* ,balaam
 deliv]$ conc]n+ ,israel  on ?is        

rem>kable occasion1 & :i* is conta9$ 9  
,numb]s xxiv1  #e-i1 has be5 greatly    
admir$ by critics4 ,bi%op ,l[?1 9       
p>ticul>1  rem>ks t he kn[s no?+ 9 !    
:ole scope ( ! ,hebrew poetry  m        
exquisite or p]fect4 8,x ab\nds10 says  
he1 89 spl5did imag]y1  copi$ imm$iately
 f ! tablet ( nature2 & is *iefly       
conspicu\s  = ! gl[+ elegance ( ! /yle1 
& ! =m & div]sity ( !  figures40        
,aft] 8 pr$ictions1 ,balaam return$ into
 8 own c\ntry2 b be=e  he left ! l& (   
,moab1 z if vex$ ) 8 own disappo9tm5t 9 
miss+ ! promis$ rew>d1 & ) a purpose (  
rev5g+ himself on  ! ,israelites1 z !   
cause ( x1 he in/ruct$ ! ,moabites &    
,midianites 9 a wick$ s*eme1 :i* 0 to   
s5d _! daught]s into  ! camp ( !        
,israelites1 9 ord] to draw !m fir/ into
 lewdness1  & !n into idolatry1 ! c]ta9 
means ( depriv+ !m ( ! help  ( t ,god :o
 protect$ !m4 ,?is artifice succe$$2 = z
 !  ,israelites lay encamp$ at ,%ittim1 
_m ( !m 7 delud$ by ^!  /range wom51 n  
only to commit :or$om ) !m1 b to assi/  

at  _! sacrifices1 & wor%ip _! god      
,baal-,peor1 ,num4 xxv1 #a-c2 xxxi1     
#af2 ,mic4 vi1 #e2 #b ,pet4 ii1 #ae2    
,jude #aa2 ,rev4 ii1 #ad2 ,deut4 xxiii1 
#d1 #e2  ,jo%ua xxiv1 #i1 #aj2 ,neh4    
xiii1 #b4 ,god comm&$ ,moses to av5ge   
?is  crime4 ,he !re=e decl>$ w> aga9/ ! 
,midianites1 kill$ five (  _! pr9ces1 & 
a great numb] ( o!r p]sons )\t di/9ction
  ( age or sex1 among :om 0 ,balaam     
himself4    ,moses says t ,balaam       
consult$ ! ,"l1 & calls ! ,"l 8 ,god3   
8,i _c g beyond ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l my   
,god10 ,num4 xxii1  #ah4 ,! reason :y   
,balaam calls ,jehovah1 8my ,god0 may   
be1 because he  0 ( ! po/]ity ( ,%em1 :o
 ma9ta9$ ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 n  only 9 
8 own p]son1 b among 8 desc5dants2 s t  
:ile !  po/]ity ( ,ham fell into        
idolatry1 & ! po/]ity ( ,japhet 7       
settl$ at a di/ance 9 ,europe1 !        
,%emites g5]ally1 ?\gh n  univ]sally1   
reta9$ ! wor%ip ( ,god4    ,,baldness is
 a natural effect ( old age1 9 :i* p]iod
 ( life !  hair ( ! head1 want+         

n\ri%m5t1 falls (f1 & leaves ! head     
nak$4 ,artificial baldness 0 us$ z a    
tok5 ( m\rn+2 x is  ?reat5$ to !        
voluptu\s daught]s ( ,israel1 in/ead (  
well set  hair1 ,isaiah iii1 #bd4 ,see  
,mic4 i1 #af2 & in/ances ( x occur1     
,isaiah  xv1 #b2 ,j]4 xlvii1 #e4 ,see   
,ezek1 vii1 #ah2 ,amos viii1 #aj4    ,! 
insult (f]$ to ,eli%a by ! "y p ( ,be!l1
 improp]ly  r5d]$ 8little *ildr510 :o   
cri$ out aft] him1 8,g up1 ?\ bald      
head10 may "h be notic$4 ,! t[n ( ,be!l 
0 "o ( ! pr9cipal  nurs]ies ( ,ahab's   
idolatry1 & ! contempt 0 (f]$ to ,eli%a 
9  8 public "* z a prophet ( ! ,"l4 ,if 
9 ! expression1 8,g  up10 !re 0 also a  
ref]5ce to ! translation ( ,elijah1 z   
turn+  x into je/1 ?is 0 ano!r          
aggravation ( ! s91 to :i* ^!  "y p 7   
probably in/igat$ by _! p>5ts4 ,!       
mal$iction  laid ^u !m by ! prophet 0 n 
an act ( private res5tm5t1 b  evid5tly  
proce$$ f prophetic impulse4    ,,balm1 
1 ,g54 xxxvii1 #be2 xliii1 #aa2 ,j]4    
viii1 #bb2 xlvi1 #aa2 li1 #h2  ,ezek4   

xxvii1 #ag4 ,balm1 or balsam1 is us$ ) u
 z a common "n =  _m ( ^? oily res9\s   
sub/ances1 :i* fl[ spontane\sly or by   
incision1 f c]ta9 trees or plants1 & are
 ( consid]able use 9  m$ic9e & surg]y4  
,x s]ves !re=e v prop]ly to express !   
,hebrew ^w 1 :i* ! ,,lxx h r5d]$ 1 & !  
anci5ts  h int]pret$ res9               
indiscrim9ately4    ,,balsam ,,tree1 2 9
 ,arabic1 abus*m1 t is1 8fa!r (  sc5t10 
sweet-sc5t$4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,bruce1 ! 
balessan1 balsam1  or balm1 is an       
ev]gre5 %rub1 or tree1 :i* gr[s to ab\t 
f\rte5  feet high1 spontane\sly & )\t   
culture 9 its native c\ntry1  ,azab1 &  
all along ! coa/ to ,babelm&el4 ,!re 7  
?ree k9ds (  balsam extract$ f ?is tree4
 ,! fir/ 0 call$ opobalsamum1 &  0 mo/  
highly e/eem$4 ,x 0 t :i* fl[$          
spontane\sly1 or by  means ( incision1 f
 ! trunk or bran*es ( ! tree 9 summ]    
"t4 ,! second 0 c>pobalsamum1 made by   
express+ ! fruit :5  9 maturity4 ,!     
?ird1 & lea/ e/eem$ ( all1 0            
hylobalsamum1  made by a decoction ( !  

buds & small "y twigs4 ,! great value   
set ^u ?is drug 9 ! ea/ is trac$ to !   
e>lie/ ages4 ,!  ,i%maelites1 or        
,arabian c>ri]s & m]*ants1 traffick+ ) !
  ,arabian commodities into ,egypt1     
br\ght ) !m  z a "p ( _!  c>go1 ,g54    
xxxvii1 #be2 xliii1 #aa4 ,josephus1 9 ! 
hi/ory ( !  antiquities ( 8 c\ntry1 says
 t a tree ( ?is balsam 0 br\ght  to     
,j]usalem by ! que5 ( ,saba1 & giv5     
among o!r pres5ts to  ,solomon1 :o1 z we
 "k f ,scripture1 0 v /udi\s ( all sorts
  ( plants1 & skilful 9 ! description & 
di/9ction ( !m4 ,&  "h1 inde$1 x seems  
to h be5 cultivat$ & to h ?riv52 s  t ! 
place ( its orig91 ?r\gh l5g? ( "t1     
comb9$ )  o!r reasons1 came to be       
=gott54 ,not)/&+ ! positive  au?ority ( 
,josephus1 & ! great probability t      
att5ds x1 we  _c put x 9 competition )  
:at we h be5 told 9 ,scripture1  z we h 
j n[ se5 t ! place :]e x grew1 & 0 sold 
to  m]*ants1 0 ,gilead 9 ,judea1 m ?an  
#agcj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 or  #ajjj be=e ! 
que5 ( ,saba2 s t 9 read+ ! v]se1 no?+ c

  be pla9] ?an t x _h be5 transplant$   
into ,judea1 fl\ri%$1  & _h become an   
article ( comm]ce 9 ,gilead1 long be=e !
 p]iod  he m5tions4 8,a company (       
,i%maelites came f ,gilead ) _!  camels1
 be>+ spic]y & balm1 & myrrh1 go+ to    
c>ry x d[n to  ,egypt10 ,g54 xxxvii1    
#be4 ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 ,pl9y1   
,/rabo1  ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,tacitus1  
,ju/91 ,sol9us1 & ,s]apion1 speak+ (    
its co/l9ess & m$ic9al virtues1 all say 
t ?is balsam came f  ,judea4 ,! words ( 
,pl9y are1 8,b to all o!r od\rs :atev]1 
!  balsam is pref]r$1 produc$ 9 no o!r  
"p b ! l& ( ,judea1  & ev5 !re 9 two    
g>d5s only2 bo? ( !m belong+ to ! k+1   
"o no m ?an tw5ty acres1 ! o!r /ill     
small]40 ,! :ole  valley ( ,j]i*o 0 once
 e/eem$ ! mo/ fruitful 9 ,judea2 & !    
ob/9acy ) :i* ! ,jews f\ght "h to prev5t
 ! balsam trees  f fall+ into !         
possession ( ! ,romans1 atte/s !        
importance  :i* 0 atta*$ to !m4 ,?is    
tree ,pl9y describes z peculi> to !     
vale ( ,j]i*o1 & z 8m l a v9e ?an a     

myrtle40 ,x 0  e/eem$ s preci\s a r>ity1
 t bo? ,pompey & ,titus c>ri$ a  specim5
 to ,rome 9 triumph2 & ! balsam1 ow+ to 
its sc>city1 sold  = d\ble its weight 9 
silv]1 till its high price l$ to !      
practice  ( adult]ation4 ,ju/9 makes x !
 *ief s\rce ( ! national  weal?4 ,he    
describes ! c\ntry 9 :i* x grew1 z a    
valley l a  g>d51 environ$ ) cont9ual   
hills1 &1 z x 71 enclos$ ) a  wall4 8,! 
space ( ! valley conta9s #bjj1jjj acres1
 & is call$  ,j]i*o4 ,9 t valley1 !re is
 wood z admirable = its fruitfulness  z 
= its delight1 = x is int]m+l$ ) palm   
trees &  opobalsamum4 ,! trees ( !      
opobalsamum h a resemblance to fir      
trees2 b !y are l[]1 & are plant$ &     
husb&$ aft] !  mann] ( v9es4 ,on a set  
season ( ! ye> !y sweat balsam4 ,!      
d>kness ( ! place is beside z wond]ful z
 ! fruitfulness ( x2  = al?\gh ! sun    
%9es no :]e hott] 9 ! _w1 !re is        
naturally a mod]ate & p]petual gloom9ess
 ( ! air40 ,accord+ to  ,mr4 ,buck+ham1 
?is description is mo/ accurate4 8,bo? !

 heat &  ! gloom9ess10 he says1 87      
obs]v$ by u1 ?\gh d>kness w\ld be  an   
improp] t]m to apply to ?is gloom40     
,,bangorian ,,controv]sy1 a controv]sy t
 arose ) ,dr4 ,hoadly1 bi%op  ( ,bangor4
 ,t prelate1 9 a s]mon prea*$ be=e      
,george ,i1 ass]t$  t ,*ri/ 0 supreme 9 
8 own k+dom2 t he _h n delegat$  8 p[]1 
l temporal lawgiv]s dur+ _! abs5ce1 to  
any p]sons  z 8 viceg]5ts or deputies2 &
 t ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 z all  o!r national 
*ur*es1 0 m]ely a civil or human        
in/itution1  e/abli%$ = ! purpose (     
diffus+ & p]petuat+ ! k  & belief (     
,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! meet+ ( !            
convocation1 a  committee 0 appo9t$ to  
exam9e ?is publication4 ,a heavy c5sure 
0  pass$ aga9/ x1 z t5d+ to subv]t all  
gov]nm5t & discipl9e  9 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/1 
to r$uce 8 k+dom to a /ate ( an>*y &    
confusion1 & to impugn & impea* ! royal 
supremacy 9 matt]s  ecclesia/ical1 & !  
au?ority ( ! legislature to en=ce       
ob$i5ce 9 matt]s ( religion1 by sev]e   
sanction4 ,to ^!  proce$+s a sudd5 /op 0

 put by prorogu+ ! convocation2 b !     
controv]sy :i* _h be5 comm5c$ 0 cont9u$ 
= sev]al ye>s4    ,,bann]1 an ensign1 or
 /&>d1 us$ by armies or c>avans on _!   
j\rneys 9 ! ea/]n c\ntries4 ,! orig9al 1
 is r5d]$ by  lexicograph]s &           
translators "u ?is ^w1 z a n\n1 9 :i* =m
  x (t5 occurs1 a /&>d1 bann]2 z a v]b1 
once1 to set up a  bann]2 ,psalm xx1 #e2
 z a p>ticiple pahul1 vexillatus1 "o    
di/+ui%$ by a bann]1 ! *ief2 z a        
p>ticiple niphal1 bann]$1  or ) bann]s4 
,! mean+ ( ! root is illu/rat$ by ! v   
+5i\s & s5sible au?or ( 8,obs]vations on
 ,div]s ,passages (  ,scripture10 :o    
%[s1 f ,pitts & ,pococke1 t1 8z 9       
,arabia &  ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 on     
acc\nt ( ! int5se heat ( ! sun by  day1 
p g5]ally *oose to travel 9 ! night2 s1 
to prev5t  confusion 9 _! l>ge c>avans1 
p>ticul>ly 9 ! annual "o to  ,mecca1 ea*
 company1 ( :i* ! c>avan consi/s1 has   
its di/9ct  portable beacon1 :i* is     
c>ri$ on ! top ( a pole1 & consi/s (    
sev]al lights1 :i* are some:at l iron   

/oves1 into :i* !y put  %ort dry wood1 )
 :i* "s ( ! camels are load$4 ,e company
  has "o ( ^! poles belong+ to x2 "s (  
:i* h t51 "s  twelve1 ( ^! lights on _! 
tops1 m or less2 & !y are  likewise (   
diff]5t figures1 z well z numb]s2 "o1   
p]haps1 9 an  oval %ape2 ano!r1         
triangul>1 or 9 ! =m ( an ,m1 or ,n1 c1 
s  t by ^! e "o kn[s 8 respective       
company4 ,!y are c>ri$  9 ! front1 & set
 up 9 ! place :]e ! c>avan is to pit*1  
be=e t comes up1 at "s di/ance f "o     
ano!r4 ,z travell+  !n 9 ! night mu/ be1
 g5]ally speak+1 m agreeable to a great 
multitude 9 t des]t1 we may believe a   
compassionate ,god1 = !  mo/ "p1 direct$
 ,israel to move 9 ! night4 ,& 9        
consequ5ce1  mu/ we n r suppose ! /&>ds 
( ! tribes 7 movable  beacons1 l ^? ( ! 
,mecca pilgrims1 ?an flags or any ?+ (  
t k9d80 ,?is +5i\s au?or seems1 h[ev]1  
to =get1 #a4 ,t !  pill> ( fire 0 ) !   
,israelites to direct _! m>*es4 #b4 ,t  
! ,israelites 7 n a m]e c>avan1 b an    
army2 &1 z su*1 =  ord]1 requir$ /&>ds z

 well by day z by night4 ,see ,,armies4 
,,banquet4 ,! hospitality ( ! pres5t day
 9 ! ea/ exactly  resembles t ( !       
remote/ antiquity4 ,! p>able ( ! 8great 
supp]0 is 9 ^? c\ntries lit]ally        
realiz$4 ,& su* 0 !  hospitality (      
anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,:5 a p]son     
provid$ an  ent]ta9m5t = 8 fri5ds or    
neighb\rs1 he s5t r\nd a numb] (        
s]vants to invite ! gue/s2 ^! 7 call$   
vocatores by !  ,romans1 &  by !        
,greeks4 ,! day :5 ! ent]ta9m5t is to   
be giv5 is fix$ "s consid]able "t be=e2 
& 9 ! ev5+ (  ! day appo9t$1 a mess5g]  
comes to bid ! gue/s to ! fea/4 ,!      
cu/om is ?us introduc$ 9 ,luke3 8,a     
c]ta9 man made a great supp]1  & bade   
_m2 & s5t 8 s]vant at supp] "t to say to
 !m t  7 bidd51 ,come1 = all ?+s are n[ 
ready40 ,!y 7 n n[  ask$ = ! fir/ "t2 b 
_h already accept$ ! invitation1 :5  !  
day 0 appo9t$1 & 7 !re=e already pl$g$  
to att5d at  ! h\r :5 !y might be       
summon$4 ,!y 7 n tak5 unprep>$1  & c\ld 
n 9 consi/5cy & dec5cy plead any prior  

engagem5t4  ,!y c\ld n n[ refuse1 )\t   
violat+ _! ^w1 & insult+  ! ma/] ( !    
fea/1 &1 !re=e1 ju/ly subject$ !mselves 
to  puni%m5t4 ,! t]ms ( ! p>able exactly
 accord ) e/abli%$  cu/om4 ,! ,jews did 
n always foll[ ! same me?od2 sometimes  
!y  s5t a numb] ( s]vants diff]5t ways  
among ! fri5ds !y meant to  invite2 & at
 o!r times1 a s+le male dome/ic4    ,!  
,p]sians s5d a deputation to meet _!    
gue/s3 ?is deputation are  call$ op5]s (
 ! way2 & ! m di/+ui%$ ! p]sons s5t1  & 
! great] ! di/ance to :i* !y g1 s mu*   
great] is !  hon\r4 ,s x is proclaim$1  
8,g =? & behold k+ ,solomon1 ) !  cr[n  
:]e) 8 "m cr[n$ him40 8,! bridegroom    
come?1 g ye  =? to meet him40 ,! names (
 ! p]sons to be invit$ 7  inscrib$ ^u   
tablets1 & ! gate 0 set op5 to receive  
^? :o  _h obta9$ !m2 b to prev5t any    
gett+ 9 t _h no ticket1  only "o leaf ( 
! door 0 left op52 & t 0 /rictly gu>d$  
by ! s]vants ( ! family4 ,^? :o 7       
admitt$ _h to g along a  n>r[ passage to
 ! room2 & aft] all :o _h receiv$       

tickets (  admission 7 assembl$1 ! ma/] 
( ! h\se rose & %ut to !  door2 & !n !  
ent]ta9m5t began4 ,! fir/ c]emony1 aft] 
!  gue/s arriv$ at ! h\se ( ent]ta9m5t1 
0 ! salutation  p]=m$ by ! ma/] ( !     
h\se1 or "o appo9t$ 9 8 place4  ,among !
 ,greeks1 ?is 0 sometimes done by       
embrac+ ) arms ar\nd2  b ! mo/ common   
salutation 0 by ! conjunction ( _! "r   
h&s1 ! "r h& be+ reckon$ a pl$ge (      
fidelity &  fri5d%ip4 ,sometimes !y     
kiss$ ! lips1 h&s1 knees1 or feet1 z  ! 
p]son des]v$ m or less respect4 ,! ,jews
 welcom$ a /rang]  to _! h\se 9 ! same  
way2 = our ,"l compla9s to ,simon1 t he 
_h giv5 him no kiss1 _h welcom$ him to 8
 table ) none ( !  accu/om$ tok5s (     
respect4    ,! cu/om ( recl9+ 0         
introduc$ f ! nations ( ! ea/1 &        
p>ticul>ly f ,p]sia1 :]e x seems to h   
be5 adopt$ at a v  remote p]iod4 ,! ,old
 ,te/am5t ,scriptures allude to bo?     
cu/oms2 b  !y furni% und5iable pro(s ( !
 antiquity ( sitt+4 ,z ?is is  und\bt$ly
 ! mo/ natural & dignifi$ po/ure1 s x   

seems to h  be5 univ]sally adopt$ by !  
fir/ g5]ations ( m52 & x 0 n  till aft] 
! lapse ( _m ages1 & :5 deg5]ate man _h 
lo/ mu*  ( ! firmness ( 8 primitive "*1 
t he began to recl9e4    ,! tables 7    
con/ruct$ ( ?ree diff]5t p>ts or sep>ate
 tables1  mak+ b "o 9 ! :ole4 ,"o 0     
plac$ at ! upp] end crossways1  & ! two 
o!rs jo9$ to its ends1 "o on ea* side1 s
 z to leave  an op5 space betwe51 by :i*
 ! att5dants c\ld readily wait at all  !
 ?ree4 ,r\nd ^! tables 7 plac$ b$s or   
c\*es1 "o to ea*  table2 ea* ( ^! b$s 0 
call$ cl9ium2 & ?ree ( ^! be+  unit$1 to
 surr\nd ! ?ree tables1 made !          
tricl9ium4 ,at ! end  ( ea* cl9ium 0 a  
foot/ool1 = ! conv5i5ce ( m\nt+ up to   
x4 ,^! b$s 7 =m$ ( mattresses1 &        
support$ on frames (  wood1 (t5 highly  
ornam5t$2 ! mattresses 7 cov]$ ) clo? or
  tape/ry1 accord+ to ! quality ( !     
ent]ta9]4 ,at ! spl5did  fea/ :i*       
,ahasu]us made = ! nobles ( 8 k+dom1 b$s
 ( silv]  & gold 7 plac$ r\nd ! tables2 
accord+ to a cu/om 9 ! ea/  ( nam+ a ?+ 

f its pr9cipal ornam5t1 ^! mu/ h be5    
c\*es pr(usely ornam5t$ ) ! preci\s     
metals4 ,ea* gue/  incl9$ ! sup]ior "p (
 8 body ^u 8 left arm1 ! l[] "p  be+    
/ret*$ out at l5g?1 or a little b5t2 8  
head 0 rais$ up1  & 8 back sometimes    
support$ ) pill[s4 ,9 conv]sation1 ^?   
:o spoke rais$ !mselves almo/ upright1  
support$ by cu%ions4 ,:5  !y ate1 !y    
rais$ !mselves on _! elb[1 & made use ( 
!  "r h&2 :i* is ! reason our ,"l       
m5tions ! h& ( ,judas 9  ! s+ul> numb]3 
8,he t dippe? 8 h& ) me 9 ! di%1 !  same
 %all betray me10 ,matt4 xxvi1 #bc4 ,see
 ,,accubation4    ,:5 a ,p]sian comes   
into an assembly1 & has salut$ ! h\se1  
he  !n measures ) 8 eye ! place to :i* 8
 degree ( rank  entitles him2 he        
/raightway w$ges himself into ! l9e (   
gue/s1  )\t (f]+ any apology = ! g5]al  
di/urbance :i* he  produces4 ,x (t5     
happ5s t p]sons take a high] seat ?an t 
to  :i* !y are entitl$4 ,! ,p]sian      
scribes are rem>kable = _!  arrogance 9 
?is respect1 9 :i* !y seem to be> a     

/rik+  resemblance to ! ,jews ( ! same  
pr(ession 9 ! days ( our ,"l4  ,! ma/] (
 ! ent]ta9m5t has1 h[ev]1 ! privilege ( 
plac+  any "o z high 9 ! rank ( !       
assembly z he may *oose4 ,& ,mr4  ,mori]
 saw an in/ance ( x at a public         
ent]ta9m5t to :i* he 0  invit$4 ,:5 !   
assembly 0 ne>ly full1 ! gov]nor (      
,ka%an1 a  man ( humble mi51 al?\gh (   
consid]able rank1 came 9 & seat$        
himself at ! l[e/ place2 :5 ! ma/] ( !  
h\se1 aft]  num]\s expressions (        
welcome1 po9t$ ) 8 h& to an upp] seat  9
 ! assembly1 to :i* he desir$ him to    
move1 & :i* he  accord+ly did4 ,^!      
circum/ances furni% a beautiful & /rik+ 
illu/ration ( ! p>able :i* our ,"l      
utt]$1 :5 he saw h[  ^? t 7 invit$ *ose 
! highe/ places4    ,be=e ! ,greeks w5t 
to an ent]ta9m5t1 !y wa%$ & ano9t$      
!mselves2 = x 0 ?\ght v indec5t to appe>
 on su* an  occasion1 defil$ ) sweat &  
du/2 b !y :o came (f a j\rney  7 wa%$1 &
 clo!d ) suitable app>el1 9 ! h\se ( !  
ent]ta9]1 be=e !y 7 admitt$ to ! fea/4  

,:5 ,telema*us &  ,pisi/ratus arriv$ at 
! palace ( ,m5elaus1 9 ! c\rse ( _!     
w&]+s1 !y 7 imm$iately suppli$ ) wat] to
 wa%1 & )  oil to ano9t1 !mselves1 be=e 
!y took _! seats by ! side (  ! k+4 ,!  
oil us$ on su* occasions1 9 ! palaces ( 
nobles &  pr9ces1 0 p]fum$ ) roses & o!r
 odorif]\s h]bs4 ,!y also  wa%$ _! h&s  
be=e !y sat d[n to meat4 ,to ^! cu/om>y 
m>ks ( respect1 to :i* a travell]1 or "o
 :o _h no h\se ( 8  own1 0 entitl$1 our 
,"l alludes 9 8 def5ce ( ,m>y3 8,& he   
turn$ to ! woman1 & said unto ,simon1   
,see/ ?\ ?is woman8 ,i  ent]$ into ?9e  
h\se2 ?\ gave/ me no wat] = my feet1 b  
%e  ha? wa%$ my feet ) h] te>s1 & wip$  
!m ) ! hairs ( h]  head4 ,?\ gave/ me no
 kiss2 b ?is woman1 s9ce ! "t ,i came 91
  ha? n ceas$ to kiss my feet4 ,my head 
) oil ?\ did/ n ano9t2  b ?is woman ha? 
ano9t$ my feet ) o9tm5t10 ,luke vii1    
#dd4 ,hom]  m5tions x z a cu/om q common
 9 ^? days1 = daught]s to  wa% & aft]w>d
 to ano9t ! feet ( _! p>5ts4 ,our       
,savi\r 0  9 ! circum/ances ( a         

travell]2 he _h no home to wa% & ano9t  
himself 91 be=e he w5t to ,simon's h\se2
 &1 !re=e1 _h a "r  to compla9 t 8      
ent]ta9] _h fail$ 9 ! respect t 0 due   
to him z a /rang]1 at a di/ance f !     
usual place ( 8  resid5ce4 ,! ,jews     
regul>ly wa%$ _! h&s & _! feet be=e     
d9n]2 !y consid]$ ?is c]emony z         
ess5tial1 :i* discov]s !  reason ( _!   
a/oni%m5t1 :5 !y obs]v$ ! disciples (   
,*ri/  sit d[n at table )\t hav+ obs]v$ 
?is c]emony3 8,:y d ?y  disciples       
transgress ! tradition ( ! eld]s8 = !y  
wa% n  _! h&s :5 !y eat bread10 ,matt4  
xv1 #b4 ,aft] meals !y wa%  !m aga92 =1 
says ! evangeli/1 8! ,ph>isees & all !  
,jews1  except !y wa% _! h&s (t1 eat n1 
hold+ ! tradition ( !  eld]s10 ,m>k vii1
 #c1 #d4 ,:5 !y wa%$ _! h&s !mselves1 !y
  plung$ !m into ! wat] up to ! wri/s2 b
 :5 o!rs p]=m$  ?is (fice = !m1 x 0 done
 by p\r+ x ^u _! h&s4 ,!  same cu/om    
prevail$ 9 ,greece1 = ,hom] says1 !     
att5dants p\r$  wat] on ! h&s ( _!      
*iefs4 ,?is 0 a "p ( ! s]vice :i*       

,eli%a p]=m$ = 8 ma/] ,elijah2 & 9 e    
in/ance "u !  law :]e wat] 0 appli$ to !
 body by ano!r1 x 0 done1 n by  plung+1 
b by p\r+ or spr9kl+4 ,to wa% ! feet 0 a
 mean &  s]vile (fice1 &1 !re=e1 g5]ally
 p]=m$ by ! female  s]vants ( ! family4 
,x 0 occasionally p]=m$1 h[ev]1 by      
females ( ! highe/ rank2 = ! daught] (  
,cleobulus1 "o ( !  ,grecian sages1 & k+
 ( ,l9dus1 a city on ! s\?-ea/ "p (     
,rhodes1 0 n a%am$ to wa% ! feet ( h]   
fa!r's gue/s4 ,& x  0 cu/om>y = !m to   
kiss ! feet ( ^? to :om !y ?\ght a  m   
?an common respect 0 due2 = ! daught] ( 
,philocleon1 9  ,ari/ophanes1 wa%$ h]   
fa!r1 ano9t$ 8 feet1 &1 /oop+ d[n1      
kiss$ !m4 ,! t[el :i* 0 us$ to wipe !   
feet aft] wa%+1  0 consid]$ ?r\gh all ! 
ea/ z a badge ( s]vitude4 ,suetonius    
m5tions x z a sure m>k ( ! intol]able   
pride ( ,caligula1 !  ,roman emp]or1 t  
:5 at supp] he suff]$ s5ators ( ! highe/
  rank1 sometimes to /& by 8 c\*1       
sometimes at 8 feet1 girt )  a t[el4    
,h5ce x appe>s t ?is hon\r 0 a tok5 (   

humiliation1  :i* 0 n1 h[ev]1 absolutely
 degrad+ & inconsi/5t ) all  reg>d to   
rank4 ,yet our bless$ ,r$eem] did n     
refuse to give 8  disciples1 & ,judas   
,isc>iot himself1 t pro( ( 8 love &     
humility4    ,! ent]ta9m5t 0 conduct$ by
 a symposi>*1 or gov]nor ( !  fea/4 ,he 
01 says ,plut>*1 "o *os5 among ! gue/s1 
! mo/  pleasant & div]t+ 9 ! company1 t 
w\ld n get drunk1 & yet  w\ld dr9k      
freely2 he 0 to rule ov] ! re/1 to =bid 
any  disord]1 b to enc\rage _! mir?4 ,he
 obs]v$ ! temp] ( !  gue/s1 & h[ ! w9e  
work$ ^u !m2 h[ e "o c\ld be> 8  w9e1 & 
to endeav\r accord+ly to keep !m all 9  
h>mony1 & 9  an ev5 composure1 t !re    
might be no disquiet nor di/urbance4 ,to
  d ?is effectually1 he fir/ proclaim$  
lib]ty to e "o to dr9k  :at he ?\ght    
prop]1 & !n obs]v+ :o among !m 0 mo/    
ready  to be disord]$1 mix$ m wat] ) 8  
w9e1 to keep him equally  sob] ) ! re/ (
 ! company2 s t ?is (fic] took c>e t    
none %\ld be =c$ to dr9k1 & t none1 ?\gh
 left to _! own  *oice1 %\ld get        

intoxicat$4 ,su*1 we h reason to        
believe1 0 !  gov]nor ( ! fea/ at !     
m>riage 9 ,cana ( ,galilee1 :i* our ,"l 
hon\r$ ) 8 pres5ce4 ,! t]m  lit]ally    
signifies  ! gov]nor ( a place furni%$ )
 ?ree b$s2 & he act$ z "o  hav+         
au?ority2 = he ta/$ ! w9e be=e he       
di/ribut$ x to !  company1 :i*1 x is    
univ]sally admitt$1 0 "o ( ! duties ( a 
symposi>*4 ,nei!r ! "n nor ! act accords
 ) ! "* &  situation ( a gue/2 he mu/1  
!re=e1 h be5 ! symposi>*1 or  gov]nor ( 
! fea/4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* an (fic] among 
! ,jews  is plac$ beyond a d\bt1 by a   
passage 9 ! apocryphal book (           
,ecclesia/icus1 :]e 8 (fice is ?us      
describ$3 8,if ?\ be made !  ma/] ( a   
fea/1 lift n ?yself up1 b be among !m z 
"o ( !  re/2 take dilig5t c>e ( !m1 & s 
sit d[n4 ,& :5 ?\ ha/  done all ?9e     
(fice1 take ?y place1 t ?\ maye/ be m]ry
 )  !m1 & receive a cr[n = ! well-ord]+ 
( ! fea/10  ,ecclesia/icus xxxii1 #a4   
,see ,,ar*itricl9us4    ,,baptism1 f !  
,greek ^w 1 is a rite or c]emony by :i* 

p]sons are initiat$ into ! pr(ession ( !
 ,*ri/ian religion2 or1  x is ! appo9t$ 
mode by :i* a p]son assumes ! pr(ession 
(  ,*ri/ianity1 or is admitt$ to a      
p>ticipation ( ! privileges  belong+ to 
! disciples ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 by ?is mode t 
^? :o  believ$ ! ,gospel 7 to be sep>at$
 f unbeliev]s1 & jo9$ to  ! visible     
,*ri/ian *ur*2 & ! rite accompany+ x1 or
 wa%+  ) wat]1 0 probably int5d$ to     
repres5t ! wa%+ away1 or  r5\nc+1 !     
impurities ( "s =m] /ate1 viz4 ! s9s t  
_h  be5 committ$1 & ! vici\s habits t _h
 be5 contract$2 & to  ?is purpose x may 
be obs]v$1 t ! pr(ession ( rep5tance    
always accompani$1 or 0 und]/ood to     
accompany1 ! pr(ession (  fai? 9 ,*ri/4 
,t our ,"l in/itut$ su* an ord9ance z   
baptism1  is pla9 f ! commission giv5 to
 ! ,apo/les aft] 8  resurrection1 &     
record$ 9 ,matt4 xxviii1 #ai1 #bj4 ,to  
?is rite !re  is also an allusion 9 ,m>k
 xvi1 #af2 ,john iii1 #e2 ,acts ii1 #da2
 viii1 #ab1  #cf-ch2 xxii1 #af4 ,!      
design ( ?is in/itution1 :i* 0 to       

express  fai? 9 ,*ri/ on ! "p ( ^? :o 7 
baptiz$1 & to decl>e  _! resolution (   
op5ly pr(ess+ 8 religion1 & cultivat+   
real  & univ]sal hol9ess1 appe>s f ,rom4
 vi1 #c1 #d2 #a ,pet] iii1 #ba2  ,ephes4
 v1 #bf2 & ,titus iii1 #e4 ,we f9d no   
acc\nt ( baptism z a  di/9ct religi\s   
rite1 be=e ! mission ( ,john1 ! =]unn] (
  ,*ri/1 :o 0 call$ ! 8,bapti/10 on     
acc\nt ( 8 be+ comm&$  by ,god to       
baptize ) wat] all :o %\ld he>k5 to 8   
invitation to  rep5t4 ,wa%+1 h[ev]1     
accompani$ _m ( ! ,jewi% rites1 &1      
inde$1 0 requir$ aft] contract+ any k9d 
( uncleanness4 ,also1  soon aft] ! "t ( 
our ,savi\r1 we f9d x to h be5 ! cu/om  
( ! ,jews solemnly to baptize1 z well z 
to circumcise1 all _!  proselytes4 ,z _!
 writ]s treat l>gely ( ! reasons = ?is  
rite1  & give no h9t ( its be+ a novel  
in/itution1 x is probable t  ?is _h     
always be5 ! cu/om antec$5t to ! "t (   
,moses1 ^:  acc\nt ( ! rite (           
circumcision1 & ( ! mann] ( p]=m+ x1  is
 by no means circum/antial4 ,or1        

baptism1 aft] circumcision1 might  h    
come into use gradually f ! natural     
propriety ( ! ?+1  & its easy con=mity  
to o!r ,jewi% cu/oms4 ,= if no ,jew c\ld
  approa* ! tab]nacle1 or temple1 aft] !
 mo/ trifl+ uncleanness1  )\t wa%+1 mu* 
less w\ld x be ?\ght prop] to admit a   
proselyte f a /ate s impure & unclean z 
,hea!nism 0 conceiv$  to be1 )\t ! same 
mode ( purification4 ,! antiquity ( ?is 
practice ( proselyte baptism among !    
,jews1 has be5 a subject (  consid]able 
debate among div9es4 ,x is /r5u\sly     
ma9ta9$ by  ,lightfoot4 ,dr4 ,john ,ow5 
consid]s ! op9ion1 t ,*ri/ian baptism   
came f ! ,jews1 z de/itute ( all        
probability4 ,on ! o!r h&1  ,mr4 ,wall  
has made x highly probable1 to say !    
lea/1 f _m  te/imonies ( ! ,jewi%       
writ]s1 :o )\t "o diss5t+ voice  all[ ! 
fact1 t ! practice ( ,jewi% baptism     
obta9$ be=e &  at1 z well z aft]1 our   
,savi\r's "t4 ,!re is also a /rong      
intimation1 ev5 9 ! ,gospel itself1 (   
su* a kn[n practice among  ! ,jews 9 !  

"t ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,john i1 #be4 ,!  
te/imonies (  ! ,jewi% writ]s are ( !   
great] weight1 because ! practice1      
report$ by !m to h be5 ( s anci5t a     
date1 did /ill rema9  among !m2 = if x  
_h n be5 ( t antiquity to :i* x         
pret5ds1 viz4 be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/1 x is n 
likely t x w\ld  ev] h become a cu/om   
among ! ,jews aft]w>d4 ,w\ld !y beg9 to 
proselyte p]sons to _! religion by      
baptism 9 imitation ( !  disciples (    
,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 :om !y held accurs$8  
,& yet if ?is  proselyte baptism 7      
adopt$ by ! ,jews s9ce ! "t ( ,*ri/1 x  
mu/ h be5 a m]e innovation 9 imitation (
 ,*ri/ians1 :i* is  n v likely4 ,?is    
c]emony is p]=m$ by imm]sion 9 ! ori5tal
  *ur*es4 ,! practice ( ! we/]n *ur*es  
is1 to spr9kle ! wat]  on ! head or face
 ( ! p]son to be baptiz$1 except 9 !    
*ur*  ( ,milan1 9 ^: ritual x is ord]$1 
t ! head ( ! infant be  plung$ ?ree     
times into ! wat]2 ! m9i/] at ! same "t 
pron\nc+ ! words1 8,i baptize !e 9 ! "n 
( ! ,fa!r1 !  ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/20   

import+ t by ?is c]emony ! p]son        
baptiz$ is receiv$ among ! pr(essors ( t
 religion :i* ,god1  ! ,fa!r ( all1     
reveal$ to mank9d by ! m9i/ry ( 8 ,son1 
&  confirm$ by ! miracles ( 8 ,_s4      
#b4 ,x is obs]vable t ! baptismal =m1   
above cit$ f ,/4  ,mat!w1 nev] occurs 9 
! same words1 ei!r 9 ! book ( ! ,acts1  
or 9 any ( ! ,epi/les4 ,b ?\gh ! =m 9   
,/4 ,mat!w nev]  appe>s else:]e1 ! ?+   
int5d$ !reby is always impli$4 ,!re  are
 _m c]emonies deliv]$ by ecclesia/ical  
writ]s1 z us$ 9  baptism1 :i* 7         
introduc$ aft] ! age ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 b  
:i*  are n[ disus$2 z ! giv+ milk &     
honey to ! baptiz$1 9 !  ea/2 w9e &     
milk1 9 ! we/1 c4 ,!y also add$ unction 
& !  imposition ( h&s4 ,t]tullian is !  
fir/ :o m5tions ! sign+  ) ! sign ( !   
cross1 b only z us$ 9 private1 & n 9    
public wor%ip2 & he p>ticul>ly describes
 ! cu/om ( baptiz+  )\t x4 ,inde$1 x    
does n appe> to h be5 us$ 9 baptism till
  ! latt] end ( ! f\r? or fif? c5tury2  
at :i* "t great  virtue 0 ascrib$ to x4 

,lactantius1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( !     
f\r? c5tury1 says ! devil _c approa* ^? 
:o h !  heav5ly m>k ( ! cross ^u !m z an
 impregnable =tress to  def5d !m2 b he  
does n say x 0 us$ 9 baptism4 ,aft] !   
c\ncil ( ,nice1 ,*ri/ians add$ to       
baptism ! c]emonies ( exorcism  &       
adjuration1 to make evil spirits dep>t f
 ! p]sons to be  baptiz$4 ,!y made      
sev]al sign+s ) ! cross1 !y us$ light$  
c&les1 !y gave salt to ! baptiz$ p]son  
to ta/e1 & ! prie/  t\*$ 8 m\? & e>s )  
spittle1 & also blew & spat ^u 8  face4 
,at t "t also baptiz$ p]sons wore :ite  
g>m5ts till !  ,sunday foll[+4 ,!y _h   
also v>i\s o!r c]emonies2 "s ( :i*  are 
n[ aboli%$1 ?\gh o!rs ( !m rema9 9 !    
*ur* ( ,rome to  ?is day4    #c4 ,!     
,quak]s ass]t1 t wat] baptism 0 nev]    
int5d$ to cont9ue  9 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ any 
long] ?an :ile ,jewi% prejudices made   
su* an ext]nal c]emony necess>y4 ,!y    
argue f ,eph4 iv1 #e1 9  :i* "o baptism 
is spok5 ( z necess>y to ,*ri/ians1 t   
?is  mu/ be a baptism ( ! ,_s4 ,b f     

comp>+ ! texts t  relate to ?is         
in/itution1 x w pla9ly appe> t wat]     
baptism  0 in/itut$ by ,*ri/ 9 m g5]al  
t]ms ?an w agree ) ?is  explication4 ,t 
x 0 adm9i/]$ to all ! ,g5tile conv]ts1 &
  n conf9$ to ! ,jews1 appe>s f ,matt4  
xxviii1 #ai1 #bj1 comp>$  ) ,acts x1    
#dg2 & t ! baptism ( ! ,_s did n sup]s$e
  wat] baptism appe>s to h be5 ! judgm5t
 ( ,pet] & ( ^?  t 7 ) him2 s t ! "o    
baptism spok5 ( seems to h be5  t (     
wat]2 ! communication ( ! ,holy ,_s be+ 
only call$  baptism 9 a figurative s5se4
 ,z = any objection :i* may be drawn  f 
#a ,cor4 i1 #ag1 x is suffici5tly answ]$
 by ! prec$+ v]ses1  & all ! num]\s     
texts1 9 :i*1 9 epi/les writt5 long aft]
  ?is1 ! ,apo/le speaks ( all ,*ri/ians 
z baptiz$2 & argues  f ! obligation (   
baptism1 9 su* a mann] z we c nev]      
imag9e  he w\ld h done1 if he _h        
appreh5d$ x to h be5 ! w (  ,god t x    
%\ld be discont9u$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,comp>e    
,rom4 vi1 #c1  c2 ,col4 ii1 #ab2 ,gal4  
iii1 #bg4    #d4 ,baptism1 9 e>ly times1

 0 only adm9i/]$ at ,ea/] &             
,:itsuntide1 except 9 cases ( necessity4
 ,adult p]sons 7 prep>$  = baptism by   
ab/95ce1 pray]1 & o!r pi\s ex]cises4 ,x 
0 to  answ] = !m1 says ,mo%eim1 t       
sponsors1 or godfa!rs1 7 fir/  in/itut$ 
9 ! second c5tury1 ?\gh !y 7 aft]w>d    
admitt$  also 9 ! baptism ( infants4    
,?is1 accord+ to ,m4 ,daill1 0 n  done  
till ! f\r? c5tury4 ,wall ref]s ! orig9 
( sponsors1 or  godfa!rs1 on ! au?ority 
( ,t]tullian1 to ! comm5cem5t ( !       
second c5tury2 :o 7 us$ 9 ! baptism (   
infants t c\ld n  answ] = !mselves4 ,!  
cate*um5s 7 n =w>d 9 com+ to  baptism4  
,/4 ,ambrose 0 n baptiz$ be=e he 0      
elect$ bi%op (  ,milan2 & "s ( ! fa!rs n
 till ! "t ( _! dea?4 ,"s  def]r$ x out 
( a t5d] consci5ce2 & o!rs out ( too mu*
  atta*m5t to ! _w2 x be+ ! prevail+    
op9ion ( !  primitive times1 t baptism1 
:5ev] conf]r$1 wa%$ away all  antec$5t  
/a9s & s9s4 ,accord+ly !y def]r$ ?is    
sanctify+  rite z long z possible1 ev5  
till !y appreh5d$ !y 7 at !  po9t (     

dea?4 ,cases ( ?is k9d occur at ! beg9n+
 ( ! ?ird  c5tury4 ,con/ant9e ! ,great 0
 n baptiz$ till he 0 at ! la/  gasp1 & 9
 ?is he 0 foll[$ by 8 son ,con/antius2 &
 two ( 8  o!r sons1 ,con/ant9e &        
,con/ans1 7 kill$ be=e !y 7  baptiz$4 ,z
 to ! necessity ( baptism1 we may       
obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t1  ?\gh "s seem to h    
laid too great /ress ^u x1 z if x 7     
indisp5sably necess>y 9 ord] to         
salvation2 x mu/ be all[$1 t  = any     
p]son to omit baptism1 :5 he ackn[l$ges 
x to be an  in/itution ( ,*ri/1 & t x is
 ! w ( ,*ri/ t he %\ld  submit to x1 is 
an act ( disob$i5ce to 8 au?ority1 :i*  
is  inconsi/5t ) true fai?4    #e4 ,! ^w
 baptism is frequ5tly tak5 = suff]+s1   
,m>k x1 #ch2  ,luke xii1 #ej2 ,matt4 xx1
 #bb1 #bc4 ,( expressions l ^! we f9d "s
  traces 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t also1 :]e    
wat]s (t5 d5ote  tribulations1 ,psalm   
lxix1 #a1 #ae2 cxxiv1 #d1 #e2 & :]e to  
be swall[$  up by ! wat]s1 & to pass    
?r\gh ! great wat]s1 signify to be      
ov]:elm$ ) mis]ies & calamities4    #f4 

,/4 ,paul1 endeav\r+ to prove !         
resurrection ( ! dead1 among  sev]al o!r
 reasons 9 support ( ! doctr9e1 says1   
8,if ! dead  rise n at all1 :at %all !y 
d :o are baptiz$ = ! dead80 #a  ,cor4   
xv1 #bi4 ,( ?is phrase v>i\s            
int]pretations h be5 giv52  ?ree ( :i*  
only %all be "h m5tion$4 8,x means10 say
 "s1  8#8baptiz$ 9 ! room ( ! dead j    
fall5 9 ! cause ( ,*ri/1  & :o are ?us  
support$ by a sucession ( new conv]ts1  
imm$iately  (f]+ !mselves to fill up _! 
places1 z ranks ( soldi]s :o  advance to
 combat 9 ! room ( _! companions1 :o h j
 be5  sla9 9 _! sight4'0 ,o!rs ?9k x    
signifies1 8,9 hope ( bless+s  to be    
receiv$ aft] !y are numb]$ ) ! dead40   
,dr4 ,macknight  supplies ! words1  1 & 
reads ! clause1 8,:o are  baptiz$ = !   
resurrection ( ! dead20 or 9 consequ5ce 
( _!  believ+ 9 ! doctr9e ( !           
resurrection ( ! dead2 on acc\nt (  :i* 
fai?1 & _! pr(ession ( x1 !y are expos$ 
to great  suff]+s1 = :i* !y c h no      
recomp5se1 if !re be no  resurrection ( 

! dead1 nor any future life at all4     
#g4 ,z to ! subjects ( baptism1 !       
anti-pdobapti/s hold t  believ+ adults  
only are prop] subjects1 because !      
commission (  ,*ri/ to baptize appe>s to
 !m to re/rict ?is ord9ance to su*  only
 z are taught1 or made disciples2 & t1  
consequ5tly1 infants1  :o _c be ?us     
taught1 ought to be exclud$4 8,x does n 
appe>10  say !y1 8t ! ,apo/les1 9       
execut+ ! commission ( ,*ri/1  ev]      
baptiz$ any b ^? :o 7 fir/ in/ruct$ 9 ! 
,*ri/ian  fai?1 & pr(ess$ _! belief (   
x40 ,!y cont5d t infants c  receive no  
b5efit f baptism1 & are n capable ( fai?
 &  rep5tance1 :i* are to be consid]$ z 
pr]equisites4    #h4 ,z to ! mode1 !y   
obs]ve t ! mean+ ( ! ^w   signifies to  
imm]se or dip1 & t only2 t ,john baptiz$
 9  ,jordan2 t he *ose a place :]e !re 0
 mu* wat]2 t ,jesus  came up out ( !    
wat]2 t ,philip & ! eunu* w5t d[n bo?   
into  ! wat]2 t ! t]ms1 wa%+1 purify+1  
bury+ 9 baptism1  s (t5 m5tion$ 9 !     
,scriptures1 allude to ?is mode2 t      

imm]sion only 0 ! practice ( ! ,apo/les 
& ! fir/  ,*ri/ians2 & t x 0 only laid  
aside f ! love ( novelty1  & ! coldness 
( climate4 ,^! positions1 !y ?9k1 are s 
cle>  f ,scripture1 & ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*1
 t !y /& 9 ne$  ( b little argum5t = _! 
support4 ,f>!r1 !y also insi/ t  all    
positive in/itutions dep5d entirely ^u !
 w & decl>ation  ( ! in/itutor2 & t1    
!re=e1 reason+ by analogy f  previ\sly  
abrogat$ rites is to be reject$1 & !    
express comm& (  ,*ri/ respect+ baptism 
ought to be our rule4    #i4 ,!         
,pdobapti/s1 h[ev]1 are ( a diff]5t     
op9ion4 ,z to !  subjects ( baptism1 !y 
believe t qualifi$ adults1 :o h n  be5  
baptiz$ be=e1 are c]ta9ly prop]         
subjects2 b !n !y  ?9k1 also1 t infants 
ought n to be exclud$4 ,!y believe t1  z
 ! ,abrahamic & ,*ri/ian cov5ants are ! 
same1 ,g54 xvii1 #g2  ,heb4 viii1 #ab2 t
 z *ildr5 7 admitt$ "u ! =m]2 & t  z    
baptism is n[ a sign1 seal1 or          
confirmation ( ?is cov5ant1  infants h z
 great a "r to x z ! *ildr5 ( !         

,israelites  _h to ! seal ( circumcision
 "u ! law1 ,acts ii1 #ci2 ,rom4 iv1 #aa4
  ,f>!r1 if *ildr5 are n to be baptiz$  
because !re is no positive  comm& = x1 =
 ! same reason !y say t wom5 %\ld n come
  to ! ,"l's ,supp]2 nor ought we to    
keep holy ! fir/ day ( !  week2 nei!r ( 
^! be+ expressly comm&$4 ,if baptiz+    
infants  _h be5 a human inv5tion1 !y    
also ask1 h[ su* a practice c\ld  h be5 
s univ]sal 9 ! fir/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( !
 *ur*1  & yet no record h rema9$ :5 x 0 
introduc$1 nor any dispute  or          
controv]sy ab\t x h tak5 place8 ,"s     
r$uce ! matt] to a  n>r[] compass2 urg+1
 7#a47 ,t ,god con/itut$ 9 8 *ur* !     
memb]%ip ( infants1 & admitt$ !m to t   
privilege by a  religi\s ord9ance1 ,g54 
xvii2 ,gal4 iii1 #ad1 #ag4 7#b47 ,t ?is 
"r  ( infants to *ur* memb]%ip 0 nev]   
tak5 away3 & ?is be+ !  case1 !y argue1 
t infants mu/ be receiv$1 because ,god  
has  appo9t$ x2 &1 s9ce !y mu/ be       
receiv$1 x mu/ be ei!r )  baptism or )\t
 x2 b none mu/ be receiv$ )\t baptism2  

!re=e1 infants mu/ ( necessity be       
baptiz$4 ,h5ce x is cle>  t1 "u !       
,gospel1 infants are /ill cont9u$       
exactly 9 ! same  relation to ,god & 8  
*ur* 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally plac$  "u =m] 
disp5sations4 ,t infants are to be      
receiv$ into !  *ur*1 & z su* baptiz$1  
is also inf]r$ f ! foll[+  passages (   
,scripture3 ,g54 xvii2 ,isa4 xliv1 #c2  
,matt4 xix1 #ac2 ,luke ix1  #dg1 #dh2   
,acts ii1 #ch1 #ci2 ,rom4 xi1 #ag1 #ba2 
#a ,cor4 vii1 #ad4    #aj4 ,?\gh !re are
 no express examples 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t (
 ,*ri/  & 8 ,apo/les baptiz+ infants1   
yet !re is no pro( t !y 7  exclud$4     
,jesus ,*ri/ actually bless$ little     
*ildr52 & x is  difficult to believe t  
su* receiv$ 8 bless+1 & yet 7 n  to be  
memb]s ( ! ,gospel *ur*4 ,if ,*ri/      
receiv$ !m1 & w\ld  h u 8receive0 !m1 h[
 c we keep !m out ( ! visible *ur*8     
,beside1 if *ildr5 7 n to be baptiz$1 x 
is reasonable to expect  t !y w\ld h be5
 expressly =bidd54 ,z :ole h\seholds 7  
baptiz$1 x is also probable !re 7 *ildr5

 among !m4 ,f !  ye> #djj to #aaej1 no  
society ( m51 9 all t p]iod ( sev5      
hundr$  & fifty ye>s1 ev] pret5d$ to say
 x 0 unlawful to baptize  infants3 &    
/ill ne>] ! "t ( our ,savi\r !re appe>s 
to h  be5 sc>cely any "o :o advis$ !    
delay ( infant baptism4 ,ir5u1  :o liv$ 
9 ! second c5tury1 & 0 well acqua9t$ )  
,polyc>p1  :o 0 ,john's disciple1       
decl>es expressly1 t ! *ur* le>n$  f !  
,apo/les to baptize *ildr54 ,orig51 9 ! 
?ird c5tury1  affirms1 t ! cu/om (      
baptiz+ infants 0 receiv$ f ,*ri/  & 8  
,apo/les4 ,cyprian1 & a c\ncil ( m9i/]s1
 held ab\t !  ye> #bed1 no less ?an     
sixty-six 9 numb]1 unanim\sly agre$ t   
*ildr5 might be baptiz$ z soon z !y 7   
born4 ,ambrose1 :o wrote  ab\t #bgd ye>s
 f ! ,apo/les1 decl>es t ! baptism (    
infants  _h be5 practis$ by ! ,apo/les  
!mselves1 & by ! *ur* d[n to  t "t4 8,! 
ca?olic *ur* e :]e decl>es10 says       
,*ryso/om1  9 ! fif? c5tury1 8t infants 
%\ld be baptiz$20 & ,augu/9e  affirm$1 t
 he nev] he>d or read ( any ,*ri/ian1   

ca?olic or  sect>ian1 b :o always held t
 infants 7 to be baptiz$4 ,!y  f>!r     
believe t !re ne$$ no m5tion 9 ! ,new   
,te/am5t (  receiv+ infants into ! *ur*1
 z x _h be5 once appo9t$ &  nev]        
repeal$4 ,s f> f conf9+ baptism to      
adults1 x mu/ be  rememb]$ t !re is n a 
s+le in/ance record$ 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t1
 9 :i* ! desc5dants ( ,*ri/ian p>5ts 7  
baptiz$  9 adult ye>s4 ,! objection t   
infants are n prop] subjects =  baptism1
 because !y _c pr(ess fai? & rep5tance1 
falls ) z  mu* weight ^u ! in/itution ( 
circumcision z infant baptism2  s9ce !y 
are z capable or are z fit subjects = ! 
"o z !  o!r4 ,f9ally1 x is g5]ally      
ackn[l$g$1 t if infants die1 7&  a great
 "p ( ! human race die 9 _! infancy17 !y
 are sav$3 if  ?is be ! case !n :y      
refuse !m ! sign ( union ) ,*ri/1 if  !y
 be capable ( enjoy+ ! ?+ signifi$8     
#aa4 ,z to ! mode1 ! ,pdobapti/s d5y t !
 t]m 1 :i*  is a d]ivative ( 1 &1       
consequ5tly1 mu/ be some?+ less 9  its  
signification1 is inv>iably us$ 9 ! ,new

 ,te/am5t to express  plung+4 ,x is     
d5i$1 !re=e1 t dipp+ is its only mean+2 
t ,*ri/ absolutely enjo9$ imm]sion2 & t 
x is 8 positive  w t no o!r mode %\ld be
 us$4 ,z ! ^w  is us$ to  express !     
v>i\s ablutions among ! ,jews1 su* z    
spr9kl+1  p\r+1 c1 ,heb4 ix1 #aj1 = !   
cu/om ( wa%+ be=e meals1 &  ! wa%+ (    
h\sehold furniture1 pots1 c1 x is evid5t
 f h5ce  t x does n express ! mann] (   
do+ a ?+1 :e!r by  imm]sion or effusion1
 b only ! ?+ done2 t is1 wa%+2 or !     
application ( wat] 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,x no
 :]e signifies to  dip1 b 9 d5ot+ a mode
 (1 & 9 ord] to1 wa%+ or cleans+2  & !  
mode or use is only ! c]emonial "p ( a  
positive in/itute2  j z 9 ! ,"l's       
,supp]1 ! "t ( day1 ! numb] & po/ure (  
! communicants1 ! quantity & quality (  
bread & w9e1 are  circum/ances n acc\nt$
 ess5tial by any "p ( ,*ri/ians4 ,if 9  
baptism !re be an expressive emblem ( ! 
desc5d+ influ5ce ( !  ,_s1 p\r+ mu/ be !
 mode ( adm9i/ration2 = t is !          
,scriptural t]m mo/ commonly & prop]ly  

us$ = ! communication (  div9e          
influ5ces1 ,matt4 iii1 #aa2 ,m>k i1 #h1 
#aj2 ,luke iii1 #af-bb2 ,john  i1 #cc2  
,acts i1 #e2 ii1 #ch1 #ci2 viii1 #ab1   
#ag2 xi1 #ae1 #af4 ,! t]m  spr9kl+1     
also1 is made use ( 9 ref]5ce to ! act (
  purification1 ,isa4 lii1 #ae2 ,ezek4  
xxxvi1 #be2 ,heb4 ix1 #ac1 #ad2 &  !re=e
 _c be inapplicable to baptismal        
purification4 ,b1 x is  obs]v$1 t ,john 
baptiz$ 89 ,jordan30 to ?is x is repli$1
 ,to  inf] always a plung+ ( ! :ole body
 9 wat] f ?is p>ticle1  w\ld1 9 _m      
in/ances1 be false & absurd4 ,! same    
,greek  preposition1 1 is us$ :5 x is   
said !y %\ld be 8baptiz$ )  fire20 b few
 w ass]t t !y %\ld be plung$ into x4 ,! 
,apo/le1 speak+ ( ,*ri/1 says1 he came  
n1 1 8by wat] only20  b1 1 8by wat] &   
blood40 ,!re ! same ^w1 1 is translat$  
by2 & ) ju/ice & propriety2 = we "k no  
good s5se 9 :i*  we c\ld say he came 9  
wat]4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t  is1 m  ?an a 
hundr$ times1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 r5d]$  
at2 & 9 a  hundr$ & fifty o!rs x is     

translat$ )4 ,if x be r5d]$ s  "h1 ,john
 baptiz$ at ,jordan1 or ) ! wat] (      
,jordan1 !re is no  pro( t he plung$ 8  
disciples 9 x4    ,jesus1 x is said1    
came up out ( ! wat]2 b ?is is no pro( t
  he 0 imm]s$1 z ! ,greek t]m1 1 (t5    
signifies f3 =  in/ance1 8,:o ha? w>n$ y
 to flee f10 n out (1 8! wra?  to come80
 ) _m o!rs t might be m5tion$4 ,aga93 x 
is urg$  t ,philip & ! eunu* w5t d[n bo?
 into ! wat]4 ,to ?is x is  answ]$1 t "h
 also is no pro( ( imm]sion3 =1 if !    
expression ( _! go+ d[n into ! wat]     
necess>ily includes  dipp+1 !n ,philip 0
 dipp$1 z well z ! eunu*4 ,! preposition
  1 translat$ into1 (t5 signifies no m  
?an to1 or unto3  see ,matt4 xv1 #bd2   
,rom4 x1 #aj2 ,acts xxviii1 #ad2 ,matt4 
iii1 #aa2 xvii1 #bg3  s t f none ( ^!   
circum/ances c x be prov$ t !re 0  "o   
p]son ( all ! baptiz$1 :o w5t into !    
wat] ankle deep4 ,z  to ! ,apo/le's     
expression1 8buri$ ) him 9 baptism10 t  
has no  =ce 9 ! argum5t = imm]sion1 s9ce
 x does n allude to a  cu/om ( dipp+1   

any m ?an our baptismal crucifixion &   
dea? has  any su* ref]5ce4 ,x is n !    
sign1 b ! ?+ signifi$1 t is  "h allud$  
to4 ,z ,*ri/ 0 buri$1 & rose aga9 to a  
heav5ly  life1 s we by baptism signify t
 we are sep>at$ f s91 t we  may live a  
new life ( fai? & love4    ,to conclude3
 x is urg$1 aga9/ ! mode ( imm]sion1 t1 
z x  c>ries ) x too mu* ( ! appe>ance ( 
a burd5some rite = !  ,gospel           
disp5sation2 z x is too indec5t = s     
solemn an ord9ance2  z x has a t5d5cy to
 agitate ! spirits1 (t5 r5d]+ ! subject 
unfit = ! ex]cise ( prop] ?\ghts &      
affections1 & inde$  utt]ly incapable ( 
!m2 z 9 _m cases ! imm]sion ( ! body    
w\ld1 9 all probability1 be in/ant dea?2
 z 9 o!r situations x  w\ld be          
impracticable1 = want ( wat]2 x _c be   
consid]$ z  necess>y to ! ord9ance (    
baptism1 & !re is ! /ronge/             
improbability t x 0 ev] practis$ 9 !    
times ( ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 or 9 ! e>lie/ 
p]iods ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4    ,,bapti/s1 
or ,,antip,,dobapti/s1 s call$ f _!     

reject+ !  baptism ( infants4 ,!        
,bapti/s 9 ,engl& =m "o ( 8! ?ree       
d5om9ations ( ,prote/ant ,diss5t]s40 ,! 
con/itution ( _!  *ur*es1 & _! modes (  
wor%ip1 are congregational1 or          
indep5d5t4 ,!y bore a consid]able %>e 9 
! suff]+s ( !  sev5te5? & prec$+        
c5turies3 = !re 7 _m among !  ,loll>ds &
 ,wickliffites :o disapprov$ ( infant   
baptism4 ,!re 7  also _m ( ?is fai?     
among ! ,prote/ants & ,re=m]s abroad4 ,9
  ,holl&1 ,g]many1 & ! nor?1 !y w5t by !
 names ( ,anabapti/s  & ,m5nonites2 & 9 
,pi$mont & ! s\?1 !y 7 f\nd among !     
,albig5ses & ,wald5ses4 ,! ,bapti/s     
subsi/ *iefly "u two  d5om9ations1--!   
,p>ticul> or ,calv9i/ical1 & ! ,g5]al or
  ,arm9ian4 ,! =m] is by f> ! mo/       
num]\s4 ,"s ( bo?  d5om9ations1 ,g5]al &
 ,p>ticul>1 all[ ( free or mix$         
communion2  admitt+ to ! ,"l's table    
pi\s p]sons :o h n be5 imm]s$1  :ile    
o!rs consid] t z an ess5tial requisite  
to communion4 ,^!  are sometimes call$  
,/rict ,bapti/s4 ,o!r societies ( ?is   

d5om9ation obs]ve ! sev5? day ( ! week z
 _! ,sabba?1  appreh5d+ ! orig9al law ( 
! ,sabba? to rema9 9 =ce1  unalt]$ &    
unrepeal$4 ,^! are call$ ,sev5?-day     
,bapti/s4 ,a  consid]able numb] ( !     
,g5]al ,bapti/s h gone into             
,unit>ianism2  9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ^? :o
 ma9ta9$ ! doctr9es ( !  ,tr9ity &      
atonem5t1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5?     
c5tury1  =m$ !mselves into :at is call$ 
8,! ,new ,connection10 or  ,association4
 ,^! pres]ve a fri5dly correspond5ce )  
_! o!r  bre?r5 9 ?+s :i* conc]n ! g5]al 
int]e/s ( !  d5om9ation1 b hold no      
religi\s communion ) !m4 ,"s            
congregations ( ,g5]al ,bapti/s admit   
?ree di/9ct ord]s ( *ur*  (fic]s3       
mess5g]s or m9i/]s1 eld]s1 & deacons4 ,!
 ,bapti/s 9  ,am]ica1 & 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ 
,indies1 are *iefly ,calv9i/s2 b  mo/ ( 
!m admit ( free communion4 ,! ,scotti%  
,bapti/s =m a  di/9ct d5om9ation1 & are 
di/+ui%$ by sev]al peculi>ities (  *ur* 
gov]nm5t4 8,no trace c be f\nd ( a      
,bapti/ *ur* 9  ,scotl&10 says ,mr4     

,jones1 8except+ "o :i* appe>s to h be5 
=m$ out ( ,cromwell's army1 previ\s to  
#agfe1 :5 a *ur* 0  settl$ at ,ed9burgh1
 "u ! pa/oral c>e ( ,mr4 ,c>mi*ael &    
,mr4  ,ar*ibald ,m',lean4 ,o!rs h s9ce  
be5 =m$ at ,dundee1 ,glasg[1 &  9 mo/ ( 
! pr9cipal t[ns ( ,scotl&30 also at     
,london1 & 9  v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,!y  
?9k t ! ord] ( public wor%ip1  :i*      
uni=mly obta9$ 9 ! ,apo/olic *ur*es1 is 
cle>ly set =?  9 ,acts ii1 #db-dg2 &    
!re=e !y endeav\r to foll[ x out to !   
utmo/ ( _! p[]4 ,!y require a plurality 
( eld]s 9 e  *ur*1 adm9i/] ! ,"l's      
,supp]1 & make contributions = !  poor e
 fir/ day ( ! week4 ,! pray]s &         
exhortations ( !  bre?r5 =m a "p ( _!   
*ur* ord]1 "u ! direction &  control ( !
 eld]s1 to :om x exclusively belongs to 
preside 9  conduct+ ! wor%ip1 to rule 9 
cases ( discipl9e1 & to lab\r 9  ! ^w & 
doctr9e1 9 di/9ction f ! bre?r5 exhort+ 
"o  ano!r4 ,! eld]s are all laym51      
g5]ally *os5 f among !  bre?r52 b1 :5   
circum/ances require1 are support$ by _!

  contributions4 ,!y approve also (     
p]sons :o are prop]ly qualifi$  = x1 be+
 appo9t$ by ! *ur* to prea* ! ,gospel & 
baptize1  ?\gh n ve/$ ) any pa/oral     
*>ge4 ,! discipl9e &  gov]nm5t ( !      
,scotti% ,bapti/s are /rictly           
congregational4    ,,b>a*ias1 ! fa!r (  
,za*>ias1 m5tion$ ,matt4 xxiii1 #ce1 z  
sla9  betwe5 ! temple & ! alt>4 ,!re is 
a great div]sity ( op9ions  conc]n+ !   
p]son ( ?is ,za*>ias1 ! son ( ,b>a*ias4 
,"s  ?9k him to be ,za*>ias1 ! son (    
,jehoiada1 :o 0 kill$ by !  ord]s (     
,joa%1 betwe5 ! temple & ! alt>1 #b     
,*ron4 xxiv1 #ba4  ,campbell ?9ks1 )    
,fa!r ,simon1 t ,jehoiada _h two names1 
,b>a*ias & ,jehoiada4 ,see ,,za*>ias4   
,,b>ak1 son ( ,ab9oam1 *os5 by ,god to  
deliv] ! ,hebrews f t  bondage "u :i* !y
 7 held by ,jab91 k+ ( ! ,canaanites1   
,judges iv1 #d1 #e1 c4 ,he refus$ to    
obey ! ,"l's comm&s1 signifi$  to him by
 ,deborah1 ! prophetess1 unless %e      
cons5t$ to g ) him4  ,deborah accompani$
 ,b>ak t[>d ,k$e% ( ,naphtali2 &1 hav+  

assembl$ t5 ?\s& m51 !y advanc$ to m\nt 
,tabor4 ,sis]a1 be+  in=m$ ( ?is        
movem5t1 m>*$ ) n9e hundr$ *>iots ( w>1 
& encamp$ ne> ! riv] ,ki%on4 ,b>ak      
rapidly desc5d$ f m\nt  ,tabor1 & ! ,"l 
hav+ spread t]ror ?r\gh ,sis]a's army   
,b>ak  easily obta9$ a complete victory4
 ,sis]a 0 kill$ by ,jael4 ,b>ak &       
,deborah compos$ a hymn ( ?anksgiv+2 & !
 l& _h peace =ty  ye>s f ,a4 ,m4 #bgai  
to #bgei1 ,b4 ,c4 #abde4    ,,b>b>ian4  
,! ^w  7r5d]$ b>b>ian2 ,,lxx1 17 9 !    
,hebrew s5se ( x1 signifies a /rang]2 "o
 :o kn[s nei!r !  holy language nor !   
law4 ,accord+ to ! notions ( ! ,greeks1 
all  nations :o 7 n ,greeks1 or n gov]n$
 by laws l ! ,greeks1  7 b>b>ians4 ,!   
,p]sians1 ,egyptians1 ,hebrews1         
,arabians1 ,gauls1  ,g]mans1 & ev5 !    
,romans1 71 9 _! phraseology1 b>b>ians1 
h[ev] le>n$ or polite !y might be 9     
!mselves4 ,/4 ,paul  compreh5ds all     
mank9d "u ! names ( ,greeks & b>b>ians3 
8,i am  a debtor bo? to ! ,greeks & to !
 b>b>ians2 to ! wise & to  ! unwise10   

,rom4 i1 #ad4 ,/4 ,luke calls !         
inhabitants ( ! isl& (  ,malta b>b>ians1
 ,acts xxviii1 #b1 #d4 ,/4 ,paul1 writ+ 
to !  ,colossians1 uses ! t]ms b>b>ian &
 ,scy?ian almo/ 9 ! same  signification4
 ,9 #a ,cor4 xiv1 #aa1 he says1 t if he 
:o speaks a  =eign language 9 an        
assembly be n und]/ood by ^? to :om he  
disc\rses1 ) respect to !m he is a      
b>b>ian2 &1 reciprocally1  if he und]/& 
n ^? :o speak to him1 !y are to him     
b>b>ians4  ,b>b>ian1 !re=e1 is us$ = e  
/rang] or =eign] :o does  n speak our   
native language1 & includes no          
implication :atev] (  savage nature or  
mann]s 9 ^? respect+ :om x is us$4 ,x is
 mo/  probably d]iv$ f b]bir1 8a        
%eph]d20 :5ce ,b>b>y1 !  c\ntry ( w&]+  
%eph]ds2 ,b$\9s1 ,sc5i1 ,scy!i1 z if1   
w&]]s 9 t5ts2 !re=e b>b>ians4           
,,b>-,,jesus1 or1 accord+ to "s copies1 
,,b>-,,jeu1 0 a ,jewi% magician  9 !    
isl& ( ,crete1 ,acts xiii1 #f4 ,/4 ,luke
 calls him ,elymas4 ,he 0  ) !          
pro-consul ,s]gius ,paulus1 :o1 s5d+ =  

,paul & ,b>nabas1  desir$ to he> ! ^w ( 
,god4 ,b>-,jesus endeav\r+ to h9d] !    
pro-consul f embrac+ ,*ri/ianity1 ,paul1
 fill$ ) ! ,holy  ,gho/1 8set 8 eyes ^u 
him1 & said1 ,o full ( all subtilty &   
mis*ief1 ?\ *ild ( ! devil1 ?\ enemy (  
all righte\sness1 wilt  ?\ n cease to   
p]v]t ! "r ways ( ! ,"l8 ,behold1 ! h&  
( ! ,"l is ^u !e1 & ?\ %alt be bl9d1 n  
see+ ! sun  = a season20 :i* took place 
imm$iately4 ,! pro-consul1 :o saw  ?is  
miracle1 0 conv]t$4 ,orig5 & ,*ryso/om  
?9k t ,elymas1 or  ,b>-,jesus1 0 conv]t$
 likewise2 & t ,/4 ,paul spe$ily re/or$ 
8 sight4    ,,b>ley1 1 ,exod4 ix1 #ca2  
,lev4 xxvii1 #af1 c22 a well-kn[n k9d ( 
gra94 ,x d]ives its ,hebrew "n f ! long 
hairy be>d :i* gr[s  ^u ! e>4 ,pl9y1 on 
! te/imony ( ,m5&]1 says t b>ley 0  !   
mo/ anci5t alim5t ( mank9d4 ,9 ,pale/9e 
! b>ley 0 s[n  ab\t ,octob]1 & reap$ 9 !
 end ( ,m>*1 j aft] ! passov]4  ,9      
,egypt ! b>ley h>ve/ 0 lat]2 = :5 ! hail
 fell !re1  ,exodus ix1 #ca1 a few days 
be=e ! passov]1 ! flax & b>ley 7  bruis$

 & de/roy$3 = ! flax 0 at its full gr[?1
 & !  b>ley began to =m its gre5 e>s2 b 
! :eat1 & m backw>d  gra91 7 n damag$1  
because !y 7 only 9 ! blade1 & !  hail  
bruis$ ! "y %oots :i* produce ! e>s4    
,! rabb9s sometimes call$ b>ley ! food (
 bea/s1 because 9  reality !y f$ _!     
cattle ) x1 #a ,k+s iv1 #bh2 & f ,hom]  
& o!r anci5t writ]s we le>n1 t b>ley 0  
giv5 to horses4 ,!  ,hebrews1 h[ev]1    
frequ5tly us$ b>ley bread1 z we f9d by  
sev]al  passages ( ,scripture3 =        
example1 ,david's fri5ds br\ght to him 9
  8 flight :eat1 b>ley1 fl\r1 c1 #b     
,sam4 xvii1 #bh4 ,solomon s5t  :eat1    
b>ley1 oil1 & w9e1 to ! lab\r]s ,k+     
,hiram _h furni%$  him1 #b ,*ron4 ii1   
#ae4 ,elijah _h a pres5t made him1 (    
tw5ty b>ley  loaves1 & corn 9 ! husk1 #b
 ,k+s iv1 #bb4 ,&1 by miracul\sly       
increas+ ! five b>ley loaves1 ,*ri/ f$ a
 multitude ( ab\t five  ?\s&1 ,john vi1 
#h-aj4 ,! jeal\sy-(f]+1 9 ! ,levitical  
in/itution1 0 to be b>ley meal1 ,num4 v1
 #ae4 ,! common m9*a1 or  (f]+1 0 ( f9e 

:eat fl\r1 ,lev4 ii1 #a2 b ?is 0 (      
b>ley1 a  mean] gra91 probably to d5ote 
! vile condition ( ! p]son 9  ^: behalf 
x 0 (f]$4 ,= :i* reason1 also1 !re 0 no 
oil or  frank9c5se p]mitt$ to be (f]$ ) 
x4 ,sometimes b>ley is put  = a l[1     
contemptible rew>d or price4 ,s ! false 
prophets are  *>g$ ) s$uc+ ! p = h&fuls 
( b>ley1 & morsels (  bread1 ,ezek4     
xiii1 #ai4 ,hosea b\ght 8 emblematic    
bride = fifte5  pieces ( silv]1 & a hom]
 & a half ( b>ley1 ,hosea iii1 #b4      
,,b>nabas1 a disciple ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 
companion ( ,/4 ,paul 9 8  lab\rs4 ,he 0
 a ,levite1 born 9 ! isle ( ,cyprus4 ,8 
prop] "n  0 ,joses1 to :i* ! ,apo/les   
add$ ,b>nabas1 signify+ ! son (         
consolation4 ,he is g5]ally consid]$ "o 
( ! sev5ty disciples1  *os5 by our      
,savi\r4 ,he 0 br\ght up ) ,paul at !   
feet (  ,gamaliel4 ,:5 t ,apo/le came to
 ,j]usalem1 ?ree ye>s aft] 8  conv]sion1
 ,b>nabas introduc$ him to ! o!r        
,apo/les1 ,acts ix1 #bf1  #bg1 ab\t ,a4 
,d4 #cg4 ,five ye>s aft]w>d1 ! *ur* at  

,j]usalem1 be+  in=m$ ( ! progress ( !  
,gospel at ,antio*1 s5t ,b>nabas  ?i!r1 
:o beheld ) great joy ! wond]s ( ! grace
 ( ,god1 ,acts  xi1 #bb1 #bd4 ,he       
exhort$ ! fai?ful to p]sev]ance4 ,"s "t 
aft]w>d1 he w5t to ,t>sus1 to seek      
,paul1 & br+ him to ,antio*1  :]e !y    
jo9tly lab\r$ two ye>s1 & conv]t$ great 
numb]s2 &  "h ! disciples 7 fir/ call$  
,*ri/ians4 ,!y left ,antio* ,a4 ,d4     
#dd1 to convey alms f ?is *ur* to t at  
,j]usalem4 ,at _!  return !y br\ght     
,john ,m>k1 ! c\s9 ( ,b>nabas4 ,:ile !y 
7  at ,antio*1 ! ,holy ,gho/ direct$ t  
!y %\ld be sep>at$ =  ^? lab\rs among ! 
,g5tiles to :i* he _h appo9t$ !m4 ,!y   
dep>t$ into ,cyprus1 :]e !y conv]t$     
,s]gius ,paulus1 !  pro-consul4 ,!y     
prea*$ at ,p]ga 9 ,pamphylia )\t mu*    
success1 by  reason ( ! ob/9acy & malice
 ( ! ,jews2 b be+ come to  ,iconium1 !y 
made _m conv]ts4 ,"h ! ,jews /irr$ up a 
s$ition1  & oblig$ !m to retire to ,d]be
 & ,ly/ra1 9 ,lycaonia1 :]e ,/4  ,paul  
cur+ "o neas1 :o _h be5 lame f 8 bir?1 !

 p (  ,ly/ra reg>d$ !m z gods2 call+    
,b>nabas1 ,jupit]2 & ,paul1  ,m]cury2 & 
w\ld h sacrific$ to !m1 :i* ! two       
,apo/les )  great difficulty h9d]$3     
nev]!less1 soon aft]w>d1 !y 7  p]secut$ 
9 ?is v city4 ,hav+ revisit$ ! cities   
?r\gh :i*  !y _h pass$1 & :]e !y _h     
prea*$ ! ,gospel1 !y return$  to ,antio*
 9 ,syria4    ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #ea1 ,b>nabas 0
 s5t ) ,paul f ,antio* to ,j]usalem1 on 
occasion ( disputes conc]n+ ! obs]vance 
( legal rites1 to :i*  ! ,jews wi%$ to  
subject ! ,g5tiles4 ,paul & ,b>nabas 7  
pres5t  9 ! c\ncil at ,j]usalem1 &      
return$ imm$iately to ,antio*4 ,pet]1   
arriv+ !re soon aft]w>d1 0 l$ to        
c\nt5ance1 9 "s degree1  by 8 conduct1 !
 obs]vance ( ! ,mosaic di/9ctions4      
,b>nabas1  too1 7:o1 be+ by desc5t a    
,levite1 might reta9 "s =m] notions17   
us$ ! l dissimulation3 b ,paul reprov$  
,pet] & ,b>nabas )  great fre$om4 ,paul 
aft]w>d det]m9+ to visit ! *ur*es 9 !   
isle ( ,cyprus1 & 9 ,asia ,m9or1        
,b>nabas desir$ t ,john ,m>k might      

accompany !m3 b ,paul object$1 because  
,m>k _h left !m on !  fir/ j\rney4      
,h]eupon ! two ,apo/les sep>at$3 ,paul  
w5t t[>d  ,asia2 & ,b>nabas1 ) ,m>k1 to 
,cyprus4 ,?is is all we "k c]ta9ly      
conc]n+ ,b>nabas4    ,!re is extant     
among ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs an epi/le :i*  
is  attribut$ to ,b>nabas2 ?\gh1 be+ )\t
 an inscription1 x is n  kn[n to :om x  
pr(esses to h be5 address$4 ,x 0 fir/   
publi%$ by ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 9 ,greek &   
,lat91 & translat$ by  ,ar*bi%op ,wake1 
9 8 8,g5u9e ,epi/les ( ! ,apo/olical    
,fa!rs10  & has (t5 be5 repr9t$4 ,t x is
 n ! production ( ,b>nabas1  ! companion
 ( ,paul1 may be safely conclud$ f      
int]nal evid5ce2  ?\gh x may h be5      
writt5 by "s o!r p]son ( ! same "n4     
,!re is also a tract :i* goes by ! "n (1
 8,! ,gospel (  ,b>nabas10 /ill extant2 
f :i* ,dr4 ,:ite1 at ! end ( 8 ,bampton 
,lectures1 has giv5 extracts suffici5tly
 copi\s to satisfy any  imp>tial m9d t x
 is spuri\s4    ,,b>r5ness4 ,?is 0 look$
 ^u z reproa*ful among ! ,greeks &      

,romans1 b m p>ticul>ly s among ! ,jews2
 :i* may be acc\nt$  = by ! con/ant     
expectation ( ,messiah1 & ! hope t e    
woman _h1 t %e might be ! "m ( ! promis$
 se$4 ,?is  con/ant hope ( ! spe$y com+ 
( ! great 8,se$ ( ! woman0  s]ves also  
to acc\nt = _m circum/ances 9 ! ,old    
,te/am5t  hi/ory4 8,c\ple x10 says !    
,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,blunt1 8) ?is            
consid]ation1 & ,i see ! s*eme (        
revelation1 l ! physical  s*eme1 proce$+
 ) beautiful uni=mity3 a unity ( plan   
#8connect+1' z x has be5 well said by   
,paley1 #8! *ick5 roo/+  ^u its p]* ) ! 
sph]es revolv+ 9 ! firmam5t2' & a unity 
( plan connect+ 9 l mann] ! meane/      
accid5ts ( a h\sehold  ) ! mo/ illu/ri\s
 visions ( a prophet4 ,ab/ract$ f ?is   
consid]ation1 ,i see 9 ! hi/ory ( ,moses
 details ( actions1 "s  trifl+1 "s ev5  
(f5sive1 pursu$ at a l5g? 7:5 comp>$ )  
! :ole7 s+ul>ly disproportionate2 :ile  
?+s :i* ! angels  w\ld desire to look   
into are pass$ ov] & =gott54 ,b ?is     
pr9ciple once admitt$1 all is           

consecrat$2 all assumes a new aspect2   
trifles1 t seem at fir/ n bigg] ?an a   
man's h&1 occupy !  heav5s2 & :]e=e     
,s>ah laugh$1 = in/ance1 at ! prospect (
 a  son1 & :]e=e t laugh 0 r5d]$        
immortal 9 8 "n2 &  :]e=e ! sacr$       
hi/orian dwells on a matt] s trivial1   
:il/ !  _w & its va/ conc]ns 7 ly+ at 8 
feet1 ,i c fully  und]/&4 ,= !n ,i see !
 h& ( ,god %ap+ e ?+ to 8  own ends1 & 9
 an ev5t ?us casual1 ?us easy1 ?us      
unimportant1  tell+ =? 8 mighty design (
 salvation to ! _w1 & work+  x up into !
 web ( 8 noble prospective c\nsels1 ,g54
 xxi1 #f4 ,i see  t no?+ is great or    
little be=e ,him :o c b5d to 8 purposes 
:atev] he wille?1 & conv]t ! light-he>t$
 & ?\ghtless  mock]y ( an ag$ woman into
 an in/rum5t ( 8 glory1 effectual z  !  
tongue ( ! se] :i* he t\*$ ) liv+ coals 
f !  alt>4 ,be>+ ?is ma/]-key 9 my h&1  
,i c int]pret ! sc5es (  dome/ic mir?1 (
 dome/ic /ratagem1 or ( dome/ic         
wick$ness1 )  :i* ! hi/ory ( ,moses     
ab\nds4 ,! ,se$ ( ! woman1 t 0 to       

bruise ! s]p5t's head1 ,g54 iii1 #ae1   
h[ev] indi/9ctly  und]/ood1 7& probably 
x 0 und]/ood v indi/9ctly17 0 !  "o ?+  
long$ = 9 ! families ( old2 0 #8! desire
 ( all  nations1' z ! ,prophet ,haggai  
expressly calls x1 ,hag4 ii1 #g2 &1     
provid$ !y c\ld accompli% ?is desire1 !y
 7l o!rs1 :5  urg$ by an ov]p[]+ motive7
 7 (t5 reckless ( ! means1 &  ru%$ ^u   
de$s :i* !y c\ld n def5d4 ,!n did ! wife
 =get  h] jeal\sy1 & provoke1 in/ead (  
res5t+1 ! fai?lessness (  h] husb&1 ,g54
 xvi1 #b2 xxx1 #c1 #i2 !n did ! "m =get 
a  p>5t's "p1 & tea* h] own *ild trea*]y
 & deceit1 ,g54 xxv1  #bc2 xxvii1 #ac2  
!n did daught]s turn ! in/9cts ( nature 
backw>d1  & delib]ately "w _! own & _!  
fa!r's %ame1 ,g54 xix1 #ca2  !n did !   
daught]-9-law veil h] face1 & c\rt !    
ince/u\s  b$1 ,g54 xxxviii1 #ad2 & to be
 *ildless1 0 to be a by-^w1 ,g54  xvi1  
#e2 xxx1 #a2 & to refuse to raise up se$
 to a bro!r1 0 to be  spit ^u1 ,g54     
xxxviii1 #bf2 ,deut4 xxv1 #i2 & !       
prospect ( !  promise1 l ! fulfilm5t (  

x1 did n s5d peace into families1  b a  
sword2 & ?ree 7 set aga9/ two1 & two    
aga9/ ?ree1 ,g54  xxvii1 #da2 & ! eld]1 
:o w\ld be promot$ unto hon\r1 0 set    
aga9/ ! y\ng]1 :om ,god w\ld promote1   
,g54 iv1 #e2 xxvii1 #da2 &  national    
diff]5ces 7 eng5d]$ by x1 z individuals 
grew into  nations1 ,g54 xix1 #cg2 xxvi1
 #ce2 & ev5 ! f\le/ ( idolatries may  be
 trac$1 p]haps1 to ?is hall[$ s\rce2 = !
 corruption ( !  be/ is ! wor/          
corruption ( all1 ,num4 xxv1 #a1 #b1 #c4
 ,x is ^u ?is  pr9ciple ( int]pretation1
 & ,i "k n ^u :at o!r s well1  t we may 
put to sil5ce ! ignorance ( fooli% m51  
:o h made  ^? p>ts ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory a 
/umbl+-block to _m1 :i*1 if  rightly    
und]/ood1 are ! v te/imony ( ! cov5ant2 
& a  pr9ciple :i* is ?us ext5sive 9 its 
application & successful 9  its results2
 :i* expla9s s mu* t is difficult1 &    
answ]s s  mu* t is object$ aga9/1 has1 f
 ?is circum/ance alone1 /rong           
presumption 9 its fav\r1 /rong claims ^u
 our sob] reg>d40    ,,b>sabas4 ,joseph 

,b>sabas1 surnam$ ,ju/us1 0 "o ( ! fir/ 
disciples ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & probably "o 
( ! sev5ty4 ,:5 ,/4  ,pet] propos$ to ! 
disciples to fill up ! place ( ,judas ! 
traitor1 by *oos+ ano!r ,apo/le1 ,acts  
i1 #ba1 ,b>sabas 0 nom9at$  along )     
,mat?ias2 b ! lot fell on ,mat?ias1 :o 0
 !re=e  numb]$ ) ! elev5 ,apo/les4 ,we  
"k no?+ f>!r ( ! life  ( ?is ,b>sabas4  
#b4 ,,b>sabas 0 also ! surname ( ,judas1
 "o ( ! pr9cipal  disciples m5tion$1    
,acts xv1 #bb1 c4 ,b>sabas & "s o!rs 7  
s5t  by ! ,apo/les1 ) ,paul & ,b>nabas1 
to ,antio*1 & c>ri$ a  lett] ) !m f !   
,apo/les1 signify+ :at ! c\ncil at      
,j]usalem _h decre$4 ,aft] ! read+ ( !  
lett] to ! bre?r51  :i* 0 receiv$ ) joy1
 ,b>sabas & ,silas cont9u$ "h "s "t     
long]1 in/ruct+ & confirm+ ! bre?r52    
aft] :i* ,silas &  ,b>sabas return$ to  
,j]usalem4 ,?is is all we "k ( ,b>sabas 
,judas4    ,,b>?olomew1 "o ( ! twelve   
,apo/les1 ,matt4 x1 #c1 is suppos$ to be
  ! same p]son :o is call$ ,na?anael1 "o
 ( ! fir/ ( ,*ri/'s  disciples4 ,?is    

op9ion is f\nd$ on ! circum/ance1 t z ! 
evangeli/ ,john nev] m5tions ,b>?olomew 
9 ! numb] ( !  ,apo/les1 s ! o!r        
evangeli/s nev] m5tion ,na?anael4 ,& z 9
  ,john i1 #de1 ,philip & ,na?anael are 
m5tion$ toge!r z com+ to  ,jesus1 s 9 ! 
o!r evangeli/s ,philip & ,b>?olomew are 
con/antly  associat$ toge!r4 ,!         
supposition also acquires additional    
probability f consid]+1 t ,na?anael is  
p>ticul>ly m5tion$  among ! ,apo/les to 
:om ,*ri/ appe>$ at ! sea ( ,tib]ias1   
aft]  8 resurrection2 ,simon ,pet]1     
,?omas1 & ,na?anael1 ( ,cana 9          
,galilee2 ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 namely1     
,james & ,john2 ) two o!r (  8          
disciples1 probably ,&rew & ,philip1    
,john xxi1 #b4 ,x is an e>ly  tradition1
 t ,b>?olomew propagat$ ! fai? z f> z   
,india1 &  also 9 ! m nor!rn & we/]n    
p>ts ( ,asia1 & t he f9ally  suff]$     
m>tyrdom4 ,b all ! p>ticul>s respect+ ! 
life &  lab\rs ( ! ,apo/les1 n m5tion$ 9
 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 are  exce$+ly unc]ta94
    ,,b>u*1 ! son ( ,n]iah1 & gr&son (  

,maaseiah1 0 ( illu/ri\s  bir?1 & ( !   
tribe ( ,judah4 ,he _h a bro!r ( ! "n ( 
,s]aiah1 :o occupi$ an important /ation 
9 ! c\rt ( ,k+  ,z$ekiah2 b he himself  
adh]$ to ! p]son ( ! ,prophet ,j]emiah1 
& 0 8 mo/ /eady fri5d1 ?\gh 8 atta*m5t  
to him drew on  himself sev]al          
p]secutions & mu* ill treatm5t4 ,he     
appe>s to h  act$ z 8 secret>y dur+ a   
great "p ( 8 life1 & nev] left  him till
 !y 7 p>t$ by dea?4 ,9 ! reign (        
,jehoiakim1 k+ (  ,judah1 ,a4 ,m4 #ccih1
 ,j]emiah hav+ be5 ?r[n into prison1 !  
,"l  comm&$ him to commit to writ+ all !
 prophecies t he _h  deliv]$ until t "t4
 ,he accord+ly s5t = ,b>u*1 & dictat$   
!m to him by ^w ( m\?4 ,"s "t aft]w>d he
 in/ruct$ !  latt] to g & read !m to !  
p1 :o 7 !n assembl$ 9 !  temple2 on :i* 
,mi*aiah1 :o happ5$ to be pres5t1 & he>d
 !m1  in/antly gave notice ( !m to !    
k+'s c\nsellors4 ,! latt]  imm$iately   
s5t = ,b>u*1 & comm&$ him to repeat to  
!m :at he  _h be5 read+ to ! p 9 !      
temple2 :i* he accord+ly did1  to _!    

great a/oni%m5t3 &1 f9d+ t !y conta9$ "s
 v  unwelcome tid+s respect+ ! fate ( ! 
k+dom1 !y inquir$ h[  he came into      
possession ( !m2 intimat+ t _! duty to !
 k+  requir$ t !y %\ld make him acqua9t$
 !re)4 ,b>u* 0 at  ! same "t advis$ to  
consult 8 own safety1 & to let no man "k
  :]e he 0 to be f\nd2 aft] :i* !y took 
f him ! roll ( 8  prophecies1 & deposit$
 x 9 ! *amb] ( ,eli%ama1 ! scribe4  ,!y 
next wait$ on ! k+1 & told him :at _h   
pass$4 ,! latt]  s5t ,jehudi to fet* !  
book2 :i* be+ br\ght1 ,jehoiakim comm&$ 
x to be read 9 8 pres5ce1 & 9 ! pres5ce 
( 8 nobles :o  surr\nd$ him4 ,b ,jehudi 
_h n proce$$ f> be=e ! k+ took  ! book1 
cut x ) 8 secret>y's p5knife1 & ?rew x  
into !  fire1 :]e x 0 consum$ be=e _!   
faces4 ,he at ! same "t gave  ord]s to h
 bo? ,b>u* & ,j]emiah seiz$2 b ! h& (   
,provid5ce conceal$ !m f 8 fury4        
,j]emiah 0 in/ruct$ a second "t to      
commit 8 prophecies to  writ+2 & ,b>u*  
wrote !m z be=e1 ) ! addition ( sev]al  
o!rs :i* 7 n conta9$ 9 ! =m] book4 ,9 ! 

f\r? ye>  ( ! reign ( ,z$ekiah1 ,b>u*   
w5t to ,babylon1 c>ry+ ) him a  long    
lett] f ,j]emiah1 9 :i* ! ,prophet      
=etold ! judgm5ts  t %\ld come ^u       
,babylon1 & promis$ ! ,jews1 :o 7 !n    
captives 9 t c\ntry1 t !y %\ld aga9 be  
re/or$ to _!  own l&4 ,! latt] 7        
exce$+ly affect$ at he>+ ,j]emiah's     
lett] read to !m1 & return$ an answ] to 
_! bre?r5 at  ,j]usalem4 ,aft] 8 return 
to ,j]usalem1 ,b>u* cont9u$ 8 con/ant   
att5dance on ,j]emiah2 & :5 ,j]usalem 0 
besieg$ by  ,nebu*adnezz>1 & ,j]emiah   
?r[n into prison1 ,b>u* also 0  conf9$ )
 him3 b :5 ! city _h surr5d]$1          
,nebuz>addan  %[$ him mu* k9dness1      
grant$ him 8 lib]ty1 & p]mitt$ him to  g
 ) ,j]emiah :]ev] he *ose4    ,! remnant
 ( ! p :o _h be5 left 9 ,judea "u ! c>e 
(  ,g$aliah1 hav+ adopt$ ! resolution ( 
go+ into ,egypt1 & f9d+  t ,j]emiah     
oppos$ _! tak+ t j\rney1 ?rew ! blame ^u
  ,b>u*2 ins9uat+ t ! latt] _h influ5c$ 
! ,prophet to  decl>e aga9/ x4 ,!y 71   
h[ev]1 bo? ( !m at la/ compell$  to     

foll[ ! p into ,egypt1 :]e ,j]emiah soon
 aft]w>d di$2 on  :i* ,b>u* retir$ to   
,babylon1 :]e ! rabb9s say he also di$ 9
  ! twelf? ye> ( ! captivity1 ,j]4      
xxxvi2 xliii4 ,! book ( ,b>u*  is ju/ly 
plac$ among ! apocryphal writ+s4        
,grotius ?9ks x a  fiction writt5 by "s 
,hell5i/ic ,jew2 & ,/4 ,j]ome gives z ! 
reason :y he did n write a comm5t>y ^u  
x1 t ! ,jews  !mselves did n deem x     
canonical4    ,,ba%an1 or ,,basan1 "o ( 
! mo/ f]tile cantons ( ,canaan1 :i* 0   
b\nd$ on ! we/ by ! riv] ,jordan1 on !  
ea/ by ! m\nta9s (  ,gilead1 on ! s\? by
 ! brook ( ,jabbok1 & on ! nor? by !  l&
 ( ,ge%ur4 ,! :ole k+dom took its "n f !
 hill ( ,ba%an1  :i* is situat$ 9 !     
middle ( x1 & by ! ,greeks is call$     
,batana4 ,x _h no less ?an sixty wall$  
t[ns 9 x1 beside villages4  ,x af=d$ an 
excell5t bre$ ( cattle1 & /ately oaks1 &
 01 9  %ort1 a pl5tiful & popul\s       
c\ntry4 ,og1 k+ ( ! ,amorites1  possess$
 ?is c\ntry :5 ,moses made ! conque/    
!re(4 ,9 !  division ( ! ,holy ,l&1 x 0 

assign$ to ! half tribe (  ,manasseh4 ,(
 ! pres5t /ate ( ?is portion ( ! anci5t 
possessions ( ! ,israelites1 ,mr4       
,buck+ham1 9 8 ,travels1 gives !  foll[+
 acc\nt3 8,we asc5d$ ! /eep on ! nor?   
side ( !  ,z]kah1 or ,jabbok2 &1 on     
rea*+ ! summit1 came aga9 on a          
beautiful pla91 ( an elevat$ level1 &   
/ill cov]$ ) a v  ri* soil4 ,we _h n[   
quitt$ ! l& ( ,sihon1 k+ ( ! ,amorites1 
& ent]$ into t ( ,og1 ! k+ ( ,ba%an1 bo?
 ( !m well kn[n  to all ! read]s ( !    
e>ly ,scriptures4 ,we _h quitt$ too1 !  
di/ricts apportion$ to ! tribes ( ,reub5
 & ( ,gad1 & ent]$  t "p :i* 0 allott$  
to ! half tribe ( ,manasseh1 beyond     
,jordan ea/w>d1 leav+ ! l& ( ! *ildr5 ( 
,ammon on our "r1  or to ! ea/ ( !      
,jabbok1 :i*1 accord+ to ! au?ority be=e
  quot$1 divid$ ,ammon1 or              
,philadelphia1 f ,g]asa4 ,! m\nta9s "h  
are call$ ! l& ( ,gilead 9 !            
,scriptures1 & 9 ,josephus2 &1  accord+ 
to ! ,roman division1 ?is 0 ! c\ntry ( !
 ,decapolis1  s (t5 spok5 ( 9 ! ,new    

,te/am5t1 or ! prov9ce ( ,gaulonitis1  f
 ! city ( ,gaulon1 its e>ly capital4 ,we
 cont9u$ our way ov]  ?is elevat$ tract1
 cont9u+ to behold1 ) surprise &        
admiration1  a beautiful c\ntry on all  
sides ( u3 its pla9s cov]$ ) a  f]tile  
soil1 its hills clo!d ) =e/s2 at e new  
turn  pres5t+ ! mo/ magnific5t l&scapes 
t c\ld be imag9$4 ,among  ! trees1 ! oak
 0 frequ5tly se52 & we "k t ?is t]ritory
  produc$ !m ( old4 ,9 enum]at+ ! s\rces
 f :i* ! supplies  ( ,tyre 7 drawn 9 !  
"t ( h] great weal? & naval spl5d\r1  ! 
,prophet says1 #8,( ! oaks ( ,ba%an h !y
 made ?9e o>s1'  ,ezek4 xxvii1 #f4 ,"s  
le>n$ comm5tators inde$1 believ+ t no   
oaks  grew 9 ^! suppos$ des]t regions1 h
 translat$ ! ^w by  #8ald]s1' to prev5t 
! appe>ance ( inaccuracy 9 ! inspir$    
writ]4 ,! expression ( #8! fat bulls (  
,ba%an1' :i* occurs m  ?an once 9 !     
,scriptures1 seem$ to u equally         
inconsi/5t1 z  appli$ to ! bea/s ( a    
c\ntry g5]ally ?\ght to be a des]t1 9   
common ) ! :ole tract :i* is laid d[n 9 

our mod]n maps z  su* betwe5 ! ,jordan &
 ! ,euphrates2 b we c\ld n[ fully       
compreh5d1 n only t ! bulls ( ?is       
luxuriant c\ntry might be  prov]bially  
fat1 b t its possessors1 too1 might be a
 race r5[n$  = /r5g? & comel9ess (      
p]son4 ,! g5]al face ( ?is region       
improv$ z we advanc$ f>!r 9 x2 & e new  
direction ( our  pa? op5$ ^u u views :i*
 surpris$ & *>m$ u by _!  gr&eur & _!   
beauty4 ,l(ty m\nta9s gave an outl9e ( !
 mo/  magnific5t "*2 fl[+ b$s ( second>y
 hills s(t5$ !  romantic wildness ( !   
picture2 g5tle slopes1 clo!d ) wood1    
gave  a ri* v>iety ( t9ts1 h>dly to be  
imitat$ by ! p5cil2 deep  valleys1 fill$
 ) murmur+ /reams & v]dant mead[s1 (f]$ 
all  ! luxuriance ( cultivation2 & h]ds 
& flocks gave life &  animation to sc5es
 z gr&1 z beautiful1 & z highly         
picturesque z  ! g5ius or ta/e ( a      
,claude c\ld ei!r inv5t or desire40     
,,basilideans1 ! foll[]s ( ,basilides ( 
,alex&ria1 a gno/ic lead]  ( ! e>ly "p (
 ! second c5tury4 ,see ,,gno/ics4       

,,ba/>d1 "o born out ( w$lock4 ,a ba/>d 
among ! ,greeks 0  despis$1 & expos$ to 
public scorn1 on acc\nt ( 8 spuri\s     
orig94 ,9 ,p]sia ! son ( a concub9e is  
nev] plac$ on a foot+  ) ! legitimate   
(fspr+2 any attempt made by p>5tal      
fondness to  d s w\ld be res5t$ by !    
relations ( ! legitimate wife1 &        
outrage ! feel+s ( a :ole tribe4 ,!     
,jewi% fa!r be/[$ z  little att5tion on 
! education ( 8 natural *ildr5 z !      
,greek3  he seems to h resign$ !m1 9 a  
great measure1 to _! own  incl9ations2  
he nei!r *eck$ _! passions1 nor correct$
 _!  faults1 nor /or$ _! m9ds ) useful  
k4 ,?is is evid5tly  impli$ 9 ^! words (
 ! ,apo/le3 8,if ye endure *a/5+1 ,god  
deale? ) y z ) sons2 = :at son is he :om
 ! fa!r  *a/5e? n8 ,b if ye be )\t      
*a/isem5t1 :]e( all are  p>tak]s1 !n are
 ye ba/>ds & n sons10 ,heb4 xii1 #g1 #h4
 ,to  re/ra9 ! lic5ti\s desires ( !     
he>t1 ,jehovah by an express law  fix$ a
 /igma ^u ! ba/>d1 :i* 0 n to be remov$ 
till !  t5? g5]ation2 & to %[ t !       

precept 0 on no acc\nt to be  violat$1  
or suff]$ to fall into disuse1 x is     
emphatically repeat$1  8,a ba/>d %all n 
ent] into ! congregation ( ! ,"l2 ev5 to
  8 t5? g5]ation %all he n ent] into !  
congregation ( !  ,"l10 ,deut4 xxiii1   
#b4    ,,ba/9ado1 ! puni%m5t ( beat+ )  
/icks4 ,x is also call$  tympanum1 a    
drum1 because ! pati5t 0 beat5 l a drum4
  ,upw>ds ( a hundr$ bl[s 7 (t5         
inflict$1 & sometimes !  beat+ 0 unto   
dea?4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,heb4 xi1 #ce1 says t  
"s ( !  sa9ts 7 tortur$1 1 suff]$ !     
tympanum1 t is1 7  /ret*$ on an in/rum5t
 ( torture1 & beat5 to dea?4    ,,bat1 1
 ,lev4 xi1 #ai2 ,deut4 xiv1 #ah2 ,isaiah
 ii1 #bj2 ,b>u* vi1 #bb4 ,!  ,jewi%     
legislator1 hav+ enum]at$ ! animals     
legally unclean1 z  well bea/s z birds1 
closes 8 catalogue ) a creature ^:      
equivocal prop]ties seem to exclude x f 
bo? ^? classes3 x is  too mu* a bird to 
be prop]ly a m\se1 & too mu* a m\se to  
be  prop]ly a bird4 ,! bat is !re=e well
 describ$ 9 ,deut4 xiv1 #ah1  #ai1 z !  

passage %\ld be read1 8,moreov] !       
o!laph1 & e  creep+ ?+ t flie?1 is      
unclean to y3 !y %all n be  eat540 ,?is 
"* is v descriptive1 & places ?is       
creature at  ! head ( a class ( :i* he  
is a cle> & well-kn[n in/ance4 ,x  has  
feet or claws gr[+ out ( its p9ions1 &  
contradicts !  g5]al ord] ( nature1 by  
creep+ ) ! in/rum5ts ( its flight4  ,!  
,hebrew "n ( ! bat is f  d>kness1 &  to 
fly1 z  if x describ$ 8! fli] 9         
d>kness40 ,s ! ,greeks call$ !  creature
 1 f 1 night2 & ! ,lat9s1 vesp]tilio1  f
 vesp]1 8ev5+40 ,x is prophesi$1 ,isaiah
 ii1 #bj1 8,9 t day  %all !y ca/ away _!
 idols to ! moles & to ! bats20 t is1   
!y %all c>ry !m into ! d>k cav]ns1 old  
ru9s1 or desolate  places1 to :i* !y    
%all fly = refuge1 & s %all give !m up1 
& rel9qui% !m to ! fil?y animals t      
frequ5t su* places1 &  h tak5 possession
 ( !m z _! prop] habitation4    ,,ba?1 a
 measure ( capacity = ?+s liquid1 be+ ! 
same ) !  ephah1 ,ezek4 xlv1 #aa1 &     
conta9+ t5 hom]s1 or sev5 gallons &  f\r

 p9ts4    ,,ba?-,,kol1 1 daught] ( !    
voice4 ,by ?is "n ! ,jewi%  writ]s      
di/+ui% :at !y call$ a revelation f     
,god1 aft] v]bal  prophecy _h ceas$ 9   
,israel2 t is1 aft] ! prophets ,haggai1 
,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i4 ,! g5]ality ( _!   
traditions & cu/oms  are f\nd$ on ?is   
,ba?-,kol4 ,!y pret5d t ,god reveal$ !m 
to  _! eld]s1 n by prophecy1 b by !     
daught] ( ! voice4 ,!  ,ba?-,kol1 z ,dr4
 ,prideaux %[s1 0 a fanta/ical way (    
div9ation1  inv5t$ by ! ,jews1 l !      
,sortes ,virgilian div9ation by !  works
 ( ,virgil among ! ,hea!n4 ,=1 z ) !m1 !
 words fir/  op5$ ^u 9 ! works ( t poet1
 0 ! oracle :]eby !y  progno/icat$ ^?   
future ev5ts :i* !y desir$ to be in=m$  
(2  s ) ! ,jews :5 !y appeal$ to        
,ba?-,kol1 ! next words :i*  !y %\ld he>
 drop f any "o's m\? 7 tak5 z ! desir$  
oracle4 ,) "s x is probable t ,ba?-,kol1
 ! daught] ( !  voice1 0 only an elegant
 p]sonification ( tradition4 ,o!rs1     
h[ev]1 m bold1 said t x 0 a voice f     
heav51 sometimes  att5d$ by a clap (    

?und]4    ,,battle4 ,see ,,armies4      
,,baxt]ianism1 a modification ( !       
,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( election  advocat$ 
by ! celebrat$ ,baxt] 9 8 treatise (    
8,univ]sal  ,r$emption10 & 9 8 8,me?odus
 ,!ologi40 ,! real au?or ( !  s*eme1 at 
lea/ 9 a sy/ematiz$ =m1 0 ,cam]o1 :o    
taught div9ity  at ,saumur1 & x 0       
unfold$ & def5d$ by 8 disciple          
,amyraldus1  :om ,curcellu refut$4      
,baxt] says1 9 8 preface to 8 8,sa9t's  
,re/10 8,! middle way :i* ,cam]o1       
,crocius1 ,m>t9ius1 ,amyraldus1         
,dav5ant1 ) all ! div9es ( ,brita9 &    
,brem5 9 ! synod (  ,dort1 g1 ,i ?9k is 
ne>e/ ! tru? ( any t ,i "k :o h  writt5 
on ^! po9ts40 ,baxt] fir/ diff]s f !    
majority (  ,calv9i/s1 ?\gh n f all1 9 8
 /atem5t ( ! doctr9e (  satisfaction3-- 
8,*ri/'s suff]+s 7 n a fulfill+ ( !     
law's ?reat5+2  7?\gh he bore its curse 
mat]ially27 b a satisfaction = our n    
fulfill+ ! precept1 & to prev5t ,god's  
fulfill+ !  ?reat5+ on u4 ,*ri/ paid n1 
!re=e1 ! idem1 b !  tantundem1 or       

quival5s2 n ! v debt :i* we ow$ & !  law
 requir$1 b ! value3 7else x 7 n /rictly
  satisfaction1 :i* is r$ditio          
quival5tis3 ! r5d]+ ( an  equival5t37 & 
7x be+ improp]ly call$ ! pay+ ( a debt1 
b prop]ly a suff]+ = ! guilty7 ! idem is
 no?+ b  supplicium del9qu5tis4 ,!      
puni%m5t ( ! guilty individual4 ,9      
crim9als1 dum alius solvet simul aliud  
solvitur4 ,:5 ano!r  suff]s1 x is ano!r 
?+ also t is suff]$4 ,! law kn[e? no    
vic>ius pn2 sub/itute 9 puni%m5t2 ?\gh !
 law mak]  may admit x1 z he is above   
law2 else !re 7 no place =  p>don1 if ! 
prop] debt be paid & ! law n relax$1 b  
fulfill$4 ,*ri/ did nei!r obey nor suff]
 9 any man's  /ead1 by a /rict1 prop]   
repres5tation ( 8 p]son 9 po9t  ( law2 s
 z t ! law %\ld take x1 z done or suff]$
 by !  p>ty himself4 ,b only z a ?ird   
p]son1 z a m$iator1 he  volunt>ily bore 
:at else ! s9n] %\ld h borne4 ,to ass]t 
!  contr>y 7especially z to p>ticul>    
p]sons consid]$ 9 actual s97  is to     
ov]?r[ all ,scripture !ology1 & to      

introduce all  ,ant9omianism2 to ov]?r[ 
all possibility ( p>don1 & ass]t        
ju/ification be=e we s9n$ or 7 born1 &  
to make ourselves to  h satisfi$ ,god4  
,!re=e1 we mu/ n say t ,*ri/ di$ no/ro  
loco1 9 our /ead1 s z to p]sonate u1 or 
repres5t our  p]sons 9 law s5se2 b only 
to be> :at else we mu/ h borne40    ,?is
 sy/em explicitly ass]ts1 t ,*ri/ made a
 satisfaction by 8  dea? equally = ! s9s
 ( e man2 & ?us ,baxt] ess5tially       
diff]s bo? f ! high] ,calv9i/s1 &1 also1
 f !  ,sublaps>ians1 :o1 ?\gh !y may    
all[ t ! reprobate d]ive "s  b5efits f  
,*ri/'s dea?1 s t !re is a vague s5se 9 
:i* he  may be said to h di$ = all m51  
yet !y1 ( c\rse1 d5y to su*  ! b5efit ( 
,*ri/'s satisfaction or atonem5t :i*    
,baxt] cont5ds  =3--    8,nei!r ! law1  
^: curse ,*ri/ bore1 nor ,god1 z !      
legislator to  be satisfi$1 did di/+ui% 
betwe5 m5 z elect & reprobate1 or z     
believ]s & unbeliev]s1 de pres5ti vel de
 futuro2 ) reg>d to  ! pres5t or !      
future2 & to impose ^u ,*ri/1 or require

 f  him satisfaction = ! s9s ( "o sort m
 ?an ( ano!r1 b =  mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,god 
! ,fa!r1 & ,*ri/ ! ,m$iator1 n[ deale?  
) no man ^u ! m]e rigor\s t]ms ( ! fir/ 
law2 7obey  p]fectly & live1 else ?\    
%alt die27 b give? to all mu* m]cy1     
:i*1 accord+ to ! t5or ( t violat$ law1 
!y c\ld n  receive1 & calle? !m to      
rep5tance1 9 ord] to _! receiv+  f>!r   
m]cy (f]$ !m4 ,& accord+ly he w n judge 
any at  la/ accord+ to ! m]e law (      
works1 b z !y h obey$ or n  obey$ 8     
conditions or t]ms ( grace4 ,x 0 n ! s9s
 ( !  elect only1 b ( all mank9d fall51 
:i* lay ^u ,*ri/  satisfy+4 ,& to ass]t 
! contr>y1 injuri\sly dim9i%e? !  hon\r 
( 8 suff]+s2 & ha? o!r desp]ate ill     
consequ5ces40    ,! b5efits d]iv$ to all
 m5 equally1 f ! satisfaction (  ,*ri/1 
he ?us /ates3--    8,all mank9d1        
imm$iately ^u ,*ri/'s satisfaction1 are 
r$eem$ &  deliv]$ f t legal necessity ( 
p]i%+ :i* !y 7 "u1  7n by remitt+ s9 or 
puni%m5t directly to !m1 b by giv+ up   
,god's jus puni5di "r ( puni%+ into !   

h&s ( !  ,r$eem]2 nor by giv+ any "r    
directly to !m1 b p] m]am  resultantiam 
by m]e consequ5ce ?is happy *ange is    
made = !m  9 _! relation1 ^u ! said     
remitt+ ( ,god's "r & advantage  (      
ju/ice aga9/ !m17 & !y are giv5 up to ! 
,r$eem] z _!  own] & rul]1 to be dealt )
 ^u t]ms ( m]cy :i* h a  t5d5cy to _!   
recov]y4 ,god ! ,fa!r & ,*ri/ ! ,m$iator
 ha?  freely1 )\t any pr]equisite       
condition on man's "p1 enact$ a law  (  
grace ( univ]sal ext5t1 9 reg>d ( its   
t5or1 by :i* he  give?1 z a de$ or gift1
 ,*ri/ himself1 ) all 8 foll[+  b5efits 
:i* he be/[e?2 7z b5efactor &           
legislator27 & ?is to  all alike1 )\t   
exclud+ any2 ^u condition !y believe &  
accept  ! (f]4 ,by ?is law1 te/am5t1 or 
cov5ant1 all m5 are  conditionally      
p>don$1 ju/ifi$1 & reconcil$ to ,god    
already1 &  no man absolutely2 nor do? x
 make a diff]5ce1 nor take notice (     
any1 till m5's p]=mance or non-p]=mance 
( ! condition makes a  diff]5ce4 ,9 !   
new law ,*ri/ ha? truly giv5 himself ) a

  conditional p>don1 ju/ification1 &    
conditional "r to  salvation1 to all m5 
9 ! _w1 )\t exception40    ,b !         
peculi>ity ( ,baxt]'s s*eme w be se5 f !
 foll[+  f>!r extracts3--    8,?\gh     
,*ri/ di$ equally = all m51 9 ! a=esaid 
law s5se1  z he satisfi$ ! (f5d$        
legislator1 & z giv+ himself to all     
alike 9 ! conditional cov5ant2 yet he   
nev] prop]ly int5d$ or  purpos$ ! actual
 ju/ify+ & sav+ ( all1 nor ( any b ^?  t
 come to be ju/ifi$ & sav$2 he did n1   
!re=e1 die = all1  nor = any t p]i%1 ) a
 decree or resolution to save !m1 mu*   
less did he die = all alike1 z to ?is   
int5t4 ,*ri/ ha? giv5  fai? to none by 8
 law or te/am5t1 ?\gh he ha? reveal$1 t 
to "s he w1 z b5efactor & ,dom9us       
,absolutus1 absolute ,"l1  give t grace 
:i* %all infallibly produce x2 & ,god   
ha? giv5  "s to ,*ri/ t he might prevail
 ) !m accord+ly2 yet ?is is  no giv+ x  
to ! p]son1 nor ha? he 9 himself ev] ! m
 title  to x1 nor c any lay claim to x z
 _! due4 ,x belonge? n to  ,*ri/ z      

satisfi]1 nor yet z legislator1 to make 
wick$ refus]s  to become will+1 &       
receive him & ! b5efits :i* he (f]s2    
!re=e he may d all = !m t is            
=e-express$1 ?\gh he cure  n _!         
unbelief4 ,fai? is a fruit ( ! dea? (   
,*ri/1 7& s is  all ! good :i* we d     
enjoy17 b n directly1 z x is            
satisfaction to ju/ice2 b only remotely1
 z x proce$e? f  t jus dom9ii "r (      
dom9ion :i* ,*ri/ has receiv$ to s5d  ! 
,_s 9 :at measure & ,,to ,,:om ,,he ,,w1
 & to succe$ x  accord+ly2 & z x is     
necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( ! f>!r  ends ( 
8 dea? 9 ! c]ta9 ga!r+ & sav+ ( ,,!     
,,elect40    ,?us ! :ole !ory am\nts to 
?is1 t1 al?\gh a conditional  salvation 
has be5 pur*as$ by ,*ri/ = all m51 & is 
(f]$ to  !m1 & all legal difficulties   
are remov$ out ( ! way ( _!  p>don z    
s9n]s by ! atonem5t1 yet ,*ri/ ha? n    
pur*as$ =  any man ! gift ( ,,fai?1 or !
 p[] ( p]=m+ ! condition (  salvation   
requir$2 b gives ?is to "s1 & does n    
give x to  o!rs1 by virtue ( t absolute 

dom9ion ov] m5 :i* he has  pur*as$ =    
himself1 s t1 z ! ,calv9i/s ref] !      
decree (  election to ! sov]eignty ( !  
,fa!r1 ,baxt] ref]s x to !  sov]eignty (
 ! ,son2 "o makes ! decree ( reprobation
 to issue  f ! ,creator & ,judge1 ! o!r1
 f ! ,r$eem] himself4    ,if1 h[ev]1 any
 "o expects to f9d some?+ 9 ! =m ( sy/em
 9  ,baxt]'s op9ions on ! five disput$  
po9ts1 he w be mu*  disappo9t$4 ,!      
p>ties to :om he ref]s z ! au?ors ( ?is 
suppos$ 8middle way10 diff] z mu* among 
!mselves z ,baxt]  occasionally does f  
himself4 ,bi%op ,dav5ant & ,dr4 ,s4 ,w>d
 diff]$  f ,amyraut1 ,m>t9ius1 & o!rs ( 
t s*ool1 on ! topic (  baptismal        
reg5]ation2 &1 z ! subjects ( baptism1  
accord+ to  ! s5tim5ts ( ! two =m]1 are 
inve/$ ) invisible grace1 &  are        
reg5]at$ 9 virtue ( ! ord9ance :5       
canonically p]=m$1  su* div9es f> m     
easily dispos$ ( _! baptiz$ conv]ts 9 ! 
ranks ( /rict pr$e/9ation1 ?an ! o!rs   
c\ld :o did n hold  ^? s5tim5ts4 ,b !y  
exhibit$ mu* +5uity 9 n suff]+ x  to    

8intr5* ^u ! "q ( p]sev]ance40 ,_! fri5d
 ,bi%op  ,b$ell1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$1 t      
8reprobates com+ to ye>s (  discretion1 
aft] baptism1 %all be condemn$ = orig9al
 s92 =  _! absolution & wa%+ 9 baptism 0
 b conditional &  expectative2 :i* do?  
truly int]e/ !m 9 all ! promises ( ,god1
  b "u ! condition ( rep5t+1 believ+ &  
obey+1 :i* !y  nev] p]=m1 & !re=e nev]  
atta9 ! promise40 ,bi%op ,ov]al  has    
also be5 claim$ z a patron ( ?is        
div]sifi$ 8middle sy/em20  b x w be     
evid5t to e "o :o p]uses 8 productions1 
t  8 *ief endeav\r 0 to display !       
doctr9es ( ! ,engli% *ur*  z id5tical ) 
^? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 yet bas+ !m ^u !     
antec$5t w ( ,god & conditional decrees4
 ,aft] all ! ref9$  di/9ctions :i*      
,baxt] employ$ to r5d] ! !ory ( common &
  special grace plausible & popul>1 !   
real mean+ ( ! inv5tors  0 frequ5tly    
elicit$ :5 su* a "q z ?is 0 ask$1 8,h   
any m5 9 ! _w grace suffici5t to rep5t &
 believe sav+ly :o  d n80 ,aft] ass]t+ t
 he kn[s no?+ ab\t ! matt]1 !  reply (  

,baxt] is1 8,if we may conjecture ^u    
probabilities1 x seeme?  mo/ likely t   
!re is su* a suffici5t grace1 or p[]1 to
 rep5t  & believe sav+ly1 9 "s t use x  
n1 b p]i%40 8,?is10 says  "o ( ,baxt]'s 
apologi/s1 8seems to me v inexplicable60
 & 9 !  same light x w be view$ by all  
:o recollect t ?is 8suffici5t  grace or 
p[]0 is t 8portion ( special grace :i*  
nev] fails to  accompli% its design1--! 
salvation ( ! individual on :om x is    
be/[$60 ,baxt]'s celebrat$ 8,aphorisms (
 ,ju/ification10 publi%$  9 #afdi1 af=d$
 employm5t to himself & 8 !ological     
critics till  ne> ! close ( 8 life2 & 9 
! _m modifications1 concessions1  &     
alt]ations :i* 7 extort$ f him by m5 (  
diff]5t  religi\s t5ets1 he sometimes   
incauti\sly prov$ himself to be m       
,calv9i/ic ?an ,calv91 & at o!rs m      
,arm9ian ?an ,arm9ius4 ,!  foll[+       
obs]vations1 f 8,,orme',s ,life (       
,baxt]10 are on ! :ole  j &             
in/ructive3--    8,?us did ,baxt]1 at a 
v e>ly p]iod ( 8 life1 laun* into !     

ocean ( controv]sy1 on "s ( ! mo/       
int]e/+ subjects t c  engage ! human    
m9d4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he began to treat !m
 0  little fav\rable to arriv+ at       
correct & satisfactory conclusions4     
,possess$ ( a m9d uncommonly p5etrat+1  
he yet seems n to h _h  ! faculty (     
compress+ )9 n>r[ limits 8 own views1 or
 !  acc\nts he 0 dispos$ to give ( !    
views ( o!rs4 ,all ?is arose1  n f any  
indisposition to be explicit1 b f !     
peculi>  "* ( 8 m9d4 ,he is p]petually  
di/+ui%+ ?+s into  physical & moral1    
real & nom9al1 mat]ial & =mal4 ,h[ev]   
important ^! di/9ctions are1 !y (t5 r5d]
 8 writ+s  tiresome to ! read]1 & 8     
reason+s m frequ5tly p]plex+  ?an       
satisfactory4 ,baxt] is g5]ally und]/ood
 to h pursu$ a  middle c\rse betwe5     
,calv9ism & ,arm9ianism4 ,t he tri$ to  
hold  & adju/ ! balance betwe5 ! two    
p>ties1 & t he 0 mo/  anxi\s to         
reconcile !m1 are v c]ta94 ,b x seems   
sc>cely less  evid5t1 t he 0 mu* m a    
,calv9i/ ?an he 0 an ,arm9ian4  ,:ile   

?is seems to me v app>5t1 x mu/ be      
ackn[l$g$1 t if  c]ta9 views :i* h (t5  
be5 giv5 ( ,calv9ism are necess>y to    
con/itute a ,calv9i/1 ,ri*>d ,baxt] 0 no
 believ] 9 t cre$4    8,:ile satisfi$ t 
among ,baxt]'s s5tim5ts1 no important or
 vital  error w be f\nd1 yet 9 ! /yle & 
me?od 9 :i* he too  g5]ally advocat$ or 
def5d$ !m1 !re is mu* to c5sure4 ,!     
wrangl+ & disputati\s mann] 9 :i* he    
pres5t$ _m ( 8  views1 0 calculat$ to   
g5d] an unsanctifi$ /ate ( m9d 9 p]sons 
:o ei!r abett$ or oppos$ 8 s5tim5ts4 ,8 
s*ola/ic &  metaphysical /yle ( argu+ is
 unbefitt+ ! simplicity ( !  ,gospel1 & 
_c fail to injure x :]ev] su* is        
employ$4 ,x n  only sav\rs too mu* ( !  
_s ( ! s*ools1 & ! philosophy  ( ?is _w2
 b places ! tru?s ( revelation on a     
level ) !  rudim5ts ( human sci5ce4 ,i  
am n sure :e!r c]ta9 effects :i*  began 
e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury to appe> among !    
,presbyt]ian "p (  ! ,noncon=mi/s1 may n
 be trac$1 9 "s degree1 to !            
speculative & argum5tative writ+s (     

,baxt]4 ,8 influ5ce ov]  ?is class ( 8  
bre?r5 0 evid5tly v great4 ,he          
contribut$ m  ?an any o!r man to        
mitigate ! h>% & =bidd+ aspect :i* !    
,presbyt]ians pres5t$ dur+ ! civil w>s &
 ! commonweal?4 ,?is  0 well1 b he did n
 /op "h4 ,he 0 inimical to all ! exi/+  
sy/ems ( doctr9e & discipl9e !n cont5d$ 
=1 or ev] be=e  kn[n 9 ! _w2 :ile he did
 n pres5t any precisely def9$  sy/em z 8
 own4 ,he oppos$ ,calv9ism2 he oppos$   
,arm9ianism2 he  w\ld n all[ himself to 
be consid]$ an ,episcopalian1 9 !       
ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w2 he d5i$ t he 
0 a ,presbyt]ian1  & scorn$ to be ?\ght 
an ,indep5d5t4 ,he held some?+ 9 common 
) !m all1 & yet he 0 some:at diff]5t f  
all4 ,he cont5d$  = a sy/em m g5]al1 & m
 lib]al1 ?an 0 !n approv$2  &1 z we h   
/at$1 wi%$ to place a v>iety ( !ological
 tru?s  on gr\nds belong+ r to          
philosophy or metaphysics1 ?an to       
revelation4    8,on himself1 ?is species
 ( latitud9>ianism produc$ little       
injuri\s  effect1 b ,i fe> x _h a       

baneful influ5ce on o!rs4 ,! rejection  
( all human au?ority & influ5ce 9       
religion1 requires to be  balanc$ by a v
 /rong s5se ( ! div9e au?ority1 to      
prev5t its  g5]at+ a /ate ( m9d m       
*>act]iz$ by pride ( intellect1 &       
indep5d5ce ( _s1 ?an by ! humility &    
diffid5ce :i* are  ess5tial features 9 !
 ,*ri/ian "*4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1  t !  
,presbyt]ians1 ?\gh at fir/ m rigid 9 _!
 doctr9al  views1 & m exclusive 9 _! _s 
& sy/em ( *ur*  gov]nm5t1 ?an !         
,indep5d5ts1 became be=e ! dea? ( ,baxt]
 !  m lib]al p>ty4 ,high views began to 
be ascrib$ by !m to _! n[  mod]ate      
bre?r52 &1 to avoid ! *>ge (            
,ant9omianism1 :i*  ,baxt] 0 too ready  
to pref] aga9/ su* z diff]$ f "s ( 8    
views1 ! ,presbyt]ians seem gradually to
 h sunk into a /ate (  l[1 mod]ate      
or?odoxy1 9 :i* !re 0 little ( ! w>m? or
  vitality ( evangelical religion4      
8,9 f>!r illu/ration ( ! influ5ce n[    
adv]t$ to1 x mu/ be  rem>k$1 t ! fir/   
/age 9 t process ( det]ioration :i*     

took place among ! ,presbyt]ian         
,diss5t]s1 0 g5]ally  *>act]iz$ by ! t]m
 ,baxt]ianism2 a ^w to :i* x is         
difficult  to atta* a def9ite mean+4 ,x 
d5otes no sep>ate sect or p>ty1 b  r a  
sy/em ( op9ions on doctr9al po9ts1 v]g+ 
t[>d  ,arm9ianism1 & :i* ultimately     
pass$ to ,arianism & ,soc9ianism4  ,ev5 
dur+ ,baxt]'s own life1 :ile !          
,presbyt]ians tax$ !  ,indep5d5ts )     
,ant9omianism1 ! latt] retort$ ! *>ge ( 
,soc9ianism1 or at lea/ ( a t5d5cy t[>d 
x1 9 "s ( !  op9ions ma9ta9$ bo? by     
,baxt] & o!rs ( t p>ty4 ,to :atev]      
cause x is to be attribut$1 x is a      
melan*oly fact1 t !  decl5sion :i* began
 ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod 9 ! ,presbyt]ian 
body1 w5t on sl[ly1 b surely1 till1 f ! 
mo/ f]vid or?odoxy1  x f9ally arriv$ at 
! frigid zone ( ,unit>ianism4    8,i wi%
 n to be und]/ood z /at+ t ,baxt] ei!r  
held any  op9ions ( ?is description1 or 
0 consci\s ( a t5d5cy 9 8  s5tim5ts t[>d
 su* a fe>ful consummation2 b1 t !re 0  
an  injuri\s t5d5cy 9 8 mann] ( discuss+

 c]ta9 important  subjects4 ,x 0 subtle1
 & full ( logoma*y2 x t5d$ to unsettle1 
r ?an to fix & det]m9e2 x g5d]$ /rife1 r
 ?an godly  edify+4 ,x is n possible to 
/udy su* books z 8 #8,me?odus1'  & 8    
#8,ca?olic ,!ology1' )\t exp]i5c+ t we  
are br\ght  into a diff]5t region f     
,apo/olic ,*ri/ianity2 a region ( fi]ce 
debate & alt]cation ab\t words1 & names1
 & op9ions2 9 :i*  all t c be said =    
error is l>gely dwelt ^u1 z well z :at  
c be said = tru?4 ,! ambiguities (      
language1 ! div]sities (  sects1 !      
unc]ta9ties ( human p]ception & argum5t 
are urg$1  till ! =ce ( reveal$ tru? is 
consid]ably weak5$1 &  confid5ce 9 our  
own judgm5t ( its mean+ greatly impair$4
  ,errone\s language is ma9ta9$ to be   
capable ( s\nd mean+1 & !  mo/          
,scriptural phrases to be susceptible ( 
unscriptural  int]pretation1 till tru? &
 error almo/ *ange places1 & ! m9d  is  
bewild]$1 conf\nd$1 & p>alyz$4 ,into ?is
 mode ( discuss+  su* subjects1 0 ?is   
mo/ excell5t man l$1 p>tly by ! natural 

con/itution ( 8 m9d1 :i* has (t5 be5    
adv]t$ to2 p>tly by  8 ard5t desire (   
putt+ an end to ! divisions ( ! ,*ri/ian
  _w1 & produc+ univ]sal concord &      
h>mony4 ,he fail$ :]e  success 0        
impossible1 h[ev] plausible might h be5 
! means  :i* he employ$4 ,he und]/ood ! 
causes ( diff]5ce & cont5tion  bett] ?an
 _! rem$ies2 h5ce ! measures :i* he us$ 
frequ5tly  aggravat$ in/ead ( cur+ !    
disease4 ,:ile a portion ( evil1  h[ev]1
 probably result$ f ,baxt]'s mode (     
conduct+ controv]sy1  & no great light 0
 ?r[n by him on "s ( ! d>k & difficult  
subjects :i* he s ke5ly discuss$1 ,i h  
no d\bt he contribut$  consid]ably to   
produce a m mod]ate _s t[>d ea* o!r1    
betwe5 ,calv9i/s & ,arm9ians1 ?an _h    
long prevail$4 ,?\gh he  satisfi$ nei!r 
p>ty1 he mu/ h conv9c$ bo?1 t great     
difficulties exi/ on ! subjects 9       
debate1 if pursu$ beyond a  c]ta9 l5g?2 
t all[ance ought to be made by ea*1 = ! 
weakness or prejudices ( ! o!r2 & t     
g5u9e religion is  compatible ) "s      

div]sity ( op9ion respect+ "o or all ( !
  five po9ts40 ,a simil> effect z t :i* 
,mr4 ,orme ascribes to  ,baxt]'s writ+s 
on ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ians1 foll[$ also1
 on !  cont95t among ! re=m$ *ur*es4 ,x 
0 ! same middle sy/em  ) its            
philosophical subtleties1 :i* ,cam]o &  
,amyraut taught  abroad1 & :i* produc$ 9
 !m ^? effects t h be5 falsely  ascrib$1
 bo? 9 ,engl& & abroad1 to ,arm9ianism4 
,see ,,amyraut &  ,,cam]on4             
,,bay-,,tree4 4 ,x is m5tion$ only 9    
,psalm xxxvii1 #ce1 #cf3 8,i h  se5 !   
ungodly 9 great p[]1 & fl\ri%+ l a gre5 
bay-tree4  ,yet he pass$ away1 & lo1 he 
0 n4 ,yea1 ,i s\ght him1 b he c\ld  n be
 f\nd40 ,ab5 ,ezra1 ,j>*i1 ,kim*i1      
,j]om1 & "s o!rs say  t ! orig9al may   
mean only a native tree2 a tree gr[+ 9  
its  native soil1 n hav+ suff]$ by      
transplantation4 ,su* a tree spreads    
itself luxuriantly4 ,! ,septuag9t &     
,vulgate r5d] x c$>s2 b  ! high ,dut* ( 
,lu!r's ,bible1 ! old ,saxon1 ! ,fr5*1 !
  ,spani%1 ! ,italian ( ,diodati1 & !   

v]sion ( ,a9swor?1 make x  ! laurel4    
,,bdellium1 1 occurs ,g54 ii1 #ab1 &    
,num4 xi1 #g4 ,int]pret]s seem at  a    
loss to "k :at to d ) ?is ^w1 & h r5d]$ 
x  v>i\sly4 ,_m suppose x a m9]al       
production4 ,! ,septuag9t  translates 9 
! fir/ place1 1 a c>buncle1 & 9 !       
second1 1 a cry/al4 ,! rabb9s are foll[$
 by ,rel& 9  call+ x a cry/al2 b "s1    
in/ead ( b$olah1 read b]olah1  *ang+ !  
into 1 :i* are n always easily di/+ui%$1
 &  are (t5 mi/ak5 by transcrib]s2 & s  
r5d] x ! b]yl1 :i*1  say !y1 is ! prime 
k9d ( cry/al4 ,! b$oleh1 9 ,g5esis1 is  
und\bt$ly "s preci\s /one2 & its col\r1 
m5tion$ 9 ,numb]s1  :]e ! manna is spok5
 ( z ( ! col\r ( bdellium1 is  expla9$  
by a ref]5ce to ,exod4 xvi1 #ad1 #ca1   
:]e x is lik5$ to  ho> fro/1 :i* be+ l  
little fragm5ts ( ice1 may confirm !    
op9ion t ! bdellium is ! b]yl1 p]haps t 
pellucid k9d1  call$ by ,dr4 ,hill !    
ellipomocro/yla1 or b]yl cry/al4        
,,bean1 1 occurs #b ,sam4 xvii1 #bh1 &  
,ezek4 iv1 #i4 ,a common legume4  ,^?   

mo/ usually cultivat$ 9 ,syria are !    
:ite horse-bean1 faba  rotunda oblonga1 
& ! kidney-bean1 phaseolis m9imus1      
fructu viridi  ovato1 call$ by ! natives
 mas*4 ,! ,arabic ban1 ! "n ( !  c(fee  
b]ry1 corresponds ) our bean1 & is      
probably its etymon4    ,,be>4 ,t be>s 7
 common 9 ,pale/9e appe>s f sev]al      
passages  ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,_! /r5g?1 
rapacity1 & fi]c5ess1 furni%  _m        
expressive metaphors to ! ,hebrew poets4
 ,! ,hebrew "n ( ?is  animal is tak5 f 8
 gr[l+2 s ,v>ro d$uces 8 ,lat9 "n  ursus
 by an onomatopia f ! noise :i* he      
makes3 8ursi ,lucana  origo1 vel unde   
illi1 no/ri ab ipsius voce30 ! orig9 ( !
 t]m  ursus 7be>7 is ,lucanian1 7:5ce   
also ! be>s !mselves17 f !  noise made  
by ! animal4 ,david _h to def5d 8 flock 
aga9/ be>s  z well z lions1 #a ,sam4    
xvii1 #cd4 ,& ,dr4 ,%aw gives u to      
und]/&  t ^! rugg$ animals are n peculi>
 to ! bleak regions ( !  nor?1 be+ f\nd 
9 ,b>b>y2 & ,!v5ot in=ms u t !y inhabit 
! wild]ness adjo9+ ! ,holy ,l&1 & t he  

saw "o ne> !  nor!rn extremities ( ! ,r$
 ,sea4 ,! f]ocity ( ! be>1  especially  
:5 hungry or robb$ ( its :elps1 has be5 
m5tion$ by  _m au?ors4 ,! ,scripture    
alludes 9 ?ree places to ?is furi\s     
disposition4 ,! fir/ is1 #b ,sam4 xvii1 
#h1 8,!y be mighty m51 & !y  be *af$ 9  
_! m9ds z a be> robb$ ( h] :elps 9 !    
field40  ,! second1 ,prov4 xvii1 #ab1   
8,let a be> robb$ ( h] :elps meet a man 
r ?an a fool 9 8 folly40 ,& ! ?ird1     
,hosea xiii1 #h1 8,i w  meet !m z a be> 
t is b]eav$ ( h] :elps1 & w r5d !  caul 
( _! he>t40    ,,be>d4 ,! ,hebrews wore 
_! be>ds1 b _h1 d\btless1 9 common )    
o!r ,asiatic nations1 sev]al fa%ions 9  
?is1 z 9 all o!r p>ts  ( dress4 ,moses  
=bids !m1 ,lev4 xix1 #bg1 8to cut (f    
entirely !  angle1 or extremity ( _!    
be>d20 t is1 to avoid ! mann] ( !       
,egyptians1 :o left only a little tuft (
 be>d at ! extremity (  _! *9s4 ,!      
,jews1 9 "s places1 at ?is day suff] a  
little  fillet ( hair to gr[ f bel[ !   
e>s to ! *93 :]e1 z well  z ^u _! l[]   

lips1 _! be>ds are long4 ,:5 !y m\rn$1  
!y  entirely %av$ ! hair ( _! heads &   
be>ds1 & neglect$ to  trim _! be>ds1 to 
regulate !m into neat ord]1 or to remove
 :at  grew on _! upp] lips & *eeks1 ,j]4
 xli1 #e2 xlviii1 #cg4 ,9 times  ( grief
 & affliction1 !y pluck$ away ! hair (  
_! heads &  be>ds1 a mode ( expression  
common to o!r nations "u great          
calamities4 ,! k+ ( ! ,ammonites1       
design+ to insult ,david 9 !  p]son ( 8 
ambassadors1 cut away half ( _! be>ds1 &
 half (  _! clo!s2 t is1 he cut (f all  
_! be>d on "o side ( _!  faces1 #b ,sam4
 x1 #d1 #e2 #a ,*ron4 xix1 #e4 ,to avoid
 ridicule1 ,david did n  wi% !m to appe>
 at 8 c\rt till _! be>ds 7 gr[n aga94   
,:5 a lep] 0 cur$ ( 8 leprosy1 he wa%$  
himself 9 a ba?1 &  %av$ (f all ! hair (
 8 body2 aft] :i*1 he return$ into !    
camp1 or city2 sev5 days aft]w>d1 he    
wa%$ himself & 8 clo!s  aga91 %av$ (f   
all 8 hair1 & (f]$ ! sacrifices appo9t$ 
=  8 purification1 ,lev4 xiv1 #i4 ,!    
,levites1 at _! consecration1 7  purifi$

 by ba?+1 & wa%+ _! bodies & clo!s2 aft]
 :i*1  !y %av$ (f all ! hair ( _!       
bodies1 & !n (f]$ !  sacrifices appo9t$ 
= _! consecration1 ,num4 viii1 #g4      
,no?+ has be5 m fluctuat+ 9 ! diff]5t   
ages ( ! _w &  c\ntries ?an ! fa%ion (  
we>+ ! be>d4 ,"s h cultivat$  "o "p & "s
 ano!r2 "s h endeav\r$ to extirpate x   
entirely1 :ile o!rs h almo/ idoliz$ x2 !
 revolutions (  c\ntries h sc>cely be5 m
 fam\s ?an ! revolutions ( be>ds4  ,x is
 a great m>k ( infamy among ! ,arabs to 
cut (f ! be>d4 ,_m  p w\ld pref] dea? to
 ?is k9d ( treatm5t4 ,z !y w\ld ?9k  x a
 griev\s puni%m5t to lose x1 !y c>ry ?+s
 s f> z to beg  = ! sake ( x3 8,by y\r  
be>d1 by ! life ( y\r be>d1 ,god        
pres]ve y\r bless$ be>d40 ,:5 !y w\ld   
express _! value =  any ?+1 !y say1 8,x 
is wor? m ?an a man's be>d40 ,& h5ce we 
may easily le>n ! magnitude ( ! (f5ce ( 
! ,ammonites 9 _!  treatm5t ( ,david's  
ambassadors1 z above m5tion$2 & also !  
=ce  ( ! emblem us$ ,ezek4 v1 #a-e1 :]e 
! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem are  comp>$ to

 ! hair ( 8 head & be>d4 ,?\gh !y _h be5
 de> to  ,god z ! hair ( an ea/]n be>d  
to its own]1 !y %\ld be tak5  away &    
consum$1 "o "p by pe/il5ce & fam9e1     
ano!r by !  sword1 ano!r by ! calamities
 incid5t on exile4    ,,bea/s4 ,:5 ?is  
^w is us$ 9 opposition to man1 z ,psalm 
xxxvi1 #e1  any brute creature is       
signifi$2 :5 to creep+ ?+s1 z ,lev4 xi1 
#b1  #g2 xxix1 #cj1 f\r-foot$ animals1 f
 ! size ( ! h>e & upw>d1  are int5d$2 & 
:5 to wild creatures1 z ,g54 i1 #be1    
cattle1 or tame  animals1 are spok5 (4  
,9 ,isaiah xiii1 #ba1 sev]al wild       
animals are  m5tion$ z dwell+ among !   
ru9s ( ,babylon3 8,wild bea/s ( !       
des]t10 1 ^? ( ! dry wild]ness1 z ! root
 ( ! ^w  implies1 8%all dwell !re4 ,_!  
h\ses %all be full ( doleful            
creatures10 1 m>% animals4 8,owls %all  
dwell !re10 o/ri*es1  8& satyrs10 1     
%aggy ones1 8%all dance !re4 ,& ! wild  
bea/s ( ! isl&s10 1 oases ( ! des]t1    
8%all cry 9 _!  desolate h\ses1 &       
dragons10 1 crocodiles1 or amphibi\s    

animals1 8%all be 9 _! desolate places40
 ,/4 ,paul1 #a ,cor4 xv1 #cb1  speaks ( 
fight+ ) bea/s1 c3 by :i* he does n mean
 8 hav+  be5 expos$ 9 ! amphi!atre to   
fight z a gladiator1 z "s h  conjectur$1
 b t he _h to cont5d at ,ephesus ) !    
fi]ce  upro> ( ,demetrius & 8           
associates4 ,ignatius uses ! same figure
 9  8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans3 8,f ,syria  
ev5 unto ,rome ,i fight ) wild  bea/s1  
bo? by sea & l&1 bo? night & day1 be+   
b\nd to t5  leop>ds20 t is1 to a b& (   
soldi]s4 ,s ,lucian1 9 l mann]1  says1  
8,= ,i am n to fight ) ord9>y wild      
bea/s1 b ) m51  insol5t & h>d to be     
conv9c$40 ,9 ,rev4 iv1 v1 vi1 m5tion is 
made  ( f\r bea/s1 or r1 z ! ^w         
signifies1 liv+  creatures1 z 9 ,ezek4  
i2 & s ! ^w might h be5 less h>%ly      
translat$4 ,wild bea/s are us$ 9        
,scripture z emblems ( tyrannical  &    
p]secut+ p[]s4 ,! mo/ illu/ri\s         
conqu]ors ( antiquity  also h n a m     
hon\rable emblem4    ,,b$4 ,mattresses1 
or ?ick cotton quilts fold$1 7 us$ =    

sleep+  ^u4 ,^! 7 laid ^u ! duan1 or    
divan1 a "p ( ! room  elevat$ above !   
level ( ! re/1 cov]$ ) a c>pet 9 w9t]1  
& a f9e mat 9 summ]4 7,see ,accubation &
 ,banquets47 ,a divan  cu%ion s]ves = a 
pill[ & bol/]4 ,!y d n keep _! b$s      
made2 ! mattresses are roll$ up1 c>ri$  
away1 & plac$ 9 a  cupbo>d till !y are  
want$ at night4 ,& h5ce ! propriety (   
our  ,"l's address to ! p>alytic1       
8,arise1 take up ?y b$10 or mattress1   
8& walk10 ,matt4 ix1 #f4 ,! duan on :i* 
^! mattresses are plac$1  is at ! end ( 
! *amb]1 & has an asc5t ( sev]al /eps4  
,h5ce  ,hezekiah is said to turn 8 face 
to ! wall :5 he pray$1 t is1  f 8       
att5dants4 ,9 ! day ! duan 0 us$ z a    
seat1 & !  place ( hon\r 0 ! corn]1     
,amos iii1 #ab4    ,,beelzebub1 ,matt4  
x1 #be4 ,see ,,baalzebub4    ,,be]%eba1 
or ! well ( ! oa?2 s nam$ f a well :i*  
,abraham  dug 9 ?is place1 & ! cov5ant  
:i* he "h made ) ,abimele*1  k+ ( ,g]>1 
,g54 xx1 #ca4 ,"h also he plant$ a      
grove1 z x w\ld  appe>1 = ! purpose (   

retirem5t = religi\s wor%ip4 ,9 process 
( "t1 a consid]able t[n 0 built on !    
same spot1 :i* reta9$  ! same "n4       
,be]%eba 0 giv5 by ,jo%ua to ! tribe (  
,judah1 &  aft]w>d transf]r$ to ,simeon1
 ,jo%ua xv1 #bh4 ,x 0 situat$ tw5ty     
miles s\? ( ,hebron1 9 ! extreme s\? ( !
 l& ( ,israel1 z  ,dan 0 on ! nor?4 ,!  
two places are frequ5tly ?us m5tion$ 9  
,scripture1 z 8f ,dan to ,be]%eba10 to  
d5ote ! :ole l5g? ( !  c\ntry4          
,,bee1 1 occurs ,deut4 i1 #dd2 ,judges  
xiv1 #h2 ,psalm cviii1 #ab2  ,isa4 vii1 
#ah4 ,a well kn[n1 small1 indu/ri\s     
insect2 ^: =m1  propagation1 economy1 & 
s+ul> in/9ct & +5uity1 h  attract$ !    
att5tion ( ! mo/ inquisitive & labori\s 
inquir]s  into nature4 ,bees 7 v num]\s 
9 ! ea/4 ,s]id1 or ,s]iad1  means 8! l& 
( ! hive20 & ,canaan 0 celebrat$ z 8a l&
  fl[+ ) milk & honey40 ,! wild bees =m$
 _! comb 9 !  crevices ( ! rocks1 & 9 ! 
holl[s ( decay$ trees4 ,! passage  9    
,isa4 vii1 #h1 :i* m5tions ! 8hiss+ = ! 
bee10 is suppos$ to  involve an allusion

 to ! practice ( call+ out ! bees f _!  
hives1 by a hiss+ or :i/l+ s\nd1 to _!  
lab\r 9 ! fields1  & summon+ !m aga9 to 
return :5 ! heav5s beg9 to l[]1 or  !   
%ad[s ( ev5+ to fall4 ,9 ?is mann]      
,jehovah ?reat5s to  r\se ! enemies (   
,judah1 & lead !m to ! prey4 ,h[ev]     
widely  scatt]$1 or f> remote f ! sc5e (
 action1 !y %\ld he> 8  voice1 & ) z mu*
 promptitude z ! bee t has be5 taught to
  recognise ! signal ( its own] & obey 8
 call1 !y %\ld  assemble _! =ces2 &     
al?\gh weak & insignificant z a sw>m (  
bees1 9 ! e/imation ( a pr\d & infatuat$
 p1 !y %\ld  come1 ) irresi/ible might1 
& take possession ( ! ri* &  beautiful  
region :i* _h be5 ab&on$ by its t]rifi$ 
inhabitants4    ,! bee is repres5t$ by !
 anci5ts z a vexati\s & ev5 a  =midable 
enemy2 & ! exp]i5ce ( e p]son :o turns 8
  att5tion to ! temp] & habits ( ?is    
insect atte/s ! tru? (  _! ass]tion4 ,! 
allusion1 !re=e1 ( ,moses to _! fi]ce   
ho/ility1 ,deut4 i1 #dd1 is bo? j &     
beautiful3 8,! ,amorites1 :i*  dwelt 9 t

 m\nta91 came out aga9/ y1 & *as$ y z   
bees d1  & de/roy$ y 9 ,seir ev5 unto   
,hormah40 ,! ,amorites1 x appe>s1  7 !  
mo/ bitt] adv]s>ies to ,israel ( all !  
nations ( ,canaan4  ,l bees t are easily
 irritat$1 t attack ) great fury &      
increas+ numb]s ! p]son t d>es to mole/ 
_! hive1 &  p]secute him 9 8 flight to a
 consid]able di/ance1 ! inc5s$          
,amorites _h collect$ _! ho/ile b&s1 &  
*as$ ! ,israelites  f _! t]ritory4 ,!   
,psalmi/ also compla9s t 8 enemies      
compass$ him ab\t l bees2 fi]cely       
attack+ him on e side4  ,f ^! allusions 
x w\ld h[ev] appe>1 t ! bees ( ! ea/  7 
( a m qu>relsome temp] ?an ours1 :i*    
exi/ *iefly 9 a  dome/icat$ /ate4       
,,beetle4 4 ,x occurs only ,lev4 xi1    
#bb4 ,a species ( locu/ is ?\ght  to be 
!re spok5 (4 ,! ^w /ill rema9s 9 !      
,arabic1 & is  d]iv$ f an orig9al1      
allud+ to ! va/ numb] ( _! sw>ms4       
,golius expla9s x ( ! locu/ )\t w+s4 ,! 
,egyptians paid a  sup]/iti\s wor%ip to 
! beetle4 ,mr4 ,molyneaux1 9 !          

8,philosophical ,transactions10 says1   
8,x is m ?an probable t ?is  de/ructive 
beetle we are speak+ ( 0 t v k9d (      
sc>abu1  :i* ! idolatr\s ,egyptians (   
old _h 9 su* high v5]ation z to  pay    
div9e wor%ip unto x1 & s frequ5tly      
engrave its image ^u  _! obelisks1 c1 z 
we see at ?is day4 ,= no?+ c be suppos$ 
m natural ?an to imag9e a nation1       
addict$ to poly!ism1 z !  ,egyptians 71 
9 a c\ntry frequ5tly suff]+ great       
mis*ief &  sc>city f sw>ms ( dev\r+     
insects1 %\ld1 f a /range s5se  & fe> ( 
evil to come1 7! common pr9ciple (      
sup]/ition &  idolatry17 give sacr$     
wor%ip to ! visible au?ors ( ^! _!      
suff]+s1 9 hopes to r5d] !m m propiti\s 
= ! future4 ,see  ,,fly & ,,locu/4      
,,behemo?4 4 ,?is t]m has greatly tri$ !
 +5uity ( !  critics4 ,by "s1 among :om 
are ,by?n] & ,reiske1 x is reg>d$ 9     
,job xl1 #af1 z a plural n\n = bea/s 9  
g5]al3 ! peculi> "n (  ! animal         
imm$iately describ$ n be+ m5tion$1 z    
unnecess>y1 on  acc\nt ( ! description  

itself be+ s easily appli$ at ! "t4  ,9 
?is s5se x is translat$ 9 v>i\s passages
 9 ! ,psalms4 ,?us1  l1 #aj1 9 :i* x is 
usually r5d]$ cattle1 z ! plural (  x   
means unque/ionably a bea/ or brute1 9 !
 g5]al signification  ( ^! words3 8,= e 
bea/ ( ! field is m9e1 & ! cattle10     
behemo?1 8^u a ?\s& hills40 ,s aga91    
,isa4 lxxiii1 #bb3 8,s  fooli% 0 ,i1 &  
ignorant2 ,i 0 z a bea/10 behemo?1 8be=e
  !e40 ,x is also us$ 9 ! same s5se 9   
*ap4 xxxv1 #aa1 ( ! book  ( ,job3 8,:o  
tea*e? u m ?an ! bea/s10 behemo?1 8( !  
e>?40 ,! great] numb] ( critics1 h[ev]1 
h und]/ood ! ^w  behemo?1 9 ! s+ul>     
numb]1 z ! peculi> "n ( ! quadrup$      
describ$1 ,job xl1 ( :atev] k9d or      
nature x may be2 al?\gh !y  h mat]ially 
diff]$ ^u ?is la/ po9t1 "s reg>d+ x z ! 
hippopotamus1 or riv] horse1 & o!rs z ! 
elephant4 ,! evid5ce  9 fav\r ( !       
hippopotamus appe>s1 h[ev]1 to          
pr$om9ate4 ,!  hippopotamus is ne>ly z  
l>ge z ! rh9oc]os4 ,! male has be5  f\nd
 sev5te5 feet 9 l5g?1 fifte5 9          

circumf]5ce1 & sev5 9  height4 ,! head  
is enorm\sly l>ge1 & ! jaws ext5d upw>ds
 two  feet1 & are arm$ ) f\r cutt+ tee?1
 ea* ( :i* is twelve  in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!  
body is ( a lighti% col\r1 ?9ly cov]$ ) 
hair4 ,! legs are ?ree feet long4 ,?\gh 
amphibi\s1 ! ho(s1 :i*  are quadrifid1  
are n connect$ by membranes4 ,! hide is 
s ?ick &  t\gh z to resi/ ! edge ( a    
sword or sabre4 ,al?\gh an inhabitant  (
 ! wat]s1 ! hippopotamus is well kn[n to
 brea! air l l&  animals4 ,on l&1 inde$1
 he f9ds ! *ief "p ( 8 food4 ,x has  be5
 pret5d$ t he dev\rs va/ quantities (   
fi%2 b x appe>s  ) ! fulle/ evid5ce1 bo?
 f ! relations ( _m travell]s1  & f !   
/ructure ( ! /oma*1 9 specim5s t h be5  
dissect$1 t he is n\ri%$ solely1 or     
almo/ solely1 on vegetable  food4 ,?\gh 
he fe$s ^u aquatic plants1 yet he v (t5 
leaves !  wat]s1 & commits wide         
deva/ations ?r\gh all ! cultivat$ fields
  adjac5t to ! riv]4 ,unless :5         
accid5tally provok$1 or w\nd$1 he  is   
nev] (f5sive2 b :5 he is assault$ or    

hurt1 8 fury aga9/  ! assailants is     
t]rible4 ,he w attack a boat1 break x 9 
pieces  ) 8 tee?2 or1 :]e ! riv] is n   
too deep1 he w raise x on  8 back &     
ov]set x4 ,if he be irritat$ :5 on %ore1
 he w  imm$iately betake himself to !   
wat]2 & !re1 9 8 native  elem5t1 %[s all
 8 /r5g? & resolution4    ,,behm5i/s1 a 
"n giv5 to ^? my/ics :o adopt$ !        
explication (  ! my/]ies ( nature &     
grace1 z giv5 by ,jacob ,behm54 ,?is    
writ]  0 born 9 ! ye> #aege1 at ,old    
,si$5burg1 ne> ,gorlitz1 9 ,upp]        
,lusatia4 ,he 0 a %oemak] by trade1 & is
 describ$ z hav+ be5  ?\ghtful &        
religi\s f 8 y\? up1 tak+ peculi>       
pleasure 9  frequ5t+ ! public wor%ip4   
,at l5g?1 s]i\sly consid]+ )9  himself t
 spee* ( our ,savi\r1 8,y\r heav5ly     
,fa!r w give !  ,holy ,_s to !m t ask   
him10 he 0 !reby awak5$ to desire  t    
promis$ ,com=t]2 &1 cont9u+ 9 t         
e>ne/ness1 he 0 at  la/1 to use 8 own   
expression1 8surr\nd$ ) a div9e light = 
sev5 days1 & /ood 9 ! highe/            

contemplation & k+dom ( joys60  ,aft]   
?is1 ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 he 0 aga9        
surr\nd$ ) a div9e  light & repl5i%$ ) !
 heav5ly k2 insomu* z1 go+  abroad into 
! fields1 & view+ ! h]bs & grass1 by 8  
inw>d  light1 he saw into _! ess5ces1   
uses1 & prop]ties1 :i* 7  discov]$ to   
him by _! l9eam5ts1 figures1 &          
signatures4 ,9 !  ye> #afaj1 he _h a    
?ird special illum9ation1 :]e9 /ill f>!r
  my/]ies 7 reveal$ to him2 b x 0 n till
 ! ye> #afab t  ,behm5 committ$ ^!      
revelations to writ+4 ,8 fir/ treatise  
is  entitl$1 8,aurora10 :i* 0 seiz$ by !
 s5ate ( ,gorlitz be=e x  0 complet$4 ,8
 next production is call$1 8,! ,?ree    
,pr9ciples10 by  :i* he means ! d>k _w1 
or hell2 ! light _w1 or heav52 &  !     
ext]nal1 or visible _w1 :i* we inhabit4 
,9 ?is "w he m  fully illu/rates !      
subjects treat$ ( 9 ! =m]1 & supplies   
:at is want+ 9 t "w1 %[+1 #a4 ,h[ all   
?+s came f a  work+ w ( ! holy1 triune1 
incompreh5sible ,god1 manife/+  himself 
z ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,_s1 ?r\gh an    

outw>d1  p]ceptible1 work+1 triune p[] (
 fire1 light1 & _s1 9 !  k+dom ( heav54 
#b4 ,h[ & :at angels & m5 7 9 _!        
creation2 t !y are 9 & f ,god1 8 real   
(fspr+2 t _!  life begun 9 & f ?is div9e
 fire1 :i* is ! ,fa!r ( ,light1  g5]at+ 
a bir? ( light 9 _! s\ls2 f bo? :i*     
proce$s !  ,holy ,_s1 or brea? ( div9e  
love1 9 ! triune creature1 z x  does 9 !
 triune ,creator4 #c4 ,h[ "s angels1 &  
all m51 are fall5  f ,god1 & _! fir/    
/ate ( a div9e triune life 9 him2 :at   
!y are 9 _! fall5 /ate1 & ! diff]5ce    
betwe5 ! fall (  angels & t ( man4 #d4  
,h[ ! e>?1 />s1 & elem5ts 7  creat$ 9   
consequ5ce ( ! fall ( angels4 #e4 ,:5ce 
!re is good  & evil 9 all ?is temporal  
_w2 & :at is meant by ! curse t  dwells 
9 x4 #f4 ,( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 h[ x is set
 9 opposition  to ! k+dom ( hell4 #g4   
,h[ man1 ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/1 is able to 
ov]come ! k+dom ( hell1 & !reby obta9   
et]nal salvation4 #h4  ,h[ & :y s9 &    
mis]y %all only reign = a "t1 until ,god
 %all1  9 a sup]natural way1 make fall5 

man rise to ! glory ( angels1 &  ?is    
mat]ial sy/em %ake (f its curse1 & ent] 
into an ev]la/+  union ) t heav5 f :5ce 
x fell4    ,! next ye>1 ,behm5 produc$ 8
 8,?ree-fold ,life ( ,man10 accord+  to 
! ?ree pr9ciples above m5tion$4 ,9 ?is  
"w he treats m  l>gely ( ! /ate ( man 9 
?is _w3 t he has1 #a4 ,t immortal  sp>k 
( life1 :i* is common to angels &       
devils4 #b4 ,t div9e life  ( ! light &  
,_s ( ,god1 :i* makes ! ess5tial        
diff]5ce  betwe5 an angel & a devil2 &1 
#c4 ,! life ( ?is ext]nal &  visible _w4
 ,! fir/ & la/ are common to all m52 b !
 second  only to a true ,*ri/ian1 or    
*ild ( ,god4 ,behm5 wrote sev]al o!r    
treatises2 b ^! are ! basis ( all 8 o!r 
writ+s4 ,8  conceptions are (t5 clo!d "u
 allegorical symbols2 &1 9 8  lat]      
works1 he frequ5tly adopt$ *emical &    
,lat9 phrases1 :i* he  borr[$ f         
conv]sation ) le>n$ m54 ,b z to ! matt] 
conta9$ 9 8 writ+s1 he disclaims hav+   
borr[$ x ei!r f  m5 or books4 ,he di$ 9 
! ye> #afbd2 & 8 la/ words 71 8,n[ ,i  g

 h5ce into p>adise60 ,behm5's pr9ciples 
7 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,law1  :o clo!d !m 9 a 
m mod]n dress1 & 9 a /yle less obscure4 
,! ess5tial obscurity ( ! subjects inde$
 he c\ld n rem$y4 ,if  !y 7 und]/ood by 
! au?or himself1 he is probably ! only  
"o  :o ev] made t atta9m5t4    ,,bel1 or
 ,,belus1 a "n by :i* _m ,hea!ns1 &     
p>ticul>ly !  ,babylonians1 call$ _!    
*ief idol4 ,b :e!r "u ?is appellation   
!y wor%ipp$ ,nimrod1 _! fir/ ,baal1 or  
"l1 or ,pul1 k+ (  ,assyria1 or "s o!r  
mon>*1 or ! sun1 or all 9 "o1 is        
unc]ta94  ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable1 t ,bel
 is ! same z ! ,ph5ician ,baal1  & t !  
wor%ip ( ! same deity pass$ ov] to !    
,c>?ag5ians1  :o 7 a colony (           
,ph5icians4 ,h5ce ! names ,hannibal1    
,asdrubal1 c1  comp\nd$ ) ,bel or ,baal1
 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! ea/1 :]e  great 
m5 add$ ! names ( ! gods to _! own4 ,bel
 _h a temple  erect$ to him 9 ! city (  
,babylon1 on ! v upp]mo/ range (  !     
fam\s t[] ( ,babel1 :]e9 7 _m /atues (  
?is pret5d$  deity2 & "o1 among ! re/1 (

 massy gold1 =ty feet high4 ,!  :ole    
furniture ( ?is magnific5t temple 0 ( ! 
same metal1 &  valu$ at eight hundr$    
tal5ts ( gold4 ,?is temple1 ) its ri*es1
  0 9 be+ till ! "t ( ,x]xes1 :o1       
return+ f 8  un=tunate exp$ition into   
,greece1 demoli%$ x1 & c>ri$ (f !       
imm5se weal? :i* x conta9$4 ,x 01       
probably1 ! /atue ( ?is  god :i*        
,nebu*adnezz>1 be+ return$ to ,babylon  
aft] ! end ( !  ,jewi% w>1 set up &     
d$icat$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,dura2 ! /ory (  :i* 
is relat$ at l>ge1 ,dan4 iii4 ,see      
,,babel4    ,,bel ,,& ,,! ,,dragon1 an  
apocryphal & uncanonical book4 ,x 0     
always  reject$ by ! ,jewi% *ur*1 & is  
extant nei!r 9 ! ,hebrew1 nor  9 !      
,*aldee languages2 nor is !re any pro( t
 x ev] 0 s1  al?\gh ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t    
all[$ x to be "p ( ! canonical  book (  
,daniel1 9 :i* x /&s 9 ! ,lat9 ,vulgate4
 ,!re are two  ,greek texts ( ?is       
fragm5t1 t ( ! ,septuag9t1 & t f\nd 9   
,!odotion's ,greek v]sion ( ,daniel4 ,! 
,lat9 & ,arabic v]sions are  f ! text ( 

,!odotion4 ,daniel probably1 by detect+ 
! m]c5>y  contrivances ( ! idolatr\s    
prie/s ( ,babylon1 & by op5+ !  eyes ( !
 p to ! follies ( sup]/ition1 might     
furni% "s  f\ndation = ! /ory2 b ! :ole 
is evid5tly *>g$ )  fiction1 ?\gh       
introduc$ ) a pi\s int5t4 ,/4 ,j]om     
gives x no  bett] title ?an1 8,! fable (
 ,bel & ! ,dragon40 ,seld5 ?9ks t  ?is  
hi/ory ought r to be consid]$ z a poem  
or fiction1 ?an a  true acc\nt3 z to !  
dragon1 he obs]ves1 t s]p5ts1 dracones1 
made a "p ( ! hidd5 my/]ies ( ! ,pagan  
religion1 z appe>s  f ,clem5s           
,alex&r9us1 ,julius ,firmicus1 ,ju/9    
,m>tyr1 & o!rs4  ,see ,,s]p5t4          
,,belial4 ,! phrase1 8sons ( ,belial10  
signifies wick$1 wor?less m54  ,x 0 giv5
 to ! inhabitants ( ,gibeah1 :o abus$ ! 
,levite's wife1  ,judges xix1 #bb2 & to 
,hophni & ,ph9eas1 ! wick$ & pr(ane sons
  ( ,eli1 #a ,samuel ii1 #ab4 ,9 lat]   
times ! "n ,belial d5ot$ !  devil3 8,:at
 concord ha? ,*ri/ ) ,belial80 #b ,cor4 
vi1 #ae2 = z !  ^w lit]ally imports 8"o 

:o w d no "o good10 ! positive s5se  ( a
 do] ( evil 0 appli$ to ,satan1 :o is ! 
au?or ( evil1 &1  em95tly1 8! ,evil     
,"o40    ,,bells4 ,moses ord]$ t ! l[]  
"p ( ! blue robe1 :i* !  high prie/ wore
 9 religi\s c]emonies1 %\ld be adorn$ ) 
pomegranates & bells1 int]mix$          
alt]nately1 at equal di/ances4 ,!       
pomegranates 7 ( wool1 & 9 col\r1 blue  
purple1 & crimson2 !  bells 7 ( gold4   
,moses adds1 8,& x %all be ^u ,a>on to  
m9i/]2  & 8 s\nd %all be he>d :5 he goe?
 9 unto ! holy place be=e  ! ,"l1 & :5  
he come? out2 t he die n40 ,"s ( !      
,hebrews  believe t ^! little bells are 
r\nd2 o!rs1 t !y 7 su*  z 7 commonly 9  
use4 ,! anci5t k+s ( ,p]sia are said to 
h  _h ! hem ( _! robes adorn$ l t ( !   
,jewi% high prie/1  ) pomegranates &    
gold5 bells4 ,! ,arabian ladies1 :o are 
ab\t  ! k+'s p]son1 h little gold bells 
fa/5$ to _! legs1 _!  neck1 & elb[s1    
:i*1 :5 !y dance1 make a v agreeable    
h>mony4  ,! ,arabian wom5 ( rank1       
g5]ally1 we> on _! legs l>ge holl[  gold

 r+s1 conta9+ small fl9ts1 t s\nd l     
little bells :5  !y walk2 or !y are l>ge
 circles1 ) little r+s hung all r\nd1   
:i* produce ! same effect4 ,^!1 :5 !y   
walk1 give notice t  ! mi/ress ( ! h\se 
is pass+1 t s ! s]vants ( ! family  may 
behave !mselves respectfully1 & /rang]s 
may retire1 to avoid  see+ ! p]son :o   
advances4 ,x 01 9 all probability1 ) "s 
su* design ( giv+ notice t ! high prie/ 
0 pass+1 t he  also wore little bells at
 ! hem ( 8 robe4 ,_! s\nd intimat$  also
 :5 he 0 ab\t to ent] ! sanctu>y1 & s]v$
 to keep up !  att5tion ( ! p4 ,a       
rev]5tial respect = ! ,div9e ,inhabitant
  0 also indicat$4 ,! palace ( k+s 0 n  
to be ent]$ )\t  due notice1 by /rik+ "s
 sonor\s body1 mu* less ! sanctu>y (    
,god2 & ! high prie/ did1 by ! s\nd ( 8 
bells at ! bottom (  8 robe1 ask leave  
to ent]4 8,& 8 s\nd %all be he>d :5 he  
goe? into ! holy place be=e ! ,"l1 & :5 
he come? out2 t  he die n40    ,bells 7 
a "p ( ! m>tial furniture ( horses      
employ$ 9 w>4  ,! ,jewi% w>rior adorn$ 8

 *>g] ) ^! ornam5ts2 & !  prophet =etels
 t ^! 9 future times %\ld be consecrat$ 
to !  s]vice ( ,god3 8,9 t day %all !re 
be ^u ! bells ( !  horses1 ,hol9ess unto
 ! ,"l40 ,*>d9 obs]ves t some?+ l  ?is  
is se5 9 sev]al places ( ! ea/2 9       
,p]sia1 & 9 ,turkey1  ! re9s ( _!       
bridles are ( silk1 ( ! ?ickness ( a    
f+]1 on  :i* are wr\ght ! "n ( ,god1 or 
o!r inscriptions4 ,a horse :i*  _h n be5
 tra9$ 0 by ! ,greeks call$1 8"o t _h   
nev] he>d  ! noise ( bells40    ,,belly 
is us$ 9 ,scripture = gluttony1 ,titus  
i1 #ab2 ,philip iii1 #af2  ,rom4 xvi1   
#ah4 ,= ! he>t1 or ! secrets ( ! m9d1   
,prov4 xx1 #bg1  #cj2 xxii1 #ah4 ,!     
8belly ( hell0 signifies ! grave1 or "s 
imm95t  dang]1 or deep di/ress1 ,jonah  
ii1 #b2 ,ecclus4 ii1 #e4    ,,bel%azz>1 
! la/ k+ ( ,babylon1 &1 accord+ to      
,hales &  o!rs1 ! gr&son (              
,nebu*adnezz>1 ,dan4 v1 #ah4 ,dur+ !    
p]iod  t ! ,jews 7 9 captivity at       
,babylon1 a v>iety ( s+ul> ev5ts        
concurr$ to prove t ! s9s :i* br\ght    

desolation on _!  c\ntry1 & subject$ !m 
= a p]iod ( sev5ty ye>s to !  ,babyloni%
 yoke1 _h n dissolv$ t cov5ant relation 
:i*1 z !  ,god ( ,abraham1 ,jehovah _h  
ent]$ into ) !m2 & t any act (          
indignity p]petrat$ aga9/ an afflict$ p1
 or any insult ca/  ^u ! s]vice ( _!    
temple1 w\ld be reg>d$ z an affront to !
  ,maje/y ( heav51 & n suff]$ to pass ) 
impunity1 ?\gh !  p]petrators 7 ! pr9ces
 & pot5tates ( ! e>?4 ,bel%azz>  0 a    
rem>kable in/ance ( ?is4 ,he _h an      
opportunity ( see+1 9  ! case ( 8       
ance/or1 h[ hateful pride is1 ev5 9     
royalty itself2  h[ in/antly ,god c bla/
 ! dignity ( ! brighte/ cr[n1 &  r$uce  
him t we>s x to a level ) ! bea/s ( !   
field2 &  consequ5tly h[ mu* ! prosp]ity
 ( k+s & ! /ability ( _!  ?rones dep5d  
^u ackn[l$g+ t 8! ,mo/ ,high rule? 9 !  
k+dom ( m51 & give? x to :omsoev] he w40
 ,b all ^!  awful lessons 7 lo/ ^u      
,bel%azz>4    ,! only circum/ances ( 8  
reign1 record$1 are ! visions ( !       
,prophet ,daniel1 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ye>s1 

,dan4 vii1 #a2 viii1 #a2 &  8           
sacrilegi\s fea/ & viol5t dea?1 ,dan4 v1
 #a-cj4 ,isaiah1 :o  repres5ts !        
,babylonian dyna/y z 8! sc\rge (        
,pale/9e10 /yles  ,nebu*adnezz> 8a      
s]p5t10 ,evil ,m]oda* 8a cockatrice10 & 
,bel%azz>  8a fi]y fly+ s]p5t10 ! wor/ (
 all1 ,isaiah xiv1 #d-bi4 ,&  ,x5ophon  
confirms ?is prophetic "* by two        
atroci\s in/ances (  cruelty & b>b>ity1 
ex]cis$ by ,bel%azz> ^u "s ( 8 *ief  &  
mo/ des]v+ nobles4 ,he slew ! only son (
 ,gobryas1 9 a  transport ( rage1       
because at a hunt+ mat* he hit ) 8 spe> 
a  be>1 & aft]w>d a lion1 :5 ! k+ _h    
miss$ bo?2 & 9 a fit  ( jeal\sy1 he     
brutally ca/rat$ ,gadatus1 because "o ( 
8  concub9es _h comm5d$ him z a h&some  
man4 ,8 la/ & mo/  he9\s (f5ce 0 !      
pr(anation ( ! sacr$ vessels belong+ to 
! temple ( ,j]usalem1 :i* 8 wise        
gr&fa!r1 & ev5 8  fooli% fa!r ,evil     
,m]oda*1 _h respect$4 ,hav+ made a great
 fea/  = a ?\s& ( 8 lords1 he ord]$ ^?  
vessels to be br\ght  dur+ ! banquet1 t 

he1 8 pr9ces1 8 wives1 & 8 concub9es1   
might dr9k out ( !m1 :i* !y did2 & to   
aggravate sacrilege by  apo/asy &       
rebellion1 & +ratitude aga9/ ! ,supreme 
,au?or (  all _! enjoym5ts1 8!y prais$ !
 gods ( gold1 silv]1 brass1  iron1 &    
/one1 b ! ,god 9 ^: h& 0 _! brea?1 & ^: 
7 all _! ways1 !y prais$ or glorifi$ n40
 ,= ^!  complicat$ crimes 8 doom 0      
d5\nc$ 9 ! mid/ ( !  ent]ta9m5t2 a div9e
 h& appe>$1 :i* wrote on ! plai/] (  !  
wall1 opposite to ! k+1 & full 9 8 view1
 a my/]i\s  inscription4 ,?is trem5d\s  
app>ition /ruck ,bel%azz> ) !  greate/  
t]ror & agony3 88 c\nt5ance 0 *ang$1 & 8
  ?\ghts tr\bl$ him1 s t ! jo9ts ( 8    
lo9s 7 loos$1 &  8 knees smote aga9/ ea*
 o!r40 ,?is is "o ( ! livelie/ &  f9e/  
amplifications ( dismay to be f\nd      
?r\gh\t ! sacr$  classics1 & inf9itely  
exce$s1 bo? 9 accuracy & =ce1 ! mo/     
admir$ ( ! ,hea!n2 su* z 8et corde et   
g5ibus tremit10 (  ,horace1 & 8t>da     
trem5ti g5ua labant10 ( ,virgil4        
,unable himself to decyph] ! writ+1     

,bel%azz> cri$ al\d to br+  9 !         
a/rolog]s1 ! ,*aldeans1 & ! soo?say]s1  
promis+ t  :osoev] %\ld read ! writ+1 & 
expla9 to him its mean+1  %\ld be clo!d 
) sc>let1 h a *a9 ( gold ab\t 8 neck1 & 
be ! ?ird rul] 9 8 k+dom4 ,b ! writ+ 0  
too difficult =  ! ,magi2 at :i* ! k+ 0 
/ill m greatly tr\bl$4 ,9 ?is  crisis1 &
 at ! in/ance ( ! que5 "m1 ! ,prophet   
,daniel 0  s5t =1 to :om hon\rs 7       
promis$1 on condition ( 8 expla9+  !    
writ+4 ,daniel refus$ ! hon\rs held out 
to him2 b hav+ )  great fai?fulness     
po9t$ly reprov$ ! mon>* = 8 +ratitude to
  ,god :o _h conf]r$ on him su* dignity1
 & p>ticul>ly = 8  pr(anation ( !       
vessels :i* 7 consecrat$ to 8 s]vice1 he
  proce$$ to ! int]pretation ( ! words  
:i* _h be5 writt51 &  /ill /ood visible 
on ! wall4 ,!y 71 ,m5e1 ,tekel1 ,uph>s94
  8,?is is ! int]pretation ( ! ?+1 ,m5e1
 #8,god ha? numb]$ ?y  k+dom & f9i%$ x2'
 ,tekel1 #8?\ art weigh$ 9 ! balances & 
art f\nd want+2' ,p]es1 #8?y k+dom is   
divid$1 & giv5 to !  ,m$es & ,p]sians4'0

 ,9 t v night1 9 ! mid/ ( _! mir?  &    
revell+1 ! city 0 tak5 by surprise1     
,bel%azz> himself put to  dea?1 & !     
k+dom transf]r$ to ,d>ius ! ,m$e4 ,if ! 
"*  ( ! h&-writ+ 0 kn[n to ! ,magi (    
,babylon1 ! mean+ c\ld  n be conjectur$4
 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! "* 0 t ( !  anci5t   
,hebrew1 or :at we n[ call ! ,sam>itan2 
& 9 t case x  w\ld be famili> to        
,daniel1 ?\gh rude & un9telligible to ! 
,*aldeans4 ,b ev5 if ,daniel c\ld read !
 words1 ! import ( ?is  solemn graphic  
message to ! pr\d & impi\s mon>* c\ld   
only h  be5 made kn[n to ! prophet by   
,god4 ,all ! ideas ! ?ree words  convey1
 are numb]+1 weigh+1 & divid+4 ,x 0 only
 = !  p[] :i* s5t ! om5 to unfold1 n 9  
equivocal t]ms1 l !  responses ( ,hea!n 
oracles1 b 9 explicit language1 !       
decision (  ! righte\s ,judge1 !        
t]m9ation ( 8 long suff]+1 & !  in/ant  
visitation ( judgm5t4 ,see ,,babylon4   
,,belus1 a riv] ( ,pale/9e4 ,on leav+   
,acre1 & turn+ t[>d !  s\?-ea/1 !       
travell] crosses ! riv] ,belus1 ne> its 

m\?1 :]e  ! /ream is %all[ en\gh to be  
easily =d$ on horseback4 ,?is  riv]     
rises out ( a lake1 comput$ to be ab\t  
six miles di/ant1  t[>d ! s\?-ea/1 call$
 by ! anci5ts ,palus ,c5dovia4 ,( !  s& 
( ?is riv]1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 glass 0   
fir/ made2 & %ips  f ,italy cont9u$ to  
convey x to ! glass h\ses ( ,v5ice &    
,g5oa1 s late z ! middle ( ! sev5te5?   
c5tury4    ,,b5$iction1 9 a g5]al s5se1 
! act ( bless+ 9 ! "n ( ,god1  or ( giv+
 praise to ,god1 or return+ ?anks = 8   
fav\rs4 ,h5ce  b5$iction is ! act ( say+
 grace be=e or aft] meals4 ,nei!r  !    
anci5t ,jews1 nor ,*ri/ians1 ev] ate )\t
 a %ort pray]4 ,!  ,jews are oblig$ to  
rehe>se a hundr$ b5$ictions e day2 (    
:i*1  eighty are to be spok5 9 ! morn+4 
,rabbi ,nehemiah ,b>u*1 9 #afhh1        
publi%$ a disc\rse on ! mann] :]e9 !    
sac]dotal b5$iction  is to be pron\nc$4 
,9 ! synagogue ( ,f]r>a1 x is r sung ?an
  spok54 ,among ! anci5t ,jews1 z well z
 ,*ri/ians1 b5$ictions 7  att5d$ ) !    
imposition ( h&s2 & ,*ri/ians1 9 process

 (  "t1 add$ ! sign ( ! cross1 :i* 0    
made ) ! same h&1  elevat$ or ext5d$4   
,h5ce1 9 ! ,romi% *ur*1 b5$iction 0 us$ 
to d5ote ! sign ( ! cross1 made by a    
bi%op or prelate1 f an  idea t x conf]r$
 "s grace on ! p4 ,! cu/om ( receiv+    
b5$iction by b[+ ! head be=e ! bi%ops1  
is v anci5t2 &  0 s univ]sal1 t emp]ors 
!mselves did n decl9e ?is m>k (         
submission4 ,"u ! "n b5$iction !        
,hebrews also frequ5tly  und]/ood !     
pres5ts :i* fri5ds made to "o ano!r2 9  
all  probability because !y 7 g5]ally   
att5d$ ) bless+s &  pray]s1 bo? f ^? :o 
gave & ^? :o receiv$ !m4 ,!  solemn     
bless+ pron\nc$ by ! ,jewi% high prie/  
^u ! p1 is  record$ ,num4 vi1 #bb1 c3   
8,! ,"l bless !e1 & keep !e3 ! ,"l  make
 8 face to %9e ^u !e1 & be graci\s unto 
!e3 ! ,"l  lift up 8 c\nt5ance ^u !e1 & 
give !e peace40 ,! great  ,*ri/ian      
b5$iction is1 8,! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus
 ,*ri/1 ! love  ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 & !     
fell[%ip ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 be ) y        
always40 ,see ,,bless+4    ,,b5hadad1 ! 

son ( ,tibrimon1 k+ ( ,syria1 came to ! 
assi/ance (  ,asa1 k+ ( ,judah1 aga9/   
,baa%a1 k+ ( ,israel1 oblig+ ! latt]  to
 return home & succ\r 8 own c\ntry1 & to
 ab&on ,ramah1 :i*  he _h und]tak5 to   
=tify1 #a ,k+s xv1 #ah4 ,?is ,b5hadad is
 ?\ght  by "s to h be5 ! same p]son )   
,hadad ! ,edomite1 :o  rebell$ aga9/    
,solomon t[>d ! end ( t pr9ce's reign1  
#a ,k+s  xi1 #be4    #b4 ,,b5hadad1 k+ (
 ,syria1 son ( ! prec$+1 made w> ^u     
,ahab1  k+ ( ,israel1 b 0 defeat$4 ,9 ! 
foll[+ ye>1 h[ev]1 he  came ) a mo/     
p[]ful army to ,aphek1 :]e ,ahab aga9   
engag$ him1  kill$ a hundr$ ?\s& ( 8 m51
 & ! rema9d] endeav\r+ to  take refuge 9
 ,aphek1 ! walls ( ! city fell ^u !m1 & 
kill$  tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& m4 ,?us          
completely defeat$1 ,b5hadad submitt$   
to beg 8 life ( ! k+ ( ,israel1 :o n    
only grant$ 8 reque/1  b gave him 8     
lib]ty1 & re/or$ him to 8 cr[n ^u c]ta9 
conditions1 #a ,k+s xx4 ,twelve ye>s    
aft]w>d1 ,a4 ,m4 #caae1 ,b5hadad  decl>$
 w> aga9/ ,jehoram1 ! son & successor ( 

,ahab1 #b ,k+s vi1  #h2 b 8 designs 7   
made kn[n to ,jehoram by ! ,prophet     
,eli%a1 &  !y 7 accord+ly fru/rat$4     
,suspect+ "s trea*]y 9 ?is  affair1     
,b5hadad 0 in=m$ t all 8 projects 7     
reveal$ to 8  enemy by ,eli%a1 & gett+  
intellig5ce t ! latt] 0 at ,do?an1  he  
s5t a deta*m5t ( 8 be/ troops to inve/ !
 city & appreh5d  ! prophet2 b !y 7     
/ruck ) bl9dness at ,eli%a's pray]1 s  t
 !y 7 unable to di/+ui% him1 :5 he 0 9 !
 mid/ (  !m & held a conv]sation ) !m4  
,he !n l$ !m into ! city  ( ,sam>ia1 &  
hav+ conduct$ !m safely !re1 he pray$ to
 ,god  aga9 to op5 _! eyes1 & induc$    
,jehoram to dismiss !m )\t  viol5ce4    
,g5]\s z ?is conduct 01 x produc$ no    
salut>y effect  on ! infatuat$ ,b5hadad2
 = ab\t f\r ye>s aft]w>d1 he laid  close
 siege to ,sam>ia1 & r$uc$ ! city to su*
 di/ress t !  head ( an ass1 :i* !      
,israelites consid]$ to be an unclean   
animal1  0 sold = f\rscore pieces (     
silv]1 ab\t #bl4 #is4 /]l+2 &  ! f\r? "p
 ( a cab ( dove's dung1 or r ?ree qu>t]s

 ( a  p9t ( *ick pease1 z ,bo*>t und]/&s
 ! ^w1 = five pieces (  silv]4 ,9 fact1 
su* 0 ! pressure ( ! fam9e at ?is "t 9  
,sam>ia1 t mo!rs 7 con/ra9$ to eat _!   
own *ildr54  ,jehoram1 he>+ ( ^!        
calamities1 attribut$ !m to ,eli%a1 &   
s5t ord]s to h him put to dea?2 b be=e 8
 mess5g]s c\ld  rea* ! prophet's h\se1  
he came ?i!r himself4 ,eli%a pr$ict$  t 
! next day1 ab\t ! same h\r1 a measure (
 f9e fl\r w\ld be  sold at ! gate (     
,sam>ia = a %ekel1 :i*1 h[ev] incr$ible 
at  ! mom5t1 prov$ to be ! case2 = 9 !  
night1 a g5]al panic1  sup]naturally    
induc$1 p]vad$ ! ,syrian camp2 !y imag9$
 t  ,jehoram _h procur$ an army (       
,egyptians to come to 8 assi/ance1  &1  
ab&on+ _! horses1 t5ts1 & provisions1 !y
 all took to  flight4 ,f\r lep]s1 ^:    
disease did n p]mit !m to live )9  !    
city1 & be+ ready to p]i% ) hung]1      
v5tur$ into !  ,syrian camp2 & f9d+ x   
des]t$1 & at ! same "t ab\nd+  ) all    
sorts ( provisions1 communicat$ !       
in=mation to ,jehoram4  ,! k+ imm$iately

 rose1 ?\gh 9 ! middle ( ! night2 b     
reflect+ t probably x 0 only a /ratagem 
( ,b5hadad to draw 8  p out ( ! t[n1 he 
fir/ s5t p>ties to reconnoitre4 ,!y1    
h[ev]1 spe$ily return$1 & in=m$ him t ! 
enemy 0 fl$1  & t ! roads 7 e :]e /rew$ 
) arms & g>m5ts1  :i* ! ,syrians _h     
ab&on$ to facilitate _! flight4 ,z soon 
z  ! news 0 confirm$1 ! ,sam>itans w5t  
out1 pillag$ ! ,syrian  camp1 & br\ght 9
 su* quantities ( provisions1 t a       
measure (  f9e fl\r 01 at ! "t specifi$ 
by ,eli%a1 sold at ! gate (  ,sam>ia = a
 %ekel1 #b ,k+s vii4    ,! foll[+ ye>1  
,a4 ,m4 #cabj1 ,b5hadad fell sick1 & s5t
 ,hazael1 "o  ( 8 (fic]s1 ) =ty camels1 
load$ ) valuable pres5ts1 to  ! ,prophet
 ,eli%a1 to int]rogate him1 :e!r or n he
 %\ld recov]  ( 8 indisposition4 ,eli%a 
fix$ 8 eyes /eadfa/ly on ,hazael1 &  !n 
bur/ into te>s3 8,g10 said he1 8& tell  
,b5hadad1 ,?\ maye/  c]ta9ly recov]2    
?\gh ! ,"l ha? %[$ me t he %all         
assur$ly die40 ,he at ! same "t appris$ 
,hazael t he himself  w\ld reign 9      

,syria1 & d inf9ite mis*ief to ,israel4 
,hazael on ?is  return$ & told ,b5hadad 
t 8 heal? %\ld be re/or$4 ,b on  ! next 
day he took a ?ick clo?1 :i*1 hav+ dipp$
 9 wat]1 he  spread ov] ! k+'s face &   
/ifl$ him4 ,he !n took possession (  !  
k+dom ( ,syria1 accord+ to ! pr$iction (
 ,eli%a1 #b ,k+s  viii4    #c4          
,,b5hadad1 ! son ( ,hazael1 m5tion$ 9 ! 
prec$+ article1  succe$$ 8 fa!r z k+ (  
,syria1 #b ,k+s xiii1 #bd4 ,dur+ 8      
reign1 ,jehoa%1 k+ ( ,israel1 recov]$ f 
him all t 8 fa!r  ,hazael _h tak5 f     
,jehoahaz 8 pr$ecessor4 ,he defeat$ him 
9 ?ree  sev]al engagem5ts1 & compell$   
him to surr5d] all ! c\ntry  beyond     
,jordan1 #b ,k+s xiii1 #be4    ,,b5i    
,,khaibir1 sons ( ,keb]1 ! desc5dants ( 
! ,re*abites1 to :om  x 0 promis$1 ,j]4 
xxxv1 #ai1 8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,jonadab1 !
 son  ( ,re*ab1 %all n want a man to /& 
be=e me = ev]40 ,!y 7  fir/ br\ght into 
notice 9 mod]n times by ,mr4 ,samuel    
,brett1 :o wrote  a n>rative ( !        
proce$+s ( ! great c\ncil ( ! ,jews 9   

,hung>y1 ,a4 ,d4 #afej4 ,he says ( !    
sect ( ! ,re*abites1 8t !y  obs]ve _!   
old rules & cu/oms1 & nei!r s[1 nor     
plant1 nor  build h\ses2 b live 9 t5ts1 
& (t5 remove f "o place to  ano!r ) _!  
:ole prop]ty & families40 ,!y are also  
m5tion$  9 ,neibuhr's travels4 ,mr4     
,wolff1 a conv]t$ ,jew1 gives ! foll[+  
acc\nt 9 a late j\rnal4 ,he inquir$ ( ! 
rabb9s at ,j]usalem1  relative to ^!    
w&]+ ,jews1 & receiv$ ! foll[+          
in=mation3 8,rabbi ,mose ,secot is q    
c]ta9 t ! ,b5i ,khaibir  are desc5dants 
( ! ,re*abites2 at ?is pres5t mom5t !y  
dr9k no  w9e1 & h nei!r v9ey>d1 nor     
field1 nor se$2 b dwell1 l  ,arabs1 9   
t5ts1 & are w&]+ nomades4 ,!y receive & 
obs]ve !  law ( ,moses by tradition1 =  
!y are n 9 possession ( ! writt5  law40 
,mr4 ,wolff aft]w>d himself visit$ ?is  
p1 :o h  rema9$1 amid/ all ! *anges (   
nations1 a mo/ rem>kable monum5t  ( !   
exact fulfilm5t ( a m9ute1 & app>5tly at
 fir/ sight an  unimportant1 prophecy4  
,s true is x1 t n "o jot or tittle ( !  

^w ( ,god %all pass away6 ,see          
,,re*abites4    ,,b5jam91 ! y\nge/ son (
 ,jacob & ,ra*el1 :o 0 born1 ,a4 ,m4    
#bbgb4 ,jacob1 be+ on 8 j\rney f        
,mesopotamia1 z he 0 proce$+  s\?w>d )  
,ra*el 9 ! company1 ,g54 xxxv1 #af1 #ag1
 c1 ! pa9s  ( *ild-be>+ came ^u h]1 ab\t
 a qu>t] ( a league f  ,be?lehem1 & %e  
di$ aft] ! deliv]y ( a son1 :om1 ) h]   
la/  brea?1 %e nam$ ,b5oni1 t is1 8! son
 ( my sorr[20 b soon  aft]w>d ,jacob    
*ang$ 8 "n1 & call$ him ,b5jam91 t is1  
8!  son ( my "r h&40 ,see ,,joseph4     
,,b]ea1 a city ( ,mac$onia1 :]e ,/4     
,paul prea*$ ! ,gospel )  great success1
 & :]e 8 he>]s 7 c>eful to comp>e :at !y
  he>d ) ! scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1
 ,acts1 xvii1 #aj2 =  :i* !y are        
comm5d$1 & held out to u z an example ( 
subject+  e doctr9e to ! sole te/ ( ! ^w
 ( ,god4    ,,b]nice1 ! daught] (       
,agrippa1 surnam$ ! ,great1 k+ ( !      
,jews1  & si/] to "y ,agrippa1 also k+ (
 ! ,jews4 ,?is lady 0 fir/  betro!d to  
,m>k1 ! son ( ,alex&] ,lysima*us1 alb>a*

 (  ,alex&ria2 aft]w>d %e m>ri$ ,h]od1  
k+ ( ,*alcis1 h] own uncle  by ! fa!r's 
side4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od1 :i* happ5$  
,a4 ,d4 #dh1  %e 0 m>ri$ to ,polemon1 k+
 ( ,pontus1 b did n long cont9ue  ) him4
 ,%e return$ to h] bro!r ,agrippa1 & )  
him he>d !  disc\rse :i* ,paul deliv]$  
be=e ,fe/us1 ,acts xxv4    ,,b]yl1 1 a  
pellucid gem ( a blui% gre5 col\r1 :5ce 
x is  call$ by ! lapid>ies1 aqua m>9a4  
,its ,hebrew "n is a ^w also  = ! same  
reason giv5 to ! sea1 ,psalm xlviii1 #g4
 ,x is f\nd 9  ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,p]u1    
,sib]ia1 & ,t>t>y4 ,x has a brilliant   
appe>ance1 & is g5]ally transp>5t4 ,x 0 
! t5? /one  belong+ to ! high prie/'s   
pectoral1 ,exod4 xxviii1 #aj1 #bj2 ,rev4
 xxi1  #bj4    ,,be?ab>a1 or ,,be?b>ah1 
signifies 9 ! ,hebrew a place ( passage1
  because ( its =d ov] ! riv] ,jordan1  
on ! ea/ bank ( :i*  riv] x /ood ov]    
aga9/ ,j]i*o1 ,jo%ua ii1 #g2 iii1 #ae1  
#af4 ,to ?is  place ,gideon s5t a p>ty  
to secure ! passage ( ! riv]1 previ\s   
to 8 attack on ! ,midianites1 ,judges   

vii1 #bd4 ,"h ,john comm5c$ 8  baptiz+1 
& "h ,*ri/ himself 0 baptiz$1 ,john i1  
#bh4 ,to ?is  place1 also1 ,jesus       
retir$1 :5 ! ,jews s\ght to take him at 
!  fea/ ( d$ication2 & _m :o resort$ !re
 to him believ$ on him1  ,john x1       
#ci-db4    ,,be?any1 a consid]able      
place1 situat$ on ! asc5t ( ! m\nt (    
,olives1 ab\t two miles f ,j]usalem1    
,john xi1 #ah2 ,matt4 xxi1 #ag2  xxvi1  
#f1 c4 ,"h x 0 t ,m>?a & ,m>y liv$1 ) _!
 bro!r  ,laz>us1 :om ,jesus rais$ f !   
dead2 & x 0 "h t ,m>y  p\r$ ! p]fume on 
our ,savi\r's head4 ,be?any at pres5t is
 b a  v small village4 ,"o ( our mod]n  
travell]s tells u1 t1 at !  entrance    
into x1 !re is an old ru91 call$ ! ca/le
 ( ,laz>us1  suppos$ to h be5 ! mansion 
h\se :]e he & 8 si/]s  resid$4 ,at !    
bottom ( a desc5t1 n f> f ! ca/le1 y see
  8 sepul*re1 :i* ! ,turks hold 9 great 
v5]ation1 & use x =  an oratory1 or     
place = pray]4 ,"h go+ d[n by tw5ty-five
 /eps1  y come at fir/ into a small     
squ>e room1 & f !nce creep into  ano!r t

 is small]1 ab\t a y>d & a half deep1 9 
:i* ! body  is said to h be5 laid4 ,ab\t
 a b[-%ot f h5ce y pass by !  place :i* 
!y say 0 ,m>y ,magdal5e's h\se2 & !nce  
desc5d+ a  /eep hill1 y come to ! f\nta9
 ( ! ,apo/les1 :i* is s call$  because1 
z ! tradition goes1 ^! holy p]sons 7    
wont to refre%  !mselves !re betwe5     
,j]usalem & ,j]i*o1--z x is v probable  
!y might1 because ! f\nta9 is close to !
 road side1 & is  invit+ to ! ?ir/y     
travell]4 ,be?any is n[ a poor village1 
b  pleasantly situat$1 says ,dr4        
,ri*>dson1 on ! %ady side ( ! m\nt  (   
,olives1 & ab\nds 9 trees & long grass4 
,,be?av51 ! same ) ,be!l4 ,?is city1 ^u 
! revolt ( ! t5  tribes1 belong$ to !   
k+dom ( ,israel1 & 0 !re=e "o ( !       
cities 9 :i* ,j]oboam set up 8 gold5    
calves4 ,:5ce ! prophet 9  d]ision calls
 x1 8,be?av510 ! h\se ( vanity or idols1
 ,hosea  iv1 #ae1 in/ead ( 8,be!l10 !   
h\se ( ,god1 ! "n :i* ,jacob  =m]ly gave
 x1 :5 he _h ! vision ( ! my/]i\s ladd]1
  rea*+ f e>? to heav51 ,g54 xxviii1    

#ai4    ,,be!l1 a city :i* lay to ! we/ 
( ,ai1 ab\t eight miles to !  nor? (    
,j]usalem1 9 ! conf9es ( ! tribe (      
,ephraim &  ,b5jam94 ,"h ,jacob slept & 
_h 8 vision4 ,! "n ( ?is city _h  =m]ly 
be5 ,luz1 :i* signifies an almond1 & 0  
probably s  call$ f ! numb] ( almond    
trees :i* grew 9 ^? p>ts4 ,see  ,,jacob4
    ,,be!sda4 ,?is ^w signifies ! h\se (
 m]cy1 & 0 ! "n (  a pool1 or public    
ba?1 at ,j]usalem1 :i* _h five porticos1
 piazzas1  or cov]$ walks ar\nd x4 ,?is 
ba? 0 call$ ,be!sda1 because1 z  "s     
obs]ve1 ! erect+ ( ba?s 0 an act ( great
 k9dness to !  common p1 ^: infirmities 
9 hot c\ntries requir$ frequ5t  ba?+2 b 
! g5]ality ( expositors ?9k x _h ?is "n 
r  f ! great goodness ( ,god manife/$ to
 8 p1 9 be/[+  heal+ virtues ^u its     
wat]s4 ,! acc\nt ( ! evangeli/ is1 8,n[ 
!re 0 at ,j]usalem1 by ! %eep m>ket1 a  
pool1 :i* is call$ 9  ! ,hebrew tongue1 
,be!sda1 hav+ five por*es4 ,9 ^! lay a  
multitude ( impot5t folk1 ( bl9d1 halt1 
)]$1 wait+ = !  mov+ ( ! wat]2 = an     

angel w5t d[n at a c]ta9 season into !  
pool3 :osoev] !n fir/ aft] ! tr\bl+ ( ! 
wat] /epp$ 9  0 made :ole ( :atsoev]    
disease he _h10 ,john v1 #b-d4 ,!       
g5u95ess ( ! f\r? v]se has be5 disput$1 
because x is want+  9 "s anci5t ,,mss1 &
 is writt5 9 ! m>g9 ( ano!r z a         
s*olion2 b ev5 7 ! spuri\sness ( ?is    
v]se all[$1 =  :i*1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce is 
by no means satisfactory1 !  sup]natural
 "* ( ! acc\nt1 z x is indicat$ by ! o!r
  p>ts ( ! n>rative1 rema9s unaffect$4  
,! agitation ( !  wat]2 its sudd5ly     
heal+ virtue z to all diseases2 & !     
limitation to ! fir/ t %\ld g 91 are all
 miracul\s  circum/ances4 ,comm5tators h
 h[ev] resort$ to v>i\s hypo!ses  to    
acc\nt = ! :ole )\t div9e ag5cy4 ,dr4   
,hammond says1 8,!  sacrifices 7        
exce$+ly num]\s at ! passov]1  1 7once  
a ye>1 ,*ryso/om17 :5 ! pool be+ w>m f !
 imm$iate wa%+  ( ! blood & entrails1 & 
?us adapt$ to ! cure ( ! bl9d1  ! )]$1 !
 lame1 & p]haps ! p>alytic1 0 yet f>!r  
tr\bl$1 & ! congelations & gross] p>ts  

/irr$ up by an  (fic] or mess5g]1 1 to  
give x ! full effect40 ,to ?is  hypo!sis
 ,:itby acutely replies1 #a4 ,h[ c\ld   
?is natural virtue be  adapt$ to1 &     
cure1 all k9ds ( diseases8 #b4 ,h[ c\ld 
! virtue  only ext5d to ! cure ( "o man1
 sev]al probably ent]+ at !  same       
in/ant8 #c4 ,h[ unlikely is x1 if       
natural1 to take place only at  "o c]ta9
 "t1 at ! passov]8 = !re 0 a multitude (
  sacrifices sla9 at o!r ( ! fea/s4 #d4 
,la/ly1 & decisively1  ,lightfoot %[s t 
!re 0 a lav] 9 ! temple = wa%+ !        
entrails2 !re=e !y 7 n wa%$ 9 ?is pool  
at all4    ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 suppose t !    
blood ( ! victims 0 convey$ f  ! temple 
to ?is pool by pipes2 & ,ku9oel ?9ks t x
 _c be  d5i$ t ! blood ( animals rec5tly
 slaught]$ may imp>t a  m$ic9al prop]ty 
to wat]2 & he ref]s to ,ri*t]'s         
8,diss]tat4 de  ,balneo ,animali10 &    
,mi*aelis 9 loc4 ,b he admits t x _c  be
 prov$ :e!r ! pool 0 situat$ out ( !    
city at ! %eep  gate1 or 9 ! city1 & 9 !
 vic9ity ( ! temple2 nor t !  blood ( ! 

victims 0 ev] convey$ ?i!r by canals4   
,ku9oel ju/ly  obs]ves1 t ?\gh 9        
,josephus no m5tion is made ( ! ba?s "h 
describ$1 yet ?is sil5ce ought n to     
induce u to "q ! tru?  ( ?is            
transaction2 s9ce ! hi/orian omits to   
record _m o!r  circum/ances :i* _c be   
d\bt$2 z1 = in/ance1 ! c5sus (          
,augu/us1 & ! murd] ( ! infants4 ,?is   
critic also supposes t  ,/4 ,john only  
acts ! "p ( an hi/orian1 & gives !      
acc\nt z x  0 curr5t among ! ,jews1 )\t 
v\*+ = its tru?1 or  int]pos+ 8 own     
judgm5t4 ,m$e foll[s 9 ! track (        
absurdly  attempt+ to acc\nt = !        
ph5om5on on natural pr9ciples3--8,i  ?9k
 ! wat] ( ?is pool acquir$ a m$ic9al    
prop]ty f ! mud  at its bottom1 :i* 0   
heavy ) metallic salts1--sulphur p]haps1
 or  alum1 or nitre4 ,n[ ?is w\ld1 f !  
wat] be+ p]turb$ f !  bottom by "s      
natural cause1 p]haps subt]ranean heat1 
or /orms1 rise  upw>d & be m+l$ ) x1 & s
 imp>t a sanative prop]ty to  ^? :o ba!d
 9 x be=e ! metallic p>ticles _h subsid$

 to !  bottom4 ,t x %\ld h done s1  1 is
 n /range1 s9ce  ,b>?ol9 has1 by _m     
examples1 %[n1 t x is usual ) _m        
m$ic9al ba?s1 to ex]t a s+ul> =ce &     
sanative p[] at /at$  times1 & at       
p]iodical1 b unc]ta91 int]vals40        
,doddridge comb9es  ! common hypo!sis ) 
t ( ,m$e2 namely1 t ! wat] _h at  all   
times m or less ( a m$ic9al prop]ty2 b  
at "s p]iod1 n  f> di/ant f t 9 :i* !   
transaction "h record$ took place1  x 0 
endu$ ) a miracul\s p[]2 an extraord9>y 
commotion be+  probably obs]v$ 9 ! wat]1
 & ,provid5ce s ord]+ x1 t !  next p]son
 :o accid5tally ba!d "h1 be+ "u "s great
  disord]1 f\nd an imm$iate & unexpect$ 
cure3 ! l ph5om5on 9  "s o!r desp]ate   
case1 0 probably obs]v$ on a second     
commotion3  & ^! commotions & cures     
might happ5 p]iodically4    ,all ^?     
hypo!ses :i* exclude miracle 9 ?is case 
are v  unsatisfactory1 nor is !re any   
reason :atev] to resort to !m2 =1  :5   
rightly view$1 !re appe>s a m]cy & a    
wisdom 9 ?is miracle  :i* mu/ /rike e "o

 :o att5tively consid]s ! acc\nt1       
unless he be a det]m9$ unbeliev] 9      
miracul\s int]position4 ,=1  #a4 ,!     
miracle occurr$  1 f "t to "t1 t is1    
occasionally1 p]haps frequ5tly4 #b4     
,?\gh b "o at a "t 0  heal$1 yet1 z ?is 
might (t5 occur1 a s+ul>ly graci\s      
provision  0 made = ! relief ( ! sick   
inhabitants ( ,j]usalem 9  desp]ate     
cases4 #c4 ,! angel probably act$       
invisibly1 b !  commotion 9 ! wat]s 0 s 
/rong & peculi> z to m>k a  sup]natural 
ag5t4 #d4 ,!re is great probability 9   
:at ,doddridge1  foll[+ ,t]tullian1     
supposes1 t ! wat]s obta9$ _! heal+     
prop]ty n long be=e ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/1 & 
lo/ x aft] 8  rejection & crucifixion by
 ! ,jews4 ,9 ?is case a connection 0    
e/abli%$ betwe5 ! heal+ virtue ( ! pool 
& ! pres5ce (  ,*ri/ on e>?1 indicat+   
,,him to be ! s\rce ( ?is b5efit1 &  !  
true ag5t 9 conf]r+ x2 & ?us x became1  
aft]w>d at lea/1  a confirmation ( 8    
mission4 #e4 ,! :ole might also be      
emblematical1  8int5d$10 says           

,macknight1 8to %[ t ,ezekiel's vision (
 wat]s  issu+ out ( ! sanctu>y 0 ab\t to
 be fulfill$1 ( :i* wat]s  x is said1   
,!y %all be heal$1 & e ?+ %all live :]e 
!  riv] come?40 ,x _c be object$ t ?is 0
 n an age (  miracles2 & if miracles be 
all[$1 we see 9 ?is p>ticul>            
sup]natural visitation obvi\s reasons ( 
fitness1 z well z a div9e  compassion4  
,if h[ev] ! ends to be accompli%$ by s  
public &  notable a miracul\s           
int]position 7 less obvi\s1 /ill we mu/ 
admit ! fact1 or ei!r =ce absurd        
int]pretations ^u ! text1 or  make !    
evangeli/ c>elessly give 8 sanction to  
an in/ance (  vulg> cr$ulity &          
sup]/ition4    ,maundrell & ,*ateaubri& 
bo? describe a bason or res]voir1 ne>   
,/4  ,/eph5's gate1 & b\nd+ ! temple on 
! nor?1 z ! id5tical  pool ( ,be!sda2   
:i*1 if x really be :at x is repres5t$  
to be1  is all t n[ rema9s ( ! primitive
 ar*itecture ( ! ,jews at  ,j]usalem4 ,!
 latt] says1 8,x is a res]voir1 a hundr$
 & fifty feet  long & =ty wide4 ,! sides

 are wall$1 & ^! walls are compos$  ( a 
b$ ( l>ge /ones jo9$ toge!r by iron     
cramps2 a wall ( mix$  mat]ials runs up 
on ^! l>ge /ones2 a lay] ( fl9ts is /uck
 ^u  ! surface ( ?is wall2 & a coat+ is 
laid ov] ^! fl9ts4 ,!  f\r b$s are      
p]p5dicul> ) ! bottom1 & n horizontal3 !
  coat+ 0 on ! side next to ! wat]2 & ! 
l>ge /ones re/$1  z !y /ill d1 aga9/ !  
gr\nd4 ,?is pool is n[ dry1 & half      
fill$ up4 ,"h gr[ "s pomegranate trees1 
& a species ( wild  tam>9d ( a blui%    
col\r3 ! we/]n angle is q full ( nopals4
  ,on ! we/ side may also be se5 two    
ar*es1 :i* probably l$ to an  aqu$uct t 
c>ri$ ! wat] into ! int]ior ( ! temple40
    ,,be?-,,horon4 ,ab\t twelve miles f 
,j]usalem1 lies ! ,arab village (       
,be?oor1 :]e ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke 0 by   
accid5t compell$ to pass a  night4 ,x is
 notic$ by no o!r travell]2 & yet1 !re  
is !  highe/ probability t ?is is !     
,be?-horon ( ! ,scriptures4 ,/4  ,j]om  
associates x ) ,rama1 9 ! rem>k t !y 7 9
 8 "t1  toge!r ) o!r noble cities built 

by ,solomon1 only poor villages4        
,be?-horon /ood on ! conf9es ( ,ephraim 
& ,b5jam92 :i*1  accord+ to ! le>n$     
travell]1 exactly answ]s to ! situation 
(  ,be?oor4 ,he supposes x1 f its       
situation on a hill1 to be ,be?-horon  !
 upp]1 ! ,be?-horon sup]ior ( ,eusebius1
 ( :i* frequ5t notice  occurs 9 !       
apocryphal writ+s4 ,josephus m5tions t  
,ce/ius1 !  ,roman g5]al1 m>*$ ^u       
,j]usalem by way ( ,lydda & ,be?-horon4 
,,be?lehem1 a city 9 ! tribe ( ,judah1  
,judges xvii1 #g2 & likewise  call$     
,ephra?1 ,g54 xlviii1 #g2 or ,ephratah1 
,micah v1 #b2 & !  inhabitants ( x1     
,ephra?ites1 ,ru? i1 #b2 #a ,sam4 xvii1 
#ab4 ,"h ,david  0 born1 & sp5t 8 e>ly  
ye>s z a %eph]d4 ,& "h also !  sc5e ( ! 
beautiful n>rative ( ,ru? is suppos$ to 
be laid4 ,b its  highe/ hon\r is1 t "h  
our div9e ,"l condesc5d$ to be born (   
woman3--8,& ?\1 ,be?lehem ,ephratah1    
?\gh ?\ be little among !  ?\s&s (      
,judah1 yet out ( !e %all he come =?    
unto me1 t is  to be rul] 9 ,israel1 ^: 

go+s =? h be5 ( old1 f  ev]la/+40       
,travell]s describe ! fir/ view (       
,be?lehem z  impos+4 ,! t[n appe>s cov]+
 ! ridge ( a hill on ! s\!rn  side ( a  
deep & ext5sive valley1 & rea*+ f ea/ to
 we/4 ,!  mo/ conspicu\s object is !    
mona/]y erect$ ov] ! suppos$ 8,cave  ( !
 ,nativity20 its walls & battlem5ts h ! 
air ( a l>ge  =tress4 ,f ?is same po9t1 
! ,dead ,sea is se5 bel[ on ! left1     
seem+ly v ne>1 8b10 says ,s&ys1 8n s    
f\nd by ! travell]2  = ^! high1 decl9+  
m\nta9s are n to be directly desc5d$40  
,! road w9ds r\nd ! top ( a valley :i*  
tradition has fix$ on z  ! sc5e ( !     
angelic vision :i* ann\nc$ ! bir? ( our 
,"l to  ! %eph]ds2 b diff]5t spots h be5
 select$1 ! ,romi%  au?orities n be+    
agre$ on ?is head4 ,be?lehem 7call$ 9 ! 
,new  ,te/am5t ,be?lehem ,ephrata &     
,be?lehem ( ,judea1 to di/+ui% x  f     
,be?lehem ( ,zabulon7 is situat$ on a   
ris+ gr\nd1 ab\t two  h\rs' di/ance1 or 
n q six miles f ,j]usalem4 ,"h !        
travell] meets ) a repetition ( ! same  

pu]ilities & disgu/+  mumm]y :i* he has 
witness$ at ! *ur* ( ! sepul*re4 8,!    
/able10 to use ! words ( ,pococke1 89   
:i* our ,"l 0 born1 is a  grotto cut out
 ( ! rock1 accord+ to ! ea/]n cu/om40 ,x
 is  a/oni%+ to f9d s intellig5t a writ]
 z ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke gravely  cit+ ,/4
 ,j]om1 :o wrote 9 ! fif? c5tury1 z an  
au?ority =  ! tru? ( ! absurd leg5d by  
:i* ! cave ( ! nativity is  suppos$ to  
be id5tifi$4 ,! anci5t tombs &          
excavations are  occasionally us$ by !  
,arabs z places ( %elt]2 b ! ,gospel    
n>rative af=ds no c\nt5ance to ! notion 
t ! ,virg9 took  refuge 9 any cave ( ?is
 description4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0        
evid5tly a mang] belong+ to ! inn or    
khan3 9 o!r words1 !  upp] rooms be+    
:olly occupi$1 ! holy family 7 compell$ 
to  take up _! abode 9 ! c\rt allott$ to
 ! mules & horses1 or  o!r animals4 ,b !
 ,new ,te/am5t 0 n ! guide :i* 0  foll[$
 by ! "m ( ,con/ant9e1 to :om ! orig9al 
*ur* ow$  its f\ndation4 ,! pres5t      
edifice is repres5t$ by ,*ateaubri& z  (

 und\bt$ly high antiquity2 yet ,d\bdan1 
an old travell]1 says t  ! mona/]y 0    
de/roy$ 9 ! ye> #abfc by ! ,moslems2 & 9
 its  pres5t /ate1 at all ev5ts1 x _c   
lay claim to a high] date4 ,!  conv5t is
 divid$ among ! ,greek1 ,roman1 &       
,arm5ian ,*ri/ians1 to  ea* ( :om       
sep>ate p>ts are assign$ z places (     
wor%ip &  habitations = ! monks2 b1 on  
c]ta9 days1 all may p]=m _!  devotions  
at ! alt>s erect$ ov] ! consecrat$      
spots4 ,! *ur*  is built 9 ! =m ( a     
cross2 ! nave be+ adorn$ ) =ty-eight    
,cor9?ian columns 9 f\r r[s1 ea* column 
be+ two feet six in*es  9 diamet]1 &    
eighte5 feet high1 includ+ ! base & !   
capital4  ,! nave1 :i* is 9 possession (
 ! ,arm5ians1 is sep>at$ f !  ?ree o!r  
bran*es ( ! cross by a wall1 s t ! unity
 ( !  edifice is de/roy$4 ,! top ( !    
cross is occupi$ by ! *oir1  :i* belongs
 to ! ,greeks4 ,"h is an alt> d$icat$ to
 ! wise m5  ( ! ea/1 at ! foot ( :i* is 
a m>ble />1 correspond+1 z  ! monks say1
 to ! po9t ( ! heav5s :]e ! miracul\s   

meteor  became /ation>y1 & directly ov] 
! spot :]e ! ,savi\r 0 born  9 !        
subt]ranean *ur* bel[6 ,a flight (      
fifte5 /eps1 & a long  n>r[ passage1    
conduct to ! sacr$ crypt or grotto ( !  
nativity1  :i* is ?irty-sev5 feet six   
in*es long1 by elev5 feet ?ree in*es  9 
bread?1 & n9e feet high4 ,x is l9$ &    
floor$ ) m>ble1 &  provid$ on ea* side )
 five oratories1 8answ]+ precisely to ! 
t5 cribs or /alls = horses t ! /able 9  
:i* our ,savi\r 0  born conta9$60 ,!    
precise spot ( ! bir? is m>k$ by a glory
 9  ! floor1 compos$ ( m>ble & jasp]    
encircl$ ) silv]1 ar\nd  :i* are        
inscrib$ ! words1 ,hc de ,virg9e ,m>i   
,jesus ,*ri/us  natus e/4 ,"h ,jesus    
,*ri/ 0 born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,ov] x is 
a m>ble table or alt>1 :i* re/s aga9/ ! 
side ( ! rock1 "h  cut into an arcade4  
,! mang] is at ! di/ance ( sev5 paces f 
! alt>2 x is 9 a l[ recess hewn out ( ! 
rock1 to :i* y  desc5d by two /eps1 &   
consi/s ( a block ( m>ble1 rais$ ab\t a 
foot & a half above ! floor1 & holl[$   

out 9 ! =m ( a  mang]4 ,be=e x is ! alt>
 ( ! ,magi4 ,! *apel is illum9at$ by    
?irty-two lamps1 pres5t$ by diff]5t     
pr9ces ( ,*ri/5dom4  ,*ateaubri& has    
describ$ ! sc5e 9 8 usual florid &      
imag9ative /yle3 8,no?+ c be m pleas+1  
or bett] calculat$  to excite devotional
 s5tim5ts1 ?an ?is subt]rane\s *ur*4 ,x 
is  adorn$ ) pictures ( ! ,italian &    
,spani% s*ools1 :i*  repres5t ! my/]ies 
( ! place4 ,! usual ornam5ts ( ! mang]  
are ( blue sat91 embroid]$ ) silv]4     
,inc5se is cont9ually  burn+ be=e !     
cradle ( our ,savi\r4 ,i h he>d an      
organ1 t\*$  by no ord9>y h&1 play1 dur+
 mass1 ! sweete/ & mo/ t5d]  tunes ( !  
be/ ,italian compos]s4 ,^! conc]ts *>m !
 ,*ri/ian  ,arab1 :o1 leav+ 8 camels to 
fe$1 repairs1 l ! %eph]ds (  old1 to    
,be?lehem1 to adore ! ,k+ ( k+s 9 !     
mang]4 ,i h se5  ?is inhabitant ( !     
des]t communicate at ! alt> ( ! ,magi1 )
  a f]v\r1 a piety1 a devotion1 unkn[n  
among ! ,*ri/ians ( !  we/4 ,! cont9ual 
arrival ( c>avans f all ! nations (     

,*ri/5dom2 ! public pray]s2 !           
pro/rations2 nay1 ev5 !  ri*ness ( !    
pres5ts s5t "h by ! ,*ri/ian pr9ces1    
altoge!r  produce feel+s 9 ! s\l1 :i* x 
is mu* easi] to conceive ?an  to        
describe40    ,su* are ! illusions :i* !
 ,roman sup]/ition ca/s ov] ?is         
extraord9>y sc5e6 ,9 ano!r subt]rane\s  
*apel1 tradition places  ! sepul*re ( ! 
,innoc5ts4 ,f ?is1 ! pilgrim is conduct$
 to  ! grotto ( ,/4 ,j]om1 :]e !y %[ !  
tomb ( t fa!r1 :o  pass$ great "p ( 8   
life 9 ?is place2 & :o1 9 ! grotto  %[n 
z 8 oratory1 is said to h translat$ t   
v]sion ( !  ,bible :i* has be5 adopt$ by
 ! *ur* ( ,rome1 & is call$ !  ,vulgate4
 ,he di$ at ! advanc$ age ( n9ety-"o1   
,a4 ,d4 #dbb4 ,!  village ( ,be?lehem   
conta9s ab\t ?ree hundr$ inhabitants1 ! 
great] "p ( :om ga9 _! livelihood by    
mak+ beads1 c>v+  "m-(-pe>l %ells )     
sacr$ subjects1 & manufactur+ small     
tables & crucifixes1 all :i* are eag]ly 
pur*as$ by ! pilgrims4    ,be?lehem has 
be5 visit$ by _m mod]n travell]s4 ,!    

foll[+  notice ( x by ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4      
,cl>ke w be read ) int]e/3 8,aft]       
travell+ = ab\t an h\r f ! "t ( our     
leav+ ,j]usalem1 we  came 9 view (      
,be?lehem1 & halt$ to enjoy ! int]e/+   
sight4  ,! t[n appe>$ cov]+ ! ridge ( a 
hill on ! s\!rn side ( a  deep &        
ext5sive valley1 & rea*+ f ea/ to we/2 !
 mo/  conspicu\s object be+ ! mona/]y1  
erect$ ov] ! cave ( !  nativity1 9 !    
suburbs1 & ^u ! ea/]n side4 ,!          
battlem5ts &  walls ( ?is build+ seem$ l
 ^? ( a va/ =tress4 ,! ,dead  ,sea bel[1
 ^u our left1 appe>$ s ne> to u t we    
?\ght we  c\ld h rode ?i!r 9 a v %ort   
space ( "t4 ,/ill ne>]  /ood a m\nta9 ^u
 its we/]n %ore1 resembl+ 9 its =m !    
cone  ( ,vesuvius ne> ,naples1 & hav+   
also a crat] ^u its top :i* 0  pla9ly   
disc]nible4 ,! di/ance1 h[ev]1 is mu*   
great] ?an x  appe>s to be2 ! magnitude 
( ! objects beheld 9 ?is f9e prospect   
caus+ !m to appe> less remote ?an !y    
really are4 ,! atmosph]e  0 rem>kably   
cle> & s]5e2 b we saw none ( ^? cl\ds ( 

smoke1 :i*1 by "s writ]s1 are said to   
exhale f ! surface (  ! lake1 nor f any 
neighb\r+ m\nta94 ,e ?+ ab\t x 0  9 !   
highe/ degree gr& & awful4 ,be?lehem is 
six miles f  ,j]usalem4 ,josephus       
describes ! int]val betwe5 ! two cities 
z  equal only to tw5ty /adia2 & 9 !     
passage ref]r$ to1 he makes an  allusion
 to a celebrat$ well1 :i*1 bo? f !      
acc\nt giv5 by him  ( its situation1 & m
 especially f ! text ( ! sacr$          
,scriptures1 #b ,sam4 xxiii1 #ae1 seems 
to h conta9$ ! id5tical  f\nta91 ( ^:   
pure & delici\s wat] we 7 n[ dr9k+4     
,consid]$ m]ely 9 po9t ( int]e/1 !      
n>rative is n likely to  be surpass$ by 
any circum/ance ( ,pagan hi/ory4 ,david1
 be+ a native  ( ,be?lehem1 calls to    
m9d1 dur+ ! sultry days ( h>ve/1 v]se   
#ac1 a well ne> ! gate ( ! t[n1 !       
delici\s wat]s ( :i* he  _h (t5 ta/$2 & 
expresses an e>ne/ desire to assuage 8  
?ir/  by dr9k+ ( t limpid spr+4 #8,&    
,david long$1 & said1 ,o t  "o w\ld give
 me to dr9k ( ! wat] ( ! well (         

,be?lehem1 :i*  is by ! gate6' ,!       
exclamation is ov]he>d by #8?ree ( !    
mighty  m5 :om ,david _h1' namely1      
,ad9o1 ,eleaz>1 & ,%amnah1 v]ses #h1 #i1
  #aa4 ,^! m5 salli$ =?1 & hav+ f\ght _!
 way ?r\gh !  g>rison ( ! ,phili/9es at 
,be?lehem1 v]se #ad1 #8drew wat] f !    
well t 0 by ! gate1' on ! o!r side ( !  
t[n1 & br\ght  x to ,david4 ,com+ into 8
 pres5ce1 !y pres5t to him !  surpris+  
te/imony ( _! val\r & affection4 ,! ag$ 
mon>*  receives f _! h&s a pl$ge !y _h s
 de>ly e>n$1 b  refuses to dr9k ( wat] e
 drop ( :i* _h be5 pur*as$ )  blood1 #b 
,sam4 xxiii1 #ag4 ,he returns ?anks to !
 ,almighty1 :o _h  v\*saf$ ! deliv]ance 
( 8 w>riors f ! jeop>dy !y _h  enc\nt]$2
 & p\r+ out ! wat] z a libation on !    
gr\nd1  makes an (f]+ ( x to ! ,"l4 ,!  
well /ill reta9s its pri/9e  r5[n2 & _m 
an expatriat$ ,be?lehemite has made x ! 
!me (  8 long+ & regret40    ,,be?phage1
 s call$ f its produc+ figs1 a small    
village situat$  9 ,m\nt ,olivet1 &1 z x
 seems1 some:at ne>] ,j]usalem ?an      

,be?any4 ,jesus be+ come f ,be?any to   
,be?phage1 comm&$ 8  disciples to seek  
out an ass = him t he might ride1 9 8   
triumphant entrance into ,j]usalem1     
,matt4 xxi1 #a1 c4 ,! di/ance  betwe5   
,be?phage & ,j]usalem is ab\t fifte5    
furlongs4    ,,be?saida1 a city ^: "n 9 
,hebrew imports a place ( fi%+ or (     
hunt+1 & = bo? ( ^! ex]cises x 0 well   
situat$4 ,z x  belong$ to ! tribe (     
,naphtali1 x 0 9 a c\ntry rem>kable =   
pl5ty ( de]2 & z x lay on ! nor? end ( !
 lake ,g5nes>e?1  j :]e ! riv] ,jordan  
runs into x1 x became ! resid5ce (      
fi%]m54 ,?ree ( ! ,apo/les1 ,philip1    
,&rew1 & ,pet]1 7 born  9 ?is city4 ,x  
is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh x  
frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,new3 ! reason is1 
t x 0 b a village1  z ,josephus tells u1
 till ,philip ! tetr>* enl>g$ x1 mak+ x 
a  magnific5t city1 & gave x ! "n (     
,julias1 out ( respect to  ,julia1 !    
daught] ( ,augu/us ,cs>4    ,!          
evangeli/s speak ( ,be?saida2 & yet x !n
 possess$ t "n  no long]3 x 0 enl>g$ &  

beautifi$ ne>ly at ! same "t z  ,cs>ea1 
& call$ ,julias4 ,?us 0 x call$ 9 ! days
 ( our ,"l1  & s w\ld ! sacr$ hi/orians 
h be5 accu/om$ to call x4 ,b  if !y knew
 no?+ ( ?is1 :at %all we say ( _! age8  
,9 o!r  respects !y ev9ce ! mo/ accurate
 k ( ! circum/ances (  ! "t4 ,! solution
 is1 t1 ?\gh ,philip _h exalt$ x to !   
rank ( a city1 to :i* he gave ! "n (    
,julias1 yet1 n long  aft]w>d1 ?is      
,julia1 9 ^: hon\r ! city receiv$ its   
"n1 0  bani%$ f ! c\ntry by h] own fa!r4
 ,! deeply w\nd$ hon\r  ( ,augu/us 0 ev5
 anxi\s t ! _w might =get t %e 0  8     
daught]4 ,tib]ius1 ^: wife %e _h be51   
consign$ !  un=tunate pr9cess1 aft] !   
dea? ( ,augu/us1 to ! mo/ abject        
pov]ty1 "u :i* %e sank )\t assi/ance4   
,?us adulation mu/  "u two reigns h     
suppress$ a "n1 f :i* o!rwise ! city    
might h wi%$ to d]ive b5efit to itself2 
& = "s "t x 0  call$ by its anci5t "n   
,be?saida in/ead ( ,julias4 ,at a lat]  
p]iod ?is "n aga9 came into circulation1
 & appe>s 9 !  catalogue ( ,jewi% cities

 by ,pl9y4 ,by su* incid5ts1 :i* are s  
easily ov]look$1 & ! k ( :i* is aft]w>d 
lo/1 d  ^? :o are really acqua9t$ ) an  
age disclose _! au!nticity4  8,b x is   
/range10 "s "o w say1 8t ,john reckons  
?is  ,be?saida1 or ,julias1 :]e he 0    
born1 9 ,galilee1 ,john xii1 #ba4  ,%\ld
 he n "k to :at prov9ce 8 bir?place     
belong$80 ,philip  only gov]n$ ! ea/]n  
di/ricts by ! sea ( ,tib]ias2 b ,galilee
  0 ! portion ( 8 bro!r ,antipas4       
,be?saida or ,julias c\ld  !re=e n h be5
 built by ,philip1 z ! case is2 or x did
 n  belong to ,galilee1 z ,john alleges4
 ,9 fact1 su* an error 7  suffici5t to  
prove t ?is ,gospel 0 n writt5 by ,john4
 ,julias1  h[ev]1 0 situat$ 9           
,gaulonitis1 :i* di/rict 01 = deep      
political reasons1 divid$ f ,galilee2 b 
! ord9>y language (  ! "t ass]t$ its own
 op9ion1 & /ill reckon$ ! ,gauloniti%   
prov9ce 9 ,galilee4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,john   
does ! same1 he proves1  t ! peculi>ity 
( ^? days 0 n unkn[n to him2 = he       
expresses himself aft] ! ord9>y mann] ( 

! p]iod4 ,?us ,josephus  in=ms u (      
,judas ! ,gaulonite f ,gamala1 & also   
calls him 9 !  foll[+ *apt]s1 !         
,galilean2 & !n 9 ano!r "w he applies  !
 same expression to him2 f :5ce we may  
be conv9c$ t !  cu/om ( ^? days paid    
respect to a m anci5t division ( !      
c\ntry1 & bade defiance1 9 ! pres5t     
case1 to ! !n exi/+  political          
geography4 ,is x possible t hi/orians   
:o1 z x is  evid5t f su* examples1      
discov] ?r\gh\t s nice a k (            
geographical arrangem5ts & local & ev5  
tempor>y circum/ances1  %\ld h writt5 at
 a "t :5 ! !atre ( ev5ts 0 unkn[n to    
!m1 :5 n only _! native c\ntry 0        
de/roy$1 b _! nation  scatt]$1 & !      
national exi/5ce ( ! ,jews ext+ui%$ &   
extirpat$8 ,on ! contr>y1 all ?is is 9  
pro( t !y wrote at !  v p]iod :i* !y    
pr(ess1 & x also proves ! usual         
antiquity  assign$ to ! ,gospels4       
,,be?%an1 a city belong+ to ! half tribe
 ( ,manasseh1 on ! we/ (  ,jordan1 & n  
f> f ! riv]4 ,x 0 a consid]able city 9 !

  "t ( ,eusebius & ,/4 ,j]om1 & 0 !n1 z 
x _h be5 = sev]al  ages be=e1 call$     
,scy?opolis1 or ! city ( ! ,scy?ians1 f 
"s  rem>kable occurr5ce :5 ! ,scy?ians  
made an irruption into ,syria4  ,x is   
said to be six hundr$ furlongs f        
,j]usalem1 #b ,macc4 xii1 #bi4  ,aft] ! 
battle ( ,m\nt ,gilboa1 ! ,phili/9es    
took ! body ( ,saul1  & hung x aga9/ !  
wall ( ,be?%an1 #a ,sam4 xxxi1 #aj4     
,be?%an is  n[ call$ ,bysan1 & is       
describ$ by ,burckh>dt z situat$ on ris+
  gr\nd on ! we/ ( ! ,ghor1 or valley ( 
,jordan4    ,,be?%eme%1 a city ( ! tribe
 ( ,judah1 belong+ to ! prie/s1  ,jo%ua 
xxi1 #af4 ,! ,phili/9es hav+ s5t back ! 
ark ( ! ,"l1 x  0 br\ght to ,be?%eme%1  
#a ,sam4 vi1 #ab1 :]e "s ( ! p out  (   
curiosity hav+ look$ into x1 ! ,"l      
de/roy$ sev5ty ( !  pr9cipal m5 belong+ 
to ! city1 & fifty ?\s& ( ! common  p1  
v]se #ai4 ,x is "h to be obs]v$ t x 0   
solemnly  enjo9$1 ,num4 iv1 #bj1 t n    
only ! common p b t ev5 !  ,levites     
!mselves %\ld n d>e to look into ! ark1 

^u pa9 (  dea?4 8,x is a fe>ful ?+10    
says ,bi%op ,hall1 8to use ! holy       
ord9ances ( ,god ) an irrev]5t boldness2
 fe> & trembl+ become  u 9 our access to
 ! maje/y ( ! ,almighty40    ,,be?uel1 !
 son ( ,nahor & ,milcah4 ,he 0          
,abraham's nephew1 &  fa!r to ,laban &  
,rebekah1 ! wife ( ,isaac1 ,g5esis xxii1
 #bj1 #bc4    ,,betro?m5t1 a mutual     
promise or compact betwe5 two p>ties = a
  future m>riage4 ,! ^w imports z mu* z 
giv+ "o's tro?2 t  is1 true fai?1 or    
promise4 ,among ! anci5t ,jews1 !       
betro?+ 0  p]=m$ ei!r by a writ+1 or by 
a piece ( silv] giv5 to !  bride4 ,aft] 
! m>riage 0 contract$1 ! "y p _h !      
lib]ty ( see+ ea* o!r1 :i* 0 n all[$ !m 
be=e4 ,if1  aft] ! betro?m5t1 ! bride   
%\ld trespass aga9/ t fidelity  %e ow$  
to h] bridegroom %e 0 treat$ z an       
adult]ess4 ,see  ,,m>riage4    ,,bez]1  
or ,bozra1 or ,bo/ra1 a city beyond     
,jordan1 giv5 by ,moses to  ,reub53 ?is 
t[n 0 design$ by ,jo%ua to be a city (  
refuge2 x 0  giv5 to ! ,levites (       

,g]%om's family1 ,deut4 iv1 #dc4 ,:5    
,scripture  m5tions ,bez]1 x adds1 89 ! 
wild]ness10 because x lay 9 ,arabia     
,des]ta1 & ! ea/]n "p ( ,edom1          
encompass$ ) des]ts4  ,eusebius places  
,bozra tw5ty-f\r miles f ,adraa1 or     
,edrai4 ,?is city  is sometimes said to 
belong to ,reub51 sometimes to ,moab1 & 
sometimes  aga9 to ,edom2 because1 z x 0
 a fronti] t[n to ^! ?ree  prov9ces1 x 0
 occasionally 9 ! h&s ( "o p>ty1 & !n 0 
tak5 by ano!r4 ,! bi%ops ( ,bo/ra       
subscrib$ ! decrees (  sev]al c\ncils4  
,,bible1 ! book1 by way ( em95ce s      
call$1 z conta9+ !  sacr$ ,scriptures1 t
 is1 ! inspir$ writ+s ( ! ,old & ,new   
,te/am5t2 or ! :ole collection ( ^? :i* 
are receiv$ among  ,*ri/ians z ( div9e  
au?ority4 ,! ^w ,bible comes f ! ,greek 
1 or 1 & is us$ to d5ote any book2 b is 
emphatically  appli$ to ! book ( inspir$
 ,scripture1 :i* is 8! book0 z be+      
sup]ior 9 excell5ce to all o!r books4   
aga9 comes f  1 ! ,egyptian re$1 f :i* !
 anci5t pap] 0 procur$4  ,! ^w ,bible   

seems to be us$ 9 ! p>ticul> s5se j giv5
 by  ,*ryso/om3 8,i !re=e exhort all ( y
 to procure to y\rselves  ,bibles1 4 ,if
 y h no?+ else1 take c>e to h ! ,new    
,te/am5t1 p>ticul>ly ! ,acts ( !        
,apo/les & ! ,gospels1 =  y\r con/ant   
in/ruct]s40 ,& ,j]ome says1 8t !        
,scriptures be+  all writt5 by "o ,_s1  
are "o book40 ,augu/9e also in=ms u1  8t
 "s call$ all ! canonical ,scriptures "o
 book1 on acc\nt (  _! wond]ful h>mony &
 unity ( design ?r\gh\t40 ,x is n       
improbable t ?is mode ( speak+ gradually
 introduc$ ! g5]al  use ( ! ^w ,bible = 
! :ole collection ( ! ,scriptures1 or ! 
books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by !   
,jews ! ,bible1 t is1 !  ,old ,te/am5t1 
is call$ ,mikra1 t is1 8lecture1 or     
read+40 ,by  ,*ri/ians ! ,bible1        
compreh5d+ ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 is   
usually d5om9at$ 8,scripture20 sometimes
 also ! 8,sacr$ ,canon10  :i* signifies 
! rule ( fai? & practice4 ,^!1 & simil> 
appellations1 are d]iv$ f ! div9e       
orig9al & au?ority ( !  ,bible4 ,z x    

conta9s an au!ntic & connect$ hi/ory ( !
 div9e  disp5sations ) reg>d to mank9d2 
z x 0 giv5 by div9e  inspiration2 z its 
*ief subject is religion2 & z ! doctr9es
 x  tea*es1 & ! duties x inculcates1    
p]ta9 to ! conduct ( m51 z  rational1   
moral1 & acc\ntable be+s1 & conduce by a
 div9e  con/itution & promise1 to _!    
pres5t & future happ9ess2 !  ,bible     
des]ves to be held 9 ! highe/ e/imation1
 & amply ju/ifies  ! s5tim5ts ( v5]ation
 ) :i* x has be5 reg>d$1 & !  peculi> & 
hon\rable appellations by :i* x has be5 
d5om9at$4    #b4 ,! li/ ( ! books       
conta9$ 9 ! ,bible con/itutes :at is    
call$ ! canon ( ,scripture4 ,^? books t 
are conta9$ 9 !  catalogue to :i* ! "n (
 canon has be5 appropriat$1 are call$   
canonical1 by way ( contradi/9ction f   
o!rs call$  deut]o-canonical1           
apocryphal1 pseudo-apocryphal1 c1 :i*   
ei!r are  n ackn[l$g$ z div9e books1 or 
are reject$ z h]etical &  spuri\s4 7,see
 ,apocrypha47 ,! fir/ canon or catalogue
 ( ! sacr$  books 0 made by ! ,jews2 b !

 orig9al au?or ( x is n  satisfactorily 
asc]ta9$4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! five  
books  ( ,moses1 call$ ! ,p5tateu*1 7   
collect$ into "o body )9 a  %ort "t aft]
 8 dea?2 s9ce ,deut]onomy1 :i* is1 z x  
71 !  abridgm5t & recapitulation ( ! o!r
 f\r1 0 laid 9 !  tab]nacle ne> ! ark1  
accord+ to ! ord] :i* he gave to !      
,levites1 ,deut4 xxxi1 #bd4 ,h5ce ! fir/
 canon ( ! sacr$ writ+s  consi/$ ( !    
five books ( ,moses3 = a f>!r acc\nt (  
:i* see  ,p5tateu*4 ,x does n appe> t   
any o!r books 7 add$ to  ^!1 till !     
division ( ! t5 tribes1 z ! ,sam>itans  
ackn[l$g$ no o!rs4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! "t (  
,moses1 sev]al  prophets1 & o!r writ]s  
div9ely inspir$1 compos$ ei!r !  hi/ory 
( _! own times1 or prophetical books &  
div9e writ+s1 or  psalms appropriat$ to 
! praise ( ,god4 ,b ^! books d n seem to
  h be5 collect$ into "o body1 or       
compris$ "u "o & ! same  canon1 be=e !  
,babyloni% captivity4 ,?is 0 n done till
 aft]  _! return f ! captivity1 ab\t :i*
 "t ! ,jews _h a c]ta9  numb] ( books   

dige/$ into a canon1 :i* compreh5d$ none
 ( ^?  books t 7 writt5 s9ce ! "t (     
,nehemiah4 ,! book (  ,ecclesia/icus    
af=ds suffici5t evid5ce t ! canon ( !   
sacr$  books 0 complet$ :5 t tract 0    
compos$2 = t au?or1 9  *apt] xlix1 hav+ 
m5tion$ among ! fam\s m5 & sacr$ writ]s1
  ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 adds !   
twelve m9or prophets :o foll[  ^? ?ree 9
 ! ,jewi% canon2 & f ?is circum/ance we 
may inf]  t ! prophecies ( ^! twelve 7  
already collect$ & dige/$  into "o body4
 ,x is f>!r evid5t1 t 9 ! "t ( our      
,savi\r  ! canon ( ! ,holy ,scriptures 0
 drawn up1 s9ce he cites ! law (        
,moses1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,psalms1 :i*   
are ! ?ree k9ds ( books  ( :i* t canon  
is compos$1 & :i* he (t5 /yles1 8!      
,scriptures10 or1 8! ,holy ,scripture10 
,matt4 xxi1 #db2 xxii1 #bi2 xxvi1  #ed2 
,john v1 #ci2 & by him !re=e ! ,jewi%   
canon1 z x exi/$ 9  8 day1 0 fully      
au!nticat$1 by :omsoev] or at :at "t x  
_h  be5 =m$4    #c4 ,! p]son :o compil$ 
?is canon is g5]ally all[$ to be ,ezra4 

,accord+ to ! inv>iable tradition (     
,jews & ,*ri/ians1 ! hon\r  is ascrib$  
to him ( hav+ collect$ toge!r & p]fect$ 
a complete  edition ( ! ,holy           
,scriptures4 ,! orig9al ( ! ,p5tateu* _h
 be5  c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! side ( ! ark1
 & _h be5 probably  introduc$ ) ! ark   
into ! temple at ,j]usalem4 ,aft] hav+  
be5  conceal$ 9 ! dang]\s days ( !      
idolatr\s k+s ( ,judah1 &  p>ticul>ly 9 
! impi\s reigns ( ,manasseh & ,amon1 x 0
 f\nd 9  ! days ( ,josiah1 ! succe$+    
pr9ce1 by ,hilkiah ! prie/1 9 !  temple4
 ,prideaux ?9ks1 t dur+ ! prec$+ reigns 
! book (  ! law 0 s de/roy$ & lo/1 t1   
beside ?is copy ( x1 !re  0 !n no o!r to
 be obta9$4 ,to ?is purpose he adds1 t !
  surprise manife/$ by ,hilkiah1 on !   
discov]y ( x1 & ! grief  express$ by    
,josiah :5 he he>d x read1 pla9ly %[ t  
nei!r (  !m _h se5 x be=e4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 ,dr4 ,k5nicott1 ) bett]  reason1       
supposes1 t long be=e ?is "t !re 7      
sev]al copies  ( ! law 9 ,israel1 dur+ !
 sep>ation ( ! t5 tribes1 & t  !re 7 "s 

copies ( x also among ! tribes ( ,judah 
&  ,b5jam91 p>ticul>ly 9 ! h&s ( !      
prophets1 prie/s1 &  ,levites2 & t by ! 
in/ruction & au?ority ( ^! ,,mss1 !     
v>i\s s]vices 9 ! temple 7 regulat$1    
dur+ ! reigns ( !  good k+s ( ,judah4   
,he adds1 t ! surprise express$ by      
,josiah &  ! p1 at 8 read+ ! copy f\nd  
by ,hilkiah1 may be acc\nt$  = by adv]t+
 to ! hi/ory ( ! prec$+ reigns1 & by    
recollect+ h[ idolatr\s a k+ ,manasseh  
_h be5 = fifty-five  ye>s1 & t he want$ 
nei!r p[] nor incl9ation to de/roy !    
copies ( ! law1 if !y _h n be5 secret$  
by ! s]vants ( ,god4  ,! law1 aft] be+ s
 long conceal$1 w\ld be unkn[n almo/ to 
all  ! ,jews2 & ?us ! solemn read+ ( x  
by ,josiah w\ld awak5 8  own & ! p's    
e>ne/ att5tion2 m especially1 z ! copy  
produc$ 0 probably ! orig9al writt5 by  
,moses4 ,f ?is "t  copies ( ! law 7     
ext5sively multipli$ among ! p2 &  ?\gh1
 )9 a few ye>s1 ! autograph1 or orig9al 
copy ( ! law1  0 burnt ) ! city & temple
 by ! ,babylonians1 yet _m copies  ( !  

law & ! prophets1 & ( all ! o!r sacr$   
writ+s1 7  circulat$ 9 ! h&s ( private  
p]sons1 :o c>ri$ !m ) !m  into _!       
captivity4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,daniel _h a   
copy ( ! ,holy  ,scriptures ) him at    
,babylon2 = he quotes ! law1 & m5tions !
  prophecies ( ,j]emiah1 ,dan4 ix1 #b1  
#aa1 #ac4 ,x appe>s also1 f !  six? *ap4
 ( ,ezra1 & f ! n9? *ap4 ( ,nehemiah1 t 
copies  ( ! law 7 disp]s$ among ! p4 ,! 
:ole :i* ,ezra did may  be compris$ 9 ! 
foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,he collect$ z _m     
copies  ( ! sacr$ writ+s z he c\ld f9d1 
& comp>$ !m toge!r1  &1 out ( !m all1   
=m$ "o complete copy1 adju/$ ! v>i\s    
read+s1 & correct$ ! errors (           
transcrib]s4 ,he likewise made          
additions 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! diff]5t     
books1 :i* appe>$ to be  necess>y = !   
illu/ration1 correction1 & completion ( 
!m4 ,to  ?is class ( additions we may   
ref] ! la/ *apt] ( ,deut]onomy1  :i*1 z 
x gives an acc\nt ( ! dea? & burial (   
,moses1 & (  ! succession ( ,jo%ua aft] 
him1 c\ld n h be5 writt5 by ,moses      

himself4 ,"u ! same head h also be5     
includ$ "s o!r  int]polations 9 !       
,bible1 :i* create difficulties t c only
 be  solv$ by all[+ !m2 z 9 ,g54 xii1   
#f2 xxii1 #ad2 xxxvi1 #c2 ,exodus  xvi1 
#ce2 ,deut4 ii1 #ab2 iii1 #aa1 #ad2     
,prov4 xxv1 #a4 ,! int]polations 9  ^!  
passages are ascrib$ by ,prideaux to    
,ezra2 & o!rs :i* 7  aft]w>d add$1 he   
attributes to ,simon ! ,j4 ,ezra also   
*ang$ !  old names ( sev]al places t 7  
become obsolete1 putt+ in/ead  ( !m !   
new names by :i* !y 7 at t "t call$2    
in/ances  ( :i* occur 9 ,g5esis xiv1 #d1
 :]e ,dan is sub/itut$ = ,lai%1  & 9    
sev]al places 9 ,g5esis1 & also 9       
,numb]s1 :]e ,hebron is  put = ,kirja?  
,arba1 c4 ,he likewise wrote out ! :ole 
9 ! ,*aldee  "*1 *ang+ = x ! old ,hebrew
 "*1 :i* has s9ce  t "t be5 reta9$ only 
by ! ,sam>itans1 & among :om x is       
pres]v$ ev5 to ?is day4 ,! canon ( !    
:ole ,hebrew ,bible seems1  says        
,k5nicott1 to h be5 clos$ by ,mala*i1 ! 
late/ ( ! ,jewi%  prophets1 ab\t fifty  

ye>s aft] ,ezra _h collect$ toge!r all !
  sacr$ books :i* _h be5 compos$ be=e & 
dur+ 8 "t4  ,prideaux supposes ! canon 0
 complet$ by ,simon ! ,j1 ab\t "o       
hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ,mala*i3 b1 z 8
 op9ion is f\nd$  m]ely on a few prop]  
names at ! end ( ! two g5ealogies1 #a   
,*ron4  iii1 #ai2 ,nehem4 xii1 #bb1 :i* 
few names might v easily be add$ by a   
transcrib] aft]w>d1 x is m probable1 z  
,k5nicott ?9ks1 t  ! canon 0 f9i%$ by ! 
la/ ( ! prophets1 ab\t f\r hundr$  ye>s 
be=e ,*ri/4    #d4 ,x is an inquiry (   
consid]able importance1 9 its relation  
to !  subject ( ?is article1 :at books 7
 conta9$ 9 ! canon ( !  ,jews4 ,! ,old  
,te/am5t1 accord+ to our ,bibles1       
comprises ?irty-n9e  books1 viz4 !      
,p5tateu* or five books ( ,moses1 call$ 
,g5esis1  ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 
& ,deut]onomy1 ! books ( ,jo%ua1        
,judges1 ,ru?1 #a  #b ,samuel1 #a  #b   
,k+s1 #a  #b ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1         
,nehemiah1 ,e/h]1 ,job1 ,psalms1        
,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ! ,song (       

,solomon1 ! prophecies ( ,isaiah1       
,j]emiah ) 8 ,lam5tations1  ,ezekiel1   
,daniel1 ,hosea1 ,joel1 ,amos1 ,obadiah1
 ,jonah1 ,micah1 ,nahum1  ,habakkuk1    
,zephaniah1 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 &        
,mala*i4 ,b1 among !  anci5t ,jews1 !y  
=m$ only tw5ty-two books1 accord+ to !  
lett]s ( _! alphabet1 :i* 7 tw5ty-two 9 
numb]2 reckon+  ,judges & ,ru?1 ,ezra & 
,nehemiah1 ,j]emiah & 8 ,lam5tations1 & 
! twelve m9or prophets1 7s call$ f !    
comp>ative brevity (  _! compositions17 
respectively z "o book4 ,josephus says1 
8,we h  n ?\s&s ( books1 discordant1 &  
contradict+ ea* o!r3 b we  h only       
tw5ty-two1 :i* compreh5d ! hi/ory ( all 
=m] ages1  & are ju/ly reg>d$ z div9e4  
,five ( !m proce$ f ,moses2  !y include 
z well ! laws1 z an acc\nt ( ! creation 
( man1  ext5d+ to ! "t ( 8 7,moses7     
dea?4 ,?is p]iod compreh5ds  ne>ly ?ree 
?\s& ye>s4 ,f ! dea? ( ,moses to t (    
,artax]xes1 :o 0 k+ ( ,p]sia aft]       
,x]xes1 ! prophets1 :o  succe$$ ,moses1 
committ$ to writ+1 9 ?irte5 books1 :at 0

 done  9 _! days4 ,! rema9+ f\r books   
conta9 hymns to ,god1 7!  ,psalms17 &   
in/ructions ( life = man40 ,! ?reefold  
division (  ! ,old ,te/am5t into ! ,law1
 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,psalms1 m5tion$  by  
,josephus1 0 expressly recognis$ be=e 8 
"t by ,jesus ,*ri/1  z well z by !      
subsequ5t writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we 
h  !re=e suffici5t evid5ce t ! ,old     
,te/am5t exi/$ at t  "t2 & if x be only 
all[$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 a tea*] ( a      
fe>less & irreproa*able "*1 x mu/ be    
ackn[l$g$ t we  draw a fair conclusion1 
:5 we ass]t t ! ,scriptures 7 n         
corrupt$ 9 8 "t3 =1 :5 he accus$ !      
,ph>isees ( mak+ !  law ( no effect by  
_! traditions1 &1 :5 he enjo9$ 8 he>]s  
to se>* ! ,scriptures1 he c\ld n h fail$
 to m5tion !  corruptions or =g]ies (   
,scripture1 if any _h exi/$ 9 t age4    
,ab\t fifty ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/ 7    
writt5 ! ,t>gums (  ,onkelos on !       
,p5tateu*1 & ( ,jona?an ,b5-,uzziel on !
 ,prophets2  7accord+ to ! ,jewi%       
classification ( ! books ( ! ,old       

,te/am5t27 :i* are evid5ce ( ! g5u95ess 
( ^? books at t  "t4 ,we h1 h[ev]1      
unque/ionable te/imony ( ! g5u95ess (  !
 ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ! fact t its canon 0  
fix$ "s c5turies  be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus  
,*ri/4 ,jesus ! son ( ,sira*1 au?or ( ! 
book ( ,ecclesia/icus1 makes evid5t     
ref]5ces to ! prophecies (  ,isaiah1    
,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel1 & m5tions ^!      
prophets by "n3 he  speaks also ( !     
twelve m9or prophets4 ,x likewise appe>s
 f !  prologue to t book1 t ! law & !   
prophets1 & o!r anci5t  books1 7 extant 
at ! same p]iod4 ,! book (              
,ecclesia/icus1  accord+ to ! be/       
*ronolog]s1 0 writt5 9 ! ,syro-,*aldaic 
dialect ,a4 ,m4 #cggb1 t is1 two hundr$ 
& ?irty-two ye>s be=e !  ,*ri/ian ra1 & 
0 translat$ by ! gr&son ( ,jesus into   
,greek1  = ! use ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews4  
,! prologue 0 add$ by !  translator2 b  
?is circum/ance does n dim9i% ! evid5ce 
= !  antiquity ( ! ,old ,te/am5t3 = he  
in=ms u1 t ! law & !  prophets1 & ! o!r 
books ( _! fa!rs1 7 /udi$ by 8  gr&fa!r2

 a suffici5t pro( t !y 7 extant 9 8 "t4 
,fifty  ye>s1 inde$1 be=e ! age ( !     
au?or ( ,ecclesia/icus1 or two  hundr$ &
 eighty-two ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra1 !  
,greek v]sion  ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1       
usually call$ ! ,septuag9t1 0 execut$ at
  ,alex&ria1 ! books ( :i* are ! same z 
9 our ,bibles2 :5ce x  is evid5t t we   
/ill h ^? id5tical books1 :i* ! mo/     
anci5t ,jews atte/$ to be g5u9e4 ,!     
,*ri/ian fa!rs too1 ,orig51  ,a?anasius1
 ,hil>y1 ,gregory1 ,nazianz51           
,epiphanius1 & ,j]om1 speak+  ( ! books 
t are all[$ by ! ,jews z sacr$ &        
canonical1 agree  9 say+ t !y are ! same
 9 numb] ) ! lett]s 9 !  ,hebrew        
alphabet1 t is1 tw5ty-two1 & reckon     
p>ticul>ly ^?  books :i* we h already   
m5tion$4 ,no?+ c be m satisfactory  &   
conclusive ?an all ! p>ts ( ! evid5ce = 
! au!nticity  & integrity ( ! canon ( ! 
,old ,te/am5t scriptures4 ,! ,jews1 to  
:om !y 7 fir/ committ$1 nev] v>i$       
respect+ !m2 :ile !y  7 fully recognis$ 
by our ,"l & 8 ,apo/les2 &1 consequ5tly1

  _! au!nticity is e/abli%$ by express  
revelation4 ,& t we n[  possess !m z ?us
 deliv]$ & au!nticat$1 we h ! concurr5t 
te/imony ( ! :ole succession ( ! mo/    
di/+ui%$ e>ly  ,*ri/ian writ]s1 z well z
 ( ! ,jews to ?is day1 :o1 9 e  age1 & 9
 all c\ntries1 ! mo/ remote f "o ano!r1 
h  con/antly be5 9 ! habit ( read+ !m 9 
_! synagogues4    #e4 ,! five books ( ! 
law are divid$ into fifty-f\r sections1 
:i*  division is attribut$ to ,ezra1 & 0
 int5d$ = ! use ( _!  synagogues1 & = ! 
bett] in/ruction ( ! p 9 ! law (  ,god4 
,=1 "o ( ^! sections 0 read e ,sabba? 9 
_!  synagogues4 ,!y end$ ! la/ section )
 ! la/ words (  ,deut]onomy on ! ,sabba?
 ( ! fea/ ( ! tab]nacles1 & !n  began   
anew ) ! fir/ section f ! beg9n+ (      
,g5esis ! next  ,sabba? aft]1 & s w5t   
r\nd 9 ?is circle e ye>4 ,! numb]  ( ^! 
sections 0 fifty-f\r1 because 9 _!      
int]calat$ ye>s 7a  mon? be+ !n add$7   
!re 7 fifty-f\r ,sabba?s4 ,on o!r ye>s  
!y r$uc$ !m to ! numb] ( ! ,sabba?s :i* 
7 9 ^?  ye>s1 by jo9+ two %ort ones     

sev]al times into "o4 ,= !y held        
!mselves oblig$ to h ! :ole law ?us read
 ov] 9 _!  synagogues e ye>4 ,till ! "t 
( ! p]secution ( ,antio*us  ,epiphanes1 
!y read only ! law2 b be+ !n prohibit$ f
  read+ x any m1 !y sub/itut$ 9 ! room (
 ! fifty-f\r  sections ( ! law1         
fifty-f\r sections out ( ! prophets1 !  
read+ ( :i* !y ev] aft] cont9u$4 ,?us1  
:5 ! read+ (  ! law 0 re/or$ by !       
,maccabees1 ! section :i* 0 read e      
,sabba? out ( ! law s]v$ = _! fir/      
lesson1 & ! section  out ( ! prophets = 
_! second lesson2 & ?is practice 0      
cont9u$ to ! times ( ! ,apo/les1 ,acts  
xiii1 #ae1 #bg4 ,^!  sections 7 divid$  
into v]ses1 call$ by ! ,jews pesukim1 & 
!y are m>k$ out 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible by   
two great po9ts at ! end  ( !m1 call$ f 
h5ce1 soph-pasuk1 t is1 ! end ( ! v]se4 
,?is division1 if n made by ,ezra1 is v 
anci5t2 = :5 !  ,*aldee came into use 9 
! room ( ! ,hebrew language1 aft] !     
return ( ! ,jews f _! captivity 9       
,babylon1 ! law 0 read to  ! p fir/ 9 ! 

,hebrew language1 & !n r5d]$ by an      
int]pret] into ! ,*aldee language2 & ?is
 0 done p]iod by  p]iod4 ,! division ( !
 ,holy ,scriptures into *apt]s is ( a   
mu*  lat] date4 ,! ,psalms1 inde$1 appe>
 to h be5 always divid$ z  !y are at    
pres5t1 ,acts xiii1 #cc2 b z to ! re/ ( 
! ,bible1 !  pres5t division into *apt]s
 0 unkn[n to ! anci5ts4    #f4 ,f ! "t  
:5 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 complet$ by        
,mala*i1 !  la/ ( ! prophets1 till !    
publication ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ab\t  f\r
 hundr$ & sixty ye>s elaps$4 ,dur+ !    
life ( ,jesus ,*ri/1  & = "s "t aft] 8  
asc5sion1 no?+ on ! subject ( 8  mission
 0 committ$ to writ+4 ,! p]iod ( 8      
rema9+ ^u e>?  may be reg>d$ z an       
int]m$iate /ate betwe5 ! old & new      
disp5sations4 ,8 p]sonal m9i/ry 0 conf9$
 to ! l& ( ,judea2  &1 by means ( 8     
miracles & disc\rses1 toge!r ) ^? ( 8   
disciples1 ! att5tion ( m51 9 t c\ntry1 
0 suffici5tly  direct$ to 8 doctr9e4 ,!y
 7 also 9 possession ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t 
scriptures2 :i*1 at t season1 x 0 ( !   

greate/  importance !y %\ld consult1 9  
ord] to comp>e ! anci5t  pr$ictions )   
:at 0 !n tak+ place4 ,imm$iately aft] ! 
resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 8          
disciples1 9 ! mo/ public mann]1  & 9 ! 
place :]e he _h be5 crucifi$1 proclaim$ 
t ev5t1 &  ! :ole ( ! doctr9e :i* he _h 
comm&$ !m to prea*4 ,9 ?is  s]vice !y   
cont9u$ p]sonally to lab\r = a          
consid]able "t1  fir/ among _! c\ntrym5 
! ,jews1 & !n among ! o!r nations4      
,dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 ! resurrection & ! 
publication ( !  ,new ,te/am5t1 ! *ur*es
 possess$ miracul\s gifts1 & ! prophets 
7 enabl$ to expla9 ! pr$ictions ( ! ,old
 ,te/am5t1 & to  %[ _! fulfilm5t4 ,aft] 
_! doctr9e _h e :]e attract$  att5tion1 
&1 9 spite ( ! mo/ viol5t opposition1 _h
 =c$ its  way ?r\gh ! civiliz$ _w2 & :5 
*ur*es or societies (  ,*ri/ians 7      
collect$1 n only 9 ,judea1 b 9 ! mo/    
celebrat$  cities ( ,italy1 ,greece1 &  
,asia ,m9or1 ! scriptures ( ! ,new      
,te/am5t 7 writt5 by ! ,apo/les1 & o!r  
inspir$ m51 &  intru/$ to ! keep+ ( ^!  

*ur*es4    ,! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 n
 writt5 at once1 b 9 diff]5t  p>ts1 & on
 v>i\s occasions4 ,six ( ! ,apo/les1 &  
two inspir$  disciples :o accompani$ !m 
9 _! j\rneys1 7 employ$ 9 ?is  "w4 ,!   
hi/ories :i* x conta9s ( ! life ( ,*ri/1
 kn[n by  ! "n ( ! ,gospels1 7 compos$  
by f\r ( 8 contempor>ies1  two ( :om _h 
be5 con/ant att5dants on 8 public       
m9i/ry4 ,!  fir/ ( ^! 0 publi%$ )9 a few
 ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 9 t  v c\ntry :]e he 
_h liv$1 & among ! p :o _h se5 him  &   
obs]v$ 8 conduct4 ,! hi/ory call$ !     
,acts ( ! ,apo/les1  :i* conta9s an     
acc\nt ( _! proce$+s1 & ( ! progress (  
! ,gospel1 f ,j]usalem1 among ! ,g5tile 
nations1 0 publi%$  ab\t ! ye> #fd1 be+ 
?irty ye>s aft] our ,"l's crucifixion1  
by  "o :o1 ?\gh n an ,apo/le1 decl>es t 
he _h 8p]fect  und]/&+ ( all ?+s1 f ! v 
fir/10 & :o _h writt5  "o ( ! ,gospels4 
,?is book1 comm5c+ ) a detail (         
proce$+s1  f ! resurrection ( ,jesus    
,*ri/1 c>ries d[n ! evangelical  hi/ory 
till ! arrival ( ,paul z a prison] at   

,rome4 ,! ,epi/les1  address$ to *ur*es 
9 p>ticul> places1 to believ]s scatt]$  
up  & d[n 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 or to     
individuals1 9 all tw5ty-"o 9  numb]1 7 
sep>ately writt51 by five ( ! ,apo/les1 
f  sev5te51 to tw5ty1 ?irty1 &          
?irty-five ye>s aft] ! dea? (  ,*ri/4   
,f\r ( ^! writ]s _h accompani$ ! ,"l    
,jesus dur+ 8  life1 & _h be5 8eye      
witnesses ( 8 maje/y40 ,! fif? 0 !      
,apo/le ,paul1 :o1 z he expresses x1 0  
8"o born out ( due "t10  b :o _h        
likewise se5 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & _h be5     
emp[]$ by him to  "w miracles1 :i* 7 8! 
signs ( an ,apo/le40 ,"o ( ^! five  also
 wrote ! book ( ,revelation1 ab\t ! ye> 
,a4 ,d4 #if1 address$ to  sev5 *ur*es 9 
,asia1 conta9+ ,epi/les to ^! *ur*es f  
,jesus  ,*ri/ himself1 ) v>i\s          
in/ructions = ! imm$iate use ( all      
,*ri/ians1 toge!r ) a prophetical view (
 ! k+dom ( ,god till  ! end ( "t4 ,^!   
sev]al pieces1 :i* compose ! scriptures 
(  ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7 receiv$ by !      
*ur*es ) ! highe/  v5]ation2 &1 z !     

in/ructions !y conta91 ?\gh p>tially    
address$1 7 equally int5d$ = all1 !y 7  
imm$iately copi$1  & h&$ ab\t f "o *ur* 
to ano!r1 till ea* 0 9 possession  ( !  
:ole4 ,! volume ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 ?us 
complet$ be=e  ! dea? ( ! la/ ( !       
,apo/les1 mo/ ( :om _h seal$ _!         
te/imony ) _! blood4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ^!
 scriptures  7 at fir/ circulat$1 "s (  
_! p>ts 7 necess>ily long] 9  rea*+     
c]ta9 places ?an o!rs4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1    
c\ld n be s  soon receiv$ into ! canon z
 ! re/4 ,ow+ to ?is circum/ance1  & to t
 ( a few ( ! books be+ address$ to      
individual  believ]s1 or to _! n hav+ ! 
names ( _! writ]s affix$1 or  !         
designation ( ,apo/le add$1 a d\bt = a  
"t exi/$ among "s  respect+ ! g5u95ess (
 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ! ,epi/le (   
,james1 ! second ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 !     
second & ?ird ,epi/les (  ,john1 !      
,epi/le ( ,jude1 & ! book ( ,revelation4
 ,^!1 h[ev]1  ?\gh n univ]sally1 7      
g5]ally ackn[l$g$2 :ile all ! o!r  books
 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 )\t dispute receiv$

 f !  beg9n+4 ,?is discrim9ation proves 
! scrupul\s c>e ( ! fir/  *ur*es on ?is 
highly important subject4    ,at l5g? ^!
 books1 :i* _h n at fir/ be5 admitt$1 71
 l  ! re/1 univ]sally receiv$1 n by !   
votes ( a c\ncil1 z is  sometimes       
ass]t$1 b aft] delib]ate & free inquiry 
by _m  sep>ate *ur*es1 "u ! sup]9t5d+   
provid5ce ( ,god1 9  diff]5t p>ts ( !   
_w4 ,x is at ! same "t a c]ta9 fact1  t 
no o!r books beside ^? :i* at pres5t    
compose ! volume (  ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7  
admitt$ by ! *ur*es4 ,sev]al apocryphal 
writ+s 7 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 
& 8 ,apo/les1  :i* are m5tion$ by !     
writ]s ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies1 mo/ (  :i*
 h p]i%$1 ?\gh "s are /ill extant4 ,few 
or none ( !m  7 compos$ be=e ! second   
c5tury1 & sev]al ( !m 7 =g$  z late z ! 
?ird c5tury4 ,b !y 7 n ackn[l$g$ z      
au!ntic by ! fir/ ,*ri/ians2 & 7 reject$
 by ^? :o h  notic$ !m1 z spuri\s &     
h]etical4 ,hi/ories1 too1 z might h  be5
 expect$1 7 writt5 ( ! life ( ,*ri/2 &  
"o =g]y 0  attempt$1 ( a lett] said to h

 be5 writt5 by ,jesus himself to        
,abg>us1 k+ ( ,edessa2 b ( ! fir/1 none 
7 receiv$ z ( any  au?ority1 & ! la/ 0  
univ]sally reject$4 8,beside our        
,gospels1  & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les10 says
 ,paley1 8no ,*ri/ian hi/ory  claim+ to 
be writt5 by an ,apo/le1 or ,apo/olical 
man1 is quot$  )9 ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] 
! bir? ( ,*ri/1 by any writ] n[  extant 
or kn[n1 or1 if quot$1 is quot$ ) m>ks (
 c5sure &  rejection40 ,?is agreem5t (  
,*ri/ians respect+ ! ,scriptures1 :5  we
 consid] _! _m diff]5ces 9 o!r respects1
 is ! m  rem>kable1 s9ce x took place   
)\t any public au?ority be+  int]pos$4  
8,we h no k0 says ! above au?or1 8( any 
int]f]5ce ( au?ority 9 ! "q be=e !      
c\ncil (  ,laodicea1 9 ! ye> #cfc4      
,probably ! decree ( ?is c\ncil r       
decl>$ ?an regulat$ ! public judgm5t1   
or1 m prop]ly speak+1  ! judgm5t ( "s   
neighb\r+ *ur*es1 ! c\ncil itself       
consi/+ ( no m ?an ?irty or =ty bi%ops (
 ,lydia & !  adjo9+ c\ntries4 ,nor does 
its au?ority seem to h ext5d$  f>!r40 ,b

 ! fact1 t no public au?ority 0         
int]pos$1 does  n require to be support$
 by ! above reason+4 ,! *ur*es at !     
beg9n+1 be+ widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r1   
necess>ily judg$  = !mselves 9 ?is      
matt]1 & ! decree ( ! c\ncil 0 f\nd$  on
 ! co9cid5ce ( _! judgm5t4 ,9 deliv]+   
?is "p ( 8  writt5 revelation1 ,god     
proce$$ z he _h done 9 ! publication (  
! ,old ,te/am5t scriptures4 ,= a        
consid]able "t1 8 w 0  decl>$ to mank9d 
?r\gh ! m$ium ( oral tradition4 ,at l5g?
 he  saw meet1 9 8 wisdom1 to give x a m
 p]man5t =m4 ,b ?is did  n take place   
till a nation1 sep>at$ f all o!rs1 0    
provid$  = its reception4 ,9 ! same     
mann]1 :5 ,jesus ,*ri/ set up 8  k+dom 9
 ! _w1 ( :i* ! nation ( ,israel 0 a     
type1 he fir/  made kn[n 8 w by means ( 
v]bal communication1 ?r\gh 8  s]vants   
:om he commission$ & s5t out = t        
purpose2 & :51  ?r\gh _! means1 he _h   
prep>$ 8 subjects & collect$ !m  into   
*ur*es1 to be ! deposit>ies ( 8 ^w1 he  
caus$ x to be  deliv]$ to !m 9 writ+4 ,8

 k+dom 0 n to consi/ ( any  p>ticul>    
nation1 l t ( ,israel1 b ( all ^?       
individuals1 9  e "p ( ! _w1 :o %\ld    
believe 9 8 "n4 ,x 0 to be  rul$1 n by  
means ( human au?ority1 or compulsion ( 
any k9d1 b  solely by 8 au?ority4 ,^!   
sacr$ writ+s 7 ?us intru/$ to a  p      
prep>$ = _! reception1--a nation among !
 nations1 b  s+ul>ly di/9ct f all ! re/1
 :o gu>d$ & pres]v$ !m  ) ! same        
inviolable atta*m5t z ! ,old ,te/am5t   
scriptures _h  exp]i5c$ f ! ,jews4      
#g4 ,respect+ ! lat5ess ( ! "t :5 !     
scriptures ( ! ,new  ,te/am5t 7 writt51 
no objection c be (f]$1 s9ce !y 7       
publi%$ be=e t g5]ation pass$ away :i*  
_h witness$ !  transactions !y record4  
,! dates ( ^! writ+s fall )9 !  p]iod ( 
! lives ( _m :o 7 9 full manhood :5 !   
,"l ,jesus  0 ^u e>?2 & ! facts detail$ 
9 ! hi/ories1 & ref]r$ to  9 ! ,epi/les1
 be+ ( ! mo/ public nature1 7 /ill op5  
to  full inve/igation4 ,x mu/ also be   
recollect$1 t ! ,apo/les &  disciples1  
dur+ ! :ole int]m$iate p]iod1 7 publicly

  proclaim+ to ! _w ! same ?+s :i* 7    
aft]w>d record$  9 _! writ+s4 ,?us 7 !  
,scriptures1 z we n[ possess !m1        
deliv]$ to ! fir/ *ur*es4 ,by !         
concurr5t te/imony ( all  antiquity1 bo?
 ( fri5ds & foes1 !y 7 receiv$ by       
,*ri/ians (  diff]5t sects1 & 7         
con/antly appeal$ to on all h&s1 9 !    
controv]sies t arose among !m4          
,comm5t>ies ^u !m 7 writt5  at a v e>ly 
p]iod1 & translations made into diff]5t 
languages4  ,=mal catalogues ( !m 7     
publi%$1 & !y 7 attack$ by !  adv]s>ies 
( ,*ri/ianity1 :o n only did n "q1 b    
expressly admitt$1 ! facts !y conta9$1 &
 t !y 7 !  g5u9e productions ( ! p]sons 
^: names !y bore4 ,9 ?is mann]  !       
,scriptures 7 also secur$ f ! dang] (   
be+ 9 any respect  alt]$ or vitiat$4 8,!
 books ( ,scripture10 says ,augu/9e1    
8c\ld  n h be5 corrupt$4 ,if su* an     
attempt _h be5 made by any "o1  8 design
 w\ld h be5 prev5t$ & defeat$4 ,8       
alt]ations w\ld  h be5 imm$iately       
detect$ by _m & m anci5t copies40 ,!    

difficulty ( succe$+ 9 su* an attempt is
 app>5t h5ce1 t !  ,scriptures 7 e>ly   
translat$ into div]s languages1 & copies
 (  !m 7 num]\s4 ,! alt]ations :i* any  
"o attempt$ to make  w\ld h be5 soon    
p]ceiv$2 j ev5 z n[1 9 fact1 less]      
faults  9 "s copies are am5d$ by comp>+ 
anci5t copies or ^? ( !  orig9al4 8,if  
any "o10 cont9ues ,augu/9e1 8%\ld *>ge y
 )  hav+ int]polat$ "s texts alleg$ by y
 z fav\rable to y\r  cause1 :at w\ld y  
say8 ,w\ld y n imm$iately answ] t x is  
impossible = y to d su* a ?+ 9 books    
read by all ,*ri/ians2  & t if any su*  
attempt _h be5 made--by y1 x w\ld h be5 
pres5tly disc]n$ & defeat$ by comp>+ !  
anci5t copies8 ,well1  !n1 = ! same     
reason t ! ,scriptures _c be corrupt$ by
  y1 nei!r c\ld !y be corrupt$ by any   
o!r p40 ,accord+ly1  ! uni=mity ( !     
manuscripts ( ! ,holy ,scriptures t are 
extant1 :i* are incomp>ably m num]\s ?an
 ^? ( any anci5t  au?or1 & :i* are      
disp]s$ ?r\gh s _m c\ntries1 & 9 s      
great a v>iety ( languages1 is truly    

a/oni%+4 ,x demon/rates bo?  ! v5]ation 
9 :i* ! ,scriptures h be5 always held1 &
 !  s+ul> c>e t has be5 tak5 9          
transcrib+ !m4 ,! numb] (  v>i\s read+s1
 t by ! mo/ m9ute & labori\s            
inve/igation  & collations ( manuscripts
 h be5 discov]$ 9 !m1 are said to  am\nt
 to "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s&2 ?\gh at fir/
 sight !y may  seem calculat$ to dim9i% 
confid5ce 9 ! sacr$ text1 yet 9 no      
degree :atev] d !y affect its cr$it &   
integrity4 ,!y consi/  almo/ :olly 9    
palpable errors 9 transcription1        
grammatical &  v]bal diff]5ces1 su* z ! 
ins]tion or omission ( a lett] or       
article1 ! sub/itution ( a ^w = its     
equival5t1 or !  transposition ( a ^w or
 two 9 a s5t5ce4 ,tak5 altoge!r1 !y     
nei!r *ange nor affect a s+le doctr9e or
 duty ann\nc$ or  enjo9$ 9 ! ^w ( ,god4 
,:51 !re=e1 we consid] ! great          
antiquity ( ! sacr$ books1 ! almo/      
inf9ite numb] ( copies1 (  v]sions1 & ( 
editions1 :i* h be5 made ( !m 9 all     
languages1 9 languages :i* h n any      

analogy "o ) ano!r1  among nations      
diff]+ s mu* 9 _! cu/oms & _! religi\s  
op9ions1--:5 we consid] ^! ?+s1 x is    
truly a/oni%+1 &  c only be ascrib$ to !
 wat*ful provid5ce ( ,god ov] 8 own  ^w1
 t1 among ! v>i\s read+s1 no?+ truly    
ess5tial c be  disc]n$1 :i* relates to  
ei!r precept or doctr9e1 or :i* breaks  
t connection1 t unity :i* subsi/s 9 all 
! v>i\s p>ts (  div9e revelation1 & :i* 
demon/rates ! :ole to be ! "w (  "o & ! 
same ,_s4    #h4 ,hav+ consid]$ !       
appellations by :i* ! ,bible is         
di/+ui%$1 ! books ( :i* x consi/s1 ! "t 
& mann] 9  :i* !y 7 collect$1 x may n be
 improp] to subjo9 a few  obs]vations on
 ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( !            
,scriptures1 on  _! high orig9al & div9e
 au?ority1 & on _! great importance  &  
utility4    ,x %\ld "h be consid]$1 t ! 
g5u95ess ( ! ,scriptures  proves ! tru? 
( ! pr9cipal facts conta9$ 9 !m2 to :i* 
purpose we may obs]ve t x is v r>e to   
meet ) any g5u9e  writ+s ( ! hi/orical  
k9d1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal facts are n  true1

 unless x be 9 in/ances :]e bo? !       
motives :i* engag$ !  au?or to falsify1 
& ! circum/ances :i* gave "s            
plausibility to  ! fiction1 are app>5t2 
nei!r ( :i* c be alleg$ 9 !  pres5t case
 ) any col\r ( reason4 ,z ?is is r>e 9  
g5]al1 x  is m r>e :5 ! writ] treats (  
?+s t happ5$ 9 8 own  "t1 & "u 8 own    
cognizance & direction1 & communicates 8
  hi/ory to p]sons "u ! same            
circum/ances2 all :i* may be said  ( !  
writ]s ( ! ,scripture hi/ory4 ,beside1 !
 great importance (  ! facts m5tion$ 9 !
 ,scriptures makes x m improbable1 t !  
sev]al au?ors %\ld ei!r h attempt$ to   
falsify1 or h  succe$$ 9 su* an attempt4
 ,! same obs]vation may be appli$ to !  
great numb] ( p>ticul> circum/ances (   
"t1 place1 p]sons1 c1  m5tion$ 9 !      
,scriptures1 & to ! h>mony ( ! books )  
!mselves1 & ) ea* o!r4 ,^! are argum5ts 
bo? = !  g5u95ess ( ! books1 & tru? ( ! 
facts di/9ctly consid]$1  & also        
argum5ts = d$uc+ ! tru? f ! g5u95ess4   
,moreov]1 if ! books ( ! ,old & ,new    

,te/am5ts 7 writt5 by !  p]sons to :om  
!y h be5 ascrib$1 t is1 if !y be g5u9e1 
! moral *>act]s ( ^! writ]s af=d !      
/ronge/ assurance1  t ! facts ass]t$ by 
!m are true4 ,! suff]+s :i* sev]al  ( ! 
writ]s und]w5t bo? 9 life & 9 dea?1 9   
atte/ation (  ! facts deliv]$ by !m1    
furni% a p>ticul> argum5t 9 fav\r (  ^! 
facts4 ,aga91 ! argum5ts "h alleg$ =    
prov+ ! tru? (  ! ,scripture hi/ory f ! 
g5u95ess ( ! books1 are z  conclusive 9 
respect ( ! miracul\s facts1 z ( !      
common ones4 ,x  may also be obs]v$1 t  
if we all[ ! g5u95ess ( ! books to  be a
 suffici5t evid5ce ( ! common facts :i* 
!y record1 !  miracul\s facts mu/ also  
be all[$ f _! close connection )  !     
o!rs4 ,x is necess>y to admit bo? or    
nei!r4 ,we _c conceive  t ,moses %\ld h 
deliv]$ ! ,israelites f _! slav]y 9     
,egypt1 or conduct$ !m ?r\gh ! wild]ness
 = =ty ye>s1 at all  9 su* mann] z !    
common hi/ory repres5ts1 unless we      
suppose !  miracul\s facts int]mix$ ) x 
to be true also4 ,9 l mann]1 !  fame (  

,*ri/'s miracles1 ! multitudes :i*      
foll[$ him1 !  adh]5ce ( 8 disciples1 ! 
jeal\sy & hatr$ ( ! *ief  prie/s1       
scribes1 & ,ph>isees1 ) _m o!r facts ( a
 common  nature1 are impossible to be   
acc\nt$ =1 unless we all[ t he did      
really "w miracles4 ,& ! same           
obs]vations hold1 9 g5]al1 ( !  o!r p>ts
 ( ! ,scripture hi/ory4 ,we might urge t
 a p>ticul>  argum5t 9 fav\r ( !        
miracul\s "p ( ! ,scripture hi/ory1 may 
be d$uc$ f ! reluctance ( mank9d to     
receive miracul\s facts2  :i* w\ld put !
 writ]s & read]s v mu* ^u _! gu>d1 &    
w\ld op]ate z a /rong *eck ^u !         
publication ( a miracul\s  hi/ory at or 
ne> ! "t :5 ! miracles 7 said to be     
p]=m$2  & ?us x w\ld s]ve z a /rong     
confirmation ( su* a hi/ory1 if  its    
g5u95ess be previ\sly grant$4    #i4 ,9 
connection ) ! prec$+ proposition we may
 obs]ve1 t !  g5u95ess ( ! ,scriptures  
proves _! div9e au?ority4 ,porphyry 9   
effect ackn[l$ges ! tru? ( ?is          
proposition1 9 its ref]5ce to  ! book ( 

,daniel1 by be+ unable to devise a me?od
 ( invalidat+  its div9e au?ority impli$
 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! prophecies  :i* x 
conta9s1 )\t ass]t+ t !y 7 writt5 aft] !
  ev5t1 or t !y 7 =g]ies4 ,_m ( ! o!r   
books ( ! ,old  & ,new ,te/am5ts h      
unque/ionable evid5ces ( ! div9e        
=ekn[l$ge1 if !y be all[$ g5u9e2 su* are
 ^? suppli$ by  ,moses's prophecy       
conc]n+ ! captivity ( ! ,israelites1 or 
( a  /ate n yet erect$2 ,isaiah's       
conc]n+ ,cyrus2 ,j]emiah's conc]n+  !   
duration ( ! ,babyloni% captivity2      
,*ri/'s conc]n+ !  de/ruction (         
,j]usalem1 & ! captivity t 0 to foll[2  
,/4  ,john's conc]n+ ! great corruption 
( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 &  ,daniel's conc]n+ 
! f\r? empire 9 its decl5sion2 :i* la/ 0
  extant 9 ! "t ( ,porphyry1 at lea/2 t 
is1 be=e ! ev5ts  :i* x repres5ts4 ,!   
tru? ( ! proposition might also be argu$
  f ! sublimity & excell5ce ( ! doctr9es
 conta9$ 9 !  ,scriptures2 9 no respect 
suit+ ! suppos$ au?ors1 or ! ages 9  :i*
 !y liv$1 _! education or occupation2 s 

t1 if !y 7  ! real au?ors1 we are "u !  
necessity ( admitt+ ! div9e  assi/ance4 
,! conv]se ( ?is proposition1 namely1 t 
! div9e  au?ority ( ! ,scriptures inf]s 
_! g5u95ess1 w be readily  & univ]sally 
ackn[l$g$4 ,moreov]1 ! tru? ( ! pr9cipal
 facts  conta9$ 9 ! ,scriptures proves  
_! div9e au?ority4 ,su* is !  frame ( ! 
human m9d1 t ! ,scripture hi/ory1 all[$ 
to be true1  mu/ conv9ce u t ,*ri/1 !   
,prophets1 & ! ,apo/les1 7  endu$ ) a   
p[] great] ?an human1 & act$ by !       
au?ority ( a  ,be+ ( ! highe/ wisdom &  
goodness4 ,by su* mode ( reason+ x  is  
%[n t ! g5u95ess ( ! ,scriptures1 ! tru?
 ( !  pr9cipal facts conta9$ 9 !m1 & _! 
div9e au?ority1 appe> to  be s connect$ 
) ea* o!r1 t1 any "o be+ e/abli%$ ^u    
indep5d5t pr9ciples1 ! o!r two may be   
inf]r$ f x4 ,on !  subject ( !          
inspiration ( ! ,scriptures1 see        
,,inspiration4    #aj4 ,ano!r argum5t 9 
fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! books ( !  ,old &
 ,new ,te/am5ts1 & ( ! tru? ( ! pr9cipal
 facts  conta9$ 9 !m1 may be d$uc$ f !  

mann] 9 :i* !y h  be5 transmitt$ d[n f  
"o age to ano!r2 resembl+ t 9 :i*  all  
o!r g5u9e books & true hi/ories h be5   
convey$ d[n to  po/]ity4 ,z ! works ( ! 
,greek & ,roman writ]s 7 consid]$  by ^!
 nations z hav+ be5 transmitt$ to !m by 
_! ance/ors  9 a cont9u$ succession f ! 
times :5 ! respective au?ors  liv$1 s h 
! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t be5 acc\nt$ by
 !  ,jews1 & ^? ( ! ,new by ! ,*ri/ians2
 & x is an additional  evid5ce 9 ! la/  
case1 t ! primitive ,*ri/ians 7 n a     
di/9ct nation1 b a great multitude ( p  
disp]s$ ?r\gh all  ! nations ( ! ,roman 
empire1 & ev5 ext5d+ itself beyond !    
b\nds ( t empire4 ,z ! ,greeks & ,romans
 always believ$ !  pr9cipal facts ( _!  
hi/orical books1 s ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians  
did m1 & nev] seem to h d\bt$ ( ! tru? (
 any "p (  !irs4 ,9 %ort--:atev] c be   
said ( ! traditional au?ority due  to ! 
,greek & ,roman writ]s--some?+ analog\s 
to ?is1 & = !  mo/ "p ( great] weight1  
may be urg$ = ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian4  ,n[1
 z all sob] m9d$ p]sons admit ! books   

usually ascrib$ to !  ,greek & ,roman   
hi/orians1 philosoph]s1 c1 to be g5u9e1 
& !  pr9cipal facts relat$ or allud$ to 
9 !m to be true1 & t "o  *ief evid5ce = 
?is is ! g5]al tradition>y "o "h recit$1
  !y ought1 !re=e1 to pay ! same reg>d  
to ! books ( ! ,old  & ,new ,te/am5ts1  
s9ce !re are ! same1 or ev5 great]1     
reasons  = x4 ,beside1 ^! tradition>y   
evid5ces are suffici5t2 & we ?us  obta9 
a real argum5t1 z well z "o ad hom9em1 =
 receiv+ books  ?us h&$ d[n to u4 ,= x  
is n conceivable1 t :ole nations  %\ld  
ei!r be impos$ ^u !mselves1 or concur to
 deceive o!rs by  =g]ies ( books or (   
facts4 ,^! books & facts mu/ !re=e1 9   
g5]al1 be g5u9e & true2 & x is a /rong  
additional evid5ce (  ?is1 t all nations
 mu/ be jeal\s ( =g]ies = ! same reasons
  z we are4    #aa4 ,we may proce$ to   
/ate f>!r1 t ! great importance ( !     
hi/ories1 precepts1 promises1 ?reat5+s1 
& prophecies conta9$ 9  ! ,scriptures1  
is 9 evid5ce bo? ( _! g5u95ess1 & ( !   
tru? ( ! pr9cipal facts m5tion$ 9 !m4 ,!

 hi/ory ( !  creation1 fall1 deluge1    
longevity ( ! patri>*s1 disp]sion (     
mank9d1 call+ ( ,abraham1 desc5t (      
,jacob ) 8 family into  ,egypt1 & !     
precepts ( ab/a9+ f blood1 & (          
circumcision1  7 ( su* conc]n1 ei!r to  
mank9d 9 g5]al1 or to ! ,israelites  9  
p>ticul>1 & "s ( !m ( s extraord9>y a   
nature1 z t x  c\ld n be a matt] (      
indiff]5ce to ! p among :om !  acc\nt   
giv5 ( !m 9 ,g5esis 0 fir/ publi%$1 :e!r
 !y  receiv$ !m or n4 ,on ! supposition 
t ?is acc\nt 0 fir/  publi%$ among !    
,israelites by ,moses1 & !n confirm$ by 
cle>1  univ]sal1 un9t]rupt$ tradition1 x
 w be easy to conceive h[ x  %\ld be h&$
 d[n f age to age among ! ,jews1 &      
receiv$ by  !m z indubitable4 ,b1       
suppos+ ! acc\nt to be false1 or t  !re 
7 no su* ve/iges & evid5ces ( ^!        
hi/ories &  precepts1 x w be difficult  
to conceive h[ ?is c\ld h happ5$1  let !
 "t ( publication be :at x may4 ,if     
e>ly1 ! p w\ld  reject at once ! acc\nt1
 = want ( a cle> tradition2 if late1 x  

w\ld be natural to inquire h[ ! au?or 0 
in=m$ ( ?+s nev]  kn[n be=e to o!rs4 ,z 
to o!r cosmogonies & !ogonies curr5t    
among ,pagans1 :i* are evid5t fictions1 
!y furni% no j objection  aga9/ !       
,mosaic hi/ory1 because !y 7 g5]ally    
reg>d$ m]ely  z amus+ fictions2 & yet !y
 conceal$ 9 figures1 or express$ 9  pla9
 words1 "s tru?s :i* agree ) ! book (   
,g5esis1 &  af=d a /rong presumptive    
evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is book4 ,)  respect 
to ! law ( ,moses1 ?is 0 extremely      
burd5some1 exp5sive1  & sev]e1          
p>ticul>ly 9 its ref]5ce to ! crime (   
idolatry1 to  :i* mank9d 7 !n           
extravagantly prone2 & x 0 absurd1      
accord+ to human judgm5t1 9 ! in/ances (
 prohibit+ _!  furni%+ !mselves ) horses
 = w>1 & ( comm&+ all !  males ( ! :ole 
nation to appe> at ,j]usalem ?ree times 
a ye>4  ,nev]!less1 x claims a div9e    
au?ority1 & appeals to facts ( !  mo/   
notori\s k9d1 & to cu/oms & c]emonies ( 
! mo/ peculi>  nature1 z ! memorials (  
^! facts4 ,c we !n conceive t any       

nation1 ) su* motives to reject1 & su*  
opportunities (  detect+1 ! =g]y ( !    
books ( ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 & 
,deut]onomy1 %\ld yet receive !m1 &     
submit to ?is heavy yoke8  ,t ! ,jews   
did submit to ! law ( ,moses 9 ^!       
circum/ances1 is  evid5t f ! books ( !  
,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 if we all[ !m  ! 
lea/ tru? & g5u95ess1 or ev5 f pr(ane   
writ]s1 & f  ! pres5t obs]vance ( x by !
 ,jews scatt]$ ?r\gh all !  k+doms ( !  
_w4 ,%\ld x be said t o!r nations h     
ascrib$ div9e au?ority to _! lawgiv]s1 &
 submitt$ to v  sev]e laws1 x may be    
alleg$ 9 reply to ?is1 t ! pret5ces (   
lawgiv]s among ! ,pagans to inspiration1
 & ! submission ( !  p1 may be acc\nt$ =
 f _! peculi> circum/ances at !  "t1 )\t
 recurr+ to real inspiration2 & m       
especially if we  admit ! patri>*al     
revelations relat$ by ,moses1 & 8 own   
div9e  legation1 z ,hea!n lawgiv]s copi$
 aft] ^!1 & h5ce we d]ive a  /rong      
argum5t 9 _! fav\r4 ,beside1 no in/ance 
occurs among !  ,pagans ( a body ( laws 

fram$ at once & rema9+ inv>iable2  :]eas
 ! body politic ( ! ,israelites assum$ a
 complete =m at  once1 & has pres]v$ x1 
) little v>iation1 to ! pres5t "t1  & "u
 _m ext]nal disadvantages2 ?us supply+ u
 ) an  in/ance altoge!r )\t p>allel1 &  
%[+ ! high op9ion :i*  !y ent]ta9$ ( !  
great importance ( _! law4 ,9 %ort1 (   
all  ! fictions or =g]ies t c happ5     
among any p1 ! mo/  improbable is t ( ! 
,jewi% body ( civil laws1 & seems to be 
utt]ly impossible4    #ab4 ,if we f>!r  
exam9e ! hi/ory conta9$ 9 ! books (     
,jo%ua1  ,judges1 ,ru?1 ,samuel1 ,k+s1  
,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah1 &       
ext5d+ f ! dea? ( ,moses to !           
re/abli%m5t ( ! ,jews  aft] ! ,babyloni%
 captivity by ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 we %all
 f9d a  v>iety ( important facts1 mo/ ( 
:i* mu/ be suppos$ to leave su*  ve/iges
 ( !mselves1 ei!r ext]nal & visible1 or 
int]nal 9 !  m9ds & memories ( ! p1 z   
w\ld v]ify !m if true1 or cause  !m to  
be reject$ if false4 ,! conque/ ( ! l& (
 ,canaan1 !  division ( x1 & ! appo9tm5t

 ( cities = ! prie/s &  ,levites by     
,jo%ua2 ! frequ5t slav]ies ( !          
,israelites to !  neighb\r+ k+s1 & _!   
deliv]ance by ! judges2 ! creation (  a 
k+dom by ,samuel2 ! translation ( ?is   
k+dom f ,saul's family  to ,david1 ) 8  
conque/s2 ! glory ( ,solomon's k+dom2 ! 
build+ ( ! temple2 ! division ( ! k+dom2
 ! idolatr\s  wor%ip set up at ,dan &   
,be!l2 ! captivity ( ! ,israelites by ! 
k+s ( ,assyria2 ! captivity ( ! ,jews by
 ,nebu*adnezz>2 !  de/ruction ( _!      
temple2 _! return "u ,cyrus1 rebuild+ ! 
temple "u ,d>ius ,hy/aspes1 &           
re/abli%m5t "u ,artax]xes  ,longimanus1 
by ,ezra & ,nehemiah3--^! ev5ts are "s (
 !m !  mo/ glori\s1 & "s ( !m ! mo/     
reproa*ful1 t c happ5 to  any p4 ,h[ c  
we reconcile =g]ies ( su* opposite k9ds1
 &  especially z !y are int]wov5 toge!r 
by v>i\s complicat$ &  necess>y         
connections1 :i* d n admit ( sep>ation8 
,! facts1  inde$1 are ( su* importance1 
notoriety1 & p]man5cy 9 _!  effects1 t  
no p>ticul> p]sons among ! ,israelites  

c\ld fir/  project ! design ( feign+ !m1
 t _! own p w\ld n  concur ) su* a      
design1 & t neighb\r+ nations w\ld n    
p]mit ! fiction to pass4 ,no?+ b !      
inv9cible evid5ce ( !  facts "h alleg$1 
c\ld induce a jeal\s multitude among !  
,israelites or neighb\r+ nations to     
acquiesce4 ,?is mu/ be  ackn[l$g$ ^u !  
supposition t ! sev]al books 7 publi%$  
9 or ne> ! times :5 ! facts t are       
record$ 9 !m happ5$4  ,b suppose all ^! 
hi/orical books =g$ by ,ezra2 ! hypo!sis
 is  evid5tly impossible4 ,?+s s        
important & notori\s1 s hon\rable  & s  
reproa*ful to ! p = ^: sake !y 7 =g$1   
w\ld  h be5 reject$ ) ! utmo/           
indignation1 unless !re 7 !  /ronge/ &  
mo/ g5u9e traces ( ^! ?+s already among 
!  p4 ,!y mu/ !re=e1 9 "p at lea/1 be   
true4 ,if x be said  t additions 7 made 
by ,ezra1 ^! additions mu/ h be5 ei!r  (
 important or trivial matt]s4 ,on ! fir/
 supposition1 !  difficulty already /at$
 recurs2 & if ! important facts are     
true1  :at possible motive c\ld h induc$

 ,ezra to make additions ( no           
importance8 ,beside1 if any anci5t      
writ+s 7 extant1 ,ezra mu/  ei!r copy   
aft] !m1 :i* de/roys ! pres5t           
supposition1 or  diff] f & oppose !m1   
:i* w\ld betray him4 ,if !re 7 no  su*  
anci5t writ+s1 ! p w\ld be l$ to inquire
 ) reg>d to  matt]s ( importance1 = :at 
reason ,ezra 0 s p>ticul> 9 ?+s  ( :i*  
!re 0 nei!r any memory1 nor acc\nt 9    
writ+4 ,%\ld x  be said t ! p did n     
reg>d :at ,ezra _h ?us =g$1 ?is  r$uces 
! subject 9 "q to matt]s ( small or ( no
 importance4  ,beside1 :y %\ld ,ezra    
write if no "o w\ld read or reg>d8      
,f>!r3  ,ezra mu/ h _h1 l o!r m51       
fri5ds1 enemies1 & rivals2 &  "s1 or all
 ( ^!1 w\ld h be5 a *eck ^u him1 & a    
security  aga9/ him1 9 matt]s (         
importance4 ,if we suppose ^! books1    
in/ead ( hav+ be5 =g$ at once1 to h be5 
=g$ successively1  at ! int]val ( "o1   
two1 or ?ree c5turies aft] ! facts      
relat$1  we %all involve ourselves 9 !  
same or simil> difficulties4 ,^u !      

:ole1 !n1 we may conclude1 t ! =g]y ( ! 
annals ( !  ,israelites appe>s to be    
impossible1 z well z t ( ! body (  _!   
civil laws4 ,x is ne$less to exam9e !   
books ( ,e/h]1 ,job1  ! ,psalms1        
,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ,canticles2 & 
we might proce$  to ! ,prophecies2 b ?is
 w be resum$ "u ! article  ,prophecy4 ,=
 ! subjects compreh5d$ 9 ! books ( !    
,new  ,te/am5t4 ,see ,,gospel3,,gospel1 
& ,,*ri/ianity4    #ac4 ,we %all "h     
subjo9 "s g5]al evid5ces 9 atte/ation ( 
!  tru? ( ! books ( ,scripture4 ,t ,jews
 & ,*ri/ians h ?\ght  _! sacr$ books v  
highly important1 mo/ g5u9e1 & true1    
appe>s f ! p]secutions & suff]+s :i* !y 
h und]gone  on acc\nt ( _! atta*m5t to  
!m1 & because !y w\ld n be  prevail$ ^u 
to surr5d] !m4 ,! pres]vation ( ! law ( 
,moses1  probably ! fir/ book writt5 9  
any language1 :il/ _m o!rs ( a  lat]    
date h be5 lo/1 %[s ! great reg>d t has 
be5 paid to  x2 & f ?is circum/ance we  
may inf] t ?is & ! o!r  books ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t h be5 pres]v$ on acc\nt ( _!   

importance1 or f "s o!r cause1 equally  
ev9c+ _! g5u95ess  & tru?4 ,! great     
value set ^u ^! books appe>s also f !   
_m e>ly translations & p>aphrases ( !m2 
& ^! translations  & p>aphrases s]ve to 
correct errors t are unavoidable 9 !    
lapse ( "t1 & to secure _! integrity &  
purity4 ,! hesitation  & difficulty )   
:i* "s few books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7    
receiv$ into ! canon1 %[ ! great c>e &  
conc]n ( !  primitive ,*ri/ians ab\t !  
canon1 & ! high importance ( !  books   
admitt$ into x2 & af=d a /rong evid5ce (
 _!  g5u95ess & tru?4 ,! same obs]vation
 is 9 a degree applicable to  ! ,jewi%  
canon4 ,moreov]1 ! religi\s hatr$ &     
animosity :i*  subsi/$ betwe5 ! ,jews & 
,sam>itans1 & betwe5 sev]al ( !  anci5t 
sects among ! ,*ri/ians1 conv9ce u ( :at
 importance !y  all ?\ght _! sacr$      
books1 & dispos$ !m to wat* ov] "o      
ano!r ) a jeal\s eye4 ,f>!r3 ! g5u95ess 
( ! books ( !  ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts may
 be ev9c$ f ! language1 /yle1 &  mann] (
 writ+ us$ 9 !m4 ,! ,hebrew language1 9 

:i* ! ,old  ,te/am5t 0 writt51 be+ !    
language ( an anci5t p1 :o _h  little   
int]c\rse ) _! neighb\rs1 w\ld n *ange s
 fa/ z  mod]n languages h done1 s9ce    
diff]5t nations h be5 v>i\sly  bl5d$ )  
"o ano!r by ! ext5sion ( trade1 arts1 & 
sci5ces2  & yet "s *anges mu/ h occurr$ 
9 ! int]val t elaps$  betwe5 ! "t (     
,moses & t ( ,mala*i4 ,! biblical       
,hebrew  corresponds s exactly to ?is   
crit]ion1 z to af=d a consid]able       
argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! books (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t4  ,beside1 ^! books h  
too great a div]sity ( /yle to be ! "w  
( ei!r "o ,jew1 or ( any set (          
contempor>y ,jews4 ,if !y be  =g]ies1   
!re mu/ h be5 a succession ( impo/ors 9 
diff]5t  ages1 :o concurr$ 9 ! same     
iniquit\s design4 ,aga93 ! ,hebrew      
language ceas$ to be spok51 z a liv+    
language1 soon aft] ! "t  ( ! ,babyloni%
 captivity2 & x w\ld be difficult or    
impossible to  =ge any ?+ 9 x aft] x    
became a dead language4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 
t all ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ at  

lea/ be ne>ly z  anci5t z ! ,babyloni%  
captivity2 & z !y c\ld n all be  writt5 
9 ! same age1 "s mu/ be mu* m anci5t1 & 
?is w\ld  r$uce u to ! necessity (      
suppos+ a succession ( conspir+         
impo/ors4 ,moreov]1 !re is1 z we h      
already obs]v$1 a simplicity  ( /yle1 & 
an unaffect$ mann] ( writ+1 9 all !     
books ( !  ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* is a /rong
 evid5ce ( _! g5u95ess4 ,!  /yle ( !    
,new ,te/am5t1 9 p>ticul>1 is n only    
simple &  unaffect$1 b is ,greek        
influ5c$ by ! ,hebrew idiom1 & exactly  
answ]s to ! circum/ances ( "t1 places1 &
 p]sons4 ,to :i* we  may add1 t !       
n>rations & precepts ( bo? ! ,old & ,new
  ,te/am5t are deliv]$ )\t hesitation2 !
 writ]s tea*+ z  hav+ au?ority3 & ?is   
circum/ance is peculi> to ^? :o unite1  
) a cle> k ( :at !y deliv]1 a p]fect    
integrity (  he>t4 ,b a f>!r argum5t = !
 g5u95ess & tru? ( !  ,scriptures is    
suppli$ by ! v great numb] ( p>ticul>   
circum/ances ( "t1 place1 p]sons1 c1    
m5tion$ 9 !m4 ,x is  ne$less to rec\nt  

^!2 b !y are incompatible ) =g$ &  false
 acc\nts1 t d n ab\nd 9 su*             
p>ticul>ities1 & ! want  ( :i* furni%es 
a suspicion to _! discr$it4 ,comp>e1 9  
?is  respect1 ,mane?o's acc\nt ( !      
dyna/ies ( ,egypt1 ,ctesias's ( !       
,assyrian k+s1 & ^? :i* ! te*nical      
*ronolog]s h giv5 (  ! anci5t k+doms (  
,greece1 :i* are defective 9 su*        
p>ticul>s1  ) ! hi/ory by ,?ucydides ( !
 ,peloponnesian w>1 & )  ,cs>'s ( ! w> 9
 ,gaul1 & ! diff]5ce w be suffici5tly   
app>5t4 ,dr4 ,paley's admirable         
treatise1 entitl$1 8,hor ,paul910  af=ds
 v valuable illu/rations ( ?is argum5t z
 x respects !  g5u95ess ( ! books ( !   
,new ,te/am5t4 ,! agreem5t ( !          
,scriptures ) hi/ory1 natural & civil1  
is a f>!r pro( ( _!  g5u95ess & tru?4 ,!
 hi/ory ( ! fall agrees 9 an em95t      
mann] bo? ) ! obvi\s facts ( lab\r1     
sorr[1 pa91 & dea?1  ) :at we see & feel
 e day1 & ) all our philosophical       
inquiries into ! frame ( ! human m9d1 ! 
nature ( social life1  & ! orig9 ( evil4

 ,natural hi/ory be>s a /rong te/imony  
to  ,moses's acc\nt ( ! deluge4 ,civil  
hi/ory af=ds _m evid5ces  :i*           
corroborate ! same acc\nt4 7,see        
,deluge47 ,! ,mosaic acc\nt  ( !        
confusion ( languages1 ( ! disp]sion (  
,noah's sons1 & (  ! /ate ( religion 9 !
 anci5t po/diluvian _w1 is n only  r5d]$
 probable1 b is 9 a v high degree       
e/abli%$1 by _m  collat]al argum5ts4    
,see ,,confusion ,,( ,,languages1 &     
,,division ,,( ,,!  ,,e>?4    #ad4 ,!   
agreem5t ( ! books ( ! ,old & ,new      
,te/am5ts )  !mselves & ) ea* o!r1 af=ds
 ano!r argum5t bo? ( _!  g5u95ess &     
tru?4 ,! laws ( ! ,israelites are       
conta9$ 9 !  ,p5tateu*1 & ref]r$ to1 9 a
 great v>iety ( ways1 direct &          
indirect1 9 ! hi/orical books1 9 !      
,psalms1 & 9 ! ,prophecies4  ,!         
hi/orical facts also 9 ! prec$+ books   
are (t5 ref]r$ to  9 ^? t succe$1 & 9 ! 
,psalms & ,prophecies4 ,9 l mann]1  !   
,gospels h ! greate/ h>mony ) ea* o!r1 &
 ! ,epi/les  ( ,/4 ,paul ) ! ,acts ( !  

,apo/les2 &1 inde$1 !re is  sc>cely any 
book ( ei!r ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t1 :i*
 may n be  %[n to ref] to _m ( ! re/1 9 
"o way or o!r4 ,= !  illu/ration ( ?is  
argum5t1 let u suppose t no m rema9$ (  
! ,roman writ]s ?an ,livy1 ,tully1 &    
,horace2 w\ld !y n1 by _!  ref]5ces to !
 same facts & cu/oms1 by ! sam5ess (    
/yle 9  ! same writ]1 & diff]5ce 9 !    
diff]5t ones1 & numb]less  o!r su* l    
circum/ances ( critical consid]ation1   
prove  !mselves1 & "o ano!r to be g5u9e1
 & ! pr9cipal facts  relat$1 or allud$  
to1 to be true8 ,:oev] w apply ?is      
reason+ to  ! pres5t case w p]ceive1 t !
 numb]less m9ute1 direct1 &  indirect   
agreem5ts & co9cid5ces1 t pres5t        
!mselves to all  dilig5t read]s ( !     
,scriptures1 prove _! tru? & g5u95ess   
beyond all contradiction4    ,! h>mony &
 agreem5t ( ! sev]al writ]s ( ! ,old &  
,new  ,te/am5t appe> ! m rem>kable1 :5 x
 is consid]$ t _!  v>i\s p>ts 7 p5n$ by 
sev]al h&s 9 v diff]5t conditions  (    
life1 f ! ?rone & sceptre d[n to ! l[e/ 

degree1 & 9  v di/ant ages1 ?r\gh a long
 int]val ( "t2 :i* w\ld  naturally h l$ 
a _s ( impo/ure to h v>i$ its s*emes1 & 
to h adapt$ !m to diff]5t /ations 9 !   
_w1 & to !  diff]5t vicissitudes ( e    
age4 ,david wrote ab\t f\r hundr$  ye>s 
aft] ,moses1 & ,isaiah ab\t two hundr$ &
 fifty aft] ,david1  & ,mat!w m ?an sev5
 hundr$ ye>s aft] ,isaiah2 & yet ^!     
au?ors1 ) all ! o!r ,prophets &         
,apo/les1 write 9 p]fect  h>mony1       
confirm+ ! au?ority ( _! pr$ecessors1   
lab\r+ to  r$uce ! p to ! obs]vance ( _!
 in/ructions1 & l\dly  exclaim+ aga9/ ! 
neglect & contempt ( !m1 & d5\nc+ !     
sev]e/ judgm5ts aga9/ su* z cont9u$     
disob$i5t4 ,consequ5tly1  z ! writ]s ( !
 ,holy ,scriptures1 ?\gh !y all claim a 
div9e  au?ority1 yet write 9 p]fect     
connection & h>mony1 mutually  confirm+ 
! doctr9e & te/imony ( ea* o!r1 &       
concurr+ to  e/abli% ! v same religi\s  
tru?s & pr9ciples1 x is a /rong  pro( t 
!y all d]iv$ _! in/ructions f ! same    
f\nta91  ! wisdom ( ,god1 & 7 inde$ "u !

 direction & illum9ation  ( ! same ,_s4 
,?is leads u to add1 t ! unity ( design1
  :i* appe>s 9 ! disp5sations record$ 9 
! ,scriptures1 is an  argum5t n only (  
_! tru? & g5u95ess1 b also ( _!  div9e  
au?ority4 ,9 ord] to p]ceive ! =ce ( ?is
 argum5t1 x is  only necess>y to inquire
 :at ?is design is1 & h[ x is pursu$ by 
! s]ies ( ev5ts & div9e int]positions   
record$ 9 !  ,scriptures4 7,see         
,disp5sation47 ,x %\ld also be consid]$1
 t !  hi/orical evid5ces 9 fav\r ( !    
g5u95ess1 tru?1 & div9e  au?ority ( !   
,scriptures1 d n become less f age to   
age2 b1 on  ! contr>y1 x may r be       
presum$ t !y increase4 ,s9ce !  ?ree    
great concurr+ ev5ts ( pr9t+1 !         
re=mation ( religion  9 ^! we/]n p>ts1 &
 ! re/oration ( lett]s1 s _m m  evid5ces
 & co9cid5ces h be5 discov]$ 9 fav\r ( !
 ,jewi%  & ,*ri/ian hi/ories1 z may     
s]ve1 9 "s measure1 to supply !  want ( 
^? t h be5 lo/ 9 ! prec$+ times2 & z ?is
  accumulation ( evid5ces is likely to  
cont9ue1 !re is great reason  to hope t 

x w at l5g? become irresi/ible to all & 
sil5ce  ev5 e ga9say]4    #ae4 ,! moral 
*>act]s ( ! ,prophets1 & ! ,apo/les1    
prove !  tru? & div9e au?ority ( !      
,scriptures4 ,! *>act]s ( !  p]sons :o  
are said 9 ! ,scriptures to h _h div9e  
communications1 & a div9e mission1 are s
 mu* sup]ior to !  *>act]s t occur 9    
common life1 t we c sc>cely acc\nt =  ! 
m em95t individuals1 & mu* less s = s   
l>ge a succession  ( !m1 cont9u$ ?r\gh s
 _m ages1 )\t all[+ ! div9e             
communications & assi/ance :i* !y       
allege4 ,not)/&+  consid]able           
imp]fections t p]ta9$ to _m ( ^! em95t  
p]sons1 & ! occasional (f5ces *>geable  
^u "o or two ( !m1  yet ! imp>tial read]
 %\ld consid] :e!r ! ,prophets1         
,apo/les1  c1 7 n s mu* sup]ior1 n only 
to mank9d at an av]age1 b  ev5 to ! be/ 
m5 among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 z is n    
fairly to be  acc\nt$ = by ! m]e p[]s ( 
human nature4 ,if ?is /atem5t  %\ld n be
 conc$$1 _! *>act]s1 h[ev]1 are too good
 to all[  ! supposition ( an impi\s     

fraud & impo/ure1 :i* mu/ h be5  ! case 
if !y _h n div9e au?ority4 ,beside1 x   
%\ld be  recollect$1 t ! undisguis$ &   
imp>tial mann] 9 :i* !  imp]fections &  
faults ( ! em95t p]sons m5tion$ 9       
,scripture  are relat$1 furni%es a      
rem>kable additional evid5ce = ! tru? ( 
^? p>ts ( ! ,scripture hi/ory 9 :i* su* 
relations occur1  beside su* evid5ces z 
ext5d to ! :ole4    #af4 ,! excell5ce ( 
! doctr9e conta9$ 9 ! ,scriptures is an 
additional evid5ce ( _! au?ority4 ,?is  
argum5t has great =ce  indep5d5tly ( all
 o!r consid]ations4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1
 t  ! au?or ( ! ,gospel1 :i* goes "u !  
"n ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 0  n kn[n1 & t x 0     
unsupport$ by ! writ]s ( ! primitive    
times2 yet su* are ! unaffect$          
simplicity ( ! n>rations1 !  purity ( ! 
doctr9e1 & ! s9c]e piety & goodness ( ! 
s5tim5ts1 t x c>ries its own au?ority ) 
x4 ,! same  obs]vation is applicable 9  
g5]al to all ! books ( ! ,old & ,new    
,te/am5ts2 s t if !re 0 no o!r book 9 ! 
_w beside !  ,bible1 a man c\ld n       

reasonably d\bt ( ! tru? ( reveal$      
religion4 ,if all o!r argum5ts 7 set    
aside1 we may conclude f  ?is s+le      
consid]ation1 t ! au?ors ( ! books ( !  
,old &  ,new ,te/am5ts1 :oev] !y 71 _c h
 made a false claim to  div9e au?ority4 
,! ,scriptures conta9 doctr9es conc]n+  
,god1  provid5ce1 a future /ate1 ! duty 
( man1 c1 f> m pure &  sublime ?an c 9  
any way be acc\nt$ = f ! natural p[]s ( 
m51 s circum/anc$ z ! sacr$ writ]s 74   
,let ! read]  consid] :e!r x c be       
reasonably suppos$1 t ,jewi% %eph]ds1   
fi%]m51 c1 %\ld1 bo? be=e & aft] ! rise 
( ! ,hea!n  philosophy1 s f> exce$ m5 ( 
! greate/ abilities &  accompli%m5ts 9  
o!r nations1 by any o!r means ?an div9e 
communications4 ,inde$1 no writ]s1 f !  
inv5tion ( lett]s to !  pres5t times1   
are equal to ! p5m5 ( ! books ( ! ,old &
 ,new  ,te/am5ts 9 true excell5ce1      
utility & dignity2 & ?is is surely  su* 
an int]nal crit]ion ( _! div9e au?ority1
 z ought n to be  resi/$4    #ag4 ,! _m 
& great advantages :i* h accru$ to ! _w 

f  ! patri>*al1 ,judaical1 & ,*ri/ian   
revelations1 confirm ! :ole4  ,^!       
advantages relate p>tly to ! k1 & p>tly 
to !  practice1 ( religion4 ,! int]nal  
wor? & excell5ce ( !  ,scriptures1 z    
conta9+ ! be/ pr9ciples ( k1 hol9ess1   
consolation1 & hope1 & _! consequ5t     
utility & importance 9 a  moral &       
practical view1 fully & directly        
demon/rate _! div9e  orig9al4 ,= an     
enl>g$ view ( ?is bran* ( evid5ce see   
,,*ri/ianity4    ,,bibli/s1 or          
,,biblici1 a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 doctors
 9 ! twelf?  & ?irte5? c5turies1 :o     
exp\nd$ ! sacr$ writ+s 9 _!  public     
s*ools1 & endeav\r$ to e/abli% _!       
doctr9es by !  au?ority ( ,scripture1 9 
opposition to unc]ta9 traditions1 or !  
speculations ( ! s*ools4 ,^u ! same     
pr9ciple1 ! ,pieti/s (  ! sev5te5?      
c5tury =m$ :at !y call$ ,biblical       
colleges1 =  exp\nd+ ! ,scriptures4     
,,bi]4 ,see ,,burial4    ,,bildad1 !    
,%uhite1 "o ( ,job's fri5ds1 ?\ght by "s
 to h  desc5d$ f ,%uah1 ! son (         

,abraham1 by ,keturah1 ,job ii1 #aa2    
viii1  xviii1 xxv4    ,,bilhah1 ,ra*el's
 h&maid1 giv5 by h] to ,jacob h] husb&1 
z a  concub9>y wife1 t1 ?r\gh h] %e     
might h a son1 ,g54 xxx1 #c1  #d1 c4    
,see ,,b>r5ness4    ,,b9d4 ,to b9d &    
loose are tak5 = condemn+ & absolv+3 8,&
 ,i  w give unto !e ! keys ( ! k+dom (  
heav53 & :atsoev]  ?\ %alt b9d on e>?   
%all be b\nd 9 heav53 & :atsoev] ?\     
%alt loose on e>? %all be loos$ 9       
heav510 ,matt4 xvi1 #ai4 ,by  b9d+ &    
loos+1 9 ! language ( ! ,jews1 is       
und]/ood1  likewise1 p]mitt+ & =bidd+2  
or decl>+ any ?+ 9 a  judicial mann] to 
be p]mitt$ or =bidd52 & on ! promotion (
  _! doctors1 !y put ! keys into _! h&s 
) ^! words1  8,receive ! p[] ( b9d+ &   
loos+40 ,s our ,"l says1 8,i am n  come 
to de/roy10 to unloose or dissolve1 8!  
law1 b to fulfil10 t  is1 to confirm &  
e/abli% x1 ,matt4 v1 #ag4 ,see ,,keys4  
,,bird1 1 a common "n = all birds1 b is 
sometimes us$ = !  sp>r[ 9 p>ticul>4    
,birds are di/+ui%$ by ! ,jewi%         

legislator into clean & unclean4  ,su* z
 f$ ^u gra9 & se$s 7 all[$ = food1 & su*
 z  dev\r$ fle% & c>rion 7 prohibit$4   
,moses1 to inspire ! ,israelites )      
s5tim5ts ( t5d]ness t[>d  ! brute       
creation1 comm&s !m1 if !y f9d a bird's 
ne/1 n to  take ! dam ) ! "y1 b to suff]
 ! old "o to fly away1 &  to take ! "y  
only1 ,deut4 xxii1 #f4 ,?is is "o ( ^?  
m]ciful  con/itutions 9 ! law ( ,moses  
:i* respect ! animal creation1 &  t5d$  
to humanize ! he>t ( t p1 to excite 9 !m
 a s5se  ( ! div9e provid5ce ext5d+     
itself to all creatures1 & to tea*  !m  
to ex]cise _! dom9ion ov] !m ) g5tl5ess4
 ,beside1 !  "y nev] knew ! sweets (    
lib]ty2 ! dam did3 !y might be tak5  &  
us$ = any lawful purpose2 b ! dam mu/ n 
be br\ght into a  /ate ( captivity4 ,!  
poet ,phocylides has a maxim1 9 8       
admonitory  poem1 v simil> to t 9 !     
sacr$ texts3--                    1     
' 1 '    4              ,nor f a ne/    
take all ! birds away1            ,! "m 
sp>e1 %e'll bre$ a future day4    ,x    

appe>s t ! anci5ts hunt$ birds4 ,b>u*1  
iii1 #ag1 speak+ (  ! k+s ( ,babylon1   
says1 8,!y _h _! pa/ime ) ! f[ls (  !   
air20 & ,daniel1 iii1 #ch1 tells        
,nebu*adnezz> t ,god _h made  ! f[ls ( !
 air subject to him4    ,birds 7 (f]$ 9 
sacrifice on _m occasions4 ,9 !         
sacrifices =  s91 he :o _h n a lamb1 or 
a kid1 8might (f] two turtles1 or two   
"y pigeons2 "o = a s9-(f]+1 ! o!r = a   
burnt-(f]+4  ,^! he pres5t$ to ! prie/1 
:o (f]$ t fir/ :i* 0 =  ! s9-(f]+1 &    
wrung (f ! head f ! neck1 b did n       
divide x asund]3 ! o!r he 0 to (f] = a  
burnt-(f]+10 ,lev4  v1 #g1 #h4 ,:5 a man
 :o _h be5 smitt5 ) a leprosy 0 heal$1  
he  came to ! entrance ( ! camp (       
,israel1 & ! prie/ w5t out to  inspect  
him1 :e!r he 7 entirely cur$1 ,lev4 xiv1
 #e1 #f4 ,aft] ?is  inspection1 ! lepr\s
 p]son came to ! door ( ! tab]nacle1 &  
(f]$ two liv+ sp>r[s1 or two birds2     
7pure birds1 ^? ( :i*  x 0 lawful to    
eat27 he made a wisp ) bran*es ( c$> &  
hyssop1  ti$ toge!r ) a ?read1 or sc>let

 ribbon2 he fill$ an e>!n pot  ) runn+  
wat]1 t ! blood ( ! bird might be m+l$ )
 x2  !n ! prie/1 dipp+ ! bun* ( hyssop &
 c$> into ! wat]1  spr9kl$ ) x ! lep] :o
 0 heal$2 aft] :i* he let loose !  liv+ 
bird1 to fly :]e x w\ld4 ,9 ,pale/9e    
dead bodies 7  sometimes left expos$ to 
birds ( prey1 z appe>s f ,scripture2 b1 
g5]ally1 !y 7 buri$ 9 ! ev5+3 ev5       
crim9als 7 tak5  d[n f ! gall[s4        
,,bir?right1 or ,,primog5iture1 ! "r ( !
 fir/-born or elde/ son4  ,! bir?right1 
or "r ( primog5iture1 _h _m privileges  
annex$  to x4 ,! fir/-born 0 consecrat$ 
to ! ,"l1 ,exod4 xxii1 #bi2 _h a  d\ble 
portion ( ! e/ate allott$ him1 ,deut4   
xxi1 #ag2 _h a dignity  & au?ority ov] 8
 bre?r51 ,g54 xlix1 #c2 succe$$ 9 !     
gov]nm5t ( ! family or k+dom1 #b ,*ron4 
xxi1 #c2 &1 z "s )  good reason suppose1
 9 anci5t times to ! prie/hood or *ief  
gov]nm5t 9 matt]s ecclesia/ical4 ,jacob1
 hav+ b\ght ,esau's  bir?right1 acquir$ 
a title to ! p>ticul> bless+ ( 8 dy+    
fa!r2 &1 accord+ly1 he _h consign$ to   

him ! privilege ( !  cov5ant :i* ,god   
made ) ,abraham1 t f 8 lo9s ! ,messiah  
%\ld spr+3 a pr]ogative :i* desc5d$ to 8
 po/]ity4 ,reub5  =feit$ ! bless+s ( 8  
bir?right1 z we see by ! express        
decl>ation ( 8 fa!r ,jacob1 9 8         
b5$iction ( 8 *ildr51  ,g54 xlix1 #a1 c1
 = ! crime ( ince/ ) 8 fa!r's concub9e1 
on acc\nt ( :i* 8 tribe cont9u$ all     
along 9 obscurity2 :ile  ! prie/hood 0  
conf]r$ on ,levi1 ! gov]nm5t on ,judah1 
& !  d\ble portion on ,joseph1 to desc5d
 to _! respective tribes4 ,&  ?is       
prem95ce ( ! fir/-born took place f !   
beg9n+1 & z  mu* belong$ to ,ca91 be=e 8
 =feiture ( x1 z x did to ,reub5  be=e  
84 ,see ,g5esis iv1 #g2 xlix1 #c4 ,?us !
 patri>*s1 ,abraham1  ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 
(f]$ sacrifices1 & 7 prie/s z well z k+s
  9 _! respective families1 ,g54 xii1   
#g1 #h2 xiii1 #ah2 xvii1 #g2 xxvi1  #be2
 xxxi1 #ed2 xxxv1 #g4 ,job1 9 ,arabia1  
act$ 9 ! same capacity1 ,job1  i1 #e2 & 
x is highly probable t1 among ! anci5t  
,hea!n nations  9 g5]al1 ! fir/-born 7  

entitl$ n only to ! civil  au?ority1 b  
also to ! prie/hood4 ,?is seems to h be5
 ! case  9 ,egypt1 9 ! "t ( ,moses3 &   
h5ce ,jehovah's de/roy+ _!  fir/-born1 z
 x 0 ! la/ miracle wr\ght 9 t c\ntry    
be=e  ! ,exodus1 s 0 x ! mo/ dreadful1 &
 mo/ effectual 9  prevail+ on ,ph>aoh & 
! ,egyptians to dismiss ! ,israelites4  
,,bi%op1 1 1 signifies an ov]se]1 or "o 
:o has !  inspection & direction ( any  
?+4 ,nehemiah speaks ( ! ov]se]  ( !    
,levites at ,j]usalem1 ,neh4 xi1 #bb4 ,!
 mo/ common acceptation (  ! ^w bi%op is
 t 9 ,acts xx1 #bh1 & 9 ,/4 ,paul's     
,epi/les1  ,philip1 i1 #a1 :]e x        
signifies ! pa/or ( a *ur*4 ,/4 ,pet]   
calls  ,jesus ,*ri/ 8! ,%eph]d & ,bi%op 
( our s\ls10 #a ,pet] ii1 #be2 &  ,/4   
,paul describes ! qualities requisite 9 
a bi%op1 #a ,tim4 iii1 #b2  ,titus #a1  
#b1 c4 ,x is n improbable t ! ov]se]s ( 
,*ri/'s  *ur* are 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t     
call$ 1 f ! foll[+  passage 9 ,isaiah3  
8,i w also make ?y (fic]s peace1 & ?9e  
ov]se]s0 717 8righte\sness10 ,isa4 lx1  

#ag4 ,! ^w1 z  us$ by ! ,apo/olic       
writ]s1 :5 ref]r+ to ! pa/ors (         
,*ri/ian *ur*es1 is evid5tly ( ! same   
import z presbyt] or  eld]2 = ! t]ms1 z 
!y occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 appe> to be 
synonym\s1 & are us$ indiff]5tly4 ,?us !
 same p]sons t are  call$ 1 bi%ops are  
also call$ 1 eld]s4  ,h5ce1 :5 ,/4 ,paul
 came to ,miletus1 he s5t to ,ephesus = 
!  presbyt]s ( ! *ur*1 & ?us address$   
!m3 8,take he$ unto  y\rselves1 & to all
 ! flock ov] :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ ha? made 
y0 7! presbyt]s7 81 bi%ops10 or ov]se]s1
 ,acts xx1 #ag4  8,"h10 says ,dr4       
,campbell1 8!re c be no "q t ! same     
p]sons are d5om9at$ presbyt]s & bi%ops40
 ,nor is ?is ! only  passage 9 :i* we   
f9d ! t]ms us$ conv]tibly4 ,9 ,titus i1 
#e1 x  is said1 8,= ?is cause left ,i !e
 9 ,crete1 t ?\ %\lde/ set  9 ord] ! ?+s
 t are want+1 & orda9 eld]s0 7,greek1  7
 89 e city20 & !n x foll[s 9 v]se #g1   
8,= a  bi%op0 77 8mu/ be blameless40 ,9 
l mann]1 ! ,apo/le  ,pet]1 #a ,pet] v1  
#a3 8,! eld]s0 77 8:i* are among y ,i   

exhort2 fe$ ! flock ( ,god :i* is among 
y1 tak+ ! ov]sight  !re(2 1 t is1       
dis*>g+ ! (fice ( bi%ops40  ,see        
,,episcopacy4    ,,bi?ynia1 a c\ntry (  
,asia ,m9or1 /ret*+ along ! %ore ( !    
,pontus ,eux9us1 or ,black ,sea1 f      
,mysia to ,paphlagonia2 hav+ ,phrygia  &
 ,galatia on ! s\?4 ,9 x are ! two      
cities ( ,nica1 or ,nice1  & ,*alc$on3  
bo? celebrat$ 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 on
 acc\nt (  ! g5]al c\ncils held 9 !m1 & 
call$ aft] _! names4 ,!  =m] city is at 
pres5t call$ ,is-,nick1 & ! latt]       
,kadi-,k5i4  ,)9 ?is c\ntry1 also1 are !
 celebrat$ m\nta9s ( ,olympus4 ,/4      
,pet] address$ 8 fir/ ,epi/le to !      
,hebrew ,*ri/ians :o 7  scatt]$ ?r\gh   
?is & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4    ,,bitt]  
,,h]bs4 4 ,exod4 xii1 #h1 & ,num4 ix1   
#aa4 ,! ,jews 7  comm&$ to eat _!       
passov] ) a salad ( bitt] h]bs2 b  :e!r 
"o p>ticul> plant 0 int5d$1 or any k9d (
 bitt] h]bs1  has be5 made a "q4 ,by !  
,septuag9t x is r5d]$  2  by ,j]om1 8cum
 lactucis agre/ibus20 & by ! ,gr4       

,v5et41   4 ,dr4 ,g$des rem>ks1 t 8x is 
highly probable t !  succory or wild    
lettuce is meant40 ,! ,mis*na 9         
,pesa*im1 cap4 #b1  reckons five species
 ( ^! bitt] h]bs3 #a4 ,*az>e?1 tak5 =   
lettuce3 #b4 ,uls91 suppos$ to be endive
 or succory3 #c4 ,tamca1 probably       
tansy3 #d4 ,*>ubb9im1 :i* ,bo*>t ?\ght  
might be ! nettle1 b  ,s*eu*z] %[s to be
 ! camomile3 #e4 ,m]or1 ! s[-?i/le1 or  
d5t-de-lion1 or wild lettuce4 ,mr4      
,=skal says1 8! ,jews 9 ,sana &  9      
,egypt eat ! lettuce ) ! pas*al lamb40  
,he also rem>ks1 t  moru is c5taury1 (  
:i* ! "y /ems are eat5 9 ,febru>y &     
,m>*4    ,,bitt]n4 4 ,isa4 xiv1 #bc2    
xxxiv1 #aa2 & ,zephaniah ii1 #ad4       
,int]pret]s h r5d]$ ?is ^w v>i\sly3 an  
owl1 an osprey1 a  tortoise1 a porcup9e1
 & ev5 an ott]4 8,h[ unhappy10 says ,mr4
  ,h>m]1 8t a ^w :i* occurs b ?ree times
 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible  %\ld be translat$  
by ?ree diff]5t words1 & t "o ( !m  %\ld
 be ott]60 ,isaiah1 prophesy+ !         
de/ruction ( ,babylon1 says  t 8! ,"l w 

make x a possession = ! bitt]n1 & pools 
(  wat]20 & ,zephaniah1 ii1 #ad1        
prophesy+ aga9/ ,n9eveh1 says t  8!     
cormorant & bitt]n %all lodge 9 ! upp]  
l9tels ( x3 _!  voice %all s+ 9 !       
w9d[s40 ,! ,arabic v]sion reads         
8al-h\b>a40 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,%aw1 !    
h\b>a is 8( ! bigness  ( a capon1 b ( a 
long] body4 ,x fe$s on little %rubs &   
insects1  l ! graab el ,sah>a2 frequ5t+1
 9 l mann]1 ! conf9es (  ! des]t40      
,golius int]prets x ! bu/>d2 & ,dr4     
,russel says  t ! ,arabic "n ( ! bu/>d  
is 8h\bry40    ,,bitt]ness1 wat]s (4    
,see ,,adult]y4    ,,blasphemy1 1       
prop]ly d5otes calumny1 detraction1     
reproa*ful or abusive language1 aga9/   
:omsoev] x be v5t$4  ,t  & its          
conjugates are v (t5 appli$1 says ,dr4  
,campbell1 to reproa*es n aim$ aga9/    
,god1 is evid5t f !  foll[+ passages3   
,matt4 xii1 #ca1 #cb2 xxvii1 #ci2 ,m>k  
xv1 #bi2 ,luke  xxii1 #fe2 xxiii1 #ci2  
,rom4 iii1 #h2 xiv1 #af2 #a ,cor4 iv1   
#ac2 x1 #cj2 ,eph4  iv1 #ca2 #a ,tim4   

vi1 #d2 ,titus iii1 #b2 #a ,pet4 iv1    
#ad2 ,jude #i1 #aj2 ,acts vi1  #aa1 #ac2
 #b ,pet4 ii1 #aj1 #aa2 9 ! mu* great]  
"p ( :i* ! ,engli%  translators1 s5sible
 t !y c\ld admit no su* application1 h  
n us$ ! words blaspheme or blasphemy1 b 
rail1 revile1  speak evil1 c4 ,9 "o ( ! 
passages quot$1 a reproa*ful *>ge       
br\ght ev5 aga9/ ! devil is call$  1    
,jude #i2 &  r5d]$ by !m1 8rail+        
accusation40 ,! import ( ! ^w   is      
mal$ic5tia1 9 ! l>ge/ acceptation2      
compreh5d+ all sorts  ( v]bal abuse1    
imprecation1 revil+1 & calumny4 ,& let x
 be  obs]v$1 t :5 su* abuse is m5tion$ z
 utt]$ aga9/ ,god1  !re is prop]ly no   
*ange made 9 ! signification ( ! ^w3 !  
*ange is only 9 ! application2 t is1 9 !
 ref]5ce to a  diff]5t object4 ,! idea  
convey$ 9 ! explanation n[ giv5 is      
always includ$1 aga9/ :omsoev] ! crime  
be committ$4 ,9 ?is  mann] e t]m is     
und]/ood t is applicable to bo? ,god &  
man4  ,?us ! mean+ ( ! ^w disobey is !  
same1 :e!r we speak (  disobey+ ,god or 

( disobey+ man4 ,! same may be said (   
believe1  hon\r1 fe>1 c4 ,z1 !re=e1 !   
s5se ( ! t]m is ! same1  ?\gh diff]5tly 
appli$1 :at is ess5tial to con/itute !  
crime (  detraction 9 ! "o case1 is     
ess5tial also 9 ! o!r4 ,b x is  ess5tial
 to ?is crime1 z commonly und]/ood1 :5  
committ$ by "o  man aga9/ ano!r1 t !re  
be 9 ! injuri\s p]son ! w or            
disposition to detract f ! p]son abus$4 
,m]e mi/ake 9 reg>d to  "*1 especially  
:5 ! mi/ake is n conceiv$ by him :o     
ent]ta9s x to less5 ! "*1 nay1 is       
suppos$1 h[ev]  errone\sly1 to exalt x1 
is nev] con/ru$ by any into ! crime (   
defamation4 ,n[1 z blasphemy is 9 its   
ess5ce ! same crime1 b  imm5sely        
aggravat$ by be+ committ$ aga9/ an      
object inf9itely  sup]ior to man1 :at is
 fundam5tal to ! v exi/5ce ( ! crime  w 
be f\nd 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r species :i*    
comes "u !  g5]al "n4 ,!re c be no      
blasphemy1 !re=e1 :]e !re is n  an      
impi\s purpose to d]ogate f ! ,div9e    
,maje/y1 & to ali5ate  ! m9ds ( o!rs f !

 love & rev]5ce ( ,god4 ,! blasphem]  is
 no o!r ?an ! calumniator ( ,almighty   
,god4 ,to con/itute !  crime1 x is z    
necess>y t ?is species ( calumny be     
int5tional4  ,he mu/ be "o1 !re=e1 :o by
 8 impi\s talk endeav\rs to inspire     
o!rs ) ! same irrev]5ce t[>d ! ,deity1  
or p]haps1  abhorr5ce ( him1 :i* he     
indulges 9 himself4 ,& ?\gh1 = !  hon\r 
( human nature1 x is to be hop$ t v few 
arrive at ?is  enorm\s guilt1 x ought n 
to be dissembl$1 t ! habitual           
pr(anation ( ! "n & attributes ( ,god by
 common swe>+1 is b  too manife/ an     
approa* t[>d x4 ,!re is n an entire     
co9cid5ce3  ! latt] ( ^! vices may be   
consid]$ z result+ solely f !  defect ( 
:at is good 9 pr9ciple & disposition2 ! 
=m] f !  acquisition ( :at is evil 9 !  
extreme3 b !re is a close  connection   
betwe5 !m1 & an ins5sible gradation f ! 
"o to !  o!r4 ,to accu/om "o's self to  
treat ! ,sov]eign ( ! univ]se  )        
irrev]5t famili>ity1 is ! fir/ /ep2     
malignly to arraign 8  attributes1 &    

revile 8 provid5ce1 is ! la/4 ,! fir/   
div9e law  publi%$ aga9/ x1 8,he t      
blaspheme? ! "n ( ! ,"l0 7or  ,jehovah1 
z x is 9 ! ,hebrew7 8%all be put to     
dea?10 ,lev4 xxiv1  #af1 :5 consid]$    
along ) ! incid5t t occasion$ x1 sugge/s
  a v atroci\s (f5ce 9 words1 no less   
?an abuse or imprecations  v5t$ aga9/ ! 
,deity4 ,=1 9 :at way soev] ! crime ( ! 
man  !re m5tion$ be int]pret$1--:e!r z  
committ$ aga9/ ! true  ,god1 ! ,god (   
,israel1 or aga9/ any ( ! false gods :om
 8  ,egyptian fa!r wor%ipp$1--! law 9 ! 
words n[ quot$ is  suffici5tly explicit2
 & ! circum/ances ( ! /ory pla9ly %[1  t
 ! words :i* he _h us$ 7 d]ogatory f !  
,godhead1 &  %ock+ to ! he>]s4 ,& if we 
add to ?is ! only o!r memorable  in/ance
 9 sacr$ hi/ory1 namely1 t ( ,rab%akeh1 
x w lead u  to conclude t x is solely a 
malignant attempt1 9 words1 to less5    
m5's rev]5ce ( ! true ,god1 &1 by       
vilify+ 8 p]fections1 to  prev5t _!     
plac+ confid5ce 9 him1 :i* is call$ 9   
,scripture  blasphemy1 :5 ! ^w is       

employ$ to d5ote a s9 committ$  directly
 aga9/ ,god4 ,?is 0 manife/ly ! attempt 
( ,rab%akeh1 :5  he said1 8,nei!r let   
,hezekiah make y tru/ 9 ! ,"l10 7! ^w is
  ,jehovah17 8say+1 ,jehovah w surely   
deliv] u4 ,ha? any ( !  gods ( ! nations
 deliv]$ 8 l& out ( ! h& ( ! k+ (       
,assyria8 ,:]e are ! gods ( ,hama? & (  
,arpad8 ,:]e are ! gods  ( ,seph>vaim1  
,h5a1 & ,iva8 ,h !y deliv]$ ,sam>ia out 
( my  h&8 ,:o are !y1 among all ! gods (
 ! c\ntries1 t h  deliv]$ _! c\ntry out 
( m9e h&1 t ,jehovah %\ld deliv]        
,j]usalem out ( m9e h&80 #b ,k+s xviii1 
#cj1 #cc-ce4    #b4 ,x w naturally occur
 to inquire1 :at t is1 9 p>ticul>1  :i* 
our ,"l d5om9ates 8blasphemy aga9/ !    
,holy ,_s10 ,matt4  xii1 #ca1 #cb2 ,m>k 
iii1 #bh1 #bi2 ,luke xii1 #aj4 ,b )\t   
ent]+  m9utely into ! discussion ( ?is  
"q1 x may suffice "h to  obs]ve1 t ?is  
blasphemy is c]ta9ly n ( ! con/ructive  
k9d1  b direct1 manife/1 & malignant4   
,fir/1 x is m5tion$ z  compreh5d$ "u !  
same g5us ) abuse aga9/ m51 &           

contradi/+ui%$ only by ! object4        
,secondly1 x is f>!r  expla9$ by be+    
call$ speak+ aga9/ 9 bo? cases3         
1-- '        4 8,:osoev] speake? a ^w   
aga9/ ! ,son ( ,man40--8,:osoev]        
speake? aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,!        
expressions are ! same1 9  effect1 9 all
 ! ,evangeli/s :o m5tion x1 & imply su* 
an  opposition z is bo? int5tional &    
malevol5t4 ,?is _c h be5  ! case ( all  
:o disbeliev$ ! mission ( ,jesus1 & ev5 
decri$  8 miracles2 _m ( :om1 we h      
reason to ?9k1 7 aft]w>d  conv]t$ by !  
,apo/les4 ,b x 0 ! wret*$ case ( "s :o1 
in/igat$ by worldly ambition & av>ice1  
sl&]$ :at !y knew to  be ! cause ( ,god2
 &1 aga9/ conviction1 revil$ 8 "w z !   
op]ation ( evil spirits4 ,?is view ( !  
s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/  is confirm$ by !
 circum/ances "u :i* our ,"l spoke4     
,if we consid] ! ,scripture acc\nt ( ?is
 s91 no?+ c be pla9]  ?an t x is to be  
und]/ood ( ! ,ph>isees' imput+ !        
miracles  wr\ght by ! p[] ( ! ,holy     
,gho/ to ! p[] ( ! devil2 =  our ,"l _h 

j heal$ "o possess$ ( a devil1 & ^u ?is 
!  ,ph>isees gave ?is malici\s turn to !
 miracle4 ,?is l$ our ,savi\r  to       
disc\rse on ! s9 ( blasphemy4 ,!        
,ph>isees 7 ! p]sons  *>g$ ) ! crime3 ! 
s9 itself manife/ly consi/$ 9 ascrib+   
:at 0 done by ! f+] ( ,god to ! ag5cy ( 
! devil2 & !  reason1 !re=e1 :y our ,"l 
pron\nc$ x unp>donable1 is pla92        
because1 by )/&+ ! evid5ce ( miracles1  
!y resi/$ !  /ronge/ means ( conviction1
 & t wilfully & malignantly2 &1  giv+   
way to _! passions1 opprobri\sly treat$ 
t ,holy ,_s  :om !y ought to h ador$4 ,f
 all :i* x w probably foll[1  t no p]son
 c n[ be guilty ( ! blasphemy aga9/ !   
,holy  ,gho/1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* our ,savi\r
 orig9ally int5d$ x2 b  !re may be s9s  
:i* be> a v ne> resemblance to x4 ,?is  
appe>s  f ! case ( ! apo/ates m5tion$ 9 
! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1  to :om 8no m  
sacrifice = s9s0 is said to rema92 ^:   
defection1  h[ev]1 is n repres5t$ s mu* 
z a direct s9 aga9/ ! ,holy  ,gho/ z    
aga9/ ,*ri/1 :om ! apo/ate ,jews        

blasphem$ 9 !  synagogues4 ,x impli$1   
h[ev]1 a high (f5ce aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s   
also1 ) ^: gifts !y _h1 probably1 be5   
end[$1 & _!  conduct mu/ be consid]$1 if
 n ! same s9 z t committ$ by !          
,ph>isees1 yet z a cons5t+ ) x1 & ?us z 
plac+ !m 9  ne>ly1 if n altoge!r1 ! same
 desp]ate condition4 ,ev5 apo/asy  9 !  
pres5t day1 al?\gh a mo/ aggravat$ &    
p]il\s (f5ce1  _c be committ$ )         
circum/ances ( equal aggravation to ^?  
:i* 7 f\nd 9 ! case ( ! p]sons m5tion$  
by ,/4 ,paul2 &  x may be laid d[n z    
c]ta91 = ! relief ( ^? :o may be  tempt$
 to ?9k t !y h committ$ ! unp>donable   
s91 t  _! horror ( x1 & ! tr\ble :i* ! v
 appreh5sion causes  !m1 are ! sure     
pro(s t !y are mi/ak54 ,b al?\gh !re may
  be n[ fe>ful approa*es to !           
unp>donable (f5ce1 x is to be  rememb]$ 
t !re may be _m dang]\s & fatal s9s     
aga9/ !  ,holy ,gho/1 :i* are n ! s9    
aga9/ him1 :i* has no  =giv5ess4        
,,blemi%1 :atev] r5d]s a p]son or ?+    
imp]fect or uncomely4 ,!  ,jewi% law    

requir$ ! prie/s to be free f blemi%es (
 p]son1  ,lev4 xxi1 #ag-bc2 xxii1       
#bj-bd4 ,sc&al\s pr(essors are blemi%es 
to !  *ur* ( ,god1 #b ,pet] ii1 #ac2    
,jude #ab1 & !re=e ought to be put  away
 f x1 9 ! ex]cise ( a godly discipl9e4  
,,bless1 ,,bless+4 ,!re are ?ree po9ts (
 view 9 :i* ! acts (  bless+ may be     
consid]$4 ,! fir/ is1 :5 m5 are said to 
bless  ,god1 z 9 ,psalm ciii1 #a1 #b4   
,we are !n n to suppose t ! div9e  ,be+1
 :o is ov] all1 &1 9 himself1 bless$ =  
ev]more1 is  capable ( receiv+ any      
augm5tation ( 8 happ9ess1 f all !       
creatures :i* he has made3 su* a        
supposition1 z x w\ld imply  some?+ (   
imp]fection 9 ! div9e nature1 mu/ ev] be
 reject$  ) abhorr5ce2 &1 !re=e1 :5 !   
creatures bless ! adorable  ,creator1 !y
 only ascribe to him t praise & dom9ion1
 & hon\r1  & glory1 & bless+1 :i* x is  
equally ! duty & joy ( 8  creatures to  
r5d]4 ,b :5 ,god is said to bless 8 p1  
,g54 i1  #bb2 ,eph4 i1 #c2 ! mean+ is1 t
 he conf]s b5efits ^u !m1  ei!r temporal

 or spiritual1 & s communicates to !m "s
 portion  ( t bless$ness :i*1 9 inf9ite 
fulness1 dwells 9 himself1 ,james  i1   
#ag2 ,psalm civ1 #bd1 #bh2 ,luke xi1    
#i-ac4 ,9 ! ?ird place m5 are said  to  
bless _! fell[ creatures4 ,f ! "t t ,god
 ent]$ into  cov5ant ) ,abraham1 &      
promis$ extraord9>y bless+s to 8        
po/]ity1 x appe>s to h be5 cu/om>y = !  
fa!r ( ea*  family1 9 ! direct l9e1 or  
l9e ( promise1 previ\s to 8 dea?1  to   
call 8 *ildr5 ar\nd him1 & to in=m !m1  
accord+ to !  k :i* x pleas$ ,god !n to 
give him1 h[1 & 9 :at  mann]1 ! div9e   
bless+ conf]r$ ^u ,abraham 0 to desc5d  
among  !m4 ,^u ^! occasions1 ! patri>*s 
enjoy$ a div9e  illum9ation2 & "u its   
influ5ce1 _! b5$iction 0 deem$ a        
prophetic oracle1 =etell+ ev5ts ) !     
utmo/ c]ta9ty1 &  ext5d+ to ! remote/   
p]iod ( "t4 ,?us ,jacob bless$ 8 sons1  
,g54 xlix2 & ,moses1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1
 ,deut4 xxxiii4 ,:5  ,mel*iz$eck bless$ 
,abraham1 ! act ( b5$iction includ$ 9 x 
n  m]ely ! pron\nc+ solemn good wi%es1 b

 also a petition>y  address to ,god t he
 w\ld be pleas$ to ratify ! b5$iction by
 8  concurr5ce ) :at 0 pray$ =4 ,?us    
,moses in/ruct$ ,a>on1 &  8 desc5dants1 
to bless ! congregation1 8,9 ?is wise   
%all ye bless  ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 say+ 
unto !m1 ,! ,"l bless !e1 & keep  !e2 ! 
,"l make 8 face to %9e ^u !e2 ! ,"l lift
 up 8  c\nt5ance ^u !e1 & give !e       
peace10 ,num4 iv1 #bc4 ,david says1 8,i 
w take ! cup ( salvation1 & call ^u ! "n
 ( ! ,"l10  ,psalm cxvi1 #ac4 ,?is      
phrase appe>s to be tak5 f ! practice ( 
!  ,jews 9 _! ?ank-(f]+s1 9 :i* a fea/ 0
 made ( !  rema9d] ( _! sacrifices1 & ! 
(f]]s1 toge!r ) !  prie/s1 did eat &    
dr9k be=e ! ,"l2 :51 among o!r rites1 ! 
ma/] ( ! fea/ took a cup ( w9e 9 8 h& & 
solemnly bless$  ,god = x1 & = ! m]cies 
:i* 7 !n ackn[l$g$1 & gave  x to all !  
gue/s1 e "o ( :om drank 9 8 turn4 ,to   
?is  cu/om x is suppos$ our bless$ ,"l  
alludes 9 ! in/itution ( !  cup1 :i*    
also is call$1 #a ,cor4 x1 #af1 8! cup (
 bless+40 ,at !  family fea/s also1 &   

especially t ( ! passov]1 bo? w9e &     
bread 7 9 ?is solemn & religi\s mann]   
di/ribut$1 & ,god 0  bless$1 & 8 m]cies 
ackn[l$g$4 ,!y bless$ ,god = _!  pres5t 
refre%m5t1 = _! deliv]ance out ( ,egypt1
 = !  cov5ant ( circumcision1 & = ! law 
giv5 by ,moses2 & pray$  t ,god w\ld be 
m]ciful to 8 p ,israel1 t he w\ld s5d ! 
,prophet ,elijah1 & t he w\ld r5d] !m   
wor?y ( ! k+dom (  ! ,messiah4 ,see also
 #a ,*ron4 xvi1 #b1 #c4 ,9 ! ,mosaic    
law1 ! mann]  ( bless+ is appo9t$ by !  
lift+ up ( h&s4 ,our ,"l lift$ up  8    
h&s1 & bless$ 8 disciples4 ,x is        
probable t ?is action  0 con/antly us$  
on su* occasions4 ,! palm ( ! h& held up
 0  precatory2 & ! palm turn$ outw>d or 
d[nw>d 0 b5$ictory4 ,see  ,,b5$iction & 
,,"l',s ,,supp]4    ,,bl9dfold+4 ,?is is
 ! treatm5t :i* ,*ri/ receiv$ f 8       
enemies4 ,x ref]s to a sport :i* 0      
common among *ildr51 call$  1 9 :i* x 0 
! mann] fir/ to bl9dfold1 !n to /rike1  
& to ask :o gave ! bl[1 & n to let !    
p]son g till he _h  nam$ ! "r man :o _h 

/ruck him4 ,x 0 us$ 9 reproa* ( our     
bless$ ,"l z a ,prophet1 or div9e       
in/ruct]1 & to expose him to  ridicule1 
,luke xxii1 #fc1 #fd4    ,,bl9dness is  
(t5 us$ 9 ,scripture to express         
ignorance or want (  disc]nm5t 9 div9e  
?+s1 z well z ! be+ de/itute ( natural  
sight4 ,see ,isa4 xlii1 #ah1 #ai2 vi1   
#aj2 ,matt4 xv1 #ad4 8,bl9dness ( he>t0 
is ! want ( und]/&+ aris+ f ! influ5ce (
 vici\s  passions4 8,h>dness ( he>t0 is 
/ubbornness ( w1 & de/itution  ( moral  
feel+4 ,moses says1 8,?\ %alt n put a   
/umbl+ block  be=e ! bl9d10 ,lev4 xix1  
#ad1 :i* may be und]/ood lit]ally2 or   
figuratively1 z if ,moses recomm5d$ t   
*>ity & in/ruction  %\ld be %[n to !m :o
 want light & c\nsel1 or to ^? :o are  9
 dang] ( go+ wrong ?r\gh _! ignorance4  
,moses says also1  8,curs$ be he :o     
make? ! bl9d to w&] out ( 8 way10 ,deut4
  xxvii1 #ah1 :i* may also be tak5 9 !  
same mann]4 ,an ignorant or  err+ tea*] 
is comp>$ by our ,"l to a bl9d man lead+
 a bl9d  man2--a /rong repres5tation ( !

 presumption ( him t pr(esses  to tea* !
 way ( salvation )\t due qualifications1
 & ( !  dang] ( t implicit fai? :i* is  
(t5 plac$ by ! p 9 !  au?ority ( man1 to
 ! neglect ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4       
,,blood4 ,beside its prop] s5se1 ! fluid
 ( ! ve9s ( m5 &  animals1 ! t]m 9      
,scripture is us$1 #a4 ,= life4 8,god w 
require  ! blood ( a man10 he w puni%   
murd] 9 :at mann] soev]  committ$4 8,8  
blood be ^u u10 let ! guilt ( 8 dea? be 
imput$  to u4 8,! voice ( ?y bro!r's    
blood crie?20 ! murd] committ$  on him  
crie? = v5geance4 8,! av5g] ( blood20 he
 :o is to av5ge  ! dea? ( 8 relative1   
,num4 xxxv1 #bd1 #bg4 #b4 ,blood means  
relation%ip1 or consangu9ity4 #c4 ,fle% 
& blood are plac$ 9  opposition to a    
sup]ior nature3 8,fle% & blood ha? n    
reveal$ x  unto !e1 b my ,fa!r :o is 9  
heav510 ,matt4 xvi1 #ag4 #d4 ,!y are    
also oppos$ to ! glorifi$ body3 8,fle% &
 blood _c inh]it !  k+dom ( ,god10 #a   
,cor4 xv1 #ej4 #e4 ,!y are oppos$ also  
to evil  spirits3 8,we wre/le n aga9/   

fle% & blood10 aga9/ visible  enemies   
compos$ ( fle% & blood1 8b aga9/        
pr9cipalities &  p[]s10 c1 ,eph4 vi1    
#ab4 #f4 ,w9e is call$ ! pure blood ( ! 
grape3  8,judah %all wa% 8 g>m5ts 9 !   
blood ( ! grape10 ,g54 xlix1  #aa2      
,deut4 xxxii4 #ad4 #g4 ,! prie/s 7      
e/abli%$ by ,god to judge  betwe5 blood 
& blood2 t is1 9 crim9al matt]s1 & :]e !
  life ( man is at /ake2--to det]m9e    
:e!r ! murd] be casual1 or  volunt>y2   
:e!r a crime des]ve dea?1 or admit (    
remission1 c4 #h4  ,9 its mo/ em95t s5se
 blood is us$ = ! sacrificial dea? (    
,*ri/2 ^: blood or dea? is ! price ( our
 salvation4 ,8 blood  has 8pur*as$ !    
*ur*10 ,acts xx1 #bh4 8,we are ju/ifi$  
by 8  blood10 ,rom4 v1 #i4 8,we h       
r$emption ?r\gh 8 blood10 ,eph4 i1 #g1  
c4 ,see ,,atonem5t4    ,t s+ul> &       
emphatic prohibition ( blood = food f ! 
e>lie/ times1 :i* we f9d 9 ! ,holy      
,scriptures1 des]ves  p>ticul> att5tion4
 ,god expressly =bade ! eat+ ( blood    
alone1  or ( blood mix$ ) ! fle% (      

animals1 z :5 any creature 0  suffocat$1
 or /rangl$1 or kill$ )\t draw+ its     
blood f !  c>cass4 ,= :5 ! grant (      
animal food 0 made to ,noah1 9 ^?       
compreh5sive words1 8,ev5 z ! gre5 h]b h
 ,i giv5 y all  ?+s10 x 0 add$1 8b fle% 
) ! life !re(1 namely1 its  blood1 ye   
%all n eat10 ,g54 ix1 #d4 ,& :5 ! law 0 
giv5 to !  *ildr5 ( ,israel1 we f9d !   
prohibition aga9/ ! eat+ ( blood  /ill m
 explicitly en=c$1 bo? ^u ,jews &       
,g5tiles1 9 !  foll[+ words1 8,:atsoev] 
man !re be ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 or (  !  
/rang]s t soj\rn among y1 t eate? any   
mann] ( blood2 ,i  w ev5 set my face    
aga9/ t s\l t eate? blood1 & w cut  him 
(f f among 8 p3 = ! life ( ! fle% is 9 !
  blood2 & ,i h giv5 x to y ^u ! alt> to
 make atonem5t =  y\r s\ls3 = x is !    
blood t make? an atonem5t = ! s\l10     
,lev4 xvii1 #aj1 #aa4 ,& to cut (f all  
possibility ( mi/ake ^u ?is  p>ticul>   
po9t1 x is add$3 8,!re=e ,i said unto ! 
*ildr5 (  ,israel1 ,no s\l ( y %all eat 
blood1 nei!r %all any /rang] t  soj\rne?

 among y eat blood2 & :atsoev] man !re  
be ( !  *ildr5 ( ,israel1 or ( ! /rang]s
 t soj\rn among y1 :i*  hunte? & cat*e? 
any bea/ or f[l t may be eat52 he %all  
ev5  p\r out ! blood !re( & cov] x )    
du/1 = x is ! life (  all fle%2 ! blood 
( x is = ! life !re(2 !re=e ,i said     
unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,ye %all eat ! 
blood ( no mann] (  fle%3 = ! life ( all
 fle% is ! blood !re(2 :osoev] eate?  x 
%all be cut (f10 v]ses #ab-ad4 ,?is     
re/ra9t1 ?an :i* no?+  c be m express1 0
 also1 "u ! new cov5ant1 enjo9$ ^u      
believ+ ,g5tiles1 z 8a burd50 :i* 8x    
seem$ necess>y to ! ,holy  ,_s to impose
 ^u !m10 ,acts xv1 #bh1 #bi4 ,= ?is     
prohibition no  moral reason seems      
capable ( be+ (f]$2 nor does x cle>ly   
appe> t blood is an un:olesome alim5t1  
:i* "s ?9k 0 !  physical reason ( its   
be+ inhibit$2 & if1 9 fact1 blood is    
delet]i\s z food1 !re seems no great]   
reason :y ?is %\ld be  po9t$ out by     
special revelation to man1 to gu>d him  
aga9/ injury1  ?an _m o!r un:olesome    

alim5ts4 ,!re is little =ce 9 !  rem>k1 
t ! eat+ ( blood produces a f]oci\s     
disposition2 =  ^? nations t eat /rangl$
 ?+s1 or blood cook$ ) o!r  alim5ts1 d n
 exhibit m f]ocity ?an o!rs4 ,! true    
reason 01  no d\bt1 a sacrificial "o4   
,:5 animals 7 grant$ to ,noah =  food1 !
 blood 0 res]v$2 & :5 ! same law 0      
renact$ among  ! ,israelites1 ! orig9al 
prohibition is repeat$ ) an explanation 
:i* at once %[s ! orig9al gr\nd ^u :i* x
 re/$3 8,i h  giv5 x ^u ! alt> to make  
an atonem5t = y\r s\ls40 ,f ?is         
8additional reason10 z x has be5 call$1 
x has be5 argu$1 t !  doctr9e ( ! aton+ 
p[] ( blood 0 new1 & 01 !n1 = !  fir/   
"t1 ann\nc$ by ,moses1 or ! same cause =
 ! prohibition  w\ld h be5 assign$ to   
,noah4 ,to ?is we may reply1 #a4 ,t     
unless  ! same reason be suppos$ z !    
gr\nd ( ! prohibition ( blood to  ,noah1
 z t giv5 by ,moses to ! ,jews1 no      
reason at all c be  conceiv$ = ?is      
re/ra9t be+ put ^u ! appetite ( mank9d f
  ,noah to ,moses2 & yet we h a         

prohibition ( a mo/ solemn k9d1  :i* 9  
itself c\ld h no reason1 enjo9$ )\t any 
ext]nal  reason be+ ei!r giv5 or        
conceivable4 #b4 ,t x is a mi/ake to    
suppose t ! decl>ation ( ,moses to !    
,jews1 t ,god _h 8giv5  !m ! blood = an 
atonem5t10 is an 8additional reason0 = !
  int]dict1 n to be f\nd 9 ! orig9al    
prohibition to ,noah4 ,!  :ole passage  
occurs 9 ,lev4 xvii2 & ! great reason   
!re giv5 (  ! prohibition ( blood is1 t 
x is 8! life20 & :at foll[s  respect+   
8atonem5t10 is exegetical ( ?is         
reason2--! life is 9  ! blood1 & ! blood
 or life is giv5 z an atonem5t4 ,n[1 by 
turn+ to ! orig9al prohibition 9 ,g5esis
 we f9d t precisely  ! same reason is   
giv53 8,b ! fle% ) ! blood1 :i* is !    
life !re(1 %all ye n eat40 ,! reason1   
!n1 be+ ! same1 !  "q is1 :e!r !        
exegesis add$ by ,moses mu/ n necess>ily
 be  und]/ood 9 ! g5]al reason giv5 = ! 
re/ra9t to ,noah4 ,blood  is prohibit$  
because x is ! life2 & ,moses adds1 t x 
is 8!  blood10 or life1 8:i* makes      

atonem5t40 ,let any "o attempt to       
discov] any reason = ! prohibition (    
blood to ,noah1 9 ! m]e  circum/ance t x
 is 8! life10 & he w f9d x impossible4  
,x  is no reason at all1 moral or       
in/itut$1 except t z x 0 ,,life         
,,sub/itut$ ,,= ,,life1 ! life ( !      
animal 9 sacrifice = ! life  ( man1 & t1
 !re=e1 blood _h a sacr$ appropriation4 
,!  mann]1 too1 9 :i* ,moses introduces 
! subject1 is indicative t1  ?\gh he 0  
r5ew+ a prohibition1 he 0 n publi%+ a   
new  doctr9e2 he does n tea* 8 p t ,god 
_h !n giv51 or  appo9t$1 blood to make  
atonem5t2 b he prohibits !m f eat+  x1  
because he _h already made ?is          
appo9tm5t1 )\t ref]5ce to  "t1 & z a    
subject ) :i* !y 7 famili>4 ,because !  
blood  0 ! life1 x 0 spr9kl$ ^u1 & p\r$ 
out at1 ! alt>3 &  we h 9 ! sacrifice ( 
! pas*al lamb1 & ! spr9kl+ ( its  blood1
 a suffici5t pro( t1 be=e ! giv+ ( !    
law1 n only  0 blood n eat51 b 0        
appropriat$ to a sacr$ sacrificial      
purpose4 ,nor 0 ?is conf9$ to ! ,jews2 x

 0 cu/om>y ) !  ,romans & ,greeks1 :o1 9
 l mann]1 p\r$ out & spr9kl$ !  blood ( 
victims at _! alt>s2 a rite d]iv$1      
probably1 f !  ,egyptians1 :o d$uc$ x1 n
 f ,moses1 b f ! sons ( ,noah4  ,!      
notion1 inde$1 t ! blood ( ! victims 0  
peculi>ly sacr$  to ! gods1 is impress$ 
^u all anci5t ,pagan my?ology4          
,,boan]ges4 ,?is ^w is nei!r ,hebrew nor
 ,syriac1 & "s h ?\ght  t ! transcrib]s 
h n exactly copi$ x1 & t ! ^w 0  b5]e51 
1 :i* expresses ! s\nd ( ! ,hebrew ( !  
phrase1 8sons ( ?und]40 ,p>khur/ judges 
! ^w to be ! ,galilean  pronunciation ( 
! ,hebrew  express$ 9 ,greek lett]s4    
,n[1   prop]ly signifies a viol5t       
trembl+ or commotion1 & may !re=e  be   
well r5d]$ by 1 ?und]1 :i* is a viol5t  
commotion 9  ! air2 s1 vice v]s1 any    
viol5t commotion is figuratively1 &  n  
unusually1 9 all languages1 call$ ?und]4
 ,:5 our ,savi\r nam$  ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1
 ,boan]ges1 he p]haps _h an eye to t    
prophecy  ( ,haggai1 8,yet once1 & ,i w 
%ake ! heav5s & ! e>?10 ii1  #f2 :i* is 

by ! ,apo/le to ! ,hebrews1 xii1 #bf1   
appli$ to ! great  alt]ation made 9 !   
economy ( ! ,jews by ! publication ( !  
,gospel4 ,! "n ,boan]ges1 !re=e1 giv5 to
 ,james & ,john1 imports  t !y %\ld be  
em95t in/rum5ts 9 accompli%+ ! wondr\s  
*ange1 & %\ld1 l an e>?quake or ?und]1  
mightily be> d[n  all opposition1 by _! 
inspir$ prea*+ & miracul\s p[]s4 ,t  x  
does n relate to _! mode ( prea*+ is    
c]ta92 = t  cle>ly appe>s to h be5      
calmly argum5tative1 & sweetly          
p]suasive--! v rev]se ( :at is usually  
call$ a ?und]+  m9i/ry4    ,,bo>1 4 ,!  
wild bo> is consid]$ z ! p>5t /ock ( our
  dome/ic hog4 ,he is small]1 b at !    
same "t /rong] & m  undaunt$1 ?an ! hog4
 ,9 8 own def5ce1 he w turn on m5 or    
dogs2 & sc>cely %uns any d5iz5 ( ! =e/s1
 9 ! haunts :]e  he ranges4 ,8 col\r is 
always an iron grey1 incl9+ to black4 ,8
  sn\t is long] ?an t ( ! common bre$1 &
 8 e>s are  comp>atively %ort4 ,8 tusks 
are v =midable1 & all 8 habits  are     
fi]ce & savage4 ,x %\ld seem1 f !       

acc\nts ( anci5t  au?ors1 t ! ravages ( 
! wild bo> 7 consid]$ z m  =midable ?an 
^? ( o!r savage animals4 ,! conque/ ( ! 
,eryman?ian bo> 0 "o ( ! fat$ lab\rs (  
,h]cules2 & ! /ory  ( ! ,calydonian bo> 
is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,ovid4 ,!     
de/ructive ravages ( ^! animals are     
m5tion$ 9 ,psalm lxxx1 #ad4  ,dr4       
,pococke obs]v$ v l>ge h]ds ( wild bo>s 
on ! side (  ,jordan1 :]e x fl[s out ( !
 sea ( ,tib]ias2 & saw sev]al (  !m on !
 o!r side ly+ among ! re$s by ! sea4 ,! 
wild bo>s  ( o!r c\ntries delight 9 ! l 
moi/ retreats4 ,^! %ady  m>%es !n1 x    
%\ld seem1 are call$ 9 ! ,scripture1    
8woods20 =  x calls ^! animals1 8! wild 
bo>s ( ! woods40    ,,bohemian ,,bre?r51
 a sect ( h]etics1 accord+ to ! *ur* (  
,rome2  b1 9 tru?1 a race ( e>ly re=m]s1
 :o prec$$ ,lu!r4 ,at fir/  !y 7 *>g$ ) 
s _m h]esies1 t ! great re=m] 0 %y  (   
!m2 b1 ^u receiv+ f !mselves an acc\nt (
 _! t5ets1  9 #aebb1 he readily         
ackn[l$g$ !m z bre?r51 & receiv$ !m     
into communion4 ,"s "t aft] ?is1 !y 7   

driv5 by p]secution  f _! native c\ntry1
 & ent]$ into communion ) ! ,swiss      
*ur*1 z re=m$ by ,zu+lius2 & f !nce     
sprang ! *ur* (  ! ,unit$ ,bre?r54      
,,bonds 7 ( two k9ds1 public & private2 
! =m] 7 employ$ to  secure a prison] 9 !
 public jail1 aft] confession or        
conviction2  ! latt] :5 he 0 deliv]$ to 
a magi/rate1 or ev5 to private  p]sons1 
to be kept at _! h\ses till he %\ld be  
tri$4 ,! ,apo/le  ,paul 0 subject$ to   
private bonds by ,felix1 ! ,roman       
gov]nor1 :o  8comm&$ a c5turion to keep 
him1 & to let him h lib]ty1 &  t he %\ld
 =bid none ( 8 acqua9tance to m9i/]1 or 
come unto  him10 ,acts xxiv1 #bc4 ,&    
aft] he 0 c>ri$ prison] to ,rome1 he    
8dwelt two :ole ye>s 9 8 own hir$ h\se1 
& receiv$ all t  came 9 unto him10      
xxviii1 #cj4    ,,bonnet 0 a cov]+ = !  
head1 worn by ! ,jewi% prie/s4 ,josephus
  says1 t ! bonnet worn by ! private    
prie/s 0 compos$ (  sev]al r\nds ( l95  
clo?1 turn$ 9 & sew$ toge!r1 s z to     
appe> l a ?ick l95 cr[n4 ,! :ole 0      

entirely cov]$ )  ano!r piece ( l951 :i*
 came d[n z l[ z _! =ehead1 &  conceal$ 
! de=mity ( ! seams4 ,see ,exodus       
xxviii1 #dj4 ,! high  prie/'s bonnet 0 n
 mu* diff]5t f t :i* has be5  describ$4 
,,book1 a writ+ compos$ on "s po9t ( k  
by a p]son  intellig5t !re91 = !        
in/ruction or amusem5t ( ! read]4 ,!  ^w
 is =m$ f ! ,go?ic boka1 or ,saxon boc1 
:i* comes f  ! ,nor!rn bue*1 ( bue*aus1 
a bee* or s]vice tree1 on !  b>k ( :i*  
our ance/ors us$ to write4 ,book is     
di/+ui%$ f  pamphlet1 or s+le pap]1 by  
its great] l5g?2 & f tome or  volume1 by
 its conta9+ ! :ole writ+ on ! subject4 
,isidore  makes ?is di/9ction betwe5    
lib] & codex2 t ! =m]  d5otes a s+le    
book1 ! latt] a collection ( sev]al2    
?\gh1  accord+ to ,scipio ,maffei1 codex
 signifies a book 9 ! squ>e =m2  lib]1 a
 book 9 ! roll =m4 ,! prim>y di/9ction  
betwe5  lib] & codex seems to h be5     
d]iv$1 z ,dr4 ,heyl9 has  obs]v$1 f !   
diff]5t mat]ials us$ = writ+1 among !   
anci5ts3 f ! inn]side ( ! b>k ( a tree1 

us$ = ?is  purpose1 & call$ 9 ,lat9     
lib]1 ! "n ( lib] appli$ to a  book 0   
d$uc$2 & f t tablet1 =m$ f ! ma9 body ( 
a  tree1 call$ caudex1 0 d]iv$ !        
appellation ( codex4    #b4 ,sev]al     
sorts ( mat]ials 7 =m]ly us$ 9 mak+     
books3 /one  & wood 7 ! fir/ mat]ials   
employ$ to engrave su* ?+s ^u  z m5 7   
desir\s ( hav+ transmitt$ to po/]ity4   
,porphyry makes  m5tion ( "s pill>s     
pres]v$ 9 ,crete1 on :i* ! c]emonies    
obs]v$ by ! ,corybantes 9 _! sacrifices 
7 record$4 ,! works  ( ,hesiod 7        
orig9ally writt5 on tables ( lead1 &    
deposit$ 9  ! temple ( ! ,muses 9       
,botia4 ,! laws ( ,jehovah 7 writt5  on 
tables ( /one1 & ^? ( ,solon on wood5   
planks4 ,tables ( wood  & ivory 7 common
 among ! anci5ts3 ^? ( wood1 7 v        
frequ5tly cov]$ ) wax1 t p]sons might   
write on !m ) m  ease1 or blot out :at  
!y _h writt54 ,& ! in/rum5t us$ to      
write ) 0 a piece ( iron1 call$ a /yle2 
& h5ce ! ^w  8/yle0 came to be tak5 = ! 
composition ( ! writ+4 ,! leaves  ( !   

palm-tree 7 aft]w>d us$ in/ead ( wood5  
planks1 & !  f9e/ & ?9ne/ "p ( ! b>k (  
su* trees z ! lime1 a%1  maple1 & elm2 &
 especially ! tilio1 or phillyrea1 &    
,egyptian  papyrus4 ,h5ce came ! ^w     
lib]1 7a book17 :i* signifies !  inn]   
b>k ( ! trees4 ,& z ^! b>ks 7 roll$ up 9
 ord] to  be remov$ ) great] ease1 ea*  
roll 0 call$ volum51 a volume2  a "n    
aft]w>d giv5 to ! l rolls ( pap] or     
p>*m5t4 ,f !  ,egyptian papyrus ! ^w    
pap] is d]iv$4 ,aft] ?is1 lea!r 0       
introduc$1 especially ! sk9s ( goats &  
%eep4 ,= ! k+ (  ,p]gamus1 9 collect+ 8 
libr>y1 0 l$ to ! inv5tion (  p>*m5t    
made ( ^? sk9s4 ,! anci5ts likewise     
wrote ^u l954  ,pl9y says1 ! ,p>?ians1  
ev5 9 8 "t1 wrote ^u _! clo!s2  & ,livy 
speaks ( c]ta9 books made ( l951 l9tei  
libri1 ^u  :i* ! names ( magi/rates1 & !
 hi/ory ( ! ,roman  commonweal?1 7      
writt51 & pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ! goddess
  ,moneta4    #c4 ,! mat]ials g5]ally   
us$ by ! anci5ts = _! books1 7  liable  
to be easily de/roy$ by ! damp1 :5 hidd5

 9 ! e>?2 &  9 times ( w>1 deva/ation1 &
 rapacity1 x 0 necess>y to bury 9  ! e>?
 :atev] !y wi%$ to pres]ve f ! attacks (
 fraud &  viol5ce4 ,) ?is view1 ,j]emiah
 ord]$ ! writ+s1 :i* he  deliv]$ to     
,b>u*1 to be put 9 an e>!n vessel1 ,j]4 
xxxii4 ,9 !  same mann] ! anci5t        
,egyptians made use ( e>!n urns1 or pots
 ( a  prop] %ape1 = conta9+ :atev] !y   
want$ to int] 9 ! e>?1  & :i*1 )\t su*  
c>e1 w\ld h be5 soon de/roy$4 ,we ne$  n
 wond] !n1 t ! ,prophet ,j]emiah %\ld   
?9k x necess>y to  inclose ^? writ+s 9  
an e>!n pot1 :i* 7 to be buri$ 9        
,judea1 9 "s place :]e !y might be f\nd 
)\t mu* difficulty  on ! return ( !     
,jews f captivity4 ,accord+ly two       
diff]5t  writ+s1 or small rolls ( writ+1
 call$ books 9 ! orig9al  ,hebrew1 7    
design$ to be inclos$ 9 su* an e>!n     
vessel2 b  comm5tators h be5 mu*        
emb>rass$ 9 giv+ any probable acc\nt  ( 
! necessity ( two writ+s1 "o seal$1 !   
o!r op52 or1 z !  passage has be5       
commonly und]/ood1 ! "o seal$ up1 ! o!r 

left op5 = any "o to read2 m especially1
 z bo? 7 to be  alike buri$ 9 ! e>? &   
conceal$ f e eye1 & bo? 7 to  be exam9$ 
at ! return f ! captivity4 ,b ! ^w      
translat$  op51 9 ref]5ce to ! evid5ce1 
or book :i* 0 op51 7#a ,sam4  iii1 #g1  
#ba2 ,dan4 ii1 #ai1 #cj2 x1 #a17        
signifies ! reveal+ ( future  ev5ts to !
 m9ds ( m5 by a div9e ag5cy2 & x is     
p>ticul>ly  us$ 9 ! book ( ,e/h]1 viii1 
#ac1 to express a book's mak+ kn[n  !   
decree ( an e>?ly k+4 ,consequ5tly ! op5
 book ( ,j]emiah  seems to signify1 n   
its be+ !n ly+ op5 or unroll$ be=e !m1  
:ile ! o!r 0 seal$ up2 b ! book t _h    
reveal$ ! w  ( ,god1 to br+ back ,israel
 into _! own c\ntry1 & to cause buy+  & 
sell+ ( h\ses & l&s aga9 to take place  
among !m4 ,?is 0  a book ( prophecy1    
op5+ & reveal+ ! future return (        
,israel1  & ! o!r little book1 :i* 0    
ord]$ to be buri$ along ) x1  0 !       
pur*ase de$4    #d4 ,by adv]t+ to !     
diff]5t modes ( writ+ 9 ea/]n c\ntries1 
we obta9 a satisfactory int]pretation ( 

a passage 9 ! book ( ,job1  xix1 #bc1   
#bd1 & a di/9ct view ( ! beautiful      
gradation :i* is  lo/ 9 our translation3
 8,o t my words 7 n[ writt56 ,o t !y  7 
pr9t$ 7writt57 9 a book6 t !y 7 grav5 ) 
an iron p5  & lead 9 ! rock = ev]60 ,9 !
 ea/ !re is a mode ( writ+1  :i* is     
design$ to fix words 9 ! memory1 b !    
writ+ is n  int5d$ = duration4          
,accord+ly we are in=m$ by ,dr4 ,%aw1 t 
*ildr5 le>n to write 9 ,b>b>y by means (
 a smoo? ?9 bo>d1  slightly cov]$ )     
:it+1 :i* may be wip$ (f or r5ew$ at    
pleasure4 ,job expresses 8 wi% n only t 
8 words 7 writt51  b also writt5 9 a    
book1 f :i* !y %\ld n be blott$ out1    
nay1 /ill f>!r1 grav5 9 a rock1 ! mo/   
p]man5t mode (  record+ !m1 & especially
 if ! engrav$ lett]s 7 fill$ )  lead2 or
 ! rock 0 made to receive lead5 tablets1
 ! use ( :i*  0 kn[n among ! anci5ts4 ,s
 ,pl9y1 8,at fir/ m5 wrote on !  leaves 
( palm1 & ! b>k ( c]ta9 trees1 b aft]w>d
 public  docum5ts 7 pres]v$ on lead5    
plates1 & ^? ( a private nature  on wax1

 or l9540    #e4 ,! fir/ books 7 9 ! =m 
( blocks & tables1 ( :i* we  f9d frequ5t
 m5tion 9 ,scripture1 "u ! appellation  
seph]1  :i* ! ,septuag9t r5d] 1 t is1   
squ>e tables3 ( :i*  =m ! book ( !      
cov5ant1 book ( ! law1 book1 or bill (  
divorce1 book ( curses1 c1 appe> to h   
be54 ,z flexible matt]s  came to be     
writt5 on1 !y f\nd x m conv5i5t to make 
_! books  9 =m ( rolls1 call$ by !      
,greeks 1 by ! ,lat9s  volum9a1 :i*     
appe> to h be5 9 use among ! anci5t     
,jews z  well z ! ,grecians1 ,romans1   
,p]sians1 & ev5 ,indians2 & ( su*  did !
 libr>ies *iefly consi/1 till "s        
c5turies aft] ,*ri/4 ,!  =m :i* obta9s  
among u is ! squ>e1 compos$ ( sep>ate   
leaves2  :i* 0 also kn[n1 ?\gh little   
us$1 among ! anci5ts2 hav+  be5 inv5t$  
by ,attalus1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 ! same :o   
also inv5t$  p>*m5t3 b x has n[ be5 s   
long 9 possession1 t ! olde/            
manuscripts are f\nd 9 x4 ,montfaucon   
assures u1 t ( all !  anci5t ,greek     
manuscripts he has se51 !re are b two 9 

! roll  =m2 ! re/ be+ made up mu* aft] !
 mann] ( ! mod]n books4  ,! rolls1 or   
volumes1 7 compos$ ( sev]al %eets1 fa/5$
 to ea*  o!r1 & roll$ ^u a /ick1 or     
umbilicus2 ! :ole mak+ a k9d  ( column1 
or cyl9d]1 :i* 0 to be manag$ by !      
umbilicus1 z a  h&le2 x be+ reput$ a k9d
 ( crime to take hold ( ! roll  itself4 
,! outside ( ! volume 0 call$ frons2 !  
ends ( !  umbilicus 7 call$ cornua1     
8horns20 :i* 7 usually c>v$ &  adorn$   
likewise ) silv]1 ivory1 or ev5 gold &  
preci\s /ones4  ,:il/ ! ,egyptian       
papyrus 0 9 common use1 its brittle     
nature made  x prop] to roll up :at !y  
wrote2 & z ?is _h be5 a cu/om>y         
practice1 _m cont9u$ x :5 !y us$ o!r    
mat]ials1 :i* might  v safely h be5     
treat$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,to ! =m (    
books belongs ! economy ( ! inside1 or !
 ord] & arrangem5t  ( po9ts & lett]s    
into l9es & pages1 ) m>g9s & o!r        
appurt5ances4 ,?is has und]gone _m      
v>ieties3 at fir/1 ! lett]s  7 only     
divid$ into l9es1 !n into sep>ate words2

 :i*1 by  degrees1 7 not$ ) acc5ts1 &   
di/ribut$ by po9ts & /ops  into p]iods1 
p>agraphs1 *apt]s1 & o!r divisions4 ,9  
"s  c\ntries1 z among ! ori5tals1 ! l9es
 began f ! "r1 &  ran to ! left2 9 o!rs1
 z 9 nor!rn & we/]n nations1 f !  left  
to ! "r2 o!rs1 z ! ,grecians1 foll[$ bo?
 directions  alt]nately1 go+ 9 ! "o &   
return+ 9 ! o!r1 call$  b\/roph$on1     
because x 0 aft] ! mann] ( ox5 turn+ :5 
at  pl\gh4 ,9 ! ,*9ese books1 ! l9es ran
 f top to bottom4 ,aga93  ! page 9 "s is
 entire1 & uni=m2 9 o!rs1 divid$ into   
columns2 9 o!rs di/+ui%$ into texts &   
notes1 ei!r m>g9al1  or at ! bottom3    
usually x is furni%$ ) signatures & cat*
  words2 also ) a regi/] to discov] :e!r
 ! book be complete4 ,to  ^! are        
occasionally add$ ! app>atus ( summ>ies1
 or side notes2  ! embelli%m5ts ( r$1   
gold1 or figur$ initial lett]s1 head    
pieces1 tail pieces1 effigies1 s*emes1  
maps1 & ! l4 ,! end (  ! book n[ d5ot$  
by f9is1 0 anci5tly m>k$ ) a 1 call$    
coronis1 & ! :ole frequ5tly wa%$ ) an   

oil drawn f c$>1  or citron *ips1 /rew$ 
betwe5 ! leaves to pres]ve x f rott+4   
,!re also occur c]ta9 =mul at ! beg9n+ &
 end ( books2 z  among ! ,jews1 ! ^w 1  
e/o =tis1 :i* we f9d at ! end (  ! books
 ( ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1        
,ezekiel1 c1 to exhort !  read] to be   
c\rage\s1 & proce$ on to ! foll[+ book4 
,!  conclusions 7 also (t5 gu>d$ )      
imprecations aga9/ su* z  %\ld falsify  
!m2 ( :i* we h an in/ance 9 !           
,apocalypse4 ,!  ,mohamm$ans1 = ! l     
reason1 place ! "n ( ,god at ! beg9n+  (
 all _! books1 :i* _c fail to procure !m
 protection1 on  acc\nt ( ! inf9ite     
reg>d :i* !y pay to t "n1 :]ev]  f\nd4  
,= ! l reason x is1 t div]s ( ! laws ( !
 anci5t  emp]ors beg9 ) ! =mula1 ,9     
nom9e ,dei4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god4  ,at ! end (
 ea* book ! ,jews also add$ ! numb] (   
v]ses  conta9$ 9 x1 & at ! end ( !      
,p5tateu* ! numb] (  sections2 t1 x     
might be transmitt$ to po/]ity entire4  
,!  ,masorites & ,mohamm$an doctors h   
gone f>!r2 s z to numb] !  sev]al words 

& lett]s 9 ea* book1 *apt]1 v]se1 c1 ( !
 ,old  ,te/am5t & ! ,alcoran4 ,! sc>city
 & high price ( books 9  =m] ages1 ought
 to r5d] u ! m grateful = ! discov]y (  
! great art ( pr9t+1 z especially by t  
means ! ,holy ,bible1  8! ^w ( tru? &   
,gospel ( our salvation10 is made       
famili> to all  classes4    ,! univ]sal 
ignorance t prevail$ 9 ,europe1 f !     
sev5? to  ! elev5? c5tury1 may be       
ascrib$ to ! sc>city ( books dur+  t    
p]iod1 & ! difficulty ( r5d]+ !m m      
common1  concurr+ ) o!r causes aris+ f !
 /ate ( gov]nm5t &  mann]s4 ,! ,romans  
wrote _! books ei!r on p>*m5t1 or on    
pap]  made ( ! ,egyptian papyrus4 ,!    
latt]1 be+ ! *eape/1 0 (  c\rse ! mo/   
commonly us$4 ,b aft] ! ,s>ac5s conqu]$ 
,egypt1  9 ! sev5? c5tury1 !            
communication betwe5 t c\ntry & !  p    
settl$ 9 ,italy1 or 9 o!r p>ts (        
,europe1 0 almo/  entirely brok5 (f1 & !
 papyrus 0 no long] 9 use among !m4  ,!y
 7 oblig$ on t acc\nt to write all _!   
books ^u  p>*m5t2 & z ! price ( t 0     

high1 books became extremely  r>e & (   
great value4 ,we may judge ( ! sc>city (
 mat]ials =  writ+ !m f "o circum/ance4 
,!re /ill rema9 sev]al  manuscripts ( ! 
eigh?1 n9?1 & foll[+ c5turies1 writt5 on
  p>*m5t1 f :i* "s =m] writ+ _h be5     
eras$1 9 ord] to  sub/itute a new       
composition 9 its place4 ,?us1 x is     
probable1 sev]al  ( ! works ( ! anci5ts 
p]i%$4 ,a book ( ,livy or ( ,tacitus    
might be eras$1 to make room = ! leg5d>y
 tale ( a sa9t1 or !  sup]/iti\s pray]s 
( a missal4 ,nay1 worse in/ances are    
record$1 (  oblit]at+ copies ( ! ,holy  
,scriptures to make room = !            
lucubrations ( "s ( ! m mod]n fa!rs ( ! 
*ur*4  ,manuscripts ?us defac$1 ! vellum
 or p>*m5t ( :i* is occupi$  ) "s o!r   
writ+s1 are call$ 8palimpse/s10 codices 
rescripti  or palimpse/i1 f 1 8t :i* has
 be5 twice scrap$40  ,z ?is want (      
mat]ials = writ+ w s]ve to acc\nt = !   
loss  ( _m ( ! works ( ! anci5ts1 & = ! 
small numb] ( ,,mss4  previ\s to !      
elev5? c5tury1 _m facts prove ! sc>city 

( books  at ?is p]iod4 ,private p]sons  
seldom possess$ any books :atev]2 &  ev5
 mona/]ies ( note _h only "o missal4 ,9 
#abii1 ,john de  ,pontiss>a1 bi%op (    
,w9*e/]1 borr[s ( 8 ca!dral conv5t (    
,/4 ,s)91 at ,w9*e/]1 8bibliam b5e      
glossatam10 t is1 !  ,bible1 ) m>g9al   
annotations1 9 two folio volumes2 b     
gives a bond  = ! return ( x1 drawn up )
 great solemnity4 ,= ! beque/ (  ?is    
,bible to ! conv5t1 & "o hundr$ m>ks1 ! 
monks f\nd$ a  daily mass = ! s\l ( !   
donor4 ,if any p]son gave a book to a   
religi\s h\se1 he believ$ t s valuable a
 donation m]it$ et]nal  salvation1 & he 
(f]$ x on ! alt> ) great c]emony4 ,!    
prior  & conv5t ( ,ro*e/] decl>e1 t !y w
 e ye> pron\nce  ! irrevocable s5t5ce ( 
damnation on him :o %all purlo9 or      
conceal a ,lat9 translation (           
,ari/otle's ,poetics1 or ev5 oblit]ate  
! title4 ,sometimes a book 0 giv5 to a  
mona/]y1 on condition t  ! donor %\ld h 
! use ( x = 8 life2 & sometimes to a    
private p]son1 ) ! res]vation t he :o   

receives x %\ld pray  = ! s\l ( 8       
b5efactor4 ,9 ! ye> #abbe1 ,rog] de     
,insula1 dean  ( ,york1 gave sev]al     
,lat9 ,bibles to ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 on
  condition t ! /ud5ts :o p]us$ !m %\ld 
deposit a caution>y  pl$ge4 ,! libr>y ( 
t univ]sity1 be=e ! ye> #acjj1 consi/$  
only ( a few tracts1 *a9$ or kept 9     
*e/s1 9 ! *oir ( ,/4  ,m>y's *ur*4 ,!   
price ( books became s high1 t p]sons ( 
a  mod]ate c\ld n af=d to pur*ase !m4 ,9
 ! ye> #aagd1 ,walt]1  prior ( ,/4      
,s)9's at ,w9*e/]1 pur*as$ ( ! monks (  
,dor*e/]1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 ,b$e's homilies1 
& ,/4 ,au/9's psalt]  = twelve measures 
( b>ley & a pall1 on :i* 0 embroid]$ 9  
silv] ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,bir9us conv]t+ a  
,saxon k+4 ,ab\t !  ye> #adjj1 a copy ( 
,john ( ,meun's 8,roman de la ,rose0 0  
sold be=e  ! palace gate at ,p>is = =ty 
cr[ns1 or #ccl4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,!  c\ntess (
 ,anj\ paid1 = a copy ( ! homilies (    
,haimon1 bi%op (  ,halb]/adt1 two hundr$
 %eep1 five qu>t]s ( :eat1 & ! same     
quantity ( rye & millet4 ,ev5 s late z !

 ye> #adga1 :5 ,l\is  ,,xi4 ( ,france   
borr[$ ! works ( ,rhasis1 ! ,arabian    
physician1 f  ! faculty ( m$ic9e at     
,p>is1 he n only deposit$ by way ( pl$ge
  a consid]able quantity ( plate1 b he 0
 oblig$ to procure a  nobleman to jo9 ) 
him z surety 9 a de$1 b9d+ himself "u a 
great =feiture to re/ore x4 ,b :51 9 !  
elev5? c5tury1 !  art ( mak+ pap] 0     
inv5t$1 & m especially aft] !           
manufacture became g5]al1 ! numb] (     
,,mss4 increas$1 & ! /udy  ( ! sci5ces 0
 wond]fully facilitat$4 ,inde$1 !       
inv5tion (  ! art ( mak+ pap]1 & !      
inv5tion ( ! art ( pr9t+1 are  two v    
memorable ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature &
 ( human  civilization4 ,x is rem>kable1
 t ! =m] prec$$ ! fir/  dawn+ ( lett]s &
 improvem5t 9 k1 t[>d ! close ( !       
elev5? c5tury2 & ! latt] u%]$ 9 ! light 
:i* spread ov]  ,europe at ! ra ( !     
re=mation4    #f4 ,if ! anci5t books 7  
l>ge1 !y 7 =m$ ( a numb] (  sk9s1 ( a   
numb] ( pieces ( l95 & cotton clo?1 or (
 papyrus1  or p>*m5t1 connect$ toge!r4  

,! leaves 7 r>ely writt5 ov] on  bo?    
sides1 ,ezek4 ii1 #i2 ,ze*4 v1 #a4      
,books1 :5 writt5 ^u v  flexible        
mat]ials1 71 z /at$ above1 roll$ r\nd a 
/ick2 &1 if  !y 7 v long1 r\nd two1 f ! 
two extremities4 ,! read]  unroll$ !    
book to ! place :i* he want$1   1  &    
roll$ x up aga91 :5 he _h read x1   1   
,luke iv1  #ag-bj2 :5ce ! "n 1 a volume1
 or ?+ roll$ up1 ,psalm xl1  #g2 ,isaiah
 xxxiv1 #d2 ,ezek4 ii1 #i2 #b ,k+s xix1 
#ad2 ,ezra vi1 #b4 ,! leaves  ?us roll$ 
r\nd ! /ick1 :i* has be5 m5tion$1 & b\nd
 ) a  /r+1 c\ld be easily seal$1 ,isaiah
 xxix1 #aa2 ,dan4 xii1 #d2 ,rev4 v1 #a2 
vi1 #g4 ,^? books1 :i* 7 inscrib$ on    
tablets ( wood1 lead1  brass1 or ivory1 
7 connect$ toge!r by r+s at ! back1     
?r\gh  :i* a rod 0 pass$ to c>ry !m by4 
,! ori5tals appe> to h  tak5 pleasure 9 
giv+ tropical or enigmatical titles to  
_! books4  ,! titles1 prefix$ to !      
fifty-six?1 sixtie?1 & eightie? psalms  
appe> to be ( ?is description4 ,& !re c 
be no d\bt1 t  ,david's elegy ^u ,saul &

 ,jona?an1 #b ,sam4 i1 #ah1 is call$  or
  ! b[1 9 con=mity ) ?is peculi>ity (   
ta/e4    ,! book1 or fly+ roll1 spok5 ( 
9 ,ze*4 v1 #a1 #b1 tw5ty cubits long  & 
t5 wide1 0 "o ( ! anci5t rolls1 compos$ 
( _m sk9s1 or  p>*m5ts1 glu$ or sew$    
toge!r at ! end4 ,?\gh "s ( ^!  rolls or
 volumes 7 v long1 yet none1 probably1 0
 ev] made (  su* a size z ?is4 ,?is     
conta9$ ! curses & calamities :i*  %\ld 
befal ! ,jews4 ,! extreme l5g? & bread? 
( x %[s !  excessive numb] & enormity ( 
_! s9s1 & ! ext5t ( _!  puni%m5t4       
,isaiah1 describ+ ! effects ( ,god's    
wra?1 says1 8,! heav5s %all  be fold$ up
 l a book10 7scroll17 ,isaiah xxxiv1 #d4
 ,he alludes to !  way among ! anci5ts1 
( roll+ up books1 :5 !y purpos$ to close
  !m4 ,a volume ( sev]al feet 9 l5g? 0  
sudd5ly roll$ up into a  v small        
compass4 ,?us ! heav5s %\ld %r9k into   
!mselves1 &  disappe>1 z x 71 f ! eyes (
 ,god1 :5 8 wra? %\ld be  k9dl$4 ,^!    
ways ( speak+ are figurative1 & v       
en]getic4    #g4 ,book is sometimes us$ 

= lett]s1 memoirs1 an edict1 or         
contract4  ,9 %ort1 ! ^w book1 9        
,hebrew1 seph]1 is mu* m ext5sive  ?an !
 ,lat9 lib]4 ,! lett]s :i* ,rab%akeh    
deliv]$ f  ,s5na*]ib to ,hezekiah are   
call$ a book4 ,! ,engli% translation1   
inde$1 reads lett]2 b ! ,septuag9t has 1
 & ! ,hebrew  text1 4 ,! contract1      
confirm$ by ,j]emiah = ! pur*ase ( a    
field1 is call$ by ! same "n1 ,j]4      
xxxii1 #aj2 & also ! edict (  ,ahasu]us 
9 fav\r ( ! ,jews1 ,e/h] ix1 #bj1 ?\gh  
our translators  h call$ x lett]s4 ,!   
writ+ :i* a man gave to 8 wife :5  he   
divorc$ h]1 0 d5om9at$1 9 ,hebrew1 8a   
book ( divorce10 ,deut4  xxiv4          
,,books1 ,writ]s (4 ,! anci5ts seldom   
wrote _! treatises )  _! own h&1 b      
dictat$ !m to _! fre$m5 & slaves4 ,^!  7
 ei!r 1 amanu5ses1 not>ii1 8ha/y        
writ]s10 or  1 libr>ii1 8fair writ]s10  
or 1 libr>ii1  8copyi/s40 ,! (fice ( ^! 
la/ 0 to transcribe fairly t :i*  ! =m] 
_h writt5 ha/ily & f dictation2 !y 7 ^? 
:o  7 oblig$ to write books & o!r       

docum5ts :i* 7 int5d$ to  be durable4 ,!
 correctness ( ! copies 0 "u ! c>e ( !  
em5dator1 corrector1    4 ,a great "p ( 
!  books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 dictat$    
aft] ?is cu/om4 ,/4 ,paul  not$ x z a   
p>ticul> circum/ance 9 ! ,epi/le to !   
,galatians1  t he _h writt5 x ) 8 own   
h&1 ,gal4 vi1 #aa4 ,b he affix$  !      
salutation ) 8 own h&1 #b ,!ss4 iii1    
#ag2 #a ,cor4 xvi1 #ba2 ,col4  iv1 #ah4 
,! amanu5sis :o wrote ! ,epi/le to !    
,romans1 has  m5tion$ himself ne> !     
conclusion1 ,rom4 xvi1 #bb4    ,,books1 
modes ( publication4 ,works c\ld only be
 multipli$ by means  ( transcripts4     
,:5ev] 9 ?is way !y pass$ ov] to o!rs1  
!y  7 beyond ! control ( ! au?or1 &     
publi%$4 ,! edition1 or  publication1 by
 means ( ! booksell]s1 01 only at a lat]
 p]iod1  advantage\s to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! 
recitatio read+ al\d prec$$  !          
publication1 :i* took place (t5 m]ely   
among "s few fri5ds1  & (t5 ) great     
prep>ations be=e _m p]sons1 :o 7 invit$ 
= t purpose4 ,f h5ce ! au?or became kn[n

 z ! writ]1 &  ! _w became previ\sly    
in=m$ ( all :i* !y might expect f  ! "w4
 ,if ! composition pleas$ !m1 he 0      
reque/$ to p]mit  its transcription2 &  
?us ! "w left ! h&s ( ! au?or1 &        
belong$ to ! publicum3 public4          
,frequ5tly an individual s5t 8  lit]>y  
lab\rs to "s illu/ri\s man1 z a pres5t1 
/r5a1 a  new-ye>'s gift1 munusculum2 a  
small pres5t2 or he prefix$ 8  "n to x1 
= ! sake ( giv+ him a pro( ( fri5d%ip or
 reg>d1  by means ( ?is express &       
p>ticul> direction ( 8 "w4 ,:5 x  0 only
 ?us pres5t$ or s5t to him1 & he accept$
 x1 he 0  consid]$ z ! p]son b\nd to    
introduce x to ! _w1 or z !  patronus   
libri1 patron ( ! book1 :o _h pl$g$     
himself1 z !  patronus p]son patron ( ! 
p]son to ?is duty4 ,x n[ became  8 (fice
 to provide = its publication by means (
 transcripts1 to  facilitate its approa*
 ad lim9a pot5tiorum to ! gates ( m5 (  
great influ5ce1 & to be its def5sor4    
,?us ! works ( ! fir/ f\nd]s ( !        
,*ri/ian *ur* made _!  appe>ance be=e _!

 community4 ,_! ,epi/les 7 read 9 ^?    
congregations to :i* !y 7 direct$2 &    
:oev] wi%$ to possess  !m ei!r took a   
transcript ( !m1 or caus$ "o to be      
procur$ =  him4 ,! hi/orical works 7    
made kn[n by ! au?ors 9 !  congregations
 ( ! ,*ri/ians1 p] recitationem3 by     
read+ al\d3  ! object & g5]al int]e/ 9  
!m procur$ = !m read]s &  transcrib]s4  
,/4 ,luke d$icat$ 8 writ+s to an        
illu/ri\s man (  ! "n ( ,!ophilus4      
,,book ,,( ,,life1 or ,,book ,,( ,,!    
,,liv+1 or ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,"l1 ,psalm  
lxix1  #bh4 ,"s h ?\ght x v probable t  
^! descriptive phrases1  :i* are frequ5t
 9 ,scripture1 are tak5 f ! cu/om1      
obs]v$  g5]ally 9 ! c\rts ( pr9ces1 (   
keep+ a li/ ( p]sons :o are  9 _!       
s]vice1 ( ! prov9ces :i* !y gov]n1 ( !  
(fic]s (  _! armies1 ( ! numb] ( _!     
troops1 & sometimes ev5 ( !  names ( _! 
soldi]s4 ,?us1 :5 x is said t any "o is 
writt5  9 ! book ( life1 x means t he   
p>ticul>ly belongs to ,god1 &  is       
enroll$ among ! numb] ( 8 fri5ds &      

s]vants3 & to be  8blott$ out ( ! book (
 life10 is to be eras$ f ! li/ (  ,god's
 fri5ds & s]vants1 z ^? :o are guilty ( 
trea*]y are  /ruck (f ! roll ( (fic]s   
belong+ to a pr9ce4 ,! mo/  satisfactory
 explanation ( ^! phrases is1 h[ev]1 t  
:i* ref]s  !m to ! g5ealogical li/s ( ! 
,jews1 or to ! regi/]s kept (  ! liv+1 f
 :i* ! names ( all ! dead 7 blott$ out4 
,,book ,,( ,,judgm5t4 ,daniel1 speak+ ( 
,god's judgm5t1 says1 8,!  judgm5t 0    
set1 & ! books 7 op5$10 ,dan4 vii1 #aj4 
,?is is an  allusion to :at 0 practis$  
:5 a pr9ce call$ 8 s]vants to  acc\nt4  
,! acc\nts are produc$ & exam9$4 ,x is  
possible he might  allude1 also1 to a   
cu/om ( ! ,p]sians1 among :om x 0 a     
con/ant  practice e day to write d[n !  
s]vices r5d]$ to ! k+1 &  ! rew>ds giv5 
to ^? :o _h p]=m$ !m4 ,( ?is we see an  
in/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ahasu]us &        
,mordecai1 ,e/h] iv1 #ab1 #cd4  ,:51    
!re=e1 ! k+ sits 9 judgm5t1 ! books are 
op5$3 he  obliges all 8 s]vants to      
reckon ) him2 he puni%es ^? :o h  fail$ 

9 _! duty2 he compels ^? to pay :o are  
indebt$ to him2  & he rew>ds ^? :o h    
done him s]vices4 ,a simil> proce$+  w  
take place at ! day ( ,god's f9al       
judgm5t4    ,,seal$ ,,book1 m5tion$     
,isa4 xxix1 #aa1 & ! book seal$ ) sev5  
seals1 9 ! ,revelation v1 #a-c1 are !   
prophecies ( ,isaiah & (  ,john1 :i* 7  
writt5 9 a book1 or roll1 aft] ! mann] (
 !  anci5ts1 & 7 seal$1 :i* figure truly
 signifies t !y 7  my/]i\s3 !y _h       
respect to times remote1 & to future    
ev5ts2 s  t a complete k ( _! mean+ c\ld
 n be obta9$ till  aft] :at 0 =etold    
%\ld happ51 & ! seals1 z x 7 tak5  (f4  
,9 old times1 lett]s1 & o!r writ+s t 7  
to be seal$1  7 fir/ wrapp$ r\nd ) ?read
 or flax1 & !n wax & ! seal  7 appli$ to
 !m4 ,to read !m1 x 0 necess>y to cut ! 
?read  or flax1 & to break ! seals4     
,,booty1 spoils tak5 9 w>1 ,num4 xxxi1  
#bg-cb4 ,accord+ to ! law (  ,moses1 !  
booty 0 to be divid$ equally betwe5 ^?  
:o 7 9 !  battle & ^? :o 7 9 ! camp1    
:atev] disp>ity !re might be  9 ! numb] 

( ea* p>ty4 ,! law f>!r requir$ t1 out (
 t  "p ( ! spoils :i* 0 assign$ to !    
fight+ m51 ! ,"l's  %>e %\ld be sep>at$2
 & = e five hundr$ m51 ox51 asses1      
%eep1 c1 !y 7 to take "o = ! high prie/1
 z be+ !  ,"l's fir/ fruits4 ,& out ( ! 
o!r moiety1 belong+ to !  *ildr5 (      
,israel1 !y 7 to give = e fifty m51 ox51
 asses1  %eep1 c1 "o to ! ,levites4     
,,booz1 or ,,boaz1 ! son ( ,salmon &    
,rahab1 ,ru? iv1 #ba1 c2 ,matt41 i1  #e4
 ,rahab1 we "k1 0 a ,canaanite ( ,j]i*o1
 ,jo%ua ii1 #a4 ,salmon1 :o  0 ( ! tribe
 ( ,judah1 m>ri$ h]1 & %e bore him      
,booz1 "o (  our ,savi\r's ance/ors     
accord+ to ! fle%4 ,"s say !re 7  ?ree (
 ?is "n1 ! son1 ! gr&son1 & ! great     
gr&son1 (  ,salmon3 ! la/ ,booz 0 ,ru?'s
 husb&1 & ! fa!r ( ,ob$4    #b4 ,,booz1 
or ,,boaz1 0 ! "n ( "o ( ! two braz5    
pill>s :i*  ,solomon erect$ 9 ! por* ( !
 temple1 ! o!r column be+  call$ ,ja*94 
,?is la/ pill> 0 on ! "r h& ( ! entrance
  into ! temple1 & ,booz on ! left1 #a  
,k+s vii1 #ba4 ,! ^w  signifies /r5g? or

 firmness4 ,mr4 ,hut*9son has an express
  treatise ^u ^! two columns1 attempt+  
to %[ t !y  repres5t$ ! true sy/em ( !  
univ]se1 :i* he insi/s 0 giv5  by ,god  
to ,david1 & by him to ,solomon1 & 0    
wr\ght by ,hiram ^u  ^! pill>s4         
,,bosom4 ,see ,,accubation4    ,,bosses1
 ! ?icke/ & /ronge/ p>ts ( a buckl]1    
,job xv1 #bj4    ,,bottle4 ,! ea/]n     
bottle is made ( a goat or kid sk91     
/ripp$ (f  )\t op5+ ! belly2 ! ap]tures 
made by cutt+ (f ! tail  & legs are sew$
 up1 &1 :5 fill$1 x is ti$ ab\t ! neck4 
,!  ,arabs & ,p]sians nev] g a j\rney   
)\t a small lea!rn bottle (  wat] hang+ 
by _! side l a scrip4 ,^! sk9 bottles   
pres]ve  _! wat]1 milk1 & o!r liquids1 9
 a fre%] /ate ?an any o!r  vessels !y c 
use4 ,! p ( ! ea/1 inde$1 put into !m  e
 ?+ !y mean to c>ry to a di/ance1 :e!r  
dry or liquid1 &  v r>ely make use (    
boxes & pots1 unless to pres]ve su* ?+s 
z are liable to be brok54 ,!y enclose ^!
 lea!rn bottles 9  wooll5 sacks1 because
 _! bea/s ( c>riage (t5 fall d[n "u  _! 

load1 or ca/ x d[n on ! s&y des]t4 ,^!  
sk9 bottles 7  n conf9$ to ! c\ntries ( 
,asia2 ! rov+ tribes1 :i* pass$  !      
,hellespont soon aft] ! deluge1 & settl$
 9 ,greece & ,italy1  probably introduc$
 !m into ^? c\ntries4 ,we le>n f ,hom]1 
t  !y 7 9 common use among ! ,greeks at 
! siege ( ,troy2 =1 )  a view to an     
accommodation betwe5 ! ho/ile armies1 ! 
h]alds  c>ri$ ?r\gh ! city ! ?+s :i* 7  
necess>y to ratify !  compact1 two      
lambs1 & exhil>at+ w9e1 ! fruit ( ! e>?1
 9 a  bottle ( goat sk93                
1   1  1                  4 ,il4 lib4   
iii1 l4 #bdf4    ,! bottle ( w9e :i*    
,samuel's "m br\ght to ,eli1 #a ,sam4 i1
 #bd1  is call$ 1 & 0 an e>!n jug4      
,ano!r ^w is us$ to signify  ! vessel   
out ( :i* ,jael gave milk to ,sis]a3 %e 
op5$ a bottle (  milk1 & gave him dr9k1 
,judges iv1 #ai4 ,?is is call$ 1 :i*    
ref]s to some?+ supple1 moi/1 ooz+1 or1 
p]haps1 imports  moi/5$ into pliancy1 z 
t sk9 mu/ be :i* is kept con/antly      
fill$ ) milk4 ,?is k9d 0 usually made ( 

goat sk9s4 ,?is ^w is  also us$ to d5ote
 ! bottle 9 :i* ,jesse s5t w9e by ,david
 to  ,saul1 #a ,sam4 xvi1 #bj4 ,x is    
likewise employ$ to express ! bottle    
into  :i* ! ,psalmi/ desires 8 te>s may 
be collect$1 ,psalm lvi1 #h2 &  t to :i*
 he resembles himself1 & :i* he calls a 
bottle 9 !  smoke1 ,psalm cxix1 #hc1 t  
is1 a sk9 bottle1 black5$ & %rivell$4   
,beside ! words already consid]$1 ano!r 
1 9 ! plural1 is  us$1 ,job xxxii1 #ai4 
,?is signifies1 9 g5]al1 to swell or    
di/5d4 ,on  receiv+ ! liquor p\r$ into  
x1 a sk9 bottle mu/ be greatly  swell$ &
 di/5d$2 & x mu/ be swell$ /ill f>!r by 
!  f]m5tation ( ! liquor )9 x1 z t      
advances to rip5ess4 ,9  ?is /ate1 if no
 v5t be giv5 to ! liquor1 x may ov]p[] !
  /r5g? ( ! bottle1 or x may p5etrate by
 "s secret crevice or  weak] "p4 ,h5ce  
arises ! propriety ( putt+ new w9e into 
new  bottles1 :i*1 be+ /rong1 may resi/ 
! expansion1 ! int]nal  pressure ( _!   
cont5ts1 & pres]ve ! w9e to due         
maturity2 :ile  old bottles may1 )\t    

dang]1 conta9 old w9e1 ^: f]m5tation is 
already pa/1 ,matt4 ix1 #ag2 ,luke v1   
#ch4    ,,b\ddhi/s1 or ,,budhi/s1 "o ( !
 ?ree great sects ( ,india1 di/9ct  bo? 
f ! ,brahm9ical sect1 & ! ,ja9as4 ,!    
,b\ddhi/s d n  believe 9 a ,fir/ ,cause3
 !y consid] matt] z et]nal2 t e  portion
 ( animat$ exi/5ce has 9 itself its own 
rise1 t5d5cy1 &  de/9y2 t ! condition ( 
creatures on e>? is regulat$ by works  (
 m]it & dem]it2 t works ( m]it n only   
raise individuals to  happ9ess1 b1 z !y 
prevail1 exalt ! _w itself to prosp]ity2
  :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 vice is         
pr$om9ant1 ! _w  deg5]ates till !       
univ]se itself is dissolv$4 ,!y suppose1
  h[ev]1 t !re is always "s sup]ior     
deity1 :o has atta9$ to  ?is elevation  
by religi\s m]it2 b !y d n reg>d him z !
  gov]nor ( ! _w4 ,to ! pres5t gr&      
p]iod1 compreh5d+ all  ! "t includ$ 9 a 
8kulpu10 !y assign five deities1 f\r (  
:om  h already appe>$1 includ+ ,g\tumu1 
or ,b\ddhu1 ^: exaltation  cont9ues five
 ?\s& ye>s1 two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ &      

fifty-six  ( :i* _h expir$1 ,a4 ,d4     
#ahad4 ,aft] ! expiration ( ! five  ?\s&
 ye>s1 ano!r sa9t w obta9 ! asc5dancy1 &
 be  deifi$4 ,six hundr$ millions (     
sa9ts are said to be canoniz$ )  ea*    
deity1 ?\gh x is admitt$ t ,b\ddhu took 
only tw5ty-f\r  ?\s& devotees to heav5 )
 him4 ,! l[e/ /ate ( exi/5ce is  9 hell2
 ! next is t 9 ! =ms ( brutes3 bo? ^!   
are /ates  ( puni%m5t4 ,! next asc5t is 
to t ( man1 :i* is probation>y4  ,! next
 includes _m degrees ( hon\r & happ9ess 
up to demigods1  c1 :i* are /ates (     
rew>d = works ( m]it4 ,! asc5t to       
sup]ior deity is f ! /ate ( man4 ,!     
,b\ddhi/s are taught t  !re are f\r     
sup]ior heav5s :i* are n de/roy$ at !   
end (  8kulpu20 t bel[ ^! !re are twelve
 o!r heav5s1 foll[$ by  six inf]ior     
heav5s2 aft] :i* foll[s ! e>?2 !n ! _w (
  snakes2 & !n ?irty-two *ief hells3 to 
:i* are to be add$1 "o  hundr$ & tw5ty  
hells ( mild] torm5ts4 ,! highe/ /ate ( 
glory  is absorption4 ,! p]son :o is    
un*angeable 9 8 resolution2 :o has      

obta9$ ! k ( ?+s pa/1 pres5t1 & to come1
 ?r\gh "o  8kulpu20 :o c make himself   
invisible2 g :]e he pleases2 & :o  has  
atta9$ to complete ab/raction2 w enjoy  
absorption4 ,^? :o  p]=m works ( m]it   
are admitt$ to ! heav5s ( ! diff]5t     
gods1 or are made k+s or great m5 on    
e>?2 & ^? :o are wick$  are born 9 ! =ms
 ( diff]5t animals1 or consign$ to      
diff]5t  hells4 ,! happ9ess ( ^! heav5s 
is describ$ z entirely s5sual4  ,!      
,b\ddhi/s believe t at ! end ( a 8kulpu0
 ! univ]se is  de/roy$4 ,to convey "s   
idea ( ! ext5t ( ?is p]iod1 !  illit]ate
 ,c+alese use ?is comp>ison3 8,if a man 
7 to asc5d a  m\nta9 n9e miles high1 &  
to r5ew ^! j\rneys once 9 e  hundr$     
ye>s1 till ! m\nta9 7 worn d[n by 8 feet
 to an atom1  ! "t requir$ to d ?is w\ld
 be no?+ to ! f\r? "p ( a  #8kulpu4'0   
,b\ddhu1 be=e 8 exaltation1 taught 8    
foll[]s t1  aft] 8 dea?1 ! rema9s ( 8   
body1 8 doctr9e1 or an assembly  ( 8    
disciples1 7 to be held 9 equal rev]5ce 
) himself4 ,:5  a ,c+alese1 !re=e1      

approa*es an image ( ,b\ddhu1 he says1  
8,i take  refuge 9 ,b\ddhu2 ,i take     
refuge 9 8 doctr9e2 ,i take refuge 9 8  
foll[]s40 ,!re are five comm&s giv5 to !
 common ,b\ddhi/s2 !  fir/ =bids !      
de/ruction ( animal life2 ! second =bids
 !ft2  ! ?ird1 adult]y2 ! f\r?1         
falsehood2 ! fif?1 ! use (  spiritu\s   
liquors4 ,!re are o!r comm&s = sup]ior  
classes1 or  devotees1 :i* =bid danc+1  
songs1 music1 fe/ivals1 p]fumes1        
elegant dresses1 elevat$ seats1 c4      
,among works ( ! highe/ m]it1  "o is !  
fe$+ ( a hungry infirm tig] ) a p]son's 
own fle%4    ,,b\rignoni/s1 ! foll[]s ( 
! celebrat$ ,mad4 ,anto9ette ,b\rignon  
de la ,ponte1 a native ( ,fl&]s1 born at
 ,lisle1 9 #afaf4 ,%e 0 s  mu* de=m$ at 
h] bir?1 t x 0 ev5 debat$ :e!r %e %\ld  
n be /ifl$ z a mon/]4 ,z %e grew up1    
h[ev]1 ?is de=mity  greatly decreas$1 & 
%e discov]$ a sup]ior m9d1 a /rong      
imag9ation1 & v e>ly indications ( a    
devotional _s1 /rongly  t9ctur$ )       
my/icism4 ,%e conceiv$ h]self to be     

div9ely call$1  & set ap>t to revive !  
true _s ( ,*ri/ianity t _h be5  ext+ui%$
 by !ological animosities & debates4 ,9 
h] confession  ( fai?1 %e pr(esses h]   
belief 9 ! ,scriptures1 & 9 !  div9ity &
 atonem5t ( ,*ri/4 ,! lead+ pr9ciples   
:i* p]vade  h] productions are ^!3 t man
 is p]fectly free to resi/ or  receive  
div9e grace2 t ,god is ev] un*angeable 9
 love t[>d all  8 creatures1 & does n   
inflict any arbitr>y puni%m5t1 b t  !   
evils !y suff] are ! natural consequ5ces
 ( s92 t true  religion consi/s n 9 any 
outw>d =ms ( wor%ip1 nor sy/ems (  fai?1
 b 9 imm$iate communion ) ! ,deity1 by  
int]nal feel+s  & impulses1 & by a      
p]fect acquiesc5ce 9 8 w4    ,?is lady 0
 educat$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion2 b
 %e declaim$  equally aga9/ !           
corruptions ( ! *ur* ( ,rome & ^? ( !   
,re=m$ *ur*es3 h5ce %e 0 oppos$ &       
p]secut$ by bo?  ,ca?olics &            
,prote/ants1 & aft] be+ driv5 ab\t f    
place to  place1 %e di$ at ,franek]1 9  
#afhj4 ,%e ma9ta9$ t !re ought to  be a 

g5]al tol]ation ( all religions4 ,h]    
notion on ,god's  =ekn[l$ge 01 t ,god 0 
capable ( =ekn[+ all ev5ts1 b1  8 p[]   
be+ equal to 8 k1 he purposely )held f  
himself t k 9 c]ta9 cases1 t he might n 
int]f]e  ) ! free ag5cy & responsibility
 ( 8 creatures4 ,h] works are  v num]\s1
 mak+ eighte5 volumes 9 octavo3 ( :i* ! 
pr9cipal  are1 8,! ,light ( ! ,_w20 8,! 
,te/imony ( ,tru?20 & 8,!  ,r5ovation ( 
! ,gospel ,_s20 :i* are mu* 9 e/eem     
among !  admir]s ( my/ical !ology4      
,,b[4 ,! expression1 8to break ! b[10 s 
frequ5t 9 ,scripture1  signifies to     
de/roy ! p[] ( a p1 because ! pr9cipal  
(f5sive weapon ( armies 0 anci5tly ! b[4
 8,a deceitful b[0 is  "o t1 f "s       
defect1 ei!r 9 b5d+ or ! /r+1 c>ries !  
arr[ wide ( ! m>k1 h[ev] well aim$4 ,see
 ,,arms4    ,,b[els4 ,! b[els are ! seat
 ( m]cy1 t5d]ness1 & compassion4        
,joseph's b[els 7 mov$ at ! sight ( 8   
bro!r ,b5jam92 t  is1 he felt himself   
s(t5$ & affect$4 ,! true "m ( ! *ild    
:om ,solomon comm&$ to be divid$1 felt  

h] b[els move1 &  cons5t$ t x %\ld be   
giv5 to ! woman :o 0 n its real  "m1 #a 
,k+s1 iii1 #bf4 ,! ,hebrews also        
sometimes place wisdom &  und]/&+ 9 !   
b[els1 8,:o ha? put wisdom 9 ! inn]     
p>ts80  or b[els1 ,job xxxviii1 #cf4 ,! 
,psalmi/ says1 8,?y law is )9 my  he>t10
 lit]ally1 9 ! mid/ ( my b[els1--x is by
 me /rongly &  affectionately reg>d$1   
,psalm xl1 #h4    ,,box ,,tree1 1 ,isa4 
xli1 #i2 lx1 #ac2 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #f2 #b  
,esdras xiv1 #bd1  :]e ! ^w appe>s to be
 us$ = tablets4 ,mo/ ( ! anci5t1  &     
sev]al ( ! mod]n1 translators r5d] ?is  
^w ! buxus1 or  8box tree20 b f its be+ 
m5tion$ along ) trees ( ! =e/1  "s m    
/ately tree mu/ be int5d$1 probably !   
c$>4    ,,bracelet4 ,a bracelet is      
commonly worn by ! ori5tal pr9ces1 z a  
badge ( p[] & au?ority4 ,:5 ! calif     
,cayem ,bemrillah grant$ !  inve/iture (
 c]ta9 dom9ions to an ea/]n pr9ce1 he   
s5t him  lett]s pat5t1 a cr[n1 a *a91 & 
bracelets4 ,?is 0 probably !  reason t !
 ,amalekite br\ght ! bracelet :i* he    

f\nd on ,saul's  arm1 along ) 8 cr[n1 to
 ,david1 #b ,sam4 i1 #aj4 ,x 0 a royal  
ornam5t1 & belong$ to ! regalia ( !     
k+dom4 ,! bracelet1 x  mu/ be ackn[l$g$1
 0 worn bo? by m5 & wom5 ( diff]5t      
ranks2  b ! orig9al ^w1 9 ! second book 
( ,samuel1 occurs only 9 two  o!r       
places1 & is q diff]5t f ! t]m :i* is   
employ$ to  express ! m common ornam5t  
kn[n by t "n4 ,& beside1 ?is  ornam5t 0 
worn by k+s & pr9ces 9 a diff]5t mann] f
 _!  subjects4 ,x 0 fa/5$ above ! elb[2 
& 0 commonly ( great  value4            
,,brahm9s1 or ,,bra*m9s1 ! highe/ ca/e (
 ,h9doos1 to :om is  conf9$ ! prie/hood1
 &1 9 g5]al1 all _! anci5t le>n+1  :i*  
is lock$ up 9 _! sacr$ language1 call$ !
 ,sanscrit4 ,!  ,brahm9s d]ive t "n f   
,brahma1 ! ,creator2 = !y ma9ta9  !     
doctr9e ( ?ree embodi$ en]gies1 !       
creative1 ! pres]v+1  & ! de/roy+2      
p]sonifi$ "u ! names ( ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 
&  ,%iva1 all sprung f ,brimh2 & to ea* 
( !m is assign$ a k9d (  cele/ial       
consort1 a female deity1 :i* !y describe

 z a passive  en]gy4    ,l ! philosoph]s
 ( ,greece1 !y seem to h _h an op5 & a  
secret doctr9e3 ! latt]1 a species (    
,sp9ozism1 consid]+ !  great ,supreme z 
8! s\l ( ! _w20 end[$ ) no o!r quality  
?an ubiquity2 requir+ no wor%ip1 & ex]t+
 no p[]1 b 9 !  production ( ! ?ree     
great en]gies above m5tion$4 ,^! are s  
+5i\sly div]sifi$ z to produce ?ree     
hundr$ & ?irty millions  ( gods1 or     
objects ( idolatry2 s v>i\s 9 "* z to   
suit  e man's ta/e or hum\r1 & to furni%
 examples ( e vice &  folly to :i*      
humanity is subject4    ,z x respects a 
future /ate1 two ( ! pr9cipal doctr9es (
  ,bra*m9ism are transmigration &       
absorption4 ,aft] dea?1 ! p]son  is     
convey$1 by ! mess5g]s ( ,yumu1 ?r\gh ! 
air to ! place (  judgm5t4 ,aft] receiv+
 8 s5t5ce1 he w&]s ab\t ! e>? =  twelve 
mon?s1 z an arial be+ or gho/2 & !n     
takes a body suit$  to 8 future         
condition1 :e!r he asc5d to ! gods1 or  
suff] 9 a  new body1 or be hurl$ into "s
 hell4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( sev]al       

8pooranus20 o!rs ma9ta91 t imm$iately   
aft] dea? & judgm5t1  ! p]son suff]s !  
pa9s ( hell1 & removes 8 s9 by suff]+2  
& !n returns to ! e>? 9 "s bodily =m4 ,!
 descriptions  :i* ! 8pooranus0 give ( !
 heav5s ( ! gods are truly 9 !  ea/]n   
/yle2 all ?+s1 ev5 ! b$s ( ! gods1 are  
made ( gold  & preci\s /ones4 ,all !    
pleasures ( ^! heav5s are exactly :at   
we %\ld expect 9 a sy/em =m$ by un9spir$
 & unr5ew$ m53  l ! p>adise ( ,mohamm$1 
!y are bro!ls1 r ?an places (  rew>ds = 
8! pure 9 he>t40 ,"h all ! vici\s       
passions are  p]sonifi$1 or r1 deifi$3 !
 qu>rels & lic5ti\s intrigues  ( ! gods 
fill ^! places ) p]petual upro>1 :ile _!
  impurities are describ$ ) ! same      
lit]ality & gross detail1 z  simil> ?+s 
are talk$ ( among ^! idolat]s on e>?4   
,b ! highe/ degree ( happ9ess is        
absorption4 ,god1 z sep>at$  f matt]1 ! 
,h9doos contemplate z a be+ repos+ 9 8  
own  happ9ess1 de/itute ( ideas2 z      
inf9ite placidity2 z an unruffl$  sea ( 
bliss2 z be+ p]fectly ab/ract$1 & void (

 consci\sness4  ,!y !re=e deem x !      
height ( p]fection to be l ?is be+4     
,h5ce ,kri%nu1 9 8 disc\rse to ,urjoonu1
 praises ! man 8:o  =sake? e desire t   
ent]e? into 8 he>t2 :o is happy (       
himself2 :o is )\t affection2 :o        
rejoice? n ei!r 9 good or  evil2 :o1 l !
 tortoise1 c re/ra9 8 memb]s f _! wont$ 
purpose2 to :om pleasure & pa91 gold1   
iron1 & /ones are !  same40 8,! le>n$10 
adds ,kru%nu1 8behold ,brumhu alike 9 ! 
rev]5d  #8branhun1' p]fect$ 9 k2 9 ! ox1
 & 9 ! elephant2 9  ! dog1 & 9 him :o   
eate? ( ! fle% ( dogs40 ,! p]son ^:  v  
nature1 say !y1 is absorb$ 9 div9e      
m$itation2 ^: life is  l a sweet sleep1 
unconsci\s & undi/urb$2 :o does n ev5   
desire ,god1 & :o is ?us *ang$ into !   
image ( ! ev] bless$2  obta9s absorption
 into ,brumhu4 ,! c]emonies lead+ to    
absorption are  call$ by ! "n (         
8tupu%ya0 & ! p]sons p]=m+ !m1 a        
8tupu%wee40 ,=sak+ ! _w2 retir+ to a    
=e/2 fa/+1 liv+  on roots1 fruits1      
c2--rema9+ 9 c]ta9 po/ures2 exposure to 

all  ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r1 c2 ^!1 &  
_m o!r au/]e  practices are prescrib$1  
to subdue ! passions1 to fix ! m9d1     
habituate x to m$itation1 & fill x ) t  
s]5ity &  indiff]5ce to ! _w :i* is to  
prep>e x = absorption1 &  place x beyond
 ! rea* ( future bir?4    ,,bramble1 1 a
 prickly %rub1 ,judges ix1 #ad1 #ae2    
,psalm lviii1 #i4 ,9 !  latt] place x is
 translat$ 8?orn40 ,hill] supposes atad 
to be !  cynoba/us1 or sweetbri]4 ,!    
au?or ( 8,scripture ,illu/rat$0 says1  t
 ! bramble seems to be well *os5 z !    
repres5tative ( !  orig9al2 :i* %\ld be 
a plant be>+ fruit ( "s k9d1 be+        
associat$1 ,judges ix1 #ad1 ?\gh by     
opposition1 ) ! v9e4 ,!  apologue or    
fable ( ,jo?am has always be5 admir$ =  
its _s &  application4 ,x has also be5  
consid]$ z ! olde/ fable extant4        
,,bran*1 a title ( ,messiah3 8,& !re    
%all come =? a rod out ( !  /em (       
,jesse1 & a ,,bran* %all gr[ out ( 8    
roots10 ,isaiah xi1 #a4  ,see also ,ze*4
 iii1 #h2 vi1 #ab2 ,j]4 xxiii1 #e2      

xxxiii1 #ae4 ,:5 ,*ri/ is  repres5t$ z a
 sl5d] twig1 %oot+ out f ! trunk ( an   
old  tree lopp$ to ! v root & decay$1 & 
becom+ itself a mighty  tree1 ref]5ce is
 made1 #a4 ,to ! k+ly dignity ( ,*ri/1  
spr++  up f ! decay$ h\se ( ,david2 #b4 
,to ! exaltation :i* 0 to  succe$ 8     
humbl$ condition on e>?1 & to ! glory & 
vig\r (  8 m$iatorial reign4    ,,brass4
 4 ,! ^w brass occurs v (t5 9 our       
translation (  ! ,bible2 b t is a mix$  
metal1 = ! mak+ ( :i* we are  indebt$ to
 ! ,g]man metallurgi/s ( ! ?irte5?      
c5tury4 ,t !  anci5ts knew n ! art (    
mak+ x1 is almo/ c]ta94 ,none ( _!      
writ+s ev5 h9t at ! process4 ,!re c be  
no d\bt t copp] is  ! orig9al metal     
int5d$4 ,?is is spok5 ( z kn[n prior to 
!  flood2 & to h be5 discov]$1 or at    
lea/ wr\ght1 z 0 also  iron1 9 ! sev5?  
g5]ation f ,adam1 by ,tubal-ca93 :5ce ! 
"n ,vulcan4 ,! k ( ^! two metals mu/ h  
be5 c>ri$  ov] ! _w aft]w>d ) ! spread+ 
colonies ( ! ,noa*id4  ,agreeably to    
?is1 ! anci5t hi/ories ( ! ,greeks &    

,romans speak  ( ,cadmus z ! inv5tor ( !
 metal :i* by ! =m] is call$  1 & by !  
latt] s2 & f him _h ! d5om9ation        
cadmea4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 ,cadmus       
discov]$ a m9e1 ( :i* he  taught ! use4 
,! "n ( ! p]son "h spok5 ( 0 und\bt$ly  
! same ) ,ham1 or ,cam1 ! son ( ,noah1  
:o probably le>n$ ! art  ( assay+ metals
 f ! family ( ,tubal-ca91 & communicat$ 
t  k to ! p ( ! colony :i* he settl$4   
,,bras5 ,,s]p5t1 !1 0 an image ( poli%$ 
brass1 9 ! =m ( "o  ( ^? fi]y s]p5ts :i*
 7 s5t to *a/ise ! murmur+  ,israelites 
9 ! wild]ness1 & ^: bite caus$ viol5t   
heat1  ?ir/1 & inflammation4 ,by div9e  
comm& 8,moses made a s]p5t (  brass10 or
 copp]1 & 8put x ^u a pole2 & x came to 
pass1 t if  a s]p5t _h bitt5 any man1 :5
 he beheld ! s]p5t ( brass1 he  liv$10  
,num4 xxi1 #f-i4 ,?is bras5 s]p5t 0     
pres]v$ z a monum5t  ( ! div9e m]cy1 b 9
 process ( "t became an in/rum5t (      
idolatry4 ,:5 ?is sup]/ition began1 x is
 difficult to det]m9e2  b ! be/ acc\nt  
is giv5 by ! ,jewi% rabbi1 ,david       

,kim*i1 9 !  foll[+ mann]3 ,f ! "t t !  
k+s ( ,israel did evil1 &  ! *ildr5 (   
,israel foll[$ idolatry1 till ! reign ( 
,hezekiah1  !y (f]$ inc5se to x2 = x be+
 writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses1  8,:oev]      
looke? ^u x %all live10 !y fanci$ !y    
might obta9  bless+s by its m$iation1 & 
!re=e ?\ght x wor?y to be  wor%ipp$4 ,x 
_h be5 kept f ! days ( ,moses1 9 memory 
( a  miracle1 9 ! same mann] z ! pot (  
manna 03 & ,asa &  ,jeho%aphat did n    
extirpate x :5 !y root$ out idolatry1   
because  9 _! reign !y did n obs]ve t ! 
p wor%ipp$ ?is  s]p5t1 or burnt inc5se  
to x2 & !re=e !y left x z a  memorial4  
,b ,hezekiah ?\ght fit to take x q away1
 :5 he  aboli%$ o!r idolatry1 because 9 
! "t ( 8 fa!r !y ador$  x z an idol2 &  
?\gh pi\s p among !m acc\nt$ x only z a 
memorial ( a wond]ful "w1 yet he judg$ x
 bett] to aboli% x1  ?\gh ! memory ( !  
miracle %\ld happ5 to be lo/1 ?an suff] 
x to rema91 & leave ! ,israelites 9     
dang] to commit idolatry  h]eaft] ) x4  
,on ! subject ( ! s]p5t-bitt5           

,israelites be+  heal$ by look+ at !    
bras5 s]p5t1 !re is a good comm5t 9 !   
book ( ,wisdom1 *ap4 xvi1 #d-ab1 9 :i*  
are ^! rem>kable  words3--8,!y 7        
admoni%$1 hav+ a sign ( salvation10 t   
is1 !  bras5 s]p5t1 8to put !m 9        
remembrance ( ! comm&m5ts ( ?y  law4 ,= 
he t turn$ himself t[>d x1 0 n sav$ by !
 ,,?+  t he saw1 b by ,,!e1 t art !     
,savi\r ( all10 v]ses #f1 #g4 ,to  !    
circum/ance ( look+ at ! bras5 s]p5t 9  
ord] to be heal$1  our ,"l ref]s1 ,john 
iii1 #ad1 #ae3 8,z ,moses lift$ up !    
7bras57  s]p5t 9 ! wild]ness1 ev5 s mu/ 
! ,son ( man be lift$ up1  t :osoev]    
believe? 9 him %\ld n p]i%1 b h et]nal  
life40    ,,bread1 a t]m :i* 9          
,scripture is us$1 z by u1 frequ5tly =  
food  9 g5]al2 b is also (t5 f\nd 9 its 
prop] s5se4 ,sp>+ 9 !  use ( fle%1 l all
 ! nations ( ! ea/1 ! *os5 p  usually   
satisfi$ _! hung] ) bread1 & qu5*$ _!   
?ir/ 9  ! runn+ /ream4 ,_! bread 0      
g5]ally made ( :eat or b>ley1  or       
l5tiles & beans4 ,bread ( :eat fl\r1 z  

be+ ! mo/  excell5t1 0 pref]r$3 b>ley   
bread 0 us$ only 9 times (  sc>city &   
di/ress4 ,s mean & contemptible1 9 !    
e/imation (  ! num]\s & well-appo9t$    
armies ( ,midian1 0 ,gideon1 ) 8  h&ful 
( undiscipl9$ militia1 t he seems to h  
be5 comp>$ to  bread ( ?is inf]ior      
quality1 :i* may acc\nt = ! ready       
int]pretation ( ! dream ( ! ,midianite  
respect+ him3 8,& :5  ,gideon 0 come1   
behold1 !re 0 a man t told a dream unto 
8  fell[1 & said1 ,behold1 ,i dream$ a  
dream1 & lo1 a cake ( b>ley  bread      
tumbl$ into ! ho/ ( ,midian1 & came unto
 a t5t & smote x  t x fell1 & ov]turn$  
x1 t ! t5t lay along4 ,& 8 fell[  answ]$
 & said1 ,?is is no?+ else save ! sword 
( ,gideon1 !  son ( ,joa%1 a man (      
,israel2 = into 8 h& ha? ,god deliv]$   
,midian1 & all ! ho/40 ,9 ! cities &    
villages ( ,b>b>y1 :]e  public ov5s are 
e/abli%$1 ! bread is usually leav5$2 b  
among  ! ,b$[e5s & ,kabyles1 z soon z ! 
d\gh is knead$1 x is made  into ?9      
cakes1 ei!r to be bak$ imm$iately ^u !  

coals1 or else  9 a %all[ e>!n vessel l 
a fry+-pan1 call$ ,taj54 ,su* 7  !      
unleav5$ cakes :i* we s frequ5tly read (
 9 ,scripture2 &  ^? also :i* ,s>ah made
 quickly ^u ! he>?4 ,^! la/ are  ab\t an
 in* ?ick2 &1 be+ commonly prep>$ 9     
woody c\ntries1  are us$ all along !    
%ores ( ! ,black ,sea1 f ! ,palus ,motis
 to  ! ,caspian1 9 ,*aldea &            
,mesopotamia1 except 9 t[ns4 ,a fire is 
made  9 ! middle ( ! room3 & :5 ! bread 
is ready = bak+1 a  corn] ( ! he>? is   
swept1 ! bread is laid ^u x1 & cov]$  ) 
a%es & emb]s2 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 !y    
turn x4 ,sometimes  !y use small convex 
plates ( iron1 :i* are mo/ common 9     
,p]sia1  & among ! nomadic tribes1 z be+
 ! easie/ way ( bak+1 &  done ) ! lea/  
exp5se2 = ! bread is extremely ?91 &    
soon  prep>$4 ,! ov5 is also us$ 9 e "p 
( ,asia3 x is made 9 !  gr\nd1 f\r or   
five feet deep1 & ?ree 9 diamet]1 well  
pla/]$  ) mort>4 ,:5 x is hot1 !y place 
! bread 7:i* is commonly  long1 & n     
?ick] ?an a f+]7 aga9/ ! sides3 x is    

bak$ 9 a  mom5t4 ,ov5s1 ,*>d9 appreh5ds1
 7 n us$ 9 ,canaan 9 !  patri>*al age3  
all ! bread ( t "t 0 bak$ ^u a plate1 or
  "u ! a%es2 & he supposes1 :at is ne>ly
 self-evid5t1 t !  cakes :i* ,s>ah bak$ 
on ! he>? 7 ( ! la/ sort1 & t  ! %ew    
bread 0 ( ! same k9d4 ,! ,arabs ab\t    
,m\nt ,c>mel use a  great /rong pit*]1 9
 :i* !y k9dle a fire2 & :5 x is  heat$1 
!y mix meal & wat]1 :i* !y apply ) !    
holl[ (  _! h&s to ! outside ( ! pit*]2 
& ?is extremely s(t  pa/e1 spread+      
itself1 is bak$ 9 an in/ant4 ,! heat ( !
 pit*]  hav+ dri$ up all ! moi/ure1 !   
bread comes (f z ?9 z our  waf]s2 & !   
op]ation is s spe$ily p]=m$1 t 9 a v    
little "t a suffici5t quantity is made4 
,b _! be/ sort ( bread  !y bake1 ei!r by
 heat+ an ov51 or a l>ge pit*] full (   
little  smoo? %9+ fl9ts1 ^u :i* !y lay !
 d\gh1 spread out 9 !  =m ( a ?9 broad  
cake4 ,sometimes !y use a %all[ e>!n    
vessel1  resembl+ a fry+ pan1 :i* seems 
to be ! pan m5tion$ by ,moses1  9 :i* ! 
meat-(f]+ 0 bak$4 ,?is vessel1 ,dr4 ,%aw

 in=ms u1  s]ves bo? = bak+ & fry+2 = ! 
bagreah ( ! p (  ,b>b>y diff]s n mu* f  
our pancakes2 only1 in/ead ( rubb+ !    
pan 9 :i* !y fry !m ) butt]1 !y rub x ) 
soap1 to make  !m l a honey-comb4 ,if ^!
 acc\nts ( ! ,arab /one pit*]1 !  pan1 &
 ! iron he>? or copp] plate1 be att5d$  
to1 x w n be  difficult to und]/& ! laws
 ( ,moses 9 ! second *apt] (            
,leviticus3 !y w be f\nd to answ]       
p]fectly well to !  description :i* he  
gives u ( ! diff]5t ways ( prep>+ !     
meat-(f]+s4 ,z ! ,hebrews made _! bread 
?91 9 ! =m (  little flat cakes1 !y did 
n cut x ) a knife1 b broke x2 :i*  gave 
rise to ! expression1 break+ bread1 s   
frequ5t 9 ,scripture4    ,! ,arabians & 
o!r ea/]n p1 among :om wood is sc>ce1   
(t5  bake _! bread betwe5 two fires made
 ( c[ dung1 :i* burns sl[ly1  & bakes ! 
bread v leisurely4 ,! crumb ( x is v    
good1 if x  be eat5 ! same day2 b ! cru/
 is black & burnt1 & reta9s a  smell ( !
 mat]ials t 7 us$ 9 bak+ x4 ,?is may    
s]ve to  expla9 a passage 9 ,ezekiel1   

iv1 #i-ac4 ,! /raits ( a siege & !      
sc>city ( fuel 7 ?us intimat$ to !      
,prophet4 ,dur+ ! :ole  octave ( !      
passov]1 ! ,hebrews use only unleav5$   
bread1 z a  memorial t at ! "t ( _!     
dep>ture out ( ,egypt !y want$  leisure 
to bake leav5$ bread2 &1 hav+ left !    
c\ntry )  precipitation1 !y 7 cont5t to 
bake bread :i* 0 n leav5$1  ,exod4 xii1 
#h4 ,! practice ( ! ,jews at ?is day1 ) 
relation to !  use ( unleav5$ bread1 is 
z foll[s3 ,!y =bid to eat1 or h 9  _!   
h\ses1 or 9 any place belong+ to !m1    
ei!r leav5$ bread  or any ?+ else t is  
leav5$4 ,t !y may ! bett] obs]ve  ?is   
rule1 !y se>* into all ! corn]s ( ! h\se
 ) scrupul\s  exactness = all bread or  
pa/e1 or any ?+ t is leav5$4 ,aft]  !y h
 ?us well cleans$ _! h\ses1 !y :it5 !m1 
& furni%  !m ) kit*5 & table ut5sils1   
all new1 & ) o!rs :i* are  to be us$    
only on t day4 ,if !y are movables1 :i* 
h s]v$  only = some?+ else1 & are made (
 metal1 !y h !m poli%$1  & put into !   
fire1 to take away all ! impurity :i* !y

 may h  contract$ by t\*+ any ?+ leav5$4
 ,all ?is is done on !  ?irte5? day (   
,nisan1 or on ! vigil ( ! fea/ ( !      
passov]1  :i* beg9s ) ! fifte5? ( ! same
 mon?1 or ! f\rte5? day  9 ! ev5+2 = !  
,hebrews reckon _! days f "o ev5+ to    
ano!r4 ,on ! f\rte5? ( ,nisan1 at elev5 
o'clock1 !y burn !  common bread1 to %[ 
t ! prohibition ( eat+ leav5$ bread is  
!n comm5c$2 & ?is action is att5d$ )    
words1 :]eby !  ma/] ( ! h\se decl>es t 
he has no long] any ?+ leav5$ 9  8      
keep+2 t1 at lea/1 he believes s4 ,9    
allusion to ?is  practice1 we are comm&$
 to 8purge out ! old leav520 by :i*     
8malice & wick$ness0 are int5d$2 & to   
fe$ only on !  8unleav5$ bread ( s9c]ity
 & tru?40    #b4 ,,%ew ,,bread1 or1     
accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 ! bread ( faces1 
0  bread (f]$ e ,sabba? day ^u ! gold5  
table 9 ! holy place1  ,exod4 xxv1 #cj4 
,! ,hebrews affirm t ^! loaves 7 squ>e1 
& _h  f\r sides1 & 7 cov]$ ) leaves (   
gold4 ,!y 7 twelve 9  numb]1 accord+ to 
! numb] ( ! twelve tribes1 9 ^: names   

!y 7 (f]$4 ,e loaf 0 compos$ ( two      
ass>ons ( fl\r1  :i* make ab\t five p9ts
 & "o-t5?4 ,^! loaves 7 unleav5$4  ,!y 7
 pres5t$ hot e ,sabba? day1 ! old ones  
be+ tak5 away  & eat5 by ! prie/s only4 
,?is (f]+ 0 accompani$ ) salt  &        
frank9c5se1 & ev5 ) w9e1 accord+ to "s  
comm5tators4  ,! ,scripture m5tions only
 salt & inc5se2 b x is presum$ t  w9e 0 
add$1 because x 0 n want+ 9 o!r         
sacrifices &  (f]+s4 ,x is believ$ t ^! 
loaves 7 plac$ "o ^u  ano!r1 9 two piles
 ( six ea*2 & t betwe5 e loaf 7 two  ?9 
plates ( gold1 fold$ back 9 a semicircle
 ! :ole l5g? (  !m1 to admit air1 & to  
prev5t ! loaves f gr[+ m\ldy4 ,^!  gold5
 plates1 ?us turn$ 91 7 support$ at _!  
extremities by  two gold5 =ks1 :i* re/$ 
on ! gr\nd4 ,! twelve loaves1 because   
!y /ood be=e ! ,"l1 7 call$  1  1 or  1 
! bread ( faces1 or ( ! pres5ce2 & are  
!re=e  d5om9at$ 9 our ,engli%           
translation ! %ew bread4    ,s9ce "p ( !
 frank9c5se put ^u ! bread 0 to be burnt
 on !  alt> = a memorial1 ev5 an (f]+   

made by fire unto ! ,"l2 &  s9ce ,a>on &
 8 sons 7 to eat x 9 ! holy place1 ,lev4
 xxiv1  #e-i1 x is probable t ?is bread 
typifi$ ,*ri/1 fir/ pres5t$ z  a        
sacrifice to ,jehovah1 & !n becom+      
spiritual food to su* z 9  & ?r\gh him  
are spiritual prie/s to ,god1 ev5 8     
,fa!r1 ,rev4 i1  #f2 v1 #aj2 xx1 #f2 #a 
,pet] ii1 #e4 ,x appe>s1 f "s places 9  
,scripture1 7see ,exodus xxix1 #cb1 &   
,numb]s vi1 #ae17 t !re 0  always ne> ! 
alt> a basket full ( bread1 9 ord] to be
 (f]$  toge!r ) ! ord9>y sacrifices4    
,,brea/plate1 or ,,pectoral1 "o "p ( !  
prie/ly ve/m5ts1 belong+  to ! ,jewi%   
high prie/s4 ,x 0 ab\t t5 in*es squ>e1  
,exod4  xxviii1 #ac-ca2 & consi/$ ( a   
fold$ piece ( ! same ri*  embroid]$ /uff
 ( :i* ! ephod 0 made4 ,x 0 worn on !   
brea/  ( ! high prie/1 & 0 set ) twelve 
preci\s /ones1 on ea* (  :i* 0 engrav5 !
 "n ( "o ( ! tribes4 ,!y 7 set 9 f\r    
r[s1 ?ree 9 ea* r[1 & 7 divid$ f ea* o!r
 by ! little  gold5 squ>es or p>titions 
9 :i* !y 7 set4 ,! names ( ^!  /ones1 & 

t ( ! tribe engrav5 on !m1 z also _!    
disposition on ! brea/plate1 are usually
 giv5 z foll[s2 b :at  /ones really     
answ] to ! ,hebrew "n1 is = ! mo/ "p v  
unc]ta93--              ,s>d9e1         
,topaz1           ,c>buncle1            
,,reub54              ,,simeon4         
,,levi4            ,em]ald1             
,sapphire1           ,diamond1          
,,judah4                ,,dan4          
,,naphtali4            ,ligure1         
,agate1           ,ame?y/1              
,,gad4                ,,a%]4            
,,issa*>4             ,b]yl1            
,onyx1             ,jasp]1              
,,zebulun4             ,,joseph4        
,,b5jam94    ,?is brea/plate 0 fa/5$ at 
! f\r corn]s1 ^? on ! top to  ea* %\ld]1
 by a gold5 hook or r+1 at ! end ( a    
wrea!n *a92  & ^? bel[ to ! girdle ( !  
ephod1 by two /r+s or ribbons1  :i* _h  
likewise two r+s or hooks4 ,?is ornam5t 
0 nev] to be  sep>at$ f ! prie/ly g>m5t2
 & x 0 call$ ! memorial1  because x 0 a 
sign :]eby ! *ildr5 ( ,israel might "k t

  !y 7 pres5t$ to ,god1 & t !y 7 _h 9   
remembrance by  him4 ,x 0 also call$ !  
brea/plate ( judgm5t1 because x _h  !   
div9e oracle ( ,,urim & ,,?ummim annex$ 
to x4 ,^! words signify  lights &       
p]fections1 & are m5tion$ z 9 ! high    
prie/'s  brea/plate2 b :at !y 71 we _c  
det]m9e4 ,"s ?9k !y  7 two preci\s /ones
 add$ to ! o!r twelve1 by ! extraord9>y 
lu/re ( :i*1 ,god m>k$ 8 approbation ( a
 design1 &1 by _!  becom+ dim1 8        
disall[ance ( x2 o!rs1 t ^! two words 7 
writt5 on a preci\s /one1 or plate (    
gold1 fix$ 9 ! brea/plate2  o!rs1 t !   
lett]s ( ! names ( ! tribes1 7 ! ,urim &
  ,?ummim2 & t ! lett]s by /&+ out1 or  
by an extraord9>y  illum9ation1 m>k$ su*
 words z conta9$ ! answ] ( ,god to him  
:o consult$ ?is oracle4 ,le ,cl]c w h !m
 to be ! names (  two preci\s /ones1 set
 9 a gold5 coll> ( ! high prie/1 &  com+
 d[n to 8 brea/1 z ! magi/rates ( ,egypt
 wore a gold5  *a91 at ! end ( :i* hung 
! figure ( tru?1 engrav5 on a  preci\s  
/one4 ,prideaux ?9ks ! words *iefly     

d5ote ! cle>ness  ( ! oracles dictat$ to
 ! high prie/1 ?\gh p]haps ! lu/re (  ! 
/ones 9 8 brea/plate might repres5t ?is 
cle>ness4 ,jahn says  ! mo/ probable    
op9ion is1 t ,,urim & ,,?ummim 71 1     
light & ju/ice1 ,septuag9t1   7         
manife/ation  & tru? 0 a sacr$ lot1 #a  
,samuel xiv1 #da1 #db4 ,!re 7 employ$1  
p]haps1 9 det]m9+ ?is lot1 ?ree preci\s 
/ones1 on "o ( :i*  0 engrav5 1 yes2 on 
! o!r1 1 no2 ! ?ird be+  de/itute ( any 
inscription4 ,! "q propos$1 !re=e1 0    
always to be put 9 su* a way1 t ! answ] 
might be direct1 ei!r  yes or no1       
provid$ any answ] 0 giv5 at all4 ,^!    
/ones 7  c>ri$ 9 ! purse or bag1 =m$ by 
! l9+ or int]ior ( !  pectoral2 & :5 !  
"q 0 propos$1 if ! high prie/ drew  out 
! /one :i* exhibit$ yes1 ! answ] 0      
affirmative2 if !  "o on :i* no 0       
writt51 ! answ] 0 negative2 if ! ?ird1  
no  answ] 0 to be giv51 ,jo%ua vii1     
#ac-ba2 #a ,sam4 xiv1 #dj-dc2 xxviii1   
#f4  ,9 ! mid/ ( all ?is conjecture1    
only two ?+s are c]ta93 #a4  ,t "o ( !  

appo9t$ me?ods ( consult+ ,god1 on      
extraord9>y  em]g5cies1 0 by ,,urim &   
,,?ummim3 #b4 ,t ! oracles ( ,god       
reject$ all equivocal & enigmatical     
replies1 :i* 0 ! "*  ( ! ,hea!n pret5d$ 
oracles4 8,! words ( ! ,"l are pure     
words40 ,8 own oracle be>s1 !re=e1 an   
inscription :i* signifies  lights &     
p]fections1 or1 ! %9+ & ! p]fect2 or1   
accord+ to ! ,,lxx1 manife/ation & tru?4
 ,9 ?is respect x  might be a type ( !  
,*ri/ian revelation made to ! true      
,israel1 !  ,*ri/ian *ur*1 by ! ,gospel4
 ,/4 ,paul seems especially to allude to
  ?is translation ( ,urim & ,?ummim by !
 ,septuag9t1 :5 he speaks  ( himself & 8
 fell[ lab\r]s1 8comm5d+ !mselves to e  
man's consci5ce by manife/ation ( !     
tru?20 9 opposition to  ^? :o by _!     
errors & compliances ) ! ,jewi%         
prejudices1 or  ) ! philosophical ta/e (
 ! ,greeks1 obscur$ ! tru?1 &  r5d]$    
ambigu\s ! guidance ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 
,8 prea*+ is  ?us tacitly comp>$ to !   
oracles ( ,god2 !irs1 to ! mislead+  &  

p]plex$ oracles ( ! ,hea!n4    ,,bride &
 ,,bridegroom4 ,"u ?is head an acc\nt ( 
! m>riage cu/oms  ( anci5t times1 ! k ( 
:i* is s necess>y to expla9 _m          
allusions 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 may be 
prop]ly introduc$4 ,among !  ,jews1 !   
/ate ( m>riage 01 f ! remote/ p]iods (  
_!  hi/ory1 reckon$ s hon\rable1 t !    
p]son :o neglect$ or  decl9$ to ent]    
into x )\t a good reason1 0 ?\ght to be 
guilty ( a great crime4 ,su* a mode (   
?9k+ 0 n conf9$ to  !m2 9 sev]al ( !    
,grecian /ates1 m>riage 0 held 9 equal  
respect4 ,! ,jews did n all[ m>riageable
 p]sons to ent] into t  hon\rable /ate  
)\t re/riction2 ! high prie/ 0 =bidd5 by
  law to m>ry a wid[2 & ! prie/s ( e    
rank1 to take a h>lot to  wife1 a pr(ane
 woman1 or "o put away f h] husb&4 ,to  
prev5t !  ali5ation ( inh]itances1 an   
heiress c\ld n m>ry b into h] own       
tribe4 ,! :ole p ( ,israel1 be+ a holy  
nation1 sep>at$ f  all ! e>? to ! s]vice
 ( ! true ,god1 & to be ! deposit>ies  (
 8 law1 7 =bidd5 to contract matrimonial

 alliances ) !  idolatr\s nations 9 _!  
vic9ity4 ,! m>riage engagem5t ( a  m9or1
 )\t ! k & cons5t ( ! p>5ts1 0 ( no     
=ce2 s sacr$ 0 ! p>5tal au?ority held   
among t p4  ,^! cu/oms appe> to h be5   
d]iv$ f a v remote antiquity2  = :5     
,eliez] ( ,damascus w5t to ,mesopotamia 
to take a wife f  !nce unto 8 ma/]'s    
son1 he disclos$ ! motives ( 8 j\rney to
  ! fa!r & bro!r ( ,rebecca2 & ,hamor   
appli$ to ,jacob & 8  sons1 = _! cons5t 
to ! union ( ,d9ah ) 8 son ,%e*em4      
,samson also consult$ 8 p>5ts ab\t 8    
m>riage2 & entreat$ !m  to get = him !  
object ( 8 *oice4 ,m>riage contracts    
seem to h  be5 made 9 ! primitive ages )
 little c]emony4 ,! suitor  himself1 or 
8 fa!r1 s5t a mess5g] to ! fa!r ( !     
woman1 to  ask h] 9 m>riage4 ,9 ! remote
 ages ( antiquity1 wom5 7  lit]ally     
pur*as$ by _! husb&s2 & ! pres5ts made  
to _!  p>5ts or o!r relations 7 call$ _!
 d[ry4 ,?us1 we f9d  ,%e*em b>ga9+ )    
,jacob & 8 sons = ,d9ah3 8,let me f9d   
grace  9 y\r eyes1 & :at ye %all say    

unto me1 ,i w give3 ask me nev]  s mu*  
d[ry & gift1 & ,i w give accord+ z ye   
%all say unto  me2 b give me ! damsel to
 wife10 ,g54 xxxiv1 #b4 ,! practice /ill
  cont9ues 9 ! c\ntry ( ,%e*em2 = :5 a  
"y ,arab wi%es to  m>ry1 he mu/ pur*ase 
8 wife2 & = ?is reason1 fa!rs1 among  ! 
,arabs1 are nev] m happy ?an :5 !y h _m 
daught]s4 ,!y  are reckon$ ! pr9cipal   
ri*es ( a h\se4 ,an ,arabian suitor w   
(f] fifty %eep1 six camels1 or a doz5 ( 
c[s3 if he be n ri*  en\gh to make su*  
(f]s1 he proposes to give a m>e or a    
colt1  consid]+ 9 ! (f] ! m]it ( ! "y   
woman1 ! rank ( h]  family1 & 8 own     
circum/ances4 ,9 ! primitive times (    
,greece1 a  well-educat$ lady 0 valu$ at
 f\r ox54 ,:5 !y are agre$ on bo?       
sides1 ! contract is drawn up by him t  
acts z cadi or judge among  ^! ,arabs4  
,9 "s p>ts ( ! ea/1 a measure ( corn is 
=mally  m5tion$ 9 contracts = _!        
concub9es1 or tempor>y wives1 beside  ! 
sum ( money :i* is /ipulat$ by way (    
d[ry4 ,?is cu/om is  probably z anci5t z

 concub9age1 ) :i* x is connect$2 & if  
s1 x w p]haps acc\nt = ! ,prophet       
,hosea's pur*as+ a wife (  ?is k9d1 =   
fifte5 pieces ( silv]1 & = a hom] (     
b>ley1 &  a half hom] ( b>ley4 ,:5 !    
int5d$ husb& 0 n able to give a  d[ry1  
he (f]$ an equival5t4 ,! patri>* ,jacob1
 :o came to ,laban  ) only 8 /aff1 (f]$ 
to s]ve him sev5 ye>s = ,ra*el3 a       
proposal :i* ,laban accept$4 ,?is cu/om 
has desc5d$ to mod]n  times2 = 9 ,cabul 
! "y m5 :o are unable to advance !      
requir$  d[ry 8live ) _! future         
fa!r-9-law1 & e>n _! bride by  _!       
s]vices1 )\t ev] see+ ! object ( _!     
wi%es40 ,!  contract ( m>riage 0 made 9 
! h\se ( ! woman's fa!r1 be=e  ! eld]s &
 gov]nors ( ! city or di/rict4 ,!       
esp\sals by  money1 or a writt5         
in/rum5t1 7 p]=m$ by ! man & woman  "u a
 t5t or canopy erect$ = t purpose4 ,into
 ?is *amb] !  bridegroom 0 accu/om$ to g
 ) 8 bride1 t he might talk )  h] m     
famili>ly2 :i* 0 consid]$ z a c]emony ( 
confirmation  to ! w$lock4 ,:ile he 0   

!re1 no p]son 0 all[$ to ent]3 8  fri5ds
 & att5dants wait$ = him at ! door1 )   
tor*es &  lamps 9 _! h&s2 & :5 he came  
out1 he 0 receiv$ by all t  7 pres5t )  
great joy & acclamation4 ,to ?is anci5t 
cu/om1 !  ,psalmi/ alludes 9 8          
magnific5t description ( ! heav5s3 8,9  
!m  he set a tab]nacle = ! sun2 :i*1 z a
 bridegroom com+ out (  8 *amb]1        
rejoices z a /rong man to run a race10  
,psalm xix1 #d4 ,a  ,jewi% virg9 legally
 betro!d 0 consid]$ z a lawful wife2 &1 
by  consequ5ce1 c\ld n be put away )\t a
 bill ( divorce4 ,& if %e  prov$        
unfai?ful to h] betro!d husb&1 %e 0     
puni%$ z an  adult]ess2 & h] s$uc]      
incurr$ ! same puni%m5t z if he _h      
pollut$ ! wife ( 8 neighb\r4 ,?is is !  
reason t ! angel  address$ ,joseph1 !   
betro!d husb& ( ,m>y1 9 ^! t]ms3        
8,joseph1 ?\ son ( ,david1 fe> n to take
 unto !e ,m>y ?y wife2  = t :i* is      
conceiv$ 9 h] is ( ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,!   
,evangeli/  ,luke gives h] ! same title3
 8,& ,joseph also w5t up f ,galilee     

unto ,be?lehem1 to be tax$1 ) ,m>y 8    
esp\s$ wife10 ,luke ii1 #d1  #e4    #b4 
,t5 or twelve mon?s commonly int]v5$    
betwe5 ! c]emony (  esp\sals & !        
m>riage3 dur+ ?is int]val1 ! esp\s$ wife
  cont9u$ ) h] p>5ts1 t %e might provide
 h]self ) nuptial  ornam5ts suitable to 
h] /ation4 ,?is cu/om s]ves to expla9 a 
circum/ance 9 ,samson's m>riage1 :i* is 
involv$ 9 "s obscurity4  8,he w5t d[n10 
says ! hi/orian1 8& talk$ ) ! woman10   
7:om  he _h se5 at ,timna?17 8& %e      
pleas$ him well10 ,judges xiv1 #g1 c4   
,^! words seem to ref] to ! c]emony (   
esp\sals2 ! foll[+1  to ! subsequ5t     
m>riage3 8,& aft] a "t he return$ to    
take h]10  ,judges xiv1 #h4 ,h5ce a     
consid]able "t int]v5$ betwe5 !         
esp\sals & _! actual union4 ,f ! "t ( ! 
esp\sals1 !  bridegroom 0 at lib]ty to  
visit 8 esp\s$ wife 9 ! h\se ( h]  fa!r2
 yet nei!r ( ! p>ties left _! own abode 
dur+ eight  days be=e ! m>riage2 b      
p]sons ( ! same age visit$ !            
bridegroom1 & made m]ry ) him4 ,^!      

circum/ances are di/9ctly  m>k$ 9 !     
acc\nt :i* ! sacr$ hi/orian has giv5 u (
  ,samson's m>riage3 8,s 8 fa!r w5t d[n 
unto ! woman1 & made  !re a fea/2 = s   
us$ ! "y m5 to d4 ,& x came to pass :5  
!y saw him1 t !y br\ght ?irty companions
 to be ) him10  ,judges xiv1 #aj4 ,^!   
companions 7 ! *ildr5 ( ! bride *amb]1  
( :om our ,"l speaks3 8,c ! *ildr5 ( !  
bride *amb] m\rn z  long z ! bridegroom 
is ) !m80 ,matt4 xix1 #ae4 ,! m>riage   
c]emony 0 commonly p]=m$ 9 a g>d51 or 9 
! op5 air2 !  bride 0 plac$ "u a canopy1
 support$ by f\r y\?s1 & adorn$  )      
jewels accord+ to ! rank ( ! m>ri$      
p]sons2 all !  company cry+ out ) joyful
 acclamations1 8,bless$ be he t  come?60
 ,x 0 anci5tly ! cu/om1 at ! conclusion 
( ! c]emony1  = ! fa!r & "m & k9dr$ ( ! 
woman1 to pray = a  bless+ ^u ! p>ties4 
,be?uel & ,laban1 & ! o!r memb]s (  _!  
family1 pron\nc$ a solemn b5$iction ^u  
,rebecca be=e h]  dep>ture3 8,& !y      
bless$ ,rebecca1 & said unto h]1 ,?\ art
 our  si/]1 be ?\ ! "m ( ?\s&s (        

millions2 & let ?y se$  possess ! gate (
 ^? t hate !m10 ,g54 xxiv1 #fj4 ,& 9    
times  long po/]ior to ! age ( ,isaac1  
:5 ,ru?1 ! ,moabitess1 0  esp\s$ to     
,boaz1 8all ! p t 7 9 ! gate1 & ! eld]s1
  said1 ,we are witnesses3 ! ,"l make ! 
woman t is come into ?9e  h\se l ,ra*el1
 & l ,leah1 :i* two did build ! h\se (  
,israel2 & d ?\ wor?ily 9 ,ephratah1 &  
be fam\s 9 ,be?lehem10  ,ru? iv1 #aa1   
#ab4 ,aft] ! b5$ictions1 ! bride is     
conduct$ )  great pomp to ! h\se ( h]   
husb&3 ?is is usually done 9 !  ev5+2 & 
z ! procession mov$ along1 money1       
sweetmeats1 fl[]s1  & o!r articles1 7   
?r[n among ! populace1 :i* !y caught 9  
clo?s made = su* occasions1 /ret*$ 9 a  
p>ticul> mann] ^u  frames4 ,! use (     
p]fumes at ea/]n m>riages is common2 &  
^u  great occasions v pr(use4    #c4 ,x 
0 ! cu/om among ! anci5t ,greeks1 & !   
nations ar\nd  !m1 to conduct !         
new-m>ri$ c\ple ) tor*es & lamps to _!  
dwell+2 z appe>s f ! mess5g] 9          
,euripides1 :o says he call$  to m9d !  

"t :5 he bore tor*es be=e ,m5elaus &    
,hel5a4 ,^!  tor*es 7 usually c>ri$ by  
s]vants2 & ! procession 0  sometimes    
att5d$ by s+]s & danc]s4 ,?us ,hom]1 9 8
  description ( ! %ield ( ,a*illes3--   
--     '   1           '  1   1         
4 4 4 4     ,il4 lib4 xviii1 l4 #dij4   
8,9 "o ( ! sculptur$ cities1 nuptials 7 
celebrat+1 & solemn  fea/s2 ?r\gh ! city
 !y conduct$ ! new-m>ri$ pair f _!      
*amb]s1 ) flam+ tor*es1 :ile frequ5t    
%\ts ( ,hym5 bur/  f ! att5d+ ?rong1 &  
"y m5 danc$ 9 skilful measures to  !    
s\nd ( ! pipe & ! h>p40    ,a simil>    
cu/om is obs]v$ among ! ,h9doos4 ,!     
husb& & wife1 on  ! day ( _! m>riage1   
be+ bo? 9 ! same palanqu91 g ab\t  sev5 
& eight o'clock at night1 accompani$ )  
all _! k9dr$ &  fri5ds2 ! trumpets &    
drums g be=e !m2 & !y are light$ by  a  
numb] ( flambeaux2 imm$iately be=e !    
palanqu9 walk _m wom51  ^: bus9ess x is 
to s+ v]ses1 9 :i* !y wi% !m all mann]  
( prosp]ity4 ,!y m>* 9 ?is equipage     
?r\gh ! /reets = !  space ( "s h\rs1    

aft] :i* !y return to _! own h\se1 :]e  
! dome/ics are 9 wait+4 ,! :ole h\se is 
illum9$ ) small  lamps2 & _m ( ^?       
flambeaux already m5tion$ are kept ready
 =  _! arrival1 beside ^? :i* accompany 
!m1 & are c>ri$ be=e  ! palanqu94 ,^!   
flambeaux are compos$ ( _m pieces ( old 
l951  squeez$ h>d aga9/ "o ano!r 9 a    
r\nd figure1 & ?ru/ d[n  into a m\ld (  
copp]4 ,! p]sons t hold !m 9 "o h& h 9  
! o!r a bottle ( ! same metal ) ! copp] 
m\ld1 :i* is  full ( oil1 :i* !y take   
c>e to p\r out f "t to "t ^u !  l951 :i*
 o!rwise gives no light4 ,! ,roman      
ladies also 7 l$  home to _! husb&s 9 ! 
ev5+ by ! light ( tor*es4 ,a ,jewi%     
m>riage seems to h be5 conduct$ 9 mu* ! 
same way2 = 9 t  beautiful psalm1 :]e   
,david describes ! maje/y ( ,*ri/'s     
k+dom1  we meet ) ?is passage3 8,& !    
daught] ( ,tyre %all be !re )  a gift2  
ev5 ! ri* among ! p %all entreat ?y     
fav\r4 ,!  k+'s daught] is all-glori\s  
)92 h] clo?+ is ( wr\ght gold4  ,%e %all
 be br\ght unto ! k+ 9 raim5t ( ne$le   

"w2 !  virg9s1 h] companions t foll[ h]1
 %all be br\ght unto !e4  ,) gladness & 
rejoic+ %all !y be br\ght3 !y %all ent] 
into  ! k+'s palace10 ,psalm xlv1 #ab1  
c4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! t5  virg9s1 ! same   
circum/ances are introduc$3 8,!y t 7    
fooli%  took _! lamps1 & took no oil )  
!m3 b ! wise took oil 9  _! vessels ) _!
 lamps4 ,:ile ! bridegroom t>ri$10 lead+
  ! procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city1 
! wom5 & dome/ics  t 7 appo9t$ to wait 8
 arrival at home1 8all slumb]$ &  slept4
 ,& at midnight !re 0 a cry made1       
,behold1 ! bridegroom  come?6 ,g ye out 
to meet him4 ,!n all ^? virg9s arose &  
trimm$  _! lamps4 ,& ! fooli% said unto 
! wise1 ,give u ( y\r oil2  = our lamps 
are gone out10 ,matt4 xxv1 #f4    ,!    
foll[+ extract f ,w>d's 8,view ( !      
,h9doos0 v /rik+ly  illu/rates ?is      
p>able3 8,at a m>riage1 ! procession (  
:i* ,i saw  "s ye>s ago1 ! bridegroom   
came f a di/ance1 & ! bride liv$  at    
,s]ampore1 to :i* place ! bridegroom 0  
to come by wat]4 ,aft]  wait+ two or    

?ree h\rs1 at l5g?1 ne> midnight1 x 0   
ann\nc$1  z if 9 ! v words ( ,scripture1
 #8,behold1 ! bridegroom come?6 ,g  ye  
out to meet him4' ,all ! p]sons employ$ 
n[ light$ _! lamps1  & ran ) !m 9 _! h&s
 to fill up _! /ations 9 !  procession2 
"s ( !m _h lo/ _! lights1 & 7 unprep>$2 
b  x 0 !n too late to seek !m1 & !      
cavalcade mov$ =w>d to  ! h\se ( !      
bride1 at :i* place ! company ent]$ a   
l>ge &  spl5didly illum9at$ area1 be=e !
 h\se cov]$ ) an awn+1  :]e a great     
multitude ( fri5ds dress$ 9 _! be/      
app>el 7  seat$ ^u mats4 ,! bridegroom 0
 c>ri$ 9 ! arms ( a fri5d1  & plac$ on a
 sup]b seat 9 ! mid/ ( ! company1 :]e he
 sat a  %ort "t1 & !n w5t into ! h\se1 !
 door ( :i* 0  imm$iately %ut1 & gu>d$  
by ,sepoys4 ,i & o!rs expo/ulat$ )  !   
door keep]s1 b 9 va940    #d4 ,b among !
 ,jews1 ! bridegroom 0 n always p]mitt$ 
to  accompany 8 bride f h] fa!r's h\se2 
an intimate fri5d 0  (t5 s5t to conduct 
h]1 :ile he rema9$ at home to receive h]
 9  8 ap>tm5t4 ,h] female att5dants _h !

 hon\r to introduce h]2  & :5ev] !y     
*ang$ ! bride's dress1 :i* is (t5 done1 
!y  pres5t$ h] to ! bridegroom4 ,x is ! 
cu/om1 & belongs to _!  ideas (         
magnific5ce1 frequ5tly to dress &       
undress ! bride1 & to  cause h] to we>  
on t same day all ! clo!s made up = h]  
nuptials4 ,^! circum/ances discov] ! =ce
 ( ,/4 ,john's language1  9 8 magnific5t
 description ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 h]     
mill5nial  /ate3 8,& ,i1 ,john1 saw !   
holy city1 ,new ,j]usalem1 com+ d[n f   
,god out ( heav51 prep>$ z a bride      
adorn$ = h] husb&10 ,rev4  xxi1 #b4     
#e4 ,^? t 7 invit$ to ! m>riage 7       
expect$ to appe> 9  _! be/ & gaye/      
attire4 ,if ! bridegroom 0 9            
circum/ances to  af=d x1 w$d+ g>m5ts 7  
prep>$ = all ! gue/s1 :i* 7  hung up 9 !
 ante*amb] = !m to put on ov] ! re/ ( _!
  clo!s1 z !y ent]$ ! ap>tm5ts :]e !    
m>riage fea/ 0  prep>$4 ,to refuse1 or  
ev5 to neglect1 putt+ on ! w$d+ g>m5t1  
0 reckon$ an insult to ! bridegroom2    
aggravat$ by ! circum/ance  t x 0       

provid$ by himself = ! v purpose ( be+  
worn on  t occasion1 & 0 hung up 9 ! way
 to ! inn] ap>tm5t1 t  ! gue/s mu/ h se5
 x1 & recollect$ ! design ( its         
susp5sion4 ,?is acc\nts = ! sev]ity ( ! 
s5t5ce pron\nc$ by  ! k+1 :o came 9 to  
see ! gue/s1 & f\nd among !m "o :o  _h  
neglect$ to put x on3 8,& he sai? unto  
him1 ,fri5d1 h[ came/  ?\ 9 hi!r1 n hav+
 a w$d+ g>m5t8 ,& he 0 spee*less10      
,matt4 xxii1 #aa1 because x 0 provid$ at
 ! exp5se ( !  ent]ta9]1 & plac$ full 9 
8 view4 8,!n said ! k+ to !  s]vants1   
,b9d him h& & foot1 & take him away1 &  
ca/ him into  out] d>kness3 !re %all be 
weep+ & gna%+ ( tee?40    ,! foll[+     
extract w %[ ! importance ( hav+ a      
suitable  g>m5t = a m>riage fea/1 & !   
(f5ce tak5 aga9/ ^? :o  refuse x :5     
pres5t$ z a gift4 8,! next day1 ,dec4   
#c;d1 ! k+  s5t to invite ! ambassadors 
to d9e ) him once m4 ,!  ,mehem&] told  
!m1 x 0 ! cu/om t !y %\ld we> ov] _!    
own clo!s ! be/ ( ^? g>m5ts :i* ! k+ _h 
s5t !m4 ,!  ambassadors at fir/ made "s 

scruple ( t compliance2 b :5 !y  7 told 
t x 0 a cu/om obs]v$ by all ambassadors1
 & t no  d\bt ! k+ w\ld take x v ill at 
_! h&s if !y pres5t$  !mselves be=e him 
)\t ! m>ks ( 8 lib]ality1 !y at la/     
resolv$ to d x2 &1 aft] _! example1 all 
! re/ ( !  ret9ue40    ,,bri]4 ,?is ^w  
occurs sev]al times 9 our translation ( 
! ,bible1  b ) v>i\s au?orities f !     
orig9al4 #a4 1 ,judges viii1  #g1 #af1  
is a p>ticul> k9d ( ?orn4 #b4 1 ,prov4  
xv1 #ai2 ,micah vii1  #d4 ,x seems h>dly
 possible to det]m9e :at k9d ( plant ?is
 is4  ,"s k9d ( tangl+ prickly %rub is  
und\bt$ly meant4 ,9 ! =m]  passage !re  
is a beautiful opposition1 :i* is lo/ 9 
our r5d]+3  8,! n>r[ way ( ! slo?ful is 
l a p]plex$ pa? among bri]s2  :]eas !   
broad road0 7else:]e r5d]$ causeway7 8( 
!  righte\s is a high bank20 t is1 free 
f ob/ructions1 direct1  conspicu\s1 &   
op54 ,! common c\rse ( life ( ^! two    
*>act]s  answ]s to ?is comp>ison4 ,_!   
mann] ( go+ ab\t bus9ess1 or (          
transact+ x1 answ]s to ?is4 ,an idle man

 always takes ! mo/  intricate1 ! mo/   
oblique1 & ev5tually ! mo/ ?orny1       
measures to  accompli% 8 purpose2 !     
hone/ & dilig5t man pref]s ! mo/  op5 & 
direct4 ,9 ,micah1 ! unju/ judge1 tak+  
bribes1 is a bri]1  hold+ e ?+ t comes  
)9 8 rea*1 hook+ all t he c  cat*4 #c4 1
 ,ezek4 ii1 #f4 ,?is ^w is translat$ by 
! ,septuag9t1  1 /ung by ! /rus1 or     
gadfly2 & !y use !  l ^w 9 ,hosea iv1   
#af1 :]e1 :at 9 our v]sion is 8a        
backslid+  heif]10 !y r5d] 8a heif] /ung
 by ! /rus40 ,^! co9cid5t  r5d]+s lead  
to ! belief t bo? places may be und]/ood
 ( "s  v5om\s insect4 ,! ^w  may lead u 
to s>ran1 by :i* !  ,arabs ?us describe 
8a great blui% fly1 hav+ gre5i% eyes1   
its tail  arm$ ) a pi]c]1 by :i* x pe/]s
 almo/ all horn$ cattle1  settl+ on _!  
heads1 c4 ,(t5 x creeps up ! noses (    
asses4 ,x  is a species ( gadfly2 b     
c>ry+ its /+ 9 its tail40 #d4 1  ,ezek4 
xxviii1 #bd1 & 1 ,ezek4 ii1 #f1 mu/ be  
class$ among ?orns4  ,! second ^w       
,p>khur/ supposes to be a k9d ( ?orn1   

ov]spread+  a l>ge surface ( gr\nd1 z ! 
dewbri]4 ,x is us$ 9 connection  ) 1    
:i*1 9 ,g54 iii1 #ah1 is r5d]$ ?orns4 ,!
 au?or (  8,scripture ,illu/rat$0       
qu]ies1 h[ev]1 :e!r1 z x is associat$  )
 8scorpions0 9 ,ezek4 ii1 #f1 bo? ?is ^w
 & s]ebim may n  mean "s species (      
v5om\s insects4 #e4 1 m5tion$ only 9    
,isaiah  lv1 #ac1 probably means a      
prickly plant2 b :at p>ticul> k9d x is  
impossible to det]m9e4 #f4 4 ,?is ^w is 
us$ only by ! ,prophet  ,isaiah1 & 9 !  
foll[+ places3 ,isa4 v1 #f2 vii1 #bc-be2
 ix1 #ag2 x1  #ag2 xxvii1 #d2 & xxxii1  
#ac4 ,x is probably a bri] ( a l[ k9d2  
su*  z ov]runs uncultivat$ l&s4         
,,brim/one1 1 ,g54 xix1 #bd2 ,deut4     
xxix1 #bc2 ,job xviii1 #ae2 ,psalm xi1  
#f2 ,isaiah xxx1 #cc2 xxxiv1 #i2 ,ezek4 
xxxviii1 #bb4 ,x is r5d]$  by  !        
,septuag9t1 & is s call$ 9 ,luke xvii1  
#bi4 ,fire & brim/one  are repres5t$ 9  
_m passages ( ,scripture z ! elem5ts by 
:i*  ,god puni%es ! wick$2 bo? 9 ?is    
life1 & ano!r4 ,!re is 9  ?is a manife/ 

allusion to ! ov]?r[ ( ! cities ( ! pla9
 (  ! ,jordan1 by %[]s ( ignit$ sulphur1
 to :i* ! physical  appe>ances ( !      
c\ntry be> witness to ?is day4 ,! soil  
is  bitum9\s1 & might be rais$ by       
eruptions into ! air1 & !n  inflam$ &   
return 9 horrid %[]s ( ov]:elm+ fire4   
,?is awful  cata/rophe1 !re=e1 /&s z a  
type ( ! f9al & et]nal  puni%m5t ( !    
wick$ 9 ano!r _w4 ,9 ,job4 xviii1 #ae1  
,bildad1  describ+ ! calamities :i*     
ov]take ! wick$ p]son1 says1  8,brim/one
 %all be scatt]$ ^u 8 habitation40 ,?is 
may be a  g5]al expression1 to designate
 any great de/ruction3 z t 9 ,psalm  xi1
 #f1 8,^u ! wick$ he %all ra9 fire &    
brim/one40 ,moses1 among  o!r calamities
 :i* he sets =? 9 case ( ! p's          
disob$i5ce1 ?reat5s !m ) ! fall (       
brim/one1 salt1 &  burn+ l ! ov]?r[ (   
,sodom1 c1 ,deut4 xxix1 #bc4 ,! ,prophet
  ,isaiah1 xxxiv1 #i1 writes t ! ang] ( 
! ,"l %all be %[n by  ! /reams ( ! l&   
be+ turn$ into pit*1 & ! du/ !re(  into 
brim/one4 ,see ,,dead ,,sea4    ,,brook 

is di/+ui%$ f a riv] by its fl[+ only at
 p>ticul>  times2 = example1 aft] great 
ra9s1 or ! melt+ ( ! sn[2  :]eas a riv] 
fl[s con/antly at all seasons4 ,h[ev]1  
?is  di/9ction is n always obs]v$ 9 !   
,scripture2 & "o is n  unfrequ5tly tak5 
= ! o!r1--! great riv]s1 su* z !        
,euphrates1 ! ,nile1 ! ,jordan1 & o!rs  
be+ call$ brooks4 ,?us  ! ,euphrates1   
,isaiah xv1 #g1 is call$ ! brook (      
will[s4 ,x is  obs]v$ t ! ,hebrew ^w1 1 
:i* signifies a brook1 is also  ! t]m = 
a valley1 :5ce ! "o is (t5 plac$ = !    
o!r1 9  diff]5t translations ( !        
,scriptures4 ,to deal deceitfully 8z a  
brook10 & to 8pass away z ! /ream !re(10
 is to deceive our  fri5d :5 he mo/ ne$s
 & expects our help & com=t1 ,job vi1   
#ae2  because brooks1 be+ tempor>y      
/reams1 are dri$ up 9 ! heats (  summ]1 
:5 ! travell] mo/ ne$s a supply ( wat]  
on 8 j\rney4    ,,bro!r4 #a4 ,a bro!r by
 ! same "m1 a ut]9e bro!r1 ,matt4 iv1   
#ba2 xx1 #bj4 #b4 ,a bro!r1 ?\gh n by ! 
same "m1 ,matt4 i1 #b4 #c4  ,a ne>      

k9sman1 a c\s91 ,matt4 xiii1 #ee2 ,m>k  
vi1 #c4 ,obs]ve1 t 9  ,matt4 xiii1 #ee1 
,james1 & ,joses1 & ,judas1 are call$ ! 
1  bre?r51 ( ,*ri/1 b 7 mo/ probably    
only 8 c\s9s by 8  "m's side2 = ,james &
 ,joses 7 ! sons ( ,m>y1 ,matt4 xxvii1  
#ef2 & ,james & ,judas1 ! sons (        
,alpheus1 ,luke vi1 #ae1 #af2 :i*       
,alpheus is !re=e probably ! same )     
,cleopas1 ! husb& (  ,m>y1 si/] to our  
,"l's "m1 ,john xix1 #be4    ,,buckl]4  
,see ,,arms4    ,,build4 ,beside ! prop]
 & lit]al signification ( ?is ^w1 x is  
us$ ) ref]5ce to *ildr5 & a num]\s      
po/]ity4 ,s>ah desires  ,abraham to take
 ,hag> to wife1 t by h] %e may be build$
 up1 t  is1 h *ildr5 to uphold h]       
family1 ,g54 xvi1 #b4 ,! midwives :o    
refus$ ob$i5ce to ,ph>aoh's ord]s1 :5 he
 comm&$ !m to put to  dea? all ! male   
*ildr5 ( ! ,hebrews1 7 rew>d$ = x2 ,god 
built !m h\ses1 t is1 he gave !m a      
num]\s po/]ity4 ,!  ,prophet ,na?an     
tells ,david t ,god w\ld build 8 h\se2 t
 is1 give  him *ildr5 & successors1 #b  

,sam4 vii1 #bg4 ,moses1 speak+ ( !      
=mation ( ! fir/ woman1 says1 ,god built
 h] ) ! rib ( ,adam1  ,g54 ii1 #bb4     
,,bul1 ! eigh? mon? ( ! ecclesia/ical   
ye> ( ! ,jews1 & !  second mon? ( !     
civil ye>4 ,x answ]s to ,octob]1 &      
consi/s (  tw5ty-n9e days4 ,on ! six?   
day ( ?is mon? ! ,jews fa/$1  because on
 t day ,nebu*adnezz> put to dea? !      
*ildr5 ( ,z$ekiah  9 ! pres5ce ( _!     
unhappy fa!r1 ^: eyes1 aft] !y _h be5   
witnesses ( ?is sad spectacle1 he ord]$ 
to be put out1 #b ,k+s xxv1  #g4 ,we f9d
 ! "n ( ?is mon? m5tion$ 9 ,scripture b 
once1 #a  ,k+s vi1 #ch4    ,,bull1 !    
male ( ! beeve k9d2 & x is to be        
recollect$ t !  ,hebrews nev] ca/rat$   
animals4 ,!re are sev]al words translat$
  8bull0 9 ,scripture1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is
 a li/1 ) ! mean+  ( ea*3 1 a bove1 or  
c[1 ( any age4 1 ! wild bull1 oryx1 or  
buffalo1 occurs only ,deut4 xiv1 #e2 & 9
 ,isaiah li1 #bj1 1 ) !  int]*ange ( !  
two la/ lett]s4 1 a ^w imply+ /r5g?1    
translat$ 8bulls10 ,psalm xxii1 #ab2 l1 

#ac2 lxviii1 #cj2 ,isaiah xxxiv1 #g2    
,j]4 xlvi1 #ae4 1 h]ds1 horn$ cattle (  
full age4 1 a full gr[n  bull1 or c[1   
fit = propagat+4 1 a full gr[n1 plump "y
 bull2  & 9 ! fem99e1 a heif]4 1 ,*aldee
 taur1 & ,lat9 taurus2  ! ox accu/om$ to
 ! yoke3 occurs only 9 ,ezra vi1 #i1    
#ag2 vii1 #ag2  ,dan4 iv1 #be1 #cb1 #cc2
 xxii1 #bi1 #cj4    ,?is animal 0 reput$
 by ! ,hebrews to be clean1 & 0 g5]ally 
made use ( by !m = sacrifices4 ,!       
,egyptians _h a p>ticul>  v5]ation = x1 
& paid div9e hon\rs to x2 & ! ,jews     
imitat$  !m 9 ! wor%ip ( ! gold5 calves 
or bulls1 9 ! wild]ness1  & 9 ! k+dom ( 
,israel4 ,! wild bull is f\nd 9 !       
,syrian &  ,arabian des]ts4 ,x is       
frequ5tly m5tion$ by ! ,arabian poets1  
:o  are copi\s 9 _! descriptions ( hunt+
 x1 & borr[ _m images  f its beauty1    
/r5g?1 swiftness1 & ! l(t9ess ( its     
horns4  ,!y repres5t x z fi]ce &        
untamable2 z be+ :ite on ! back1  & hav+
 l>ge %9+ eyes4 ,bulls1 9 a figurative &
 allegorical  s5se1 are tak5 = p[]ful1  

fi]ce1 & insol5t enemies1 ,psalm xxii1  
#ab2 lxviii1 #cj4    ,,bulru%1 1 ,exodus
 ii1 #c2 ,job viii1 #aa2 ,isaiah xviii1 
#b2 xxxv1 #g4 ,a  plant gr[+ on ! banks 
( ! ,nile1 & 9 m>%y gr\nds4 ,! /alk     
rises to ! height ( six or sev5 cubits1 
beside two "u wat]4 ,?is  /alk is       
triangul>1 & t]m9ates 9 a cr[n ( small  
filam5ts  resembl+ hair1 :i* ! anci5ts  
us$ to comp>e to a ?yrsus4 ,?is  re$1 ! 
,cyp]us papyrus ( ,l9nu1 commonly call$ 
8! ,egyptian  re$10 0 ( ! greate/ use to
 ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry :]e  x grew2 !
 pi? conta9$ 9 ! /ock s]v$ !m = food1 & 
!  woody "p = build+ vessels1 figures ( 
:i* are to be se5 on !  engrav5 /ones & 
o!r monum5ts ( ,egyptian antiquity4 ,=  
?is  purpose !y made x up1 l ru%es1 into
 bundles2 &1 by ty+ ^!  bundles toge!r1 
gave _! vessels ! necess>y %ape &       
solidity4  8,! vessels ( bulru%es10 or  
papyrus1 8t are m5tion$ 9 sacr$  &      
pr(ane hi/ory10 says ,dr4 ,%aw1 87 no   
o!r ?an l>ge fabrics  ( ! same k9d ) t (
 ,moses1 ,exodus ii1 #c2 :i*1 f ! late  

introduction ( plank & /rong] mat]ials1 
are n[ laid aside40 ,?us  ,pl9y takes   
notice ( ! 8naves papyraceas armam5taque
 ,nili10 8%ips  made ( papyrus1 & !     
equipm5ts ( ! ,nile20 & he obs]ves1 8ex 
ips quidem papyro navigia texunt10 8( ! 
papyrus itself !y  con/ruct sail+       
vessels40 ,h]odotus & ,diodorus h       
record$ !  same fact2 & among ! poets1  
,lucan1 8,cons]itur bibul ,memphitis    
cymba papyro10 8! ,memphian0 or         
,egyptian boat is made ( ! ?ir/y        
papyrus2 :]e ! epi!t bibul1 8dr9k+10    
8soak+10 8?ir/y10  is p>ticul>ly        
rem>kable1 z correspond+ ) great        
exactness to !  nature ( ! plant1 & to  
its ,hebrew "n1 :i* signifies to soak   
or dr9k up4 ,^! vegetables require mu*  
wat] = _! gr[?2  :51 !re=e1 ! riv] on ^:
 banks !y grew 0 r$uc$1 !y  p]i%$ soon] 
?an o!r plants4 ,?is expla9s ,job viii1 
#aa1 :]e !  circum/ance is ref]r$ to z  
an image ( transi5t prosp]ity3 8,c  !   
flag gr[ )\t wat]8 ,:il/ x is yet 9 its 
gre5ness1 & n  cut d[n1 x )]e? be=e any 

o!r h]b40    ,,burial1 ! int]m5t ( a    
deceas$ p]son2 an (fice held s sacr$1  t
 !y :o neglect$ x h 9 all nations be5   
held 9 abhorr5ce4  ,z soon z ! la/ brea?
 _h fl$1 ! ne>e/ relation1 or !  de>e/  
fri5d1 gave ! lifeless body ! p>t+ kiss1
 ! la/  f>ewell & sign ( affection to ! 
dep>t$ relative4 ,?is 0 a  cu/om (      
immemorial antiquity2 = ! patri>* ,jacob
 _h no soon]  yield$ up 8 _s1 ?an 8     
belov$ ,joseph1 claim+ = once !  "r ( ! 
fir/-born1 8fell ^u 8 face & kiss$ him40
 ,x is  probable he fir/ clos$ 8 eyes1 z
 ,god _h promis$ he %\ld d3  8,joseph   
%all put 8 h&s ^u ?9e eyes40 ,! p>t+    
kiss be+  giv51 ! company r5t _! clo!s1 
:i* 0 a cu/om ( great  antiquity1 & !   
highe/ expression ( grief 9 ! primitive 
ages4  ,?is c]emony 0 nev] omitt$ by !  
,hebrews :5 any m\rnful ev5t  happ5$1 & 
0 p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 !y took a     
knife1  & hold+ ! blade d[nw>d1 gave !  
upp] g>m5t a cut 9 !  "r side1 & r5t x a
 h&'s bread?4 ,= v ne> relations1 all  !
 g>m5ts are r5t on ! "r side4 ,aft]     

clos+ ! eyes1 !  next c>e 0 to b9d up ! 
face1 :i* x 0 no m lawful to  behold4 ,!
 next c>e ( surviv+ fri5ds 0 to wa% !   
body1  probably1 t ! o9tm5ts & p]fumes )
 :i* x 0 to be  wrapp$ up1 might ent] m 
easily into ! pores1 :5 op5$ by w>m     
wat]4 ,?is ablution1 :i* 0 always e/eem$
 an act ( great *>ity  & devotion1 0    
p]=m$ by wom54 ,?us ! body ( ,dorcas 0  
wa%$1 & laid 9 an upp] room1 till !     
arrival ( ! ,apo/le  ,pet]1 9 ! hope t 8
 pray]s might re/ore h] to life4 ,aft] !
  body 0 wa%$1 x 0 %r\d$1 & swa!d ) a   
l95 clo?1  al?\gh 9 mo/ places1 !y only 
put on a pair ( draw]s & a :ite  tunic2 
& ! head 0 b\nd ab\t ) a napk94 ,su* 7 !
 napk9  & grave clo!s 9 :i* ! ,savi\r 0 
buri$4    #b4 ,! body 0 sometimes       
embalm$1 :i* 0 p]=m$ by ! ,egyptians    
aft] ! foll[+ me?od3 ! bra9 0 remov$ ) a
 b5t iron1 &  ! vacuity fill$ up )      
m$icam5ts2 ! b[els 7 also drawn out1  & 
! trunk be+ /uff$ ) myrrh1 cassia1 & o!r
 spices1 except  frank9c5se1 :i* 7 prop]
 to exsiccate ! hum\rs1 x 0 pickl$  9   

nitre1 9 :i* x lay = sev5ty days4 ,aft] 
?is p]iod1 x 0  wrapp$ 9 b&ages ( f9e   
l95 & gums1 to make x adh]e2 & 0  !n    
deliv]$ to ! relations ( ! deceas$      
entire2 all its  features1 & ! v hairs (
 ! eyelids1 be+ pres]v$4 ,9 ?is  mann] 7
 ! k+s ( ,judah embalm$ = _m ages4 ,b :5
 !  fun]al obsequies 7 n long delay$1 !y
 us$ ano!r k9d (  embalm+4 ,!y wrapp$ up
 ! body ) sweet spices & od\rs1  )\t    
extract+ ! bra91 or remov+ ! b[els4 ,?is
 is ! way 9  :i* x 0 propos$ to embalm !
 lifeless body ( our ,savi\r2 :i*  0    
prev5t$ by 8 resurrection4 ,! mean] sort
 ( p seem to  h be5 int]r$ 9 _! grave   
clo!s1 )\t a c(f94 ,9 ?is  mann] 0 !    
sacr$ body ( our ,"l committ$ to ! tomb4
 ,! body  0 sometimes plac$ ^u a bi]1   
:i* bore "s resemblance to a  c(f9 or   
b$1 9 ord] to be c>ri$ out to burial4   
,^u "o ( ^!  0 c>ri$ =? ! wid['s son (  
,na91 :om our compassionate ,"l  rais$  
to life1 & re/or$ to 8 "m4 ,we are in=m$
 9 !  hi/ory ( ! k+s ( ,judah1 t1 ,asa  
be+ dead1 !y laid him 9  ! b$1 or bi]1  

:i* 0 fill$ ) sweet od\rs4 ,josephus1 ! 
,jewi% hi/orian1 describ+ ! fun]al (    
,h]od ! ,great1 says1 ,8  b$ 0 adorn$ ) 
preci\s /ones2 8 body re/$ "u a purple  
cov]+2 he _h a diadem & a cr[n ( gold ^u
 8 head1 a sceptre  9 8 h&2 & all 8 h\se
 foll[$ ! b$4 ,! bi] us$ by !  ,turks at
 ,aleppo is a k9d ( c(f91 mu* 9 ! =m (  
ours1 only !  lid rises ) a l$ge 9 !    
middle4    #c4 ,! ,israelites committ$ !
 dead to _! native du/2 & f !           
,egyptians1 probably1 borr[$ ! practice 
( burn+ _m spices at  _! fun]als4 8,!y  
buri$ ,asa 9 8 own sepul*res1 :i* he    
made  = himself 9 ! city ( ,david1 &    
laid him 9 ! b$ :i* 0  fill$ ) sweet    
od\rs1 & div]s k9ds ( spices1 prep>$ by 
!  apo!c>ies' art2 & !y made a v great  
burn+ = him10 #b ,*ron4  xvi1 #ad4 ,?us 
! ,old ,te/am5t hi/orian entirely       
ju/ifies ! acc\nt  :i* ! ,evangeli/     
gives1 ( ! quantity ( spices ) :i* !    
sacr$ body ( ,*ri/ 0 swa!d4 ,! ,jews    
object to ! quantity us$  on t occasion1
 z unnecess>ily pr(use1 & ev5 incr$ible2

 b x  appe>s f _! own writ+s1 t spices 7
 us$ at su* times 9  great abundance4 ,9
 ! ,talmud x is said1 t no less ?an     
eighty  p\nds ( spices 7 consum$ at !   
fun]al ( rabbi ,gamaliel !  eld]4 ,& at 
! fun]al ( ,h]od1 if we may believe !   
acc\nt (  _! mo/ celebrat$ hi/orian1 !  
procession 0 foll[$ by five  hundr$ ( 8 
dome/ics c>ry+ spices4 ,:y !n %\ld x be 
reckon$  incr$ible1 t ,nicodemus br\ght 
( myrrh & aloes ab\t a hundr$  p\nds'   
weight1 to embalm ! body ( ,jesus8      
#d4 ,! fun]al procession 0 att5d$ by    
pr(essional m\rn]s1  em95tly skill$ 9 ! 
art ( lam5tation1 :om ! fri5ds &        
relations ( ! deceas$ hir$1 to assi/ !m 
9 express+ _!  sorr[4 ,!y began !       
c]emony ) ! /ridul\s voices ( old wom51 
:o /rove1 by _! doleful modulations1 to 
extort grief f ^?  t 7 pres5t4 ,! *ildr5
 9 ! /reets ?r\gh :i* !y  pass$1 (t5    
susp5d$ _! sports1 to imitate ! s\nds1 &
 jo9$  ) equal s9c]ity 9 ! lam5tations4 
8,b :]eunto %all ,i lik5  ?is g5]ation8 
,x is l unto *ildr5 sitt+ 9 ! m>kets1 & 

call+ unto _! fell[s1 & say+1 ,we h     
m\rn$ unto y1 & ye  h n lam5t$10 ,matt4 
ix1 #ag4 ,music 0 aft]w>d introduc$ to  
aid  ! voices ( ! m\rn]s3 ! trumpet 0   
us$ at ! fun]als ( !  great1 & ! small  
pipe or flute = ^? ( mean] condition4   
,hir$  m\rn]s 7 9 use among ! ,greeks z 
e>ly z ! ,trojan w>1 &  probably 9 ages 
long be=e2 = 9 ,hom]1 a *oir ( m\rn]s 7 
plant$ ar\nd ! c\* on :i* ! body (      
,hector 0 laid out1 :o  sung 8 fun]al   
dirge ) _m sighs & te>s3--              
'    1                  1  '  1         
4 4 4 4    ,il4 lib4 xxiv1 l4 #gbj4     
8,a melan*oly *oir att5d ar\nd1         
,) pla9tive sighs & music's solemn s\nd2
            ,alt]nately !y s+1 alt]nate 
fl[            ,! ob$i5t te>s1 melodi\s 
9 _! wo40   ,,pope4    ,9 ,egypt1 ! l[] 
class ( p call 9 wom5 :o play on !      
tabor2  & ^: bus9ess x is1 l ! hir$     
m\rn]s 9 o!r c\ntries1 to  s+ elegiac   
airs to ! s\nd ( t in/rum5t1 :i* !y     
accompany  ) ! mo/ frightful di/ortions 
( _! limbs4 ,^! wom5 att5d  ! corpse to 

! grave1 int]mix$ ) ! female relations &
  fri5ds ( ! deceas$1 :o commonly h _!  
hair 9 ! utmo/  disord]2 _! heads cov]$ 
) du/2 _! faces daub$ ) indigo1  or at  
lea/ rubb$ ) mud2 & h[l+ l maniacs4 ,su*
 7 !  m9/rels :om our ,"l f\nd 9 ! h\se 
( ,jairus1 mak+ s great a  noise r\nd ! 
b$ on :i* ! dead body ( 8 daught] lay4  
,!  noise & tumult ( ^! reta9$ m\rn]s1 &
 ! o!r att5dants1  appe> to h begun     
imm$iately aft] ! p]son expir$4 ,x is   
evid5t  t ?is sort ( m\rn+ & lam5tation 
0 a k9d ( art among !  ,jews3 8,wail+   
%all be 9 ! /reets2 & !y %all call su* z
 are  skilful ( lam5tation to wail10    
,amos v1 #af4 ,m\rn]s are /ill hir$ at  
! obsequies ( ,h9doos & ,mohamm$ans1 z 9
 =m] times4 ,to !  dreadful noise &     
tumult ( ! hir$ m\rn]s1 ! foll[+ passage
  ( ,j]emiah indisputably ref]s2 & %[s !
 cu/om to be d]iv$ f  a v remote        
antiquity3 8,call = ! m\rn+ wom5 t !y   
may  come2 & s5d = cunn+ wom51 t !y may 
come1 & let !m make  ha/e1 & take up a  
wail+ = u1 t our eyes may run d[n )     

te>s1 & our eyelids gu% out ) wat]s10   
,j]4 ix1 #ag4 ,! fun]al  processions ( !
 ,jews 9 ,b>b>y are conduct$ ne>ly 9 !  
same  mann] z ^? 9 ,syria4 ,! corpse is 
borne by f\r to ! place (  burial3 9 !  
fir/ rank m>* ! prie/s1 next to !m !    
k9dr$ (  ! deceas$2 aft] :om come ^? t  
are invit$ to ! fun]al2 &  all s++ 9 a  
sort ( pla9 song1 ! =ty-n9? ,psalm4     
,h5ce !  ,prophet1 ,amos viii1 #c1 w>ns 
8 p t public calamities 7  approa*+1 s  
num]\s & sev]e1 z %\ld make !m =get !   
usual rites ( burial1 & ev5 to s+ "o ( !
 songs ( ,zion ov]  ! du/ ( a dep>t$    
relative4 ,?is appe>s to be confirm$ by 
a  pr$iction 9 ! eigh? *apt]3 8,& !     
songs ( ! temple %all be  h[l+s 9 t day1
 sai? ! ,"l ,god2 !re %all be _m dead   
bodies 9 e place2 !y %all ca/ !m =? )   
sil5ce20 !y  %all h none to lam5t &     
bewail2 none to bl[ ! fun]al trump or   
t\* ! pipe & tabor2 none to s+ !        
pla9tive dirge1 or express  _! hope ( a 
bless$ resurrection1 9 ! /ra9s (        
inspiration4 ,all  %all be sil5t        

despair4 ,see ,,sepul*res4    ,,bu%4 4  
,?is ^w occurs 9 ,exod4 iii1 #b1 #d1 &  
,deut4 xxxiii1 #af1 z  ! "n ( ! bu% 9   
:i* ,god appe>$ to ,moses4 ,if x be !   
m5tion$ by ,dioscorides1 x is ! :ite    
?orn4 ,celsius calls x !  rubus         
fructicosus4 ,! numb] ( ^! bu%es 9 ?is  
region seems to  h giv5 ! "n to ! m\nta9
 ,s9ai4 ,! ^w 1 f\nd only  9 ,isa4 vii1 
#ai1 & !re r5d]$ 8bu%es10 means fruitful
 pa/ures4    ,,butt] is tak5 9          
,scripture1 z x has be5 almo/ p]petually
 9 !  ea/1 = cream or liquid butt]1     
,prov4 xxx1 #cc2 #b ,sam4 xvii1 #bi4 ,! 
anci5t way ( mak+ butt] 9 ,arabia &     
,pale/9e 0 probably ne>ly  ! same z is  
/ill practis$ by ! ,b$[e5 ,arabs1 &     
,moors 9  ,b>b>y1 & :i* is ?us describ$ 
by ,dr4 ,%aw3 8,_! me?od (  mak+ butt]  
is by putt+ ! milk or cream into a      
goat's sk9 turn$  inside out1 :i* !y    
susp5d f "o side ( ! t5t to ! o!r2  & !n
 press+ x to & fro 9 "o uni=m direction1
 !y quickly  sep>ate ! uncti\s & :eyey  
p>ts4 ,9 ! ,levant !y tread ^u  ! sk9 ) 

_! feet1 :i* produces ! same effect40 ,!
 la/  me?od ( sep>at+ ! butt] f ! milk1 
p]haps may ?r[ light  ^u a passage 9    
,job ( "s difficulty3 8,:5 ,i wa%$ my   
/eps )  butt]1 & ! rock p\r$ me out     
riv]s ( oil10 ,job xxxi1 #f4 ,!  me?od (
 mak+ butt] 9 ! ea/ illu/rates ! conduct
 ( ,jael1 !  wife ( ,heb]1 describ$ 9 ! 
book ( ,judges3 8,& ,sis]a said unto    
h]1 ,give me1 ,i pray !e1 a little wat] 
to dr9k1 = ,i am ?ir/y3  & %e op5$ a    
bottle ( milk1 & gave him dr9k & cov]$  
him40 ,9  ! ,song ( ,deborah1 ! /atem5t 
is repeat$3 8,he ask$ wat]1 & %e  gave  
him milk2 %e br\ght =? butt] 9 a lordly 
di%10 ,judges iv1  #ai2 v1 #be4 ,! ^w 1 
:i* our translators r5d]$ butt]1        
prop]ly signifies cream2 :i* is         
und\bt$ly ! mean+ ( x 9  ?is passage3 = 
,sis]a compla9$ ( ?ir/1 & ask$ a little 
wat]  to qu5* x2--a purpose to :i* butt]
 is b little adapt$4 ,mr4  ,h>m]1 inde$1
 urges ! same objection to cream1 :i*1  
he cont5ds1  few p w\ld ?9k a v prop]   
bev]age = "o t 0 extremely  ?ir/y2 &    

concludes t x mu/ h be5 butt]-milk :i*  
,jael1  :o _h j be5 *urn+1 gave to      
,sis]a4 ,b ! op9ion ( ,dr4  ,russel is  
pref]able1--t ! hemah ( ! ,scriptures is
 probably  ! same z ! haymak ( ! ,arabs1
 :i* is n1 z ,h>m] suppos$1  simple     
cream1 b cream produc$ by simm]+ fre%   
%eep's milk =  "s h\rs ov] a sl[ fire4  
,x c\ld n be butt] newly *urn$1 :i*     
,jael pres5t$ to ,sis]a1 because ! ,arab
 butt] is apt to be f\l1 &  is commonly 
pass$ ?r\gh a /ra9] be=e x is us$3 &    
,russel  decl>es1 he nev] saw butt] (f]$
 to a /rang]1 b always  haymak2 nor did 
he ev] obs]ve ! ori5tals dr9k           
butt]-milk1 b  always leban1 :i* is     
coagulat$ s\r milk1 dilut$ ) wat]4 ,x  0
 leban1 !re=e1 :i* ,pococke mi/ook =    
butt]-milk1 )  :i* ! ,arabs treat$ him 9
 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,a simil> conclusion may  
be drawn conc]n+ ! butt] & milk :i* !   
wife ( ,heb]  pres5t$ to ,sis]a3 !y 7   
=c$ cream or haymak1 & leban1 or        
coagulat$ s\r milk1 dilut$ ) wat]1 :i*  
is a common &  refre%+ bev]age 9 ^?     

sultry regions4 ,9 ,isaiah vii1 #ae1    
butt]  & honey are m5tion$ z food :i*1 9
 ,egypt & o!r places 9 !  ea/1 is 9 use 
to ?is day4 ,! butt] & honey are mix$1 &
 !  bread is !n dipp$ 9 x4    ,,byssus4 
,by ?is ^w we g5]ally und]/& t f9e      
,egyptian l95 (  :i* ! prie/s' tunics 7 
made4 ,b we mu/ di/+ui% ?ree k9ds  (    
commodities1 :i* are g5]ally compreh5d$ 
"u ! "n (  l953 #a4 ,! ,hebrew 1 :i*    
signifies l953 #b4 1 :i*  signifies     
cotton3 #c4 1 :i* is commonly call$     
bussus1 & is  ! silk gr[+ f a c]ta9 %ell
 fi%1 call$ p9na4 ,we d n  f9d ! "n butz
 9 ! text ( ,moses1 ?\gh ! ,greek &     
,lat9  use ! ^w byssus1 to signify ! f9e
 l95 ( c]ta9 habits  belong+ to !       
prie/s4 ,! ^w butz occurs only 9 #a     
,*ron4 xv1  #bg2 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #af2     
,e/h] i1 #f4 ,9 ! ,*ronicles we see     
,david dress$  9 a mantle ( butz1 ) !   
s+]s & ,levites4 ,solomon us$ butz  9 ! 
veils ( ! temple & sanctu>y4 ,ahasu]us's
 t5ts 7 upheld  by cords ( butz2 &      
,mordecai 0 clo!d ) a mantle ( purple & 

butz1 :5 k+ ,ahasu]us hon\r$ him ) !    
fir/ employm5t 9  8 k+dom4 ,la/ly1 x is 
obs]v$ t !re 0 a manufacture (  butz 9 !
 city ( ,be]%eba1 9 ,pale/9e4 ,?is butz 
mu/ h  be5 diff]5t f common l951 s9ce 9 
! same place :]e x is  said1 ,david wore
 a mantle ( byssus1 we read likewise t  
he _h on a  l95 ephod4      ,,cab1 or   
,,kab1 a ,hebrew measure1 conta9+ ?ree  
p9ts "o-?ird ( our  w9e measure1 or two 
p9ts five-six?s ( our corn measure4     
,,cabbala1 a my/]i\s k9d ( sci5ce1      
deliv]$ to ! anci5t ,jews1 z  !y pret5d1
 by revelation1 & transmitt$ by oral    
tradition to ^?  ( our times2 s]v+ = !  
int]pretation ( ! books bo? ( nature  & 
,scripture4 ,! ^w is v>i\sly writt51 z  
,cabala1 ,caballa1  ,kabbala1 ,kabala1  
,cabali/ica1 ,ars ,cabala1 & ,gaballa4  
,x is  orig9ally ,hebrew1 1 & prop]ly   
signifies reception2 =m$ f  ! v]b 1 to  
receive by tradition1 or f fa!r to son2 
especially 9 ! ,*aldee & ,rabb9ical     
,hebrew4 ,cabbala1 !n1  prim>ily d5otes 
any s5tim5t1 op9ion1 usage1 or          

explication (  ,scripture1 transmitt$ f 
fa!r to son4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w  cabbala  
is n only appli$ to ! :ole art1 b also  
to ea*  op]ation p]=m$ accord+ to !     
rules ( t art4 ,?us x is1  rabbi ,jacob 
,b5 ,as*]1 surnam$ ,baal-,hatturim1 is  
said to h compil$  mo/ ( ! cabbalas     
inv5t$ on ! books ( ,moses be=e 8 "t4 ,z
  to ! orig9 ( ! cabbala1 ! ,jews relate
 _m m>vell\s tales4  ,!y d]ive ! my/]ies
 conta9$ 9 x f ,adam2 & ass]t1 t  :il/ !
 fir/ man 0 9 p>adise1 ! angel ,raphael 
br\ght him a  book f heav51 :i* conta9$ 
! doctr9es ( heav5ly wisdom2 &  t :5    
,adam receiv$ ?is book1 angels came d[n 
f heav5 to le>n  its cont5ts2 b t he    
refus$ to admit !m to ! k (  sacr$ ?+s1 
intru/$ to himself alone3 t1 aft] !     
fall1 ?is  book 0 tak5 back into heav52 
t1 aft] _m pray]s & te>s1 ,god  re/or$ x
 to ,adam2 & t x pass$ f ,adam to ,se?4 
,! ,jewi%  fables f>!r relate1 t ! book 
be+ lo/1 & ! my/]ies  conta9$ 9 x almo/ 
=gott51 9 ! deg5]ate age prec$+ !       
flood1 !y 7 re/or$ by special revelation

 to ,abraham1 :o  transmitt$ !m to writ+
 9 ! book 8,jezirah20 & t !  revelation 
0 r5ew$ to ,moses1 :o receiv$ a         
tradition>y &  my/ical1 z well z a      
writt5 & preceptive1 law f ,god4        
,accord+ly1 ! ,jews believe t ,god gave 
to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 n  only ! law1
 b also ! explication ( t law2 & t      
,moses1  aft] 8 com+ d[n1 retir+ to 8   
t5t1 rehe>s$ to ,a>on bo? !  "o & ! o!r4
 ,:5 he _h done1 ! sons ( ,a>on1 ,eleaz>
 &  ,i?am>1 7 introduc$ to a second     
rehe>sal4 ,?is be+ ov]1 !  sev5ty eld]s 
t compos$ ! sanh$rim 7 admitt$2 &1      
la/ly1  ! p1 z _m z pleas$2 to all ( :om
 ,moses aga9 repeat$ bo?  ! law &       
explanation1 z he receiv$ !m f ,god3 s t
 ,a>on  he>d x f\r times1 8 sons ?rice1 
! eld]s twice1 & ! p  once4 ,n[1 ( ! two
 ?+s :i* ,moses taught !m1 ! laws & !   
explanation1 only ! fir/ 7 committ$ to  
writ+2 :i* is :at we  h 9 ,exodus1      
,leviticus1 & ,numb]s4 ,z to ! second1  
or !  explication ( ^? laws1 !y 7       
cont5t$ to impress x well 9  _! memory1 

to tea* x _! *ildr52 !y to !irs1 c4     
,h5ce !  fir/ "p !y call simply ! law1  
or ! writt5 law2 ! second1 !  oral law1 
or cabbala4 ,su* is ! orig9al notion ( !
 cabbala4    #b4 ,! cabbala be+ aga9 lo/
 amid/ ! calamities ( ! ,babyloni%      
captivity1 0 once m reveal$ to ,esdras2 
& x is said to h be5  pres]v$ 9 ,egypt1 
& transmitt$ to po/]ity ?r\gh ! h&s (   
,simeon ,b5 ,seta*1 ,elkanah1 ,akibha1  
,simeon ,b5 ,jo*ai1 & o!rs4 ,!  only    
w>rantable inf]5ce f ^! acc\nts1 :i* be>
 ! obvi\s  m>ks ( fiction1 is1 t !      
cabbali/ic doctr9e obta9$ e>ly  cr$it   
among ! ,jews z a "p ( _! sacr$         
tradition1 & 0  transmitt$1 "u ?is      
notion1 by ! ,jews 9 ,egypt to _! bre?r5
  9 ,pale/9e4 ,"u ! sanction ( anci5t   
names1 _m fictiti\s  writ+s 7 produc$1  
:i* greatly contribut$ to ! spread+ (   
?is my/ical sy/em4 ,among ^! 7 8,seph]  
,happeliah10 or ! book  ( wond]s2       
8,seph] ,hakkaneh10 or ! book ( ! p52 & 
8,seph]  ,habbahir10 or ! book ( light4 
,! fir/ unfolds _m doctr9es said  to h  

be5 deliv]$ by ,elias to ! rabbi        
,elkanah2 ! second  conta9s my/ical     
comm5t>ies on ! div9e comm&s2 & ! ?ird  
illu/rates ! mo/ sublime my/]ies4 ,among
 ! pr(\nd doctors :o1  beside ! /udy (  
tradition1 cultivat$ ) great indu/ry !  
cabbali/ic philosophy1 ! mo/ celebrat$  
p]sons are ! rabbis  ,akibba1 :o liv$   
soon aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 &   
,simeon  ,b5 ,jo*ai1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 !     
second c5tury4 ,to ! =m] is  ascrib$ !  
book entitl$ 8,jezirah10 conc]n+ !      
creation2 & to  ! latt]1 ! book 8,soh>10
 or brightness2 & ^! are ! pr9cipal     
s\rces f :i* we d]ive our k ( ! cabbala4
    #c4 ,t ?is sy/em ( ! cabbali/ic     
philosophy1 :i* we may consid]  z !     
acroamatic1 esot]ic1 or conceal$ doctr9e
 ( ! ,jews1 by way  ( contradi/9ction f 
! exoretic or popul> doctr9e1 0 n (     
,hebrew orig91 we may conclude ) a v    
great degree ( probability1  f ! total  
dissimil>ity ( its ab/ruse & my/]i\s    
doctr9es to  ! simple pr9ciples (       
religion taught 9 ! ,mosaic law2 & t x  

0 borr[$ f ! ,egyptian s*ools w         
suffici5tly appe> f a  comp>ison ( its  
t5ets ) ^? ( ! ori5tal & ,alex&rian     
philosophy4 ,_m writ]s h1 inde$1 imag9$ 
t !y h f\nd 9  ! cabbali/ic dogmas a ne>
 resemblance ( ! doctr9es (             
,*ri/ianity2 & !y h ?\ght t ! fundam5tal
 pr9ciples (  ?is my/ical sy/em 7 d]iv$ 
f div9e revelation4 ,?is op9ion1  h[ev]1
 may be trac$ up to a prejudice :i*     
orig9at$ ) ! ,jews1  & pass$ f !m to !  
,*ri/ian fa!rs1 by :i* !y 7 l$ to       
ascribe all ,pagan wisdom to a ,hebrew  
orig93 a notion :i* v  probably took its
 rise 9 ,egypt1 :5 ,pagan t5ets fir/    
crept 9 among  ! ,jews4 ,philo1         
,josephus1 & o!r le>n$ ,jews1 9 ord] to 
flatt]  _! own vanity1 & t ( _!         
c\ntrym51 indu/ri\sly propagat$  ?is    
op9ion2 & ! m le>n$ fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian  
*ur*1 :o  ent]ta9$ a high op9ion ( !    
,platonic philosophy1 ha/ily adopt$  x1 
f an imag9ation t if !y c\ld trace back 
! mo/ valuable  doctr9es ( ,paganism to 
a ,hebrew orig91 ?is c\ld n fail to     

recomm5d ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian religions  
to ! att5tion ( !  ,g5tile philosoph]s4 
,_m le>n$ mod]ns1 rely+ implicitly ^u   
^! au?orities1 h ma9ta9$ ! same op9ion2 
& h !nce  be5 incl9$ to cr$it ! report (
 ! div9e orig9al ( ! ,jewi%  cabbala4 ,b
 ! op9ion is unf\nd$2 & ! cabbali/ic    
sy/em is  ess5tially inconsi/5t ) ! pure
 doctr9e ( div9e revelation4  ,! true   
/ate ( ! case seems to be1 t dur+ !     
prophetic ages1  ! traditions ( ! ,jews 
consi/$ 9 a simple explanation ( ^?     
div9e tru?s :i* ! prophets deliv]$1 or  
_! law exhibit$1  "u ! veil ( emblems4  
,aft] ?is p]iod1 :5 ! sects ( !  ,ess5es
 & ,!rapeut 7 =m$ 9 ,egypt1 =eign t5ets 
&  in/itutions 7 borr[$ f ! ,egyptians &
 ,greeks2 &1 9 !  =m ( allegorical      
int]pretations ( ! law1 7 admitt$ into  
:at  might !n be call$ ! ,jewi% my/]ies1
 or secret doctr9es4 ,^!  innovations   
*iefly consi/$ 9 c]ta9 dogmas conc]n+   
,god &  div9e ?+s1 at ?is "t receiv$ 9 !
 ,egyptian s*ools2  p>ticul>ly at       
,alex&ria1 :]e ! ,platonic & ,py?agorean

 doctr9es  on ^! subjects _h be5 bl5d$ )
 ! ori5tal philosophy4 ,!  ,jewi%       
my/]ies1 ?us enl>g$ by ! accession (    
,pagan dogmas1 7  convey$ f ,egypt to   
,pale/9e1 at ! "t :5 ! ,ph>isees1 :o  _h
 be5 driv5 into ,egypt "u ,hyrcanus1    
return$ ) _m o!r ,jews  into _! own     
c\ntry4 ,f ?is "t ! cabbali/ic my/]ies  
cont9u$ to be taught 9 ! ,jewi% s*ools2 
b at l5g? !y 7  adult]at$ by a mixture (
 ,p]ipatetic doctr9es1 & o!r t5ets4  ,^!
 my/]ies 7 n1 probably1 r$uc$ to any    
sy/ematic =ms 9  writ+1 till aft] !     
disp]sion ( ! ,jews2 :5 9 consequ5ce (  
_! national calamities1 !y became       
appreh5sive t ^? sacr$  treasures w\ld  
be corrupt$ or lo/4 ,9 prec$+ p]iods1 ! 
cabbali/ic doctr9es und]w5t v>i\s       
corruptions1 p>ticul>ly f  ! preval5ce (
 ! ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,!          
simil>ity1 or r  ! co9cid5ce1 ( !       
cabbali/ic1 ,alex&rian1 & ori5tal       
philosophy1 w be suffici5tly ev9c$ by   
briefly /at+ ! common  t5ets 9 :i* ^!   
diff]5t sy/ems agre$4 ,!y are z         

foll[3--8,all ?+s are d]iv$ by emanation
 f "o pr9ciple2 &  ?is pr9ciple is ,god4
 ,f him a sub/antial p[] imm$iately     
proce$s1 :i* is ! image ( ,god1 & !     
s\rce ( all subsequ5t  emanations4 ,?is 
second pr9ciple s5ds =?1 by ! en]gy (   
emanation1 o!r natures1 :i* are m or    
less p]fect1 accord+ to  _! diff]5t     
degrees ( di/ance1 9 ! scale (          
emanation1 f !  fir/ s\rce ( exi/5ce1 & 
:i* con/itute diff]5t worlds or  ord]s (
 be+1 all unit$ to ! et]nal p[] f :i* !y
  proce$4 ,matt] is no?+ m ?an ! mo/    
remote effect ( !  emanative en]gy ( !  
,deity4 ,! mat]ial _w receives its =m f 
! imm$iate ag5cy ( p[]s f> b5ea? ! fir/ 
s\rce ( be+4  ,evil is ! necess>y effect
 ( ! imp]fection ( matt]4 ,human s\ls   
are di/ant emanations f ,deity2 &1 aft] 
!y are lib]at$ f  _! mat]ial vehicles1 w
 return1 ?r\gh v>i\s /ages (            
purification1 to ! f\nta9 :5ce !y fir/  
proce$$40 ,f ?is  brief view x appe>s1 t
 ! cabbali/ic sy/em1 :i* is !  (fspr+ ( 
! o!r two1 is a fanatical k9d (         

philosophy1  orig9at+ 9 defect ( judgm5t
 & ecc5tricity ( imag9ation1 &  t5d+ to 
produce a wild & p]nici\s en?usiasm4    
#d4 ,among ! explications ( ! law :i*   
are furni%$ by ! cabbala1  & :i*1 9     
reality1 are little else b ! sev]al     
int]pretations  & decisions ( ! rabb9s  
on ! laws ( ,moses1 "s are my/ical2     
consi/+ ( odd ab/ruse significations    
giv5 to a ^w1 or ev5 to  ! lett]s :]e( x
 is compos$3 :5ce1 by diff]5t           
comb9ations1  !y draw mean+s f          
,scripture v diff]5t f ^? x seems       
naturally to import4 ,! art ( int]pret+ 
,scripture aft] ?is mann]  is call$ m   
p>ticul>ly cabbala2 & x is 9 ?is la/    
s5se !  ^w is m ord9>ily us$ among u4   
,?is cabbala1 call$ also  artificial    
cabbala1 to di/+ui% x f ! fir/ k9d1 or  
simple  tradition1 is divid$ into ?ree  
sorts4 ,! fir/1 call$ gematria1  consi/s
 9 tak+ lett]s z figures1 or ari?metical
 numb]s1 &  expla9+ ea* ^w by !         
ari?metical value ( ! lett]s :]e( x  is 
compos$2 :i* is done v>i\s ways3 !      

second is call$  not>icon1 & consi/s    
ei!r 9 tak+ ea* lett] ( a ^w = an       
entire diction1 or 9 mak+ "o entire     
diction out ( ! initial  lett]s ( _m3 ! 
?ird k9d1 call$ !murah1 t is1 *ang+1    
consi/s 9 *ang+ & transpos+ ! lett]s ( a
 ^w2 :i* is  done v>i\s ways4 ,!        
g5]ality ( ! ,jews pref] ! cabbala to ! 
lit]al ,scripture2 comp>+ ! =m] to !    
sp>kl+ lu/re ( a  preci\s /one1 & !     
latt] to ! fa9t] glimm]+ ( a c&le4  ,!  
cabbala only diff]s f masorah1 z ! latt]
 d5otes ! sci5ce  ( read+ ! ,scripture2 
! =m]1 ( int]pret+ x4 ,bo? are  suppos$ 
to h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation 
by oral  tradition only1 till at l5g? ! 
read+s 7 fix$ by ! v[els &  acc5ts1 z ! 
int]pretations 7 by ! gem>a4    #e4     
,cabbala is also appli$ to ! use1 or r  
abuse1 :i*  vision>ies & en?usia/s make 
( ,scripture1 = discov]+ futurity  by ! 
/udy & consid]ation ( ! comb9ation (    
c]ta9 words1  lett]s1 & numb]s1 9 !     
sacr$ writ+s4 ,all ! words1 t]ms1  magic
 figures1 numb]s1 lett]s1 *>ms1 c1 us$ 9

 ! ,jewi% magic1  z also 9 ! h]metical  
sci5ce1 are compris$ "u ?is species (   
cabbala2 :i* pr(esses to tea* ! art (   
cur+ diseases1 &  p]=m+ o!r wond]s1 by  
means ( c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( sacr$       
lett]s & words4 ,b x is only ! ,*ri/ians
 t call x by ?is  "n1 on acc\nt ( !     
resemblance ?is art be>s to !           
explications  ( ! ,jewi% cabbala3 = !   
,jews nev] us$ ! ^w cabbala 9 any  su*  
s5se2 b ev] ) ! utmo/ respect &         
v5]ation4 ,x is n1  h[ev]1 ! magic ( !  
,jews alone :i* we call cabbala2 b ! ^w 
is also us$ = any k9d ( magic4          
,,cabul1 ! "n :i* ,hiram1 k+ ( ,tyre1   
gave to ! tw5ty cities 9  ! l& (        
,galilee1 ( :i* ,solomon made him a     
pres5t1 9  ackn[l$gm5t = ! great s]vices
 9 build+ ! temple1 #a ,k+s  ix1 #ca4   
,^! cities n be+ agreeable to ,hiram1 on
 view+ !m1 he  call$ !m ! l& ( ,cabul1  
:i* 9 ! ,hebrew tongue d5otes           
displeas+2 o!rs take x to signify b9d+  
or adhesive1 f  ! clayey nature ( !     
soil4    ,c,,s>1 a title borne by all ! 

,roman emp]ors till ! de/ruction (  !   
empire4 ,x took its rise f ! surname ( !
 fir/ emp]or1  ,caius ,julius ,cs>2 &   
?is title1 by a decree ( ! s5ate1 all ! 
succe$+ emp]ors 7 to be>4 ,9 ,scripture1
 ! reign+ emp]or is  g5]ally m5tion$ by 
! "n ( ,cs>1 )\t express+ any o!r       
di/9ction3 s 9 ,matt4 xxii1 #ba1 8,r5d] 
unto ,cs>10 c1 ,tib]ias is  meant2 & 9  
,acts xxv1 #aj1 8,i appeal unto ,cs>10  
,n]o is int5d$4    ,c,,s>ea1 a city &   
port ( ,pale/9e1 built by ,h]od !       
,great1 &  ?us call$ 9 hon\r ( ,augu/us 
,cs>4 ,x 0 on ! site ( ! t[]  ( ,/rato4 
,?is city1 :i* 0 six hundr$ furlongs f  
,j]usalem1 is  (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,new     
,te/am5t4 ,"h x 0 t ,h]od ,agrippa 0    
smitt5 ( ! ,"l = n giv+ ,god ! glory1 :5
 ! p 7  s extravagant 9 8 praise4       
,cornelius ! c5turion1 :o 0 baptiz$  by 
,/4 ,pet]1 resid$ "h1 ,acts x1 #a1 c2 & 
also ,philip ! deacon1  ) 8 f\r maid5   
daught]s4 ,at ,cs>ea ! ,prophet ,agabus 
=etold  t ,paul w\ld be b\nd & p]secut$ 
at ,j]usalem4 ,la/ly1 !  ,apo/le himself

 cont9u$ two ye>s a prison] at ,cs>ea1  
till he 0  conduct$ to ,rome4 ,:5 ,judea
 0 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( a ,roman  prov9ce1 
,cs>ea became ! /at$ resid5ce ( !       
proconsul1 :i*  acc\nts = ! circum/ance 
( ,paul be+ c>ri$ ?i!r f  ,j]usalem1 to 
def5d himself4    ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke's 
rem>ks ^u ?is once celebrat$ city w be  
read  ) int]e/3 8,on ! #ae? ( ,july1    
#ahja1 we emb>k$1 aft] sunset1  = ,acre1
 to avail ourselves ( ! l& w9d1 :i* bl[s
 dur+ !  night1 at ?is season ( ! ye>4  
,by day break1 ! next morn+1 we  7 (f ! 
coa/ ( ,cs>ea2 & s ne> ) ! l& t we c\ld 
v di/9ctly p]ceive ! appe>ance ( its    
num]\s & ext5sive  ru9s4 ,! rema9s ( ?is
 city1 al?\gh /ill consid]able1 h long  
be5 resort$ to z a qu>ry1 :5ev] build+  
mat]ials are requir$  at ,acre4 ,djezz> 
,pa*a br\ght f h5ce ! columns ( r>e &   
beautiful m>ble1 z well z ! o!r ornam5ts
 ( 8 palace1 ba?1  f\nta91 & mosque at  
,acre4 ,! place at pres5t is inhabit$   
only by  jackals & bea/s ( prey4 ,z we 7
 becalm$ dur+ ! night1 we  he>d ! cries 

( ^! animals until day break4 ,pococke  
m5tions !  curi\s fact ( ! =m] exi/5ce (
 crocodiles 9 ! riv] (  ,cs>ea4 ,p]haps 
!re has n be5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w an      
example ( any city1 t 9 s %ort a space (
 "t rose to su* an  extraord9>y height (
 spl5d\r z did ?is ( ,cs>ea2 or t       
exhibits a m awful contra/ to its =m]   
magnific5ce1 by !  pres5t desolate      
appe>ance ( its ru9s4 ,n a s+le         
inhabitant  rema9s4 ,its !atres1 once   
res\nd+ ) ! %\ts ( multitudes1  e*o no  
o!r s\nd ?an ! nightly cries ( animals  
roam+ = _!  prey4 ,( its gorge\s palaces
 & temples1 enri*$ ) ! *oice/  works (  
art1 & decorat$ ) ! mo/ preci\s m>bles1 
sc>cely a  trace c be disc]n$4 ,)9 !    
space ( t5 ye>s aft] lay+ !  f\ndation1 
f an obscure =tress1 x became ! mo/     
celebrat$ &  fl\ri%+ city ( all ,syria4 
,x 0 nam$ ,cs>ea by ,h]od1 9 hon\r  (   
,augu/us1 & d$icat$ by him to t emp]or1 
9 ! tw5ty-eigh?  ye> ( 8 reign4 ,^u ?is 
occasion1 t ! c]emony might be  r5d]$   
illu/ri\s1 by a degree ( pr(usion unkn[n

 9 any =m]  in/ance1 ,h]od assembl$ !   
mo/ skilful musicians1 wre/l]s1 &       
gladiators f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is      
solemnity 0 to be r5ew$  e fif? ye>4 ,b1
 z we view$ ! ru9s ( ?is memorable city1
  e o!r circum/ance respect+ its hi/ory 
0 absorb$ 9 !  consid]ation t we 7      
actually behold+ ! v spot :]e !  s*ol> (
 ,t>sus1 aft] two ye>s' imprisonm5t1    
made t eloqu5t  appeal1 9 ! audi5ce ( ! 
k+ ( ,judea1 :i* mu/ ev] be  rememb]$ ) 
piety & delight4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! actions
 ( !  holy ,apo/les1 :e!r we reg>d !    
int]nal evid5ce ( ! n>rative1  or !     
int]e/ excit$ by a /ory s wond]fully    
appall+ to our  passions & affections1  
!re is no?+ t we call to m9d )  full]   
emotions ( sublimity & satisfaction4    
#8,9 ! demon/ration (  ! ,_s & ( p[]1' !
 mighty advocate = ! ,*ri/ian fai?  _h  
be=e #8reason$ ( righte\sness1          
temp]ance1 & judgm5t to  come1' till !  
,roman gov]nor1 ,felix1 trembl$ z he    
spoke4 ,n all !  oratory ( ,t]tullus2 n 
! clam\r ( 8 num]\s adv]s>ies2 n  ev5 ! 

c\nt5ance ( ! mo/ pr(ligate ( tyrants   
avail$ aga9/  ! firmness & intrepidity (
 ! oracle ( ,god4 ,! judge _h  trembl$  
be=e 8 prison]2 & n[ a second occasion  
(f]$1 9  :i*1 = ! admiration & ! triumph
 ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 "o (  ! bitt]e/       
p]secutors ( ! "n ( ,*ri/1 & a ,jew1    
appeals1 9  ! public tribunal ( a l>ge &
 popul\s city1 to all its *iefs &  its  
rul]s1 its gov]nor & its k+1 = ! tru? ( 
8 conv]sion  f\nd$ on ! highe/ evid5ce40
    ,c,,s>ea ,,philippi 0 fir/ call$    
,lai% or ,le%em1 ,judg4 xviii1 #g4 ,aft]
  x 0 subdu$ by ! ,danites1 ,judg4 v1   
#bi1 x receiv$ ! "n ( ,dan2  & is by    
,hea!n writ]s call$ ,paneas4 ,philip1 ! 
y\nge/ son (  ,h]od ! ,great1 made x !  
capital ( 8 tetr>*y1 enl>g$ &  embelli%$
 x1 & gave x ! "n ( ,cs>ea ,philippi4 ,x
 0  situat$ at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,h]mon1   
ne> ! head ( ! ,jordan2 &  0 ab\t fifty 
miles f ,damascus1 & ?irty f ,tyre4 ,our
 ,savi\r  visit$ & taught 9 ?is place1 &
 heal$ "o :o 0 possess$ ( an  evil _s3  
"h also he gave ! memorable rebuke to   

,pet]1 ,m>k viii4    ,,caiaphas1 high   
prie/ ( ! ,jews1 succe$$ ,simon1 son (  
,cami?2 &  aft] possess+ ?is dignity n9e
 ye>s1 f ,a4 ,m4 #djbi to #djch1 he  0  
succe$$ by ,jona?an1 son ( ,ananas1 or  
,annas4 ,caiaphas 0 high  prie/1 ,a4 ,m4
 #djcg1 :i* 0 ! ye> ( ,jesus ,*ri/'s    
dea?4 ,he  m>ri$ a daught] ( ,annas1 :o 
also is call$ high prie/ 9 !  ,gospel1  
because he _h long enjoy$ t dignity4 ,:5
 ! prie/s  delib]at$ on ! seizure & dea?
 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,caiaphas decl>$1  t   
!re 0 no room = debate on t matt]1      
8because x 0  exp$i5t t "o man %\ld die 
= ! p1 t ! :ole nation  %\ld n p]i%10   
,john xi1 #di1 #ej4 ,?is s5tim5t 0 a    
prophecy1  :i* ,god suff]$ to proce$ f !
 m\? ( ! high prie/ on ?is  occasion1   
import+1 t ! dea? ( ,jesus w\ld be = !  
salvation  ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,judas _h betray$
 ,jesus1 he 0 fir/ tak5 be=e  ,annas1 :o
 s5t him to 8 son-9-law1 ,caiaphas1 :o  
possibly liv$ 9  ! same h\se1 ,john     
xviii1 #bd4 ,! prie/s & doctors ( ! law 
!re  assembl$ to judge our ,savi\r1 & to

 condemn him4 ,! depositions (  c]ta9   
false witnesses be+ insuffici5t to      
ju/ify a s5t5ce (  dea? aga9/ him1 &    
,jesus cont9u+ sil5t1 ,caiaphas1 z high 
prie/1 said to him1 8,i adjure !e by !  
liv+ ,god1 t ?\ tell u  :e!r ?\ art !   
,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god60 ,to ?is          
adjuration1 s  solemnly made by !       
sup]ior judge1 ,jesus answ]$1 8,?\ ha/  
said2  nev]!less ,i say unto y1 ,h]eaft]
 %all ye see ! ,son ( man  sitt+ on ! "r
 h& ( p[]1 & com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav540   
,on he>+ ^! words1 ,caiaphas r5t 8      
clo!s1 say+1 8,:at f>!r  ne$ h we (     
witnesses8 ,behold1 n[ y h he>d 8       
blasphemy4  ,:at ?9k ye80 ,!y answ]$1   
8,he is wor?y ( dea?40 ,& z ! p[]  (    
life & dea? 0 n at ?is "t 9 _! h&s1 b 0 
res]v$  by ! ,romans1 !y conduct$ him to
 ,pilate1 t he might confirm _!  s5t5ce1
 & ord] 8 execution4    ,two ye>s aft]  
?is1 ,vitellus1 gov]nor ( ,syria1 com+  
to ,j]usalem  at ! passov]1 0 receiv$ v 
magnific5tly by ! p4 ,z an  ackn[l$gm5t 
= ?is hon\r1 he re/or$ ! cu/ody ( ! high

  prie/'s ornam5ts to ! prie/s1 he      
remitt$ c]ta9 duties rais$ on  ! fruits 
( ! e>?1 & depos$ ! high prie/          
,caiaphas4 ,f ?is  x appe>s t ,caiaphas 
_h fall5 "u popul> odium1 = 8           
deposition 0 to gratify ! p4    ,,ca91 !
 elde/ son ( ,adam & ,eve4 ,he 0 ! fir/ 
man :o _h be5  a *ild1 & ! fir/ man born
 ( woman4 ,= 8 hi/ory1 z connect$  ) t (
 ,abel1 see ,abel4 ,! curse pron\nc$ ^u 
,ca91 on  acc\nt ( 8 fratricide1 is ?us 
express$3 8,& ! ,"l said unto  ,ca91    
,:]e is ?y bro!r ,abel8 ,& he said1 ,i  
"k n3 am ,i my  bro!r's keep]8 ,& ,god  
said1 ,:at ha/ ?\ done8 ,! voice ( ?y   
bro!r's blood crie? unto me f ! gr\nd4  
,& n[ art ?\ curs$  f ! e>?1 :i* ha?    
op5$ h] m\? to receive ?y bro!r's  blood
 f ?y h&4 ,:5 ?\ tille/ x1 x %all n     
h5ce=? yield  unto !e its /r5g?2 a      
fugitive & a vagabond %alt ?\ be 9 !    
e>?4 ,& ,ca9 said unto ! ,"l1 ,my       
puni%m5t is great] ?an ,i c  be>4       
,behold1 ?\ ha/ driv5 me out ?is day f !
 face ( !  e>?10 mean+1 probably1 f 8   

own native di/rict1 & f !  pres5ce ( 8  
k9dr$1 8& f ?y face %all ,i be hid20 by 
:i*  he probably int5d$ ! div9e glory1  
or ,%ek9ah1 ^: appe>ance  sanctifi$ !   
place ( primitive wor%ip1 & 0 ! pl$ge ( 
acceptance & protection4 ,! m>k set ^u  
,ca9 8le/ any "o f9d+  him %\ld kill    
him10 has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,"s h  
suppos$  x a *ange 9 ! col\r ( 8 sk91   
o!rs a c]ta9 horror (  c\nt5ance4 ,!    
,,lxx4 und]/ood ! passage to mean1 t !  
,"l gave  him a sign1 to assure him t 8 
life %\ld be pres]v$4 ,:atev] x  01 its 
object 0 n to aggravate1 b to mitigate1 
8 puni%m5t1  :i* may intimate t ,ca9 _h 
manife/$ rep5tance4 ,ca91 be+ ?us       
bani%$ f ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l1 retir$ into 
! l& ( ,nod1  ly+ ea/ f ! prov9ce (     
,ed54 ,:ile he dwelt 9 ?is c\ntry1  :i* 
is g5]ally und]/ood to be ,susiana1 or  
,*usi/an1 he _h a son1  :om he nam$     
,eno*1 9 memory ( :om he built a city ( 
! same "n4  ,?is is all we le>n f       
,scripture conc]n+ ,ca94    ,,cake4 ,see
 ,,bread4    ,,calah1 a city ( ,assyria1

 built by ,a%ur1 ,g54 x1 #ab4 ,f x !    
adjac5t c\ntry1 on ! nor?-ea/ ( !       
,tigris1 & s\? ( !  ,gordian m\nta9s (  
,arm5ia1 0 call$ ,calla*5e1 or          
,callac9e4    ,,calamus1 4 ,exod4 xxx1  
#bc2 ,cantic4 iv1 #ad2 ,isa4 xliii1 #bd2
 ,j]4 vi1  #bj2 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #ai4 ,an  
aromatic re$1 gr[+ 9 moi/ places 9      
,egypt1  9 ,judea ne> lake ,g5ez>e?1 & 9
 sev]al p>ts ( ,syria4 ,x gr[s  to ab\t 
two feet 9 height2 be>+ f ! root a      
knott$ /alk1  q r\nd1 conta9+ 9 its     
cavity a s(t :ite pi?4 ,! :ole is (  an 
agreeable aromatic smell2 & ! plant is  
said to sc5t ! air )  a fragrance ev5   
:ile gr[+4 ,:5 cut d[n1 dri$1 & p[d]$1 x
  makes an +r$i5t 9 ! ri*e/ p]fumes4 ,x 
0 us$ = ?is  purpose by ! ,jews4        
,,calamus ,,scriptorius1 a re$ answ]+ ! 
purpose ( a p5 to write  )4 ,! anci5ts  
us$ /yles1 to write on tablets cov]$ )  
wax2  b re$s1 to write on p>*m5t or     
papyrus4 ,! ,psalmi/ says1 8,my  tongue 
is ! p5 ( a ready writ]10 xlv1 #a4 ,!   
,hebrew signifies  r a /yle4 ,! ?ird    

book ( ,maccabees /ates1 t ! writ]s     
employ$ 9 mak+ a li/ ( ! ,jews 9 ,egypt1
 produc$ _! re$s  q worn out4 ,b>u*     
wrote 8 prophecies ) ink1 ,j]4 xxxvi1   
#d2  &1 consequ5tly1 us$ re$s2 = x does 
n appe> t quills 7  !n us$ to write )4  
,9 ?ird ,john #ac1 ! ,apo/le says1 he   
did n  design to write ) p5 7re$7 & ink4
 ,! ,arabians1 ,p]sians1 ,turks1        
,greeks1 & ,arm5ians1 to ?is day1 write 
) re$s or ru%es4    ,,caleb1 ! son (    
,jephunneh1 ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 0 "o (  
^? :o  accompani$ ,jo%ua1 :5 he 0 deput$
 by ,moses to view ! l& (  ,canaan1 :i* 
! ,"l _h promis$ !m = an inh]itance1    
,num4 xiii4  ,! deputies s5t on ?is     
occasion 7 twelve 9 numb]1 select$ "o   
out ( ea* ( ! tribes1 & !y p]=m$ _!     
commission )  great promptitude & skill2
 !y trav]s$ ! c\ntry 9 e  direction1    
br++ ) !m1 on _! return1 "s ( its f9e/  
fruits = ! inspection ( _! bre?r54 ,"s (
 !m1 h[ev]1  aft] mak+ ! report ( !     
beauty & goodness ( ! c\ntry1 :i*  !y   
describ$ to be a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey1

 add$1 t !  inhabitants ( x 7 rem>kable 
= _! /r5g?1 :ile its cities  7 l>ge &   
enclos$ ) walls4 ,^! lat] p>ticul>s hav+
  excit$ a _s ( murmur+ among !         
,israelites1 ,caleb endeav\r$ to        
animate _! c\rage by dwell+ ^u !        
f]tility ( ! c\ntry1 &  exhort+ !m to g 
boldly & take possession ( x4 ,o!rs1    
h[ev]1  dissuad$ ! p f mak+ ! attempt1  
assur+ !m t !y  w\ld nev] make !mselves 
ma/]s ( x4 ,we h se5 giants !re1  said  
!y1 9 comp>ison ( :om we 7 z gras%opp]s2
 on :i* !  p decl>$ aga9/ ! project1 &  
intimat$ _! wi% to return  aga9 into    
,egypt4 ,moses & ,a>on no soon] he>d ?is
 ?an !y fell  ^u _! faces be=e ! :ole   
congregation1 & ,jo%ua & ,caleb  r5t _! 
clo!s1 implor+ !m to take c\rage & m>*  
boldly on2  s9ce1 if ,god 7 ) !m1 !y    
might easily make a conque/ ( !  :ole   
l&4 ,s exasp]at$1 h[ev]1 7 ! multitude1 
t !y 7  proce$+ to /one ,caleb & ,jo%ua1
 :5 ! glory ( ! ,"l  appe>$ ^u !        
tab]nacle1 & ?reat5$ _! ext]m9ation4    
,moses1  hav+ f]v5tly int]c$$ = !m1 !   

,"l graci\sly he>d 8  pray]2 b ?\gh he 0
 pleas$ n to de/roy !m imm$iately1 he   
prote/$ ) an oa?1 t none ( ^? :o _h     
murmur$ aga9/ him  %\ld see ! l& (      
,canaan1 b t !y %\ld all die 9 !        
wild]ness4 8,z = my s]vant ,caleb10 x 0 
add$1 8:o ha?  fai?fully foll[$ me1 him 
w ,i br+ into ! l&1 & he %all  possess  
x1 he & 8 *ildr5 aft] him10 ,num4 xiv1  
#a-bd4 ,jo%ua also  obta9$ a simil>     
exception1 v]ses #cj1 #ch4 ,:5 ,jo%ua _h
 ent]$ !  promis$ l&1 & conqu]$ a       
consid]able "p ( x1 ,caleb1 ) !  p ( 8  
tribe1 came to meet him at ,gilgal1 &   
f9d+ t he 0  ab\t to divide ! l& among !
 twelve tribes1 ,caleb petition$ to  h !
 c\ntry :i* 0 inhabit$ by ! giants      
allott$ to him1 on  :i* ,jo%ua bless$   
him & grant$ 8 reque/4 ,assi/$ by a     
portion  ( 8 tribe1 he m>*$ aga9/       
,hebron1 & slew ! *ildr5 ( ,anak3  !nce 
he proce$$ to ,debir1 & f9d+ ! place    
almo/ impregnable1  he (f]$ 8 daught]   
,a*sah 9 m>riage to ! h]o t %\ld take   
x4 ,?is 0 done by 8 nephew ,o?niel1 :o 9

 consequ5ce obta9$  ,a*sah ) a          
consid]able portion also ( t]ritory4 ,we
 are n  in=m$ ( ! p>ticul> "t or mann] (
 ! dea? ( ,caleb2 b by  8 ?ree sons1    
,iru1 ,elah1 & ,naam1 he _h a num]\s    
po/]ity1 :o  ma9ta9$ an hon\rable rank  
among _! bre?r54 ,see ,num4 xiii1 xiv1  
,jo%4 xiv1 #f-ae2 xv1 #ac-ai2 ,judges i1
 #i-ae2 #a ,*ron4 iv1 #ae-bj4           
,,calf1 4 ,! "y ( ! ox k9d4 ,!re is     
frequ5t m5tion 9  ,scripture ( calves1  
because !y 7 made use ( commonly 9      
sacrifices4 ,! 8fatt$ calf10 m5tion$ 9  
sev]al places1 z 9 #a ,sam4  xxviii1    
#bd1 & ,luke xv1 #bc1 0 /all f$1 )      
special ref]5ce to a  p>ticul> fe/ival  
or extraord9>y sacrifice4 ,! 8calves ( !
  lips10 m5tion$ by ,hosea1 xiv1 #b1    
signify ! sacrifices ( praise  :i* !    
captives ( ,babylon address$ to ,god1   
be+ no long] 9 a  condition to (f]      
sacrifices 9 8 temple4 ,! ,septuag9t    
r5d] x  ! 8fruit ( ! lips20 & _! read+  
is foll[$ by ! ,syriac1  & by ! ,apo/le 
to ! ,hebrews1 xiii1 #ae4 ,! 8gold5     

calf0 0 an  idol set up & wor%ipp$ by ! 
,israelites at ! foot ( m\nt ,s9ai  9 _!
 passage ?r\gh ! wild]ness to ! l& (    
,canaan4 ,hav+  be5 conduct$ ?r\gh !    
wild]ness by a pill> ( cl\d & fire1  :i*
 prec$$ !m 9 _! m>*es1 :ile ,moses 0    
receiv+ !  div9e comm&s t cl\d cov]$ !  
m\nta91 & !y probably  imag9$ t x w\ld  
no long] be _! guide2 &1 !re=e1 appli$  
to ,a>on to make = !m a sacr$ sign or   
symbol1 z o!r nations _h1  :i* might    
visibly repres5t ,god4 ,) ?is reque/1   
pref]r$  tumultu\sly1 & 9 a m5ac+ mann]1
 ,a>on 9 a mom5t ( weakness  compli$4 ,!
 image ?us =m$ is suppos$ to h be5 l !  
,egyptian deity1 ,apis1 :i* 0 an ox1 an 
animal us$ 9 agriculture1  & s a symbol 
( ! god :o presid$ ov] _! fields1 or ( !
  productive p[] ( ! ,deity4 ,! means by
 :i* ,moses r$uc$ !  gold5 calf to p[d]1
 s t :5 mix$ ) wat] he made ! p  dr9k x1
 9 contempt1 has puzzl$ comm5tators4 ,"s
 und]/& t he  did ?is by a *ymical      
process1 !n well kn[n1 b n[ a secret2   
o!rs1 t he beat x into gold leaf1 & !n  

sep>at$ ?is into  p>ts s f9e1 z to be   
easily potable2 o!rs1 t he r$uc$ x by   
fil+4 ,! acc\nt says1 t he took ! calf1 
burn$ x to p[d]1  & mix$ ! p[d] ) wat]2 
f :i* x is probable1 z sev]al  ,jewi%   
writ]s h ?\ght1 t ! calf 0 n :olly made 
( gold1  b ( wood1 cov]$ ) a pr(usion ( 
gold ornam5ts ca/ &  fa%ion$ = !        
occasion4 ,= ?is reason x obta9$ ! epi!t
  gold51 z aft]w>d "s ornam5ts ( !      
temple 7 call$1 :i* we  "k 7 only       
ov]laid ) gold4 ,x w\ld 9 t case be     
en\gh to  r$uce ! wood to p[d] 9 ! fire1
 :i* w\ld also black5 &  deface ! gold5 
ornam5ts2 b !re is no ne$ to suppose !y 
7  also r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,x is pla9 f     
,a>on's proclaim+ a fa/ to  ,jehovah1   
,exod4 xxxii1 #d1 & f ! wor%ip (        
,j]oboam's calves be+  s expressly      
di/+ui%$ f t ( ,baal1 #b ,k+s x1 #bh-ca1
 t  bo? ,a>on & ,j]oboam meant ! calves 
!y =m$ & set up =  wor%ip to be emblems 
( ,jehovah4 ,nev]!less1 ! inspir$       
,psalmi/  speaks ( ,a>on's calf ) !     
utmo/ abhorr5ce1 & decl>es t1 by        

wor%ipp+ x1 !y =gat ,god _! ,savi\r1    
7see #a ,cor4 x1 #i17 :o  _h wr\ght s _m
 miracles = !m1 & t = ?is crime ,god    
?reat5$ to de/roy !m1 ,psalm cvi1       
#ai-bd2 ,exod4 xxxii1 #aj2 & ,/4  ,/eph5
 calls x pla9ly 1 an idol1 ,acts vii1   
#da4 ,z =  ,j]oboam1 aft] he _h1 =      
political reasons1 #a ,k+s xii1 #bg1 c1 
made  a s*ism 9 ! ,jewi% *ur*1 & set up 
two calves 9 ,dan & ,be!l1  z objects ( 
wor%ip1 he is sc>cely ev] m5tion$ 9     
,scripture b  ) a p>ticul> /igma set ^u 
him3 8,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat1 :o  made
 ,israel to s940    ,,call1 to "n a     
p]son or ?+1 ,acts xi1 #bf2 ,rom4 vii1  
#c4 #b4 ,to cry to  ano!r = help2 &     
h5ce1 to pray4 ,! fir/ passage 9 ! ,old 
,te/am5t 9 :i* we meet ) ?is phrase1 is 
,g54 iv1 #bf1 :]e we  read1 8,!n began  
m5 to call on ! "n ( ! ,"l10 or         
,jehovah2 !  mean+ ( :i* seems to be1 t 
!y !n fir/ began to wor%ip him  9 public
 assemblies4 ,9 bo? ! ,old & ,new       
,te/am5t1 to call ^u  ! "n ( ! ,"l1     
imports invok+ ! true ,god 9 pray]1 ) a 

confession t he is ,jehovah1 t is1 ) an 
ackn[l$gm5t ( 8  ess5tial &             
incommunicable attributes4 ,9 ?is view !
 phrase is  appli$ to ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/4 
,,call+1 a t]m 9 !ology1 :i* is tak5 9 a
 diff]5t s5se by !  advocates & !       
impugn]s ( ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( grace4
 ,by !  =m] x is ?us /at$3 ,9 ! gold5   
*a9 ( spiritual bless+s  :i* ! ,apo/le  
enum]ates 9 ,rom4 viii1 #cj1 orig9at+ 9 
! div9e  pr$e/9ation1 & t]m9at+ 9 !     
be/[m5t ( et]nal glory on  ! heirs (    
salvation1 t ( call+ =ms an important   
l9k4  8,moreov]1 :om he did pr$e/9ate1  
!m he also call$2 & :om he  call$1 !m he
 also glorifi$40 ,h5ce we read ( 8!     
call$ accord+  to 8 purpose10 ,rom4     
viii1 #bh4 ,!re is inde$ a univ]sal call
 ( !  ,gospel to all m52 = :]ev] x comes
 x is ! voice ( ,god to ^?  :o he> x1   
call+ !m to rep5t & believe ! div9e     
te/imony  unto ! salvation ( _! s\ls2 & 
x leaves !m inexcusable 9  reject+ x1   
,john iii1 #ad-ai2 b ?is univ]sal call  
is n  insep>ably connect$ ) salvation2 =

 x is 9 ref]5ce to x t  ,*ri/ says1 8,_m
 are call$1 b few are *os510 ,matt4     
xxii1 #ad4 ,b  ! ,scripture also speaks 
( a call+ :i* is effectual1 & :i*       
consequ5tly is m ?an ! outw>d m9i/ry ( !
 ^w2 yea1 m  ?an "s ( its p>tial &      
tempor>y effects ^u _m :o he> x1  = x is
 always ascrib$ to ,god's mak+ 8 ^w     
effectual ?r\gh !  enlight5+ & sanctify+
 influ5ces ( 8 ,holy ,_s4 ,?us x is     
said1 8,paul may plant1 & ,apollos wat]1
 b ,god give? ! increase10  #a ,cor4    
iii1 #f1 #g4 ,aga91 he is said to h     
8op5$ ! he>t ( ,lydia1  t %e att5d$ to !
 doctr9e ( ,paul10 ,acts xvi1 #ad4 8,no 
man c  come unto ,*ri/1 except ! ,fa!r  
draw him10 ,john vi1 #dd4 ,h5ce fai?  is
 said to be ! gift ( ,god1 ,eph4 ii1 #h2
 ,phil4 i1 #bi4 ,! ,_s takes  ( ! ?+s ( 
,*ri/ & %[s !m to m51 ,john xvi1 #ad2 & 
?us  op5s _! eyes1 turn+ !m f d>kness to
 light1 & f !  p[] ( ,satan unto ,god1  
,acts xxvi1 #ah4 ,& s ,god saves 8 p1 n 
by works ( righte\sness :i* !y h done1 b
 accord+ to 8  m]cy1 by ! wa%+ (        

reg5]ation & r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1       
,titus iii1 #e4 ,?us !y are sav$1 &     
call$ ) a holy call+1 n  accord+ to _!  
works1 b accord+ to ! div9e purpose &   
grace  :i* 0 giv5 !m 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus be=e
 ! _w began1 #b ,tim4 i1  #i4    #b4 ,to
 ?is x is repli$1 t ?is :ole /atem5t    
respect+ a  believ]'s call+ is )\t any  
support f ! ,scriptures1 & is  ei!r a   
misund]/&+1 or a misapplication ( _!    
s5se4 8,to call0  signifies to invite to
 ! bless+s ( ! ,gospel1 to (f] salvation
  ?r\gh ,*ri/1 ei!r by ,god himself1 or1
 "u 8 appo9tm5t1 by 8  s]vants2 & 9 !   
p>able ( ! m>riage ( ! k+'s son1 ,matt4 
xxii1 #a-ad1 :i* appe>s to h giv5 rise1 
9 _m in/ances1 to !  use ( ?is t]m 9 !  
,epi/les1 we h ?ree descriptions (      
8call$0  or invit$ p]sons4 ,fir/1 !     
disob$i5t1 :o w\ld n come 9 at !  call1 
b made light ( x4 ,second1 ! class (    
p]sons repres5t$ by  ! man :o1 :5 ! k+  
came 9 to see 8 gue/s1 _h n on !  w$d+  
g>m5t2 & ) respect to :om our ,"l makes 
! g5]al  rem>k1 8,= _m are call$1 b few 

are *os520 s t ! p]sons  ?us repres5t$  
by ?is individual culprit 7 n only      
8call$10 b  actually came into !        
company4 ,?ird1 ! approv$ gue/s2 ^? :o  
7 bo? call$ & *os54 ,z f> z ! simple    
call+ or invitation  is conc]n$1 all ^! 
?ree classes /ood ^u equal gr\nd--all 7 
invit$2 & x dep5d$ ^u _! *oice & conduct
 :e!r !y  embrac$ ! invitation1 & 7     
admitt$ z gue/s4 ,we h no?+  "h to      
c\nt5ance ! notion ( :at is t]m$        
8effectual call+40  ,?is implies an     
irresi/ible influ5ce ex]t$ ^u all !     
approv$  gue/s1 b )held f ! disob$i5t1  
:o c\ld n1 !re=e1 be  o!rwise ?an       
disob$i5t2 or at mo/ c\ld only come 9   
)\t t  w$d+ g>m5t1 :i* x 0 nev] put into
 _! p[] to take out (  ! k+'s w>drobe2 &
 ! want ( :i* w\ld necess>ily exclude   
!m1 if n f ! *ur* on e>?1 yet f ! *ur* 9
 heav54  ,! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s p>ables is
 9 entire contradiction to ?is  notion (
 irresi/ible influ5ce2 = !y :o refus$1 &
 !y :o  compli$ b p>tially ) ! call+1   
are repres5t$1 n m]ely z  be+ left )\t !

 b5efit ( ! fea/1 b z incurr+ additional
  guilt & condemnation = refus+ !       
invitation4 ,x is to ?is (f]  (         
salvation by ! ,gospel1 ?is invitation  
to spiritual & et]nal  b5efits1 t ,/4   
,pet] appe>s to ref]1 :5 he says1 8,= ! 
,,promise is unto y & to y\r *ildr51 &  
to all t are af> (f1  ev5 z _m z ! ,"l  
our ,god %all ,,call10 ,acts ii1 #ci2 a 
passage  :i* decl>es 8! promise0 to be z
 ext5sive z ! 8call+20 9  o!r words1 z !
 (f] or invitation4 ,to ?is also ,/4    
,paul ref]s1  ,rom4 i1 #e1 #f3 8,by :om 
we h receiv$ grace & ,apo/le%ip1 =      
ob$i5ce to ! fai? among all nations1 = 8
 "n20 t is1 to  publi% 8 ,gospel1 9 ord]
 to br+ all nations to ! ob$i5ce (      
fai?2 8among :om are ye also ! ,,call$ (
 ,jesus ,*ri/20 y at ,rome  h he>d !    
,gospel1 & h be5 invit$ to salvation 9  
consequ5ce  ( ?is design4 ,?is          
promulgation ( ! ,gospel1 by ! p]sonal  
m9i/ry ( ! ,apo/le1 "u ! "n ( call+1 is 
also ref]r$  to 9 ,gal4 i1 #f3 8,i m>vel
 t ye are s soon remov$ f him t  call$ y

 into ! grace ( ,*ri/10 obvi\sly mean+1 
t x 0  he himself :o _h call$ !m1 by 8  
prea*+1 to embrace ! grace  ( ,*ri/4 ,s 
also 9 *ap4 v1 #ac3 8,=1 bre?r51 ye h   
be5 call$  unto lib]ty40 ,aga93 #a ,!ss4
 ii1 #ab3 8,t ye w\ld walk wor?y (      
,god1 :o ha? ,,call$ y10 invit$ y1 8to 8
 k+dom & glory40    #c4 ,9 our ,"l's    
p>able x w also be obs]v$1 t ! p]sons   
call$ are n invit$ z sep>ate individuals
 to p>take ( solit>y  bless+s2 b !y are 
call$ to 8a fea/10 into a company or    
society1  be=e :om ! banquet is spread4 
,! full revelation ( ! transf]  ( !     
visible *ur* ( ,*ri/ f ,jews by bir?1 to
 believ]s ( all  nations1 0 n1 h[ev]1 !n
 made4 ,:5 ?is bran* ( ! evangelic      
sy/em 0 fully reveal$ to ! ,apo/les1 &  
taught by !m to o!rs1  t "p ( ! mean+ ( 
our ,"l's p>able :i* 0 n at fir/        
develop$ 0 m p>ticul>ly discov]$ to 8   
inspir$ foll[]s4  ,! call+ ( gue/s to ! 
evangelical fea/1 we !n m fully  le>n1 0
 n ! m]e call+ ( m5 to p>take (         
spiritual b5efits2  b call+ !m also to  

=m a spiritual society compos$ ( ,jews &
  ,g5tiles1 ! believ+ m5 ( all nations2 
to h a common fell[%ip  9 ^! bless+s1 & 
to be =m$ into ?is fell[%ip = !  purpose
 ( increas+ _! numb]1 & diffus+ !       
b5efits (  salvation among ! p or nation
 to :i* !y respectively  belong$4 ,!    
invitation1 8! call+10 ( ! fir/ prea*]s 
0 to  all :o he>d !m 9 ,rome1 9         
,ephesus1 9 ,cor9?1 & o!r places2  & ^? 
:o embrac$ x1 & jo9$ !mselves to ! *ur* 
by fai?1  baptism1 & cont9u$ public     
pr(ession1 7 nam$1 especially &         
em95tly1 8! call$10 because ( _! ob$i5ce
 to ! invitation4  ,!y n only put 9 _!  
claim to ! bless+s ( ,*ri/ianity        
individually1 b became memb]s ( ! new   
*ur*1 t spiritual  society ( believ]s   
:i* ,god n[ visibly own$ z 8 p4 ,z !y  7
 ?us call$ into a common fell[%ip by !  
,gospel1 ?is is  sometimes t]m$ _!      
8vocation20 z ! object ( ?is *ur* /ate  
0 to promote 8hol9ess10 x is t]m$ a     
8holy vocation20 z sanctity  0 requir$ (
 ! memb]s1 !y are said to h be5 8call$  

to be  sa9ts20 z ! f9al result 01 ?r\gh 
! m]cy ( ,god1 to be  et]nal life1 we   
he> ( 8! hope ( _! call+10 & ( _! be+   
8call$ to 8 et]nal glory by ,*ri/       
,jesus40    #d4 ,^! views w abundantly  
expla9 ! v>i\s passages 9 :i* !  t]m    
call+ occurs 9 ! ,epi/les3 8,ev5 u :om  
he ha? call$1  n ( ! ,jews only1 b also 
( ! ,g5tiles10 ,rom4 ix1 #bd2 t is1  :om
 he ha? made memb]s ( 8 *ur* ?r\gh fai?4
 8,b unto !m  :i* are call$1 bo? ,jews &
 ,greeks1 ,*ri/ ! p[] ( ,god1 &  !      
wisdom ( ,god20 ! wisdom & efficacy ( ! 
,gospel be+1 (  c\rse1 ackn[l$g$ 9 _! v 
pr(ession ( ,*ri/1 9 opposition  to ^?  
to :om ! prea*+ ( 8,*ri/ crucifi$0 0 8a 
/umbl+  block10 & 8fooli%ness10 #a ,cor4
 i1 #bd4 8,is any man call$10 7br\ght   
to ackn[l$ge ,*ri/1 & to become a memb] 
( 8 *ur*17 8be+  circumcis$8 let him n  
become uncircumcis$4 ,is any call$ 9    
uncircumcision8 let him n be            
circumcis$10 #a ,cor4 vii1 #ah4 8,t ye  
walk wor?y ( ! vocation1 :]e) ye are    
call$4 ,!re is "o  body1 & "o ,_s1 ev5 z

 ye are call$ 9 "o hope ( y\r  call+10  
,eph4 iv1 #a1 #d4 8,t ye w\ld walk wor?y
 ( ,god1 :o ha?  call$ y to 8 k+dom &   
glory10 #a ,!ss4 ii1 #ab4 8,?r\gh       
sanctification ( ! ,_s1 & belief ( !    
tru?1 :]eunto he  call$ y by our        
,gospel1 to ! obta9+ ( ! glory ( our ,"l
  ,jesus ,*ri/10 #b ,!ss4 ii1 #ac1 #ad4 
8,:o ha? sav$ u & call$ u  ) a holy     
call+2 n accord+ to our works1 b accord+
 to 8  own purpose & grace1 :i* 0 giv5 u
 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus be=e !  _w began2 b is  
n[ made manife/ by ! appe>+ ( our       
,savi\r  ,jesus ,*ri/10 #b ,tim4 i1 #i1 
#aj4 ,on ?is passage we may rem>k1 t !  
8call+10 & ! 8purpose0 m5tion$ 9 x1 mu/ 
( necessity be  int]pret$ to ref] to !  
e/abli%m5t ( ! *ur* on ! pr9ciple  (    
fai?1 s t x might include m5 ( all      
nations2 & n1 z  =m]ly1 be re/rict$ to  
natural desc5t4 ,= p]sonal election1 &  
a purpose ( effectual p]sonal call+1    
c\ld n h be5 hidd5  till manife/$ by !  
8appe>+ ( ,*ri/20 s9ce e in/ance (  true
 conv]sion to ,god 9 any age prior to ! 

appe>+ ( ,*ri/1  w\ld be z mu* a        
manife/ation ( et]nal election1 & an    
in/ance (  p]sonal effectual call+1     
accord+ to ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme1 z x  0   
aft] ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,apo/le is 
speak+ ( a purpose  ( ,god1 :i* 0 kept  
secret till reveal$ by ! ,*ri/ian sy/em2
  &1 f v>i\s o!r p>allel passages1 we   
le>n t ?is secret1  ?is 8my/]y10 z he   
(t5 calls x1 0 ! union ( ! ,jews &      
,g5tiles 9 8"o body10 or *ur*1 by fai?4 
#e4 ,9 none ( ^! passages is ! doctr9e (
 ! exclusive call+ (  a set numb] ( m5  
conta9$2 & ! synod ( ,dort1 z ?\gh !y   
felt ?is1 only attempt to inf] ! doctr9e
 f a text already  quot$2 b :i* we w n[ 
m fully notice3 8,:om he did  pr$e/9ate1
 !m he also call$2 & :om he call$1 !m he
 also  ju/ifi$2 & :om he ju/ifi$1 !m he 
also glorifi$10 ,rom4 viii1  #cj4 ,?is  
is ! text on :i* ! ,calv9i/s *iefly re/ 
_! doctr9e  ( effectual call+2 & trac+  
x1 z !y say1 ?r\gh its /eps &  l9ks1 !y 
conclude1 t a set & det]m9ate numb] (   
p]sons  hav+ be5 pr$e/9at$ unto         

salvation1 ?is set numb] only are  call$
 effectually1 !n ju/ifi$1 & f9ally      
glorifi$4 ,b ?is  passage 0 evid5tly    
no?+ to ! purpose1 unless x _h spok5 ( a
  set & det]m9ate numb] ( m5 z pr$e/9at$
 & call$1  indep5d5t ( any consid]ation 
( _! fai? & ob$i5ce2 :i*  numb] z be+   
det]m9ate1 w\ld1 by consequ5ce exclude !
 re/4 ,!  context decl>es t ^? :o are   
=ekn[n1 & pr$e/9at$ to  et]nal glory1   
are true believ]s1 ^? :o 8love ,god10 z 
/at$ 9 a  subsequ5t v]se2 = ( su* only !
 ,apo/le speaks2 & :5 he adds1          
8,moreov]1 :om he did pr$e/9ate1 !m he  
also call$2 & :om he  call$1 !m he also 
ju/ifi$2 & :om he ju/ifi$1 !m he also   
glorifi$20 he %[s 9 p>ticul> h[ ! div9e 
purpose to glorify  believ]s is c>ri$   
into effect1 ?r\gh all its /ages4 ,!    
great  in/rum5t ( br++ m5 to 8love ,god0
 is ! ,gospel2 !y are1  !re=e1 call$1   
invit$ by x1 to ?is /ate & b5efit2 !    
call+ be+ obey$1 !y are ju/ifi$2 & be+  
ju/ifi$1 &  cont9u+ 9 t /ate ( grace1 !y
 are glorifi$4 ,no?+1  h[ev]1 is "h said

 to fav\r ! conclusion1 t _m o!rs :o  7 
call$ by ! ,gospel1 b refus$1 might n h 
be5 ju/ifi$  & glorifi$ z well z !y2    
no?+ to di/+ui% ?is call+ into  common &
 effectual3 & ! v guilt :i* ^? are e :]e
  repres5t$ z contract+ :o despis$ !    
,gospel call+1 %[s t  !y reject a grace 
:i* is suffici5t1 & s9c]ely int5d$1 to  
save  !m4    ,,calneh1 a city 9 ! l& (  
,%9>1 built by ,nimrod1 & "o ( !  cities
 m5tion$ ,g5esis x1 #aj1 z belong+ to 8 
k+dom4 ,x is  believ$ to be ! same )    
,calno1 m5tion$ 9 ,isa4 x1 #i4 ,x is    
said  by ! ,*aldee int]pret]s1 z also by
 ,eusebius & ,j]om1 to be !  same )     
,ctesiphon1 /&+ ^u ! ,tigris1 ab\t ?ree 
miles di/ant  f ,seleucia1 & t = "s "t x
 0 ! capital city ( !  ,p>?ians4 ,bo*>t1
 ,wells1 & ,mi*alis1 agree 9 ?is op9ion4
    ,,calv>y1 or1 z x is call$ 9        
,hebrew1 ,golgo?a1 8a skull10 or 8place 
( skulls10 suppos$ to be ?us d5om9at$ f 
! similitude x bore  to ! figure ( a    
skull or man's head1 or f its be+ a     
place (  burial4 ,x 0 a small em95ce or 

hill to ! nor? ( ,m\nt ,sion1 &  to !   
we/ ( old ,j]usalem1 ^u :i* our ,"l 0   
crucifi$4 ,!  anci5t summit ( ,calv>y   
has be5 mu* alt]$1 by r$uc+ its level  9
 "s p>ts1 & rais+ x 9 o!rs1 9 ord] to   
br+ x )9 !  area ( a l>ge & irregul>    
build+1 call$ 8,! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy       
,sepul*re10 :i* n[ occupies its site4 ,b
 9 do+ ?is1 c>e has  be5 tak5 t none ( !
 p>ts connect$ ) ! crucifixion %\ld     
suff] any alt]ation4 ,! same build+ also
 encloses )9 its  spaci\s walls sev]al  
o!r places reput$ sacr$4 ,! places :i*  
claim ! *ief attraction ( ! ,*ri/ian    
visitant ( ?is *ur*1 &  ^? only p]haps  
:i* c be reli$ on1 are1 ! spot on :i* ! 
crucifixion took place1 & ! sepul*re 9  
:i* our ,"l 0  aft]w>d laid4 ,! fir/ has
 be5 pres]v$ )\t mutilation3 be+ a      
piece ( gr\nd ab\t t5 y>ds squ>e1 9 its 
orig9al position2 & s  high above !     
common floor ( ! *ur*1 t !re are1       
accord+ to  ,*ateaubri&1 tw5ty-"o /eps  
to asc5d up to x4 ,mr4 ,buck+ham        
describes ! pres5t m\nt z a rock1 !     

summit ( :i* is asc5d$  by a /eep flight
 ( eighte5 or tw5ty /eps f ! common     
level (  ! *ur*1 :i* is equal ) t ( !   
/reet )\t2 & beside  ?is1 !re is a      
desc5t ( ?irty /eps1 f ! level ( ! *ur*1
  into ! *apel ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 & by elev5 
m to ! place :]e !  cross 0 said to be  
f\nd4 ,on ?is little m\nt is %[n ! hole 
9  :i* ! cross 0 fix$2 & ne> x !        
position ( ! crosses (  ! two ?ieves3   
"o1 ! p5it5t1 on ! nor?2 & ! o!r on !   
s\?4 ,"h1 also1 is %[n a cleft 9 ! rock1
 said to h be5  caus$ by ! e>?quake :i* 
happ5$ at ! crucifixion4 ,!  sepul*re1  
di/ant1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,jolliffe1      
=ty-?ree y>ds f  ! cross1 pres5ts r a   
s+ul> & unexpect$ appe>ance to a        
/rang]2 :o1 = su* a place1 w\ld         
naturally expect to f9d an  excavation 9
 ! gr\nd1 in/ead ( :i*1 he p]ceives x   
altoge!r  rais$1 z if artificially1     
above its level4 ,! tru? is1 t 9 !      
alt]ations :i* 7 made on ,calv>y1 to br+
 all ! pr9cipal  places )9 ! project$   
*ur*1 ! e>? ar\nd ! sepul*re 0  dug     

away2 s t1 :at 0 orig9ally a cave 9 !   
e>? has n[ !  appe>ance ( a closet or   
grotto above gr\nd4 ,! sepul*re itself  
is  ab\t six feet squ>e & eight high4   
,!re is a solid block ( !  /one left 9  
excavat+ ! rock1 ab\t two feet & a half 
f !  floor1 & runn+ along ! :ole ( !    
inn] side2 on :i* ! body  ( our ,"l is  
said to h be5 laid4 ,?is1 z well z ! re/
 ( !  sepul*re1 is n[ fac$ ) m>ble3     
p>tly f ! false ta/e :i*  prevail$ 9 !  
e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 disguis+ )   
pr(use  & ill-suit$ embelli%m5ts ! spots
 r5d]$ memorable 9 !  hi/ory ( its      
,f\nd]2 & p>tly1 p]haps1 to pres]ve x f 
!  depr$ations ( ! visitants4 ,?is      
description ( ! holy sepul*re  w b ill  
accord ) ! notions ent]ta9$ by "s       
,engli% read]s  ( a grave2 b a cave or  
grotto1 ?us excavat$ 9 rocky gr\nd1 on !
  side ( a hill1 0 ! common receptacle =
 ! dead among ! ea/]n  nations4 ,su* 0 !
 tomb ( ,*ri/2 su* t ( ,laz>us2 & su*   
are  ! sepul*res /ill f\nd 9 ,judea & ! 
ea/4 ,x may be useful  f>!r to obs]ve1 t

 x 0 cu/om>y ) ,jews ( prop]ty to       
provide a sepul*re ( ?is k9d on _! own  
gr\nd1 z ! place (  _! int]m5t aft]     
dea?2 & x appe>s t ,calv>y itself1 or ! 
gr\nd imm$iately ar\nd x1 0 occupi$ )   
g>d5s2 "o ( :i*  belong$ to ,joseph (   
,arima!a1 :o _h !n rec5tly caus$ a new  
sepul*re to be made = himself4 ,x 0 ?is 
sepul*re1 s close at  h&1 & s           
appropriate1 :i* he resign$ = ! use (   
our ,"l2  little ?9k+ p]haps1 at ! "t1  
h[ soon x w\ld aga9 be left  vacant =   
its orig9al purpose by 8 glori\s        
resurrection4    ,,calv9ism1 t s*eme (  
doctr9e on pr$e/9ation & grace1 :i*  0  
taught by ,calv91 ! celebrat$ re=m]1 9 !
 e>ly "p ( !  sixte5? c5tury4 ,8 op9ions
 are l>gely op5$ 9 ! ?ird book (  8     
8,in/itutes30 8,pr$e/9ation we call !   
et]nal decree ( ,god2 by  :i* he ha?    
det]m9$ 9 himself :at he w\ld h to      
become (  e individual ( mank9d4 ,= !y  
are n all creat$ ) simil>  de/9y2 b     
et]nal life is =eorda9$ = "s1 & et]nal  
damnation = o!rs4 ,e man1 !re=e1 be+    

creat$ = "o or  o!r ( ^! ends1 we say1  
he is pr$e/9at$1 ei!r to life1 or to    
dea?40 ,aft] hav+ spok5 ( ! election ( !
 race ( ,abraham1 &  !n ( p>ticul>      
bran*es ( t race1 he proce$s3 8,?\gh x  
is  suffici5tly cle>1 t ,god1 9 8 secret
 c\nsel1 freely *ooses :om  he w1 &     
rejects o!rs1 8 gratuit\s election is b 
half  display$ till we come to p>ticul> 
individuals1 to :om ,god n only  (f]s   
salvation1 b assigns x 9 su* a mann] t !
 c]ta9ty  ( ! effect is liable to no    
susp5se or d\bt40 ,he sums up !  *apt]1 
9 :i* he ?us g5]ally /ates ! doctr9e1 9 
^! words3  8,9 con=mity1 !re=e1 to !    
cle> doctr9e ( ! ,scripture1 we  ass]t1 
t1 by an et]nal & immutable c\nsel1 ,god
 ha? once = all  det]m9$ bo? :om he w\ld
 admit to salvation1 & :om he w\ld      
condemn to de/ruction4 ,we affirm t ?is 
c\nsel1 z f> z conc]ns  ! elect1 is     
f\nd$ on 8 gratuit\s m]cy1 totally      
irrespective (  human m]it2 b t to ^?   
:om he devotes to condemnation1 ! gate  
( life is clos$ by a j & irrepreh5sible1

 b incompreh5sible1  judgm5t4 ,9 !      
elect1 we consid] call+ z an evid5ce (  
election2  & ju/ification z ano!r tok5 (
 its manife/ation1 till !y  arrive 9    
glory1 :i* con/itutes its completion4 ,z
 ,god seals 8  elect by vocation &      
ju/ification1 s by exclud+ ! reprobate  
f ! k ( 8 "n1 & sanctification ( 8 ,_s1 
he  af=ds ano!r indication ( ! judgm5t t
 awaits !m10 *ap4 #ba1  book iii4    #b4
 ,9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! foll[+ *apt] he ?us
 rejects !  notion t pr$e/9ation is to  
be und]/ood z result+ f ,god's          
=ekn[l$ge ( :at w\ld be ! conduct ( ei!r
 ! elect or !  reprobate3 8,x is a      
notion commonly ent]ta9$1 t ,god1 =esee+
  :at w\ld be ! respective m]its ( e    
individual1 makes a  correspond5t       
di/9ction betwe5 diff]5t p]sons2 t he   
adopts z  8 *ildr5 su* z he =ekn[s w be 
des]v+ ( 8 grace2 &  devotes to !       
damnation ( dea? o!rs1 ^: dispositions  
he sees  w be incl9$ to wick$ness &     
impiety4 ,?us !y n only obscure         
election by cov]+ x ) ! veil (          

=ekn[l$ge1 b pret5d t  x orig9ates 9    
ano!r cause10 book iii1 *ap4 #bb4       
,consi/5tly )  ?is1 he a little f>!r on 
ass]ts1 t election does n fl[ f         
hol9ess1 b hol9ess f election3 8,= :5 x 
is said1 t !  fai?ful are elect$ t !y   
%\ld be holy1 x is fully impli$1 t  !   
hol9ess !y 7 9 future to possess _h its 
orig9 9 election40  ,he proce$s to quote
 ! example ( ,jacob & ,esau1 z lov$ &   
hat$  be=e !y _h done good or evil1 to  
%[ t ! only reason (  election &        
reprobation is to be plac$ 9 ,god's     
8secret c\nsel40 ,he  w n all[ ! future 
wick$ness ( ! reprobate to h be5        
consid]$ 9 ! decree ( _! rejection1 any 
m ?an !  righte\sness ( ! elect1 z      
influ5c+ _! bett] fate3 8#8,god ha?     
m]cy on :om he w h m]cy1 & :om he w he  
h>d5e?4' ,y  see h[ he 7! ,apo/le7      
attributes bo? to ! m]e w ( ,god4  ,if1 
!re=e1 we c assign no reason :y he      
grants m]cy to 8 p  b because su* is 8  
pleasure1 nei!r %all we f9d any o!r     
cause  b 8 w = ! reprobation ( o!rs4 ,= 

:5 ,god is said to  h>d51 or %[ m]cy to 
:om he pleases1 m5 are taught1 by ?is   
decl>ation1 to seek no cause beside 8   
w40 7,ibid47 8,_m1  inde$1 z if !y wi%$ 
to av]t odium f ,god1 admit election 9  
su* a way z to d5y t any "o is          
reprobat$4 ,b ?is is pu]ile  & absurd2  
because election itself c\ld n exi/1 )\t
 be+  oppos$ to reprobation2--:om ,god  
passes by he !re=e reprobates2  & f no  
o!r cause ?an 8 det]m9ation to exclude  
!m f  ! inh]itance :i* he pr$e/9es = 8  
*ildr510 book iii1 *ap4  xxiii4    #c4  
,?is is ! s*eme ( pr$e/9ation z exhibit$
 by ,calv92 & to  ! objection tak5 f    
ju/ice1 he replies1 8,!y0 7! objectors7 
8inquire by :at "r ! ,"l is angry ) 8   
creatures :o _h n  provok$ him by any   
previ\s (f5ce2 = t to devote to         
de/ruction  :om he pleases1 is m l !    
caprice ( a tyrant1 ?an ! lawful  s5t5ce
 ( a judge4 ,if su* ?\ghts ev] ent] into
 ! m9ds ( pi\s  m51 !y w be suffici5tly 
enabl$ to break _! viol5ce by ?is  "o   
consid]ation1 h[ exce$+ly presumptu\s x 

is1 only to inquire  into ! causes ( !  
div9e w2 :i* is1 9 fact1 & is ju/ly     
entitl$ to be1 ! cause ( e ?+ t exi/s4  
,= if x has  any cause1 !n !re mu/ be   
some?+ antec$5t on :i* x dep5ds1  :i* x 
is impi\s to suppose4 ,= ! w ( ,god is !
 highe/ rule  ( ju/ice2 s t :at he wills
 mu/ be consid]$ j1 = ?is v  reason1    
because he wills x40 ,?us he assumes ! v
 ?+ 9 dispute1  t ,god has will$ !      
de/ruction ( any "p ( ! human race1 8=  
no o!r cause ?an because he wills x20 ( 
:i* assumption !re is  n only n a ^w (  
pro( 9 ,scripture2 b1 on ! contr>y1 x   
ascribes ! dea? ( him t die? to 8 own w1
 & n to !  w ( ,god4 #b4 ,he pret5ds t  
to assign any cause to ! div9e  w is to 
suppose some?+ antec$5t to1 some?+ above
 ,god1 &  !re=e 8impi\s20 z if we might 
n suppose some?+ ,,9 ,god to be  ! rule 
( 8 w1 n only )\t any impiety1 b ) tru? 
&  piety2 z1 = in/ance1 8 p]fect wisdom1
 hol9ess1 ju/ice1 &  goodness2 or1 9 o!r
 words1 to believe ! ex]cise ( 8 w to   
fl[ f ! p]fection ( 8 :ole nature2 a mu*

 m hon\rable &  ,scriptural view ( ! w (
 ,god ?an t :i* subjects x to no  rule1 
ev5 ?\gh x %\ld arise f ! nature ( ,god 
himself4 #c4  ,:5 he calls ! w ( ,god1  
8! highe/ rule ( ju/ice10 beyond  :i* we
 _c pu% our inquiries1 he conf\nds ! w (
 ,god1 z a  rule ( ju/ice to u1 & z a   
rule to himself4 ,?is w is our  rule2   
yet ev5 !n1 because we "k t x is ! w ( a
 p]fect  be+3 b :5 ,calv9 repres5ts m]e 
w z con/itut+ ,god's own  rule ( ju/ice1
 he %uts out k1 discrim9ation ( ! nature
 (  ?+s1 & hol9ess2 :i* is say+ some?+ v
 diff]5t f t  great tru?1 t ,god _c w   
any ?+ b :at is p]fectly j4  ,x is to   
say t bl9d w1 w :i* has no respect to   
any ?+ b  itself1 is ,god's highe/ rule 
( ju/ice2 a position :i*1 if pres5t$    
ab/ract$ly1 _m ,calv9i/s !mselves w\ld  
spurn4 #d4 ,he det]m9es  ! "q by !      
au?ority ( 8 own metaphysics1 & totally 
=gets t "o dictum ( inspiration ov]turns
 8 :ole  !ory1--,god 8wille? all m5 to  
be sav$20 a decl>ation1 :i* 9 no  "p ( !
 sacr$ volume is oppos$ or limit$ by any

 contr>y  decl>ation4    #d4 ,calv9 0 n1
 h[ev]1 cont5t ?us to leave ! matt]2 b  
resorts to an argum5t1 9 :i* he has be5 
g5]ally foll[$ by ^?  :o h adopt$ 8     
sy/em ) "s mitigations3 8,z we are all  
corrupt$ by s91 we mu/ necess>ily be    
odi\s to ,god1 & t n  f tyrannical      
cruelty1 b 9 ! mo/ equitable e/imation (
  ju/ice4 ,if all :om ! ,"l pr$e/9ates  
to dea? are1 9 _!  natural condition1   
liable to ! s5t5ce ( dea?1 :at inju/ice 
d  !y compla9 ( receiv+ f him80 ,to ?is 
,calv9 v fairly /ates  ! obvi\s rejo9d] 
made 9 8 day2 & :i* ! common s5se (     
mank9d w always make1--8,!y object1 ,7  
!y n by ! decree (  ,god antec$5tly     
pr$e/9at$ to t corruption :i* is n[ /at$
 z  ! cause ( _! condemnation8 ,:5 !y   
p]i% 9 _! corruption1  !re=e1 !y only   
suff] ! puni%m5t ( t mis]y into :i*1 9  
consequ5ce ( 8 pr$e/9ation1 ,adam fell1 
& precipitat$ 8  po/]ity ) him40 ,!     
mann] 9 :i* ,calv9 attempts to meet ?is 
objection1 %[s h[ truly unansw]able x is
 ^u 8 sy/em4 8,i  confess10 says he1    

8inde$1 t all ! desc5dants ( ,adam fell1
 by  ! ,div9e w1 into t mis]able        
condition 9 :i* !y are n[  involv$2 &   
?is is :at ,i ass]t$ f ! beg9n+1 t we   
mu/  always return at la/ to ! sov]eign 
det]m9ation ( ,god's w2  ! cause ( :i*  
is hidd5 9 himself4 ,b x foll[s n1      
!re=e1  t ,god is liable to ?is reproa*2
 = we w answ] !m 9 !  language ( ,paul1 
#8,o man1 :o art ?\ t replie/ aga9/     
,god8 ,%all  ! ?+ =m$ say to him t =m$  
x1 ,:y ha/ ?\ made me ?us'0  ,t is1 9   
ord] to escape ! p9* ( ! objection1 he  
assumes t  ,/4 ,paul affirms t ,god has 
8=m$0 a "p ( ! human race =  et]nal     
mis]y2 & t1 by impos+ sil5ce ^u !m1 he  
int5d$ to  decl>e t ?is proce$+ 9 ,god 0
 j4 ,n[ ! passage may be  prov$ f its   
context to h no respect to ! et]nal /ate
 ( m5  at all2 b1 if t 7 less obvi\s1 x 
gives no answ] to !  objection2 & we are
 br\ght r\nd aga91 z inde$ he confesses1
 to  8 =m]1 & inde$ only1 argum5t1 t !  
:ole matt] z he  /ates x1 is to be      
ref]r$ back to ! div9e w2 :i* w1 ?\gh   

p]fectly arbitr>y1 is1 z he cont5ds1 !  
highe/ rule ( ju/ice3 8,i  say1 )       
,augu/9e1 t ! ,"l creat$ ^? :om he      
c]ta9ly  =eknew w\ld fall into          
de/ruction2 & t ?is 0 actually s1       
because he will$ x2 b ( 8 w1 x belongs n
 to u to dem&  ! reason1 :i* we are     
incapable ( compreh5d+2 nor is x        
reasonable1 t ! div9e w %\ld be made !  
subject (  controv]sy ) u1 :i* is only  
ano!r "n = ! highe/ rule (  ju/ice40    
,?us he %uts u out f pursu+ ! argum5t4  
,b !  evasion proves ! objection        
unansw]able4 ,= if all is to be resolv$ 
into ! m]e w ( ,god z to ! de/ruction ( 
! reprobate2 if  !y 7 creat$ = ?is      
purpose1 z ,calv9 expressly affirms2 if 
!y  fell into _! corruption 9 pursuance 
( ,god's det]m9ation2 if1 z  he _h said 
be=e1 8,god passes !m by1 & reprobates  
!m1 f no  o!r cause ?an 8 det]m9ation to
 exclude !m f ! inh]itance  ( 8 *ildr510
 :y ref] to _! natural corruption at    
all1 &  _! be+ odi\s to ,god 9 t /ate1  
s9ce ! same reason is giv5  = _!        

corruption z = _! reprobation8--n any   
fault ( !irs2  b ! m]e w ( ,god1 8!     
reprobation hidd5 9 8 secret  c\nsel10 &
 t n gr\nd$ on ! visible & tangible fact
 (  _! dem]it4 ,?us ! election taught by
 ,calv9 is n ! *oice (  "s p]sons to    
peculi> grace f ! :ole mass1 equally    
des]v+ (  puni%m5t2 7?\gh ?is is a      
sophism27 s9ce1 9 t case1 ! decree  (   
reprobation w\ld re/ ^u ,god's =ekn[l$ge
 ( ^? pass$ by z  corrupt & guilty1 :i* 
notion he rejects3 8,= s9ce ,god =esees 
future ev5ts only 9 consequ5ce ( 8      
decree t !y %all  happ51 x is useless to
 cont5d ab\t =ekn[l$ge1 :ile x is       
evid5t t all ?+s come to pass r by      
ord9ation & decree40  8,x is a          
,,horrible ,,decree1 ,i confess2 b no "o
 c d5y t ,god  =eknew ! future fate (   
man be=e he creat$ him2 & t he did      
=ekn[ x1 because x 0 appo9t$ by 8 own   
decree40 ,agreeably to  ?is1 he         
repudiates ! di/9ction betwe5 w &       
p]mission3 8,=  :at reason %all we      
assign = 8 p]mitt+ x1 b because x is 8  

w8 ,x is n probable1 h[ev]1 t man       
procur$ 8 own  de/ruction by ! m]e      
p]mission1 & )\t any appo9tm5t1 (       
,god40    #e4 ,) ?is doctr9e he aga9    
attempts to reconcile ! dem]it ( m53    
8,_! p]dition dep5ds on ! div9e         
pr$e/9ation 9 su* a mann]1  t ! cause & 
matt] ( x are f\nd 9 !mselves4 ,= !     
fir/ man fell because ! ,"l _h det]m9$ x
 %\ld s happ54 ,!  reason ( ?is         
det]m9ation is unkn[n to u4--,man1      
!re=e1 falls  accord+ to ! appo9tm5t (  
div9e provid5ce2 b he falls by  8 own   
fault4 ,! ,"l _h a little be=e pron\nc$ 
e ?+  t he _h made to be #8v good4'     
,:5ce1 !n1 comes ! depravity (  man to  
revolt f 8 ,god8 ,le/ x %\ld be ?\ght to
 come f  creation1 ,god approv$ &       
comm5d$ :at _h proce$$ f himself4 ,by  8
 own wick$ness1 !re=e1 man corrupt$ !   
nature he _h receiv$  pure f ! ,"l1 & by
 8 fall he drew all 8 po/]ity ) him  to 
de/ruction40 ,x is 9 ?is way t ,calv9   
attempts to avoid !  *>ge ( mak+ ,god ! 
au?or ( s94 ,b h[ ,god %\ld n m]ely     

p]mit ! defection ( ! fir/ man1 b appo9t
 x1 & w  x1 & t 8 w %\ld be ! 8necessity
 ( ?+s10 7all :i* he  _h be=e ass]t$17 &
 yet t ,deity %\ld n be ! au?or (  t :i*
 he appo9t$1 will$1 & impos$ a necessity
 ^u1  w\ld be r a delicate inquiry4 ,x  
is en\gh t ,calv9 rejects !  impi\s     
doctr9e2 & ev5 ?\gh 8 pr9ciples directly
 lead to x1  s9ce he has put 9 8        
disclaim]1 he is entitl$ to be exempt$ f
  ! *>ge2--b ! logical conclusion is    
inevitable4    #f4 ,9 mu* ! same mann]  
he cont5ds t ! necessity ( s9n+ is  laid
 ^u ! reprobate by ! ord9ation ( ,god1 &
 yet d5ies ,god to  be ! au?or ( _!     
s9ful acts1 s9ce ! corruption ( m5 0    
d]iv$ f ,adam1 by 8 own fault1 & n f    
,god4 ,he exhorts u  8r to contemplate !
 evid5t cause ( condemnation1 :i* is    
ne>] to u1 9 ! corrupt nature ( mank9d1 
?an se>* aft] a  hidd5 & altoge!r       
incompreh5sible "o1 9 ! pr$e/9ation (   
,god40 8,= ?\gh1 by ! et]nal provid5ce (
 ,god1 man 0 creat$  to t mis]y to :i*  
he is subject1 yet ! gr\nd ( x he has   

d]iv$ f himself1 n ,god2 s9ce he is ?us 
ru9$1 solely 9  consequ5ce ( 8 hav+     
deg5]at$ f ! pure creation ( ,god to    
vici\s & impure depravity40 ,?us1 almo/ 
9 ! same brea?1 he  affirms t m5 became 
reprobate f no o!r cause ?an 8! w (     
,god10 & 8 8sov]eign det]m9ation20 t m5 
h no reason 8to  expo/ulate ) ,god1 if  
!y are pr$e/9at$ to et]nal dea?1  )\t   
any dem]it ( _! own1 m]ely by 8 sov]eign
 w20--&  !n1 t ! corrupt nature ( mank9d
 is ! evid5t & ne>]  cause (            
condemnation2 7:i* cause1 h[ev]1 0 /ill 
a matt] (  8appo9tm5t10 & 8ord9ation10 n
 8p]mission207 & t man is  8ru9$ solely 
9 consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ deg5]at$ f ! pure 
/ate 9 :i* ,god creat$ him40 ,^!        
propositions manife/ly fight  ) ea* o!r2
 = if ! reason ( reprobation be laid 9  
man's  corruption1 x _c be laid 9 ! m]e 
w & sov]eign  det]m9ation ( ,god1 unless
 we suppose him to be ! au?or ( s94 ,x  
is ?is (f5sive doctr9e only1 :i* c      
reconcile !m4 ,= if ,god s  wills1 &    
appo9ts1 & necessitates ! depravity (   

man1 z to be !  au?or ( x1 !n !re is no 
inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t ! ru9 (  !         
reprobate is bo? f ! m]e w ( ,god1 & f !
 corruption  ( _! nature1 :i* is b !    
result ( t w4 ,! "o is !n1  z ,calv9    
/ates1 ! 8evid5t & ne>] cause10 ! o!r ! 
m  remote & hidd5 "o2 yet !y h ! same   
s\rce1 & are  sub/antially acts ( ! same
 w4 ,b if x be d5i$ t ,god is1 9  any   
s5se1 ! au?or ( evil1 & if s9 is f man  
alone1 !n is !  8corruption ( nature0 ! 
effect ( an indep5d5t w2 & if ?is       
corruption be ! 8real s\rce10 z he says1
 ( m5's condemnation1 !n  ! decree (    
reprobation re/s n ^u ! sov]eign w (    
,god1 z  its sole cause1 :i* he affirms2
 b ^u a cause dep5d5t on ! w  ( ! fir/  
man3 b z ?is is d5i$1 !n ! o!r mu/      
foll[4  ,calv9 himself1 inde$1 cont5ds =
 ! p]fect concurr5ce ( ^!  proximate &  
remote causes1 al?\gh 9 po9t ( fact1 to 
h be5  p]fectly consi/5t ) himself1 he  
ought r to h call$ !  m]e w ( ,god ,,!  
,,cause ( ! decree ( reprobation1 & !   
corruption ( man ,,! ,,means by :i* x is

 c>ri$ into  effect3--language :i* he   
sanctions1 & :i* _m ( 8 foll[]s  h n    
scrupl$ to adopt4    #g4 ,s c]ta9ly does
 ?is op9ion involve 9 x ! consequ5ces1 t
  9 s9 man is ! in/rum5t1 & ,god !      
actor1 t x _c be  ma9ta9$1 z /at$ by    
,calv91 )\t ?is conclusion4 ,= z two    
causes ( reprobation are expressly laid 
d[n1 !y mu/ be ei!r  oppos$ to ea* o!r1 
or be cons5t+4 ,if !y are oppos$1 !     
s*eme  is giv5 up2 if cons5t+1 !n are   
bo? reprobation & human  corruption !   
results ( ! same w1 ! same decree1 &    
necessity4  ,x w\ld be trifl+ to say t !
 decree does n influ5ce2 = if  s1 x is  
no decree 9 ,calv9's s5se1 :o und]/&s ! 
decree (  ,god1 z ! =ego+ extracts & !  
:ole ?ird book ( 8  8,in/itutes0 pla9ly 
%[1 z appo9t+ :at %all be1 & by t       
appo9tm5t mak+ x necess>y4 ,o!rwise1 he 
c\ld n reject !  di/9ction betwe5 w &   
p]mission1 & av[ ! s5tim5t ( ,/4        
,augu/9e1 8t ! w ( ,god is ! necessity (
 ?+s2 & t  :at he has will$ w necess>ily
 come to pass10 book iii1 *ap4 #bc1     

sec4 #h4 ,s1 9 writ+ to ,ca/ellio1 he   
makes ! s9 ( ,adam ! result  ( an act ( 
,god3 8,y say ,adam fell by 8 free w4 ,i
 except aga9/  x4 ,t he might n fall1 he
 /ood 9 ne$ ( t /r5g? &  con/ancy ) :i* 
,god arme? all ! elect1 z long z he w   
keep  !m blameless4 ,:om ,god has       
elect$1 he props up ) an inv9cible  p[] 
unto p]sev]ance4 ,:y did he n af=d ?is  
to ,adam1 if he w\ld  h _h him /& 9 8   
integrity80 ,& ) ?is view ( necessity1  
z result+ f ! decree ( ,god1 ! imm$iate 
foll[]s ( ,calv9  co9cid$2 ! end & !    
means1 z to ! elect1 & z to !           
reprobate1 are equally fix$ by ! decree1
 & are bo? to be trac$ to  ! appo9t+ &  
orda9+ w ( ,god4 ,on su* a s*eme x is   
!re=e worse ?an trifl+ to attempt to    
make out a case ( ju/ice  9 fav\r ( ?is 
assum$ div9e proc$ure1 by alleg+ !      
corruption  & guilt ( man3 a po9t :i*1  
inde$1 ,calv9 himself1 9 fact1 gives  up
 :5 he says1 8,t ! reprobate obey n ! ^w
 ( ,god1 :5 made  kn[n to !m1 is ju/ly  
imput$ to ! wick$ness & depravity (  _! 

he>ts1 provid$ x be at ! same "t /at$1 t
 !y are  ab&on$ to ?is depravity1       
because !y h be5 rais$ up by a j  b     
inscrutable judgm5t ( ,god1 to display 8
 glory 9 _!  condemnation40    #h4 ,x 0 
by avail+ !mselves ( ! ineffectual      
/ruggles ( ,calv9  to give "s col\r (   
ju/ice to 8 reprobat+ decree by fix+ ^u 
! corruption ( man z a cause (          
reprobation1 t "s ( 8  foll[]s          
endeav\r$1 9 ! v tee? ( 8 own express   
words1 to  r$uce 8 sy/em to             
sublaps>ianism4 ,?is 0 attempt$ by      
,amyraldus2  :o 0 answ]$ by ,curcellu1 9
 8 tract 8,de ,jure ,dei 9  ,creaturas40
 ,?is la/ writ]1 p>tly by sev]al ( !    
same passages we  h giv5 above f        
,calv9's ,in/itutes1 & by extracts f 8  
o!r writ+s1 proves t ,calv9 did by no   
means consid] man1 z  fall51 to be !    
object ( reprobation2 b man n yet       
creat$2 man z  to be creat$1 & s        
reprobat$1 "u no consid]ation 9 ! div9e 
m9d ( 8 fall or actual guilt1 except z  
consequ5ces ( an et]nal  pret]ition ( ! 

p]sons ( ! reprobate1 resolvable only   
into !  sov]eign pleasure ( ,god4 ,!    
ref]5ces he makes to m5 z corrupt1  & to
 _! corrupt /ate z ! proximate cause (  
_! rejection1  are all manife/ly us$ to 
p>ry (f r ?an to answ] objections1  &   
some:at to mod]ate & s(t51 z ,curcellu  
obs]ves1 ! h>%]  p>ts ( 8 sy/em4 ,&1    
inde$1 = :at reason are we s (t5  br\ght
 back to t unfail+ refuge ( ,calv91 8!  
presumption &  wick$ness ( reply+ aga9/ 
,god80 ,= if reprobation be a matt] (   
human des]t1 x _c be a my/]y2 if x be   
adequate puni%m5t =  an adequate fault1 
!re is no ne$ to urge x ^u u to b[ )    
submission to an unexpla9$ sov]eignty4  
,we may add1 !re is no ne$  to speak ( a
 remote or fir/ cause ( reprobation1 if 
! proximate  cause w expla9 ! :ole case2
 & t ,calv9's cont9ual ref]5ce  to      
,god's secret c\nsel1 & w1 & inscrutable
 judgm5t1 c\ld  h no aptness to 8       
argum5t4 ,among ,engli% div9es1 ,dr4    
,twisse has  suffici5tly def5d$ ,calv9 f
 ! *>ge1 z he e/eems x1 (               

sublaps>ianism2 &1 :atev] m]it ,twisse's
 own supralaps>ian cre$  may h1 8       
argum5t on ?is po9t is unansw]able4     
#i4 ,z x is n int5d$ "h to ent] into ?is
 controv]sy1 on :i*  multitudes ( books 
h be5 writt51 & ! lead+ au?ors are kn[n 
almo/ to e "o1 ! above may be suffici5t 
to convey a j notion  ( ,calv9's own    
op9ions4 ,aft] ^! subjects _h long      
agitat$ !  re=m$ *ur*es1 & giv5 rise to 
sev]al modifications ( ,calv9's  orig9al
 s*eme1 & to num]\s writ+s 9 refutation 
( x1 ! synod  ( ,dort dige/$ ! :ole into
 five articles f :i* arose !  celebrat$ 
controv]sy on ! five po9ts4 ,^!         
articles1 z be+  ! /&>d ( :at is g5]ally
 call$ /rict ,calv9ism1 are1 9          
sub/ance1 z foll[s3--    7#a47 8,(      
,pr$e/9ation4 ,z all m5 h s9n$ 9 ,adam1 
& h  become expos$ to ! curse & et]nal  
dea?1 ,god w\ld h done no  inju/ice to  
any "o1 if he _h det]m9$ to leave ! :ole
 human race  "u s9 & ! curse1 & to      
condemn !m on acc\nt ( s92  accord+ to  
^? words ( ! ,apo/le1 #8,all ! _w is    

become guilty  be=e ,god1' ,rom4 iii1   
#ai1 #bc2 vi1 #bc4 ,t "s1 9 "t1 h fai?  
giv5 !m by ,god1 & o!rs h x n giv51     
proce$s f 8  et]nal decree2 = #8kn[n    
unto ,god are all 8 works f !  beg9n+1' 
c1 ,acts xv1 #ah2 ,eph4 i1 #aa4 ,accord+
 to :i* decree1 he  graci\sly s(t5s !   
he>ts ( ! elect1 h[ev] h>d1 & he b5ds   
!m to believe2 b ! non-elect he leaves1 
9 8 judgm5t1 to _!  own p]v]sity &      
h>dness4 ,& "h1 especially1 a deep      
discrim9ation1 at ! same "t bo? m]ciful 
& j2 a  discrim9ation ( m5 equally lo/1 
op5s itself to u2 or t decree  (        
election & reprobation :i* is reveal$ 9 
! ^w ( ,god2 :i*1  z p]v]se1 impure1 &  
un/able p]sons d wre/ to _! own         
de/ruction1 s x af=ds ineffable         
consolation to holy & pi\s  s\ls4 ,b    
election is ! immutable purpose ( ,god2 
by :i*1 be=e  ! f\ndations ( ! _w 7     
laid1 he *ose1 out ( ! :ole human  race1
 fall5 by _! own fault f _! primeval    
integrity into s9  & de/ruction1 accord+
 to ! mo/ free good pleasure ( 8 own  w1

 & ( m]e grace1 a c]ta9 numb] ( m51     
nei!r bett] nor  wor?i] ?an o!rs1 b ly+ 
9 ! same mis]y ) ! re/1 to  salvation 9 
,*ri/2 :om he _h1 ev5 f et]nity1        
con/itut$  ,m$iator & head ( all !      
elect1 & ! f\ndation ( salvation2 &     
!re=e he decre$ to give !m unto him to  
be sav$1 & effectually  to call & draw  
!m into communion ) him1 by 8 ^w & ,_s2 
or he decre$ himself to give unto !m    
true fai?1 to ju/ify1 to  sanctify1 & at
 l5g? p[]fully to glorify !m1 c1 ,eph4  
i1 #d-f2  ,rom4 viii1 #cj4 ,?is same    
election is n made f any =ese5 fai?1    
ob$i5ce ( fai?1 hol9ess1 or any o!r good
 quality & disposition1  z a            
pre-requisite cause or condition 9 ! man
 :o %\ld be  elect$1 c4 #8,he ha? *os5  
u1' n because we 71 b #8t we  might be1 
holy1' c1 ,eph4 i1 #d2 ,rom4 ix1 #aa-ac2
 ,acts xiii1 #dh4  ,moreov]1 ,holy      
,scripture do? illu/rate & comm5d to u  
?is et]nal  & free grace ( our election1
 9 ?is m especially1 t x do?  te/ify all
 m5 n to be elect$2 b t "s are          

non-elect1 or  pass$ by1 9 ! et]nal     
election ( ,god1 :om truly ,god1 f mo/  
free1 j1 irrepreh5sible1 & immutable    
good pleasure1 decre$ to  leave 9 !     
common mis]y into :i* !y _h1 by _! own  
fault1  ca/ !mselves2 & n to be/[ on !m 
liv+ fai?1 & ! grace  ( conv]sion2 b    
hav+ be5 left 9 _! own ways1 & "u j     
judgm5t1 at l5g?1 n only on acc\nt ( _! 
unbelief1 b also (  all _! o!r s9s1 to  
condemn & et]nally puni% !m1 to !       
manife/ation ( 8 own ju/ice4 ,& ?is is !
 decree (  reprobation1 :i* det]m9es t  
,god is1 9 no wise1 ! au?or (  s91 7:i*1
 to be ?\ght (1 is blasphemy17 b a      
trem5d\s1  incompreh5sible1 j judge1 &  
av5g]48    7#b47 8,( ! ,dea? ( ,*ri/40  
,pass+ ov]1 = brevity's sake1 :at  is   
said ( ! necessity ( atonem5t1 9 ord] to
 p>don1 & ( ,*ri/  hav+ (f]$ t atonem5t 
& satisfaction1 x is add$1 8,?is dea?  (
 ! ,son ( ,god is a s+le & mo/ p]fect   
sacrifice &  satisfaction = s9s2 (      
inf9ite value & price1 abundantly       
suffici5t to expiate ! s9s ( ! :ole _w2 

b because _m :o  are call$ by ! ,gospel 
d n rep5t1 nor believe 9 ,*ri/1 b  p]i% 
9 unbelief2 ?is do? n arise f defect or 
insuffici5cy (  ! sacrifice (f]$ by     
,*ri/ ^u ! cross1 b f _! own  fault4    
,god will$ t ,*ri/1 ?r\gh ! blood ( !   
cross1 %\ld1  out ( e p1 tribe1 nation1 
& language1 efficaci\sly r$eem  all ^?1 
& ^? only1 :o 7 f et]nity *os5 to       
salvation1  & giv5 to him by ! ,fa!r2 t 
he %\ld conf] on !m ! gift  ( fai?10 c4 
7#c47 8,( ,man's ,corruption1 c4 ,all m5
 are conceiv$ 9 s91 & born  ! *ildr5 (  
wra?1 indispos$ 7inepti7 to all sav+    
good1  prop5se to evil1 dead 9 s91 & !  
slaves ( s92 & )\t !  reg5]at+ grace ( !
 ,holy ,_s1 !y nei!r are will+ nor able 
to return to ,god1 to correct _! deprav$
 nature1 or to dispose  !mselves to !   
correction ( x48    7#d47 8,( ,grace &  
,free w4 ,b 9 l mann] z1 by ! fall1 man 
does n cease to be man1 end[$ )         
intellect & w2 nei!r ha?  s91 :i* ha?   
p]vad$ ! :ole human race1 tak5 away !   
nature (  ! human species1 b x ha?      

deprav$ & spiritually /a9$ x2 s  t ev5  
?is div9e grace ( reg5]ation does n act 
^u m5 l  /ocks & trees1 nor take away ! 
prop]ties ( 8 w2 or viol5tly  compel x1 
:ile unwill+2 b x spiritually quick5s1  
heals1  corrects1 & sweetly1 & at ! same
 "t p[]fully1 incl9es x2 s  t :]eas be=e
 x 0 :olly gov]n$ by ! rebellion &      
resi/ance ( ! fle%1 n[ prompt & s9c]e   
ob$i5ce ( !  ,_s may beg9 to reign2 9   
:i* ! r5ewal ( our spiritual w1  & our  
lib]ty1 truly consi/2 9 :i* mann]1 7or =
 :i* reason17  unless ! admirable ,au?or
 ( all good %\ld "w 9 u1 !re c\ld  be no
 hope to man ( ris+ f ! fall by t free  
w1 by :i*1  :5 /&+1 he fell into ru940  
7#e47 8,on ,p]sev]ance4 ,god1 :o is ri* 
9 m]cy1 f 8 immutable  purpose (        
election1 does n :olly take away 8 ,holy
 ,_s f 8  own1 ev5 9 lam5table falls2   
nor does he s p]mit !m to glide d[n1    
7prolabi17 t !y %\ld fall f ! grace (   
adoption1 & !  /ate ( ju/ification2 or  
commit ! #8s9 unto dea?1' or aga9/ !    
,holy ,_s2 t1 be+ des]t$ by him1 !y %\ld

 ca/ !mselves  headlong into et]nal     
de/ruction4 ,s t n by _! own m]its or   
/r5g?1 b by ! gratuit\s m]cy ( ,god1 !y 
obta9 x1 t !y  nei!r totally fall f fai?
 & grace1 nor f9ally cont9ue 9  _! falls
 & p]i%40    #aj4 ,! controv]sy on ^!   
difficult subjects 0 n decid$ by !      
decrees ( ! synod ( ,dort1 :i*1 x w be  
se5 "u t article1  7 purposely drawn up 
9 a politic & w>y mann]1 s z to quadrate
  ) ! op9ions1 & n to outrage ! feel+s1 
( any grade (  ,calv9i/s4 ,prior to !   
conv5tion ( t celebrat$ assembly1 !     
doctr9es ( ,calv9 _h be5 ref9$ ^u &     
incauti\sly c>ri$ out  to "s ( _!       
legitimate consequ5ces1 9 a mann] almo/ 
)\t  prec$5t1 except t ( ! ,mohamm$an   
doctors on ! absolute fate  :i* holds a 
di/+ui%$ place 9 ! ,koran4 ,sev]al ( !  
brighte/  & mo/ acute wits 9 ,europe    
occupi$ !mselves 9 sublimat+ to !       
height ( extravagance ! two k9dr$       
bran*es ( pr$e/9ation1--!  et]nal &     
absolute election ( c]ta9 m5 to ev]la/+ 
glory1 &  ! reprobation ( ! re/ ( mank9d

 to endless puni%m5t1 )\t  reg>d 9 !    
div9e m9d to ! =ese5 fai? ( "o class or 
to !  =ese5 unbelief ( ! o!r4 ,?is c\rse
 0 comm5c$ by ,beza1 !  contempor>y &   
successor ( ,calv91 :o possess$ nei!r 8 
g5ius  nor 8 caution2 & 8 writ+s conta9 
sev]al ra% ass]tions on  ^! po9ts1 :i*1 
x is probable1 w\ld nev] h obta9$ !     
approbation ( 8 dep>t$ fri5d & in/ruct]4
 ,zan*ius1 ) true  ,italian a/ut5ess1   
c>ri$ on ?is process ( ref9em5t 9 high  
/yle2  & 8 pr$e/9>ian improvem5ts 7 only
 equall$ by ^? (  ,piscator1 ,p>eus1    
,keck]man1 ,hommius1 ,kim$ontius1       
,polanus1 ,/urmius1  ,danu1 ,?ysius1    
,donteklock1 ,bog]man1 ,gom>1 ,sm\tius1 
,trigl&ius1  d[n to ! m9or tribe (      
,contra-,remon/rants1 ,damman1          
,maccovius1 &  ,sibr&us ,lubb]tus4 ,nor 
7 ! clev] div9es ( our own c\ntry a  :it
 beh9d ! =eign]s 9 accompli%+ ?is gr&   
object2 & !  !ological read]1 on see+ ! 
names ( ,p]k9s1 ,:itak]1 ,abbot1 &      
,twisse1 w in/antly recognise m5 ^:     
doctr9al vag>ies 7  famili> to all !    

,calv9i/s 9 ,europe4 ,no "o c =m an     
adequate  conception ( ! injury ?us     
inflict$ on ! div9e attributes (        
wisdom1 goodness1 & m]cy1 z !y h be5    
reveal$ 9 !  ,scriptures1 unless he has 
read ! imm5se mass ( quotations f !     
writ+s ( ^! & o!r div9es1 :i* 7 pres5t$ 
to ! notice  ( ! synod ( ,dort by !     
,remon/rants1 especially 9 _! ,rejection
  ( ,errors "u ea* ( ! five po9ts 9     
dispute2 ! pro(s ( :i*  7 quot$ f _!    
respective au?ors1 & ! accuracy &       
fai?fulness ( :i* 7 nev] call$ 9 "q4 ,n 
only w\ld !  m9ds ( all sob] ,*ri/ians 9
 ^! days be %ock$ :5 p]us+ !  mon/r\s   
s5tim5ts prop\nd$ 9 ^? extracts1 b ev5 !
  tol]ably /iff ,calv9i/s ( ,oliv]      
,cromwell's "t felt !mselves  sc&aliz$  
by any allusion to !m1 & w\ld n admit t 
_!  op9ions _h ! lea/ aff9ity to su*    
desecrat+ dogmas4 ,little m  ?an tw5ty  
ye>s aft] ! synod ( ,dort1 t di/+ui%$   
polemical  div9e & accurate s*ol>1 ,dr4 
,?omas ,pi]ce1 publi%$ 8 able &  v      
int]e/+ pamphlet1 entitl$1 8,a ,correct 

,copy ( ,"s ,notes  conc]n+ ,god's      
,decrees20 9 :i*1 )\t nam+ ! au?ors1 he 
gave  t5 extracts f celebrat$ ,calv9i/ic
 treatises1 to prove1 t  8!re are m5 (  
no small "n :o h told ! _w1 t all !     
evil ( s9 :i* is 9 man proce$e? f ,god  
only z ! au?or1 &  f man only z !       
in/rum5t40 ,f\r ( ^! extracts w furni%  
suffici5t matt] to e judici\s m9d =     
m\rnful reflections on  ! /range        
obliquities to :i* ! human und]/&+ is   
liable3--7#a47 8,a wick$ man1 by ! j    
impulse ( ,god1 doe? t  :i* is n lawful 
= him to d40 7#b47 8,:5 ,god makes an   
angel or a  man a transgressor1 he      
himself do? n transgress1 because he do?
 n  break a law4 ,! v same s91 namely1  
adult]y or murd]1 inasmu* z  x is ! "w (
 ,god1 ! au?or1 mov]1 & compell]1 is n a
 crime2  b inasmu* z x is ( man1 x is a 
wick$ness40 7#c47 8,god c w  t man %all 
n fall1 by 8 w :i* is call$ voluntas    
signi2  & 9 ! mean :ile he c orda9 t !  
same man %all infallibly  & efficaci\sly
 fall1 by 8 w :i* is call$ voluntas     

b5eplaciti4 ,! =m] w ( ,god is improp]ly
 call$ 8 w1 =  x only signifie? :at man 
ought to d by "r2 b ! latt] w is        
prop]ly call$ a w1 because by t he      
decre$ :at %\ld  inevitably come to     
pass40 7#d47 8,god's w do? pass1 n only 
into !  p]mission ( ! s91 b into ! s9   
itself :i* is p]mitt$4 ,!  ,dom9icans10 
! high pr$e/9>ian ord] 9 ! *ur* ( ,rome1
 8d  imp]fectly & obscurely relate !    
tru? :il/1 beside ,god's  concurr5ce to 
! mak+ way = s91 !y require no?+ b !    
negation ( efficaci\s grace1 :5 x is    
manife/ t !re is a  f>!r pro/itution (  
s9 requir$40 ,( ^! f\r passages ! fir/  
is f ,calv9 himself1 ! second f         
,zu+lius1 & ! ?ird &  f\r? f ,dr4       
,twisse4 ,?is pamphlet 0 ! fir/ 9 a sm>t
  controv]sy1 9 :i* ,doctor 7aft]w>d    
,bi%op7 ,reynolds1 ,baxt]1  ,hickman1 & 
,b>lee1 took "p aga9/ ,dr4 ,pi]ce1 b 9  
:i* ^?  em95t m5 virtually disclaim$ all
 community ( s5tim5t betwe5  !mselves & 
su* high pr$e/9>ians4 ,9 _! w>m?1 h[ev]1
 !y  accus$ ! ,doctor ( hav+ 8rifl$ !   

well-furni%$ cab9et ( !  ,batavian      
,remon/rant writ+s10 & ( n hav+ hesitat$
 8to be  behold5 to v ?ieves1 namely1   
su* rogui% pamphlets z ,fur  ,pr$e/9atus
 & o!rs are1 r ?an want mat]ials =      
invectives  aga9/ ,calv91 ,beza1        
,twisse10 c4 ,9 8 reply1 ! ,doctor says1
 8,:5  ,i publi%$ my pap]s on ,god's    
decrees1 ,i _h nev] s mu* z se5 t       
well-furni%$ cab9et1 ! #8,acta          
,synodalia ,remon/rantium2'0 & he       
proves t he has copi$ none ( 8 extracts 
f ,fur ,pr$e/9atus4  ,z 8 oppon5ts 7 8s 
un?ankful = ! l5ity0 :i* he _h  display$
 9 giv+ 8s %ort a catalogue10 he add$   
o!r  affirmations ( a /ill m revolt+    
import1 if t 7 possible4  ,! f\r        
extracts :i* foll[1 w s]ve z a correct  
specim5 ( !  gross & ungu>d$ ass]tions (
 "s ( ^? good m5 :o 7 ?us  expos$2 !    
fir/ two are f ,zan*ius1 ! o!r two f    
,piscator1  bo? ( !m m5 ( r5[n 9 t      
age3--7#a47 8,reprobates are compell$  )
 a necessity ( s9n+1 & s ( p]i%+1 by ?is
 ord9ation (  ,god2 & s compell$ t !y _c

 *oose b s9 & p]i%40 7#b47  8,god works 
all ?+s 9 all m51 n only 9 ! godly1 b   
also 9 !  ungodly40 7#c47 8,judas c\ld n
 b betray ,*ri/1 see+ t ,god's  decrees 
are immutable2 & :e!r a man bless or    
curse1 he always do?  x necess>ily 9    
respect ( ,god's provid5ce1 & 9 s do+ he
 doe?  always accord+ to ! w ( ,god40   
7#d47 8,x do? or at lea/ may  appe> f ! 
^w ( ,god1 t we nei!r c d m good ?an we 
d1 nor omit m evil ?an we omit2 because 
,god f et]nity ha?  precisely decre$ t  
bo? ! good & ! evil %\ld s be done4  ,x 
is fatally con/itut$ :51 & h[1 & h[ mu*1
 e "o ( u  ought to /udy & love piety1  
or n to love x40 ,9 t newly  emancipat$ 
age1 ! ample discussion ( ^! topics c\ld
 n fail to  produce mu* good2 & ! result
 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s 01 t  a va/     
numb] ( ^? :o _h implicitly foll[$ !    
guidance (  ,calv91 des]t$ 8 /&>d1 &    
ei!r w5t completely ov] to !  ranks (   
,arm9ius1 or halt$ midway "u ! comm& (  
,baxt]4 ,f  t "t to ! middle ( !        
eighte5? c5tury1 ^? dogmas :i*  are     

usually designat$ z ultra-,calv9ian or  
,ant9omian1 receiv$ no  support except f
 su* %all[ div9es z ,dr4 ,crisp & 8     
imm$iate  admir]s4 ,b :5 ! ,rev4 ,john  
,wesley & 8 bro!r1 z ,arm9ians1         
prop\nd$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,gospel 9 z     
evangelical a mann]1 &  ) z m>k$        
success1 z any ,calv9i/1 a numb] ( ^?   
excell5t  m51 bo? 9 ! *ur* & among !    
,diss5t]s1 :o _h be5 e>ly  b5efit$ by ! 
m9i/ry ( ! two bro!rs1 ?\ght1 z _m n[ d1
  t x 0 impossible = any ?+ to be       
evangelical t 0 n  ,calv9i/ic2 &1       
app>5tly ) ! design ( be+ at z great a  
remove z possible f a reput$ h]esy1 !y  
became 9 pr9ciple real  ,ant9omians4 ,9 
=m+ ?is conclusion1 & 9 runn+ to a      
suppos$  opposite extreme1 su* p]sons   
seem to h =gott5 t ^? truly  evangelical
 pr9ciples1--:i* 9 ,g]many & ! neighb\r+
 /ates  effect$ ! re=mation f ,pop]y1   
:i* trans=m$ s9n]s into  ,*ri/ians &    
m>tyrs1 & :i*1 9 ! p]v]t$ /ate ( society
  t !n obta9$1 b too pa9fully rem9d$ !  
sa9t$ suff]]s (  ! dome/ic1 municipal1 &

 national grievances & p]secutions to   
:i* ! e>lie/ confessors ( ! "n ( ,*ri/ 7
 subject$1--_h  be5 9 b5eficial op]ation
 long be=e ,calv9's doctr9al sy/em 0    
br\ght to maturity1 & :5 he 0 kn[n only 
z ! humble &  dilig5t pa/or ( ! *ur* (  
,g5eva4 ,& ev5 aft] ! publication  ( 8  
8,in/itutes10 :i* conta9$ ! peculi>ities
 ( 8 cre$1 he  _h to wait _m ye>s1 to   
lab\r h>d1 n always 9 ! mo/  sanctifi$  
_s1 bo? f ! pulpit & ! press1 & to      
endure  _m p]sonal mortifications1 be=e 
he 0 able to obtrude 8 novel  dogmas on 
8 own imm$iate connections1 or to make  
any s5sible  impression on ! g5]ally    
receiv$ !ology ( 8 le>n$  contempor>ies4
 ,su* p]sons ought also to recollect1 t1
 z ,dr4 ,watts  ju/ly obs]ves1 8"s ( !  
mo/ rigid & n>r[ limitations ( grace  to
 m5 are f\nd *iefly 9 ,calv9's          
,in/itutions1 :i* 7 writt5  9 8 y\?4 ,b 
8 comm5ts on ,scripture 7 ! lab\rs ( 8  
rip] ye>s & matur] judgm5t40    #aa4 ,8 
fir/ tract on pr$e/9ation 0 publi%$ 9   
#aeeb2 & !  fir/ complete edition ( 8   

8,in/itutes0 did n see ! light till  !  
ye> #aeeh2 b ! *ange 9 ,melanc?on's     
op9ions1 f !  fatality ( ,/oicism1 to ! 
univ]sality ( ! ,gospel1 occurr$ at     
lea/ six ye>s prior to #aece1 :5 !      
second edition ( 8 8,common  ,places0 0 
publi%$1 t conta9$ 8 am5d$ cre$1 & /rong
  cautions aga9/ ! contr>y doctr9es4 ,"o
 ( ! mo/ eloqu5t &  be/ in=m$ writ]s ( !
 pres5t age has1 9 ref]5ce to ?is       
subject1 ju/ly obs]v$3 8,bo? ,lu!r &    
,melanc?on1 aft] _! cre$  became        
p]man5tly settl$ at ! diet ( ,augsburg1 
7,a4 ,d4 #aecj17 kept  "o object        
con/antly 9 view1--to inculcate only :at
 0 pla9 &  practical1 & nev] to attempt 
philosophiz+4 ,!y p]ceiv$1 t  be=e !    
re=mation ! doctr9e ( div9e =ekn[l$ge _h
 be5  grossly misconceiv$ & abus$1      
al?\gh gu>d$ by all ! logic (  ! s*ools2
 & !y felt1 t1 aft] x1 !y _h !mselves at
 fir/  contribut$ to increase ! evil1 by
 gr\nd+ ^u ! same high  argum5t1 al?\gh 
= a v diff]5t purpose1 ! position ( an  
infallible necessity4 ,!nce=w>d1 !re=e1 

!y only taught a  pr$e/9ation :i* !     
,*ri/ian religion expla9s1 & ! ,*ri/ian 
life exemplifies4 ,?us1 :ile _!         
adv]s>ies philosophiz$ ^u a  pr$e/9ation
 ( individuals1 pref]r$ "o be=e ano!r by
 div9e  reg>d because wor?y ( su* a     
pref]5ce1 !y taught only t :i*  has be5 
reveal$ ) c]ta9ty1--! pr$e/9ation ( a   
peculi>  description ( p]sons1 ( a p    
zeal\s ( good works1 ( !  ,*ri/ian *ur* 
contemplat$ z an aggregate1 n on acc\nt 
( its own  dignity1 b on acc\nt ( ,*ri/ 
its supreme ,head1 & ! au?or (  et]nal  
salvation to all :o obey him4 ,:ile     
re/or+ ,scriptural  simplicity to !     
doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 p]plex$ &        
disfigur$  by ! vanity ( ! s*ools1 !y   
/udi\sly & anxi\sly pres]v$  e trace ( t
 univ]sal b5evol5ce by :i* ,*ri/ianity  
is  p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$4 #8,let u1' !y  
said1 #8) bo? our h&s1  or r ) all our  
he>t1 hold fa/ ! true & pi\s maxim1 t   
,god is n ! au?or ( s91 t he sits n 9   
heav5 writ+ ,/oical  laws 9 ! volumes ( 
fate2 b1 end[$ ) a p]fect fre$om        

himself1 he communicates a lib]ty (     
action to 8 creatures2 firmly  oppos+ ! 
position ( necessity z false1 & p]nici\s
 to morals  & religion4 ,god1 we may be 
assur$1 is no cruel & m]ciless tyrant2  
he does n hate & reject m51 b loves !m z
 a p>5t loves 8  *ildr54' ,univ]sal     
grace1 inde$1 0 at all times a fav\rite 
topic  ) ! ,lu!rans2 nor w\ld !y admit (
 any pr$e/9ation except  t ( a b5efic5t 
,deity1 :o 0 9 ,*ri/ reconcil+ ! _w to  
himself2 except a pr$e/9ation con=mable 
) t ord] ( ?+s  :i* he has e/abli%$1 & )
 ! use or abuse ( ! means :i*  he has   
orda9$4 #8,! ,almighty1' !y said1 #8has 
s]i\sly will$ &  decre$1 f et]nity1 all 
m5 to be sav$ & to enjoy ev]la/+        
felicity2 let u n !re=e indulge 9 evil  
sugge/ions1 & sep>ate  ourselves f 8    
grace1 :i* is z exp&$ z ! space betwe5  
heav5 & e>?2 let u n re/ra9 ! g5]al     
promise1 9 :i* he  (f]s 8 fav\r to all  
)\t discrim9ation1 nor conf9e x to ^?   
:o1 affect+ a peculi> g>b1 wi% to be    
alone e/eem$ pi\s &  sanctifi$4 ,if _m  

p]i%1 ! fault is n to be imput$ to !    
div9e  w1 b to human ob/9acy1 :i*       
despises t w1 & disreg>ds a  salvation  
de/9$ = all m54' #8,& because _m are    
call$1 b few  are *os51 let u n1' !y    
add$1 #8ent]ta9 an op9ion highly        
impi\s1--t ,god t5d]s 8 grace to _m1 b  
communicates x only  to a few2 = %\ld we
 n 9 ! greate/ degree dete/ a ,deity by 
^: arbitr>y w we believ$ ourselves to be
 exclud$ f  salvation8' ,^u ! important 
po9t likewise ( ! conditional           
acceptance ( ! individual1 _! ideas 7 n 
m di/9ct ?an  _! language 0 explicit4   
#8,if ,god *ose1' !y argu$1 #8c]ta9     
p]sons only 9 ord] to unite !m to       
himself1 & reject$ !  rema9d] 9 all     
respects alike1 w\ld n su* ,,an         
,,election ,,)\t  ,,causes seem         
tyrannical8 ,let u !re=e be p]suad$1 t  
"s cause  exi/s 9 u1 z "s diff]5ce is to
 be f\nd betwe5 ^? :o are1  & ^? :o are 
n1 accept$4' ,?us !y conceiv$ t1        
pr$e/9at+ 8 elect 9 ,*ri/1 or ! ,*ri/ian
 *ur*1 to et]nal  salvation1 he excludes

 none f t numb] by a p>tial adoption (  
fav\rites1 b calls all equally1 &       
accepts ( all :o obey 8  call+1 or1 9   
o!r words1 :o become true ,*ri/ians by  
possess+  ! qualifications :i*          
,*ri/ianity requires4--',he1' !y /at$1  
:o  #8falls f grace1 _c b p]i%1         
completely los+ remission (  s91 ) ! o!r
 b5efits :i* ,*ri/ has pur*as$ = him1 & 
acquir+ 9 _! /ead div9e wra? & dea?     
et]nal4' ,melanc?on1  :o 9 8 private    
correspond5ce expressly t]m$ ,calv9 !   
,z5o (  8 day1 says1 #8,let u execrate !
 ,/oical disputations :i* "s  introduce1
 :o imag9e t ! elect always reta9 !     
,holy ,_s1  ev5 :5 !y commit atroci\s   
crimes1--a manife/ & highly             
repreh5sible error2 & let u n confirm 9 
fools security &  bl9dness4'0    ,^!    
quotations might be augm5t$ by o!rs f ! 
e>lie/ ,lu!ran  au?ors1 m ,arm9ian 9 _! 
import ?an any :i* ,arm9ius ev]  wrote3 
b ! prec$+ are suffici5t to %[1 t1 dur+ 
upw>d (  ?irty ye>s1 ! ,prote/ant *ur* 9
 ,g]many 0 n\ri%$ by  doctr9es mo/      

manife/ly at v>iance ) ! ref9em5ts      
aft]w>d  promulgat$ by ,calv94 ,real    
conv]sions ( s9n]s 7 nev] m  abundant   
?an 9 t gold5 age2 yet ^! 7 produc$ by !
  bless+ ( ,god ^u an evangelical ag5cy 
t _h sc>cely any ?+  9 common ) !       
,g5evan dogmas4 ,) ^! & simil> facts    
be=e  him1 !re=e1 no ,calv9i/ c 9 common
 hone/y claim = !  peculi>ities ( 8     
cre$1 = ^? doctr9es :i* di/+ui% x  f !  
,melanc?onism ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es (   
,engl& &  ,g]many1 ! exclusive title (  
,,evangelical4 ,equally fallaci\s is !  
gr\nd on :i* he c pref] any su* claim on
 acc\nt ( ! alleg$  c\nsel & advice giv5
 by ,calv9 to our re=m]s :ile !y 7      
engag$ 9 ! =mation ( our ,articles &    
,liturgy4 ,on no fact 9 !  ecclesia/ical
 hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry are our annali/s m 
completely  at agreem5t ?an on ?is1--t  
,calv9's "n & writ+s 7  sc>cely kn[n 9  
,engl& till ! "t :5 ! p]secution "u     
,que5  ,m>y =c$ _m ( our be/ div9es into
 bani%m5t2 & t1 to !  great future      
disquietude ( ! *ur*1 sev]al ( ^! exiles

 on _!  return import$ a p]sonal bias   
ei!r 9 fav\r ( 8 discipl9e or (  8      
dogmas4 ,ant]ior to t p]iod he _h       
receiv$ no su* press+  invitations f our
 re=m]s1 & f ! k+ himself1 z ,melanc?on 
_h done1 = 8 fri5dly !ological aid 9    
draw+ up ! doctr9al  & discipl9>y =mul (
 our national *ur*4 ,! man :o ass]ts !  
contr>y to ?is1 & :o has ! h>dihood to  
d5y ! ,melanc?onian  orig9 ( ! ,articles
 & ,liturgy1 discov]s at once 8 want (  
correct in=mation on ^! subjects1 & has 
nev] read ! conv9c+  docum5ts app5d$ to 
! ,ar*bi%op ( ,ca%el's 7,dr4 ,laur5ce's7
 8,eight  ,s]mons10 be+ ! ,bampton      
,lectures = #ahjd1 & entitl$1 8,an      
,attempt to ,illu/rate ^? ,articles ( ! 
,*ur* ( ,engl& :i* !  ,calv9i/s         
improp]ly consid] z ,calv9i/ical20      
,todd's treatise 8,on  ,orig9al ,s91    
,free ,w1 c1 z ma9ta9$ by c]ta9         
,decl>ations (  our ,re=m]s20 ,plaif]e's
 8,appello ,evangelium20 nor ev5 !      
portable yet conv9c+ pamphlets ( ,kipl+ 
& ,w9*e/]1 ! =m]  entitl$ 8,! ,articles 

n ,calv9i/ic20 ! latt]1 8,a ,diss]tation
  on ! ,sev5te5? ,article ( ! ,*ur*40   
#ab4 ,!re is "o fact connect$ ) ^!      
assum$ yet unf\nd$ claims1  :i* has nev]
 yet be5 plac$ 9 its prop] light1 b :i* 
x may be  well briefly to notice 9 ?is  
place4 ,calv9 himself1 9 #aece1 wrote ! 
foll[+ truly ,melanc?onian p>agraphs z  
"p ( 8 preface to !  ,new ,te/am5t 9    
,fr5*3 8,?is ,m$iator1 our ,"l ,jesus   
,*ri/1 0 !  only1 true1 & et]nal ,son ( 
,god1 :om ! ,fa!r 0 ab\t to s5d  into ! 
_w1 t he might collect all m5 toge!r f  
?is horrid  disp]sion & deva/ation4 ,:51
 at l5g?1 t fulness ( "t  arriv$1 t day 
preorda9$ by ! ,"l1 he op5ly %[$ himself
 z  t ,messiah :o _h = s _m ages be5 !  
desire ( all nations1  & ha? mo/        
abundantly p]=m$ all ^? ?+s :i* 7       
necess>y  = ! r$emption ( all m54 ,b ?is
 great bless+ 0 n conf9$  solely )9 !   
b\nd>ies ( ! l& ( ,israel1 s9ce1 on !   
contr>y1 x 0 int5d$ porrig5dum to be    
held out = !  acceptance ( ! :ole human 
race2 because ?r\gh ,*ri/ alone !       

entire family ( man 0 to be reconcil$ to
 ,god1 z w be se51 &  mo/ amply         
demon/rat$1 9 ^! pages ( ! ,new         
,te/am5t40 8,to ?is  inh]itance ( our   
heav5ly ,fa!r's k+dom we are all call$  
)\t  respect ( p]sons1--:e!r we be m5 or
 wom51 high or l[1 ma/]s or  s]vants1   
tea*]s or disciples1 doctores div9es or 
laics1 ,jews or  ,greeks1 ,fr5*m5 or    
,romani ,italians4 ,f ?is inh]itance no 
"o  is exclud$1 if he only s receive    
,*ri/ z he is (f]$ by ! ,fa!r  = !      
salvation ( all m51 & embrace him :5    
receiv$40 ,great  rese>* has be5        
display$ by ! ,calv9i/s at diff]5t      
p]iods1 9  endeav\r+ to discov]1 9 !    
public =mul>ies ( ! *ur*1 or 9  !       
private productions ( our re=m]s1 "s    
trace ( aff9ity betwe5  !m & ! writ+s ( 
,calv94 ,only two cases ( su* aff9ity h 
yet be5 f\nd2 &1 un=tunately = !        
validity ( all pret5sions  ( ?is k9d1   
nei!r ( !m conta9s a s+le peculi>ity (  
,calv9ism1 b1 on ! contr>y1 bo? are ( ! 
mod]ate &  evangelical class ( !        

,melanc?onian s*ool4 ,"o ( ! passages   
?us discov]$ is "h subjo9$ f ,cranm]'s  
8,def5ce ( ! ,true  & ,ca?olic ,doctr9e 
( ! ,sacram5t10 c2 & be>s all ! m>ks (  
v]isimilitude to ! second ( ! prec$+    
p>agraphs f ,calv91  ?\gh writt5 fifte5 
ye>s aft] x3--8,almighty ,god1 )\t      
respect  ( p]son1 accepte? ! oblation & 
sacrifice ( prie/ & lay  p]son1 ( k+ &  
subject1 ( ma/] & s]vant1 ( man & woman1
 (  "y & old1 yea1 ( ,engli%1 ,fr5*1    
,scot1 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,jew1 &  ,g5tile2 
( e man accord+ to 8 fai?ful & ob$i5t   
he>t unto  him1 & t ?r\gh ! sacrifice   
propitiatory ( ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,_h  ei!r 
?is or ! o!r passage conta9$ ! lea/ t+e 
( :at is  n[ consid]$ z belong+         
exclusively to ! sy/em ( ,calv91 !      
,engli% admir]s ( t great man w\ld h _h 
"s gr\nds = !  ass]tions :i* h be5 too  
confid5tly made1 because s easily       
refut$4    #ac4 ,hav+ giv5 ?is summ>y ( 
! s5tim5ts ( ,calv9 himself1 &  ( !     
anci5t or /rict ,calv9i/s1 x is prop] to
 obs]ve1 t !re  are1 & always h be51 _m 

:o g5]ally embrace ! ,calv9i/ic  sy/em1 
b object to "s p>ticul> p>ts1 & to !    
/rong  language 9 :i* "s ( !            
propositions are express$4 ,^! are      
call$ mod]ate or mod]n ,calv9i/s1 :o    
diff] f ,calv91 &  ! synod ( ,dort1     
*iefly on two po9ts1--! doctr9e (       
reprobation1  & ! ext5t ( ! dea? (      
,*ri/4 ,! !ory ( ,baxt] has already  be5
 notic$4 ,?is & all o!r mitigat$ s*emes 
re/ on two  pr9ciples1 ! suffici5cy ( ! 
atonem5t = all mank9d1 & !  suffici5cy (
 grace = ^? :o d n believe4 ,/ill some?+
 m  is held to be necess>y ?an ?is      
suffici5cy ( grace 9 ord] to  actual    
salvation2 namely1 an acceptance by man1
 :i* c only be made  "u t degree (      
effectual sup]natural aid :i* is disp5s$
 only  to a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons1 :o are
 ?us di/+ui%$ z ! 8elect  ( ,god40 ,!   
ma9 *>act]i/ic ( all ^! !ories1 f ! fir/
  to ! la/1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 is1 t 
a "p ( mank9d  are %ut out f ! m]cies ( 
,god1 on "s gr\nd irrespective (  _!    
refusal ( a s9c]e (f] to !m ( salvation 

?r\gh ,*ri/1  made ) a communicat$ p[] (
 embrac+ x4 ,"s p[] !y all[ to  !       
reprobate1 z natural p[]1 & degrees (   
sup]add$ moral p[]2  b 9 no case ! p[]  
to believe unto salvation2 & ?us1 z "o  
well obs]ves1 8,:5 !y h cut "s fair     
tr5*es1 z if !y w\ld  br+ ! wat] ( life 
unto ! dwell+s ( ! reprobate1 on a sudd5
  !y op5 a sluice :i* c>ries x (f aga940
 ,! :ole lab\r (  ^! !ories is to f9d   
out "s plausible reason = ! infliction  
( puni%m5t on !m t p]i%1 indep5d5t ( !  
only cause  assign$ by ! ^w ( ,god--_!  
rejection ( a m]cy free = all1  & made  
atta9able by all4 ,see ,,baxt]ianism4   
#ad4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 x is pleasant to 
f9d ^! indications ( a  gr[+            
consci\sness1 on ! "p ( mod]n           
pr$e/9>ians1 t !  common notions &      
common language ( mank9d on ^! deep     
subjects are  n f> f ! tru?4 ,& ?\gh "s 
too fa/idi\s ,arm9ians may  compla91 t1 
9 ?is desire to enli/ ! views & words ( 
common  s5se on ! side ( ,calv9ism1 _m (
 ^? by :om !y are employ$  atta* to !m a

 mean+ v diff]5t f t :i* ord9>y usage   
w>rants2 yet ev5 ?is t5d5cy to          
approximate to "r views %\ld be  reg>d$ 
z fav\rable to ! progress ( tru?1 & !   
evid5tly  improv$ feel+ :i* has sugge/$ 
su* approximation ought to be met  9 a  
conciliat+ _s4 ,b ?is is a fault :i* mu/
 always be an  app5dage to su* a sy/em1 
h[ev] x may be modifi$2 & does n        
exclusively apply to its mod]n          
support]s4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks by          
,ar*bi%op ,laur5ce on ! ambiguity (     
language n unfrequ5tly  disc]nible 9 !  
writ+s ( ,calv9 himself1 are wor?y (    
consid]ation3--8,9 :atsoev] s5se he wi%$
 ^! words to be  und]/ood1 x mu/ be     
admitt$ t he sometimes adapt$ ! /yle (  
o!rs1 :o _h a v diff]5t object 9 view1  
to 8 own peculi>  op9ions4 ,& h5ce1 f ! 
want ( a due discrim9ation1 !  s5tim5ts 
( 8 contempor>ies1 opposite 9 _! natural
 t5d5cy1  are (t5 improp]ly =c$ into !  
vortex ( ,calv9ism4 ,sy/ematiz+  0 8    
d>l+ prop5sity1 & ! ambition ( be+      
di/+ui%$ z a  lead] 9 re=m 8 pr$om9ant  

passion3 9 ! arrangem5ts ( !  =m]1 he   
nev] felt a d\bt1 or f\nd a difficulty2 
& 9 !  pursuits ( ! latt] he display$ an
 equal degree ( p]sev]ance &  ard\r4    
,?us1 9 ! doctr9e ( ! eu*>i/1 x is well 
kn[n t he  lab\r$ to acquire celebrity1 
& conciliate foll[]s1 by ma9ta9+  a k9d 
( middle sacram5tal pres5ce betwe5 !    
corporeal ( !  ,lu!rans1 & ! m]e        
spiritual ( ! ,zu+lians2 express+       
himself  9 language :i*1 p>tly d]iv$ f  
"o1 & p>tly f ! o!r1  v]g$ t[>d nei!r   
extreme2 b :i*1 by 8 s+ul> tal5t at     
p]spicu\s comb9ation1 he appli$1 & n )\t
 success1 to 8 own  p>ticul> purpose4   
,nor 0 he less solicit\s to press into 8
 s]vice  a =eign phraseology ^u !       
subject m imm$iately be=e me2 a  subject
 on 8 !ory ( :i* he n a little prid$    
himself1 &  seem$ cont5t$ to /ake 8     
reputation4 ,he p]ceiv$ t !  ,lu!rans1  
/rongly reprobat+ e discussion ^u !     
decrees ( a  ,deity unreveal$ to u1     
f\nd$ pr$e/9ation solely on a           
,scriptural  basis2 cont5d+ = a div9e w 

:i* is s]i\sly1 n  fictiti\sly1 dispos$ 
to save all m51 & pr$et]m9$ to save all 
:o become & cont9ue s9c]e ,*ri/ians4    
,zu+le1 inde$1 _h  reason$ f a diff]5t  
pr9ciple2 &1 al?\gh p]suad$ t ,god's    
m]cies 9 ,*ri/ 7 lib]ally be/[$ on all  
)\t di/9ction1 on  infants :o commit n  
actual crime1 & on ! ,hea!n z well z !  
,*ri/ian _w1 he nev]!less 0 a           
necessit>ian 9 ! /ricte/  s5se ( !      
expression2 ref]r+ ev5ts ( e k9d to an  
uncontrollable & absolute pr$et]m9ation4
 ,zu+le1 h[ev]1 di$ 9  #aeca1 be=e ! y\?
 ( ,calv9 p]mitt$ him to assume ! "*  ( 
a re=m]2 :o f\nd ,bull+] !n at ! head ( 
! ,zu+lian  *ur*1 n only applaud+1 b    
adopt+1 ! mod]ation (  ! ,lu!rans2 &1 to
 use ! phrase ( ,turret91 pla9ly        
,melanc?oniz+4 ,b ! doctr9e allud$ to1 x
 may be imag9$1 0  ( a species too      
limit$ & unphilosophical = "o ( 8       
ent]pris+  turn ( m9d1 :o nev] met ) an 
ob/acle :i* he attempt$ n  in/antly to  
surm\nt4 ,disreg>d+1 !re=e1 ! sob]      
re/rictions  ( ! times1 he gave loose to

 ! mo/ unb\nd$ speculation3 yet1  anxi\s
 by all means to w9 ov] all to 8 op9ion1
 he /udi\sly  lab\r$ to pres]ve1 on "s  
popul> po9ts1 a v]bal con=mity )  !     
,lu!rans4 ,) !m1 9 words1 he taught !   
univ]sality ( ,god's  good w2 b x 0 a   
univ]sality :i* he ext5d$ only to !  (f]
 ( salvation2 conceiv+ ! reprobate to be
 preclud$ f !  reception ( t (f] by !   
secret decree ( an immutable ,deity4 ,! 
/rik+ feature ( _! sy/em 0 an election 9
 ,*ri/1 by :i*  !y meant an election z  
,*ri/ians4 ,?is also1 9 words1 he       
inculcat$3 8 idea1 h[ev]1 ( an election 
9 ,*ri/ 0 totally  diff]5t f !irs2 = he 
held x to be ! previ\s election (  c]ta9
 fav\rites by an irrespective w ( ,god1 
:om1 & :om alone1  ,*ri/ 0 subsequ5tly  
appo9t$ to save4 ,b 8 +5uity 0 su*1  9  
adapt+ ! t]ms borr[$ f ano!r s\rce to 8 
own !ory1  t "s errone\sly conceive !m  
to h be5 ?us orig9ally us$ by  !        
,lu!rans !mselves4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 mu*    
confusion has aris5 9  ! attempt (      
prop]ly discrim9at+ betwe5 ! v>i\s      

s5tim5ts (  ,prote/ants ^u ?is "q1 at ! 
p]iod "u consid]ation3 all  h be5 reg>d$
 z =m$ ^u ! model :i* ,calv9 exhibit$2  
at  lea/ by writ]s :o h contemplat$ him 
z ! greate/ re=m] (  8 age1 b :o h      
=gott5 t1 al?\gh !y *ose to e/eem him  !
 greate/1 !y c\ld n repres5t him z !    
fir/ 9 po9t (  "t2 & t 8 title to       
prem95ce1 9 ! common e/imation ( 8      
contempor>ies1 0 !n f> f be+ ackn[l$g$40
    #ae4 ,on "o topic1 h[ev]1 ,calv9 & !
 old] div9es ( t s*ool  7 v explicit4   
,!y tell u pla9ly1 t !y f\nd all !      
,*ri/ian fa!rs1 bo? ( ! ,greek & ! ,lat9
 *ur* d[n to !  age ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 q   
unmanageable = _! purpose2 &  !re=e     
occasionally be/[ ^u !m & _! productions
 epi!ts  n ! mo/ c\rte\s4 ,yet "s mod]n 
writ]s1 n possess+ half !  spl5did      
qualifications ( ^? vet]ans 9 le>n+1    
make a gorge\s  display ( ! little t !y 
"k conc]n+ antiquity2 & wi% to  lead _! 
read]s to suppose1 t ! :ole /ream ( e>ly
  ,*ri/ianity has fl[$ d[n only 9 _!    
*annel4 ,e "o mu/ h  rem>k$ h[ mu* l    

,calv9 all ^? fa!rs speak ^: works are  
quot$ by ,toplady 9 8 8,hi/oric         
,def5ce40 ,nor c ! two ,miln]s1 9  _!   
8,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*10 entirely escape    
c5sure on ?is  acc\nt1--?\gh bo? 7      
excell5t m51 & bett] s*ol>s ?an         
,toplady4 ,b f ! mann] 9 :i* !y 8%[ up0 
only ^? anci5t  ,*ri/ian au?ors1 "s ( ^:
 s5tim5ts seem to be ne>ly 9  unison )  
_! own1 !y induce ! unle>n$ or half     
in=m$ to  draw ! errone\s conclusion1--t
 ! peculi>ities ( ,calv9ism are  n !    
inv5tions ( a comp>atively rec5t ra1 & t
 !y h  always =m$ a prom95t "p ( !      
pr(ession ( fai? ( e  ,*ri/ian community
 s9ce ! days ( ! ,apo/les4    ,all m5   
mu/ admire ! c&id & lib]al _s :i* brea!s
 9 !  subjo9$ high b j eulogium on      
,calv91 f ! p5 ( ! same  amiable        
,ar*bi%op3 8,calv9 himself 0 bo? a wise 
& a good man2  inf]ior to none ( 8      
contempor>ies 9 g5]al ability1 & sup]ior
  to almo/ all 9 ! art1 z well z        
elegance1 ( composition1 9 !  p]spicuity
 & arrangem5t ( 8 ideas1 ! /ructure ( 8 

p]iods1  & ! ,lat9ity ( 8 diction4      
,al?\gh atta*$ to a !ory1 :i* he  f\nd x
 difficult 9 ! extreme to free f !      
suspicion (  blasphemy aga9/ ,god1 z !  
au?or ( s91 he c]ta9ly 0 no  blasphem]2 
b1 on ! contr>y1 adopt$ t v !ory f an   
anxiety n to commit1 b1 z he conceiv$1  
to avoid blasphemy1--t  ( ascrib+ to    
human1 :at he deem$ alone imputable to  
div9e1  ag5cy40    ,,cambyses1 ! son (  
,cyrus1 k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,he succe$$ 8 fa!r1
 ,a4  ,m4 #cdge1 & is ! ,ahasu]us       
m5tion$ 9 ,ezra iv1 #f1 to :om1 z soon  
z he came to ! cr[n1 ! ,sam>itans appli$
 by petition1 desir+  t ! rebuild+ (    
,j]usalem might be /opp$4 ,:at ! motives
 7  :i* !y made use ( to prevail ^u ?is 
pr9ce1 we are ignorant2 b  x is c]ta91 t
 ?\gh he 0 n p]suad$ to revoke 8 fa!r's 
decree1 yet he put a /op to ! works1 s t
 = ! rema9+ sev5  ye>s & five mon?s :i* 
he reign$1 ! build+ ( ! city &  temple 0
 susp5d$4 ,see ,,ahasu]us4    ,,camel1 4
 ,?is animal is call$ 9 anci5t ,arabic1 
gimel2 & 9  mod]n1 diammel2 9 ,greek1 4 

,) v little v>iation1 !  "n is reta9$ 9 
mod]n languages4 ,! camel is v common 9 
,arabia1 ,judea1 & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries2
 & is (t5 m5tion$ 9  ,scripture1 &      
reckon$ among ! mo/ valuable prop]ty1 #a
 ,*ron4 v1  #ba2 ,job i1 #c1 c4 8,no    
creature10 says ,volney1 8seems s       
peculi>ly  fitt$ to ! climate 9 :i* he  
exi/s z ! camel4 ,design+ ?is  animal to
 dwell 9 a c\ntry :]e he c f9d little   
n\ri%m5t1  nature has be5 sp>+ ( h]     
mat]ials 9 ! :ole ( 8 =mation4  ,%e has 
n be/[$ ^u him ! fle%9ess ( ! ox1 horse1
 or  elephant2 b limit+ h]self to :at is
 /rictly necess>y1 has giv5  him a long 
head1 )\t e>s1 at ! end ( a long neck   
)\t fle%2  has tak5 f 8 legs & ?ighs e  
muscle n imm$iately  requisite = motion2
 &1 9 %ort1 be/[$ ^u 8 )]$ body  only ! 
vessels & t5dons necess>y to connect its
 frame toge!r4  ,%e has furni%$ him ) a 
/rong jaw1 t he may gr9d ! h>de/        
alim5ts2 b1 le/ he %\ld consume too mu*1
 has /rait5$ 8  /oma*1 & oblig$ him to  
*ew ! cud2 has l9$ 8 foot ) a lump  (   

fle%1 :i* slid+ 9 ! mud1 & be+ no way   
adapt$ to  climb+1 fits him only = a    
dry1 level1 & s&y soil1 l t (  ,arabia4 
,s great1 9 %ort1 is ! importance ( !   
camel to !  des]t1 t1 7 x depriv$ ( t   
useful animal1 x mu/ infallibly  lose e 
inhabitant40 ,! *ief use ( ! camel has  
always be5 z a  bea/ ( burd51 & = p]=m+ 
j\rneys across ! des]ts4 ,!y  h         
sometimes be5 us$ 9 w>1 to c>ry !       
baggage ( an ori5t$  army1 & m+le 9 !   
tumult ( ! battle4 ,_m ( ! ,amalekite   
w>riors1 :o burnt ,ziklag 9 ! "t (      
,david1 7 m\nt$ on camels2  = ! sacr$   
hi/orian rem>ks1 t ( ! :ole army n a man
  escap$ ! furi\s onset ( t h]oic &     
exasp]at$ lead]1 8save  f\r hundr$ "y   
m51 :i* rode ^u camels1 & fl$10 #a ,sam4
 xxx1  #ag4    ,! passage ( ,scripture 9
 :i* our ,"l says1 8,x is easi] = a     
camel to g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le1 ?an = 
a ri* man to ent]  into ! k+dom (       
heav510 ,matt4 xix1 #bd1 has be5 !      
occasion (  mu* criticism4 ,"s ass]t t  
ne> ,j]usalem 0 a l[ gate call$  8!     

ne$le's eye10 ?r\gh :i* a camel c\ld n  
pass unless 8 load  0 tak5 (f4 ,o!rs    
conjecture t  %\ld be read 1 a  cable4  
,b !re are no anci5t manuscripts to     
support ! read+4 ,9  ! ,jewi% ,talmud1  
!re is1 h[ev]1 a simil> prov]b respect+ 
an  elephant3 8,rabbi ,%e%e? answ]$     
,rabbi ,amram1 :o _h advanc$ an         
absurdity1 #8,p]haps ?\ art "o ( !      
,pambidi?ians1 :o c make an  elephant   
pass ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le2'0 t is1 says
 ! ,aru*1  8:o speak ?+s impossible40   
,!re is also a say+ ( ! same k9d  9 !   
,koran3 8,! impi\s1 :o 9 8 arrogancy    
%all accuse our  doctr9e ( falsity1 %all
 f9d ! gates ( heav5 %ut2 nor %all he   
ent] !re1 till a camel %all pass ?r\gh !
 eye ( a ne$le4 ,x is  ?us t we %all    
recomp5se ! wick$10 ,surat4 vii1 #cg4   
,inde$1  ,grotius1 ,lightfoot1 ,wet/e91 
& ,mi*alis jo9 9 op9ion1 t !  comp>ison 
is s mu* 9 ! figurative /yle ( ! ori5tal
 nations  & ( ! rabb9s1 t ! text is     
suffici5tly au!ntic4    ,,camel's       
,,hair1 m5tion$ ,matt4 iii1 #d2 ,m>k i1 

#f4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 we  are told1 0    
habit$ 9 a raim5t ( camel's hair2 &     
,*>d9 assures  u1 t ! mod]n d]vises we> 
su* g>m5ts2 z !y d also great  lea!rn   
girdles4 ,camel's hair is also made into
 ^? beautiful /uffs1  call$ %awls2 b    
c]ta9ly ! co>s] manufacture ( ?is       
mat]ial  0 adopt$ by ,john1 & we may    
receive a good idea ( its texture1 f    
:at ,brai?waite says ( ! ,arabian t5ts3 
8,!y are made ( camel's  hair1 some:at l
 our co>se hair clo?s to lay ov] goods40
 ,by ?is  co>se ve/ure ! ,bapti/ 0 n    
m]ely di/+ui%$1 b contra/$  ) ^? 9 royal
 palaces1 :o wore 8s(t raim5t10 su* z   
%awls or  o!r sup]f9e manufactures1 :e!r
 ( ! same mat]ial or n4    ,,cam]onians1
 a sect 9 ,scotl&1 :o sep>at$ f !       
,presbyt]ians 9  #afff1 & cont9u$ to    
hold _! religi\s assemblies 9 ! fields4 
,! ,cam]onians took _! d5om9ation f     
,ri*>d ,cam]on1 a fam\s  field prea*]1  
:o1 refus+ to accept ! indulg5ce to t5d]
  consci5ces grant$ by ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii1 
z su* an acceptance seem$ an            

ackn[l$gm5t ( ! k+'s supremacy1 & t he  
_h be=e a "r  to sil5ce !m1 sep>at$ f 8 
bre?r51 & ev5 head$ a  rebellion 9 :i*  
he 0 kill$4 ,8 foll[]s 7 nev] entirely  
r$uc$ till ! ,revolution1 :5 !y         
volunt>ily submitt$ to ,k+  ,william4 ,!
 ,cam]onians adh]$ rigidly to ! =m (    
gov]nm5t  e/abli%$ 9 #afdh4             
,,cam]oni/s1 or ,,cam]onites1 is !      
d5om9ation ( a p>ty (  ,calv9i/s 9      
,france1 :o ass]t$1 t ! cause ( m5's do+
 good  or evil proce$s f ! k :i* ,god   
infuses into !m2 &  t ,god does n move !
 w physically1 b only morally1 9 virtue 
( its dep5d5ce on ! judgm5t ( ! m9d4 ,!y
 _h ?is "n f  ,john ,cam]on1 "o ( ! mo/ 
fam\s div9es among ! ,prote/ants (      
,france1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o 0 born 
at ,glasg[1 9  ,scotl&1 ab\t ! ye>      
#aehj1 & taught ,greek !re till he      
remov$ to  ,b\rdeaux 9 #afjj4 ,"h he    
acquir$ su* celebrity by ! flu5cy )  :i*
 he spoke ,greek1 t he 0 appo9t$ to tea*
 ! le>n$  languages at ,b]g]ac4 ,he     
aft]w>d became pr(essor ( philosophy at 

,s$an2 b return+ to ,b\rdeaux 9 #afjd1  
he devot$ himself to !  /udy ( div9ity4 
,^u be+ appo9t$ tutor to ! sons ( !     
*ancellor ( ,nav>re1 he accompani$ !m to
 ,p>is1 ,g5eva1 &  ,heidelb]g4 ,aft]    
hav+ dis*>g$ ! (fice ( a m9i/] at       
,b\rdeaux1 :i* he assum$ 9 #afjh1 = t5  
ye>s1 he accept$ !  pr(essor%ip (       
div9ity at ,saumur4 ,^u ! disp]sion ( t 
academy  by ! public commotions 9 #afba1
 he remov$ to ,engl&1 & taught  div9ity 
at 8 own h\se 9 ,london4 ,k+ ,james     
incl9$ to fav\r him  on acc\nt ( 8      
suppos$ atta*m5t to ! hi]>*y1 made him  
ma/]  ( ! college1 & pr(essor ( div9ity1
 at ,glasg[2 b aft] hold+  ?is (fice1   
:i* he f\nd to be unpleasant to him1 = a
 ye>1 he  return$ to ,saumur1 :]e he    
read private lectures4 ,f !nce he       
remov$1 9 #afbd1 to ,montauban2 :]e !   
di/urbances excit$ by !  emiss>ies ( !  
duke de ,rohan l$ him to remon/rate     
aga9/ !  pr9ciples :i* produc$ !m1 ) m  
zeal ?an prud5ce4 ,?is  occasion$ 8 be+ 
insult$ by a private p]son 9 ! /reets1 &

  sev]ely beat53 & ?is treatm5t s mu*   
affect$ him1 t he soon  aft] di$1 9     
#afbe1 at ! e>ly age ( =ty-six ye>s4    
,bayle  repres5ts him z 8a man ( great  
p>ts & judgm5t1 ( an excell5t  memory1 v
 le>n$1 a good philosoph]1 good hum\r$1 
lib]al n  only ( 8 k b 8 purse1 a great 
talk]1 a long-w9d$  prea*]1 little v]s$ 
9 ! fa!rs1 inflexible 9 8 op9ions1 &    
incl9$ to turbul5ce40 ,he 0 "o ( ^? :o  
attempt$ to reconcile  ! doctr9e (      
pr$e/9ation1 z x _h be5 taught at       
,g5eva1 &  confirm$ at ,dort1 ) !       
s5tim5ts ( ^? :o believe t ,god  (f]s   
salvation to all mank9d4 ,8 op9ion 0    
ma9ta9$ &  propagat$ by ,moses ,amyraut1
 & sev]al o!rs ( ! mo/ le>n$  among !   
re=m$ m9i/]s1 :o ?\ght ,calv9's doctr9e 
too h>%4  ,!y 7 call$ ,hypo!tical       
,univ]sali/s4 ,cam]on likewise  ma9ta9$ 
! possibility ( salvation 9 ! *ur* (    
,rome4 ,see  ,,amyraut & ,,baxt]ianism4 
,,camp1 or ,,encampm5t1 ( ! ,israelites4
 ,! :ole body ( ! p1  consi/+ ( six     
hundr$ ?\s& fight+ m51 beside wom5 &    

*ildr51 0 dispos$ "u f\r battalions1 s  
plac$ z to enclose  ! tab]nacle1 9 ! =m 
( a squ>e1 & ea* "u "o g5]al  /&>d4     
7,see ,armies47 ,!re 7 =ty-"o           
encampm5ts1 f _!  fir/ 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 
at ,rameses1 9 ! l& ( ,go%51 9  ,egypt1 
& 9 ! wild]ness1 until !y rea*$ ! l& (  
,canaan4  ,!y are ?us enum]at$ 9 ,numb]s
 xxxiii3--     #a4 ,rameses   #b4       
,succo?   #c4 ,e?am1 on ! edge ( !      
wild]ness   #d4 ,pihahiro?   #e4 ,m>ah  
#f4 ,elim   #g4 ,by ! ,r$ ,sea   #h4    
,wild]ness ( ,s9   #i4 ,dophkah   #aj4  
,alu%   #aa4 ,rephidim   #ab4 ,wild]ness
 ( ,s9ai   #ac4 ,kibro?-hattaavah   #ad4
 ,haz]o?   #ae4 ,ri?mah   #af4          
,rimmon-p>ez   #ag4 ,libnah   #ah4      
,rissah   #ai4 ,kehela?a   #bj4 ,%aph]  
#ba4 ,h>adah     #bb4 ,makhelo?   #bc4  
,taha?   #bd4 ,t>ah   #be4 ,mi?cah      
#bf4 ,ha%monah   #bg4 ,mos]o?   #bh4    
,b5e-jaakan   #bi4 ,hor-hagidgad   #cj4 
,jotba?ah   #ca4 ,ebronah   #cb4        
,ebion-gab]   #cc4 ,kade%   #cd4 ,m\nt  
,hor   #ce4 ,zalmonah   #cf4 ,punon     

#cg4 ,obo?   #ch4 ,ije-ab>im   #ci4     
,dibon-gad   #dj4 ,almon-dibla?aim      
#da4 ,m\nta9s ( ,ab>im    ,9 ! second   
ye> aft] _! exodus f ,egypt !y 7 numb]$2
 &  ^u an exact poll1 ! numb] ( _! males
 am\nt$ to six hundr$  & ?ree ?\s&1 five
 hundr$ & fifty1 f tw5ty ye>s old &     
upw>d1 ,num4 i1 ii4 ,?is va/ mass ( p1  
encamp$ 9 beautiful  ord]1 mu/ h pres5t$
 a mo/ impressive spectacle4 ,t x fail$ 
n to produce effect ^u ! ri*ly end[$ &  
poetic m9d ( ,balaam1  appe>s f ,num4   
xxiv1 #b2 8,& ,balaam lift$ up 8 eyes & 
he saw  ,israel abid+ 9 8 t5ts accord+  
to _! tribes2 & ! ,_s (  ,god came ^u   
him1 & he took up 8 p>able & said1 ,h[  
goodly are  ?y t5ts1 ,o ,jacob1 & ?y    
tab]nacles1 ,o ,israel6 ,z ! valleys are
  !y spread =?1 z g>d5s by ! riv] side1 
z ! trees ( lign  aloes :i* ! ,"l ha?   
plant$1 & z c$> trees beside wat]s40    
,gr&eur1 ord]1 beauty1 & fre%ness1 7 !  
ideas at once sugge/$  to ! m9d ( ?is   
unfai?ful prophet1 & call$ =? 8 unwill+ 
admiration4 ,p]haps we may consid] ?is  

spectacle z a type ( !  ord]1 beauty1 & 
glory ( ! true 8*ur* 9 ! wild]ness10 9  
^? happy days :5 ,god 8%all n behold    
iniquity 9 ,jacob1 nor  p]v]s5ess 9     
,israel20 :5 x %all be said1 8,! ,"l 8  
,god is  ) him1 & ! %\t ( a k+ is among 
!m40    ,,camphire4 4 ,greek1 4 ,lat9   
cyprus4 ,canticles i1 #ad2 iv1 #ac4     
,sir ,t4 ,br[ne supposes t ! plant      
m5tion$ 9 ! ,canticles1  r5d]$  9 !     
,septuag9t1 & cyprus 9 ! ,vulgate1 is t 
describ$ by ,dioscorides & ,pl9y1 :i*   
gr[s 9 ,egypt1 & ne> to  ,ascalon1      
produc+ an odorate bu% ( fl[]s1 & yield+
 !  celebrat$ oleum cypr9um4 ,a sweet   
oil made ( ! fl[]s ( !  privet tree4    
,?is is "o ( ! plants :i* is mo/        
grateful to !  eye & ! smell4 ,! deep   
col\r ( its b>k1 ! light gre5 ( its     
foliage1 ! s(t5$ mixture ( :ite & yell[ 
) :i* !  fl[]s1 collect$ into long      
clu/]s l ! lilac1 are col\r$2 !  r$ t9t 
( ! ramifications :i* support !m1 =m an 
agreeable  comb9ation4 ,! fl[]s1 ^:     
%ades are s delicate1 diffuse ar\nd  !  

sweete/ od\rs1 & embalm ! g>d5s &       
ap>tm5ts :i* !y  embelli%4 ,! wom5 take 
pleasure 9 deck+ !mselves ) !m4 ,)  !   
p[d] ( ! dri$ leaves !y give an orange  
t9cture to _!  nails1 to ! inside ( _!  
h&s1 & to ! soles ( _! feet4 ,!         
expression1  1 r5d]$ 8p>e _! nails10    
,deut4 xxi1 #ab1  may p]haps r mean1    
8adorn _! nails20 & imply ! antiquity  (
 ?is practice4 ,?is is a univ]sal cu/om 
9 ,egypt1 & n to  con=m to x w\ld be    
consid]$ indec5t4 ,x seems to h be5     
practis$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 = !    
nails ( ! mummies are  mo/ commonly ( a 
r$di% hue4    ,9 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 !  
bride is describ$ z say+1 8,my belov$ is
  unto me z a clu/] ( camphire 9 !      
v9ey>ds ( ,eng$i10 *ap4 i1  #bd2 & aga91
 8,?y plants are an or*>d (             
pomegranates1 ) pleasant  fruits1       
camphire ) spik5>d10 *ap4 iv1 #ac4      
,,cana1 a t[n ( ,galilee1 :]e ,jesus    
p]=m$ 8 fir/ miracle1 ,john  ii1 #a1 #b1
 c4 ,x lay 9 ! tribe ( ,zebulun1 n f> f 
,naz>e?4  ,cana 0 visit$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4

 ,cl>ke1 :o says1 8,x is wor?y ( note1  
t1 walk+ among ! ru9s ( a *ur*1 we saw  
l>ge massy /one  pots1 answ]+ !         
description giv5 ( ! anci5t vessels ( ! 
c\ntry2 ^! 7 n pres]v$ nor exhibit$ z   
reliques1 b ly+  ab\t1 disreg>d$ by !   
pres5t inhabitants1 z antiquities ) ^:  
orig9al use !y 7 unacqua9t$4 ,f _!      
appe>ance1 & !  numb] ( !m1 x 0 q evid5t
 t a practice ( keep+ wat] 9  l>ge /one 
pots1 ea* hold+ f eighte5 to tw5ty-sev5 
gallons1  0 once common 9 ! c\ntry40    
,,canaan1 ! son ( ,ham4 ,! ,hebrews     
believe t ,canaan1 hav+ fir/  discov]$  
,noah's nak$ness1 told 8 fa!r ,ham2 & t 
,noah1 :5 he  awoke1 hav+ und]/ood :at  
_h pass$1 curs$ ,canaan1 ! fir/  au?or (
 ! (f5ce4 ,o!rs are ( op9ion t ,ham 0   
puni%$ 9  8 son ,canaan1 ,g54 ix1 #be4  
,= ?\gh ,canaan is m5tion$1 ,ham is n   
exempt$ f ! mal$iction2 on ! contr>y1 he
 suff]s m f x1  s9ce p>5ts are m affect$
 ) _! *ildr5's mis=tunes ?an  ) _! own2 
especially if ! evils h be5 inflict$    
?r\gh "s  fault or folly ( !irs4 ,"s h  

?\ght t ,canaan may be put  elliptically
 = ! fa!r ( ,canaan1 t is1 ,ham1 z x is 
r5d]$  9 ! ,arabic & ,septuag9t         
translations4    ,! po/]ity ( ,canaan 0 
num]\s4 ,8 elde/ son1 ,sidon1 f\nd$ !   
city ( ,sidon1 & 0 fa!r ( ! ,sidonians &
 ,ph5icians4 ,canaan  _h t5 o!r sons1 :o
 7 fa!rs ( z _m tribes1 dwell+ 9        
,pale/9e & ,syria2 namely1 ! ,hittites1 
! ,jebusites1 ! ,amorites1  !           
,girgasites1 ! ,hivites1 ! ,arkites1 !  
,s9ites1 ! ,arvadites1  ! ,zem>ites1 & !
 ,hema?ites4 ,x is believ$ t ,canaan    
liv$ &  di$ 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* f him 0     
call$ ! l& ( ,canaan4  ,not)/&+ ! curse 
is direct$ aga9/ ,canaan ! son1 & n     
aga9/ ,ham ! fa!r1 x is (t5 suppos$ t   
all ! po/]ity (  ,ham 7 plac$ "u !      
mal$iction1 8,curs$ be ,canaan2 a s]vant
 (  s]vants %all he be unto 8 bre?r540  
,b ! true reason :y ,canaan  only 0     
m5tion$ probably is1 t ! curse 0 9 fact 
re/rict$ to  ! po/]ity ( ,canaan4 ,x is 
true t _m ,africans1 desc5dants (  o!r  
bran*es ( ,ham's family1 h be5 l>gely & 

cruelly enslav$2  b s h o!r tribes 9    
diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!re is  c]ta9ly no
 pro( t ! negro race 7 ev] plac$ "u ?is 
mal$iction4 ,_h !y be5 includ$ 9 x1 ?is 
w\ld nei!r h  ju/ifi$ _! oppressors1 nor
 prov$ t ,*ri/ianity is n design$  to   
remove ! evil ( slav]y4 ,b ,canaan alone
 9 8 desc5dants1 is  curs$1 & ,ham only 
9 t bran* ( 8 po/]ity4 ,x foll[s t  !   
subjugation ( ! ,canaaniti% races to    
,israel fulfils ! prophecy4  ,to !m x 0 
limit$1 & ) !m x expir$4 ,"p ( ! sev5   
nations ( ! ,canaanites 7 made slaves to
 ! ,israelites1 :5 !y  took possession (
 _! l&2 & ! rema9d] by ,solomon4        
,,canaan1 ,,l& ,,(4 ,9 ! map x pres5ts !
 appe>ance ( a n>r[ slip  ( c\ntry1     
ext5d+ along ! ea/]n coa/ ( !           
,m$it]ranean2 f  :i*1 to ! riv] ,jordan1
 ! utmo/ wid? does n exce$ fifty  miles4
 ,?is riv] 0 ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! l& (    
,canaan1 or  ,pale/9e1 prop]ly s call$1 
:i* d]iv$ its "n f !  ,phili/9es or     
,pale/9es orig9ally inhabit+ ! coa/4 ,to
 ?ree (  ! twelve tribes1 h[ev]1 ,reub51

 ,gad1 & ,manasseh1 portions (  t]ritory
 7 assign$ on ! ea/]n side ( ! riv]1 :i*
 7  aft]w>d ext5d$ by ! subjugation ( ! 
neighb\r+ nations4 ,!  t]ritory ( ,tyre 
& ,sidon 0 its anci5t bord] on !        
nor?-we/2  ! range ( ! ,libanus &       
,antilibanus =ms a natural b\nd>y on !  
nor? & nor?-ea/2 :ile 9 ! s\? x is      
press$ ^u by !  ,syrian & ,arabian      
des]ts4 ,)9 ?is circumscrib$ di/rict1   
su*  7 ! physical advantages ( ! soil & 
climate1 !re exi/$1 9  ! happie/ p]iods 
( ! ,jewi% nation1 an imm5se population4
 ,!  k+dom ( ,david & ,solomon1 h[ev]1  
ext5d$ f> beyond ^! n>r[  limits4 ,9 a  
nor?-ea/]n direction1 x 0 b\nd$ only by 
! riv]  ,euphrates1 & includ$ a         
consid]able "p ( ,syria4 ,x is /at$ t   
,solomon _h dom9ion ov] all ! region on 
! we/]n side ( !  ,euphrates1 f         
,?iphsah1 or ,?apsacus1 on t riv]1 9    
latitude #be  #bj1 to ,azzah1 or ,gaza4 
8,tadmore 9 ! wild]ness10 7,palmyra17   
:i*  ! ,jewi% mon>* is /at$ to h built1 
7t is1 ei!r f\nd$ or  =tifi$17 is       

consid]ably to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,damascus1  
be+ only a  day's j\rney f ! ,euphrates2
 & ,hama?1 ! ,epiphania ( !  ,greeks1   
7/ill call$ ,hamah17 9 ! t]ritory       
belong+ to :i* city  ,solomon _h sev]al 
8/ore cities10 is seat$ on ! ,orontes1 9
  latitude #cd #de ,n4 ,on ! ea/ &      
s\?-ea/1 ! k+dom ( ,solomon  0 ext5d$ by
 ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry ( ,moab1 t ( !    
,ammonites1 & ,edom2 & tracts :i* 7 ei!r
 inhabit$ or pa/ur$  by ! ,israelites1  
lay /ill f>!r ea/w>d4 ,maon1 :i* belong$
 to  ! tribe ( ,judah1 & 0 situat$ 9 or 
ne> ! des]t ( ,p>an1 is  describ$ by    
,abulf$a z ! f>!/ city ( ,syria t[>d    
,arabia1 be+  two days' j\rney beyond   
,zo>4 ,9 ! "t ( ,david1 ! p (  ,israel1 
wom5 & *ildr5 includ$1 am\nt$1 on ! l[e/
  computation1 to five millions2 beside 
! tribut>y ,canaanites1 &  o!r conqu]$  
nations4    ,! va/ res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 
& ! p[] ( ! ,jewi% mon>*1  may be       
e/imat$ n only by ! consid]ation 9 :i*  
he 0 held by  ! contempor>y sov]eigns ( 
,egypt1 ,tyre1 & ,assyria1 b by !  /r5g?

 ( ! sev]al k+doms into :i* ! dom9ions (
 ,david 7  subsequ5tly divid$4 ,damascus
 revolt$ dur+ ! reign ( ,solomon1 &     
%ook (f ! ,jewi% yoke4 ,at 8 dea?1 t5 ( 
! tribes revolt$  "u ,j]oboam1 & !      
c\ntry became divid$ into ! two rival   
k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel1 hav+ = _!    
capitals ,j]usalem &  ,sam>ia4 ,! k+dom 
( ,israel fell be=e ! ,assyrian         
conqu]or1 9  ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #gba1 aft] x 
_h subsi/$ ab\t two hundr$ & fifty      
ye>s4 ,t ( ,judah surviv$ ab\t "o hundr$
 & ?irty ye>s1 ,judea  be+ f9ally subdu$
 & laid wa/e by ,nebu*adnezz>1 & !      
temple  burn$ ,b4 ,c4 #ehh4 ,idumea 0   
conqu]$ a few ye>s aft]4 ,f ?is  p]iod  
till ! ra ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,pale/9e  
rema9$ subject  to ! ,*aldean1 ,m$ian1 &
 ,p]sian dyna/ies4 ,at 8 dea?1 ,judea   
fell  "u ! dom9ion ( ! k+s ( ,syria1 &1 
) "s %ort &  tr\bl$ int]vals1 rema9$    
subject ei!r to ! k+s ( ,syria or (     
,egypt1 till ,john ,hyrcanus %ook (f !  
,syrian yoke1 & assum$ !  diadem1 ,b4   
,c4 #acj4 ,! ,asmonean dyna/y1 :i*      

unit$1 9 ! p]son (  ! mon>*1 ! functions
 ( k+ & pontiff1 ?\gh tribut>y to       
,roman conqu]ors1 la/$ "o hundr$ &      
tw5ty-six ye>s1 till !  k+dom 0 giv5 by 
,an?ony to ,h]od ! ,great1 ( an ,idumean
 family1  ,b4 ,c4 #ci4    #b4 ,at ! "t (
 ! ,*ri/ian ra1 ,pale/9e 0 divid$ into  
five  prov9ces2 ,judea1 ,sam>ia1        
,galilee1 ,p]ea1 & ,idumea4 ,on ! dea? (
  ,h]od1 ,ar*elaus1 8 elde/ son1 succe$$
 to ! gov]nm5t ( ,judea1  ,sam>ia1 &    
,idumea1 ) ! title ( tetr>*2 ,galilee   
be+ assign$  to ,h]od ,antipas2 & ,p]ea1
 or ! c\ntry beyond ,jordan1 to ! ?ird  
bro!r1 ,philip4 ,b 9 less ?an t5 ye>s ! 
dom9ions ( ,ar*elaus  became annex$1 on 
8 disgrace1 to ! ,roman prov9ce (       
,syria2 &  ,judea 0 !nce=? gov]n$ by    
,roman procurators4 ,j]usalem1 aft]  its
 f9al de/ruction by ,titus1 ,a4 ,d4 #ga1
 rema9$ desolate & almo/  un9habit$1    
till ! emp]or ,hadrian coloniz$ x1 &    
erect$ temples  to ,jupit] & ,v5us on   
its site4 ,! empress ,hel5a1 9 ! f\r?   
c5tury1 set ! example ( repair+ 9       

pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l&1 to  visit !  
sc5es consecrat$ by ! ,gospel n>rative2 
& ! c\ntry  became enri*$ by ! cr[ds (  
devotees :o flock$ !re4 ,9 !  beg9n+ ( !
 sev5? c5tury1 x 0 ov]run by ! ,s>ac5s1 
:o  held x till ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by !   
crusad]s 9 ! twelf?4 ,!  ,lat9 k+dom (  
,j]usalem cont9u$ = ab\t eighty ye>s1   
dur+  :i* ! ,holy ,l& /ream$ cont9ually 
) ,*ri/ian & ,s>ac5  blood4 ,9 #aahg1   
,judea 0 conqu]$ by ! illu/ri\s ,salad91
 on !  decl9e ( ^: k+dom x pass$ ?r\gh  
v>i\s revolutions1 & at  l5g?1 9 #acag1 
0 f9ally swall[$ up 9 ! ,turki% empire4 
,pale/9e is n[ di/ribut$ into pa%alics4 
,t ( ,acre or ,akka  ext5ds f ,djebail  
ne>ly to ,jaffa2 t ( ,gaza compreh5ds   
,jaffa &  ! adjac5t pla9s2 & ^! two be+ 
n[ unit$1 all ! coa/ is  "u !           
jurisdiction ( ! pa%a ( ,acre4          
,j]usalem1 ,hebron1 ,nabl\s1  ,tib]ias1 
& 9 fact1 ! great] "p ( ,pale/9e1 are   
includ$ 9  ! pa%alic ( ,damascus1 n[    
held 9 conjunction ) t ( ,aleppo2  :i*  
r5d]s ! pres5t pa%a1 9 effect1 ! vic]oy 

( ,syria4 ,?\gh  bo? pa%as cont9ue to be
 dutiful subjects to ! ,gr& ,seignior 9 
appe>ance1 & annually transmit          
consid]able sums to ,con/ant9ople to    
insure ! ye>ly r5ewal ( _! (fice1 !y are
 to be consid]$ z  tribut>ies1 r ?an    
subjects ( ! ,porte2 & x is suppos$ to  
be  ! religi\s supremacy ( ! ,sultan1 z 
caliph & vic> ( ,mohamm$1  m ?an any    
appreh5sion ( 8 p[]1 :i* prev5ts !m f   
decl>+ !mselves indep5d5t4 ,! rev]5ce   
%[n = ! firmauns  ( ! ,porte ?r\gh\t    
,syria atte/s ! /rong hold :i* ! ,sultan
  ma9ta9s1 9 ?is "*1 on ! ,turki%       
population4 ,! pa%as (  ,egypt & ,bagdad
 are atta*$ to ! ,turki% sov]eign by !  
same  ecclesia/ical tie1 :i* alone has  
kept ! ill-compact$ & feeble  empire f  
crumbl+ to ru94    #c4 ,a few additional
 rem>ks ^u ! topography & climate w t5d 
to  elucidate ! =ce ( _m ( ^? p>ts (    
,scripture :i* conta9  allusions to ^!  
topics4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 aft] /at+ 8
 resolve  to make ! ,scriptures 8 only  
guide ?r\gh\t ?is int]e/+  t]ritory1    

says1 8,! delight af=d$ by ! int]nal    
evid5ces (  tru?1 9 e in/ance :]e _!    
fidelity ( description 0 prov$  by a    
comp>ison ( exi/+ docum5ts1 surpass$ ev5
 all we _h  anticipat$4 ,su* extraord9>y
 in/ances ( co9cid5ce ev5 ) !  cu/oms ( 
! c\ntry z !y are n[ exhibit$1 & s _m   
wond]ful  examples ( illu/ration af=d$  
by contra/+ ! simple n>rative  ) !      
appe>ances pres5t$1 made u only regret !
 %ortness ( our  "t1 & ! limit$ sph]e ( 
our abilities = ! comp>ison40 ,judea  is
 beautifully div]sifi$ ) hills &        
pla9s--hills n[ b>r5 &  gloomy1 b once  
cultivat$ to _! summits1 & smil+ 9 !    
v>iety  ( _! produce1 *iefly ! olive & !
 v9e2 & pla9s1 ov] :i*  ! ,b$\9 n[ roves
 to collect a scanty h]bage = 8 cattle1 
b  once yield+ an abundance ( :i* !     
inhabitants ( a nor!rn  climate c =m no 
idea4 ,ri* 9 its soil2 gl[+ 9 ! sun%9e (
  an almo/ p]petual summ]2 & ab\nd+ 9   
sc5]y ( ! gr&e/1 z  well z ( ! mo/      
beautiful k9d2 ?is happy c\ntry 0 inde$ 
a l&  :i* ! ,"l _h bless$3 b ,mohamm$an 

slo? & despotism1 z !  in/rum5ts employ$
 to execute ! curse ( ,heav51 h conv]t$ 
x  into a wa/e ( rock & des]t1 ) !      
exception ( "s few spots1  :i* rema9 to 
atte/ ! v]acity ( ! acc\nts =m]ly giv5 (
  x4 ,! hills ( ,judea frequ5tly rise   
into m\nta9s2 ! mo/  consid]able ( :i*  
are ^? ( ,lebanon & ,h]mon1 on ! nor?2  
^? :i* surr\nd ! sea ( ,galilee1 & !    
,dead ,sea1 also atta9 a  respectable   
elevation4 ,! o!r m\nta9s ( note are1   
,c>mel1 ,tabor1  ,ebal1 & ,g]izim1 & !  
m\nta9s ( ,gilboa1 ,gilead1 & ,ab>im2 ) 
! summits ( ! latt]1 ,nebo & ,pisgah3 a 
description ( :i* w  be f\nd "u _!      
respective heads4 ,_m ( ! hills & rocks 
ab\nd 9 cav]ns1 ! refuge ( ! di/ress$1  
or ! resorts (  robb]s4    #d4 ,f !     
paucity ( ra9 :i* falls 9 ,judea1 & !   
heat &  dryness ( ! atmosph]e = ! great]
 "p ( ! ye>1 x possesses  b few riv]s2 &
 z ^!1 h all _! rise )9 its b\nd>ies1   
_! c\rse is %ort1 & _! size             
inconsid]able3 ! pr9cipal is  ! ,jordan1
 :i* runs ab\t a hundr$ miles4 ,! o!r   

rem>kable  /reams are1 ! ,arnon1 !      
,jabbok1 ! ,ki%on1 ! ,k$ron1 ! ,besor1  
! ,sorek1 & ! /ream call$ ! riv] (      
,egypt4 ,^!1 also1 w  be f\nd describ$  
"u _! respective heads4 ,?is c\ntry 0   
once  adorn$ ) woods & =e/s3 z we read (
 ! =e/ ( c$>s 9  ,lebanon1 ! =e/ ( oaks 
9 ,ba%an1 ! =e/ or wood ( ,ephraim1  & !
 =e/ ( ,h>e? 9 ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,( ^!1 
! woods (  ,ba%an alone rema92 ! re/ h  
be5 swept away by ! ravages (  "t & (   
armies1 & by ! gradual consumption ( !  
inhabitants1  ^: indol5ce & ignorance h 
prev5t$ _! plant+ o!rs4    #e4 ,!re are 
no volcanoes n[ exi/+ 9 ,judea or its   
vic9ity3 nor is  m5tion made ( any 9    
hi/ory1 al?\gh volcanic traces are f\nd 
9  _m p>ts on its ea/]n side1 z !y are  
also 9 ! m\nta9s (  ,edom on ! s\?1 !   
,djebel ,%]a & ,hesma1 z notic$ by      
,burckh>dt4  ,!re c be no d\bt t _m ( ! 
sacr$ writ]s 7 famili>ly  acqua9t$ ) !  
ph5om5a ( volcanoes2 :5ce x may be      
inf]r$  t !y 7 pres5t$ to _! obs]vation 
at no great di/ance1 &  f :i* !y drew "s

 ( _! sublime/ imag]y4 ,mr4 ,horne has  
adduc$ ! foll[+ in/ances3 8,! m\nta9s   
quake at him1 & !  hills melt1 & ! e>?  
is burn$ at 8 pres5ce4 ,8 fury is  p\r$ 
out l fire1 & ! rocks are ?r[n d[n by   
him10 ,nahum i1  #e1 #f4 8,behold1 ! ,"l
 come? =? out ( 8 place1 & w come  d[n &
 tread ^u ! high places ( ! e>?4 ,& !   
m\nta9s  %all be molt5 "u him1 & !      
valleys %all be cleft z wax  be=e !     
fire1 & z ! wat]s t are p\r$ d[n a /eep 
place10  ,micah i1 #c1 #d4 8,o t ?\     
w\lde/ r5d ! heav5s1 t ?\  w\lde/ come  
d[n1 t ! m\nta9s might fl[ d[n at ?y    
pres5ce4 ,z :5 ! melt+ fire burne?1 !   
fire cause? ! wat]s  to boil1 to make ?y
 "n kn[n to ?9e adv]s>ies1 t ! nations  
may tremble at ?y pres5ce4 ,:5 ?\ did/  
t]rible ?+s :i* we  look$ n =1 ?\ came/ 
d[n1 ! m\nta9s fl[$ d[n at ?y  pres5ce10
 ,isa4 lxiv1 #a-c4    #f4 ,! climate (  
,judea1 f ! s\!rn latitude ( ! c\ntry1  
is  necess>ily w>m4 ,! cold ( w9t] is1  
inde$1 sometimes great] ?an  9 ,european
 climates situat$ "s degrees f>!r to !  

nor?2 b x  is ( %ort duration1 & ! g5]al
 "* ( ! climate is t  ( heat4 ,bo? heat 
& cold are1 h[ev]1 temp]$ by ! nature ( 
!  surface2 ! w9t] be+ sc>cely felt 9 ! 
valleys1 :ile 9 !  summ] ! heat is almo/
 insupportable2 &1 on ! contr>y1 9 !  m 
elevat$ p>ts1 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 or r   
weeks1 fro/s  frequ5tly occur1 & sn[    
sometimes falls1 :ile ! air 9 summ] is  
comp>atively cool & refre%+4 ,_m w9t]s  
pass )\t ei!r sn[  or fro/2 & 9 ! colde/
 wea!r :i* ev] occurs1 ! sun 9 !  middle
 ( ! day is g5]ally w>m1 & (t5 hot2 s t 
! pa9 (  cold is 9 reality b little     
felt1 & ! poor :o _c af=d fires  may    
enjoy1 dur+ sev]al h\rs ( ! day1 ! m    
g5ial &  invigorat+ influ5ce ( ! sun4   
,?is is ! ord9>y "* ( !  w9t]s2 ?\gh 9  
"s ye>s1 z w be se5 pres5tly1 ! cold is 
m sev]ely felt dur+ ! %ort "t t x       
prevails1 :i* is  nev] m ?an two mon?s1 
& m frequ5tly n s mu* z "o4  ,t[>d ! end
 ( ,novemb]1 or beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1      
dome/ic fires  become agreeable4 ,x 0 at
 ?is "t t ,jehoiakim1 k+ ( ,judah1 is   

repres5t$ by ,j]emiah z sitt+ 9 8 w9t]  
h\se1 ) a fire  burn+ on ! he>? be=e    
him1 ,j]4 xxxvi1 #bb4 ,! same luxury1   
?\gh frequ5tly by no means necess>y1 is 
us$ by ! weal?y till !  end ( ,m>*4     
#g4 ,ra9 only falls dur+ ! autumn1 w9t]1
 & spr+1 :5 x  sometimes desc5ds ) great
 viol5ce3 ! greate/ quantity1 & t  :i*  
prop]ly con/itutes ! ra9y season1 happ5+
 betwe5 !  autumnal equ9ox1 or some:at  
lat]1 & ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]2  dur+ :i*  
p]iod1 heavy cl\ds (t5 obscure ! sky1 & 
sev]al  days ( viol5t ra9 sometimes     
succe$ ea* o!r ) w9ds4 ,?is is  :at 9   
,scripture is t]m$ ! e>ly or ! =m] ra94 
,%[]s  cont9ue to fall at unc]ta9       
int]vals1 ) "s cl\dy b m fair  wea!r1   
till t[>d ! v]nal equ9ox1 :5 !y become  
aga9 m  frequ5t & copi\s till ! middle (
 ,april4 ,^! are ! latt]  ra9s1 ,joel   
ii1 #bc4 ,f ?is "t to ! end ( ,may1 %[]s
 come on at  irregul> int]vals1         
gradually decreas+ z ! season advances2 
!  sky be+ = ! mo/ "p s]5e1 & !         
temp]ature ( ! air  agreeable1 ?\gh     

sometimes acquir+ a high degree ( heat4 
,f !  end ( ,may1 or beg9n+ ( ,june1 to 
! end ( ,septemb]1 or middle (  ,octob]1
 sc>ce a drop ( ra9 falls1 ! sky be+    
con/antly  uncl\d$1 & ! heat g5]ally    
oppressive4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 !          
inhabitants commonly sleep on ! tops (  
_! h\ses4 ,! /orms1  especially 9 !     
autumn1 are prec$$ by %ort b viol5t gu/s
 (  w9d1 :i*1 f ! surface ( a p>*$ soil1
 raise great cl\ds (  du/2 :i* expla9s  
:at is meant by1 8,ye %all n see w9d10  
#b  ,k+s iii1 #g4 ,! cont9uation ( !    
same passage likewise implies1  t su*   
circumscrib$ :irlw9ds 7 g5]ally consid]$
 z !  precursors ( ra93 a circum/ance   
likewise allud$ to by ,solomon1 :o      
says1 8,:oso boa/e? himself ( a false   
gift1 is l cl\ds & w9d  )\t ra910 ,prov4
 xxv1 #ad4 ,ano!r progno/ic ( an        
approa*+ /orm  is a small cl\d ris+ 9 ! 
we/1 & increas+ until x ov]spreads  !   
:ole heav5s4 ,su* 0 ! cl\d1 8l a man's  
h&10 :i*  appe>$ to ,elijah1 on m\nt    
,c>mel2 :i* spread 8till ! heav5 0      

black ) cl\ds & w9d1 & !re 0 a great    
ra910 #a ,k+s xviii1  #dd4 ,to ?is      
ph5om5on1 & ! c]ta9ty ( ! progno/ic1 our
 ,savi\r  alludes3 8,:5 ye see a cl\d0  
7or ! cl\d1  7 8rise out  ( ! we/1      
/raightway ye say1 ,!re come? a %[]2 & s
 x is10  ,luke xii1 #ed4 ,! same        
appe>ance is notic$ by ,hom]3--         
' '                       1             
'1  1 1  1            '   1     4       
4 4 4 4   ,il4 lib4 iv1 #bge4           
8,sl[ f ! ma9 ! heavy vap\rs rise1      
,spread 9 dim /reams1 & sail along !    
skies1              ,till black z night 
! swell+ tempe/ %[s1              ,!    
cl\d cond5s+ z ! we/ w9d bl[s4          
,he dreads ! imp5d+ /orm10 c4    ,,pope4
    ,hail frequ5tly falls 9 ! w9t] &    
spr+ 9 v heavy /orms1 &  ) hail/ones (  
an enorm\s size4 ,dr4 ,russel says t he 
has se5  "s at ,aleppo :i* measur$ two  
in*es 9 diamet]2 b sometimes !y  are    
f\nd to consi/ ( irregul>ly %ap$ pieces1
 weigh+ ne> ?ree  ounces4 ,! copi\s dew 
=ms ano!r peculi>ity ( ?is climate1     

frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ,scripture3 s     
copi\s1 inde$1 is x sometimes1  z to    
resemble small ra91 & to supply ! wants 
( sup]ficial  vegetation4 ,mr4          
,maundrell1 :5 travell+ ne> m\nt ,h]mon1
 says1 8,we  7 in/ruct$ by exp]i5ce :at 
! ,psalmi/ means by #8! dew (  ,h]mon1' 
,psalm cxxxiii1 #c2 our t5ts be+ z wet )
 x1 z if x _h  ra9$ all night40    #h4  
,! seasons are (t5 adv]t$ to 9          
,scripture1 "u ! t]ms 8se$  "t & h>ve/40
 ,! =m]1 = :eat1 is ab\t ! middle (     
,octob]  to ! middle or end ( ,novemb]3 
b>ley is put into ! gr\nd two &         
sometimes ?ree mon?s lat]4 ,! :eat h>ve/
 comm5ces ab\t !  tw5tie? ( ,may1 & e>ly
 9 ,june ! :ole is (f ! gr\nd4 ,!  b>ley
 h>ve/1 x is to be obs]v$1 is g5]ally a 
=tnight e>li]4  ,a survey ( ! a/oni%+   
produce ( ?is c\ntry1 & ( ! mann]  9 :i*
 its mo/ rocky &1 to appe>ance1         
insup]ably /]ile p>ts1  are made to     
yield to ! wants ( man1 w be suffici5t  
to refute !  objections rais$ by        
skeptical writ]s aga9/ ! possibility (  

its  furni%+ subsi/5ce to ! multitude ( 
its =m] inhabitants  record$ 9          
,scripture4 ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 :5 travell+ f  
,napolose to  ,j]usalem1 relates1 8,!   
road 0 m\nta9\s1 rocky1 & full ( loose  
/ones2 yet ! cultivation 0 e :]e        
m>vell\s3 x af=d$ "o  ( ! mo/ /rik+     
pictures ( human indu/ry :i* x is       
possible to  behold4 ,! lime/one rocks &
 /ony valleys ( ,judea 7 entirely  cov]$
 ) plantations ( figs1 v9es1 & olive    
trees3 n a s+le  spot seem$ to be       
neglect$4 ,! hills1 f _! bases to _!    
upmo/  summits1 7 entirely cov]$ )      
g>d5s3 all ( ^! 7 free f  we$s1 & 9 !   
highe/ /ate ( agricultural p]fection4   
,ev5 !  sides ( ! mo/ b>r5 m\nta9s _h   
be5 r5d]$ f]tile1 by be+  divid$ into   
t]races1 l /eps ris+ "o above ano!r1    
:]eon soil  _h be5 accumulat$ ) a/oni%+ 
lab\r4 ,among ! /&+ crops1  we notic$   
millet1 cotton1 l9se$1 & tobacco2 &     
occasionally small  fields ( b>ley4 ,a  
sight ( ?is t]ritory c alone convey any 
adequate idea ( its surpris+ produce3 x 

is truly ! ,ed5 ( !  ea/1 rejoic+ 9 !   
abundance ( its weal?4 ,"u a wise & a   
b5efic5t gov]nm5t1 ! produce ( ! ,holy  
,l& w\ld exce$ all  calculation4 ,its   
p]5nial h>ve/2 ! salubrity ( its air2   
its limpid  spr+s2 its riv]s1 lakes1 &  
mat*less pla9s2 its hills &  dales2--all
 ^!1 add$ to ! s]5ity ( its climate1    
prove ?is l&  to be inde$ #8a field :i* 
! ,"l ha? bless$3 ,god ha? giv5 x (  !  
dew ( heav51 & ! fatness ( ! e>?1 &     
pl5ty ( corn &  w9e4'0 ,an ori5tal's    
ideas ( f]tility diff]1 h[ev]1 f ours2 =
  to him1 plantations ( figs1 v9es1 &   
olives1 ) :i* ! lime/one  rocks ( ,judea
 7 once cov]$1 w\ld sugge/ ! same       
associations (  pl5ty & opul5ce t are   
call$ up 9 ! m9d ( an ,engli%man by  ri*
 tracts ( corn l&4 ,! l& ( ,canaan is   
*>act]iz$ z fl[+  ) milk & honey2 & x   
/ill answ]s to ?is description2 = x     
conta9s ext5sive pa/ure l&s ( ! ri*e/   
quality1 & ! rocky  c\ntry is cov]$ )   
aromatic plants1 yield+ to ! wild bees1 
:o  hive 9 ! holl[ ( ! rocks1 su*       

abundance ( honey z to supply  ! poor]  
classes ) an article ( food4 ,honey f ! 
rocks is  repeat$ly ref]r$ to 9 !       
,scriptures1 z a delici\s food1 & an    
emblem ( pl5ty1 #a ,sam4 xiv1 #be2 ,psa4
 lxxxi1 #af4 ,dates are ano!r  important
 article ( consumption2 & ! neighb\rhood
 ( ,judea 0  fam\s = its num]\s palm    
trees1 :i* are f\nd spr++ up f          
*ance-s[n k]nels 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ arid  
di/ricts4 ,:5 to  ^! wild productions we
 add ! oil extract$ f ! olive1 s        
ess5tial an article to an ori5tal1 we   
%all be at no loss to acc\nt  = ! anci5t
 f]tility ( ! mo/ b>r5 di/ricts (       
,judea1 or =  ! adequacy ( ! soil to !  
support ( s num]\s a population1        
not)/&+ ! comp>atively small proportion 
( arable l&4 ,!re  is no reason to d\bt1
 h[ev]1 t corn & rice w\ld be import$ by
  ! ,tyrian m]*ants2 :i* ! ,israelites  
w\ld h no difficulty 9  ex*ang+ = !     
produce ( ! olive gr\nd & ! v9ey>d1 or =
  _! flocks & h]ds4 ,delici\s w9e is    
/ill produc$ 9 "s  di/ricts1 & ! valleys

 be> pl5tiful crops ( tobacco1 :eat1    
b>ley1 & millet4 ,tacitus comp>es bo? ! 
climate & ! soil1  inde$1 to ^? (       
,italy2 & he p>ticul>ly specifies ! palm
 tree  & balsam tree z productions :i*  
gave ! c\ntry an advantage ov]  8 own4  
,among o!r indig5\s productions may be  
enum]at$ ! c$>  & o!r v>ieties ( ! p9e1 
! cypress1 ! oak1 ! sycamore1 !  mulb]ry
 tree1 ! fig tree1 ! will[1 ! turp5t9e  
tree1 !  acacia1 ! asp51 ! arbutus1 !   
myrtle1 ! almond tree1 !  tam>isk1 !    
ole&]1 ! pea* tree1 ! *a/e tree1 ! c>ob 
or  locu/ tree1 ! osk>1 ! doom1 ! mu/>d 
plant1 ! aloe1 !  citron1 ! apple1 !    
pomegranate1 & _m fl[]+ %rubs4 ,!       
c\ntry ab\t ,j]i*o 0 celebrat$ = its    
balsam1 z well z = its  palm trees2 &   
two plantations ( x exi/$ dur+ ! la/ w> 
betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,romans1 = :i* bo?   
p>ties f\ght  desp]ately4 ,b ,gilead    
appe>s to h be5 ! c\ntry 9 :i* x  *iefly
 ab\nd$3 h5ce ! "n1 8balm ( ,gilead40   
,s9ce ! c\ntry  has fall5 "u ! ,turki%  
dom9ion1 x has ceas$ to be cultivat$ 9  

,pale/9e1 b is /ill f\nd 9 ,arabia4 ,o!r
 indig5\s productions  h ei!r disappe>$ 
or are n[ conf9$ to circumscrib$        
di/ricts4  ,iron is f\nd 9 ! m\nta9     
range ( ,libanus1 & silk is produc$ 9   
abundance 9 ! pla9s ( ,sam>ia4    #i4 ,!
 gr& di/9ction ( ,canaan1 h[ev]1 is1 t x
 0 ! only  "p ( ! e>? made1 by div9e    
in/itution1 a type ( heav54 ,s x  0     
exhibit$ to ,abraham1 & also to ! ,jews4
 ,x po9t$ to !  et]nal re/ :i* !        
spiritual se$ ( ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful 7  to
 enjoy aft] ! pilgrimage ( life2 its    
holy city 0 ! figure (  ! 8,j]usalem    
above20 & ,zion1 ) its solemn & joyful  
s]vices  repres5t$ t 8hill ( ! ,"l0 to  
:i* ! r$eem$ %all come  ) songs1 &      
ev]la/+ joy ^u _! heads2 :]e !y %all    
obta9 joy & gladness1 & sorr[ & sigh+   
%all fly away4    ,,canaanites1 !       
po/]ity ( ,canaan by 8 elev5 sons1 :o   
are suppos$  to h settl$ 9 ! l& (       
,canaan1 soon aft] ! disp]sion (        
,babel4 ,five ( ^! are kn[n to h dwelt 9
 ! l& ( ,canaan2 viz4  ,he?1 ,jebus1    

,hemor or ,amor1 ,girga%i1 & ,hevi or   
,hivi2 & ^!1  toge!r ) _! fa!r ,canaan1 
became ! heads ( s _m nations4  ,s9a or 
,s9i 0 ano!r son ( ,canaan1 ^: settlem5t
 is n s  precisely asc]ta9$2 b "s au?ors
 inf]1 f ! aff9ity ( !  names1 t !      
,des]t ( ,s91 & ,m\nt ,s9ai1 7 ! places 
( 8  abode1 & t !y 7 s call$ f him4 ,!  
,hittites inhabit$ !  c\ntry ab\t       
,hebron1 z f> z ,be]%eba1 & ! brook     
,besor1 reckon$  by ,moses ! s\!rn      
limits ( ,canaan4 ,! ,jebusites dwelt   
ne> !m on  ! nor?1 z f> z ! city (      
,jebus1 s9ce call$ ,j]usalem4 ,!        
,amorites possess$ ! c\ntry on ! ea/    
side ( ,jordan1 betwe5 !  riv] ,arnon on
 ! s\?-ea/1 & ,m\nt ,gilead on ! nor?1  
aft]w>d  ! lot ( ,reub5 & ,gad4 ,!      
,girga%ites lay next above ! ,amorites1 
on ! ea/ side ( ! ,sea ( ,tib]ias1 & _! 
l& 0 aft]w>d  possess$ by ! half tribe (
 ,manasseh4 ,! ,hivites dwelt nor?w>d1  
"u ,m\nt ,libanus4 ,! ,p]izzites1 :o    
make "o ( ! sev5 nations  ( !           
,canaanites1 are suppos$1 by ,heyl9 &   

o!rs1 to be !  desc5dants ( ,s9a or     
,s9i2 & x is probable1 s9ce we d n read 
(  _! abode 9 cities1 t !y liv$ disp]s$1
 & 9 t5ts1 l !  ,scy?ians1 rov+ on bo?  
sides ( ! ,jordan1 on ! hills & pla9s2  
& t !y 7 call$ by t "n f ! ,hebrew      
ph>atz1 :i*  signifies 8to disp]se40 ,! 
,canaanites dwelt 9 ! mid/ ( all1 &  7  
surr\nd$ by ! re/4 ,?is appe>s f ! sacr$
 writ+s to  h be5 ! respective situation
 ( ^? sev5 nations1 :i* are  said to h  
be5 doom$ to de/ruction = _! idolatry & 
wick$ness1 :5 ! ,israelites fir/ invad$ 
_! c\ntry4 ,! le>n$  h n absolutely     
det]m9$ :e!r ! nations proce$+ f        
,canaan's o!r six sons %\ld be reckon$  
among ! inhabitants ( !  l& ( ,canaan4  
,! preval5t op9ion is1 t !y 7 n includ$4
  ,z to ! cu/oms1 mann]s1 arts1 sci5ces1
 & language ( ! sev5  nations t inhabit$
 ! l& ( ,canaan1 !y mu/1 f ! situation  
!y sev]ally occupi$1 h be5 v diff]5t4   
,^? :o inhabit$  ! sea coa/ 7 m]*ants1 &
 by reason ( _! comm]ce & weal?  scatt]$
 colonies ov] almo/ all ! isl&s &       

m>itime prov9ces (  ! ,m$it]ranean4     
7,see ,ph5icia7 ,! colonies :i* ,cadmus 
c>ri$ to  ,!bes 9 ,botia1 & 8 bro!r     
,cilix into ,cilicia1 are said to h     
proce$$ f ! /ock ( ,canaan4 ,sicily1    
,s>d9ia1 ,malta1 ,cyprus1  ,corfu1      
,majorca1 ,m9orca1 ,gades1 & ,ebutris1  
are suppos$ to h be5  peopl$ by !       
,canaanites4 ,! o!r ,canaanites1 ^:     
situation 0  inl&1 7 employ$ p>tly 9    
pa/urage1 & p>tly 9 tillage1 &  !y 7    
also well skill$ 9 ! ex]cise ( arms4 ,^?
 :o dwelt 9  ! wall$ cities1 & :o _h    
fix$ abodes1 cultivat$ ! l&2 &  ^? :o   
w&]$ ab\t1 z ! ,p]izzites seem to h     
done1 graz$  cattle3 s t among !        
,canaanites1 we discov] ! v>i\s classes 
(  m]*ants1 &1 consequ5tly1 m>9]s2 (    
artific]s1 soldi]s1  %eph]ds1 & husb&m54
 ,we le>n1 also1 f _! hi/ory1 t !y  7   
all ready1 h[ev] div]sifi$ by _!        
occupations or local  int]e/s1 to jo9 9 
a common cause2 t !y 7 well appo9t$ =   
w>1 bo? (f5sive & def5sive2 t _! t[ns 7 
well =tifi$2  t !y 7 suffici5tly furni%$

 ) milit>y weapons & w>like  *>iots2 t  
!y 7 d>+1 ob/9ate1 & almo/ inv9cible2 & 
t !y 7 n de/itute ( craft & policy4 ,_! 
language1 we  f9d1 0 well und]/ood by   
,abraham1 :o 0 a ,hebrew1 = he conv]s$  
readily ) !m on all occasions2 b z to _!
 mode ( writ+1  :e!r x 0 orig9ally _!   
own or borr[$ f ! ,israelites1 x  is n s
 easy to det]m9e4 ,_! religion1 at lea/ 
9 "p1 seems to  h be5 pres]v$ pure till 
! days ( ,abraham1 :o ackn[l$g$         
,mel*is$ek to be prie/ ( ! mo/ high     
,god2 & ,mel*is$ek 01  )\t d\bt1 a      
,canaanite1 or1 at lea/1 dwelt at t "t 9
 ,canaan  9 high e/eem & v5]ation4      
#b4 ,b we le>n f ! ,scripture hi/ory1 t 
! ,hittites 9  p>ticul> 7 become        
deg5]ate 9 ! "t ( ,isaac & ,rebekah2 =  
!y c\ld n endure ! ?\ghts ( ,jacob's    
m>ry+ "o ( !  daught]s ( ,he?1 z ,esau  
_h done4 ,f ?is "t1 !n1 we may date  !  
preval5ce ( ^? abom9ations :i* subject$ 
!m to ! div9e  displeasure1 & made !m   
unwor?y ( ! l& :i* !y possess$4 ,9  !   
days ( ,moses1 !y 7 become incorrigible 

idolat]s2 = he  comm&s 8 p to de/roy _! 
alt>s1 & break d[n _!  images1 7/atues  
or pill>s17 & cut d[n _! groves1 & burn 
_!  grav5 images ) fire4 ,& le/ !y %\ld 
p]v]t ! ,israelites1  ! latt] 7 /rictly 
enjo9$ n to int]m>ry ) !m2 b 8to  smite 
!m1 & utt]ly de/roy !m1 nor %[ m]cy ^u  
!m10 ,deut4  vii1 #a-e4 ,!y are accus$ (
 ! cruel cu/om ( sacrific+ m51 &  are   
said to h made _! se$ pass ?r\gh ! fire 
to ,molo*1 ,lev4  xviii1 #ba4 ,_! morals
 7 z corrupt z _! doctr9e3 adult]y1     
be/iality ( all sorts1 pr(anation1      
ince/1 & all mann] (  uncleanness1 are !
 s9s laid to _! *>ge4 8,! ,canaanites10 
says  ,mr4 ,bryant1 8z !y 7 a si/] tribe
 ( ! ,mizraim1 resembl$ !m  9 _! rites &
 religion4 ,!y held a heif]1 or c[1 9   
high  v5]ation1 agreeably to ! cu/oms ( 
,egypt4 ,_! *ief deity 0 !  sun1 :om !y 
wor%ipp$1 toge!r ) ! ,baalim1 "u !      
titles (  ,our*ol1 ,adonis1 or ,?amuz40 
#c4 ,:5 ! measure ( ! idolatries &      
abom9ations ( ! ,canaanites  0 fill$ up1
 ,god deliv]$ _! c\ntry into ! h&s ( !  

,israelites1 :o conqu]$ x "u ,jo%ua4    
,h[ev]1 !y resi/$ )  ob/9ate val\r1 &   
kept ,jo%ua employ$ six ye>s f ! "t (  8
 pass+ ! riv] ,jordan1 & ent]+ ,canaan1 
9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4  #adea1 to ! ye> ,b4 ,c4
 #adde1 ! sabbatical ye> beg9n+ f !     
autumnal equ9ox2 :5 he made a division (
 ! l& among ! tribes  ( ,israel1 & re/$ 
f 8 conque/s4 ,z ,god _h comm&$ ?is  p1 
long be=e1 to be treat$ ) rig\r1 see    
,deut4 vii1 #b1 ,jo%ua  extirpat$ great 
numb]s1 & oblig$ ! re/ to fly1 "s ( !m  
into  ,africa1 & o!rs into ,greece4     
,procopius says1 !y fir/ retreat$  into 
,egypt1 b advanc$ into ,africa1 :]e !y  
built _m cities1 &  spread !mselves ov] 
^? va/ regions :i* rea* to ! /raits1    
pres]v+ _! old language ) little        
alt]ation4 ,9 ! "t (  ,a?anasius1 !     
,africans /ill said !y 7 desc5d$ f !    
,canaanites2 & :5 ask$ _! orig91 !y     
answ]$1 8,canani40 ,x is  agre$1 t !    
,punic tongue 0 ne>ly ! same z !        
,canaaniti% or  ,hebrew4    #d4 ,on !   
rigor\s treatm5t ( ! nations ( ,canaan  

by ! ,israelites1  to :i* infidels h    
tak5 s _m exceptions1 ! foll[+ rem>ks  (
 ,paley are a suffici5t reply3 ,! fir/  
?+ to be obs]v$ is1 t  ! nations (      
,canaan 7 de/roy$ = _! wick$ness4 ,?is  
is pla9  f ,lev4 xviii1 #bd1 c4 ,n[ !   
facts disclos$ 9 ?is passage            
suffici5tly te/ify1 t ! ,canaanites 7 a 
wick$ p2 t  dete/able practices 7 g5]al 
among !m1 & ev5 habitual2 t x  0 = ^!   
enormities ! nations ( ,canaan 7        
de/roy$4 ,x 0  n1 z "s h imag9$1 to make
 way = ! ,israelites2 nor 0 x  simply to
 make away ) _! idolatry2 b x 0 because 
( !  abom9able crimes :i* usually       
accompani$ ! latt]4 ,& we may  f>!r le>n
 f ! passage1 t ,god's abhorr5ce ( ^!   
crimes  & 8 indignation aga9/ !m are    
regulat$ by ! rules ( /rict             
imp>tiality1 s9ce ,moses solemnly w>ns !
 ,israelites aga9/ fall+  into ! l wick$
 c\rses1 8t ! l&10 says he1 8ca/ n y    
out also1 :5 y defile x1 z x ca/ out !  
nations t 7  be=e y2 = :osoev] %all     
commit any ( ^! abom9ations1 ev5  ! s\ls

 t commit !m %all be cut (f f among _!  
p10  ,lev4 xviii1 #bh1 #bi4 ,n[1 :5     
,god1 = ! wick$ness ( a p1 s5ds  an     
e>?quake1 or a fire1 or a plague among  
!m1 !re is no compla9t  ( inju/ice1     
especially :5 ! calamity is kn[n1 or    
expressly  decl>$ be=eh&1 to be inflict$
 = ! wick$ness ( su* p4  ,x is r reg>d$ 
z an act ( exempl>y p5al ju/ice1 &1 z   
su*1 consi/5t ) ! "* ( ! moral ,gov]nor 
( !  univ]se4 ,! objection1 !re=e1 is n 
to ! ,canaaniti% nations  be+ de/roy$2  
7= :5 _! national wick$ness is consid]$1
 &  :5 t is expressly /at$ z ! cause (  
_! de/ruction1 !  disp5sation1 h[ev]    
sev]e1 w n be que/ion$27 b ! objection  
is solely to ! mann] ( de/roy+ !m4 ,i   
mean !re is no?+ b  ! mann] left to be  
object$ to3 _! wick$ness acc\nts = !  ?+
 itself4 ,to :i* objection x may be     
repli$1 t if ! ?+  itself be j1 ! mann] 
is ( little signification1 ( little     
signification ev5 to ! suff]]s !mselves4
 ,= :]e is ! great  diff]5ce1 ev5 to !m1
 :e!r !y 7 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1  a   

pe/il5ce1 a fam9e1 or by ! h&s ( an     
enemy8 ,:]e is !  diff]5ce1 ev5 to our  
imp]fect appreh5sions ( div9e ju/ice1   
provid$ x be1 & is kn[n to be1 = _!     
wick$ness t !y are  de/roy$8 ,b ?is     
de/ruction1 y say1 conf\nd$ ! innoc5t ) 
! guilty4 ,! sword ( ,jo%ua1 & ( ! ,jews
 sp>$ nei!r wom5  nor *ildr54 ,is x n ! 
same ) all o!r national visitations8    
,w\ld n an e>?quake1 or a fire1 or a    
plague1 or a fam9e among !m  h done !   
same8 ,ev5 9 an ord9>y & natural dea? ! 
same ?+  happ5s2 ,god takes away ! life 
he l5ds1 )\t reg>d1 t we c  p]ceive1 to 
age1 or sex1 or "*4 8,b1 aft] all1      
promiscu\s  massacres1 ! burn+ ( cities1
 ! lay+ wa/e ( c\ntries1 are  ?+s       
dreadful to reflect ^u40 ,:o d\bts x8 s 
are all !  judgm5ts ( ,almighty ,god4 ,!
 effect1 9 :atev] way x %[s itself1  mu/
 necess>ily be trem5d\s1 :5 ! ,"l1 z !  
,psalmi/ expresses  x1 8move? out ( 8   
place to puni% ! wick$40 ,b x ought to  
satisfy u2 at lea/ ?is is ! po9t ^u :i* 
we ought to re/ &  fix our att5tion2 t x

 0 = excessive1 wilful1 & =ew>n$        
wick$ness1 t all ?is befel !m1 & t x is 
all along s  decl>$ 9 ! hi/ory :i*      
recites x4    ,b1 f>!r1 if puni%+ !m by 
! h&s ( ! ,israelites r  ?an by a       
pe/il5ce1 an e>?quake1 a fire1 or any   
su* calamity1 be  /ill an objection1 we 
may p]ceive1 ,i ?9k1 "s reasons = ?is   
me?od ( puni%m5t 9 pref]5ce to any o!r  
:atev]2 always be>+  9 our m9d1 t ! "q  
is n conc]n+ ! ju/ice ( !  puni%m5t1 b !
 mode ( x4 ,x is well kn[n1 t ! p (  ^? 
ages 7 affect$ by no pro( ( ! p[] ( !   
gods :i* !y  wor%ipp$1 s deeply z by _! 
giv+ !m victory 9 w>4 ,x 0 by  ?is      
species ( evid5ce t ! sup]iority ( _!   
own gods above  ! gods ( ! nations :i*  
!y conqu]$1 01 9 _! op9ion1  ev9c$4 ,?is
 be+ ! actual p]suasion :i* !n prevail$ 
9 !  _w1 no matt] :e!r well or ill      
f\nd$1 h[ 7 ! neighb\r+  nations1 = ^:  
admonition ?is dreadful example 0       
int5d$1 h[  7 !y to be conv9c$ ( !      
supreme p[] ( ! ,god ( ,israel  above ! 
pret5d$ gods ( o!r nations2 & ( !       

righte\s  "* ( ,jehovah1 t is1 ( 8      
abhorr5ce ( ! vices :i*  prevail$ 9 ! l&
 ( ,canaan8 ,h[1 ,i say1 7 !y to be     
conv9c$  s well1 or at all inde$1 z by  
enabl+ ! ,israelites1 ^: ,god he  0 kn[n
 & ackn[l$g$ to be1 to conqu] "u 8      
bann]1 & drive  out be=e !m1 ^? :o      
resi/$ ! execution ( t commission  ) :i*
 ! ,israelites decl>$ !mselves to be    
inve/$1 namely1  ! expulsion &          
ext]m9ation ( ! ,canaaniti% nations8    
,?is  conv9c$ surr\nd+ c\ntries1 & all  
:o 7 obs]v]s or  spectators ( :at pass$1
 fir/1 t ! ,god ( ,israel 0 a real ,god2
  secondly1 t ! gods :i* o!r nations    
wor%ipp$1 7 ei!r no  gods1 or _h no p[] 
aga9/ ! ,god ( ,israel2 & ?irdly1 t x  0
 he1 & he alone1 :o possess$ bo? ! p[] &
 ! w1 to  puni%1 to de/roy1 & to        
ext]m9ate f be=e 8 face1 bo?  nations & 
individuals1 :o gave !mselves up to !   
crimes &  wick$ness = :i* ! ,canaanites 
7 notori\s4 ,no?+ ( ?is sort  w\ld h    
appe>$1 or ) ! same evid5ce1 f an       
e>?quake1 or a  plague1 or any natural  

calamity4 ,^! might n h be5 attribut$ to
  div9e ag5cy at all1 or n to !         
int]position ( ! ,god ( ,israel4        
,ano!r reason :i* made ?is de/ruction   
bo? m necess>y1 & m  g5]al1 ?an x w\ld h
 o!rwise be51 0 ! consid]ation1 t  if   
any ( ! old inhabitants 7 left1 !y w\ld 
prove a sn>e to  ^? :o succe$$ !m 9 !   
c\ntry2 w\ld draw & s$uce !m by  degrees
 into ! vices & corruptions :i* prevail$
 among !mselves4  ,vices ( all k9ds1 b  
vices mo/ p>ticul>ly ( ! lic5ti\s k9d1  
are a/oni%+ly infecti\s4 ,a little leav5
 leav5e? ! :ole lump4  ,a small numb] ( 
p]sons addict$ to !m1 & all[$ to        
practise !m  ) impunity or enc\ragem5t1 
w spread !m ?r\gh ! :ole mass4  ,?is    
reason is =mally & expressly assign$1 n 
simply = !  puni%m5t1 b = ! ext5t to :i*
 x 0 c>ri$2 namely1  ext]m9ation3 8,?\  
%alt utt]ly de/roy !m1 t !y tea* y n  to
 d aft] all _! abom9ations1 :i* !y h    
done unto _!  gods40    ,9 read+ ! ,old 
,te/am5t acc\nt1 !re=e1 ( ! ,jewi% w>s &
  conque/s 9 ,canaan1 & ! t]rible       

de/ruction br\ght ^u !  inhabitants     
!re(1 we are always to rememb] t we are 
read+ !  execution ( a dreadful b j     
s5t5ce1 pron\nc$ by ,jehovah aga9/  !   
intol]able & incorrigible crimes ( ^!   
nations2 t !y 7  int5d$ to be made an   
example to ! :ole _w ( ,god's av5g+     
wra? aga9/ s9s1 :i*1 if !y _h be5 suff]$
 to cont9ue1 might  h pollut$ ! :ole    
anci5t _w1 & :i* c\ld only be *eck$  by 
! signal & public ov]?r[ ( nations      
notori\sly addict$ to  !m1 & s addict$ z
 ev5 to h incorporat$ !m into _!        
religion & _! public in/itutions2 & t ! 
,israelites 7  m]e in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( a
 righte\s ,provid5ce = effect+  !       
extirpation ( a p1 ( :om x 0 necess>y to
 make a public  example to ! re/ (      
mank9d2 t ?is ext]m9ation1 :i* might  h 
be5 accompli%$ by a pe/il5ce1 by fire1  
by e>?quakes1 0  appo9t$ to be done by !
 h&s ( ! ,israelites1 z be+ !  cle>e/ & 
mo/ intelligible me?od ( display+ ! p[] 
& !  righte\sness ( ! ,god ( ,israel2 8 
p[] ov] ! pret5d$ gods (  o!r nations2 &

 8 righte\s indignation aga9/ ! crimes  
into  :i* !y 7 fall54    ,,c&ace1 ! "n (
 an ,e?iopian que51 ^: eunu* com+ to    
,j]usalem to wor%ip ! ,"l1 0 baptiz$ by 
,philip ! deacon1 ne>  ,be?sura1 9 ! way
 to ,gaza1 z he 0 return+ to 8 own      
c\ntry1  ,acts viii1 #bg4 ,! ,e?iopia "h
 m5tion$ 0 ! isle or p59sula (  ,m]o to 
! s\? ( ,egypt1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,bruce %[s1 
is n[ call$  ,atb>a1 up ! ,nile4 ,c&ace 
0 ! common "n ( ! que5s ( t  c\ntry4    
,/rabo & ,pl9y m5tion que5s ( t "n z    
reign+ 9  _! times4 ,t ! que5 m5tion$ 9 
! ,acts 0 conv]t$ by !  in/rum5tality ( 
h] s]vant1 & t ! c\ntry ?us receiv$     
,*ri/ianity at t e>ly p]iod1 are        
/atem5ts n support$ by any  good        
te/imony4 ,see ,,abyss9ian ,,*ur*4      
,,c&le/ick4 ,! in/rum5t s r5d]$ by our  
translators 0 m  prop]ly a /& = lamps4  
,"o ( beat5 gold 0 made by ,moses1      
,exod4  xxv1 #ca1 #cb1 & put into !     
tab]nacle 9 ! holy place1 ov] aga9/  !  
table ( %ew bread4 ,! basis ( ?is       
c&le/ick 0 also ( pure  gold2 x _h sev5 

bran*es1 ?ree on ea* side1 & "o 9 !     
middle4  ,:5 ,solomon _h built ! temple1
 he 0 n satisfi$ ) plac+ "o  gold5      
c&le/ick !re1 b _h t5 put up1 ( ! same  
=m & metal  ) t describ$ by ,moses1 five
 on ! nor?1 & five on ! s\?  side ( !   
holy place1 #a ,k+s vii1 #di4 ,aft] !   
,jews return$ f  _! captivity1 ! gold5  
c&le/ick 0 aga9 plac$ 9 ! temple1  z x  
_h be5 be=e 9 ! tab]nacle by ,moses4 ,! 
lamps 7 kept  burn+ p]petually2 & 7     
suppli$ morn+ & ev5+ ) pure  olive oil4 
,josephus says1 t aft] ! ,romans _h     
de/roy$ !  temple1 ! sev]al ?+s :i* 7   
f\nd )9 x1 7 c>ri$ 9  triumph to ,rome1 
namely1 ! gold5 table1 & ! gold5        
c&le/ick  ) sev5 bran*es4 ,^! 7 lodg$ 9 
! temple built by ,vespasian1  &        
consecrat$ to ,peace2 & at ! foot (     
,m\nt ,palat9e1 !re is a  triumphal ar* 
/ill visible1 ^u :i* ,vespasian's       
triumph is  repres5t$1 & ! sev]al       
monum5ts :i* 7 c>ri$ publicly 9  !      
procession are engrav$1 & among ! re/ ! 
c&le/ick ) !  sev5 bran*es1 :i* are /ill

 disc]nible ^u x4 ,9 ,rev4 i1 #ab1 #bj1 
m5tion is made ( sev5 gold5 c&le/icks1  
:i* are said to be  emblems ( ! sev5    
,*ri/ian *ur*es4    ,,cank]-,,worm1 1   
,psalm cv1 #cd2 ,j]4 li1 #bg1 :]e x is  
r5d]$  cat]pill>2 ,joel i1 #d2 ii1 #be2 
,nahum iii1 #ae1 cank]-worm4 ,z x is    
frequ5tly m5tion$ ) ! locu/1 x is ?\ght 
by "s to be a  species ( t insect4 ,x   
c]ta9ly _c be ! cank]-worm1 z our       
v]sion r5d]s x2 = 9 ,nahum1 x is        
expressly said to h w+s &  fly1 to camp 
9 ! h$ges by day1 & commit its          
depr$ations 9 !  night4 ,b x may be1 z !
 ,septuag9t r5d]s x 9 five passages out 
( eight :]e x occurs1 ! bru*us1 or      
8h$ge-*aff]40  ,nev]!less1 ! passage1   
,j]4 li1 #bg1 :]e ! ialek is describ$  z
 8r\gh10 t is1 ) hair /&+ on end on x1  
leads u v  naturally to ! r5d]+ ( our   
translators 9 t place1 8! r\gh          
cat]pill>10 :i*1 l o!r cat]pill>s1 at a 
prop] "t1 ca/s  its ext]ior cov]+ &     
flies away 9 a w+$ /ate4 ,s*eu*z]       
obs]ves t we %\ld n1 p]haps1 be f> f !  

tru?1 if ) !  anci5t int]pret]s1 we     
und]/ood ?is ialek1 aft] all1 z a k9d  (
 locu/2 z "s species ( !m h hair        
pr9cipally on ! head1  & o!rs h prickly 
po9ts /&+ out4    ,,canon1 a ^w us$ to  
d5ote ! au?oriz$ catalogue ( ! sacr$    
writ+s4 ,! ^w is orig9ally ,greek1 1 &  
signifies a rule or  /&>d1 by :i* o!r   
?+s are to be exam9$ & judg$4           
,accord+ly ! same ^w has be5 appli$ to !
 tongue ( a balance1  or t small "p :i*1
 by its p]p5dicul> position1 det]m9es ! 
ev5 poise or weight1 or1 by its         
incl9ation ei!r way1 ! unev5  poise ( ! 
?+s :i* are weigh$4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t z 
!  writ+s ( ! ,prophets1 ,apo/les1 &    
,evangeli/s conta9 an au!ntic  acc\nt ( 
! reveal$ w ( ,god1 !y are ! rule ( !   
belief &  practice ( ^? :o receive !m4  
,canon is also equival5t to a li/  or   
catalogue1 9 :i* are ins]t$ ^? books :i*
 conta9 ! rule  ( fai?4    ,= an acc\nt 
( ! settl+ ( ! canon ( ,scripture1 see  
,bible4  ,! foll[+ obs]vations ( ,dr4   
,alex&]1 9 8 "w on ! canon1  prov+ t no 

canonical book ( ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t
 has be5  lo/1 may "h be prop]ly        
introduc$4--,no canonical book ( ! ,old 
,te/am5t has be5 lo/4 ,on ?is subject1  
!re has exi/$ "s  div]sity ( op9ion4    
,*ryso/om is cit$ by ,bell>m9e z say+1  
8t  _m ( ! writ+s ( ! prophets _h p]i%$1
 :i* may readily be  prov$ f ! hi/ory 9 
,*ronicles4 ,= ! ,jews 7 neglig5t1 &  n 
only neglig5t1 b impi\s2 s t "s books 7 
lo/ ?r\gh  c>elessness1 & o!rs 7 burn$1 
or o!rwise de/roy$40 ,9  confirmation ( 
?is op9ion1 an appeal is made to #a ,k+s
 iv1 #cb1 #cc1  :]e x is said (         
,solomon1 8t he spake ?ree ?\s& prov]bs1
 &  8 songs 7 a ?\s& & five4 ,& he spake
 ( trees1 f !  c$> 9 ,lebanon ev5 unto !
 hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall3 he  spake
 also ( bea/s1 & ( f[l1 & ( creep+ ?+s1 
& (  fi%es40 ,all ^! productions1 x is  
ackn[l$g$1 h p]i%$4 ,aga9  x is said 9  
#a ,*ron4 xxix1 #bi1 #cj3 8,n[1 ! acts (
 ,david ! k+1  fir/ & la/1 behold !y are
 writt5 9 ! book ( ,samuel ! se]1  & 9 !
 book ( ,na?an ! prophet1 & 9 ! book (  

,gad ! se]2  ) all 8 reign1 & 8 might1 &
 ! times t w5t ov] him1 &  ov] ,israel1 
& ov] all ! k+doms ( ! c\ntries40 ,!    
book (  ,ja%]1 also1 is twice m5tion$ 9 
,scripture4 ,9 ,jo%ua x1 #ac3 8,& !  sun
 /ood /ill1 & ! moon /ay$1 until ! p _h 
av5g$  !mselves on _! enemies4 ,is n ?is
 writt5 9 ! book ( ,ja%]80  ,& 9 #b     
,sam4 i1 #ah3 8,& he bade !m tea* !     
*ildr5 ( ,israel !  use ( ! b[3 behold1 
x is writt5 9 ! book ( ,ja%]40    ,!    
book ( ! w>s ( ! ,"l is ref]r$ to 9     
,numb]s xxi1 #ad4 ,b  we h 9 ! canon no 
books "u ! "n ( ,na?an & ,gad1 nor any  
book ( ,ja%]1 nor ( ! w>s ( ! ,"l4      
,moreov]1 we frequ5tly are  ref]r$1 9 ! 
sacr$ hi/ory1 to o!r *ronicles or       
annals1 = a  full] acc\nt ( ! matt]s    
spok5 (1 :i* *ronicles are n n[  extant4
 ,& 9 #b ,*ron4 ix1 #bi1 x is said1     
8,n[1 ! re/ ( ! acts  ( ,solomon1 fir/ &
 la/1 are !y n writt5 9 ! book ( ,na?an 
! prophet1 & 9 ! prophecy ( ,ahijah !   
,%ilonite1 & 9 !  visions ( ,iddo ! se]1
 aga9/ ,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat80 ,n[1 x

  is well kn[n t none ( ^! writ+s ( !   
prophets are 9 !  canon2 at lea/1 none (
 !m "u _! names4 ,x is said1 also1 9 #b 
,*ron4 xii1 #ae1 8,n[1 ! acts (         
,rehoboam1 fir/ & la/1 are !y n  writt5 
9 ! book ( ,%emaiah ! prophet1 & ( ,iddo
 ! se]1  conc]n+ g5ealogies80 ,( :i*    
works no?+ rema9s "u ! names  ( ^!      
prophets4    #a4 ,! fir/ obs]vation :i* 
may be made on ?is subject is1 t  e book
 ref]r$ to or quot$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s is 
n  necess>ily an inspir$ or canonical   
book4 ,because ,/4 ,paul cites  passages
 f ! ,greek poets1 x does n foll[ t we  
mu/ receive  _! poems z inspir$4    #b4 
,a book may be writt5 by an inspir$ man1
 & yet be nei!r inspir$  nor canonical4 
,inspiration 0 n con/antly af=d$ to !   
prophets2  b 0 occasional1 & = p>ticul> 
important purposes4 ,9 common  matt]s1 &
 especially 9 ?+s no way connect$ )     
religion1 x is  reasonable to suppose t 
! ,prophets & ,apo/les 7 left to !  same
 guidance ( reason & common s5se z o!r  
m54 ,a man1 !re=e1  inspir$ to deliv] "s

 prophecy1 or ev5 to write a canonical  
book1  might write o!r books ) no great]
 assi/ance ?an o!r good m5  receive4    
,because ,solomon 0 inspir$ to write "s 
canonical books1 x  does n foll[ t :at  
he wrote on natural hi/ory 0 also       
inspir$1  any m ?an ,solomon's private  
lett]s to 8 fri5ds1 if ev] he wrote     
any4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! ,prophets & 
,apo/les 7 only  inspir$ on special     
occasions1 & on p>ticul> subjects1 & all
  difficulties respect+ su* works z ^! w
 vani%4 ,h[ _m ( !  books ref]r$ to 9 ! 
,bible1 & m5tion$ above1 may h be5 (    
?is description1 x is n[ impossible to  
tell2 b probably sev]al (  !m belong to 
?is class4 ,no d\bt !re 7 _m books (    
annals mu*  m m9ute & p>ticul> 9 !      
n>ration ( facts ?an ^? :i* we  h4 ,x 0 
(t5 en\gh m]ely to ref] to ^! /ate      
pap]s1 or  public docum5ts1 z be+       
suffici5tly correct1 9 reg>d to ! facts 
on acc\nt ( :i* ! ref]5ce 0 made4 ,!    
book ( ! w>s ( !  ,"l might1 = aught t  
appe>s1 h be5 m]ely a mu/] roll (  !    

army4 ,! ^w translat$ book has s        
ext5sive a mean+ 9  ,hebrew1 t x is n   
ev5 necess>y to suppose t x 0 a writ+   
at all4 ,! book ( ,ja%] 7or (           
,rectitude1 if we translate ! ^w7  might
 h be5 "s useful comp5d tak5 f          
,scripture1 or compos$ by  ! wise1 = !  
regulation ( ju/ice & equity betwe5 man 
& man4  ,augu/9e1 9 8 8,city ( ,god10   
has di/+ui%$ accurately on ?is  subject4
 8,i ?9k10 says he1 8t ^? books :i* %\ld
 h  au?ority 9 religion 7 reveal$ by !  
,holy ,_s1 & t m5  compos$ o!rs by      
hi/orical dilig5ce1 z ! prophets did ^! 
by  inspiration4 ,& ^! two classes (    
books are s di/9ct1 t x is  only by ^?  
writt5 by inspiration t we are to       
suppose t ,god1  ?r\gh !m1 is speak+    
unto u4 ,! "o class is useful = fulness 
( k2 ! o!r1 = au?ority 9 religion2 9 :i*
 au?ority  ! canon is pres]v$40    #c4  
,b aga93 x may be ma9ta9$1 )\t any      
prejudice to !  complet5ess ( ! canon1 t
 !re may h be5 inspir$ writ+s  :i* 7 n  
int5d$ = ! in/ruction ( ! *ur* 9 all    

ages1  b compos$ by ! prophets = "s     
special occasion4 ,^! writ+s1  ?\gh     
inspir$1 7 n canonical4 ,!y 7 tempor>y 9
 _!  design2 & :5 t 0 accompli%$1 !y 7  
no long] ne$$4 ,we  "k t ! prophets     
deliv]$1 by inspiration1 _m disc\rses to
 !  p1 ( :i* we h n a trace on record4  
,_m true prophets are  m5tion$1 :o wrote
 no?+ t we "k (2 & sev]al are m5tion$1  
^: names are n ev5 giv54 ,! same is true
 ( ! ,apo/les4 ,v  few ( !m _h any      
conc]n 9 writ+ ! canonical ,scriptures1 
& yet  !y all possess$ pl5>y            
inspiration4 ,& if !y wrote lett]s on   
special occasions1 to ! *ur*es plant$ by
 !m2 yet ^! 7 n  design$ = ! p]petual   
in/ruction ( ! univ]sal *ur*4  ,!re=e1  
,%emaiah1 & ,iddo1 & ,na?an1 & ,gad1    
might h writt5  "s ?+s by inspiration   
:i* 7 nev] int5d$ to =m a "p (  ! sacr$ 
volume4 ,x is n ass]t$ t !re c]ta9ly    
exi/$ su*  tempor>y inspir$ writ+s3 all 
t is necess>y to be ma9ta9$ is1  t1     
suppos+ su* to h exi/$1 :i* is n        
improbable1 x does  n foll[ t ! canon is

 incomplete by reason ( _! loss4    #d4 
,! la/ rem>k 9 relation to ! books ( !  
,old ,te/am5t  suppos$ to be lo/ is1 t x
 is highly probable t we h sev]al  ( !m 
n[ 9 ! canon1 "u ano!r "n4 ,! books (   
,samuel1  ,k+s1 & ,*ronicles1 71        
probably1 n writt5 by "o1 b by a        
succession ( prophets4 ,!re is reason to
 believe t1 until ! canon  ( sacr$      
,scripture 0 clos$1 ! succession (      
prophets 0 nev]  int]rupt$4 ,:atev] 0   
necess>y to be add$1 by way (           
explanation1  to any book already       
receiv$ into ! canon1 !y 7 compet5t to  
annex2 or1 :atev] annals or hi/ories x 0
 ! purpose ( ,god to  h transmitt$ to   
po/]ity1 !y w\ld be direct$ & inspir$ to
  prep>e4 ,?us1 diff]5t p>ts ( ^! books 
might h be5 p5n$ by  ,gad1 ,na?an1      
,iddo1 ,%emaiah1 c4 ,t "s p>ts ( ^!     
hi/ories 7  prep>$ by prophets1 we h    
cle> pro( 9 "o in/ance2 = ,isaiah  has  
ins]t$ 9 8 prophecy sev]al *apt]s :i*   
are conta9$ 9 #b  ,k+s1 & :i*1 ,i ?9k1  
!re c be no d\bt 7 orig9ally writt5  by 

himself4 ,! ,jewi% doctors are ( op9ion 
t ! book ( ,ja%] is  "o ( ! books ( !   
,p5tateu*1 or ! :ole law4 ,! book ( !   
w>s ( ! ,"l has by _m be5 suppos$ to be 
no o!r ?an ! book  ( ,numb]s4    ,?us1 x
 suffici5tly appe>s f an exam9ation (   
p>ticul>s1 t  !re exi/s no evid5ce t any
 canonical book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t  has  
be5 lo/4 ,to :i* we may add1 t !re are  
_m g5]al  consid]ations ( great weight  
:i* g to prove t no "p ( !  ,scriptures 
( ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 lo/4 ,!       
translation ( ^!  books into ,greek is  
suffici5t to %[ t ! same books exi/$    
ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! adv5t (    
,*ri/4 ,&1 above all1  ! unqualifi$     
te/imony to ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old      
,te/am5t1 by  ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les1 ought 
to satisfy u t we h lo/ none (  !       
inspir$ books ( ! canon4 ,! ,scriptures 
are con/antly ref]r$  to1 & quot$ z     
infallible au?ority by !m1 z we h be=e  
%[n4  ,^! oracles 7 committ$ to ! ,jews 
z a sacr$ deposit1 & !y  are nev] *>g$ )
 unfai?fulness 9 ?is tru/4 ,!           

,scriptures are  decl>$ to h be5 writt5 
8= our le>n+20 & no intimation is  giv5 
t !y _h ev] be5 mutilat$1 or 9 any      
degree corrupt$4    ,z to ! ,new        
,te/am5t1 ! same au?or proce$s3 ,)      
respect to !  ,new ,te/am5t1 ,i am ready
 to conc$e1 z 0 be=e done1 t !re may  h 
be5 books writt5 by inspir$ m5 t h be5  
lo/2 =  inspiration 0 occasional1 n     
con/ant2 & conf9$ to matt]s (  fai?1 & n
 af=d$ on ! affairs ( ?is life1 or 9    
matt]s (  m]e sci5ce4 ,& if su* writ+s h
 be5 lo/1 ! canon (  ,scripture has     
suff]$ no m by ?is means1 ?an by ! loss 
( any  o!r un9spir$ books4 ,b aga93 ,i  
am will+ to g f>!r1 & say  t x is       
possible 7al?\gh ,i "k no evid5ce ( !   
fact7 t "s  ?+s1 writt5 "u ! influ5ce ( 
inspiration1 = a p>ticul>  occasion1 &  
to rectify "s disord] 9 a p>ticul> *ur*1
 may h  be5 lo/1 )\t injury to ! canon4 
,=1 s9ce mu* t !  ,apo/les prea*$ by    
inspiration is und\bt$ly lo/1 s !re is  
no  reason :y e ^w :i* !y wrote mu/     
necess>ily be pres]v$1  & =m a "p ( !   

canonical volume4 ,= example3 suppose t 
:5  ,/4 ,paul said1 8,i wrote to y 9 an 
epi/le n to company )  =nicators10 #a   
,cor4 v1 #i1 he ref]r$ to an epi/le :i* 
he _h  writt5 to ! ,cor9?ians1 be=e ! "o
 n[ call$ ! ,fir/2 x  might nev] h be5  
int5d$ t ?is lett] %\ld =m a  con/itu5t 
"p ( ! canon2 = al?\gh x treat$ (       
subjects  connect$ ) ,*ri/ian fai? or   
practice1 yet1 an occasion hav+  aris51 
9 a %ort "t1 ( treat+ ^! subjects m at  
l>ge1 e  ?+ 9 t epi/le 7suppos+ x ev] to
 h be5 writt57 may h  be5 includ$ 9 !   
two ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians :i* are n[ 
9  ! canon4    #a4 ,! fir/ argum5t to   
prove t no canonical book has be5 lo/1  
is  d]iv$ f ! wat*ful c>e ( provid5ce   
ov] ! sacr$ ,scriptures4  ,n[1 to       
suppose t a book writt5 by ! inspiration
 ( ! ,holy  ,_s1 & int5d$ to =m a "p ( !
 canon1 :i* is ! rule (  fai? to ! *ur*1
 %\ld be utt]ly & irrecov]ably lo/1 is  
surely  n v hon\rable to ! wisdom (     
,god1 & 9 no way consonant )  ! ord9>y  
me?od ( 8 disp5sations1 9 reg>d to 8    

preci\s  tru?4 ,!re is good reason to   
?9k t1 if ,god saw x ne$ful1 &  = !     
edification ( ! *ur*1 t su* books %\ld  
be writt5  "u ! inspiration ( ! ,holy   
,_s1 by 8 provid5ce he w\ld  h tak5 c>e 
to pres]ve !m f de/ruction4 ,we d "k t  
?is  treasure ( div9e tru? has be51 9   
all ages1 & 9 ! wor/ times1  ! special  
c>e ( ,god1 or n "o ( ! sacr$ books w\ld
 n[ be 9  exi/5ce4 ,& if "o canonical   
book might be lo/ ?r\gh !  neglig5ce or 
unfai?fulness ( m51 :y n all8 ,& ?us !  
end (  ,god1 9 mak+ a revelation ( 8 w1 
might h be5 defeat$4 ,b  :atev] o!r     
corruptions h crept into ! ,jewi% or    
,*ri/ian  *ur*es1 x does n appe> t ei!r 
( !m1 z a body1 ev]  incurr$ ! c5sure ( 
hav+ be5 c>eless 9 pres]v+ ! oracles  ( 
,god4 ,our ,savi\r nev] *>ges ! ,jews1  
:o p]v]t$ ! sacr$  ,scriptures to _! own
 ru91 ) hav+ lo/ any portion ( ! sacr$  
deposit intru/$ to !m4 ,hi/ory in=ms u (
 ! fi]ce &  malignant design ( ,antio*us
 ,epiphanes1 to aboli% e ve/ige ( !     
sacr$ volume2 b ! same hi/ory assures u 

t ! ,jewi% p  manife/$ a h]oic =titude &
 inv9cible pati5ce 9 resi/+ &  defeat+ 8
 impi\s purpose4 ,!y *ose r to sacrifice
 _!  lives1 & suff] a cruel dea?1 ?an to
 deliv] up ! copies ( !  sacr$ volume 9 
_! possession4 ,& ! same _s 0 manife/$1 
& ) ! same result1 9 ! ,dioclesian      
p]secution ( !  ,*ri/ians4 ,e ef=t 0    
made to oblit]ate ! sacr$ writ+s (      
,*ri/ians2 & multitudes suff]$ dea? =   
refus+ to deliv] up !  ,new ,te/am5t4   
,"s1 inde$1 ov]come by ! t]rors ( a     
cruel  p]secution1 did1 9 ! h\r (       
temptation1 cons5t to surr5d] !  holy   
book2 b !y 7 ev] aft]w>d call$ traitors2
 & x 0 )  ! utmo/ difficulty t any ( !m 
c\ld be receiv$ aga9 into !  communion (
 ! *ur*1 aft] a long rep5tance1 & ! mo/ 
humbl+  confessions ( _! fault4 ,n[1 if 
any canonical book 0 ev] lo/1 x  mu/ h  
be5 9 ^! e>ly times1 :5 ! ^w ( ,god 0   
valu$ f>  above life1 & :5 e ,*ri/ian   
/ood ready to seal ! tru? )  8 blood4   
#b4 ,ano!r argum5t :i* appe>s to me to  
be conv9c+ is1 t 9 a  little "t1 all !  

sacr$ books 7 disp]s$ ov] ! :ole _w4    
,if a book _h1 by "s accid5t or viol5ce1
 be5 de/roy$ 9 "o  region1 ! loss c\ld  
soon h be5 repair$1 by s5d+ = copies to 
o!r c\ntries4 ,! consid]ations j m5tion$
 w\ld1 ,i presume1 be  satisfactory to  
all c&id m9ds1 7 x n t x is suppos$ t   
!re is evid5ce t "s ?+s 7 writt5 by !   
,apo/les :i*  are n n[ 9 ! canon4 ,we h 
already ref]r$ to an epi/le to !        
,cor9?ians1 :i* ,/4 ,paul is suppos$ to 
h writt5 to !m1  previ\sly to ! writ+ ( 
^? :i* we n[ possess4 ,b x is by no     
means c]ta91 or ev5 probable1 t ,/4     
,paul ev] did write su* an  epi/le2 = n 
"o anci5t writ] makes ! lea/ m5tion (   
any su*  lett]1 nor is !re any :]e to be
 f\nd any citation f x1 or any  ref]5ce 
to x4 ,x is a matt] ( te/imony1 9 :i*   
all ! fa!rs  concur1 z ) "o voice1 t ,/4
 ,paul wrote no m ?an f\rte5  epi/les1  
all ( :i* we n[ h4 ,b /ill1 ,/4 ,paul's 
own  decl>ation /&s 9 ! way ( our       
op9ion3 8,i wrote to y 9 an  epi/le10 #a
 ,cor4 v1 #i1 #aa4 ,! words 9 ! orig9al 

are1      2 ! lit]al v]sion ( :i* is1   
8,i h writt5 to y 9  ! epi/le10 or 89   
?is epi/le20 t is1 9 ! =m] "p ( x2  :]e1
 9 fact1 we f9d ! v ?+ :i* he says t he 
_h  writt54 ,see #a ,cor4 v1 #b1 #e1 #f4
 ,b x is ?\ght by le>n$ &  judici\s     
comm5tators1 t ! words foll[+1    1  8,b
 n[ ,i h writt5 unto y10 require t we   
%\ld und]/& !  =m] clause1 z relat+ to  
"s =m] "t2 b a c>eful att5tion  to !    
context w conv9ce u t ?is ref]5ce is by 
no means  necess>y4 ,! ,apo/le _h told  
!m 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]1 to  avoid !    
company ( =nicators1 c2 b x is manife/1 
f ! t5?  v]se1 t he appreh5d$ t 8 mean+ 
might be misund]/ood1 by  ext5d+ !      
prohibition too f>1 s z to decl9e all   
int]c\rse )  ! _w2 !re=e1 he repeats :at
 he _h said1 & in=ms !m t  x _h relation
 only to ! pr(essors ( ,*ri/ianity1 :o  
%\ld be  guilty ( su* vices4 ,! :ole may
 be ?us p>aphras$3 8,i wrote to y  above
 9 my lett]1 t y %\ld sep>ate f ^? :o 7 
=nicators1 & t y %\ld purge !m out z old
 leav52 b1  fe>+ le/ y %\ld misappreh5d 

my mean+1 by inf]r+ t ,i  h direct$ y to
 avoid all int]c\rse ) ! ,hea!n ar\nd y1
  :o are addict$ to ^! %ameful vices1   
:i* w\ld make x necess>y  t y %\ld g out
 ( ! _w1 ,i n[ in=m y t my mean+  is1 t 
y d n associate famili>ly ) any :o make 
a pr(ession  ( ,*ri/ianity1 & yet       
cont9ue 9 ^! evil practices40 ,9        
confirmation ( ?is int]pretation1 we c  
adduce ! old ,syriac  v]sion1 :i*1 hav+ 
be5 made soon aft] ! days ( ! ,apo/les1 
is  good te/imony 9 relation to ?is     
matt] ( fact4 ,9 ?is v5]able  v]sion1 ! 
mean+ ( ! elev5? v]se is ?us giv53 8,?is
 is :at  ,i h writt5 unto y10 or1 8!    
mean+ ( :at ,i h writt5 unto  y40    ,! 
only o!r passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :i*  
has be5 ?\ght to  ref] to an epi/le (   
,/4 ,paul n n[ extant1 is t 9           
,colossians  iv1 #af3 8,& :5 ?is epi/le 
is read among y1 cause also t x be  read
 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,laodiceans1 & t ye       
likewise read !  epi/le f ,laodicea40 ,b
 :at evid5ce is !re t ,/4 ,paul ev]     
wrote an epi/le to ! ,laodiceans8 ,!    

text on :i* ?is op9ion has  be5 f\nd$1 9
 anci5t & mod]n times1 correctly        
int]pret$1 has no  su* import4 ,! words 
9 ! orig9al are1         1 8& t ye      
likewise read ! epi/le f  ,laodicea10   
,col4 iv1 #af4 ,^! words h be5 diff]5tly
 tak52 =1 by  !m "s und]/& t an epi/le  
_h be5 writt5 by ,/4 ,paul to !         
,laodiceans1 :i* he desir$ might be read
 9 ! *ur* at ,colosse4  ,*ryso/om seems 
to h und]/ood !m ?us2 & ! ,romi% writ]s 
almo/ univ]sally h adopt$ ?is op9ion4   
8,!re=e10 says  ,bell>m9e1 8x is c]ta9 t
 ,/4 ,paul's epi/le to ! ,laodiceans is 
n[ lo/40 ,& _! op9ion is fav\r$ by !    
,lat9 ,vulgate1 :]e we  read1 eamque    
,laodic5sium1 8t :i* is ( !             
,laodiceans20 b ev5  ^! words admit (   
ano!r con/ruction4 ,_m le>n$            
,prote/ants1  also1 h embrac$ ! same    
int]pretation2 :ile o!rs suppose t  ,/4 
,paul "h ref]s to ! epi/le to !         
,ephesians1 :i* !y ?9k  he s5t to !     
,laodiceans1 & t ! pres5t inscription is
 spuri\s4  ,b t nei!r ( ^! op9ions is   

correct1 may be r5d]$ v  probable4 ,t   
,/4 ,paul c\ld n int5d1 by ! language   
us$ 9 !  passage "u consid]ation1 an    
epi/le writt5 by himself1 w appe>  by ! 
foll[+ argum5ts3 7#a47 ,/4 ,paul c\ld n1
 ) any propriety  ( spee*1 h call$ an   
epi/le writt5 by himself1 & s5t to !    
,laodiceans1 an epi/le f ,laodicea4 ,he 
c]ta9ly w\ld h said1   1 to ,laodicea1  
or "s su* ?+4 ,:o ev] he>d ( an  epi/le 
address$ to any individual1 or to any   
society1 d5om9at$ an  epi/le f !m8 7#b47
 ,if ! epi/le ref]r$ to 9 ?is passage _h
  be5 "o writt5 by ,/4 ,paul1 x w\ld h  
be5 mo/ natural = him to  call x 8      
epi/le2 & ?is w\ld h r5d]$ 8 mean+      
incapable  ( miscon/ruction4 7#c47 ,all 
^? be/ qualifi$ to judge ( ! fact1  & :o
 7 well acqua9t$ ) ,/4 ,paul's hi/ory & 
writ+s1 nev]  m5tion any su* epi/le3    
nei!r ,clem5t1 ,h]mas1 nor ! ,syriac    
int]pret]1 knew any ?+ ( su* an epi/le (
 ,/4 ,paul4 ,b x may  be ask$1 ,to :at  
epi/le1 !n1 does ,/4 ,paul ref]8 ,x     
seems safe/ 9  su* a case1 :]e te/imony 

is defici5t1 to foll[ ! lit]al s5se  ( !
 words1 & to believe t x 0 an epi/le    
writt5 by !  ,laodiceans1 probably to   
himself1 :i* he _h s5t to ! ,colossians1
  toge!r ) 8 own epi/le1 = _! p]usal4   
,,canticles1 ! book (1 9 ,hebrew1  1 !  
song ( songs4  ,! *ur*1 z well z !      
synagogue1 receiv$ ?is book g5]ally z   
canonical4 ,! royal au?or appe>s1 9 !   
typical _s ( 8 times1  to h design$ to  
r5d] a c]emonial appo9tm5t descriptive (
 a  spiritual relation2 & ?is song is   
accord+ly consid]$1 by  judici\s writ]s1
 to be a my/ical allegory ( t sort :i*  
induces  a m sublime s5se on hi/orical  
tru?s1 & :i*1 by ! description  ( human 
ev5ts1 %ad[s out div9e circum/ances4 ,! 
sacr$ writ]s  71 by ,god's condesc5sion1
 au?oriz$ to illu/rate 8 /rict &        
intimate relation to ! *ur* by ! figure 
( a m>riage2 & !  emblem mu/ h be5      
/rik+ly becom+ & expressive to !        
conceptions ( ! ,jews1 s9ce !y annex$   
ideas ( peculi> my/]y to  ?is appo9tm5t1
 & imag9$ ! m>riage union to be a       

c\nt]p>t  repres5tation ( "s orig9al    
patt]n 9 heav54 ,h5ce x 0  p]=m$ among  
!m ) v peculi> c]emonies & solemnity1 ) 
e ?+ t c\ld give dignity & importance to
 its rites4  ,solomon1 !re=e1 9         
celebrat+ ! circum/ances ( 8 m>riage1  0
 naturally l$1 by a tra9 ( correspond5t 
reflections1 to consid]  t spiritual    
connection :i* x 0 (t5 employ$ to       
symbolize2 &  ! idea mu/ h be5 ! m      
=cibly sugge/$ to him1 z he 0 at  ?is   
p]iod prep>+ to build a temple to ,god1 
& !reby to furni% a  visible            
repres5tation ( ! ,hebrew *ur*4 ,!      
spiritual allegory ?us  work$ up by     
,solomon to its highe/ p]fection1 0 v   
consi/5t )  ! prophetic /yle1 :i* 0     
accu/om$ to pr$ict evangelical  bless+s 
by su* p>abolical figures2 & ,solomon 0 
m imm$iately  furni%$ ) a patt]n = ?is  
repres5tation by ! au?or ( !  =ty-fif?  
,psalm1 :o describes1 9 a comp5di\s     
allegory1 ! same  future connection     
betwe5 ,*ri/ & 8 *ur*4    #b4 ,b ?\gh ! 
"w be c]ta9ly an allegorical            

repres5tation1 _m  le>n$ m51 9 an       
unre/ra9$ eag]ness to expla9 ! song1 ev5
 9  its m9ute/ & mo/ obscure p>ticul>s1 
h too f> indulg$ _!  imag9ations2 &1 by 
endeav\r+ too nicely to reconcile !     
lit]al  ) ! spiritual s5se1 h be5 l$    
beyond ! b\nd>ies :i* a  rev]5ce = !    
sacr$ ,scriptures %\ld ev] prescribe4 ,!
 ideas  :i* ! sacr$ writ]s furni%       
conc]n+ ! my/ical relation  betwe5 ,*ri/
 & 8 *ur*1 ?\gh well accommodat$ to our 
appreh5sions by ! allusion ( a m>riage  
union1 are too g5]al to  illu/rate e    
p>ticul> conta9$ 9 ?is poem1 :i* may be 
suppos$ to h be5 int5tionally decorat$ )
 "s ornam5ts  appropriate to ! lit]al   
con/ruction4 ,:5 ! g5]al analogy is     
obvi\s1 we are n always to expect m9ute 
resemblance1 & %\ld n  be too curi\s 9  
seek+ = obscure & recondite allusions4  
,solomon1  9 ! gl[ ( an inspir$ fancy1 &
 unsuspici\s ( misconception or         
delib]ate p]v]sion1 describes ,god & 8  
*ur*1 ) _!  respective attributes &     
graces1 "u col\r+s famili> &  agreeable 

to mank9d1 & exhibits _! ard5t affection
 "u !  au?oriz$ figures ( e>?ly love4   
,no similitude1 inde$1 c\ld be  *os5 s  
elegant & apposite = ! illu/ration ( ?is
 intimate &  spiritual alliance1 z a    
m>riage union1 if consid]$ 9 ! *a/e     
simplicity ( its fir/ in/itution1 or "u 
! int]e/+  circum/ances ) :i* x 0       
e/abli%$ among ! ,jews4    #c4 ,?is poem
 may be consid]$1 z to its =m1 z a      
dramatic poem (  ! pa/oral k9d4 ,!re is 
a succession ( "t1 & a *ange ( place1   
to diff]5t p>ts ( ! palace & royal      
g>d5s4 ,! p]sons  introduc$ z speak]s1  
are ! bridegroom & bride1 & _!          
respective att5dants4 ,! int]*ange (    
dialogue is c>ri$ on 9 a  wild &        
digressive mann]2 b ! spee*es are adapt$
 to ! p]sons  ) appropriate elegance4 ,!
 companions ( ! bride compose a k9d (   
*orus1 :i* seems to be> "s resemblance  
to t aft]w>d adopt$  9 ! ,grecian       
trag$y4 ,solomon & 8 que5 assume !      
pa/oral  simplicity ( /yle1 :i* is      
fav\rable to ! communication ( _!       

s5tim5ts4 ,! poem ab\nds ?r\gh\t )      
beauties1 & pres5ts  e :]e a delightful 
& romantic display ( nature1 pa9t$ at   
its  mo/ int]e/+ season1 & describ$ ) e 
ornam5t t an  inv5tive fancy c\ld       
furni%4 ,x is ju/ly entitl$ ,song (     
,songs1 or  mo/ excell5t song1 z be+    
sup]ior to any t an un9spir$ writ]  c\ld
 h produc$1 & t5d+1 if prop]ly und]/ood1
 to purify !  m9d1 & to elevate !       
affections f e>?ly to heav5ly ?+s4      
,,cap]naum1 a city celebrat$ 9 !        
,gospels1 be+ ! place :]e ,jesus        
usually resid$ dur+ ! "t ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,x 
/ood on ! sea  coa/1 t is1 on ! coa/ ( !
 sea ( ,galilee1 9 ! bord]s (  ,zebulun 
& ,naphtalim1 ,matt4 iv1 #ae1 &         
consequ5tly t[>d ! upp]  "p ( x4 ,z x 0 
a conv5i5t port f ,galilee to any place 
on !  o!r side ( ! sea1 ?is might be our
 ,"l's inducem5t to make x  ! place ( 8 
mo/ con/ant resid5ce4 ,^u ?is acc\nt    
,cap]naum  0 highly hon\r$2 & ?\gh      
8exalt$ unto heav510 z its  inhabitants 
boa/$1 because x made no prop] use ( ?is

 signal fav\r  x drew f him ! sev]e     
d5unciation1 t x %\ld 8be br\ght  d[n to
 hell10 ,matt4 xi1 #bc4 ,?is s5t5ce (   
de/ruction has be5 fully  realiz$2 !    
anci5t city is r$uc$ to a /ate ( utt]   
desolation4  ,burckh>dt supposes ! ru9s 
call$ ,tal ,h\m1 ne> ! rivulet call$    
,el ,e%e1 to be ^? ( ,cap]naum4 ,mr4    
,buck+ham1 :o gives ?is place  ! "n (   
,talhhewn1 describes consid]able &      
ext5sive ru9s2 !  only rema9s ( ^?      
edifices :i* exalt$ ,cap]naum above its 
fell[s4    ,,cappadocia1 is call$ 9     
,hebrew ,caphtor4 ,cappadocia jo9$      
,galatia on  ! ea/1 & is m5tion$ 9 ,acts
 ii1 #i1 & by ,/4 ,pet]1 :o  addresses 8
 ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! disp]s$ ?r\gh\t     
,pontus1 ,galatia1  ,cappadocia1        
,bi?ynia1 & ,asia4 ,! p ( ?is c\ntry 7  
=m]ly  infam\s = _! vices2 b aft] !     
promulgation ( ,*ri/ianity1 x  produc$  
_m great & wor?y m53 among ^! may be    
reckon$ ,gregory  ,nazianz51 ,gregory   
,nyss51 & ,/4 ,basil1 commonly /yl$ !   
,great4    ,,captives4 ,! treatm5t (    

p]sons tak5 9 w> among anci5t nations   
?r[s great light ^u _m passages (       
,scripture4 ,! ea/]n  conqu]or (t5      
/ripp$ 8 unhappy captives nak$1 %av$ _! 
heads1  & made !m travel 9 t condition1 
expos$ to ! burn+ heat ( a  v]tical sun 
by day1 & ! *ill+ cold ( ! night4 ,su*  
b>b>\s  treatm5t 0 to mode/ wom5 !      
height ( cruelty & indignity2           
especially to ^? :o _h be5 educat$ 9    
s(tness & elegance1 :o  _h figur$ 9 all 
! sup]fluities ( ornam5tal dress1 & ^:  
faces _h h>dly ev] be5 expos$ to ! sight
 ( man4 ,! ,prophet  ,isaiah m5tions ?is
 z ! h>de/ "p ( ! suff]+s 9 :i*  female 
captives are involv$3 8,! ,"l w expose  
_! nak$ness40  ,! daught] ( ,zion _h    
indulg$ 9 all ! s(tness ( ori5tal       
luxury2 b ! (f5d$ ,jehovah %\ld cause h]
 unrel5t+ enemies to  drag h] =? f h]   
secret *amb]s into ! view ( an insol5t  
soldi]y2 /rip h] ( h] ornam5ts1 9 :i* %e
 s greatly delight$2  take away h]      
spl5did & co/ly g>m5ts1 discov] h]      
nak$ness1 &  compel h] to travel 9 t    

mis]able plight to a f> di/ant c\ntry1  
a helpless captive1 ! prop]ty ( a cruel 
"l4 ,arriv$ 9 ! l& (  _! captivity1     
captives 7 (t5 pur*as$ at a v l[ price4 
,!  ,prophet ,joel compla9s ( !         
contemptu\s *eapness 9 :i* ! p  (       
,israel 7 held by ^? :o made !m         
captives3 8,& !y h ca/  lots = my p2 & h
 giv5 a boy = a h>lot1 & sold a girl  = 
w9e1 t !y might dr9k40 ,! cu/om ( ca/+  
lots = !  captives tak5 9 w> appe>s to h
 prevail$ bo? among ! ,jews &  !        
,greeks4 ,! same allusion occurs 9 !    
prophecy ( ,obadiah3  8,/rang]s c>ri$   
away captive 8 =ces1 & =eign]s ent]$    
into  8 gates1 & ca/ lots ^u ,j]usalem10
 ,obadiah #aa4 ,) respect to  ! ,greeks1
 we h an in/ance 9 ,tryphiodorus3--     
8,%>$ out by lot ! female captives /&1  
,! spoils divid$ ) an equal h&2         
,ea* to 8 %ip conveys 8 rightful %>e1   
,price ( _! toil1 & trophies ( ! w>40   
#b4 ,by an inhuman cu/om :i* is /ill    
reta9$ 9 ! ea/1 ! eyes (  captives tak5 
9 w> 7 n seldom put out1 sometimes      

lit]ally  scoop$ or dug out ( _!        
sockets4 ,?is dreadful calamity ,samson 
_h  to endure f ! unrel5t+ v5geance ( 8 
enemies4 ,9 a po/]ior  age1 ,z$ekiah1 ! 
la/ k+ ( ,judah & ,b5jam91 aft] be+     
compell$ to behold ! viol5t dea? ( 8    
sons & nobility1 _h 8  eyes put out1 & 0
 c>ri$ 9 *a9s to ,babylon4 ,! b>b>\s    
cu/om  long surviv$ ! decl9e & fall ( ! 
,babylonian empire2 = by !  te/imony (  
,mr4 ,maurice1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,h9do/an1 ! 
captive  pr9ces ( t c\ntry 7 (t5 treat$ 
9 ?is mann] by _! m  =tunate rivals2 a  
r$ hot iron 0 pass$ ov] _! eyes1 :i*    
effectually depriv$ !m ( sight1 & at !  
same "t ( _! title  & ability to reign4 
,to ! wret*$ /ate ( su* prison]s1 !     
,prophet ,isaiah alludes 9 a noble      
pr$iction1 :]e he describes 9 v  gl[+   
col\rs ! "* & "w ( ! promis$ ,messiah3  
8,he ha?  s5t me to heal ! brok5 he>t$1 
to prea* deliv]ance to !  captives1 &   
recov]+ ( sight to ! bl9d1 to set at    
lib]ty !m  t are bruis$10 z captives too
 frequ5tly 7 by ! weight (  _! fett]s4  

#c4 ,x seems to h be5 ! practice ( ea/]n
 k+s1 to comm& _!  captives tak5 9 w>1  
especially ^? t _h1 by ! atroci\sness  (
 _! crimes1 or ! /\tness ( _! resi/ance1
 greatly provok$  _! indignation1 to lie
 d[n on ! gr\nd1 & !n put to dea? a     
c]ta9 "p ( !m1 :i* !y measur$ ) a l9e1  
or det]m9$ by  lot4 ,?is cu/om 0 n1     
p]haps1 commonly practis$ by ! p (      
,god1 9 _! w>s ) ! nations ar\nd !m2 b  
"o in/ance is  record$ 9 ! life (       
,david1 :o inflict$ ?is puni%m5t on !   
,moabites3 8,& he smote ,moab1 & measur$
 !m ) a l9e1 ca/+  !m d[n to ! gr\nd2   
ev5 ) two l9es measur$ he to put to     
dea?1 & ) "o full l9e to keep alive3 & s
 ! ,moabites became  ,david's s]vants1 &
 br\ght gifts10 #b ,sam4 viii1 #b4 ,b ! 
mo/  %ock+ puni%m5t :i* ! +5i\s cruelty 
( a haughty &  unfeel+ conqu]or ev]     
inflict$ on ! mis]able captive1 is      
describ$ by ,virgil 9 ! eigh? book ( !  
neid2 & :i* ev5 a  ,roman1 inur$ to     
blood1 c\ld n m5tion )\t horror3--      
8,quid memorem inf&as cdes8 quid facta  

tyranni10 c4                            
,l9e #dhc4              8,:at words c   
pa9t ^? execrable times1            ,!  
subjects' suff]+s1 & ! tyrant's crimes6 
,t blood1 ^? murd]s1 ,o ye gods6 replace
            ,on 8 own head1 & on 8      
impi\s race3            ,! liv+ & ! dead
 at 8 comm&            ,7 c\pl$ face to 
face1 & h& to h&1            ,till1 *ok$
 ) /5*1 9 loa!d embraces ti$1           
,! l+]+ wret*es p9$ away1 & di$40       
,,dryd54    ,x is to ?is deplorable     
condition ( a captive t ! ,apo/le ref]s1
  9 t pa!tic exclamation1 8,o wret*$ man
 t ,i am6 :o %all  deliv] me f ! body ( 
?is dea?80 ,:o %all rescue me1 mis]able 
captive z ,i am1 f ?is cont9ual burd5 ( 
s9 :i* ,i c>ry ab\t  ) me2 & :i* is     
cumb]some & odi\s1 z a dead c>cass b\nd 
to  a liv+ body1 to be dragg$ along ) x 
:]e-ev] x goes8    ,,captivity4 ,god    
g5]ally puni%$ ! s9s & infidelities ( ! 
,jews  by diff]5t captivities or        
s]vitudes4 ,! fir/ captivity is t (     
,egypt1 f :i* !y 7 deliv]$ by ,moses1 & 

:i* %\ld be  consid]$ r z a p]mission ( 
provid5ce1 ?an z a puni%m5t  = s94 ,six 
captivities are reckon$ dur+ ! gov]nm5t 
by judges3  ! fir/1 "u ,*u%anri%a?aim1  
k+ ( ,mesopotamia1 :i* cont9u$  ab\t    
eight ye>s2 ! second1 "u ,eglon1 k+ (   
,moab1 f :i* !  ,jews 7 deliv]$ by      
,ehud2 ! ?ird1 "u ! ,phili/9es1 f  :i*  
!y 7 rescu$ by ,%amg>2 ! f\r?1 "u ,jab91
 k+ (  ,hazor1 f :i* !y 7 deliv]$ by    
,deborah & ,b>ak2 ! fif?1  "u !         
,midianites1 f :i* ,gideon fre$ !m2 & ! 
six?1 "u  ! ,ammonites & ,phili/9es1    
dur+ ! judicatures ( ,jeph?ah1  ,ibzan1 
,elon1 ,abdon1 ,eli1 ,samson1 & ,samuel4
 ,b ! greate/ & mo/  rem>kable          
captivities 7 ^? ( ,israel & ,judah1 "u 
_! regal  gov]nm5t4    ,,captivities ,,(
 ,,israel4 ,9 ! ye> ( ! _w #cbfd1       
,tigla?-piles]  took sev]al cities1 &   
c>ri$ away captives1 pr9cipally f !     
tribes ( ,reub51 ,gad1 & ! half tribe ( 
,manasseh1 #b ,k+s xv1 #bi4  ,9 ! ye> ( 
! _w #cbhc1 ,%almanes] took & de/roy$   
,sam>ia1  aft] a siege ( ?ree ye>s1 &   

transplant$ ! tribes t _h be5  sp>$ by  
,tigla?-piles]1 to prov9ces beyond !    
,euphrates1 #b ,k+s  xviii1 #aj1 #aa4 ,x
 is g5]ally believ$1 !re 0 no return ( !
 t5  tribes f ?is second captivity4 ,b  
:5 we exam9e c>efully !  writ+s ( !     
,prophets1 we f9d a return ( at lea/ a  
great "p (  ,israel f ! captivity cle>ly
 po9t$ out4 ,hosea says1 8,!y %all      
tremble z a bird out ( ,egypt1 & z a    
dove out ( ! l& (  ,assyria2 & ,i w     
place !m 9 _! h\ses1 sai? ! ,"l10 ,hosea
  xi1 #aa4 ,amos says1 8,& ,i w br+ aga9
 my p ,israel f _!  captivity3 !y %all  
build _! ru9$ cities & inhabit !m10 c1  
,amos ix1 #ad4 ,obadiah obs]ves1 8,!    
captivity ( ?is ho/ ( !  *ildr5 (       
,israel %all possess t ( ! ,canaanites10
 c1 ,obadiah  #ah1 #ai4 ,to ! same      
purpose speak ! o!r ,prophets4 8,! ,"l  
%all  assemble ! outca/ ( ,israel1 &    
ga!r toge!r ! disp]s$ (  ,judah10 ,isa4 
xi1 #ab1 #ac4 ,ezekiel receiv$ an ord] f
 ,god to take two  pieces ( wood1 &     
write on "o1 8,= ,judah & = ! *ildr5 (  

,israel20 & on ! o!r1 8,= ,joseph & =   
all ! h\se ( ,israel20  & to jo9 ^! two 
pieces ( wood1 t !y might become "o1 &  
designate ! reunion ( ,judah & ,israel1 
,ezek4 xxxvii1 #af4 ,j]emiah is  equally
 express3 8,! h\se ( ,judah %all walk ) 
! h\se (  ,israel2 & !y %all come toge!r
 out ( ! nor?1 to ! l& :i*  ,i h giv5 = 
an inh]itance to _! fa!rs10 ,j]4 iii1   
#ah4 ,see  also ,j]4 xxxi1 #g-i1 #af1   
#ag1 #bj2 xvi1 #ae2 xlix1 #b1 c2 ,ze*4  
ix1 #ac2 x1  #f1 #aj2 ,micah ii1 #ab4 ,9
 ! hi/orical books ( ,scripture1 we f9d 
t  ,israelites ( ! t5 tribes1 z well z (
 ,judah & ,b5jam91 return$  f !         
captivity4 ,among ^? t return$ )        
,z]ubbabel are  reckon$ "s ( ,ephraim & 
,manasseh1 :o settl$ at ,j]usalem ) !   
tribe ( ,judah4 ,:5 ,ezra numb]$ ^? :o  
return$ f !  captivity1 he only inquir$ 
:e!r !y 7 ( ! race ( ,israel2 &  at !   
fir/ passov] :i* 0 !n celebrat$ 9 !     
temple1 0 a  sacrifice ( twelve he-goats
 = ! :ole h\se ( ,israel1 accord+ to  ! 
numb] ( ! tribes1 ,ezra vi1 #af1 #ag2   

viii1 #ce4 ,"u !  ,maccabees1 & 9 our   
,savi\r's "t1 we see ,pale/9e peopl$ by 
,israelites ( all ! tribes indiff]5tly4 
,! ,sam>itan ,*ronicle  ass]ts t 9 !    
?irty-fif? ye> ( ! pontificate (        
,abdelus1  ?ree ?\s& ,israelites1 by    
p]mission ( ,k+ ,saur$ius1 return$  f   
captivity1 "u ! conduct ( ,adus1 son (  
,simon4    ,,captivities ,,( ,,judah4 ,!
 captivities ( ,judah are g5]ally       
reckon$  f\r3 ! fir/1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w    
#ccih1 "u ,k+ ,jehoiakim1  :5 ,daniel & 
o!rs 7 c>ri$ to ,babylon2 ! second1 9 ! 
ye>  ( ! _w #cdja1 & 9 ! sev5? ye> ( !  
reign ( ,jehoiakim1  :5 ,nebu*adnezz>   
c>ri$ ?ree ?\s& & tw5ty-?ree ,jews to   
,babylon2 ! ?ird1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #cdjf1 
& 9 ! f\r? (  ,jehoia*91 :5 ?is pr9ce1 )
 "p ( 8 p1 0 s5t to  ,babylon2 & ! f\r? 
9 ! ye> #cdaf1 "u ,z$ekiah1 f :i*  p]iod
 beg9s ! captivity ( sev5ty ye>s1 =etold
 by ! ,prophet  ,j]emiah4 ,dr4 ,hales   
computes t ! fir/ ( ^! captivities1 :i* 
he ?9ks =m$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,babyloni% 
captivity1 took  place 9 ! ye> be=e     

,*ri/ #fje4 ,! ,jews 7 remov$ to        
,babylon by  ,nebu*adnezz>1 :o1 design+ 
to r5d] t city ! capital ( !  ea/1      
transplant$ ?i!r v great numb]s ( p1    
subdu$ by him  9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9   
,babylon ! ,jews _h judges & eld]s1 :o  
gov]n$ !m1 & :o decid$ matt]s 9 dispute 
juridically1 accord+  to _! laws4 ,( ?is
 we see a pro( 9 ! /ory ( ,susanna1 :o 0
  condemn$ by eld]s ( h] own nation4    
,cyrus1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w  #cdeg1 & 9 !    
fir/ ye> ( 8 reign at ,babylon1 p]mitt$ 
! ,jews  to return to _! own c\ntry1    
,ezra i1 #a4 ,h[ev]1 !y did n obta9     
leave to rebuild ! temple2 & !          
completion ( ^? prophecies  :i* =etold !
 t]m9ation ( _! captivity aft] sev5ty   
ye>s1  0 n till ! ye> ( ! _w #cdhf4 ,9 t
 ye>1 ,d>ius ,hy/aspes1  by an edict1   
all[$ !m to rebuild ! temple4 ,9 ! ye> (
 !  _w #cecg1 ,artax]xes ,longimanus s5t
 ,nehemiah to ,j]usalem4 ,! ,jews  ass]t
 t only ! refuse ( _! nation return$ f !
 captivity1  & t ! pr9cipal ( !m cont9u$
 9 & ne> ,babylon1 :]e !y  _h be5       

settl$1 & :]e !y became v num]\s4 ,x    
may1 h[ev]1  be d\bt$ :e!r ! refuse (   
,judah 0 really c>ri$ to ,babylon4 ,x   
appe>s f incid5tal obs]vations 9        
,scripture t "s rema9$2  & ,major       
,r5nell has (f]$ sev]al reasons =       
believ+ t only  c]ta9 classes ( ! ,jews 
7 deport$ to ,babylon1 z well z into    
,assyria4 ,nebu*adnezz> c>ri$ away only 
! pr9cipal inhabitants1 !  w>riors1 &   
artisans ( e k9d2 & he left ! husb&m51 !
  lab\r]s1 & 9 g5]al1 ! poor] classes1 t
 con/itute ! great  body ( ! p4         
,,c>aites1 or ,,k>,,ites1 an anci5t     
,jewi% sect4 ,! "n signifies            
,textuali/s1 or ,scripturi/s1 & 0       
orig9ally giv5 to ! s*ool  ( ,%ammai1   
7ab\t ?irty ye>s or m be=e ,*ri/17      
because !y  reject$ ! traditions ( !    
eld]s1 z embrac$ by ! s*ool (  ,hillel &
 ! ,ph>isees1 & all ! fanciful          
int]pretations ( !  ,cabbala4 ,!y claim1
 h[ev]1 a mu* high] antiquity1 & produce
 a  catalogue ( doctors up to ! "t (    
,ezra4 ,! rabb9i/s h be5  accu/om$ to   

call !m ,sadducees2 b !y believ$ 9 !    
inspiration  ( ! ,scriptures1 !         
resurrection ( ! dead1 & ! f9al judgm5t4
  ,!y believe t ,messiah is n yet come1 
& reject all calculations  ( ! "t ( 8   
appe>ance3 yet !y say1 x is prop] t ev5 
e day !y %\ld receive _! salvation by   
,messiah1 ! ,son (  ,david4 ,z to !     
practice ( religion1 !y diff] f !       
rabb9i/s  9 ! obs]vance ( ! fe/ivals1 & 
keep ! ,sabba? ) m  /rictness4 ,!y ext5d
 _! prohibition ( m>riage to m degrees (
  aff9ity1 & admit n ( divorce on any   
slight or trivial gr\nds4 ,!  sect (    
,c>aites /ill exi/s1 b _! numb] is      
inconsid]able4 ,!y  are f\nd *iefly 9 ! 
,crimea1 ,li?uania1 & ,p]sia2 at        
,damascus1  ,con/ant9ople1 & ,cairo4 ,_!
 hone/y 9 ! ,crimea is said to be       
prov]bial4    ,,c>buncle1 1 ,exod4      
xxviii1 #ag2 xxxix1 #aj2 ,ezek4 xxviii1 
#ac2 &  1 ,eccles4 xxxii1 #e2 ,tobit    
xiii1 #ag2 a v elegant & r>e gem1  kn[n 
to ! anci5ts by ! "n 1 or coal1 because1
 :5 held  up be=e ! sun1 x appe>s l a   

piece ( bright burn+ *>coal3  ! "n      
c>bunculus has ! same mean+4 ,x 0 ! ?ird
 /one 9  ! fir/ r[ ( ! pectoral2 & is   
m5tion$ among ! glori\s  /ones ( :i* !  
new ,j]usalem is figuratively said to be
 built4  ,bi%op ,l[? obs]ves t ! preci\s
 /ones1 m5tion$ ,isa4 liv1 #aa1  #ab1 & 
,rev4 xxi1 #ah1 seem to be g5]al images 
to express beauty1  magnific5ce1 purity1
 /r5g?1 & solidity1 agreeably to ! ideas
 (  ! ea/]n nations2 & to h nev] be5    
int5d$ to be /rictly  scrut9iz$1 &      
m9utely & p>ticul>ly expla9$1 z if !y _h
  "s precise moral or spiritual mean+4  
,tobit1 9 8 prophecy ( !  f9al          
re/oration ( ,israel1 ,tobit xii1       
#af1ag1 describes ! new  ,j]usalem 9 !  
same ori5tal mann]4    ,,c>mel1 9 !     
s\!rn "p ( ,pale/9e1 :]e ,nabal !       
,c>melite1  ,abigail's husb&1 dwelt1    
,jo%ua xv1 #ee2 #a ,sam4 xxv4    #b4    
,,c>mel 0 also ! "n ( a celebrat$ m\nta9
 9 ,pale/9e4  ,?\gh spok5 ( 9 g5]al z a 
s+le m\nta91 x ought r to be  consid]$ z
 a m\nta9\s region1 ! :ole ( :i* 0 kn[n 

by !  "n ( ,c>mel1 :ile to "o ( ! hills1
 m elevat$ ?an ! re/1  t "n 0 usually   
appli$ by way ( em95ce4 ,x _h ! pla9 (  
,%>on on ! s\?2 ov]look$ ! port (       
,ptolemais on ! nor?2 &  0 b\nd$ on !   
we/ by ! ,m$it]ranean sea2 =m+ "o ( !   
mo/ rem>kable promontories t pres5t     
!mselves on ! %ores (  t great sea4     
,accord+ to ,volney1 x is ab\t two ?\s& 
feet 9  height1 & has ! %ape ( a flatt5$
 cone4 ,its sides are /eep &  rugg$2 !  
soil nei!r deep nor ri*2 & among ! nak$ 
rocks  /9t$ ) plants1 & wild =e/s :i* x 
pres5ts to ! eye1  !re are at pres5t b  
few traces ( t f]tility :i* we are      
accu/om$ to associate ) ! idea ( ,m\nt  
,c>mel4 ,yet ev5 ,volney  himself       
ackn[l$ges t he f\nd among ! brambles1  
wild v9es &  olive trees1 :i* prov$ t ! 
h& ( indu/ry _h once be5  employ$ on a n
 ungrateful soil4 ,( its anci5t         
productiv5ess !re  c be no d\bt2 !      
etymology & ord9>y application ( its "n 
be+ suffici5t evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,c>mel  
is n only expressly  m5tion$ 9          

,scripture z excell+ o!r di/ricts 9 t   
respect2  b1 e place possess$ ( ! same  
k9d ( excell5ce obta9$ f  x ! same      
appellation 9 ! language bo? ( !        
prophets & !  p4 ,m\nt ,c>mel is        
celebrat$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z ! usual  
place ( resid5ce ( ! ,prophets ,elijah &
 ,eli%a4 ,x 0 "h t  ,elijah s           
successfully oppos$ ! false prophets (  
,baal1 #a ,k+s  xviii2 & !re is a c]ta9 
"p ( ! m\nta9 fac+ ! we/1 &  ab\t eight 
miles f ! po9t ( ! promontory1 :i* !    
,arabs call  ,mansur1 & ! ,europeans !  
place ( sacrifice1 9 commemoration (  t 
miracul\s ev5t4 ,ne> ! same place is    
also /ill %[n a cave1  9 :i* x is said !
 ,prophet _h 8 resid5ce4 ,! brook       
,ki%on1  :i* issues f ,m\nt ,tabor1     
wat]s ! bottom ( ,c>mel1 & falls  into !
 sea t[>d ! nor!rn side ( ! m\nta91 & n 
!  s\!rn1 z "s writ]s h errone\sly /at$4
 ,its greate/  elevation is ab\t "o ?\s&
 five hundr$ feet2 h5ce1 :5 ! sea  coa/ 
on "o side1 & ! pla9 on ! o!r1 are      
oppress$ ) sultry  heat1 ?is hill is    

refre%$ by cool+ breezes1 & enjoys a    
delightful  temp]ature4 ,! fa/nesses (  
?is rugg$ m\nta9 are s difficult (      
access1 t ! ,prophet ,amos classes !m ) 
! deeps ( hell1 !  height ( heav51 & !  
bottom ( ! sea3 8,?\gh !y dig into      
hell10 7or ! d>k & sil5t *amb]s ( !     
grave17 8!nce %all  m9e h& take !m2 ?\gh
 !y climb up to heav51 !nce w ,i br+  !m
 d[n2 & ?\gh !y hide !mselves 9 ! top ( 
,c>mel1 ,i w  se>* & take !m out !nce2 &
 ?\gh !y be hid f my sight 9  ! bottom (
 ! sea1 !nce w ,i comm& ! s]p5t1 & he   
%all  bite !m10 ,amos ix1 #b1 #c4       
,lebanon raises to heav5 a summit ( nak$
  & b>r5 rocks1 cov]$ = ! great] "p ( ! 
ye> ) sn[2  b ! top ( ,c>mel1 h[ nak$ & 
/]ile soev] its pres5t  condition1 0    
clo!d ) v]dure :i* seldom 0 kn[n to     
fade4 ,ev5  ! l(ty g5ius ( ,isaiah1     
/imulat$ & guid$ by ! ,_s (             
inspiration1 c\ld n f9d a m appropriate 
figure to express !  fl\ri%+ /ate ( !   
,r$eem]'s k+dom1 ?an 8! excell5cy (     
,c>mel & ,%>on40    ,,c>t1 a ma*9e us$ 9

 ,pale/9e to =ce ! corn out ( ! e>1 &   
bruise ! /raw1 ,isaiah xxviii1 #bg1 #bh4
 ,! :eels ( ^! c>ts 7  l[1 broad1 & %od 
) iron1 & 7 drawn ov] ! %eaves spread   
on ! floor by means1 ( ox54    ,,ca/or &
 ,,pollux4 ,x is said t ! vessel :i*    
c>ri$ ,paul to ,rome  _h ! sign ( ,ca/or
 & ,pollux1 ,acts xxviii1 #aa4 ,ca/or & 
,pollux  7 sea-gods1 & invok$ by        
sailors2 & ev5 ! light balls or  meteors
 :i* are sometimes se5 on %ips1 7 call$ 
,ca/or &  ,pollux4 ,an inscription 9    
,grut] proves t seam5 implor$ ,ca/or &  
,pollux 9 dang]s at sea4 ,x is to be    
obs]v$1 t ,/4 ,luke does n  m5tion ! "n1
 b ! sign1 ( ! %ip4 ,by ! ^w sign1 !    
sacr$ writ] meant a protect+ image ( !  
deity1 to :om ! vessel  0 9 "s sort     
consecrat$2 z at pres5t 9 ,ca?olic      
c\ntries1 mo/  ( _! vessels are nam$    
aft] "s sa9t1 ,/4 ,xavi]1 ,/4 ,&]o1 ,/4 
,dom9ique1 c4 ,x appe>s to be c]ta91 t !
 figure :i* gave "n  to ! %ip 0 at !    
head1 & ! tutel>y deity 0 plac$ on !    
poop4    ,,casui/1 "o :o /udies &       

decides ^u cases ( consci5ce4 ,escob>   
has made a collection ( ! op9ions ( all 
! casui/s be=e 8  "t4 ,m4 ,le ,feore1   
preceptor to ,l\is ,,xiii1 said t !     
books ( !  casui/s taught 8! art (      
quibbl+ ) ,god20 :i* does n seem f>  f  
tru?1 by reason ( ! multitude (         
di/9ctions & subtleties  ) :i* !y ab\nd4
 ,may] has publi%$ a biblio!ca (        
casui/s1  conta9+ an acc\nt ( all !     
writ]s on cases ( consci5ce1 rang$  "u  
?ree heads2 ! fir/ compreh5d+ ! ,lu!ran2
 ! second1 !  ,calv9i/ic2 & ! ?ird1 !   
,roman casui/s4    ,,casui/ry1 ! doctr9e
 & sci5ce ( consci5ce & its cases1 )  ! 
rules & pr9ciples ( resolv+ ! same2     
drawn p>tly f  natural reason1 or       
equity1 & p>tly f ! au?ority (          
,scripture1  ! canon law1 c\ncils1      
fa!rs1 c4 ,to casui/ry belongs !        
decision  ( all difficulties aris+ ab\t 
:at a man may lawfully d or n d2  :at is
 s9 or n s92 :at ?+s a man is oblig$ to 
d 9 ord] to  dis*>ge 8 duty1 & :at he   
may let alone )\t brea* ( x4  ,al?\gh ! 

morality ( ! ,gospel is di/+ui%$ by its 
purity &  by its elevation1 x is        
necess>ily exhibit$ 9 a g5]al =m2 c]ta9 
lead+ pr9ciples are laid d[n2 b !       
application ( ^! to !  innum]able cases 
:i* occur 9 ! actual int]c\rse ( life1  
is left  to ! und]/&+ & ! consci5ce (   
individuals4 ,_h x be5  o!rwise1 !      
,*ri/ian code w\ld h swell$ to an ext5t 
:i*  w\ld h r5d]$ x 9 a great degree    
useless2 x w\ld h be5  difficult or     
impossible to recollect all its         
provisions2 &1 m9ute z  ^! w\ld h be51  
!y w\ld /ill h be5 defective1--new      
situations or comb9ations ( circum/ances
 modify+ duty cont9ually  aris+1 :i* x  
w\ld h be5 impracticable or hurtful to  
anticipate4 ,:5 ! pr9ciples ( duty are  
rightly unfold$1 & :5  !y are plac$ on a
 s\nd f\ndation1 !re is1 to a fair m9d1 
no  difficulty 9 accommodat+ !m to its  
own p>ticul> exig5cies4 ,a few  cases1 x
 is true1 may occur1 :]e x is a matt] ( 
d\bt 9 :at way  m5 %\ld act2 b ^! are   
exce$+ly r>e1 & ! lives ( va/  numb]s   

may come to an end )\t any ( !m happ5+  
to occasion  p]plexity4 ,e man may be1 &
 p]haps is1 s5sible1 t 8 errors  are to 
be ascrib$1 n to 8 hav+ be5 at a loss to
 "k :at he  %\ld h done1 b to 8         
delib]ately or ha/ily violat+ :at he    
saw to be "r1 or to 8 hav+ all[$ himself
 to conf\nd1 by va9  & subtile          
di/9ctions1 :at1 9 ! case ( any "o else1
 w\ld h  left 9 8 m9d no room =         
hesitation4 ,! mann]1 h[ev]1 9 :i*  !   
,gospel inculcates ! law ( ,god1 comb9$ 
) o!r causes 9  lead+ to a species (    
moral discussion1 :i*1 pret5d+ to       
asc]ta9  9 e case :at ought to be       
practis$1 & ?us to af=d pla9 &  safe    
directions to ! consci5ce1 t]m9at$ 9 :at
 has be5  d5om9at$ casui/ry4    ,!      
s*oolm5 delight$ 9 ?is species (        
intellectual lab\r4 ,!y  transf]r$ _!   
zeal = ! mo/ fanciful & frivol\s        
di/9ctions  9 :at respect$ ! doctr9es ( 
religion to its precepts2 !y  anatomiz$ 
! diff]5t virtues2 nicely exam9$ all !  
circum/ances  by :i* our e/imate ( !m   

%\ld be influ5c$2 & !y ?us  r5d]$ ! /udy
 ( morality inextricable1 conf\nd$ !    
natural  notions ( "r & wrong1 & s      
accu/om$ !mselves & o!rs to  weigh _!   
actions1 t !y c\ld easily f9d "s excuse 
= :at  0 mo/ culpable1 :ile !y cont9u$  
"u ! impression t !y  7 n deviat+ f :at1
 z moral be+s1 0 incumb5t ^u !m4  ,!    
corruption ( mann]s :i* 0 introduc$ into
 ! *ur* dur+  ! d>k ages r5d]$ casui/ry 
v popul>2 &1 accord+ly1 _m  :o affect$  
to be ! mo/ enlight5$ writ]s ( _! age1 &
  p]haps really 7 s1 tortur$ _! und]/&+ 
or _! fancy 9  solv+ cases ( consci5ce1 
& (t5 9 pollut+ _! own  imag9ations & ^?
 ( o!rs1 by employ+ !m on possible      
crimes1  ^u :i*1 h[ev] unlikely 0 _!    
occurr5ce 9 life1 !y 7  eag] to pron\nce
 a decision4 ,! happy *ange :i* !       
,re=mation  produc$ ^u ! views ( m5     
respect+ ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 t5d$  to  
erect t pure /&>d ( duty :i* = ages _h  
be5 laid 9 !  du/4 ,yet = a consid]able 
"t ,prote/ant div9es occupi$ !mselves  )
 ! intricacies ( casui/ry1 ?us 9 "s     

degree %utt+ out !  light :i* !y _h     
=tunately p\r$ ^u ! _w4 ,! ,lu!ran      
!ologians walk$ v mu* 9 ! tract :i* !   
s*oolm5 _h  op5$1 al?\gh _! decisions 7 
mu* m consonant )  ,*ri/ianity2 & x 0 n 
uncommon 9 "s c\ntries =  ecclesia/ical 
assemblies to devote "p ( _! "t to !    
resolution  ( que/ions :i* might h be5  
safely left unnotic$1 :i* n[ are  almo/ 
univ]sally reg>d$ z frivol\s1 & ab\t :i*
 almo/ !  mo/ ignorant w\ld be a%am$ to 
ask an op9ion4 ,ev5 aft] mu* ( !        
sophi/ry1 & mu* ( ! moral p]v]sion      
connect$ ) casui/ry1  7 explod$1 ! =m ( 
t sci5ce 0 pres]v$1 & _m valuable  moral
 pr9ciples 9 con=mity to x deliv]$4 ,!  
v5]able ,bi%op  ,hall publi%$ a         
celebrat$ "w1 to :i* he gave !          
appellation (  8,cases ( ,consci5ce     
,practically resolv$20 & he introduces x
 )  ! foll[+ obs]vations address$ to !  
read]3 8,( all div9ity1  t "p is mo/    
useful :i* det]m9es cases ( consci5ce2 &
 (  all cases ( consci5ce1 ! practical  
are mo/ necess>y1 z action is  ( m      

conc]nm5t ?an speculation2 & ( all      
practical cases1 ^?  :i* are ( mo/      
common use are ( s mu* great] necessity 
&  b5efit to be resolv$1 z ! errors !re(
 are m univ]sal1 &  !re=e m prejudicial 
to ! society ( mank9d4 ,^! ,i h  select$
 out ( _m2 & hav+ turn$ ov] div]s       
casui/s1 h  pit*$ ^u ^? decisions :i* ,i
 hold mo/ con=mable to  enlight5$ reason
 & religion2 sometimes ,i foll[ !m1 &   
sometimes  ,i leave !m = a bett] guide40
 ,he divides 8 "w into f\r              
p>ts1--,cases ( pr(it & traffic1 ,cases 
( life & lib]ty1 ,cases (  piety &      
religion1 & ,cases matrimonial2 "u ea* (
 ^! solv+ a  numb] ( que/ions1 or r giv+
 a numb] ( moral diss]tations4          
,casui/ry1 z a sy/ematic p]v]sion (     
,*ri/ian morality1 is n[1 9  !          
,prote/ant _w1 v mu* unkn[n2 ?\gh !re   
/ill is1 &  p]haps always w be1 t s(t5+ 
d[n ( ! /rict rules ( duty1  to :i*     
mank9d are l$ ei!r by self-deceit1 or by
 ! natural desire  ( reconcil+1 ) ! hope
 ( ! div9e fav\r1 consid]able  obliquity

 f t pa? ( rectitude & virtue :i* alone 
is  acceptable to ,god4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+  
specim5 ( ! l5g? to :i*  casui/ry 0     
c>ri$1 & ( ! dang]\s consequ5ces :i*    
result$  f x1 is furni%$ by ! hi/ory ( !
 maxims & s5tim5ts ( !  ,jesuits1 t     
celebrat$ ord]1 :i* comb9$ ) pr(\nd     
lit]ature1  & ! mo/ zeal\s support (    
,pop]y1 an ambition t p]v]t$ _!         
und]/&+s1 or r induc$ !m to employ _!   
rational p[]s  9 ! melan*oly "w (       
poison+ ! s\rces ( morality1 & (  ca/+ !
 "n & ! appe>ance ( virtue ov] a        
dissolut5ess (  pr9ciple & a pr(ligacy (
 lic5ti\sness1 :i*1 _h !y n be5  *eck$  
by s\nd] views1 & by feel+s & habits    
fav\rable to  morality1 w\ld h spread   
?r\gh ! _w ! mo/ degrad+ mis]y4  ,see   
,,jesuits4    ,,cat]pill>4 4 ,! ^w      
occurs ,deut4 xxviii1 #ch2 ,psa4 lxviii1
 #df2  ,isa4 xxxiii1 #d2 #a ,k+s viii1  
#cg2 #b ,*ron4 vi1 #bh2 ,joel i1 #d2 ii1
 #be4 ,9  ! f\r la/ cit$ texts1 x is    
di/+ui%$ f ! locu/1 prop]ly  s call$2 & 
9 ,joel i1 #d1 is m5tion$ z 8eat+ up0   

:at ! o!r  species _h left1 & !re=e     
might be call$ ! consum]1 by way  (     
em95ce4 ,b ! anci5t int]pret]s are f> f 
be+ agre$ :at  p>ticul> species x       
signifies4 ,! ,septuag9t 9 ,*ronicles1 &
  ,aquila 9 ,psalms1 r5d] x 3 s !       
,vulgate 9 ,*ronicles &  ,isaiah1 &     
,j]om 9 ,psalms1 bru*us1 ! *af]1 :i* is 
a great  dev\r] ( leaves4 ,f ! ,syriac  
v]sion1 h[ev]1 ,mi*alis is  dispos$ to  
und]/& x ! taupe grillon1 8mole         
cricket10 :i*1 9  its grub /ate1 is v   
de/ructive to corn & o!r vegetables1 by 
fe$+ on _! roots4 ,see ,,locu/4         
,,ca?olic d5otes :at is g5]al or        
univ]sal4 ,! rise ( h]esies  induc$ !   
primitive ,*ri/ian *ur* to assume to    
itself !  appellation ( ca?olic1 z be+ a
 *>act]i/ic to di/+ui%  itself f !m4 ,! 
,romi% *ur* n[ pr\dly assumes ! title   
ca?olic1 9 opposition to all :o h       
sep>at$ f h] communion1  & :om %e       
consid]s z h]etics & s*ismatics1 :ile %e
 h]self  rema9s ! only true & ,*ri/ian  
*ur*4 ,! *ur* ( ,*ri/ is  call$ ca?olic1

 because x ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! _w1 &       
endures  ?r\gh all "t4    #b4 ,,ca?olic1
 g5]al1 ,epi/les4 ,!y are sev5 9 numb]2 
namely1 "o  ( ,james1 two ( ,pet]1 ?ree 
( ,john1 & "o ( ,jude4 ,!y are call$    
ca?olic1 because direct$ to ,*ri/ian    
conv]ts g5]ally1 & n to  any p>ticul>   
*ur*4 ,hug1 9 8 8,introduction to ! ,new
 ,te/am5t10  takes ano!r view ( ! import
 ( ?is t]m1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly us$  at an    
e>ly p]iod1 z by ,orig5 & o!rs3--8,:5 ! 
,gospels & ,acts  ( ! ,apo/les con/itut$
 "o peculi> division1 ! works ( ,paul   
also ano!r1 !re /ill rema9$ writ+s (    
diff]5t au?ors1 :i*  might likewise =m a
 collection ( !mselves1 to :i* a "n mu/ 
be  giv54 ,x might mo/ aptly be call$ ! 
common collection1   1 ( ! ,apo/les1 & !
 treatises conta9$ 9 x1  &  1 :i* are   
commonly us$ by ! ,greeks z synonyms4 ,=
 ?is  we f9d a pro( ev5 9 ! mo/ anci5t  
ecclesia/ical language4  ,clem5s        
,alex&r9us calls ! epi/le :i* 0 despat*$
 by !  assembly ( ! ,apo/les1 ,acts xv1 
#bc1 ! #8ca?olic epi/le1' z t  9 :i* all

 ! ,apo/les _h a %>e1       4 ,h5ce our 
sev5 epi/les are ca?olic1 or epi/les (  
all ! ,apo/les :o are au?ors40          
,,caves1 or ,,cav]ns4 ,! c\ntry (       
,judea1 be+ m\nta9\s & rocky1 is  9 _m  
p>ts full ( cav]ns1 to :i* allusions    
frequ5tly occur 9  ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,at 
,eng$i1 9 p>ticul>1 !re 0 a cave s l>ge1
  t ,david1 ) six hundr$ m51 hid        
!mselves 9 ! sides ( x1 &  ,saul ent]$ !
 m\? ( ! cave )\t p]ceiv+ t any "o 0    
!re1 #a ,sam4 xxiv4 ,josephus tells u ( 
a num]\s gang ( b&itti1  :o1 hav+ infe/$
 ! c\ntry1 & be+ pursu$ by ,h]od ) 8    
army1 retir$ into c]ta9 cav]ns1 almo/   
inaccessible1 ne> ,arbela 9  ,galilee1  
:]e !y 7 ) great difficulty subdu$4     
8,beyond  ,damascus10 says ,/rabo1 8are 
two m\nta9s1 call$ ,tra*ones1 f :i*  !  
c\ntry has ! "n ( ,tra*onitis2 & f h5ce1
 t[>d ,arabia  & ,iturea1 are c]ta9     
rugg$ m\nta9s1 9 :i* !re are deep       
cav]ns2 "o ( :i* w hold f\r ?\s& m540   
,tav]ni]1 9 8  8,travels 9 ,p]sia10     
speaks ( a grotto betwe5 ,aleppo & ,bir1

 t  w\ld hold ne> ?ree ?\s& horse4 ,&   
,maundrel assures u1 t  8?ree h\rs      
di/ant f ,sidon1 ab\t a mile f ! sea1   
!re runs  along a high rocky m\nta91 9 !
 sides ( :i* are hewn a multitude  (    
grottoes1 all v little diff]+ f ea* o!r4
 ,!y h  entrances ab\t two foot squ>e4  
,!re are ( ^! subt]rane\s  cav]ns two   
hundr$ 9 numb]4 ,x may1 ) probability1  
at lea/1 be  conclud$ t ^! places 7     
contriv$ = ! use ( ! liv+1  & n ( !     
dead40 ,^! extracts may be useful 9     
expla9+ su*  passages ( ,scripture z !  
foll[+3 8,because ( ! ,midianites1 !    
*ildr5 ( ,israel made !m d5s :i* are 9 !
 m\nta9s1 & caves1  & /rong holds10     
,judges vi1 #b4 ,to ^! !y betook        
!mselves =  refuge 9 times ( di/ress &  
ho/ile invasion3--8,:5 ! m5 (  ,israel  
saw t !y 7 9 a /rait1 = ! p 7 di/ress$1 
!n ! p did hide !mselves 9 caves1 & 9   
?ickets1 & 9  rocks1 & 9 high places1 & 
9 pits10 #a ,sam4 xiii1 #f4 ,see also   
,j]4  xli1 #i3 8,to ent] into ! holes ( 
! rocks & into ! caves ( !  e>?10 became

 ) ! prophets a v prop] & famili> image 
to  express a /ate ( t]ror &            
con/]nation4 ,?us ,isa4 ii1 #ai3 8,!y   
%all g into ! holes ( ! rocks1 & into ! 
caves ( ! e>?1  = fe> ( ! ,"l1 & = !    
glory ( 8 maje/y1 :5 he arise?  to %ake 
t]ribly ! e>?40    ,,c$>1 4 ,! c$> is a 
l>ge & noble ev]gre5 tree4 ,its l(ty    
height1 & its f> ext5d$ bran*es1 af=d   
spaci\s %elt] &  %ade1 ,ezek4 xxxi1 #c1 
#f1 #h4 ,! wood is v valuable2 is ( a   
r$di%  col\r1 ( an aromatic smell1 &    
reput$ incorruptible4 ,?is is ow+  to   
its bitt] ta/e1 :i* ! worms _c endure1 &
 to its res91  :i* pres]ves x f !       
injuries ( ! wea!r4 ,! ark ( !  cov5ant1
 & mu* ( ! temple ( ,solomon1 & t (     
,diana at  ,ephesus1 7 built ( c$>4 ,!  
tree is mu* celebrat$ 9 ,scripture4  ,x 
is call$1 8! glory ( ,lebanon10 ,isa4   
lx1 #ac4 ,on t m\nta9 x  mu/ 9 =m] times
 h fl\ri%$ 9 great abundance4 ,!re are  
"s  c$>s /ill gr[+ !re :i* are          
prodigi\sly l>ge4 ,b !  travell]s :o h  
visit$ ! place )9 ^! two or ?ree        

c5turies1 & :o describe trees ( va/     
size1 in=m u t _!  numb] is dim9i%$     
greatly2 s t1 z ,isaiah says1 8a *ild   
may  numb] !m10 ,isa4 x1 #ai4 ,maundrell
 measur$ "o ( ! l>ge/ size1  & f\nd x to
 be twelve y>ds & six in*es 9 girt1 &   
yet s\nd2  & ?irty-sev5 y>ds 9 ! spread 
( its b\ghs4 ,gabriel ,sionita1 a  v    
le>n$ ,syrian ,m>onite1 :o assi/$ 9     
edit+ ! ,p>is  ,polyglott1 a man wor?y (
 all cr$it1 ?us describes ! c$>s (  m\nt
 ,lebanon1 :i* he _h exam9$ on ! spot3  
8,! c$> gr[s on  ! mo/ elevat$ "p ( !   
m\nta91 is tall] ?an ! p9e1 & s  ?ick1 t
 five m5 toge!r c\ld sc>cely encompass  
"o4 ,x %oots  out its bran*es at t5 or  
twelve feet f ! gr\nd3 !y are l>ge  &   
di/ant f ea* o!r1 & are p]petually gre54
 ,! wood is ( a  br[n col\r1 v solid &  
incorruptible1 if pres]v$ f wet4 ,!     
tree be>s a small cone l t ( ! p9e40    
,,celsus4 ,a ,pagan philosoph] ( !      
second c5tury1 :o compos$ a "w  aga9/   
,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* he s expressly ref]s 
to ! facts (  ! ,gospels1 & to ! books (

 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z to h furni%$        
important undesign$ te/imony to _!      
antiquity & tru?4    ,,cemet]y4 ,see    
,,sepul*re4    ,,c5s]1 a sacr$ in/rum5t 
made use ( 9 ! religi\s rites ( !       
,hebrews4 ,x 0 a vase :i* conta9$ inc5se
 to be us$ 9 sacrifice4  ,:5 ,a>on made 
an atonem5t = himself & 8 h\se1 he 0 to 
take a  c5s] full ( burn+ coals ( fire f
 (f ! alt> ( ! ,"l1  ,lev4 xvi1 #ab4 ,& 
,solomon1 :5 he provid$ furniture = !   
temple (  ! ,"l1 made1 among o!r ?+s1   
c5s]s ( pure gold1 #a ,k+s vii1  #ej4   
,,c5turion1 an (fic] 9 ! ,roman army1   
:o1 z ! t]m indicates1 _h  ! comm& ( a  
hundr$ m51 ,matt4 viii1 #e1 c4          
,,cephas1 1 f 1 a rock4 ,! ,greek 1 & ! 
,lat9  ,petrus1 h ! same signification4 
,see ,,pet]4    ,,c]emony1 an assemblage
 ( sev]al actions1 =ms1 & circum/ances1 
s]v+ to r5d] a ?+ magnific5t & solemn4  
,appli$ to religi\s  s]vices1 x         
signifies ! ext]nal rites & mann] 9 :i* 
!  m9i/]s ( religion p]=m _! sacr$      
functions1 & direct or lead  ! wor%ip ( 

! p4 ,9 #afdf1 ,m4 ,ponce1 publi%$ a    
hi/ory (  anci5t c]emonies1 %[+ ! rise1 
gr[?1 & introduction ( ea*  rite into ! 
*ur*1 & its gradual advancem5t to       
sup]/ition4 ,_m  ( !m 7 borr[$ f        
,judaism1 b m f ,paganism4 ,9 all       
religions adapt$ to ! nature ( man !re  
mu/ be "s positive  in/itutions = fix+ !
 m9d ^u spiritual objects1 &  c\nt]act+ 
t influ5ce ( mat]ial ?+s ^u habits &    
pursuits  :i* is1 & mu/ be1 con/antly   
ex]t$4 ,)\t su* in/itutions1  religion  
might be pres]v$1 inde$1 by a few (     
sup]ior und]/&+  & ( /rong p[]s (       
reflection2 b among mank9d 9 g5]al all  
trace ( x w\ld soon be lo/4 ,:5 ! end = 
:i* !y are  appo9t$ is kept 9 view1 & ! 
simple examples ( ! ,new ,te/am5t  are  
obs]v$1 !y are ( va/ importance to !    
production bo? (  pi\s feel+s & (       
virtu\s conduct2 b !re has con/antly be5
 a  prop5sity 9 ! human race to mi/ake !
 means = ! end1 & to  consid] !mselves z
 moral & religi\s1 :5 !y scrupul\sly    
obs]ve :at 0 int5d$ to produce morality 

& religion4 ,! reason  is obvi\s3       
c]emonial obs]vances c be p]=m$ )\t any 
great  sacrifice ( prop5sities & vices2 
!y are palpable2 :5 !y are  obs]v$ by m5
 :o1 9 ! t5or ( public life1 d n act    
immorally1  !y are reg>d$ by o!rs z     
indicat+ high atta9m5ts 9 virtue2  &    
?r\gh t self-deceit :i* s wond]fully    
misleads ! reason1  & incl9es x to m9i/]
 to ! passions :i* x %\ld re/ra91  m5 h 
!mselves become p]suad$ t _! ackn[l$gm5t
 ( div9e  au?ority1 impli$ 9 _! respect 
to ! ritual :i* t au?ority  is conceiv$ 
to h sanction$1 may be tak5 z a pro( t  
!y h  no?+ to appreh5d f ! violation ( !
 law "u :i* !y are  plac$4 ,b1 :atev] be
 ! causes ( ?is1 ! fact itself is       
e/abli%$ by ! mo/ ext5sive & ! mo/      
incontrov]tible  evid5ce4 ,we f9d x1    
inde$1 :]ev] mank9d h _h notions (      
sup]ior p[]1 & ( _! obligation to yield 
ob$i5ce to ! w  ( ! supreme ,be+4    ,"u
 ! sy/em ( poly!ism :i* prevail$ 9 ! mo/
 enlight5$  nations previ\s to !        
publication ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?is 0 c>ri$ s

  f>1 t ! connection betwe5 religion &  
morality 0 9 a great  degree dissolv$1  
rites & c]emonies1 sacrifices &         
oblations1 7  all t x 0 ?\ght requisite 
to obs]ve2 :5 ^! 7 c>efully  p]=m$1 !re 
0 no hesitation 9 ascrib+ piety to !    
p]sons :o  did p]=m !m1 h[ev] defici5t  
!y might be 9 virtu\s & pi\s            
dispositions4 ,ev5 "u ! ,mosaical       
disp5sation1 proce$+ z x  did1          
imm$iately f heav51 & adapt$1 z 9       
inf9ite wisdom x 01  to ! situation ( ^?
 to :om x 0 giv51 ! same evil e>ly      
began to be exp]i5c$2 & al?\gh x 0      
lam5t$ & expos$ by !  prophets1 & ! mo/ 
enlight5$ m5 among ! ,jews1 x 0 s f>  f 
be+ eradicat$1 t x cont9u$ to acquire   
/r5g?1 till x  0 exhibit$ 9 all its     
magnitude 9 ! "* preval5t among !       
,ph>isees at ! p]iod ( ,*ri/'s          
manife/ation4 ,) ?is highly  popul> &   
rev]$ class ( m51 religion 0 ei!r m]ely 
a matt] (  c]emony1 or 0 employ$1 = base
 & int]e/$ purposes1 to ca/ a  veil (   
sanctity ov] _! actions4 ,!y said long  

pray]s1 b x 0  = a %[2 !y gave alms1 b x
 0 aft] !y _h s\nd$ a trumpet1  t ! eye 
( man might be fix$ ^u _! b5efic5ce2 &1 
z to  ! po9t n[ "u review1 !y 7 mo/     
/rik+ly describ$ by our  ,savi\r1 :5 he 
said ( !m1 8,!y pay ti! ( m9t1 & anise1 
&  cumm91 b !y neglect ! weighti] matt]s
 ( ! law1 ju/ice1 &  m]cy1 & tru?40 ,!  
,*ri/ian religion n only expressly gu>ds
  aga9/ an evil :i* _h become s         
preval5t1 b its :ole _s is  at v>iance )
 x1 its own c]emonial obs]vances be+    
few1 &  obvi\sly emblematical ( :atev]  
is excell5t & holy4 ,b /ill !  ,gospel  
f9ds human nature z o!r religions f\nd  
x2 &  ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 ev5 f !     
e>lie/ p]iods1 %[s ) :at  a/oni%+       
p]v]s5ess1 & ) :at wond]ful +5uity1 m5  
dep>t$ f ! simplicity ( ,*ri/ianity1 &  
sub/itut$ 9 its  room ! mo/ *ildi%1 &   
(t5 ! mo/ p]nici\s1 practices &         
obs]vances4 ,! p[] ( godl9ess 0 lo/ 9   
=ms2 & !  innovations ( a pr(ane        
w-wor%ip became almo/ innum]able4 ,!    
effect 01 t m5 reg>d$ ,god z less       

conc]n$ ) ! moral  conduct ( 8          
creatures1 ?an ) ! quantum ( s]vice !y  
p]=m$ 9 8 temples2 & religion & morals 7
 s disjo9$1  t "o became ! sub/itute = !
 o!r1 to ! univ]sal  corruption ( !     
,*ri/ian _w4    ,,c]9?ians4 ,( ,c]9?us1 
! f\nd] ( ?is sect1 ,dr4 ,burton gives  
! foll[+ acc\nt3 ,c]9?us is said to h   
be5 "o ( ^? ,jews  :o1 :5 ,/4 ,pet]     
return$ to ,j]usalem1 expo/ulat$ ) him =
  hav+ baptiz$ ,cornelius1 ,acts xi1 #b4
 ,he is also /at$ to h be5  "o ( ^? :o  
w5t d[n f ,judea to ,antio*1 & said1    
8,except ye  be circumcis$ aft] ! mann] 
( ,moses1 ye _c be sav$10 ,acts xv1  #a4
 ,accord+ to ! same acc\nt1 he 0 "o ( ! 
false tea*]s :o  s$uc$ ! ,galatians to  
,judaism2 & he is also *>g$ ) jo9+ 9  ! 
attack :i* 0 made ^u ,/4 ,paul1 =       
pollut+ ! temple by !  introduction (   
,greeks1 ,acts xxi1 #bg1 #bh4 ,i _c f9d 
any old]  au?ority = ^! /atem5ts ?an t (
 ,epiphanius1 :o wrote late  9 ! f\r?   
c5tury1 & is by no means wor?y (        
implicit cr$it4 ,he  ass]ts1 also1 t    

,c]9?us 0 "o ( ! p]sons allud$ to by ,/4
  ,luke1 z hav+ already und]tak5 to     
write ! life ( ,jesus4 ,b all  ^! /ories
 ,i take to be entirely inv5tions2 & !re
 is no evid5ce  t ,c]9?us made himself  
conspicu\s at s e>ly a p]iod4 ,ir5u     
speaks ( ! h]esy ( ! ,nicolaitans1 z be+
 consid]ably prior to  t ( ! ,c]9?ians4 
,accord+ to ! same writ]1 ,c>pocrates   
also  prec$$ ,c]9?us2 & if x be true1 z 
s _m ( ! fa!rs ass]t1  t ,/4 ,john wrote
 8 ,gospel expressly to confute ?is     
h]esy1 we c  h>dly come to any o!r      
conclusion1 ?an t x 0 late 9 ! fir/     
c5tury :5 ,c]9?us rose into notice4 ,he 
appe>s und\bt$ly to h  be5 a ,jew2 & !re
 is evid5ce t1 aft] hav+ /udi$          
philosophy  9 ,egypt1 he spread 8       
doctr9es 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,?is w acc\nt = 
8 embrac+ ! ,gno/ic op9ions1 & = 8      
excit+ ! notice (  ,/4 ,john1 :o resid$ 
at ,ephesus4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly a ,gno/ic 9 8
  notion ( ! creation ( ! _w1 :i* he    
conceiv$ to h be5  =m$ by angels2 & 8   
atta*m5t to t philosophy may expla9 :at 

o!rwise seems inconsi/5t1 t he reta9$ "s
 ( ! ,mosaic  c]emonies1 su* z !        
obs]vance ( ,sabba?s & circumcision2    
?\gh1  l o!r ,gno/ics1 he ascrib$ ! law 
& ! prophets to ! angel  :o creat$ ! _w4
 ,?is adoption or rejection ( diff]5t   
p>ts (  ! same sy/em 0 a peculi> feature
 ( ! ,gno/ic philosophy2 &  ! "n (      
,c]9?us probably became em95t1 because  
he introduc$ a  fre% *ange 9 ! notion   
conc]n+ ,*ri/4 ,! ,gno/ics1 l _!  lead]1
 ,simon ,magus1 _h all ( !m be5 ,docet1 
& d5i$ ! real  humanity2 b ,c]9?us is   
said to h ma9ta9$ t ,jesus _h a real    
body1 & 0 ! son ( human p>5ts1 ,joseph &
 ,m>y4 ,9 ! o!r  po9ts he agre$ ) !     
,gno/ics1 & believ$ t ,*ri/ 0 "o (  !   
ons :o desc5d$ on ,jesus at 8 baptism4  
,x is difficult to  asc]ta9 :o 0 ! fir/ 
,gno/ic t introduc$ ?is op9ion4 ,"s     
writ]s give ! m]it ( x to ,ebion2 & yet 
x is g5]ally said t  ,c]9?us & ,ebion   
agre$ 9 _! op9ions conc]n+ ,*ri/1 & t   
,c]9?us prec$$ ,ebion4 ,aga9 ,c>pocrates
 is said to h held !  same s5tim5ts2 &  

he is plac$ by ,ir5u be=e ,c]9?us3 s t  
x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to     
decide ! *ronological  prec$5ce ( ^!    
h]etics4 ,p]haps ! safe/ inf]5ce to draw
 f  s _m conflict+ te/imonies is ?is3 t 
,c>pocrates 0 ! fir/  ,gno/ic ( em95ce  
:o 0 n a ,doceti/2 b t ! notion ( ,jesus
  be+ born ( human p>5ts 0 taught m     
explicitly & ) m  success by ,c]9?us4   
,c>pocrates is report$ to h be5 di/+ui%$
  by ! gross immorality ( 8 life2 &     
:atev] we may ?9k ( !  imputations ca/  
^u ! ,gno/ics 9 g5]al1 x seems          
impossible to  d5y t ?is p]son1 at lea/1
 pr(ess$ & practis$ a p]fect  lib]ty (  
action4 ,!re is also /rong evid5ce t 9  
?is in/ance  ,c]9?us foll[$ 8 example4  
,!re is a peculi> doctr9e ascrib$ to ?is
 h]etic1 :i*1 if x  orig9at$ ) him1 may 
well acc\nt = ! celebrity ( 8 "n4       
,c]9?us has be5 h&$ d[n z ! fir/ p]son  
:o held ! notion  ( a mill5nium2 & ?\gh 
! fa!rs und\bt$ly believ$ t1  previ\s to
 ! g5]al resurrection1 ! e>? w\ld und]go
 a  r5ovation1 & ! j w\ld rise to enjoy 

a long p]iod (  t]re/rial happ9ess1 yet 
!re 0 a m>k$ & palpable diff]5ce  betwe5
 ! mill5nium ( ! fa!rs & t ( ,c]9?us4 ,!
 fa!rs  conceiv$ ?is t]re/rial happ9ess 
to be p]fectly pure & fre$ f  !         
imp]fections ( our nature2 b ,c]9?us is 
said to h promis$  8 foll[]s a mill5nium
 ( ! grosse/ pleasures & ! mo/  s5sual  
gratifications4 ,x is s+ul> t all ! ?ree
 s\rces1 to  :i* we may trace ! ,gno/ic 
doctr9es1 might furni% "s f\ndation  =  
?is notion ( a mill5nium4 ,?us ,plato   
has left "s speculations  conc]n+ !     
8great ye>10 :51 aft] ! expiration (    
?irty-six  ?\s& ye>s1 ! _w 0 to be      
r5ew$1 & ! gold5 age to  return4 ,x 0 ! 
belief ( ! ,p]sian magi1 accord+ to     
,plut>*1  t ! "t w\ld come1 :5 ,ahreman1
 or ! evil pr9ciple1 w\ld be  de/roy$2  
:5 ! e>? w\ld lose its imp$im5ts &      
inequalities1  & all mank9d w\ld be ( "o
 language1 & enjoy un9t]rupt$  happ9ess4
 ,x 0 taught1 9 ! ,cabbala1 t ! _w 0 to 
la/ six  ?\s& ye>s1 :i* w\ld be foll[$  
by a p]iod ( re/ = a  ?\s& ye>s m4 ,!re 

appe>s 9 ?is an evid5t allusion1 ?\gh   
on a mu* gr&] scale1 to ! sabbatical    
ye>s ( re/4 ,!  in/itution ( ! jubilee1 
& ! gl[+ descriptions giv5 by !         
prophets ( ! re/oration ( ! ,jews1 & !  
reign ( ! ,messiah1  may h l$ ! lat]    
,jews to "s ( _! my/ical fancies2 & :5  
all ^! sy/ems 7 bl5d$ toge!r by !       
,gno/ics1 x is n  /range1 if a mill5nium
 =m$ "p ( _! cre$ long be=e ! "t  (     
,c]9?us4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t he 
w5t mu* f>!r ?an  8 pr$ecessors 9 tea*+ 
t ! mill5nium w\ld consi/ 9 a  c\rse (  
s5sual indulg5ce2 & x may h be5 8       
notions ^u ?is  subject1 add$ to ^?     
conc]n+ ! human nature ( ,*ri/1 :i* l$  
him to ma9ta91 contr>y to ! g5]ality (  
,gno/ics1 t ,*ri/ _h  n yet ris51 b t he
 w\ld rise h]eaft]4 ,! ,gno/ics1 z we  h
 se51 d5i$ ! resurrection altoge!r4     
,believ+ ,jesus to be a  phantom1 !y did
 n believe t he 0 crucifi$2 & !y c\ld n 
!re=e believe t he _h ris54 ,b ,c]9?us1 
:o held t ,jesus  0 born1 l o!r human   
be+s1 f\nd no difficulty 9 believ+      

lit]ally t he 0 crucifi$2 & he is said  
also to h taught t  he w\ld rise f !    
dead at "s future p]iod4 ,x is mo/      
probable  t ?is p]iod 0 t ( ! mill5nium2
 & ! words ( ,/4 ,john  9 ! ,revelation 
w\ld easily be p]v]t$1 :]e x is said ( !
  s\ls ( ! m>tyrs1 t 8!y liv$ & reign$ )
 ,*ri/ a  ?\s& ye>s10 ,rev4 xx1 #d4     
,,*alc$ony1 1 ,rev4 xxi1 #ai2 a preci\s 
/one4 ,are?as1 :o has  writt5 an acc\nt 
( ,bi?ynia1 says t x 0 s call$ f        
,*alc$on1 a city ( t c\ntry1 opposite to
 ,byzantium2 & x 0 9  col\r l a         
c>buncle4 ,"s h suppos$ ?is also to be !
 /one  call$ 1 translat$ 8em]ald10      
,exodus xxviii1 #ah4    ,,*aldea1 or    
,babylonia1 ! c\ntry ly+ on bo? sides ( 
! ,euphrates1  ( :i* ,babylon 0 !       
capital2 & ext5d+ s\?w>d to ! ,p]sian   
,gulf1 & nor?w>d into ,mesopotamia1 at  
lea/ z f> z ,ur1 :i* is  call$ ,ur ( !  
,*aldees4 ,?is c\ntry _h also ! "n (    
,%9>4 ,see  ,,babylon4    ,,*aldean     
,,philosophy claims att5tion on acc\nt (
 its v high  antiquity4 ,! mo/ anci5t p1

 next to ! ,hebrews1 among !  ea/]n     
nations1 :o appe> to h be5 acqua9t$ )   
philosophy1 9  its m g5]al s5se1 7 !    
,*aldeans2 = ?\gh ! ,egyptians  h       
pret5d$ t ! ,*aldeans 7 an ,egyptian    
colony1 & t !y  d]iv$ _! le>n+ f ,egypt1
 !re is reason to believe t !  k+dom (  
,babylon1 ( :i* ,*aldea 0 a "p1 fl\ri%$ 
be=e !  ,egyptian mon>*y2 & t !         
,egyptians 7 r indebt$ to !  ,*aldeans1 
?an ! ,*aldeans to ! ,egyptians4        
,nev]!less1 !  acc\nts t h be5          
transmitt$ to u by ! ,*aldeans !mselves1
  ( ! antiquity ( _! le>n+1 are bl5d$ ) 
fable1 & involv$  9 consid]able         
unc]ta9ty4 ,!re are o!r circum/ances1   
indep5d5tly ( ! antiquity ( ! ,*aldean  
philosophy1 :i* r5d]  our k ( x imp]fect
 & unc]ta94 ,we d]ive our acqua9tance  )
 x f o!r nations1 & pr9cipally f !      
,greeks1 ^:  vanity l$ !m to despise &  
misrepres5t ! pret5d$ le>n+ (  b>b>\s   
nations4 ,! ,*aldeans also adopt$ a     
symbolical mode (  in/ruction1 &        
transmitt$ _! doctr9es to po/]ity "u a  

veil  ( obscurity1 :i* x is n easy to   
remove4 ,to all :i*1 we may add  t1 ab\t
 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ra1 a race ( 
philosoph]s sprung up1 :o1 ) a view (   
ga9+ cr$it to _! own  wild & extravagant
 doctr9es1 pass$ !m ^u ! _w z !  anci5t 
wisdom ( ! ,*aldeans & ,p]sians1 9      
spuri\s books1 :i*  !y ascrib$ to       
,zoroa/]1 or "s o!r ea/]n philosoph]4   
,?us1 !  fictions ( ^! impo/ors 7       
conf\nd$ ) ! g5u9e dogmas (  ! anci5t   
ea/]n nations4 ,not)/&+ ^! causes (     
unc]ta9ty1 :i* p]plex ! rese>*es ( mod]n
 inquir]s into !  di/+ui%+ doctr9es & "*
 ( ! ,*aldean philosophy1 x  appe>s     
probable t ! philosoph]s ( ,*aldea 7 !  
prie/s (  ! ,babylonian nation1 :o      
in/ruct$ ! p 9 ! pr9ciples (  religion1 
int]pret$ its laws1 & conduct$ its      
c]emonies4 ,_!  "* 0 simil> to t ( !    
,p]sian magi1 & !y are (t5  conf\nd$ )  
!m by ! ,greek hi/orians4 ,l ! prie/s 9 
mo/  o!r nations1 !y employ$ religion 9 
subs]vi5cy to ! rul+  p[]s1 & made use (
 impo/ure to s]ve ! purposes ( civil    

policy4  ,accord+ly1 ,diodorus ,siculus 
relates1 t !y pret5d$ to pr$ict  future 
ev5ts by div9ation1 to expla9 prodigies1
 & int]pret dreams1  & to av]t evils1 or
 conf] b5efits1 by means ( augury &     
incantations4 ,= _m ages1 !y reta9$ a   
pr9cipal place among  div9]s4 ,9 ! reign
 ( ,m>cus ,antonius1 :5 ! emp]or & 8    
army1 :o 7 p]i%+ ) ?ir/1 7 sudd5ly      
reliev$ by a  %[]1 ! prodigy 0 ascrib$  
to ! p[] & skill ( ! ,*aldean           
soo?say]s4 ,?us accr$it$ = _! miracul\s 
p[]s1 !y  ma9ta9$ _! consequ5ce 9 !     
c\rts ( pr9ces4 ,! pr9cipal  in/rum5t   
:i* !y employ$ 9 support ( _!           
sup]/ition1 0  a/rology4 ,! ,*aldeans 7 
probably ! fir/ p :o made regul>        
obs]vations ^u ! heav5ly bodies1 & h5ce 
! appellation (  ,*aldean became aft]w>d
 synonym\s ) t ( a/ronom]4  ,nev]!less  
all _! obs]vations 7 appli$ to ! sole   
purpose (  e/abli%+ ! cr$it ( judicial  
a/rology2 & !y employ$ _!  pret5d$ skill
 9 ?is art1 9 calculat+ nativities1     
=etell+ !  wea!r1 pr$ict+ good & bad    

=tune1 & o!r practices usual )  impo/ors
 ( ?is class4 ,:ile !y taught ! vulg> t 
all human  affairs are influ5c$ by !    
/>s1 & pr(ess$ to be acqua9t$ )  !      
nature & laws ( _! influ5ce1 &          
consequ5tly to possess a  p[] ( pry+    
into futurity1 !y enc\rag$ mu* idle     
sup]/ition1  & _m fraudul5t practices4  
,h5ce o!r pr(essors ( ^!  mis*iev\s arts
 7 aft]w>d call$ ,*aldeans1 & ! arts    
!mselves 7 call$ ,babylonian arts4      
,among ! ,romans ^! impo/ors  7 s       
tr\blesome1 t1 dur+ ! "t ( ! republic1 x
 became  necess>y to issue an edict     
requir+ ! ,*aldeans1 or ma!maticians1   
7by :i* latt] appellation !y 7 commonly 
kn[n17 to dep>t f  ,rome & ,italy )9 t5 
days2 &1 aft]w>d1 "u ! emp]ors1  ^!     
soo?say]s 7 put "u ! mo/ sev]e          
int]diction4    ,! ,*aldean philosophy1 
not)/&+ ! obscurity t has r5d]$  x      
difficult ( rese>*1 has be5 highly      
extoll$1 n only by !  ori5tals &        
,greeks1 b by ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian writ]s3 
b ^u  recurr+ to au?orities t are       

unque/ionable1 !re seems to be  little  
or no?+ 9 ?is bran* ( ! b>b>ic          
philosophy :i*  des]ves notice4 ,!      
foll[+ brief detail w include ! mo/     
int]e/+ p>ticul>s4 ,f ! te/imony (      
,diodorus1 & also f  o!r anci5t         
au?orities1 collect$ by ,eusebius1 x    
appe>s1 t !  ,*aldeans believ$ 9 ,god1 !
 ,"l & ,p>5t ( all1 by ^:  provid5ce !  
_w is gov]n$4 ,f ?is pr9ciple sprung _! 
religi\s rites1 ! imm$iate object ( :i* 
0 a suppos$ race (  spiritual be+s or   
demons1 ^: exi/5ce c\ld n h be5  imag9$1
 )\t fir/ conceiv+ ! idea ( a supreme   
,be+1 !  s\rce ( all intellig5ce4 ,!    
belief ( a supreme ,deity1 ! f\nta9  (  
all ! div9ities :i* 7 suppos$ to preside
 ov] ! sev]al  p>ts ( ! mat]ial _w1 0 ! 
true orig9 ( all religi\s  wor%ip1 h[ev]
 idolatr\s1 n except+ ev5 t :i* consi/$ 
9  pay+ div9e hon\rs to ! memory ( dead 
m54 ,beside ! supreme  ,be+1 ! ,*aldeans
 suppos$ spiritual be+s to exi/1 (      
sev]al  ord]s2 gods1 demons1 h]oes3 ^!  
!y probably di/ribut$ into  subord9ate  

classes1 agreeably to _! practice (     
!urgy or magic4  ,! ,*aldeans1 9 common 
) ! ea/]n nations 9 g5]al1 admitt$  !   
exi/5ce ( c]ta9 evil spirits1 clo!d 9 a 
vehicle ( gross]  matt]2 & 9 subdu+ or  
c\nt]act+ ^!1 !y plac$ a great "p  ( !  
efficacy ( _! religi\s incantations4 ,^!
 doctr9es 7  ! my/]ies ( ! ,*aldean     
religion1 imp>t$ only to ! initiat$4    
,_! popul> religion consi/$ 9 ! wor%ip (
 ! sun1 moon1  planets1 & />s1 z        
div9ities1 aft] ! g5]al practice ( !    
ea/1 ,job xxxi1 #bg4 ,f ! religi\s sy/em
 ( ! ,*aldeans 7  d]iv$ two arts1 = :i* 
!y 7 long celebrat$2 namely1 magic &    
a/rology4 ,_! magic1 :i* %\ld n be      
conf\nd$ ) wit*craft1  or a suppos$     
int]c\rse ) evil spirits1 consi/$ 9 !   
p]=mance ( c]ta9 religi\s c]emonies or  
incantations1 :i* 7  suppos$1 by !      
int]position ( good demons1 to produce  
sup]natural  effects4 ,_! a/rology 0    
f\nd$ ^u ! *im]ical pr9ciple1 t  ! />s h
 an influ5ce1 ei!r b5eficial or         
malignant1 ^u !  affairs ( m51 :i* may  

be discov]$1 & made ! c]ta9 gr\nd (     
pr$iction1 9 p>ticul> cases2 & ! :ole   
art consi/$ 9 apply+  a/ronomical       
obs]vations to ?is fanciful purpose1 &  
?us impos+  ^u ! cr$ulity ( ! vulg>4    
,,*amb]4 ,see ,,upp] ,,room4            
,,*apt]s4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t 0 e>ly       
portion$ out into c]ta9  divisions1 :i* 
appe> "u v>i\s names4 ,! cu/om ( read+ x
  publicly 9 ! ,*ri/ian assemblies aft] 
! law & ! prophets1  w\ld soon cause su*
 divisions to be appli$ to x4 ,! law & !
  prophets 7 = ?is end already divid$   
into p>a%im &  hapt>o?1 & ! ,new        
,te/am5t c\ld n long rema9 )\t be+      
treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! di/ribution into
 *ur* lessons 0 inde$  ! olde/ t took   
place 9 x4 ,! ,*ri/ian tea*]s gave ! "n 
( p]icopes1 to ! sections read z lessons
 by ! ,jews4 ,ju/9  ,m>tyr avails       
himself ( ?is expression1 :5 he quotes  
prophetical  passages4 ,su* is ! case   
also 9 ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria2 b ?is  writ]
 also gives ! "n (  to l>g] sections ( !
  ,gospels & ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4      

,p]icopes !re=e 7 no?+ else  b 1 *ur*   
lessons1 or sections ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 
:i*  7 read 9 ! assemblies aft] ,moses &
 ! ,prophets4 ,9 ! ?ird  c5tury ano!r   
division also into  occurs4 ,dionysius (
  ,alex&ria speaks ( !m 9 ref]5ce to !  
,apocalypse1 & !  controv]sies respect+ 
x4 ,"s1 says he1 w5t ?r\gh ! :ole book1 
f *apt] to *apt]1 to %[ t x bore no     
s5se4 ,9 ! fif?  c5tury ,eu?alius       
produc$ aga9 a division into *apt]s1 :i*
 0  acc\nt$ 8 inv5tion4 ,he himself     
h[ev] lays claim to no?+ m  ?an hav+    
compos$    1 ! summ>ies ( !  cont5ts ( !
 *apt]s 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & !      
,ca?olic  ,epi/les4 ,9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 
,paul1 n ev5 ^! are 8 prop]ty2  b !y are
 d]iv$ 8f "o ( ! wise/ ( ! fa!rs1 &     
wor%ipp]s ( ,*ri/10 z he himself says1 &
 he only incorporat$  !m into 8         
/i*ometrical edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 
,! *apt]s  mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 9 exi/5ce  
be=e ,eu?alius1 if ! fa!r  :om he       
m5tions compos$ notices ( _! cont5ts4 ,b
 h[ old !y  are _c easily be kn[n4 ,!   

,eu?alian  are di/+ui%$  f ! p]icopes1  
or read+ portions1 by _! ext5t4 ,! ,jews
 _h  divid$ ! law into fifty-?ree       
p>a%im1 accord+ to ! numb] (  !         
,sabba?s1 tak+ into acc\nt ! leap ye>4  
,ne>ly s di/ribut$  7 ! ,acts ( !       
,apo/les1 ,/4 ,paul's & ! ,ca?olic      
,epi/les1  accord+ to ! ,alex&r9e       
ritual1 :i* ,eu?alius foll[s 9 8        
/i*ometrical edition1 namely1 into      
fifty-six p]icopes2 ?ree m  ?an ! numb] 
(  1 ,sundays1 probably = ?ree          
fe/ivals1 :i* might be obs]v$ at        
,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 &  ,:itsuntide4 ,!     
,gospels too _h naturally 9 ! same way  
_m  p]icopes4 ,su* 9 old] times 0 !     
practice 9 ,asia also2 =  ,ju/9 says1 t 
! believ]s !re assemble !mselves = pray]
 &  read+ on ,sunday only1     4 ,s9ce  
!n ! :ole ,new  ,te/am5t 0 di/ribut$    
into s few sections1 ^! mu/ necess>ily  
h be5 great1 & a p]icope 9 ,eu?alius    
sometimes includes 9 x  f\r1 five1 & ev5
 six *apt]s4 ,we h spok5 hi!rto only ( !
  *apt]s ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & !     

,epi/les4 ,9 ! ,gospels  !re occur to u 
( two sorts1 ! great] & ! less]4 ,!     
less] are ! ,ammonian :i* ,eusebius     
reject$1 aft] :i* he compos$  8 t5      
canons 9 ord] to po9t out 9 !           
,monotess>on ( ,ammonius !  respective  
cont5ts ( e ,evangeli/4 ,he has expla9$ 
himself 9 !  ,epi/le to ,c>pianus on _! 
use1 & on ! =mation ( 8 t5  canons1 :]e 
he names 8 sections sometimes 1         
sometimes  4 ,mat!w has ?ree hundr$ &   
fifty-five ( ^!1 ,m>k two  hundr$ &     
?irty-six1 ,luke ?ree hundr$ & =ty-two1 
& ,john two  hundr$ & ?irty-two4 ,! o!r 
*apt]s are indep5d5t ( ^!1  :i* f _!    
ext5t are also nam$ ! great]4 ,( ^!1    
,mat!w  conta9s sixty-eight1 ,m>k       
=ty-n9e1 ,luke eighty-?ree1 & ,john only
  eighte54 ,!re are b v few manuscripts 
:i* h n bo? ( !m  toge!r4 ,z to ! *ur*  
lessons1 to come back to !m once m1     
v>i\s alt]ations took place 9 !m4 ,z !  
fe/ival days multipli$1  ! old division 
c\ld no long] subsi/1 & 9 _m *ur*es !   
p]icopes 7 %ort5$4 ,at la/ z ! ritual ( 

c]emonies 0  enl>g$1 only c]ta9 portions
 7 extract$ f ! ,gospels1 !  ,acts ( !  
,apo/les1 & ! ,epi/les1 :i* sometimes 7 
v %ort4  ,a codex ( ?is sort 0 t]m$ 2 9 
ref]5ce to ! ,gospels  alone1 2 & 9     
respect to ! o!r books1 4  ,?is seems to
 h tak5 place among ! ,lat9s mu* e>li]  
?an among  ! ,greeks4 ,!re are p]fectly 
cr$ible te/imonies1 :i* e/abli%  su* an 
arrangem5t among ! =m] at ! middle ( !  
fif? c5tury1  at :i* date no?+ ( ! k9d  
is p]ceptible among ! latt]4 ,!         
expression1 1 appe>s inde$ frequ5tly 9 !
 ,typicum (  ,/4 ,sabas1 :o di$ 9 !     
beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,b !  ,greeks d 
n disav[1 t ?is ,typicum or mona/ic     
ritual 0 n by  himself1 t x p]i%$ 9 !   
invasions ( ! b>b>ians1 & 0  compos$    
anew by ,john ( ,damascus1 ) ref]5ces   
memorit]1 f  memory1 to t ( ,sabas4 ,he 
liv$ t[>d ! middle ( ! eigh?  c5tury1 & 
) an e>li] notice ( lection>ies among ! 
,greeks we  are n acqua9t$4 ,f9ally1 our
 pres5t *apt]s come1 z x is well  kn[n1 
f ,c>d9al ,hugo de ,/4 ,*]1 :o 9 !      

twelf? c5tury  compos$ a concordance1 & 
to ?is end di/ribut$ ! ,bible accord+   
to 8 own discretion into small]         
portions4 ,!y are n[ moreov]  g5]ally   
admitt$ 9 ! editions ( ! ,hebrew &      
,greek texts4 ,!  v]ses1 h[ev]1 are f   
,rob]t ,/eph5s1 :o fir/ introduc$ !m 9  
8 edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,a4 ,d4    
#aeea4 ,8 son1 ,h5ry ,/eph5s1  0 ! fir/ 
to record ?is = ! in=mation ( po/]ity1 9
 !  preface to 8 ,greek ,concordance to 
! ,new ,te/am5t2 9 :i* he says1  t two  
facts connect$ ) x equally dem& our     
admiration3 8,!  fir/ is1 t my fa!r1    
:ile travell+ f ,p>is to ,lyons1 f9i%$  
?is division ( ea* *apt] into v]ses1 &  
inde$ ! great] "p  ( x int] equit&um :5 
rid+ on 8 horse4 ,! second fact is1  t1 
a %ort "t prior to ?is j\rney1 :ile he  
_h ! matt] /ill  9 contemplation1 almo/ 
all ^? to :om he m5tion$ x told him     
pla9ly t he 0 an indiscreet man1 z ?\gh 
he _h a wi% to sp5d  8 "t & lab\r on an 
affair :i* w\ld prove utt]ly useless1 & 
:i* w\ld n obta9 = him any comm5dation1 

b1 on ! contr>y1  w\ld expose him to mu*
 ridicule4 ,b behold ! result3 9        
opposition  to ! op9ion :i* condemn$ &  
disc\nt5anc$ my fa!r's  und]tak+1 z soon
 z 8 inv5tion 0 publi%$1 e edition (  ! 
,new ,te/am5t1 :e!r 9 ! ,greek1 ,lat91  
,fr5*1 ,g]man1 or 9  any o!r language1  
:i* did n adopt x1 0 imm$iately         
disc>d$40  ,x p]haps w n be un$ify+ to  
add1 t ?is passage has yield$  mank9d   
ano!r pro( t ,,le>n+ is n always        
synonym\s )  ,,wisdom3 = ! phrase       
respect+ rid+1 :i* occurs 9 x1 has      
furni%$ matt] ( w>m dispute to lit]>y   
m52 "s ( !m  cont5d+ t int] equit&um    
means1 t ,rob]t ,/eph5s p]=m$  ! great] 
"p ( 8 task :ile actually on horseback2 
b o!rs1  giv+ a m ext5d$ con/ruction to 
! expression1 ass]t t he  0 engag$ 9 ?is
 occupation only :5 /opp+ = refre%m5t at
  inns on ! road4 ,?\gh ! fir/          
int]pretation w\ld probably obta9  !    
greate/ numb] ( suffrages f really le>n$
 & imp>tial m52  yet x is q suffici5t = 
mank9d to "k1 9 ei!r way1 t ?is         

division into v]ses 0 complet$ 9 ! c\rse
 ( t j\rney4    ,,*>iots ,,( ,,w>4 ,!   
,scripture speaks ( two sorts ( ^!      
*>iots1  "o = pr9ces & g5]als to ride 91
 ! o!r us$ to break !  enemies          
battalions1 by lett+ !m loose arm$ )    
iron1 :i* made  dreadful havoc among !  
troops4 ,! mo/ anci5t *>iots ( :i* we  h
 any notice are ,ph>aoh's1 :i* 7        
ov]:elm$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1  ,exodus xiv1 #g4
 ,! ,canaanites1 :om ,jo%ua engag$ at ! 
wat]s (  ,m]om1 _h cavalry & a multitude
 ( *>iots1 ,jo%ua xi1 #d4 ,sis]a1  !    
g5]al ( ,jab91 k+ ( ,hazor1 _h n9e      
hundr$ *>iots ( iron  9 8 army1 ,judges 
iv1 #c4 ,! tribe ( ,judah c\ld n get    
possession  ( all ! l&s ( _! lot1       
because ! anci5t inhabitants ( !  c\ntry
 7 /rong 9 *>iots ( iron4 ,! ,phili/9es1
 9 ! w>  c>ri$ on by !m aga9/ ,saul1 _h 
?irty ?\s& *>iots & six  ?\s& horsem51  
#a ,sam4 xiii1 #e4 ,david1 hav+ tak5 "o 
?\s&  *>iots ( w> f ,hadadez]1 k+ (     
,syria1 ham/rung ! horses1 &  burn$ n9e 
hundr$ *>iots1 res]v+ only "o hundr$ to 

himself1 #b  ,sam4 viii1 #d4 ,solomon _h
 a consid]able numb] ( *>iots1 b we "k  
( no milit>y exp$ition 9 :i* !y 7       
employ$1 #a ,k+s x1 #bf4 ,z  ,judea 0 a 
v m\nta9\s c\ntry1 *>iots c\ld be ( no  
great use  !re1 except 9 ! pla9s2 & !   
,hebrews (t5 evad$ !m by  fight+ on !   
m\nta9s4 ,! k+s ( ! ,hebrews1 :5 !y w5t 
to  w>1 7 !mselves g5]ally m\nt$ 9      
*>iots f :i* !y  f\ght1 & issu$ _!      
ord]s2 & !re 0 always a second *>iot    
empty1 :i* foll[$ ea* ( !m1 t if ! fir/ 
0 brok5 he  might asc5d ! o!r1 #b ,*ron4
 xxxv1 #bd4 ,*>iots 7 sometimes         
consecrat$ to ! sun2 & ! ,scripture     
obs]ves1 t ,josiah burn$  ^? :i* _h be5 
d$icat$ to ! sun by 8 pr$ecessors1 #b   
,k+s  xxiii1 #aa4 ,?is sup]/iti\s cu/om 
0 borr[$ f ! ,hea!ns1 &  pr9cipally f ! 
,p]sians4    ,,*>ity1 consid]$ z a      
,*ri/ian grace1 ought 9 our translation1
 9  ord] to avoid mi/ake1 to h be5      
translat$ love4 ,x is ! love  ( ,god1 & 
! love ( our neighb\r fl[+ f ! love (   
,god2 &  is describ$ ) wond]ful         

copi\sness1 felicity1 & ev5 gr&eur1 by  
,/4 ,paul1 #a ,cor4 xiii2 a portion (   
,scripture :i*1 z x %[s !  habitual     
temp] ( a true ,*ri/ian1 _c be too      
frequ5tly ref]r$  to = self-exam9ation1 
& ought to be con/antly pres5t to u z   
our  rule4 #b4 ,9 ! popul> s5se1 *>ity  
is almsgiv+2 a duty (  practical        
,*ri/ianity :i* is solemnly enjo9$1 & to
 :i* special  promises are annex$4      
,,*>m4 ,see ,,div9ation4    ,,*eb>1 a   
riv] ( ,*aldea1 ,ezek4 i1 #a4 ,x is     
?\ght to h ris5 ne>  ! head ( ! ,tigris1
 & to h run ?r\gh ,mesopotamia1 to !    
s\?-we/1 & empti$ itself into !         
,euphrates4    ,,*$orlaom]1 a k+ ( !    
,elamites1 :o 7 ei!r ,p]sians1 or  p    
bord]+ ^u ! ,p]sians4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! f\r 
conf$]at$ k+s1 :o made w> ^u ! five k+s 
( ! p5tapolis  ( ,sodom2 & :o1 aft] hav+
 defeat$ !m1 & made !mselves  ma/]s ( a 
great booty1 7 pursu$ & disp]s$ by      
,abraham1 ,g54  xiv4    ,,*em>im4 ,?is  
^w occurs only once 9 our v]sion ( !    
,bible3 8,i  w cut (f ! remnant ( ,baal1

 & ! "n ( ! ,*em>ims  7,*em>im7 ) !     
prie/s10 ,zeph4 i1 #d2 b x frequ5tly    
occurs 9  ! ,hebrew1 & is g5]ally       
translat$ 8prie/s ( ! idols10 or        
8prie/s clo!d 9 black10 because *am>    
signifies blackness4 ,by  ?is ^w ! be/  
comm5tators und]/& ! prie/s ( false     
gods1  & 9 p>ticul> ! wor%ipp]s ( fire1 
because !y 71 x is  said1 dress$ 9      
black4 ,le ,cl]c1 h[ev]1 decl>es aga9/  
?is la/  op9ion4 ,our translators ( !   
,bible w\ld seem sometimes to und]/&  by
 ?is ^w ! idols or objects ( wor%ip1 r  
?an _! prie/s4  ,?is is also ! op9ion ( 
,le ,cl]c4 ,calmet obs]ves t cam> 9     
,arabic signifies ! moon1 & t ,isis is !
 same deity4 8,among !  prie/s ( ,isis10
 says ,calmet1 87 ^? call$ melanephori1 
t  is1 we>]s ( black2 b x is unc]ta9    
:e!r ?is "n 0 giv5  !m by reason ( _!   
dress+ :olly 9 black1 or because !y wore
 a  black %9+ veil 9 ! processions ( ?is
 goddess40    ,,*emo%1 1 an idol ( !    
,moabites1 ,numb]s xxi1 #bi4 ,! "n is   
d]iv$ f a root :i* 9 ,arabic signifies  

to ha/54 ,= ?is  reason1 _m believe     
,*emo% to be ! sun1 ^: precipitate c\rse
  might well procure x ! "n ( swift4 ,"s
 id5tify ,*emo% )  ,ammon2 & ,macrobius 
%[s t ,ammon 0 ! sun1 ^: rays 7  d5ot$  
by 8 horns4 ,calmet is ( op9ion t ! god 
,hamanus &  ,apollo ,*omeus1 m5tion$ by 
,/rabo & ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 0        
,*amos1 or ! sun4 ,^! deities 7 wor%ipp$
 9 _m p>ts ( !  ea/4 ,"s1 f !           
resemblance ( ! ,hebrew ,*amos ) !      
,greek  ,comos1 h ?\ght ,*amos to       
signify ,bac*us4 ,j]om & mo/  int]pret]s
 consid] ,*amo% & ,peor z ! same deity2 
b "s ?9k  t ,baal-,peor 0 ,tammuz1 or   
,adonis4 ,to ,*emo% ,solomon erect$ an  
alt> ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 #a ,k+s xi1  
#g4 ,z to ! =m ( !  idol ,*emo%1 !      
,scripture is sil5t2 b if1 accord+ to   
,j]om1 x  7 l ,baal-,peor1 x mu/ h be5 (
 ! beeve k9d2 z 71  probably1 all !     
,baals1 ?\gh accompani$ ) v>i\s         
insignia4 ,!re  c be little d\bt t "p ( 
! religi\s s]vices p]=m$ to  ,*emo%1 z  
to ,baal-,peor1 consi/$ 9 revell+ &     

drunk5ness1  obsc5ities & impurities ( !
 grosse/ k9ds4 ,f ,*emo% !  ,greeks seem
 to h d]iv$ _! 1 call$ by ! ,romans     
,comus1  ! god ( fea/+ & revell+4       
,,*]e?im4 4 ,*]e?im1 or ,*]e?ites1 are  
d5om9ations = !  ,phili/9es3 8,i w /ret*
 out m9e h& ^u ! ,phili/9es1 &  w cut (f
 ! ,*]e?im1 & de/roy ! remnant ( ! sea  
coa/10  ,ezek4 xxv1 #af4 ,zephaniah1    
exclaim+ aga9/ ! ,phili/9es1 says1 8,wo 
unto ! inhabitants ( ! sea coa/s1 !     
nation ( ! ,*]e?ites10  ,zeph4 ii1 #e4  
,x is said1 #a ,sam4 xxx1 #ad1 t !      
,amalekites invad$ !  s\? ( ! ,*]e?ites2
 t is1 ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,david1 & "s  ( !
 k+s1 8 successors1 _h gu>ds call$      
,*]e?ites &  ,pele?ites1 #b ,sam4 xv1   
#ah2 xx1 #g4 ,calmet ?9ks t !y 7 ( !    
c\ntry ( ! ,phili/9es2 b sev]al         
expositors ( our own c\ntry  are ( a    
diff]5t op9ion4 8,we c h>dly suppose10  
say ! latt]1  8t ,david w\ld employ any 
( ^! uncircumcis$ p z 8  body-gu>d1 or t
 ! ,israeliti% soldi]s w\ld h pati5tly  
se5  =eign]s ( t nation advanc$ to su*  

places ( hon\r & tru/40  ,x may1 !re=e1 
be inf]r$ t gu>ds 7 call$ ,*]e?ites1    
because !y w5t ) ,david into ,phili/ia1 
:]e !y cont9u$ )  him all ! "t he 0 "u !
 protection ( ,a*i%4 ,^! 7 !  p]sons :o 
accompani$ ,david f ! fir/1 & :o rema9$ 
) him  9 8 greate/ di/resses2 & x is no 
wond]1 if m5 ( su* approv$  fidelity    
%\ld be *os5 = 8 body-gu>d4 ,beside1 x  
is n uncommon  = soldi]s to d]ive _!    
names1 n f ! place ( _!  nativity1 b (  
_! resid5ce4    ,,*]ub4 1 plural 4 ,x   
appe>s1 f ,g54 iii1 #bi1 t ?is is a  "n 
giv5 to angels2 b :e!r x is ! "n ( a    
di/9ct class (  cele/ials1 or designates
 ! same ord] z ! s]aphim1 we h no  means
 ( det]m9+4 ,b ! t]m *]ubim g5]ally     
signifies ^?  figures :i* ,moses 0      
comm&$ to make & place at ea* end ( !   
m]cy seat1 or propitiatory1 & :i* cov]$ 
! ark ) exp&$  w+s 9 ! mo/ holy place ( 
! ,jewi% tab]nacle & temple4 ,see       
,exodus xxv1 #ah1 #ai4 ,! orig9al mean+ 
( ! t]m1 & ! %ape or  =m ( ^!1 any f>!r 
?an t !y 7 alata animata1 8w+$          

creatures10 is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,! ^w 9  
,hebrew is sometimes  tak5 = a calf or  
ox2 & ,ezekiel1 x1 #ad1 sets d[n ! face 
( a  *]ub z synonym\s to ! face ( an ox4
 ,! ^w *]ub1 9 ,syriac  & ,*aldee1      
signifies to till or pl\gh1 :i* is !    
prop] "w (  ox54 ,*]ub also signifies   
/rong & p[]ful4 ,grotius says !y  7     
figures mu* l t ( a calf2 & ,bo*>t1     
likewise1 ?9ks  t !y 7 m l ! figure ( an
 ox ?an any ?+ beside2 &  ,sp5c] is ( ! 
same m9d4 ,b ,josephus says !y 7        
extraord9>y  creatures ( a figure unkn[n
 to mank9d4 ,! op9ion ( mo/ critics1    
tak51 x seems1 f ,ezek4 i1 #i1 #aj1 is1 
t !y 7 figures  compos$ ( p>ts ( v>i\s  
creatures2 z a man1 a lion1 an ox1 an   
eagle4 ,b c]ta9ly we h no decid$ pro( t 
! figures plac$ 9  ! holy ( holies1 9 ! 
tab]nacle1 7 ( ! same =m ) ^?  describ$ 
by ,ezekiel4 ,! contr>y1 inde$1 seems r 
indicat$1  because !y look$ d[n ^u !    
m]cy seat1 :i* is an attribute  n well  
adapt$ to a f\r-fac$ creature1 l !      
emblematical  *]ubim se5 by ,ezekiel4   

,! *]ubim ( ! sanctu>y 7 two 9 numb]2 "o
 at ea* end ( !  m]cy seat2 :i*1 ) !    
ark1 0 plac$ exactly 9 ! middle1  betwe5
 ! nor? & s\? sides ( ! tab]nacle4 ,x 0 
"h t  atonem5t 0 made1 & t ,god 0 r5d]$ 
propiti\s by ! high  prie/ spr9kl+ !    
blood ^u & be=e ! m]cy seat1 ,lev4 xvi1 
#ad1 #ae4 ,"h ! glory ( ,god appe>$1 &  
"h he met 8 high prie/1  & by him 8 p1 &
 f h5ce he gave =? 8 oracles2 :5ce  !   
:ole holy place 0 call$ 1 ! oracle4 ,^! 
*]ubim1 x  mu/ be obs]v$1 _h feet :]eon 
!y /ood1 #b ,*ron4 iii1 #ac2 &  _! feet 
7 jo9$1 9 "o cont9u$ beat5 "w1 to ! ends
 ( !  m]cy seat :i* cov]$ ! ark3 s t !y 
7 :olly ov] or above  x4 ,^? 9 !        
tab]nacle 7 ( beat5 gold1 be+ b ( small 
dim5sions1 ,exod4 xxv1 #ah2 b ^? 9 !    
temple ( ,solomon 7 made  ( ! wood ( !  
olive tree ov]laid ) gold2 = !y 7 v     
l>ge1 ext5d+ _! w+s to ! :ole bread? ( !
 oracle1 :i*  0 tw5ty cubits1 #a ,k+s   
vi1 #bc-bh2 #b ,*ron4 iii1 #aj-ac4 ,!y  
are  call$ 8*]ubim ( glory10 n m]ely or 
*iefly on acc\nt ( !  matt] or =mation (

 !m1 b because !y _h ! glory ( ,god1 or 
! glori\s symbol ( 8 pres5ce1 8!        
,%ek9ah10 re/+ betwe5  !m4 ,z ?is glory 
abode 9 ! inw>d tab]nacle1 & z ! figures
  ( ! *]ubim repres5t$ ! angels :o      
surr\nd ! manife/ation (  ! div9e       
pres5ce 9 ! _w above1 t tab]nacle 0     
r5d]$ a  fit image ( ! c\rt ( heav51 9  
:i* light x is consid]$ e  :]e 9 !      
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,see *apt]s iv1  
#ad2 viii1 #a2 ix1  #h1 #i1 #bc1 #bd2   
xii1 #bb1 #bc4    ,! *]ubim1 x is true1 
h be5 consid]$ by ! disciples ( ,mr4    
,hut*9son z design$ emblems ( ,jehovah  
himself1 or r ( !  ,tr9ity ( ,p]sons 9 !
 ,godhead1 ) man tak5 into ! div9e      
ess5ce4 ,b t ,god1 :o is a pure ,_s1 )\t
 p>ts or passions1  p]fectly sep>ate &  
remote f all matt]1 %\ld comm& ,moses to
  make mat]ial & visible images or      
emblematical repres5tations (  himself1 
is utt]ly improbable3 especially1       
consid]+ t he _h  repeat$ly1 expressly1 
& solemnly =bidd5 e ?+ ( ?is k9d  9 !   
second comm&m5t ( ! moral law1 deliv]$ f

 ,m\nt ,s9ai1  amid/ ?und] & lightn+1   
8blackness1 d>kness1 & tempe/10         
pron\nc+ ) an audible & awful voice1    
:ile 8! :ole m\nt  quak$ greatly1 & !   
s\nd ( ! trumpet wax$ l\d] & l\d]1  ,?\ 
%alt n make unto !e any grav5 image1 nor
 ! lik5ess ( any  ?+ t is 9 heav5 above1
 or 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 or 9 ! wat]  "u !    
e>?40 ,h5ce ! solemn caution ( ,moses1  
,deut4 iv1 #ae1 c3  8,take ye good he$  
unto y\rselves1 7= ye saw no mann] (    
similitude  on ! day ! ,"l spake unto y 
9 ,horeb out ( ! mid/ ( !  fire17 le/ ye
 corrupt y\rselves1 & make y a grav5    
image1 !  similitude ( any figure1 !    
lik5ess ( male or female1 ( any bea/  t 
is on ! e>?1 ( any w+$ f[l t flie? 9 !  
air1 ( any  ?+ t creepe? on ! gr\nd1 (  
any fi% t is 9 ! wat]s40  ,h5ce ,god's  
dem& by 8 prophet3 8,to :at w ye lik5   
me1 or %all ,i  be equal1 sai? ! ,holy  
,"o80 ,& h5ce ! c5sure ( ! inspir$      
p5man1 ,psalm cvi1 #bj3 8,!y *ang$ _!   
glory into ! similitude (  an ox t eate?
 grass40 ,add to ?is1 t 9 mo/ or all ( !

 places  :]e ! *]ubim are m5tion$ 9 !   
,scriptures1 ,god is expressly  di/+ui%$
 f !m4 ,?us1 8,he10 ! ,"l1 8plac$ at !  
ea/ (  ! g>d5 *]ubim1 & a flam+ sword10 
,g54 iii1 #bd4 8,he rode on a  *]ub &   
did fly10 ,psalm xviii1 #aj4 8,he sitte?
 betwe5 ! *]ubim10  ,psalm xcix1 #a4    
8,he dwelle? betwe5 ! *]ubim10 ,psalm   
lxxx1 #a4 ,we  also read ( 8! glory ( ! 
,god ( ,israel go+ up1 f ! *]ub  :]eupon
 he 01 to ! ?re%old ( ! h\se10 ,ezek4   
ix1 #c4 ,&  aga91 8,! glory ( ! ,"l w5t 
up f ! *]ub1 & ! c\rt 0  full ( !       
brightness ( ! ,"l's glory10 ,ezek4 x1  
#d4 ,& aga91 8,!  glory ( ! ,"l dep>t$ f
 (f ! ?re%old1 & /ood ov] !  *]ubim10   
,ezek4 x1 #ah4 ,9 all ^! passages !     
glory ( ! ,"l1  t is1 ! ,%ek9ah1 !      
glori\s symbol ( 8 pres5ce1 is  di/+ui%$
 f ! *]ubim2 & n ! lea/ intimation is   
giv5  9 ^! passages1 or any o!rs1 ( !   
,scripture1 t ! *]ubim  7 images or     
emblematical repres5tations ( him4 ,mr4 
,p>khur/'s  labori\s ef=t to e/abli%    
,mr4 ,hut*9son's op9ion on ! subject (  

! *]ubim1 9 8 ,hebrew ,lexicon1 sub     
voce1 is s obvi\sly  fanciful &         
contradictory1 t few w be conv]t$ to ?is
 /range  op9ion4 ,x seems mu* m probable
 t1 z mo/ em95t div9es h  suppos$1 !    
*]ubim repres5t$ ! angels :o surr\nd !  
div9e  pres5ce 9 heav54 ,accord+ly1 !y  
_h _! faces turn$ t[>d !  m]cy seat1 :]e
 ,god 0 suppos$ to dwell1 ^: glory !    
angels 9  heav5 always behold1 & ^u :i* 
_! eyes are cont9ually fix$2  z !y are  
also ^u ,*ri/1 ! true propitiatory1 :i* 
my/]y (  r$emption !y 8desire10 ,/4     
,pet] tells u1 8to look into10 #a ,pet] 
i1  #ab3 a circum/ance evid5tly signifi$
 by ! faces ( ! *]ubim  be+ turn$ inw>d1
 & _! eyes fix$ on ! m]cy seat4 ,we may 
"h  also obs]ve t1 all[+ ,/4 ,pet] 9 ?is
 passage to allude to !  *]ubic figures1
 :i*1 f 8 mode ( expression1 c sc>cely  
be  d\bt$1 ?is am\nts to a /rong        
presumption t ! *]ubim  repres5t$1 n s  
mu* "o ord]1 z 8! angels0 9 g5]al1 all (
  :om are said to 8desire to look into0 
! subjects ( human r$emption1  & to all 

^: ord]s1 8! pr9cipalities & p[]s 9     
heav5ly  places1 ! manifold wisdom (    
,god is made kn[n by ! *ur*40 ,9        
,ezekiel1 ! *]ubic figures are evid5tly 
connect$ ) !  disp5sations ( provid5ce2 
& !y h !re=e appropriate =ms1           
emblematical ( ! /r5g?1 wisdom1         
swiftness1 & con/ancy1 )  :i* ! holy    
angels m9i/] 9 c>ry+ on ,god's designs3 
b 9 !  sanctu>y !y are connect$ ) !     
adm9i/ration ( grace2 & !y  are r ador+ 
behold]s1 ?an actors1 & probably appe>$ 
"u  =ms m simple4 ,z to ! liv+          
creatures1 improp]ly r5d]$  8bea/s0 9   
our translation1 ,rev4 iv1 #g1 "s ?9k !m
 a  hi]oglyphical repres5tation1 n ( !  
qualities ( angels1 b (  ^? ( real      
,*ri/ians2 especially ( ^? 9 ! suff]+ & 
active p]iods ( ! *ur*4 ,! fir/ a lion1 
signify+ _!  undaunt$ c\rage1 manife/$ 9
 meet+ ) confid5ce ! greate/  suff]+s2 !
 second a calf or ox1 emblematical (    
unwe>i$ pati5ce2  ! ?ird ) ! face ( a   
man repres5t+ prud5ce & compassion2  !  
f\r? a fly+ eagle1 signify+ activity &  

vig\r4 ,! f\r  qualities ?us            
emblematically set =? 9 ^! f\r liv+     
creatures1  namely1 undaunt$ c\rage1    
unwe>i$ pati5ce "u suff]+s1 prud5ce     
unit$ ) k9dness1 & vigor\s activity1 are
 f\nd1 m or less1 9  ! true memb]s (    
,*ri/'s *ur* 9 e age & nation4 ,b o!rs  
h imag9$ t ?is repres5tation might be   
int5d$ to intimate  also t ^! qualities 
w\ld especially prevail 9 succe$+ ages (
  ! *ur*1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h      
plac$3 t is1 t 9  ! fir/ age true       
,*ri/ians w\ld be em95t = ! c\rage1     
=titude1 & success1 :]e) !y %\ld spread 
! ,gospel2 t 9  ! next age !y w\ld      
manife/ rem>kable pati5ce 9 be>+        
p]secution1 :5 !y %\ld be 8kill$ all !  
day10 l calves or  ox5 appo9t$ = !      
slaught]2 t 9 ! subsequ5t age or ages1  
:5 ! /orms ( p]secution 7 bl[n ov]1 &   
,*ri/ianity 0  g5]ally spread ?r\gh !   
:ole ,roman empire1 k & wisdom1  piety &
 virtue1 %\ld increase1 & ! *ur* %\ld   
we> ! face  ( a man1 & excel 9 prud5ce1 
humanity1 love1 & good works2 &  t 9    

ages /ill lat]1 be+ re=m$ f v>i\s       
corruptions 9  doctr9e & practice1 &    
full ( vig\r & activity1 x %\ld c>ry  ! 
,gospel1 z ^u ! w+s ( a fly+ eagle1 to !
 remote/ nations  "u heav51 8to e k9dr$1
 & tongue1 & p40 ,?is is a  ?\ght :i*   
des]ves "s consid]ation4 ,! f\r great   
mon>*ies (  ! e>? _h _! prophetic       
emblems1 tak5 bo? f metals & f  bea/s & 
birds2 & x is n unreasonable to look =  
prophetic  emblems ( ! "o k+dom ( ,*ri/1
 9 its v>i$ & successive  /ates4        
,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ reasonable        
conclusion is1 t1 l  ! 8liv+ creatures0 
9 ! vision ( ,ezekiel1 !y are           
emblematical  ( ! m9i/rations ( angels 9
 :at p]ta9s to ^? provid5tial  ev5ts :i*
 m p>ticul>ly conc]n ! *ur*4    ,,*esnut
 ,,tree1 4 ,?is tree1 :i* is m5tion$    
only 9 ,g54 xxx1 #cg1  & ,ezek4 xxxi1   
#h1 is by ! ,septuag9t & ,j]om r5d]$    
plane tree2  & ,drusius1 ,hill]1 & mo/ (
 ! mod]n int]pret]s r5d] x !  same4 ,!  
"n is d]iv$ f a root :i* signifies      
nak$ness2 &  x is (t5 obs]v$ ( ! plane  

tree t ! b>k peels (f f !  trunk1 leav+ 
x nak$1 :i* peculi>ity may h be5 !      
occasion (  its ,hebrew "n4 ,! son (    
,sira* says1 8,i grew up z a plane tree 
by  ! wat]10 ,ecclesia/icus xxiv1 #ad4  
,,*ild4 ,mo!rs1 9 ! e>lie/ times1 suckl$
 _! (fspr+  !mselves1 & t f ?irty to    
?irty-six mon?s4 ,! day :5 !  *ild 0    
wean$ 0 made a fe/ival1 ,g54 xxi1 #h2   
,exod4 ii1 #g1 #i2 #a  ,sam4 i1 #bb-bd2 
#b ,*ron4 xxxi1 #af2 #b ,mac4 vii1 #bg1 
#bh2 ,matt1 xxi1 #af4  ,nurses 7        
employ$1 9 case ! "m di$ be=e ! *ild 0  
old  en\gh to be wean$1 & :5 f any      
circum/ances %e 0 unable to  af=d a     
suffici5t supply ( milk = its n\ri%m5t4 
,9 lat] ages1  :5 matrons _h become m   
delicate1 & ?\ght !mselves too infirm   
to fulfil ! duties :i* naturally devolv$
 ^u !m1 nurses 7  employ$ to take _!    
place1 & 7 reckon$ among ! pr9cipal     
memb]s ( ! family4 ,!y are1 accord+ly1 9
 consequ5ce ( !  respectable /ation :i* 
!y su/a9$1 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 sacr$    
hi/ory1 ,g54 xxxv1 #h2 #b ,k+s xi1 #b2  

#b ,*ron4 xxii1 #aa4 ,! sons  rema9$    
till ! fif? ye> 9 ! c>e ( ! wom52 !y !n 
came  into ! fa!r's h&s1 & 7 taught n   
only ! arts & duties (  life1 b 7       
in/ruct$ 9 ! ,mosaic law1 & 9 all p>ts (
 _!  c\ntry's religion1 ,deut1 vi1      
#bj-be2 vii1 #ai2 xi1 #ai4 ,^? :o wi%$  
to h !m f>!r in/ruct$1 provid$ !y did n 
deem x  pref]able to employ private     
tea*]s1 s5t !m away to "s prie/ or      
,levite1 :o sometimes _h a numb] ( o!r  
*ildr5 to in/ruct4 ,x  appe>s f #a ,sam4
 i1 #bd-bh1 t !re 0 a s*ool ne> ! holy  
tab]nacle1 d$icat$ to ! in/ruction (    
y\?4 ,!re _h be5 _m  o!r s*ools ( ?is   
k9d1 :i* _h fall5 into decay1 b 7       
re/or$ aga9 by ! ,prophet ,samuel2 aft] 
^: "t1 ! memb]s (  ! sem9>ies 9 "q1 :o 7
 d5om9at$ by way ( di/9ction  8! sons ( 
! prophets10 acquir$ no little          
notoriety4 ,daught]s  r>ely dep>t$ f !  
ap>tm5ts appropriat$ to ! females1      
except  :5 !y w5t out ) an urn to draw  
wat]4 ,!y sp5t _! "t 9  le>n+ ^? dome/ic
 & o!r arts1 :i* are befitt+ a woman's  

situation & "*1 till !y arriv$ at t     
p]iod 9 life :5  !y 7 to be sold1 or1 by
 a bett] =tune1 giv5 away 9 m>riage1    
,prov4 xxxi1 #ac2 #b ,sam4 xiii1 #g4    
#b4 ,9 ,scripture1 disciples are (t5    
call$ *ildr5 or sons1 ,solomon1  9 8    
,prov]bs1 says1to 8 disciple1 8,he>1 my 
son40 ,! desc5dants  ( a man1 h[ remote 
soev]1 are d5om9at$ 8 sons or *ildr52 z 
8! *ildr5 ( ,edom10 8! *ildr5 ( ,moab10 
8! *ildr5 (  ,israel40 ,su* expressions 
z 8! *ildr5 ( light10 8! *ildr5 (       
d>kness10 8! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom10 signify 
^? :o foll[  tru?1 ^? :o rema9 9 error1 
& ^? :o belong to ! *ur*4  ,p]sons      
arriv$ at almo/ ! age ( maturity are    
sometimes call$  8*ildr540 ,?us1 ,joseph
 is t]m$ 8! *ild10 ?\gh he 0 at lea/    
sixte5 ye>s old1 ,g54 xxxvii1 #cj2 &    
,b5jam91 ev5 :5 above  ?irty1 0 s       
d5om9at$1 xliv1 #bj4 ,by ! ,jewi% law1  
*ildr5 7  reckon$ ! prop]ty ( _! p>5ts1 
:o c\ld sell !m = sev5  ye>s to pay _!  
debts4 ,_! cr$itors _h also ! p[] (     
compell+ !m to resort to ?is measure4 ,!

 poor woman1 ^: oil  ,eli%a increas$ s  
mu* z enabl$ h] to pay h] husb&'s debts1
  compla9$ to ! prophet1 t1 h] husb& be+
 dead1 ! cr$itor  0 come to take away h]
 two sons to be bondm51 #b ,k+s iv1 #a4 
8,*ildr51 or sons ( ,god10 is a "n by   
:i* ! angels are sometimes  describ$3   
8,!re 0 a day :5 ! sons ( ,god came to  
pres5t  !mselves be=e ! ,"l10 ,job i1   
#f2 ii1 #a4 ,good m51 9 opposition to  !
 wick$1 are also ?us d5om9at$2 ! *ildr5 
( ,se?'s family1 9  opposition to ^? (  
,ca93 8,! sons ( ,god saw ! daught]s (  
m510  ,g54 vi1 #b4 ,judges1 magi/rates1 
prie/s1 are also t]m$ *ildr5 (  ,god3   
8,i h said1 ,ye are gods1 & all ( y are 
! *ildr5 ( !  ,mo/ ,high10 ,psa4 lxxxii1
 #f4 ,! ,israelites are call$ 8sons (   
,god10 9  opposition to ! ,g5tiles1     
,hosea i1 #aj2 ,john xi1 #eb4 ,9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t1 believ]s are commonly call$   
8*ildr5 ( ,god0 by virtue (  _!         
adoption4 ,/4 ,paul1 9 sev]al places1   
extols ! advantages (  be+ adopt$ sons (
 ,god1 ,rom4 viii1 #ad2 ,gal4 iii1 #bf4 

8,*ildr51 or  sons ( m510 is a "n giv5  
to ,ca9's family be=e ! deluge1 &1  9   
p>ticul>1 to ! giants :o 7 viol5t m51 & 
_h corrupt$  _! ways4 ,aft]w>d1 ! impi\s
 ,israelites 7 ?us call$3 8,o ye  sons (
 m51 h[ long w ye love vanity80 ,psa4   
iv1 #b4 8,! sons (  m51 ^: tee? are     
spe>s & arr[s10 lvii1 #d4    ,,*ild     
,,bir?4 ,9 ori5tal c\ntries *ild bir? is
 n an ev5t ( mu*  difficulty2 & mo!rs at
 su* a season 7 orig9ally ! only        
assi/ants ( _! daught]s1 z any f>!r aid 
0 deem$  unnecess>y1 ,exod4 i1 #ai4 ,9  
cases ( m ?an ord9>y difficulty1  ^?    
matrons :o _h acquir$ "s celebrity =    
skill & exp]tness  on occasions ( ?is   
k9d1 7 invit$ 92 & 9 ?is way !re        
ev5tually rose into notice t class (    
wom5 d5om9at$ midwives4  ,! *ild 0 no   
soon] born1 ?an x 0 wa%$ 9 a ba?1 rubb$ 
)  salt1 & wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s1 1    
,ezek4 xvi1 #d4 ,x 0 !  cu/om at a v    
anci5t p]iod1 = ! fa!r1 :ile music 9 !  
mean  :ile 0 he>d to s\nd1 to clasp !   
new born *ild to 8 bosom1 &  by ?is     

c]emony 0 und]/ood to decl>e x to be 8  
own1 ,g54 l1 #bc2  ,job iii1 #ab2 ,psa4 
xxii1 #aa4 ,?is practice 0 imitat$ by ^?
 wives  :o adopt$ ! *ildr5 ( _! maids1  
,g54 xvi1 #b2 xxx1 #c-e4 ,!  bir? day ( 
a son1 especially1 0 made a fe/ival1 &  
on ea*  successive ye> 0 celebrat$ )    
r5ew$ demon/rations ( fe/ivity  & joy1  
,g54 xl1 #bj2 ,job i1 #d2 ,matt4 xiv1   
#f4 ,! mess5g]1 :o br\ght  ! news ( !   
bir? ( a son1 0 receiv$ ) joy1 & rew>d$ 
)  pres5ts1 ,job iii1 #c2 ,j]4 xx1 #ae4 
,?is is ! case at ! pres5t day  9       
,p]sia4    ,,*isleu1 ! ?ird mon? ( !    
,jewi% civil ye>1 & ! n9? (  _! sacr$1  
answ]+ to our ,novemb] & ,decemb]1      
,nehem4 i1 #a4 ,x  conta9s ?irty days4  
,,*ittim1 ! c\ntry1 or c\ntries1 impli$ 
by ?is "n 9 ,scripture1  are v>i\sly    
int]pret$ by hi/orians & comm5tators4   
,*ittim has  be5 tak51 by ,hales & ,l[?1
 = all ! coa/s & isl&s ( !              
,m$it]ranean2 :i* appe>s mo/ consonant )
 ! g5]al use ( !  ^w by ! diff]5t       
inspir$ writ]s4    ,,*ri/1 an           

appellation synonym\s ) ,messiah4 ,! ^w 
1  signifies ano9t$1 f 1 ,i ano9t4      
,sometimes ! ^w ,*ri/  is us$ s+ly1 by  
way ( autonomasis1 to d5ote a p]son s5t 
f  ,god1 z an ano9t$ prophet1 k+1 or    
prie/4 8,*ri/10 says ,lactantius1  8is  
no prop] "n1 b "o d5ot+ p[]2 = ! ,jews  
us$ to give  ?is appellation to _! k+s1 
call+ !m ,*ri/1 or ano9t$1 by  reason ( 
_! sacr$ unction40 ,b he adds1 8,!      
,hea!ns1 by mi/ake1  call ,jesus ,*ri/1 
,*re/us40 ,accord+ly1 ,suetonius1 speak+
 (  ,claudius1 & ( 8 expell+ ! ,jews f  
,rome1 says t 8he  bani%$ !m because !y 
7 cont9ually promot+ tumults1 "u !      
influ5ce ( "o ,*re/us30 8,judos1        
impulsore ,*re/o1 assidu  tumultuantes1 
,rom expulit10 tak+ ,*ri/ to be a prop] 
"n4 ,!  names ( ,messiah & ,*ri/ 7      
orig9ally d]iv$ f ! c]emony (  ano9t+1  
by :i* ! k+s & ! high prie/s ( ,god's p1
 &  sometimes ! prophets1 #a ,k+s xix1  
#af1 7 consecrat$ & admitt$  to !       
ex]cise ( _! functions2 = all ^!        
functions 7  acc\nt$ holy among !       

,israelites4 ,b ! mo/ em95t application 
(  ! ^w is to t illu/ri\s p]sonage1     
typifi$ & pr$ict$ f  ! beg9n+1 :o is    
describ$ by ! prophets1 "u ! "* (       
,god's ,ano9t$1 ! ,messiah1 or ! ,*ri/4 
,z to ! use ( ! t]m 9  ! ,new ,te/am5t1 
7 we to judge by ! common v]sion1 or ev5
 by  mo/ v]sions into mod]n tongues1 we 
%\ld receive x r z a  prop] "n1 ?an an  
appellative1 or "n ( (fice1 & %\ld ?9k (
  x only z our ,"l's surname4 ,to ?is   
mi/ake our translators h  contribut$1 by
 too seldom prefix+ ! article be=e      
,*ri/4 ,! ^w  ,*ri/ 0 at fir/ z mu* an  
appellative z ! ^w ,bapti/1 & !  "o 0 z 
regul>ly accompani$ ) ! article z ! o!r4
 ,yet our  translators1 :o w\ld always  
say 8! ,bapti/10 h1 x %\ld seem1        
/udi\sly avoid$ say+ 8! ,*ri/40 ,!      
article1 9 su* expressions  z occur 9   
,acts xvii1 #c2 xviii1 #e1 #bh1 adds    
consid]able light to !m1  & yet no m ?an
 :at ! words ( ! hi/orian manife/ly     
convey  to e read] :o und]/&s 8         
language4 ,x %\ld !re=e be1  8,paul     

te/ifi$ to ! ,jews t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/10 
or ! ,messiah1  c4 ,_m o!r simil>       
in/ances occur4 ,%\ld x be ask$1 ,is !  
^w  ,*ri/ nev] to be und]/ood 9 ! ,new  
,te/am5t z a prop] "n1 b  always z hav+ 
a direct ref]5ce to ! (fice or dignity8 
x may be  repli$1 t ?is ^w came at l5g?1
 f ! frequ5cy (  application to "o      
individual1 & only to "o1 to supply !   
place ( a  prop] "n4 ,x w\ld also v mu* 
accel]ate ?is effect1 t !  "n ,jesus 0  
common among ! ,jews at t "t1 & ?is     
r5d]$ an  addition necess>y = di/+ui%+ !
 p]son4 ,to ?is purpose1  ,grotius      
rem>ks1 t 9 process ( "t ! "n ,jesus 0 v
 mu*  dropp$1 & ,*ri/1 :i* _h nev] be5  
us$ be=e z ! prop] "n  ( any p]son1 & 01
 = t reason1 a bett] di/9ction1 0       
sub/itut$ = x2 insomu* t1 among !       
,hea!ns1 our ,"l came to  be m kn[n by !
 latt] ?an by ! =m]4 ,?is use seems to h
  begun soon aft] 8 asc5sion4 ,dur+ 8   
life1 x does n appe> t  ! ^w 0 ev] us$ 9
 ?is mann]2 nay1 ! contr>y is evid5t f  
sev]al passages ( ! ,gospels4 ,!        

evangeli/s wrote "s ye>s aft]  ! p]iod  
above m5tion$2 & !re=e !y adopt$ !      
practice  common among ,*ri/ians at t   
"t1 :i* 0 to employ ! ^w z a  surname = 
! sake ( di/9ction4 ,see ,matt4 i1 #a1  
#ah2 ,m>k i1 #a4    ,,*ri/ian1 a foll[] 
( ! religion ( ,*ri/4 ,x is probable t !
  "n ,*ri/ian1 l t ( ,naz>5es &         
,galileans1 0 giv5 to !  disciples ( our
 ,"l 9 reproa* or contempt4 ,:at        
confirms ?is  op9ion is1 t ! p ( ,antio*
 9 ,syria1 ,acts xi1 #bf1 :]e !y  7 fir/
 call$ ,*ri/ians1 are obs]v$ by         
,zosimus1 ,procopius1 &  ,zon>as1 to h  
be5 rem>kable = _! scurril\s je/+4 ,"s h
  inde$ ?\ght t ?is "n 0 giv5 by !      
disciples to !mselves2  o!rs1 t x 0     
impos$ on !m by div9e au?ority2 9 ei!r (
  :i* cases surely we %\ld h met ) x 9 !
 subsequ5t hi/ory  ( ! ,acts1 & 9 !     
,apo/olic ,epi/les1 all ( :i* 7 writt5  
"s ye>s aft]2 :]eas x is f\nd b 9 two m 
places 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 ,acts xxvi1  
#bh1 :]e a ,jew is ! speak]1 & 9 #a     
,pet4 iv1  #af1 :]e ref]5ce appe>s to be

 made to ! "n z impos$ ^u !m  by _!     
enemies4 ,! ^w us$1 ,acts xi1 #bf1      
signifies simply to be  call$ or nam$1 &
 :5 ,doddridge & a few o!rs take x to   
imply  a div9e appo9tm5t1 !y disreg>d ! 
usus loqu5di e/abli%$  acceptation ( !  
t]m :i* gives no support to t op9ion4 ,!
  words ( ,tacitus1 :5 speak+ ( !       
,*ri/ians p]secut$ by ,n]o1  are        
rem>kable1 8vulgus ,*ri/ianos           
appellabat10 8! vulg> call$  !m         
,*ri/ians40 ,epiphanius says1 t !y 7    
call$ ,jesseans1  ei!r f ,jesse1 ! fa!r 
( ,david1 or1 :i* is mu* m probable1  f 
! "n ( ,jesus1 ^: disciples !y 74 ,!y 7 
d5om9at$  ,*ri/ians1 ,a4 ,d4 #db or #dc2
 & ?\gh ! "n 0 fir/ giv5  reproa*fully1 
!y glori$ 9 x1 z express+ _! adh]5ce to 
,*ri/1 & !y soon g5]ally assum$ x4      
,,*ri/ianity1 ! religion ( ,*ri/ians4   
,by ,*ri/ianity is "h meant1  n t       
religi\s sy/em z x may be und]/ood & set
 =? 9 any  p>ticul> society call+ itself
 ,*ri/ian2 b z x is conta9$ 9  ! sacr$  
books ackn[l$g$ by all ^! societies1 or 

*ur*es1 &  :i* conta9$ ! only au?oriz$  
rule ( fai? & practice4    #b4 ,! l(ty  
pr(ession :i* ,*ri/ianity makes z a     
religion1 & !  promises x holds =? to   
mank9d1 entitle x to ! mo/ s]i\s        
consid]ation ( all4 ,= x may 9 tru? be  
said1 t no o!r  religion pres5ts itself 
"u aspects s sublime1 or su* z are      
calculat$ to awak5 desires & hopes s    
enl>g$ & magnific5t4 ,x  n only pr(esses
 to be f ,god1 b to h be5 taught to m5  
by !  ,son ( ,god inc>nate 9 our nature1
 ! ,second ,p]son 9 ! adorable  tr9ity (
 div9e ,p]sons1 8! same 9 sub/ance1     
equal 9 p[] &  glory40 ,x decl>es t ?is 
div9e p]sonage is ! appo9t$ ,r$eem]  (  
mank9d f s91 dea?1 & mis]y2 t he 0      
ann\nc$ z su* to  our fir/ p>5ts ^u _!  
lapse f ! innoc5ce & bless$ness (  _!   
primeval /ate2 t he 0 exhibit$ to ! fai?
 & hope ( !  patri>*s 9 express         
promises2 &1 by ! in/itution (          
sacrifices1  z a propitiatory sacrifice 
= ! s9s ( ! :ole _w1 s t man  might be  
reconcil$ to ,god ?r\gh ,him1 & re/or$  

to 8 =feit$  inh]itance ( et]nal life4  
,x repres5ts all =m] disp5sations (     
true religion1 all revelations ( ,god's 
w1 & all promises ( grace  f ,god to    
man1 z emanat+ f ! anticipat$ sacrifice 
&  sac]dotal int]cession ( its ,au?or1 &
 z all prep>atory to !  introduction ( 8
 p]fect religion2 & t z to ! great      
political  movem5ts among ! nations (   
antiquity1 ! rise & fall ( empires  7   
all ei!r remotely or proximately        
connect$ ) ! designs (  8 adv5t among   
m54 ,x pr(esses to h complet$ ! =m]     
revelations ( ,god's w & purposes2 to h 
accompli%$ anci5t  prophecies2 fulfill$ 
anci5t types2 & tak5 up ! glory ( !     
,mosaic religion into its own 8glory t  
excelle?20 & to conta9  )9 itself a     
p]fect sy/em ( fai?1 morals1 &          
acceptable wor%ip4  ,x n only exhibits s
 effectual a sacrifice = s91 t remission
 (  all (f5ces aga9/ ,god fl[s f its    
m]its to all :o he>tily  confide 9 x2 b 
x proclaims itself to be a rem$y = all !
 moral  disord]s ( our fall5 nature2 x  

ca/s out e vice1 implants e  virtue1 &  
re/ores man to 8! image ( ,god 9 :i* he 
0 creat$10  ev5 to 8righte\sness & true 
hol9ess40    #c4 ,its promises bo? to   
individuals & to society are ( ! l>ge/  
k9d4 ,x repres5ts its ,f\nd] z n[       
ex]cis+ ! (fice ( ! ,high  ,prie/ ( !   
human race be=e ,god1 & z hav+ sat d[n  
at 8 "r  h&1 a m$iatorial & reconcil+   
gov]nm5t be+ committ$ to him1  until he 
%all come to judge all nations1 &       
di/ribute ! rew>ds (  et]nity to 8      
foll[]s1 & inflict its nev]-t]m9at+     
puni%m5ts  ^u ^? :o reject him4 ,by     
virtue ( ?is con/itution ( ?+s1 x       
promises p>don to ! guilty1 ( e age &   
c\ntry1 :o seek x 9  p5it5ce & pray]1   
com=t to ! afflict$ & tr\bl$1 victory   
ov] ! fe> ( dea?1 a happy int]m$iate    
/ate to ! disembodi$  _s1 & f9ally !    
resurrection ( ! body f ! dead1 &  hon\r
 & immortality to be conf]r$ ^u ! :ole  
man glorifi$ 9  ! imm$iate pres5ce (    
,god4 ,x holds out ! l(tie/ hopes also z
  to ! _w at l>ge4 ,x promises to       

introduce h>mony among families  &      
nations1 to t]m9ate all w>s & all       
oppressions1 & ultimately  to fill ! _w 
) tru?1 ord]1 & purity4 ,x repres5ts !  
pres5t & pa/ /ate ( society1 z 9 conte/ 
) its own pr9ciples  ( ju/ice1 m]cy1 &  
tru?2 b tea*es ! f9al triumph ( !  latt]
 ov] e ?+ contr>y to itself4 ,x exhibits
 ! ambition1  ! policy1 & ! re/lessness 
( /atesm5 & w>riors1 z b !  ov]rul$     
in/rum5ts by :i* x is work+ out its own 
purposes (  wisdom & b5evol5ce2 & x n   
only defies ! pr\de/ array (  human p[]1
 b pr(esses to subord9ate x by a secret 
&  irresi/ible work+ to its own designs4
 ,f9ally1 x exhibits itself z  enl>g+   
its plans1 & complet+ its designs1 by   
moral suasion1 !  evid5ce ( its tru?1 & 
! secret div9e influ5ce :i* accompanies 
x4 ,su* are ! pr(essions & promises (   
,*ri/ianity1 a religion  :i* ent]s into 
no compromise ) o!r sy/ems2 :i*         
repres5ts  itself z ! only religion n[ 9
 ! _w hav+ ,god = its au?or2  & 9 8 "n2 
& by ! hope ( 8 m]cy1 & ! t]rors ( 8    

fr[n1 x comm&s ! ob$i5ce ( fai? to all p
 to :om x is  publi%$ ^u ! solemn       
sanction1 8,he t believe? %all be sav$1 
& he t believe? n %all be damn$40    #d4
 ,correspond+ ) ^! pr(essions1 :i* ?r[ e
 o!r  religion t pret5ds to (f] hope to 
man into utt] insignificance1  x is     
all[$ t ! evid5ces ( its tru? ought to  
be adequate to  su/a9 ! weight ( s va/ a
 fabric1 & t m5 h a "r to  "k t !y are n
 delud$ ) a gr& & impressive !ory1 b    
are receiv+ f ?is pr(ess$ sy/em ( tru? &
 salvation 8!  true say+s ( ,god40 ,su* 
evid5ce x has af=d$ 9 its spl5did  tra9 
( miracles2 9 its num]\s appeals to !   
fulfilm5t ( anci5t  ,,prophecies2 9 its 
own p[]ful ,,int]nal ,,evid5ce2 9 !     
,,influ5ce  :i* x has always ex]cis$1 & 
cont9ues to ex]t1 ^u !  happ9ess (      
mank9d2 & 9 v>i\s collat]al             
circum/ances4 ,"u !  heads ( ,miracles &
 ,prophecy1 ^? important bran*es (      
evid5ce  w be discuss$1 & to !m ! read] 
is ref]r$4 ,x is only  necess>y "h to   
say1 t ! miracles to :i* ,*ri/ianity    

appeals  z pro(s ( its div9e au?ority1  
are n only ^? :i* 7 wr\ght  by ,*ri/ & 8
 ,apo/les1 b also ^? :i* took place     
among !  patri>*s1 "u ! law ( ,moses1 & 
by ! m9i/ry ( ! ,prophets2  = ! religion
 ( ^? anci5t times 0 b ,*ri/ianity 9 its
  antec$5t revelations4 ,all ^!         
miracles1 !re=e1 mu/ be tak5            
collectively1 & pres5t atte/ations ( !  
l(tie/ k9d1 z be+  manife/ly ! "w ( !   
8f+] ( ,god10 wr\ght "u circum/ances    
:i* preclud$ mi/ake1 & exhibit+ an      
imm5se v>iety1 f !  /ay+ ( ! v :eels ( !
 planet>y sy/em1--z :5 ! sun &  moon    
paus$ 9 _! c\rse1 & ! %ad[ on ! dial (  
,ahaz w5t  backw>d1--to ! sup]natural   
*anges wr\ght ^u ! elem5ts (  matt]1 !  
heal+ ( incurable diseases1 ! expulsion 
( torm5t+  demons1 & ! rais+ ( ! dead4  
,magnific5t z ?is array (  miracles is1 
x is equall$ by ! prophetic evid5ce1    
f\nd$ ^u !  ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple1 t future
 & di/ant cont+5cies c only  be kn[n to 
t ,be+1 "o ( ^: attributes is an        
absolute  presci5ce4 ,& "h1 too1 !      

v>iety & ! gr&eur pres5t$ by !          
prophetic s*eme exhibit atte/ations to !
 tru? ( ,*ri/ianity  suit$ to its great 
claims & its elevat$ "*4 ,)9 ! range  ( 
prophetic vision all "t is includ$1 to !
 f9al consummation (  all ?+s2 & !      
greate/ z well z ! smalle/ ev5ts are se5
  ) equal di/9ctness1 f ! subv]sion (   
mighty empires &  gigantic cities1 to ! 
p>t+ ( ! raim5t ( our ,"l1 & !  ca/+ ( !
 lot = 8 robe by ! ,roman gu>d /ation$  
at 8  cross4    #e4 ,^! subjects are    
discuss$ "u ! articles assign$ to !m2 z 
also ! ,,int]nal ,,evid5ce ( ! tru? (   
,*ri/ianity1 :i* arises  f ! excell5ce &
 b5eficial t5d5cy ( its doctr9es4 ,( its
  j & sublime conceptions & exhibitions 
( ! div9e "*2 (  ! tru? ( t view ( !    
moral /ate ( man ^u :i* its  discipl9>y 
treatm5t is f\nd$2 ( ! correspond5ce t  
!re is  betwe5 its views ( man's mix$   
relation to ,god z a s9ful creature1  & 
yet piti$ & c>$ =1 & t actual mixture ( 
good & evil1  p5alty & =be>ance1 :i* !  
condition ( ! _w pres5ts2 (  !          

connection ( its doctr9e ( atonem5t )   
hope2 ( ! adaptation  ( its doctr9e (   
div9e influ5ce to ! moral condition (   
mank9d  :5 rightly und]/ood1 & ! affect+
 b5evol5ce & condesc5sion  :i* x        
implies2 & ( its noble & sanctify+      
revelations ( !  bless$ness ( a future  
life1 mu* might be said3--!y are        
subjects  inde$ on :i* volumes h be5    
writt51 & !y c nev] be  exhau/$4 ,b we  
conf9e ourselves to ! ,,moral ,,t5d5cy1 
& !  consequ5t ,,b5eficial ,,influ5ce1 (
 ,*ri/ianity4 ,no :]e except 9 !        
,scriptures h we a p]fect sy/em (       
morals2 & ! defici5cies (  ,pagan       
morality only exalt ! purity1 !         
compreh5siv5ess1 !  practicability (    
ours4 ,! "* ( ! ,be+ ackn[l$g$ z        
supreme mu/ always impress itself ^u    
moral feel+ & practice2 !  obligation ( 
:i* re/s ^u 8 w4 ,! ,god ( ! ,bible is  
8holy10  )\t spot2 8j10 )\t p>tiality2  
8good10 b\ndlessly b5evol5t  & b5efic5t2
 & 8 law is ! image ( himself1 8holy1 j1
 &  good40 ,^! great moral qualities are

 n made kn[n to u m]ely 9  ! ab/ract1 s 
z to be comp>atively feeble 9 _!        
influ5ce3 b  9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 our     
,god1 inc>nate1 !y are se5 exemplifi$  9
 action1 display+ !mselves amid/ human  
relations1 & ! actual  circum/ances (   
human life4 ,) ,pagans ! au?ority (     
moral rules  0 ei!r ! op9ion ( ! wise1  
or ! tradition ( ! anci5t1  confirm$1 x 
is true1 9 "s degree1 by obs]vation &   
exp]i5ce2  b to u1 !y are giv5 z comm&s 
imm$iately issu+ f !  supreme ,gov]nor1 
& ratifi$ z 8 by ! mo/ solemn & explicit
  atte/ations4 ,) !m _m great moral     
pr9ciples1 be+ indi/9ctly  appreh5d$1 7 
matt]s ( d\bt & debate2 to u1 ! explicit
  mann] 9 :i* !y are giv5 excludes bo?3 
= x _c be  que/ion$1 :e!r we are comm&$ 
to love our neighb\r z ourselves2  to d 
to o!rs z we w\ld t !y %\ld d to u1 a   
precept :i*  compreh5ds almo/ all       
relative morality 9 "o pla9 pr9ciple2 to
  =give our enemies2 to love all mank9d2
 to live righte\sly &  sob]ly1 z well z 
godly2 t magi/rates mu/ be a t]ror only 

to  evil do]s1 & a praise to !m t d     
well2 t subjects are to  r5d] hon\r to  
:om hon\r1 & tribute to :om tribute1 is 
due2 t  ma/]s are to be j & m]ciful1 &  
s]vants fai?ful & ob$i5t4  ,^!1 & _m o!r
 famili> precepts1 are too explicit to  
be  mi/ak51 & too au?oritative to be    
disput$2 two ( ! mo/ p[]ful  means (    
r5d]+ law effectual4 ,^? :o nev] enjoy$ 
! b5efit (  revelation1 nev] conceiv$   
ju/ly & compreh5sively ( t moral  /ate (
 ! he>t f :i* "r & b5efic5t conduct     
alone c  fl[2 & !re=e :5 !y speak ( !   
same virtues z ^?  enjo9$ by            
,*ri/ianity1 !y are to be und]/ood z    
atta*+ to !m  a l[] idea4 ,9 ?is !      
inf9ite sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity        
displays  itself4 ,! pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce 
is n only a s5se ( duty to ,god1  & !   
fe> ( 8 displeasure2 b a t5d] love1     
excit$ by 8  inf9ite compassions to u 9 
! gift ( 8 ,son1 :i* %r9ks f  (f5d+4 ,to
 ?is influ5tial motive z a reason (     
ob$i5ce1 is  add$ ano!r1 drawn f its    
end3 "o n less influ5tial1 b :i*  ,hea!n

 morali/s nev] knew1--! te/imony t we   
please ,god1  manife/$ 9 ! acceptance ( 
our pray]s1 & 9 spiritual &  felicit\s  
communion ) him4 ,by ,*ri/ianity1       
impurity ( ?\ght &  desire is re/ra9$ 9 
an equal degree z are _! ov]t acts 9 !  
lips & conduct4 ,humanity1 meekness1    
g5tl5ess1 placability1  dis9t]e/$ness1 &
 *>ity are all z cle>ly & solemnly      
enjo9$  z ! gross] vices are prohibit$2 
& on ! unruly tongue itself is  impress$
 8! law ( k9dness40 ,nor are !          
injunctions feeble2 !y  are /rictly     
,,law1 & n m]e advice & recomm5dations3 
8,)\t  hol9ess no man %all see ! ,"l20 &
 ?us our entrance into heav51  & our    
escape f p]dition1 are made to dep5d ^u 
?is prep>ation  ( m9d4 ,to all ?is is   
add$ possibility1 nay c]ta9ty1 (        
atta9m5t1  if we use ! appo9t$ means4 ,a
 ,pagan c\ld draw1 ?\gh n ) l9es  s     
p]fect1 a beau ideal ( virtue1 :i* he   
nev] ?\ght atta9able2  b ! 8full        
assurance ( hope0 is giv5 by ! religion 
( ,*ri/ to  all :o are seek+ ! moral    

r5ovation ( _! nature2 because 8x is    
,god t worke? 9 u to w & to d ( 8 good  
pleasure40    #f4 ,:5 su* is ! moral    
nature ( ,*ri/ianity1 h[ obvi\s is x t  
its t5d5cy bo? z to individuals & to    
society mu/ be 9 !  highe/ s5se         
b5eficial6 ,f e passion :i* wa/es1 &    
burns1  & frets1 & enfeebles ! _s1 !    
individual is set free1 & 8  inw>d peace
 r5d]s 8 ob$i5ce *e]ful & volunt>y3 & we
 might  appeal to infidels !mselves1    
:e!r1 if ! moral pr9ciples ( !  ,gospel 
7 wr\ght into ! he>ts1 & embodi$ 9 !    
conduct1 ( all  m51 ! _w w\ld n be      
happy2 :e!r if gov]nm5ts rul$1 &        
subjects obey$1 by ! laws ( ,*ri/2 :e!r 
if ! rules ( /rict  ju/ice :i* are      
enjo9$ ^u u regulat$ all ! transactions 
(  m51 & all t m]cy to ! di/ress$ :i* we
 are taught to feel  & to practise came 
into op]ation2 & :e!r1 if ! precepts :i*
  del9eate & en=ce ! duties ( husb&s1   
wives1 ma/]s1 s]vants1  p>5ts1 *ildr51  
did1 9 fact1 fully & g5]ally gov]n all  
^!  relations1--:e!r a bett] age ?an t  

call$ gold5 by ! poets1  w\ld n !n be   
realiz$1 & ,virgil's                ,jam
 r$it et ,virgo1 r$eunt ,saturnia regna1
              ,n[ ,a/raea returns1 & !  
,saturnian reign1    be f> too weak to  
express ! mighty *ange8 ,x 0 9 ! reign (
  ,saturn t ! ,hea!n poets fix$ ! gold5 
age4 ,at t p]iod1  accord+ to !m1       
,a/raea1 7! goddess ( ju/ice17 & _m o!r 
deities liv$ on e>?2 b be+ (f5d$ ) !    
wick$ness ( m51  !y successively fl$ to 
heav54 ,a/raea /aid longe/1 b at la/    
retir$ to h] native seat1 & 0 translat$ 
into ! sign ,virgo1 next  to ,libra1 :o 
holds h] balance4 ,su* is ! t5d5cy (    
,*ri/ianity4  ,on imm5se numb]s (       
individuals x has sup]9duc$ ^! moral    
*anges2 all nations1 :]e x has be5 fully
 & fai?fully exhibit$1  be>1 amid/ _!   
rema9+ vices1 ! impress ( its hall[+ &  
b5evol5t influ5ce3 x is n[ 9 active     
ex]tion 9 _m ( !  d>ke/ & wor/ p>ts ( ! 
e>?1 to convey ! same bless+s2 &  he :o 
w\ld arre/ its progress1 7 he able1 w\ld
 qu5* ! only  hope :i* rema9s to our _w1

 & prove himself an enemy1 n only to    
himself1 b to all mank9d4 ,:at !n1 we   
ask1 does all ?is prove1 b  t !         
,scriptures are wor?y ( ,god1 & propose 
! v ends :i*  r5d]$ a revelation        
necess>y8 ,( ! :ole sy/em ( practical   
religion :i* x conta9s we may say1 z ( t
 :i* is embodi$ 9  our ,"l's s]mon on ! 
m\nt1 9 ! words ( "o1 :o1 9 a c\rse (   
s]mons on t div9e composition1 has ent]$
 mo/ deeply into its  _s1 & pres5t$ a   
mo/ in/ructive del9eation ( ! "*  :i* x 
0 int5d$ to =m3 8,behold ,*ri/ianity 9  
its native =m1  z deliv]$ by its great  
,au?or4 ,see a picture ( ,god1 z f> z he
 is  imitable by man1 drawn by ,god's   
own h&4 ,:at beauty appe>s 9 !  :ole6   
,h[ j a symmetry6 ,:at exact proportion 
9 e "p6 ,h[  desirable is ! happ9ess "h 
describ$6 ,h[ v5]able1 h[ lovely is  !  
hol9ess60 8,if10 says ,bi%op ,taylor1   
8wisdom1 & m]cy1 &  ju/ice1 &           
simplicity1 & hol9ess1 & purity1 &      
meekness1 &  cont5t$ness1 & *>ity1 be   
images ( ,god1 & rays ( div9ity1 !n  t  

doctr9e1 9 :i* all ^! %9e s glori\sly1 &
 9 :i*  no?+ else is +r$i5t1 mu/ ne$s be
 f ,god4 ,if ! holy ,jesus  _h come into
 ! _w ) less spl5d\r ( p[] & mighty     
demon/rations1 yet ! excell5cy ( :at he 
taught makes him alone fit  to be !     
,ma/] ( ! _w20 & agreeable to all ?is1  
has be5 its  actual influ5ce ^u mank9d4 
,al?\gh1 says ,bi%op ,porteus1          
,*ri/ianity has n always be5 s well     
und]/ood1 or s hone/ly  practis$1 z x   
ought to h be52 al?\gh its _s has be5   
(t5  mi/ak51 & its precepts misappli$1  
yet1 "u all ^!  disadvantages1 x has    
gradually produc$ a visible *ange 9 ^?  
po9ts :i* mo/ mat]ially conc]n ! peace &
 quiet ( ! _w4  ,its b5efic5t _s has    
spread itself ?r\gh all ! diff]5t       
relations & modifications ( life1 &     
communicat$ its k9dly  influ5ce to almo/
 e public & private conc]n ( mank9d4 ,x 
has  ins5sibly work$ itself into ! inmo/
 frame & con/itution ( civil  /ates4 ,x 
has giv5 a t+e to ! complexion ( _!     
gov]nm5ts1 to  ! temp] & adm9i/ration ( 

_! laws4 ,x has re/ra9$ !  _s ( ! pr9ce1
 & ! madness ( ! p4 ,x has s(t5$ !      
rig\rs ( despotism1 & tam$ ! insol5ce ( 
conque/4 ,x has1 9  "s degree1 tak5 away
 ! edge ( ! sword1 & ?r[n ev5 ov] !     
horrors ( w> a veil ( m]cy4 ,x has      
desc5d$ into families2 has  dim9i%$ !   
pressure ( private tyranny2 improv$ e   
dome/ic  ende>m5t2 giv5 t5d]ness to !   
p>5t1 humanity to ! ma/]1  respect to   
sup]iors1 to inf]iors ease2 s t mank9d  
are1 ^u !  :ole1 ev5 9 a temporal view1 
"u inf9ite obligations to ! mild  &     
pacific temp] ( ! ,gospel1 & h reap$ f x
 m  sub/antial worldly b5efits ?an f any
 o!r in/itution ^u e>?4  ,z "o pro( (   
?is1 among _m o!rs1 consid] only ! %ock+
  c>nage made 9 ! human species by !    
exposure ( infants1 !  gladiatorial %[s1
 :i* sometimes co/ ,rome tw5ty or ?irty 
lives 9  a mon?2 & ! exce$+ly cruel     
usage ( slaves all[$ & practis$  by !   
anci5t ,pagans4 ,^! 7 n ! accid5tal &   
tempor>y  excesses ( a sudd5 fury1 b 7  
legal & e/abli%$1 & con/ant  me?ods (   

murd]+ & torm5t+ mank9d4 ,_h ,*ri/ianity
 done  no?+ m ?an br\ght into disuse1 z 
x confess$ly has done1 !  two =m] ( ^!  
inhuman cu/oms entirely1 & ! latt] to a 
v  great degree1 x has ju/ly m]it$ !    
title ( ! b5evol5t  religion4 ,b ?is is 
f> f be+ all4 ,?r\gh\t ! m  enlight5$   
p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom !re prevails a g5tl5ess
 ( mann]s  widely diff]5t f ! f]ocity ( 
! mo/ civiliz$ nations (  antiquity2 & t
 lib]ality ) :i* e species ( di/ress is 
reliev$1 is a virtue peculi> to !       
,*ri/ian "n4 ,b we may ask  f>!r1 ,:at  
success has x _h on ! m9d ( man1 z x    
respects 8  et]nal welf>e8 ,h[ _m ?\s&s 
h felt its p[]1 rejoic$ 9 its  b5ign    
influ5ce1 & "u its dictates be5 con/ra9$
 to devote  !mselves to ! glory & praise
 ( ,god6 ,burd5$ ) guilt1  incapable (  
f9d+ relief f human res\rces1 ! m9d has 
"h  f\nd peace unspeakable 9 behold+ t  
sacrifice :i* alone c\ld  atone =       
transgression4 ,"h ! h>d & imp5it5t he>t
 has be5  s(t5$1 ! impetu\s passions    
re/ra9$1 ! f]oci\s temp]  subdu$1 p[]ful

 prejudices conqu]$1 ignorance dispell$1
 & !  ob/acles to real happ9ess remov$4 
,"h ! ,*ri/ian1 look+ r\nd  on ! glories
 & bl&i%m5ts ( ?is _w1 has be5 enabl$1 )
 a  noble contempt1 to despise all4 ,"h 
dea? itself1 ! k+ ( t]rors1  has lo/ 8  
/+2 & ! s\l1 ) a holy magnanimity1 has  
borne up  9 ! agonies ( a dy+ h\r1 &    
sweetly sung itself away to  ev]la/+    
bliss4 ,9 respect to its future spread1 
we h reason to  believe t all nations   
%all feel its happy effects4 ,!         
prophecies  are pregnant ) matt] z to   
?is belief4 ,x seems t n only a  nation1
 or a c\ntry1 b ! :ole habitable globe1 
%all become !  k+dom ( our ,god1 & ( 8  
,*ri/4 ,& :o is !re t has ev]  kn[n !   
excell5cy ( ?is sy/em2 :o is !re t has  
ev]  exp]i5c$ its happy efficacy2 :o is 
!re t has ev] be5  conv9c$ ( its div9e  
orig91 its delightful nature & peaceful 
t5d5cy1 b mu/ jo9 ! b5evol5t & royal    
poet 9 say+1 8,let  ! :ole e>? be fill$ 
) its glory8 ,am5 & am560    #g4 ,among 
! collat]al pro(s ( ! tru? & div9e orig9

 (  ,*ri/ianity1 its rapid & wond]ful   
success ju/ly holds an important  place4
 ,( its e>ly triumphs1 ! hi/ory ( !     
,acts ( ! ,apo/les is  a spl5did record2
 & 9 process ( "t x made a wond]ful     
progress  ?r\gh ,europe1 ,asia1 &       
,africa4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury !re 7         
,*ri/ians 9 ! camp1 9 ! s5ate1 & 9 !    
palace2 9 %ort1  e :]e1 z we are in=m$1 
except 9 ! temples & ! !atres3  !y fill$
 ! t[ns1 ! c\ntry1 & ! isl&s4 ,m5 & wom5
 (  all ages & ranks1 & ev5 ^? ( ! fir/ 
dignity1 embrac$ !  ,*ri/ian fai?2      
insomu* t ! ,pagans compla9$ t ! rev5ues
  ( _! temples 7 ru9$4 ,!y 7 9 su* great
 numb]s 9 !  empire1 t1 z ,t]tullian    
expresses x1 if !y _h retir$ into  ano!r
 c\ntry1 !y w\ld h left ! ,romans only a
 frightful  solitude4 7,see ! next      
article47 ,= ! illu/ration ( ?is        
argum5t1  we may obs]ve1 t ! ,*ri/ian   
religion 0 introduc$ e :]e  9 opposition
 to ! sword ( ! magi/rate1 ! craft &    
int]e/ (  ! prie/s1 ! pride ( !         
philosoph]s1 ! passions & prejudices  ( 

! p1 all closely comb9$ 9 support ( !   
national wor%ip1  & to cru% ! ,*ri/ian  
fai?1 :i* aim$ at ! subv]sion (         
,hea!nism & idolatry4 ,moreov]1 ?is     
religion 0 n propagat$ 9  ! d>k1 by     
p]sons :o tacitly endeav\r$ to deceive !
 cr$ul\s2  nor deliv]$ out by little &  
little1 s t "o doctr9e might  prep>e !  
way = ! reception ( ano!r2 b x 0 fully &
  )\t disguise laid be=e m5 all at once1
 t !y might judge (  ! :ole "u "o view4 
,consequ5tly mank9d 7 n delud$ into !   
belief ( x1 b receiv$ x ^u prop]        
exam9ation & conviction4  ,beside1 !    
,gospel 0 fir/ prea*$ & fir/ believ$ by 
multitudes  9 ,judea1 :]e ,jesus ex]cis$
 8 m9i/ry1 & :]e e individual  _h !     
means ( kn[+ :e!r ! ?+s t 7 told him 7  
matt]s ( fact2 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! sc5e ( 
! pr9cipal  transactions on :i* its     
cr$ibility dep5d$1 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/     
c\ld nev] h be5 receiv$1 unless x _h be5
 true1 & kn[n to  all z tru?4 ,aga93 !  
doctr9e & hi/ory ( ,jesus 7 prea*$ &    
believ$ 9 ! mo/ not$ c\ntries & cities (

 ! _w1 9 !  v age :5 he is said to h    
liv$4 ,on ! fiftie? day aft] our  ,"l's 
crucifixion1 ?ree ?\s& p]sons 7 conv]t$ 
9 ,j]usalem  by a s+le s]mon ( !        
,apo/les2 & a few weeks aft] ?is1 five  
?\s& :o believ$ 7 pres5t at ano!r s]mon 
prea*$ also 9  ,j]usalem1 ,acts ii1 #da2
 iv1 #d2 vi1 #g2 viii1 #a2 ix1 #a1 #bj4 
,ab\t eight or  t5 ye>s aft] our ,"l's  
dea?1 ! disciples 7 become s num]\s  at 
,j]usalem & 9 ! adjac5t c\ntry1 t !y 7  
objects (  jeal\sy & al>m to ,h]od      
himself1 ,acts xii1 #a4 ,9 !            
tw5ty-second  ye> aft] ! crucifixion1 ! 
disciples 9 ,judea are said to h be5  _m
 myriads1 ,acts xxi1 #bj4 ,! age 9 :i*  
,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$  & receiv$1 0   
fam\s = m5 ^: faculties 7 improv$ by !  
mo/ p]fect /ate ( social life1 b :o 7   
good judges ( !  evid5ce (f]$ 9 support 
( ! facts record$ 9 ! ,gospel hi/ory4   
,= x %\ld be recollect$1 t ! success ( !
 ,gospel 0 n  re/rict$ to ,judea2 b x 0 
prea*$ 9 all ! diff]5t prov9ces  ( !    
,roman empire4 ,! fir/ triumphs (       

,*ri/ianity 7 9 !  he>t ( ,greece       
itself1 ! nurs]y ( le>n+ & ! polite     
arts2 =  *ur*es 7 plant$ at a v e>ly    
p]iod at ,cor9?1 ,ephesus1 ,b]a1        
,!ssalonica1 & ,philippi4 ,ev5 ,rome    
h]self1 ! seat ( weal? &  empire1 0 n   
able to resi/ ! =ce ( tru? at a "t :5 ! 
facts relat$ 7 rec5t1 & :5 !y might1 if 
!y _h be5 false1  h easily be5 disprov$4
 ,f ,greece & ,rome1 at a p]iod (       
cultivation & ref9em5t1 ( g5]al peace1 &
 ext5sive int]c\rse1  :5 "o great empire
 unit$ diff]5t nations & di/ant p1 !    
confutation ( ^! facts w\ld v soon h    
pass$ f "o c\ntry  to ano!r1 to ! utt]  
confusion ( ! p]sons :o endeav\r$ to    
propagate ! belief ( !m4 ,nor ought x to
 be =gott5 t !  religion to :i* su*     
numb]s 7 proselyt$1 0 an exclusive "o4  
,x  d5i$1 )\t res]ve1 ! tru? ( e article
 ( ,hea!n  my?ology1 & ! exi/5ce ( e    
object ( _! wor%ip4 ,x  accept$ no      
compromise2 x admitt$ ( no compreh5sion4
 ,if x prevail$  at all1 x mu/ prevail  
by ! ov]?r[ ( e /atue1 alt>1 &  temple 9

 ! _w4 ,x pron\nc$ all o!r gods to be   
false1 & all  o!r wor%ip va94 ,^! are   
consid]ations :i* mu/ h  /r5g!n$ !      
opposition to x2 augm5t$ ! ho/ility :i* 
x mu/  enc\nt]2 & enhanc$ ! difficulty (
 ga9+ proselytes3 & m  especially :5 we 
recollect1 t among ! conv]ts to         
,*ri/ianity 9  ! e>lie/ age1 a numb] (  
p]sons rem>kable = _! /ation1  (fice1   
g5ius1 education1 & =tune1 & :o 7       
p]sonally  int]e/$ by _! emolum5ts &    
hon\rs 9 ei!r ,judaism or  ,hea!nism1   
appe>$ among ! ,*ri/ian proselytes4 ,its
 evid5ces  approv$ !mselves1 n only to !
 multitude1 b to m5 ( ! mo/  ref9$ s5se 
& mo/ di/+ui%$ abilities2 & x dissolv$ !
  atta*m5ts :i* all p[]ful int]e/ &     
au?ority creat$ &  upheld4 ,among !     
proselytes to ,*ri/ianity we f9d        
,nicodemus1 &  ,joseph ( ,arima!a1      
memb]s ( ! s5ate ( ,israel2 ,jairus1 a  
rul] (  ! synagogue2 ,zac*eus1 ! *ief ( 
! publicans at ,j]i*o2 ,apollos1        
di/+ui%$ = eloqu5ce2 ,paul1 le>n$ 9 !   
,jewi% law2 ,s]gius  ,paulus1 gov]nor ( 

! isl& ( ,cyprus2 ,cornelius1 a ,roman  
capta92  ,dionysius1 a judge & s5ator ( 
! ,a!nian areopagus2 ,era/us1  treasur] 
( ,cor9?2 ,tyrannus1 a tea*] ( gramm> & 
rhetoric at  ,cor9?2 ,publius1 gov]nor (
 ,malta2 ,philemon1 a p]son (           
consid]able  rank at ,colosse2 ,simon1 a
 not$ sophi/ 9 ,sam>ia2 ,z5as1 a lawy]2 
&  ev5 ! dome/ics ( ! emp]or himself4   
,^! are notic$ 9 !  sacr$ writ+s2 & !   
,hea!n hi/orians also m5tion "s p]sons (
  great note :o 7 conv]t$ at an e>ly    
p]iod4 ,to all ! prec$+  circum/ances we
 may add a consid]ation ( peculi> mom5t1
 :i* is1  t ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity l$
 all1 )\t exception1 to  r5\nce !       
pleasures & hon\rs ( ! _w1 & to expose  
!mselves to ! mo/ ignom9i\s suff]+s4 ,& 
n[1 )\t add+  any m to ?is argum5t1 we  
may ask1 ,h[ c\ld ! ,*ri/ian religion  h
 ?us prevail$ _h x n be5 introduc$ by ! 
p[] ( ,god &  ( tru?8 ,& x has be5      
support$ 9 ! _w by ! same p[]  ?r\gh a  
c\rse ( _m ages1 amid/ ! trea*]y ( its  
fri5ds1 !  opposition ( its enemies1 !  

dang]s ( prosp]\s p]iods1 & !           
p]secutions & viol5ce ( adv]se          
circum/ances2 all :i* mu/ h  de/roy$ x1 
if x _h n be5 f\nd$ 9 tru?1 & gu>d$ by !
  protection ( an almighty ,provid5ce4  
,,*ri/ianity3 ,sket* ( its ,hi/ory4 ,!  
,*ri/ian religion 0  publi%$ by its     
great ,au?or 9 ,judea1 a %ort "t be=e ! 
dea? (  ,h]od ! ,great1 & t[>d !        
conclusion ( ! long reign (  ,augu/us4  
,:ile o!r religions _h be5 accommodat$  
to ! peculi>  c\ntries 9 :i* !y _h tak5 
_! orig91 & _h inde$ g5]ally  gr[n out (
 incid5ts connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ^? to   
:om !y  7 address$1 ,*ri/ianity 0 s     
fram$ z to be adapt$ to ! :ole  human   
race2 & al?\gh1 = ! wise/ reasons1 x 0  
fir/ ann\nc$  to ! ,jews1 :o _h peculi> 
advantages = =m+ an accurate  judgm5t ) 
reg>d to x1 x 0 e>ly decl>$ t1 9        
con=mity to  pr$ictions :i* _h long be5 
kn[n1 & long int]pret$1 z  ref]r+ to a  
new communication ( ! div9e w1 x 0 to be
 a  light to light5 ! ,g5tiles1 & 0 to  
c>ry salvation to ! ends (  ! e>?4      

,al?\gh ,*ri/ianity orig9at$ 9 ,judea1 x
 0 n long  conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( !  
,holy ,l&4 ,! op5 mann] 9  :i* x 0      
ann\nc$1 ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* its ,au?or
  publicly address$ 8 c\ntrym51 !       
innum]able miracles :i* he  p]=m$1 &1   
above all1 ! report ( ! resurrection "u 
circum/ances :i* mu/ h be5 communicat$  
to ! imp]ial  gov]nm5t at ,rome1 excit$ 
! deep att5tion ( ! num]\s ,jews &      
proselytes :o1 f surr\nd+ nations1      
regul>ly w5t up to  ,j]usalem1 & ( :om  
va/ numb]s 7 actually 9 t city :5 !     
resurrection mu/ h be5 ! subject (      
univ]sal discussion4 ,!y  v naturally   
c>ri$ to ! diff]5t c\ntries 9 :i* !y    
usually  resid$1 ! a/oni%+ intellig5ce )
 :i* !y _h be5  furni%$2 & provision 0  
soon made = fulfill+ ! pr$iction  :i*   
,jesus _h utt]$1 t 8 ,gospel w\ld1 be=e 
! de/ruction  ( ,j]usalem1 be circulat$ 
& embrac$ by _m ?r\gh ! wide ext5t  ( ! 
,roman empire4 ,! ,apo/le ,pet]1 9      
consequ5ce ( :at he knew  to be a solemn
 injunction f ,heav51 communicat$ to a  

,g5tile !  tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,/4     
,paul1 :o _h di/+ui%$ himself by 8      
enmity to ! ,*ri/ians1 & by ! cruelty ) 
:i* he _h  p]secut$ !m1 hav+ be5        
conv]t$1 devot$ himself to lay !        
f\ndations ( ! ,gospel ?r\gh a l>ge     
portion ( ! mo/  enlight5$ "p ( ! _w2 & 
! miracul\s gift ( tongues1 by  :i*     
humble & illit]ate m5 f\nd !mselves at  
once able to speak  ! languages (       
diff]5t nations1 left no d\bt t !y 7    
b\nd  to prea* _! fai? z ext5sively z _h
 be5 m>k$ out to !m by  ! la/           
in/ructions :i* !y _h receiv$ f _!      
,ma/]4 ,!y  _h to /ruggle ) ! mo/       
=midable difficulties 9 prosecut+  ?is  
und]tak+2 = :i*1 _h !y tru/$ m]ely to _!
 own  /r5g?1 & _! own natural end[m5ts1 
!y 7 :olly  unqualifi$4    #b4 ,! ,roman
 empire at ! p]iod ( _! comm5c+ !       
attempt1  compreh5d$ almo/ ! :ole ( !   
civiliz$ _w1 & ?us includ$  )9 x nations
 ^: habits1 cu/oms1 & s5tim5ts          
ess5tially  diff]$1 & :om x requir$ !   
mo/ dext]\s policy to unite 9 "o        

community1 or to subject to "o gov]nm5t4
 ,! mo/ effectual me?od by  :i*1 dur+ ! 
commonweal?1 & at ! rise ( ! empire1 ?is
 _h  be5 accompli%$1 0 a politic respect
 to ! religi\s op9ions :i*  all ^!      
nations ent]ta9$4 ,n only 7 _! modes (  
wor%ip  treat$ ) scrupul\s rev]5ce1 b _!
 gods1 9 con=mity )  ! g5ius (          
,paganism1 7 incorporat$ or associat$ ) 
! deities  ( ,rome1 & !y 7 ?us jo9$ to  
_! conqu]ors by ! /ronge/  ties by :i* !
 affections c be secur$4 ,at all times  
religion _h  be5 an object ( prom95t    
int]e/ ) ! ,romans3 at ! f\ndation  ( ! 
city1 ,romulus _h pr(ess$ to be direct$ 
by ,heav53 dur+ !  :ole p]iod ( !       
republic1 ! mo/ sacr$ att5tion _h be5   
paid to  ! rites & c]emonies sanction$  
by ! prevail+ sup]/ition1 !  prosp]ity (
 ! /ate 0 inv>iably ascrib$ to !        
protection ( !  gods1 & ! mo/ impressive
 solemnities1 comb9$ ) ! ri*e/  spl5d\r 
& magnific5ce1 ca/ ar\nd poly!ism a     
my/]i\s  sanctity1 :i* ev5 ! philosoph]s
 affect$ to rev]e4 ,precautions         

accord+ly _h be5 e>ly tak5 to prev5t    
innovations ^u !  e/abli%$ ritual2 =eign
 rites 7 prohibit$ till !y _h obta9$  ! 
sanction ( ! s5ate2 & :5 ! solicitation 
( ?is sanction  0 neglect$1 ! p]sons    
guilty ( ! neglect 7 frequ5tly  puni%$4 
,f ! nature ( ,paganism1 x 0 p]fectly   
consi/5t )  its _s to conjo91 ) any     
p>ticul> mode ( x1 ! =ms :i*  else:]e   
prevail$4 ,^! additions left all :i* _h 
be5 previ\sly  hon\r$ 9 unimpair$ vig\r 
& influ5ce1 &1 9 fact1 only  increas$ ! 
appe>ance ( pr(\nd reg>d = religion1 :i*
 !  ,romans s long assum$4 ,b ?is "p ( !
 political con/itution1  lightly z x    
affect$ o!r religions1 at once /ruck at 
! root (  ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 unlike !    
prevail+ modifications ( idolatry1      
prohibit$ ! wor%ip ( all ! deities be=e 
^: alt>s mank9d  _h = ages b5t1 &       
requir$1 z ess5tial = obta9+ ! div9e    
fav\r1 t !y :o believ$ 9 x %\ld pay     
undivid$ homage to !  "o ,god1 ^:       
exi/5ce x reveal$4 ,! ext5sion ( !      
,gospel ?us  necess>ily c>ri$ ) x       

opposition to ! mo/ anci5t & mo/  rev]$ 
law ( ! empire1 & x 0 impossible = ^? :o
 judg$ (  x m]ely f ?is circum/ance1 )\t
 inve/igat+ its nature &  t5d5cy1 to    
hesitate 9 direct+ aga9/ x ! /atutes :i*
 !  zeal ( _! fa!rs _h provid$1 to      
prev5t su* a revolution z  w\ld be      
produc$ by s ?or\gh & s al>m+ a *ange 9 
_!  religi\s pr9ciples4 ,no soon]1      
h[ev]1 _h ! message ( salvation  be5    
address$ indiscrim9ately to all m51 &1 f
 ! evid5ce by  :i* x 0 accompani$1 _h   
br\ght numb]s to ackn[l$ge !  heav5ly   
s\rce f :i* x is d]iv$1 ?an ! dete/ation
 ( x  previ\sly ent]ta9$ bur/ =? 9 all  
its viol5ce2 & x is  app>5t t ?is _h be5
 widely & op5ly express$ be=e any       
imp]ial edicts 7 direct$ aga9/ !        
,*ri/ians4 ,tacitus1 9 !  celebrat$     
passage 9 :i* he m5tions ! disciples (  
,jesus1 &  :i* ref]s to a p]iod n m ?an 
?irty ye>s di/ant f !  asc5sion1        
repres5ts x z notori\s 9 ,rome1 t ,*ri/1
 dur+ !  reign ( ,tib]ius1 _h be5 put to
 dea? z a crim9al2 he ass]ts t  8       

adh]5ts _h long be5 odi\s on acc\nt ( _!
 enormities2 he  lam5ts t _! de/ructive 
sup]/ition _h f\nd its way to !  capital
 ( ! empire2 & he attributes ! melan*oly
 fate to :i*  !y 7 condemn$ to ! g5]al  
p]suasion1 t !y 7 actuat$  by hatr$ to !
 :ole human race4 ,x is necess>y to keep
 ?is fact  /eadily 9 view1 to =m an     
accurate idea ( t opposition :i*        
,*ri/ianity _h to enc\nt]4 ,?is         
opposition is n to be e/imat$  m]ely by 
ref]5ce to p>ticul> /atutes1 or ev5 to  
be consid]$ z  fully exhibit$ :5 we h   
ga!r$ toge!r ! public proce$+s  :i* h   
be5 record$ 9 hi/ory1 or deplor$ 9 !    
writ+s (  ^? :o s\ght to av]t !m4 ,x is 
to be rememb]$ t ev5 :5  ! laws :i* !   
frantic zeal ( "s ( ! emp]ors _h enact$ 
7  repeal$1 ! g5]al law ( ! empire 0    
/ill 9 =ce2 t x 0  compet5t = e "o :o _h
 ! cruelty to d s1 to turn x aga9/  !   
,*ri/ians2 & t ! firm1 ?\gh mi/ak51     
conviction t !  ,*ri/ian pr(ession      
involv$ 9 x ! mo/ revolt+ impiety1 ! mo/
  trem5d\s guilt1 & ! mo/ dang]\s       

ho/ility to ! be/ int]e/s  ( ! /ate1    
w\ld lead numb]s to indulge _! antipa?y1
 :5 little  notice 0 tak5 ( ! suff]]s1 &
 w\ld keep ! disciples ( !  hat$ fai? 9 
a /ate ( unceas+ al>m4 7,see            
,p]secution47 ,:at 0  ! effect ( ?is    
depress+ situation8 ,did x *eck !       
dissem9ation  ( ! ,gospel1 or conf9e x  
to ! m5 by :om x 0 prea*$8 ,s f>  0 ?is 
f be+ ! case1 t f ! p]iod ( ! dea?1 &1 z
  x mu/ "h he t]m$1 ! alleg$            
resurrection ( ,jesus1 x 0  embrac$ by  
imm5se numb]s 9 all ! c\ntries to :i* x 
0  convey$2 & ev5 :ile !y 7 contemplat+ 
! sacrifices & !  trials to :i*1 by     
atta*+ !mselves to x1 !y w\ld be expos$1
  !y did n hesitate to rel9qui% !       
religion 9 :i* !y _h be5  educat$1 & to 
ex*ange = mis]y & dea? all ! com=ts :i* 
! /ronge/ feel+s & prop5sities ( our    
nature lead m5 to value  & to pursue4   
,f9ally1 imp]ial ,rome b[$ to ! religion
 x _h  p]secut$1 & ! emp]or ,con/ant9e  
became a ,*ri/ian4    #c4 ,! propagation
 ( ,*ri/ianity assumes a new aspect aft]

 x became  ! religion ( ! empire1 & 0   
gu>d$ by ! protection &  surr\nd$ by !  
munific5ce ( imp]ial p[]4 ,! causes :i*1
 9  ! fir/ /age ( its exi/5ce1 _h mo/   
p[]fully act$ aga9/ x1  7 n[ turn$ to   
its support2 & all ! motives by :i* m5  
are  usually guid$ l$ !m to ent] )1 at  
lea/1 app>5t conviction  into its       
sanctu>ies4 ,n only 0 p]secution1 aft] !
 reign (  ,con/ant9e1 at an end1 b ) !  
exception ( ! %ort reign (  ,julian1 :o1
 hav+ apo/atiz$ f ,*ri/ianity1 & become 
intoxicat$ ) ! fasc9at+ speculations ( !
 ,platonic  philosophy1 0 eag] to raise 
! temples :i* 8 pr$ecessor _h  laid 9   
ru9s1 promotion & weal? & hon\r c\ld be 
mo/ effectually  secur$ by transf]r+ to 
! ,gospel ! zeal :i* _h be5 9 va9       
exhau/$ to pres]ve ! s9k+ fabric (      
,paganism & idolatry4 ,!  emp]ors1 :o _h
 display$ _! zeal & _! atta*m5t to !    
religion ( ,jesus1 by =c+ _! own        
subjects to pr(ess x1  conceiv$ x to be 
_! duty to communicate s great a bless+ 
to all  ! nations :i* !y c\ld influ5ce2 

& :5 !y f\nd x necess>y  to decl>e w>   
aga9/ ! savage tribes :i* press$ ^u !   
fronti]s1 or =c$ !mselves )9 ! prec9cts 
( ! empire1 !y  c>ri$ on ho/ilities ) ! 
view ( r5d]+ ^! in/rum5tal no  less to !
 diffusion ( _! religi\s t5ets1 ?an to !
 v9dication  ( _! au?ority1 & ! security
 ( _! dom9ions4 ,! vanqui%$  invad]s    
felt little reluctance to pur*ase !     
=be>ance or !  clem5cy ( _! conqu]ors1  
by submitt+ to receive _! religion2  &  
?is species ( conv]sion1 s little       
connect$ ) ! great  objects :i*         
revelation 0 design$ to accompli%1      
leav+1 9 fact1  all ! gross sup]/iti\s  
practices & all ! immoral abom9ations   
:i* _h previ\sly exi/$1 0 boa/fully held
 =? z a decisive  pro( ( ! triumph ( !  
,gospel4    #d4 ,! f\ndation ( ! empire1
 n long aft] ! days ( ,con/ant9e1  began
 to be %ak53 & x exp]i5c$ numb]less     
assaults &  convulsions1 till x 0 f9ally
 divid$ into ! ea/]n & we/]n  empires4  
,! luxury & weal? :i* _h en]vat$ _!     
possessors1 &  de/roy$ ! h]oism &       

intrepidity by :i* _! ance/ors _h be5   
di/+ui%$1 pres5t$ ! mo/ p[]ful          
temptations to ! lawless  b&s :i*1 driv5
 f ! /]ile regions ( ! nor? ( ,europe1  
_h  press$ =w>d to seek = new & m fav\r$
 habitations4 ,!  feeble attempts to    
turn aside1 by brib]y1 ^! f]oci\s       
b>b>ians  increas$ ! dang] :i* !y 7     
int5d$ to remove2 & ! hi/ory  ( ,europe 
pres5ts1 = sev]al ages1 ! disgu/+       
spectacle ( w>1  conduct$ ) an atrocity 
eclips+ ! /]n virtues :i* sometimes  7  
/rik+ly display$4 ,b al?\gh !           
insubord9ation ( ?is  turbul5t &        
sangu9>y p]iod 0 little fav\rable to !  
mild  influ5ce ( g5u9e ,*ri/ianity1 x   
did n prove s fatal to x z  might h be5 
appreh5d$2 & x 0 ev5 in/rum5tal 9 ext5d+
  its nom9al dom9ion4 ,mank9d1 :5       
sc>cely em]g$ f b>b>ism1 &  atta*$ to no
 p>ticul> c\ntry1 b seek+ :]ev] x c be  
f\nd  ! food necess>y = !mselves & !    
flocks ^u :i* !y 9 a  great measure     
dep5d1 al?\gh !y ent]ta9 ^? s5tim5ts )  
reg>d to religion :i* seem almo/        

int]wov5 ) our nature1 feel  little     
atta*m5t to any "o sy/em ( sup]/ition1 &
 are op5 to !  reception ( new doctr9es1
 :i* an association ) :at !y value  may 
h l$ !m to v5]ate4 ,:51 accord+ly1 !    
tribes :i*  f9ally ov]ran ! ,roman      
empire _h ceas$ f ! de/ructive  conte/s 
by :i* !y got possession ( ! regions t  
_h long be5  bless$ ) civilization &    
enlight5$ by sci5ce1 !y survey$ )       
amazem5t & ) admiration ! p :om !y _h   
conqu]$2 !y  7 delight$ ) ! luxuries :i*
 ab\nd$ among !m2 !y 7  *>m$ ) _! mann]s
 & cu/oms2 & !y eag]ly con=m$ to        
in/itutions f :i* !y hop$ t !y %\ld reap
 :at !  orig9al inhabitants ( _!        
settlem5t _h enjoy$4 ,! religion (  !   
vanqui%$ !y contemplat$ ) rev]5ce2 !y   
connect$ x )  ! weal?1 ! ref9em5t1 & !  
p[] :i* !y saw spread ar\nd  !m2 & !y   
easily ex*ang$ ! rude & c>eless wor%ip (
 _!  native deities1 = ! poli%$ &       
spl5did devotional rites1 :i*1  ) ! mo/ 
impos+ solemnity1 7 celebrat$ by !      
,*ri/ians4  ,h5ce1 !y soon embrac$ !    

religion by :i* x 0 believ$ t  ^! rites 
7 prescrib$2 & !y communicat$ x to !    
nations  ) :om !y /ill ma9ta9$ an       
alliance4 ,!re is no d\bt t  motives v  
little connect$ ) ! conviction ( !      
und]/&+  l$ to ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity 
n[ describ$2 &1 9 fact1 t  progress 0   
occasion$ by causes s diff]5t f ^? :i*  
%\ld  h produc$ x1 t1 _h circum/ances   
be5 *ang$1 & _h !  religion ( ,jesus be5
 cont9u$ to be p]secut$ by ! mo/ p[]ful 
/ates1 multitudes :o affect$ to rev]e x 
w\ld1 ^u ! same gr\nd  on :i* _!        
v5]ation re/$1 h ex]t$ !mselves to d]ide
 its  t5ets1 & to ext]m9ate its         
pr(essors4    #e4 ,b x 0 n ! secul> arm 
alone t 0 /ret*$ =? to lead  m5 to !    
reception ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! *ur*1 aft] x
 _h be5  firmly e/abli%$1 & _h1 amid/ ! 
ri*es & hon\rs ) :i* x  0 end[$1 =gott5 
t x %\ld n h be5 ( ?is _w1  conceiv$ x  
incumb5t1 z an evid5ce ( its zeal1 or1 z
 0 too (t5  ! case1 = ext5d+ its p[] &  
its influ5ce1 to make attempts to       
sub/itute ! cross ( ,*ri/ = ! emblems ( 

,paganism4 ,9  accompli%+ ?is object1 x 
employ$ diff]5t means4 ,b al?\gh !      
conv]sions :i* took place1 f !          
e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity  till !        
re/oration ( le>n+1 or ! re=mation1 :i* 
=ms a new  ra 9 ! dissem9ation ( !      
,gospel1 7 (t5 un=tunately v  f> f      
plant+ ! ^w ( life 9 ! he>ts ( ^? to :om
 x 0  convey$1 !y 7 v ext5sive4 ,!y     
rea*$ to almo/ e c\ntry  9 ,europe2 to  
,arabia1 ,*9a1 ,judea1 & _m o!r p>ts (  
,asia2 &  ! obscure tribes1 to :om no   
mission>ies 7 despat*$1 gradually       
con=m$ to ! religion ( ^? m p[]ful /ates
 ^u :i* !y  dep5d$1 or to :i* !y look$ )
 respect or v5]ation4    #f4            
,mohamm$anism1 h[ev]1 arre/$ ! progress 
( ,*ri/ianity 9 "s  ( ^! c\ntries1 &    
humbl$ x & oppress$ x 9 o!rs2 b s9ce  ! 
re=mation1 & especially )9 ! la/ c5tury1
 x has be5  ext5d$1 n s mu* by conque/1 
z by ! legitimate means (  colonization1
 & by missions & education1 to ! mo/    
di/ant &  important p>ts ( ! _w1 to     
,*9a1 ,india1 ,africa1 ! ,am]ican       

,isl&s1 & ^? ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,!    
zeal1 self-d5ial1 &  successes1 ( ^?    
mission>ies1 :o h be5 s5t =? )9 a few   
ye>s by v>i\s ,prote/ant societies1 & _!
 great successes =m1  inde$1 a spl5did  
section 9 ! mod]n hi/ory ( ! *ur*4 ,!y  
h s[n ! se$ 9 almo/ e l&1 & ! fruit has 
spread itself  ?r\gh\t ! _w4            
,,*ronicles1 ,books (4 ,?is "n is giv5  
to two hi/orical books (  ,scripture1   
:i* ! ,hebrews call ,dibri-,jamim1      
8,words ( ,days10 t  is1 8,di>ies10 or  
8,j\rnals40 ,!y are call$ 9 ! ,,lxx1    
,p>alipom5a1 :i* signifies1 8?+s        
omitt$20 z if ^! books  7 a supplem5t ( 
:at _h be5 omitt$1 or too mu* abridg$1 9
 !  books ( ,k+s1 & o!r hi/orical books 
( ,scripture4 ,&1 inde$1 we  f9d 9 !m _m
 p>ticul>s :i* are n extant else:]e3 b x
  mu/ n be ?\ght t ^! are ! records1 or 
books ( ! acts1 (  ! k+s ( ,judah &     
,israel1 s (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,^? anci5t    
regi/]s 7 mu* m ext5sive ?an ^! are2 & !
 books (  ,*ronicles !mselves ref] to ^?
 orig9al memoirs1 & make long  extracts 

f !m4 ,!y 7 compil$1 & probably by      
,ezra1 f !  anci5t *ronicles ( ! k+s (  
,judah & ,israel j n[ m5tion$1  & !y may
 be consid]$ z a k9d ( supplem5t to !   
prec$+  books ( ,scripture4 ,! =m] "p ( 
! fir/ book ( ,*ronicles  conta9s a     
great v>iety ( g5ealogical tables1      
beg9n+ ) ,adam2  & 9 p>ticul> gives a   
circum/antial acc\nt ( ! twelve tribes1 
:i* mu/ h be5 v valuable to ! ,jews aft]
 _! return f  captivity4 ,! desc5dants (
 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 & ,david1 f  
all  ( :om x 0 pr$ict$ t ! ,savi\r ( !  
_w %\ld be born1  are "h m>k$ )         
precision4 ,^! g5ealogies occupy ! fir/ 
n9e  *apt]s1 & 9 ! t5? is record$ ! dea?
 ( ,saul ,f !  elev5? *apt] to ! end ( !
 book1 we h a hi/ory ( ! reign  (       
,david1 ) a detail$ /atem5t ( 8         
prep>ation = ! build+  ( ! temple1 ( 8  
regulations respect+ ! prie/s &         
,levites1  & 8 appo9tm5t ( musicians = !
 public s]vice ( religion4 ,!  second   
book ( ,*ronicles conta9s a brief sket* 
( ! ,jewi% hi/ory1  f ! accession (     

,solomon to ! return f ! ,babylonian    
captivity1 be+ a p]iod ( f\r hundr$ &   
eighty ye>s2 & 9 bo?  ^! books we f9d _m
 p>ticul>s n notic$ 9 ! o!r hi/orical   
books ( ,scripture4    ,,*rysolite1     
,rev4 xxi1 #bj1 a preci\s /one ( a gold5
 col\r4 ,s*rod]  says x is ! gem n[     
call$ ! ,indian topaz1 :i* is ( a       
yell[i%  gre5 col\r1 & v beautiful4     
,,*rysoprasus1 ,rev4 xxi1 #bj1 a preci\s
 /one1 :i* ,pl9y classes among  ! b]yls2
 ! be/ ( :i*1 he says1 are ( a sea-gre5 
col\r2 aft]  ^! he m5tions ! *rysob]yls1
 :i* are a little pal]1 incl9+  to gold5
 col\r2 & next1 a sort /ill pal]1 & by  
"s reckon$ a  di/9ct species1 & call$   
*rysoprasus4    ,,*ur*4 ,! ,greek ^w 1 s
 r5d]$1 d5otes an assembly met  ab\t    
bus9ess1 :e!r spiritual or temporal1    
,acts xix1 #cb1 #ci4 ,x is  und]/ood    
also ( ! collective body ( ,*ri/ians1 or
 all ^? ov]  ! face ( ! e>? :o pr(ess to
 believe 9 ,*ri/1 & ackn[l$ge  him to be
 ! ,savi\r ( mank9d2 ?is is call$ !     
visible *ur*4 ,b  by ! ^w *ur*1 we are m

 /rictly to und]/& ! :ole body  ( ,god's
 true p1 9 e p]iod ( "t3 ?is is !       
invisible or  spiritual *ur*4 ,! p (    
,god on e>? are call$ ! *ur*  militant1 
& ^? 9 heav5 ! *ur* triumphant4 ,x has  
be5  rem>k$ by ,dr4 ,john ,ow51 t s9    
hav+ ent]$ into ! _w1 ,god  0 pleas$ to 
f\nd 8 *ur* 7! ca?olic or univ]sal *ur*7
 9  ! promise ( ! ,messiah giv5 to      
,adam2 t ?is promise conta9$ 9  x some?+
 ( ! nature ( a cov5ant1 includ+ ! grace
 :i* ,god  design$ to %[ to s9n]s 9 !   
,messiah1 & ! ob$i5ce :i* he  requir$ f 
!m2 & t consequ5tly1 f its fir/         
promulgation1  t promise became ! sole  
f\ndation ( ! *ur* & ( ! :ole  wor%ip ( 
,god !re94 ,prior to ! days ( ,abraham1 
?is *ur*1  ?\gh scatt]$ up & d[n ! _w1 &
 subject to _m *anges 9  its wor%ip     
?r\gh ! addition ( new revelations1 0   
/ill b "o  & ! same1 because f\nd$ 9 !  
same cov5ant1 & int]e/$  !reby 9 all !  
b5efits or privileges t ,god _h grant$1 
or w\ld  at any "t grant4 ,9 process (  
"t1 ,god 0 pleas$ to re/rict 8  *ur*1 z 

f> z visible ackn[l$gm5t w5t1 9 a great 
measure1 to  ! se$ ( ,abraham4 ,) !     
latt] he r5ew$ 8 cov5ant1 requir+  t he 
%\ld walk be=e him & be upright4 ,he    
also con/itut$ him  ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful1 
or ( all !m t believe1 & ! 8heir  ( !   
_w40 ,s t s9ce ! days ( ,abraham1 ! *ur*
 has1 9  e age1 be5 f\nd$ ^u ! cov5ant  
made ) t patri>*1 &  on ! "w ( r$emption
 :i* 0 to be p]=m$ accord+ to t         
cov5ant4 ,n[ :]esoev] ?is cov5ant made )
 ,abraham is1 & )  :omsoev] x is        
e/abli%$1 ) !m is ! *ur* ( ,god1 & to   
!m all ! promises & privileges ( ! *ur* 
really belong4 ,h5ce  we may le>n t at !
 com+ ( ! ,messiah1 !re 0 n "o *ur*     
tak5 away & ano!r set up 9 its room2 b !
 *ur* cont9u$ !  same1 9 ^? t 7 ! *ildr5
 ( ,abraham1 accord+ to !  fai?4 ,x is  
common ) div9es to speak ( ! ,jewi% & ! 
,*ri/ian *ur*es1 z ?\gh !y 7 two di/9ct 
& totally  diff]5t ?+s2 b t is n a      
correct view ( ! matt]4 ,!  ,*ri/ian    
*ur* is n ano!r *ur*1 b ! v same t 0    
be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 hav+ ! same fai? ) 

x1 &  int]e/$ 9 ! same cov5ant4 ,great  
alt]ations inde$ 7 made 9  ! outw>d /ate
 & condition ( ! *ur*1 by ! com+ ( !    
,messiah4 ,! c>nal privilege ( ! ,jews1 
9 _! sep>ation f  o!r nations to give   
bir? to ! ,messiah1 !n fail$1 & ) t     
also _! claim on t acc\nt to be ! *ildr5
 ( ,abraham4 ,!  ord9ances ( wor%ip     
suit$ to t /ate ( ?+s !n expir$1 &  came
 to an end4 ,new ord9ances ( wor%ip 7   
appo9t$1 suitable to  ! new light &     
grace :i* 7 !n be/[$ ^u ! *ur*4 ,!      
,g5tiles came into ! fai? ( ,abraham    
along ) ! ,jews1 be+ made  jo9t p>tak]s 
) !m 9 8 bless+4 ,b none ( ^! ?+s1 nor  
! :ole collectively1 did make su* an    
alt]ation 9 ! *ur*1 b  t x 0 /ill "o & !
 same4 ,! olive tree 0 /ill ! same1     
only "s bran*es 7 brok5 (f1 & o!rs      
graft$ into x4 ,! ,jews  fell1 & !      
,g5tiles came 9 _! room4 ,& ?is may     
enable u to  det]m9e ! diff]5ce betwe5 !
 ,jews & ,*ri/ians relative to !  ,old  
,te/am5t promises4 ,!y are all made to !
 *ur*4 ,no individual  has any int]e/ 9 

!m except by virtue ( 8 memb]%ip ) !    
*ur*4 ,! *ur* is1 & always 01 "o & !    
same4 ,! ,jewi%  plea1 is1 t ! *ur* is )
 !m1 because !y are ! *ildr5 (  ,abraham
 accord+ to ! fle%4 ,*ri/ians reply1 t  
_! privilege  on t gr\nd 0 ( ano!r      
nature1 & end$ ) ! com+ ( !  ,messiah3 t
 ! *ur* ( ,god1 unto :om all ! promises 
belong1 are  only ^? :o are heirs ( !   
fai? ( ,abraham1 believ+ z he did1  &   
are consequ5tly int]e/$ 9 8 cov5ant4 ,^!
 are ,zion1  ,j]usalem1 ,israel1 ,jacob1
 ! temple1 or *ur* ( ,god4    #b4 ,by a 
p>ticul> *ur* we und]/& an assembly (   
,*ri/ians unit$  toge!r1 & meet+ 9 "o   
place1 = ! solemn wor%ip ( ,god4 ,to    
?is agrees ! def9ition giv5 by !        
compil]s ( ! ,?irty-n9e  ,articles ( !  
,*ur* ( ,engl&3 8,a congregation (      
fai?ful m51 9  :i* ! true ^w ( ,god is  
prea*$1 & ! sacram5ts duly  adm9i/]$    
accord+ to ,*ri/'s ord9ances1 9 all ^?  
?+s t  ( necessity are requisite to !   
same10 ,acts ix1 #ca2 xx1 #ag2 ,gal4 i1 
#b1  #bb2 #a ,cor4 xiv1 #cd2 ,col4 iv1  

#ae4 ,! ^w is n[ also us$ to d5ote any  
p>ticul> d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians1        
di/+ui%$ by p>ticul>  doctr9es1         
c]emonies1 c1 z ! ,romi% *ur*1 ! ,greek 
*ur*1 !  ,engli% *ur*1 c4    #c4 ,on !  
subject ( ! *ur*1 op9ions z opposite or 
v>y+ z  possible h be5 held1 f t ( !    
,papi/s1 :o cont5d = its  visible unity 
?r\gh\t ! _w "u a visible head1 d[n to t
 (  ! ,indep5d5ts1 :o consid] ! univ]sal
 *ur* z compos$ (  congregational       
*ur*es1 ea* p]fect 9 itself1 & entirely 
indep5d5t ( e o!r4 ,! fir/ op9ion is    
manife/ly contradict$  by ! language ( !
 ,apo/les1 :o1 :ile !y tea* t !re is b  
"o *ur*1 compos$ ( believ]s ?r\gh\t !   
_w1 ?9k x n at  all inconsi/5t ) ?is to 
speak ( 8! *ur*es ( ,judea10 8(         
,a*aia10 8! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia10 8!    
*ur* at ,ephesus10 c4  ,among !mselves !
 ,apo/les _h no common head2 b plant$   
*ur*es  & gave directions = _! gov]nm5t1
 9 mo/ cases )\t any  app>5t            
correspond5ce ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,popi%      
doctr9e is  c]ta9ly n f\nd 9 _! writ+s2 

& s f> 7 !y f mak+  provision = !       
gov]nm5t ( ?is "o suppos$ *ur*1 by !    
appo9tm5t ( "o visible & exclusive head1
 t !y provide = !  future gov]nm5t ( !  
respective *ur*es rais$ up by !m 9 a    
totally diff]5t mann]1 t is1 by !       
ord9ation ( m9i/]s =  ea* *ur*1 :o are  
indiff]5tly call$ bi%ops1 & presbyt]s1 &
  pa/ors4 ,! only unity ( :i* !y speak  
is ! unity ( ! :ole  *ur* 9 ,*ri/1 !    
invisible head1 by fai?2 & ! unity      
produc$  by 8f]v5t love t[>d ea* o!r40  
,nor has ! ,popi% doctr9e ( !  visible  
unity ( ! *ur* any c\nt5ance f e>ly     
antiquity4 ,!  be/ ecclesia/ical        
hi/orians h %[$1 t1 ?r\gh ! great]  "p (
 ! second c5tury1 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7   
indep5d5t (  ea* o!r4 8,ea* ,*ri/ian    
assembly10 says ,mo%eim1 80 a little    
/ate  gov]n$ by its own laws1 :i* 7 ei!r
 enact$1 or at lea/  approv$1 by !      
society4 ,b 9 process ( "t1 all ! *ur*es
 ( a  prov9ce 7 =m$ into "o l>ge        
ecclesia/ical body1 :i*1 l  conf$]ate   
/ates1 assembl$ at c]ta9 times 9 ord] to

 delib]ate  ab\t ! common int]e/s ( !   
:ole40 ,s f> inde$ ?is union (  *ur*es  
appe>s to h be5 a wise & useful         
arrangem5t1 al?\gh  aft]w>d x 0 c>ri$ to
 an injuri\s extreme1 until f9ally x    
gave  bir? to ! assumptions ( ! bi%op ( 
,rome1 z univ]sal bi%op2 a  claim1      
h[ev]1 :i*1 :5 mo/ successful1 0 b      
p>tially submitt$  to1 ! ea/]n *ur*es   
hav+1 = ! mo/ "p1 always ma9ta9$  _!    
indep5d5ce4 ,no v l>ge association (    
*ur*es ( any k9d  exi/$ till t[>d !     
close ( ! second c5tury1 :i* suffici5tly
  refutes ! papal argum5t f antiquity4  
,! indep5d5ce ( ! e>ly  ,*ri/ian *ur*es 
does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h resembl$ t (  
! *ur*es :i*1 9 mod]n times1 are call$  
,indep5d5t4 ,dur+ !  lives ( ! ,apo/les 
& ,evangeli/s !y 7 c]ta9ly subject to   
_! c\nsel & control1 :i* proves t !     
indep5d5cy (  sep>ate societies 0 n !   
fir/ =m ( ! *ur*4 ,x may1 inde$1  be    
all[$1 t "s ( ! small] & m insulat$     
*ur*es might1  aft] ! dea? ( ! ,apo/les 
& ,evangeli/s1 reta9 ?is =m =  "s       

consid]able "t2 b ! l>g] *ur*es1 9 !    
*ief cities1  & ^? plant$ 9 popul\s     
neighb\rhoods1 _h _m presbyt]s1 &1  z ! 
memb]s multipli$1 !y _h sev]al sep>ate  
assemblies or  congregations1 yet all "u
 ! same common gov]nm5t4 ,& :5  *ur*es 7
 rais$ up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( cities1 !  
appo9tm5t  ( *orepiscopi1 or c\ntry     
bi%ops1 & ( visit+ presbyt]s1 bo?  act+ 
"u ! presbyt]y ( ! city1 ) ! bi%op at   
its head1 is  suffici5tly 9 pro(1 t !   
anci5t *ur*es1 especially ! l>g]  & m   
prosp]\s ( !m1 exi/$ 9 t =m :i*1 9 mod]n
  times1 we %\ld call a religi\s        
connection1 subject to a common         
gov]nm5t4 ,?is appe>s to h aris5 out ( !
 v circum/ance (  ! increase ( ! *ur*1  
?r\gh ! zeal ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians2  & x 0 
d\btless mu* m 9 ! _s ( ! v fir/        
discipl9e ex]cis$ by ! ,apo/les &       
,evangeli/s1 7:5 none ( !  *ur*es 7     
indep5d5t1 b rema9$ "u ! gov]nm5t ( ^?  
:o _h be5 *iefly in/rum5tal 9 rais+ !m  
up17 to place  !mselves "u a common     
inspection1 & to unite ! weak ) !       

/rong1 & ! newly conv]t$ ) ^? :o 7 89   
,*ri/ be=e  !m40 ,!re 0 also 9 ?is1     
great] security af=d$ bo? = !           
cont9uance ( :olesome doctr9e1 & ( godly
 discipl9e4    #d4 ,*ur* memb]s are ^?  
:o compose or belong to ! visible *ur*4 
,z to ! real *ur*1 ! true memb]s ( x are
 su* z come out f  ! _w1 #b ,cor4 vi1   
#ag2 :o are born aga91 #a ,pet] i1 #bc2 
or made new  creatures1 #b ,cor4 v1 #ag2
 ^: fai? works by love to ,god & all    
mank9d1 ,gal4 v1 #f2 ,james ii1 #ad1    
#bf2 :o walk 9 all ! ord9ances (  ! ,"l 
blameless4 ,none b su* are memb]s ( !   
true *ur*2 nor  %\ld any be admitt$ into
 any p>ticul> *ur* )\t "s evid5ce  ( _! 
e>ne/ly seek+ ?is /ate ( salvation4     
#e4 ,*ur* fell[%ip is ! communion t !   
memb]s enjoy "o )  ano!r4 ,! ends ( *ur*
 fell[%ip are1 ! ma9t5ance &  exhibition
 ( a sy/em ( s\nd doctr9e2 ! support ( !
 ord9ances  ( evangelical wor%ip 9 _!   
purity & simplicity2 ! imp>tial  ex]cise
 ( *ur* gov]nm5t & discipl9e2 !         
promotion ( hol9ess  9 all mann] (      

conv]sation4 ,! m p>ticul> duties are1  
e>ne/  /udy to keep peace & unity2 be>+ 
( "o ano!r's burd5s1 ,gal4  vi1 #a1 #b2 
e>ne/ endeav\rs to prev5t ea* o!r's     
/umbl+1 #a ,cor4  x1 #bc-cc2 ,heb4 x1   
#bd-bg2 ,rom4 xiv1 #ac2 /eadfa/         
cont9uance 9 !  fai? & wor%ip ( !       
,gospel1 ,acts ii1 #db2 pray+ = &       
sympa?iz+ ) ea* o!r1 #a ,sam4 xii1 #bc2 
,eph4 vi1 #ah4 ,!  advantages are1      
peculi> incitem5t to hol9ess2 ! "r to "s
  promises applicable to none b ^? :o   
att5d ! ord9ances ( ,god1  & hold       
communion ) ! sa9ts1 ,psalm xcii1 #ac2  
cxxxii1 #ac1 #af2  xxxvi1 #h2 ,j]4 xxxi1
 #ab2 ! be+ plac$ "u ! wat*ful eye (    
pa/ors1 ,heb4 xiii1 #g2 t !y may re/ore 
ea* o!r if !y fall1  ,gal4 vi1 #a2 & ! m
 effectually promote ! cause ( true     
religion4    #f4 ,z to *ur* ord] &      
discipl9e1 )\t ent]+ into !  discussion 
( ! _m que/ions :i* h be5 rais$ on ?is  
subject1  & argu$ 9 s _m di/9ct         
treatises1 x may be suffici5t g5]ally   
to obs]ve1 t ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ be+ a       

visible & p]man5t  society1 b\nd to     
obs]ve c]ta9 rites1 & to obey c]ta9     
rules1 !  exi/5ce ( gov]nm5t 9 x is     
necess>ily suppos$4 ,all religi\s  rites
 suppose ord]1 all ord] direction &     
control1 & ^! a  directive & controll+  
p[]4 ,aga93 all laws are nugatory )\t   
en=cem5t1 9 ! pres5t mix$ & imp]fect    
/ate ( society2 &  all en=cem5t supposes
 an executive4 ,if baptism be ! door (  
admission into ! *ur*1 "s mu/ judge ( ! 
fitness ( c&idates1  & adm9i/rators ( ! 
rite mu/ be appo9t$2 if ! ,"l's ,supp]  
mu/ be p>tak5 (1 ! times & ! mode are to
 be det]m9$1 !  qualifications (        
communicants judg$ (1 & ! adm9i/ration  
plac$  9 suitable h&s2 if wor%ip mu/ be 
social & public1 "h aga9  !re mu/ be an 
appo9tm5t ( times1 an ord]1 & an        
adm9i/ration2  if ! ^w ( ,god is to be  
read & prea*$1 !n read]s &  prea*]s are 
necess>y2 if ! cont9uance ( any "o 9 !  
fell[%ip  ( ,*ri/ians be conditional ^u 
good conduct1 s t ! purity &  cr$it ( ! 
*ur* may be gu>d$1 !n ! p[] ( en=c+     

discipl9e mu/ be lodg$ "s :]e4 ,?us     
gov]nm5t fl[s necess>ily  f ! v nature (
 ! in/itution ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 &  s9ce
 ?is in/itution has ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ &
 8 ,apo/les1 x  is n to be suppos$1 t   
its gov]nm5t 0 left unprovid$ =2 &  if  
!y h 9 fact made su* a provision1 x is  
no m a matt] (  m]e option ) ,*ri/ians  
:e!r !y w be subject to gov]nm5t  9 !   
*ur*1 ?an x is optional ) !m to confess 
,*ri/ by  becom+ its memb]s4 ,! nature (
 ?is gov]nm5t1 & ! p]sons to  :om x is  
committ$1 are bo? po9ts :i* we mu/      
briefly exam9e by  ! light ( ! ,holy    
,scriptures4 ,z to ! fir/1 x is :olly   
spiritual3--8,my k+dom10 says our ,"l1  
8is n ( ?is _w40 ,!  *ur* is a society  
f\nd$ ^u fai?1 & unit$ by mutual love1 =
  ! p]sonal edification ( its memb]s 9  
hol9ess1 & = !  religi\s b5efit ( ! _w4 
,! nature ( its gov]nm5t is ?us         
det]m9$2 x is conc]n$ only ) spiritual  
objects4 ,x _c  employ =ce to compel m5 
into its pale2 = ! only door ( !  *ur*  
is fai?2 to :i* !re c be no             

compulsion2--8he t  believe? & is       
baptiz$0 becomes a memb]4 ,x _c inflict 
pa9s &  p5alties ^u ! disob$i5t &       
refractory1 l civil gov]nm5ts2  = ! only
 punitive discipl9e au?oriz$ 9 ! ,new   
,te/am5t1 is  compris$ 9 8admonition10  
8repro(10 8%>p rebukes10 &1 f9ally1     
8excision f ! society40 ,! la/ w be     
bett] und]/ood1 if we  consid] ! special
 relations 9 :i* true ,*ri/ians /& to   
ea*  o!r1 & ! duties result+ f !m4 ,!y  
are memb]s ( "o body1  & are !re=e b\nd 
to t5d]ness & sympa?y2 !y are !  conjo9t
 in/ruct]s ( o!rs1 & are !re=e to /rive 
to be (  8"o judgm5t20 !y are bre?r51 & 
!y are to love "o ano!r z  su*1 t is1 ) 
an affection m special ?an t g5]al good 
w :i* !y are comm&$ to be> to all       
mank9d2 !y are !re=e  to seek ! intimacy
 ( fri5dly society among !mselves1 &1   
except  9 ! ord9>y & c\rte\s int]c\rse (
 life1 !y are b\nd to  keep !mselves    
sep>ate f ! _w2 !y are enjo9$ to d good 
unto all m51 b 8especially to !m t are (
 ! h\sehold (  fai?20 & !y are =bidd5   

8to eat0 at ! ,"l's table ) immoral     
p]sons1 t is1 ) ^? :o1 al?\gh !y cont9ue
 _! ,*ri/ian  pr(ession1 di%on\r x by _!
 practice4 ,) ^! relations (  ,*ri/ians 
to ea* o!r & to ! _w1 & _! correspond5t 
duties1 be=e our m9ds1 we may easily    
int]pret ! nature ( t  extreme discipl9e
 :i* is ve/$ 9 ! *ur*4 8,p]sons :o w n  
he> ! *ur*0 are to be held 8z ,hea!n m5 
& publicans10 z ^?  :o are n memb]s ( x2
 t is1 !y are to be sep>at$ f x1  &     
reg>d$ z ( 8! _w10 q out ( ! range ( !  
above  m5tion$ relations ( ,*ri/ians to 
ea* o!r1 & _! correspond5t  duties2 b   
/ill1 l 8,hea!n m5 & publicans0 !y are  
to be !  objects ( pity1 & g5]al        
b5evol5ce4 ,nor is ?is extreme discipl9e
  to be ha/ily inflict$ be=e 8a fir/ &  
second admonition10 nor  be=e ^? :o are 
8spiritual0 h attempt$ 8to re/ore a     
bro!r  ov]tak5 by a fault20 & :5 !      
8wick$ p]son0 is 8put away10 /ill  !    
door is to be kept op5 = 8 reception    
aga9 ^u rep5tance4 ,!  true             
excommunication ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* is    

!re=e a m]ciful &  consid]ate sep>ation 
( an incorrigible (f5d] f ! body (      
,*ri/ians1 )\t any infliction ( civil   
pa9s or p5alties4 8,n[ we  comm& y1     
bre?r51 9 ! "n ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 t
 ye  )draw y\rselves f e bro!r t walke? 
disord]ly1 & n  aft] ! tradition :i* ye 
h receiv$ f u10 #b ,!ss4 iii1 #f4       
8,purge out !re=e ! old leav51 t ye may 
be a new lump10 #a ,cor4  v1 #g4 8,b n[ 
,i h writt5 to y n to keep company1 if  
any man  t is call$ a bro!r be a        
=nicator1 or covet\s1 or an idolat]1  or
 a rail]1 or a drunk>d1 or an           
extortion]1 ) su* a "o1 no n  to eat10  
#a ,cor4 v1 #aa4 ,?is !n is ! moral     
discipl9e :i* is  imp]ative ^u ! *ur* ( 
,*ri/1 & its gov]nm5t is crim9ally      
defective :5ev] x is n en=c$4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 !  disabilities & p5alties :i*      
e/abli%$ *ur*es 9 diff]5t  places h     
connect$ ) ^! s5t5ces ( excommunication1
 h no  c\nt5ance at all 9 ,scripture1 & 
are :olly inconsi/5t ) !  spiritual "* &
 ends ( ! ,*ri/ian association4    #g4  

,z to ! p]sons to :om ! gov]nm5t ( !    
*ur* is  committ$1 x is necess>y to     
consid] ! composition1 s to speak1 (  ! 
primitive *ur*1 z /at$ 9 ! ,new         
,te/am5t4 ,a full enunciation  ( ^!     
(fices we f9d 9 ,ephesians iv1 #aa3 8,& 
he gave "s1  ,apo/les2 & "s1 ,prophets2 
& "s1 ,evangeli/s2 & "s1 pa/ors  &      
tea*]s2 = ! p]fect+ ( ! sa9ts1 = ! "w ( 
!  m9i/ry1 = ! edify+ ( ! body ( ,*ri/40
 ,( ^!1 ! (fice  ( ,apo/le is all[$ by  
all to h be5 conf9$ to ^? imm$iately    
commission$ by ,*ri/ to witness ! fact (
 8 miracles1 & ( 8  resurrection f !    
dead1 & to reveal ! complete sy/em (    
,*ri/ian doctr9e & duty2 confirm+ _!    
extraord9>y mission by  miracles wr\ght 
by !mselves4 ,if by 8prophets0 we are to
 und]/&  p]sons :o =etold future ev5ts1 
!n ! (fice 0 f its v  nature            
extraord9>y1 & ! gift ( prophecy has    
pass$ away ) !  o!r miracul\s end[m5ts (
 ! fir/ age ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,if1 )  o!rs1
 we und]/& t ^! prophets 7 extraord9>y  
tea*]s  rais$ up until ! *ur*es 7 settl$

 "u p]man5t qualifi$  in/ructors2 /ill !
 (fice 0 tempor>y4 ,! 8,evangeli/s0 are 
g5]ally und]/ood to be assi/ants ( !    
,apo/les1 :o act$ "u  _! especial       
au?ority & direction4 ,( ?is numb] 7    
,timo?y &  ,titus2 & z ! ,apo/le ,paul  
direct$ !m to orda9 bi%ops or  presbyt]s
 9 ! sev]al *ur*es1 b gave !m no        
au?ority to orda9  successors to        
!mselves 9 _! p>ticul> (fice z          
,evangeli/s1 x  is cle> t ! ,evangeli/s 
mu/ also be reckon$ among ! numb] (     
extraord9>y & tempor>y m9i/]s suit$ to !
 fir/ age (  ,*ri/ianity4 ,:e!r by      
8pa/ors & tea*]s0 two (fices be meant1  
or  "o1 has be5 disput$4 ,! *ange 9 !   
mode ( expression seems to  fav\r !     
latt] view1 & s ! text is int]pret$ by  
,/4 ,j]om1 &  ,/4 ,augu/9e2 b ! po9t is 
( little consequ5ce4 ,a pa/or 0 a       
tea*]1 al?\gh e tea*] might n be a      
pa/or2 b 9 _m cases  8 (fice might be "o
 ( subord9ate in/ruction1 :e!r z an     
exp\nd] ( doctr9e1 a cate*i/1 or ev5 a m
 private in/ruct] (  ^? :o z yet 7      

unacqua9t$ ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( !       
,gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,! t]m pa/or implies ! 
duties bo? (  in/ruction & ( gov]nm5t1 (
 fe$+ & ( rul+ ! flock (  ,*ri/2 &1 z ! 
presbyt]s or bi%ops 7 orda9$ 9 ! sev]al 
*ur*es1 bo? by ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s1
 & rules are left by  ,/4 ,paul z to _! 
appo9tm5t1 !re c be no d\bt b t ^!  are 
! 8pa/ors0 spok5 ( 9 ! ,epi/le to !     
,ephesians1 & t  !y 7 design$ to be !   
p]man5t m9i/]s ( ! *ur*2 & t  ) !m bo? !
 gov]nm5t ( ! *ur* & ! p]=mance ( its   
lead+ religi\s s]vices 7 deposit$4      
,deacons _h ! *>ge ( !  gifts & (f]+s = 
*>itable purposes1 al?\gh1 x appe>s f   
,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 n 9 e in/ance2 = he speaks
 ( ! weekly  oblations z be+ deposit$ ) 
! *ief m9i/]1 & di/ribut$ by  him4 ,^!  
pa/ors appe> to h be5 indiff]5tly call$ 
,,bi%ops &  ,,presbyt]s1 & ) !m !       
regulation ( ! *ur*es 01 d\btless1      
deposit$2 n )\t *ecks & gu>ds1 !        
pr9cipal ( :i*1  h[ev]1 01 9 ! primitive
 *ur*1 & cont9ues to be 9 all mod]n     
*ur*es :i* h no support f ! magi/racy1  

or are made  indep5d5t ( ! p by         
end[m5ts1 ! volunt>9ess ( !             
association4 ,a p]fect religi\s lib]ty  
is always suppos$ by !  ,apo/les to exi/
 among ,*ri/ians2 no compulsion ( !     
civil p[] is  any :]e assum$ by !m z !  
basis ( _! advices or directions2  no   
b9d+ ( ! memb]s to "o *ur*1 )\t lib]ty  
to jo9  ano!r1 by any ties b ^? involv$ 
9 moral consid]ations1 (  suffici5t     
weight1 h[ev]1 to prev5t ! evils (      
faction & s*ism4  ,x 0 ?is :i* creat$ a 
natural & compet5t *eck ^u !  m9i/]s ( !
 *ur*2 = be+ only su/a9$ by ! op9ion ( !
  *ur*es1 !y c\ld n b h respect to x2 & 
x 0 ?is :i*  gave to ! s\nd "p ( a fall5
 *ur* ! advantage ( r5\nc+1  ^u         
suffici5t & well-weigh$ gr\nds1 _!      
communion ) x1 &  ( k9dl+ up ! light ( a
 pure m9i/ry & a holy discipl9e1 by  =m+
 a sep>ate association1 be>+ its        
te/imony aga9/ errors 9  doctr9e1 &     
failures 9 practice4 ,nor is x to be    
conceiv$1 t1 _h  ?is simple pr9ciple (  
p]fect religi\s lib]ty be5 left         

unviolat$  ?r\gh subsequ5t ages1 ! *ur* 
c\ld ev] h become s corrupt1  or ) su*  
difficulty & sl[ness h be5 recov]$ f its
 fall4  ,?is anci5t ,*ri/ian lib]ty has 
happily be5 re/or$ 9 a few p>ts  (      
,*ri/5dom4 ,see ,,episcopacy &          
,,presbyt]ianism4    ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl& 
& ,,irel& is t e/abli%$ by law 9 ,engl& 
&  ,irel&1 :]e x =ms a "p ( ! common law
 ( ! l&1 or  con/itution ( ! c\ntry4    
#a4 ,:5 & by :om ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/     
introduc$ into ,brita91  _c at ?is      
di/ance ( "t be exactly asc]ta9$4       
,eusebius1  inde$1 positively decl>es t 
x 0 by ! ,apo/les & _!  disciples2      
,bi%ops ,jewel & ,/ill+fleet1 ,dr4      
,cave1 & o!rs1 insi/  t x 0 by ,/4      
,paul2 & ,b>onius affirms1 on ! au?ority
 ( an  anci5t manuscript 9 ! ,vatican   
,libr>y1 t ! ,gospel 0 plant$  9 ,brita9
 by ,simon ,zelotes1 ! ,apo/le1 &       
,joseph ( ,arima!a2 &  t ! latt] came   
ov] ,a4 ,d4 #ce1 or ab\t ! tw5ty-fir/   
ye> (  ,tib]ius1 & di$ 9 ?is c\ntry4    
,accord+ to ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 !  ,briti%  

*ur*es _h a s*ool ( le>n+ 9 ! ye> #ahb1 
to provide  !m ) prop] tea*]s2 & x w\ld 
appe> t !y fl\ri%$1  )\t dep5d5ce on any
 =eign *ur*1 till ! arrival ( ,au/9 !   
monk1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! six? c5tury4     
#b4 ,episcopacy 0 e>ly e/abli%$ 9 ?is   
c\ntry2 & x ought to be  rememb]$1 to ! 
hon\r ( ! ,briti% bi%ops & cl]gy1 t dur+
  sev]al c5turies !y )/ood ! encroa*m5ts
 ( ! see ( ,rome4  ,pop]y1 h[ev]1 0 at  
l5g? introduc$ into ,engl&1 &1 z "s     
say1 by ,au/91 ! monk2 & we f9d its     
errors e :]e preval5t  dur+ sev]al ages 
prec$+ ! re=mation1 till !y 7 refut$ by 
,wickliffe4 ,! se$ :i* ,wickliffe _h s[n
 rip5$ aft] 8 dea?1  & produc$ a glori\s
 h>ve/4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n till ! reign (    
,h5ry ,,viii1 t ! re=mation 9 ,engl& 9  
reality comm5c$4 ,:5  ,lu!r decl>$ w>   
aga9/ ! pope1 ,h5ry wrote 8 treatise on 
!  sev5 sacram5ts aga9/ ,lu!r's book1   
8,( ! ,captivity ( ,babylon10  & 0      
repaid by ! pontiff ) ! title ( 8,def5d]
 ( ! ,fai?40  ,?is title1 9 a s5se      
diametrically opposite1 & by a claim (  

high]  des]t1 0 transmitt$ by ,h5ry ) 8 
cr[n1 & n[ belongs to 8  successors4    
,h5ry's affections be+ e/rang$ f 8 que5 
,ca?>9e1  & fix$ on ,anne ,boleyn1 he   
reque/$ a divorce f 8 wife2 b !  pope   
hesitat+1 ! ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury       
annull$ 8 =m]  m>riage4 ,! s5t5ce ( !   
ar*bi%op 0 condemn$ by ! pope1  ^:      
au?ority ,h5ry !re=e %ook (f1 & 0 decl>$
 by  p>liam5t 8supreme head ( ! *ur*40  
,9 ! ye> #ahjj1 :5 !  k+doms ( ,brita9 &
 ,irel& 7 unit$1 ! *ur*es ( ,engl& &    
,irel&1 :i* _h always be5 ! same 9      
gov]nm5t1 fai?1 &  wor%ip1 became "o    
unit$ *ur*4    #c4 ,! ackn[l$g$ /&>ds ( 
! fai? & doctr9es ( ! unit$  *ur* are1  
aft] ! ,scriptures1 ! ,book ( ,homilies 
& !  ,?irty-n9e ,articles4 ,h] liturgy  
is also doctr9al1 z well z  devotional4 
,! homilies 7 compos$ by ,cranm]1       
,latim]1 & ,ridley1  m5 (               
unexceptionable le>n+ & or?odoxy2 or1   
accord+ to o!rs1  ! fir/ book 0 writt5  
pr9cipally by ,cranm]1 & ! second by    
,jewel4 ,!y 7 appo9t$ to be read 9      

*ur*es at ! beg9n+ (  ! re=mation1 :51  
by reason ( ! sc>city ( le>n$ div9es1   
few  m9i/]s 7 f\nd :o c\ld safely be    
tru/$ to prea* _! own  compositions4 ,! 
fir/ draught ( ! ,articles 0 compos$ by 
,ar*bi%op ,cranm]1 assi/$ by ,bi%op     
,ridley1 9 ! ye> #aeea2 &  aft] be+     
correct$ by ! o!r bi%ops1 & approv$ by !
  convocation1 !y 7 publi%$ 9 ,lat9 &   
,engli% 9 #aeec1 &  am\nt$ to =ty-two 9 
numb]4 ,9 #aefb !y 7 revis$ &  correct$4
 ,be+ !n r$uc$ to ?irty-n9e1 !y 7 drawn 
up 9  ,lat9 only2 b 9 #aega !y 7        
subscrib$ by ! memb]s ( ! two  h\ses (  
convocation1 bo? 9 ,lat9 & ,engli%2 &   
!re=e !  ,lat9 & ,engli% copies are to  
be consid]$ z equally au!ntic4 ,!       
orig9al manuscripts1 subscrib$ by !     
h\ses ( convocation1 7  burn$ 9 ! fire (
 ,london2 b ,dr4 ,b5net has collat$ !   
olde/  copies n[ extant1 9 :i* x appe>s 
t !re are no v>iations (  any           
importance4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 disputes
 arose among ! cl]gy  respect+ !        
propriety ( subscrib+ to any human      

=mul>y (  religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,p>liam5t1 
9 #aggb1 0 appli$ to = !  abolition ( ! 
subscription1 by c]ta9 cl]gym5 & o!rs1  
^:  petition receiv$ ! mo/ ample        
discussion1 b 0 reject$ by a l>ge       
majority4 ,x has be5 g5]ally held by    
mo/1 if n all1 ,calv9i/s1  bo? 9 & out (
 ! *ur*1 t ! doctr9al p>ts ( our        
,articles  are ,calv9i/ic4 ,?is op9ion1 
h[ev]1 has be5 w>mly controv]t$4 ,x  is 
no d\bt ne>] ! tru? to conclude t !     
,articles are fram$  ) compreh5sive     
latitude2 & t nei!r ,calv9ism nor       
,arm9ianism  0 int5d$ to be exclusively 
e/abli%$4 ,9 ?is view su* lib]al        
s5tim5ts z ! foll[+1 f ! ,apology ( !   
,*ur* (  ,engl&1 9 #agcb1 are n (       
uncommon occurr5ce3 8,?is1 ,i "k1 ,i am 
myself an ,anti-,calv9ian2 & yet1 7 ,i  
to compile articles = !  *ur*1 ,i w\ld  
abhor ! ?\ghts ( =m+ !m s fully accord+ 
to  my own s*eme ( ?9k+1 or ( desc5d+ s 
m9utely into all !  p>ticul> bran*es (  
x1 t none b ,arm9ians %\ld be able to   
subscribe1 or t ! *ur* %\ld lose ! cr$it

 & s]vice ( su*  valuable m5 z !        
,abbots1 ,dav5ant1 ,u%]1 & o!r ,calv9i/s
  und\bt$ly 74 ,& s9ce our re=m]s 7 m5 (
 temp] &  mod]ation1 x seems b ju/ice1  
,i am sure x is b reasonable1 to  ?9k !y
 int5d$ su* a latitude z ,i cont5d =1 s 
t bo?  p>ties1 ! foll[]s ( ,arm9ius z   
well z ( ,calv91 might  subscribe40 ,9 a
 subsequ5t page1 h[ev]1 ! same au?or    
says1 8,b  :at1 if !re 0 n s entire a   
h>mony among ! compil]s or  impos]s1 z 0
 be=e suppos$8 ,:at if sev]al ( !m 7    
,anti-,calv9ian8 ,?is w incl9e ! balance
 /ill m 9 our fav\r1  & enl>ge !        
probability ( ! articles be+ drawn up 9 
a  mod]ate1 indef9ite way4 ,! div9es :o 
fl$ = refuge1 9 ,que5  ,m>y's reign1 to 
,g5eva1 ,zuri*1 & o!r places beyond sea1
 7:]e1 by  conceiv+ a great v5]ation =  
,calv91 !y 7 mightily *ang$ 9  _!       
s5tim5ts & ways ( ?9k+17 began to       
propagate 8 notions  soon aft] _! return
 9 ! next reign3 & ?is seems to h be5  !
 prime occasion ( ,calv9ism tak+ any    
consid]able root 9 ?is  k+dom4 ,9 ,k+   

,edw>d's "t x do? n appe> to h prevail$1
  except among a few #8gospel]s1' & h[  
!y 7 reflect$ on by ,bi%op  ,latim] &   
,hoop] has be5 already obs]v$4 ,:5 !    
articles 7  =m$ 9 #aeeb1 ,i d n f9d t   
any def]5ce 0 paid to ,calv9's  judgm5t 
or au?ority3 in/ead ( t1 ! assi/ance he 
(f]$ 01  to 8 no little grief &         
dissatisfaction1 refus$4 ,next to !     
,scriptures & ! doctr9e ( ! primitive   
*ur*1 ! compil]s _h  an eye to !        
,augu/an ,confession1 z appe>s f !      
id5tity ( _m  ( ! articles2 to ! writ+s 
( ,melanc?on1 ^: assi/ance !y  desir$1 &
 :om ,k+ ,edw>d invit$ ov] hi!r2 ! works
 ( ,erasmus2  & ! ,necess>y ,doctr9e &  
,erudition = any ,*ri/ian ,man4 ,?is    
la/ book 0 publi%$ by ,k+ ,h5ry's       
au?ority 9 #aedc2 & because  x !n _h !  
approbation ( mo/ ( ^? :o compil$ !     
,articles  n9e ye>s aft]w>d1 x w be (   
consequ5ce to see h[ x /&s  affect$ t[>d
 ,calv9ism4 ,x tea*es ! c>d9al po9t (   
univ]sal  r$emption 9 sev]al places2 :i*
 /rikes directly at ! root ( !          

,calv9ian sy/em1 &1 z ,dr4 ,:itby       
expresses x1 #8draws all ! re/  aft] x1 
on :i* side soev] ! tru? lies4'0 ,?is   
judici\s  amplitude has receiv$ mu*     
elucidation 9 ,dr4 ,pull]'s ,mod]ation (
  ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& consid]$1 #afgi2 & 9 
o!r works ( m  rec5t date4    #d4 ,9 ?is
 *ur*1 div9e s]vice is conduct$ by a    
liturgy1 :i* 0  compos$ 9 #aedg1 & has  
und]gone sev]al alt]ations1 ! la/ (  :i*
 took place 9 #affa1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les 
,,ii4 ,_m applications  h be5 s9ce made 
= a review2 & p>ticul> alt]ations 7     
propos$ 9 #afhi1 by sev]al le>n$ &      
excell5t div9es1 9 !  numb] ( :om 7     
,ar*bi%ops ,tillotson & ,t5ison1 &      
,bi%ops  ,patrick1 ,burnet1 ,/ill+fleet1
 ,kidd]1 c4 ,?is subject has be5        
rec5tly reviv$2 & x is believ$ t "s     
*anges are "u  consid]ation4 ,to ?is    
liturgy e cl]gyman promises at 8        
ord9ation to con=m 9 8 public           
m9i/rations4    #e4 ,ev] s9ce ! reign ( 
,h5ry ,,viii1 ! sov]eigns ( ,engl& h    
be5 /yl$ 8supreme heads ( ! *ur*10 z    

well z 8def5d]s ( !  fai?20 b ?is title 
is said to convey no spiritual mean+2   
or1 9  o!r words1 x only sub/itutes ! k+
 9 place ( ! pope1 )  respect to        
temporalities1 & ! ext]nal economy ( !  
*ur*4 ,!  *ur* ( ,engl& is gov]n$ by two
 ar*bi%ops & tw5ty-f\r  bi%ops1 beside !
 bi%op ( ,sodor & ,man4 ,! b5efices ( ! 
bi%ops 7 conv]t$ by ,william ! ,conqu]or
 into temporal b>onies2  &1 !re=e1 all (
 !m1 except ! bi%op ( ,man1 are b>ons or
  lords ( p>liam5t1 & sit & vote 9 !    
h\se ( lords1 :]e !y  repres5t ! cl]gy4 
,! bi%ops' repres5tatives & assi/ants   
are  ! ar*deacons1 ( :om !re are sixty 9
 ,engl&4 ,! o!r  dignit>ies ( ! *ur* are
 ! deans1 preb5d>ies1 canons1 c2 &  !   
inf]ior cl]gy are ! rectors1 vic>s1 &   
curates4 ,! unit$  *ur* kn[s only ?ree  
ord]s ( m9i/]s2 bi%ops1 prie/s1 &       
deacons3 b 9 ^! ord]s are compreh5d$    
ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1  deans1 ar*deacons1  
rectors1 vic>s1 & curates4 ,! *ur* (    
,irel&  is gov]n$ by f\r ar*bi%ops &    
eighte5 bi%ops4 ,s9ce ! union (  ,brita9

 & ,irel&1 "o ar*bi%op & ?ree bi%ops sit
 alt]nately 9  ! h\se ( pe]s1 by        
rotation ( sessions4    ,,cilicia1 a    
c\ntry 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ly+ 
on !  nor!rn coa/1 at ! ea/ end ( !     
,m$it]ranean ,sea3 ! capital  city !re( 
0 ,t>sus1 ! native city ( ,/4 ,paul1    
,acts xxi1 #ci4    ,,c9namon1 1 an      
agreeable aromatic2 ! inw>d b>k ( !     
canella1 a small tree ( ! height ( !    
will[4 ,x is m5tion$1  ,exodus xxx1 #bc1
 among ! mat]ials 9 ! composition ( !   
holy  ano9t+ oil2 & 9 ,prov]bs vii1 #ag2
 ,canticles iv1 #ad2 ,ecclesia/icus     
xxiv1 #ae2 & ,revelation xviii1 #ac1    
among ! ri*e/ p]fumes4 ,?is  spice is n[
 br\ght f ! ea/ ,indies2 b z !re 0 no   
traffic  ) ,india 9 ! days ( ,moses1 x 0
 !n br\ght1 probably1 f  ,arabia1 or "s 
neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,we le>n1 h[ev]1 f    
,pl9y1  t a species ( x grew 9 ,syria4  
,,c9n]o?1 or ,,c9n]e?1 a city on !      
nor?-we/]n side ( ! sea (  ,galilee2    
:i*1 f x1 is frequ5tly call$ 9 ! ,old   
,te/am5t !  sea ( ,c9n]o?3 f :i* ^w1 t (

 ,g5es>et1 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 is       
conjectur$ by ,dr4 ,wells to h be5      
fram$4    ,,circumcision is f ! ,lat91  
circumcid]e1 8to cut all r\nd10  because
 ! ,jews1 9 circumcis+ _! *ildr51 cut (f
 aft] ?is  mann] ! sk9 :i* cov]s !      
prepuce4 ,god enjo9$ ,abraham to use    
circumcision1 z a sign ( 8 cov5ant4 ,9  
ob$i5ce to ?is ord]1  ,abraham1 at      
n9ety-n9e ye>s ( age1 0 circumcis$3 also
 8 son  ,i%mael1 & all ! males ( 8      
prop]ty1 ,g54 xvii1 #aj4 ,god repeat$  !
 precept ( circumcision to ,moses3 he   
ord]$ t all :o 7 to  p>take ( ! pas*al  
sacrifice %\ld receive circumcision2 & t
  ?is rite %\ld be p]=m$ on *ildr51 on !
 eigh? day aft] _!  bir?4 ,! ,jews h    
always be5 v exact 9 obs]v+ ?is c]emony1
  & x appe>s t !y did n neglect x :5 9  
,egypt4 ,b ,moses1  :ile 9 ,midian )    
,je?ro 8 fa!r-9-law1 did n circumcise 8 
two sons born 9 t c\ntry2 & dur+ !      
j\rney ( ! ,israelites  9 ! wild]ness1  
_! *ildr5 7 n circumcis$4 ,circumcision 
0  practis$ among ! ,arabians1 ,s>ac5s1 

& ,i%maelites4 ,^! p1  z well z !       
,israelites1 sprung f ,abraham4         
,circumcision 0  introduc$ ) ! law (    
,moses among ! ,sam>itans & ,cu!ans4 ,! 
,idumeans1 ?\gh desc5d$ f ,abraham &    
,isaac1 7 n circumcis$  till subdu$ by  
,john ,hircanus4 ,^? :o ass]t t !       
,ph5icians 7  circumcis$1 mean1         
probably1 ! ,sam>itans2 = we "k1 f o!r  
au?ority1 t ! ,ph5icians did n obs]ve   
?is c]emony4 ,z to !  ,egyptians1       
circumcision nev] 0 ( g5]al &           
indisp5sable  obligation on ! :ole      
nation2 c]ta9 prie/s only1 & p>ticul>   
pr(essions1 7 oblig$ to x4 ,circumcision
 is likewise ! c]emony  ( initiation    
into ! ,mohamm$an religion4 ,!re is1    
inde$1 no law 9  ! ,koran :i* enjo9s x1 
& !y h ! precept only 9 tradition4  ,!y 
say t ,mohamm$ comm&$ x out ( respect to
 ,abraham1 ! head  ( 8 race4 ,!y h no   
fix$ day = ! p]=mance ( ?is rite1  &    
g5]ally wait till ! *ild is five or six 
ye>s ( age4    ,,circumcision1 ,cov5ant 
(4 ,t ! cov5ant ) ,abraham1 ( :i*       

circumcision 0 made ! sign & seal1      
,g5esis xvii1 #g-ad1 0 !  g5]al cov5ant 
( grace1 & n :olly1 or ev5 *iefly1 a    
political  & national cov5ant1 may be   
satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,! fir/        
engagem5t 9 x 01 t ,god w\ld 8greatly   
bless0 ,abraham2 :i*  promise1 al?\gh x 
compreh5d$ temporal bless+s1 ref]r$1 z  
we  le>n f ,/4 ,paul1 m fully to !      
bless+ ( 8 ju/ification by  ! imputation
 ( 8 fai? = righte\sness1 ) all !       
spiritual  advantages consequ5t ^u !    
relation :i* 0 ?us e/abli%$  betwe5 him 
& ,god1 9 "t & et]nity4 ,! second       
promise 9 !  cov5ant 01 t he %\ld be 8! 
fa!r ( _m nations20 :i* we  are also    
taught by ,/4 ,paul to int]pret m )     
ref]5ce to 8  spiritual se$1 ! foll[]s (
 t fai? :]e( come?  ju/ification1 ?an to
 8 natural desc5dants4 8,t ! promise    
might  be sure to all ! se$1 n only to t
 :i* is by ! law1 b to  t also :i* is by
 ! fai? ( ,abraham1 :o is ! fa!r ( u    
all10--( all believ+ ,g5tiles z well z  
,jews4 ,! ?ird /ipulation  9 ,god's     

cov5ant ) ! patri>*1 0 ! gift to        
,abraham & to 8  se$ ( 8! l& ( ,canaan10
 9 :i* ! temporal promise 0  manife/ly b
 ! type ( ! high] promise ( a heav5ly   
inh]itance4  ,h5ce ,/4 ,paul says1 8,by 
fai? he soj\rn$ 9 ! l& ( promise1       
dwell+ 9 tab]nacles ) ,isaac & ,jacob1 !
 heirs ) him ( !  same promise20 b ?is  
8fai?0 did n respect ! fulfilm5t ( !    
temporal promise2 = ,/4 ,paul adds1 8!y 
look$ = a city :i* _h  f\ndations1 ^:   
build] & mak] is ,god10 ,heb4 xi1 #ai4  
,! next  promise 01 t ,god w\ld always  
be 8a ,god to ,abraham & to 8 se$  aft] 
him10 a promise :i* is connect$ ) !     
highe/ spiritual  bless+s1 su* z !      
remission ( s9s1 & ! sanctification (   
our  nature1 z well z ) a visible *ur*  
/ate4 ,x is ev5 us$ to  express !       
felicit\s /ate ( ! *ur* 9 heav51 ,rev4  
xxi1 #c4 ,!  f9al engagem5t 9 !         
,abrahamic cov5ant 01 t 9 ,abraham's    
8se$1  all nations ( ! e>? %\ld be      
bless$20 & ?is bless+1 we are  expressly
 taught by ,/4 ,paul1 0 no?+ less ?an ! 

ju/ification (  all nations1 t is1 ( all
 believ]s 9 all nations1 by fai? 9      
,*ri/3 8,& ! ,scripture1 =esee+ t ,god  
w\ld ju/ify !  ,hea!n by fai?1 prea*$   
be=e ! ,gospel to ,abraham1 say+1 ,9 !e 
%all all nations be bless$4 ,s !n !y :o 
are ( fai? are bless$  ) believ+        
,abraham20 !y receive ! same bless+1    
ju/ification1  by ! same means1 fai?1   
,gal4 iii1 #h1 #i4 ,?is cov5ant )       
,abraham1  !re=e1 al?\gh x respect$ a   
natural se$1 ,isaac1 f :om a  num]\s    
prog5y 0 to spr+2 & an e>?ly inh]itance 
provid$ =  ?is issue1 ! l& ( ,canaan2 & 
a special cov5ant relation ) !          
desc5dants ( ,isaac1 ?r\gh ! l9e (      
,jacob1 to :om ,jehovah 0 to  be 8a     
,god10 visibly & specially1 & !y a      
visible & 8peculi>  p20 yet 01 "u all ^!
 temporal1 e>?ly1 & ext]nal  advantages1
 b a high] & spiritual grace embody+    
itself "u  ^! circum/ances1 z types ( a 
disp5sation ( salvation & et]nal  life1 
to all :o %\ld foll[ ! fai? ( ,abraham1 
^: ju/ification  be=e ,god 0 ! patt]n ( 

! ju/ification ( e man1 :e!r  ,jew or   
,g5tile1 9 all ages4 ,n[1 ( ?is cov5ant1
 9 its spiritual z  well z 9 its        
temporal provisions1 circumcision 0 mo/ 
c]ta9ly !  sacram5t1 t is ! 8sign0 & !  
8seal20 = ,/4 ,paul ?us expla9s  ! case3
 8,& he receiv$ ! ,,sign ( circumcision1
 a ,,seal ( !  righte\sness ( ! fai? :i*
 he _h yet be+ uncircumcis$40 ,& z  ?is 
rite 0 enjo9$ ^u ,abraham's po/]ity1 s t
 e  8uncircumcis$ man-*ild ^: fle% ( 8  
=esk9 0 n circumcis$  on ! eigh? day10 0
 to be 8cut (f f 8 p10 by ! special     
judgm5t ( ,god1 & t because 8he _h brok5
 ,god's cov5ant10 ,g54  xvii1 #ad2 x    
!re=e foll[s t ?is rite 0 a con/ant     
publication  ( ,god's cov5ant ( grace   
among ! desc5dants ( ,abraham1 & its    
repetition a cont9ual confirmation ( t  
cov5ant1 on ! "p (  ,god1 to all        
practis+ x 9 t fai? ( :i* x 0 ! o/5sible
  expression4    #b4 ,z ! cov5ant (     
grace made ) ,abraham 0 b\nd up )       
temporal  promises & privileges1 s      
circumcision 0 a sign & seal ( !        

cov5ant 9 bo? its p>ts1--its spiritual &
 its temporal1 its  sup]ior & inf]ior   
provisions4 ,! spiritual promises ( !   
cov5ant  cont9u$ unre/rict$ to all !    
desc5dants ( ,abraham1 :e!r by  ,isaac  
or by ,i%mael2 & /ill l[] d[n1 to !     
desc5dants ( ,esau z  well z to ^? (    
,jacob4 ,circumcision 0 practis$ among  
!m all by  virtue ( its div9e in/itution
 at fir/2 & 0 ext5d$ to _!  =eign       
s]vants1 & to proselytes1 z well z to _!
 *ildr52 &  :]e-ev] ! sign ( ! cov5ant (
 grace 0 by div9e appo9tm5t1  !re x 0 z 
a seal ( t cov5ant1 to all :o believ+ly 
us$  x2 = we read ( no re/riction ( its 
spiritual bless+s1 t is1  its sav+      
engagem5ts1 to "o l9e ( desc5t f        
,abraham only4 ,b  ov] ! temporal bran* 
( ! cov5ant1 & ! ext]nal religi\s       
privileges aris+ out ( x1 ,god ex]cis$ a
 rightful sov]eignty1 &  expressly      
re/rict$ !m fir/ to ! l9e ( ,isaac1 & !n
 to t  ( ,jacob1 ) ^: desc5dants he     
ent]$ into special cov5ant by !  m9i/ry 
( ,moses4 ,! temporal bless+s & ext]nal 

privileges  compris$ "u g5]al           
expressions 9 ! cov5ant ) ,abraham1 7   
expla9$ & enl>g$ "u t ( ,moses1 :ile !  
spiritual  bless+s rema9$ unre/rict$ z  
be=e4 ,?is 0 probably ! reason  :y      
circumcision 0 renact$ "u ! law (       
,moses4 ,x 0 a  confirmation ( !        
temporal bless+s ( ! ,abrahamic cov5ant1
 n[1  by a cov5ant ( peculi>ity1 made   
ov] to !m1 :ile x 0 /ill  recogniz$ z a 
consuetud9>y rite :i* _h desc5d$ to !m f
  _! fa!rs1 & z ! sign & seal ( !       
cov5ant ( grace1 made  ) ,abraham & )   
all 8 desc5dants )\t exception4 ,?is    
d\ble  ref]5ce ( circumcision1 bo? to ! 
au?ority ( ,moses & to t (  ! patri>*s1 
is f\nd 9 ! words ( our ,"l1 ,john vii1 
#bb3 8,moses  !re=e gave unto y         
circumcision1 n because x is ( ,moses1 b
 (  ! fa!rs20 or1 z x is bett] translat$
 by ,campbell1 8,moses  in/itut$        
circumcision among y1 7n t x is f       
,moses1 b f  ! patri>*s17 & ye          
circumcise on ! ,sabba?4 ,if on !       
,sabba? a  *ild receive circumcision1 t 

! law ( ,moses may n be  violat$10 c4   
#c4 ,f ^! obs]vations1 ! controv]sy 9 ! 
,apo/olic *ur*es  respect+ circumcision 
w d]ive mu* elucidation4 ,! cov5ant )   
,abraham prescrib$ circumcision z an act
 ( fai? 9 its promises1 &  z a pl$ge to 
p]=m its conditions on ! "p ( 8         
desc5dants4  ,b ! object on :i* ?is fai?
 re/$1 0 8! ,se$ ( ,abraham10 9  :om !  
nations ( ! e>? 7 to be bless$3 :i*     
,se$1 says ,/4  ,paul1 8is              
,*ri/10--,*ri/ z promis$1 n yet come4   
,:5 ! ,*ri/  _h come1 s z fully to ent] 
^u 8 r$eem+ (fices1 he c\ld no  long] be
 ! object ( fai?1 z /ill to come2 & ?is 
lead+  promise ( ! cov5ant be+          
accompli%$1 ! sign & seal ( x  vani%$   
away4 ,nor c\ld circumcision be cont9u$ 
9 ?is view by  any1 )\t an impli$ d5ial 
t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! expect$  ,se$ (   
,abraham4 ,circumcision also z an       
in/itution ( ,moses1 :o  cont9u$ x z !  
sign & seal ( ! ,abrahamic cov5ant bo? 9
 its  spiritual & temporal provisions1 b
 ) respect to ! latt] made  x also a    

sign & seal ( ! re/riction ( its        
temporal bless+s &  peculi> religi\s    
privileges to ! desc5dants ( ,israel1 0 
t]m9at$ by ! entrance ( our ,"l ^u 8    
(fice ( ,m$iator1 9  :i* (fice all      
nations 7 to be bless$ 9 him4 ,! ,mosaic
 edition  ( ! cov5ant n only gu>ante$ ! 
l& ( ,canaan1 b !  peculi>ity ( !       
,israelites1 z ! p & visible *ur* ( ,god
  to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 except by      
proselytism4 ,b :5 our ,"l  comm&$ !    
,gospel to be prea*$ to 8all nations10 &
 op5$ !  gates ( ! 8common salvation0 to
 all1 :e!r ,g5tiles or ,jews1           
circumcision1 z ! sign ( a cov5ant (    
peculi>ity & religi\s  di/9ction1 0 also
 done away4 ,x _h n only no reason      
rema9+1  b ! cont9uance ( ! rite involv$
 ! recognition ( exclusive  privileges  
:i* _h be5 t]m9at$ by ,*ri/4 ,?is w     
expla9 !  views ( ! ,apo/le ,paul on ?is
 great "q4 ,he decl>es t 9  ,*ri/ !re is
 nei!r circumcision nor uncircumcision2 
t nei!r  circumcision availe? any ?+1   
nor uncircumcision1 b 8fai? t  worke? by

 love20 fai? 9 ! ,se$ ( ,abraham already
 come & already  engag$ 9 8 m$iatorial &
 r$eem+ "w2 fai?1 by virtue ( :i*  !    
,g5tiles came into ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ on !  
same t]ms z !  ,jews !mselves1 & 7      
ju/ifi$ & sav$4 ,! doctr9e ( !          
non-necessity ( circumcision1 he applies
 to ! ,jews z well z to !  ,g5tiles1    
al?\gh he specially resi/s ! attempts ( 
! ,judaiz]s to  impose ?is rite ^u !    
,g5tile conv]ts2 9 :i* he 0 support$ by 
! decision ( ! ,holy ,_s :5 ! appeal ^u 
?is "q 0  made to 8! ,apo/les & eld]s at
 ,j]usalem10 f ! *ur* at  ,antio*4 ,at !
 same "t x is cle> t he takes two       
diff]5t views  ( ! practice (           
circumcision1 z x 0 cont9u$ among _m ( !
  fir/ ,*ri/ians4 ,! fir/ is t /rong "o 
:i* is express$ 9  ,gal4 v1 #b-d1       
8,behold1 ,i ,paul say unto y1 t if ye  
be circumcis$1  ,*ri/ %all pr(it y no?+2
 = ,i te/ify aga9 to e man t  is        
circumcis$1 t he is a debtor to d ! :ole
 law4 ,*ri/ is made  ( no effect unto y1
 :osoev] ( y are ju/ifi$ by ! law1 ye   

are  fall5 f grace40 ,! second is t     
mild] view :i* he himself mu/  h _h :5  
he circumcis$ ,timo?y to r5d] him m     
acceptable to  ! ,jews2 & :i* also      
appe>s to h l$ him to ab/a9 f all       
allusion to ?is practice :5 writ+ 8     
epi/le to ! believ+  ,hebrews1 al?\gh   
_m1 p]haps mo/ ( !m1 cont9ue to         
circumcise  _! *ildr51 z did ! ,jewi%   
,*ri/ians = a long "t aft]w>d4  ,^!     
diff]5t views ( circumcision1 held by ! 
same p]son1 may be  expla9$ by consid]+ 
! diff]5t pr9ciples on :i* circumcision 
might be practis$ aft] x _h become an   
obsolete ord9ance4    7#a47 ,x might be 
tak5 9 ! simple view ( its fir/         
in/itution1 z  ! sign & seal ( !        
,abrahamic cov5ant2 & !n x 0 to be      
condemn$ z involv+ a d5ial t ,abraham's 
,se$1 ! ,*ri/1 _h  already come1 s9ce1  
^u 8 com+1 e old cov5ant gave place to  
! new cov5ant introduc$ by him4    7#b47
 ,x might be practis$ & enjo9$ z ! sign 
& seal ( !  ,mosaic cov5ant1 :i* 0 /ill 
! ,abrahamic cov5ant ) its  spiritual   

bless+s1 b ) re/riction ( its temporal  
promises &  special ecclesia/ical       
privileges to ! l9e ( ,jacob1 ) a law ( 
obs]vances :i* 0 obligatory ^u all ent]+
 t cov5ant by  circumcision4 ,9 t case x
 involv$1 9 l mann]1 ! notion (  !      
cont9uance ( an old cov5ant1 aft] !     
e/abli%m5t ( ! new2  = ?us ,/4 ,paul    
/ates ! case 9 ,galatians iii1 #ai3     
8,:]e=e !n  s]ve? ! law8 ,x 0 add$      
because ( transgressions until ! ,se$   
%\ld come40 ,aft] t !re=e x _h no       
effect3--x _h wax$ old1  & _h vani%$    
away4    7#c47 ,aga93 circumcision might
 imply an obligation to obs]ve all !    
c]emonial usages & ! moral precepts ( ! 
,mosaic law1 along ) a  g5]al belief 9 !
 mission ( ,*ri/1 z necess>y to         
ju/ification  be=e ,god4 ,?is appe>s to 
h be5 ! view ( ^? among !  ,galatian    
,*ri/ians :o submitt$ to circumcision1 &
 ( ! ,jewi%  tea*]s :o enjo9$ x ^u !m2 =
 ,/4 ,paul 9 t epi/le  con/antly jo9s   
circumcision ) legal obs]vances1 & z    
involv+  an obligation to d 8! :ole     

law10 9 ord] to ju/ification4--8,i      
te/ify aga9 to e man t is circumcis$1 t 
he is a debtor to  d ! :ole law2 :osoev]
 ( y are ju/ifi$ by ! law1 ye are  fall5
 f grace40 8,kn[+ t a man is n ju/ifi$  
by ! works (  ! law1 b by ! fai? ( our  
,"l ,jesus ,*ri/10 ,gal4 ii1 #af4 ,to   
all  p]sons !re=e practis+ circumcision 
9 ?is view x 0 obvi\s1  t 8,*ri/ 0      
become ( none effect10 ! v pr9ciple (   
ju/ification by fai? alone 9 him 0      
r5\nc$ ev5 :ile 8 div9e  mission 0 /ill 
admitt$4    7#d47 ,b !re are two gr\nds 
on :i* circumcision maybe conceiv$ to  h
 be5 innoc5tly1 ?\gh n wisely1 practis$1
 among ! ,*ri/ian  ,jews4 ,! fir/ 0 t ( 
pres]v+ an anci5t national di/9ction  on
 :i* !y valu$ !mselves2 & 7 a conv]t$   
,jew 9 ! pres5t  day dispos$ to p]=m t  
rite ^u 8 *ildr5 = ?is purpose  only1   
r5\nc+ 9 ! act all consid]ation ( x z a 
sign & seal  ( ! old cov5ants1 or z     
oblig+ to c]emonial acts 9 ord] to      
ju/ification1 no "o w\ld c5sure him )   
sev]ity4 ,x appe>s cle>  t x 0 "u "s su*

 view t ,/4 ,paul circumcis$ ,timo?y1   
^: "m 0 a ,jewess2 he did x because ( 8!
 ,jews :i* 7 9  ^? qu>t]s10 t is1       
because ( _! national prejudices1 8=  !y
 knew t 8 fa!r 0 a ,greek40 ,! second 0 
a l+]+  notion1 t1 ev5 9 ! ,*ri/ian     
*ur*1 ! ,jews :o believ$ w\ld  /ill     
reta9 "s degree ( em95ce1 "s sup]ior    
relation to ,god2 a  notion :i*1 h[ev]  
unf\nd$1 0 n "o :i* dem&$ direct        
rebuke1 :5 x did n pr\dly refuse        
spiritual communion ) !  conv]t$        
,g5tiles1 b 0 held by m5 :o 8rejoic$ t  
,god _h  grant$ to ! ,g5tiles rep5tance 
unto life40 ,^! consid]ations may       
acc\nt = ! sil5ce ( ,/4 ,paul on !      
subject ( circumcision 9  8 ,epi/le to !
 ,hebrews4 ,"s ( !m cont9u$ to practise 
t  rite1 b !y 7 probably believ]s ( !   
class j m5tion$2 =  _h he ?\ght t ! rite
 0 cont9u$ among !m on any pr9ciple  :i*
 affect$ ! fundam5tal doctr9es (        
,*ri/ianity1 he w\ld no  d\bt h be5     
equally prompt & fe>less 9 po9t+ out t  
apo/asy f ,*ri/ :i* 0 impli$ 9 x1 z :5  

he wrote to !  ,galatians4    ,n only   
might circumcision be practis$ ) views s
 opposite t "o  might be :olly innoc5t1 
al?\gh an infirmity ( prejudice2 ! o!r  
su* z w\ld involve a rejection ( !      
doctr9e ( ju/ification by  fai? 9 ,*ri/2
 b "s o!r ,jewi% obs]vances also /ood 9 
!  same circum/ances4 ,/4 ,paul 9 8     
,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 a "p (  8      
writ+s f :i* we obta9 ! mo/ in=mation on
 ^!  que/ions1 gr\nds 8 8d\bts0 :e!r !  
memb]s ( t *ur* 7  n seek+ to be        
8ju/ifi$ by ! law0 ^u _! obs]v+ 8days1 &
  mon?s1 & times1 & ye>s40 ,_h he done m
 ?an 8d\bt10 he w\ld  h express$ himself
 m positively4 ,he saw _! dang] on ?is  
po9t2 he saw t !y 7 tak+ /eps to ?is    
fatal result1 by su*  an obs]vance ( ^! 
8days10 c1 z _h a /rong lean+ & dang]\s 
approa* to t dep5d5ce ^u !m =           
ju/ification1 :i* w\ld  de/roy _! fai? 9
 ,*ri/'s solely suffici5t sacrifice2 b 8
  v d\bt+1 n ( ! fact ( _! be+ addict$  
to ^!  obs]vances1 b ( ! animus ) :i* !y
 reg>d$ !m1 supposes  x possible1 h[ev] 

dang]\s ?is ,jewi% con=mity might be1 t 
!y might be obs]v$ = reasons :i* w\ld   
/ill consi/ ) _!  entire reliance ^u !  
m]its ( ,*ri/ = salvation4 ,ev5 he      
himself1 /rongly z he resi/$ !          
imposition ( ?is con=mity to  ,jewi%    
cu/oms ^u ! conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity z a  
matt] (  necessity1 yet 9 practice mu/ h
 con=m$ to _m ( !m1 :5 no  sacrifice (  
pr9ciple 0 und]/ood2 =1 9 ord] to ga9 ! 
,jews1  he became 8z a ,jew40 ,see      
,,abraham1 & ,,baptism4    ,,cisleu1 !  
n9? mon? ( ! ecclesia/ical1 & ! ?ird ( !
  civil1 ye> among ! ,hebrews4 ,x answ]s
 ne>ly to our ,novemb]4    ,,ci/]n1 a   
res]voir *iefly = ra9 wat]4 ,numb]s ( ^!
 are /ill  to be se5 9 ,pale/9e1 "s (   
:i* are a hundr$ & fifty paces  long1 & 
sixty broad4 ,! reason ( _! be+ s l>ge  
01 t  _! cities 7 _m ( !m built 9       
elevat$ situations2 & !  ra9 fall+ only 
twice 9 ! ye>1 namely1 spr+ & autumn1 x 
became necess>y = !m to collect a       
quantity ( wat]1 z well =  ! cattle z = 
! p4 ,a brok5 ci/]n w\ld ( c\rse be a   

great calamity to a family1 or 9 "s     
cases ev5 to a t[n2 & )  ref]5ce to ?is 
we may see ! =ce ( ! repro(1 ,j]4 ii1   
#ac4    ,,cities4 ,by ref]r+ to "s      
peculi>ities 9 ! build+1 =tify+1  c1 (  
ea/]n cities we %all ! bett] und]/&     
sev]al allusions  & expressions ( ! ,old
 ,te/am5t4 ,x is evid5t t ! walls (     
=tifi$ cities 7 sometimes p>tly         
con/ruct$ ( combu/ible  mat]ials2 = !   
,prophet1 d5\nc+ ! judgm5ts ( ,god ^u   
,syria  & o!r c\ntries1 decl>es1 8,i w  
s5d a fire on ! wall ( ,gaza1  :i* %all 
dev\r ! palaces !re(10 ,amos i1 #g4 ,!  
walls ( ,tyre  & ,rabbah seem to h be5 (
 ! same p]i%able mat]ials2 = !  ,prophet
 adds1 8,i w s5d a fire ^u ! wall (     
,tyrus1 :i* %all  dev\r ! palaces !re(20
 & aga91 8,i w k9dle a fire 9 !  walls (
 ,rabbah1 & x %all dev\r ! palaces !re( 
) %\t+  9 ! day ( battle10 v]ses #aj1   
#ad4 ,"o me?od ( secur+ ! gates  (      
=tifi$ places1 among ! anci5ts1 0 to    
cov] !m ) ?ick  plates ( iron2 a cu/om  
:i* is /ill us$ 9 ! ea/1 & seems to  be 

( great antiquity4 ,we le>n f ,pitts1 t 
,algi]s has five gates1  & "s ( ^! h    
two1 "s ?ree1 o!r gates )9 !m2 &  "s (  
!m are plat$ all ov] ) ?ick iron4 ,!    
place :]e !  ,apo/le 0 imprison$ seems  
to h be5 secur$ 9 ! same mann]2  =1 says
 ! inspir$ hi/orian1 8,:5 !y 7 pa/ !    
fir/ &  second w>d1 !y came unto ! iron 
gate t leade? unto ! city2  :i* op5$ to 
!m ( its own accord10 ,acts xii1 #aj4   
,pococke1 speak+  ( a bridge n f> f     
,antio*1 call$ ! iron bridge1 says1 !re 
are two t[]s belong+ to x1 ! gates ( :i*
 are cov]$ ) iron  plates2 :i* he       
supposes is ! reason ( ! "n x be>s4 ,"s 
(  _! gates are plat$ ov] ) brass2 su*  
are ! enorm\s gates (  ! pr9cipal mosque
 at ,damascus1 =m]ly ! *ur* ( ,john !   
,bapti/4 ,to gates l ^!1 ! ,psalmi/     
probably ref]s 9 ^!  words3 8,he ha?    
brok5 ! gates ( brass10 ,psalm cvii1    
#af2 & !  ,prophet1 9 t rem>kable       
passage1 :]e ,god promises to g be=e    
,cyrus 8 ano9t$1 & 8break 9 pieces !    
gates ( brass1 & cut 9  sund] ! b>s (   

iron10 ,isa4 xlv1 #b4 ,b1 consci\s t all
 ^!  precautions 7 insuffici5t = _!     
security1 ! ori5tals employ$  wat*m5 to 
patrol ! city dur+ ! night1 to suppress 
any disord]s  9 ! /reets1 or to gu>d !  
walls aga9/ ! attempts ( a =eign  enemy4
 ,to ?is cu/om ,solomon ref]s 9 ^!      
words3 8,! wat*m5 t  w5t ab\t ! city    
f\nd me1 !y smote me1 !y w\nd$ me2 !    
keep]s ( ! wall took away my veil f me10
 ,song v1 #g4 ,?is cu/om  may be trac$  
to a v remote antiquity2 s e>ly z !     
dep>ture (  ,israel f ! l& ( ,egypt1 !  
morn+ wat* is m5tion$1 c]ta9ly  indicat+
 ! "t :5 ! wat*m5 7 commonly reliev$4 ,9
 ,p]sia1  ! wat*m5 7 oblig$ to indemnify
 ^? :o 7 robb$ 9 !  /reets2 :i* acc\nts 
= ! vigilance & sev]ity :i* !y  display 
9 ! dis*>ge ( _! (fice1 & illu/rates !  
"*  ( wat*man giv5 to ,ezekiel1 & !     
duties he 0 requir$ to p]=m4  ,if !     
wick$ p]i%$ 9 8 iniquities )\t w>n+1 !  
,prophet  0 to be acc\ntable = 8 blood2 
b if he duly po9t$ out 8  dang]1 he     
deliv]$ 8 own s\l1 ,ezek4 xxxiii1 #b4   

,!y 7 also  *>g$1 z ) u1 to ann\nce !   
progress ( ! night to !  slumb]+ city3  
8,! burd5 ( ,dumah2 he calls to me out (
 ,seir1  ,wat*man1 :at ( ! night8       
wat*man1 :at ( ! night8 ,! wat*man      
said1 ,! morn+ come?1 & also ! night10  
,isa4 xxi1 #aa4 ,?is is  confirm$ by an 
obs]vation ( ,*>d9 ^u ^! words ( ,moses3
 8,= a  ?\s& ye>s 9 ?y sight are b z    
ye/]day :5 x is pa/1 & z  a wat* 9 !    
night30 t 8z ! p ( ! ea/ h no clocks1  !
 sev]al p>ts ( ! day & ( ! night1 :i*   
are eight 9 all1  are ann\nc$4 ,9 !     
,indies1 ! p>ts ( ! night are made kn[n1
 z  well by in/rum5ts ( music1 9 great  
cities1 z by ! r\nds ( !  wat*m51 :o1 ) 
cries & small drums1 give !m notice t a 
f\r? "p ( ! night is pa/4 ,n[1 z ^!     
cries awak$ ^? :o  _h slept all t qu>t] 
"p ( ! night1 x appe>$ to !m b z  a     
mom5t40 ,x is evid5t ! anci5t ,jews     
knew1 by "s public notice1  h[ ! night  
wat*es pass$ away2 b1 :e!r !y simply    
ann\nc$  ! t]m9ation ( ! wat*1 or made  
use ( trumpets1 or o!r sonor\s          

in/rum5ts1 9 mak+ ! proclamation1 x may 
n be easy to  det]m9e2 & /ill less :at  
k9d ( *ronomet]s ! wat*m5 us$4  ,!      
probability is1 t ! wat*es 7 ann\nc$ ) !
 s\nd ( a  trumpet2 = ! ,prophet        
,ezekiel makes x a "p ( ! wat*man's     
duty1  at lea/ 9 "t ( w>1 to bl[ !      
trumpet1 & w>n ! p4 ,!  wat*man1 9 a "t 
( dang]1 seems to h tak5 8 /ation 9 a   
t[]1 :i* 0 built ov] ! gate ( ! city4   
,! =tifi$ cities 9 ,canaan1 z 9 "s o!r  
c\ntries1 7  commonly /r5g!n$ ) a       
citadel1 to :i* ! inhabitants fl$ :5  !y
 f\nd x impossible to def5d ! place4 ,! 
:ole inhabitants (  ,!bez1 unable to    
resi/ ! repeat$ & furi\s assaults (     
,abimele*1  retir$ into "o ( ^! t[]s1 & 
bid defiance to 8 rage3 8,b  !re 0 a    
/rong t[] )9 ! city1 & ?i!r fl$ all ! m5
  & wom51 & all !y ( ! city1 & %ut x to 
!m1 & gat !m  up to ! top ( ! t[]40 ,!  
extraord9>y /r5g? ( ?is t[]1  & ! v>i\s 
means ( def5ce :i* 7 accumulat$ )9 its  
n>r[ walls1 may be inf]r$ f ! viol5ce ( 
,abimele*'s attack1  & its fatal issue3 

8,& ,abimele* came unto ! t[]1 & f\ght  
aga9/ x1 & w5t h>d unto ! door ( ! t[]1 
to burn x )  fire4 ,& a c]ta9 woman ca/ 
a piece ( a mill/one ^u ,abimele*'s     
head1 & all to break 8 skull10 ,judges  
ix1 #eb4 ,! city ( ,%e*em  _h a t[] ( ! 
same k9d1 into :i* ! p retir$1 :5 !     
same usurp] took x & s[$ x ) salt1      
,judges ix1 #df4 ,^! /rong  t[]s :i* 7  
built )9 a =tifi$ city1 7 commonly plac$
 on  an em95ce1 to :i* !y asc5d$ by a   
flight ( /eps4 ,su* 0 !  situation ( !  
city ( ,david1 a /rong t[] ^u a high    
em95ce at  ,j]usalem2 & ! mann] (       
entrance1 z describ$ by ! sacr$  writ]3 
8,b ! gate ( ! f\nta9 repair$ ,%allum1  
unto ! /airs  t g d[n f ! city (        
,david10 ,nehemiah iii1 #ae4    ,,cities
 ,,( ,,refuge4 ,see ,,refuge4           
,,claudius1 a ,roman emp]or2 he succe$$ 
,caius ,caligula1 ,a4 ,d4 #da1 &  reign$
 ?irte5 ye>s1 eight mon?s1 & n9ete5     
days1 dy+ ,a4 ,d4 #ed4  ,k+ ,agrippa 0 !
 pr9cipal means ( p]suad+ ,claudius to  
accept  ! empire1 :i* 0 t5d]$ him by !  

soldi]s4 ,z an ackn[l$gm5t  = ?is       
s]vice1 he gave ,agrippa all ,judea1 & !
 k+dom ( ,*alcis  to 8 bro!r ,h]od4 ,he 
put an end to ! dispute :i* _h = "s  "t 
exi/$ betwe5 ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria & ! o!r
 freem5 (  t city1 & confirm$ ! ,jews 9 
! possession ( _! "r (  fre$om1 :i* !y  
_h enjoy$ f ! beg9n+1 & e :]e  ma9ta9$  
!m 9 ! free ex]cise ( _! religion4 ,b he
 w\ld n  p]mit !m to hold any assemblies
 at ,rome4 ,k+ ,agrippa dy+ ,a4 ,d4 #dd1
  ! emp]or aga9 r$uc$ ,judea into a     
prov9ce1 & s5t ,cuspius ,fadus  to be   
gov]nor4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! fam9e happ5$ 
:i* is  m5tion$ ,acts xi1 #bh-cj1 & 0   
=etold by ! ,prophet ,agabus4           
,claudius1 9 ! n9? ye> ( 8 reign1       
publi%$ an edict =  expell+ all ,jews   
out ( ,rome1 ,acts xviii1 #b4 ,x is v   
probable t  ! ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 at t "t   
conf\nd$ ) ! ,jews1 7  bani%$ likewise4 
#b4 ,,claudius ,,felix1 successor (     
,cumanus 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,judea4  ,felix 
f\nd means to solicit & engage          
,drusilla1 si/] ( ,agrippa !  ,y\ng]1 to

 leave h] husb& ,azizus1 k+ ( !         
,emess5ians1 & to  m>ry him1 ,a4 ,d4    
#ec4 ,felix s5t to ,rome ,eleaz>1 son ( 
,d9u1 capta9  ( a b& ( robb]s1 :o _h    
committ$ great ravages 9 ,pale/9e2 he   
procur$ ! dea? ( ,jona?an1 ! high prie/1
 :o sometimes freely  repres5t$ to him 8
 duty2 he defeat$ a body ( ?ree ?\s& m51
  :om an ,egyptian1 a false prophet1 _h 
assembl$ ^u ! ,m\nt (  ,olives4 ,/4     
,paul be+ br\ght to ,ces>ea1 :]e ,felix 
usually resid$1  0 well treat$ by ?is   
gov]nor1 :o p]mitt$ 8 fri5ds to see him1
  & r5d] him s]vices1 hop+ ! ,apo/le    
w\ld procure 8 r$emption  by a sum (    
money4 ,he h[ev] nei!r condemn$ ,paul1  
nor set him at  lib]ty1 :5 ! ,jews      
accus$ him2 b adj\rn$ ! det]m9ation (   
?is affair till ! arrival ( ,lysias1 :o 
comm&$ ! troops at  ,j]usalem1 :]e he _h
 tak5 ,paul into cu/ody1 & :o 0 expect$ 
at  ,ces>ea1 ,acts xxiii1 #bf1 #bg1 c2  
xxiv1 #a-c1 c4    ,:ile ! ,apo/le 0 ?us 
deta9$1 ,felix1 ) 8 wife ,drusilla1 :o  
0 a ,jewess1 s5t = him1 & desir$ him to 

expla9 ! religion (  ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!   
,apo/le spoke ) 8 usual boldness1 &     
disc\rs$  to !m on ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & 
! la/ judgm5t4 ,felix trembl$  be=e ?is 
p[]ful exhibition ( tru?s s ar\s+ to 8  
consci5ce2  b he rem&$ ,/4 ,paul to 8   
conf9em5t4 ,he f>!r deta9$ him two  ye>s
 at ,ces>ea1 9 compliance ) ! wi%es ( ! 
,jews1 & 9  ord] to d some?+ to         
propitiate !m1 because !y 7 extremely   
dissatisfi$ ) 8 gov]nm5t4 ,be+ recall$  
to ,rome1 ,a4 ,d4 #fj2 &  _m ,jews go+  
?i!r to compla9 ( ! extortions & viol5ce
  committ$ by him 9 ,judea1 he w\ld h   
be5 put to dea?1 if 8  bro!r ,pallas1 :o
 _h be5 ,claudius's slave1 & 0 n[ 8     
fre$man1  _h n pres]v$ him4 ,felix 0    
succe$$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,judea by        
,porcius ,fe/us4    ,,clay1 1 is (t5    
m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 nor is x necess>y 
to  expla9 ! v>i\s ref]5ces to :at is s 
well kn[n4 ,x may be  rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t  
clay 0 us$ = scal+ doors4 ,nord5 &      
,pococke obs]ve1 t ! inspectors ( !     
gran>ies 9 ,egypt1 aft]  clos+ ! door1  

put _! seal ^u a h&ful ( clay1 ) :i* !y 
cov] ! lock4 ,?is may help to expla9    
,job xxxviii1 #ad1 9 :i* !  e>? is      
repres5t$ z assum+ =m & imag]y f !      
brightness (  ! ris+ sun1 z rude clay   
receives a figure f ! impression ( a    
seal or signet4    ,,cleopas1 accord+ to
 ,eusebius & ,epiphanius1 0 bro!r (     
,joseph1  bo? be+ sons ( ,jacob4 ,he 0 !
 fa!r ( ,simeon1 ( ,james !  ,less1 (   
,jude1 & ,joseph or ,joses4 ,cleopas    
m>ri$ ,m>y1 si/] to !  bless$ virg94 ,he
 0 !re=e uncle to ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 8 sons
  7 fir/ c\s9s to him4 ,cleopas1 8 wife1
 & sons1 7 disciples  ( ,*ri/4 ,hav+    
beheld our ,savi\r expire ^u ! cross1   
he1 l !  o!r disciples1 appe>s to h lo/ 
all hopes ( see+ ! k+dom (  ,god        
e/abli%$ by him on e>?4 ,! ?ird day aft]
 our ,savi\r's  dea?1 on ! day ( 8      
resurrection1 ,cleopas1 ) ano!r         
disciple1  dep>t$ f ,j]usalem to        
,emmaus2 & 9 ! way disc\rs$ on :at _h   
lately happ5$4 ,our ,savi\r jo9$ !m1    
appe>+ z a travell]2 &1  tak+ up _!     

disc\rse1 he reason$ ) !m1 conv9c+ !m   
out (  ! ,scriptures1 t x 0 necess>y !  
,messiah %\ld suff] dea?1  previ\sly to 
8 be+ glorifi$4 ,at ,emmaus1 ,jesus     
seem$ z if  incl9$ to g f>!r2 b ,cleopas
 & 8 companion deta9$ him1 &  made him  
sup ) !m4 ,:ile !y 7 at table1 ,jesus   
took bread1  bless$ x1 brake1 & gave x  
to !m1 & by ?is action _! eyes  7 op5$1 
& !y knew him4 ,^u 8 disappe>+ !y       
in/antly  return$ to ,j]usalem1 to      
ann\nce ! fact to ! ,apo/les1 :o 9  _!  
turn decl>$ t 8! ,"l 0 ris5 inde$ & _h  
appe>$ to  ,pet]40 ,9 our translation ( 
,luke xxiv1 #ca1 x is said t ,jesus     
8vani%$ out ( _! sight20 b ! orig9al is 
m prop]ly  r5d]$1 8,he sudd5ly w5t away 
f !m10 ! ^w be+ (t5  appli$ by ! ,greek 
writ]s to ^? :o 9 any way1 b especially 
sudd5ly & abruptly1 )draw f any "o's    
company4 ,no o!r actions  ( ,cleopas are
 kn[n4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,j]om1 t 8      
resid5ce 0  at ,emmaus1 & t he invit$   
our ,savi\r into 8 own h\se4 ,suppos+   
,cleopas to h be5 ! bro!r ( ,joseph1 &  

fa!r ( ,james1 c1  ,calmet ?9ks x m     
probable t z he 0 a ,galilean1 he dwelt 
9  "s city ( ,galilee4    ,,cl\d1 a     
collection ( vap\rs susp5d$ 9 !         
atmosph]e4 ,:5 !  ,israelites _h left   
,egypt1 ,god gave !m a pill> ( cl\d to  
direct  _! m>*1 ,exod4 xiii1 #ba1 #bb4  
,accord+ to ,j]om1 9 8 ,epi/le to       
,fabiola1 ?is cl\d att5d$ !m f ,succo?2 
or1 accord+ to o!rs1  f ,rameses2 or1 z 
! ,hebrews say1 only f ,e?an1 till !    
dea? (  ,a>on2 or1 z ! g5]ality (       
comm5tators are ( op9ion1 to !  passage 
( ,jordan4 ,?is pill> 0 commonly 9 front
 ( ! ,israelites2  b at ,pihahiro?1 :5 !
 ,egyptian army approa*$ beh9d !m1 x    
plac$ itself betwe5 ,israel & !         
,egyptians1 s t ! ,egyptians  c\ld n    
come ne> ! ,israelites all night1 ,exod4
 xiv1 #ai1 #bj4 ,9 !  morn+1 ! cl\d mov+
 on ov] ! sea1 & foll[+ ! ,israelites   
:o _h pass$ ?r\gh x1 ! ,egyptians press+
 aft] 7 dr[n$4  ,f t "t1 ?is cl\d att5d$
 ! ,israelites2 x 0 cle> &  bright dur+ 
night1 9 ord] to af=d !m light2 b 9 !   

day x  0 ?ick & gloomy1 to def5d !m f ! 
excessive heats ( !  des]ts4 8,! angel (
 ,god :i* w5t be=e ! camp ( ,israel1    
remov$  & w5t beh9d !m2 & ! pill> ( !   
cl\d w5t f be=e _!  face1 & /ood beh9d  
!m10 ,exod4 xiv1 #ai4 ,"h we may obs]ve1
 t  ! angel & ! cl\d made ! same motion1
 z x w\ld seem1 9  company4 ,! cl\d by  
its motions gave ! signal to !          
,israelites to  encamp or to decamp4    
,:]e1 !re=e1 x /ay$1 ! p /ay$ till  x   
rose aga92 !n !y broke up _! camp1 &    
foll[$ x till x  /opp$4 ,x 0 call$ a    
pill>1 by reason ( its =m1 :i* 0 high  &
 elevat$4 ,"s int]pret]s suppose t !re 7
 two cl\ds1 "o  to enlight51 ! o!r to   
%ade1 ! camp4    ,! ,"l appe>$ at ,s9ai 
9 ! mid/ ( a cl\d1 ,exod4 xix1 #i2 xxiv1
  #e2 & aft] ,moses _h built &          
consecrat$ ! tab]nacle1 ! cl\d  fill$ ! 
c\rt ar\nd x1 s t nei!r ,moses nor !    
prie/s c\ld  ent]1 ,exodus xl1 #cd1 #ce4
 ,! same happ5$ at ! d$ication ( !      
temple ( ,j]usalem by ,solomon1 #b      
,*ronicles v1 #ac2 #a ,k+s viii1 #aj4   

,:5 ! cl\d appe>$ ^u ! t5t1 9 front (   
:i* 7 held !  assemblies ( ! p 9 !      
des]t1 x 0 !n indicat$ t ,god  0 pres5t2
 = ! t5t 0 a sign ( ,god's pres5ce4 ,!  
angel  desc5d$ 9 ! cl\d1 & !nce spoke to
 ,moses1 )\t be+ se5 by  ! p1 ,exod4    
xvi1 #aj2 ,num4 xi1 #be2 xvi1 #e4 ,x is 
common 9  ,scripture1 :5 m5tion+ ,god's 
appe>+1 to repres5t him z  encompass$ ) 
cl\ds1 :i* s]ve z a *>iot1 & contribute 
to  veil 8 dreadful maje/y1 ,job xxii1  
#ad2 ,isaiah xix1 #a2 ,matt4 xvii1 #e2  
xxiv1 #cj1 c2 ,psalm xviii1 #aa1 #ab2   
xcvii1 #b2 civ1 #c4 ,cl\d is also us$  =
 morn+ mi/s3 8,y\r goodness is z a morn+
 cl\d2 & z !  e>ly dew x goe? away10    
,hosea vi1 #d2 xiii1 #c4 ,job1 speak+ ( 
!  *aos1 says1 t ,god _h conf9$ ! sea or
 ! wat]1 z x 7 )  a cl\d1 & cov]$ x )   
d>kness1 z a *ild is wrapp$ 9 its       
blankets4 ,! au?or ( ,ecclesia/icus1    
xxiv1 #f1 us$ ! same  expression4 ,!    
,son ( ,god1 at 8 second adv5t1 is      
describ$ z  desc5d+ ^u cl\ds1 ,matt4    
xxiv1 #cj2 ,luke xi1 #bg2 ,rev4 xiv1    

#ad-af4    ,,cocceians1 ! disciples (   
,john ,cocceius1 a celebrat$ ,dut*      
div9e1  born at ,brem51 9 #afjh1 :]e he 
0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ,hebrew1 at  ! age 
( tw5ty-sev51 & aft]w>d fill$ !         
!ological *air at  ,leyd51 :]e he di$ 9 
#affi4 ,8 works make t5 volumes 9 folio4
 ,he  0 a man ( good le>n+1 & a vivid   
imag9ation4 ,he consid]$ !  ,old        
,te/am5t z a mirror1 :i* held =?        
figuratively !  transactions & ev5ts t 7
 to happ5 9 ! *ur* "u !  disp5sation ( !
 ,new ,te/am5t1 & unto ! end ( ! _w4 ,he
  ma9ta9$1 t by f> ! great] "p ( !      
anci5t prophecies  relat$ to ,*ri/'s    
m9i/ry & m$iation1 & ! rise1 progress1 &
  revolutions ( ! *ur*2 n only "u !     
figure ( typical p]sons  & transactions1
 b 9 a m direct mann]2 & t ,*ri/ 01     
inde$1 z mu* ! sub/ance ( ! ,old        
,te/am5t z ( ! ,new4  ,cocceius also    
taught1 t ! cov5ant made betwe5 ,god & !
 ,jews  0 ( ! same nature z ! new       
cov5ant by ,jesus ,*ri/2 t ! law  0     
promulgat$ by ,moses1 n m]ely z a rule (

 ob$i5ce1 b also z  a repres5tation ( ! 
cov5ant ( grace2 t :5 ! ,jews _h        
provok$ ! ,deity by _! v>i\s            
transgressions1 p>ticul>ly by !  wor%ip 
( ! gold5 calf1 ! sev]e yoke ( !        
c]emonial law 0  add$ z a puni%m5t2 t   
?is yoke1 :i* 0 pa9ful 9 itself1  became
 d\bly s on acc\nt ( its typical        
signification2 s9ce x  admoni%$ !       
,israelites f day to day ( ! imp]fection
 ( _!  /ate1 fill$ !m ) anxiety1 & 0 a  
p]petual pro( t !y _h  m]it$ ! righte\s 
judgm5t ( ,god1 & c\ld n expect1 be=e ! 
com+ ( ! ,messiah1 ! entire remission ( 
_! iniquities2 t  inde$ good m51 "u !   
,mosaic disp5sation1 71 aft] dea?1 made 
p>tak]s ( glory2 b t1 nev]!less1 dur+ ! 
:ole c\rse (  _! lives !y 7 f> remov$ f 
t assurance ( salvation1  :i* rejoices !
 believ] "u ! disp5sation ( ! ,gospel2 &
  t _! anxiety fl[$ f ?is consid]ation1 
t _! s9s1  ?\gh !y rema9$ unpuni%$1 7 n 
yet p>don$2 because ,*ri/  _h n z yet   
(f]$ himself up to make an atonem5t =   
!m4  ,cocceius 0 also a mill5n>ian1 &   

expect$ a p]sonal reign (  ,*ri/ on e>? 
9 ! la/ days4 ,_m ( 8 op9ions 7 aft]w>d 
adopt$ by ! ,hut*9sonians4    ,,cock1 1 
a well kn[n dome/ic f[l4 ,"s d]ive !    
,greek "n  f 1 & 1 a b$1 because ! cr[+ 
( cocks r\ses m5  f _! b$s2 b ,mr4      
,p>khur/ asks1 8,may n ?is "n be z      
prop]ly d$uc$ f ! ,hebrew  1 ! com+ ( ! 
light1 (  :i* ?is #8bird ( dawn+1' z    
,%akspe>e calls him1 gives su*          
rem>kable notice1 & = do+ :i* he 01     
among ! ,hea!n1 sacr$  to ! sun1 :o 9   
,hom] is himself call$ 80 ,9 ,matt4     
xxvi1 #cd1  our ,"l is repres5t$ z say+1
 t be=e cock-cr[ ,pet] %\ld  d5y him    
?rice2 s ,luke xxii1 #cd1 & ,john xiii1 
#ci4 ,b accord+ to  ,m>k xiv1 #cj1 he   
says1 8,be=e ! cock cr[ twice ?\ %alt   
d5y me  ?rice40 ,^! texts may be v      
satisfactorily reconcil$1 by  obs]v+1 t 
anci5t au?ors1 bo? ,greek & ,lat91      
m5tion two  cock-cr[+s1 ! "o ( :i* 0    
soon aft] midnight1 ! o!r ab\t  ?ree    
o'clock 9 ! morn+2 & ?is latt] be+ mo/  
notic$ by m5  z ! signal ( _! approa*+  

lab\rs1 0 call$ by way (  em95ce1 !     
cock-cr[+2 & to ?is alone1 ,mat!w1 giv+ 
!  g5]al s5se ( our ,savi\r's w>n+ to   
,pet]1 ref]s2 b ,m>k1  record+ 8 v      
words1 m5tions ! two cock-cr[+s4    ,!  
rabbies tell u t cocks 7 n p]mitt$ to be
 kept 9  ,j]usalem on acc\nt ( ! hol9ess
 ( ! place2 & t = ?is  reason "s mod]n  
,jews cavil aga9/ ?is decl>ation ( !    
,evangeli/s2 b ! cock is n among ! birds
 prohibit$ 9 ! law  ( ,moses4 ,if !re 0 
any re/ra9t 9 ! use & dome/ication ( !  
animal1 x mu/ h be5 an arbitr>y practice
 ( ! ,jews1 & c\ld  n h be5 b9d+ on     
=eign]s1 ( :om _m resid$ at ,j]usalem  z
 (fic]s or trad]s4 ,/rang]s w\ld n be   
will+ to =ego an  innoc5t k9d ( food 9  
compliance ) a conqu]$ p2 & !  traffick+
 _s ( ! ,jews w\ld induce !m to supply  
ali5s1 if x  did n expressly contradict 
! lett] ( _! law4 ,?is is suffici5t  to 
acc\nt = f[l ( ?is k9d be+ !re1 ev5     
admitt+ a cu/om>y  re/ra9t4 ,! celebrat$
 ,rel& admits t x 0 n all[$ to bre$     
cocks 9 ! city1 b t ! ,jews 7 n         

prohibit$ f buy+  !m to eat1 & t !re=e !
 cock m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel might  be 9 ! 
h\se ( a ,jew :o design$ to kill x = 8  
own table2 or  may h be5 kept 9 !       
prec9cts ( ,pilate1 or ( a ,roman (fic] 
or  soldi]4    ,dur+ ! "t ( our ,savi\r1
 ! night 0 divid$ into f\r wat*es1  a   
f\r? wat* hav+ be5 introduc$ among !    
,jews f ! ,romans1  :o d]iv$ x f !      
,greeks4 ,! second & ?ird wat*es are    
m5tion$ 9 ,luke xii1 #ch2 ! f\r?1 9     
,mat!w xiv1 #be2 & ! f\r  are all       
di/9ctly m5tion$ 9 ,m>k xiii1 #ce3      
8,wat*1 !re=e2 = ye  "k n :5 ! ma/] ( ! 
h\se come?2 at ev510 1 or !  late wat*1 
8or at midnight10 1 8or at ! cock-cr[+10
  1 8or 9 ! morn+10 1 ! e>ly wat*4 ,"h1 
!  fir/ wat* 0 at ev51 & cont9u$ f six  
till n9e2 ! second  comm5c$ at n9e1 &   
end$ at twelve1 or midnight2 ! ?ird     
wat*1  call$ by ! ,romans gallic9ium1   
la/$ f twelve to ?ree2 & !  morn+ wat*  
clos$ at six4    ,,cockatrice1 1 or 1   
,prov]bs xxiii1 #cb2 ,isaiah xi1 #h2    
xiv1 #bi2  lix1 #e2 ,j]4 viii1 #ag4 ,a  

v5om\s s]p5t4 ,! orig9al ,hebrew ^w has 
be5 v>i\sly r5d]$1 ! aspic1 ! regulus1 !
 hydra1 !  hemorhoos1 ! vip]1 & !       
c]a/es4 ,9 ,isaiah xi1 #h1 ?is  s]p5t is
 evid5tly int5d$ = a proportionate      
advance 9 malignity  beyond ! pet5 :i*  
prec$es x2 & 9 xiv1 #bi1 x mu/ mean a   
worse k9d ( s]p5t ?an ! naha%4 ,9 lix1  
#e1 x is ref]r$ to z  ovip>\s4 ,9 ,j]4  
viii1 #ag1 ,dr4 ,blayney1 aft] ,aquila1 
reta9s !  r5d]+ ( basilisk4 ,bo*>t1 :o  
?9ks x to be ! regulus or  basilisk1    
says t x may be s d5om9at$ by an        
onomatopia f  its hiss+2 & accord+ly x  
is h5ce call$ 9 ,lat9 sibilus1 8!       
hiss]40 ,s ! ,arabic saphaa signifies   
8flatu adur]e10 to scor*  ) a bla/4 ,!  
,*aldee p>aphra/1 ! ,syriac1 & !        
,arabic1  r5d] x ! hurman or horman2 :i*
 rabbi ,selomo on ,g54 xlix1 #ag1       
decl>es to be ! tziphoni ( ! ,hebrews3  
8,hurman vocatur species1  cujus morsus 
e/ insanabilis4 ,is e/ ,hebris tziphoni1
 et ,*aldaic  dicitur hurman1 quia omnia
 facit  va/ationem2 id e/1 quia omnia   

va/at1 et ad int]necionem de/ruit40 ,!  
species is call$ hurman1  ^: bite is    
incurable4 ,x is ! tziphoni ( !         
,hebrews1 & is  call$ 9 ,*aldee hurman1 
because x makes all ?+s --a wa/e2  t is1
 because x lays wa/e & utt]ly de/roys e 
?+4    ,,cockle1 4 ,?is ^w occurs only 9
 ,job xxxi1 #dj4 ,by ! ,*aldee x  is    
r5d]$ noxi\s h]bs2 by ,symma*us1 1      
plants (  imp]fect fruit2 by !          
,septuag9t1 1 ! blackb]ry bu%2 by       
,ca/elio1 ebulus1 8dw>f eld]20 by       
,celsius1 aconite2 & by ,bi%op  ,/ock & 
,dr4 ,good1 ! night-%ade4 ,m4 ,mi*alis  
ma9ta9s1 aft]  ,celsius1 t bo? ?is ^w & 
1 ,isaiah v1 #b1 #d1 d5ote !  aconite1 a
 poison\s plant1 gr[+ spontane\sly &    
luxuriantly on  sunny hills1 su* z are  
us$ = v9ey>ds4 ,he says t ?is           
int]pretation is c]ta91 because1 z      
,celsius _h obs]v$1 1 9  ,arabic1 d5otes
 ! aconite2 & he intimates t x be/ suits
 ,job  xxxi1 #dj1 :]e x is m5tion$ z    
gr[+ in/ead ( b>ley4 ,! ^w  appe>s to   
import a we$ n only noxi\s1 b ( a fetid 

smell4    ,c,,lo-,,syria1 holl[ or      
depress$ ,syria1 ,syria 9 ! vale1 #a    
,macc4  xiii1 #aj4 ,?is "n imports !    
holl[ l&1 or region1 situat$ betwe5  two
 long ridges ( m\nta9s2 & ^? m\nta9s h  
be5 always  und]/ood to be ,libanus &   
,anti-libanus4 ,z ^! ridges run p>allel 
= _m leagues1 !y conta9 betwe5 !m a     
long1 ext5sive1 &  extremely fruitful   
valley4    ,,colosse1 a city ( ,phrygia 
,m9or1 :i* /ood on ! riv] ,lyceus1 at an
  equal di/ance betwe5 ,laodicea &      
,hi]apolis4 ,^! ?ree cities1 says       
,eusebius1 7 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 9 !
 t5? ( ,n]o1 or  ab\t two ye>s aft] !   
date ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to !         
,colossians4  ,laodicea1 ,hi]apolis1 &  
,colosse 7 at no great di/ance f ea*    
o!r2 :i* acc\nts = ! ,apo/le ,paul1 :5  
writ+ to 8  ,*ri/ian bre?r5 9 ! latt] ( 
^! places1 m5tion+ !m all 9  connection 
) ea* o!r1 ,col4 iv1 #ac4 ,( ^! cities1 
h[ev]1  ,laodicea 0 ! greate/1 = x 0 !  
metropolis ( ,phrygia1 ?\gh  ,colosse is
 said to h be5 a great & weal?y place4  

,! inhabitants  ( ,phrygia1 says ,dr4   
,macknight1 7 fam\s = ! wor%ip (        
,bac*us1  & ( ,cybele ! "m ( ! gods2    
:5ce ! latt] 0 call$  ,phrygia mat]1 by 
way ( em95ce4 ,9 h] wor%ip1 z well z 9 t
 (  ,bac*us1 bo? sexes practis$ e       
species ( debau*]y 9 spee* &  action1 ) 
a frantic rage :i* !y pret5d$ 0         
occasion$ by !  inspiration ( ! deities 
:om !y wor%ipp$4 ,^! 7 ! orgies1  f 1   
rage1 ( ,bac*us & ,cybele1 s fam$ 9     
antiquity1 !  lascivi\s rites ( :i* be+ 
p]fectly adapt$ to ! corruptions (  !   
human he>t1 7 p]=m$ by bo? sexes )\t    
%ame or remorse4  ,h5ce z ! ,son ( ,god 
came into ! _w to de/roy ! works ( !    
devil1 x appe>$1 9 ! eye ( 8 ,apo/le1 a 
matt] ( great  importance to c>ry !     
light ( ! ,gospel into c\ntries :]e ^!  
abom9able impurities 7 n only practis$1 
b ev5 dignifi$ )  ! hon\rable           
appellation ( religi\s wor%ip2          
especially z no?+  b ! heav5-desc5d$    
light ( ! ,gospel c\ld dispel su* a     
p]nici\s infatuation4 ,t ?is salut>y    

purpose might be effectually            
accompli%$1 ,paul1 accompani$ by ,silas 
& ,timo?y1 w5t at diff]5t  times into   
,phrygia1 & prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 _m cities
 ( t  c\ntry ) great success2 b x is    
?\ght by _m p]sons1 t !  ,epi/le to !   
,colossians conta9s int]nal m>ks ( 8    
nev] hav+  be5 at ,colosse :5 he wrote  
x4 ,?is op9ion re/s pr9cipally ^u  !    
foll[+ passage3 8,= ,i w\ld t ye knew   
:at great conflict ,i  h = y1 & = !m at 
,laodicea1 & = z _m z h n  se5 my face 9
 ! fle%10 ,col4 ii1 #a3 b ^! words1 if  
!y prove  any ?+ ^u ?is "q1 prove t ,/4 
,paul _h nev] be5 ei!r  at ,laodicea or 
,colosse2 b surely x is v improbable t  
he %\ld  h travell$ twice into ,phrygia 
= ! purpose ( prea*+ !  ,gospel1 & n h  
gone ei!r to ,laodicea or ,colosse1 :i* 
7 !  two pr9cipal cities ( t c\ntry2    
especially z 9 ! second  j\rney into ^? 
p>ts x is said1 t he 8w5t ov] all !     
c\ntry  ( ,galatia & ,phrygia1 /r5g!n+  
all ! disciples20 & moreov]1  we "k t x 
0 ! ,apo/le's practice to prea* at ! mo/

  consid]able places ( e di/rict into   
:i* he w5t4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]1  aft] argu+ ?is
 po9t1 says1 8,f all ^! consid]ations1 x
  appe>s to me v probable t ! *ur* at   
,colosse _h be5 plant$  by ! ,apo/le    
,paul1 & t ! ,*ri/ians !re 7 8 fri5ds1  
disciples1 & conv]ts40    ,! ,epi/le    
greatly resembles t to ! ,ephesians1 bo?
 9 s5tim5t  & expression4 ,aft] salut+ !
 ,colossian ,*ri/ians 9 8 own "n1  & t (
 ,timo?y1 ,/4 ,paul assures !m1 t s9ce  
he _h he>d (  _! fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & 
( _! love to all ,*ri/ians1 he _h  n    
ceas$ to return ?anks to ,god = !m1 & to
 pray t !y might  increase 9 spiritual  
k1 & ab\nd 9 e good "w2 he  describes ! 
dignity ( ,*ri/1 & decl>es ! univ]sality
 ( !  ,gospel disp5sation1 :i* 0 a my/]y
 =m]ly hidd51 b n[ made  manife/2 & he  
m5tions 8 own appo9tm5t1 ?r\gh ! grace (
 ,god1  to be ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles2 he
 expresses a t5d] conc]n = !            
,colossians & o!r ,*ri/ians ( ,phrygia1 
& cautions !m aga9/  be+ s$uc$ f !      
simplicity ( ! ,gospel1 by ! subtlety ( 

,pagan philosoph]s1 or ! sup]/ition (   
,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians2 he  directs !m to   
set _! affections on ?+s above1 & =bids 
e  species ( lic5ti\sness2 he exhorts to
 a v>iety ( ,*ri/ian virtues1  to       
meekness1 v]acity1 humility1 *>ity1 &   
devotion2 he en=ces !  duties ( wives1  
husb&s1 *ildr51 fa!rs1 s]vants1 & ma/]s2
 he  inculcates ! duty ( pray]1 & (     
prud5t behavi\r t[>d  unbeliev]s2 & aft]
 add+ ! salutations ( sev]al p]sons !n  
at  ,rome1 & desir+ t ?is epi/le might  
be read 9 ! *ur* (  _! neighb\rs !      
,laodiceans1 he concludes ) a salutation
 f  himself1 writt51 z usual1 ) 8 own   
h&4    ,,com=t]1 "o ( ! titles by :i* ! 
,holy ,_s is designat$ 9  ! ,new        
,te/am5t1 ,john xiv1 #af1 #bf2 xv1 #bf4 
,! "n has no d\bt a  ref]5ce to 8       
peculi> (fice 9 ! economy ( r$emption2  
namely1  t ( imp>t+ consolation to !    
he>ts ( ,*ri/'s disciples1 :i*  he      
effects by 8tak+ ( ! ?+s t are ,*ri/'s10
 & expla9+  !m2 or1 9 o!r words1 by     
illum9at+ _! m9ds z to ! mean+  ( !     

,scriptures1 assur+ !m ( ! ,savi\r's    
love1 br++ to  _! recollection 8        
consolatory say+s1 & fill+ _! s\ls )    
peace & joy 9 believ+ !m4--,! ^w has    
also be5 r5d]$  ,advocate1 ,help]1      
,monitor1 ,tea*]1 c4 ,! fir/ does n     
apply  to ! (fice ( ! ,_s2 & ! o!rs are 
n s well support$ by  ! connection ( our
 ,"l's disc\rse1 :i* fav\rs !           
translation1  ,com=t]2 because :atev]   
graci\s (fices ! ,holy ,_s 0 to  p]=m = 
! disciples1 ! great end ( all 0 to     
remove t  sorr[ :i* ! approa* ( !       
dep>ture ( ,*ri/ _h produc$1 &  to r5d] 
_! joy full & complete4    ,,comm]ce4   
,m]*&ise1 9 its v>i\s bran*es1 0 c>ri$  
on 9 !  ea/ at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* we h
 any acc\nt2 & x 0 n  long be=e !       
traffic betwe5 nations1 bo? by sea & l&1
 0 v  consid]able4 ,accord+ly1 frequ5t  
m5tion is made ( public roads1  =ds1    
bridges1 & bea/s ( burd52 also ( %ips = 
!  transportation ( prop]ty1 ( weights1 
measures1 & co91 bo? 9 !  olde/ books ( 
! ,bible1 & 9 ! mo/ anci5t pr(ane       

hi/ories4  ,! ,ph5icians anci5tly held !
 fir/ rank z a comm]cial nation4  ,!y 7 
9 ! habit ( pur*as+ goods ( v>i\s k9ds  
?r\gh\t  all ! ea/4 ,!y !n c>ri$ !m 9   
%ips d[n ! ,m$it]ranean1 z  f> z ! %ores
 ( ,africa & ,europe1 br\ght back 9     
return  m]*&ise & silv]1 & dispos$ ( ^! 
aga9 9 ! m ea/]n  c\ntries4 ,! fir/     
metropolis ( ! ,ph5icians 0 ,sidon3     
aft]w>d  ,tyre became ! pr9cipal city4  
,tyre 0 built two hundr$ & =ty  ye>s    
be=e ! temple ( ,solomon1 or twelve     
hundr$ & fifty-"o  be=e ,*ri/4 ,!       
,ph5icians _h ports ( _! own 9 almo/ e  
c\ntry2 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( :i* 7 ,c>?age &
 ,t>%i%1 or  ,t>tessus1 9 ,spa94 ,! %ips
 f ! latt] place und]took v  di/ant     
voyages3 h5ce1 any vessels t p]=m$      
di/ant voyages 7  call$ 8%ips ( ,t>%i%10
  4 ,some?+ is said ( !  comm]ce ( !    
,ph5icians 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? & tw5ty-eigh?
  *apt]s ( ,ezekiel1 & ! tw5ty-?ird     
*apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,!  inhabitants (      
,arabia ,felix c>ri$ on a comm]ce )     
,india4 ,!y  c>ri$ "s ( ! articles :i*  

!y br\ght f ,india ?r\gh !  /raits (    
,babelm&el into ,abyss9ia & ,egypt2 "s  
!y transport$  to ,babylon ?r\gh !      
,p]sian ,gulf & ! ,euphrates2 & "s by ! 
way ( ! ,r$ ,sea to ! port ( ,eziongeb]4
 ,!y ?us became ri*2  ?\gh x is possible
 _! weal? may h be5 too mu* magnifi$ by 
! anci5ts4 ,! em95ce ( ! ,egyptians1 z a
 comm]cial nation1  comm5ces ) ! reign (
 ,ne*o4 ,_! comm]ce1 nev]!less1 0 n     
great1 till ,alex&] _h de/roy$ ,tyre &  
built ,alex&ria4    #b4 ,! ,ph5icians   
sometimes receiv$ ! goods ( ,india by   
way ( !  ,p]sian ,gulf1 :]e !y _h       
colonies 9 ! isl&s ( ,d$an1 ,arad1 &    
,tyre4 ,sometimes !y receiv$ !m f !     
,arabians1 :o ei!r br\ght  !m by l&     
?r\gh ,arabia1 or up ! ,r$ ,sea to      
,eziongeb]4 ,9 !  latt] case1 hav+ l&$  
!m at ! port m5tion$1 !y transport$  !m 
?r\gh ! c\ntry by ! way ( ,gaza to      
,ph5icia4 ,! ,ph5icians  increas$ !     
am\nt ( _! =eign goods by ! addition (  
^?  :i* !y !mselves fabricat$2 & 7 ?us  
enabl$ to supply all  p>ts ( !          

,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,egyptians at fir/     
receiv$ _! goods  f ! ,ph5icians1       
,arabians1 ,africans1 & ,abyss9ians2 9  
all (  :i* c\ntries !re are /ill !      
rema9s ( l>ge trad+ t[ns2 b  9 a        
subsequ5t age1 !y import$ goods f ,india
 9 _! own  vessels2 & ev5tually c>ri$ on
 an export trade ) v>i\s ports on  !    
,m$it]ranean4 ,ori5tal comm]ce1 h[ev]1 0
 *iefly c>ri$ on by  l&3 accord+ly1     
vessels are h>dly m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1   
except 9  ,psalm cvii1 #bc-cj1 & 9      
passages :]e ! disc\rse turns ^u !      
,ph5icians1 or ^u ! naval affairs (     
,solomon & ,jeho%aphat4 ,!  two pr9cipal
 r\tes f ,pale/9e into ,egypt 71 ! "o   
along !  %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean f ,gaza 
to ,pelusium1 & ! o!r f  ,gaza by ! way 
( ,m\nt ,s9ai & ! ,elanitic bran* ( !   
,r$ ,sea4    #c4 ,! m]*ants transport$  
_! goods ^u camels2 animals :i* are     
pati5t ( ?ir/1 & are easily support$ 9 !
 des]ts4 ,= !  common purpose ( security
 aga9/ depr$ations1 ! ori5tal m]*ants   
travell$ 9 company1 z is common 9 ! ea/ 

at ! pres5t day4 ,a  l>ge travell+      
company ( ?is k9d is call$ a c>avan or  
c>van1  a small] "o 0 call$ kafile or   
kafle1 ,job vi1 #ah-bj2 ,g54  xxxvii1   
#be2 ,isa4 xxi1 #ac2 ,j]4 ix1 #b2       
,judges v1 #f2 ,luke ii1 #dd4 ,!        
furniture c>ri$ by ! individuals ( a    
c>avan consi/$ ( a  mattress1 a cov]let1
 a c>pet = sitt+ ^u1 a r\nd piece (     
lea!r1 :i* answ]$ ! purpose ( a table1 a
 few pots & kettles  ( copp] cov]$ ) t92
 also a t9-plat$ cup1 :i* 0 susp5d$     
be=e ! brea/ "u ! out] g>m5t1 & 0 us$ = 
dr9k+1 #a  ,sam4 xxvi1 #aa1 #ab1 #af3   
lea!rn bags = hold+ wat]1 t5ts1 lights1 
& provisions 9 quality & abundance z ea*
 "o c\ld af=d4 ,e  c>avan _h a lead] to 
conduct x ?r\gh ! des]t1 :o 0  acqua9t$ 
) ! direction ( its r\te1 & ) ! ci/]ns &
  f\nta9s4 ,^! he 0 able to asc]ta91    
sometimes f heaps (  /ones1 sometimes by
 ! "* ( ! soil1 &1 :5 o!r helps  fail$  
him1 by ! />s1 ,num4 x1 #bi-cb2 ,j]4    
xxxi1 #ba2 ,isa4 xxi1 #ad4  ,:5 all ?+s 
are 9 read9ess1 ! individuals :o compose

 !  c>avan assemble at a di/ance f !    
city4 ,! comm&] ( !  c>avan1 :o is a    
diff]5t p]son f ! conductor or lead]1 & 
is  *os5 f ! weal?ie/ ( its memb]s1     
appo9ts ! day ( _!  dep>ture4 ,a simil> 
arrangem5t 0 adopt$ among ! ,jews1 :5ev]
  !y travell$ 9 l>ge numb]s to ! city ( 
,j]usalem4 ,! c>avans  />t v e>ly1      
sometimes be=e day4 ,!y endeav\r to f9d 
a  /opp+ place or /ation to rema9 at    
dur+ ! night1 :i* %all  af=d !m a supply
 ( wat]1 ,job vi1 #ae-bj4 ,!y arrive at 
_!  /opp+ place be=e ! close ( ! day2 &1
 :ile x is yet light1  prep>e e ?+ t is 
necess>y = ! recomm5cem5t ( _!  j\rney4 
,9 ord] to prev5t any "o f w&]+ away f !
  c>avan1 & gett+ lo/ dur+ ! night1     
lamps or tor*es are  elevat$ ^u poles & 
c>ri$ be=e x4 ,! pill> ( fire answ]$    
?is purpose = ! ,israelites1 :5 w&]+ 9 !
 wild]ness4  ,sometimes ! c>avans lodge 
9 cities2 b :5 !y d n1 !y pit*  _! t5ts 
s z to =m an encampm5t2 & dur+ ! night  
keep wat*  alt]nately = ! sake (        
security4 ,9 ! cities !re are public    

inns1 call$ ,*an & ,c>vans]ai1 9 :i* !  
c>avans are lodg$  )\t exp5se4 ,!y are  
l>ge squ>e build+s1 9 ! c5tre ( :i*  is 
an area1 or op5 c\rt4 ,c>vans]ais are   
d5om9at$ 9 ! ,greek (  ! ,new ,te/am5t1 
1  & 1 ,luke ii1 #g2 x1  #cd4 ,! fir/   
m5tion ( "o 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is 9 ,j]4 
xli1 #ag1   4 ,x 0 situat$ ne> ! city ( 
,be?lehem4    #d4 ,moses enact$ no laws 
9 fav\r ( comm]ce1 al?\gh !re is no  "q 
t he saw ! situation ( ,pale/9e to be v 
fav\rable  = x4 ,! reason ( ?is 01 t !  
,hebrews1 :o 7 design$ly  set ap>t to   
pres]ve ! true religion1 c\ld n m+le )  
=eign  idolatr\s nations )\t injury4 ,he
 !re=e m]ely inculcat$ good  fai? &     
hone/y 9 buy+ & sell+1 ,lev4 xix1 #cf1  
#cg2 ,deut4 xxv1  #ac-af2 & left all !  
o!r int]e/s ( comm]ce to a future age4  
,by  ! e/abli%m5t1 h[ev]1 ( ! ?ree great
 fe/ivals1 he gave  occasion = "s       
m]cantile int]c\rse4 ,at ^! fe/ivals all
 !  adult males ( ! nation 7 ye>ly      
assembl$ at "o place4 ,!  consequ5ce 01 
t ^? :o _h any ?+ to sell br\ght x2 :ile

  ^? :o wi%$ to buy articles came ) !   
expectation ( hav+ an  opportunity4 ,z  
,moses1 ?\gh he did n enc\rage1 did n   
int]dict  =eign comm]ce1 ,solomon1 at a 
lat] p]iod1 n only c>ri$ on a  traffic 9
 horses1 z already /at$1 b s5t %ips f ! 
port (  ,eziongeb] ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea to  
,ophir1 probably ! coa/ ( ,africa1 #a   
,k+s ix1 #bf2 #b ,*ron4 ix1 #ba4 ,?is   
traffic1 al?\gh a s\rce (  emolum5t1    
appe>s to h be5 neglect$ aft] ! dea? (  
,solomon4  ,! attempt made by           
,jeho%aphat to re/ore x 0 fru/rat$1 by 8
  %ips be+ da%$ ^u ! rocks & de/roy$1 #a
 ,k+s xxii1 #dh1 #di2 #b  ,*ron4 xx1    
#cf4 ,joppa1 ?\gh n a v conv5i5t "o1 0  
prop]ly !  port ( ,j]usalem2 & "s ( !   
l>ge vessels :i* w5t to ,spa9  sail$ f  
x1 ,jonah i1 #c4 ,9 ! age ( ,ezekiel1 ! 
comm]ce (  ,j]usalem 0 s great1 t x gave
 an occasion ( envy ev5 to !  ,tyrians  
!mselves1 ,ezek4 xxvi1 #b4 ,aft] !      
captivity1 a great numb]  ( ,jews became
 m]*ants1 & travell$ = ! purpose (      
traffic into  all c\ntries4 ,ab\t ! ye> 

#aej ,b4 ,c4 pr9ce ,simon r5d]$ ! port  
at ,joppa m conv5i5t ?an x _h hi!rto    
be54 ,9 ! "t (  ,pompey ! ,great1 !re 7 
s _m ,jews abroad on ! ocean1 ev5 9  !  
"* ( pirates1 t ,k+ ,antigonus 0 accus$ 
be=e him (  hav+ s5t !m out on purpose4 
,a new port 0 built by ,h]od at         
,ces>ea4    ,,communion1 9 a religi\s   
s5se1 ref]s *iefly to ! admission (     
p]sons to ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,?is is said  
to be op51 :5 all are  admitt$ :o apply1
 z 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 to be /rict1 :5  
conf9$ to ! memb]s ( a s+le society1 or1
 at lea/1 to memb]s (  ! same           
d5om9ation2 & x is mix$1 :5 p]sons are  
admitt$ f  societies ( diff]5t          
d5om9ations1 on ! pr(ession ( _! fai?1  
& evid5ce ( _! piety4 ,! pr9cipal       
difficulty on ?is po9t  arises betwe5 ! 
/rict ,bapti/s & ,pd-,bapti/s4          
,,concub9e1 4 ,?is t]m1 9 we/]n au?ors1 
commonly signifies1 a  woman1 :o1 )\t   
be+ m>ri$ to a man1 yet lives ) him z 8 
wife2 b1 9 ! sacr$ writ]s1 ! ^w concub9e
 is und]/ood 9  ano!r s5se2 mean+ a     

lawful wife1 b "o n w$d$ ) all !        
c]emonies & solemnities ( matrimony2 a  
wife ( ! second rank1  inf]ior to ! fir/
 wife1 or mi/ress ( ! h\se4 ,*ildr5 (   
concub9es did n inh]it _! fa!r's =tune2 
b he might provide  =1 & make pres5ts   
to1 !m4 ,?us ,abraham1 by ,s>ah 8 wife1 
_h  ,isaac1 8 heir2 b1 by 8 two         
concub9es1 ,hag> & ,keturah1 he _h  o!r 
*ildr51 :om he did n make equal to      
,isaac4 ,z polygamy 0  tol]at$ 9 ! ea/1 
x 0 common to see 9 e family1 beside    
lawful wives1 sev]al concub9es4 ,s9ce ! 
abrogation ( polygamy by  ,jesus ,*ri/1 
& ! re/oration ( m>riage to its         
primitive  in/itution1 concub9age is    
rank$ ) adult]y or =nication4           
,,coney1 1 ,levit4 xi1 #e2 ,deut4 xiv1  
#g2 ,psalm civ1 #h2 & ,prov4 xxx1 #bf4  
,bo*>t & o!rs h suppos$ ! %aphan ( !    
,scriptures to be  ! j]boa2 b ,mr4      
,bruce proves t ! a%koko is int5d$4 ,?is
  curi\s animal is f\nd 9 ,e?iopia1 & 9 
great numb]s on ,m\nt  ,lebanon1 c4     
,in/ead ( holes1 !y seem to delight 9 m 

airy places1  9 ! m\?s ( caves1 or      
clefts 9 ! rock4 ,!y are greg>i\s1 &    
frequ5tly sev]al doz5s ( !m sit ^u !    
great /ones at !  m\?s ( caves1 & w>m   
!mselves 9 ! sun1 or come out & enjoy  !
 fre%ness ( ! summ] ev5+4 ,!y d n /&    
upright ^u  _! feet1 b seem to /eal     
along z 9 fe>1 _! belly be+ ne>ly  close
 to ! gr\nd2 advanc+ a few /eps at a "t1
 & !n paus+4  ,!y h some?+ v mild1      
feeble-l1 & timid1 9 _!  deportm5t2 are 
g5tle & easily tam$1 ?\gh1 :5 r\ghly    
h&l$ at  ! fir/1 !y bite v sev]ely4 ,_m 
are ! reasons to believe ?is  to be !   
animal call$ saphan 9 ,hebrew1 &        
errone\sly by our  translators1 8!      
coney10 or rabbit4 ,! latt] are greg>i\s
 inde$1  & s f> resemble ! o!r1 z also 9
 size2 b !y seek n !  same place (      
retreat2 = ! rabbit burr[s mo/ g5]ally 9
 !  s&4 ,nor is !re any ?+ 9 ! "* (     
rabbits t d5otes  excell5t wisdom1 or t 
!y supply ! want ( /r5g? by any         
rem>kable sagacity4 ,! saphan1 !n1 is n 
! rabbit2 :i* la/1  unless x 0 br\ght to

 him by 8 %ips f ,europe1 ,solomon nev] 
saw4    ,let u n[ apply ! *>act]s ( !   
a%koko to ! saphan4 8,he is  above all  
o!r animals s mu* atta*$ to ! rocks1 t  
,i nev]  once10 says ,mr4 ,bruce1 8saw  
him on ! gr\nd1 or f among l>ge  /ones 9
 ! m\? ( caves1 :]e is 8 con/ant        
resid5ce4 ,he lives  9 families or      
flocks4 ,he is 9 ,judea1 ,pale/9e1 &    
,arabia1 &  consequ5tly mu/ h be5       
famili> to ,solomon4 ,david describes   
him  v p]t95tly1 & jo9s him to o!r      
animals p]fectly kn[n3 #8,!  hills are a
 refuge = ! wild goats1 & ! rocks = !   
saphan3'  & ,solomon says t #8!y are    
exce$+ wise1' t !y are #8b a  feeble    
folk1 yet make _! h\ses 9 ! rocks4' ,n[ 
?is1 ,i ?9k1  v obvi\sly fixes ! a%koko 
to be ! saphan2 = 8 weakness  seems to  
allude to 8 feet1 & h[ inadequate ^! are
 to dig holes  9 ! rock1 :]e yet1 h[ev]1
 he lodges4 ,f _! t5d]ness ^!  are v    
liable to be excoriat$ or hurt2 not)/&+ 
:i*1 !y  build h\ses 9 ! rocks m        
inaccessible ?an ^? ( ! rabbit1  & 9 :i*

 !y abide 9 great] safety1 n by ex]tion 
( /r5g?1  = !y h x n1 b are truly1 z    
,solomon says1 #8a feeble folk1'  b by  
_! own sagacity & judgm5t2 & are !re=e  
ju/ly  describ$ z wise4 ,la/ly1 :at     
leaves ! ?+ )\t d\bt is1 t  "s ( !      
,arabs1 p>ticul>ly ,damir1 say t !      
saphan has no  tail1 t x is less ?an a  
cat1 t x lives 9 h\ses or ne/s1  :i* x  
builds ( /raw1 9 contradi/9ction to !   
rabbit & !  rat1 & ^? animals t burr[ 9 
! gr\nd40    ,,confession signifies a   
public ackn[l$gm5t ( any ?+ z our own3  
?us ,*ri/ w confess ! fai?ful 9 ! day ( 
judgm5t1 ,luke xii1  #h4 #b4 ,to own &  
pr(ess ! tru?s ( ,*ri/1 & to obey 8     
comm&m5ts1 9 spite ( opposition & dang] 
f enemies1 ,matt4 x1  #cb4 #c4 ,to utt] 
or speak ! praises ( ,god1 or to give   
him ?anks4 #d4  ,to ackn[l$ge our s9s & 
(f5ces to ,god1 ei!r by private or      
public  confession2 or to our neighb\r  
:om we h wrong$2 or to "s pi\s  p]sons f
 :om we expect to receive com=t &       
spiritual  in/ruction2 or to ! :ole     

congregation :5 our fault is publi%$1   
,psalm xxxii1 #e2 ,matt4 iii1 #f2 ,james
 v1 #af2 #a ,john i1 #i4 #e4 ,to        
ackn[l$ge a crime be=e a judge1 ,jo%4   
vii1 #ai4    #b4 ,9 ! ,jewi% c]emony (  
annual expiation1 ! high prie/ confess$ 
9 g5]al 8 own s9s1 ! s9s ( o!r m9i/]s ( 
! temple1 &  ^? ( all ! p4 ,:5 an       
,israelite (f]$ a sacrifice = s91  he   
put 8 h& on ! head ( ! victim1 &        
confess$ 8 faults1  ,lev4 iv4 ,on ! day 
( atonem5t1 ! ,jews /ill make a private 
confession ( _! s9s1 :i* is call$ by !m 
cippur1 & :i* is  said to be done 9 !   
foll[+ mann]3 ,two ,jews retire into a  
corn]  ( ! synagogue4 ,"o ( !m b[s v l[ 
be=e ! o!r1 ) 8  face turn$ t[>d ! nor?4
 ,he :o p]=ms ! (fice ( confessor  gives
 ! p5it5t n9e-&-?irty bl[s on ! back ) a
 lea!rn  /rap1 repeat+ ^! words1 8,god1 
be+ full ( compassion1 =gave  _!        
iniquity1 & de/roy$ !m n2 yea1 _m a "t  
turn$ he 8  ang] away1 & did n /ir up   
all 8 wra?40 ,z !re are only  ?irte5    
words 9 ?is v]se recit$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 he 

repeats x ?ree  times1 & at e ^w /rikes 
"o bl[2 :i* makes n9e-&-?irty  words1 & 
z _m la%es4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! p5it5t     
decl>es 8  s9s1 & at ! confession ( e "o
 beats himself on 8 brea/4  ,?is be+    
f9i%$1 he :o has p]=m$ ! (fice (        
confessor  pro/rates himself on ! gr\nd1
 & receives 9 turn f 8 p5it5t           
n9e-&-?irty la%es4    #c4 ,! ,romi% *ur*
 n only requires confession z a duty1 b 
has  advanc$ x to ! dignity ( a         
sacram5t4 ,^! confessions are made 9    
private to ! prie/1 :o is n to reveal !m
 "u pa9 ( !  highe/ puni%m5t4 ,! c\ncil 
( ,tr5t requires 8secret confession to  
! prie/ alone1 ( all & e mortal s91 :i*1
 ^u ! mo/  dilig5t se>* & exam9ation (  
our consci5ces1 we c rememb]  ourselves 
to be guilty ( s9ce our baptism2 toge!r 
) all !  circum/ances ( ^? s9s1 :i* may 
*ange ! nature ( !m2  because1 )\t !    
p]fect k ( ^!1 ! prie/ _c make  a       
judgm5t ( ! nature & quality ( m5's s9s1
 nor impose fitt+  p5ance = !m40 ,?is is
 ! confession ( s9s :i* ! same c\ncil   

confid5tly affirms 8to h be5 in/itut$ by
 our ,"l1 & by ! law  ( ,god1 to be     
necess>y to salvation1 & to h be5 always
 practis$  9 ! ca?olic *ur*40 ,x is1    
h[ev]1 evid5t1 t su* confession  is     
unscriptural4 ,/4 ,james1 inde$1 says1  
8,confess y\r faults "o to  ano!r10     
,james v1 #af2 b prie/s are n "h        
m5tion$1 & ! ^w  faults seems to conf9e 
! precept to a mutual confession among  
,*ri/ians1 ( ^? (f5ces by :i* !y may h  
injur$ ea* o!r4  ,c]ta9 x is1 t f ?is   
passage ! necessity ( auricul>          
confession1 & ! p[] ( prie/ly           
absolution1 _c be inf]r$4  ,?\gh _m ( ! 
e>ly ecclesia/ical writ]s e>ne/ly       
recomm5d  confession to ! cl]gy1 yet !y 
nev] recomm5d x z ess5tial to  ! p>don (
 s91 or z hav+ connection ) a sacram5t4 
,!y only  urge x z entitl+ a p]son to ! 
pray]s ( ! congregation2 & z  useful =  
support+ ! au?ority ( :olesome          
discipl9e1 & =  ma9ta9+ ! purity ( !    
,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,*ryso/om condemns all   
secret confession to m51 z be+ obvi\sly 

liable to great abuses2 &  ,basil1      
,hil>y1 & ,augu/9e1 all advise          
confession ( s9s to ,god only4  ,x has  
be5 prov$ by ,m4 ,daill1 t private1     
auricul>1 sacram5tal  confession ( s9s 0
 unkn[n 9 ! primitive *ur*4 ,b1 ?\gh    
private auricul> confession is n ( div9e
 au?ority1 yet1 z  ,ar*bi%op ,tillotson 
prop]ly obs]ves1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* 
m51 "u ! guilt & tr\ble ( _! s9s1 c     
nei!r appease  _! own m9ds1 nor         
suffici5tly direct !mselves1 )\t rec\rse
 to  "s pi\s & prud5t guide4 ,9 ^!      
cases1 m5 c]ta9ly d v  well1 & _m times 
prev5t a great deal ( tr\ble & p]plexity
 to  !mselves1 by a timely discov]y ( _!
 condition to "s fai?ful  m9i/]1 9 ord] 
to _! direction & satisfaction4 ,to ?is 
purpose  a g5]al confession is = ! mo/  
"p suffici5t2 & :]e !re is  occasion = a
 m p>ticul> discov]y1 !re is no ne$ (   
rak+  into ! m9ute & f\l circum/ances ( 
m5's s9s to give t advice  :i* is       
necess>y = ! cure & ease ( ! p5it5t4    
,auricul>  confession is unque/ionably  

"o ( ! greate/ corruptions ( !  ,romi%  
*ur*4 ,x goes ^u ! gr\nd t ! prie/ has  
p[] to  =give s9s2 x e/abli%es !        
tyrannical influ5ce ( ! prie/hood2  x   
turns ! p5it5t f ,god :o only c =give   
s9s1 to man :o is  himself a s9n]2 & x  
t5ds to corrupt bo? ! confessors & !    
confess$ by a f\l & p>ticul> disclosure 
( s9ful ?\ghts &  actions ( e k9d )\t   
exception4    ,,confessions ,,( ,,fai?1 
simply consid]$1 is ! same ) cre$1 &    
signifies a summ>y ( ! pr9cipal articles
 ( belief adopt$ by any  individual or  
society4 ,9 its m common acceptation1 x 
is re/rict$  to ! summ>ies ( doctr9e    
publi%$ by p>ticul> ,*ri/ian *ur*es1  ) 
! view ( prev5t+ _! religi\s s5tim5ts f 
be+  misund]/ood or misrepres5t$1 or1 by
 requir+ subscription to !m1  ( secur+  
uni=mity ( op9ion among ^? :o jo9 _!    
communion4  ,except a s+le s5t5ce 9 "o (
 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 7,a4 ,d4 #ahj17  
:i* relates exclusively to ! reality (  
,*ri/'s p]sonality &  suff]+s 9         
opposition to ! ,docet1 ! e>lie/ docum5t

 ( ?is  k9d is to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s (  
,ir5u1 :o fl\ri%$ t[>d  ! end ( ! second
 c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ra4 ,9 8 treatise  
aga9/ h]esies1 ?is fa!r affirms t 8!    
fai? ( ! *ur*  plant$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole    
_w10 consi/$ 9 ! belief ( 8"o  ,god1 !  
,fa!r ,almighty1 ,mak] ( heav5 & e>? &  
sea1 & all  t are 9 !m2 & "o ,*ri/      
,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,god1 :o became        
inc>nate = our salvation2 & "o ,holy    
,_s1 :o =etold1 ?r\gh  ! ,prophets1 !   
disp5sations & adv5ts1 & ! g5]ation by !
  virg91 & ! passion1 & ! resurrection f
 ! dead1 & !  asc5sion 9 ! fle% into    
heav51 ( ,jesus ,*ri/ our belov$ ,"l1  &
 8 appe>+ f heav5 9 ! glory ( ! ,fa!r1  
to unite  toge!r all ?+s "u "o head1 &  
to raise e individual ( !  human race2 t
 unto ,*ri/ ,jesus1 our ,"l & ,god1 &   
,savi\r &  ,k+1 e knee may b[1 & e      
tongue confess2 t he may  pron\nce j    
s5t5ce ^u all40 ,9 v>i\s p>ts (         
,t]tullian's  writ+s simil> /atem5ts    
occur1 7,a4 ,d4 #bjj17 :i* x is         
unnecess>y  p>ticul>ly to quote4 ,we    

%all only rem>k1 t 9 "o ( !m1 !         
miracul\s conception ( ,*ri/ by ! p[] ( 
! ,holy ,gho/ is  di/9ctly m5tion$2 t 9 
ano!r1 he decl>es x to h be5 !  uni=m   
doctr9e f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel1 t ,*ri/ 
0 born  ( ! virg91 bo? man & ,god1 ex e 
natum hom9em et ,deum2 & t  9 ea* ( ^!1 
fai? 9 ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,_s1 is         
recognis$ z  ess5tial to ,*ri/ianity4 ,!
 foll[+ passage we cite1 = !  purpose ( 
m>k+ its co9cid5ce ) ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 
to :i* we  %all h occasion soon to      
adv]t3 8,?is10 says he1 8is ! sole1     
immovable1 irre=mable rule ( fai?2      
namely1 to believe 9 ! only  ,god       
,almighty1 mak] ( ! _w2 & 8 ,son ,jesus 
,*ri/1 born ( !  virg9 ,m>y1 crucifi$ "u
 ,pontius ,pilate1 ! ?ird day rais$ f  !
 dead1 receiv$ into heav51 n[ sitt+ at !
 "r h& ( !  ,fa!r1 ab\t to come & judge 
! quick & ! dead1 by !  resurrection    
also ( ! fle%40 ,! summ>ies conta9$ 9 ! 
works (  ,orig5 7,a4 ,d4 #ebj7 ne>ly    
resemble ! prec$+2 any diff]5ce betwe5  
!m be+ easily acc\nt$ =1 f ! t5ets ( !  

p>ticul>  h]esies aga9/ :i* !y 7        
direct$4 ,9 8 8,comm5t>y on ,/4  ,john's
 ,gospel10 he ?us writes3 8,we believe t
 !re is "o ,god1 :o  creat$ all ?+s1 &  
fram$ & made all ?+s to exi/ out (      
no?+4 ,we mu/ also believe 9 ! ,"l      
,jesus ,*ri/1 & 9 all !  tru? conc]n+ 8 
,deity & humanity2 & we mu/ likewise    
believe 9  ! ,holy ,_s2 & t1 be+ free   
ag5ts1 we %all be puni%$ =  ! ?+s 9 :i* 
we s91 & rew>d$ = ^? 9 :i* we d well40  
,accord+ to ,cyprian1 ! =mula1 to :i*   
ass5t 0 requir$ f  adults at _! baptism1
 0 9 ^! t]ms3 8,do/ ?\ believe 9 ,god  !
 ,fa!r1 ,*ri/ ! ,son1 ! ,holy ,_s1 !    
remission ( s9s1 &  et]nal life1 ?r\gh !
 holy *ur*80 ,?is 0 call$ by him symboli
  lex1 8! law ( ! cre$20 & by ,novatian1
 regula v]itatis1 8!  rule ( tru?40     
#b4 ,f ^! & simil> s\rces1 ! diff]5t    
clauses ( :at is  commonly call$ !      
,apo/les' ,cre$ appe> to h sprung4 ,=1  
?\gh  x 0 long believ$ to be !          
composition ( ! ,apo/les1 its claims  to
 su* an inspir$ orig9 are n[ univ]sally 

reject$4 ,( its great  antiquity1 h[ev]1
 !re c be no d\bt2 ! :ole ( x1 z x /&s  
9 ! ,engli% liturgy1 hav+ be5 g5]ally   
receiv$ z an  au?oritative confession 9 
! f\r? c5tury4 ,t[>d ! end ( t  c5tury1 
,ruf9us wrote a comm5t>y on x1 :i* is   
/ill extant1 9  :i* he ackn[l$ges t !   
clause respect+ ,*ri/'s desc5t into     
hell 0 n admitt$ into ! cre$s ei!r ( !  
we/]n or !  ea/]n *ur*es4 ,we le>n also 
t ! epi!t ca?olic 0 n at  t "t appli$ 9 
x to ! *ur*4 ,its great simplicity &    
concis5ess1 beside1 prove x to h be5    
consid]ably e>li] ?an !  c\ncil ( ,nice1
 :5 ! h]etical speculations ( v>i\s     
sects l$  ! def5d]s ( ! or?odox fai? to 
f5ce ! int]e/s ( religion  ) m          
complicat$ & cumbr\s b>ri]s4    ,?is    
confession ( fai? 0 !n prem95tly nam$   
symbolum2 :i*  might be und]/ood 9 !    
g5]al acceptation ( sign1 z !           
*>act]i/ic1 repres5tative sign ( !      
,*ri/ian fai?2 or1 9 a  m re/rict$ s5se1
 9 ref]5ce to !  1 or  tess]a milit>is1 
! wat* ^w ( ! ,*ri/ian soldi]1          

communicat$ to ea* man at 8 fir/        
entrance into ! s]vice (  ,*ri/4 ,p]haps
 ?is ^w1 at fir/1 only d5ot$ ! =mula (  
baptism1 & 0 aft]w>d transf]r$ to !     
confession ( fai?4    #c4 ,9 ! celebrat$
 c\ncil ( ,nice1 7,a4 ,d4 #cbe17 9 :i*  
,arianism 0  n only condemn$1 b         
proscrib$1 ! confession e/abli%$ z !    
univ]sal /&>d ( tru? & or?odoxy runs    
?us3 8,i believe 9 "o  ,god1 ! ,fa!r    
,almighty1 mak] ( heav5 & e>?1 & ( all  
?+s  visible & invisible2 & 9 "o ,"l    
,jesus1 ! only begott5 ,son (  ,god1    
begott5 ( ! ,fa!r1 be=e all worlds1 ,god
 ( ,god1 ,light (  ,light1 v ,god ( v   
,god1 begott5 n made1 be+ ( "o sub/ance 
) ! ,fa!r2 by :om all ?+s 7 made2 :o = u
 m51 & =  our salvation1 desc5d$ f      
heav51 & became inc>nate by ! ,holy     
,gho/1 ( ! virg9 ,m>y2 & 0 made man1 0  
crucifi$ = u "u  ,pontius ,pilate4 ,he  
suff]$ & 0 buri$2 & ! ?ird day he rose  
aga9 accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 & asc5d$ 
into heav51 & sitte?  on ! "r h& ( !    
,fa!r2 & he %all come aga9 ) glory to   

judge bo? ! quick & ! dead1 ( ^: k+dom  
!re w be no  end4 ,& ,i believe 9 !     
,holy ,gho/ :o spake by ! ,prophets2 &  
"o  ca?olic1 & ,apo/olical *ur*4 ,i     
ackn[l$ge "o baptism = !  remission (   
s9s1 & ,i look = ! resurrection ( !     
dead1 & !  life ( ! _w to come40    ,x 7
 endless to specify ! p>ticul> %ades (  
diff]5ce by :i*  ! ,arian confessions 7!
 numb] ( :i* am\nt$ ne>ly to tw5ty 9  ! 
space ( a v few ye>s7 7 di/+ui%$ f ea*  
o!r3  suffice x to say1 t :ile !y agre$ 
g5]ally 9 sub/ance1  especially 9       
reject+ ! ,nic5e t]m1 1 z appli$ to !   
,son1 _! v>iations ( expression conc]n+ 
! nature ( 8  subord9ation to ! ,fa!r 7 
s a/oni%+ly m9ute1 z almo/ to  bid      
defiance to any attempt :i* might be    
made1 at ?is di/ance (  "t1 to det]m9e 9
 :at _! real & ess5tial diff]5ces       
consi/$4    #d4 8,! ,book ( ,armagh10 a 
v anci5t collection ( int]e/+  national 
docum5ts1 :i* h rec5tly be5 publi%$ by  
,sir ,william  ,be?am 9 ! second "p ( 8 
curi\s 8,iri% ,antiqu>ian ,rese>*es10   

conta9s ! ,confession ( ,/4 ,patrick2 :o
 has be5 suppos$1 f  sev]al collat]al   
circum/ances1 to h fl\ri%$ "s ye>s prior
 to  ! "t ( ,/4 ,j]om1 or ab\t !        
comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? c5tury4  ,! subjo9$ 
are ! fir/ two p>agraphs 9 x1 & w be    
admir$  = ! or?odoxy1 artlessness1 &    
,*ri/ian exp]i5ce :i* !y  exhibit3--8,i1
 ,,patrick1 a s9n]1 ! rude/1 ! lea/1 & !
 mo/  insignificant ( ! fai?ful1 _h     
,calphurnius1 a deacon1 = my fa!r1  :o 0
 ! son ( ,potitus1 h]et(ore a prie/1 !  
son ( ,odissus1 :o  liv$ 9 ! village (  
,banavem ,tab]ni4 ,= he _h a little f>m 
adjac5t1 :]e ,i 0 captur$4 ,i 0 !n almo/
 sixte5 ye>s ( age2  b ,i knew n ,god1 &
 0 l$ into captivity by ! ,iri%1 ) _m   
?\s& m51 z we des]v$1 because we e/rang$
 ourselves f ,god1  & did n keep 8 laws1
 & 7 disob$i5t to our pa/ors1 :o        
admoni%$ u ) respect to our salvation3 &
 ! ,"l br\ght d[n  ^u u ! ang] ( 8 ,_s1 
& disp]s$ u among _m nations1  ev5 to ! 
extremity ( ! e>?1 :]e my meanness 0    
conspicu\s  among =eign]s1 & :]e ! ,"l  

discov]$ to me a s5se ( my  unbelief2 t 
late ,i %\ld rememb] my transgressions1 
& t ,i  %\ld be conv]t$ ) my :ole he>t  
to ! ,"l my ,god1 :o _h  respect to my  
humiliation1 & piti$ my y\? & ignorance1
 ev5  be=e ,i knew him1 & be=e ,i 0     
wise1 or c\ld di/+ui% betwe5  "r &      
wrong1 & /r5g!n$ me1 & *]i%$ me1 z a    
fa!r  w\ld a son4 ,f :i* "t ,i c\ld n   
rema9 sil5t2 nor1 inde$1 did  he cease  
to bless me ) _m acts ( k9dness2 & s    
great 0 !  fav\r ( :i* he ?\ght me wor?y
 9 ! l& ( my captivity4 ,=  ?is is my   
retribution1 t1 aft] my rebuk+1         
puni%m5t1 &  ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god1 ,i %\ld
 exalt him1 & confess 8 wond]ful  acts  
be=e e nation :i* is "u ! :ole heav52   
because !re  is no o!r ,god1 nor ev] 0  
be=e1 nor w be aft] him1 except ,god1  !
 unbegott5 ,fa!r1 )\t beg9n+1 possess+  
all ?+s1 z we  h said1 & 8 ,son ,jesus  
,*ri/1 :o1 we be> witness1 0 always  ) !
 ,fa!r1 be=e ! =mation ( ! _w1 9 _s 7or 
spiritually7 ) ! ,fa!r1 inexpressibly   
begott5 be=e all  beg9n+1 ?r\gh :om     

visible ?+s 7 made3 he became man1 hav+ 
ov]come dea?1 & 0 receiv$ into heav54 ,&
 ,god has giv5 to him  all p[] #8above e
 "n1 z well ( ! inhabitants ( heav5 z ( 
! e>? & ( ! p[]s bel[1 t e tongue %\ld  
confess t  ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,"l & ,god2' 
:om we believe1 & ^: com+ we  expect1 z 
pres5tly ab\t to be ,judge ( ! liv+ &   
dead1 :o w  r5d] unto e man accord+ to 8
 actions1 & has p\r$ ^u u  abundantly ! 
gift ( 8 ,holy ,_s1 & ! pl$ge (         
immortality2  :o makes u t believe & are
 ob$i5t to be ! sons ( ,god &  jo9t     
heirs ( ,*ri/2 :om we believe & adore1  
"o ,god 9 ! ,tr9ity  ( ! sacr$ "n4 ,= he
 spoke by ! ,prophet1 #8,call ^u me 9 ! 
day ( tribulation1 & ,i w deliv] !e1 &  
?\ %alt glorify me4'  ,& aga9 he says1  
#8,x is an hon\rable ?+ to reveal &     
confess !  works ( ,god4'0    #e4       
,mac$onius hav+ d5i$ n only ! div9ity b 
! p]sonality (  ! ,holy ,_s1 ma9ta9+ t  
he is only a div9e en]gy diffus$        
?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 a g5]al c\ncil 0     
call$ at ,con/ant9ople1  ,a4 ,d4 #cha1 9

 ord] to cru% ?is ris+ h]esy4 ,!        
confession  promulgat$ on ?is occasion1 
& :i* 8gave ! f9i%+ t\* to  :at ! c\ncil
 ( ,nice _h left imp]fect1 & fix$1 9 a  
full &  det]m9ate mann]1 ! doctr9e ( !  
,tr9ity1 z x is /ill receiv$  among !   
g5]ality ( ,*ri/ians10 exactly co9cides 
) ! ,nic5e  confession1 except 9 !      
article respect+ ! ,_s1 :i* x ?us       
ext5ds3 8,& ,i believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 
! ,"l1 & ,giv] ( life1  :o proce$e? f ! 
,fa!r & ! ,son1 :o1 toge!r ) !  ,fa!r & 
! ,son1 is wor%ipp$ & glorifi$40    #f4 
,subsequ5t to ?is1 & probably t[>d !    
middle ( ! fif?  c5tury1 ! cre$ :i* be>s
 ! "n ( ,a?anasius appe>s to h  be5     
compos$4 ,t x 0 n ! "w ( ?is di/+ui%$   
oppos] (  ,arianism is e/abli%$ by ! mo/
 satisfactory evid5ce4 ,no traces (  x  
are to be f\nd 9 any ( 8 writ+s1 ?\gh !y
 relate *iefly to  ! v subject ( :i* x  
is an exposition2 & s f> f its be+      
ascrib$ to him1 n ! lea/ notice is tak5 
( x by any ( 8  contempor>ies4 ,its     
language1 beside1 conc]n+ ! ,_s is s    

simil> to t ( ! c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 
b /ill m precise  & explicit1 t !re c be
 no d\bt ( its hav+ be5 writt5  po/]ior 
to ! "t ( t assembly4 ,yet ,a?anasius   
di$ 9 ! ye>  #cgc4 ,accord+ly1 x has    
be51 ) great probability ( tru?1        
attribut$1 p>ticul>ly by ,dr4 ,wat]l&1  
to ,hil>y1 bi%op ( ,arles1  :o is said  
by "o ( 8 biograph]s to h compos$ an    
,exposition (  ! ,cre$3 a title :i*     
c]ta9ly is m appropriate &  *>act]i/ic (
 x ?an t ( ,cre$ simply1 by :i* x is n[ 
s  univ]sally kn[n4 ,! damnatory clauses
 9 ?is cre$ h frequ5tly  be5 made       
subjects ( repreh5sion2 & "s cl]gym5 ( !
 *ur* (  ,engl& h scrupl$ to read !m z  
direct$ by ! ,rubric4 ,!  foll[+ is an  
apology = ^? clauses1 by ! late v5]able 
,ar*deacon ,dodwell1 :o seems to h felt 
none ( ^? misgiv+s  :i* tr\bl$ 8 d\bt+  
bre?r53--8,! =m1 z well z !  sub/ance1 (
 ?is cre$1 & ! v introduction to ! ma9  
article1  has be5 object$ to3 #8,:osoev]
 w be sav$1 be=e all ?+s x is  necess>y 
t he hold ! ca?olic fai?2' to :i* is    

add$1 #8,:i*  fai?1 except e "o d keep  
:ole & undefil$1 )\t d\bt he  %all p]i% 
ev]la/+ly4' ,?is1 ) a l condemnatory    
s5t5ce 9  ! conclusion ( ! cre$1 :]e9 a 
possibility ( salvation is  d5i$ to him 
:o does n cordially embrace ?is doctr9e1
 is  pron\nc$ unreasonable1 un*>itable1 
un*ri/ian1 ) e  o!r aggravat+           
appellation t c be us$4 ,b ! gr\nd ( ?is
  *>ge1 & ! :ole ( ! difficulty sugge/$ 
9 x1 f !  v>iety ( ! circum/ances (     
diff]5t p]sons1 dep5ds ^u !             
int]pretation ( ! phrase ( #8be+ sav$4' 
,! mean+ ( ?is t]m  9 its prim>y        
signification1 & z x is appli$ to common
 subjects 9  common disc\rse1 means a   
pres]vation f ?reat5+ p]ils1 or f       
?reat5$ puni%m5t4 ,b1 9 an evangelical  
s5se1 & z x occurs 9  ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x
 includes mu* m3 x means ! :ole ,*ri/ian
  s*eme ( r$emption & ju/ification by ! 
,son ( ,god1 ) all !  glori\s privileges
 & promises conta9$ 9 t s*eme4 ,x means 
n  m]ely a hope ( deliv]ance f dang] or 
f v5geance1 b a  f$]al title to positive

 happ9ess1 pur*as$ by ! m]its1 &  decl>$
 to mank9d by ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ ,jesus  
our ,"l4 ,/4 ,paul  calls x #8! obta9+ !
 salvation :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus )      
et]nal glory1' #b ,tim4 ii1 #aj4        
#8,:osoev]1' !n1 says ! cre$1  #8w' ?us 
#8be sav$1' w be desir\s to secure !    
glori\s promises  ( ! ,gospel1 mu/      
pursue x ^u ! t]ms :i* t ,gospel        
proposes1  & p>ticul>ly mu/ embrace !   
doctr9es :i* x reveals4 ,! cre$  speaks 
( ^? only to :om ! evid5ce ( ! ,gospel  
has be5 fully  set =?1 & ! importance ( 
x fully expla9$4 ,we are to ju/ify  x   
only to pr(ess$ believ]s1 & ( !m only4  
,! /ate & lot (  ! ,hea!n _w are q out (
 ! "q4 ,nei!r common s5se  nor          
,scripture w p]mit u to int]pret x ( ^? 
:o /ill #8sit 9  d>kness & ! %ad[ (     
dea?1' & nev] _h ! means ( grace &  !   
hope ( glory propos$ to !m4 ,ev5 )      
respect to ^? to :om  ! ,gospel is      
prea*$1 !re is no necessity ( int]pret+ 
! words  "h us$ 9 ! h>%e/ & /ricte/     
s5se4 ,!re are _m  di/9ctions &         

limitations1 :i* are always und]/ood &  
suppos$  9 su* cases1 ?\gh !y are n     
expressly m5tion$4 ,g5]al rules  are    
laid d[n z su*1 are true z su*2 :ile    
except$ cases are  ref]r$ to ! judgm5t (
 ^? :o are qualifi$ to judge ( !m1  &   
are n p>ticul>ly po9t$ out2 z = o!r     
reasons1 s le/ !y  %\ld be ext5d$ too   
f>1 & defeat ! g5]al rule4 ,suffici5t   
capacity 9 ! p]sons to :om x is appli$1 
& suffici5t means (  in=mation &        
conviction1 are always presuppos$1 :]e  
fai? is  spok5 ( z necess>y4 ,:]e ei!r (
 ^! is want+1 ! case is  7:]e x %\ld be7
 9 ! h&s ( ,god4 ,! cre$ is laid d[n z a
  rule ( judgm5t to m51 n to _! ,mak]4  
,we may le>n f !nce on  :at t]ms alone  
we c claim a title to ! promises ( !    
,gospel2 b  we d n le>n f !nce h[ f>    
uncov5ant$ fav\r may be ext5d$  to      
p>ticul> p]sons4 ,x is n int5d$ to      
exclude ! m]cy ( ,god to  ,hea!ns or    
h]etics2 x be+ 8 pr]ogative1 & 8 alone1 
to judge  h[ f> ! error or ignorance (  
any "o is 8 wilful fault1 or 8          

unavoidable infirmity4 ,b x is int5d$ to
 e/abli% ! t]ms on  :i* ,,we may n[     
claim acceptance1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( 8   
graci\s  promise1 may say1 t #8,god is  
fai?ful & j to =give u our  s9s4' ,!    
cre$ relates only to ! cov5ant (        
salvation2 & any  expression :i*1 us$   
sep>ately )\t ?is view & connection1    
might be ?\ght to be> a /rong] & m      
absolute s5se1 yet is  limit$ by ?is    
relative coh]5ce1 & is to be int]pret$  
by x4  #8,p]i%+ ev]la/+ly1' 9 o!r       
disc\rses1 may sometimes be  und]/ood ( 
ev]la/+ damnation2 b "h x means ! be+ = 
ev] exclud$ f ! only /at$ claim (       
promis$ m]cy4 ,& #8)\t  d\bt1' he :o    
does n embrace ! tru?s propos$ by       
revelation1 has  no title to ^? hopes   
:i* t revelation1 & t only1 (f]s to     
mank9d4 ,& ev5 :5 su* expressions (     
t]ror are us$ 9 !  /ronge/ s5se1 &      
?reat5$ to unbelief or disob$i5ce1 !y   
univ]sally imply su* exceptions z       
^!1--#8,unless p]sonal  disabilities    
less5 ! guilt1 or rep5tance int]v5e to  

prev5t !  puni%m5t4' ,9 %ort1 no        
objection c be made aga9/ ?is ass]tion  
9 ! cre$1 b :at w\ld hold z /rongly     
aga9/ t decl>ation  ( our bless$ ,"l1   
#8,he t believe?1 & is baptiz$1 %all be 
sav$2 b he t believe? n %all be damn$1' 
,m>k xvi1 #ae4  ,inde$1 ?is condemnatory
 s5t5ce 9 ?is =m by human au?ority is   
pla9ly f\nd$ on & borr[$ f t div9e      
au?ority 9 !  ,gospel2 & :atev]         
di/9ctions & limitations are all[$ 9 t  
case are equally applicable to ?is1 & w 
fully ju/ify bo?4 ,!  necessity ( a true
 belief 9 all :om ,provid5ce has bless$ 
) !  means & opportunities ( le>n+ x1 9 
ord] to entitle !m  f$]ally to et]nal   
salvation1 be+ ?us e/abli%$ ^u          
,scripture  pro(1 ! cre$ goes on v      
regul>ly to decl>e :at is t true  belief
 s indisp5sably necess>y40 ,?is is1     
p]haps1 all t c be  said 9 fav\r ( ^!   
comm9ations2 b few w ?9k x q            
satisfactory4 ,! effect ( !m has        
d\btless be51 to induce _m to  fly to ! 
opposite extreme ( laxity on ! subject (

 fundam5tal  doctr9es4    ,be=e leav+ ! 
anci5t =mulas ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 x may 
be  /at$1 t bo? 9 ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus   
aga9/ ! ,ne/orians1 held  ,a4 ,d4 #dca2 
& 9 t ( ,*alc$on1 aga9/ ! ,euty*ians1 9 
#dea2 x  0 solemnly decl>$ & decre$1 t  
8,*ri/ 0 "o div9e p]son1  9 :om two     
natures1 ! human & ! div9e1 7 mo/       
closely unit$1  b )\t be+ mix$ or       
conf\nd$ toge!r40    #g4 ,amid ! v>iance
 & opposition ( c\ncil to c\ncil1 & pope
 to  pope1 7,a4 ,d4 #aeec17 :i* prevail$
 = c5turies 9 ! ,romi% *ur*1  x w\ld be 
no easy task to asc]ta9 ! real articles 
( its  confession4 ,! decrees ( ! c\ncil
 ( ,tr5t1 h[ev]1 toge!r )  ! cre$ (     
,pope ,pius ,,iv1 are n[ commonly       
und]/ood to be !  au?oritative /&>ds (  
its fai? & wor%ip4 ,^!1 beside          
recognis+ ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/les' & !  
,nic5e ,cre$s1  embrace a multitude (   
dogmas :i* x is unnecess>y p>ticul>ly to
  specify1 relat+ to traditions1 !      
sacram5ts ( baptism1  confirmation1     
eu*>i/1 p5ance1 extreme unction1 ord]1 &

 matrimony1  transub/antiation1 !       
sacrifice ( ! mass1 wor%ipp+ ( images1  
purgatory1 indulg5ces1 c1 c4    #h4 ,!  
,greek *ur* has no public or e/abli%$   
confession2 b its  cre$1 s f> z c be    
ga!r$ f its au?oriz$ cate*isms1 admits  
! doctr9es ( ! ,nic5e & ,a?anasian      
,cre$s1 ) ! exception (  ! article 9 ea*
 conc]n+ ! procession ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :i*
  x affirms to be 8f ! ,fa!r only1 & n f
 ! ,fa!r & !  ,son40 ,x dis[ns !        
supremacy & infallibility ( ! pope1     
purgatory  by fire1 grav5 images1 & !   
re/riction ( ! sacram5t to "o  k9d2 b   
ackn[l$ges ! sev5 sacram5ts ( !         
ca?olics1 !  religi\s use ( pictures1   
invocation ( sa9ts1 transub/antiation1 &
  masses & pray]s = ! dead4    #i4 ,?\gh
 ! ,romi% *ur* e>ly appropriat$ to      
itself ! exclusive  title ( ca?olic1 or 
univ]sal2 & ?\gh1 = _m c5turies1 its    
unscriptural t5ets p]vad$ ! f> great] "p
 ( ,europe2 n only  7 !re always "s     
individuals :o adh]$ to ! doctr9es (    
g5u9e ,*ri/ianity1 b1 long be=e !       

,prote/ant re=mation1 !re  appe> to h   
be5 :ole congregations :o ma9ta9$1 9    
consid]able  purity1 ! sub/ance ( ! fai?
 conta9$ 9 ,scripture4 ,su* 7 !  *ur*es 
( ! ,wald5ses 9 ! valleys ( ,pi$mont1 ^:
 confession1  ( s e>ly a date z ! beg9n+
 ( ! twelf? c5tury1 is /ill  pres]v$4 ,x
 consi/s ( f\rte5 articles1 ( :i* !     
foll[+ is a  copy1 tak5 f ! ,cambridge  
,,mss1 & be>+ date ,a4 ,d4 #aabj3--87a47
  ,we believe & firmly hold all t :i* is
 conta9$ 9 ! twelve  articles ( !       
symbol1 :i* is call$ ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 
acc\nt+  = h]esy :atsoev] is disagree+1 
& n consonant to ! said  twelve         
articles4 7#b47 ,we d believe t !re is  
"o ,god1 ,fa!r1 ,son1  & ,holy ,_s4     
7#c47 ,we ackn[l$ge = ! holy canonical  
,scriptures  ! books ( ! ,holy ,bible4  
,"h foll[s a li/ ( ! books ( !  ,old &  
,new ,te/am5t1 exactly ! same z ^? we h 
9 our ,engli%  au?oriz$ v]sion4 ,!n     
foll[s a li/ ( 8! books apocryphal1     
:i*10 ) admirable simplicity !y say1    
8are n receiv$ ( !  ,hebrews4 ,b we read

 !m1 z sai? ,/4 ,j]om 9 8 ,prologue to !
  ,prov]bs1 #8= ! in/ruction ( ! p1 n to
 confirm !  au?ority ( ! doctr9e ( !    
*ur*4'0 7#d47 ,! books above-said  tea* 
?is1 t !re is "o ,god1 almighty1        
all-wise1 & all-good1 :o  has made all  
?+s by 8 goodness2 = he =m$ ,adam 9 8   
own image  & lik5ess1 b t by ! envy ( ! 
devil1 & ! disob$i5ce (  ! said ,adam1  
s9 has ent]$ into ! _w1 & t we are s9n]s
  9 ,adam & by ,adam4 7#e47 ,t ,*ri/ 0  
promis$ to our fa!rs :o  receiv$ ! law1 
t s kn[+ by ! law _! s91 unrighte\sness1
  & insuffici5cy1 !y might desire ! com+
 ( ,*ri/1 to satisfy  = _! s9s1 &       
accompli% ! law by himself4 7#f47 ,t    
,*ri/ 0  born 9 ! "t appo9t$ by ,god !  
,fa!r2 t is to say1 9 !  "t :5 all      
iniquity ab\nd$1 & n = ! cause ( good   
works1  = all 7 s9n]s2 b t he might %[ u
 grace & m]cy1 z  be+ fai?ful4 7#g47 ,t 
,*ri/ is our life1 tru?1 peace1 &       
righte\sness2 also our pa/or1 advocate1 
sacrifice1 & prie/2 :o  di$ = !         
salvation ( all ^? t believe1 & is ris5 

= our  ju/ification4 7#h47 ,9 l mann]1  
we firmly hold t !re is no  o!r ,m$iator
 & ,advocate ) ,god ! ,fa!r1 save only  
,jesus ,*ri/4  ,& z = ! virg9 ,m>y1 t %e
 0 holy1 humble1 & full (  grace4 ,& 9 l
 mann] d we believe conc]n+ all ! o!r   
sa9ts2  namely1 t1 be+ 9 heav51 !y wait 
= ! resurrection ( _!  bodies at ! day (
 judgm5t4 7#i47 ,item1 ,we believe t1   
aft] ?is  life1 !re are only two places1
 ! "o = ! sav$1 & ! o!r  = ! damn$2 !   
:i* two places we call p>adise & hell1  
absolutely d5y+ t purgatory inv5t$ by   
anti*ri/1 & =g$  contr>y to ! tru?4     
7#aj47 ,item1 ,we h always acc\nt$ z an 
unspeakable abom9ation be=e ,god all ^? 
inv5tions ( m52 namely1  ! fea/s & !    
vigils ( sa9ts1 ! wat] :i* !y call holy3
 z  likewise to ab/a9 f fle% ^u c]ta9   
days1 & ! l2 b  especially _! masses4   
7#aa47 ,we e/eem = an abom9ation1 & z   
anti*ri/ian1 all ^? human inv5tions :i* 
are a tr\ble or  prejudice to ! lib]ty (
 ! _s4 7#ab47 ,we d believe t !         
sacram5ts are signs ( ! holy ?+1 or     

visible =ms ( !  invisible grace2       
acc\nt+ x good t ! fai?ful sometimes use
 !  said signs or visible =ms1 if x may 
be done4 ,h[ev]1 we believe &  hold1 t !
 above-said fai?ful may be sav$ )\t     
receiv+ !  signs a=esaid1 9 case !y h no
 place nor any means to use !m4  7#ac47 
,we ackn[l$ge no o!r sacram5t ?an       
baptism & ! ,"l's  ,supp]4 7#ad47 ,we   
ought to hon\r ! secul> p[]s by         
submission1 ready  ob$i5ce1 & pay+ (    
tributes40 ,^! *ur*es _h1 9 mod]n times1
  ano!r confession impos$ ^u !m1 aft] !y
 began to receive  pa/ors f ,g5eva1 :i* 
is /rongly t+$ ) ,calv9ism4 ,x be>s     
date ,a4 ,d4 #afee4    #aj4 ,! fir/     
,prote/ant confession 0 t pres5t$ 9     
#aecj1 to !  diet ( ,augsburg1 by !     
sugge/ion & "u ! direction ( ,john1     
elector ( ,saxony4 ,?is wise & prud5t   
pr9ce1 ) ! view ( hav+  ! pr9cipal      
gr\nds on :i* ! ,prote/ants _h sep>at$ f
 !  ,romi% communion1 di/9ctly submitt$ 
to t assembly1 entru/$ !  duty ( prep>+ 
a summ>y ( !m to ! div9es ( ,wittemb]g4 

,nor  0 t task a difficult "o2 = ! re=m$
 doctr9es _h already  be5 dige/$ into   
sev5te5 articles1 :i* _h be5 propos$ at 
!  conf]5ces bo? at ,sultzba* &         
,smalcald1 z ! confession ( fai?  to be 
adopt$ by ! ,prote/ant conf$]ates4 ,^!1 
accord+ly1 7  deliv]$ to ! elector by   
,lu!r1 & s]v$ z ! basis ( !  celebrat$  
,augsburg confession1 writt5 8by !      
elegant & accurate p5  ( ,melanc?on30 a 
"w :i* has be5 admir$ by _m ev5 ( its   
enemies1 = its p]spicuity1 piety1 &     
erudition4 ,x conta9s  tw5ty-eight      
*apt]s1 ! lead+ topics ( :i* are1 ! true
 &  ess5tial div9ity ( ,*ri/2 8         
sub/itution & vic>i\s sacrifice2        
orig9al s92 human inability2 !          
necessity1 fre$om1 & efficacy (  div9e  
grace2 consub/antiation2 & p>ticul>ly   
ju/ification by  fai?1 to e/abli% ! tru?
 & importance ( :i* 0 "o ( its  *ief    
objects4 ,! la/ sev5 articles condemn & 
confute ! ,popi%  t5ets ( communion 9 "o
 k9d1 cl]ical celibacy1 private masses1 
auricul> confession1 leg5d>y traditions1

 mona/ic v[s1 & !  exorbitant p[] ( !   
*ur*4 ,?is confession is sil5t on !     
doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,?is is !        
univ]sal /&>d ( or?odox  doctr9e among  
^? :o pr(ess to be ,lu!rans1 9 :i* no   
au?oritative alt]ation has ev] be5 made4
    #aa4 ,! confession ( ,basle1        
orig9ally pres5t$1 l ! prec$+1  to !    
diet ( ,augsburg1 b n publi%$ till      
#aecd1 consi/s ( only  twelve articles1 
:i*1 9 e ess5tial po9t1 agree ) ^? (  ! 
,augsburg confession1 except t x rejects
 ! doctr9e (  consub/antiation2 affirm+ 
t ,*ri/ is only spiritually pres5t 9  ! 
,"l's ,supp]1 sacram5talit] nimirum1 et 
p] memorationem fidei2  t is to say     
sacram5tally1 & by fai?2 & t x ass]ts ! 
doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation & infant baptism4 
,b ! m detail$  cre$ ( ! :ole ,swiss    
,prote/ant *ur*es is conta9$ 9 ! =m]  & 
latt] ,helvetic confessions4 ,! fir/ 0  
drawn up 9 #aecf1 by  ,bull+]1          
,myconius1 & ,grynu1 9 behalf ( ! *ur*es
 ( ,helvetia1  & pres5t$ to an assembly 
( div9es at ,wittemb]g1 by :om x 0      

cordially approv$4 ,b be+ deem$ too     
concise1 a second 0 prep>$  9 #aeef1 by 
! pa/ors ( ,zuri*2 :i* 0 subscrib$ n    
only by all  ! ,swiss ,prote/ants1 b by 
! *ur*es ( ,g5eva & ,savoy1 & by  _m (  
^? 9 ,hung>y & ,pol&4 ,!y fully h>monize
 ) ea*  o!r1 ) only ?is diff]5ce1 t !   
doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1  & an approbation
 ( ! obs]vance ( su* religi\s fe/ivals1 
z !  nativity1 c1 are to be f\nd 9 !    
latt] confession only4    #ab4 ,!       
,bohemic confession 0 compil$ f v>i\s   
anci5t confessions  ( ! ,wald5ses :o _h 
settl$ 9 ,bohemia1 & approv$ ( by ,lu!r 
& ,melanc?on 9 #aecb2 b x 0 n publi%$   
till #aece2 :5 x 0  pres5t$ by ! b>ons &
 o!r nobles to ,k+ ,f]d9&4 ,x ext5ds  to
 tw5ty articles1 simil> to ^? ( !       
,wald5sian confession1 )  ! addition (  
o!rs on ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ju/ification 
by fai?  9 him1 8)\t any human help or  
m]it10 pr$e/9ation1 & !  absolute       
necessity ( sanctification & good works4
    #ac4 ,! confession ( ! ,saxon *ur*es
 0 compos$ 9 #aeea by  ,melanc?on1 at ! 

desire ( ! pa/ors ( ,saxony & ,misnia   
met 9  assembly at ,wittemb]g1 9 ord] to
 be pres5t$ to ! c\ncil (  ,tr5t4 ,x is 
conta9$ 9 tw5ty-two articles2 & :ile1 l 
t (  ,augsburg1 x is sil5t on ! subject 
( pr$e/9ation1 x lays equal  /ress on ! 
doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?2 & has a 
sep>ate  article entitl$ 8,rew>ds10 9   
:i* ! doctr9e ( human m]it1  p>ticul>ly 
z connect$ ) future bless$ness1 is      
condemn$ &  refut$4    #ad4 ,"s acc\nt (
 ! fram+ ( ! ,engli% ,confession ( ,fai?
 has  be5 already giv5 "u ! article     
,*ur* ( ,engl& & ,irel&4  ,! 8,articles 
( ,religion0 are !re said to h be5 am5d$
 &  complet$ 9 ! ye> #aega2 & ! ,rev4   
,h5ry ,j4 ,todd1 9 8 v able  "w on ?is  
subject1 has %[n _! ,melanc?onian orig9 
& "*  by extracts f ! 8,articles (      
,religion10 8set out by !  ,convocation1
 & publi%$ by ! k+'s au?ority10 9       
#aecf2--;f  ^? ( #aedj2--;f ,cranm]'s   
8,necess>y ,erudition ( any ,*ri/ian    
,man10 publi%$ 9 #aedc2--;f ! ,homilies 
on ,salvation1 ,fai?1 &  ,good ,works1 9

 #aedg1 :i* ?ree 71 accord+ to ,bi%op   
,woolton's  unimpea*$ te/imony 79 #aegf7
 compos$ by ,ar*bi%op ,cranm]2--f  !    
8,re=matio ,legum ,ecclesia/ic>um10     
8compos$ "u !  sup]9t5d5ce ( ! same     
wat*ful primate1 9 #aeea20--;f !        
8,articles ( ,religion0 =m$ 9 #aeeb1    
almo/ :olly by  ,cranm]20--f            
8,cate*ismus ,brevis1 ,*ri/ian ,discipl9
 ,summam  cont95s10 9 #aeec1 :i* 0      
publi%$ 9 ,engli%1 z well z ,lat91  &   
commonly call$ 8,edw>d ! ,six?'s        
,cate*ism20 & f ,bi%op  ,jewel's        
celebrat$ 8,apologia ,ecclesi           
,anglican10 8publi%$ 9 #aefb  by !      
que5's au?ority1 ?us recognis$ z a      
national ,confession (  ,fai?1 & z su*  
has be5 pr9t$ 9 ! ,corpus ,confessionum 
,fidei40  8,su*10 says ,mr4 ,todd1 8are 
! sev]al public docum5ts or             
decl>ations1 produc$ or made be=e !     
e/abli%m5t ( !  ,?irty-n9e ,articles (  
,religion1 f :i* ,i h giv5 extracts1 to 
:i* ! fram]s ( ^! ,articles direct$ _!  
att5tion1 ) !  _s ( :i* !y concur1 & !  

words ( :i* !y almo/  lit]ally adopt4   
,!re w also be f\nd1 z *ronologically   
prec$+  ^!1 consid]able extracts f !    
,confession ( ,augsburg1 !  :ole article
 f ! ,saxon ,confession1 ,de ,remissione
 ,peccatorum1 et  ,ju/ificatione1       
respect+ ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 &            
ju/ification1 & su* passages 9 our      
,liturgy z conc]n ! po9ts  :i* !        
,articles & ,homilies exhibit40 ,no "o  
:o has p]us$ ^!  docum5ts w require any 
additional argum5t to conv9ce him1 t1 9 
its v f\ndations1 ! ,engli% ,confession 
( ,fai? 0 mo/  explicitly 9 fav\r (     
g5]al r$emption4 ,we _c !re=e be        
surpris$ at all ! old or?odox div9es ( !
 *ur* ( ,engl&1 f  #afaj to #affj1      
refus+ to be call$ ,,arm9ians2 = !y     
repeat$ly  decl>$ t _! own *ur* op5ly   
pr(ess$ simil> doctr9es to  ^?          
promulgat$ by ! ,dut* pr(essor1 long    
be=e 8 "n 0 kn[n  9 ! _w4 ,9 ?is        
ass]tion !y 7 p]fectly correct2 & by  e 
important fact 9 our ecclesia/ical      
hi/ory1 z connect$ )  doctr9al matt]s1  

_! views are confirm$4 ,if ! ,articles 7
  actually ( a ,calv9i/ic complexion1 z 
!y are n[ (t5 repres5t$  to be1 :at c\ld
 h induc$ ,:itak] & o!r le>n$ ,calv9i/s 
to  wa/e s mu* valuable "t & lab\r 9    
fabricat+ ! ,lambe?  ,articles 9 #aeie8 
,^? wor?ies av[$1 t ! orig9al ,?irty-n9e
  ,articles 7 n doctr9al en\gh = _!     
purpose4--,:5 f\r *oice  div9es1 two (  
!m pr(essors ( div9ity at ,cambridge1 7 
s5t to  ! synod ( ,dort z deputies f !  
,engli% *ur*1 & "o f !  *ur* ( ,scotl&1 
?\gh _! political in/ructions w5t ! full
  l5g? ( assi/+ 9 ! condemnation &      
oppression ( ! ,arm9ians1  p]sonally    
consid]$ z a tr\blesome p>ty 9 !        
republic1 yet !y  _h diff]5t in/ructions
 respect+ _! doctr9es4 ,on ! second     
article1 discuss$ 9 t synod1 8! ext5t ( 
,*ri/'s r$emption10  ,balcanqual1 !     
deputy f ! *ur* ( ,scotl&1 in=ms !      
,engli%  ambassador at ! ,hague1 t a    
diff]5ce _h aris5 among ! ,briti%       
deputies3 8,! "q among u is1 :e!r !     
words ( ,scripture1  :i* are likewise ! 

words ( our confession1 be to be        
und]/ood (  all p>ticul> m51 or only ( !
 elect :o consi/ ( all sorts (  m58 ,dr4
 ,dav5ant & ,dr4 ,w>d are ( ,m>t9ius (  
,breme 8 m9d1 t  x is to be und]/ood (  
all p>ticul> m53 ! o!r ?ree ,bi%op      
,c>leton1 ,dr4 ,goad1 & ,dr4 ,balcanqual
 take ! o!r exposition1 :i*  is t ( !   
writ]s ( ! re=m$ *ur*es40 ,! ambassador 
wrote  home = in/ructions1 & receiv$    
ord]s = ! ,briti% deputies 8to  h ^?    
conclusions conc]n+ ,*ri/'s dea?1 & !   
application (  x to u1 c\*$ 9 mann] &   
t]ms z ne> z possibly may be to  ^? :i* 
7 us$ 9 ! primitive *ur*1 by ! fa!rs ( t
  "t1 aga9/ ! ,pelagians &              
,semi-,pelagians1 & n 9 any new  phrase 
( ! mod]n age2 & t ! same may be z      
agreeable to !  confessions ( ! *ur* (  
,engl& & o!r re=m$ *ur*es1 &  ) z little
 di/a/e & umbrage to ! ,lu!ran *ur*es1 z
 may  be40 ,ar*bi%op ,abbott express$ 8 
approbation ( _! 8cautel\s  mod]ation0 9
 )hold+ _! 8h& f press+ 9 public any    
rigor\s exclusive propositions 9 !      

doctr9e ( ! ext5t ( our  ,savi\r ,*ri/'s
 oblation40 ,! hi/ory ( ?is affair1 :i* 
_c be  "h detail$1 %[s1 t1 h[ev] will+ !
 ?ree deputies 7 to  condemn !          
remon/rants1 ! resi/ance ( ! two m      
mod]ate  div9es 0 approv$ by !          
au?orities at home1 & _! op9ions on  ?is
 subject 7 record$ 9 su* !ses z no true 
,calv9i/ c\ld  consi/5tly subscribe4    
,dur+ our civil tr\bles 9 #afdc1 !      
,assembly  ( ,div9es at ,we/m9/] revis$ 
! fir/ fifte5 ( ! ,?irty-n9e  ,articles 
8) a design10 z ,neal 9 8 8,hi/ory ( !  
,puritans0  c&idly decl>es1 8to r5d] _! 
s5se m express & det]m9ate  9 fav\r (   
,calv9ism40 ,?is !y f\nd to be a        
hopeless task1 z !  anci5t cre$ 0 too   
incorrigible to be b5t to _! views2 & !y
  f\nd x mu* easi] to frame "o aft] _!  
own he>ts1 "s acc\nt  ( :i* ! read] w   
f9d 9 a subsequ5t p>agraph4--,all ^!    
facts g to prove1 t ! be/ in=m$         
,calv9i/s h always view$  ! ,engli%     
articles z n suffici5tly high 9 doctr9e1
 unless1 z 9  ! case ( ! sev5te5?1 !y be

 all[$ to int]pret !m by  int]polations 
or qualify+ epi!ts4    #ae4 ,!          
confession ( ! re=m$ ,gallican *ur*es 0 
prep>$ by  ord] ( a synod at ,p>is 9    
#aeei2 & pres5t$ to ,*>les ,,ix4 9      
#aefa1  by ! celebrat$ ,beza1 9 a       
conf]5ce ) t mon>* at ,poissy4 ,x  0    
publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aeff1 ) a preface
 by ! ,fr5*  cl]gy to ! pa/ors ( all    
,prote/ant *ur*es2 & aft]w>d1 9  #aega1 
x 0 solemnly ratifi$ & subscrib$ 9 !    
national synod (  ,ro*elle4 ,x is ext5d$
 to =ty articles2 b !y are 9 g5]al      
concise1 & embrace ! usual topics ( !   
o!r ,prote/ant  confessions1 includ+ !  
doctr9es ( election1 & ju/ification by  
fai? only4    #af4 ,! ,prote/ants 9     
,scotl& hav+ pres5t$ a petition to      
p>liam5t 9 #aefj1 reque/+ ! public      
condemnation ( ,pop]y1 &  ! legal       
ackn[l$gm5t ( ! re=m$ doctr9e & wor%ip1 
!y 7  requir$ to draw up a summ>y ( !   
doctr9es :i* !y c\ld prove to  be       
consonant ) ,scripture1 & :i* !y 7      
anxi\s to h  e/abli%$4 ,! m9i/]s on :om 

?is duty 0 devolv$1 be+ well  acqua9t$ )
 ! subject1 prep>$ ! requir$ summ>y 9 ! 
c\rse  ( f\r days1 & laid x be=e        
p>liam5t1 :51 aft] hav+ be5  read fir/  
be=e ! ,lords ( ! ,articles1 & aft]w>d  
twice 7!  second "t article by article7 
be=e ! :ole p>liam5t1 x receiv$  _!     
sanction z ! e/abli%$ sy/em ( belief &  
wor%ip4 ,x  consi/s ( tw5ty-five        
articles1 & co9cides ) all ! o!r        
,prote/ant confessions :i* affirm !     
doctr9e ( election1 & reject  t (       
consub/antiation2 = al?\gh x is n s     
explicit z "s (  !m respect+ !          
unconditional nature ( election1 yet a  
di/9ct  recognition ( ?is doctr9e       
p]vades ! :ole ( x2 & ?\gh x has  no    
sep>ate article on ju/ification1 x no   
less pla9ly recognises ?is  fundam5tal  
pr9ciple ( ! ,prote/ant fai?4    #ag4 ,!
 t5ets ( ,arm9ius hav+ obta9$           
consid]able preval5ce 9  ,holl& t[>d !  
beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,calv9i/s1
  or ,gom>i/s1 z !y 7 !n call$1 appeal$ 
to a national synod1  :i* 0 conv5$ at   

,dort 9 #afah1 by ord] ( ! /ates-g5]al2 
&  att5d$ by ecclesia/ical deputies f   
,engl&1 ,switz]l&1 ,brem51  ,hesse1 & ! 
,palat9ate1 beside ! cl]ical & lay      
repres5tatives  ( ! re=m$ *ur*es 9 !    
,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,! canons ( ?is       
synod1 conta9$ 9 five *apt]s1 relate to 
:at are commonly call$  ! five po9ts2   
namely1 p>ticul> & unconditional        
election2  p>ticul> r$emption1 or !     
limitation ( ! sav+ effects (  ,*ri/'s  
dea? to ! elect only2 ! total corruption
 ( human nature1  & ! total moral       
inability ( man 9 8 fall5 /ate2 !       
irresi/ibility ( div9e grace2 & ! f9al  
p]sev]ance ( !  sa9ts2 all ( :i* are    
decl>$ to be ! true & ! only doctr9es  (
 ,scripture4    #ah4 ,! ,remon/rants1 z 
! ,dut* ,arm9ians are g5]ally call$1 did
  n pres5t a confession ( fai? to !     
synod ( ,dort1 b only _!  s5tim5ts on ! 
five po9ts enum]at$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1
  ) correspond+ rejections ( errors "u  
ea* ( ^? po9ts4  ,h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 
_! exile1 !y appli$ !mselves  dilig5tly 

to ?is task1 & soon produc$ an ample    
confession1  pr9cipally compos$ by !    
celebrat$ ,episcopius4 ,9 ! preface !y  
give copi\s reasons = su* a record ( _! 
op9ions2 :i*  ,c\rcelles has ?us        
express$ 9 a m summ>y mann]3--8,!y did n
  publi% x = ! purpose ( mak+ x a /&>d (
 s*ism1 by :i*  !y might sep>ate        
!mselves f m5 :o held o!r op9ions2 nor =
  ! purpose ( hav+ x e/eem$ by ^? "u _! 
pa/oral c>e z  a second>y rule (        
fai?2--:i* is 9 ^! days ) _m p]sons a   
mo/ p]nici\s abuse ( ?is k9d (          
confessions4 ,b x 0 publi%$  solely ) ! 
int5tion to /op ! m\?s ( ^? :o          
calumni\sly  ass]t1 t ! ,remon/rants    
*]i% )9 _! bosoms port5t\s  dogmas :i*  
!y d>e n divulge4 ,= !re is no cause =  
d\bt+1  :e!r "u su* circum/ances & = ?is
 purpose1 x is n lawful  = m5 to publi% 
a confession ( _! fai?1 especially z ,/4
 ,pet]  admoni%es u #8always to be ready
 to give an answ] to e man t  aske? u a 
reason ( ! hope t is 9 u ) meekness &   
fe>4'0  ,?is confession is ( a m        

practical "* ?an any ( !  prec$+3 x     
inculcates1 at great l5g?1 all ! mo/    
important duties  ( ,*ri/ianity1 &1 9 ! 
words ( ! preface1 8directs all ?+s  to 
! practice ( ,*ri/ian piety4 ,= we      
believe t true div9ity is  m]ely        
practical1 & n ei!r simply or = its     
greate/ or *ief  "p speculative2 & !re=e
 :atev] ?+s are deliv]$ !re9  ought to  
be ref]r$ ?i!r only1--t a man may be ! m
 /rongly  & fitly inflam$ & enc\rag$ to 
a dilig5t p]=mance ( 8 duty1  & keep+ ( 
! comm&m5ts ( ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,9 !       
,engli%  translator's address to ! read]
 9 #afgf1 x is said1 8,t\*+ !  wor? (   
?is book1 z a summ>y ( ,*ri/ian         
religion1 if ,doctor ,j]emy  ,taylor's  
judgm5t be ( cr$it ) !e1 ,i am cr$ibly  
in=m$ he  %\ld pref] x to be "o ( ^? two
 or ?ree :i*1 next ! ,holy  ,bible1 he  
w\ld h pres]v$ f ! suppos$ total        
de/ruction (  books4 ,a high encomium f 
! m\? ( s le>n$ & pi\s a div9e60  ,b    
?\gh its cont5ts 7 *iefly practical1 "o 
expression 9 x1  respect+ ! propriety ( 

tol]at+ 9 a ,*ri/ian community a man  :o
 d5i$ ! et]nal g5]ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 
produc$ a  controv]sy 9 ,holl&1 z well z
 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 :i* ! fam\s  ,bi%op    
,bull em95tly di/+ui%$ himself4 ,see    
,,dort & ,,remon/rants4    #ai4 ,! only 
o!r confession ( :i* we %all take notice
 is t (  ! ,we/m9/] assembly1 :i* met 9 
#afdc1 & at :i* five m9i/]s  & ?ree     
eld]s z commission]s f ! g5]al assembly 
( !  *ur* ( ,scotl& att5d$1 agreeably to
 engagem5ts betwe5 !  conv5tion ( e/ates
 !re1 & bo? h\ses ( p>liam5t 9 ,engl&4  
,?is confession is conta9$ 9 ?irty-?ree 
*apt]s1 & 9 e  po9t ( doctr9e1 fully    
accords ) ! s5tim5ts ( ! synod (  ,dort2
 & on "s po9ts go+ r beyond x1 z )      
respect to a  suppos$ election ( angels4
 ,x 0 approv$ & adopt$ by ! g5]al       
assembly 9 #afdg2 & two ye>s aft]1      
ratifi$ by act ( p>liam5t1 z  8! public 
& av[$ confession ( ! *ur* ( ,scotl&40  
,by act (  p>liam5t 9 #afij1 x 0 aga9   
decl>$ to be ! national /&>d (  fai? 9  
,scotl&2 & subscription to x z 8!       

confession ( 8  fai?10 specially requir$
 ( e p]son :o %all be admitt$ 8a  m9i/] 
or prea*] )9 ?is *ur*40 ,subscription to
 x 0 also  enjo9$ by ! act ( union 9    
#agjg1 on all 8pr(essors1 pr9cipals1    
reg5ts1 ma/]s1 & o!rs be>+ (fice10 9 any
 ( ! ,scotti%  univ]sities4             
,,conflagration1 a g5]al burn+ ( a city1
 or o!r consid]able place4  ,b ! ^w is m
 ord9>ily re/ra9$ to t gr& p]iod1 or    
cata/rophe ( our _w1 :]e9 ! face (      
nature is expect$ to be  *ang$ by a     
deluge ( fire1 z x 0 anci5tly by t (    
wat]4 ,!  anci5t ,*aldeans1             
,py?agoreans1 ,platoni/s1 ,epicureans1  
,/oics1 ,celts1  & ,etrurians1 appe> to 
h _h a notion ( ! conflagration2 ?\gh   
:5ce !y %\ld d]ive x1 unless f ! sacr$  
books1 x is  difficult to conceive2     
except1 p]haps1 f ! ,ph5icians1 :o      
!mselves _h x f ! ,jews4 ,! ,celts1 ^:  
op9ions resembl$  ^? ( ! ea/]n nations1 
held1 t aft] ! burn+ ( ! _w1  a new     
p]iod ( exi/5ce w\ld comm5ce4 ,! anci5t 
,etrurians1 or  ,tuscans1 also concurr$ 

) o!r we/]n & nor!rn nations (  ,celtic 
orig91 z well z ) ! ,/oics1 9 ass]t+ !  
entire  r5ovation ( nature aft] a long  
p]iod1 or great ye>1 :5 a simil>        
succession ( ev5ts w\ld aga9 take place4
 ,! cosmogony ( an anci5t  ,etrurian1   
pres]v$ by ,suidas1 limits ! duration ( 
! univ]se to a  p]iod ( twelve ?\s&     
ye>s2 six ?\s& ( :i* pass$ 9 !          
production ( ! visible _w1 be=e !       
=mation ( man4 ,! ,/oics  also ma9ta9$ t
 ! _w is liable to de/ruction f !       
preval5ce ( moi/ure or ( dr\ght2 ! =m]  
produc+ a univ]sal  inundation1 & !     
latt]1 a univ]sal conflagration4 8,^!10 
!y  say1 8succe$ ea* o!r 9 nature1 z    
regul>ly z w9t] & summ]40  ,! doctr9e ( 
conflagration is a natural consequ5ce ( 
! g5]al  sy/em ( ,/oicism2 =1 s9ce1     
accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ! :ole  process ( 
nature is c>ri$ on 9 a necess>y s]ies ( 
causes &  effects1 :5 t op]ative fire1  
:i* at fir/1 bur/+ f *aos1  gave =m to  
all ?+s1 & :i* has s9ce p]vad$ & animat$
 all  nature1 %all h consum$ its        

nutrim5t2 t is1 :5 ! vap\rs1  :i* are ! 
food ( ! cele/ial fires1 %all be        
exhau/$1 a  defici5cy ( moi/ure mu/     
produce a univ]sal conflagration4 ,?is  
gr& revolution 9 nature is1 aft] !      
doctr9e ( ! ,/oics1 ?us  elegantly      
describ$ by ,ovid3--                    
8,esse quoque 9 fatis rem9iscitur1 af=e 
tempus             ,quo m>e1 quo tellus1
 correptaque regia cli                  
,ardeat2 et mundi moles op]osa laboret40
                                        
,,metamor4 lib4 i1 #bef4    or1 z ,dryd5
 has translat$ ! passage1--             
8,rememb'r+ 9 ! fates a "t :5 fire      
,%\ld to ! battlem5ts ( heav5 aspire2   
,:5 all 8 blaz+ worlds above %\ld burn1 
,& all ! inf]ior globe to c9d]s turn40  
,s5eca1 speak+ ( ! same ev5t1 says      
expressly1 8,tempus adv5]it  quo sid]a  
sid]ibus incurr5t1 et omni flagrante    
mat]ia uno igne1  quicquid nunc ex      
deposito lucet1 ardebit20 t is1 8! "t w 
come  :5 ! _w w be consum$1 t x may be  
aga9 r5ew$2 :5 !  p[]s ( nature w be    

turn$ aga9/ h]self1 :5 />s w ru%  ^u    
/>s1 & ! :ole mat]ial _w1 :i* n[ appe>s 
respl5d5t  ) beauty & h>mony1 w be      
de/roy$ 9 "o g5]al  conflagration40 ,9  
?is gr& cata/rophe ( nature1 all animat$
  be+s1 7except+ ! ,univ]sal            
,intellig5ce17 m51 h]oes1 demons1 &     
gods1 %all p]i% toge!r4 ,s5eca1 !       
trag$ian1 :o 0 ( ! same  s*ool ) !      
philosoph]1 writes to ! same purpose3-- 
8,cli regia concid5s                    
,c]tos atque obitus trahet3             
,atque omnes p>it] deos                 
,p]det mors aliqua1 et *aos40           
8,! mighty palace ( ! sky               
,9 ru9 fall'n is doom$ to lie2          
,& all ! gods1 its wreck b5ea?1         
,%all s9k 9 *aos & 9 dea?40    ,!       
,py?agoreans also ma9ta9$ ! dogma (     
conflagration4 ,to ?is  purpose         
,hippasus1 ( ,metapontum1 taught t !    
univ]se is f9ite1 is  always *ang+1 &   
und]goes a p]iodical conflagration4     
,philolaus1  :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ,plato1
 ma9ta9$ t ! _w is liable  to de/ruction

 bo? by fire & wat]4 ,m5tion ( !        
conflagration is  also sev]al times made
 9 ! books ( ! ,sibyls1 ,sophocles1     
,lucan1  c4 ,dr4 ,burnet1 aft] ,f4      
,ta*>d & o!rs1 relates t ! ,siamese     
believe t ! e>? w at la/ be p>*$ up )   
heat1 !  m\nta9s melt$ d[n1 & ! e>?'s   
:ole surface r$uc$ to a level1  & !n    
consum$ ) fire4 ,& ! ,bram9s ( ,siam d n
 only hold  t ! _w %all be de/roy$ by   
fire1 b also t a new e>?  %all be made  
out ( ! c9d]s ( ! old4 ,! sacr$         
,scriptures  ann\nce ?is g5]al          
de/ruction ( ! _w by fire 9 a v>iety (  
passages4    #b4 ,v>i\s are ! s5tim5ts (
 au?ors on ! subject ( !  conflagration2
 ! cause :5ce x is to arise1 & ! effects
 x is to  produce4 ,div9es ord9>ily     
acc\nt = x metaphysically2 & w h  x take
 its rise f a miracle1 z a fire f heav54
 ,philosoph]s  cont5d = its be+ produc$ 
f natural causes2 & w h x  effect$      
accord+ to ! laws ( me*anics3 "s ?9k an 
eruption ( a  c5tral fire suffici5t = ! 
purpose2 & add1 t ?is may be  occasion$ 

sev]al ways2 namely1 ei!r by hav+ its   
int5sity  increas$1 7:i*1 aga91 may be  
effect$ ei!r by be+ driv5 into  less    
space by ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sup]ficial   
cold1 or by an  increase ( !            
inflammability ( ! fuel :]eon x is f$17 
or by  hav+ ! resi/ance ( imprison+ e>? 
weak5$2 :i* may happ5  ei!r f !         
dim9ution ( its matt]1 by ! consumption 
( its  c5tral p>ts1 or by weak5+ !      
cohesion ( ! con/itu5t p>ts (  ! mass1  
by ! excess or ! defect ( moi/ure4 ,o!rs
 look = !  cause ( ! conflagration 9 !  
atmosph]e2 & suppose t "s (  ! meteors  
!re eng5d]$ 9 unusual quantities1 &     
explod$ )  unusual vehem5ce1 f !        
concurr5cy ( v>i\s circum/ances1 may be 
made to effect x1 )\t seek+ any f>!r4 ,!
 a/rolog]s acc\nt  = x f a conjunction (
 all ! planets 9 ! sign ,canc]2 8z !    
deluge10 say !y1 80 occasion$ by _!     
conjunction 9 ,capricorn40  ,?is 0 an   
op9ion adopt$ by ! anci5t ,*aldeans4    
,la/ly3 o!rs  h rec\rse to a /ill m     
effectual & flam+ ma*9e2 &  conclude !  

_w is to und]go its conflagration f !   
ne>  approa* ( a comet1 9 its return f !
 sun4 ,x is mo/ natural to  conclude1 t1
 z ! ,scriptures repres5t ! cata/rophe z
 ! "w  ( a mom5t1 no gradually op]at+   
natural cause w be employ$ to  effect x1
 b t ,he :o spake & ! _w 0 creat$1 w    
aga9  de/roy x by ! same ^w ( 8 p[]2    
sett+ loose at once !  all-dev\r+ elem5t
 ( fire to absorb all o!rs4 ,beyond ?is1
 all is  conjecture4    ,,confusion ,,( 
,,tongues is a memorable ev5t1 :i*      
happ5$ 9 ! "o  hundr$ & fir/ ye>1       
accord+ to ! ,hebrew *ronology1 aft] !  
flood1 ,b4 ,c4 #bbdg1 at ! ov]?r[ (     
,babel2 & :i* 0  provid5tially br\ght   
ab\t1 9 ord] to facilitate ! disp]sion (
  mank9d1 & ! population ( ! e>?4 ,until
 ?is p]iod1 !re _h  be5 "o common       
language1 :i* =m$ a bond ( union1 t     
prev5t$  ! sep>ation ( mank9d into      
di/9ct nations4    #b4 ,!re has be5 a   
consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion z to !    
nature  ( ?is confusion1 & ! mann] 9 :i*
 x 0 effect$4 ,"s le>n$  m51 prepossess$

 ) ! notion t all ! diff]5t idioms n[ 9 
! _w did at fir/ arise f "o orig9al     
language1 to :i* !y  may be r$uc$1 & t !
 v>iety among !m is no m ?an mu/        
naturally h happ5$ 9 a long c\rse ( "t  
by ! m]e sep>ation  ( ! build]s (       
,babel1 h ma9ta9$1 t !re 7 no new       
languages =m$ at ! confusion2 b t ?is   
ev5t 0 accompli%$  by creat+ a          
misund]/&+ & v>iance among ! build]s1   
)\t  any imm$iate influ5ce on _!        
language4 ,b ?is op9ion1 advanc$ by  ,le
 ,cl]c1 c1 seems to be directly contr>y 
to ! obvi\s mean+ (  ! ^w 1 lip1 us$ by 
! sacr$ hi/orian2 :i*1 9 o!r p>ts  (    
,scripture signifies spee*1 ,psalm      
lxxxi1 #e2 ,isaiah xxviii1 #aa2  xxxiii1
 #ai2 ,ezekiel iii1 #e4 ,x has be5 ju/ly
 rem>k$1 t unanimity  ( s5tim5t1 &      
id5tity ( language1 are p>ticul>ly      
di/+ui%$  f ea* o!r1 9 ! hi/ory3 8,! p  
is "o1 & !y h all  "o language10 ,g54   
xi1 #f4 ,x has be5 also sugge/$1 t if   
disagreem5t 9 op9ion & c\nsel 7 ! :ole t
 0 int5d$1 x  w\ld h _h a contr>y       

effect2 !y w\ld n h desi/$ f  _!        
project1 b /r5u\sly h ma9ta9$ _!        
respective  op9ions1 till ! great] numb]
 ( !m _h compell$ ! m9ority  ei!r to fly
 or to submit4 ,o!rs h imag9$1 t ?is 0  
br\ght  ab\t by a tempor>y confusion (  
_! spee*1 or r ( _!  appreh5sions1 caus+
 !m1 :ile !y cont9u$ toge!r & spoke !   
same language1 to und]/& ! words        
diff]5tly3 ,scalig] is ( ?is  op9ion4   
,o!rs aga9 acc\nt = ?is ev5t1 by !      
privation ( all  language1 & by suppos+ 
t mank9d 7 "u a necessity (  associat+  
toge!r1 & ( impos+ new names on ?+s by  
common  cons5t4 ,ano!r op9ion ascribes !
 confusion to su* an indi/9ct           
remembrance ( ! orig9al language :i* !y 
spoke be=e1 z made  !m speak x v        
diff]5tly2 s t by ! v>i\s inflections1  
t]m9ations1 & pronunciations ( div]s    
dialects1 !y c\ld no m  und]/& "o ano!r1
 ?an !y :o und]/& ,lat9 c und]/&  ^? :o 
speak ,fr5*1 ,italian1 or ,spani%1 ?\gh 
all ^! languages  arise out ( x4 ,?is   
op9ion is adopt$ by ,casaubon1 & by     

,bi%op  ,patrick 9 8 ,comm5t>y1 & is    
c]ta9ly mu* m probable ?an  ei!r ( !    
=m]3 & ,mr4 ,%uck=d ma9ta9s1 t !        
confusion  arose f small beg9n+s1 by !  
inv5tion ( new words 9 ei!r (  ! ?ree   
families ( ,%em1 ,ham1 & ,japhet1 :i*   
might contribute to  sep>ate !m f "o    
ano!r2 & t 9 ea* family new diff]5ces  (
 spee* might gradually arise1 s t ea* ( 
^! families w5t on  to divide &         
subdivide among !mselves4 ,o!rs1 aga91 z
 ,mr4 ,joseph  ,m$e & ,dr4 ,wotton1 c1 n
 satisfi$ ) ei!r ( ! =ego+  me?ods (    
acc\nt+ = ! div]sity ( languages among  
mank9d1 h  rec\rse to an extraord9>y    
int]position ( div9e p[]1 by :i* new    
languages 7 fram$ & communicat$ to      
diff]5t families by a  sup]natural      
infusion or inspiration2 :i* languages h
 be5 !  roots & orig9als f :i* ! sev]al 
dialects t are1 or h  be51 or w be1     
spok51 z long z ?is e>? %all la/1 h     
aris51  & to :i* !y may ) ease be r$uc$4
    #c4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unnecess>y to     
suppose1 t ! primitive language  0      

completely oblit]at$1 & entire new modes
 ( spee* at once  introduc$4 ,x 0 q     
suffici5t1 if su* *anges only 7 effect$1
  z to r5d] ! spee* ( diff]5t companies 
or diff]5t tribes  un9telligible to "o  
ano!r1 t _! mutual cop]ation 9 ! mad    
attempt 9 :i* !y _h all engag$ might be 
no long] practicable4  ,! radical /em ( 
! fir/ language might !re=e rema9 9 all1
  ?\gh new dialects 7 =m$1 be>+ among   
!mselves a simil>  relation ) :at we f9d
 9 ! languages ( mod]n ,europe1 d]iv$  f
 ! same p>5t /em1 :e!r ,go?ic1 ,lat91 or
 ,sclavonian4 ,9 !  mid/ ( ^! *anges1 x 
is reasonable to suppose t ! primitive  
language itself1 unalt]$1 w\ld /ill be  
pres]v$ 9 "s "o at  lea/ ( ! tribes or  
families ( ! human race4 ,n[ 9 none ( ^!
  0 ! transmission s likely to h tak5   
place1 z among t bran*  ( ! desc5dants (
 ,%em1 f :i* ! patri>* ,abraham proce$$4
  ,^u ^! gr\nds1 !re=e1 we may probably 
conclude1 t !  language spok5 by        
,abraham1 & by him transmitt$ to 8      
po/]ity1 0  9 fact ! primitive language1

 modifi$ inde$ & ext5d$ 9 !  c\rse ( "t1
 b /ill reta9+ its ess5tial p>ts f> m   
completely ?an any o!r ( ! languages (  
m54 ,if ^! conclusions  are well f\nd$1 
!y w>rant ! inf]5ce1 t1 9 ! anci5t      
,hebrew1 !re are /ill to be f\nd !      
traces ( ! orig9al spee*4  ,:e!r ?is    
anci5t ,hebrew m ne>ly resembl$ !       
,*aldean1 !  ,syrian1 or :at is n[ t]m$ 
! ,hebrew1 x is unnecess>y "h to        
inquire2 ^! languages1 x has nev] be5   
d5i$1 7 orig9ally &  radically ! same1  
?\gh1 f subsequ5t modifications1 !y     
appe>  to h assum$ some:at diff]5t      
aspects4    ,,congregationali/s1 a      
d5om9ation ( ,prote/ants :o reject all  
*ur*  gov]nm5t1 except t ( a s+le       
congregation "u ! direction (  "o pa/or1
 ) _! eld]s1 assi/ants1 or manag]s4 ,9  
"o  p>ticul>1 ! ,congregationali/s diff]
 f ! ,indep5d5ts3 !  =m] invite c\ncils1
 :i*1 h[ev]1 only t5d] _! advice2 b  !  
latt] are accu/om$ to decide all        
difficulties )9 !mselves4  ,see         
,,indep5d5ts4    ,,consci5ce is t       

pr9ciple1 p[]1 or faculty )9 u1 :i*     
decides  on ! m]it or dem]it ( our own  
actions1 feel+s1 or affections1  )      
ref]5ce to ! rule ( ,god's law4 ,x has  
be5 call$ ! moral  s5se by ,"l          
,%aftesbury & ,dr4 ,hut*eson4 ,?is      
appellation has be5  object$ to by "s1 b
 has be5 adopt$ & def5d$ by ,dr4 ,reid1 
:o  says1 8,! te/imony ( our moral      
faculty1 l t ( ! ext]nal  s5ses1 is !   
te/imony ( nature1 & we h ! same reason 
to rely  ^u x40 ,he !re=e consid]s      
consci5ce z an orig9al faculty (  our   
nature1 :i* decides cle>ly1             
au?oritatively1 & in/antane\sly1  on e  
object t falls )9 its prov9ce4 8,z we   
rely10 says he1  8^u ! cle> & di/9ct    
te/imony ( our eyes1 conc]n+ !  col\rs &
 figures ( ! bodies ab\t u1 we h ! same 
reason to  rely1 ) security1 ^u ! cle> &
 unbiass$ te/imony ( our  consci5ce1 )  
reg>d to :at we ought & ought n to d40  
,b ,dr4  ,reid is surely un=tunate 9    
illu/rat+ ! p[] ( consci5ce by  !       
analogy ( ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,) reg>d to !

 intimations  receiv$ ?r\gh ! organs (  
s5se1 !re c be no diff]5ce (  op9ion1 & 
!re c be no room = argum5t4 ,!y give u  
at once  correct in=mation1 :i* reason+ 
c nei!r invalidate nor confirm4  ,b x is
 surely impossible to say z mu* = ! p[] 
( consci5ce1  :i* sometimes gives ! mo/ 
opposite intimations ) reg>d to !       
simple/ moral facts1 & :i* requires to  
be correct$ by an accurate  att5tion to 
! e/abli%$ ord] ( nature1 or to ! kn[n w
 (  ,god1 be=e we c rely ) confid5ce on 
its decisions4 ,x does n  appe>1 t      
consci5ce c ) propriety be consid]$ z a 
pr9ciple  di/9ct f t :i* enables u to   
pron\nce on ! g5]al m]it or  dem]it (   
moral actions4 ,?is pr9ciple1 or        
faculty1 is att5d$ )  peculi> feel+s1 :5
 we ourselves are ! ag5ts2 we are !n too
  deeply int]e/$ to view ! matt] z a m]e
 subject ( reason+2 &  pleasure or pa9  
are excit$1 ) a degree ( int5sity       
proportion$ to  ! importance :i* we     
always assign to our own int]e/s &      
feel+s4  ,9 ! case ( o!rs1 our          

approbation or disapprobation is g5]ally
  qualifi$1 sometimes susp5d$1 by our   
ignorance ( ! motives by :i*  !y h be5  
influ5c$2 b1 9 our own case1 ! motives &
 !  actions are bo? be=e u1 & :5 !y d n 
correspond1 we feel !  same disgu/ )    
ourselves t we %\ld feel t[>d ano!r1 ^: 
motives we knew to be vici\s1 :ile 8    
actions are speci\s &  plausible4 ,b 9  
our own case1 ! uneasy feel+ is height5$
 9 a  t5fold degree1 because            
self-contempt & disgu/ are br\ght into  
competition ) ! w>me/ self-love1 & !    
/ronge/ desire (  self-approbation4 ,we 
h !n some?+ ( ! feel+s ( a p>5t1  :o    
kn[s ! wor?lessness ( ! *ild he loves1 &
 contemplates )  horror ! %ame & infamy 
:i* might arise f exposure to !  _w4    
#b4 ,consci5ce1 !n1 _c be consid]$ z any
 ?+ else ?an !  g5]al pr9ciple ( moral  
approbation or disapprobation appli$ to 
our  own feel+s or conduct1 act+ )      
increas$ en]gy f ! k  :i* we h ( our    
motives & actions1 & f ! deep int]e/    
:i* we take 9 :atev] conc]ns ourselves2 

nor c we ?9k t !y  h des]v$ well (      
morals or philosophy1 :o h attempt$ to  
d$uce  our notions ( "r & wrong f any "o
 pr9ciple4 ,v>i\s p[]s  bo? ( ! und]/&+ 
& ( ! w are conc]n$ 9 e moral           
conclusion2 & consci5ce d]ives its *ief 
& mo/ salut>y influ5ce  f ! consid]ation
 ( our be+ cont9ually 9 ! pres5ce (     
,god1  & acc\ntable to him = all our    
?\ghts1 words1 & actions4 ,a  consci5ce 
well in=m$1 & possess$ ( s5sibility1 is 
! be/  security = virtue1 & ! mo/ awful 
av5g] ( wick$ de$s2 an  ill-in=m$       
consci5ce is ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t (    
mis*ief2 a  squeami% & tickli% consci5ce
 g5]ally r5d]s ^? :o are "u  its        
influ5ce ridicul\s4                     
,hic murus ah5eus e/o1                  
,nil conscire sibi1 nulla pallesc]e     
culpa4    ,let a consci\sness (         
innoc5ce1 & a fe>lessness ( any         
accusation1  be ?y braz5 bulw>k4    #c4 
,! rule ( consci5ce is ! w ( ,god1 s f> 
z x is made kn[n  to u1 ei!r by ! light 
( nature1 or by t ( revelation4 ,)      

respect to ! k ( ?is rule1 consci5ce is 
said to be rightly  in=m$1 or mi/ak52   
firm1 or wav]+1 or scrupul\s1 c4 ,)     
respect to ! con=mity ( our actions to  
?is rule :5 kn[n1  consci5ce is said to 
be good or evil4 ,9 a moral view1 x is (
 !  greate/ importance t ! und]/&+ be   
well in=m$1 9 ord] to  r5d] ! judgm5t or
 v]dict ( consci5ce a safe directory (  
conduct1 & a prop] s\rce ( satisfaction4
 ,o!rwise1 ! judgm5t (  consci5ce may be
 plead$1 & x has actually be5 plead$1 z 
an  apology = v unw>rantable conduct4   
,_m atroci\s acts (  p]secution h be5   
p]petrat$1 & aft]w>d ju/ifi$1 "u !      
sanction ( an errone\s consci5ce4 ,x is 
also ( no small importance1  t !        
s5sibility ( consci5ce be duly ma9ta9$ &
 *]i%$2 =  want ( :i* m5 h (t5 be5      
betray$ into crim9al conduct )\t        
self-reproa*1 & h delud$ !mselves )     
false notions ( _!  "* & /ate4 ,see     
,,moral ,,obligation4    ,,consecration1
 a devot+ or sett+ ap>t any ?+ to !     
wor%ip or  s]vice ( ,god4 ,! ,mosaical  

law orda9$ t all ! fir/-born1 bo?  ( man
 & bea/1 %\ld be sanctifi$ or consecrat$
 to ,god4 ,! :ole  race ( ,abraham 0 9 a
 peculi> mann] consecrat$ to 8 wor%ip2 &
  ! tribe ( ,levi & family ( ,a>on 7 m  
imm$iately consecrat$  to ! s]vice (    
,god1 ,exod4 xiii1 #b1 #ab1 #ae2 ,num4  
iii1 #ab2 #a ,pet] ii1  #i4 ,beside !   
consecrations orda9$ by ! sov]eign      
au?ority ( ,god1  !re 7 o!rs :i* dep5d$ 
on ! w ( m51 & 7 ei!r to  cont9ue = ev] 
or = a "t only4 ,david & ,solomon devot$
 !  ,ne?9ims to ! s]vice ( ! temple =   
ev]1 ,ezra viii1 #bj2 ii1 #eh4  ,hannah1
 ! "m ( ,samuel1 (f]$ h] son to ! ,"l1  
to s]ve all  8 life-"t 9 ! tab]nacle1 #a
 ,sam4 i1 #aa2 ,luke i1 #ae4 ,! ,hebrews
  sometimes devot$ _! fields & cattle to
 ! ,"l1 & ! spoils  tak5 9 w>1          
,leviticus xxvii1 #bh1 #bi2 #a ,*ron4   
xviii1 #aa4 ,! ,new  ,te/am5t furni%es u
 ) in/ances ( consecration4 ,*ri/ians 9 
g5]al are consecrat$ to ! ,"l1 & are a  
holy race1 a *os5  p1 #a ,pet] ii1 #i4  
,m9i/]s ( ! ,gospel are 9 a peculi>     

mann]  set ap>t = 8 s]vice2 & s are     
places ( wor%ip2 ! =ms (  d$ication v>y+
 accord+ to ! views ( diff]5t bodies (  
,*ri/ians2 & by "s a s]ies ( c]emonies  
has be5 introduc$1  sav\r+ ( sup]/ition1
 or at be/ ( ,judaism4                  
,,consub/antiali/s4 ,?is t]m 0 appli$ to
 ! or?odox1 or  ,a?anasians1 :o believ$ 
! ,son to be ( ! same sub/ance ) !      
,fa!r2 :]eas ! ,arians w\ld only admit !
 ,son to be ( l  sub/ance ) ! ,fa!r4    
,,consub/antiation1 a t5et ( ! ,lu!ran  
*ur* respect+ !  pres5ce ( ,*ri/ 9 !    
,"l's ,supp]4 ,lu!r d5i$ t ! elem5ts  7 
*ang$ aft] consecration1 & !re=e taught 
t ! bread &  w9e inde$ rema92 b t toge!r
 ) !m1 !re is pres5t !  sub/ance ( !    
body ( ,*ri/1 :i* is lit]ally receiv$ by
  communicants4 ,z 9 r$-hot iron x may  
be said two di/9ct sub/ances1  iron &   
fire1 are unit$1 s is ! body ( ,*ri/    
jo9$ ) !  bread4 ,"s ( 8 foll[]s1 :o    
ackn[l$g$ t similes prove  no?+1 cont5t$
 !mselves ) say+ t ! body & blood (     
,*ri/ are really pres5t 9 ! sacram5t 9  

an inexplicable mann]4  ,see ,,"l',s    
,,supp]4    ,,conv]sations4 ,^! 7 held  
by ! ori5tals 9 ! gate ( ! city4        
,accord+ly1 !re 0 an op5 space ne> !    
gate1 :i* 0 fitt$ up  ) seats = !       
accommodation ( ! p1 ,g54 xix1 #a2      
,psalm lxix1  #ab4 ,^? :o 7 at leisure  
occupi$ a position on ^! seats1 &  ei!r 
amus$ !mselves ) witness+ ^? :o came 9 &
 w5t out1  & ) any trifl+ occurr5ces t  
might (f] !mselves to _!  notice1 or    
att5d$ to ! judicial trials1 :i* 7      
commonly  inve/igat$ at public places ( 
?is k9d1 namely1 ! gate ( !  city1 ,g54 
xix1 #a2 xxxiv1 #bj2 ,psalm xxvi1 #d1   
#e2 lxix1 #ab2 cxxvii1 #e2  ,ru? iv1    
#aa2 ,isaiah xiv1 #ca2 or held int]c\rse
 by conv]sation4  ,prom5ad+1 s          
fa%ionable & s agreeable 9 cold]        
latitudes1 0  we>isome & unpleasant 9 ! 
w>m climates ( ! ea/1 & ?is is  probably
 "o reason :y ! inhabitants ( ^?        
climates pref]r$  hold+ int]c\rse ) "o  
ano!r1 :ile sitt+ ne> ! gate ( !  city1 
or b5ea? ! %ade ( ! fig tree & ! v9e1 #a

 ,samuel xxii1  #f2 ,micah iv1 #d4 ,!   
=mula ( ass5t 9 conv]sation 0  1  1 ,?\ 
ha/ said1 or ,?\ ha/ rightly said4 ,we  
are in=m$  by ! travell] ,aryda1 t ?is  
is ! prevail+ mode ( a p]son's  express+
 8 ass5t or affirmation to ?is day1 9 ! 
vic9ity (  ,m\nt ,lebanon1 especially   
:]e he does n wi% to ass]t any ?+ 9     
express t]ms4 ,?is expla9s ! answ] ( !  
,savi\r to ! high  prie/ ,caiaphas 9    
,matt4 xxvi1 #fd1 :5 he 0 ask$ :e!r he 0
 !  ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 & repli$1  1  
,?\ ha/ said4    ,! ,engli% ^w          
conv]sation has n[ a m re/rict$ s5se ?an
  =m]ly2 & x is to be not$ t 9 sev]al   
passages ( our  translation ( ! ,bible x
 is us$ to compreh5d our :ole conduct4  
,,conv]sion1 a *ange f "o /ate or "* to 
ano!r4 ,conv]sion1  consid]$            
!ologically1 consi/s 9 a r5ovation ( !  
he>t &  life1 or a be+ turn$ f s9 & !   
p[] ( ,satan unto ,god1 ,acts  xxvi1    
#ah2 & is produc$ by ! influ5ce ( div9e 
grace ^u !  s\l4 ,?is is conv]sion      
consid]$ z a /ate ( m9d2 & is oppos$    

bo? to a c>eless & unawak5$ /ate1 & to t
 /ate ( consci\s  guilt & slavi% dread1 
accompani$ ) /ruggles aft] a moral      
deliv]ance n yet atta9$1 :i* prec$es our
 ju/ification &  reg5]ation2 bo? ( :i*  
are usually und]/ood to be compris$ 9   
conv]sion4 ,b ?is is n ! only           
,scriptural import ( ! t]m2 =  ! fir/   
turn+ ( ! :ole he>t to ,god 9 p5it5ce & 
pray] is  g5]ally t]m$ conv]sion4 ,9 its
 /rict] s5se1 z giv5 above1 x  is1      
h[ev]1 n[ g5]ally us$ by div9es4        
,,conviction1 9 g5]al1 is ! assurance ( 
! tru? ( any  proposition4 ,9 a religi\s
 s5se1 x is ! fir/ degree ( rep5tance1  
& implies an affect+ s5se ( our guilt   
be=e ,god2 & t we  des]ve & are expos$  
to 8 wra?4    ,,copp]4 4 ,anci5tly1     
copp] 0 employ$ = all ! purposes =  :i* 
we n[ use iron4 ,arms1 & tools = husb&ry
 & ! me*anic  arts1 7 all ( ?is metal = 
_m ages4 ,job speaks ( b[s (  copp]1    
,job xx1 #bd2 & :5 ! ,phili/9es _h      
,samson 9 _! p[]1  !y b\nd him ) fett]s 
( copp]4 ,our translators inde$ say     

8brass20 b "u t article _! mi/ake is    
po9t$ out4 ,9 ,ezra  viii1 #bg1 are     
m5tion$ 8two vessels ( copp]1 preci\s z 
gold40 ,!  ,septuag9t r5d]s x   2 !     
,vulgate & ,ca/ellio1  foll[+ ! ,arabic1
 8vasa ris fulg5tis20 & ! ,syriac1      
8vases (  ,cor9?ian brass40 ,x is m     
probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is brass 0 n  f     
,cor9?1 b a metal f ,p]sia or ,india1   
:i* ,ari/otle  describes 9 ^! t]ms3 8,x 
is said t !re is 9 ,india a brass s     
%9+1 s pure1 s free f t>ni%1 t its col\r
 diff]s no?+  f t ( gold4 ,x is ev5 said
 t among ! vessels ( ,d>ius  !re 7 "s   
respect+ :i* ! s5se ( smell+ might      
det]m9e  :e!r !y 7 gold or brass40      
,bo*>t is ( op9ion t ?is is !  *asmal ( 
,ezekiel i1 #bg1 !  ( ,rev4 i1 #ae1 & ! 
electrum ( ! anci5ts4    ,mr4 ,h>m]     
quotes f ! manuscript notes ( ,sir ,john
 ,*>d9 a  ref]5ce to a mix$ metal 9 !   
ea/1 & highly e/eem$ !re2 &  sugge/s t  
?is composition might h be5 z old z ! "t
 (  ,ezra1 & be br\ght f ^? m remote    
c\ntries into ,p]sia1 :]e  ^! two bas9s 

7 giv5 to be convey$ to ,j]usalem4      
,ezekiel1 xxvii1  #ac1 speaks ( !       
m]*ants ( ,javan1 ,jubal1 & ,me%e*1 z   
br++  vessels ( nehe% 7copp]7 to !      
m>kets ( ,tyre4 ,accord+ to  ,bo*>t &   
,mi*alis1 ^! 7 p situat$ t[>d ,m\nt     
,caucasus1  :]e copp] m9es are work$ at 
?is day4 ,see ,,brass4    ,,copts1 a "n 
giv5 to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt :o d n     
belong to !  ,greek *ur*1 b are         
,monophysites1 & 9 mo/ respects         
,jacobites4  ,scalig] & ,fa!r ,simon    
d]ive ! "n f ,coptos1 once a celebrat$  
t[n ( ,egypt1 & ! metropolis ( ! ,!baid2
 b ,volney & o!rs  are ( op9ion1 t ! "n 
,copts is only an abbreviation ( !      
,greek ^w ,aig\ptios1 8an ,egyptian40 ,!
 ,copts h a patri>*1  ^: jurisdiction   
ext5ds ov] bo? ,egypts1 ,nubia1 &       
,abyss9ia2 :o  resides at ,cairo1 b :o  
takes 8 title f ,alex&ria4 ,he has "u   
him elev5 or twelve bi%ops1 beside !    
abuna1 or bi%op ( !  ,abyss9ians1 :om he
 appo9ts & consecrates4 ,! re/ ( !      
cl]gy1  :e!r secul> or regul>1 are      

compos$ ( ! ord]s ( ,/4 ,an?ony1  ,/4   
,paul1 & ,/4 ,mac>ius1 :o h ea* _!      
mona/]ies4 ,_!  ar*-prie/s1 :o are next 
9 degree to bi%ops1 & _! deacons1 are   
said to be num]\s2 & !y (t5 conf] ! ord]
 ( deacon ev5 on  *ildr54 ,next to !    
patri>* is ! bi%op1 or titul> patri>*1 (
  ,j]usalem1 :o also resides at ,cairo1 
because !re are only few ,copts  at     
,j]usalem4 ,he is1 9 reality1 little m  
?an bi%op ( ,cairo2  except t he goes to
 ,j]usalem e ,ea/]1 & visits "s o!r     
places 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* own 8            
jurisdiction4 ,to him belongs !         
gov]nm5t ( ! ,coptic *ur*1 dur+ !       
vacancy ( ! patri>*al  see4 ,!          
ecclesia/ics are said to be1 9 g5]al1 ( 
! l[e/ ranks  ( ! p2 & h5ce t great     
degree ( ignorance :i* prevails  among  
!m4 ,!y h sev5 sacram5ts2 baptism1 !    
eu*>i/1  confirmation1 ord9ation1 fai?1 
fa/+1 & pray]4 ,!y admit only  ?ree     
cum5ical c\ncils2 ^? ( ,nice1           
,con/ant9ople1 &  ,ephesus4 ,!re are    
?ree ,coptic liturgies2 "o attribut$ to 

,/4 ,basil1  ano!r to ,/4 ,gregory1 & ! 
?ird to ,/4 ,cyril4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1  
little m ?an ! m]e %ad[ ( ,*ri/ianity c 
be se5 9 ,egypt2  &1 9 po9t ( numb]s1 n 
m ?an fifty ?\s& ,*ri/ians 9 all  c be  
f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are n m ?an ?ree
 ,*ri/ian  *ur*es at ,cairo4    ,,coral1
 1 ,job xxviii1 #ah2 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #af2 
a h>d1 cretace\s1  m>9e production1     
resembl+ 9 figure ! /em ( a plant1      
divid$  into bran*es4 ,x is ( diff]5t   
col\rs1--black1 :ite1 & r$4 ,!  latt] is
 ! sort emphatically call$ coral1 z be+ 
! mo/  valuable1 & usually made into    
ornam5ts4 ,?is1 ?\gh no gem1 is  rank$  
by ! au?or ( ! book ( ,job1 xxviii1 #ah1
 ) ! onyx &  sapphire4 ,dr4 ,good       
obs]ves1 8,x is by no means c]ta9 :at ! 
words  "h r5d]$ #8corals & pe>ls1' & ^? 
imm$iately aft]w>d  r5d]$ #8rubies &    
topaz1' really signifi$4 ,reiske has    
giv5 up !  inquiry z ei!r hopeless or   
useless2 & ,s*ult5s has g5]ally         
introduc$ ! ,hebrew words !mselves1 &   
left ! read] ( !  translation to det]m9e

 z he may4 ,our common v]sion is1 9 !   
ma91  concurr5t ) mo/ ( ! ori5tal       
r5d]+s3 & ,i see no reason to  deviate f
 x40    ,,corban1 1 ,m>k vii1 #aa2 f !  
,hebrew 1 to (f]1 to  pres5t4 ,x d5otes 
a gift1 a pres5t made to ,god1 or to 8  
temple4  ,! ,jews sometimes swore by    
corban1 or by gifts (f]$ to ,god1 ,matt4
  xxiii1 #ah4 ,!ophra/us says t !       
,tyrians =bad ! use ( su*  oa?s z 7     
peculi> to =eign]s1 & p>ticul>ly (      
corban1 :i*1  ,josephus in=ms u1 0 us$  
only by ! ,jews4 ,jesus ,*ri/ reproa*es 
! ,jews ) cruelty t[>d _! p>5ts1 9 mak+ 
a corban ( :at  %\ld h be5 appropriat$  
to _! use4 ,= :5 a *ild 0 ask$  to      
relieve ! wants ( 8 fa!r or "m1 he w\ld 
(t5 say1 8,x is  a gift10 corban1 8by   
:atsoev] ?\ mighte/ be pr(it$ by me20 t 
is1 ,i h devot$ t to ,god :i* y ask (   
me2 & x is no long]  m9e to give1 ,m>k  
vii1 #aa4 ,?us !y violat$ a precept ( ! 
moral  law1 ?r\gh a sup]/iti\s devotion 
to ,ph>isaic obs]vances1 & !  wret*$    
casui/ry by :i* !y 7 made b9d+ ^u !     

consci5ce4    ,,cori&]1 1 ,exod4 xvi1   
#ca2 ,num4 xi1 #g2 a /rongly aromatic   
plant4 ,x  be>s a small r\nd se$1 ( a v 
agreeable smell & ta/e4 ,! manna  might 
be comp>$ to ! cori&] se$ 9 respect to  
its =m or %ape1  z x 0 to bdellium 9 its
 col\r4 ,see ,,manna4    ,,cor9?1 a     
celebrat$ city1 ! capital ( ,a*aia1     
situat$ on !  i/hmus :i* sep>ates !     
,peloponnesus f ,attica4 ,?is city 0 "o 
( ! be/ peopl$ & mo/ weal?y ( ,greece4  
,its situation betwe5  two seas drew    
?i!r ! trade ( bo? ! ea/ & we/4 ,its    
ri*es  produc$ pride1 o/5tation1        
effem9acy1 & all vices1 ! consequ5ces  (
 abundance4 ,= its insol5ce to ! ,roman 
legates1 x 0 de/roy$  by ,l4 ,mummius4  
,9 ! burn+ ( x1 s _m /atues ( diff]5t   
metals  7 melt$ toge!r1 t !y produc$ !  
fam\s ,cor9?ian brass4 ,x  0 aft]w>d    
re/or$ to its =m] spl5d\r by ,julius    
,cs>4    ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ plant$ at   
,cor9? by ,/4 ,paul1 :o resid$ "h       
eighte5 mon?s1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ea & #ec2 
dur+ :i* "t he  enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip (     

,aquila & 8 wife ,priscilla1 two ,jewi% 
,*ri/ians1 :o _h be5 expell$ f ,italy1 )
 o!r ,jews1 by an  edict ( ,claudius4 ,!
 *ur* consi/$ bo? ( ,jews & ( ,g5tiles2 
b ,/4 ,paul began1 z usual1 by prea*+ 9 
! synagogue1 until !  ,jews viol5tly    
oppos$ him1 & blasphem$ ! "n ( ,*ri/2 :5
 !  ,apo/le1 %ak+ 8 g>m5t1 & decl>+ _!  
blood to be ^u _!  own heads1 left !m1 &
 made use aft]w>d ( a h\se adjo9+ !     
synagogue1 belong+ to a man nam$ ,ju/us4
 ,! rage ( ! ,jews1  h[ev]1 did n /op   
"h2 b1 rais+ a tumult1 !y arre/$ ,paul1 
& hurry+ him be=e ! tribunal ( !        
pro-consul ,gallio1 !  bro!r ( ! fam\s  
,s5eca1 accus$ him ( p]suad+ m5 to      
wor%ip  ,god contr>y to ! law4 ,b       
,gallio1 :o 0 equally indiff]5t bo? to  
,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 & f9d+ t ,paul  
_h committ$ no brea*  ( morality1 or ( !
 public peace1 refus$ to he> _!         
compla9t1  & drove !m all f ! judgm5t   
seat4 ,! ,jews be+ ?us  disappo9t$ 9 _! 
malici\s designs1 ,/4 ,paul 0 at lib]ty 
to  rema9 "s "t long] at ,cor9?2 & aft] 

8 dep>ture1 ,apollos1 a  zeal\s &       
eloqu5t ,jewi% conv]t ( ,alex&ria1 0    
made a p[]ful  in/rum5t 9 confirm+ !    
*ur*1 & 9 sil5c+ ! opposition (  !      
,jews1 ,acts xviii4 ,h[ mu* x /ood 9 ne$
 ( su* support1 is  evid5t f ! ,epi/les 
( ,/4 ,paul2 :o cautions ! ,cor9?ians   
aga9/ divisions & p>ty _s2 =nication1   
ince/1 p>tak+ (  meats (f]$ to idols1   
!reby giv+ an occasion ( sc&al1 &       
enc\ragem5t to idolatry2 abus+ ! gifts (
 ! ,_s1  litigi\sness1 c4 ,! ,cor9?ians1
 inde$1 7 9 great dang]3 !y  liv$ at    
ease1 free f e k9d ( p]secution1 & 7    
expos$ to  mu* temptation4 ,! mann]s ( !
 citiz5s 7 p>ticul>ly corrupt3  !y 71   
inde$1 infam\s to a prov]b4 ,9 ! c5tre (
 ! city 0  a celebrat$ temple ( ,v5us1 a
 "p ( ^: wor%ip consi/$ 9  pro/itution2 
= !re a ?\s& prie/esses ( ! goddess     
m9i/]$  to dissolut5ess "u ! patronage (
 religion3 an example :i* gave  !       
,cor9?ians v lax ideas on ! illicit     
int]c\rse ( ! sexes4  ,cor9? also       
possess$ num]\s s*ools ( philosophy &   

rhetoric2 9  :i*1 z at ,alex&ria1 !     
purity ( ! fai? by an easy & natural    
process1 became e>ly corrupt$4    ,!re  
occurs a *ronological difficulty 9 !    
visits ( ,/4 ,paul to  ,cor9?4 ,9 #b    
,cor4 xii1 #ad1 & xiii1 #a1 #b1 !       
,apo/le expresses 8  design ( visit+ t  
city a ?ird "t2 :]eas only "o visit be=e
  ! date ( ! ,second ,epi/le is notic$ 9
 ! ,acts1 xviii1 #a1 ab\t  ,a4 ,d4 #ea2 
& ! next "t t he visit$ ,greece1 ,acts  
xx1 #b1 ab\t ,a4  ,d4 #eg1 no m5tion is 
made ( 8 go+ to ,cor9?4 ,mr4 ,horne     
obs]ves on  ?is subject1 8,x has be5    
conjectur$ by ,grotius1 & ,drs4 ,hammond
 &  ,paley1 t 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le virtually 
suppli$ ! place ( 8  pres5ce2 & t x is s
 repres5t$ by ! ,apo/le 9 a  correspond+
 passage1 #a ,cor4 v1 #c4 ,admitt+ ?is  
solution to be  probable1 x is1 h[ev]1  
f>-fet*$1 & is n satisfactory z a  matt]
 ( fact4 ,mi*alis has produc$ ano!r1 m  
simple & natural2  namely1 t ,paul1 on 8
 return f ,crete1 visit$ ,cor9? a second
  "t be=e he w5t to w9t] at ,nicopolis4 

,?is second visit is  unnotic$ 9 !      
,acts1 because ! voyage itself is       
unnotic$4 ,! ?ird  visit1 promis$ 9 #b  
,cor4 xii1 #ad1 & xiii1 #a1 #b1 0       
actually paid on  ! ,apo/le's second    
return to ,rome1 :5 he took ,cor9? 9 8  
way1 #b  ,tim4 iv1 #bj4 #8,?us          
critically1' says ,dr4 ,hales1 #8does ! 
book ( !  ,acts h>monize1 ev5 9 its     
omissions1 ) ! epi/les2 & ^! )  ea* o!r1
 9 ! m9ute incid5tal circum/ances ( !   
?ird visit4'0    ,ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #bfh1 !  
,h]uli burn$ ,cor9? to a%es4 ,9 #ebe1 x 
0  aga9 almo/ ru9$ by an e>?quake4 ,ab\t
 #aahj1 ,rog]1 k+ ( ,sicily1  took &    
plund]$ x4 ,s9ce #adeh1 x 0 till lately 
"u ! p[] (  ! ,turks2 & is s decay$1 t  
its inhabitants am\nt to no m  ?an ab\t 
fifte5 hundr$1 or two ?\s&2 half        
,mohamm$ans1 & half  ,*ri/ians4 ,a late 
,fr5* writ]1 :o visit$ ?is c\ntry1      
obs]ves1  8,:5 ! ,cs>s rebuilt ! walls (
 ,cor9?1 & ! temples ( !  gods rose f _!
 ru9s m magnific5t ?an ev]1 an obscure  
ar*itect 0 re>+ 9 sil5ce an edifice :i* 

/ill rema9s /&+  amid/ ! ru9s ( ,greece4
 ,?is man1 unkn[n to ! great1 despis$ by
  ! multitude1 reject$ z ! (fsc\r+ ( !  
_w1 at fir/  associat$ himself ) only   
two companions1 ,crispus & ,gaius1 & )  
! family ( ,/ephanas4 ,^! 7 ! humble    
ar*itects ( an  inde/ructible temple1 & 
! fir/ believ]s at ,cor9?4 ,! travell]  
surveys ! site ( ?is celebrat$ city2 he 
discov]s n a ve/ige (  ! alt>s (        
,paganism1 b p]ceives "s ,*ri/ian *apels
 ris+ f  among ! cottages ( ! ,greeks4  
,! ,apo/le might /ill1 f 8  cele/ial    
abode1 give ! salutation ( peace to 8   
*ildr51 &  address !m 9 ! words1 #8,paul
 to ! *ur* ( ,god1 :i* is at  ,cor9?4'0 
,,cor9?ians1 ,epi/les to4 ,/4 ,paul left
 ,cor9? ,a4 ,d4 #ec or #ed1 &  w5t to   
,j]usalem4 ,f ,ephesus he wrote 8 ,fir/ 
,epi/le to !  ,cor9?ians1 9 ! beg9n+ (  
,a4 ,d4 #ef4 ,9 ?is epi/le he reproves  
"s :o di/urb$ ! peace ( ! *ur*1 compla9s
 ( "s disord]s  9 _! assemblies1 ( law  
suits among !m1 & ( a ,*ri/ian :o _h    
committ$ ince/ ) 8 "m-9-law1 ! wife ( 8 

fa!r1 & _h  n be5 sep>at$ f ! *ur*4 ,?is
 lett] produc$ 9 !  ,cor9?ians great    
grief1 vigilance aga9/ ! vices reprov$1 
& a  v b5eficial dread ( ,god's ang]4   
,!y repair$ ! sc&al1 &  express$        
abundant zeal aga9/ ! crime committ$1 #b
 ,cor4 vii1 #i-aa4    ,to =m an idea ( !
 condition ( ! ,cor9?ian *ur*1 we mu/   
exam9e ! epi/les ( ! ,apo/le4 ,! diff]5t
 factions into :i*  !y 7 divid$1 exalt$ 
above all o!rs ! *iefs1     1 ! v *iefe/
 ,apo/les1 #b ,cor4 xi1 #e2 xii1 #aa1 ^:
  notions !y adopt$1 & ^: doctr9es !y   
pr(ess$ to foll[1 &  attempt$ to        
depreciate ^? ( ! opposite p>ty4 ,:ile1 
!n1 "s  call$ !mselves disciples (      
,paul1 ,cephas1 or ,apollos1 o!rs assum$
  ! spl5did appellation ( ,*ri/'s p>ty4 
,probably !y affect$ to be  ! foll[]s ( 
,james1 ! bro!r ( our ,"l1 & ?\ght ?us  
to  ent] into a ne>] disciple%ip )      
,jesus ?an ! o!r p>ties4 ,!  controv]sy1
 z we %all see f ! :ole1 relat$ to !    
obligation  ( ,judaism4 ,! advocates ( x
 _h appeal$1 ev5 9 ,galatia1 to ,cephas 

& ,james1 = ! sake ( oppos+ to ,paul1 :o
 _h bani%$ ,jewi%  c]emonies f          
,*ri/ianity1 au?orities :i* 7 n less    
admitt$  ?an 8 own4 ,! "q itself divid$ 
all ^! v>i\s p>ties into  two pr9cipal  
factions3 ! p>tisans ( ,cephas & ,james 
7 = !  law2 ! fri5ds ( ,paul adopt$ 8   
op9ion1 z well z ,apollos1 :o1  ) 8     
adh]5ts1 0 always 9 he>t 9 fav\r (      
,paul1 & nev]  wi%$ to take a "p 9 a    
sep>ation f him1 #a ,cor4 xvi1 #ab4 ,!  
lead]s ( ! p>ty aga9/ ,paul1 ^! 1 false 
apo/les1  z ,paul calls !m1 &    1      
trans=m]s ( !mselves into ! apo/les (   
,*ri/1 :o decl>$  !mselves !            
promulgators & def5d]s ( ! doctr9es (   
,cephas1  & ,james1 71 z may be easily  
conceiv$1 conv]t$ ,jews1 #b ,cor4 xi1   
#bb1 :o _h come f diff]5t places1--to   
all appe>ance f  ,pale/9e1 1 ! com]s1 #b
 ,cor4 xi1 #d1--;& c\ld !re=e  boa/ (   
hav+ _h int]c\rse ) ! ,apo/les at       
,j]usalem1 & (  an acqua9tance ) _!     
pr9ciples4 ,!y 7 n ev5 ( !  or?odox     
,jews1 b ^? :o adh]$ to ! doctr9es ( !  

,sadducees2  & ?\gh !y 7 ev5 n[ conv]t$ 
to ,*ri/ianity1 :ile !y  spoke zeal\sly 
9 fav\r ( ! law1 !y 7 und]m9+ ! hopes ( 
! pi\s1 & excit+ d\bts aga9/ !          
resurrection1 #a ,cor4 xv1 #ce2  s t    
,paul1 f reg>d to ! tea*]s1 ^: disciples
 !y  pr(ess$ to be1 0 oblig$ to refute  
!m f ! te/imony ( ,james  & ,cephas1 #a 
,cor4 xv1 #e1 #g4 ,^!1 pr\d ( _! own    
op9ions1 #a ,cor4  i1 #ag1 n )\t private
 views1 depreciat$ ,paul's au?ority1 &  
extoll$ _! own k1 #a ,cor4 ii1 #ab2 #b  
,cor4 xi1 #af1 #ag4  ,viol5tly z !      
conte/ 0 c>ri$ on1 !y /ill did n )draw  
f ! same place ( assembly = in/ruction &
 mutual edification2  ?is1 h[ev]1 0 ev5 
! cause ( too _m sc&al\s sc5es &        
disord]s4 ,at ! 1 love fea/s1 love &    
b5evol5ce 7 no  :]e to be se54 ,in/ead (
 eat+ toge!r1 & refre%+ _! poor  bre?r5 
out ( t :i* !y _h br\ght ) !m1 ea* "o1 z
 he  came1 ate 8 own1 )\t wait+ = any "o
 else1 & fea/$ (t5  to excess1 :ile !   
ne$y 0 fa/+1 #a ,cor4 xi1 #ag4 ,:5 also 
"s  7 prep>+ = pray]s or s++1 o!rs rais$

 _! voices to  in/ruct1 & comm5c$       
ex]cises 9 spiritual gifts1 tongues1    
prophesy+s1 & int]pretations1 #a ,cor4  
xii1 xiii1 xiv2 moreov]1 !  wom51 to br+
 confusion to its highe/ pit*1 took _!  
"p 9  int]locutions & proposals (       
que/ions1 #a ,cor4 xiv1 #cd4    ,su* 0 !
 /ate ( ?+s z to ! int]ior discipl9e ( !
  assemblies & edification2 b ! ext]ior 
deportm5t1 :i* !  memb]s ( ?is society  
_h ma9ta9$ 9 civil life1 soon disappe>$ 
also4 ,=m]ly1 :5 diff]5ces arose among !
 believ]s1 !y 7  adju/$ by ! int]v5tion 
( arbitrators f _! own communion1  &    
t]m9at$ quietly4 ,n[1 z _! mutual       
confid5ce 9 ea* o!r  m & m decreas$1 !y 
br\ght1 to ! disgrace ( ,*ri/ianity1  _!
 compla9ts be=e ! ,pagan tribunals1 #a  
,cor4 vi1 #a4 ,b z to  :at conc]n$ ! ma9
 object1 namely1 ! obligation (         
,judaism1 x  0 s little conf9$ simply to
 words & reasons1 t ea* p>ty  r /rove to
 display its opposite pr9ciples 9 its   
conduct4 ,"o  p>ty gave to ! o!r1 z mu* 
z possible1 motives = ill w &  reproa*4 

,! ,jews requir$ circumcision z an      
indisp5sable act (  religion2 :ile      
,paul's disciples attempt$ to lay !     
f\ndation ( a  new doctr9e respect+ x1 &
 to ext+ui% all traces (  circumcision1 
#a ,cor4 vii1 #ah4 ,z ! ,jewi% p>ty     
obs]v$ &  ma9ta9$ a di/9ction ( meats1 t
 ( ,paul ate )\t di/9ction  any ?+ sold 
9 ! m>kets1 & ev5 meats f ! ,hea!n      
sacrifices1 #a ,cor4 x1 #be1 #bh2 viii1 
#a4 ,nor 0 ?is en\gh2 !y (t5  made no   
scruple to be pres5t at ! sacrificial   
fea/s4 ,among o!r  ?+s1 !y also took "p 
9 _m sc&al\s practices :i* 7  common    
!re1 & fell1 by means ( _! imprud5ce1   
into /ill great]  crimes1 #a ,cor4 x1   
#bj1 #ba2 viii1 #aj4 ,accord+ to !      
,jewi% cu/om1 !  wom5 7 oblig$ to appe> 
veil$ 9 ! synagogues & public           
assemblies4 ,! anti-judai/s aboli%$ ?is 
cu/om ( ! synagogue1 #a  ,cor4 xi1 #e1  
#f1 #aj2 & h]e9 imitat$ ! ,hea!n        
practices4 ,f  despite to ,judaism1 :i* 
consid]$ matrimonial (fspr+ z a         
p>ticul> bless+ ( ,god1 "s embrac$      

celibacy1 :i* !y ju/ifi$  by ,/4 ,paul's
 example1 #a ,cor4 vii1 #g1 #h2 & ?is !y
 also recomm5d$  to o!rs1 #a ,cor4 vii1 
#a-be4 ,"s w5t ev5 s f>1 t1 al?\gh      
m>ri$1 !y resolv$ to practise a cont9ual
 cont95cy1 #a  ,cor9?ians1 vii1 #c-e4   
,^! 7 ! evils1 bo? 9 8 own p>ty &  9 t (
 8 oppon5ts1 :i* ,/4 ,paul _h to rem$y4 
,paul1 hav+ und]/ood ! good effects ( 8 
fir/ lett] among !  ,cor9?ians1 wrote a 
second to !m1 ,a4 ,d4 #eg1 f ,mac$onia1 
&  probably f ,philippi4 ,he expresses 8
 satisfaction at _! conduct1  ju/ifies  
himself1 & com=ts !m4 ,he glories 9 8   
suff]+1 &  exhorts !m to lib]ality4 ,ne>
 ! end ( ! ye> #eg1 he came aga9  to    
,cor9?1 :]e he /aid ab\t ?ree mon?s1 &  
:5ce he w5t to  ,j]usalem4 ,j be=e 8    
second dep>ture f ,cor9?1 he wrote 8    
,epi/le to ! ,romans1 probably 9 !      
beg9n+ ( ,a4 ,d4 #eh4    ,,cormorant1 1 
,levit4 xi1 #ag2 ,deut4 xiv1 #ag2 a l>ge
 sea bird4 ,x is  ab\t ?ree feet f\r    
in*es 9 l5g?1 & f\r feet two in*es 9    
bread? f ! tips ( ! ext5d$ w+s4 ,! bill 

is ab\t five  in*es long1 & ( a dusky   
col\r2 ! base ( ! l[] m&ible is  cov]$ )
 a nak$ yell[i% sk91 :i* ext5ds "u !    
?roat &  =ms a k9d ( p\*4 ,x has a mo/  
voraci\s appetite1 & lives  *iefly ^u   
fi%1 :i* x dev\rs ) unceas+ gluttony4 ,x
 d>ts  d[n v rapidly ^u its prey2 & !   
,hebrew1 & ! ,greek "n1  1 a cat>act1   
are expressive ( its impetuosity4 ,! ^w 
1 :i* 9 our v]sion ( ,isaiah xxxiv1 #aa1
 is r5d]$ cormorant1  is ! pelican4     
,,corn]4 ,amos iii1 #ab4 ,sitt+ 9 !     
corn] is a /ately attitude4 ,!  place ( 
hon\r is ! corn] ( ! room1 & !re ! ma/] 
( !  h\se sits & receives 8 visitants4  
,,c\ncil sometimes d5otes any k9d (     
assembly2 sometimes t ( !  sanh$rim2 &1 
at o!r times1 a conv5tion ( pa/ors met  
to regulate  ecclesia/ical affairs4 ,x  
may be reasonably suppos$ t z           
,*ri/ianity spreads1 circum/ances w\ld  
arise :i* w\ld make  consultation       
necess>y among ^? :o _h embrac$ !       
,gospel1 or at  lea/ among ^? :o 7      
employ$ 9 its propagation4 ,a memorable 

in/ance ( ?is k9d occurr$ n long aft] ! 
asc5sion ( our  ,savi\r4 ,9 consequ5ce (
 a dispute :i* _h aris5 at ,antio*      
conc]n+ ! necessity ( circumcis+ ,g5tile
 conv]ts1 x 0  det]m9$ t 8,paul &       
,b>nabas1 & c]ta9 o!rs ( !m1 %\ld  g up 
to ,j]usalem unto ! ,apo/les & eld]s    
ab\t ?is  "q40--8,& ! ,apo/les & eld]s  
came toge!r = to consid]  ( ?is matt]10 
,acts xv1 #f4 ,aft] a consultation1 !y  
decid$ !  po9t 9 "q2 & !y s5t _! decree1
 :i* !y decl>$ to be  made "u !         
direction ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 to all !     
*ur*es1 &  comm&$ t x %\ld be ! rule (  
_! conduct4 ,?is is g5]ally  consid]$ z 
! fir/ c\ncil2 b x diff]$ f all o!rs 9  
?is  circum/ance1 t its memb]s 7 "u !   
especial guidance ( !  ,_s ( ,god4 ,!   
,gospel 0 soon aft] convey$ into _m p>ts
 (  ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa2 b x does 
n appe> t !re 0 any  public meet+ (     
,*ri/ians = ! purpose ( discuss+ any    
conte/$  po9t1 till ! middle ( ! second 
c5tury4 ,f t "t c\ncils  became frequ5t2
 b z !y consi/$ only ( ^? :o belong$ to 

p>ticul> di/ricts or c\ntries1 !y 7     
call$ prov9cial or  national c\ncils4 ,!
 fir/ g5]al c\ncil 0 t ( ,nice1 conv5$  
by ! emp]or ,con/ant9e1 ,a4 ,d4 #cbe2 ! 
second g5]al c\ncil 0  held at          
,con/ant9ople1 9 ! ye> #cha1 by ord] (  
,!odosius !  ,great2 ! ?ird1 at         
,ephesus1 by ord] ( ,!odosius1 ,junior1 
,a4 ,d4 #dca2  & ! f\r? at ,*alc$on1 by 
ord] ( ! emp]or ,m>cian1 ,a4 ,d4 #dea4  
,^!1 z !y 7 ! fir/ f\r g5]al c\ncils1 s 
!y 7 by f>  ! mo/ em95t4 ,!y 7 caus$    
respectively by ! ,arian1  ,apoll9>ian1 
,ne/orian1 & ,euty*ian controv]sies1 &  
_! decrees  are 9 high e/eem bo? among  
,papi/s & or?odox ,prote/ants2 b !      
delib]ations ( mo/ c\ncils 7 disgrac$ by
 viol5ce1 disord]1 &  intrigue1 & _!    
decisions 7 usually made "u ! influ5ce (
  "s rul+ p>ty4 ,au?ors are n agre$ ab\t
 ! numb] ( g5]al  c\ncils2 ,papi/s      
usually reckon eighte51 b ,prote/ant    
writ]s w  n all[ t ne>ly s _m _h a "r to
 t "n4 ,! la/ g5]al  c\ncil 0 t held at 
,tr5t1 = ! purpose ( *eck+ ! progress  (

 ! re=mation4 ,x fir/ met by ! comm& (  
,pope ,paul ,,iii1 ,a4 ,d4  #aede2 x 0  
susp5d$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! pontificate 
( 8  successor1 ,julius ,,iii1 & ! :ole 
( ! pontificates ( ,m>cellus  ,,ii1 &   
,paul ,,iv1 t is1 f #aeeb to #aefb1 9   
:i* ye> x met aga9  by ! au?ority (     
,pope ,pius ,,iv1 & x end$1 :ile he 0   
pope1 9  ! ye> #aefc4 ,prov9cial c\ncils
 7 v num]\s3 ,baxt] enum]ates  f\r      
hundr$ & eighty-"o1 & ,dufresnoy _m m4  
#b4 ,( ! eighte5 c\ncils d5om9at$       
8g5]al0 by ! ,papi/s1 f\r  h already be5
 enum]at$2 & !y ) ! next f\r con/itute !
  eight ea/]n c\ncils1 :i* alone1       
accord+ to ! 8,body ( ,civil  ,law10 ea*
 ( ! popes ( ,rome1 on 8 elevation to ! 
pontificate1  solemnly pr(esses to      
ma9ta94 ,! fif? 0 conv5$ at             
,con/ant9ople1 ,a4 ,d4 #eef1 by ! emp]or
 ,ju/9ian2 ! six?1 also at              
,con/ant9ople1 9 #fha1 9 :i* ! emp]or   
,con/ant9e ,,iv1 himself  presid$2 !    
sev5? at ,nice1 9 #ghg1 by ! empress    
,ir5e2 & !  eigh?1 at ,con/ant9ople1 9  

#hgj1 by ! emp]or ,basilius4 ,x is matt]
  ( hi/orical record1 & !re=e _c be     
d5i$1 t ! conv5+  ( all ^! c\ncils      
app]ta9$ solely to ! respective emp]ors2
  t !y alone ex]cis$ au?ority on su*    
occasions2 t ! bi%op  ( ,rome 0 nev]    
?\ght to possess any1 al?\gh 8 p[] may  
be said  to h be5 set up betwe5 ! fif? &
 six? g5]al c\ncils2 nor  did ! bi%op   
himself1 pro tempore1 ?9k himself       
entitl$ to an  au?ority ( ! k9d4 ,! o!r 
c\ncils :i* ! ,romi% *ur*  dignifies ) !
 title ( 8g5]al10 are ! t5 we/]n ones1  
:i*  are "h subjo9$3--7#i47 ,! fir/     
c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 held "u ,pope         
,calixtus1 ,a4 ,d4 #aabc2 7#aj47 !      
second ( ,lat]an1 "u ,innoc5t ,,ii1 9   
#aaci2 7#aa47 ! ?ird ( ,lat]an1 "u      
,alex&] ,,iii1 9 #aagi1 !  decrees ( :i*
 7 int5d$ to extirpate ! ,albig5ses1 z  
well z  ! ,wald5ses1 :o 7 v>i\sly call$ 
,leoni/s1 or poor m5 ( ,lyons2  7#ab47 !
 f\r? ( ,lat]an1 "u ,innoc5t ,,iii1 9   
#abae1 :i* incit$  ,*ri/ian ,europe to  
engage 9 a crusade = ! recov]y ( ! ,holy

  ,l&1 & ^: canons obtrud$ on ! *ur* !  
mon/r\s doctr9es (  transub/antiation & 
auricul> confession1 ! latt] be+ rank$  
among ! duties prescrib$ by ! law (     
,*ri/2 7#ac47 ! fir/ (  ,lyons1 "u      
,innoc5t ,,iv1 9 #abde2 7#ad47 ! second 
( ,lyons1 "u  ,gregory ,x1 9 #abgd2     
7#ae47 t ( ,vi5ne1 "u ,clem5t ,v1 9     
#acaa2  7#af47 t ( ,flor5ce1 "u ,eug5ius
 ,,iv1 9 #adci2 7#ag47 ! fif? (         
,lat]an1 "u ! infam\s ,julius ,,ii2 &   
7#ah47 ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t1  ( :i* an      
acc\nt is giv5 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 &   
:i*  gr\nds its fame on its opposition  
to ! progress ( ! re=mation  "u ,lu!r4  
,?\gh1 accord+ to ,bell>m9e1 ^! eighte5 
alone are  recognis$ by ! ,romi% *ur*   
cum5ical or univ]sal c\ncils1 yet  "s ( 
!m did n des]ve ev5 ! m re/rict$        
appellation (  8g5]al40 ,= ! c\ncil (   
,tr5t itself1 9 "s ( its sessions1  c\ld
 sc>cely numb] m ?an =ty or fifty       
ecclesia/ics1 &1 (  ^?1 n "o em95t =    
pr(\nd !ological or classical k4  ,!    
lawy]s :o att5d$1 says ,fa!r ,paul1     

8knew little ( religion1  :ile ! few    
div9es 7 ( less ?an ord9>y suffici5cy40 
,"s (  ! o!r c\ncils :i* are n ackn[l$g$
 by ! ,papi/s to be  8g5]al0 ) respect  
to all _! sessions1 7z ^? ( ,basle &    
,con/ance17 are 9 "p receiv$ by !m1 & 9 
"p reject$4  ,bell>m9e & o!r celebrat$  
writ]s ( 8 *ur*1 are dubi\s ab\t        
det]m9+ :e!r or n 8! fif? ( ,lat]an0 0  
really a g5]al  c\ncil1 & leave x z a ?+
 discretion>y ) ! fai?ful ei!r  to reta9
 or reject x2 if x be reject$1 ! only   
refuge :i* !y  h1 is to receive 9 its   
place ! c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 held "u     
,john ,,xxiii1 9 #adad1 :i* is disclaim$
 by ! ,italian cl]gy b  admitt$ by ^? ( 
,france1 & :i* is r5d]$ infam\s 9 !     
annals ( religion & humanity by its     
cruel & trea*]\s conduct  t[>d ^? two   
e>ly ,prote/ant m>tyrs1 ,john ,huss &   
,j]ome (  ,prague2 8:o w5t to ! /ake10  
says1 neas ,sylvius1 8z if x _h be5  to 
a banquet1 )\t utt]+ a compla9t t c\ld  
betray ! lea/  weakness ( m9d4 ,:5 !y   
began to burn1 !y sung a hymn1 :i* ev5  

! crackl+ ( ! flames c\ld n int]rupt4   
,nev] did any  philosoph] suff] dea? ) s
 mu* c\rage1 z !y endur$ !  fire40 ,b   
?is ackn[l$gm5t ( ,con/ance z "o ( !    
eighte5 is  resi/$ vi et armis1 by !    
crafty ,cisalp9e ecclesia/ics1 because  
"o ( ! e>lie/ acts ( t c\ncil decl>$ !  
repres5tatives (  ! *ur* 9 g5]al c\ncil 
assembl$ to be sup]ior to ! sov]eign    
pontiff1 n only :5 s*ism prevail$1 b at 
all o!r times  :atsoev]4    #c4 ,a g5]al
 c\ncil be+ compos$ ( m5 e "o ( :om is  
fallible1 !y mu/ also be liable to error
 :5 collect$ toge!r2 &  t !y actually h 
err$ is suffici5tly evid5t f ?is fact1  
t diff]5t g5]al c\ncils h made decrees  
directly opposite to  ea* o!r1          
p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,arian & ,euty*ian       
controv]sies1 :i*  7 ^u subjects        
imm$iately 8p]ta9+ unto ,god40 ,inde$1  
nei!r  ! fir/ g5]al c\ncils !mselves1   
nor ^? :o def5d$ _!  decisions1 ev]     
pret5d$ to infallibility2 ?is 0 a claim 
( a mu*  m rec5t date1 suit$ to ! d>k   
ages 9 :i* x 0 ass]t$ &  ma9ta9$1 b n[  

consid]$ equally gr\ndless & absurd 9 ! 
case  ( g5]al c\ncils z 9 t ( popes4 ,if
 ,god _h be5 pleas$ to  exempt !m f a   
possibility ( error1 he w\ld h ann\nc$ t
  important privilege 9 8 writt5 ^w2 b  
no su* promise or  assurance is m5tion$ 
9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,if infallibility     
belong$ to  ! :ole *ur* collectively1 or
 to any individual "p ( x1 x mu/  be s  
prom95t & conspicu\s t no mi/ake or d\bt
 c\ld exi/  ^u ! subject2 & above all1 x
 mu/ h prev5t$ ^?  diss5sions1 conte/s1 
h]esies1 & s*isms1 :i* h ab\nd$ among   
,*ri/ians f ! days ( ! ,apo/les to !    
pres5t "t2 & (  :i* t v *ur*1 :i* is !  
ass]t] & patron ( ?is  doctr9e1 has _h  
its full %>e4    ,! ,scriptures be+ !   
only s\rce f :i* we c le>n ! t]ms  (    
salvation1 x foll[s t ?+s orda9$ by     
g5]al c\ncils z  necess>y to salvation1 
h nei!r /r5g? nor au?ority1 z !  *ur* ( 
,engl& has well said1 unless x may be   
decl>$ t !y he  tak5 out ( ,holy        
,scripture4 ,x is ^u ?is gr\nd we       
receive !  decisions ( ! fir/ f\r g5]al 

c\ncils1 9 :i* we f9d !  tru?s reveal$ 9
 ! ,scriptures1 & !re=e we believe !m4  
,we  rev]5ce ! c\ncils = ! sake ( !     
doctr9es :i* !y decl>$  & ma9ta9$1 b we 
d n believe ! doctr9es ^u ! au?ority  ( 
! c\ncils4    ,,cov5ant4 ,! ,greek ^w   
occurs (t5 9 ! ,septuag9t1 z !          
translation ( a ,hebrew ^w1 :i*         
signifies cov5ant3 x occurs also  9 !   
,gospels & ! ,epi/les2 & x is r5d]$ 9   
our ,engli%  ,bibles sometimes cov5ant1 
sometimes te/am5t4 ,! ,greek ^w1        
accord+ to its etymology1 & accord+ to  
classical use1 may d5ote a  te/am5t1 a  
disposition1 z well z a cov5ant2 & !    
,gospel may be  call$ a te/am5t1 because
 x is a signification ( ! w ( our       
,savi\r ratifi$ by 8 dea?1 & because x  
conveys bless+s to be  enjoy$ aft] 8    
dea?4 ,^! reasons = giv+ ! disp5sation (
  ! ,gospel ! "n ( a te/am5t appe>$ to  
our translators s  /rik+1 t !y h r5d]$  
m frequ5tly by ! ^w  te/am5t1 ?an by !  
^w cov5ant4 ,yet ! tra9 ( argum5t1  :]e 
occurs1 g5]ally appe>s to proce$ ^u its 

mean+ a  cov5ant2 & !re=e1 al?\gh1 :5 we
 del9eate ! nature ( !  ,gospel1 !      
beautiful idea ( its be+ a te/am5t1 is n
 to be lo/  sight (1 yet we are to      
rememb] t ! ^w te/am5t1 :i* we  read 9 !
 ,gospels & ,epi/les1 is ! translation (
 a ^w :i* !  s5se requires to be r5d]$  
cov5ant4 ,a cov5ant implies two  p>ties1
 & mutual /ipulations4 ,! new cov5ant   
mu/ d]ive its "n  f some?+ 9 ! nature ( 
! /ipulations betwe5 ! p>ties  diff]5t f
 t :i* exi/$ be=e2 s t we _c und]/&  !  
propriety ( ! "n1 new1 )\t look+ back to
 :at is call$  ! old1 or fir/4 ,on      
exam9+ ! passages 9 ,gal4 iii1 9 #b     
,cor4  iii1 & 9 ,heb4 viii-x1 :]e ! old 
& ! new cov5ant are  contra/$1 x w be   
f\nd t ! old cov5ant means !            
disp5sation giv5 by ,moses to ! *ildr5 (
 ,israel2 & ! new  cov5ant ! disp5sation
 ( ! ,gospel publi%$ by ,jesus ,*ri/2 & 
t ! object ( ! ,apo/le is to illu/rate !
 sup]ior excell5ce  ( ! latt]           
disp5sation4 ,b1 9 ord] to pres]ve !    
consi/5cy (  ! ,apo/le's writ+s1 x is   

necess>y to rememb] t !re are two       
diff]5t lights 9 :i* ! =m] disp5sation  
may be view$4  ,*ri/ians appe> to draw !
 l9e betwe5 ! old & ! new cov5ant1      
accord+ to ! light 9 :i* !y view t      
disp5sation4 ,x may be  consid]$ m]ely z
 a me?od ( publi%+ ! moral law to a     
p>ticul> nation2 & !n ) :atev] solemnity
 x 0 deliv]$1  & ) :atev] cordiality x 0
 accept$1 x is n a cov5ant t  c\ld give 
life4 ,=1 be+ no?+ m ?an :at div9es call
 a  cov5ant ( works1 a directory (      
conduct requir+ by its nature entire    
p]sonal ob$i5ce1 promis+ life to ^? :o  
yield$ t ob$i5ce1  b mak+ no provision =
 transgressors1 x left "u a curse 8e  "o
 t cont9u$ n 9 all ?+s t 7 writt5 9 !   
book (  ! law to d !m40 ,?is is !       
ess5tial imp]fection ( :at is  call$ !  
cov5ant ( works1 ! "n giv5 9 !ology to t
  transaction1 9 :i* x is conceiv$ t !  
supreme ,"l ( !  univ]se promis$ to 8   
creature1 man1 t he w\ld rew>d t        
ob$i5ce to 8 law1 :i*1 )\t any su*      
promise1 0 due to him z  ! ,creator4    

,no soon] _h ,adam brok5 ! cov5ant (    
works1 ?an a promise ( a  f9al          
deliv]ance f ! evils incurr$ by ! brea* 
( x 0 giv54  ,?is promise 0 ! f\ndation 
( t transaction :i* ,almighty ,god1  9  
treat+ ) ,abraham1 condesc5ds to call   
8my cov5ant ) !e10  & :i*1 ^u ?is       
au?ority1 has receiv$ 9 !ology ! "n ( ! 
,abrahamic cov5ant4 ,^u ! "o "p1        
,abraham1 ^: fai? 0 c\nt$  to him =     
righte\sness1 receiv$ ?is *>ge f ,god1  
8,walk be=e me  & be ?\ p]fect20 ^u !   
o!r "p1 ! ,god :om he believ$1 &  ^:    
voice he obey$1 beside promis+ o!r      
bless+s to him & 8  se$1 utt]$ ^!       
significant words1 8,9 ?y se$ %all all !
  families ( ! e>? be bless$40 ,9 ?is   
transaction1 !n1 !re 0  ! ess5ce ( a    
cov5ant2 = !re 7 mutual /ipulations     
betwe5  two p>ties2 & !re 0 sup]add$1 z 
a seal ( ! cov5ant1 !  rite (           
circumcision1 :i*1 be+ prescrib$ by     
,god1 0 a confirmation  ( 8 promise to  
all :o compli$ ) x1 & be+ submitt$ to by
  ,abraham1 01 on 8 "p1 an acceptance ( 

! cov5ant4    ,! ,abrahamic cov5ant     
appe>s1 f ! nature ( ! /ipulations1 to  
be m ?an a cov5ant ( works2 &1 z x 0 n  
conf9$ to  ,abraham1 b ext5d$ to 8 se$1 
x c\ld n be disannull$ by any  subsequ5t
 transactions1 :i* fell %ort ( a        
fulfilm5t ( !  bless+ promis$4 ,! law ( 
,moses1 :i* 0 giv5 to ! se$ (  ,abraham 
f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft]1 did n come
 up to !  t]ms ( t cov5ant ev5 ) reg>d  
to !m1 =1 9 its =m x 0  a cov5ant (     
works1 & to o!r nations x did n directly
 convey any  bless+4 ,b al?\gh ! ,mosaic
 disp5sation did n fulfil !  ,abrahamic 
cov5ant1 x 0 s f> f sett+ t cov5ant     
aside1 t  x *]i%$ ! expectation ( its   
be+ fulfill$3 = x cont9u$  ! rite (     
circumcision1 :i* 0 ! seal ( ! cov5ant2 
& 9  ^? c]emonies :i* x enjo9$1 !re 0 a 
%ad[1 a type1 an  obscure repres5tation1
 ( ! promis$ bless+1 ,luke i1 #gb1 #gc4 
,"h1 !n1 is ano!r view ( ! ,mosaic      
disp5sation4 8,x 0 add$1  because (     
transgressions1 till ! se$ %\ld come to 
:om ! promise  0 made10 ,gal4 iii1 #ai4 

,by deliv]+ a moral law1 :i* m5 felt    
!mselves unable to obey2 by d5\nc+      
judgm5ts :i* x did n (  itself provide  
any effectual me?od ( escap+2 & by hold+
 =?1  9 v>i\s oblations1 ! promis$ &    
expect$ ,savi\r2 8x 0 a  s*oolma/] to   
br+ m5 unto ,*ri/40 ,! cov5ant made )   
,abraham  reta9$ its =ce dur+ !         
disp5sation ( ! law1 & 0 ! end  ( t     
disp5sation4    ,! views :i* h be5 giv5 
furni% ! gr\nd ^u :i* we def5d  t       
e/abli%$ language :i* is famili> to our 
e>s1 t !re are  only two cov5ants       
ess5tially diff]5t1 & opposite to "o    
ano!r1  ! cov5ant ( works1 made ) ! fir/
 man1 intimat$ by !  con/itution ( human
 nature to e "o ( 8 po/]ity1 & hav+  =  
its t]ms1 8,d ?is & live20--& ! cov5ant 
( grace1 :i* 0  ! sub/ance ( !          
,abrahamic cov5ant1 & :i* ent]$ into !  
con/itution ( ! ,s9aitic cov5ant1 b :i* 
is m cle>ly  reveal$1 & m ext5sively    
publi%$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,?is la/  cov5ant1 
:i* ! ,scriptures call new 9 respect to 
! mode ( its  disp5sation "u ! ,gospel1 

al?\gh x is n new 9 respect ( its       
ess5ce1 has receiv$1 9 ! language (     
!ology1 ! "n ( !  cov5ant ( grace1 = !  
two foll[+ obvi\s reasons3 because1 aft]
  man _h brok5 ! cov5ant ( works1 x 0   
pure grace or fav\r 9 !  ,almighty to   
ent] into a new cov5ant ) him2 &1       
because by !  cov5ant !re is convey$ t  
grace :i* enables man to comply )  !    
t]ms ( x4 ,x c\ld n be a cov5ant unless 
!re 7  t]ms1--some?+ requir$1 z well z  
some?+ promis$ or  giv51--duties to be  
p]=m$1 z well z bless+s to be receiv$4  
,accord+ly1 ! t5or ( ! new cov5ant1     
f\nd$ ^u ! promise  orig9ally made to   
,abraham1 is express$ by ,j]emiah 9     
words :i* !  ,apo/le to ! ,hebrews has  
quot$ z a description ( x3 8,i w be to  
!m a ,god1 & !y %all be to me a p10     
,heb4 viii1 #aj3--words  :i* intimate on
 "o "p n only entire reconciliation )   
,god1 b  ! cont9u$ ex]cise ( all !      
p]fections ( ! ,godhead 9  promot+ !    
happ9ess ( 8 p1 & ! full communication (
 all  ! bless+s :i* fl[ f 8 un*angeable 

love2 on ! o!r "p1  ! surr5d] ( ! he>t &
 affections ( 8 p1 ! d$ication  ( all ! 
p[]s ( _! nature to 8 s]vice1 & ! will+ 
uni=m ob$i5ce ( _! lives4 ,b1 al?\gh !re
 are mutual  /ipulations1 ! cov5ant     
reta9s its "* ( a cov5ant ( grace1  &   
mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ its s\rce purely 9 
! grace ( ,god4  ,= ! v circum/ances :i*
 r5d]$ ! new cov5ant necess>y1  take    
away ! possibility ( !re be+ any m]it ^u
 our "p3 !  fai? by :i* ! cov5ant is    
accept$ is ! gift ( ,god2 & all !  good 
works by :i* ,*ri/ians cont9ue to keep !
 cov5ant1 orig9ate  9 t *ange ( "* :i*  
is ! fruit ( ! op]ation ( 8  ,_s4       
,cov5ants 7 anci5tly confirm$ by eat+ & 
dr9k+ toge!r2 &  *iefly by fea/+ on a   
sacrifice4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ,abimele*1 !   
,phili/9e1 confirm$ ! cov5ant ) ,isaac1 
& ,jacob ) 8 fa!r  ,laban1 ,g54 xxvi1   
#bf-ca2 xxxi1 #dd-df1 #ed4 ,sometimes !y
 divid$ !  p>ts ( ! victim1 & pass$     
betwe5 !m1 by :i* act ! p>ties  signifi$
 _! resolution ( fulfill+ all ! t]ms ( !
  engagem5t1 on pa9 ( be+ divid$ or cut 

asund] z ! sacrifice _h  be51 if !y %\ld
 violate ! cov5ant1 ,g54 xv1 #i1 #aj1   
#ag1 #ah2 ,j]4  xxxiv1 #ah4 ,h5ce !     
,hebrew ^w *>at1 :i* prop]ly signifies  
to  divide1 is appli$ allusively 9      
,scripture to ! mak+ ( a cov5ant4  ,:5 !
 law ( ,moses 0 e/abli%$1 ! p fea/$ 9 _!
  peace-(f]+s on a "p ( ! sacrifice1 9  
tok5 ( _!  reconciliation ) ,god1 ,deut4
 xii1 #f1 #g4 ,see ,,circumcision4      
,,c\rt1 an entrance into a palace or    
h\se4 7,see ,h\se47 ,! great  c\rts     
belong+ to ! temple ( ,j]usalem 7 ?ree2 
! fir/ call$  ! c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles1      
because ! ,g5tiles 7 all[$ to ent] s    
f>1 & no f>!r2 ! second 0 ! c\rt (      
,israel1 because all !  ,israelites1    
provid$ !y 7 purifi$1 _h a "r (         
admission into  x2 ! ?ird 0 t ( !       
prie/s1 :]e ! alt> (  burnt-(f]+s /ood1 
:]e ! prie/s & ,levites ex]cis$ _!      
m9i/ry4 ,common ,israelites1 :o 7       
desir\s ( (f]+ sacrifices1  7 at lib]ty 
to br+ _! victims z f> z ! inn] "p ( !  
c\rt2 b !y c\ld n pass a c]ta9 l9e (    

sep>ation1 :i*  divid$ x into two2 & !y 
)drew z soon z !y _h deliv]$  _!        
sacrifices & (f]+s to ! prie/s1 or _h   
made _!  confession ) ! c]emony ( lay+  
_! h&s ^u ! head ( !  victim1 if x 7 a  
s9-(f]+4 ,be=e ! temple 0 built1 !re  0 
a c\rt belong+ to ! tab]nacle1 b n ne> s
 l>ge z t  ( ! temple1 & encompass$ only
 ) pill>s1 & veils hung )  cords4       
,,crane4 ,9 ,isaiah xxxviii1 #ad1 & ,j]4
 viii1 #g1 two birds are m5tion$1  !  & 
! 4 ,! fir/ 9 our v]sion is translat$   
crane1  & ! second swall[2 b ,bo*>t     
exactly rev]ses !m1 & !  reasons he     
adduces are incontrov]tible4            
,ari/ophanes curi\sly  obs]ves1 t 8x is 
"t to s[ :5 ! crane migrates clam\r+    
into ,africa2 %e also bids ! m>9] susp5d
 8 rudd] & take 8  re/1 & ! m\nta9e] to 
provide himself ) raim5t20 & ,hesiod1   
8,:5 ?\ he>e/ ! voice ( ! crane1 clam\r+
 annually f !  cl\ds on high1 recollect 
t ?is is ! signal = pl\gh+1 &  indicates
 ! approa* ( %[]y w9t]40                
,:]e d ! cranes or w9d+ swall[s g1      

,fe>ful ( ga!r+ w9ds & fall+ sn[8       
,consci\s ( all ! com+ ills1 !y fly     
,to mild] regions & a s\!rn sky4        
,,prior4    ,! ,prophet ,j]emiah m5tions
 ?is bird1 ?us intellig5t ( ! seasons   
by an in/9ctive & inv>iable obs]vation (
 _! appo9t$ times1  z a circum/ance (   
reproa* to ! *os5 p ( ,god1 :o1 al?\gh  
taught by reason & religion1 8knew n !  
judgm5t ( ! ,"l40    ,,creation1 9 its  
prim>y import1 signifies ! br++ into be+
  some?+ :i* did n exi/ be=e4 ,! t]m is 
!re=e mo/  g5]ally appli$ to ! orig9al  
production ( ! mat]ials :]e(  ! visible 
_w is compos$4 ,x is also us$ 9 a       
second>y or  subord9ate s5se1 to d5ote  
^? subsequ5t op]ations ( ! ,deity  ^u ! 
matt] s produc$1 by :i* ! :ole sy/em (  
nature1 &  all ! primitive g5]a ( ?+s1  
receiv$ _! =ms1 qualities1  & laws4 ,!  
acc\nts ( ! creation ( ! _w :i* h exi/$ 
among diff]5t nations1 are call$        
,cosmogonies4 ,moses's is  unque/ionably
 ! mo/ anci5t2 & _h x no o!r circum/ance
 to  recomm5d x1 its sup]ior antiquity  

alone w\ld give x a j claim to  our     
att5tion4 ,x is evid5tly ,moses's       
int5tion to give a hi/ory (  man1 & (   
religion1 & an acc\nt ( creation4 ,9 !  
way 9 :i* he  has detail$ x1 x w\ld h   
be5 =eign to 8 plan1 _h x n be5         
necess>y to obviate t mo/ anci5t & mo/  
natural species (  idolatry1 ! wor%ip ( 
! heav5ly bodies4 ,8 fir/ c>e1 !re=e1   
is to affirm decid$ly1 t ,god creat$ !  
heav5s & ! e>?2 &  !n he proce$s to     
m5tion ! ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s objects (   
creation 7 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,fir/ (  
all1 ! mat]ials1 (  :i* ! future univ]se
 0 to be compos$1 7 creat$4 ,^! 7       
jumbl$ toge!r 9 "o indige/$ mass1 :i* ! 
anci5ts call$  *aos1 & :i* !y conceiv$  
to be et]nal2 b :i* ,moses affirms  to h
 be5 creat$ by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,! mat]ials
 ( ! *aos  7 ei!r held 9 solution by !  
wat]s1 or float$ 9 !m1 or 7  sunk "u !m2
 & !y 7 r$uc$ into =m by ! ,_s ( ,god   
mov+ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,light 0 !    
fir/ di/9ct object  ( creation3 fi%es 7 
! fir/ liv+ ?+s2 man 0 la/ 9 !  ord] (  

creation4    #b4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by      
,moses is di/+ui%$ by its simplicity4 ,t
  x involves difficulties :i* our       
faculties _c compreh5d1 is only  :at    
might be expect$ f a detail ( !         
op]ations ( ! omnipot5t  m9d1 :i* c nev]
 be fully und]/ood b by ! ,be+ :o plann$
  !m4 ,mo/ ( ! writ]s :o come ne>e/ to  
,moses 9 po9t (  antiquity h fav\r$ ! _w
 ) cosmogonies2 & !re is a  wond]ful    
co9cid5ce 9 "s lead+ p>ticul>s betwe5 _!
 acc\nts  & 84 ,!y all h 8 *aos2 & !y   
all /ate wat] to h be5  ! prevail+      
pr9ciple be=e ! arrangem5t ( ! univ]se  
began4  ,! sy/ems became gradually m    
complicat$1 z ! writ]s rec$$  f>!r f !  
age ( primitive tradition2 & !y increas$
 9  absurdity 9 proportion to ! degree (
 philosophy :i* 0 appli$ to  ! subject4 
,! problem ( creation has be5 said to   
be1 8,matt] &  motion be+ giv51 to =m a 
_w20 & ! presumption ( man has  (t5 l$  
him to attempt ! solution ( ?is         
intricate "q4 ,b  ! true problem 01     
8,nei!r matt] nor motion be+ giv51 to =m

 a  _w40 ,at fir/1 ! cosmogoni/s cont5t$
 !mselves ) reason+  on ! traditional or
 hi/orical acc\nts !y _h receiv$2 b x is
  irksome to be %ackl$ by au?ority2 &   
aft] !y _h acquir$ a  smatt]+ ( k1 !y   
began to ?9k t !y c\ld po9t out a  mu*  
bett] way ( =m+ ! _w ?an t :i* _h be5   
transmitt$ to !m by ! cons5t+ voice (   
antiquity4 ,epicurus 0  mo/ di/+ui%$ 9  
?is hopeful "w ( inv5tion2 & produc$ a  
cosmogony on ! pr9ciple ( a =tuit\s     
conc\rse ( atoms1 ^:  extravagant       
absurdity has hi!rto pres]v$ x f        
oblivion4 ,f 8  day to ours1 ! _w has   
be5 annoy$ ) sy/ems2 b ^! are n[        
modifi$ by ! !ories ( *emi/s &          
geologi/s1 ^: speculations1  9 s f> z !y
 proce$ on ! pr9ciple ( induction1 h    
sometimes  be5 att5d$ ) useful results2 
b1 :5 appli$ to solve !  problem (      
creation1 w s]ve1 l ! sy/ems ( _!       
=]unn]s1  to demon/rate ! ignorance & ! 
presumption ( man4    #c4 ,! e>ly       
cosmogonies are *iefly int]e/+ f _!     
resemblance  to t ( ,moses2 :i* proves t

 !y h ei!r be5 d]iv$ f  him1 or f "s    
anci5t prevail+ tradition respect+ !    
true  hi/ory ( creation4 ,! mo/ anci5t  
au?or next to ,moses1 ( ^:  writ+s any  
fragm5ts rema91 is ,san*onia?o1 !       
,ph5ician4 ,8  writ+s 7 translat$ by    
,philo ,byblius2 & portions ( ?is v]sion
  are pres]v$ by ,eusebius4 ,^! writ+s  
come to u r 9 an  apocryphal =m2 !y     
conta91 h[ev]1 no int]nal evid5ce :i* c 
affect _! au!nticity2 !y pretty ne>ly   
resemble ! traditions (  ! ,greeks1 &   
are1 p]haps1 ! p>5t /ock f :i* ^!       
traditions are d]iv$4 ,! notions detail$
 by ,san*onia?o are almo/  translat$ by 
,hesiod1 :o m5tions ! primeval *aos1 &  
/ates 1  or love1 to be its fir/ (fspr+4
 ,anaxagoras 0 ! fir/ among !  ,greeks  
:o ent]ta9$ tol]ably accurate notions on
 ! subject (  creation3 he assum$ !     
ag5cy ( an intellig5t m9d 9 !           
arrangem5t ( ! *aotic mat]ials4 ,^!     
s5tim5ts gradually  prevail$ among !    
,greeks2 f :om !y pass$ to ! ,romans1 & 
7 g5]ally adopt$1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts :i* 7 

made to  e/abli% ! doctr9es ( ,epicurus 
by ! n]v\s poetry ( ,lucretius4  ,ovid  
has collect$ ! or?odox doctr9es :i*     
prevail$ on !  subject1 bo? among       
,greeks & ,romans2 & has express$ !m )  
uncommon elegance & p]spicuity 9 ! fir/ 
*apt] ( 8  8,metamorphoses40 ,!re is s  
/rik+ a co9cid5ce betwe5 8 acc\nt  & t (
 ,moses t "o w\ld almo/ ?9k t he 0      
translat+  f ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis2 &  
!re c be no d\bt t !  ,mosaic writ+s 7  
well kn[n at t "t1 bo? among ! ,greeks &
  ,romans4 ,mega/h5es1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( 
,seleucus ,nicanor1 affirms1  t all !   
doctr9es ( ! ,greeks respect+ !         
creation1 & !  con/itution ( nature1 7  
curr5t among ! ,bram9s 9 ,india1 & !    
,jews 9 ,syria4 ,he mu/1 ( c\rse1 h be5 
acqua9t$ ) !  writ+s ( ! latt]1 be=e he 
c\ld make ! comp>ison4 ,juv5al  talks ( 
! writ+s ( ,moses z well kn[n3--        
,tradidit arcano quodcunque volum9e     
,moses4           ,:atev] ,moses has    
transmitt$ 9 8 my/ic volume4    ,we are 
!re=e incl9$ to ?9k t ,ovid actually    

copi$ f !  ,bible2 = he adopts ! v ord] 
detail$ by ,moses4 ,moses m5tions  !    
works ( creation 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 !     
sep>ation ( ! sea  f ! dry l&2 !        
creation ( ! heav5ly bodies2 ( m>9e     
animals2 ( f[ls & l& animals2 ( man4    
,obs]ve n[ ! ord] ( !  ,roman poet3--   
,ante m>e et t]ras1 et1 quod tegit      
omnia1 clum1           ,unus erat toto  
natur vultus 9 orbe1           ,quem    
dix]e *aos1 rudis1 indige/aque moles4   
,hanc ,deus1 et melior litem natura     
diremit4           ,nam clo t]ras1 et   
t]ras abscidit undis2           ,et     
liquidum spisso secrevit ab are clum4   
,neu regio =et ulla suis animalibus     
orba2           ,a/ra t55t cle/e solum1 
=mque deorum2           ,cess]unt       
nitidis habit& piscibus und3            
,t]ra f]as cepit1 volucres agitabilis   
ar4           ,sanctius 8 animal1       
m5tisque capacius alt           ,de]at  
adhuc1 et quod dom9>i 9 ct]a posset3    
,natus homo e/4             8,be=e !    
seas1 & ?is t]re/rial ball1             

,& heav'n's high canopy1 t cov]s all1   
,"o 0 ! face ( nature2 if a face3       
,r1 a rude & indige/$ mass3             
,a lifeless lump1 unfa%ion'd1 & unfram$1
            ,( j>r+ se$s2 & ju/ly *aos  
nam$4            ,b ,god1 or nature1    
:ile !y ?us cont5d1            ,to ^!   
inte/9e discords put an end2            
,!n e>? f air1 & seas f e>? 7 driv'n1   
,& gross] air sunk f e!real heav'n4     
,?us :5 ! ,god1 :atev] god 0 he1        
,_h =m'd ! :ole1 & made ! p>ts agree1   
,t no unequal portions might be f\nd1   
,he m\ld$ e>? into a spaci\s r\nd4      
,!n1 e void ( nature to supply1         
,) =ms ( gods he fills ! vacant sky3    
,new h]ds ( bea/s he s5ds1 ! pla9s to   
%>e3             ,new colonies ( birds1 
to p air2                          ,& to
 _! oozy b$s ! f9ny fi% repair4         
,a creature ( a m exalt$ k9d            
,0 want+ yet1 & !n 0 man design'd3      
,consci\s ( ?\ght1 ( m capaci\s brea/1  
,= empire =m'd1 & fit to rule ! re/3    
,:e!r ) p>ticles ( heav'nly fire        

,! ,god ( nature did 8 s\l inspire10 c4 
,,dryd54    ,"h we see all ! pr9cipal   
objects ( creation m5tion$ exactly 9  ! 
same ord] :i* ,moses _h assign$ to !m 9 
8 writ+s2 &  :5 we consid] :at          
foll[s2--! w> ( ! giants2 ! g5]al       
corruption ( ! _w2 ! univ]sal deluge2 ! 
pres]vation (  ,deucalion & ,pyrrha2 _! 
sacrifices to ! gods on leav+ ! vessel  
9 :i* !y _h be5 pres]v$2--!re c sc>cely 
rema9 a d\bt  t ,ovid borr[$1 ei!r      
directly or at second h&1 f ,moses4 ,:at
  he says1 too1 is p]fectly consi/5t ) !
 receiv$ notions on !  subject1 ?\gh x  
is probable t !y _h nev] be=e be5 s     
regul>ly me?odis$4 ,?is tra9 ( reason+  
w\ld lead u to conclude  t ,ovid1 &     
inde$ ! :ole ,hea!n _w1 d]iv$ _! notions
  respect+ ! creation1 & ! e>ly hi/ory (
 mank9d1 f !  sacr$ ,scriptures3 & x %[s
 h[ defici5t _! own res\rces 71  :5 !   
pride ( philosophy 0 =c$ to borr[ f ^?  
:om x  affect$ to despise4 ,) reg>d to !
 we/]n my?ologi/s1 !n1  !re c be little 
d\bt t _! cosmogonies1 at lea/ su* ( !m 

z pr(ess to be hi/orical1 & n !oretical1
 are d]iv$ f  ,moses2 & ! same may be   
affirm$ ) reg>d to ! traditions ( !     
ea/3 z !y 7 ! same ) ^? ( ,greece 9 ! "t
 (  ,mega/h5es1 ^: te/imony to ?is      
effect is quot$ bo? by ,clem5s          
,alex&r9us & ,/rabo1 we may naturally   
conclude t !y _h !  same orig94    #d4  
,! ,h9doo my?ology has gr[n1 9 ! natural
 un9t]rupt$ progress  ( corruption1 to  
su* mon/r\s & complicat$ absurdity1 t 9 
_m  cases x /&s unique 9 extravagance4  
,9 ! m anci5t ,h9doo  writ+s1 h[ev]1 _m 
sublime s5tim5ts occur2 & 9 !           
8,in/itutes  ( ,m5u10 _m passages are   
f\nd relat+ to ! creation1 :i* be> a    
/rong resemblance to ! acc\nt giv5 by   
,moses4 ,!y are ?us giv5 9  an          
adv]tisem5t1 prefix$ to ! fif? volume ( 
! 8,asiatic  ,rese>*es10 & are int5d$ z 
a supplem5t to a =m] treatise on  !     
,h9doo religion3--    8,?is univ]se     
exi/$ only 9 ! fir/ div9e idea1 yet     
unexp&$1 z  if involv$ 9 d>kness1       
imp]ceptible1 undef9able1 undiscov]able 

by  reason1 & undiscov]$ by revelation1 
z if x 7 :olly imm]s$ 9  sleep4 ,:5 !   
sole self-exi/+ ,p[]1 himself undisc]n$1
 b  mak+ ?is _w disc]nible1 ) five      
elem5ts & o!r pr9ciples  ( nature1      
appe>$ ) undim9i%$ glory1 exp&+ 8 idea1 
or  dispell+ ! gloom4 ,he1 :om ! m9d    
alone c p]ceive1 ^:  ess5ce eludes !    
ext]nal organs1 :o has no visible p>ts1 
:o exi/s  f et]nity1 ev5 he1 ! s\l ( all
 be+s1 :om no be+ c  compreh5d1 %one =? 
9 p]son4 ,he1 hav+ will$ to produce     
v>i\s  be+s f 8 own div9e sub/ance1 fir/
 ) a ?\ght creat$ !  wat]s4 ,! wat]s are
 call$ n>a1 because !y are ! production 
(  ,n>a1 or ! ,_s ( ,god2 & s9ce !y 7 8 
fir/ ayana1 or  place ( motion1 he !nce 
is call$ ,n>ayana1 or mov+ on !  wat]s4 
,f t :i* is1 ! fir/ cause1 n ! object ( 
s5se1  exi/+ e :]e 9 sub/ance1 n exi/+  
to our p]ception1  )\t beg9n+ or end1 0 
produc$ ! div9e male4 ,he fram$ !  heav5
 above1 & ! e>? b5ea?2 9 ! mid/ he plac$
 ! subtile  e!r1 ! eight regions1 & !   
p]man5t receptacle ( wat]s4 ,he  fram$  

all creatures4 ,he1 too1 fir/ assign$ to
 all creatures di/9ct  names1 di/9ct    
acts1 & di/9ct occupations4 ,he gave be+
 to "t1  & ! divisions ( "t2 to ! />s   
also1 & ! planets2 to  riv]s1 oceans1 & 
m\nta9s2 to level pla9s1 & unev5        
valleys4 ,=  ! sake ( di/+ui%+ actions1 
he made a total diff]5ce betwe5  "r &   
wrong4 ,hav+ divid$ 8 own sub/ance1 !   
mighty ,p[]  became half male1 half     
female4 ,he ^: p[]s are incompreh5sible1
  hav+ creat$ ?is univ]se1 0 aga9       
absorb$ 9 ! _s1 *ang+  ! "t ( en]gy = ! 
"t ( repose40    ,9 ^! passages we h    
evid5tly a philosophical comm5t on !    
acc\nt ( creation giv5 by ,moses1 or z  
transmitt$ f ! same  s\rce ( primitive  
tradition4 ,we also see 9 ^! passages ! 
rudim5ts ( ! ,platonic philosophy1 !    
et]nal ideas 9 ! div9e  m9d1 c2 & 7 any 
"q to arise respect+ ! orig9al au?or  ( 
^! notions1 we %\ld h little hesitation 
9 giv+ x aga9/  ! ,greeks4 ,!y 7 !      
greate/ plagi>ies bo? 9 lit]ature &     
philosophy1 & !y h sc>cely an article ( 

lit]>y prop]ty :i*  !y c call _! own1   
except _! poetry4 ,_! sages p5etrat$    
into ,egypt & ,india1 & on _! return    
/igmatiz$ ! natives (  ^! c\ntries z    
b>b>ians1 le/ !y %\ld be suspect$ (     
/eal+  _! inv5tions4    #e4 ,! ,*aldean 
cosmogony1 accord+ to ,b]osus1 :5 dive/$
 (  allegory1 seems to resolve itself   
into ?is1 t d>kness & wat]  exi/$ f     
et]nity2 t ,belus divid$ ! humid mass1 &
 gave bir?  to creation2 t ! human m9d  
is an emanation f ! div9e nature4  ,!   
cosmogony ( ! anci5t ,p]sians is v      
clumsy4 ,!y introduce two  et]nal       
pr9ciples1 ! "o good1 call$ ,oromasdes1 
! o!r evil1  call$ ,arimanius2 & !y make
 ^! two pr9ciples cont5d ) ea*  o!r 9 ! 
creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,ea* has 8  
prov9ce1 :i* he /rives to enl>ge2 &     
,mi?ras is ! m$iator to  mod]ate _!     
cont5tions4 ,?is is ! mo/ in>tificial   
plan t has  be5 devis$ to acc\nt = !    
exi/5ce ( evil1 & has ! lea/  pret5sions
 to a philosophical basis4 ,! ,egyptian 
cosmogony1 accord+  to ! acc\nt giv5 ( x

 by ,plut>*1 seems to be> a /rong       
resemblance to ! ,ph5ician1 z detail$ by
 ,san*onia?o4 ,accord+ to  ! ,egyptian  
acc\nt1 !re 0 an et]nal *aos1 & an      
et]nal _s  unit$ ) x1 ^: ag5cy at la/   
arrang$ ! discordant mat]ials1  &       
produc$ ! visible sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,! 
cosmogony ( !  nor!rn nations1 z may be 
collect$ f ! ,edda1 supposes an et]nal  
pr9ciple prior to ! =mation ( ! _w4 ,!  
,orphic ,fragm5ts  /ate e ?+ to h exi/$ 
9 ,god1 & to proce$ f him4 ,!  notion   
impli$ 9 ?is maxim is suspect$ to be    
pan!i/ic1 t is1  to imply ! univ]se to  
be ,god2 :i*1 h[ev]1 might be a m mod]n 
p]v]sion4 ,plato suppos$ ! _w to be     
produc$ by ! ,deity1  unit+ et]nal1     
immutable ideas1 or =ms1 to v>iable     
matt]4  ,ari/otle _h no cosmogony1      
because he suppos$ ! _w to be )\t       
beg9n+ & )\t end4 ,accord+ to ! ,/oical 
doctr9e1 ! div9e  nature1 act+ on matt]1
 fir/ produc$ moi/ure1 & !n ! o!r       
elem5ts1 :i* are reciprocally           
conv]tible4    ,,crete1 an isl& 9 !     

,m$it]ranean1 n[ call$ ,c&ia1 ,titus i1 
#e4  ,nature _h end[$ ?is isl& ) all t  
r5d]s man happy2 !  inhabitants1        
likewise1 _h =m]ly a con/itution :i* 0  
r5[n$  & frequ5tly comp>$ ) t ( !       
,sp>tans2 b at ?is "t1 &  ev5 long be=e1
 all1 ev5 laws & morals1 _h sunk v l[4  
,!  "* ( ?is nation 0 mutable1 prone to 
qu>rell+1 to civil  di/urbances & frays1
 to robb]ies & viol5ces4 ,av>ici\s &    
base  to a degree ( sordid gre$9ess1 !y 
consid]$ no?+ z ignoble  :i* gratifi$   
?is incl9ation4 ,!nce arose _! trea*]y1 
_!  false & deceitful disposition1 :i*  
_h pass$ into a common prov]b4  ,ev5 9 !
 times ( pur] morals !y 7 decid$ly      
addict$ to w9e2  & _! prop5sity to      
incont95ce 0 frequ5tly c5sur$ & notic$  
by ! anci5ts4 ,religion itself 0 "o     
cause ( ! _m excesses (  ?is nation4 ,_m
 deities 7 born among !m2 !y also %[$ _!
  tombs & catacombs1 & celebrat$ ! fea/s
 & my/]ies ( all4  ,!y !re=e _h         
cont9ually holydays1 div]sions1 & idle  
times1 &  "o ( _! native poets          

7,diodorus calls him 7 gave !m !        
te/imony :i* ,paul f\nd to be s true1   
,titus i1 #ab4 ,jews also _h  e/abli%$  
!mselves among !m1 :o accord+ to all    
appe>ance c\ld  h improv$ "h b v little 
9 morality4 ,! ,apo/le seems to  h      
consid]$ !m a m dang]\s p ?an !         
inhabitants  !mselves4    ,,crimson1 1  
#b ,*ron4 ii1 #g1 iii1 #ad1 ! "n ( a    
col\r4 ,bo*>t  supposes x to be ! co*lea
 purpur>ia1 or purple f a k9d (         
%ell-fi% tak5 ne> ,m\nt ,c>mel4 ,b z !  
"n ( ! m\nt is said  to mean a v9ey>d1  
"o may r suppose ! col\r to signify t ( 
grapes2 l ! r$ness ( ! ve/ure ( him :o  
trod ! w9e-press1  ,isa4 lxiii1 #a1 #b4 
,:at our v]sion r5d]s crimson1 ,isa4 i1 
#ah2 ,j]4  iv1 #cj1 %\ld be sc>let4     
,,cross1 an anci5t in/rum5t ( capital   
puni%m5t4 ,! cross 0 !  puni%m5t        
inflict$ by ! ,romans1 on s]vants :o _h 
p]petrat$  crimes1 on robb]s1 assass9s1 
& rebels2 among :i* la/ ,jesus 0        
reckon$1 on ! gr\nd ( 8 mak+ himself ,k+
 or ,messiah1 ,luke  xxiii1 #a-e1       

#ac-ae4 ,! words 9 :i* ! s5t5ce 0 giv5  
71 8,?\  %alt g to ! cross40 ,! p]son :o
 0 subject$ to ?is puni%m5t  0 !n       
depriv$ ( all 8 clo!s except+ some?+    
ar\nd !  lo9s4 ,9 ?is /ate ( nudity he 0
 beat51 sometimes ) rods1 b  m g5]ally )
 :ips4 ,su* 0 ! sev]ity ( ?is           
flagellation1  t numb]s di$ "u x4 ,jesus
 0 cr[n$ ) ?orns1 & made !  subject (   
mock]y2 b insults ( ?is k9d 7 n among ! 
ord9>y  att5dants ( crucifixion4 ,!y 7  
ow+1 9 ?is case1 m]ely to !  petulant _s
 ( ! ,roman soldi]s1 ,matt4 xxvii1 #bi2 
,m>k xv1 #ag2  ,john xix1 #b1 #e4 ,!    
crim9al1 hav+ be5 beat51 0 subject$ to !
  f>!r suff]+ ( be+ oblig$ to c>ry !    
cross himself to !  place ( puni%m5t1   
:i* 0 commonly a hill1 ne> ! public way1
 &  out ( ! city4 ,! place ( crucifixion
 at ,j]usalem 0 a hill to !  nor?-we/ ( 
! city4 ,! cross1 1 a po/1 o!rwise call$
  ! unpropiti\s or infam\s tree1 consi/$
 ( a piece ( wood erect$  p]p5dicul>ly1 
& int]sect$ by ano!r at "r angles ne> ! 
top1 s z to resemble ! lett] ,t4 ,!     

crime = :i* ! p]son  suff]$ 0 inscrib$  
on ! transv]se piece ne> ! top ( !      
p]p5dicul> "o4    ,!re is no m5tion made
 9 anci5t writ]s ( any ?+ on :i* !  feet
 ( ! p]son crucifi$ re/$4 ,ne> ! middle1
 h[ev]1 ( !  p]p5dicul> beam1 !re       
project$ a piece ( wood1 on :i* he sat1 
& :i* answ]$ z a support to ! body1 s9ce
 ! weight ( !  body might o!rwise h torn
 away ! h&s f ! nails driv5  ?r\gh !m4  
,! cross1 :i* 0 erect$ at ! place (     
puni%m5t1  be+ !re firmly fix$ 9 !      
gr\nd1 r>ely exce$$ t5 feet 9  height4  
,! victim1 p]fectly nak$1 0 elevat$ to !
 small  projection 9 ! middle3 ! h&s 7  
!n b\nd by a rope r\nd !  transv]se     
beam1 & nail$ ?r\gh ! palm4    ,!       
ass]tion t ! p]sons :o suff]$           
crucifixion 7 n 9 "s  in/ances fa/5$ to 
! cross by nails ?r\gh ! h&s & feet1 b  
7 m]ely b\nd to x by ropes1 _c be prov$ 
by ! te/imony (  any anci5t writ]       
:atev]4 ,t ! feet1 z well z ! h&s1 7    
fa/5$ to ! cross by means ( nails1 is   
expressly ass]t$ 9 !  play ( ,plautus1  

entitl$ 8,mo/ell>ia10 comp>$ )          
,t]tullian  aga9/ ! ,jews1 & aga9/      
,m>cion4 ,9 reg>d to ! nail+ ( !  feet1 
x may be f>!rmore obs]v$1 t ,gregory    
,nazianz5 has  ass]t$1 t "o nail only 0 
driv5 ?r\gh bo? ( !m2 b  ,cyprian1 7de  
passione17 :o _h be5 a p]sonal witness  
to  crucifixions1 & is1 consequ5tly1 9  
?is case1 ! bett] au?ority1  /ates1 on !
 contr>y1 t two nails or spikes 7 driv51
 "o  ?r\gh ea* foot4 ,! crucifi$ p]son  
rema9$ susp5d$ 9 ?is way  till he di$1 &
 ! corpse _h become putrid4 ,:ile he    
exhibit$ any  signs ( life1 he 0 wat*$  
by a gu>d2 b !y left him :5 x  appe>$ t 
he 0 dead4 ,! corpse 0 n buri$1 except  
by express  p]mission1 :i* 0 sometimes  
grant$ by ! emp]or on 8 bir? day1  b    
only to a v few4 ,an exception1 h[ev]1  
to ?is g5]al practice  0 made by !      
,romans 9 fav\r ( ! ,jews1 on acc\nt (  
,deut4 xxi1  #bb1 #bc2 & 9 ,judea1      
accord+ly1 crucifi$ p]sons 7 buri$ on ! 
same day4 ,:51 !re=e1 !re 0 n a prospect
 t !y w\ld die  on ! day ( !            

crucifixion1 ! execution]s ha/5$ !      
ext9ction  ( life1 by k9dl+ a fire "u ! 
cross1 s z to suffocate !m  ) ! smoke1  
or by lett+ loose wild bea/s ^u !m1 or  
by  break+ _! bones ^u ! cross ) a      
mallet1 z ^u an anvil4 ,!  ,jews1 9 !   
times ( :i* we are speak+1 namely1 :ile 
!y 7  "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,romans1 7 9
 ! habit ( giv+ !  crim9al1 be=e !      
comm5cem5t ( 8 suff]+s1 a m$icat$ dr9k  
( w9e & myrrh1 ,prov4 xxxi1 #f4 ,!      
object ( ?is 0 to produce  intoxication1
 & !reby r5d] ! pa9s ( ! crucifixion    
less  s5sible to ! suff]]4 ,?is bev]age 
0 refus$ by ! ,savi\r =  ! obvi\s       
reason1 t he *ose to die ) ! faculties (
 8 m9d  undi/urb$ & uncl\d$1 ,matt4     
xxvii1 #cd2 ,m>k xv1 #bc4 ,x %\ld be    
rem>k$1 t ?is sort ( dr9k1 :i* 0        
probably (f]$ out (  k9dness1 0 diff]5t 
f ! v9eg> :i* 0 subsequ5tly (f]$  to !  
,savi\r by ! ,roman soldi]s4 ,! latt] 0 
a mixture (  v9eg> & wat]1 d5om9at$     
posca1 & 0 a common dr9k = !  soldi]s 9 
! ,roman army1 ,luke xxiii1 #cf2 ,john  

xix1 #bi4    #b4 ,crucifixion 0 n only !
 mo/ ignom9i\s1 x 0 likewise !  mo/     
cruel1 mode ( puni%m5t3 s v mu* s1 t    
,cic]o is  ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 9 respect to 
crucifixion1 8,ab oculis1 auribusque  et
 omni cogitatione hom9um1 remov5dum     
esse40 ,t x ought nei!r  to be se51 he>d
 (1 nor ev5 ?\ght ( by m54 ,! suff]+s   
endur$ by a p]son on :om ?is puni%m5t is
 inflict$ are n>rat$ by  ,george        
,gottlieb ,ri*t]1 a ,g]man physician1 9 
a 8,diss]tation on !  ,savi\r's         
,crucifixion40 ,! position ( ! body is  
unnatural1 ! arms  be+ ext5d$ back1 &   
almo/ immovable4 ,9 case ( ! lea/       
motion1  an extremely pa9ful s5sation is
 exp]i5c$ 9 ! h&s & feet1  :i* are pi]c$
 ) nails1 & 9 ! back1 :i* is lac]at$ )  
/ripes4 ,! nails1 be+ driv5 ?r\gh ! p>ts
 ( ! h&s & feet  :i* ab\nd 9 n]ves &    
t5dons1 create ! mo/ exquisite angui%4  
,! exposure ( s _m w\nds to ! op5 air   
br+s on an  inflammation1 :i* e mom5t   
increases ! poignancy ( !  suff]+4 ,9 ^?
 p>ts ( ! body :i* are di/5d$ or press$1

  m blood fl[s ?r\gh ! art]ies ?an c be 
c>ri$ back 9 !  ve9s4 ,! consequ5ce is1 
t a great] quantity ( blood f9ds its    
way f ! aorta into ! head & /oma*1 ?an  
w\ld be c>ri$  !re by a natural &       
undi/urb$ circulation4 ,! blood vessels 
( !  head become press$ & swoll51 :i* ( 
c\rse causes pa91 & a  r$ness ( ! face4 
,! circum/ance ( ! blood be+ impell$ 9  
m ?an ord9>y quantities into ! /oma* is 
an unfav\rable "o  also1 because x is t 
"p ( ! sy/em :i* n only admits ( !      
blood be+ /ation>y1 b is peculi>ly      
expos$ to mortification4 ,!  aorta1 n   
be+ at lib]ty to empty1 9 ! free &      
undi/urb$ way z  =m]ly1 ! blood :i* x   
receives f ! left v5tricle ( !  he>t1 is
 unable to receive its usual quantity4  
,! blood ( ! lungs1  !re=e1 is unable to
 f9d a free circulation4 ,?is g5]al     
ob/ruction ext5ds its effects likewise  
to ! "r v5tricle1 & !  consequ5ce is1 an
 int]nal excitem5t1 & ex]tion1 &        
anxiety1 :i*  are m intol]able ?an !    
angui% ( dea? itself4 ,all ! l>ge       

vessels ab\t ! he>t1 & all ! ve9s &     
art]ies 9 t "p (  ! sy/em1 on acc\nt ( !
 accumulation & pressure ( blood1 are  !
 s\rce ( inexpressible mis]y4 ,! degree 
( angui% is gradual 9  its increase2 & !
 p]son crucifi$ is able to live "u x    
commonly  till ! ?ird1 & sometimes till 
! sev5?1 day4 ,pilate1 !re=e1  be+      
surpris$ at ! spe$y t]m9ation ( !       
,savi\r's life1  inquir$ 9 respect to ! 
tru? ( x ( ! c5turion himself1 :o       
comm&$ ! soldi]s1 ,m>k xv1 #dd4 ,9 ord] 
to br+ _! life to a  m spe$y t]m9ation1 
s t !y might be buri$ on ! same day1  ! 
bones ( ! two ?ieves 7 brok5 ) mallets1 
,john xix1 #ca-cg2  & 9 ord] to asc]ta9 
?is po9t 9 respect to ,jesus1 namely1   
:e!r he 0 really dead1 or :e!r he _h    
m]ely fall5 into a  swoon1 a soldi] ?ru/
 8 lance into 8 side2 b no signs ( life 
appe>$1 ,john xix1 #ca-cg4    #c4 ,our  
,savi\r says1 t :osoev] w be 8 disciple 
mu/ take up  8 cross & foll[ him1 ,matt4
 xvi1 #bd3 by :i* is meant1 t 8         
disciples mu/ be will+ to suff] = him1 9

 any way 9 :i* ,god1 9  ! c\rse ( 8     
provid5ce1 may call !m to suff]2 ev5 to 
endure  m>tyrdom1 if call$ to x4 ,!     
cross is also (t5 put = ! :ole (        
,*ri/'s suff]+s1 ,eph4 ii1 #af2 ,heb4   
xii1 #b2 & ! doctr9e ( 8  p]fect        
atonem5t1 ,gal4 vi1 #ad4    ,,cr[n is a 
t]m prop]ly tak5 = a cap ( /ate worn on 
! heads (  sov]eign pr9ces1 z a m>k (   
regal dignity4 ,9 ,scripture !re is     
frequ5t m5tion made ( cr[ns2 & ! use (  
!m seems to h be5  v common among !     
,hebrews4 ,! high prie/ wore a cr[n1 :i*
 0  girt ab\t 8 mitre1 or ! l[] "p ( 8  
bonnet1 & 0 ti$  ab\t 8 head4 ,on !     
=ep>t 0 a plate ( gold1 ) ^! words      
engrav5 on x3 8,hol9ess to ! ,"l10      
,exod4 xxviii1 #cf2 xxix1 #f4           
,new-m>ri$ p]sons ( bo? sexes wore cr[ns
 ^u _! w$d+ day1  ,cant41 iii1 #aa2 &1  
allud+ to ?is cu/om1 x is said t :5 ,god
  ent]$ into cov5ant ) ! ,jewi% nation1 
he put a beautiful cr[n  ^u _! head1    
,ezekiel xvi1 #ab4 ,! fir/ cr[ns 7 no m 
?an a  b&elet drawn r\nd ! head1 & ti$  

beh9d1 z we see x /ill  repres5t$ on    
m$als1 c4 ,aft]w>d1 !y consi/$ ( two    
b&elets2  by degrees !y took bran*es (  
trees ( div]s k9ds1 c2 at l5g?  !y add$ 
fl[]s2 & ,claudius ,saturn9us says !re 0
 n any plant  ( :i* cr[ns _h n be5 made4
    ,!re 0 always a diff]5ce1 ei!r 9    
matt] or =m1 betwe5 !  cr[ns ( k+s &    
great m51 & ^? ( private p]sons4 ,! cr[n
  ( a k+ 0 g5]ally a :ite fillet b\nd   
ab\t 8 =ehead1 !  extremities :]e( be+  
ti$ beh9d ! head1 fell back on ! neck4  
,sometimes !y 7 made ( gold tissue1     
adorn$ ) jewels4 ,t (  ! ,jewi% high    
prie/1 :i* is ! mo/ anci5t ( :i* we h   
any  description1 0 a fillet ( gold     
plac$ ^u 8 =ehead1 & ti$  ) a ribbon ( a
 hyac9? col\r1 or azure blue4 ,! cr[n1  
mitre1 &  diadem1 royal fillet & ti>a1  
are frequ5tly conf\nd$4 ,cr[ns 7  be/[$ 
on k+s & pr9ces1 z ! pr9cipal m>ks ( _! 
dignity4  ,david took ! cr[n ( ! k+ ( ! 
,ammonites f (f 8 head3 !  cr[n weigh$ a
 tal5t ( gold1 & 0 moreov] enri*$ )     
jewels1 #b  ,sam4 xii1 #cj2 #a ,*ron4   

xx1 #b4 ,! ,amalekite :o valu$ himself  
on  kill+ ,saul1 br\ght ?is pr9ce's cr[n
 unto ,david1 #b ,sam4 i1 #aj4 ,!  cr[n 
0 plac$ ^u ! head ( "y ,k+ ,josiah1 :5  
he 0  pres5t$ to ! p1 9 ord] to be      
ackn[l$g$ by !m1 #b ,*ron4  xxiii1 #aa4 
,b>u* says t ! idols ( ! ,babylonians   
wore gold5  cr[ns1 ,b>u* vi1 #i4 ,que5s1
 too1 wore diadems among ! ,p]sians4 ,k+
  ,ahasu]us hon\r$ ,va%ti ) ?is m>k (   
p[]2 &1 aft] h]  divorce1 ! same fav\r 0
 grant$ to ,e/h]1 *ap4 ii1 #ag4 ,!      
eld]s1 9 ,rev4 iv1 #aj1 are said to 8ca/
 _! cr[ns be=e !  ?rone40 ,! allusion is
 "h to ! tribut>y k+s dep5d5t ^u !      
,roman emp]ors4 ,h]od took (f 8 diadem 9
 ! pres5ce ( ,augu/us1  till ord]$ to   
replace x4 ,tiridates did homage to ,n]o
 by lay+ !  ensigns ( royalty at ! foot 
( 8 /atue4    ,pilate's gu>d platt$ a   
cr[n ( ?orns1 & plac$ x on ! head (     
,jesus ,*ri/1 ,matt4 xxvii1 #bi1 ) an   
int5tion to insult him1 "u  ! "* ( ! k+ 
( ! ,jews4 ,see ,?orn4 ,9 a figurative  
s5se1 a cr[n signifies hon\r1 spl5d\r1  

or dignity1 ,lam4 v1 #af2  ,phil4 iv1   
#a2 & is also us$ = rew>d1 because      
conqu]ors1 9 !  ,grecian games1 7 cr[n$1
 #a ,cor9?ians ix1 #be4    ,,cry/al1 4  
,?is ^w is translat$ 8cry/al0 9 ,ezek4  
i1 #bb2 &  8fro/10 ,g54 xxxi1 #dj2 ,job 
xxxvii1 #aj2 ,j]emiah xxxvi1 #cj2 &     
8ice10  ,job vi1 #af2 xxxviii1 #bi2     
,psalm cxlvii1 #ag2 1 ,rev4 iv1 #f2     
xxii1  #a4 ,cry/al is suppos$ to h its  
"n f its resemblance to ice4 ,!  ,greek 
^w1 1 is =m$ f 1 ice1 & 1 to  concrete4 
,! ^w1 1 is translat$ cry/al1 9 ,job    
xxviii1 #ag4  ,dr4 ,good obs]ves1 8,we  
are n c]ta9 ( ! exact signification1    
f>!r ?an t x d5otes "s p]fectly         
transp>5t & hyal9e  gem40    ,,cubit1 a 
measure us$ among ! anci5ts4 ,! ,hebrews
 call x 1 !  "m ( o!r measures3 9 ,greek
 4 ,a cubit orig9ally 0 !  di/ance f !  
elb[ to ! extremity ( ! middle f+]3 ?is 
is  ! f\r? "p ( a well proportion$ man's
 /ature4 ,! common cubit  is eighte5    
in*es4 ,! ,hebrew cubit1 accord+ to     
,bi%op ,cumb]l& &  ,m4 ,pelleti]1 is    

tw5ty-"o in*es2 b o!rs fix x at eighte5 
in*es4 ,! ,talmudi/s obs]ve1 t ! ,hebrew
 cubit 0 l>g] by "o  qu>t] ?an ! ,roman4
 ,lewis ,capellus & o!rs h ass]t$ t  !re
 7 two sorts ( cubits among ! ,hebrews2 
"o sacr$1 ! o!r  common2 ! sacr$ conta9+
 ?ree feet1 ! common conta9+ a foot  & a
 half4 ,moses assigns to ! ,levites a   
?\s& sacr$ cubits (  l& r\nd ab\t _!    
cities1 ,num4 xxxv1 #d2 & 9 ! next v]se 
he  gives !m two ?\s& common ones4 ,!   
op9ion1 h[ev]1 is v  probable1 t ! cubit
 v>i$ 9 diff]5t di/ricts & cities1 &  at
 diff]5t times1 c4    ,,cucumb]1 1 1    
cucumis1 ,num4 xi1 #e1 ! fruit ( a plant
  v common 9 our g>d5s4 ,t\rne=t m5tions
 six k9ds1 ( :i* !  :ite & gre5 are mo/ 
e/eem$4 ,!y are v pl5tiful 9 ! ea/1     
especially 9 ,egypt1 & mu* sup]ior to   
ours4 ,maillet1 9 describ+  ! vegetables
 :i* ! mod]n ,egyptians h = food1 tells 
u1 t  melons1 cucumb]s1 & onions are !  
mo/ common2 & ,celsius &  ,alp9us       
describe ! ,egyptian cucumb]s z m       
agreeable to ! ta/e  & ( m easy dige/ion

 ?an ! ,european4    ,,culdees1 a body (
 religi\s1 :o *iefly resid$ 9 ,scotl&1  
,irel&1  & "s ( ! adjac5t isles4 ,! "n  
has be5 also writt5 ,keldees  &         
,kyldees4 ,v>i\s etymons h be5 giv5 ( x4
 ,two ( ^! seem  to h sup]ior claims to 
att5tion4 ,x may be d$uc$ ei!r f  ,iri% 
ceile1 or1 gille1 a s]vant1 & ,de1 ,dia1
 ,god2 or f  cuil1 ceal1 9 ,wel% cel1 a 
seque/]$ corn]1 a retreat4 ,!  latt]    
seems to d]ive support f ! e/abli%$ s5se
 ( kil1  reta9$ 9 ! names ( s _m places1
 :i*1 9 an e>ly age1 h  be5 consecrat$  
to religion4 ,x is m ?an probable t     
,*ri/ianity  _h f\nd its way into       
,scotl& be=e ! close ( ! second c5tury2 
& t x cont9u$ to be pr(ess$ by a few    
scatt]$ individuals  ev5 be=e ! arrival 
( ,n9ian1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fif?4 ,b we  h 
no pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( any religi\s      
societies obs]v+ a  p>ticul> in/itute1  
till ! ye> #efc1 :5 ,columba l&$ 9 ,hii1
 or  ,iona2 :i*1 9 hon\r ( him1 0       
aft]w>d call$ ,i-colum-kill2 t  is1 !   
isle ( ,colum1 or ,columba1 ( ! cells4  

,he 0 born 9 ,irel&1  ,a4 ,d4 #eba2 &1  
aft] f\nd+ _m sem9>ies ( religion !re1  
prompt$ by zeal = ! propagation (       
,*ri/ianity1 set sail =  ,scotl& )      
twelve companions4 ,accord+ to ,b$e1    
hav+ conv]t$ !  nor!rn ,picts1 he       
receiv$ f ,brudi1 _! k+1 ! isl& ( ,hii 9
  possession1 = ! purpose ( erect+ a    
mona/]y4 ,"h he almo/  con/antly resid$ 
till ! ye> #eig1 :5 he di$4 ,he made    
occasional  visits to ! ma9l&1 proce$+  
ev5 z f> z to ,inv]ness3 also to        
,irel&1 :]e he 0 held 9 high e/imation4 
,z he 0 himself mu*  devot$ to ! /udy ( 
! ,holy ,scriptures1 he taught 8        
disciples to  confirm _! doctr9es by    
te/imonies br\ght f ?is unpollut$       
f\nta91 & decl>$ t only to be ! div9e   
c\nsel :i* he f\nd  !re4 ,8 foll[]s1    
fai?ful to 8 in/ructions1 8w\ld receive 
^?  ?+s only :i* are conta9$ 9 ! writ+s 
( ! ,prophets1  ,evangeli/s1 & ,apo/les1
 dilig5tly obs]v+ ! works ( piety &     
purity40 ,!y liv$1 inde$1 accord+ to a  
c]ta9 in/itute1 :i*1 x  is said1 0      

compos$ by _! v5]able in/ruct]4 ,b !re 0
 ?is  rem>kable di/9ction betwe5 !m & ^?
 societies prop]ly call$  mona/ic1 t !y 
7 n associat$ expressly = ! purpose (   
obs]v+ ?is rule4 ,:ile !y seem to h     
reckon$ some?+ ( ?is  k9d necess>y = !  
pres]vation ( ord]1 & = ! atta9m5t (    
habits ( dilig5ce1 _! great design 01 by
 ! in/ruction ( ^?  committ$ to _! *>ge1
 to tra9 !m up = ! "w ( !  m9i/ry4 ,h5ce
 x has be5 ju/ly obs]v$1 t ! ,culdean   
frat]nities may m prop]ly be view$ z    
colleges ?an z  mona/]ies2 z be+ 9 fact1
 ! sem9>ies ( ! *ur* bo? 9  ,nor?       
,brita9 & 9 ,irel&4 ,!re 7 also ,culdees
 9 ,wales2 &1 =  _m ages1 ! ,*ri/ians ( 
t c\ntry held ! same doctr9es1 &  obs]v$
 ! same rites1 ) _! ,scotti% & ,iri%    
bre?r54 ,!  presbyt]s n only act$ z !   
m9i/]s ( religion to ^? 9 _!  vic9ity1 b
 7 /ill in/ruct+ o!rs1 & s5d+ =?        
mission>ies :5ev] !y _h a call1 or any  
prospect ( success4    #b4 ,9 ea* regul>
 e/abli%m5t ( ! ,culdees1 x w\ld appe> t
  !re 7 twelve bre?r51 ) "o :o presid$  

ov] !m4 ,_!  ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t has 
be5 view$ z mat]ially ! same )  !       
,presbyt]ian4 ,_! presid5t1 or abbot1 0 
n a bi%op1 b a  presbyt]2 to ^:         
au?ority1 z we le>n f ,b$e1 ev5 ! bi%ops
  ( ! di/rict 7 subject4 ,9 _! meet+s1  
all matt]s 7  settl$ by plurality (     
voices4 ,! memb]s ( ?is c\ncil _h !     
g5]al designation ( s5iores1 or eld]s4  
,to !m1 collectively1  belong$ ! trial (
 ! gifts ( ^? :o _h be5 educat$ 9 _!    
sem9>ies1 :5 !y 7 to be employ$ 9 !     
public m9i/ry2 f  !m !y receiv$         
ord9ation & mission1 & to !m !y 7       
am5able 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! (fice4 ,^? :om 
!y ?us employ$  are1 by anci5t writ]s1  
(t5 d5om9at$ bi%ops4 ,b t !y  atta*$ to 
?is designation no dignity sup]ior to t 
( presbyt]1  appe>s incontrov]tible f _!
 be+ aft]w>d call$ to acc\nt1  &        
sometimes c5sur$ by ! frat]nity4 ,x has 
be5 ass]t$ by !  fri5ds ( diocesan      
episcopacy1 t a bi%op mu/ always h      
resid$  at ,iona = ! purpose ( conf]r+  
ord9ation4 ,b !re is n !  slighte/      

evid5ce ( ?is4 ,! contr>y appe>s f all !
 records (  ^! e>ly ages4 ,we le>n f !  
,saxon ,*ronicle1 t 8!re 0  always an   
abbot at ,hii1 b no bi%op40 ,x is a     
s+ul> fact1 t  ^? :o 7 fir/ ackn[l$g$ z 
bi%ops 9 ! nor!rn p>ts (  ,engl&1 & 7   
inde$ in/rum5tal 9 ! introduction (     
,*ri/ianity !re1 7 n only tra9$ up at   
,iona1 b receiv$ all  _! au?ority f !   
c\ncil ( s5iors 9 t isl&4 ,?is 0 !  case
 ) respect to ,corman1 ! bi%op ( !      
,nor?umbrians1 z well z  ,aidan1 ,f9an1 
& ,colman1 :o succe$$ ea* o!r 9 ?is     
mission4 ,f  ! te/imony ( ,b$e1 x is    
evid5t t by means ( ,scotti%            
mission>ies1 or ( ^? :om !y _h in/ruct$ 
& orda9$1 n  only ! ,nor?umbrians1 b !  
,middle-,angles1 ! ,m]cians &           
,ea/-,saxons1 all ! way to ! riv]       
,?ames1 t is1 ! inhabitants  ( by f> !  
greate/ "p ( ! c\ntry n[ call$ ,engl&1 7
  conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity2 & = "s "t     
ackn[l$g$ subjection to  ! ecclesia/ical
 gov]nm5t ( ! ,scots4 ,! latt] lo/ _!   
influ5ce m]ely because _! mission>ies   

*ose r to give up  _! *>ges ?an to      
submit to ! prevail+ influ5ce ( ! *ur*  
( ,rome1 to :i* ! ,saxons ( ! we/ & (   
,k5t _h subject$  !mselves4    #c4 ,_!  
doctr9es 7 n less unpalatable ?an _!    
mode (  gov]nm5t to ! fri5ds ( ! *ur* ( 
,rome4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 a v  e>ly p]iod1 !  
adh]5ts ( ! ,popi% mission>y ,augu/9e 7 
view$ by ! delegates f ,iona 9 ! light (
 h]etics4 ,!y  accord+ly refus$ to hold 
communion ) !m4 ,matt]s 7 c>ri$ s  high 
9 support ( ! ,roman au?ority 9 ! synod 
( ,/rones*al*1  n[ ,:itby1 9 ,engl&1 ,a4
 ,d4 #ffb1 t ,colman1 ! ,scotti% bi%op (
  ,l9disf>ne1 left 8 bi%opric1 & ) 8    
adh]5ts return$ to  ,scotl&4 ,?us1 z    
,b$e in=ms u1 8! ,ca?olic in/itution    
daily  increas+1 all ! ,scots :o resid$ 
among ! ,angles1 ei!r con=m$  to !m or  
return$ to _! own c\ntry40 ,x 0 decre$ 9
 ! c\ncil  ( ,cealhy!1 ,a4 ,d4 #haf1 t  
no ,scotti% prie/ %\ld be all[$ to  p]=m
 any duty ( 8 function 9 ,engl&4 ,b 9   
,scotl& ! ,culdean  doctr9e _h tak5     
deep] root2 &1 al?\gh equally (f5sive to

 !  vot>ies ( ,rome1 kept its gr\nd =   
sev]al c5turies4 ,! ,popi%  writ]s      
!mselves celebrate ! piety1 ! purity1 ! 
humility1 &  ev5 ! le>n+1 ( ! ,culdees2 
b :ile !y 7 displeas$ )  ! simplicity1  
or :at !y deem$ ! b>b>ism1 ( _! wor%ip1 
!y *>g$ !m ) v>i\s deviations f ! fai? (
 ! ,ca?olic  *ur*4 ,x 0 n ! lea/ ( ^!1 t
 !y did n obs]ve ,ea/]  at ! prop] "t4  
,!y did n ackn[l$ge auricul> confession2
 !y  reject$ p5ance & au?oritative      
absolution2 !y made no use (  *rism 9   
baptism2 confirmation 0 unkn[n2 !y      
oppos$ ! doctr9e  ( ! real pres5ce2 !y  
)/ood ! idolatr\s wor%ip ( sa9ts  &     
angels1 d$icat+ all _! *ur*es to ! ,holy
 ,tr9ity2 !y  d5i$ ! doctr9e ( works (  
sup]]ogation2 !y 7 enemies to !         
celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 !mselves liv+ 9 !   
m>ri$ /ate4 ,"o  sweep+ *>ge br\ght     
aga9/ !m is1 t !y pref]r$ _! own        
op9ions to 8! /atutes ( ! holy fa!rs40  
#d4 ,! ,scots1 hav+ receiv$ ! ,*ri/ian  
fai? by ! lab\rs ( !  ,culdees1 long    
)/ood ! errors & usurpations ( ,rome4 ,x

 0 n  till ! twelf? c5tury t _! influ5ce
 began to decl9e4 ,!  diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
l[] classes ( society 9 ,engl& & ^? (  !
 same description 9 ,scotl&1 bo? )      
respect to religi\s  k & moral conduct1 
is g5]ally consid]$ to be v  /rik+4 ,"s 
writ]s1 ^: att5tion has be5 arre/$ by   
?is  s+ul> circum/ance1 & :o c\ld n be  
influ5c$ by local  atta*m5ts1 h ascrib$ 
! disp>ity to ! relative influ5ce1      
h[ev] remote x may seem1 ( ! doctr9e &  
example ( ! ,culdees4  ,not)/&+ _! great
 dis9t]e/$ness & dilig5ce 9  propagat+ !
 ,gospel 9 ,engl&1 ^! good m51 x has be5
 rem>k$1  )9 ?irty ye>s aft] !          
comm5cem5t ( _! mission1 7  oblig$ to   
give way to ! adh]5ts ( ,rome2 :]eas !  
,scots1 x is  c]ta9ly kn[n1 enjoy$ !    
b5efit ( _! lab\rs = m ?an  sev5        
c5turies1 & seem to h /ill reta9$ _!    
pr$ilection =  ! doctr9es & modes :i* !y
 s e>ly receiv$4    ,,cumm91 1 ,isaiah  
xxviii1 #be1 #bg2 1 ,matt4 xxiii1 #bc4  
,?is is  an umbellif]\s plant1 9 appe>a 
resembl+ f5nel1 b small]4 ,is  se$s h a 

bitt]i% w>m ta/e1 accompani$ ) an       
aromatic flav\r1  n ( ! mo/ agreeable   
k9d4 ,an ess5tial oil is obta9$ f !m  by
 di/illation4 ,! ,jews s[$ x 9 _!       
fields1 & :5 ripe  ?re%$ out ! se$s ) a 
rod1 ,isaiah xxviii1 #be1 #bg4 ,!       
,maltese  s[ x1 & collect ! se$s 9 !    
same mann]4    ,,cup4 ,?is ^w is tak5 9 
a tw(old s5se2 prop]1 & figurative4 ,9 a
  prop] s5se1 x signifies a vessel1 su* 
z p dr9k out ( at  meals1 ,g54 xl1 #ac4 
,x 0 anci5tly ! cu/om1 at great         
ent]ta9m5ts1 = ! gov]nor ( ! fea/ to    
appo9t to ea* ( 8  gue/s ! k9d &        
proportion ( w9e :i* !y 7 to dr9k1 &    
:at he _h ?us appo9t$ !m x 0 deem$ a    
brea* ( good mann]s  ei!r to refuse or n
 to dr9k up2 h5ce a man's cup1 bo? 9    
sacr$  & pr(ane au?ors1 came to signify 
! portion1 :e!r ( good or  evil1 :i*    
happ5s to him 9 ?is _w4 ,?us1 to dr9k 8!
 cup (  trembl+10 or ( 8! fury ( ! ,"l10
 is to be afflict$ ) sore  & t]rible    
judgm5ts1 ,isaiah li1 #ag2 ,j]emiah xxv1
 #ae-bi2 ,psalm lxxv1  #h4 ,:at ,*ri/   

means by ! expression1 we _c be at a    
loss to  und]/&1 s9ce 9 two rem>kable   
passages1 ,luke xxii1 #db1 & ,john      
xviii1 #aa1 he has be5 8 own int]pret]4 
,le?ale poculum bib]e1  8to dr9k !      
deadly cup10 or cup ( dea?1 0 a common  
phrase among  ! ,jews2 & f !m1 we h     
reason to believe1 our ,"l borr[$  x4   
,,cup ,,( ,,bless+1 #a ,cor9?4 x1 #af1  
is t :i* 0 bless$ 9  ent]ta9m5ts (      
c]emony1 or solemn s]vices2 or1 r1 a cup
 ov]  :i* ,god 0 bless$ = hav+ furni%$  
its cont5ts2 t is1 =  giv+ to m5 ! fruit
 ( ! v9e4 ,our ,savi\r1 9 ! ,la/ ,supp]1
  bless$ ! cup1 & gave x to ea* ( 8     
,apo/les to dr9k1 ,luke  xxii1 #bj4     
,,cup ,,( ,,salvation1 ,psalm cxvi1 #ac1
 a phrase ( ne>ly ! same import z  !    
=m]1 a cup ( ?anksgiv+1 ( bless+ ! ,"l =
 8 sav+  m]cies4 ,we see1 9 #b ,macc4   
vi1 #bg1 t ! ,jews ( ,egypt1 9 _!       
fe/ivals = deliv]ance1 (f]$ cups (      
salvation4 ,! ,jews h at  ?is day cups (
 ?anksgiv+1 :i* are bless$1 9 _! m>riage
  c]emonies1 & 9 ent]ta9m5ts made at !  

circumcision ( _!  *ildr54 ,"s          
comm5tators ?9k t 8! cup ( salvation0 0 
a  libation ( w9e p\r$ on ! victim      
sacrific$ on ?anksgiv+  occasions1      
accord+ to ! law ( ,moses1 ,exod4 xxix1 
#dj4    ,,curse4 ,to curse1 signifies to
 imprecate1 to call = mis*ief ^u1 or    
wi% evil to1 any "o4 ,noah curs$ 8      
gr&son ,canaan1 ,g54 ix1 #be3  ,jacob   
curs$ ! fury ( 8 two sons1 ,g54 xlix1   
#g3 ,moses enjo9s !  p ( ,israel to     
d5\nce curses aga9/ ! violat]s ( ! law1 
,deut4 xxvii1 #ae1 #af1 c4 ,jo%ua       
pron\nc$ a curse ^u him :o %\ld         
und]take to rebuild ,j]i*o4 ,^! curses 7
 su* z 7 ei!r  orda9$ by ,god himself1 &
 pron\nc$ by m5 "u ! influ5ce (  8 ,_s2 
or !y 7 pr$ictions ( c]ta9 evils :i*    
w\ld happ5  to individuals1 or to a p1  
utt]$ 9 ! =m ( imprecations4  ,!y 7 n ! 
effects ( passion1 impati5ce1 or rev5ge2
 &1  !re=e1 7 n ?+s condemn$ by ,god 9 8
 law1 l ! curs+  m5tion$1 ,exodus xxi1  
#ag1 xxii1 #bh1 ,leviticus xix1 #ad4    
,,cu%1 ! elde/ son ( ,ham1 & fa!r (     

,nimrod1 ,seba1 ,havilah1  ,sabtah1     
,raamah1 & ,sabte*a2 & ! gr&fa!r ( ,%eba
 & ,d$an4  ,! po/]ity ( ,cu%1 spread ov]
 great "p ( ,asia & ,africa1 7  call$   
,cu%im1 or ,cu%ites2 & by ! ,greeks &   
,romans1 & 9 our  ,bible1 ,e?iopians4   
,,cu%1 ,,cu?a1 ,,cu!a1 ,,cu%an1         
,,e?iopia1 ,l& ( ,cu%1 ! c\ntry or      
c\ntries peopl$ by ! desc5dants ( ,cu%2 
^: fir/ plantations  7 on ! gulf (      
,p]sia1 9 t "p :i* /ill be>s ! "n (     
,*uze/an1 & f :5ce !y spread ov] ,india 
& great "p (  ,arabia2 p>ticul>ly its   
we/]n "p1 on ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea2       
invad$ ,egypt1 "u ! "n ( ,hyc-,sos1 or  
%eph]d-k+s2 & !nce  pass$1 z well       
probably z by ! /raits ( ,babelm&el1    
into ,c5tral  ,africa1 & fir/ peopl$ !  
c\ntries to ! s\? ( ,egypt1 ,nubia1     
,abyss9ia1 & p>ts f>!r to ! s\? & we/4  
,! indiscrim9ate  use ( ! t]m ,e?iopia 9
 our ,bible1 = all ! c\ntries peopl$ by 
! po/]ity ( ,cu%1 & ! almo/ exclusive   
application ( ! same  t]m by ! ,greek & 
,roman writ]s to ! be=e m5tion$ c\ntries

 (  ,africa1 h involv$ "s portions ( bo?
 sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory  9 almo/         
inextricable confusion4 ,! fir/ c\ntry  
:i* bore ?is  "n1 & :i* 0 d\btless !    
orig9al settlem5t1 0 t :i* is  describ$ 
by ,moses z encompass$ by ! riv] ,gihon1
 or ,gyndes2 :i*  encircles a great "p (
 ! prov9ce ( ,*uze/an 9 ,p]sia4 ,9      
process ( "t1 ! increas+ family spread  
ov] ! va/ t]ritory (  ,india & ,arabia3 
! :ole ( :i* tract1 f ! ,ganges to !    
bord]s ( ,egypt1 !n became ! l& ( ,cu%1 
or ,asiatic ,e?iopia1 !  ,cu%a ,dweepa  
)91 ( ,h9doo geography4 ,until          
dispossess$ ( ?is  c\ntry1 or a great "p
 ( x1 by ! po/]ity ( ,abraham1 !        
,i%maelites & ,midianites1 !y1 by a f>!r
 disp]sion1 pass$ ov]  into ,africa2    
:i*1 9 its turn1 became ! l& ( ,cu%1 or 
,e?iopia1  ! ,cu%a ,dweepa )\t1 ( !     
,h9doos3 ! only c\ntry s  und]/ood aft] 
! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ra4 ,ev5 f ?is
  la/ refuge1 !y 7 compell$1 by ! influx
 ( fre% settl]s f  ,arabia1 ,egypt1 &   
,canaan1 to ext5d _! migrations /ill    

f>!r  we/w>d1 into ! he>t ( ! ,african  
cont95t2 :]e only 9 !  woolly-head$     
negro1 ! g5u9e ,cu%ite is to be f\nd4   
,h]odotus relates t ,x]xes _h1 9 ! army 
prep>$ = 8 ,grecian  exp$ition1 bo?     
,ori5tal & ,african ,e?iopians3 & adds1 
t !y  resembl$ ea* o!r 9 e outw>d       
circum/ance except _! hair2  t ( !      
,asiatic ,e?iopians be+ long & /raight1 
:ile ! hair  ( ^? ( ,africa 0 curl$4    
,?is is a v rem>kable fact2 & leads  to 
! "q1 ,h[ came ?is s+ul> di/9ction      
betwe5 p (  ! same /ock8 ,did x arise f 
*ange ( climate & ( habits8 or  f "s    
orig9al diff]5ce 9 a p>ticul> bran* ( ! 
great family  ( ,cu%8 ,! =m] appe>s by  
f> ! m probable4 ,x is n likely  t a p  
desc5d$ f a common p>5t %\ld naturally  
be  di/+ui%$ by su* a peculi> diff]5ce2 
b t x might be  acquir$ by *ange ( soil 
& condition1 we h e reason to  believe4 
,we h some?+ exactly analog\s to x1 9 ! 
*ange :i*  ! hair ( animals und]goes :5 
remov$ f _! native /ate4 ,b  a mod]n    
writ] has furni%$ u ) a fact :i* w g    

f>!r ?an  ei!r !ory or analogy4 ,dr4    
,pri*>d1 9 8 rese>*es into !  ,physical 
,hi/ory ( ,man1 relates1 on ! au?ority (
 ,dr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,smi?1  ( ! negroes settl$
 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( 
,am]ica1 t ! field-slaves1 :o live on ! 
plantations1 & reta9  pretty ne>ly !    
rude mann]s ( _! ,african prog5itors1   
pres]ve 9  ! ?ird g5]ation mu* ( _!     
orig9al /ructure1 ?\gh _!  features are 
n s /rongly m>k$ z ^? ( import$ slaves4 
,b !  dome/ic s]vants ( ! same race1 :o 
are treat$ ) l5ity1 &  ^: condition is  
little diff]5t f t ( ! l[] class (  :ite
 p1 9 ! ?ird g5]ation h ! nose rais$1 ! 
m\?  & lips ( mod]ate size1 ! eyes      
lively & sp>kl+1 & (t5 !  :ole          
composition ( ! features extremely      
agreeable4 8,! hair gr[s  s5sibly long] 
9 ea* succe$+ race1 & ext5ds to ?ree1   
f\r1 &  sometimes to six or eight       
in*es40    ,ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e   
,*ri/1 ,h]odotus1 9 8 second book  :i*  
treats ( ,egypt1 makes frequ5t m5tion ( 
,e?iopia2 mean+  exclusively ! ,e?iopia 

above ,egypt4 ,9 ! "t ( our ,savi\r1 7& 
inde$ f t "t =w>d17 by ,e?iopia1 0      
meant1 9 a g5]al  s5se1 ! c\ntries s\? (
 ,egypt1 !n b imp]fectly kn[n3 ( "o  (  
:i*1 t ,c&ace 0 que5 ^: eunu* 0 baptiz$ 
by ,philip4    ,f a review ( ! hi/ory ( 
?is rem>kable p1 we may see t  ^? writ]s
 mu/ necess>ily be wrong :o w\ld conf9e 
! ,e?iopians  to ei!r ,arabia or        
,africa4 ,_m p>ts ( ,scripture hi/ory _c
  possibly be und]/ood1 )\t suppos+ !m  
to h settlem5ts 9  bo?2 :i* ,h]odotus   
expressly ass]ts 0 ! case4 ,9 f9e1 we   
may  conclude1 t 9 ! times ( ! prophets1
 & dur+ ! transactions  record$ 9 !     
second books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles1 !     
,cu%ites1  /ill reta9+ a "p ( _! anci5t 
t]ritories 9 ,arabia1 _h  cross$ ! ,r$  
,sea 9 great numb]s1 & obta9$ ext5sive  
possessions  9 ,africa2 :]e1 be+1 9 a   
f>!r c\rse ( "t1 altoge!r  expell$ f !  
ea/ by ! ,i%maelites1 c1 _! rema9s are  
n[  conc5trat$4 ,x is to be obs]v$1     
h[ev]1 t ! ,cu%ites probably  at ! "t ( 
_! expulsion f ,egypt1 migrat$1 or s5t  

colonies  into sev]al o!r p>ts1         
p>ticul>ly to ,ph5icia1 ,col*is1 &      
,greece2  :]e1 9 process ( "t1 !y became
 bl5d$ ) ! o!r  inhabitants ( ^?        
c\ntries1 ! families ( ,javan1 ,me%ek1 &
  ,tubal1 & _! di/9ctive "* totally lo/4
    ,,cypress1 1 ,isa4 xliv1 #ad2 & 1   
,ecclus4 xxiv1 #ac2 l1 #aj2 a  l>ge     
ev]gre5 tree4 ,! wood is fragrant1 v    
compact1 & heavy4 ,x  sc>cely ev] rots1 
decays1 or is worm-eat52 = :i* reason ! 
anci5ts us$ to make ! /atues ( _! gods )
 x4 ,!  unp]i%able *e/s :i* conta9 !    
,egyptian mummies 7 ( cypress4  ,! gates
 ( ,/4 ,pet]'s *ur* at ,rome1 :i* _h    
la/$ f ! "t  ( ,con/ant9e to t ( ,pope  
,eug5e ,,iv1 t is to say elev5 hundr$   
ye>s1 7 ( cypress1 & _h 9 t "t suff]$ no
 decay4 ,b  ,celsius ?9ks t ,isaiah     
speaks ( ! ilex1 a k9d ( oak2 & ,bi%op  
,l[?1 t ! p9e is int5d$4 ,! cypress1    
h[ev]1 0 m  frequ5tly us$1 & m fit = !  
purpose :i* ! prophet  m5tions1 ?an ei!r
 ( ^! trees4    ,,cyprus1 a l>ge isl& 9 
! ,m$it]ranean1 situat$ betwe5 ,cilicia 

& ,syria4 ,its inhabitants 7 plung$ 9   
all mann] ( luxury &  debau*]y4 ,_!     
pr9cipal deity 0 ,v5us4 ,! ,apo/les     
,paul &  ,b>nabas l&$ 9 ! isle (        
,cyprus1 ,a4 ,d4 #dd1 ,acts xiii1 #d4   
,:ile  !y cont9u$ at ,salamis1 !y prea*$
 ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ! ,jewi%  synagogues2 f 
!nce !y visit$ all ! cities ( ! isl&1   
prea*+ ! ,gospel4 ,at ,paphos1 !y f\nd  
,b>-,jesus1 a false prophet1  ) ,s]gius 
,paulus1 ! gov]nor3 ,paul /ruck         
,b>-,jesus ) bl9dness2  & ! proconsul   
embrac$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,"s "t aft]1       
,b>nabas w5t  aga9 into ?is isl& )      
,john1 surnam$ ,m>k1 ,acts xv1 #ci4     
,b>nabas  is consid]$ z ! pr9cipal      
,apo/le1 & fir/ bi%op1 ( ,cyprus2  :]e x
 is said he 0 m>tyr$1 be+ /on$ to dea?  
by ! ,jews (  ,salamis4    ,,cyr5e 0 a  
city ( ,lybia 9 ,africa1 :i*1 z x 0 !   
pr9cipal  city ( t prov9ce1 gave to x ! 
"n ( ,cyr5aica4 ,?is city 0  once s     
p[]ful z to cont5d ) ,c>?age = prem95ce4
 ,9 pr(ane  writ]s1 x is m5tion$ z !    
bir?place ( ,erato/h5es !  ma!matician1 

& ,callima*us ! poet2 & 9 holy writ1 (  
,simon1  :om ! ,jews compell$ to be> our
 ,savi\r's cross1 ,matt4 xxvii1 #cb2    
,luke xxiii1 #bf4 ,at ,cyr5e resid$ _m  
,jews1 a great "p ( :om  embrac$ !      
,*ri/ian religion2 b o!rs oppos$ x ) mu*
  ob/9acy4 ,among ! mo/ invet]ate       
enemies ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,luke  reckons ^?
 ( ?is prov9ce1 :o _h a synagogue at    
,j]usalem1 &  excit$ ! p aga9/ ,/4      
,/eph51 ,acts xi1 #bj4    ,,cyr5ius1    
gov]nor ( ,syria1 ,luke ii1 #a1 #b4     
,great difficulties h be5  rais$ on !   
hi/ory ( ! tax+ "u ,cyr5ius1 = ! diff]5t
  solutions ( :i* we mu/ ref] to !      
comm5tators4    ,x may be obs]v$ on !   
passage 9 ,luke ii1 #a1 #b1 ,t ! ^w  1  
r5d]$ all ! _w1 sometimes signifies !   
:ole ( a  c\ntry1 region1 or di/rict1 z 
p]haps ,acts xi1 #bh1 & c]ta9ly ,luke   
xxi1 #bf4 ,! expression1 8all ! c\ntry10
 is peculi>ly prop] 9 ?is  place1       
because ,galilee1 z well z ,judea1 0    
includ$1 & p]haps all  o!r p>ts 9 :i* 7 
,jews4 ,! ^w 1 :i* is r5d]$  tax+1 %\ld 

h be5 translat$ enrolm5t2 z a taxation  
did n  always really foll[ su* enrolm5t1
 ?\gh su* enrolm5t g5]ally  prec$$ a    
taxation4 ,! difficulty ( ! passage is 9
 ! ^w 1  fir/1 because1 t5 or elev5 ye>s
 aft]1 !re 0 actually a  taxation1 :i*1 
z a decisive m>k ( subjection to !      
,roman p[]1  0 v mortify+ to ! ,jewi%   
nation4 ,to ?is taxation ,gamaliel      
alludes1 8,judas ( ,galilee rose up 9 ! 
days ( ! tax+10 ,acts v1  #cg1 :5 mobs &
 riots 7 frequ5t1 "u pret5ce ( lib]ty4  
,! n>rative ( ,/4 ,luke may be comb9$ 9 
! foll[+ ord]1 :i*  is probably n f> f  
its true import3 8,9 ^? days ,cs>       
,augu/us10 :o 0 displeas$ ) ! conduct ( 
,h]od1 & wi%$ him  to feel 8 dep5d5ce on
 ! ,roman empire1 8issu$ a decree t !   
:ole l&0 ( ,judea 8%\ld be enroll$10 z  
well p]sons z  possessions1 t ! true    
/ate ( ! inhabitants1 _! families1 &  _!
 prop]ty1 might be kn[n & record$4      
,accord+ly1 8all 7  enroll$10 b !       
taxation did n imm$iately foll[ ?is     
enrolm5t1  because ,augu/us 0 reconcil$ 

to ,h]od2 & ?is acc\nts = !  sil5ce (   
,josephus on an assessm5t n c>ri$ into  
effect4 8,& ?is  0 ! fir/ assessm5t 7or 
enrolm5t7 ( ,cyr5ius1 gov]nor ( ,syria4 
,& all w5t to be enroll$1 ea* to 8 own  
city20 &1 z !  emp]or's ord] 0 urg5t1 & 
,cyr5ius 0 kn[n to be active 9 !        
despat* ( bus9ess1 ev5 ,m>y1 ?\gh f>    
advanc$ 89 h] pregnancy1  w5t ) ,joseph1
 & :ile !y wait$0 = _! turn to be       
enroll$1  8,m>y 0 deliv]$ ( ,jesus40 ,x 
is n1 h[ev]1 improbable1 t ,m>y  _h "s  
small l&$ e/ate1 = :i* h] appe>ance 0   
necess>y4  ,jesus1 !re=e1 0 enroll$ )   
,m>y & ,joseph1 z ,julian !  ,apo/ate   
expressly says4    ,an (fic] be+ s5t f  
,rome to enrol & assess ! subjects ( a  
k+1 impli$ t su* k+ 0 dep5d5t on !      
,roman emp]or1 &  demon/rates t !       
sceptre 0 dep>t$ f ,judah4 ,?is         
occurr5ce1  add$ to ! al>m ( ,h]od on ! 
inquiry ( ! ,magi respect+ !  bir?place 
( ! ,messiah1 might suffici5tly         
exasp]ate ,h]od1 n  m]ely to slay !     
infants ( ,be?lehem1 b to e act (       

cruelty4  ,h5ce1 aft] su* an occurr5ce1 
all ,j]usalem might well be al>m$  )    
,h]od1 ,matt4 ii1 #c2 & ! prie/s1 c1    
/udy caution 9 _!  answ]s to him4 ,?is  
occurr5ce w\ld quick5 ! att5tion ( all  
:o  expect$ temporal r$emption 9        
,israel1 z x w\ld extremely mortify  e  
,jewi% national feel+4    ,! ov]rul+    
provid5ce ( ,god appo9t$1 t1 at ! "t (  
,*ri/'s bir?1 !re %\ld be a public1     
au!ntic1 & g5]al  production ( titles1  
p$igrees1 c1 :i* %\ld prove t ,jesus 0  
desc5d$ f ! h\se & direct family l9e (  
,david2 & t ?is  %\ld be prov$          
judicially on su* a scrut9iz+ occasion4 
,?is  occurr5ce br\ght ab\t ! bir? ( !  
,messiah1 at ! v place  appo9t$ by      
prophecy long be=e1 ?\gh ! usual        
resid5ce ( ,joseph  & ,m>y 0 at ,naz>e?4
    ,,cyrus1 son ( ,cambyses ! ,p]sian1 
& ( ,m&ane1 daught] (  ,a/yages1 k+ ( ! 
,m$es4 ,at ! age ( ?irty1 ,cyrus 0 made 
g5]al ( ! ,p]sian troops1 & s5t1 at !   
head ( ?irty ?\s&  m51 to assi/ 8 uncle1
 ,cyax>es1 :om ! ,babylonians 7 prep>+  

to attack4 ,cyax>es & ,cyrus gave !m    
battle1 & disp]s$ !m4  ,aft] ?is1 ,cyrus
 c>ri$ ! w> into ! c\ntries beyond !    
riv]  ,halys2 subdu$ ,cappadocia2 m>*$  
aga9/ ,crsus1 k+ ( ,lydia1  defeat$ him1
 & took ,s>dis1 8 capital4 ,hav+ r$uc$  
almo/ all  ,asia1 ,cyrus repass$ !      
,euphrates1 & turn$ 8 arms aga9/ !      
,assyrians3 hav+ defeat$ !m1 he laid    
siege to ,babylon1 :i* he took  on a    
fe/ival day1 aft] hav+ div]t$ ! c\rse ( 
! riv] :i*  ran ?r\gh x4 ,on 8 return to
 ,p]sia1 he m>ri$ 8 c\s91 !  daught] &  
heiress ( ,cyax>es2 aft] :i* he engag$ 9
 sev]al  w>s1 & subdu$ all ! nations    
betwe5 ,syria & ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,he di$  at 
! age ( sev5ty1 aft] a reign ( ?irty    
ye>s4 ,au?ors diff]  mu* conc]n+ ! mann]
 ( 8 dea?4    #b4 ,we le>n few p>ticul>s
 respect+ ,cyrus f ,scripture2 b !y  are
 m c]ta9 ?an ^? d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4     
,daniel1 9 !  rem>kable vision 9 :i*    
,god %[$ him ! ru9 ( sev]al great       
empires :i* prec$$ ! bir? ( ! ,messiah1 
repres5ts ,cyrus z 8a  ram :i* _h two   

horns1 bo? high1 b "o rose high] ?an !  
o!r1  & ! high] came up la/4 ,?is ram   
pu%$ we/w>d1 & nor?w>d1  & s\?w>d1 s t  
no bea/s might /& be=e him1 nei!r 0  !re
 any t c\ld deliv] out ( 8 h&2 b he did 
accord+ to  8 w1 & became great10       
,daniel viii1 #c1 #d1 #bj4 ,! two horns 
signify ! two empires :i* ,cyrus unit$ 9
 8 p]son1 t ( !  ,m$es & t ( ! ,p]sians4
 ,9 ano!r place1 ,daniel comp>es ,cyrus 
to a be>1 ) ?ree ribs 9 its m\?1 to :i* 
x 0 said1 8,arise1  dev\r mu* fle%40    
,cyrus succe$$ ,cambyses 9 ! k+dom (    
,p]sia1  & ,d>ius ! ,m$e 7by ,x5ophon   
call$ ,cyax>es1 & ,a/yages 9 !  ,greek (
 ,dan4 xiii1 #fe17 also 9 ! k+dom ( !   
,m$es1 & !  empire ( ,babylon4 ,he 0    
mon>*1 z he speaks 8( all ! e>?10 ,ezra 
i1 #a1 #b2 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi1 #bb1 #bc1 :5
 he p]mitt$ ! ,jews to return  into _!  
own c\ntry1 ,a4 ,m4 #cdff1 ,b4 ,c4 #ech4
 ,he _h always a  p>ticul> reg>d =      
,daniel1 & cont9u$ him 9 8 great        
employm5ts4    #c4 ,! prophets =etold ! 
exploits ( ,cyrus4 ,isaiah1 xliv1 #bh1  

p>ticul>ly decl>es 8 "n1 above a c5tury 
be=e he 0 born4  ,josephus says1 t !    
,jews ( ,babylon %[$ ?is passage to     
,cyrus2  & t1 9 ! edict :i* he grant$ = 
_! return1 he  ackn[l$g$ t he receiv$ ! 
empire ( ! _w f ! ,god (  ,israel4 ,!   
peculi> designation by "n1 :i* ,cyrus   
receiv$1 mu/ be  reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/    
rem>kable circum/ances 9 ! prophetic    
writ+s4 ,he 0 ! heir ( a mon>* :o rul$  
ov] "o ( ! poore/  & mo/ inconsid]able  
k+doms ( ,asia1 b ^: h>dy inhabitants  7
 at t "t ! brave/ ( ! brave2 & !        
provid5tial  circum/ances 9 :i* he 0    
plac$ preclud$ him f all k (  ?is       
oracul> decl>ation 9 8 fav\r4 ,he did n 
become acqua9t$  ) ! sacr$ books 9 :i* x
 0 conta9$1 nor ) ! s+ul>  p 9 ^:       
possession x 0 f\nd1 till he _h         
accompli%$ all  ! purposes = :i* he _h  
be5 rais$ up1 except t ( say+ to        
,j]usalem1 z ! 8ano9t$0 viceg]5t (      
,heav51 8,?\ %alt be  inhabit$20 & to ! 
cities ( ,judah1 8,ye %all be built1 &  
,i w  raise up _! ru9s40 ,! national    

pride ( ! ,jews dur+ ! days (  _!       
unhall[$ prosp]ity1 w\ld h9d] !m f      
divulg+ among  o!r nations su*          
prophecies z ?is1 :i* conta9$ ! mo/     
sev]e  yet des]v$ reflections ^u _!     
wick$ practices & ungrateful  conduct2 &
 x 0 only :5 !y 7 captives 9 ,babylon t 
!y  submitt$ to ! humiliat+ exp$i5t (   
exhibit+1 to ! mighty  mon>* ^: bondm5  
!y _h become1 ! prophetic record ( _!   
own  apo/asy & puni%m5t1 & ( 8 /ill     
high] de/9ation1 z !  rebuild] (        
,j]usalem4 ,no temptation !re=e c\ld be 
laid be=e !  conqu]or 9 e>ly life to    
excite 8 lat5t ambition to accompli% ?is
  v full & explicit prophecy2 & ! facts 
( 8 life1 z record$  by hi/orians ( v   
opposite s5tim5ts & feel+s1 all concur 9
  develop+ a s]ies ( consecutive ev5ts1 
9 :i* he act$ no  insignificant "p2 :i*1
 ?\gh a/oni%+ 9 _! results1 diff]       
greatly f ^? rapid /rides p]ceptible 9 !
 hurri$ c>e] (  o!r mighty m5 ( w> 9 !  
ea/2 & :i*1 f ! unbrok5  connection 9   
:i* !y are pres5t$ to u1 appe> l !      

common  occurr5ces ( life naturally     
foll[+ ea* o!r1 & mutually  dep5d5t4    
,yet ?is consid]ation does n preclude ! 
pres5ce ( a  mighty ,_s work+ )9 him2   
:i*1 accord+ to ,isaiah1 said to  him1  
8,i w gird !e1 ?\gh ?\ ha/ n kn[n me40  
,conc]n+ !  g5ius1 or gu>dian angel1 (  
,socrates _m le>n$ controv]sies h       
aris52 b1 ?\gh a few ( ! disputants h   
endeav\r$ to expla9  x away1 ! majority 
( !m h left ! ,greek philosoph] 9       
possession ( a great] portion (         
inspiration ?an1 ) m>vell\s             
inconsi/5cy1 "s ( !m are will+ to accord
 to ! ,jewi%  prophets4 ,9 ?is view x is
 highly int]e/+ to recollect t !        
elegant hi/orian :o fir/ in=m$ 8 ref9$  
c\ntrym5 ( ?is  moral prodigy1 is he :o 
subsequ5tly introduc$ !m to an          
acqua9tance  ) ! noble & h]oic ,cyrus4  
,! didactic disc\rses & !  comp>atively 
elevat$ morality :i* ,x5ophon embodi$ 9 
8 8,memoirs  ( ,socrates10 are g5]ally  
admitt$ to h be5 purposely illu/rat$  9 
8 subsequ5t admirable production1 !     

,cyropdia1 or 8,education  ( ,cyrus20 ! 
basis ( :i* is true hi/ory adorn$ &     
ref9$ by  philosophy1 & exhibit+ =      
univ]sal imitation ! life & actions  ( a
 pr9ce :o 0 cradl$ 9 ! anci5t ,p]sian   
s*ool ( !  ,pis*dadians1 ! p>5t ( !     
,socratic4 ,isaiah describes1 9 f9e     
poetic imag]y1 ! ,almighty go+ be=e     
,cyrus to remove e  ob/ruction out ( 8  
way3--               8,i w g be=e !e1 & 
level m\nta9s1             ,i w bur/    
asund] ! fold+-doors ( brass1           
,& split 9 twa9 ! b>s ( iron4           
,ev5 ,i w give !e ! d>k treasures1      
,& ! hidd5 weal? ( secret places3       
,t ?\ maye/ "k1 t ,i ,,! ,,"l1          
,:o call !e by ?y "n1 am ,,! ,,god ,,(  
,,israel40    ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1    
,babylon 0 fam\s = its braz5 gates &    
doors2 a hundr$ 7 9 ! city walls1 beside
 ^? :i* l$ to !  riv]1 & o!rs :i*       
belong$ to ! temple ( ,belus4 ,:5 ,s>dis
 &  ,babylon 7 tak5 by ,cyrus1 !y 7 !   
weal?ie/ cities 9 !  _w4 ,crsus gave an 
exact inv5tory ( 8 imm5se treasures to  

,cyrus1 & !y 7 remov$ f ,s>dis 9        
waggons4 ,pl9y gives !  foll[+ acc\nt ( 
! weal? :i* ,cyrus obta9$ by 8 conque/s 
9  ,asia3 8,he f\nd ?irty-f\r ?\s&      
p\nds' weight ( gold1 beside  vessels ( 
gold1 & gold wr\ght into ! leaves ( a   
platanus & ( a  v9e2 five hundr$ ?\s&   
tal5ts ( silv]1 & ! cup ( ,semiramis1   
:i* weigh$ fifte5 tal5ts4 ,! ,egyptian  
tal5t1 accord+ to ,v>ro1  0 equal to    
eighty p\nds40 ,mr4 ,br]ewood e/imates !
 value ( !  gold & silv] 9 ?is          
enum]ation at #abf1bbd1jjjl4 /]l+4 ,o!r 
p>ticul>s relat+ to him1 & !            
accompli%m5t ( prophecy 9 8  conque/ ( t
 l>ge city1 w be f\nd "u ! article      
,babylon4  ,x is ! ,god ( ,israel :o1 9 
^! sublime prophecies1 conf\nds !  om5s 
& progno/ics ( ! ,babylonian soo?say]s  
or div9]s1 aft]  !y _h pr$ict$ !        
/ability ( t empire2 & :o ann\nces !    
re/oration ( ,israel1 & ! rebuild+ ( !  
city & temple (  ,j]usalem1 ?r\gh ,cyrus
 8 8%eph]d0 & 8 8ano9t$0 mess5g]4  ,*os5
 ?us by ,god to execute 8 high behe/s1  

he subdu$ & reign$  ov] _m nations1--!  
,cilicians1 ,syrians1 ,paphlagonians1   
,cappadocians1  ,phrygians1 ,lydians1   
,c>ians1 ,ph5icians1 ,arabians1         
,egyptians1  ,babylonians1 ,assyrians1  
,bactrians1 c4             8,i am ,he :o
 fru/rate? ! tok5s ( ! impo/ors1        
,& make? ! div9]s mad2 c4           ,:o 
sai? to ! abyss1 ,babylon1              
#8,be desolate1 & ,i w dry up ?y riv]s3'
           ,:o sai? to ,cyrus1 #8,he is 
my %eph]d1           ,& %all p]=m all my
 pleasure4'           ,?us sai? ! ,"l to
 8 ano9t$1           ,to ,cyrus :om ,i  
hold by ! "r h&1           ,to subdue   
be=e him nations1           ,& ungird ! 
lo9s ( k+s1           ,to op5 be=e him  
palace fold+-doors2           ,ev5 riv] 
gates %all n be %ut3           ,= ,jacob
 my s]vant's sake1 & ,israel my *os51   
,i h surnam$ !e20 c4    #d4 ,h]odotus   
has pa9t$ ! portrait ( ,cyrus 9 d>k     
col\rs1 & has  be5 foll[$ 9 _m p>ticul>s
 by ,ctesias1 ,diodorus ,siculus1       
,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,plato1     

,/rabo1 ,ju/91 & o!rs2 9  opposition to 
! contr>y acc\nts ( s*ylus1 ,x5ophon1   
,josephus1 !  ,p]sian hi/orians1 &1     
app>5tly1 ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,! motive
 =  ?is conduct ( ,h]odotus is probably 
to be f\nd 9 8 av]sion to  ,cyrus1 =    
hav+ be5 ! enslav] ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! ,greek
 hi/orian  0 a man ( free & indep5d5t   
_s1 & c\ld nev] brook !  m5tion ( !     
surr5d] ( 8 native city1 ,halic>nassus1 
to !  troops ( ,cyrus4 ,b1 all[+ t      
he>tlessness & cruelty are too  (t5 !   
accompanim5ts ( mighty conqu]ors1 & t v 
few escape  _! direful contagion2 yet1  
:5 ! wor/ is told ab\t ,cyrus1          
abundance ( au!ntic facts rema9 to atte/
 8 wor?1 & to elevate  8 "* above ! /&>d
 ( ord9>y mortals4 ,x5ophon in=ms  u1 t 
! sev5 la/ ye>s ( 8 full sov]eignty ?is 
pr9ce sp5t  9 peace & tranquillity at   
home1 rev]$ & belov$ by all classes (  8
 subjects4 ,9 8 dy+ mom5ts he 0 surr\nd$
 by 8 family1  fri5ds1 & *ildr52 &      
deliv]$ to !m ! noble/ exhortations to  
! practice ( piety1 virtue1 & concord4  

,?is te/imony is 9  sub/ance confirm$ by
 ! ,p]sian hi/orians1 :o relate1 t1 aft]
 a  long & bloody w>1 ,khosru1 or       
,cyrus1 subdu$ ! empire ( ,turan1 &     
made ! city ( ,balk1 9 ,*orasan1 a royal
 resid5ce1 to keep 9 ord]  8 new        
subjects2 t he repaid e family 9 ,p]sia 
prop] !  am\nt ( _! w>-taxes1 out ( !   
imm5se spoils :i* he _h  acquir$ by 8   
conque/s2 t he endeav\r$ to promote     
peace &  h>mony betwe5 ! ,turanians &   
,iranians2 t he regulat$ ! pay (  8     
soldi]y1 re=m$ civil & religi\s abuses  
?r\gh\t !  prov9ces1 &1 at l5g?1 aft] a 
long & glori\s reign1 resign$ !  cr[n to
 8 son ,lohorasp1 & retir$ to solitude1 
confess+ t he  _h liv$ long en\gh = 8   
own glory1 & t x 0 !n "t =  him to      
devote ! rema9d] ( 8 days to ,god4      
,saadi1 9 8 ,guli/an1  copies ! wise    
inscription :i* ,cyrus ord]$ to be      
inscrib$ on 8  cr[n3 8,:at avails a long
 life sp5t 9 ! enjoym5t ( worldly       
gr&eur1 s9ce o!rs1 mortal l ourselves1 w
 "o day trample  "u foot our pride6 ,?is

 cr[n1 h&$ d[n to me f my  pr$ecessors1 
mu/ soon pass 9 succession ^u ! head (  
_m  o!rs40 ,9 ! la/ book ( ! 8,cyropdia0
 we f9d ! foll[+  dev\t ?anksgiv+s to ! 
gods3 8,i am abundantly ?ankful = be+   
truly s5sible ( y\r c>e1 & = nev] be+   
elat$ by prosp]ity  above my condition4 
,i besee* y to prosp] my *ildr51 wife1  
fri5ds1  & c\ntry4 ,& = myself1 ,i ask1 
t su* z is ! life ye h  v\*saf$ to me1  
su* may be my end40 ,! reflections (    
,dr4 ,hales on  ?is passage are v       
judici\s3 8,"h1 ,x5ophon1 a poly!i/     
himself1  repres5ts ,cyrus pray+ to !   
gods 9 ! plural numb]2 b t he  really   
pray$ to "o only1 ! patri>*al ,god1     
wor%ipp$ by 8  v5]able ance/ors1 !      
,pis*dadians1 may appe> f ! wat*word1 or
  signal1 :i* he gave to 8 soldi]s be=e 
! great battle1 9 :i*  ,evil ,m]oda* 0  
sla93                           4       
8,,jove1 ,,our ,,savi\r ,,& ,,lead]40   
,:o ?is god 01 we le>n f ! preamble ( 8 
fam\s proclamation1  p]mitt+ ! ,jews to 
return f ! ,babylonian captivity3 #8,!  

,"l1  ! ,god ( heav51 ha? giv5 me all ! 
k+doms ( ! e>?1 & he  ha? *>g$ me to    
build him a h\se at ,j]usalem1' c1 ,ezra
 i1 #a1 #b4  ,b :]e did ! ,"l1 7,iahoh1 
or ,jove7 s *>ge him8--,9 t signal      
prophecy ( ,isaiah1 pr$ict+ 8 "n & 8    
actions1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4  #gab1 above a    
c5tury be=e 8 bir?2 a prophecy :i* 0    
und\bt$ly  communicat$ to him by !      
v5]able ,prophet ,daniel1 ! ,ar*imagus1 
:o  saw ! beg9n+ ( ! ,babyloni%         
captivity1 & also its end1 "h  =etold to
 be effect$ by ! in/rum5tality (        
,cyrus40    #e4 ,pl9y notices ! tomb (  
,cyrus at ,passag>d 9 ,p]sia4 ,arrian & 
,/rabo describe x2 & !y agree )         
,curtius1 t ,alex&] !  ,great (f]$      
fun]al hon\rs to 8 %ade !re2 t he op5$ !
  tomb1 & f\nd1 n ! treasures he        
expect$1 b a rott5 %ield1 two  ,scy?ian 
b[s1 & a ,p]sian scymet>4 ,& ,plut>*    
records !  foll[+ inscription ^u x1 9 8 
life ( ,alex&]3--8,o man1  :oev] ?\ art1
 & :5ev] ?\ come/1 7= come1 ,i "k1 ?\   
wilt17 ,i am ,cyrus1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian

 empire4 ,envy me n !  little e>? t     
cov]s my body40 ,alex&] 0 mu* affect$ at
 ?is  inscription1 :i* set be=e him1 9 s
 /rik+ a light1 !  unc]ta9ty &          
vicissitude ( worldly ?+s4 ,& he plac$ !
 cr[n  ( gold :i* he wore1 ^u ! tomb 9  
:i* ! body lay1 wond]+  t a pr9ce s     
r5[n$1 & possess$ ( su* imm5se          
treasures1 _h  n be5 buri$ m sumptu\sly 
?an if he _h be5 a private p]son4       
,cyrus1 inde$1 9 8 la/ in/ructions to 8 
*ildr51 desir$ t  88 body1 :5 he di$1   
might n be deposit$ 9 gold or silv]1 nor
  9 any o!r sumptu\s monum5t1 b         
committ$1 z soon z possible1 to  !      
gr\nd40    ,! obs]vation :i* ,dr4 ,hales
 "h makes1 is wor?y ( record3--8,?is  is
 a mo/ signal & extraord9>y epitaph4 ,x 
seems to h be5  design$ z a useful      
mem5to mori1 mem5to ( dea?1 = ,alex&]  !
 ,great1 9 ! full pride ( conque/1 8^:  
com+0 x pr$icts  ) a prophetic _s1 8,=  
come ,i "k ?\ wilt40 ,b h[ c\ld  ,cyrus 
"k ( 8 com+8--,v easily4 ,daniel !      
,ar*imagus1 8  v5]able fri5d1 :o w>n$ ! 

haughty ,nebu*adnezz>1 t 8head (  gold10
 or f\nd] ( ! ,babylonian empire1 t x   
%\ld be subv]t$  by 8! brea/ & arms (   
silv]10 ,dan4 ii1 #cg1 #ci1 or 8! ,m$e &
  ! ,p]sian10 ,d>ius & ,cyrus1 z he m   
pla9ly told ! impi\s  ,bel%azz>1 ,dan4  
v1 #bh1 we may re/ assur$1 communicat$  
to ,cyrus also1  ! f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian    
empire1 ! symbolical vision ( ! goat1  )
 ! notable horn 9 8 =ehead1 ,alex&] (   
,mac$on com+  swiftly f ! we/1 to       
ov]turn ! ,p]sian empire1 ,daniel viii1 
#e1  #h1 "u ! la/ k+ ,codomannus1 ! f\r?
 f ,d>ius ,no?us1 z  aft]w>d m di/9ctly 
expla9$1 ,dan4 xi1 #a1 #d4 ,cyrus1      
!re=e1  decid$ly addresses ! %ort-liv$  
conqu]or1 ,o man1 :oev] ?\ art1  c4     
8,juv5al1 9 t noble satire1 ! t5?1 v]se 
#afh1 has a f9e  reflection on ! vanity 
( ,alex&]'s wild ambition to conqu]     
worlds1  soon de/9$ himself to be conf9$
 9 a n>r[ c(f92 by a po9t$  allusion to 
! epitaph on ! tomb ( ,cyrus3--         
,unus ,pello ,juv5i non sufficit orbis2 
/uat1 infelix angu/o limite mundi3      

,cum tam5 a figulis munitam intrav]it   
urbem1          ,s>cophago cont5tus     
erit4--,mors sola fatetur               
,quantula s9t hom9um corpuscula60       
#8,a s+le globe suffices n ! ,pellan    
y\?2        ,discont5t$1 he scorns !    
scanty limits ( ! _w2        ,z if )9 a 
prison's n>r[ b\nds conf9$3        ,b :5
 he %all ent] ! brick-wall$ city1       
,babylon1        ,a c(f9 w cont5t       
him4--,! epitaph alone owns1        ,h[ 
small are ! dim9utive bodies ( m56'     
8,! emotion ( ,alex&]1 on visit+ ! tomb1
 & read+ !  inscription1 is n less      
rem>kable4 ,he evid5tly appli$ to       
himself1 z  ! de/roy]1 ! awful rebuke ( 
! f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian empire1  = violat+ !
 sanctity ( 8 tomb1 f motives ( pr(ane  
curiosity1 & p]haps ( av>ice4 ,& we may 
ju/ly consid] !  significant act ( lay+ 
d[n 8 gold5 cr[n ^u ! tomb itself1 z  an
 am5de honorable1 a homage due to !     
(f5d$ %ade ( ! pi\s  & l[ly-m9d$ ,cyrus 
! ,great40 ,^! reflections mu/ close our
  acc\nt ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable *>act]s 

t ev] appe>$  among ! ea/]n conqu]ors4  
,,dagon1 1 corn1 f 1 or 1 a fi%1 god ( !
 ,phili/9es4  ,x is ! op9ion ( "s t     
,dagon 0 repres5t$ l a woman1 )  ! l[]  
p>ts ( a fi%1 l a triton or syr54       
,scripture %[s  cle>ly t ! /atue (      
,dagon 0 human1 at lea/1 ! upp] "p (  x1
 #a ,sam4 v1 #d1 #e4 ,a temple ( ,dagon 
at ,gaza 0 pull$ d[n by ,samson1        
,judges xvi1 #bc1 c4 ,9 ano!r1 at       
,a%dod1 ! ,phili/9es deposit$ !  ark (  
,god1 #a ,sam4 v1 #a-c4 ,a city 9 ,judah
 0 call$ ,be?-,dagon2 t  is1 ! h\se1 or 
temple1 ( ,dagon1 ,jo%ua xv1 #da2 &     
ano!r on !  fronti]s ( ,a%]1 ,jo%ua xix1
 #bg4    ,,dalmanu?a4 ,/4 ,m>k says t   
,jesus ,*ri/ emb>k$ ) 8 disciples  on ! 
lake ( ,tib]ias1 & came to ,dalmanu?a1  
,m>k viii1 #aj1 b ,/4  ,mat!w calls x   
,magdala1 ,matt4 xv1 #ci4 ,x seems t    
,dalmanu?a 0  ne> to ,magdala1 on !     
we/]n side ( ! lake4    ,,dalmatia1 a "p
 ( old ,illyria1 ly+ along ! gulf (     
,v5ice4 ,titus  prea*$ "h1 #b ,tim4 iv1 
#aj4    ,,damascus1 a celebrat$ city (  

,asia1 & anci5tly ! capital ( ,syria1   
may be acc\nt$ "o ( ! mo/ v5]able places
 9 ! _w = its  antiquity4 ,x is suppos$ 
to h be5 f\nd$ by ,ux1 ! son ( ,aram2  &
 is1 at lea/1 kn[n to h subsi/$ 9 ! "t (
 ,abraham1 ,g54  xv1 #b4 ,x 0 ! resid5ce
 ( ! ,syrian k+s1 dur+ ! space (  ?ree  
c5turies2 & exp]i5c$ a numb] (          
vicissitudes 9 e  p]iod ( its hi/ory4   
,its sov]eign1 ,hadad1 :om ,josephus    
calls !  fir/ ( its k+s1 0 conqu]$ by   
,david1 k+ ( ,israel4 ,9 ! reign  (     
,ahaz1 x 0 tak5 by ,tigla? ,piles]1 :o  
slew its la/ k+1 ,rez91  & add$ its     
prov9ces to ! ,assyrian empire4 ,x 0    
tak5 &  plund]$1 also1 by ,s5na*]ib1    
,nebu*adnezz>1 ! g5]als (  ,alex&] !    
,great1 ,judas ,maccabeus1 & at l5g? by 
! ,romans 9 !  w> conduct$ by ,pompey   
aga9/ ,tigranes1 9 ! ye> be=e ,*ri/1    
#fe4  ,dur+ ! "t ( ! emp]ors1 x 0 "o (  
_! pr9cipal ars5als  9 ,asia1 & is      
celebrat$ by ! emp]or ,julian z1 ev5 9 8
 day1  8! eye ( ! :ole ea/40 ,ab\t ! ye>
 #fcd1 x 0 tak5 by !  ,s>ac5 pr9ces1 :o 

made x ! place ( _! resid5ce1 till      
,bagdad  0 prep>$ = _! reception2 &1    
aft] suff]+ a v>iety (  revolutions1 x 0
 tak5 & de/roy$ by ,tam]lane1 ,a4 ,d4   
#adjj4 ,x 0  repair$ by ! ,mamelukes1 :5
 !y ga9$ possession ( ,syria2 b 0  wre/$
 f !m by ! ,turks1 9 #aejf2 & s9ce t    
p]iod has  =m$ ! capital ( "o ( _!      
pa*alics4 ,! mod]n city is  delightfully
 situat$ ab\t fifty miles f ! sea1 9 a  
f]tile &  ext5sive pla91 wat]$ by ! riv]
 :i* ! ,greeks call$  ,*rysorrhoras1 or 
8,gold5 ,riv]10 b :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( 
,b>rady1 & ( :i* ! anci5t ,abana &      
,ph>p> are suppos$ to h  be5 bran*es4 ,!
 city is ne>ly two miles 9 l5g? f its   
nor?-ea/ to its nor?-we/ extremity2 b ( 
v inconsid]able  bread?1 especially ne> 
! middle ( its ext5t1 :]e its wid? is   
mu* contract$4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a      
circul> wall1 :i* is /rong1  ?\gh n     
l(ty2 b its suburbs are ext5sive &      
irregul>4 ,its  /reets are n>r[2 & "o ( 
!m1 call$ ,/raight1 m5tion$ 9 ,acts  ix1
 #aa1 /ill runs ?r\gh ! city ab\t half a

 mile 9 l5g?4 ,!  h\ses1 & especially ^?
 :i* front ! /reets1 are v  indiff]5tly 
built1 *iefly ( mud =m$ into ! %ape (   
bricks1 &  dri$ 9 ! sun2 b ^? t[>d !    
g>d5s1 & 9 ! squ>es1  pres5t a m h&some 
appe>ance4 ,9 ^! mud walls1 h[ev]1 !    
gates & doors are (t5 adorn$ ) m>ble    
portals1 c>v$ & inlaid  ) great beauty &
 v>iety2 & ! inside ( ! habitation1 :i* 
is g5]ally a l>ge squ>e c\rt1 is        
ornam5t$ ) fragrant trees &  m>ble      
f\nta9s1 & surr\nd$ ) spl5did ap>tm5ts1 
furni%$ &  pa9t$ 9 ! highe/ /yle (      
luxury4 ,! m>ket places are well        
con/ruct$1 & adorn$ ) a ri* colonnade ( 
v>iegat$ m>ble4 ,!  pr9cipal public     
build+s are1 ! ca/le1 :i* is ab\t ?ree  
hundr$  & =ty paces 9 l5g?2 ! hospital1 
a *>itable e/abli%m5t =  ! reception (  
/rang]s1 compos+ a l>ge quadrangle l9$ )
 a  colonnade1 & ro($ 9 small domes     
cov]$ ) lead2 & ! mosque1  ! entrance ( 
:i* is support$ by f\r l>ge columns ( r$
 granite2  ! ap>tm5ts 9 x are num]\s &  
magnific5t1 & ! top is  cov]$ ) a cupola

 ornam5t$ ) two m9>ets4    ,damascus is 
surr\nd$ by a fruitful & delightful     
c\ntry1 =m+ a  pla9 ne>ly eighty miles 9
 circumf]5ce2 & ! l&s1 mo/ adjac5t  to !
 city1 are =m$ into g>d5s ( great ext5t1
 :i* are /or$  ) fruit trees ( e        
description4 8,no place 9 ! _w10 says   
,mr4  ,maundrell 8c promise to ! behold]
 at a di/ance a great]  voluptu\sness20 
& he m5tions a tradition ( ! ,turks1 t  
_!  prophet1 :5 approa*+ ,damascus1 took
 8 /ation ^u a c]ta9  precipice1 9 ord] 
to view ! city2 &1 aft] consid]+ its    
ravi%+ beauty & delightful aspect1 0    
unwill+ to tempt 8  frailty by go+ f>!r2
 b in/antly took 8 dep>ture ) ?is       
rem>k1 t !re 0 b "o p>adise design$ =   
man1 & t1 =  8 "p1 he 0 resolv$ n to    
take 8 9 ?is _w4 ,! air or  wat] (      
,damascus1 or bo?1 are suppos$ to h a   
p[]ful effect 9  cur+ ! leprosy1 or1 at 
lea/1 9 arre/+ its progress1 :ile !     
pati5t rema9s 9 ! place4    ,! ,rev4    
,james ,conn] visit$ ,damascus 9 #ahbj1 
z an ag5t ( !  ,*ur* ,mission>y         

,society4 ,he _h a lett] f ! ar*bi%op ( 
,cyprus  to ,s]aphim1 patri>* ( ,antio*1
 ! head ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 9  ! ea/1 :o  
resides at ,damascus4 ,?is good man     
receiv$ ,mr4 ,conn] 9  ! mo/ fri5dly    
mann]2 & express$ himself delight$ ) !  
sy/em & op]ations ( ! ,bible ,society4  
,he und]took to enc\rage  & promote1 to 
! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1 ! sale & di/ribution ( 
! ,scriptures ?r\gh\t ! patri>*ate2 &1 z
 a pro( ( 8  e>ne/ness 9 ! cause1 he    
ord]$1 ! next day1 a numb] ( lett]s  to 
be prep>$1 & s5t to 8 ar*bi%ops &       
bi%ops1 urg+ !m to  promote ! objects ( 
! ,bible ,society 9 _! respective       
/ations4    ,,damn1 & ,,damnation1 are  
words synonym\s ) condemn &             
condemnation4  ,g5]ally speak+1 ! words 
are tak5 to d5ote ! f9al & et]nal       
puni%m5t ( ! ungodly4 ,^! t]ms1 h[ev]1  
sometimes occur 9 !  ,new ,te/am5t 9 :at
 may be t]m$ a less /rict1 or second>y  
s5se4  ,?us1 :5 ! ,apo/le says to !     
,romans1 8,he t d\bte?10 namely1  !     
lawfulness ( :at he is do+1 8is damn$ if

 he eat10 ,rom4 xiv1  #bc2 ! mean+ is1  
he /&s condemn$ 9 8 own m9d4 ,aga93 :5  
,/4  ,paul tells ! ,cor9?ians1 t 8he t  
eate? & dr9ke?0 ( !  ,"l's ,supp]       
8unwor?ily1 eate? & dr9ke? damnation to 
himself10  #a ,cor4 xi1 #bi2 ! orig9al  
^w1 1 !re is ?\ght by _m to  import no m
 ?an temporal judgm5ts1 & t ! ,apo/le   
expla9s  himself 9 ! same s5se :5 he    
says1 8,= ?is cause _m among y  are weak
 & sickly1 & _m sleep10 or die4 ,?is is 
at lea/ "o mode  ( int]pret+ !          
8damnation0 ( :i* ,/4 ,paul "h speaks2 b
  probably ! true s5se is ! br++ guilt  
^u ! consci5ce1 &  !reby a liability1   
)\t remission1 to future judgm5t4       
,,dan1 ! fif? son ( ,jacob1 ,g54 xxx1   
#a-f4 ,dan _h b "o son1 ^:  "n 0 ,hu%im1
 ,g54 xlvi1 #bc2 yet he _h a num]\s     
po/]ity2 =1 on  leav+ ,egypt1 ?is tribe 
consi/$ ( sixty-two ?\s& sev5 hundr$  m5
 able to be> arms1 ,num4 i1 #ch4 ,(     
,jacob's bless+ ,dan1 see ,g54  xlix1   
#af1 #ag4 ,!y took ,lai%1 ,judges xviii1
 #a2 ,jo%ua xix1 #dg4 ,!y  call$ ! city 

,dan1 aft] _! prog5itor4 ,! city ( ,dan 
0  situat$ at ! nor!rn extremity ( ! l& 
( ,israel3 h5ce !  phrase1 8f ,dan to   
,be]%eba10 d5ot+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! l&  (  
promise4 ,"h ,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat1  
set up "o ( 8 gold5  calves1 #a ,k+s    
xii1 #bi2 & ! o!r at ,be!l4    ,,danc+4 
,x is /ill ! cu/om 9 ! ea/ to te/ify _! 
respect =  p]sons ( di/9ction by music &
 danc+4 ,:5 ,b>on ,du ,tott1 :o 0  s5t  
by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t to inspect _!       
factories 9 ! ,levant1  approa*$ an     
encampm5t ( ,turcomans1 betwe5 ,aleppo &
 ,alex&retta1  ! musicians ( ! diff]5t  
hordes turn$ out1 play+ & danc+  be=e   
him all ! "t he & 8 escort 7 pass+ by _!
 camp4  ,?us1 x w be recollect$1 8! wom5
 came out ( all ! cities (  ,israel1 s++
 & danc+1 to meet ,k+ ,saul1 ) tabrets1 
) joy1  & ) in/rum5ts ( music10 :5 he   
return$ 9 triumph f !  slaught] ( !     
,phili/9es4 ,9 ! ori5tal dances1 9 :i* !
 wom5  engage by !mselves1 ! lady (     
highe/ rank 9 ! company takes !  lead1 &
 is foll[$ by h] companions1 :o imitate 

h] /eps1 & if  %e s+s1 make up ! *orus4 
,! tunes are extremely gay & lively1    
yet ) some?+ 9 !m wond]fully s(t4 ,!    
/eps are v>i$  accord+ to ! pleasure (  
h] :o leads ! dance1 b always 9  exact  
"t4 ,?is /atem5t may enable u to =m a   
correct idea ( !  dance1 :i* ! wom5 (   
,israel p]=m$ "u ! direction (  ,miriam1
 on ! banks ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! prophetess1
 we are told1 8took  a timbrel 9 h] h&1 
& all ! wom5 w5t out aft] h]1 )         
timbrels & dances40 ,%e l$ ! dance1 :ile
 !y imitat$ h] /eps1  :i* 7 n conduct$  
accord+ to a set1 well-kn[n =m1 z 9 ?is 
c\ntry1 b extemporane\s4 ,! conjecture (
 ,mr4 ,h>m] is extremely  probable1 t   
,david did n dance alone be=e ! ,"l1 :5 
he  br\ght up ! ark1 b1 z be+ ! highe/ 9
 rank1 & m skilful  ?an any ( ! p1 he l$
 ! religi\s dance ( ! males4    ,,daniel
 0 a desc5dant ( ! k+s ( ,judah1 & is   
said to h be5  born at ,upp] ,be?oron1 9
 ! t]ritory ( ,ephraim4 ,he 0 c>ri$ away
  captive to ,babylon :5 he 0 ab\t      
eighte5 or tw5ty ye>s ( age1 9  ! ye>   

#fjf be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra4 ,he 0 plac$ 9 !
 c\rt (  ,nebu*adnezz>1 & 0 aft]w>d     
rais$ to situations ( great rank &  p[]1
 bo? 9 ! empire ( ,babylon & ( ,p]sia4  
,he liv$ to ! end  ( ! captivity1 b be+ 
!n ne>ly n9ety ye>s old1 x is mo/       
probable t he did n return to ,judea4 ,x
 is g5]ally believ$ t  he di$ at ,susa1 
soon aft] 8 la/ vision1 :i* is dat$ 9 ! 
?ird  ye> ( ! reign ( ,cyrus4 ,daniel   
seems to h be5 ! only prophet  :o enjoy$
 a great %>e ( worldly prosp]ity2 b     
amid/ !  corruptions ( a lic5ti\s c\rt  
he pres]v$ 8 virtue & integrity         
inviolate1 & no dang] or temptation c\ld
 div]t him f ! wor%ip  ( ! true ,god4 ,!
 book ( ,daniel is a mixture ( hi/ory & 
prophecy3 9 ! fir/ six *apt]s is record$
 a v>iety ( ev5ts  :i* occurr$ 9 !      
reigns ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,bel%azz>1 &    
,d>ius2  &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! second *apt]  
conta9s ,nebu*adnezz>'s  prophetic dream
 conc]n+ ! f\r great successive         
mon>*ies1 & !  ev]la/+ k+dom ( !        
,messiah1 :i* dream ,god enabl$ ,daniel 

to  int]pret4 ,9 ! la/ six *apt]s we h a
 s]ies ( prophecies1  reveal$ at diff]5t
 times1 ext5d+ f ! days ( ,daniel to !  
g5]al resurrection4 ,! ,assyrian1 !     
,p]sian1 ! ,grecian1 & !  ,roman        
empires1 are all p>ticul>ly describ$ "u 
appropriate  *>act]s2 & x is expressly  
decl>$ t ! la/ ( !m 0 to be  divid$ into
 t5 less] k+doms2 ! "t at :i* ,*ri/ 0 to
 appe>  is precisely fix$2 ! rise & fall
 ( anti*ri/1 & ! duration (  8 p[]1 are 
exactly det]m9$2 & ! future re/oration (
 !  ,jews1 ! victory ( ,*ri/ ov] all 8  
enemies1 & ! univ]sal  preval5ce ( true 
religion1 are di/9ctly =etold1 z be+ to 
prec$e ! consummation ( t /up5d\s plan (
 ,god1 :i* 80 laid  be=e ! f\ndation ( !
 _w10 & rea*es to its dissolution4  ,"p 
( ?is book is writt5 9 ! ,*aldaic       
language1 namely1 f !  f\r? v]se ( !    
second *apt] to ! end ( ! sev5? *apt]2  
^! *apt]s relate *iefly to ! affairs (  
,babylon1 & x is  probable t "s passages
 7 tak5 f ! public regi/]s4 ,?is  book  
ab\nds ) ! mo/ exalt$ s5tim5ts ( piety &

 dev\t  gratitude2 its /yle is cle>1    
simple1 & concise2 & _m ( its           
prophecies are deliv]$ 9 t]ms s pla9 &  
circum/antial1 t "s  unbeliev]s h       
ass]t$1 9 opposition to ! /ronge/       
evid5ce1 t  !y 7 writt5 aft] ! ev5ts :i*
 !y describe _h tak5 place4  ,) respect 
to ! g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! hook (   
,daniel1  !re is abundance bo? ( ext]nal
 & int]nal evid5ce2 inde$ all  t c well 
be _h or desir$ 9 a case ( ?is nature3 n
 only !  te/imony ( ! :ole ,jewi% *ur* &
 nation1 :o h con/antly  receiv$ ?is    
book z canonical1 b ( ,josephus         
p>ticul>ly1 :o  recomm5ds him z !       
greate/ ( ! prophets2 ( ! ,jewi% ,t>gums
  & ,talmuds1 :i* frequ5tly cite &      
appeal to 8 au?ority2 ( ,/4  ,paul & ,/4
 ,john1 :o h copi$ _m ( 8 prophecies2 & 
( our  ,savi\r himself1 :o cites 8      
words1 & /yles him1 8,daniel !          
prophet40 ,nor is ! int]nal less p[]ful 
& conv9c+ ?an !  ext]nal evid5ce2 = !   
language1 ! /yle1 ! mann] ( writ+1  &   
all o!r int]nal m>ks & *>act]s1 are     

p]fectly agreeable to  t age2 & f9ally  
he appe>s pla9ly & und5iably to h be5 a 
prophet by ! exact accompli%m5t ( 8     
prophecies4    ,,d>ius 0 ! "n ( sev]al  
pr9ces 9 hi/ory1 "s ( :om are  m5tion$ 9
 ,scripture4    #a4 ,,d>ius ! ,m$e1     
spok5 ( 9 ,daniel v1 #ca2 ix1 #a2 xi1   
#a1 c1 0 !  son ( ,a/yages1 k+ ( !      
,m$es1 & bro!r to ,m&ane1 ! "m  (       
,cyrus1 & to ,amyit1 ! "m (             
,evil-m]oda*1 & gr&mo!r (  ,bel%azz>4   
,d>ius ! ,m$e1 !re=e1 0 uncle by ! "m's 
side  to ,evil-m]oda* & ,cyrus4 ,!      
,septuag9t1 9 ,daniel vii1 give him !   
"n ( ,artax]xes2 ! ?irte5?1 or          
apocryphal *apt] ( ,daniel1  calls him  
,a/yages2 & ,x5ophon designates him by !
 "n ( ,cyax>es4  ,he succe$$ ,bel%azz>1 
k+ ( ,babylon1 8 nephew's son1 or 8     
si/]'s gr&son1 9 ! ye> ( ! _w1 #cddh1   
accord+ to ,calmet1  or 9 #cdfh1 accord+
 to ,u%]4 ,daniel does n in=m u ( any   
previ\s w> betwe5 !m2 b ! prophets      
,isaiah & ,j]emiah supply  ?is          
defici5cy4 ,isa4 xiii1 xiv1 xlv1 xlvi1  

xlvii2 ,j]4 l1 li4    #b4 ,,d>ius1 ! son
 ( ,hy/aspes1 has be5 suppos$ by "s1 on 
!  au?ority ( ,ar*bi%op ,u%] & ,calmet1 
to be ! ,ahasu]us (  ,scripture1 & !    
husb& ( ,e/h]4 ,b ,dr4 ,prideaux ?9ks1 t
  ,ahasu]us 0 ,artax]xes ,longimanus4   
,?is pr9ce recov]$ ,babylon aft]  a     
siege ( tw5ty mon?s4 ,?is city1 :i* _h  
be5 =m]ly ! capital  ( ! ea/1 revolt$ f 
,p]sia1 tak+ advantage ( ! revolutions  
t happ5$1 fir/ at ! dea? ( ,cambyses1 & 
aft]w>d on !  massacre ( ! ,magi4 ,!    
,babylonians employ$ f\r ye>s 9         
prep>ations1 & :5 !y ?\ght t _! city 0  
furni%$ )  provisions = a long "t1 !y   
rais$ ! /&>d ( rebellion4  ,d>ius levi$ 
an army 9 great ha/e1 & besieg$         
,babylon4 ,!  ,babylonians %ut !mselves 
up )9 _! walls1 ^: height &  ?ickness   
secur$ !m f assault2 & z !y _h no?+ to  
fe> b  fam9e1 !y assembl$ all _! wom5 & 
*ildr51 & /rangl$ !m1  ea* res]v+ only 8
 mo/ belov$ wife1 & "o s]vant4 ,?us 0   
fulfill$ ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 xlvii1   
#g-i4 ,"s believe t ! ,jews  7 ei!r     

expell$ by ! ,babylonians1 z be+ too mu*
 9 !  int]e/ ( ,d>ius2 or t1 9 ob$i5ce  
to ! frequ5t admonitions (  ! prophets1 
!y quitt$ t city :5 !y saw ! p det]m9$  
to rebel1 ,isa4 xlviii1 #bj2 ,j]4 l1 #h2
 li1 #f-i2 ,ze*4 xi1 #f1 #g4 ,d>ius  lay
 tw5ty mon?s be=e ,babylon1 )\t mak+ any
 consid]able  progress2 b1 at l5g?1     
,zopyrus1 "o ( 8 g5]als1 obta9$         
possession ( ! city by /ratagem4 ,d>ius 
ord]$ ! hundr$ gates (  brass to be tak5
 away1 accord+ to ! pr$iction (         
,j]emiah1 li1 #eh1  8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,!
 broad walls ( ,babylon %all be utt]ly  
brok51 & h] high gates %all be burnt )  
fire1 & ! p  %all lab\r 9 va940 ,?is is 
relat$ 9 ,h]odotus4    #c4 ,,d>ius      
,,codomanus 0 ( ! royal family ( ,p]sia1
 b v remote  f ! cr[n4 ,he 0 9 a l[     
condition1 :5 ,bagoas1 ! eunu*1 :o  _h  
procur$ ! de/ruction ( two k+s1 ,o*us & 
,arses1 plac$ him  on ! ?rone4 ,8 true  
"n 0 ,codoman1 & he did n take t (      
,d>ius till he 0 k+4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f    
,d>ius ,no?us1 ^: son1  ,o/anes1 0 fa!r 

to ,arsames1 t begat ,codomanus4 ,he 0  
at fir/  only a c\ri] to ! emp]or ,o*us4
 ,b "o day :5 he 0 at ?is  pr9ce's army1
 "o ( _! enemies *all5g$ ! brave/ ( !   
,p]sians4 ,codomanus (f]$ himself = !   
combat1 & ov]came !  *all5g]1 & 0 made  
gov]nor ( ,arm5ia4 ,f ?is situation1    
,bagoas plac$ him on ! ?rone ( ,p]sia4  
,alex&] ! ,great invad$  ! ,p]sian      
empire1 & defeat$ ,d>ius 9 ?ree         
successive battles4  ,aft] ! ?ird       
battle1 ,d>ius fl$ t[>d ,m$ia1 9 hopes (
 rais+  ano!r army4 ,at ,ecbatana1 !    
capital ( ,m$ia1 he ga!r$ ! rema9s  ( 8 
=ces1 & "s new levies4 ,alex&] hav+     
w9t]$ at ,babylon  & ,p]sepolis1 took ! 
field 9 se>* ( ,d>ius1 :o quitt$        
,ecbatana1 ) an int5tion ( retreat+ into
 ,bactria2 b1 *ang+  8 resolution1      
,d>ius /opp$ %ort1 & det]m9$ to haz>d a 
battle1  ?\gh 8 army at ?is "t consi/$  
only ( =ty ?\s& m54 ,:ile  he 0 prep>+ =
 ?is conflict1 ,bessus1 gov]nor (       
,bactria1 &  ,n>bazanes1 a gr&ee (      
,p]sia1 seiz$ him1 load$ him ) *a9s1    

=c$ him into a cov]$ *>iot1 & fl$1 c>ry+
 him ) !m  t[>d ,bactria4 ,if ,alex&]   
pursu$ !m1 !y int5d$ to pur*ase  _!     
peace by deliv]+ ,d>ius into 8 h&s2 b if
 n1 to kill  him1 seize ! cr[n1 & r5ew !
 w>4 ,eight days aft] _!  dep>ture1     
,alex&] arriv$ at ,ecbatana1 & set out 9
 pursuit (  !m1 :i* he cont9u$ = elev5  
days3 at l5g? he /opp$ at ,rages1  9    
,m$ia1 despair+ to ov]take ,d>ius4 ,!nce
 he w5t into ,p>?ia1  :]e he le>n$ :at  
_h happ5$ to t un=tunate pr9ce4 ,aft] a 
precipitate m>* ( _m days1 he ov]took ! 
traitors1 :o1 see+  !mselves press$1    
endeav\r$ to compel ,d>ius to get ^u    
horseback1  & save himself ) !m2 b he   
refus+1 !y /abb$ him 9 sev]al  places1 &
 left him expir+ 9 8 *>iot4 ,he 0 dead  
:5 ,alex&]  arriv$1 :o c\ld n =be> weep+
 at s sad a spectacle4 ,alex&]  cov]$   
,d>ius ) 8 own cloak1 & s5t him to      
,sisygambis 8 wife1  t %e might bury him
 9 ! tombs ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,?us 7     
v]ifi$ ! prophecies ( ,daniel1 viii1 :o 
_h =etold !  de/ruction ( ! ,p]sian     

mon>*y1 "u ! symbol ( a ram1 :i*  butt$ 
) its horns we/w>d1 nor?w>d1 & s\?w>d1 &
 :i*  no?+ c\ld resi/2 b a goat :i* _h a
 v l>ge horn betwe5 8  eyes1 & :i* d5ot$
 ,alex&] ! ,great1 came f ! we/1 &      
ov]ran ! _w )\t t\*+ ! e>?2 spr++ =w>d )
  impetuosity1 ! goat ran aga9/ ! ram ) 
all 8 =ce1 attack$  him ) fury1 /ruck   
him1 broke 8 two horns1 trampl$ him "u  
foot1  & no "o c\ld rescue ! ram4 ,no?+ 
c be cle>] ?an ^!  prophecies4          
,,d>kness1 ! abs5ce ( light4 8,d>kness 0
 ^u ! face ( !  deep10 ,g54 i1 #b2 t is1
 ! *aos 0 imm]s$ 9 ?ick d>kness1        
because light 0 )held f x4 ,! mo/       
t]rible d>kness 0 t  br\ght on ,egypt z 
a plague2 x 0 s ?ick z to be1 z x 71    
palpable2 s horrible1 t no "o dur/ /ir  
out ( 8 place2 & s  la/+1 t x endur$    
?ree days & ?ree nights1 ,exod4 x1 #ba1 
#bb2  ,wisdom xvii1 #b1 #c4 ,! d>kness  
at our ,savi\r's dea? began at !  six?  
h\r1 or noon1 & end$ at ! ?ird h\r1 or  
?ree o'clock 9  ! aft]noon4 ,?us x la/$ 
almo/ ! :ole "t he 0 on ! cross2  comp>e

 ,matt4 xxvii1 #de1 ) ,john xix1 #ad1 & 
,m>k xv1 #be4 ,orig51  ,maldonatus1     
,erasmus1 ,vatablus1 & o!rs1 7 ( op9ion 
t ?is  d>kness cov]$ ,judea only2 :i* is
 sometimes call$ ! :ole  e>?2 t is1 !   
:ole c\ntry4 ,*ryso/om1 ,eu?ymius1      
,!ophylact1  & o!rs1 ?\ght x ext5d$ ov] 
a hemisph]e4 ,orig5 says x 0  caus$ by a
 ?ick mi/1 :i* preclud$ ! sight ( ! sun4
 ,t x  0 pret]natural is c]ta91 =1 !    
moon be+ at full1 a natural  eclipse ( !
 sun 0 impossible4 ,d>kness is sometimes
 us$  metaphorically = dea?4 8,! l& (   
d>kness0 is ! grave1 ,job x1  #bb2      
,psalm cvii1 #aj4 ,x is also us$ to     
d5ote mis=tunes &  calamities3 8,a day (
 d>kness0 is a day ( affliction1 ,e/h]  
xi1 #h4  8,let t day be d>kness2 let    
d>kness /a9 x10--let x be reckon$  among
 ! un=tunate days1 ,job iii1 #d1 #e4 ,! 
expressions1 8,i w  cov] ! heav5s )     
d>kness20 8,! sun %all be turn$ into    
d>kness1 & ! moon into blood10 c1       
signify v great political  calamities1  
involv+ ! ov]?r[ ( k+s1 pr9ces1 &       

nobles1  repres5t$ by ! lum9>ies (      
heav54 ,9 a moral s5se1 d>kness  d5otes 
ignorance & vice2 h5ce 8! *ildr5 (      
light10 9 opposition  to 8! *ildr5 (    
d>kness10 are ! righte\s di/+ui%$ f !   
wick$4    ,,david1 ! celebrat$ k+ (     
,israel1 0 ! y\nge/ son ( ,jesse1 (  !  
tribe ( ,judah1 & 0 born #ajhe ye>s be=e
 ,*ri/4 ,! foll[+  is an ab/ract ( 8    
hi/ory3 ,he 0 *os5 ( ,god to be k+ (    
,israel1 & at 8 comm& 0 ano9t$ to ?is   
dignity by ! h&s (  ,samuel1 a v5]able  
prophet1 9 ! room ( ,saul2 :o _h be5    
reject$  = 8 disob$i5ce to ! div9e      
ord]s1 9 feloni\sly seiz+1 to  8 own use
 ! prey ( an enemy1 :i* ,god1 ! supreme 
,k+ ( ,israel1  _h devot$ to de/ruction4
 ,he 0 introduc$ to c\rt z a man exp]t  
9 music1 a s+ul>ly valiant man1 a man ( 
w>1 prud5t 9 matt]s1 (  a comely p]son1 
& "o fav\r$ ( ! ,"l4 ,by 8 skill 9      
music1 he  reliev$ ,saul "u a melan*oly 
indisposition t _h seiz$ him1 0  highly 
belov$ by 8 royal ma/]1 & made "o ( 8   
gu>ds4 ,9 a w>  ) ! ,phili/9es he       

accept$ ! *all5ge ( a gigantic *ampion1 
:o defi$ ! armies ( ,israel1 & be+      
skilful at ! sl+1 he slew  him ) a /one1
 return$ safely ) 8 head1 & ?us secur$  
to 8  pr9ce an easy victory ov] 8       
c\ntry's enemies4 ,! reputation he      
ga9$1 by ?is glori\s action1 rais$ an   
incurable jeal\sy &  res5tm5t aga9/ him1
 9 ! m9d ( ! k+ 8 ma/]2 :o made two     
unsuccessful attempts to murd] him4 ,9 8
 exalt$ /ation1 & amid/  ! dang]s t     
encompass$ him1 he behav$ ) s+ul>       
prud5ce1 s  t he 0 9 high e/eem bo? 9 ! 
c\rt & camp4 ,! mode/y &  prud5ce ( 8   
behavi\r1 & 8 approv$ c\rage &          
resolution1  ga9$ him ! confid5ce &     
fri5d%ip ( ,jona?an1 ! k+'s elde/  son1 
8:o lov$ him z 8 own s\l10 became 8     
advocate ) 8  fa!r1 & obta9$ f him a    
promise1 confirm$ by an oa?1 t he  w\ld 
no m attempt to de/roy him4 ,b ,saul's  
jeal\sy return$ by a  fre% victory      
,david ga9$ ov] ! ,phili/9es2 :o1 f9d+ !
 k+  0 det]m9$ to seek 8 life1 retir$ f 
c\rt1 & 0 dismiss$  9 peace by ,jona?an1

 aft] a solemn r5ewal ( _! fri5d%ip1 to 
provide = 8 own safety4 ,9 ?is /ate (   
bani%m5t1 !re resort$  to him companies 
( m51 :o 7 uneasy 9 _! circum/ances1    
oppress$ by _! cr$itors1 or discont5t$ )
 ,saul's tyrannical  gov]nm5t1 to !     
numb] ( six hundr$ m54 ,^! he kept 9 !  
mo/  excell5t ord]1 & by _! val\r he    
ga9$ signal advantages = 8  c\ntry2 b   
nev] employ$ !m 9 rebellion aga9/ ! k+1 
or 9 a  s+le in/ance to di/ress or      
subv]t 8 gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y  su* 0 
! v5]ation he paid him1 & su* ! g5]osity
 ( 8  temp]1 t ?\gh x 0 ?rice 9 8 p[] to
 h him cut (f1 he  sp>$ him1 & 0 det]m9$
 nev] to de/roy him1 :om ,god _h        
con/itut$ ! k+ ( ,israel4 ,8 fri5d%ip ) 
,jona?an1 ! k+'s  son1 0 a fri5d%ip (   
/rict hon\r1 = he nev] s$uc$ him f  8   
allegiance & filial duty4 ,be+ provok$  
by a *urli% f>m]1 :o  evil treat$ &     
abus$ 8 mess5g]s1 he1 9 ! w>m? ( 8      
temp]1  swore he w\ld de/roy him & 8    
family2 b 0 imm$iately pacifi$  by !    
address & prud5ce ( a wife1 ( :om !     

wret* 0 unwor?y3  h] he s5t 9 peace &   
hon\r to h] family1 & bless$ = h]       
advice1 & keep+ him f av5g+ himself ) 8 
own h&4 ,be+  =c$ to bani% himself into 
an enemy's c\ntry1 he 0 fai?ful to !    
pr9ce :o protect$ him3 &1 at ! same "t1 
m9dful ( ! int]e/  ( 8 own nation1 he   
cut (f _m ( ^? :o _h h>ass$ &  plund]$ 8
 fell[ subjects4 ,:5 press$ by ! k+1    
into ^:  dom9ions he retir$1 to jo9 9 a 
w> aga9/ 8 own c\ntry &  fa!r-9-law1 he 
prud5tly gave him su* an answ] z 8      
situation  requir$2 nei!r promis+ ! aid 
dem&$ ( him1 nor ty+ up 8  h&s f s]v+ 8 
own pr9ce1 & ! army t f\ght "u him2     
only assur+ him 9 g5]al1 t he _h nev]   
done any ?+ t  c\ld give him j reason to
 ?9k he w\ld refuse to assi/ him  aga9/ 
8 enemies4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,saul1 he cut (f
 ! ,amalekite  :o came to make a m]it ( 
hav+ sla9 him2 & by ! imm$iate          
direction ( ,god1 :o _h promis$ him !   
succession1 w5t up to  ,hebron1 :]e1 on 
a free election1 he 0 ano9t$ k+ ov] !   
h\se  ( ,judah2 & aft] ab\t a sev5 ye>s'

 conte/1 he 0 unanim\sly  *os5 k+ by all
 ! tribes ( ,israel1 8accord+ to ! ^w ( 
!  ,"l by ,samuel40 ,z k+ ( ,israel1 he 
adm9i/]$ ju/ice & judgm5t  to all 8 p1 0
 a pr9ce ( c\rage1 & great milit>y      
prud5ce  & conduct2 _h frequ5t w>s ) !  
neighb\r+ nations1 to :i*  he 0 g5]ally 
=c$ by _! invad+ 8 dom9ions1 & plund]+  
8 subjects4 ,aga9/ !m he nev] lo/ a     
battle2 he nev] besieg$ a  city )\t tak+
 x2 nor1 z = any ?+ t c be prov$1 us$   
any sev]ities aga9/ ^? he conqu]$1      
beyond :at ! law ( arms  all[$1 8 own   
safety requir$1 or ! cruelties ( 8      
enemies  r5d]$ j1 by way ( retaliation2 
enri*+ 8 p by ! spoils  he took1 &      
provid+ l>ge /ores ( e ?+ necess>y = !  
magnific5t temple he int5d$ to erect1 9 
hon\r ( ! ,god ( ,israel4  ,hav+ rescu$ 
,j]usalem out ( ! h&s ( ! ,jebusites1 he
 made x  ! capital ( 8 k+dom1 & ! place 
( 8 resid5ce2 & be+  will+ to hon\r x ) 
! pres5ce ( ! ark ( ,god1 he br\ght x   
to ,j]usalem 9 triumph1 & dive/+ himself
 ( 8 royal robes1 out  ( rev]5ce to     

,god1 he clo!d himself 9 ! habit ( 8    
m9i/]s1  & ) !m express$ 8 joy by danc+ 
& music2 contemn$ only by  "o haughty   
woman2 :om1 z a j puni%m5t ( h]         
insol5ce1 he seems  ev] aft] to h       
sep>at$ f 8 b$4 ,?\gh 8 crimes 7  h5i\s1
 & highly aggravat$1 9 ! affair ( ,uriah
 & ,ba?%eba1 he  pati5tly endur$ repro(1
 humbly submitt$ to ! puni%m5t appo9t$  
him1 deeply rep5t$1 & obta9$ m]cy &     
=giv5ess f ,god1  ?\gh n )\t "s sev]e   
m>ks ( 8 displeasure1 = !  griev\s      
(f5ces ( :i* he _h be5 guilty4 ,a       
rebellion 0 rais$  aga9/ him by 8 son   
,absalom4 ,:5 =c$ by x to dep>t f       
,j]usalem1 a circum/ance mo/ pa!tically 
describ$ by ! sacr$  hi/orian1 he       
prev5t$ ! j puni%m5t ( ,%imei1 a wret*  
:o  curs$ & /on$ him4 ,:5 re/or$ to 8   
?rone1 he sp>$ him ^u  8 submission1 &  
w\ld n p]mit a s+le man to be put to    
dea? 9  ,israel ^u acc\nt ( ?is treason4
 ,he1 ) a noble confid5ce1 made  !      
comm&] ( ! rebel =ces g5]al ( 8 own     
army1 9 ! room  ( ,joab1 :om he int5d$  

to call to an acc\nt = murd] & o!r      
crimes4 ,aft] ?is1 :5 oblig$1 by ! comm&
 ( ,god1 to give up "s  ( ,saul's family
 to ju/ice1 = ! murd] ( ! ,gibeonites1  
he sp>$  ,mephibo%e?1 ,micah1 & 8       
family1 ! male desc5dants ( ,saul &     
,jona?an1 :o alone c\ld h any pret5ce to
 dispute ! cr[n )  him1 & surr5d]$ only 
,saul's ba/>d *ildr51 & ^? ( 8  daught] 
by ,adriel1 :o _h no "r or possible     
claim to ! ?rone1  & c\ld nev] give him 
any uneas9ess 9 ! possession ( x2 &  ?us
 %[$ 8 inviolable reg>d = 8 oa?s1 8     
t5d]ness to ,saul1  & ! w>m? ( 8        
gratitude & fri5d%ip to ,jona?an4 ,9 !  
close  ( 8 life1 & 9 ! ne> prospect (   
dea?1 to demon/rate 8 love  ( ju/ice1 he
 *>g$ ,solomon to puni% ) dea? ,joab1 = 
! base  murd] ( two great m51 :om he    
assass9at$ "u ! pret5ce (  peace &      
fri5d%ip4 ,to ?is catalogue ( 8 noble   
actions mu/ be  add$1 t he gave ! mo/   
%9+ & indisputable pro(s ( an           
undissembl$ rev]5ce =1 & s9c]e piety to1
 ,god2 ev] obey+ !  direction ( 8       

prophets1 wor%ipp+ him alone1 to !      
exclusion (  all idols1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole (
 8 life1 & mak+ ! wise/  settlem5t to   
p]petuate ! wor%ip ( ! same ,god1 ?r\gh 
all  succe$+ g5]ations4    ,to ?is      
ab/ract a few miscellane\s rem>ks may be
 add$4    #a4 ,:5 ,david is call$ 8! man
 aft] ,god's own he>t10 a phrase :i*    
pr(ane p]sons h (t5 p]v]t$1 8 g5]al "*1 
& n  e p>ticul> ( x1 is to be und]/ood z
 approv$ by ,god2 &  especially 8       
fai?ful & undeviat+ adh]5ce to ! true   
religion1  f :i* he nev] deviat$ into   
any act ( idolatry4    #b4 ,he 0 *os5 to
 accompli% to _! full ext5t ! promises  
made to  ,abraham to give to 8 se$1 !   
:ole c\ntry f ! riv] ( ,egypt  to !     
great riv] ,euphrates4 ,he _h succe$$ to
 a k+dom di/ract$  ) civil diss5sion1   
environ$ on e side by p[]ful &          
victori\s enemies1 )\t a capital1 almo/ 
)\t an army1 )\t  any bond ( union      
betwe5 ! tribes4 ,he left a compact &   
unit$  /ate1 /ret*+ f ! fronti] ( ,egypt
 to ! foot ( ,lebanon1  f ! ,euphrates  

to ! sea4 ,he _h cru%$ ! p[] ( !        
,phili/9es1 subdu$ or curb$ all !       
adjac5t k+doms3 he _h =m$  a la/+ &     
important alliance ) ! great city (     
,tyre4 ,he _h  organiz$ an imm5se       
disposable =ce2 = e mon? #bd1jjj m51    
furni%$ 9 rotation by ! tribes1 appe>$ 9
 arms1 & 7 tra9$  z ! /&+ militia ( !   
c\ntry4 ,at ! head ( 8 army 7  (fic]s ( 
consummate exp]i5ce1 &1 :at 0 m highly  
e/eem$ 9  ! w>f>e ( ! "t1 extraord9>y   
p]sonal activity1 /r5g?1 &  val\r4 ,!   
,hebrew nation ow$ ! long peace (       
,solomon ! son's reign  to ! brav]y &   
wisdom ( ! fa!r4    #c4 ,z a conqu]or he
 0 a type ( ,*ri/1 & ! c\ntry 8f !  riv]
 to ! ends ( ! e>?10 0 also ! prophetic 
type ( ,*ri/'s  dom9ion ov] ! :ole e>?4 
#d4 ,8 inspir$ psalms n only place him  
among ! mo/ em95t  prophets2 b h r5d]$  
him ! lead] ( ! devotions ( good m51  9 
all ages4 ,! hymns ( ,david excel no    
less 9 sublimity &  t5d]ness (          
expression ?an 9 l(t9ess & purity (     
religi\s  s5tim5t4 ,9 comp>ison ) !m !  

sacr$ poetry ( all o!r  nations s9ks    
into m$iocrity4 ,!y h embodi$ s         
exquisitely !  univ]sal language (      
religi\s emotion1 t !y h ent]$ )        
unque/ion$ propriety into ! ritual ( !  
high] & m p]fect  religion ( ,*ri/4 ,!  
songs :i* *e]$ ! solitude ( ! des]t     
caves ( ,eng$i1 or res\nd$ f ! voice ( !
 ,hebrew p z  !y w\nd along ! gl5s or ! 
hill sides ( ,judea1 h be5  repeat$ =   
ages 9 almo/ e "p ( ! habitable _w1 9 ! 
remote/ isl&s ( ! ocean1 among ! =e/s ( 
,am]ica or ! s&s  ( ,africa4 ,h[ _m     
human he>ts h ^! inspir$ songs s(t5$1   
purifi$1 exalt$6 ,( h[ _m wret*$ be+s h 
!y be5 ! secret  consolation6 ,on h[ _m 
communities h !y drawn d[n ! bless+s  ( 
,div9e provid5ce1 by br++ ! affections  
into unison ) _!  deep devotional f]v\r1
 & lead+ to a con/ant & explicit        
recognition ( ! gov]nm5t1 rights1 &     
m]cies ( ,god6    ,,day4 ,! ,hebrews1 9 
con=mity ) ! ,mosaic law1 reckon$ ! day 
f ev5+ to ev5+4 ,! natural day1 t is1 ! 
portion ( "t  f sunrise to sunset1 0    

divid$ by ! ,hebrews1 z x is n[ by !    
,arabians1 into six unequal p>ts4 ,^!   
divisions 7 z foll[s3--#a4  ,! break (  
day4 ,?is portion ( "t 01 at a rec5t    
p]iod1 divid$  into two p>ts1 9         
imitation ( ! ,p]sians2 ! fir/ ( :i*    
began  :5 ! ea/]n1 ! second1 :5 ! we/]n1
 division ( ! horizon  0 illum9at$4 ,!  
au?ors ( ! ,j]usalem ,talmud divid$ x   
into  f\r p>ts2 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 call$ 9  
,hebrew  1 :i*  occurs 9 ,psalm xxii1   
#a1 & corresponds to ! phrase1  1 9  !  
,new ,te/am5t1 ,m>k xvi1 #b2 ,john xx1  
#a4 #b4 ,! morn+ or sunrise4  #c4 ,!    
heat ( ! day4 ,?is began ab\t n9e       
o'clock1 ,g54 xviii1 #a2 #a  ,sam4 xi1  
#aa4 #d4 ,midday4 #e4 ,! cool ( ! day2  
lit]ally1 ! w9d (  ! day4 ,?is          
expression is gr\nd$ on ! fact1 t a w9d 
comm5ces  bl[+ regul>ly a few h\rs be=e 
sunset1 & cont9ues till ev5+1  ,g54 iii1
 #h4 #f4 ,! ev5+4 ,?is 0 divid$ into two
 p>ts1 2 !  fir/ ( :i* began1 accord+ to
 ! ,c>aites & ,sam>itans1 at  sunset1 ! 
second1 :5 x began to gr[ d>k4 ,b1      

accord+ to !  rabb9s1 ! fir/ comm5c$ j  
be=e sunset1 ! second1 precisely  at    
sunset4 ,! ,arabians agree ) ! ,c>aites 
& ,sam>itans2 & 9  ?is way ! ,hebrews   
appe> to h comput$1 previ\s to !        
captivity4    ,! m5tion ( 1 h\rs1 occurs
 fir/ 9 ,daniel iii1 #f1 #ae2 v1 #e4    
,!y 7 fir/ measur$ by gnomons1 :i* m]ely
 indicat$ !  m]idian2 aft]w>d1 by !     
h\r-wat*1 2 & subsequ5tly  /ill1 by !   
clepsydra1 or in/rum5t = measur+ "t by  
means (  wat]4 ,! h\r-wat* or dial1     
o!rwise call$ ! sun-dial1 is  m5tion$ 9 
! reign ( ,k+ ,hezekiah1 #b ,k+s xx1 #i1
 #aj2 ,isaiah  xxxviii1 #h4 ,its be+    
call$ 8! sundial ( ,ahaz0 r5d]s x       
probable  t ,ahaz fir/ introduc$ x f    
,babylon2 :5ce1 also1 ,anaxim5es1  !    
,milesian1 br\ght ! fir/ skia!ricon into
 ,greece4 ,?is  in/rum5t 0 ( no use dur+
 ! night1 nor inde$ dur+ a cl\dy  day4  
,9 consequ5ce ( ?is defect1 ! clepsydra 
0 inv5t$1 :i*  0 us$ 9 ,p]sia z late z !
 sev5te5? c5tury 9 its simple/  =m4 ,!  
clepsydra 0 a small circul> vessel1     

con/ruct$ (  ?9ly-beat5 copp] or brass1 
& hav+ a small p]=ation ?r\gh  ! bottom4
 ,x 0 plac$ 9 ano!r vessel1 fill$ )     
wat]4 ,!  diamet] ( ! hole 9 ! bottom ( 
! clepsydra 0 su*1 t x  fill$ ) wat] 9  
?ree h\rs1 & sunk4 ,x 0 necess>y t !re  
%\ld be a s]vant to t5d x1 :o %\ld take 
x up :5 x _h sunk1  p\r out ! wat]1 &   
place x aga9 empty on ! surface ( ! wat]
  9 ! vase4    ,! h\rs ( pr9cipal note 9
 ! c\rse ( ! day 7 ! ?ird1 !  six?1 & ! 
n9?4 ,^! h\rs1 x w\ld seem1 7 consecrat$
 by  ,daniel to pray]1 ,dan4 vi1 #aj2   
,acts ii1 #ae2 iii1 #a2 x1 #i4 ,! day 0 
divid$ into twelve h\rs1 :i*1 ( c\rse1  
v>i$ 9 l5g?1 be+  %ort] 9 ! w9t] & long]
 9 ! summ]1 ,john xi1 #i4 ,9 !  w9t]1   
!re=e1 ! clepsydras 7 s con/ruct$ t !   
wat]  might s9k !m m rapidly4 ,! h\rs 7 
numb]$ f ! ris+ (  ! sun1 s t1 at !     
season ( ! equ9ox1 ! ?ird correspond$   
to ! n9? ( our reckon+2 ! six?1 to our  
twelf?2 & ! n9?1  to ?ree o'clock 9 !   
aft]noon4 ,at o!r seasons ( ! ye>1 x is 
necess>y to obs]ve ! "t :5 ! sun rises1 

& r$uce ! h\rs  to our "t accord+ly4 ,we
 obs]ve1 !re=e1 t ! sun 9  ,pale/9e1 at 
! summ] sol/ice1 rises at five ( our "t1
 & sets  ab\t sev54 ,at ! w9t] sol/ice1 
x rises ab\t sev51 & sets  ab\t five4   
,be=e ! captivity1 ! night 0 divid$ into
 ?ree wat*es4 ,!  fir/1 :i* cont9u$ till
 midnight1 0 d5om9at$ ! comm5c+ or  fir/
 wat*1 ,lam4 ii1 #ai4 ,! second 0       
d5om9at$ ! middle wat*1  & cont9u$ f    
midnight till ! cr[+ ( ! cock4 ,! ?ird1 
call$ ! morn+ wat*1 ext5d$ f ! second to
 ! ris+ ( !  sun4 ,^! divisions & names 
appe> to h ow$ _! orig9 to !  wat*es ( !
 ,levites 9 ! tab]nacle & temple1 ,exod4
 xiv1 #bd2 #a  ,sam4 xi1 #aa4 ,9 ! "t ( 
,*ri/1 h[ev]1 ! night1 9 imitation (  ! 
,romans1 0 divid$ into f\r wat*es4      
,accord+ to ! ,engli% mode  ( reckon+ !y
 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ev5+1 f twilight to 
n9e  o'clock4 #b4 ,! midnight1 f n9e to 
twelve4 #c4 ,! cock cr[+1 f  twelve to  
?ree4 #d4 ,f ?ree o'clock till daybreak4
 ,a day is us$ 9  ! prophetic ,scripture
 = a ye>3 8,i h appo9t$ !e ea* day =  a 

ye>10 ,ezek4 iv1 #f4 ,see ,,cock4       
,,deacon1 f ! ,greek ^w 1 9 its prop] & 
primitive s5se1  d5otes a s]vant :o     
att5ds 8 ma/]1 waits on him at table1 & 
is always ne> 8 p]son to obey 8 ord]s1  
:i* 0 acc\nt$ a m  cr$itable k9d (      
s]vice ?an t :i* is import$ by ! ^w   a 
slave2 b ?is di/9ction is n usually     
obs]v$ 9 !  ,new ,te/am5t4 ,our ,"l     
makes use ( bo? t]ms 9 ,matt4 xx1 #bf1  
#bg1  ?\gh !y are n di/9ctly m>k$ 9 our 
translation3 8,:osoev]  w be great among
 y1 let him be y\r deacon2 & :osoev] w  
be  *ief among y1 let him be y\r        
s]vant40 ,! appo9tm5t ( deacons  9 !    
fir/ ,*ri/ian *ur* is di/9ctly record$1 
,acts vi1 #a-af4 ,!  numb] ( disciples  
hav+ greatly increas$ 9 ,j]usalem1 !    
,greeks1  or ,hell5i/ic ,jews1 began to 
murmur aga9/ ! ,hebrews1 compla9+  t _! 
wid[s 7 neglect$ 9 ! daily di/ribution (
 !  *ur*'s b\nty4 ,! twelve ,apo/les1 :o
 hi!rto _h dis*>g$ !  diff]5t (fices (  
,apo/le1 presbyt]1 & deacon1 ^u !       
pr9ciple  t ! great] (fice always       

includes ! less1 n[ conv5$ !  *ur*1 &   
said unto !m1 8,x is n reasonable t we  
%\ld leave  ! m9i/ration ( ! ^w ( ,god1 
& s]ve tables3 look ye out1  !re=e1     
among y\rselves1 sev5 m5 ( good report1 
full ( ! ,holy  ,gho/1 & wisdom1 :om we 
may appo9t ov] ?is bus9ess2 b we w  give
 ourselves cont9ually to pray]1 & to !  
m9i/ry ( ! ^w40  ,& ! say+ pleas$ ! :ole
 multitude2 & !y 7! multitude7  *ose    
,/eph51 & six o!rs1 :om !y set be=e !   
,apo/les1 c4    ,! qualifications (     
deacons are /at$ by ! ,apo/le ,paul1 #a 
,tim4  iii1 #h-ab4 ,!re 7 also1 9 !     
primitive *ur*es females inve/$  ) ?is  
(fice1 :o 7 t]m$ deaconesses4 ,( ?is    
numb] 0  ,phbe1 a memb] ( ! *ur* (      
,c5*rea1 m5tion$ by ,/4 ,paul1  ,rom4   
xvi1 #a4 8,!y s]v$ ! *ur*10 says        
,calmet1 89 ^? (fices  :i* ! deacons    
c\ld n !mselves ex]cise1 visit+ ^? ( _! 
own sex 9 sickness1 or :5 imprison$ = ! 
fai?4 ,!y 7 p]sons  ( advanc$ age1 :5   
*os52 & appo9t$ to ! (fice by imposition
  ( h&s40 ,x is probably ( ^!           

deaconesses t ! ,apo/le speaks1  :]e he 
describes ! m9i/]+ wid[s1 #a ,tim4 v1   
#e-aj4    ,,dead4 ,see ,,burial4        
,,dead1 ,,m\rn+s ,,= ,,!4 ,! anci5t     
,israelites1 9 imitation ( !  ,hea!n1 f 
:om !y borr[$ ! practice1 frequ5tly cut 
!mselves  ) knives & lancets1 scrat*$ _!
 faces1 or prick$ c]ta9 p>ts  ( _!      
bodies ) ne$les4 ,^! sup]/iti\s         
practices 7  expressly =bidd5 9 _! law3 
8,ye are ! *ildr5 ( ! ,"l y\r  ,god3 ye 
%all n cut y\rselves1 nor make any      
baldness betwe5 y\r  eyes = ! dead40 ,! 
b]eav$ ,greeks tore1 cut (f1 & sometimes
  %av$1 _! hair2 !y reckon$ x a duty :i*
 !y ow$ to ! dead1  to deprive _! heads 
( ! greate/ "p ( _! hon\rs1 or1 9 !     
language ( ,scripture1 made a baldness  
betwe5 _! eyes4 ,! same  cu/om prevail$ 
among ! anci5t ,p]sians1 & ! neighb\r+  
/ates4 ,:5 ! patri>* ,job 0 in=m$ ( !   
dea? ( 8  *ildr51 & ! de/ruction ( 8    
prop]ty1 he arose & r5t 8  mantle1 &    
%av$ 8 head1 & fell d[n ^u ! gr\nd &    
wor%ipp$2 & 9 ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah1  

we read ( eighty m5 :o  7 go+ to lam5t !
 desolations ( ,j]usalem1 hav+ _! be>ds 
%av51 & _! clo!s r5t1 & hav+ cut        
!mselves1 9 direct  violation ( ! div9e 
law1 ) (f]+s & inc5se 9 _! h&1  to br+  
!m to ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 ,j]4 xii1 #e4     
,%av+1 h[ev]1  01 on "s occasions1 a    
sign ( joy2 & to let ! hair gr[ long1  !
 practice ( m\rn]s1 or p]sons 9         
affliction4 ,joseph %av$  himself be=e  
he w5t into ! palace1 ,g54 xli1 #ad2 &  
,mephibo%e?  let 8 hair gr[ dur+ ! "t   
,david 0 bani%$ f ,j]usalem1 b  %av$    
himself on 8 return4 ,9 ord9>y sorr[s !y
 only neglect$  _! hair1 or suff]$ x to 
hang d[n loose ^u _! %\ld]s2 9  m       
poignant grief !y cut x (f2 b 9 a sudd5 
& viol5t  p>oxysm1 !y pluck$ x (f ) _!  
h&s4 ,su* a viol5t  expression ( sorr[  
is exemplifi$ 9 ! conduct ( ,ezra1 :i*  
he  ?us describes3 8,& :5 ,i he>d ?is ?+
 ,i r5t my g>m5t & my  mantle1 & pluck$ 
(f ! hair ( my head1 & ( my be>d1 & sat 
d[n a/oni$10 ,ezra ix1 #c4 ,! ,greeks1 &
 o!r nations ar\nd !m1  express$ !      

viol5ce ( _! sorr[ 9 ! same way2 = 9    
,hom]1  ,ulysses & 8 companions1 bewail+
 ! dea? ( ,elp5or1 h[l$ &  pluck$ (f _! 
hair4 ,m\rn]s )drew z mu* z possible f !
  _w2 !y ab/a9$ f banquets &            
ent]ta9m5ts2 !y bani%$  f _! h\ses z    
unsuitable to _! circum/ances1 & ev5    
pa9ful  to _! feel+s1 musical in/rum5ts 
( e k9d1 & :atev] 0  calculat$ to excite
 pleasure1 or t wore an air ( mir? &    
gaiety4  ,?us did ! k+ ( ,p]sia te/ify 8
 sorr[ = ! decree1 into  :i* 8 wily     
c\rti]s _h betray$ him1 & :i*1 )\t !    
miracul\s int]position ( ,heav51 _h     
prov$ fatal to 8 fav\rite  m9i/]3 8,!n !
 k+ w5t to 8 palace1 & sp5t ! night     
fa/+2 nei!r 7 in/rum5ts ( music br\ght  
be=e him10 ,dan4 vi1  #ah4    #b4       
,ori5tal m\rn]s dive/$ !mselves ( all   
ornam5ts1 & laid  aside _! jewels1 gold1
 & e ?+ ri* & spl5did 9 _!  dress4 ,?is 
pro( ( humiliation & submission ,jehovah
 requir$ ( 8  (f5d+ p 9 ! wild]ness3    
8,!re=e1 n[ put (f ?y  ornam5ts f !e1 t 
,i may "k :at to d unto !e4 ,& !  *ildr5

 ( ,israel /ripp$ !mselves ( _! ornam5ts
 by ! ,m\nt  ,horeb10 ,exodus xxxiii1   
#e1 #f4 ,long aft] ! "t ( ,moses1 t     
rebelli\s nation aga9 receiv$ a comm& ( 
simil> import3 8,/rip  y1 & make y b>e1 
& gird sackclo? ^u y\r lo9s10 ,isaiah   
xxxii1 #aa4 ,! g>m5ts ( ! m\rn] 7 always
 black4 ,progne1 hav+  notice (         
,philomela's dea?1 lays aside h] robes1 
beam+ ) a  pr(usion ( gold1 & appe>s 9  
sable ve/m5ts2 & ,al?a1 :5 h]  bre?r5 7 
sla9 by ,meleag]1 ex*ang$ h] glitt]+    
robes =  black3--                  8,et 
auratas mutavit ve/ibus atris40 ,,ovid4 
,^! sable ve/m5ts diff]$ f _! ord9>y    
dress1 n only 9  col\r1 b also 9 value1 
be+ made ( *eap & co>se /uff1 z  appe>s 
f ^! l9es ( ,t]5ce3--                   
8,tex5tem telam /udiose ipsam (f5dimus  
,m$iocrit] ve/itam ve/e lugubri         
,ejus anus causa1 op9or1 qu erat        
mortua40    8,we f\nd h] busy at ! loom1
 9 a *eap m\rn+ habit1 :i* %e  wore ,i  
suppose = ! old woman's dea?40 ,9       
,judea1 ! m\rn] 0  clo!d 9 sackclo? (   

hair1 & by consequ5ce1 9 sable robes2 & 
p5it5ts1 by assum+ x1 seem$ to confess t
 _! guilt expos$  !m to dea?4 ,"s ( !   
ea/]n nations1 9 mod]n times1 bury 9    
l952 b ,*>d9 in=ms u1 t o!rs /ill reta9 
! use (  sackclo? = t purpose4 ,to sit 9
 sackclo? & a%es1 0 a  frequ5t          
expression ( m\rn+ 9 ! ori5tal regions2 
& p]sons  ov]:elm$ ) grief1 & unable to 
su/a9 ! weight ( _!  calamities1 (t5    
?rew !mselves ^u ! e>?1 & roll$ 9 !     
du/2 & ! m dirty ! gr\nd 01 ! bett] x   
s]v$ to defile  !m1 & to express _!     
sorr[ & dejection4 ,9 ?is way ,tam>     
signifi$ h] di/ress1 aft] be+ di%on\r$  
by ,amnon1 8,%e put a%es  on h] head20 &
 :5 ,mordecai und]/ood t ! doom ( 8     
nation  0 seal$1 he 8r5t 8 clo!s1 & put 
on sackclo? ) a%es40 ,our  ,"l alludes  
to ! same cu/om1 9 t d5unciation3 8,wo  
unto !e1  ,*oraz96 wo unto !e1          
,be?saida6 = if ! mighty works :i* 7    
done 9 y1 _h be5 done 9 ,tyre & ,sidon1 
!y w\ld h rep5t$  long ago1 9 sackclo? &
 a%es10 ,matt4 xi1 #ba4 ,intimately     

connect$  ) ?is1 is ! cu/om ( putt+ du/ 
^u ! head4 ,:5 ! armies  ( ,israel 7    
defeat$ be=e ,ai1 8,jo%ua r5t 8 clo!s1 &
 fell to  ! e>? ^u 8 face1 he & ! eld]s 
( ,israel1 & put du/ ^u  _! heads40 ,!  
m\rn] sometimes laid 8 h&s ^u 8 head2 = 
! prophet1 expo/ulat+ ) 8 p1 pr$icts _! 
humiliation  9 ^! words3 8,yea1 ?\ %alt 
g =? f him1 & ?9e h&s ^u  ?9e head2 = ! 
,"l ha? reject$ ?y confid5ces1 & ?\ %alt
  n prosp] 9 !m10 ,j]4 ii1 #cg4 ,9 bo?  
^! cases1 ! head ( !  m\rn] 0 uncov]$2 b
 !y sometimes adopt$ ! opposite cu/om1  
& cov]$ _! heads 9 great di/ress1 or :5 
!y 7 load$ )  disgrace & infamy4    #c4 
,to cov] ! lips 0 a v anci5t sign (     
m\rn+2 & x  cont9ues to be practis$     
among ! ,jews ( ,b>b>y to ?is day4 ,:5  
!y return f ! grave to ! h\se ( !       
deceas$1 ! *ief  m\rn] receives !m ) 8  
jaws ti$ up ) a l95 clo?1 9  imitation (
 ! mann] 9 :i* ! face ( ! dead is cov]$2
 & by  ?is ! m\rn] is said to te/ify t  
he 0 ready to die = 8  fri5d4 ,muffl$ 9 
?is way1 ! m\rn] goes = sev5 days1 dur+ 

:i* ! re/ ( 8 fri5ds come twice e       
tw5ty-f\r h\rs to pray  ) him4 ,?is     
allusion is p]haps involv$ 9 ! *>ge :i* 
,ezekiel  receiv$ :5 8 wife di$1 to     
ab/a9 f ! cu/om>y =ms (  m\rn+3 8,=be>  
to cry2 make no m\rn+ = ! dead2 b9d !   
tire  ( ?y head ^u !e1 & put on ?y %oes 
^u ?y feet1 & cov] n  ?y lips1 & eat n !
 bread ( m510 ,ezekiel xxiv1 #ag4    #d4
 ,sitt+ on ! gr\nd 0 a po/ure :i* d5ot$ 
sev]e di/ress4  ,?us ! prophet repres5ts
 ! eld]s ( ,israel1 aft] ! de/ruction  (
 ,j]usalem1 & ! captivity ( ^? :om !    
sword _h sp>$3 8,!  eld]s ( ! daught] ( 
,zion sit ^u ! gr\nd1 & keep sil5ce2  !y
 h ca/ up du/ ^u _! heads2 !y h gird$   
!mselves  ) sackclo?2 ! virg9s (        
,j]usalem hang d[n _! heads to !        
gr\nd10 ,lam4 ii1 #aj4 ,judea is        
repres5t$ on sev]al co9s ( ,vespasian  &
 ,titus1 z a solit>y female 9 ?is v     
po/ure ( sorr[ &  captivity sitt+ ^u !  
gr\nd4 ,x is rem>kable1 t we f9d ,judea 
repres5t$ z a sorr[ful woman sitt+ on ! 
gr\nd1 9 a passage (  ! prophet1 :]e !  

same calamity :i* 0 record$ on ! m$als (
  ^! ,roman emp]ors is =etold3 8,& %e   
be+ desolate %all sit ^u  ! gr\nd10     
,isaiah iii1 #bf4    #e4 ,*>d9 in=ms u t
 :5 ! k+ ( ,p]sia dies1 8 physicians  & 
a/rolog]s lose _! places1 & are exclud$ 
f ! c\rt2 !  fir/1 because !y c\ld n    
cure _! sov]eign1 & ! la/1  because !y  
did n give previ\s notice ( 8 dea?4 ,?is
 :imsical  cu/om he supposes has desc5d$
 to mod]n times f a v remote  antiquity2
 & to h be5 ! true reason t ,daniel 0   
abs5t :5  ,bel%azz> saw ! h& writ+ 8    
doom on ! wall4 ,if ! conjecture  ( t   
intellig5t travell] be well f\nd$1 !    
v5]able prophet _h  be5 =c$ by !        
e/abli%$ etiquette ( ! c\rt to retire f 
!  managem5t ( public affairs at ! dea? 
( ,nebu*adnezz>2 & _h  rema9$ 9 a       
private /ation = tw5ty-?ree ye>s1       
neglect$ or  =gott51 till ! awful       
occurr5ce ( t memorable night r5d]$  8  
assi/ance necess>y1 & br\ght him aga9   
into public notice4 ,?is  acc\nts 9 a v 
satisfactory mann]1 z well = ,bel%azz>'s

  ignorance ( ,daniel1 z = !            
recollection ( ,nitocris1 !  que5-"m1 :o
 _h long kn[n 8 "* & abilities dur+ !   
reign ( h] husb&4 ,?is solution ( !     
difficulty is at lea/  +5i\s4    #f4 ,x 
0 a cu/om among ! ,jews to visit !      
sepul*res ( _!  deceas$ fri5ds ?ree     
days2 = s long !y suppos$ _! spirits    
hov]$ ab\t !m2 b :5 once !y p]ceiv$ _!  
visage beg9 to  *ange1 z x w\ld 9 t "t 9
 ^? w>m c\ntries1 all hopes ( a  return 
to life 7 !n at an end4 ,b x appe>s f an
 incid5t 9  ! n>rative ( ! rais+ (      
,laz>us1 t 9 ,judea !y 7  accu/om$ to   
visit ! graves ( _! deceas$ relations   
aft] !  ?ird day1 m]ely to lam5t _!     
loss1 & give v5t to _! grief4 ,if  ?is  
_h n be5 a common practice1 ! p t came  
to com=t !  si/]s ( ,laz>us w\ld n s    
readily h conclud$1 :5 ,m>y1 on  ! f\r? 
day1 w5t ha/ily out to meet h] ,savi\r1 
8,%e goe? to !  grave to weep !re40 ,!  
,turki% wom5 cont9ue to foll[ ?is cu/om3
  !y g be=e sunris+ on ,friday1 ! /at$  
day ( _! wor%ip1 to  ! grave ( !        

deceas$1 :]e1 ) _m te>s & lam5tations1  
!y  spr9kle _! monum5ts ) wat] & fl[]s4 
,,dead ,,sea4 ,?is 0 anci5tly call$ !   
,sea ( ! ,pla91 ,deut4 iii1  #ag2 iv1   
#di1 f its situation 9 ! great holl[ or 
pla9 ( !  ,jordan2 ! ,salt ,sea1 ,deut4 
iii1 #ag2 ,jo%ua xv1 #e1 f ! extreme    
saltness ( its wat]s2 & ! ,ea/ ,sea1    
,ezek4 xlvii1 #ah2 ,joel ii1  #bj1 f its
 situation relative to ,judea1 & 9      
contradi/9ction to  ! ,we/ ,sea1 or     
,m$it]ranean4 ,x is likewise call$ by   
,josephus1 &  by ! ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s
 g5]ally1 ,lacus ,asphaltites1 f !      
bitum5 f\nd 9 x2 & ! ,dead ,sea1 its m  
frequ5t mod]n  appellation1 f a         
tradition1 commonly ?\gh errone\sly     
receiv$1  t no liv+ creature c\ld exi/ 9
 its sal9e & sulphure\s  wat]s4 ,x is at
 pres5t kn[n 9 ,syria by ! names (      
,almotanah &  ,bah> ,lo?3 & occupies :at
 may be consid]$ z ! s\!rn  extremity ( 
! vale ( ,jordan2 =m+1 9 t direction1 ! 
we/]n  b\nd>y to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! ,dead  
,sea is ab\t sev5ty miles 9  l5g?1 &    

tw5ty 9 bread? at its broade/ "p2 hav+1 
l !  ,caspian1 no visible communication 
) ! ocean4 ,its dep? seems to be        
altoge!r unkn[n2 nor does x appe> t a   
boat has ev] navigat$  its surface4     
,t[>d its s\!rn extremity1 h[ev]1 9 a   
contract$  "p ( ! lake1 is a =d1 ab\t   
six miles ov]1 made use ( by !  ,arabs3 
9 ! middle ( :i* !y report ! wat] to be 
w>m2  indicat+ ! pres5ce ( w>m spr+s    
b5ea?4 ,9 g5]al1 t[>d !  %ore1 x is     
%all[2 & rises & falls ) ! seasons1 & ! 
quantity ( wat] c>ri$ into x by sev5    
/reams1 :i* fall into ?is  _! common    
receptacle1 ! *ief ( :i* is ! ,jordan4  
,! wat] n[ cov]+ ^! ru9s occupies :at 0 
=m]ly ! vale  ( ,siddim2 a ri* &        
fruitful valley1 9 :i* /ood ! five      
cities1  call$ ! cities ( ! pla91       
namely1 ,sodom1 ,gomorrah1 ,admah1      
,zeboim1  & ,bela or ,zo>3 ! f\r fir/ ( 
:i* 7 de/roy$1 :ile !  latt]1 be+ 8a    
little city10 0 pres]v$ at ! int]cession
 ( ,lot2  to :i* he fl$ = refuge f !    
imp5d+ cata/rophe1 & :]e he  rema9$ 9   

safety dur+ its accompli%m5t4    ,!     
specific gravity ( ! wat]s ( ! ,dead    
,sea is suppos$ to h  be5 mu* exagg]at$ 
by ! anci5t writ]s1 b _! /atem5ts are   
n[ prov$ to be by no means v wide ( !   
tru?4 ,pl9y says1 t no  liv+ bodies w\ld
 s9k 9 x2 & ,/rabo1 t p]sons :o w5t into
  x 7 borne up to _! middle4 ,van       
,egmont & ,heyman /ate1 t1 on  swimm+ to
 "s di/ance f ! %ore1 !y f\nd !mselves1 
to  _! great surprise1 lift$ up by !    
wat]4 8,:5 ,i _h swam to "s  di/ance10  
says ! latt]1 8,i endeav\r$ to s9k to ! 
bottom1 b  c\ld n2 = ! wat] kept me     
cont9ually up1 & w\ld c]ta9ly  h ?r[n me
 ^u my face1 _h ,i n put =? all ! /r5g? 
,i 0  ma/] (1 to keep myself 9 a        
p]p5dicul> po/ure2 s t ,i walk$  9 ! sea
 z if ,i _h trod on firm gr\nd1 )\t hav+
 occasion to  make any ( ! motions      
necess>y 9 tread+ fre% wat]2 & :5 ,i  0 
swimm+1 ,i 0 oblig$ to keep my legs !   
greate/ "p ( !  "t out ( ! wat]4 ,my    
fell[ travell] 0 agreeably surpris$ to  
f9d t he c\ld swim "h1 hav+ nev] le>n$4 

,b ?is proce$$  f ! gravity ( ! wat]1 z 
?is c]ta9ly does f !  extraord9>y       
quantity ( salt 9 x40 ,mr4 ,joliffe     
says1 he f\nd x  v little m buoyant ?an 
o!r seas1 b he did n g out ( 8  dep?4   
8,! desc5t ( ! bea*10 he says1 8is s    
g5tly gradual1 t  ,i mu/ h wad$ above a 
hundr$ y>ds to get completely out ( my  
dep?1 & ! impati5ce ( ! ,arabians w\ld n
 all[ ( "t  suffici5t = ?is40 ,capta9   
,mangles says3 8,! wat] is z bitt] &  z 
buoyant z ! p h report$4 ,^? ( our p>ty 
:o c\ld n  swim1 float$ on its surface l
 corks4 ,on dipp+ ! head 91 !  eyes     
sm>t$ dreadfully40 ,) reg>d to ! ag5ts  
employ$ 9 ?is  cata/rophe1 !re might    
seem reason to suppose t volcanic       
ph5om5a  _h "s %>e 9 produc+ x2 b       
,*ateaubri&'s rem>k is des]v+  (        
att5tion4 8,i _c10 he says1 8co9cide 9  
op9ion ) ^? :o  suppose ! ,dead ,sea to 
be ! crat] ( a volcano4 ,i h se5        
,vesuvius1 ,solfat>a1 ,monte ,nuovo 9 ! 
lake ( ,fus9o1 ! peak ( !  ,azores1 !   
,mamalif opposite to ,c>?age1 ! ext+ui%$

 volcanoes (  ,auv]gne2 & rem>k$ 9 all (
 !m ! same *>act]s2 t is to  say1       
m\nta9s excavat$ 9 ! =m ( a tunnel1     
lava1 & a%es1 :i*  exhibit$ inconte/able
 pro(s ( ! ag5cy ( fire40 ,aft] notic+  
! v diff]5t %ape & position ( ! ,dead   
,sea1 he adds3  8,bitum51 w>m spr+s1 &  
phosphoric /ones are f\nd1 x is true1 9 
! m\nta9s ( ,arabia2 b !n1 ! pres5ce (  
hot spr+s1 sulphur1  & asphaltos is n   
suffici5t to atte/ ! ant]ior exi/5ce ( a
  volcano40 ,! le>n$ ,fr5*man incl9es to
 adopt ! idea ( ,pr(essors  ,mi*alis &  
,bus*+1 t ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7 built ^u 
a m9e  ( bitum52 t lightn+ k9dl$ !      
combu/ible mass1 & t !  cities sunk 9 ! 
subt]rane\s conflagration4 ,m4 ,malte   
,brun  +5i\sly sugge/s1 t ! cities might
 !mselves h be5 built  ( bitum9\s /ones1
 & ?us h be5 set 9 flames by ! fire (   
heav54 ,we le>n f ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 t ! 
,vale ( ,siddim1 :i*  is n[ occupi$ by !
 ,dead ,sea1 0 full ( 8slime pits10 or  
pits (  bitum54 ,pococke says3 8,x is   
obs]v$1 t ! bitum5 floats on !  wat]1 & 

comes a%ore aft] w9dy wea!r2 ! ,arabs   
ga!r x up1 &  x s]ves z pit* = all uses1
 goes into ! composition ( m$ic9es1  &  
is ?\ght to h be5 a v great +r$i5t 9 !  
bitum5 us$  9 embalm+ ! bodies 9 ,egypt3
 x has be5 mu* us$ = c]eclo?s1  & has an
 ill smell :5 burnt4 ,x is probable t   
!re are  subt]rane\s fires1 t ?r[ up ?is
 bitum5 at ! bottom ( !  sea1 :]e x may 
=m itself into a mass1 :i* may be brok5 
by !  motion ( ! wat] occasion$ by high 
w9ds2 & x is v rem>kable1  t ! /one     
call$ ! /one ( ,moses1 f\nd ab\t two or 
?ree  leagues f ! sea1 :i* burns l a    
coal1 & turns only to a :ite  /one1 & n 
to a%es1 has ! same smell1 :5 burnt1 z  
?is pit*2  s t x is probable1 a /ratum (
 ! /one "u ! ,dead ,sea is "o  "p ( !   
matt] t fe$s ! subt]rane\s fires1 & t   
?is  bitum5 boils up out ( x40 ,to give 
=ce to ?is la/ conjecture1  h[ev]1 x    
w\ld be requisite to asc]ta91 :e!r      
bitum5 is capable  ( be+ deta*$ f ?is   
/one1 9 a liquid /ate1 by ! action (    
fire4 ,! /one 9 "q is ! black feit$     

lime/one1 us$ at  ,j]usalem 9 !         
manufacture ( ros>ies & amulets1 & worn 
z a  *>m aga9/ ! plague4 ,! effluvia :i*
 x emits on friction1 is  ow+ to a /rong
 impregnation ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,if
 !  build+s 7 con/ruct$ ( mat]ials ( ?is
 description1 )  qu>ries ( :i* !        
neighb\r+ m\nta9s ab\nd1 !y w\ld be     
easily susceptible ( ignition by        
lightn+4 ,! ,scriptural acc\nt1  h[ev]1 
is explicit1 t 8! ,"l ra9$ ^u ,sodom &  
,gomorrah  brim/one & fire f heav520 :i*
 we may safely int]pret z  imply+ a %[] 
( inflam$ sulphur1 or nitre4 ,at ! same 
"t x is  evid5t1 t ! :ole pla9 und]w5t a
 simultane\s convulsion1 :i*  seems     
ref]able to ! consequ5ces ( a bitum9\s  
explosion4 ,9  p]fect accordance ) ?is  
view ( ! cata/rophe1 we f9d ! v         
mat]ials1 z x 71 ( ?is awful visitation 
/ill at h& 9 !  neighb\r+ hills2 f :i*  
!y might h be5 p\r$ d[n by !  ag5cy (   
?und] /orms1 direct$ by ! h& ( (f5d$    
,heav54  ,capta9s ,irby & ,mangles      
collect$1 on ! s\!rn coa/1 lumps (      

nitre & f9e sulphur1 f ! size ( a nutmeg
 up to t ( a small  h5's egg1 :i*1 x 0  
evid5t f _! situation1 _h be5 br\ght    
d[n by ! ra93 8_! great deposit mu/ be  
s\ght =10 !y say1  89 ! cliff40 ,^!     
cliffs !n 7 probably swept by !         
lightn+s1  & _! flam+ masses p\r$ 9 a   
deluge ( fire ^u ! pla94    ,,deborah1 a
 prophetess1 wife ( ,lapido?1 judg$ !   
,israelites1 &  dwelt "u a palm tree    
betwe5 ,ramah & ,be!l1 ,judges iv1 #d1  
#e4 ,%e  s5t = ,b>ak1 direct$ him to    
attack ,sis]a1 &1 9 ! "n ( ,god1        
promis$ him victory2 b ,b>ak refus+ to  
g1 unless %e w5t )  him1 %e told him1 t 
! hon\r ( ?is exp$ition w\ld be giv5 to 
a woman1 & n to him4 ,aft] ! victory1   
,deborah & ,b>ak sung a  f9e ?anksgiv+  
song1 ! composition probably ( ,deborah 
alone1 :i*  is pres]v$1 ,judges v4      
,,debts4 ,9 no?+1 p]haps1 d !           
,israeliti% laws deviate s f> f  our    
own1 z 9 reg>d to matt]s ( debt4        
,imprisonm5t 0 unkn[n among  ! ,hebrews1
 :o 7 equally free f ^? long & exp5sive 

modes  ( proc$ure ) :i* we are acqua9t$1
 = ! recov]y ( debts4  ,_! laws 9 ?is   
respect 7 simple1 b effici5t4 ,:]e      
pl$ges  7 lodg$ ) a cr$itor = ! paym5t (
 a debt1 :i* 0 n  dis*>g$1 ! cr$itor 0  
all[$ to appropriate ! pl$ge to 8  own  
b5efit1 )\t any int]position ( a        
magi/rate1 & to keep x  z rightfully z  
if x _h be5 b\ght ) ! sum :i* _h be5 l5t
  = x4 ,b1 beside ! pl$ge1 e ,israelite 
_h v>i\s pieces (  prop]ty1 on :i*      
execution = debt might readily be made2 
z 7#a47 ,8  h]$it>y l&1 ! produce ( :i* 
might be atta*$ till ! ye> (  jubilee3  
7#b47 ,8 h\ses1 :i*1 ) ! sole exception 
( ^? ( !  ,levites1 might be sold 9     
p]petuity1 ,lev4 xxv1 #bi1 #cj3 7#c47 ,8
 cattle1  h\sehold furniture1 &         
ornam5ts1 appe> also liable to be tak5 9
  execution4 ,see ,job xxiv1 #c2        
,prov]bs xxii1 #bg4 ,f ,deut4 xv1 #a-aa1
 we  see t no debt c\ld be exact$ f a   
poor man 9 ! sev5? ye>2  because ! l&   
ly+ fall[1 he _h no income :5ce to pay  
x3 7#d47  ,! p]son ( ! debtor1 :o might 

be sold1 along ) 8 wife &  *ildr51 if he
 _h any4 ,see ,lev4 xxv1 #ci2 ,job xxiv1
 #i2 #b ,k+s iv1 #a2  ,isaiah l1 #a2    
,nehemiah v4 ,we h no intimation1 9 !   
writ+s (  ,moses1 t surety%ip 0 practis$
 among ! ,hebrews 9 cases ( debt4  ,9 ! 
,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 h[ev]1 !re are _m  
admonitions  respect+ x4 ,:]e ?is       
w>ranty 0 giv51 ! surety 0 treat$  ) !  
same sev]ity z if he _h be5 ! actual    
debtor2 & if he  c\ld n pay1 8 v b$     
might be tak5 f "u him1 ,prov4 xxii1    
#bg4 ,!re is a ref]5ce to ! cu/om obs]v$
 9 contract+ ?is  obligation 9 ,prov4   
xvii1 #ah3 8,a man void ( und]/&+ /rike?
  h&s10 c2 & also 9 ,prov4 xxii1 #bf3   
8,be n ?\ "o ( !m t  /rike h&s10 c4 ,x  
is to be obs]v$ t ! h& 0 giv51 n to  !  
cr$itor1 b to ! debtor1 9 ! cr$itor's   
pres5ce4 ,by ?is act  ! surety intimat$ 
t he became 9 a legal s5se "o ) !       
debtor1 & r5d]$ himself liable to pay ! 
debt4    #b4 ,we h above notic$ !       
practice ( l5d+ on pl$ge2 b z ?is  0    
liable to consid]able abuse1 ! foll[+   

judicial regulations  7 adopt$3 7#a47 ,!
 cr$itor 0 n all[$ to ent] ! h\se (  !  
debtor to fet* ! pl$ge1 b 0 oblig$ to /&
 )\t !  door1 & wait till x 0 br\ght to 
him1 ,deut4 xxiv1 #aj1 #aa4 ,?is law  0 
wisely design$ to re/ra9 av>ici\s &     
unpr9cipl$ p]sons f  tak+ advantage ( _!
 poor bre?r5 9 *oos+ _! own pl$ges4     
7#b47 ,! upp] g>m5t1 :i* s]v$ by night =
 a blanket1 ,exod4 xxii1  #be1 #bf2     
,deut4 xxiv1 #ab1 #ac1 & mills &        
mill/ones1 if tak5 9  pl$ge1 7 to be    
re/or$ to ! own] be=e sunset4 ,! reason 
(  ?is law 01 t ^! articles 7           
indisp5sable to ! com=table  subsi/5ce (
 ! poor2 & = ! same reason1 x is likely 
t x  ext5d$ to all necess>y ut5sils4    
,su* a re/oration 0 no loss to  !       
cr$itor2 = he _h x 9 8 p[] at la/1 by ! 
aid ( summ>y  ju/ice1 to lay hold ( !   
:ole prop]ty ( ! debtor2 & if he _h     
none1 ( 8 p]son3 &1 9 ! ev5t (          
non-paym5t1 z be=e /at$1  to take him = 
a bond slave4    ,,decalogue1 ! t5      
pr9cipal comm&m5ts1 ,exod4 xx1 #a1 c1 f 

!  ,greek  t51 &  words4 ,! ,jews call  
^! precepts1 !  t5 words4               
,,decapolis1 a c\ntry 9 ,pale/9e1 s     
call$1 because x conta9$ t5  pr9cipal   
cities2 "s situat$ on ! we/1 & "s on !  
ea/ side  ( ,jordan1 ,matt4 iv1 #be2    
,m>k v1 #bj4    ,,d$ication1 a religi\s 
c]emony1 :]eby any p]son or ?+ 0 set    
ap>t to ! s]vice ( ,god1 & ! purposes ( 
religion4 ,d$ications  ( p]sons1        
temples1 & h\ses1 7 frequ5t among !     
,jews4 ,see  ,,consecration4            
,,defilem5t4 ,"u ! law1 _m 7 ^? blemi%es
 ( p]son &  conduct1 :i* 7 consid]$ z   
defilem5ts3 "s 7 volunt>y1  o!rs        
involunt>y2 "s 7 inevitable1 & ! effect 
( nature  itself1 o!rs arose f p]sonal  
transgression4 ,"u ! ,gospel1           
defilem5ts are ^? ( ! he>t1 ( ! m9d1 !  
temp]1 &  conduct4 ,! c]emonial         
uncleannesses ( ! law are sup]s$$ z     
religi\s rites2 ?\gh _m ( !m claim      
att5tion z usages (  heal?1 dec5cy1 &   
civility4    ,,degrees4 ,psalms (       
,degrees is a "n giv5 to fifte5 psalms1 

f !  cxx1 to ! cxxxiv1 inclusive4 ,!    
,hebrew text calls !m a song (  asc5ts4 
,junius & ,tremellius translate !       
,hebrew a song (  excell5ces1 or an     
excell5t song1 f ! excell5t matt] !y    
conta94 ,"s call !m psalms ( elevation1 
because !y 7 sung  ) an exalt$ voice1 or
 because at e psalm ! voice 0 rais$2  b 
! translation ( psalms ( degrees has m  
g5]ally obta9$4  ,"s ?9k t !y 7 call$   
psalms ( degrees1 because !y 7  sung ^u 
! fifte5 /eps ( ! temple2 b !y are n    
agre$ :]e  ^! /eps 74 ,o!rs are (       
op9ion1 t !y 7 s d5om9at$1  because sung
 9 a gall]y1 :i* 0 9 ! c\rt ( ,israel1  
:]e !  ,levites sometimes read ! law4   
,calmet ?9ks1 t !y 7 call$  songs (     
degrees1 or ( asc5t1 because !y 7       
compos$ on occasion  ( ! deliv]ance ( ! 
,jews f ! captivity ( ,babylon1 ei!r to 
implore ?is deliv]ance f ,god1 or to    
return ?anks = x aft] x  _h be5 obta9$2 
& t ! ,hebrews us$ ! t]m to g up1 :5  !y
 spoke ( _! j\rney+ f ,babylon to       
,j]usalem4 ,o!rs are (  op9ion1 t ^!    

psalms 7 sung dur+ ! "t ( s]vice1 :ile  
! fle%1 c1 7 consum+ on ! alt>1 & :ile !
 fume & smoke  asc5d$ t[>d heav52 & t ! 
title ,psalms ( ,asc5t seems to  fav\r  
?is supposition4 ,! po9t is involv$ 9   
entire obscurity2 &1  aft] all1 ! title 
( ^! ,psalms may be only a musical      
direction to  ! temple *oir4    ,,dei/s4
 ,?is t]m appe>s to h _h an hon\rable   
orig91 be+ ( !  same import z ,!i/s1    
designat+ ^? :o believe 9 ! exi/5ce  ( a
 supreme intellig5t cause1 9 opposition 
to ! ,epicureans1 &  o!r ,a!i/ical      
philosoph]s4 ,! "n1 9 mod]n times1 is   
said to  h be5 fir/ assum$ ab\t ! middle
 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 by  "s p]sons on ! 
cont95t1 9 ord] to avoid ! imputation ( 
,a!ism4 ,pet] ,viret1 a div9e ( t       
c5tury1 m5tions x z a new  "n assum$ by 
^? :o reject$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,"l ,edw4    
,h]b]t1  b>on ( ,*]bury1 9 ! sev5te5?   
c5tury1 has be5 reg>d$ z !  fir/        
,dei/ical writ] 9 ?is c\ntry1 or at     
lea/1 ! fir/ :o  r$uc$ ,deism to a      
sy/em2 affirm+ ! suffici5cy ( reason &  

natural religion1 & reject+ div9e       
revelation z unnecess>y &  sup]flu\s4 ,8
 sy/em1 h[ev]1 embrac$ ^! five          
articles3--#a4 ,!  be+ ( ,god4 #b4 ,t he
 is to be wor%ipp$4 #c4 ,t piety & moral
  virtue are ! *ief p>ts ( wor%ip4 #d4  
,t ,god w p>don our  faults on          
rep5tance4 ,&1 #e4 ,t !re is a future   
/ate ( rew>ds  & puni%m5t4 ,"s h divid$ 
all ,dei/s into two classes--^? :o      
admit a future /ate1 & ^? :o d5y x4 ,b  
,dr4 ,s4 ,cl>ke1 tak+  ! t]m 9 ! mo/    
ext5sive s5se1 arranges !m "u f\r       
classes3--#a4 ,^? :o admit a ,supreme   
,be+1 b d5y t he conc]ns  himself ) !   
conduct or affairs ( m52 ma9ta9+1 )     
,lucretius1  t ,god              8,ne'er
 smiles at good1 nor fr[ns at wick$1    
de$s40    #b4 ,^? :o admit n only ! be+ 
b ! provid5ce ( ,god1 )  respect to !   
natural _w2 b :o all[ no diff]5ce betwe5
 moral  good & evil1 nor t ,god takes   
any notice ( our moral conduct4 #c4     
,su* z believe 9 ! natural attributes ( 
,god1 & 8 all-gov]n+  provid5ce2 yet d5y

 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 or any future   
/ate4  #d4 ,su* z admit ! exi/5ce (     
,god1 8 provid5ce1 & !  obligations (   
natural religion2 b s f> only z ^! ?+s  
are  discov]able by ! light ( nature1   
)\t any div9e revelation4 ,"s  ( !      
,dei/s h attempt$ to ov]?r[ ! ,*ri/ian  
disp5sation1 by  oppos+ to x :at !y call
 ! absolute p]fection ( natural         
religion4 ,o!rs1 z ,bl\nt1 ,coll9s1 &   
,morgan1 h endeav\r$ to  ga9 ! same     
purpose1 by attack+ p>ticul> p>ts ( !   
,*ri/ian  s*eme1 by expla9+ away !      
lit]al s5se & mean+ ( c]ta9  passages1  
or by plac+ "o portion ( ! sacr$ canon 9
 opposition to  ! o!r4 ,a ?ird class1   
:]e9 we meet ) ! names ( ,%aftesbury  & 
,bol+broke1 advanc+ f>!r 9 _! progress1 
expunge f _!  cre$ ! doctr9e ( future   
exi/5ce1 d5y or controv]t all ! moral   
p]fections ( ! ,deity1 & :olly reject ! 
,scriptures4    ,! ,dei/s ( ! pres5t day
 are di/+ui%$ by _! zeal\s ef=ts  to    
diffuse ! pr9ciples ( infidelity among !
 common p4 ,hume1  ,bol+broke1 &        

,gibbon1 address$ !mselves solely to ! m
  poli%$ classes ( ! community2 b ( late
 ! writ+s ( ,pa9e1  ,c>lile1 & o!rs1 h  
diffus$ infidelity among ! l[] ord]s (  
society1 & clo!d x 9 ! dress ( vulg>    
ridicule1 ! m  effectually to de/roy 9 !
 common p all rev]5ce = sacr$  ?+s4     
,among ! disciples ( ?is s*ool1 ,deism  
has l$ to ! mo/  disgu/+ ,a!ism4 ,?us   
8evil m5 & s$uc]s wax worse & worse40   
,,deluge signifies1 9 g5]al1 any great  
inundation2 b m  p>ticul>ly t univ]sal  
flood by :i* ! :ole inhabitants ( ?is   
globe 7 de/roy$1 except ,noah & 8       
family4 ,accord+ to ! mo/  approv$      
sy/ems ( *ronology1 ?is rem>kable ev5t  
happ5$ 9 !  ye> #afef aft] ! creation1  
or ab\t #bcdh be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra4 ,(  s 
g5]al a calamity1 f :i* only a s+le     
family ( all :o liv$  !n on ! face ( !  
e>? 0 pres]v$1 we might naturally expect
  to f9d "s memorials 9 ! tradition>y   
records ( ,pagan hi/ory1 z  well z 9 !  
sacr$ volume1 :]e its peculi> cause1 & !
  circum/ances :i* att5d$ x1 are s      

di/9ctly & s fully relat$4  ,its        
magnitude & s+ul>ity c\ld sc>cely fail  
to make an indelible  impression on !   
m9ds ( ! survivors1 :i* w\ld be         
communicat$  f !m to _! *ildr51 & w\ld n
 be easily effac$ f !  traditions ev5 ( 
_! late/ po/]ity4 ,a defici5cy 9 su*    
traces  ( ?is awful ev5t1 ?\gh p]haps x 
might n s]ve entirely to  invalidate our
 belief ( its reality1 w\ld c]ta9ly t5d 
consid]ably  to weak5 its claim to      
cr$ibility2 x be+ sc>cely probable t !  
k ( x %\ld be utt]ly lo/ to ! re/ ( !   
_w1 &  conf9$ to ! docum5ts ( ! ,jewi%  
nation alone4 ,:at we might  reasonably 
expect has1 accord+ly1 be5 actually &   
completely  realiz$4 ,! evid5ce :i* has 
be5 br\ght f almo/ e qu>t]  ( ! _w to   
be> ^u ! reality ( ?is ev5t1 is ( ! mo/ 
conclusive & irresi/ible k9d2 & e       
inve/igation1 :e!r  etymological or     
hi/orical1 :i* has be5 made conc]n+     
,hea!n rites  & traditions1 has         
con/antly add$ to its =ce1 no less ?an  
to its  ext5t4    ,& "h1 x 7 inju/ice to

 ! memory ( +5uity & erudition  almo/   
unexampl$ 9 mod]n times1 7 we n to      
m5tion ! lab\rs (  ,bryant1 ! le>n$     
analysi/ ( anci5t my?ology1 ^: pati5ce &
  pr(\ndness ( rese>* h ?r[n su* new &  
conv9c+ light on  ?is subject4 ,nor mu/ 
we =get 8 ard5t & successful disciple1  
,mr4  ,fab]1 :o1 9 8 8,diss]tation on ! 
,my/]ies ( ! ,cabiri10 has 9  travell+  
ov] simil> gr\nd ) 8 illu/ri\s ma/] at  
once  correct$ "s ( 8 /atem5ts1 &       
greatly /r5g!n$ 8 g5]al  conclusions4 ,z
 ! basis ( _! sy/em1 h[ev]1 re/s on a   
mo/  ext5sive etymological exam9ation ( 
! names ( ! deities & o!r  my?ological  
p]sonages wor%ipp$ & celebrat$ by !     
,hea!n1  comp>$ ) ! v>i$ traditions     
respect+ _! hi/ories1 & !  nature ( !   
rites & names ( ! places t 7 sacr$ to   
!m1 we  _c d m1 9 ! pres5t article1 ?an 
%ortly /ate ! result (  _!              
inve/igations1 ref]r+ = ! p>ticul>      
details1 to !  highly orig9al treatises 
already m5tion$4 ,accord+ to !m1 !      
memory ( ! deluge 0 incorporat$ ) almo/ 

e "p ( !  ,g5tile my?ology & wor%ip2    
,noah1 "u a va/ multitude (  *>act]s1   
be+ "o ( _! fir/ deities1 to :om all !  
nations (  ! ,hea!n _w look$ up z _!    
f\nd]2 & to "s circum/ance  or o!r 9 ^: 
hi/ory1 & t ( 8 sons & ! fir/  patri>*s1
 mo/1 if n all1 ( _! religi\s c]emonies 
may be  consid]$ z n indi/9ctly ref]r+4 
,traces ( ^!1 nei!r vague  nor obscure1 
!y conceive to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory & "*1 
n  only ( ,deucalion1 b ( ,atlas1       
,cronus1 or ,saturn1 ,dionusos1 ,ina*us1
  ,janus1 ,m9os1 ,zeus1 & o!rs among !  
,greeks2 ( ,isis1 ,osiris1  ,seso/ris1  
,oannes1 ,typhon1 c1 among ! ,egyptians2
 ( ,dagon1 ,agru]us1  ,sydyk1 c1 among !
 ,ph5icians2 ( ,a/>te1 ,d]ceto1 c1 among
 !  ,assyrians2 ( ,buddha1 ,m5u1 ,vi%nu1
 c1 among ! ,h9dus2 ( ,fohi1 & a  deity 
repres5t$ z sitt+ ^u ! lotos 9 ! mid/ ( 
wat]s1  among ! ,*9ese2 ( ,budo &       
,iakusi among ! ,japanese1 c4 ,!y       
discov] allusions to ! ark1 9 _m ( !    
anci5t my/]ies1 &  traditions ) respect 
to ! dove & ! ra9b[1 by :i* sev]al (  ^!

 allegorical p]sonages 7 att5d$1 :i* are
 n easily  explicable1 unless !y be     
suppos$ to relate to ! hi/ory ( !       
deluge4 ,by ! celebrat$ ,ogdoas ( !     
,egyptians1 consi/+ ( eight  p]sons     
sail+ toge!r 9 ! sacr$ b>is or ark1 !y  
imag9e !  family ( ,noah1 :i* 0         
precisely eight 9 numb]1 to h be5       
designat$2 & 9 ! rites ( ,adonis or     
,?ammuz1 9 p>ticul>1 !y  po9t out _m    
circum/ances :i* seem to possess a      
di/9ct ref]5ce  to ! ev5ts record$ 9 !  
six? & sev5? *apt]s ( ,g5esis4  ,) reg>d
 to ?is sy/em1 we %all only f>!r obs]ve1
 t1 aft]  e reasonable d$uction is made 
f x1 :i* ! exub]ant  indulg5ce ( fancy  
occasionally exhibit$ by its au?ors     
appe>s to  r5d] necess>y1 x conta9s s   
mu* t is relevant & conclusive1  t x    
induces ! conviction t x has a solid    
f\ndation 9 tru?  & fact2 x be+ sc>cely 
possible to conceive1 t a m]e hypo!sis  
c\ld be support$ by evid5ce s v>i$1 s   
ext5sive1 & 9 _m  p>ticul>s s           
demon/rative1 z t :i* its fram]s h      

produc$4    ,beside1 h[ev]1 ! allusions 
to ! deluge 9 ! my?ology &  religi\s    
c]emonies ( ! ,hea!n1 to :i* we h ?us   
concisely  adv]t$1 !re is a v>iety (    
traditions conc]n+ x /ill m  direct &   
circum/antial1 ! co9cid5ce ( :i*1 ) !   
n>rative  ( ,moses1 x w require no      
common degree ( skeptical h>dihood to   
d5y4 ,we are in=m$ by "o ( !            
circumnavigators ( ! _w1 :o  visit$ !   
remote isl& ( ,otaheite1 t "s ( !       
inhabitants  be+ ask$ conc]n+ _! orig91 
answ]$1 t _! supreme ,god  hav+1 a long 
"t ago1 be5 angry1 dragg$ ! e>? ?r\gh ! 
sea1  :5 _! isl& 0 brok5 (f & pres]v$4  
,9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1  ! p are said to     
believe t ! _w 0 once de/roy$ by  wat]  
by ?ree p]sons1 evid5tly allud+ to !    
?ree sons ( ,noah4 ,x  is ev5 relat$1 t 
!y h a tradition among !m1 t an old man1
  kn[+ t ! deluge 0 approa*+1 built a   
l>ge %ip1 & w5t  into x ) a great numb] 
( animals2 & t he s5t out f !  %ip a    
cr[1 :i* did n imm$iately come back1    
/ay+ to fe$ on !  c>casses ( dead       

animals1 b aft]w>d return$ ) a gre5     
bran* 9  its m\?4 ,! au?or :o gives !   
above acc\nt likewise affirms t  x 0    
report$ by ! inhabitants ( ,ca/ella del 
,oro1 9 ,t]ra ,firma1  t dur+ a univ]sal
 deluge1 "o man1 & 8 *ildr51 7 ! only   
p]sons :o escap$1 by means ( a canoe1 & 
t f !m ! _w  0 aft]w>d peopl$4 ,accord+ 
to ! ,p]uvians1 9 consequ5ce ( a  g5]al 
inundation1 occasion$ by viol5t &       
cont9u$ ra9s1 a  univ]sal de/ruction ( !
 human species took place1 a few p]sons 
only except$1 :o escap$ into caves on ! 
tops ( ! m\nta9s1 into  :i* !y _h       
previ\sly convey$ a /ock ( provisions1 &
 a numb]  ( live animals1 le/ :5 ! wat]s
 abat$1 ! :ole race %\ld h  become      
ext9ct4 ,o!rs ( !m affirm1 t only six   
p]sons 7 sav$1  by means ( a float or   
raft1 & t f !m all ! inhabitants (  !   
c\ntry are desc5d$4 ,!y f>!r believe1 t 
?is ev5t took  place be=e !re 7 any     
incas or k+s among !m1 & :5 !  c\ntry 0 
extremely popul\s4 ,! ,brazilians n only
 pres]ve !  tradition ( a deluge1 b     

believe t ! :ole race ( mank9d  p]i%$ 9 
x1 except "o man & 8 si/]2 or1 accord+  
to o!rs1  two bro!rs ) _! wives1 :o 7   
pres]v$ by climb+ !  highe/ trees on _! 
l(tie/ m\nta9s2 & :o aft]w>d became !   
heads ( two diff]5t nations4 ,! memory (
 ?is ev5t !y are ev5  said to celebrate 
9 "s ( _! religi\s an!ms or songs4      
,aco/a1  9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 says1 t
 ! ,mexicans speak ( a deluge  9 _!     
c\ntry1 by :i* all m5 7 dr[n$2 & t x 0  
aft]w>d peopl$ by viraco*a1 :o came out 
( ! lake ,titicaca2  &1 accord+ to      
,h]r]a1 ! ,ma*oa*ans1 a p comp>atively 9
  ! neighb\rhood ( ,mexico1 _h a        
tradition1 t a s+le family 0  =m]ly     
pres]v$ 9 an ark amid a deluge ( wat]s2 
& t along  ) !m1 a suffici5t numb] (    
animals 7 sav$ to /ock ! new  _w4 ,dur+ 
! "t t !y 7 %ut up 9 ! ark1 sev]al rav5s
  7 s5t out1 "o ( :i* br\ght back !     
bran* ( a tree4 ,among !  ,iroquois x is
 report$ t a c]ta9 _s1 call$ by !m      
,otkon1 0  ! creator ( ! _w2 & t ano!r  
be+1 call$ ,mess\1  repair$ x aft] a    

deluge1 :i* happ5$ 9 consequ5ce (       
,otkon's  dogs hav+ "o day :ile he 0    
hunt+ ) !m lo/ !mselves 9 a  great lake1
 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ov]fl[$ its   
banks1 & 9  a %ort "t cov]$ ! :ole e>?4 
,pass+ f ! m remote we/]n to ! ea/]n    
cont95t1 ne>] to  ! region :]e ,noah is 
g5]ally suppos$ to h liv$1 we f9d !     
traditions respect+ ! deluge /ill m     
p>ticul> & m9ute4  ,accord+ to          
,josephus1 !re 7 a multitude ( anci5t   
au?ors :o  concurr$ 9 ass]t+ t ! _w _h  
once be5 de/roy$ by a  flood3 8,?is     
deluge10 says he1 8& ! ark are m5tion$  
by all :o  h writt5 b>b>ic hi/ories1 "o 
( :om is ,b]osus ! ,*aldean40  ,eusebius
 in=ms u1 t ,melo1 a bitt] enemy ( !    
,jews1 & ^:  te/imony is on ?is acc\nt  
peculi>ly valuable1 takes notice ( !    
p]son :o 0 sav$ along ) 8 sons f !      
flood1 hav+ be51  aft] 8 pres]vation1   
driv5 away f ,arm5ia1 :5ce he retir$ to 
! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,syria4 ,abyd5us1 aft]
 giv+ an acc\nt ( !  deluge f :i*       
,xisu?rus1 ! ,*aldean ,noah1 0 sav$1    

concludes  ) ass]t+1 9 exact concurr5ce 
) ,b]osus1 t ! ark fir/  re/$ on !      
m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 & t its rema9s 7 us$ 
by  ! natives z a talisman2 & ,plut>*   
m5tions ! ,noa*ic dove be+  s5t out ( ! 
ark1 & return+ to x aga91 z an          
intimation to  ,deucalion t ! /orm _h n 
yet ceas$4    ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no     
means all3 ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 speak+ ( "o 
( !  ,*9ese fables1 says1 8,al?\gh ,i _c
 insi/ ) confid5ce1 t  ! ra9b[ m5tion$ 9
 x alludes to ! ,mosaic n>rative ( !    
flood1 nor build any solid argum5t on ! 
div9e p]son ,niuva1 (  ^: "*1 & ev5 ( ^:
 sex ! hi/orians ( ,*9a speak  v        
d\btfully2 ,i may nev]!less assure y1   
aft] full inquiry &  consid]ation1 t !  
,*9ese believe ! e>? to h be5 :olly     
cov]$ ) wat]1 :i*1 9 works ( undisput$  
au!nticity1 !y  describe z fl[+         
abundantly1 !n subsid+1 & sep>at+ !     
high] f ! l[] age ( mank9d40 ,/ill m    
co9cid5t ev5 ?an  ?is ) ! ,mosaic       
acc\nt1 is ! ,grecian hi/ory ( ! deluge1
 z  pres]v$ by ,lucian1 a native (      

,samosata on ! ,euphrates2 & its        
au?ority is ! m incontrov]tible1 on     
acc\nt ( 8 be+ an  av[$ d]id] ( all     
religions4 ,! ant$iluvians1 accord+ to  
him1  _h gradually become s h>d5$ &     
pr(ligate1 z to be guilty (  e species (
 inju/ice4 ,!y paid no reg>d to !       
obligation (  oa?s2 7 insol5t1          
inhospitable1 & unm]ciful4 ,= ?is reason
 !y  7 visit$ ) an awful calamity4      
,sudd5ly ! e>? p\r$ =? a  va/ quantity (
 wat]1 ! ra9 desc5d$ 9 torr5ts1 ! riv]s 
ov]fl[$ _! banks1 & ! sea rose to a     
prodigi\s height1 s t  8all ?+s became  
wat]10 & all m5 7 de/roy$ except        
,deucalion4  ,he alone1 = ! sake ( 8    
prud5ce & piety1 0 res]v$ to a  second  
g5]ation4 ,9 ob$i5ce to a div9e         
nom9ation1 he ent]$1 )  8 sons & _!     
wives1 into a l>ge ark1 :i* !y _h built 
=  _! pres]vation2 & imm$iately sw9e1 & 
horses1 & lions1 &  s]p5ts1 & all o!r   
animals :i* live on e>?1 came to him by 
pairs1 & 7 admitt$ by him into ! ark4   
,!re !y became  p]fectly mild &         

innoxi\s1 _! natures be+ *ang$ by !     
gods1  :o creat$ su* a fri5d%ip betwe5  
!m1 t !y all sail$  peaceably toge!r1 s 
long z ! wat]s prevail$ ov] ! surface ( 
! globe4    ,sc>cely less rem>kable is !
 ,h9doo tradition4 ,x is conta9$ 9 !    
anci5t poem ( ! ,bhavagat2 & =ms !      
subject ( ! fir/  ,purana1 entitl$      
,matsya1 or 8,! ,fi%40 ,! foll[+ is ,sir
 ,william  ,jones's abridgm5t ( x2 & !  
id5tity ( ! ev5t :i* x  describes1 ) t (
 ! ,hebrew hi/orian1 is too obvi\s to   
require  any p>ticul> illu/ration3 8,!  
demon ,hayagriva1 hav+ purlo9$ !  ,v$as 
f ! cu/ody ( ,brahma1 :ile he 0 repos+  
at ! close (  ! six? ,manwant>a1 ! :ole 
race ( m5 became corrupt1 except !  sev5
 ,ri%is1 & ,satyavrata1 :o !n reign$ 9  
,dravira1 a m>itime  region to ! s\? (  
,c>nata4 ,?is pr9ce 0 p]=m+ 8 ablutions 
9 ! riv] ,critimala1 :5 ,vi%nu appe>$ to
 him 9 ! %ape ( a  small fi%1 & aft]    
sev]al augm5tations ( bulk 9 diff]5t    
wat]s1  0 plac$ by ,satyavrata 9 !      
ocean1 :]e he ?us address$ 8  amaz$     

vot>y3 #8,9 sev5 days all creatures :o h
 (f5d$ me %all  be de/roy$ by a deluge1 
b ?\ %alt be secur$ 9 a capaci\s  vessel
 miracul\sly =m$2 take !re=e all k9ds ( 
m$ic9al h]bs1  & escul5t gra9 = food1 &1
 toge!r ) ! sev5 holy m51 y\r           
respective wives1 & pairs ( all animals1
 ent] ! ark )\t fe>3  !n %alt ?\ "k ,god
 face to face1 & all ?y que/ions %all be
  answ]$4' ,say+ ?is1 he disappe>$2 &   
aft] sev5 days ! ocean  began to ov]fl[ 
! coa/s1 & ! e>? to be flood$ by con/ant
  %[]s1 :5 ,satyavrata1 m$itat+ on !    
deity1 saw a l>ge vessel  mov+ on !     
wat]s4 ,he ent]$ x1 hav+ 9 all respects 
con=m$ to  ! in/ructions ( ,vi%nu2 :o 9 
! =m ( a va/ fi%1 suff]$ !  vessel to be
 ti$ ) a great sea s]p5t1 z ) a cable1  
to 8  measureless horn4 ,:5 ! deluge _h 
ceas$1 ,vi%nu slew ! demon1 &  recov]$ !
 ,v$as1 in/ruct$ ,satyavrata 9 div9e k1 
&  appo9t$ him ! sev5? ,m5u1 by ! "n (  
,vaivaswata40    ,:5 we ?us meet ) "s   
traditions ( a deluge 9 almo/ e  c\ntry1
 ?\gh ! p]sons sav$ f x are said1 9 ^?  

v>i\s  acc\nts to h resid$ 9 diff]5t    
di/ricts widely sep>at$ f  ea* o!r1 we  
are con/ra9$ to all[ t su* a g5]al      
concurr5ce  ( belief c\ld nev] h        
orig9at$ m]ely f accid5t4 ,:ile !  m9d  
is 9 ?is situation1 ,scripture comes    
=w>d1 &1 pres5t+ a  n>rative m simple1  
bett] connect$1 & be>+ an inf9itely     
great] resemblance to au!ntic hi/ory1   
?an any ( ^? my?ological  acc\nts :i*   
occur 9 ! traditions ( ,paganism1       
imm$iately fla%es  ! conviction ^u !    
und]/&+1 t ?is mu/ be ! true  hi/ory (  
^? rem>kable facts :i* o!r nations h h&$
 d[n  to u1 only ?r\gh ! m$ium (        
allegory & fable4 ,by ! evid5ce  adduc$ 
9 ?is article1 inde$1 ! moral c]ta9ty ( 
! ,mosaic  hi/ory ( ! flood appe>s to be
 e/abli%$ on a basis suffici5tly  firm  
to bid defiance to ! cavils (           
skepticism4 8,let ! +5uity (  unbelief  
fir/ acc\nt satisfactorily = ?is        
univ]sal agreem5t (  ! ,pagan _w2 & %e  
may !n1 ) a great] degree (             
plausibility1 impea* ! tru? ( !         

,scriptural n>rative ( !  deluge40 ,!   
fact1 h[ev]1 is n only pres]v$ 9 !      
traditions (  all nations1 z we h       
already se52 b aft] all ! philosophical 
argum5ts :i* 7 =m]ly urg$ aga9/ x1      
philosophy has at l5g?  ackn[l$g$ t !   
pres5t surface ( ! e>? mu/ h be5        
subm]g$ "u wat]4 8,n only10 says        
,kirwan1 89 e region (  ,europe1 b also 
( bo? ! old & new cont95ts1 imm5se      
quantities  ( m>9e %ells1 ei!r disp]s$  
or collect$1 h be5 discov]$40  ,?is &   
sev]al o!r facts seem to prove1 t at    
lea/ a great "p  ( ! pres5t e>? 01 be=e 
! la/ g5]al convulsion to :i* x  has be5
 subject$1 ! b$ ( an ocean :i*1 at t "t1
 0  )drawn f x4 ,o!r facts seem also to 
prove ) suffici5t  evid5ce1 t ?is 0 n a 
gradual retirem5t ( ! wat]s :i*  once   
cov]$ ! p>ts n[ inhabit$ by m52 b a     
viol5t "o1 su* z  may be suppos$ f !    
brief b emphatic relation ( ,moses4 ,!  
viol5t action ( wat] has left its traces
 9 v>i\s undisput$  ph5om5a4 ,/ratifi$  
m\nta9s ( v>i\s heights exi/ 9 diff]5t  

p>ts ( ,europe1 & ( bo? cont95ts2 9 &   
betwe5 ^: /rata1  v>i\s sub/ances (     
m>9e1 & "s vegetables ( t]re/rial1      
orig91 repose ei!r 9 _! natural /ate1 or
 petrifi$4 ,to  ov]spread ! pla9s ( !   
arctic circle ) ! %ells ( ,indian  seas1
 & ) ! bodies ( elephants & rh9oc]i1    
surr\nd$ by  masses ( subm>9e           
vegetation2 to accumulate on a s+le     
spot1 z at ,la  ,bolca1 9 promiscu\s    
confusion1 ! m>9e productions ( ! f\r   
qu>t]s ( ! globe2 :at conceivable       
in/rum5t w\ld be efficaci\s  b ! ru% (  
mighty wat]s8 ,^! facts1 ab\t :i* !re is
 no  dispute1 & :i* are ackn[l$g$ by !  
advocates ( ea* ( !  prevail+ geological
 !ories1 give a suffici5t atte/ation to 
!  deluge ( ,noah1 9 :i* 8! f\nta9s ( ! 
great deep 7 brok5  up10 & f :i*        
precisely su* ph5om5a might be expect$  
to  foll[4 ,to ?is may be add$1 ?\gh    
less decisive 9 pro(1 yet  c]ta9ly /rong
 z presumptive evid5ce1 t ! v aspect ( !
  e>?'s surface exhibits int]e/+ m>ks   
bo? ( ! viol5t action1  & ! rapid       

subsid5ce1 ( wat]s2 z well z af=ds a mo/
  int]e/+ in/ance ( ! div9e goodness 9  
conv]t+ :at 0 ru9  itself into utility &
 beauty4 ,! great frame-"w ( ! v>i$     
surface ( ! habitable e>? 0 probably    
laid by a m p[]ful  ag5cy ?an t ( wat]2 
ei!r :5 on ! ?ird day ! wat]s "u  !     
heav5s 7 ga!r$ into "o place1 & ! cru/ (
 ! primitive  e>? 0 brok5 d[n to receive
 !m1 s t 8! dry l& might  appe>20 by ^? 
mighty convulsions :i* appe> to h       
accompani$  ! g5]al deluge2 b ! r\nd+1 s
 to speak1 ( :at 0 rugg$1  :]e !        
sub/ance 0 yield+1 & ! graceful         
undulations ( hill  & dale :i* s        
frequ5tly pres5t !mselves1 7 probably   
effect$  by ! retir+ wat]s4 ,! flood has
 pass$ away2 b ! soils :i*  x deposit$  
rema92 & ! valleys ?r\gh :i* its la/    
/reams 7  drawn (f to ! ocean1 ) _m an  
eddy & s9u\s c\rse1 /ill  exi/1 exhibit+
 visible pro(s ( its ag5cy1 & impress$ )
 =ms  s adapt$ to ! b5efit ( man1 & (t5 
s gratify+ to ! f9e/  ta/e1 t1 :5 !     
flood 8turn$10 x may be said to h 8left 

a  bless+ beh9d x40    ,! objections    
once made to ! fact ( a g5]al deluge h1 
inde$1  be5 greatly weak5$ by ! progress
 ( philosophical k2 &  may be reg>d$ z  
ne>ly giv5 up1 l ! =m] notion ( ! high  
antiquity ( ! race ( m51 f\nd$ on !     
,*9ese & ,egyptian  *ronologies &       
pret5d$ hi/ories4 ,philosophy has ev5 at
 la/ f\nd  out t !re is suffici5t wat] 9
 ! ocean1 if call$ =?1 to  ov]fl[ !     
highe/ m\nta9s to ! height giv5 by      
,moses1--a  conclusion :i* x once /\tly 
d5i$4 ,keill =m]ly comput$ t            
tw5ty-eight oceans w\ld be necess>y = t 
purpose2 b we are n[  in=m$ 8t a f>!r   
progress 9 ma!matical & physical k  has 
%[n ! diff]5t seas & oceans to conta91  
at lea/1  =ty-eight times m wat] ?an !y 
7 !n suppos$ to d2 &  t ! m]e rais+ ( ! 
temp]ature ( ! :ole body ( ! ocean  to a
 degree no great] ?an m>9e animals live 
91 9 ! %all[ seas  betwe5 ! tropics1    
w\ld s exp& x z m ?an to produce !      
height above ! m\nta9s /at$ 9 ! ,mosaic 
acc\nt40 ,z to !  deluge ( ,noah1 !re=e1

 infidelity has almo/ entirely lo/ ! aid
  ( philosophy 9 fram+ objections to !  
,scriptures4    ,,demoniac1 a human be+ 
possess$ ) & actuat$ by "s spiritual    
malignant be+ ( sup]ior p[]4 ,! ^w demon
 is us$ by ,pagan  writ]s (t5 9 a good  
s5se1 & is appli$ to _! div9ities2 b  ! 
demons ( holy writ are malignant        
spirits4 ,we are n in=m$ v  p>ticul>ly  
ab\t _! orig9 or de/9y2 b we f9d !m     
repres5t$  z  1 &  1 unclean & evil     
spirits2  & we mu/ consid] !m z 9 league
 ) ! devil1 z ! subjects  ( 8 dom9ion1 &
 ! in/rum5ts ( 8 w4 ,!y 7 !  imm$iate   
ag5ts 9 all possessions2 & to expel or  
re/ra9 !m1 or  to cure ! diseases :i* !y
 7 suppos$ to occasion1 0 "o (  !       
miracul\s gifts ( ! e>ly times4    #b4  
,on ?is subject an ard5t controv]sy 0   
agitat$ ab\t ! middle  & t[>d ! end ( ! 
la/ c5tury1 betwe5 ,dr4 ,f>m] & 8       
oppon5ts4 ,9 ?is controv]sy1 ( :i* we   
%all attempt to give a  %ort view1 x 0  
cont5d$1 on ! "o h&1 t ! demoniacal     
cases  record$ 9 ! books ( ! ,new       

,te/am5t1 7 in/ances ( real  possession2
 &1 on ! o!r1 t !y 7 m]ely diseases1 set
 =?  "u ! notion ( possessions1 9       
con=mity ) ! belief :i* 0  preval5t at !
 "t4 ,by ! "o p>ty1 ! language ( holy   
writ 0  int]pret$ lit]ally2 & by ! o!r x
 0 consid]$ z figurative1  & us$ 9 ! way
 ( accommodation to ! exi/+ op9ions4 ,! 
lead+ assev]ation ( ,dr4 ,f>m]1 ^u !    
g5]al "q1 is1 t  miracles1 or works     
surpass+ ! p[] ( m51 are nev] p]=m$  )\t
 a div9e int]position2 & by a div9e     
int]position he means1  ei!r ! imm$iate 
ag5cy ( ! ,deity himself1 or ( be+s     
emp[]$  & commission$ by him4 ,& ! pro( 
( ?is assev]ation1 he tells  u1 may v   
easily be f\nd1 if we consid] t1 on any 
o!r  supposition1 x is impossible to %[ 
t a religion support$ by  miracles is   
really f ,god4 ,= ! miracles 9 "q1 or   
works  surpass+ ! p[] ( human be+s1 may 
h be5 p]=m$ by evil  spirits1 act+      
indep5d5tly ( ! ,div9ity1 ?w>t+ 8       
purposes1  & m>r+ ! op]ation ( 8        
goodness4 ,%\ld x be said t1 f  ! t5d5cy

 ( ! miracle itself1 & a =tiori1 f !    
t5d5cy  ( ! miracle & religion :5 tak5  
toge!r1 we may easily inf] !  "* ( ! be+
 f :om ! :ole s*eme proce$s1--to ?is    
also ,dr4 ,f>m] is ready ) 8 answ]4 8,) 
reg>d to doctr9es10  says he 8( a moral 
or useful t5d5cy1 x is n1 9 all cases1  
easy  = ! bulk ( mank9d1 or ev5 = ! wise
 & le>n$1 to =m a  c]ta9 judgm5t conc]n+
 !m4 ,:at to m5 appe>$ to h a  t5d5cy to
 promote virtue & happ9ess1 sup]ior     
be+s1 :o disc]n$  its remote/ effects1  
might "k to be a curse r ?an a bless+1  
& give x c\nt5ance f a motive (         
malevol5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1  a doctr9e    
really subs]vi5t to ! cause ( piety &   
virtue1 m5  might judge to be           
prejudicial to x4 ,& 7 ! sanctity ( !   
doctr9e ev] s app>5t1 x w\ld n 7on !    
pr9ciples ( ^? )  :om we are "h argu+7  
c]ta9ly foll[ f h5ce1 t ! miracles      
recomm5d+ x 7 wr\ght by ,god2 inasmu* z 
o!r be+s1 f  motives unkn[n to u1 might 
int]e/ !mselves 9 fav\r ( su* a         
doctr9e40 ,9 "o ^w1 accord+ to ?is      

au?or1 we d n "k :e!r  ! t5d5cy ( !     
miracle1 or ( ! religion1 be good or n2 
&  !re=e we c =m no accurate idea ( ! "*
 really belong+  to ! be+ f :om !       
revelation proce$s4 ,to our eyes ! sy/em
  may appe> well calculat$ to promote   
our happ9ess1 b x may h  be5 !          
contrivance ( wick$ spirits4 ,accord+ to
 ! s5se &  disc]nm5t ( m51 ! miracle is 
useful 9 itself1 b we _c be  sure :e!r x
 may n h be5 p]=m$ by "o ( ! rebelli\s  
angels 8:o kept n _! fir/ e/ate40 ,9    
con=mity ) ^!  op9ions1 ,dr4 ,f>m]      
ma9ta9s t !re is n an in/ance record$ 9 
sacr$ ,scripture1 :]e a miracle has be5 
wr\ght1 & :]e !re is  n suffici5t reason
 to believe t ! effect 0 produc$ ei!r by
  ! ,deity himself1 or by ag5ts         
commission$ & emp[]$ to act 9 8  "n4    
,h5ce he consid]s ! ,egyptian magicians 
z juggl]s2 ! wit*  ( ,endor1 z a        
v5triloqui/2 &1 complet+ ! sy/em1 he has
 writt5  an elaborate diss]tation to    
prove1 t :5 ,*ri/ 0 8tempt$ ( !  devil10
 z ! ,evangeli/ ,mat!w expresses x1 t   

apo/ate angel 0  n really pres5t2 & t ! 
:ole transaction took place 9 a  vision 
or a dream4    ,) reg>d to ! demoniacs (
 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?is writ] & 8  foll[]s
 cont5d t1 among ! ,jews1 c]ta9         
diseases1 su* z  madness & epilepsy1 7  
usually ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( evil       
spirits4 ,?is 0 ! curr5t notion & belief
 ( ! c\ntry4 ,^u  ?is notion ! ord9>y   
phraseology 0 built4 ,our ,"l & 8       
,apo/les adapt$ _! in/ructions to ?is   
prevail+ notion1 & us$  ! language :i*  
_h be5 =m$ ^u x2 j z ,moses1 9 8  acc\nt
 ( ! creation1 adapts himself to !      
popul> a/ronomy ( 8  "t1 in/ead ( lay+  
be=e u ! true sy/em ( ! heav5ly  bodies4
 ,he speaks1 n 9 relation to :at is     
physically correct1 b 9  relation to :at
 0 believ$4 ,he f\nds 8 in/ructions ^u !
 ideas  already ent]ta9$ by ! p to :om !
 revelation 0 fir/  communicat$3 & ,*ri/
 & 8 ,apo/les d ! v same ?+4 ,!y  speak 
( ! demoniacs1 n accord+ to ! real /ate 
( ! case1 b  accord+ to ! notions :i* ! 
,jews ent]ta9$ ( x4 ,n a few (  ^?      

demoniacs appe> to h be5 p]sons ( a     
disord]$  und]/&+1 subject to attacks ( 
mania2 "s ( !m 7 afflict$  ) ! epilepsy1
 or fall+ sickness1 "s 7 deaf1 & o!rs 7 
dumb4 ,:5 a demon is said to ent] into a
 man1 ! mean+ is1 t 8  madness is ab\t  
to %[ itself 9 a viol5t p>oxysm2 :5 a   
demon is  said to speak1 x is only !    
unhappy victim ( ! disease himself t    
speaks2 & :5 a demon or devil is        
expell$1 ! exact tru? ( !  case1 z well 
z ! :ole ( ! miracle1 is no?+ m ?an t ! 
disease is cur$4 ,occasionally1 too1 say
 ^? :o cont5d aga9/ !  reality (        
demoniacal possessions1 ! language ( !  
sacr$ books  confirms ! explanation :i* 
has j be5 giv54 ,?us1 9 ! t5?  *apt] (  
,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 we f9d ! ,jews say+
 ( ,*ri/1 8,he  ha? a devil1 & is mad10 
z if ! expressions 7 p]fectly           
equival5t2 & ! p]son :o is repres5t$1 9 
! sev5te5?  *apt] ( ,mat!w1 z a lunatic1
 is spok5 ( by ,/4 ,m>k z vex$ )  a dumb
 _s4 ,x is f>!r argu$ on ?is side ( !   
"q1 t  ! in/ances ( possession record$ 9

 ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t  h all !     
features & appe>ance ( ord9>y diseases4 
,! madness  %[s itself 9 ^! cases1 j z x
 %[s itself 9 ! cases :i*  occur among  
ourselves 9 ! pres5t day3 x is n[       
melan*oly1 & !  pati5t is sil5t & sull51
 & n[ x v5ts itself 9 bur/s ( ang]  &   
f]oci\s res5tm5t4 ,& ! epilepsy ( !     
sacr$ books is !  epilepsy ( all our    
sy/ems ( nosology3 ! ph5om5a ( !        
diseases  are precisely ! same4 ,nor    
does ?is1 say !y1 detract f ! v  high "*
 :i* ,*ri/ und\bt$ly su/a9s 9 ! inspir$ 
writ+s1 or dim9i% ! value ( 8 miracles z
 ! evid5ces ( our  religion2 s9ce x mu/ 
be all[$1 t to cure a disease ) a ^w  or
 a t\* is an ef=t ( p[] f> beyond ! rea*
 ( any human  be+4 ,& let x be rememb]$1
 t ^? :o d5y ! expulsion (  demons are  
ready to admit t diseases 7 miracul\sly 
cur$4 ,!re  is a miracle 9 ei!r case2 &1
 9 ei!r case1 x is a suffici5t  pro( (  
our ,savi\r's mission1 & an adequate    
support ( ! ,*ri/ian  fai?4    #c4 ,to  
^! /atem5ts & reason+s1 ! advocates (   

possessions h  n be5 sl[ to reply4 ,!y  
call 9 "q ! tru? ( ,dr4 ,f>m]'s  lead+  
assev]ation2 namely1 8t extraord9>y     
works h nev] be5  p]=m$ )\t a div9e     
int]position20 & cont5d1 t z human  be+s
 h a c]ta9 sph]e & ag5cy allott$ !m1 s x
 is  reasonable to believe t malignant  
spirits h a wid] sph]e1 & an  ag5cy less
 controll$2 & t )9 ?is sph]e1 & 9 !     
ex]cise  ( ?is ag5cy1 !y p]=m actions1 !
 t5d5cy ( :i* is to ?w>t  ! purposes ( !
 div9e b5efic5ce1 & to introduce        
confusion &  mis]y into ! _w4 ,!y argue1
 too1 t ! devil himself1 !  *ief ( !    
apo/ate spirits1 is (t5 repres5t$ 9 holy
 writ z  ex]t+ 8 malignity 9 opposition 
to ! designs ( inf9ite  goodness2 & 9 ! 
case ( our fir/ p>5ts1 z a rem>kable    
example1  he tempt$ !m to disob$i5ce1 & 
l$ !m to _! fall4 ,x 0 9  consequ5ce ( 8
 ma*9ations1 t !y br\ght d[n ^u !mselves
  ! wra? ( ,heav51 & 7 driv5 f ! g>d5 9 
:i* 8! ,"l  _h plac$ !m40 ,! advocates (
 possessions cont5d /ill f>!r1  t !     
revelation :i* is made to u 9 sacr$     

,scripture is address$  to our und]/&+s2
 t x is n only 9 our p[]1 b t x is  our 
indisp5sable duty1 to exam9e x1 & to    
judge ( x2 t !  t5d5cy ( any miracle1 or
 sy/em ( doctr9e1 is a suffici5t evid5ce
  ( ! "* belong+ to him :o p]=ms !      
miracle1 or publi%es  ! doctr9e2 t good 
actions are demon/rative ( ! quality (  
goodness2 &1 9 %ort1 t a religion       
calculat$ to make u happy  mu/ h proce$$
 f a ,be+ :o has consult$ & provid$ =   
our  happ9ess4 ,nor is ?is a matt] s    
ab/ruse & remote f human  appreh5sion1 t
 we c =m no op9ion ab\t x4 8,=10 say !y1
 8if  any ?+ connect$ ) ,*ri/ianity be  
pla91 x seems to be t !  t5d5cy ( !     
religion is b5efic5t2 & t x is no less  
pure 9  its "* ?an bless$ 9 its effects4
 ,! v miracles record$ 9  ,scripture are
 pro(s ( goodness4 ,!y mu/ h be5 wr\ght 
by a good  be+4 ,&10 !y cont9ue1 8we ?9k
 ourselves entitl$ to hold our  religion
 z true1 & to reg>d x z 9 ! highe/      
degree b5eficial1  ?\gh we mu/ all[1 at 
! same "t1 t ! magicians ( ,egypt  p]=m$

 _m wond]ful works by ! ag5cy ( wick$   
spirits2 t !  sorc]ess ( ,endor 0 9     
league ) ! p[]s ( d>kness1 & t  ,*ri/ 0 
lit]ally tempt$ #8( ! devil1' 9 !       
wild]ness (  ,judea40    #d4 ,) reg>d to
 ! m specific "q ( demoniacal           
possessions1  !y answ]1 t ?\gh ,god has 
(t5 be5 pleas$ to accommodate  himself  
to our appreh5sion by adopt+ ! curr5t   
language ( !  c\ntries1 :]e ! revelation
 0 fir/ publi%$2 yet ! acc\nt (  !      
creation giv5 by ,moses is n altoge!r an
 in/ance 9 po9t4 ,=1  say !y1 :ile x is 
grant$ t ! true sy/em ( ! univ]se is  n 
laid be=e u 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 x 
ought to be  rememb]$ t ! /atem5ts 9 t  
*apt] are exce$+ly g5]al2  & t1 :ile !  
:ole tru? is n told1 x be+ no "p ( !    
revelation to tell x1 !re is1 at ! same 
"t1 no error directly  inculcat$4 ,9 !  
demoniacal cases1 h[ev]1 ! conduct ( !  
inspir$ writ]s1 &1 inde$1 ( ,*ri/       
himself1 is widely diff]5t4  ,!y        
positively & directly in=m u1 t a demon 
8ent]s into0 a  man1 & 8comes out0 (    

him2 !y repres5t ! demons z speak+1 &   
reason+1 & hop+1 & fe>+1 z hav+         
incl9ations & av]sions  peculi> to      
!mselves1 & di/9ct f ^? ( ! p]son :o is 
!  subject ( ! possession2 !y tell u (  
"o unhappy suff]] :o 0  vex$ ) _m       
devils2 &1 9 ! case ( ! demoniac (      
,gad>a1 !y  assure u t ! devils 7 8ca/  
out0 ( ! man1 & 7  p]mitt$1 at _! own   
reque/1 to 8ent] into0 a h]d ( sw9e :i* 
7 fe$+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & t imm$iately 
! h]d ran  viol5tly d[n a /eep place1 & 
7 dr[n$ 9 ! sea4 ,:o ev]  he>d ( sw9e   
afflict$ ) madness z a natural disease8 
,or1 :5 &  :]e has ! epilepsy1 or fall+ 
sickness1 be5 pr$icable ( ! s[8  ,=1 x  
mu/ be c>efully obs]v$ t ! disease ( !  
man1 !  affection ( ! human suff]]1     
:atev] t affection might h  be51 0      
cle>ly transf]r$ f him to ! animals 9   
"q4  ,beside1 z v>i\s in/ances are      
record$ 9 ,scripture1 & z sev]al  cases 
are giv5 at consid]able l5g?1 might we n
 expect1 if  possessions 7 really no?+ m
 ?an ord9>y diseases1 t !  tru? w\ld be 

some:]e told or h9t$ at8 t1 )9 ! compass
 (  ! sacr$ canon1 some?+ w\ld be said1 
or some?+ ins9uat$1  :i* w\ld lead u to 
und]/& t ! language1 ?\gh inaccurate  & 
improp]1 0 us$ 9 accommodation to !     
popul> belief8 ,might we  n expect t    
,*ri/ himself w\ld h decl>$1 9 "o       
unequivocal  affirmation1 or 9 "s       
intelligible way1 ! exact tru? ( ! case8
  ,or1 at all ev5ts1 :5 ! ,holy ,gho/ _h
 desc5d$ ^u ! ,apo/les  on ! day (      
p5teco/1 & :5 ! full disclosure ( !     
revelation  appe>s to h be5 made1 might 
x n reasonably h be5 look$ =  t ! popul>
 error w\ld h be5 rectifi$1 & ! language
  r$uc$ f its figurative "* to a /ate ( 
simple correctness8  ,:at conceivable   
motive c\ld influ5ce our ,savi\r1 or 8  
,apo/les1 to  sanction ! delusion ( !   
multitude8 ,& does x n /rike at !  root 
( ! ,*ri/ian religion itself1 to h x    
?\ght1 = a s+le  mom5t1 t its 8,au?or & 
,f9i%]10 :o came to enlight5 & to  re=m 
! _w1 %\ld h1 on s _m occasions1 n only 
c\nt5anc$1 b confirm$1 an op9ion :i* he 

mu/ h kn[n to be  8! rev]se ( ! tru?08  
,let u !n1 say !y1 bew>e h[ we rel9qui% 
! lit]al s5se (  holy writ1 9 se>* (    
allegorical or figurative               
int]pretations4 ,&  if1 ^u any occasion1
 we ?9k x prop] to d s1 let u consid]   
well  ! gr\nds & reasons ^u :i* our     
det]m9ation is built4 ,x is  evid5t t ! 
devil & 8 angels1 accord+ to all t we c 
le>n ( !m 9 ! sacr$ books1 are real     
be+s2 t ! demons (  ! ,new ,te/am5t are 
malignant spirits2 & t !y act ^u ! same 
pr9ciples1 & ev5 "u ! au?ority ( ,satan 
himself1 :o is  o!rwise call$           
,beelzebub1 & ! pr9ce ( ! devils4 ,nay1 
9 ^!  v cases ( possession1 ! *ief ( !  
apo/ate angels is cle>ly  set =? z act+ 
ei!r 9 8 own p]son1 or by means ( 8     
inf]nal ag5ts4 ,& x is on ?is           
supposition alone t we c expla9  !      
language ( ,*ri/ 9 t rem>kable          
decl>ation :i* he makes to  ! ,ph>isees 
& rul]s ( ! ,jews1 & :i* we f9d record$ 
9 !  twelf? *apt] ( ! ,gospel by ,/4    
,mat!w4 8,! ,ph>isees he>d x10  obs]ves 

! ,evangeli/1 8& !y said1 ,?is fell[ do?
 n ca/ out  devils b by ,beelzebub1 !   
pr9ce ( ! devils4 ,& ,jesus knew _!     
?\ghts1 & said unto !m1 ,e k+dom divid$ 
aga9/ itself is  br\ght to desolation2 &
 e city or h\se divid$ aga9/ itself     
%all n /&2 & if ,satan ca/ out ,satan1  
he is divid$ aga9/  himself3 h[ %all !n 
8 k+dom /&80    #e4 ,on ?is subject (   
diseases x is also to be obs]v$1 t !    
inspir$ writ]s uni=mly make a di/9ction 
betwe5 diseases occurr+  9 ! ord9>y     
c\rse ( nature1 & diseases occasion$ by 
! ag5cy  ( evil spirits4 8,!re is e     
:]e10 says ,bi%op ,porteus1 8a pla9     
di/9ction made betwe5 common diseases & 
demoniacal possessions1  :i* %[s t !y   
are totally diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 ! f\r?      
*apt] ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 :]e ! v 
fir/ m5tion is  made ( ^! possessions1 x
 is said t our ,"l's fame w5t  ?r\gh\t  
all ,syria1 & t !y br\ght unto him #8all
 sick p1  t 7 tak5 ) div]s diseases &   
torm5ts1' & ^? #8:i*  7 possess$ )      
devils1' & he heal$ !m4 ,"h ^? t 7  tak5

 ) div]s diseases & torm5ts1 & ^?       
possess$ )  devils1 are m5tion$ z di/9ct
 & sep>ate p]sons3 a pla9 pro(  t !     
demoniacal possessions 7 n natural      
diseases3 & ! v  same di/9ction is made 
9 sev]al o!r passages ( holy writ4 ,!re 
c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! demoniacs 7    
p]sons really  possess$ ) evil spirits2 
& al?\gh x may appe> /range to u1  yet  
we f9d1 f ,josephus & o!r hi/orians1 t x
 0 9 ^?  times no uncommon case40    #f4
 ,we may conclude1 f ! argum5t on bo?   
sides ( ! "q1  t ! only reason :i* c be 
urg$ = dep>t+ f ! obvi\s  s5se (        
,scripture is1 t cases ( possession     
involve a philosophical  my/]y4 ,?is1   
truly1 is a v insuffici5t gr\nd1 &      
especially :5  we consid] t if we bett] 
knew ! nature ( spirits1 & ( our own    
frame1 ! philosophy might appe> all on !
 opposite side1 & no  d\bt w\ld d s4 ,b 
no "o :o admits ! ,scriptures to decide 
?is  "q1 c consi/5tly /& ^u t           
objectionable gr\nd (  int]pretation to 
:i* he is =c$ by d5y+ ! pla9 & consi/5t 

s5se ( innum]able passages4 ,if he      
admits ?is error1 he mu/ admit  _m o!rs2
 = a ,bible1 s int]pret$1 may be made to
 mean any ?+4    ,,de/ructioni/s1 a     
d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians :o believe t !   
f9al  puni%m5t ?reat5$ 9 ! ,gospel to ! 
wick$ & imp5it5t1  consi/s n 9 et]nal   
mis]y1 b 9 a total ext9ction ( be+2 &  t
 ! s5t5ce ( annihilation %all be execut$
 ) m or less  previ\s torm5t1 9         
proportion to ! great] or less guilt ( !
  crim9al4 ,?is doctr9e is l>gely       
ma9ta9$ 9 ! s]mons ( ! late  ,dr4 ,john 
,taylor1 ( ,norwi*2 ,mr4 ,s4 ,b\rn1 (   
,birm+ham2 & _m  o!rs4 ,9 def5ce ( !    
sy/em1 ,mr4 ,b\rn argues1 t !re are _m  
passages ( ,scripture1 9 :i* ! ultimate 
puni%m5t to :i* wick$  m5 %all be       
adjudg$ is def9$1 9 ! mo/ precise &     
intelligible  t]ms1 to be an ev]la/+    
de/ruction1 proce$+ f ,him :o is        
equally able to de/roy z to create2 &   
:o1 by our ,"l himself1 is  said to be  
8able to de/roy bo? s\l & body 9 hell40 
,by !  8ev]la/+ puni%m5t ( ! wick$10    

!re=e1 ,mr4 ,b4 und]/&s  8ev]la/+       
de/ruction10 lit]ally speak+1 8f !      
pres5ce ( !  ,"l10 :i* is 8! second     
dea?20 f :i* !re c be no  resurrection1 
& :i* is set 9 opposition to 8et]nal    
life40 ,9  speak+ ( ! images us$ to     
illu/rate ?is subject1 ,mr4 ,b4 rem>ks1 
t ! wick$ are comp>$ to combu/ible      
mat]ials1 z br&s1 t>es1  c1 :i* ! fire  
utt]ly consumes3 s ,sodom & ,gomorrah   
suff] 8!  v5geance ( et]nal fire10 t is1
 !y are de/roy$ = ev]2 &  ! phrases1 8! 
worm t die? n1 & ! fire :i* is n        
qu5*$10 are plac$ 9 opposition to ent]+ 
into life1 & d5ote  ! t]m9ation (       
exi/5ce1 ,m>k ix1 #dc4    ,to all ?is x 
may be answ]$3 #a4 ,t annihilation1 z a 
puni%m5t1  admits ( no degrees4 #b4 ,if 
we connect ) ?is a previ\s /ate (       
torm5t1 7z ,mr4 ,w9*e/] says1 8= ages ( 
ages107 annihilation mu/  be r a relief 
f puni%m5t1 ?an ! puni%m5t itself4 #c4  
,t  annihilation is r a susp5sion ?an an
 ex]tion ( div9e p[]4 #d4  ,t ! puni%m5t
 ( imp5it5t m5 is describ$ z ! same ) t 

( ! fall5 angels1 :o are n annihilat$1  
,matt4 xxv1 #da1 b rema9  9 expectation 
( future puni%m5t1 8,art ?\ come to     
torm5t u be=e  ! "t80 ,matt4 viii1 #bi4 
#e4 ,9 ! /ate ( future puni%m5t1 !re  is
 said to be 8weep+ & gna%+ ( tee?10     
,matt4 xxiv1 #ea4 #f4 ,z !  happ9ess (  
sa9ts 9 ! future /ate consi/s n m]ely 9 
be+1  b 9 well be+1 or happ9ess2 s !    
puni%m5t ( ! wick$  requires ! idea (   
et]nal suff]+ to support ! contra/4 ,x  
might  be add$1 t annihilation1 z f> z  
we "k1 =ms no "p ( !  div9e economy4 ,"o
 ?+ is also c]ta9 & indisputable3 !     
/rong  language ( ,scripture is int5d$  
to det] m5 f s92 & :oev]  attempts to   
remove ! b>ri]1 (f]s insult to ! div9e  
wisdom1 &  trifles ) 8 own de/9y4 ,b !  
capital argum5t is1 t x is              
unscriptural3--8,:]e _! worm die? n1 & !
 fire is n  qu5*$10 is1 l _m o!rs1 a    
decl>ation1 to :i* no dext]ity (        
int]pretation c give any o!r good s5se1 
?an ! cont9uance (  consci\s puni%m5t4  
,,devil1 ,diabolus1 an evil angel4 ,! ^w

 is =m$ f ! ,fr5*  diable1 ( ! ,lat9    
diabolus1 :i* comes f ! ,greek 1  :i*1 9
 its ord9>y acceptation1 signifies      
calumniator1 traduc]1  or false accus]1 
f ! v]b 1 to calumniate1 c2 or  f !     
anci5t ,briti% diafol4 ,dr4 ,campbell   
obs]ves1 t1 ?\gh  ! ^w is sometimes1 bo?
 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new1 appli$ to  
m5 & wom51 z traduc]s1 x is1 by way (   
em95ce1 employ$ to  d5ote t apo/ate     
angel1 :o is exhibit$ to u1 p>ticul>ly 9
 !  ,new ,te/am5t1 z ! great enemy (    
,god & man4 ,9 ! two fir/  *apt]s (     
,job1 x is ! ^w 9 ! ,septuag9t by :i* ! 
,hebrew  1 ,satan1 or adv]s>y1 is       
translat$4 ,inde$1 ! ,hebrew ^w 9  ?is  
application1 z well z ! ,greek1 has be5 
naturaliz$ 9 mo/  mod]n languages4 ,?us 
we say1 indiff]5tly1 ! devil1 or ,satan2
  only ! latt] has m ! appe>ance ( a    
prop] "n1 z x is n  att5d$ ) ! article4 
,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5  !  
import ( su* t]ms1 z occurr+ 9 _! native
 tongues1 & z  mod]niz$ 9 translations4 
,9 ! =m]1 !y always reta9 some:at  ( _! 

primitive mean+1 &1 beside indicat+ a   
p>ticul> be+1  or class ( be+s1 !y are (
 ! nature ( appellatives1 & make a      
special "* or note ( di/9ction 9 su*    
be+s4 ,:]eas1 :5  ?us ,lat9iz$ or       
,engli%$1 !y answ] solely ! fir/ ( ^!   
uses1  z !y come ne>] ! nature ( prop]  
names4  is sometimes  appli$ to human   
be+s2 b no?+ is m easy ?an to di/+ui%   
?is application f ! m frequ5t           
application to !  ar*-apo/ate4 ,"o m>k (
 di/9ction is1 t1 9 ?is la/ use ( !     
t]m1 x is nev] f\nd 9 ! plural4 ,:5 !   
plural is us$1 !  context always %[s t x
 ref]s to human be+s1 & n to fall5      
angels4 ,x occurs 9 ! plural only ?rice1
 & t only 9 !  epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 #a  
,tim4 iii1 #aa2 #b ,tim4 iii1 #c2 ,titus
 ii1 #c4  ,ano!r crit]ion :]eby !       
application ( ?is ^w to ! pr9ce (       
d>kness may be discov]$1 is its be+     
att5d$ ) ! article4 ,!  t]m almo/       
inv>iably is  4 ,! except$ in/ances     
occur 9  ! address ( ,paul to ,elymas ! 
sorc]]1 ,acts xiii1 #aj2 & t (  our ,"l 

to ! ,ph>isees1 ,john viii1 #dd4 ,! m   
d\btful cases are  ^? 9 #a ,pet] v1 #h1 
& ,rev4 xx1 #b4 ,^! are all ! examples 9
  :i* ! ^w1 ?\gh us$ indef9itely or )\t 
! article1  evid5tly d5otes our         
spiritual & anci5t enemy2 & ! examples 9
  :i* x occurs 9 ?is s5se ) ! article1  
are too num]\s to be  recit$4    #b4 ,t 
!re are angels & spirits1 good & bad1   
says an em95t  writ]2 t at ! head ( ^!  
la/1 !re is "o m consid]able  &         
malignant ?an ! re/1 :o1 9 ! =m1 or "u !
 "n1 ( a  s]p5t1 0 deeply conc]n$ 9 !   
fall ( man1 & ^: head1 9 !  language (  
prophecy1 ! ,son ( ,man 0 "o day to     
bruise2 t ?is  evil _s1 ?\gh t prophecy 
be 9 "p fulfill$1 has n yet  receiv$ 8  
dea?'s w\nd1 b is /ill p]mitt$1 = ends  
to u  unse>*able1 & 9 ways :i* we _c    
p>ticul>ly expla91 to h  a c]ta9 degree 
( p[] 9 ?is _w1 ho/ile to its virtue &  
happ9ess1--all ?is is s cle> f          
,scripture1 t no believ]1  unless he be 
previ\sly 8spoil$ by philosophy & va9   
deceit10 c  possibly ent]ta9 a d\bt ( x4

 ,c]ta9ly1 among ! num]\s  ref9em5ts (  
mod]n times1 !re is sc>cely any ?+ m    
extraord9>y ?an ! attempt t has be5     
made1 & is /ill mak+1  to p]suade u t   
!re really exi/s no su* be+ 9 ! _w z  ! 
devil2 & t :5 ! inspir$ writ]s speak (  
su* a be+1 all  t !y mean is1 to        
p]sonify ! evil pr9ciple6 ,a bold ef=t  
unque/ionably2 & c\ld its advocates     
succe$ 9 p]suad+ m5 into  ! univ]sal    
belief ( x1 !y w\ld d m to promote 8    
cause &  int]e/ 9 ! _w ?an he himself   
has be5 able to effect s9ce !  s$uction 
( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,b to be arm$ aga9/   
?is subtle  /ratagem1 let u att5d to !  
pla9 doctr9e ( div9e revelation         
respect+ ?is matt]4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 
p>ticul>ly 9 ! fir/  two *apt]s ( ,job1 
?is evil _s is call$ ,satan2 & 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t1 he is spok5 ( "u v>i\s titles1
 :i* are also  descriptive ( 8 p[] &    
malignity2 z = example1 he is call$1  8!
 pr9ce ( ?is _w10 ,john xii1 #ca2 8!    
pr9ce ( ! p[] (  ! air10 ,eph4 ii1 #b2  
8! god ( ?is _w10 #b ,cor4 iv1 #d2 8!   

dragon1 t old s]p5t1 ! devil10 ,rev4 xx1
 #b2 8! wick$ "o10 #a  ,john v1 #ai4 ,he
 is repres5t$ z ex]cis+ a sov]eign sway 
ov] !  human race 9 _! natural /ate1 or 
previ\s to _! be+  enlight5$1 reg5]at$1 
& sanctifi$ by ! ,gospel1 ,eph4 ii1 #b1 
#c4  ,8 k+dom is describ$ z a k+dom (   
d>kness2 & ! influ5ce  :i* he ex]cises  
ov] ! human m9d is call$ 8! p[]10 or    
en]gy1  8( d>kness10 ,col4 i1 #ac4 ,h5ce
 believ]s are said to be 8call$ out (   
d>kness into m>vell\s light10 #a ,pet]  
ii1 #i4 ,f>!r1 he is said to  g ab\t 8z 
a ro>+ lion1 seek+ its prey1 t he may   
de/roy m5's  s\ls10 #a ,pet] v1 #h4     
,*ri/ says1 8,he 0 a murd]] f !  beg9n+1
 & abode n 9 ! tru?1 because !re is no  
tru? 9 him2  :5 he speake? a lie1 he    
speake? ( t :i* is 8 own1 = he is  a    
li>1 & ! fa!r ( x10 ,john viii1 #dd4 ,we
 are also taught t  ?is gr& adv]s>y (   
,god & man has a num]\s b& ( fall5      
spirits "u 8 control2 & t bo? he & !y   
are res]v$ "u  a s5t5ce ( condemnation  
unto ! judgm5t ( ! great day1 ,jude #f2 

& t 8ev]la/+ fire10 or p]petual torm5t1 
8is prep>$ = !  devil & 8 angels10      
,matt4 xxv1 #da4 ,9 ^! v>i\s passages ( 
,scripture1 & _m o!rs :i* might be add$1
 ! exi/5ce ( !  devil is expressly /at$2
 b if1 z our mod]n ,sadducees affirm1   
no?+ m is int5d$ 9 !m ?an a             
p]sonification ( ! ab/ract  quality (   
evil1 ! ,bible1 & especially ! ,new     
,te/am5t1 mu/ be  em95tly calculat$ to  
mislead u 9 matt]s :i* intimately conc]n
  our et]nal int]e/s4 ,if1 9 inf]r+ f !m
 ! exi/5ce ( evil  spirits 9 ?is _w1 we 
c be mi/ak51 x w n be an easy matt]  to 
%[ :at inf]5ce d$uc$ f ,scripture       
premises may safely be  reli$ on4 ,x    
ought n1 h[ev]1 to surprise ,*ri/ians t 
attempts  ( ?is k9d %\ld be made4 ,/4   
,paul tells u1 t 9 8 day !re  7 8false  
apo/les1 deceitful work]s1 trans=m+     
!mselves into  ! apo/les ( ,*ri/2 & no  
wond]10 says he1 8= ,satan himself is   
trans=m$ into an angel ( light10 #b     
,cor4 xi1 #ac1 #ad4    #c4 ,to ! notion1
 t ! ,jews d]iv$ _! op9ions on ?is      

subject  f ! ori5tal philosophy1 & t l !
 ,p]sians !y set up a  rival god2 x may 
be repli$1 t ! ,jewi% notion ( ! devil  
_h no  resemblance to :at ! ,p]sians    
fir/1 & ! ,mani*eans aft]w>d1  call$ !  
evil pr9ciple2 :i* !y made 9 "s sort    
cord9ate )  ,god1 & ! fir/ s\rce ( all  
evil1 z ! o!r is ( good4 ,= !  devil1 9 
! ,jewi% sy/em1 is a creature z mu* z   
any o!r be+ 9  ! univ]se1 & is liable to
 be controll$ by omnipot5ce1--an        
attribute :i* !y ascrib$ to ,god alone4 
#d4 ,! argum5ts f philosophy aga9/ !    
exi/5ce ( evil spirits  are z frail z t 
:i* is pret5d$ to be gr\nd$ ^u          
criticism4  ,= t !re is no?+ irrational 
9 ! notion ( sup]ior be+s1  is pla9 f   
?is3 t if !re be o!r be+s bel[ u1 !re   
may be  o!rs above u4 ,if we h          
demon/ration ( "o ,be+ at lea/ :o is    
invisible1 !re may be _m o!r creat$     
invisible & spiritual  be+s4 ,if we see 
m5 sometimes s bad z to delight 9 tempt+
 o!rs  to s9 & ru91 !re may exi/ a :ole 
ord] ( fall5 be+s :o may  h ! same      

bus9ess & ! same malignant pleasure2 &  
if we see  "s m5 furi\sly b5t ^u de/roy+
 tru? & piety1 ?is is  precisely :at is 
ascrib$ to ^! evil spirits4 ,x is "o ( !
  s]i\s circum/ances ( our probation on 
e>?1 t we %\ld be  expos$ to ?is        
influ5ce ( ,satan1 & we are !re=e call$ 
to  8wat* & pray t we ent] n into       
temptation40    #e4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( !   
wor%ip ( devils s g5]al 9 "s =m  ?r\gh\t
 a great "p ( ! ,hea!n _w1 is at once a 
pa9ful & a  curi\s subject1 & des]ves a 
m c>eful inve/igation ?an x has         
receiv$4 ,9 mod]n times1 devil-wor%ip is
 se5 sy/ematiz$ 9 ,ceylon1  ,burmah1 &  
_m p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies2 & an ord] (   
devil-prie/s  exi/s1 ?\gh contr>y to !  
,budhi/ religion1 aga9/ ! temples (  :i*
 x sets up rival alt>s4    ,mr4 ,ives1 9
 8 ,travels ?r\gh ,p]sia1 gives ! foll[+
 curi\s  acc\nt ( devil-wor%ip3 8,^! p  
7! ,sanjacks1 a nation  inhabit+ !      
c\ntry ab\t ,mosul1 ! anci5t ,n9eveh7   
once pr(ess$  ,*ri/ianity1 !n           
,mohamm$anism1 & la/ ( all devilism4 ,!y

 say x  is true t ! devil has at pres5t 
a qu>rel ) ,god2 b ! "t  w come :51 !   
pride ( 8 he>t be+ subdu$1 he w make 8  
submission to ! ,almighty2 &1 z ! ,deity
 _c be implacable1 !  devil w receive a 
full p>don = all 8 transgressions1 & bo?
  he1 & all ^? :o paid him att5tion dur+
 8 disgrace1 w be  admitt$ into ! bless$
 mansions4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( _!     
hope1 & ?is *ance = heav5 !y e/eem to be
 a bett] "o ?an  t ( tru/+ to _! own    
m]its1 or ! m]its ( ! lead] ( any  o!r  
religion :atsoev]4 ,! p]son ( ! devil !y
 look on z  sacr$2 & :5 !y affirm any ?+
 solemnly1 !y d x by 8 "n4  ,all        
disrespectful expressions ( him !y w\ld 
puni% ) dea?1 did  n ! ,turki% p[]      
prev5t !m4 ,:5ev] !y speak ( him1 x is  
) ! utmo/ respect2 & !y always put be=e 
8 "n a c]ta9  title correspond+ to t (  
highness or "l40 ,! wor%ipp]s ( !  devil
 m5tion$ by ,ives 7 also f\nd by        
,niebuhr 9 ! same c\ntry1  9 a village  
betwe5 ,bagdad & ,mosul1 call$          
,abd-el-asis1 on ! great  ,zab1 a riv]  

:i* empties itself into ! ,tigris4 ,?is 
village1 says  he1 is entirely inhabit$ 
by p :o are call$ ,isidians1 & also     
,daus94 ,z ! ,turks all[ ! free ex]cise 
( religion only to ^?  :o possess sacr$ 
books1 t is1 ! ,mohamm$ans1 ,*ri/ians1 &
  ,jews1 ! ,isidians are oblig$ to keep 
! pr9ciples ( _! religion  v secret4 ,!y
 !re=e call !mselves ,mohamm$ans1       
,*ri/ians1 or  ,jews1 accord+ to ! p>ty 
( him :o inquires :at _! religion is4   
,"s accuse !m ( wor%ipp+ ! devil "u ! "n
 ( ,ts*ellebi2  t is1 ,"l4 ,o!rs say t  
!y %[ great rev]5ce = ! sun &  fire1 t  
!y are unpoli%$ ,hea!ns1 & h horrid     
cu/oms4 ,i h  also be5 assur$ t !       
,daus9s d n wor%ip ! devil2 b adore     
,god alone z ! ,creator & ,b5efactor (  
all mank9d4 ,!y w n  speak ( ,satan1 nor
 ev5 h 8 "n m5tion$4 ,!y say t x is  j z
 improp] = m5 to take a "p 9 ! dispute  
betwe5 ,god & a  fall5 angel1 z = a     
peasant to ridicule & curse a s]vant ( !
  pa*a :o has fall5 into disgrace2 t    
,god did n require our  assi/ance to    

puni% ,satan = 8 disob$i5ce2 x might    
happ5 t he  might receive him into fav\r
 aga92 & !n we mu/ be a%am$ be=e  !     
judgm5t seat ( ,god1 if we _h1 uncall$  
=1 abus$ "o ( 8  angels3 x 0 !re=e ! be/
 n to tr\ble "o's self ab\t !  devil2 b 
endeav\r n to incur ,god's displeasure  
ourselves4 ,:5 !  ,isidians g to ,mosul1
 !y are n deta9$ by ! magi/rates1 ev5 if
  !y are kn[n4 ,! vulg>1 h[ev]1         
sometimes attempt to extort money  f !m4
 ,:5 !y (f] eggs or butt] to !m = sale1 
!y  endeav\r fir/ to get ! articles into
 _! h&s1 & !n dispute  ab\t ! price1 or 
= ?is or o!r reasons to abuse ,satan )  
all  _! might2 on :i* ! ,daus9 is (t5   
polite en\gh to leave e  ?+ beh9d1 r ?an
 he> ! devil abus$4 ,b 9 ! c\ntries  :]e
 !y h ! upp] h&1 nobody is all[$ to     
curse him1 unless  he *ooses to be      
beat51 or p]haps ev5 to lose 8 life4    
,,deut]onomy1 f 1 second1 & 1 law2 ! la/
 book (  ! ,p5tateu* or five books (    
,moses4 ,z its "n imports1 x conta9s  a 
repetition ( ! civil & moral law1 :i* 0 

a second "t  deliv]$ by ,moses1 ) "s    
additions & explanations1 z well to     
impress x m =cibly ^u ! ,israelites 9   
g5]al1 z 9  p>ticul> = ! b5efit ( ^? :o1
 be+ born 9 ! wild]ness1  7 n pres5t at 
! fir/ promulgation ( ! law4 ,x conta9s 
also  a recapitulation ( ! sev]al ev5ts 
:i* _h befall5 ! ,israelites  s9ce _!   
dep>ture f ,egypt1 ) sev]e reproa*es =  
_! pa/  misconduct1 & e>ne/ exhortations
 to future ob$i5ce4 ,! ,messiah is      
explicitly =etold 9 ?is book2 & !re are 
_m rem>kable  pr$ictions int]sp]s$ 9 x1 
p>ticul>ly 9 ! tw5ty-eigh?1  ?irtie?1   
?irty-second1 & ?irty-?ird *apt]s1      
relative to !  future condition ( !     
,jews4 ,! book ( ,deut]onomy f9i%es ) an
  acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,moses1 :i* is      
suppos$ to h be5 add$ by  8 successor1  
,jo%ua4    ,,dew4 ,dews 9 ,pale/9e are v
 pl5tiful1 l a small %[] ( ra9  e morn+4
 ,gideon fill$ a bas9 ) ! dew :i* fell  
on a fleece  ( wool1 ,judges vi1 #ch4   
,isaac1 bless+ ,jacob1 wi%$ him ! dew ( 
heav51 :i* fatt5s ! fields1 ,g54 xxvii1 

#bh4 ,9 ^? w>m  c\ntries :]e x seldom   
ra9s1 ! night dews supply ! want (      
%[]s4 ,isaiah speaks ( ra9 z if x 7 a   
dew1 ,isaiah xviii1 #d4  ,"s ( ! mo/    
beautiful & illu/rative ( ! images ( !  
,hebrew  poets are tak5 f ! dews ( _!   
c\ntry4 ,! reviv+ influ5ce  ( ! ,gospel1
 ! copi\sness ( its bless+s1 & !        
multitude (  its conv]ts1 are ?us set   
=?4    ,,diadem4 ,see ,,cr[n4    ,,dial 
is n m5tion$ 9 ,scripture be=e ! reign (
 ,ahaz4  ,int]pret]s diff] conc]n+ ! =m 
( ! dial ( ,ahaz1 #b ,k+s xx4  ,!       
g5]ality ( expositors ?9k t x 0 a       
/aircase s dispos$1  t ! sun %[$ ! h\rs 
^u x by ! %ad[4 ,o!rs suppose t  x 0 a  
pill> erect$ 9 ! middle ( a v level &   
smoo?  pavem5t1 on :i* ! h\rs 7 engrav54
 ,accord+ to ^! au?ors1  ! l9es m>k$ 9  
?is pavem5t are :at ! ,scripture calls  
degrees4  ,grotius describes x z foll[s3
 8,x 0 a concave hemisph]e1 & 9  ! mid/ 
0 a globe1 ! %ad[ ( :i* fell on !       
diff]5t l9es  engrav5 9 ! concavity ( ! 
hemisph]e2 ^! l9es 7  tw5ty-eight 9     

numb]40 ,?is description answ]s pretty  
ne>ly to t  k9d ( dial1 :i* ! ,greeks   
call$ scapha1 a boat or hemisph]e1  !   
inv5tion 7r introduction7 ( :i*1        
,vitruvius ascribes to  ,b]osus !       
,*aldean4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 t ! mo/  
anci5t sun  dial kn[n is 9 ! =m ( a half
 circle1 holl[$ into ! /one1 &  ! /one  
cut d[n to an angle4 ,?is k9d ( dial 0  
inv5t$ 9  ,babylon1 & 0 v probably !    
same z t ( ,ahaz4    ,,diamond1 4 ,exod4
 xxviii1 #ah2 xxix1 #aa2 ,ezek4 xxviii1 
#ac4 ,?is has  f remote antiquity be5   
consid]$ z ! mo/ valuable1 or1 m        
prop]ly1 ! mo/ co/ly sub/ance 9 nature4 
,! reason ( ! high  e/imation 9 :i* x 0 
held by ! anci5ts 0 its r>ity & its     
extreme h>dness & brilliancy4 ,x fill$ !
 six? place 9 ! high  prie/'s           
brea/plate1 & on x 0 engrav5 ! "n (     
,naphtali4    ,,diana1 a celebrat$      
goddess ( ! ,hea!ns1 :o 0 hon\r$        
pr9cipally at ,ephesus1 ,acts xix4 ,%e 0
 "o ( ! numb] ( !  twelve sup]ior       
deities1 & 0 call$ by ! sev]al names (  

,hebe1  ,trivia1 & ,hecate4 ,9 ! heav5s 
%e 0 ! moon1 ^u e>? %e 0  call$ ,diana1 
& 9 hell ,hecate4 ,%e 0 wor%ipp$ 9      
,pale/9e1  ,j]emiah vii1 #ah2 xliv1 #ag1
 #ah4    ,,dionysius1 ! ,areopagite1 a  
conv]t ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,acts xvii1 #cd4    
,*ryso/om decl>es ,dionysius to h be5 a 
citiz5 ( ,a!ns2 :i* is  cr$ible1 because
 ! judges ( ! ,areopagus g5]ally 7 s4   
,aft]  8 conv]sion1 ,dionysius 0 made ! 
fir/ bi%op ( ,a!ns2 hav+  lab\r$1 &     
suff]$ mu* 9 ! ,gospel1 he is said to h 
be5 burnt  at ,a!ns1 ,a4 ,d4 #ie4 ,!    
works attribut$ to ,dionysius are       
g5]ally  reput$ spuri\s4    ,,directory1
 an ecclesia/ical in/rum5t1 conta9+     
directions = !  conduct ( religi\s      
wor%ip1 drawn up by ! assembly ( div9es1
 by  ord] ( p>liam5t1 9 #afde4 ,x 0     
int5d$ to supply ! use ( !  ,common     
,pray] ,book1 :i* _h be5 aboli%$4 ,x    
ord]s ! rev]5t  obs]vation ( public     
wor%ip1 pray]1 s++ ( psalms1 ! read+  & 
exposition ( ! ,scriptures1 c4 ,x enjo9s
 no =ms1 b  recomm5ds ! ,"l's pray] z a 

model ( devotion2 directs t !  ,"l's    
,supp] may be receiv$ sitt+2 t ! ,sabba?
 day be /rictly  obs]v$2 b puts d[n all 
sa9ts' days1 consecrations ( *ur*es1 &  
private or lay baptisms4 ,?is           
,directory1 :i* 0 =m]ly b\nd )  !       
,we/m9/] confession ( fai?1 is /ill1 9  
effect1 ! plan (  wor%ip among !        
,diss5t]s1 & especially ! ,presbyt]ians4
    ,,disciple4 ,! prop] signification (
 ?is ^w is a le>n]2 b x  signifies 9 !  
,new ,te/am5t1 a believ]1 a ,*ri/ian1 a 
foll[] (  ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,disciple is (t5
 us$ in/ead ( ,apo/le 9 ! ,gospels2  b1 
subsequ5tly1 ,apo/les 7 di/+ui%$ f      
disciples4 ,!  sev5ty-two :o foll[$ our 
,savi\r f ! beg9n+1 are call$           
disciples2 z are o!rs :o 7 ( ! body (   
believ]s & bore no  (fice4 ,9 subsequ5t 
times1 ! "n disciple1 9 ! s5se ( le>n]1 
0 sometimes giv5 to ! 1 8auditores10    
p]sons :o1 9  ! primitive *ur*1 7       
receiv+ a prep>atory in/ruction 9       
,*ri/ianity4 ,!y 7 divid$ into two      
classes1 ^? :o receiv$  private         

in/ruction1 & ^? :o 7 admitt$ to !      
congregations1  & 7 "u imm$iate         
prep>ation = baptism4 ,! *ur* read]s  71
 9 "s places1 appo9t$ to in/ruct !      
cate*um5s2 & at  ,alex&ria1 :]e (t5     
le>n$ m5 pres5t$ !mselves =  in/ruction1
 ! (fice ( cate*i/ 0 fill$ by le>n$     
laym51 &  ^! cate*i/s laid ! f\ndation (
 an important !ological s*ool4          
,,diseases4 ,9 ! primitive ages ( ! _w1 
diseases1 9 consequ5ce  ( ! great       
simplicity 9 ! mode ( liv+1 7 b few 9   
numb]4  ,at a subsequ5t p]iod ! numb] 0 
increas$ by ! accession (  diseases t _h
 be5 previ\sly unkn[n4 ,epidemics also1 
diseases  some:at peculi> 9 _! "*1 &    
/ill m fe>ful 9 _!  consequ5ces1 soon   
made _! appe>ance1 "s infe/+ "o p]iod ( 
life1 & "s ano!r2 "s limit+ _! ravages  
to "o c\ntry1 &  "s to ano!r4 ,prosp]   
,alp9us m5tions ! diseases :i* are      
preval5t 9 ,egypt1 & 9 o!r c\ntries 9 ! 
same climate3 !y are  oph?almies1       
leprosies1 inflammations ( ! bra91 pa9s 
9 ! jo9ts1  ! h]nia1 ! /one 9 ! re9s &  

bladd]1 ! ph?isic1 hectic1  pe/il5tial &
 t]tian fev]s1 weakness ( ! /oma*1      
ob/ructions  9 ! liv]1 & ! sple54 ,( ^! 
diseases1 oph?almies1  pe/il5tial fev]s1
 & inflammations ( ! bra91 are          
epidemics2 !  o!rs are ( a diff]5t "*4  
,! leprosy prevails 9 ,egypt1 9  ! s\!rn
 "p ( ,upp] ,asia1 & 9 fact may be      
consid]$ a disease  endemic 9 w>m       
climates g5]ally4 ,accord+ly1 x is n at 
all  surpris+1 if _m ( ! ,hebrews1 :5 !y
 left ,egypt1 7 infect$  ) x2 b !       
ass]tion ( ,mane?o1 t !y 7 all ?us      
infect$1  & 7 9 consequ5ce ( !          
infection1 driv5 out by =ce1 9 :i*  he  
is precipitately & c>elessly foll[$ by  
,/rabo1 ,tacitus1 by  ,ju/9 ,trogus1 &  
o!rs m rec5t1 is a m]e dream )\t any    
f\ndation4 ,! appe>ance ( ! disease     
ext]nally is n always !  same4 ,! spot  
is commonly small1 & resembl+ 9 its     
appe>ance !  small r$ spot t w\ld be !  
consequ5ce ( a puncture f a  ne$le1 or !
 pu/ules ( a r+worm4 ,! spots = ! mo/ "p
 make  _! appe>ance v sudd5ly1          

especially if ! infect$ p]son1 at  !    
p]iod :5 ! disease %[s itself ext]nally1
 happ5s to be 9  great fe>1 or to be    
mov$ ) ang]1 ,num4 xii1 #aj2 #b ,*ron4  
xxvi1 #ai4  ,!y commonly exhibit        
!mselves 9 ! fir/ in/ance on ! face1    
ab\t ! nose & eyes2 & gradually increase
 9 size = a numb] (  ye>s1 till !y      
become1 z respects ! ext5t ( surface :i*
 !y  embrace on ! sk91 z l>ge z a pea or
 bean2 !y are !n call$  4 ,! :ite spot  
or pu/ule1 1 morphea alba1 & also ! d>k 
spot1 1 morphea nigra1 are indications (
 ! exi/5ce ( !  real leprosy1 ,lev4     
xiii1 #b1 #ci2 xiv1 #ef4 ,f ^! x is     
necess>y to  di/+ui% ! spot1 :i*1 :atev]
 resemblance !re may be 9 =m1  is s     
diff]5t 9 its effects1 call$ 1 & also ! 
h>mless sort  ( scab1 :i* occurs "u !   
^w1 1 ,lev4 xiii1 #f-h1 #bi4 ,moses1  9 
! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,leviticus1 lays d[n v
 explicit rules  = ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ 
betwe5 ^? spots :i* are pro(s  ( !      
actual exi/5ce ( ! leprosy1 & ^? spots  
:i* are  h>mless & result f "s o!r      

cause4 ,^? spots :i* are !  g5u9e       
effects & m>ks ( ! leprosy gradually    
dilate !mselves1  till at l5g? !y cov] !
 :ole body4 ,n only ! sk9 is subject  to
 a total de/ruction1 b ! body is affect$
 9 e "p4 ,!  pa91 x is true1 is n v     
great1 b !re is a great debility (  !   
sy/em1 & great uneas9ess & grief1 s mu* 
s1 z almo/ to  drive ! victim ( !       
disease to self-de/ruction4    #b4      
,moses act$ ! "p ( a wise legislator 9  
mak+ ^? laws :i*  h come d[n to u       
conc]n+ ! inspection & sep>ation (      
lepr\s  p]sons4 ,! object ( ^! laws w   
appe> peculi>ly wor?y1 :5 x  is         
consid]$1 t !y 7 design$1 n wantonly to 
fix ! *>ge  ( be+ a lep] ^u an innoc5t  
p]son1 & ?us to impose ^u him  ^?       
re/ra9ts & inconv5i5ces :i* ! tru? ( su*
 a *>ge  naturally implies1 b to        
asc]ta91 9 ! faire/ & mo/  satisfactory 
mann]1 & to sep>ate ^?1 & ^? only1 :o 7 
truly & really lepr\s4 ,z ?is 0 !       
prom95t object ( 8 laws  t h come d[n to
 u on ?is subject1 namely1 to secure a  

fair &  imp>tial decision on a "q ( ?is 
k9d1 he has n m5tion$  ^? signs (       
leprosy :i* admitt$ ( no d\bt1 b ^? only
 :i*  might be ! subject ( cont5tion2 & 
left x to ! prie/s1 :o also  fulfill$ ! 
(fice ( physicians1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! 
really  lepr\s1 & ^? :o _h only !       
appe>ance ( be+ su*4 ,we f9d  m5tion1 9 
! rules laid d[n by ,moses = ! purpose (
 asc]ta9+  ! true tok5s ( leprosy1 ( a  
cutane\s disord] :i* is d5om9at$  by him
 bohak4 ,! words ( ,moses1 :i* may be   
f\nd 9 ,lev4 xiii1 #ch1  #ci1 are z     
foll[s3 8,if a man or woman h :ite spots
 on ! sk91 &  ! prie/ see t ! col\r ( ^!
 spots is fa9t & pale1 x is1  9 ?is     
case1 ! bohak t has brok5 out on ! sk91 
& !y are  clean40 ,a p]son1 accord+ly1  
:o 0 attack$ ) ?is disease1 !  bohak1 0 
n decl>$ unclean2 & ! reason ( x 01 t x 
is  n only h>mless 9 itself1 b is free f
 t infecti\s &  h]$it>y "* :i* belongs  
to ! true leprosy4 8,! bohak0  says ,mr4
 ,niebuhr1 8is nei!r infecti\s nor      
dang]\s4 ,a black boy at  ,mo*a1 :o 0   

attack$ ) ?is sort ( leprosy1 _h :ite   
spots "h  & !re on 8 body4 ,x 0 said t !
 use ( sulphur _h = "s  "t be5 ( s]vice 
to ?is boy1 b _h n altoge!r remov$ !    
disease40 ,he !n adds ! foll[+ extract f
 ! pap]s ( a ,dr4  ,fo/]3 8,may #ae?1   
#agfc1 ,i myself saw a case ( ! bohak 9 
a ,jew at  ,mo*a4 ,! spots 9 ?is disease
 are ( unequal size4 ,!y h no  %9+      
appe>ance1 nor are !y p]ceptibly elevat$
 above ! sk92  & !y d n *ange ! col\r ( 
! hair4 ,_! col\r is an  obscure :ite or
 some:at r$di%4 ,! re/ ( ! sk9 ( ?is    
pati5t  0 black] ?an t ( ! p ( ! c\ntry 
0 9 g5]al1 b  ! spots 7 n s :ite z ! sk9
 ( an ,european :5 n  sunburnt4 ,!      
spots1 9 ?is species ( leprosy1 d n     
appe> on !  h&s1 nor ab\t ! navel1 b on 
! neck & face2 n1 h[ev]1 on  t "p ( !   
head :]e ! hair gr[s v ?ick4 ,!y        
gradually  spread1 & cont9ue sometimes  
only ab\t two mon?s2 b 9 "s cases1      
inde$1 z long z two ye>s1 & !n disappe>1
 by degrees1 (  !mselves4 ,?is disord]  
is nei!r infecti\s nor h]$it>y1 nor does

  x occasion any inconv5i5ce40 8,t all  
?is10 rem>ks ,mi*alis1  8%\ld /ill be   
f\nd exactly to hold at ! di/ance ( ?ree
 ?\s&  five hundr$ ye>s f ! "t ( ,moses1
 ought c]ta9ly to ga9 "s  cr$it to 8    
laws1 ev5 ) ^? :o w n all[ !m to be (   
div9e au?ority40 ,! pe/il5ce1 9 its     
effects1 is equally t]rible  ) !        
leprosy1 & is mu* m rapid 9 its         
progress2 = x  t]m9ates ! exi/5ce ( ^?  
:o are infect$ ) x almo/  imm$iately1 & 
at ! f>!/ )9 ?ree or f\r days4 ,!       
,g5tiles  7 9 ! habit ( ref]r+ back !   
pe/il5ce to ! ag5cy &  int]f]5ce ( t    
be+1 :atev] x might be1 :e!r idol or    
_s1 :om !y reg>d$ z ! div9ity4 ,!       
,hebrews1 also1 e  :]e attribute x to ! 
ag5cy ei!r ( ,god himself1 or ( t       
legate or angel1 :om !y d5om9ate 4      
#c4 ,! palsy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is a     
disease ( v wide import4  ,_m           
infirmities1 z ,ri*t] has demon/rat$1 7 
compreh5d$ "u  ! ^w :i* is r5d]$ palsy 9
 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #a4 ,!  apoplexy1 a   
p>alytic %ock1 :i* affect$ ! :ole body4 

#b4 ,!  hemiplegy1 :i* affects &        
p>alyzes only "o side ( ! body4 #c4 ,!  
p>aplegy1 :i* p>alyzes all ! p>ts ( !   
sy/em bel[ ! neck4  #d4 ,! catalepsy1   
:i* is caus$ by a contraction ( !       
muscles 9 !  :ole or a "p ( ! body1 =   
example1 9 ! h&s1 & is v  dang]\s4 ,!   
effects ^u ! p>ts seiz$ are v viol5t &  
deadly4 ,= in/ance3 :5 a p]son is /ruck 
) x1 if 8 h&  happ5s to be ext5d$1 he is
 unable to draw x back4 ,if ! h& is n   
ext5d$ :5 he is /ruck ) ! disease1 he is
 unable to ext5d x3  x appe>s dim9i%$ 9 
size1 & dri$ up 9 appe>ance4 ,h5ce !    
,hebrews 7 9 ! habit ( call+ x 8a )]$   
h&10 #a ,k+s xiii1  #d-f2 ,ze*4 xi1 #ag2
 ,matt4 xii1 #aj-ac2 ,john v1 #c4 #e4 ,!
 cramp1 9  ori5tal c\ntries1 is a fe>ful
 malady1 & by no means unfrequ5t4 ,x    
orig9ates f ! *ills ( ! night4 ,! limbs1
 :5 seiz$ ) x1  rema9 immovable1        
sometimes turn$ 91 & sometimes out1 9 ! 
same  position z :5 !y 7 fir/ seiz$4 ,! 
p]son afflict$ resembles  ^? und]go+ !  
torture 1 & exp]i5ces ne>ly !  same     

exquisite suff]+s4 ,dea? foll[s !       
disease 9 a few days1  ,matt4 viii1 #f1 
#h2 ,luke vii1 #b2 #a ,macc4 ix1 #ee-eh4
    ,,disp5sations1 ,,div9e4 ,^! are    
o!rwise call$ 8! ways ( ,god10 &  d5ote 
^? s*emes or me?ods :i* are devis$ &    
pursu$ by !  wisdom & goodness ( ,god1 9
 ord] to manife/ 8 p]fections &  w to   
mank9d1 = ! purpose ( _! in/ruction1    
discipl9e1  re=mation1 & advancem5t 9   
rectitude ( temp] & conduct1 9  ord] to 
promote _! happ9ess4 ,^! are ! gr& ends 
( ! div9e  disp5sations2 & 9 _! aptitude
 to promote ^! ends consi/ _!  excell5ce
 & glory4 ,! works or con/itutions (    
nature are1 9 a  g5]al s5se1 div9e      
disp5sations1 by :i* ,god condesc5ds to 
display  to u 8 be+ & attributes1 & ?us 
to lead u to !  ackn[l$gm5t1 adoration1 
& love1 ( our ,creator1 ,fa!r1 &        
,b5efactor4 ,! sacr$ ,scriptures reveal 
& record o!r disp5sations  ( div9e      
provid5ce1 :i* h be5 direct$ to !       
promotion ( !  religi\s pr9ciples1 moral
 conduct1 & true happ9ess ( mank9d4  ,^!

 h v>i$ 9 sev]al ages ( ! _w1 & h be5   
adapt$ by  ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god to
 ! circum/ances ( 8 intellig5t  &       
acc\ntable creatures4 ,9 ?is s5se !     
v>i\s revelations :i*  ,god has         
communicat$ to mank9d at diff]5t p]iods1
 & ! means he  has us$1 z occasion has  
requir$1 = _! discipl9e &  improvem5t1 h
 be5 ju/ly d5om9at$ div9e disp5sations4 
,accord+ly1 we read 9 ! works (         
!ological writ]s ( ! v>i\s  disp5sations
 ( religion2 t ( ! patri>*s1 t ( ,moses1
 &  t ( ,*ri/1 call$ ! disp5sation (    
grace1 ! p]fection &  ultimate object ( 
e o!r4 ,all ^! 7 adapt$ to ! conditions 
( ! human race at ^! sev]al p]iods2 all1
 9 regul> succession1  7 mutually       
connect$ & r5d]$ prep>atory "o to ! o!r2
 &  all 7 subs]vi5t to ! design ( sav+ !
 _w1 & promot+  ! p]fection & happ9ess (
 its rational & moral inhabitants4 ,see 
,,cov5ant4    ,,disp]sion ,,( ,,mank9d4 
,see ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4          
,,div9ation1 a conjecture or surmise1   
=m$ conc]n+ future ev5ts1  f ?+s :i* are

 suppos$ to presage !m4 ,! ea/]n p 7    
always fond ( div9ation1 magic1 ! curi\s
 arts ( int]pret+  dreams1 & ( obta9+ a 
k ( future ev5ts4 ,:5 ,moses  publi%$ ! 
law1 ?is disposition _h long be5 common 
9 ,egypt &  ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,to   
prev5t ! ,israelites f consult+  div9]s1
 =tune tell]s1 int]pret]s ( dreams1 c1  
he =bade !m1  "u v sev]e p5alties1 to   
consult p]sons ( ?is description1 &     
promis$ to !m ! true _s ( prophecy z    
inf9itely sup]ior4 ,he  comm&$ ^? to be 
/on$ :o pret5d$ to h a famili> _s1 or  !
 _s ( div9ation1 ,deut4 xviii1 #i1 #aj1 
#ae4 ,! writ+s ( !  prophets are full ( 
invectives aga9/ ! ,israelites :o       
consult$  div9]s1 & aga9/ false prophets
 :o by su* means s$uc$ !  p4    #b4     
,diff]5t k9ds ( div9ation h pass$ =     
sci5ces1 z #a4  ,aromancy1 div9+ by !   
air4 #b4 ,a/rology1 by ! heav5s4 #c4    
,augury1  by ! flight & s++ ( birds1 c4 
#d4 ,*eiromancy1 by inspect+  ! l9es ( !
 h&4 #e4 ,geomancy1 by obs]v+ cracks or 
clefts 9 !  e>?4 #f4 ,h>uspicy1 by      

inspect+ ! b[els ( animals4 #g4         
,horoscopy1  a bran* ( a/rology1 m>k+ ! 
position ( ! heav5s :5 a p]son  is born4
 #h4 ,hydromancy1 by wat]4 #i4          
,physiognomy1 by ! c\nt5ance4  #aj4     
,pyromancy1 a div9ation made by fire4   
#c4 ,! k9ds ( div9ation1 to :i*         
sup]/ition 9 mod]n times has  giv5      
belief1 are n less num]\s1 or less      
ridicul\s1 ?an ^?  :i* 7 practis$ 9 !   
days ( pr(\nd ignorance4 ,! div9+  rod1 
:i* is m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 is /ill 9  
"s repute 9 !  nor? ( ,engl&1 ?\gh its  
application is n[ conf9$ pr9cipally to  
! discov]y ( ve9s ( lead ore1 seams (   
coal1 or spr+s4 ,9 ord]  t x may possess
 ! full virtue = ?is purpose1 x %\ld be 
made  ( hazel4 ,div9ation by ,virgilian1
 ,horatian1 or ,bible lots1 0 =m]ly  v  
common2 & ! la/ k9d is /ill practis$4 ,!
 works are op5$  by *ance1 & ! words    
notic$ :i* are cov]$ by ! ?umb3 if !y  c
 be int]pret$ 9 any respect relat+ to ! 
p]son1 !y are  reckon$ prophetic4 ,*>les
 ,i4 is said to h us$ ?is k9d (         

div9ation to asc]ta9 8 fate4 ,! anci5t  
,*ri/ians 7 s mu*  addict$ to ! sortes  
sanctorum1 or div9+ by ! ,bible1 t x  0 
expressly =bidd5 by a c\ncil4 ,div9ation
 by ! speal1 or blade  bone ( a %eep1 is
 us$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 ! ,highl&s x is call$
  sle9a-rea*$1 or read+ ! speal bone4 ,x
 0 v common 9  ,engl& 9 ! "t ( ,drayton1
 p>ticul>ly among ! colony (  ,flem+s   
settl$ 9 ,pembroke%ire4 ,camd5 relates (
 ! ,iri%1 t  !y look$ ?r\gh ! b>e blade 
bone ( a %eep2 & if !y saw any  spot 9 x
 d>k] ?an ord9>y1 !y believ$ t somebody 
w\ld be  buri$ out ( ! h\se4 ,! ,p]sians
 us$ ?is mode ( div9ation4    #d4 ,( all
 attempts to look into futurity by su*  
means1 z well z  resort+ to *>ms & o!r  
me?ods ( cur+ diseases1 &  discov]+     
secrets1 we may say1 t !y are relics (  
,paganism1 &  argue an ignorance1 folly1
 or sup]/ition1 di%on\rable to !        
,*ri/ian "n2 & are !re=e to be reprov$ &
 disc\rag$4    ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4
 ,! prophecy ( ,noah1 says ,dr4 ,hales1 
0 utt]$  long aft] ! deluge4 ,x evid5tly

 alludes to a div9e decree = !  ord]ly  
division ( ! e>? among ! ?ree primitive 
families ( 8  sons1 because x notices ! 
8t5ts ( ,%em0 & ! 8enl>gem5t (          
,japhe?10 ,g5esis ix1 #bj-bg4 ,?is      
decree 0 probably promulgat$ ab\t  !    
same "t by ! v5]able patri>*4 ,!        
prevail+ tradition (  su* a decree = ?is
 ?reefold division ( ! e>?1 is intimat$ 
bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,moses    
ref]s to x1 z h&$ d[n to  ! ,israelites1
 8f ! days ( old1 & ! ye>s ( _m         
g5]ations2 z !y might le>n f _! fa!rs & 
_! eld]s10  & f>!r1 z convey+ a special 
grant ( ! l& ( ,pale/9e1 to  be ! lot ( 
! twelve tribes ( ,israel3--            
8,:5 ! ,mo/ ,high divid$ to ! nations _!
 settlem5ts1       ,:5 he sep>at$ ! sons
 ( ,adam1       ,he assign$ ! b\nd>ies (
 ! peoples ( ,israel       ,accord+ to !
 numb] ( ! sons ( ,israel3       ,= !   
portion ( ! ,"l is 8 p1       ,jacob is 
! lot ( 8 inh]itance10 ,deut4 xxxii1    
#g-i4    ,& ?is furni%es an additional  
pro( ( ! ju/ice ( ! expulsion  ( !      

,canaanites1 z usurp]s1 by !            
,israelites1 ! rightful  possessors ( ! 
l& ( ,pale/9e1 "u ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 & _!  
successors1 :5 ! orig9al grant 0 r5ew$  
to ,abraham1 ,g54 xv1  #ac-ba4 ,& ! k ( 
?is div9e decree may satisfactorily     
acc\nt = ! panic t]ror ) :i* ! devot$   
nations ( ,canaan  7 /ruck at !         
miracul\s passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea by !     
,israelites1  & approa* to _! conf9es1 s
 f9ely describ$ by ,moses3--            
8,! nations %all he> ?is & tremble1     
,sorr[ %all seize ! inhabitants (       
,pale/9e4           ,!n %all ! dukes (  
,edom be amaz$1           ,dismay %all  
possess ! pr9ces ( ,moab1           ,!  
inhabitants ( ,canaan %all melt away3   
,fe> & t]ror %all fall ^u !m1           
,by ! greatness ( ?9e arm !y %all be    
petrifi$1           ,till ?y p pass ov] 
,jordan ,o ,"l1           ,till ! p pass
 ov]1 :om ?\ ha/ r$eem$40               
,exodus xv1 #ad-af4    ,/4 ,paul1 also1 
address+ ! ,a!nians1 ref]s to ! same    
decree1 z  a well-kn[n tradition 9 !    

,hea!n _w3 8,god made ( "o blood  e     
nation ( m5 to dwell ^u ! :ole face ( ! 
e>?2 hav+  appo9t$ ! pr$et]m9$ seasons &
 b\nd>ies ( _! dwell+s10  ,acts xvii1   
#bf4 ,"h he repres5ts mank9d z all ( 8"o
 blood10 race1  or /ock1 8! sons (      
,adam0 & ( ,noah 9 succession2 & !      
seasons  & ! b\nd>ies ( _! respective   
settlem5ts1 z previ\sly  regulat$ by !  
div9e appo9tm5t4 ,& ?is 0 con=mable to  
_!  own geographical allegory2 t        
,*ronus1 ! god ( "t1 or ,saturn1  divid$
 ! univ]se among 8 ?ree sons1 allott+ ! 
heav5 to  ,jupit]1 ! sea to ,neptune1 & 
hell to ,pluto4 ,b ,*ronus repres5t$    
,noah1 :o divid$ ! _w among 8 ?ree sons1
 allott+ ! upp]  regions ( ! nor? to    
,japhe?1 ! m>itime or middle regions to 
,%em1  & ! l[] regions ( ! s\? to ,ham4 
,accord+ to ! ,arm5ian  tradition       
record$ by ,abulf>agi1 ,noah di/ribut$ !
 habitable e>?  f nor? to s\? betwe5 8  
sons1 & gave to ,ham ! region ( !       
blacks1 to ,%em ! region ( ! tawny1     
fuscorum1 & to ,japhe? !  region ( !    

ruddy1 rubrorum3 & he dates ! actual    
division ( !  e>? 9 ! hundr$ & =tie? ye>
 ( ,peleg1 ,b4 ,c4 #bfad1 or five       
hundr$ & =ty-"o ye>s aft] ! deluge1 & "o
 hundr$ &  n9ety-"o ye>s aft] ! dea? (  
,noah1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--8,to  ! sons ( 
,%em 0 allott$ ! middle ( ! e>?1 namely1
  ,pale/9e1 ,syria1 ,assyria1 ,sam>ia1  
,s+>1 or ,%9>1 ,babel1 or  ,babylonia1  
,p]sia1 & ,hegiaz2 ,arabia2 to ! sons ( 
,ham1 ,teim51  or ,idumea1 ,j]4 xlix1   
#g1 ,africa1 ,nigritia1 ,egypt1 ,nubia1 
,e?iopia1  ,sc9dia1 & ,india2 or ,india 
we/ & ea/ ( ! riv] ,indus2 to !  sons ( 
,japhe?1 also1 ,g>bia1 ! nor?1 ,spa91   
,france1 ! c\ntries  ( ! ,greeks1       
,sclavonians1 ,bulg>ians1 ,turks1 &     
,arm5ians40 ,9 ?is  curi\s & valuable   
geographical *>t1 ,arm5ia1 ! cradle ( ! 
human race1 0 allott$ to ,japhe?1 by "r 
( primog5iture2 &  ,sam>ia & ,babel to !
 sons ( ,%em2 ! usurpation ( ^! regions1
  !re=e1 by ,nimrod1 & ( ,pale/9e by    
,canaan1 0 9 violation (  ! div9e       
decree4 ,?\gh ! migration ( ! primitive 

families began  at ?is "t1 ,b4 ,c4      
#bfad1 or ab\t five hundr$ & =ty-"o ye>s
  aft] ! deluge1 x 0 a l5g? ( "t be=e !y
 all rea*$ _!  respective de/9ations4 ,!
 8seasons10 z well z ! 8b\nd>ies0 (  _! 
respective settlem5ts 7 equally !       
appo9tm5t ( ,god2 !  ne>] c\ntries to ! 
orig9al settlem5t be+ plant$ fir/1 & !  
remot] 9 succession4 ,^! primitive      
settlem5ts seem to h be5  scatt]$ &     
deta*$ f ea* o!r accord+ to local       
conv5i5ce4  ,ev5 s late z ! t5? g5]ation
 aft] ! flood 9 ,abraham's days1  !re 7 
consid]able tracts ( l& 9 ,pale/9e      
unappropriat$1 on  :i* he & 8 nephew1   
,lot1 freely pa/ur$ _! cattle )\t       
h9d]ance or mole/ation4 ,t c\ntry 0 n   
fully peopl$ till !  f\r? g5]ation aft]1
 at ! exode ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt4 ,&
  ,h]odotus repres5ts ,scy?ia z an      
un9habit$ des]t1 until ,t>gitorus       
plant$ ! fir/ colony !re1 ab\t a ?\s&   
ye>s1 at mo/1 be=e  ,d>ius ,hy/aspes    
invad$ ,scy?ia1 or ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #aejh4  
,! ord]ly  settlem5ts ( ! ?ree primitive

 families are record$ 9 t mo/  v5]able &
 valuable geographical *>t1 ! t5? *apt] 
( ,g5esis1  9 :i* x is curi\s to obs]ve 
h[ long ! names ( ! fir/  settl]s h be5 
pres]v$ among _! desc5dants1 ev5 d[n to 
!  pres5t day3--    #a4 ,japhe?1 ! elde/
 son ( ,noah1 ,g54 x1 #ba1 & 8 family1  
are  fir/ notic$1 ,g54 x1 #b-e4 ,! "n ( 
! patri>* himself 0  pres]v$ among 8    
,grecian desc5dants1 9 ! prov]b1    1   
old] ?an ,japetus1 d5ot+ ! remote/      
antiquity4 ,!  radical "p ( ! ^w 1      
evid5tly expresses ,japhe?4 7#a47       
,gom]1 8 elde/ son1 0 ! fa!r ( !        
,gom]ians4 ,^!1 spread+  f ! regions    
nor? ( ,arm5ia & ,bactriana1 ,ezek4     
xxxviii1 #f1  ext5d$ !mselves we/w>d ov]
 ne>ly ! :ole cont95t ( ,europe2  /ill  
reta9+ _! pat]nal d5om9ation1 ) "s      
slight v>iation1  z ,cimm]ians1 9 ,asia2
 ,cimbri & ,umbri1 9 ,gaul & ,italy2 &  
,cymri1  ,cambri1 & ,cumbri1 9 ,wales & 
,cumb]l& at ! pres5t day4 ,!y are  also 
id5tifi$ by anci5t au?ors ) ! ,galat (  
,asia ,m9or1 !  ,gaels1 ,gauls1 & ,celt1

 ( ,europe1 :o likewise spread f !      
,eux9e  ,sea1 to ! ,we/]n ,ocean2 & f ! 
,baltic to ,italy s\?w>d1 &  fir/ plant$
 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,josephus rem>ks1 t !
 ,galat 7  call$ 1 ,gom>iani1 f _!      
ance/or ,gom>4 ,see !  num]\s au?orities
 adduc$ 9 support ( ! id5tity ( !       
,gom]ians  & ,celts1 by t le>n$ & +5i\s 
antiqu>y1 ,fab]1 9 8  8,orig9 ( ,pagan  
,idolatry40 ,( ,gom]'s sons1 ,a%k5az    
appe>s to h  settl$ on ! coa/s ( !      
,eux9e ,sea1 :i* f him seems to h       
receiv$ its prim>y d5om9ation ( 1       
,ax5us1 ne>ly resembl+  ,a%k5az2 b      
=gett+ its etymology 9 process ( "t1 !  
,greeks  consid]$ x z a comp\nd t]m 9 _!
 own language1 -1  signify+             
inhospitable2 & !nce metamorphos$ x into
 -1  ,eu-x5us1 8v hospitable40 ,8       
precise settlem5t is repres5t$ 9        
,scripture z contigu\s to ,arm5ia1      
we/w>d2 = ! k+doms (  ,ar>at1 ,m9ni1 &  
,a%k5az1 are notic$ toge!r1 ,j]4 li1    
#bg4 ,riphat1  ! second son ( ,gom]1    
seems to h giv5 "n to ! ,riphean        

m\nta9s ( ! nor? ( ,asia2 & ,tog>mah1 ! 
?ird son1 may be  trac$ 9 ! ,trocmi (   
,/rabo1 ! ,trogmi ( ,cic]o1 & ,trogmades
 (  ! c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 inhabit+ !     
conf9es ( ,pontus &  ,cappadocia4 7#b47 
,magog1 ,tubal1 & ,mese*1 sons (        
,japhet1 are notic$  toge!r by ,ezekiel1
 z settl$ 9 ! nor?1 ,ezek4 xxxviii1 #b1 
#ad1 #ae4  ,& z ! ance/ors ( ! num]\s   
,sclavonic & ,t>t> tribes1 !  fir/ may  
be trac$ 9 ! ,mongogians1 ,monguls1 &   
,moguls2 ! second1  9 ! ,tobolski1 (    
,sib]ia2 & ! ?ird1 ,mese*1 or ,mosoc1 9 
!  ,mos*ici1 ,mosc[1 & ,muscovites4     
7#c47 ,madai 0 ! fa!r ( !  ,m$es1 :o are
 repeat$ly s d5om9at$ 9 ,scripture1 #b  
,k+s xvii1 #f2  ,isa4 xiii1 #ag2 ,j]4   
li1 #aa2 ,dan4 v1 #bh1 c4 7#d47 ,f      
,javan 0  desc5d$ ! ,javanians1 or  ( ! 
,greeks1 & ! ,yavanas ( !  ,h9dus4      
,greece itself is call$ ,javan by       
,daniel1 xi1 #b2 & ! p   by ,hom] 9 8   
8,iliad40 ,^! aborig9al  ( ,greece are  
n to be conf\nd$1 z is usually ! case1 )
 ! lat] 1 :o  invad$ & subdu$ !         

,javanian t]ritories1 & 7 ( a diff]5t   
/ock4 ,! accurate ,pausanias /ates1 t ! 
"n ( 1 0  comp>atively mod]n1 :ile t (  
is ackn[l$g$ to h be5  ! primitive title
 ( ! b>b>ians :o 7 subdu$ by ! 4  ,/rabo
 rem>ks t ,attica 0 =m]ly call$ bo?     
,ionia & ,ias1 or  ,ian2 :ile ,h]odotus 
ass]ts1 t ! ,a!nians 7 n will+ to be    
call$ 2 & he d]ives ! "n f 1 ! son (    
,zu?1  desc5d$ f ,deucalion or ,noah4 ,&
 ?is ,ion is said by ,eusebius to  h be5
 ! r+lead] 9 ! build+ ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 
& !  fir/ introduc] ( idol wor%ip1 &    
,sabianism1 or adoration ( !  sun1 moon1
 & />s4 ,?is w\ld id5tify ,ion )        
,nimrod4 ,& !  ,ionians appe> to h be5  
compos$ ( ! lat] coloni/s1 ! ,palli1    
,pelasgi1 or rov+ tribes f ,asia1       
,ph5icia1 & ,egypt1 :o1 accord+  to     
,h]odotus1 fir/ corrupt$ ! simplicity ( 
! primitive religion  ( ,greece1 & :o1  
by ! ,h9dus1 7 call$ ,yonigas1 or       
wor%ipp]s  ( ! yoni or dove4 ,?is       
critical di/9ction betwe5 ! ,iaones &  !
 ,iones1 ! ,yavanas1 & ! ,yonigas1 we   

owe to ! sagacity (  ,fab]4 ,( ,javan's 
sons1 ,eli%ah & ,dodon1 may be recogniz$
 9 ,elis &  ,dodona1 ! olde/ settlem5ts 
( ,greece2 ,kittim1 9 ! ,citium (       
,mac$onia1 & ,*ittim1 or m>itime coa/s (
 ,greece & ,italy1 ,num4  xxiv1 #bd2 &  
,t>%i%1 9 ! ,t>sus ( ,cilicia1 &        
,t>tessus (  ,spa94    #b4 ,ham & 8     
family are next notic$1 ,g54 x1 #f-bj4  
,! "n ( !  patri>* is record$ 9 ! title 
frequ5tly giv5 to ,egypt1 8,! l&  (     
,ham10 ,psalm cv1 #bc1 c4 7#a47 ,( 8    
sons1 ! fir/ & mo/  celebrat$ appe>s to 
h be5 ,cu%1 :o gave "n to ! l& ( ,cu%1  
bo? 9 ,asia & ,africa2 ! =m] /ill call$ 
,*usi/an by !  ,arabian geograph]s1 &   
,susiana by ! ,greeks1 & ,cu%a ,dwipa   
,)91  by ! ,h9dus2 ! o!r1 call$ ,cu%a   
,dwipa ,)\t4 ,& !  ent]pris+ ,cu%im or  
,cu?im1 ( ,scripture1 9 ,asia & ,europe1
 assum$  ! title ( ,get1 ,gui?s1 &      
,go?s2 & ( ,scu?s1 ,scuits1 & ,scots2  &
 ( ,sacas1 ,sacas5as1 & ,saxons4 ,!     
orig9al family settlem5t (  ,abraham 0  
8,ur ( ! ,*asdim10 or ,*aldees1 ,g54 xi1

 #bh1 :o are  repeat$ly m5tion$ 9       
,scripture1 ,isa4 xiii1 #i2 ,dan4 ix1   
#a1 c4  ,accord+ to ,fab]'s +5i\s rem>k1
 x may m prop]ly be  pron\nc$ ,*us-dim1 
signify+ ,godlike ,cu%ites4 ,x is highly
  improbable t !y 7 s nam$ f ,*es$1     
,abraham's nephew1 ,g54  xxii1 #bb1 :o 0
 a m]e boy1 if born at all1 :5 ,abraham 
left ,ur1 &  0 an obscure individual1   
nev] notic$ aft]w>d4 ,( ,cu%'s sons1    
,seba1 ,havilah1 ,sabtah1 ,sabta*a1 &   
,raamah2 & ! sons ( ,raamah1  ,%eba1 &  
,d$an1 seem to h settl$ 9 ,idumea &     
,arabia1 f !  simil> names ( places !re2
 & ( 8 desc5dants1 ,nimrod1 !  mighty   
hunt]1 fir/ f\nd$ ! k+dom ( ,babylon1 & 
aft]w>d (  ,assyria1 invad+ ! settlem5ts
 ( ! ,%emites1 contr>y to !  div9e      
decree4 ,8 po/]ity 7 probably di/+ui%$  
by ! title (  ,*usdim1 ,isaiah xxiii1   
#ac4 7#b47 ,! second son ( ,ham 0 ,misr1
 or  ,mizraim4 ,he settl$ 9 ,egypt1 :5ce
 ! ,egyptians 7 univ]sally  /yl$ 9      
,scripture1 ,mizraim1 or ,mizraites1 9 !
 plural =m4 ,b !  c\ntry is d5om9at$ 9 !

 ea/1 to ?is day1 8! l& ( ,misr20  :i*1 
!re=e1 seems to h be5 ! "n ( ! patri>*  
himself4  ,! *ildr5 ( ,misr1 l _! fa!r1 
are d5om9at$ 9 ,scripture by  ! plural  
numb]4 ,( ^!1 ! ,ludim & ,lehabim 7     
probably !  ,copto-,libyans1 ,ezek4 xxx1
 #e2 ! ,naphtuhim occupi$ ! sea coa/1   
:i*  by ! ,egyptians 0 call$ ,neph?us2  
:5ce1 probably1 orig9at$ !  "n ( !      
m>itime god ,neptune4 ,! ,pa?rusim      
occupi$ a "p ( ,l[]  ,egypt1 call$ f !m 
,pa?ros1 ,isa4 xi1 #aa4 ,! ,caphtorim & 
!  ,casluhim1 ^: desc5dants 7 !         
,phili/im ( ,pale/9e1 occupi$  ! di/rict
 :i* lies betwe5 ! delta ( ! ,nile & !  
s\!rn  extremity ( ,pale/9e1 ,deut4 ii1 
#bc2 ,amos ix1 #g4 7#c47 ,phut is m]ely 
notic$1 )\t any m5tion ( 8 family4 ,b ! 
tribes ( ,phut &  ,lud are m5tion$      
toge!r1 ) ,cu%1 or ,e?iopia1 ,j]4 xlvi1 
#i2 ,ezek4  xxx1 #e2 & ,j]om notices a  
di/rict 9 ,libya1 call$ ,regio          
,phut5sis1  or ! l& ( ,phut4 7#d47      
,canaan has be5 notic$ already2 & !     
orig9al ext5t ( ! l& ( ,canaan is       

c>efully m>k$ by ,moses4 ,its  we/]n    
bord]1 along ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 ext5d$
 f ,sidon1  s\?w>d1 to ,gaza2 its s\!rn 
bord] f !nce1 ea/w>d1 to ,sodom  &      
,gomorrah1 ,admah & ,zeboim1 ! cities ( 
! pla91 aft]w>d  cov]$ by ! ,dead ,sea1 
or ,asphaltite ,lake2 its ea/]n bord]   
ext5d+ f !nce nor?w>d1 to ,lai%1 ,dan1  
or ! spr+s ( !  ,jordan2 & its nor!rn   
bord]1 f !nce to ,sidon1 we/w>d4 ,(     
,canaan's sons1 ,sidon1 ! elde/1 occupi$
 ! nor?-we/ corn]1 &  built ! t[n ( t   
"n1 s e>ly celebrat$ = h] luxury &      
comm]ce 9 ,scripture1 ,judges xviii1 #g2
 #a ,k+s v1 #f2 & by ,hom]1 :o  calls ! 
,sidonians1 1 skill$ 9 _m arts4 ,&      
,tyre1 s  fl\ri%+ aft]w>d1 ?\gh boa/+ ( 
h] own antiquity1 ,isa4 xxiii1  #g1 is  
/yl$1 8a daught] ( ,sidon10 or a colony 
f !nce1 ,isa4 v1  #ab4 ,he?1 8 second   
son1 & ! ,hittites1 8 desc5dants appe>  
to  h settl$ 9 ! s\?1 ne> ,hebron1 ,g54 
xxiii1 #c-g2 & next to  !m1 at          
,j]usalem1 ! ,jebusites1 or desc5dants (
 ,jebus1 bo?  rema9+ 9 _! orig9al       

settlem5ts till ,david's days2 #b ,sam4 
xi1 #c2  v1 #f-i4 ,beyond ! ,jebusites1 
7 settl$ ! ,emorites1 or ,amorites1     
,num4 xiii1 #bi1 :o ext5d$ !mselves     
beyond ,jordan1 & 7 ! mo/  p[]ful ( !   
,canaanite tribes1 ,g54 xv1 #af2 ,num4  
xxi1 #ba1 until !y  7 de/roy$ by ,moses 
& ,jo%ua1 ) ! re/ ( ! devot$ nations  ( 
,canaan's family4    #c4 ,%em & 8 family
 are notic$ la/1 ,g54 x1 #ba-cj4 ,8     
po/]ity  7 conf9$ to middle ,asia4 7#a47
 ,8 son ,elam appe>s to h be5  settl$ 9 
,elymais1 or s\!rn ,p]sia1 contigu\s to 
! m>itime tract  ( ,*usi/an1 ,dan4 viii1
 #b4 7#b47 ,8 son ,a%ur plant$ ! l& !nce
  call$ ,assyria1 :i* soon became a     
prov9ce ( ! ,cu%ite1 or ,cu?ic  empire1 
f\nd$ by ,nimrod4 7#c47 ,arphaxad1 ?r\gh
 8 gr&son1 ,eb]1  bran*$ out into ! two 
h\ses ( ,peleg & ,joktan4 ,peleg        
probably  rema9$ 9 ,*aldea1 or s\!rn    
,babylonia1 at ! "t ( !  disp]sion2 =   
!re we f9d 8 gr&son1 ,t]ah1 & 8 family1 
settl$ at 8,ur ( ! ,*aldees10 ,g54 xi1  
#ca4 ,( ! num]\s *ildr5  ( ,joktan1 x is

 said by ,moses1 t 8_! dwell+ 0 f ,me%a1
 z  ?\ goe/ unto ,seph>1 a m\nt ( !     
ea/40 ,fab] is incl9$ to  believe t !y 7
 ! ance/ors ( ! great body ( ! ,h9dus1  
:o /ill reta9 a lively tradition ( !    
patri>* ,%em1 ,%ama1 or  ,%>ma2 & t ! l&
 ( ,ophir1 ab\nd+ 9 gold1 s call$ f  "o 
( ! sons ( ,joktan1 lay beyond ! ,indus1
 ea/w>d4 7#d47 ,lud 0  probably ! fa!r (
 ! ,ludim or ,lydians1 ( ,asia ,m9or2 = 
?is  p _h a tradition t !y 7 desc5d$ f  
,lud or ,lydus1  accord+ to ,josephus4  
7#e47 ,! *ildr5 ( ,aram plant$ ! f]tile 
c\ntry nor? ( ,babylonia1 call$ ,aram   
,nah>aim1 8,aram betwe5 ! two  riv]s10 !
 ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1 !nce call$ by !
 ,greeks1  ,mesopotamis1 ,g54 xxiv1 #aj1
 & ,padan ,aram1 ! level c\ntry ( ,aram1
  ,g54 xxv1 #bj4 ,?is c\ntry ( ,aram is 
frequ5tly r5d]$ ,syria 9  ,scripture1   
,judges x1 #f2 ,hosea xii1 #ab1 c2 :i*  
is n to be conf\nd$  ) ,pale/9e ,syria1 
into :i* !y aft]w>d spread !mselves1    
/ill  reta9+ _! orig9al "n ( 1 or       
,arameans1 notic$ by ,hom]  9 8         

8,iliad40    #d4 ,^u ?is di/ribution (  
,noah's po/]ity we %all only obs]ve1  t 
! ,deity presid$ ov] all _! c\nsels &   
delib]ations1 &  t he guid$ & settl$ all
 mank9d accord+ to ! dictates ( 8       
all-compreh5d+ wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,to  
?is purpose1 ! anci5ts  !mselves1       
accord+ to ,p9d>1 reta9$ "s idea t !    
disp]sion  ( m5 0 n ! effect ( *ance1 b 
t !y _h be5 settl$ 9  diff]5t c\ntries  
by ! appo9tm5t ( ,provid5ce1 ,g54 xi1   
#h1 #i2  ,deut4 xxii1 #h4 ,?is          
disp]sion1 & t confusion ( languages )  
:i* x orig9at$1 0 int5d$1 by ! c\nsel ( 
an all-wise  ,provid5ce1 to c\nt]act &  
defeat ! s*eme :i* _h be5 project$  by !
 desc5dants ( ,noah1 = ma9ta9+ _! union1
 impli$ 9  _! propos+ to make !mselves a
 "n1 1 :i* ,s*ult5s1 9 ,job  i1 #a1     
d]ives f ! ,arabic v]b 1 or 1 to be high
 elevat$1  or em95t4 ,by ?is s*eme1 :i* 
seems to h be5 a project (  /ate policy1
 = keep+ all m5 toge!r "u ! pres5t *iefs
 &  _! successors1 a great "p ( ! e>?   
mu/1 = a long "t1 h  be5 un9habit$1 &   

ov]run ) wild bea/s4 ,! bad effects :i* 
?is project w\ld h _h ^u ! m9ds1 !      
morals1 & religion (  mank9d1 01        
probably1 ! *ief reason :y ,god int]pos$
 to fru/rate  x z soon z x 0 =m$4 ,x _h 
manife/ly a direct t5d5cy to  tyranny1  
oppression1 & slav]y4 ,:]eas 9 =m+      
sev]al indep5d5t  gov]nm5ts by a small  
body ( m51 ! ends ( gov]nm5t1 & !       
security ( lib]ty & prop]ty1 w\ld be mu*
 bett] att5d$ to1 &  m firmly e/abli%$2 
:i*1 9 fact1 0 really ! case2 if we may 
judge ( ! re/ by ! con/itution ( "o ( ! 
mo/ em95t1 !  k+dom ( ,egypt1 ,g54      
xlvii1 #ae-bg4 ,! ,egyptians 7 ma/]s (  
_!  p]sons & prop]ty1 till !y sold !m to
 ,ph>aoh = bread2 & !n  _! s]vitude     
am\nt$ to no m ?an ! fif? "p ( ! produce
  ( ! c\ntry1 z an annual tax payable to
 ! k+4 ,by ?is ev5t1  consid]$ z a wise 
disp5sation ( ,provid5ce1 b\nds 7 set to
 !  contagion ( wick$ness2 evil example 
0 conf9$1 & c\ld n ext5d  its influ5ce  
beyond ! limits ( "o c\ntry2 nor c\ld   
wick$  projects be c>ri$ on1 ) univ]sal 

concurr5ce1 by _m small  colonies1      
sep>at$ by ! natural b\nd>ies ( m\nta9s1
 riv]s1  b>r5 des]ts1 & seas1 & h9d]$ f 
associat+ toge!r by a  v>iety (         
languages1 un9telligible to ea* o!r4    
,moreov]1 9 ?is  disp]s$ /ate1 !y c\ld1 
:5ev] ,god pleas$1 be made reciprocal   
*ecks ^u ea* o!r1 by invasions & w>s1   
:i* w\ld weak5 !  p[]1 & humble ! pride1
 ( corrupt & vici\s communities4 ,?is   
disp5sation 01 !re=e1 prop]ly calculat$ 
to prev5t a second  univ]sal deg5]acy2  
,god deal+ 9 x ) m5 z rational ag5ts1 & 
adapt+ 8 s*eme to _! /ate &             
circum/ances4    ,,divorce4 ,z ! anci5t 
,hebrews paid a /ipulat$ price = !      
privilege ( m>ry+1 !y seem$ to consid] x
 ! natural  consequ5ce ( mak+ a paym5t (
 t k9d1 t !y %\ld be at  lib]ty to      
ex]cise a v arbitr>y p[] ov] _! wives1 &
 to  r5\nce or divorce !m :5ev] !y *ose4
 ,?is /ate ( ?+s1 z  ,moses himself v   
cle>ly saw1 0 n equitable z respect$ !  
woman1 & 0 v (t5 injuri\s to bo? p>ties4
 ,f9d+ himself1  h[ev]1 unable to       

ov]rule feel+s & practices ( v anci5t   
/&+1 he m]ely annex$ to ! orig9al       
in/itution ( m>riage a  v s]i\s         
admonition to ?is effect1 viz4 t x w\ld 
be less  crim9al = a man to des]t 8 fa!r
 & "m1 ?an )\t  adequate cause to des]t 
8 wife1 ,g54 ii1 #ad1 comp>$ ) ,mala*i  
ii1 #aa-af4 ,he also laid a re/riction  
^u ! p[] ( ! husb& z  f> z ?is1 t he    
w\ld n p]mit him to repudiate ! wife )\t
  giv+ h] a bill ( divorce4 ,he f>!r    
enact$ 9 ref]5ce to ?is  subject t !    
husb& might receive ! repudiat$ wife    
back1 9 case  %e _h n 9 ! mean:ile be5  
m>ri$ to ano!r p]son2 b if %e  _h be5   
?us m>ri$1 %e c\ld nev] aft]w>d become !
 wife ( h]  fir/ husb&2 a law1 :i* !    
fai? due to ! second husb& cle>ly       
requir$1 ,deut4 xxiv1 #a-d1 comp>e ,j]4 
iii1 #a1 & ,matt4 i1 #ai2 xix1 #h4  ,!  
inquiry1 8,:at %\ld be consid]$ an      
adequate cause ( divorce10  0 left by   
,moses to be det]m9$ by ! husb& himself4
 ,he _h  lib]ty to divorce h]1 if he saw
 9 h] any ?+ nak$1 any ?+  displeas+ or 

improp]1 any ?+ s mu* at w> ) propriety1
 & a  s\rce ( s mu* dissatisfaction z to
 be1 9 ! e/imation ( !  husb&1 suffici5t
 gr\nd = sep>ation4 ,^! expressions1    
h[ev]1  7 %>ply conte/$ z to _! mean+ 9 
! lat] times ( !  ,jewi% nation4 ,!     
s*ool ( ,hillel cont5d$1 t ! husb& might
  lawfully put away ! wife = any cause1 
ev5 ! smalle/4 ,! mi/ake  committ$ by ! 
s*ool ( ,hillel 9 tak+ ?is gr\nd 01 t !y
  conf\nd$ moral & civil law4 ,x is     
true1 z f> z ! ,mosaic /atute  or !     
civil law 0 conc]n$1 ! husb& _h a "r ?us
 to d2 b  x is equally cle>1 t ! gr\nd (
 j sep>ation mu/ h be51  n a trivial1 b 
a prom95t & important "o1 :5 x is       
consid]$1 t he 0 b\nd to consult !      
rights ( ! woman1 &  0 am5able to 8     
consci5ce & 8 ,god4 ,! s*ool ( ,%ammai  
expla9$ ! phrase1 nak$ness ( a ?+1 to   
mean actual adult]y4  ,our ,"l agre$ ) !
 s*ool ( ,%ammai z f> z ?is1 t !  gr\nd 
( divorce %\ld be "o ( a moral nature1 &
 n less ?an  adult]y2 b he does n appe> 
to h agre$ ) !m 9 _!  op9ion 9 respect  

to ! ,mosaic /atute4 ,on ! contr>y1 he  
d5i$ !  equity ( t /atute1 & 9          
ju/ification ( ,moses ma9ta9$1 t  he    
p]mitt$ divorces = causes bel[ adult]y1 
only 9 consequ5ce (  ! h>dness ( ! p's  
he>ts1 ,matt4 v1 #ca1 #cb2 xviii1 #a-i2 
,m>k  x1 #b-ab2 ,luke xvi1 #ah4 ,wives1 
:o 7 consid]$ ! prop]ty ( _!  husb&s1   
did n enjoy by ! ,mosaic /atutes a      
reciprocal "r1 &  7 n at lib]ty to      
dissolve ! matrimonial alliance by giv+ 
a  bill ( divorce to t effect4 ,9 !     
latt] p]iods1 h[ev]1 ( !  ,jewi% /ate1 !
 ,jewi% matrons1 ! m p[]ful ( !m at     
lea/1  appe> to h imbib$ ! _s ( ! ladies
 ( ,rome1 & to h  ex]cis$ 9 _! own      
behalf ! same p[] t 0 grant$ by !       
,mosaic law only to _! husb&s1 ,m>k vi1 
#ag-bi2 x1 #ab4    ,,docet1 ! advocates 
( an e>ly h]esy1 :i* taught t ,*ri/ act$
  & suff]$1 n 9 reality1 b 9 appe>ance4 
,!y 7 s  d5om9at$ f 1 to appe>4 ,see    
,,gno/ics4    ,,doctors1 or ,,tea*]s1 ( 
! law1 a class ( m5 9 great repute among
  ! ,jews4 ,!y _h /udi$ ! law ( ,moses 9

 its v>i\s bran*es1 &  ! num]\s         
int]pretations :i* _h be5 graft$ ^u x 9 
lat]  times2 &1 on v>i\s occasions1 !y  
gave _! op9ion on cases  ref]r$ to !m = 
advice4 ,nicodemus1 himself a doctor 71 
tea*]7 ( ! law1 comes to consult ,jesus1
 :om he complim5ts 9  ! same t]ms z he 0
 accu/om$ to receive f 8 s*ol>s3        
8,rabbi1 we "k t ?\ art 1 a compet5t    
tea*] f ,god40  ,doctors ( ! law 7      
*iefly ( ! sect ( ! ,ph>isees2 b !y  are
 sometimes di/+ui%$ f t sect1 ,luke v1  
#ag4    ,,dog1 1 an animal well kn[n4   
,by ! law ( ,moses1 ! dog 0  decl>$     
unclean1 & 0 held 9 great contempt among
 ! ,jews1 #a ,sam4  xvii1 #dc2 xxiv1    
#ad2 #b ,sam4 ix1 #h2 #b ,k+s viii1 #ac4
 ,yet !y _h !m 9  consid]able numb]s 9  
_! cities4 ,!y 7 n1 h[ev]1 %ut up 9  _! 
h\ses or c\rts1 b =c$ to seek _! food   
:]e !y c\ld  f9d x4 ,! ,psalmi/ comp>es 
viol5t m5 to dogs1 :o g ab\t !  city 9 !
 night1 pr[l ab\t = _! food1 & gr[l1 &  
become  clamor\s if !y be n satisfi$1   
,psalm lix1 #f1 #ad1 #ae4 ,mr4 ,h>m] has

  illu/rat$ ?is by quotations f         
travell]s into ! ea/4 ,! ,turks  also   
reckon ! dog a fil?y creature1 & !re=e  
drive him f  _! h\ses2 s t ) !m dogs    
gu>d r ! /reets &  di/ricts1 ?an        
p>ticul> h\ses1 & live on ! (fals t are 
?r[n abroad4 ,9 #a ,sam4 xxv1 #c1 ,nabal
 is said to h be5 8*urli%  & evil 9 8   
mann]s2 & he 0 ( ! h\se ( ,caleb20 b    
,caleb  "h is n a prop] "n4 ,lit]ally1 x
 is1 8,he 0 ! son ( a dog20  & s !      
,septuag9t1 ,syriac1 & ,arabic r5d]     
x1--he 0 irritable1  snappi%1 & sn>l+ z 
a dog4 ,! irritable disposition ( ! dog 
is  ! f\ndation ( t say+1 8,he t passe? 
by1 & m$dle? )  /rife belong+ n to him1 
is l "o t take? a dog by ! e>s10  ,prov4
 xxvi1 #ag2 t is1 he wantonly exposes   
himself to dang]4    ,9 #a ,k+s xxi1    
#bc1 x is said1 8,! dogs %all eat       
,jezebel40 ,mr4 ,bruce1  :5 at ,gond>1 0
 witness to a sc5e 9 a great measure    
simil> to !  dev\r+ ( ,jezebel by dogs4 
,he says1 8,! bodies ( ^? kill$ by  !   
sword 7 hewn to pieces1 & scatt]$ ab\t !

 /reets1 be+  d5i$ burial4 ,i 0         
mis]able1 & almo/ driv5 to despair1 at  
see+  my hunt+ dogs1 twice let loose by 
! c>elessness ( my s]vants1  br++ into !
 c\rt y>d ! heads & arms ( slaught]$ m51
 &  :i* ,i c\ld no way prev5t b by !    
de/ruction ( ! dogs  !mselves40 ,he also
 adds1 t ^u be+ ask$ by ! k+ ! reason  (
 8 deject$ & sickly appe>ance1 among o!r
 reasons1 he in=m$  him1 8x 0 occasion$ 
by an execution ( ?ree m51 :i* he _h    
lately se52 because ! hynas1 allur$ into
 ! /reets by !  quantity ( c>rion1 w\ld 
n let him pass by night 9 safety f !    
palace2 & because ! dogs fl$ into 8     
h\se1 to eat pieces ( human  c>casses at
 _! leisure40 ,?is acc\nt illu/rates    
also ! read9ess  ( ! dogs to lick !     
blood ( ,ahab1 #a ,k+s xxii1 #ch2 9     
con=mity  to :i* is ! expression ( !    
,prophet ,j]emiah1 xv1 #c1 8,i w  appo9t
 ov] !m ! sword to slay1 & ! dogs to    
te>40    #b4 ,! dog 0 held sacr$ by !   
,egyptians4 ,?is fact we le>n f         
,juv5al1 :o compla9s1 9 8 fifte5?       

satire1                  ,oppida tota   
canem v5crantur1 nemo ,dianam4          
8,?\s&s reg>d ! h\nd ) holy fe>1        
,n "o1 ,diana40                         
,,gif=d4    ,! te/imony ( ! ,lat9 poet  
is confirm$ by ,diodorus1 :o1 9 8  fir/ 
book1 assures u t ! ,egyptians highly   
v5]ate "s animals1  bo? dur+ _! life &  
aft] _! dea?2 & expressly m5tions !  dog
 z "o object ( ?is absurd adoration4 ,to
 ^! witnesses may be  add$ ,h]odotus1 :o
 says1 t :5 a dog expires1 all ! memb]s 
(  ! family to :i* he belong$ wor%ip !  
c>cass2 & t1 9 e  "p ( ! k+dom1 !       
c>casses ( _! dogs are embalm$1 &       
deposit$ 9 consecrat$ gr\nd4 ,!         
idolatr\s v5]ation ( ! dog by  !        
,egyptians is %[n 9 ! wor%ip ( _!       
dog-god ,anubis1 to :om  temples &      
prie/s 7 consecrat$1 & ^: image 0 borne 
9 all  religi\s c]emonies4 ,cynopolis1 !
 pres5t ,m9ieh1 situat$ 9 !  l[] ,!bais1
 0 built 9 hon\r ( ,anubis4 ,! prie/s   
celebrat$ 8  fe/ivals !re ) great pomp4 
8,anubis10 says ,/rabo1 8is ! city (    

dogs1 ! capital ( ! ,cynopolitan        
prefecture4 ,^! animals are f$  !re on  
sacr$ alim5ts1 & religion has decre$ !m 
a wor%ip40 ,an  ev5t1 h[ev]1 relat$ by  
,plut>*1 br\ght !m into consid]able     
discr$it ) ! p4 ,cambyses1 hav+ sla9 !  
god ,apis1 &  ?r[n 8 body into ! field1 
all animals respect$ x except !  dogs1  
:i* alone ate ( 8 fle%4 ,?is impiety    
dim9i%$ ! popul>  v5]ation4 ,cynopolis 0
 n ! only city :]e inc5se 0 burn$ on  ! 
alt>s ( ,anubis4 ,he _h *apels 9 almo/  
all ! temples4 ,on  solemnities1 8 image
 always accompani$ ^? ( ,isis & ,osiris4
  ,rome1 hav+ adopt$ ! c]emonies (      
,egypt1 ! emp]or ,commodus1 to          
celebrate ! ,isiac fea/s1 %av$ 8 head1 &
 himself c>ri$ ! dog  ,anubis4    #c4 ,9
 ,matt4 vii1 #f1 we h ?is direction (   
our ,savi\r3 8,give n  t :i* is holy    
unto ! dogs1 nei!r ca/ ye y\r pe>ls be=e
  sw9e1 le/ !y10 ! sw9e1 8trample !m "u 
_! feet1 &10 !  dogs1 8turn aga9 & te>  
y40 ,x 0 cu/om>y1 n only ) !  writ]s (  
,greece & ,rome1 b also ) ! ea/]n sages1

 to d5ote  c]ta9 classes ( m5 by animals
 suppos$ to resemble !m among !  brutes4
 ,our ,savi\r 0 naturally l$ to adopt ! 
same concise &  en]getic me?od4 ,by     
dogs1 :i* 7 held 9 great dete/ation by !
  ,jews1 he int5ds m5 ( odi\s "* &      
viol5t temp]2 by sw9e1  ! usual emblem (
 moral fil?1 he means ! s5sual &        
pr(ligate2  & ! purport ( 8 admonition  
is1 t z x is a maxim ) !  prie/s n to   
give any "p ( ! sacrifices to dogs1 s x 
%\ld be  a maxim ) y n to imp>t ! holy  
in/ruction ) :i* y are  fav\r$1 to ^? :o
 are likely to blaspheme & to be only   
excit$ by  x to rage & p]secution4 ,x   
is1 h[ev]1 a maxim ( prud5ce n (        
c[>dice2 & is to be tak5 along ) o!r    
precepts ( our ,"l1  :i* enjo9 !        
publication ( tru?1 at ! exp5se ( ease &
 ev5  life4    ,,dort1 ,synod (4 ,see   
,,synods4    ,,dove1 4 ,?is beautiful   
g5us ( birds is v num]\s 9 ! ea/4  ,9 ! 
wild /ate !y g5]ally build _! ne/s 9 !  
holes or  clefts ( rocks1 or 9 excavat$ 
trees2 b !y are easily taught           

submission & famili>ity ) mank9d2 &1 :5 
dome/icat$1 build  9 /ructures erect$ = 
_! accommodation1 call$ 8dove-cotes40   
,!y  are class$ by ,moses among ! clean 
birds2 & x appe>s f !  sacr$ z well z   
o!r writ]s1 t doves 7 always held 9 !   
highe/ e/imation among ! ea/]n nations4 
,ros5mull]1 9 a note  ^u ,bo*>t1 d]ives 
! "n f ! ,arabic1 :]e x signifies       
mildness1 g5tl5ess1 c4 ,! dove is       
m5tion$ 9 ,scripture z !  symbol (      
simplicity1 innoc5ce1 g5tl5ess1 &       
fidelity1 ,hosea vii1  #aa2 ,matt4 x1   
#af4    ,! foll[+ extract f ,mori]'s    
,p]sian ,travels illu/rates a  passage 9
 ,isaiah3 8,9 ! environs ( ! city1 to ! 
we/w>d1 ne>  ! ,za9d]ood1 are _m pigeon 
h\ses1 erect$ at a di/ance f            
habitations1 = ! sole purpose ( collect+
 pigeons' dung =  manure4 ,!y are l>ge  
r\nd t[]s1 r broad] at ! bottom ?an  !  
top1 & cr[n$ by conical spiracles1 ?r\gh
 :i* ! pigeons  desc5d4 ,_! int]ior     
resembles a honey-comb1 pi]c$ ) a ?\s&  
holes1 ea* ( :i* =ms a snug retreat = a 

ne/4 ,m c>e appe>s  to h be5 be/[$ ^u _!
 outside ?an ^u t ( !  g5]ality ( !     
dwell+ h\ses2 = !y are pa9t$ & ornam5t$4
  ,! extraord9>y flights ( pigeons :i*  
,i h se5 alight ^u "o  ( ^! build+s     
af=d1 p]haps1 a good illu/ration = !    
passage  9 ,isaiah lx1 #h3 #8,:o are ^! 
t fly z a cl\d1 & z ! doves to  _!      
w9d[s8' ,_! great numb]s1 & !           
compactness ( _! mass1  lit]ally look l 
a cl\d at a di/ance1 & obscure ! sun 9  
_!  passage40    ,! fir/ m5tion ( ! dove
 9 ! ,scripture is ,g5esis viii1 #h1    
#aj-ab1 :]e ,noah s5t "o f ! ark to     
asc]ta9 if ! wat]s (  ! deluge _h       
assuag$4 ,%e 0 s5t =? ?rice4 ,! fir/ "t 
%e  spe$ily return$2 hav+1 9 all        
probability1 gone b a little way  f !   
ark1 z %e mu/ naturally be t]rifi$ at ! 
appe>ance (  ! wat]s4 ,aft] sev5 days1  
be+ s5t out a second "t1 %e return$  )  
an olive leaf pluck$ (f1 :]eby x became 
evid5t t ! flood  0 consid]ably abat$1 &
 _h sank bel[ ! tops ( ! trees2 &  ?us  
reliev$ ! fe>s & *e]$ ! he>t ( ,noah & 8

 family4  ,& h5ce ! olive bran* has ev] 
be5 among ! =]unn]s ( peace1  & *ief (  
^? emblems by :i* a happy /ate (        
r5ovation &  re/oration to prosp]ity has
 be5 signifi$ to mank9d4 ,at ! end (    
o!r sev5 days1 ! dove1 be+ s5t out a    
?ird "t1 return$ no  m2 f :i* ,noah     
conjectur$ t ! e>? 0 s f> dra9$ z  to   
af=d su/5ance = ! birds & f[ls2 & he    
!re=e remov$  ! cov]+ ( ! ark1 :i*      
probably gave lib]ty to _m ( !  f[ls to 
fly (f2 & ^! circum/ances af=d$ him !   
great]  facility = mak+ arrangem5ts =   
disemb>k+ ! o!r animals4  ,doves might  
be (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 :5 ^? :o 7 poor    
c\ld n  br+ a m co/ly (f]+4    ,,d[ry4  
,see ,,bride4    ,,dra*ma4 ,! value ( a 
common dra*ma 0 sev5p5ce1 ,engli%4 ,a   
didra*ma1 or d\ble dra*ma1 made v ne>   
half a %ekel2 & f\r  dra*mas made ne>ly 
a %ekel4    ,,dragon4 ,?is ^w is        
frequ5tly to be met ) 9 our ,engli%     
translation ( ! ,bible4 ,x answ]s       
g5]ally to ! ,hebrew 1 1  2 & ^! words  
are v>i\sly r5d]$ dragons1 s]p5ts1      

sea-mon/]s1 & :ales4 ,! ,rev4 ,james    
,hurdis1 9 a diss]tation  relative to   
?is subject1 obs]ves1 t ! ^w translat$  
8:ales10  9 ,g54 i1 #ba1 occurs         
tw5ty-sev5 times 9 ,scripture2 & he     
attempts1  ) mu* +5uity1 to prove t x e 
:]e signifies !  crocodile4 ,t x        
sometimes has ?is mean+1 he ?9ks is cle>
 f  ,ezekiel xxix1 #c3 8,behold1 ,i am  
aga9/ !e1 ,ph>aoh k+ ( ,egypt1 !  great 
dragon t lie? 9 ! mid/ ( 8 riv]s40 ,=1  
to :at c\ld  a k+ ( ,egypt be m prop]ly 
comp>$ ?an ! crocodile8 ,! same  argum5t
 he draws f ,isaiah li1 #i3 8,art ?\ n  
he t ha? cut  ,rahab1 ,egypt1 & w\nd$ ! 
dragon80 ,among ! anci5ts !  crocodile 0
 ! symbol ( ,egypt1 & appe>s s on ,roman
 co9s4 ,"s  h[ev] h ?\ght ! hippopotamus
 int5d$2 o!rs1 "o ( !  l>g] species (   
s]p5ts4    ,,draughts1 /upify+ potions4 
,at ! "t ( execution1 !y gave !         
malefactor a gra9 ( frank9c5se 9 a cup (
 w9e1 9 ord] to /upify  & r5d] him less 
s5sible ( pa94 ,?is cu/om is trac$ to ! 
*>ge ( ! wise man3 8,give /rong dr9k to 

him t is ready to  p]i%1 & w9e to ^? t  
be ( heavy he>ts10 ,prov4 xxxiv1 #f4 ,! 
prophet makes an allusion to ! p[]ful   
effects ( ?is /upify+  draught1 9 t     
pr$iction :i* ann\nces ! judgm5ts ( ,god
 ^u  ! empire ( ,babylon3 8,take ! w9e  
cup ( ?is fury at my h&1 &  cause all ! 
nations to :om ,i s5d !e to dr9k x4 ,&  
!y %all  dr9k1 & be mov$1 & be mad1     
because ( ! sword t ,i w s5d  among !m10
 ,j]4 xxv1 #ae1 #af4 ,! ,jews1 accord+  
to ! cu/om (  _! c\ntry1 gave our ,"l   
w9e m+l$ ) myrrh at 8 crucifixion4  ,see
 ,,cross4    ,,dreams4 ,! ea/]ns1 9     
p>ticul> ! ,jews1 greatly reg>d$ dreams1
  & appli$ = _! int]pretation to ^? :o  
und]took to expla9  !m4 ,! anci5t       
,greeks & ,romans _h ! same op9ion ( !m1
 z  appe>s f _! mo/ em95t writ]s4 ,we   
see ! antiquity ( ?is  att5tion to      
dreams 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ph>aoh's butl] &   
bak]1 ,g54  xl4 ,ph>aoh himself1 &      
,nebu*adnezz>1 are in/ances4 ,god       
expressly  condemn$ to dea? all :o      
pret5d$ to h prophetic dreams1 & to     

=etel futurities1 ev5 ?\gh :at !y =etold
 came to pass1 if !y  _h any t5d5cy to  
promote idolatry1 ,deut4 xiii1 #a-c4 ,b 
! p  7 n =bidd51 :5 !y ?\ght !y _h a    
significative dream1 to  address !      
prophets ( ! ,"l1 or ! high prie/ 9 8   
ephod1 to  h x expla9$4 ,saul1 be=e !   
battle ( ,gilboa1 consult$ a woman  :o  
_h a famili> _s1 8because ! ,"l w\ld n  
answ] him by  dreams1 nor by prophets10 
#a ,sam4 xxviii1 #f1 #g4 ,! ,"l himself 
sometimes discov]$ 8 w 9 dreams1 &      
enabl$ p]sons to expla9  !m4 ,he in=m$  
,abimele* 9 a dream1 t ,s>ah 0 ! wife ( 
,abraham1 ,g54 xx1 #c1 #f4 ,he %[$      
,jacob ! my/]i\s ladd] 9 a  dream1 ,g54 
xxviii1 #ab1 #ac2 & 9 a dream an angel  
sugge/$ to him a  means ( multiply+ 8   
flocks1 ,g5esis xxxi1 #aa1 #ab1 c4      
,joseph 0  fav\r$ v e>ly ) prophetic    
dreams1 ^: signification 0  easily      
discov]$ by ,jacob1 ,g54 xxxvii1 #e4    
,god said1 t he spake to  o!r prophets 9
 dreams1 b to ,moses face to face4 ,!   
,midianites gave  cr$it to dreams1 z    

appe>s f t :i* a ,midianite relat$ to 8 
companion2 & f ^: int]pretation ,gideon 
took a happy om51  ,judges vii1 #ac1    
#ae4 ,! ,prophet ,j]emiah exclaims aga9/
 impo/ors :o  pret5d$ to h _h dreams1 & 
abus$ ! cr$ulity ( ! p3  8,!y prophesy  
lies 9 my "n1 say+1 ,i h dream$1 ,i h   
dream$4  ,! prophet t ha? a dream1 let  
him tell a dream2 & he t ha? my  ^w1 let
 him tell x fai?fully1 sai? ! ,"l10 ,j]4
 xxiii1 #be1 #bh1  #bi4 ,! ,prophet     
,joel promises f ,god1 t 9 ! reign ( !  
,messiah1 ! effusion ( ! ,holy ,_s %\ld 
be s copi\s1 t !  old m5 %\ld h         
prophetic dreams1 & ! "y m5 %\ld receive
  visions1 ,joel ii1 #bh4    ,,dress4   
,see ,,habits4    ,,drom$>y4 ,?is "n    
answ]s to two words 9 ! orig9al1 1 &    
fem99e 1 ,isa4 lx1 #f2 ,j]4 ii1 #bd2 & 1
 ,e/h] viii1 #aj1  8"y drom$>ies20      
probably ! "n 9 ,p]sian4 ,! drom$>y is a
  race ( camels *iefly rem>kable = its  
prodigi\s swiftness4 ,! mo/  obs]vable  
diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! camel is1 t x has 
b "o  protub]ance on ! back2 & in/ead ( 

! sl[ solemn walk to :i*  t animal is   
accu/om$1 x w g z f> 9 "o day z ! camel 
9  ?ree4 ,= ?is reason x is us$ to c>ry 
mess5g]s :]e ha/e is  requir$4 ,! animal
 is gov]n$ by a bridle1 :i*1 be+ usually
  fa/5$ to a r+ fix$ 9 ! nose1 may v    
well illu/rate !  expression1 #b ,k+s   
xix1 #bh1 ( turn+ back ,s5na*]ib by     
putt+ a  hook into 8 nose2 & may f>!r   
indicate 8 swift retreat4    ,,du/1 or  
a%es1 ca/ on ! head 0 a sign ( m\rn+1   
,jo%4 vii1 #f3  sitt+ 9 ! du/1 a sign ( 
affliction1 ,lam4 iii1 #bi2 ,isaiah     
xlvii1  #a4 ,! du/ also d5otes ! grave1 
,g54 iii1 #ai2 ,job vii1 #ba2 ,psalm    
xxii1 #ae4 ,x is put = a great          
multitude1 ,g54 xiii1 #af2 ,numb]s      
xxiii1  #aj4 ,x signifies a l[ or mean  
condition1 #a ,sam4 ii1 #h2 ,nahum iii1 
#ah4  ,to %ake or wipe (f ! du/ ( a     
place f "o's feet1 m>ks !  r5\nc+ ( all 
int]c\rse ) x 9 future4 ,god ?reat5s !  
,jews  ) ra9 ( du/1 c2 ,deut4 xxviii1   
#bd4 ,an extract f ,sir ,t4 ,roe's      
embassy may ca/ light on ?is3           

8,sometimes1 9 ,india1 ! w9d bl[s  v    
high 9 hot & dry seasons1 rais+ up into 
! air a v great  height1 ?ick cl\ds (   
du/ & s&4 ,^! dry %[]s mo/ griev\sly    
annoy all ^? among :om !y fall2 en\gh to
 smite !m all )  pres5t bl9dness2 fill+ 
_! eyes1 e>s1 no/rils1 & m\?s too1  if n
 well gu>d$2 se>*+ e place1 z well )9 z 
)\t1  s t !re is n a little key-hole (  
any trunk or cab9et1 if x be  n cov]$1 b
 receives ?is du/2 add to ?is1 t !      
fields1  brooks1 & g>d5s1 suff]         
extremely f ^! t]rible %[]s40    #b4 ,9 
almo/ e "p ( ,asia1 ^? :o dem& ju/ice   
aga9/ a  crim9al ?r[ du/ ^u him1        
signify+ t he des]ves to lose 8  life1 &
 be ca/ into ! grave2 & t ?is is ! true 
int]pretation ( ! action1 is evid5t f an
 imprecation 9 common  use among !      
,turks & ,p]sians1 8,be cov]$ ) e>?60   
8,e>? be  ^u ?y head40 ,we h two        
rem>kable in/ances ( ca/+ du/  record$ 9
 ,scripture3 ! fir/ is t ( ,%imei1 :o   
gave v5t to 8  secret ho/ility to       
,david1 :5 he fl$ be=e 8 rebelli\s son1 

by  ?r[+ /ones at him1 & ca/+ du/1 #b   
,sam4 xvi1 #ac4 ,x 0 an  anci5t cu/om1 9
 ^? w>m & arid c\ntries1 to lay ! du/   
be=e  a p]son ( di/9ction1 & p>ticul>ly 
be=e k+s & pr9ces1 by  spr9kl+ ! gr\nd )
 wat]4 ,to ?r[ du/ into ! air :ile a    
p]son 0 pass+1 0 !re=e an act ( great   
disrespect2 to d s  be=e a sov]eign     
pr9ce1 an indec5t outrage4 ,b x is cle> 
t  ,%imei meant m ?an disrespect &      
outrage to an afflict$ k+1  ^: subject  
he 03 he int5d$ to signify by t action1 
t ,david  0 unfit to live1 & t ! "t 0 at
 la/ arriv$ to (f] him a  sacrifice to !
 ambition & v5geance ( ! h\se ( ,saul4  
,?is view  ( 8 conduct is confirm$ by ! 
behavi\r ( ! ,jews to ! ,apo/le  ,paul1 
:5 !y seiz$ him 9 ! temple1 & _h ne>ly  
succe$$ 9  putt+ him to dea?3 !y cri$   
out1 8,away ) su* a fell[ f !  e>?1 = x 
is n fit t he %\ld live2 & z !y cri$ out
 &  ca/ (f _! clo!s1 & ?rew du/ into !  
air1 ! *ief capta9  comm&$ him to be    
br\ght into ! ca/le10 ,acts xxii1 #bc4  
,a great  simil>ity appe>s betwe5 !     

conduct ( ! ,jews on ?is occasion1 &  ! 
behavi\r ( ! peasants 9 ,p]sia1 :5 !y g 
to c\rt to  compla9 ( ! gov]nors1 ^:    
oppressions !y c no long] endure4  ,!y  
c>ry _! compla9ts aga9/ _! gov]nors by  
companies1  consi/+ ( sev]al hundr$s1 & 
sometimes ( a ?\s&2 !y repair  to t gate
 ( ! palace ne>e/ to :i* _! pr9ce is mo/
 likely  to be1 :]e !y set !mselves to  
make ! mo/ horrid cries1 te>+  _!       
g>m5ts1 & ?r[+ du/ into ! air1 & dem&+  
ju/ice4  ,! k+1 ^u he>+ ^! cries1 s5ds  
to "k ! occasion ( !m3  ! p deliv] _!   
compla9ts 9 writ+1 ^u :i* he in=ms  !m t
 he w commit ! cognizance ( ! affair to 
su* a "o z  he names2 & 9 consequ5ce (  
?is1 ju/ice is usually obta9$4          
,,eagle1 1 ,exod4 xix1 #d2 ,lev4 xi1    
#ac4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f a v]b  :i*        
signifies to lac]ate1 or te> 9 pieces4  
,! eagle has always  be5 consid]$ z ! k+
 ( birds1 on acc\nt ( its great /r5g?1  
rapidity & elevation ( flight1 natural  
f]ocity1 & ! t]ror x  inspires into its 
fell[s ( ! air4 ,its voracity is s great

 t a  l>ge ext5t ( t]ritory is requisite
 = ! supply ( prop]  su/5ance2 &        
provid5ce has !re=e con/itut$ x a       
solit>y  animal3 two pair ( eagles are  
nev] f\nd 9 ! same neighb\rhood1  ?\gh !
 g5us is disp]s$ ?r\gh e qu>t] ( ! _w4  
,its  sight is quick1 /rong1 & pi]c+1 to
 a prov]b4 ,9 ,job xxxix1 #bg1  !       
natural hi/ory ( ! eagle is f9ely drawn 
up3--                 ,is x at ?y voice 
t ! eagle so>s8               ,& !re=e  
make? 8 ne/ on high8               ,!   
rock is ! place ( 8 habitation4         
,he abides on ! crag1 ! place ( /r5g?4  
,!nce he p\nces ^u 8 prey4              
,8 eyes disc]n af> (f4                  
,ev5 8 "y ones dr9k d[n blood2          
,& :]ev] is slaught]1 !re is he4        
,allud+ to ! popul> op9ion t ! eagle    
assi/s its feeble "y  9 _! flight1 by   
be>+ !m up on its own p9ions1 ,moses    
repres5ts  ,jehovah z say+1 8,ye h se5  
:at ,i did to ! ,egyptians1 & h[ ,i     
bore y on eagles' w+s1 & br\ght y unto  
myself10 ,exod4 xix1 #d4  ,s*eu*z] has  

quot$ f an anci5t poet1 ! foll[+        
beautiful  p>aphrase on ?is passage3--  
,ac velut alituum pr9ceps1 fulvusque    
tonantis            ,armig]1 implumes1  
et adhue s9e robore natos               
,sollicita refovet cura1 p+uisque f]9   
,indulget pa/us3 mox ut cum viribus al  
,ve/icipes crev]e1 vocat se bl&ior aura1
            ,expansa invitat pluma1     
dorsoque morantes            ,excipit1  
attollitque hum]is1 plausuque secundo   
,f]tur 9 arva1 tim5s on]i1 et tam5      
impete presso            ,remigium      
t5tans al>um1 incurvaque p9nis          
,vela leg5s1 humiles tranat sub nubibus 
oras4            ,h9c s5sim supra alta  
petit1 jam jamque sub a/ra              
,erigitur1 cursusque leves citus urget 9
 auras1            ,omnia p]volitans    
late loca1 et agm9e ftus                
,f]tque ref]tque suos v>io1 moremque    
vol&i            ,addocet3 illi autem1  
longa assuetud9e docti1                 
,paulatim incipiunt p5nis se cr$]e clo  
,impavidi3 tantum a t5]is valet add]e   

curam4    ,& z ! k+ ( birds1 & tawny    
arm\r-be>] ( ! ,?und]]1  *]i%es ) anxi\s
 c>e 8 unfl$g$1 & z yet feeble "y1 &    
gratifies _! appetite ) ri* prey3       
pres5tly :5 _! d[ny  w+s h increas$ 9   
/r5g?1 a mild] air calls !m =?1 )  exp&$
 plumage he invites !m1 & receives !m   
hesitat+ on 8  back1 & su/a9s !m on 8   
%\ld]s1 & ) easy flight is borne  ov] ! 
fields1 fe>+ = 8 burd51 & yet ) a       
mod]at$ ef=t  try+ ! r[+ ( _! w+s1 &    
furl+ ) 8 p9ions 8  curv$ sails1 he     
glides ?r\gh ! l[ regions b5ea? ! cl\ds4
  ,h5ce by degrees he so>s al(t1 & n[ he
 m\nts to ! />ry heav51  & swiftly urges
 8 rapid flight ?r\gh ! air1 sweep+     
widely ov]  space1 & 9 8 gyrations be>+ 
8 (fspr+ to & fro1 tea*es  !m ! art (   
fly+3--b !y1 taught by long practice1   
gradually  beg9 to tru/ !mselves        
fe>lessly on _! w+s3 ,s mu* does x      
avail to tra9 ! "y ) c>e4    #b4 ,:5    
,balaam deliv]$ 8 pr$ictions respect+ ! 
fate t  await$ ! nations :i* he !n      
p>ticul>iz$1 he said ( !  ,k5ites1      

8,/rong is ?y dwell+1 & ?\ putte/ ?y ne/
 9 a rock10  ,num4 xxiv1 #ba2 allud+ to 
t pr9cely bird1 ! eagle1 :i* n only     
delights 9 so>+ to ! l(tie/ heights1 b  
*ooses ! highe/  rocks1 & mo/ elevat$   
m\nta9s1 z desirable situations = erect+
  its ne/1 ,hab4 ii1 #i2 ,obad4 #d4 ,:at
 ,job says conc]n+ ! eagle1 :i*  is to  
be und]/ood 9 a lit]al s5se1 8,:]e !    
sla9 are1 !re is  he10 our ,savi\r turns
 into a f9e p>able3 8,:]esoev] ! c>cass 
is1  !re w ! eagles be ga!r$ toge!r10   
,matt4 xxiv1 #bh2 t is1  ,:]ev] ! ,jews 
are1 :o h corruptly fall5 f ,god1 !re w 
be  ! ,romans1 :o bore ! eagle z _!     
/&>d1 to execute v5geance  ^u !m1 ,luke 
xvii1 #cg4    #c4 ,! swiftness ( !      
flight ( ! eagle is allud$ to 9 sev]al  
passages ( ,scripture2 z1 8,! ,"l %all  
br+ a nation aga9/ !e  f af>1 f ! end ( 
! e>?1 z swift z ! eagle flie?10  ,deut4
 xxviii1 #di4 ,9 ! affect+ lam5tation ( 
,david ov] ,saul &  ,jona?an1 _!        
impetu\s & rapid c>e] is describ$ 9     
=cible  t]ms3 8,!y 7 swift] ?an eagles2 

!y 7 /rong] ?an lions10 #b  ,sam4 i1    
#bc4 ,j]emiah :5 he beheld 9 vision !   
m>* (  ,nebu*adnezz>1 cri$1 8,behold1 he
 %all come up z cl\ds1 & 8  *>iots %all 
be z a :irlw9d4 ,8 horses are swift] ?an
 eagles4 ,wo  unto u1 = we are spoil$10 
,j]4 iv1 #ac4 ,to ! wide-exp&$ w+s (  ! 
eagle1 & ! rapidity ( 8 flight1 ! same  
prophet beautifully  alludes 9 a        
subsequ5t *apt]1 :]e he describes !     
subv]sion (  ,moab by ! same ru?less    
conqu]or3 8,behold1 he %all fly z an    
eagle1  & spread 8 w+s ov] ,moab10 ,j]4 
xlviii1 #dj4 ,9 ! same mann] he         
describes ! sudd5 desolations ( ,ammon 9
 ! next *apt]2 b1 :5  he turns 8 eye to 
! ru9s ( 8 own c\ntry1 he exclaims1 9   
/ill  m en]getic language1 8,our        
p]secutors are swift] ?an ! eagles (  ! 
heav5s10 ,lam5t4 iv1 #ai4 ,"u ! same    
comp>ison ! patri>*  ,job describes !   
rapid flight ( "t3 8,my days are pass$  
away1 z !  eagle t ha/e? to ! prey10    
,job ix1 #bf4 ,! surpris+ rapidity  )   
:i* ! bless+s ( common provid5ce        

sometimes vani% f !  grasp ( ! possessor
 is ?us describ$ by ,solomon3 8,ri*es   
c]ta9ly  make !mselves w+s3 !y fly away 
z an eagle t[>d heav510 ,prov4  xxiii1  
#e4 ,! flight ( ?is bird is z sublime z 
x is rapid &  impetu\s4 ,none ( ! fea!r$
 race so> s high4 ,9 8 d>+  excursions  
he is said to leave ! cl\ds ( heav51 &  
regions (  ?und]1 & lightn+1 & tempe/1  
f> b5ea? him1 & to approa*  ! v limits (
 e!r4 ,!re is an allusion to ?is l(ty   
so>+ 9  ! prophecy ( ,obadiah1 conc]n+ !
 pride ( ,moab3 8,?\gh ?\  exalt ?yself 
z ! eagle1 & ?\gh ?\ set ?y ne/ among ! 
/>s1 !nce w ,i br+ !e d[n1 sai? ! ,"l10 
,obad4 #d4 ,!  prophet ,j]emiah         
pron\nces ! doom ( ,edom 9 simil> t]ms3 
8,o ?\  t dwelle/ 9 ! clefts ( ! rock1 t
 holde/ ! height ( !  hill2 ?\gh ?\     
%\lde/ make ?y ne/ high z ! eagle1 ,i w 
br+ !e d[n f !nce1 sai? ! ,"l10 ,j]4    
xlix1 #af4 ,! eagle  lives & reta9s its 
vig\r to a great age2 &1 aft] m\lt+1    
r5ews  its vig\r s surpris+ly1 z to be  
said1 hyp]bolically1 to become  "y aga91

 ,psalm ciii1 #e1 & ,isaiah xl1 #ca4 ,x 
is rem>kable t  ,cyrus1 comp>$1 9       
,isaiah xlvi1 #aa1 to an eagle1 7s ! ^w 
translat$ 8rav5\s bird0 %\ld be r5d]$17 
_h an eagle = 8  ensign accord+ to      
,x5ophon1 :o uses1 )\t kn[+ x1 !        
id5tical ^w ( ! prophet1 ) only a ,greek
 t]m9ation to x3 s  exact is !          
correspond5ce betwe5 ! prophet & !      
hi/orian1 !  pr$iction & ! ev5t4        
,x5ophon & o!r anci5t hi/orians in=m  u 
t ! gold5 eagle ) ext5d$ w+s 0 ! ensign 
( !  ,p]sian mon>*s long be=e x 0 adopt$
 by ! ,romans2 & x is  v probable t !   
,p]sians borr[$ ! symbol f ! anci5t     
,assyrians1 9 ^: bann]s x wav$1 till    
imp]ial ,babylon b[$ h]  head to ! yoke 
( ,cyrus4 ,if ?is conjecture be well    
f\nd$1 x  discov]s ! reason :y ! sacr$  
writ]s1 9 describ+ !  victori\s m>* ( ! 
,assyrian armies1 allude s frequ5tly to 
!  exp&$ eagle4 ,ref]r+ to ! ,babylonian
 mon>*1 ! prophet ,hosea  proclaim$ 9 ! 
e>s ( all ,israel1 ! measure ( ^:       
iniquities  0 ne>ly full1 8,he %all come

 z an eagle aga9/ ! h\se ( !  ,"l10     
,hosea viii1 #a4 ,j]emiah pr$ict$ a     
simil> calamity3 8,?us sai?  ! ,"l1     
,behold1 he %all fly z an eagle1 &      
spread 8 w+s ov]  ,moab10 ,j]4 xlviii1  
#dj2 & ! same figure 0 employ$ to d5ote 
!  de/ruction t ov]took ! h\se ( ,esau3 
8,behold1 he %all come up  & fly z !    
eagle1 & spread 8 w+s ov] ,bozrah10     
xlix1 #bb4 ,!  words ( ^! prophets      
receiv$ a full accompli%m5t 9 !         
irresi/ible impetuosity & complete      
success ) :i* ! ,babylonian  mon>*s1 &  
p>ticul>ly ,nebu*adnezz>1 pursu$ _!     
plans (  conque/4 ,ezekiel d5om9ates    
him1 ) great propriety1 8a great eagle  
) great w+s10 because he 0 ! mo/ p[]ful 
mon>* ( 8 "t1  & l$ into ! field m      
num]\s & bett] appo9t$ armies1 7:i*  !  
prophet calls1 by a beautiful figure1 88
 w+s10 ! w+s ( 8  army17 ?an p]haps ! _w
 _h ev] se54 ,! ,prophet ,isaiah1       
ref]r+ to ! same mon>*1 pr$ict$ !       
subjugation ( ,judea 9  ^! t]ms3 8,he   
%all pass ?r\gh ,judah4 ,he %all ov]fl[1

 & g  ov]4 ,he %all rea* ev5 to ! neck2 
& ! /ret*+ out ( 8  w+s0 7! array ( 8   
army7 8%all fill ! bread? ( ?y l&1 ,o   
,immanuel10 ,isaiah viii1 #h4 ,! k+ (   
,egypt is also /yl$ by ,ezekiel1  8a    
great eagle1 ) great w+s1 & _m fea!rs20 
b he manife/ly  gives ! pref]5ce to ! k+
 ( ,babylon1 by add+1 t he _h  8long    
w+s1 full ( fea!rs1 :i* _h div]s        
col\rs20 t is1  great] weal?1 & a m     
num]\s army4    ,,e>1 ! organ ( he>+4 ,!
 ,scripture uses ! t]m figuratively4    
,uncircumcis$ e>s are e>s inatt5tive to 
! ^w ( ,god4 ,to signify  ,god's reg>d  
to ! pray]s ( 8 p1 ! ,psalmi/ says1 8,8 
e>s  are op5 to _! cry10 ,psalm xxxiv1  
#ae4 ,among ! ,jews1 ! slave1 :o  r5\nc$
 ! privilege ( be+ made free f s]vitude 
9 !  sabbatical ye>1 submitt$ to h 8 e> 
bor$ ?r\gh ) an awl2  :i* 0 done 9 !    
pres5ce ( "s judge1 or magi/rate1 t x   
might appe> a volunt>y act4 ,! c]emony  
took place at 8 ma/]'s  door1 & 0 ! m>k 
( s]vitude & bondage4 ,! ,psalmi/ says1 
9  ! p]son ( ! ,messiah1 8,sacrifice &  

(f]+ ?\ did/ n  desire2 m9e e>s ha/ ?\  
op5$40 ,heb4 8,?\ ha/ digg$ my e>s40    
,?is ei!r means1 ,?\ ha/ op5$ !m1 remov$
 imp$im5ts1 & made  !m att5tive2 or1 ?\ 
ha/ pi]c$ !m1 z ^? ( su* s]vants  7     
pi]c$1 :o *ose to rema9 ) _! ma/]s2 &   
!re=e  imports ! absolute & volunt>y    
submission ( ,messiah to ! w  ( ! ,fa!r4
 8,make ! e>s ( ?is p heavy10 ,isaiah   
vi1 #aj2 t  is1 r5d] _! m9ds inatt5tive 
& disob$i5t2 ! prophets be+  said (t5 to
 d t ( :i* !y 7 ! innoc5t occasion4     
,,e>-,,r+s & nose-jewels 7 fav\rite     
ornam5ts among ! ea/]n  females4 ,bo?   
are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 ,?us
 ! ,prophet  ,ezekiel3 8,& ,i put a     
jewel on ?y =ehead10 or1 z x %\ld h be5 
r5d]$1 on ?y nose4 ,?is ornam5t 0 "o ( !
 pres5ts :i* !  s]vant ( ,abraham gave  
to ,rebecca1 9 ! "n ( 8 ma/]3 8,i put10 
said he1 8! e>-r+ ^u h] face20 m        
lit]ally1 ,i put ! r+ on  h] nose4 ,!y  
wore e>-r+s beside2 = ! h\sehold (      
,jacob1 at 8  reque/1 :5 !y 7 prep>+ to 
g up to ,be!l1 gave him all !  e>-r+s   

:i* 7 9 _! e>s1 & he hid !m "u ! oak :i*
  0 by ,%e*em4 ,sir ,john ,*>d9 says1   
8,x is ! cu/om 9 almo/ all  ! ea/ = !   
wom5 to we> r+s 9 _! noses1 9 ! left    
no/ril1 :i* is bor$ l[ d[n 9 ! middle4  
,^! r+s are ( gold1  & h commonly two   
pe>ls & "o ruby betwe5 !m1 plac$ 9 !    
r+2 ,i nev] saw a girl1 or "y woman 9   
,arabia1 or 9 all ,p]sia1  :o did n we> 
a r+ aft] ?is mann] 9 h] no/ril40 ,"s   
writ]s  cont5d1 t by ! nose-jewel1 we   
are to und]/& r+s1 :i* wom5  atta*$ to  
_! =ehead1 & let !m fall d[n ^u _! nose2
 b  ,*>d91 :o c]ta9ly 0 a dilig5t obs]v]
 ( ea/]n cu/oms1 no  :]e saw ?is frontal
 r+ 9 ! ea/1 b e :]e ! r+ 9 !  nose4 ,8 
te/imony is support$ by ,dr4 ,russel1 :o
 describes ! wom5  9 "s ( ! villages    
ab\t ,aleppo1 & all ! ,arabs & ,*+anas1 
7a sort ( gipsies17 z we>+ a l>ge r+ (  
silv] or gold1 ?r\gh  ! ext]nal c>tilage
 ( _! "r no/ril4 ,x is worn1 by !       
te/imony ( ,egmont1 9 ! same mann] by ! 
wom5 ( ,egypt4 ,two words  are us$ 9 !  
,scriptures to d5ote ^! ornam5tal r+s1  

&  4 ,mr4 ,h>m] seems to ?9k !y prop]ly 
signifi$ e>-r+s2 b  ?is is a mi/ake2 !  
sacr$ writ]s use !m promiscu\sly = !    
r+s bo? ( ! nose & ( ! e>s4 ,t writ]1   
h[ev]1 is  probably "r 9 suppos+ t nezem
 is ! "n ( a mu* small]  r+ ?an agil4   
,*>d9 obs]v$ two sorts ( r+s 9 ! ea/2 "o
  s small & close to ! e>1 t !re is no  
vacuity betwe5 !m2  ! o!r s l>ge1 z to  
admit ! =e f+] betwe5 x & ! e>2  ^! la/ 
are adorn$ ) a ruby & a pe>l on ea*     
side1 /rung on  ! r+4 ,"s ( ^! e>-r+s _h
 figures ^u !m1 & /range  *>act]s1 :i*  
he believ$ 7 talismans or *>ms2 b :i* 7 
probably ! names & symbols ( _! false   
gods4 ,we "k f !  te/imony ( ,pl9y1 t   
r+s ) ! images ( _! gods 7 worn  by !   
,romans4 ,! ,indians say1 !y are        
pres]vatives aga9/  en*antm5t2 ^u :i*   
,*>d9 haz>ds a v probable conjecture1 t 
! e>-r+s ( ,jacob's family 7 p]haps (   
?is k9d1 :i* might  be ! reason ( 8     
dem&+ !m1 t he might bury !m "u !  oak  
be=e !y w5t up to ,be!l4    ,,e>? is us$
 = t gross elem5t :i* su/a9s & n\ri%es u

 by  produc+ plants & fruits2 = !       
cont95t z di/+ui%$ f !  sea1 8,god call$
 ! dry l& e>?10 ,g54 i1 #aj2 = !        
t]raque\s  globe1 & its cont5ts1 m51    
animals1 plants1 metals1 wat]s1 c4 8,!  
e>? is ! ,"l's1 & ! fulness !re(01      
,psalm xxiv1 #a2 = !  inhabitants ( !   
e>?1 or cont95t1 8,! :ole e>? 0 ( "o    
language10 ,g5esis xi1 #a2 = ,judea1 or 
! :ole empire ( ,*aldea &  ,assyria4    
,?us ,cyrus says1 ,ezra i1 #b1 8,! ,"l  
,god ( heav5 ha? giv5  me all ! k+doms (
 ! e>?40 ,! re/riction ( ! t]m 8e>?0  to
 ,judea is m common 9 ,scripture ?an is 
usually suppos$2 & ?is  acceptation ( x 
has great effect on sev]al passages1 9  
:i* x  ought to be s und]/ood4    ,e>? 9
 a moral s5se is oppos$ to heav51 & to  
:at is spiritual4  8,he t is ( ! e>? is 
e>?y1 & speake? ( ! e>?2 he t  come? f  
above is above all10 ,john iii1 #ca4    
8,if ye !n be ris5 )  ,*ri/1 set y\r    
affections on ?+s above1 n on ?+s on !  
e>?10 ,col4 iii1 #a1 #b4    ,,e>?quake4 
,! ,scripture speaks ( sev]al e>?quakes4

 ,"o happ5$ 9  ! tw5ty-sev5? ye> (      
,uzziah1 k+ ( ,judah1 9 ! ye> ( !  _w   
#cbba4 ,?is is m5tion$ 9 ,amos i1 #a1 & 
9 ,ze*>iah xiv1 #e4  ,josephus says t   
its viol5ce divid$ a m\nta91 :i* lay we/
 (  ,j]usalem1 & drove "o "p ( x f\r    
furlongs4 ,a v memorable  e>?quake is t 
:i* happ5$ at our ,savi\r's dea?1 ,matt4
 xxvii1  #ea4 ,_m h ?\ght t ?is 0       
p]ceiv$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4  ,o!rs are (      
op9ion t x 0 felt only 9 ,judea1 or ev5 
9 !  temple at ,j]usalem4 ,/4 ,cyril (  
,j]usalem says1 t ! rocks ^u  m\nt      
,calv>y 7 %[n 9 8 "t1 :i* _h be5 r5t    
asund] by  ?is e>?quake4 ,maundrell &   
,s&ys te/ify ! same1 & say t  !y exam9$ 
! brea*es 9 ! rock1 & 7 conv9c$ t !y  7 
! effects ( an e>?quake4 ,x mu/ h be5   
t]rible1 s9ce !  c5turion & ^? ) him 7 s
 affect$ by x1 z to ackn[l$ge  !        
innoc5ce ( our ,savi\r1 ,luke xxiii1    
#dg4 ,phlegon1 ,adrian's  fre$man1      
relates t1 toge!r ) ! eclipse1 :i*      
happ5$ at  noon day1 9 ! f\r? ye> ( !   
two hundr$ & second ,olympiad1 or  ,a4  

,d4 #cc1 a v great e>?quake 0 also felt1
 pr9cipally 9  ,by?ynia4 ,! effects (   
,god's p[]1 wra?1 & v5geance are comp>$ 
to e>?quakes1 ,psalm xviii1 #g2 xlvi1   
#b2 cxiv1 #d4 ,an e>?quake  signifies   
also1 9 prophetic language1 !           
dissolution ( gov]nm5ts  & ! ov]?r[ (   
/ates4    ,,ea/1 "o ( ! f\r c>d9al po9ts
 ( ! _w2 namely1 t  p>ticul> po9t ( !   
horizon 9 :i* ! sun is se5 to rise4 ,!  
,hebrews express ! ea/1 we/1 nor?1 & s\?
 by words :i* signify  be=e1 beh9d1     
left1 & "r1 accord+ to ! situation ( a  
man :o  has 8 face turn$ t[>d ! ea/4 ,by
 ! ea/1 !y frequ5tly  describe1 n only  
,arabia ,des]ta1 & ! l&s ( ,moab &      
,ammon1  :i* lay to ! ea/ ( ,pale/9e1 b 
also ,assyria1 ,mesopotamia1            
,babylonia1 & ,*aldea1 ?\gh !y are      
situat$ r to ! nor?  ?an to ! ea/ (     
,judea4 ,balaam1 ,cyrus1 & ! wise m5 :o 
visit$  ,be?lehem at ! "t ,*ri/ 0 born1 
are said to come f ! ea/1  ,num4 xxiii1 
#g2 ,isaiah xlvi1 #aa2 ,matt4 ii1 #a4   
,,ea/]1 ! day on :i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur*    

commemorates our ,savi\r's              
resurrection4 ,ea/] is a ^w ( ,saxon    
orig91 & imports a goddess (  ! ea/4    
,?is goddess 0 ,a/>te1 9 hon\r ( :om    
sacrifices 7  annually (f]$ ab\t !      
passov] "t ( ! ye>1 ! spr+2 &  h5ce !   
,saxon "n 8a/]0 became atta*$ by        
association ( ideas to  ! ,*ri/ian      
fe/ival ( ! resurrection4    ,,eat+4 ,! 
anci5t ,hebrews did n eat indiff]5tly ) 
all p]sons3  !y w\ld h e/eem$ !mselves  
pollut$ & di%on\r$ by eat+  ) p ( ano!r 
religion1 or ( an odi\s pr(ession4 ,9   
,joseph's  day !y nei!r ate ) !         
,egyptians1 nor ! ,egyptians ) !m1  ,g54
 xliii1 #cb2 nor1 9 our ,savi\r's "t1 ) 
! ,sam>itans1 ,john  iv1 #i4 ,! ,jews 7 
sc&aliz$ at ,*ri/'s eat+ ) publicans &  
s9n]s1 ,matt4 ix1 #aa4 ,z !re 7 sev]al  
sorts ( meats1 ! use (  :i* 0 prohibit$1
 !y c\ld n conv5i5tly eat ) ^? :o       
p>took ( !m1 fe>+ to receive pollution  
by t\*+ su* food1 or  if by accid5t any 
p>ticles ( x %\ld fall on !m4 ,! anci5t 
,hebrews1 at _! meals1 _h ea* 8 sep>ate 

table4 ,joseph1  ent]ta9+ 8 bre?r5 9    
,egypt1 seat$ !m sep>ately1 ea* at 8    
p>ticul> table2 & he himself sat d[n    
sep>ately f ! ,egyptians1  :o ate ) him2
 b he s5t to 8 bre?r5 portions out ( !  
provisions :i* 7 be=e him1 ,g54 xliii1  
#ca1 c4 ,elkanah1 ,samuel's  fa!r1 :o _h
 two wives1 di/ribut$ _! portions to !m 
sep>ately1 #a ,sam4 i1 #d1 #e4 ,9 ,hom]1
 ea* gue/ has 8 little table  ap>t2 & ! 
ma/] ( ! fea/ di/ributes meat to ea*4   
,we are  assur$ t ?is is /ill practis$ 9
 ,*9a2 & t _m 9 ,india  nev] eat out ( !
 same di%1 nor on ! same table1 ) ano!r 
p]son1 believ+ t !y _c d s )\t s92 &    
?is1 n only  9 _! own c\ntry1 b :5      
travell+1 & 9 =eign l&s4    ,! anci5t   
mann]s :i* we see 9 ,hom] we see        
likewise 9 ,scripture1  ) reg>d to eat+1
 dr9k+1 & ent]ta9m5ts3 we f9d great     
pl5ty1 b little delicacy2 & great       
respect & hon\r paid to !  gue/s by s]v+
 !m pl5tifully4 ,joseph s5t 8 bro!r     
,b5jam9 a  portion five times l>g] ?an  
^? ( 8 o!r bre?r54 ,samuel set a  :ole  

qu>t] ( a calf be=e ,saul4 ,! wom5 did n
 appe> at table  9 ent]ta9m5ts ) ! m53  
?is w\ld h be5 an indec5cy2 z x  is at  
?is day ?r\gh\t ! ea/4 ,! pres5t ,jews1 
be=e !y sit  d[n to table1 c>efully wa% 
_! h&s3 !y speak ( ?is c]emony  z       
ess5tial & obligatory4 ,aft] meals !y   
wa% !m aga94 ,:5 !y  sit d[n to table1 !
 ma/] ( ! h\se1 or ! *ief p]son 9 !     
company1 tak+ bread1 breaks x1 b does n 
:olly sep>ate x2 !n1  putt+ 8 h& on x1  
he recites ?is bless+3 8,bless$ be ?\1  
,o  ,"l our ,god1 ! ,k+ ( ! _w1 :o      
produce/ ! bread ( !  e>?40 ,^? pres5t  
answ]1 8,am540 ,hav+ di/ribut$ ! bread  
among  ! gue/s1 he takes ! vessel ( w9e 
9 8 "r h&1 say+1  8,bless$ art ?\1 ,o   
,"l our ,god1 ,k+ ( ! _w1 :o ha/ produc$
  ! fruit ( ! v9e40 ,!y !n repeat !     
tw5ty-?ird ,psalm4  ,buxtorf1 & ,leo (  
,mod5a1 :o h giv5 p>ticul> acc\nts ( !  
,jewi% c]emonies1 diff] 9 "s            
circum/ances3 ! reason is1 ,buxtorf     
wrote pr9cipally ! c]emonies ( ! ,g]man 
,jews1 & ,leo1 ^? (  ! ,italian ,jews4  

,!y take c>e t1 aft] meals1 !re %all be 
a  piece ( bread rema9+ on ! table2 !   
ma/] ( ! h\se ord]s a  glass to be wa%$1
 fills x ) w9e1 &1 elevat+ x1 says1     
8,let u  bless ,him ( ^: b5efits we h   
be5 p>tak+30 ! re/ answ]1  8,bless$ be  
,he :o has heap$ 8 fav\rs on u1 & by 8  
goodness has  n[ f$ u40 ,!n he recites a
 pretty long pray]1 :]e9 he ?anks ,god  
= 8 _m b5efits v\*saf$ to ,israel2      
besee*es him to pity  ,j]usalem & 8     
temple1 to re/ore ! ?rone ( ,david1 to  
s5d ,elias  & ! ,messiah1 to deliv] !m  
out ( _! long captivity1 c4 ,all  pres5t
 answ]1 8,am520 & !n recite ,psalm      
xxxiv1 #i1 #aj4 ,!n1 giv+  ! glass ) !  
little w9e 9 x to be drunk r\nd1 he     
dr9ks :at  is left1 & ! table is cle>$4 
,see ,,banquets4    ,p>tak+ ( ! b5efits 
( ,*ri/'s passion by fai? is also call$ 
eat+1 because ?is is ! support ( our    
spiritual life1 ,john vi1 #ec1  #ef4    
,hosea reproa*es ! prie/s ( 8 "t ) eat+ 
! s9s ( !  p1 ,hosea iv1 #h2 t is1 fea/+
 on _! s9 (f]+s1 r  ?an re=m+ _! mann]s4

 ,john ! ,bapti/ is said to h come      
8nei!r eat+ nor dr9k+10 ,matt4 xi1 #ah2 
t is1 z o!r m5 did2  = he liv$ 9 !      
wild]ness1 on locu/s1 wild honey1 &     
wat]1 ,matt4  iii1 #d2 ,luke i1 #ae4    
,?is is express$1 9 ,luke vii1 #cc1 by 8
 nei!r  eat+ 8bread10 nor dr9k+ 8w9e40  
,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,son ( ,man  is said1 9 
,matt4 xi1 #ai1 to h come 8eat+ &       
dr9k+20 t is1  z o!rs did2 & t too ) all
 sorts ( p]sons1 ,ph>isees1  publicans1 
& s9n]s4    ,,ebal1 a celebrat$ m\nta9 9
 ! tribe ( ,ephraim1 ne> ,%e*em1 ov]    
aga9/ ,m\nt ,g]izim4 ,^! two m\nta9s are
 )9 two hundr$ paces  ( ea* o!r1 &      
sep>at$ by a deep valley1 9 :i* /ood !  
t[n  ( ,%e*em4 ,! two m\nta9s are mu*   
alike 9 magnitude & =m1  be+ ( a        
semi-circul> figure1 ab\t half a league 
9 l5g?1 &1 on  ! sides ne>e/ ,%e*em1    
ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,"o ( !m is b>r52  !  
o!r1 cov]$ ) a beautiful v]dure4 ,moses 
comm&$ !  ,israelites1 z soon z !y %\ld 
h pass$ ! riv] ,jordan1 to g  directly  
to ,%e*em1 & divide ! :ole multitude    

into two bodies1  ea* compos$ ( six     
tribes2 "o company to be plac$ on ,ebal1
 & !  o!r on ,g]izim4 ,! six tribes t 7 
on ,g]izim 7 to pron\nce  bless+s on ^? 
:o %\ld fai?fully obs]ve ! law ( ! ,"l1 
& ! six o!rs on ,m\nt ,ebal 7 to        
pron\nce curses aga9/ ^?  :o %\ld       
violate x1 ,deut4 xi1 #bi1 c2 xxvii1 &  
xxviii2 ,jo%ua viii1  #cj1 #ca4    ,?is 
consecration ( ! ,hebrew commonweal? is 
?\ght to h be5  p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 
,! heads ( ! fir/ six tribes  w5t up to 
! top ( ,m\nt ,g]izim1 & ! heads ( ! o!r
 six  tribes to ! top ( ,m\nt ,ebal4 ,! 
prie/s1 ) ! ark1 & ,jo%ua  at ! head ( !
 eld]s ( ,israel1 took _! /ation 9 !    
middle (  ! valley :i* lies betwe5 ! two
 m\nta9s4 ,! ,levites rang$  !mselves 9 
a circle ab\t ! ark2 & ! eld]s1 ) ! p1  
plac$ !mselves at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 six
 tribes on a side4  ,:5 !y 7 ?us dispos$
 9 ord]1 ! prie/s turn$ t[>d ,m\nt      
,g]izim1 on ! top ( :i* 7 ! six heads ( 
! six tribes :o  7 at ! foot ( ! same   
m\nta91 & pron\nc$1 = example1  ^!      

words3--8,bless$ be ! man t make? n any 
grav5 images40  ,! six pr9ces :o 7 ^u ! 
top ( ! m\nta91 & ! six  tribes :o 7    
bel[ at its foot1 answ]$1 8,am540       
,aft]w>d1 !  prie/s1 turn+ t[>d ,m\nt   
,ebal1 ^u :i* 7 ! pr9ces ( !  o!r six   
tribes1 cri$1 ) a l\d voice1 8,curs$ be 
! man t  make? any grav5 image20 & 7    
answ]$ by ! pr9ces opposite to  !m & _! 
tribes1 8,am540 ,! ,scripture1 at fir/  
view1 seems to  intimate t !re 7 six    
tribes ^u "o m\nta91 & six on !  o!r2 b 
beside t x is by no means probable t !  
tribes ( !  ,israelites1 :o 7 s num]\s1 
%\ld be able to /& on ! summits  ( ^!   
two m\nta9s1 x w\ld n h be5 possible =  
!m to h  se5 ! c]emony1 nor to h he>d ! 
bless+s & curses 9 ord]  to answ] !m4   
,moreov]1 ! ,hebrew p>ticle1 9 !        
orig9al1  signifies1 ne>1 ov] aga9/1 z  
well z at ! top1 ,jo%ua viii1  #cc4     
,accord+ly1 we may say1 t nei!r ,jo%ua1 
nor ! prie/s or  tribes1 w5t up to ! top
 ( ! m\nta9s1 b ! heads only1 :o 9  _!  
p]sons might repres5t all ! tribes4     

,,eb5ez]1 ! "n ( t field :]e9 !         
,israelites 7 defeat$ by  ! ,phili/9es1 
:5 ! ark ( ! ,"l 0 tak51 #a ,sam4 iv1   
#a2 also  a memorial /one set up by     
,samuel to commemorate a victory ov] !  
,phili/9es4 ,! ^w signifies ! /one (    
help2 & x 0 erect$  by ! prophet1 say+1 
8,hi!rto ! ,"l ha? help$ u40            
,,ebionites1 a sect ( ! fir/ two or ?ree
 c5turies2 b x is n  c]ta9 :e!r !y      
receiv$ _! "n f a lead] ( ! "n (        
,ebion1 7:om ,dr4 ,l>dn] consid]s z a   
disciple ( ,c]9?us17 or f  ! mean+ ( !  
,hebrew ^w ebion1 :i* implies pov]ty2 & 
if  ! latt]1 :e!r !y assum$ ! "n1 z     
affect+ to be poor1 l  ! ,f\nd] (       
,*ri/ianity2 or :e!r x 0 conf]r$ on !m  
by way  ( reproa*1 z be+ ( ! l[] ord]s4 
,! use ( ! t]m1 also1  accord+ to ,dr4  
,horsley1 0 v>i\s & indef9ite4          
,sometimes x 0  ! peculi> "n ( ^? sects 
t d5i$ bo? ! div9ity ( our  ,"l1 & 8    
miracul\s conception4 ,!n its mean+ 0   
ext5d$1 to  take 9 ano!r p>ty2 :o       
admitt$ ! miracul\s conception ( ,jesus1

  b /ill d5i$ 8 div9ity1 & que/ion$ 8   
previ\s exi/5ce4 ,at  la/1 x seems1 !   
,naz>ites1 ^: error 0 r a sup]/iti\s    
sev]ity 9 _! practice1 ?an any defici5cy
 9 _! fai?1 7  includ$ by ,orig5 9 !    
infamy ( ! appellation4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 
claim+ ! ,ebionites z ,jewi% ,unit>ians1
 consid]s ! anci5t  ,naz>5es1 t is1 !   
fir/ ,jewi% conv]ts1 z ! true           
,ebionites2  ^!1 he ?9ks1 7 call$       
,naz>5es1 f _! atta*m5t to ,jesus  (    
,naz>e?2 & ,ebionites1 f _! poor & mean 
condition1 j z  "s ( ! re=m]s 7 call$   
,begh>ds1 or begg>s4 ,! ,doctor cites  !
 au?orities ( ,orig5 & ,epiphanius1 to  
prove t bo? ^!  d5om9ations relat$ to ! 
same p1 diff]+ only1 l !  ,soc9ians1 9  
receiv+ or reject+ ! fact ( ! miracul\s 
conception2 & nei!r1 z he assures u1 7  
reckon$ h]etics by any  writ]s ( ! two  
fir/ c5turies4 ,to ?is ,dr4 ,horsley    
replies1 t  bo? ,jews & ,hea!ns call$ ! 
fir/ ,*ri/ians ,naz>5es1 9  allusion to 
! mean & obscure bir?place ( _! ,ma/]1  
,jesus (  ,naz>e?1 ,mat!w ii1 #bc2 ,acts

 x1 #ch2 b insi/s1 & answ]s e  pret5d$  
pro( to ! contr>y1 t ! t]m ,naz>5es 0   
nev]  appli$ to any di/9ct sect (       
,*ri/ians be=e ! f9al de/ruction  (     
,j]usalem by ,adrian4 ,dr4 ,seml]1 a    
,g]man writ]1 gives ! foll[+  op9ion3   
8,^? :o m rigidly ma9ta9$ ! ,mosaic     
obs]vances1 &  :o 7 num]\s 9 ,pale/9e1  
are usually call$ ,ebionites &          
,nas>ans4 ,"s believe t !y ought n to be
 reckon$ h]etics2  o!rs ?9k t !y 7 unit$
 9 doctr9e1 diff]+ only 9 "n2  o!rs     
place !m 9 ! second c5tury4 ,x is (     
little consequ5ce  :e!r we di/+ui% or n 
! ,naz>5es1 or ,naz>ans f !  ,ebionites4
 ,x is c]ta9 t bo? ^! classes 7 t5aci\s 
( !  ,mosaic c]emonies1 & m incl9$ to ! 
,jews ?an to ! ,g5tiles1  ?\gh !y       
admitt$ ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus 9 a v l[ 
&  ,judaiz+ mann]4 ,! ,ebionites held 9 
execration ! doctr9e ( !  ,apo/le       
,paul40 ,dr4 ,j4 ,pye ,smi?1 :o quotes  
?is passage f ,dr4  ,seml]1 adds1 8,su*1
 x is appreh5d$1 on gr\nds ( reasonable 
probability1 0 ! orig9 ( ,unit>ianism2 !

 *ild ( ,judaism  misund]/ood1 & (      
,*ri/ianity imp]fectly receiv$40    #b4 
,on ?is controv]sy great light has1     
h[ev]1 be5 s9ce ?r[n by  ,dr4 ,burton4  
,x is well kn[n to ^? :o h /udi$ !      
,unit>ian  controv]sy1 t x has be5 (t5  
ass]t$ t ! ,c]9?ians &  ,ebionites 7 !  
tea*]s ( g5u9e ,*ri/ianity1 & t !       
doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s div9ity1 & ( univ]sal 
r$emption ?r\gh 8  blood1 7 ! inv5tions 
( ^? :o corrupt$ ! prea*+ ( !  ,apo/les4
 ,if ?is 7 s1 we mu/ convict all !      
fa!rs1 n m]ely  ( ignorance & mi/ake1 b 
( delib]ate & wilful falsehood4 ,to     
suppose t ! fa!rs ( ! second c5tury 7   
ignorant ( :at 0  g5u9e & :at 0 false 9 
,*ri/ianity1 w\ld be a bold hypo!sis2  b
 if ,ir5u1 ! disciple ( ,polyc>p1       
ass]t$1 z a matt] ( fact1  t ,/4 ,john  
wrote 8 ,gospel to refute ! errors (    
,c]9?us1 x is  idle1 or some?+ worse1 to
 say t ,ir5u did n "k = c]ta9  if ! fact
 0 really s4 ,z f>1 !n1 z ! te/imony ( !
 fa!rs  is conc]n$1 ! ,c]9?ians &       
,ebionites 7 decid$ly h]etics4 ,!       

,unit>ians1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9 t !     
,ebionites 7 ! true  & g5u9e believ]s2 &
 x is easy to see t ! pref]5ce 0  giv5  
to ^! tea*]s1 because !y held t ,jesus 0
 born ( human  p>5ts4 ,nev]1 ,i         
conceive1 0 !re a m un=tunate & fatal   
alliance =m$ ?an t betwe5 ! ,ebionites &
 mod]n ,unit>ians4  ,we f9d ! ,ebionites
 ref]r$ to1 z if !y agre$ 9 e po9t )  ! 
,soc9ian or ,unit>ian cre$2 & yet x may 
almo/ be ass]t$1 t  9 n "o s+le po9t d  
_! s5tim5ts exactly co9cide4 ,if a real 
,ebionite w decl>e himself1 we are n    
afraid to meet him4 ,let him  av[ 8     
fai?2 let him believe ( ,*ri/ z ,ebion  
or ,c]9?us taught2  let him adopt !     
rav+s ( ! ,gno/ics2 we %all !n "k ) :om 
we h to combat2 we may gird on ! sword (
 ,ir5u1 & meet him 9  ! field4 ,b let   
him n select a few +r$i5ts only f !     
poison2 let him n take a "p only ( _!   
infatuat$ sy/em4 ,if he  w lean on t    
brok5 re$1 let him talk no m ( ,ebion or
  ,c]9?us only2 b let him say boldly1   
ei!r t ! ,gno/ics agre$  ) ! ,apo/les1  

or t ! ,gno/ics prea*$ ! true ,gospel1  
:ile  ! ,apo/les 7 9 error4    #c4 ,we c
 h>dly suppose ! ,unit>ians to be       
ignorant t !  ,ebionites & ,c]9?ians 7 a
 bran* ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,if ! fact be      
d5i$1 ! :ole ( ?is discussion might z   
well at once be clos$4 ,we  "k no?+ (   
,c]9?us & ,ebion1 b f ! writ+s ( !      
fa!rs4 ,if x _h n be5 = !m1 we %\ld nev]
 h kn[n t  ^! p]sons believ$ ,jesus to  
be born ( human p>5ts3 ! same  fa!rs    
unanim\sly add1 t 9 ?is po9t !y diff]$ f
 !  prec$+ ,gno/ics1 ?\gh agree+ ) !m on
 o!r po9ts4 ,if we are  to receive !    
te/imony ( ! fa!rs 9 "o p>ticul>1 b to  
reject  x 9 e o!r1 ,i ne$ n say t       
argum5t is useless4 ,b ! fact  c nev] be
 d5i$ nor evad$4 ,! ,c]9?ians1 to :om "s
 ,unit>ians  h appeal$1 did n ascribe ! 
creation ( ! _w to ,god1 b to  an       
inf]ior be+4 ,l ! re/ ( ! ,gno/ics1 :o  
engraft$ t  philosophy on ,judaism1 !   
,c]9?ians & ,ebionites reta9$ "s (  !   
,jewi% c]emonies1 ?\gh !y reject$ "s ( !
 ,jewi%  ,scriptures4 ,_m ( !m taught t 

! re/ra9ts ( morality 7  useless2 & !   
,c]9?ians1 x is well kn[n1 promis$ to _!
  foll[]s a mill5nium ( s5sual          
indulg5ce4 ,) respect to _!  notions    
conc]n+ ,*ri/1 x is true t !y believ$   
,jesus to be  born ( human p>5ts2 & ?is 
fact is ref]r$ to1 z if x prov$ !       
falsehood ( :at is call$ ! miracul\s    
conception ( ,jesus4 ,b x  is pla9 t ?is
 t5et is m5tion$ by ! fa!rs1 z be+      
oppos$  to t ( ! o!r ,gno/ics1 :o held t
 ! body ( ,jesus 0 an  illusive phantom4
 ,su* _h hi!rto be5 ! belief ( all !    
,gno/ics4  ,b ,c]9?us & ,ebion1 :o 7    
p]haps m rational 9 _!  speculations1 & 
:o liv$ aft] ! publication ( ! ?ree fir/
  ,gospels1 c\ld n resi/ ! evid5ce t    
,jesus 0 actually born1 &  t he _h a    
real1 sub/antial body4 ,?is is ! mean+ (
 !  /atem5t1 t ,c]9?us & ,ebion believ$ 
,jesus to be born ( human  p>5ts4 ,x %[s
 t !y 7 n ,docet4 ,b because !re 7  o!r 
,gno/ics :o 7 m irrational & vision>y   
?an !mselves1  we are n imm$iately to   
inf] t _! own notion conc]n+ !  bir? (  

,*ri/ 0 ! true "o4 ,!y believ$1 at lea/1
 _m ( !m  believ$1 t ,jesus 0 born 9 !  
ord9>y way2 t ,joseph 0 8  p>5t z well z
 ,m>y4 ,b !y c\ld h>dly help believ+ s2 
=  !y agre$ ) all ! ,gno/ics 9 ?9k+     
7?\gh x might seem z  if ?is po9t _h be5
 =gott57 t ,jesus & ,*ri/ 7 sep>ate     
p]sons3 !y believ$1 z ,i h already /at$1
 t ,*ri/ desc5d$  ^u ,jesus at 8        
baptism1 & quitt$ him be=e 8            
crucifixion4 ,!y  7 !re=e almo/ compell$
 to believe t ,jesus1 :o 0 :olly  di/9ct
 f ,*ri/1 _h no?+ div9e 9 8 nature1 &   
no?+  miracul\s 9 8 bir?2 9 ! same mann]
 t !y believ$ t !  dea? ( ,jesus1 f :om 
,*ri/ _h !n dep>t$1 0 l ! dea?  ( any   
ord9>y mortal1 & t no atonem5t 0 made by
 x4 ,b are we  on ^! gr\nds to reject ! 
miracul\s conception & ! atonem5t  (    
,*ri/8 ,or are ! ,unit>ians to quote ^! 
,gno/ics z hold+ !  human nature (      
,jesus1 & to =get t by ,jesus !y meant a
 p]son  :olly diff]5t f ,*ri/8    #d4   
,we are told1 inde$1 t ! fir/ "p ( ,/4  
,mat!w's ,gospel is  spuri\s1 because ! 

,ebionites reject$ x4 ,und\bt$ly !y did4
 ,!y  read 9 x t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 born1 n 
,jesus only2 & t he 0  born ( a virg94  
,!y !re=e reject$ ?is "p ( ,/4 ,mat!w's 
,gospel2 or r1 by mutilat+ & alt]+ !    
:ole ( x1 !y  compos$ a new gospel ( _! 
own to suit _! purpose2 & yet ?is  is ! 
only au?ority :i* is quot$ = reject+ !  
comm5cem5t (  ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,!  
fact1 t "s ev5 ( ! ,ebionites believ$  !
 miracul\s conception1 speaks inf9itely 
m 9 fav\r ( !  g5u95ess ( t "p ( !      
,gospel1 & ( ! tru? ( ! doctr9e  itself1
 ?an c be inf]r$ on ! contr>y side f ^? 
:o d5i$  ! doctr9e1 & mutilat$ !        
,gospel4 ,^? o!r ,ebionites appe> 9  ?is
 respect to h agre$ ) ! fir/ ,soc9ians1 
& to h held  t ,jesus 0 born ( a virg91 
?\gh !y did n believe 9 8  prexi/5ce or 
div9ity4 ,b ! miracul\s conception 0 s  
entirely  contr>y to all preconceiv$    
op9ions1 & ! m simple doctr9e (  ! o!r  
,ebionites & ,c]9?ians 0 s mu* m suit$  
to !  ,gno/ic sy/em1 :i* sep>at$ ,jesus 
f ,*ri/1 t ! evid5ce  mu/ h be5 almo/   

irresi/ible1 :i* l$ "o "p ( ! ,ebionites
  to embrace a doctr9e contr>y to all   
exp]i5ce1 contr>y to !  s5tim5ts ( _!   
bre?r51 & h>dly reconcilable ) o!r p>ts 
( _! own cre$4 ,! te/imony1 !re=e1 ( ^! 
,ebionites1 9  fav\r ( ! miracul\s      
conception1 is /rong]1 p]haps1 ?an ev5  
t ( p]sons :o receiv$ ! :ole ( !        
,gospel1 & dep>t$ 9 no  po9ts f !       
doctr9e ( ! ,apo/les4 ,if ! ,apo/les _h 
prea*$1  accord+ to ! /atem5t ( !       
,unit>ians1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 a  m]e     
human be+1 born 9 ! ord9>y way1 :at c\ld
 possibly h l$  ! ,gno/ics to rank him  
imm$iately ) _! ons1 :om !y believ$  to 
h be5 produc$ by ,god1 & to h dwelt )   
him f endless  ages 9 ! pl]oma8 ,!re    
lit]ally 0 n "o s+le h]etic 9 !  fir/   
c5tury1 :o did n believe t ,*ri/ came   
d[n f heav53  !y inv5t$1 x is true1     
v>i\s absurdities to acc\nt = 8 union  )
 ! man ,jesus2 b ! fair & legitimate    
inf]5ce f ?is fact  w\ld be1 t !        
,apo/les prea*$ t 9 "s way or o!r !     
human  nature 0 unit$ to ! div9e4 ,s f> 

f ! ,soc9ian or ,unit>ian  doctr9e be+  
support$ by t ( ! ,c]9?ians &           
,ebionites1 ,i  h no hesitation 9 say+1 
t n "o s+le p]son is record$ 9  ! :ole (
 ! fir/ c5tury :o ev] imag9$ t ,*ri/ 0 a
 m]e  man4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t "o bran*
 ( ! ,ebionites resembl$  ! fir/        
,soc9ians1 t is1 !y believ$ 9 !         
miracul\s conception  ( ,jesus1 ?\gh !y 
d5i$ 8 prexi/5ce2 b ?is 0 because !y    
held ! common notion ( ! ,gno/ics1 t    
,jesus & ,*ri/ 7 two  sep>ate p]sons2 & 
!y believ$ 9 ! prexi/5ce & div9e  nature
 ( ,*ri/1 :i* ,soc9us & 8 foll[]s       
uni=mly d5i$4    ,,ecbatana1 a city (   
,m$ia1 :i*1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 0     
built by  ,dejoces1 k+ ( ! ,m$es4 ,x 0  
situat$ on a g5tle declivity1  di/ant   
twelve /adia f ,m\nt ,orontes1 & 0 9    
compass "o hundr$  & fifty /adia1 &1    
next to ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 0 "o ( !    
/ronge/ & mo/ beautiful cities ( ! ea/4 
,aft] ! union (  ,m$ia ) ,p]sia1 x 0 !  
summ] resid5ce ( ! ,p]sian k+s4 ,sir    
,r4 ,k4 ,port]1 9 8 ,travels1 says1     

8,hav+ = a few mom5ts gaz$ at  ! v5]able
 m\nta91 7,orontes1 at ! foot ( :i*     
,ecbatana 0  built17 & at ! sad vacuum  
at its base2 :at _h be5 ,ecbatana1 be+  
n[ %runk to comp>ative no?+ness2 ,i     
turn$ my eye on ! /ill busy  sc5e ( life
 :i* occupi$ ! adjac5t c\ntry2 !        
ext5sive pla9  ( ,hamadan1 & its widely 
ext5d+ hills4 ,on our "r1 ! rec$+  vale 
0 v>i$1 at %ort di/ances1 ) numb]less   
ca/ellat$  villages ris+ f amid/ groves 
( ! noble/ trees2 :ile ! great  pla9    
itself /ret*$ nor?w>d & ea/w>d to su* f>
 remot5ess1  t its m\nta9 b\nd>ies      
appe>$ l cl\ds ^u ! horizon4 ,?is  :ole 
tract seem$ "o c>pet ( luxuriant v]dure1
 /udd$ )  hamlets1 & wat]$ by beautiful 
rivulets4 ,on ! s\?-we/1 ,orontes1  or  
,elwund1 7by :i*ev] "n we may designate 
?is mo/ t[]+  division ( ! m\nta917     
pres5ts itself1 9 all ! /up5d\s  gr&eur 
( its fame & =m4 ,ne> to its base1 appe>
 ! d>k  col\r$ dwell+s ( ,hamadan1 cr[d$
 ?ickly on ea* o!r2 :ile !  g>d5s ( !   
inhabitants ) _! connect+ or*>ds &      

woods1  fr+e ! entire slope ( t "p ( !  
m\nta940 8,! site ( !  mod]n t[n1 l t ( 
! anci5t1 is on a gradual asc5t1        
t]m9at+ ne> ! foot ( ! ea/]n side ( !   
m\nta92 b !re  all trace ( its pa/      
appe>ance w\ld cease1 7 x n = two or    
?ree consid]able elevations1 & ov]gr[n  
irregul>ities on & ne>  !m1 :i* may h   
be5 ! walls ( ! royal =tress1 ) ^? (  ! 
palaces1 temples1 & !atres1 se5 no m4 ,i
 pass$ "o ( ^!  heights1 /&+ to !       
s\?-we/1 z ,i ent]$ ! city1 & obs]v$  t 
x bore _m ve/iges ( hav+ be5 /rongly    
=tifi$4 ,! sides  & summit are cov]$ )  
l>ge remnants ( ru9$ walls ( a great    
?ickness1 & also ( t[]s1 ! mat]ials (   
:i* 7 sun-dri$  bricks4 ,x has ! "n ( ! 
,inn] ,=tress1 & c]ta9ly holds !  mo/   
comm&+ /ation ne> ! pla940 ,( ! int]ior 
( ! city1  ! same au?or says1 8,! mud   
alleys1 :i* n[ occupy ! site ( !  anci5t
 /reets or squ>es1 are n>r[1 int]rupt$  
by l>ge holes or  holl[s 9 ! way1 &     
heaps ( ! fall5 crumbl$ walls ( des]t$  
dwell+s4 ,a mis]able baza> or two are   

pass$ ?r\gh 9 trav]s+  ! t[n2 & l>ge    
lonely spots are met )1 m>k$ by brok5 l[
  m\nds ov] old] ru9s2 ) "h & !re a few 
popl>s1 or will[  trees1 %ad[+ ! bord] (
 a dirty /ream1 ab&on$ to ! meane/      
uses2 :i*1 probably1 fl[$ pellucid &    
admir$1 :5 ^! places  7 g>d5s1 & !      
grass-gr[n heap "s /ately dwell+ (      
,ecbatana4 ,9 "o or two spots ,i obs]v$ 
squ>e plat=ms1 compos$ (  l>ge /ones2 ! 
faces ( _m ( :i* 7 *isell$ all ov] into 
! f9e/ arabesque fretwork1 :ile o!rs _h1
 9 addition1 long  inscriptions 9 !     
,arabic "*4 ,!y _h evid5tly be5         
tomb-/ones ( ! inhabitants1 dur+ !      
caliph rule 9 ,p]sia4 ,b  :5 we comp>e  
relics ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ) ! deep       
antiquity  ( ! ru9s on :i* !y lie1 ^!   
monum5tal rema9s seem b !  regi/] (     
ye/]day40 ,"h is %[n ! tomb ( ,mordecai 
& ,e/h]2  z well z t ( ,avic5na1 !      
celebrat$ ,arabian physician4 ,!        
sepul*re ( ! =m] /&s ne> ! c5tre ( !    
city ( ,hamadan3  ! tombs are cov]$ by a
 dome1 on :i* is ! foll[+ inscription  9

 ,hebrew3 8,?is day1 #ae? ( ! mon? ,ad>1
 9 ! ye> #ddgd f !  creation ( ! _w1 0  
f9i%$ ! build+ ( ?is temple ov] !       
graves ( ,mordecai & ,e/h]1 by ! h&s ( !
 good-he>t$  bro!rs1 ,elias & ,samuel1 !
 sons ( ! deceas$ ,ismael ( ,ka%an40    
,?is inscription1 ! date ( :i* proves ! 
dome to h be5 built  elev5 hundr$ ye>s1 
0 s5t by ,sir ,gore ,ouseley to ,sir    
,john ,malcolm1  :o has giv5 x 9 8      
,hi/ory ( ,p]sia2 :o also says t !      
tombs1  :i* are ( a black col\r$ wood1  
are evid5tly ( v great  antiquity1 b 9  
good pres]vation1 z ! wood has n p]i%$1 
&  ! inscriptions are /ill v legible4   
,sir ,r4 ,k4 ,port] has giv5 a  m       
p>ticul> description ( ?is tomb4 ,he    
says1 8,i accompani$ !  prie/ ?r\gh !   
t[n1 ov] mu* ru9 & rubbi%1 to an enclos$
  piece ( gr\nd1 r m elevat$ ?an any 9  
its imm$iate  vic9ity4 ,9 ! c5tre 0 !   
,jewi% tomb2 a squ>e build+ ( brick1  ( 
a mosque-l =m1 ) a r elongat$ dome at ! 
top4 ,!  :ole seems 9 a v decay+ /ate1  
fall+ fa/ to ! m\ld]+  condition ( "s   

wall fragm5ts ar\nd1 :i*1 9 =m] times1  
_h  be5 connect$ )1 & ext5d$ !          
consequ5ce (1 ! sacr$  enclosure4 ,!    
door t admitt$ u into ! tomb1 is 9 !    
anci5t  sepul*ral fa%ion ( ! c\ntry1 v  
small2 consi/+ ( a small  /one ( great  
?ickness1 & turn+ on its own pivots f "o
 side4  ,its key is always 9 possession 
( ! head ( ! ,jews resid5t at           
,hamadan40 8,on pass+ ?r\gh ! little    
portal1 :i* we did 9 an  almo/ d\bl$    
position1 we ent]$ a small ar*$ *amb]1 9
 :i* are  se5 ! graves ( sev]al rabbies3
 probably1 "o may cov] ! rema9s  ( !    
pi\s ,ismael2 &1 n unlikely1 ! o!rs may 
conta9 !  bodies ( ! fir/ rebuild]s aft]
 ! sacrilegi\s de/ruction by  ,tim\r4   
,hav+ #8trod lightly by _! graves1' a   
second door ( su*  v conf9$ dim5sions   
pres5t$ itself at ! end ( ?is ve/ibule1 
we 7 con/ra9$ to ent] x on our h&s &    
knees1 & !n  /&+ up1 we f\nd ourselves 9
 a l>g] *amb]1 to :i*  app]ta9$ ! dome4 
,imm$iately "u its concave1 /& two      
s>cophagi1 made ( a v d>k wood1 c>v$ )  

great intricacy (  patt]n1 & ri*ness (  
twi/$ ornam5t1 ) a l9e ( inscription 9  
,hebrew runn+ r\nd ! upp] l$ge ( ea*4   
,_m o!r inscriptions1  9 ! same         
language1 are cut on ! walls2 :ile "o ( 
! olde/  antiquity1 engrav$ on a slab ( 
:ite m>ble1 is let into ! wall  itself40
 ,?is inscription is z foll[s3          
8,mordecai1 belov$ & hon\r$  by a k+1 0 
great & good4 ,8 g>m5ts 7 z ^? ( a      
sov]eign4 ,ahasu]us cov]$ him ) ?is ri* 
dress1 & also plac$ a  gold5 *a9 ar\nd 8
 neck4 ,! city ( ,susa rejoic$ at 8     
hon\rs1  & 8 high =tune became ! glory (
 ! ,jews40 ,! inscription  :i*          
encompasses ! s>cophagus ( ,mordecai1 is
 to ?is effect3 8,x is  said by ,david1 
,pres]ve me1 ,o ,god6 ,i am n[ 9 ?y     
pres5ce4 ,i h  cri$ at ! gate ( heav51 t
 ?\ art my ,god2 & :at goodness ,i  h   
receiv$ f !e1 ,o ,"l6 ,^? ^: bodies are 
n[ b5ea? 9  ?is e>?1 :5 animat$ by ?y   
m]cy 7 great2 & :atev]  happ9ess 0 be/[$
 ^u !m 9 ?is _w1 came f !e1 ,o ,god6    
,_! grief & suff]+s 7 _m1 at ! fir/2 b  

!y became  happy1 because !y always     
call$ ^u ?y holy "n 9 _! mis]ies4  ,?\  
lift$/ me up1 & ,i became p[]ful4 ,?9e  
enemies s\ght to  de/roy me1 9 ! e>ly   
times ( my life2 b ! %ad[ ( ?y h&  0 ^u 
me1 & cov]$ me1 z a t5t1 f _! wick$     
purposes6--,,mordecai40 ,! foll[+ is !  
correspond+ inscription on  ! s>cophagus
 ( ,e/h]3 8,i praise !e1 ,o ,god1 t ?\  
ha/ creat$  me6 ,i "k t my s9s m]it     
puni%m5t1 yet ,i hope = m]cy at ?y  h&s2
 = :5ev] ,i call ^u !e1 ?\ art ) me2 ?y 
holy  pres5ce secures me f all evil4 ,my
 he>t is at ease1 & my fe> (  !e        
increases4 ,my life became1 ?r\gh ?y    
goodness1 at ! la/1 full  ( peace4 ,o   
,god1 d n %ut my s\l out f ?y div9e     
pres5ce6 ,^?  :om ?\ love/1 nev] feel ! 
torm5ts ( hell4 ,lead me1 ,o m]ciful    
,fa!r1 to ! life ( life2 t ,i may be    
fill$ ) ! heav5ly  fruits (             
p>adise6--,,e/h]40 ,! ,jews at ,hamadan 
h no tradition (  ! cause ( ,e/h] &     
,mordecai hav+ be5 int]r$ at t place2 b 
h[ev] t might be1 !re are suffici5t     

reasons = believ+ !  validity ( _!      
int]m5t 9 ?is spot4 ,! /ronge/ evid5ce  
we c  h ( ! tru? ( any hi/orical fact1  
is1 its commemoration by an  annual     
fe/ival4 ,x is well kn[n1 t sev]al      
important ev5ts 9  ,jewi% hi/ory are ?us
 celebrat$2 & among ! re/1 ! fea/ (     
,purim is kept on ! #ac? & #ad? ( ! mon?
 ,ad>1 to commemorate !  deliv]ance     
obta9$ by ! ,jews1 at ! int]cession (   
,e/h]1 f  ! g5]al massacre ord]$ by     
,ahasu]us1 & ! slaught] !y 7  p]mitt$ to
 make ( _! enemies4 ,n[ on ?is same     
fe/ival1 9 !  same day & mon?1 ,jewi%   
pilgrims resort f all qu>t]s to !       
sepul*re ( ,mordecai & ,e/h]2 & h done s
 = c5turies1--a  /rong presumptive pro( 
t ! tradition ( _! burial 9 ?is  place  
re/s on "s au!ntic f\ndation4           
,,ecclesia/es1 a canonical book ( ! ,old
 ,te/am5t1 ( :i* ,solomon  0 ! au?or1 z 
appe>s f ! fir/ s5t5ce4 ,! design ( ?is 
book is to %[ ! vanity ( all sublun>y   
?+s2 & f a review (  ! :ole1 ! au?or    
draws ?is p]t95t conclusion1 8,fe> ,god1

 &  keep 8 comm&m5ts1 = ?is is ! :ole ( 
man20--8 :ole wisdom1  int]e/1 &        
happ9ess1 z well z 8 :ole duty4         
,ecclesia/es1  accord+ to a mod]n au?or1
 is a dialogue1 9 :i* a man ( piety     
disputes ) a lib]t9e :o fav\r$ ! op9ion 
( ! ,sadducees4 ,8  reason is1 t !re are
 passages 9 x :i* seem to contradict ea*
  o!r1 & c\ld n1 he ?9ks1 proce$ f !    
same p]son4 ,b ?is  may be acc\nt$ = by 
suppos+ t x 0 ,solomon's me?od to       
propose ! objections ( infidels &       
s5suali/s1 & !n to reply to  !m4        
,,ecclesia/ical ,,polity1 ! rules by :i*
 *ur*es are gov]n$1 z to  _! spiritual  
conc]ns4 ,! re=m]s hav+ r5\nc$ ! pope z 
anti*ri/1 & hav+ laid x d[n z _!        
fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t  ,scripture is ! 
only rule ( fai?1 & t x is ! privilege (
  e man to int]pret x accord+ to 8 own  
judgm5t1 _h to consid]  9 :at mann] !   
*ur*es :i* !y _h =m$ 7 to be regulat$2  
& !re soon arose among !m ^u ?is po9t   
div]sity ( s5tim5t4  ,melanc?on & !     
e>lie/ re=m]s view$ ) v5]ation !  hi]>*y

 :i* _h s long subsi/$1 z also _m ( !   
c]emonies  :i* = ages _h be5 obs]v$2 &  
!y express$ _! read9ess to  cont9ue t   
di/9ction ( pa/ors :i* _! rese>*es into 
!  hi/ory ( ! *ur* _h enabl$ !m to trace
 back to ! e>ly ages  ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b 
:ile !y decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ?is =m (       
ecclesia/ical polity1 !y did s1 n ^u !  
gr\nd t x 0 (  div9e in/itution1 or     
positively requir$ by ! au?or (         
,*ri/ianity  z insep>able f a *ur*2 b on
 ! gr\nd1 t tak+ into  e/imation e ?+   
connect$ ) x1 x appe>$ to !m em95tly    
adapt$ to c>ry into effect t r5ovation (
 piety1 & t  religi\s influ5ce1 :i* !y 7
 s eag] to promote4 ,!y ?us made        
ecclesia/ical polity a matt] ( exp$i5cy1
 or ( prud5tial  regulation2 ! "o ?+ 9  
_! view1 b9d+ ^u all ,*ri/ians1  be+ to 
/r5g!n ! practical p[] ( religion4 ,t   
?is is a j  repres5tation ( ! /ate (    
op9ion among ! fir/ ,prote/ants1 w  be  
plac$ beyond a d\bt by a few quotations 
f ! confession (  ,augsburg1 & f ! works
 ( "s ( ! mo/ em95t div9es :o  !n       

fl\ri%$4 ,speak+ ( ?is subject1 !       
compil]s ( !  confession decl>e1 8t !y 7
 mo/ desir\s to pres]ve !  ecclesia/ical
 polity1 & ^? degrees 9 ! *ur* :i* _h   
be5  introduc$ by human au?ority1 kn[+  
t1 = wise & good purposes1  ! discipl9e1
 z describ$ 9 ! canons1 _h be5 introduc$
 by !  fa!rs40 8,we wi%10 !y add1 8to   
te/ify t we w\ld will+ly  pres]ve !     
ecclesia/ical & canonical polity1 if !  
bi%ops w\ld  cease to act ) cruelty     
aga9/ our *ur*es40 ,& once aga9 !y      
rem>k1 t !y _h (t5 decl>$ t !y v5]at$ n 
only !  ecclesia/ical p[] :i* 0 in/itut$
 9 ! ,gospel1 b t !y  approv$ ( !       
ecclesia/ical polity :i* _h subsi/$1 &  
wi%$1  z mu* z 0 9 _! p[]1 to pres]ve x4
 ,x is q pla9 f  ^! passages1 t ! fram]s
 ( t confession1 & ^? :o  adh]$ to x z !
 /&>d ( _! fai?1 view$ ecclesia/ical    
polity z a matt] ( human appo9tm5t2 & t1
 al?\gh !y  v5]at$ t =m ( x :i* _h long 
exi/$1 !y look$ ^u  !mselves z at       
lib]ty1 "u peculi> circum/ances1 to     
dep>t f  x4 ,! tru?1 accord+ly1 is1 t a 

great "p ( ! ,lu!ran  *ur*es1 z we %all 
aft]w>d f9d1 did introduce _m deviations
 f  t model = :i* _! f\nd]s _h express$ 
respect &  admiration2 al?\gh episcopacy
 0 9 sev]al places cont9u$4    #b4 ,9   
consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! ex]tions (       
,calv91 :at 7  d5om9at$ ! re=m$ *ur*es  
deem$ x exp$i5t :olly to *ange  ?is =m (
 polity1 & to introduce aga9 ! equality 
among pa/ors  :i* _h exi/$ 9 ! primitive
 times4 ,t celebrat$ !ologian1  re/+ ^u 
! undisput$ fact1 t 9 ! ,apo/olic age no
  di/9ction subsi/$ betwe5 bi%ops &     
presbyt]s1 ?\ght himself at  lib]ty to  
frame a sy/em ( polity ^u ?is pr9ciple1 
p]suad$ t1  by do+ s1 he w\ld mo/       
effectually gu>d aga9/ ^? abuses t  _h  
giv5 rise to ! ,papal tyranny :i*       
,prote/ants _h abjur$4 ,he  accord+ly   
introduc$ 8 s*eme :]e he _h influ5ce to 
d s2 &  he employ$ all ! vig\r ( 8      
tal5ts 9 press+ ^u di/ant  *ur*es !     
propriety ( regulat+1 9 con=mity ) 8    
s5tim5ts1  _! ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t4   
,b1 :ile he 0 firmly p]suad$ t  an      

equality among pa/ors 0 agreeable to !  
,apo/olic practice1 he  has %[n t he did
 n conceive ?is equality to be s        
absolutely  requir$ by ,scripture1 t !re
 c\ld 9 no case be a dep>ture f  x4 ,he 
01 9 fact1 conv9c$ t all ! purposes (   
religion might  be accompli%$ "u a =m ( 
polity 9 :i* x 0 n recognis$3  8,:]ev]10
 he says1 8! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel is he>d 
)  rev]5ce1 & ! sacram5ts are n         
neglect$1 !re at t "t  !re is a *ur*40  
,speak+ ( fai?ful pa/ors1 he describes  
!m to  be 8^? :o by ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/   
lead m5 to true piety1 :o  prop]ly      
adm9i/] ! sacr$ my/]ies1 & :o pres]ve & 
ex]cise  "r discipl9e40 ,9 trac+ !      
progress ( ! hi]>*y1 he  obs]ves1 t 8^? 
to :om ! (fice ( tea*+ 0 assign$ 7      
d5om9at$ presbyt]s2 t to avoid !        
diss5sions (t5 aris+  among equals1 !y  
*ose "o ( _! numb] to preside1 to :om ! 
title ( bi%op 0 exclusively giv52 & t ! 
practice1 z !  anci5ts admitt$1 0       
introduc$ by human cons5t1 f ! necessity
  ( ! times40 ,t ?is exaltation ( !     

bi%op1 &1 ( c\rse1 ?is  dep>ture f      
p>ity1 did n1 9 8 e/imation1 r5d] ! *ur*
  un*ri/ian1 is app>5t f :at he says ( x
 aft] ! *ange 0  introduc$3 8,su* 0 !   
sev]ity ( ^! times1 t all !  m9i/]s 7 l$
 to dis*>ge _! duty z ! ,"l requir$ (   
!m40 ,ev5 aft] ar*bi%ops & patri>*s _h  
aris51 he m]ely says1  9 record+ _!     
introduction1 8,?is arrangem5t 0        
calculat$ to  pres]ve discipl9e40    #c4
 ,:at ,calv9 ?us taught 9 8             
8,in/itutes10 he confirm$ 9 _m (  !     
int]e/+ lett]s :i* he wrote to v>i\s    
em95t p]sons4 ,9  ^! lett]s he speaks ) 
! highe/ respect ( ! *ur* (  ,engl&1 :]e
 ! di/9ction ( cl]ical ord]s 0 pres]v$4 
,he  corresponds ) ! highe/ dignit>ies (
 t *ur* 9 a /yle :i*  he assur$ly w\ld n
 h adopt$1 _h he consid]$ !m z uphold+  
an anti*ri/ian polity2 & he repeat$ly   
av[s ! pr9ciple1 t1 9  regulat+ !       
gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*1 att5tion mu/ be paid 
to !  circum/ances 9 :i* its memb]s 7   
plac$4 ,beza1 :o 0 w>mly  atta*$ to     
presbyt]y1 & :o ^u e occasion1 /r5u\sly 

def5d$ x1 /ill admits t ! human ord] (  
episcopacy 0 useful1  z long z ! bi%ops 
7 good2 & he pr(esses all rev]5ce =  ^? 
mod]n bi%ops :o /rive to imitate !      
primitive ones 9 !  re=mation ( ! *ur*  
accord+ to ! ^w ( ,god3 add+ t x  0 a   
calumny aga9/ him1 & ^? :o ent]ta9$ 8   
s5tim5ts1 to  affirm1 z "s _h done1 t !y
 wi%$ to prescribe _! =m (  gov]nm5t to 
all o!r *ur*es4 ,9 ! excell5t lett] :i* 
he  address$ to ,gr9dal1 bi%op (        
,london1 & 9 :i* he pleads ! cause  ( ^?
 m9i/]s :o scrupl$ to use ! c]emonies   
:i* _!  bre?r5 approv$1 he be>s 8       
te/imony to ! con=mity ( !  *ur* (      
,engl& 9 doctr9e ) 8 *ur*1 expresses    
himself )  ! highe/ respect ( ! prelate 
to :om he 0 writ+1 & concludes  by ask+ 
8 pray]s 9 8 own behalf1 & 9 t ( ! *ur* 
(  ,g5eva2 all ( :i* is q inconsi/5t ) !
 t5et1 t  presbyt]y is absolutely       
prescrib$ by div9e au?ority4    #d4 ,!  
same g5]al pr9ciple 0 av[$ by ! mo/     
em95t ,engli%  div9es4 ,cranm]          
explicitly decl>$1 t bi%ops & prie/s 7 (

  ! same ord] at ! comm5cem5t (         
,*ri/ianity2 & ?is 0 !  op9ion ( sev]al 
( 8 di/+ui%$ contempor>ies4 ,hold+ ?is  
maxim1 _! support ( episcopacy mu/ h    
proce$$ f views (  exp$i5cy1 or1 9 "s   
in/ances1 f a conviction :i* prevail$  v
 g5]ally at ?is e>ly p]iod1 t x belong$ 
to ! supreme  civil magi/rate to        
regulate ! spiritual no less ?an !      
political  gov]nm5t2 an idea involv+ 9 x
 t no "o =m ( ecclesia/ical  polity is (
 div9e in/itution4 ,at a lat] p]iod1    
dur+ ! reign (  ,que5 ,elizabe?1 we f9d 
! same conviction1 t x 0 no violation  (
 ,*ri/ianity to *oose diff]5t modes (   
adm9i/]+ ! *ur*4  ,ar*bi%op ,:itgift1 :o
 di/+ui%$ himself by ! zeal ) :i* he    
support$ ! ,engli% hi]>*y1 frequ5tly    
ma9ta9s1 t ! =m (  discipl9e is n       
p>ticul>ly1 & by "n1 set d[n 9          
,scripture2 &  he also pla9ly ass]ts1 8t
 no =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t is1 by !         
,scriptures1 prescrib$ or comm&$ to !   
*ur* ( ,god40 ,?is  pr9ciple is         
admirably illu/rat$ & confirm$ by !     

v5]able  ,hook]1 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 "w on
 ecclesia/ical polity2 &  ano!r div9e ( 
! ,engli% *ur*1 :o liv$ ab\t ! same     
p]iod1  has laid d[n :at he conceives to
 be an unque/ionable position1 8t  all  
*ur*es h n ! same =m ( discipl9e2 nei!r 
is x  necess>y t !y %\ld1 because x _c  
be prov$ t any  p>ticul> =m ( *ur*      
gov]nm5t is enjo9$ by ! ^w ( ,god40 ,we 
h1 inde$1 a succession ( te/imonies f ! 
introduction ( !  re=mation d[n ?r\gh ! 
reign ( ,elizabe?1--te/imonies giv5 by  
! primates1 & bi%ops1 & !ologians1 :o h 
be5 v5]at$ z  ! lum9>ies ( ! *ur* (     
,engl&1 t ! div9e "r or  in/itution (   
episcopacy con/itut$ no "p ( _! fai?2 & 
?is  is confirm$ by _! correspond5ce )  
re=m$ div9es1 :o did n  live "u !       
episcopal model1 b :o1 not)/&+1 7 (t5   
consult$ z to ! ecclesia/ical           
arrangem5ts :i* ! convocation  %\ld     
adopt4 ,! same g5]al s5tim5t is to be   
trac$ 9 ^?  *ur*es :i* _h rev]t$ to !   
primitive equality among !  m9i/]s (    
,*ri/4 ,9 ! second ,helvetic confession1

 :i* 0  approv$ by _m *ur*es1 x is      
taught1 t bi%ops & presbyt]s 9  ! beg9n+
 gov]n$ ! *ur* ) equal p[]1 none exalt+ 
himself above ano!r2 ! inequality :i*   
soon 0 introduc$  orig9at+ f ! desire ( 
pres]v+ ord]4 ,v>i\s passages f         
,cyprian & ,j]om are quot$ 9            
confirmation ( ?is2 & ! article  ?us    
concludes3 8,:]e=e no "o c be lawfully  
h9d]$ f  return+ to ! anci5t con/itution
 ( ! *ur* ( ,god1 & to adopt  x 9       
pref]5ce to :at cu/om has introduc$40   
,_h ! compil]s  believ$ t ?is anci5t    
con/itution 0 ( div9e obligation1 !y    
w\ld h express$ !mselves mu* m /rongly )
 respect to x2  & in/ead ( repres5t+ !  
return to x z :at ought n to be  h9d]$1 
!y w\ld h enjo9$ x1 z :at x 0 a         
violation ( !  law ( ,god to neglect4   
#e4 ,! re=mation 9 ,scotl&1 conduct$ by 
,knox1 :o _h sp5t a  consid]able "p ( 8 
life at ,g5eva1 & :o _h imbib$ !        
op9ions ( ,calv91 proce$$ ^u ^? views ( 
polity :i* t  re=m] _h adopt$4 ,/ill1   
h[ev]1 he au?oriz$ a modification (  ^! 

op9ions1 accommodat$ to ! /ate ( 8      
native c\ntry2 =  al?\gh ! title ( bi%op
 0 n us$1 sup]9t5d5ts1 ) p[]s  little   
inf]ior to ^? committ$ to prelates 9    
,engl&1 7  sanction$ by ! fir/ ,book (  
,discipl9e2 & ^! sup]9t5d5ts  7 class$1 
9 ! acts ( diff]5t g5]al assemblies1    
among !  necess>y m9i/]s ( ! *ur*4 ,!   
necessity mu/ h aris5 out (  !          
circum/ances ( ! p]iod :5 ! book 0      
fram$2 = ! polity  :i* x prescrib$ 0    
said to be only = a "t2 & ! (fice (     
sup]9t5d5t1 z has be5 /r5u\sly urg$ by  
"s ( ! mo/  zeal\s def5d]s ( presbyt]y1 
0 n int5d$ to be p]man5t4 ,!  ,lu!ran   
*ur*1 ) ! exception ( ^? bran*es ( x    
e/abli%$  9 ,d5m>k & ,sw$51 has adopt$ a
 k9d ( int]m$iate con/itution  betwe5   
episcopacy & presbyt]y4 ,:ile x holds t 
!re is no  div9e law creat+ a di/9ction 
among m9i/]s1 x yet cont5ds t  su* a    
di/9ction is on _m acc\nts exp$i5t2 &   
accord+ly a  div]sity 9 po9t ( rank &   
privileges has be5 univ]sally           
introduc$1 approa*+ 9 diff]5t places1 m 

or less1 to !  hi]>*y :i* subsi/$ be=e !
 re=mation4 ,b1 al?\gh x has  ?us       
regulat$ its own practice1 x            
unambigu\sly admits1 t z !  ,gospel is  
sil5t z to any p>ticul> =m ( polity1    
diff]5t =ms  may be *os51 )\t any brea* 
( ,*ri/ian union4    #f4 ,x appe>s f !  
/atem5t :i* has n[ be5 giv51 t all      
,prote/ants imm$iately aft] ! re=mation1
 :ile !y abjur$ !  papal supremacy1 7   
unit$ 9 hold+ t ! mode ( adm9i/]+  !    
*ur* might be v>i$1 "s ( !m be+ atta*$  
to episcopacy1  o!rs to presbyt]y2 b all
 f\nd+ ?is atta*m5t ^u ! judgm5t  :i* !y
 _h =m$ z to ! t5d5cy or utility ( ei!r 
( ^!  modes ( gov]nm5t4 ,an idea soon 0 
av[$ by "s ( ! re=m]s1  t ! :ole        
regulation ( ! *ur* p]ta9$ to !         
magi/rate2  ?is bran* ( p[] be+ ve/$ 9  
him no less ?an t (  adm9i/]+ ! civil   
gov]nm5t2 & to ?is op9ion ! "n (        
,era/ianism1 f ,era/us1 :o fir/ def5d$  
x1 0 giv54 ,cranm]1 9  an (ficial reply 
:i* he made to c]ta9 que/ions t _h be5  
submitt$ = 8 consid]ation1 decl>$1 8t ! 

civil m9i/]s  "u ! k+'s maje/y be ^? t  
%all please 8 highness = !  "t to put 9 
au?ority "u him2 z1 = example1 ! "l     
*ancellor1 "l great ma/]1 c2 ! m9i/]s ( 
,god's ^w "u 8  maje/y be ! bi%ops1     
p>sons1 vic>s1 & su* o!r prie/s z be    
appo9t$ by 8 highness to t m9i/ration2  
z1 = example1 !  bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 c4 
,all ! said (fic]s & m9i/]s1 z well  ( !
 "o sort z ! o!r1 be appo9t$1 assign$1 &
 elect$ 9  e place by ! laws & ord]s (  
k+s & pr9ces40 ,by ! great  majority (  
,prote/ants1 h[ev]1 ! t5ets ( ,era/us 7 
condemn$2  = !y ma9ta9$ t ! ,"l ,jesus  
_h convey$ to 8 *ur* a  spiritual p[] q 
di/9ct f ! temporal2 & t x belong$  to !
 m9i/]s ( religion to ex]cise x1 =      
promot+ ! spiritual  welf>e ( ! ,*ri/ian
 community4 ,b1 :ile !y disput$ z to ?is
  po9t1 !y agre$ 9 admitt+ !re 0 no     
model prescrib$ 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t = a  
,*ri/ian *ur*1 z !re _h be5 9 !         
,mosaical  economy = ! ,jewi% *ur*2 & t 
x 0 a bran* ( ! lib]ty  ( ! disciples ( 
,*ri/1 or "o ( _! privileges1 to *oose !

  polity :i* seem$ to !m be/ adapt$ =   
ext5d+ ! p[] &  influ5ce ( religion4    
,,eclectics1 a sect ( anci5t            
philosoph]s1 :o pr(ess$ to select       
:atev] 0 good & true f all ! o!r        
philosophical sects4 ,!  ,eclectic      
philosophy 0 9 a fl\ri%+ /ate at        
,alex&ria :5 our  ,savi\r 0 ^u e>?4 ,its
 f\nd]s =m$ ! design ( select+ f  !     
doctr9es ( all =m] philosoph]s su*      
op9ions z seem$ to  approa* ne>e/ !     
tru?1 & ( comb9+ !m into "o sy/em4 ,!y  
held ,plato 9 ! highe/ e/eem2 b did n   
scruple to jo9 ) 8  doctr9es :atev] !y  
?\ght con=mable to reason 9 ! t5ets (   
o!r philosoph]s4 ,potamon1 a ,platoni/1 
appe>s to h be5 !  projector ( ?is plan4
 ,! ,eclectic sy/em 0 br\ght to         
p]fection by  ,ammonius ,saccas1 :o     
bl5d$ ,*ri/ianity ) 8 philosophy1 &     
f\nd$ ! sect ( ! ,ammonians1 or ,new    
,platoni/s1 9 ! second  c5tury4 ,! moral
 doctr9e ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool 0 z       
foll[s3--,! m9d ( man1 orig9ally a      
portion ( ! ,div9e ,be+1  hav+ fall5    

into a /ate ( d>kness & defilem5t1 by   
its union )  ! body1 is to be gradually 
emancipat$ f ! *a9s ( matt]1 &  rise by 
contemplation to ! k & vision ( ,god4 ,!
 end (  philosophy1 !re=e1 is !         
lib]ation ( ! s\l f its corporeal       
imprisonm5t4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! ,eclectic
 philosophy recomm5ds  ab/95ce1 ) o!r   
volunt>y mortifications1 & religi\s     
ex]cises4 ,9 ! infancy ( ! ,alex&rian   
s*ool1 n a few ( !  pr(essors (         
,*ri/ianity 7 l$1 by ! pret5sions ( !   
,eclectic  sect1 to imag9e t a coalition
 might1 ) great advantage1 be =m$       
betwe5 its sy/em & t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is
 union appe>$ !  m desirable1 :5 sev]al 
philosoph]s ( ?is sect became conv]ts   
to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t  
,pagan ideas &  op9ions 7 by degrees    
mix$ ) ! pure & simple doctr9es ( !     
,gospel4 ,see ,,platonism4    ,,eclipse4
 ,! ^w eclipse1 1 signifies failure1    
namely1 (  light4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun is
 caus$ by ! int]v5tion ( ! moon1  at    
new1 or 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 int]cept+

 8 light f !  e>?1 ei!r totally or      
p>tially4 ,an eclipse ( ! moon is caus$ 
by  ! int]v5tion ( ! e>?1 int]cept+ !   
sun's light f !  moon1 :5 full1 or 9    
opposition to ! sun1 ei!r totally or    
p>tially4 ,! reason :y ! sun is n       
eclips$ e new moon1 nor  ! moon at e    
full1 is ow+ to ! incl9ation ( ! moon's 
orbit  to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 or e>?'s
 orbit1 9 an angle ( ab\t  five degrees 
& a half2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! moon is 
g5]ally  too mu* elevat$ above ! plane (
 ! ecliptic1 or too mu* depress$  bel[  
x1 = h] disk to t\* ! e>?'s %ad[ at     
full1 or = h]  %ad[1 or h] p5umbra1 to  
t\* ! e>?'s disk at new4 ,an eclipse1   
!re=e1 ( ei!r lum9>y c only take place  
:5 !y are )9  _! prop] limits1 or       
di/ances1 f ! nodes or int]sections (   
bo? orbits4 ,& because ! limits ( sol>  
eclipses are wid] ?an  ^? ( lun>1 9     
g5]al !re w be m eclipses ( ! sun ?an  (
 ! moon4 ,9 any ye>1 ! numb] ( eclipses 
( bo? lum9>ies  _c be less ?an two1 & ^!
 w bo? be ( ! sun1 nor m  ?an sev53 !   

usual numb] is f\r2 & x is v r>e to h m 
?an six4 ,b ?\gh sol> eclipses happ5    
(t5]1 lun> are m  frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 any
 p>ticul> place4 ,= an eclipse ( ! moon 
is visible to ! inhabitants ( half !    
globe at ! same in/ant2  :]eas1 an      
eclipse ( ! sun is visible only )9 t "p 
( !  e>?'s surface1 trav]s$ by ! moon's 
total %ad[1 & by h]  p5umbra1 or p>tial 
%ad[4 ,b h] total %ad[1 :5 %e is ne>e/  
to ! e>?1 _c cov] a space ( m ?an a     
hundr$ &  fifty-eight geographical miles
 9 diamet]1 nor at h] mean di/ance  m   
?an sev5ty-n9e1 & at h] greate/ di/ance 
may n t\* !  e>? at all4 ,9 ! two =m]   
cases1 ! sun w be eclips$ 9 !  places   
cov]$ by ! %ad[ totally1 or by ! p5umbra
 p>tially3 9  ! la/ x may be annul>1 b n
 total4 ,)\t ! rea* ( !  %ad[1 & )9 !   
limits ( ! p5umbra1 :i* _c cov] m  ?an  
f\r ?\s& five hundr$ & fifty-two miles (
 ! e>?'s  surface1 !re w be a p>tial    
eclipse ( ! sun1 & )\t ^!  limits no    
eclipse at all4 ,h5ce lun> eclipses are 
m frequ5tly  notic$ by hi/orians ?an    

sol>2 & ,diog5es ,la]tius may be cr$it$ 
:5 he relates1 t1 dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* !  
,egyptians _h  obs]v$ eight hundr$ &    
?irty-two eclipses ( ! moon1 !y _h  only
 obs]v$ ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree ( !   
sun4 ,9 ! mid/  ( a total lun> eclipse1 
! moon's disk is frequ5tly visible1 & ( 
a deep r$ or copp]i% col\r4 ,?is1 9 !   
poetic language ( sacr$  prophecy1 is   
express$ by 8! moon's be+ turn$ into    
blood10 ,joel ii1  #ca4 ,?is rem>kable  
ph5om5on is caus$ by ! sun's lat]al rays
 9  _! passage ?r\gh ! d5se atmosph]e ( 
! e>?1 be+ inflect$  into ! %ad[ by     
refraction1 & fall+ pretty copi\sly ^u !
  moon's disk1 are reflect$ f !nce to ! 
eye ( ! spectator4 ,if  ! e>? _h no     
atmosph]e1 ! moon's disk w\ld !n be z   
black z  9 a sol> eclipse4 ,a total     
eclipse ( ! moon may occasion a         
privation  ( h] light = an h\r & a half1
 dur+ h] total imm]sion 9 !  %ad[2      
:]eas1 a total eclipse ( ! sun c nev]   
la/ 9 any  p>ticul> place above f\r     
m9utes1 :5 ! moon is ne>e/ to !  e>?1 & 

h] %ad[ ?icke/4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t !     
d>kness  :i* 8ov]spread ! :ole l& (     
,judea10 at ! "t ( our ,"l's            
crucifixion1 0 pret]natural1 8f ! six?  
until ! n9? h\r10  or f noon till ?ree 9
 ! aft]noon1 9 its duration1 & also 9   
its "t1 ab\t full moon1 :5 ! moon c\ld n
 possibly eclipse !  sun4 ,x 0          
accompani$ by an e>?quake1 :i* altoge!r 
/ruck !  spectators1 & among !m !       
c5turion & ,roman gu>d1 ) great  fe>1 & 
a conviction1 t ,jesus 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 
,matt1 xxvii1  #ea-ed4    ,eclipses1    
says ,dr4 ,hales1 are ju/ly reckon$     
among ! sure/ & mo/  un]r+ *>act]s (    
*ronology2 = !y c be calculat$ ) great  
exactness backw>d z well z =w>d2 & !re  
is su* a v>iety (  di/9ct circum/ances (
 ! "t :51 & ! place :]e1 !y 7  se52 ( ! 
duration1 or beg9n+1 middle1 or end ( e 
eclipse1  & ( ! quantity1 or numb] (    
digits eclips$2 t !re is no  dang] (    
conf\nd+ any two eclipses toge!r1 :5 !  
circum/ances  att5d+ ea* are notic$ )   
any tol]able degree ( precision4 ,?us1  

to an eclipse ( ! moon incid5tally      
notic$ by ! great ,jewi%  *ronolog]1    
,josephus1 %ortly be=e ! dea? ( ,h]od ! 
,great1 we  owe ! det]m9ation ( ! true  
ye> ( our ,savi\r's nativity4 ,dur+     
,h]od's la/ illness1 & n _m days be=e 8 
dea?1 !re happ5$  an eclipse ( ! moon on
 ! v night t he burn$ alive ,mat?ias1  &
 ! r+lead]s ( a s$ition1 9 :i* ! gold5  
eagle1 :i* he  _h consecrat$ & set up   
ov] ! gate ( ! temple1 0 pull$ d[n  &   
brok5 to pieces by ^! zealots4 ,?is     
eclipse happ5$1 by  calculation1 ,m>*   
#ac1 ,u4 ,c4 #gej1 ,b4 ,c4 #d4 ,b x is  
c]ta9 f  ,scripture1 t ,*ri/ 0 born dur+
 ,h]od's reign2 & f ! visit  ( ! magi to
 ,j]usalem 8f ! ea/10  1 f !  ,p>?ian   
empire1 to inquire = ! true 8born ,k+ ( 
! ,jews10 ^:  /> !y _h se5 8at its      
ris+10   1 & also f ! age  ( ! infants  
massacr$ at ,be?lehem1 8f two ye>s old &
 "u10  ,matt1 ii1 #a-af4 ,x is no less  
c]ta91 t ,jesus c\ld n h be5  born lat] 
?an ,b4 ,c4 #e1 :i* is ! ye> assign$ to 
! nativity by  ,*ryso/om1 ,petavius &   

,prideaux4    ,,ed51 ,g>d5 (1 ! resid5ce
 ( our fir/ p>5ts 9 _! /ate (  purity & 
bless$ness4 ,! ^w ,ed5 9 ! ,hebrew      
d5otes 8pleasure0  or 8delight30 :5ce ! 
"n has be5 giv5 to sev]al places :i*1  f
 _! situation1 7 pleasant or delightful4
 ,?us ! ,prophet  ,amos1 i1 #e1 speaks (
 an ,ed5 9 ,syria1 :i* is g5]ally       
consid]$ to  h be5 9 ! valley (         
,damascus1 :]e a t[n call$ ,ed5 is      
m5tion$ by ,pl9y & ,ptolemy1 & :]e !    
tomb ( ,abel is pret5d$  to be %[n4 ,?is
 has 9 consequ5ce be5 select$ by "s z ! 
site  ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,by o!rs1 ! g>d5 
has be5 plac$ on !  ea/]n side ( m\nt   
,libanus2 & by o!rs aga91 9 ,arabia     
,felix1  :]e traces ( ! ^w ,ed5 are     
f\nd4 ,b ! op9ion :i* has  be5 mo/      
g5]ally receiv$ on ?is subject is t :i* 
places !  g>d5 on ! ,l[] ,euphrates2    
betwe5 ! junction ( t riv] )  ! ,tigris 
& ! gulf ( ,p]sia4 ,?is is ,dr4 ,well's 
op9ion2 9 :i*  he is support$ by        
,huetius1 ,grotius1 ,m>9us1 & ,bo*>t4   
,to ?is x is  repli$1 t1 accord+ to ?is 

s*eme1 ! g>d5 0 int]sect$ by a  great   
bran* ( ! ,euphrates1 9 ! l[] & broade/ 
"p ( its  c\rse2 :i* w give x an ext5t  
absolutely irreconcilable ) !  idea (   
,adam's 8dress+0 x by 8 own manual      
lab\r1 or ev5 (  ov]look+ x3 beside t   
all communication w\ld be cut (f betwe5 
its diff]5t p>ts by a /ream half a mile 
9 wid?4 ,its local  features1 too1 if 9 
?is situation1 mu/ h be5 ( ! mo/        
un9t]e/+ k9d2 ! :ole ( t region1 z f> z 
! sight c  rea*1 be+ a dead1 monoton\s1 
s&y1 or m>%y flat1 )\t a s+le           
undulation to relieve ! eye1 or give any
 ( ! beauties :i* !  imag9ation         
involunt>ily pa9ts to itself z att5dant 
on a spot  f9i%$ by ! h& ( ,god z !     
resid5ce ( 8 creatures 9 a /ate  (      
innoc5ce2 ^: m9ds may be suppos$ to be  
tun$ to ! full  enjoym5t ( ! gr& &      
beautiful 9 nature4 ,h[ diff]5t w be  ! 
aspect & arrangem5t ( ?is fav\r$ spot1  
if x be plac$ :]e  only1 accord+ to !   
words ( ,moses1 x c be plac$2 namely1 at
 !  heads or f\nta9s ( ! riv]s describ$1

 in/ead ( _! m\?s4    ,! c\ntry ( ,ed51 
!re=e1 accord+ to o!rs1 0 "s :]e 9      
,m$ia1 ,arm5ia1 or ! nor? (             
,mesopotamia2 all m\nta9\s tracts1 &    
af=d+1 in/ead ( ! sick5+ pla9s (        
,babylonia1 "s ( !  gr&e/1 z well z !   
ri*e/ sc5]y 9 ! _w4 ,a riv] or /ream    
ris+ 9 "s "p ( ?is c\ntry1 ent]$ ! g>d52
 :]e x 0  p>t$ into f\r o!rs1 9 all     
probability1 by fir/ fall+ into a  bas9 
or lake1 f :i* ! o!r /reams issu$ at    
diff]5t po9ts1  tak+ diff]5t directions1
 & gr[+ into mighty riv]s2 al?\gh at  _!
 s\rces 9 ! g>d51 !y w\ld be l all o!r  
riv]s1 m]e  brooks1 & =m+ no b>ri] to a 
free communication betwe5 ! p>ts  ( !   
g>d54 ,dr4 ,wells1 9 ord] to support 8  
hypo!sis ( !  situation ( ,ed5 on ! l[] 
p>ts ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 aft]     
giv+ ^! riv]s a di/ribution :i* has n[  
no exi/5ce1 makes !  ,pison & ,gihon to 
be p>ts ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates        
!mselves3 an  arrangem5t at p]fect      
disagreem5t ) ! p>ticul> description (  
,moses2 beside1 t ! ,gihon ?us call$1   

in/ead ( compass+ !  :ole l& ( ,cu%1 c  
only be said to skirt an extreme corn] (
 x4  ,x appe>s1 inde$1 t 9 ! "t (       
,alex&]1 ! ,euphrates pursu$  a sep>ate 
c\rse to ! sea2 or1 at lea/1 t a        
navigable bran* (  x 0 c>ri$ 9 t        
direction3 9 ! m\? ( :i*1 at ,diridotis1
  ,ne>*us an*or$ ) 8 fleet4 ,b :at      
reliance c be plac$ on !  ev] %ift+     
*annels ( a riv] fl[+ ?r\gh an alluvial 
soil1 &  ov] a p]fect level div]tible at
 ! pleasure ( ! p inhabit+  its banks8  
,or1 :at !ory c be f\nd$ on _!          
di/ribution1 :i*  w n be z un/able z !  
/reams !mselves8 ,?is v *annel1 s       
ess5tial to ! hypo!sis :i* places ,ed5 9
 ?is situation1 0  annihilat$ by !      
,or*5i1 a neighb\r+ p2 :o direct$ !     
/ream to wat] _! own l&1 & ?us gave x a 
%ort] c\rse into  ! ,tigris1 :i* x has  
ev] s9ce pres]v$4 ,b x is only ! l[]    
p>ts ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 z !y     
creep ?r\gh ! pla9s (  ,babylonia1 :i*  
are ?us incon/ant3 high] up 9 _! c\rses1
 !y  fl[ ov] m solid /rata1 & 9 deep]   

valleys1 un*ang$ by "t4  ,x is "h t _!  
con=mity ) ! ,mosaic acc\nt is to be    
s\ght2 & x is "h t !y may be f\nd1 9 !  
exact condition 9  :i* !y 7 left by !   
deluge1 &1 inde$1 accord+ to ,moses1 9  
:i* !y exi/$ be=e t ev5t4 ,x is true1 t 
! heads ( !  f\r riv]s1 above describ$1 
_c n[ be f\nd suffici5tly ne>1 to       
recognise !nce ! exact situation (      
p>adise2 b !y all arise  f ! same       
m\nta9\s region2 & ! spr+s ( !          
,euphrates &  ,tigris1 z already        
m5tion$1 are ev5 n[ ne>ly int]wov54 ,mr4
 ,fab]  supposes ! lake ,arsissa to cov]
 ! site ( ,ed52 & t ! *ange  :i* c>ri$ !
 heads ( ! riv]s to a great] di/ance f  
x1 0  occasion$ by ! deluge4 ,b x is f> 
m probable t ?is *ange1  if we may inf] 
f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,moses t ! c\rses (  
all  ! /reams rema9$ unalt]$ by ! flood1
 may h tak5 place at  man's expulsion f 
! g>d53 :5 ,god might *oose to oblit]ate
  ?is fair portion ( 8 works1 unfitt$ = 
any ?+ b ! resid5ce  ( innoc5ce2 & to   
blot at once f ! face ( ! e>?1 l !      

guilty cities ( ! pla91 bo? ! site & !  
memorial ( man's  transgression1--an    
awful ev5t1 :i* w\ld add t5fold horrors 
to !  puni%m5t4    ,,edom1 a prov9ce (  
,arabia1 :i* d]ives its "n f ,edom1 or  
,esau1  :o !re settl$ 9 ! m\nta9s (     
,seir1 9 ! l& ( ! ,horites1  s\?-ea/ ( !
 ,dead ,sea4 ,8 desc5dants aft]w>d      
ext5d$  !mselves ?r\gh\t ,arabia        
,petrea1 & s\? ( ,pale/9e1 betwe5 !     
,dead ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,dur+ !    
,babyloni% captivity1 &  :5 ,judea 0    
almo/ des]t$1 !y seiz$ ! s\? ( ,judah1 &
  advanc$ to ,hebron4 ,h5ce t tract (   
,judea1 :i* !y inhabit$1  reta9$ ! "n ( 
,idumea 9 ! "t ( our ,savi\r1 ,m>k iii1 
#h4  ,"u ,moses & ,jo%ua1 & ev5 "u ! k+s
 ( ,judah1 ! ,idumeans  7 conf9$ to !   
ea/ & s\? ( ! ,dead ,sea1 9 ! l& (      
,seir2 b aft]w>d !y ext5d$ _! t]ritories
 m to ! s\? (  ,judah4 ,! capital ( ea/ 
,edom 0 ,bozrah2 & t ( s\? ,edom1       
,petra1 or ,jectael4 ,! ,edomites1 or   
,idumeans1 ! po/]ity ( ,esau1 _h  k+s   
long be=e ! ,jews4 ,!y 7 fir/ gov]n$ by 

dukes or  pr9ces1 & aft]w>d by k+s1 ,g54
 xxxvi1 #ca4 ,!y cont9u$  indep5d5t till
 ! "t ( ,david1 :o subdu$ !m1 9         
completion (  ,isaac's prophecy1 t      
,jacob %\ld rule ,esau1 ,g54 xxvii1 #bi1
 #cj4 ,!  ,idumeans bore ?is subjection 
) great impati5ce2 & at ! end (         
,solomon's reign1 ,hadad1 ! ,edomite1 :o
 _h be5 c>ri$ into ,egypt  dur+ 8       
*ildhood1 return$ into 8 own c\ntry1 :]e
 he procur$  himself to be ackn[l$g$ k+1
 #a ,k+s xi1 #bb4 ,x is probable1       
h[ev]1 t he reign$ only 9 ea/ ,edom2 =  
,edom s\? ( ,judea  cont9u$ subject to !
 k+s ( ,judah1 till ! reign ( ,jehoram1 
son  ( ,jeho%aphat1 aga9/ :om x rebell$1
 #b ,*ron4 xxi1 #h4 ,jehoram  attack$   
,edom1 b did n subdue x4 ,amaziah k+ (  
,judah1 took ,petra1  kill$ a ?\s& m51 &
 compell$ t5 ?\s& m to leap f !  rock1  
^u :i* /ood ! city ( ,petra1 #b ,*ron4  
xxv1 #aa1 #ab4 ,b  ^! conque/s 7 n      
p]man5t4 ,uzziah took ,ela? on ! ,r$    
,sea1 #b  ,k+s xiv1 #bb2 b ,rez91 k+ (  
,syria1 retook x4 ,"s ?9k t  ,es>haddon1

 k+ ( ,syria1 ravag$ ?is c\ntry1 ,isaiah
 xxi1 #aa-ag2  xxxiv1 #f4 ,hol(]nes     
subdu$ x1 z well z o!r nations ar\nd    
,judea1  ,judi? iii1 #ad4 ,:5           
,nebu*adnezz> besieg$ ,j]usalem1 !      
,idumeans  jo9$ him1 & enc\rag$ him to  
rase ! v f\ndations ( t  city4 ,?is     
cruelty did n long cont9ue unpuni%$4    
,five ye>s aft]  ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem1    
,nebu*adnezz> humbl$ all ! /ates ar\nd  
,judea1 & 9 p>ticul> ,idumea4 ,john     
,hyrcanus entirely conqu]$ !  ,idumeans1
 :om he oblig$ to receive circumcision &
 ! law4 ,!y  cont9u$ subject to ! lat]  
k+s ( ,judea till ! de/ruction (        
,j]usalem by ! ,romans4 ,!y ev5 came to 
assi/ t city :5  besieg$1 & ent]$ x 9   
ord] to def5d x4 ,h[ev]1 !y did n       
cont9ue !re till x 0 tak51 b return$    
into ,idumea load$ )  booty4 ,!         
prophecies respect+ ,edom are num]\s &  
/rik+2 & !  pres5t /ate ( ! c\ntry z    
describ$ by mod]n travell]s has giv5  s 
rem>kable an atte/ation to ! accuracy ( 
_! fulfilm5t1 t a  few extracts f ,mr4  

,kei?'s "w1 9 :i* ?is is po9t$ out1 may 
be  fitly introduc$3--    #b4 ,!re are  
num]\s prophecies respect+ ,idumea1 t   
be> a lit]al  int]pretation1 h[ev]      
hyp]bolical !y may appe>4 8,my sword    
%all  come d[n ^u ,idumea1 & ^u ! p ( my
 curse1 to judgm5t4  ,f g5]ation to     
g5]ation x %all lie wa/e1 none %all pass
  ?r\gh x = ev] & ev]4 ,b ! cormorant & 
! bitt]n %all  possess x2 ! owl also & !
 rav5 %all dwell 9 x3 & he %all  /ret*  
out ^u x ! l9e ( confusion1 & ! /ones ( 
empt9ess4  ,!y %all call ! nobles !re(  
to ! k+dom2 b none %all be  !re1 & all  
h] pr9ces %all be no?+4 ,& ?orns %all   
come up 9  h] palaces1 nettles &        
brambles 9 ! =tresses !re(2 & x  %all be
 a habitation ( dragons1 & a c\rt =     
owls4 ,seek ye out (  ! book ( ! ,"l &  
read2 no "o ( ^! %all fail1 none %all   
want h] mate2 = my m\? x ha? comm&$1 & 8
 ,_s x ha?  ga!r$ !m4 ,& he ha? ca/ !   
lot = !m1 & 8 h& ha?  divid$ x unto !m  
by l9e2 !y %all possess x = ev]1 f      
g5]ation to g5]ation %all !y dwell      

!re910 ,isa4 xxxiv1 #e1  #aj-ag4 8,i h  
sworn by myself1 sai? ! ,"l1 t ,bozrah0 
7! /rong  or =tifi$ city7 8%all become a
 desolation1 a reproa*1 a wa/e1 &  a    
curse2 & all ! cities !re( %all be      
p]petual wa/es4 ,lo1 ,i  w make !e small
 among ! ,hea!n1 & despis$ among m54 ,?y
  t]ribl5ess ha? deceiv$ !e1 & ! pride (
 ?9e he>t1 ,o ?\  t dwelle/ 9 ! clefts (
 ! rock1 t holde/ ! height ( !  hill3   
?\gh ?\ %\lde/ make ?y ne/ z high z !   
eagle1 ,i w  br+ !e d[n f !nce1 sai? !  
,"l4 ,also ,edom %all be a  desolation2 
e "o t goe? by %all be a/oni%$1 & %all  
hiss  at all ! plagues !re(4 ,z 9 !     
ov]?r[ ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1  & !       
neighb\r cities !re(1 sai? ! ,"l1 no man
 %all abide  !re1 nei!r %all a son ( man
 dwell 9 x10 ,j]4 xlix1 #ac-ah4 8,?us   
sai? ! ,"l ,god1 ,i w /ret* out m9e h&  
^u ,edom1 & w cut  (f man & bea/ f x1 & 
,i w make x desolate f ,teman40 8,i     
laid ! m\nta9s ( ,esau & 8 h]itage wa/e 
= ! dragons ( !  wild]ness4 ,:]eas ,edom
 sai?1 ,we are impov]i%$1 b we w return 

& build ! desolate places2 ?us sai? !   
,"l ( ho/s1 ,!y %all  build1 b ,i w ?r[ 
d[n2 & !y %all call !m1 ,! bord] (      
wick$ness10 ,mala*i i1 #c1 #d4    ,is   
!re any c\ntry once inhabit$ & opul5t1 s
 utt]ly desolate8  ,!re is1 & t l& is   
,idumea4 ,! t]ritory ( ! desc5dants (   
,esau af=ds z miracul\s a demon/ration (
 ! inspiration ( !  ,scriptures z ! fate
 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,a s+le extract f
  ! ,travels ( ,volney w be f\nd to be  
equally illu/rative ( !  prophecy & ( ! 
fact3 8,?is c\ntry has n be5 visit$ by  
any  travell]1 b x well m]its su* an    
att5tion2 =1 f ! report (  ! ,arabs (   
,bakir1 & ! inhabitants ( ,gaza1 :o     
frequ5tly g to  ,maan & ,k>ak1 on ! road
 ( ! pilgrims1 !re are1 to !  s\?-ea/ ( 
! lake ,asphaltites1 7,dead ,sea17 )9   
?ree days'  j\rney1 upw>d ( ?irty ru9$  
t[ns absolutely des]t$4 ,sev]al (  !m h 
l>ge edifices1 ) columns t may h belong$
 to !  anci5t temples1 or at lea/ to    
,greek *ur*es4 ,! ,arabs sometimes make 
use ( !m to fold _! cattle 92 b 9 g5]al 

avoid !m on  acc\nt ( ! enorm\s         
scorpions ) :i* !y sw>m4 ,we _c be      
surpris$ at ^! traces ( anci5t          
population1 :5 we recollect t  ?is 0 !  
c\ntry ( ! ,naba!ans1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( !  
,arabs1  & ( ! ,idumeans1 :o1 at ! "t ( 
! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1  7 almo/ z    
num]\s z ! ,jews1 z appe>s f ,josephus1 
:o  in=ms u1 t on ! fir/ rum\r ( ! m>* (
 ,titus aga9/  ,j]usalem1 ?irty ?\s&    
,idumeans in/antly assembl$1 & ?rew     
!mselves into t city = its def5ce4 ,x   
appe>s t1 beside !  advantages ( be+ "u 
a tol]ably good gov]nm5t1 ^! di/ricts   
enjoy$ a consid]able %>e ( ! comm]ce (  
,arabia & ,india1 :i*  increas$ _!      
indu/ry & population4 ,we "k t z f> back
 z !  "t ( ,solomon1 ! cities ( ,a/i\m  
,gab] 7,ezion ,geb]7 & ,ailah  7,elo?7 7
 highly frequ5t$ m>ts4 ,^! t[ns 7       
situat$ on !  adjac5t gulf ( ! ,r$ ,sea1
 :]e we /ill f9d ! latt] yet  reta9+ its
 "n1 & p]haps ! =m] 9 t ( ,el ,akaba1 or
 #8!  end ( ! sea4' ,^! two places are 9
 ! h&s ( ! ,b$\9s1 :o1  be+ de/itute ( a

 navy & comm]ce1 d n inhabit !m4 ,b !   
pilgrims report t !re is at ,el ,akaba a
 wret*$ =t4 ,! ,idumeans1  f :om ! ,jews
 only took _! ports at int]vals1 mu/ h  
f\nd  9 !m a great s\rce ( weal? &      
population4 ,x ev5 appe>s t  ! ,idumeans
 rivall$ ! ,tyrians1 :o also possess$ a 
t[n1 ! "n  ( :i* is unkn[n1 on ! coa/ ( 
,h$jaz1 9 ! des]t ( ,tih1 &  ! city (   
,f>an1 &1 )\t d\bt1 ,el-,tor1 :i* s]v$ x
 by way (  port4 ,f ?is place ! c>avans 
might rea* ,pale/9e & ,judea1  7?r\gh   
,idumea17 9 eight or t5 days4 ,?is r\te1
 :i* is long] ?an  t f ,suez to ,cairo1 
is inf9itely %ort] ?an t f ,aleppo to   
,bassorah40 ,evid5ce1 :i* mu/ h be5     
undesign$1 :i* _c be  suspect$ (        
p>tiality1 & :i* no illu/ration c       
/r5g!n1 &  no +5uity p]v]t1 is ?us borne
 to ! tru? ( ! mo/ wond]ful  prophecies4
 ,t ! ,idumeans 7 a popul\s & p[]ful    
nation long  po/]ior to ! deliv]y ( !   
prophecies2 t !y possess$ a  tol]ably   
good gov]nm5t1 ev5 9 ! e/imation (      
,volney2 t ,idumea  conta9$ _m cities2 t

 ^! cities are n[ absolutely des]t$2  & 
t _! ru9s sw>m ) enorm\s scorpions2 t x 
0 a  comm]cial nation1 & possess$ highly
 frequ5t$ m>ts2 t x =ms  a %ort] r\te   
?an ! ord9>y "o to ,india2 & yet t x _h 
n  be5 visit$ by any travell]2 are facts
 all record$1 & prov$ by  ?is able b    
unconsci\s comm5tator4    #c4 ,a great] 
contra/ _c be imag9$ ?an ! anci5t &     
pres5t  /ate ( ,idumea4 ,x 0 a k+dom    
previ\s to ,israel1 hav+ be5  gov]n$    
fir/ by dukes or pr9ces1 aft]w>d by     
eight successive k+s1  & aga9 by dukes1 
be=e !re reign$ any k+ ov] ! *ildr5 (   
,israel1 ,g54 xxxvi1 #ca1 c4 ,its       
f]tility & e>ly cultivation are  impli$ 
n only 9 ! bless+s ( ,esau1 ^: dwell+ 0 
to be !  fatness ( ! e>?1 & ( ! dew (   
heav5 f above2 b also 9  ! condition    
propos$ by ,moses to ! ,edomites1 :5 he 
solicit$ a  passage = ! ,israelites     
?r\gh _! bord]s1 t 8!y w\ld n  pass     
?r\gh ! fields nor ?r\gh ! v9ey>ds20 &  
also 9 !  great weal?1 especially 9 !   
multitudes ( flocks & h]ds1 record$  z  

possess$ by an individual inhabitant ( t
 c\ntry1 at a p]iod1  9 all probability 
ev5 m remote1 ,g54 xxvii1 #ci2 ,num4 xx1
 #ag2 ,job  xlii1 #ab4 ,! ,idumeans 71  
)\t d\bt1 bo? an opul5t & a  p[]ful p4  
,!y (t5 cont5d$ ) ! ,israelites1 & ent]$
  into a league ) _! o!r enemies aga9/  
!m4 ,9 ! reign (  ,david !y 7 inde$     
subdu$ & greatly oppress$1 & _m ( !m    
ev5 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! neighb\r+         
c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly  ,ph5icia & ,egypt4
 ,b dur+ ! decl9e ( ! k+dom ( ,judah1 & 
= _m ye>s previ\s to its ext9ction1 !y  
encroa*$ ^u !  t]ritories ( ! ,jews1 &  
ext5d$ _! dom9ion ov] !  s\?-we/]n "p ( 
,judea4    #d4 ,!re is a pr$iction :i*1 
be+ peculi>ly rem>kable z  applicable to
 ,idumea1 & be>+ ref]5ce to a           
circum/ance  explanatory ( ! difficulty 
( access to any k respect+ x1  is       
entitl$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to notice3   
8,none %all pass ?r\gh  x = ev] & ev]4  
,i w cut (f f ,m\nt ,seir him t passe?  
out1 & him t returne?10 ,isa4 xxxiv1    
#aj2 ,ezek4 xxxv1 #g4 ,! anci5t         

greatness ( ,idumea mu/1 9 no small     
degree1 h result$ f its  comm]ce4       
,bord]+ ) ,arabia on ! ea/1 & ,egypt on 
! s\?we/1  & =m+ f nor? to s\? ! mo/    
direct & mo/ commodi\s  *annel (        
communication betwe5 ,j]usalem & h]     
dep5d5cies on !  ,r$ ,sea1 z well z     
betwe5 ,syria & ,india1 ?r\gh ! cont9u\s
  valleys ( ,el ,ghor1 & ,el ,araba1 :i*
 t]m9at$ on ! "o extremity  at ! bord]s 
( ,judea1 & on ! o!r at ,ela? & ,ezion  
,geb] on  ! ,elanitic gulf ( ! ,r$ ,sea1
 ,idumea may be said to h =m$ !         
emporium ( ! comm]ce ( ! ea/4 ,a ,roman 
road pass$ directly  ?r\gh ,idumea1 f   
,j]usalem to ,akaba1 & ano!r f ,akaba to
 ,moab2  & :5 ^! roads 7 made1 at a "t  
long po/]ior to ! date (  ! pr$ictions1 
! conception c\ld n h be5 =m$1 or held  
cr$ible by man1 t ! p]iod w\ld ev]      
arrive :5 none w\ld pass  ?r\gh x4      
,above sev5 hundr$ ye>s aft] ! date ( ! 
prophecy1  ,/rabo relates t _m ,romans &
 o!r =eign]s 7 f\nd at ,petra  by 8     
fri5d ,a!nodorus1 ! philosoph]1 :o      

visit$ x4 ,!  pr$iction is yet m        
surpris+ :5 view$ 9 conjunction )       
ano!r1 :i* implies t travell]s w\ld     
8pass by0 ,idumea3 8,e  "o t goe? by    
%all be a/oni%$40 ,& ! ,hadj r\tes      
7r\tes (  ! pilgrims7 f ,damascus & f   
,cairo to ,mecca1 ! "o on ! ea/  & ! o!r
 t[>d ! s\? ( ,idumea1 along ! :ole (   
its ext5t1  g by x1 or t\* p>tially on  
its bord]s1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh x4  ,! tru? 
( ! prophecy1 ?\gh hemm$ 9 ?us by app>5t
  impossibilities & contradictions1 & ) 
extreme probability ( its  fallacy 9 e  
view t c\ld h be5 visible to man1 may   
yet be  tri$4    #e4 8,edom %all be a   
desolation4 ,f g5]ation to g5]ation x   
%all  lie wa/e10 c4 ,judea1 ,ammon1 &   
,moab1 exhibit s abundantly !  rema9s & 
! means ( an exub]ant f]tility1 t !     
wond] arises  9 ! reflect+ m9d1 h[ !    
b>b>ity ( man c\ld h s  effectually     
c\nt]act$ = s _m g5]ations ! prodigality
 (  nature4 ,b su* is ,edom's           
desolation1 t ! fir/ s5tim5t (          
a/oni%m5t on ! contemplation ( x is1 h[ 

a wide ext5d$ region1  n[ div]sifi$ by !
 /ronge/ features ( des]t wildness1 c\ld
 ev]  h be5 adorn$ ) cities1 or t5ant$ =
 ages by a p[]ful &  opul5t p4 ,its     
pres5t aspect w\ld belie its anci5t     
hi/ory1 7  n t hi/ory corroborat$ by 8! 
_m ve/iges ( =m]  cultivation10 by !    
rema9s ( walls & pav$ roads1 & by ! ru9s
  ( cities /ill exi/+ 9 ?is ru9$ c\ntry4
 ,! total cessation (  its comm]ce2 !   
artificial irrigation ( its valleys     
:olly neglect$2  ! de/ruction ( all !   
cities1 & ! cont9u$ spoliation ( !      
c\ntry by ! ,arabs1 :ile aught rema9$ t 
!y c\ld de/roy2 !  p]man5t exposure1 =  
ages1 ( ! soil un%elt]$ by its anci5t   
groves1 & unprotect$ by any cov]+ f !   
scor*+ rays ( !  sun2 ! unob/ruct$      
encroa*m5ts ( ! des]t1 & ( ! drift$  s&s
 f ! bord]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 ! consequ5t   
absorption ( !  wat] ( ! spr+s &        
/reamlets dur+ summ]1--are causes :i*  h
 all comb9$ _! baneful op]ation 9 r5d]+ 
,edom 8mo/  desolate1 ! desolation (    
desolations40 ,volney's acc\nt is       

suffici5tly descriptive ( ! desolation  
:i* n[ reigns ov] ,idumea2  & !         
in=mation :i* ,seetz5 d]iv$ at ,j]usalem
 respect+ x is  ( simil> import4 ,he 0  
told1 t at ! di/ance ( two days'  j\rney
 & a half f ,hebron1 he w\ld f9d        
consid]able ru9s ( !  anci5t city (     
,abde1 & t = all ! re/ ( ! j\rney he    
w\ld  see no place ( habitation2 he w\ld
 meet only ) a few tribes (  w&]+       
,arabs4 ,f ! bord]s ( ,edom1 ,capta9s   
,irby & ,mangles  beheld a b\ndless     
ext5t ( des]t view1 :i* !y _h h>dly ev] 
se5 equall$ = s+ul>ity & gr&eur4 ,& !   
foll[+ extract1  descriptive ( :at      
,burckh>dt actually witness$ 9 ! diff]5t
 p>ts  ( ,edom1 _c be m graphically     
abbreviat$ ?an 9 ! words ( !  prophet4  
,( its ea/]n b\nd>y1 & ( ! adjo9+ "p (  
,arabia  ,petrea1 /rictly s call$1      
,burckh>dt writes3 8,x might1 ) tru?1 be
  call$ ,petrea1 n only on acc\nt ( its 
rocky m\nta9s1 b also (  ! elevat$ pla9 
already describ$1 :i* is s mu* cov]$ )  
/ones1 especially fl9ts1 t x may ) great

 propriety be call$ a  /ony des]t1      
al?\gh susceptible ( culture2 9 _m      
places x is  ov]gr[n ) wild h]bs1 & mu/ 
once h be5 ?ickly inhabit$2  = ! traces 
( _m t[ns & villages are met ) on bo?   
sides (  ! ,hadj road betwe5 ,maan &    
,akaba1 z well z betwe5 ,maan & !  pla9s
 ( ! ,hauran1 9 :i* direction are also  
_m spr+s4 ,at  pres5t all ?is c\ntry is 
a des]t1 & ,maan 7,teman7 is ! only     
inhabit$ place 9 x3 #8,i w /ret* out my 
h& aga9/ !e1 ,o ,m\nt  ,seir1 & w make  
!e mo/ desolate4 ,i w /ret* out my h& ^u
  ,edom1 & w make x desolate f ,teman4'0
 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,idumea1  :]e ! ru9s (  
"s ( its anci5t cities are /ill visible1
 & 9  ! ext5sive valley :i* rea*es f !  
,r$ to ! ,dead ,sea1 !  appe>ance ( :i* 
mu/ n[ be totally & sadly *ang$ f :at x 
01 8! :ole pla9 pres5t$ to ! view an    
expanse ( %ift+  s&s1 ^: surface 0 brok5
 by innum]able undulations & l[  hills4 
,! s& appe>s to h be5 br\ght f ! %ores (
 ! ,r$  ,sea1 by ! s\!rn w9ds2 & !      
,arabs told me t ! valleys  cont9ue to  

pres5t ! same appe>ance beyond !        
latitude ( ,wady  ,m\sa4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! 
valley ! s& is v deep1 & !re is  n !    
slighte/ appe>ance ( a road1 or ( any "w
 ( human art4 ,a  few trees gr[ among ! 
s& hills1 b ! dep? ( s& precludes all   
vegetation ( h]bage40 8,if grape ga!r]s 
come to !e1 w\ld n !y  leave "s glean+  
grapes8 ,if ?ieves by night1 !y w de/roy
 till  !y h en\gh2 b ,i h made ,esau    
b>e4 ,edom %all be a desolate           
wild]ness40 8,on asc5d+ ! we/]n pla910  
cont9ues ,mr4 ,burckh>dt1  8on a high]  
level ?an t ( ,arabia1 we _h be=e u an  
imm5se  expanse ( dre>y c\ntry1 entirely
 cov]$ ) black fl9ts1 ) "h  & !re "s    
hilly *a9 ris+ f ! pla940 8,i w /ret*   
out  ^u ,idumea ! l9e ( confusion1 & !  
/ones ( empt9ess40 ,su* is  ! pres5t    
desolate aspect ( "o ( ! mo/ f]tile     
c\ntries (  anci5t times6 ,s visibly ev5
 n[ does ! )]+ curse ( an  (f5d$ ,god   
re/ ^u x6    ,,egg1 1 ,deut4 xxii1 #f2  
,job xxxix1 #ad2 ,isaiah x1 #ad2 lix1   
#e2 1  ,luke xi1 #ab4 ,eggs are consid]$

 z a v great delicacy 9 ! ea/1  & are   
s]v$ up ) fi% & honey at _! ent]ta9m5ts4
 ,z a  desirable article ( food1 ! egg  
is m5tion$1 ,luke xi1 #ab3 8,if a son   
ask = an egg1 w 8 fa!r (f] him a        
scorpion80 ,x has be5  rem>k$ t ! body (
 ! scorpion is v l an egg1 z its head  c
 sc>cely be di/+ui%$1 especially if x be
 ( ! :ite k9d1  :i* is ! fir/ species   
m5tion$ by lian1 ,avic5na1 & o!rs4      
,bo*>t has produc$ te/imonies to prove t
 ! scorpions 9 ,judea  7 ab\t ! bigness 
( an egg4 ,s ! similitude is pres]v$    
betwe5  ! ?+ ask$1 & ! ?+ giv54         
,,eglon1 a k+ ( ,moab1 :o oppress$ !    
,israelites1 & 0 sla9 by  ,ehud1 ,judges
 iii1 #ad1 #ba4 ,x is ?\ght to h be5 a  
common "n (  ! k+s ( ,moab1 z ,abimele* 
0 ( ! ,phili/9es4    ,,egypt1 a c\ntry (
 ,africa1 call$ also 9 ! ,hebrew        
,scriptures !  l& ( ,mizraim1 & ! l& (  
,ham2 by ! ,turks & ,arabs1 ,masr &     
,misr2 & by ! native ,egyptians1 ,*emi1 
or ! l& ( ,ham4 ,mr4 ,fab]  d]ives ! "n 
f ,ai-,capht1 or ! l& ( ! ,caphtorim2 f 

:i*1 also1 ! mod]n ,egyptians d]ive _!  
"n ( ,cophts4 ,egypt 0  fir/ peopl$ aft]
 ! deluge by ,mizraim1 or ,mizr1 ! son (
 ,ham1 :o  is suppos$ to be ! same )    
,m5es1 record$ 9 ,egyptian hi/ory z  !  
fir/ k+4 ,e ?+ relat+ to ! subsequ5t    
hi/ory &  condition ( ?is c\ntry1 = _m  
ages1 is involv$ 9 fable4 ,nor h  we any
 cle> in=mation f ,hea!n writ]s1 until !
 "t ( ,cyrus1  & 8 son ,cambyses1 :5 !  
l9e ( ,egyptian pr9ces ceas$ 9  agreem5t
 ) prophecies to t effect4 ,mane?o1 !   
,egyptian  hi/orian1 has giv5 a li/ (   
?irty dyna/ies1 :i*1 if successive1     
make a p]iod ( five ?\s& ?ree hundr$    
ye>s to ! "t (  ,alex&]1 or ?ree ?\s&   
two hundr$ & eighty-two ye>s m ?an  !   
real "t1 accord+ to ! ,mosaic *ronology4
 ,b ?is is a  manife/ =g]y1 :i* has1    
nev]!less1 be5 appeal$ to by infidel    
writ]s1 z au?ority aga9/ ! v]acity ( !  
,mosaic hi/ory4 ,!  tru? is1 t ?is      
pret5d$ succession ( pr9ces1 if all ( !m
 c  be suppos$ to h exi/$ at all1       
con/itut$ sev]al di/9ct  dyna/ies1 rul+ 

9 diff]5t cities at ! same "t3 ?us ^! 7 
! k+doms ( ,!bes1 ,?91 ,memphis1 &      
,tanis4 ,see ,,writ+4    #b4 ,9 ! "t (  
,moses we f9d ,egypt r5[n$ = le>n+2 = he
 0  in/ruct$ 89 all its wisdom20 & x is 
"o ( ! comm5dations (  ,solomon1 at a   
lat] p]iod1 t he excell$ 9 k 8all !     
wisdom ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ea/ c\ntry1 & all 
! wisdom (  ,egypt40 ,a/ronomy1 :i*     
probably1 l t ( ! ,*aldeans1  compreh5d$
 also judicial a/rology1 physics1       
agriculture1  jurisprud5ce1 m$ic9e1     
ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 & sculpture1 7 !    
pr9cipal sci5ces & arts2 to :i* 7 add$1 
& t by _!  wise/ m51 ! /udy ( div9ation1
 magic1 & en*antm5ts4 ,!y _h  also _!   
consult]s ) famili> spirits1 &          
necromanc]s1 ^? :o  _h1 or pret5d$ to h1
 int]c\rse ) ! inf]nal deities1 &  !    
spirits ( ! dead1 & deliv]$ responses to
 inquir]s4 ,( all  ?is k1 good & evil1 &
 ( a mon/r\s sy/em ( idolatry1  ,egypt 0
 ! pollut$ f\nta9 to ! surr\nd+ nations2
 b 9 t  c\ntry itself x appe>s to h     
deg5]at$ into ! mo/ absurd &  debas$    

=ms4 ,among nations :o are n bless$ by  
div9e revelation1  ! lum9>ies ( heav5   
are ! fir/ objects ( wor%ip4 ,diodorus  
,siculus1 m5tion+ ! ,egyptians1 in=ms u1
 t 8! fir/ m51  look+ up to ! _w above  
!m1 &1 /ruck ) admiration at !  nature (
 ! univ]se1 suppos$ ! sun & moon to be !
 pr9cipal  & et]nal gods40 ,?is1 :i* may
 be call$ ! natural sup]/ition (        
mank9d1 we c trace 9 ! annals ( ! we/1 z
 well z ( ! ea/2  among ! inhabitants ( 
! new _w1 z well z ( ! old4 ,! sun  &   
moon1 "u ! names ( ,isis & ,osiris1 7 ! 
*ief objects (  adoration among !       
,egyptians4 ,b ! e>lie/ times _h a pur] 
fai?4  ,! foll[+ inscription1 engrav5 9 
hi]oglyphics 9 ! temple (  ,nei?1 !     
,egyptian ,m9]va1 conveys ! mo/ sublime 
idea ( ! ,deity  :i* un5light5$ reason  
c\ld =m3 8,i am t :i* is1 01 &  %all be3
 no mortal ha? lift$ up my veil3 !      
(fspr+ ( my p[] is  ! sun40 ,a simil>   
inscription /ill rema9s at ,capua1 on ! 
temple (  ,isis3 8,?\ art "o1 & f !e all
 ?+s proce$40 ,plut>* also  in=ms u1 t !

 inhabitants ( ,!bais wor%ipp$ only !   
immortal  & supreme ,god1 :om !y call$  
,eneph4 ,accord+ to ! ,egyptian         
cosmogony1 all ?+s sprung f a?or1 or    
night1 by :i* !y  d5ot$ ! d>kness ( *aos
 be=e ! creation4 ,san*onia?on  relates1
 t1 8f ! brea? ( gods & ! void 7 mortals
  creat$40 ,?is !ology diff]s little f t
 ( ,moses1 :o says1  8,! e>? 0 )\t =m1 &
 void2 d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( !  deep2 & 
! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s40 
#c4 ,a sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = c]ta9       
animals1 z propiti\s or  hurtful to !   
human race1 0 n peculi> to ! ,egyptians4
 ,! c[  has be5 v5]at$ 9 ,india f ! mo/ 
remote antiquity4 ,! s]p5t  has be5 !   
object ( religi\s respect to "o half ( !
 nations (  ! kn[n _w4 ,! ,romans _h    
sacr$ animals1 :i* !y kept 9 _!         
temples1 & di/+ui%$ ) peculi> hon\rs4   
,we ne$ n !re=e  be surpris$ t a nation 
s sup]/iti\s z ! ,egyptians %\ld  hon\r1
 ) peculi> m>ks ( respect1 ! i*neumon1 !
 ibis1 !  dog1 ! falcon1 ! wolf1 & !    
crocodile4 ,^! !y ent]ta9$ at  great    

exp5se1 & ) mu* magnific5ce4 ,l&s 7 set 
ap>t =  _! ma9t5ance2 p]sons ( ! highe/ 
rank 7 employ$ 9 fe$+  & att5d+ !m2 ri* 
c>pets 7 spread 9 _! ap>tm5ts2 &  ! pomp
 at _! fun]als correspond$ to ! pr(usion
 & luxury  :i* att5d$ !m :ile alive4    
,:at *iefly t5d$ to fav\r !  progress ( 
animal wor%ip 9 ,egypt1 0 ! language (  
hi]oglyphics4  ,9 ! hi]oglyphic         
inscriptions on _! temples1 & public    
edifices1  animals1 & ev5 vegetables1 7 
! symbols ( ! gods :om !y  wor%ipp$4 ,9 
! mid/ ( innum]able sup]/itions1 !      
!ology (  ,egypt conta9$ ! two great    
pr9ciples ( religion1 ! exi/5ce ( a     
supreme ,be+1 & ! immortality ( ! s\l4  
,! fir/ is prov$ by  ! inscription on ! 
temple ( ,m9]va2 ! second1 by ! c>e )   
:i* dead bodies 7 embalm$1 & ! pray]    
recit$ at ! h\r (  dea?1 by an          
,egyptian1 express+ 8 desire to be      
receiv$ to !  pres5ce ( ! deities4      
#d4 ,! opul5ce ( ,egypt 0 = ages        
increas$ by ! l>ge %>e x  _h 9 ! comm]ce
 ) ! ea/2 by its own fav\rable position1

  mak+ x ! connect+ l9k ( int]c\rse     
betwe5 ! ea/]n &  we/]n nations2 &      
especially by its own rem>kable         
f]tility1  p>ticul>ly 9 corn1 s t x 01 9
 times ( sc>city1 ! gran>y  ( ! _w4 ,its
 extraord9>y f]tility 0 ow+ to !        
p]iodical  inundation ( ! ,nile2 &      
suffici5t pro(s ( ! anci5t acc\nts  :i* 
we h ( its productiv5ess are af=d$ to   
?is day4 ,! ,rev4  ,mr4 ,j[ett has giv5 
a /rik+ example ( ! extraord9>y f]tility
  ( ! soil ( ,egypt1 :i* is allud$ to 9 
,g5esis xli1 #dg3 8,! e>?  br\ght =? by 
h&fuls40 8,i pick$ up at r&om10 says    
,mr4 ,j[ett1 8a  few /alks out ( ! ?ick 
corn fields4 ,we c\nt$ ! numb] ( /alks  
:i* spr\t$ f s+le gra9s ( se$2 c>efully 
pull+ to pieces  ea* root1 9 ord] to see
 t x 0 b "o plant4 ,! fir/ _h  sev5     
/alks1 ! next ?ree1 ! next n9e1 !n      
eighte51 !n  f\rte54 ,ea* /alk w\ld h   
be5 an e>40    #e4 ,! ar*itecture ( !   
e>ly ,egyptians1 at lea/ t ( _!  cities 
& dwell+s1 0 rude & simple3 !y c\ld     
inde$ boa/ (  little 9 ei!r ext]nal     

elegance or int]nal com=t1 s9ce         
,h]odotus  in=ms u t m5 & bea/s liv$    
toge!r4 ,! mat]ials ( _!  /ructure 7    
bricks ( clay1 b\nd toge!r ) *opp$ /raw1
 &  bak$ 9 ! sun4 ,su* 7 ! bricks :i* ! 
,israelites 7  employ$ 9 mak+1 & ( :i* !
 cities ( ,pi?om & ,rameses 7  built4   
,_! composition 0 necess>ily p]i%able1 &
 expla9s :y x  is t no rema9s ( ! anci5t
 cities ( ,egypt are to be f\nd4 ,!y    
w\ld inde$ la/ long] 9 ! dry climate (  
?is c\ntry ?an 9 any  o!r2 b ev5 "h !y  
mu/ gradually decay & crumble to du/1 & 
! cities s con/ruct$ become heaps4 ,(   
precisely ! same mat]ials  are !        
villages ( ,egypt built at ?is day4     
8,village aft] village10  says ,mr4     
,j[ett1 speak+ ( ,t5tyra1 8built (      
unburnt brick1 crumbl+  into ru9s1 &    
giv+ place to new habitations1 h rais$ !
 e>?1  9 "s p>ts1 ne>ly to ! level ( !  
summit ( ! temple4 ,9 e  "p ( ,egypt1 we
 f9d ! t[ns built 9 ?is mann]1 ^u !     
ru9s1  or r ! rubbi%1 ( ! =m]           
habitations4 ,! expression 9  ,j]emiah  

xxx1 #ah1 lit]ally applies to ,egypt1 9 
! meane/ s5se3 #8,!  city %all be build$
 ^u h] own heap4' ,& ! expression 9 ,job
 xv1  #bh1 might be illu/rat$ by _m ( ^!
 des]t$ hovels3 #8,he dwelle?  9        
desolate cities1 & 9 h\ses :i* no man   
inhabite?1 :i* are  ready to become     
heaps4' ,/ill m t\*+ is ! allusion1 9   
,job iv1  #ai1 :]e ! p]i%+ g5]ations (  
m5 are fitly comp>$ to  habitations ( ! 
fraile/ mat]ials1 built ^u ! heap (     
simil>  dwell+-places1 n[ r$uc$ to      
rubbi%3 #8,h[ mu* less 9 !m t  dwell 9  
h\ses ( clay1 ^: f\ndation is 9 ! du/6'0
    #f4 ,! spl5did temples ( ,egypt 7 n 
built1 9 all probability1  till aft] !  
"t ( ,solomon2 = ! rec5t progress made 9
 !  decyph]+ ( hi]oglyphics has         
disappo9t$ ! antiqu>ies z to !          
antiquity ( ^! /up5d\s fabrics4 ,x is   
well obs]v$ by ,dr4  ,%uck=d1 t temples 
made no great figure 9 ,hom]'s "t4 ,if  
!y  _h1 he w\ld n h lo/ su* an          
opportunity ( ex]t+ 8 g5ius  on s gr& a 
subject1 z ,virgil has done 9 8         

description ( !  temple built by ,dido  
at ,c>?age4 ,! fir/ ,hea!n temples 7    
probably no?+ m ?an mean build+s1 :i*   
s]v$ m]ely z a  %elt] f ! wea!r3 ( :i*  
k9d 01 probably1 ! h\se ( !  ,phili/9e  
god ,dagon4 ,b :5 ! fame ( ,solomon's   
temple _h rea*$  o!r c\ntries1 x excit$ 
!m to imitate its spl5d\r2 & nation  vi$
 ) nation 9 ! /ructures erect$ to _!    
sev]al deities4 ,all  71 h[ev]1 outdone1
 at lea/ 9 massiv5ess & durability1 by !
  ,egyptians2 ! ar*itectural design ( ^:
 temples1 z well z t (  ! ,grecian      
edifices1 0 borr[$ f ! /ems & bran*es ( 
!  grove temples4    #g4 ,x appe>s to be
 an unf\nd$ notion1 t ! pyramids 7 built
 by  ! ,israelites3 !y 71 probably1 ,mr4
 ,fab] ?9ks1 ! "w ( !  8,%eph]ds10 or   
,cu%ite invad]s1 :o1 at an e>ly p]iod1  
held  possession ( ,egypt = two hundr$ &
 sixty ye>s1 & r$uc$ !  ,egyptians to   
bondage1 s t 8a %eph]d 0 an abom9ation  
to !  ,egyptians0 9 ,joseph's "t4 ,!    
,israelites lab\r$ 9 mak+ bricks1  n 9  
=m+ /ones su* z ! pyramids are con/ruct$

 )2 & a  passage 9 ,mr4 ,j[ett's        
8,rese>*es10 be=e ref]r$ to1 w ?r[      
light ^u ?is "p ( _! hi/ory4 ,mr4 ,j[ett
 saw at "o place !  p mak+ bricks1 )    
/raw cut into small pieces1 & m+l$ )  ! 
clay1 to b9d x4 ,h5ce x is1 t :5        
villages built ( ^!  bricks fall into   
rubbi%1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 ! roads are  
full (  small p>ticles ( /raws1         
extremely (f5sive to ! eyes 9 a high    
w9d4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 engag$ exactly z !  
,israelites us$ to be1  mak+ bricks )   
/raw2 & = a simil> purpose1 to build    
ext5sive  gran>ies = ! ba%aw2           
8treasure-cities = ,ph>aoh40 ,! same    
intellig5t mission>y also obs]ves3 8,!  
mollems transact bus9ess  betwe5 ! ba%aw
 & ! peasants4 ,he puni%es !m if !      
peasants  prove t !y oppress2 & yet he  
requires f !m t ! "w (  ^? :o are "u !m 
%all be fulfill$4 ,!y /rik+ly illu/rate 
! case ( ! (fic]s plac$ by ! ,egyptian  
task-ma/]s ov] !  *ildr5 ( ,israel2 &1 l
 !irs1 ! mollems (t5 f9d _! case  is    
evil1 ,exodus v40    #h4 ,x is n        

necess>y to g ov] ^? p>ts ( ! ,egyptian 
hi/ory  :i* occur 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! 
prophecies respect+ ?is haughty  &      
idolatr\s k+dom1 utt]$ by ,j]emiah &    
,ezekiel :5 x 0 9  ! height ( its       
spl5d\r & prosp]ity1 7 fulfill$ 9 !     
t]rible invasions ( ,nebu*adnezz>1      
,cambyses1 & ! ,p]sian  mon>*s4 ,x      
comes1 h[ev]1 aga9 into an int]e/+      
connection )  ! ,jewi% hi/ory "u ,alex&]
 ! ,great1 :o invad$ x z a  ,p]sian     
dep5d5ce4 ,s great1 inde$1 0 ! hatr$ ( !
 ,egyptians  t[>d _! oppressors1 t !y   
hail$ ! approa* ( !  ,mac$onians1 & ?rew
 op5 _! cities to receive !m4 ,alex&]1  
m]ciless z he 0 to ^? :o oppos$ 8       
progress or au?ority1 knew  h[ to       
requite ^? :o 7 devot$ to 8 int]e/s2 & !
  ,egyptians1 = _m c5turies aft]w>d1 _h 
reason to recollect )  gratitude 8      
protection & =esight4 ,x 0 he :o disc]n$
 !  local advantages ( ! spot on :i* !  
city be>+ 8 "n  aft]w>d /ood1 :o        
project$ ! plan ( ! t[n1 sup]9t5d$ its  
erection1 end[$ x ) _m privileges1 &    

peopl$ x ) colonies  drawn f o!r places 
= ! purpose1 *iefly ,greeks4 ,b1 toge!r 
) ^!1 & ! mo/ fav\r$ ( all1 7 ! ,jews1  
:o enjoy$ !  free ex]cise ( _! religion1
 & ! same civil rights & lib]ties  z !  
,mac$onians !mselves4 ,k9dness %[n to ! 
p ( ,israel  has nev]1 9 ! provid5ce (  
,god1 br\ght evil on any c\ntry2 &  !re 
c be no d\bt b t ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to  
?is  ent]pris+ & comm]cial p1 assi/$ v  
mu* to promote !  int]e/s ( ! new city1 
:i* soon became ! capital ( ! k+dom1  ! 
c5tre ( comm]ce1 ( sci5ce1 & ! arts1 &  
"o ( ! mo/  fl\ri%+ & consid]able cities
 9 ! _w4 ,egypt1 inde$1 0  ab\t to see  
bett] days2 &1 dur+ ! reigns ( !        
,ptolemies1  enjoy$ aga91 = ne>ly ?ree  
hundr$ ye>s1 some?+ ( its =m]  r5[n =   
le>n+ & p[]4 ,x =m$1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 &  
be=e  ! rapid ext5sion ( ! ,roman empire
 t[>d ! t]m9ation ( ^!  ye>s1 "o ( !    
only two anci5t k+doms :i* _h surviv$ ! 
,assyrian1 ,babylonian1 ,p]sian1 &      
,mac$onian empires3 ! o!r 0 !  ,syrian1 
:]e ! ,seleucid1 ano!r family ( "o ( !  

successors (  ,alex&]1 reign$2 :o1 hav+ 
subdu$ ,mac$onia & ,?race1 annex$  !m to
 ! k+dom ( ,syria1 & !re rema9$ out ( ! 
f\r  k+doms into :i* ! empire ( ,alex&] 
0 divid$ ^! two only2  di/+ui%$1 9 !    
prophetic writ+s ( ,daniel1 by ! titles 
( !  k+s or k+doms ( ! nor? & ! s\?4    
#i4 ,"u ! reign ( ! ?ree fir/           
,ptolemies1 ! /ate ( ! ,jews  0 exce$+ly
 prosp]\s4 ,!y 7 9 high fav\r1 & cont9u$
 to  enjoy all ! advantages conf]r$ ^u  
!m by ,alex&]4 ,judea 01 9  fact1 at ?is
 "t1 a privileg$ prov9ce ( ,egypt2 !    
,jews be+  gov]n$ by _! own high prie/1 
on pay+ a tribute to ! k+s (  ,egypt4 ,b
 9 ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,epiphanes1 ! fif?
 ( ! race1 x  0 tak5 by ,antio*us1 k+ ( 
,syria2 :i* 0 ! beg9n+ ( fre%  suff]+s &
 p]secutions2 = al?\gh ?is ,antio*us1 :o
 0 !  "o surnam$ ! ,great1 0 a mild &   
g5]\s pr9ce1 & behav$  fav\rably t[>d   
!m1 _! tr\bles began at 8 dea?2 8       
successor1 ,seleucus1 oppress+ !m )     
taxes2 & ! next 0 !  mon/]1 ,antio*us   
,epiphanes1 ^: impieties & cruelties are

 record$  9 ! two books ( ,maccabees4 ,b
 /ill1 9 ,egypt1 ! ,jews cont9u$  9 !   
enjoym5t ( _! privileges1 s late z !    
reign ( ! six?  ,ptolemy1 call$         
,philometor1 :o committ$ ! *>ge ( 8     
affairs to  two ,jews1 ,onias &         
,dosi!us2 ! =m] ( :om obta9$ p]mission  
to  build a temple at ,heliopolis4 ,!   
introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into  ,egypt 
is m5tion$ "u ! article ,,alex&ria4     
#aj4 ,! prophecies respect+ ,egypt 9 !  
,old ,te/am5t h _h a  wond]ful          
fulfilm5t4 ,! k ( all its greatness &   
glory  det]r$ n ! ,jewi% prophets f     
decl>+1 t ,egypt w\ld become  8a base   
k+dom1 & nev] exalt itself any m among !
 nations40 ,&  ! lit]al fulfilm5t ( e   
prophecy af=ds z cle> a  demon/ration z 
c possibly be giv51 t ea* & all ( !m are
  ! dictates ( inspiration4 ,egypt 0 !  
!me ( _m prophecies1  :i* 7 fulfill$ 9  
anci5t times2 & x be>s to ! pres5t day1 
z x has borne ?r\gh\t _m ages1 e m>k )  
:i* prophecy _h  /amp$ its de/9y3 8,!y  
%all be a base k+dom4 ,x %all be !      

base/ ( k+doms4 ,nei!r %all x exalt     
itself any m among !  nations3 = ,i w   
dim9i% !m1 t !y %all no m rule ov] !    
nations4 ,! pride ( h] p[] %all come    
d[n2 & !y %all be  desolate 9 ! mid/ ( !
 c\ntries t are desolate2 & h] cities   
%all be 9 ! mid/ ( ! cities t are wa/$4 
,i w make !  l& ( ,egypt desolate1 & !  
c\ntry %all be desolate ( t  :]e( x 0   
full4 ,i w sell ! l& into ! h& ( !      
wick$4 ,i  w make ! l& wa/e & all t is  
!re91 by ! h& (  /rang]s4 ,i ! ,"l h    
spok5 x4 ,& !re %all be no m a  pr9ce ( 
! l& ( ,egypt10 ,ezek4 xxx1 #e1 #g1 #ab1
 #ac4 8,! sceptre (  ,egypt %all dep>t  
away10 ,ze*4 x1 #aa4    #aa4 ,egypt     
became entirely subject to ! ,p]sians   
ab\t ?ree hundr$  & fifty ye>s previ\s  
to ! ,*ri/ian ra4 ,x 0 aft]w>d subdu$   
by ! ,mac$onians1 & 0 gov]n$ by !       
,ptolemies = ! space (  two hundr$ &    
n9ety-f\r ye>s2 until1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #cj1
 x became a  prov9ce ( ! ,roman empire4 
,x cont9u$ long 9 subjection to !       
,romans1--tribut>y fir/ to ,rome1 &     

aft]w>d to ,con/ant9ople4 ,x  0         
transf]r$1 ,a4 ,d4 #fda1 to ! dom9ion ( 
! ,s>ac5s4 ,9 #abej !  ,mamelukes depos$
 _! rul]s1 & usurp$ ! comm& ( ,egypt4 ,a
 mode  ( gov]nm5t1 ! mo/ s+ul> &        
surpris+ t ev] exi/$ on  e>?1 0 e/abli%$
 & ma9ta9$4 ,ea* successive rul] 0 rais$
  to supreme au?ority1 f be+ a /rang] & 
a slave4 ,no son ( !  =m] rul]1 no      
native ( ,egypt1 succe$$ to !           
sov]eignty2 b a  *ief 0 *os5 f among a  
new race ( import$ slaves4 ,:5 ,egypt   
became tribut>y to ! ,turks 9 #aeag1 !  
,mamelukes reta9$ mu* (  _! p[]2 & e    
pa%a 0 an oppressor & a /rang]4 ,dur+   
all  ^! ages1 e attempt to emancipate ! 
c\ntry1 or to create a  pr9ce ( ! l& (  
,egypt1 has prov$ abortive1 & has (t5   
be5  fatal to ! aspirant4 ,?\gh ! facts 
relative to ,egypt =m too  prom95t a    
feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w to admit (    
contradiction or d\bt1 yet ! description
 ( ! fate ( t c\ntry1  & ( ! =m ( its   
gov]nm5t1 may be left1 says ,kei?1 to ! 
te/imony ( ^? ^: au?ority no infidel w  

"q1 & :om no  man c accuse ( adapt+ _!  
descriptions to ! pr$ictions ( !  ev5t4 
,volney & ,gibbon are our witnesses ( ! 
facts3 8,su* is !  /ate ( ,egypt4       
,depriv$1 tw5ty-?ree c5turies ago1 ( h] 
natural  proprietors1 %e has se5 h]     
f]tile fields successively a prey to !  
,p]sians1 ! ,mac$onians1 ! ,romans1 !   
,greeks1 ! ,arabs1 !  ,georgians1 &1 at 
l5g?1 ! race ( ,t>t>s di/+ui%$ by ! "n  
( ,ottoman ,turks4 ,! ,mamelukes1       
pur*as$ z slaves1 & introduc$ z         
soldi]s1 soon usurp$ ! p[] & elect$ a   
lead]4 ,if _! fir/  e/abli%m5t 0 a s+ul>
 ev5t1 _! cont9uance is n less          
extraord9>y4 ,!y are replac$ by slaves  
br\ght f _! orig9al  c\ntry4 ,! sy/em ( 
oppression is me?odical4 ,e ?+ !        
travell] sees or he>s rem9ds him he is 9
 ! c\ntry ( slav]y &  tyranny40 8,a m   
unju/ & absurd con/itution _c be devis$ 
?an  t :i* condemns ! natives ( a c\ntry
 to p]petual s]vitude1  "u ! arbitr>y   
dom9ion ( /rang]s & slaves4 ,yet su* has
 be5  ! /ate ( ,egypt above five hundr$ 

ye>s4 ,! mo/ illu/ri\s  sultans ( !     
,bah>ite & ,borgite dyna/ies 7 !mselves 
promot$  f ! ,t>t> & ,circassian b&s2 & 
! f\r-&-tw5ty beys1 or  milit>y *iefs1 h
 ev] be5 succe$$1 n by _! sons1 b by  _!
 s]vants40 ,^! are ! words ( ,volney & (
 ,gibbon2 & :at  did ! anci5t prophets  
=etel8--8,i w lay ! l& wa/e1 & all  t is
 !re91 by ! h&s ( /rang]s4 ,i ! ,"l h   
spok5 x4  ,& !re %all be no m a pr9ce ( 
! l& ( ,egypt4 ,! sceptre (  ,egypt %all
 dep>t away40 ,! prophecy adds3 8,!y    
%all be a base  k+dom3 x %all be ! base/
 ( k+doms40 ,aft] ! lapse ( two  ?\s& & 
f\r hundr$ ye>s f ! date ( ?is prophecy1
 a  sc(f] at religion1 b an eye witness 
( ! facts1 ?us describes !  self-same   
spot3 8,9 ,egypt10 says ,volney1 8!re is
 no middle class1  nei!r nobility1      
cl]gy1 m]*ants1 l&hold]s4 ,a univ]sal   
air (  mis]y1 manife/ 9 all ! travell]  
meets1 po9ts out to him !  rapacity (   
oppression1 & ! di/ru/ att5dant ^u      
slav]y4 ,!  pr(\nd ignorance ( !        
inhabitants equally prev5ts !m f        

p]ceiv+ ! causes ( _! evils1 or apply+ !
 necess>y  rem$ies4 ,ignorance1 diffus$ 
?r\gh e class1 ext5ds its effects  to e 
species ( moral & physical k4 ,no?+ is  
talk$ (  b inte/9e tr\bles1 ! public    
mis]y1 pecuni>y extortions1  ba/9adoes1 
& murd]s4 ,ju/ice h]self puts to dea?   
)\t  =mality40 ,o!r travell]s describe !
 mo/ execrable vices z  common1 &       
repres5t ! moral "* ( ! p z corrupt$ to 
! core4 ,z a tok5 ( ! desolation ( !    
c\ntry1 mud-wall$  cottages are n[ !    
only habitations :]e ! ru9s ( temples & 
palaces ab\nd4 ,egypt is surr\nd$ by !  
dom9ions ( ! ,turks & (  ! ,arabs2 & !  
prophecy is lit]ally true :i* m>k$ x 9 !
  mid/ ( desolation3 8,!y %all be       
desolate 9 ! mid/ ( !  c\ntries t are   
desolate1 & h] cities %all be 9 ! mid/ (
 !  cities t are wa/$40 ,! sy/ematic    
oppression1 extortion1 &  plund]1 :i* h 
s long prevail$1 & ! price paid = 8     
au?ority & p[] by e ,turki% pa%a1 h     
r5d]$ ! c\ntry  8desolate ( t :]e( x 0  
full10 & /ill %[ bo? h[ x has  be5 8wa/$

 by ! h&s ( /rang]s10 & h[ x has be5    
8sold into  ! h& ( ! wick$40    #ab4    
,egypt has1 inde$1 lately some:at ris51 
"u its pres5t spirit$  b despotic pa%a1 
to a degree ( importance & comm]ce4 ,b  
?is  pa%a is /ill a /rang]1 & ! dom9ion 
is =eign4 ,nor is !re  any ?+ l a g5]al 
advancem5t ( ! p to ord]1  intellig5ce &
 happ9ess4 ,yet ?is fact1 in/ead (      
militat+ aga9/  ! tru? ( prophecy1 may1 
possibly at no di/ant p]iod1 s]ve to    
illu/rate o!r pr$ictions4 8,! ,"l %all  
smite ,egypt3 he %all  smite & heal x2 &
 !y %all return to ! ,"l1 & he %all be  
entreat$ ( !m1 & %all heal !m4 ,9 t day 
%all ,israel be !  ?ird ) ,egypt & )    
,assyria1 ev5 a bless+ 9 ! mid/ ( !     
l&10 c1 ,isaiah xix1 #bb-be4    ,,elam1 
! elde/ son ( ,%em1 :o settl$ 9 a c\ntry
 to :i* he gave  8 "n1 ,g54 x1 #bb4 ,x  
is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 z ly+
  to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,%9>4 ,susiana1 9 lat] 
times1 seems to h be5  a "p ( ?is       
c\ntry1 ,daniel viii1 #b2 & be=e !      
captivity !  ,jews seem always to h     

int5d$ ,p]sia by ! "n ( ,elam4 ,/ephanus
  takes x to be a "p ( ,assyria1 b ,pl9y
 & ,josephus1 m prop]ly1  ( ,p]sia1 ^:  
inhabitants1 ?is latt] tells u1 sprung f
 !  ,elamites4    ,,ela?1 or ,,elo?1 a  
"p ( ,idumea1 situate ^u ! ,r$ ,sea1 !  
emporium ( ,syria 9 ,asia4 ,x 0 tak5 by 
,david1 #b ,sam4 viii1 #ad1 :o  !re     
e/abli%$ an ext5sive trade4 ,!re        
,solomon built %ips1 #b  ,*ron4 viii1   
#ag1 #ah4 ,! ,israelites held possession
 ( ,ela? "o hundr$  & fifty ye>s1 :5 !  
,edomites1 9 ! reign ( ,joram1 recov]$  
x1  #b ,k+s viii1 #bj4 ,x 0 aga9 tak5 f 
!m by ,az>iah1 & by him  left to 8 son1 
#b ,k+s xiv1 #bb4 ,! k+ ( ,syria took x 
f 8  gr&son1 #b ,k+s xvi1 #f4 ,9 process
 ( "t x fell to ! ,ptolemies1  & la/ly  
to ! ,romans4 ,! bran* ( ! ,r$ ,sea on  
:i* ?is city  /ood1 obta9$ among ,hea!n 
writ]s ! "n ( ,s9us ,elaniticus or      
,elanitic ,gulf1 f a t[n built on its   
site call$ ,elana1 &  subsequ5tly ,ala2 
:i*1 z we are in=m$ by ,eusebius &      
,j]om1 0  us$ z a port 9 _! "t4 ,! mod]n

 ,arabian t[n ( ,akaba /&s  ^u or ne> ! 
site ei!r ( ,ela? or ,ezion-,geb]2 :i* (
 ! two  x is impossible to det]m9e1 z   
bo? ports1 /&+ at ! head (  ! gulf1 7   
probably sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a creek or
 small  bay only4    ,,eldad & ,m$ad 7  
appo9t$ by ,moses among ! sev5ty eld]s (
  ,israel :o 7 to assi/ 9 ! gov]nm5t4   
,?\gh n pres5t 9 !  g5]al assembly1 !y  
71 not)/&+1 fill$ ) ! ,_s (  ,god1      
equally ) ^? :o 7 9 t assembly1 & !y    
began to  prophesy 9 ! camp4 ,jo%ua w\ld
 h _h ,moses =bid !m1 b ,moses  repli$1 
8,envie/ ?\ = my sake8 ,w\ld ,god t all 
! ,"l's p  7 prophets1 & t ,god w\ld p\r
 =? 8 ,_s ^u !m60  ,numb]s xi1 #bd-bi4  
,,eld]s1 a "n giv5 to c]ta9 laym5 9 !   
,presbyt]ian discipl9e1  :o are         
ecclesia/ical (fic]s1 & 9 conjunction ) 
! m9i/]s  & deacons compose ! kirk      
sessions 9 ,scotl&4 ,! numb] ( eld]s  is
 proportion$ to ! ext5t & population ( !
 p>i%1 & is  seldom less ?an two or     
?ree1 b sometimes exce$s fifty4 ,!y are 
laym5 9 ?is respect1 t !y h no "r to    

tea*1 or to disp5se  ! sacram5ts2 & on  
?is acc\nt !y =m an (fice 9 !           
,presbyt]ian *ur* inf]ior 9 rank & p[]  
to t ( pa/ors4 ,!y  g5]ally dis*>ge !   
(fice :i* orig9ally belong$ to !        
deacons1  ( att5d+ to ! int]e/s ( !     
poor4 ,b _! peculi> bus9ess  is express$
 by ! "n rul+ eld]s2 = 9 e jurisdiction 
)9  ! p>i% !y are ! spiritual c\rt1 (   
:i* ! m9i/] is  (ficially mod]ator2 & 9 
! presbyt]y1 ( :i* ! pa/ors ( all  !    
p>i%es )9 its b\nds are (ficially       
memb]s1 lay eld]s sit z  !              
repres5tatives ( ! sev]al sessions or   
consi/ories4    ,,eld]s ,,( ,,israel4   
,by ?is "n we und]/& ! heads ( tribes1  
or  r ( ! great families 9 ,israel1 :o1 
be=e ! settlem5t (  ! ,hebrew           
commonweal?1 _h a gov]nm5t & au?ority   
ov] _! own  families1 & ! p4 ,:5 ,moses 
0 s5t into ,egypt to deliv]  ,israel1 he
 assembl$ ! eld]s ( ,israel1 & told !m t
 ! ,god (  ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1  
_h appe>$ to him1 ,exod4 iii1 #ae2 iv1  
#bi1  c4 ,moses & ,a>on treat ! eld]s ( 

,israel z ! repres5tatives (  ! nation4 
,:5 ,god gave ! law to ,moses1 he said1 
8,take ,a>on1 ,nadab1  & ,abihu1 8 sons1
 & ! sev5ty eld]s ( ,israel1 & wor%ip ye
  af> (f10 ,exod4 xxiv1 #a1 #i1 #aj4 ,!y
 advanc$ only to ! foot ( !  m\nta94 ,on
 all occasions aft]w>d1 we f9d ?is numb]
 ( sev5ty  eld]s4 ,b x is cr$ible1 t z  
!re 7 twelve tribes1 !re 7  sev5ty-two  
eld]s1 six f ea* tribe1 & t sev5ty is   
set d[n1  in/ead ( sev5ty-two2 or r1 t  
,moses & ,a>on %\ld be add$  to ! numb] 
sev5ty1 & t1 exclusive ( !m1 !re 7 b f\r
  eld]s f ! tribe ( ,levi4 ,aft]        
,je?ro's arrival 9 ! camp (  ,israel1   
,moses made a consid]able *ange 9 !     
gov]nors ( ! p4  ,he e/abli%$ ov]       
,israel heads ( ?\s&s1 hundr$s1 fifties1
 &  t5s1 t ju/ice might be readily      
adm9i/]$ to applicants2 only  difficult 
cases 7 ref]r$ to himself1 ,exod4 xviii1
 #bd1 #be1 c4 ,b  ?is con/itution did n 
cont9ue long2 = on ! murmur+ ( !  p at !
 encampm5t call$ ! ,graves ( ,lu/1 ,num4
 xi1 #bd-ce1  ,moses appo9t$ sev5ty     

eld]s ( ,israel1 to :om ,god communicat$
 "p  ( t legislator's _s2 !y began to   
prophesy1 & ceas$ n  aft]w>d4 ,?is1     
accord+ to ! g5]ality ( int]pret]s1 0 ! 
beg9n+ ( ! sanh$rim2 b1 to support ?is  
op9ion1 _m ?+s  mu/ be suppos$1 :]eby to
 inf]1 t ?is c\rt ( ju/ice 0  con/antly 
9 be+ dur+ ! ,scripture hi/ory4 ,x seems
 t !  e/abli%m5t ( ! sev5ty eld]s by    
,moses cont9u$1 n only dur+  8 life1 b  
"u ,jo%ua likewise1 & "u ! judges4 ,!   
eld]s (  ! p & ,jo%ua swore to ! treaty 
) ! ,gibeonites1 ,jo%1 ix1  #ae4 ,a     
little be=e 8 dea?1 ,jo%ua r5ew$ !      
cov5ant ) !  ,"l1 9 company ) ! eld]s1 !
 pr9ces1 ! heads1 & (fic]s  ( ,israel1  
,jo%ua xxiii2 xxiv1 #a1 #bh4 ,aft] !    
dea? ( ,jo%ua1 & !  eld]s :o surviv$    
him1 ! p 7 sev]al times br\ght into     
bondage1 & 7 deliv]$ by _! judges4 ,we d
 n see di/9ctly  :at au?ority ! eld]s _h
 dur+ ?is "t1 & /ill less "u !  k+s :o  
succe$$ ! judges4    ,,eleaz>1 ! ?ird   
son ( ,a>on1 & 8 successor 9 ! dignity (
  high prie/1 ,exod4 vi1 #bc4 ,he ent]$ 

into ! l& ( ,canaan )  ,jo%ua1 & is     
suppos$ to h liv$ !re upw>d ( tw5ty     
ye>s4 ,!  high prie/hood cont9u$ 9 8    
family till ! "t ( ,eli4 ,he 0  buri$ 9 
a hill t belong$ to ! son ( ,ph9eas1    
,jo%ua xxiv4    #b4 ,,eleaz>1 ! son (   
,am9adab1 to ^: c>e ! ark 0 committ$  :5
 x 0 s5t back by ! ,phili/9es1 #a       
,samuel vii4 ,he is ?\ght to  h be5 a   
prie/1 or at lea/ a ,levite1 ?\gh he is 
n m5tion$ 9  ! catalogue ( ! sons (     
,levi4    ,,election4 ,( a div9e        
election1 a *oos+ & sep>at+ f o!rs1  we 
h ?ree k9ds m5tion$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! 
fir/ is !  election ( individuals to    
p]=m "s p>ticul> & special  s]vice4     
,cyrus 0 8elect$0 to rebuild ! temple2 !
 twelve ,apo/les  7 8*os510 elect$1 to  
_! (fice by ,*ri/2 ,/4 ,paul 0 a        
8*os510 or elect$ 8vessel10 to be !     
,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,!  second k9d (  
election :i* we f9d 9 ,scripture1 is !  
election (  nations1 or bodies ( p1 to  
em95t religi\s privileges1 & 9  ord] to 
accompli%1 by _! sup]ior illum9ation1 ! 

m]ciful  purposes ( ,god1 9 b5efit+ o!r 
nations or bodies ( p4 ,?us  !          
desc5dants ( ,abraham1 ! ,jews1 7 *os5  
to receive special  revelations ( tru?2 
& to be 8! p ( ,god10 t is1 8  visible  
*ur*1 publicly to obs]ve & uphold 8     
wor%ip4 8,! ,"l  ?y ,god ha? *os5 !e to 
be a peculi> p unto himself1 above  all 
p t are ^u ! face ( ! e>?40 8,! ,"l _h a
 delight  9 ?y fa!rs to love !m1 & he   
*ose _! se$ aft] !m1 ev5  y1 above all  
p40 ,x 0 especially on acc\nt ( !       
application  ( ! t]ms elect1 *os51 &    
peculi>1 to ! ,jewi% p1  t !y 7 s       
famili>ly us$ by ! ,apo/les 9 _! epi/les
  address$ to ! believ+ ,jews &         
,g5tiles1 !n con/itut+ !  *ur* ( ,*ri/ 9
 v>i\s places4 ,= ,*ri/ians 7 !         
subjects1  also1 ( ?is second k9d (     
election2 ! election ( bodies ( m5 to   
be ! visible p & *ur* ( ,god 9 ! _w1 &  
to be end[$  ) peculi> privileges4 ,?us 
!y became1 ?\gh 9 a m special &  exalt$ 
s5se1 ! *os5 p1 ! elect ( ,god4 ,we say 
89 a m  special s5se10 because z !      

entrance into ! ,jewi% *ur* 0 by        
natural bir?1 & ! entrance into !       
,*ri/ian *ur*1 prop]ly s  call$1 is by  
fai? & a spiritual bir?1 ^! t]ms1 al?\gh
 _m  became ,*ri/ians by m]e pr(ession1 
& enjoy$ v>i\s privileges 9  consequ5ce 
( _! p or nation be+ *os5 to receive !  
,gospel1 h g5]ally respect1 9 ! ,new    
,te/am5t1 to bodies ( true  believ]s1 or
 to ! :ole body ( true believ]s z su*4  
,!y are n1  !re=e1 to be int]pret$      
accord+ to ! s*eme ( ,dr4 ,taylor (     
,norwi*1 by ! con/itution ( ! ,jewi%1 b 
by ! con/itution (  ! ,*ri/ian1 *ur*4   
#b4 ,to und]/& ! nature ( ?is           
8election10 z appli$ sometimes to       
p>ticul> bodies ( ,*ri/ians1 z :5 ,/4   
,pet] says1 8,! *ur*  :i* is at         
,babylon1 elect$ toge!r ) y10 &         
sometimes to !  :ole body ( believ]s e  
:]e2 & also ! reason ( ! frequ5t  use ( 
! t]m election1 & ( ! occurr5ce (       
allusions to !  fact2 x is to be        
rememb]$1 t a great religi\s revolution1
 s to  speak1 _h occurr$ 9 ! age ( !    

,apo/les2 ) ! full import (  :i* we _c1 
)\t call+ 9 ! aid ( a little reflection1
 be  adequately impress$4 ,?is *ange 0  
no o!r ?an ! abrogation (  ! *ur* /ate (
 ! ,jews1 :i* _h cont9u$ = s _m ages4   
,!y _h be5 ! only visibly ackn[l$g$ p ( 
,god 9 all !  nations ( ! e>?2 = :atev] 
pi\s p might h exi/$ 9  o!r nations1 !y 
7 n1 9 ! sight ( m51 & collectively1    
ackn[l$g$ z 8! p ( ,jehovah40 ,!y _h no 
writt5  revelations1 no appo9t$ m9i/ry1 
no =ms ( au?oriz$ initiation  into 8    
*ur* & cov5ant1 no appo9t$ holy days1 or
 sanction$  ritual4 ,all ^! 7 peculi> to
 ! ,jews1 :o 71 !re=e1 an  elect$ &     
peculi> p4 ,?is di/+ui%$ hon\r !y 7 ab\t
  to lose4 ,!y might h reta9$ x z       
,*ri/ians1 _h !y be5  will+ to admit !  
believ+ ,g5tiles ( all nations to %>e x 
)  !m2 b ! great reason ( _! peculi>ity 
& election1 z a  nation1 0 t]m9at$ by ! 
com+ ( ! ,messiah1 :o 0 to be 8a  light 
to light5 ! ,g5tiles10 z well z 8! glory
 ( 8 p  ,israel40 ,_! pride & consequ5t 
unbelief res5t$ ?is1 :i* w  expla9 _!   

enmity to ! believ+ "p ( ! ,g5tiles1 :o1
 :5  t :i* ,/4 ,paul calls 8! fell[%ip (
 ! my/]y0 0 fully  expla9$1 *iefly by ! 
glori\s m9i/ry ( t ,apo/le himself1  7  
call$ into t *ur* relation & visible    
ackn[l$gm5t z !  p ( ,god1 :i* ! ,jews  
_h =m]ly enjoy$1 & t ) ev5 a  high]     
degree ( glory1 9 proportion to !       
sup]ior spirituality (  ! new           
disp5sation4 ,x 0 ?is doctr9e :i* excit$
 t /rong  irritation 9 ! m9ds ( !       
unbeliev+ ,jews1 & 9 "s p>tially        
,*ri/ianiz$ ones1 to :i* s _m ref]5ces  
are made 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t4 ,!y 7      
8provok$10 7 made 8jeal\s20 & 7 (t5     
r\s$ to ! madness ( p]secut+ opposition 
by x4 ,!re 0 !n a  new election ( a new 
p ( ,god1 to be compos$ ( ,jews1 n by   
virtue ( _! natural desc5t1 b ?r\gh _!  
fai? 9 ,*ri/1  & ( ,g5tiles ( all       
nations1 also believ+1 & put z believ]s1
 on  an equal gr\nd ) ! believ+ ,jews3 &
 !re 0 also a  rejection1 a reprobation1
 b n an absolute "o2 = ! election  0    
(f]$ to ! ,jews fir/1 9 e place1 by (f]+

 !m !  ,gospel4 ,"s embrac$ x1 &        
submitt$ to be ! elect p ( ,god1  on !  
new gr\nd ( fai?1 in/ead ( ! old "o (   
natural desc5t2  & !re=e ! ,apo/le1     
,rom4 xi1 #g1 calls ! believ+ "p ( !    
,jews1 8! election10 9 opposition to ^? 
:o oppos$ ?is  8election ( grace10 &    
/ill clung to _! =m] & n[ repeal$       
election z ,jews & ! desc5dants (       
,abraham3 8,b ! election ha?  obta9$ x1 
& ! re/ 7 bl9d$40 ,! (f] _h be5 made to 
!  :ole nation2 all might h jo9$ ! "o   
body ( believ+ ,jews &  believ+         
,g5tiles2 b ! major "p ( !m refus$3 !y  
w\ld n  8come into ! supp]20 !y made    
8light ( x20 light ( an election  f\nd$ 
on fai?1 & :i* plac$ ! relation ( 8! p (
 ,god0  ^u spiritual atta9m5ts1 & (f]$  
to !m only spiritual  bless+s4 ,!y 71   
!re=e1 depriv$ ( election & *ur*        
relation%ip ( e k9d3 _! temple 0 burn$2 
_! political  /ate aboli%$2 _!          
g5ealogies conf\nd$2 _! wor%ip          
annihilat$  & all visible ackn[l$gm5t ( 
!m2 by ,god z a *ur* )drawn1  &         

transf]r$ to a *ur* h5ce=w>d to be      
compos$ *iefly (  ,g5tiles3 & ?us1 says 
,/4 ,paul1 87 fulfill$ ! words ( ,moses1
 ,i  w provoke y to jeal\sy by !m t are 
no p1 & by a  fooli%10 ignorant &       
idolatr\s1 8p ,i w ang] y40 ,x is  easy1
 !re=e1 to see :at is ! import ( !      
8call+0 &  8election0 ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1
 z spok5 ( 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4  ,x 0 n ! 
call+ & ! elect+ ( "o nation 9 p>ticul> 
to  succe$ ! ,jews2 b x 0 ! call+ & !   
elect+ ( believ]s  9 all nations1 :]ev] 
! ,gospel %\ld be prea*$1 to be 9       
reality  :at ! ,jews typically1 & !re=e 
9 an inf]ior degree1 _h  be51--! visible
 *ur* ( ,god1 88 p10 "u ,*ri/ 8! ,head20
  ) an au!nticat$ revelation2 ) an      
appo9t$ m9i/ry1 nev] to  be lo/2 )      
au?oriz$ wor%ip2 ) holy days & fe/ivals2
 )  in/itut$ =ms ( initiation2 & )      
special protection & fav\r4    #c4 ,!   
?ird k9d ( election is p]sonal election2
 or ! election (  individuals to be !   
*ildr5 ( ,god1 & ! heirs ( et]nal life4 
,?is is n a *oos+ to p>ticul> (fices &  

s]vice1 :i* is !  fir/ k9d ( election we
 h m5tion$2 nor is x t collective       
election to religi\s privileges & a     
visible *ur* /ate1 ( :i* we  h spok54 ,=
 al?\gh 8! elect0 h an individual int]e/
 9  su* an election z p>ts ( !          
collective body1 ?us plac$ 9  possession
 ( ! ord9ances ( ,*ri/ianity2 yet _m    
o!rs h !  same advantages1 :o /ill rema9
 "u ! guilt & condemnation (  s9 &      
practical unbelief4 ,! individuals      
prop]ly call$ 8! elect10  are !y :o h   
be5 made p>tak]s ( ! grace & sav+       
efficacy  ( ! ,gospel4 8,_m10 says our  
,"l1 8are call$1 b few *os540  ,:at true
 p]sonal election is1 we %all f9d       
expla9$ 9 two cle>  passages (          
,scripture4 ,x is expla9$ by our ,"l1   
:]e he says to 8  disciples1 8,i h *os5 
y out ( ! _w30 & by ,/4 ,pet]1 :5  he   
addresses 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! 8elect   
accord+ to !  =ekn[l$ge ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 
?r\gh sanctification ( ! ,_s1  unto     
ob$i5ce & spr9kl+ ( ! blood ( ,jesus40  
,to be elect$1  !re=e1 is to be sep>at$ 

f 8! _w10 & to be sanctifi$ by  ! ,_s1 &
 by ! blood ( ,*ri/4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 n   
only t  election is an act ( ,god done 9
 "t1 b also t x is subsequ5t  to !      
adm9i/ration ( ! means ( salvation4 ,!  
8call+0 goes  be=e ! 8election20 !      
publication ( ! doctr9e ( 8! ,_s10  & ! 
atonem5t1 call$ by ,pet] 8! spr9kl+ ( ! 
blood (  ,*ri/10 be=e t 8sanctification0
 ?r\gh :i* !y become 8!  elect0 ( ,god4 
,9 a ^w1 8! elect0 are ! body ( true    
believ]s2  & p]sonal election into !    
family ( ,god is ?r\gh p]sonal fai?4    
,all :o truly believe are elect$2 & all 
to :om ! ,gospel is s5t  h1 ?r\gh !     
grace t accompanies x1 ! p[] to believe 
plac$  )9 _! rea*2 & all su* might1     
!re=e1 atta9 to ! grace  ( p]sonal      
election4    ,,elem5ts1 1 ! elem5ts or  
fir/ pr9ciples ( any art1 :5ce  !       
subsequ5t p>ts proce$4 ,! elem5ts or    
fir/ pr9ciples ( !  ,*ri/ian doctr9e1   
,heb1 v1 #ab4 ,/4 ,paul calls !         
c]emonial ord9ances  ( ! ,mosaic law1   
8worldly elem5ts10 ,gal4 iv1 #c2 ,col4  

ii1 #h1 #bj2 8weak  & begg>ly elem5ts10 
,gal4 iv1 #i4 ,elem5ts1 z conta9+ !     
rudim5ts ( ! k ( ,*ri/1 to :i* k ! law1 
z a  p$agogue1 ,gal4 iii1 #bd1 0 int5d$1
 by means ( ^? ord9ances1 to  br+ !     
,jews2 worldly1 z consi/+ 9 outw>d      
worldly in/itutions1  ,heb4 ix1 #a2 weak
 & begg>ly1 :5 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 &   
set up  9 opposition to ! great         
realities to :i* !y 7 design$ to  lead4 
,b1 9 ,col4 ii1 #h1 ! elem5ts or        
rudim5ts ( ! _w are s  closely connect$ 
) philosophy & va9 deceit1 or an empty &
  deceitful philosophy1 t !y mu/ be     
und]/ood !re to include !  dogmas (     
,pagan philosophy2 to :i*1 no d\bt1 _m (
 ! ,colossians  7 9 _! unconv]t$ /ate   
atta*$1 & ( :i* ! ,judaiz+  tea*]s1 :o  
also 7 probably !mselves infect$ ) !m1  
took  advantage to )draw ! ,colossian   
conv]ts f ! purity ( !  ,gospel1 & f    
,*ri/ _! liv+ head4 ,& f ! g5]al t5or ( 
?is *apt]1 & p>ticul>ly f v]ses #ah-bc1 
x appe>s1 t ^!  philosophical dogmas1   
aga9/ :i* ! ,apo/le caution$ 8 conv]ts1 

7 p>tly ,platonic1 & p>tly ,py?agorean2 
! =m] tea*+ !  wor%ip ( angels1 or      
demons1 z m$iators betwe5 ,god & man2 ! 
latt] enjo9+ su* ab/95ce f p>ticul> k9ds
 ( meats &  dr9ks1 & su* sev]e          
mortifications ( ! body1 z ,god _h n    
comm&$4    ,,eli1 a high prie/ ( !      
,hebrews1 ( ! race ( ,i?am>1 :o succe$$ 
,abdon1 & gov]n$ ! ,hebrews1 bo? z prie/
 & judge1 dur+ =ty  ye>s4 ,h[ ,eli came 
to ! high prie/hood1 & h[ ?is dignity 0 
transf]r$ f ,eleaz>'s family to t (     
,i?am>1 :o 0 ,a>on's  y\nge/ son1 we "k 
n4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t x 0  n  
done )\t an express decl>ation ( ,god's 
w1 #a ,sam4 ii1 #bg1  c4 ,9 ! reign (   
,solomon1 ! pr$ictions 9 relation to    
,eli's family  7 fulfill$2 = ! high     
prie/hood 0 tak5 f ,abia?>1 a  desc5dant
 ( ,eli1 & giv5 to ,zadok1 :o 0 ( ! race
 ( ,eleaz>1 #a  ,k+s ii1 #bf4 ,eli      
appe>s to h be5 a pi\s1 b indol5t man1  
bl9d$ by pat]nal affection1 :o suff]$ 8 
sons to ga9 !  asc5dancy ov] him2 & =   
want ei!r ( p]sonal c\rage1 or zeal  = !

 glory ( ,god suffici5t to re/ra9 _!    
lic5ti\s conduct1 he  p]mitt$ !m to g on
 to _! own & 8 ru94 ,?us he c>ri$ 8     
indulg5ce to cruelty2 :ile a m dignifi$ 
& au/]e conduct on 8  "p might h r5d]$  
!m wise & virtu\s1 & !reby h  pres]v$   
himself & family4 ,a /rik+ lesson =     
p>5ts6 ,god  admoni%$ him by ,samuel1 !n
 a *ild2 & ,eli receiv$ ^? awful        
admonitions ) a m9d fully resign$ to !  
div9e w4 8,x is !  ,"l10 said he1 8let  
him d :at seeme? him good40 ,god def]r$ 
!  execution ( 8 v5geance _m ye>s4 ,at  
l5g?1 h[ev]1 ,hophni &  ,ph9eas1 ! sons 
( ,eli1 7 sla9 by ! ,phili/9es1 ! ark ( 
!  ,"l 0 tak51 & ,eli himself1 he>+ ?is 
melan*oly news1 fell  backw>d f 8 *air &
 broke 8 neck1 9 ! n9ety-eigh? ye> (  8 
age1 #a ,sam4 iv1 #ab1 #ah4    ,,eliez]1
 a native ( ,damascus1 & ! /ew>d (      
,abraham's h\se4 ,x  seems t ,abraham1  
be=e ! bir? ( ,isaac1 int5d$ to make him
 8  heir3--8,"o born 9 my h\se10 a      
dome/ic slave1 8is m9e heir10 ,g54  xv1 
#a-c4 ,he 0 aft]w>d s5t into            

,mesopotamia1 to procure a wife =       
,isaac1 ,g54 xxiv1 #b1 #c1 c2 :i*       
bus9ess he accompli%$ ) fidelity  &     
exp$ition4 8,x is /ill ! cu/om 9        
,india10 says ,=bes1  8especially among 
! ,mohamm$ans1 t 9 default ( *ildr51 &  
sometimes :]e !re are l9eal desc5dants1 
! ma/] ( a family  adopts a slave1      
frequ5tly a ,haff%ee ,abyss9ian1 ( !    
d>ke/ hue1  = 8 heir4 ,he educates him  
agreeably to 8 wi%es1 & m>ries him  to  
"o ( 8 daught]s4 ,z ! rew>d ( sup]ior   
m]it1 or to suit !  caprice ( an        
arbitr>y despot1 ?is hon\r is also      
conf]r$ on a slave  rec5tly pur*as$1 or 
already gr[n up 9 ! family2 & to him he 
bequea?s 8 weal?1 9 pref]5ce to 8       
nephews1 or any collat]al  bran*es4 ,?is
 is a cu/om ( great antiquity 9 ! ea/1 &
 preval5t  among ! mo/ ref9$ & civiliz$ 
nations4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod (  !         
patri>*al hi/ory1 we f9d ,abraham       
compla9+ = want (  *ildr52 & decl>+ t   
ei!r ,eliez] ( ,damascus1 or probably "o
  born f him 9 8 h\se1 0 8 heir1 to !   

exclusion ( ,lot1 8  fav\rite nephew1 & 
all ! o!r collat]al bran*es ( 8 family40
    ,,elihu1 "o ( ,job's fri5ds1 a      
desc5dant ( ,nahor1 ,job xxxii1 #b4 ,see
  ,,job4    ,,elijah4 ,elijah or ,elias1
 a prophet1 0 a native ( ,ti%be beyond  
,jordan  9 ,gilead4 ,"s ?9k t he 0 a    
prie/ desc5d$ f ,a>on1 & say  t "o      
,sabaca 0 8 fa!r2 b ?is has no au?ority4
 ,he 0 rais$  up by ,god1 to be set l a 
wall ( brass1 9 opposition to idolatry1 
& p>ticul>ly to ! wor%ip ( ,baal1 :i*   
,jezebel & ,ahab  support$ 9 ,israel4 ,!
 ,scripture introduces ,elijah say+ to  
,ahab1 #a  ,k+s xvii1 #a1 #b1 ,a4 ,m4   
#cjib1 8,z ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel live?1  
be=e  :om ,i /&1 !re %all n be dew nor  
ra9 ^! ye>s1 b accord+  to my ^w40 ,x is
 rem>kable1 t ! numb] ( ye>s is n "h    
specifi$2 b 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we are    
in=m$ t x 0 ?ree  ye>s & six mon?s4 ,by 
! prohibition ( dew z well z ra91 !     
:ole vegetable k+dom 0 depriv$ ( t      
moi/ure1 )\t :i*  nei!r ! m h>dy1 nor m 
delicate k9ds ( plants c\ld %oot  into  

h]bage1 or br+ t h]bage to maturity4 ,! 
,"l comm&$  ,elijah to conceal himself  
beyond ,jordan1 ne> ! brook ,*]i?4 ,he  
obey$1 & ,god s5t rav5s to him morn+ &  
ev5+1 :i* br\ght  him fle% & bread4     
,s*euz] obs]ves1 t he _c ?9k t !  orebim
 ( ! ,hebrew1 r5d]$ 8rav5s10 means1 z "s
 h ?\ght1  ! inhabitants ( a t[n call$  
,oreb1 nor a troop ( ,arabs call$       
orbhim2 & cont5ds t ! bird call$ ! rav51
 or "o ( !  same g5us is int5d$4        
,suppose t ,elijah 0 conceal$ f ,ahab 9 
"s rocky or m\nta9\s spot1 :]e travell]s
 nev] came2 & t  "h a numb] ( voraci\s  
birds _h built _! ne/s ^u ! trees  :i*  
grew ar\nd x1 or ^u a project+ rock1 c4 
,^! fly+ e  day to procure food = _! "y1
 ! prophet avail$ himself ( a  "p ( :at 
!y br\ght2 & :ile !y1 obey+ ! dictates (
  nature1 design$ only to provide = _!  
(fspr+1 ,div9e provid5ce  direct$ !m to 
provide at ! same "t = ! wants (        
,elijah4 ,:at1  !re=e1 he collect$1 :e!r
 f _! ne/s1 f :at !y  dropp$1 or "u a   
sup]natural influ5ce1 br\ght to him1 or 

occasionally f all ^! means1 0 en\gh = 8
 daily support4  8,& ! orebim furni%$   
him bread or fle% 9 ! morn+1 & bread  or
 fle% 9 ! ev5+40 ,b z !re 7 probably    
sev]al ( !m1  "s might furni% bread &   
o!rs fle%1 z x happ5$2 s t a  little f  
ea* =m$ 8 solit>y b satisfactory meal4  
,to su*  /raits 0 ! exil$ prophet driv56
 p]haps ^! orebim 7 n  /rictly rav5s1 b 
rooks4 ,! ^w r5d]$ rav51 includes !     
:ole g5us1 among :i* are "s less impure 
?an ! rav51 z !  rook4 ,rooks liv+ 9    
num]\s societies are suppos$ by "s to be
 !  k9d ( birds employ$ on ?is occasion 
r ?an rav5s1 :i* fly  only 9 pairs4 ,b  
^u all ^! explanations we may obs]ve1 t 
:5  an ev5t is evid5tly miracul\s1 x is 
q sup]flu\s1 & (t5  absurd1 to inv5t    
hypo!ses to make x appe> m easy4 ,aft] a
 "t  ! brook dri$ up1 & ,god s5t ,elijah
 to ,z>epha?1 a city ( !  ,sidonians4   
,at ! city gate he met ) a wid[ woman   
ga!r+ /icks1  f :om he desir$ a little  
wat]1 add+1 8,br+ me1 ,i pray !e1  also 
a morsel ( bread40 ,%e answ]$1 8,z ! ,"l

 live?1 ,i h no  bread1 b only a h&ful (
 meal1 & a little oil 9 a cruse2 & ,i am
  ga!r+ "s /icks1 t ,i may dress x = me 
& my son1 t we  may eat x1 & die40      
,elijah said1 8,make fir/ a little cake1
 & br+  x me1 & aft]w>d make = !e & ?y  
son3 = ?us sai? ! ,"l1  ! b>rel ( meal  
%all n wa/e1 nei!r %all ! cruse ( oil   
fail1  until ! day ! ,"l s5de? ra9 ^u ! 
e>?40 ,8 pr$iction 0  fully accompli%$1 
& he dwelt at ! h\se ( ?is wid[4 ,"s "t 
aft]1 ! son ( ?is woman fell sick1 &    
di$4 ,! "m1  ov]:elm$ ) grief1 intreat$ 
! assi/ance & int]position (  ,elijah1  
:o tak+ ! *ild 9 8 arms laid him on 8   
own b$1 &  cri$ to ! ,"l = ! re/oration 
( ! *ild's life4 ,! ,"l  he>d !         
prophet's petition1 & re/or$ ! *ild4    
#b4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ( dr\ght ! ,"l      
comm&$ ,elijah to %[  himself to ,ahab4 
,! fam9e be+ great 9 ,sam>ia1 ,ahab s5t 
! p  ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 to inquire aft]  
places :]e !y might f9d  =age = !       
cattle4 ,obadiah1 an (fic] ( ! k+'s     
h\sehold1  be+ ?us employ$1 ,elijah     

pres5t$ himself1 & direct$ him to tell  
,ahab1 8,behold1 ,elijah is "h60 ,ahab  
came to meet ! prophet1 &  reproa*$ him 
z ! cause ( ! fam9e4 ,elijah retort$ !  
*>ge  ^u ! k+1 & 8 iniquities1 & *all5g$
 ,ahab to ga!r !  p toge!r1 & ! prophets
 ( ,baal1 t x might be det]m9$  by a    
sign f heav51 ! fall+ ( fire ^u !       
sacrifice1 :o 0  ! true ,god4 ,9 ?is !  
prophet obey$ ! impulse ( ! ,_s (  ,god2
 & ,ahab1 ei!r "u an influ5ce ( :i* he 0
 n consci\s1  or bl9dly confid5t 9 !    
cause ( idolatry1 foll[$ ,elijah's      
direction1 & conv5$ ! p ( ,israel1 & f\r
 hundr$ prophets  ( ,baal4 ,! prophets (
 ,baal prep>$ _! alt>1 sacrific$ _!     
bullock1 plac$ x on ! alt>1 & call$ ^u  
_! gods4 ,!y leap$  ^u ! alt>1 & cut    
!mselves aft] _! mann]1 cry+ ) all  _!  
might4 ,elijah ridicul$ !m1 & said1     
8,cry al\d1 = he is god2  ei!r he is    
talk+1 or he is pursu+1 or he is on a   
j\rney1 or  p]adv5ture he sleepe?1 & mu/
 be awak$40 ,:5 midday 0 pa/1  ,elijah  
repair$ ! alt> ( ! ,"l2 & ) twelve      

/ones1 9  allusion to ! twelve tribes ( 
,israel1 he built a new alt>4 ,he !n    
laid 8 bullock ^u ! wood1 p\r$ a great  
quantity ( wat] ?ree  times ^u !        
sacrifice & ! wood1 s t ! wat] fill$ !  
tr5* :i* 0 dug r\nd ! alt>4 ,aft] ?is he
 pray$1 &1 9  answ] to 8 pray]1 ! ,"l   
s5t fire f heav51 & consum$ !  wood1 !  
burnt sacrifice1 ! /ones1 & du/ ( !     
place1 & ev5  dri$ up ! wat] 9 ! tr5*4  
,^u ?is1 all ! p fell on  _! faces1 &   
exclaim$1 8,! ,"l1 he is ! ,god40       
,elijah !n1  hav+ excit$ ! p to slay !  
false prophets ( ,baal1 said to  ,ahab1 
8,g home1 eat & dr9k1 = ,i he> ! s\nd ( 
abundance (  ra920 :i* long-expect$     
bless+ desc5d$ f heav5 accord+ to  8    
pr$iction1 & gave additional pro( to !  
tru? ( 8 mission  f ! only liv+ & true  
,god4    #c4 ,jezebel1 ! wife ( ,ahab1  
?reat5$ ,elijah = hav+ sla9 h]          
prophets4 ,he !re=e fl$ to ,be]%eba1 9 !
 s\? ( ,judah1 &  !nce into ,arabia     
,petrea4 ,9 ! ev5+1 be+ exhau/$ )       
fatigue1  he laid himself d[n "u a      

junip] tree1 & pray$ ,god to take him   
out ( ! _w4 ,an angel t\*$ him1 & he    
arose1 & saw a cake  bak$ on ! coals1 & 
a cruse ( wat]2 & he ate & drank1 &     
slept aga94 ,! angel aga9 awak5$ him1 & 
said1 8,rise & eat1 =  ! j\rney is too  
great = !e20 & he ate & drank1 & w5t 9  
! /r5g? ( t meat =ty days & =ty nights1 
unto ,horeb1 !  m\nt ( ,god4 ,"h he _h  
visions ( ! glory & maje/y ( ,god1 &    
conv]s$ ) him2 & 0 comm&$ to return to !
 wild]ness (  ,damascus1 to ano9t       
,hazael k+ ov] ,syria1 & ,jehu k+ ov]   
,israel1  & to appo9t ,eli%a 8 successor
 9 ! prophetic (fice4 ,"s ye>s  aft]1   
,ahab hav+ seiz$ ,nabo?'s v9ey>d1 ! ,"l 
comm&$ ,elijah  to reprove ,ahab = !    
crime he _h committ$4 ,elijah met him   
go+ to  ,nabo?'s v9ey>d to take         
possession ( x1 & said1 8,9 ! place  :]e
 dogs lick$ ! blood ( ,nabo?1 %all !y   
lick ?y blood1 ev5  ?9e4 ,& ! dogs %all 
eat ,jezebel by ! wall ( ,jezreel40 ,bo?
 (  :i* pr$ictions 7 fulfill$ 9 !       
pres5ce ( ! p4 ,ahaziah1  k+ ( ,israel1 

be+ hurt by a fall f ! plat=m ( 8 h\se1 
s5t to consult ,baalzebub1 ! god (      
,ekron1 :e!r he %\ld recov]4  ,elijah   
met ! mess5g]s1 & said to !m1 8,is x    
because !re is no  ,god 9 ,israel t ye g
 to inquire ( ,baalzebub1 ! god (       
,ekron8 ,n[1  !re=e1 sai? ! ,"l1 ,?\    
%alt surely die40 ,! mess5g]s (         
,ahaziah return$1 & in=m$ ! k+1 t a     
/rang] _h told !m  he %\ld c]ta9ly die2 
& ,ahaziah knew t ?is 0 ! ,prophet      
,elijah4 ,! k+1 !re=e1 s5t a capta9 ) 8 
company ( fifty  m51 to appreh5d him2 & 
:5 ! (fic] 0 come to ,elijah1 :o 0      
sitt+ ^u a hill1 he said1 8,?\ man (    
,god1 ! k+ comm&s !e  to come d[n40     
,elijah answ]$1 8,if ,i be a man ( ,god1
 let fire come  d[n f heav51 & consume  
!e & ?y fifty40 ,! prophet's words  7   
foll[$ ) ! effect pr$ict$4 ,! k+ s5t    
ano!r capta91  :o 0 also consum$2 b a   
?ird capta9 go+ to ,elijah intreat$ him 
to save him & 8 p's lives1 & ,elijah    
accompani$ him to !  k+4 ,by ^! fe>ful  
miracles he 0 accr$it$ to ?is successor 

(  ,ahab z a prophet ( ! true ,god1 & ! 
de/ruction ( ^!  companies ( arm$ m5 0 a
 demon/ration ( ,god's ang] aga9/ !  p  
at l>ge4 ,elijah c\ld n 9 ?is case act f
 any o!r  impulse ?an t ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 
#d4 ,elijah1 und]/&+ by revelation t    
,god w\ld soon translate him  out ( ?is 
_w1 0 desir\s ( conceal+ ?is fact f     
,eli%a1 8  insep>able companion4 ,he    
!re=e said to ,eli%a1 8,t>ry ?\ "h1  = !
 ,"l ha? s5t me to ,be!l40 ,b ,eli%a    
answ]$1 8,i w n  leave !e40 ,at ,be!l1  
,elijah said1 8,t>ry ?\ "h1 ! ,"l ha?   
s5t me to ,j]i*o20 b ,eli%a repli$1 he  
w\ld n =sake him4 ,at  ,j]i*o ,elijah   
desir$ him to /ay2 b ,eli%a w\ld n leave
 him4 ,!y  w5t !re=e toge!r to ,jordan1 
& fifty ( ! sons ( ! prophets  foll[$ !m
 at a di/ance4 ,:5 !y 7 come to !       
,jordan1 ,elijah  took 8 mantle1 & ) x  
/ruck ! wat]s1 :i* divid$1 & !y  w5t ov]
 on dry gr\nd4 ,elijah !n said to       
,eli%a1 8,ask :at ,i %all  d = !e be=e  
,i be tak5 away f !e40 8,i pray !e10    
said  ,eli%a1 8let a d\ble portion ( ?y 

_s be ^u me20 t is1 obta9  ! gift (     
prophecy f ,god = me1 9 ! same measure t
 ?\  possesse/ x4 ,d\ble may signify l2 
or ! gift ( prophecy1 & (  miracles1 9 a
 degree d\ble to :at ?\ do/ possess1 or 
to :at ,i n[  possess4 ,elijah answ]$1  
8,?\ ha/ ask$ me a v h>d ?+2 yet1 if  ?\
 see me :5 ,i am tak5 f !e1 x %all be s 
unto !e2 b if  n1 x %all n be s40 ,z !y 
j\rney$1 a fi]y *>iot1 )  horses ( fire1
 sudd5ly sep>at$ !m1 & ,elijah 0 c>ri$ 9
 a  :irlw9d to heav52 :ile ,eli%a       
exclaim$1 8,my fa!r1 my fa!r1 !  *>iots 
( ,israel & ! horsem5 !re(60    #e4     
,elijah 0 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( t illu/ri\s
 & s+ul>  race ( m51 ! ,jewi% prophets4 
,e "p ( 8 "* is m>k$  by a moral gr&eur1
 :i* is height5$ by ! obscurity ?r[n    
ar\nd  8 connections1 & 8 private       
hi/ory4 ,he (t5 we>s ! air ( a          
sup]natural mess5g] sudd5ly issu+ f     
ano!r _w1 to decl>e  ! comm&s ( heav51 &
 to awe ! pr\de/ mortals by ! m5ace (   
fe>ful judgm5ts4 ,8 boldness 9 repro(2 8
 l(ty zeal = !  hon\r ( ,god2 8         

sup]iority to s(tness1 ease1 & suff]+1  
are !  *>act]s ( a man fill$ ) ! ,holy  
,_s2 & he 0 admitt$ to  great intimacy )
 ,god1 & enabl$ to "w miracles ( a v    
extraord9>y & unequivocal "*4 ,^! 7     
call$ = by !  /upid idolatry ( ! age1 & 
7 9 "s in/ances equally  calculat$ to   
demon/rate ! be+ & p[] ( ,jehovah1 & to 
puni%  ^? :o _h =sak5 him = idols4 ,!   
au?or ( ,ecclesia/icus has  an encomium 
to 8 memory1 & ju/ly describes him z a  
prophet 8:o  /ood up z fire1 & ^: ^w    
burn$ z a lamp40 ,9 ! /]nness &  p[] ( 8
 repro(s he 0 a /rik+ type ( ,john !    
,bapti/1 &  ! latt] is !re=e prophesi$  
(1 "u 8 "n4 ,mala*i1 iv1 #e1  #f1 has   
?is passage3 8,behold1 ,i w s5d y       
,elijah ! prophet1 be=e  ! com+ ( !     
great & dreadful day ( ! ,"l40 ,our     
,savi\r also  decl>es t ,elijah _h      
already come 9 _s1 9 ! p]son ( ,john  ! 
,bapti/4 ,at ! transfiguration ( our    
,savi\r1 ,elijah & ,moses  bo? appe>$ & 
conv]s$ ) him respect+ 8 future passion1
  ,matt4 xvii1 #c1 #d2 ,m>k ix1 #d2     

,luke ix1 #cj4 ,_m ( ! ,jews 9 our      
,"l's "t believ$ him to be ,elijah1 or t
 ! s\l ( ,elijah _h  pass$ into 8 body1 
,matt4 xvi1 #ad2 ,m>k vi1 #ae2 ,luke ix1
 #h4 ,9  conclusion1 we may obs]ve1 t to
 assure ! _w ( ! future  exi/5ce ( good 
m5 9 a /ate ( glory & felicity1 & t 9   
bodies *ang$ f mortality to immortality1
 ea* ( ! ?ree gr&  disp5sations (       
religion _h its in/ance ( translation   
into heav52  ! patri>*al 9 ! p]son (    
,,eno*1 ! ,jewi% 9 ! p]son (  ,,elijah1 
& ! ,*ri/ian 9 ! p]son ( ,,*ri/4        
,,eli%a1 ! son ( ,%aphat1 ,elijah's     
disciple & successor 9 !  prophetic     
(fice1 0 ( ! city ( ,abelmeholah1 #a    
,k+s xix1 #af1 c4  ,elijah hav+ receiv$ 
,god's comm& to ano9t ,eli%a z a        
prophet1 came  to ,abelmeholah2 & f9d+  
him pl\gh+ ) ox51 he ?rew 8 mantle  ov] 
! %\ld]s ( ,eli%a1 :o left ! ox51 &     
accompani$ him4  ,"u ! article ,elijah1 
x has be5 obs]v$ t ,eli%a 0  foll[+ 8   
ma/]1 :5 he 0 tak5 up to heav52 & t he  
inh]it$ ,elijah's mantle1 ) a d\ble     

portion ( 8 _s4 ,eli%a  smote ! wat]s ( 
,jordan1 & divid$ !m2 & he r5d]$        
:olesome  ! wat]s ( a rivulet ne>       
,j]i*o4 ,! k+s ( ,israel1 ,judah1 &     
,edom1 hav+ tak5 ! field aga9/ ! k+ (   
,moab1 :o _h revolt$  f ,israel1 7 9    
dang] ( p]i%+ = want ( wat]4 ,eli%a 0   
at t "t 9 ! camp2 & see+ ,jehoram1 ! k+ 
( ,israel1 he  said1 8,:at h ,i to d )  
!e8 get !e to ! prophets ( ?y  fa!r1 &  
to ! prophets ( ?y "m4 ,z ! ,"l live?1 7
 x  n out ( respect to ,jeho%aphat1 ! k+
 ( ,judah1 :o is "h  pres5t1 ,i w\ld n s
 mu* z look on !e4 ,b n[ s5d = a        
m9/rel2 & :ile ?is man play$1 ! ,_s ( ! 
,"l fell ^u  ,eli%a1 & he said1 ,?us    
sai? ! ,"l1 ,make sev]al dit*es along   
?is valley2 = ye %all see nei!r w9d nor 
ra91 yet ?is valley  %all be fill$ )    
wat]1 & y & y\r cattle %all dr9k ( x40  
,! wid[ ( "o ( ! prophets hav+ told     
,eli%a1 t h] husb&'s  cr$itor 0 det]m9$ 
to take h] two sons & sell !m = slaves1 
,eli%a multipli$ ! oil 9 ! wid['s h\se1 
9 su* quantity t  %e 0 enabl$ to sell x 

& to dis*>ge ! debt4 ,eli%a w5t         
frequ5tly to ,%unem1 a city ( ,manasseh1
 on ?is side ,jordan1 & 0  ent]ta9$ by a
 c]ta9 matron at h] h\se4 ,z %e _h no   
*ildr51  ,eli%a promis$ h] a son2 & 8   
pr$iction 0 accompli%$4 ,"s  ye>s aft]1 
! *ild di$4 ,eli%a1 :o 0 !n at ,m\nt    
,c>mel1 0  solicit$ by ! "m to come to  
h] h\se4 ,! prophet w5t1 &  re/or$ !    
*ild4 ,at ,gilgal1 dur+ a great fam9e1  
"o ( ! sons (  ! prophets ga!r$ wild    
g\rds1 :i* he put into ! pot1 & !y  7   
s]v$ up to ,eli%a & ! o!r prophets4 ,x 0
 soon f\nd t  !y 7 mortal poison2 b     
,eli%a ord]+ meal to be ?r[n into !     
pot1 correct$ ! quality ( ! pottage4    
,naaman1 g5]al ( ! k+  ( ,syria's =ces1 
hav+ a leprosy1 0 advis$ to visit ,eli%a
 9  ord] to be cur$4 ,eli%a appo9t$ him 
to wa% himself sev5 times 9  ! ,jordan2 
& by ?is means ,naaman 0 p]fectly heal$4
 ,he return$  to ,eli%a1 & (f]$ him l>ge
 pres5ts1 :i* ! man ( ,god  resolutely  
refus$4 ,b ,gehazi1 ,eli%a's s]vant1 did
 n imitate !  dis9t]e/$ness ( 8 ma/]4   

,he ran aft] ,naaman1 & 9 ,eli%a's  "n  
begg$ a tal5t ( silv]1 & two *anges (   
g>m5ts4 ,naaman gave  him two tal5ts4   
,eli%a1 to :om ,god _h discov]$         
,gehazi's action1  reproa*$ him ) x1 &  
decl>$1 t ! leprosy ( ,naaman %\ld      
cleave to him & 8 family = ev]4 ,?is is 
a /rik+ in/ance (  ! dis9t]e/$ness ( !  
,jewi% prophets4 ,eli%a1 l 8 ma/]       
,elijah1 _h le>n$ to contemn ! _w4 ,! k+
 ( ,syria be+ at w>  ) ! k+ ( ,israel1  
c\ld n imag9e h[ all 8 designs 7        
discov]$ by ! enemy4 ,he 0 told1 t      
,eli%a reveal$ !m to !  k+ ( ,israel4   
,he !re=e s5t troops to seize ! prophet 
at ,do?an2  b ,eli%a /ruck !m )         
bl9dness1 & l$ !m 9 t condition  into   
,sam>ia4 ,:5 !y 7 9 ! city1 he pray$ to 
,god to op5 _!  eyes2 & aft] he _h made 
!m eat & dr9k1 he s5t !m back unhurt  to
 _! ma/]4 ,"s "t aft]1 ,b5hadad1 k+ (   
,syria1 hav+  besieg$ ,sam>ia1 ! fam9e  
became s extreme1 t a c]ta9 woman ate   
h] own *ild4 ,jehoram1 k+ ( ,israel1    
imput+ to ,eli%a ^!  calamities1 s5t a  

mess5g] to cut (f 8 head4 ,eli%a1 :o 0  
in=m$ ( ?is design aga9/ 8 life1 ord]$ !
 door to be %ut4  ,! mess5g] 0 sc>cely  
arriv$1 :5 ! k+ himself foll[$1 &  made 
great compla9ts ( ! condition to :i* !  
t[n 0 r$uc$4  ,eli%a answ]$1 8,to-morr[ 
ab\t ?is "t %all a measure ( f9e  fl\r  
be sold = a %ekel1 & two measures (     
b>ley = a %ekel1 9  ! gate ( ,sam>ia40  
,^u ?is1 "o ( ! k+'s (fic]s said1 8,7  !
 ,"l to op5 w9d[s 9 heav51 might ?is ?+ 
be40 ,?is unbelief  0 puni%$2 = !       
prophet answ]$1 8,?\ %alt see x ) ?9e   
eyes1 b %alt n eat !re(10 :i* happ5$    
accord+ to ,eli%a's  pr$iction1 = he 0  
trodd5 to dea? by ! cr[d 9 ! gate4 ,at !
  end ( ! sev5 ye>s' fam9e1 :i* !       
prophet _h =etold1 he w5t  to ,damascus1
 to execute ! comm& :i* ,god _h giv5 to 
,elijah _m  ye>s be=e1 ( decl>+ ,hazael 
k+ ( ,syria4 ,b5hadad be+ at t  "t      
indispos$1 & he>+ t ,eli%a 0 come into 8
 t]ritories1  s5t ,hazael1 "o ( 8       
pr9cipal (fic]s1 to ! prophet to consult
  him1 & inquire ( him :e!r x 7 possible

 = him to recov]4 ,!  prophet told      
,hazael1 t he might recov]1 b t he 0 v  
well  assur$ t he %\ld n2 & !n look+    
/eadfa/ly ^u him1 he  broke out into    
te>s ^u ! prospect1 z he told him1 ( !  
_m  b>b>\s calamities :i* he w\ld br+ ^u
 ,israel1 :5 once he 0  advanc$ to p[]1 
z he w\ld soon be1 because he 0 assur$  
by div9e  revelation t he 0 to be k+ (  
,syria4 ,hazael1 ?\gh (f5d$ at  ! "t at 
be+ ?\ght capable ( su* atrocities1 did 
b too  cle>ly v]ify ^! pr$ictions2 = at 
8 return1 hav+ murd]$  ,b5hadad1 &      
procur$ himself to be decl>$ k+1 he     
inflict$ !  greate/ mis]ies ^u !        
,israelites4    #b4 ,eli%a s5t "o ( !   
sons ( ! prophets to ano9t ,jehu1 ! son 
( ,jeho%aphat1 & gr&son ( ,nim%i1 to be 
k+1 9 pursuance ( an  ord] giv5 to      
,elijah "s ye>s be=e2 & ,jehu hav+      
receiv$ !  royal unction1 execut$ e ?+ t
 _h be5 =etold by ,elijah  aga9/ ,ahab's
 family1 & aga9/ ,jezebel4 ,eli%a fall+ 
sick1 ,joa%1  k+ ( ,israel1 came to     
visit him1 & said1 8,o my fa!r1 my fa!r1

  ! *>iot ( ,israel1 & ! horsem5 !re(40 
,eli%a desir$ !  k+ to br+ him a b[ &   
arr[s4 ,joa% hav+ br\ght !m1 ,eli%a     
reque/$ him to put 8 h&s on ! b[1 & at !
 same "t !  prophet put 8 own h& ^u !   
k+'s1 & said1 ,op5 ! w9d[  :i* looks    
ea/1 & let fly an arr[4 ,! k+ hav+ done 
?is1  ,eli%a said1 ,?is is ! arr[ ( !   
,"l's deliv]ance3 ?\ %alt be  successful
 aga9/ ,syria at ,aphek4 ,eli%a desir$  
him aga9 to %oot1  :i* he did ?ree      
times1 & !n /opp$4 ,b ,eli%a ) vehem5ce 
said1 8,if ?\ had/ smitt5 five or six   
times1 !n ?\ had/ smitt5  ,syria until  
?\ had/ consum$ x2 :]eas n[ ?\ %alt     
smite ,syria  only ?rice40 ,?is is ! la/
 pr$iction ( ,eli%a ( :i* we read 9     
,scripture1 = soon aft] he di$2 b x 0 n 
8 la/ miracle3 =1  "s "t aft] 8 int]m5t1
 a company ( ,israelites1 z !y 7  go+ to
 bury a dead p]son1 p]ceiv+ a b& (      
,moabites mak+ t[>d  !m1 put ! corpse = 
ha/e into ,eli%a's tomb1 &1 z soon z x  
_h t\*$ ! prophet's body1 x imm$iately  
reviv$2 s t ! man  /ood ^u 8 feet3 a    

/rik+ emblem ( ! life-giv+ effect ( !   
lab\rs ( ! s]vants ( ,god1 aft] !y      
!mselves are ga!r$ to  _! fa!rs4        
,,elul1 ! six? mon? ( ! ,hebrew         
ecclesia/ical ye>1 & ! twelf?  ( ! civil
 ye>1 answ]+ to our ,augu/ & "p (       
,septemb]1  conta9+ tw5ty-n9e days4     
,,embalm+1 ! art ( pres]v+ dead bodies f
 putrefaction4 ,x 0  mu* practis$ by !  
,egyptians ( anci5t times1 & f !m seems 
to  h be5 borr[$ by ! ,hebrews4 ,x      
consi/$ 9 op5+ ! body1  tak+ out !      
inte/9es1 & fill+ ! place ) odorif]\s   
drugs  & spices ( a desiccative quality4
 ,joseph gave ord]s = !  embalm+ ( !    
body ( 8 fa!r ,jacob1 ,g54 l1 #a1 #b2 & 
,moses  in=ms u t ! process took up =ty 
days4 ,joseph himself also 0  embalm$1  
,g54 l1 #bf4 ,asa1 k+ ( ,israel1 seems  
to h be5 embalm$1  #b ,*ron4 xvi1 #ac1  
#ad4 ,see ,,burial4    ,,em]ald1 1      
,exod4 xxviii1 #ai2 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #af2  
xxviii1 #ac2 1  ,rev4 xxi1 #ai2 ,eccles4
 xxxii1 #f2 ,tobit xiii1 #af2 ,judi? x1 
#ba4 ,?is is  g5]ally suppos$ to be !   

same ) ! anci5t sm>agdus4 ,x is  "o ( ! 
mo/ beautiful ( all ! gems1 & is ( a    
bright gre5  col\r1 )\t ! admixture (   
any o!r4 ,pl9y ?us speaks ( x3  8,!     
sight ( no col\r is m pleasant ?an gre52
 = we love to view  gre5 fields & gre5  
leaves2 & are /ill m fond ( look+ at !  
em]ald1 because all o!r gre5s are dull 9
 comp>ison ) ?is4  ,beside1 ^! /ones    
seem l>g] at a di/ance1 by t++ !        
circumambi5t air4 ,_! lu/re is n *ang$  
by ! sun1 by ! %ade1  nor by ! light (  
lamps2 b !y h always a s5sible mod]ate  
brilliancy40 ,f ! passage 9 ,ezekiel we 
le>n t ! ,tyrians  trad$ 9 ^! jewels 9 !
 m>ts ( ,syria4 ,!y probably _h !m  f   
,india1 or ! s\? ( ,p]sia4 ,! true      
ori5tal em]ald is v  sc>ce1 & is only   
f\nd at pres5t 9 ! k+dom ( ,cambay4     
,,em]ods4 ,! disease ( ! ,phili/9es1 :i*
 is m5tion$ 9 #a ,sam4 v1  #f1 #ab2 vi1 
#ag1 is d5om9at$1 9 ! ,hebrew1 4 ,?is ^w
 occurs1  likewise1 9 ,deut4 xxviii1    
#bg2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t x is  e :]e
 expla9$ 9 ! k]i1 or m>g9al read+s1 by !

  ,araman ^w1 2 an expression :i*1 9 !  
,syriac dialect1 :]e  x occurs "u ! =ms1
  & 1 means ! fundam5t1 &  likewise !   
ef=t :i* is made 9 an evacuation ( !    
sy/em4 ,!  au?ors1 !re=e1 ( ! read+ 9 ! 
k]i appe> to h ass5t$  to ! op9ion (    
,josephus1 & to h und]/ood by ?is ^w !  
dys5t]y4 ,! correspond+ ,arabic words   
mean a swell+1 answ]+  some:at 9 its    
nature to ! h]nia 9 m53 a disease1      
consequ5tly1  v diff]5t f ! hemorrhoids1
 :i* "s p]sons und]/& to be  meant by ! 
^w 4 ,among o!r objections1 x may also  
be  obs]v$1 t ! mice1 :i* are m5tion$1 n
 only 9 ! ,hebrew  text1 #a ,sam4 vi1   
#e1 #ab2 xvi1 #ah1 b also 9 ! ,alex&r9e 
& ,vulgate  v]sions1 #a ,sam4 v1 #f2 vi1
 #e1 #aa1 #ah1 are an objection to      
und]/&+  ! hemorrhoids by ! ^w "u       
consid]ation1 s9ce if t 7 9  fact !     
disease1 we see no reason :y mice %\ld h
 be5 pres5t$  z an (f]+ to av]t ! ang] (
 ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,li*t5/e9 has  giv5  
?is solution3 ,! ^w1 1 :i* is r5d]$     
mice1 he  supposes to mean v5om\s       

solpugas1 :i* belong to ! spid] class1  
& yet are s l>ge1 & s simil> 9 _! =m to 
mice1 z to admit  ( _! be+ d5om9at$ by !
 same ^w4 ,^! v5om\s animals  de/roy &  
live ^u scorpions4 ,!y also bite m51    
:5ev] !y c  h an opportunity1 p>ticul>ly
 9 ! fundam5t & ! v]5da4  ,_! bite      
causes swell+s1 :i* are fatal 9 _!      
consequ5ces1  call$1 9 ,hebrew1 4 ,!    
probable supposition1 !n1 is1 t         
solpugas 7 at ?is "t multipli$ among !  
,phili/9es by !  special provid5ce (    
,god2 & t1 be+ v v5om\s1 !y 7 !  means (
 de/roy+ _m individuals4    ,,emims1    
anci5t inhabitants ( ! l& ( ,canaan1    
beyond ,jordan1 :o  7 defeat$ by        
,*$orlaom] & 8 allies1 ,g54 xiv1 #e4    
,moses tells  u t !y 7 beat5 at         
,%aveh-,kirja?aim1 :i* 0 9 ! c\ntry  (  
,sihon1 conqu]$ f ! ,moabites1 ,jo%4    
xiii1 #ai-ba4 ,! ,emims 7  a w>like p1 (
 a gigantic /ature1 great & num]\s1 tall
 z !  ,anakims1 & 7 acc\nt$ giants z    
well z !y1 ,deut4 ii1 #aj1 #aa4         
,,emmanuel1 or ,,immanuel1 8,god ) u40  

,x answ]s bo? 9 ! ,,lxx1 &  ,matt4 i1   
#bc1 to ! ,hebrew 1 f 1 )1 1 u1 & 1     
,god1 ,isa4 vii1 #ad2 viii1 #h4         
,,emmaus1 a village ab\t eight miles    
nor?-we/ ( ,j]usalem2 on ! road  to :i*1
 two ( ! disciples 7 travell+ 9 sorr[ & 
disappo9tm5t aft] ! resurrection1 :5 our
 ,"l appe>$ to !m1  & held t memorable  
conv]sation ) !m :i* is record$ by ,/4  
,luke1 xxiv4    ,,endor1 a city 9 !     
tribe ( ,manasseh1 :]e ! wit* resid$ :om
  ,saul consult$ a little be=e ! battle 
( ,gilboa1 ,jo%ua xvii1 #aa2 #a  ,sam4  
xxviii1 #ac4 ,mr4 ,bryant d]ives ,endor 
f ,en-,ador1 signify+ fons  py?onis1 8! 
f\nta9 ( light10 or oracle ( ! god      
,ador3 :i*  oracle 0 probably f\nd$ by !
 ,canaanites1 & _h nev] be5  totally    
suppress$4 ,! anci5t _w _h _m su*       
oracles3 ! mo/  fam\s ( :i* 7 t (       
,jupit]-,ammon 9 ,lybia1 & t ( ,delphi  
9 ,greece3 & 9 all ( !m1 ! answ]s to ^? 
:o consult$ !m  7 giv5 f ! m\? ( a      
female2 :o1 f ! prie/ess ( ,apollo  at  
,delphi1 has g5]ally receiv$ ! "n (     

,py?ia4 ,t _m su*  oracles exi/$ 9      
,canaan1 is evid5t f ! numb] :i* ,saul  
himself  is said to h suppress$2 & su* a
 "o1 ) its ,py?ia1 0 ?is at  ,endor4 ,at
 ^! %r9es1 ei!r z mock oracles1 contriv$
 by a crafty  & av>ici\s prie/hood1 to  
impose on ! cr$ulity & sup]/ition  ( its
 foll[]s2 or1 o!rwise1 z is m g5]ally   
suppos$1 z !  real in/rum5ts ( inf]nal  
p[]1 mank9d1 hav+ altoge!r dep>t$  f !  
true ,god1 7 p]mitt$ to be delud$4 ,t1 9
 ?is case1 !  real ,samuel appe>$ is    
pla9 bo? f ! affright ( ! woman  h]self1
 & f ! fulfilm5t ( 8 prophecy4 ,x 0 an  
in/ance (  ,god's ov]rul+ ! wick$ness ( 
m51 to manife/ 8 own supremacy  &       
ju/ice4    ,,eng$i4 ,x is also call$    
,hazazon-,tam>1 or city ( palm trees1 #b
  ,*ron4 xx1 #b1 because !re 0 a great  
quantity ( palm trees 9 !  t]ritory     
belong+ to x4 ,x ab\nd$ ) ,cyprus v9es1 
& trees t  produc$ balm4 ,solomon speaks
 ( ! 8v9ey>ds ( ,eng$i10 ,cant4 i1 #ad4 
,?is city1 accord+ to ,josephus1 /ood   
ne> ! lake ( ,sodom1 ?ree  hundr$       

furlongs f ,j]usalem1 n f> f ,j]i*o1 & !
 m\? (  ! riv] ,jordan1 ?r\gh :i* x     
dis*>g$ itself into ! ,dead ,sea4  ,!re 
is frequ5t m5tion ( ,eng$i 9 !          
,scriptures4 ,x 0 9 !  cave ( ,eng$i t  
,david _h x 9 8 p[] to kill ,saul1 #a   
,sam4 xxiv4  ,! spot :]e ?is transaction
 took place1 0 a cav]n 9 ! rock1        
suffici5tly l>ge to conta9 9 its        
recesses ! :ole ( ,david's m51  six     
hundr$ 9 numb]1 unp]ceiv$ by ,saul :5 he
 ent]$4 ,_m simil>  caves exi/$ 9 !     
,holy ,l&4 ,su* 7 ^? at ,adullam &      
,makk$ah1  & t 9 :i* ,lot & 8 daught]s  
dwelt aft] ! de/ruction (  ,sodom4 ,su* 
also is t describ$ by ,mr4 ,maundrell1  
ne> ,sidon1 :i*  conta9$ two hundr$     
small] cav]ns4 ,_m ( ^! 7 natural       
cavities 9 ! lime/one rock1 simil> to ^?
 9 ,york%ire &  ,d]by%ire1 & 9 ! ,m5dip 
hills 9 ,som]set%ire2 & o!rs1           
excavations made by ! primeval          
inhabitants1 = def5ce1 or =  %elt] f !  
sun2 & :i* subsequ5tly s]v$ z retreats =
  robb]s1 z !y are at ?is day4 ,josephus

 has giv5 an int]e/+  acc\nt ( ^! caves1
 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! robb]s 7 tak5  by    
,h]od4 ,& ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke has       
describ$ simil> retreats 9 !  rocks ne> 
,be?lehem2 o!rs1 betwe5 ,j]usalem &     
,j]i*o1 are  m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,wilson4   
,into su* caves ! ,israelites frequ5tly 
retir$ = %elt] f _! enemies1 ,judg4 vi1 
#b2 #a ,sam4 xiii1 #f2  xiv1 #aa2 a     
circum/ance :i* has af=d$ "s /rik+ &    
t]rific  images to ! prophets1 ,isaiah  
ii1 #ai2 ,hosea x1 #h2 ,rev4 vi1 #ae1   
#af4    ,,eno*1 ! son ( ,ca91 ,g54 iv1  
#ag1 9 hon\r ( :om ! fir/ city  notic$ 9
 ,scripture 0 call$ ,eno*1 by 8 fa!r    
,ca91 :o 0 !  build]4 ,x 0 situat$ on ! 
ea/ ( ! prov9ce ( ,ed54    #b4 ,,eno*1 !
 son ( ,j>$1 & fa!r ( ,me?uselah4 ,he 0 
born ,a4 ,m4  #fbb1 & be+ contempor>y ) 
,adam1 he _h e opportunity (  le>n+ f   
him ! /ory ( ! creation1 ! circum/ance (
 !  fall1 ! t]ms ( ! promise1 & o!r     
important tru?s4 ,an anci5t  au?or      
affirms1 t he 0 ! fa!r ( a/ronomy2 &    
,eusebius h5ce  inf]s1 t he is ! same ) 

! ,atlas ( ! ,grecian my?ology4  ,eno*'s
 fame re/s ^u a bett] basis ?an 8 skill 
9 sci5ce4 ,!  encomium ( ,eno* is1 t he 
8walk$ ) ,god40 ,:ile mank9d 7  liv+ 9  
op5 rebellion aga9/ ,heav51 & provok+ ! 
div9e  v5geance daily by _! ungodly     
de$s1 he obta9$ ! exalt$  te/imony1 8t  
he pleas$ ,god40 ,?is he did1 n only by 
! exempl>y  t5or ( 8 life1 & by !       
att5tion :i* he paid to ! outw>d  duties
 ( religion1 b by ! s\ndness ( 8 fai?1 &
 ! purity (  8 he>t & life3 see ,heb4   
xi1 #e1 #f4 ,! int5t ( ! ,apo/le1 9 !   
disc\rse conta9+ ?is passage1 is1 to %[ 
t !re has be5 b  "o way ( obta9+ ! div9e
 fav\r ev] s9ce ! fall1 & t is1  by     
fai?1 or a firm p]suasion & confid5ce 9 
! atonem5t to be  made = human          
transgressions by ! ob$i5ce1 suff]+s1   
dea?1 &  resurrection ( ! promis$       
,messiah4 ,! cl\d ( witnesses :i* !     
,apo/le has produc$ ( ,old ,te/am5t     
wor?ies1 all bore1 9 _!  respective     
g5]ations1 _! te/imony to ?is great     
doctr9e1 9  opposition to ! a!ism or    

!ism1 & gross idolatry1 :i* prevail$    
ar\nd !m4 ,all ! patri>*s are celebrat$ 
= _! fai? 9 ?is  great tru?1 & = pres]v+
 ?is pr9ciple ( religion 9 ! mid/  ( a  
corrupt g5]ation4 ,eno*1 !re=e1 is said1
 by ano!r  evangelical writ]1 to h spok5
 ( ! com+ ( ,*ri/ to judgm5t  unto !    
ant$iluvian s9n]s4 ,see ,jude #ad1 #ae4 
,?is prophecy is a  cle>1 & x is also an
 awful1 description ( ! day ( judgm5t1  
:5  ! ,messiah %all sit ^u 8 ?rone (    
ju/ice1 to det]m9e ! f9al  condition (  
mank9d1 accord+ to _! works2 & x        
indicates t  ! diff]5t (fices ( ,messiah
 bo? to save & to judge1 or z  ,prophet1
 ,prie/1 & ,k+1 7 kn[n to ! holy        
patri>*s4 ,on :at  ! ,apo/le f\nd$ ?is  
pr$iction has be5 matt] ( mu*           
speculation  & inquiry4 ,"s1 inde$1 h   
produc$ a treatise1 call$ 8,! ,book (   
,eno*10 :i*1 z !y pret5d1 conta9s ! cit$
 passage2 b its  au?ority is n prov$1 & 
int]nal evid5ce suffici5tly m>ks its    
spuri\s orig94 ,x is1 !re=e1 reasonable 
to suppose t !  prophecy cit$ by ,/4    

,jude 0 ei!r traditionally h&$ d[n1 or  
_h  be5 specially communicat$ to t      
,apo/le4 ,9 ! dep>ture ( ,eno*  f ?is _w
 ( s9 & sorr[1 ! ,almighty alt]$ !      
ord9>y  c\rse ( ?+s1 & gave him a       
dismissal z glori\s to himself1 z x  0  
in/ructive to mank9d4 ,to conv9ce !m h[ 
acceptable hol9ess is  to him1 & to %[ t
 he _h prep>$ = ^? t love him a  heav5ly
 inh]itance1 he caus$ ,eno* to be tak5 f
 ! e>? )\t  pass+ ?r\gh dea?4 ,see      
,,elijah4    ,,enos1 or ,,eno%1 ! son ( 
,se?1 & fa!r ( ,ca9an4 ,he 0 born ,a4   
,m4  #bce4 ,moses tells u t !n 8m5 began
 to call ^u ! "n ( !  ,"l10 ,g5 iv1 #bf2
 t is1 su* z abhorr$ ! impiety &        
immorality  :i* prevail$ among ! prog5y 
( ,ca91 began to wor%ip ,god 9  public1 
& to assemble toge!r at /at$ times = t  
purpose4 ,good  m51 to di/+ui% !mselves 
f ! wick$1 began to take ! "n  ( sons or
 s]vants ( ,god2 = :i* reason ,moses1   
,g54 vi1 #a1 #b1 says  t 8! sons (      
,god10 or ! desc5dants ( ,enos1 8see+ ! 
daught]s ( m510 c4 ,! ea/]n p make !    

foll[+ additions  to 8 hi/ory3--t ,se?1 
8 fa!r1 decl>$ him sov]eign pr9ce  &    
high prie/ ( mank9d1 next aft] himself2 
t ,enos 0 ! fir/  :o orda9$ public alms 
= ! poor1 e/abli%$ public tribunals =  !
 adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & plant$1 or r  
cultivat$1 !  palm tree4    ,,ephah1 !  
elde/ son ( ,midian1 :o gave 8 "n to a  
city & small  ext5t ( l& 9 ! c\ntry (   
,midian1 situat$ on ! ea/]n %ore  ( !   
,dead ,sea1 ,g5esis xxv1 #d4 ,?is c\ntry
 ab\nd$ ) camels &  drom$>ies1 ,isaiah  
lx1 #f1 c4    #b4 ,,ephah1 a measure bo?
 = ?+s dry & liquid1 9 use among !      
,hebrews4 ,! ephah = ! =m] conta9$ ?ree 
pecks & ?ree p9ts4  ,9 liquid measure x 
0 ( ! same capacity z ! ba?4            
,,ephesus1 a mu* celebrat$ city (       
,ionia1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 situat$ ^u  !    
riv] ,cay/]1 & on ! side ( a hill4 ,x 0 
! metropolis (  ! ,proconsul> ,asia1 &  
=m]ly 9 great r5[n among ,hea!n au?ors  
on acc\nt ( its fam\s temple ( ,diana4  
,?is temple 0 sev5 times  set on fire3  
"o ( ! pr9cipal conflagrations happ5$ on

 ! v  day t ,socrates 0 poison$1 f\r    
hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 !  o!r1 on !    
same night 9 :i* ,alex&] ! ,great 0     
born1 :5 a  p]son ( ! "n ( ,ero/ratus   
set x on fire1 accord+ to 8 own         
confession1 to get himself a "n6 ,x 01  
h[ev]1 rebuilt &  beautifi$ by !        
,ephesians1 t[>d :i* ! female           
inhabitants ( !  city contribut$        
lib]ally4 ,9 ! times ( ! ,apo/les x     
reta9$  mu* ( its =m] gr&eur2 b1 s      
addict$ 7 ! inhabitants (  ! city to    
idolatry & ! arts ( magic1 t ! pr9ce (  
d>kness  w\ld seem to h1 at t "t1 fix$ 8
 ?rone 9 x4 ,ephesus is  suppos$ to h   
fir/ inv5t$ ^? obscure my/ical spells & 
*>ms  by means ( :i* ! p pret5d$ to heal
 diseases & drive away  evil spirits2   
:5ce orig9at$ !  1 or ,ephesian  lett]s1
 s (t5 m5tion$ by ! anci5ts4    #b4 ,!  
,apo/le ,paul fir/ visit$ ?is city1 ,a4 
,d4 #ed2 b be+ !n on  8 way to          
,j]usalem1 he abode !re only a few      
weeks1 ,acts xviii1  #ai-ba4 ,dur+ 8    
%ort /ay1 he f\nd a synagogue ( ! ,jews1

 into  :i* he w5t1 & reason$ ) !m ^u !  
int]e/+ topics ( 8  m9i/ry1 ) :i* !y 7 s
 pleas$ t !y wi%$ him to  prolong 8     
visit4 ,he h[ev] decl9$ t1 = he _h      
det]m9$1 ,god  will+1 to be at ,j]usalem
 at an approa*+ fe/ival2 b he promis$   
to return1 :i* he did a few mon?s       
aft]w>d1 & cont9u$ !re  ?ree ye>s1 ,acts
 xix1 #aj2 xx1 #ca4 ,:ile ! ,apo/le     
abode 9 ,ephesus  & its neighb\rhood1 he
 ga!r$ a num]\s ,*ri/ian *ur*1 to  :i*1 
at a subsequ5t p]iod1 he wrote t epi/le1
 :i* =ms s  important a "p ( ! ,apo/olic
 writ+s4 ,he 0 !n a prison] at  ,rome1 &
 ! ye> 9 :i* he wrote x mu/ h be5 #fj or
 #fa ( !  ,*ri/ian ra4 ,x appe>s to h   
be5 transmitt$ to !m by ! h&s  (        
,ty*icus1 "o ( 8 companions 9 travel1   
,ephesians vi1 #ba4 ,!  critics h rem>k$
 t ! /yle ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians is
  exce$+ly elevat$2 & t x corresponds to
 ! /ate ( !  ,apo/le's m9d at ! "t (    
writ+4 ,ov]joy$ ) ! acc\nt :i*  _!      
mess5g] br\ght him ( ! /eadfa/ness ( _! 
fai?1 & !  ard5cy ( _! love to all !    

sa9ts1 ,eph4 i1 #ae2 &1 transport$  ) ! 
consid]ation ( ! unse>*able wisdom (    
,god display$ 9  ! "w ( man's r$emption1
 & ( 8 amaz+ love t[>d !  ,g5tiles1 9   
introduc+ !m1 z fell[-heirs ) ! ,jews1  
into !  k+dom ( ,*ri/1 he so>s into !   
mo/ exalt$ contemplation ( ^?  sublime  
topics1 & gives utt]ance to 8 ?\ghts 9  
language at once  ri* & v>i$4 ,! epi/le1
 says ,macknight1 is writt5 z x 7 9 a   
rapture4 ,grotius rem>ks t x expresses !
 sublime matt]s conta9$  9 x 9 t]ms m   
sublime ?an are to be f\nd 9 any human  
language2  to :i* ,macknight subjo9s ?is
 s+ul> b /rik+ obs]vation1 t  no real   
,*ri/ian c read ! doctr9al "p ( !       
,epi/le to !  ,ephesians1 )\t be+       
impress$ & r\s$ by x1 z by ! s\nd (  a  
trumpet4    #c4 ,ephesus 0 "o ( ! sev5  
*ur*es to :i* special messages 7        
address$ 9 ! book ( ,revelation4 ,aft] a
 comm5dation ( _! fir/  works1 to :i* !y
 7 comm&$ to return1 !y 7 accus$ (  hav+
 left _! fir/ love1 & ?reat5$ ) !       
removal ( _!  c&le/ick out ( its place1 

except !y %\ld rep5t1 ,rev4 ii1 #e4 ,!  
contra/ :i* its pres5t /ate pres5ts to  
its =m] glory1 is a  /rik+ fulfilm5t (  
?is prophecy4 ,ephesus 0 ! metropolis ( 
,lydia1 a great & opul5t city1 &1       
accord+ to ,/rabo1 ! greate/  emporium (
 ,asia ,m9or4 ,its temple ( ,diana1 8:om
 all ,asia wor%ipp$10  0 adorn$ ) "o    
hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 columns ( ,p>ian    
m>ble1  ea* ( a s+le %aft1 & sixty feet 
high1 & :i* =m$ "o ( !  sev5 wond]s ( ! 
_w4 ,! rema9s ( its magnific5t !atre1 9 
:i* x is said t tw5ty ?\s& p c\ld easily
 h be5  seat$1 are yet to be se54 ,b a  
few heaps ( /ones1 & "s  mis]able mud   
cottages1 occasionally t5ant$ by ,turks1
 )\t "o  ,*ri/ian resid+ !re1 are all ! 
rema9s ( anci5t ,ephesus4 ,x is1  z     
describ$ by diff]5t travell]s1 a solemn 
& mo/ =lorn spot4  ,! ,epi/le to !      
,ephesians is read ?r\gh\t ! _w2 b !re  
is  none 9 ,ephesus to read x n[4 ,!y   
left _! fir/ love1 !y  return$ n to _!  
fir/ works4 ,_! 8c&le/ick has be5 remov$
  out ( its place20 & ! great city (    

,ephesus is no m4 ,dr4  ,*&l] says1 8,! 
inhabitants are a few ,greek peasants1  
liv+ 9  extreme wret*$ness1 dep5d5ce1 & 
ins5sibility2 ! repres5tatives  ( an    
illu/ri\s p1 & inhabit+ ! wreck ( _!    
greatness2  "s1 9 ! sub/ructions ( !    
glori\s edifices :i* !y rais$2  "s1     
b5ea? ! vaults ( ! /adium1 once ! cr[d$ 
sc5e ( _!  div]sions2 & "s1 by ! abrupt 
precipice1 9 ! sepul*res :i*  receiv$ _!
 a%es4 ,its /reets are obscur$ &        
ov]gr[n4 ,a h]d (  goats 0 driv5 to x = 
%elt] f ! sun at noon2 & a noisy  flight
 ( cr[s f ! qu>ries seem$ to insult its 
sil5ce4 ,we he>d  ! p>tridge call 9 !   
area ( ! !atre & ! /adium4 ,!  glori\s  
pomp ( its ,hea!n wor%ip is no long]    
rememb]$2 &  ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 "h nurs$
 by ,apo/les1 & fo/]$ by g5]al  c\ncils1
 until x increas$ to fulness ( /ature1  
b>ely l+]s on 9  an exi/5ce h>dly       
visible40 8,i 0 at ,ephesus10 says ,mr4 
,arundell1 89  ,janu>y1 #ahbd2 !        
desolation 0 !n complete3 a ,turk1 ^: %$
 we  occupi$1 8 ,arab s]vant1 & a s+le  

,greek1 compos$ ! entire  population2 "s
 ,turcomans except$1 ^: black t5ts 7    
pit*$  among ! ru9s4 ,! ,greek          
revolution1 & ! pr$atory excursions (  !
 ,samiotes1 9 great measure acc\nt$ =   
?is total des]tion4 ,!re  is /ill1      
h[ev]1 a village ne>1 probably ! same   
:i* ,*i%ull &  ,van ,egmont m5tion1 hav+
 f\r hundr$ ,greek h\ses40    ,/4 ,john 
pass$ ! latt] "p ( 8 life 9 ,asia ,m9or1
 &  pr9cipally at ,ephesus1 :]e he di$4 
,,ephod1 4 ,?is article ( dress 0 worn  
by laym5 z well z by !  high prie/4 ,!  
sacr$ ephod1 ! "o made = ! high prie/1  
diff]$ f ! o!rs1 9 be+ fabricat$ (      
cotton1 :i* 0  col\r$ ) crimson1 purple1
 & blue1 & 9 be+ ornam5t$ )  gold4 ,9 ! 
"t ( ,josephus1 x 0 a cubit ( ! l>g]    
size 9  l5g?1 & 0 furni%$ ) sleeves4 ,! 
high prie/'s ephod _h a  v ri* button ^u
 ea* %\ld]1 made ( a l>ge onyx /one set 
9  gold4 ,?is /one 0 s l>ge1 t ! names (
 ! twelve tribes (  ,israel 7 engrav51  
six on ea* /one1 ,exod4 xxviii1 #i-ab4  
,! ^w  %oham1 :i* we r5d] onyx1 is      

translat$1 by ! ,septuag9t  sm>agdos1 an
 em]ald2 b z we h no c]ta9 k ei!r (     
?is1 or ( any ( ! twelve /ones ( !      
brea/plate1 we may z well  be satisfi$ )
 our translation z ) any o!r4 ,to !     
ephod  belong$ a curi\s girdle1 ( ! same
 ri* fabric z ! ephod itself4  ,?is     
girdle is said to be ^u ! ephod1 ,exod4 
xxviii1 #h2 t is1  wov5 ) ! ephod1 z    
,maimonides und]/&s2 &1 com+ out f  !   
ephod on ea* side1 x 0 br\ght "u ! arms 
l a sa%1 &  ti$ ^u ! brea/4 ,samuel1    
?\gh a ,levite only1 & a *ild1 wore a   
l95 ephod1 #a ,sam4 ii1 #ah4 ,& ,david1 
9 ! c]emony ( remov+ !  ark f ! h\se (  
,ob$-edom to ,j]usalem1 0 girt ) a l95  
ephod1 #b ,sam4 vi1 #ad4 ,! ,levites 7 n
 g5]ally all[$ to we> !  ephod2 b 9 ! "t
 ( ,agrippa1 z we are told by ,josephus1
 a little  be=e ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem by ! 
,romans1 !y obta9$ ( t  pr9ce p]mission 
to we> ! l95 /ole z well z ! prie/s4    
,sp5c] & ,cunu are ( op9ion1 t ! ,jewi% 
k+s _h a "r to  we> ! ephod1 because    
,david1 com+ to ,ziklag1 & f9d+ t !     

,amalekites _h plund]$ ! city1 & c>ri$  
away 8 & ! p's  wives1 ord]$ ,abia?>1 ! 
high prie/1 to br+ him ! ephod1 :i*  be+
 done1 ,david inquir$ ( ! ,"l1 say+1    
8,%all ,i pursue aft]  ?is troop80 #a   
,sam4 xxx1 #h4 ,:5ce !y inf]1 t ,david  
consult$ ,god  by urim & ?ummim1 &      
consequ5tly put on ! ephod4 ,b x is     
probable ! text only means t he ord]$ ! 
prie/ to d :at he is  himself said to h 
done4 ,! ephod ( ,gideon is rem>kable = 
hav+  become ! occasion ( a new k9d (   
idolatry to ! ,israelites1 ,judges      
viii1 #bg4 ,:at ?is consi/$ 91 is matt] 
( dispute among !  le>n$4 ,"s au?ors are
 ( op9ion t ?is ephod1 z x is call$1  0 
an idol2 o!rs1 t x 0 only a trophy 9    
memory ( ! signal  victory obta9$ by    
,gideon1 & t ! ,israelites paid a k9d ( 
div9e wor%ip to x2 s t ,gideon 0 !      
innoc5t cause ( _!  idolatry1 9 l mann] 
z ,moses _h be5 9 mak+ ! braz5 s]p5t1   
:i* 0 aft]w>d wor%ipp$4    ,,ephraim 0 !
 "n ( ,joseph's second son1 by ,as5a?1  
,potiph>'s  daught]4 ,he 0 born 9       

,egypt1 ,a4 ,m4 #bbid4 ,ephraim1 ) 8    
bro!r  ,manasseh1 0 pres5t$ by 8 fa!r   
,joseph to ,jacob on 8 dea? b$1  ,g54   
xlviii1 #h1 c4 ,jacob laid 8 "r h& on   
,ephraim ! y\ng]1  & 8 left on ,manasseh
 ! eld]4 ,joseph 0 desir\s to *ange 8   
h&s1 b ,jacob answ]$1 8,i "k x1 my son2 
,manasseh %all be  multipli$1 b ,ephraim
 %all be great]40 ,! sons ( ,ephraim    
hav+  made an inroad into ,pale/9e1 !   
inhabitants ( ,ga? kill$ !m4  ,ephraim  
_! fa!r m\rn$ _m days = !m1 & 8 bre?r5  
came  to com=t him1 #a ,*ron4 vii1 #bj1 
#ba4 ,aft]w>d1 he _h a son nam$  ,b]iah1
 & a daught] ,%]ah4 ,he _h also o!r     
sons1 ,rephah1 ,re%eph1  ,tela1 c4 ,8   
po/]ity multipli$ 9 ,egypt to ! numb] ( 
=ty  ?\s& five hundr$ m5 capable ( be>+ 
arms4 ,9 ! l& (  promise1 ,jo%ua1 :o 0 (
 ?is tribe1 gave !m _! portion betwe5  !
 ,m$it]ranean we/1 & ! riv] ,jordan ea/4
 ,! ark &  tab]nacle rema9$ long 9 ?is  
tribe at ,%iloh2 & aft] !  sep>ation ( !
 t5 tribes1 ! seat ( ! k+dom 0 9        
,ephraim1  & h5ce ,ephraim is frequ5tly 

us$ to d5ote ! :ole k+dom4 ,!  di/rict  
belong+ to ?is tribe is call$ ,ephratah1
 ,psalm cxxxii1 #f4  ,ephraim 0 l$      
captive beyond ! ,euphrates1 ) all      
,israel1 by  ,salmanes]1 k+ ( ,assyria1 
,a4 ,m4 #cbhc4    #b4 ,,ephraim 0 also !
 "n ( a city1 into :i* ,*ri/ retir$ )  8
 disciples a little be=e 8 passion1     
,john xi1 #ed4 ,x 0 situat$  9 ! tribe (
 ,ephraim ne> ! riv] ,jordan4 ,!re 0    
also ! wood  or =e/ ( ,ephraim1 situat$ 
on ! o!r side ,jordan1 9 :i*  ,absalom's
 army 0 r\t$ & himself kill$1 #b ,sam4  
xviii1 #f4    ,,ephra?1 ,caleb's second 
wife1 :o 0 ! "m ( ,hur1 #a ,*ron4 ii1   
#ai4 ,f h]1 x is believ$ t ! city (     
,ephratah1 o!rwise call$  ,be?lehem1 :]e
 our ,"l 0 born1 _h its "n2 & ?is city  
is m  ?an once kn[n 9 ,scripture by ! "n
 ( ,ephra?1 ,g54 xxxv1 #af4             
,,epicureans1 a sect ( philosoph]s 9    
,greece & ,rome4 ,epicurus 0  _! f\nd]1 
:o liv$ ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #cjj4 ,! physical  
doctr9e (  ,epicurus 0 z foll[s3 ,no?+ c
 ev] spr+ f no?+1 nor c  any ?+ ev]     

return to no?+4 ,! univ]se always exi/$1
 & w  always rema92 = !re is no?+ into  
:i* x c be *ang$4 ,!re  is no?+ 9       
nature1 nor c any ?+ be conceiv$1 beside
 body &  space4 ,body is t :i* possesses
 ! prop]ties ( bulk1 figure1  resi/ance1
 & gravity2 x is ?is alone :i* c t\* &  
be  t\*$4 ,space1 or vacuum1 de/itute ( 
! prop]ties ( body1  incapable ( action 
or passion1 is ! region :i* is or may be
  occupi$ by body1 & :i* af=ds x an     
opportunity ( mov+ freely4  ,! exi/5ce (
 bodies is atte/$ by ! s5ses4 ,space mu/
 also  exi/1 9 ord] to all[ bodies place
 9 :i* to move & exi/2 & (  _! exi/5ce &
 motion we h ! c]ta9 pro( ( p]ception4  
,beside body & space1 no ?ird nature c  
be conceiv$4 ,b !  exi/5ce ( qualities  
is n preclud$1 because ^! h no          
subsi/5ce except 9 ! body to :i* !y     
belong4 ,! univ]se1  consi/+ ( body &   
space1 is inf9ite4 ,bodies are inf9ite 9
  multitude2 space is inf9ite 9         
magnitude4 ,! univ]se is immovable1     
because !re is no place beyond x into   

:i* x c move4 ,x is also  et]nal &      
immutable1 s9ce x is liable to nei!r    
increase nor  decrease1 to production   
nor decay4 ,nev]!less1 ! p>ts ( !       
univ]se are 9 motion1 & are subject to  
*ange4 ,all bodies consi/ (  p>ts :i*   
are ei!r !mselves simple pr9ciples1 or  
may be resolv$  into su*4 ,^! fir/      
pr9ciples1 or simple atoms1 are         
divisible by no  =ce1 & !re=e mu/ be    
immutable4    #b4 ,! =mation ( ! _w he  
conceiv$ to h happ5$ 9 !  foll[+ mann]3 
,a f9ite numb] ( t inf9ite multitude (  
atoms1  :i*1 ) inf9ite space1 con/itute 
! univ]se1 fall+  =tuit\sly into !      
region ( ! _w1 71 9 consequ5ce ( _!     
innate motion1 collect$ into "o rude &  
indige/$ mass4 ,9 ?is  *aos1 ! heavie/ &
 l>ge/ atoms1 or collections ( atoms1   
fir/  subsid$1 :ile ! small]1 & ^? :i* f
 _! =m w\ld move  mo/ freely1 7 driv5   
upw>ds4 ,^! latt]1 aft] sev]al          
rev]b]ations1 rose into ! out] region ( 
! _w1 & =m$ !  heav5s4 ,^? atoms :i*1 by
 _! size & figure1 7 suit$ to  =m fi]y  

bodies1 collect$ !mselves into />s2 ^?  
:i* 7 n  capable ( ris+ s high 9 ! sph]e
 ( ! _w1 be+ di/urb$ by  ! fi]y         
p>ticles1 =m$ !mselves into air4 ,at    
l5g?1 f ^?  :i* subsid$1 0 produc$ !    
e>?4 ,by ! action ( air1 agitat$  by    
heat f ! heav5ly bodies1 ^u ! mix$ mass 
( ! e>?1 its  smoo!r & light] p>ticles 7
 sep>at$ f ! re/1 & wat]  0 produc$1 :i*
 naturally fl[$ into ! l[e/ places4 ,9 !
  fir/ comb9ation ( atoms1 :i* =m$ !    
*aos1 v>i\s se$s arose1  :i*1 be+       
pres]v$ & n\ri%$ by moi/ure & heat1     
aft]w>d  sprung =? 9 organiz$ bodies (  
diff]5t k9ds4 ,! s\l is a  subtle       
corporeal sub/ance1 compos$ ( ! f9e/    
atoms1 :i*1 by !  extreme t5uity ( its  
p>ticles1 is able to p5etrate ! :ole    
body1  & to adh]e to all its p>ts4 ,x is
 compos$ ( f\r di/9ct p>ts3  fire1 :i*  
causes animal heat2 an e!real pr9ciple  
:i* is moi/  vap\r2 air2 & a f\r?       
pr9ciple1 :i* is ! cause ( s5sation4    
,^! f\r p>ts are s p]fectly comb9$ z to 
=m "o subtle  sub/ance1 :i*1 :ile x     

rema9s 9 ! body1 is ! cause ( all its   
faculties1 motions1 & passions1 & :i* _c
 be sep>at$ f x1  )\t produc+ ! entire  
dissolution ( ! animal sy/em4    #c4 ,9 
! univ]se !re are1 accord+ to ,epicurus1
 )\t  contradiction1 div9e natures2     
because nature itself has impress$ !    
idea ( div9ity ^u ! m9ds ( m54 ,! notion
 is univ]sal2 nor is  x e/abli%$ by     
cu/om1 law1 or any human in/itution2 b x
 is !  effect ( an innate pr9ciple1     
produc+ univ]sal cons5t1 &  !re=e x mu/ 
be true4 ,?is univ]sal notion has       
probably aris5  f images ( ! gods1 :i* h
 casually made _! way into !  m9ds ( m5 
9 sleep1 & h aft]w>d be5 recollect$4 ,b 
x is  inconsi/5t ) our natural notions (
 ! gods1 z happy & immortal  be+s1 to   
suppose t !y encumb] !mselves ) !       
managem5t (  ! _w1 or are subject to !  
c>es & passions :i* mu/ att5d s  great a
 *>ge4 ,h5ce x is inf]r$1 t ! gods h no 
int]c\rse  ) mank9d1 nor any conc]n ) ! 
affairs ( ! _w4  ,nev]!less1 on acc\nt (
 _! excell5t nature1 !y are objects (   

rev]5ce & wor%ip4 ,9 _! ext]nal %ape !  
gods resemble m52  & ?\gh ! place ( _!  
resid5ce is unkn[n to mortals2 x is  )\t
 d\bt ! mansion ( p]fect purity1        
tranquillity1 &  happ9ess4 ,?us he      
attempt$ to acc\nt = all ! appe>ances ( 
nature1 ev5 ^? :i* respect animat$ &    
intellig5t be+s1 ^u  ! simple pr9ciples 
( matt] & motion1 )\t introduc+ !  ag5cy
 ( a supreme intellig5ce1 or admitt+ any
 o!r idea ( fate1  ?an t ( bl9d         
necessity inh]5t 9 e atom1 by :i* x     
moves  9 a c]ta9 direction4    #d4 ,!   
e?ics ( ,epicurus are mu* less          
exceptionable ?an 8 physics2  ( :i* we  
may judge f ! foll[+ summ>y3 ,! end (   
liv+1 or  ! ultimate good1 :i* is to be 
s\ght = its own sake1 accord+ to  !     
univ]sal op9ion ( mank9d1 is happ9ess2  
:i* m5 g5]ally fail  ( atta9+1 because  
!y =m wrong notions ( ! nature (        
happ9ess1 or d n use prop] means =      
atta9+ x4 ,! happ9ess  :i* belongs to   
man1 is t /ate 9 :i* he enjoys z _m ( ! 
good ?+s1 & suff]s z few ( ! evils      

incid5t to human nature z  possible1    
pass+ 8 days 9 a smoo? c\rse ( p]man5t  
tranquillity4  ,p]fect happ9ess _c      
possibly be possess$ )\t ! pleasure t   
att5ds fre$om f pa91 & ! enjoym5t ( !   
good ?+s ( life4  ,pleasure is 9 its    
nature good1 & ought to be pursu$2 & pa9
 is 9  its nature evil1 & %\ld be       
avoid$4 ,beside1 pleasure or pa9 is !   
measure ( :at is good or evil 9 e object
 ( desire or av]sion4  ,h[ev]1 pleasure 
ought n 9 e in/ance to be pursu$1 nor   
pa9 to  be avoid$2 b reason is to       
di/+ui% & comp>e ! nature &  degrees (  
ea*1 t ! result may be a wise *oice ( t 
:i*  %all appe> to be1 ^u ! :ole1 good4 
,t pleasure is ! fir/  good1 appe>s f ! 
incl9ation :i* e animal1 f its fir/     
bir?1 discov]s to pursue pleasure &     
avoid pa92 & is confirm$ by  ! univ]sal 
exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 :o are incit$ to     
action by no  o!r pr9ciple1 ?an ! desire
 ( avoid+ pa91 or obta9+  pleasure4 ,(  
pleasures !re are two k9ds2 "o consi/+ 9
 a /ate (  re/1 9 :i* bo? body & m9d are

 free f pa92 ! o!r aris+  f an agreeable
 agitation ( ! s5ses1 produc+ a         
correspond5t  emotion 9 ! s\l4 ,^u ! =m]
 ( ^!1 ! enjoym5t ( life  *iefly dep5ds4
 ,happ9ess may1 !re=e1 be said to consi/
 9 bodily  ease & m5tal tranquillity4 ,x
 is ! (fice ( reason to conf9e !        
pursuit ( pleasure )9 ! limits ( nature1
 s z to atta9 ?is  happy /ate2 :i* nei!r
 resembles a rapid torr5t1 nor a /&+    
pool1 b is l a g5tle /ream1 t glides    
smoo?ly & sil5tly  along4 ,?is happy    
/ate c only be atta9$ by a prud5t c>e ( 
!  body1 & a /eady gov]nm5t ( ! m9d4 ,! 
diseases ( ! body are  to be prev5t$ by 
temp]ance1 or cur$ by m$ic9e1 or endur$ 
tol]ably by pati5ce4 ,aga9/ ! diseases (
 ! m9d philosophy  provides suffici5t   
antidotes2 ! virtues are its in/rum5ts =
 ?is  purpose2 ! radical spr+ ( :i* is  
prud5ce1 or wisdom1 & ?is  in/ructs m5  
to free _! und]/&+ f ! cl\ds (          
prejudice2  to ex]cise temp]ance &      
=titude 9 ! gov]nm5t ( !mselves2  & to  
practise ju/ice t[>d all o!rs4 ,9 a     

happy life1 pleasure c  nev] be sep>at$ 
f virtue4 ,! foll[]s ( ,epicurus1 h[ev]1
  deg5]at$ into m]e s5suali/s1--an      
effect :i* c\ld only result  f a sy/em  
:i* d5i$ a supreme ,god1 & exclud$ f all
 conc]n  ) ! affairs ( m5 ev5 ^? div9e  
natures :i* x all[$ to  exi/4 ,?is sect 
is m5tion$ ,acts xvii1 #ah4             
,,episcopacy1 ,,diocesan4 ,! numb] (    
,*ri/ians 9 mo/ ( ! primitive  *ur*es 0 
at fir/ small3 !y c\ld easily1 :5 n     
prev5t$ by  p]secution1 assemble toge!r2
 & !y ?us =m$ "o *ur* or  congregation2 
=1 9 ,scripture1 ! t]m *ur* is nev] us$ 
9 !  m mod]n acceptation ( ! ^w1 b is   
employ$ to d5ote ei!r  ! :ole *ur* (    
,*ri/1 or a numb] ( disciples meet+ = ! 
celebration ( div9e wor%ip4 ,! conv]ts1 
h[ev]1 rapidly increas$2  & :5 !y c\ld  
no long] meet 9 "o place1 o!r places    
w\ld be  prep>$ = !m4 ,b1 connect$ z !y 
/ill 7 ) ! p>5t  *ur*1 !y w\ld *oose f  
its presbyt]s _! own pa/ors1 &  view    
!mselves z "u ! inspection ( ! presid5t 
& !  presbyt]y1 by :om ! affairs ( !    

*ur* _h be5 previ\sly  conduct$4 ,!     
pa/ors w\ld ?us rema9 memb]s ( !        
presbyt]y1 z  !y _h =m]ly be51 & w\ld   
look up to t "o ( _! numb]  :o _h be5   
accu/om$ to preside among !m4 ,!y 71 9  
fact1 = a  consid]able "t1 consid]$ z "o
 ) ! orig9al *ur*3 !  bi%op s5t to !m ! 
elem5ts ( ! ,"l's ,supp] z ! pl$ge (    
unity2 & we f9d x ass]t$ by anci5t      
writ]s1 t !re 0 "o  alt> & "o bi%op4    
,!re 7 9 ?is way gradually e/abli%$1    
fir/ 9 ! t[ns or cities 9 :i* ! ,apo/les
 _h call$ m5 to !  tru?1 & !n 9 !       
contigu\s di/rict ( c\ntry1 sev]al      
congregations3 9 ^! pa/ors (ficiat$1 :o 
7 au?oriz$ by !  bi%op & presbyt]y1 ^:  
sup]9t5d5ce 0 ext5d$1 s t  p>o*ial      
episcopacy 0 ins5sibly b naturally *ang$
 into diocesan  episcopacy2 _m ( !      
presbyt]s s5t out by ! bi%op resid+ at  
_! *ur*es1 b nev]!less compos+ "p ( 8   
c\ncil1 &  be+ summon$ to meet ) him ^u 
important occasions4 ,?is  enl>gem5t ( !
 field ( inspection r5d]$ ! p>ticul>    
sup]9t5d5ce ( ! bi%op m requisite2 & 0 !

 means bo? (  add+ to 8 influ5ce1 & ( 8 
be+ reg>d$ z p]man5tly rais$  above 8   
bre?r54    #b4 ,! m9i/]s :o 7 s5t to !  
rec5tly erect$ *ur*es _h  probably      
diff]5t p[]s1 accord+ to ! numb]s to :om
 !y 7 to  (ficiate1 ! situation ( !     
*ur*es 9 respect ( ! orig9al  *ur*1 & ! 
tranquillity or p]secution :i* 0 _! lot4
 ,9 !  imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! bi%op1 
& :]e "o p]son 0  suffici5t1 he w\ld    
m]ely p]=m ! duties t _h be5 assign$ to 
him previ\s to 8 mission2 b ! same      
reasons t l$ ! ,apo/les  to plant sev]al
 presbyt]s 9 ! *ur*es :i* !y f\nd$ might
  r5d] x exp$i5t t m ?an "o1 sometimes t
 a consid]able  numb]1 %\ld be atta*$ to
 ! newly-=m$ congregations2 m           
p>ticul>ly :5 ! numb] att5d+ 0 l>ge1 &  
:5 !re 0 !  prospect ( _! /ill f>!r     
increas+4 ,9 su* cases1 x appe>s  t !   
bi%op gave to "o ( ! presbyt]s s5t1 &   
did s = !  same reasons t _h at fir/    
creat$ inequality among ! pa/ors1  m    
ext5sive p[]s ?an 7 entru/$ to ! re/1 & 
made him 8  repres5tative au?oriz+ him  

to preside ov] ! o!rs1 & to  dis*>ge ^? 
p>ts ( ! m9i/]ial (fice :i*1 9 8 own    
*ur*1 he res]v$ = himself4 ,:5 ?is      
happ5$1 ! p]son s  di/+ui%$ 0 t]m$      
*oro-episcopus3 he 0 m ?an a  presbyt]1 
b he 0 inf]ior to ! bi%op1 act$ by 8    
directions1  & c\ld be controll$ by him 
9 ! ex]cise ( ! privileges :i*  _h be5  
grant$4 ,su* subord9ate bi%ops cont9u$ =
 a consid]able  "t2 b x might1 f !      
beg9n+1 h be5 =ese5 t !y  w\ld soon     
aspire to an equality ) ! orig9al       
bi%ops2 & !y  7 at l5g? suppress$1 "u ! 
pret5ce t1 by multiply+ !  high] ord] 9 
places ( little consequ5ce1 ! *ur* w\ld 
detract  f ! respectability ( t ord]1 & 
less5 ! rev]5ce )  :i* x %\ld be reg>d$4
    #c4 ,! diff]5t congregations or     
*ur*es :i* 7 e/abli%$ 9  v>i\s cities & 
! adjo9+ di/ricts 7 9 s f> indep5d5t (  
ea* o!r1 t ! bi%ops & presbyt]s ( ea* _h
 ! rule (  _! p>ticul> *ur*1 & ( !      
*ur*es :i* _h sprung f x1  & 7 entitl$1 
by _! own au?ority1 to make su*         
regulations z  appe>$ to !m to be       

requisite2 & ?is species ( indep5d5ce   
cont9u$ = a consid]able "t1 e bi%op     
presid+ 9 8  congregation1 & aft]w>d 9 8
 diocess4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 always a       
common tie by :i* !y 7 unit$4 ,neighb\r+
 *ur*es1 actuat$ by  ard5t zeal = !     
int]e/s ( div9e tru?1 consult$ toge!r ^u
  ! be/ mode ( promot+ x4 ,we "k t !    
,apo/olic *ur*es 7  enjo9$ to           
communicate to o!r bodies ! epi/les :i* 
!y _h  receiv$2 & :ile p]secution       
cont9u$1 x 0 natural = all :o  7 expos$ 
to x to consid] by :at means its fury   
c\ld be avoid$4    #d4 ,aft] ! bi%ops 7 
e/abli%$ z sup]ior to presbyt]s1 :5  any
 meet+ 0 held respect+ religion1 or !   
adm9i/ration ( !  *ur*1 x 0 *iefly      
compos$ ( ?is high] ord]1 & ! presid5t  
( ! synod or c\ncil 0 elect$ f _! numb]4
 ,^! meet+s  7 g5]ally assembl$ 9 !     
metropolis1 or pr9cipal city ( !        
di/rict2 & h5ce ! bi%op ( ?is city1 be+ 
frequ5tly call$ to  preside1 came1 at   
l5g?1 to be reg>d$ z entitl$ to d s3 ?us
  acquir+ a sup]iority ov] ! o!r bi%ops1

 j z !y _h  acquir$ sup]iority ov] !    
inf]ior cl]gy4 ,he 01 9 consequ5ce1     
di/+ui%$ by a p>ticul> "n1 be+ d5om9at$1
 f ! city 9  :i* he presid$1 a          
metropolitan4    ,,episcopalians1 ^? :o 
ma9ta9 t bi%ops1 presbyt]s1 or prie/s1  
& deacons1 are ?ree di/9ct ord]s 9 !    
*ur*2 & t !  bi%ops h a sup]iority ov]  
bo? ! o!rs4 ,! episcopal =m (  *ur*     
gov]nm5t pr(esses to f9d 9 ! days ( !   
,apo/les !  model ^u :i* x is fram$4    
,:ile our ,"l rema9$ ^u e>?1 he  act$ z 
! imm$iate gov]nor ( 8 *ur*4 ,hav+      
himself call$ !  ,apo/les1 he kept !m   
con/antly ab\t 8 p]son1 except at "o "t1
  :5 he s5t !m =? ^u a %ort progress    
?r\gh ! cities (  ,judea1 & gave !m     
p>ticul> directions h[ !y %\ld conduct  
!mselves4 ,! sev5ty disciples1 :om he   
s5t =? at ano!r "t1  are nev] m5tion$   
aga9 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b ! ,apo/les   
receiv$ f him _m intimations t _! (fice 
0 to cont9ue  aft] 8 dep>ture2 & z "o   
great object ( 8 m9i/ry 0 to  qualify !m
 = ! execution ( ?is (fice1 s1 9 !      

int]val  betwe5 8 resurrection & 8      
asc5sion1 he expla9$ to !m !  duties (  
x1 & he inve/$ !m ) ! au?ority :i* !    
dis*>ge ( ^? duties impli$4 8,g10 said  
he1 8make disciples ( all  nations1     
baptiz+ !m1 tea*+ !m2 & lo1 ,i am ) y   
always1  ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w4 ,z my   
,fa!r ha? s5t me1 ev5 s s5d  ,i y4      
,receive ye ! ,holy ,gho/10 ,matt4      
xxviii1 #ai1 #bj2 ,john xx1 #ba1  #bb4  
,soon aft] ! asc5sion ( ,jesus1 8       
,apo/les receiv$ ^?  extraord9>y gifts (
 :i* 8 promise _h giv5 !m assurance2 &  
imm$iately !y began to execute _!       
commission1 n only z !  witnesses ( 8   
resurrection1 & ! tea*]s ( 8 religion1 b
 z  ! rul]s ( t society :i* 0 ga!r$ by  
_! prea*+4 ,9  ,acts vi1 we f9d !       
,apo/les ord]+ ! ,*ri/ians at ,j]usalem 
to  8look out sev5 m5 ( hone/ report10  
:o might take *>ge ( !  daily           
m9i/rations to ! poor1 & to br+ ! m5 s  
*os5 to !m1  t 8we10 said ! ,apo/les1   
8may appo9t !m ov] ?is bus9ess40 ,!  m5 
accord+ly 7 8set be=e ! ,apo/les2 & :5  

!y _h pray$1  !y laid _! h&s on !m40 ,"h
 are ! ,apo/les orda9+ deacons4         
,aft]w>d1 we f9d ,/4 ,paul1 9 8 progress
 ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or1  orda9+ 9 e *ur*    
eld]s1 2 ! "n prop]ly  expressive ( age 
be+ transf]r$1 aft] ! practice ( !      
,jews1 z  a m>k ( respect1 to           
ecclesia/ical rul]s1 ,acts xiv1 #bc4 ,! 
m5 ?us  orda9$ by ,/4 ,paul appe>1 f !  
book ( ,acts & ! ,epi/les1 to  h be5    
tea*]s1 pa/ors1 ov]se]s1 ( ! flock (    
,*ri/2 & to  ,timo?y1 :o 0 a m9i/] ( !  
^w1 ! ,apo/le speaks ( 8! gift  :i* is 9
 !e by ! putt+ on ( my h&s10 #b ,tim4 i1
 #f4 ,ov] !  p]sons to :om he ?us       
convey$ ! (fice ( tea*+1 he ex]cis$     
jurisdiction2 = he s5t to ,ephesus1 to !
 eld]s ( ! *ur* to  meet him at         
,miletus2 & !re1 9 a long disc\rse1 gave
 !m a solemn  *>ge1 ,acts xx1 #ag-ce2 & 
to ,timo?y & ,titus he writes epi/les 9 
! /yle ( a sup]ior4    #b4 ,z ,/4 ,paul 
unque/ionably conceiv$ t !re belong$ to 
him1 z  an ,apo/le1 an au?ority ov] o!r 
(fice-be>]s ( ! *ur*1 s 8  epi/les      

conta9 two examples ( a delegation ( t  
au?ority4 ,he n  only directs ,timo?y1  
:om he _h bes\ght to abide at ,ephesus1 
h[ to  behave himself 9 ! h\se ( ,god z 
a m9i/]1 b he sets him ov]  o!r m9i/]s4 
,he emp[]s him to orda9 m5 to ! "w ( !  
m9i/ry3 8,! ?+s t ?\ ha/ he>d ( me among
 _m witnesses1  ! same commit ?\ to     
fai?ful m51 :o %all be able to tea* o!rs
  also10 #b ,tim4 ii1 #b4 ,he gives him 
directions ab\t ! ord9ation (  bi%ops & 
deacons2 he places bo? ^! k9ds (        
(fice-be>]s 9  ,ephesus "u 8 inspection1
 in/ruct+ him 9 :at mann] to receive  an
 accusation aga9/ an eld] :o lab\r$ 9 ^w
 & doctr9e2 & he  comm&s him to *>ge "s 
t !y tea* no o!r doctr9e b !  =m ( s\nd 
words4 ,9 l mann] he says to ,titus1 8,=
 ?is cause  left ,i !e 9 ,crete1 t ?\   
%\lde/ set 9 ord] ! ?+s t  are want+1 & 
orda9 eld]s 9 e city1 z ,i _h appo9t$   
!e10  ,titus i1 #e4 ,he describes to    
,titus ! qualifications ( a bi%op or    
eld]1 mak+ him ! judge h[ f> any p]son 9
 ,crete 0 possess$ (  ^! qualifications2

 he gives him au?ority ov] all ord]s (  
,*ri/ians !re2 & he emp[]s him to reject
 h]etics4 ,"h1 !n1 is  t ,apo/le1 ) ^:  
actions we are be/ acqua9t$1 seem+ly    
aw>e  t !re w\ld be cont9ual occasion 9 
! ,*ri/ian *ur* = !  ex]cise ( t        
au?ority ov] pa/ors & tea*]s1 :i* !     
,apo/les  _h d]iv$ f ! ,"l ,jesus2 & by 
^! two examples ( a  delegation1 giv5   
dur+ 8 life "t1 prep>+ ! _w =  behold+ t
 au?ority ex]cis$ by ! successors ( !   
,apo/les 9  all ages4 ,accord+ly1 !     
e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s tell u t !       
,apo/les1 to prev5t cont5tion1 appo9t$  
bi%ops & deacons2 giv+  ord]s1 too1 t1  
^u _! dea?1 o!r approv$ m5 %\ld succe$  
9 _! m9i/ry4 ,we are told t ! o!r       
,apo/les con/itut$ _!  fir/-fruits1 t   
is1 _! fir/ disciples1 aft] !y _h prov$ 
!m  by ! ,_s1 bi%ops & deacons ( ^? :o 7
 to believe2 &  t ! ,apo/le ,john1 :o   
surviv$ ! re/1 aft] return+ f  ,patmos1 
! place ( 8 bani%m5t1 w5t ab\t !        
neighb\r+  nations1 orda9+ bi%ops1      
e/abli%+ :ole *ur*es1 & sett+  ap>t     

p>ticul> p]sons = ! m9i/ry1 z !y 7 po9t$
 out to  him by ! ,_s4    #c4 ,z bi%ops 
are m5tion$ 9 ! e>lie/ times1 s         
ecclesia/ical  hi/ory records !         
succession ( bi%ops ?r\gh _m ages2 & ev5
  dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 be=e       
,*ri/ianity 0 incorporat$  ) ! /ate1 e  
city1 :]e ! multitude ( ,*ri/ians       
requir$ a  numb] ( pa/ors to p]=m ! /at$
 (fices1 pres5ts to u1 z f>  z we c ga!r
 f contempor>y writ]s1 an appe>ance v   
mu* !  same ) t ( ! *ur* ( ,j]usalem 9 !
 days ( ! ,apo/les4  ,! ,apo/le ,james  
seems to h resid$ 9 t city4 ,b !re is   
also  m5tion ( ! eld]s ( ! *ur*1 :o1    
accord+ to ! ,scripture  repres5tation (
 eld]s1 mu/ h dis*>g$ ! m9i/]ial (fice1 
b ov] :om ! ,apo/le ,james presid$4 ,s1 
9 ,c>?age1 :]e ,cyprian  0 bi%op1 & 9 e 
o!r ,*ri/ian city ( :i* we h  p>ticul>  
acc\nts1 !re 0 a college ( presbyt]s2 & 
!re 0  "o p]son :o _h n only presid5cy1 
b jurisdiction & au?ority1  ov] ! re/4  
,!y 7 8 c\ncil 9 matt]s relat+ to !     
*ur*1  & !y 7 qualifi$ to prea*1 to     

baptize1 & to adm9i/] !  ,"l's ,supp]2 b
 !y c\ld d no?+ )\t 8 p]mission &       
au?ority4 ,x is a pr9ciple 9 ,*ri/ian   
antiquity1  1   1 8"o bi%op1 & "o *ur*40
 ,! "o bi%op _h ! c>e (  all !          
,*ri/ians1 :o1 al?\gh !y met 9 sep>ate  
congregations1  con/itut$ "o *ur*2 & he 
_h ! inspection ( ! pa/ors1 :o1  hav+   
receiv$ ord9ation f ! bi%op1 (ficiat$ 9 
! sep>ate  congregations1 p]=m$ ! sev]al
 p>ts ( duty :i* he prescrib$  to !m1 & 
7 acc\ntable to him = _! conduct4 ,9    
cont9uation  ( ?is primitive in/itution1
 we f9d episcopacy 9 all corn]s ( !     
*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,until ! "t ( ! re=mation1
 !re 71 9  e ,*ri/ian /ate1 p]sons ) !  
"n1 ! rank1 & !  au?ority ( bi%ops2 & ! 
exi/5ce ( su* p]sons 0 n  consid]$ z an 
innovation1 b z an e/abli%m5t1 :i*1 by  
means (  catalogues pres]v$ 9           
ecclesia/ical writ]s1 may be trac$ back 
to  ! days ( ! ,apo/les4    #d4 ,^u !   
pr9ciples :i* h n[ be5 /at$1 x is       
und]/ood1  accord+ to ! episcopal =m (  
gov]nm5t1 t !re is 9 !  *ur* a sup]ior  

ord] ( (fice-be>]s1 ! successors ( !    
,apo/les1 :o possess 9 _! own p]sons !  
"r ( ord9ation &  jurisdiction1 & :o are
 call$ 1 z be+ ! ov]se]s n  only ( ! p1 
b also ( ! cl]gy2 & an inf]ior ord] (   
m9i/]s1 call$ presbyt]s1 ! lit]al       
translation ( ! ^w  1 :i* is r5d]$ 9 our
 ,engli% ,bibles eld]s1 p]sons  :o      
receive1 f ! ord9ation ( ! bi%op1 p[] to
 prea* & to  adm9i/] ! sacram5ts1 :o are
 set ov] ! p1 b are  !mselves "u !      
gov]nm5t ( ! bi%op1 & h no "r to  convey
 to o!rs ! sacr$ (fice1 :i* he gives !m 
au?ority to  ex]cise "u him4 ,accord+ to
 a phrase us$ by ,*>les ,i1 :o 0 by  no 
means an unle>n$ def5d] ( t =m (        
gov]nm5t to :i* he  0 a m>tyr1 !        
presbyt]s are episcopi gregis2 bi%ops ( 
!  flock2 b ! bi%ops are episcopi gregis
 et pa/orum1 bi%ops (  ! flock & ( !    
pa/ors4    #e4 ,! lib]al writ]s on t    
side1 h[ev]1 d n cont5d t ?is  =m (     
gov]nm5t is made s b9d+ 9 ! *ur* z n to 
be  dep>t$ f1 & v>i$ accord+ to         
circum/ances4 ,x _c be  prov$1 says ,dr4

 ,paley1 t any =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t 0 laid
 d[n  9 ! ,*ri/ian1 z x _h be5 9 !      
,jewi%1 ,scriptures1 ) a view  ( fix+ a 
con/itution = succe$+ ages4 ,! tru?     
seems to h  be51 t su* (fices 7 at fir/ 
erect$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* z  ! good ord]1
 ! in/ruction1 & ! exig5cies ( ! society
 at  t "t requir$2 )\t any int5tion1 at 
lea/ )\t any decl>$  design1 ( regulat+ 
! appo9tm5t1 au?ority1 or ! di/9ction1 (
  ,*ri/ian m9i/]s "u future             
circum/ances4 ,to ! same effect1  also1 
,bi%op ,toml9e says1 8,x is n cont5d$ t 
! bi%ops1  prie/s1 & deacons ( ,engl&   
are at pres5t precisely ! same t        
bi%ops1 presbyt]s1 & deacons 7 9 ,asia  
,m9or1 sev5te5 hundr$  ye>s ago4 ,we    
only ma9ta9 t !re h always be5 bi%ops1  
prie/s1 & deacons1 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1   
s9ce ! days ( !  ,apo/les1 ) diff]5t    
p[]s & functions1 x is all[$1 9  diff]5t
 c\ntries & at diff]5t p]iods2 b ! g5]al
 pr9ciples  & duties :i* h respectively 
*>act]iz$ ^! cl]ical ord]s  h be5       
ess5tially ! same at all times1 & 9 all 

places2 & !  v>iations :i* !y h und]gone
 h only be5 su* z h ev]  belong$ to all 
p]sons 9 public situations1 :e!r civil  
or  ecclesia/ical1 & :i* are inde$      
insep>able f e ?+ 9  :i* mank9d are     
conc]n$ 9 ?is transitory & fluctuat+ _w4
 ,i  h ?\ght x "r to take ?is g5]al view
 ( ! m9i/]ial  (fice1 & to make ^!      
obs]vations ^u ! cl]ical ord]s  subsi/+ 
9 ?is k+dom1 = ! purpose ( po9t+ out !  
f\ndation & pr9ciples ( *ur* au?ority1 &
 ( %[+ t our  ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t  
is z ne>ly con=mable1 z *ange (         
circum/ances w p]mit1 to ! practice ( ! 
primitive *ur*4 ,b1  ?\gh ,i flatt]     
myself t ,i h prov$ episcopacy to be an 
,apo/olical in/itution1 yet ,i readily  
ackn[l$ge t !re is no  precept 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t :i* comm&s t e *ur* %\ld be    
gov]n$ by bi%ops4 ,no *ur* c exi/ )\t "s
 gov]nm5t2 b  ?\gh !re mu/ be rules &   
ord]s = ! prop] dis*>ge ( !  (fices (   
public wor%ip1 ?\gh !re mu/ be fix$     
regulations  conc]n+ ! appo9tm5t (      
m9i/]s1 & ?\gh a subord9ation  among !m 

is exp$i5t 9 ! highe/ degree1 yet x does
 n foll[  t all ^! ?+s mu/ be precisely 
! same 9 e ,*ri/ian  c\ntry2 !y may v>y 
) ! o!r v>y+ circum/ances ( human       
society1 ) ! ext5t ( a c\ntry1 ! mann]s 
( its inhabitants1  ! nature ( its civil
 gov]nm5t1 & _m o!r peculi>ities :i*    
might be specifi$4 ,z x has n pleas$ our
 almighty ,fa!r to  prescribe any       
p>ticul> =m ( civil gov]nm5t = !        
security (  temporal com=ts to 8        
rational creatures1 s nei!r has he      
prescrib$ any p>ticul> =m (             
ecclesia/ical polity z absolutely       
necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( et]nal         
happ9ess4 ,b he has1 9 !  mo/ explicit  
t]ms1 enjo9$ ob$i5ce to all gov]nors1   
:e!r civil  or ecclesia/ical1 & :atev]  
may be _! d5om9ation1 z ess5tial  to !  
"* ( a true ,*ri/ian4 ,?us ! ,gospel    
only lays d[n  g5]al pr9ciples1 & leaves
 ! application ( !m to m5 z free        
ag5ts40 ,bi%op ,toml9e1 h[ev]1 & ! high 
,episcopalians ( !  *ur* ( ,engl&1      
cont5d = an orig9al di/9ction 9 ! (fice 

&  ord] ( bi%ops & presbyt]s2 :i* notion
 is controv]t$ by !  ,presbyt]ians1 &   
is1 inde$1 contradict$ by "o :o may be  
truly  call$ ! f\nd] ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 
,ar*bi%op ,cranm]1 :o  says1 8,! bi%ops 
& prie/s 7 at "o "t1 & 7 n two  ?+s2 b  
bo? "o (fice 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/'s       
religion40 ,!  m rigid ,episcopalians   
admit ( no ord9ation z valid 9 ! *ur*  b
 by ! h&s ( bi%ops1 & ^? d]iv$ 9 a "r   
l9e f !  ,apo/les4 ,see ,,presbyt]ians4 
#f4 ,! *ur*es ( ,rome & ( ,engl& are !  
pr9cipal ,episcopalian  *ur*es 9 ! we/ (
 ,europe2 & ^? ( ! ,greeks & ,arm9ians 9
  ! ea/2 b1 beside ^!1 !re are          
,episcopalians 9 ,scotl&1 & 9  o!r      
c\ntries1 :]e1 ,presbyt]ianism be+ !    
e/abli%m5t1 !y  are1 ( c\rse1 ,diss5t]s4
 ,?us a ,presbyt]ian is a ,diss5t] 9    
,engl&1 & an ,episcopalian a ,diss5t] 9 
,scotl&4 ,!re is also an  ,episcopalian 
*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 b !re 
be+ no  e/abli%$ religion1 !re are1 (   
c\rse1 no ,diss5t]s4 ,! ,episcopal  *ur*
 9 ,am]ica is organiz$ v diff]5tly f t 9

 ,engl&4  ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s are f !   
be/ au?orities3--,! g5]al  conv5tion 0  
=m$ 9 #aghi1 by a delegation f ! diff]5t
  /ates1 & meets tri5nially4 ,!y h elev5
 dioceses1 two ( :i*  are )\t bi%ops1 & 
are at lib]ty to =m m 9 o!r /ates4  ,!  
above conv5tion consi/s ( an upp] & l[] 
h\se2 ! =m]  consi/+ ( bi%ops1 9 :i* !  
s5ior bi%op presides3 !y h no  ar*bi%op3
 & ! l[]1 ( ! o!r cl]gy1 & laym5 m+l$ ) 
!m4 ,!re are also diocesan conv5tions   
annually1 9 :i* ! bi%op  presides4 ,!   
bi%ops h no sal>ies z su*1 b are all[$  
to hold  p>i%es z o!r m9i/]s2 b x has   
lately be5 f\nd m  conv5i5t 9 _m /ates  
to raise a fund = ! support ( ! bi%op1  
t 8 "t may be m at lib]ty = visit+ !    
cl]gy4 ,!y h  nei!r patronage nor       
palaces1 & "s ( _! incomes are extremely
  small4 ,! ,engli% ,common ,pray] ,book
 is adopt$1 ) ! omission (  ! ,a?anasian
 ,cre$1 & "s o!r slight alt]ations4     
,subscription to  ! articles is n       
requir$ by c&idates = holy ord]s4 ,!    
,me?odi/s 9 ,am]ica1 also1 =m an        

episcopal *ur*2 b f\nd$ ^u  ! primitive 
pr9ciple t bi%ops & presbyt]s are ( !   
same  ord]1 al?\gh ! ov]sight (         
presbyt]s may be committ$ to  ^? :o are1
 by virtue ( _! (fice1 also call$       
bi%ops4    ,! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur* 
0 organiz$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aghd4 ,!        
fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* ! episcopacy 
( ?is *ur* re/s1 is  "h correctly /at$4 
,x is prop] to add to ,mr4 ,watson's    
enum]ation1  t ! ,roman & ,moravian     
*ur*es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are also       
episcopal2 & t ! /atem5t t ! bi%ops ( ! 
,prote/ant  ,episcopal ,*ur* receive no 
sal>ies z bi%ops1 is n at pres5t        
7#ahcb7 )\t exception4 ,_! incomes1 too1
 ?\gh d\btless extremely  small comp>$ )
 ^? ( ! bi%ops ( ! e/abli%m5t 9  ,engl&1
 are n s1 comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r m9i/]s      
g5]ally 9  ! ,unit$ ,/ates4             
,,epi/les1 :i* occur "u ! same ,hebrew  
^w ) books1 namely1  1 are m5tion$ ! m  
r>ely1 ! f>!r we g back into  antiquity4
 ,an epi/le is fir/ m5tion$1 #b ,sam4   
xi1 #ad1 c4 ,aft]w>d1  !re is m frequ5t 

m5tion ( !m2 & sometimes an epi/le is   
meant1 :5 lit]ally a mess5g] is spok5 (1
 z 9 ,ezra iv1 #ae-ag4 ,9  ! ea/1 lett]s
 are commonly s5t unseal$4 ,9 case1     
h[ev]1 !y are  s5t to p]sons (          
di/9ction1 !y are plac$ 9 a valuable    
purse1  :i* is ti$1 clos$ ov] ) wax or  
clay1 & !n /amp$ ) a  signet1 ,isaiah   
xxix1 #aa2 ,job xxxviii1 #ad4 ,! mo/    
anci5t epi/les  beg9 & end )\t ei!r     
salutation or f>ewell2 b "u !  ,p]sian  
mon>*y ! salutation 0 v prolix4 ,x is   
giv5 9 an  abridg$ =m 9 ,ezra iv1 #g-aj2
 v1 #g4 ,! ,apo/les1 9 _! epi/les1  us$ 
! salutation cu/om>y among ! ,greeks2 b 
!y omitt$ !  usual f>ewell at ! close1  
namely1 1 & adopt$ a b5$iction  m       
con=mable to ! _s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4
 ,/4 ,paul1 :5  he dictat$ 8 lett]s1    
wrote ! b5$iction at ! close ) 8 own    
h&1 #b ,!ss4 iii1 #ag4 ,he 0 m accu/om$ 
to dictate 8 lett]s  ?an to write !m    
himself4    ,! "n ,epi/les is giv51 by  
way ( em95ce1 to ! lett]s writt5  by !  
,apo/les1 or fir/ prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity1

 to p>ticul>  *ur*es or p]sons1 on      
p>ticul> occasions or subjects4 ,( ^! ! 
,apo/le ,paul wrote f\rte54 ,/4 ,james  
wrote "o g5]al epi/le2 ,/4  ,pet] two2  
,/4 ,john ?ree2 & ,/4 ,jude "o4    ,an  
epi/le has its ,hebrew "n f its be+     
roll$ or fold$ toge!r4  ,! mod]n ,arabs 
roll up _! lett]s1 & !n flatt5 !m to !  
bread? ( an in*1 & pa/e up ! end ( !m1  
in/ead ( seal+  !m4 ,! ,p]sians make up 
_! lett]s 9 a roll ab\t six in*es  long1
 & a bit ( pap] is fa/5$ r\nd x ) gum1 &
 seal$ )  an impression ( ink1 :i*      
resembles our pr9t]s' ink1 b is n s     
?ick4 ,lett]s1 z /at$ above1 7 g5]ally  
s5t to p]sons (  di/9ction 9 a bag or   
purse2 b to inf]iors1 or ^? :o 7 held  9
 contempt1 !y 7 s5t op51 t is1 un5clos$4
 ,lady ,m4 ,w4  ,montagu says1 ! bassa (
 ,belgrade's answ] to ! ,engli%         
ambassador  go+ to ,con/ant9ople 0      
br\ght to him 9 a purse ( sc>let sat94  
,b1 9 ! case ( ,nehemiah1 an insult 0   
design$ to be (f]$ to  him by           
,sanballat1 9 refus+ him ! m>k ( respect

 usually paid to  p]sons ( 8 /ation1 &  
treat+ him contemptu\sly1 by s5d+ !     
lett] op51 t is1 )\t ! cu/om>y app5dages
 :5 pres5t$ to  p]sons ( respectability4
 8,futty ,sihng10 says ,mr4 ,=bes1 8s5t 
a  *opd> to me at ,dhuboy1 ) a lett] (  
invitation to ! w$d+1  !n celebrat+ at  
,brod]a at a great exp5se1 & ( long     
cont9uance4  ,! lett]1 z usual1 f       
ori5tal pr9ces1 0 writt5 on silv]  pap]1
 fl[]$ ) gold1 ) an additional spr9kl+ (
 saffron1  enclos$ "u a cov] ( gold     
brocade4 ,! lett] 0 accompani$ )  a bag 
( crimson & gold keem-caub1 fill$ )     
sweet-sc5t$ se$s1  z a m>k ( fav\r &    
good om540    ,,epo*1 a t]m 9 *ronology 
signify+ a fix$ po9t ( "t1 f :i*  !     
succe$+ ye>s are numb]$4 ,scalig] says x
 means 8a /op10  because 89 epo*s /op & 
t]m9ate ! measures ( times40 ,x n[      
usually d5otes a rem>kable date2 z1 !   
epo* ( ! de/ruction (  ,troy1 ,b4 ,c4   
#aahc1 c4 ,! fir/ epo* is ! creation ( !
 _w1  :i*1 accord+ to ! ,vulgate ,bible1
 ,ar*bi%op ,u%] fixes 9 !  ye> #gaj ( ! 

,julian p]iod1 & #djjd ye>s be=e ,jesus 
,*ri/4 ,!  second is ! deluge1 :i*1     
accord+ to ! ,hebrew text1 happ5$ 9  !  
ye> ( ! _w #afef4 ,six o!r epo*s are    
commonly reckon$ 9  sacr$ hi/ory3 !     
build+ ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 :i* 01 accord+ 
to ,dr4 ,hales1 ,b4 ,c4 #beed2 ! call+ (
 ,abraham1 ,b4 ,c4 #baec2 !  dep>ture ( 
! ,israelites out ( ,egypt1 ,b4 ,c4     
#afdh2 ! d$ication (  ! temple1 ,b4 ,c4 
#ajbg2 ! end ( ! ,babyloni% captivity1  
,b4 ,c4 #ecf2  & ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 
,a4 ,d4 #a4 ,9 pr(ane hi/ory are reckon$
  five epo*s3 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,assyrian     
empire1 ,b4 ,c4 #abfg2 ! era (          
,nabonass>1 or dea? ( ,s>danapalus1 ,b4 
,c4 #gdg2 ! reign ( ,cyrus at  ,babylon1
 ,b4 ,c4 #eef2 ! reign ( ,alex&] !      
,great ov] ! ,p]sians1  ,b4 ,c4 #ccj2 & 
! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,augu/us1 9 :i* our
  ,savi\r 0 born1 ,b4 ,c4 #dd4    ,,era4
 ,! t]m era 7n ra1 z incorrectly writt57
 is ,spani%1  signify+ "t1 z 9 ! phrase1
 de era en era1 8f "t to "t40  ,x 0 fir/
 us$ 9 ! ,era ,hispanica1 in/itut$ ,b4  

,c4 #ch1 9 hon\r  ( ,augu/us1 :5 ,spa9 0
 allott$ to him 9 ! di/ribution ( !     
prov9ces among ! second triumvirate1    
,augu/us1 ,an?ony1 & ,lepidus4  ,x n[   
usually d5otes an indef9ite s]ies (     
ye>s1 beg9n+ f  "s kn[n epo*2 & s diff]s
 f a p]iod :i* is a def9ite  s]ies3 z ! 
era ( ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 ! era ( !    
,olympiads1  ! era ( ,nabonass>1 c4 ,see
 ,,epo*4    ,,es>-,,haddon1 son (       
,s5na*]ib1 & 8 successor 9 ! k+dom (    
,assyria3 call$ ,s>gon1 or ,s>agon1     
,isa4 xx1 #a4 ,he reign$ tw5ty-n9e      
ye>s4 ,he made w> ) ! ,phili/9es1 & took
 ,azo?1 by ,t>tan1 8  g5]al3 he attack$ 
,egypt1 ,cu%1 & ,edom1 ,isa4 xx1 xxxiv2 
design+1  probably1 to av5ge ! affront  
,s5na*]ib 8 fa!r _h receiv$ f           
,tirhakah1 k+ ( ,cu%1 & ! k+ ( ,egypt1  
:o _h be5 ,hezekiah's  conf$]ates4 ,he  
s5t prie/s to ! ,cu?ans1 :om ,salmanes]1
 k+ (  ,assyria1 _h plant$ 9 ,sam>ia1   
in/ead ( ! ,israelites3 he took         
,j]usalem1 & c>ri$ ,k+ ,manasseh to     
,babylon1 ( :i* he _h become  ma/]1     

p]haps1 because !re 0 no heir to        
,belesis1 k+ ( ,bayblon4  ,he is said to
 h reign$ tw5ty-n9e or ?irty ye>s at    
,n9eveh1 &  ?irte5 ye>s at ,babylon2 9  
all =ty-two ye>s4 ,he di$ ,a4 ,m4 #cccf4
    ,,esau1 son ( ,isaac & ,rebekah1    
born ,a4 ,m4 #bafh1 ,b4 ,c4 #ahcf4 ,:5 !
  "t ( ,rebekah's deliv]y came1 %e _h   
tw9s1 ,g54 xxv1 #bd-bf3 !  fir/-born 0  
hairy1 !re=e call$ ,esau2 t is1 a man   
full gr[n  or ( p]fect age2 b "s d]ive  
,esau f ! ,arabic ges*a or  g5*eva1 :i* 
signifies a hair clo?4 ,esau delight$ 9 
hunt+1 &  8 fa!r ,isaac _h a p>ticul>   
affection = him4 ,on "o occasion1       
,esau1 return+ f ! fields greatly       
fatigu$1 desir$ ,jacob to give  him "s  
r$ pottage1 :i* he 0 !n prep>+4 ,jacob  
cons5t$1  provid$ ,esau w\ld sell him 8 
bir?right4 ,esau compli$1 & by oa?      
resign$ x to him1 ,g54 xxv1 #bi-cd4     
,esau1 :5 ag$ =ty1 m>ri$ two            
,canaaniti% wom51 ,judi?1 daught] (     
,be]i1 ! ,hittite2 &  ,ba%ema?1 daught] 
( ,elon1 ,g54 xxvi1 #cd4 ,^! m>riages 7 

v  displeas+ to ,isaac & ,rebekah1      
because !y int]m+l$ ! blood (  ,abraham 
) t ( ,canaanite ali5s4 ,isaac be+ old1 
& 8 sight  decay$1 direct$ ,esau to     
procure him delicate v5ison by hunt+1 t 
he might give him 8 *ief bless+1 ,g54   
xxvii4 ,! artifice ( 8  "m1 h[ev]1      
c\nt]act$ 8 purpose2 & %e contriv$ to   
impose  ^u ,isaac1 & to obta9 ! fa!r's  
pr9cipal bless+ = h] son  ,jacob4 ,esau 
0 indignant on acc\nt ( ?is trea*]y &   
det]m9$ to  kill ,jacob z soon z _! fa!r
 %\ld die4 ,rebekah aga9 int]pos$1  &   
s5t ,jacob away to h] bro!r ,laban1 )   
:om he might be secure4  ,dur+ ! p]iod (
 sep>ation1 :i* la/$ sev]al ye>s1 ,esau 
m>ri$ a wife ( ! family ( ,i%mael2 &1   
remov+ to ,m\nt ,seir1  acquir$ great   
p[] & weal?4 ,:5 ,jacob return$1 aft]   
long  abs5ce1 to 8 fa!r's c\ntry1 ) a   
num]\s family1 & l>ge  flocks & h]ds1 he
 dread$ 8 bro!r's displeasure2 b !y _h  
an  amicable & affectionate int]view4   
,aft] _! fa!r's dea?1 !y  liv$ 9 peace &
 amity2 b1 z _! possessions enl>g$1 &   

!re  0 n suffici5t room = !m 9 ! l& 9   
:i* !y 7  /rang]s1 ,esau return$ to     
,m\nt ,seir1 :]e 8 po/]ity multipli$  "u
 ! d5om9ation ( ,edomites4 7,see        
,,edom47 ,! "t ( 8 dea? is  n m5tion$2 b
 ,bi%op ,cumb]l& ?9ks x probable t he   
di$  ab\t ! same "t ) 8 bro!r ,jacob1 at
 ! age ( ab\t "o  hundr$ & =ty-sev5     
ye>s1 ,g54 xxv-xxxvi4    #b4 ,on ! mo/  
important "p ( ?is hi/ory1 ! sell+ ( !  
bir?right1 we may obs]ve1 7#a47 ,t      
al?\gh x 0 always ! design  ( ,god t !  
bless+ connect$ ) primog5iture 9 !      
family (  ,abraham %\ld be enjoy$ by    
,jacob1 & to ex]cise 8 sov]eignty 9     
*ang+ ! succession 9 :i* ! promises ( ! 
,abrahamic cov5ant  might desc5d2 yet ! 
conduct ( ,rebekah & ,jacob 0           
repreh5sible 9  endeav\r+ to br+ ab\t ! 
div9e design by ! unwor?y means (       
contrivance & deceit2 & !y 7 puni%$ = _!
 presumption by  _! suff]+s4 7#b47 ,t ! 
conduct ( ,esau 9 sell+ 8  bir?right 0  
bo? wanton & pr(ane4 ,x 0 wanton1       
because he1  ?\gh fa9t1 c\ld be 9 no    

dang] ( n obta9+ a supply ( food 9  8   
fa!r's h\se2 & 0 !re=e :olly influ5c$ by
 8 appetite1  excit$ by ! delicacy (    
,jacob's pottage4 ,x 0 pr(ane1 because !
  bless+s ( ! bir?right 7 spiritual z   
well z civil4 ,! *ur*  ( ,god 0 to be   
e/abli%$ 9 ! l9e ( ! fir/-born2 & 9 t   
l9e ! ,messiah 0 to appe>4 ,^! high     
privileges 7 despis$ by  ,esau1 :o is   
!re=e made by ,/4 ,paul a type ( all    
apo/ates f  ,*ri/1 :o1 l him1 pr(anely  
despise _! bir?right z ! sons (  ,god4  
,see ,,bir?right4    ,,esdraelon1 ,,pla9
 ,,(1 9 ! tribe ( ,issa*>1 ext5ds ea/ & 
we/  f ,scy?opolis to ,m\nt ,c>mel2     
call$1 likewise1 ! ,great ,pla91 !      
,valley ( ,jezreel1 ! ,pla9 ( ,esdrela4 
,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke obs]ves1 x  is by f>
 ! l>ge/ pla9 9 ! ,holy ,l&2 ext5d+ q   
across !  c\ntry f ,m\nt ,c>mel & !     
,m$it]ranean ,sea to ! s\!rn  extremity 
( ! ,sea ( ,galilee2 ab\t ?irty miles 9 
l5g?1 &  tw5ty 9 bread?4 ,x is also a v 
f]tile di/rict1 ab\nd+ 9  pa/ure2 on :i*
 acc\nt x has be5 select$ = ! purposes (

  encampm5t by almo/ e army t has       
trav]s$ ! ,holy ,l&4 ,"h  ,b>ak1 desc5d+
 ) 8 t5 ?\s& m5 f ,m\nt ,tabor1 :i*     
rises l a cone 9 ! c5tre ( ! pla91      
defeat$ ,sis]a1 ) 8  8n9e hundr$ *>iots 
( iron1 & all ! p t 7 ) him1  ga!r$ f   
,h>o%e? ( ! ,g5tiles unto ! riv] (      
,ki%on2 &  pursu$ aft] ! *>iots & aft] !
 ho/ unto ,h>o%e? ( !  ,g5tiles2 & all !
 ho/ ( ,sis]a fell ^u ! edge ( ! sword2 
& !re 0 n a man left10 ,judges iv4 ,"h  
,josiah1 k+ ( ,judah1  fell1 fight+     
aga9/ ,ne*o1 k+ ( ,egypt1 #b ,k+s xxiii1
 #bi4 ,& "h  ! ,midianites & !          
,amalekites1 :o 7 8l gras%opp]s =       
multitude1 & _! camels )\t numb] z ! s& 
( ! sea10  encamp$1 :5 !y 7 defeat$ by  
,gideon1 ,judges vi4 ,?is pla9 has      
likewise be5 us$ = ! same purpose by !  
armies ( e conqu]or  or invad]1 f       
,nabu*odonosor1 k+ ( ,assyria1 to 8     
imitator1  ,napoleon ,buonap>te1 :o1 9 !
 spr+ ( #agii1 ) a small body (  ,fr5*1 
defeat$ an army ( sev]al ?\s& ,turks &  
,mamelukes4 ,jews1  ,g5tiles1 ,s>ac5s1  

,*ri/ians1 crusad]s1 & anti*ri/ian      
,fr5*m51  ,egyptians1 ,p]sians1 ,druses1
 ,turks1 & ,arabs1 w>riors out ( e      
nation :i* is "u heav51 h pit*$ _! t5ts 
9 ! ,pla9 (  ,esdraelon2 & h beheld !   
v>i\s bann]s ( _! nations wet )  ! dews 
( ,tabor & ( ,h]mon4 ,& x is to ?is day 
g5]ally f\nd  to be ! place ( encampm5t 
( l>ge p>ties ( ,arabs4    ,,esdras1 !  
"n ( two apocryphal books :i* 7 always  
exclud$ !  ,jewi% canon1 & are too      
absurd to be admitt$ z canonical by !   
,papi/s !mselves4 ,!y are suppos$ to h  
be5 orig9ally writt5 9  ,greek by "s    
,hell5i/ical ,jews2 ?\gh "s imag9e t !y 
7  fir/ writt5 9 ,*aldee1 & aft]w>d     
translat$ into ,greek4 ,x is  unc]ta9 :5
 !y 7 compos$1 ?\gh x is g5]ally agre$ t
  ! au?or wrote be=e ,josephus4         
,,e%baal1 or ,,i%bo%e?1 ! f\r? son (    
,saul4 ,! ,hebrews1 to avoid  pron\nc+ !
 ^w baal1 8"l10 us$ bo%e?1 8confusion40 
,in/ead ( ,mephi-baal1 !y said          
,mephi-bo%e?2 &1 in/ead (  ,e%-baal1 !y 
said ,i%-bo%e?1 #b ,sam4 ii1 #h4        

,,e%col1 "o ( ,abraham's allies1 :o     
dwelt ) him 9 ! valley (  ,mamre1 &     
accompani$ him 9 ! pursuit ( ,*$orlaom]1
 & ! o!r  conf$]at$ k+s1 :o pillag$     
,sodom & ,gomorrah1 & c>ri$ away  ,lot1 
,abraham's nephew1 ,g54 xiv1 #bd4 ,also 
! valley or brook ( ,e%col  0 t 9 :i* ! 
,hebrew mess5g]s1 :o w5t to spy ! l& (  
,canaan1 cut a bun* ( grapes s l>ge t x 
0 z mu* z two m5  c\ld c>ry4 ,x 0       
situat$ 9 ! s\? "p ( ,judah1 ,num4 xiii1
 #bd2  xxxii1 #i4    ,,ess5es1 or       
,,ess5ians1 "o ( ! ?ree anci5t sects ( !
 ,jews4 ,!y  appe> to h be5 an          
en?usia/ic sect1 nev] num]\s1 & b little
  kn[n2 directly opposite to ! ,ph>isees
 ) respect to _! reliance  ^u tradition1
 & _! scrupul\s reg>d to ! c]emonial    
law1 b  pret5d+1 l !m1 to sup]ior       
sanctity ( mann]s4 ,!y exi/$ 9  ! "t (  
our ,savi\r2 & ?\gh !y are n m5tion$ 9 !
 ,new  ,te/am5t1 !y are suppos$ to be   
allud$ to by ,/4 ,paul 9 8  ,epi/les to 
! ,ephesians & ,colossians1 & 9 8 fir/  
,epi/le to  ,timo?y4 ,f ! acc\nt giv5 ( 

! doctr9es & in/itutions (  ?is sect by 
,philo & ,josephus1 we le>n t !y believ$
 9 !  immortality ( ! s\l2 t !y 7       
absolute pr$e/9>ians2 t  !y obs]v$ !    
sev5? day ) peculi> /rictness2 t !y held
  ! ,scriptures 9 ! highe/ rev]5ce1 b   
consid]$ !m z my/ic  writ+s1 & exp\nd$  
!m allegorically2 t !y s5t gifts to !   
temple1 b (f]$ no sacrifices2 t !y      
admitt$ no "o into _!  society till aft]
 a probation ( ?ree ye>s2 t !y liv$ 9 a 
/ate ( p]fect equality1 except t !y paid
 respect to ! ag$1  & to _! prie/s2 t !y
 consid]$ all secul> employm5t z        
unlawful1 except t ( agriculture2 t !y  
_h all ?+s 9  common1 & 7 indu/ri\s1    
quiet1 & free f e species (  vice2 t !y 
held celibacy & solitude 9 high e/eem2 t
 !y  all[$ no *ange ( raim5t till       
necessity requir$ x2 t !y  ab/a9$ f w9e2
 t !y 7 n p]mitt$ to eat b ) _!  own    
sect2 & t a c]ta9 portion ( food 0      
allott$ to ea*  p]son1 ( :i* !y p>took  
toge!r1 aft] solemn ablutions4 ,!  au/]e
 & retir$ life ( ! ,ess5es is suppos$ to

 h giv5 rise  to monki% sup]/ition4     
,! ,!rapeut 7 a di/9ct bran* ( !        
,ess5es4 ,jahn has ?us  describ$ !      
diff]5ce betwe5 !m3 ,! pr9cipal gr\nd ( 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ess5es or ,essai1 &  
,!rapeut consi/$ 9  ?is2 ! =m] 7 ,jews1 
:o spoke ! ,aramean2 ! latt] 7 ,greek   
,jews1 z ! names !mselves intimate1     
namely1  & 4 ,!  ,ess5es liv$ *iefly 9  
,pale/9e2 ! ,!rapeut1 9 ,egypt4 ,!      
,!rapeut 7 m rigid ?an ! ,ess5es1 s9ce !
 latt]1 al?\gh  !y made x a practice to 
keep at a di/ance f l>ge cities1 liv$1  
nev]!less1 9 t[ns & villages1 & practis$
 agriculture & !  arts1 ) ! exception ( 
^? arts :i* 7 made m directly  subs]vi5t
 to ! purposes ( w>4 ,! ,!rapeut1 on !  
contr>y1  fl$ f all inhabit$ places1    
dwelt 9 fields & des]ts & g>d5s1  & gave
 !mselves up to contemplation4 ,bo? !   
,ess5es & !  ,!rapeut held _! prop]ty 9 
common1 & ^? ?+s :i* !y  /ood 9 ne$ ( = 
! support & ! com=ts ( life1 7          
di/ribut$ to !m f ! common /ock4 ,!     
c&idates = admission  among ! ,ess5es   

gave _! prop]ty to ! society2 b ^? :o 7 
de/9$ = a memb]%ip ) ! ,!rapeut1 left   
!irs to _!  fri5ds2 & bo?1 aft] a numb] 
( ye>s ( probation1 made a  pr(ession   
:i* b\nd !m to ! ex]cise ( ! /ricte/    
uprightness4 ,! ,romani/s pret5d1 z ,dr4
 ,prideaux obs]ves1 )\t  any f\ndation1 
t ! ,ess5es 7 ,*ri/ian monks1 =m$ into a
  society by ,/4 ,m>k1 :o f\nd$ ! fir/  
*ur* at ,alex&ria4 ,b x  is evid5t1 f ! 
acc\nts ( ,josephus & ,philo1 t !       
,ess5es  7 n ,*ri/ians1 b ,jews4    ,dr4
 ,ne&]'s acc\nt ( ! ,ess5es is z        
foll[s3--,a company ( pi\s  m51 mu*     
exp]i5c$ 9 ! trials ( ! outw>d & ( !    
inw>d  life1 _h )drawn !mselves out ( ! 
/rife ( !ological &  political p>ties1  
at fir/ app>5tly 7accord+ to ,pl9y !    
eld]7 to  ! we/]n side ( ! ,dead ,sea2  
:]e !y liv$ toge!r 9 intimate           
connection1 p>tly 9 ! same sort (       
society z ! monks ( lat]  days1 & p>tly 
z my/ical ord]s 9 all p]iods h done4 ,f 
?is  society1 o!r small] ones aft]w>d   
proce$$1 & spread !mselves  ov] all     

,pale/9e4 ,!y 7 call$ ,ess5es1  or 4 ,!y
  employ$ !mselves 9 ! arts ( peace1    
agriculture1 pa/ure1  h&icraft works1 & 
especially 9 ! art ( heal+1 :ile !y took
  great delight 9 inve/igat+ ! heal+    
p[]s ( nature4 ,x is  probable1 also1 t 
!y imag9$ !mselves "u ! guidance ( a    
sup]natural illum9ation 9 _! se>* into  
nature1 & _! use (  h] p[]s4 ,_! natural
 k1 & _! art ( heal+1 appe>  also to h  
_h a religi\s1 !osophic "*1 z !y pr(ess$
  also to h peculi> prophetical gifts4  
,! ,ess5es 71 no d\bt1  di/+ui%$ f !    
mass ( ord9>y ,jews by ?is1 t !y knew & 
lov$ some?+ high] ?an ! outw>d c]emonial
 & a dead fai?1  t !y did really /rive  
aft] hol9ess ( he>t1 & inw>d  communion 
) ,god4 ,_! quiet1 pi\s habits also     
r5d]$ !m  rem>kable1 & by means ( ^! !y 
rema9$ quiet amid/ all !  political     
*anges1 respect$ by all p>ties1 ev5 by !
 ,hea!ns2 &  by _! labori\s habits &    
k9dness1 _! ob$i5ce t[>d !  high] p[]s1 
z orda9$ ( ,god1 _! fidelity & love (   
tru?1  !y 7 enabl$ to ext5d !mselves 9  

all directions4 ,9 _!  society e yea &  
nay _h ! =ce ( an oa?2 = e oa?1 said    
!y1 pre-supposes a mutual di/ru/1 :i*   
ought n to be ! case  among a society ( 
hone/ m54 ,only 9 "o case 0 an oa?      
suff]$  among !m1 namely1 z a pl$ge = ^?
 :o aft] a ?ree ye>s'  noviciate 7 to be
 receiv$ into ! numb] ( ! initiat$4     
,accord+ to ! portraiture ( !m1 giv5 by 
,philo1 ! ,alex&rian1  9 8 sep>ate      
treatise conc]n+ ! 8,true ,fre$om ( !   
,virtu\s10  we %\ld take ! ,ess5es = m5 
( an entirely practical religi\s  turn1 
f> remov$ f all !osophy & all idle      
speculation2 & we  %\ld ascribe to !m an
 inw>d religi\s habit ( m9d1 free f all 
mixture ( sup]/ition & reliance on      
outw>d ?+s4 ,b ! acc\nt  ( ,philo does n
 at all accord ) t ( ,josephus2 & ! m   
hi/orical ,josephus des]ves 9 g5]al m   
cr$it ?an ,philo1 :o 0  too apt to      
indulge 9 philosophiz+ & idealism4      
,beside1 ,josephus _h  m opportunity (  
kn[+ ?is sect ?or\ghly1 ?an ,philo2 =   
,philo  liv$ 9 ,egypt1 & ! ,ess5es did n

 ext5d beyond ,pale/9e4  ,josephus _h "h
 pass$ ! great] "p ( 8 life1 & _h       
c]ta9ly  tak5 all necess>y pa9s to in=m 
himself accurately ( ! nature (  !      
diff]5t sects1 among :i* he 0 det]m9$1 z
 a y\? (  sixte5 ye>s ( age1 to make    
*oice1 al?\gh he c h>dly h  completely  
pass$ ?r\gh a noviciate 9 ! sect ( !    
,ess5es1  because he made ! r\nd ( all !
 ?ree ,jewi% sects1 9 a p]iod (  f ?ree 
to f\r ye>s4 ,josephus1 also1 %[s       
himself completely  unprejudic$ 9 ?is   
description2 :ile ,philo1 on ! contr>y1 
wi%$  to repres5t ! ,ess5es to ! m      
cultivat$ ,greeks z models (  practical 
wisdom1 &1 !re=e1 he all[$ himself to   
repres5t mu*1  n z x really 01 b z x    
suit$ 8 purpose4 ,we mu/ conclude  t !  
,ess5es did also busy !mselves )        
!osophy1 & pret5d$  to imp>t to ^? ( _! 
ord] disclosures relat+ to !            
sup]natural _w ( spirits1 because ^? :o 
7 ab\t to be  initiat$1 7 oblig$ to swe>
 t !y w\ld nev] make kn[n to any  "o !  
names ( ! angels !n to be communicat$ to

 !m4 ,! mann]  9 :i* !y kept secret !   
anci5t books ( _! sect is also a  pro( (
 ?is4 ,&1 inde$1 ,philo himself makes x 
probable1 :5 he  says1 t !y employ$     
!mselves ) a   1 a  philosophy :i* 0    
support$ by an allegorical int]pretation
 (  ,scripture1 = ?is k9d ( allegoriz+  
int]pretation 0 usually !  accompanim5t 
( a c]ta9 speculative sy/em4 ,accord+ to
 ,philo1 !y  reject$ ! sacrifice (      
victims1 because !y consid]$1 t to      
consecrate & (f] up !mselves :olly to   
,god1 0 ! only true  sacrifice1 ! only  
sacrifice wor?y ( ,god4 ,b accord+ to   
,josephus  !y c]ta9ly consid]$ sacrifice
 z some?+ peculi>ly holy1 b  !y ?\ght t 
f its peculi> hol9ess x mu/ h be5       
desecrat$ by ! pr(ane ,jews 9 ! temple (
 ,j]usalem1 & t x  c\ld be wor?ily      
celebrat$ only 9 _! holy community1 j z 
my/ic sects ( ?is nature are con/antly  
accu/om$ to make !  objective acts (    
religion dep5d5t on ! subjective        
condition (  ^? :o p]=m or take "p 9 !m4
 ,9 ! tr\blesome &  sup]/iti\s obs]vance

 ( ! re/ ( ! ,sabba?1 accord+ to !      
lett]1 & n accord+ to ! _s1 !y w5t ev5  
f>!r ?an !  o!r ,jews1 only ) ?is       
diff]5ce1 t !y 7 9 good e>ne/ 9  !      
matt]1 :ile ! ,ph>isees by _! casui/ry  
relax$ _! rules1  or drew !m tight]1 j z
 x suit$ _! purpose4 ,! ,ess5es1 n  only
 /r5u\sly abhorr$1 l ! o!r ,jews1       
contact ) !  uncircumcis$1 b1 hav+      
divid$ !mselves into f\r classes1 !     
,ess5es ( a high] grade 7 av]se f       
contact ) ^? ( a  l[]1 z if !y 7 r5d]$  
unclean by x1 & :5 any ?+ (  ?is k9d did
 happ51 !y purifi$ !mselves aft] x4 ,l  
_m o!r  ,jews1 !y attribut$ great value1
 9 g5]al1 to lu/ration by ba?+  9 cold  
wat]4 ,to _! ascetic notions1 ! con/ant 
& heal?y  practice 9 ! ea/ ( ano9t+ )   
oil seem$ unholy1 & if x  befel any "o (
 !m1 he 0 oblig$ to purify himself4 ,x 0
 also a  great abom9ation to !m to eat  
any food except su* z _h be5  prep>$ by 
p]sons ( _! own sect4 ,!y w\ld die r ?an
 eat (  any o!r4 ,?is is a suffici5t    
pro( t al?\gh ! ,ess5es might  possess a

 c]ta9 inw>d religi\s life1 & a c]ta9   
practical piety1  yet t ^! qualities )  
!m1 z well z ) _m o!r my/ical  sects1 z 
= example1 ^? ( ! middle ages1 7        
connect$ ) a  !osophy1 :i* desir$ to "k 
?+s hidd5 f human reason1       1 &     
!re=e lo/ itself 9 idle  imag9ations &  
dreams1 & 7 also mix$ up ) an outw>d    
asceticism1 a pr\d _s ( sep>ation f !   
re/ ( mank9d1 &  sup]/iti\s obs]vances &
 demean\rs totally at v>iance ) !  true 
_s ( inw>d religion4    ,,e/h]4 ,! book 
( ,e/h] is s call$1 because x conta9s ! 
hi/ory  ( ,e/h] a ,jewi% captive1 :o by 
h] rem>kable accompli%m5ts ga9$  !      
affection ( ,k+ ,ahasu]us1 & by m>riage 
) him 0 rais$ to  ! ?rone ( ,p]sia2 & x 
relates ! orig9 & c]emonies ( !  fea/ ( 
,purim1 in/itut$ 9 commemoration ( !    
great deliv]ance1  :i* %e1 by h] int]e/1
 procur$ = ! ,jews1 ^: g5]al  de/ruction
 _h be5 conc]t$ by ! (f5d$ pride (      
,haman4 ,!re is  great div]sity ( op9ion
 conc]n+ ! au?or ( ?is book2 x has  be5 
ascrib$ to ,ezra1 to ,mordecai1 to      

,joa*im1 & to ! jo9t lab\rs  ( ! great  
synagogue2 & x is impossible to decide  
:i* ( ^!  op9ions is ! mo/ probable4 ,we
 are told1 t ! facts "h record$  happ5$ 
9 ! reign ( ,ahasu]us k+ ( ,p]sia1 8:o  
reign$ f  ,india ev5 unto ,e?iopia1 ov] 
a hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 prov9ces10  ,e/h] 
i1 #a2 & ?is ext5t ( dom9ion pla9ly     
proves t he 0 "o  ( ! successors (      
,cyrus4 ,t po9t is inde$ all[$ by all2 b
  le>n$ m5 diff] conc]n+ ! p]son meant  
by ,ahasu]us1 ^: "n  does n occur 9     
pr(ane hi/ory2 & consequ5tly !y are n   
agre$  conc]n+ ! precise p]iod to :i* we
 are to assign ?is hi/ory4  ,ar*bi%op   
,u%] suppos$1 t by ,ahasu]us 0 meant    
,d>ius ,hy/aspes1  & ,joseph ,scalig]   
cont5d$ t ,x]xes 0 meant2 b ,dean       
,prideaux  has v satisfactorily %[n1 t  
by ,ahasu]us we are to und]/&           
,artax]xes ,longimanus4 ,josephus also  
consid]$ ,ahasu]us & ,artax]xes  z !    
same p]son2 & we may obs]ve1 t ,ahasu]us
 is always  translat$ ,artax]xes 9 !    
,septuag9t v]sion2 & he is call$ by  t  

"n 9 ! apocryphal "p ( ! book ( ,e/h]4  
,see ,,ecbatana1  & ,,ahasu]us4         
,,et]nity is an attribute ( ,god4 7,see 
,god47 ,! self-exi/5t be+1  says ! le>n$
 ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 mu/ ( necessity be et]nal4
 ,! ideas (  et]nity & self-exi/5ce are 
s closely connect$1 t because  some?+   
mu/ ( necessity be et]nal1 indep5d5tly &
 )\t any  outw>d cause ( its be+1 !re=e 
x mu/ necess>ily be  self-exi/5t2 &     
because x is impossible b some?+ mu/ be 
self-exi/5t1 !re=e x is necess>y t x mu/
 likewise be  et]nal4 ,to be            
self-exi/5t1 is to exi/ by an absolute  
necessity 9  ! nature ( ! ?+ itself4 ,n[
 ?is necessity be+ absolute1 &  n dep5d+
 ^u any ?+ ext]nal1 mu/ be always       
unalt]ably !  same2 no?+ be+ alt]able b 
:at is capable ( be+ affect$ by  some:at
 )\t itself4 ,t be+ !re=e :i* has no o!r
 cause  ( its exi/5ce b ! absolute      
necessity ( its own nature1 mu/ (       
necessity h exi/$ f ev]la/+1 )\t beg9n+2
 & mu/ (  necessity exi/ to ev]la/+1 )\t
 end4    ,on ! et]nal duration ( ! div9e

 ,be+1 _m h held a  metaphysical        
ref9em5t4 8,! et]nal exi/5ce ( ,god10 x 
is said1 8is  n to be consid]$ z        
successive2 ! ideas we ga9 f "t are n   
to be all[$ 9 our conceptions ( 8       
duration4 ,z he fills all space  ) 8    
imm5sity1 he fills all duration ) 8     
et]nity2 & )  him et]nity is nunc /ans1 
a p]man5t n[1 incapable ( !  relations (
 pa/1 pres5t1 & future40 ,su*1 c]ta9ly1 
is n !  view giv5 u ( ?is my/]i\s       
subject 9 ! ,scriptures2 & if x  %\ld be
 said t !y speak popul>ly1 & are        
accommodat$ to !  infirmity ( ! reason (
 ! body ( mank9d1 we may reply1 t       
philosophy has n1 ) all its boa/+ (     
sup]ior light1 c>ri$ our  views on ?is  
attribute ( ! div9e nature at all beyond
 revelation2  &1 9 attempt+ x1 has only 
obscur$ ! conceptions ( its  admir]s4   
8,fill+ duration ) 8 et]nity10 is a     
phrase )\t any  mean+3 = h[ c any man   
conceive a p]man5t in/ant1 :i*  coxi/s )
 a p]petually fl[+ duration8 ,"o might z
 well  appreh5d a ma!matical po9t       

coxt5d$ ) a l9e1 a surface1 &  all      
dim5sions4 ,z ?is notion has1 h[ev]1 be5
 made ! basis ( "s  !ological op9ions1 x
 may be prop] to exam9e x4    #b4 ,:e!r 
we get our idea ( "t f ! motion ( bodies
 )\t u1  or f ! consci\sness ( !        
succession ( our own ideas1 or bo?1  is 
n important to ?is inquiry4 ,"t1 9 our  
conceptions1 is  divisible4 ,!          
artificial divisions are ye>s1 mon?s1   
days1 m9utes1  seconds1 c4 ,we c        
conceive ( yet small] portions (        
duration2 &1  :e!r we h giv5 to !m      
artificial names or n1 we c conceive  no
 o!rwise ( duration1 ?an cont9uance (   
be+1 e/imat$ z to  degree1 by ?is       
artificial admeasurem5t1 & !re=e z      
sub/antially  answ]+ to x4 ,x is n d5i$ 
b t duration is some?+  di/9ct f ^! its 
artificial measures2 yet ( ?is e man's  
consci\sness w assure him1 t we c =m no 
idea ( duration  except 9 ?is successive
 mann]4 ,b we are told t ! et]nity (    
,god is a fix$ et]nal n[1 f :i* all     
ideas ( succession1 (  pa/ & future1 are

 to be exclud$2 & we are call$ ^u to    
conceive  ( et]nal duration )\t ref]5ce 
to pa/ or future1 & to !  exclusion ( ! 
idea ( t fl[ "u :i* we conceive ( "t4   
,! prop] ab/ract idea ( duration is1    
h[ev]1 simple cont9uance (  be+1 )\t any
 ref]5ce to ! exact degree or ext5t ( x1
  because 9 no o!r way c x be equally   
applicable to all !  sub/ances ( :i* x  
is ! attribute4 ,x may be f9ite or      
inf9ite1  mom5t>y or et]nal2 b t dep5ds 
^u ! sub/ance ( :i* x is  ! quality1 & n
 ^u its own nature4 ,our own obs]vation 
&  exp]i5ce tea* u h[ to apply x to     
ourselves4 ,z to u1 duration is  dep5d5t
 & f9ite2 z to ,god1 x is inf9ite2 b 9  
bo? cases !  orig9ality or dep5d5ce1 !  
f9it5ess or inf9ity ( x1 arises1 n  out 
( ! nature ( duration itself1 b out (   
o!r qualities ( !  subjects             
respectively4    #c4 ,duration1 !n1 z   
appli$ to ,god1 is no m ?an an ext5sion 
(  ! idea z appli$ to ourselves2 & to   
exhort u to conceive ( x z  some?+      
ess5tially diff]5t1 is to require u to  

conceive :at is  inconceivable4 ,x is to
 dem& ( u to ?9k )\t ideas4 ,duration is
  cont9uance ( exi/5ce2 cont9uance (    
exi/5ce is capable ( be+  long] or      
%ort]2 & h5ce necess>ily arises ! idea (
 !  succession ( ! m9ute/ po9ts (       
duration into :i* we c conceive  x      
divid$4 ,beyond ?is ! m9d _c g1 x =ms ! 
idea (  duration no o!r way3 & if :at we
 call duration be any ?+  diff]5t f ?is 
9 ,god1 x is n duration1 prop]ly s      
call$1  accord+ to human ideas2 x is    
some?+ else1 = :i* !re is no  "n among  
m51 because !re is no idea1 & !re=e x is
 impossible  to reason ab\t x4 ,z long z
 meta-physicians use ! t]m1 !y mu/  take
 ! idea3 if !y spurn ! idea1 !y h no "r 
to ! t]m1  & ought at once to confess t 
!y c g no f>!r4 ,dr4 ,cudwor?  def9es   
inf9ity ( duration to be no?+ else b    
p]fection1 z  includ+ 9 x necess>y      
exi/5ce & immutability4 ,?is1 x is true1
  is z mu* a def9ition ( ! moon1 z (    
inf9ity ( duration2 b x  is valuable1 z 
x %[s t1 9 ! view ( ?is great man1 ?\gh 

an  advocate ( ! nunc /ans1 8! /&+ n[10 
( et]nity1 we mu/  ab&on ! t]m duration1
 if we give up ! only idea "u :i* x  c  
be conceiv$4    #d4 ,x foll[s f ?is1    
!re=e1 t ei!r we mu/ apply ! t]m        
duration to ! div9e ,be+ 9 ! same s5se 9
 :i* we apply x to  creatures1 ) !      
ext5sion ( ! idea to a duration :i* has 
no  b\nds & limits2 or blot x out ( our 
cre$s1 z a ^w to :i* our  m9ds1 ) all ! 
aid !y may d]ive f ! lab\rs (           
metaphysicians1 c atta* no mean+4 ,!    
only objection to successive  duration z
 appli$ to ,god1 :i* has any            
plausibility1 is1 t x  seems to imply   
*ange2 b ?is :olly arises f conf\nd+ two
 v  di/9ct ?+s2 succession 9 ! duration1
 & *ange 9 !  sub/ance4 ,dr4 ,cudwor?   
appe>s to h fall5 into ?is error4 ,he   
speaks ( ! duration ( an imp]fect       
nature1 z slid+ f !  pres5t to ! future1
 expect+ some?+ ( itself :i* is n yet 9 
be+2 & ( a p]fect nature be+ ess5tially 
immutable1 hav+ a  p]man5t & un*ang+    
duration1 nev] los+ any ?+ ( itself once

  pres5t1 nor yet runn+ =w>d to meet    
some?+ ( itself :i* is  n yet 9 be+4    
,n[1 ?\gh ?is is a good description ( a 
p]fect  & immutable nature1 x is no     
description at all ( an  et]nally-endur+
 nature4 ,duration implies no loss 9 !  
sub/ance (  any be+1 nor addition to x4 
,a p]fect nature nev] loses any ?+ (    
itself1 nor expects m ( itself ?an is   
possess$2 b ?is does n  arise f !       
attribute ( its duration1 h[ev] t       
attribute may be  conceiv$ (1 b f its   
p]fection & consequ5t immutability4 ,^! 
attributes d n fl[ f ! duration1 b !    
cont9uance ( !  duration f !m4 ,!       
argum5t is cle>ly good = no?+1 unless x 
c\ld be prov$ t successive duration     
necess>ily implies a *ange 9  ! nature2 
b t is contradict$ by ! exp]i5ce ( f9ite
  be+s1--_! natures are n at all det]m9$
 by _! duration1 b  _! duration by _!   
natures2 & !y exi/ = a mom5t1 or =      
ages1 accord+ to ! nature :i* _! ,mak]  
has impress$ ^u !m4  ,if x be said t1 at
 lea/1 successive duration imports t a  

be+  loses pa/ duration1 & expects !    
arrival ( future exi/5ce1 we  reply1 t  
?is is no imp]fection at all4 ,ev5 f9ite
 creatures d n  feel x to be an         
imp]fection to h exi/$1 & to look =     
cont9u$  & int]m9able be+4 ,x is true1 )
 ! pa/ we lose k &  pleasure2 & expect+ 
9 all future p]iods increase ( k &      
happ9ess1 we are rem9d$ by t ( our      
pres5t imp]fection2 b ?is  imp]fection  
does n arise f our successive & fl[+    
duration1  & we nev] ref] x to t4 ,x is 
n ! pa/ :i* takes away our  k &         
pleasure2 nor future duration1 simply   
consid]$1 :i*  w conf] ! increase ( bo?4
 ,our imp]fections arise out ( !        
ess5tial nature ( our be+1 n out ( !    
mann] 9 :i* our be+  is cont9u$4 ,x is n
 ! fl[ ( our duration1 b ! fl[ ( our    
nature1 :i* produces ^! effects4 ,on !  
contr>y1 we ?9k t !  idea ( our         
successive duration1 t is ( cont9uance1 
is an  advantage1 & n a defect4 ,let all
 ideas ( cont9uance be bani%$  f ! m9d1 
let !re be to u a nunc semp] /ans1 dur+ 

!  :ole ( our be+1 & we appe> to ga9    
no?+1--our pleasures surely  are n      
dim9i%$ by ! idea ( successive duration 
be+ add$ to  pres5t enjoym5t3 t !y h    
be51 & /ill rema91 & w  cont9ue1 on !   
contr>y1 greatly height5s !m4 ,)\t !    
idea ( a  fl[+ duration1 we c\ld h no   
su* measure ( ! cont9uance (  our       
pleasures2 & ?is we %\ld consid] an     
abatem5t ( our  happ9ess4 ,:at is s     
obvi\s an excell5cy 9 ! _s ( man1 & 9   
angelic natures1 c nev] be ?\ght an     
imp]fection 9 ,god1 :5  jo9$ ) a nature 
ess5tially p]fect & immutable4    #e4 ,b
 x may be said1 t 8et]nal duration1     
consid]$ z successive1  is only an      
artificial mann] ( measur+ & conceiv+ ( 
duration2  & is no m et]nal duration    
itself ?an m9utes & mom5ts1 !           
artificial measures ( "t1 are "t        
itself40 ,7 ?is grant$1 !  "q w\ld /ill 
be1 :e!r !re is any ?+ 9 duration       
consid]$ g5]ally1 or 9 "t consid]$      
specially1 :i* corresponds  to ^!       
artificial me?ods ( measur+ & conceiv+ (

 !m4 ,!  ocean is measur$ by leagues2 & 
! ext5sion ( ! ocean1 & !  measure ( x1 
are di/9ct2 !y1 nev]!less1 answ] to ea* 
o!r4  ,leagues are ! nom9al divisions ( 
an ext5d$ surface2 b !re is a  real     
ext5sion1 :i* answ]s to ! artificial    
conception &  admeasurem5t ( x4 ,9 l    
mann]1 days1 & h\rs1 & mom5ts1 are  !   
measures ( "t3 b !re is ei!r some?+ 9 "t
 :i*  answ]s to ^! measures2 or n only !
 measure1 b ! ?+  itself1 is            
artificial--an imag9>y creation4 ,if any
 man w cont5d1  t ! p]iod ( duration :i*
 we call "t is no?+1 no f>!r  dispute c 
be held ) him2 & he may be left to d5y  
also !  exi/5ce ( matt]1 & to enjoy 8   
philosophic revel 9 an ideal  _w4 ,we   
apply ! same argum5t to duration        
g5]ally1 :e!r f9ite  or inf9ite4 ,m9utes
 & mom5ts1 or small] portions1 = :i* we 
h  no "n1 may be artificial ?+s1 adopt$ 
to aid our conceptions2 b  conceptions (
 :at8 ,n ( any ?+ /&+ /ill1 b ( some?+  
go+ on4 ,( duration we h no o!r         
conception2 & if !re be  no?+ 9 nature  

:i* answ]s to ?is conception1 !n is     
duration  itself imag9>y1 & we disc\rse 
ab\t no?+4 ,if ! duration ( !  div9e    
,be+ admits n ( pa/1 pres5t1 & future1  
"o ( ^! two  consequ5ces mu/ foll[1--t  
no su* attribute z t ( et]nity  belongs 
to him1--or t !re is no p[] 9 ! human   
m9d to conceive  ( x4 ,9 ei!r case1 !   
,scriptures are greatly impugn$2 = 8,he 
:o  01 & is1 & is to come10 is a        
revelation ( ! et]nity (  ,god1 :i* is  
!n 9 no s5se true4 ,x is n true1 if us$ 
lit]ally3  & x is z little s1 if !      
language be figurative2 = ! figure  re/s
 on no basis1 x illu/rates no?+1 x      
misleads4 ,x is1 h[ev]1  to be rememb]$1
 t ! et]nal1 supreme cause1 mu/ (       
necessity  h su* a p]fect1 indep5d5t1   
un*angeable compreh5sion ( all  ?+s1 t  
!re c be no "o po9t or in/ant ( 8 et]nal
  duration1 :]e9 all ?+s t are pa/1     
pres5t1 & to come1 w  n be z entirely   
kn[n & repres5t$ to him 9 "o s+le ?\ght 
or  view1 & all ?+s pres5t & future be  
equally entirely 9 8 p[]  & direction2 z

 if !re 0 really no succession at all1 b
 all  ?+s 7 actually pres5t at once4    
#f4 ,! ,hebrew ^w = et]nity is 4 ,?is is
 its prop] s5se2 b1  z ,ges5ius obs]ves1
 z ) u 9 common life1 x is (t5 us$ 9 an 
inaccurate or loose mann] to express a v
 long space ( "t4 ,s x  is appli$ to !  
,jewi% prie/hood2 to ! ,mosaic          
ord9ances2 to !  possession ( ! l& (    
,canaan2 to ! hills & m\nta9s2 to !     
e>?1 c4 ,^! mu/1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ z   
exceptions to  pr$om9ant & c]ta9 usage4 
,,e?an1 ! ,ezrahite1 "o ( ! wise/ m5 ( 8
 "t2 nev]!less1  ,solomon 0 wis] ?an he1
 #a ,k+s iv1 #ca4 ,! eighty-n9? psalm   
be>s  ! "n ( ,e?an ! ,ezrahite4 ,?is    
,e?an1 & ,e?an son ( ,ki%i1 (  ! tribe (
 ,levi1 & ( ! family ( ,m]>i1 are ! same
 p]son1 #a  ,*ron4 vi1 #dd4 ,he 0 call$ 
likewise ,idi?un1 & appe>s "u ?is  "n 9 
! titles to sev]al psalms4 ,he 0 a      
pr9cipal ma/] ( !  temple music1 #a     
,*ron4 xv1 #ag1 c4    ,,e?anim1 "o ( !  
,hebrew mon?s1 #a ,k+s viii1 #b4 ,9 ?is 
mon? !  temple ( ,solomon 0 d$icat$4    

,aft] ! ,jews return$ f !  captivity1 ! 
mon? ,e?anim 0 call$ ,tisri1 :i* answ]s 
to our  ,septemb]4    ,,e?iopia4 ,see   
,,cu%4    ,,eu*>i/1 ! sacram5t ( ! ,"l's
 ,supp]4 ,! ^w1 9 its orig9al  ,greek1 1
 prop]ly signifies giv+ ?anks2 f ! hymns
 &  ?anksgiv+s :i* accompani$ t holy    
s]vice 9 ! primitive  *ur*4 ,see ,,"l',s
 ,,supp]4    ,,eunice1 ! "m ( ,timo?y1  
:o 0 a ,jewess by bir?1 b m>ri$ to  a   
,greek1 ,timo?y's fa!r1 #b ,tim4 i1 #e4 
,eunice _h be5 conv]t$ to  ,*ri/ianity  
by "s o!r prea*]1 ,acts xvi1 #a1 #b1 & n
 by ,/4  ,paul2 = :5 t ,apo/le came to  
,ly/ra1 he f\nd !re ,eunice &  ,timo?y1 
already f> advanc$ 9 grace & virtue4    
,,eunu*4 ,! ^w signifies1 "o :o gu>ds ! 
b$4 ,9 ! c\rts (  ea/]n k+s1 ! c>e ( !  
b$s & ap>tm5ts belong+ to pr9ces  &     
pr9cesses1 0 g5]ally committ$ to eunu*s2
 b !y _h !  *>ge *iefly ( ! pr9cesses1  
:o liv$ seclud$4 ,! ,hebrew s>is        
signifies a real eunu*1 :e!r naturally  
born su*1 or r5d]$ su*4  ,b 9 ,scripture
 ?is ^w (t5 d5otes an (fic] belong+ to a

  pr9ce1 att5d+ 8 c\rt1 & employ$ 9 !   
int]ior ( 8 palace1  z a "n ( (fice &   
dignity4 ,9 ! ,p]sian & ,turki% c\rts1 !
  pr9cipal employm5ts are at ?is day    
possess$ by real eunu*s4 ,our  ,savi\r  
speaks ( m5 :o 8made !mselves eunu*s = !
 k+dom (  heav510 ,matt4 xix1 #ab2 t is1
 :o1 f a religi\s motive1 r5\nc$        
m>riage or c>nal pleasures4             
,,euphrates1 a riv] ( ,asiatic ,turkey1 
:i* rises f ! m\nta9s (  ,arm5ia1 z "s h
 said1 9 two /reams1 a few miles to !   
nor?-ea/ ( ,erz]on1 ! /reams unit+ to ! 
s\?-we/ ne> t  city2 & *iefly pursu+ a  
s\?-we/ direction to ,semisat1 :]e x    
w\ld fall into ! ,m$it]ranean1 if n     
prev5t$ by a high range (  m\nta9s4 ,9  
?is "p ( its c\rse ! ,euphrates is jo9$ 
by !  ,morad1 a /ream almo/ d\bl+ 9 l5g?
 t ( ! ,euphrates1 s t  ! latt] riv]    
might m ju/ly be said to spr+ f ,m\nt   
,ar>at1  ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty ,briti% 
miles to ! ea/ ( ! imput$  s\rce4 ,at   
,semisat1 ! anci5t ,samosata1 ?is noble 
riv] assumes a  s\!rly direction1 !n    

runs an ext5sive c\rse to ! s\?-ea/1  & 
aft] receiv+ ! ,tigris1 falls by two or 
?ree m\?s into !  gulf ( ,p]sia1 ab\t   
fifty miles s\?-ea/ ( ,bassora2 nor?    
latitude  #bi #ej2 ea/ longitude #ff    
#ee4 ,! comp>ative c\rse ( ! ,euphrates 
may be e/imat$ at ab\t "o ?\s& f\r      
hundr$ ,briti% miles4 ,?is  riv] is     
navigable = a consid]able di/ance f !   
sea4 ,9 its  c\rse x sep>ates ,aladulia 
f ,arm5ia1 ,syria f ,di>bekir1 &        
,di>bekir f ,arabia1 & pass+ ?r\gh !    
,arabian ,irak1 jo9s !  ,tigris4 ,!     
,euphrates & ,tigris1 ! mo/ consid]able 
z well z !  mo/ r5[n$ riv]s ( we/]n     
,asia1 are rem>kable = _! ris+  )9 a few
 miles ( ea* o!r1 runn+ ! same c\rse1   
nev] be+  m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty miles 
asund]1 & sometimes1 be=e  _! f9al      
junction1 approa*+ )9 fifte5 miles ( ea*
 o!r1 z  9 ! latitude ( ,bagdad4 ,!     
space includ$ betwe5 ! two is !  anci5t 
c\ntry ( ,mesopotamia4 ,b ! ,euphrates  
is by f> ! m  noble riv] ( ! two4 ,sir  
,r4 ,k4 ,port]1 describ+ ?is riv] 9 its 

c\rse ?r\gh ! ru9s ( ,babylon1 obs]ves1 
8,! :ole view 0  p>ticul>ly solemn4 ,!  
maje/ic /ream ( ! ,euphrates w&]+ 9     
solitude1 l a pilgrim mon>* ?r\gh !     
sil5t ru9s ( 8  deva/at$ k+dom1 /ill    
appe>$ a noble riv]1 ev5 "u all !       
disadvantages ( its des]t-track$ c\rse4 
,its banks 7 ho>y )  re$s2 & ! grey osi]
 will[s 7 yet !re1 on :i* ! captives  ( 
,israel hung up _! h>ps1 &1 :ile        
,j]usalem 0 n1 refus$ to  be com=t$40 ,!
 ,scripture calls x 8! great riv]10 &   
assigns x  = ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( t l& :i*  
,god promis$ to !  ,israelites1 ,deut4  
i1 #g2 ,jo%ua i1 #d4    ,,euroclydon1 ! 
,greek "n = ! nor?-ea/ w9d1 v dang]\s at
  sea1 ( ! nature ( a :irlw9d1 :i* falls
 ( a sudd5 ^u %ips1  ,acts xxvii1 #ad4  
,! same w9d is n[ call$ a ,levant]4     
,,euty*ians1 a d5om9ation :i* arose 9 ! 
fif? c5tury1 & 7 s  call$ f ,euty*es1   
abbot ( a c]ta9 conv5t ( monks at       
,con/ant9ople4 ,! ,ne/orians hav+       
expla9$ ! two natures 9  ,*ri/ 9 su* a  
mann] z1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 to make !m    

equival5t to two p]sons1 :i* 0 an evid5t
 absurdity1 ,euty*es1 to  avoid ?is     
error1 fell into ! opposite extreme1 &  
ma9ta9$ t  !re 0 only "o nature 9 ,jesus
 ,*ri/1 ! div9e nature1 :i*1  accord+ to
 him1 _h s entirely swall[$ up ! human1 
t !  latt] c\ld n be di/+ui%$4 ,h5ce x 0
 inf]r$ t accord+  to ?is sy/em our ,"l 
_h no?+ ( humanity b ! appe>ance4       
,,evangeli/s1 ! inspir$ au?ors ( !      
,gospels4 ,! ^w is d]iv$  f ! ,greek1 1 
=m$ ( 1 b5e1 8well10 & 1  angel1        
mess5g]4 ,! "n ( evangeli/s is said by  
"s to h be5  giv5 9 ! anci5t *ur* to su*
 z prea*$ ! ,gospel )\t be+  atta*$ to  
any p>ticul> *ur*1 be+ ei!r commission$ 
by !  ,apo/les to in/ruct ! nations1 or1
 ( _! own accord1 ab&on+  e worldly     
atta*m5t1 consecrat$ !mselves to ! sacr$
 (fice (  prea*+ ! ,gospel4 ,9 :i* s5se 
^! int]pret]s ?9k x is t  ,/4 ,philip1  
:o 0 "o ( ! sev5 deacons1 is call$ 8!   
evangeli/0  9 ,acts xxi1 #h2 & t ,/4    
,paul1 writ+ to ,timo?y1 bids him d !   
"w ( an evangeli/1 #b ,tim4 iv1 #e4 ,x  

is1 h[ev]1 to be rem>k$1  t ! (fice 9   
:i* ! evangeli/s *iefly pres5t !mselves 
to  our notice 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is t (
 assi/ants to ! ,apo/les2  or1 z !y     
might be t]m$ vice apo/les1 :o act$ "u  
_!  au?ority & direction4 ,z !y 7       
direct$ to orda9 pa/ors or  bi%ops 9 !  
*ur*es1 b _h no au?ority giv5 !m to     
orda9  successors to !mselves 9 _!      
p>ticul> (fice z evangeli/s1  :atev] x  
might be1 !y mu/ be consid]$ z b        
tempor>y (fic]s  9 ! *ur*1 l ! ,apo/les 
& prophets4 ,! t]m evangeli/ is1  at    
pres5t1 conf9$ to ! writ]s ( ! f\r      
,gospels4    ,,eve1 ! fir/ woman4 ,%e 0 
call$ 1 ,g54 iii1 #bj1 a ^w t  signifies
 life1 because %e 0 to be ! "m ( all t  
live4 ,our  translators1 !re=e1 might h 
call$ h] ,life1 z ! ,septuag9t1  :o r5d]
 ! ,hebrew ^w by 4 ,soon aft] !         
expulsion ( ! fir/  pair f p>adise1 ,eve
 conceiv$ & b>e a son2 & imag9+1 z is   
probable1 t %e _h giv5 bir? to ! promis$
 se$1 %e call$ 8  "n ,ca91 :i* signifies
 possession1 say+1 8,i h gott5 a man  f 

! ,"l40 ,%e aft]w>d _h ,abel1 & "s      
daught]s1 & !n  ,se?4 ,! ,scriptures "n 
only ^! ?ree sons ( ,adam & ,eve1 b     
suffici5tly in=m u1 ,g54 v1 #d1 t !y _h 
_m m1 say+1 t  8,adam liv$1 aft] he _h  
begott5 ,se?1 eight hundr$ ye>s1 & begat
  sons & daught]s40 ,see ,,adam4        
,,evil is di/+ui%$ into natural & moral4
 ,natural evil is :atev]  de/roys or any
 way di/urbs ! p]fection ( natural be+s1
 su* z  bl9dness1 diseases1 dea?1 c4    
,moral evil is ! disagreem5t betwe5  !  
actions ( a moral ag5t1 & ! rule ( ^?   
actions1 :atev] x  be4 ,appli$ to *oice1
 or act+ contr>y to ! moral or reveal$  
laws  ( ! ,deity1 x is t]m$ wick$ness1  
or s94 ,appli$ to an act  contr>y to a  
m]e rule ( fitness1 x is call$ a fault4 
,! "q  conc]n+ ! orig9 ( evil has v mu* 
p]plex$ philosoph]s &  div9es1 bo?      
anci5t & mod]n4 ,plato1 = ! solution (  
?is  "q1 ma9ta9$1 t matt]1 f its nature1
 possesses a bl9d  & refractory =ce1 f  
:i* arises 9 x a prop5sity to disord]  &
 de=mity2 & t ?is is ! cause ( all !    

imp]fection :i*  appe>s 9 ! works (     
,god1 & ! orig9 ( evil4 ,matt]1 he      
conceives1 resi/s ! w ( ! supreme       
,artific]1 s t he _c  possibly execute 8
 designs2 & ?is is ! cause ( ! mixture (
  good & evil1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! mat]ial  
_w4 8,x _c be10  says he1 8t evil %\ld  
be de/roy$1 = !re mu/ always be  some?+ 
contr>y to good20 & aga91 8,god wills1 z
 f> z x is  possible1 e ?+ good1 & no?+ 
evil40 ,:at t prop]ty (  matt] is :i*   
opposes ! wise & b5evol5t int5tions ( ! 
fir/  ,intellig5ce1 ,plato has n cle>ly 
expla9$2 b he speaks ( x z   1 an innate
 prop5sity to disord]1 & says1 t  be=e  
nature 0 adorn$ ) its pres5t beautiful  
=ms1 x 0  incl9$ to confusion & de=mity1
 & t f ?is habitude arises  all ! evil  
:i* happ5s 9 ! _w4 ,plut>* supposes !   
,platonic  notion to be1 t !re is 9     
matt] an unconsci\s1 irrational s\l2  & 
?is supposition has be5 adopt$ by sev]al
 mod]n writ]s4 ,b !  writ+s ( ,plato    
af=d no evid5ce t he conceiv$ !         
imp]fection  ( matt] to arise f any     

cause di/9ct f its nature4 ,su* a       
notion is incongru\s ) ,plato's g5]al   
sy/em1 & is contr>y to  ! doctr9e ( !   
,py?agorean s*ool1 to :i* he 0 probably 
indebt$ = 8 notions on ?is subject2 = ! 
philosoph]s ( t  sect held t motion is !
 effect ( a p[] ess5tial to matt]4 ,"s  
( ! ,/oics adopt$ ! notion ( !          
,platoni/s conc]n+ ! orig9  ( evil1 &   
ascrib$ x to ! defective nature ( matt]1
 :i* x is  n 9 ! p[] ( ! great ,artific]
 to *ange2 ass]t+1 t  imp]fections appe>
 9 ! _w1 n ?r\gh any defect ( skill 9   
its au?or1 b because matt] w n admit ( !
 accompli%m5t (  8 designs4 ,b x 0      
p]ceiv$ by o!rs1 t ?is hypo!sis 0       
inconsi/5t ) ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( !   
,/oics conc]n+  nature4 ,= s9ce1 accord+
 to _! sy/em1 matt] itself receives all 
its qualities f ,god1 if its defects be 
! cause ( evil1 ^!  defects mu/ be      
ultimately ascrib$ to him4 ,no o!r way (
 reliev+  ?is difficulty rema9$1 ?an to 
h rec\rse to fate1 & say1 t  evil 0 !   
necess>y consequ5ce ( t et]nal necessity

 to :i*  ! great :ole1 compreh5d+ bo?   
,god & matt]1 is subject4 ,?us1  :5     
,*rysippus 0 ask$ :e!r diseases 7 to be 
ascrib$ to ,div9e  provid5ce1 he repli$ 
t x 0 n ! int5tion ( nature t  ^! ?+s   
%\ld happ52 nor 7 !y con=mable to ! w ( 
!  ,au?or ( nature & ,p>5t ( all good   
?+s2 b t1 9 fram+ !  _w1 "s inconv5i5ces
 _h adh]$ by necess>y consequ5ce1 to 8  
wise & useful plan4 ,to o!rs ! "q       
conc]n+ ! orig9 (  evil appe>$ s        
intricate & difficult1 t1 f9d+ !mselves 
unequal to ! solution ( x1 !y d5i$ ei!r 
t !re is any ,god  at all1 or1 at lea/1 
any au?or or gov]nor ( ! _w4 ,!         
,epicureans belong$ to ?is class2 nor   
does ,lucretius allege any o!r  reason =
 d5y+ ! sy/em ( ! _w to be ! production 
( a  ,deity beside its be+ s v faulty4  
,o!rs aga9 judg$ x to be m  rational to 
assign a d\ble cause ( visible effects1 
?an to assign no  cause at all2 z no?+1 
inde$1 c be m absurd ?an to admit       
actions & effects )\t any ag5t & cause4 
,^! p]sons  p]ceiv+ a mixture ( good &  

evil1 & be+ p]suad$ t s _m              
inconsi/5cies & disord]s c\ld n proce$ f
 a good be+1  suppos$ ! exi/5ce ( a     
malevol5t pr9ciple1 or god1 directly    
contr>y to ! good "o2 h5ce !y d]iv$     
corruption & dea?1  diseases1 griefs1   
mis*iefs1 frauds1 & villanies1 :ile f ! 
good  be+ !y d$uc$ no?+ b good4 ,?is    
op9ion 0 held by _m (  ! anci5ts2 by !  
,p]sian magi1 ,mani*eans1 ,paulicians1  
c4    #b4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 9 8      
8,demon/ration ( ! ,be+ & ,attributes  (
 ,god10 d$uces f ! possibility & real   
exi/5ce ( human  lib]ty an answ] to !   
"q1 ,:at is ! cause & orig9al (  evil8  
,= lib]ty1 he says1 imply+ a natural p[]
 ( do+ evil1 z  well z good2 & !        
imp]fect nature ( f9ite be+s mak+ x     
possible = !m to abuse ?is _! lib]ty to 
an actual commission (  evil2 & x be+   
necess>y to ! ord] & beauty ( ! :ole1 & 
= display+ ! inf9ite wisdom ( !         
,creator1 t !re %\ld be  diff]5t & v>i\s
 degrees ( creatures1 :]e(1 consequ5tly1
 "s  mu/ be less p]fect ?an o!rs2 h5ce  

!re necess>ily arises a  possibility (  
evil1 not)/&+ t ! ,creator is inf9itely 
good4 ,9 %ort ?us3 all t we call evil is
 ei!r an evil (  imp]fection1 z ! want (
 c]ta9 faculties & excell5cies :i*  o!r 
creatures h2 or natural evil1 z pa91    
dea?1 & ! l2 or  moral evil1 z all k9ds 
( vice4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is n prop]ly an    
evil3 = e p[]1 faculty1 or p]fection1   
:i* any creature  enjoys1 be+ ! free    
gift ( ,god1 :i* he 0 no m oblig$ to    
be/[1 ?an he 0 to conf] be+ or exi/5ce  
itself1 x is pla9 !  want ( any c]ta9   
faculty or p]fection 9 any k9d (        
creatures :i*  nev] belong$ to _!       
nature1 is no m an evil to !m ?an _!    
nev] hav+ be5 creat$1 or br\ght into be+
 at all1 c\ld prop]ly  h be5 call$ an   
evil4 ,! second k9d ( evil1 :i* we call 
natural  evil1 is ei!r a necess>y       
consequ5ce ( ! =m]2 z dea?1 to a        
creature on ^: nature immortality 0 nev]
 conf]r$2 & !n x is  no m prop]ly an    
evil ?an ! =m]2 or else x is c\nt]pois$1
  9 ! :ole1 ) z great or great] good1 z 

! afflictions &  suff]+s ( good m51 & !n
 also x is n prop]ly an evil2 or  else1 
la/ly1 x is a puni%m5t2 & !n x is a     
necess>y consequ5t  ( ! ?ird & la/ sort 
( evil1 namely1 moral evil4 ,& ?is      
arises  :olly f ! abuse ( lib]ty1 :i*   
,god gave to 8 creatures =  o!r         
purposes1 & :i* x 0 reasonable & fit to 
give !m = !  p]fection & ord] ( ! :ole  
creation2 only !y1 contr>y to ,god's    
int5tion & comm&1 h abus$ :at 0 necess>y
 = ! p]fection  ( ! :ole1 to !          
corruption & depravation ( !mselves4 ,& 
?us  all sorts ( evils h ent]$ into !   
_w1 )\t any dim9ution  to ! inf9ite     
goodness ( its ,creator & ,gov]nor4     
#c4 ,?is is obvi\sly all ! answ] :i* !  
"q respect+ !  orig9 ( evil is capable (
 receiv+4 ,x br+s u to ! po9t to  :i* ! 
,scriptures !mselves lead u4 ,& ?\gh _m 
que/ions may  yet be ask$1 respect+ a   
subject s my/]i\s z ! p]mission (  evil 
by ! ,supreme ,be+1 ?is is a "p ( 8     
c\nsels ( :i* we  c h no cognizance1    
unless he is pleas$ to reveal !m2 & z   

revelation is sil5t ^u ?is subject1     
except g5]ally1 t all 8  acts1 8        
p]missive ones z well z o!rs1 are 8wise1
 & j1 &  good10 we may re/ assur$1 t    
beyond :at is reveal$1 human wisdom  9 !
 pres5t /ate c nev] p5etrate4           
,,excommunication1 is ! judicial        
exclusion ( (f5d]s f !  religi\s rites &
 o!r privileges ( ! p>ticul> community  
to  :i* !y belong4 ,f\nd$ 9 ! natural "r
 :i* e society  possesses to gu>d its   
laws & privileges f violation & abuse by
  ! infliction ( salut>y discipl9e1     
proportion$ to ! nature ( !  (f5ces     
committ$ aga9/ !m1 x has f\nd a place1 9
 "o =m or  ano!r1 "u e sy/em ( religion1
 :e!r human or div9e4 ,t  x has be5 made
 an eng9e = ! gratification ( private   
malice &  rev5ge1 & be5 p]v]t$ to       
purposes ! mo/ unju/ifiable & ev5       
diabolical1 ! hi/ory ( ! _w b too       
lam5tably proves2 yet  ?is1 ?\gh        
unque/ionably a consid]ation :i* ought  
to inculcate !  necessity ( prud5ce1 z  
well z imp>tiality & temp]ance 9 ! use  

( x1 af=ds no valid argum5t aga9/ its   
legitimate ex]cise4 ,f  ,/4 ,paul's     
writ+s we le>n t ! e>ly excommunication 
0 effect$  by ! (f5d] n be+ all[$ to    
8eat0 ) ! *ur*1 t is1 to  p>take ( !    
,"l's ,supp]1 ! sign ( communion4 ,9 !  
e>ly ages  ( ! primitive *ur* also1 ?is 
bran* ( discipl9e 0 ex]cis$  )          
mod]ation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 gradually gave   
place to an undue  sev]ity4 ,f          
,t]tullian's 8,apology0 we le>n1 t !    
crimes :i* 9  8 "t subject$ to exclusion
 f ,*ri/ian privileges1 7 murd]1        
idolatry1 !ft1 fraud1 ly+1 blasphemy1   
adult]y1 =nication1 & !  l3 & 9 ,orig5's
 treatise aga9/ ,celsus1 we are in=m$ t 
su*  p]sons 7 expell$ f ! communion ( ! 
*ur*1 & lam5t$ z  lo/ & dead unto ,god2 
ut p]ditos ,deoque mortuos2 b t on  mak+
 confession & giv+ evid5ce ( p5it5ce1 !y
 7 receiv$  back z re/or$ to life4 ,x 0 
at ! same "t specially orda9$1  t no su*
 del9qu5t1 h[ev] suitably qualifi$ 9 o!r
 respects1  c\ld be aft]w>d admitt$ to  
any ecclesia/ical (fice4 ,b x does  n   

appe> t ! infliction ( ?is discipl9e 0  
accompani$ )  any ( ^? =ms (            
excommunication1 ( deliv]+ ov] to       
,satan1 or  ( solemn execration1 :i* 7  
usual among ! ,jews1 & subsequ5tly      
introduc$ into !m by ! ,romi% *ur*4 ,!  
au?ors & foll[]s (  h]etical op9ions :i*
 _h be5 condemn$1 7 also subject to ?is 
p5alty2 & x 0 sometimes inflict$ on :ole
 congregations :5 !y  7 judg$ to h      
dep>t$ f ! fai?4 ,9 ?is latt] case1     
h[ev]1 ! s5t5ce seldom w5t f>!r ?an !   
int]diction (  correspond5ce ) ^!       
*ur*es1 or ( spiritual communication    
betwe5 _! respective pa/ors4 ,to ! same 
exclusion f religi\s  privileges1 ^?    
unhappy p]sons 7 doom$1 :o1 :e!r f *oice
  or f compulsion1 _h pollut$ !mselves1 
aft] _! baptism1 by any  act ( idolatr\s
 wor%ip2 & ! p5ance enjo9$ on su*       
p]sons1  be=e !y c\ld be re/or$ to      
communion1 0 (t5 peculi>ly sev]e4  ,!   
consequ5ces ( excommunication1 ev5 !n1 7
 ( a temporal z  well z a spiritual     
nature4 ,! p]son aga9/ :om x 0 pron\nc$1

  0 d5i$ all %>e 9 ! oblations ( 8      
bre?r52 ! ties bo? (  religi\s & (      
private fri5d%ip 7 dissolv$2 he f\nd    
himself an  object ( abhorr5ce to ^? :om
 he mo/ e/eem$1 & by :om he _h  be5 mo/ 
t5d]ly belov$2 &1 z f> z expulsion f a  
society held  9 univ]sal v5]ation c\ld  
impr9t on 8 "* a m>k (  disgrace1 he 0  
%unn$ or suspect$ by ! g5]ality (       
mank9d4    #b4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till      
*ur*m5 began to unite temporal )        
spiritual p[]1 t any p5al effects ( a   
civil k9d became  consequ5t on _!       
s5t5ces ( excommunication2 & t ?is      
gho/ly  artill]y 0 n less frequ5tly     
employ$ = ! purposes ( lawless  ambition
 & ecclesia/ical dom9ation1 ?an = ! j   
puni%m5t (  imp5it5t del9qu5ts1 & !     
g5]al edification ( ! fai?ful4 ,b  z    
soon z ?is union took place1 & 9 exact  
proportion to ! degree  9 :i* ! papal   
sy/em rose to its pr$om9ance ov] ! civil
 rights  z well z ! consci5ces ( m51 !  
li/ ( (f5ces :i* subject$  _!           
p]petrators to excommunication1 0       

multipli$2 & ! sev]ity  ( its           
inflictions1 ) _! p5al effects1 increas$
 9 ! same  ratio4 ,! slighte/ injury1 or
 ev5 insult1 su/a9$ by an  ecclesia/ic1 
0 deem$ a suffici5t cause = !           
promulgation ( an  ana!ma4 ,:ole        
families1 & ev5 prov9ces1 7 prohibit$ f 
engag+ 9 any religi\s ex]cise1 & curs$ )
 ! mo/ trem5d\s  d5unciations ( div9e   
v5geance4 ,nor 7 k+s & emp]ors secure   
aga9/ ^! ?und]s ( ! *ur*2 _! subjects 71
 on _m  occasions1 decl>$1 by a papal   
bull1 to be absolv$ f allegiance to  !m2
 & all :o %\ld d>e to support !m1 m5ac$ 
) a simil>  judgm5t4 ,^! t]rors h pass$ 
away2 ! true ,scriptural                
excommunication ought to be ma9ta9$ 9 e 
*ur*2 :i* is !  prohibition ( immoral & 
apo/ate p]sons f ! use ( ^?  religi\s   
rites :i* indicate 8! communion (       
sa9ts10 b )\t  any temporal p5alty4     
,,exodus1 f 1 out1 & 1 a way1 ! "n ( !  
second book  ( ,moses1 & is s call$ 9 ! 
,greek v]sion because x relates to  !   
dep>ture ( ! ,israelites out ( ,egypt4  

,x compreh5ds ! hi/ory  ( ab\t a hundr$ 
& =ty-five ye>s2 & ! pr9cipal ev5ts     
conta9$ 9 x are1 ! bondage ( !          
,israelites 9 ,egypt1 & _!  miracul\s   
deliv]ance by ! h& ( ,moses2 _! entrance
 into !  wild]ness ( ,s9ai2 !           
promulgation ( ! law1 & ! build+ (  !   
tab]nacle4 ,see ,,p5tateu*4             
,,expiation1 a religi\s act1 by :i*     
satisfaction or atonem5t is made  = !   
commission ( "s crime1 ! guilt done     
away1 & !  obligation to puni%m5t       
cancell$4 ,! *ief me?ods ( expiation    
among  ! ,jews 7 by sacrifices2 & x is  
important always to recollect  t !      
,levitical sacrifices 7 ( an expiatory  
"*2 because z  among ! ,jews sacrifices 
7 unque/ionably ( div9e orig9al1 & z  ! 
t]ms tak5 f !m are f\nd appli$ s        
frequ5tly to ,*ri/ &  to 8 suff]+s 9 !  
,new ,te/am5t1 !y s]ve to expla9 t      
peculi>ity "u :i* ! ,apo/les reg>d$ !   
dea? ( ,*ri/1 &  af=d additional pro( t 
x 0 consid]$ by !m z a sacrifice (      
expiation1 z ! gr& univ]sal s9-(f]+ = ! 

:ole _w4 ,=  our ,"l is ann\nc$ by ,john
 z 8! ,lamb ( ,god20 & t n )  ref]5ce to
 meekness or any o!r moral virtue2 b )  
an  accompany+ phrase1 :i* w\ld         
communicate to a ,jew ! full            
sacrificial s5se ( ! t]m employ$1 8!    
,lamb ( ,god1 :i* take?  away ! s9 ( !  
_w40 ,he is call$ 8our ,passov]1        
sacrific$ =  u40 ,he is said to h giv5  
8himself = u1 an (f]+ & a  sacrifice to 
,god1 = a sweet-smell+ sav\r40 ,z a     
prie/1 x 0  necess>y 8he %\ld h some:at 
to (f]20 & he (f]$ 8himself10  88 own   
blood10 to :i* is ascrib$ ! wa%+ away ( 
s91 & our  et]nal r$emption4 ,he is     
decl>$ to h 8put away s9 by !  sacrifice
 ( himself10 to h 8by himself purg$ our 
s9s10 to h  8sanctifi$ ! p by 8 own     
blood10 to h 8(f]$ to ,god "o  sacrifice
 = s9s40 ,add to ^!1 & to innum]able o!r
 simil>  expressions & allusions1 !     
argum5t ( ! ,apo/le 9 ! ,epi/le to  !   
,hebrews1 9 :i*1 by prov+ at l5g?1 t !  
sacrifice (  ,*ri/ 0 sup]ior 9 efficacy 
to ! sacrifices ( ! law1 he mo/         

unequivocally assumes1 t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 
0 a sacrifice &  s9-(f]+2 = )\t t x w\ld
 no m h be5 capable (  comp>ison ) !    
sacrifices ( ! law1 ?an ! dea? ( ,john !
  ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,/eph51 or ,/4 ,james1   
all m>tyrs & suff]]s = !  tru?1 :o _h   
rec5tly seal$ _! te/imony ) _! blood4   
,?is  v comp>ison1 we may affirm1 is    
utt]ly unacc\ntable & absurd on  any    
hypo!sis :i* d5ies ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/2 
= :at relation  c\ld 8 dea? h to !      
,levitical immolations & (f]+s1 if x  _h
 no sacrificial "*8 ,no?+ c\ld1 9 fact1 
be m  mislead+1 & ev5 absurd1 ?an to    
apply ^? t]ms :i*1 bo? among  ,jews &   
,g5tiles1 7 9 use to express ! v>i\s    
processes &  means ( atonem5t & piacul> 
propitiation1 if ! ,apo/les & ,*ri/     
himself did n int5d to repres5t 8 dea?  
/rictly z an expiation  = s93--mislead+1
 because su* w\ld be ! natural &        
necess>y  inf]5ce f ! t]ms !mselves1 :i*
 _h acquir$ ?is z _!  e/abli%$ mean+3--&
 absurd1 because if1 z ,soc9ians say1 !y
  us$ !m metaphorically1 !re 0 n ev5 an 

ideal resemblance  betwe5 ! figure & t  
:i* x 0 int5d$ to illu/rate4 ,s  totally
 irrelevant1 inde$1 w ^? t]ms appe> to  
any notion  ent]ta9$ ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/   
:i* excludes its expiatory  "*1 t to    
assume t our ,"l & 8 ,apo/les us$ !m z  
metaphors1 is pr(anely to assume !m to  
be su* writ]s z w\ld n  9 any o!r case  
be tol]at$2 writ]s :olly unacqua9t$ ) ! 
commone/ rules ( language1 & !re=e :olly
 unfit to be tea*]s  ( o!rs1 & t n only 
9 religion b 9 ?+s ( inf]ior            
importance4    #b4 ,! use ( su* t]ms1 we
 h said1 w\ld n only be :olly absurd1  b
 crim9ally mislead+ to ! ,g5tiles1 z    
well z to ! ,jews1 :o  7 fir/ conv]t$ to
 ,*ri/ianity4 ,to !m ! notion (         
propitiatory  (f]+s1 (f]+s to av]t !    
displeasure ( ! gods1 & :i*  expiat$ !  
crimes ( (f5d]s1 0 mo/ famili>1 & t]ms  
correspond+ to x 7 9 con/ant use4 ,!    
bold d5ial ( ?is by ,dr4  ,prie/ley     
might well br+ ^u him ! repro( (        
,ar*bi%op ,magee1  :o1 aft] e/abli%+ ?is
 po9t f ! ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s1        

obs]ves1 8,s cle>ly does _! language    
ann\nce ! notion ( a  propitiatory      
atonem5t1 t if we w\ld avoid an         
imputation on ,dr4  ,prie/ley's         
fairness1 we are driv51 ( necessity1 to 
"q !  ext5t ( 8 acqua9tance ) ^?        
writ]s40 ,! read] may consult  !        
in/ances giv5 by ?is writ]1 9 ,no4 #e ( 
8 8,illu/rations10  app5d$ to 8         
8,disc\rses on ! ,atonem5t20 & also !   
t5?  *apt] ( ,grotius 8,de              
,satisfactione10 ^: le>n+ has mo/ amply 
illu/rat$ & firmly settl$ ?is view ( !  
,hea!n sacrifices4 ,!  use to be made ( 
?is 9 ! argum5t is1 t z ! ,apo/les f\nd 
! v t]ms !y us$ ) ref]5ce to ! nature & 
efficacy (  ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 fix$ 9 an   
expiatory signification among !         
,greeks1 !y c\ld n1 9 hone/y1 use !m 9 a
 di/ant figurative  s5se1 mu* less 9 a  
contr>y "o1 )\t giv+ _! read]s due      
notice ( _! hav+ inve/$ !m ) a new      
import4 ,f 1 a  pollution1 an impurity1 
:i* 0 to be expiat$ by sacrifice1 are   
d]iv$  & 1 :i* d5ote ! act ( expiation2 

1  too1 to purify1 cleanse1 is appli$ to
 ! effect ( expiation2 &   d5otes !     
me?od ( propitiat+ ! gods by sacrifice4 
,^!1 & o!r words ( simil> import1 are   
us$ by ! au?ors ( !  ,septuag9t1 & by ! 
,evangeli/s & ,apo/les2 b !y give no    
premonition ( us+ !m 9 any /range &     
alt]$ s5se2 & :5  !y apply !m to ! dea? 
( ,*ri/1 !y mu/1 !re=e1 be  und]/ood to 
use !m 9 _! receiv$ mean+4 ,9 l mann] ! 
,jews _h _! expiatory sacrifices1 & !   
t]ms & phrases us$ 9  !m are1 9 l mann]1
 employ$ by ! ,apo/les to *>act]ize !   
dea? ( _! ,"l2 & !y w\ld h be5 z guilty 
( mislead+  _! ,jewi% z _! ,g5tile      
read]s1 _h !y employ$ !m 9 a new  s5se1 
& )\t w>n+1 :i*1 unque/ionably1 !y nev] 
gave4    #c4 ,z to ! expiatory nature ( 
! sacrifices ( ! law1 x is n  requir$ by
 ! argum5t to %[ t all ! ,levitical     
(f]+s 7  ( ?is "*4 ,!re 7 also (f]+s =  
p]sons & = ?+s  prescrib$ =             
purification1 :i* 7 incid5tal2 b ev5 !y 
grew  out ( ! lead+ notion ( expiatory  
sacrifice1 & t legal  purification :i*  

result$ f ! =giv5ess ( s9s4 ,x is en\gh 
to prove1 t ! gr& & em95t sacrifices ( !
 ,jews 7  /rictly expiatory1 & t by !m !
 (f]]s 7 releas$ f  puni%m5t & dea?1 =  
:i* ends !y 7 appo9t$ by !  ,lawgiv]4   
,:5 we speak1 too1 ( vic>i\s sacrifice1 
we d n mean  ei!r1 on ! "o h&1 su* a    
sub/itution z t ! victim %\ld  be> !    
same quantum ( pa9 & suff]+ z ! (f5d]   
himself2 or1  on ! o!r1 t x 0 put 9 !   
place ( ! (f5d] z a m]e  symbolical act1
 by :i* he confess$ 8 des]t ( puni%m5t2 
b a  sub/itution made by div9e          
appo9tm5t1 by :i* ! victim 0  expos$ to 
suff]+s & dea? in/ead ( ! (f5d]1 9      
virtue (  :i* ! (f5d] himself 0 releas$4
 ,) ?is view1 "o c  sc>cely conceive :y 
s able a writ] z ,ar*bi%op ,magee %\ld  
pref]  to use ! t]m1 8vic>i\s import10 r
 ?an ! simple &  e/abli%$ t]m1          
8vic>i\s20 s9ce ! ,ant9omian notion (   
sub/itution may be o!rwise suffici5tly  
gu>d$ aga9/1 & !  phrase 8vic>i\s       
import0 is c]ta9ly capable ( be+ resolv$
 into  t figurative notion ( m]e        

symbolical action1 :i*1 h[ev]           
plausible1 does 9 fact deprive ! anci5t 
sacrifices ( _!  typical1 & ! oblation (
 ,*ri/ ( its real1 efficacy4 ,vic>i\s   
act+1 is act+ = ano!r2 vic>i\s suff]+1  
is suff]+ =  ano!r2 b ! nature &        
circum/ances ( t suff]+ 9 ! case  (     
,*ri/ are to be det]m9$ by ! doctr9e (  
,scripture at l>ge1  & n :olly by ! t]m 
itself1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 useful = ?is     
purpose1 7& !re=e to be pres]v$17 t x   
indicates ! s5se 9  :i* ^? :o use x     
und]/& ! decl>ation ( ,scripture1 8,*ri/
  di$ = u10 s z t he di$ n m]ely = our  
b5efit1 b 9  our /ead2 9 o!r words1 t1 b
 = 8 hav+ di$1 ^? :o  believe 9 him w\ld
 p]sonally h suff]$ t dea? :i* is !     
p5alty ( e violation ( ! law ( ,god4    
#d4 ,t sacrifices "u ! law 7 expiatory &
 vic>i\s1 admits (  abundant pro(4    ,!
 *ief objections made to ?is doctr9e    
are1 7#a47 ,t "u ! law  9 all capital   
cases1 ! (f5d]1 ^u legal pro( or        
conviction1 0  doom$ to die1 & t no     
sacrifice c\ld exempt him f ! p5alty4   

7#b47 ,t 9 all l[] cases to :i* ! law _h
 n atta*$ capital  puni%m5t1 b pecuni>y 
mulcts1 or p]sonal lab\r or s]vitude ^u 
_! nonpaym5t1 ?is p5alty 0 to be /rictly
 execut$1 & none  c\ld plead any        
privilege or exemption on acc\nt (      
sacrifice2 & t  :5 sacrifices 7 orda9$ )
 a pecuni>y mulct1 !y are to be  reg>d$ 
9 ! light ( f9e1 "o "p ( :i* 0 paid to !
  /ate1 ! o!r to ! *ur*4 ,?is 0 ! mode (
 argum5t adopt$ by  ! au?or ( 8! ,moral 
,philosoph]20 & no?+ ( weight has be5   
add$ to ^! objections s9ce 8 day4 ,n[1  
mu* ( ?is may be  grant$1 )\t any       
prejudice to ! argum5t2 &1 inde$1 is no 
m  ?an ! mo/ or?odox writ]s on ?is      
subject h (t5 rem>k$4 ,!  law1 "u :i* ! 
,jews 7 plac$1 0 at once1 z to !m1 bo? a
  moral & a political law2 & ! ,lawgiv] 
except$ c]ta9 (f5ces  f ! b5efit (      
p>don1 because t w\ld h be5 exemption f 
temporal dea?1 :i* 0 ! /ate p5alty4 ,he 
!re=e w\ld accept  no atonem5t = su*    
transgressions4 ,blasphemy1 idolatry1   
murd]1 &  adult]y1 7 ! 8presumptu\s s9s0

 :i* 7 ?us exempt$2 & !  reason w be se5
 9 ! political relation ( ! p to ,god2 =
  9 refus+ to exempt !m f puni%m5t 9 ?is
 _w1 respect 0  _h to ! ord] & b5efit ( 
society4 ,runn+ p>allel1 h[ev]1 )  ?is  
political application ( ! law to ! ,jews
 z subjects ( !  !ocracy1 we see !      
au?ority ( ! moral law kept ov] !m z m5 
& creatures2 & if ^! 8presumptu\s s9s10 
( blasphemy &  idolatry1 ( murd] &      
adult]y1 & a few o!rs1 7 ! only  capital
 crimes consid]$ politically1 !y 7 n !  
only capital  crimes consid]$ morally2 t
 is1 !re 7 o!r crimes :i* w\ld  h       
subject$ ! (f5d] to dea?1 b = ?is       
provision (  expiatory oblations4 ,!    
true "q !n is1 :e!r su* sacrifices  7   
appo9t$ by ,god1 & accept$ in/ead ( !   
p]sonal puni%m5t  or life ( ! (f5d]1 :i*
 o!rwise w\ld h be5 =feit$1 z  9 ! o!r  
cases2 & if s1 if ! life ( animal       
sacrifices 0  accept$ in/ead ( ! life ( 
man1 !n ! notion t 8!y 7  m]e mulcts &  
pecuni>y p5alties0 falls to ! gr\nd1 & !
  vic>i\s nature ( mo/ ( ! ,levitical   

oblations is e/abli%$4 ,t  o!r (f5ces1  
beside ^? above m5tion$1 7 capital1 t   
is1  expos$ ! (f5d] to dea?1 is cle> f  
?is1 t all (f5ces  aga9/ ! law _h ?is   
capital "*4 ,z dea? 0 ! sanction (  !   
comm&m5t giv5 to ,adam1 s e "o :o       
transgress$ any "p (  ! law ( ,moses    
became guilty ( dea?2 e man 0 8accurs$10
 t  is1 devot$ to die1 :o 8cont9u$ n 9  
all ?+s writt5 9 ! book  ( ! law40 8,!  
man only t doe? ^! ?+s %all live by !m10
  0 ! rule2 & x 01 !re=e1 to r$eem !    
(f5d]s f ?is  p5alty t sacrifices 7     
appo9t$4 ,s ) ref]5ce to ! great  day ( 
expiation1 we read1 8,= on t day %all ! 
prie/ make an  atonem5t = y1 to cleanse 
y1 t y may be clean f all y\r  s9s2 &   
?is %all be an ev]la/+ /atute unto y1 to
 make an  atonem5t = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1
 = all _! s9s1 once a ye>10  ,lev4 xvi1 
#cj-cd4    #e4 ,to prove t ?is 0 !      
int5tion & effect ( ! annual  sacrifices
 ( ! ,jews1 we ne$ d little m ?an ref]  
to ,lev4 xvii1  #aj1 #aa3 8,i w set my  
face aga9/ t s\l t eate? blood1 &  w cut

 him (f f among 8 p4 ,= ! life ( ! fle% 
is 9  ! blood2 & ,i h giv5 x to y ^u !  
alt> to make an  atonem5t = y\r s\ls3 = 
x is ! blood t make? an atonem5t  = !   
s\l40 ,"h ! blood :i* is said to make an
 atonem5t = !  s\l1 is ! blood ( !      
victims2 & to make an atonem5t = ! s\l  
is ! same z to be a ransom = ! s\l1 z w 
appe> by ref]r+  to ,,exodus xxx1       
#ab-af2 & to be a ransom = ! s\l is to  
av]t dea?4  8,!y %all give e man a      
ransom = 8 s\l unto ! ,"l1 t  !re be no 
plague among !m10 by :i* _! lives might 
be sudd5ly  tak5 away4 ,! 8s\l0 is also 
"h us$ obvi\sly = ! life2 !  blood1 or !
 life ( ! victims 9 all sacrifices1 0   
sub/itut$ =  ! life ( man1 to pres]ve   
him f dea?1 & ! victims 7  !re=e        
vic>i\s4    #f4 ,! ,hebrew ^w 1 r5d]$   
atonem5t1 signify+ prim>ily to  cov]1 to
 ov]spread1 has be5 ! subject ( "s      
evasive  criticisms4 ,x comes1 h[ev]1 9 
! second>y s5se to signify  atonem5t or 
propitiation1 because ! effect ( t is to
 cov]1 or1  9 ,scripture mean+1 to remit

 (f5ces4 ,! ,septuag9t also r5d]s x  by 
1 to appease1 to make propiti\s4 ,x is  
us$1 inde$1  :]e ! means ( atonem5t are 
n ( ! sacrificial k9d1 b ^!  in/ances   
equally s]ve to ev9ce ! ,scripture s5se 
( ! t]m1 9  cases ( transgression1 to be
 t ( reconcil+ ! (f5d$ ,deity1 by  av]t+
 8 displeasure2 s t :5 ! atonem5t = s9  
is said to  be made by sacrifice1 no    
d\bt c rema9 t ! sacrifice 0  /rictly a 
sacrifice ( propitiation4 ,agreeably to 
?is conclusion we  f9d x expressly      
decl>$1 9 ! sev]al cases ( piacul>      
oblations  = transgression ( ! div9e    
comm&s1 t ! s9 = :i*  atonem5t 0 made by
 ^? oblations %\ld be =giv54    #g4 ,z !
 notion t ! sacrifices ( ! law 7 n      
vic>i\s1 b  m]e mulcts & f9es1 is       
ov]turn$ by ! g5]al appo9tm5t ( !  blood
 to be an atonem5t = ! s\ls1 ! =feit$   
lives1 ( m51 s  also is x contradict$ by
 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,let u ref] to      
,leviticus v1 #ae1af3 8,if a s\l commit 
a trespass1 & s9 ?r\gh  ignorance 9 !   
holy ?+s ( ! ,"l1 he %all make am5ds = !

  h>m t he ha? done 9 ! holy ?+1 & %all 
add a fif? "p  !reto1 & %all give x to !
 prie/40 ,"h1 inde$1 is ! prop]  f9e = !
 trespass2 b x is add$1 8,he %all br+ = 
8 trespass  unto ! ,"l a ram )\t blemi%1
 & ! prie/ %all make atonem5t  = him ) !
 ram ( ! trespass (f]+1 & x %all be     
=giv5  him40 ,?us1 !n1 s f> f !         
sacrifice be+ ! f9e1 ! f9e is  di/+ui%$ 
f x1 & ) ! ram only 0 ! atonem5t made to
  ! ,"l = 8 trespass4 ,nor c ! c]emonies
 ) :i* !  trespass & s9 (f]+s 7         
accompani$ agree ) any notion b  t ( _! 
vic>i\s "*4 ,! wor%ipp]1 consci\s ( 8   
trespass1 br\ght an animal1 8 own       
prop]ty1 to ! door ( !  tab]nacle4 ,?is 
0 n a eu*>i/ical act2 n a memorial (    
m]cies  receiv$1 b ( s9s committ$4 ,he  
laid 8 h&s ^u ! head ( !  animal1 !     
symbolical act ( transf]r+ puni%m5t2 !n 
slew x )  8 own h&1 & deliv]$ x to !    
prie/1 :o burn$ ! fat &  "p ( ! animal  
^u ! alt>2 &1 hav+ spr9kl$ "p ( !  blood
 ^u ! alt>1 &1 9 "s cases1 ^u ! (f]]    
himself1  p\r$ ! re/ at ! bottom ( !    

alt>4 ,& ?us1 we are told1 8,!  prie/   
%all make an atonem5t = him1 z conc]n+ 8
 s91 & x  %all be =giv5 him40 ,s cle>ly 
is x made manife/ by ^! actions1  & by !
 description ( _! nature & end1 t !     
animal bore !  puni%m5t ( ! (f5d]1 & t  
by ?is appo9tm5t he 0  reconcil$ to     
,god1 & obta9$ ! =giv5ess ( 8 (f5ces4   
#h4 ,an equally /rong pro( t ! life ( ! 
animal sacrifice 0  accept$ 9 place ( ! 
life ( man1 is af=d$ by ! fact1 t       
atonem5t 0 requir$ by ! law to be made1 
by s9 (f]+s & burnt  (f]+s1 = ev5 bodily
 di/emp]s & disord]s4 ,x is n necess>y  
to ! argum5t to expla9 ! di/9ctions     
betwe5 ^! v>i\s  oblations2 nor yet to  
inquire into ! reason = requir+         
propitiation  to be made = corporal     
infirmities :i*1 9 _m cases1 c\ld n be  
avoid$4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 ?us connect$ ) s9 
z ! cause ( all  ^! disord]s2 & ,god1 :o
 _h plac$ 8 resid5ce among !            
,israelites1 insi/$ ^u a p]fect         
c]emonial purity1 to impress ^u  !m a   
s5se ( 8 moral purity1 & ! necessity (  

purification (  m9d4 ,:e!r ^! 7 !       
reasons1 or "s o!rs n at all            
discov]able by u1 all su* unclean p]sons
 7 liable to dea?1 &  7 exempt$ f x only
 by animal sacrifices4 ,?is appe>s f !  
conclusion to all ! ,levitical          
directions conc]n+ ! c]emonial to  be   
obs]v$ 9 all su* cases3 8,?us %all ye   
sep>ate ! *ildr5 (  ,israel f _!        
uncleanness2 t !y die n 910 or by1 8_!  
uncleanness1 :5 !y defile my tab]nacle  
:i* is among !m10 ,lev4  xv1 #ca4 ,s t1 
by virtue ( ! s9 (f]+s1 ! *ildr5 (      
,israel  7 sav$ f a dea? :i* o!rwise !y 
w\ld h suff]$ f  _! uncleanness1 & t by 
sub/itut+ ! life ( ! animal =  ! life ( 
! (f]]4 ,nor c x be urg$ t dea? is1 9 ^!
  in/ances1 ?reat5$ only z ! puni%m5t ( 
n obs]v+ ^! laws  ( purification2 = !   
reason giv5 9 ! passage j quot$ %[s  t !
 ?reat5+ ( dea? 0 n hypo!tical ^u _! n  
br++ ! prescrib$ purification1 b is     
gr\nd$ ^u ! fact (  8defil+ ! tab]nacle 
( ! ,"l :i* 0 among !m10 :i* is  suppos$
 to be done by all uncleanness1 z su*1 9

 ! fir/ in/ance4    #i4 ,z a f>!r pro( (
 ! vic>i\s "* ( ! pr9cipal  sacrifices (
 ! ,mosaic economy1 we may in/ance ^?   
/at$ly (f]$  = ! :ole congregation4 ,e  
day 7 (f]$ two lambs1 "o 9 !  morn+1 & !
 o!r 9 ! ev5+1 8= a cont9ual burnt      
(f]+40  ,to ^! daily victims 7 to be    
add$1 weekly1 two o!r lambs = !  burnt  
(f]+ ( e ,sabba?4 ,none ( ^! c\ld be    
consid]$ 9  ! light ( f9es = (f5ces1    
s9ce !y 7 (f]$ = no  p>ticul> p]sons1 & 
mu/ be consid]$1 !re=e1 unless resolv$  
into an unmean+ c]emony1 piacul> &      
vic>i\s4 ,to pass ov]1  h[ev]1 ! mon?ly 
sacrifices1 & ^? (f]$ at ! great fea/s1 
x is suffici5t to fix ^u ^?1 s (t5      
allud$ to 9 ! ,epi/le  to ! ,hebrews1   
(f]$ on ! solemn anniv]s>y ( expiation4 
,on t  day1 to o!r prescrib$ sacrifices 
7 to be add$ ano!r ram = a  burnt (f]+1 
& ano!r goat1 ! mo/ em95t ( ! sacrifices
 =  a s9 (f]+1 ^: blood 0 to be c>ri$ by
 ! high prie/ into  ! inn] sanctu>y1 :i*
 0 n done by ! blood ( any o!r  victim1 
except ! bullock1 :i* 0 (f]$ ! same day 

z a s9  (f]+ = ! family ( ,a>on4 ,!     
circum/ances ( ?is c]emony1  :]eby      
atonem5t 0 to be made 8= all ! s9s0 ( ! 
:ole ,jewi%  p1 are s /rik+ly           
significant1 t !y des]ve a p>ticul>     
detail4 ,on ! day appo9t$ = ?is g5]al   
expiation1 ! prie/ is  comm&$ to (f] a  
bullock & a goat1 z s9 (f]+s1 ! "o =    
himself1 & ! o!r = ! p2 &1 hav+ spr9kl$ 
! blood  ( ^! 9 due =m be=e ! m]cy seat1
 to lead =? a second goat1  d5om9at$ 8! 
scape-goat20 &1 aft] lay+ bo? 8 h&s ^u !
  head ( ! scape-goat1 & confess+ ov]   
him all ! iniquities (  ! p1 to put !m  
^u ! head ( ! goat1 & to s5d !  animal1 
?us be>+ ! s9s ( ! p1 away into !       
wild]ness2  9 ?is mann] express+1 by an 
action :i* _c be misund]/ood1  t !      
atonem5t1 :i*1 x is affirm$1 0 to be    
effect$ by !  sacrifice ( ! s9 (f]+1    
consi/$ 9 remov+ f ! p  _! iniquities by
 ?is translation ( !m to ! animal4 ,= x 
is to  be rem>k$1 t ! c]emony ( !       
scape-goat is n a di/9ct "o3  x is a    
cont9uation ( ! process1 & is evid5tly !

 conclud+  "p & symbolical consummation 
( ! s9 (f]+3 s t !  transf] ( !         
iniquities ( ! p ^u ! head ( !          
scape-goat1 & ! be>+ !m away into !     
wild]ness1 manife/ly  imply1 t !        
atonem5t effect$ by ! sacrifice ( ! s9  
(f]+  consi/$ 9 ! transf] & consequ5t   
removal ( ^? iniquities4    #aj4 ,h[1   
!n1 is ?is impressive & s+ul> c]emonial 
to be  expla9$8 ,%all we resort to !    
notion ( mulcts & f9es8 ,if s1  !n ?is &
 o!r /at$ sacrifices mu/ be consid]$ 9 !
 light (  p5al enactm5ts4 ,b ?is _c     
agree ) ! appo9tm5t ( su*  sacrifices   
annually 9 succe$+ g5]ations3 8,?is %all
 be a /atute  = ev] unto y40 ,! law     
appo9ts a c]ta9 day 9 ! ye> =  expiat+ !
 s9s bo? ( ! high prie/ himself & ( !   
:ole  congregation1 & t = all high      
prie/s & all g5]ations ( !              
congregation4 ,n[1 c\ld a law be enact$1
 inflict+ a c]ta9 p5alty1  at a c]ta9   
"t1 ^u a :ole p1 z well z ^u _! high    
prie/1 ?us presum+ ^u _! actual         
transgression ( x8 ,!  sacrifice 0 also 

= s9s 9 g5]al2 & yet ! p5alty1 if x 7   
"o1 is n great] ?an individual p]sons 7 
(t5 oblig$ to  und]go = s+le trespasses4
 ,no?+1 c]ta9ly1 c be m absurd  ?an ?is 
hypo!sis4 ,%all we acc\nt = x by say+ t 
sacrifices  7 (f]$ = ! b5efit ( !       
wor%ipp]1 b exclude ! notion  (         
expiation8 ,b "h we are oblig$ to conf9e
 ! b5efit to  reconciliation & ! tak+   
away ( s9s1 & t by ! appo9t$  means ( ! 
%$d+ ( blood1 & ! pres5tation ( blood 9 
!  holy place1 accompani$ by !          
expressive c]emony ( imposition (  h&s  
^u ! head ( ! victim2 ! import ( :i* act
 is fix$1  beyond all controv]sy1 by !  
prie/'s confess+ ov] t victim !  s9s (  
all ! p1 & at ! same "t imprecat+ ^u its
 head  ! v5geance due to !m1 ,lev4 xvi1 
#ba4 ,%all we cont5t ourselves )  m]ely 
say+ t ?is 0 a symbol8 ,b ! "q rema9s1  
,( :at  0 x ! symbol8 ,to det]m9e ?is1  
let ! sev]al p>ts ( !  symbolic action  
be enum]at$4 ,"h is confession ( s92    
confession  be=e ,god at ! door ( !     
tab]nacle2 ! sub/itution ( a victim2  ! 

figurative transf] ( s9s to t victim2 ! 
%$d+ ( blood1  :i* ,god appo9t$ to make 
atonem5t = ! s\l2 ! c>ry+ !  blood into 
! holie/ place1 ! v p]mission ( :i*     
cle>ly  m>k$ ! div9e acceptance2 ! be>+ 
away ( iniquity2 & !  actual            
reconciliation ( ! p to ,god4 ,if1 !n1  
?is is  symbolical1 x has no?+          
correspond5t ) x1 x nev] _h or c  h any 
?+ correspond5t to x b ! sacrificial    
dea? ( ,jesus  ,*ri/1 & ! communication 
( ! b5efits ( 8 passion 9 !  =giv5ess ( 
s9s to ^? t believe 9 him1 & 9 _!       
reconciliation ) ,god4 ,%all we1 f9ally1
 say t ^? sacrifices  _h respect1 n to  
,god to obta9 p>don by expiation1 b to !
  (f]]1 tea*+ him moral lessons1 & call+
 =? moral  dispositions8 ,we answ]1 t   
?is hypo!sis leaves _m ( !  ess5tial    
circum/ances ( ! c]emonial :olly        
unacc\nt$ =4 ,!  tab]nacle & temple 7   
erect$ = ! resid5ce ( ,god1 by 8 own    
comm&4 ,!re x 0 8 w to be approa*$1 & to
 ^! sacr$  places ! victims 7 requir$ to
 be br\ght4 ,any :]e else !y  might z   

well h be5 (f]$1 if !y _h _h respect    
only to !  (f]]2 b !y 7 requir$ to be   
br\ght to ,god1 to be (f]$  accord+ to a
 prescrib$ ritual1 & by an ord] ( m5    
appo9t$ =  t purpose4 ,n[ truly !re is  
no reason :y !y %\ld be (f]$ 9  !       
sanctu>y r ?an 9 any o!r place1 except t
 !y 7  (f]$ to ! ,inhabitant ( !        
sanctu>y2 nor c\ld !y be (f]$ 9  8      
pres5ce )\t hav+ respect to him4 ,!re 7 
"s victims  ^: blood1 on ! day (        
atonem5t1 0 to be c>ri$ into ! inn]     
sanctu>y2 b = :at purpose c we suppose !
 blood to h be5  c>ri$ into ! mo/ secret
 place ( ! div9e resid5ce1 except to    
obta9 ! fav\r ( ,him 9 ^: pres5ce x 0   
spr9kl$8 ,to ?is we  may add1 t ! reason
 giv5 = ^! sacr$ s]vices is n 9 any     
case a m]e moral effect to be produc$ ^u
 ! m9ds ( !  wor%ipp]s3 !y 7 8to make   
atonem5t10 t is1 to av]t ,god's         
displeasure1 t ! p might n 8die40       
#aa4 ,we may f9d1 also1 ano!r m explicit
 illu/ration 9 !  sacrifice ( ! passov]4
 ,! sacrificial "* ( ?is (f]+ is        

/rongly m>k$2 = x 0 an (f]+ br\ght to ! 
tab]nacle2 x  0 sla9 9 ! sanctu>y2 & !  
blood 0 spr9kl$ ^u ! alt>  by ! prie/s4 
,x d]ives its "n f ! pass+ ov] & sp>+ ( 
! h\ses ( ! ,israelites1 on ! door po/s 
( :i* ! blood (  ! immolat$ lamb 0      
spr9kl$1 :5 ! fir/-born 9 ! h\ses (  !  
,egyptians 7 sla92 & ?us we h ano!r     
in/ance ( life  be+ sp>$ by ! in/itut$  
means ( animal sacrifice4 ,nor ne$ we   
conf9e ourselves to p>ticul> in/ances4  
8,almo/ all ?+s10 says an  ,apo/le1 :o  
surely knew 8 subject1 8are by ! law    
purg$ ) blood2  & )\t %$d+ ( blood !re  
is no remission40 ,?us1 by _!  v law1 & 
by con/ant usage1 7 ! ,jews famili>iz$  
to !  notion ( expiatory sacrifice1 z   
well z by ! hi/ory conta9$ 9  _! sacr$  
books1 especially 9 ,g5esis1 :i* speaks 
( ! vic>i\s  sacrifices (f]$ by !       
patri>*s2 & 9 ! book ( ,job1 9 :i*  t   
patri>* is said to h (f]$ sacrifices = !
 suppos$ s9s  ( 8 sons2 & :]e ,eliphaz  
is comm&$1 by a div9e oracle1 to  (f] a 
burnt (f]+ = himself & 8 fri5ds1 8le/   

,god %\ld  deal ) !m aft] _! folly40    
#ab4 ,on ! s5tim5ts ( ! un9spir$ ,jewi% 
writ]s on ?is po9t1  ! sub/itution ( !  
life ( ! animal = t ( ! (f]]1 &1        
consequ5tly1 ! expiatory nature ( _!    
sacrifices1 ,outram has giv5  _m        
quotations f _! writ+s1 :i* ! read] may 
consult 9 8  "w on ,sacrifices4 ,two or 
?ree only may be adduc$ by way (        
specim54  ,r4 ,levi ,b5 ,g]son says1 8,!
 imposition ( ! h&s ( ! (f]]s  0 design$
 to indicate t _! s9s 7 remov$ f        
!mselves1  & transf]r$ to ! animal40    
,isaac ,b5 ,arama3 8,he transf]s 8 s9s  
f himself1 & lays !m ^u ! head ( !      
victim40 ,r4 ,moses ,b5  ,na*man says1 )
 respect to a s9n] (f]+ a victim1 8,x 0 
j  t 8 blood %\ld be %$1 & t 8 body %\ld
 be burn$2 b  ! ,creator1 ( 8 m]cy1     
accept$ ! victim f him1 z 8  sub/itute &
 ransom2 t ! blood ( ! animal might be  
%$  in/ead ( 8 blood2 t is1 t ! blood ( 
! animal might be  giv5 = 8 life40      
#ac4 ,full ( ^! ideas ( vic>i\s         
expiation1 !n1 ! ,apo/les wrote  &      

spoke1 & ! ,jews ( _! "t he>d & read1 ! 
books ( !  ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,soc9ian   
pret5ce is1 t ! inspir$ p5m5 us$  !     
sacrificial t]ms :i* occur 9 _! writ+s  
figuratively2 b we  n only reply1 z     
be=e1 t !y c\ld n d ?is hone/ly1 unless 
!y _h giv5 notice ( ?is new application 
( ! e/abli%$ t]ms  ( ! ,jewi% !ology2 b1
 if ?is be assum$1 x leaves u :olly at  
a loss to discov] :at t really 0 :i* !y 
int5d$ to tea* by  ^! sacrificial t]ms &
 allusions4 ,!y are !mselves utt]ly     
sil5t z to ?is po9t2 & ! v>y+ !ories (  
^? :o reject  ! doctr9e ( atonem5t1 9   
fact1 confess t _! writ+s af=d  no      
solution ( ! difficulty4 ,if1 !re=e1 x  
is blasphem\s to  suppose1 on ! "o h&1 t
 inspir$ m5 %\ld write on purpose to    
mislead2 s1 on ! o!r1 x is utt]ly       
inconceivable t1 _h !y  only be5 ord9>y 
writ]s1 !y %\ld con/ruct a figurative   
language  out ( t]ms :i* _h a def9ite & 
e/abli%$ s5se1 )\t giv+  any intimation 
at all t !y employ$ !m o!rwise ?an 9 _! 
receiv$ mean+1 or tell+ u :y !y adopt$  

!m at all1 & m  especially :5 !y knew t 
!y mu/ be int]pret$1 bo? by ,jews  &    
,greeks1 9 a s5se :i*1 if ! ,soc9ians   
are "r1 0 9 direct  opposition to t :i* 
!y int5d$ to convey4 ,see ,,type1       
,,sacrifice1  ,,propitiation4           
,,expiation1 or ,,atonem5t1 ,great ,day 
(1 0 ! t5? ( ,tizri1 :i*  ne>ly answ]s  
to our ,septemb]1 ,o4 ,s4 ,! ,hebrews   
call x ,,kippur1 or  ,,*ippur1 8p>don10 
or 8expiation10 because ! faults ( ! ye>
 7  !n expiat$4 ,! pr9cipal c]emonies ( 
?is day h be5 notic$ 9  ! prec$+        
article2 b a m p>ticul> detail may be   
useful4 ,!  high prie/1 aft] he _h wa%$1
 n only 8 h&s & 8 feet1 z  usual at     
common sacrifices1 b 8 :ole body1 dress$
 himself 9 pla9  l951 l ! o!r prie/s1   
we>+ nei!r 8 purple robe1 nor !  ephod1 
nor ! pectoral1 because he 0 to expiate 
8 own s9s1  toge!r ) ^? ( ! p4 ,he fir/ 
(f]$ a bullock & a ram  = 8 own s9s1 &  
^? ( ! prie/s3 putt+ 8 h&s on !  heads (
 ^! victims1 he confess$ 8 own s9s & !  
s9s ( 8  h\se4 ,aft]w>d1 he receiv$ f ! 

pr9ces ( ! p two goats  = a s9 (f]+1 & a
 ram = a burnt (f]+1 to be (f]$ 9 !  "n 
( ! :ole nation4 ,! lot det]m9$ :i* ( ! 
two goats  %\ld be sacrific$1 & :i* set 
at lib]ty4 ,aft] ?is1 ! high  prie/ put 
"s ( ! sacr$ fire ( ! alt> ( burnt (f]+s
 into  a c5s]1 ?rew inc5se ^u x1 & ent]$
 ) x1 ?us smok+1 into  ! sanctu>y4 ,aft]
 he _h p]fum$ ! sanctu>y ) ?is inc5se1  
he  came out1 took "s ( ! blood ( ! "y  
bullock he _h sacrific$1  c>ri$ t also  
into ! sanctu>y1 &1 dipp+ 8 f+]s 9 x1   
spr9kl$ x sev5 times betwe5 ! ark & !   
vail1 :i* sep>at$  ! holy f ! sanctu>y1 
or mo/ holy4 ,!n he came out a second   
"t1 &1 beside ! alt> ( burnt (f]+s1     
kill$ ! goat :i*  ! lot _h det]m9$ to be
 ! sacrifice4 ,! blood ( ?is goat he    
c>ri$ into ! mo/ holy sanctu>y1 &       
spr9kl$ x sev5 times  betwe5 ! ark & !  
vail1 :i* sep>at$ ! holy f !  sanctu>y3 
f !nce he return$ into ! c\rt ( !       
tab]nacle1 &  spr9kl$ bo? sides ( x ) ! 
blood ( ! goat4 ,dur+ all ?is1  none ( !
 prie/s or p 7 admitt$ into ! tab]nacle1

 or into  ! c\rt4 ,aft] ?is1 ! high     
prie/ came to ! alt> ( burnt  (f]+s1    
wett$ ! f\r horns ( x ) ! blood ( ! goat
 &  "y bullock1 & spr9kl$ x sev5 times )
 ! same blood4 ,!  sanctu>y1 ! c\rt1 & !
 alt>1 be+ ?us purifi$1 ! high  prie/   
direct$ ! goat :i* 0 set at lib]ty by ! 
lot to be  br\ght to him4 ,he put 8 h&  
on ! goat's head1 confess$ 8 own  s9s & 
! s9s ( ! p1 & !n deliv]$ ! goat to a   
p]son  appo9t$1 :o 0 to c>ry x to "s    
des]t place1 & let x loose1  or1 z o!rs 
say1 ?r[ x d[n "s precipice4 ,?is be+   
done1 !  high prie/ wa%$ himself all ov]
 9 ! tab]nacle2 &1 putt+ on  o!r clo!s1 
8 pontifical dress1 t is1 8 robe (      
purple1 !  ephod1 & ! pectoral1 he      
sacrific$ two rams = burnt (f]+1 "o  =  
himself1 ! o!r = ! p4 ,! great day (    
expiation 0 a  pr9cipal solemnity ( !   
,hebrews1 a day ( re/ & /rict fa/+4     
#b4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s disputes among !   
le>n$ respect+ !  mean+ ( ! ^w azazel1 !
 "n ( ! scape-goat on :i* !  lot fell2 b
 ! mo/ prevail+ op9ion is1 t x is d]iv$ 

f  gnez1 8a goat10 & azel1 8to g away40 
,s ,buxtorf & _m o!rs  expla9 x2 & s x 0
 und]/ood by our translators1 :o h      
!re=e r5d]$ x 8a scape-goat40 ,bo? goats
 7 typical ( ,*ri/3  t :i* 0 sacrific$  
is und]/ood to h d5ot$ 8 dea?1 by  means
 ( :i* s9 0 expiat$2 ! o!r1 :i* 0 to h !
 s9s  ( ! p confess$ ov] him1 &1 z x 71 
put ^u him1 &  !n to be s5t alive into  
"s des]t place1 :]e !y c\ld see him  no 
m1 0 int5d$ to signify ! effect ( !     
expiation1 namely1  ! remov+ ( guilt1   
indicat+ t x %\ld nev] m be *>g$  on !  
p>don$ s9n]4    #c4 ,! rites att5d+ !   
public s]vice ( ! day ( expiation 7     
*iefly p]=m$ by ! high prie/1 ^: duties 
7 on ?is day m  ardu\s ?an on any o!r   
day 9 ! ye>1 or p]haps on all ! re/     
unit$4 ,he 0 to kill & (f] ! sacrifices1
 & spr9kle _!  blood ) 8 own h&s1 ,lev4 
xvi1 #aa-ae2 & he 0 to ent] ) x  into ! 
holy ( holies1 :i* he 0 n p]mitt$ to d  
at any o!r  "t1 ,lev4 xvi1 #b1 c2 ,heb4 
ix1 #g4 ,x 0 ?us 8 peculi> privilege to 
draw ne>] to ,god1 or to ! tok5s ( 8    

special pres5ce1 to ! ark  ( ! cov5ant1 
to ! m]cy seat1 & to ! ,%ek9ah1 ?an 0   
all[$ to any o!r mortal4 ,! s]vices :i* 
he p]=m$ 9 !  inmo/ sanctu>y 71 ! burn+ 
( inc5se1 & spr9kl+ ! blood  ( !        
sacrifices be=e ! m]cy seat1 :i* he 0 to
 d ) 8  f+] sev5 times1 ,lev4 xvi1 #ad4 
#d4 ,! spiritual mean+ ( all ^! rites   
has be5 p>ticul>ly  expla9$ by ! ,apo/le
 ,paul 9 ,hebrews ix4 ,z ! high prie/ 0 
a  type ( ,*ri/1 8 lay+ aside ^? ve/m5ts
 :i* 7 made 8=  glory & beauty10 ,exodus
 xxviii1 #b1 & appe>+ 9 8 common        
g>m5ts1 :i* he did on t day1 probably   
signifi$ our ,"l's  humiliation1 :5 he  
empti$ himself ( ! glory :i* he _h ) !  
,fa!r be=e ! _w 01 & 80 made 9 fa%ion z 
a man10 ,phil4  ii1 #f1 #g4 ,! expiatory
 sacrifices1 (f]$ by ! high prie/1 7    
typical ( ! true expiation :i* ,*ri/    
made = ! s9s ( 8  p1 :5 he gave himself 
= !m1 t he might r$eem !m f  all        
iniquity1 ,titus ii1 #ad2 ,heb4 i1 #c2 &
 ! prie/'s confess+ !  s9s ( ! p ov] !m1
 & putt+ !m ^u ! head ( !  scape-goat1  

,lev4 xvi1 #ba1 0 a lively emblem ( !   
imputation ( s9  to ,*ri/1 :o 80 made s9
 = u10 #b ,cor4 v1 #ba2 = 8! ,"l ha?    
laid on him ! iniquity ( u all10 ,isaiah
 liii1 #f4 ,f>!r1 ! goat's  8be>+ ^u him
 all ! iniquities ( ! ,jews into a l& n 
inhabit$10 ,lev4 xvi1 #bb1 repres5ts !  
effect ( ,*ri/'s sacrifice 9  deliv]+ 8 
p f guilt & puni%m5t2 & ! prie/'s  ent]+
 into ! holy ( holies ) ! blood ( !     
sacrifice is  expla9$ by ! ,apo/le to be
 typical ( ,*ri/'s asc5sion into heav5  
itself1 & 8 mak+ int]cession = 8 p 9    
virtue ( !  sacrifice ( 8 dea?4         
,,eye1 ! organ ( sight4 ,! ,hebrews by a
 curi\s & bold metaphor call  f\nta9s   
eyes2 & !y also give ! same "n to       
col\rs3 8,& !  eye10 or col\r1 8( !     
manna 0 z ! eye10 or col\r1 8(          
bdellium10 ,num4 xi1 #g4 ,by an 8evil   
eye0 is meant1 envy1 jeal\sy1  grudg+1  
ill-judg$ p>simony2 to turn ! eyes on   
any "o1 is to  reg>d him & 8 int]e/s2 to
 f9d grace 9 any "o's eyes1 ,ru? ii1    
#aj1 is to w9 8 fri5d%ip & good w4 8,!  

eyes ( s]vants look  unto ! h&s ( _!    
ma/]s10 ,psalm cxxiii1 #b1 to obs]ve !  
lea/  motion1 & obey ! lea/ signal4 8,_!
 eyes 7 op5$10 ,g54 iii1  #g1 !y began  
to compreh5d 9 a new mann]4 8,! wise    
man's eyes are 9  8 head10 ,eccles4 ii1 
#ad1 he does n act by *ance4 ,! eye ( ! 
s\l1 9 a moral s5se1 is ! int5tion1 !   
desire4 ,god ?reat5s to  set 8 eyes on !
 ,israelites = evil1 & n = good1 ,amos  
ix1 #d4  ,nebu*adnezz> recomm5ds to     
,nebuz>adan t he w\ld 8set 8 eyes0 on   
,j]emiah1 & p]mit him to g :]e he       
pleas$1 ,j]4 xxxix1 #ab2 xl1 #d4        
,sometimes expressions ( ?is k9d are    
tak5 9 a q opposite s5se3  8,behold1 !  
eyes ( ! ,"l are on ! s9ful k+dom2 & ,i 
w  de/roy x10 ,amos ix1 #h4 ,to be eyes 
to ! bl9d1 or to s]ve !m  in/ead ( eyes1
 is suffici5tly intelligible1 ,job xxix1
 #ae4 ,!  ,p]sians call$ ^? (fic]s ( !  
cr[n :o _h ! c>e ( !  k+'s int]e/s & !  
managem5t ( 8 f9ances1 ! k+'s eyes4     
,eye s]vice is peculi> to slaves1 :o are
 gov]n$ by fe> only2 & is  to be        

c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ by ,*ri/ians1 :o   
ought to s]ve f a  pr9ciple ( duty &    
affection1 ,eph4 vi1 #f2 ,col4 iii1 #bb4
 ,! lu/ (  ! eyes1 or ! desire ( ! eyes1
 compreh5ds e ?+ t  curiosity1 vanity1  
c1 seek aft]2 e ?+ t ! eyes c pres5t  to
 m5 giv5 up to _! passions1 #a ,john ii1
 #af4 8,ca/ ye away e  man ! abom9ation 
( 8 eyes10 ,ezek4 xx1 #g1 #h2 let n !   
idols (  ! ,egyptians s$uce y4 ,! height
 or elevation ( ! eyes is tak5  = pride1
 ,eccles4 xxiii1 #e4 ,/4 ,paul says t ! 
,galatians w\ld  will+ly h 8pluck$ out  
_! eyes0 = him1 ,gal4 iv1 #ae2 express+ 
! int5sity ( _! zeal1 affection1 &      
devotion to him4 ,! ,hebrews  call !    
apple ( ! eye ! black daught] ( ! eye4  
,to keep any  ?+ z ! apple ( ! eye1 is  
to pres]ve x ) p>ticul> c>e1  ,deut4    
xxxii1 #aj3 8,he t t\*e? y1 t\*e? !     
apple ( m9e eye10  ,ze*4 ii1 #h2        
attempts to injure me 9 ! t5d]e/ "p1 :i*
 m5  in/9ctively def5d4 ,! eye & its    
actions are occasionally  transf]r$ to  
,god3 8,! eyes ( ! ,"l run to & fro     

?r\gh !  :ole e>?10 ,ze*4 iv1 #aj2 #b   
,*ron4 xvi1 #i2 ,psalm xi1 #d4 8,! eyes 
(  ! ,"l are 9 e place1 behold+ ! evil &
 ! good10 ,prov]bs  xv1 #c4 8,! ,"l     
look$ d[n f heav510 c4 ,we read1 ,mat!w 
vi1 #bb1  8,! light10 or lamp1 8( ! body
 is ! eye2 if !re=e ?9e eye be  s+le10  
simple1 cle>1 1 8?y :ole body %all be   
full ( light2  b if ?9e eye be evil10   
di/emp]$1 diseas$1 8?y :ole body %all   
be d>k5$40 ,! direct allusion may hold  
to a lant]n1 or lamp1  2 if ! glass ( x 
be cle>1 ! light w %9e ?r\gh x  /rongly2
 b if ! glass be soil$1 dirty1 f\l1 b   
little light w  pass ?r\gh x3 = if !y _h
 n glass lant]ns1 su* z we use1  !y _h  
o!rs 9 ! ea/ made ( ?9 l951 c3 ^! 7 v   
liable to receive spots1 /a9s1 &        
f\lnesses1 :i* imp$$ !  passage ( ! rays
 ( light f ! lum9>y )94 ,s1 9 !  natural
 eye1 if ! cornea be s+le1 & ! hum\rs   
cle>1 ! light  w act correctly2 b if !re
 be a film ov] ! cornea1 or a  cat>act1 
or a sk9 betwe5 any ( ! hum\rs1 ! rays (
 light w  nev] make any impression on ! 

int]nal seat ( sight1 ! ret9a4 ,by      
analogy1 !re=e1 if ! m5tal eye1 !       
judgm5t1 be hone/1  virtu\s1 s9c]e1     
well-mean+1 pi\s1 x may be consid]$ z   
enlight5+ & direct+ ! :ole ( a p]son's  
actions2 b if x be  p]v]se1 malign1     
biass$ by undue prejudices1 or drawn    
aside by  improp] views1 x d>k5s !      
und]/&+1 p]v]ts ! conduct1 &  suff]s a  
man to be misl$ by 8 unwise & unruly    
passions4    #b4 ,! ori5tals1 9 "s      
cases1 deprive ! crim9al ( ! light (    
day1 by seal+ up 8 eyes4 ,a son ( !     
great ,mogul 0 actually  suff]+ ?is     
puni%m5t :5 ,sir ,?omas ,roe visit$ !   
c\rt (  ,delhi4 ,! hapless y\? 0 ca/    
into prison1 & depriv$ ( ! light  by "s 
adhesive pla/] put ^u 8 eyes1 = ! space 
( ?ree  ye>s2 aft] :i* ! seal 0 tak5    
away1 t he might ) fre$om  enjoy !      
light2 b he 0 /ill deta9$ 9 prison4 ,o!r
 pr9ces h  be5 treat$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1
 to prev5t !m f conspir+  aga9/ ! reign+
 mon>*1 or m$dl+ ) affairs ( /ate3 !y  h
 be5 compell$ to swall[ opium & o!r     

/upify+ drugs1 to  weak5 or b5umb _!    
faculties1 & r5d] !m unfit = bus9ess4   
,influ5c$ by su* absurd & cruel policy1 
,%ah ,abbas1 ! celebrat$  ,p]sian mon>*1
 :o di$ 9 #afbi1 ord]$ a c]ta9 quantity 
( opium  to be giv5 e day to 8 gr&son1  
:o 0 to be 8 successor1 to  /upify him1 
& prev5t him f di/urb+ 8 gov]nm5t4 ,su* 
are  probably ! circum/ances allud$ to  
by ! prophet3 8,!y h n  kn[n nor        
und]/ood2 = he ha? %ut _! eyes t !y _c  
see2  & _! he>ts t !y _c und]/&10       
,isaiah xliv1 #ah4 ,! v]b  1 r5d]$ 9 our
 v]sion1 to %ut1 signifies 8to ov]lay10 
8to  cov] ov] ! surface20 ?us1 ! k+ (   
,israel prep>$ ?ree  ?\s& tal5ts ( gold1
 & sev5 ?\s& tal5ts ( ref9$ silv]1  to  
ov]lay ! walls ( ! temple1 #a ,*ron4    
xxix1 #d4 ,b x g5]ally  signifies to    
ov]spread1 or daub ov]1 z ) mort> or    
pla/]1 (  :i* ,p>khur/ quotes a numb] ( 
examples2 a s5se :i* entirely           
corresponds ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! eyes ( a  
crim9al are seal$  up 9 "s p>ts ( ! ea/4
 ,! practice ( seal+ up ! eyes1 &       

/upify+ a crim9al ) drugs1 seems to h   
be5 contemplat$ by !  same prophet 9    
ano!r passage ( 8 book3 8,make ! he>t ( 
?is  p fat1 & make _! e>s heavy1 & %ut  
_! eyes1 le/ !y  see ) _! eyes1 & he> ) 
_! e>s1 & und]/& ) _!  he>t1 & conv]t & 
be heal$40    #c4 ,deprivation ( sight 0
 a v common puni%m5t 9 ! ea/4 ,x 0  at  
fir/ ! practice to se> ! eyes ) a hot   
iron2 b a discov]y  t ?is 0 n effectual1
 l$ to ! cruel me?od ( tak+ !m out      
altoge!r ) a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,!     
objects ( ?is  b>b>ity 7 usually p]sons 
:o aspir$ to ! ?rone1 or :o 7  consid]$ 
likely to make su* an attempt4 ,x 0 also
 inflict$ on  *iefta9s1 :om x 0         
desirable to deprive ( p[] )\t putt+  !m
 to dea?4 ,= ?is reason ! hapless       
,z$ekiah 0 puni%$ )  ! loss ( sight1    
because he _h rebell$ aga9/ ! k+ (      
,babylon1  & endeav\r$ to recov] !      
indep5d5ce ( 8 ?rone3 8,!n he put  out !
 eyes ( ,z$ekiah2 & ! k+ ( ,babylon b\nd
 him 9 *a9s1  & c>ri$ him to ,babylon1 &
 put him 9 prison till ! day ( 8  dea?10

 ,j]4 lii1 #aa4    #d4 ,females us$ to  
pa9t _! eyes4 ,! sub/ance us$ = ?is     
purpose  is call$ 9 ,*aldee 1 cohol2 by 
! ,,lxx1 4 ,?us we read (  ,jezebel1 #b 
,k+s ix1 #cj1 t1 und]/&+ t ,jehu 0 to   
ent]  ,sam>ia1 %e deck$ h]self = 8      
reception1 & 7z 9 ! orig9al  ,hebrew7   
8put h] eyes 9 pa9t40 ,?is 0 9 con=mity 
to a cu/om  :i* prevail$ 9 ! e>lie/     
ages4 ,z l>ge black eyes 7 ?\ght  !     
f9e/1 ! wom51 to increase _! lu/re1 & to
 make !m appe>  l>g]1 t+$ ! corn] ( _!  
eyelids ) ! impalpable p[d] (  antimony 
or ( black lead4 ,?is 0 suppos$ also to 
give ! eyes a  brilliancy & humidity1   
:i* r5d]$ !m ei!r sp>kl+ or  langui%+1 z
 suit$ ! v>i\s passions4 ,! me?od (     
p]=m+  ?is among ! wom5 9 ! ea/]n       
c\ntries at ! pres5t day1 z  describ$ by
 ,russel1 is by a cyl9drical piece (    
silv] or ivory1 ab\t  two in*es long1   
made v smoo?1 & ab\t ! size ( a common  
probe2  ?is is wet ) wat]1 & !n dipp$   
into a p[d] f9ely levigat$1  made f :at 
appe>s to be a ri* lead ore1 & appli$ to

 ! eye2  ! lids are clos$ ^u x :ile x is
 drawn ?r\gh betwe5 !m4 ,?is  blacks !  
inside1 & leaves a n>r[ black rim all   
r\nd ! edge4  ,t ?is 0 ! me?od practis$ 
by ! ,hebrew wom51 we inf] f  ,isaiah   
iii1 #bb1 :]e ! prophet1 9 8 enum]ation 
( ! articles  :i* compos$ ! toilets ( ! 
delicate & luxuri\s daught]s (  ,zion1  
m5tions 8! wimples & ! crisp+ p9s10 or  
bodk9s =  pa9t+ ! eyes4 ,! satiri/      
,juv5al describes ! same practice3--    
,ille sup]cilium madida fulig9e t9ctum  
,obliqua producit acu1 p+itque trem5tes 
,attoll5s oculos4                       
,,sat4 ii4                  8,^! ) a    
tir+ p9 _! eyebr[s dye                  
,till ! full ar* give lu/re to ! eye40  
,,gif=d4    ,?is cu/om is ref]r$ to by  
,j]emiah1 iv1 #cj3--              8,?\gh
 ?\ clo!/ ?yself 9 sc>let1              
,?\gh ?\ adorne/ ?yself ) ornam5ts (    
gold1            ,?\gh ?\ di/5de/ ?9e   
eyes ) pa9t1            ,9 va9 %alt ?\  
set =? ?y beauty2            ,?y p>am\rs
 h reject$ !e40    ,& ,ezekiel1 describ+

 ! irregul>ities ( ! ,jewi% nation1 "u  
! idea ( a debau*$ woman1 says1  1 8,?\ 
did/ dress ?9e  eyes ) cohol20 :i* !    
,septuag9t r5d]1     1 8,?\ did/ dress  
?9e eyes ) /ibium10 ,ezek4 xxiii1 #dj4  
#e4 ,! passage1 ,psalm cxxiii1 #b1      
d]ives a /rik+ illu/ration f  ! cu/oms (
 ! ea/4 ,! s]vants or slaves 9 ea/]n    
c\ntries  att5d _! ma/]s or mi/resses ) 
! pr(\nde/ respect4  ,maundrell obs]ves1
 t ! s]vants 9 ,turkey /& r\nd _! ma/]  
& 8 gue/s 9 deep sil5ce & p]fect ord]1  
wat*+ e motion4  ,pococke says1 t at a  
visit 9 ,egypt e ?+ is done ) !  greate/
 dec5cy & ! mo/ pr(\nd sil5ce1 ! slaves 
or s]vants  /&+ at ! bottom ( ! room1 ) 
_! h&s jo9$ be=e !m1  wat*+ ) ! utmo/   
att5tion e motion ( _! ma/]1 :o  comm&s 
!m by signs4 ,de la ,motraye says1 t !  
ea/]n ladies are  wait$ on ev5 at ! lea/
 w9k ( ! eye1 or motion ( ! f+]s1  & t 9
 a mann] n p]ceptible to /rang]s4       
,,ezekiel1 l 8 contempor>y ,j]emiah1 0 (
 ! sac]dotal race4 ,he  0 c>ri$ away    
captive to ,babylon ) ,jehoia*im1 k+ (  

,judah1 ,b4  ,c4 #eih1 & 0 plac$ ) _m   
o!rs ( 8 c\ntrym5 ^u ! riv]  ,*eb>1 9   
,mesopotamia1 :]e he 0 fav\r$ ) ! div9e 
revelations conta9$ 9 8 book4 ,he began 
to prophesy 9 ! fif?  ye> ( 8 captivity1
 & is suppos$ to h prophesi$ ab\t       
tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,! boldness ) :i* he     
c5sur$ ! idolatry &  wick$ness ( 8      
c\ntrym5 is said to h co/ him 8 life2 b 
8  memory 0 greatly rev]$1 n only by !  
,jews1 b also by ! ,m$es  & ,p]sians4 ,!
 book :i* be>s 8 "n may be consid]$ "u !
  five foll[+ divisions3 ! fir/ ?ree    
*apt]s conta9 ! glori\s  appe>ance (    
,god to ! prophet1 & 8 solemn appo9tm5t 
to 8  (fice1 ) in/ructions &            
enc\ragem5ts = ! dis*>ge ( x4  ,f ! f\r?
 to ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] inclusive1 he    
describes1  "u a v>iety ( visions &     
similitudes1 ! calamities imp5d+  ov]   
,judea1 & ! total de/ruction ( ! temple 
& city (  ,j]usalem1 by ,nebu*adnezz>1  
occasionally pr$ict+ ano!r p]iod (  yet 
great] desolation1 & m g5]al disp]sion4 
,f ! beg9n+  ( ! tw5ty-fif? to ! end ( !

 ?irty-second *apt]1 ! prophet  =etels !
 conque/ & ru9 ( _m nations & cities1   
:i* _h  insult$ ! ,jews 9 _! affliction2
 ( ! ,ammonites1 ! ,moabites1  !        
,edomites1 & ,phili/9es2 ( ,tyre1 (     
,sidon1 & ,egypt2 all (  :i* 7 to be    
puni%$ by ! same mighty in/rum5t (      
,god's wra?  aga9/ ! wick$ness ( man2 & 
9 ^! prophecies he n only  pr$icts ev5ts
 :i* 7 soon to take place1 b he also    
describes !  condition ( ^! sev]al      
c\ntries 9 ! remote p]iods ( ! _w4  ,f !
 ?irty-second to ! =tie? *apt]1 he      
inveighs aga9/ !  accumulat$ s9s ( !    
,jews collectively1 & ! murmur+ _s (  8 
captive bre?r52 exhorts !m e>ne/ly to   
rep5t ( _!  hypocrisy & wick$ness1 ^u ! 
assurance t ,god w accept  s9c]e        
rep5tance2 & com=ts !m ) promises (     
approa*+  deliv]ance "u ,cyrus2 subjo9+ 
intimations ( "s f> m  glori\s1 b       
di/ant1 r$emption "u ! ,messiah1 ?\gh ! 
mann]  9 :i* x is to be effect$ is      
deeply involv$ 9 my/]y4 ,! la/  n9e     
*apt]s conta9 a rem>kable vision ( !    

/ructure ( a new  temple & a new polity1
 applicable 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! return
  f ! ,babylonian captivity1 b 9 its    
ultimate s5se ref]r+ to  ! glory &      
prosp]ity ( ! univ]sal *ur* ( ,*ri/4    
,j]om  obs]ves t ! visions ( ,ezekiel   
are among ! ?+s 9 ,scripture  h>d to be 
und]/ood4 ,?is obscurity arises1 9 "p at
 lea/1 f !  nature & design ( !         
prophecies !mselves2 !y 7 deliv]$  amid/
 ! gloom ( captivity2 & ?\gh calculat$  
to *e] !  droop+ spirits ( ! ,jews1 & to
 keep alive a wat*ful &  submissive     
confid5ce 9 ! m]cy ( ,god1 yet !y 7     
int5d$ to  communicate only su* a degree
 ( enc\ragem5t z 0 consi/5t ) a  /ate ( 
puni%m5t1 & to excite an indi/9ct       
expectation ( future  bless+s1 ^u       
condition ( rep5tance & am5dm5t4 ,x     
ought also to  be obs]v$1 t ! la/ twelve
 *apt]s ( ?is book be> a v  /rong       
resemblance to ! conclud+ *apt]s ( !    
,revelation4 ,!  /yle ( ?is prophet is  
*>act]iz$ by ,bi%op ,l[? z bold1        
vehem5t1 & tragical2 z (t5 work$ up to a

 k9d ( trem5d\s  dignity4 ,he is highly 
p>abolical1 & ab\nds 9 figures &        
metaphorical expressions4 ,he may be    
comp>$ to ! ,grecian s*ylus2 he         
displays a r\gh b maje/ic dignity2 an   
unpoli%$ ?\gh noble  simplicity2 inf]ior
 p]haps 9 orig9ality & elegance to o!rs 
(  ! prophets1 b unequall$ 9 t =ce &    
gr&eur = :i* he is  p>ticul>ly          
celebrat$4 ,he sometimes emphatically & 
indignantly  repeats 8 s5tim5ts1 fully  
dilates 8 pictures1 & describes !       
idolatr\s mann]s ( 8 c\ntrym5 "u !      
/ronge/ & mo/  exagg]at$ repres5tations 
t ! lic5se ( ea/]n /yle w\ld  admit4 ,! 
middle "p ( ! book is 9 "s measure      
poetical1 &  conta9s ev5 "s p]fect      
elegies1 ?\gh 8 ?\ghts are 9 g5]al  too 
irregul> & uncontroll$ to be *a9$ d[n to
 rule1 or fett]$  by language4          
,,ezion-,,geb]4 ,see ,,ela?4    ,,ezra1 
! au?or ( ! book :i* be>s 8 "n1 0 ( !   
sac]dotal  family1 be+ a direct         
desc5dant f ,a>on1 & succe$$ ,z]ubbabel 
9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,judea4 ,?is book beg9s )

 ! repetition ( !  la/ two v]ses ( !    
second book ( ,*ronicles1 & c>ries !    
,jewi%  hi/ory ?r\gh a p]iod (          
sev5ty-n9e ye>s1 comm5c+ f !  edict (   
,cyrus4 ,! fir/ six *apt]s conta9 an    
acc\nt ( ! return  ( ! ,jews "u         
,z]ubbabel1 aft] ! captivity ( sev5ty   
ye>s2 (  _! re/abli%m5t 9 ,judea2 & ( ! 
build+ & d$ication (  ! temple at       
,j]usalem4 ,9 ! la/ f\r *apt]s1 ,ezra   
relates 8 own  appo9tm5t to ! gov]nm5t (
 ,judea by ,artax]xes ,longimanus1 8    
j\rney ?i!r f ,babylon1 ! disob$i5ce ( !
 ,jews1 & !  re=m :i* he imm$iately     
effect$ among !m4 ,x is to be obs]v$1  t
 betwe5 ! d$ication ( ! temple & !      
dep>ture ( ,ezra1  t is1 betwe5 ! six? &
 sev5? *apt]s ( ?is book1 !re 0  an     
int]val ( ab\t fifty-eight ye>s1 dur+   
:i* no?+ is "h  relat$ conc]n+ ! ,jews1 
except t1 contr>y to ,god's comm&1  !y  
int]m>ri$ ) ,g5tiles4 ,?is book is      
writt5 9 ,*aldee f  ! eigh? v]se ( !    
f\r? *apt] to ! tw5ty-sev5? v]se (  !   
sev5? *apt]4 ,x is probable t ! sacr$   

hi/orian us$ !  ,*aldean language 9 ?is 
"p ( 8 "w1 because x conta9s *iefly     
lett]s & decrees writt5 9 t language1 ! 
orig9al words (  :i* he might ?9k x "r  
to record2 & inde$ ! p1 :o 7  rec5tly   
return$ f ! ,babylonian captivity1 7 at 
lea/ z  famili> ) ! ,*aldee z !y 7 ) !  
,hebrew tongue4    ,till ! arrival (    
,nehemiah1 ,ezra _h ! pr9cipal au?ority 
9  ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! second ye> (         
,nehemiah's gov]nm5t1 ! p be+  assembl$ 
9 ! temple1 at ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1     
,ezra 0 desir$  to read ! law4 ,he read 
x f morn+ till noon1 & 0 accompani$  by 
,levites :o /ood beside him1 & kept     
sil5ce4 ,! next day !y  desir$ to "k (  
,ezra h[ !y 7 to celebrate ! fea/ (     
tab]nacles4 ,?is he expla9$1 & cont9u$  
eight days read+ ! law  9 ! temple4 ,all
 ?is 0 foll[$ by a solemn r5ewal ( !    
cov5ant  ) ! ,"l4 ,josephus says t ,ezra
 0 buri$ at ,j]usalem2 b !  ,jews       
believe t he di$ 9 ,p]sia1 9 a second   
j\rney to ,artax]xes4  ,8 tomb is %[n   
!re 9 ! city ( ,zamuza4 ,he is said to h

 liv$  ne>ly "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s4    
,ezra 0 ! re/or] & publi%] ( ! ,holy    
,scriptures1 aft] !  return ( ! ,jews f 
! ,babylonian captivity4 #a4 ,he        
correct$ !  errors :i* _h crept into !  
exi/+ copies ( ! sacr$ writ+s  by !     
neglig5ce or mi/ake ( transcrib]s4 #b4  
,he collect$ all !  books ( :i* ! ,holy 
,scriptures !n consi/$1 dispos$ !m 9  _!
 prop] ord]1 & settl$ ! canon (         
,scripture = 8 "t4 #c4  ,he add$ ?r\gh\t
 ! books ( 8 edition :at appe>$ necess>y
 =  illu/rat+1 connect+1 or complet+ !m2
 & ( ?is we h an  in/ance 9 ! acc\nt ( !
 dea? & burial ( ,moses1 9 ! la/  *apt] 
( ,deut]onomy4 ,9 ?is "w he 0 assi/$ by 
! same ,_s  by :i* !y 7 at fir/ writt54 
#d4 ,he *ang$ ! anci5t names (  sev]al  
places become obsolete1 & sub/itut$ = !m
 new names1 by  :i* !y 7 at t "t call$4 
#e4 ,he wrote out ! :ole 9 !  ,*aldee   
"*2 t language hav+ gr[n into use aft] !
  ,babyloni% captivity4 ,! ,jews h an   
extraord9>y e/eem = ,ezra1  & say t if !
 law _h n be5 giv5 by ,moses1 ,ezra     

des]v$ to  h be5 ! legislator ( !       
,hebrews4      ,,fable1 a fiction       
de/itute ( tru?4 ,/4 ,paul exhorts      
,timo?y & ,titus  to %un pr(ane & ,jewi%
 fables1 #a ,tim4 iv1 #g2 ,titus i1 #ad2
 z hav+  a t5d5cy to s$uce m5 f ! tru?4 
,by ^! fables "s und]/&  ! rev]ies ( !  
,gno/ics2 b ! fa!rs g5]ally1 & aft] !m  
mo/ ( ! mod]n comm5tators1 int]pret !m (
 ! va9 traditions  ( ! ,jews2 especially
 conc]n+ meats1 & o!r ?+s1 to be  ab/a9$
 f z unclean1 :i* our ,"l also /yles 8! 
doctr9es (  m510 ,matt4 xv1 #i4 ,?is    
s5se ( ! passages is confirm$ by _!     
contexts4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 ! ^w is tak5 to
 signify an apologue1 or  in/ructive    
tale1 int5d$ to convey tru? "u !        
concealm5t (  fiction2 z ,jo?am's fable 
( ! trees1 ,judges ix1 #g-ae1 no d\bt by
  f> ! olde/ fable extant4    ,,face4   
,moses begs ( ,god to %[ him 8 face1 or 
to manife/ 8 glory2  he replies1 8,i w  
make all my goodness pass be=e !e10 & ,i
 w  proclaim my "n2 8b my face ?\ can/ n
 see2 = !re %all no  man see x & live60 

,! p]suasion 0 v preval5t 9 ! _w1  t no 
man c\ld support ! sight ( ,deity1      
,g5esis xvi1 #ac2 xxxii1  #cj2 ,exod4   
xx1 #ai2 xxiv1 #aa2 ,judges vi1 #bb1    
#bc4 ,we read t ,god spake  m\? to m\? )
 ,moses1 ev5 app>5tly1 & n 9 d>k        
spee*es1  ,numb]s xii1 #h2 8,!          
,canaanites h he>d t ?\ art among ?y  p1
 & se5 face to face10 ,numb]s xiv1 #ad4 
,god talk$ ) !  ,hebrews 8face to face  
out ( ! mid/ ( ! fire10 ,deut4 v1 #d4   
,all  ^! places are to be und]/ood      
simply1 t ,god s manife/$ himself  to ! 
,israelites1 t he made !m he> 8 voice z 
di/9ctly z if  he _h appe>$ to !m face  
to face2 b n t !y actually saw  m ?an ! 
cl\d ( glory :i* m>k$ 8 pres5ce4 ,! face
 ( ,god  d5otes sometimes 8 ang]3 8,!   
face ( ! ,"l is aga9/ !m t  d evil40 8,z
 wax melte? be=e ! fire1 s let ! wick$  
p]i%  be=e ! face ( ,god10 ,psalm       
lxviii1 #b4 ,to turn ! face ^u any "o1  
especially :5 connect$ ) ! light or %9+ 
( ! c\nt5ance1  are beautiful           
repres5tations ( ! div9e k9dness &      

condesc5sion4  ,to reg>d ! face ( any   
"o1 is to h respect ( p]sons1 ,prov]bs  
xxviii1 #ba4 ,! ,apo/le1 speak+ ( !     
diff]5ce betwe5 our  k ( ,god "h & 9    
heav51 says1 8,n[ we see ?r\gh a glass  
d>kly2 b !n face to face10 #a ,cor4     
xiii1 #ab2 by :i* he %[s !  va/ diff]5ce
 betwe5 our see+ or kn[+ ,god & div9e   
?+s by  an imp]fect revelation to fai?1 
& by direct vision4 ,?is obs]vation  ( !
 ,apo/le is r5d]$ ! m /rik+1 :5 x is    
recollect$  t ! ,roman glass 0 n fully  
transp>5t z ours1 b dull &  cl\d$4 ,(   
?is1 specim5s may be se5 9 ! glass      
vessels tak5 out  ( ,pompeii4    ,,fai?1
 9 ,scripture1 is pres5t$ to u "u two   
lead+ views3 !  fir/ is t ( ass5t or    
p]suasion2 ! second1 t (  confid5ce or  
reliance4 ,! =m] may be sep>ate f !     
latt]1  b ! latt] _c exi/ )\t ! =m]4    
,fai?1 9 ! s5se (  an intellectual ass5t
 to tru?1 is1 by ,/4 ,james1 all[$ to   
devils4 ,a  dead1 inop]ative fai? is    
also suppos$1 or decl>$1 to be possess$ 
by wick$ m51 pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity2 = our 

,"l repres5ts p]sons  com+ to him at !  
la/ day1 say+1 8,"l1 h we n prophesi$ 9 
?y "n0 c1 to :om he w say1 8,dep>t f me1
 ,i nev] knew y40  ,& yet ! *>ge 9 ?is  
place does n lie aga9/ ! s9c]ity (  _!  
belief1 b aga9/ _! conduct z 8work]s (  
iniquity40 ,z  ?is di/9ction is taught 9
 ,scripture1 s x is also obs]v$ 9       
exp]i5ce3 ass5t to ! tru?s ( reveal$    
religion may result f  exam9ation &     
conviction1 :ile yet ! _s & conduct may 
rema9  unr5ew$ & s9ful4    #b4 ,! fai?  
:i* is requir$ ( u z a condition (      
salvation always  includes confid5ce or 
reliance1 z well z ass5t or p]suasion4  
,t  fai? by :i* 8! eld]s obta9$ a good  
report10 0 ( ?is  "*2 x unit$ ass5t to !
 tru? ( ,god's revelations ) a  noble   
confid5ce 9 8 promise4 8,our fa!rs tru/$
 9 !e1 &  7 n conf\nd$40 ,we h a f>!r   
illu/ration 9 our ,"l's  address to 8   
disciples ^u ! )]+ away ( ! fig tree3   
8,h  fai? 9 ,god40 ,he did n "q :e!r !y 
believ$ ! exi/5ce  ( ,god1 b exhort$ !m 
to confid5ce 9 8 promises1 :5 call$ by  

him to cont5d ) m\nta9\s difficulties3  
8,h fai? 9 ,god2 =  v]ily ,i say unto y1
 t :osoev] %all say unto ?is m\nta91 ,be
  ?\ remov$1 & be ?\ ca/ into ! sea1 &  
%all n d\bt 9 8  he>t1 b %all believe   
7tru/7 t ^! ?+s :i* he sai? %all  come  
to pass1 he %all h :atsoev] he sai?40 ,x
 0 9 ref]5ce to  8 simple confid5ce 9   
,*ri/'s p[] t our ,"l s highly  comm5d$ 
! c5turion1 & said1 8,i h n f\nd s great
 fai?1 no1  n 9 ,israel10 ,matt4 viii1  
#aj4 ,& all ! in/ances ( fai? 9 !       
p]sons miracul\sly heal$ by ,*ri/1 7    
also ( ?is k9d3 _!  fai? 0 belief 9 8   
claims1 & also confid5ce 9 8 goodness & 
p[]4    #c4 ,t fai? 9 ,*ri/ :i* 9 ! ,new
 ,te/am5t is connect$ )  salvation1 is  
cle>ly ( ?is nature2 t is1 x comb9es    
ass5t )  reliance1 belief ) tru/4       
8,:atsoev] ye ask ! ,fa!r 9 my "n10  t  
is1 9 dep5d5ce ^u my int]e/ & m]its1 8he
 %all give x  y40 ,*ri/ 0 prea*$ bo? to 
,jews & ,g5tiles z ! object (  _! tru/1 
because he 0 prea*$ z ! only true       
sacrifice = s92  & !y 7 requir$ to      

r5\nce _! dep5d5ce ^u _! own  accu/om$  
sacrifices1 & to transf] t dep5d5ce to 8
 dea? &  m$iation1--& 89 8 "n %all !    
,g5tiles tru/40 ,he is said to be  set  
=? z a propitiation1 8?r\gh fai? 9 8    
blood20 :i* fai?  c nei!r m]ely mean    
ass5t to ! hi/orical fact t 8 blood 0   
%$ by a viol5t dea?2 nor m]e ass5t to ! 
g5]al doctr9e t  8 blood _h an aton+    
quality2 b z all expiatory (f]+s 7      
tru/$ 9 z ! means ( propitiation bo?    
among ,jews & ,g5tiles1  fai? or tru/ 0 
n[ to be exclusively r5d]$ to ! blood ( 
,*ri/1 z ! div9ely appo9t$ sacrifice =  
s91 & ! only refuge  ( ! true p5it5t4   
#d4 ,to ! mo/ unlett]$ ,*ri/ian ?is !n w
 be v obvi\s1 t  true & sav+ fai? 9     
,*ri/ consi/s bo? ( ass5t & tru/2 b  ?is
 is n a bl9d & sup]/iti\s tru/ 9 !      
sacrifice ( ,*ri/1  l t ( ! ,hea!ns 9 _!
 sacrifices2 nor ! presumptu\s  tru/ (  
wick$ & imp5it5t m51 :o dep5d on ,*ri/  
to save !m 9  _! s9s2 b su* a tru/ z is 
ex]cis$ accord+ to ! au?ority  &        
direction ( ! ^w ( ,god2 s t to "k !    

,gospel 9 its  lead+ pr9ciples1 & to h a
 cordial belief 9 x1 is necess>y  to t m
 specific act ( fai? :i* is call$       
reliance1 or 9  sy/ematic language1     
fiducial ass5t4 ,! ,gospel1 z ! s*eme ( 
man's salvation1 decl>es t he is "u !   
law2 t ?is law ( ,god  has be5 violat$  
by all2 & t e man is "u s5t5ce ( dea?4  
,s]i\s consid]ation ( our ways1         
confession ( ! fact1 & sorr[ful         
conviction ( ! evil & dang] ( s91 w1 "u 
! influ5ce (  div9e grace1 foll[ !      
cordial belief ( ! te/imony ( ,god2 & we
  %all !n turn to ,god ) contrite he>ts1
 & e>ne/ pray]s1 &  supplications = 8   
m]cy4 ,?is is call$ 8rep5tance t[>d     
,god20 &  rep5tance be+ ! fir/ subject (
 evangelical prea*+1 & !n  ! injunction 
to believe ! ,gospel1 x is pla91 t ,*ri/
 is only  imm$iately held out1 9 ?is    
div9e plan ( our r$emption1 z !  object 
( tru/ 9 ord] to =giv5ess to p]sons 9   
?is /ate (  p5it5ce & "u ?is s5se (     
dang]4 ,! degree ( sorr[ = s91  & al>m  
^u ?is discov]y ( our dang] z s9n]s1 is 

no :]e  fix$ to a precise /&>d 9        
,scripture2 only x is suppos$ e  :]e1 t 
x is su* z to lead m5 to inquire        
e>ne/ly1 8,:at %all  ,i d to be sav$80 &
 ) e>ne/ s]i\sness to use all ! appo9t$ 
means ( grace1 z ^? :o feel t _!        
salvation is at issue1 t  !y are 9 a lo/
 condition1 & mu/ be p>don$ or p]i%4 ,to
 all  su* p]sons1 ,*ri/1 z ! only       
atonem5t = s91 is exhibit$ z !  object (
 _! tru/1 ) ! promise ( ,god1 8t :osoev]
  believe? 9 him %all n p]i%1 b h       
ev]la/+ life40 ,no?+  is requir$ ( su* b
 ?is actual tru/ 91 & p]sonal           
appreh5sion  or tak+ hold (1 ! m]its (  
,*ri/'s dea? z a sacrifice = s92  & ^u  
_! ?us believ+ !y are ju/ifi$1 _! 8fai? 
is  c\nt$ = righte\sness10 or1 9 o!r    
words1 !y are =giv54    #e4 ,?is appe>s 
to be ! pla9 ,scriptural repres5tation (
 ?is  doctr9e2 & we may inf] f x1 7#a47 
,t ! fai? by :i* we are  ju/ifi$ is n a 
m]e ass5t to ! doctr9es ( ! ,gospel1 :i*
  leaves ! he>t unmov$ & unaffect$ by a 
s5se ( ! evil &  dang] ( s9 & ! desire (

 salvation1 al?\gh x supposes ?is       
ass5t2 nor1 7#b47 ,is x t m lively &    
cordial ass5t to1 &  belief 91 ! doctr9e
 ( ! ,gospel1 t\*+ our s9ful & lo/      
condition1 :i* is wr\ght 9 ! he>t by !  
,_s ( ,god1 & f  :i* spr+e? rep5tance1  
al?\gh ?is mu/ prec$e x2 nor1 7#c47 ,is 
x only ! ass5t ( ! m9d to ! me?od by :i*
 ,god ju/ifies !  ungodly by fai? 9 !   
sacrifice ( 8 ,son1 al?\gh ?is is an    
elem5t ( x2 b x is a he>ty concurr5ce ( 
! w & affections  ) ?is plan (          
salvation1 :i* implies a r5unciation ( e
 o!r  refuge1 & an actual tru/ 9 !      
,savi\r1 & p]sonal appreh5sion (  8     
m]its3 su* a belief ( ! ,gospel by ! p[]
 ( ! ,_s (  ,god z leads u to come to   
,*ri/1 to receive ,*ri/1 to tru/ 9      
,*ri/1 & to commit ! keep+ ( our s\ls   
into 8 h&s1 9 humble  confid5ce ( 8     
ability & 8 will+ness to save u4    #f4 
,?is is t qualify+ condition to :i* !   
promise ( ,god annexes  ju/ification2 t 
)\t :i* ju/ification w\ld n take place2 
& 9 ?is s5se x is t we are ju/ifi$ by   

fai?2 n by ! m]it  ( fai?1 b by fai?    
in/rum5tally z ?is condition3 = its     
connection ) ! b5efit arises f ! m]its (
 ,*ri/ & !  promise ( ,god4 ,if ,*ri/ _h
 n m]it$1 ,god _h n promis$2 if ,god  _h
 n promis$1 ju/ification _h nev] foll[$ 
^u ?is fai?2 s  t ! indissoluble        
connection ( fai? & ju/ification is f   
,god's in/itution1 :]eby he ha? b\nd    
himself to give ! b5efit  ^u p]=mance ( 
! condition4 ,yet !re is an aptitude 9  
?is  fai? to be made a condition2 = no  
o!r act c receive ,*ri/ z a  ,prie/     
propitiat+ & plead+ ! propitiation & !  
promise ( ,god  = 8 sake to give !      
b5efit4 ,z receiv+ ,*ri/ & ! graci\s    
promise 9 ?is mann]1 x ackn[l$ge? man's 
guilt1 & s man  r5\nce? all righte\sness
 9 himself1 & hon\re? ,god ! ,fa!r1  &  
,*ri/ ! ,son1 ! only ,r$eem]4 ,x        
glorifies ,god's m]cy & free  grace 9 ! 
highe/ degree4 ,x ackn[l$ges on e>?1 z x
 w be  p]petually ackn[l$g$ 9 heav51 t !
 :ole salvation ( s9ful  man1 f ! beg9n+
 to ! la/ degree !re(1 :]e( !re %all  be

 no end1 is f ,god's free/ love1 ,*ri/'s
 m]it & int]cession1  8 own graci\s     
promise1 & ! p[] ( 8 own ,holy ,_s4     
#g4 ,fai?1 9 ,scripture1 sometimes is   
tak5 = ! tru? &  fai?fulness ( ,god1    
,rom4 iii1 #c2 & x is also tak5 = !     
p]suasion ( ! m9d z to ! lawfulness (   
?+s indiff]5t1 ,rom4  xiv1 #bb1 #bc2 & x
 is likewise put = ! doctr9e ( !        
,gospel1  :i* is ! object ( fai?1 ,acts 
xxiv1 #bd2 ,phil4 i1 #bg2 ,jude #c2 =  !
 belief & pr(ession ( ! ,gospel1 ,rom4  
i1 #h2 & = fidelity 9  ! p]=mance (     
promises4    ,,fall ,,( ,,man4 ,9       
addition to :at is /at$ on ?is subject  
"u !  article ,adam1 x may be necess>y  
to e/abli% ! lit]al s5se (  ! acc\nt    
giv5 ( man's fall 9 ! book ( ,g5esis4   
,?is acc\nt is1  t a g>d5 hav+ be5      
plant$ by ! ,creator1 = ! use ( man1 he 
0 plac$ 9 x1 8to dress x1 & to keep     
x20--t 9 ?is g>d5  two trees 7 specially
 di/+ui%$1 "o z 8! tree ( life10 !  o!r 
z 8! tree ( ! k ( good & evil20--t f    
eat+  ( ! latt] ,adam 0 re/ra9$ by      

positive int]dict1 & by !  p5alty1 8,9 !
 day ?\ eate/ !re( ?\ %alt surely       
die20--t  ! s]p5t1 :o 0 m subtle ?an any
 bea/ ( ! field1 tempt$  ! woman to eat1
 by d5y+ t dea? w\ld be ! consequ5ce1 & 
by  assur+ h]1 t h] eyes & h] husb&'s   
eyes 8w\ld be op5$10  & t !y w\ld 8be z 
gods1 kn[+ good & evil20--t ! woman     
took ( ! fruit1 gave ( x to h] husb&1 :o
 also ate2--t =  ?is act ( disob$i5ce !y
 7 expell$ f ! g>d51 made  subject to   
dea?1 & laid "u o!r mal$ictions4    #b4 
,t ?is hi/ory %\ld be ! subject ( mu*   
criticism1 n only  by infidels1 b by ^? 
:o hold false & p]v]t$ views ( !        
,*ri/ian sy/em1 0 to be expect$4 ,tak5 9
 its natural & obvi\s  s5se1 along ) !  
comm5ts ( ! subsequ5t ,scriptures1 x    
tea*es  ! doctr9es ( ! exi/5ce ( an     
evil1 tempt+1 invisible _s1  go+ ab\t   
seek+ :om he may deceive & dev\r2 ( !   
introduction  ( moral corruptness into  
human nature1 :i* has be5 transmitt$ to 
all m52 & is connect$ also ) ! doctr9e (
 a vic>i\s  atonem5t = s92 & :]ev] !    

fundam5tal tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian  sy/em are
 d5i$1 attempts w be made s to int]pret 
?is "p (  ! ,mosaic hi/ory z to obscure 
! te/imony :i* x gives to !m1  ei!r     
explicitly1 or by j induction4          
,int]pret]s h adopt$  v>i\s & (t5 /range
 !ories2 b ^? ^: op9ions x seems        
necess>y to notice may be divid$ into   
su* z d5y ! lit]al s5se  ( ! relation   
entirely2 su* z take ! acc\nt to be 9 "p
 lit]al  & 9 "p allegorical2 & ^? :o1   
:ile !y cont5d e>ne/ly =  ! lit]al      
int]pretation ( e "p ( ! hi/ory1 consid]
 "s  ( ! t]ms us$1 & "s ( ! p]sons      
introduc$1 z convey+ a  mean+ m ext5sive
 ?an ! lett]1 & z con/itut+ sev]al      
symbols ( spiritual ?+s & ( spiritual   
be+s4    #c4 ,^? :o h d5i$ ! lit]al s5se
 entirely1 & reg>d$ !  :ole relation z  
an in/ructive my?os1 or fable1 h1 z     
might be  expect$1 :5 all re/ra9t (     
au?ority 0 ?us ?r[n (f f !  imag9ation1 
!mselves adopt$ v diff]5t !ories4 ,?us  
we h  be5 taught1 t ?is acc\nt 0 int5d$ 
to tea* ! evil (  yield+ to ! viol5ce ( 

appetite & to its control ov] reason2 or
  ! introduction ( vice 9 conjunction ) 
k & !  artificial ref9em5ts ( society2  
or ! necessity ( keep+ ! great  mass (  
mank9d f acquir+ too great a degree ( k1
 z be+  hurtful to society2 or to       
consid] x z ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory (  !  
gold5 age1 & its be+ succe$$ by times m 
vici\s &  mis]able2 or z design$1       
enigmatically1 to acc\nt = ! orig9 (    
evil1 or ( mank9d4 ,?is catalogue (     
op9ions might be mu* enl>g$3  "s ( !m h 
be5 held by m]e vision>ies2 o!rs by m5 (
  le>n+1 especially by sev]al ( !       
semi-infidel !ologians &  ,biblical     
critics ( ,g]many2 nor has our own      
c\ntry be5 exempt f  ?is class ( bold   
expositors4 ,h[ to fix ^u ! moral ( 8!  
fable0  is1 h[ev]1 ! difficulty2 & !    
great v>iety ( op9ion is a  suffici5t   
refutation ( ! g5]al notion assum$ by ! 
:ole class1  s9ce sc>cely c two ( !m be 
f\nd :o adopt ! same views1 aft]  !y h  
disc>d$ ! lit]al acceptation4    #d4 ,b 
t ! acc\nt ( ,moses is to be tak5 z a   

matt] ( real  hi/ory1 & accord+ to its  
lit]al import1 is e/abli%$ by two       
consid]ations1 aga9/ :i*1 z be+ facts1  
no?+ c successfully  be urg$4 ,! fir/   
is1 t ! acc\nt ( ! fall ( ! fir/ pair   
is a "p ( a cont9u\s hi/ory4 ,! creation
 ( ! _w1 ( man1 (  woman2 ! plant+ ( !  
g>d5 ( ,ed51 & ! plac+ ( man !re2  !    
duties & prohibitions laid ^u him2 8    
disob$i5ce2 8  expulsion f ! g>d52 !    
subsequ5t bir? ( 8 *ildr51 _!  lives1 & 
actions1 & ^? ( _! po/]ity1 d[n to !    
flood2  &1 f t ev5t1 to ! life (        
,abraham1 are giv5 9 ! same  pla9 &     
unadorn$ n>rative2 brief1 b yet simple2 
& ) no  intimation at all1 ei!r f !     
elevation ( ! /yle or o!rwise1  t a     
fable or allegory is 9 any "p introduc$4
 ,z ?is1 !n1 is  ! case1 & ! evid5ce ( x
 lies ^u ! v face ( ! hi/ory1  x is     
cle>1 t if ! acc\nt ( ! fall be exc]pt$ 
f ! :ole  n>rative z allegorical1 any   
subsequ5t "p1 f ,abel to ,noah1 f  ,noah
 to ,abraham1 f ,abraham to ,moses1 may 
be exc]pt$ = ! same  reason1 :i* reason 

is m]ely ?is1 t x does n agree ) !      
!ological op9ions ( ! int]pret]2 & ?us !
 :ole ( !  ,p5tateu* may be reject$     
hi/ory1 & conv]t$ into fable4 ,ei!r  !n 
! acc\nt ( ! fall mu/ be tak5 z hi/ory1 
or ! hi/orical  "* ( ! :ole five books (
 ,moses mu/ be unsettl$2 & if  none b   
infidels w g to ! latt] consequ5ce1 !n  
no "o :o  admits ! ,p5tateu* to be a    
true hi/ory g5]ally1 c consi/5tly       
refuse to admit ! /ory ( ! fall ( ! fir/
 pair to be a  n>rative ( real ev5ts1   
because x is writt5 9 ! same /yle1 &    
pres5ts ! same "* ( a cont9u\s record ( 
ev5ts4 ,s  conclusive has ?is argum5t   
be5 felt1 t ! anti-lit]al  int]pret]s h 
endeav\r$ to evade x1 by ass]t+ t ! "p (
  ! hi/ory ( ,moses 9 "q be>s m>ks ( be+
 a sep>ate  fragm5t1 m anci5t ?an !     
,p5tateu* itself1 & transcrib$ into  x  
by ,moses1 ! au?or & compil] ( ! :ole4  
,?is po9t is  exam9$ & satisfactorily   
refut$ 9 ,hold5's le>n$ & excell5t  "w1 
entitl$1 8,diss]tation on ! ,fall (     
,man20 b x is easy to  %[1 t x w\ld     

am\nt to no?+1 if grant$1 9 ! m9d ( any 
:o is satisfi$ on ! previ\s "q ( !      
inspiration ( ! ,holy  ,scriptures4 ,=  
let x be admitt$ t ,moses1 9 writ+ !    
p5tateu*al hi/ory1 avail$ himself ( !   
traditions ( !  patri>*al ages1 a       
supposition n 9 ! lea/ inconsi/5t ) 8   
inspiration or ) ! absolute tru? ( 8    
hi/ory1 s9ce !  traditions s introduc$ h
 be5 au!nticat$ by ! ,holy ,_s2 or  let 
x be suppos$1 :i* is :olly gratuit\s1 t 
he made use (  previ\sly exi/+ docum5ts2
 & t "s diff]5ces ( /yle 9 8  books may 
be trac$ :i* s]ve to po9t out 8         
quotations1 :i* is a  position t "s ( ! 
be/ ,hebrai/s h d5i$2 yet two ?+s are   
to be not$3 fir/1 t ! inspir$ "* ( !    
books ( ,moses is  au!nticat$ by our ,"l
 & 8 ,apo/les1 s t !y mu/  necess>ily be
 :olly true1 & free f real              
contradictions2 &1  secondly1 t to make 
x any ?+ to _! purpose :o cont5d t  !   
acc\nt ( ! fall is an old] docum5t1     
introduc$ by ,moses1 x  ought to be %[n 
t x is n writt5 z truly 9 ! n>rative    

/yle1 ev5 if x c\ld be prov$ to be1 9 "s
 respects1 a diff]5t  /yle1 z t :i*     
prec$es & foll[s x4 ,n[ ! v lit]al  "* (
 our translation w enable ev5 ! unle>n$ 
read] to  discov] ?is4 ,:e!r x be an    
embodi$ tradition1 or ! ins]tion (  a m 
anci5t docum5t1 7?\gh !re is no         
f\ndation at all = !  latt]             
supposition17 x is obvi\sly a n>rative1 
& a n>rative z  simple z any :i* prec$es
 or foll[s x4    #e4 ,! o!r indisputable
 fact to :i* ,i j n[ adv]t$1 z  e/abli%+
 ! lit]al s5se ( ! hi/ory1 is t1 z su*1 
x is  ref]r$ to & reason$ ^u 9 v>i\s    
p>ts ( ,scripture3 8,kn[e/  ?\ n ?is (  
old1 s9ce man 7,adam7 0 plac$ ^u e>?1 t 
!  triumph+ ( ! wick$ is %ort1 & ! joy (
 ! hypocrite b =  a mom5t80 ,job xx1 #d1
 #e4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt b t ?is  
passage ref]s to ! fall & ! fir/ s9 (   
man4 ,! date agrees2  = ! k "h taught is
 said to arise f facts z old z !  fir/  
plac+ ( man ^u e>?1 & ! sudd5 puni%m5t (
 !  iniquity corresponds to ! ,mosaic   
acc\nt3 8,! triumph+ ( !  wick$ is %ort1

 8 joy b = a mom5t40 8,if ,i cov]$ my   
transgressions z ,adam1 by hid+ m9e     
iniquity 9 my bosom10 ,job xxxi1  #cc4  
,magee r5d]s ! v]se1                    
8,did ,i cov]1 l ,adam1 my              
transgression1                ,by hid+ 9
 a lurk+ place m9e iniquity80    & adds1
 8,i agree ) ,pet]s1 t ?is conta9s a    
ref]5ce to !  hi/ory ( ! fir/ man1 & 8  
endeav\rs to hide himself aft] 8        
transgression40 ,our m>g9 reads1 8aft] !
 mann] ( m520 & also  ! old v]sions2 b !
 ,*aldee p>aphrase agrees ) our         
translation1 :i* is also satisfactorily 
def5d$ by num]\s critics4  8,:at is man1
 t he %\ld be clean8 & he :i* is born ( 
a woman1  t he %\ld be righte\s80 ,job  
xv1 #ad4 ,:y n clean8 ,did ,god make    
woman or man unclean at ! beg9n+8 ,if he
 did1 ! expo/ulation  w\ld h be5 m      
apposite1 & mu* /rong]1 _h ! true cause 
be5 assign$1 & ,job _h said1 8,h[ can/  
?\ expect cleanness 9  man1 :om ?\      
creat$/ unclean80 ,b1 z ! case n[ /&s1 !
  expo/ulation has a pla9 ref]5ce to !  

introduction ( vanity &  corruption by !
 s9 ( ! woman1 & is an evid5ce t ?is    
anci5t  writ] 0 s5sible ( ! evil        
consequ5ces ( ! fall ^u ! :ole  race (  
man4 8,ed50 & 8! g>d5 ( ! ,"l0 are also 
frequ5tly  ref]r$ to 9 ! prophets4 ,we h
 ! 8tree ( life0 m5tion$  sev]al times 9
 ! ,prov]bs & 9 ! ,revelation4 8,god10  
says  ,solomon1 8made man upright40 ,!  
enemies ( ,*ri/ & 8 *ur* are  spok5 (1  
bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 "u !     
names ( 8!  s]p5t10 & 8! dragon20 & !   
habit ( ! s]p5t to lick !  du/ is also  
ref]r$ to by ,isaiah4    #f4 ,if !      
hi/ory ( ! fall1 z record$ by ,moses1 7 
an allegory1  or any ?+ b a lit]al      
hi/ory1 sev]al ( ! above allusions w\ld 
h no mean+2 b ! matt] is put beyond all 
possible d\bt 9 !  ,new ,te/am5t1 unless
 ! same culpable lib]ties be tak5 ) !   
int]pretation ( ! words ( our ,"l & (   
,/4 ,paul z ) ^? (  ! ,jewi% lawgiv]4   
,our ,"l says1 8,h ye n read1 t he :i*  
made !m at ! beg9n+1 made !m male &     
female2 & said1 ,=  ?is cause %all a man

 leave fa!r & "m1 & %all cleave to 8    
wife2 & !y twa9 %all be "o fle%80 ,matt4
 xix1 #d1 #e4 ,?is is an  argum5t on !  
subject ( divorces1 & its f\ndation re/s
 ^u two  ( ! facts record$ by ,moses3   
7#a47 ,t ,god made at fir/ b two  human 
be+s1 f :om all ! re/ h sprung4 7#b47 ,t
 ! intimacy  & indissolubility ( !      
m>riage relation re/s ^u ! =mation (  ! 
woman f ! man2 = our ,"l quotes ! words 
9 ,g5esis1 :]e  ! obligation ( man to   
cleave to 8 wife is imm$iately connect$ 
) t circum/ance3 8,& ,adam said1 ,?is is
 n[ bone ( my bones1  & fle% ( my fle%3 
%e %all be call$ woman1 because %e 0    
tak5  out ( man4 ,!re=e %all a man leave
 8 fa!r & 8 "m1 &  %all cleave unto 8   
wife2 & !y %all be "o fle%40 ,?is is    
suffici5tly 9 pro( t bo? our ,"l & !    
,ph>isees consid]$  ?is e>ly "p ( !     
hi/ory ( ,moses z a n>rative2 =1        
o!rwise1  x w\ld nei!r h be5 a reason1  
on 8 "p1 = ! doctr9e :i*  he 0          
inculcat+1 nor h _h any =ce ( conviction
 z to !m4 8,9  ,adam10 says ! ,apo/le   

,paul1 8all die20 8by "o man s9 ent]$   
into  ! _w40 8,b ,i fe> le/ by any      
means1 z ! s]p5t beguil$ ,eve  ?r\gh 8  
subtlety1 s y\r m9ds %\ld be corrupt$ f 
!  simplicity t is 9 ,*ri/40 ,9 ! la/   
passage1 ! in/rum5t (  ! temptation is  
said to be a s]p5t1 1 :i* is a suffici5t
  answ] to ^? :o w\ld make x any o!r    
animal2 & ,eve is  repres5t$ z be+ fir/ 
s$uc$1 accord+ to ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis4   
,?is ,/4 ,paul repeats 9 #a ,tim4 ii1   
#ac1 #ad3 8,adam 0 fir/ =m$1 !n  ,eve4  
,& ,adam 0 n deceiv$10 fir/ or          
imm$iately1 8b ! woman  be+ deceiv$ 0 9 
! transgression40 ,& he (f]s ?is z !    
reason ( an injunction1 8,let ! woman   
le>n 9 sil5ce ) all  subjection40 ,:51  
!re=e1 x is consid]$1 t ^! passages are 
introduc$1 n = rhetorical illu/ration1  
or 9 ! way ( classical  quotation1 b are
 made ! basis ( grave & important       
reason+s1  :i* embody "s ( ! mo/        
important doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian         
revelation1 & ( important social duties 
& po9ts ( ,*ri/ian ord]  & decorum2 x   

w\ld be to *>ge ! writ]s ( ! ,new       
,te/am5t )  ! grosse/ absurdity1 nay1 ) 
ev5 culpable & unwor?y trifl+1  to      
suppose !m to argue f ! hi/ory ( ! fall 
z a n>rative1  :5 !y knew x to be an    
allegory4 ,& if we are1 !re=e1 compell$ 
to all[ t x 0 und]/ood z a real hi/ory  
by our ,"l & 8  inspir$ ,apo/les1 ^?    
speculations ( mod]n critics1 :i* conv]t
  x into a p>able1 /& br&$ ) _! true "* 
( infidel  & semi-infidel tem]ity4      
#g4 ,! effect ( ! s9 or lapse ( ,adam 0 
to br+ him "u !  wra? ( ,god2 to r5d]   
him liable to pa91 disease1 & dea?2 to  
deprive him ( primeval hol9ess2 to      
sep>ate him f communion )  ,god & t     
spiritual life :i* 0 be=e imp>t$ by     
,god1 & on  :i* 8 hol9ess alone dep5d$1 
f ! loss ( :i* a total moral  disord] & 
depravation ( 8 s\l result$2 & f9ally to
 r5d] him  liable to ev]la/+ mis]y4 ,see
 ,,orig9al ,,s94 ,= ! effect ( !  fall (
 ,adam ^u 8 po/]ity1 see ,,ju/ification4
    ,,fa/+ has be5 practis$ 9 all ages1 
& among all nations1 9 times  ( m\rn+1  

sorr[1 & affliction4 ,we see no example 
( fa/+1  prop]ly s call$1 be=e ,moses4  
,s9ce ! "t ( ,moses1 examples (  fa/+ h 
be5 v common among ! ,jews4 ,jo%ua & !  
eld]s (  ,israel rema9$ pro/rate be=e ! 
ark f morn+ till ev5+1  )\t eat+1 aft]  
,israel 0 defeat$ at ,ai1 ,jo%ua vii1   
#f4 ,!  elev5 tribes :i* f\ght aga9/ t (
 ,b5jam91 fell d[n on _!  faces be=e !  
ark1 & s cont9u$ till ev5+ )\t eat+1    
,judges xx1 #bf4 ,david fa/$ :ile ! fir/
 *ild he _h by ,ba?%eba  0 sick1 #b     
,sam4 xii1 #af4 ,! ,hea!ns sometimes    
fa/$3 ! k+ (  ,n9eveh1 t]rifi$ by       
,jonah's prea*+1 ord]$ t n only m51 b   
also bea/s1 %\ld cont9ue )\t eat+ or    
dr9k+2 %\ld be  cov]$ ) sackclo?1 & ea* 
aft] _! mann] %\ld cry to !  ,"l1 ,jonah
 iii1 #e1 #f4 ,! ,jews1 9 times ( public
 calamity1 appo9t$  extraord9>y fa/s1 & 
made ev5 ! *ildr5 at ! brea/ fa/1 ,joel 
ii1 #af4 ,moses fa/$ =ty days ^u ,m\nt  
,horeb1 ,exod4 xxiv1 #ah4 ,elijah  pass$
 z _m days )\t eat+1 #a ,k+s xix1 #h4   
,our ,savi\r fa/$  =ty days & =ty nights

 9 ! wild]ness1 ,matt4 iv1 #b4 ,^! fa/s 
7 miracul\s1 & out ( ! common rules (   
nature4    #b4 ,beside ! solemn fa/ (   
expiation in/itut$ by div9e au?ority1  !
 ,jews appo9t$ c]ta9 days ( humiliation1
 call$ ! fa/s ( !  congregation4 ,!     
calamities = :i* ^! 7 enjo9$1 7 a       
siege1 pe/il5ce1 diseases1 fam9e1 c4 ,!y
 7 obs]v$ on !  second & fif? days ( !  
week3 !y began at sunset1 & cont9u$     
till midnight ( ! foll[+ day4 ,on ^!    
days !y wore sackclo?  next ! sk91 & r5t
 _! clo!s2 !y spr9kl$ a%es on _!  heads1
 & nei!r wa%$ _! h&s1 nor ano9t$ _!     
heads )  oil4 ,! synagogues 7 fill$ )   
suppliants1 ^: pray]s 7 long  & m\rnful1
 & _! c\nt5ances deject$ ) all ! m>ks ( 
sorr[ & rep5tance4    #c4 ,z to ! fa/s  
obs]v$ by ,*ri/ians1 x does n appe> by 8
 own  practice1 or by 8 comm&s to 8     
disciples1 t our ,"l in/itut$  any      
p>ticul> fa/4 ,b :5 ! ,ph>isees reproa*$
 him1 t 8  disciples did n fa/ s (t5 z  
!irs1 or z ,john ! ,bapti/'s1 he        
repli$1 8,c ye make ! *ildr5 ( !        

bride-*amb] fa/ :ile !  bride-groom is )
 !m8 ,b ! days w come :5 ! bride-groom  
%all be tak5 away f !m1 & !n %all !y fa/
 9 ^? days10  ,luke v1 #cd1 #ce4 ,fa/+  
is also recomm5d$ by our ,savi\r 9 8    
s]mon  on ! m\nt2 n z a /at$1 b z an    
occasional1 duty ( ,*ri/ians1  = !      
purpose ( humbl+ _! m9ds "u ! afflict+  
h& (  ,god2 & he requires t ?is duty be 
p]=m$ 9 s9c]ity1 & n  = ! sake (        
o/5tation1 ,matt4 vi1 #af4    #d4       
,al?\gh ,*ri/ians1 says ,dr4 ,ne&]1 did 
n by any means retire  f ! bus9ess (    
life1 yet !y 7 accu/om$ to devote _m    
sep>ate days entirely to exam9+ _! own  
he>ts1 & p\r+ !m  out be=e ,god1 :ile !y
 d$icat$ _! life anew to him )          
un9t]rupt$ pray]s1 9 ord] t !y might    
aga9 return to _!  ord9>y occupations ) 
a r5ovat$ _s ( zeal & s]i\sness1  & )   
r5ew$ p[]s ( sanctification4 ,^! days ( 
holy devotion1  days ( pray] & p5it5ce1 
:i* individual ,*ri/ians appo9t$ =      
!mselves1 accord+ to _! individual      
necessities1 7 (t5 a k9d  ( fa/-days4 ,9

 ord] t _! s5sual feel+s might less     
di/ract  & imp$e ! occupation ( _! he>t 
) its holy contemplations1  !y 7        
accu/om$ on ^! days to limit _!         
corporeal wants m  ?an usual1 or to fa/ 
entirely4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ?is1 we   
mu/  n ov]look ! peculi> nature ( t hot 
climate 9 :i*  ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/       
promulgat$4 ,t :i* 0 sp>$ by _!  ab/95ce
 on ^! days 0 appli$ to ! support ( !   
poor]  bre?r54    ,,fat4 ,god =bade !   
,hebrews to eat ! fat ( bea/s3 8,all !  
fat is  ! ,"l's4 ,x %all be a p]petual  
/atute = y\r g5]ations1  ?r\gh\t all y\r
 dwell+s1 t ye eat nei!r fat nor blood10
 ,lev4  iii1 #ag4 ,"s int]pret]s und]/& 
^! words lit]ally1 & suppose  fat z well
 z blood to be =bidd54 ,josephus says   
,moses =bids only  ! fat ( ox51 goats1  
%eep1 & _! species4 ,?is agrees ) ,lev4 
vii1 #bc3 8,ye %all eat no mann] ( fat1 
( ox1 or ( %eep1 or (  goat40 ,?is is   
obs]v$ by ! mod]n ,jews1 :o ?9k t ! fat 
(  o!r sorts ( clean creatures is all[$ 
!m1 ev5 t ( bea/s  :i* h di$ ( !mselves1

 con=mably to ,lev4 vii1 #bd3 8,& ! fat 
( ! bea/ t die? ( itself1 & ! fat ( t   
:i* is torn  ) bea/s1 may be us$ 9 any  
o!r use2 b ye %all 9 n[ise eat (  x40   
,o!rs ma9ta9 t ! law :i* =bids ! use (  
fat1 %\ld  be re/ra9$ to fat sep>at$ f !
 fle%1 su* z t :i* cov]s  ! kidneys & ! 
inte/9es2 & ?is only 9 ! case ( its be+ 
(f]$ 9 sacrifice4 ,?is is confirm$ by   
,lev4 vii1 #be3 8,:osoev]  eate? ( ! fat
 ( ! bea/ ( :i* m5 (f] an (f]+ made by  
fire unto ! ,"l1 ev5 ! s\l t eate? x    
%all be cut (f f  8 p40 ,9 ! ,hebrew    
/yle1 fat signifies n only t ( bea/s1  b
 also ! ri*] or prime "p ( o!r ?+s3 8,he
 %\ld h f$  !m ) ! f9e/0 79 ,hebrew !   
fat7 8( ! :eat40 ,fat d5otes  abundance 
( good ?+s3 8,i w satiate ! s\ls ( !    
prie/s )  fatness10 ,j]4 xxxi1 #ad4 8,my
 s\l %all be satisfi$ ) m>r[ &          
fatness10 ,psalm lxiii1 #e4 ,! fat ( !  
e>? implies its fruitfulness3  8,god    
give !e ( ! dew ( heav51 & ! fatness ( !
 e>?1 &  pl5ty ( corn & w9e10 ,g54      
xxvii1 #bh4    ,,fa!r4 ,?is ^w1 beside  

its common acceptation1 is tak5 9       
,scripture  = gr&fa!r1 great-gr&fa!r1 or
 ! f\nd] ( a family1 h[  remote soev]4  
,s ! ,jews 9 our ,savi\r's "t call$     
,abraham1 ,isaac1  & ,jacob1 _! fa!rs4  
,jesus ,*ri/ is call$ ! ,son ( ,david1  
?\gh ,david 0 _m g5]ations di/ant f him4
 ,by fa!r is  likewise und]/ood !       
in/itutor ( a c]ta9 pr(ession4 ,jabal 80
  fa!r ( su* z dwell 9 t5ts1 & su* z h  
cattle40 ,jubal 80  fa!r ( all su* z    
h&le ! h>p & organ10 or flute1 c1 ,g54  
iv1  #bj1 #ba4 ,huram is call$ fa!r ( ! 
k+ ( ,tyre1 #b ,*ron4 ii1 #ac2  &1 #b   
,*ron4 iv1 #af1 ev5 ( ,solomon1 because 
he 0 ! pr9cipal  workman1 & *ief        
director ( _! und]tak+s4 ,! pr9cipal    
prophets 7 consid]$ z fa!rs ( ! y\ng]1  
:o 7 _!  disciples1 & are call$ sons ( !
 prophets1 #b ,k+s ii1 #ab4 ,fa!r  is a 
t]m ( respect giv5 by inf]iors to       
sup]iors4 8,my fa!r10 said  ,naaman's   
att5dants to him1 8if ! prophet _h bid  
!e d "s great  ?+10 #b ,k+s v1 #ac2 & s 
! k+ ( ,israel addresses ! prophet      

,eli%a1 #b ,k+s vi1 #ba4 ,re*ab1 ! f\nd]
 ( ! ,re*abites1 is call$  _! fa!r1 ,j]4
 xxxv1 #f4 ,a man is said to be a fa!r  
to ! poor &  orphans1 :5 he supplies _! 
necessities1 & sympa?izes ) _!  mis]ies1
 z a fa!r w\ld d t[>d !m3 8,i 0 a fa!r  
to !  poor10 says ,job1 xxix1 #af4 ,god 
decl>es himself to be ! 8,fa!r ( !      
fa!rless1 & ,judge ( ! wid[10 ,psalm    
lxviii1 #e4 ,god is frequ5tly  call$ our
 heav5ly ,fa!r1 & simply our ,fa!r2     
em95tly ! ,fa!r1  ,pres]v]1 & ,protector
 ( all1 especially ( ^? :o invoke him1 &
  s]ve him3 8,is he n ?y ,fa!r t b\ght  
!e80 says ,moses1 ,deut4  xxxii1 #f4    
,s9ce ! com+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 we h a new 
"r to call  ,god our ,fa!r1 by reason ( 
! adoption :i* our ,savi\r has m]it$  = 
u1 by clo?+ himself 9 our humanity1 &   
pur*as+ u by 8  dea?3 8,ye h receiv$ !  
,_s ( adoption1 :]eby we cry1 ,abba1    
,fa!r4 ,! ,_s itself be>e? witness ) our
 _s1 t we are  ! *ildr5 ( ,god10 ,romans
 viii1 #ae4 ,job entitles ,god 8! ,fa!r 
(  ra910 ,job xxxviii1 #bh2 he produces 

x1 & causes x to fall4 ,! devil  is     
call$ ! fa!r ( ! wick$ & ! fa!r ( lies1 
,john viii1  #dd4 ,he deceiv$ ,eve &    
,adam2 he introduc$ s9 & falsehood2 he  
inspires 8 foll[]s ) 8 _s & s5tim5ts4 ,!
 fa!r (  ,si*em1 ! fa!r ( ,tekoah1 !    
fa!r ( ,be?lehem1 c1 signify !  *ief    
p]sons :o inhabit$ ^! cities2 he :o     
built or rebuilt !m4  ,adam is ! fir/   
fa!r1 ! fa!r ( ! liv+2 ,abraham is !    
fa!r ( ! fai?ful1 ! fa!r ( !            
circumcision2 call$ also !  8fa!r ( _m  
nations10 because _m p sprung f him2 z !
  ,jews1 ,i%maelites1 ,arabs1 c4 ,god is
 call$ 8! ,fa!r ( spirits10  ,heb4 xii1 
#i4 ,he n only creates !m1 b he         
ju/ifies1 sanctifies1 &  glorifies !m1 &
 ?us conf]s ^u !m et]nal happ9ess4      
,,fa!rs1 a t]m ( hon\r appli$ to ! fir/ 
& mo/ em95t writ]s  ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4  
,^? ( ! fir/ c5tury are call$           
,apo/olical fa!rs2 ^? ( ! fir/ ?ree     
c5turies1 & till !  c\ncil ( ,nice1     
,ante-,nic5e2 & ^? lat] ?an t c\ncil1   
,po/-,nic5e4 ,le>n$ m5 are n unanim\s   

conc]n+ ! degree (  e/eem :i* is due to 
^! anci5t fa!rs4 ,"s repres5t !m z !    
mo/ excell5t guides1 :ile o!rs place !m 
9 ! v l[e/ rank  ( moral writ]s1 & treat
 _! precepts & decisions z p]fectly     
insipid1 &1 9 _m respects1 p]nici\s4 ,x 
appe>s1 h[ev]1  inconte/able1 t1 9 !    
writ+s ( ! primitive fa!rs are _m       
sublime s5tim5ts1 judici\s ?\ghts1 &    
sev]al ?+s well adapt$  to =m a religi\s
 temp]1 & to excite pi\s & virtu\s      
affections4  ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be    
confess$1 t1 aft] ! e>lie/ age1  !y     
ab\nd /ill m ) precepts ( an excessive &
 unreasonable  au/]ity1 ) /oical &      
academical dictates1 ) vague &          
indet]m9ate notions1 &1 :at is /ill     
worse1 ) decisions  absolutely false1 & 
9 evid5t opposition to ! comm&s ( ,*ri/4
  ,?\gh ! judgm5t ( antiquity 9 "s      
disputable po9ts may c]ta9ly  be useful1
 yet we ought nev] to consid] ! writ+s (
 ! fa!rs z  ( equal au?ority ) !        
,scriptures4 ,9 _m cases !y may be deem$
  compet5t witnesses1 b we mu/ n confide

 9 _! v]dict z judges4  ,z ,biblical    
critics !y are (t5 fanciful &           
injudici\s1 & _!  pr9cipal value consi/s
 9 ?is1 t ! succession ( _! writ+s      
enables u to prove ! exi/5ce &          
au!nticity ( ! sacr$ books1  up to ! age
 ( ! ,apo/les4    ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( !
 entire fa!rs3 ,contempor>ies ( !       
,apo/les1 ,b>nabas1 ,clem5t ( ,rome1    
,h]mas1 ,ignatius1 & ,polyc>p4  ,papias1
 ,a4 ,d4 #aaf2 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #adj2      
,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 #agj2  ,tatian1    
#agb2 ,hegesippus1 #agc2 ,melito1 #agg2 
,ir5u1 #agh2 ,a!nagoras1  #agh2         
,miltiades1 #ahj2 ,!ophilus1 #aha2      
,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #aid2  ,t]tullian1 
#bjj2 ,m9utius ,felix1 #baj2 ,ammonius1 
#bbj2 ,orig51 #bcj2  ,firmilian1 #bcc2  
,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 #bdg2 ,cyprian1 
#bdh2 ,novatus1 or  ,novatian1 #bea2    
,arnobius1 #cjf2 ,lactantius1 #cjf2     
,alex&] ( ,alex&ria1  #cac2 ,eusebius1  
#cae2 ,a?anasius1 #cbf2 ,cyril (        
,j]usalem1 #cdh2 ,hil>y1  #ced2         
,epiphanius1 #cfh2 ,basil1 #cgj2        

,gregory ( ,nazianzum1 #cgj2 ,gregory ( 
,nyssa1 #cgj2 ,optatus1 #cgj2 ,ambrose1 
#cgd2 ,phila/]1 #chj2 ,j]ome1 #cib2     
,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 #cid2 ,ruff91     
#cig2 ,augu/9e1 #cih2 ,*ryso/om1  #cih2 
,sulpitius ,sev]us1 #dja2 ,cyril (      
,alex&ria1 #dab2 ,!odoret1 #dbc2  &     
,g5nadius1 #did4    ,ar*bi%op ,wake1 9 8
 ,exposition ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* (   
,engl& has v satisfactorily %[n1 t !    
def]5ce paid by  ,prote/ants to !       
,*ri/ian fa!rs ( ! fir/ ?ree ages1 is   
nei!r  ( su* an idolatr\s description z 
is g5]ally repres5t$1 nor is  _!        
au?ority ev] extoll$ to an equality ) t 
( ! ,holy  ,scriptures4 8,?\gh we h     
appeal$10 he says1 8to ! *ur*es ( !     
fir/ ages = new pro(s ( ! tru? ( our    
doctr9e1 x is n t  we ?9k t ! doctors ( 
^? times _h m "r to judge ( our  fai?   
?an ^? _h t foll[$ !m2 b x is because   
aft] a  s]i\s exam9ation we h f\nd1 t1 z
 = :at conc]ns !  common belief t is    
among u1 !y h believ$ & practis$ !  same
 ?+s )\t add+ o!r op9ions or sup]/itions

 t de/roy  !m1--:]e9 !y h act$ con=mably
 to _! & our rule1 ,,!  ,,^w ,,( ,,god3 
not)/&+1 x _c be d5i$1 b t !y           
effectually fell into "s wrong op9ions1 
z t ( ! ,mill5>ies  & infant communion10
 c4 ,! usefulness & necessity ( /udy+ ! 
anci5t fa!rs h be5 def5d$ by _m p]sons  
em95t = _!  le>n+ & piety4 ,ar*bi%op    
,u%] 0 "o :o beyond all m5 !n  liv+ knew
 ! va/ importance ( ^! /udies1 & _h     
d]iv$ !  greate/ b5efits f !m4 ,! foll[+
 brief advice1 9 ! language  ( ,dr4     
,p>r1 8 erudite biograph]1 w convey 8   
s5tim5ts on ?is  v int]e/+ subject3     
8,inde$ he _h s great an e/eem ( !      
,,anci5t ,,au?ors1 = ! acquir+ any solid
 le>n+1 :e!r sacr$ or  pr(ane1 t 8      
advice to "y /ud5ts1 ei!r 9 div9ity or  
antiquity1 01 n to sp5d too mu* "t 9    
epitomes1 b to set  !mselves to read !  
anci5t au?ors !mselves2 z1 to beg9 ) !  
,,fa!rs1 & to read !m accord+ to ! ages 
9 :i* !y liv$1  7:i* 0 ! me?od he _h    
tak5 himself17 &1 toge!r ) !m1  c>efully
 to p]use ! ,,*ur* ,,hi/orians t treat$ 

( t age 9  :i* ^? fa!rs liv$3 by :i*    
means ! /ud5t w\ld be bett]  able to    
p]ceive ! reason & mean+ ( div]s        
passages 9 _!  writ+s1 7:i* o!rwise w\ld
 be obscure17 :5 he knew ! orig9al  &   
gr[? ( ^? h]esies & het]odox op9ions    
aga9/ :i* !y  wrote1 & may also bett]   
judge :at doctr9es1 c]emonies1 &        
op9ions prevail$ 9 ! *ur* 9 e age1 & by 
:at means  introduc$40    ,,fe>1 a      
pa9ful appreh5sion ( dang]4 ,x is       
sometimes us$ = !  object ( fe>2 z1 8!  
fe> ( ,isaac10 t is1 ! ,god :om ,isaac  
fe>$1 ,g54 xxxi1 #db4 ,god says t he w  
s5d 8 fe> be=e 8  p1 to t]rify & de/roy 
! inhabitants ( ,canaan4 ,job speaks (  
! t]rors ( ,god1 z set 9 array aga9/    
him1 ,job vi1 #d2 !  ,psalmi/1 t he _h  
suff]$ ! t]rors ( ! ,"l ) a tr\bl$  m9d1
 ,psalm lxxxviii1 #ae4 ,fe> is us$1     
also1 = rev]5ce3 8,god is  greatly to be
 fe>$0 9 ! assembly ( 8 sa9ts4 ,?is k9d 
(  fe>1 be+ compatible ) confid5ce &    
love1 is sometimes call$  filial fe>2   
:ile 8! fe> :i* ha? torm5t10 be+ !      

result (  consci\s guilt1 & !           
anticipation ( puni%m5t1 is remov$ by t 
8love0 to ,god :i* results f a          
consci\sness ( our reconciliation  to   
him4    ,! filial fe> ( ,god is a holy  
affection1 or graci\s habit1 wr\ght  9 !
 s\l by ,god1 ,j]4 xxxii1 #dj1 :]eby x  
is incl9$ & enabl$  to obey all ,god's  
comm&m5ts1 ev5 ! mo/ difficult1 ,g54    
xxii1 #ab2  ,eccl4 xii1 #ac2 & to hate &
 avoid evil1 ,nehemiah v1 #ae2 ,prov4   
viii1  #ac2 xv1 #f4 ,slavi% fe> is !    
consequ5ce ( guilt2 x is a judicial     
impression f ! sad ?\ghts ( ! provok$   
maje/y ( ! heav52  x is an al>m )9 t    
di/urbs ! re/ ( a s9n]4 ,fe> is put  = !
 :ole wor%ip ( ,god3 8,i w tea* y ! fe> 
( ! ,"l10  ,psalm xxxiv1 #aa2 ,i w tea* 
y ! true way ( wor%ipp+ &  s]v+ ,god4 ,x
 is likewise put = ! law & ^w ( ,god3   
8,! fe>  ( ! ,"l is clean1 endur+ =     
ev]10 ,psalm xix1 #i4 ,! law is s       
call$1 because x is ! object1 ! cause1 &
 ! rule ( ! grace  ( holy fe>4          
,,fea/s4 ,god appo9t$ sev]al fe/ivals   

among ! ,jews4 #a4 ,to p]petuate  !     
memory ( great ev5ts2 s1 ! ,sabba?      
commemorat$ ! creation (  ! _w2 !       
passov]1 ! dep>ture out ( ,egypt2 !     
p5teco/1 !  law giv5 at ,s9ai1 c4 #b4   
,to keep !m "u ! influ5ce ( religion1  &
 by ! maje/y ( t s]vice :i* he in/itut$ 
among !m1 &  :i* ab\nd$ 9 my/ical       
symbols or types ( evangelical ?+s1 to  
convey spiritual in/ruction1 & to keep  
alive ! expectation ( !  ,messiah1 & 8 m
 p]fect disp5sation4 #c4 ,to secure to  
!m c]ta9  times ( re/ & rejoic+s4 #d4   
,to r5d] !m famili> ) ! law2  =1 9 _!   
religi\s assemblies1 ! law ( ,god 0 read
 &  expla9$4 #e4 ,to r5ew ! acqua9tance1
 correspond5ce1 & fri5d%ip  ( _! tribes 
& families1 com+ f ! sev]al t[ns 9 !    
c\ntry1 & meet+ ?ree times a ye> 9 !    
holy city4    ,! fir/ & mo/ anci5t      
fe/ival1 ! ,sabba?1 or sev5? day1       
commemorat$ ! creation4 8,! ,"l bless$ !
 sev5? day1 &  sanctifi$ x10 says       
,moses1 8because t 9 x he _h re/$ f all 
8 "w10 ,g54 ii1 #c4 ,see ,,sabba?4    ,!

 passov] 0 in/itut$ 9 memory ( !        
,israelites' dep>ture out  ( ,egypt1 & (
 ! fav\r :i* ,god %[$ 8 p 9 sp>+ _!     
fir/-born1 :5 he de/roy$ ! fir/-born ( !
 ,egyptians1 ,exod4  xii1 #ad1 c4 ,see  
,,passov]4    ,! fea/ ( p5teco/ 0       
celebrat$ on ! fiftie? day aft] !       
passov]1 9 memory ( ! law be+ giv5 to   
,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai1  fifty days aft] 
! dep>ture out ( ,egypt4 ,!y reckon$    
sev5 weeks  f ! passov] to p5teco/1     
beg9n+ at ! day aft] ! passov]4  ,!     
,hebrews call x ! fea/ ( weeks1 & !     
,*ri/ians1 p5teco/1  :i* signifies !    
fiftie? day4    ,! fea/ ( trumpets 0    
celebrat$ on ! fir/ day ( ! civil ye>2  
on :i* ! trumpets s\nd$1 proclaim+ !    
beg9n+ ( ! ye>1  :i* 0 9 ! mon? ,tisri1 
answ]+ to our ,septemb]1 ,o4 ,s4 ,we "k 
no religi\s cause ( its e/abli%m5t4     
,moses comm&s x to be  obs]v$ z a day ( 
re/1 & t p>ticul> sacrifices %\ld be    
(f]$ at t "t4    ,! new moons1 or fir/  
days ( e mon?1 71 9 "s sort1 a          
consequ5ce ( ! fea/s ( trumpets4 ,! law 

did n oblige p to  re/ ^u ?is day1 b    
orda9$ only "s p>ticul> sacrifices4 ,x  
appe>s t1 on ^! days1 also1 ! trumpet 0 
s\nd$1 &  ent]ta9m5ts 7 made1 #a ,sam4  
xx1 #e-ah4    ,! fea/ ( expiation or    
atonem5t 0 celebrat$ on ! t5? day (     
,tisri1 :i* 0 ! fir/ day ( ! civil ye>4 
,x 0 in/itut$ =  a g5]al expiation (    
s9s1 irrev]5ces1 & pollutions ( all !   
,israelites1 f ! high prie/ to ! l[e/ ( 
! p1 committ$  by !m ?r\gh\t ! ye>1     
,lev4 xxiii1 #bg1 #bh2 ,num4 xxix1 #g4  
,see  ,,expiation1 ,day (4    ,! fea/ ( 
t5ts1 or tab]nacles1 on :i* all ,israel 
7 oblig$ to  att5d ! temple1 & to dwell 
eight days "u t5ts ( bran*es1 9  memory 
( _! fa!rs dwell+ =ty ye>s 9 t5ts1 z    
travell]s 9  ! wild]ness4 ,x 0 kept on !
 fifte5? ( ! mon? ,tisri1 !  fir/ ( !   
civil ye>4 ,! fir/ & sev5? day ( ?is    
fea/ 7  v solemn4 ,b dur+ ! o!r days ( !
 octave !y might "w1  ,lev4 xxiii1 #cd1 
#ce2 ,num4 xxix1 #ab1 #ac4 ,at ! beg9n+ 
( ! fea/1  two vessels ( silv] 7 c>ri$ 9
 a c]emoni\s mann] to !  temple1 "o full

 ( wat]1 ! o!r ( w9e1 :i* 7 p\r$ at !   
foot ( ! alt> ( burnt (f]+s1 always on !
 sev5? day ( ?is  fe/ival4    ,( ! ?ree 
great fea/s ( ! ye>1 ! passov]1 p5teco/1
 & t  ( ! tab]nacles1 ! octave1 or sev5?
 day aft] ^! fea/s1 0 a  day ( re/ z mu*
 z ! fe/ival itself2 & all ! males ( !  
nation 7 oblig$ to visit ! temple at ^! 
?ree fea/s4 ,b !  law did n require !m  
to cont9ue !re dur+ ! :ole octave1      
except 9 ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 :5 !y seem
 oblig$ to be pres5t  = ! :ole sev5     
days4    ,beside ^! fea/s1 we f9d ! fea/
 ( lots1 or purim1 in/itut$  on occasion
 ( ! deliv]ance ( ! ,jews f ,haman's    
plot1 9 !  reign ( ,ahasu]us4 ,see      
,,purim4    ,! fea/ ( ! d$ication ( !   
temple1 or r ( ! re/oration  ( ! temple1
 :i* _h be5 pr(an$ by ,antio*us         
,epiphanes1 #a ,mac4  iv1 #eb1 c1 0     
celebrat$ 9 w9t]1 & is suppos$ to be !  
fea/ (  d$ication m5tion$ 9 ,john x1    
#bb4 ,josephus says1 t x 0 call$  ! fea/
 ( lights1 probably because ?is happ9ess
 befel !m :5  lea/ expect$1 & !y        

consid]$ x z a new light ris5 on !m4    
,9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 no fe/ival appe>s to
 h be5 expressly  in/itut$ by ,jesus    
,*ri/1 or 8 ,apo/les4 ,yet1 z we        
commemorate !  passion ( ,*ri/ z (t5 z  
we celebrate 8 ,supp]1 he seems by ?is  
to h in/itut$ a p]petual fea/4 ,*ri/ians
 h always celebrat$  ! memory ( 8       
resurrection1 & obs]ve ?is fea/ on e    
,sunday1  :i* 0 commonly call$ ! ,"l's  
day1 ,rev4 i1 #aj4 ,by inf]5ce we  may  
conclude ?is fe/ival to h be5 in/itut$  
by ,apo/olic  au?ority4    ,! bir?-day (
 ,*ri/1 commonly call$ ,*ri/mas-day1 has
 be5  g5]ally obs]v$ by 8 disciples )   
gratitude & joy4 ,8 bir?  0 ! greate/   
bless+ ev] be/[$ on mank9d4 ,! angels f 
heav5 celebrat$ x ) a joyful hymn2 & e  
man1 :o has any  feel+ ( 8 own lo/ /ate 
)\t a ,r$eem]1 mu/ rejoice & be  glad 9 
x4 8,unto u a ,*ild is born1 unto u a   
,son is giv52 & 8  "n %all be call$     
,wond]ful1 ,c\nsellor1 ! mighty ,god1 ! 
ev]la/+ ,fa!r1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace10      
,isaiah ix1 #f4 ,= ?is  fe/ival1 h[ev]1 

!re is no au?ority 9 ,scripture1 nor d  
we "k  t x 0 obs]v$ 9 ! age ( !         
,apo/les4    ,on ,ea/] ,sunday we       
celebrate our ,savi\r's victory ov] dea?
 & hell1  :51 hav+ on ! cross made an   
atonem5t = ! s9 ( ! _w1 he  rose aga9 f 
! grave1 br\ght life & immortality to   
light1 &  op5$ to all 8 fai?ful s]vants 
! way to heav54 ,on ?is great  ev5t re/ 
all our hopes4 8,if ,*ri/ be n ris510   
says ,/4 ,paul1 8!n  is our prea*+ va91 
& y\r fai? is also va94 ,b n[ is ,*ri/  
ris5 f ! dead1 & become ! fir/-fruits ( 
!m t slept10 #a  ,cor4 xv1 #ad1 #bj4    
,=ty days aft] 8 resurrection1 our ,"l  
asc5d$ into heav51 9 !  sight ( 8       
disciples4 ,?is is celebrat$ on :at is  
call$  ,asc5sion-day1 or ,holy ,?ursday4
 ,t5 days aft] 8 asc5sion1 our ,"l  s5t 
! ,holy ,_s to be ! com=t] & guide ( 8  
disciples4  ,?is bless+ is commemorat$  
on ,:it-,sunday1 :i* is a v great       
fe/ival1 & may be pr(itably obs]v$2 = ! 
assi/ance ( ! ,holy  ,_s c alone support
 u ?r\gh all temptations1 & guide u into

  all tru?4    ,! pret5d$ success ( "s 9
 discov]+ ! rema9s ( c]ta9 holy  m51    
call$ 8relics10 multipli$ 9 ! f\r?      
c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian  *ur* ! fe/ivals &  
commemorations ( ! m>tyrs 9 a mo/       
extravagant mann]4 ,^! days1 in/ead (   
be+ set ap>t = pi\s  ex]cises1 7 sp5t 9 
indol5ce1 voluptu\sness1 & crim9al      
pursuits2 & 7 less consecrat$ to !      
s]vice ( ,god1 ?an employ$  9 !         
indulg5ce ( s9ful passions4 ,_m ( ^!    
fe/ivals 7  in/itut$ on a ,pagan model1 
& p]v]t$ to simil> purposes4    ,,felix1
 ,,claudius4 ,see ,,claudius4           
,,f]ret1 1 f 1 or cry out1 ,lev4 xi1    
#cj4 ,! f]ret is a  species ( ! weasel2 
b ,bo*>t w h ! anakah to be !  spott$   
liz>d1 call$ by ,pl9y /ellio4 ,dr4      
,james takes x = !  frog1 9 allusion to 
! "n1 :i* lit]ally signifies ! cri]1    
befitt+ ! croak+ ( t animal2 b we %all  
f9d ! frog  m5tion$ "u ano!r "n4 ,dr4   
,g$des r5d]s x ! newt1 or  r ! liz>d ( !
 ,nile2 & x evid5tly mu/ be ( ! liz>d   
species4 ,pl9y m5tions 8! galleotes1    

cov]$ ) r$ spots1 ^:  cries are %>p10   
:i* may be ! gekko1 :i* is probably !   
animal  "h int5d$4 ,z its "n1 9 !       
,indies tockai1 & 9 ,egypt  gekko1 is   
=m$ f its voice1 s ! ,hebrew "n anakah1 
or  p]haps anakkah1 seems to be =m$ 9 l 
mann]2 ! d\ble k be+  equally obs]vable 
9 all ^! appellations4 ,if ^! rem>ks are
  admissible1 ?is liz>d is suffici5tly  
id5tifi$4    ,,fe/us4 ,portius ,fe/us   
succe$$ ,felix 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,judea1   
,a4 ,d4  #fj4 ,felix 8 pr$ecessor1 to   
oblige ! ,jews1 :5 he resign$ 8         
gov]nm5t1 left ,/4 ,paul 9 bonds at     
,cs>ea1 9 ,pale/9e1 ,acts xxiv1  #bg4   
,fe/us1 at 8 fir/ com+ to ,j]usalem1 0  
entreat$ by !  pr9cipal ,jews to condemn
 ,/4 ,paul1 or to ord] him up to        
,j]usalem1  !y hav+ conspir$ to         
assass9ate him 9 ! way4 ,fe/us answ]$1  
t x 0 n cu/om>y ) ! ,romans to condemn  
any man )\t  he>+ him2 b said t he w\ld 
he> _! accusations aga9/ ,/4  ,paul at  
,cs>ea4 ,f ^! accusations ,/4 ,paul     
appeal$ to ,cs>1 &  by ?is means secur$ 

himself f ! prosecution ( ! ,jews1 & !  
wick$ int5tions ( ,fe/us1 :om !y _h     
corrupt$4    ,,fig ,,tree1 1 ,g54 iii1  
#g2 ,num4 xiii1 #bc2 1 ,mat!w vii1 #af2 
xxi1  #ai2 xxiv1 #cb2 ,m>k xi1 #ac1 #bj1
 #ba2 xiii1 #bh2 ,luke vi1 #dd2 xiii1   
#f1 #g2  xxi1 #bi2 ,john i1 #dh2 ,james 
iii1 #ab2 ,rev4 vi1 #ac4 ,?is tree 0 v  
common 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x becomes l>ge1     
divid+ into _m bran*es1  :i* are furni%$
 ) leaves %ap$ l ^? ( ! mulb]ry1 &      
af=ds a fri5dly %ade4 ,accord+ly1 we    
read1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 (  ,juda &     
,israel dwell+1 or sitt+ securely1 e man
 "u 8 fig  tree1 #a ,k+s iv1 #be2 ,micah
 iv1 #d2 ,ze*4 iii1 #aj2 #a ,mac4 xiv1  
#ab4 ,&1  9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we f9d     
,na?anael "u a fig tree1 probably =  !  
purposes ( devotional retirem5t1 ,john  
i1 #di-ea4 ,hasselqui/1 9  8 j\rney f   
,naz>e? to ,tib]ias1 says1 8,we refre%$ 
ourselves  "u ! %ade ( a fig tree1 :]e a
 %eph]d & 8 h]d _h _!  r5dezv\s2 b )\t  
ei!r h\se or hut40 ,! fruit :i* x be>s  
is produc$ f ! trunk & l>ge bran*es1 & n

 f ! small]  %oots1 z 9 mo/ o!r trees4  
,x is s(t1 sweet1 & v n\ri%+4  ,milton  
is ( op9ion t ! banian tree 0 t ) !     
leaves (  :i* our fir/ p>5ts made       
!mselves aprons4 ,b 8 acc\nt1 z to  !   
matt] ( fact1 wants ev5 probability to  
c\nt5ance x2 = !  leaves ( ?is are s f> 
f be+1 z he has describ$ !m1 ( !        
bigness ( an ,amazonian t>get1 t !y     
seldom or nev] exce$ five  in*es 9 l5g?1
 & ?ree 9 bread?4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ look = 
ano!r ( ! fig k9d1 t bett] answ]s !     
purpose ref]r$ to by  ,moses1 ,g54 iii1 
#g2 & z ! fruit ( ! banana tree1 is (t51
 by  ! mo/ anci5t au?ors1 call$ a fig1  
may we n suppose ?is to h  be5 ! fig    
tree ( p>adise8 ,pl9y1 describ+ ?is     
tree1 says t  its leaves 7 ! greate/ &  
mo/ %ady ( all o!rs2 & z !  leaves ( ^! 
are (t5 six feet long1 & ab\t two broad1
 are ?91  smoo?1 & v flexible1 !y may be
 deem$ m prop] ?an any o!r  = ! cov]+   
spok5 (1 especially s9ce !y may be      
easily jo9$  toge!r ) ! num]\s ?readlike
 filam5ts1 :i* may1 )\t  lab\r1 be peel$

 f ! body ( ! tree4 ,! fir/ ripe fig is 
/ill  call$ boccre 9 ! ,levant1 :i* is  
ne>ly its ,hebrew "n1 1  ,j]4 xxiv1 #b4 
,?us ,dr4 ,%aw1 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( !    
fruits 9  ,b>b>y1 m5tions 8! black &    
:ite boccre1 or #8e>ly fig1' :i*  is    
produc$ 9 ,june1 ?\gh ! k]mes1 or       
k]m\se1 ! #8fig1'  probably s call$1 :i*
 !y pres]ve & make up into cakes1 is    
r>ely ripe be=e ,augu/40 ,& on ,nahum   
iii1 #ab1 he obs]ves1 t 8!  boccres drop
 z soon z !y are ripe1 &1 accord+ to !  
beautiful allusion ( ! prophet1 fall    
into ! m\? ( ! eat] ^u  be+ %ak540      
,f>!r1 8,x frequ5tly falls out 9        
,b>b>y10 says he2  8& we ne$ n d\bt ( ! 
l 9 ?is hott] climate ( ,judea1  t1     
accord+ to ! quality ( ! prec$+ season1 
"s ( ! m  =w>d & vigor\s trees w n[ & !n
 yield a few ripe figs six  weeks or m  
be=e ! full season4 ,some?+ l ?is may be
 allud$  to by ! ,prophet ,hosea1 :5 he 
says1 #8,i saw y\r fa!rs z 1  ! fir/    
ripe1 9 ! fig tree1 at h] fir/ "t1'     
,hosea ix1 #aj4  ,su* figs 7 reckon$ a  

great da9ty40 ,see ,isaiah xxviii1 #d4  
,!  ,prophet ,isaiah gave ord]s to apply
 a lump ( figs to ,hezekiah's boil2  &  
imm$iately aft] x 0 cur$4 ,god1 9       
effect+ ?is miracul\s  cure1 0 pleas$ to
 ord] ! use ( means n improp] = t end4  
#b4 ,! acc\nt ( our ,savi\r's           
d5unciation aga9/ ! b>r5 fig  tree1     
,matt4 xxi1 #ai2 ,m>k xi1 #ac1 has      
occasion$ "s ( ! bolde/  cavils (       
infidelity2 & ! v9dication ( x has      
ex]cis$ !  +5uity ( sev]al ( ! mo/ le>n$
 critics & comm5tators4 ,!  :ole        
difficulty arises f ! circum/ance ( 8   
disappo9tm5t 9  n f9d+ fruit on ! tree1 
:5 x is expressly said1 t 8! "t  ( figs 
0 n yet40 ,:ile x 0 suppos$ t ?is       
expression  signifi$1 t ! "t = su* trees
 to br+ =? fruit 0 n yet  come1 x look$ 
v unacc\ntable t ,*ri/ %\ld reckon a    
tree  b>r51 ?\gh x _h leaves1 & curse x 
z su*1 :5 he knew t  ! "t ( be>+ figs 0 
n come2 & t he %\ld come to seek  figs  
on ?is tree1 :5 he knew t figs 7 n us$  
to be ripe s  soon 9 ! ye>4 ,b !        

expression does n signify ! "t ( !  com+
 =? ( figs1 b ! "t ( ! ga!r+ 9 ( ripe   
figs1 z  is pla9 f ! p>allel            
expressions4 ,?us1 8! "t ( ! fruit10    
,matt4 xxi1 #cd1 mo/ pla9ly signifies ! 
"t ( ga!r+ 9 ripe  fruits1 s9ce !       
s]vants 7 s5t to receive ^? fruits = _! 
ma/]'s use4 ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke express
 ! same by ! ^w "t1  or season3 8,at !  
season he s5t a s]vant10 c2 t is1 at !  
season or "t ( ga!r+ 9 ripe fruit1 ,m>k 
xii1 #b2 ,luke xx1 #aj4 ,9  l mann]1 if 
any "o %\ld say 9 our language1 ! season
 ( fruit1  ! season ( apples1 ! season (
 figs1 e "o w\ld und]/& him  to speak ( 
! season or "t ( ga!r+ 9 ^! fruits4 ,:51
  !re=e1 ,/4 ,m>k says1 t 8! "t or      
season ( figs 0 n yet10  he evid5tly    
means t ! "t ( ga!r+ ripe figs 0 n yet  
pa/2 &1 if s1 x 0 natural to expect figs
 ^u all ^? trees  t 7 n b>r52 :]eas1    
aft] ! "t ( ga!r+ figs1 no "o  w\ld     
expect to f9d !m on a fig tree1 & its   
hav+ none !n w\ld  be no sign (         
b>r5ness4 ,/4 ,m>k1 by say+1 8,= ! "t ( 

figs 0  n yet10 does n design to give a 
reason = 88 f9d+ no?+ b  leaves20 b he  
gives a reason = :at he said 9 ! clause 
be=e3  8,he came1 if haply he might f9d 
any !reon20 & x 0 a good reason  = our  
,savi\r's com+ & seek+ figs on ! tree1  
because ! "t  = _! be+ ga!r$ 0 n come4  
,we h o!r l in/ances 9  ! ,gospels1 &1  
inde$1 9 ! writ+s ( all mank9d1 ( ano!r 
clause com+ 9 betwe5 ! ass]tion & !     
pro(4 ,?us1 9 ?is v  evangeli/3 8,!y    
said among !mselves1 ,:o %all roll away 
! /one  f ! door ( ! sepul*re8 & :5 !y  
look$1 !y saw ! /one  0 roll$ away2 = x 
0 v great10 ,m>k xvi1 #c1 #d2 :]e its   
be+  v great is n assign$ z a reason (  
its be+ roll$ away1 b (  ! wom5's wi%+ =
 "s "o to roll x away = !m4 ,/4 ,mat!w  
in=ms u t ! tree 0 89 ! way10 t is1 9 ! 
common road1  & !re=e1 probably1 no     
p>ticul> p]son's prop]ty2 b if x 01  be+
 b>r51 ! timb] might be z s]viceable to 
! own] z be=e4  ,s t "h 0 no real       
injury2 b ,jesus 0 pleas$ to make use ( 
?is innoc5t miracle to prefigure ! spe$y

 ru9 ( ! ,jewi% nation  on acc\nt ( its 
unfruitfulness "u great] advantages ?an 
any o!r  p enjoy$ at t day2 &1 l all !  
re/ ( 8 miracles1 x  0 done ) a graci\s 
int5tion1 namely1 to al>m 8 c\ntrym51 & 
induce !m to rep5t4 ,9 ! bla/+ ( ?is    
b>r5 fig tree1 !  di/ant appe>ance ( :i*
 0 s fair & promis+1 he deliv]$ "o  m   
awful lesson to a deg5]ate nation1 ( ^: 
hypocritical ext]ior  & flatt]+ b       
delusive pret5sions x 0 a j & /rik+     
emblem4    ,,f+]4 ,! f+] ( ,god         
signifies 8 p[]1 8 op]ation4 ,ph>aoh's  
magicians discov]$ ! f+] ( ,god 9 !     
miracle :i* ,moses  wr\ght1 ,exodus     
viii1 #ai4 ,?is legislator gave ! law   
writt5 by !  f+] ( ,god to ! ,hebrews1  
,exodus xxxi1 #ah4 ,our ,savi\r says he 
ca/  out devils by ! f+] & ,_s ( ,god1  
:i* he intimates 0 a  sign t ! k+dom (  
,god 0 come2 t ,god's spiritual gov]nm5t
  ( 8 *ur* 0 begun to be ex]cis$ among !
 ,jews1 by ! ,messiah1  ,luke xi1 #bj4  
,to put =? "o's f+]1 is a bant]+1       
insult+  ge/ure4 8,if ?\ take away f !  

mid/ ( !e ! yoke1 & !  putt+ out ( !    
f+]10 ,isaiah lviii1 #i2 if ?\ take away
 f !  mid/ ( !e ! *a91 or yoke1 :]e) ?\ 
loade/ ?y debtors2  & =be> po9t+ at !m1 
& us+ je]+ or m5ac+ ge/ures4    ,,fire4 
,god ha? (t5 appe>$ 9 fire1 & encompass$
 ) fire1 z  :5 he %[$ himself 9 ! burn+ 
bu%2 & desc5d$ on ,m\nt  ,s9ai1 9 ! mid/
 ( flames1 ?und]+s1 & lightn+1 ,exodus  
iii1  #b2 xix1 #ah4 ,h5ce fire is a     
symbol ( ! ,deity3 8,! ,"l ?y ,god is a 
consum+ fire10 ,deut4 iv1 #bd4 ,! ,holy 
,gho/ is comp>$ to fire3 8,he  %all     
baptize y ) ! ,holy ,gho/ & ) fire10    
,matt4 iii1 #aa4 ,to  v]ify ?is         
pr$iction1 he s5t ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i*    
desc5d$ ^u 8  disciples1 9 ! =m (       
tongues1 or l flames ( fire1 ,acts ii1  
#c4  ,x is ! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s to        
enlight51 purify1 & sanctify !  s\l2 &  
to inflame x ) love to ,god1 & zeal = 8 
glory4 ,fire  f heav5 fell frequ5tly on 
! victims sacrific$ to ! ,"l1 z a  m>k (
 8 pres5ce & approbation4 ,x is ?\ght1 t
 ,god 9 ?is  mann] express$ 8 acceptance

 ( ,abel's sacrifices1 ,g54 iv1 #d4 ,:5 
! ,"l made a cov5ant ) ,abraham1 a fire 
l t ( a furnace  pass$ ?r\gh ! divid$   
pieces ( ! sacrifices1 & consum$ !m1    
,g54 xv1 #ag4 ,fire fell ^u ! sacrifices
 :i* ,moses (f]$ at !  d$ication ( !    
tab]nacle1 ,lev4 ix1 #bd2 & ^u ^? (     
,manoah1  ,samson's fa!r1 ,judges xiii1 
#ai1 #bj2 ^u ,solomon's1 at ! d$ication 
( ! temple1 #b ,*ron4 vii1 #a2 & on     
,elijah's1 at ,m\nt ,c>mel1 #a  ,k+s    
xviii1 #ch4 ,! fire :i* came d[n f      
heav51 fir/ ^u !  alt> 9 ! tab]nacle1 & 
aft]w>d desc5d$ anew ^u ! alt> 9  !     
temple ( ,solomon1 at its consecration1 
0 !re con/antly f$ &  ma9ta9$ by !      
prie/s1 day & night1 9 ! same mann] z x 
_h  be5 9 ! tab]nacle4 ,! ,jews h a     
tradition1 t ,j]emiah1  =esee+ !        
de/ruction ( ! temple1 took ?is fire &  
hid x 9 a  pit2 b t at ! rebuild+ ( !   
temple1 be+ br\ght aga9 f  !nce1 x      
reviv$ ^u ! alt>4 ,b ?is is a fiction3 &
 !  g5]ality ( !m all[1 t1 at !         
de/ruction ( ! temple1 x 0  ext+ui%$3 & 

9 ! "t ( ! second temple1 no?+ 0 made   
use  ( = all _! burnt (f]+s b common    
fire only4 ,! anci5t  ,*aldeans ador$ ! 
fire1 z well z ! old ,p]sians1 & "s o!r 
p ( ! ea/4 ,! torm5ts ( hell are        
describ$ by fire1 bo? 9  ! ,old & ,new  
,te/am5t4 ,our ,savi\r makes use ( ?is  
similitude1 to  repres5t ! puni%m5t ( ! 
damn$1 ,m>k ix1 #dd4 ,he likewise speaks
  frequ5tly ( ! et]nal fire prep>$ = !  
devil1 8 angels1 &  reprobates1 ,matt4  
xxv1 #da4 ,! /+ & remorse ( consci5ce is
 !  worm t w nev] die2 & ! wra? ( ,god  
^u _! s\ls &  bodies1 ! fire t %all nev]
 g out4 ,!re are writ]s :o  ma9ta91 t by
 ! worm is to be und]/ood a liv+ &      
s5sible1  n an allegorical & figurative1
 worm2 & by fire1 a real elem5t>y  &    
mat]ial fire4 ,among ! abettors ( ?is   
op9ion are ,au/91  ,cyprian1 ,*ryso/om1 
,j]om1 c4 ,! ^w ( ,god is comp>$ to     
fire3 8,is  n my ^w l a fire80 ,j]4     
xxiii1 #bj4 ,x is full ( life &         
efficacy2 l a fire x w>ms1 melts1 &     
heats2 & is p[]ful to  consume ! dross1 

& burn up ! *aff & /ubble4 ,fire is     
likewise  tak5 = p]secution1 diss5sion1 
& division3 8,i am come to s5d fire  on 
e>?10 ,luke xii1 #di2 z if x 0 said1 ^u 
my com+ &  publi%+ ! ,gospel1 !re w     
foll[1 ?r\gh ! devil's malice &         
corruption ( m51 mu* p]secution to !    
pr(essors !re(1 &  manifold divisions 9 
! _w1 :]eby m5 w be tri$1 :e!r !y  w be 
fai?ful or n4    ,,firmam5t4 ,x is said1
 ,g54 i1 #g1 t ,god made ! firmam5t 9 ! 
mid/ ( ! wat]s1 to sep>ate ! inf]ior f !
 sup]ior4 ,!  ^w us$ on ?is occasion    
prop]ly signifies expansion1 or some?+  
exp&$4 ,?is expansion is prop]ly !      
atmosph]e1 :i* encompasses  ! globe on  
all sides1 & sep>ates ! wat] 9 ! cl\ds f
 t  on ! e>?4    ,,fir/-,,born4 ,!      
fir/-born1 :o 0 ! object ( special      
affection to  8 p>5ts1 0 d5om9at$ by way
 ( em95ce1  1 ! op5+  ( ! womb4 ,9 case 
a man m>ri$ ) a wid[1 :o by a previ\s   
m>riage _h become ! "m ( *ildr51 !      
fir/-born z respect$  ! second husb& 0 !
 elde/ *ild by ! second m>riage4 ,be=e  

! "t ( ,moses1 ! fa!r might1 if he *ose1
 transf] ! "r (  primog5iture to a y\ng]
 *ild1 b ! practice occasion$ mu*       
cont5tion1 ,g54 xxv1 #ca1 #cb2 & a law 0
 enact$1 ov]rul+ x1  ,deut4 xxi1 #ae-ag4
 ,! fir/-born inh]it$ peculi> rights &  
privileges4 7#a47 ,he receiv$ a d\ble   
portion ( ! e/ate4 ,jacob1 9  ! case (  
,reub51 8 fir/-born1 be/[$ 8 additional 
portion ^u  ,joseph1 by adopt+ 8 two    
sons1 ,g54 xlviii1 #e-h2 ,deut4 xxi1    
#ag4 ,?is  0 done z a reprim&1 & a      
puni%m5t ( 8 ince/u\s conduct1  ,g5esis 
xxxv1 #bb2 b ,reub51 not)/&+1 0 enroll$ 
z !  fir/-born 9 ! g5ealogical regi/]s1 
#a ,*ron4 v1 #a4 7#b47 ,!  fir/-born 0 !
 prie/ ( ! :ole family4 ,! hon\r (      
ex]cis+  ! prie/hood 0 transf]r$1 by !  
comm& ( ,god communicat$  ?r\gh ,moses1 
f ! tribe ( ,reub51 to :om x belong$ by 
"r (  primog5iture1 to t ( ,levi1 ,num4 
iii1 #ab-ah2 viii1 #ah4 ,9  consequ5ce (
 ,god hav+ tak5 ! ,levites f among !    
*ildr5 (  ,israel in/ead ( all !        
fir/-born to s]ve him z prie/s1 !       

fir/-born ( ! o!r tribes 7 to be r$eem$1
 at a valuation made  by ! prie/ n      
exce$+ five %ekels1 f s]v+ ,god 9 t     
capacity1 ,numb]s xviii1 #ae1 #af2 ,luke
 ii1 #bb1 c4 7#c47 ,! fir/-born  enjoy$ 
an au?ority ov] ^? :o 7 y\ng]1 simil> to
 t  possess$ by a fa!r1 ,g54 xxv1 #bc1  
c2 #b ,*ron4 xxi1 #c2 ,g54 xxvii1  #bi2 
,exod4 xii1 #bi3 :i* 0 transf]r$ 9 !    
case ( ,reub5 by ,jacob  _! fa!r to     
,judah1 ,g54 xlix1 #h-aj4 ,! tribe (    
,judah1 accord+ly1  ev5 be=e x gave k+s 
to ! ,hebrews1 0 e :]e di/+ui%$  f ! o!r
 tribes4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! au?ority :i* 
0 ?us  atta*$ to ! fir/-born1 he 0 also 
made ! successor 9 !  k+dom4 ,!re 0 an  
exception to ?is rule 9 ! case (        
,solomon1  :o1 ?\gh a y\ng] bro!r1 0    
made 8 successor by ,david at !  special
 appo9tm5t ( ,god4 ,x is v easy to see 9
 view ( ^!  facts1 h[ ! ^w 8fir/-born0  
came to express sometimes a great1 &    
sometimes ! highe/1 dignity4    #b4     
,fir/-born is n always to be und]/ood   
lit]ally2 x is sometimes  tak5 = !      

prime1 mo/ excell5t1 mo/ di/+ui%$ ( any 
?+4  8,! fir/-born ( ! poor10 ,isaiah   
xiv1 #cj1 signifies ! mo/  mis]able ( ! 
poor2 & 8! fir/-born ( dea?10 ,job      
xviii1 #ac1 !  mo/ t]rible ( dea?s4     
#c4 ,god orda9$ t all ! ,jewi% fir/-born
 bo? ( m5 & bea/s1  = s]vice1 %\ld be   
consecrat$ to him4 ,! male *ildr5 only 7
  subject to ?is law4 ,if a woman's fir/
 *ild 7 a girl1 ! fa!r  0 n oblig$ to   
(f] any ?+ = h]1 or = ! *ildr5 aft]  h]1
 ?\gh !y 7 males4 ,if a man _h _m wives1
 he 0 oblig$ to  (f] ! fir/-born ( ea* (
 !m to ! ,"l4 ,! fir/-born 7  (f]$ 9 !  
temple1 & 7 r$eem$ = ! sum ( five       
%ekels4  ,! fir/l+ ( a clean bea/ 0 (f]$
 at ! temple1 n to be  r$eem$1 b to be  
kill$4 ,an unclean bea/1 a horse1 an    
ass1 or a  camel1 0 ei!r r$eem$ or      
ex*ang$4 ,an ass 0 r$eem$ by a lamb1  or
 five %ekels2 if n r$eem$1 x 0 kill$4   
,,fir/-,,fruits1 among ! ,hebrews1 7    
pres5ts made to ,god ( "p (  ! fruits ( 
! h>ve/1 to express ! submission1       
dep5d5ce1 &  ?ankfulness ( ! (f]]s4 ,!y 

7 (f]$ at ! temple1 be=e  ! crop 0 t\*$2
 & :5 ! h>ve/ 0 ov]1 be=e any private   
p]sons us$ _! corn4 ,! fir/ ( ^!        
fir/-fruits1 (f]$ 9 !  "n ( ! nation1 0 
a %eaf ( b>ley1 ga!r$ on ! fifte5? (    
,nisan 9 ! ev5+1 & ?re%$ 9 a c\rt ( !   
temple4 ,aft] x  0 well clean$1 ab\t    
?ree p9ts ( x 7 roa/$ & p\nd$ 9 a       
mort>4 ,ov] ?is 0 ?r[n a portion ( oil1 
& a h&ful ( inc5se4  ,!n ! prie/ took   
?is (f]+1 wav$ x be=e ! ,"l t[>d !  f\r 
p>ts ( ! _w1 ?rew a h&ful ( x into !    
fire ^u !  alt>1 & kept ! re/4 ,aft]    
?is1 e "o 0 at lib]ty to get 9  8 h>ve/4
 ,beside ^! fir/-fruits1 e private p]son
 0 oblig$  to br+ 8 fir/-fruits to !    
temple4 ,! ,scripture prescribes  nei!r 
! "t nor ! quantity4 ,! rabb9s say1 t !y
 7  oblig$ to br+ at lea/ ! sixtie? "p (
 _! fruits & h>ve/4  ,^! fir/-fruits    
consi/$ ( :eat1 b>ley1 grapes1 figs1    
apricots1  olives1 & dates4 ,!y met 9   
companies ( f\r-&-tw5ty p]sons to  c>ry 
_! fir/-fruits 9 a c]emoni\s mann]4 ,!  
company 0  prec$$ by an ox appo9t$ = !  

sacrifice1 ) a cr[n ( olives on  8 head1
 & 8 horns gild$4 ,!re 0 also ano!r sort
 (  fir/-fruits paid to ,god1 ,num4 xv1 
#ai1 #bj1 :5 ! bread 9 e  family 0      
knead$1 a portion ( x 0 set ap>t1 & giv5
 to !  prie/ or ,levite ( ! place4 ,if  
!re 0 no prie/ or ,levite1 x 0  ca/ into
 ! ov51 & consum$ by ! fire4 ,?is is "o 
( ! ?ree  precepts peculi> to ! wom52   
because !y g5]ally made ! bread4  ,!    
fir/-fruits & t5?s 7 ! mo/ sub/antial   
rev5ue ( !  prie/s & ,levites4 ,/4 ,paul
 says1 ,*ri/ians h ! fir/-fruits (  !   
,_s1 ,rom4 viii1 #bc1 t is1 a great]    
abundance ( ,god's ,_s1  m p]fect & m   
excell5t gifts ?an ! ,jews4 ,*ri/ is    
call$  ! fir/-fruits ( !m t slept2 = z !
 fir/-fruits 7  e>ne/s to ! ,jews ( !   
succe$+ h>ve/1 s ,*ri/ is !  fir/-fruits
 or ! e>ne/ ( ! g5]al resurrection4     
,,fir ,,tree1 1 occurs #b ,sam4 vi1 #e2 
#a ,k+s v1 #h1 #aj2 vi1 #ae1 #cd2 ix1   
#aa2 #b ,k+s xix1 #bc2 #b ,*ron4 ii1 #h2
 iii1 #e2 ,psalm civ1 #ag2 ,isaiah xiv1 
#h2 xxxvii1 #bd2 xli1 #ai2 lv1 #ac2 lx1 

#ac2 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #e2 xxxi1 #h2 ,hosea 
xiv1 #h2 ,nahum ii1 #c2 ,ze*4 xi1 #b4 ,!
 ,,lxx r5d] x s v>i\sly z to  %[ t !y   
knew n :at p>ticul> tree is meant2 !    
,vulgate1  g5]ally by abietes1 ! 8fir   
tree40 ,celsius ass]ts t x is !  c$>2 b 
,mill> ma9ta9s t x is ! fir4 ,! fir tree
 is an  ev]gre51 ( beautiful appe>ance1 
^: l(ty height1 & d5se  foliage1 af=d a 
spaci\s %elt] & %ade4 ,! trunk ( ! tree 
is  v /raight4 ,! wood 0 anci5tly us$ = 
spe>s1 musical  in/rum5ts1 furniture =  
h\ses1 raft]s 9 build+1 & = %ips4  ,9 #b
 ,sam4 vi1 #e1 x is m5tion$ t ,david    
play$ on in/rum5ts ( fir  wood2 & ,dr4  
,burney1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,music10        
obs]ves1 8,?is species  ( wood1 s s(t 9 
its nature1 & sonor\s 9 its effects1    
seems to  h be5 pref]r$ by ! anci5ts1 z 
well z mod]ns1 to e o!r  k9d = !        
con/ruction ( musical in/rum5ts1        
p>ticul>ly !  bellies ( !m1 on :i* !    
tone ( !m *iefly dep5ds4 ,^? ( !  h>p1  
lute1 guit>1 h>psi*ord1 & viol91 9      
pres5t use1 are always  made ( ?is      

wood40    ,,fi%1 1 1 ,matt4 vii1 #aj2   
xvii1 #bg2 ,luke v1 #f2 ,john xxi1 #f1  
#h1 #aa1  occurs v frequ5tly4 ,?is      
appe>s to be ! g5]al "n 9 ,scripture  ( 
aquatic animals4 ,boo?royd1 9 ! note ^u 
,num4 xi1 #d1 says1 8,i am  incl9$ to   
?9k t ! ^w 1 "h r5d]$ fle%1 d5otes only 
! fle% ( fi%1 z x c]ta9ly does 9 ,lev4  
xi1 #aa2 & inde$ !  next v]se seems to  
support ?is explication3 #8,we rememb]  
h[ freely we  ate fi%4' ,x 0 !n1        
p>ticul>ly1 ! fle% ( fi%1 = :i* !y      
long$1 :i* 0 m reli%+ ?an ei!r ! beef or
 mutton ( ^?  regions1 :i*1 unless :5   
"y1 is dry & unpalatable4 ,( ! great    
abundance & delici\sness ( ! fi% (      
,egypt1 all au?ors1 anci5t  & mod]n1 are
 agre$40 ,we h few ,hebrew names1 if    
any1 =  p>ticul> fi%es4 ,moses says 9   
g5]al1 ,lev4 xi1 #i-ab1 t all sorts  (  
riv]1 lake1 & sea fi%1 might be eat51 if
 !y _h scales &  f9s2 o!rs 7 unclean4   
,/4 ,b>nabas1 9 8 epi/le1 cites1 z f    
anci5t au?ority1 8,y %all n eat ( !     
lamprey1 ! _m-feet1  polypes1 nor !     

cuttle fi%40 ,?\gh fi% 0 ! common food (
 !  ,egyptians1 yet we le>n f ,h]odotus 
& ,*remon1 z quot$ by  ,porphyry1 t _!  
prie/s ab/a9$ f fi% ( all sorts4 ,h5ce  
we  may see h[ di/ress+ to ! ,egyptians 
0 ! infliction :i* turn$  ! wat]s ( !   
riv] into blood1 & occasion$ ! dea? ( ! 
fi%1 ,exod4 vii1 #ah-ba4 ,_! sacr$ /ream
 became s pollut$ z to be  unfit = dr9k1
 = ba?+1 & = o!r uses ( wat] to :i* !y  
7 sup]/iti\sly devot$1 & !mselves oblig$
 to nauseate :at  0 ! usual food ( !    
common p1 & held sacr$ by ! prie/s1     
,exod4 ii1 #e2 vii1 #ae2 viii1 #bj4     
,9 ,ezekiel xxix1 #d1 ! k+ ( ,egypt is  
comp>$ to ! crocodile3 8,i  am aga9/ !e1
 ! great dragon t lie? 9 ! mid/ ( 8     
riv]s  9 ,egypt4 ,i w put hooks 9 ?y    
jaws1 & ,i w cause ! fi% 9 ?y  riv]s to 
/ick to ?y scales1 & ,i w br+ !e out ( !
 mid/ (  ?y riv]s1 & all ! fi% ( ?y     
riv]s %all /ick to ?y scales40  ,if !   
remora is z tr\blesome to ! crocodile z 
x is to "s  o!r t5ants ( ! wat]1 x may  
"h be ref]r$ to4 ,=skal m5tions  !      

e*5eis neucrates remora at ,gidda1 !re  
call$ kaml el  k]%1 8! l\se ( ! %>k10   
because x (t5 adh]es v /rongly  to ?is  
fi%2 & ,hasselqui/ says t x is f\nd at  
,alex&ria4    ,! t]m1 1 a fi%1 01 at an 
e>ly p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian era1  adopt$ z a
 symbolical ^w4 ,x 0 =m$ f ! initial    
lett]s (  ! ,greek words1  1  1 1       
8,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son  ( ,god1 our      
,savi\r40 ,f ! use ( symbolical t]ms1 ! 
transition  0 easy to ! adoption (      
symbolical repres5tations1 & x !re=e    
soon became common = ! ,*ri/ians to h ! 
lett]s ( ! ^w  1 or ! figures ( fi%es1  
sculptur$ on _! monum5ts = !  dead1     
/ruck on _! m$als1 engrav$ on _! r+s &  
seals1 &  ev5 =m$ on ! articles (       
dome/ic use4    ,,fit*es1 or ,,vet*es1 a
 k9d ( t>e4 ,!re are two words 9 ,hebrew
 :i*  our translators h r5d]$ fit*es1  &
 3 ! fir/ occurs  only 9 ,isaiah xxviii1
 #be1 #bg1 & mu/ be ! "n ( "s k9d (     
se$2 b ! int]pret]s diff] mu* 9 expla9+ 
x4 ,j]om1  ,maimonides1 ,r4 ,david      
,kim*i1 & ! rabb9s und]/& x ( !  gi?2 & 

rabbi ,obdias de ,b>t5ora expressly says
 t its b>b>\s  or vulg> "n is 4 ,! gi? 0
 call$ by ! ,greeks 1  & by ! ,lat9s    
nigella2 & is ?us describ$ by ,balle/]3 
8,x is  a plant commonly met ) 9 g>d5s1 
& gr[s to a cubit 9 height1  & sometimes
 m1 accord+ to ! ri*ness ( ! soil4 ,!   
leaves  are small l ^? ( f5nel1 ! fl[]  
blue1 :i* disappe>+1 !  ov>y %[s itself 
on ! top1 l t ( a poppy1 furni%$ )      
little horns1 oblong1 divid$ by         
membranes into sev]al p>titions1 or     
cells1 9 :i* are enclos$ se$s ( a v     
black col\r1 n unlike  ^? ( ! leek1 b ( 
a v fragrant smell40 ,& ,ausonius       
obs]ves1  t its pung5cy is equal to t ( 
pepp]3--                 ,e/ int] fruges
 morsu pip] quip>5s git4    ,pl9y says x
 is ( use 9 bakeh\ses1 pi/r9is1 & t x   
af=ds  a grateful season+ to ! bread4 ,!
 ,jewi% rabb9s also m5tion !  se$s among
 condim5ts1 & mix$ ) bread4 ,= ?is      
purpose x 0  probably us$ 9 ! "t (      
,isaiah2 s9ce ! inhabitants ( ^?        
c\ntries1 to ?is day1 h a v>iety ( rusks

 & biscuits1 mo/ (  :i* are /rew$ on !  
top ) ! se$s ( sesamum1 cori&]1 &  wild 
g>d5 saffron4    ,! o!r ^w r5d]$ fit*es 
9 our translation ( ,ezek4 iv1 #i1 is  2
 b 9 ,exod4 ix1 #cb1 & ,isaiah xxviii1  
#be1 8rye40 ,9 ! latt]  place !         
,septuag9t has 1 & 9 ! two =m] 2 & !    
,vulgate 9 ,exodus1 f>1 & 9 ,isaiah &   
,ezekiel1 vicia4 ,saadias1  likewise1   
took x to be some?+ ( ! legum9\s k9d1 1 
cicircula1 7mispr9t$ circula 9 !        
,polyglott v]sion17 or1 8a  *ickl+40    
,aquila has 1 & ,!odotion1 4 ,onkelos & 
,t>gum  h  & ,syriac1 1 :i* are suppos$ 
to be ! millet1 or  a species ( x call$ 
panicum2 ,p]sian1 1 ! spelt2 & ?is      
seems to be ! mo/ probable mean+ ( !    
,hebrew ^w2 at lea/ x  has ! greate/    
numb] ( int]pret]s f ,j]om to ,celsius4 
,!re are  n1 h[ev]1 want+1 :o ?9k x 0   
rye2 among :om ,r4 ,d4 ,kim*i1  foll[$  
by ,lu!r1 & our ,engli% translators3    
,dr4 ,g$des1 too1 has  reta9$ x1 ?\gh he
 says t he is incl9$ to ?9k t !  spelt  
is pref]able4    ,dr4 ,%aw ?9ks t ?is ^w

 may signify rice4 ,hasselqui/1 on !    
contr>y1 affirms t rice 0 br\ght into   
cultivation 9 ,egypt "u  ! ,caliphs4    
,?is1 h[ev]1 may be d\bt$4 ,"o w\ld ?9k 
f !  int]c\rse ( anci5t ,egypt )        
,babylon & ) ,india1 t ?is  c\ntry c\ld 
n be ignorant ( a gra9 s well suit$ to  
its climate4    ,,flag1 1 occurs ,g54   
xli1 #b1 #ah2 ,job viii1 #aa2 & 1 we$s1 
,exod4  ii1 #c1 #e2 ,isa4 xix1 #f2 ,john
 ii1 #e4 ,! ^w a*u 9 ! fir/ two         
in/ances is translat$ 8mead[s10 & 9 !   
latt]1 8flag40 ,x  probably d5otes !    
s$ge1 or long grass1 :i* gr[s 9 ! mead[s
 (  ! ,nile1 v grateful to ! cattle4 ,x 
is reta9$ 9 ! ,septuag9t  9 ,g5esis1   2
 & is us$ by ! son ( ,sira*1            
,ecclesia/icus  xl1 #af1  & 2 = ! copies
 v>y4    8,we h no radix10 says ! le>n$ 
,*apel[1 8= 1 unless we  d]ive x1 z     
,s*ult5s does1 f ! ,arabic a*i1 #8to b9d
 or jo9  toge!r4'0 ,?us1 ,p>khur/ def9es
 x 8a species ( plant1 s$ge1 or  re$1 s 
call$ f its fitness = mak+ ropes1 or !  
l1 to  connect or jo9 ?+s toge!r2 z !   

,lat9 juncus1 a #8bulru%1' a  jung5do1 f
 #8jo9+1' = ! same reason20 & he        
supposes t x  is ! plant1 or re$1 gr[+  
ne> ! ,nile1 :i* ,hasselqui/  describes 
z hav+ num]\s n>r[ leaves1 & gr[+ ab\t  
elev5  feet high1 ( ! leaves ( :i* !    
,egyptians make ropes4    ,! ^w  is     
call$ by ,eb5 ,ezra1 8a re$ gr[+ on !   
bord]s (  ! riv]40 ,bo*>t1 ,full]1      
,rivetus1 ,ludolphus1 & ,junius &       
,tremellius1 r5d] x by juncus1 c>ex1 or 
alga2 & ,celsius  ?9ks x ! fucus or     
alga1 8sea we$40 ,dr4 ,g$des says !re is
  little d\bt ( its be+ ! s$ge call$    
s>i1 :i*1 z we le>n  f ,!ophra/us &     
,pl9y1 gr[s on ! m>%y banks ( ! ,nile1 &
  rises to ! height ( almo/ two cubits4 
,?is1 inde$1 agrees v well  ) ,exod4 ii1
 #c1 #e1 & ! ?ickets ( arund9ace\s      
plants1 at "s  small di/ances f ! ,r$   
,sea1 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,%aw2 b ! place 9  
,jonah seems to require "s subm>9e      
plant4    ,,flax1 1 ,exod4 ix1 #ca2     
,lev4 xiii1 #dg1 #dh1 #eb1 #ei2 ,deut4  
xxii1 #aa2  ,jo%ua ii1 #f2 ,judg4 xv1   

#ad2 ,prov4 xxxi1 #ac2 ,isaiah xix1 #i2 
xlii1 #c2  xliii1 #ag2 ,j]4 xiii1 #a2   
,ezek4 xl1 #c2 xliv1 #ag1 #ah2 ,hosea   
ii1 #e1 #i2   ,matt4 xii1 #bj2 ,rev4 xv1
 #f2 a plant v common1 & too well kn[n  
to ne$ a description4 ,x is a vegetable 
^u :i* ! indu/ry (  mank9d has be5      
ex]cis$ ) ! greate/ success & utility4  
,on  pass+ a field ( x1 "o is /ruck )   
a/oni%m5t :5 he consid]s  t ?is app>5tly
 insignificant plant may1 by ! lab\r &  
+5uity ( man1 be made to assume an      
entirely new =m & appe>ance1  & to      
contribute to pleasure & heal?1 by      
furni%+ u )  agreeable & ornam5tal      
app>el4 ,?is ^w ,mr4 ,p>khur/ ?9ks is   
d]iv$ f ! v]b 1 to /rip1 because !      
sub/ance :i* we  t]m flax is prop]ly !  
b>k or fibr\s "p ( ! vegetable1  pill$  
or /ripp$ (f ! /alks4 ,f "t immemorial  
,egypt 0  celebrat$ = ! production or   
manufacture ( flax4 ,wr\ght into        
g>m5ts1 x con/itut$ ! pr9cipal dress ( !
 inhabitants1 & !  prie/s nev] put on   
any o!r k9d ( clo?+4 ,! f9e l95 ( ,egypt

  is celebrat$ 9 all anci5t au?ors1 &   
its sup]ior excell5ce  m5tion$ 9 ! sacr$
 ,scriptures4 ,! manufacture ( flax is  
/ill  c>ri$ on 9 t c\ntry1 & _m writ]s  
take notice ( x4 ,rabbi  ,b5jam9 ,tudela
 m5tions ! manufactory at ,damiata2 &   
,egmont &  ,heyman describe ! article z 
be+ ( a beautiful col\r1 & s  f9ely spun
 t ! ?reads are h>dly disc]nible4       
,,flea1 1 #a ,sam4 xxiv1 #ad2 xxvi1 #bj4
 ,! ,,lxx1 & ano!r ,greek  v]sion 9 !   
,hexapla1 r5d] x 1 & ! ,vulgate pulex4  
,x  seems1 says ,mr4 ,p>khur/1 an evid5t
 d]ivative f  free1 &   to leap1 b\nd1  
or skip1 on acc\nt ( its agility 9 leap+
  or skipp+4 ,! flea is a little w+less 
insect1 equally contemptible  &         
tr\blesome4 ,x is ?us describ$ by an    
,arabian au?or3 8,a black1  nimble1     
ext5uat$1 hun*-back$ animal1 :i* be+    
s5sible :5 any  "o looks on x1 jumps    
incessantly1 n[ on "o side1 n[ on ! o!r1
  till x gets out ( sight40 ,david lik5s
 himself to ?is insect2  import+ t :ile 
x w\ld co/ ,saul mu* pa9s to cat* him1  

he  w\ld obta9 b v little advantage f x4
    ,,fle%1 a t]m ( v ambigu\s import 9 
! ,scriptures4 ,an em95t  critic has    
enum]at$ no less ?an six diff]5t mean+s 
:i* x be>s  9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 & = :i*1  
he affirms1 !re w n be  f\nd a s+le     
au?ority 9 any pr(ane writ]3 #a4 ,x     
sometimes d5otes  ! :ole body consid]$ z
 animat$1 z 9 ,matt4 xxvi1 #da1 8,! _s  
is will+1 b ! fle% is weak40 #b4 ,x     
sometimes means a human be+1  z 9 ,luke 
iii1 #f1 8,all fle% %all see ! salvation
 ( ,god40 #c4  ,sometimes a p]son's     
k9dr$ collectively consid]$1 z 9 ,rom4  
xi1 #ad1  8,if by any means ,i may      
provoke !m :i* are my fle%40 #d4        
,sometimes  any ?+ ( an ext]nal or      
c]emonial nature1 z oppos$ to t :i*  is 
int]nal & moral1 z 9 ,gal4 iii1 #c1     
8,hav+ begun 9 ! ,_s1  are ye n[ made   
p]fect 9 ! fle%80 #e4 ,! s5sitive "p (  
our  nature1 or t :i* is ! seat (       
appetite1 z 9 #b ,cor4 vii1 #a1 8,let  u
 cleanse ourselves f all fil?9ess ( !   
fle% & _s20 :]e  !re c be no d\bt t !   

pollutions ( ! fle% mu/ be ^? (  !      
appetites1 be+ oppos$ to ! pollutions ( 
! _s1 or ^?  ( ! passions4 #f4 ,x is    
employ$ to d5ote any pr9ciple ( vice &  
moral pravity ( :atev] k9d4 ,?us among !
 works ( ! fle%1 ,gal4  v1 #ai-ba1 are  
numb]$ n only adult]y1 =nication1       
uncleanness1  lascivi\sness1 drunk5ness1
 & revell+s1 :i* all relate to  crim9al 
indulg5ce ( appetite1 b idolatry1       
wit*craft1 hatr$1  v>iance1 emulations1 
wra?1 /rife1 s$itions1 h]esies1 envy+s1 
&  murd]s1 :i* are manife/ly vices ( a  
diff]5t k9d1 & p>take  m ( ! diabolical 
nature ?an ( ! bea/ly4    ,,flies4 ,!   
k9ds ( flies are exce$+ly num]\s2 "s )  
two1 &  "s ) f\r1 w+s4 ,!y ab\nd 9 w>m &
 moi/ regions1 z 9  ,egypt1 ,*aldea1    
,pale/9e1 & 9 ! middle regions (        
,africa2 &  dur+ ! ra9y seasons are v   
tr\blesome4 ,9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1   
or 9 ! anci5t v]sions1 are sev5 k9ds (  
insects1 :i* ,bo*>t  classes among musc1
 or flies4 ,^! are1 #a4 1 ,exod4 viii1  
#bj2 ,psa4  lxxviii1 #de2 cv1 #ca1 :i*  

^? int]pret]s :o1 by resid+ on !  spot1 
h _h ! be/ means ( id5tify+1 h r5d]$ !  
dog-fly1 1 & x is suppos$ to be ! same  
:i* 9  ,abyss9ia is call$ ! zimb4 #b4 1 
#b ,k+s i1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #af2 ,eccles4  x1
 #a2 ,isa4 vii1 #ah4 ,:e!r ?is d5otes   
absolutely a di/9ct species  ( fly1 or  
sw>ms ( all sorts1 may be difficult to  
det]m9e4 #c4   ,judges xiv1 #ah2 ,psa4  
cxviii1 #ab1 r5d]$ bee4 #d4 1 1 ,exodus 
xxiii1 #bh2 ,jo%ua xxiv1 #ab2 ,deut4    
vii1 #bj1 hornet4 #e4 1 1  ,ezek4 ii1   
#f2 ,hosea iv1 #af4 #f4 1 1 ,matt4      
xxiii1 #bd1 ! gnat4 #g4  1 1 ,exod4     
viii1 #af2 ,psa4 cv1 #ca1 lice4    #b4  
,m4 ,sonn9i1 speak+ ( ,egypt1 says1 8,( 
insects !re ! mo/  tr\blesome are !     
flies4 ,bo? man & bea/ are cruelly      
torm5t$ )  !m4 ,no idea c be =m$ ( _!   
ob/9ate rapacity :5 !y wi%  to fix ^u "s
 "p ( ! body4 ,x is 9 va9 to drive !m   
away2  !y return aga9 9 ! self-same     
mom5t2 & _! p]sev]ance  we>ies out ! mo/
 pati5t _s4 ,!y l to fa/5 !mselves 9    
pref]5ce on ! corn]s ( ! eye1 & on !    

edge ( ! eyelid2  t5d] p>ts1 t[>d :i* a 
g5tle moi/ure attracts !m40 ,!          
,egyptians paid a sup]/iti\s wor%ip to  
sev]al sorts ( flies &  insects4 ,if1   
!n1 su* 0 ! sup]/iti\s homage ( ?is p1  
no?+ c\ld be m det]m9ate ?an ! judgm5t  
br\ght ^u !m by  ,moses4 ,!y 7 puni%$ by
 ! v ?+s !y rev]$2 & ?\gh  !y boa/$ (   
spells & *>ms1 yet !y c\ld n w>d (f !   
evil4    #c4 8,! ^w zimb10 says ,bruce1 
8is ,arabic1 & signifies ! fly 9        
g5]al40 ,! ,*aldee p>aphrase is cont5t )
 call+ x simply  zebub1 :i* has ! same  
g5]al signification4 ,! ,e?iopic v]sion 
calls x tsaltsalya1 :i* is ! true "n (  
?is p>ticul> fly 9  ,geez4 ,x is 9 size 
v little l>g] ?an a bee1 ( a ?ick]      
proportion2 & its w+s1 :i* are broad]1  
are plac$ sep>ate l  ^? ( a fly4 ,its   
head is l>ge2 ! upp] jaw or lip is %>p1 
&  has at ! end ( x a /rong po9t$ hair1 
( ab\t a qu>t] ( an  in* 9 l5g?2 ! l[]  
jaw has two ( ^! hairs3 & ?is p5cil (   
hairs1 jo9$ toge!r1 makes a resi/ance to
 ! f+]1 ne>ly equal  to a /rong bri/le (

 a hog4 ,its legs are s]rat$ on !       
inside1 &  ! :ole cov]$ ) br[n hair1 or 
d[n4 ,x has no /+1 ?\gh x  appe>s to be 
( ! bee k9d4 ,z soon z ?is w+$ assass9  
appe>s1  & its buzz+ is he>d1 ! cattle  
=sake _! food1 & run wildly  ab\t ! pla9
 till !y die1 worn out ) affright1      
fatigue1 &  pa94 ,! inhabitants (       
,mel9da d[n to ,cape ,g>defan1 to ,saba1
 & !  s\? coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 are oblig$ 
to put !mselves 9 motion1 &  remove to !
 next s& 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season4    
,?is is  n a p>tial emigration2 !       
inhabitants ( all ! c\ntries1 f !       
m\nta9s ( ,abyss9ia nor?w>d1 to !       
conflu5ce ( ! ,nile &  ,a/aboras1 are1  
once 9 a ye>1 oblig$ to *ange _! abode1 
& seek  protection 9 ! s&s ( ,beja1 till
 ! dang] ( ! insect is ov]4  ,! elephant
 & ! rh9oc]os1 :i* by reason ( _!       
enorm\s bulk1  & ! va/ quantity ( food &
 wat] !y daily ne$1 _c %ift to  des]t & 
dry places1 are oblig$1 9 ord] to resi/ 
! zimb1 to roll  !mselves 9 mud & mire1 
:i*1 :5 dry1 coats !m ov] l  arm\r4 ,x 0

 no trifl+ judgm5t1 !n1 ) :i* ! prophet 
?reat5$ ! refractory ,israelites3 8,!   
,"l %all hiss = ! fly  t is 9 ! utt]mo/ 
p>ts ( ! riv]s ( ,egypt1 & = ! bee  t is
 9 ! l& ( ,assyria10 ,isaiah vii1 #ah4  
,if ! pr$iction be  und]/ood 9 ! lit]al 
s5se1 x repres5ts ! /ra or  c9c9ell1 z !
 armies ( ,jehovah1 summon$ by him to   
battle  aga9/ 8 (f5d+ p2 or1 if x be    
tak5 metaphorically1 :i*  is p]haps !   
prop] way ( exp\nd+ x1 ! prophet comp>es
 !  num]\s & de/ructive armies (        
,babylon to ! c\ntless sw>ms (  ^!      
flies1 ^: di/ant hum is said to /rike ! 
quadrup$s )  con/]nation1 & ^: bite     
inflicts1 on man & bea/1 a torm5t  almo/
 insupportable4 ,h[ intol]able a plague 
( flies c prove1 is  evid5t f ! fact1 t 
:ole di/ricts h be5 laid wa/e by  !m4   
,su* 0 ! fate ( ,myuns 9 ,ionia1 & (    
,al>n4 ,!  inhabitants 7 =c$ to quit ^! 
cities1 n be+ able to /&  aga9/ ! flies 
& gnats ) :i* !y 7 pe/]$4 ,trajan 0     
oblig$ to raise ! siege ( a city 9      
,arabia1 be=e :i* he _h sat  d[n1 be+   

driv5 away by ! sw>ms ( ^! insects4     
,h5ce diff]5t  p _h deities ^: (fice x 0
 to def5d !m aga9/ flies4  ,among ^! may
 be reckon$ ,baalzebub1 ! fly-god (     
,ekron3 ,h]cules  musc>um abactor1      
8,h]cules1 ! expell] ( flies20 & h5ce   
,jupit]  _h ! titles ( 1 1 1 because he 
0 suppos$  to expel flies1 & especially 
to cle> 8 temples ( ^! insects4    #d4  
,solomon obs]ves1 8,dead flies cause !  
apo!c>y's o9tm5t to  /9k10 ,eccles4 x1  
#a4 8,a fact well kn[n10 says ,s*eu*z]2 
8:]e=e  apo!c>ies take c>e to prev5t    
flies f com+ to _! syrups &  o!r        
f]m5table prep>ations4 ,= 9 all insects 
!re is an acrid  volatile salt1 :i*1    
mix$ ) sweet or ev5 alkal9e sub/ances1  
excites !m to a brisk inte/9e motion1   
disposes !m to f]m5tation1  & to        
putresc5ce itself2 by :i* ! m volatile  
pr9ciples fly  (f1 leav+ ! gross] beh9d3
 at ! same "t1 ! ta/e & od\r  are *ang$1
 ! agreeable to fetid1 ! sweet to       
insipid40 ,?is v]se  is an illu/ration1 
by a v appropriate similitude1 ( !      

conclud+  ass]tion 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t  
8"o s9n] de/roye? mu*  good10 z "o dead 
fly spoils a :ole vessel ( preci\s      
o9tm5t1  :i*1 9 ea/]n c\ntries1 0       
consid]$ z v valuable1 #b ,k+s  xx1 #ac4
 ,! application ( ?is prov]bial         
expression to a p]son's good  "n1 :i* is
 else:]e comp>$ to sweet o9tm5t1        
,eccles4 vii1 #a2  ,cant4 i1 #c1 is     
rem>kably significant4 ,z a fly1 ?\gh a 
dim9utive  creature1 c ta9t & corrupt   
mu* preci\s p]fume2 s a small  mixture (
 folly & indiscretion w t>ni% !         
reputation ( "o  :o1 9 o!r respects1 is 
v wise & hon\rable2 & s mu* !  m1       
because ( ! malignity & +ratitude (     
mank9d1 :o are  dispos$ r to c5sure "o  
error1 ?an to comm5d _m excell5cies1  & 
f ^: m9ds "o small misc>riage is        
suffici5t to blot out !  memory ( all   
o!r des]ts4 ,x conc]ns u1 !re=e1 to     
conduct  ourselves unblamably1 t we may 
n by ! lea/ ov]sight or folly  blemi%   
our pr(ession1 or cause x to be (f5sive 
to o!rs4    ,,flock4 ,see ,,%eph]d4     

,,floor1 = ?re%+ corn1 or ?re%+ floor1  
is frequ5tly m5tion$  9 ,scripture4 ,?is
 0 a place 9 ! op5 air1 9 :i* corn 0    
?re%$1 by means ( a c>t or sl$ge1 or "s 
o!r in/rum5t drawn  by ox54 ,! ?re%+    
floors among ! ,jews 7 only1 z !y are to
  ?is day 9 ! ea/1 r\nd level plats (   
gr\nd 9 ! op5 air1 :]e  ! corn 0 trodd5 
out by ox54 ,?us ,gideon's floor appe>s 
to h  be5 9 ! op5 air1 ,judges vi1 #cg2 
& also t ( ,araunah !  ,jebusite1 #b    
,sam4 xxiv1 o!rwise x w\ld n h be5 a    
prop] place  = erect+ an alt>1 & (f]+   
sacrifices4 ,9 ,hosea xiii1 #c1 we  read
 ( ! *aff :i* is driv5 by ! :irlw9d f ! 
floor4 ,?is  circum/ance ( ! ?re%+      
floor's be+ expos$ to ! agitation (  !  
w9d seems to be ! pr9cipal reason ( its 
,hebrew "n4 ,x  appe>s1 !re=e1 t a ?re%+
 floor1 :i* is r5d]$ 9 our  textual     
translation1 8a void place10 might well 
be ne> ! entrance  ( ! gate ( ,sam>ia1 &
 a prop] situation 9 :i* ! k+s (        
,israel & ,judah might he> ! prophets1  
#a ,k+s xxii1 #aj2 #b ,*ron4  xviii1 #i4

 ,an in/rum5t sometimes us$ 9 ,pale/9e &
 ! ea/1 to  =ce ! corn out ( ! e>1 &    
bruise ! /raw1 0 a heavy k9d (  sl$ge   
made ( ?ick bo>ds1 & furni%$ b5ea? )    
tee? ( /one  or iron1 ,isa4 xli1 #ae4 ,!
 %eaves be+ laid 9 ord]1 ! sl$ge 0      
drawn ov] ! /raw by ox51 & at ! same "t 
?re%$ out !  corn1 & cut or broke ! /raw
 into a k9d ( *aff4 ,an in/rum5t 9  !   
ea/ is /ill us$ = ! same purpose4 ,?is  
sl$ge is allud$ to  9 #b ,sam4 xii1 #ca2
 ,isa4 xxviii1 #bg2 xli1 #ae2 ,amos i1  
#c4 ,dr4 ,l[?1 9  8 notes on ,isaiah    
xxviii1 #bg1 #bh1 obs]ves1 t f\r me?ods 
(  ?re%+ are m5tion$ 9 ?is passage1 by  
diff]5t in/rum5ts1 !  flail1 ! drag1 !  
wa91 & ! tread+ ( ! cattle4 ,! /aff1 or 
flail1 0 us$ = ! infirmiora sem9a1 !    
gra9 t 0 too  t5d] to be treat$ 9 ! o!r 
me?ods4 ,! drag consi/$ ( a sort  (     
frame ( /rong planks1 made r\gh at !    
bottom ) h>d /ones or  iron2 x 0 drawn  
by horses or ox5 ov] ! corn %eaves on ! 
floor1  ! driv] sitt+ ^u x4 ,! wa9 0    
ne>ly simil> to ?is  in/rum5t1 b _h     

:eels ) iron tee?1 or edges l a saw4 ,! 
la/ me?od is well kn[n f ! law ( ,moses1
 :i* =bids ! ox to  be muzzl$ :5 he     
treade? out ! corn4 ,niebuhr1 9 8       
,travels1 gives  ! foll[+ description ( 
a ma*9e :i* ! p ( ,egypt use at  ?is day
 = ?re%+ out _! corn3 8,?is ma*9e10 says
 he1 8is  call$ nauridsj4 ,x has ?ree   
roll]s :i* turn on _! axles2 &  ea* ( !m
 is furni%$ ) "s irons r\nd & flat4 ,at 
!  beg9n+ ( ,june1 ,mr4 ,=skall & ,i    
sev]al times saw1 9 ! environs  (       
,dsjise1 h[ corn 0 ?re%$ 9 ,egypt4 ,e   
peasant *ose =  himself1 9 ! op5 field1 
a smoo? plat ( gr\nd f eighty to a      
hundr$ paces 9 circumf]5ce4 ,hi!r 0     
br\ght on camels or asses  ! corn 9     
%eaves1 ( :i* 0 =m$ a r+ ( six or eight 
feet  wide1 & two high4 ,two ox5 7 made 
to draw ov] x aga9 & aga9  ! sl$ge1     
tra9eau1 above m5tion$2 & ?is 0 done ) !
  greate/ conv5i5ce to ! driv]2 = he 0  
seat$ 9 a *air fix$  on ! sl$ge4 ,two   
su* p>cels or lay]s ( corn are ?re%$ out
 9 a  day1 & !y move ea* ( !m z _m z    

eight times1 ) a wood5  =k ( five       
prongs1 :i* !y call m$dre4 ,aft]w>d !y  
?r[ !  /raw into ! middle ( ! r+1 :]e x 
=ms a heap1 :i* gr[s  bigg] & bigg]4 ,:5
 ! fir/ lay] is ?re%$ !y replace !  /raw
 9 ! r+1 & ?re% x z be=e4 ,?us ! /raw   
becomes e  "t small]1 till at la/ x     
resembles *opp$ /raw4 ,aft] ?is1 )  ! =k
 j describ$1 !y ca/ ! :ole "s y>ds f    
!nce1 &  aga9/ ! w9d2 :i* driv+ back !  
/raw1 ! corn & ! e>s  n ?re%$ out fall  
ap>t f x1 & make ano!r heap4 ,a man     
collects ! clods ( dirt1 & o!r          
impurities to :i* any corn  adh]es1 &   
?r[s !m into a sieve4 ,!y aft]w>d place 
9 a r+  ! heaps1 9 :i* a good _m entire 
e>s are /ill f\nd1 & drive  ov] !m = f\r
 or five h\rs toge!r t5 c\ple ( ox5 jo9$
 two  & two1 till by absolute trampl+ !y
 h sep>at$ ! gra9s1  :i* !y ?r[ into !  
air ) a %ovel to cleanse !m40    ,,fo1  
or ,,fuh1 z ! ,*9ese n[ call him1 0 an  
,indian pr9ce1 :o 0  made a god at ?irty
 ye>s ( age1 & di$ at sev5ty-five4 ,8   
wor%ipp]s =m "o ( ! ?ree great sects (  

,*9a1 & x is said  to be f> ! mo/       
num]\s4 ,! wor%ip ( ?is idol1 !y pret5d1
 0  obs]v$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian  
era1 & 0 introduc$  f ,india into ,*9a  
)9 ! fir/ c5tury aft]4 ,_m temples are  
re>$ to ?is deity1 "s ( :i* are         
magnific5t2 & a numb] (  bonzes1 or     
prie/s1 are consecrat$ to 8 s]vice4 ,he 
is repres5t$  %9+ 9 light1 ) 8 h&s hid  
"u 8 robes1 to %[ t he  does all ?+s    
invisibly4 ,! doctors ( ?is sect1 l ^? (
  ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,india1 tea* a     
d\ble doctr9e2 ! "o public1 !  o!r      
private4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 !y say1 all 
! good are  recomp5s$1 & ! wick$ puni%$1
 9 places de/9$ = ea*4 ,!y  enjo9 all   
works ( *>ity2 & =bid *eat+1 impurity1  
murd]1 &  ev5 ! tak+ ( life f any       
creature :atev]4 ,= !y believe  t ! s\ls
 ( _! ance/ors transmigrate into        
irrational  creatures2 ei!r into su* z  
!y lik$ be/1 or resembl$ mo/ 9  _!      
behavi\r2 = :i* reason !y nev] kill any 
su* animals2 b1  :ile !y live1 fe$ !m   
well1 & :5 !y die bury !m )  respect4 ,z

 !y build temples = ,fuh1 :i* are fill$ 
) images1 s  also mona/]ies = 8 prie/s1 
provid+ = _! ma9t5ance1 z  ! mo/        
effectual means to p>take ( _! pray]s4  
,^! prie/s  pret5d to "k into :at bodies
 ! dead are transmigrat$2 & seldom  fail
 ( repres5t+ _! case to ! surviv+ fri5ds
 z mis]able1  or uncom=table2 t !y may  
extort money f !m to procure =  !       
deceas$ a passage into a bett] /ate1 or 
pray !m out (  purgatory1 :i* =ms a "p (
 _! sy/em4    ,! int]ior doctr9e ( ?is  
sect1 :i* is kept secret f ! common  p1 
tea*es a philosophical a!ism1 :i* admits
 nei!r rew>ds  nor puni%m5ts aft] dea?2 
& believes n 9 a provid5ce1 or !        
immortality ( ! s\l2 ackn[l$ges no o!r  
,god ?an ! void1 or  no?+2 & :i* makes !
 supreme happ9ess ( mank9d to consi/  9 
a total inaction1 an entire             
ins5sibility1 & a p]fect quietude4      
,fuh1 ?\gh ! idol ( ! common p1 is      
consid]$ z a =eign  deity 9 ,*9a1       
import$ by ! ,b\dhi/s f ,india3 great   
effects are1  h[ev]1 atta*$ to !        

p]petual reit]ation ( 8 "n1 & ev5 to    
m$itation ^u x4 ,x is suppos$ to r5d]   
fate fav\rable1 & life  secure2 to      
prev5t migration into ! bodies ( inf]ior
 animals2 &1  9 f9e1 to secure a place 9
 ! p>adise ( ,fuh1 ^: l& is yell[  gold1
 ^: t[]s are compos$ ( gems1 ! bridges (
 pe>ls1 c4    ,,fool1 ,,folly1 or       
,,fooli%ness4 ,! t]m fool is to be      
und]/ood sometimes  accord+ to its pla91
 lit]al mean+1 z d5ot+ a p]son void (   
und]/&+2 b x is (t5 us$ figuratively1   
,psalm xxxviii1 #e2  lxix1 #e4 8,!      
fool10 t is1 ! impi\s s9n]1 8ha? said 9 
8  he>t1 ,!re is no ,god10 ,psalm xiv1  
#a4 8,i h s9n$3 d away !  iniquity ( ?y 
s]vant2 = ,i h done v fooli%ly10 #a     
,*ron4 xxi1  #h4 8,fools make a mock at 
s910 ,prov4 xiv1 #i4 ,see also !        
language (  ,tam> to h] bro!r ,amnon3   
8,d n ?is folly2 = :i!r %all ,i  cause  
my %ame to g8 ,& z = !e1 ?\ %alt be z "o
 ( ! fools  9 ,israel10 #b ,sam4 xiii1  
#ac2 t is1 ,?\ wilt be acc\nt$ a v      
wick$ p]son4 ,our ,"l seems to h us$ !  

t]m 9 a s5se some:at  peculi> 9 ,mat!w  
v1 #bb3 8,:osoev] %all say to 8 bro!r1  
,?\  fool1 %all be 9 dang] ( hell fire40
 ,b ! :ole v]se %[s !  mean+ to be1 t :5
 any "o ( 8 pr(ess$ disciples indulges a
  temp] & disposition ( m9d contr>y to  
*>ity1 or t peculi>  love :i* ! bre?r5 (
 ,*ri/ are b\nd by 8 law to h t[>d  ea* 
o!r1 ,john xiii1 #cd1 n only %[+ ang]   
aga9/ ano!r  )\t a cause1 b also treat+ 
him ) contemptu\s language1 &  t )      
malici\s int5t1 he %all be 9 dang] (    
et]nal  de/ruction4    ,,foot4 ,anci5tly
 x 0 cu/om>y to wa% ! feet ( /rang]s    
com+  (f a j\rney1 because g5]ally !y   
travell$ b>efoot1 or wore  s&als only1  
:i* did n secure !m f du/ or dirt4      
,jesus ,*ri/  wa%$ ! feet ( 8 ,apo/les1 
& !reby taught !m to p]=m !  humble/    
s]vices = "o ano!r4 ,feet1 9 ! sacr$    
writ]s1 (t5  mean incl9ations1          
affections1 prop5sities1 actions1       
motions3 8,guide my  feet 9 ?y pa?s40   
8,keep ?y feet at a di/ance f evil40 8,!
 feet  ( ! debau*$ woman g d[n to dea?40

 8,let n ! foot ( pride  come aga9/ me40
 ,to be at any "o's feet1 signifies     
obey+ him1  li/5+ to 8 in/ructions &    
comm&s4 ,moses says t 8! ,"l  lov$ 8 p2 
all 8 sa9ts are 9 ?y h&3 & !y sat d[n at
  8 feet10 ,deut4 xxxiii1 #c4 ,/4 ,paul 
0 br\ght up at ! feet (  ,gamaliel4 ,m>y
 sat at our ,savi\r's feet1 & he>d 8 ^w1
 ,luke x1  #ci4    ,x is said t ! l& (  
,canaan is n l ,egypt1 8:]e ?\  s[$/ ?y 
se$1 & wat]$/ x ) ?y foot10 ,deut4 xi1  
#aj4  ,pale/9e is a c\ntry :i* has ra9s1
 pl5tiful dews1 spr+s1  rivulets1       
brooks1 c1 t supply ! e>? ) ! moi/ure   
necess>y  to its fruitfulness4 ,on !    
contr>y1 ,egypt has no riv] except !    
,nile3 !re x seldom ra9s1 & ! l&s :i*   
are n )9 rea* (  ! inundation cont9ue   
p>*$ & b>r54 ,to supply ?is want1 dit*es
  are dug f ! riv]1 & wat] is di/ribut$ 
?r\gh\t ! sev]al  villages & cantons3   
!re are great /ruggles :o %all fir/     
obta9  x2 &1 9 ?is dispute1 !y frequ5tly
 come to bl[s4 ,not)/&+  ^! precautions1
 _m places h no wat]2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( !  

ye>1 ^? places :i* are ne>e/ ! ,nile    
require to be wat]$  aga9 by means ( art
 & lab\r4 ,?is 0 =m]ly done by ! help ( 
ma*9es1 "o ( :i* is ?us describ$ by     
,philo3 ,x is a :eel :i* a  man turns by
 ! motion ( 8 feet1 by asc5d+           
successively !  sev]al /eps t are )9 x4 
,?is is :at ,moses means 9 ?is place  by
 say+1 t1 9 ,egypt1 !y wat] ! e>? ) _!  
feet4 ,!  wat] is ?us convey$ to ci/]ns2
 & :5 ! g>d5s want  refre%m5t1 wat] is  
conduct$ by tr5*es to ! b$s 9 little    
rills1  :i* are /opp$ by ! foot1 & turn$
 at pleasure into diff]5t  directions4  
#b4 ,to be "u any "o's feet1 to be a    
foot/ool to him1 signifies !  subjection
 ( a subject to 8 sov]eign1 ( a slave to
 8 ma/]4 ,to  lick ! du/ ( "o's feet1 is
 an abject mann] ( do+ homage4 ,9 ,mr4  
,hugh ,boyd's acc\nt ( 8 embassy to ! k+
 ( ,c&y1 9 ,ceylon1  !re is a p>agraph  
:i* s+ul>ly illu/rates ?is1 & %[s !     
adulation & obsequi\s rev]5ce ) :i* an  
ea/]n mon>* is  approa*$4 ,describ+ 8   
introduction to ! k+1 he says1 8,!      

removal ( ! curta9 0 ! signal ( our     
obeisances4 ,m9e1 by  /ipulation1 0 to  
be only kneel+4 ,my companions          
imm$iately began  ! p]=mance ( !irs1 :i*
 7 9 ! mo/ p]fect degree (  ea/]n       
humiliation4 ,!y almo/ lit]ally lick$ ! 
du/2 pro/rat+  !mselves ) _! faces almo/
 close to ! /one floor1 &  ?r[+ out _!  
arms & legs2 !n1 ris+ on _! knees1 !y   
repeat$1 9 a v l\d voice1 a c]ta9 =m (  
words ( ! mo/  extravagant mean+ t c be 
conceiv$1 t ! head ( ! k+ (  k+s might  
rea* beyond ! sun2 t he might live a    
?\s& ye>s10  c4 ,nak$ness ( feet 0 a    
sign ( m\rn+4 ,god says to ,ezekiel1    
8,make  no m\rn+ = ! dead1 & put on ?y  
%oes ^u ?y feet10 c4 ,x  0 also a m>k ( 
respect3 8,put (f ?y %oes f (f ?y feet2 
=  ! place :]eon ?\ /&e/ is holy gr\nd10
 ,exodus iii1 #e4 ,!  rabb9s say t !    
prie/s w5t b>efoot 9 ! temple4 8,if ?\  
turn  away ?y foot f ! ,sabba?1 f do+ ?y
 pleasure on my holy day10  ,isaiah     
lviii1 #ac2 if ?\ =be> walk+ & travell+ 
on ! ,sabba?  day1 & d n !n ?9e own w4  

,we "k t j\rneys 7  =bidd5 on ! ,sabba? 
day1 ,matt4 xxiv1 #bj2 ,acts i1 #ab4    
,kiss+ !  feet 0 (t5 practis$ z a m>k ( 
affection & rev]5ce4    ,,=nication1    
:or$om1 or ! act ( incont95cy betwe5    
s+le  p]sons2 = if ei!r ( ! p>ties be   
m>ri$1 ! s9 is adult]y4    ,,=ehead1    
,m>k on !1 ,ezekiel ix1 #d4 ,mr4        
,maurice1 speak+ ( !  religi\s rites ( !
 ,h9doos1 says1 ,be=e !y c ent] ! great 
pagoda1 an indisp5sable c]emony takes   
place1 :i* c only be  p]=m$ by ! h& ( a 
brahm92 & t is1 ! impression ( _!       
=eheads ) ! tiluk1 or m>k ( diff]5t     
col\rs1 z !y may  belong ei!r to ! sect 
( ,vee%nu1 or ,seeva4 ,if ! temple be t 
(  ,vee%nu1 _! =eheads are m>k$ ) a     
longitud9al l9e1 & !  col\r us$ is      
v]milion4 ,if x be ! temple ( ,seeva1 !y
 are m>k$  ) a p>allel l9e1 & ! col\r   
us$ is turm]ic1 or saffron4 ,b  ^! two  
gr& sects be+ aga9 subdivid$ into num]\s
 classes1 bo?  ! size & ! %ape ( ! tiluk
 are v>i$1 9 proportion to _!  sup]ior  
or inf]ior rank4 ,9 reg>d to ! tiluk1 ,i

 mu/ obs]ve1  t x 0 a cu/om ( v anci5t  
date 9 ,asia to m>k _! s]vants  9 !     
=ehead4 ,x is allud$ to 9 ^! words (    
,ezekiel1 :]e !  ,almighty comm&s 8     
angels to 8g ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! city1 &   
set a m>k on ! =eheads ( ! m5 :o sigh = 
! abom9ations  committ$ 9 ! mid/ !re(40 
,! same idea occurs also 9 ,rev4 vii1   
#c4 ,! div]s sects ( ! ,h9doos h a      
di/+ui%+ m>k ( !  sect1 by :i* !y are   
kn[n1 on ! =ehead1 ( p[d]$ s&al wood1   
or ( ! slime ( ! ,ganges4 ,! m>k ( !    
,wis*nites consi/s (  two ne>ly oval    
l9es d[n ! nose1 :i* runs f two /raight 
l9es  on ! =ehead4 ,! m>k ( ! ,s*ivites 
consi/s ( two curv$ l9es1  l a half moon
 ) a po9t on ! nose4 ,x is made ei!r ) !
  slime ( ! ,ganges1 ) s&al wood1 or !  
a%es ( c[ dung4    ,,f\nta9 is prop]ly !
 s\rce or spr+head ( wat]s4 ,!re 7      
sev]al celebrat$ f\nta9s 9 ,judea1 su* z
 t ( ,rogel1 ( ,gihon1  ( ,siloam1 (    
,naz>e?1 c2 & allusions to !m are (t5 to
 be met  ) 9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4
 ,dr4 ,*&l]1 9 8 travels 9  ,asia ,m9or1

 says1 8,! read]1 z we proce$1 w f9d    
frequ5t m5tion  ( f\nta9s4 ,_! numb] is 
ow+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry & !  climate4
 ,! soil1 p>*$ & ?ir/y1 dem&s moi/ure to
 aid  vegetation2 & a cl\dless sun1 :i* 
inflames ! air1 requires =  ! p !       
v]dure1 ) %ade & air1 its agreeable     
att5dants4  ,h5ce f\nta9s are met )1 n  
only 9 ! t[ns & villages1 b 9  ! fields 
& g>d5s1 & by ! sides ( ! roads1 & ( !  
beat5  tracks on ! m\nta9s4 ,_m ( !m are
 ! useful donations ( humane  p]sons    
:ile liv+1 or h be5 bequea!d z legacies 
on _!  decease40 ,z f\nta9s ( wat] 7 s  
extremely valuable to !  inhabitants ( !
 ea/]n c\ntries1 x is easy to und]/& :y 
!  inspir$ writ]s s frequ5tly allude to 
!m1 & !nce d$uce "s (  _! mo/ beautiful 
& /rik+ similitudes1 :5 !y w\ld set =?  
! *oice/ spiritual bless+s4 ,?us        
,j]emiah calls ! bless$ ,god1  8! f\nta9
 ( liv+ wat]s10 ,j]4 ii1 #ac4 ,z ^?     
spr+s or  f\nta9s ( wat] are ! mo/      
valuable & highly priz$ :i* nev]        
int]mit or cease to fl[1 b are always   

s5d+ =? _! /reams2  su* is ,jehovah to 8
 p3 he is a p]5nial s\rce ( felicity4   
,ze*>iah1 po9t+ 9 8 days to ! atonem5t  
:i* 0 to be made 9  ! fulness ( "t1 by !
 %$d+ ( ! blood ( ,*ri/1 describes  x z 
a f\nta9 t 0 to be op5$ 9 :i* !         
inhabitants (  ,j]usalem might wa% away 
all _! impurities3 8,9 t day !re %all   
be a f\nta9 op5$ to ! h\se ( ,david1 &  
to ! inhabitants (  ,j]usalem1 = s9 & = 
uncleanness10 ,ze*4 xiii1 #a4 ,joel     
pr$ict$  ! salvation :i* 0 to come out (
 ,zion1 "u ! beautiful figure  ( 8a     
f\nta9 :i* %\ld come =? out ( ! h\se ( !
 ,"l1 &  wat] ! pla9 ( ,%ittim10 ,joel  
iii1 #ah4 ,! ,psalmi/1 expatiat+ on  !  
excell5cy ( ! lov+-k9dness ( ,god1 n    
only z af=d+ a  gr\nd ( hope to ! *ildr5
 ( m51 b also z ! s\rce (  consolation &
 happ9ess1 adds1 8,?\ %alt make !m dr9k 
( !  riv] ( ?y pleasures2 = ) !e is !   
f\nta9 ( life10 ,psalm  xxxvi1 #g-i4 ,9 
%ort1 ! bless$ness ( ! heav5ly /ate is  
%ad[$  =? "u ?is beautiful figure2 = z  
89 ! div9e pres5ce !re  is fulness (    

joy1 & at ,god's "r h&1 pleasures =     
ev]more10  ,psalm xvi1 #aa2 s x is said 
( ^? :o came out ( great tribulation1  t
 8! ,lamb t 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone %all   
lead !m unto  liv+ f\nta9s ( wat]1 &    
,god %all wipe away all te>s f _!       
eyes10 ,rev4 vii1 #ag4    ,,fox1 1      
,judges xv1 #d2 ,nehemiah iv1 #c2 xi1   
#bg2 ,psalm lxiii1 #aj2 ,cant4  ii1 #ae2
 ,lam4 v1 #aa2 ,ezek4 xiii1 #d2 ,matt4  
viii1 #bj2 ,luke ix1 #eh2 xiii1  #cb4   
,p>khur/ obs]ves t ?is is ! "n ( an     
animal1 probably s  call$ f its burr[+1 
or mak+ holes 9 ! e>? to hide himself   
or dwell 94 ,! ,,lxx r5d] x by 1 !      
,vulgate1 vulpes1 & our  ,engli% v]sion1
 fox4 ,x is record$1 9 ,judges xv1 #d1  
#e1 t 8,samson  w5t & caught ?ree hundr$
 foxes1 & took firebr&s1 & turn$  tail  
to tail1 & put a firebr& 9 ! mid/ betwe5
 two tails2 &  :5 he _h set ! br&s on   
fire1 he let !m g into ! /&+  corn ( !  
,phili/9es1 & burnt up bo? ! %ocks1 &   
also !  /&+ corn1 ) ! v9ey>ds & olives40
 ,dr4 ,%aw ?9ks jackals  to be ! animals

 "h int5d$2 obs]v+1 t 8z ^! are         
creatures  by f> ! mo/ common & famili>1
 z well z ! mo/ num]\s ( any  9 ! ea/]n 
c\ntries1 we may well p]ceive ! great   
possibility  !re 0 = ,samson to take1 or
 cause to be tak51 ?ree hundr$ (  !m4 ,!
 fox1 prop]ly s call$10 he adds1 8is    
r>ely to be met )1  nei!r is x          
greg>i\s40 ,s ,hasselqui/ rem>ks3       
8,jackals are f\nd 9  great numb]s ab\t 
,gaza2 &1 f _! greg>i\s nature1 x is mu*
  m probable t ,samson %\ld h caught    
?ree hundr$ ( !m1 ?an  ( ! solit>y      
quadrup$1 ! fox40    #b4 ,at ! fea/ (   
,c]es1 ! goddess ( corn1 celebrat$      
annually at  ,rome ab\t ! middle (      
,april1 !re 0 ! obs]vance ( ?is cu/om1  
to fix burn+ tor*es to ! tails ( a numb]
 ( foxes1 & to let  !m run ?r\gh !      
circus till !y 7 burnt to dea?4 ,?is 0  
done  9 rev5ge ^u t species ( animals1 =
 hav+ once burnt up !  fields ( corn4 ,!
 reason1 inde$1 assign$ by ,ovid1 is too
 frivol\s  an orig9 = s solemn a rite2 &
 ! "t ( its celebration1 !  sev5te5? (  

,april1 x seems1 0 n h>ve/ "t1 :5 !     
fields  7 cov]$ ) corn1 ve/itos messibus
 agros2 = ! middle (  ,april 0 se$ "t 9 
,italy1 z appe>s f ,virgil's ,georgics4 
,h5ce  we mu/ inf] t ?is rite mu/ h tak5
 its rise f "s o!r  ev5t ?an t by :i*   
,ovid acc\nt$ = x2 & ,samson's foxes are
 a  probable orig9 ( x4 ,! "t agrees    
exactly1 z may be collect$ f  sev]al    
passages ( ,scripture4 ,= in/ance3 f !  
book ( ,exodus we  le>n1 t be=e !       
passov]1 t is1 be=e ! f\rte5? day (  !  
mon? ,abib1 or ,m>*1 b>ley 9 ,egypt 0 9 
! e>1 ,exod4 xii1 #ah2  xiii1 #d4 ,& 9  
*apt] ix1 #ca1 #cb1 x is said1 t ! :eat 
at t  "t 0 n gr[n up4 ,b>ley h>ve/1 !n1 
9 ,egypt1 & s 9 !  c\ntry ( !           
,phili/9es1 :i* bord]$ ^u x1 mu/ h fall5
  ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*4 ,:eat h>ve/1    
accord+ to ,pl9y1 0 a  mon? lat]3 8,9   
,egypto hordeum sexto a satu m5se1      
frum5ta septimo  metuntur40 ,9 ,egypt   
b>ley is reap$ 9 ! six? mon? f ! "t  (  
its be+ s[n1 :eat 9 ! sev5?4 ,!re=e :eat
 h>ve/  happ5$ ab\t ! middle ( ,april2 !

 v "t 9 :i* ! burn+  ( foxes 0 obs]v$ at
 ,rome4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,romans borr[$  
_m ( _! rites & c]emonies1 bo? s]i\s &  
ludicr\s1 f  =eign nations2 & ,egypt &  
,ph5icia furni%$ !m ) m p]haps  ?an any 
o!r c\ntry4 ,f "o ( ^! ! ,romans might  
ei!r  receive ?is rite imm$iately1 or   
?r\gh ! h&s ( _! neighb\rs1  !          
,c>?ag9ians1 :o 7 a colony ( ,ph5icians2
 & s its true  orig9 may be ref]r$ back 
to ! /ory :i* we h be5 consid]+4        
,bo*>t has made x probable t !  spok5 ( 
9 ,isaiah xiii1 #bb2  xxxiv1 #ad2 & ,j]4
 #a1 #ci1 r5d]$ by our translators 8!   
bea/s (  ! isl&s10 an appellation v     
vague & indet]m9ate1 are  jackals2 & t !
  ( ! ,greeks1 & ! b5i ani ( !          
,arabians are ! same animal2 & ?\gh he  
takes t to h be5  _! specific "n1 yet he
 ?9ks1 t1 f _! great resemblance  to a  
fox1 !y might be compreh5d$ "u ! ,hebrew
 "n ( a fox1  %ual2 :i* is inde$ almo/ !
 same ) sciagal sciugal1 !  ,p]sian     
names ( ! jackal4 ,scalig] & ,ole>ius1  
quot$ by ,bo*>t1  expressly call !      

jackal a fox2 & ,mr4 ,s&ys speaks ( x 9 
! same  mann]3 8,! jackals1 9 my op9ion1
 are no o!r ?an foxes1 :]e( an  inf9ite 
numb]10 c4 ,hasselqui/ calls x ! little 
ea/]n fox2 &  ,kmpf] says t x might n be
 improp]ly call$ ! wolf-fox4 ,x is      
!re=e v conceivable t ! anci5ts might   
compreh5d ?is  animal "u ! g5]al "n (   
fox4    #c4 ,to give an idea ( 8 own    
extreme pov]ty1 ! ,"l ,jesus says1 ,luke
  ix1 #eh1 8,foxes h holes1 & birds ( ! 
air h ne/s2 b ! ,son  ( man ha? n :]e to
 lay 8 head40 ,& he calls ,h]od1 !      
tetr>*  ( ,galilee1 a fox1 ,luke xiii1  
#cb2 !reby signify+ 8 craft1 & !        
ref9em5ts ( 8 policy4 ,9 illu/ration ( !
 p]t95cy ( ?is  allusion1 we may quote a
 rem>k ( ,busbequius3 8,i he>d a mighty 
noise1  z if x _h be5 ( m5 :o je]$ &    
mock$ u4 ,i ask$ :at 0 !  matt]2 & 0    
answ]$1 #8,only ! h[l+s ( c]ta9 bea/s   
:i* !  ,turks call1 ciagals1 or         
jackals4' ,!y are a sort ( wolves1      
some:at bigg] ?an foxes1 b less ?an     
common wolves1 yet z gre$y  & dev\r+4   

,!y g 9 flocks1 & seldom hurt man or    
bea/2 b get  _! food m by craft & /eal? 
?an by op5 =ce4 ,!nce x is  t ! ,turks  
call subtle & crafty p]sons by !        
metaphorical "n  ( ciagals40            
,,frank9c5se1 1 ,exod4 xxx1 #cd1 c4 1   
,matt4 ii1 #aa2 ,rev4  xviii1 #ac1 a    
dry1 res9\s sub/ance1 ( a yell[i% :ite  
col\r1 a  /rong fragrant smell1 & bitt]1
 acrid ta/e4 ,! tree :i* produces  x is 
n kn[n4 ,dioscorides m5tions x z procur$
 f ,india4 ,:at is  "h call$ ! pure     
frank9c5se is1 no d\bt1 ! same ) !      
mascula ?ura ( ,virgil1 & signifies :at 
is fir/ obta9$ f !  tree4    ,,fri5d is 
tak5 = "o :om we love & e/eem above     
o!rs1 to :om we  imp>t our m9ds m       
famili>ly ?an to o!rs1 & t f a          
confid5ce ( 8 integrity & good w t[>d u3
 ?us ,jona?an &  ,david 7 mutually      
fri5ds4 ,solomon1 9 8 book ( ,prov]bs1  
gives !  qualities ( a true fri5d4 8,a  
fri5d love? at all times30 n only 9     
prosp]ity1 b also 9 adv]sity2 &1 8!re is
 a fri5d t /icke?  clos] ?an a bro!r40  

,he is m he>ty 9 ! p]=mance ( all       
fri5dly (fices2 he reproves & rebukes :5
 he sees any ?+ amiss4  8,fai?ful are ! 
w\nds ( a fri5d40 ,8 %>pe/ repro(s      
proce$  f an upright1 & truly lov+ &    
fai?ful s\l4 ,he is kn[n by 8  good &   
fai?ful c\nsel1 z well z by 8 seasonable
 rebukes4  8,o9tm5t & p]fume rejoice !  
he>t1 s does ! sweetness ( a  man's     
fri5d by he>ty c\nsel30 by su* c\nsel z 
comes f 8 v  he>t & s\l1 & is ! language
 ( 8 inw>d & mo/ s]i\s  ?\ghts4 ,!      
company & conv]sation ( a fri5d is      
refre%+ &  reviv+ to a p]son1 :o1 :5    
alone1 is sad1 dull1 & inactive4 8,iron 
%>p5e? iron1 s a man %>p5e? ! c\nt5ance 
( 8 fri5d40 ,!  title1 8! fri5d ( ,god10
 is pr9cipally giv5 to ,abraham3 8,art n
  ?\ our ,god1 :o gave/ ?is l& to ! se$ 
( ,abraham1 ?y fri5d1  = ev]80 ,& 9     
,isaiah xli1 #h1 8,b ?\ ,israel art !   
se$ (  ,abraham1 my fri5d40 8,& !       
,scripture 0 fulfill$1 :i* sai?1        
,abraham believ$ ,god1 & x 0 imput$ to  
him = righte\sness2 &  he 0 call$ !     

fri5d ( ,god10 ,james ii1 #bc4 ,?is     
title 0 giv5  him1 n only because ,god  
frequ5tly appe>$ to him1 conv]s$        
famili>ly ) him1 & reveal$ 8 secrets to 
him1 8,%all ,i hide f  ,abraham t ?+ :i*
 ,i d80 ,g54 xviii1 #ag2 b also because 
he  ent]$ into a cov5ant ( p]petual     
fri5d%ip bo? ) him & 8  se$4 ,our       
,savi\r calls 8 ,apo/les 8fri5ds30 8,b  
,i h call$ y  fri5ds20 & he adds !      
reason ( x1 8= all ?+s t ,i h  he>d ( my
 ,fa!r1 ,i h made kn[n unto y10 ,john   
xv1 #ae4 ,z m5 use  to communicate _!   
c\nsels & _! :ole m9d to _! fri5ds1     
especially 9 ?+s :i* are ( any conc]n1  
or may be ( any  advantage = !m to "k & 
und]/&1 s ,i h reveal$ to y  :atev] is  
necess>y = y\r in/ruction1 (fice1 com=t1
 &  salvation4 ,& ?is title is n peculi>
 to ! ,apo/les only1 b is  common ) !m  
to all true believ]s4 ,! fri5d ( !      
bridegroom is  ! brideman2 he :o does ! 
hon\rs ( ! w$d+1 & leads 8  fri5d's     
sp\se to ! nuptial *amb]4 ,john !       
,bapti/1 ) respect  to ,*ri/ & 8 *ur*1 0

 ! fri5d ( ! bridegroom2 by 8  prea*+ he
 prep>$ ! p ( ! ,jews = ,*ri/1 ,john    
iii1 #bi4  ,fri5d is a ^w ( ord9>y      
salutation1 :e!r to a fri5d or foe3 he  
is call$ fri5d :o _h n on a w$d+ g>m5t1 
,matt4 xxii1 #ab4 ,&  our ,savi\r calls 
,judas ! traitor fri5d4 ,"s are ( op9ion
 t  ?is title is giv5 to ! gue/ by an   
irony1 or antiphrasis2 mean+  ! contr>y 
to :at ! ^w importe?2 or t he is call$  
s1  because he appe>$ to o!rs to be     
,*ri/'s fri5d2 or 0 s 9 8  own e/eem &  
acc\nt1 ?\gh falsely1 be+ a hypocrite4  
,h[ev]1 ?is  be+ spok5 9 ! p]son ( him  
:o made ! fea/1 x is g5]ally  tak5 = a  
usual compellation1 & t ,*ri/1 foll[+ ! 
l  c\rte\s cu/om ( appellation & fri5dly
 greet+1 did s salute  ,judas1 :i* yet  
left a /+ beh9d x 9 8 consci5ce1 :o knew
  himself to be ! rev]se ( :at he 0     
call$4 ,! "n ( fri5d is  likewise giv5  
to a neighb\r4 8,:i* ( y %all h a fri5d1
 &  %all g to him at midnight1 & say1   
,fri5d1 l5d me ?ree loaves80  ,luke xi1 
#c4    ,,fri5ds1 or ,,quak]s1 a religi\s

 society :i* began to be di/+ui%$  ab\t 
! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,_!       
doctr9es 7 fir/  promulgat$ 9 ,engl&1 by
 ,george ,fox1 ab\t ! ye> #afdg2 = :i*  
he  0 imprison$ at ,nott+ham1 9 ! ye>   
#afdi1 & ! ye> foll[+  at ,d]by4 ,fox   
evid5tly consid]$ himself z act+ "u a   
div9e  commission1 & w5t1 n only to     
fairs & m>kets1 b into c\rts (  ju/ice &
 8/eeple h\ses10 z he call$ ! *ur*es1   
w>n+ all to  obey ! ,holy ,_s1 speak+ by
 him4 ,x is said1 t ! appellation  (    
,quak]s 0 giv5 !m 9 reproa* by "o ( !   
magi/rates1 :o1 9  #afej1 committ$ ,fox 
to prison1 on acc\nt ( 8 bidd+ him1 & ^?
  ab\t him1 to quake at ! ^w ( ! ,"l4 ,b
 !y adopt$ among  !mselves1 & /ill      
reta91 ! k9d appellation ( ,fri5ds4     
,f _! fir/ appe>ance1 !y suff]$ mu*     
p]secution4 ,9  ,new-,engl& !y 7 treat$ 
) peculi> sev]ity1 imprison$1  sc\rg$1  
7wom5 z well z m517 & at ,bo/on f\r ( !m
 7 ev5  hang$1 among :om 0 "o woman2 &  
?is 0 ! m extraord9>y  & inexcusable1 z 
! settl]s !mselves _h b lately fl$ f    

p]secution 9 ! p>5t c\ntry6 ,dur+ ^!    
suff]+s1 !y appli$  to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii1 
= relief2 :o1 9 #affa1 grant$ a m&amus1 
to put  a /op to !m4 ,nei!r 7 ! good    
(fices ( ?is pr9ce 9 _!  fav\r conf9$ to
 ! colonies2 = 9 #afgb1 he releas$1 "u !
  great seal1 f\r hundr$ ( ^! suff]+ p  
:o 7 imprison$  9 ,great ,brita94 ,to   
:at has be5 alleg$ aga9/ !m1 on acc\nt (
  ,james ,naylor & 8 associates1 !y     
answ] t _! extravagancies  & blasphemies
 7 disapprov$ at ! "t1 & ! p>ties       
dis[n$2  nor 0 ,naylor re/or$ till he _h
 giv5 signs ( a s9c]e rep5tance1  &     
publicly condemn$ 8 errors4    ,9 #afha1
 ,*>les ,,ii1 grant$ to ,w4 ,p5n !      
prov9ce ( ,p5nsylvania4  ,p5n's treaty )
 ! ,indians1 & ! lib]ty ( consci5ce :i* 
he  grant$ to all d5om9ations1 ev5 ^?   
:i* _h p]secut$ 8 own1  d hon\r to 8    
memory4 ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,,ii1 !     
,fri5ds1 9  common ) o!r ,engli%        
,diss5t]s1 7 reliev$ by ! susp5sion (  !
 p5al laws4 ,b x 0 n till ! reign (     
,william & ,m>y t  !y obta9$ any ?+ l a 

prop] legal protection4 ,an act 0  pass$
 9 ! ye> #afif1 :i*1 ) a few exceptions1
 all[$ to _!  affirmation ! legal =ce ( 
an oa?1 & provid$ a less oppressive     
mode = recov]+ ti!s "u a c]ta9 am\nt2   
:i* provisions1  "u ! reign ( ,george   
,i1 7 made p]petual4 ,= refus+ to pay   
ti!s1 c1 h[ev]1 !y are /ill liable to   
suff] 9 ! ex*equ]  & ecclesia/ical c\rt1
 bo? 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4    ,!   
true ,fri5ds are or?odox1 z to ! lead+  
doctr9es (  ,*ri/ianity1 b express      
!mselves 9 peculi> phrases4 ,!y hold    
special revelations ( ! ,holy ,_s1 yet n
 to ! disp>agem5t (  ! writt5 ^w1 :i* !y
 reg>d z ! infallible rule ( fai? &     
practice4 ,!y reject a sal>i$ m9i/ry1 & 
int]pret ! sacram5ts  my/ically4 ,!y are
 advocates ( ! int]ior spiritual life ( 
religion1 to :i*1 inde$1 !y h borne     
con/ant te/imony2 & !y  are di/+ui%$ by 
probity1 philan?ropy1 & a public _s4 ,9 
!  ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,fri5ds are divid$  
into ! ,or?odox1 7s call$17  &          
,hicksites1 or foll[]s ( ! late ,elias  

,hicks4 ,! latt] are  consid]$ z hav+   
dep>t$ f ! orig9al doctr9es ( !         
,fri5ds1 & v f> f ! lead+ doctr9es (    
,*ri/ianity1 z  held by ,prote/ant      
,*ri/ians 9 g5]al4    ,,frog1 2 ,arabic1
 akurrak2 ,greek1 2 ,exod4 viii1 #b-ad2 
,psalm  lxxviii1 #de2 cv1 #cj2 ,rev4    
xvi1 #ac4 ,:5 ,god plagu$ ,ph>aoh & 8   
p1 ! riv] ,nile1 :i* 0 ! object ( great 
admiration to !  ,egyptians1 0 made to  
contribute to _! puni%m5t4 8,! riv]     
br\ght =? frogs abundantly20 b !        
circum/ance ( _! com+ up  into ! b$     
*amb]s1 & into ! ov5s & knead+ tr\ghs1  
ne$s  explanation to u1 ^: dome/ic      
ap>tm5ts & economy are s  diff]5t f ^? (
 ! anci5t nations4 ,_! lodg+s 7 n 9     
upp] /ories1 b 9 recesses on ! gr\nd    
floor2 & _! ov5s 7  n l ours1 built on !
 side ( a *imney1 & adjac5t to a        
fireplace1 :]e ! gl[+ heat w\ld fright5 
away ! frogs1 b  !y dug a hole 9 !      
gr\nd1 9 :i* !y plac$ an e>!n pot1  :i* 
hav+ suffici5tly heat$1 !y /uck _! cakes
 to ! inside  to be bak$4 ,to f9d su*   

places full ( frogs :5 !y came to heat  
!m 9 ord] to bake _! bread1 & to see    
frogs 9 ! b$s :]e  !y s\ght repose1 mu/ 
h be5 bo? disgu/+ & di/ress+ 9  !       
extreme4 ,frogs 7 reckon$ unclean by !  
,hebrews4    ,,frontlets4 ,leo ( ,mod5a 
?us describes !m3 ,! ,jews take f\r     
pieces  ( p>*m5t1 & write1 ) an ink made
 on purpose1 & 9 squ>e  lett]s1 ^! f\r  
passages1 "o on ea* piece3 #a4          
8,sanctify unto me  all ! fir/-born10 c1
 ,exodus xiii1 #a-aj4 #b4 8,& :5 ! ,"l  
%all  br+ !e into ! l& ( ! ,canaanites10
 c1 v]ses #aa-af4 #c4 8,he>1  ,o        
,israel3 ! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l10 c1  
,deut4 vi1 #d-i4 #d4 8,if y  %all he>k5 
dilig5tly unto my comm&m5ts10 c1 ,deut4 
xi1 #ac-ba4  ,?is !y d 9 ob$i5ce to ^!  
words ( ,moses3 8,^! comm&m5ts  %all be 
= a sign unto !e ^u ?9e h&1 & = a       
memorial  betwe5 ?9e eyes40 ,^! f\r     
little pieces ( p>*m5t are fa/5$        
toge!r1 & a squ>e =m$ ( !m1 on :i* !    
lett]  is writt52  !n a little squ>e (  
h>d calf's sk9 is put ^u ! top1 out (   

:i* come two lea!rn /r+s an in* wide1 & 
a cubit & a half1 or  !reab\ts1 9 l5g?4 
,?is squ>e is put on ! middle ( !       
=ehead1 & ! /r+s be+ girt ab\t ! head1  
make a knot 9 !  =m ( ! lett] 3 !y !n   
are br\ght be=e1 & fall on !  brea/4 ,x 
is call$ teffila-s*el-ros*1 or ! tephila
 ( !  head4 ,! mo/ dev\t ,jews put x on 
bo? at morn+ & noon-day  pray]2 b !     
g5]ality ( ! ,jews we> x only at morn+  
pray]4  ,only ! *ant] ( ! synagogue is  
oblig$ to put x on at noon z  well z    
morn+4    ,x is a "q1 :e!r ! use (      
frontlets1 & o!r phylact]ies1  0        
lit]ally orda9$ by ,moses4 ,!y :o       
believe _! use to be  b9d+1 obs]ve1 t ! 
text ( ,moses speaks z positively ( ?is 
z  ( o!r precepts2 he requires !        
comm&m5ts ( ,god to be writt5 on  !     
doors ( h\ses1 z a sign on _! h&s1 & z  
an ornam5t on  _! =eheads1 ,exod4 xiii1 
#af4 ,if !re be any obligation to write 
^! comm&m5ts on _! doors1 z ! text      
intimates1 !re is !  same = writ+ !m on 
_! h&s & =eheads4 ,on ! contr>y1  o!rs  

ma9ta9 t ^! precepts %\ld be tak5       
figuratively &  allegorically1 z d5ot+ t
 ! ,jews %\ld v c>efully pres]ve  !     
remembrance ( ,god's law1 & obs]ve 8    
comm&s2 t !y %\ld  always h !m be=e !m1 
& nev] =get !m4 ,prior to !  ,babyloni% 
captivity1 no traces ( !m appe> 9 !     
hi/ory ( !  ,jews4 ,! prophets nev]     
inveigh aga9/ ! omission or neglect (   
!m1 nor 0 !re any "q conc]n+ !m 9 !     
re=mation (  mann]s at any "t among !   
,hebrews4 ,! almo/ g5]al cu/om 9 !  ea/ 
( we>+ phylact]ies & frontlets1 det]m9es
 no?+ = !  antiquity or usefulness ( ?is
 practice4 ,! ,c>aite ,jews1 :o adh]e   
to ! lett] ( ! law1 & despise           
traditions1 call ! rabb9ical  ,jews     
bridl$ asses1 because !y we> ^! tephilim
 & frontlets4 ,see  ,,phylact]y4        
,,fruit1 ! product ( ! e>?1 z trees1    
plants1 c4 8,bless$ %all be  ! fruit (  
?y gr\nd & cattle40 ,! fruit ( ! body   
signifies  *ildr53 8,bless$ %all be !   
fruit ( ?y body40 ,by fruit is          
sometimes meant rew>d3 8,!y %all eat ( !

 fruit ( _! own ways10  ,prov4 i1 #ca2  
!y %all receive ! rew>d ( _! bad        
conduct1 &  puni%m5t answ]able to _!    
s9s4 ,! fruit ( ! lips is !  sacrifice (
 praise or ?anksgiv+1 ,heb4 xiii1 #ae4  
,! fruit ( !  righte\s1 t is1 ! c\nsel1 
example1 in/ruction1 & repro( (  !      
righte\s1 is a tree ( life1 is a means (
 mu* good1 bo? temporal  & et]nal2 & t n
 only to himself1 b to o!rs also1 ,prov4
 xi1  #cj4 ,solomon says1 9 ,prov4 xii1 
#ad1 8,a man %all be satisfi$ ) good  by
 ! fruit ( 8 m\?20 t is1 he %all receive
 abundant bless+s  f ,god z ! rew>d ( t 
good he has done1 by 8 pi\s &  pr(itable
 disc\rses4 8,fruits meet = rep5tance10 
,matt4 iii1 #h1 is  su* a conduct z     
befits ! pr(ession ( p5it5ce4    #b4 ,! 
fruits ( ! ,_s are ^? graci\s habits :i*
 ! ,holy  ,_s ( ,god produces 9 ^? 9 :om
 he dwelle? & worke?1 )  ^? acts :i* fl[
 f !m1 z naturally z ! tree produces its
  fruit4 ,! ,apo/le enum]ates ^! fruits 
9 ,galatians v1 #bb1 #bc4 ,!  same      
,apo/le1 9 ,eph4 v1 #i1 compreh5ds !    

fruits ( ! sanctify+  ,_s 9 ^! ?ree ?+s2
 namely1 goodness1 righte\sness1 &      
tru?4 ,! fruits ( righte\sness are su*  
good works & holy actions  z spr+ f a   
graci\s frame ( he>t3 8,be+ fill$ ) !   
fruits  ( righte\sness10 ,phil4 i1 #aa4 
,fruit is tak5 = a *>itable             
contribution1 :i* is ! fruit or effect (
 fai? & love3 8,:5 ,i  h seal$ unto !m  
?is fruit10 ,rom4 xv1 #bh2 :5 ,i h      
safely  deliv]$ ?is contribution4 ,:5   
fruit is spok5 ( good m51 !n x  is to be
 und]/ood ( ! fruits or works ( hol9ess 
&  righte\sness2 b :5 ( evil m51 !n are 
meant ! fruits ( s91  immorality1 &     
wick$ness4 ,?is is our ,savi\r's        
doctr9e1 ,matt4 vii1  #af-ah4    #c4    
,uncircumcis$ fruit1 or impure1 ( :i*   
!re is m5tion 9 ,lev4  xix1 #bc1 is !   
fruit = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( a tree newly 
plant$2  x 0 reput$ unclean1 & no "o 0  
p]mitt$ to eat ( x 9 all  t "t4 ,9 !    
f\r? ye> x 0 (f]$ to ! ,"l2 aft] :i* x  
0 common1 & g5]ally eat54 ,v>i\s reasons
 are assign$ = ?is  precept4 ,z 7#a47   

,because ! fir/-fruits 7 to be (f]$ to  
,god1 :o  requir$ ! be/3 b 9 ?is "t !   
fruit 0 n come to  p]fection4 7#b47 ,x 0
 s]viceable to ! trees !mselves1 :i*    
grew  ! bett] & fa/]2 be+ e>ly /ripp$ ( 
^? fruits :i*  o!rwise w\ld h d]iv$ to  
!mselves1 & drawn away1 mu* ( !  /r5g? f
 ! root & tree4 7#c47 ,x t5d$ to !      
advantage ( m51  bo? because ! fruit 0  
!n wat]i%1 undige/ible1 & un:olesome2  &
 because h]eby m5 7 taught to bridle _! 
appetites1 a lesson  ( great use &      
absolute necessity 9 a godly life4      
,,fuel4 ,9 prep>+ _! victuals1 !        
ori5tals are1 f ! extreme  sc>city (    
wood 9 _m c\ntries1 r$uc$ to use c[ dung
 = fuel4 ,at  ,aleppo1 ! inhabitants use
 wood & *>coal 9 _! rooms1 b heat  _!   
ba?s ) c[ dung1 ! p>+s ( fruit1 & o!r   
?+s ( a  simil> k9d1 :i* !y employ p to 
ga!r = t purpose4 ,9  ,egypt1 accord+ to
 ,pitts1 ! sc>city ( wood is s great1 t 
at  ,cairo !y commonly heat _! ov5s )   
horse or c[ dung1 or dirt (  ! /reets2  
:at wood !y h1 be+ br\ght f ! %ores ( ! 

,black ,sea1 & sold by weight4 ,*>d9    
atte/s ! same fact3 8,!  ea/]n p always 
us$ c[ dung = bak+1 boil+ a pot1 &      
dress+ all k9ds ( victuals t are easily 
cook$1 especially 9  c\ntries t h b     
little wood20 & ,dr4 ,russel rem>ks1 9 a
 note1  t 8! ,arabs c>efully collect !  
dung ( ! %eep & camel1 z  well z t ( !  
c[2 & t ! dung1 (fals1 & o!r matt]s1    
us$ 9 ! bagnios1 aft] hav+ be5 new ga!r$
 9 ! /reets1 are  c>ri$ out ( ! city1 & 
laid 9 great heaps to dry1 :]e !y       
become v (f5sive4 ,!y are intol]ably    
disagreeable1 :ile dry+1  9 ! t[n1      
adjo9+ to ! bagnios2 & are s at all     
times :5 x  ra9s1 ?\gh !y be /ack$1     
press$ h>d toge!r1 & ?at*$ at  top40 ,^!
 /atem5ts exhibit1 9 a v /rong light1 ! 
extreme  mis]y ( ! ,jews1 :o escap$ f ! 
dev\r+ sword (  ,nebu*adnezz>3 8,!y t   
did fe$ delicately are desolate 9 !     
/reets2 !y t 7 br\ght up 9 sc>let       
embrace dunghills10 ,lam4  iv1 #e4 ,to  
embrace dunghills1 is a species (       
wret*$ness1 p]haps  unkn[n to u 9 !     

hi/ory ( mod]n w>f>e2 b x pres5ts a     
dreadful & appall+ image1 :5 !          
circum/ances to :i* x alludes  are      
recollect$4 ,:at c be imag9$ m di/ress+ 
to ^? :o  liv$ delicately1 ?an to w&]   
)\t food 9 ! /reets8 ,:at m  disgu/+ &  
t]rible to ^? :o _h be5 clo!d 9 ri* &   
spl5did g>m5ts1 ?an to be =c$1 by !     
de/ruction ( _!  palaces1 to seek %elt] 
among /acks ( dung1 ! fil? & /5* (  :i* 
x is almo/ impossible to endure8 ,!     
dunghill1 x appe>s f  ,holy ,writ1 is "o
 ( ! common retreats ( ! m5dicant4 ,?is 
imp>ts  great =ce & beauty to a passage 
9 ! song ( ,hannah3 8,he raise?  up !   
poor out ( ! du/1 & lifte? ! begg> f !  
dunghill1  to set !m among pr9ces1 & to 
make !m inh]it ! ?rone (  glory10 #a    
,sam4 ii1 #h4 ,! *ange 9 ! circum/ances 
( t excell5t  woman1 %e reckon$ z great1
 7& x 0 to h] z unexpect$17 z !         
elevation ( a poor despis$ begg> f a    
nause\s & pollut+  dunghill1 r5d]$      
t5fold m fetid by ! int5se heat ( an    
ori5tal  sun1 to "o ( ! highe/ & mo/    

spl5did /ations on e>?4    #b4 ,dung is 
us$ z fuel 9 ! ea/ only :5 wood _c be   
_h2 =  ! latt]1 & ev5 any o!r combu/ible
 sub/ance1 is pref]r$ :5  x c be obta9$4
 ,! inhabitants ( ,aleppo1 accord+ to   
,russel1 use  ?orns & fuel ( a simil>   
k9d = ^? cul9>y purposes :i*  require   
ha/e1 p>ticul>ly = boil+1 :i* seems to  
be ! reason  t ,solomon m5tions !       
8crackl+ ( ?orns "u a pot10 r ?an  9 any
 o!r way4 ,! same allusion to ! use (   
?orns = boil+  occurs 9 o!r p>ts ( !    
sacr$ volume3 ?us1 ! ,psalmi/ speaks (  
! wick$1 8,be=e y\r pots c feel ! ?orns1
 he %all take !m  away z ) a :irlw9d1   
bo? liv+1 & 9 8 wra?40 ,! ,jews are     
sometimes comp>$ 9 ! prophets to 8a br& 
pluck$ out ( !  burn+10 ,amos iv1 #aa2  
,ze*4 iii1 #b2 a figure :i* ,*>d9       
consid]s z  ref]r+ to v9e twigs1 & o!r  
bru%wood :i* ! ori5tals  frequ5tly use =
 fuel1 & :i*1 9 a few m9utes1 mu/ be    
consum$  if !y are n snat*$ out ( !     
fire2 & n to ^? batt5s1 or  l>ge        
bran*es1 :i* w lie a long "t 9 ! fire   

be=e !y are  r$uc$ to a%es4 ,if ?is idea
 be correct1 x displays 9 a /rong] &  m 
lively mann] ! seasonable int]position (
 ,god's m]cy1 ?an is  furni%$ by any o!r
 view ( ! phrase4 ,! same rem>k applies 
to  ! figure by :i* ! ,prophet ,isaiah  
describes ! sudd5 & complete  de/ruction
 ( ,rez91 & ! son ( ,remaliah2 only 9   
?is passage1 !  firebr&s are suppos$ to 
be smok+2 t is1 9 ! op9ion (  ,h>m]1    
hav+ ! /eam issu+ ) =ce f "o end1 9     
consequ5ce  ( ! fire burn+ viol5tly at !
 o!r4 ,! words ( ! prophet  are3 8,take 
he$ & be quiet2 fe> n1 nei!r be         
fa9t-he>t$1 =  ! two tails ( ^! smok+   
firebr&s1 = ! fi]ce ang] ( ,rez9  )     
,syria1 & ( ! son ( ,remaliah10 ,isaiah 
vii1 #d4 ,x is n easy  to conceive an   
image m /rik+ ?an ?is2 ! rema9s ( two   
small  twigs burn+ ) viol5ce at "o end1 
z appe>s by ! /eam+ (  ! o!r1 are soon  
r$uc$ to a%es2 s %all ! k+doms ( ,syria 
&  ,israel s9k into ru9 & disappe>4     
#c4 ,! sc>city ( fuel 9 ! ea/ obliges ! 
inhabitants to use1 by  turns1 e k9d (  

combu/ible matt]4 ,! )]$ /alks ( h]bs  &
 fl[]s1 ! t5drils ( ! v9e1 ! small      
bran*es ( myrtle1  rosem>y1 & o!r       
plants1 are all us$ 9 heat+ _! ov5s &   
bagnios4 ,we c easily recognise ?is     
practice 9 ^! words ( our  ,"l3         
8,consid] ! lilies ( ! field1 h[ !y gr[2
 !y toil n1  nei!r d !y sp93 & yet ,i   
say unto y1 t ,solomon1 9 all 8  glory1 
0 n array$ l "o ( ^!4 ,:]e=e1 if ,god s 
clo!  ! grass ( ! field1 :i* today is1 &
 to-morr[ is ca/ into !  ov51 %all he n 
mu* m clo! y1 ,o ye ( little fai?80     
,matt4  vi1 #bh-cj4 ,! grass ( ! field1 
9 ?is passage1 evid5tly includes  !     
lilies ( :i* our ,"l _h j be5 speak+1 &1
 by  consequ5ce1 h]bs 9 g5]al2 & 9 ?is  
ext5sive s5se ! ^w   is n unfrequ5tly   
tak54 ,^! beautiful productions (       
nature1  s ri*ly array$1 & s exquisitely
 p]fum$1 t ! spl5d\r ev5  ( ,solomon is 
n to be comp>$ ) !irs1 %all soon )] &   
decay1 & be us$ z fuel to heat ! ov5 & !
 bagnio4 ,has ,god s  adorn$ ^! fl[]s & 
plants ( ! field1 :i* reta9 _! beauty  &

 vig\r b = a few days1 & are !n appli$  
to "s ( !  meane/ purposes ( life2 & w  
he n mu* m clo! y :o are  ! disciples ( 
8 own ,son1 :o are capable (            
immortality1 &  de/9$ to ! enjoym5t (   
et]nal happ9ess8    ,,fulness4 8,!      
fulness ( "t0 is ! "t :5 ! ,messiah     
appe>$1  :i* 0 appo9t$ by ,god1 promis$ 
to ! fa!rs1 =etold by !  prophets1      
expect$ by ! ,jews !mselves1 & e>ne/ly  
long$ = by  all ! fai?ful3 8,:5 !       
fulness ( ! "t 0 come1 ,god s5t 8       
,son10 ,gal4 iv1 #d4 ,! fulness ( ,*ri/ 
is ! sup]abundance ( grace  ) :i* he 0  
fill$3 8,( 8 fulness h all we receiv$10 
,john i1  #af4 ,& :]eas m5 are said to  
be fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 z ,john  !    
,bapti/1 ,luke i1 #ae2 & ,/eph51 ,acts  
vi1 #e2 ?is diff]s f !  fulness ( ,*ri/ 
9 ^! ?ree respects3 7#a47 ,grace 9 o!rs 
is by  p>ticipation1 z ! moon ha? h]    
light f ! sun1 riv]s _!  wat]s f !      
f\nta93 b 9 ,*ri/ all t p]fection &     
influ5ce :i* we include 9 t t]m is      
orig9ally1 naturally1 & (  himself4     

7#b47 ,! ,_s is 9 ,*ri/ inf9itely &     
above measure1 ,john  iii1 #cd2 b 9 !   
sa9ts by measure accord+ to ! gift (    
,god1 ,eph4  iv1 #af4 ,! sa9ts _c       
communicate _! graces to o!rs1 :]eas  ! 
gifts ( ! ,_s are 9 ,*ri/ z a head &    
f\nta91 to imp>t  !m to 8 memb]s4 8,we h
 receiv$ ( 8 fulness10 ,john i1 #af4 ,x 
is said1 t 8! fulness ( ! ,godhead      
dwells 9 ,*ri/ bodily10 ,col4  ii1 #b2 t
 is1 ! :ole nature & attributes ( ,god  
are 9 ,*ri/1  & t really1 ess5tially1 or
 sub/antially2 & also p]sonally1 by     
ne>e/ union2 z ! s\l dwells 9 ! body1 s 
t ! same p]son  :o is man is ,god also4 
,! *ur* is call$ ! fulness ( ,*ri/1     
,eph4  i1 #bc4 ,x is ! *ur* :i* makes   
him a complete & p]fect head2 =  ?\gh he
 has a natural & p]sonal fulness z ,god1
 yet1 z ,m$iator1  he is n full &       
complete1 )\t 8 my/ical body1 7z a k+ is
  n complete )\t 8 subjects17 b receives
 an outw>d1 relative1  & my/ical fulness
 f 8 memb]s4    ,,fun]al ,,rites4 ,see  
,,burial4    ,,furnace1 a fireplace =   

melt+ gold & o!r metals4 8,! f9+ pot  is
 = silv]1 ! furnace = gold10 ,prov4     
xvii1 #c4 ,x signifies also a  place (  
cruel bondage & oppression1 su* z ,egypt
 0 to !  ,israelites1 :o !re met ) mu*  
h>d%ip1 rig\r1 & sev]ity1 to  try &     
purge !m1 ,deut4 iv1 #bj2 ,j]4 xi1 #d2 !
 %>p & griev\s  afflictions & judgm5ts1 
:]e) ,god tries 8 p1 ,ezek4 xxii1  #ah2 
xx1 #bb2 also a place ( torm5t1 z       
,nebu*adnezz>'s fi]y furnace1  ,dan4    
iii1 #f1 #aa4 ,on ! la/ we may rem>k1 t 
?is mode ( putt+ to  dea? is n unusual 9
 ! ea/ 9 mod]n times4 ,aft] speak+ ( !  
common modes ( puni%+ ) dea? 9 ,p]sia1  
,*>d9 says1 8,b !re  is /ill a p>ticul> 
way ( putt+ to dea? su* z h transgress$ 
9 civil affairs1 ei!r by caus+ a de>?1  
or by sell+ above !  tax by a false     
weight1 or :o h committ$ !mselves 9 any 
o!r  mann]3 !y are put ^u a spit & roa/$
 ov] a sl[ fire1 ,j]4  xxix1 #bb4       
,bak]s1 :5 !y (f5d1 are ?r[n into a hot 
ov54 ,dur+  ! de>? 9 #affh1 ,i saw su*  
ov5s heat$ 9 ! royal squ>e 9  ,ispahan1 

to t]rify ! bak]s1 & det] !m f d]iv+    
advantage  f ! g5]al di/ress40          
,,gabba?a1 a place 9 ,pilate's palace1 f
 :5ce he pron\nc$ s5t5ce  ( dea? ^u     
,jesus ,*ri/1 ,john xix1 #ac4 ,?is 0    
probably an em95ce1  or t]race1 pav$ )  
m>ble1 = ! ,hebrew means elevat$4       
,,gabriel1 "o ( ! pr9cipal angels (     
heav54 ,he 0 s5t to !  ,prophet ,daniel1
 to expla9 to him ! visions ( ! ram &   
goat1 &  ! my/]y ( ! sev5ty weeks1 :i*  
_h be5 reveal$ to him1 ,dan4  viii1 #ae2
 ix1 #ba2 xi1 #a1 c4 ,! same angel 0 s5t
 to ,ze*>iah1 to  decl>e to him ! future
 bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,luke i1 #aa1  
c4 ,six  mon?s aft] ?is he appe>$ to a  
virg91 ^: "n 0 ,m>y1 ( !  city (        
,naz>e?1 z relat$ ,luke i1 #bf1 c4      
,,gad 0 ! "n ( ! son ( ,jacob & ,zilpah1
 ,leah's s]vant1 ,g54  xxx1 #i-aa4      
,leah1 ,jacob's wife1 gave him also     
,zilpah1 t by h] %e  might h *ildr54    
,zilpah br\ght a son1 :om ,leah call$   
,gad1 say+1  8,a troop come?40 ,gad _h  
sev5 sons1 ,ziphion1 ,haggi1 ,%uni1     

,ezbon1 ,eri1  ,arodi1 & ,areli1 ,g5esis
 xlvi1 #af4 ,jacob1 bless+ ,gad1 said1  
8,a troop  %all ov]come him1 b he %all  
ov]come at ! la/10 ,g54 xlix1 #ai2  &   
,moses1 9 8 la/ song1 m5tions ,gad z 8a 
lion :i* te>e? !  arm ) ! cr[n ( !      
head10 c1 ,deut4 xxxiii1 #bj1 #ba4 ,!   
tribe (  ,gad came out ( ,egypt 9 numb] 
=ty-five ?\s& six hundr$ &  fifty4 ,aft]
 ! defeat ( ! k+s ,og & ,sihon1 ,gad &  
,reub5  desir$ to h _! lot 9 ! conqu]$  
c\ntry1 & alleg$ _!  great numb] (      
cattle4 ,moses grant$ _! reque/1 on     
condition t  !y w\ld accompany _!       
bre?r51 & assi/ 9 ! conque/ ( !  l&     
beyond ,jordan4 ,gad _h 8 inh]itance    
betwe5 ,reub5 s\?1 &  ,manasseh nor?1 ) 
! m\nta9s ( ,gilead ea/1 & ,jordan we/4 
#b4 ,,gad1 a prophet1 ,david's fri5d1 :o
 foll[$ him :5 p]secut$ by  ,saul4 ,!   
,scripture calls him a prophet &        
,david's se]1 #b ,sam4 xxiv1  #aa4 ,!   
fir/ "t we f9d him ) ?is pr9ce is :5 he 
fl$ into !  l& ( ,moab1 #a ,sam4 xxii1  
#e1 to secure 8 fa!r & "m 9 !  fir/ ye> 

( ,saul's p]secution4 ,! ,prophet ,gad  
w>n$ him to return  into ! l& ( ,judah4 
,aft] ,david _h det]m9$ to numb] 8 p1  !
 ,"l s5t to him ! ,prophet ,gad1 to (f] 
him 8 *oice ( ?ree  sc\rges3 sev5 ye>s' 
fam9e1 or ?ree mon?s' flight be=e 8     
enemies1 or ?ree days' pe/il5ce4 ,gad   
also direct$ ,david to erect an  alt> to
 ! ,"l1 9 ! ?re%+ floor ( ,ornan or     
,araunah1 !  ,jebusite1 #b ,sam4 xxiv1  
#ac-ai2 & he wrote a hi/ory ( ,david's  
life1  cit$ 9 #a ,*ron4 xxix1 #bi4      
,,gad>a1 a city :i* gave "n to ! c\ntry 
( ! ,gad>5es2 situat$  on a /eep rocky  
hill on ! riv] ,hi]omax1 or ,y]muck1    
ab\t five  miles f its junction ) !     
,jordan4 ,x 0 a place ( consid]able     
note 9 ! "t ( ,josephus1 & ! metropolis 
( ,p]a1 or !  c\ntry beyond ,jordan4 ,x 
0 also celebrat$ = its hot ba?s4 ,!     
vic9ity 0 likewise call$ ! c\ntry ( !   
,g]ges5es1 f ,g]asa1  or ,g]gesa1 ano!r 
consid]able city 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 
,?us  ! miracle ( our ,"l p]=m$ "h is   
repres5t$ by ,/4 ,m>k to  h be5 done 9 !

 c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es1 ,m>k v1 #a2 & by  
,/4  ,mat!w1 9 t ( ! ,g]ges5es1 ,matt4  
viii1 #bh4    ,,galatia1 a prov9ce ( !  
,less] ,asia1 b\nd$ on ! we/ by         
,phrygia1  on ! ea/ by ! riv] ,haylys1  
on ! nor? by ,paphlagonia1 & on !  s\?  
by ,lycaonia4 ,! ,galatians are said to 
h be5 desc5d$ f  ^? ,gauls1 :o1 f9d+ _! 
own c\ntry too /rait = !m1 left  x1 aft]
 ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 9 que/ ( new
 settlem5ts4  ,quitt+ _! own c\ntry1 !y 
migrat$ ea/w>d along ! ,danube till  !y 
came :]e ! ,saave jo9s t riv]2 !n divid+
 !mselves  into ?ree bodies1 "u !       
conduct ( diff]5t lead]s1 "o ( ^!       
bodies ent]$ ,pannonia2 ano!r m>*$ into 
,?race2 a ?ird into  ,illyricum &       
,mac$onia4 ,! p>ty :i* proce$$ into     
,?race1 cross$  ! ,bosphorus into !     
,less] ,asia1 & hir+ !mselves to        
,nicom$es1  k+ ( ,bi?ynia1 assi/$ him to
 subdue 8 bro!r ,zipetes1 ) :om  he 0 !n
 at w>2 & z a rew>d ( _! s]vices !y     
receiv$ f  him a c\ntry 9 ! middle (    
,asia ,m9or1 :i* f !m 0 aft]w>d  call$  

,gallo-,grcia1 &1 by contraction1       
,galatia4 ,z _! inl&  situation 9 a     
great measure cut !m (f f all int]c\rse 
) m  civiliz$ nations1 ! ,galatians long
 rema9$ a rude & illit]ate  p4 ,& z a   
pro( ( ?is1 x is m5tion$ by ,j]om1 t :5 
!  ,apo/le ,paul prea*$ ! ,gospel among 
!m1 & = _m ages  aft]w>d1 !y cont9u$ to 
speak ! language ( ! c\ntry f  :5ce !y  
came out4    #b4 ,paul & ,b>nabas c>ri$ 
! light ( ! ,gospel into ! regions (    
,galatia at a v e>ly p]iod2 & x appe>s f
 ! epi/le :i*  ! =m] subsequ5tly wrote  
to ! *ur*es 9 t c\ntry1 t !y  _h at fir/
 receiv$ x ) great joy1 ,gal4 iv1 #ae4  
,b "s ,judaiz+  tea*]s gett+ access     
among !m soon aft] ! ,apo/le's dep>ture1
  _! m9ds became corrupt$ f ! simplicity
 t 0 9 ,*ri/  ,jesus2 &1 ?\gh mo/ly     
,g5tiles1 !y 7 beg9n+ to m+le           
circumcision1 & o!r ,jewi% obs]vances1 )
 _! fai? 9 ,*ri/1  9 ord] to r5d] x m   
available to _! salvation4 ,?is         
occasion$  ,paul's writ+ 8 epi/le to ^? 
*ur*es2 & 8 object ?r\gh\t  ne>ly ! :ole

 ( x is to c\nt]act ! p]nici\s influ5ce 
( !  doctr9e ( ^? false tea*]s          
p>ticul>ly z x respect$ !  article (    
ju/ification1 or a s9n]'s acceptance )  
,god4 ,& 9 no  "p ( ! ,apo/le's writ+s  
is t important doctr9e h&l$ 9 a  m full 
& explicit mann]2 nor does he any :]e   
display1 su* a  firm1 det]m9$1 &        
inflexible opposition to all :o w\ld    
corrupt !  tru? f its simplicity4 ,he   
beg9s by express+ 8 a/oni%m5t t  !y 7 s 
soon turn$ aside 8unto ano!r gospel10 b 
in/antly  *eck+ himself1 he recals ! ^w 
& decl>es1 8x is n ano!r  gospel10 b a  
p]v]sion ( ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/4 8,& ?\gh  
we1 or an  angel f heav51 prea* any o!r 
gospel unto y ?an t :i* we  h prea*$    
unto y1 let him be accurs$40 ,!re are 9 
8 epi/le  sev]al o!r ?+s equally po9t$ &
 sev]e1 p>ticul>ly 8  expo/ulation on ! 
folly & absurdity ( _! conduct 9        
subject+  !mselves to ! ,jewi% yoke (   
bondage1 ,gal4 iii1 #a4 8,! errone\s    
doctr9es ( ! ,judaiz+ tea*]s10 says ,dr4
 ,macknight1 8& !  calumnies !y spread =

 ! purpose ( discr$it+ ,/4 ,paul's      
apo/le%ip1 no d\bt occasion$ great      
uneas9ess ( m9d to him & to  ! fai?ful 9
 t age1 & did mu* hurt1 at lea/ = a     
:ile1 among  ! ,galatians4 ,b 9 ! issue 
^! evils h prov$ ( no small  s]vice to !
 *ur* 9 g5]al2 = by oblig+ ! ,apo/le to 
produce  ! evid5ces ( 8 apo/le%ip1 & to 
relate ! hi/ory ( 8 life1  especially   
aft] 8 conv]sion1 we h obta9$ ! fulle/  
assurance  ( 8 be+ a real ,apo/le1 call$
 to ! (fice by ,jesus ,*ri/  himself2   
consequ5tly we are assur$ t our fai? 9 !
 doctr9es (  ! ,gospel1 z taught by him1
 7& x is he :o ha? taught ! peculi>     
doctr9es ( ! ,gospel mo/ fully17 is n   
built on ! cr$it ( a  man1 b on !       
au?ority ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 by :om ,/4     
,paul 0  inspir$ 9 ! :ole ( ! doctr9e   
:i* he has deliv]$ to !  _w40           
,,galbanum1 1 ,exod4 xxx1 #cd4 ,mi*alis 
makes ! ^w a comp\nd (  1 milk or gum1  
7= ! ,syriac uses ! n\n 9 bo? s5ses17 & 
1 :ite1 z be+ ! :ite milk or gum ( a    
plant4 ,x is !  ?ick5$ sap ( an         

umbellif]\s plant1 call$ metopion1 :i*  
gr[s  on ,m\nt ,amanus1 9 ,syria1 & is  
frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,p]sia1 & 9  "s p>ts ( 
,africa4 ,x 0 an +r$i5t 9 ! holy inc5se 
( !  ,jews4    ,,galileans4 ,9 ! twelf? 
ye> ( ,*ri/1 ab\t ! "t t ,ar*elaus  0   
s5t away f 8 gov]nm5t1 a secession 0    
made f ! sect (  ! ,ph>isees1 & a new   
sect arose1 call$ ! ,galileans4 ,n long 
aft] ?is "t1 ,judea1 :i* 0 a ,roman     
prov9ce1 0 add$1 = civil  purposes1 to  
,syria1 ov] :i* ,quir9us 0 gov]nor4 ,x  
happ5$1 :5  ! tax 0 levi$ by ,quir9us1 t
 "o ,judas1 ( ,galilee1 o!rwise  call$  
,gaulonites1 9 company ) ,zaduk1 a      
,sadducee1 publicly taught1  t su*      
taxation 0 repugnant to ! law ( ,moses1 
accord+ to :i*  ! ,jews1 !y ma9ta9$1 _h 
no k+ b ,god4 ,! tumults :i* ?is  man   
excit$ 7 suppress$1 ,acts v1 #cg2 b 8   
disciples1 :o 7  call$ ,galileans1      
cont9u$ to propagate ?is doctr9e1 &1    
f>!rmore1 requir$ ( all proselytes t !y 
%\ld be circumcis$4  ,x 0 9 ref]5ce to  
?is sect t ! capti\s "q 0 propos$  9    

,matt4 xxii1 #ag1 c2 namely1 :e!r x 0   
lawful to give tribute to  ,cs>4 ,!     
,galileans1 :om ,pilate slew 9 ! temple1
 ,luke xiii1 #a1 #b1  appe> to h be5 (  
?is sect4 ,by degrees1 ! ,galileans     
swall[$ up  almo/ all ! o!r sects2 & x  
is highly probable t ! zealots1         
p>ticul>ly m5tion$ at ! siege (         
,j]usalem1 7 ( ?is faction4    ,,galilee
 0 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive prov9ces into :i*
 ! ,holy ,l&  0 divid$4 ,x exce$$ ,judea
 9 ext5t1 b probably v>i$ 9 its  limits 
at diff]5t times4 ,?is prov9ce is divid$
 by ! rabb9s into1  #a4 ,! ,upp]2 #b4 ,!
 ,ne!r2 &1 #c4 ,! ,valley4 ,josephus    
divides x  into only ,upp] & ,l[]2 & he 
says t ! limits ( ,galilee 71  on ! s\?1
 ,sam>ia & ,scy?opolis1 unto ! flood (  
,jordan4 ,galilee  conta9$ f\r tribes1  
,issa*>1 ,zebulun1 ,naphtali1 & ,a%]2 a 
"p1  also1 ( ,dan1 & "p ( ,p]a1 t is1   
beyond ! riv]4 ,upp]  ,galilee ab\nd$ 9 
m\nta9s4 ,l[] ,galilee1 :i* conta9$ !   
tribes  ( ,zebulun & ,a%]1 0 sometimes  
call$ ! ,great ,field1 8!  *ampaign10   

,deut4 xi1 #cj4 ,! ,valley 0 adjac5t to 
! sea (  ,tib]ias4 ,josephus describes  
,galilee z v popul\s1 & conta9+  two    
hundr$ & f\r cities & t[ns4 ,x 0 also v 
ri*1 & paid  two hundr$ tal5ts 9        
tribute4 ,! natives 7 brave & good      
soldi]s2 b !y 7 s$iti\s1 & prone to     
insol5ce & rebellion4  ,9 ! books (     
,ezra & ,nehemiah1 ! inhabitants (      
,galilee & ,p]a  are sc>cely m5tion$1   
:e!r !y 7 ,jews return$ f ,babylon1 or  
a mixture ( diff]5t nations4 ,! language
 ( ^! regions diff]$  consid]ably f t ( 
,judea2 z did v>i\s cu/oms1 9 :i* ea*   
foll[$ its own mode4 ,our ,"l s         
frequ5tly visit$ ,galilee1 t he  0 call$
 a ,galilean1 ,matt4 xxvi1 #fi4 ,!      
population ( ,galilee be+  v great1 he  
_h _m opportunities ( do+ good 9 ?is    
c\ntry2  &1 be+ !re out ( ! p[] ( !     
prie/s at ,j]usalem1 he seems  to h     
pref]r$ x z 8 abode4 ,naz>e? & ,cap]naum
 7 9 ?is  division4 ,f su* a mixture (  
p1 _m prov9cialisms might be  expect$4  
,h5ce1 we f9d ,pet] detect$ by 8        

language1 probably by 8  phraseology1 z 
well z 8 pronunciation1 ,m>k xiv1 #gj4  
,upp] ,galilee  _h ,m\nt ,lebanon & !   
c\ntries ( ,tyre & ,sidon on ! nor?2 !  
,m$it]ranean ,sea on ! we/2 ,abil5e1    
,itura1 & ! c\ntry ( !  ,decapolis1 on !
 ea/2 & ,l[] ,galilee on ! s\?4 ,its    
pr9cipal  city 0 ,cs>ea ,philippi4 ,?is 
"p ( ,galilee1 be+ less inhabit$ by     
,jews1 0 !nce call$ ,galilee ( !        
,nations1 or ( ! ,g5tiles4  ,l[]        
,galilee _h ! upp] division ( ! same    
c\ntry to ! nor?2  ! ,m$it]ranean on !  
we/2 ! sea ( ,galilee4 or lake (        
,g5nes>e?1 on ! ea/2 & ,sam>ia on ! s\?4
 ,its pr9cipal cities  7 ,tib]ias1      
,*oraz91 ,be?saida1 ,naz>e?1 ,cana1     
,cap]naum1 ,na91  ,cs>ea ( ,pale/9e1 &  
,ptolemais4 ,?is di/rict 0 ( all o!rs   
mo/ hon\r$ ) ! pres5ce ( our ,savi\r4   
,"h he 0 conceiv$2  "h he 0 br\ght back 
by 8 "m & reput$ fa!r1 aft] _!  return f
 ,egypt2 "h he liv$ ) !m till he 0 ?irty
 ye>s (  age2 &1 al?\gh aft] 8 entrance 
on 8 public m9i/ry he  frequ5tly visit$ 

! o!r prov9ces1 x 0 "h t he *iefly      
resid$4 ,"h1 also1 he made 8 fir/       
appe>ance aft] 8 resurrection  to 8     
,apo/les1 :o 7 !mselves natives ( ! same
 c\ntry1 &  7 !nce call$ m5 ( ,galilee4 
,,galilee1 ,sea (4 ,?is inl& sea1 or m  
prop]ly lake1 :i* d]ives  its sev]al    
names1 ! lake ( ,tib]ias1 ! sea (       
,galilee1 & !  lake ( ,g5nes>e?1 f !    
t]ritory :i* =ms its we/]n &  s\?-we/]n 
bord]1 is comput$ to be betwe5 sev5te5 &
 eighte5  miles 9 l5g?1 & f five to six 
9 bread?4 ,! m\nta9s on !  ea/ come     
close to its %ore1 & ! c\ntry on t side 
has n a  v agreeable aspect3 on ! we/1 x
 has ! pla9 ( ,tib]ias1 !  high gr\nd ( 
! pla9 ( ,hut91 or ,hotte91 ! pla9 (    
,g5nes>e?1  & ! foot ( ^? hills by :i* y
 asc5d to ! high m\nta9 (  ,saphet4 ,to 
! nor? & s\? x has a pla9 c\ntry1 or    
valley4 ,!re  is a curr5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole
 bread? ( ! lake1 ev5 to !  %ore2 & !   
passage ( ! ,jordan ?r\gh x is          
disc]nible by !  smoo?ness ( ! surface 9
 t "p4 ,v>i\s travell]s h giv5  diff]5t 

acc\nts ( its g5]al aspect4 ,accord+ to 
,capta9 ,mangles1  ! l& ab\t x has no   
/rik+ features1 & ! sc5]y is  altoge!r  
devoid ( "*4 8,x appe>$10 he says1 8to  
p>ticul>  disadvantage to u1 aft] ^?    
beautiful lakes we _h se5 9  ,switz]l&2 
b x becomes a v int]e/+ object :5 y     
consid]  ! frequ5t allusions to x 9 !   
,gospel n>rative40 ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 on  !   
contr>y1 speaks ( ! uncommon gr&eur (   
?is memorable sc5]y4  8,! lake (        
,g5nes>e?10 he says1 8is surr\nd$ by    
objects well  calculat$ to height5 !    
solemn impressions made by su*          
recollections1 & af=ds "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ 
prospects 9 !  ,holy ,l&4 ,speak+ ( x   
comp>atively1 x may be describ$ z long] 
& f9] ?an any ( our ,cumb]l& &          
,we/morel& lakes1 al?\gh  p]haps inf]ior
 to ,lo* ,lomond4 ,x does n possess !   
va/ness ( !  lake ( ,g5eva1 al?\gh x mu*
 resembles x 9 c]ta9 po9ts ( view4  ,9  
picturesque beauty1 x comes ne>e/ to !  
lake ( ,loc>no1 9  ,italy1 al?\gh x is  
de/itute ( any ?+ simil> to ! isl&s by  

:i* t maje/ic piece ( wat] is adorn$4 ,x
 is inf]ior 9  magnitude1 & 9 ! height (
 its surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 to ! ,lake       
,asphaltites40 ,mr4 ,buck+ham may p]haps
 be consid]$ z hav+ giv5  ! mo/ accurate
 acc\nt1 & "o :i* reconciles1 9 "s      
degree1 !  diff]+ /atem5ts above cit$1  
:51 speak+ ( ! lake z se5  f ,tel ,hoom1
 he says1 t its appe>ance is gr&1 b t ! 
b>r5 aspect ( ! m\nta9s on ea* side1 & !
 total abs5ce (  wood1 give a ca/ (     
dulness to ! picture3 ?is is increas$ to
  melan*oly by ! dead calm ( its wat]s1 
& ! sil5ce :i* reigns  ?r\gh\t its :ole 
ext5t1 :]e n a boat or vessel ( any k9d 
is  to be f\nd4 ,! situation ( ! lake1  
ly+1 z x 71 9 a deep  bas9 betwe5 !     
hills :i* enclose x on all sides1       
except+ only  ! n>r[ entrance & outlets 
( ! ,jordan at ei!r end1 protects  its  
wat]s f long-cont9u$ tempe/s3 its       
surface is 9 g5]al z  smoo? z t ( !     
,dead ,sea4 ,b ! same local features    
r5d] x  occasionally subject to         
:irlw9ds1 squalls1 & sudd5 gu/s f !     

m\nta9s1 ( %ort duration2 especially :5 
! /rong curr5t =m$  by ! ,jordan is     
oppos$ by a w9d ( ?is description f !   
s\?-ea/1 sweep+ f ! m\nta9s ) ! =ce ( a 
hurricane1  x may easily be conceiv$ t a
 boi/]\s sea mu/ be in/antly  rais$1 :i*
 ! small vessels ( ! c\ntry w\ld be     
unable to  resi/4 ,a /orm ( ?is         
description is pla9ly d5ot$ by !        
language  ( ! evangeli/1 9 rec\nt+ "o ( 
our ,"l's miracles3 8,!re came  d[n a   
/orm ( w9d on ! lake1 & !y 7 fill$ )    
wat]1 &  7 9 jeop>dy4 ,!n he arose1 &   
rebuk$ ! w9d & ! rag+ (  ! wat]2 & !y   
ceas$1 & !re 0 a calm10 ,luke viii1 #bc1
 #bd4  ,!re 7 fleets ( "s =ce on ?is    
lake dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,jews  ) ! ,romans1 
& v bloody battles 7 f\ght betwe5 !m4   
,josephus gives a p>ticul> acc\nt ( a   
naval engagem5t betwe5 !  ,romans "u    
,vespasian1 & ! ,jews :o _h revolt$ dur+
 !  adm9i/ration ( ,agrippa4 ,titus &   
,trajan 7 bo? pres5t1 &  ,vespasian     
himself 0 on bo>d ! ,roman fleet4 ,!    
rebel =ce  consi/$ ( an imm5se          

multitude1 :o1 z fugitives aft] !       
capture  ( ,t>i*a by ,titus1 _h s\ght   
refuge on ! wat]4 ,! vessels 9  :i* !   
,romans defeat$ !m 7 built = ! occasion1
 & yet 7  l>g] ?an ! ,jewi% %ips4 ,!    
victory 0 foll[$ by s t]rible a         
slaught] ( ! ,jews1 t no?+ 0 to be se51 
ei!r on ! lake  or its %ores1 b ! blood 
& mangl$ corses ( ! sla92 & !  air 0    
infect$ by ! numb] ( dead bodies4 ,six  
?\s& five hundr$  p]sons are /at$ to h  
p]i%$ 9 ?is naval engagem5t1 & 9 !      
battle ( ,t>i*a1 beside twelve hundr$ :o
 7 aft]w>d massacr$  9 cold blood1 by   
ord] ( ,vespasian1 9 ! amphi!atre at    
,tib]ias1  & a va/ numb] :o 7 giv5 to   
,agrippa z slaves4    ,,gall1 1 some?+  
excessively bitt]1 & suppos$ to be      
poison\s1  ,deut4 xxix1 #ah2 xxxii1 #cb2
 ,psalm lxix1 #ba2 ,j]4 viii1 #ad2 ix1  
#ae2 xxiii1  #ae2 ,lam4 iii1 #ai2 ,hosea
 x1 #d2 ,amos vi1 #ab4 ,x is evid5t1 f !
  fir/-m5tion$ place1 t "s h]b or plant 
is meant ( a malignant  or nause\s k9d4 
,x is jo9$ ) wormwood1 &1 9 ! m>g9 ( our

  ,bibles1 expla9$ to be 8a v poisonful 
h]b40 ,9 ,psalm lxix1 #ba1  :i* is ju/ly
 consid]$ z a prophecy ( our ,savi\r's  
suff]+s1 x  is said1 8,!y gave me  to   
eat02 :i* ! ,,lxx h r5d]$ 1  gall4 ,&1  
accord+ly1 x is record$ 9 ! hi/ory1 8,!y
 gave him  v9eg> to dr9k1 m+l$ ) gall10 
1 ,matt4 xxvii1 #cd4  ,b1 9 ! p>allel   
passage1 x is said to be1  1  8w9e m+l$ 
) myrrh10 ,m>k xv1 #bc1 a v bitt]       
+r$i5t4 ,f  :5ce x is probable t 1 &    
p]haps 1 may be us$ z a  g5]al "n =     
:atev] is exce$+ly bitt]2 &1            
consequ5tly1  :]e ! s5se requires x1 may
 be put specially = any bitt] h]b or    
plant1 ! infusion ( :i* may be call$ 4  
,,gallio 0 ! "n ( ! bro!r ( ,s5eca1 !   
philosoph]4 ,he 0 at  fir/ nam$ ,m>cus  
,annu ,novatus2 b1 be+ adopt$ by ,lucius
 ,junius  ,gallio1 he took ! "n ( 8     
adoptive fa!r4 ,! ,emp]or ,claudius     
made him proconsul ( ,a*aia4 ,he 0 ( a  
mild & agreeable temp]4 ,to  him 8 bro!r
 ,s5eca d$icat$ 8 books1 8,( ,ang]40 ,he
 %>$ 9 !  =tunes ( 8 bro!rs1 z well :5  

out ( fav\r z 9 _!  prosp]ity at c\rt4  
,at l5g?1 ,n]o put him1 z well z !m1 to 
dea?4  ,! ,jews 7 enrag$ at ,/4 ,paul = 
conv]t+ _m ,g5tiles1 &  dragg$ him to ! 
tribunal ( ,gallio1 :o1 z proconsul1    
g5]ally  resid$ at ,cor9?1 ,acts xviii1 
#ab1 #ac4 ,!y accus$ him ( tea*+  8m5 to
 wor%ip ,god contr>y to ! law40 ,/4     
,paul be+ ab\t to speak1  ,gallio told !
 ,jews1 t if ! matt] 9 "q 7 a brea* (   
ju/ice1 or an action ( a crim9al nature1
 he %\ld ?9k himself  oblig$ to he> !m2 
b1 z ! dispute 0 only conc]n+ _! law1   
he w\ld n det]m9e su* diff]5ces1 nor    
judge !m4 ,so/h5es1 !  *ief rul] ( !    
synagogue1 0 beat5 by ! ,greeks be=e    
,gallio's  seat ( ju/ice2 b ?is gov]nor 
did n conc]n himself ab\t x4 ,8  ab/a9+ 
f int]f]+ 9 a religi\s controv]sy did   
cr$it to 8  prud5ce2 nev]!less1 8 "n has
 oddly pass$ into a reproa*ful  prov]b2 
& a man reg>dless ( all piety is call$  
8a ,gallio10 & is  said 8,gallio-l to   
c>e = none ( ^! ?+s40 ,little did ?is   
,roman anticipate t 8 "n w\ld be s      

immortaliz$4    ,,gamaliel1 a celebrat$ 
rabbi1 & doctor ( ! ,jewi% law1 "u ^:   
tuition ! great ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles 0  
br\ght up1 ,acts xxii1 #c4  ,b>nabas &  
,/eph5 are also suppos$ to h be5 among !
 numb] (  8 pupils4 ,soon aft] ! day (  
p5teco/1 :5 ! ,jewi% sanh$rim  began to 
be al>m$ at ! progress ! ,gospel 0 mak+ 
9 ,j]usalem1  & consequ5tly wi%$ to put 
to dea? ! ,apo/les1 9 ! hope (  *eck+   
its f>!r progress1 !y 7 appreh5d$ &     
br\ght be=e  ! national c\ncil1 ( :i*   
,gamaliel seems to h be5 a lead+  memb]4
 ,x is v probable t _m zealots among !m 
w\ld h  despat*$ ! affair 9 a v summ>y  
mann]1 b _! impetuosity  0 *eck$ by !   
cool & prud5t advice ( ,gamaliel2 =1    
hav+  reque/$ ! ,apo/les to )draw = a   
:ile1 he repres5t$ to !  sanh$rim t1 if 
! ,apo/les 7 no bett] ?an impo/ors1 _!  
fallacy w\ld quickly be discov]$2 b on !
 o!r h&1 if :at !y  7 engag$ 9 0 f ,god1
 x 0 va9 = !m to attempt to  fru/rate x1
 s9ce x 0 ! height ( folly to cont5d ) !
  ,almighty4 ,! assembly saw ! wisdom ( 

8 c\nsel1 & v prud5tly  *ang$ ! s5t5ce1 
^u :i* !y 7 orig9ally b5t aga9/ !       
,apo/les' lives1 into t ( corporal      
puni%m5t4    #b4 ,x may "h also be      
rem>k$1 t ! sanh$rim c\ld n !mselves    
believe t tale :i* !y _h dilig5tly      
circulat$ among ! p1  t ! disciples _h  
/ol5 away ! body ( ,jesus1 & !n pret5d$ 
t he _h aris5 f ! dead4 ,if ! ,jewi%    
c\ncil _h ?\ght  ?is1 x w\ld h be5 v    
absurd 9 ,gamaliel to exhort !m to wait 
to see :e!r 8! c\nsel & "w0 0 ( ,god1 t 
is1 :e!r !  ,apo/les relat$ a fact :5 !y
 prea*$ ! resurrection1 &  gr\nd$ !     
div9e au?ority ( _! religion ^u t fact4 
,gamaliel's advice 0 :olly bas$ ^u !    
admission1 t an  extraord9>y1 & to !m an
 inexplicable1 ev5t _h happ5$4          
,,games4 ,games & combats 7 in/itut$ by 
! anci5ts 9 hon\r (  _! gods2 & 7       
celebrat$ ) t view by ! mo/ poli%$ &    
enlight5$ nations ( antiquity4 ,! mo/   
r5[n$ h]oes1 legislators1  & /atesm51   
did n ?9k x unbecom+ _! "* & dignity1   
to m+le ) ! combatants1 or cont5d 9 !   

race2 !y ev5  reckon$ x glori\s to %>e 9
 ! ex]cises1 & m]itori\s to c>ry  away !
 prize4 ,! victors 7 cr[n$ ) a wrea? (  
laurel 9  pres5ce ( _! c\ntry2 !y 7     
celebrat$ 9 ! raptur\s  effusions ( _!  
poets2 !y 7 admir$1 & almo/ ador$1 by ! 
innum]able multitudes :i* flock$ to !   
games1 f e "p (  ,greece1 & _m ( !      
adjac5t c\ntries4 ,!y return$ to _! own 
homes 9 a triumphal *>iot1 & made _!    
entrance into _! native  city1 n ?r\gh !
 gates :i* admitt$ ! vulg> ?rong1 b     
?r\gh a brea* 9 ! walls1 :i* 7 brok5 d[n
 to give !m  admission2 & at ! same "t  
to express ! p]suasion ( _!  fell[      
citiz5s1 t walls are ( small use to a   
city def5d$ by m5  ( su* tri$ c\rage &  
ability4 ,h5ce ! surpris+ ard\r :i*     
animat$ all ! /ates ( ,greece to imitate
 ! anci5t h]oes1 &  encircle _! br[s )  
wrea?s1 :i* r5d]$ !m /ill m !  objects (
 admiration or envy to succe$+ times1   
?an ! victories  !y _h ga9$1 or ! laws  
!y _h enact$4    #b4 ,b ! in/itutors (  
^? games & combats _h high] & nobl]     

objects 9 view ?an v5]ation = ! mighty  
dead1 or !  gratification ( ambition or 
vanity2 x 0 _! design to prep>e !  y\? =
 ! pr(ession ( arms2 to confirm _!      
heal?2 to improve  _! /r5g?1 _! vig\r1 &
 activity2 to inure !m to fatigue2  & to
 r5d] !m intrepid 9 close fight1 :]e1 9 
! infancy ( !  art ( w>1 muscul> =ce    
commonly decid$ ! victory4 ,?is /atem5t 
acc\nts = ! /rik+ allusions :i* !       
,apo/le ,paul makes 9 8  epi/les to ^!  
celebrat$ ex]cises4 ,su* ref]5ces 7     
calculat$  to t\* ! he>t ( a ,greek1 & (
 e "o famili>ly acqua9t$  ) !m1 9 !     
livelie/ mann]1 z well z to place be=e !
 eye  ( 8 m9d ! mo/ gl[+ & correct      
images ( spiritual & div9e  ?+s4 ,no    
passages 9 ! n]v\s & eloqu5t epi/les f !
 p5 (  ,/4 ,paul1 h be5 m admir$ by !   
critics & expositors ( all  times1 ?an  
^? into :i* "s allusion to ^! agoni/ic  
ex]cises  is introduc$2 &1 p]haps1 none 
are calculat$ to leave a deep]          
impression on ! ,*ri/ian's m9d1 or      
excite a /rong] & m  salut>y influ5ce on

 8 actions4 ,c]ta9 p]sons 7 appo9t$ to  
take c>e t all ?+s 7 done accord+ to    
cu/om1 to decide  controv]sies t happ5$ 
among ! antagoni/s1 & to adjudge !      
prize to ! victor4 ,"s em95t writ]s are 
( op9ion t ,*ri/ is  call$ ! 8,au?or &  
,f9i%] ( fai?10 9 allusion to ^! judges4
  ,^? :o 7 design$ = ! pr(ession (      
a?let1 or combatants1  frequ5t$ f _!    
e>lie/ ye>s ! academies ma9ta9$ = t     
purpose at ! public exp5se4 ,9 ^! places
 !y 7 ex]cis$ "u  ! direction ( diff]5t 
ma/]s1 :o employ$ ! mo/ effectual       
me?ods to inure _! bodies = ! fatigues (
 ! public games1 &  to =m !m = !        
combats4 ,! regim5 to :i* !y submitt$ 0 
v h>d & sev]e4 ,at fir/1 !y _h no o!r   
n\ri%m5t ?an dri$  figs1 nuts1 s(t      
*eese1 & a gross heavy sort ( bread     
call$ 2  !y 7 absolutely =bidd5 ! use ( 
w9e1 & enjo9$ cont95ce4  ,:5 !y propos$ 
to cont5d 9 ! ,olympian games1 !y 7     
oblig$  to repair to ! public gymnasium 
at ,elis1 t5 mon?s be=e !  solemnity1   
:]e !y prep>$ !mselves by cont9ual      

ex]cises4 ,no man  t _h omitt$ to pres5t
 himself at ! appo9t$ "t1 0 all[$  to be
 a c&idate = ! prizes2 nor 7 ! accu/om$ 
rew>ds (  victory giv5 to su* p]sons1 if
 by any means !y ins9uat$  !mselves1 &  
ov]came _! antagoni/s2 nor w\ld any     
apology1  ?\gh seem+ly ev] s reasonable1
 s]ve to excuse _! abs5ce4 ,no  p]son t 
0 himself a notori\s crim9al1 or ne>ly  
relat$ to "o1  0 p]mitt$ to cont5d4     
,f>!r1 to prev5t und]h& deal+s1 if any  
p]son 0 convict$ ( brib+ 8 adv]s>y1 a   
sev]e f9e 0 laid  ^u him2 nor 0 ?is     
alone ?\ght a suffici5t gu>d aga9/      
unfair  contracts1 & unju/ practices1 b 
! cont5d]s 7 oblig$ to  swe> !y _h sp5t 
t5 :ole mon?s 9 prep>atory ex]cises2 &1 
beside all ?is1 !y1 _! fa!rs1 & _!      
bre?r51 took a solemn  oa?1 t !y w\ld n1
 by any s9i/] or unlawful means1        
endeav\r  to /op ! fair & j proce$+s ( !
 games4    #c4 ,! spiritual conte/1 9   
:i* all true ,*ri/ians aim at obta9+  a 
heav5ly cr[n1 has its rules also1 devis$
 & enact$ by inf9ite  wisdom & goodness1

 :i* require implicit & exact           
submission1 :i*  yield nei!r to times   
nor circum/ances1 b ma9ta9 _! supreme   
au?ority1 f age to age1 un9t]rupt$ &    
unimpair$4 ,! combatant  :o violates ^! 
rules =feits ! prize1 & is driv5 f !    
field ) indelible disgrace1 & consign$  
to ev]la/+ wo4 ,h5ce  ! great ,apo/le ( 
! ,g5tiles exhorts 8 son ,timo?y /rictly
 to  obs]ve ! precepts ( ! ,gospel1 )\t 
:i*1 he c no m hope  to obta9 !         
approbation ( ,god1 & ! possession ( !  
heav5ly  cr[n1 ?an a combatant 9 !      
public games ( ,greece1 :o disreg>d$  ! 
e/abli%$ rules1 c\ld hope to receive f !
 h&s ( 8 judge  ! promis$ rew>d3 8,& if 
a man also /rive = ma/]ies1 yet is he  n
 cr[n$ except he /rive lawfully10 #b    
,tim4 ii1 #e1 or accord+ to  ! e/abli%$ 
laws ( ! games4 ,l ! ,grecian           
combatants1 !  ,*ri/ian mu/ 8ab/a9 f    
fle%ly lu/s10 & 8walk 9 all !  /atutes &
 comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 blameless40 ,su* 0  
,/4 ,paul2  & 9 ?is mann] he endeav\r$  
to act3 8,b ,i keep "u my body1 &  br+ x

 into subjection3 le/ t by any means1 :5
 ,i h prea*$  to o!rs1 ,i myself %\ld be
 a ca/-away10 #a ,cor4 ix1 #bg4 ,! latt]
  "p ( ?is v]se ,doddridge r5d]s1 8le/  
aft] hav+ s]v$ z a  h]ald ,i %\ld be    
disapprov$20 & says 9 a note1 8,i ?\ght 
x (  importance to reta9 ! primitive    
s5se ( ^! gymna/ic  expressions40 ,x is 
well kn[n to ^? :o are at all acqua9t$ )
  ! orig9al1 t ! ^w us$ means to dis*>ge
 ! (fice ( a  h]ald1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to  
proclaim ! conditions ( ! games1  &     
display ! prizes1 to awak5 ! emulation &
 resolution ( ^?  :o 7 to cont5d 9 !m4  
,b ! ,apo/le intimates1 t !re 0  ?is    
peculi> circum/ance att5d+ ! ,*ri/ian   
conte/1 t !  p]son :o proclaim$ its laws
 & rew>ds to o!rs1 0 also to engage  9 x
 himself2 & t !re w\ld be a peculi>     
infamy & mis]y 9  8 misc>ry+4 1 :i* we  
r5d] ca/-away1 signifies "o  :o is      
disapprov$ by ! judge ( ! games1 z n    
hav+ fairly  des]v$ ! prize3 he !re=e   
loses x2 ev5 ! prize ( et]nal  life4 ,! 
rule :i* ! ,apo/le applies to himself he

 ext5ds 9  ano!r passage to all ! memb]s
 ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*3 8,^? :o  /rive = !  
ma/]y are temp]ate 9 all ?+s2 n[ !y d x 
to  obta9 a corruptible cr[n1 b we an   
incorruptible40 ,t]tullian uses  ! same 
?\ght to enc\rage ! m>tyrs4 ,he urges   
con/ancy ^u !m1  f :at ! hopes ( victory
 made ! a?let endure2 & repeats  ! sev]e
 & pa9ful ex]cises !y 7 oblig$ to       
und]go1 !  cont9ual angui% & con/ra9t 9 
:i* !y pass$ ! be/ ye>s (  _! lives1 & !
 volunt>y privation :i* !y impos$ on    
!mselves1 ( all t 0 mo/ grateful to _!  
appetites &  passions4    #d4 ,! a?let  
took c>e to dis5cumb] _! bodies ( e     
article  ( clo?+ :i* c\ld 9 any mann]   
h9d] or incommode !m4 ,9 !  race1 !y 7  
anxi\s to c>ry z little weight z        
possible1 &  uni=mly /ripp$ !mselves (  
all su* clo!s z1 by _! weight1  l5g?1 or
 o!rwise1 might entangle or ret>d !m 9 !
 c\rse4 ,!  ,*ri/ian also mu/ 8lay aside
 e weight1 & ! s9 :i* do? s  easily     
beset0 him1 ,heb4 xii1 #a4 ,9 ! ex]cise 
( fai? &  self-d5ial1 he mu/ 8ca/ (f !  

works ( d>kness10 lay aside all  malice 
& guile1 hypocrisies1 & envy+s1 & evil  
speak+s1  inord9ate affections1 &       
worldly c>es1 & :atev] else might       
ob/ruct 8 holy pr(ession1 damp 8        
spirits1 & h9d] 8 progress  9 ! pa?s (  
righte\sness4    #e4 ,! foot race seems 
to h be5 plac$ 9 ! fir/ rank ( public   
games1 & cultivat$ ) a c>e & indu/ry    
proportion$ to !  e/imation 9 :i* x 0   
held4 ,! ,olympic games g5]ally op5$ )  
races1 & 7 celebrat$ at fir/ ) no o!r   
ex]cise4 ,! li/s or  c\rse :]e ! a?let  
ex]cis$ !mselves 9 runn+1 0 at fir/  b  
"o /adium 9 l5g?1 or ab\t six hundr$    
feet2 & f ?is  measure x took its "n1 & 
0 call$ ! /adium1 :atev] might  be its  
ext5t4 ,?is1 9 ! language ( ,/4 ,paul1  
speak+ ( !  ,*ri/ian's c\rse1 0 8! race 
:i* 0 set be=e !m10 det]m9$  by public  
au?ority1 & c>efully measur$4 ,on ea*   
side ( ! /adium  & its extremity1 ran an
 asc5t or k9d ( t]race1 cov]$ ) seats  &
 b5*es1 ^u :i* ! spectators 7 seat$1 an 
innum]able  multitude collect$ f all    

p>ts ( ,greece1 to :i* ! ,apo/le ?us    
alludes 9 8 figurative description ( !  
,*ri/ian life3 8,see+ we  are compass$  
ab\t ) s great a cl\d ( witnesses1 let u
 lay aside  e weight10 ,heb4 xii1 #a4   
,! mo/ rem>kable p>ts ( ! /adium 7 its  
entrance1 middle1 &  extremity4 ,!      
entrance 0 m>k$ at fir/ only by a l9e   
drawn on !  s&1 f side to side ( !      
/adium4 ,to prev5t any unfair advantage 
be+ tak5 by ! m vigilant or al]t        
c&idates1 a cord 0 at  l5g? /ret*$ 9    
front ( ! horses or m5 t 7 to run2 &    
sometimes ! space 0 rail$ 9 ) wood4 ,!  
op5+ ( ?is  b>ri]1 0 ! signal = ! rac]s 
to />t4 ,! middle ( !  /adium 0         
rem>kable1 only by ! circum/ance ( hav+ 
! prizes  allott$ to ! victors set up   
!re4 ,f ?is cu/om1 ,cryso/om draws  a   
f9e comp>ison3 8,z ! judges 9 ! races & 
o!r games1 expose  9 ! mid/ ( ! /adium1 
to ! view ( ! *ampions1 ! cr[ns  :i* !y 
7 to receive2 9 l mann]1 ! ,"l1 by ! m\?
 (  8 prophets1 has plac$ ! prizes 9 !  
mid/ ( ! c\rse1 :i* he  designs = ^? :o 

h ! c\rage to cont5d = !m40 ,at !       
extremity ( ! /adium 0 a goal1 :]e !    
foot races end$2 b 9  ^? ( *>iots &     
horses1 !y 7 to run sev]al times r\nd x 
)\t /opp+1 & aft]w>d conclude ! race by 
rega9+ ! o!r  extremity ( ! li/s f :5ce 
!y />t$4 ,x is !re=e to !  foot race !  
,apo/le alludes1 :5 he speaks ( ! race  
set be=e !  ,*ri/ian1 :i* 0 a /raight   
c\rse1 to be run only once1 & n1 z  9 ! 
o!r1 sev]al times )\t /opp+4    #f4     
,accord+ to "s writ]s1 x 0 at ! goal1 & 
n 9 ! middle  ( ! c\rse1 t ! prizes 7   
exhibit$2 & !y 7 plac$ 9 a  v conspicu\s
 situation1 t ! competitors might be    
animat$ by  hav+ !m always 9 _! sight4  
,?is accords ) ! view :i* !  ,apo/le    
gives ( ! ,*ri/ian life3 8,bre?r51 ,i   
c\nt n myself to  h appreh5d$2 b ?is "o 
?+ ,i d1 =gett+ ^? ?+s :i*  are beh9d1 &
 rea*+ =? unto ^? ?+s1 :i* are be=e1 ,i 
press t[>d ! m>k = ! prize ( ! high     
call+ ( ,god 9 ,*ri/  ,jesus10 ,phil4   
iii1 #ac1 #ad4 ,l',enfant ?9ks1 !       
,apo/le "h alludes to  ^? :o /ood at !  

elevat$ place at ! end ( ! c\rse1 call+ 
! rac]s by _! names1 & enc\rag+ !m by   
hold+ out !  cr[n1 to ex]t !mselves )   
vig\r4 ,)9 ! measur$ &  det]m9ate limits
 ( ! /adium1 ! a?let 7 b\nd to cont5d  =
 ! prize1 :i* !y =feit$ )\t hope (      
recov]y1 if !y  deviat$ ev] s little f !
 appo9t$ c\rse4    #g4 ,! hon\rs &      
rew>ds grant$ to ! victors 7 ( sev]al   
k9ds4  ,!y 7 animat$ 9 _! c\rse by !    
raptur\s applauses ( !  c\ntless        
multitudes t l9$ ! /adium1 & wait$ !    
issue ( !  conte/ ) eag] anxiety2 & _!  
success 0 in/antly foll[$ by  reit]at$ &
 long cont9u$ plaudits2 b ^! 7 only a   
prelude to  ! appo9t$ rew>ds1 :i*1 ?\gh 
( little value 9 !mselves1 7  acc\nt$ ! 
highe/ hon\r to :i* a mortal c\ld       
aspire4 ,^!  consi/$ ( diff]5t wrea?s ( 
wild olive1 p9e1 p>sley1 or laurel1     
accord+ to ! diff]5t places :]e ! games 
7 celebrat$4 ,aft]  ! judges _h pass$   
s5t5ce1 a public h]ald proclaim$ ! "n ( 
! victor2 "o ( ! judges put ! cr[n ^u 8 
head1 & a bran*  ( palm into 8 "r h&1   

:i* he c>ri$ z a tok5 ( victori\s       
c\rage & p]sev]ance4 ,z he might be     
victor m ?an once 9 !  same games1 &    
sometimes on ! same day1 he might also  
receive sev]al  cr[ns & palms4 ,:5 !    
victor _h receiv$ 8 rew>d1 a h]ald1     
prec$$ by a trumpet1 conduct$ him ?r\gh 
! /adium1 & proclaim$  al\d 8 "n &      
c\ntry2 :ile ! delight$ multitudes1 at !
 sight  ( him1 r$\bl$ _! acclamations & 
applauses4    #h4 ,! cr[n 9 ! ,olympic  
games 0 ( wild olive2 9 ! ,py?ian1 (    
laurel2 9 ! ,i/hmian or ,cor9?ian1 ( p9e
 tree2 & 9 ! ,neman1  ( smallage or     
p>sley4 ,n[1 mo/ ( ^! 7 ev]gre5s2 yet !y
  w\ld soon gr[ dry1 & crumble into du/4
 ,elsn] produces _m  passages 9 :i* !   
cont5d]s 9 ^! ex]cises are ralli$ by !  
,grecian wits1 on acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y
 pa9s !y took = su*  trifl+ rew>ds2 &   
,plato has a celebrat$ passage1 :i*     
greatly  resembles t ( ! ,apo/le1 b by  
no means equals x 9 =ce &  beauty3 8,n[ 
!y d x to obta9 a corruptible cr[n1 b we
 an  incorruptible40 ,! ,*ri/ian is ?us 

call$ to fight ! good fight (  fai?1 &  
to lay hold ( et]nal life2 & to ?is he  
is m  p[]fully /imulat$ by consid]+ t ! 
anci5t a?let took all  _! c>e & pa9s    
only = ! sake ( obta9+ a g>l& (  fl[]s1 
or a wrea? ( laurel1 :i* quickly fades &
 p]i%es1  possess$ little intr9sic      
value1 & only s]v$ to n\ri% _! pride  & 
vanity1 )\t imp>t+ any solid advantage  
to !mselves or  o!rs2 b t :i* is plac$ 9
 ! view ( ! spiritual  combatants1 to   
animate _! ex]tions1 & rew>d _! lab\rs1 
is no  less ?an a cr[n ( glory :i* nev] 
decays2 8an inh]itance  incorruptible1  
undefil$1 & t fade? n away1 res]v$ 9    
heav5  = !m10 #a ,pet4 i1 #d2 v1 #d4 ,b 
! victory sometimes rema9$  d\btful1 9  
consequ5ce ( :i* a numb] ( competitors  
appe>$  be=e ! judges1 & claim$ ! prize4
 ,! c&idates :o 7  reject$ on su*       
occasions by ! judge ( ! games1 z n hav+
  fairly m]it$ ! prize1 7 call$ by !    
,greeks 1 or  disapprov$1 :i* we r5d]   
ca/ away1 9 a passage already quot$  f  
,/4 ,paul's ,fir/ ,epi/le to !          

,cor9?ians3 8,b ,i keep "u my  body1 &  
br+ x into subjection1 le/ t by any     
means1 :5 ,i h  prea*$ to o!rs1 ,i      
myself %\ld be1 1 ca/ away10 reject$  by
 ! ,judge ( all ! e>?1 & disappo9t$ ( my
 expect$ cr[n4  ,:at has be5 obs]v$     
conc]n+ ! _s & ard\r ) :i* !            
competitors engag$ 9 ! race1 & conc]n+ !
 prize !y _h 9  view to rew>d _! ardu\s 
cont5tion1 w illu/rate ! foll[+  sublime
 passage ( ! same sacr$ writ] 9 8       
,epi/le to !  ,philippians3 8,n z ?\gh  
,i _h already atta9$1 ei!r 7 already    
p]fect2 b ,i foll[ aft]1 if t ,i may    
appreh5d t = :i* also  ,i am appreh5d$ (
 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,bre?r51 ,i c\nt n myself
 to h  appreh5d$3 b ?is "o ?+ ,i d1     
=gett+ ^? ?+s :i* are  beh9d1 & rea*+ =?
 unto ^? ?+s :i* are be=e1 ,i press     
t[>d ! m>k1 = ! prize ( ! high call+ (  
,god 9 ,*ri/  ,jesus10 ,phil4 iii1      
#ab-ad4 ,! affect+ passage1 also1 ( !   
same  ,apo/le1 9 ! ,second ,epi/le (    
,timo?y1 writt5 a little be=e 8         
m>tyrdom1 is beautifully allusive to !  

above-m5tion$ race1 to !  cr[n t await$ 
! victory1 & to ! ,hellanodics or judges
 :o  be/[$ x3 8,i h f\ght a good fight1 
,i h f9i%$ my c\rse1 ,i  h kept ! fai?4 
,h5ce=? !re is laid up = me a cr[n (    
righte\sness1 :i* ! ,"l1 ! righte\s     
,judge1 %all give me at  t day3 & n to  
me only1 b to all !m also t love 8      
appe>+10 #b ,tim4 iv1 #h4    ,,g>d5s4 ,9
 ! language ( ! ,hebrews1 e place :]e   
plants &  trees 7 cultivat$ ) great] c>e
 ?an 9 ! op5 field1 0  call$ a g>d54 ,! 
idea ( su* an enclosure 0 c]ta9ly borr[$
  f ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 :i* ! b\ntiful       
,creator plant$ = !  reception ( our    
fir/ p>5ts4 ,beside1 ! g>d5s ( primitive
 nations  7 commonly1 if n 9 e in/ance1 
devot$ to religi\s purposes4  ,9 ^! %ady
 retreats 7 celebrat$1 = a long         
succession ( ages1  ! rites ( ,pagan    
sup]/ition4 ,?us ,jehovah calls !       
apo/ate ,jews1  8a p t provoke? me      
cont9ually to ang] to my face1 t        
sacrifice? 9 g>d5s10 ,isa4 lxv1 #c4 ,& 9
 a prec$+ *apt]1 !  prophet ?reat5s !m 9

 ! "n ( ! ,"l3 8,!y %all be a%am$  ( !  
oaks :i* ye h desir$1 & ye %all be      
conf\nd$ = !  g>d5s :i* ye h *os540 ,!  
ori5tal g>d5s 7 ei!r op5  plantations1  
or enclosures def5d$ by walls or h$ges4 
,"s f5ces 9  ! ,holy ,l&1 9 lat] times1 
are n less beautiful ?an our liv+  f5ces
 ( :ite ?orn2 & p]fectly answ] !        
description ( anci5t  ,jewi% prophets1  
:o in=m u t ! h$ges 9 _! times consi/$  
( ?orns1 & t ! spikes ( ^! ?orny plants 
7 exce$+ly  %>p4 ,d\bdan f\nd a v       
fruitful v9ey>d1 full ( olives1 fig     
trees1 & v9es1 ab\t eight miles s\?-we/ 
f ,be?lehem1 enclos$  ) a h$ge2 & t "p (
 x adjo9+ to ! road1 /rongly =m$  (     
?orns & rose bu%es1 int]m+l$ )          
pomegranate trees (  surpass+ beauty &  
fragrance4 ,a h$ge compos$ ( rose bu%es 
&  wild pomegranate %rubs1 !n 9 full    
fl[]1 m+l$ ) o!r ?orny  plants1 adorn$ 9
 ! v>i$ liv]y ( spr+1 mu/ h made at once
 a  /rong & beautiful f5ce4 ,! wild     
pomegranate tree1 ! species  probably   
us$ 9 f5c+1 is mu* m prickly ?an ! o!r  

v>iety2  & :5 m+l$ ) o!r ?orny bu%es1 ( 
:i* !y h sev]al  k9ds 9 ,pale/9e1 "s (  
^: prickles are v long & %>p1 mu/  =m a 
h$ge v difficult to p5etrate4 ,^! facts 
illu/rate !  beauty & =ce ( sev]al      
passages 9 ! sacr$ volume3 ?us1 9 !     
,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 8,! way ( ! slo?ful
 man is z a h$ge (  ?orns10 ,prov4 xv1  
#ai2 x is ob/ruct$ ) difficulties1 :i* !
  slo? & indol5ce ( 8 temp] repres5t z  
gall+ or insup]able2  b :i* a mod]ate   
%>e ( resolution & p]sev]ance w\ld      
easily  remove or surm\nt4 ,9 !         
prophecies ( ,hosea1 ,god ?reat5s 8     
trea*]\s & idolatr\s p ) _m pa9ful      
emb>rassm5ts &  p]plexities1 :i* w\ld z 
effectually ret>d or ob/ruct _!         
progress 9 ! pa?s ( wick$ness1 z a h$ge 
( ?orny plants  /ret*+ across !         
travell]'s way1 ! prosecution ( 8       
j\rney3  8,!re=e1 behold1 ,i w h$ge up  
?y way ) ?orns1 & make a  wall1 t %e    
%all n f9d h] pa?s10 ,hosea ii1 #f4 ,9 !
 days (  ,micah1 ! magi/rates ( ,judah  
_h become exce$+ly corrupt3 8,!  be/ (  

!m is a bri]2 ! mo/ upright is %>p] ?an 
a ?orn  h$ge20 to appe> be=e _!         
tribunal1 or to h any deal+s )  !m1 0 to
 involve "o's self 9 endless            
p]plexities1 & to be  expos$ to gall+   
disappo9tm5ts1 if n to c]ta9 de/ruction4
 ,!y  resembl$ ^? ?orny plants :i* are  
twi/$ toge!r1 ^: sp9es  po9t 9 e        
direction1 & are s %>p & /rong t !y _c  
be t\*$ )\t dang]1 & s entangl+ t :5 !  
travell] has  ) mu* pa9 & ex]tion fre$  
himself f "o1 he is in/antly  seiz$ by  
ano!r4 8,b ! sons ( ,belial10 said ! k+ 
( ,israel1  8%all be all ( !m z ?orns   
?ru/ away1 because !y _c be  tak5 ) h&s3
 b ! man t %all t\* !m mu/ be f5c$ )    
iron1 & ! /aff ( a spe>2 & !y %all be   
utt]ly burn$ )  fire 9 ! same place10 #b
 ,sam4 xxiii1 #f1 #g4 ,o!r enclosures _h
 f5ces  ( loose /ones1 or mud walls1 "s 
( !m v l[1 :i* (t5  furni%$ a retreat to
 v5om\s reptiles4 ,to ?is circum/ance ! 
royal  prea*] alludes1 9 8 obs]vations (
 wisdom & folly3 8,he t  digge? a pit1  
%all fall into x3 & :oso breake? a h$ge1

 a s]p5t  %all bite him10 ,eccles4 x1   
#h4 ,! t]m :i* our translators r5d]     
h$ge 9 ?is passage1 !y might ) m        
propriety h r5d]$  wall1 z !y _h done 9 
ano!r "p ( ! writ+s ( ,solomon3 8,i  w5t
 by ! field ( ! slo?ful1 & by ! v9ey>d (
 ! man void  ( und]/&+2 & lo1 x 0 all   
gr[n ov] ) ?orns1 & nettles  _h cov]$ ! 
face !re(1 & ! /one wall !re( 0 brok5   
d[n10 ,prov]bs xxiv1 #cj4    #b4 ,! l& (
 promise has be51 f ! e>lie/ ages1 an   
un5clos$  c\ntry1 ) a few spots def5d$  
by a h$ge ( ?orny plants1 or a  /one    
wall built )\t any cem5t4 ,at ,aleppo1  
mo/ ( ! v9ey>ds  are f5c$ ) /one walls2 
= 9 _m p>ts ( ,syria a h$ge w\ld  n gr[ 
= want ( moi/ure4 ,b1 z _! v>i\s escul5t
 vegetables  are n[ n unfrequ5tly plant$
 9 ! op5 fields1 bo? 9 ,syria &         
,pale/9e1 s ,*>d9 seems to suppose !y 7 
(t5 unf5c$ 9  anci5t times2 &1 on ?is   
acc\nt1 ^? lodges & boo?s1 to :i*       
,isaiah ref]s1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8       
prophecy1 7 built4 ,9  ,h9do/an !y foll[
 ! same cu/om4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y

  season1 ! peasants plant abundance (  
melons1 cucumb]s1 & g\rds1  :i* are !n !
 pr9cipal food ( ! inhabitants4 ,!y are 
plant$  9 ! op5 fields & ext5sive pla9s1
 & are !re=e liable to !  depr$ations ( 
m5 & bea/s4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! field is an  
artificial m\nt1 ) a hut on ! top1      
suffici5tly l>ge to %elt] a  s+le p]son 
f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,!re1 amid     
heavy  ra9s & tempe/u\s w9ds1 a poor    
solit>y be+ is /ation$ day &  night to  
protect ! crop4 ,f !nce he gives an al>m
 to ! ne>e/  village4 ,few situations c 
be m unpleasant ?an a hovel ( ?is  k9d1 
expos$ = ?ree or f\r mon?s to w9d1      
lightn+1 & ra94 ,to  su* a *e]less      
/ation ! prophet no d\bt alludes1 9 t   
passage  :]e he decl>es ! desolations ( 
,judah3 8,! daught] ( ,zion is  left z a
 cottage 9 a v9ey>d1 z a lodge 9 a g>d5 
( cucumb]s10  ,isa4 i1 #h4 ,if su* wat* 
h\ses 7 necess>y 9 ^? g>d5s :i*  7      
def5d$ by walls or h$ges1 "s ( :i*1     
inde$1 x 0 n  difficult to get ov]1 !y  
mu/ h be5 /ill m necess>y 9 ^?  :i* 7   

p]fectly op54    #c4 ,! ori5tal g>d5    
displays little me?od1 or design2 ! :ole
  be+ commonly no m ?an a confus$ m$ley 
( fruit trees1 ) b$s  ( escul5t plants1 
& ev5 plots ( :eat & b>ley sometimes    
int]sp]s$4 ,! g>d5 belong+ to ! gov]nor 
( ,eleus1 a ,turki%  t[n on ! we/]n     
bord] ( ! ,hellespont1 :i* ,dr4 ,*&l]   
visit$1 consi/$ only ( a v small spot ( 
gr\nd1 wall$ 91 &  conta9+ only two     
v9es1 a fig & a pomegranate tree1 & a   
well (  excell5t wat]4 ,&1 x w\ld seem1 
! g>d5 ( an anci5t ,israelite  c\ld n   
boa/ ( great] v>iety2 = ! grape1 ! fig1 
& !  pomegranate1 are almo/ ! only      
fruits :i* x produc$4 ,?is fact may     
p]haps give u "s insight into ! reason (
 ! sudd5 &  irresi/ible conviction :i*  
fla%$ on ! m9d ( ,na?anael1 :5 our      
,savi\r said to him1 8,:5 ?\ wa/ "u !   
fig tree1 ,i saw !e40  ,! good man seems
 to h be5 engag$ 9 devotional ex]cises 9
 a  small retir$ g>d51 wall$ 91 &       
conceal$ f ! scrut9iz+  eyes ( m54 ,!   
place 0 s small1 t he 0 p]fectly c]ta9  

no  man b himself 0 !re2 & s completely 
def5d$1 t none c\ld  break ?r\gh1 or    
look ov]1 ! f5ce2 &1 by consequ5ce1 t no
 eye  0 ^u him1 b ! all-see+ eye ( ,god2
 &1 !re=e1 s9ce  ,*ri/ saw him !re1     
,na?anael knew he c\ld be no o!r ?an !  
,son  ( ,god1 & ! promis$ ,messiah4     
,,g>lick1 4 ,z ?is ^w occurs only 9     
,numb]s xi1 #e1 "s d\bts  h aris5       
respect+ ! plant int5d$4 ,f its be+     
c\pl$ )  leeks & onions1 !re c be b     
little d\bt t ! g>lick is  meant4 ,!    
,talmudi/s frequ5tly m5tion ! use ( ?is 
plant among !  ,jews1 & _! fondness = x4
 ,t g>licks grew pl5te\sly 9  ,egypt1 is
 ass]t$ by ,dioscorides3 !re !y 7 mu*   
e/eem$1 &  7 bo? eat5 & wor%ipp$3--     
8,!n gods 7 recomm5d$ by _! ta/e4       
,su* sav\ry deities mu/ ne$s be good1   
,:i* s]v$ at once = wor%ip & = food40   
,,g>m5t4 ,see ,,habits4    ,,gate is (t5
 us$ 9 ,scripture to d5ote a place (    
public assembly1  :]e ju/ice 0 adm9i/]$1
 ,deut4 xvii1 #e1 #h2 xxi1 #ai2 xxii1   
#ae2  xxv1 #f1 #g1 c4 ,"o in/ance ( ^!  

judgm5ts appe>s 9 t giv5 at  ! gate (   
,be?lehem1 betwe5 ,boaz & a relation (  
,naomi1 on !  subject ( ,ru?1 *ap4 iv1  
#b2 ano!r 9 ,abraham's pur*ase ( a field
  to bury ,s>ah1 ,g54 xxiii1 #aj1 #ah4  
,! gate ( judgm5t is a t]m /ill  common 
to ! ,arabians to express a c\rt (      
ju/ice1 & ev5  introduc$ by ! ,s>ac5s   
into ,spa94 8,i _h sev]al times10 says  
,jacob1 8visit$ ! ,alhambra1 ! anci5t   
palace & =tress ( !  ,moori% k+s3 x is  
situat$ on ! top ( a hill1 ov]look+ !   
city1 & is surr\nd$ by a wall ( great   
height & ?ickness4 ,!  entrance is ?r\gh
 an ar*way1 ov] :i* is c>v$ a key1 !    
symbol  ( ! ,mohamm$an mon>*s4 ,?is     
gate1 call$ ! gate ( judgm5t1  accord+  
to ea/]n =ms1 0 ! place :]e ! k+s       
adm9i/]$  ju/ice40 ,9 ,morocco1 ! gate  
is /ill ! place :]e judgm5t is  held4   
8,all compla9ts10 says ,ho/1 8are       
br\ght1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1  to ! cadi1 or
 gov]nor1 :o1 = t purpose1 passes c]ta9 
h\rs (  ! day 9 ! gate ( ! city1 p>tly =
 ! sake ( ! fre% air1  & p>tly to see   

all ^? :o g out2 &1 la/ly1 to obs]ve a  
cu/om  :i* has long prevail$1 ( hold+   
judgm5t !re4 ,! gate is  contriv$       
accord+ly1 be+ built l a squ>e *amb]1 ) 
two  doors1 :i* are n directly opposite 
to ea* o!r1 b on two  adjo9+ sides1 )   
seats on ! o!r sides4 ,9 ?is mann]      
,david sat  betwe5 two gates10 #b ,sam4 
xviii1 #bd4 ,gate sometimes signifies   
p[]1  dom9ion1 almo/ 9 ! same s5se z !  
,turki% emp]or's palace is  call$ !     
,porte4 ,god promises ,abraham t 8      
po/]ity %all  possess ! gates ( _!      
enemies1 _! t[ns1 _! =tresses1  ,g5esis 
xxii1 #ag4 ,jesus ,*ri/ says to ,pet]1  
8,?\ art ,pet]2 & on  ?is rock w ,i     
build my *ur*1 & ! gates ( hell %all n  
prevail aga9/ x10 ,matt4 xvi1 #ah4 ,?is 
may mean ei!r ! p[]s (  hell1 or        
invisible spirits2 or simply dea?1--!   
*ur* %all be  repl5i%$ by liv+ memb]s f 
g5]ation to g5]ation1 s t  dea? %all    
nev] annihilate x4    ,solomon says1    
8,he t exalte? 8 gate seeke?            
de/ruction40 ,! ,arabs  are accu/om$ to 

ride into ! h\ses ( ^? !y design to     
h>ass4  ,to prev5t ?is1 ,!v5ot tells u t
 ! door ( ! h\se 9 :i*  ! ,fr5* m]*ants 
live at ,rama 0 n ?ree feet high1 & t   
all  ! doors ( t t[n are equally l[4    
,agreeably to ?is acc\nt1 !  ,abb       
,m>iti1 speak+ ( 8 admission into a     
mona/]y ne> ,j]usalem1  says1 8,!       
passage is s l[1 t x w sc>cely admit a  
horse2 &  x is %ut by a gate ( iron1    
/rongly secur$ 9 ! inside4 ,z soon z  we
 ent]$1 x 0 aga9 made fa/ ) v>i\s bolts 
& b>s ( iron3  a precaution extremely   
necess>y 9 a des]t place1 expos$ to !   
incursions1 & insol5t attacks ( !       
,arabs40 ,mr4 ,drummond says1 t  9 !    
c\ntry ab\t ,r\dge1 9 ,syria1 8! poor   
mis]able ,arabs are  "u ! necessity (   
hew+ _! h\ses out ( ! rock1 & cutt+  v  
small doors or op5+s to !m1 t !y may n  
be made /ables  = ! ,turki% horse1 z !y 
pass & repass40 ,& ?us1 long be=e  him1 
,s&ys1 at ,gaza1 9 ,pale/9e3 8,we lodg$ 
"u an ar* 9 a little  c\rt1 toge!r ) our
 asses2 ! door exce$+ l[1 z are all t   

belong unto ,*ri/ians1 to )/& ! sudd5   
entrance ( ! insol5t  ,turks40 8,to     
exalt ! gate10 w\ld consequ5tly be to   
c\rt de/ruction4  ,mori] says1 8,a poor 
man's door is sc>cely ?ree feet 9       
height2 &  ?is is a precaution>y measure
 to h9d] ! s]vants ( ! great f  ent]+ x 
on horseback2 :i*1 :5 any act (         
oppression is int5d$1  !y w\ld make no  
scruple to d4 ,b ! habitation ( a man 9 
p[]  is kn[n by 8 gate1 :i* is g5]ally  
elevat$ 9 proportion to !  vanity ( its 
own]4 ,a l(ty gate is "o ( ! insignia ( 
royalty3  su* is ! ,allan ,capi1 at     
,ispahan1 & ,bob ,homayan1 or ! ,sublime
  ,porte1 at ,con/ant9ople4 ,x mu/ h be5
 ! same 9 anci5t days2  ! gates (       
,j]usalem1 ,zion1 c1 are (t5 m5tion$ 9 !
 ,scripture1  ) ! same notion ( gr&eur  
annex$ to !m40    ,,ga?1 ! fif? ( !     
,phili/9e cities4 ,x 0 a place ( /r5g? 9
  ! "t ( ! prophets ,amos & ,micah1 & is
 plac$ by ,j]om on !  road betwe5       
,eleu!ropolis & ,gaza4 ,x appe>s to h   
be5 !  extreme b\nd>y ( ! ,phili/9e     

t]ritory 9 "o direction1 z ,ekron  0 on 
! o!r4 ,h5ce ! expression1 8f ,ekron ev5
 unto ,ga?10 #a  ,sam4 vii1 #ad4        
,,gaulan1 or ,,golan1 a city beyond     
,jordan1 f :i* ! small prov9ce  call$   
,gaulonitis took its "n4 ,x 0 giv5 to ! 
half tribe (  ,manasseh1 on ! o!r side  
,jordan1 ,deut4 iv1 #dc2 & became a city
 (  refuge1 ,jo%ua xxi1 #bg4    ,,gaza1 
a city ( ! ,phili/9es1 made by ,jo%ua "p
 ( ! tribe (  ,judah4 ,x 0 "o ( ! five  
pr9cipalities ( ! ,phili/9es1  situat$  
t[>d ! s\!rn extremity ( ! promis$ l&1  
#a ,sam4 vi1  #ag1 betwe5 ,raphia &     
,askelon4 ,! advantage\s situation (    
,gaza 0  ! cause ( ! num]\s revolutions 
:i* x und]w5t4 ,x fir/ (  all belong$ to
 ! ,phili/9es1 & !n to ! ,hebrews4 ,x   
recov]$  its lib]ty 9 ! reigns ( ,jo?am 
& ,ahaz1 & 0 reconqu]$ by  ,hezekiah1 #b
 ,k+s xviii1 #h4 ,x 0 subject to !      
,*aldeans1 :o  conqu]$ ,syria &         
,ph5icia4 ,aft]w>d1 x fell into ! h&s ( 
!  ,p]sians4 ,x mu/ h be5 a place (     
consid]able /r5g?4 ,= two  mon?s x      

baffl$ all ! ef=ts ( ,alex&] ! ,great1  
:o 0  repeat$ly repuls$1 & w\nd$ 9 !    
siege2 :i* he aft]w>d  rev5g$ 9 a mo/   
infam\s mann] on ! p]son ( ! gallant    
def5d]  ,betis1 :om1 :ile yet alive1    
hav+ ord]$ 8 ankles to be bor$1 he      
dragg$ r\nd ! walls1 ti$ to 8 *>iot     
:eels1 9 ! b>b>\s  p>ade ( imitat+ !    
less savage treatm5t ( ! corpse (       
,hector by  ,a*illes4    ,dr4 ,wittman  
gives ! foll[+ description ( 8 visit to 
,gaza3 8,9  pursu+ our r\te t[>d ?is    
place1 ! view became /ill m  int]e/+ &  
agreeable3 ! groves ( olive trees ext5d+
 f !  place :]e we _h halt$ to ! t[n1 9 
front ( :i* a f9e av5ue  ( ^! trees 0   
plant$4 ,gaza is situat$ on an em95ce1 &
 is  r5d]$ picturesque by ! numb] ( f9e 
m9>ets :i* rise  maje/ically above !    
build+s1 & by ! beautiful date trees :i*
  are int]sp]s$4 ,! suburbs ( ,gaza are 
compos$ ( wret*$ mud huts2  b )9 side ! 
t[n ! build+s make a mu* bett] appe>ance
  ?an ^? we _h g5]ally met ) 9 ,syria4  
,! /reets are ( a  mod]ate bread?4 ,_m  

fragm5ts ( /atues1 columns1 c1 ( m>ble 7
  se5 9 ! walls & build+s 9 diff]5t p>ts
 ( ! t[n4 ,!  suburbs & environs ( ,gaza
 are r5d]$ inf9itely agreeable by a     
numb] ( l>ge g>d5s1 cultivat$ ) ! nice/ 
c>e1 :i* lie 9 a  direction nor? & s\? (
 ! t[n2 :ile o!rs ( ! same  description 
run to a consid]able di/ance we/w>d4 ,^!
 g>d5s are  fill$ ) a great v>iety (    
*oice fruit trees1 su* z ! fig1 !       
mulb]ry1 ! pomegranate1 ! apricot1 !    
pea*1 & ! almond2  toge!r ) a few lemon 
& orange trees4 ,! num]\s plantations ( 
olive & date trees :i* are int]sp]s$    
contribute greatly to !  picturesque    
effect ( ! sc5e exhibit$ by ! surr\nd+  
pla9s4  ,^!1 on our arrival1 7 ov]spread
 ) fl[]s1 ! v>iegat$  col\rs ( :i*      
display$ e t9t & e hue4 ,among ^! 7  !  
*rysan!mum1 sc>let ranunculus1 lup91    
pheasant-eye1 tulip1  *9a-a/]1          
dw>f-iris1 l9tel1 daisy1 c1 all ( !m    
gr[+ wild &  abundantly1 ) ! exception (
 ! lup91 :i* 0 cultivat$ 9  pat*es1     
regul>ly pl\gh$ & s[$1 ) a view to      

collect ! se$s1  :i* ! inhabitants      
employ at _! meals1 m especially to     
?ick5  _! rag\ts4 ,! few corn fields1   
:i* lay at a di/ance1 display$  !       
promise ( a ri* gold5 h>ve/2 & ! view ( 
! sea1 di/ant  ab\t a league1 t5d$ to   
div]sify /ill m ! animat$ features (    
?is luxuriant sc5e40 ,?is & simil>      
descriptions ( mod]n  travell]s1 :i* are
 occasionally introduc$ into ?is "w1 are
 giv5  bo? z int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 & to %[
 t relics ( !  anci5t beauty & f]tility 
( ! ,holy ,l& are /ill to be f\nd 9  _m 
p>ts ( x4    ,,gem>a4 ,?is ^w signifies 
complem5t1 p]fection4 ,! rabb9s call  ! 
,p5tateu* ! law1 )\t any addition4 ,next
 to ?is !y h !  ,talmud1 :i* is divid$  
into two p>ts3 ! fir/ is only an        
application ( ! law to p>ticul> cases1 )
 ! decision ( !  anci5t rabb9s1 & is    
call$ mi%nah1 or 8second law30 ! o!r    
"p1 :i* is a m ext5sive application ( ! 
same law1 is a  collection (            
det]m9ations by rabb9s1 lat] ?an !      
mi%nah4 ,?is  la/ is t]m$ gem>a1        

8p]fection10 8f9i%+10 because !y        
consid] x z a conclusive explanation ( !
 law1 to :i* no f>!r  additions c be    
made4 ,!re are two gem>as1 or two       
,talmuds1 t (  ,j]usalem1 & t (         
,babylon4 ,! =m] 0 compil$1 accord+ to  
! ,jews1 ab\t ! end ( ! second or ?ird  
c5tury1 by a celebrat$  rabb91 call$    
,jo*anan2 b fa!r ,mor9us ma9ta9s t !    
gem>a  0 n f9i%$ till ab\t ! sev5?      
c5tury4 ,dr4 ,prideaux says t  x 0      
complet$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #cjj4 ,! ,jews h  
little value = ?is  ,j]usalem ,talmud1  
on acc\nt ( its obscurity4 ,! ,babyloni%
 gem>a  is1 z ! rabb9s say1 m mod]n4 ,x 
0 begun by a ,jewi% doctor1  nam$ ,asa1 
& cont9u$ by ,m>m> & ,m>1 8 sons or     
disciples4 ,!  ,jews believe t ! gem>a  
conta9s no?+ b ! ^w ( ,god1  pres]v$ 9 !
 tradition ( ! eld]s1 & transmitt$1 )\t 
alt]ation1 f ,moses to rabbi ,judah1 !  
holy1 & ! o!r compil]s  ( ! ,talmud2 :o 
did n r$uce x to writ+ till !y 7 afraid 
x  w\ld be corrupt$ by ! sev]al         
transmigrations & p]secutions to  :i* _!

 nation 0 subject$4    ,,g5ealogy1 1    
signifies a li/ ( a p]son's ance/ors4 ,!
  common ,hebrew expression = x is      
,seph]-,tol$o?1 8! ,book (  ,g5]ations40
 ,no nation 0 ev] m c>eful to pres]ve _!
  g5ealogies ?an ! ,jews4 ,! sacr$      
writ+s conta9 g5ealogies  ext5d$ ?ree   
?\s& five hundr$ ye>s backw>d4 ,!       
g5ealogy (  our ,savi\r is d$uc$ by !   
evangeli/s f ,adam to ,joseph & ,m>y1   
?r\gh a space ( f\r ?\s& ye>s & upw>d4  
,! ,jewi% prie/s  7 oblig$ to produce an
 exact g5ealogy ( _! families1 be=e  !y 
7 admitt$ to ex]cise _! function4 ,:]ev]
 plac$1 ! ,jews  7 p>ticul>ly c>eful n  
to m>ry bel[ !mselves2 & to prev5t  ?is1
 !y kept tables ( g5ealogy 9 _! sev]al  
families1 !  orig9als ( :i* 7 lodg$ at  
,j]usalem1 to be occasionally  consult$4
 ,^! au!ntic monum5ts1 dur+ all _! w>s &
  p]secutions1 7 tak5 great c>e (1 & f  
"t to "t r5ew$4  ,b1 s9ce ! la/         
de/ruction ( _! city1 & ! disp]sion ( ! 
p1 _! anci5t g5ealogies are lo/4 ,b to  
?is ! ,jews reply1  t ei!r ,elias1 or "s

 o!r inspir$ prie/ or prophet1 %all     
come1  & re/ore _! g5ealogical tables   
be=e ! ,messiah's appe>ance2 a          
tradition1 :i* !y gr\nd on a passage 9  
,nehemiah vii1 #fd1 #fe1 to  ?is effect3
 ! g5ealogical regi/] ( ! families (    
c]ta9  prie/s be+ lo/1 !y 7 n able to   
make out _! l9eal desc5t  f ,a>on2 &    
!re=e1 8z pollut$1 7 put f ! prie/hood20
  ! 8,tir%a?a said unto !m1 t !y %\ld n 
eat ( ! mo/ holy  ?+s1 till !re /ood up 
a prie/ ) ,urim & ,?ummim40 ,f h5ce  !  
,jews conclude1 t su* a prie/ w /& up1 &
 re/ore &  complete ! g5ealogies ( _!   
families3 ?\gh o!rs suppose ^!  words to
 import1 t !y %\ld nev] ex]cise _!      
prie/hood any  m2 & t1 8till !re %all /&
 up a prie/ ) ,urim &  ,?ummim10 am\nts 
to ! same z ! ,roman prov]b1 ad ,grcas  
cal5das1 nev]1 s9ce ! ,urim & ,?ummim 7 
n[ absolutely &  = ev] lo/4             
,,g5]ation4 ,beside ! common acceptation
 ( ?is ^w1 z signify+  desc5t1 x is us$ 
= ! hi/ory & g5ealogy ( any individual1 
z  8,! book ( ! g5]ations ( ,adam10     

,g5esis v1 #a1 ! hi/ory (  ,adam's      
creation1 & ( 8 po/]ity4 8,! g5]ations (
 ! heav5s  & ( ! e>?10 ,g5esis ii1 #d1  
is a recital ( ! creation ( heav5  &    
e>?4 8,! book ( ! g5]ation ( ,jesus     
,*ri/1 ! ,son (  ,david10 ,mat!w i1 #a1 
is ! g5ealogy ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! hi/ory
  ( 8 life4 ,! anci5ts sometimes comput$
 by g5]ations3 8,9 !  f\r? g5]ation ?y  
desc5dants %all come hi!r aga910 ,g5esis
 xv1  #af4 8,joseph saw ,ephraim's      
*ildr5 ( ! ?ird g5]ation10 ,g5esis #a1  
#bc4 8,a ba/>d %all n be admitt$ into ! 
congregation1 till !  t5? g5]ation10    
,deut4 xxiii1 #b4 ,among ! anci5ts1 :5 !
 duration  ( g5]ations 0 n exactly      
describ$ by ! age ( f\r m5  succe$+ "o  
ano!r f fa!r to son1 x 0 fix$ by "s at a
  hundr$ ye>s1 by o!rs at a hundr$ & t51
 by o!rs at  ?irty-?ree1 ?irty1         
tw5ty-five1 & ev5 at tw5ty ye>s2 be+    
nei!r uni=m nor settl$3 only1 x is      
rem>k$1 t a g5]ation is  long] z x is m 
anci5t4    ,,g5esis1 a canonical book ( 
! ,old ,te/am5t1 s call$ f ! ,greek  1  

g5esis1 or g5]ation1 because x conta9s  
an acc\nt (  ! orig9 ( all visible ?+s1 
& ( ! g5ealogy ( ! fir/  patri>*s4 ,9 ! 
,hebrew x is call$ 1 :i* signifies1 9 ! 
beg9n+1 because x beg9s ) t ^w4 ,see    
,,p5tateu*4    ,,g5nes>e?1 ,,l& ,,(1 or 
,,g5nes>1 a small di/rict ( ,galilee1   
suppos$  to h be5 s call$ f its         
pleasantness1 & ext5d+ ab\t f\r  miles  
along ! nor?-we/]n %ore ( ! sea (       
,galilee1 or  ,g5nes>e?1 s call$ f ?is  
same region4 ,x is m probable1  h[ev]1 t
 ,g5nes>e? is no?+ m ?an a ^w m\ld$ f   
,c9n]e?1 ! anci5t "n ( a city & adjo9+  
tract 9 ?is v  situation1 z well z ( !  
lake itself4 ,?is "p ( ,galilee is      
describ$ by ,josephus z possess+ a s+ul>
 f]tility1 ) a  delightful temp]ature ( 
! air1 & ab\nd+ 9 ! fruits (  diff]5t   
climates4    ,,g5tile4 ,! ,hebrews call$
 ! ,g5tiles 1 1 ! nations1  t is1 ^? :o 
h n receiv$ ! fai? or law ( ,god4 ,all  
:o  are n ,jews1 & circumcis$1 are      
goiim4 ,^? :o 7 conv]t$1  & embrac$     
,judaism1 !y call$ proselytes4 ,s9ce !  

,gospel1 ! true  religion is n conf9$ to
 any "o nation or c\ntry1 z h]et(ore1   
,god1 :o _h promis$ by 8 prophets to    
call ! ,g5tiles to ! fai?1  ) a         
sup]abundance ( grace1 has fulfill$ 8   
promise2 s t !  ,*ri/ian *ur* is n[     
compos$ pr9cipally ( ,g5tile conv]ts2 & 
! ,jews1 too pr\d ( _! p>ticul>         
privileges1 & ab&on$ to  _! reprobate   
s5se ( ?+s1 h dis[n$ ,jesus ,*ri/1 _!   
,messiah & ,r$eem]1 = :om1 dur+ s _m    
ages1 !y _h look$ s  impati5tly4 ,9 !   
writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! ,g5tiles are      
g5]ally  d5ot$ z ,greeks1 ,rom4 i1 #ad1 
#af2 ii1 #i1 #aj2 iii2 x1 #ab2 #a ,cor4 
i1  #bb-bd2 ,gal4 iii1 #bh4 ,/4 ,luke1 9
 ! ,acts1 expresses himself 9 !  same   
mann]1 ,acts vi1 #a2 xi1 #bj2 xviii1 c4 
#b4 ,/4 ,paul is commonly call$ !       
,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 #a ,tim4 ii1  #g1 
or ,greeks2 because he1 pr9cipally1     
prea*$ ,jesus ,*ri/ to !m2  :]eas ,pet]1
 & ! o!r ,apo/les1 prea*$ g5]ally to !  
,jews1  & are call$ ,apo/les ( !        
circumcision1 ,gal4 ii1 #h4 ,! prophets 

decl>$ v p>ticul>ly ! call+ ( !         
,g5tiles4 ,jacob =etold  t ! ,messiah1  
he :o 0 to be s5t1 ! ,%iloh1 %\ld ga!r !
  ,g5tiles to himself4 ,solomon1 at !   
d$ication ( 8 temple1 prays =  8!       
/rang]0 :o %\ld !re entreat ,god4 ,!    
,psalmi/ says1 t !  ,"l w\ld give !     
,g5tiles to ! ,messiah = 8 inh]itance2 t
  ,egypt & ,babylon %all "k him2 t      
,e?iopia %all ha/5 to br+  him pres5ts2 
t ! k+s ( ,t>%i%1 & ( ! isles1 ! k+s (  
,arabia & ,%eba1 %all be tribut>y to    
him1 ,psalm ii1 #h2 lxvii1 #d2  lxxii1  
#i1 #aj4 ,isaiah ab\nds ) prophecies ( !
 l nature1 on  :i* acc\nt he has ju/ly  
be5 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( 8!  prophet ( !  
,g5tiles40    ,,g5tiles1 ,,c\rt ,,( ,,!4
 ,josephus says !re 01 9 ! c\rt ( !     
temple1 a wall1 or balu/rade1           
brea/-high1 ) pill>s at p>ticul>        
di/ances1 & inscriptions on !m 9 ,greek 
& ,lat91 import+ t  /rang]s 7 =bidd5 f  
ent]+ f>!r2 "h _! (f]+s  7 receiv$1 &   
sacrifices 7 (f]$ = !m1 !y /&+ at  !    
b>ri]2 b !y 7 n all[$ to approa* to !   

alt>4 ,pompey1  nev]!less1 w5t ev5 into 
! sanctu>y1 b behav$ ) /rict  decorum2 &
 ! next day he comm&$ ! temple to be    
purifi$1 &  ! cu/om>y sacrifices to be  
(f]$4 ,a little be=e ! la/  rebellion ( 
! ,jews1 "s mut9e]s w\ld h p]suad$ !    
prie/s  to accept no victim n pres5t$ by
 a ,jew2 & oblig$ !m to reject  ^? :i* 7
 (f]$ by comm& ( ! emp]or1 = ! ,roman   
p4 ,! wise/ 9 va9 remon/rat$ ) !m on !  
dang] ?is  w\ld br+ on _! c\ntry2 urg$ t
 _! ance/ors _h nev]  reject$ ! pres5ts 
( ,g5tiles2 & t ! temple 0 mo/ly  adorn$
 ) ! (f]+s ( su* p2 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ 
le>n$ prie/s1 :o _h sp5t _! :ole lives 9
 ! /udy ( !  law1 te/ifi$ t _! =efa!rs  
_h always receiv$ ! sacrifices  (       
/rang]s4    ,f ! above p>ticul>s1 we    
le>n ! mean+ ( :at ! ,apo/le  ,paul     
calls 8! middle wall ( p>tition10 betwe5
 ,jews & ,g5tiles  brok5 d[n by !       
,gospel4    ,,g]>1 a royal city ( !     
,phili/9es1 situate n f> f ! angle  :]e 
! s\? & we/ sides ( ,pale/9e meet4      
,,g]izim1 a m\nt ne> ,%e*em1 9 ,ephraim1

 a prov9ce ( ,sam>ia4  ,%e*em lay at !  
foot ( two m\nta9s1 ,ebal & ,g]izim4    
,g]izim 0  fruitful1 ,ebal 0 b>r54 ,god 
comm&$ t ! ,hebrews1 aft] pass+  !      
,jordan1 %\ld be s divid$1 t six tribes 
might be /ation$ on  ,m\nt ,g]izim1 &   
six on ,m\nt ,ebal4 ,! =m] 0 to pron\nce
  bless+s on ^? :o obs]v$ ! law ( ! ,"l2
 ! o!rs1 curses  aga9/ ^? :o %\ld       
violate x1 ,deut4 xi1 #bi2 xxvii1 #ab4  
,z to !  orig9al ( ! temple ^u ,g]izim1 
we mu/ take ,josephus's relation (  x4  
,manasseh1 ! gr&son ( ,elia%ib1 ! high  
prie/1 & bro!r to  ,jaddus1 high prie/ (
 ! ,jews1 hav+ be5 driv5 f ,j]usalem 9  
! ye> ( ! _w #cfga1 & n endur+ pati5tly 
to see himself  depriv$ ( ! hon\r &     
advantages ( ! prie/hood1 ,sanballat1 8 
fa!r-9-law1 address$ himself to ,alex&] 
! ,great1 :o 0 !n  c>ry+ on ! siege (   
,tyre2 & hav+ paid him homage = !       
prov9ce ( ,sam>ia1 :]e( he 0 gov]nor1 he
 f>!r (f]$ him  eight ?\s& ( 8 be/      
troops1 :i* dispos$ ,alex&] to grant    
:at he desir$ = 8 son-9-law1 & = _m o!r 

prie/s1 :o  be+ m>ri$1 z well z he1     
contr>y to ! law1 *ose r to  =sake _!   
c\ntry ?an _! wives1 & _h jo9$ ,manasseh
 9  ,sam>ia4 ,:5 ,antio*us ,epiphanes   
began to p]secute ! ,jews1 ,a4 ,m4      
#chcf2 ,b4 ,c4 #ahf1 ! ,sam>itans       
entreat$ him t _! temple ^u  ,g]izim1   
:i* hi!rto _h be5 d$icat$ to an unkn[n &
 nameless  god1 might be consecrat$ to  
,jupit] ! ,grecian1 :i* 0 easily        
cons5t$ to by ,antio*us4 ,! temple (    
,g]izim subsi/$ "s "t  aft] ! wor%ip (  
,jupit] 0 introduc$ into x2 b x 0       
de/roy$ by ,john ,hircanus ,maccabu1 & 0
 n rebuilt till ,gab9ius  0 gov]nor (   
,syria2 :o repair$ ,sam>ia1 & call$ x by
 8 own  "n4 ,x is c]ta91 t1 9 our       
,savi\r's "t1 ?is temple 0 9  be+2 & t !
 true ,god 0 wor%ipp$ !re1 s9ce ! woman 
(  ,sam>ia1 po9t+ to ,g]izim1 said to   
him1 8,our fa!rs wor%ipp$ 9  ?is m\nta91
 & ye say1 t 9 ,j]usalem is ! place :]e 
m5  ought to wor%ip10 ,john iv1 #bj4 ,we
 are assur$1 t ,h]od ! ,great1  hav+    
rebuilt ,sam>ia1 & call$ x ,seba/e1 9   

hon\r ( ,augu/us1  w\ld h oblig$ !      
,sam>itans to wor%ip 9 ! temple :i* he  
_h  erect$ !re1 b !y con/antly refus$4  
,,ge?semane4 ,see ,,olives1 ,m\nt (4    
,,giant1 1 ,greek1 1 a mon/]1 a t]rible 
man1 a *ief :o  beats & be>s d[n o!r m54
 ,scripture speaks ( giants be=e !      
flood3 8,nephilim1 mighty m5 :o 7 ( old1
 m5 ( r5[n10 ,g54 vi1  #d4 ,aquila      
translates nephilim1 1 m5 :o attack1 :o 
fall  ) impetuosity on _! enemies1 :i*  
r5d]s v well ! =ce (  ! t]m4 ,symma*us  
translates x 1 viol5t m51 cruel1 ^:     
only rule ( action is viol5ce4          
,scripture sometimes calls giants       
,rephaim3 ,*$orlaom] beat ! ,rephaim at 
,a%t]o?-,k>naim4 ,! ,emim1  anci5t      
inhabitants ( ,moab1 7 ( a gigantic     
/ature1 t is1  ,rephaim4 ,! ,rephaim & !
 ,p]izzites are connect$ z old          
inhabitants  ( ,canaan4 ,! ,rephaim 9 "s
 p>ts ( ,scripture signify spirits 9 !  
invisible _w1 9 a /ate ( mis]y4 ,job    
says t ! anci5t ,rephaim  groan "u !    
wat]s2 & ,solomon1 t ! ways ( a loose   

woman lead  to ! ,rephaim2 t he :o      
deviates f ! ways ( wisdom1 %all  dwell 
9 ! assembly ( ,rephaim1 t is1 9 hell1  
,prov4 ii1 #ah2 iv1  #ah2 xxi1 #af1 c2  
,g54 xiv1 #e2 ,deut4 ii1 #aa1 #bj2 iii1 
#aa1 #ac2 ,jo%ua xii1  #d2 xiii1 #ab2   
,job xxvi1 #e4 ,! ,anakim1 or ! sons (  
,anak1 7 ! mo/  fam\s giants ( ,pale/9e4
 ,!y dwelt at ,hebron & !reab\ts4 ,!    
,israelites s5t to view ! promis$ l&    
report$1 t1 9 comp>ison1  !y !mselves 7 
b gras%opp]s1 ,num4 xiii1 #cc4    #b4 ,z
 to ! exi/5ce ( giants1 sev]al writ]s1  
bo? anci5t &  mod]n1 h ?\ght t ! giants 
( ,scripture 7 m5 fam\s =  viol5ce &    
crime1 r ?an = /r5g? or /ature4 ,b x _c 
be d5i$1 t !re h be5 races ( m5 ( a     
/ature mu* above  t common at pres5t2   
al?\gh _! size has (t5 be5 absurdly     
magnifi$4 ,! anci5ts consid]$ p]sons ^: 
/ature exce$$ sev5  feet z gigantic4    
,liv+ giants h c]ta9ly be5 se5 :o 7     
some:at tall]2 b ! exi/5ce ( ^? :o      
greatly surpass$ x1 or  7 d\ble !       
height1 has be5 inf]r$ only f rema9s    

discov]$  9 ! e>?1 b n f ! ocul>        
te/imony ( cr$ible witnesses4  ,7 we to 
admit :at has be5 report$ on ! subject1 
!re w\ld be  no b\nds to ! dim5sions (  
giants2 ! e>? w\ld seem unsuitable  = !m
 to tread ^u4 ,hi/ory1 h[ev]1 acqua9ts u
 t1 9 !  reign ( ,claudius1 a giant nam$
 ,galb>a1 t5 feet high 0 br\ght to      
,rome f ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,an in/ance is
 cit$ by ,goropius1 an  au?or ) :om we  
are o!rwise unacqua9t$1 ( a female (    
equal  /ature4 ,a c]ta9 ,greek sophi/1  
,proresius1 is said to h be5 n9e  feet 9
 height4 ,julius ,capitol9us affirms t  
,maxim9ian1 ! ,roman  emp]or 0 eight    
feet & a half2 !re 0 a ,sw$e1 "o ( !    
life  gu>ds ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ( t    
size4 ,m4 ,le ,cat speaks ( a giant     
exhibit$ at ,r\51 measur+ eight feet &  
"s in*es2 & we believe  "s h be5 se5 9  
?is c\ntry1 )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 ^:     
/ature 0 n inf]ior4 ,9 ,plott's 8,hi/ory
 ( ,/af=d%ire10 !re  is an in/ance ( a  
man ( sev5 feet & a half high1 & ano!r1 
9  ,?oresby's acc\nt ( ,le$s1 ( sev5    

feet five in*es high4 ,examples  may be 
f\nd else:]e ( sev]al individuals sev5  
feet 9 height1  bel[ :i*1 aft] ! op9ion 
( ! anci5ts1 we may cease to consid]  m5
 gigantic4 ,entire families sometimes1  
?\gh r>ely1 occur ( six  feet f\r1 or   
six feet six in*es high4 ,f all ?is we  
may conclude1  t !re may h possibly be5 
se5 "s solit>y in/ances ( m5  :o 7 t5   
feet 9 height2 t ^? ( eight feet are    
extremely  uncommon1 & t ev5 six feet & 
a half f> exce$s ! height (  m5 9       
,europe4 ,we may reasonably und]/& t !  
gigantic nations (  ,canaan 7 above !   
av]age size ( o!r p1 ) in/ances among   
!m ( sev]al families ( gigantic /ature4 
,?is is all t is  necess>y to suppose1 9
 ord] to expla9 ! acc\nt ( ,moses2 b !  
notion t m5 h gradually deg5]at$ 9 size 
has no f\ndation4  ,!re is no evid5ce   
:atev]1 t ! mod]n tribes ( mank9d h  ?us
 deg5]at$4 ,! catacombs ( anci5t ,egypt 
& ,pale/9e2 !  c5otaph1 if x be truly   
su*1 9 ! great pyramid2 ! tomb (        
,alex&] ! ,great1 are all calculat$ =   

bodies ( ord9>y  dim5sions4 ,! tru? is  
/ill m satisfactorily e/abli%$ f !      
mummies :i* are yet )drawn f _!         
receptacles 9 ,egypt1 & !  cav]ns ( !   
,can>y ,isl&s4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t sepul*res
 (  ,brita91 ^? app>5tly ant]ior to !   
introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1  no rema9s  
are discov]$ :i* indicate ! l>g] /ature 
( !  inhabitants ?an our own4 ,9 e "p ( 
! _w dome/ic implem5ts  & p]sonal       
ornam5ts1 _m c5turies old1 are obta9$ f 
tombs1  f bogs & mosses1 or ^? cities   
ov]:elm$ by volcanic eruptions1  :i*    
w\ld be ill adapt$ to a gigantic race ( 
ance/ors4    ,,gibeon1 ! capital city ( 
! ,gibeonites1 :o took advantage ( !    
oa?s ( ,jo%ua1 & ( ! eld]s ( ,israel1   
procur$ by an artful  repres5tation ( _!
 belong+ to a v remote c\ntry1 ,jo%ua   
ix4  ,jo%ua & ! eld]s _h n ! precaution 
to consult ,god on ?is  affair1 b       
inconsid]ately made a league ) ^! p4 ,!y
 soon  discov]$ _! mi/ake1 &1 )\t revok+
 _! promise ( sav+  _! lives1 !y        
condemn$ !m to lab\r 9 c>ry+ wood & wat]

  = ! tab]nacle2 & to o!r works1 z      
slaves & captives2 9 :i*  /ate (        
s]vitude !y rema9$1 till ! entire       
disp]sion ( !  ,jewi% nation1 ,a4 ,m4   
#beec2 ,b4 ,c4 #adea4 ,?ree days aft] ! 
,gibeonites  _h surr5d]$ to ! ,hebrews1 
! k+s ( ,canaan be+ in=m$ (  x1 five (  
!m came & besieg$ ! city ( ,gibeon4 ,!  
,gibeonites  s5t to ,jo%ua1 & desir$    
spe$y help4 ,jo%ua attack$ ! five k+s   
e>ly 9 ! morn+1 put !m to flight1 &     
pursu$ !m to ,be?oron1  ,jo%4 x1 #c1 c4 
,! ,gibeonites 7 desc5d$ f ! ,hivites1 !
 old  inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 & possess$
 f\r cities3 ,cephirah1  ,be]o?1        
,kirja?-je>im1 & ,gibeon1 _! capital2   
all aft]w>d giv5  to ,b5jam91 except    
,kirja?-je>im1 :i* fell to ,judah4 ,!   
,gibeonites  cont9u$ subject to ^?      
burd5s :i* ,jo%ua impos$ on !m1 &  7 v  
fai?ful to ! ,israelites4 ,nev]!less1   
,saul de/roy$ a  great numb] ( !m1 #b   
,sam4 xxi1 #a2 b ,god1 9 ! reign (      
,david1  s5t a great fam9e1 :i* la/$    
?ree ye>s1 ,a4 ,m4 #bihc2 ,b4 ,c4 #ajba2

  & ! prophets told ,david t ?is        
calamity w\ld cont9ue :ile  ,saul's     
cruelty rema9$ unav5g$4 ,david ask$ !   
,gibeonites :at  satisfaction !y desir$4
 ,!y answ]$1 8,sev5 ( ,saul's sons we w 
put to dea?1 to av5ge ! blood ( our     
bre?r540 ,! ,gibeonites  crucifi$ !m4 ,f
 ?is "t !re is no m5tion ( ! ,gibeonites
 z  a di/9ct p4 ,b !y 7 probably includ$
 among ! ,ne?9im1  appo9t$ = ! s]vice ( 
! temple1 #a ,*ron4 ix1 #b4 ,aft]w>d1   
^? ( ! ,canaanites :o 7 subdu$1 & _h _! 
lives sp>$1  7 add$ to ! ,gibeonites4   
,we see 9 ,ezra viii1 #bj2 ii1 #eh2 #a  
,k+s  ix1 #bj1 #ba1 t ,david1 ,solomon1 
& ! pr9ces ( ,judah1 gave _m  su* to !  
,"l2 ^! ,ne?9im be+ c>ri$ into captivity
 ) ,judah  & ! ,levites1 _m ( !m return$
 ) ,ezra1 ,z]ubbabel1 &  ,nehemiah1 &   
cont9u$1 z be=e1 9 ! s]vice ( ! temple1 
"u  ! prie/s & ,levites4 ,we nei!r "k   
:51 nor by :om1 nor on :at  occasion1 ! 
tab]nacle & alt> ( burnt sacrifices1    
made by ,moses 9  ! wild]ness1 7 remov$ 
to ,gibeon2 b ?is we c]ta9ly "k1  t1    

t[>d ! end ( ,david's reign1 & 9 !      
beg9n+ (  ,solomon's1 !y 7 !re1 #a      
,*ron4 xxi1 #bi1 #cj4 ,david1 see+ an   
angel  ( ! ,"l at ,araunah's ?re%+      
floor1 0 s t]rifi$1 t he _h  n "t or    
/r5g? to g s f> z ,gibeon to (f]        
sacrifice2 b  ,solomon1 be+ seat$ on !  
?rone1 w5t to sacrifice at ,gibeon1 #a  
,k+s iii1 #d4    ,,gideon1 ! son (      
,joa%1 ( ! tribe ( ,manasseh2 ! same )  
,j]ubbaal1 ! sev5? judge ( ,israel4 ,he 
dwelt 9 ! city ( ,ophra1  & 0 *os5 by   
,god 9 a v extraord9>y mann] to deliv] !
  ,israelites f ! oppression ( !        
,midianites1 "u :i* !y _h  lab\r$ = !   
space ( sev5 ye>s4 ,see ,judges vi1     
#ad-bg2 viii1 #a-bd1  c4    ,,gi]       
,,eagle1 1 ,lev4 xi1 #ah2 ,deut4 xiv1   
#ag4 ,z ! root ( ?is ^w  signifies      
t5d]ness & affection1 x is suppos$ to   
ref] to "s  bird rem>kable = its        
atta*m5t to its "y2 h5ce "s h ?\ght  t !
 pelican is to be und]/ood2 & ,bo*>t    
endeav\rs to prove  t ! gold5 vulture is
 meant2 b !re c be no d\bt t x is  !    

p]cnopt]us ( ! anci5ts1 ! a*-bobba ( !  
,arabians1  p>ticul>ly describ$ by      
,bruce "u ! "n ( ra*amah4 ,he says1     
8,we "k f ,horus ,apollo1 t ! ra*ma1 or 
%e vulture1 0  sacr$ to ,isis1 & adorn$ 
! /atue ( ! goddess2 t x 0 !  emblem (  
p>5tal affection2 & t x 0 ! hi]oglyphic 
= an  affectionate "m40 ,he f>!r says1 t
 8?is female vulture1 hav+  hat*$ h] "y 
ones1 cont9ues ) !m "o hundr$ & tw5ty   
days1  provid+ !m ) all necess>ies2 &1  
:5 ! /ock ( food fails  !m1 %e te>s (f !
 fle%y "p ( h] ?igh1 & fe$s !m )  t & ! 
blood :i* fl[s f ! w\nd40    ,hasselqui/
 ?us describes ! ,egyptian vulture3 8,! 
appe>ance ( !  bird is z horrid z c well
 be imag9$4 ,! face is nak$ &  wr9kl$1 !
 eyes are l>ge & black1 ! beak black &  
crook$1 !  talons l>ge1 & ext5d$ ready =
 prey1 & ! :ole body pollut$  ) fil?4   
,^! are qualities en\gh to make !       
behold] %udd] )  horror4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !
 inhabitants ( ,egypt _c be en\gh       
?ankful to ,provid5ce = ?is bird4 ,all !
 places r\nd ,cairo are  fill$ ) ! dead 

bodies ( asses & camels2 & ?\s&s ( ^!   
birds fly ab\t & dev\r ! c>casses1 be=e 
!y putrify & fill  ! air ) noxi\s       
exhalations40 ,no wond] t su* an animal 
%\ld  be deem$ unclean4    ,,gift ,,(   
,,tongues1 an ability giv5 to ! ,apo/les
 & o!rs ( readily  & intelligibly speak+
 a v>iety ( languages :i* !y _h nev]    
le>n$4 ,?is 0 a glori\s & decisive      
atte/ation to ! ,gospel1 z  well z a    
suitable1 &1 inde$1 9 _! circum/ances1 a
 necess>y  qualification = ! mission =  
:i* ! ,apo/les & _!  coadjutors 7       
design$4 ,nor is !re any reason1 ) ,dr4 
,middleton1  to und]/& x z m]ely an     
occasional gift1 s t a p]son might      
speak a language mo/ flu5tly "o h\r1 &  
be entirely ignorant ( x  ! next2 :i*   
nei!r agrees ) :at is said ( ! abuse (  
x1 nor  w\ld x h be5 suffici5t to answ] 
! end propos$1 ,acts ii4 ,"s  appe> to h
 be5 gift$ ) "o tongue1 o!rs ) m4 ,to   
,/4  ,paul ?is end[m5t 0 v\*saf$ 9 a m  
lib]al degree1 ?an to  _m o!rs2 =1 z to 
! ,cor9?ians1 :o _h receiv$ ! gift (    

tongues1 he says1 8t he spake ) tongues 
m ?an !y all40    ,,gifts4 ,! practice (
 mak+ pres5ts is v common 9 ori5tal     
c\ntries4 ,! cu/om probably _h its orig9
 among ^? m5 :o fir/  su/a9$ ! (fice (  
k+s or rul]s1 & :o1 f ! novelty &       
p]haps ! weakness atta*$ to _!          
situation1 *ose1 r ?an  make ! haz>d\s  
attempt ( exact+ taxes1 to cont5t       
!mselves )  receiv+ ^? pres5ts :i* might
 be freely (f]$1 #a ,sam4 x1 #bg4  ,h5ce
 x pass$ into a cu/om1 t :oev] approa*$ 
! k+ %\ld  come ) a gift4 ,?is 0 !      
practice & ! expectation4 ,! cu/om  (   
pres5t+ gifts 0 subsequ5tly ext5d$ to   
o!r great m52 to m5  :o 7 inf]ior to !  
k+1 b :o 71 nev]!less1 m5 (  influ5ce & 
rank2 x 0 also ext5d$ to ^? :o 7 equals1
 :5  !y 7 visit$1 ,prov]bs xviii1 #af4  
,k+s !mselves 7 9 !  habit ( mak+       
pres5ts1 probably 9 ref]5ce to ! cu/om 9
  "q & ! feel+s connect$ ) x1 to ^?     
individuals1 _!  inf]iors 9 po9t ( rank1
 :om !y wi%$ to hon\r1 & also to  ^? :o1
 l !mselves1 7 clo!d ) ! royal au?ority4

 ,^!  pres5ts1 namely1 su* z 7 pres5t$  
by ! k+ z a tok5 ( !  royal e/eem &     
hon\r1 are almo/ inv>iably d5om9at$ 9 ! 
,hebrew1  & 1 #a ,k+s xv1 #ai2 #b ,k+s  
xvi1 #h2 xviii1 #ad2 ,isaiah  xxxvi1    
#af4 ,! m anci5t prophets did n deem x  
discr$itable to  !m to receive pres5ts1 
nor unbecom+ _! sacr$ call+1 except  :51
 z 0 sometimes ! case1 !y refus$ by way 
( express+ _!  dissatisfaction or       
indignation1 #b ,k+s v1 #ae2 viii1 #i4  
,9 lat] times1  :5 false prophets1 9    
ord] to obta9 money1 prophesi$ )\t tru? 
& )\t au?ority1 ! true prophets1 = !    
purpose ( keep+ !  l9e ( di/9ction z    
broad z possible1 reject$ e ?+ t  look$ 
l rew>d4 ,gifts ( ?is k9d1 t h n[ be5   
describ$1  are n to be conf\nd$ ) ^? :i*
 are call$ 1 & :i* 7  pres5t$ to judges1
 n z a m>k ( e/eem & hon\r1 b =         
purposes ( brib]y & corruption4 ,! =m] 0
 consid]$ an hon\r  to ! giv]1 b a gift 
( ! latt] k9d has be5 ju/ly reprobat$  9
 e age1 ,exod4 xxii1 #h2 ,deut4 x1 #ag2 
xvi1 #ai2 xxvii1 #be2 ,psalm xv1  #e2   

xxvi1 #aj2 ,isaiah i1 #bc2 v1 #bc2      
xxxiii1 #ae4 ,! giv] 0 n  re/rict$ z to 
! k9d ( pres5t :i* he %\ld make4 ,he    
might  pres5t n only silv] & gold1 b    
clo!s & arms1 also diff]5t  k9ds ( food1
 9 a ^w any ?+ :i* c\ld be ( b5efit to !
  recipi5t1 ,g54 xliii1 #aa2 #a ,sam4   
ix1 #g2 xvi1 #bj2 ,job xiii1 #aa4 ,x 0  
! cu/om anci5tly1 z x is at ! pres5t "t 
9 ! ea/1 = an  individual :5 visit+ a   
p]son ( high rank1 to make "s pres5ts ( 
small value to ! s]vants or dome/ics ( !
 p]son visit$1 #a ,sam4  xxv1 #bg4 ,x 0 
! usual practice among k+s & pr9ces to  
pres5t to  _! fav\rite (fic]s 9 !       
gov]nm5t1 to ambassadors f =eign  c\rts1
 to =eign]s ( di/9ction1 & to m5 em95t =
 _!  le>n+1 g>m5ts ( great] or less     
value1 ,g5esis xiv1 #bb1 #bc2 ,e/h]     
viii1 #ae4 ,! royal w>drobe1 9 :i* a    
l>ge numb] ( su* g>m5ts  0 kept1 is     
d5om9at$ 9 ,hebrew  #b ,*ronicles xxxiv1
 #bb4 ,x 0  consid]$ an hon\r ( ! highe/
 k9d1 if a k+ or any p]son 9  high      
au?ority ?\ght x prop]1 z a manife/ation

 ( 8 fav\r1 to  give away to ano!r !    
g>m5t :i* he _h previ\sly worn himself1 
#a  ,sam4 xviii1 #d4 ,9 ! ea/1 at !     
pres5t day1 x is expect$1 t  e "o :o has
 receiv$ a g>m5t f ! k+ w imm$iately    
clo! himself 9 x1 & promptly pres5t     
himself & r5d] 8 homage  to ! giv]2     
o!rwise he runs ! haz>d ( excit+ ! k+'s 
displeasure1 ,matt4 xxii1 #aa1 #ab4 ,x 0
 sometimes ! case1 t !  k+1 :5 he made a
 fea/1 pres5t$ ve/m5ts to all ! gue/s :o
  7 invit$1 ) :i* !y clo!d !mselves be=e
 !y sat d[n to  x1 #b ,k+s x1 #bb2 ,g54 
xlv1 #bb2 ,rev4 iii1 #e4 ,9 ori5tal     
c\ntries1 !  pres5ts :i* are made to k+s
 & pr9ces are to ?is day c>ri$ on  bea/s
 ( burd51 are att5d$ ) a body ( m51 &   
are escort$ )  mu* pomp4 ,x matt]s n h[ 
light or h[ small ! pres5t may be1 x    
mu/ ei!r be c>ri$ on ! back ( a bea/ (  
burd51 or by a man1  :o mu/ support x ) 
bo? 8 h&s1 ,judges iii1 #ah2 #b ,k+s    
viii1  #i4    ,,gihon1 ! "n ( "o ( ! f\r
 riv]s ! s\rce ( :i* 0 9  p>adise1      
,g5esis ii1 #ac4 7,see ,ed547 ,rel&1    

,calmet1 c1 ?9k t  ,gihon is ! ,araxes1 
:i* has its s\rce1 z well z ! ,tigris & 
,euphrates1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 &1   
runn+ ) almo/  incr$ible rapidity1 falls
 into ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,gihon 0 also !  
"n  ( a f\nta9 to ! we/ ( ,j]usalem1 at 
:i* ,solomon 0 ano9t$  k+ by ! high     
prie/ ,zadok1 & ! ,prophet ,na?an1 #a   
,k+s i1 #cc4    ,,gilboa1 ,,m\nt1 a     
ridge ( m\nta9s on ! nor? ( ,be?%an1 or 
,scy?opolis1 =m+ 9 t "p ! b\nd>y ( !    
pla9 ( ,jordan to  ! we/4 ,x is         
memorable f ! defeat ( ,saul by !       
,phili/9es2  :5 8 ?ree sons 7 sla91 & he
 himself di$ by 8 own h&1 8  arm\rbe>]  
refus+ to kill him1 #a ,sam4 xxxi4      
,,gilead1 ! "n giv5 to ! monum5t erect$ 
by ,laban & ,jacob1 9  te/imony ( a     
mutual cov5ant & agreem5t1 ,g54 xxxi1   
#dg1 #dh4 ,h5ce  ! hill ^u :i* x 0      
erect$1 0 call$ ,m\nt ,gilead1 ,cant4   
iv1  #a2 vi1 #e2 ,j]4 #a1 #ai4 ,!       
m\nta9s ( ,gilead 7 "p ( t ridge (      
m\nta9s :i* ext5d f ,m\nt ,lebanon      
s\?w>d1 on ! ea/ ( !  ,holy l&2 !y gave 

_! "n to ! :ole c\ntry :i* lies on !    
ea/ ( ! sea ( ,galilee1 & includ$ !     
m\nta9\s region call$  9 ! ,new ,te/am5t
 ,tra*onitis4 ,! ,scripture speaks ( !  
balm (  ,gilead1 ,j]4 viii1 #bb2 xlvi1  
#aa2 li1 #h4 ,! m]*ants :o b\ght ,joseph
  came f ,gilead1 & 7 c>ry+ balm into   
,egypt1 ,g54 xxxvii1 #be4  ,see ,,balm4 
,,gilgal1 a celebrat$ place situat$ on !
 we/ ( ,jordan1 :]e !  ,israelites      
encamp$ "s "t aft] _! passage ov] t     
riv]1 &  :]e ,jo%ua pit*$ twelve /ones  
tak5 out ( ,jordan z a memorial4 ,a     
consid]able city 0 aft]w>d built !re1   
:i* became r5[n$ =  _m ev5ts record$ 9 !
 hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,gilgal 0 ab\t a     
league f ,jordan1 & at an equal di/ance 
f ,j]i*o4 ,x receiv$  its "n f !        
circum/ance ( ! ,hebrews be+ !re        
circumcis$2  = :5 by div9e comm& t rite 
_h be5 p]=m$ ^u !m1 !  ,"l said1 8,?is  
day h ,i roll$ away f (f y ! reproa* (  
,egypt10 ,jo%ua v1 #b-d1 c4--,! ^w      
,gilgal signifies roll+4 ,"h  ! ark 0   
long /ation$1 & consequ5tly ! place 0   

mu* resort$  to by ! ,israelites4 ,x    
seems to h be5 ! place 9 :i* ,j]oboam   
or "s ( ! k+s ( ,israel in/itut$        
idolatr\s wor%ip2 & h5ce  ! allusions to
 x by ! prophets1 ,hosea iv1 #ae2 ,amos 
iv1 #d4 ,x is  probable t !re 7 idols at
 ,gilgal z e>ly z ! days ( ,ehud1  :o 0 
"o ( ! judges2 = x is said t1 hav+      
deliv]$ 8  pres5ts to ! k+1 8,ehud w5t  
away1 b return$ aga9 f !  qu>ries t 7 by
 ,gilgal10 ,judges iii1 #ai4 ,! m>g9 (  
our ,bibles  reads1 8! grav5 images10 or
 idols set up by ! ,moabites1 ! view+  (
 :i*1 x is ?\ght1 /irr$ up ,ehud to     
rev5ge ! affront !reby  (f]$ to ! ,god (
 ,israel4 ,at ?is same place1 ! p met to
  confirm ! k+dom to ,saul1 #a ,sam4 xi1
 #ad1 #ae4 ,x 0 at ,gilgal1 too1  t     
,saul incurr$ ! div9e displeasure1 9    
(f]+ sacrifice be=e  ,samuel arriv$1 #a 
,sam4 xiii2 & !re also x 0 t he receiv$ 
!  s5t5ce ( 8 rejection = disobey+ !    
div9e comm&1 & sp>+  ! k+ ( ,amalek ) ! 
spoils :i* he _h res]v$1 #a ,sam4 xv4   
,x has be5 suppos$ t ! sett+ up ( /ones1

 z at ,gilgal &  o!r places1 gave rise  
to ! rude /one circul> temples ( !      
,druids1 & o!r ,hea!ns4 ,! idea1 h[ev]1 
appe>s fanciful1 &  !re is an ess5tial  
diff]5ce betwe5 /ones erect$ =          
memorials1  & ^? us$ to m>k sacr$1 or   
suppos$ sacr$1 places = wor%ip4         
,,girdle4 ,! girdle is an indisp5sable  
article 9 ! dress ( an  ori5tal3 x has  
v>i\s uses2 b ! pr9cipal "o is to tuck  
up _!  long fl[+ ve/m5ts1 t !y may n    
incommode !m 9 _! "w1  or on a j\rney4  
,! ,jews1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 wore a  
d\ble  girdle1 "o ( great] bread?1 ) :i*
 !y gird$ _! tunic :5  !y prep>$ =      
active ex]tions3 ! o!r !y wore "u _!    
%irt1 ar\nd _! lo9s4 ,?is "u girdle !y  
reckon necess>y to  di/+ui% betwe5 !    
he>t & ! less hon\rable p>ts ( ! human  
frame4 ,! upp] girdle 0 sometimes made (
 lea!r1 ! mat]ial (  :i* ! girdle (     
,john ! ,bapti/ 0 made2 b x 0 m commonly
  fabricat$ ( wor/$1 (t5 v artfully wov5
 into a v>iety (  figures1 & made to    
fold sev]al times ab\t ! body2 "o end ( 

:i*  be+ d\bl$ back1 & sewn along !     
edges1 s]ves !m = a purse1  agreeably to
 ! acceptation ( 1 9 ! ,scriptures1 :i* 
is  translat$ purse1 9 sev]al places ( !
 ,new ,te/am5t1 ,matt4 x1 #i2  ,m>k vi1 
#h4 ,! anci5t ,romans1 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r
 ?+s1  imitat$ ! ori5tals2 = _! soldi]s1
 & probably all classes (  ! citiz5s1   
us$ to c>ry _! money 9 _! girdles4      
,:5ce1 9  ,horace1 qui zonam p]didit1   
means "o :o _h lo/ 8 purse2 &  ,aulus   
,gellius1 ,c4 ,grac*us is introduc$1    
say+1 8,^? girdles :i* ,i  c>ri$ out    
full ( money :5 ,i w5t f ,rome1 ,i h1 at
 my return  f ! prov9ce1 br\ght aga9    
empty40 ,! ,turks make a f>!r use (  ^! 
girdles1 by fix+ _! knives & po9>ds 9   
!m2 :ile !  writ]s & secret>ies susp5d 9
 !m _! ink-horns2 a cu/om z old  z !    
,prophet ,ezekiel1 :o m5tions 8a p]son  
clo!d 9 :ite l951  ) an ink-horn ^u 8   
lo9s10 ,ezek4 ix1 #b4 ,t "p ( !         
ink-hold] :i* passes betwe5 ! girdle & !
 tunic1 & receives  _! p5s1 is long &   
flat2 b ! vessel = ! ink1 :i* re/s  ^u !

 girdle1 is squ>e1 ) a lid to clasp ov] 
x4    #b4 ,to loose ! girdle & give x to
 ano!r 01 among ! ori5tals1  a tok5 (   
great confid5ce & affection4 ,?us1 to   
ratify ! cov5ant  :i* ,jona?an made )   
,david1 & to express 8 cordial reg>d =  
8 fri5d1 among o!r ?+s1 he gave him 8   
girdle4 ,a girdle  curi\sly & ri*ly     
wr\ght 0 among ! anci5t ,hebrews a m>k (
  hon\r1 & sometimes be/[$ z a rew>d (  
m]it2 = ?is 0 !  recomp5se :i* ,joab    
decl>$ he meant to be/[ on ! man :o put 
,absalom to dea?3 8,:y did/ ?\ n smite  
him !re to ! gr\nd8 &  ,i w\ld h giv5 !e
 t5 %ekels ( silv]1 & a girdle10 #b     
,samuel  xviii1 #aa4 ,! rew>d 0 c]ta9ly 
meant to correspond ) !  importance ( ! 
s]vice :i* he expect$ him to p]=m1 & !  
dignity ( 8 own /ation z comm&] 9 *ief3 
we may1 !re=e1  suppose t ! girdle      
promis$ 0 n a common "o ( lea!r1 or     
pla9 wor/$1 b ( co/ly mat]ials & ri*ly  
adorn$2 = p (  rank & fa%ion 9 ! ea/ we>
 v broad girdles1 all ( silk1 &  sup]bly
 ornam5t$ ) gold & silv]1 & preci\s     

/ones1 ( :i*  !y are extremely pr\d1    
reg>d+ !m z ! tok5s ( _! sup]ior  /ation
 & ! pro( ( _! ri*es4 8,to gird up !    
lo9s0 is to  br+ ! fl[+ robe )9 !       
girdle1 & s to prep>e = a  j\rney1 or = 
"s vigor\s ex]cise4    ,,glass1 4 ,?is  
^w occurs ,rev4 xxi1 #ah1 #ba2 & !      
adjective  1 ,rev4 iv1 #f2 xv1 #b4      
,p>khur/ says t 9 ! lat] ,greek  writ]s1
 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1  d5otes !         
artificial  sub/ance1 glass2 & t we may 
ei!r ) ,m9t]t d]ive x f  1 spl5d\r1 or  
imm$iately f ! ,hebrew 1 to %9e4 ,!re   
seems to be no ref]5ce to glass 9 ! ,old
 ,te/am5t4 ,! art (  mak+ x 0 n kn[n4   
,our translators h r5d]$ ! ,hebrew ^w  1
 9 ,exodus xxxviii1 #h1 & ,job xxxvii1  
#ah1 8look+-glass40 ,b !  mak+ mirrors (
 glass coat$ ) quicksilv]1 is an        
inv5tion q  mod]n4 ,! ^w look+-glass    
occurs 9 our v]sion ( ,ecclesia/icus    
xii1 #aa1 8,nev] tru/ ?9e enemy2 = l z  
iron ru/e?1 s is 8  wick$ness4 ,?\gh he 
humble himself1 & g cr\*+1 yet take good
  he$ & bew>e ( him1 & ?\ %alt be unto  

him z if ?\ had/  wa%$ a look+-glass1 & 
?\ %alt "k t 8 ru/ ha? n be5  altoge!r  
wip$ away40 ,?is passage proves1 by its 
m5tion ( ru/1  t mirrors 7 !n made (    
poli%$ metal4 ,! ^w 1 or  mirror1 occurs
 9 #a ,cor4 xiii1 #ab1 & ,james i1 #bc4 
,dr4 ,pe>ce ?9ks  t 9 ! =m] place x     
signifies any ( ^? transp>5t  sub/ances 
:i* ! anci5ts us$ 9 _! w9d[s1 & ?r\gh   
:i*  !y saw ext]nal objects obscurely4  
,b o!rs are ( op9ion t !  ^w d5otes a   
mirror ( poli%$ metal2 z ?is1 h[ev]1 0  
liable to  _m imp]fections1 s t ! object
 be=e x 0 n se5 cle>ly or  fully1 !     
mean+ ( ! ,apo/le is1 t we see ?+s z x 7
 by  images reflect$ f a mirror1 :i* %[s
 !m v obscurely &  indi/9ctly4 ,9 !     
latt] place1 a mirror und\bt$ly is      
meant2 8,=  if any be a he>] ( ! ^w1 & n
 a do]1 he is l unto a man  behold+ 8   
natural face 9 a glass3 = he beholde?   
himself1 &  goe? 8 way1 & /raightway he 
=gette? :at mann] ( man he 030  b 9 !   
=m]1 #a ,cor4 xiii1 #ab1 semi-transp>5t 
glass su* z t  :i* we see 9 ! anci5t    

glass vases ( ! ,romans is obvi\sly     
int5d$4 ,specim5s ( ,roman glass may be 
se5 9 collections (  antiquities1 & "s h
 be5 dug up at ,pompeii2 b 9 all x is   
cl\dy & dull1 & objects c only be se5   
?r\gh x )  indi/9ctness4 ,f ?is we may  
fully p]ceive ! =ce ( !  ,apo/le's      
words1 8n[ we see ?r\gh a glass d>kly40 
,,glean4 ,to glean is prop]ly to ga!r   
e>s ( corn1 or grapes1 left by  !       
reap]s1 c4 ,! ,jews 7 n all[$ to glean  
_! fields1 b  7 to leave ?is to ! poor1 
,lev4 xix1 #aj2 xxiii1 #bb2 ,deut4 xxiv1
 #ba2  ,ru? ii1 #c4    ,,glorify1 to    
make glori\s or hon\rable1 or to cause  
to appe> s1 ,john  xii1 #bh2 xiii1 #ca1 
#cb2 xv1 #h2 xvii1 #d1 #e2 xxi1 #ai2    
,acts iii1 #ac4 ,9 ?is  view x          
p>ticul>ly ref]s to ! resurrection (    
,*ri/1 & 8  asc5sion to ! "r h& ( ,god1 
,john vii1 #ci2 xii1 #af4 ,x also       
expresses t *ange :i* %all pass ^u      
believ]s at ! g5]al  resurrection1 & _! 
admission into heav54    ,,glory1       
spl5d\r1 magnific5ce4 ,! glory ( ,god 9 

! writ+s (  ,moses1 d5otes1 g5]ally1 !  
div9e pres5ce2 z :5 he appe>$ on  ,m\nt 
,s9ai2 or1 ! bright cl\d :i* decl>$ 8   
pres5ce1 &  desc5d$ on ! tab]nacle ( !  
congregation1 ,exod4 xxiv1 #i1 #aj1 #af1
  #ag4 ,moses1 ) ,a>on1 ,nadab1 ,abihu1 
& sev5ty eld]s ( ,israel1 w5t  up to    
,m\nt ,s9ai1 & 8saw ! glory ( ! ,"l40   
,n[ 8! glory (  ! ,"l 01 z x 71 a burn+ 
fire on ! m\nta92 & "u 8  feet 01 z x 71
 ! brightness ( ! sapphire /one1        
resembl+  heav5 itself 9 cle>ness40 ,!  
glory ( ! ,"l appe>$ to ,israel 9  !    
cl\d also1 :5 he gave !m manna & quails1
 ,exod4 xvi1 #g1 #aj4  ,moses hav+      
e>ne/ly begg$ ( ,god to %[ 8 glory to   
him1 ,god said1  8,?\ can/ n see my     
face1 = !re %all no man see me & live4  
,&  ! ,"l said1 ,!re is a place by me1 &
 ?\ %alt /& ^u a rock3  & x %all come to
 pass1 :ile my glory passe? by1 t ,i w  
put  !e 9 ! cleft ( ! rock1 & w cov] !e 
) my h& :ile ,i  pass by3 & ,i w take   
away my h&1 & ?\ %alt see my back       
p>ts30 7! tra91 ! fa9t] rays ( ! glory37

 8b my face %all  n be se510 ,exod4     
xxxiii1 #ah4 ,! ark ( ,god is call$ !   
glory (  ,israel2 & ! glory ( ,god1 #a  
,samuel iv1 #ba1 #bb2 ,psalm xxvi1 #h4  
,!  prie/ly ornam5ts are call$ 8g>m5ts (
 glory10 ,exod4 xxviii1 #b1 #dj2  & !   
sacr$ vessels1 8vessels ( glory10 #a    
,macc4 ii1 #i1 #ab4 ,solomon  89 all 8  
glory10 9 all 8 lu/re1 9 8 ri*e/        
ornam5ts1 0 n  s beautifully array$ z a 
lily1 ,matt4 vi1 #bi2 ,luke xii1 #bg4   
,:5 !  prophets describe ! conv]sion ( !
 ,g5tiles1 !y speak ( !  8glory ( ! ,"l0
 z fill+ ! e>?2 t is1 8 k %all          
univ]sally prevail1 & he %all be e :]e  
wor%ipp$ &  glorifi$4 ,! t]m 8glory0 is 
us$ also ( ! ,gospel disp5sation by  ,/4
 ,paul2 & to express ! future felicity (
 ! sa9ts 9 heav54  ,:5 ! ,hebrews       
requir$ an oa? ( any man1 !y said1      
8,give glory to  ,god30 confess ! tru?1 
give him glory1 confess t ,god kn[s !   
mo/  secret ?\ghts1 ! v bottom ( y\r    
he>ts1 ,jo%ua vii1 #ai2 ,john  ix1 #bd4 
,,gnat1 1 ,matt4 xxiii1 #bd1 a small-w+$

 insect1 compreh5d+ a  g5us ( ! ord] (  
dipt]a4 ,9 ^? hot c\ntries1 z ,s]vius   
rem>ks1 speak+ ( ! ea/1 gnats & flies   
are v apt to fall into  w9e1 if x be n  
c>efully cov]$2 & pass+ ! liquor ?r\gh a
  /ra9]1 t no gnat or "p ( "o might     
rema91 became a prov]b =  exactness ab\t
 little matt]s4 ,?is may help u to      
und]/& t  passage1 ,matt4 xxiii1 #bd1   
:]e ! prov]bial expression ( c>efully   
/ra9+ out a little fly f ! liquor to be 
drunk1 & yet  swall[+ a camel1          
intimates1 t ! scribes & ,ph>isees      
affect$  to scruple little ?+s1 & yet   
disreg>d$ ^? ( ! greate/  mom5t4        
,,gno/ics1 f 1 8k10 m5 ( sci5ce &       
wisdom1  illum9ati2 m5 :o1 f bl5d+ !    
philosophy ( ! ea/1 or (  ,greece1 ) !  
doctr9es ( ! ,gospel1 boa/$ ( deep] k 9 
! ,scriptures & !ology ?an o!rs4 ,x 01  
!re=e1 n s  prop]ly a di/9ct sect z a   
g5]ic t]m1 compreh5d+ all :o1  =sak+ !  
simplicity ( ! ,gospel1 pret5d$ to be   
8wise above :at  is writt510 to expla9 !
 ,new ,te/am5t by ! dogmas ( !          

philosoph]s1 & to d]ive f ! sacr$ writ+s
 my/]ies :i*  nev] 7 conta9$ 9 !m4 ,!   
orig9 ( ! ,gno/ic h]esy1 z x is  call$1 
has be5 v>i\sly /at$4 ,! pr9ciples ( ?is
 h]esy 71  h[ev]1 mu* old] ?an          
,*ri/ianity2 & _m ( ! errors allud$ to  
9 ! apo/olic epi/les are d\btless ( a "*
 v simil> to  "s bran*es ( ! ,gno/ic    
sy/em4 7,see ,cabbala47 ,c]9?us1 aga9/  
:om ,/4 ,john wrote 8 ,gospel2 !        
,nicolaitans1 m5tion$ 9 !  ,revelation1 
& ! ,ebionites1 7describ$ "u t article17
 7 all  e>ly ,gno/ics1 al?\gh ! sy/em 0 
n !n s completely =m$ z  aft]w>d4 ,dr4  
,burton1 9 8 ,bampton ,lectures1 has ?us
 sket*$ !  ,gno/ic sy/em3--,9 attempt+  
to give an acc\nt ( ^! doctr9es1 ,i  mu/
 beg9 ) obs]v+ :at we %all see m pla9ly 
:5 we trace  ! causes ( ,gno/icism1 t x 
0 n by any means a new &  di/9ct        
philosophy1 b made up ( selections f    
almo/ e sy/em4  ,?us we f9d 9 x !       
,platonic doctr9e ( ideas1 & ! notion t 
e ?+ 9 ?is l[] _w has a cele/ial &      
immat]ial  ar*etype4 ,we f9d 9 x evid5t 

traces ( t my/ical & cabali/ic  j>gon   
:i*1 aft] _! return f captivity1 de=m$ !
 religion  ( ! ,jews2 & _m ,gno/ics     
adopt$ ! ori5tal notion ( two  indep5d5t
 cot]nal pr9ciples1 ! "o ! au?or ( good1
 ! o!r  ( evil4 ,la/ly1 we f9d ! ,gno/ic
 !ology full ( ideas & t]ms  :i* mu/ h  
be5 tak5 f ! ,gospel2 & ,jesus ,*ri/1 "u
 "s  =m or o!r1 ( on1 emanation1 or     
incorporeal phantom1 ent]s into  all _! 
sy/ems1 & is ! means ( communicat+ to !m
 t  k :i* rais$ !m above all o!r        
mortals1 & entitl$ !m  to _! peculi> "n4
 ,! g5ius & v s\l ( ,gno/icism 0  my/]y3
 its end & object 0 to purify its       
foll[]s f !  corruptions ( matt]1 & to  
raise !m to a high] scale ( be+1  suit$ 
only to ^? :o 7 become p]fect by k4     
#b4 ,we h a key to _m p>ts ( _! sy/em1  
:5 we "k t !y  held matt] to be         
intr9sically evil1 ( :i*1 consequ5tly1  
,god c\ld  n be ! au?or4 ,h5ce arose _! 
fundam5tal t5et1 t ! creator  ( ! _w1 or
 ,demiurgus1 0 n ! same ) ! supreme     
,god1 !  ,au?or ( good1 & ! ,fa!r (     

,*ri/4 ,_! sy/em all[$ "s (  !m to call 
! creator ,god2 b ! title mo/ usually   
giv5 to him  0 ,demiurgus4 ,^? :o       
embrac$ ! doctr9e ( two pr9ciples       
suppos$ ! _w to h be5 produc$ by ! evil 
pr9ciple2 &1 9  mo/ sy/ems1 ! creator1  
?\gh n ! fa!r ( ,*ri/1 0 look$  ^u z !  
,god ( ! ,jews1 & ! au?or ( ! ,mosaic   
law4 ,"s1  aga91 believ$ t angels 7     
employ$ 9 creat+ ! _w2 b all  7 agre$ 9 
ma9ta9+ t matt] itself 0 n creat$1 t x  
0 et]nal1 & rema9$ inactive1 till       
,dispositam1 quisquis fuit ille ,deorum1
              ,cong]iem secuit1         
sectamque 9 membra r$egit4              
,,ovid4    ,"s ,god1 :oev] he 01 sep>at$
 & arrang$ ! mass1 & r$uc$  x1 :5       
sep>at$1 into elem5ts4    ,! supreme    
,god _h dwelt f all et]nity 9 a pl]oma (
  inaccessible light2 & beside ! "n (   
fir/ ,fa!r1 or fir/  ,pr9ciple1 !y call$
 him also ,by?us1 z if to d5ote !       
unfa?omable  nature ( 8 p]fections4 ,?is
 be+1 by an op]ation purely m5tal1 or   
by act+ ^u himself1 produc$ two o!r be+s

 ( diff]5t sexes1  f :om1 by a s]ies (  
desc5ts1 m or less num]\s accord+ to    
diff]5t s*emes1 sev]al pairs ( be+s 7   
=m$1 :o 7 call$  ons1 f ! p]iods ( _!   
exi/5ce be=e "t 01 or  emanations1 f !  
mode ( _! production4 ,^! successive ons
  or emanations appe> to h be5 inf]ior  
ea* to ! prec$+2 &  _! exi/5ce 0        
indisp5sable to ! ,gno/ic s*eme1 t !y   
might  acc\nt = ! creation ( ! _w )\t   
mak+ ,god ! au?or (  evil4 ,^! ons liv$ 
?r\gh c\ntless ages ) _! fir/ fa!r2  b !
 sy/em ( emanations seems to h resembl$ 
t ( conc5tric  circles2 & !y gradually  
det]iorat$1 z !y approa*$ ne>] &  ne>]  
to ! extremity ( ! pl]oma4 ,beyond ?is  
pl]oma 0  matt]1 in]t & p[]less1 ?\gh   
cot]nal ) ! supreme ,god1 &  l him )\t  
beg9n+4 ,at l5g?1 "o ( ! ons pass$ !    
limits ( ! pl]oma1 &1 meet+ ) matt]1    
creat$ ! _w1  aft] ! =m & model ( an    
ideal _w :i* exi/$ 9 !  pl]oma or 9 !   
m9d ( ! supreme ,god4 ,"h x is t        
inconsi/5cy is add$ to absurdity 9 !    
,gno/ic s*eme4 ,=1 let !  int]m$iate ons

 be z _m z ! wilde/ imag9ation c\ld     
devise1  /ill ,god 0 ! remote1 if n !   
proximate1 cause ( creation4 ,add$  to  
:i*1 we are to suppose t ! ,demiurgus   
=m$ ! _w )\t  ! k ( ,god2 & t1 hav+ =m$ 
x1 he rebell$ aga9/  him4 ,"h1 aga91 we 
f9d a /rong resemblance to ! ori5tal    
doctr9e  ( two pr9ciples1 good & evil1  
or light & d>kness4 ,! two  pr9ciples 7 
always at enmity ) ea* o!r4 ,god mu/ h  
be5  conceiv$ to be m p[]ful ?an matt]1 
or an emanation f ,god  c\ld n h %ap$ & 
m\ld$ x into =m3 yet ,god 0 n able to   
r$uce matt] into its primeval *aos1 nor 
to de/roy ! evil :i* !  ,demiurgus _h   
produc$4 ,:at ,god c\ld n prev5t1 he 0  
always  endeav\r+ to cure3 & "h x is t !
 ,gno/ics borr[$ s  l>gely f ! ,*ri/ian 
s*eme4 ,! names1 inde$1 ( sev]al (  _!  
ons 7 evid5tly tak5 f t]ms :i* !y f\nd 9
 !  ,gospel4 ,?us we meet ) ,logos1     
,monog5es1 ,zoe1 ,ecclesia1 all  ( !m   
successive emanations f ! supreme ,god1 
& all dwell+ 9  ! pl]oma4 ,at l5g?1 we  
meet ) ,*ri/ & ! ,holy ,gho/1 z two  ( !

 la/ ons :i* 7 put =?4 ,*ri/ 0 s5t into 
! _w  to rem$y ! evil :i* ! creative on 
or ,demiurgus _h caus$4 ,he  0 to       
emancipate m5 f ! tyranny ( matt]1 or ( 
! evil  pr9ciple2 &1 by reveal+ to !m ! 
true ,god1 :o 0 hi!rto  unkn[n1 to fit  
!m1 by a p]fection & sublimity ( k1 to  
ent] ! div9e pl]oma4 ,to give ?is k1 0 !
 end &  object ( ,*ri/'s com+ ^u e>?2 & 
h5ce ! inv5tors &  believ]s ( ! doctr9e 
assum$ to !mselves ! "n ( ,gno/ics4 ,9  
all _! notions conc]n+ ,*ri/1 we /ill   
f9d !m /ruggl+ )  ! same difficulty (   
reconcil+ ! au?or ( good ) ! exi/5ce  ( 
evil4 ,*ri/1 z be+ an emanation f ,god1 
c\ld h no real  connection ) matt]3 yet1
 ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gno/ics 0 held out to  be 
! same ) him :o 0 reveal$ 9 ! ,gospel2 &
 x 0  notori\s t he 0 reveal$ z ! ,son (
 ,m>y1 :o appe>$ 9 a  human =m4 ,!      
me?ods :i* !y took to extricate !mselves
 f !  difficulty1 7 pr9cipally two3 !y  
ei!r d5i$ t ,*ri/ _h a  real body at    
all1 & held t he 0 an unsub/antial      
phantom2 or1  grant+ t !re 0 a man call$

 ,jesus1 ! son ( human p>5ts1  !y       
believ$ t "o ( ! ons1 call$ ,*ri/1      
quitt$ !  pl]oma1 & desc5d$ ^u ,jesus at
 8 baptism4    #c4 ,we h se5 t ! ,god :o
 0 ! fa!r or prog5itor ( ,*ri/1  0 n    
consid]$ to be ! creator ( ! _w4 ,nei!r 
0 he !  ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! giv]
 ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,?is notion  0        
support$ by ! same argum5t :i* infidels 
h (t5 urg$1 t  ! ,god ( ! ,jews is      
repres5t$ z a ,god ( v5geance & (       
cruelty2  b x 0 also a natural          
consequ5ce ( _! fundam5tal pr9ciple1  t 
! au?or ( good _c 9 any mann] be ! au?or
 ( evil4 ,9  accordance ) ?is notion1 we
 f9d all ! ,gno/ics agre$ 9  reject+ !  
,jewi% ,scriptures1 or1 at lea/1 9      
treat+ !m )  contempt4 ,s9ce !y held t !
 supreme ,god 0 reveal$ = !  fir/ "t to 
mank9d by ,*ri/1 he c\ld n h be5 ! ,god 
:o  inspir$ ! prophets2 & yet1 ) t      
/range inconsi/5cy :i* we  h already    
obs]v$ 9 !m1 !y appeal$ to ^! v         
,scriptures 9  support ( _! own         
doctr9es4 ,!y believ$ ! prophets to h   

be5  inspir$ by ! same creative on1 or !
 same pr9ciple ( evil1  :i* act$        
orig9ally ^u matt]2 & if _! writ+s _h   
come d[n  to u1 we %\ld p]haps f9d !m   
argu+1 t1 ?\gh ! prophets  7 n inspir$  
by ! supreme ,god1 !y /ill c\ld n help  
giv+  utt]ance to tru?4    #d4 ,_! same 
abhorr5ce ( matt]1 & _! same notion     
conc]n+  t purity ( k :i* ,*ri/ came ^u 
e>? to imp>t1 l$  !m to reject !        
,*ri/ian doctr9es ( a future            
resurrection & a  g5]al judgm5t4 ,!y    
seem to h und]/ood ! ,apo/les z prea*+  
lit]ally a resurrection ( ! body2 & x is
 c]ta9 t ! fa!rs  insi/$ ^u ?is v       
/rongly z an article ( belief4 ,b to    
imag9e  t ! body1 a mass ( creat$ &     
corruptible matt]1 c\ld ev]  ent] into  
heav51 into t pl]oma :i* 0 ! dwell+ ( ! 
supreme ,god1 0 a notion :i* violat$ !  
fundam5tal pr9ciple (  ! ,gno/ics4      
,accord+ to _! s*eme1 no resurrection 0 
necess>y1  mu* less a f9al judgm5t4 ,!  
,gno/ic1 ! man :o _h atta9$ to  p]fect  
k1 0 gradually emancipat$ f ! grossness 

(  matt]2 &1 by an imp]ceptible         
transition1 :i* none b a ,gno/ic  c\ld  
compreh5d1 he 0 rais$ to be an          
inhabitant ( ! div9e  pl]oma4 ,if we    
w\ld "k ! effect :i* ! doctr9es ( !     
,gno/ics _h ^u _! moral conduct1 we %all
 f9d t ! same  pr9ciple l$ to two v     
opposite results4 ,?\gh ! fa!rs may h   
exagg]at$ ! errors ( _! oppon5ts1 x     
seems und5iable1 t  _m ,gno/ics l$      
pr(ligate lives1 & ma9ta9$ ^u pr9ciple t
  su* conduct 0 n unlawful4 ,o!rs1 aga91
 are repres5t$ z  practis+ great        
au/]ities1 & endeav\r+1 by e means1 to  
mortify ! body & its s5sual appetites4  
,bo? p>ties 7 actuat$  by ! same common 
notion1 t matt] is inh]5tly evil4 ,! "o 
?\ght t ! body1 :i* is comp\nd$ ( matt]1
 ought to be kept  9 subjection2 & h5ce 
!y inculcat$ self-d5ial1 & ! practice  (
 moral virtue3 :ile o!rs1 :o _h p]suad$ 
!mselves t  k 0 e ?+1 despis$ !         
di/9ctions ( ! moral law1  :i* 0 giv51 z
 !y said1 n by ! supreme ,god1 b by an  
inf]ior on1 or a pr9ciple ( evil1 :o _h 

alli$ himself )  matt]4    #e4 ,)       
respect to ! orig9 ( ?is sy/em ! same   
au?or obs]ves3  ,!re is no sy/em (      
philosophy :i* has be5 trac$ to a great]
  numb] ( s\rces ?an t :i* we are n[    
discuss+2 & ! v>iety  ( op9ions seems to
 h aris5 f p]sons ei!r n obs]v+ !  v    
diff]5t aspects :i* ,gno/icism assum$1  
or f wi%+ to  d]ive x f "o exclusive    
qu>t]4 ,?us1 "s h d$uc$ x f  ! ea/]n    
notion ( a good & evil pr9ciple1 "s f ! 
,jewi%  ,cabbala1 & o!rs f ! doctr9es ( 
! lat] ,platoni/s4 ,ea* (  ^! sy/ems is 
able to support itself by alleg+ v /rong
  resemblances2 & ^? p]sons h tak5 ! mo/
 natural & probably  ! true/ c\rse1 :o h
 conclud$ t all ^! op9ions  contribut$  
to build up ! mon/r\s sy/em1 :i* 0 kn[n 
by !  "n ( ,gno/icism4    ,,goat1 4 ,!re
 are o!r names or appellations giv5 to !
 goat1 z1  #a4 1 #a ,k+s xx1 #bg1 :i*   
means ! ram-goat1 or lead] ( !  flock4  
#b4 1 a ^w :i* nev] occurs b 9 ! plural1
 &  means1 ! be/ prep>$1 or *oice/ ( !  
flock2 & metaphorically  pr9ces1 z1     

,ze*4 x1 #c1 8,i w visit ! goats1 sai? !
 ,"l10  t is1 ,i w beg9 my v5geance ) ! 
pr9ces ( ! p4 8,hell  f b5ea? is mov$ = 
!e1 to meet !e at ?y com+2 x /irre?  up 
! dead = !e1 ev5 all ! great goats ( !  
e>?10 ,isaiah  xiv1 #i2 all ! k+s1 all !
 great m54 ,& ,j]emiah1 speak+ ( !      
pr9ces ( ! ,jews1 says1 8,remove out ( !
 mid/ ( ,babylon1 & be  z ! he-goats    
be=e ! flocks10 ,j]4 #a1 #h4 #c4 1 a "n 
= !  goat1 ( ,*aldee orig91 & f\nd only 
9 ,ezra vi1 #ag2 viii1 #ce2 ,daniel     
viii1 #e1 #ba4 #d4 1 f 1 a goat1 & 1 to 
w&] ab\t1  ,leviticus xvi1 #h1 8!       
scape-goat40 #e4 1 hairy1 or %aggy1 :5ce
  1 8! %aggy ones40 ,9 ,lev4 xvii1 #g1 x
 is said1 8,& !y  %all no m (f] _!      
sacrifices unto devils10 7seirim1 8hairy
  ones107 8aft] :om !y h gone a :or+40  
,! ^w "h means  idolatr\s images (      
goats1 wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,x is !
 same  ^w t is translat$ satyrs1 9      
,isaiah xiii1 #ba2 :]e ! ,,lxx  r5d] x 1
 demons4 ,b "h !y h 1 to va9  ?+s or    
idols1 :i* comes to ! same s5se4 ,:at   

gives light to  s obscure a passage is  
:at we read 9 ,maimonides1 t ! ,zabian  
idolat]s wor%ipp$ demons "u ! figure (  
goats1 imag9+ !m to  appe> 9 t =m1 :5ce 
!y call$ !m by ! names ( seirim2  & t   
?is cu/om1 be+ spread among o!r nations1
 gave occasion to  ?is precept4 ,9 l    
mann] we le>n f ,h]odotus1 t !          
,egyptians  ( ,m5des held goats to be   
sacr$ animals1 & repres5t$ ! god ,pan  )
 ! legs & head ( t animal4 ,f ^? anci5t 
idolat]s !  same notion seems to h be5  
d]iv$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 :o        
repres5t$ _! ,pan1 _! fauns1 satyrs1 &  
o!r idols1 9 ! =m  ( goats3 f all :i* x 
is highly probable1 t ! ,israelites _h  
le>n$ 9 ,egypt to wor%ip c]ta9 demons1  
or sylvan deities1 "u !  symbolical     
figure ( goats4 ,?\gh ! phrase1 8aft]   
:om !y h  gone a :or+10 is equival5t 9  
,scripture to t ( committ+  idolatry1   
yet we are n to suppose t x is n to be  
tak5 9 a  lit]al s5se 9 _m places1 ev5  
:]e x is us$ 9 connection )  idolatr\s  
acts ( wor%ip4 ,x is well kn[n t        

,baal-peor &  ,a%t>o? 7 wor%ipp$ )      
unclean rites1 & t public  pro/itution  
=m$ a gr& "p ( ! wor%ip ( _m deities    
among  ! ,egyptians1 ,moabites1         
,canaanites1 c4    ,! goat 0 "o ( !     
clean bea/s :i* ! ,israelites might bo? 
eat  & (f] 9 sacrifice4 ,! kid1  is (t5 
m5tion$ z a food1 9 a  way t implies t x
 0 consid]$ z a delicacy4 ,! 1 or wild  
goat1 m5tion$ ,deut4 xiv1 #e1 & no :]e  
else 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 is  suppos$ to 
be ! tragelaphus1 or 8goat-de]40        
,s*ult5s conjectures  t ?is animal might
 h its "n1 ob fugacitatem1 f its        
%yness1 or runn+ away4 ,! ^w 1 occurs #a
 ,sam4 xxiv1 #c2 ,job  xxxix1 #a2 ,psalm
 civ1 #ah2 ,prov4 v1 #ai3 & v>i\s h be5 
!  s5tim5ts ( int]pret]s on ! animal    
int5d$ by x4 ,bo*>t insi/s  t x is !    
ibex1 or 8rock-goat40 ,! root :5ce ! "n 
is  d]iv$1 signifies to asc5d1 to m\nt2 
& ! ibex is fam\s =  clamb]+1 climb+1 & 
leap+1 on ! mo/ craggy precipices4 ,!   
,arab writ]s attribute to ! jaal v long 
horns1 b5d+ backw>d2  consequ5tly x _c  

be ! *amois4 ,! horns ( ! jaal are      
reckon$ among ! valuable articles (     
traffic1 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #ae4 ,!  ibex is 
f9ely %ap$1 graceful 9 its motions1 &   
g5tle 9 its  mann]s4 ,! female is       
p>ticul>ly celebrat$ by natural         
hi/orians =  t5d] affection to h] "y1 & 
! incessant vigilance ) :i*  %e wat*es  
ov] _! safety2 & also = ard5t atta*m5t &
  fidelity to h] mate4    ,,god1 an     
immat]ial1 intellig5t1 & free ,be+2 (   
p]fect goodness1  wisdom1 & p[]2 :o made
 ! univ]se1 & cont9ues to support x1  z 
well z to gov]n & direct x1 by 8        
provid5ce4 ,philologi/s h  hi!rto       
consid]$ ! ^w ,god z be+ ( ! same       
signification )  good2 & ?is is n d5i$  
by ,m4 ,hall5b]g4 ,b he ?9ks t bo?      
words orig9ally d5ot$ unity2 & t ! root 
is 1 unus2  :5ce ! ,syriac ,*ad & ,gada2
 ! ,arabic ,ahd & ,gahd2 !  ,p]sic ,*oda
 & ,*uda2 ! ,greek  & 2 ! ,teutonic     
,gud2 ! ,g]man ,gott2 & our ,saxon ,god4
 ,! o!r names ( ,god1  ?is au?or ?9ks1  
are ref]able to a simil> orig94    #b4  

,by 8 immat]iality1 intellig5ce1 &      
fre$om1 ,god is di/+ui%$  f ,fate1      
,nature1 ,de/9y1 ,necessity1 ,*ance1    
,anima ,mundi1 & f  all ! o!r fictiti\s 
be+s ackn[l$g$ by ! ,/oics1 ,pan!i/s1   
,sp9osi/s1 & o!r sorts ( ,a!i/s4 ,! k ( 
,god1 8  nature1 attributes1 ^w1 &      
works1 ) ! relations betwe5 him &  8    
creatures1 makes ! subject ( ! ext5sive 
sci5ce call$  !ology4 ,9 ,scripture ,god
 is def9$ by1 8,i am t ,i am2 ,alpha &  
,omega2 ! ,beg9n+ & ,end ( all ?+s40    
,among philosoph]s1 he is  def9$ a ,be+ 
( inf9ite p]fection2 or 9 :om !re is no 
defect (  any ?+ :i* we conceive may    
raise1 improve1 or exalt 8 nature4 ,he  
is ! ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,fir/ ,be+1 :o has 
exi/$ f ! beg9n+1  has creat$ ! _w1 or  
:o subsi/s necess>ily1 or ( himself4    
#c4 ,! pla9 argum5t1 says ,maclaur91 9 8
 8,acc\nt ( ,sir ,i4  ,newton's         
,philosophical ,discov]ies10 = ! exi/5ce
 ( ! ,deity1  obvi\s to all1 & c>ry+    
irresi/ible conviction ) x1 is f  !     
evid5t contrivance & fitness ( ?+s = "o 

ano!r1 :i* we  meet ) ?r\gh\t all p>ts (
 ! univ]se4 ,!re is no ne$ ( nice  or   
subtle reason+s 9 ?is matt]2 a manife/  
contrivance imm$iately  sugge/s a       
contriv]4 ,x /rikes u l a s5sation2 &   
artful  reason+s aga9/ x may puzzle u1 b
 x is )\t %ak+ our  belief4 ,no p]son1 =
 example1 t kn[s ! pr9ciples ( optics1 &
  ! /ructure ( ! eye1 c believe t x 0   
=m$ )\t skill  9 t sci5ce2 or t ! e> 0  
=m$ )\t ! k (  s\nds2 or t ! male &     
female 9 animals 7 n =m$ = ea*  o!r1 & =
 cont9u+ ! species4 ,all our acc\nts (  
nature are  full ( in/ances ( ?is k9d4  
,! admirable & beautiful /ructure (  ?+s
 = f9al causes1 exalts our idea ( !     
,contriv]2 ! unity (  design %[s him to 
be "o4 ,! great motions 9 ! sy/em p]=m$ 
) ! same facility z ! lea/1 sugge/ 8    
almighty p[]1 :i*  gave motion to ! e>? 
& ! cele/ial bodies ) equal ease z to  !
 m9ute/ p>ticles4 ,! subtilty ( !       
motions & actions 9 !  int]nal p>ts (   
bodies1 %[s t 8 influ5ce p5etrates !    
inmo/  recesses ( ?+s1 & t he is equally

 active & pres5t e  :]e4 ,! simplicity (
 ! laws t prevail 9 ! _w1 !  excell5t   
disposition ( ?+s1 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/
 ends1 &  ! beauty :i* adorns ! works ( 
nature1 f> sup]ior to any ?+  9 art1    
sugge/ 8 consummate wisdom4 ,!          
usefulness ( ! :ole  s*eme1 s well      
contriv$ = ! intellig5t be+s t enjoy x1 
)  ! int]nal disposition & moral        
/ructure ( ^! be+s !mselves1  %[s 8     
unb\nd$ goodness4 ,^! are argum5ts :i*  
are suffici5tly  op5 to ! views &       
capacities ( ! unle>n$1 :ile at ! same  
"t !y acquire new /r5g? & lu/re f !     
discov]ies ( !  le>n$4 ,! ,deity's act+ 
& int]pos+ 9 ! univ]se1 %[ t  he gov]ns 
z well z =m$ x2 & ! dep? ( 8 c\nsels1   
ev5 9  conduct+ ! mat]ial univ]se1 ( :i*
 a great "p surpasses our  k1 keeps up  
an inw>d v5]ation & awe ( ?is great     
,be+1  & disposes u to receive :at may  
be o!rwise reveal$ to u  conc]n+ him4 ,x
 has be5 ju/ly obs]v$1 t "s ( ! laws (  
nature n[ kn[n to u mu/ h escap$ u if we
 _h want$ ! s5se  ( see+4 ,x may be 9 8 

p[] to be/[ ^u u o!r s5ses1 (  :i* we h 
at pres5t no idea2 )\t :i* x may be     
impossible =  u to "k all 8 works1 or to
 h m adequate ideas ( himself4 ,9  our  
pres5t /ate1 we "k en\gh to be satisfi$ 
( our dep5d5cy ^u  him1 & ( ! duty we   
owe to him1 ! ,"l & ,dispos] ( all ?+s4 
,he is n ! object ( s5se2 8 ess5ce1 &1  
inde$1 t ( all  o!r sub/ances1 are      
beyond ! rea* ( all our discov]ies2 b 8 
attributes cle>ly appe> 9 8 admirable   
works4 ,we "k t !  highe/ conceptions we
 are able to =m ( !m1 are /ill b5ea? 8  
real p]fections2 b 8 p[] & dom9ion ov]  
u1 & our duty  t[>d him1 are manife/4   
#d4 ,?\gh ,god has giv5 u no innate     
ideas ( himself1 says ,mr4 ,locke1  yet1
 hav+ furni%$ u ) ^? faculties our m9ds 
are end[$  )1 he ha? n left himself )\t 
a witness2 s9ce we h s5se1  p]ception1 &
 reason1 & _c want a cle> pro( ( him z  
long z  we c>ry ourselves ab\t u4 ,to   
%[1 !re=e1 t we are capable (  kn[+1 t  
is1 ( be+ c]ta9 t !re is a ,god1 & h[ we
 may  come by ?is c]ta9ty1 ,i ?9k we ne$

 g no f>!r ?an ourselves1  & t und\bt$ k
 we h ( our own exi/5ce4 ,i ?9k x is    
beyond "q1 t man has a cle> p]ception ( 
8 own be+2 he  kn[s c]ta9ly t he exi/s1 
& t he is some?+4 ,9 ! next  place1 man 
kn[s1 by an intuitive c]ta9ty1 t b>e    
no?+ c no  m produce any real be+1 ?an x
 c be equal to two "r angles4  ,if1     
!re=e1 we "k !re is "s real ,be+1 x is  
an evid5t  demon/ration1 t f et]nity !re
 has be5 some?+2 s9ce :at  0 n f et]nity
 _h a beg9n+2 & :at _h a beg9n+ mu/ be  
produc$ by some?+ else4 ,next x is      
evid5t1 t :at has its be+  f ano!r mu/  
also h all t :i* is 91 & belongs to1 its
  be+ f ano!r too2 all ! p[]s x has mu/ 
be ow+ to1 &  d]iv$ f1 ! same s\rce4    
,?is et]nal s\rce1 !n1 ( all be+  mu/ be
 also ! s\rce & orig9al ( all p[]2 & s  
?is et]nal  ,be+ mu/ be also ! mo/      
p[]ful4 ,aga93 man f9ds 9 himself       
p]ception & k3 we are c]ta91 !n1 t !re  
is n only  "s ,be+1 b "s kn[+1          
intellig5t ,be+1 9 ! _w4 ,!re 0  a "t1  
!n1 :5 !re 0 no kn[+ ,be+1 or else !re  

has be5 a  kn[+ ,be+ f et]nity4 ,if x be
 said !re 0 a "t :5 t  et]nal ,be+ _h no
 k1 ,i reply1 t !n x is impossible  !re 
%\ld h ev] be5 any k2 x be+ z impossible
 t  ?+s :olly void ( k1 & op]at+ bl9dly1
 & )\t any  p]ception1 %\ld produce a   
kn[+ ,be+1 z x is impossible t a        
triangle %\ld make itself ?ree angles   
bigg] ?an two "r ones4  ,?us f !        
consid]ation ( ourselves1 & :at we      
infallibly f9d 9  our own con/itutions1 
our reason leads u to ! k ( ?is  c]ta9 &
 evid5t tru?1 t !re is an et]nal1 mo/   
p[]ful1 &  kn[+ ,be+1 :i*1 :e!r any "o w
 call ,god1 x matt]s n4 ,!  ?+ is       
evid5t2 & f ?is idea1 duly consid]$1 w  
easily be  d$uc$ all ^? o!r attributes  
we ought to ascribe to ?is et]nal  ,be+4
 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is pla9 to me1 t
 we h a m  c]ta9 k ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1
 ?an ( any ?+ our  s5ses h n imm$iately 
discov]$ to u4 ,nay1 ,i presume ,i may  
say  t we m c]ta9ly "k t !re is a ,god1 
?an t !re is any  ?+ else )\t u4 ,:5 ,i 
say we "k1 ,i mean1 !re is su* a  k )9  

our rea*1 :i* we _c miss1 if we w b     
apply  our m9ds to t z we d to sev]al   
o!r inquiries4 ,x be+ !n  unavoidable = 
all rational creatures to conclude t    
some?+ has  exi/$ f et]nity1 let u next 
see :at k9d ( ?+ t mu/ be4  ,!re are b  
two sorts ( be+s 9 ! _w t man kn[s or   
conceives2 su* z are purely mat]ial )\t 
s5se or p]ception1 &  s5sible1 p]ceiv+  
be+s1 su* z we f9d ourselves to be4 ,^! 
two  sorts we %all call cogitative &    
incogitative be+s2 :i* to our  pres5t   
purpose are bett] ?an mat]ial &         
immat]ial4 ,if1 !n1 !re  mu/ be some?+  
et]nal1 x is v obvi\s to reason t x mu/ 
be  a cogitative be+2 because x is z    
impossible to conceive t b>e            
incogitative matt] %\ld ev] produce a   
?9k+1 intellig5t be+1  z t no?+ %\ld (  
itself produce matt]4 ,let u suppose any
  p>cel ( matt] et]nal1 we %all f9d x 9 
itself unable to produce  any ?+4 ,let u
 suppose its p>ts firmly at re/ toge!r1 
if !re  7 no o!r be+ 9 ! _w1 mu/ x n    
et]nally rema9 s1 a  dead inactive lump8

 ,is x possible to conceive t x c add   
motion to  itself1 or produce any ?+8   
,matt]1 !n1 by its own /r5g? _c  produce
 9 itself s mu* z motion4 ,! motion x   
has mu/ also be f  et]nity1 or else add$
 to matt] by "s o!r be+1 m p[]ful  ?an  
matt]4 ,b let u suppose motion et]nal   
too1 yet matt]1  incogitative matt]1 &  
motion c\ld nev] produce ?\ght3 k  w    
/ill be z f> beyond ! p[] ( no?+ to     
produce4 ,divide  matt] into z m9ute    
p>ts z y w1 v>y its figure & motion z   
mu* z y please1 x w op]ate no o!rwise ^u
 o!r bodies (  proportionable bulk1 ?an 
x did be=e ?is division4 ,! m9ute/      
p>ticles ( matt] knock1 impel1 & resi/  
"o ano!r1 j z !  great] d2 s t if we    
suppose no?+ et]nal1 matt] c nev]  beg9 
to be2 if we suppose b>e matt] )\t      
motion et]nal1 motion  c nev] beg9 to   
be2 if we suppose only matt] & motion to
 be  et]nal1 ?\ght c nev] beg9 to be2 = 
x is impossible to conceive  t matt]1   
ei!r ) or )\t motion1 c\ld h orig9ally 9
 &  f itself1 s5se1 p]ception1 & k1 z is

 evid5t f h5ce1  t !n s5se1 p]ception1 &
 k mu/ be a prop]ty et]nally  insep>able
 f matt]1 & e p>ticle ( x4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1
  :atsoev] is ! fir/ et]nal ,be+ mu/    
necess>ily be cogitative2  & :atsoev] is
 fir/ ( all ?+s mu/ necess>ily conta9 9 
x1  & actually h1 at lea/ all !         
p]fections t c ev] aft]  exi/1 x        
necess>ily foll[s1 t ! fir/ et]nal ,be+ 
_c be  matt]4 ,if1 !re=e1 x be evid5t t 
some?+ mu/ necess>ily  exi/ f et]nity1 x
 is also evid5t t t some?+ mu/          
necess>ily be a cogitative ,be+4 ,= x is
 z impossible t  incogitative matt] %\ld
 produce a cogitative ,be+1 z t no?+1   
or ! negation ( all be+1 %\ld produce a 
positive ,be+ or matt]4    ,?is discov]y
 ( ! necess>y exi/5ce ( an et]nal m9d   
suffici5tly leads u to ! k ( ,god4 ,= x 
w h5ce foll[1  t all o!r kn[+ be+s t h a
 beg9n+ mu/ dep5d ^u  him1 & h no o!r   
ways ( k or ext5t ( p[] ?an :at he      
gives !m2 & !re=e if he made ^?1 he made
 also ! less  excell5t pieces ( ?is     
univ]se1 all inanimate bodies1 :]eby 8  

omnisci5ce1 p[]1 & provid5ce w be       
e/abli%$1 & f !nce  all 8 o!r attributes
 necess>ily foll[4    #e4 ,9 !          
,scriptures no attempt is made to prove 
! exi/5ce ( a ,god2  su* an attempt w\ld
 h be5 entirely useless1 because ! fact 
0  univ]sally admitt$4 ,! error ( m5    
consi/$1 n 9 d5y+ a ,god1  b 9 admitt+  
too _m2 & "o great object ( ! ,bible is 
to  demon/rate t !re is b "o4 ,no       
metaphysical argum5ts1 h[ev]1  are      
employ$ 9 x = ?is purpose4 ,! pro( re/s 
on facts record$  9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 
f :i* x appe>s t !y 7 always  victori\s 
& prosp]\s s long z !y s]v$ ! only liv+ 
&  true ,god1 ,jehovah1 ! "n by :i* !   
,almighty made himself kn[n to  !m1 &   
uni=mly unsuccessful :5 !y revolt$ f him
 to s]ve  o!r gods4 ,:at argum5t c\ld be
 s effectual to conv9ce !m t  !re 0 no  
god 9 all ! e>? b ! ,god ( ,israel8 ,!  
sov]eignty  & univ]sal provid5ce ( ! ,"l
 ,jehovah are prov$ by pr$ictions       
deliv]$ by ! ,jewi% prophets1 po9t+ out 
! fate ( nations &  ( empires1 specify+ 

di/9ctly _! rise1 ! duration ( _!  p[]1 
& ! causes ( _! decl9e2 ?us demon/rat+ t
 "o ,god  rul$ among ! nations1 & made  
!m ! unconsci\s in/rum5ts (  promot+ !  
purposes ( 8 w4 ,9 ! same mann]1 none ( 
!  attributes ( ,god are demon/rat$ 9   
,scripture by reason+2 !y are  simply   
affirm$ & illu/rat$ by facts2 & in/ead (
 a regul>  d$uction ( doctr9es &        
conclusions f a few admitt$ pr9ciples1  
we are left to ga!r !m f ! record$      
feel+s & devotional  expressions (      
p]sons ^: he>ts 7 influ5c$ by ! fe> (   
,god4  ,^! circum/ances po9t out a m>k$ 
s+ul>ity 9 ! ,scriptures1  consid]$ z a 
repository ( religi\s doctr9es4 ,!      
writ]s1  g5]ally speak+1 d n reason1 b  
exhort & remon/rate2 !y d  n attempt to 
fett] ! judgm5t by ! subtleties (       
argum5t1 b to  r\se ! feel+s by an      
appeal to palpable facts4 ,?is is       
exactly :at  might h be5 expect$ f      
tea*]s act+ "u a div9e commission1  &   
arm$ ) und5iable facts to en=ce _!      
admonitions4    #f4 ,9 ?ree di/9ct ways 

d ! sacr$ writ]s furni% u )  in=mation  
on ?is great & ess5tial subject1 !      
exi/5ce & !  "* ( ,god2 f ! names by :i*
 he is designat$2 f !  actions ascrib$  
to him2 & f ! attributes ) :i* he is    
inve/$ 9 _! invocations & praises2 & 9  
^? l(ty  descriptions ( 8 nature :i*1 "u
 ! inspiration ( ! ,holy  ,_s1 !y h     
record$ = ! in/ruction ( ! _w4 ,^!      
attributes w be consid]$ "u _!          
respective heads2 b !  impression ( !   
g5]al view ( ! div9e "*1 z ?us  reveal$1
 is too important to be omitt$4    #g4  
,! names ( ,god z record$ 9 ,scripture  
convey at once ideas (  ov]:elm+        
greatness & glory1 m+l$ ) t awful       
my/]i\sness  ) :i*1 to all f9ite m9ds1 &
 especially to ! m9ds ( mortals1  !     
div9e ess5ce & mode ( exi/5ce mu/ ev] be
 inve/$4 ,?\gh  ,,"o he is 1 ,,elohim1  
,,gods1 p]sons adorable4 ,he is 1       
,,jehovah1  self-exi/+2 1 ,,el1 /rong1  
p[]ful2 1 ,,ehieh1 ,i am1 ,i  w be1     
self-exi/5ce1 indep5d5cy1               
all-suffici5cy1  immutability1 et]nity2 

1 ,,%addai1 almighty1 all-suffici5t2  1 
,,adon1 ,support]1 ,"l1 ,judge4 ,^! are 
among ! adorable  appellatives ( ,god   
:i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! revelation t  
he has be5 pleas$ to make ( himself3 b  
on "o occasion he 0  pleas$ m p>ticul>ly
 to decl>e 8 "n1 t is1 su* ( !          
qualities & attributes ( ! div9e nature 
z mortals are ! mo/  int]e/$ 9 kn[+2 &  
to unfold1 n only 8 natural1 b also  ^? 
( 8 moral attributes by :i* 8 conduct   
t[>d 8 creatures  is regulat$4 8,& ! ,"l
 pass$ by & proclaim$1 ,! ,"l1 ! ,"l    
,god1 m]ciful & graci\s1 long-suff]+1 & 
abundant 9 goodness &  tru?1 keep+ m]cy 
= ?\s&s1 =giv+ iniquity1 transgression1 
& s91 & t w by no means cle> ! guilty2  
visit+ !  iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u !       
*ildr51 & ^u ! *ildr5's  *ildr51 unto ! 
?ird & f\r? g5]ation10 ,exodus xxxiv4   
,?is is  ! mo/ ample & p>ticul>         
description ( ! "* ( ,god1 z  giv5 by   
himself 9 ! sacr$ records2 & ! import ( 
! sev]al  titles by :i* he has ?us 9 8  
inf9ite condesc5sion manife/$  himself1 

has be5 ?us exhibit$4 ,he is n only     
,,jehovah1  self-exi/5t1 & ,,el1 ! /rong
 or mighty ,god2 b he is1 says ,dr4  ,a4
 ,cl>ke1 81 ,,ro*um1 ! m]ciful ,be+1 :o 
is full (  t5d]ness & compassion2 1     
,,*anun1 ! graci\s ,"o1 he ^:  nature is
 goodness itself1 ! lov+ ,god4  1 ,,erec
 ,,apayim1  long-suff]+1 ! ,be+ :o1     
because ( 8 t5d]ness1 is n  easily      
irritat$1 b suff]s long & is k9d2       
,,rab1 ! great or  mighty ,"o3 1 ,,*es$1
 ! b\ntiful ,be+1 he :o is exub]ant 9  8
 b5efic5ce2 1 ,,eme?1 ! ,tru?1 or ,true 
,"o1 he alone :o  c nei!r deceive nor be
 deceiv$2  1 ,,nots] ,,*es$1 !  ,pres]v]
 ( b\ntifulness1 he ^: b5efic5ce nev]   
ends1 keep+  m]cy = ?\s&s ( g5]ations1  
%[+ compassion & m]cy :ile  ! _w        
endures2    1 ,,nose ,,avon ,,vape%a    
,,ve*ataah1 he  :o be>s away iniquity1  
transgression1 & s92 prop]ly !  ,r$eem]1
 ! ,p>don]1 ! ,=giv]1 ! ,be+ ^:         
pr]ogative  x is to =give s91 & save !  
s\l2   1 ,,nakeh ,,lo ,,y9nakeh1  !     
righte\s ,judge1 :o di/ributes ju/ice ) 

an imp>tial h&2  &  1 ,,pak$ ,,avon1 c1 
he :o visits iniquity1 he :o puni%es    
transgressors1 & f ^: ju/ice no s9n] c  
escape2 ! ,god (  retributive &         
v9dictive ju/ice40    #h4 ,! second     
means by :i* ! ,scriptures convey to u !
 k  ( ,god1 is by ! actions :i* !y      
ascribe to him4 ,!y conta91  inde$1 !   
important record ( 8 deal+s ) m5 9 e age
 :i*  is compreh5d$ )9 ! limit ( ! sacr$
 hi/ory2 &1 by  prophetic decl>ation1 !y
 also exhibit ! pr9ciples on :i* he w   
gov]n ! _w to ! end ( "t3 s t ! :ole    
c\rse ( !  div9e adm9i/ration may be    
consid]$ z exhibit+ a s+ul>ly           
illu/rative comm5t ^u ^? attributes ( 8 
nature :i*1 9 _!  ab/ract =m1 are       
conta9$ 9 su* decl>ations z ^? :i* h    
be5 j quot$4 ,! fir/ act ascrib$ to ,god
 is t ( creat+ !  heav5s & ! e>? out (  
no?+2 & by 8 fiat alone arrang+  _!     
p>ts1 & peopl+ !m ) liv+ creatures4 ,by 
?is 7  manife/$--8 et]nity &            
self-exi/5ce1 z he :o creates mu/ be    
be=e all creatures1 & he :o gives be+ to

 o!rs c himself  d]ive x f none3--8     
almighty p[]1 %[n bo? 9 ! act (         
creation & 9 ! numb] & va/ness ( !      
objects s produc$3--8  wisdom1 9 _!     
arrangem5t1 & 9 _! fitness to _!        
respective  ends3--& 8 goodness1 z !    
:ole t5d$ to ! happ9ess (  s5ti5t be+s4 
,! f\ndations ( 8 natural & moral       
gov]nm5t  are also made manife/ by 8    
creative acts4 ,9 :at he made out (     
no?+ he _h an absolute "r & pr]ogative3 
x await$ 8  ord]+1 & 0 completely at 8  
disposal2 s t to alt] or  de/roy 8 own  
"w1 & to prescribe ! laws by :i* !      
intellig5t  & rational "p ( 8 creatures 
%\ld be gov]n$1 are rights :i*  none c  
"q4 ,?us on ! "o h& 8 "* ( ,"l or       
,gov]nor is e/abli%$1 & on ! o!r our    
duty ( l[ly homage  & absolute ob$i5ce4 
#i4 ,agreeably to ?is1 z soon z man 0   
creat$1 he 0 plac$ "u a  rule ( conduct4
 ,ob$i5ce 0 to be foll[$ ) ! cont9uance 
(  ! div9e fav\r2 transgression1 ) dea?4
 ,! ev5t call$ =? new  manife/ations ( !
 "* ( ,god4 ,8 t5d] m]cy1 9 !           

compassion %[$ to ! fall5 pair2 8       
ju/ice1 9 =giv+ !m  only 9 ! view ( a   
satisfaction to be h]eaft] (f]$ to 8    
ju/ice by an innoc5t repres5tative ( !  
s9n+ race2 8 love to  t race1 9 giv+ 8  
own ,son to become ?is ,r$eem]1 & 9 !   
fulness ( "t to die = ! s9s ( ! :ole _w2
 & 8  hol9ess1 9 connect+ ) ?is         
provision = ! p>don ( man !  means (    
re/or+ him to a s9less /ate1 & to !     
oblit]at$ image  ( ,god 9 :i* he _h be5 
creat$4 ,exemplifications ( ! div9e     
m]cy are trac$ f age to age1 9 8        
e/abli%+ 8 own wor%ip  among m51 &      
remitt+ ! puni%m5t ( individual &       
national  (f5ces 9 answ] to pray] (f]$ f
 p5it5t he>ts1 & 9  dep5d5ce ^u !       
typifi$ or actually (f]$ univ]sal       
sacrifice3--( 8 condesc5sion1 9 /oop+ to
 ! cases (  individuals2 9 8            
disp5sations bo? ( provid5ce & grace1 by
  %[+ respect to ! poor & humble2 &1    
pr9cipally1 by !  inc>nation ( ,god 9 ! 
=m ( a s]vant1 admitt+ m5 into famili>  
& fri5dly int]c\rse ) himself1 & !n     

ent]+ into heav5 to  be _! patron &     
advocate1 until !y %\ld be receiv$ unto 
!  same glory1 8& s be = ev] ) !        
,"l30--( 8 /rictly  righte\s gov]nm5t1 9
 ! de/ruction ( ! old _w1 ! cities  ( ! 
pla91 ! nations ( ,canaan1 & all anci5t 
/ates1 ^u _!  8fill+ up ! measure ( _!  
iniquities20 &1 to %[ t 8he w  by no    
means cle> ! guilty20 9 ! num]\s & sev]e
 puni%m5ts  inflict$ ev5 ^u ! *os5 se$ (
 ,abraham1 because ( _!                 
transgressions3--( 8 long-suff]+1 9     
frequ5t w>n+s1 delays1  & corrective    
judgm5ts inflict$ ^u individuals &      
nations1 be=e  s5t5ce ( utt] excision & 
de/ruction3--( fai?fulness &  tru?1 9 ! 
fulfilm5t ( promises1 (t5 _m ages aft]  
!y 7  giv51 z 9 ! promises to ,abraham  
respect+ ! possession ( !  l& ( ,canaan 
by 8 se$1 & 9 all ! 8promises made to ! 
fa!rs0 respect+ ! adv5t1 vic>i\s dea?1 &
 illu/ri\s (fices  ( ! 8,*ri/10 !       
,savi\r ( ! _w3--( 8 immutability1 9  ! 
con/ant & un*ang+ laws & pr9ciples ( 8  
gov]nm5t1 :i*  rema9 to ?is day         

precisely ! same1 9 e ?+ univ]sal1 z :5 
fir/ promulgat$1 & h be5 ! rule ( 8     
conduct 9 all places  z well z ?r\gh all
 "t3--( 8 presci5ce ( future ev5ts1     
manife/$ by ! pr$ictions (              
,scripture3--& ( ! dep? &  /ability ( 8 
c\nsel1 z illu/rat$ 9 t plan & purpose (
  br++ back a revolt$ _w to ob$i5ce &   
felicity1 :i* we f9d  /eadily kept 9    
view 9 ! ,scriptural hi/ory ( ! acts (  
,god 9  =m] ages2 :i* is /ill ! end t[>d
 :i* all 8 disp5sations  b5d1 h[ev] wide
 & my/]i\s _! sweep2 & :i* !y w  f9ally 
accompli%1 z we le>n f ! prophetic      
hi/ory ( !  future1 conta9$ 9 ! ,old &  
,new ,te/am5ts4    ,?us ! c\rse ( div9e 
op]ation 9 ! _w has f age to age  be5 a 
manife/ation ( ! div9e "*1 cont9ually   
receiv+ new  & /rong] illu/rations until
 ! completion ( ! ,*ri/ian  revelation  
by ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/ & 8 inspir$ foll[]s1
 &  /ill plac+ itself 9 bright] light & 
m impressive aspects z  ! s*eme ( human 
r$emption runs on to its consummation4  
,f all !  acts ( ,god z record$ 9 !     

,scriptures1 we are taught t he alone   
is ,god2 t he is pres5t e :]e to su/a9 &
 gov]n all ?+s2  t 8 wisdom is inf9ite1 
8 c\nsel settl$1 & 8 p[]  irresi/ible2 t
 he is holy1 j1 & good2 ! ,"l & !       
,judge1  b ! ,fa!r & ! ,fri5d1 ( man4   
#aj4 ,m at l>ge d we le>n :at ,god is1 f
 ! decl>ations ( !  inspir$ writ+s4 ,z  
to 8 sub/ance1 t 8,god is a ,_s40 ,z to 
8 duration1 t 8f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+ he  
is ,god20 8!  ,k+1 et]nal1 immortal1    
invisible40 ,t1 aft] all ! manife/ations
  he has made ( himself1 he is1 f !     
inf9ite p]fection & glory (  8 nature1  
incompreh5sible3 8,lo1 ^! are b p>ts ( 8
 ways1  & h[ little a portion is he>d ( 
him60 8,t\*+ ! ,almighty1 we  _c f9d him
 out40 ,t he is un*angeable3 8,! ,fa!r (
 ,lights1  ) :om !re is no v>iabl5ess1  
nei!r %ad[ ( turn+40 ,t 8he  is ! f\nta9
 ( life10 & ! only indep5d5t ,be+ 9 !   
univ]se3 8,:o only ha? immortality40 ,t 
e o!r be+1 h[ev]  exalt$1 has its       
exi/5ce f him3 8,= by him 7 all ?+s     
creat$1 :i* are 9 heav5 & 9 e>?1 :e!r !y

 are visible or  invisible40 ,t !       
exi/5ce ( e ?+ is upheld by him1 no     
creature be+ = a mom5t indep5d5t ( 8    
support3 8,by him all  ?+s consi/20     
8uphold+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( 8 p[]40 ,t   
he is omnipres5t3 8,d n ,i fill heav5 & 
e>? ) my pres5ce1  sai? ! ,"l80 ,t he is
 omnisci5t3 8,all ?+s are nak$ & op5    
be=e ! eyes ( him ) :om we h to d40 ,t  
he is ! absolute  ,"l & ,own] ( all ?+s3
 8,! heav5s1 ev5 ! heav5 (  heav5s1 are 
?9e1 & all ! p>ts ( !m30 8,! e>? is ?9e1
 &  ! fulness !re(1 ! _w & !m t dwell   
!re930 8,he doe?  accord+ to 8 w 9 !    
armies ( heav51 & among ! inhabitants  (
 ! e>?40 ,t 8 provid5ce ext5ds to !     
m9ute/ objects3  8,! hairs ( y\r head   
are all numb]$30 8,are n two sp>r[s sold
  = a f>?+8 & "o ( !m %all n fall on !  
gr\nd )\t  y\r ,fa!r40 ,t he is a ,be+ (
 unspott$ purity & p]fect  rectitude3   
8,holy1 holy1 holy1 ,"l ,god ( ho/s60   
8,a ,god ( tru?1 &  9 :om is no         
iniquity30 8,( pur] eyes ?an to behold  
iniquity40 ,t  he is j 9 ! adm9i/ration 

( 8 gov]nm5t3 8,%all n !  ,judge ( !    
:ole e>? d "r80 8,cl\ds & d>kness are   
r\nd ab\t  him2 judgm5t & ju/ice are !  
habitation ( 8 ?rone40 ,t 8  wisdom is  
unse>*able3 8,o ! dep? ( ! wisdom & k ( 
,god6 ,h[ unse>*able are 8 judgm5ts1 & 8
 ways pa/ f9d+ out60  ,&1 f9ally1 t he  
is good & m]ciful3 8,?\ art good1 & ?y  
m]cy endure? = ev]30 8,8 t5d] m]cy is   
ov] all 8 works30  8,god1 :o is ri* 9   
m]cy1 = 8 great love :]e) he lov$ u1    
ev5 :5 we 7 dead 9 s9s1 ha? quick5$ u   
toge!r ) ,*ri/30  8,god 0 9 ,*ri/1      
reconcil+ ! _w unto himself1 n imput+   
_! trespasses unto !m30 8,god ha? giv5  
to u et]nal life1 &  ?is life is 9 8    
,son40    #aa4 ,"u ^! deeply awful b    
consolatory views1 d ! ,scriptures      
pres5t to u ! supreme object ( our      
wor%ip & tru/2 & !y  dwell ^u ea* ( !   
above p>ticul>s ) inimitable sublimity &
  beauty ( language1 & ) an inexhau/ible
 v>iety ( illu/ration4  ,nor c we comp>e
 ^! views ( ! div9e nature ) !          
conceptions  ( ! mo/ enlight5$ (        

,pagans1 )\t feel+ h[ mu* reason we  h =
 ev]la/+ gratitude1 t a revelation s    
explicit1 & s  compreh5sive1 %\ld h be5 
made to u on a subject :i* only a       
revelation f ,god himself c\ld h made   
kn[n4 ,x is ?us t  ,*ri/ian philosoph]s1
 ev5 :5 !y d n use ! language ( !       
,scriptures1 are able to speak on ?is   
great & my/]i\s doctr9e1 9  language s  
cle>1 & ) conceptions s noble2 9 a mann]
 too s  equable1 s diff]5t f ! sages (  
antiquity1 :o1 if at any "t  !y approa* 
! tru? :5 speak+ ( ! div9e nature1 nev] 
fail  to m+le ) x "s ess5tially errone\s
 or grovell+ conception4  8,by ! ,^w (  
,god10 says ,dr4 ,b>r[1 8we mean a ,be+ 
( inf9ite  wisdom1 goodness1 & p[]1 !   
,creator & ! ,gov]nor ( all ?+s1  to :om
 ! great attributes ( et]nity &         
indep5d5cy1 omnisci5ce  & imm5sity1     
p]fect hol9ess & purity1 p]fect ju/ice &
  v]acity1 complete happ9ess1 glori\s   
maje/y1 & supreme "r (  dom9ion belong2 
& to :om ! highe/ v5]ation1 & mo/ pr(\nd
  submission & ob$i5ce are due40 8,our  

notion ( ,deity10 says ,bi%op  ,pe>son1 
8do? expressly signify a ,be+ or ,nature
 ( inf9ite  p]fection2 & ! inf9ite      
p]fection ( a be+ or nature consi/s 9   
?is1 t x be absolutely & ess5tially     
necess>y2 an actual ,be+  ( itself2 &   
pot5tial1 or causative ( all be+s beside
 itself1  indep5d5t f any o!r1 ^u :i*   
all ?+s else dep5d1 & by  :i* all ?+s   
else are gov]n$40 8,god is a ,be+10 says
 ,lawson1 8&  n any k9d ( be+2 b a      
sub/ance1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( o!r      
be+s4 ,& n only a sub/ance1 b p]fect4   
,yet _m be+s are  p]fect 9 _! k9d1 yet  
limit$ & f9ite4 ,b ,god is absolutely1  
fully1 & e way inf9itely p]fect2 & !re=e
 above spirits1  above angels1 :o are   
p]fect comp>atively4 ,god's inf9ite     
p]fection  includes all ! attributes1   
ev5 ! mo/ excell5t4 ,x excludes all     
dep5d5cy1 borr[$ exi/5ce1 composition1  
corruption1 mortality1  cont+5cy1       
ignorance1 unrighte\sness1 weakness1    
mis]y1 & all  imp]fections :atev]4 ,x   
includes necessity ( be+1 indep5d5cy1   

p]fect unity1 simplicity1 imm5sity1     
et]nity1 immortality2 ! mo/  p]fect     
life1 k1 wisdom1 integrity1 p[]1 glory1 
bliss1 & all  ^! 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,we 
_c pi]ce into ! secrets ( ?is  et]nal   
,be+4 ,our reason compreh5ds b little ( 
him1 & :5 x c  proce$ no f>!r1 fai?     
comes 91 & we believe f> m ?an we c     
und]/&2 & ?is our belief is n contr>y to
 reason2 b reason  itself dictates unto 
u1 t we mu/ believe f> m ( ,god ?an x  c
 in=m u (40 ,to ^! we may add an        
admirable passage f ,sir  ,isaac        
,newton3 8,! ^w ,,god frequ5tly         
signifies ,"l2 b e "l  is n ,god2 x is !
 dom9ion ( a spiritual ,be+ or ,"l t    
con/itutes ,god2 true dom9ion1 true     
,god2 supreme1 ! ,supreme2 feign$1  !   
false god4 ,f su* true dom9ion x foll[s1
 t ! true ,god is  liv+1 intellig5t1 &  
p[]ful2 & f 8 o!r p]fections1 t  he is  
supreme1 or supremely p]fect2 he is     
et]nal & inf9ite2  omnipot5t &          
omnisci5t2 t is1 he endures f et]nity to
  et]nity2 & is pres5t f inf9ity to     

inf9ity4 ,he gov]ns all  ?+s t exi/1 &  
kn[s all ?+s t are to be kn[n2 he is n  
et]nity or inf9ity1 b et]nal & inf9ite2 
he is n duration or  space1 b he endures
 & is pres5t2 he endures always1 & is   
pres5t  e :]e2 he is omnipres5t1 n only 
virtually1 b also  sub/antially2 = p[]  
)\t sub/ance _c subsi/4 ,all ?+s  are   
conta9$ & move 9 him1 b )\t any mutual  
passion2 he  suff]s no?+ f ! motions (  
bodies2 nor d !y und]go any  resi/ance f
 8 omnipres5ce4 ,x is confess$1 t ,god  
exi/s  necess>ily1 & by ! same necessity
 he exi/s always & e :]e4  ,h5ce also he
 mu/ be p]fectly simil>1 all eye1 all   
e>1 all arm1 all  ! p[] ( p]ceiv+1      
und]/&+1 & act+2 b aft] a mann]  n at   
all corporeal1 aft] a mann] n l t ( m51 
aft] a  mann] :olly to u unkn[n4 ,he is 
de/itute ( all body1 & all bodily  %ape2
 & !re=e _c be se51 he>d1 or t\*$2 nor  
ought he to  be wor%ipp$ "u !           
repres5tation ( any ?+ corporeal4 ,we h 
ideas ( ! attributes ( ,god1 b d n "k ! 
sub/ance ( ev5  any ?+2 we see only !   

figures & col\rs ( bodies1 he> only     
s\nds1 t\* only ! outw>d surfaces1 smell
 only od\rs1 & ta/e  ta/es2 & d n1 _c1  
by any s5se1 or reflex act1 "k _!  inw>d
 sub/ances2 & mu* less c we h any notion
 ( ! sub/ance  ( ,god4 ,we "k him by 8  
prop]ties & attributes40    #ab4 ,_m    
able works 9 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god h  
be5 writt51  ! argum5ts ( :i* are too   
copi\s = u ev5 to analyze4 ,x mu/  be   
suffici5t to say t !y all proce$1 z x is
 logically t]m$1  ei!r  priori1 f cause 
to effect1 or1 :i* is ! safe/ &  mo/    
satisfactory mode1  po/]iori1 f ! effect
 to ! cause4  ,! irresi/ible argum5t f !
 m>ks ( design ) :i* all  nature ab\nds1
 to "o great intellig5t1 design+ ,cause1
 is by no  writ]s br\ght out 9 s cle> & 
ma/]ly a mann] z by ,h[e1 9 8  8,liv+   
temple10 & ,paley1 9 8 8,natural        
,!ology40    ,,gods1 9 ! plural1 is us$ 
( ! false deities ( ! ,hea!ns1 _m  ( :i*
 7 only creatures to :om div9e hon\rs & 
wor%ip 7  sup]/iti\sly paid4 ,! ,greeks 
& ,lat9s1 x is obs]vable1 did n  mean1  

by ! "n ,god1 an all-p]fect be+1 :]e(   
et]nity1  inf9ity1 omnipres5ce1 c1 7    
ess5tial attributes3 ) !m !  ^w only    
impli$ an excell5t & sup]ior nature2 &1 
accord+ly1  !y give ! appellation gods  
to all be+s ( a rank or class1  high] or
 m p]fect ?an t ( m51 & especially to ^?
 :o  7 inf]ior ag5ts 9 ! div9e          
adm9i/ration1 all subject to !  "o      
,supreme4 ,?us m5 !mselves1 accord+ to  
_! sy/em1 might  become gods aft] dea?1 
inasmu* z _! s\ls might atta9 to a      
degree ( excell5ce sup]ior to :at !y 7  
capable ( 9 life4 ,!  fir/ idols1 or    
false gods1 t are said to h be5 ador$ 7 
!  />s1 sun1 moon1 c1 on acc\nt ( !     
light1 heat1 & o!r b5efits  :i* we d]ive
 f !m4 7,see ,idolatry47 ,aft]w>d ! e>? 
came to  be deifi$1 = furni%+ fruits    
necess>y = ! subsi/5ce ( m5  & animals3 
!n fire & wat] became objects ( div9e   
wor%ip1 =  _! usefulness to human life4 
,9 process ( "t1 & by degrees1 gods     
became multipli$ to inf9ity2 & !re 0    
sc>ce any ?+ b !  weakness or caprice ( 

"s devotee or o!r1 elevat$ into ! rank (
  deity3 ?+s useless or ev5 de/ructive n
 except$4 ,! pr9cipal (  ! anci5t gods1 
:om ! ,romans call$ dii majorum g5tium1 
&  ,cic]o cele/ial gods1 ,v>ro select   
gods1 ,ovid nobiles deos1 o!rs  cons5tes
 deos1 7 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 ,ve/a1 ,m9]va1 
,c]es1 ,diana1  ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,m]cury1   
,neptune1 ,vulcan1 & ,apollo4 ,jupit] is
 consid]$  z ! god ( heav52 ,neptune1 z 
god ( ! sea2 ,m>s1 z ! god (  w>2       
,apollo1 ( eloqu5ce1 poetry1 & physic2  
,m]cury1 ( ?ieves2  ,bac*us1 ( w9e2     
,cupid1 ( love1 c4 ,a second sort (     
gods1 call$  demi-gods1 semi-dii1 dii   
m9orum g5tium1 indigetes1 or gods       
adopt$1 7 m5 canoniz$ & deifi$4 ,z !    
great] gods _h  possession ( heav5 by _!
 own "r1 ^! second>y deities _h x  by   
m]it & donation1 be+ translat$ into     
heav5 because !y _h  liv$ z gods ^u e>?4
    #b4 ,! ,hea!n gods may be all r$uc$ 
to ! foll[+ classes3 7#a47  ,creat$     
spirits1 angels1 or demons1 :5ce good & 
evil gods2 ,g5ii1  ,l>es1 ,lemures1     

,typhones1 gu>dian gods1 inf]nal gods1  
c4 7#b47  ,heav5ly bodies2 z1 ! sun1    
moon1 & o!r planets2 also1 ! fix$  />s1 
con/ellations1 c4 7#c47 ,elem5ts2 z air1
 e>?1 ocean1 ,ops1  ,ve/a2 ! riv]s1     
f\nta9s1 c4 7#d47 ,meteors4 ,?us !      
,p]sians ador$  ! w9d3 ?und] & lightn+ 7
 hon\r$ "u ! "n ( ,g]yon2  & sev]al     
nations ( ,india & ,am]ica h made       
!mselves gods (  ! same4 ,ca/or1        
,pollux1 ,hel5a1 & ,iris1 h also be5    
pref]r$  f meteors to be gods2 & ! l has
 be5 practis$ 9 reg>d to  comets3       
witness t :i* appe>$ at ! murd] ( ,cs>4 
7#e47 ,!y  erect$ m9]als or fossils into
 deities4 ,su* 0 ! ,btylus4 ,!  ,f9l&]s 
ador$ /ones2 ! ,scy?ians1 iron2 & _m    
nations1 silv]  & gold4 7#f47 ,plants h 
be5 made gods4 ,?us leeks & onions 7    
deities 9 ,egypt2 ! ,sclavi1            
,li?uanians1 ,celt1 ,v&als1 &           
,p]uvians1 ador$ trees & =e/s2 ! anci5t 
,gauls1 ,britons1 &  ,druids1 paid a    
p>ticul> devotion to ! oak2 & x 0 no o!r
 ?an  :eat1 corn1 se$1 c1 t ! anci5ts   

ador$ "u ! names ( ,c]es  & ,pros]p9a4  
7#g47 ,!y took !mselves gods f among !  
wat]s4  ,! ,syrians & ,egyptians ador$  
fi%es2 & :at 7 ! ,tritons1 !  ,n]eids1  
,syr5s1 c1 b fi%es8 ,sev]al nations h   
ador$ s]p5ts2  p>ticul>ly ! ,egyptians1 
,prussians1 ,li?uanians1 ,samogitians1  
c4  7#h47 ,insects1 z flies & ants1 _h  
_! prie/s & vot>ies4 7#i47  ,among      
birds1 ! /ork1 rav51 sp>r[hawk1 ibis1   
eagle1 grisson1 &  lapw+ h _h div9e     
hon\rs2 ! la/ 9 ,mexico1 ! re/ 9 ,egypt 
& at ,!bes4 7#aj47 ,f\r-foot$ bea/s h _h
 _! alt>s2 z !  bull1 dog1 cat1 wolf1   
baboon1 lion1 & crocodile1 9 ,egypt &   
else:]e2 ! hog 9 ! isl& ( ,crete2 rats &
 mice 9 ! ,troas1  & at ,t5$os2 weasels 
at ,!bes2 & ! porcup9e ?r\gh\t all      
,zoroa/]'s s*ool4 7#aa47 ,no?+ 0 m      
common ?an to place m5  among ! numb] ( 
deities2 & f ,belus or ,baal1 to !      
,roman  emp]ors be=e ,con/ant9e1 !      
in/ances ( ?is k9d are innum]able3      
frequ5tly !y did n wait s long z _!     
dea?s = ! apo!osis4  ,nebu*adnezz>      

procur$ 8 /atue to be wor%ipp$ :ile     
liv+2 &  ,virgil %[s t ,augu/us _h alt>s
 & sacrifices (f]$ to him2 z  we le>n f 
o!r h&s t he _h prie/s call$ ,augu/ales1
 &  temples at ,lyons1 ,n>bona1 & sev]al
 o!r places1 & he mu/ be  all[$ ! fir/ (
 ! ,romans 9 ^: behalf idolatry 0 c>ri$ 
to  su* a pit*4 ,! ,e?iopians deem$ all 
_! k+s gods3 ! ,vell$a (  ! ,g]mans1 !  
,janus ( ! ,hung>ians1 & ! ,?aut1 ,wod51
 & ,assa  ( ! nor!rn nations1 7         
indisputably m54 7#ab47 ,n m5 only1 b  e
 ?+ t relates to man1 has also be5      
deifi$2 z lab\r1 re/1  sleep1 y\?1 age1 
dea?1 virtues1 vices1 occasion1 "t1     
place1  numb]s1 among ! ,py?agoreans2 ! 
g5]ative p[]1 "u ! "n (  ,priapus4      
,infancy alone _h a cl\d ( deities2 z1  
,vagetanus1 ,levana1  ,rum9a1 ,edufa1   
,pot9a1 ,cuba1 ,cum9a1 ,c>na1 ,ossilago1
 ,/atul9us1  ,fabul9us1 c4 ,!y also     
ador$ ! gods ,heal?1 ,fev]1 ,fe>1 ,love1
  ,pa91 ,indignation1 ,%ame1 ,impud5ce1 
,op9ion1 ,r5[n1 ,prud5ce1 ,sci5ce1      
,art1 ,fidelity1 ,felicity1 ,calumny1   

,lib]ty1 ,money1 ,w>1 ,peace1 ,victory1 
,triumph1 c4 ,la/ly1 ,nature1 ! univ]se1
 or  1 0 reput$ a  great god4    #c4    
,hesiod has a poem "u ! title ( 1 t is1 
8,!  ,g5]ation ( ! ,gods10 9 :i* he     
expla9s _! g5ealogy &  desc5t1 sets =?  
:o 0 ! fir/ & pr9cipal1 :o next desc5d$ 
f him1 & :at issue ea* _h3 ! :ole mak+ a
 sort ( sy/em (  ,hea!n !ology4 ,beside 
?is popul> !ology1 ea* philosoph] _h 8  
sy/em1 z may be se5 f ! 8,timu0 (       
,plato1 & ,cic]o 8,de  ,natura ,deorum40
 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,t]tullian1 ,arnobius1   
,m9utius ,felix1  ,lactantius1          
,eusebius1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ,!odoret1 %[ 
! vanity (  ! ,hea!n gods4 ,x is v      
difficult to discov] ! real s5tim5ts  ( 
! ,hea!ns ) respect to _! gods3 !y are  
exce$+ly  intricate & confus$1 & ev5    
frequ5tly contradictory4 ,!y admitt$  s 
_m sup]ior & inf]ior gods1 :o %>$ !     
empire1 t e  place 0 full ( gods4 ,v>ro 
reckons up no less ?an ?irty ?\s&  ador$
 )9 a small ext5t ( gr\nd1 & yet _!     
numb] 0 e  day increas+4 ,9 mod]n       

ori5tal ,paganism !y am\nt to _m        
millions1 & are1 9 fact1 innum]able4    
#d4 ,! "n ( ,god1 9 ,hebrew1 ,elohim1 is
 v ambigu\s 9 ,scripture4  ,! true ,god 
is (t5 call$ s1 z are sometimes angels1 
judges1 &  pr9ces1 & sometimes idols &  
false gods2 = example3 8,god creat$  !  
heav5 & ! e>?10 ,g54 i1 #a4 ,! ,hebrew  
,elohim d5otes1 9  ?is place1 ! true    
,god4 8,he :o sacrifice? unto any god1  
7,elohim17  %all be put to dea?10       
,exodus xxii1 #bj4 ,& aga93 8,among !   
gods  !re is none l unto !e10 ,psalm    
lxxxvi1 #h4 ,pr9ces1 magi/rates1  &     
great m5 are call$ gods 9 ! foll[+      
passages3 8,if a slave is  desir\s to   
cont9ue ) 8 ma/]1 he %all be br\ght to !
  judges10 ,exod4 xxi1 #f1 9 ! orig9al1 
to ! gods4 ,aga93 8,if !  ?ief be n     
f\nd1 !n ! ma/] ( ! h\se %all be br\ght 
unto  ! judges10 ,exod4 xxii1 #h1 9 !   
orig9al1 to ! gods2 & 9 !  tw5ty-eigh?  
v]se ( ! same *apt]1 8,?\ %alt n speak  
evil (  ! gods20 t is1 ( ! judges or    
great m54 ,! ,psalmi/ says t  ! ,"l     

8judge? among ! gods10 ,psalm lxxxii1   
#a4 ,& aga91 ,god says  to ,moses1 8,i h
 made !e a god to ,ph>aoh10 ,exod4 vii1 
#a4 ,! pi\s  ,israelites _h s great an  
av]sion & su* an extreme contempt =     
/range gods1 t !y scorn$ ev5 to m5tion  
!m2 !y disguis$ &  disfigur$ _! names by
 sub/itut+ 9 ! room ( !m "s t]m (       
contempt2 = example1 in/ead ( ,elohim1  
!y call$ !m ,elilim1  8no?+s1 gods ( no 
value20 in/ead ( ,mephibaal1 ,m]ibaal1 &
  ,j]ubaal1 !y said 8,mephibo%e?1       
,m]ibo%e?1 & ,j]ibo%e?40  ,baal         
signifies ma/]1 husb&2 & bo%e?1 some?+  
to be a%am$  (1 some?+ apt to put "o 9  
confusion4 ,god =bade ! ,israelites to  
swe> by /range gods1 & to pron\nce !    
names ( !m 9 _!  oa?s1 ,exod4 xxiii1    
#ac4    ,,godl9ess1 /rictly tak51       
signifies "r wor%ip1 or devotion2 b1 9  
g5]al1 x imports ! :ole ( practical     
religion1 #a ,tim4 iv1 #h2 #b  ,pet] i1 
#f4    ,,goel1 1 ! av5g] ( blood4 ,!    
inhabitants ( ! ea/1 x is well  kn[n1   
are n[1 :at !y anci5tly 71 exce$+ly     

rev5geful4 ,if1  !re=e1 an individual   
%\ld un=tunately happ5 to lay viol5t    
h&s ^u ano!r p]son & kill him1 ! next ( 
k9 is b\nd to  av5ge ! dea? ( ! latt]1 &
 to pursue ! murd]] )  unceas+ vigilance
 until he h caught & kill$ him1 ei!r by 
=ce  or by fraud4 ,! same cu/om exi/s 9 
,arabia1 & x appe>s to h  be5 allud$ to 
by ,rebecca3 :5 %e le>n$ t ,esau 0      
?reat5+  to kill 8 bro!r ,jacob1 %e     
endeav\r$ to s5d ! latt] out ( !        
c\ntry1 say+1 8,:y %\ld ,i be b]eft ( y 
bo? 9 "o day80 ,g54  xxvii1 #ae4 ,%e    
c\ld n be afraid ( ! magi/rate = puni%+ 
!  murd]]1 = ! patri>*s 7 subject to no 
sup]ior 9 ,pale/9e2  & ,isaac 0 mu* too 
p>tial to ,esau = h] to ent]ta9 any     
expectation t he w\ld condemn him to    
dea? = x4 ,x w\ld  !re=e appe> t %e     
dread$ le/ he %\ld fall by ! h& ( !     
blood av5g]1 p]haps ( "s ,i%maelite4 ,! 
(fice1 !re=e1 ( !  goel 0 9 use be=e !  
"t ( ,moses2 & x 0 probably fill$  by ! 
ne>e/ ( blood to ! p>ty kill$1 z ! "r ( 
r$eem+ a  mortgage field is giv5 to him4

 ,to prev5t ! unnecess>y loss ( life    
?r\gh a sangu9>y _s ( rev5ge1 ! ,hebrew 
legislator made  v>i\s enactm5ts conc]n+
 ! blood av5g]4 ,9 mo/ ages &  c\ntries1
 c]ta9 reput$ sacr$ places enjoy$ !     
privileges ( be+  asylums2 ,moses1      
!re=e1 tak+ x = grant$ t ! murd]] w\ld  
flee to ! alt>1 comm&$ t :5 ! crime 0   
delib]ate &  int5tional1 he %\ld be torn
 ev5 f ! alt>1 & put to dea?1  ,exod4   
xxi1 #ad4 ,b 9 ! case ( un9t5tional     
murd]1 ! man-slay]  0 enjo9$ to flee to 
"o ( ! six cities ( refuge1 :i* 7       
appropriat$ = 8 resid5ce4 ,! roads to ^!
 cities1 x 0  enact$1 %\ld be kept 9 su*
 a /ate t ! un=tunate individual  might 
meet ) no imp$im5t :atev] 9 8 way1      
,deut4 xix1 #c4 ,if !  goel ov]took !   
fugitive be=e he rea*$ an asylum1 & put 
him to  dea?1 he 0 n consid]$ z guilty (
 blood2 b if ! man-slay]  _h rea*$ a    
place ( refuge1 he 0 imm$iately         
protect$1 & an  inquiry 0 in/itut$ :e!r 
he _h a "r to su* protection &  asylum1 
t is1 :e!r he _h caus$ 8 neighb\r's dea?

  undesign$ly1 or 0 a delib]ate murd]]4 
,9 ! latt] case he 0  judicially deliv]$
 to ! goel1 :o might put him to dea? 9  
:atev] way he *ose2 b 9 ! =m] case !    
homicide cont9u$ 9  ! place ( refuge    
until ! high prie/'s dea?1 :5 he might  
return  home 9 p]fect security4 ,if1    
h[ev]1 ! goel f\nd him )\t !  city1 or  
beyond its suburbs1 he might slay him   
)\t be+ guilty (  blood1 ,numb]s xxxv1  
#bf1 #bg4 ,f>!r1 to gu>d ! life ( man1 &
  prev5t ! p]petration ( murd]1 ,moses  
positively prohibit$ !  receiv+ ( a sum 
( money f a murd]] 9 ! way (            
comp5sation1  ,numb]s xxxv1 #ca4 ,x w\ld
 seem t if no av5g] ( blood appe>$1 or  
if he 7 dilatory 9 ! pursuit ( ! murd]]1
 x became ! duty  ( ! magi/rate himself 
to inflict ! s5t5ce ( ! law2 & ?us  we  
f9d t ,david deem$ ?is to be 8 duty 9 ! 
case ( ,joab1 &  t ,solomon1 9 ob$i5ce  
to 8 fa!r's dy+ entreaty1 actually      
dis*>g$ x by putt+ t murd]] to dea?1 #a 
,k+s ii1 #e2 vi1  #bh-cd4 ,!re is a     
beautiful allusion to ! blood av5g] 9   

,heb4 vi1  #ag1 #ah4    ,! foll[+       
extracts w prove h[ t5aci\sly ! ea/]n p 
adh]e to ! pr9ciple ( rev5g+ ! dea? ( _!
 relations &  fri5ds3--8,among !        
,circassians10 says ,pallas1 8all !     
relatives (  ! murd]]s are consid]$ z   
guilty4 ,?is cu/om>y infatuation to     
rev5ge ! blood ( relations g5]ates mo/ (
 ! feuds1 &  occasions great blood%$    
among all ! tribes ( ,caucasus2 = unless
  p>don be pur*as$1 or obta9$ by        
int]m>riage betwe5 ! two  families1 !   
pr9ciple ( rev5ge is propagat$ to all   
succe$+  g5]ations4 ,if ! ?ir/ (        
v5geance is qu5*$ by a price paid to  ! 
family ( ! deceas$1 ?is tribute is call$
 ?lil-uasa1 or1  #8! price ( blood2' b  
nei!r pr9ces nor usd5s accept su*       
comp5sation1 z x is an e/abli%$ law     
among !m to dem& blood =  blood40 8,!   
,nubians10 obs]ves ,light1 8possess few 
traces among !m (  gov]nm5t1 or law1 or 
religion4 ,!y "k no ma/]1 al?\gh !      
ca%ief claims a nom9al comm& ( ! c\ntry4
 ,!y look = r$ress  ( injuries to _! own

 means ( rev5ge1 :i*1 9 cases ( blood1  
ext5ds f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 till     
blood is repaid by blood4  ,on ?is      
acc\nt !y are oblig$ to be ev] on !     
wat*1 & arm$3 &  9 ?is mann] ev5 _!     
daily lab\rs are c>ri$ on2 ! v boys  are
 arm$40 8,if "o ,nubian10 rem>ks        
,burckh>dt1 8happ5 to kill  ano!r1 he is
 oblig$ to pay ! debt ( blood to !      
family ( !  deceas$1 & a f9e to !       
gov]nors ( six camels1 a c[1 & sev5     
%eep1 or !y are tak5 f 8 relations4 ,e  
w\nd inflict$ has  its /at$ f9e1 consi/+
 ( %eep & dh\rra1 b v>y+ 9  quantity1   
accord+ to ! p>ts ( ! body w\nd$40 8,:5 
a man or  woman is murd]$10 says        
,malcolm1 8! mom5t ! p]son by :om ! act 
0 p]petrat$ is discov]$1 ! heir-at-law  
to ! deceas$ dem&s  v5geance = ! blood4 
,witnesses are exam9$1 & if ! guilt be  
e/abli%$1 ! crim9al is deliv]$ into 8   
h&s1 to deal ) z  he *ooses4 ,x is alike
 legal = him to =give him1 to accept a  
sum (  money z ! price ( blood1 or to   
put him to dea?4 ,x is only a few  ye>s 

ago t ! ,engli% resid5t at ,abu%eh] saw 
?ree p]sons  deliv]$ into ! h&s ( !     
relations ( ^? :om !y _h  murd]$4 ,!y l$
 _! victims b\nd to ! burial gr\nd1 :]e 
!y  put !m to dea?2 b ! "p ( ! execution
 t appe>$ ( !  mo/ importance1 0 to make
 ! infant *ildr5 ( ! deceas$ /ab  !     
murd]]s ) knives1 & imbrue _! little h&s
 9 ! blood (  ^? :o _h sla9 _! fa!r4 ,! 
y\nge/ pr9ces ( ! blood t  c\ld hold a  
dagg] 7 made to /ab ! assass9s ( ,aga   
,mahom$ ,khan4  ,:5 !y 7 execut$1 !     
successor ( ,nadir ,%ah s5t "o ( !      
murd]]s ( t mon>* to ! females ( 8 h>em1
 :o1 we are told1  7 delight$ to become 
8 execution]s40    ,,gog ,,& ,,magog4   
,moses speaks ( ,magog1 son ( ,japhe?1 b
 says no?+  ( ,gog1 ,g54 x1 #b4 ,accord+
 to ,ezekiel1 ,gog 0 pr9ce ( ,magog1    
,ezek4  xxxviii1 #b1 #c1 c2 xxxix1 #a1  
#b1 c4 ,magog signifies ! c\ntry or  p1 
& ,gog ! k+ ( t c\ntry2 ! g5]al "n ( !  
nor!rn nations ( ,europe & ,asia1 or !  
di/ricts nor? ( !  ,caucasus1 or ,m\nt  
,taurus4 ,! prophecy ( ,ezekiel1 xxxix1 

#a-bb1 seems  to be reviv$ 9 !          
,apocalypse1 :]e ! ho/s ( ,gog & ,magog 
are  repres5t$ z com+ to invade 8!      
belov$ city10 & p]i%+ )  imm5se slaught]
 likewise 9 ,armag$don1 8! m\nt (       
,mag$do10 or  ,megiddo1 ,rev4 xvi1      
#ad-af2 xx1 #g-aj4    ,,gold1 1 ,g54    
xxiv1 #bb1 & v frequ5tly 9 all o!r p>ts 
( !  ,old ,te/am5t2 1 ,matt4 xxiii1 #af1
 #ag1 c2 ! mo/ p]fect &  valuable ( !   
metals4 ,9 ,job xxviii1 #ae-ah1 #ai1    
gold is m5tion$ five  times1 & f\r ( !  
words are diff]5t 9 ! orig9al3 #a4 1    
:i* may mean 8gold 9 ! m9e10 or 8%ut    
up10 z ! root signifies1  89 ! ore40 #b4
 1 ke!m1 f 1 ca?am1 8to sign10 8seal10  
or 8/amp20 gold made curr5t by be+ co9$2
 /&>d gold1 exhibit+  ! /amp expressive 
( its value4 #c4 1 wr\ght gold1 pure1   
highly  poli%$ gold4 #d4 1 d5ot+        
solidity1 compactness1 & /r5g?2         
probably gold =m$ into diff]5t k9ds (   
plate1 or vessels4 ,j]om1  9 8 comm5t on
 ,j]4 x1 #i1 writes 8,septem dom9ibus   
apud ,hebros  appellatur aurum40 ,! sev5

 names1 :i* he does n m5tion1 are z     
foll[s1 & ?us di/+ui%$ by ! ,hebrews3   
#a4 ,zahab1 gold 9  g5]al4 #b4 ,zahab   
tob1 good gold1 ( a m valuable k9d1 ,g54
 ii1  #ab4 #c4 ,zahab ,ophir1 gold (    
,ophir1 #a ,k+s ix1 #bh1 su* z 0 br\ght 
by ! navy ( ,solomon4 #d4 ,zahab muphaz1
 solid gold1 pure1 wr\ght  gold1        
translat$1 #a ,k+s x1 #ah1 8! be/ gold40
 #e4 ,zahab %a*ut1  beat5 gold1 #b      
,*ron4 ix1 #ae4 #f4 ,zahab segor1 %ut up
 gold2 ei!r z  m5tion$ above1 gold 9 !  
ore1 or z ! rabb9s expla9 x1 8gold  %ut 
up 9 ! treasuries10 gold 9 bullion4 #g4 
,zahab p>vaim1 #b  ,*ron4 iii1 #f4 ,to  
^! ,buxtorf adds ?ree o!rs3 #a4 1 pure  
gold (  ! circulat+ m$ium4 #b4 1 gold 9 
! treasury4 #c4 1 *oice1  f9e gold4     
,arabia _h =m]ly its gold5 m9es4 8,!    
gold ( ,%eba10  ,psalm lxxii1 #ae1 is1 9
 ! ,septuag9t & ,arabic v]sions1 8! gold
 (  ,arabia40 ,%eba 0 ! anci5t "n (     
,arabia ,felix4 ,mr4 ,bruce1 h[ev]1     
places x 9 ,africa1 at ,azab4 ,! gold ( 
,ophir1 s (t5 m5tion$1  mu/ be t :i* 0  

procur$ 9 ,arabia1 on ! coa/ ( ! ,r$    
,sea4  ,we are assur$ by ,san*onia?on1 z
 quot$ by ,eusebius1 & by  ,h]odotus1 t 
! ,ph5icians c>ri$ on a consid]able     
traffic )  ?is gold ev5 be=e ! days (   
,job1 :o speaks ( x1 xxii1 #bd4         
,,golia?1 a fam\s giant ( ! city ( ,ga?1
 :o 0 sla9 by ,david1 #a  ,sam4 xvii1   
#d1 #e1 c4 ,see ,,giants4    ,,gom]1 !  
elde/ son ( ,japhe?1 by :om a great "p (
 ,asia ,m9or 0  fir/ peopl$1 &          
p>ticul>ly t ext5sive tract :i* 0 call$ 
,phrygia1 includ+ ! sub-divisions (     
,mysia1 ,galatia1 ,bi?ynia1  ,lycaonia1 
c4 ,! colonies ( ,gom] ext5d$ into      
,g]many1 ,gaul1 79  bo? ( :i* traces ( !
 "n are pres]v$17 & ,brita91 :i* 0      
und\bt$ly peopl$ f ,gaul4 ,among !      
desc5dants ( ! anci5t  inhabitants ( ?is
 isl&1 namely1 ! ,wel%1 ! words ,kum]o &
  ,kum]aeg1 ! names ( ! p & ! language1 
suffici5tly po9t  out _! orig94 ,9 fact1
 "u ! names ( ,cimm]ii1 ,cimbri1        
,cymrig1  ,cumbri1 ,umbri1 & ,cambri1 ! 
tribes ( ,gom]ians ext5d$ !mselves  f ! 

,eux9e to ! ,atlantic1 & f ,italy to !  
,baltic2 hav+  add$ to _! orig9al names 
^? ( ,celts1 ,gauls1 ,galat1 & ,gaels1  
sup]add$4    ,,gomorrah1 "o ( ! five    
cities ( ! ,p5tapolis1 consum$ by fire1 
,g5esis xix1 #bd1 c4 ,see ,,dead ,,sea4 
,,go%54 ,?is 0 ! mo/ f]tile pa/ure gr\nd
 9 ! :ole ( ,l[]  ,egypt2 !nce call$    
,go%51 f gu%1 9 ,arabic1 signify+ 8a    
he>t10 or :atsoev] is *oice or preci\s4 
,!re 0 also a ,go%5 9  ! t]ritory ( !   
tribe ( ,judah1 s call$ = ! same reason1
  ,jo%ua x1 #da4 ,h5ce ,joseph recomm5d$
 x to 8 family z 8! be/ (  ! l&10 ,g54  
xlvii1 #aa1 & 8! fat ( ! l&10 ,g54 xlv1 
#ah4 ,!  l& ( ,go%5 lay along ! mo/     
ea/]ly bran* ( ! ,nile1 & on  ! ea/ side
 ( x2 = x is evid5t t1 at ! "t ( !      
exode1  ! ,israelites did n cross !     
,nile4 ,9 anci5t times1 ! f]tile  l& 0  
consid]ably m ext5sive1 bo? 9 l5g? &    
bread?1 ?an  at pres5t1 9 consequ5ce ( !
 g5]al failure ( ! ea/]n  bran*es ( !   
,nile2 ! ma9 body ( ! riv] v]g+ m & m   
to ! we/ cont9ually1 & deep5+ ! *annels 

on t side4    ,,gospel1 a hi/ory ( !    
life1 actions1 dea?1 resurrection1      
asc5sion1  & doctr9e ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! 
^w is ,saxon1 & ( ! same import  ) !    
,lat9 t]m evangelium1 or ! ,greek 1 :i* 
signifies 8glad tid+s10 or 8good news20 
! hi/ory ( our ,savi\r  be+ ! be/ hi/ory
 ev] publi%$ to mank9d4 ,?is hi/ory is  
conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4    
,m>k1 ,/4 ,luke1 & ,/4  ,john1 :o f !nce
 are call$ evangeli/s4 ,! ,*ri/ian *ur* 
nev]  ackn[l$g$ any m ?an ^! f\r        
,gospels z canonical3  not)/&+ :i*1     
sev]al apocryphal gospels are h&$ d[n to
 u1  & o!rs are entirely lo/4 ,! f\r    
,gospels conta9 ea* ( !m !  hi/ory ( our
 ,savi\r's life & m9i/ry2 b we mu/      
rememb]1 t  no "o ( ! evangeli/s        
und]took to give an acc\nt ( all !      
miracles :i* ,*ri/ p]=m$1 or ( all !    
in/ructions :i* he  deliv]$4 ,!y are    
writt5 ) diff]5t degrees ( concis5ess2 b
  e "o ( !m is suffici5tly full to prove
 t ,jesus 0 !  promis$ ,messiah1 !      
,savi\r ( ! _w1 :o _h be5 pr$ict$ by a  

long succession ( prophets1 & ^: adv5t 0
 expect$ at ! "t  ( 8 appe>ance1 bo? by 
,jews & ,g5tiles4    #b4 ,t all ! books 
:i* convey to u ! hi/ory ( ev5ts "u !   
,new ,te/am5t 7 writt5 & imm$iately     
publi%$ by p]sons  contempor>y ) !      
ev5ts1 is mo/ fully prov$ by ! te/imony 
(  an unbrok5 s]ies ( au?ors1 rea*+ f ! 
days ( ! evangeli/s  to ! pres5t times2 
by ! concurr5t belief ( ,*ri/ians ( all 
d5om9ations2 & by ! unres]v$ confession 
( av[$ enemies to !  ,gospel4 ,9 ?is    
po9t ( view ! writ+s ( ! anci5t fa!rs ( 
!  ,*ri/ian *ur* are invaluable4 ,!y    
conta9 n only frequ5t  ref]5ces &       
allusions to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 
b also  su* num]\s pr(ess$ quotations f 
!m1 t x is demon/ratively  c]ta9 t ^!   
books exi/$ 9 _! pres5t /ate a few ye>s 
aft] ! conclusion ( ,*ri/'s m9i/ry ^u   
e>?4 ,no unbeliev] 9  ! apo/olic age1 9 
! age imm$iately subsequ5t to x1 or1    
inde$1  9 any age :atev]1 0 ev] able to 
disprove ! facts record$ 9  ^! books2 & 
x does n appe> t 9 ! e>ly times any su* 

attempt 0 made4 ,! facts1 !re=e1 relat$ 
9 ! ,new ,te/am5t  mu/ be admitt$ to h  
really happ5$4 ,b if all ! circum/ances 
( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 t is1 8 miracul\s  
conception 9 ! womb  ( ! virg91 ! "t at 
:i* he 0 born1 ! place :]e he 0  born1 !
 family f :i* he 0 desc5d$1 ! nature ( !
  doctr9es :i* he prea*$1 ! meanness ( 8
 condition1 8  rejection1 dea?1 burial1 
resurrection1 & asc5sion1 ) _m o!r      
m9ute p>ticul>s2 if all ^! v>i\s        
circum/ances 9 ! hi/ory (  ,jesus       
exactly accord ) ! pr$ictions ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t relative  to ! promis$         
,messiah1 9 :om all ! nations ( ! e>? 7 
to be  bless$1 x foll[s t ,jesus 0 t    
,messiah4 ,& aga93 if ,jesus  really    
p]=m$ ! miracles z relat$ 9 ! ,gospels1 
& 0  p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! ?\ghts &     
designs ( m51 8 div9e  mission _c be    
d\bt$4 ,la/ly3 if he really =etold 8 own
 dea?  & resurrection1 ! desc5t ( !     
,holy ,gho/1 its miracul\s effects1  !  
suff]+s ( ! ,apo/les1 ! call ( !        
,g5tiles1 & !  de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 x

 necess>ily foll[s t he spake by !      
au?ority ( ,god himself4 ,^!1 & _m o!r  
argum5ts1 f\nd$ 9  ! m ?an human "* (   
,jesus1 9 ! rapid propagation ( !       
,gospel1 9 ! excell5ce ( its precepts & 
doctr9es1 & 9 !  con/ancy1 intrepidity1 
& =titude ( its e>ly pr(essors1         
incontrov]tibly e/abli% ! tru? & div9e  
orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian  religion1 & af=d to 
u1 :o live 9 ^! latt] times1 ! mo/      
positive confirmation ( ! promise ( our 
,"l1 t 8! gates (  hell %all n prevail  
aga9/ x40    #c4 ,! ,gospels rec\nt ^?  
wond]ful & important ev5ts ) :i*  !     
,*ri/ian religion & its div9e ,au?or 7  
introduc$ into !  _w1 & :i* h produc$ s 
great a *ange 9 ! pr9ciples1 !  mann]s1 
! morals1 & ! temporal z well z         
spiritual condition (  mank9d4 ,!y      
relate ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,*ri/ ^u e>?1 
8  extraord9>y & miracul\s bir?1 !      
te/imony borne to him by 8  =]unn]1     
,john ! ,bapti/1 ! temptation 9 !       
wild]ness1 !  op5+ ( 8 div9e commission1
 ! pure1 ! p]fect1 & sublime  morality  

:i* he taught1 especially 9 8 inimitable
 s]mon on !  m\nt1 ! inf9ite sup]iority 
:i* he %[$ to e o!r moral  tea*]1 bo? 9 
! matt] & mann] ( 8 disc\rses1 m        
p>ticul>ly by cru%+ vice 9 its v cradle1
 9 ! fir/ ris+s  ( wick$ desires &      
prop5sities 9 ! he>t1 by giv+ a decid$  
pref]5ce to ! mild1 g5tle1 passive1     
conciliat+ virtues1 be=e  t viol5t1     
v9dictive1 high-spirit$1 un=giv+ temp]1 
:i* has  be5 always too mu* ! fav\rite  
"* ( ! _w2 by requir+  u to =give our v 
enemies1 & to d good to !m t hate u2 by 
exclud+ f our devotions1 our alms1 & all
 our virtues1 all reg>d  to fame1       
reputation1 & applause2 by lay+ d[n two 
great g5]al  pr9ciples ( morality1 love 
to ,god1 & love to mank9d1 & d$uc+  f   
!nce e o!r human duty2 by convey+ 8     
in/ructions "u  ! easy1 famili>1 &      
impressive =m ( p>ables2 by express+    
himself 9 a tone ( dignity & au?ority   
unkn[n be=e2 by  exemplify+ e virtue t  
he taught 9 8 own unblemi%$ &  p]fect   
life & conv]sation2 &1 above all1 by    

add+ ^? awful  sanctions1 :i* he alone1 
( all moral in/ruct]s1 _h ! p[] to  hold
 out1 et]nal rew>ds to ! virtu\s1 &     
et]nal puni%m5ts to  ! wick$4 ,! sacr$  
n>ratives !n repres5t to u ! high  "* t 
he assum$2 ! claim he made to a div9e   
orig9al2 !  wond]ful miracles he wr\ght 
9 pro( ( 8 div9ity2 ! v>i\s  prophecies 
:i* pla9ly m>k$ him out z ! ,messiah1 ! 
great  ,deliv]] ( ! ,jews2 ! decl>ations
 he made t he came to (f]  himself a    
sacrifice = ! s9s ( all mank9d2 ! cruel 
indignities1  suff]+s1 & p]secutions to 
:i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is great  design1  
he 0 expos$2 ! accompli%m5t ( x1 by !   
pa9ful &  ignom9i\s dea? to :i* he      
submitt$1 by 8 resurrection aft] ?ree   
days f ! grave1 by 8 asc5sion into      
heav51 by 8 sitt+ !re  at ! "r h& (     
,god1 & p]=m+ ! (fice ( a ,m$iator &    
,int]cessor = ! s9ful sons ( m51 till he
 %all come a second "t  9 8 glory to sit
 9 judgm5t on all mank9d1 & decide _!   
f9al  doom ( happ9ess or mis]y = ev]4   
,^! are ! mom5t\s1 !  int]e/+1 tru?s on 

:i* ! ,gospels pr9cipally dwell4    #d4 
,we f9d 9 ! anci5t records a tw(old     
ord]1 9 :i* !  evangeli/s are arrang$4  
,!y /& ei!r ?us1 ,mat!w1 ,john1 ,luke1  
,m>k2 or ?us1 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1      
,john4 ,! fir/ is made )  ref]5ce to !  
"* & ! rank ( ! p]sons1 accord+ to  :i* 
! ,apo/les prec$e _! assi/ants &        
att5dants 71  comitibus47 ,x is obs]v$ 9
 ! olde/ ,lat9 translations & 9 !       
,go?ic2 sometimes also 9 ! works ( ,lat9
 tea*]s2 b among all !  ,greek ,,mss4   
only 9 t at ,cambridge4 ,b ! o!r1       
namely1 ,mat!w1  ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1  
is1 9 all ! old translations ( ,asia &  
,africa1 9 all catalogues ( ! canonical 
books1 & 9 ,greek ,,mss4 9  g5]al1 !    
cu/om>y & e/abli%$ "o z x reg>d$ n      
p]sonal  circum/ances1 b z x _h respect 
to *ronological2 :i* is to u a  pla9    
indication :at acc\nts conc]n+ !        
succession ( !  evangeli/s1 ! ,asiatic1 
& ,greek *ur*es1 & also ^? ( ,africa1   
_h be=e !m1 :5 ! ,*ri/ian books 7       
arrang$ 9 collections4  ,x is a         

consid]able advantage1 says ,mi*alis1 t 
a hi/ory ( su*  importance z t ( ,jesus 
,*ri/ has be5 record$ by ! p5s (        
sep>ate & indep5d5t writ]s1 :o1 f !     
v>iations :i* are  visible 9 ^! acc\nts1
 h inconte/ably prov$ t !y did n  unite 
) a view ( impos+ a fabul\s n>rative on 
mank9d4 ,t ,/4  ,mat!w _h nev] se5 !    
,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke1 nor ,/4 ,luke !    
,gospel  ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 is evid5t f a    
comp>ison ( _! writ+s4 ,!  ,gospel ( ,/4
 ,m>k1 :i* 0 writt5 lat]1 mu/ likewise h
 be5  unkn[n to ,/4 ,luke2 & t ,/4 ,m>k 
_h ev] read ! ,gospel ( ,/4  ,luke1 is  
at lea/ improbable1 because _! ,gospels 
s frequ5tly  diff]4 ,x is a g5]ally     
receiv$ op9ion1 t ,/4 ,m>k made use (   
,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel 9 ! composition ( 8
 own2 b ?is is an  unf\nd$ hypo!sis4 ,! 
,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 be+ writt5 aft] !  
o!r ?ree1 supplies :at !y _h omitt$4    
,?us h we f\r di/9ct  & indep5d5t writ]s
 ( "o & ! same hi/ory2 &1 ?\gh  trifl+  
v>iations may seem to exi/ 9 _!         
n>ratives1 yet ^!  admit ( easy         

solutions2 & 9 all matt]s ( consequ5ce1 
:e!r  doctr9al or hi/orical1 !re is su* 
a manife/ agreem5t betwe5 !m  z is to be
 f\nd 9 no o!r writ+s :atev]4 ,?\gh we h
 only  f\r orig9al writ]s ( ! life (    
,jesus1 ! evid5ce ( ! hi/ory  does n re/
 on ! te/imony ( f\r m54 ,*ri/ianity _h 
be5  propagat$ 9 a great "p ( ! _w be=e 
any ( !m _h writt51  on ! te/imony (    
?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 :o _h be5          
witnesses ( ! great facts :i* !y h      
record$2 s t !  writ+ ( ^! p>ticul>     
books is n to be consid]$ z ! cause1  b 
r ! effect1 ( ! belief ( ,*ri/ianity2   
nor c\ld ^?  books h be5 writt5 &       
receiv$ z !y 71 namely1 z au!ntic       
hi/ories1 ( ! subject ( :i* all p]sons (
 t age 7 judges1  if ! facts !y h       
record$ _h n be5 well kn[n to be true4  
#e4 ,! t]m ,gospel is (t5 us$ 9         
,scripture to signify ! :ole  ,*ri/ian  
doctr9e3 h5ce1 8prea*+ ! ,gospel0 is    
decl>+ all !  tru?s1 precepts1 promises1
 & ?reat5+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is      
t]m$1 8! ,gospel ( ! grace ( ,god10     

because x fl[s f ,god's  free love &    
goodness1 ,acts xx1 #bd2 & :5 truly &   
fai?fully  prea*$1 is accompani$ ) !    
influ5ces ( ! div9e ,_s4 ,x is  call$1  
8! ,gospel ( ! k+dom10 because x treats 
( ! k+dom (  grace1 & %[s ! way to !    
k+dom ( glory4 ,x is /yl$1 8!  ,gospel (
 ,*ri/10 because he is ! ,au?or & great 
subject ( x1  ,romans i1 #af2 & 8!      
,gospel ( peace & salvation10 because x 
publi%es peace ) ,god to ! p5it5t &     
believ+1 gives1 to su*1  peace (        
consci5ce & tranquillity ( m9d1 & is !  
means ( _!  salvation1 pres5t & et]nal4 
,z x displays ! glory ( ,god & (  ,*ri/1
 & ensures to 8 true foll[]s et]nal     
glory1 x is entitl$1  8! glori\s        
,gospel10 &1 8! ev]la/+ ,gospel10       
because x  comm5c$ f ! fall ( man1 is   
p]man5t ?r\gh\t all "t1 &  produces     
effects :i* are ev]la/+4    ,,gov]nm5t  
,,( ,,! ,,hebrews4 ,! po/]ity ( ,jacob1 
:ile rema9+ 9  ,egypt1 ma9ta9$1 not)/&+ 
! augm5tation ( _! numb]s1  t patri>*al 
=m ( gov]nm5t :i* is s preval5t among ! 

nomades4 ,e fa!r ( a family ex]cis$ a   
fa!r's au?ority ov]  ^? ( 8 own         
h\sehold4 ,e tribe obey$ its own pr9ce1 
1  :o 0 orig9ally ! fir/-born ( ! f\nd] 
( ! tribe1 b :o1  9 process ( "t1 appe>s
 to h be5 elect$4 ,z ! p  increas$ 9    
numb]s1 v>i\s heads ( families unit$    
toge!r1 &  select$ "s individual f _!   
own body1 :o 0 some:at  di/+ui%$1 = _!  
lead]4 ,p]haps ! *oice 0 made m]ely by  
tacit cons5t2 &1 )\t giv+ him ! title ( 
rul] 9 =m1 !y  7 will+1 :ile conv9c$ ( 8
 virtues1 to r5d] submission to  8 w4   
,su* a union ( families 0 d5om9at$ 8!   
h\se ( !  fa!r20 & 8! h\se ( ! fa!r ( ! 
families10 ,num4 iii1 #bd1  #cj1 #ce4 ,9
 o!r in/ances1 al?\gh ! numb] v>i$1 be+ 
sometimes  m & sometimes less ?an a     
?\s&1 x 0 d5om9at$1  1  a ?\s&4 8,n[    
!re=e pres5t y\rselves be=e ! ,"l by y\r
  tribes1 & by y\r ?\s&s20 8! ?\s&s (   
,judah20 8!  ?\s&s ( ,israel10 c1 #a    
,sam4 x1 #ai2 xxiii1 #bc2 ,judges vi1   
#ae2 ,num4  xxvi1 #e-ej4 ,! heads ( ^!  
unit$ families 7 designat$ 8heads (     

?\s&s10 ,num4 i1 #af2 x1 #d4 ,!y held   
!mselves 9 subjection to !  8pr9ces ( ! 
tribes40 ,bo? ! pr9ces & heads (        
families are  m5tion$ "u ! common names 
( 1 s5iors or s5ators1 &    heads (     
tribes4 ,foll[+ ! law ( reason1 & !     
rules  e/abli%$ by cu/om1 !y gov]n$ ) a 
pat]nal au?ority !  tribes & unit$      
families2 &1 :ile !y left ! m9or conc]ns
 to  ! heads ( individual families1 aim$
 to sup]9t5d & promote !  be/ int]e/s ( 
! community g5]ally4 ,orig9ally1 x fell 
to !  pr9ces ( ! tribes !mselves to keep
 g5ealogical tables3  subsequ5tly1 !y   
employ$ scribes especially = ?is        
purpose1 :o1 9  ! progress ( "t1 acquir$
 s great au?ority1 t "u ! "n  ( 1       
translat$1 9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 (fic]s1  
!y 7  p]mitt$ to ex]cise a %>e 9 !      
gov]nm5t ( ! nation4 ,x 0 by  magi/rates
 ( ?is description t ! ,hebrews 7 gov]n$
 :ile  !y rema9$ 9 ,egypt2 & ! ,egyptian
 k+s made no objection to x1  ,exod4    
iii1 #af2 v1 #a1 #ad1 #ae1 #ai4    #b4  
,! po/]ity ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob 

7 set ap>t &  de/9$ to ! great object ( 
pres]v+ & transmitt+ ! true  religion1  
,g54 xviii1 #af-bj2 xvii1 #i-ad2 xii1   
#c2 xxii1 #ah2 xxviii1 #ad4  ,hav+      
increas$ 9 numb]s1 x appe>$ v evid5t t  
!y c\ld  n live among nations giv5 to   
idolatry )\t runn+ ! haz>d (  becom+    
infect$ ) ! same evil4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 9 !
  provid5ce ( ,god1 assign$ to a        
p>ticul> c\ntry1 ! ext5t ( :i*  0 s     
small1 t !y 7 oblig$1 if !y w\ld live   
indep5d5tly  ( o!r nations1 to give up 9
 a great measure ! life ( %eph]ds1  &   
devote !mselves to agriculture4 ,f>!r3 v
 _m ( ! ,hebrews  dur+ _! resid5ce 9    
,egypt _h fall5 into idolatr\s habits4  
,^!  7 to be br\ght back aga9 to ! k ( !
 true ,god1 & all  7 to be excit$ to    
engage 9 ^? und]tak+s :i* %\ld be f\nd  
necess>y = ! support ( ! true religion4 
,all ! ,mosaic  in/itutions aim at !    
accompli%m5t ( ^! objects4 ,! fundam5tal
  pr9ciple1 !re=e1 ( ^? in/itutions 0   
?is1--t ! true  ,god1 ! ,creator &      
,gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 & none o!r1 ought 

to  be wor%ipp$4 ,to secure ?is end ! m 
c]ta9ly1 ,god became k+ to  ! ,hebrews4 
,accord+ly1 ! l& ( ,canaan1 :i* 0 de/9$ 
to be  occupi$ by !m1 0 decl>$ to be !  
l& ( ,jehovah1 ( :i* he  0 to be ! k+1 &
 ! ,hebrews m]ely ! h]$it>y occupants4  
,god  promulgat$1 f ! cl\ds ( ,m\nt     
,s9ai1 ! prom95t laws = !  gov]nm5t ( 8 
p1 consid]$ z a religi\s community1     
,exod4 xx4  ,^! laws 7 aft]w>d m fully  
develop$ & illu/rat$ by ,moses4  ,!     
rew>ds :i* %\ld accompany ! ob$i5t1 & ! 
puni%m5ts  :i* %\ld be ! lot ( !        
transgressor1 7 at ! same "t  ann\nc$1 &
 ! ,hebrews promis$ by a solemn oa? to  
obey1 ,exodus  xxi-xxiv2 ,deut4         
xxvii-xxx4    #c4 ,9 ord] to keep ! true
 nature ( ! community fully &  con/antly
 9 view1 all ! c]emonial in/itutions _h 
ref]5ce to  ,god1 n only z ! ,sov]eign (
 ! univ]se1 b z ! ,k+ ( !  p4 ,! p 7    
taught to feel t ! tab]nacle 0 n only  !
 temple ( ,jehovah1 b ! palace ( _! ,k+2
 t ! prie/s  7 ! royal s]vants1 & 7 b\nd
 to att5d n only to sacr$ b  to secul>  

affairs1 & 7 to receive1 z _! sal>y1 !  
fir/  ti!s1 :i* ! p1 z subjects1 7 l$ to
 consid] a "p (  t rev5ue :i* 0 due to  
,god1 _! imm$iate ,sov]eign4 ,o!r  ?+s (
 a less prom95t & important nature _h   
ref]5ce to !  same great end4 ,s9ce1    
!re=e1 ,god 0 ! ,sov]eign1 9 a civil    
po9t ( view z well z o!rs1 ( ,pale/9e & 
its inhabitants1 !  commission (        
idolatry by any inhabitant ( t c\ntry1  
ev5 a  =eign]1 0 a defection f ! true   
,k+4 ,x 01 9 fact1 treason2  0 consid]$ 
a crime equal 9 aggravation to t (      
murd]2 & 01  consequ5tly1 att5d$ ) !    
sev]e/ puni%m5t4 ,:oev] invit$ or       
exhort$ to idolatry 0 consid]$ s$iti\s1 
& 0 obnoxi\s to !  same puni%m5t4       
,incantations also1 necromancy1 & o!r   
practices (  ?is nature1 7 look$ ^u z   
arts ( a k9dr$ aspect ) idolatry        
itself2 & ! same puni%m5t 0 to be       
inflict$ ^u !  p]petrators ( !m z ^u    
idolat]s4 ,! same rig\r ( inquiry aft]  
! p]petrators ( idolatry 0 en=c$1 t 0   
exhibit$ 9 respect  to o!r crimes ( !   

deepe/ aggravation2 & ! p]son :o knew ( 
! commission ( idolatry 9 ano!r 0 b\nd  
by ! law to compla9  ( ! p]son ?us      
guilty be=e ! judge1 ?\gh ! crim9al     
su/a9$ ! ne> relation%ip ( a wife or a  
bro!r1 a daught] or a  son4    #d4 ,_m  
?+s 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t rema9$
 ! same  "u ! ,mosaic economy1 z x _h   
be5 be=e4 ,! au?ority :i*  !y _h        
previ\sly possess$1 0 cont9u$ 9 ! "t (  
,moses &  aft] 8 "t1 to ! pr9ces ( !    
tribes1 to ! heads ( families  &        
comb9ations ( families1 & to !          
g5ealogi/s1 ,num4 xi1 #af2  ,deut4 xvi1 
#ah2 xx1 #e2 xxxi1 #bh4 ,yet ,moses1 by 
! advice ( ,je?ro1 8  fa!r-9-law1       
increas$ ! numb] ( rul]s by ! appo9tm5t 
( an  additional numb] ( judges2 "s to  
judge ov] t51 "s ov] fifty1  "s ov] a   
hundr$1 & "s ov] a ?\s&1 m51 ,exodus    
xviii1 #ac-bf4  ,^! judges 7 elect$ by !
 suffrages ( ! p f ^? :o1  by _!        
au?ority & rank1 might be reckon$ among 
! rul]s or  pr9ces ( ! p4 ,! inf]ior    
judges1 t is1 ^? :o  sup]9t5d$ !        

judicial conc]ns ( ! small] numb]s1 7   
subord9ate to ! sup]ior judges1 or ^? :o
 judg$ a l>g] numb]2  & cases1          
accord+ly1 ( a difficult nature w5t up f
 ! inf]ior  to ! sup]ior judges4 ,^? ( a
 v difficult "*1 s mu* s  z to be       
p]plex+ to ! sup]ior judges1 7 appeal$  
to ,moses  himself1 & 9 "s cases f      
,moses to ! high prie/4 ,! judges1 (    
:om we h n[ spok51 su/a9$ a civil z well
 z a judicial  au?ority1 & 7 includ$ 9 !
 li/ ( ^? :o are d5om9at$  ! eld]s &    
pr9ces ( ,israel3 t is to say1 suppos+  
!y 7  *os5 f ! eld]s & pr9ces1 !y did n 
=feit _! seat  among !m by accept+ a    
judicial (fice2 &1 on ! contr>y1 !      
respectability atta*$ to _! (fice1      
suppos+ !y 7 n *os5  f !m1 entitl$ !m to
 be reckon$ 9 _! numb]1 ,deut4 xxxi1    
#bh2  ,jo%ua viii1 #cc2 xxiii1 #b2 xxiv1
 #a4 ,! v>i\s civil (fic]s t h  be5     
m5tion$1 namely1 judges1 heads (        
families1 g5ealogi/s1 eld]s1  pr9ces ( !
 tribes1 c1 7 disp]s$1 z a matt] (      
c\rse1 9  diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,^? (

 !m1 accord+ly1 :o dwelt 9  ! same city1
 or ! same neighb\rhood1 =m$ ! comitia1 
s5ate  or legislative assembly ( _!     
imm$iate vic9ity1 ,deut4 xix1 #ab2 xxv1 
#h1 #i2 ,judges viii1 #ad2 ix1 #c-df2   
xi1 #e2 #a ,sam4 viii1 #d2 xvi1 #d4 ,:5 
all  t dwelt 9 any p>ticul> tribe 7     
conv5$1 !y =m$ !  legislative assembly (
 ! tribe2 & :5 !y 7 conv5$ 9 "o  body f 
all ! tribes1 !y =m$ 9 l mann] !        
legislative  assembly ( ! nation1 & 7 ! 
repres5tatives ( all ! p1  ,jo%ua xxiii1
 #a1 #b2 xxiv1 #a4 ,! prie/s1 :o 7 !    
le>n$ class (  ! community1 & beside 7  
h]$it>y (fic]s 9 ! /ate1 be+  set ap>t =
 civil z well z religi\s purposes1 _h1  
by ! div9e  comm&1 a "r to a sitt+ 9 ?is
 assembly1 ,exod4 xxxii1 #bi2 ,num4     
xxxvi1 #ae2 viii1 #e-bf4 ,be+ ?us call$ 
^u to su/a9 v diff]5t  & yet v important
 (fices1 !y became ! subjects ( t envy  
:i* w\ld naturally be excit$ by ! hon\r 
& ! advantages  atta*$ to _! situation4 
,9 ord] to confirm !m 9 ! duties  :i*   
devolv$ ^u !m1 & to ?r[ at ! greate/    

di/ance ! mean  & lurk+ pr9ciple j      
m5tion$1 ,god1 aft] ! s$ition ( ,korah1 
,da?an1 & ,abiram1 sanction$ ! sep>ation
 ( ! :ole tribe1 :i*  _h be5 previ\sly  
made to ! s]vice ( religion & ! /ate1 by
 a  mo/ evid5t & /rik+ miracle1 ,num4   
xvi1 #a-g4    #e4 ,ea* tribe 0 gov]n$ by
 its own rul]s1 & consequ5tly to a      
c]ta9 ext5t con/itut$ a civil community1
 indep5d5t ( ! o!r  tribes1 ,judges xx1 
#aa-df2 #b ,sam4 ii1 #d2 ,judges i1 #ba4
 ,if any affair  conc]n$ ! :ole or _m ( 
! tribes1 x 0 det]m9$ by !m 9           
conjunction 9 ! legislative assembly ( !
 nation1 ,judges xi1 #a-aa2  #a ,*ron4  
v1 #aj1 #ah1 #ai2 #b ,sam4 iii1 #ag2 #a 
,k+s xii1 #a-bd4 ,if "o tribe  f\nd     
itself unequal to ! execution ( any     
propos$ plan1 x might  connect itself ) 
ano!r1 or ev5 a numb] ( ! o!r tribes1   
,judges i1 #a-c1 #bb2 iv1 #aj2 vii1 #bc1
 #bd2 viii1 #a-c4 ,b1 al?\gh 9 _m  ?+s  
ea* tribe exi/$ by itself1 & act$       
sep>ately1 yet 9 o!rs  !y 7 unit$1 & =m$
 b "o community3 = all ! tribes 7  b\nd 

toge!r1 s z to =m "o *ur* & "o civil    
community1 n  only by _! common         
ance/ors1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob2 n 
only by  ! common promises :i* !y _h    
receiv$ f ^? ance/ors2 n  only by ! ne$ 
9 :i* !y /ood ( mutual c\nsel &         
assi/ance2  b also by ! circum/ance t   
,god 0 _! common ,k+1 & t  !y _h a      
common tab]nacle = 8 palace1 & a common 
sac]dotal &  ,levitical ord] = 8 m9i/]s4
 ,accord+ly1 e tribe ex]t$ a  sort (    
inspection ov] ! o!rs1 z respect$ _!    
obs]vance ( !  law4 ,if any ?+ _h be5   
neglect$1 or any wrong _h be5 done1 !   
p>ticul> tribe conc]n$ 0 am5able to !   
o!rs2 &1 9 case  ju/ice c\ld n be secur$
 9 any o!r way1 might be puni%$ )  w>1  
,jo%ua xxii1 #i-cd2 ,judges xx1 #a1 c4  
#f4 ,:5 we rememb] t ,god 0 expressly   
*os5 ! ,k+ ( !  p1 & t he enact$ laws & 
decid$ litigat$ po9ts (  importance1    
,numb]s xvii1 #a-aa2 xxvii1 #a-aa2      
xxxvi1 #a-aj2 :5 we  rememb] also t he  
answ]$ & solv$ que/ions propos$1 ,num4  
xv1  #cb-da2 ,jo%ua vii1 #af-bb2 ,judges

 i1 #a1 #b2 xx1 #ah1 #bg1 #bh2 #a ,sam4 
xiv1  #cg2 xxiii1 #i-ab2 xxx1 #h2 #b    
,sam4 ii1 #a2 t he ?reat5$ puni%m5t1  & 
t1 9 "s in/ances1 he actually inflict$ x
 ^u ! h>d5$  & imp5it5t1 ,num4 xi1      
#cc-ce2 xii1 #a-ae2 xvi1 #a-ej2 ,lev4   
xxvi1 #c-df2  ,deut4 xxvi-xxx2 :51      
f9ally1 we take into acc\nt1 t he       
promis$  prophets1 :o 7 to be1 z x 71 8 
ambassadors1 ,deut4 xviii1 &  aft]w>d   
s5t !m accord+ to 8 promise1 & t1 9 ord]
 to  pres]ve ! true religion1 he gov]n$ 
! :ole p by a /rik+  & peculi>          
provid5ce1 we are at lib]ty to say1 t   
,god 01 9  fact1 ! ,mon>* ( ! p1 & t !  
gov]nm5t 0 a  !ocracy4 ,b1 al?\gh !     
gov]nm5t ( ! ,jews 0 a !ocracy1 x  0 n  
de/itute ( ! usual =ms :i* exi/ 9 civil 
gov]nm5ts  among m54 ,god1 x is true1 0 
! ,k+1 & ! high prie/1 if we may  be    
all[$ s to speak1 0 8 m9i/] ( /ate2 b   
/ill !  political affairs 7 9 a great   
measure "u ! disposal ( !  eld]s1       
pr9ces1 c4 ,x 0 to !m t ,moses gave !   
div9e comm&s1  det]m9$ expressly _!     

p[]s2 & submitt$ _! reque/s to !        
decision ( ,god1 ,num4 xiv1 #e2 xvi1 #d1
 c2 xxvii1 #e2 xxxvi1 #e1 #f4 ,x 0  9   
ref]5ce to ! great p[] possess$ by ^!   
m51 :o =m$ !  legislative assembly ( !  
nation1 t ,josephus pron\nc$ !  gov]nm5t
 to be ari/ocratical4 ,b f ! circum/ance
 t !  p possess$ s mu* influ5ce1 z to   
r5d] x necess>y to submit  laws to !m = 
_! ratification1 & t !y ev5 took ^u     
!mselves sometimes to propose laws or to
 resi/ ^? :i* 7  enact$2 f ! circum/ance
 also t ! legislature ( ! nation  _h n !
 p[] ( lay+ taxes1 & t ! civil code 0   
regulat$  & en=c$ by ,god himself1      
indep5d5tly ( ! legislature1 ,l[man  &  
,mi*alis are 9 fav\r ( consid]+ !       
,hebrew gov]nm5t a  democracy4 ,9       
support ( _! op9ion su* passages are    
exhibit$ z  ! foll[+1 ,exodus xix1 #g1  
#h2 xxiv1 #c-h2 ,deut4 xxix1 #i-ad2     
,jo%ua ix1  #ah1 #ai2 xxiii1 #a1 c2     
xxiv1 #b1 c2 #a ,samuel x1 #bd2 xi1 #ad1
 #ae2 ,num4  xxvii1 #a-h2 xxxvi1 #a-i4  
,! tru? seems to lie betwe5 ^! two      

op9ions4 ,! ,hebrew gov]nm5t1 putt+ out 
( view its !ocratical  feature1 0 ( a   
mix$ =m1 9 "s respects approa*+ to a    
democracy1 9 o!rs assum+ m ( an         
ari/ocratical "*4    #g4 ,f :at has be5 
said1 x is cle>1 t ! ,rul] & supreme    
,head  ( ! political community 9 "q 0   
,god1 :o1 ) ! design (  promot+ ! good (
 8 subjects1 condesc5d$ to exhibit 8    
visible  pres5ce 9 ! tab]nacle1 :]ev] x 
travell$ & :]ev] x dwelt4  ,if1 9       
ref]5ce to ! ass]tion1 t ,god 0 ! ,rul] 
( ! ,jewi%  /ate1 x %\ld be inquir$ :at 
"p 0 su/a9$ by ,moses1 !  answ] is1 t   
,god 0 ! ,rul]1 ! p 7 8 subjects1 &     
,moses 0 ! m$iator or int]nuncio betwe5 
!m4 ,b ! title mo/  appropriate to      
,moses1 & mo/ descriptive ( ! "p he     
su/a9$1 is  t ( legislator ( !          
,israelites & _! deliv]] f !            
,egyptians4 ,if ! same "q %\ld be put 9 
respect to ,jo%ua1 !  answ] w\ld be1 t  
he 0 n prop]ly ! successor ( ,moses1 &  
t1 s f> f be+ ! rul] ( ! /ate1 he 0     
designat$ by !  rul] to su/a9 !         

subord9ate (fice ( milit>y lead] ( !    
,israelites 9 _! conque/ ( ! l& (       
,canaan4    #h4 ,b1 al?\gh ! ,hebrew    
/ate 0 s con/itut$1 t beside ,god1  !   
invisible ,k+1 & 8 visible s]vant1 !    
high prie/1 !re 0  no o!r g5]al rul] ( !
 commonweal?1 yet x is well kn[n t  !re 
7 rul]s ( a high rank1 appo9t$ at v>i\s 
times1 call$  1 a ^w :i* n only         
signifies a judge 9 ! usual s5se (  !   
t]m1 b any gov]nor1 or adm9i/rator (    
public affairs1 #a ,sam4  viii1 #bj2    
,isaiah xi1 #d2 #a ,k+s iii1 #i4 ,! p[] 
lodg$ 9 ^!  rul]s1 :o are call$ judges 9
 ! ,scriptures1 seems to h be5 9  "s    
respects p>am\nt to t ( ! g5]al comitia 
( ! nation1  & we f9d t !y decl>$ w>1 l$
 armies1 conclud$ peace2 &  t ?is 0 n ! 
:ole1 if inde$ x 0 ! mo/ important "p1  
( _! duties4 ,= _m ( ! judges1 =        
in/ance1 ,jair1 ,ibzan1  ,elon1 ,abdon1 
,eli1 & ,samuel1 rul$ ! nation 9 peace4 
,!y might  appropriately en\gh be call$ 
! supreme executive1 ex]cis+ all !      
rights ( sov]eignty1 ) ! exception (    

enact+ laws1 & impos+  taxes4 ,!y 7     
hon\r$1 b !y bore no ext]nal badges (   
di/9ction2 !y 7 di/+ui%$1 b !y enjoy$ no
 special  privileges !mselves1 &        
communicat$ none to _! po/]ity4 ,!y     
subs]v$ ! public good )\t emolum5t1 t ! 
/ate might be  prosp]\s1 t religion     
might be pres]v$1 & t ,god alone might  
be ,k+ 9 ,israel4 ,x ought to be obs]v$1
 h[ev]1 t n all !  judges rul$ ! :ole   
nation3 "s ( !m presid$ ov] only a few  
sep>ate tribes4    #i4 ,god1 9 ! "* (   
,k+1 _h gov]n$ ! ,israelites =  sixte5  
ages4 ,he rul$ !m1 on ! t]ms :i* he     
himself1 ?r\gh !  ag5cy ( ,moses1 _h    
propos$ to !m1 namely1 t if !y obs]v$   
_! allegiance to him1 !y %\ld be        
prosp]\s2 if n1 adv]sity  & mis]y w\ld  
be ! consequ5ce1 ,exod4 xix1 #d1 #e2    
xxiii1 #bj-cc2 ,lev4  xxvi1 #c-df2      
,deut4 xxviii-xxx4 ,we may le>n f ! :ole
 book (  ,judges1 & f ! fir/ eight      
*apt]s ( ,samuel1 h[ exactly !  result1 
f ! days ( ,jo%ua d[n to ! "t ( ,samuel1
 agre$ )  ^! conditions4 ,b 9 ! "t (    

,samuel1 ! gov]nm5t1 9 po9t (  =m1 0    
*ang$ into a mon>*y4 ,! election ( k+1  
h[ev]1 0  committ$ to ,god1 :o *ose "o  
by lot3 s t ,god 0 /ill ! ,rul]1  & ! k+
 ! viceg]5t4 ,! t]ms ( ! gov]nm5t1 z    
respect$  ,god1 7 ! same z be=e1 & !    
same duties & pr9ciples 7  inculcat$ on 
! ,israelites z _h be5 orig9ally1 #a    
,sam4 viii1 #g2 x1  #ag-bc2 xii1 #ad1   
#ae1 #bj-bb1 #bd1 #be4 ,9 consequ5ce ( !
 fact1 t ,saul  did n *oose at all times
 to obey ! comm&s ( ,god1 ! k+dom 0     
tak5 f him & giv5 to ano!r1 #a ,sam4    
xiii1 #e-ad2 xv1 #a-ca4 ,david1  ?r\gh !
 ag5cy ( ,samuel1 0 select$ by ,jehovah 
= k+1 :o ?us  gave a pro( t he /ill     
reta9$1 & 0 dispos$ to ex]cise1 !  "r ( 
appo9t+ ! rul] "u him1 #a ,samuel xvi1  
#a-c4 ,david 0  fir/ made k+ ov] ,judah2
 b z he receiv$ 8 appo9tm5t f ,god1  &  
act$ "u 8 au?ority1 ! o!r elev5 tribes  
submitt$ to him1  #b ,sam4 v1 #a-c2 #a  
,*ron4 xxviii1 #d-f4 ,david expressly   
ackn[l$g$ ,god z  ! ,sov]eign1 &1 z hav+
 a "r to appo9t ! imm$iate rul] (  ! p1 

#a ,*ron4 xxviii1 #g-aj2 he religi\sly  
obey$ 8 /atutes1  ! p adh]$ firmly to   
,god1 & 8 reign 0 prosp]\s4 ,!  p>am\nt 
au?ority ( ,god1 z ! ,k+ ( ! nation1 & 8
 "r to  appo9t "o :o %\ld act 9 !       
capacity ( 8 viceg]5t1 are  expressly   
recogniz$ 9 ! books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles4
    #aj4 ,on ! subv]sion ( ! ,babylonian
 empire by ,cyrus1 ! f\nd] (  ! ,p]sian 
mon>*y1 7,b4 ,c4 #edc17 he au?oriz$ !   
,jews1 by an edict1  to return into _!  
own c\ntry1 ) full p]mission to enjoy _!
  laws & religion1 & caus$ ! city &     
temple ( ,j]usalem to be  rebuilt4 ,9 ! 
foll[+ ye>1 "p ( ! ,jews return$ "u     
,z]ubbabel1 & r5ew$ _! sacrifices3 b !  
rerection ( ! city  & temple be+        
int]rupt$ = sev]al ye>s by ! trea*]y &  
ho/ility ( ! ,sam>itans or ,cu!ans1 !   
av[$ enemies ( ! ,jews1  ! completion & 
d$ication ( ! temple did n take place   
until !  ye> ,b4 ,c4 #eaa1 six ye>s aft]
 ! accession ( ,cyrus4 ,! rebuild+  (   
,j]usalem 0 accompli%$1 & ! re=mation ( 
_!  ecclesia/ical & civil polity 0      

effect$1 by ! two div9ely  inspir$ &    
pi\s gov]nors1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah2 b !   
!ocratic  gov]nm5t does n appe> to h be5
 re/or$4 ,! new temple 0  n1 z =m]ly1   
,god's palace2 & ! cl\d ( 8 pres5ce did 
n  take possession ( x4 ,aft] _! dea? ! 
,jews 7 gov]n$ by _!  high prie/s1 9    
subjection h[ev] to ! ,p]sian k+s1 to   
:om !y  paid tribute1 ,ezra iv1 #ac2    
vii1 #bd1 b ) ! full enjoym5t ( _!  o!r 
magi/rates1 z well z _! lib]ties1 civil 
& religi\s4  ,ne>ly ?ree c5turies (     
un9t]rupt$ prosp]ity ensu$1 until !     
reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 k+ (      
,syria1 :5 !y 7 mo/ cruelly  oppress$1 &
 compell$ to take up arms 9 _! own      
def5ce4 ,"u !  able conduct ( ,judas1   
surnam$ ,maccabeus1 & 8 valiant bro!rs1 
!  ,jews ma9ta9$ a religi\s w> =        
tw5ty-six ye>s ) five  successive k+s ( 
,syria2 & aft] de/roy+ upw>d ( two      
hundr$  ?\s& ( _! be/ troops1 !         
,maccabees f9ally e/abli%$ !  indep5d5ce
 ( _! own c\ntry & ! aggr&izem5t ( _!   
family4 ,?is illu/ri\s h\se1 ^: pr9ces  

unit$ ! regal &  pontifical dignity 9 _!
 own p]sons1 adm9i/]$ ! affairs ( !     
,jews dur+ a p]iod ( "o hundr$ &        
tw5ty-six ye>s2 until1  disputes aris+  
betwe5 ,hyrcanus ,,ii1 & 8 bro!r        
,ari/obulus1 !  latt] 0 defeat$ by !    
,romans "u ,pompey1 :o captur$          
,j]usalem1  & r$uc$ ,judea to dep5d5ce1 
,b4 ,c4 #ei4    ,,gov]nor4 ,judea hav+  
be5 r$uc$ into a prov9ce by ! ,romans1  
!y  s5t gov]nors ?i!r1 :o 7 subject n   
only to ! emp]ors1 b  also to ! gov]nors
 ( ,syria1 :]e( ,judea made a "p4       
,,g\rd1 1 ,jonah iv1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #aj4   
,mi*alis1 9 8 rem>ks on ?is  subject1   
says1 8,celsius appe>s to me to h prov$ 
t x is !  kiki ( ! ,egyptians40 ,he     
ref]s x to ! class ( ! ric9us1  ! great 
catapucus4 ,accord+ to ,dioscorides1 x  
is ( rapid gr[?1  & be>s a b]ry f :i* an
 oil is express$4 ,9 ! ,arabic v]sion  (
 ?is passage1 :i* is to be f\nd 9       
,avic5na1 x is r5d]$1 8f  !nce is press$
 ! oil :i* !y call oil ( kiki1 :i* is ! 
oil ( ,alk]oa40 ,s ,h]odotus says3 8,!  

inhabitants ( ! m>%y  gr\nds 9 ,egypt   
make use ( an oil1 :i* !y t]m ! kiki1   
express$ f ! ,sillicyprian plant4 ,9    
,greece ?is plant spr+s  spontane\sly1  
)\t any cultivation2 b ! ,egyptians s[ x
 on !  banks ( ! riv] & ( ! canals2 x   
!re produces fruit 9 great  abundance1 b
 ( a v /rong od\r4 ,:5 ga!r$1 !y obta9 f
  x1 ei!r by friction or pressure1 an   
unctu\s liquid1 :i* diffuses  an (f5sive
 smell1 b = burn+ x is equal 9 quality  
to ! oil (  olives40 ,?is plant rises ) 
a /rong h]bace\s /alk to ! height  ( t5 
or twelve feet2 & is furni%$ ) v l>ge   
leaves1 n  unlike ^? ( ! plane tree4    
,rabbi ,kim*i says t ! p ( !  ea/ plant 
!m be=e _! %ops = ! sake ( ! %ade1 & to 
refre% !mselves "u !m4 ,niebuhr says1   
8,i saw1 = ! fir/ "t  at ,basra1 ! plant
 ei-k]oa1 m5tion$ 9 ,mi*alis's          
#8,que/ions4' ,x  has ! =m ( a tree4 ,! 
trunk appe>$ to me r to resemble  leaves
 ?an wood2 nev]!less1 x is h>d] ?an t   
:i* be>s !  ,adam's fig4 ,ea* bran* ( ! 
k]oa has b "o l>ge leaf1 ) six or  sev5 

fold+s 9 x4 ,?is plant 0 ne> to a       
rivulet1 :i* wat]$ x  amply4 ,at ! end (
 ,octob]1 #agfe1 x _h ris5 9 five mon?s'
 "t  ab\t eight feet1 & bore at once    
fl[]s & fruit1 ripe & unripe4  ,ano!r   
tree ( ?is species1 :i* _h n _h s mu*   
wat]1 _h n  gr[n m 9 a :ole ye>4 ,!     
fl[]s & leaves ( x :i* ,i  ga!r$ )]$ 9 a
 few m9utes2 z d all plants ( a rapid   
gr[?4  ,?is tree is call$ at ,aleppo1   
palma ,*ri/i4 ,an oil is made f x  call$
 oleum de k]oa2 oleum cic9um2 oleum     
ficus inf]nalis4 ,!  ,*ri/ians & ,jews (
 ,mosul 7,n9eveh7 say1 x 0 n ! k]oa ^:  
%ad[ refre%$ ,jonah1 b a sort ( g\rd1   
el-k]a1 :i* has v  l>ge leaves1 v l>ge  
fruit1 & la/s b ab\t f\r mon?s40 ,!     
epi!t :i* ! prophet uses 9 speak+ ( !   
plant1 8son ( !  night x 01 &1 z a son (
 ! night x di$10 does n compel u to     
believe t x grew 9 a s+le night1 b1 ei!r
 by a /rong ori5tal  figure t x 0 (     
rapid gr[?1 or ak9 to night 9 ! %ade x  
spread = 8 repose4 ,! figure is n       
uncommon 9 ! ea/1 & "o  ( our own poets 

has call$ ! rose 8*ild ( ! summ]40 ,nor 
are we  b\nd to take ! expression 8on ! 
morr[10 z /rictly import+ !  v next day1
 s9ce ! ^w has ref]5ce to mu* m di/ant  
"t1  ,exod4 xiii1 #ad2 ,deut4 vi1 #bj2  
,jo%ua iv1 #f4 ,x might be simply tak5 z
  aft]w>d4 ,b ! au?or ( 8,scripture     
,illu/rat$0 ju/ly rem>ks1  8,z ! hi/ory 
9 ,jonah expressly says1 ! ,"l prep>$   
?is plant1  no d\bt we may conceive ( x 
z an extraord9>y "o ( its k9d1          
rem>kably rapid 9 its gr[?1 rem>kably   
h>d 9 its /em1 rem>kably  vigor\s 9 its 
bran*es1 & rem>kable = ! ext5sive spread
 ( its  leaves & ! deep gloom ( _! %ad[2
 &1 aft] a c]ta9  duration1 rem>kable = 
a sudd5 )]+1 & a total uselessness to  !
 impati5t prophet40    #b4 ,we read ( ! 
wild g\rd 9 #b ,k+s iv1 #ci2 t ,eli%a1  
be+ at  ,gilgal dur+ a great fam9e1 bade
 "o ( 8 s]vants prep>e some?+  = !      
ent]ta9m5t ( ! prophets :o 7 9 t place4 
,!  s]vant1 go+ into ! field1 f\nd1 z   
our translators r5d] x1 "s  wild g\rds1 
ga!r$ a lapful ( !m1 &1 hav+ br\ght !m )

  him1 cut !m 9 pieces & put !m into a  
pot1 n kn[+ :at !y  74 ,:5 !y 7 br\ght  
to table1 ! prophets1 hav+ ta/$ !m1     
?\ght !y 7 mortal poison4 ,imm$iately1 !
 man ( ,god call$ =  fl\r1 ?rew x into !
 pot1 & desir$ !m to eat )\t any        
appreh5sions4 ,!y did s1 & p]ceiv$ no?+ 
( ! bitt]ness  :]e( !y 7 be=e s5sible4  
,?is plant or fruit is call$ 9  ,hebrew 
& 4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s op9ions ab\t x4    
,celsius supposes x ! colocyn?4 ,!      
leaves ( ! plant are l>ge1  plac$       
alt]nate2 ! fl[]s :ite1 & ! fruit ( !   
g\rd k9d1 (  ! size ( a l>ge apple1 :i*1
 :5 ripe1 is yell[1 & ( a  pleasant &   
invit+ appe>ance1 b1 to ! ta/e          
intol]ably bitt]1  & proves a dra/ic    
purgative4 ,x seems t ! fruit1 :atev] x 
might h be51 0 e>ly ?\ght prop] = an    
ornam5t 9  ar*itecture4 ,x furni%$ a    
model = "s ( ! c>v$ "w ( c$>  9         
,solomon's temple1 #a ,k+s vi1 #ah2 vii1
 #bd4    ,,grace4 ,?is ^w is und]/ood 9 
sev]al s5ses3 = beauty1 graceful  =m1 & 
agreeabl5ess ( p]son1 ,prov4 i1 #i2 iii1

 #bb4 ,= fav\r1  fri5d%ip1 k9dness1 ,g54
 vi1 #h2 xviii1 #c2 ,rom4 xi1 #f2 #b    
,tim4 i1 #i4 ,=  p>don1 m]cy1 undes]v$  
remission ( (f5ces1 ,eph4 ii1 #e2 ,col4 
i1 #f4  ,= c]ta9 gifts ( ,god1 :i* he   
be/[s freely1 :51 :]e1 & on  :om1 he    
pleases2 su* are ! gifts ( miracles1    
prophecy1 languages1  c1 ,rom4 xv1 #ae2 
#a ,cor4 xv1 #aj2 ,eph4 iii1 #h1 c4 ,= !
 ,gospel  disp5sation1 9 contradi/9ction
 to t ( ! law1 ,rom4 vi1 #ad2 #a  ,pet] 
v1 #ab4 ,= a lib]al & *>itable          
disposition1 #b ,cor4 viii1 #g4  ,=     
et]nal life1 or f9al salvation1 #a ,pet]
 i1 #ac4 ,9 !ological  language grace   
also signifies div9e influ5ce ^u ! s\l2 
& x  d]ives ! "n f ?is be+ ! effect ( ! 
great grace or fav\r  ( ,god to mank9d4 
,au/9 def9es inw>d actual grace to be ! 
inspiration ( love1 :i* prompts u to    
practise accord+ to :at we  "k1 out ( a 
religi\s affection & compliance4 ,he    
says1 likewise1  t ! grace ( ,god is !  
bless+ ( ,god's sweet influ5ce1 :]eby   
we are induc$ to take pleasure 9 t :i*  

he comm&s1 to desire &  to love x2 & t  
if ,god does n prev5t u ) ?is bless+1   
:at  he comm&s1 n only is n p]fect$1 b  
is n s mu* z begun 9  u4 ,)\t ! inw>d   
grace ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 man is n able to d
 !  lea/ ?+ t is good4 ,he /&s 9 ne$ (  
?is grace to beg91  cont9ue1 & f9i% all 
! good he does1 or r1 :i* ,god does 9   
him & ) him1 by 8 grace4 ,?is grace is  
free2 x is n due to u3  if x 7 due to u1
 x w\ld be no m grace2 x w\ld be a debt1
  ,rom4 xi1 #f2 x is 9 its nature an    
assi/ance s p[]ful &  efficaci\s1 t x   
surm\nts ! ob/9acy ( ! mo/ rebelli\s    
human he>t1 )\t de/roy+ human lib]ty4   
,!re is no subject on  :i* ,*ri/ian     
doctors h writt5 s l>gely1 z on ! sev]al
  p>ticul>s relat+ to ! grace ( ,god4 ,!
 difficulty consi/s 9  reconcil+ human  
lib]ty ) ! op]ation ( div9e grace2 !    
concurr5ce ( man ) ! influ5ce &         
assi/ance ( ! ,almighty4  ,& :o is able 
to set up an accurate b\nd>y betwe5 ^!  
two ?+s8  ,:o c pret5d to "k h[ f> !    
privileges ( grace ext5d ov] !  he>t (  

man1 & :at t man's lib]ty exactly is1 :o
 is prev5t$1  enlight5$1 mov$1 &        
attract$ by grace8    ,,grape1 1 ! fruit
 ( ! v9e4 ,!re 7 f9e v9ey>ds &  excell5t
 grapes 9 ! promis$ l&4 ,! bun* ( grapes
 :i* 0 cut  9 ! valley ( ,e%col1 & 0    
br\ght ^u a /aff betwe5 two m5 to  !    
camp ( ,israel at ,kade%b>nea1 ,num4    
xiii1 #bc1 may give u "s  idea1 ( !     
l>g5ess ( ! fruit 9 t c\ntry4 ,x w\ld be
 easy to  produce a great numb] (       
witnesses to prove t ! grapes 9 ^?      
regions gr[ to a prodigi\s size4 ,by    
,calmet1 ,s*eu*z]1 & ,h>m]1  ?is subject
 has be5 exhau/$4 ,d\bdan assures u1 t 9
 ! valley  ( ,e%col 7 clu/]s ( grapes to
 be f\nd ( t5 or twelve p\nds4  ,moses1 
9 ! law1 comm&$ t :5 ! ,israelites ga!r$
 _!  grapes1 !y %\ld n be c>eful to pick
 up ^? t fell1 nor be s  exact z to     
leave none ^u ! v9es3 :at fell1 & :at 7 
left  beh9d1 ! poor _h lib]ty to glean1 
,lev4 xix1 #aj2 ,deut4 xxiv1 #ba1 #bb4  
,= ! same b5efic5t purpose ! second     
v9tage 0 res]v$3 ?is1  9 ^? w>m         

c\ntries1 0 consid]able1 ?\gh nev] s    
good nor s  pl5tiful z ! =m]4 ,! wise   
son ( ,sira* says1 8,i wak$ up la/  (   
all1 z "o t gleane? aft] grape ga!r]s4  
,by ! bless+ (  ! ,"l1 ,i pr(it$1 &     
fill$ my w9e-press l a ga!r] (  grapes10
 ,ecclus4 xxxiii1 #af4 ,x is frequ5t 9  
,scripture to describe a  total         
de/ruction by ! similitude ( a v9e1     
/ripp$ 9 su* a  mann]1 t !re 0 n a bun* 
( grapes left = ^? :o came to  glean4 ,!
 prophecy1 8,he %all wa% 8 clo!s 9 w9e1 
& 8  g>m5ts 9 ! blood ( ! grape10 ,g54  
xlix1 #aa1 means t he %all  reside 9 a  
c\ntry :]e grapes 7 9 abundance4 ,!     
v9ey>ds (  ,eng$i & ( ,sorek1 s fam\s 9 
,scripture1 7 9 ! tribe ( ,judah2  & s 0
 ! valley ( ,e%col1 :5ce ! spies br\ght 
^?  extraord9>y clu/]s4 8,x appe>s10    
says ,manti1 8t ! cultivation  ( ! v9e 0
 nev] ab&on$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! grapes1   
:i* are  :ite1 & pretty l>ge1 are1      
h[ev]1 n mu* sup]ior 9 size to  ^? (    
,europe4 ,?is peculi>ity seems to be    
conf9$ to ^? 9 ?is  neighb\rhood2 = at !

 di/ance ( only six miles to ! s\?1 is  
! rivulet & valley call$ ,escohol1      
celebrat$ 9 ,scripture = its  f]tility1 
& = produc+ v l>ge grapes4 ,9 o!r p>ts (
 ,syria1  also1 ,i h se5 grapes ( su* an
 extraord9>y size1 t a bun* (  !m w\ld  
be a suffici5t burd5 = "o man4 ,x is n  
at all  surpris+1 !re=e1 t :5 ! spies1  
s5t by ,moses to reconnoitre  ! promis$ 
l&1 return$ to give him an acc\nt ( its 
f]tility1 x  requir$ two ( !m to c>ry a 
bun* ( grapes1 :i* !y br\ght )  !m      
susp5d$ f a pole plac$ ^u _! %\ld]s40   
,_m eye  witnesses assure u1 t 9        
,pale/9e ! v9es1 & bun*es ( grapes1  are
 almo/ ( an incr$ible size4 8,at        
,beidtdj910 says ,s*ultz1 a  8village   
ne> ,ptolemais1 we took our supp] "u a  
l>ge v9e1 ! /em  ( :i* 0 ne>ly a foot & 
a half 9 diamet]1 ! height ab\t  ?irty  
feet1 & cov]$ ) its bran*es & %oots 7= !
 %oots  mu/ be support$7 a hut ( m ?an  
fifty feet long & broad4 ,!  bun*es ( ^!
 grapes are s l>ge t !y weigh f t5 to   
twelve  p\nds1 & ! grapes may be comp>$ 

to our plumbs4 ,su* a bun* is  cut (f & 
laid on a bo>d1 r\nd :i* !y seat        
!mselves1 & ea*  helps himself to z _m z
 he pleases40 ,=/]1 9 8 ,hebrew         
,diction>y1 7"u ! ^w ,e%col17 says1 t he
 knew at ,nurnburg1 a  monk ( ! "n (    
,acacius1 :o _h resid$ eight ye>s 9     
,pale/9e1  & _h also prea*$ at ,hebron1 
:]e he _h se5 bun*es ( grapes  :i* 7 z  
mu* z two m5 c\ld conv5i5tly c>ry4    ,!
 wild grapes1 1 are ! fruit ( ! wild or 
ba/>d v9e2 s\r  & unpalatable1 & good = 
no?+ b to make v]juice4 ,9 ,isaiah v1   
#b-d1 ! ,"l compla9s t he _h plant$ 8 p 
z a *oice v9e1  excell5t z t ( ,sorek2 b
 t its deg5]acy _h defeat$ 8  purpose1 &
 disappo9t$ 8 hopes3 :5 he expect$ t x  
%\ld  br+ =? *oice fruit1 x yield$ only 
su* z 0 bad2 n m]ely  useless &         
unpr(itable grapes1 b clu/]s (f5sive &  
noxi\s4 ,by  ! =ce & int5t ( ! allegory1
 says ,bi%op ,l[?1 8good grapes0  ought 
to be oppos$ 8to fruit ( a dang]\s &    
p]nici\s quality10  z1 9 ! application (
 x1 to judgm5t is oppos$ tyranny1 & to  

righte\sness oppression4 ,hasselqui/ is 
incl9$ to believe t !  prophet "h means 
! solanum incanum1 8ho>y night%ade10    
because x  is common 9 ,egypt &         
,pale/9e1 & ! ,arabian "n agrees well ) 
x4 ,! ,arabs call x aneb el dib1 8wolf's
 grapes40 ,! prophet c\ld  n h f\nd a   
plant m opposite to ! v9e ?an ?is2 = x  
gr[s  mu* 9 ! v9ey>ds1 & is v p]nici\s  
to !m4 ,x is likewise a  v9e4 ,j]emiah  
uses ! same image1 & applies x to ! same
 purpose1  9 an elegant p>aphrase ( ?is 
"p ( ,isaiah's p>able1 9 8  fl[+ &      
pla9tive mann]3 8,i plant$ !e a ,sorek1 
a scion p]fectly  g5u9e4 ,h[ !n art ?\  
*ang$1 & become to me ! deg5]ate  %oot (
 a /range v9e60 ,j]4 ii1 #ba4 ,f "s sort
 ( poison\s  fruits ( ! grape k9d1      
,moses1 ,deut4 xxxii1 #cb1 #cc1 has tak5
 ^?  /rong & highly poetical images )   
:i* he has set =? ! future  corruption &
 extreme deg5]acy ( ! ,israelites1 9 an 
allegory  :i* has a ne> relation1 bo? 9 
its subject & imag]y1 to ?is (          
,isaiah3--                     8,_! v9e 

is f ! v9e ( ,sodom1                    
,& f ! fields ( ,gomorrah4              
,_! grapes are grapes ( gall2           
,& _! clu/]s are bitt]4                 
,_! w9e is ! poison ( dragons1          
,& ! deadly v5om ( aspics40    ,,grass1 
1 ,g54 i1 #aa1 ! well kn[n vegetable ^u 
:i* flocks &  h]ds fe$1 & :i* decks our 
fields1 & refre%es our sight ) its      
grateful v]dure4 ,its feeble frame &    
transitory duration are m5tion$  9      
,scripture z emblematic ( ! frail       
condition & fleet+ exi/5ce  ( man4 ,!   
inspir$ poets draw ?is picture ) su*    
inimitable beauty  z ! lab\r$ elegies on
 mortality ( anci5t & mod]n times h     
nev] surpass$4 ,see ,psalm xc1 #f1 &    
p>ticul>ly ,isaiah xl1 #f-h3 8,!  voice 
said1 ,cry6 ,& he said1 ,:at %all ,i    
cry8 ,all fle% is grass1 &  all !       
goodl9ess !re( is z ! fl[] ( ! field4 ,!
 grass  )]e?1 ! fl[] fade?1 because !   
,_s ( ! ,"l bl[e?  ^u x4 ,v]ily ?is p is
 grass4 ,! grass )]e?1 ! fl[]  fade?2 b 
! ^w ( our ,god %all /& = ev]40 ,z1 9 _!

  decay1 ! h]bs ( ! fields /rik+ly      
illu/rate ! %ortness (  human life1 s1 9
 ! ord] ( _! gr[?1 f se$s dead &  buri$1
 !y give a natural te/imony to ! doctr9e
 ( a resurrection4  ,! ,prophet ,isaiah1
 & ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 bo? speak ( bodies  
ris+  f ! dead1 z ( s _m se$s spr++ f ! 
gr\nd to  r5ovat$ exi/5ce & beauty1     
al?\gh !y d n1 z "s h  absurdly suppos$1
 consid] ! resurrection z 9 any s5se    
analog\s  to ! process ( vegetation1    
,isaiah xxvi1 #ai2 #a ,pet] i1 #bd1 #be4
    ,x is a j rem>k ( ,grotius1 t !     
,hebrews rank$ ! :ole  vegetable sy/em  
"u two classes1 1 & 4 ,! fir/ is r5d]$  
1 or 1 tree3 to express ! second1 !     
,,lxx h adopt$  1 z _! common way to    
translate "o ,hebrew ^w by "o ,greek    
^w1 ?\gh n q prop]1 r ?an by a          
circumlocution4 ,x is  accord+ly us$ 9  
_! v]sion ( ,g5esis i1 #aa1 :]e !       
di/9ction fir/ occurs1 & 9 mo/ o!r      
places4 ,nor is x )  great] propriety   
r5d]$ grass 9 ,engli% ?an  9 ,greek4 ,! 
same division occurs 9 ,matt4 vi1 #cj1 &

 ,rev4 viii1 #g1 :]e our  translators h 
9 l mann] _h rec\rse to ! t]m grass4    
,dr4  ,campbell pref]s & uses ! ^w      
h]bage1 z com+ ne>] !  mean+ ( ! sacr$  
writ]4 ,"u ! "n h]b is compreh5d$  e    
sort ( plant :i* has n1 l trees & %rubs1
 a p]5nial  /alk4 ,t _m1 if n all1 sorts
 ( %rubs 7 includ$ by !  ,hebrews "u !  
d5om9ation1 tree1 is evid5t f ,jo?am's  
apologue ( ! trees *oos+ a k+1 ,judges  
ix1 #g1 :]e ! bramble  is m5tion$ z "o4 
,see ,,hay4    ,,gras%opp]1 1 ,lev4 xi1 
#bb2 ,num4 xiii1 #cc2 #b ,*ron4 vii1    
#ac2 ,eccles4  xii1 #e2 ,isaiah xl1 #bb2
 #b ,esdras iv1 #bd2 ,wisdom xvi1 #i2   
,eccles4 xliii1  #ag4 ,bo*>t supposes t 
?is species ( ! locu/ has its "n f  !   
,arabic v]b hajaba1 8to veil10 because1 
:5 !y fly1 z !y  (t5 d1 9 great sw>ms1  
!y eclipse ev5 ! light ( ! sun4 8,b  ,i 
presume10 says ,p>khur/1 8?is           
circum/ance is n peculi> to any         
p>ticul> k9d ( locu/3 ,i %\ld r1 !re=e1 
?9k x d5otes  ! cucullat$ species1 s    
d5om9at$ by naturali/s f !  cucullus1   

8c[l0 or 8hood10 ) :i* !y are furni%$1 &
 :i*  di/+ui%es !m f ! o!r k9ds4 ,9     
,s*eu*z] may be se5  sev]al ( ?is sort2 
& x w appe> t ?is species ne>ly         
resemble our gras%opp]40 ,our           
translators r5d] ! ,hebrew ^w  locu/ 9 !
 pray] ( ,solomon at ! d$ication ( !    
temple1 #b  ,*ron4 vii1 #ac1 & )        
propriety4 ,b x is r5d]$ gras%opp]1 9   
,eccles4 xii1 #e1 :]e ,solomon1 describ+
 ! infelicities ( old age1  says1 8,!   
gras%opp] %all be a burd540 8,to ?is    
insect10 says ,dr4  ,smi?1 8! prea*]    
comp>es a dry1 %runk1 %rivell$1 crumpl+1
  craggy old man2 8 backbone /ick+ out1 
8 knees project+ =w>d1  8 arms backw>d1 
8 head d[nw>d1 & ! apophyses or bun*+   
p>ts ( ! bones 9 g5]al enl>g$4 ,& f ?is 
exact lik5ess1  )\t all d\bt1 arose !   
fable ( ,ti?onus1 :o1 liv+ to extreme   
old age1 0 at la/ turn$ into a          
gras%opp]40 ,dr4 ,hodgson1 ref]r+  x to 
! cu/om ( eat+ locu/s1 supposes x to    
imply t luxuri\s  gratification w become
 insipid2 & ,bi%op ,reynolds1 t !       

lighte/ pressure ( s small a creature   
%all be uncom=table to !  ag$1 z n be+  
able to be> any weight4 ,o!r comm5tators
 suppose  ! ref]5ce to ! *irp+ noise ( !
 gras%opp]1 :i* mu/ be  disagreeable to 
! ag$ & infirm1 :o naturally love quiet1
 & are  commonly unable to be> mu*      
noise4 ,x is probable t "h1 also1 a  k9d
 ( locu/ is meant2 & ^! creatures are   
prov]bially  loquaci\s4 ,!y make a l\d1 
screak+1 & disagreeable noise )  _! w+s4
 ,if "o beg9s1 o!rs jo91 & ! hateful    
conc]t becomes  univ]sal4 ,a pause !n   
ensues1 &1 z x 71 on a signal giv51 x   
aga9 comm5ces2 & 9 ?is mann] !y cont9ue 
squall+ = two or  ?ree h\rs )\t         
int]mission4 ,! ,prophet ,isaiah        
contra/s !  gr&eur & p[] ( ,god1 & e ?+ 
reput$ great 9 ?is _w1  by a v          
expressive ref]5ce to ?is insect3       
,jehovah sitte? on !  circle ( ! e>?1 & 
! inhabitants are to him z gras%opp]s1  
,isaiah xl1 #bb4 ,:at atoms & inanities 
are !y all be=e him1 :o  sitte? on !    
circle ( ! imm5se heav5s1 & views !     

pot5tates  ( ! e>? 9 ! light (          
gras%opp]s1 ^? poor insects t  w&] ov] !
 b>r5 hea? = su/5ance1 sp5d ! day 9     
insignificant *irp+s1 & take up _!      
contemptible lodg+ at night  on a blade 
( grass6 ,see ,,locu/4    ,,grecia1 or  
,,greece1 bo? names occurr+ 9 ! ,engli% 
,scriptures4 ,!  b\nd>ies ( ! c\ntry :i*
 receiv$ ?is "n diff]$ "u !  diff]5t    
gov]nm5ts :i* rul$ ov] x4 ,?us ! ,greece
 ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t is n exactly ! same 
z t ( ! ,new3 ! =m]  includ+ ,mac$onia1 
,!ssaly1 ,epirus1 ,hellas or ,greece    
,prop]1 & !  ,peloponnesus or ,morea2   
:ile ! latt] excludes ,mac$onia1        
,!ssaly1  & ,epirus4 ,b ! ,romans1 9 !  
"t ( ! ,apo/les1 _h1 9 fact1  made two  
divisions ( ^! c\ntries4 ,! fir/1 :i* 0 
t (  ,mac$onia1 includ$ also ,!ssaly &  
,epirus2 & ! o!r1 t (  ,a*aia1 all ! re/
 ( ,greece1 :i* is1 prop]ly speak+1 !   
,greece  ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b ! t]m    
,greek admits ( a l>g]  int]pretation1 &
 applies n only to ! inhabitants (      
,greece  ,prop]1 b to ^? ( ,asia ,m9or1 

,syria1 & ,egypt1 ov] ne>ly !  :ole ( ! 
=m] ( :i* c\ntries1 & great "p ( ! two  
latt]1 ,grecian colonies & ! ,grecian   
language _h ext5d$  !mselves4 ,9 fact1 9
 ! two books ( ! ,maccabees1 & 9 ^? (  !
 ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ^w ,greek commonly    
implies a ,g5tile4    #b4 ,! ,scripture 
has b little ref]5ce to ,greece till !  
"t (  ,alex&]1 ^: conque/s ext5d$ into  
,asia1 :]e ,greece _h hi!rto  be5 ( no  
importance4 ,yet t "s int]c\rse 0       
ma9ta9$ )  ^! c\ntries f ,j]usalem1 may 
be inf]r$ f ! desire (  ,baa%a to %ut up
 all passage betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,joppa1 
:i* 0 its  port1 by ! build+ ( ,ramah2 &
 ! anxiety ( ,asa to c\nt]act 8  s*eme1 
#a ,k+s xv1 #b1 #ag4 ,greece 0 c]ta9ly  
int5d$ by ! ,prophet  ,daniel "u !      
symbol ( ! s+le-horn$ goat2 & x is      
probable  t :5 he calls ,greece ,*ittim1
 he spoke ! language ( ! ,hebrew        
nation1 r ?an t ( ! ,p]sian c\rt4 ,aft] 
! e/abli%m5t  ( ! ,grecian dyna/ies 9   
,asia1 ,judea c\ld n b be consid]ably   
affect$ by !m2 & ! books ( ! ,maccabees 

af=d pro(s ( ?is4  ,! ,roman p[]1       
sup]s$+ ! ,grecian e/abli%m5ts1 yet left
 traces  ( ,greek language1 cu/oms1 c1  
to ! days ( ! ,h]ods1 :5 !  ,gospel     
hi/ory comm5ces4 ,by ! activity ( !     
,apo/les1 &  especially by t ( ,/4      
,paul1 ! ,gospel 0 propagat$ 9 ^?       
c\ntries :i* us$ ! ,grecian dialects3   
h5ce1 we are int]e/$ 9  ! /udy ( ?is    
language4 ,moreov] z ,greece1 l all o!r 
c\ntries1 _h its peculi> mann]s1 we are 
n able to e/imate  prop]ly an epi/le    
writt5 to ^? :o dwell :]e !y prevail$1  
)\t a compet5t acqua9tance ) ! mann]s   
!mselves1 ) !  s5tim5ts & reason+s ( ^? 
:o practis$ !m1 & ) !  argum5ts employ$ 
9 _! def5ce by ^? :o adh]$ to !m4       
,,greek ,,language4 ,x 0 because ( !    
wide diffusion ( ?is language  t ! ,new 
,te/am5t 0 writt5 9 ,greek4 ,its diction
 is n1  h[ev]1 t ( ! classical ,greek1 b
 x 0 *os51 no d\bt1 )  a view to great] 
usefulness4 ,9 ! age :i* succe$$ ,alex&]
 !  ,great1 ! ,greek language und]w5t an
 int]nal *ange ( a d\ble  nature4 ,9 "p1

 a prosaic language ( books 0 =m$1    1 
:i* 0 built on ! ,attic dialect1 b 0    
int]mix$ )  n a few prov9cialisms2 b a  
language ( popul> int]c\rse 0 also  =m$1
 9 :i* ! v>i\s dialects ( ! diff]5t     
,grecian tribes1  h]et(ore sep>ate1 7 m 
or less m+l$ toge!r1 :ile !  ,mac$onian 
dialect 0 peculi>ly prom95t4 ,! latt]   
language  con/itutes ! basis ( ! diction
 employ$ by ! ,,lxx1 ! writ]s (  !      
,apocrypha1 & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! /yle
 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t  has a consid]able   
aff9ity ) t ( ! ,septuag9t v]sion :i*  0
 execut$ at ,alex&ria1 al?\gh x         
approa*es some:at ne>] to  ! idiom ( !  
,greek language2 b ! peculi>ities ( !   
,hebrew  phraseology are disc]nible     
?r\gh\t3 ! language ( ! ,new  ,te/am5t  
be+ =m$ by a mixture ( ori5tal idioms & 
expressions  ) ^? :i* are prop]ly       
,greek4 ,h5ce x has1 by "s philolog]s1  
be5 t]m$ ,hebraic ,greek1 & 7f ! ,jews  
hav+ acquir$ !  ,greek language1 r by   
practice ?an by gramm>1 among ! ,greeks1
 9  ^: c\ntries !y resid$ 9 l>ge        

communities7 ,hell5i/ic ,greek4  ,!     
propriety ( ?is appellation 0 sev]ely   
conte/$ t[>d !  close ( ! sev5te5?1 & 9 
! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5?1  c5tury2 &      
num]\s publications 7 writt5 on bo?     
sides ( !  "q1 ) consid]able asp]ity1   
:i*1 toge!r ) !  controv]sy1 are n[     
almo/ =gott54 ,! dispute1 h[ev] int]e/+ 
to ! philological antiqu>ian1 is aft]   
all a m]e 8/rife ( words20  & z !       
appellation ( ,hell5i/ic or ,hebraic    
,greek is suffici5tly  correct = !      
purpose ( *>act]iz+ ! language ( ! ,new 
,te/am5t1 x is n[ g5]ally adopt$4 ,a    
l>ge proportion1 h[ev]1 (  ! phrases &  
con/ructions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is pure  
,greek2 t  is to say1 ( ! same degree ( 
purity z ! ,greek :i* 0 spok5 9         
,mac$onia1 & t 9 :i* ,polybius wrote 8  
,roman hi/ory4 ,x %\ld  f>!r be notic$1 
t !re occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 words t  
express bo? doctr9es & practices :i* 7  
utt]ly unkn[n to !  ,greeks2 & also     
words be>+ widely diff]5t int]pretations
 f  ^? :i* are ord9>ily f\nd 9 ,greek   

writ]s4 ,x conta9s examples  ( all !    
dialects occurr+ 9 ! ,greek language1 z 
! olic1  ,btic1 ,doric1 ,ionic1 &       
especially ( ! ,attic2 :i*1 be+ mo/     
g5]ally 9 use on acc\nt ( its elegance1 
p]vades e book ( !  ,new ,te/am5t4      
#b4 ,a v>iety ( solutions has be5 giv5  
to ! "q1 :y ! ,new  ,te/am5t 0 writt5 9 
,greek4 ,! true reason is1 t x 0 !      
language mo/ g5]ally und]/ood bo? by    
writ]s & read]s2 be+  spok5 & writt51   
read & und]/ood1 ?r\gh\t ! ,roman       
empire1  & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ea/]n         
prov9ces4 ,to ! univ]sality ( !  ,greek 
language1 ,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 & ,juv5al be> 
ample te/imony3 &  ! circum/ances ( !   
,jews hav+ long _h political1 civil1 &  
comm]cial relations ) ! ,greeks1 & be+  
disp]s$ ?r\gh  v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,roman    
empire1 z well z _! hav+ cultivat$  !   
philosophy ( ! ,greeks1 ( :i* we h      
evid5ce 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 all         
suffici5tly acc\nt = _! be+ acqua9t$ ) !
  ,greek language4 ,& if ! em95t ,jewi% 
writ]s1 ,philo & ,josephus1  _h motives 

= pref]r+ to write 9 ,greek1 !re is no  
reason1 at  lea/ !re is no g5]al        
presumption1 :y ! fir/ publi%]s ( !     
,gospel might n use ! ,greek language4  
,x is inde$ probable1 t  _m ( ! common p
 7 acqua9t$ ) x2 ?\gh x is also  c]ta9 !
 ,*ri/ian *ur*es be+ 9 _m c\ntries      
compos$ *iefly  ( t class ( p]sons1 "s  
did n und]/& ,greek4 ,b 9 e  *ur*1 says 
,macknight1 !re 7 p]sons end[$ ) ! gift 
(  tongues1 & ( ! int]pretation (       
tongues1 :o c\ld readily turn  !        
,apo/les' ,greek epi/les into ! language
 ( ! *ur* to :i*  !y 7 s5t4 ,9 p>ticul>1
 ! presid5t or ! spiritual man1 :o  read
 ! ,apo/le's ,greek lett] to ! ,hebrews 
9 _! public  assemblies1 c\ld )\t any   
hesitation r5d] x into ! ,hebrew        
language1 = ! edification ( ^? :o did n 
und]/& ,greek4 ,&  ) respect to ! ,jews 
9 ! prov9ces1 ,greek be+ ! native       
language ( mo/ ( !m1 ?is epi/le 0 mu*   
bett] calculat$ =  _! use1 writt5 9 !   
,greek language1 ?an if x _h be5 writt5 
9  ! ,hebrew1 :i* few ( !m und]/ood4    

,f>!r1 x 0 prop] t  all ! apo/olical    
epi/les %\ld be writt5 9 ! ,greek       
language1  because ! diff]5t doctr9es ( 
! ,gospel be+ deliv]$ &  expla9$ 9 !m1 !
 explanation ( ^! doctr9es c\ld ) m     
advantage be comp>$ s z to be bett]     
und]/ood1 be+ express$ 9  "o language1  
?an if1 9 ! diff]5t epi/les1 !y _h be5  
express$ 9 ! language ( ! *ur*es &      
p]sons to :om !y 7  s5t4 ,n[ :at %\ld t 
"o language be1 9 :i* x 0 prop] to      
write ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 b ! ,greek1
 :i* 0 !n g5]ally  und]/ood1 & 9 :i* !re
 7 _m books extant2 t treat$ (  all k9ds
 ( lit]ature1 & on t acc\nt 7 likely to 
be  pres]v$1 & by ! read+ ( :i*         
,*ri/ians1 9 aft] ages1 w\ld  be enabl$ 
to und]/& ! ,greek ( ! ,new ,te/am5t8   
,?is advantage  none ( ! prov9cial      
dialects us$ 9 ! ,apo/les' days c\ld    
pret5d  to4 ,be+ limit$ to p>ticul>     
c\ntries1 !y 7 soon to be disus$2  & few
 7if any7 books be+ writt5 9 !m :i*     
m]it$ to be  pres]v$1 ! mean+ ( su* ( ! 
,apo/les' lett]s z 7 compos$  9 !       

prov9cial languages c\ld n easily h be5 
asc]ta9$4    ,,greek ,,*ur*4 ,z !       
,gospel spread 9 ! fir/ ages bo? ea/ &  
we/1  ! fir/ ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 s        
d5om9at$4 ,f ! languages  respectively  
us$ 9 _! devotions1 !y 7 also call$ !   
,greek  & ,lat9 or ,roman *ur*es4 ,= !  
fir/ sev5 c5turies ^!  *ur*es pres]v$ a 
fri5dly communion ) ea* o!r1 not)/&+  !y
 disagre$ z to ! "t ( keep+ ,ea/]1 & "s 
o!r po9ts4  ,b ab\t ! middle ( ! eigh?  
c5tury1 disputes arose1 :i*  t]m9at$ 9 a
 s*ism1 t cont9ues to ?is day4 ,x arose 
out ( a  controv]sy respect+ ! use (    
images 9 ! *ur*es4 ,x happ5$  t at ?is  
"t bo? *ur*es 7 "u prelates equally     
dogmatical  & ambiti\s4 ,! patri>* (    
,con/ant9ople insi/$ on putt+ d[n  ! use
 ( all images & pictures1 n only 9 8 own
 *ur*1 b at  ,rome also1 :i* ! pope     
res5t$ ) equal viol5ce & asp]ity4  ,!y  
mutually excommunicat$ ea* o!r2 & ! pope
 ( ,rome  excommunicat$ n only ! patri>*
 ( ,con/ant9ople1 b ! emp]or  also4 ,!  
controv]sy respect+ images eng5d]$      

ano!r1 no less  bitt]1 respect+ !       
procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/ bo? f ! ,fa!r
  & ! ,son1 :i* ! ,greeks flatly d5i$1 &
 *>g$ ! ,romans )  int]polat+ ! ^w      
filioque into ! anci5t cre$s4 ,^!       
controv]sies occupi$ ! eigh? & n9?      
c5turies1 aft] :i* "s  int]vals ( p>tial
 peace occurr$2 b 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 !  
flame broke out afre%1 & a total        
sep>ation took place4 ,at t "t1  !      
,patri>* ,mi*ael ,c]ul>ius1 :o 0 desir\s
 to free himself f  ! papal au?ority1   
publi%$ an invective aga9/ ! ,lat9 *ur*1
  & accus$ its memb]s ( ma9ta9+ v>i\s   
errors4 ,pope ,leo retort$  ! *>ge1 &   
s5t legates f ,rome to ,con/ant9ople4 ,!
 ,greek  patri>* refus$ to see !m2 ^u   
:i* !y excommunicat$ him &  8 adh]5ts1  
publicly1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia1 ,a4   
,d4 #ajed4 ,!  ,greek patri>*           
excommunicat$ ^? legates1 ) all _!      
adh]5ts  & foll[]s1 9 a public c\ncil2 &
 procur$ an ord] ( ! emp]or  = burn+ !  
act ( excommunication :i* !y _h pron\nc$
 aga9/  ! ,greeks4 ,?us ! sep>ation 0   

complet$1 & at ?is day a v  consid]able 
"p ( ! _w pr(ess ! religion ( ! ,greek  
or  ea/]n *ur*4 ,! ,nic5e & ,a?anasian  
cre$s1 ) ! exception (  ! words         
above-m5tion$1 are ! symbols ( _! fai?4 
#b4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts :i* di/+ui% !     
,greek *ur* f !  ,lat91 are z foll[s3 !y
 ma9ta9 t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f  !    
,fa!r only1 & n f ! ,fa!r & ,son4 ,!y   
dis[n !  au?ority ( ! pope1 & d5y t !   
*ur* ( ,rome is ! only true  ca?olic    
*ur*4 ,!y d n affect ! "* (             
infallibility1 &  utt]ly disall[ works (
 sup]]ogation1 & indulg5ces4 ,!y admit (
  pray]s & s]vices = ! dead1 z an anci5t
 & pi\s cu/om2 b  !y w n admit ! doctr9e
 ( purgatory1 nor det]m9e any ?+        
dogmatically conc]n+ ! /ate ( dep>t$    
s\ls4 ,9 baptism !y  practise triune    
imm]sion1 or dip ?ree times2 b "s1 z !  
,georgians1 def] ! baptism ( _! *ildr5  
till !y are ?ree1  f\r1 or m ye>s ( age4
 ,! *rism1 or baptismal unction1        
imm$iately foll[s baptism4 ,?is *rism1  
solemnly consecrat$ on  ,maunday        

,?ursday1 is call$ ! unction ) o9tm5t1 &
 is a my/]y  peculi> to ! ,greek        
communion1 hold+ ! place ( confirmation 
9  t ( ! ,roman3 x is /yl$1 8! seal ( ! 
gift ( ! ,holy  ,gho/40 ,!y adm9i/] !   
,"l's ,supp] 9 bo? k9ds1 dipp+ !  bread 
9 ! cup ( w9e1 9 :i* a small portion (  
w>m wat] is also  ins]t$4 ,!y give x bo?
 to ! cl]gy & laity1 & to *ildr5  aft]  
baptism4 ,!y exclude confirmation &     
extreme unction out ( !  numb] (        
sacram5ts2 b !y use ! holy oil1 :i* is n
 conf9$  to p]sons 9 ! close ( life1 l  
extreme unction1 b is  adm9i/]$1 if     
requir$1 to all sick p]sons4 ,?ree      
prie/s1 at lea/1  are requir$ to adm9i/]
 ?is sacram5t1 ea* prie/1 9 8 turn1     
ano9t+ ! sick p]son1 & pray+ = 8        
recov]y4 ,!y d5y  auricul> confession to
 be a div9e comm&2 b practise confession
  att5d$ ) absolution1 & sometimes      
p5ance4 ,?\gh !y believe 9              
transub/antiation1 or r                 
consub/antiation1 !y d n wor%ip !       
elem5ts4 ,!y pay a second>y k9d (       

adoration to ! virg9 & o!r  sa9ts4 ,!y d
 n admit ( images or figures 9          
bas-relief1 or  emboss$ "w2 b use pa9t+s
 & silv] %r9es4 ,!y admit  matrimony to 
be a sacram5t1 & celebrate x ) great    
=mality4  ,_! secul> cl]gy1 "u ! rank ( 
bi%ops1 are all[$ to m>ry  once1 & laym5
 twice2 b f\r? m>riages !y hold 9       
abom9ation4  ,!y obs]ve a great numb] ( 
holy days1 & keep f\r fa/s 9 !  ye> m   
solemn ?an ! re/1 ( :i* ,good ,friday is
 ! *ief4    #c4 ,! s]vice ( ! ,greek    
*ur* is too long & complicat$ to be     
p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 ?is "w2 ! great]  
"p consi/s 9 psalms  & hymns4 ,five     
ord]s ( prie/hood belong to ! ,greek    
*ur*2 namely1  bi%ops1 prie/s1 deacons1 
sub-deacons1 & read]s2 :i* la/ includes 
s+]s1 c4 ,! episcopal ord] is di/+ui%$  
by ! titles (  metropolitan1 ar*bi%ops1 
& bi%ops4 ,! head ( ! ,greek *ur*1  !   
patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 is elect$ by   
twelve bi%ops1 :o  reside ne>e/ t fam\s 
capital4 ,?is prelate calls c\ncils by 8
  own au?ority to gov]n ! *ur*4 ,! o!r  

patri>*s are ^? (  ,j]usalem1 ,antio*1 &
 ,alex&ria1 all nom9at$ by ! patri>* (  
,con/ant9ople1 :o enjoys a mo/ ext5sive 
jurisdiction4 ,= !  adm9i/ration (      
ecclesia/ical affairs1 a synod1 conv5$  
mon?ly1 is  compos$ ( ! heads ( ! *ur*  
resid5t 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 ?is         
assembly1 ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople     
presides1 ) ^? (  ,antio* & ,j]usalem1 &
 twelve ar*bi%ops4 ,9 reg>d to discipl9e
  & wor%ip1 ! ,greek *ur* has ! same    
division ( ! cl]gy into  regul> &       
secul>1 ! same spiritual jurisdiction ( 
bi%ops &  _! (ficials1 ! same di/9ction 
( ranks & (fices1 ) !  *ur* ( ,rome4    
#d4 ,! ,greek *ur* compreh5ds a         
consid]able "p ( ,greece1 !  ,grecian   
isles1 ,walla*ia1 ,moldavia1 ,egypt1    
,abyss9ia1 ,nubia1 ,lybia1  ,arabia1    
,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 ,cilicia1 &       
,pale/9e2 ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1  &        
,j]usalem2 ! :ole ( ! ,russian empire 9 
,europe2 great "p (  ,sib]ia 9 ,asia1   
,a/ra*an1 ,casan1 & ,georgia4    ,,gr9d4
 ,see ,,mill4    ,,grove4 ,x is prop] to

 obs]ve1 t 9 ord] ! m effectually to    
gu>d ! ,israelites f idolatry1 ! bless$ 
,god1 9 in/itut+ !  rites ( 8 own       
wor%ip1 w5t directly c\nt] to ! practice
 ( !  idolatr\s nations4 ,?us1 because  
!y wor%ipp$ 9 groves1 he  expressly     
=bade 8! plant+ a grove ( trees ne> 8   
alt>10 ,deut4  xvi1 #ba4 ,nor w\ld he   
suff] 8 p to (f] _! sacrifices on !     
tops ( hills & m\nta9s1 z ! ,hea!ns did1
 b ord]$ t !y  %\ld be br\ght to "o alt>
 9 ! place :i* he appo9t$1 ,deut4  xii1 
#ac1 #ad4 ,& z = ! groves1 :i* !        
,canaanites _h plant$1  & ! idols &     
alt>s :i* !y _h erect$ on ! tops ( high 
m\nta9s & hills = ! wor%ip ( _! gods1 ! 
,israelites are  comm&$ utt]ly to de/roy
 !m1 ,deut4 xii1 #b1 #c4 ,! groves &    
high  places d n seem to h be5 diff]5t1 
b ! same places1 or  groves plant$ on ! 
tops ( hills1 probably r\nd an op5 area1
 9  :i* ! idolatr\s wor%ip 0 p]=m$1 z   
may be inf]r$ f !  foll[+ words ( !     
,prophet ,hosea3 8,!y sacrifice ^u !    
tops (  m\nta9s1 & burn inc5se ^u !     

hills1 "u oaks1 & popl>s1 &  elms10     
,hosea iv1 #ac4 ,! use ( groves =       
religi\s wor%ip is  g5]ally suppos$ to h
 be5 z anci5t z ! patri>*al ages2 =  we 
are in=m$1 t 8,abraham plant$ a grove 9 
,be]%eba1 & call$  !re on ! "n ( ! ,"l10
 ,g54 xxi1 #cc4 ,h[ev]1 x is n          
expressly said1 nor c x by ?is passage  
be prov$1 t he plant$  ! grove = any    
religi\s purpose2 x might only be       
design$ to %ade  8 t5t4 ,& ?is          
circum/ance p]haps is record$ to        
intimate 8  rural way ( liv+1 z well z 8
 religi\s "*2 t he dwelt  9 a t5t1 "u ! 
%ade ( a grove1 or tree1 z ! ^w 1  e%el1
 may m prop]ly be translat$2 & 9 ?is    
humble habitation  l$ a v pi\s & dev\t  
life4 ,! reason & orig9 ( plant+  sacr$ 
groves is v>i\sly conjectur$2 "s imag9+ 
x 0 only  h]eby int5d$ to r5d] ! s]vice 
m agreeable to ! wor%ipp]s1  by !       
pleasantness ( ! %ade2 :]eas o!rs       
suppose x 0 to  invite ! pres5ce ( !    
gods4 ,! "o or ! o!r ( ^! reasons  seems
 to be intimat$ 9 ! =e-cit$ passage (   

,hosea3 8,!y burn  inc5se "u oaks1 &    
popl>s1 & elms1 because ! %ade !re( is  
good10 ,hosea iv1 #ac4 ,o!rs conceive _!
 wor%ip 0 p]=m$ 9 !  mid/ ( groves1     
because ! gloom ( su* a place is apt to 
/rike a  religi\s awe ^u ! m9d2 or else1
 because su* d>k concealm5ts  suit$ !   
lewd my/]ies ( _! idolatr\s wor%ip4     
,ano!r  conjecture1 :i* seems z probable
 z any1 is1 t ?is practice began  ) !   
wor%ip ( demons1 or dep>t$ s\ls4 ,x 0 an
 anci5t cu/om  to bury ! dead "u trees1 
or 9 woods4 8,deborah 0 buri$ "u an     
oak1 ne> ,be!l10 ,g5esis xxxv1 #h2 & !  
bones ( ,saul & ,jona?an  "u a tree at  
,jabe%1 #a ,samuel xxxi1 #ac4 ,n[ an    
imag9ation prevail+  among ! ,hea!n1 t !
 s\ls ( ! deceas$ hov] ab\t _!  graves1 
or at lea/ delight to visit _! dead     
bodies1 ! idolat]s1  :o paid div9e      
hon\rs to ! s\ls ( _! dep>t$ h]oes1     
erect$  images & alt>s = _! wor%ip 9 !  
same groves :]e !y 7  buri$2 & f !nce x 
grew into a cu/om aft]w>d to plant      
groves1  & build temples1 ne> ! tombs ( 

dep>t$ h]oes1 #b ,k+s xxiii1 #ae1  #af1 
& to surr\nd _! temples & alt>s ) groves
 & trees2 &  ^! sacr$ groves be+        
con/antly furni%$ ) ! images ( !  h]oes 
or gods t 7 wor%ipp$ 9 !m1 a grove & an 
idol came to  be us$ z conv]tible t]ms1 
#b ,k+s xxiii1 #f4      ,,habakkuk1 !   
au?or ( ! prophecy be>+ 8 "n1 ,habakkuk 
i1 #a1  c4 ,no?+ is c]ta9ly kn[n conc]n+
 ! tribe or bir? place (  ,habakkuk4 ,he
 is said to h prophesi$ ab\t ,b4 ,c4    
#fje1 & to h  be5 alive at ! "t ( !     
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by               
,nebu*adnezz>4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t  
he rema9$ & di$ 9  ,judea4 ,! pr9cipal  
pr$ictions conta9$ 9 ?is book are1 !    
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & ! captivity ( 
! ,jews by ! ,*aldeans  or ,babylonians2
 _! deliv]ance f ! oppressor 8at !      
appo9t$  "t20 & ! total ru9 ( !         
,babylonian empire4 ,! promise ( !      
,messiah is confirm$2 ! ov]rul+         
provid5ce ( ,god is ass]t$2 &  !        
conclud+ pray]1 or r hymn1 rec\nts !    
wond]s :i* ,god  _h wr\ght = 8 p1 :5 he 

l$ !m f ,egypt into ,canaan1 &          
expresses ! mo/ p]fect confid5ce 9 !    
fulfilm5t ( 8 promises4  ,! /yle (      
,habakkuk is highly poetical1 & ! hymn 9
 ! ?ird  *apt] is p]haps unrivall$ =    
sublimity1 simplicity1 & p[]4           
,,habits4 ,! dress ( ori5tal nations1 to
 :i* ! inspir$ writ]s  (t5 allude1 has  
und]gone almo/ no *ange f ! e>lie/      
times4  ,_! /uffs 7 fabricat$ ( v>i\s   
mat]ials2 b wool 0  g5]ally us$ 9 _! f9]
 fabrics2 & ! hair ( goats1 camels1  &  
ev5 ( horses1 0 manufactur$ = co>s]     
purposes1 especially  = sackclo?1 :i* !y
 wore 9 "t ( m\rn+ & di/ress4  ,sackclo?
 ( black goat's hair 0 manufactur$ =    
m\rn+s2 !  col\r & ! co>s5ess ( :i* be+ 
reckon$ m suitable to !  circum/ances ( 
! we>]1 ?an ! f9] & m valuable texture  
:i* ! hair ( :ite goats suppli$4 ,?is is
 ! reason :y a cl\d$  sky is repres5t$1 
9 ! bold figurative language (          
,scripture1 z  cov]$ ) sackclo? &       
blackness1 ! col\r & dress ( p]sons 9   
affliction4 ,9 ,egypt & ,syria1 !y wore 

also f9e l951 cotton1 &  byssus1        
probably f9e musl9 f ,india1 9 ,hebrew 1
 ! f9e/ clo?  kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,9     
,canaan1 p]sons ( di/9ction 7 dress$ 9  
f9e l95 ( ,egypt2 & accord+ to "s       
au?ors1 9 silk1 & ri*  clo?1 %ad$ ) !   
*oice/ col\rs1 or1 z ! ,vulgate calls x1
  ) fea!r$ "w1 embroid]$ ) gold4 ,!     
beauty ( _! clo!s  consi/$ 9 ! f95ess & 
col\r ( ! /uffs2 & x seems1 !  col\r mo/
 9 use among ! ,israelites1 z well z    
among ! ,greeks &  ,romans1 0 :ite1 n   
imp>t$ & improv$ by ! dy]'s art1 b !    
native col\r ( ! wool4 ,! g5]al use (   
?is col\r seems to be  recogniz$ by     
,solomon 9 8 direction3 8,let ?y g>m5ts 
be always  :ite10 ,eccles4 ix1 #h4 ,b   
g>m5ts 9 ! native col\r ( ! wool  7 n   
conf9$ to ! l[] ord]s2 !y 7 also 9 great
 e/eem  among p]sons ( sup]ior /ation1 &
 are p>ticul>ly valu$ 9  ,scripture1 z !
 emblem ( k & purity1 gladness &        
victory1  grace & glory4 ,! prie/s (    
,baal 7 habit$ 9 black2 a col\r  :i*    
appe>s to h be5 peculi> to !mselves1 &  

:i* few o!rs  9 ^? c\ntries1 except     
m\rn]s1 w\ld *oose to we>4 ,blue 0 a    
col\r 9 great e/eem among ! ,jews1 & o!r
 ori5tal nations4 ,!  robe ( ! ephod1 9 
! gorge\s dress ( ! high prie/1 0 made  
all ( blue2 x 0 a prom95t col\r 9 !     
sumptu\s hang+s ( !  tab]nacle2 & ! :ole
 p ( ,israel 7 requir$ to put a fr+e  ( 
blue ^u ! bord] ( _! g>m5ts1 & on ! fr+e
 a rib& (  ! same col\r4 ,! palace (    
,ahasu]us1 ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 0  furni%$ )  
curta9s ( ?is col\r1 on a pavem5t ( r$1 
& blue1  & :ite m>ble2 a pro( t x 0 n   
less e/eem$ 9 ,p]sia ?an  on ! ,jordan4 
,& f ,ezekiel we le>n1 t ! ,assyrian    
nobles 7  habit$ 9 robes ( ?is col\r3   
8,%e doat$ on ! ,assyrians1 h]          
neighb\rs1 :i* 7 clo!d ) blue1 capta9s &
 rul]s1 all (  !m desirable "y m540     
#b4 ,! ,jewi% nobles & c\rti]s1 ^u great
 & solemn occasions1  appe>$ 9 sc>let   
robes1 dy$1 n z at pres5t ) madd]1 )    
co*9eal1 or ) any mod]n t9cture1 b ) a  
%rub1 ^: r$  b]ries give an ori5t t+e to
 ! clo?4 ,crimson or v]milion1 a  col\r1

 z ! "n imports1 f ! blood ( ! worm1 0  
us$ 9 !  temple ( ,solomon1 & by _m     
p]sons ( ! fir/ quality2 sometimes  !y  
wore purple1 ! mo/ sublime ( all e>?ly  
col\rs1 says ,mr4  ,h>m]1 hav+ !        
gaud9ess ( r$1 ( :i* x reta9s a %ade1   
s(t5$ ) ! gravity ( blue4 ,?is 0 *iefly 
dy$ at ,tyre1 &  0 suppos$ to take !    
t9cture f ! liquor ( a %ell fi%1        
anci5tly f\nd 9 ! adjac5t sea2 ?\gh ,mr4
 ,bruce1 9 8 ,travels1  incl9es to !    
op9ion1 t ! murex1 or purple fi% at     
,tyre1 0  only a concealm5t ( _! k (    
co*9eal1 z1 if ! :ole  city ( ,tyre _h  
appli$ to no?+ else b fi%+1 !y w\ld n  h
 col\r$ tw5ty y>ds ( clo? 9 a ye>4 ,!   
*ildr5 ( weal?y  & noble families 7     
dress$ 9 ve/m5ts ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,?is 
m>k ( di/9ction may be trac$ to !       
patri>*al age2 = ,joseph 0  array$1 by 8
 indulg5t & imprud5t fa!r1 9 a coat ( _m
  col\rs4 ,a robe ( div]s col\rs 0      
anci5tly res]v$ = ! k+s'  daught]s :o 7 
virg9s2 & 9 "o ( ^! 0 ,tam>1 ! virg9    
daught] ( ,david1 array$1 :5 %e 0 met by

 h] bro!r4    #c4 ,9 ^! p>ts ( ! _w1 !  
fa%ion is 9 a /ate ( almo/  daily       
fluctuation1 & diff]5t fa%ions are n    
unfrequ5tly se5  cont5d+ = ! sup]iority2
 b 9 ! ea/1 :]e ! p are by  no means    
giv5 to *ange1 ! =m ( _! g>m5ts cont9ues
 ne>ly  ! same f "o age to ano!r4 ,!    
great] "p ( _! clo!s are  long & fl[+1  
loosely ca/ ab\t ! body1 consi/+ only ( 
a  l>ge piece ( clo?1 9 ! cutt+ & sew+ (
 :i* v little art  or indu/ry is        
employ$4 ,!y h m dignity & gracefulness 
?an  ours1 & are bett] adapt$ to ! burn+
 climates ( ,asia4 ,f !  simplicity ( _!
 =m1 & _! loose adaptation to ! body1 ! 
same clo!s might be worn1 ) equal ease &
 conv5i5ce1 by _m  diff]5t p]sons4 ,!   
clo!s ( ^? ,phili/9es :om ,samson slew  
at  ,askelon requir$ no alt]+ to fit 8  
companions2 nor ! robe (  ,jona?an1 to  
answ] 8 fri5d4 ,! arts ( weav+ & full+  
seem to  h be5 di/9ct occupations 9     
,israel1 f a v remote p]iod1 9          
consequ5ce ( ! v>i\s & skilful op]ations
 :i* 7 necess>y  to br+ _! /uffs to a   

suitable degree ( p]fection2 b :5 !     
weav] & ! full] _h f9i%$ _! "p1 ! lab\r 
0 ne>ly at  an end2 no di/9ct artizan 0 
necess>y to make !m into clo!s2  e      
family seems to h made _! own4          
,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ?is "p  ( ! "w 0     
p]=m$ 9 ! loom2 = !y _h ! art ( weav+   
robes ) sleeves all ( "o piece3 ( ?is   
k9d 0 ! coat :i* our  ,savi\r wore dur+ 
8 abode ) m54 ,! loose dresses ( ^!     
c\ntries1 :5 ! arm is lift$ up1 expose  
its :ole l5g?3 to ?is  circum/ance !    
,prophet ,isaiah ref]s3 8,to :om is !   
arm ( ! ,"l  reveal$80 t is1 uncov]$3 :o
 obs]ves t he is ab\t to ex]t  ! arm ( 8
 p[]8    #d4 ,! *os5 p 7 n all[$ to we> 
clo!s ( any mat]ials  or =m !y *ose2 !y 
7 =bidd5 by _! law to we> a g>m5t  (    
wooll5 & l954 ,?is law did n prev5t !m f
 we>+ _m  diff]5t sub/ances toge!r1 b   
only ^! two2 nor did !  prohibition     
ext5d to ! wool ( camels & goats1 7= !  
hair (  ^! animals !y call$ by ! same   
"n17 b only to t ( %eep4  ,x 0 lawful = 
any man :o saw an ,israelite dress$ 9   

su* a g>m5t  to fall ^u him & put him to
 dea?4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,maimonides1  ?is 0
 pr9cipally int5d$ z a pres]vative f    
idolatry2 = !  ,hea!n prie/s ( ^? times 
wore su* mix$ g>m5ts ( wooll5 &  l951 9 
! sup]/iti\s hope1 x 0 imag9$1 ( hav+ ! 
b5eficial influ5ce ( "s lucky           
conjunction ( ! planets or />s1  to br+ 
d[n a bless+ ^u _! %eep & _! flax4 ,!   
second  re/ra9t ref]r$ to ! sexes1 ( :i*
 "o 0 n to we> ! dress  appropriat$ to !
 o!r4 ,?is practice is said to be an    
abom9ation to  ! ,"l2 :i* pla9ly        
intimates t ! law ref]s to "s idolatr\s 
cu/om1 ( :i* ,moses & ! prophets always 
spoke 9 t]ms ( !  utmo/ abhorr5ce4      
,no?+1 inde$1 0 m common among ! ,hea!n1
  9 ! wor%ip ( "s ( _! false deities1   
?an = ! males to  assi/ 9 wom5's clo!s1 
& ! females 9 ! dress appropriat$ to    
m52 9 ! wor%ip ( ,v5us1 9 p>ticul>1 !   
wom5 appe>$ be=e  h] 9 arm\r1 & ! m5 9  
wom5's app>el2 & ?us ! words  lit]ally  
run 9 ! orig9al ,scriptures1 8,wom5 %all
 n put on !  arm\r ( a man1 nor a man ! 

/ole ( a woman40 ,maimonides says he    
f\nd ?is precept 9 an old magical book1 
8,t m5 ought to /&  be=e ! /> ( ,v5us 9 
! fl[]$ g>m5ts ( wom51 & wom5 to  put on
 ! arm\r ( m5 be=e ! /> ( ,m>s40 ,b     
:atev] !re  may be 9 ^! obs]vations1 x  
is c]ta9 t1 if !re 7 no  di/9ction (    
sexes made by _! habits1 !re w\ld be    
dang] (  involv+ mank9d 9 all mann] (   
lic5ti\sness & impurity4    #e4 ,!      
anci5t ,jews v seldom wore any cov]+ ^u 
! head1 except  :5 !y 7 9 m\rn+1 or     
wor%ipp+ 9 ! temple1 or 9 !  synagogue4 
,to pray ) ! head cov]$1 01 9 _!        
e/imation1 a  high] m>k ( respect = !   
maje/y ( heav51 z x indicat$ !  consci\s
 unwor?9ess ( ! suppliant to lift up 8  
eyes 9 !  div9e pres5ce4 ,to gu>d       
!mselves f ! w9d or ! /orm1 or f  ! /ill
 m fatal /roke ( ! sun-beam1 to :i* !   
g5]al cu/om  ( walk+ b>e head$          
p>ticul>ly expos$ !m1 !y wrapp$ _!      
heads 9 _! mantles1 or upp] g>m5ts4 ,b  
dur+ _! long  captivity 9 ,babylon1 !   
,jews began to we> turbans1 9 compliance

 )  ! cu/oms ( _! conqu]ors2 = ,daniel  
in=ms u1 t 8 ?ree  fri5ds 7 ca/ into !  
fi]y furnace ) _! hats1 or1 z !  t]m    
%\ld be r5d]$1 _! turbans4 ,x is n1     
h[ev]1 improbable1  t ! bulk ( ! nation 
cont9u$ to foll[ _! anci5t cu/om2  & t !
 compliance prevail$ only among ^? ,jews
 :o 7  connect$ ) ! ,babyloni% c\rt2 =  
_m ages aft] t1 we f9d  ,antio*us       
,epiphanes introduc+ ! habits & fa%ions 
( ! ,grecians  among ! ,jews2 & z !     
hi/ory ( ! ,maccabees relates1 he br\ght
  ! *ief "y m5 "u 8 subjection1 & made  
!m we> a hat1 or  turban4 ,_! legs 7    
g5]ally b>e2 & !y nev] wore any ?+  ^u !
 feet1 b soles fa/5$ 9 diff]5t ways1    
accord+ to !  ta/e or fancy ( ! we>]4   
,,hadad1 son to ! k+ ( ,ea/ ,edom1 0    
c>ri$ into ,egypt by 8  fa!r's s]vants1 
:5 ,joab1 g5]al ( ,david's troops1      
extirpat$ !  males ( ,edom4 ,hadad 0 !n 
a *ild4 ,! k+ ( ,egypt gave him a  h\se1
 l&s1 & e necess>y subsi/5ce1 & m>ri$   
him to !  si/] ( ,tahp5es1 8 que54 ,by  
h] he _h a son1 nam$ ,g5uba?1 :om  ,que5

 ,tahp5es educat$ 9 ,ph>aoh's h\se ) !  
k+'s *ildr54  ,hadad be+ in=m$ t ,david 
0 dead1 & t ,joab 0 kill$1  desir$ leave
 to return into 8 own c\ntry4 ,ph>aoh   
wi%$ to deta9  him1 b at la/ p]mitt$ 8  
return to ,edom4 ,"h he began to raise  
di/urbances aga9/ ,solomon2 b !         
,scripture does n m5tion  p>ticul>s4    
,josephus says1 t ,hadad did n return to
 ,edom till long  aft] ! dea? ( ,david1 
:5 ,solomon's affairs began to decl9e1  
by  reason ( 8 impieties4 ,he also      
obs]ves1 t1 n be+ able to  engage !     
,edomites to revolt1 because ( ! /rong  
g>risons :i*  ,solomon _h plac$ !re1    
,hadad got toge!r su* p z 7  will+1 &   
c>ri$ !m to ,razon1 !n 9 rebellion aga9/
 ,hadadez]1  k+ ( ,syria4 ,razon receiv$
 ,hadad ) joy1 & assi/$ him 9  conqu]+  
"p ( ,syria1 :]e he reign$1 & f :5ce he 
insult$  ,solomon's t]ritories4         
,,hag>4 ,aft] t5 ye>s' resid5ce 9 ! l& (
 ,canaan1 ,abram1 by !  p]suasion ( 8   
wife1 :o _h be5 b>r5 h]et(ore1 & n[     
despair$ ( be>+ *ildr5 h]self :5 %e 0   

sev5ty-five ye>s  old1 took1 z a second 
wife1 or concub9e1 h] h&maid1 ,hag>1 an 
,egyptian4 ,:5 ,hag> conceiv$1 %e       
despis$ h] mi/ress1 :o dealt  h>dly )   
h]1 ,abram giv+ h] up to 8 wife's       
discretion2 s t  %e fl$ t[>d ,egypt f ! 
face ( h] mi/ress1 b 0 /opp$ 9  h]      
flight by ! angel ( ! ,"l1 :o =etold t  
%e %\ld be> a  son call$ ,i%mael1       
because ! ,"l he>d h] affliction1 & t 8 
race %\ld be num]\s1 w>like1 &          
unconqu]$2 a pr$iction1 z se5  "u !     
article ,arabia1 rem>kably fulfill$ to !
 pres5t day4  ,abram 0 eighty-six ye>s  
old :5 ,hag> b>e ,i%mael4 ,:5 ,isaac 0  
wean$1 ,i%mael1 ! son ( ,hag>1 :o 0 n[  
ab\t fifte5 ye>s (  age1 (f5d$ ,s>ah by 
"s mock]y or ill treatm5t ( ,isaac2 !   
orig9al ^w signifies else:]e1 8to       
skirmi%10 or 8fight10 #b ,samuel  ii1   
#ad2 & ,/4 ,paul repres5ts ,i%mael z    
8p]secut+0 him1 ,gal4 iv1  #bi4 ,s>ah   
!re=e compla9$ to ,abraham1 & said1     
8,ca/ out ?is  bond-woman & h] son1 = ! 
son ( ?is bond-woman %all n be heir  )  

my son ,isaac4 ,& ! ?+ 0 v griev\s 9    
,abraham's sight1  because ( 8 son      
,i%mael20 b ,god approv$ ( ,s>ah's      
advice1 &  aga9 exclud$ ,i%mael f !     
special cov5ant ( grace3 8,= 9 ,isaac   
%all ?y se$ be call$3 nev]!less1 ! son (
 ! bond-woman w ,i  make a nation also1 
because he is ?y se$40 ,god r5ew$ ?is   
promise  also to ,hag>1 dur+ h] w&]+s 9 
! wild]ness ( ,be]%eba1  :5 %e despair$ 
( support3 8,arise1 lift up ! lad1 &    
hold him 9  ?9e h&s1 = ,i w make him a  
great nation4 ,& ,god 0 ) !  lad1 & he  
grew1 & dwelt 9 ! wild]ness ( ,p>an1 &  
became an  ar*]4 ,& 8 "m took him a wife
 out ( ! l& ( ,egypt40 ,see  ,,abraham &
 ,,i%mael4    ,we d n "k :5 ,hag> di$4  
,! rabb9s say %e 0 ,ph>aoh's  daught]2 b
 ,*ryso/om ass]ts t %e 0 "o ( ^? slaves 
:i*  ,ph>aoh gave to ,abraham1 ,g54 xii1
 #af4 ,! ,*aldee p>aphra/s1 & _m  ( !   
,jews1 believe ,hag> & ,keturah to be ! 
same p]son2 b ?is  is n cr$ible4 ,philo 
?9ks t ,hag> embrac$ ,abraham's         
religion1  :i* is v probable4 ,!        

,mussulmans & ,arabians1 :o are desc5d$ 
f ,i%mael1 ! son ( ,hag>1 speak mightily
 9 h] comm5dation4 ,!y  call h] 9       
em95cy1 ,"m ,hag>1 & ma9ta9 t %e 0      
,abraham's  lawful wife2 ! "m ( ,i%mael1
 8 elde/ son2 :o1 z su*1  possess$      
,arabia1 :i* v mu* exce$s1 say !y1 bo? 9
 ext5t &  ri*es1 ! l& ( ,canaan1 :i* 0  
giv5 to 8 y\ng] son ,isaac4             
,,hag>5es1 ! desc5dants ( ,i%mael3 call$
 also ,i%maelites &  ,s>ac5s1 or        
,arabians1 f _! c\ntry4 ,_! "n1 ,s>ac5s1
 is n  d]iv$1 z "s h ?\ght1 f ,s>ah1    
,abraham's wife1 b f !  ,hebrew s>ak1   
:i* signifies 8to rob0 or 8to /eal20    
because !y  mo/ly c>ry on ! trade (     
?iev+3 or f ,sah>a1 ! des]t2  ,s>ac5s1  
inhabitants ( ! des]t4 ,b "s writ]s ?9k 
,hag>5e  imports s\?1 con=mably to !    
,arabic2 h5ce ,hag>1 t is1 !  s\!rn     
woman2 & ,m\nt ,s9ai is call$ ,hag>1 t  
is1 ! s\!rn  m\nta91 ,gal4 iv1 #be4 ,b  
!re seems also to h be5 a p>ticul>      
tribe :o bore ?is "n m exclusively1 z ! 
,hag>5es are  sometimes m5tion$ 9       

,scripture di/9ct f ! ,i%maelites1      
,psalm  lxxxiii1 #f2 #a ,*ron4 v1 #ai4  
,,haggai 0 "o ( ! ,jews :o return$ )    
,z]ubbabel to ,j]usalem 9  consequ5ce ( 
! edict ( ,cyrus2 & x is believ$ t he 0 
born  dur+ ! captivity1 & t he 0 ( !    
sac]dotal race4 ,8  prophecy consi/s (  
f\r di/9ct revelations1 all :i* took    
place 9  ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1 k+ (    
,p]sia1 ,b4 ,c4 #ebj4 ,! prophet        
reproves ! p = _! delay 9 build+ !      
temple ( ,god1 &  repres5ts ! unfruitful
 seasons :i* !y _h exp]i5c$ z a div9e   
puni%m5t = ?is neglect4 ,he exhorts !m  
to proce$ 9 ! important  "w2 & by way ( 
enc\ragem5t pr$icts1 t ! glory ( !      
second  temple1 h[ev] inf]ior 9 ext]nal 
magnific5ce1 %all exce$ t (  ! fir/2 :i*
 0 accompli%$ by its be+ hon\r$ ) !     
pres5ce ( ! ,savi\r ( mank9d4 ,he f>!r  
urges ! completion (  ! temple by       
promises ( div9e fav\r1 & "u ! type (   
,z]ubbabel he is suppos$ by "s to =etel 
! great revolutions :i*  %all prec$e !  
second adv5t ( ,*ri/4 ,! /yle ( ,haggai 

is 9  g5]al pla9 & simple2 b 9 "s       
passages x rises to a  consid]able      
degree ( sublimity4    ,,hair4 ,! ea/]n 
females we> _! hair1 :i* ! prophet      
emphatically calls ! 8in/rum5t ( _!     
pride10 v long1 &  divid$ into a great  
numb] ( tresses4 ,9 ,b>b>y1 ! ladies all
  affect to h _! hair hang d[n to !     
gr\nd1 :i*1 aft] !y  h collect$ into "o 
lock1 !y b9d & plait ) rib&s4 ,:]e      
nature has be5 less lib]al 9 its        
ornam5ts1 ! defect is suppli$ by  art1 &
 =eign is procur$ to be int]wov5 ) !    
natural hair4 ,!  ,apo/le's rem>k on ?is
 subject corresponds entirely ) ! cu/om 
(  ! ea/1 z well z ) ! orig9al design ( 
! ,creator3 8,does n  ev5 nature itself 
tea* y1 t1 if a man h long hair1 x is a 
%ame unto him8 ,b if a woman h long     
hair1 x is a glory to h]2 =  h] hair is 
giv5 h] = a cov]+10 #a ,cor4 xi1 #ad4 ,!
 m5 9 !  ea/1 ,*>d9 obs]ves1 are %av$2 !
 wom5 n\ri% _! hair )  great fondness1  
:i* !y l5g!n by tresses1 & tufts ( silk 
d[n  to ! heels4 ,b among ! ,hebrews !  

m5 did n %ave _! heads2  !y wore _!     
natural hair1 ?\gh n long2 & x is c]ta9 
t  !y 71 at a v remote p]iod1 initiat$ 9
 ! art ( *]i%+  & beautify+ ! hair )    
fragrant o9tm5ts4 ,! head ( ,a>on 0     
ano9t$ ) a preci\s oil1 comp\nd$ aft] ! 
art ( !  apo!c>y2 & 9 pro( t !y _h      
already adopt$ ! practice1 !            
congregation 7 prohibit$1 "u pa9 ( be+  
cut (f1 to make any  o!r l x1 aft] !    
composition ( x1 ,exod4 xxx1 #cb1 #cc4  
,! royal  ,psalmi/ alludes to ! same    
cu/om 9 ! tw5ty-?ird ,psalm3 8,?\       
ano9te/ my head ) oil40 ,we may inf] f !
 direction ( ,solomon1  t ! cu/om _h at 
lea/ become g5]al 9 8 "t3 8,let ?y      
g>m5ts be always :ite1 & let ?y head    
lack no o9tm5t10 ,eccles4  ix1 #h4 ,aft]
 ! hair is plait$ & p]fum$1 ! ea/]n     
ladies  proce$ to dress _! heads1 by ty+
 above ! lock into :i* !y  collect x1 a 
triangul> piece ( l951 adorn$ ) v>i\s   
figures 9  ne$lework4 ,?is1 among p]sons
 ( bett] fa%ion1 is cov]$ ) a  s>mah1 z 
!y call x1 :i* is made 9 ! same         

triangul> %ape1  ( ?9 flexible plates ( 
gold or silv]1 c>efully cut ?r\gh1 &    
engrav5 9 imitation ( lace1 & might     
!re=e answ] to 1  ! moonlike ornam5t    
m5tion$ by ! prophet 9 8 description ( !
  toilette ( a ,jewi% lady1 ,isaiah iii1
 #ah4 ,cutt+ (f ! hair 0 a  sign (      
m\rn+1 ,j]4 vii1 #bi2 b sometimes 9     
m\rn+ !y suff]$  x to gr[ long4 ,9      
ord9>y sorr[s !y neglect$ _! hair2 & 9  
viol5t p>oxysms !y pluck$ x (f ) _! h&s4
    ,john ,bapti/ 0 clo!d 9 a g>m5t made
 ( camel's hair1 n ) a  camel's sk91 z  
pa9t]s & sculptors repres5t him1 b )    
co>se  camlet made ( camel's hair4 ,!   
coat ( ! camel 9 "s places yields  v f9e
 silk1 ( :i* are made /uffs ( v great   
price2 b 9  g5]al ?is animal's hair is  
h>d1 & sc>cely fit = any b co>se        
habits1 & a k9d ( hair clo?4 ,"s are (  
op9ion t camlet  d]ives its "n f !      
camel1 be+ orig9ally compos$ ( ! wool  &
 hair ( camels2 b at pres5t !re is no   
camel's hair 9 !  composition ( x1 z x  
is commonly wov5 & sold among u4        

,,ham1 or ,,*am1 1 son ( ,noah1 & bro!r 
to ,%em & ,japhe?1 is  believ$ to h be5 
,noah's y\nge/ son4 ,ham1 says ,dr4     
,hales1  signifies burnt or black1 & ?is
 "n 0 peculi>ly significant  ( ! regions
 allott$ to 8 family4 ,to ! ,cu%ites1 or
 *ildr5 (  8 elde/ son1 ,cu%1 7 allott$ 
! hot s\!rn regions ( ,asia1  along !   
coa/s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ,susiana or    
,*usi/an1 ,arabia1 c2  to ! sons (      
,canaan1 ,pale/9e & ,syria2 to ! sons ( 
,misraim1  ,egypt & ,libya1 9 ,africa4  
,! ,hamites1 9 g5]al1 l ! ,canaanites  (
 old1 7 a sea-f>+ race1 & soon] arriv$  
at civilization &  ! luxuries ( life ?an
 _! simpl] pa/oral & agricultural       
bre?r5 ( ! o!r two families4 ,! fir/    
great empires ( ,assyria  & ,egypt 7    
f\nd$ by !m2 & ! republics ( ,tyre1     
,sidon1 &  ,c>?age1 7 e>ly di/+ui%$ = _!
 comm]ce3 b !y soon]  also fell to      
decay2 & ,egypt1 :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/1     
became !  la/ & 8base/ ( ! k+doms10     
,ezek4 xxix1 #ae2 & has be5             
successively 9 subjection to ! ,%emites1

 & ,japhe?ites2 z h  also ! settlem5ts (
 ! o!r bran*es ( ! ,hamites4 ,see       
,,canaan4    ,,haman1 son ( ,hamm$a?a1 !
 ,amalekite1 ( ! race ( ,agag2 or1      
accord+ to o!r copies1 son ( ,hamada? ! 
,bugean or ,gogean1 t  is1 ( ! race (   
,gog2 or x may be read1 ,haman ! son (  
,hamada?1  :i* ,haman 0 ,bagua or       
,bagoas1 eunu*1 t is1 (fic] to ! k+ (   
,p]sia4 ,we h no pro( ( ,haman's be+ an 
,amalekite2 b ,e/h] iii1  #a1 reads ( ! 
race ( ,agag4 ,9 ! apocryphal ,greek1   
,e/h] ix1 #bd1  & ! ,lat91 ,e/h] xvi1   
#aj1 he is call$ a ,mac$onian1 animo et 
g5te ,mac$o4 ,k+ ,ahasu]us1 hav+ tak5   
him into fav\r1 promot$  him above all !
 pr9ces ( 8 c\rt1 :o b5t ! knee to him  
7probably pro/rat$ !mselves :olly be=e  
him1 z to a deity7 :5  he ent]$ !       
palace3 ?is ,mordecai ! ,jew decl9$1 =  
:i* slight1  ,haman plott$ ! extirpation
 ( ! :ole ,jewi% nation2 :i* 0          
provid5tially prev5t$4 ,he 0 hang$ on a 
gibbet fifty cubits high1  :i* he _h    
prep>$ = ,mordecai2 8 h\se 0 giv5 to    

,que5 ,e/h]2  & 8 employm5ts to         
,mordecai4 ,8 t5 sons 7 likewise        
execut$4  ,see ,,e/h]4    ,,hama?1 a    
city ( ,syria1 capital ( a prov9ce ( !  
same "n1 ly+  ^u ! ,orontes1 ,jo%ua     
xiii1 #e2 ,judges iii1 #c2 #b ,k+s xiv1 
#be2 #b  ,*ron4 vii1 #h4 ,! k+ ( ,hama? 
cultivat$ a good und]/&+ )  ,david1 #b  
,sam4 viii1 #i4 ,?is city 0 tak5 by !   
k+s ( ,judah1 &  aft]w>d retak5 by !    
,syrians1 & recov]$ f !m by ,j]oboam  ! 
,second1 #b ,k+s xiv1 #bh4    ,,h&      
sometimes d5otes ! v5geance ( ,god3 8,! 
h& ( ! ,"l 0  heavy ^u !m ( ,a%dod10    
aft] !y _h tak5 ! ark1 #a ,samuel v1 #f1
  #g4 ,to p\r wat] on any "o's h&s1     
signifies to s]ve him1 #b ,k+s  iii1    
#aa4 ,to wa% "o's h&s1 d5otes innoc5ce3 
,pilate wa%$ 8 h&s  to d5ote 8 be+      
innoc5t ( ! blood ( ,jesus1 ,mat!w      
xxvii1 #bd4  ,to kiss "o's h&1 is an act
 ( adoration1 #a ,k+s xix1 #ah4 8,if ,i 
beheld ! sun :5 x %9$1 & my m\? ha?     
kiss$ my h&10 ,job  xxxi1 #bg4 ,to fill 
"o's h&s1 is to take possession ( !     

prie/hood1  to p]=m ! functions ( t     
(fice2 because 9 ?is c]emony1 ^?  p>ts (
 ! victim :i* 7 to be (f]$1 7 put into !
 h& (  ! newly creat$ prie/1 ,judges    
xvii1 #e1 #ab2 #a ,k+s xiii1 #cc4 ,to   
lean  ^u any "o's h&1 is a m>k (        
famili>ity & sup]iority4 ,! k+  (       
,israel _h a confid5t on :om he ?us     
lean$1 #b ,k+s vii1 #ag4 ,!  k+ ( ,syria
 lean$ on ! h& or arm ( ,naaman :5 he   
w5t up to !  temple ( ,rimmon1 #b ,k+s  
v1 #ah4 ,to lift up "o's h&1 is a way ( 
tak+ an oa? :i* has be5 9 use among all 
nations4 ,to give "o's  h&1 signifies to
 grant peace1 to swe> fri5d%ip1 to      
promise entire  security1 to make       
alliance1 #b ,k+s x1 #ae4 ,! ,jews say1 
!y 7  oblig$ to give ! h& to !          
,egyptians & ,assyrians1 t !y might     
procure bread1 #b ,macc4 xiii1 #bb2 t   
is1 to surr5d] to !m1 to  submit4 ,to   
/ret* out "o's h&1 signifies to *a/ise1 
to ex]cise  sev]ity or ju/ice1 ,ezek4   
xxv1 #g4 ,god deliv]$ 8 p ) a high  h&1 
& arm /ret*$ out2 by p]=m+ _m wond]s1 & 

inflict+  _m *a/isem5ts1 on !           
,egyptians4 ,to /ret* out "o's h&1      
sometimes d5otes m]cy3 8,i h spread out 
my h&s10 entreat$1 8all  ! day unto a   
rebelli\s p10 ,isaiah lxv1 #b4 ,h& is   
also  frequ5tly tak5 = ! p[] &          
impression ( ! ,holy ,_s felt by  a     
prophet3 8,! h& ( ! ,"l 0 on ,elijah10  
#a ,k+s xviii1 #df4 ,x  is said t ,god  
gave 8 law by ! h& ( ,moses1 t he spoke 
by !  h& ( prophets1 c2 t is1 by _!     
means1 by !m1 c4 ,! "r  h& d5otes p[]1  
/r5g?4 ,! ,scripture g5]ally imputes to 
,god's  "r h& all ! effects ( 8         
omnipot5ce3 8,?y "r h&1 ,o ,"l1  ha?    
da%$ 9 pieces ! enemy10 ,exodus xv1 #f4 
,! ,son ( ,god is (t5  repres5t$ z sitt+
 at ! "r h& ( 8 heav5ly ,fa!r3 8,!  ,"l 
said to my ,"l1 ,sit ?\ at my "r h&10   
,psalm cx1 #a2 ?\ ha/  done ?y "w ^u    
e>?1 n[ take possession ( t sov]eign    
k+dom  & glory :i* by "r belonge? unto  
!e2 d ?\ rule )  au?ority & hon\r1 z ?\ 
art ,m$iator4 ,! "r h& commonly  d5otes 
! s\?1 z ! left does ! nor?2 = !        

,hebrews speak (  ! qu>t]s ( ! _w1 9    
respect ( !mselves1 hav+ _! faces  turn$
 to ! ea/1 _! backs to ! we/1 _! "r h&s 
to !  s\?1 & _! left to ! nor?4 ,=      
example3 8,do? n ,david hide  himself ) 
u 9 /rong holds1 9 ! woods1 9 ! hill (  
,ha*ilah1  :i* is on ! s\? ( ,je%imon80 
9 ,hebrew1 8on ! "r h& (  ,je%imon40 ,! 
accus] 0 commonly at ! "r h& ( ! accus$3
  8,let ,satan /& at 8 "r h&10 ,psalm   
cix1 #f4 ,& 9 ,ze*4 iii1 #a1  ,satan 0  
at ! "r h& ( ! high prie/ ,jo%ua1 to    
accuse him4  ,(t51 9 a contr>y s5se1 to 
be at "o's "r h& signifies to  def5d1 to
 protect1 to support him3 8,i h set !   
,"l always be=e  me2 because he is at my
 "r h&1 ,i %all n be mov$10 ,psalm xvi1 
#h4  ,to turn f ! law ( ,god1 nei!r to !
 "r h& nor to ! left1  is a frequ5t     
,scripture expression1 ! mean+ ( :i* is1
 t we  mu/ n dep>t f x at all4 ,our     
,savi\r1 9 ,matt1 vi1 #c1 to %[  ) :at  
privacy we %\ld d good works1 says t our
 left h&  %\ld n "k :at our "r h& does4 
,above all ?+s1 we %\ld  avoid vanity & 

o/5tation 9 all ! good we und]take to d1
 &  %\ld n ?9k t !reby we m]it any ?+4  
,lay+ on h&s1 or  imposition ( h&s1 is  
und]/ood 9 diff]5t ways bo? 9 ! ,old &  
,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is (t5 tak5 =         
ord9ation & consecration (  prie/s &    
m9i/]s1 z well among ! ,jews z          
,*ri/ians1 ,num4 viii1  #aj2 ,acts vi1  
#f2 xiii1 #c2 #a ,tim4 iv1 #ad4 ,x is   
sometimes also made use (  to signify ! 
e/abli%m5t ( judges & magi/rates1 on :om
 x 0  usual to lay h&s :5 !y 7 entru/$ )
 ^! employm5ts4  ,?us1 :5 ,moses        
con/itut$ ,jo%ua 8 successor1 ,god      
appo9t$ him to  lay 8 h&s ^u him1       
,numb]s xxvii1 #ah4 ,jacob laid 8 h&s on
  ,ephraim & ,manasseh1 :5 he gave !m 8 
la/ bless+1 ,g54 xlviii1  #ad4 ,! high  
prie/ /ret*$ out 8 h&s to ! p1 z (t5 z  
he recit$ ! solemn =m ( bless+1 ,lev4   
ix1 #bb4 ,! ,israelites1 :o  pres5t$ s9 
(f]+s at ! tab]nacle1 confess$ _! s9s   
:ile  !y laid _! h&s ^u !m1 ,lev4 i1 #d4
 ,?is te/ifi$ t !  p]son ackn[l$g$      
himself wor?y ( dea?1 t he laid 8 s9s ^u

  ! sacrifice1 t he tru/$ 9 ,*ri/ = !   
expiation ( 8 s9s1  & t he devot$       
himself to ,god4 ,witnesses laid _! h&s 
^u !  head ( ! accus$ p]son1 z x 7 to   
signify t !y *>g$ ^u  him ! guilt ( 8   
blood1 & fre$ !mselves f x1 ,deut4 xiii1
 #i2  xvii1 #g4 ,our ,savi\r laid 8 h&s 
^u ! *ildr5 t 7  pres5t$ to him1 &      
bless$ !m1 ,m>k x1 #af4 ,& ! ,holy ,gho/
 0  conf]r$ on ^? :o 7 baptiz$ by ! lay+
 on ( ! h&s (  ! ,apo/les1 ,acts viii1  
#ag2 xix1 #f4    ,,hannah4 ,see         
,,samuel4    ,,h>an1 ! elde/ son (      
,t]ah1 & bro!r to ,abraham & ,nahor4 ,he
 0  ! fa!r ( ,lot1 ,milcah1 & ,iscah1   
,g54 xi1 #bf1 c4 ,h>an di$ be=e  8 fa!r 
,t]ah4    #b4 ,,h>an1 o!rwise call$     
,*>ran1 9 ,mesopotamia1 a city celebrat$
  = hav+ be5 ! place to :i* ,abraham    
remov$ fir/1 aft] he left  ,ur1 ,g54 xi1
 #ca1 #cb1 & :]e ,t]ah 0 buri$4 ,?i!r x 
0 likewise  t ,jacob repair$ to ,laban1 
:5 he fl$ f ,esau1 ,g54 xxvii1 #dc2     
xxviii1 #aj1 c4 ,h>an 0 situat$ 9 !     
nor?-we/]n "p (  ,mesopotamia on a riv] 

( ! same "n runn+ into ! ,euphrates4    
,mr4  ,k9neir says1 t ,h>an1 :i* is /ill
 s call$1 or r ,h>ran1 is  n[ peopl$ by 
a few families ( w&]+ ,arabs1 :o h be5  
l$  ?i!r by a pl5tiful supply ( good    
wat] f sev]al small /reams4  ,x is      
situat$ 9 #cf #eb nor? latitude1 & #ci  
#e ea/ longitude2 9  a flat & s&y pla94 
,"s ?9k t x 0 built by ,t]ah1 or by     
,h>an1 8 elde/ son4    ,,h>e1 1 ,arabic 
arneb1 ,lev4 xi1 #f2 ,deut4 xiv1 #g4    
,?is "n is  d]iv$1 z ,bo*>t & o!rs      
suppose1 f 1 to crop1 & 1  ! produce ( !
 gr\nd2 ^! animals be+ rem>kable =      
dev\r+ "y plants & h]bage4 ,?is animal  
resembles ! rabbit1  b is l>g]1 &       
some:at long] 9 proportion to its       
?ickness4 ,!  h>e 9 ,syria1 says ,dr4   
,russel1 is di/+ui%$ into two species1  
diff]+ consid]ably 9 po9t ( size4 ,!    
l>ge/ is ! ,turkman  h>e1 & *iefly      
haunts ! pla9s2 ! o!r is ! common h>e ( 
!  des]t3 bo? are abundant4 ,!          
difficulty z to ?is animal is1 t  ,moses
 says ! arnabe? *ews ! cud1 :i* our h>es

 d n3 b  ,ari/otle takes notice ( ! same
 circum/ance1 & affirms t !  /ructure ( 
its /oma* is simil> to t ( rum9at+      
animals4 ,!  animal "h m5tion$ may !n be
 a v>iety ( ! species4    ,,h>o%e? ,,(  
,,! ,,g5tiles1 a city suppos$ to be     
situat$ ne> ,hazor1 9  ! nor!rn p>ts (  
,canaan1 call$ aft]w>d ,upp] ,galilee1  
or ,galilee  ( ! ,g5tiles1 = ! same     
reason t ?is place probably obta9$  t   
title1 namely1 f be+ less inhabit$ by   
,jews1 & be+ ne>  ! great resorts ( !   
,g5tiles1 ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,?is is said  
to h  be5 ! resid5ce ( ,sis]a1 ! g5]al (
 ! armies ( ,jab91 k+  ( ,canaan1 :o    
reign$ at ,hazor4    ,,h>p1 a /r+$      
musical in/rum5t4 ,! ,hebrew ^w k9aor1  
:i* is  translat$ 8h>p0 9 our ,engli%   
v]sion1 v probably d5ot$ all  /r+$      
in/rum5ts4 ,by ! ,hebrews1 ! h>p 0 call$
 ! pleasant  h>p2 & x 0 employ$ by !m1 n
 only 9 _! devotions1 b also  at _!     
ent]ta9m5ts & pleasures4 ,x is probable1
 t ! h>p 0  ne>ly ! e>lie/1 if n !      
e>lie/1 in/rum5t ( music4 ,david  danc$ 

:5 he play$ on ! h>p3 ! ,levites did !  
same4 ,h5ce x  appe>s1 t x 0 light &    
portable1 & t its size 0  re/rict$ )9   
limits :i* admitt$ ( t s]vice1 & ( t    
mann] ( us+ x4    ,,h>t1 1 ,deut4 xii1  
#ae2 xiv1 #e2 ,psalm xlii1 #a2 ,isaiah  
xxxv1 #f1 !  /ag1 or male de]4 ,dr4 ,%aw
 consid]s its "n 9 ,hebrew z a g5]ic  ^w
 includ+ all ! species ( ! de] k9d2 :e!r
 !y are  di/+ui%$ by r\nd horns1 z !    
/ag2 or by flat ones1 z !  fall[ de]2 or
 by ! smallness ( ! bran*es1 z ! roe4   
,mr4 ,good  obs]ves t ! h9d & roe1 ! h>t
 & ! antelope1 7 held1  & /ill cont9ue  
to be1 9 ! highe/ e/imation 9 all !     
ea/]n  c\ntries1 = ! voluptu\s beauty ( 
_! eyes1 ! delicate  elegance ( _! =m1  
or _! graceful agility ( action4 ,!     
names  ( ^! animals 7 p]petually appli$1
 !re=e1 to p]sons1  :e!r male or female1
 :o 7 suppos$ to be possess$ ( any (  _!
 respective qualities4 ,9 #b ,sam4 i1   
#ai1 ,saul is d5om9at$ 8!  roe (        
,israel20 & 9 ! eighte5? v]se ( ! ensu+ 
*apt]1 we  are told t 8,asahel 0 z light

 ( foot z a wild roe30 a phraseology    
p]fectly synonym\s ) ! epi!t            
swift-foot$1 :i* ,hom] has s  frequ5tly 
be/[$ ^u 8 h]o ,a*illes4 ,?us aga93 8,h]
 pr9ces are  l h>ts :i* f9d no pa/ure2  
!y are fl$ )\t /r5g? be=e  _! pursu]s10 
,lam4 i1 #f4 8,! ,"l ,jehovah is my     
/r5g?2 he w  make my feet l h9ds' feet2 
he w cause me to tread aga9 on my own   
hills10 ,hab4 iii1 #ai4 ,see ,,h9d4     
,,h>ve/4 ,?ree mon?s int]v5$ betwe5 !   
se$ "t & ! fir/  reap+1 & a mon? betwe5 
?is & ! full h>ve/4 ,b>ley is 9  full e>
 all ov] ! ,holy ,l&1 9 ! beg9n+ (      
,april2 & ab\t  ! middle ( ! same mon?1 
x beg9s to turn yell[1 p>ticul>ly 9  !  
s\!rn di/ricts2 be+ z =w>d ne> ,j]i*o 9 
! latt] end  ( ,m>*1 z x is 9 ! pla9s ( 
,acre a =tnight aft]w>d4 ,!  reap+      
cont9ues till ! middle ( ,sivan1 or till
 ab\t ! end ( ,may  or beg9n+ ( ,june1  
:i*1 z ! "t ( :eat h>ve/1 f9i%es ?is  "p
 ( ! husb&man's lab\rs4    #b4 ,! reap]s
 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria make use ( ! sickle
 9 cutt+  d[n _! crops1 &1 accord+ to ! 

pres5t cu/om 9 ?is c\ntry1  8fill _! h&0
 ) ! corn1 & ^? :o b9d up ! %eaves1  _! 
8bosom10 ,psalm cxxix1 #g2 ,ru? ii1 #e4 
,:5 ! crop is ?9 &  %ort1 :i* is g5]ally
 ! case 9 light soils1 & ) _!  imp]fect 
cultivation1 x is n reap$ ) ! sickle1 b 
pluck$ up  by ! root ) ! h&4 ,by ?is    
mode ( reap+1 !y leave ! mo/  fruitful  
fields z nak$ z if no?+ _h ev] gr[n on  
!m2 & z no  hay is made 9 ! ea/1 ?is is 
done1 t !y may n lose any ( !  /raw1 :i*
 is necess>y = ! su/5ance ( _! cattle4  
,!  practice ( pluck+ up ) ! h& is      
p]haps ref]r$ to 9 ^!  words ( !        
,psalmi/1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5
 made3 8,let  !m be z ! grass ^u ! h\se 
tops1 :i* )]e? a=e x  gr[e? up2 :]e) !  
m[] fille? n 8 h&1 nor he t  b9de?      
%eaves 8 bosom40 ,! tops ( ! h\ses 9    
,judea are flat1  &1 be+ cov]$ ) pla/] (
 t]race1 are frequ5tly gr[n ov]  )      
grass4 ,z x is b small & weak1 & f its  
elevation expos$  to ! scor*+ sun1 x is 
soon )]$4 ,a m beautiful & /rik+        
figure1 to display ! weak & evanesc5t   

condition ( wick$ m51  _c easily be     
conceiv$4    #c4 ,! reap]s g to ! field 
v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & return  home betimes
 9 ! aft]noon4 ,!y c>ry provisions along
 ) !m1  & lea!rn bottles1 or dri$ bottle
 g\rds1 fill$ ) wat]4 ,!y  are foll[$ by
 _! own *ildr51 or by o!rs1 :o glean )  
mu*  success1 = a great quantity ( corn 
is scatt]$ 9 ! reap+1 &  9 _! mann] (   
c>ry+ x4 ,! great] "p ( ^! circum/ances 
are disc]nible 9 ! mann]s ( ! anci5t    
,israelites4 ,ru? _h n  propos$ to      
,naomi1 h] "m-9-law1 to g to ! field1 & 
glean  aft] ! reap]s2 nor _h ! s]vant ( 
,boaz1 to :om %e appli$ =  leave1 s     
readily grant$ h] reque/1 if glean+ _h n
 be5 a common  practice 9 t c\ntry4 ,:5 
,boaz inquir$ :o %e 01 8 ov]se]1  aft]  
in=m+ him1 obs]ves1 t %e came out to !  
field 9 !  morn+2 & t ! reap]s left !   
field e>ly 9 ! aft]noon1 z  ,dr4 ,russel
 /ates1 is evid5t f ?is circum/ance1 t  
,ru? _h "t  to beat out h] glean+s be=e 
ev5+4 ,!y c>ri$ wat] &  provisions ) !m2
 = ,boaz invit$ h] to come & dr9k ( !   

wat] :i* ! "y m5 _h drawn2 & at meal-"t1
 to eat ( !  bread1 & dip h] morsel 9 ! 
v9eg>4 ,& s great 0 !  simplicity (     
mann]s 9 t "p ( ! _w1 & 9 ^? times1  t  
,boaz himself1 al?\gh a pr9ce ( high    
rank 9 ,judah1 sat d[n to  d9n] 9 !     
field ) 8 reap]s1 & help$ ,ru? ) 8 own  
h&4  ,nor ought we to pass ov] 9 sil5ce 
! mutual salutation ( ,boaz &  8 reap]s1
 :5 he came to ! field1 z x /rongly m>ks
 ! /ate  ( religi\s feel+ 9 ,israel at !
 "t1 & furni%es ano!r pro(  ( ! artless1
 ! happy1 & unsuspect+ simplicity1 :i*  
*>act]iz$ ! mann]s ( t highly fav\r$ p4 
8,&1 behold1  ,boaz came f ,be?lehem1 & 
said unto ! reap]s1 ,! ,"l be )  y4 ,&  
!y answ]$ him1 ,! ,"l bless !e10 ,ru?   
ii1 #d4    #d4 ,x appe>s f ! beautiful  
hi/ory ( ,ru?1 t1 9 ,pale/9e1  ! wom5   
l5t _! assi/ance 9 cutt+ d[n & ga!r+ 9 !
  h>ve/2 = ,boaz comm&s h] to keep fa/  
by 8 maid5s4 ,! wom5 9  ,syria %>$ also 
9 ! lab\rs ( ! h>ve/2 = ,dr4 ,russel    
in=ms  u1 !y sang ! ziraleet1 or song ( 
?anks1 :5 ! pass+  /rang] accept$ _!    

pres5t ( a h&ful ( corn1 & made a       
suitable return4 ,x 0 ano!r cu/om among 
! ,jews to set a  confid5tial s]vant ov]
 ! reap]s1 to see t !y execut$ _!  "w   
prop]ly1 t !y _h suitable provisions1 & 
to pay !m _!  wages3 ! ,*aldees call him
 rab1 ! ma/]1 rul]1 or gov]nor (  !     
reap]s4 ,su* 0 ! p]son :o direct$ !     
lab\rs ( ! reap]s  9 ! field ( ,boaz4 ,!
 "r ( ! poor 9 ,israel to glean aft] !  
reap]s 0 secur$ by a positive law1 c\*$ 
9 ^! words3 8,& :5  ye reap ! h>ve/ (   
y\r l&1 ?\ %alt n :olly reap ! corn]s  (
 ?y l&2 nei!r %alt ?\ ga!r ! glean+s (  
?y h>ve/4 ,&  ?\ %alt n glean ?y v9ey>d1
 nei!r %alt ?\ ga!r e grape  ( ?y       
v9ey>d3 ?\ %alt leave !m to ! poor & !  
/rang]3 ,i  am ! ,"l y\r ,god10 ,lev4   
xix1 #i4 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s writ]s1  t1
 al?\gh ! poor 7 all[$ ! lib]ty (       
glean+1 !  ,israeliti% proprietors 7 n  
oblig$ to admit !m imm$iately into  !   
field1 z soon z ! reap]s _h cut d[n !   
corn1 & b\nd x up  9 %eaves1 b :5 x 0   
c>ri$ (f3 !y might *oose1 also1 among  !

 poor1 :om !y ?\ght mo/ des]v+1 or mo/  
necessit\s4 ,^!  op9ions receive "s     
c\nt5ance f ! reque/ :i* ,ru? pres5t$   
to ! s]vant ( ,boaz1 to p]mit h] to     
glean 8among ! %eaves20 &  f ! *>ge (   
,boaz to 8 "y m51 8,let h] glean ev5    
among !  %eaves20 a mode ( speak+ :i*   
seems to ins9uate t ?\gh !y  c\ld n     
legally h9d] ,ru? f glean+ 9 ! field1 !y
 _h a  "r1 if !y *ose to ex]cise x1 to  
prohibit h] f glean+ among  ! %eaves1 or
 imm$iately aft] ! reap]s4    ,,hate4   
,to hate is n always to be und]/ood     
rigor\sly1 b frequ5tly  signifies m]ely 
a less degree ( love4 8,if a man h two  
wives1 "o  belov$ & ano!r hat$10 ,deut4 
xxi1 #ae2 t is1 less belov$4 ,our       
,savi\r says t he :o w\ld foll[ him mu/ 
hate fa!r & "m2  t is1 he mu/ love !m   
less ?an ,*ri/1 less ?an 8 own          
salvation1 & n pref] !m to ,god4 8,jacob
 h ,i lov$1 & ,esau  h ,i hat$20 t is1 h
 depriv$ ( ! privileges ( 8             
primog5iture1 ?r\gh 8 own pr(anity2 &   
visit$ him ) sev]e  judgm5t on acc\nt ( 

8 s9s4    ,,hauran4 ,! tract ( c\ntry ( 
?is "n is m5tion$ only twice 9          
,scripture1 ,ezek4 xlvii1 #af1 #ah4 ,x 0
 probably ( small ext5t 9 !  "t ( !     
,jews2 b 0 enl>g$ "u ! ,romans1 by :om x
 0  call$ ,auranitis4 ,at pres5t x      
ext5ds f ab\t tw5ty miles s\? (         
,damascus to a little bel[ ,bozra1      
includ+ ! rocky di/rict ( ,el  ,l$ja1 ! 
anci5t ,tra*onitis1 & ! m\nta9\s "o ( ! 
,djebel  ,ha\ran4 ,)9 its limits are    
also includ$1 beside ,tra*onitis1 ,itura
  or ,ittur1 n[ call$ ,dj$\r1 & "p (    
,batana or ,ba%an4 ,x is  repres5t$ by  
,burckh>dt z a volcanic region1 consi/+ 
( a por\s  tufa1 pumice1 & basalt1 ) !  
rema9s ( a crat] on ! ,tel ,%oba1  on   
its ea/]n side4 ,x produces1 h[ev]1     
crops ( corn1 & has _m  pat*es (        
luxuriant h]bage1 :i* are frequ5t$ 9 !  
summ] by !  ,arab tribes = pa/urage4 ,x 
ab\nds1 also1 ) _m int]e/+  rema9s (    
cities1 scatt]$ ov] its surface1 )      
,grecian  inscriptions4 ,! *ief ( ^! are
 ,bozra1 ,ezra1 ,m$jel1 ,%oba1 ,%akka1  

,s\]da1 ,kan\at1 ,hebran1 ,z>le1 ,o]man1
 & ,aatyl2 ) ,messema1 ,b]ak1  & ,om    
,ezzeit\n1 9 ! ,l$ja4    ,,havilah1 !   
son ( ,cu%1 ,g5esis x1 #g4 ,!re mu/ h   
be5 o!r1 &  p]haps _m1 ,havilahs beside 
! orig9al "o1 a "p ( ! num]\s  &        
wide-spread po/]ity ( ,cu%4 ,by "o & !  
fir/ ( ^!1 x is  probable t ! we/]n     
%ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf 7 peopl$2 by    
ano!r1 ! c\ntry ( ,col*is2 & by ano!r1 !
 p>ts ab\t !  s\!rn bord] ( ! ,dead ,sea
 & ! conf9es ( ,judea1 ! c\ntry  aft]w>d
 inhabit$ by ! ,amalekites4    ,,hawk1 1
 f ! root 1 to fly1 because ( ! rapidity
 &  l5g? ( flight = :i* ?is bird is     
rem>kable1 ,lev4 xi1 #af2 ,deut4  xiv1  
#ae2 ,job xxxix1 #bf4 ,naz is us$       
g5]ically by ! ,arabian writ]s  to      
signify bo? falcon & hawk2 & ! t]m is   
giv5 9 bo? ^!  s5ses by ,m59ski4 ,!re c 
be little d\bt t su* is ! real  mean+ ( 
! ,hebrew ^w1 & t x imports v>i\s       
species ( !  falcon family1 z j]-falcon1
 go%awk1 & sp>r[-hawk4 ,z ?is is a  bird
 ( prey1 cruel 9 its temp]1 & gross 9   

its mann]s1 x 0  =bidd5 z food1 & all   
o!rs ( its k9d1 9 ! ,mosaic ritual4 ,!  
,greeks consecrat$ ! hawk to ,apollo2 & 
among ! ,egyptians no animal  0 held 9 s
 high v5]ation z ! ibis & ! hawk4 ,mo/ (
 !  species ( hawk1 we are told2 are    
birds ( passage4 ,! hawk1 !re=e1  is    
produc$1 9 ,job xxxix1 #bf1 z a specim5 
( t a/oni%+  in/9ct :i* tea*es birds (  
passage to "k _! times & seasons1  :5 to
 migrate out ( "o c\ntry into ano!r = ! 
b5efit ( food1  or a w>m] climate1 or   
bo?4 ,! common translation does n give !
  full =ce ( ! passage3 8,do? ! hawk fly
 by ?y wisdom80 ,! real  mean+ is1 8,do?
 %e "k1 ?r\gh ?y skill or wisdom1 !     
precise  p]iod = tak+ flight1 or migrat+
 & /ret*+ h] w+s t[>d a  s\!rn or w>m]  
climate80 ,! passage is well r5d]$ by   
,s&ys3--                   8,do? ! wild 
hagg>d t[] into ! sky1                  
,& to ! s\? by ?y direction fly80    ,h]
 migration is n conduct$ by ! wisdom &  
prud5ce ( man1 b by  ! sup]9t5d+ &      
uphold+ provid5ce ( ! only wise ,god4   

,,hay1 4 ,9 ! two places :]e ?is ^w     
occurs1 ,prov4 xxvii1 #be1  & ,isaiah   
xv1 #af1 our translators h v improp]ly  
r5d]$ x  8hay40 ,b 9 ^? c\ntries !y made
 no hay2 &1 if !y did1 x  appe>s f      
inspection t hay c\ld h>dly be ! mean+ (
 ! ^w  9 ei!r ( ^? texts4 ,! au?or (    
8,fragm5ts10 9 cont9uation (  ,calmet1  
has ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,!re is a gross   
impropriety 9 our  v]sion ( ,prov4      
xxvii1 #be3 #8,! hay appe>e?1 & ! t5d]  
grass  %[e? itself1 & ! h]bs ( ! m\nta9s
 are ga!r$4' ,n[1  c]ta9ly1 if ! t5d]   
grass is b j beg9n+ to %[ itself1 !     
hay1 :i* is grass cut & dri$ aft] x has 
arriv$ at maturity1  ought by no means  
to be associat$ ) x1 /ill less ought x  
to be  plac$ be=e x4 ,& ?is leads me to 
obs]ve1 t none ( !  diction>ies :i* ,i h
 se5 seem to me to give ! accurate      
import (  ! ^w1 :i*1 ,i appreh5d1 means 
! fir/ %oots1 ! ris+1  budd+1 spires (  
grass4 ,s1 9 ! pres5t passage1  1 #8!   
t5d] %oots ( ! grass rise up2 & ! budd+s
 ( grass1' grass 9  its e>ly /ate1 z is 

! peculi> import ( 1 #8appe>2 & !  tufts
 ( grass1' proce$+ f ! same root1       
#8collect !mselves  toge!r1 &1 by _!    
union1 beg9 to clo! ! m\nta9 tops ) a   
pleas+ v]dure4'0 ,surely1 ! beautiful   
progress ( vegetation1 z  describ$ 9 ?is
 passage1 mu/ appe> too poetical to be  
lo/2 b :at  mu/ x be to an ea/]n        
behold]6 to "o :o _h lately witness$ all
  surr\nd+ /]ility1 a grassless wa/e6   
,,hazael4 ,eli%a com+ to ,damascus1 !   
capital ( ,syria1 ,b5hadad1 !  reign+   
mon>*1 be+ !n indispos$1 s5t ,hazael1 :o
 0 "o ( 8  pr9cipal (fic]s1 to wait ^u !
 prophet1 & consult him z to !  issue ( 
8 disord]1 #b ,k+s viii1 #g-ac4 ,!      
prophet told ,hazael t  c]ta9ly 8 ma/]  
might recov]1 because 8 compla9t 0 n    
mortal2 yet he 0 v well assur$ t he w\ld
 n recov]2 &1  look+ him /eadfa/ly 9 !  
face1 ,eli%a bur/ into te>s4 ,surpris$  
at ?is conduct1 ,hazael inquir$ ! cause4
 8,because ,i "k10 said !  prophet1 8!  
evil t ?\ wilt d to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 
_!  /rong holds wilt ?\ set on fire1 &  

_! "y m5 wilt ?\ slay  ) ! sword1 & wilt
 da% _! infants aga9/ ! /ones1 & rip  up
 _! wom5 ) *ild40 ,hazael indignantly   
exclaim$1 8,is ?y  s]vant a dog1 t he   
%\ld d ?is great ?+80 ,eli%a m]ely      
answ]$1 8,! ,"l ha? %[$ me t ?\ %alt be 
k+ ov] ,syria10  #b ,k+s viii1 #g-ac4   
,on 8 return home1 ,hazael conceal$ f 8 
ma/]  ,b5hadad ! prophet's answ]1 &     
inspir$ him ) hopes ( recov]y2  b on !  
foll[+ day1 he took effectual means to  
prev5t x1 by  /ifl+ ! k+ ) a ?ick clo?  
dipp$ ) wat]2 &1 z ,b5hadad  _h no son1 
& ,hazael 0 a man mu* e/eem$ 9 ! army1  
he 01  )\t difficulty decl>$ 8          
successor1 ,a4 ,m4 #cabj4 ,hazael soon  
inflict$ ^u ,israel all ! cruelties :i* 
,eli%a _h =etold4 ,=  :5 ,jehu broke up 
! siege ( ,ramo?-,gilead1 & came ) 8    
army to  ,sam>ia1 ,hazael took advantage
 ( 8 abs5ce to fall ^u 8  t]ritories    
beyond ,jordan1 de/roy+ all ! l& (      
,gilead1 ,gad1  ,reub51 & ,manasseh1 f  
,aro] to ,ba%an1 #b ,k+s x1 #cb4 ,"s    
ye>s  pass$ aft] ?is be=e ,hazael       

und]took any ?+ aga9/ ! k+dom  ( ,judah1
 x be+ remote f ,damascus2 b 9 ! reign (
 ,joa%1 !  son ( ,jehoahaz1 ,a4 ,m4     
#cafe1 he besieg$ ! city ( ,ga?1 &1 hav+
  tak5 x1 m>*$ aga9/ ,j]usalem1 #b ,k+s 
xii1 #ag1 #ah4 ,b ,joa%1  consci\s ( 8  
inf]iority1 brib$ him at ! price ( all !
 money  he c\ld raise1 to evacuate      
,judea1 ) :i* he = ! mom5t  compli$2    
yet1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ! army ( ,hazael   
return$1  ent]$ ! t]ritories ( ,judah1 &
 ! city ( ,j]usalem1 slew all  ! pr9ces 
( ! p1 & s5t a valuable booty to _!     
royal  ma/]1 #b ,k+s xiii1 #bb2 #b      
,*ron4 xxiv1 #bc4    ,,head4 ,?is ^w has
 sev]al significations1 beside its      
natural "o1  :i* d5otes ! head ( a man4 
,x is sometimes us$ 9 ,scripture =  !   
:ole man3 8,bless+s are ^u ! head ( !   
j10 ,prov4 x1 #f2  t is1 ^u _! p]sons4  
,god says ( ! wick$1 8,i w recomp5se  _!
 way ^u _! head10 ,ezek4 ix1 #aj4 ,x    
signifies a *ief or  capital city3 8,!  
head ( ,syria is ,damascus10 ,isaiah    
vii1 #h4 ,x d5otes  a *ief or pr9cipal  

memb]s 9 society3 8,! ,"l w cut (f f    
,israel head & tail4 ,! anci5t &        
hon\rable he is ! head10 ,isaiah  ix1   
#ad1 #ae4 8,! se$ ( ! woman %all bruise 
! head ( !  s]p5t10 ,g54 iii1 #ae2 t is1
 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ! bless$ se$ ( !  woman1 
%all ov]?r[ ! p[]1 policy1 & works ( !  
devil4 ,!  riv] 9 p>adise 0 divid$ into 
f\r heads or bran*es4 ,9 times (  grief1
 ! m\rn]s cov]$ _! heads3 !y cut &      
pluck$ (f _!  hair4 ,amos1 speak+ (     
unhappy times1 says1 8,i w br+ baldness 
^u  e head10 ,amos viii1 #aj4 ,9        
prosp]ity1 !y ano9t$ _! heads  ) sweet  
oils3 8,let ?y head lack no0 p]fum$     
8o9tm5t10 ,eccles4 ix1  #h4 ,to %ake !  
head at any "o1 expresses contempt3 8,! 
virg91 !  daught] ( ,zion1 ha? despis$  
!e1 & laugh$ !e to scorn2 !  daught] (  
,j]usalem ha? %ak5 h] head at !e10      
,isaiah xxxvii1 #bb4    ,head is tak5 = 
"o t ha? rule & prem95ce ov] o!rs4 ,?us 
,god is ! head ( ,*ri/2 z ,m$iator1 f   
him he d]ives all 8  dignity & au?ority4
 ,*ri/ is ! only spiritual head ( !     

*ur*1  bo? 9 respect ( em95ce &         
influ5ce2 he communicates life1 motion1 
& /r5g? to e believ]4 ,also ! husb& is !
 head ( 8  wife1 because by ,god's      
ord9ance he is to rule ov] h]1 ,g54 iii1
 #af2  also 9 reg>d to prem95ce ( sex1  
#a ,pet] iii1 #g1 & excell5cy (  k1 #a  
,cor4 xiv1 #ce4 ,! ,apo/le m5tions ?is  
subord9ation (  p]sons 9 #a ,cor4 xi1   
#c3 8,b ,i w\ld h y "k1 t ! head (  e   
man is ,*ri/1 & ! head ( ! woman is !   
man1 & ! head  ( ,*ri/ is ,god40 8,!    
/one :i* ! build]s reject$ 0 made !     
head ( ! corn]10 ,psalm cxviii1 #bb4 ,x 
0 ! fir/ 9 ! angle1  :e!r x 7 dispos$ at
 ! top ( t angle to adorn & cr[n x1  or 
at ! bottom to support x4 ,?is1 9 ! ,new
 ,te/am5t1 is appli$  to ,*ri/1 :o is ! 
/r5g? & beauty ( ! *ur*1 to unite !     
sev]al p>ts ( x1 namely bo? ,jews &     
,g5tiles toge!r4    ,,he>1 ,,he>+4 ,?is 
^w is us$ 9 sev]al s5ses 9 ,scripture4  
,9 its  obvi\s & lit]al acceptation1 x  
d5otes ! ex]cise ( t bodily  s5se ( :i* 
! e> is ! organ2 & z he>+ is a s5se by  

:i*  in/ruction is convey$ to ! m9d1 & !
 m9d is excit$ to  att5tion & to        
ob$i5ce1 s ! ideas ( att5tion & ob$i5ce 
are  also graft$ on ! expression or s5se
 ( he>+4 ,god is said1  speak+ aft] !   
mann] ( m51 to he> pray]1 t is1 to att5d
 to  x1 & comply ) ! reque/s x conta9s3 
8,i love ! ,"l1 because  he ha? he>d10  
ha? att5d$ to1 ha? compli$ )1 8! voice (
 my  supplication10 ,psalm cxvi1 #a4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 ,god is said n to he>1  t   
is1 n to comply )1 ! reque/s ( s9n]s1   
,john ix1 #ca4 ,m5  are said to he>1 :5 
!y att5d to1 or comply )1 ! reque/ (    
ea* o!r1 or :5 !y obey ! comm&s ( ,god3 
8,he :o is ( ,god  he>e?10 obeye?1      
practise?1 8,god's words10 ,john viii1  
#dg4 8,my %eep  he> my voice10 & %[ _!  
att5tion to x1 by foll[+ me1 ,john x1   
#bg4 8,?is is my belov$ ,son3 he> ye    
him10 ,matt4 xvii1 #e4 ,?is seems to  be
 an allusion to ,deut4 xviii1 #ae1 #ah1 
#ai3 8,! ,"l %all raise up unto  y a    
prophet2 him %all ye he>20 :i* is also  
expressly appli$ 9  ,acts iii1 #bb4 ,!  

o!r s5ses :i* may be atta*$ to ! ^w     
8he>10  seem to rise f ! prec$+1 & may  
be ref]r$ to ! same ideas4    ,,he>t4 ,!
 ,hebrews reg>d$ ! he>t z ! s\rce ( wit1
  und]/&+1 love1 c\rage1 grief1 &       
pleasure4 ,h5ce are d]iv$  _m modes (   
expression4 8,an hone/ & good he>t10    
,luke viii1 #ae1 is  a he>t /udi\s (    
hol9ess1 be+ prep>$ by ! ,_s ( ,god to  
receive ! ^w ) due affections1          
dispositions1 & resolutions4 ,we  read (
 a brok5 he>t1 a clean he>t1 an evil    
he>t1 a lib]al he>t4  ,to 8turn ! he>t (
 ! fa!rs to ! *ildr51 & ! he>t ( !      
*ildr5 to _! fa!rs10 ,mal4 iv1 #f1      
signifies to cause !m to be  p]fectly   
reconcil$1 & t !y %\ld be ( ! same m9d4 
,to want  he>t1 sometimes d5otes to want
 und]/&+ & prud5ce3 8,ephraim is  l a   
silly dove1 )\t he>t10 ,hosea vii1 #aa4 
8,o fools1 & sl[ (  he>t10 ,luke xxiv1  
#be2 t is1 ignorant1 & )\t und]/&+4     
8,?is p's he>t is wax$ gross1 le/ !y    
%\ld und]/& )  _! he>t10 ,matt4 xiii1   
#ae2 _! he>t is become incapable (      

und]/&+ spiritual ?+s2 !y resi/ ! light1
 & are pro(  aga9/ all impressions (    
tru?4 8,! prophets prophesy out ( _!    
own he>t10 ,ezekiel xiii1 #b2 t is1     
accord+ to _! own  imag9ation1 )\t any  
w>rant f ,god4    ,! he>t is said to be 
dilat$ by joy1 contract$ by sadness1    
brok5 by  sorr[1 to gr[ fat1 & be h>d5$ 
by prosp]ity4 ,! he>t melts  "u         
disc\ragem5t1 =sakes "o "u t]ror1 is    
desolate 9  affliction1 & fluctuat+ 9   
d\bt4 ,to speak to any "o's he>t is to  
com=t him1 to say pleas+ & affect+ ?+s  
to him4 ,! he>t  expresses also ! middle
 "p ( any ?+3 8,tyre is 9 ! he>t (  !   
seas10 ,ezekiel xxvii1 #d2 9 ! mid/ ( ! 
seas4 8,we w n fe>  ?\gh ! m\nta9s be   
c>ri$ into ! he>t 7middle7 ( ! sea10    
,psalm xlvi1 #b4    ,! he>t ( man is    
naturally deprav$ & incl9$ to evil1 ,j]4
 xvii1  #i4 ,a div9e p[] is requisite = 
its r5ovation1 ,john iii1 #a-aa4 ,:5    
?us r5ew$1 ! effects w be se5 9 ! temp]1
 conv]sation1 &  conduct at l>ge4       
,h>dness ( he>t is t /ate 9 :i* a s9n]  

is  incl9$ to1 & actually goes on 91    
rebellion aga9/ ,god4    ,,hea?1 1 ,j]4 
xvii1 #f2 xlviii1 #f4 8,he %all be l !  
hea? 9 !  des]t4 ,he %all n see :5 good 
come?2 b %all inhabit ! p>*$  places 9 !
 wild]ness1 a salt l&40 ,! ,,lxx &      
,vulgate r5d]  oror1 8! tam>isk20 & ?is 
is /r5g!n$ by ! aff9ity ( !  ,hebrew "n 
( ?is tree ) ! ,turki% rr4 ,taylor &    
,p>khur/ r5d] x1 8a bla/$ tree /ripp$ ( 
its foliage40 ,if x be  a p>ticul> tree1
 ! tam>isk is z likely z any4 ,celsius  
?9ks x  to be ! junip]2 b f ! m5tion ( x
 z gr[+ 9 a salt l&1  9 p>*$ places1 !  
au?or ( 8,scripture ,illu/rat$0 is      
dispos$ to  seek x among ! li*5s1 a     
species ( plants :i* are ! la/          
production ( vegetation "u ! froz5 zone1
 & "u ! gl[+  heat ( equatorial des]ts2 
s t x seems be/ qualifi$ to endure  p>*$
 places1 & a salt l&4 ,hasselqui/       
m5tions sev]al k9ds se5  by him 9       
,egypt1 ,arabia1 & ,syria4 ,9 ,j]4      
xlviii1 #f1 ! orig9al ^w  is 1 :i* !    
,septuag9t translators h read 1 = !y    

r5d] x  1 wild ass2 &1 z ?is seems be/  
to agree )  ! flight recomm5d$ 9 !      
passage1 x is to be pref]r$4 ,see ,,wild
  ,,ass4    ,,heav51 ! place ( ! m      
imm$iate resid5ce ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ,g54  
xiv1 #ai4 ,! ,jews enum]at$ ?ree heav5s3
 ! fir/ 0 ! region (  ! air1 :]e ! birds
 fly1 & :i* are !re=e call$ 8! f[ls  (  
heav510 ,job xxxv1 #aa4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se
 also t we read ( !  dew ( heav51 !     
cl\ds ( heav51 & ! w9d ( heav54 ,!      
second  is t "p ( space 9 :i* are fix$ !
 heav5ly lum9>ies1 !  sun1 moon1 & />s1 
& :i* ,moses 0 in/ruct$ to call 8!      
firmam5t or expanse ( heav510 ,g54 i1   
#h4 ,! ?ird heav5 is ! seat  ( ,god & ( 
! holy angels2 ! place into :i* ,*ri/   
asc5d$  aft] 8 resurrection1 & into :i* 
,/4 ,paul 0 caught up1 ?\gh x  is n l ! 
o!r heav5s p]ceptible to mortal view4   
#b4 ,x is an op9ion n de/itute (        
probability1 t ! con/ruction  ( !       
tab]nacle1 9 :i* ,jehovah dwelt by a    
visible symbol1 t]m$  8! cl\d ( glory10 
0 int5d$ to be a type ( heav54 ,9 !     

holie/ place ( ! tab]nacle1 8! glory ( !
 ,"l10 or visible  emblem ( 8 pres5ce1  
re/$ betwe5 ! *]ubims2 by ! figures (   
:i*1 ! angelic ho/ surr\nd+ ! ?rone (   
,god 9 heav5 0  typifi$2 & z t holie/ "p
 ( ! tab]nacle 01 by a ?ick  vail1      
conceal$ f ! sight ( ^? :o frequ5t$ x = 
!  purposes ( wor%ip1 s heav51 !        
habitation ( ,god1 is1 by ! vail  (     
fle%1 hidd5 f mortal eyes4 ,admitt+ !   
:ole tab]nacle1  !re=e1 9 :i* ! wor%ip (
 ,god 0 p]=m$ accord+ to a  ritual (    
div9e appo9tm5t1 to be a repres5tation (
 ! univ]se1 we  are taught by x ?is     
beautiful lesson1 t ! :ole univ]se is ! 
temple ( ,god2 b t 9 ?is va/ temple !re 
is 8a mo/ holy  place10 :]e ! ,deity    
resides & manife/s 8 pres5ce to !       
angelic ho/s & r$eem$ company :o surr\nd
 him4 ,?is view appe>s  to be borne out 
by ! cle> & uni=m te/imony ( ,scripture2
 & x  is an int]e/+ circum/ance1 t      
heav51 z repres5t$ by 8!  holie/ ( all10
 is heav5 z x is pres5t$ to ! eye (     
,*ri/ian  fai?1 ! place :]e our ,"l     

m9i/]s z prie/1 to :i* believ]s  n[ come
 9 _s1 & :]e1 !y are ga!r$ toge!r 9 !   
disembodi$ /ate4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,/4   
,paul tells ! believ+  ,hebrews1 8,ye   
are come unto ,m\nt ,zion1 & unto ! city
 ( ! liv+  ,god1 ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 & 
to an innum]able company ( angels1 to  !
 g5]al assembly & *ur* ( ! fir/-born1   
:i* are writt510  or are enroll$1 89    
heav51 & to ,god ! ,judge ( all1 & to ! 
spirits ( j m5 made p]fect1 & to ,jesus 
! ,m$iator ( ! new  cov5ant1 & to !     
blood ( spr9kl+1 t speake? bett] ?+s    
?an ! blood ( ,abel10 ,heb4 xii1 #bb-bd4
 ,"h we are pres5t$ ) !  antitype (     
almo/ e lead+ circum/ance ( ! ,mosaic   
disp5sation4 ,in/ead ( ! l& ( ,canaan1  
we h heav52 = !  e>?ly ,j]usalem1 we h !
 heav5ly1 ! city ( ! liv+ ,god2 9  place
 ( ! congregation ( ,israel aft] ! fle%1
 we h ! g5]al  assembly & *ur* ( !      
fir/-born1 t is1 all true believ]s 8made
  p]fect20 = j m5 9 ! imp]fect /ate ( ! 
old disp5sation1  we h j m5 made p]fect 
9 evangelical k & hol9ess2  in/ead (    

,moses1 ! m$iator ( ! old cov5ant1 we h 
,jesus !  ,m$iator ( ! new & ev]la/+    
cov5ant2 & in/ead ( ! blood  ( slaught]$
 animals1 :i* 0 spr9kl$ ^u !            
,israelites1 !  tab]nacle1 & all !      
vessels ( ! sanctu>y1 to make a typical 
atonem5t1 we h ! blood ( ! ,son ( ,god1 
:i* 0 %$ = !  remission ( ! s9s ( ! :ole
 _w2 t blood :i* do? n1  l ! blood (    
,abel1 call = v5geance b = m]cy1 :i* ha?
  made peace betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 effect$
 ! true & complete  atonem5t = s91 & :i*
 !re=e communicates peace to !          
consci5ce ( e s9n] t believes ! ,gospel4
    #c4 ,among ! num]\s ref9em5ts (     
mod]n times t is "o ( !  mo/ rem>kable  
:i* goes to d5y ! locality ( heav54 8,x 
is a  /ate10 say _m1 8n a place40 ,b if 
t be ! case1 ! v  language ( !          
,scriptures1 9 reg>d to ?is po9t1 is    
calculat$ to  mislead u4 ,= t ,god      
resides 9 a p>ticul> "p ( ! univ]se1    
:]e he makes 8 pres5ce kn[n to 8        
intellig5t creatures by "s  transc5d5t1 
visible glory1 is an op9ion t has       

prevail$ among ,jews  & ,*ri/ians1      
,greeks & ,romans1 yea1 9 e nation1     
civiliz$ or  savage1 & 9 e age2 &1 s9ce 
x is confirm$ by revelation1 :y  %\ld x 
be d\bt$8 ,into ?is mo/ holy place1 !   
habitation ( !  ,deity1 ,jesus1 aft] 8  
resurrection1 asc5d$2 & !re1 pres5t+  8 
crucifi$ body be=e ! manife/ation ( !   
div9e pres5ce1  :i* is call$ 8! ?rone ( 
! ,maje/y 9 ! heav5s10 he (f]$  unto    
,god ! sacrifice ( himself1 & made      
atonem5t = ! s9s (  8 p4 ,!re he is sat 
d[n ^u 8 ?rone1 cr[n$ ) glory &  hon\r1 
z k+ ^u 8 holy hill ( ,zion1 &          
cont9ually (ficiates  z our great ,high 
,prie/1 ,advocate1 & ,int]cessor1 )9 !  
vail4  ,!re is 8 ,fa!r's h\se1 into :i* 
he is gone be=e1 to prep>e  mansions (  
bliss = 8 disciples2 x is ! k+dom       
conf]r$ ^u  him z ! rew>d ( 8           
righte\sness1 & ( :i* he has tak5       
possession z _! =]unn]1 ,acts i1 #aa2   
,heb4 vi1 #ai1 #bj4    #d4 ,"s ( !      
anci5ts imag9$ t ! habitation ( good m51
 aft]  ! resurrection1 w\ld be ! sun2   

gr\nd+ ?is fanciful op9ion on a  mi/ak5 
int]pretation ( ,psalm xix1 #d1 :i* !y  
r5d]$1 ) !  ,,lxx & ,vulgate1 8,he has  
set 8 tab]nacle 9 ! sun40 ,o!rs1 aga91  
h ?\ght x to lie beyond ! />ry firmam5t1
 a notion less  improbable ?an ! =m]4   
,mr4 ,:i/on supposes ! air to be !      
mansion ( ! bless$1 at lea/ = ! pres5t2 
& he imag9es t  ,*ri/ is at ! top ( !   
atmosph]e1 & o!r spirits ne>] to or  m  
remote f him accord+ to ! degree ( _!   
moral purity1 to  :i* he conceives !    
specific gravity ( _! insep>able        
vehicles to  be proportionable4 ,mr4    
,hallet has endeav\r$ to prove t !y w   
dwell ^u e>?1 :5 x %all be re/or$ to its
 p>adisaical /ate4  ,! passages (       
,scripture1 h[ev]1 on :i* he gr\nds 8   
hypo!sis1  are capable ( ano!r & v      
diff]5t int]pretation4 ,aft] all1 we    
may obs]ve1 t ! place ( ! bless$ is a "q
 (  comp>atively little importance2 & we
 may *e]fully expect & pursue  x1 ?\gh  
we _c answ] a multitude ( curi\s        
que/ions1 relat+  to v>i\s circum/ances 

t p]ta9 to x4 ,we h reason to believe  t
 heav5 w be a social /ate1 & t its      
happ9ess w1 9 "s  measure1 arise f      
mutual communion & conv]se1 & !         
expressions  & ex]cises ( mutual        
b5evol5ce4 ,all ! views pres5t$ to u (  
?is et]nal resid5ce ( good m5 are pure &
 noble2 & =m a  /rik+ contra/ to ! l[   
hopes1 & ! gross & s5sual  conceptions (
 a future /ate1 :i* di/+ui% ! ,pagan &  
,mohamm$an sy/ems4 ,! ,*ri/ian heav5 may
 be describ$ to be a /ate  ( et]nal     
communion ) ,god1 & consecration to     
hall[$ devotional  & active s]vices2 f  
:i* w result an un9t]rupt$ increase (   
k1 hol9ess1 & joy1 to ! glorifi$ &      
immortaliz$ assembly  ( ! r$eem$4       
,,heb]1 or ,,eb]1 ! fa!r ( ,peleg1 & !  
son ( ,salah1 :o 0 !  gr&son ( ,%em1 "o 
( ,noah's sons1 0 born ,a4 ,m4 #agbc2   
,b4 ,c4 #bbha4  ,f him "s h suppos$ t   
,abraham & 8 desc5dants d]iv$ !         
appellation ( ,hebrews4 ,b o!rs h       
sugge/$1 ) great]  probability1 t       
,abraham & 8 family 7 ?us call$1 because

 !y  came f ! o!r side ( ! ,euphrates   
into ,canaan2 ,heb] signify+  9 !       
,hebrew language "o t passes1 or1 a     
passage1 t is1 (  ! riv] ,euphrates4    
,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 ,hebrew         
signifies mu*  ! same z =eign] among u1 
or "o t comes f beyond sea4 ,su*  7     
,abraham & 8 family among ! ,canaanites2
 & 8 po/]ity1  le>n+ & us+ ! language ( 
! c\ntry1 /ill reta9$ !  appellation    
orig9ally giv5 !m1 ev5 :5 !y became     
possessors &  settl$ inhabitants4    #b4
 ,,heb] ! ,k5ite1 ( ,je?ro's family1    
husb& to ,jael1 :o kill$  ,sis]a1       
,judges iv1 #ag1 c4    ,,hebrew ,,( ,,! 
,,hebrews1 an appellation :i* ! ,apo/le 
,paul applies to  himself1 ,phil4 iii1  
#e1 conc]n+ ! mean+ ( :i* !re has be5   
"s diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,godw91 9 8       
8,moses & ,a>on10  und]/&s by ?is       
expression1 a ,hebrew bo? by fa!r's &   
"m's  side4 ,b if x meant no m ?an ?is1 
!re 0 little occasion =  ! ,apo/le's us+
 x imm$iately aft] hav+ decl>$ t he 0 8(
  ! /ock ( ,israel1 & ! tribe (         

,b5jam910 :i*1 on ,godw9's  supposition1
 is ! same z a ,hebrew ( ! ,hebrews2 = !
 ,jews 7  n all[$ to m>ry out ( _! own  
nation4 ,beside1 x is n likely  t ,/4   
,paul w\ld h m5tion$ x z a di/+ui%+     
privilege &  hon\r1 t 8 p>5ts 7 n       
proselytes4 ,x is m probable t a        
,hebrew ( ! ,hebrews signifies a ,hebrew
 bo? by nation & language1  :i* _m (    
,abraham's po/]ity1 9 ^? days1 7 n2 or  
"o (  ! ,hebrew ,jews :o p]=m$ _! public
 wor%ip 9 ! ,hebrew tongue2  = su* 7    
reckon$ m hon\rable ?an ! ,jews born out
 ( ,judea1  & :o spoke ! ,greek tongue4 
,see ,,hell5i/s4    ,,hebrew ,,language1
 call$ also absolutely ,hebrew1 is !    
language spok5  by ! ,hebrews1 & 9 :i*  
all ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are       
writt52 :5ce x is also call$ ! holy or  
sacr$ language4 ,x is  said to h be5    
pres]v$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! confusion at       
,babel1 9  ! family ( ,heb]1 or ,eb]1   
:o1 z x is alleg$1 0 n conc]n$  9 !     
build+ ( ,babel1 &1 consequ5tly1 did n  
%>e 9 !  puni%m5t inflict$ on ! actual  

transgressors4 ,! ,jews1 9 g5]al1  h be5
 ( op9ion1 t ! ,hebrew 0 ! language (   
,heb]'s  family1 f :om ,abraham sprung4 
,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5  ma9ta9$ t      
,heb]'s family1 9 ! f\r? g5]ation aft] !
  disp]sion1 liv$ 9 ,*aldea1 :]e        
,abraham 0 born1 ,g54 xi1 #bg1 #bh1  & t
 !re is no reason to ?9k !y us$ a       
diff]5t language f  _! neighb\rs ar\nd  
!m4 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 t ! ,*aldee1  & 
n ! ,hebrew1 0 ! language ( ,abraham's  
c\ntry1 & ( 8  k9dr$1 ,g54 xxiv1 #d2    
xxxi1 #df1 #dg2 & x is probable t       
,abraham's  native language 0 ,*aldee1 &
 t ! ,hebrew 0 ! language ( !           
,canaanites1 :i* ,abraham & 8 po/]ity   
le>n$ by travell+ among  !m4 ,x is      
surpris+ t ?is adoption ( ! ,ph5ician   
language by  ! patri>*s %\ld h escap$ ! 
notice ( sev]al intellig5t  read]s ( !  
,bible4 ,jacob & ,laban1 x is cle>1 by !
 names !y  gave to ! cairn1 or memorial 
( /ones1 spoke two diff]5t dialects2  & 
x is ne>ly equally evid5t1 t ! language 
( ,laban 0 !  dialect ( ,ur ( !         

,*aldees1 ! orig9al spee* ( ! ,hebrew   
race4  ,z ! patri>*s disus$ ! true      
,hebrew dialect1 x is manife/ t  !y _h  
con=m$ to ! spee* ( ,canaan2 & t ?is    
con=mity 0  complete1 is prov$ by !     
id5tity betwe5 all ! rema9s (           
,canaaniti% names4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ 
be rem>k$1 t !  ,ph5ician & ! ,*aldean 7
 m]ely diff]5t dialects ( ! same        
primitive language :i* _h be5 spok5 by !
 fir/ ance/ors (  mank9d4    #b4 ,!re is
 no "w 9 all antiquity writt5 9 pure    
,hebrew1 beside !  books ( ! ,old       
,te/am5t2 & ev5 "s p>ts ( ^? are 9      
,*aldee4  ,! ,hebrew appe>s to be ! mo/ 
anci5t ( all ! languages 9 !  _w2 at    
lea/ x is s ) reg>d to u1 :o "k ( no    
old]4 ,dr4  ,%>pe adopts ! op9ion1 t !  
,hebrew 0 ! orig9al language2  n inde$ t
 ! ,hebrew is ! unv>i$ language ( our   
fir/  p>5ts1 b t x 0 ! g5]al language ( 
m5 at ! disp]sion2  &1 h[ev] x might h  
be5 improv$ & alt]$ f ! fir/  spee* (   
our fir/ p>5ts1 x 0 ! orig9al ( all !   
languages1  or almo/ all ! languages1 r 

dialects1 t h s9ce aris5 9  ! _w4       
,argum5ts h also be5 d$uc$ f ! nature & 
g5ius  ( ! ,hebrew language1 9 ord] to  
prove t x 0 ! orig9al  language1 nei!r  
improv$ nor debas$ by =eign idioms4 ,!  
words (  :i* x is compos$ are %ort1 &   
admit ( v little flexion4 ,!  names (   
places are descriptive ( _! nature1     
situation1 accid5tal  circum/ances1 c4  
,! comp\nds are few1 & in>tificially    
conjo9$2  & x is less burd5$ ) ^?       
artificial affixes :i* di/+ui%  o!r     
cognate dialects1 su* z ! ,*aldean1     
,syrian1 ,arabian1  ,ph5ician1 c4    ,! 
p]iod1 f ! age ( ,moses to t ( ,david1  
has be5 consid]$  ! gold5 age ( !       
,hebrew language1 :i* decl9$ 9 purity f 
t "t to ! reign ( ,hezekiah or          
,manasseh1 hav+ receiv$ sev]al  =eign   
words1 p>ticul>ly ,aramean1 f !         
comm]cial & political  int]c\rse ( !    
,jews & ,israelites ) ! ,assyrians &    
,babylonians4 ,?is p]iod has be5 t]m$ ! 
silv] age ( ! ,hebrew  language4 ,9 !   
int]val betwe5 ! reign ( ,hezekiah & !  

,babyloni% captivity1 ! purity ( !      
language 0 neglect$1 & s  _m =eign words
 7 introduc$ into x1 t ?is p]iod has n  
inaptly be5 designat$ its iron age4     
,dur+ ! sev5ty ye>s'  captivity1 ?\gh x 
does n appe> t ! ,hebrews entirely lo/  
_! native tongue1 yet x und]w5t s       
consid]able a *ange f  _! adoption ( !  
v]nacul> languages ( ! c\ntries :]e !y  
_h resid$1 t aft]w>d1 on _! return f    
exile1 !y spoke a  dialect ( ,*aldee    
mix$ ) ,hebrew words4 ,on ?is acc\nt x  
01  t1 :5 ! ,scriptures 7 read1 x 0 f\nd
 necess>y to int]pret  !m to ! p 9 !    
,*aldean language2 z1 :5 ,ezra ! scribe 
br\ght ! book ( ! law ( ,moses be=e !   
congregation1 !  ,levites are said to h 
caus$ ! p to und]/& ! law1  because 8!y 
read 9 ! book1 9 ! law ( ,god1 di/9ctly1
 & gave  ! s5se1 & caus$ !m to und]/& ! 
read+10 ,nehem4 viii1 #h4  ,"s "t aft] !
 return f ! great captivity1 ,hebrew    
ceas$ to be  spok5 altoge!r2 ?\gh x     
cont9u$ to be cultivat$ & /udi$ by  !   
prie/s & ,levites1 z a le>n$ language1 t

 !y might be  enabl$ to exp\nd ! law & !
 prophets to ! p1 :o1 x  appe>s f ! ,new
 ,te/am5t1 7 well acqua9t$ ) _! g5]al   
cont5ts & t5or3 ?is la/ m5tion$ p]iod   
has be5 call$ !  lead5 age ( ! language4
    ,! pres5t ,hebrew *>act]s1 or       
lett]s1 are tw5ty-two 9 numb]1 &  ( a   
squ>e =m2 b ! antiquity ( ^! lett]s is a
 po9t t has  be5 mo/ sev]ely conte/$ by 
_m le>n$ m54 ,f a passage 9  ,eusebius's
 ,*ronicle1 & ano!r 9 ,/4 ,j]om1 x 0    
inf]r$ by  ,joseph ,scalig]1 t ,ezra1 :5
 he re=m$ ! ,jewi% *ur*1  transcrib$ !  
anci5t *>act]s ( ! ,hebrews into ! squ>e
  lett]s ( ! ,*aldeans2 & t ?is 0 done =
 ! use ( ^?  ,jews :o1 be+ born dur+ !  
captivity1 knew no o!r alphabet ?an  t (
 ! p among :om !y _h be5 educat$4       
,consequ5tly1 !  old "*1 :i* we call !  
,sam>itan1 fell into total disuse4 ,?is 
op9ion ,scalig] support$ by passages f  
bo? ! ,talmuds1 z well z  f rabb9ical   
writ]s1 9 :i* x is expressly affirm$ t  
su*  *>act]s 7 adopt$ by ,ezra4 ,b ! mo/
 decisive confirmation (  ?is po9t is to

 be f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,hebrew co9s1 :i* 7 
/ruck  be=e ! captivity1 & ev5 previ\sly
 to ! revolt ( ! t5  tribes4 ,! *>act]s 
engrav5 on all ( !m are manife/ly ! same
  ) ! mod]n ,sam>itan1 ?\gh ) "s trifl+ 
v>iations 9 _!  =ms1 occasion$ by !     
depr$ations ( "t4    ,,hebrews1         
sometimes call$ ,israelites1 f _!       
prog5itor1 ,jacob1  surnam$ ,israel1 & 9
 mod]n times ,jews1 z ! desc5dants (    
,judah1  ! "n ( ?is lead+ tribe be+ giv5
 to all4 ,see ,,jews4    ,,hebrews1     
,,epi/le ,,to ,,!4 ,?\gh ! g5u95ess (   
?is epi/le has be5  disput$ bo? 9 anci5t
 & mod]n times1 its antiquity has nev]  
be5  que/ion$4 ,x is g5]ally all[$ t !re
 are ref]5ces to x1  al?\gh ! au?or is n
 m5tion$1 9 ! rema9+ works ( ,clem5t  ( 
,rome1 ,ignatius1 ,polyc>p1 & ,ju/9     
,m>tyr2 & t x conta9s1 z  0 fir/ notic$ 
by ,*ryso/om & ,!odoret1 int]nal evid5ce
 (  hav+ be5 writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( 
,j]usalem1 ,heb4 viii1 #d2  ix1 #be2 x1 
#aa1 #cg2 xiii1 #aj4 ,! e>lie/ writ] n[ 
extant :o quotes  ?is epi/le z ! "w (   

,/4 ,paul is ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 t[>d  
! end ( ! second c5tury2 b1 z he        
ascribes x to ,/4 ,paul  repeat$ly & )\t
 hesitation1 we may conclude t 9 8 "t no
  d\bt _h be5 ent]ta9$ ^u ! subject1 or1
 at lea/1 t !  common tradition ( ! *ur*
 attribut$ x to ,/4 ,paul4 ,clem5t is   
foll[$ by ,orig51 by ,dionysius &       
,alex&]1 bo? bi%ops (  ,alex&ria1 by    
,ambrose1 ,a?anasius1 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s1
 ,j]om1  ,*ryso/om1 & ,cyril1 all ( :om 
consid] ?is epi/le z writt5 by  ,/4     
,paul2 & x is also ascrib$ to him 9 !   
anci5t ,syriac v]sion1  suppos$ to h be5
 made at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury4         
,eusebius  says1 8,( ,/4 ,paul !re are  
f\rte5 epi/les manife/ & well kn[n2  b  
yet !re are "s :o reject t to !         
,hebrews1 urg+ = _!  op9ion t x is      
contradict$ by ! *ur* ( ! ,romans1 z n  
be+ ,/4 ,paul's40 ,9 ,dr4 ,l>dn] we f9d 
! foll[+ rem>k3 8,x is  evid5t t ?is    
epi/le 0 g5]ally receiv$ 9 anci5t times 
by  ^? ,*ri/ians :o us$ ! ,greek        
language1 & liv$ 9 ! ea/]n  p>ts ( !    

,roman empire40 ,& 9 ano!r place he     
says1 8,x 0  receiv$ z an epi/le ( ,/4  
,paul by _m ,lat9 writ]s 9 ! f\r?1      
fif?1 & six? c5turies40 ,! e>li] ,lat9  
writ]s take no notice (  ?is epi/le1    
except ,t]tullian1 :o ascribes x to     
,b>nabas4 ,x  appe>s1 inde$1 f ! foll[+ 
expression ( ,j]om1 t ?is  epi/le 0 n   
g5]ally receiv$ z canonical ,scripture  
by ! ,lat9  *ur* 9 8 "t3 8,licet eam    
,lat9a consuetudo int] canonicas        
,scripturas non recipiat40 ,al?\gh !    
usage ( ! ,lat9 *ur* does  n receive x  
among ! canonical ,scriptures4 ,! same  
?+ is  m5tion$ 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 works4 ,b 
_m individuals ( ! ,lat9  *ur* ackn[l$g$
 x to be writt5 by ,/4 ,paul1 z ,j]om   
himself1  ,ambrose1 ,hil>y1 & ,phila/]2 
& ! p]sons :o d\bt$ its  g5u95ess 7 ^? !
 lea/ likely to h be5 acqua9t$ ) !      
epi/le at an e>ly p]iod1 f ! nature (   
its cont5ts n be+ s  int]e/+ to ! ,lat9 
*ur*es1 :i* consi/$ almo/ entirely (    
,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 ignorant1 probably1 (
 ! ,mosaic law1 & hold+  b little       

int]c\rse ) ,jews4    #b4 ,! mod]ns1 :o1
 ^u gr\nds ( int]nal evid5ce1 cont5d    
aga9/  ! g5u95ess ( ?is epi/le1 re/     
pr9cipally ^u ! two foll[+  argum5ts1 ! 
omission ( ! writ]'s "n1 & ! sup]ior    
elegance  ( ! /yle 9 :i* x is writt54 ,x
 is inde$ c]ta9 t all !  ackn[l$g$      
epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul beg9 ) a salutation 
9 8 own  "n1 & t1 9 ! ,epi/le to !      
,hebrews1 !re is no?+ ( t  k9d2 b ?is   
omission c sc>cely be consid]$ z        
conclusive aga9/  positive te/imony4 ,/4
 ,paul might h reasons = dep>t+1 ^u ?is 
occasion1 f 8 usual mode ( salutation1  
:i* we at ?is di/ant  p]iod _c discov]4 
,"s h imag9$ t he omitt$ 8 "n1  because 
he knew t x w\ld n h mu* weight ) !     
,hebrew  ,*ri/ians1 to :om he 0 9 g5]al 
obnoxi\s1 on acc\nt ( 8 zeal  9 conv]t+ 
! ,g5tiles1 & 9 ma9ta9+ t ! obs]vance ( 
! ,mosaic law 0 n ess5tial to salvation3
 x is1 h[ev]1 cle>1  t ! p]sons to :om  
?is epi/le 0 address$ knew f :om x      
came1 z ! writ] ref]s to "s acts (      
k9dness :i* he _h  receiv$ f !m1 & also 

expresses a hope ( see+ !m soon1        
,hebrews x1 #cd2 xiii1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc4 ,z
 to ! o!r argum5t1 x mu/ be  own$ t !re 
does n appe> to be su* sup]iority 9 !   
/yle (  ?is epi/le1 z %\ld lead to !    
conclusion t x 0 n writt5  by ,/4 ,paul4
 ,^? :o h ?\ght diff]5tly h m5tion$     
,b>nabas1  ,/4 ,luke1 & ,clem5t1 z      
au?ors or translators ( ?is epi/le4 ,!  
op9ion ( ,j]om 01 t ! s5tim5ts are !    
,apo/le's1 b !  language & composition t
 ( "s "o else1 :o committ$ to writ+  !  
,apo/le's s5se1 &1 z x 71 r$uc$ into    
comm5t>ies !  ?+s spok5 by 8 ma/]4 ,dr4 
,l>dn] says1 8,my conjecture is1 t  ,/4 
,paul dictat$ ! epi/le 9 ,hebrew1 &     
ano!r1 :o 0 a great  ma/] ( ! ,greek    
language1 imm$iately wrote d[n !        
,apo/le's  s5tim5ts 9 8 own elegant     
,greek2 b :o ?is assi/ant ( !  ,apo/le  
01 is altoge!r unkn[n40 ,b surely !     
writ+s ( ,/4  ,paul1 l ^? ( o!r au?ors1 
may n all h ! same precise  degree (    
m]it2 & if1 ^u a c>eful p]usal &        
comp>ison1 x  %\ld be ?\ght t ! ,epi/le 

to ! ,hebrews is writt5 )  great]       
elegance ?an ! ackn[l$g$ compositions ( 
?is ,apo/le2 x  %\ld also be rememb]$ t 
! app>5t design & cont5ts ( ?is  epi/le 
sugge/ ! idea ( m /udi$ composition1 &  
yet1 t  !re is no?+ 9 x :i* am\nts to a 
m>k$ diff]5ce ( /yle3 on  ! o!r h&1 !re 
is ! same concise1 abrupt1 & elliptical 
mode  ( expression1 & x conta9s _m      
phrases & s5tim5ts :i* are  f\nd 9 no "p
 ( ,scripture1 except 9 ,/4 ,paul's     
,epi/les4 ,we may  f>!r obs]ve1 t !     
mann] 9 :i* ,timo?y is m5tion$ 9 ?is    
epi/le makes x probable t x 0 writt5 by 
,/4 ,paul4 ,comp>e ,heb4  xiii1 #bc1 )  
#b ,cor4 i1 #a1 & ,col4 i1 #a4 ,x 0     
c]ta9ly writt5 by a  p]son :o _h suff]$ 
imprisonm5t 9 ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity2 &  
?is is kn[n to h be5 ! case ( ,/4 ,paul1
 b ( no o!r p]son  to :om ?is epi/le has
 be5 attribut$4 ,^u ! :ole1 bo? !       
ext]nal & int]nal evid5ce appe> to      
prepond]ate s greatly 9  fav\r ( ,/4    
,paul's be+ ! au?or ( ?is epi/le1 t x _c
  b be consid]$ z writt5 by t ,apo/le4  

#c4 8,!y ( ,italy salute y10 is ! only  
expression 9 ! epi/le  :i* c assi/ u 9  
det]m9+ f :5ce x 0 writt54 ,! ,greek    
words are1     :i* %\ld h be5 translat$1
 8,^?  f ,italy salute y20 & ! only     
inf]5ce to be drawn f !m  seems to be1 t
 ,/4 ,paul1 :5 he wrote ?is epi/le1 0 at
 a place  :]e "s ,italian conv]ts 74    
,?is inf]5ce is n incompatible  ) !     
common op9ion1 t ?is epi/le 0 writt5 f  
,rome1 &  !re=e we consid] x z writt5 f 
t city4 ,x is suppos$ to  h be5 writt5  
t[>d ! end ( ,/4 ,paul's fir/           
imprisonm5t at  ,rome1 or imm$iately    
aft] x1 because ! ,apo/le expresses an  
int5tion ( visit+ ! ,hebrews %ortly3 we 
!re=e place ! date  ( ?is epi/le 9 ! ye>
 #fc4    #d4 ,clem5t1 ( ,alex&ria1      
,eusebius1 & ,j]om1 ?\ght t ?is  epi/le 
0 orig9ally writt5 9 ! ,hebrew language2
 b all ! o!r  anci5t fa!rs :o h m5tion$ 
?is subject speak ( ! ,greek z  !       
orig9al "w2 & z no "o pret5ds to h se5  
?is epi/le 9  ,hebrew1 z !re are no     
int]nal m>ks ( ! ,greek be+ a           

translation1  & z we "k t ! ,greek      
language 0 at ?is "t v g5]ally  und]/ood
 at ,j]usalem1 we may acc$e to ! m      
common op9ion1 bo?  among ! anci5ts &   
mod]ns1 & consid] ! pres5t ,greek z !   
orig9al text4 ,x is no small            
satisfaction to reflect1 t ^? :o  h d5i$
 ei!r ! g5u95ess or ! orig9ality ( ?is  
epi/le  h always suppos$ x to h be5     
writt5 or translat$ by "s  fell[ lab\r] 
or assi/ant ( ,/4 ,paul1 & t almo/ e "o 
admits t x c>ries ) x ! sanction &      
au?ority ( !  inspir$ ,apo/le4    #e4   
,!re has be5 "s little d\bt conc]n+ !   
p]sons to :om ?is  epi/le 0 address$2 b 
by f> ! mo/ g5]al & mo/ probable  op9ion
 is1 t x 0 writt5 to ^? ,*ri/ians (     
,judea :o _h  be5 conv]t$ to ! ,gospel f
 ,judaism4 ,t x 0 writt51  not)/&+ its  
g5]al title1 to ! ,*ri/ians ( "o c]ta9  
place or c\ntry1 is evid5t f ! foll[+   
passages3 8,i besee* y  ! r to d ?is1 t 
,i may be re/or$ to y ! soon]10 ,heb4   
xiii1 #ai4 8,"k ye t our bro!r ,timo?y  
is set at lib]ty1 )  :om1 if he come    

%ortly1 ,i w see y10 ,heb4 xiii1 #bc4 ,&
 x appe>s  f ! foll[+ passage 9 ! ,acts1
 8,:5 ! numb] ( !  disciples 0          
multipli$1 !re arose a murmur+ ( !      
,grecians  aga9/ ! ,hebrews10 ,acts vi1 
#a1 t c]ta9 p]sons 7 at ?is "t  kn[n at 
,j]usalem by ! "n ( ,hebrews4 ,!y seem  
to h be5 native  ,jews1 inhabitants (   
,judea1 ! language ( :i* c\ntry 0       
,hebrew1  & !re=e !y 7 call$ ,hebrews1 9
 contradi/9ction to ^?  ,jews :o1 resid+
 commonly 9 o!r c\ntries1 al?\gh !y     
occasionally came to ,j]usalem1 us$ !   
,greek language1 & 7  !re=e call$       
,grecians4    #f4 ,! g5]al design ( ?is 
epi/le 0 to confirm ! ,jewi%  ,*ri/ians 
9 ! fai? & practice ( ! ,gospel1 :i* !y 
might be  9 dang] ( des]t+1 ei!r ?r\gh !
 p]suasion or p]secution (  ! unbeliev+ 
,jews1 :o 7 v num]\s & p[]ful 9 ,judea4 
,we  may naturally suppose1 t ! zeal\s  
adh]5ts to ! law w\ld  insi/ ^u ! maje/y
 & glory :i* att5d$ its fir/            
promulgation1  ^u ! di/+ui%$ "* ( _!    
legislator1 ,moses1 & ^u  ! div9e       

au?ority ( ! anci5t ,scriptures2 & !y   
might likewise  urge ! humiliation &    
dea? ( ,*ri/ z an argum5t aga9/ !  tru? 
( 8 religion4 ,to obviate ! impression  
:i* any reason+ (  ?is sort might make  
^u ! conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 ! writ] (  
?is epi/le beg9s ) decl>+ to ! ,hebrews1
 t ! same ,god :o  _h =m]ly1 ^u a v>iety
 ( occasions1 spok5 to _! fa!rs by      
means ( 8 prophets1 _h n[ s5t 8 only    
,son = ! purpose (  reveal+ 8 w2 he !n  
describes1 9 mo/ sublime language1 !    
dignity ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 ,heb4 i2 &   
!nce inf]s ! duty (  obey+ 8 comm&s1 !  
div9e au?ority ( :i* 0 e/abli%$ by  !   
p]=mance ( miracles1 & by ! gifts ( !   
,holy ,gho/2 he  po9ts out ! necessity (
 ,*ri/'s inc>nation & passion1 ,heb4 ii2
  he %[s ! sup]iority ( ,*ri/ to ,moses1
 & w>ns ! ,hebrews  aga9/ ! s9 (        
unbelief1 ,heb4 iii2 he exhorts to      
/eadfa/ness 9  ! pr(ession ( ! ,gospel1 
& gives an animat$ description (  ,*ri/ 
z our high prie/1 ,heb4 iv-vii2 he %[s t
 ! ,levitical  prie/hood & ! old cov5ant

 7 aboli%$ by ! prie/hood (  ,*ri/1 & by
 ! new cov5ant1 ,heb4 viii2 he po9ts out
 ! efficacy  ( ! c]emonies & sacrifices 
( ! law1 & ! suffici5cy ( !  atonem5t   
made by ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 ,heb4 ix1  
x2 he fully expla9s  ! nature1 m]it1 &  
effects ( fai?1 ,heb4 xi2 & 9 ! la/ two 
*apt]s he gives a v>iety ( exhortations 
& admonitions1 all  calculat$ to        
enc\rage ! ,hebrews to be> ) pati5ce &  
con/ancy  any trials to :i* !y might be 
expos$4 ,he concludes ) !  val$ictory   
b5$iction usual 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les3 
8,grace be ) y  all4 ,am540 ,! mo/      
important articles ( our fai? are       
expla9$1 &  ! mo/ mat]ial objections to 
! ,gospel are answ]$ ) great  =ce1 9 ?is
 celebrat$ epi/le4 ,! argum5ts us$ 9 x1 
z be+  address$ to p]sons :o _h be5     
educat$ 9 ! ,jewi% religion1 are        
pr9cipally tak5 f ! anci5t ,scriptures2 
& ! connection  betwe5 =m] revelations &
 ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 is po9t$ out 9  !   
mo/ p]spicu\s & satisfactory mann]4     
#g4 ,9 addition1 x may be obs]v$1 t ,mr4

 ,/u>t1 an ,am]ican critic1  has publi%$
 an ample inve/igation ( sev]al ( !     
po9ts ref]r$  to 9 ! above rem>ks1 & !  
foll[+ are ! results3--    7#a47 ,z to !
 place 9 :i* ! p]sons liv$ to :om !     
epi/le is  address$1 ,i h n[ exam9$ all 
! objections aga9/ ! op9ion1  t !       
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 direct$ to      
,pale/9e1 :i* ,i h  met )1 & :i* seem to
 be ( suffici5t magnitude to des]ve     
att5tion4 ,i am unable to p]ceive t !y  
are v weighty2 &  surely !y come q %ort 
( be+ conclusive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !       
positive pro(1 ,i ackn[l$ge1 is only ( a
 circum/antial nature1 &  falls %ort ( !
 weight :i* direct & unequivocal        
te/imony 9 !  epi/le itself w\ld        
possess4 ,b unit+ ! :ole ( x toge!r2    
consid]+ ! intimate k ( ,jewi% rites1 ! 
/rong  atta*m5t to _! ritual1 & !       
special dang] ( defection f  ,*ri/ianity
 9 consequ5ce ( x1 :i* ! :ole texture ( 
!  epi/le necess>ily supposes1 & comb9+ 
^! ?+s ) ! o!r  circum/ances above      
discuss$1 ,i _c resi/ ! impression1 t ! 

univ]sal op9ion ( ! anci5t *ur* respect+
 ! p]sons to :om  ?is epi/le 0 address$1
 0 well f\nd$1 be+ built ^u e>ly        
tradition & ! cont5ts ( ! epi/le2 & t ! 
d\bts &  difficulties ?r[n 9 ! way by   
mod]n & rec5t critics1 are n (          
suffici5t importance to ju/ify u 9      
rel9qui%+ ! belief t  ,pale/9e ,*ri/ians
 7 address$ by ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews4  
,?\s&s ( facts1 p]ta9+ to criticism & to
 hi/ory1 are believ$  & treat$ z        
realities1 :i* h less support ?an !     
op9ion t  has n[ be5 exam9$4    7#b47 ,z
 to ! au?or1 we n[ come to ! result (   
?is inve/igation4  ,9 ! ,egyptian &     
ea/]n *ur*es1 !re 71 x is probable1 at a
  pretty e>ly p]iod1 "s :o _h d\bts :e!r
 ,/4 ,paul wrote !  ,epi/le to !        
,hebrews2 b no consid]able p]son or p>ty
 is  def9itely kn[n to u1 :o ent]ta9$ ^!
 d\bts2 & x is  manife/1 f ,orig5 &     
,eusebius1 t !re 0 n1 9 t qu>t]1  any   
important opposition to ! g5]al &       
con/ant tradition ( !  *ur*1 t ,paul did
 write x4 ,n a s+le witness ( any       

consid]able  respectability is nam$1 :o 
has giv5 8 voice1 9 ?is "p ( !  *ur*1 = 
! negative ( ! "q :i* we are consid]+4  
,:at  ,j]om av]s1 appe>s to be /rictly  
true1 namely1 ,ab ecclesiis ori5tis  et 
ab omnibus retr ecclesia/icis ,grci     
s]monis scriptoribus1 quasi  ,apo/oli   
,pauli suscipi4 ,9 ! we/]n *ur*es a     
div]sity ( op9ion  prevail$2 al?\gh !   
actual quantity ( negative te/imony1 t c
  be adduc$1 is n great4 ,yet !         
concessions ( ,j]om & ,augu/9e  leave no
 room to d\bt ! fact1 t ! pr$om9ant     
op9ion ( !  we/]n *ur*es1 9 _! times1 0 
9 ! negative4 ,9 e>ly times1  we h se5 t
 ! case 0 diff]5t1 :5 ,clem5t ( ,rome   
wrote 8  epi/le1 & :5 ! old ,lat9 v]sion
 0 br\ght into circulation4  ,:at       
produc$ a *ange ( op9ion 9 ! we/1 we are
 left to  conjecture4 ,! scanty critical
 & lit]>y records ( ^? times  af=d u no 
means = trac+ ! hi/ory ( x4 ,b ?is is f>
 f  be+ a s+ul> case4 ,_m o!r *anges 9 !
 op9ions ( !  *ur*es h tak5 place1 :i*  
we are1 = a simil> reason1 z little     

able to trace ) any c]ta9ty or          
satisfaction4 ,/orr has endeav\r$  to   
%[1 t ,m>cion occasion$ ?is revolution1 
:5 he came f !  ea/ to ,rome1 & br\ght )
 him a collection ( ! sacr$ books1 9    
:i* ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 omitt$4 ,b
 x is v improbable1  t an extravagant   
man1 excommunicat$ by ! ,roman *ur*     
itself1  %\ld h produc$ su* a revolution
 !re 9 s5tim5t4 ,o!rs h  ) m            
probability1 attribut$ x to ! zeal\s    
disputes at ,rome  aga9/ ! ,montani/    
p>ty1 :om ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0     
suppos$ p>ticul>ly to fav\r4 ,!         
,montani/s /r5u\sly oppos$ !  reception 
aga9 into ! bosom ( ! *ur* ( ^? p]sons  
:o _h s  laps$ z to make defection f !  
,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! passages 9  ,heb4 vi1 
#d-h1 & x1 #bf-ca1 at lea/ seem /rongly 
to fav\r ! views  :i* !y ma9ta9$4 ,!    
*ur* at ,rome c>ri$ ! dispute aga9/  !  
,montani/s v high2 & ,erne/i & _m o!r   
critics h be5  l$ to believe1 t !       
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0 ultimately      
reject$  by !m1 because ! ,montani/s    

reli$ on x z _! ma9 support4 ,z a  matt]
 ( fact1 ?is _c be e/abli%$ by direct   
hi/orical  evid5ce4 ,b1 9 ! abs5ce ( all
 te/imony 9 respect to ?is  subject1 x  
mu/ be all[$ z n improbable1 t ! ,epi/le
 to !  ,hebrews may h1 9 ?is way1 become
 obnoxi\s to ! ,roman *ur*4  ,_m su*    
in/ances might be produc$ f ! hi/ory ( !
 *ur*4  ,! ,ebionites1 ! ,mani*eans1 !  
,alogi1 & _m anci5t & mod]n  sects1 h   
reject$ "s "p ( ! canon ( ,scripture1   
because x  /ood oppos$ to _! p>ty views4
 ,! ,apocalypse 0 reject$ by _m  ( !    
ori5tal *ur*es1 on acc\nt ( _!          
opposition to !  ,*ilia/s1 :o made s mu*
 use ( x4 ,& :o does n "k1 t  ,lu!r     
himself reject$ ! ,epi/le ( ,james1     
because he view$ x z  ?w>t+ 8 fav\rite  
notions ( ju/ification2 yea1 t he w5t s 
f> z to give x ! appellation ( epi/ola  
/ram9ea8 an epi/le  ( /raw4 ,x _c be at 
all /range1 !n1 t ! ,romi% *ur*1        
exce$+ly imbitt]$ by ! dispute ) !      
,montani/s1 %\ld h  gradually come to   
call 9 "q ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! epi/le2  

because x 0 to _! adv]s>ies a fav\rite  
s\rce ( appeal1 &  because1 unlike ,/4  
,paul's o!r epi/les1 x 0 anonym\s4 ,t   
all1  ev5 ( ! ,montani/s1 h[ev]1 admitt$
 ! apo/olic orig9 ( our  epi/le1 does n 
seem to be true4 ,t]tullian1 :o took a v
 active  "p 9 fav\r ( ?is sect1 _h1 z we
 h already se51 d\bts (  su* an orig91  
or r1 he ascrib$ x to ,b>nabas4 ,b      
:atev]  might h be5 ! cause t ! epi/le 9
 "q 0 pretty  g5]ally reject$ by !      
*ur*es ( ! we/1 ! fact t x 0 s  _c be   
reasonably disput$4 ,a majority ( ^!    
*ur*es1 f !  latt] half ( ! second      
c5tury to ! latt] half ( ! f\r?1 seem   
to h be5 g5]ally oppos$ to receiv+ ?is  
epi/le z ,/4 ,paul's2  al?\gh !re 7 "s  
among !m :o did receive x4 ,x rema9s1   
!n1 to balance ! te/imony ?us collect$  
toge!r & comp>$4 ,!  e>ly te/imony is1 (
 c\rse1 immeasurably ! mo/ important4 ,&
  !re seems to me suffici5t evid5ce1 t  
?is 0 z g5]al & z  uni=m = ! fir/ c5tury
 aft] ! apo/olic age z 9 respect to  _m 
o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & m s1 ?an 

9 respect to  sev]al4 ,i _c hesitate to 
believe1 t ! weight ( evid5ce f         
tradition is altoge!r prepond]ant 9     
fav\r ( ! op9ion1 t ,/4  ,paul 0 ! au?or
 ( our epi/le4    7#c47 ,z to ! language
 9 :i* ! epi/le 0 orig9ally writt51  !re
 has be5 a diff]5ce ( op9ion among      
critics1 bo? 9 anci5t  & mod]n times4   
,clem5t ( ,alex&ria says t ,/4 ,paul    
wrote to !  ,hebrews 9 ! ,hebrew        
language1 & t ,/4 ,luke c>efully        
translat$  x into ,greek4 ,eusebius 9 ! 
same mann] says1 t ,paul wrote to !     
,hebrews 9 8 v]nacul> language1 & t1    
accord+ to report1  ei!r ,luke or       
,clem5t translat$ x4 ,s ,j]om1 also1    
scrips]at ut  ,hebru ,hebris ,hebraic2 z
 a ,hebrew he _h writt5 to ! ,hebrews 9 
,hebrew2 & !n he adds t ?is epi/le 0    
translat$ into ,greek1  s t ! col\r+ ( !
 /yle 0 made div]se1 9 ?is way1 f  t (  
,/4 ,paul's4 ,( ! same op9ion1 9 respect
 to ?is1 0  ,clem5t1 ( ,alex&ria2 &     
,orig51 z we h se5 above1 supposes t  ! 
?\ghts conta9$ 9 ! epi/le 7 ,/4 ,paul's1

 :ile ! diction  or co/ume ( x mu/ be   
attribut$ to ! p]son :o wrote d[n !     
s5tim5ts ( ! ,apo/le4 ,by ! ,hebrew     
language1 no "o c reasonably  d\bt1 t ^!
 fa!rs meant ! ,j]usalem dialect1 :i* 0 
spok5  9 ! days ( ! ,apo/les1 & n !     
anci5t ,hebrew1 :i* _h long  ceas$ to be
 a v]nacul> language4 ,x is q pla9 also1
 t ^!  fa!rs 7 l$ to ! conclusion1 t !  
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 0  orig9ally      
writt5 9 ! dialect ( ,pale/9e1 f _!     
belief1 s  univ]sal 9 anci5t times1 (   
its hav+ be5 address$ to "s *ur*1  or to
 ! *ur*es1 9 t c\ntry4 ,x 0 v natural to
 draw su* a  conclusion2 = w\ld n an    
epi/le address$ to ,hebrews 9 all       
probability be m acceptable1 if writt5 9
 _! own v]nacul>  language8 ,moreov]1   
,/4 ,paul 0 well acqua9t$ ) t language1 
=  he 0 br\ght up at ,j]usalem1 & 8at ! 
feet ( ,gamaliel20 & :5  he _h visit$ t 
city1 he _h address$ ! ,jewi% multitude1
 :o  7 excit$ aga9/ him1 9 _! native    
tongue1 ,acts xxii1 #a1 #b4 ,:y  %\ld x 
n be suppos$1 t if1 z is probable1 ?is  

epi/le 0  orig9ally direct$ to ,pale/9e1
 x 0 writt5 9 ! dialect ( t  c\ntry8 ,s 
! fa!rs above quot$ evid5tly ?\ght &    
reason$2  al?\gh o!r fa!rs h said no?+  
on ?is po9t1 & d n  appe> to h co9cid$ 9
 op9ion ) ^? to :om ,i h j  ref]r$4     
,among ! mod]ns1 also1 sev]al critics h 
und]tak5 to  def5d ! same op9ion2 &     
p>ticul>ly ,mi*alis1 :o has discuss$  ! 
subject q at l5g?1 9 8 introduction to  
?is epi/le4 ,i d  n ?9k x necess>y      
m9utely to exam9e 8 argum5ts4 ,to my own
 m9d  !y appe> altoge!r unsatisfactory4 
,"s ( !m are built on an  exegesis mo/  
palpably errone\s1 & :i*1 if admitt$1   
w\ld d$uce a  v /range mean+ f ! words (
 ! epi/le4 ,yet1 assum+ su* a  mean+1 he
 !nce concludes1 t ! orig9al writ] mu/ h
  express$ a diff]5t idea1 & t !        
translator mi/ook 8 mean+4  ,he !n      
und]takes to conjecture :at ! orig9al   
,hebrew mu/ h  be54 ,9 o!r cases1 he    
d$uces 8 argum5ts f consid]ations  :olly
  priori2 z if ^! 7 admissible 9 a "q ( 
m]e  fact4 ,he has n adduc$ a s+le      

in/ance ( :at he calls wrong            
translation1 :i* we>s ! appe>ance ( any 
consid]able  probability4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
,bolton1 a %>p-sight$ critic1 & well    
acqua9t$ ) ! ,aramean language1 :o has  
gone ?r\gh ) ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 & f\nd   
almo/ e :]e m>ks1 z he ?9ks1 (          
translation f ,aramean docum5ts1        
confesses1 t1 9 respect to ?is  epi/le1 
he f9ds n a s+le ve/ige ( incorrect     
translation f an  ,aramean orig9al1 & no
 m>ks t !re ev] 0 su* an orig9al4  ,?is 
te/imony is ( consid]able importance 9  
respect to ! "q  be=e u1 z x comes f a  
critic :o sp5t _m ye>s on ! /udy  ( t   
:i* is mo/ intimately connect$ ) ! v    
subject "u  consid]ation1 namely1 !     
detection ( ! ,aramean orig9als ( !     
v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4    7#d47  
,! pr9cipal argum5ts 9 fav\r ( a ,hebrew
 orig9al are d$uc$  f two s\rces3 ,t    
,hebrews are address$ 9 our epi/le1 to  
:om !  ,hebrew language w\ld h be5 m    
acceptable & intelligible1 &  _m ( :om1 
inde$1 c\ld n und]/& ,greek1 c]ta9ly    

c\ld n  read x3 ,t ! div]sity ( /yle 9 !
 ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews is s  great1 :5  
comp>$ ) t ( ,/4 ,paul's epi/les1 t1    
unless we  suppose ! ,greek co/ume did 9
 fact come f ano!r h&1 we mu/ be  l$ to 
! conclusion t ,/4 ,paul did n write x4 
,bo? ( ^!  topics h be5 already         
discuss$4 ,i m]ely add "h1 !re=e1 t  9  
case ! writ] ( ! epi/le design$ x %\ld h
 a wide  circulation among ! ,jews1 to  
write 9 ,greek 0 altoge!r ! mo/         
feasible me?od ( accompli%+ ?is4        
,beside1 if ,/4 ,paul did address  x to 
! *ur* at ,cs>ea1 x is altoge!r probable
 t he wrote 9  ,greek1 z ,greek 0 !     
pr9cipal language ( t city4 ,ev5 if he  
did  n1 x 0 n necess>y t he %\ld write 9
 ,hebrew2 = 9 e  consid]able place 9    
,pale/9e1 !re 7 m or less :o und]/ood  !
 ,greek language4 ,:oev] wi%es to see   
?is la/ position e/abli%$  beyond any   
reasonable d\bt1 may read ,hug's        
8,introduction to ! ,new  ,te/am5t10    
vol4 ii1 pp4 #cb-ej4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul wrote
 to ! ,romans1 he  did n write 9 ,lat92 

yet !re 0 no difficulty 9 mak+ 8  epi/le
 und]/ood1 = ! k ( ,greek 0 v common 9  
,rome4  ,if ,/4 ,paul und]/ood ! ,lat9  
language1 :i* is no :]e affirm$1  & he  
_h n resid$ :5 he wrote ?is epi/le1 9   
any ( !  c\ntries :]e x 0 commonly us$1 
/ill he und]/ood ,greek s mu*  bett] t  
he w\ld ( c\rse pref] writ+ 9 x4 ,= a   
simil>  reason1 if no o!r c\ld be giv51 
"o may reg>d x z m probable1  t he w\ld 
write ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 9 ! ,greek
 language4 ,at  ! "t ( writ+ x1 he _h   
be5 abroad tw5ty-five ye>s at lea/1  9  
,greek c\ntries1 & _h be5 9 ,pale/9e1   
dur+ all t p]iod1  only a few days4 ,!  
,jews abroad1 :om he e :]e saw1 spoke   
,greek1  n ,hebrew4 ,9 ,greek he prea*$ 
& conv]s$4 ,is x any wond]1 !n1  t1 aft]
 tw5ty-five ye>s' incessant lab\r or    
prea*+1  conv]s+1 & writ+1 9 ?is        
language1 he %\ld h pref]r$  writ+ 9 x8 
,inde$1 c x be probable1 t1 "u          
circum/ances  l ^!1 he /ill possess$ an 
equal facility ( writ+ 9 8  native      
dialect ( ,pale/9e8 ,i _c ?9k x /range1 

!re=e1 t  al?\gh ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews
 0 9 all probability direct$ to  "s "p (
 ,pale/9e1 yet x 0 writt5 by ,/4 ,paul 9
 ,greek1 & n  9 ,hebrew4 ,b1 :atev] may 
be ! e/imation put ^u argum5ts (  ?is   
nature1 !re are int]nal m>ks ( its hav+ 
be5 orig9ally  compos$ 9 ,greek1 :i* _c 
well be ov]look$4    ,,hebron1 "o ( !   
mo/ anci5t cities 9 ! _w2 = x 0 built   
sev5 ye>s be=e ,zoan1 ! capital ( ,l[]  
,egypt1 ,numb]s xiii1 #bb4  ,n[1 z !    
,egyptians glori$ mu* 9 ! antiquity ( _!
 cities1 &  _! c\ntry 0 inde$ "o ( !    
fir/ t 0 peopl$ aft] !  disp]sion (     
,babel1 x may be f h5ce conclud$ t x 0  
"o (  ! mo/ anci5t4 ,"s ?9k x 0 f\nd$ by
 ,arba1 "o ( ! olde/  giants 9 ,pale/9e2
 = :i* reason x 0 call$ ,kirja?-arba1 or
  ,arba's city1 ,jo%ua xiv1 #ae2 :i* "n 
0 aft]w>d *ang$ to t (  ,hebron1 ,jo%ua 
xv1 #ac4 ,arba 0 ! fa!r ( ,anak2 & f    
,anak !  giants1 call$ ,anakim1 took _! 
"n1 :o 7 /ill dwell+ at  ,hebron :5     
,jo%ua conqu]$ ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,:5 x 0  
fir/  call$ ,hebron1 is unc]ta92 "s ?9k1

 n till x 0 conqu]$ by  ,caleb1 & t he  
call$ x s f 8 son ( t "n4 ,b ,calmet is 
( op9ion t ! "n ( ,hebron is m anci5t2 &
 t ,caleb1 to  d hon\r to 8 son1 nam$   
him aft] ?is anci5t & celebrat$ place4  
,hebron 0 situat$ ^u an em95ce1 tw5ty   
miles s\?w>d f  ,j]usalem1 & tw5ty miles
 nor? f ,be]%eba4 ,abraham1 ,s>ah1 &    
,isaac 7 buri$ ne> ,hebron1 9 ! cave (  
,ma*pelah1 or ! d\ble  cave1 :i*        
,abraham b\ght ( ,ephron1 ,g5esis xxiii1
 #g-i4 ,hebron 0 !  allotm5t ( ,judah4  
,! ,"l assign$ x = ! inh]itance (       
,caleb1  ,jo%ua xiv1 #ac2 x1 #c1 #bc1   
#cg4 ,jo%ua fir/ took ,hebron1 & kill$ !
  k+1 ^: "n 0 ,hoham4 ,b aft]w>d ,caleb 
aga9 made a conque/ (  x1 assi/$ by !   
troops ( 8 tribe1 & ! val\r ( ,o?niel1  
,judges i1 #ab1 #ac4 ,x 0 appo9t$ to be 
a dwell+ = prie/s1 &  decl>$ to be a    
city ( refuge1 ,jo%ua xxi1 #ac4 ,david1 
aft] ! dea?  ( ,saul1 fix$ ! seat ( 8   
gov]nm5t !re1 #b ,sam4 ii1 #b-e4 ,at    
,hebron1 ,absalom began 8 rebellion1 #b 
,sam4 xv1 #g1 #h1 c4 ,dur+ !  captivity 

( ,babylon1 ! ,edomites hav+ invad$ !   
s\!rn p>ts (  ,judea1 made !mselves     
ma/]s ( ,hebron2 h5ce ,josephus         
sometimes makes  x a "p ( ,edom4 ,"h    
,za*>ias & ,elizabe? are believ$ to h   
dwelt2 & x is suppos$ to h be5 ! bir?   
place ( ,john !  ,bapti/4 ,hebron is n[ 
call$ ,el ,khalil2 ?\gh n a t[n ( l>ge  
dim5sions1 x has a consid]able          
population4 ,accord+ to ,ali ,bey1 x    
conta9s ab\t f\r hundr$ families (      
,arabs2 b he does n notice  ei!r !      
,jews1 :o are num]\s1 or ! ,turks4 ,he  
describes x z  situat$ on ! slope ( a   
m\nta91 & hav+ a /rong ca/le4           
,provisions1 he says1 are abundant1 &   
!re is a consid]able numb] (  %ops4 ,!  
/reets are w9d+1 & ! h\ses unusually    
high4 ,!  c\ntry is well cultivat$1 to a
 consid]able ext5t4 ,hebron is comput$  
to be tw5ty-sev5 miles s\?-we/ (        
,j]usalem4    ,,heif]1 a "y c[1 us$ 9   
sacrifice at ! temple1 ,num4 xix1 #a-aj4
  ,moses & ,a>on 7 in/ruct$ to deliv] ! 
div9e comm& to !  *ildr5 ( ,israel t !y 

%\ld procure 8a r$ heif]1 )\t  spot10 t 
is1 "o t 0 entirely r$1 )\t "o spot (   
any o!r  col\r2 8free f blemi%1 & on :i*
 ! yoke _h nev] yet come10  t is1 :i* _h
 nev] yet be5 employ$ 9 pl\gh+ ! gr\nd  
or 9  any o!r "w2 = accord+ to ! common 
s5se ( all mank9d1 ^?  animals :i* _h   
be5 made to s]ve o!r uses1 became unfit 
to be  (f]$ to ,god1--a s5tim5t :i* we  
f9d 9 ,hom] & o!r ,hea!n  writ]s4 ,!    
animal 0 to be deliv]$ to ! prie/1 :o 0 
to lead  h] =? out ( ! camp1 & !re to   
slay h]3 ! prie/ 0 !n to  take ( ! blood
 ) 8 f+]1 & spr9kle x sev5 times be=e  !
 tab]nacle1 & aft]w>d to burn ! c>cass3 
!n to take c$>  wood & hyssop1 & sc>let 
wood1 & ca/ !m into ! flames4 ,!  a%es 7
 to be ga!r$ up1 & pres]v$ 9 a secure & 
clean place1  = ! use ( ! congregation1 
by ! spr9kl+ ( :i* a%es 9  wat]1 x      
became a wat] ( sep>ation1 by means (   
:i* a typical or  c]emonial purification
 = s9 0 effect$1 ,heb4 ix1 #ac4         
,,heliopolis4 ,see ,,on4    ,,hell4 ,?is
 is a ,saxon ^w1 :i* is d]iv$ f a v]b   

:i* signifies  to hide or conceal4 ,a   
late em95t ,biblical critic1 ,dr4       
,campbell1  has inve/igat$ ?is subject )
 8 usual accuracy2 & ! foll[+  is !     
sub/ance ( 8 rem>ks4 ,9 ! ,hebrew       
,scriptures ! ^w  %eol frequ5tly occurs1
 & uni=mly1 he ?9ks1 d5otes ! /ate  ( ! 
dead 9 g5]al1 )\t reg>d to ! virtu\s or 
vici\s  *>act]s ( ! p]sons1 _! happ9ess 
or mis]y4 ,9 translat+  t ^w1 ! ,,lxx h 
almo/ inv>iably us$ ! ,greek t]m 1      
hades1 :i* means ! receptacle ( ! dead1 
& ought r>ely to  h be5 translat$ hell1 
9 ! s5se 9 :i* we n[ use x1  namely1 z !
 place ( torm5t4 ,to d5ote ?is latt]    
object1 ! ,new  ,te/am5t writ]s always  
make use ( ! ,greek ^w 1 :i* is         
comp\nd$ ( two ,hebrew words1 ,ge       
,h9nom1 t is1 8,! ,valley (  ,h9nom10 a 
place ne> ,j]usalem1 9 :i* *ildr5 7     
cruelly  sacrific$ by fire to ,molo*1 ! 
idol ( ! ,ammonites1 #b ,*ron4  xxxiii1 
#f4 ,?is place 0 also call$ ,tophet1 #b 
,k+s xxiii1 #aj1  allud+1 z is suppos$1 
to ! noise ( drums1 7toph signify+ a    

drum17 !re rais$ to dr[n ! cries (      
helpless infants4 ,z 9  process ( "t ?is
 place came to be consid]$ an emblem (  
hell1 or  ! place ( torm5t res]v$ = !   
puni%m5t ( ! wick$ 9 a  future /ate1 !  
"n ,tophet came gradually to be us$ 9   
?is s5se1  & at l5g? to be conf9$ to x4 
,9 ?is s5se1 also1 ! ^w  geh5na1 a      
synonym\s t]m1 is always to be und]/ood 
9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 :]e x occurs ab\t a 
doz5 times4 ,! confusion t has  aris5 on
 ?is subject has be5 occasion$ n only by
 our ,engli%  translators hav+ r5d]$ !  
,hebrew ^w %eol & ! ,greek ^w  geh5na   
frequ5tly by ! t]m hell2 b ! ,greek ^w  
hades1  :i* occurs elev5 times 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t1 is1 9 e in/ance1  except "o1  
translat$ by ! same ,engli% ^w1 :i* x   
ought nev] to  h be54 ,9 ! foll[+       
passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t x seems1     
h[ev]1 t a future _w ( wo is express$ by
 %eol3 8,!y10 !  wick$1 8sp5d _! days 9 
weal?1 & 9 a mom5t g d[n to  %eol10 ,job
 xxi1 #ac4 8,! wick$ %all be turn$ into 
%eol1 & all  ! nations t =get ,god10    

,psalm ix1 #ag1 #ah4 8,h] feet g d[n to 
dea?1 h] /eps take hold on %eol10 ,prov4
 v1 #e4 8,b he kn[e? n  t ! gho/s are   
!re1 & t h] gue/s are 9 ! dep?s (       
%eol10 ,prov4 ix1 #ah4 8,?\ %alt beat   
him ) a rod1 & %alt deliv]  8 s\l f     
%eol10 ,prov4 xxiii1 #ad4 ,?us1 z ,/u>t 
obs]ves1 9  8 8,essay on ,future        
,puni%m5t10 :ile ! ,old ,te/am5t employs
  %eol1 9 mo/ cases to designate !      
grave1 ! region ( ! dead1  ! place (    
dep>t$ spirits1 x employs x also1 9 "s  
cases1 to  designate along ) ?is idea ! 
adjunct "o ( ! place ( mis]y1  place (  
puni%m5t1 region ( wo4 ,9 ?is respect x 
accords fully  ) ! ,new ,te/am5t use (  
hades4 ,= ?\gh hades signifies !  grave1
 & (t5 ! invisible region ( sep>ate     
spirits1 )\t  ref]5ce to _! condition1  
yet1 9 ,luke xvi1 #bc1 8,9 hades   1  he
 lift$ up 8 eyes1 be+ 9 torm5ts10 x is  
cle>ly us$ = a  place & condition (     
mis]y4 ,! ^w hell is also us$ by our    
translators = geh5na1 :i* means ! _w (  
future puni%m5t1  8,h[ %all ye escape ! 

damnation ( hell1   88    ,,hell1 ,gates
 (4 ,see ,,gates4    ,,hell5i/s4 ,on ?is
 appellation1 ,dr4 ,j5n+s obs]ves1 ,!re 
is a v  rem>kable appellation :i* !     
,apo/le ,paul1 aft] glory+ 9 8  be+ 8( !
 /ock ( ,israel1 & ( ! tribe ( ,b5jam910
 applies to  himself1 namely1 t he 0 8a 
,hebrew ( ! ,hebrews10 ,phil4 iii1 #e4  
,by  ?is expression ,godw9 und]/&s a    
,hebrew bo? by fa!r's &  "m's side4 ,b  
if ?is be all t ! phrase imports1 !re   
seems  to be v little occasion = !      
,apo/le's us+ x imm$iately aft]  hav+   
decl>$1 t he 0 8( ! /ock ( ,israel1 & ! 
tribe (  ,b5jam920 :i*1 on ,godw9's     
supposition1 is ! same z a ,hebrew (  ! 
,hebrews2 = ! ,jews 7 n all[$ to m>ry   
out ( _! own  nation2 or if !y sometimes
 m>ri$ proselytes1 yet _! numb] 0       
comp>atively s small among !m1          
especially :ile !y 7 "u  oppression1 z  
!y 7 at t "t by ! ,romans1 t me?9ks     
,paul  w\ld h>dly h m5tion$ x z a       
di/+ui%+ privilege & hon\r1  t nei!r ( 8
 p>5ts 7 proselytes4 ,x is !re=e a mu* m

  probable s5se1 t a ,hebrew ( !        
,hebrews signifies a ,hebrew bo? by     
nation & language1 :i* multitudes (     
,abraham's po/]ity1 9 ^?  days1 7 n2 or 
"o ( ! ,hebrew ,jews1 :o p]=m$ _! public
  wor%ip 9 ! ,hebrew tongue2 = su* 7    
reckon$ m hon\rable  ?an ! ,hell5i/ic   
,jews1 :o 9 _! disp]sion hav+1 9 a      
mann]1  lo/ ! ,hebrew1 us$ ! ,greek     
language 9 sacris1 & read !  ,scripture 
out ( ! ,septuag9t v]sion4 ,we meet )   
?is di/9ction  among ! conv]t$ ,jews1 9 
! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les3 8,9 ^? days1  :5 !
 numb] ( ! disciples 0 multipli$1 !re   
arose a murmur+  ( ! ,grecians or       
,hell5i/s aga9/ ! ,hebrews10 ,acts vi1  
#a4 ,?is is  :at ,/4 ,paul probably     
meant by 8 be+ a ,hebrew1 z di/+ui%$  f 
an ,israelite3 8,are !y ,hebrews8 ,s am 
,i4 ,are !y ,israelites8 ,s  am ,i10 #b 
,cor9?ians xi1 #bb4 ,9 "o s5se1 ^! 7    
conv]tible t]ms1  bo? signify+ ,jews by 
nation & religion2 b 9 ! s5se j         
m5tion$1 !re 7 _m1 9 ^? days1 :o 7      
,israelites1 b n  ,hebrews4 ,/4 ,paul 0 

bo?1 n only an ,israelite by bir?1 b a  
,hebrew1 & n a ,hell5i/ic ,jew4 ,godw9  
expresses himself  inaccurately1 :5 he  
says t ^? :o liv$ 9 ,pale/9e1 & :o1  z  
us+ ! ,hebrew text 9 _! public wor%ip1 7
 oppos$ to !  1 are call$ ,hebrews1 or  
,jews4 ,=1 ?\gh ,hebrew & ,jew are      
conv]tible t]ms1 :5 oppos$ to ,g5tiles1 
z d5ot+ ! se$ (  ,abraham1 & pr(essors (
 ! ,mosaic religion1 see ,j]4 xxxiv1 #i2
 yet1  z oppos$ to ! 1 !y are n         
conv]tible t]ms1 !re be+  ,hebrew ,jews 
& ,hell5i/ic ,jews2 = x is said1 t :5   
8!y1 :o  7 scatt]$ by ! p]secution t    
arose ab\t ,/eph51 travell$  into sev]al
 c\ntries1 prea*+ ! ^w to none b ,jews  
only10 yet  !y spoke1   1 to ! ,hell5i/s
 or ,grecians1 ,acts xi1  #ai1 #bj4 ,9  
ord] to confirm ! s5se :i* is "h giv5 ( 
! ^w  1 9 opposition to ! appellation   
,hebrews1 x is prop] we  %\ld take      
notice ( ! di/9ction betwe5 !  & 4  ,!  
=m] 7 ,greeks by nation1 & z su*        
di/+ui%$ f ,jews1  ,acts xvi1 #a2 xix1  
#aj2 & ! ,greek empire hav+ be5 r5d]$ by

  ,alex&] 9 a mann] univ]sal1 & _!      
language be+ !n ! mo/  common & g5]al1 !
 appellation ,greeks is sometimes giv5  
to !  :ole ,hea!n _w1 or to all :o 7 n  
,jews1 ,rom4 i1 #af2 ii1 #i4  ,^!       
,greeks1 call$  by ,josephus1 are always
 /yl$   9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,on :i*      
acc\nt ,grotius1 und]/&+ by !  1 or     
8,grecians1 to :om "s ( ^? :o 7 disp]s$ 
on !  p]secution :i* arose ab\t ,/eph51 
prea*$ ! ,"l ,jesus10 ,acts  xi1 #ai1   
#bj1 ,greeks by nation1 concludes !re is
 a mi/ake 9 ! text1  & alt]s x accord+  
to ! ,syriac & ,vulgate v]sions3 8,c]t  
leg5dum10 x ought c]ta9ly to be read1   
sai? he1 8   40 ,s inde$ ! ,alex&rian   
manuscript reads1 b x is  support$ by no
 o!r copy4 ,& ?is is decisive aga9/ x--t
 f  ! words imm$iately prec$+1 x is     
evid5t t ^! ,grecians 7  by nation      
,jews1 & n ,greeks2 x be+ expressly     
said1 t ^? :o  7 scatt]$ on ! p]secution
 8prea*$ ! ,gospel to ! ,jews  only40 ,z
 = ! 1 or ,greeks m5tion$ 9 ,/4 ,john's 
,gospel1 z  be+ come to ,j]usalem at !  

passov] to wor%ip 9 ! temple1 ,john     
xii1 #bj1 & likewise ^? m5tion$ 9 !     
,acts1 z wor%ipp+ along  ) ! ,jews 9 !  
synagogues1 ,acts xiv1 #a2 xviii1 #d2 !y
 7  d\btless ,greeks by bir? & nation1  
yet proselytes to ! ,jewi%  religion4   
,!re is a di/9ction made betwe5 ,jews & 
proselytes1 ,acts  ii1 #aj2 b none      
betwe5 ,hebrews & proselytes1 because a 
proselyte  might be ei!r a ,hebrew or a 
,hell5i/1 accord+ to ! language 9  :i*  
he p]=m$ public wor%ip4 ,t ! ,hell5i/s  
or ,grecians1 7  ,jews1 is f>!r argu$ f 
! acc\nt we h1 t :5 at ,j]usalem  ,/4   
,paul 8disput$ aga9/ ! ,grecians1 !y w5t
 ab\t to slay him10  ,acts ix1 #bi1 z ! 
,jews at ,damascus _h done be=e1 ,acts  
ix1 #bc4 ,n[  _h ^! ,grecians be5       
/rang]s ( a diff]5t nation1 x _c be     
imag9$ !y dur/ h attempt$ to kill a     
,jew1 among 8 own  c\ntrym51 9 !        
capital1 & )\t a =mal accusation ( him  
be=e any ( _! tribunals4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! 1
 or  ,grecians be+ ,jews :o us$ ! ,greek
 tongue 9 _! sacr$ ex]cises1  ! ,hebrew 

,jews & ,grecian ,jews 7 di/+ui%$ 9 ^?  
days1 9  l mann] z ! ,portuguese & ,dut*
 ,jews are among u1 n s mu*  by ! place 
( _! bir?1 7_m be+ born 9 ,engl&1 o!rs  
abroad17 z by ! language !y use 9 _!    
public pray]s &  s]mons4    ,among !    
wond]ful deal+s ( ,god1 says ,dr4 ,ne&]1
 by :i* !  com+ ( ,*ri/ianity 0 prep>$1 
mu/ be plac$ ! spread+ ( !  ,jews among 
! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,^? among !m :o    
belong$ to !  ,ph>isees gave !mselves   
mu* tr\ble to obta9 proselytes2 & !     
loss ( respect = ! old popul> religion1 
& ! unsatisfi$  religi\s wants (        
multitudes1 f>!r$ _! views4 ,rev]5ce = !
  national ,god ( ! ,jews1 z a mighty   
,be+1 & rev]5ce = !  secret sanctu>y ( !
 spl5did temple ( ,j]usalem1 _h long    
ga9$  admittance among ! ,hea!n4 ,jewi% 
goet 7en*ant]s1 juggl]s1 c7  p]mitt$    
!mselves to make use ( a ?\s& acts (    
delusion1 9  :i* !y 7 v skilful1 to make
 an impression ( a/oni%m5t on  ! m9ds ( 
^? ar\nd !m4 ,confid5ce 9 ,judaism _h 9 
consequ5ce  made su* wide progress1     

especially 9 l>ge capital t[ns1 t !     
,roman writ]s 9 ! "t ( ! fir/ emp]ors   
op5ly compla9 ( x2  & ,s5eca1 9 8 book  
^u sup]/ition1 said ( ! ,jews1 8,!      
conqu]$ h giv5 laws to ! conqu]ors40 ,! 
,jewi%  proselyte-mak]s1 8bl9d lead]s ( 
! bl9d10 :o _h !mselves no  conception (
 ! real nature1 ( religion1 c\ld give to
 o!rs no  insight into x4 ,!y (t5 all[$ 
_! conv]ts to take up a k9d (  dead     
mono!ism1 & m]ely ex*ange "o k9d (      
sup]/ition =  ano!r2 !y taught !m1 t1 by
 ! m]e outw>d wor%ip ( "o ,god1  &      
outw>d c]emonials1 !y 7 sure ( ! grace (
 ,god1 )\t  requir+ any *ange ( life2 & 
!y gave to !m only new means (  sil5c+  
_! consci5ce1 & new support 9 ! s9s :i* 
!y 7  unwill+ to r5\nce3 & h5ce our     
,savi\r reproa*$ ^!  proselyte-mak]s1 t 
!y made _! conv]ts t5 times m !  *ildr5 
( hell1 ?an !y !mselves 74 ,b we mu/ "h 
accurately  di/+ui% betwe5 ! two classes
 ( proselytes4 ,! proselytes 9 !  /rict 
s5se ( ! ^w1 ! proselytes (             
righte\sness1 :o und]w5t  circumcision &

 took ^u !mselves ! :ole ( ! c]emonial  
law1  7 v diff]5t f ! proselytes ( !    
gate1 :o only b\nd  !mselves to r5\nce  
idolatry1 to ! wor%ip ( ! "o ,god1 & to 
ab/95ce f all ,hea!ni% excess1 z well z 
f e ?+ :i*  appe>$ to h any connection )
 idolatry4 ,! =m] (t5 embrac$  all !    
fanaticism & sup]/ition ( ! ,jews1 &    
all[$ !mselves  to be bl9dly l$ by _!   
,jewi% tea*]s4 ,! m difficult x _h  be5 
to !m to subject !mselves to ! obs]vance
 ( ! ,jewi%  c]emonial law1 necess>ily s
 irksome to a ,greek or a ,roman1 ! less
  c\ld !y f9d x 9 _! he>ts to believe1 t
 all ?is _h be5 9  va91 t !y _h obta9$  
no advantage by x1 & t !y mu/  r5\nce _!
 presum$ hol9ess4 ,:at ,ju/9 ,m>tyr says
 to ! ,jews1  holds good ( ^!           
proselytes3 8,! proselytes n only d n   
believe1  b !y calumniate ! "n ( ,*ri/  
twice z mu* z y1 & !y  wi% to murd] &   
torture u :o believe on him1 because !y 
are  desir\s to resemble y 9 e ?+40 ,!  
proselytes ( ! gate1 on  ! contr>y1 _h  
tak5 _m ( ! mo/ admirable tru?s out (   

,judaism4 ,)\t becom+ entirely ,jews1 !y
 _h become acqua9t$ )  ! ,holy          
,scriptures ( ! ,jews1 !y _h he>d ( !   
promis$  mess5g] f ,god1 ( ! ,k+ arm$ ) 
p[] f ,god1 ( :om a  report _h be5      
spread1 z ,suetonius says 9 ! life (    
,vespasian1 ov]  ! :ole ( ! ea/4 ,mu* ( 
t :i* !y _h he>d f _!  ,jewi% tea*]s1 ^:
 writ+s !y _h read1 _h rema9$ d>k to    
!m1 & !y 7 /ill to seek 9 !m4 ,by !     
notions :i* !y _h  receiv$ f ! ,jews1 ( 
"o ,god1 ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( !  _w1 (  
,god's judgm5t1 & ( ! ,messiah1 !y 7 m  
prep>$  = ! ,gospel ?an o!r ,hea!ns2 &  
because !y /ill ?\ght t  !y _h too      
little1 because !y _h no det]m9$        
religi\s sy/em1  & 7 curi\s aft] m      
in/ruction 9 div9e ?+s1 & because  !y _h
 n receiv$ _m ( ! prejudices :i* sway$ !
 ,jews1 !y  7 m fitt$ to receive !      
,gospel ?an _m ( ! ,jews4 ,f !  v beg9n+
 !y mu/ h be5 att5tive to ! prea*+ ( !  
,gospel1 :i* secur$ to !m1 )\t mak+ !m  
,jews1 a full %>e 9  ! fulfilm5t ( ^?   
promises ( :i* ! ,jews _h spok5 to !m4  

,to ^! proselytes ( ! gate1 7!   1 !   (
 ! ,new ,te/am5t17 pass$1 !re=e1 accord+
 to ! ,acts1 !  prea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 :5 x
 _h be5 reject$ by ! bl9d$ ,jews2  & "h 
! se$ ( ! div9e ^w f\nd a fitt+ soil 9  
he>ts  desir\s ( hol9ess4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1
 d\btless1 among !  proselytes ( ! gate1
 "s :o1 want+ 9 prop] e>ne/ness 9 _!    
se>* aft] religi\s tru?1 only desir$1 9 
e case1 an easy road  to heav51 :i* did 
n require any self-d5ial2 & :o1 9 ord]  
to  be sure ( be+ on ! safe side1 :e!r  
p[] & tru? lay ) !  ,jews or ! ,hea!ns1 
sometimes wor%ipp$ 9 ! synagogue (      
,jehovah1  sometimes 9 ! temples ( !    
gods1 & :o1 !re=e1 flutt]$ 9  susp5se   
betwe5 ,judaism & ,hea!nism4            
,,hemlock1  & 1 ,deut4 xxix1 #ah2 xxxii1
 #cb2 ,psalm lxix1 #ba2 ,j]4  viii1 #ad2
 ix1 #ae2 xxiii1 #ae2 ,lam4 iii1 #e1    
#ai2 ,hosea x1 #d2 ,amos vi1 #ab4  ,9 ! 
two latt] places our translators h r5d]$
 ! ^w  hemlock 9 ! o!rs1 gall4 ,hill]   
supposes x ! c5taureum1  describ$ by    
,pl9y2 b ,celsius %[s x to be ! hemlock4

 ,x is  evid5t1 f ,deut4 xxix1 #ah1 t "s
 h]b or plant is meant ( a  malignant or
 nause\s k9d1 be+ !re jo9$ ) wormwood1 &
 9  ! m>g9 ( our ,bibles expla9$ to be  
8a poisonful h]b40 ,9 l  mann] see ,j]4 
viii1 #ad2 ix1 #ae2 & xxiii1 #ae4 ,9    
,hosea x1 #d1 !  comp>ison is to a bitt]
 h]b1 :i*1 gr[+ among gra91 ov]p[]s  !  
useful vegetable1 & sub/itutes a        
p]nici\s we$4 8,if10 says !  au?or (    
8,scripture ,illu/rat$10 8! comp>ison be
 to a plant gr[+  9 ! furr[s ( ! field1 
/rictly speak+1 !n we are mu*  re/rict$ 
9 our plants likely to answ] ?is "*2 b  
if we may  take ! dit*es ar\nd1 or !    
moi/ or sunk5 places )9 ! field  also1  
:i* ,i p>tly suspect1 !n we may include 
o!r plants2 & ,i d  n see :y hemlock may
 n be int5d$4 ,s*eu*z] incl9es to ?is  r
 ?an wormwood or agro/es1 z ! ,,lxx h   
r5d]$ x4 ,!  prophet appe>s to mean a   
vegetable :i* %\ld appe> :olesome1 &    
resemble ^? kn[n to be salut>y1 z       
judgm5t1 :5 j1 prop]ly  is2 b exp]i5ce  
w\ld demon/rate its malignity1 z unju/  

judgm5t  is :5 en=c$4 ,hemlock is       
poison\s1 & wat]-hemlock especially2    
yet ei!r ( ^! may be mi/ak51 & "s ( _!  
p>ts1 ! root  p>ticul>ly1 may deceive b 
too fatally40    ,,h51 1 #b ,esdras i1  
#cj2 ,matt4 xxiii1 #cg2 ,luke xiii1 #cd4
 ,9 ^!  la/ two passages our ,savi\r    
exclaims1 8,o ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem1 h[  
(t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r1   
ev5 z a h5  ga!re? h] *ick5s "u h] w+s1 
& ye w\ld n60 ,! metaphor  "h us$ is a v
 beautiful "o4 ,:5 ! h5 sees a bird (   
prey  com+1 %e makes a noise to assemble
 h] *ick5s1 t %e may cov]  !m ) h] w+s f
 ! dang]4 ,! ,roman eagle 0 ab\t to fall
  ^u ! ,jewi% /ate2 our ,"l invit$ !m to
 himself 9 ord] to  gu>d !m f ?reat5$   
calamities3 !y disreg>d$ 8 invitations  
& w>n+s1 & fell a prey to _! adv]s>ies4 
,! affection ( !  h5 to h] brood is s   
/rong z to h become prov]bial4 ,!re is a
  beautiful ,greek epigram 9 !          
,an?ologia1 :i* af=ds a v f9e           
illu/ration ( ! affection ( ?is bird 9  
ano!r view4 ,x has be5  ?us translat$3--

                8,b5ea? h] fo/]+ w+ ! h5
 def5ds              ,h] d>l+ (fspr+1   
:ile ! sn[ desc5ds2              ,&     
?r\gh ! w9t]'s day unmov$ defies        
,! *ill+ fleeces & inclem5t skies2      
,till vanqui%'d by ! cold & pi]c+ bla/1 
,true to h] *>ge %e p]i%es at la/40     
,plut>*1 9 8 book ,de ,philo/orgi1      
repres5ts ?is p>5tal  atta*m5t & c>e 9 a
 v pleas+ mann]3 8,d we n daily obs]ve  
) :at c>e ! h5 protects h] *ick5s2 giv+ 
"s %elt] "u  h] w+s1 support+ o!rs ^u h]
 back1 call+ !m ar\nd h]1 &  pick+ out  
_! food2 & if any animal approa*es t    
t]rifies  !m1 driv+ x away ) a c\rage & 
/r5g? truly wond]ful80    ,,h5oticon1 a 
decree or edict ( ! ,emp]or ,z5o1 :i* 0 
dat$ at  ,con/ant9ople 9 ! ye> #dhb1 &  
by :i* he int5d$ to unite all  ! p>ties 
9 religion "u "o fai?4 ,= ?is reason !  
decree 0  call$ h5oticon1 :i* signifies 
8union0 or 8unit+40 ,x is  g5]ally agre$
 t x 0 publi%$ by ! advice ( ,acacius1  
bi%op  ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o wi%$ to      
reconcile ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,?is  decree

 repeat$ & confirm$ all t _h be5 enact$ 
9 ! c\ncils  ( ,nice1 ,con/ant9ople1    
,ephesus1 & ,*alc$on1 aga9/ ! ,arians1  
,ne/orians1 & ,euty*ians1 )\t p>ticul>ly
 m5tion+ ! c\ncil  ( ,*alc$on4 ,!       
h5oticon 0 approv$ by all ^? ( ! two    
cont5d+ p>ties :o 7 rem>kable = _! c&\r 
& mod]ation2  b x 0 oppos$ by ! viol5t &
 ob/9ate1 :o compla9$ t x  0 injuri\s to
 ! hon\r & au?ority ( ! mo/ holy c\ncil 
(  ,*alc$on4 ,h5ce arose new conte/s &  
new divisions n less  deplorable ?an ^? 
:i* ?is decree 0 int5d$ to suppress4 ,! 
,ca?olics oppos$ x ) all _! /r5g?2 & x 0
 condemn$ 9  =m by ,pope ,felix ,,ii4   
,,h]esy1 hresis1 1 f 1 ,i *oose1        
signifies an error  9 "s ess5tial po9t (
 ,*ri/ian fai?1 publicly av[$1 &        
ob/9ately ma9ta9$2 or1 accord+ to !     
legal def9ition1  8,s5t5tia r]um div9>um
 humano s5su excogitata1 palam docta1 et
  p]t9acit] def5sa40 ,an op9ion ( div9e 
?+s inv5t$ by human  reason1 op5ly      
taught1 & ob/9ately def5d$4 ,among !    
anci5ts1  ! ^w h]esy appe>s to h _h no?+

 ( t odi\s  signification :i* has be5   
atta*$ to x by ecclesia/ical writ]s 9   
lat] times4 ,x only signifi$ a peculi>  
op9ion1 dogma1 or sect1  )\t convey+ any
 reproa*2 be+ indiff]5tly us$1 ei!r ( a 
p>ty approv$1 or ( "o disapprov$1 by !  
writ]4 ,9 ?is s5se !y  spoke ( ! h]esy (
 ! ,/oics1 ( ! ,p]ipatetics1            
,epicureans1 c1  mean+ ! sect or peculi>
 sy/em ( ^! philosoph]s4 ,9 !  hi/orical
 "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ^w seems to be>
 v ne>ly  ! same signification1 be+     
employ$ indiscrim9ately to d5ote a sect 
or p>ty1 :e!r good or bad4 ,?us we read 
( ! sect or h]esy ( !  ,sadducees1 ( !  
,ph>isees1 ( ! ,naz>5es1 c4 ,see ,acts  
v1 #ag2 xv1  #e2 xxiv1 #e2 xxvi1 #e2    
xxviii1 #bb4 ,9 ! two =m] ( ^! passages1
  ! t]m h]esy seems to be adopt$ by !   
sacr$ hi/orian m]ely =  ! sake (        
di/9ction1 )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( any   
int5tion  to convey ei!r praise or      
blame4 ,9 ,acts xxvi1 #d1 #e1 ,/4 ,paul1
 9  def5d+ himself be=e ,k+ ,agrippa1   
uses ! same t]m1 :5 x 0  manife/ly 8    

design to exalt ! p>ty to :i* he _h     
belong$1 &  to give _! sy/em ! pref]5ce 
ov] e o!r sy/em ( ,judaism1  bo? ) reg>d
 to s\ndness ( doctr9e & purity (       
morals4    #b4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t !   
acceptation ( ! ^w  9 !  epi/les is     
diff]5t f :at x has be5 obs]v$ to be 9 !
  hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 
ord] to acc\nt = ?is  diff]5ce1 x may be
 obs]v$ t ! ^w sect has always some?+   
relative 9 x2 & !re=e1 al?\gh ! g5]al   
import ( ! t]m  be ! same1 x w convey a 
fav\rable or an unfav\rable idea1       
accord+ to ! p>ticul> relation :i* x    
be>s 9 ! application4  ,:5 x is us$     
along ) ! prop] "n1 by way ( di/+ui%+ "o
  p>ty f ano!r1 x conveys nei!r praise  
nor reproa*4 ,if any ?+  repreh5sible or
 comm5dable be meant1 x is sugge/$1 n by
 ! ^w   itself1 b by ! words ) :i* x /&s
 connect$ 9  con/ruction4 ,?us we may   
speak ( a /rict sect1 or a lax sect2 or 
( a  good sect1 or a bad sect4 ,aga93 ! 
t]m may be appli$ to a p>ty  =m$ 9 a    
community1 :5 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to !   

:ole4 ,if !  community be ( su* a nature
 z n to admit ( su* a subdivision1  )\t 
impair+ or corrupt+ its con/itution1 a  
*>ge ( splitt+  into sects1 or =m+      
p>ties1 is equival5t to a *>ge (        
corruption  9 t :i* is mo/ ess5tial to !
 exi/5ce & welf>e ( !  society4 ,h5ce   
arises ! :ole diff]5ce 9 ! ^w1 z x is   
us$ 9  ! hi/orical "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1
 & 9 ! epi/les ( ,/4  ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul2
 = ^! are ! only ,apo/les :o employ x4  
,9  ! hi/ory1 ! ref]5ce is always ( !   
fir/ k9d2 9 ! epi/les1  x is always ( ! 
second4 ,9 ^! la/1 ! ,apo/les address   
!mselves only to ,*ri/ians1 & ei!r      
repreh5d !m =1 or w>n  !m aga9/1 =m+    
sects among !mselves1 to ! prejudice (  
*>ity1 to ! production ( mu* mis*ief )9 
_! community1 &  ( great sc&al to !     
unconv]t$ _w )\t4 ,9 bo? applications1  
h[ev]1 ! radical import ( ! ^w is !     
same2 & ev5 9 !  latt] x has no necess>y
 ref]5ce to doctr9e1 true or false4     
,dur+  ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! t]m 
h]esy gradually lo/ !  innoc5ce ( its   

orig9al mean+1 & came to be appli$1 9 a 
reproa*ful s5se1 to any corruption ( :at
 0 consid]$ z !  or?odox cre$1 or ev5 to
 any dep>ture f ! e/abli%$ rites &      
c]emonies ( ! *ur*4    #c4 ,! h]esies   
*iefly allud$ to 9 ! apo/olical epi/les 
are1  fir/1 ^? ( ! ,judaiz]s1 or rigid  
adh]5ts to ! ,mosaic rites1  especially 
t ( circumcision2 second1 ^? ( conv]t$  
,hell5i/s1  or ,grecian ,jews1 :o held !
 ,greek eloqu5ce & philosophy 9 too high
  an e/imation1 & corrupt$1 by !        
speculations ( ! latt]1 !  simplicity ( 
! ,gospel2 & ?ird1 ^? :o endeav\r$ to   
bl5d  ,*ri/ianity ) a mix$ philosophy ( 
magic1 demonology1 &  ,platonism1 :i* 0 
!n highly popul> 9 ! _w4 ,) respect to  
! latt]1 ! rem>ks ( ,hug w t5d to       
illu/rate "s passages 9  ! writ+s ( ,/4 
,paul3--,)\t be+ acqua9t$ ) ! notions ( 
^? tea*]s :o caus$ ! ,apo/le s mu*      
anxiety & s mu*  vexation1 a consid]able
 "p ( ^! treatises mu/ necess>ily rema9 
d>k & un9telligible4 ,f ! crit]ia by :i*
 ! ,apo/le po9ts  !m out1 at "o "t "s   

deem$ t !y recognis$ ! ,gno/ics2  o!rs  
p]ceiv$ none b ! ,ess5es2 & e "o f\nd   
argum5ts =  8 ass]tions f ! simil>ity ( 
! doctr9es1 op9ions1 &  morals4 ,x w\ld1
 h[ev]1 be z difficult to prove t !     
,gno/ic  s*ool _h at t "t inde$ p]fectly
 develop$ itself1 z x is  unju/ to *>ge 
! ,ess5es ) t extreme ( immorality ( :i*
  ,/4 ,paul accus$ ^! s$uc]s1 s9ce !    
contempor>ies &  acqua9tances ( ?is     
,jewi% sect m5tion !m ) hon\r & respect1
  & extol its memb]s z ! mo/ virtu\s m5 
( _! age4 ,!  simil>ity ( ! pr9ciples & 
op9ions1 :i* w h be5 obs]v$  9 bo?      
p>ties comp>$ ) ,/4 ,paul's decl>ations1
 fl[s f a  common s\rce1 f ! philosophy 
( t age1 :5ce bo? ! "o &  ! o!r h d]iv$ 
_! %>e4 ,we %all !re=e g less a/ray1  if
 we rec$e a /ep1 & consid] ! philosophy 
itself1 z ! g5]al  modell] ( ^!         
d]ivative !ories4 ,x f\nd its foll[]s   
among  ,judaism z well z among !        
,hea!ns2 x bo? introduc$ its            
speculative prep>ations into            
,*ri/ianity1 & endeav\r$ to unite  !m or

 to adju/ !m to x1 z well z !y 7 able1  
by :i* means  ,*ri/ianity w\ld h become 
de=m$ & unlike to itself1 & w\ld  h be5 
m]g$ 9 ! ocean ( philosophical rev]ies1 
unless !  ,apo/les _h on ?is occasion   
def5d$ x aga9/ ! follies ( m54 ,an      
ori5tal1 or1 z x is commonly call$1 a   
,babylonian or ,*aldean1  doctr9al sy/em
 _h already long become kn[n to !       
,greeks1 & ev5  to ! ,romans1 be=e      
,augu/us1 & /ill m s 9 ! ,augu/an age1  
& 0 9 ! full progress ( its ext5sion ov]
 ,asia & ,europe4 ,x  set up diff]5t    
deities & int]m$iate spirits 9          
explanation (  c]ta9 ph5om5a ( nature1 =
 ! (fice ( gov]n+ ! _w1 &  = ! solution 
( o!r metaphysical que/ions1 :i* f "t   
immemorial 7 reckon$ among ! difficult  
propositions ( philosophy4  ,! practical
 "p ( ?is sy/em 0 occupi$ ) ! precepts  
by  means ( :i* a p]son might ent] into 
communication ) ^!  spirits or demons4  
,b ! result :i* !y promis$ to !mselves f
  ?is union ) ! div9e natures1 0 t (    
acquir+1 by _!  assi/ance1 sup]human k1 

t ( pr$ict+ future ev5ts1 &  ( p]=m+    
sup]natural works4 ,^! philosoph]s 7    
celebrat$  "u ! "n ( magi & ,*aldeans2  
:o1 = ! sake ( bett]  accommodat+       
!mselves to ! we/]n nations1 modifi$ _! 
sy/em  aft] ! ,greek =ms1 & !n1 z x     
appe>s1 knew h[ to unite x  ) ! doctr9e 
( ,plato1 f :5ce aft]w>d arose !        
,neo-,platonic  & 9 ,*ri/5dom !         
,gno/ical s*ool4 ,^! m5 =c$ _! way ev5  
to ! ?rone4 ,tib]ius _h receiv$         
in/ruction 9 _! philosophy1  & 0 v      
confid5t t by means ( an intellig5ce ) !
 demons1  x 0 possible to le>n & p]=m   
extraord9>y ?+s4 ,n]o caus$ a  great    
numb] ( !m to be br\ght ov] f ,asia1 n  
unfrequ5tly at  ! exp5se ( ! prov9ces4  
,! sup]natural spirits w\ld n always    
appe>1 yet he did n disc>d 8 belief (   
!m4 ,! magi &  ,*aldeans 7 ! p]sons :o 7
 consult$ on great und]tak+s1  :o1 :5   
conspiracies arose1 pr$ict$ ! issue2 :o 
invok$ spirits1  prep>$ (f]+s1 & 9 love 
affairs 7 oblig$ to af=d aid f  _! art4 
,ev5 ! =ce ( ! laws1 to :i* rec\rse 0   

frequ5tly  necess>y to be _h at ,rome1  
t5d$ to no?+ b ! augm5tation (  _!      
au?ority4 ,z !y f\nd access & fav\r ) p 
( all  classes 9 ! capital1 s did !y    
also 9 ! prov9ces4 ,paul f\nd a  magus  
at ! c\rt ( ! proconsul at ,paphos1     
,acts xiii1 #f4 ,su* 0  t ,simon 9      
,sam>ia1 ,acts viii1 #aj1 :o 0 !re      
consid]$ z a  high] be+ ( ! spiritual   
class4 ,! expression is rem>kable1 z x  
is a "p ( ! te*nical language ( !       
,!urgi/s2 !y call$ him     1 8,! great  
p[] ( ,god40 ,s also ,pl9y calls  "s ( !
 demons & int]m$iate spirits1 by ^:     
cop]ation  p>ticul> results 7 effect$1  
pote/ates4 ,p[]s4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1  ! fell[
 c\ntryman ( ,simon1 has pres]v$ to u "s
 te*nical  expressions ( 8 foll[]s4 ,he 
says t !y ascrib$ to him ! high  title  
1  1  4 ,f> above all  pr9cipality1 &   
p[]1 & might4 ,( ^! classes ( spirits1  
:i*  appe> "u su* diff]5t appellations1 
! sup]ior 7 ^? :o  rul$2 b ! inf]ior1 :o
 _h m ( a mat]ial sub/ance1 & :o1  on t 
acc\nt1 7 able to connect !mselves      

imm$iately )  matt]1 7 ^? :o execut$ !  
comm&s ( ! sup]ior4 ,by an  intellig5ce 
) ! sup]ior spirits a p]son might h !   
subalt]n  at 8 s]vice & assi/ance2 = ! m
 p[]ful demons ?us  comm&$ ! inf]ior to 
execute c]ta9 commissions 9 ! mat]ial   
_w3     1 8,by ! pr9ce ( ! devils10     
,matt4  xii1 #bd4    #d4 ,! ,syrian     
philosoph]1 ,jambli*us1 ( ,*alcis1 has  
furni%$ u )  a circum/antial            
repres5tation ( ?is sy/em & its sev]al  
v>ieties1 9 8 book on ! my/]ies ( !     
,*aldeans &  ,egyptians3--,! nature ( ! 
gods is a pure1 spiritual1 & p]fect     
unity4 ,) ?is highe/ & p]fect           
immat]iality no influ5ce on  matt] is   
conceivable1 consequ5tly1 no creation & 
dom9ion ( !  _w4 ,c]ta9 subord9ate      
deities mu/ !re=e be admitt$1 :i* are  m
 comp\nd$ 9 _! nature1 & c act ^u gross 
matt]4 ,^!  are ! 8creators ( ! _w10 1 &
 ! 8rul]s ( !  _w10 4 ,! sup]ior deities
 are1 h[ev]1 ! real cause  ( all t      
exi/s2 & f _! fulness1 f _! 1 x  d]ives 
its exi/5ce4 ,! succession f ! highe/   

deities d[n to  ! l[e/ is n by a sudd5  
desc5t1 b by a cont9ually graduat+      
decrease f ! highe/1 pure1 & spiritual  
natures1 d[n to ^?  :i* are m sub/antial
 & mat]ial1 :i* are ! ne>e/ relat$  to !
 gross matt] ( ! creation1 & :i*        
consequ5tly possess !  prop]ty ( act+ ^u
 x4 ,9 proportion to _! pur] quality1 or
  co>s] composition1 !y occupy diff]5t  
places z _! resid5ce1  ei!r 9 a d5s]    
atmosph]e1 or 9 high] regions4 ,! highe/
 among  ^! classes ( spirits are call$ 1
 or1  4 ,o!rs  among ! 8div9e natures10 
1 are 8int]m$iate be+s10  4 ,^? :i*     
occupy !mselves ) ! laws ( ! _w are also
  call$ 1 & 8! m9i/]+ spirits0 are  & 4 
,! ar*angels are n g5]ally recognis$ 9  
?is !ory2 ?is class  is said to h be5 ( 
a lat] orig91 & to h be5 fir/  introduc$
 by ,porphyry4 7,see ,ar*angel47 ,if we 
take "h also into  consid]ation ! 1 (   
:i* ,ju/9 has be=e spok51 we %all  h    
enum]at$ ! great] "p ( ! te*nical       
appellations ( ?is  demonology4 ,b to   
arrive at a union ) ! high] ord]s ( !   

spiritual _w1 9 :i* alone ! highe/ bliss
 ( man consi/s1 x is  necess>y1 be=e all
 ?+s1 to become dis5gag$ f ! s]vitude ( 
! body1 :i* deta9s ! s\l f so>+ up to ! 
purely  spiritual4 ,matrimony1 !re=e1 & 
e incl9ation to sexual  concupisc5ce1   
mu/ be r5\nc$ be=e ! atta9m5t ( ?is     
p]fection4 ,h5ce1 ! (f]+s & initiations 
( ! magi _c1  )\t great injury1 be ev5  
communicat$ to ^? :o h n z yet          
emancipat$ !mselves f ! libido procre&i1
 & !  prop5sities to corporeal          
atta*m5ts4 ,to eat meat1 or to p>take 9 
g5]al ( any sla9 animal1 nay1 to ev5 t\*
 x1 contam9ates4 ,bodily  ex]cises &    
purifications1 ?\gh n productive ( !    
gifts (  prophecy1 are nev]!less        
conducive to !m4 ,?\gh ! gods only      
att5d to ! pure1 !y nev]!less sometimes 
mislead m5 to impure1  actions4 ,?is may
 p]haps proce$ f ! totally diff]5t ideas
 (  t :i* is good & righte\s1 :i* subsi/
 betwe5 !m &  mank9d4    #e4 ,?is       
philosophy ( :i* ! elem5ts _h already   
exi/$ a long "t  9 ! ea/1 =m$ itself1 9 

its progress to ! we/1 into a  doctr9al 
sy/em1 :i* f\nd !re f> m approbation &  
celebrity  ?an x ev] _h des]v$4 ,x 0    
pr9cipally welcome 9 ^?  c\ntries1 to   
:i* ! epi/les ( ! ,apo/le are direct$4  
,:5 ,/4  ,paul _h prea*$ at ,ephesus1 a 
quantity ( magical & !urgical books  7  
br\ght =w>d by _! possessors & burn$    
be=e 8 eyes1  ,acts xix1 #ai4 ,?is city 
_h long s9ce be5 celebrat$ = !m1 & !   1
 &  1 7 spells highly extoll$ by  !     
anci5ts = ! purpose ( procur+ an        
au?ority ov] ! demons4  ,z late ev5 z ! 
f\r? c5tury1 ! synod at ,laodicea 0     
oblig$ to  in/itute sev]e laws aga9/ !  
wor%ip ( angels1 aga9/ magic1 &  aga9/  
incantations4 ,^! op9ions _h tak5 su* a 
deep root 9 !  m9d1 t "s c5turies did n 
suffice = ! ext9ction ( !  recollection 
( !m4 ,n[1 !re are passages 9 ! ,apo/le 
:i*  /rik+ly *>act]ize ?is !ory4 ,he    
calls ! doctr9al sy/em (  8 oppon5ts    
1 8a philosophy incompatible )          
,*ri/ianity10 ,col4 ii1 #h2   1 8a      
wor%ip ( angels10  ,col4 ii1 #ah2  1 8a 

demonology10 #a ,tim4 iv1 #a4 ,he  calls
 x /ill f>!r 1 #b ,tim4 iii1 #ac4 ,?is  
is ! peculi>  expression by :i* !       
anci5ts d5ot$ magical arts & necromantic
  exp]im5ts2  is1 accord+ to ,hesy*ius1 
1 1 1  & 1  1 1 4 4 ,/4 ,paul comp>es   
^! tea*]s to ,jannes & ,jambres1 #b     
,timo?y iii1 #h4 ,^! two  p]sons are1   
accord+ to ! anci5t tradition1 !        
magicians :o  )/ood ,moses by _! arts4  
,!y 7 f "t immemorial names s  notori\s 
9 ! magical sci5ce1 t !y did n rema9    
unkn[n ev5  to ! ,neo-,platonics4 ,:5 ! 
,apo/le enjo9s ! ,ephesians to array    
!mselves 9 ! arms ( fai?1 & c\rage\sly  
to endure ! combat1  ,ephes4 vi1 #ab1 he
 says t x is ! m necess>y1 because _!   
combat is n aga9/ human =ce1   n aga9/  
1  8fle% & blood10 b aga9/ sup]human    
natures4 ,:]e he m5tions  ^!1 he        
enum]ates 9 ord] ! names ( ?is          
magico-spiritual _w1  1 1 p>ticul>ly ! 1
 8pr9cipalities10  8p[]s10 8rul]s20 &   
likewise fixes _! abode 9 ! upp] arial  
regions1      4 ,9 l mann]1 9 !  ,epi/le

 to ! ,colossians1 = ! sake ( repres5t+ 
to !m  ,*ri/ianity 9 an exalt$ &        
important light1 & ( prais+ !  div9e    
nature ( ,jesus1 he says1 t all t exi/s 
is 8 creation1  & is subject$ to him1 n 
ev5 ! spiritual _w except$4 ,he !n      
selects ! philosophic appellations to   
demon/rate t ?is  supposititi\s         
demonocracy is :olly subs]vi5t to him2  
:e!r !y be  1 or 1  1 ?rones1 dom9ions1 
pr9cipalities1 p[]s1 ,col4 i1 #af4      
,f9ally1 to de/roy completely &         
decisively ! :ole doctr9al sy/em1 he    
demon/rates1 t ,*ri/1  ?r\gh ! "w (     
r$emption1 has obta9$ ! victory ov] !   
entire  spiritual creation1 t he drags 9
 triumph !  pr9cipalities  &  p[]s z    
vanqui%$1 & t h5ce=? _! dom9ion  &      
ex]cise ( p[] h ceas$1 ,col4 ii1 #ae4 ,b
 :at he says  respect+ ! se>$ consci5ces
 ( ^! h]etics1 respect+ _!  deceptions1 
_! av>ice1 c1 is c]ta9ly m applicable to
 ?is  class ( m51 ?an to any o!r4 ,none 
?r\gh\t all antiquity are m  accus$ ( ^!
 immoralities1 ?an ^? pret5d$ confid5ts 

( !  occult p[]s4 ,if he speaks w>mly   
aga9/ any di/9ction ( meats1  aga9/     
ab/95ce f matrimony1 ?is also applies to
 !m2 & if he  rejects bodily ex]cises1 x
 0 because !y recomm5d$ !m1 because  !y 
impos$ ba?s1 lu/rations1 cont95ce1 &    
long prep>ations1 z  ! conditions by :i*
 alone ! connection ) ! spirits became  
possible4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! p]sons :o pass$
 be=e ! ,apo/le's  m9d1 & :o1 :5 !y     
adopt$ ,*ri/ianity1 e/abli%$ t sect     
among ! pr(essors ( ,jesus1 :i* gave to 
x ! "n ( ,gno/ics1  & :i*1 toge!r ) !   
diff]5t v>ieties ( ?is sy/em1 is  accus$
 by hi/ory ( magical arts4 ,o!r adh]5ts 
( ?is sy/em among  ! ,hea!ns1 to :i* !  
,syrian philosoph]s1 z well z "s        
,egyptian1 su* z ,plot9us & 8 s*ol>s1   
belong$1 =m$ ! sect  ( ,neo-,platonism4 
#f4 ,b 9 ! above rem>ks ( ?is le>n$     
,g]man1 "s consid]ations  are want+1    
necess>y to ! "r und]/&+ ( sev]al ( !   
above passages quot$ f ,/4 ,paul4 ,!    
philosophic sy/em above  m5tion$ 0 built
 on ! ,scripture doctr9e ( good & evil  

angels1  & s _h a basis ( tru?1 al?\gh  
abus$ to a gross sup]/ition1  & ev5     
idolatry4 ,x 0 gr\nd$1 too1 ^u ! notion 
( diff]5t  ord]s among bo? good & evil  
spirits1 ) subord9ation &  gov]nm5t2 :i*
 also is a tru? ( :i* "s intimation is  
giv5 9  ,scripture4 ,! ,apo/le !n c\ld  
use all ^! t]ms )\t giv+ any  sanction  
to ! errors ( ! day4 ,he knew t !       
spiritual p[]s  !y _h conv]t$ into      
subord9ate deities1 7 ei!r good or evil 
angels 9 _! v>i\s ranks1 & he uproots ! 
:ole sup]/ition1 by  %[+ t ! 8?rones &  
dom9ions0 ( heav5 are submissive  creat$
 s]vants ( ,*ri/2 & t ! evil spirits1 ! 
rul]s (  8! d>kness ( ?is _w10 are put  
"u 8 feet4    ,,h]mon1 a celebrat$      
m\nta9 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 (t5 spok5 ( 9     
,scripture4 ,x 0 9 ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( !  
c\ntry1 beyond  ,jordan1 & 9 !          
t]ritories :i* orig9ally belong$ to ,og1
 k+ (  ,ba%an1 ,jo%ua xii1 #e2 xiii1 #e4
 ,! ,psalmi/ connects ,tabor & ,h]mon   
toge!r1 ^u m ?an "o occasion1 ,psalm    
lxxxix1 #ab2 cxxxiii1 #c2  f :i* x may  

be inf]r$ t !y lay contigu\s to ea* o!r4
  ,?is is agreeable to ! acc\nt t is    
giv5 u by travell]s4 ,mr4  ,maundrell1 9
 8 j\rney f ,aleppo1 says t 9 ?ree h\rs 
& a  half f ! riv] ,ki%on1 he came to a 
small brook ne> :i* 0 an  old village & 
a good kane1 call$ ,legune2 n f> f :i* 8
  company took up _! qu>t]s = ! night1 &
 f :5ce !y _h  an ext5sive prospect ( ! 
pla9 ( ,esdralon4 ,at ab\t six or sev5  
h\rs' di/ance ea/w>d1 /ood1 )9 view1    
,naz>e?1 & ! two  m\nta9s ,tabor &      
,h]mon4 ,he adds t !y 7 suffici5tly     
in/ruct$ by exp]i5ce :at ! holy ,psalmi/
 means by ! dew (  ,h]mon2 _! t5ts be+ z
 wet ) x z if x _h ra9$ all night1      
,psalm cxxxiii1 #c4    ,,h]od1 surnam$ !
 ,great1 k+ ( ! ,jews1 second son (     
,antipat] !  ,idumean1 born ,b4 ,c4 #ga4
 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-five he 0 made by 8  
fa!r gov]nor ( ,galilee1 & di/+ui%$     
himself by ! suppression  ( a b& (      
robb]s1 ) ! execution ( _! lead]1       
,hezekiah1 &  sev]al ( 8 comrades4 ,z he
 _h p]=m$ ?is act ( h]oism by 8  own    

au?ority1 & _h execut$ ! culprits )\t ! 
=m ( trial1  he 0 summon$ be=e !        
sanh$rim1 b1 ?r\gh ! /r5g? ( 8  p>ty &  
zeal ( 8 fri5ds1 he escap$ any c5sure4  
,9 ! civil w>  betwe5 ! republican &    
,cs>ian p>ties1 ,h]od jo9$ ,cassius1 &  
0 made gov]nor ( ,clo-,syria2 & :5 ,m>k 
,antony arriv$  victori\s 9 ,syria1     
,h]od & 8 bro!r f\nd means to +ratiate  
!mselves ) him1 & 7 appo9t$ z tetr>*s 9 
,judea2 b 9 a  %ort "t an invasion (    
,antigonus1 :o 0 aid$ by ! ,jews1 oblig$
  ,h]od to make 8 escape f ,j]usalem1 & 
retire fir/ to ,idumea1 &  !n to ,egypt4
 ,he at l5g? arriv$ at ,rome1 & obta9$ !
 cr[n (  ,judea ^u occasion ( a diff]5ce
 betwe5 ! two bran*es ( !  ,asmodean    
family4 ,hyrcanus _h be5 = a consid]able
 "t pr9ce &  high prie/ ( ! ,jewi%      
nation2 b :ile ! ,roman empire 0 9 an   
unsettl$ /ate1 aft] ! dea? ( ,julius    
,cs>1 ,antigonus1 son (  ,ari/obulus1   
bro!r ( ,hyrcanus1 made himself ma/] ( !
 city &  all ,judea4 ,9 ?is /ate ,h]od  
f\nd ?+s :5 he came to ,rome1 &  ! mo/ t

 he !n aim$ at 0 to obta9 ! k+dom =     
,ari/obulus1 8 wife's bro!r2 b ! s5ate (
 ,rome1 mov$ by !  recomm5dations ( ,m>k
 ,antony1 conf]r$ ! k+dom ( ,judea ^u   
,h]od himself4 ,hav+ met ) ?is unexpect$
 success at ,rome1 he  return$ )\t delay
 to ,judea1 & 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s got      
possession  ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,he _h1    
h[ev]1 to fight 8 way to ! ?rone1  :i*1 
z we h se51 0 9 ! possession (          
,antigonus4 ,?\gh aid$  by ! ,roman     
army1 he 0 oblig$ to lay siege to       
,j]usalem1 :i* held  out = six mon?s1 :5
 x 0 c>ri$ by assault1 & a va/ slaught] 
0 made ( ! inhabitants1 till !          
int]cession & bribes ( ,h]od  put an end
 to x4 ,antigonus 0 tak5 prison] & put  
to dea?1 :i*  op5$ ! way to ,h]od's     
quiet possession ( ! k+dom4 ,8 fir/     
c>es 7 to repl5i% 8 c(f]s1 & to repress 
! faction /ill  atta*$ to ! ,asmodean   
race1 & :i* reg>d$ him z a usurp]4 ,he  
0 guilty ( _m extortions & cruelties 9 !
 pursuit ( ^!  objects4 ,%ortly aft]    
?is1 an accusation 0 lodg$ aga9/ ,h]od  

be=e ,m>k ,antony by ,cleopatra1 :o _h  
be5 influ5c$ to ! de$ by  8 "m-9-law1   
,alex&ra4 ,he 0 summon$ to answ] to !   
*>ges  exhibit$ aga9/ him be=e !        
triumvir2 & on ?is occasion he gave  a  
mo/ rem>kable display ( ! conflict (    
opposite passions 9 a  f]oci\s he>t4    
,doat+ly fond ( 8 wife1 ,m>iamne1 & n   
be+  able to be> ! ?\ght ( h] fall+ into
 ! h&s ( ano!r1 he  exact$ a solemn     
promise f ,joseph1 :om he appo9t$ to    
gov]n 9 8  abs5ce1 t %\ld ! accusation  
prove fatal to him he w\ld put !  que5  
to dea?4 ,joseph disclos$ ! secret to   
,m>iamne1 :o1 abhorr+  su* a savage pro(
 ( 8 love1 f t mom5t conceiv$ ! deepe/  
& mo/ settl$ av]sion to h] husb&4 ,h]od1
 by great pecuni>y  sacrifices1 made 8  
peace ) ,antony1 & return$ 9 high cr$it4
  ,"s h9ts 7 ?r[n out respect+ ,joseph's
 famili>ity ) ,m>iamne  dur+ 8 abs5ce2  
he communicat$ 8 suspicions to 8 wife1  
:o1  recrim9at+1 upbraid$ him ) 8 cruel 
ord] conc]n+ h]4 ,8  rage 0 unb\nd$2 he 
put ,joseph to dea? = communicat+ !     

secret  entru/$ to him alone1 & he ?rew 
8 "m-9-law1 ,alex&ra1 into  prison4     
#b4 ,9 ! w> betwe5 ,antony & ,octavius1 
,h]od rais$ an army = !  purpose ( jo9+ 
! =m]2 b he 0 oblig$ fir/ to engage     
,mal*us1 k+ ( ,arabia1 :om he defeat$ & 
oblig$ to sue = peace4  ,aft] ! battle (
 ,actium1 8 great object 0 to make t]ms 
) !  conqu]or2 &1 z a prelim9>y /ep1 he 
put to dea? ,hyrcanus1 !  only surviv+  
male ( ! ,asmodeans2 &1 hav+ secur$ 8   
family1 he  emb>k$ = ,rhodes1 :]e       
,augu/us at t "t 04 ,he appe>$ be=e  !  
ma/] ( ! ,roman _w 9 all ! regal        
ornam5ts except+ 8  diadem1 & ) a noble 
confid5ce relat$ ! fai?ful s]vices he _h
  p]=m$ = 8 b5efactor1 ,antony1 conclud+
 t he 0 ready to  transf] ! same        
gratitude to a new patron1 f :om he %\ld
 hold  8 cr[n & k+dom4 ,augu/us 0 /ruck 
) ! magnanimity ( !  def5ce1 & replac$ !
 diadem on ! head ( ,h]od1 :o rema9$ !  
mo/ fav\r$ ( ! tribut>y sov]eigns4 ,:5 !
 emp]or aft]w>d  travell$ ?r\gh ,syria1 
9 8 way to & f ,egypt1 he 0  ent]ta9$ ) 

! utmo/ magnific5ce by ,h]od2 9         
recomp5se =  :i* he re/or$ to him all 8 
rev5ues & dom9ions1 & ev5  consid]ably  
augm5t$ !m4 ,8 good =tune z a pr9ce1 0  
poison$  by dome/ic broils1 & especially
 by ! insup]able av]sion (  ,m>iamne1   
:om at l5g? he br\ght to trial1         
convict$1 & execut$4  ,%e submitt$ to h]
 fate ) all ! intrepidity ( innoc5ce1 & 
0  suffici5tly av5g$ by ! remorse ( h]  
husb&1 :o seems nev]  aft] to h enjoy$ a
 tranquil h\r4    #c4 ,8 rage be+ qu5*$1
 ,h]od endeav\r$ to bani% ! memory (  8 
evil acts f 8 m9d by sc5es (            
dissipation2 b ! *>ms (  8 once lov$    
,m>iamne haunt$ him :]ev] he w5t3 he    
w\ld  frequ5tly call al\d ^u h] "n1 &   
insi/ ^u 8 att5dants  br++ h] into 8    
pres5ce1 z if will+ to =get t %e 0 no   
long] among ! liv+4 ,at times he w\ld   
fly f ! sight ( m51  & on 8 return f    
solitude1 :i* 0 ill suit$ to a m9d      
consci\s ( ! mo/ f]oci\s de$s1 he became
 m brutal ?an ev]1  & 9 fits ( fury sp>$
 nei!r foes nor fri5ds4 ,alex&ra1 ^:    

malignity t[>d h] daught] has be5       
notic$1 0 an unpiti$ victim  to 8 rage4 
,at l5g? he recov]$ "s portion (        
self-possession1 &  employ$ himself 9   
projects ( regal magnific5ce4 ,he built 
at  ,j]usalem a /ately !atre &          
amphi!atre1 9 :i* he celebrat$  games 9 
hon\r ( ,augu/us1 to ! great displeasure
 ( ! zeal\s  ,jews1 :o discov]$ an      
idolatr\s pr(anation 9 ! !atrical       
ornam5ts & spectacles4 ,no?+1 x is said1
 gave !m s mu* (f5ce  z "s trophies :i* 
he _h set r\nd 8 !atre 9 hon\r (        
,augu/us1 & 9 commemoration ( 8         
victories1 b :i* ! ,jews  reg>d$ z      
images devot$ to ! purposes ( idol      
wor%ip4 ,= ?is &  o!r acts ( ! k+ a mo/ 
s]i\s conspiracy 0 =m$ aga9/ him1  :i*  
he1 =tunately = himself1 discov]$2 & he 
ex]cis$ ! mo/  brutal rev5ge on all !   
p>ties conc]n$ 9 x4 ,he next built      
,sam>ia1 :i* he nam$ ,seba/e1 & adorn$ x
 ) ! mo/ sumptu\s  edifices2 & = 8      
security he built sev]al =tresses       
?r\gh\t  ! :ole ( ,judea1 ( :i* !       

pr9cipal 0 call$ ,cs>ea1 9 hon\r  ( !   
emp]or4 ,9 8 own palace1 ne> ! temple ( 
,j]usalem1 he  lavi%$ ! mo/ co/ly       
mat]ials & curi\s workman%ip2 & 8       
palace ,h]odion1 at "s miles' di/ance f 
! capital1 by ! beauty  ( its situation1
 & o!r appropriate advantages1 drew r\nd
 x !  population ( a consid]able city4  
#d4 ,to supply ! place ( 8 lo/ ,m>iamne1
 he m>ri$ a new wife (  ! same "n1 !    
beautiful daught] ( a prie/1 :om he     
rais$ to !  high rank ( ! supreme       
pontificate4 ,he s5t 8 two sons1 by !   
fir/  ,m>iamne1 to be educat$ at ,rome1 
& s +ratiat$ himself )  ,augu/us & 8    
m9i/]s1 t he 0 appo9t$ imp]ial          
procurator  = ,syria4 ,to acquire       
popul>ity among ! ,jews1 & to exhibit an
  atta*m5t to _! religion1 he und]took !
 va/ ent]prise (  rebuild+ ! temple (   
,j]usalem1 :i* he f9i%$ 9 a noble /yle  
( magnific5ce 9 ab\t a ye> & a half4    
,dur+ ! progress ( ?is  "w he visit$    
,rome1 & br\ght back 8 sons1 :o _h      
atta9$ to  man's e/ate4 ,^! at l5g?     

conspir$ aga9/ _! fa!r's p]son  &       
gov]nm5t1 & 7 tri$1 convict$1 & execut$4
 ,ano!r act  des]v+ ( notice1 p]=m$ by  
,h]od1 0 ! d$ication ( 8 new  city (    
,cs>ea1 at :i* "t he display$ su* pr(use
 magnific5ce1  t ,augu/us said 8 s\l 0  
too great = 8 k+dom4  ,not)/&+ !        
execution ( 8 sons1 he 0 /ill a slave to
  conspiracies f 8 o!r ne> relations4 ,9
 ! ?irty-?ird ye> (  8 reign1 ,,our     
,,savi\r 0 born4 ,?is ev5t 0 foll[$1    
accord+ to  ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 by !
 massacre ( ! *ildr5 ( ,be?lehem4  ,ab\t
 ?is "t1 ,antipat]1 return+ f ,rome1 0  
arre/$ by 8  fa!r's ord]s1 *>g$ )       
treasonable practices1 & 0 f\nd  guilty 
( conspir+ aga9/ ! life ( ! k+4 ,?is &  
o!r  calamities1 jo9$ to a guilty       
consci5ce1 prey+ ^u a brok5             
con/itution1 ?rew ! wret*$ mon>* into a 
mortal disease1 :i*  0 d\btless a j     
judgm5t ( ,heav5 on ! _m f\l enormities 
&  impieties ( :i* he _h be5 guilty4 ,8 
disord] 0 att5d$ )  ! mo/ loa?some      
circum/ances t c be imag9$4 ,a premature

  report ( 8 dea? caus$ a tumult 9      
,j]usalem1 excit$ by !  zealots1 :o 7   
impati5t to demoli% a gold5 eagle :i* he
 _h  plac$ ov] ! gate ( ! temple4 ,!    
p]petrators ( ?is ra% act  7 seiz$1 & by
 ord] ( ! dy+ k+1 put to dea?4 ,he also 
caus$ 8 son ,antipat] to be sla9 9      
prison1 & 8 rema9s to be  treat$ ) e    
species ( ignom9y4 ,he bequea!d 8 k+dom 
to 8  son ,ar*elaus1 ) tetr>*ies to 8   
two o!r sons4 ,h]od1 on 8  dy+ b$1 _h   
plann$ a s*eme ( horrible cruelty :i* 0 
to take  place at ! in/ant ( 8 own dea?4
 ,he _h summon$ ! *ief p]sons  among !  
,jews to ,j]i*o1 & caus$ !m to be %ut up
 9 !  hippodrome1 or circus1 & gave     
/rict ord]s to 8 si/] ,salome to  h !m  
all massacr$ z soon z he %\ld h drawn 8 
la/ brea?3  8= ?is10 said he1 8w provide
 m\rn]s = my fun]al all ov] !  l&1 &    
make ! ,jews & e family lam5t my dea?1  
:o w\ld  o!rwise exhibit no signs (     
conc]n40 ,salome & h] husb&1 ,alexas1   
*ose r to break _! oa? extort$ by !     
tyrant1 ?an be  implicat$ 9 s cruel a   

de$2 & accord+ly1 z soon z ,h]od 0      
dead1 !y op5$ ! doors ( ! circus1 &     
p]mitt$ e "o to  return to 8 own home4  
,h]od di$ 9 ! sixty-eigh? ye> ( 8 age4  
,8 memory has be5 consign$ to m]it$     
dete/ation1 :ile 8 great  tal5ts1 & !   
active ent]prise ( 8 reign1 h plac$ him 
high 9  ! rank ( sov]eigns4    ,,h]od   
,,antipas4 ,see ,,antipas4              
,,h]odians1 a sect among ! ,jews at ! "t
 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 m5tion$  ,matt4 xxii1  
#af2 ,m>k iii1 #f2 viii1 #ae2 xii1 #ac2 
b pass$ ov] 9  sil5ce bo? by ,josephus &
 ,philo4 ,! critics & comm5tators on !  
,new ,te/am5t are v mu* divid$ ) reg>d  
to ! ,h]odians2 "s  mak+ !m to be a     
political p>ty1 & o!rs a religi\s sect4 
,!  =m] op9ion is fav\r$ by ! au?or ( ! 
,syriac v]sion1 :o  calls !m ! dome/ics 
( ,h]od2 & also by ,josephus's hav+     
pass$  !m ov] 9 sil5ce1 ?\gh he pr(esses
 to give an acc\nt ( !  sev]al religi\s 
sects ( ! ,jews4 ,! latt] op9ion is     
c\nt5anc$  by our ,"l's caution aga9/ 8!
 leav5 ( ,h]od10 :i* implies t  !       

,h]odians 7 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,jews by "s
 doctr9al  t5ets4 ,m4 ,basnage supposes1
 t "o ?+ meant by ! leav5 ( !  ,h]odians
 might be a con=mity to ,roman cu/oms 9 
"s po9ts :i*  7 =bidd5 ! ,jews3 if ?is 0
 ! case1 x is n /range t  !y are n      
m5tion$ by ,josephus among ! ,jewi%     
sects4 ,/4 ,j]om1 9  8 ,dialogue aga9/ !
 ,lucif]ians1 takes ! "n to h be5 giv5  
to su* z own$ ,h]od = ! ,messiah2 &     
,t]tullian1 ,epiphanius1  ,*ryso/om1 &  
,!ophylact1 among ! anci5ts2 & ,grotius1
 & o!r  mod]ns1 are ( ! same s5tim5t4 ,b
 ! same ,/4 ,j]om1 9 8  ,comm5t on ,/4  
,mat!w1 treats ?is op9ion z ridicul\s2 &
 inde$ x  mu/ be highly improbable4 ,he 
ma9ta9s t ! ,ph>isees gave ?is          
appellation1 by way ( d]ision1 to       
,h]od's soldi]s1 :o paid tribute  to !  
,romans2 agreeably to :i* ! ,syriac     
int]pret]s r5d] !  ^w by ! dome/ics (   
,h]od1 t is1 8 c\rti]s4 ,m4 ,simon1 9 8 
notes on ! tw5ty-second *apt] ( ,/4     
,mat!w1 advances a m  probable op9ion4  
,! "n ,h]odian1 he imag9es to h be5 giv5

 to  su* z adh]$ to ,h]od's p>ty &      
int]e/1 & 7 = pres]v+  ! gov]nm5t 9 8   
family1 ab\t :i* !re 71 at t "t1  great 
divisions among ! ,jews4 ,f4 ,h>d\9 w h 
! ,h]odians &  ,sadducees to h be5 !    
same2 nor is x at all improbable t !    
,h]odians 7 *iefly ( ! sect ( !         
,sadducees2 s9ce t :i* is  call$ by ,/4 
,m>k 8! leav5 ( ,h]od10 is by ,/4 ,mat!w
 /yl$ 8!  leav5 ( ! ,sadducees40    #b4 
,dr4 ,prideaux is ( op9ion t !y d]iv$ _!
 "n f ,h]od  ! ,great1 & t !y 7 di/+ui%$
 f ! o!r ,jews by _!  concurr5ce )      
,h]od's s*eme ( subject+ himself & 8    
dom9ions  to ! ,romans1 & likewise by   
comply+ ) _m ( _! ,hea!n  usages &      
cu/oms4 ,9 _! zeal = ! ,roman au?ority  
!y 7  diametrically opposite to !       
,ph>isees1 :o e/eem$ x unlawful to      
submit or pay taxes to ! ,roman emp]or2 
an op9ion :i* !y gr\nd$  on _! be+      
=bidd5 by ! law to set a /rang] ov] !m1 
:o 0  n "o ( _! own nation1 z _! k+4 ,! 
conjunction ( !  ,h]odians1 !re=e1 ) !  
,ph>isees1 aga9/ ,*ri/1 is a memorable  

pro( ( ! ke5ness ( _! res5tm5t & malice 
aga9/ him2  especially :5 we consid] t  
!y unit$ toge!r 9 propos+ to  him an    
ensn>+ "q1 on a subject :i* 0 ! gr\nd ( 
_!  mutual diss5sion2 namely1 :e!r x 0  
lawful to pay tribute to  ,cs>4 ,&      
provid$ he answ]$ 9 ! negative1 !       
,h]odians w\ld  accuse him ( treason    
aga9/ ! /ate2 & %\ld he reply 9 !       
affirmative1 ! ,ph>isees 7 z ready to   
excite ! p aga9/  him1 z an enemy ( _!  
civil lib]ties & privileges4 ,h]od _h   
introduc$ sev]al ,hea!n idolatr\s       
usages2 =1 z ,josephus says1 he  built a
 temple to ,cs>1 ne> ! head ( ! riv]    
,jordan2 he erect$ a  magnific5t !atre  
at ,j]usalem1 in/itut$ ,pagan games1 &  
plac$ a  gold5 eagle ov] ! gate ( !     
temple ( ,jehovah2 & he furni%$  !      
temples1 :i* he re>$ 9 sev]al places out
 ( ,judea1 ) images  = idolatr\s wor%ip1
 9 ord] to +ratiate himself ) ! emp]or  
& ! p ( ,rome2 ?\gh to ! ,jews he       
pret5d$ t he did x  aga9/ 8 w1 & 9      
ob$i5ce to ! imp]ial comm&4 ,!          

,h]odians probably compli$ )1 acquiesc$ 
91 or approv$ ^!  idolatr\s usages4 ,?is
 symboliz+ ) idolatry ^u views ( int]e/ 
& worldly policy1 0 probably t leav5 (  
,h]od1 aga9/ :i* our  ,savi\r caution$ 8
 disciples4    ,,h]on1 1 ,lev4 xi1 #ai2 
,deut4 xiv1 #ah4 ,?is ^w has be5 v>i\sly
  und]/ood4 ,"s h r5d]$ x ! kite1 o!rs !
 woodcock1 o!rs  ! curlieu1 "s !        
peacock1 o!rs ! p>rot1 & o!rs ! crane4  
,! root1 1 signifies to brea! %ort ?r\gh
 ! no/rils1 to  snuff1 z 9 ang]2 h5ce to
 be angry2 & x is suppos$ t ! ^w  is    
suffici5tly descriptive ( ! h]on1 f its 
v irritable  disposition4 ,bo*>t1 h[ev]1
 ?9ks x ! m\nta9 falcon2 ! same  t !    
,greeks call 1 m5tion$ by ,hom]2 & ?is  
be>s a  /rong resemblance to ! ,hebrew  
"n4    ,,he%bon1 a celebrat$ city beyond
 ,jordan1 tw5ty miles ea/w>d ( t  riv]1 
accord+ to ,eusebius4 ,x 0 giv5 to !    
tribe ( ,reub51 ,jo%4  xiii1 #ag4 ,x 0  
probably made ov] to ,gad1 s9ce we meet 
) x among  ! cities :i* 7 giv5 to !     
,levites1 ,jo%ua xxi1 #ci4              

,,het]odox1 =m$ ( ! ,greek 1 a comp\nd (
 1  alt]1 & 1 op9ion1 some?+ t is       
contr>y to ! fai? or  doctr9e e/abli%$ 9
 ! true *ur*4 ,?us1 we say1 a het]odox  
op9ion1 a het]odox div9e1 c4 ,! ^w /&s 9
 opposition to  or?odox4    ,,het]\%1   
,,het]\sians1 compos$ ( 1 & 1 sub/ance1 
a  sect or bran* ( ,arians1 ! foll[]s ( 
,atius1 & f him  d5om9at$ ,atians4 ,!y 7
 call$ ,het]\sii1 because !y held1 n  t 
! ,son ( ,god 0 ( a sub/ance l1 or      
simil> to1 t ( !  ,fa!r1 :i* 0 ! doctr9e
 ( ano!r bran* ( ,arians1 !nce  call$   
,homo\sians1 ,homo\sii2 b t he 0 ( ano!r
 sub/ance  diff]5t f t ( ! ,fa!r4       
,,he?1 ! fa!r ( ! ,hittites1 0 ! elde/  
son ( ,canaan1 ,g54 x1  #ae1 & dwelt    
s\?w>d ( ! promis$ l&1 probably ab\t    
,hebron4  ,ephron1 :o 0 an inhabitant ( 
t city1 0 ( ! race ( ,he?2 &  9 ! "t (  
,abraham ! :ole city 7 ( ! family (     
,he?4    ,,hexapla1 =m$ ( 1 six1 & 1 ,i 
op51 or unfold1 a ,bible  dispos$ 9 six 
columns1 conta9+ ! text1 & div]s v]sions
 ( x1  compil$ & publi%$ by ,orig51 ) a 

view ( secur+ ! sacr$  text f future    
corruptions1 & to correct ^? t _h be5   
already  introduc$4 ,eusebius relates t 
,orig5 aft] 8 return f ,rome  "u        
,c>acalla1 appli$ himself to le>n       
,hebrew1 & began to collect  ! sev]al   
v]sions t _h be5 made ( ! sacr$ writ+s1 
& (  ^! to compose 8 ,tetrapla1 &       
,hexapla3 o!rs1 h[ev]1 w  n all[ him to 
h begun till ! "t ( ,alex&]1 aft] he _h 
retir$ into ,pale/9e1 ab\t ! ye> #bca4  
,to conceive :at ?is  ,hexapla 01 x mu/ 
be obs]v$ t1 beside ! translation ( !   
sacr$ writ+s call$ ! ,septuag9t1 made "u
 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1  above #bhj    
ye>s ,b4 ,c41 ! ,scripture _h be5 s9ce  
translat$ into  ,greek by o!r           
int]pret]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^? v]sions1 or1   
reckon+  ! ,septuag9t1 ! second1 0 t (  
,aquila1 a proselyte ,jew1 !  fir/      
edition ( :i* he publi%$ 9 ! twelf? ye> 
( ! ,emp]or  ,adrian1 or ab\t ,a4 ,d4   
#abh2 ! ?ird 0 t ( ,symma*us1 publi%$  z
 is commonly suppos$1 "u ,m>cus         
,aurelius1 b1 z "s say1 "u  ,septimius  

,sev]us1 ab\t ! ye> #bjj2 ! f\r? 0 t (  
,!odotion1 prior to t ( ,symma*us1 "u   
,commodus1 or ab\t !  ye> #age3 ^!      
,greek v]sions1 says ,dr4 ,k5nicott1 7  
made by !  ,jews f _! corrupt$ copies ( 
! ,hebrew1 & 7 design$ to  /& 9 ! place 
( ! ,,lxx1 aga9/ :i* !y 7 prejudic$1    
because x seem$ to fav\r ! ,*ri/ians4 ,!
 fif? 0 f\nd at  ,j]i*o1 9 ! reign (    
,c>acalla1 ab\t ! ye> #bag2 & ! six?  0 
discov]$ at ,nicopolis1 9 ! reign (     
,alex&] ,sev]us1 ab\t  ! ye> #bbh3      
la/ly1 ,orig5 himself recov]$ "p ( a    
sev5?1  conta9+ only ! ,psalms4 ,n[1    
,orig51 :o _h held frequ5t  disputations
 ) ! ,jews 9 ,egypt & ,pale/9e1 obs]v+ t
 !y  always object$ aga9/ ^? passages ( 
,scripture quot$ aga9/ !m1  & appeal$ to
 ! ,hebrew text1 ! bett] to v9dicate ^? 
passages  & conf\nd ! ,jews1 by %[+ t ! 
,,lxx _h giv5 ! s5se (  ! ,hebrew1 or r1
 to %[1 by a numb] ( diff]5t v]sions1   
:at  ! real s5se ( ! ,hebrew 01 und]took
 to r$uce all ^! sev]al  v]sions into a 
body1 along ) ! ,hebrew text1 s z !y    

might be  easily confront$1 & af=d a    
mutual light to ea* o!r4 ,he made !     
,hebrew text 8 /&>d2 &1 all[+ t         
corruptions might h  happ5$1 & t ! old  
,hebrew copies might & did read         
diff]5tly1  he cont5t$ himself ) m>k+   
su* words or s5t5ces z 7 n 9  8 ,hebrew 
text1 nor ! lat] ,greek v]sions1 & to   
add su* words or  s5t5ces z 7 omitt$ 9 !
 ,,lxx1 prefix+ an a/]isk to !          
additions1 & an obelisk to ! o!rs4 ,9   
ord] to ?is he made *oice  ( eight      
columns3 9 ! fir/ he gave ! ,hebrew text
 9 ,hebrew  *>act]s2 9 ! second1 ! same 
text 9 ,greek *>act]s3 ! re/  7 fill$ ) 
! sev]al v]sions above m5tion$2 all !   
columns  answ]+ v]se = v]se1 & phrase = 
phrase2 & 9 ! ,psalms  !re 0 a n9?      
column = ! sev5? v]sion4 ,?is "w ,orig5 
call$ 1 ,hexapla1 t is1 sextuple1 or a  
"w ( six columns1  z only reg>d+ ! fir/ 
six ,greek v]sions4 ,inde$1 ,/4         
,epiphanius1  tak+ 9 likewise ! two     
columns ( ! text1 calls ! "w  ,octapla1 
z consi/+ ( eight columns4 ,?is         

celebrat$ "w1 :i*  ,montfaucon imag9es  
consi/$ ( fifty l>ge volumes1 p]i%$ long
 ago1  probably ) ! libr>y at ,cs>ea1   
:]e x 0 pres]v$1 9 !  ye> #fec2 ?\gh    
sev]al ( ! anci5t writ]s h pres]v$ u    
portions ( x1 p>ticul>ly ,/4 ,*ryso/om  
on ! ,psalms1 ,philoponus 9  8          
,hexam]on1 c4 ,"s mod]n writ]s h e>ne/ly
 endeav\r$ to  collect fragm5ts ( !     
,hexapla1 ,flam9ius ,nobilius1 ,drusius1
 &  especially ,montfaucon1 9 two folio 
volumes1 pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #agac4  ,9 8  
edition1 ,montfaucon has prefix$        
prolegom5a1 expla9+ ! =m  & detail+ !   
hi/ory ( ! ,hexapla4    ,! object (     
,orig5 be+ to correct ! diff]5ces f\nd 9
 ! !n  exi/+ copies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1  
he c>efully not$ all !  alt]ations :i*  
he discov]$2 & = ! in=mation ( ^? :o    
might consult 8 "w1 he made use ( !     
foll[+ m>ks3 #a4 ,:]e any  passages     
appe>$ 9 ! ,septuag9t1 t 7 n f\nd 9 !   
,hebrew1  he designat$ !m by an obelus  
) two bold po9ts 3 annex$4  ,?is m>k 0  
also us$ to d5ote words n extant 9 !    

,hebrew1 b  add$ by ! ,septuag9t        
translators1 ei!r = ! sake ( elegance1  
or  = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! s5se4 #b4 
,to passages want+ 9 !  copies ( !      
,septuag9t1 & suppli$ by himself f ! o!r
 ,greek  v]sions1 he prefix$ an a/]isk  
,,a/]isk ) two bold po9ts 3 also        
annex$1 9 ord] t 8 additions might be   
imm$iately p]ceiv$4  ,^! supplem5t>y    
passages1 we are in=m$ by ,j]om1 7 = !  
mo/ "p tak5 f ,!odotion's translation2 n
 unfrequ5tly f  t ( ,aquila2 sometimes1 
?\gh r>ely1 f ! v]sion ( ,symma*us2  &  
sometimes f two or ?ree toge!r4 ,b1 9 e 
case1 !  initial lett] ( ea*            
translator's "n 0 plac$ imm$iately aft] 
! a/]isk1 to indicate ! s\rce :5ce su*  
supplem5t>y passage  0 tak54 ,& 9 lieu (
 ! v errone\s ,septuag9t v]sion (       
,daniel1 ,!odotion's translation ( t    
book 0 ins]t$ entire4 #c4  ,f>!r3 n only
 ! passages want+ 9 ! ,septuag9t 7      
suppli$  by ,orig5 ) ! a/]isks1 z above 
notic$1 b also :]e t  v]sion does n     
appe> accurately to express ! ,hebrew   

orig9al1  hav+ not$ ! =m] read+ ) an    
obelus 31 he add$ !  correct r5d]+ f "o 
( ! o!r translators1 ) an a/]isk        
subjo9$4 ,conc]n+ ! %ape & uses ( !     
lemniscus &  hypolemniscus1 two o!r m>ks
 us$ by ,orig51 !re is s great a        
diff]5ce ( op9ion among le>n$ m51 t x is
 difficult to  det]m9e :at !y 74 ,dr4   
,ow51 aft] ,montfaucon1 supposes !m to  
h be5 m>ks ( bett] & m accurate r5d]+s4 
,^! sev]al  m>ks ( di/9ction h be5      
c>efully obs]v$1 s f> z !y h  be5       
recov]$ f v>i\s qu>t]s1 9 ! v accurate  
edition (  ! ,septuag9t comm5c$ by our  
le>n$ c\ntryman1 ,dr4 ,holmes1 &        
cont9u$ by 8 able successor1 ! ,rev4 ,j4
 ,p>sons1 ,b4 ,d4    ,= ne>ly fifty ye>s
 0 ,orig5's /up5d\s "w buri$ 9 a corn]  
( ! city ( ,tyre1 probably on acc\nt ( !
 v great exp5se (  transcrib+ =ty or    
fifty volumes1 :i* f> exce$$ ! means (  
private individuals2 & "h1 p]haps1 x    
might h p]i%$ 9  oblivion1 if ,eusebius 
& ,pamphilus _h n discov]$ x1 & deposit$
  x 9 ! libr>y ( ,pamphilus ! m>tyr at  

,cs>ea1 :]e ,j]ome saw  x ab\t ! middle 
( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,z we h no acc\nt      
:atev] ( ,orig5's autograph aft] ?is "t1
 x is mo/ probable t  x p]i%$ 9 ! ye>   
#fec1 on ! capture ( t city by ! ,arabs2
  & a few imp]fect fragm5ts1 collect$ f 
manuscripts ( !  ,septuag9t & ! cat5 ( !
 ,greek fa!rs1 are all t n[ rema9  ( a  
"w1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t improv$ /ate ( sacr$
 lit]ature1  w\ld mo/ em95tly h assi/$ 9
 ! int]pretation & criticism  ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t4 ,! ,syro-,e/rangelo           
translation ( ,orig5's  edition ( !     
,greek ,septuag9t 0 execut$ 9 ! =m] "p (
 !  sev5? c5tury2 ! au?or ( x is n kn[n4
 ,?is v]sion exactly  corresponds ) !   
text ( ! ,septuag9t1 especially 9 ^?    
passages 9 :i* ! latt] diff]s f !       
,hebrew4 ,a manuscript (  ?is           
translation is 9 ! ,ambrosian libr>y at 
,milan2 x conta9s !  obelus & o!r m>ks (
 ,orig5's ,hexapla2 & a subscription at 
!  end /ates x to h be5 lit]ally        
translat$ f ! ,greek copy1  correct$ by 
,eusebius himself1 ) ! assi/ance (      

,pamphilus1 f  ! books ( ,orig51 :i* 7  
deposit$ 9 ! libr>y at ,cs>ea4  ,f ?is  
v]sion ,norb]g edit$ ! prophecies (     
,j]emiah & ,ezekiel  9 #aghg2 & ,bugati1
 ! book ( ,daniel1 #aghh4    ,,hezekiah1
 k+ ( ,judah1 0 ! son ( ,ahaz1 & born 9 
! ye> (  ! _w #cbea4 ,at ! age (        
five-&-tw5ty he succe$$ 8 fa!r 9  !     
gov]nm5t ( ! k+dom ( ,judah1 & reign$   
tw5ty-n9e ye>s 9  ,j]usalem1 namely1 f !
 ye> ( ! _w #cbgg to #ccjf1 #b ,k+s     
xviii1 #a1 #b2 #b ,*ron4 xxix1 #a4 ,!   
reign ( 8 fa!r ,ahaz _h be5  mo/        
unpropiti\s = 8 subjects4 ,a w> _h rag$ 
betwe5 ! k+doms  ( ,israel & ,judah1 9  
:i* ,pekah1 k+ ( ,israel1 ov]?rew ! army
  ( ,ahaz1 de/roy+ a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&
 ( 8 m52 aft]  :i* he c>ri$ away two    
hundr$ ?\s& wom5 & *ildr5 z  captives   
into 8 own c\ntry3 !y 71 h[ev]1 releas$ 
& s5t  home aga91 at ! remon/rance ( !  
,prophet ,od$4 ,z idolatry _h  be5      
e/abli%$ 9 ,j]usalem & ?r\gh\t ,judea1  
by ! comm& (  ,ahaz1 & ! s]vice ( !     
temple ei!r int]mitt$1 or conv]t$  into 

an idolatr\s wor%ip1 ! fir/ object ( 8  
son ,hezekiah1 on 8  accession to !     
?rone1 0 to re/ore ! legal wor%ip (     
,god1 bo?  9 ,j]usalem & ?r\gh\t ,judea4
 ,he cleans$ & repair$ ! temple1  & held
 a solemn passov]4 ,he improv$ ! city1  
repair$ !  =tifications1 erect$ magaz9es
 ( all sorts1 & built a new  aqu$uct4 ,9
 ! f\r? ye> ( 8 reign1 ,salmanez]1 k+ ( 
,assyria1  invad$ ! k+dom ( ,israel1    
took ,sam>ia1 & c>ri$ away ! t5  tribes 
into captivity1 replac+ !m by diff]5t p 
s5t f 8  own c\ntry4 ,b ,hezekiah 0 n   
det]r$ by ?is al>m+ example f  refus+ to
 pay t tribute to ! ,assyrians :i* _h   
be5 impos$ on  ,ahaz3 ?is br\ght on !   
invasion ( ,s5na*]ib1 9 ! f\rte5?  ye> (
 ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 ( :i* we h a v    
p>ticul>  acc\nt 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,prophet
 ,isaiah1 :o 0 !n liv+1  ,isaiah xxxvi4 
,imm$iately aft] ! t]m9ation ( ?is w>1  
,hezekiah 80 sick unto  dea?10 ow+1 z ! 
sacr$ hi/orian /rongly intimates1 to 8  
he>t  be+ improp]ly elevat$ on occasion 
( ?is miracul\s deliv]ance1  & n        

suffici5tly ackn[l$g+ ! h& ( ,god 9 x1  
#b ,k+s xx2  ,isaiah xxxviii4 ,isaiah 0 
s5t to bid him set 8 h\se 9 ord]1 =  he 
%\ld die & n live4 ,hezekiah _h in/ant  
rec\rse to ,god by  pray] &             
supplications = 8 recov]y2 & ! prophet  
_h sc>cely  proce$$ out ( ! ?re%old1 :5 
! ,"l comm&$ him to return to           
,hezekiah1 & to say to him1 8,?us sai? !
 ,"l1 ,i h he>d ?y  pray]1 & ,i h se5 ?y
 te>s3 ,i w heal !e3 on ! ?ird day  ?\  
%alt g up to ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 & ,i w add 
unto ?y days  fifte5 ye>s40 ,& to       
confirm to him ! c]ta9ty ( all ^! tok5s 
( ! div9e reg>d1 ! %ad[ ( ! sun on !    
dial ( ,ahaz1 at 8  reque/1 w5t backw>d 
t5 degrees4 ,aft] 8 recov]y1 he compos$ 
an  ode ( ?anksgiv+ to ! ,god ( all 8   
m]cies1 :i* ! ,prophet  ,isaiah has     
record$ 9 8 writ+s1 ,isaiah xxxviii1    
#aj1 #aa4 ,yet1 z an  in/ance ( human   
fickl5ess & frailty1 we f9d ,hezekiah1 )
 all 8  excell5cies1 aga9 =gett+        
himself1 & incurr+ ! div9e  displeasure4
 ,! k+ ( ,babylon hav+ be5 in=m$ ( 8    

sickness  & recov]y1 s5t ambassadors to 
congratulate him on 8 re/oration3  an   
hon\r ) :i* ! he>t ( ,hezekiah 0 greatly
 elat$2 &1 to  te/ify 8 gratitude1 he   
made a pomp\s display to !m ( all 8     
treasures1 8 spices1 & 8 ri* vessels2 & 
conceal$ f !m  no?+ t 0 9 8 palace4 ,9  
all ?is ! pride ( ,hezekiah 0  gratifi$2
 & to humble him1 ,isaiah 0 s5t to      
decl>e to him t 8  conduct 0 displeas+  
to ,god1 & t a "t %\ld come :5 all !    
treasures ( :i* he _h made s va9 a      
display %\ld be remov$ to  ,babylon1 &  
ev5 8 sons be made eunu*s to s]ve 9 !   
palace ( !  k+ ( ,babylon4 ,hezekiah b[$
 submissively to ! w ( ,god1 &          
ackn[l$g$ ! div9e goodness t[>d him1 9  
orda9+ peace &  tru? to cont9ue dur+ !  
rema9d] ( 8 reign4 ,he accord+ly  pass$ 
! latt] ye>s ( 8 life 9 tranquillity1 & 
contribut$  greatly to ! prosp]ity ( 8 p
 & k+dom4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye>  ( ! _w #ccjf1
 leav+ beh9d him a son1 ,manasseh1 :o   
succe$$ him  9 ! ?rone3 a son e way     
unwor?y ( su* a fa!r4    ,,hiddekel4    

,see ,,ed54    ,,high ,,places4 ,!      
prophets reproa* ! ,israelites = no?+ ) 
m  zeal ?an = wor%ipp+ ^u ! high places4
 ,! de/roy+ ( ^!  high places is a      
comm5dation giv5 only to few pr9ces 9   
,scripture2  & _m1 ?\gh zeal\s = !      
obs]vance ( ! law1 _h n c\rage  to      
prev5t ! p f sacrific+ ^u ^! em95ces4   
,be=e !  temple 0 built1 ! high places 7
 n absolutely contr>y to !  law1 provid$
 ,god only 0 !re ador$1 & n idols4 ,!y  
seem to  h be5 tol]at$ "u ! judges2 &   
,samuel (f]$ sacrifices 9  sev]al places
 :]e ! ark 0 n pres5t4 ,ev5 9 ,david's  
"t !y  sacrific$ to ! ,"l at ,%iloh1    
,j]usalem1 & ,gibeon4 ,b aft] !  temple 
0 built at ,j]usalem1 & ! ark _h a fix$ 
settlem5t1 x  0 no long] all[$ to       
sacrifice out ( ,j]usalem4 ,! high      
places  7 mu* frequ5t$ 9 ! k+dom (      
,israel4 ,! p sometimes w5t  ^u ^?      
m\nta9s :i* _h be5 sanctifi$ by !       
pres5ce (  patri>*s & prophets1 & by    
appe>ances ( ,god1 to wor%ip ! true     
,god !re4 ,?is wor%ip 0 lawful1 except z

 to its be+ ex]cis$  :]e ! ,"l _h n     
*os54 ,b !y frequ5tly ador$ idols ^u  ^!
 hills1 & committ$ a ?\s& abom9ations 9 
groves1 & caves1  & t5ts2 & h5ce arose !
 zeal ( pi\s k+s & prophets to  suppress
 ! high places4 ,dr4 ,prideaux ?9ks x   
probable t !  proseu*1 op5 c\rts1 built 
l ^? 9 :i* ! p pray$ at  ! tab]nacle & !
 temple1 7 ! same z ^? call$ high places
  9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,8 reason is1 t !  
proseu* _h groves 9  or ne> !m1 9 ! same
 mann] z ! high places4    ,,h91 1 a    
liquid measure1 z ( oil1 or ( w9e1      
,exodus xxix1 #dj2 xxx1  #bd2 ,lev4     
xxiii4 ,accord+ to ,josephus1 x conta9$ 
two ,attic congii1  & 0 !re=e ! six? "p 
( an ephah4 ,he says t !y (f]$  ) an ox 
half a h9 ( oil2 9 ,engli% measure1 six 
p9ts1 tw5ty-five  ?\s& five hundr$ &    
n9ety-eight solid in*es4 ,) a ram !y    
(f]$ ! ?ird "p ( a h91 or ?ree p9ts1 t5 
?\s& f\r  hundr$ & sixty-n9e solid      
in*es3 ) a lamb1 ! f\r? "p ( a  h91 or  
two p9ts1 fifte5 ?\s& & sev5ty-"o solid 
in*es4    ,,h9d1 1 ,g54 xlix1 #ba2 #b   

,sam4 xxii1 #cd2 ,job xxxix1 #a2 ,psalm 
xviii1  #cc2 xxix1 #i2 ,prov4 v1 #ai2   
,cant4 ii1 #g2 iii1 #e2 ,j]4 xiv1 #e2   
,hab4 iii1  #ai2 ! mate or female ( !   
/ag4 ,x is a lovely creature1 & ( an    
elegant %ape4 ,x is not$ = its swiftness
 & ! sur5ess ( its  /ep z x jumps among 
! rocks4 ,david & ,habakkuk bo? allude  
to ?is  "* ( ! h9d4 8,! ,"l make? my    
feet l h9ds' feet1 &  cause? me to /& on
 ! high places10 ,psalm xviii1 #cc2     
,hab4 iii1 #ai4  ,! circum/ance ( _! /&+
 on ! high places or m\nta9s is  appli$ 
to ^! animals by ,x5ophon4 ,our         
translators make ,jacob1  prophesy+ ( ! 
tribe ( ,naphtali1 say1 8,naphtali is a 
h9d let  loose3 he give? goodly words10 
,g54 xlix1 #ba4 ,!re is a difficulty &  
incoh]5ce "h :i* ! le>n$ ,bo*>t removes 
by alt]+ a little  ! punctuation ( !    
orig9al2 & x !n reads1 8,naphtali is a  
spread+ tree1 %oot+ =? beautiful        
bran*es40 ,?is1 inde$1  r5d]s ! simile  
uni=m2 b ano!r critic has rem>k$ t 8!   
allusion to a tree seems to be purposely

 res]v$ by ! v5]able  patri>* = 8 son   
,joseph1 :o is comp>$ to ! b\ghs ( a    
tree2  & ! repetition ( ! idea 9 ref]5ce
 to ,naphtali is e way  unlikely4       
,beside10 he adds1 8! ^w r5d]$ #8let    
loose1' imports an  active motion1 n l t
 ( ! bran*es ( a tree1 :i*1 h[ev]       
freely !y wave1 are yet atta*$ to ! p>5t
 /ock2 b an emission1  a dismission1 or 
s5d+ =? to a di/ance3 9 ! pres5t case1 a
  roam+1 roam+ at lib]ty4 ,! v]b #8he   
give?' may d5ote %oot+  =?4 ,x is us$ ( 
production1 z ( ! e>?1 :i* %oots =?1    
yields1 its increase1 ,lev4 xxvi1 #d4 ,!
 ^w r5d]$ #8goodly' signifies  noble1   
gr&1 maje/ic2 & ! n\n translat$ #8words'
 radically  signifies div]g5ces1 :at is 
spread =?40 ,= ^! reasons he  proposes  
to read ! passage1 8,naphtali is a de]  
roam+ at lib]ty2 he  %oote? =? spread+  
bran*es10 or 8maje/ic antl]s40 ,"h !    
di/9ction ( imag]y is pres]v$1 & !      
fecundity ( ! tribe &  ! f]tility ( _!  
lot intimat$4 ,9 our v]sion ( ,psalm    
xxix1 #i1  we read1 8,! voice ( ! ,"l   

make? ! h9ds to calve1 &  discov]e? !   
=e/s40 ,mr4 ,m]rick1 9 an +5i\s note on 
!  place1 attempts to ju/ify ! r5d]+2 b 
,bi%op ,l[?1 9 8  8,lectures on ! ,sacr$
 ,poetry ( ! ,hebrews10 obs]ves t ?is   
agrees v little ) ! re/ ( ! imag]y1 ei!r
 9 nature or  dignity2 & t he does n    
feel himself p]suad$1 ev5 by !  reason+s
 ( ! le>n$ ,bo*>t on ?is subject3 :]eas 
! oak1  /ruck ) lightn+1 admirably      
agrees ) ! context4 ,! ,syriac  seems1 =
 1 h9ds1 to h read 1 oaks1 or r1        
p]haps1 t]eb9?s4 ,! passage may be ?us  
v]sifi$3--                      8,h>k6 8
 voice 9 ?und] breaks1                  
,& ! l(ty m\nta9 quakes2                
,mighty trees ! tempe/s te>1            
,& lay ! spread+ =e/s b>e60    ,,h9nom1 
,,valley ,,(1 call$ also ,tophet1 & by !
 ,greeks ,geh5na1 a  small valley on !  
s\?-ea/ ( ,j]usalem1 at ! foot ( ,m\nt  
,zion1  :]e ! ,canaanites1 & aft]w>d !  
,israelites1 sacrific$ _!  *ildr5 to !  
idol ,molo*1 by mak+ !m 8pass ?r\gh !   
fire10 or  burn+ !m4 ,to dr[n ! %rieks (

 ! victims ?us inhumanly  sacrific$1    
musical in/rum5ts1 call$ 9 ! ,hebrew    
tuph1 tympana or  timbrels1 7 play$2    
:5ce ! spot d]iv$ ! "n ( ,tophet4 ,ge   
,h9nom1 or 8,! ,valley ( ,h9nom10 f :i* 
! ,greeks fram$ _!  ,geh5na1 is         
sometimes us$ 9 ,scripture to d5ote hell
 or hell fire4 ,see  ,,hell4    ,,hiram1
 k+ ( ,tyre1 & son ( ,abibal1 is m5tion$
 by pr(ane au?ors  z di/+ui%$ = 8       
magnific5ce1 & = adorn+ ! city (  ,tyre4
 ,:5 ,david 0 ackn[l$g$ k+ by all       
,israel1 ,hiram s5t  ambassadors )      
artific]s1 & c$>1 to build 8 palace4    
,hiram also  s5t ambassadors to         
,solomon1 to congratulate him on 8      
accession to !  cr[n ,solomon desir$ (  
him timb] & /ones = build+ ! temple1  ) 
lab\r]s4 ,^! ,hiram promis$1 provid$    
,solomon w\ld furni% him  ) corn & oil4 
,! two pr9ces liv$ on ! be/ t]ms ) ea*  
o!r4    ,,hirel+4 ,moses requires t !   
hirel+ %\ld be paid z soon z 8  "w is   
ov]3 8,! wages ( him t is hir$ %all n   
abide ) !e  all night unto ! morn+10    

,lev4 xix1 #ai4 ,a hirel+'s days or ye> 
is  a k9d ( prov]b1 signify+ a full ye>1
 )\t abat+ any ?+ (  x3 8,8 days are l !
 days ( a hirel+10 ,job vii1 #a2 ! days 
(  man are l ^? ( a hirel+2 z no?+ is   
d$uct$ f !m1 s  no?+1 likewise is add$  
to !m4 ,& aga93 8,till he %all accompli%
  z a hirel+ 8 day10 ,job xiv1 #f2 to ! 
"t ( dea?1 :i* he waits  = z ! hirel+ = 
! end ( ! day4 ,! foll[+ passage f      
,mori]'s ,travels 9 ,p]sia1 illu/rates  
"o ( our ,"l's p>ables3 8,!  mo/        
conspicu\s build+ 9 ,hamadan is !       
,mesjid ,jumah1 a l>ge mosque  n[ fall+ 
into decay1 & be=e x a maidan or squ>e1 
:i* s]ves  z a m>ket place4 ,"h we      
obs]v$1 e morn+ be=e ! sun rose1  t a   
num]\s b& ( peasants 7 collect$ ) spades
 9 _!  h&s1 wait+1 z !y in=m$ u1 to be  
hir$ = ! day to "w 9  ! surr\nd+ fields4
 ,?is cu/om1 :i* ,i h nev] se5 9 any    
o!r "p ( ,asia1 =cibly /ruck me z a mo/ 
happy illu/ration (  our ,savi\r's      
p>able ( ! lab\r]s 9 ! v9ey>d 9 ,matt4  
xx2  p>ticul>ly :51 pass+ by ! same     

place late 9 ! day1 we /ill  f\nd o!rs  
/&+ idle1 & rememb]$ 8 words1 #8,:y /&  
ye "h  all ! day idle8' z mo/ applicable
 to _! situation2 = 9 putt+  ! v same "q
 to !m1 !y answ]$ u1 #8,because no man  
ha?  hir$ u4'0    ,,hittites1 !         
desc5dants ( ,he?1 ,g54 xv1 #bj4        
,,hivites1 a p desc5d$ f ,canaan1 ,g54  
x1 #ag4 ,!y are also  m5tion$1 ,deut4   
ii1 #bc4 ,! inhabitants ( ,%e*em1 & !   
,gibeonites1  7 ,hivites1 ,jo%ua xi1    
#ai2 ,g54 xxxiv1 #b4 ,mr4 ,bryant       
supposes !  ,hivites to be ! same z !   
,ophites1 or anci5t wor%ipp]s ( ! sun   
"u ! figure ( a s]p5t2 :i* 01 9 all     
probability1 ! deity  wor%ipp$ at       
,baal-,h]mon4    ,,holy ,,gho/1 ! ?ird  
p]son 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,! or?odox doctr9e   
is1  t z ,*ri/ is ,god by an et]nal     
filiation1 s ! ,_s is ,god by           
procession f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 8,& ,i   
believe 9 ! ,holy  ,gho/10 says ! ,nic5e
 ,cre$1 8! ,"l & ,giv] ( life1 :o       
proce$e? f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 :o1 ) !    
,fa!r & !  ,son toge!r1 is wor%ipp$ &   

glorifi$40 ,& ) ?is agrees !  ,a?anasian
 ,cre$1 8,! ,holy ,gho/ is ( ! ,fa!r & (
 ! ,son1  nei!r made1 nor creat$1 nor   
begott51 b proce$+40 ,9 !  ,articles ( !
 ,engli% *ur* x is ?us express$3 8,!    
,holy ,gho/1  proce$+ f ! ,fa!r & !     
,son1 is ( "o sub/ance1 maje/y1  & glory
 ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 v & et]nal ,god40  
,! ,lat9  *ur* introduc$ ! t]m          
spiration1 f spiro1 8to brea!10 to      
d5ote ! mann] ( ?is procession3 on :i*  
,dr4 ,ow5 rem>ks1 8,z !  vital brea? ( a
 man has a cont9ual emanation f him1 &  
yet is  nev] sep>at$ utt]ly f 8 p]son1  
or =sake? him1 s do? !  ,_s ( ! ,fa!r & 
! ,son proce$ f !m by a cont9ual div9e  
emanation1 /ill abid+ "o ) !m40 ,on ?is 
ref9$ view little c  be said :i* has    
cle> ,scriptural au?ority2 & yet ! v t]m
 by  :i* ! ,?ird ,p]son 9 ! ,tr9ity is  
designat$1 ,w9d or ,brea?1  may1 z to ! 
,?ird ,p]son1 be design$1 l ! t]m ,son  
appli$ to  ! ,second1 to convey1 ?\gh   
imp]fectly1 "s intimation ( t  mann] (  
be+ by :i* bo? are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 &

  f ! ,fa!r2 & x 0 a rem>kable action ( 
our ,"l1 & "o  c]ta9ly :i* does n       
disc\nt5ance ?is idea1 t :5 he imp>t$  !
 ,holy ,gho/ to 8 disciples1 8,he brea!d
 on !m1 & sai? unto  !m1 ,receive ye !  
,holy ,gho/10 ,john xx1 #bb4    #b4 ,b1 
:atev] we may ?9k z to ! doctr9e (      
spiration1 !  procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/
 re/s on m direct ,scriptural  au?ority1
 & is ?us /at$ by ,bi%op ,pe>son3 8,n[  
?is procession (  ! ,_s1 9 ref]5ce to ! 
,fa!r1 is deliv]$ expressly 9  relation 
to ! ,son1 & is conta9$ virtually 9 !   
,scriptures4 #a4 ,x  is expressly said1 
t ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$e? f ! ,fa!r1 z   
our ,savi\r te/ifie?1 #8,:5 ! ,com=t] is
 come1 :om ,i w s5d  unto y f ! ,fa!r1  
ev5 ! ,_s ( tru?1 :i* proce$e?  f !     
,fa!r1 he %all te/ify ( me1' ,john xv1  
#bf4 ,& ?is is also  evid5t f :at ha?   
be5 already ass]t$2 = be+ ! ,fa!r &  !  
,_s are ! same ,god1 &1 be+ s ! same 9 !
 unity ( !  nature ( ,god1 are yet      
di/9ct 9 ! p]sonality1 "o ( !m mu/  h ! 
same nature f ! o!r2 & because ! ,fa!r  

ha? be5  already %[n to h x f none1 x   
foll[e? t ! ,_s ha? x  f him4 #b4 ,?\gh 
x be n expressly spok5 9 ! ,scripture1 t
  ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$e? f ! ,fa!r &    
,son1 yet ! sub/ance (  ! same tru? is  
virtually conta9$ !re2 because ^? v     
expressions :i* are spok5 ( ! ,holy ,_s 
9 relation to !  ,fa!r1 = t reason1     
because he proce$e? f ! ,fa!r1 are also 
spok5 ( ! same ,_s 9 relation to ! ,son2
 & !re=e !re  mu/ be ! same reason      
presuppos$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,son1 :i* is  
express$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,fa!r4 ,because 
! ,_s proce$e? f  ! ,fa!r1 !re=e x is   
call$ #8! ,_s ( ,god1' & #8! ,_s  ( !   
,fa!r4' #8,x is n ye t speak1 b ! ,_s ( 
y\r ,fa!r  :i* speake? 9 y1' ,matt4 x1  
#bj4 ,= by ! language ( ! ,apo/le1  #8! 
,_s ( ,god' is ! ,_s :i* is ( ,god1     
say+1 #8,! ?+s  ( ,god kn[e? no man1 b !
 ,_s ( ,god4 ,& we h receiv$ n  ! _s ( !
 _w1 b ! ,_s :i* is ( ,god1' #a ,cor4   
ii1 #aa1  #ab4 ,n[ ! same ,_s is also   
call$ #8! ,_s ( ! ,son3' =  #8because we
 are sons1 ,god ha? s5t =? ! ,_s ( 8    

,son into our  he>ts1' ,gal4 iv1 #f4    
#8,! ,_s ( ,*ri/3' #8,n[ if any man h n 
! ,_s ( ,*ri/1 he is none ( 81' ,romans 
viii1 #i2 #8,ev5 !  ,_s ( ,*ri/ :i* 0 9 
! prophets1' #a ,pet] i1 #aa4 #8,! ,_s  
( ,jesus ,*ri/1' z ! ,apo/le speaks3    
#8,i "k t ?is %all turn to  my salvation
 ?r\gh y\r pray]1 & ! supply ( ! ,_s (  
,jesus  ,*ri/1' ,phil4 i1 #ai4 ,if !n ! 
,holy ,gho/ be call$ #8! ,_s (  !       
,fa!r1' because he proce$e? f ! ,fa!r1 x
 foll[e? t1  be+ call$ also #8! ,_s ( ! 
,son1' he proce$e? also f !  ,son4      
,aga93 because ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$e? f 
! ,fa!r1 he is  !re=e s5t by ! ,fa!r1 z 
f him :o ha?1 by ! orig9al              
communication1 a "r ( mission2 z1 #8!   
,com=t]1 :i* is ! ,holy  ,gho/1 :om !   
,fa!r w s5d1' ,john xiv1 #bf4 ,b ! same 
,_s  :i* is s5t by ! ,fa!r1 is also s5t 
by ! ,son1 z he sai?1 #8,:5  ! ,com=t]  
is come1 :om ,i w s5d unto y4' ,!re=e ! 
,son  ha? ! same "r ( mission ) ! ,fa!r1
 & consequ5tly mu/ be  ackn[l$g$ to h   
communicat$ ! same ess5ce4 ,! ,fa!r is  

nev]  s5t by ! ,son1 because he receiv$ 
n ! ,godhead f him2 b !  ,fa!r s5de? !  
,son1 because he communicat$ ! ,godhead 
to him3 9  ! same mann]1 nei!r ! ,fa!r  
nor ! ,son is ev] s5t by ! ,holy  ,_s2  
because nei!r ( !m receiv$ ! div9e      
nature f !  ,_s3 b bo? ! ,fa!r & ! ,son 
s5de? ! ,holy ,gho/1 because  ! div9e   
nature1 common to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 0   
communicat$ by  !m bo? to ! ,holy ,gho/4
 ,z !re=e ! ,scriptures decl>e          
expressly1 t ! ,_s proce$e? f ! ,fa!r2 s
 d !y also  virtually tea*1 t he        
proce$e? f ! ,son40    #c4 ,arius reg>d$
 ! ,_s n only z a creature1 b z creat$  
by  ,*ri/1  1 ! creature ( a creature4  
,"s "t  aft]w>d1 8 p]sonality 0 :olly   
d5i$ by ! ,arians1 & he 0  consid]$ z ! 
ex]t$ en]gy ( ,god4 ,?is appe>s to h be5
 !  notion ( ,soc9us1 &1 ) occasional   
modifications1 has be5 adopt$  by 8     
foll[]s4 ,!y sometimes reg>d him z an   
attribute2 & at  o!rs1 resolve !        
passages 9 :i* he is spok5 ( into a     
p]iphrasis1 or circumlocution1 = ,god   

himself2 or1 to express bo? 9  "o1 into 
a figure ( spee*4    #d4 ,9 e/abli%+ !  
prop] p]sonality & deity ( ! ,holy      
,gho/1  ! fir/ argum5t may be drawn f ! 
frequ5t association1 9  ,scripture1 ( a 
,p]son "u t appellation ) two o!r       
,p]sons1  "o ( :om1 ! ,fa!r1 is by all  
ackn[l$g$ to be div9e2 & !  ascription  
to ea* ( !m1 or to ! ?ree 9 union1 ( !  
same acts1  titles1 & au?ority1 )       
wor%ip1 ( ! same k9d1 &1 = any          
di/9ction t is made1 ( an equal degree4 
,! manife/ation ( !  exi/5ce & div9ity (
 ! ,holy ,_s may be expect$ 9 ! law &  !
 prophets1 & is1 9 fact1 to be trac$ !re
 ) c]ta9ty4 ,!  ,_s is repres5t$ z an   
ag5t 9 creation1 8mov+ ^u ! face (  !   
wat]s20 & x =ms no objection to !       
argum5t1 t creation is  ascrib$ to !    
,fa!r1 & also to ! ,son1 b is a great   
confirmation  ( x4 ,t creation %\ld be  
effect$ by all ! ?ree ,p]sons ( !       
,godhead1 ?\gh act+ 9 diff]5t respects1 
yet s t ea* %\ld be  a ,creator1 &1     
!re=e1 bo? a ,p]son & a div9e ,p]son1 c 

be  expla9$ only by _! unity 9 "o       
ess5ce4 ,on e o!r hypo!sis  ?is         
,scriptural fact is disall[$1 & !re=e no
 o!r hypo!sis  c be true4 ,if ! ,_s (   
,god be a m]e influ5ce1 !n he is n a    
,creator1 di/9ct f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1    
because he is n a  ,p]son2 b ?is is     
refut$ bo? by ! passage j quot$1 & by   
,psalm xxxiii1 #f3 8,by ! ,^w ( ! ,"l 7 
! heav5s made2 & all  ! ho/ ( !m by !   
brea? 7,heb4 ,_s7 ( 8 m\?40 ,?is is     
f>!r confirm$ by ,job xxxiii1 #d3 8,!   
,_s ( ,god ha? made me1 &  ! brea? ( !  
,almighty ha? giv5 me life20 :]e !      
second  clause is obvi\sly exegetic ( ! 
=m]3 & ! :ole text proves  t1 9 !       
patri>*al age1 ! foll[]s ( ! true       
religion  ascrib$ creation to ! ,_s1 z  
well z to ! ,fa!r2 & t "o  ( 8          
appellations 01 8! ,brea? ( !           
,almighty40 ,did su*  passages /& alone1
 !re might1 inde$1 be "s plausibility 9 
!  criticism :i* resolves !m into a     
p]sonification2 b1 connect$ z  !y are ) 
! :ole body ( evid5ce1 z to ! concurr+  

doctr9e  ( bo? ,te/am5ts1 !y are        
inexpugnable4 ,aga93 ,if ! p]sonality ( 
! ,son & ! ,_s be all[$1 & yet x is     
cont5d$ t !y  7 b in/rum5ts 9 creation1 
?r\gh :om ! creative p[] (  ano!r       
op]at$1 b :i* creative p[] 0 n possess$ 
by !m2 on  ?is hypo!sis1 too1 nei!r !   
,_s nor ! ,son c be said to  create1 any
 m ?an ,moses creat$ ! s]p5t into :i* 8 
rod 0  turn$1 & ! ,scriptures are aga9  
contradict$4 ,to ?is association  ( !   
?ree ,p]sons 9 creative acts1 may be    
add$ a l association  9 acts (          
pres]vation1 :i* has be5 well call$ a   
cont9u$  creation1 & by t t]m is        
express$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3  8,^! wait 
all ^u !e1 t ?\ maye/ give !m _! meat 9 
due  season4 ,?\ hide/ ?y face1 !y are  
tr\bl$2 ?\ take/ away _!  brea?1 !y die1
 & return to du/3 ?\ s5de/ =? ?y ,_s1   
!y are creat$2 & ?\ r5ewe/ ! face ( !   
e>?10 ,psalm civ1  #bg-cj4 ,x is n      
surely "h meant1 t ! ,_s by :i* !       
g5]ations ( animals are p]petuat$1 is   
w9d2 & if he be call$  an attribute1    

wisdom1 p[]1 or bo? unit$1 :]e d we read
 (  su* attributes be+ 8s5t10 8s5t =? f 
,god80 ,! p]sonality (  ! ,_s is "h z   
cle>ly m>k$ z :5 ,/4 ,paul speaks ( ,god
  8s5d+ =? ! ,_s ( 8 ,son10 & :5 our ,"l
 promises to  8s5d0 ! ,com=t]2 & z !    
uphold+ & pres]v+ ( creat$  ?+s is      
ascrib$ to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 s "h !y are
 ascrib$1  also1 to ! ,_s1 8s5t =? f0   
,god to 8create & r5ew ! face  ( ! e>?40
    #e4 ,! next association ( ! ?ree    
,p]sons we f9d 9 !  inspiration ( !     
prophets3 8,god spake unto our fa!rs by 
!  prophets10 says ,/4 ,paul1 ,heb4 i1  
#a4 ,/4 ,pet] decl>es t ^! 8holy  m5 (  
,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy       
,gho/10 #b ,pet] i1 #ba2  & also t x 0  
8! ,_s ( ,*ri/ :i* 0 9 !m10 #a ,pet]  i1
 #aa4 ,we may defy any ,soc9ian to      
int]pret ^! ?ree passages by  mak+ ! ,_s
 an influ5ce or attribute1 & !reby r$uc+
 !  t]m ,holy ,gho/ into a figure (     
spee*4 8,god10 9 ! fir/ passage1  is1   
unque/ionably1 ,god ! ,fa!r2 & ! 8holy  
m5 ( ,god10 !  prophets1 w\ld !n1       

accord+ to ?is view1 be mov$ by !       
influ5ce ( ! ,fa!r2 b ! influ5ce1       
accord+ to ! ?ird  passage1 :i* 0 !     
s\rce ( _! inspiration1 0 ! ,_s1 or  !  
influ5ce ( 8,*ri/40 ,?us ! passages     
contradict ea* o!r4  ,all[ ! tr9ity 9   
unity1 & y h no difficulty 9 call+ !    
,_s1 ! ,_s ( ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,_s ( ! ,son1 
or !  ,_s ( ei!r2 b if ! ,_s be an      
influ5ce1 t influ5ce  _c be ! influ5ce (
 two p]sons1--"o ( !m ,god1 & ! o!r  a  
creature4 ,ev5 if !y all[$ ! pre-exi/5ce
 ( ,*ri/1 )  ,arians1 ^! passages are   
inexplicable by ! ,soc9ians2 b1 d5y+  8 
prexi/5ce1 !y h no subt]fuge b to       
int]pret1 8! ,_s  ( ,*ri/10 ! _s :i*    
prophesi$ ( ,*ri/1 :i* is a purely      
gratuit\s p>aphrase2 or 8! _s ( an      
ano9t$ "o1 or prophet20  t is1 !        
prophet's own _s1 :i* is j z gratuit\s &
 z  unsupport$ by any p>allel z ! =m]4  
,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,holy ,gho/  be ! ,_s ( ! 
,fa!r & ( ! ,son1 unit$ 9 "o ess5ce1 !  
passages are easily h>moniz$4 ,9        
conjunction ) ! ,fa!r & !  ,son1 he is !

 s\rce ( t prophetic inspiration "u :i* 
!  prophets spoke & act$4 ,s ! same ,_s 
:i* rais$ ,*ri/ f  ! dead1 is said by   
,/4 ,pet] to h prea*$ by ,noah :ile !   
ark  0 prep>+2--9 allusion to ! passage1
 8,my ,_s %all n always  /rive 7cont5d1 
debate7 ) man40 ,?is1 we may obs]ve1    
af=ds an  em95t pro(1 t ! writ]s ( !    
,new ,te/am5t und]/ood !  phrase1 8! ,_s
 ( ,god10 z x occurs 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 
p]sonally4 ,=1 :atev] may be ! full     
mean+ ( t difficult  passage 9 ,/4      
,pet]1 ,*ri/ is cle>ly decl>$ to h      
prea*$ by !  ,_s 9 ! days ( ,noah2 t is1
 he1 by ! ,_s1 inspir$ ,noah to  prea*4 
,if1 !n1 ! ,apo/les und]/ood t ! ,holy  
,gho/ 0 a  ,p]son1 a po9t :i* w pres5tly
 be e/abli%$1 we h1 9 !  text j quot$ f 
! book ( ,g5esis1 a key to ! mean+ ( ^? 
texts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :]e ! phrases1  
8,my ,_s10 8! ,_s  ( ,god10 & 8! ,_s ( !
 ,"l10 occur2 & inspir$ au?ority is  ?us
 af=d$ u to int]pret !m z ( a ,p]son2 & 
if ( a ,p]son1  ! v ef=t made by        
,soc9ians to d5y 8 p]sonality1 itself1  

indicates t t ,p]son mu/1 f ! l(ty      
titles & works  ascrib$ to him1 be      
inevitably div9e4 ,su* phrases occur 9  
_m  passages ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures2 b1
 9 ! foll[+1 ! ,_s is  also em95tly     
di/+ui%$ f two o!r ,p]sons3 8,& n[ ! ,"l
  ,god1 & 8 ,_s1 ha? s5t me10 ,isaiah   
xlviii1 #af2 or1 r5d]$  bett]1 8ha? s5t 
me & 8 ,_s10 bo? t]ms be+ 9 !           
accusative case4 8,seek ye out ( ! book 
( ! ,"l1 & read3 = my  m\? x ha? comm&$1
 & 8 ,_s x ha? ga!r$ !m10 ,isaiah       
xxxiv1 #af4 8,i am ) y1 sai? ! ,"l (    
,ho/s1 accord+ to !  ^w t ,i cov5ant$ ) 
y :5 ye came out ( ,egypt1 s my ,_s     
rema9e? among y3 fe> ye n4 ,= ?us sai? !
 ,"l ( ,ho/s1 ,i  w %ake all nations1 & 
! ,desire ( all nations %all come10     
,hag4  ii1 #d-g4 ,"h1 also1 ! ,_s ( !   
,"l is se5 collocat$ ) !  ,"l ( ,ho/s & 
! ,desire ( all nations1 :o is !        
,messiah4    #f4 ,?ree ,p]sons1 & ?ree  
only1 are associat$ also1 bo? 9 ! ,old  
& ,new ,te/am5t1 z objects ( supreme    
wor%ip2 & =m ! "o  8"n0 9 :i* ! religi\s

 act ( solemn b5$iction is p]=m$1  & to 
:i* m5 are b\nd by solemn baptismal     
cov5ant4 ,9 ! plural  =m ( ! "n ( ,god1 
ea* receiv$ equal adoration4 ,?is       
?reefold  p]sonality seems to h giv5    
rise to ! /&+ =m ( triple  b5$iction us$
 by ! ,jewi% high prie/4 ,! v important 
fact1  t1 9 ! vision ( ,isaiah1 ! ,"l ( 
ho/s1 :o spake unto !  prophet1 is1 9   
,acts xxviii1 #be1 said to be ! ,holy   
,gho/1 :ile ,/4  ,john decl>es t ! glory
 :i* ,isaiah saw 0 ! glory ( ,*ri/1     
proves1 indisputably1 t ea* ( ! ?ree    
,p]sons be>s ?is augu/  appellation2 x  
gives also ! reason = ! ?reefold        
repetition1  8,holy1 holy1 holy60 & x   
exhibits ! prophet & ! v s]aphs 9  deep 
& awful adoration be=e ! ,triune ,"l (  
ho/s4 ,bo? !  prophet & ! s]aphim 71    
!re=e1 wor%ipp]s ( ! ,holy ,gho/  & ( ! 
,son1 at ! v "t & by ! v acts 9 :i* !y  
wor%ipp$ ! ,fa!r2 :i* proves t1 z ! ?ree
 ,p]sons receiv$  equal homage 9 a case 
:i* does n admit ( ! evasion ( pret5d$  
sup]ior & inf]ior wor%ip1 !y are equal 9

 maje/y1 glory1 &  ess5ce4    #g4 ,z 9 !
 tab]nacle =m ( b5$iction1 ! ,triune    
,jehovah is  recognis$ z ! s\rce ( all  
grace & peace to 8 creatures2 s  also we
 h ! apo/olic =mula3 8,! grace ( our ,"l
 ,jesus ,*ri/1  & ! love ( ,god1 & !    
communion ( ! ,holy ,_s be ) y  all4    
,am540 ,"h ! p]sonality ( ! ?ree is kept
 di/9ct2 & !  pray] is1 t ,*ri/ians may 
h a common p>ticipation ( ! ,holy  ,_s1 
t is1 d\btless1 z he 0 promis$ by our   
,"l to 8  disciples1 z a ,com=t]1 z !   
,s\rce ( light & spiritual life1 z  !   
,au?or ( reg5]ation4 ,?us ! ,_s is      
ackn[l$g$1 equally  ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 
to be ! ,s\rce & ! ,giv] ( !  highe/    
spiritual bless+s2 :ile ?is solemn      
m9i/]ial b5$iction  is1 f its specific  
"*1 to be reg>d$ z an act ( pray] to    
ea* ( ! ?ree ,p]sons1 & !re=e is at     
once1 an ackn[l$gm5t  ( ! div9ity &     
p]sonality ( ea*4 ,! same rem>k applies 
to  ,revelation i1 #d1 #e3 8,grace be   
unto y1 & peace1 f ,him :i* 01  & :i*   
is1 & :i* is to come2 & f ! sev5 spirits

 :i* are  be=e 8 ?rone10 7an            
emblematical ref]5ce1 probably to !     
gold5  bran* ) its sev5 lamps17 8& f    
,jesus ,*ri/40 ,! /yle ( ?is  book      
suffici5tly acc\nts = ! ,holy ,_s be+   
call$ 8! sev5  spirits20 b no creat$ _s 
or company ( creat$ spirits is ev]      
spok5 ( "u t appellation3 & ! place     
assign$ to ! sev5  spirits1 betwe5 !    
m5tion ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 indicates1 ) 
c]ta9ty1 t "o ( ! sacr$ ,?ree1 s em95t1 
& s exclusively  em95t 9 bo?            
disp5sations1 is int5d$4    #h4 ,! =m ( 
baptism next pres5ts itself )           
demon/rative evid5ce  on ! two po9ts    
be=e u1 ! p]sonality & div9ity ( ! ,holy
  ,_s4 ,x is ! =m ( cov5ant by :i* !    
sacr$ ,?ree become our  "o or only ,god1
 & we become 8 p3 8,g ye1 !re=e1 & tea* 
all nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( !      
,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1  & ( ! ,holy ,gho/40 
,9 :at mann] is ?is text to be dispos$  
(1  if ! p]sonality ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is  
d5i$8 ,is ! =m ( baptism  to be s       
und]/ood z to imply t baptism is 9 ! "n 

( "o  ,god1 "o creature1 & "o attribute8
 ,! grossness ( ?is  absurdity refutes  
x1 & proves t "h1 at lea/1 !re c be no  
p]sonification4 ,if all ! ,?ree1 !re=e1 
are p]sons1 are we to  h baptism 9 ! "n 
( "o ,god & two creatures8 ,?is w\ld be 
too  ne> an approa* to idolatry1 or1 r1 
x w\ld be idolatry itself2  =1 consid]+ 
baptism z an act ( d$ication to ,god1 ! 
acceptance  ( ,god z our ,god1 on our   
"p1 & ! r5unciation ( all o!r  deities &
 all o!r religions1 :at c\ld a ,hea!n   
conv]t conceive  ( ! two creatures s    
di/+ui%$ f all o!r creatures 9 heav5  & 
9 e>?1 & s associat$ ) ,god himself z to
 =m toge!r !  "o "n1 to :i*1 by t act1  
he 0 devot$1 & :i* he 0  h5ce=w>d to    
pr(ess & hon\r1 b t !y 7 equally div9e1 
unless special c>e 7 tak5 to in/ruct him
 t b "o ( ! ,?ree  0 ,god1 & ! two o!rs 
b creatures8 ,b ( ?is c>e1 ( ?is        
caution>y in/ruction1 ?\gh s obvi\sly   
necess>y ^u ?is !ory1  no s+le in/ance c
 be giv5 9 all ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les4   
#i4 ,b o!r argum5ts are n want+ to prove

 bo? ! p]sonality &  ! div9ity ( ! ,holy
 ,_s4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 7#a47 ,!     
mode ( 8 subsi/5ce 9 ! sacr$ ,tr9ity    
proves 8 p]sonality4 ,he  proce$s f !   
,fa!r & ! ,son1 & _c1 !re=e1 be ei!r4   
,to say t an attribute proce$s & comes  
=?1 w\ld be a gross  absurdity4 7#b47   
,_m passages ( ,scripture are :olly     
un9telligible &  ev5 absurd1 unless !   
,holy ,gho/ is all[$ to be a p]son4 ,= z
  ^? :o take ! phrase z ascrib+ no m ?an
 a figurative  p]sonality to an         
attribute1 make t attribute to be !     
en]gy or  p[] ( ,god1 !y r$uce su*      
passages z ! foll[+ to utt]             
unmean+ness3 8,god ano9t$ ,jesus ) !    
,holy ,gho/ & ) p[]20  t is1 ) ! p[] (  
,god & ) p[]4 8,t ye may ab\nd 9  hope  
?r\gh ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/20 t is1     
?r\gh ! p[] (  p[]4 8,9 demon/ration ( !
 ,_s & ( p[]20 t is1 9  demon/ration (  
p[] & ( p[]4    7#c47 ,p]sonification ( 
any k9d is1 9 "s passages 9 :i* ! ,holy 
,gho/ is spok5 (1 impossible4 ,! reality
 :i* ?is figure ( spee*  is said to     

pres5t to u1 is ei!r "s ( ! attributes (
 ,god1 or  else ! doctr9e ( ! ,gospel4  
,let ?is !ory1 !n1 be tri$ ^u  ! foll[+ 
passages3 8,he %all n speak ( himself2 b
 :atsoev]  he %all he>1 t %all he       
speak40 ,:at attribute ( ,god c "h be   
p]sonifi$8 ,& if ! doctr9e ( ! ,gospel  
be array$ ) p]sonal  attributes1 :]e is 
!re an in/ance ( s mon/r\s a prosopopia 
z ?is passage w\ld exhibit8--! doctr9e (
 ! ,gospel n speak+  8( himself10 b     
speak+ 8:atsoev] he %all he>60--8,! ,_s 
make? int]cession = u40 ,:at attribute  
is capable ( int]c$+1  or h[ c ! doctr9e
 ( ! ,gospel int]c$e8 ,p]sonification1  
too1  is ! language ( poetry1 & takes   
place naturally only 9 excit$ &  elevat$
 disc\rse2 b if ! ,holy ,_s be a        
p]sonification1 we f9d  x 9 ! ord9>y &  
cool /ra9 ( m]e n>ration & argum5tative 
disc\rse 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 9 ! mo/   
incid5tal  conv]sations4 8,h ye receiv$ 
! ,holy ,gho/ s9ce ye believ$8 ,we  h n 
s mu* z he>d :e!r !re be any ,holy      
,gho/40 ,h[  impossible is x "h to      

extort1 by any process :atev]1 ev5 !    
%ad[ ( a p]sonification ( ei!r any      
attribute ( ,god1 or ( !  doctr9e ( !   
,gospel6 ,s aga93 8,! ,_s said unto     
,philip1 ,g ne>1  & jo9 ?yself to ?is   
*>iot40 ,c\ld x be any attribute ( ,god 
:i* said ?is1 or c\ld x be ! doctr9e ( !
 ,gospel8 ,f9ally1  t ! ,holy ,gho/ is a
 p]son1 & n an attribute1 is prov$ by ! 
use ( mascul9e pron\ns & relatives 9 !  
,greek ( ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 9 connection 
) ! neut] n\n 1 ,_s1 & also  by _m      
di/9ct p]sonal acts be+ ascrib$ to him1 
z1 8to come10 8to  g10 8to be s5t10 8to 
tea*10 8to guide10 8to com=t10 8to make 
int]cession10 8to be> witness10 8to give
 gifts10 8divid+ !m to  e man z he w10  
8to be vex$10 8griev$10 & 8qu5*$40 ,^!  
_c be appli$ to ! m]e fiction ( a p]son1
 & !y !re=e  e/abli% ! ,_s's true       
p]sonality4    #aj4 ,"s additional      
argum5ts to ^? be=e giv5 to e/abli% !   
div9ity ( ! ,holy ,gho/ may also be     
adduc$4 ,! fir/ is tak5 f  8 be+ !      
subject ( blasphemy3 8,! blasphemy aga9/

 ! ,holy  ,gho/ %all n be =giv5 unto    
m510 ,matt4 xii1 #ca4 ,?is blasphemy    
consi/$ 9 ascrib+ 8 miracul\s works to  
,satan2 & t he is  capable ( be+        
blasphem$ proves him to be z mu* a p]son
 z !  ,son2 & x proves him to be div9e1 
because x %[s t he may be  s9n$ aga9/1 &
 s s9n$ aga9/ t ! blasphem] %all n be   
=giv54 ,a p]son he mu/ be1 or he c\ld n 
be blasphem$3 a div9e  p]son he mu/ be1 
to con/itute ?is blasphemy a s9 aga9/   
him 9 !  prop] s5se1 & ( s malignant a  
k9d z to place x beyond ! rea*  ( m]cy4 
,he is call$ ,god3 8,:y ha? ,satan fill$
 ?9e he>t to lie  unto ! ,holy ,gho/8   
,:y ha/ ?\ conceiv$ ?is 9 ?9e he>t8 ,?\ 
ha/ n li$ unto m51 b unto ,god10 ,acts  
v1 #c1 #d4 ,ananias is said to  h li$   
p>ticul>ly 8unto ! ,holy ,gho/10 because
 ! ,apo/les 7  "u 8 special direction 9 
e/abli%+ ! tempor>y regulation  among   
,*ri/ians t !y %\ld h all ?+s 9 common3 
!  detection ( ! crime itself 0 a       
demon/ration ( ! div9ity ( !  ,_s1      
because x %[$ 8 omnisci5ce1 8 k ( ! mo/ 

secret acts4 ,9 addition to ! pro( ( 8  
div9ity ?us af=d$ by  ?is hi/ory1 he is 
also call$ ,god3 8,?\ ha/ n li$ unto m51
 b  unto ,god40 ,he is also call$ ! ,"l3
 8,n[ ! ,"l is t ,_s10 #b  ,cor4 iii1   
#ag4 ,he is et]nal3 8,! et]nal ,_s10    
,heb4 ix1 #ad4  ,omnipres5ce is ascrib$ 
to him3 8,y\r body is ! temple ( ! ,holy
  ,gho/10 #a ,cor4 vi1 #ai4 8,z _m z are
 l$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 !y  are ! sons (   
,god10 ,rom4 viii1 #ad4 ,=1 z all true  
,*ri/ians are 8  temples1 & are l$ by   
him1 he mu/ be pres5t to !m at all times
 &  9 all places4 ,he is omnisci5t3 8,! 
,_s se>*e? all ?+s1  yea1 ! deep ?+s (  
,god10 #a ,cor4 ii1 #aj4 ,"h ! ,_s is   
said to  se>* or "k 8all ?+s0           
absolutely2 & !n1 to make ?is m         
emphatic1 t he kn[s ev5 8! deep ?+s (   
,god10 ?+s hidd5  f e creature1 ! dep?s 
( 8 ess5ce1 & ! secrets ( 8  c\nsels2 =1
 t ?is is int5d$1 appe>s f ! next v]se1 
:]e  he is said to "k 8! ?+s ( ,god10 z 
! _s ( a man kn[s !  ?+s ( a man4       
,supreme maje/y is also attribut$ to    

him1 s t to  8lie0 to him1 to           
8blaspheme0 him1 to 8vex0 him1 to d him 
8despite10 are  s9s1 & z su* r5d] !     
(f5d] liable to div9e puni%m5t4 ,h[     
impracticable !n is x to int]pret !     
phrase1 8! ,holy ,gho/10 z a  p]iphrasis
 = ,god himself6 ,a ,_s1 :i* is ! ,_s ( 
,god1  :i* is s (t5 di/+ui%$ f ! ,fa!r1 
:i* 8sees0 &  8he>s0 ! ,fa!r1 :i* se>*es
 8! deep ?+s0 ( ,god1 :i* is  8s5t0 by !
 ,fa!r1 :i* 8proce$e?0 f him1 & :o has  
special  pray] address$ to him at ! same
 "t z ! ,fa!r1 _c1 ?\gh  8"o ) him10 be 
! ,fa!r2 & t he is n ! ,son is          
ackn[l$g$ on bo? sides4 ,z a div9e      
p]son1 our reg>ds are  !re=e ju/ly due  
to him z ! object ( wor%ip & tru/1 (    
pray] & bless+4    #aa4 ,v>i\s are !    
graci\s (fices ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! "w (   
our r$emption4 ,he x is t fir/ quick5s !
 s\l1 dead 9  trespasses & s9s1 to      
spiritual life2 x is by him we are 8born
  aga910 & made new creatures2 he is !  
liv+ root ( all !  ,*ri/ian graces1 :i* 
are !re=e call$ 8! fruits0 ( ! ,_s2  &  

by him all true ,*ri/ians are aid$ 9 !  
8infirmities0 &  afflictions ( ?is      
pres5t life4 ,em95tly1 he is promis$ to 
!  disciples z 8! ,com=t]10 :i* is m    
fully expla9$ by ,/4 ,paul  by ! phrase 
8! ,_s ( adoption20 s t x is ?r\gh him t
  we receive a direct inw>d te/imony to 
our p]sonal =giv5ess &  acceptance ?r\gh
 ,*ri/1 & are fill$ ) peace &           
consolation4  ,?is doctr9e1 s ess5tial  
to ! solid & habitual happ9ess ( ^?  :o 
believe 9 ,*ri/1 is ?us cle>ly expla9$ 9
 a s]mon on t  subject by ! ,rev4 ,john 
,wesley3--    87#a47 ,b :at is ! witness
 ( ! ,_s8 ,! orig9al ^w1  1 may be r5d]$
 ei!r1 z x is 9 sev]al places1 !        
witness1 or1 less ambigu\sly1 !         
te/imony1 or1 ! record3 s x  is r5d]$ 9 
our translation3 #8,?is is ! record1' ! 
te/imony1 !  sum ( :at ,god te/ifies 9  
all ! inspir$ writ+s1 #8t ,god ha?  giv5
 unto u et]nal life1 & ?is life is 9 8  
,son1' #a ,john v1 #aa4  ,! te/imony n[ 
"u consid]ation is giv5 by ! ,_s ( ,god 
to  & ) our _s4 ,he is ! p]son te/ify+4 

,:at he te/ifies to  u is1 #8t we are ! 
*ildr5 ( ,god4' ,! imm$iate result ( ?is
  te/imony is1 #8! fruit ( ! ,_s2'      
namely1 #8love1 joy1 peace1 long        
suff]+1 g5tl5ess1 goodness4' ,& )\t ^!1 
! te/imony  itself _c cont9ue4 ,= x is  
inevitably de/roy$1 n only by !         
commission ( any outw>d s91 or !        
omission ( kn[n duty1 b by  giv+ way to 
any inw>d s93 9 a ^w1 by :atev] grieves 
! ,holy  ,_s ( ,god4 7#b47 ,i obs]v$ _m 
ye>s ago1 ,x is h>d to f9d words  9 !   
language ( m5 to expla9 ! deep ?+s (    
,god4 ,inde$1 !re  are none t w         
adequately express :at ! ,_s ( ,god     
works 9  8 *ildr54 ,b1 p]haps1 "o might 
say1 7desir+ any :o are taught  ( ,god  
to correct1 s(t51 or /r5g!n !           
expression17 by !  #8te/imony ( ! ,_s1' 
,i mean1 an inw>d impression on ! s\l1  
:]eby ! ,_s ( ,god imm$iately & directly
 witnesses ) my  _s1 t ,i am a *ild (   
,god2 t #8,jesus ,*ri/ ha? lov$ me1 &   
giv5 himself = me2' t all my s9s are    
blott$ out1 & ,i1 ev5 ,i1  am reconcil$ 

to ,god4 7#c47 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s' f>!r   
consid]ation1 ,i  see no cause to       
retract any "p ( ?is4 ,nei!r d ,i       
conceive h[ any  ( ^! expressions may be
 alt]$1 s z to make !m m  intelligible4 
,i c only add1 t if any ( ! *ildr5 (    
,god w  po9t out any o!r expressions :i*
 are m cle>1 or m agreeable  to ! ^w (  
,god1 ,i w readily lay ^! aside4 7#d47  
,meantime1 let  x be obs]v$1 ,i d n mean
 h]eby1 t ! ,_s ( ,god te/ifies  ?is by 
any outw>d voice2 no1 nor always by an  
inw>d voice1 al?\gh  he may d ?is       
sometimes4 ,nei!r d ,i suppose1 t he    
always applies  to ! he>t1 ?\gh he (t5  
may1 "o or m texts ( ,scripture4 ,b  he 
s works ^u ! s\l by 8 imm$iate influ5ce1
 & by a /rong1  ?\gh inexplicable1      
op]ation1 t ! /ormy w9d & tr\bl$ waves  
subside1 & !re is a sweet calm3 ! he>t  
re/+ z 9 ! arms (  ,jesus1 & ! s9n] be+ 
cle>ly satisfi$ t all 8 #8iniquities    
are =giv51 & 8 s9s cov]$4' 7#e47 ,n[ :at
 is ! matt] (  dispute conc]n+ ?is8 ,n1 
:e!r !re be a witness or te/imony (  !  

,_s4 ,n1 :e!r ! ,_s does te/ify ) our   
_s1 t  we are ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,none c  
d5y ?is1 )\t flatly  contradict+ !      
,scriptures1 & *>g+ a lie ^u ! ,god (   
tru?4  ,!re=e1 t !re is a te/imony ( !  
,_s1 is ackn[l$g$ by  all p>ties4 7#f47 
,nei!r is x que/ion$1 :e!r !re is an    
indirect  witness or te/imony1 t we are 
! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,?is is ne>ly1  if n   
exactly1 ! same ) #8! te/imony ( a good 
consci5ce t[>d  ,god2' & is ! result (  
reason or reflection on :at we feel 9   
our  own s\ls4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is a  
conclusion drawn p>tly f !  ^w ( ,god1 &
 p>tly f our own exp]i5ce4 ,! ^w ( ,god 
says1  ,e "o :o has ! fruit ( ! ,_s is a
 *ild ( ,god4 ,exp]i5ce  or inw>d       
consci\sness tells me1 t ,i h ! fruit ( 
! ,_s2  & h5ce ,i rationally conclude1  
,!re=e ,i am a *ild ( ,god4 ,?is is     
likewise all[$ on all h&s1 & s is no    
matt] ( controv]sy4 7#g47  ,nor d we    
ass]t1 t !re c be any real te/imony ( ! 
,_s1  )\t ! fruit ( ! ,_s4 ,we ass]t1 on
 ! contr>y1 t !  fruit ( ! ,_s          

imm$iately spr+s f ?is te/imony2 n      
always  inde$ 9 ! same degree ev5 :5 !  
te/imony is fir/ giv52 &  mu* less      
aft]w>d3 nei!r joy nor peace is always  
at "o /ay4 ,no1  nor love3 z nei!r is ! 
te/imony itself always equally /rong &  
cle>4 7#h47 ,b ! po9t 9 "q is1 :e!r !re 
be any direct  te/imony ( ! ,_s at all2 
:e!r !re be any o!r te/imony (  ! ,_s1  
?an t :i* arises f a consci\sness ( !   
fruit4 ,i  believe !re is1 because t is 
! pla91 natural mean+ ( !  text1 #8,!   
,_s itself be>e? witness ) our _s1 t we 
are  ! *ildr5 ( ,god4' ,x is manife/ "h 
are two witnesses m5tion$1  :o toge!r   
te/ify ! same ?+1 ! ,_s ( ,god1 & our   
own  _s4 ,! late bi%op ( ,london1 9 8   
s]mon on ?is text1 seems  a/oni%$ t any 
"o c d\bt ( ?is1 :i* appe>s ^u ! v  face
 ( ! words4 ,n[1 #8! te/imony ( our own 
_s1' says !  bi%op1 #8is "o :i* is !    
consci\sness ( our own s9c]ity2' or1 to 
express ! same ?+ a little m cle>ly1 !  
consci\sness ( !  fruit ( ! ,_s4 ,:5 our
 _s is consci\s ( ?is1 ( love1 joy1     

peace1 long suff]+1 g5tl5ess1 goodness1 
x easily inf]s f ^!  premises1 t we are 
! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,x is true1 t great man
  supposes ! o!r witness to be #8!      
consci\sness ( our own good  works4'    
,?is1 he affirms1 is #8! te/imony (     
,god's ,_s4' ,b ?is  is includ$ 9 !     
te/imony ( our own _s3 yea1 & 9 s9c]ity1
  ev5 accord+ to ! common s5se ( ! ^w4  
,s ! ,apo/le3 #8,our  rejoic+ is ?is1 ! 
te/imony ( our consci5ce1 t 9 simplicity
  & godly s9c]ity we h our conv]sation 9
 ! _w2' :]e x is  pla91 s9c]ity ref]s to
 our words & actions1 at lea/1 z mu* z  
to our inw>d dispositions4 ,s t ?is is n
 ano!r witness1 b !  v same t he m5tion$
 be=e3 ! consci\sness ( our good works  
be+ only "o bran* ( ! consci\sness ( our
 s9c]ity4  ,consequ5tly1 "h is only "o  
witness /ill4 ,if !re=e1 ! text  speaks 
( two witnesses1 "o ( ^! is n !         
consci\sness ( our  good works1 nei!r ( 
our s9c]ity2 all ?is be+ manife/ly      
conta9$ 9 #8! te/imony ( our _s4' ,:at1 
!n1 is ! o!r  witness8 ,?is might easily

 be le>n$1 if ! text itself 7 n         
suffici5tly cle>1 f ! v]se imm$iately   
prec$+3 #8,ye h  receiv$1 n ! _s (      
bondage1 b ! ,_s ( adoption1 :]eby  we  
cry1 ,abba1 ,fa!r4' ,x foll[s1 #8,! ,_s 
itself be>e? witness  ) our _s1 t we are
 ! *ildr5 ( ,god4' ,?is is f>!r  expla9$
 by ! p>allel text1 ,gal4 iv1 #f3       
#8,because ye are sons1 ,god  ha? s5t =?
 ! ,_s ( 8 ,son into y\r he>ts1 cry+1   
,abba1  ,fa!r4' ,is n ?is some?+        
imm$iate & direct1 n ! result (         
reflection or argum5tation8 ,does n ?is 
,_s cry1 #8,abba1 ,fa!r1'  9 our he>ts1 
! mom5t x is giv58 antec$5tly to any    
reflection  ^u our s9c]ity1 yea1 to any 
reason+ :atsoev]8 ,& is n ?is  ! pla91  
natural s5se ( ! words1 :i* /rikes any  
"o z soon z  he he>s !m8 ,all ^! texts1 
!n1 9 _! mo/ obvi\s mean+1  describe a  
direct te/imony ( ! ,_s4 ,t ! te/imony (
 !  ,_s ( ,god1 mu/1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1
 be antec$5t to !  te/imony ( our own   
_s1 may appe> f ?is s+le consid]ation3  
,we mu/ be holy 9 he>t & life1 be=e we c

 be consci\s t we  are s4 ,b we mu/ love
 ,god be=e we c be holy at all1 ?is be+ 
! root ( all hol9ess4 ,n[1 we _c love   
,god1 till we "k he loves  u3 #8,we love
 him1 because he fir/ lov$ u4' ,& we _c 
"k 8  love to u1 till 8 ,_s witnesses x 
to our _s4 ,s9ce1  !re=e1 ! te/imony ( 8
 ,_s mu/ prec$e ! love ( ,god &  all    
hol9ess1 ( consequ5ce x mu/ prec$e our  
consci\sness !re(40    #ab4 ,! prec$5ce 
( ! direct witness ( ! ,_s ( ,god to !  
indirect witness ( our own1 & ! dep5d5ce
 ( ! latt] ^u !  =m]1 are also cle>ly   
/at$ by o!r div9es ( great au?ority4    
,calv91 on ,romans viii1 #af1 says1 8,/4
 ,paul means t ! ,_s ( ,god  gives su* a
 te/imony to u1 t he be+ our guide &    
tea*]1 our  _s concludes our adoption ( 
,god to be c]ta94 ,= our own m9d1 (     
itself1 indep5d5t ( ! prec$+ te/imony ( 
! ,_s1 nisi  prunte ,_ss te/imonio1 c\ld
 n produce ?is p]suasion 9 u4  ,= :ile !
 ,_s witnesses t we are ! sons ( ,god1  
he at !  same "t inspires ?is confid5ce 
into our m9ds1 t we are bold to  call   

,god our ,fa!r40 ,on ! same passage ,dr4
 ,john ,ow5 says1 8,!  ,_s itself be>e? 
witness ) our spirits t we are ! sons ( 
,god2 ! witness :i* our own spirits d   
give unto our adoption is !  "w & effect
 ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 u2 if x 7 n1 x w\ld be 
false1 & n confirm$ by ! te/imony ( !   
,_s himself1 :o is  ! ,_s ( tru?4 #8,&  
none kn[e? ! ?+s ( ,god b ! ,_s  (      
,god1' #a ,cor4 ii1 #aa4 ,if he decl>e n
 our son%ip 9 u & to u1  we _c "k x4 ,h[
 do? he !n be> witness to our spirits8  
,:at is  ! di/9ct te/imony8 ,x mu/ be "s
 su* act ( 8 z evid5ce?  itself to be f 
him imm$iately1 unto !m t are conc]n$ 9 
x1  t is1 ^? unto :om x is giv540 ,poole
 on ! same passage  rem>ks1 8,! ,_s (   
adoption do? n only excite u to call ^u 
,god z our ,fa!r1 b x do? asc]ta9 &     
assure u1 z be=e1 t  we are 8 *ildr54 ,&
 ?is x do? n by an outw>d voice1 z ,god 
! ,fa!r to ,jesus ,*ri/1 nor by an      
angel1 z to ,daniel & ! ,virg9  ,m>y1 b 
by an inw>d & secret sugge/ion1 :]eby he
 raise? our  he>ts to ?is p]suasion1 t  

,god is our ,fa!r1 & we are 8  *ildr54  
,?is is n ! te/imony ( ! graces &       
op]ations ( !  ,_s1 b ( ! ,_s itself40  
,bi%op ,pe>son1 9 8 elaborate "w  on !  
,cre$1 & ,dr4 ,b>r[1 9 8 ,s]mons1 are   
equally explicit 9  /at+ ?is ,scriptural
 doctr9e4    ,,homoi\sians1 a bran* ( ! 
high ,arians1 :o ma9ta9$ t !  nature ( !
 ,son1 ?\gh n ! same1 0 simil> to t ( ! 
,fa!r4    ,,homo\sians1 or ,,hom\sia/s1 
01 on ! o!r h&1 a "n appli$ to  !       
,a?anasians1 :o held ! ,son to be       
hom\sios1 or consub/antial  ) ! ,fa!r1 t
 is1 ( ! same nature & sub/ance4        
,,honey1 4 ,x is probable1 t x 0 9 ord] 
to keep ! ,jews at a  di/ance f ! cu/oms
 ( ! ,hea!n1 :o 7 us$ to (f] honey  9 _!
 sacrifices1 t ,god =bade x to be (f]$  
to him1 t is  to say1 burnt ^u ! alt>1  
,lev4 ii1 #aa2 b at ! same "t he  comm&$
 t ! fir/-fruits ( x %\ld be pres5t$4   
,^!  fir/-fruits & (f]+s 7 design$ = !  
support & su/5ance  ( ! prie/s1 & 7 n   
consum$ ^u ! alt>4 ,9 hot wea!r1  !     
honey bur/ ! comb1 & ran d[n ! holl[    

trees or rocks1 :]e1  9 ! l& ( ,judea1 !
 bees deposit$ great /ore ( x4 ,?is1    
fl[+ spontane\sly1 0 ! be/ & mo/        
delici\s1 z x 0 q  pure1 & cle> f all   
dregs & wax4 ,! ,israelites call$ x 1   
wood honey4 ,x is !re=e improp]ly r5d]$ 
8honeycomb10 #a ,sam4  xiv1 #bg2 ,cant4 
v1 #a2 9 bo? :i* places x means ! honey 
t has  di/ill$ f ! trees1 z di/+ui%$ f !
 dome/ic1 :i* 0  eat5 ) ! comb4         
,hasselqui/ says1 t betwe5 ,acra &      
,naz>e?1  great numb]s ( wild bees bre$1
 to ! advantage ( ! inhabitants2  &     
,maundrell obs]ves ( ! great pla9 ne>   
,j]i*o1 t he  p]ceiv$ 9 x1 9 _m places1 
a smell ( honey & wax z /rong z  if he  
_h be5 9 an api>y4 ,milk & honey 7 !    
*ief da9ties (  ! e>li] ages1 & cont9ue 
to be s ( ! ,b$[e5 ,arabs n[4 ,s  butt] 
& honey are sev]al times m5tion$ 9      
,scripture z among !  mo/ delici\s      
refre%m5ts1 #b ,sam4 xvii1 #bi2 ,job xx1
 #ag2 ,cant4 iv1 #aa2  ,isaiah vii1 #ae4
 ,?us ,irby & ,mangles1 9 _! ,travels1  
relate1 8,!y  gave u "s honey & butt]   

toge!r1 ) bread to dip 9 x1 ,n>sah      
desir+ "o ( 8 m5 to mix ! two +r$i5ts = 
u1 z we 7  awkw>d at x4 ,! ,arab1 hav+  
/irr$ ! mixture up well ) 8  f+]s1 %[$ 8
 dext]ity at consum+1 z well z mix+1 &  
recomp5s$ himself = 8 tr\ble by eat+    
half ( x40 ,! wild  honey1  1 m5tion$ to
 h be5 a "p ( ! food ( ,john  ! ,bapti/1
 ,matt4 iii1 #d1 0 probably su* z he got
 9 ! rocks &  holl[s ( trees4 ,?us1     
8honey out ( ! /ony rock10 ,psalm lxxxi1
 #af2  ,deut4 xxxii1 #ac4    ,,hophni4  
,see ,,eli4    ,,hopk9sians1 or         
,,hopk9sonians1 s call$ f ! ,rev4       
,samuel ,hopk9s1  ,d4,d41 pa/or ( ! fir/
 ,congregational *ur* at ,newport1      
,rhode  ,isl&1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ab\t ,a4  
,d4 #aggj4 ,dr4 ,hopk9s1 9 8 s]mons &   
tracts1 made sev]al additions to !      
s5tim5ts previ\sly advanc$ by  !        
celebrat$ ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 (          
,new-,j]sey ,college4 ,! foll[+  is a   
summ>y ( _! di/+ui%+ t5ets3--    #a4 ,t 
all true virtue or real hol9ess consi/s 
9 dis9t]e/$  b5evol5ce4 ,! object (     

b5evol5ce is univ]sal be+1 includ+      
,god1 & all intellig5t creatures4 ,x    
wi%es & seeks ! good (  e individual1 s 
f> z is consi/5t ) ! greate/ good ( !   
:ole1 :i* is compris$ 9 ! glory ( ,god1 
& ! p]fection &  happ9ess ( 8 k+dom4 ,! 
law ( ,god is ! /&>d ( all moral        
rectitude or hol9ess4 ,?is is r$uc$ into
 love to ,god & to our  neighb\r2 &     
univ]sal good w compreh5ds all ! love to
 ,god1 our  neighb\r1 & ourselves1      
requir$ 9 ! div9e law1 & !re=e mu/  be !
 :ole ( holy ob$i5ce4 ,let any p]son    
reflect on :at are !  p>ticul> bran*es (
 true piety1 & he w f9d t dis9t]e/$     
affection is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic (    
ea*4 ,= in/ance1  all :i* di/+ui%es pi\s
 fe> f ! fe> ( ! wick$ consi/s  9 love4 
,holy gratitude is no?+ b good w to ,god
 & man1  ourselves includ$1 excit$ by a 
view ( ! good w & k9dness (  ,god4      
,ju/ice1 tru?1 & fai?fulness1 are       
compris$ 9 univ]sal  b5evol5ce4 ,s are  
temp]ance & *a/ity2 = an undue indulg5ce
 (  our appetites & passions is contr>y 

to b5evol5ce1 z t5d+ to  hurt ourselves 
or o!rs1 & s opposite to ! g5]al good1 &
 !  div9e comm&4 ,9 %ort1 all virtue is 
no?+ b love to ,god & our  neighb\r1    
made p]fect 9 all its g5u9e ex]cises &  
expressions4    #b4 ,t all s9 consi/s 9 
selfi%ness4 ,by ?is is meant an int]e/$ 
affection1 by :i* a p]son sets himself  
up z ! supreme or only  object ( reg>d2 
& no?+ is lovely 9 8 view1 unless suit$ 
to  promote 8 private int]e/4 ,?is      
self-love is1 9 its :ole nature1  & e   
degree ( x1 enmity aga9/ ,god3 x is n   
subject to ! law  ( ,god1 & x is ! only 
affection t c oppose x4 ,x is !         
f\ndation ( all spiritual bl9dness1 & ! 
s\rce ( all idolatry  & false religion4 
,x is ! f\ndation ( all covet\sness &   
s5suality2 ( all falsehood1 inju/ice1 & 
oppression2 z x excites  mank9d1 by     
undue me?ods1 to invade ! prop]ty (     
o!rs4 ,self-love  produces all ! viol5t 
passions1 envy1 wra?1 clam\r1 & evil    
speak+2 & e ?+ contr>y to ! div9e law is
 briefly  compreh5d$ 9 ?is fruitful     

s\rce ( iniquity1 self-love4    #c4 ,t  
!re are no promises ( reg5]at+ grace    
made to ! actions  ( ! unreg5]ate4 ,= z 
f> z m5 act f self-love1 !y act f  a bad
 end2 = ^? :o h no true love to ,god    
really fulfil no duty  :5 !y att5d on ! 
ext]nals ( religion4 ,also1 t inability1
  :i* consi/s 9 dis9cl9ation1 nev] r5d]s
 any ?+ improp] to be  ! subject ( a    
comm&4    #d4 ,t ! impot5cy ( s9n]s1 )  
respect to believ+ 9 ,*ri/1  is n       
natural1 b moral2 = x is a pla9 dictate 
( common s5se1  t natural impossibility 
excludes all blame4 ,b an unwill+ m9d is
  univ]sally consid]$ z a crime1 & n z  
an excuse2 & is ! v  ?+ :]e9 our        
wick$ness consi/s4--,also1    #e4 ,t 9  
ord] to fai? 9 ,*ri/1 a s9n] mu/ approve
 9 8 he>t  ( ! div9e conduct1 ev5 ?\gh  
,god %\ld ca/ him (f = ev]2  :i*1 h[ev]1
 nei!r implies love to mis]y1 nor hatr$ 
( happ9ess4  ,b z a p>ticle ( wat] is   
small1 9 comp>ison ( a g5]\s /ream1  s !
 man ( humility feels small be=e ! great
 family ( 8 fell[  creatures4 ,he values

 8 s\l2 b1 :5 he comp>es x to ! great   
s\l ( mank9d1 he almo/ =gets & loses    
sight ( x3 = !  gov]n+ pr9ciple ( 8 he>t
 is1 to e/imate ?+s accord+ to  _! wor?4
 ,:51 !re=e1 he indulges an humble      
comp>ison ) 8  ,mak]1 he feels lo/ 9 !  
inf9ite fulness & brightness ( div9e    
love1 z a ray ( light is lo/ 9 ! sun1 & 
a p>ticle ( wat] 9  ! ocean4 ,x inspires
 him ) ! mo/ grateful feel+s ( he>t1  t 
he has opportunity to be 9 ! h& ( ,god1 
z clay 9 ! h& (  ! pott]2 & z he        
consid]s himself 9 ?is humble light1 he 
submits  ! nature & size ( 8 future     
vessel entirely to ,god4 ,z 8 pride  is 
lo/ 9 ! du/1 he looks up ) pleasure t[>d
 ! ?rone ( ,god1  & rejoices1 ) all 8   
he>t1 9 ! rectitude ( ! div9e           
adm9i/ration4 ,he also consid]s t1 if ! 
law be good1 dea? is due  to ^? :o h    
brok5 x2 & 8! ,judge ( all ! e>? _c b  d
 "r10 ,g54 xviii1 #be4 ,x w\ld br+      
ev]la/+ reproa* ^u 8  gov]nm5t to sp>e  
u1 consid]$ m]ely z 9 ourselves4 ,:5 ?is
 is  felt 9 our he>ts1 & n till !n1 we  

%all be prep>$ to look to  ! free grace 
( ,god1 ?r\gh ,*ri/'s r$emption4    #f4 
,t ! inf9itely wise & holy ,god has     
ex]t$ 8 omnipot5t  p[]1 9 su* a mann] z 
he purpos$ %\ld be foll[$ ) !  exi/5ce &
 entrance ( moral evil 9 ! sy/em3 = x   
mu/ be  admitt$1 on all h&s1 t ,god has 
a p]fect k1 =esight1 &  view ( all      
possible exi/5ces & ev5ts4 ,if t sy/em &
 sc5e (  op]ation1 9 :i* moral evil %\ld
 nev] h exi/5ce1 0 actually  pref]r$ 9 !
 div9e m9d1 c]ta9ly ! ,deity is         
inf9itely  disappo9t$ 9 ! issue ( 8 own 
op]ations4 ,dr4 ,hopk9s ma9ta9s1  !re=e1
 t 8,god 0 ! au?or1 orig91 & positive   
cause (  ,adam's s930 yea1 8t he is !   
orig9 & cause ( moral evil1 z  really z 
he is ( ! exi/5ce ( any ?+ t he wills40 
#g4 ,t ! introduction ( s9 is1 ^u !     
:ole1 = ! g5]al  good4 ,= ! wisdom & p[]
 ( ! ,deity are display$ 9 c>ry+ on     
designs ( ! greate/ good3 & ! exi/5ce ( 
moral evil has1  und\bt$ly1 occasion$ a 
m full1 p]fect1 & glori\s discov]y (  ! 
inf9ite p]fections ( ! div9e nature1 ?an

 c\ld o!rwise h  be5 made to ! view (   
creatures4    #h4 ,t rep5tance is be=e  
fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,by ?is1 is n int5d$1  t  
rep5tance is be=e a speculative         
conviction ( ! be+ &  p]fections ( ,god1
 & ( ! p]son & "* ( ,*ri/2 b only1  t   
true rep5tance is previ\s to a sav+ fai?
 9 ,*ri/1 by :i*  ! believ] is unit$ to 
,*ri/1 & entitl$ to ! b5efits ( 8       
m$iation & atonem5t4 ,s ,*ri/ comm&$1   
8,rep5t ye1 & believe  ! ,gospel20 &    
,paul prea*$ 8rep5tance t[>d ,god1 &    
fai? 9 our  ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/40    #i4 ,t
 ?\gh m5 became s9n]s by ,adam1 accord+ 
to a div9e  con/itution1 yet !y 7 & are 
acc\ntable = no s9s b  p]sonal3 =1 7#a47
 ,adam's act1 9 eat+ ! =bidd5 fruit1 0 n
  ! act ( 8 po/]ity2 !re=e !y did n s9  
at ! same "t  t he did4 7#b47 ,!        
s9fulness ( t act c\ld n be transf]r$ to
  !m aft]w>d2 because ! s9fulness ( an  
act c no m be  transf]r$ f "o p]son to  
ano!r1 ?an an act itself4 7#c47  ,!re=e 
,adam's act1 9 eat+ ! =bidd5 fruit1 0 n 
! cause1  b only ! occasions ( 8 po/]ity

 be+ s9n]s4 ,adam s9n$1 &  n[ ,god br+s 
8 po/]ity into ! _w s9n]s4    #aj4 ,t   
?\gh believ]s are ju/ifi$ ?r\gh ,*ri/'s 
righte\sness1  yet 8 righte\sness is n  
transf]r$ to !m4 ,= p]sonal             
righte\sness _c be transf]r$ f "o p]son 
to ano!r1 nor  p]sonal s92 o!rwise !    
s9n] w\ld become innoc5t1 & ,*ri/ !     
s9n]4 ,! ,scripture1 !re=e1 repres5ts   
believ]s z receiv+ only  ! b5efits (    
,*ri/'s righte\sness 9 ju/ification1 or 
_! be+  p>don$ & accept$ = ,*ri/'s      
righte\sness' sake2 & ?is is !  prop]   
,scripture notion ( imputation4         
,jona?an's righte\sness 0  imput$ to    
,mephibo%e?1 :5 ,david %[$ k9dness to   
him = 8  fa!r ,jona?an's sake1 #b       
,samuel ix1 #g4    #aa4 ,! ,hopk9sians  
w>mly advocate ! doctr9e ( ! div9e      
decrees1  n only p>ticul> election1 b   
also reprobation2 !y hold also !  total 
depravation ( human nature1 ! special   
influ5ces ( ! ,_s  ( ,god 9 reg5]ation1 
ju/ification by fai? alone1 ! f9al      
p]sev]ance ( ! sa9ts1 & ! consi/5cy     

betwe5 entire fre$om  & absolute        
dep5d5ce2 & !re=e claim x z _! j due1   
s9ce  ! _w w make di/9ctions1 to be     
call$ ,hopk9sian ,calv9i/s4  ,calv9i/s1 
h[ev]1 h demurr$ aga9/ sev]al ( ^!      
propositions1 & a long & w>m controv]sy 
0 occasion$ by !m 9  ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 to
 a few po9ts ( :i* we %all adv]t4--7#a47
  ,selfi%ness1 z conf9+ our affections &
 ex]tions to ourselves1 is  confess$ly a
 vice2 b t self is n to be exclud$ f our
  affections1 is evid5t ev5 f ! t]ms ( !
 div9e law1--8,?\  %alt love ?y neighb\r
 z ?yself40 ,& ! ,scriptures tea* u1 t  
8no man hate? 8 own fle%40 ,su* a       
8dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce10  !re=e1 z implies
 no peculi> anxiety = our p]sonal       
salvation &  happ9ess1 c nev] be requir$
 ( u4 ,a good man may & mu/ be  conv9c$1
 t ,god w\ld be j 9 8 f9al condemnation1
 consid]$  out ( ,*ri/2 b x is          
impossible to acquiesce 9 su* a         
prospect2 x  is mak+ hol9ess to consi/ 9
 be+ satisfi$ ) rema9+ = ev]  unholy1   
:i* is z impi\s z x is contradictory2 & 

! /rong &  /range ?+s :i* "s            
,hopk9sonians h said on ?is subject1 c  
only be acc\nt$ = f ! love ( p>adox4    
7#b47 ,! o!r pr9cipal  po9t on :i*      
,calv9i/s diss5t1 is ! mak+ ,god 8!     
au?or &  effici5t cause ( s940 ,x is    
true t ! ,doctor says else:]e1 t  89    
caus+ or orig9at+ s91 !re is no s920    
?is1 h[ev]1 is a  position s dang]\s1 s 
unsupport$1 & s contr>y to ! common     
s5se ( mank9d1 t we may well %r9k f x2 &
 %\ld risk no  speculation t c implicate
 ! div9e "*1 or furni% an  excuse = s94 
8,is ,god unrighte\s :o take? v5geance80
 sai? !  ,apo/le4 8,god =bid6 = h[ !n   
%all ,god judge ! _w80 ,rom4 iii1  #e1  
#f4 ,^? :o feel int]e/$ 9 ! controv]sy1 
may be fully  gratifi$ 9 ! 8,contra/    
betwe5 ,calv9ism & ,hopk9sianism10 by   
,ezra  ,/yles ,ely1 ,a4 ,m41            
7,new-,york1 #ahaa17 & o!r ,am]ican     
publications4 ,9  ?is c\ntry !          
controv]sy is b little kn[n2 b we may   
rem>k t  ! !ory ( ,hopk9s appe>s to be  
an attempt to unite "s po9ts (  my/ic   

!ology ) ! ,calv9ism commonly receiv$1 &
 t :]e x  diff]s f ! latt] sy/em1 x     
relieves no difficulty4    ,,hor4 ,?is  
m\nta91 9 its g5]al acceptation1 is     
probably ! same  ) ,m\nt ,seir1 ,hor be+
 ! "n by :i* t m\nta9\s tract 0         
d5om9at$ be=e x 0 ex*ang$ = ,seir4 ,b "o
 p>ticul>  m\nta9 ( ?is region reta9$ ! 
"n ( ,hor long aft]2 z x 0 a  m\nta9 (  
?is "n1 8by ! coa/ ( ! l& ( ,edom10 t   
,a>on  0 comm&$ to asc5d1 9 ord] to die 
!re1 ,num4 xx1 #bc4 ,?is  m\nta91 or at 
lea/ ! "o to :i* tradition assigns !    
tomb (  ,a>on1 0 visit$ by ,burckh>dt2 f
 ^: acc\nt x appe>s to =m  a conspicu\s 
object 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,djebel ,%]a1 or     
,m\nt ,seir1  ris+ abruptly f ! valley (
 ,el ,araba1 or des]t ( ,z91 ab\t  fifty
 miles nor? ( ,akaba1 or ,ezion-,geb]4  
,,horeb1 a m\nta9 9 ,arabia ,petra1 a "p
 ( :i*1 or ne> to :i*1  0 ,s9ai4 ,at    
,horeb ,god appe>$ to ,moses 9 ! burn+  
bu%1 ,exod4  iii1 #a1 c4 ,hi!r ,elijah  
retir$ to avoid ! p]secution ( ,jezebel1
 #a  ,k+s xix1 #h4 ,s9ai & ,horeb seem  

to be two p>ts ( ! same m\nta92  h5ce ! 
law is sometimes said to be giv5 !re4   
,,horn4 ,by horns ! ,hebrews sometimes  
und]/ood an em95ce1 or angle1 a  corn]1 
or a ris+4 ,by horns ( ! alt> ( burnt   
(f]+s1 _m  und]/& ! angles ( t alt>2 b  
!re 7 also horns1 or  em95ces1 at !     
corn]s ( t alt>1 ,exod4 xxvii1 #b2 xxx1 
#b4 ,horn  also signifies glory1        
brightness1 rays4 ,god's 8brightness 0 z
 !  light1 he _h horns com+ out ( 8 h&10
 ,hab4 iii1 #d2 t is1  refulg5t beams   
issu+ f ! holl[ ( x4 ,z ! anci5ts       
frequ5tly us$ horns to hold liquors1    
vessels conta9+ oil &  p]fumes are (t5  
call$ horns1 :e!r made ( horn or n4     
8,fill  ?9e horn ) oil10 says ! ,"l to  
,samuel1 8& ano9t ,david10 #a  ,sam4    
xvi1 #a4 ,zadok took a horn ( oil out ( 
! tab]nacle1 &  ano9t$ ,solomon1 #a ,k+s
 i1 #ci4 ,job call$ "o ( 8 daught]s     
,k]5happu*1 horn ( antimony1 or horn to 
put antimony 7/ibium7 91  :i* ! wom5 ( !
 ea/ /ill use at ?is day1 ,job xliii1   
#ad4 ,!  pr9cipal def5ce & /r5g? ( horn$

 bea/s consi/ 9 _! horns2  & h5ce !     
,scripture m5tions ! horn z a symbol (  
/r5g?4 ,!  ,"l exalt$ ! horn ( ,david1 !
 horn ( 8 p2 he breake? !  horn ( !     
ungodly2 he cutte? (f ! horn ( ,moab2 he
 cutte? (f !  horn ( ,israel2 he        
promise? to make ! horn ( ,israel to bud
 =?2 to  re/abli% ! hon\r ( x1 & re/ore 
its =m] vig\r4 ,moses  comp>es ,joseph  
to a "y bull1 & says t he has horns l ^?
  ( a unicorn4 ,k+doms & great p[]s are 
(t5 9 ,scripture describ$  by ! symbol (
 horns4 ,9 ,daniel vii1 viii1 horns     
repres5t ! p[]  ( ! ,p]sians1 ( !       
,greeks1 ( ,syria1 ( ,egypt1 or ( ,pagan
 &  ,papal ,rome4 ,! prophet repres5ts  
?ree animals z hav+ _m horns1  "o ( :i* 
grew f ! o!r4 ,?is emblem is a natural  
"o1 s9ce 9  ! ea/ are rams :i* h _m     
horns4    ,,hornet1 1 ,exod4 xxiii1 #bh2
 ,deut4 vii1 #bj2 ,jo%ua xxiv1 #ab4 ,!  
hornet1 9 natural hi/ory1 belongs to !  
species crabo1 ( ! g5us  vespa or wasp4 
,x is a mo/ voraci\s insect1 & is       
exce$+ly  /rong = its size1 :i* is      

g5]ally an in* 9 l5g?1 & sometimes  m4  
,9 ea* ( ! in/ances :]e ?is creature is 
m5tion$ 9  ,scripture1 x is z s5t among 
! enemies ( ! ,israelites1 to drive  !m 
out ( ! l&4 ,"s expla9 ! ^w             
metaphorically1 z 8,i w  s5d my t]ror z 
! hornet10 c4 ,b ,bo*>t cont5ds t x is  
to be  tak5 9 its prop] lit]al mean+1 & 
has accumulat$ examples (  sev]al o!r p 
hav+ be5 *as$ f _! habitations by       
insects ( diff]5t k9ds4 lian records t !
 ,phaselites1 :o dwelt  ab\t ! m\nta9s (
 ,solyma1 7 driv5 out ( _! c\ntry by    
wasps4 ,z ^! p 7 ,ph5icians or          
,canaanites1 x is probable  t ! ev5t to 
:i* he ref]s is ! same z took place 9 ! 
days  ( ,jo%ua4 ,h[ di/ress+ &          
de/ructive a multitude ( ^! fi]ce  &    
sev]ely /++ insects might be1 any p]son 
may conjecture4 ,no  arm\r1 no weapons  
c\ld avail aga9/ !m4 ,a few ?\s&s ( !m  
w\ld be suffici5t to ov]?r[ ! be/       
discipl9$ army & put x  into confusion &
 r\t4 ,f ,jo%ua xxiv1 #ab1 we f9d t two 
k+s (  ! ,amorites 7 actually driv5 out 

( ! l& by ^! hornets1 s  t ! ,israelites
 7 n oblig$ to use ei!r sword or b[ 9 ! 
conque/4 ,"o ( ^!1 accord+ to ! ,jewi%  
comm5t>ies ( ,r4  ,na*man1 0 ! nation ( 
! ,girga%ites1 :o retir$ into ,africa1  
fe>+ ! p[] ( ,god4 ,& ,procopius1 9 8   
hi/ory ( ! ,v&als1  m5tions an anci5t   
inscription 9 ,mauritania ,t+itana1     
/at+1 t  ! inhabitants _h fl$ ?i!r f !  
face ( ,jo%ua1 ! son (  ,nun4 ,?is      
acc\nt accords ) ,scripture1 9 :i*1 ?\gh
 !  ,girga%ites are includ$ 9 ! g5]al   
li/ ( ! sev5 devot$  nations ei!r to be 
driv5 out or de/roy$ by ! ,israelites1  
,g54 xv1  #bj1 #ba2 ,deut4 vii1 #a2     
,jo%4 iii1 #aj2 xxiv1 #aa2 yet !y are   
omitt$ 9  ! li/ ( ^? to be utt]ly       
de/roy$1 ,deut4 xx1 #ag2 & among :om1  9
 neglect ( ! div9e decree1 ! ,israelites
 liv$ & int]m>ri$1  ,judges iii1 #a-f4  
,t ! "n ( ! ,girga%ites1 h[ev]1 0 n     
extirpat$1 we may collect f ! ,g]ges5es1
 9 our ,savi\r's "t1  inhabit+ ! same   
c\ntry1 ,matt4 viii1 #bh4 ,o!r tribes ( 
!  ,hivites1 ,canaanites1 & ,hittites1 7

 also expell$ by ! hornet  gradually2 n 
9 "o ye>1 le/ ! l& %\ld become desolate1
 &  ! wild bea/s multiply to ! prejudice
 ( ! ,israelites1 ,exod4  xxiii1 #bh-cj4
    ,! 8arms ( ,jove10 to :i* ,virgil   
ref]s1 7neid viii1 #cee-ceh17 9         
describ+ ! flight ( ,saturn f ! ea/1 7 !
 hornets s5t by  ! ,god ( ,israel1      
,iahoh1 or by contraction ,io1 to :i*   
also 8  description ( ! ,asilus exactly 
corresponds3--                          
,plurimus--volitans1 7cui nom5 ,asilo   
,romanum e/2 1 ,graii v]t]e vocantes17  
,asp]1 ac]ba sonans1 quo tota ext]rita  
sylvis             ,diffugiunt arm5ta4  
,georg4 iii1 #ade4             8,ab\t ! 
,alburnian groves1 ) holly gre51        
,( w+$ insects mighty sw>ms are se52    
,?is fly+ plague1 to m>k its quality1   
,,/ros ! ,grecians call2 ,,asylus1 we3  
,a fi]ce l\d buzz+ breeze2 _! /+s draw  
blood1           ,& drive ! cattle gadd+
 ?r\gh ! wood4           ,seiz$ )       
unusual pa9s1 !y l\dly cry40            
,,dryd54    ,dr4 ,hales is ( op9ion1 t !

 ,lat9 asilus & ,greek 1 7  probably    
only diff]5t pronunciations ( ! same    
ori5tal t]m1 1  hatsiraah1 z ?is fly is 
call$ by ,moses & ,jo%ua4 ,! v9dictive  
p[] t presid$ ov] ?is dreadful sc\rge 0 
wor%ipp$ at ,ekron1  9 ,pale/9e1 ?r\gh  
fe>1 ! reign+ motive ( ,pagan           
sup]/ition1  "u ! title ( ,baal-zebub1  
8ma/] or "l ( ! hornet10 :5ce           
,beelzebub1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 8! pr9ce 
( demons10 ,matt4 xii1  #bd4 ,isaiah1   
d5\nc+ a wo aga9/ ,abyss9ia1 describes x
 z 8! l&  ( ! w+$ cymbal10 7tsaltsal    
canaphim17 ,isaiah xviii1 #a2 by !  same
 analogy t tsaltsal signifies 8a locu/10
 ,deut4 xxviii1 #db2 a  /rep] voce sic  
dictam4 ,s call$ f its /rep]\s s\nd4    
,bruce1  9 8 ,travels 9 ,abyss9ia1 has  
giv5 an accurate description ( ?is      
trem5d\s fly1 :i* 9 ,arabic is call$    
zimb1 & by ! ,abyss9ians  tsaltsal-ya1  
8! cymbal ( ! ,"l10 f its sonor\s buzz+4
 ,&  9 8 ,app5dix he has giv5 a draw+ ( 
x1 magnifi$1 =  di/9ctness' sake1 some?+
 above twice ! natural size3 aft] :i*   

he obs]ves1 8,he has no /+1 ?\gh he     
seems to me to be r ( !  bee k9d2 b 8   
motion is m rapid & sudd5 ?an t ( ! bee1
  7volitans17 & resembles t ( ! gad-fly 
9 ,engl&4 ,!re is  some?+ p>ticul> 9 !  
s\nd or buzz+ ( ?is insect2 x is a  j>r+
 noise1 toge!r ) a humm+1 7ac]ba        
sonans17 :i* induces  me to believe x   
proce$s1 9 "p at lea/1 f a vibration    
made )  ! ?ree hairs at 8 sn\t40 ,bruce 
does n cite or ref] to ,virgil's        
description1 ?\gh 8 acc\nt furni%es !   
mo/ critical & exact  explanation ( x4  
,su* undesign$ co9cid5ces are mo/       
satisfactory  & conv9c+2 !y %[ t ! poet 
& ! naturali/ bo? copi$  f nature4 ,& ! 
t]ror impress$ by ?is insect on all !   
cattle1  quo tota ext]rita sylvis       
diffugiunt1 affright$ at :i* ! entire   
h]ds flee to ! ?ickets1 accord+ to      
,virgil1 is ?us illu/rat$ by  ,bruce3   
8,z soon z ?is plague appe>s1 & _! buzz+
 is he>d1 all  ! cattle =sake _! food1 &
 run wildly ab\t ! pla9 till !y  die1   
worn out ) fatigue1 fright1 & hung]4 ,no

 rem$y rema9s b to  leave ! black e>?1  
:]e !y bre$1 & ha/5 d[n to ! s&s (      
,atb>a2 & !re !y rema9 :ile ! p]iodical 
ra9s la/1 ?is  cruel enemy 7asp]7 nev]  
d>+ to pursue !m f>!r4 ,! camel1        
emphatically call$ by ! ,arabs ! %ip ( !
 des]t1 ?\gh 8 size  is imm5se z is 8   
/r5g?1 & 8 body cov]$ ) a ?ick sk91     
def5d$ ) /rong hair1 /ill is n able to  
su/a9 ! viol5t  punctures ! fly makes ) 
8 po9t$ proboscis4 ,he mu/ lose no "t  9
 remov+ to ! s&s ( ,atb>a2 = :5 once    
attack$ by ?is fly1  8 body1 head1 &    
legs1 break out into l>ge bosses1 :i*   
swell1  break1 & putrefy1 to ! c]ta9    
de/ruction ( ! creature4 ,i h  f\nd "s (
 ^! tub]cles ^u almo/ e elephant &      
rh9oc]os  t ,i h se51 & attribute !m to 
?is cause4 ,all ! inhabitants  ( ! sea  
coa/ are oblig$ to put !mselves 9       
motion1 & remove to  ! next s&1 9 !     
beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 to prev5t all   
_! /ock ( cattle f be+ de/roy$4 ,nor is 
!re any  alt]native1 or means ( avoid+  
?is1 ?\gh a ho/ile b& 0 9 !  way1       

capable ( spoil+ !m ( half _! sub/ance1 
z 0 actually  ! case :5 we 7 at ,s5na>4 
,( su* consequ5ce is ! weake/  in/rum5t 
9 ! h& ( ,provid5ce40 ,see ,,flies &    
,,beelzebub4    ,,horse1 4 ,horses 7 v  
r>e among ! ,hebrews 9 ! e>ly ages4  ,! 
patri>*s _h none2 & aft] ! dep>ture ( ! 
,israelites f  ,egypt1 ,god expressly   
=bade _! rul] to procure !m3 8,he %all n
  multiply horses to himself1 nor cause 
! p to return to ,egypt1 to  ! end t he 
%\ld multiply horses3 =asmu* z ! ,"l ha?
 said1  ,ye %all h5ce=? return no m t   
way10 ,deut4 xvii1 #af4 ,z horses  appe>
 to h be5 g5]ally furni%$ by ,egypt1    
,god prohibits ^!1  #a4 ,le/ !re %\ld be
 su* comm]ce ) ,egypt z might lead to   
idolatry4 #b4 ,le/ ! p might dep5d on a 
well appo9t$ cavalry1  z a means (      
security1 & s cease f tru/+ 9 ! promis$ 
aid  & protection ( ,jehovah4 #c4 ,t !y 
might n be tempt$ to ext5d  _! dom9ion  
by means ( cavalry1 & s get scatt]$     
among !  surr\nd+ idolatr\s nations1 &  
?us cease 9 process ( "t1 to be  t      

di/9ct & sep>ate p :i* ,god int5d$ !y   
%\ld be1 &  )\t :i* ! prophecies        
relative to ! ,messiah c\ld n be kn[n   
to h _! due & full accompli%m5t4 ,9 ! "t
 ( ! ,judges we  f9d horses & w> *>iots 
among ! ,canaanites1 b /ill !           
,israelites _h none2 & h5ce !y 7 g5]ally
 too timid to v5ture  d[n into ! pla9s1 
conf9+ _! conque/s to ! m\nta9\s p>ts  (
 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! reign ( ,saul1 x w\ld   
appe>1 t horse  bre$+ _h n yet be5      
introduc$ into ,arabia2 =1 9 a w> )  "s 
( ! ,arabian nations1 ! ,israelites got 
plund] 9 camels1  %eep1 & asses1 b no   
horses4 ,david's enemies br\ght aga9/   
him a  /rong =ce ( cavalry into ! field2
 & 9 ! book ( ,psalms !  horse commonly 
appe>s only on ! side ( ! enemies ( ! p 
(  ,god2 & s entirely unaccu/om$ to !   
managem5t ( ?is animal _h  ! ,israelites
 /ill cont9u$1 t1 aft] a battle1 9 :i*  
!y took  a consid]able body ( cavalry   
prison]s1 #b ,sam4 viii1 #d1 ,david     
caus$  mo/ ( ! horses to be cut d[n1    
because he did n "k :at use to  make (  

!m4 ,solomon 0 ! fir/ :o e/abli%$ a     
cavalry =ce4  ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is 
n wond]ful t ! ,mosaic law  %\ld take no
 notice ( an animal :i* we hold 9 su*   
high  e/imation4 ,to ,moses1 educat$ z  
he 0 9 ,egypt1 &1 ) 8 p1  at la/ *as$   
out by ,ph>aoh's cavalry1 ! use ( !     
horse = w>  & = travell+ 0 well kn[n2 b 
z x 0 8 object to e/abli%  a nation (   
husb&m51 & n ( soldi]s = ! conque/ (    
=eign  l&s1 & z ,pale/9e1 f its         
situation1 requir$ n ! def5ce (         
cavalry1 he might v well decl9e         
introduc+ among 8 p ! yet  unusual art (
 horse bre$+4 ,solomon1 hav+ m>ri$ a    
daught] (  ,ph>aoh1 procur$ a bre$ (    
horses f ,egypt2 & s greatly did he     
multiply !m1 t he _h f\r hundr$ /ables1 
=ty ?\s& /alls1  & twelve ?\s& horsem51 
#a ,k+s iv1 #bf2 #b ,*ron4 ix1 #be4 ,x  
seems  t ! ,egyptian horses 7 9 high    
repute1 & 7 mu* us$ 9 w>4  ,:5 !        
,israelites 7 dispos$ to place too      
implicit confid5ce 9  ! assi/ance (     
cavalry1 ! prophet remon/rat$ 9 ^! t]ms3

 8,!  ,egyptians are m51 & n ,god2 & _! 
horses are fle%1 n _s10  ,isaiah xxxi1  
#c4    ,,horse-,,lee*1 1 f a root :i*   
signifies to adh]e1 /ick  close1 or hang
 fa/1 ,prov4 xxx1 #ae4 ,a sort ( worm t 
lives 9  wat]1 ( a black or br[n col\r1 
:i* fatt5s ^u ! fle%1 &  does n quit x  
till x is entirely full ( blood4        
,solomon says1 8,!  horse-lee* ha? two  
daught]s1 ,give1 give40 ,?is is s apt an
 emblem (  an insatiable rapacity &     
av>ice1 t x has be5 g5]ally us$ by      
diff]5t writ]s to express x4 ,?us       
,plautus makes "o say1 speak+ (  !      
det]m9ation to get money1 8,i w turn    
myself into a horse-lee*1  & suck out _!
 blood20 & ,cic]o1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to   
,atticus1  calls ! common p ( ,rome     
horse-lee*es ( ! treasury4 ,solomon1    
hav+ m5tion$ ^? t dev\r$ ! prop]ty ( !  
poor z !  wor/ ( all ! g5]ations :i* he 
_h specifi$1 proce$s to /ate  !         
insatiable cupidity ) :i* !y prosecut$  
_! s*emes (  rap9e & plund]4 ,z !       
horse-lee* _h two daught]s1 cruelty &   

?ir/ ( blood1 :i* _c be satisfi$1 s !   
oppressor ( ! poor  has two             
dispositions1 rapacity & av>ice1 :i*    
nev] say !y h  en\gh1 b cont9ually dem& 
additional gratifications4    ,,hosanna1
 8,save1 ,i besee* !e10 or1 8,give      
salvation10 a well kn[n =m  ( bless+1   
,mat!w xxi1 #i1 #ae2 ,m>k xi1 #i1 #aj2  
,john xii1 #ac4    ,,hosea1 son ( ,be]i1
 ! fir/ ( ! m9or prophets4 ,he is       
g5]ally  consid]$ z a native &          
inhabitant ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 & is    
suppos$ to h begun to prophesy ab\t ,b4 
,c4 #hjj4 ,he ex]cis$ 8  (fice sixty    
ye>s2 b x is n kn[n at :at p]iods 8     
diff]5t  prophecies n[ rema9+ 7 deliv]$4
 ,mo/ ( !m are direct$  aga9/ ! p (     
,israel1 :om he reproves & ?reat5s = _! 
idolatry & wick$ness1 & exhorts to      
rep5tance1 ) ! greate/  e>ne/ness1 z !  
only means ( av]t+ ! evils imp5d+ ov]   
_! c\ntry4 ,! pr9cipal pr$ictions       
conta9$ 9 ?is book1 are !  captivity &  
disp]sion ( ! k+dom ( ,israel2 !        
deliv]ance (  ,judah f ,s5na*]ib2 !     

pres5t /ate ( ! ,jews2 _! future        
re/oration1 & union ) ! ,g5tiles 9 !    
k+dom ( ! ,messiah2  ! call ( our       
,savi\r out ( ,egypt1 & 8 resurrection  
on ! ?ird  day4 ,! /yle ( ,hosea is     
peculi>ly obscure2 x is s5t5ti\s1       
concise1 & abrupt2 ! transitions (      
p]sons are sudd52 & !  connexive &      
adv]sative p>ticles are frequ5tly       
omitt$4 ,!  prophecies are 9 "o cont9u$ 
s]ies1 )\t any di/9ction z to  ! times  
:5 !y 7 deliv]$1 or ! diff]5t subjects  
to :i*  !y relate4 ,!y are n s cle> &   
detail$1 z ! pr$ictions (  ^? prophets  
:o liv$ 9 succe$+ ages4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we h
  surm\nt$ ^! difficulties1 we %all see 
abundant reason to admire  ! =ce & en]gy
 ) :i* ?is prophet writes1 & ! boldness 
(  ! figures & similitudes :i* he uses4 
#b4 ,,hosea1 or ,,ho%ea1 son ( ,elah1 0 
! la/ k+ ( ,israel4 ,hav+  conspir$     
aga9/ ,pekah1 son ( ,remaliah1 k+ (     
,israel1 he kill$ him1  ,a4 ,m4 #cbfe2  
,b4 ,c4 #gci4 ,h[ev]1 ! eld]s ( ! l&    
seem to h  tak5 ! gov]nm5t into _! h&s2 

= ,ho%ea 0 n 9 possession  ( ! k+dom    
till n9e ye>s aft]1 #b ,k+s xv1 #cj2    
xvii1 #a4 ,ho%ea  did evil 9 ! sight ( !
 ,"l1 b n equal to ! k+s ( ,israel  :o  
prec$$ him2 t is1 say ! ,jewi% doctors1 
he did n re/ra9  8 subjects f go+ to    
,j]usalem to wor%ip1 if !y w\ld2 :]eas  
! k+s ( ,israel1 8 pr$ecessors1 _h      
=bidd5 x1 & _h plac$  gu>ds on ! road to
 prev5t x4 ,salmanes]1 k+ ( ,assyria1   
be+  in=m$ t ,ho%ea m$itat$ a revolt1 & 
_h conc]t$ measures )  ,s1 k+ ( ,egypt1 
to %ake (f ! ,assyrian yoke1 m>*$ aga9/ 
him1  & besieg$ ,sam>ia4 ,aft] a siege (
 ?ree ye>s1 9 ! n9? ye> (  ,ho%ea's     
reign1 ! city 0 tak51 & 0 r$uc$ to a    
heap ( ru9s1  ,a4 ,m4 #cbhb4 ,! k+ (    
,assyria remov$ ! ,israelites ( ! t5    
tribes  to c\ntries beyond ! ,euphrates1
 & ?us t]m9at$ ! k+dom (  ! t5 tribes4  
,,hospitality4 ,in/ances ( anci5t       
hospitality occur frequ5tly 9 !  ,old   
,te/am5t4 ,s 9 ! case ( ,abraham1 ,g54  
xviii1 :]e he invites  ! angels :o      
appe>$ 9 ! =m ( m5 to re/ & refre%m5t1  

8,&  he /ood by !m "u ! tree1 & !y did  
eat40 8,no?+ is m  common 9 ,india10    
says ,mr4 ,w>d1 8?an to see travell]s & 
gue/s  eat+ "u ! %ade ( trees4 ,ev5     
fea/s are nev] held 9 h\ses4  ,! h\se ( 
a ,h9doo s]ves = ! purposes ( sleep+ &  
cook+1  & ( %utt+ up ! wom52 b is nev]  
consid]$ z a sitt+ or a  d9+ room40 8,on
 my return to ! boat10 says ,belzony1   
8,i f\nd ! aga  & all 8 ret9ue seat$ on 
a mat1 "u a clu/] ( palm trees1  close  
to ! wat]4 ,! sun 0 !n sett+1 & ! %ades 
( !  we/]n m\nta9s _h rea*$ across !    
,nile1 & cov]$ ! t[n4 ,x  is at ?is "t !
 p recreate !mselves 9 v>i\s scatt]$    
gr\ps1 dr9k+ c(fee1 smok+ _! pipes1 &   
talk+ ( camels1  horses1 asses1 dh\rra1 
c>avans1 or boats40 8,! aga hav+ prep>$ 
a  d9n] = me10 says ,mr4 ,light1 8invit$
 sev]al ( ! natives to sit  d[n4 ,wat] 0
 br\ght 9 a sk9 by an att5dant1 to wa%  
our h&s4  ,two f[ls roa/$ 7 s]v$ up on  
:eat5 cakes1 9 a wood5 b[l1  cov]$ ) a  
small mat1 & a numb] ( ! same cakes 9   
ano!r3 9  ! c5tre ( ^! 7 liquid butt]1 &

 pres]v$ dates4 ,^! 7  divid$1 brok5 up1
 & mix$ toge!r by "s ( ! p>ty1 :ile     
o!rs pull$ ! f[ls to pieces3 :i* done1 !
 p>ty began to eat z  fa/ z !y c\ld3    
gett+ up1 "o aft] ! o!r1 z soon z _!    
hung] 0 satisfi$40 8,hospitality to     
travell]s10 says ,mr4 ,=bes1  8prevails 
?r\gh\t ,guz]at3 a p]son ( any          
consid]ation pass+  ?r\gh ! prov9ce is  
pres5t$1 at ! entrance ( a village1 )   
fruit1 milk1 butt]1 fire wood1 & e>!n   
pots = cook]y2 ! wom5  & *ildr5 (f] him 
wrea?s ( fl[]s4 ,small b[]s are         
con/ruct$  on conv5i5t spots1 at a      
di/ance f a well or lake1 :]e a p]son   
is ma9ta9$ by ! ne>e/ villages1 to take 
c>e ( ! wat] j>s1  & supply all         
travell]s gratis4 ,!re are p>ticul>     
villages1 :]e  ! inhabitants compel all 
travell]s to accept ( "o day's          
provisions3  :e!r !y be _m or few1 ri*  
or poor1 ,european or native1 !y mu/  n 
refuse ! (f]$ b\nty40              8,s  
:5 angelic =ms to ,syria s5t            
,sat 9 ! c$> %ade1 by ,abraham's t5t1   

,a spaci\s b[l ?' admir+ patri>* fills  
,) dulcet wat] f ! scanty rills2        
,sweet fruits & k]nels ga!rs f 8 ho>d1  
,) milk & butt] piles ! pl5te\s bo>d2   
,:ile on ! heat$ he>? 8 consort bakes   
,f9e fl\r well knead$ 9 unleav5$ cakes1 
,! gue/s e!real quaff ! lucid flood1    
,smile on _! ho/s1 & ta/e t]re/rial     
food2            ,& :ile f s]aph lips   
sweet conv]se spr+s1            ,!y lave
 _! feet1 & close _! silv] w+s40        
,,d>w94    ,,h\rs4 ,see ,,day4          
,,h\ses4 ,! foll[+ description ( ori5tal
 h\ses w s]ve to  illu/rate sev]al      
passages ( ,scripture4 ,f ! gate ( !    
por*1  "o is conduct$ into a quadrangul>
 c\rt1 :i*1 be+ expos$ to !  wea!r1 is  
pav$ ) /one1 9 ord] to c>ry (f ! wat] 9 
!  ra9y season4 ,! pr9cipal design ( ?is
 quadrangle1 is to give light  to !     
h\se1 & admit ! fre% air into !         
ap>tm5ts2 x is also  ! place :]e ! ma/] 
( ! h\se ent]ta9s 8 company1 :o are     
seldom or nev] hon\r$ ) admission into !
 inn] ap>tm5ts4 ,?is  op5 space be>s a  

/rik+ resemblance to ! impluvium1 or    
cava  dium1 ( ! ,romans1 :i* 0 also an  
uncov]$ area1 f :5ce !  *amb]s 7 light$4
 ,= ! accommodation ( ! gue/s1 ! pavem5t
  is cov]$ ) mats or c>pets2 & z x is   
secur$ aga9/ all  int]ruption f ! /reet1
 is well adapt$ to public ent]ta9m5ts4  
,x is call$1 says ,dr4 ,%aw1 ! middle ( 
! h\se1 & lit]ally  answ]s to   ( !     
evangeli/1 into :i* ! man afflict$ )  ! 
palsy 0 let d[n ?r\gh ! ceil+1 ) 8 c\*1 
be=e  ,jesus1 ,luke v1 #ai4 ,h5ce1 he   
conjectures t our ,"l 0 at ?is "t       
in/ruct+ ! p 9 ! c\rt ( "o ( ^! h\ses2 &
 x is by  no means improbable1 t !      
quadrangle 0 to him & 8 ,apo/les a      
fav\rite situation1 :ile !y 7 engag$ 9  
disclos+ ! my/]ies  ( r$emption4 ,to    
def5d ! company f ! scor*+ sun-beams1 or
  8w9dy /orm & tempe/10 a veil 0 exp&$  
^u ropes f "o side  ( ! p>apet wall to !
 o!r1 :i* might be unfold$ or fold$ at  
pleasure4 ,! c\rt is = ! mo/ "p surr\nd$
 ) a cloi/]1  ov] :i*1 :5 ! h\se has a  
numb] ( /ories1 a gall]y is erect$  ( ! 

same dim5sions ) ! cloi/]1 hav+ a       
balu/rade1 or else a  piece ( c>v$ or   
lattic$ "w1 go+ r\nd ab\t1 to prev5t p  
f fall+ f x into ! c\rt4 ,! doors ( !   
enclosure r\nd  ! h\se are made v small2
 b ! doors ( ! h\ses v l>ge1  = !       
purpose ( admitt+ a copi\s /ream ( fre% 
air into _!  ap>tm5ts4 ,! w9d[s :i* look
 into ! /reet are v high &  n>r[1 &     
def5d$ by lattice "w2 z !y are only     
int5d$ to all[  ! cloi/]$ inmate a peep 
( :at is pass+ )\t1 :ile he  rema9s     
conceal$ beh9d ! casem5t4 ,?is k9d (    
w9d[ ! anci5t  ,hebrews call$ arubah1   
:i* is ! same t]m t !y us$ to  express  
^? small op5+s ?r\gh :i* pigeons pass$  
into !  cavities ( ! rocks1 or into ^?  
build+s :i* 7 rais$ =  _! reception4    
,?us ! prophet asks3 8,:o are ^! t fly z
 a  cl\d1 & z ! doves1 -1 to _! small or
 n>r[ w9d[s40  ,! ^w is d]iv$ f a root  
:i* signifies to lie 9 wait = !  prey2 &
 is v expressive ( ! conceal$ mann] 9   
:i* a p]son  exam9es ?r\gh t k9d ( w9d[ 
an ext]nal object4 ,irw9 describes  !   

w9d[s 9 ,upp] ,egypt z hav+ ! same =m & 
dim5sions2 &  says expressly1 t "o ( !  
w9d[s ( ! h\se 9 :i* !y  lodg$1 & ?r\gh 
:i* !y look$ into ! /reet1 m resembl$ a 
pigeon hole ?an any ?+ else4 ,b ! sacr$ 
writ]s m5tion ano!r  k9d ( w9d[1 :i* 0  
l>ge & airy2 x 0 call$ 1 & 0  l>ge en\gh
 to admit a p]son ( mature age be+ ca/  
out ( x2 a  puni%m5t :i* t pr(ligate    
woman ,jezebel suff]$ by ! comm&  (     
,jehu1 ! au?oriz$ extirm9ator ( h]      
family4 ,^! l>ge w9d[s  admit ! light & 
! breeze into spaci\s ap>tm5ts ( ! same 
l5g? ) ! c\rt1 b :i* seldom or nev]     
communicate ) "o  ano!r4 ,9 ! h\ses ( ! 
fa%ionable & ! gay1 ! l[] "p (  ! walls 
is adorn$ ) ri* hang+s ( velvet or      
damask1 t+$ )  ! livelie/ col\rs1       
susp5d$ on hooks1 or tak5 d[n at        
pleasure4 ,a  correct idea ( _! ri*ness 
& spl5d\r may be =m$ f !  description1  
:i* ! inspir$ writ] has giv5 ( ! hang+s 
9 !  royal g>d5 at ,%u%an1 ! anci5t     
capital ( ,p]sia3 8,:]e 7  :ite1 gre51 &
 blue hang+s1 fa/5$ ) cords ( f9e l95 & 

purple1 to silv] r+s & pill>s ( m>ble10 
,e/h] i1 #f4 ,! upp]  "p ( ! walls is   
adorn$ ) ! mo/ +5i\s wrea?+s &  devices1
 9 /ucco & fret-"w4 ,! ceil+ is g5]ally 
( wa9scot1  pa9t$ ) great art1 or else  
?r[n into a v>iety ( pannels )  gild$   
m\ld+s4 ,9 ! days ( ,j]emiah ! prophet1 
:5 !  pr(usion & luxury ( all ranks 9   
,judea 7 at _! height1 _!  *amb]s 7     
ceil$ ) fragrant & co/ly wood1 & pa9t$ )
 !  ri*e/ col\rs4 ,( ?is extravagance ! 
indignant se] l\dly  compla9s3 8,wo unto
 him t sai?1 ,i w build me a wide h\se &
  l>ge *amb]s1 & cutte? him out w9d[s3 &
 x is ceil$ )  c$>1 & pa9t$ ) v]milion10
 ,j]4 xxii1 #ad4 ,! floors ( ^!  spl5did
 ap>tm5ts 7 laid ) pa9t$ tiles1 or slabs
 ( ! mo/  beautiful m>ble4 ,a pavem5t ( 
?is k9d is m5tion$ 9 ! book (  ,e/h]2 at
 ! sumptu\s ent]ta9m5t :i* ,ahasu]us    
made = !  pr9ces & nobles ( 8 va/       
empire1 8! b$s10 or c\*es1 ^u  :i* !y   
recl9$1 87 ( gold & silv]1 ^u a pavem5t 
( r$  & blue1 & :ite & black m>ble40    
,pla/] ( t]race is (t5 vis$  = ! same   

purpose2 & ! floor is always cov]$ )    
c>pets1  :i* are = ! mo/ "p ( ! ri*e/   
mat]ials4 ,^u ^!  c>pets1 a range ( n>r[
 b$s1 or mattresses1 is (t5 plac$ along 
! sides ( ! wall1 ) velvet or damask    
bol/]s1 = ! great]  ease & conv5i5ce ( !
 company4 ,to ^! luxuri\s indulg5ces !  
prophets occasionally seem to allude3   
,ezekiel 0 comm&$ to pron\nce  a 8wo to 
! wom5 t sew pill[s to all armholes10   
,ezek4 xiii1 #ah2  & ,amos d5\nces !    
judgm5ts ( 8 ,god aga9/ !m 8t lie ^u    
b$s ( ivory1 & /ret* !mselves ^u _!     
c\*es1 & eat !  lambs out ( ! flock1 & !
 calves out ( ! mid/ ( ! /all10  ,amos  
vi1 #d4 ,at "o end ( ea* *amb] is a     
little gall]y1 rais$ ?ree  or f\r feet  
above ! floor1 ) a balu/rade 9 front1 to
 :i* !y  g up by a few /eps4 ,"h !y     
place _! b$s2 a situation frequ5tly     
allud$ to 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,?us   
,jacob address$ 8 undutiful  son1 9 8   
la/ b5$iction3 8,?\ w5te/ up to ?y      
fa!r's b$1--he  w5t up to my c\*10 ,g54 
xlix1 #d4 ,! allusion is aga9 involv$ 9 

! decl>ation ( ,elijah to ! k+ (        
,sam>ia3 8,n[1 !re=e1 ?us  sai? ! ,"l1  
,?\ %alt n come d[n f t b$ on :i* ?\ art
  gone up1 b %alt surely die10 #b ,k+s  
i1 #d1 #af4 ,& ! ,psalmi/ sw>e  unto !  
,"l1 & v[$ unto ! mighty ,god ( ,jacob1 
8,surely ,i w  n come into ! tab]nacle (
 my h\se1 nor g up into my b$1 until ,i 
f9d out a place = ! ,"l10 ,psalm cxxxii1
 #c4 ,?is arrangem5t may  likewise      
illu/rate ! circum/ance ( ,hezekiah's   
8turn+ 8 face to  ! wall1 :5 he pray$10 
t ! greatness ( 8 sorr[1 & !  f]v\r ( 8 
devotion1 might1 z mu* z possible1 be   
conceal$ f  8 att5dants1 #b ,k+s xx4    
,! ro( is always flat1 & (t5 compos$ (  
bran*es ( wood laid  across rude beams2 
&1 to def5d x f ! injuries ( ! wea!r1   
to :i* x is peculi>ly expos$ 9 ! ra9y   
season1 x is cov]$  ) a /rong pla/] (   
t]race4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a wall        
brea/-high1 :i* =ms ! p>tition ) !      
contigu\s h\ses1 &  prev5ts "o f fall+  
into ! /reet on ! "o side1 or into !    
c\rt on ! o!r4 ,?is answ]s to !         

battlem5ts :i* ,moses  comm&$ ! p (     
,israel to make = ! ro( ( _! h\ses1 =  !
 same reason4 8,:5 ?\ builde/ a new     
h\se1 !n ?\ %alt make a  battlem5t1 1 = 
?y ro(1 t ?\ br+ n blood ^u ?9e  h\se1  
if any man fall f !nce10 ,deut4 xxii1   
#h4 ,in/ead ( !  p>apet wall1 "s t]races
 are gu>d$1 l ! gall]ies1 )  balu/rades 
only1 or lattic$ "w4 ,( ! same k9d1     
probably1 0 !  lattice or net1 z ! t]m  
seems to import1 ?r\gh :i* ,ahaziah1  ! 
k+ ( ,sam>ia1 fell d[n into ! c\rt1 #b  
,k+s i1 #b4 ,?is  incid5t proves !      
necessity ( ! law :i* 0 graci\sly       
dictat$  f ,s9ai1 & furni%es a beautiful
 example ( ,god's pat]nal c>e &         
goodness2 = ! t]race 0 a place :]e _m   
(fices ( ! family  7 p]=m$1 & bus9ess ( 
no little importance 0 occasionally     
transact$4 ,rahab conceal$ ! spies on ! 
ro(1 ) ! /alks (  flax :i* %e _h laid 9 
ord] to dry1 ,jo%ua ii1 #f2 ! k+ (      
,israel1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( 8 c\ntry1 
rose f 8 b$1 &  walk$ ^u ! ro( ( 8 h\se1
 to enjoy ! refre%+ breezes (  ! ev5+1  

#b ,sam4 xi1 #b2 ^u ! top ( ! h\se !    
prophet  conv]s$ ) ,saul1 ab\t ! graci\s
 designs ( ,god1 respect+ him  & 8      
family1 #a ,sam4 ix1 #be2 to ! same     
place ,pet] retir$ to (f]  up 8         
devotions1 ,acts x1 #i2 & 9 ! fea/ (    
tab]nacles1 "u !  gov]nm5t ( ,nehemiah1 
boo?s 7 erect$1 z well ^u ! t]races  (  
_! h\ses1 z 9 _! c\rts1 & 9 ! /reets ( !
 city1  ,neh4 viii1 #af4 ,9 ,judea1 !   
inhabitants sleep ^u ! tops ( _!  h\ses 
dur+ ! heats ( summ]1 9 arb\rs made ( ! 
bran*es (  trees1 or 9 t5ts ( ru%es4 ,:5
 ,dr4 ,pococke 0 at ,tib]ias1 9         
,galilee1 he 0 ent]ta9$ by ! %eik's     
/ew>d1 & ) 8 company  supp$ ^u ! top ( !
 h\se = coolness1 accord+ to _!  cu/om1 
& lodg$ !re likewise1 9 a sort ( closet 
( ab\t eight  feet squ>e1 =m$ (         
wick]-"w1 pla/]$ r\nd t[>d ! bottom1  b 
)\t any door1 ea* p]son hav+ 8 cell4 ,9 
l mann]1 !  ,p]sians take refuge dur+ ! 
day 9 subt]rane\s *amb]s1 & pass  !     
night on ! flat ro(s ( _! h\ses4    ,!  
expression1 8to dig ?r\gh h\ses10       

occurs1 ,job xxiv1 #af4  8,?ieves10 says
 ,mr4 ,w>d1 89 ,b5gal v frequ5tly dig   
?r\gh ! mud  walls1 & "u ! clay floors (
 h\ses1 &1 ent]+ unp]ceiv$1  plund] !m  
:ile ! inhabitants are asleep40 ,our    
,"l's p>able (  ! fooli% man :o built 8 
h\se on ! s& d]ives illu/ration  f !    
foll[+ passages 9 ,w>d's 8,view10 &     
,belzoni's 8,travels30  8,! fi%]m5 9    
,b5gal build _! huts 9 ! dry season on !
 b$s  ( s&1 f :i* ! riv] has retir$4 ,:5
 ! ra9s set 91 :i*  !y (t5 d v sudd5ly1 
accompani$ by viol5t nor?-we/ w9ds1  !  
wat] p\rs d[n 9 torr5ts f ! m\nta9s4 ,9 
"o night  multitudes ( ^! huts are      
frequ5tly swept away1 & ! place :]e  !y 
/ood is ! next morn+ undiscov]able40 8,x
 s happ5$1 t we  7 to witness "o ( !    
greate/ calamities t h occurr$ 9  ,egypt
 9 ! recollection ( any "o liv+4 ,!     
,nile rose ?is season  ?ree feet & a    
half above ! highe/ m>k left by ! =m]   
inundation1 ) uncommon rapidity1 & c>ri$
 (f sev]al villages1  & "s hundr$s ( _! 
inhabitants4 ,i nev] saw any picture t  

c\ld give a m correct idea ( a deluge   
?an ! valley ( ! ,nile  9 ?is season4 ,!
 ,arabs _h expect$ an extraord9>y       
inundation ?is  ye>1 9 consequ5ce ( !   
sc>city ( wat] ! prec$+ season2 b  !y   
did n appreh5d x w\ld rise to su* a     
height4 ,!y g5]ally  erect f5ces ( e>? &
 re$s ar\nd _! villages1 to keep ! wat] 
f _! h\ses2 b ! =ce ( ?is inundation    
baffl$ all _!  ef=ts4 ,_! cottages1 be+ 
built ( e>?1 c\ld n /& "o  in/ant aga9/ 
! curr5t2 & no soon] did ! wat] rea* !m1
  ?an x levell$ !m ) ! gr\nd4 ,! rapid  
/ream c>ri$ (f all  t 0 be=e x2 m51     
wom51 *ildr51 cattle1 corn1 e ?+ 0  wa%$
 away 9 an in/ant1 & left ! place :]e ! 
village /ood  )\t any ?+ to indicate t  
!re _h ev] be5 a h\se on !  spot40      
,h\se is tak5 = family3 8,! ,"l plagu$  
,ph>aoh & 8 h\se10  ,g54 xii1 #ag4 8,:at
 is my h\se1 t ?\ ha/ br\ght me hi!rto80
 #b  ,sam4 vii1 #ah4 ,s ,joseph 0 ( !   
h\se ( ,david1 ,luke i1 #bg2 ii1 #d2  b 
m especially he 0 ( 8 royal l9eage1 or  
family2 &1 z we  conceive1 9 ! direct   

l9e or elde/ bran* ( ! family2 s t he  0
 next ( k9 to ! ?rone1 if ! gov]nm5t _h 
/ill cont9u$ 9  possession ( !          
desc5dants ( ,david4 ,h\se is tak5 =    
k9dr$3 x  is a ,*ri/ian's duty to       
provide fir/ = ^? ( 8 own h\se1 #a      
,tim4 v1 #h1 8 family1 8 relatives4     
,,husb&ry4 ,9 ! primitive ages ( ! _w1  
agriculture1 z well z  ! keep+ ( flocks1
 0 a pr9cipal employm5t among m5 ,g54   
ii1 #ae2  iii1 #ag-ai2 iv1 #b4 ,x is an 
art :i* has ev] be5 a prom95t s\rce1    
bo? ( ! necess>ies & ! conv5i5ces (     
life4 ,^? /ates &  nations1 especially  
,babylon & ,egypt1 :i* made !           
cultivation ( !  soil _! *ief bus9ess1  
arose 9 a %ort p]iod to weal? & p[]4    
,to ^! communities j m5tion$1 :i*       
excell$ 9 ?is p>ticul>  all ! o!rs (    
antiquity1 may be add$ t ( ! ,hebrews1  
:o  le>n$ ! value ( ! art :ile rema9+ 9 
,egypt1 & ev] aft]  t "t 7 fam\s = _!   
indu/ry 9 ! cultivation ( !  e>?4       
,moses1 foll[+ ! example ( ! ,egyptians1
 made agriculture  ! basis ( ! /ate4 ,he

 accord+ly apportion$ to e citiz5 a     
c]ta9 quantity ( l&1 & gave him ! "r (  
till+ x himself1  & ( transmitt+ x to 8 
heirs4 ,! p]son :o _h ?us come into     
possession c\ld n ali5ate ! prop]ty =   
any long] p]iod ?an  ! ye> ( ! com+     
jubilee3 a regulation :i* prev5t$ ! ri* 
f com+ into possession ( l>ge tracts (  
l&1 & !n leas+  !m out 9 small p>cels to
 ! poor3 a practice :i* anci5tly        
prevail$1 & does to ?is day1 9 ! ea/4 ,x
 0 ano!r law (  ,moses1 t ! v5d] ( a    
piece ( l&1 or 8 ne>e/ relative1 _h  a  
"r to r$eem ! l& sold1 :5ev] !y *ose1 by
 pay+ !  am\nt ( pr(its up to ! ye> (   
jubilee1 ,ru? iv1 #d2 ,j]4 xxxii1 #g4   
,ano!r law enact$ by ,moses on ?is      
subject 01 t ! ,hebrews1 z  0 ! case    
among ! ,egyptians aft] ! "t ( ,joseph1 
%\ld pay a  tax ( two-t5?s ( _! income  
unto ,god1 ^: s]vants !y 7 to  consid]  
!mselves to be1 & :om !y 7 to obey z _! 
,k+ &  ,"l1 ,lev4 xxvii1 #cj2 ,deut4    
xii1 #ag-ai2 xiv1 #bb-bi2 ,g54 xxviii1  
#bb4 ,!  cu/om ( m>k+ ! b\nd>ies ( l&s  

by /ones1 al?\gh x  prevail$ a long "t  
be=e1 ,job xxiv1 #b1 0 confirm$ &       
p]petuat$  9 ! "t ( ,moses by an express
 law2 & a curse 0 pron\nc$  aga9/ him :o
 )\t au?ority remov$ !m4 ,^! regulations
 hav+  be5 made 9 respect to ! t5ure1   
incumbrances1 c1 ( l&$  prop]ty1 ,jo%ua 
divid$ ! :ole c\ntry :i* he _h occupi$1 
fir/  among ! respective tribes1 & !n   
among individual ,hebrews1 runn+  x out 
) ! aid ( a measur+ l9e1 ,jo%ua xvii1   
#e1 #ad2 ,amos vii1  #ag2 ,micah ii1 #e2
 ,psalm lxxviii1 #ee2 ,ezek4 xl1 #c4 ,! 
^w1 1 a  l9e1 is accord+ly us$ by a     
figure ( spee*1 = ! h]itage  itself1    
,psalm xvi1 #f3 8,! l9es h fall5 to me 9
 pleasant places1  yea ,i h a goodly    
h]itage40 ,?\gh ,moses 0 ! fri5d ( !    
agriculturi/1 he by no means disc\rag$ !
 keep] ( ! flock4    ,! occupation ( !  
husb&man 0 held 9 hon\r1 n only = !     
pr(its :i* x br\ght1 b f ! circum/ance t
 x 0  support$ & protect$ by !          
fundam5tal laws ( ! /ate4 ,all :o  7 n  
set ap>t = religi\s duties1 su* z !     

prie/s & !  ,levites1 :e!r inhabitants (
 ! c\ntry1 or ( t[ns & cities1  7       
consid]$ by ! laws1 & 71 9 fact1        
agriculturi/s4 ,! ri*  & ! noble1 x is  
true1 9 ! cultivation ( ! soil1 did n   
always put !mselves on a level ) _!     
s]vants2 b none 7 s  ri* or s noble z to
 disda9 to put _! h& to ! pl\gh1 #a     
,sam4  xi1 #g2 #a ,k+s xix1 #ai2 #b     
,*ron4 xxvi1 #aj4 ,! prie/s & ,levites 7
  inde$ engag$ 9 o!r employm5ts1 yet !y 
c\ld n )hold _!  hon\r f an occupation  
:i* suppli$ !m ) _! income4 ,!  e/eem 9 
:i* agriculture 0 held dim9i%$ z luxury 
increas$2 b  x nev] :olly came to an    
end4 ,ev5 aft] ! captivity1 :5 _m (  !  
,jews _h become m]*ants & me*anics1 !   
e/eem & hon\r  atta*$ to ?is occupation 
/ill cont9u$1 especially "u !  dyna/y ( 
! ,p]sians1 :o 7 agriculturi/s f motives
 (  religion4    ,! soil ( ,pale/9e is v
 fruitful1 if ! dews & v]nal &  autumnal
 ra9s are n )held4 ,! c\ntry1 9         
opposition to ,egypt1 is  eulogiz$ = its
 ra9s 9 ,deut4 xi1 #aj4 ,! ,hebrews1    

not)/&+  ! ri*ness ( ! soil1 endeav\r$  
to increase its f]tility 9  v>i\s ways4 
,!y n only dive/$ x ( /ones1 b wat]$ x  
by  means ( canals1 communicat+ ) !     
riv]s or brooks2 & !reby  imp>t$ to _!  
fields ! ri*ness ( g>d5s1 ,psalm i1 #c2 
lxv1 #aj2  ,prov4 xxi1 #a2 ,isa4 xxx1   
#be2 xxxii1 #b1 #bj4 ,spr+s1 !re=e1     
f\nta9s1  & rivulets1 7 held 9 z mu*    
hon\r & wor? by husb&m5 z by  %eph]ds1  
,jo%ua xv1 #i2 ,judges i1 #ae2 & we     
accord+ly f9d t !  l& ( ,canaan 0       
extoll$ = ^? f\nta9s ( wat] ( :i* ,egypt
  0 de/itute4 ,! soil 0 enri*$1 also1 9 
addition to ! me?od  j m5tion$1 by means
 ( a%es2 to :i* ! /raw1 ! /ubble1 !     
husks1 ! brambles1 & grass1 t ov]spread 
! l& dur+ !  sabbatical ye>1 7 r$uc$ by 
fire4 ,! burn+ ov] ! surface (  ! l& _h 
also ano!r good effect1 namely1 t (     
de/roy+ !  se$s ( ! noxi\s h]bs1 ,isa4  
vii1 #bc2 xxxii1 #ac2 ,prov4 xxiv1 #ca4 
,f9ally1 ! soil 0 manur$ ) dung4    ,!  
,hebrew ^w1 1 :i* is translat$ v>i\sly  
by ! ,engli%  words1 gra91 corn1 c1 is (

 g5]al signification1 & compreh5ds  9   
itself diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 & pulse1 su* 
z :eat1 millet1  spelt1 wall-b>ley1     
b>ley1 beans1 l5tils1 mead[-cum91       
pepp]wort1  flax1 cotton2 to ^! may be  
add$ v>i\s species ( ! cucumb]1 &       
p]haps rice4 ,rye & oats d n gr[ 9 !    
w>m] climates2 b _!  place is1 9 a      
mann]1 suppli$ by b>ley4 ,b>ley1 mix$ ) 
brok5  /raw1 af=ds ! fodd] = bea/s (    
burd51 :i* is call$ 4  ,:eat1 1 :i*1 by 
way ( em95ce1 is call$ 1 grew 9 ,egypt 9
  ! "t ( ,joseph1 z x n[ does 9 ,africa1
 on sev]al bran*es f  "o /alk1 ea* "o ( 
:i* produc$ an e>1 ,g54 xii1 #dg4 ,?is  
sort (  :eat does n fl\ri% 9 ,pale/9e3 !
 :eat ( ,pale/9e is ( a  mu* bett] k9d4 
,,husks1 1 ,luke xv1 #af2 ! husks (     
legum9\s plants1 s nam$  f _!           
resemblance to 1 a horn2 b ,bo*>t ?9ks t
 !   7 ! c]etonia1 ! husks or fruit ( ! 
c>ob tree1 a  tree v common 9 ! ,levant4
 ,we le>n f ,columella1 t ^! pods  af=d$
 food = sw9e2 & !y are m5tion$ z :at !  
prodigal  desir$ to eat1 :5 r$uc$ to    

extreme hung]4    ,,hut*9sonians1 !     
foll[]s ( ,john ,hut*9son1 ,esq41 a     
le>n$ &  respectable layman1 :o 0 born  
at ,sp5ny?orn1 9 ,york%ire1 9 #afgd4  ,9
 #agbd1 he publi%$ ! fir/ "p ( t curi\s 
"w1 8,moses's  ,pr9cipia10 9 :i* he     
ridicul$ ,dr4 ,woodw>d's 8,natural      
,hi/ory (  ! ,e>?10 & explod$ ! doctr9e 
( gravitation e/abli%$ 9 ,sir  ,isaac   
,newton's 8,pr9cipia40 ,9 ! second "p ( 
?is "w1 publi%$  9 #agbg1 he ma9ta9$1 9 
opposition to ! ,newtonian sy/em1 t a   
pl5um is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,scripture      
philosophy4 ,9 ?is "w he  also intimat$ 
t ! idea ( a ,tr9ity is to be tak5 f !  
gr&  ag5ts 9 ! natural sy/em1 fire1     
light1 & _s4 ,f ?is "t he  cont9u$ to   
publi% a volume e ye> or two till 8     
dea?2 & a  correct & elegant edition ( 8
 works1 includ+ ! ,,mss4 :i* he  left 0 
publi%$ 9 #agdh1 9 #ab vols4 #hvo4 ,mr4 
,hut*9son ?\ght t  ! ,hebrew ,scriptures
 comprise a p]fect sy/em ( natural      
philosophy1  !ology1 & religion4 ,he    
ent]ta9$ s high an op9ion ( ! ,hebrew   

language1 t he ?\ght ! ,almighty mu/ h  
employ$ x to  communicate e species ( k1
 human & div9e2 & t1  accord+ly1 e      
species ( k is to be f\nd 9 ! ,old      
,te/am5t4 ,bo? he & 8 foll[]s laid a    
great /ress on ! evid5ce  ( ,hebrew     
etymology4 ,aft] ,orig51 & o!r em95t    
comm5tators1 he  ass]t$ t ! ,scriptures 
are n to be und]/ood & int]pret$ 9  a   
lit]al b 9 a typical s5se1 & accord+ to 
! radical import (  ! ,hebrew           
expressions2 t ev5 ! hi/orical p>ts1 &  
p>ticul>ly  ^? relat+ to ! ,jewi%       
c]emonies & ,levitical law1 are to be   
consid]$ 9 ?is light2 & he also ass]t$  
t1 agreeably to ?is  mode (             
int]pretation1 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures    
w\ld be f\nd amply to  te/ify conc]n+ ! 
nature & (fices ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,8 plan 
0  to f9d natural philosophy 9 ! ,bible1
 :]e hi!rto x _h be5  ?\ght no su* ?+ 0 
to be met )1 or ev] int5d$4 ,8 editors  
tell u1 he f\nd1 ^u exam9ation1 t !     
,hebrew ,scriptures n[h]e  ascribe      
motion to ! body ( ! sun1 nor fix$ness  

to ! e>?2 t  !y describe ! creat$ sy/em 
to be a pl5um )\t any vacuum at  all1 & 
reject ! assi/ance ( gravitation1       
attraction1 or any su*  occult          
qualities1 = p]=m+ ! /at$ op]ations (   
nature1 :i*  are c>ri$ on by ! me*anism 
( ! heav5s1 9 _! ?reefold  condition (  
fire1 light1 & _s1 or air1 ! mat]ial    
ag5ts set to  "w at ! beg9n+2 t !       
heav5s1 ?us fram$ by almighty ,wisdom1  
are an in/itut$ emblem & visible        
sub/itute ( ,jehovah ,aleim1 !  et]nal  
,?ree1 ! coqual & co-adorable ,tr9ity 9 
,unity2 t !  unity ( sub/ance 9 ! heav5s
 po9ts out ! unity ( ess5ce &  !        
di/9ction ( conditions1 ! p]sonality 9  
,deity1 )\t  conf\nd+ ! p]sons or divid+
 ! sub/ance2 & t1 f _!  be+ made        
emblems1 !y are call$ 9 ,hebrew %emim1 !
 names1  repres5tatives1 or sub/itutes1 
express+ by _! names t !y are  emblems1 
&1 by _! conditions or (fices1 :at x is 
!y are  emblems (4 ,he also f\nd t !    
,hebrew ,scriptures h "s capital  words1
 :i* he has prov$1 or endeav\r$ to      

prove1 conta91 9 _!  radical mean+1 !   
greate/ & mo/ com=table tru?s4 ,?us1 !  
^w ,elohim1 :i* we call ,god1 or1 z he  
reads x1 ,aleim1 he ref]s  to ! oa? or  
conditional execration1 by :i* ! et]nal 
cov5ant (  grace among ! p]sons 9       
,jehovah 0 & is confirm$4 ,! ^w  b]i?1  
:i* our translation r5d]s 8cov5ant10    
signifies1 8he or  t :i* purifies0 & s !
 ,purifi] or purification =1 n  )1 man4 
,! *]ubim1 :i* h be5 ?\ght 8angels plac$
 z a  gu>d to det] ,adam f break+ into  
,ed5 aga910 he expla9s to h  be5 a      
hi]oglyphic ( div9e con/ruction1 or a   
sacr$ image1 to  describe1 z f> z       
figures c\ld g1 ! ,aleim & man tak5 91  
or  humanity unit$ to deity4 ,9 l mann]1
 he treats sev]al o!r words  ( simil>1  
?\gh n q s solemn1 import4 ,h5ce he drew
 ?is  conclusion1 8t all ! rites &      
c]emonies ( ! ,jewi%  disp5sation 7 s _m
 del9eations ( ,*ri/1 9 :at he 0 to be1 
to d1 & to suff]2 & t ! e>ly ,jews knew 
!m to be types (  8 actions & suff]+s1  
&1 by p]=m+ !m z su*1 7 9 s  f>         

,*ri/ians1 bo? 9 fai? & practice40 ,8   
foll[]s ma9ta91  t ! *]ubim1 & ! glory  
ar\nd !m1 ) ! div9e pres5ce  9 !m1 7 n  
only emblematical figures1 repres5t+ !  
p]sons (  ! ev] bless$ ,tr9ity1 z engag$
 9 cov5ant = ! r$emption (  man1 b also 
t !y 7 int5d$ 8to keep or pres]ve ! way 
(  ! tree ( life1 to %[ man ! way to    
life et]nal1 & keep him f  los+ or      
dep>t+ f x40 ,t ,mel*iz$ec 0 an em95t   
type (  ,*ri/1 !re c be little d\bt2 b t
 he 0 actually ! second  p]son ( !      
,tr9ity1 9 a human =m1 is a t5et ( !    
,hut*9sonians1 ?\gh n entirely peculi>  
to !m4 ,mr4 ,hut*9son  supposes t 8! air
 exi/s 9 ?ree conditions1 fire1 light1 &
  _s2 ! two latt] are ! f9] & gross]    
p>ts ( ! air 9  motion3 f ! e>? to !    
sun1 ! air is f9] & f9] till x  becomes 
pure light ne> ! conf9es ( ! sun1 & fire
 9 ! orb (  ! sun1 or sol> focus40 ,f ! 
e>? t[>d ! circumf]5ce (  ?is sy/em1 9  
:i* he includes ! fix$ />s1 ! air       
becomes  gross] & gross] till x becomes 
/agnant1 9 :i* condition x is  at !     

utmo/ v]ge ( ?is sy/em2 f :5ce1 9 8     
op9ion1 !  expression ( 8out] d>kness10 
& 8blackness ( d>kness10 us$ 9 !  ,new  
,te/am5t1 seems to be tak54 ,^! are "s (
 ! pr9cipal  outl9es ( ?is au?or's      
doctr9es1 :i* h be5 patroniz$ by  sev]al
 em95t div9es1 bo? ( ! *ur* & among !   
,diss5t]s4    #b4 ,! foll[]s ( ,mr4     
,hut*9son h n erect$ !mselves into a    
sect or sep>ate community4 ,among !m may
 be reckon$ "s em95t &  respectable     
div9es1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&2 b _!    
numb]s  seem at pres5t to be r on !     
decrease4 ,( ^? :o1 9 _!  day1 7 rank$ 9
 ! li/ ( ,hut*9sonians1 p]haps ! mo/    
em95t  7 ! foll[+3 ,mr4 ,julius ,bate1 &
 ,mr4 ,p>khur/1 !  lexicograph]s2 ,mr4  
,holl[ay1 au?or ( 8,orig9als10 & 8,lett]
 &  ,_s20 ,dr4 ,hodges1 provo/ ( ,oriel 
,college1 ,ox=d2 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,lee1  au?or
 ( 8,sophron1 or ,nature's ,*>act]i/ics 
( ! ,tru?20 ,dr4  ,we!rell1 late ma/] ( 
,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d2 ,mr4        
,roma9e2  ,bi%op ,horne2 & ,mr4 ,william
 ,jones1 ! bi%op's le>n$ fri5d &        

biograph]4    ,,hymn1 a song1 or ode1   
compos$ 9 hon\r ( ,god4 ,! ,jewi% hymns 
7  accompani$ ) trumpets1 drums1 &      
cymbals1 to assi/ ! voices (  ! ,levites
 & p4 ,! ^w is us$ z synonym\s )        
canticle1  song1 or psalm1 :i* !        
,hebrews sc>cely di/+ui%1 hav+ no       
p>ticul> t]m = a hymn1 z di/9ct f a     
psalm or canticle4 ,/4  ,paul requires  
,*ri/ians to edify "o ano!r ) 8psalms1 &
 hymns1  & spiritual songs40 ,/4 ,mat!w 
says1 t ,*ri/1 hav+ supp$1 sung  a hymn1
 & w5t out4 ,he recit$ ! hymns or psalms
 :i* ! ,jews 7  us$ to s+ aft] !        
passov]2 :i* !y call$ ! ,halal2 t is1  !
 ,hallelujah ,psalms4    ,,hyp]bole4    
,?is figure1 9 its repres5tation ( ?+s  
or objects1  ei!r magnifies or dim9i%es 
!m beyond or bel[ _! prop] limits3  x is
 common 9 all languages1 & is ( frequ5t 
occurr5ce 9 !  ,scriptures4 ,?us1 ?+s   
:i* are l(ty are said to rea* up to     
heav51  ,deut4 i1 #bh2 ix1 #a2 ,psalm   
cvii1 #bf4 ,s ?+s :i* are beyond ! rea* 
or capacity ( man are said to be 9      

8heav510 9 ! 8deep10 or 8beyond  ! sea10
 ,deut4 xxx1 #ab2 ,rom4 x1 #f1 #g4 ,s a 
great quantity or numb] is  commonly    
express$ by ! 8s& ( ! sea10 ! 8du/ ( !  
e>?10  & ! 8/>s ( heav510 ,g5esis xiii1 
#af2 xli1 #di2 ,judges vii1 #ab2 #a     
,sam4 xiii1 #e2 #a ,k+s iv1 #bi2 #b     
,*ron4 i1 #i2 ,j]4 xv1 #h2 ,heb4 xi1    
#ab4 ,9  l mann] we meet ) 8small] ?an  
gras%opp]s10 ,num4 xiii1 #cc1 to  d5ote 
extreme dim9utiv5ess2 8swift] ?an       
eagles10 #b ,sam4 i1 #bc1 to  intimate  
extreme cel]ity2 ! 8e>? trembl$10 !     
8m\nta9s melt$10  ,judges v1 #d1 #e2 !  
8e>? r5t10 #a ,k+s i1 #dj4 8,i make my  
b$ to  swim20 8riv]s ( te>s run d[n m9e 
eyes40 ,s we read ( 8angels'  food10    
,psalm vi1 #f2 cxix1 #acf2 lxxviii1 #be2
 ! 8face ( an angel10 ,acts  vi1 #ae2 & 
! 8tongue ( an angel10 #a ,cor4 xiii1   
#a4 ,see also ,gal4 i1  #h2 iv1 #ad4 ,we
 read 8sigh ) ! break+ ( ?y lo9s10      
,ezek4 xxi1 #f1  t is1 mo/ deeply4 ,s we
 read t 8! /ones w\ld cry out10 &  8!y  
%all n leave 9 !e "o /one ^u ano!r10    

,luke xix1 #dj1 #dd2  t is1 !re %all be 
a total desolation4    ,,hypocrite1 a ^w
 f ! ,greek1 :i* signifies "o :o feigns 
to be  :at he is n2 :o puts on a masque 
or "*1 l actors 9  trag$ies & com$ies4  
,x is g5]ally appli$ to ^? :o assume    
appe>ances ( a virtue1 )\t possess+ x 9 
reality4 ,our ,savi\r  accus$ !         
,ph>isees ( hypocrisy4 ,9 ! ,old        
,te/am5t1 ! ,hebrew  ^w caneph1 :i* is  
r5d]$ 8hypocrite10 8c\nt]feit10         
signifies  also a pr(ane wick$ man1 a   
man pollut$1 corrupt$1 a man ( impiety1 
a deceiv]4 ,x 0 +5i\sly said by ,basil1 
t ! hypocrite did n  put (f ! old man1 b
 put ! new man ^u x4    ,,hypo/atical   
,,union2 ! union ( ! div9e & human      
natures ( ,*ri/  9 "o p]son4 ,?is is !  
doctr9e g5]ally receiv$ 9 ! *ur* (      
,*ri/2 b !re h be5 "s :o h d5i$ ?is1 :o 
yet  ackn[l$ge our ,"l's div9ity4       
,ne/orius1 :o _h be5 taught to  di/+ui% 
accurately betwe5 ! div9e & human nature
 ( ,*ri/1  0 (f5d$ ) "s expressions     
commonly us$ by ,*ri/ians 9 !  beg9n+ ( 

! fif? c5tury1 :i* seem$ to de/roy t    
di/9ction1 & p>ticul>ly ) _! call+ !    
,virg9 ,m>y  1 z if x 7 possible = !    
,godhead to be born4 ,8 zeal  provok$   
opposition2 9 ! eag]ness ( controv]sy he
 0 l$ to use  ungu>d$ expressions2 & he 
0 condemn$ by ! ?ird ( ! g5]al  c\ncils1
 ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus1 9 ! ye> #dca4 ,x  
is a matt] (  d\bt :e!r ! op9ions (     
,ne/orius1 if he _h be5 all[$ by 8      
adv]s>ies fairly to expla9 !m1 w\ld h   
appe>$ inconsi/5t  ) ! doctr9e e/abli%$ 
by ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus1 t ,*ri/ is  "o  
p]son1 9 :om two natures 7 mo/ closely  
unit$4 ,b :atev]  0 ! ext5t ( ! error ( 
,ne/orius1 f him is d]iv$ t  sy/em      
conc]n+ ! inc>nation ( ,*ri/1 :i* is    
held by a l>ge  body ( ,*ri/ians 9      
,*aldea1 ,assyria1 & o!r regions ( !    
ea/1  & :i* is kn[n 9 ! ecclesia/ical   
hi/ory ( ! we/ by ! "n  ( ! ,ne/orian   
h]esy4 ,! object ( ! ,ne/orians is to   
avoid e  appe>ance ( ascrib+ to !       
div9ity ( ,*ri/ ! weakness (  humanity2 
& !re=e !y di/+ui% betwe5 ,*ri/1 & ,god 

:o  dwelt 9 ,*ri/ z 9 a temple4 ,!y say1
 t f ! mom5t ( !  virg9's conception1   
!re comm5c$ an intimate & indissoluble  
union  betwe5 ,*ri/ & ,god1 t ^! two    
p]sons pres5t$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/  "o 1 or  
aspect1 b t ! union betwe5 !m is m]ely a
  union ( w & affection1 su* 9 k9d z t  
:i* subsi/s betwe5  two fri5ds1 al?\gh  
mu* clos] 9 degree4 ,opposite to !      
,ne/orian  op9ion is ! ,euty*ian1 :i*   
d]ives its "n f ,euty*es1 an abbot  (   
,con/ant9ople1 :o1 ab\t ! middle ( !    
fif? c5tury1 9 8  zeal to avoid ! errors
 ( ,ne/orius1 0 c>ri$ to ! o!r extreme4 
,^? :o did n hold ! ,ne/orian op9ions _h
 be5 accu/om$ to  speak ( ! 8"o inc>nate
 nature0 ( ,*ri/4 ,b ,euty*es us$ ?is   
phrase 9 su* a mann] z to appe> to tea* 
t ! human nature (  ,*ri/ 0 absorb$ 9 ! 
div9e1 & t 8 body _h no real  exi/5ce4  
,?is op9ion 0 condemn$ 9 ! ye> #dea1 by 
! c\ncil (  ,*alc$on1 ! f\r? g5]al      
c\ncil1 :i* decl>$1 z ! fai? (  !       
ca?olic *ur*1 t ,*ri/ is "o p]son2 t 9  
?is unity (  p]son !re are two natures1 

! div9e & ! human2 & t !re  is no *ange1
 or mixture1 or confusion ( ^! two      
natures1 b t  ea* reta9s its di/+ui%+   
prop]ties4 ,! decree ( ,*alc$on 0  n    
univ]sally submitt$ to4 ,b _m ( !       
successors ( ,euty*es1  wi%+ to avoid ! 
palpable absurdity :i* 0 ascrib$ to him1
 (  suppos+ t "o nature 0 absorb$ by    
ano!r1 & anxi\s at !  same "t to pres]ve
 t unity :i* ! ,ne/orians divid$1 decl>$
  _! fai? to be1 t 9 ,*ri/ !re is "o    
nature1 b t ?is  nature is tw(old or    
comp\nd$4 ,f ?is t5et ! successors (    
,euty*es d]ive ! "n ( ,monophysites2 & f
 ,jacob ,b>adu1 :o  9 ! foll[+ c5tury 0 
a zeal\s & successful prea*]1 ( !  sy/em
 ( ! ,monophysites1 !y are m commonly   
kn[n by ! "n (  ,jacobites4 ,!          
,monophysites1 or ,jacobites1 are f\nd  
*iefly ne> !  ,euphrates & ,tigris2 !y  
are mu* less num]\s ?an ! ,ne/orians2   
&1 al?\gh !y pr(ess to h correct$ !     
errors :i* 7  suppos$ to adh]e to !     
,euty*ian h]esy1 !y may be consid]$ z   
hav+ =m$ _! peculi> op9ions ^u ! g5]al  

pr9ciples (  t sy/em4 ,! ,mono!lites1 an
 anci5t sect1 ( :om a remnant is  f\nd 9
 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m\nt ,libanus1       
disclaim any connection  ) ,euty*es1 &  
agree ) ! ,ca?olics 9 ascrib+ two       
natures to  ,*ri/2 b !y h receiv$ _! "n 
f _! conceiv+ t  ,*ri/1 be+ "o p]son1 c 
only h "o w3 :]eas ! ,ca?olics1         
consid]+ bo? natures z complete1 ?9k x  
ess5tial to ea* to h  a w1 & say t e    
inconv5i5ce :i* c be suppos$ to arise  f
 two wills 9 "o p]son1 is remov$ by !   
p]fect h>mony betwe5  t w :i* belongs to
 ! div9e1 & t :i* belongs to !  human   
nature ( ,*ri/4    ,,hyssop1 1 ,exod4   
xii1 #bb2 ,lev4 xiv1 #d1 #f1 #di1 #ea1  
#eb2 ,num4 xix1 #f1  #ah2 #a ,k+s iv1   
#cc2 ,psalm li1 #g2 ,matt1 xxvii1 #dh2  
,m>k xv1 #cf2 1  ,john xix1 #bi2 ,heb4  
ix1 #ai4 ,x gr[s pl5tifully on ! m\nta9s
 ne>  ,j]usalem4 ,x is ( a bitt] ta/e2  
&1 f be+ consid]$ z  possess+ det]sive &
 cleans+ qualities1 d]iv$ probably its  
,hebrew "n4 ,! orig9al ^w has be5       
v>i\sly translat$2 &  ,celsius has      

devot$ =ty-two pages to remove          
difficulties1 occasion$  by ! discordant
 op9ions ( ! ,talmudical writ]s1 & to   
asc]ta9  ! plant int5d$4 ,t x is !      
hyssop seems mo/ probable3 !  passage 9 
,heb4 ix1 #ai1 suffici5tly id5tifies x4 
,"u ! law1 x  0 commonly us$ 9          
purifications z a spr9kl]4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 
(  ,israel came out ( ,egypt1 !y 7      
comm&$ to take a bun* ( hyssop1  to dip 
x 9 ! blood ( ! pas*al lamb1 & spr9kle x
 on !  l9tel & ! two side-po/s ( ! door4
 ,x 0 also us$ 9  spr9kl+ ! lep]4 ,!    
hyssop is extremely well adapt$ to su*  
purposes1 z x gr[s 9 bun*es1 & puts out 
_m suck]s f a  s+le root4               
,,iconium1 ! *ief city ( ,lycaonia1 9   
,asia ,m9or4 ,an assault be+  m$itat$ at
 ! place by ! unbeliev+ ,jews & ,g5tiles
 ^u !  ,apo/les ,paul & ,b>nabas1 :o1 by
 prea*+ 9 ! synagogue1 _h  conv]t$ _m   
,jews & ,greeks1 !y fl$ to ,ly/ra2 :]e !
 designs  ( _! enemies 7 put 9          
execution1 & ,/4 ,paul miracul\sly      
escap$ ) 8 life1 ,acts xiv4 ,! *ur*     

plant$ at ?is place by ,/4  ,paul       
cont9u$ to fl\ri%1 until1 by !          
p]secutions ( ! ,s>ac5s1  & aft]w>d ( ! 
,seljukian ,turks1 :o made x ! capital (
 "o (  _! sultanies1 x 0 ne>ly ext+ui%$4
 ,b "s ,*ri/ians ( !  ,greek & ,arm5ian 
*ur*es1 ) a ,greek ar*bi%op1 are yet    
f\nd 9  ! suburbs ( ?is city1 :o are n  
p]mitt$ to reside )9 !  walls4 ,iconium 
is n[ call$ ,cogni1 & is /ill a         
consid]able city2  be+ ! capital ( !    
ext5sive prov9ce ( ,c>amania1 z x 0     
=m]ly ( ,lycaonia1 & ! seat ( a ,turki% 
begl]b]g1 or vic]oy4  ,x is ! place (   
*ief /r5g? & importance 9 ! c5tral p>ts 
(  ,asiatic ,turkey1 be+ surr\nd$ by a  
/rong wall ( f\r miles 9  circumf]5ce2  
b1 z is ! case ) mo/ ea/]n cities1 mu* (
 !  enclos$ space is wa/e4 ,x is situat$
 ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty miles  inl& f !  
,m$it]ranean1 on ! lake ,trogilis4 ,mr4 
,k9neir says1  ,iconium1 ! capital (    
,lycaonia1 is m5tion$ by ,x5ophon1 &    
aft]w>d by ,cic]o & ,/rabo2 b does n    
appe> to h be5 a place  ( any           

consid]ation until aft] ! tak+ ( ,nice  
by ! crusad]s 9  #ajii1 :5 ! ,seljukian 
sultans ( ,r\m *ose x z _! resid5ce4    
,^! sultans rebuilt ! walls1 & embelli%$
 ! city3 !y 71  h[ev]1 expell$ 9 #aahi  
by ,fr$]ic ,b>b>ossa1 :o took x by      
assault2 b aft] 8 dea? !y rent]$ _!     
capital1 :]e !y  reign$ 9 spl5d\r till !
 irruption ( ,t*5gis ,khan1 & 8  gr&son1
 ,holuk[1 :o broke ! p[] ( !            
,seljukians4 ,iconium1 "u  ! "n (       
,cogni1 or ,konia1 has be5 includ$ 9 !  
dom9ions ( !  gr& seignior ev] s9ce ! "t
 ( ,bajazet1 :o f9ally extirpat$  !     
,ame]s ( ,c>amania4 ,! mod]n city has an
 impos+ appe>ance f  ! numb] & size (   
its mosques1 colleges1 & o!r public     
build+s2 b ^! /ately edifices are       
crumbl+ into ru9s1 :ile  ! h\ses ( !    
inhabitants consi/ ( a mixture ( small  
huts built  ( sun-dri$ bricks1 & wret*$ 
hovels ?at*$ ) re$s4 ,! city1  accord+  
to ! same au?ority1 conta9s ab\t eighty 
?\s&  inhabitants1 pr9cipally ,turks1 ) 
only a small proportion (  ,*ri/ians4 ,x

 is repres5t$ z enjoy+ a f9e climate1 & 
pleasantly  situat$ among g>d5s &       
mead[s2 :ile x is ne>ly surr\nd$1 at  "s
 di/ance1 ) m\nta9s :i* rise to !       
regions ( p]petual  sn[4 ,x 0 =m]ly !   
capital ( an ext5sive gov]nm5t1 & !     
seat ( a p[]ful pa%a1 :o ma9ta9$ a      
milit>y =ce compet5t to  ! pres]vation (
 peace & ord]1 & ! def5ce ( 8           
t]ritories4  ,b x has n[ dw9dl$ into    
insignificance1 & exhibits ^u ! :ole  a 
m\rnful sc5e ( desolation & decay4      
,,iconocla/es1 image break]s2 or        
,,iconoma*i1 image oppos]s1 7 names     
giv5 to ^? :o reject$ ! use ( images 9  
*ur*es1 &1 on  c]ta9 occasions1 v5t$ _! 
zeal 9 de/roy+ !m4 ,! great  opposition 
to images began "u ,b>danes1 a ,greek   
emp]or1 9 !  beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury2 & 
0 reviv$ aga91 a few ye>s  aft]1 "u     
,leo1 ! ,isaurian1 :o issu$ an edict    
aga9/ image  wor%ip1 :i* occasion$ a    
civil w> 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1  &  
aft]w>d 9 ,italy2 ! ,roman pontiffs &   
,greek c\ncils  alt]nately support+ x4  

,at l5g? images 7 reject$ by ! ,greek   
*ur*1 :i* h[ev] reta9s pictures 9       
*ur*es1 ?\gh h] memb]s  d n wor%ip !m2 b
 ! ,lat9 *ur*1 m corrupt1 n only  reta9$
 images1 b made !m ! m$ium1 if n !      
object1 ( _!  wor%ip1 & are !re=e       
,iconoduli1 or ,iconolatr1 image        
wor%ipp]s4    ,,iddo1 a prophet ( !     
k+dom ( ,judah1 :o wrote ! actions (    
,rehoboam's & ,abijah's reigns1 #b      
,*ron4 xii1 #ae4 ,x seems by #b ,*ron4  
xiii1 #bb1 t he _h entitl$ 8 "w1        
,midras*1 or1 8,inquiries40 ,we  "k no?+
 p>ticul>ly conc]n+ ! life ( ?is        
prophet4 ,x is  probable t he likewise  
wrote "s prophecies aga9/ ,j]oboam1 !   
son ( ,nebat1 #b ,*ron4 ix1 #bi1 :]e9 "p
 ( ,solomon's life 0  includ$4          
,josephus1 & _m o!rs aft] him1 are (    
op9ion t x  0 ,iddo :o 0 s5t to         
,j]oboam1 :ile he 0 at ,be!l1 & 0 !re   
d$icat+ an alt> to ! gold5 calves2 & t x
 0 he :o 0  kill$ by a lion1 #a ,k+s    
xiii4    ,,idolatry1 f 1 compos$ ( 1    
image1 & 1  to s]ve1 ! wor%ip &         

adoration ( false gods2 or ! giv+ ^?    
hon\rs to creatures1 or ! works ( man's 
h&s1 :i* are only due to  ,god4 ,sev]al 
h writt5 ( ! orig9 & causes ( idolatry3 
among  ! re/1 ,vossius1 ,seld51 ,godwyn1
 ,t5ison1 & ,fab]2 b x is /ill a  d\bt  
:o 0 ! fir/ au?or ( x4 ,x is g5]ally    
all[$1 h[ev]1  t x _h n its beg9n+ till 
aft] ! deluge2 & _m are (  op9ion1 t    
,belus1 :o is suppos$ to be ! same )    
,nimrod1 0 !  fir/ man t 0 deifi$4 ,b   
:e!r !y _h n paid div9e hon\rs  to !    
heav5ly bodies be=e t "t1 _c be det]m9$2
 our  acqua9tance ) ^? remote times be+ 
extremely sl5d]4 ,! fir/  m5tion we f9d 
made ( idolatry is :]e ,ra*el is said to
 h tak5  ! idols ( h] fa!r2 = ?\gh !    
mean+ ( ! ,hebrew ^w  1 be disput$1 yet 
x is pretty evid5t !y 7 idols4 ,laban   
calls !m 8 gods1 & ,jacob calls !m      
/range gods1 & looks on  !m z           
abom9ations4 ,! orig9al idolatry by     
image wor%ip is by _m  attribut$ to !   
age ( ,eb]1 ,b4 ,c4 #bbdg1 ab\t a hundr$
 & "o ye>s  aft] ! deluge1 accord+ to ! 

,hebrew *ronology2 f\r hundr$ &  "o ye>s
 accord+ to ! ,sam>itan2 & five hundr$ &
 ?irty-"o  ye>s accord+ to ! ,septuag9t2
 ?\gh mo/ ( ! fa!rs place x  no high]   
?an t ( ,s]ug2 :i* seems to be ! m      
probable  op9ion1 consid]+ t = ! fir/   
hundr$ & ?irty-f\r ye>s (  ,eb]'s life  
all mank9d dwelt 9 a body toge!r2 dur+  
:i* "t x  is n reasonable to suppose t  
idolatry broke 9 ^u !m2 !n "s  "t mu/ be
 all[$ aft] ! disp]sion ( ! sev]al      
nations1 :i*  7 b small at ! beg9n+1 to 
increase & settle !mselves2 s  t if     
idolatry 0 introduc$ 9 ,eb]'s "t1 x mu/ 
h be5 t[>d  ! end ( 8 life1 & c\ld n    
well h prevail$ s univ]sally1  & ) t    
ob/9acy :i* "s au?ors h imag9$4 ,t]ah1 !
  fa!r ( ,abraham1 :o liv$ at ,ur1 9    
,*aldea1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #bjjj1 0          
unque/ionably an idolat]2 = he is       
expressly said 9 ,scripture to  h s]v$  
o!r gods4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,univ]sal       
,hi/ory ?9k1 t  ! orig9 & progress (    
idolatry are pla9ly po9t$ out to u 9 !  
acc\nt :i* ,moses gives ( ,laban's &    

,jacob's p>t+1 ,g54 xxxi1 #dd1  c4 ,f ! 
cu/om once introduc$ ( erect+ monum5ts 9
 memory (  any solemn cov5ants1 !       
transition 0 easy into ! notion1 t "s   
deity took its resid5ce 9 !m1 9 ord] to 
puni% ! fir/  aggressors2 & ?is might be
 soon improv$ by an ignorant &  deg5]ate
 _w1 till n only birds1 bea/s1 /ocks1 & 
/ones1 b  sun1 moon1 & />s1 7 call$ into
 ! same (fice2 ?\gh us$1  p]haps1 at    
fir/1 by ! design+ "p ( mank9d1 z       
sc>e-cr[s1 to  ov]awe ! ignorant4       
,san*onia?on1 :o wrote 8 8,ph5ician     
,antiquities10 app>5tly ) a  view to    
apologize = idolatry1 traces its orig9  
to ! desc5dants (  ,ca91 ! eld] bran*1  
:o began ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 &  aft]w>d 
add$ a v>iety ( o!r me?ods ( idolatr\s  
wor%ip3  proce$+ to deify ! sev]al p>ts 
( nature1 & m5 aft] _!  dea?2 & ev5 to  
consecrate ! plants %oot+ out ( ! e>?1  
:i* ! fir/ m5 judg$ to be gods1 &       
wor%ipp$ z ^? t  su/a9$ ! lives (       
!mselves & ( _! po/]ity4 ,! ,*aldean    
prie/s1 9 process ( "t1 be+ by _!       

situation e>ly addict$ to  cele/ial     
obs]vations1 in/ead ( conceiv+ z !y     
ought to h done  conc]n+ ! omnipot5ce ( 
! ,creator & ,mov] ( ! heav5ly  bodies1 
fell into ! impi\s error ( e/eem+ !m z  
gods1 & !  imm$iate gov]nors ( ! _w1 9  
subord9ation1 h[ev]1 to !  ,deity1 :o 0 
invisible except by 8 works1 & ! effects
 ( 8  p[]4 ,conclud+ t ,god creat$ ! />s
 & great lum9>ies =  ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 
p>tak]s ) himself & z 8  m9i/]s1 !y     
?\ght x b j & natural t !y %\ld be      
hon\r$ & extoll$1 & t x 0 ! w ( ,god !y 
%\ld be  magnifi$ & wor%ipp$4           
,accord+ly1 !y erect$ temples1 or       
sacella1 to ! />s1 9 :i* !y sacrific$ & 
b[$ d[n be=e  !m1 e/eem+ !m z a k9d (   
m$iators betwe5 ,god & man4  ,impo/ors  
aft]w>d arose1 :o gave out1 t !y _h     
receiv$ express  ord]s f ,god himself   
conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* p>ticul>  heav5ly 
bodies %\ld be repres5t$1 & ! nature &  
c]emonies (  ! wor%ip :i* 0 to be paid  
!m4 ,:5 !y proce$$ to wor%ip  wood1     
/one1 or metal1 =m$ & fa%ion$ by _! own 

h&s1 !y  7 l$ to appreh5d1 t ^! images  
_h be51 9 "s way or o!r1  animat$ or    
in=m$ ) a sup]natural p[] by sup]natural
 means2  ?\gh ,dr4 ,prideaux imag9es1 t1
 be+ at a loss to "k h[ to  address     
!mselves to ! planets :5 !y 7 bel[ !    
horizon1 &  invisible1 !y recurr$ to !  
use ( images4 ,b x w be suffici5t  to   
suppose1 t !y 7 p]suad$ t ea* /> or     
planet 0  actuat$ by an intellig5ce2 & t
 ! virtues ( ! heav5ly body  7 infus$   
into ! image t repres5t$ x4 ,x is c]ta91
 t !  s5ti5t nature & div9ity ( ! sun1  
moon1 & />s1 0  /r5u\sly ass]t$ by !    
philosoph]s1 p>ticul>ly by ,py?agoras & 
8 foll[]s1 & by ! ,/oics1 z well z      
believ$ by ! common  p1 & 01 inde$1 ! v 
f\ndation ( ! ,pagan idolatry4 ,!       
heav5ly bodies 7 ! fir/ deities ( all ! 
idolatr\s nations1  7 e/eem$ et]nal1    
sov]eign1 & supreme2 & di/+ui%$ by !    
title ( ! natural gods4 ,?us we f9d t ! 
prim>y gods ( !  ,hea!ns 9 g5]al 7      
,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,apollo1        
,m]cury1 ,v5us1  & ,diana2 by :i* we c  

und]/& no o!r ?an ! sun & moon1  & !    
five greate/ lum9>ies next to ^!4       
,plut>* expressly  c5sures ! ,epicureans
 = ass]t+ t ! sun & moon1 :om all  m5   
wor%ipp$1 are void ( intellig5ce4       
,san*onia?on repres5ts ! mo/ anci5t     
nations1 p>ticul>ly !  ,ph5icians &     
,egyptians1 z ackn[l$g+ only ! natural  
gods1 !  sun1 moon1 planets1 & elem5ts2 
& ,plato decl>es x z 8 op9ion1  t ! fir/
 ,grecians likewise held ^! only to be  
gods1 z _m (  ! b>b>ians did 9 8 "t4    
,beside ^! natural gods1 ! ,hea!ns      
believ$ t !re 7 c]ta9 spirits :o held a 
middle rank betwe5  ! gods & m5 on e>?1 
& c>ri$ on all int]c\rse betwe5 !m2     
convey+ ! addresses ( m5 to ! gods1 & ! 
div9e b5efits to  m54 ,^! spirits 7     
call$ demons4 ,f ! imag9>y (fice        
ascrib$ to !m1 !y became ! gr& objects (
 ! religi\s hopes  & fe>s ( ! ,pagans1 (
 imm$iate dep5d5ce & div9e wor%ip4 ,9  !
 mo/ le>n$ nations1 !y did n s prop]ly  
%>e1 z engross1  ! public devotion4 ,to 
^! alone sacrifices 7 (f]$1 :ile !      

cele/ial gods 7 wor%ipp$ only ) a pure  
m9d1 or ) hymns &  praises4 ,z to !     
nature ( ^! demons1 x has be5 g5]ally   
believ$1 t !y 7 spirits ( a high] orig9 
?an ! human race2  &1 9 support ( ?is   
op9ion1 x has be5 alleg$1 t ! supreme   
deity ( ! ,pagans is call$ ! greate/    
demon2 t demons are  describ$ z be+s    
plac$ betwe5 ! gods & m52 & t demons are
  expressly di/+ui%$ f h]oes1 :o 7 !    
dep>t$ s\ls ( m54  ,"s1 h[ev]1 h        
combatt$ ?is op9ion1 & ma9ta9$1 on !    
contr>y1 t by demons1 su* z 7 ! m       
imm$iate objects ( !  e/abli%$ wor%ip   
among ! anci5t nations1 p>ticul>ly !    
,egyptians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 we are  
to und]/& be+s ( an e>?ly  orig91 or su*
 dep>t$ human s\ls z 7 believ$ to become
 demons4    ,al?\gh ! ,h9doo inhabitants
 ( ! ,ea/ ,indies d5y ! *>ge (          
idolatry1 us+ ! same description (      
argum5ts z are s  inconclusively urg$ by
 sup]/iti\s ,europeans 9 def5ce ( image 
wor%ip1 x is /ill evid5t t ! mass ( !   
,h9doos are addict$  to gross idolatry4 

,! gods ( ,rome 7 ev5 less num]\s1      
c]ta9ly  less :imsical & mon/r\s1 ?an ^?
 at ,b5>es4 ,9 ,moore's ,h9doo  ,pan!on 
are giv5 exact portraits ( _m scores (  
deities wor%ipp$1  ) appropriate        
c]emonies1 & "u v>i\s =ms & names1 by   
diff]5t sects ( t grossly sup]/iti\s    
race4 ,"s ( ^!  portraits are ( images  
colossal to a degree p]haps unequall$ by
 any  exi/+ /atues2 o!rs are exce$+ly   
dim9utive4 ,"s are metallic  ca/s1 & "s 
app>5tly extremely anci5t1 :i* exhibit e
  gradation ( art f ! rude/ imag9able   
specim51 up to a v  respectable portion 
( skill1 s z to approa* to elegance (   
=m1 &  to ease & expression ( attitude4 
,! pr9cipal causes :i* h be5 assign$ =  
idolatry are1 !  indelible idea :i* e   
man has ( ,god1 & ! evid5ce :i* he      
gives ( x to himself2 an inviolable     
atta*m5t to ! s5ses1 & a  habit ( judg+ 
& decid+ by !m1 & !m only2 ! pride &    
vanity ( ! human m9d1 :i* is n satisfi$ 
) simple tru?1 b  m+les & adult]ates x )
 fables2 m5's ignorance ( antiquity1 or 

( ! fir/ times1 & ! fir/ m51 ( :om !y _h
 b v d>k  & confus$ k by tradition1 !y  
hav+ left no writt5  monum5ts1 or books2
 ! ignorance & *ange ( languages2 ! /yle
 (  ! ori5tal writ+s1 :i* is figurative 
& poetical1 & p]sonifies  e ?+2 !       
scruples & fe>s inspir$ by sup]/ition2 !
  flatt]y & fictions ( poets2 ! false   
relations ( travell]s2 !  imag9ations ( 
pa9t]s & sculptors2 a smatt]+ ( physics1
 t  is1 a slight acqua9tance ) natural  
bodies & appe>ances1 & _!  causes2 !    
e/abli%m5t ( colonies1 & ! inv5tion (   
arts1  mi/ak5 by b>b>\s p2 ! artifices (
 prie/s2 ! pride (  c]ta9 m51 :o affect$
 to pass = gods2 ! love & gratitude     
borne  by ! p to c]ta9 ( _! great m5 &  
b5efactors2 &1  f9ally1 ! hi/orical     
ev5ts ( ! ,scriptures ill und]/ood4 8,"o
  great spr+ & f\nta9 ( all idolatry10  
says ,sir ,william ,jones1 80  !        
v5]ation paid by m5 to ! sun1 or va/    
body ( fire1 :i*  #8looks f 8 sole      
dom9ion l ! god ( ?is _w2' & ano!r1  !  
immod]ate respect %[n to ! memory (     

p[]ful or virtu\s  ance/ors & w>riors1 (
 :om ! sun & ! moon 7 wildly  suppos$ to
 be ! p>5ts40 ,b ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( 
! matt]  ref]s ! :ole to wilful         
ignorance & a corrupt he>t3 8,!y did n  
l to reta9 ,god 9 _! k40 ,to ?is may be 
add$1 :at  inde$ proce$s f ! same       
s\rces1 ! disposition to conv]t         
religion into outw>d =ms2 ! endeav\r to 
r5d] x m impressive  ^u ! imag9ation    
?r\gh ! s5ses2 ! sub/itution ( s5tim5t  
= real religi\s pr9ciple2 & ! lic5se :i*
 ?is gave to  inv5tions ( m51 :i* 9     
process ( "t became complicat$ &        
mon/r\s4 ,t debasem5t ( m9d1 & t        
ali5ation ( ! he>t  f ,god1 & ! gross   
immoralities & lic5ti\s practices :i* h 
ev] accompani$ idolatry1 w suffici5tly  
acc\nt = ! sev]ity  ) :i* x is d5\nc$1  
bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4    ,!    
v5]ation :i* ! ,papi/s pay to ! ,virg9  
,m>y1 & o!r  sa9ts & angels1 & to !     
bread 9 ! sacram5t1 ! cross1 relics1  & 
images1 af=ds gr\nd = ! ,prote/ants to  
*>ge !m ) be+  idolat]s1 ?\gh !y d5y t  

!y are s4 ,x is evid5t t !y  wor%ip ^!  
p]sons & ?+s1 & t !y ju/ify ! wor%ip1 b 
d5y ! idolatry ( x1 by di/+ui%+         
subord9ate f supreme  wor%ip4 ,?is      
di/9ction is ju/ly ?\ght by ,prote/ants 
to be futile  & nugatory1 & c]ta9ly has 
no support f ,holy ,writ4    ,"u !      
gov]nm5t ( ,samuel1 ,saul1 & ,david1 !re
 0 little or no  idolatry 9 ,israel4    
,solomon 0 ! fir/ ,hebrew k+1 :o1 9     
complaisance to 8 =eign wives1 built    
temples & (f]$ inc5se to  /range gods4  
,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat1 :o succe$$ him
 9 !  great] "p ( 8 dom9ions1 set up    
gold5 calves at ,dan & ,be!l4  ,"u !    
reign ( ,ahab1 ?is disord] 0 at its     
height1 occasion$ by  ,jezebel1 ! wife (
 ,ahab1 :o did all %e c\ld to de/roy !  
wor%ip  ( ! true ,god1 by driv+ away &  
p]secut+ 8 prophets4 ,god1  !re=e1      
inc5s$ at ! s9s & idolatry ( ! t5       
tribes1  ab&on$ ^? tribes to ! k+s (    
,assyria & ,*aldea1 :o  transplant$ !m  
beyond ! ,euphrates1 f :5ce !y nev]     
return$4  ,! p ( ,judah 7 no less       

corrupt$4 ,! prophets give an awful     
description ( _! idolatr\s practices4   
,!y 7 puni%$ aft] !  same mann]1 ?\gh n 
s sev]ely1 z ! t5 tribes2 be+ l$ into   
captivity sev]al times1 f :i* at la/ !y 
return$1 & 7  settl$ 9 ! l& ( ,judea1   
aft] :i* we he> no m ( _!  idolatry4 ,!y
 h be51 inde$1 ev] s9ce t p]iod1        
di/+ui%$  = _! zeal aga9/ x4 ,see       
,image4    ,,idum,a is prop]ly ! ,greek 
"n = ! l& ( ,edom1 :i* lay to !  s\? (  
,judea1 & ext5d$ f ! ,dead ,sea to !    
,elanitic ,gulf (  ! ,r$ ,sea1 :]e 7 !  
ports ( ,ela? & ,ezion-,gab]4 ,b !      
,iduma ( ! ,new ,te/am5t applies only to
 a small "p adjo9+ ,judea  on ! s\?1 &  
includ+ ev5 a portion ( t c\ntry2 :i* 0 
tak5 possession ( by ! ,edomites1 or    
,idumans1 :ile ! l& lay  unoccupi$ dur+ 
! ,babyloni% captivity4 ,! capital ( ?is
 c\ntry  0 ,hebron1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 !  
metropolis ( ! tribe (  ,judah4 ,^!     
,idumans 7 s r$uc$ by ! ,maccabees1 t1 9
 ord]  to reta9 _! possessions1 !y      
cons5t$ to embrace ,judaism2 &  _!      

t]ritory became incorporat$ ) ,judea2   
al?\gh1 9 ! "t (  our ,savi\r1 x /ill   
reta9$ its =m] "n ( ,iduma1 ,m>k iii1   
#h4  ,! prop] ,idumans1 or ^? :o rema9$ 
9 ! anci5t l& ( ,edom1  became 9 process
 ( "t m+l$ ) ! ,i%maelites2 ! two p  ?us
 bl5d$1 be+1 f ,nabaio?1 or ,naba?1 !   
son ( ,i%mael1  t]m$ ,naba?ans2 "u :i*  
names !y are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9        
hi/ory4 ,see ,,edom4    ,,illyricum1 a  
prov9ce ly+ to ! nor? & nor?-we/ (      
,mac$onia1  along ! ea/]n coa/ ( !      
,adriatic ,gulf1 or ,gulf ( ,v5ice4 ,x 0
  di/+ui%$ into two p>ts3 ,liburnia to !
 nor?1 :]e is n[  ,croatia1 & ,dalmatia 
to ! s\?1 :i* /ill reta9s ! same "n1  & 
to :i*1 z ,/4 ,paul in=ms ,timo?y1      
,titus w5t1 #b ,tim4 iv1 #aj4  ,/4 ,paul
 says1 t he prea*$ ! ,gospel f ,j]usalem
 r\nd ab\t to  ,illyricum1 ,rom4 xv1    
#ai4    ,,image1 9 a religi\s s5se1 is  
an artificial repres5tation ( "s  p]son 
or ?+ us$ z an object ( adoration1 & is 
synonym\s )  idol4 ,no?+ c be m cle>1   
full1 & di/9ct1 ?an !  expressions (    

,scripture prohibit+ ! mak+ & wor%ip (  
images1  ,exod4 xx1 #d1 #e2 ,deut4 xvi1 
#bb4 ,no s9 is s /rongly & repeat$ly    
condemn$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z t (        
idolatry1 to :i* ! ,jews1  9 ! e>ly "p (
 _! hi/ory1 7 mu* addict$1 & = :i*  !y 7
 con/antly puni%$4 ,/4 ,paul 0 greatly  
affect$1 :5 he  saw t ! city ( ,a!ns 0  
8:olly giv5 to idolatry10 ,acts xvii1   
#af2 & decl>$ to ! ,a!nians1 t !y ought 
n 8to ?9k t  ! ,godhead is l unto gold1 
or silv]1 or /one1 grav5 by art &  man's
 device10 ,acts xvii1 #bi4 ,he condemns 
^? :o 8*ang$ ! glory  ( ! incorruptible 
,god into an image made l unto          
corruptible man1  & to birds1 &         
f\r-foot$ bea/s1 & creep+ ?+s10 ,romans 
i1  #bc4    ,t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians _h no   
images1 is evid5t f ?is  circum/ance1--t
 !y 7 reproa*$ by ! ,hea!ns1 because !y 
did n use !m2 & we f9d almo/ e          
ecclesia/ical writ] ( !  fir/ f\r       
c5turies argu+ aga9/ ! ,g5tile practice 
( image  wor%ip1 f ! pla9 decl>ations ( 
,scripture1 & f ! pure &  spiritual     

nature ( ,god4 ,! introduction ( images 
into places (  ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 dates   
its orig9 soon aft] ! times ( ,con/ant9e
  ! ,great2 b ! e>li] ,*ri/ians         
reprobat$ e species ( image  wor%ip 9 ! 
/ronge/ language4 ,x is sometimes       
pret5d$ by !  ,papi/s1 t !y d n wor%ip !
 images1 b ,god ?r\gh ! m$ium  ( images2
 or1 t ! wor%ip :i* !y pay to images is 
inf]ior to  t :i* !y pay to ! ,deity    
himself4 ,^! di/9ctions w\ld be  sc>cely
 und]/ood by ! common p2 & =m]ly an     
enlight5$  ,hea!n or ,jew w\ld probably 
h urg$ ! same ?+4 ,! practice is  9     
direct opposition to ! second comm&m5t1 
& not)/&+  e sophi/ical palliation1 x   
has always l$ to a transf] ( human  tru/
 f ,god to some?+ else4 ,h5ce idolatry1 
9 g5]al1 is  condemn$ 9 ,scripture2 &   
all use ( images 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god1     
mak+ or b[+ to any lik5ess1 is          
absolutely =bidd54 ,see  ,,iconocla/es &
 ,,idolatry4    ,,immat]iality1         
ab/raction f matt]2 or :at we und]/& by 
pure  _s4    ,,immortal4 ,t :i* w endure

 to all et]nity1 z hav+ 9 itself no     
pr9ciple ( alt]ation or corruption4 ,god
 is absolutely immortal1--he  _c die4   
,angels are immortal2 b ,god1 :o made   
!m1 c t]m9ate  _! be+4 ,man is immortal 
9 "p1 t is1 9 8 _s2 b 8  body dies4     
,inf]ior creatures are n immortal2 !y   
die :olly4 ,?us  ! pr9ciple (           
immortality is diff]5tly communicat$    
accord+ to  ! w ( him :o c r5d] any     
creature immortal1 by prolong+ its      
life2 :o c conf] immortality on ! body (
 man1 toge!r ) 8  s\l2 & w d s at !     
resurrection4 ,god only is absolutely   
p]fect1 &1 !re=e1 absolutely immortal4  
,see ,,s\l4    ,,imposition ,,( ,,h&s4  
,an ecclesia/ical action1 by :i*1 among 
,episcopalians1 a bi%op lays 8 h&s on ! 
head ( a p]son1 9  ord9ation1           
confirmation1 or 9 utt]+ a bless+4 ,9   
,presbyt]ian  *ur*es1 ! imposition is by
 ! h&s ( ! presbyt]y4 ,?is  practice is 
also frequ5tly obs]v$ by ! ,indep5d5ts &
 o!rs at  _! ord9ations1 :5 all ! m9i/]s
 pres5t place _! h&s on  ! head ( him   

:om !y are orda9+1 :ile "o ( !m prays = 
a  bless+ on him & 8 future lab\rs4 ,?is
 !y reta9 z an anci5t  practice1 ju/ifi$
 by ! example ( ! ,apo/les1 :5 no       
extraord9>y gifts 7 convey$4 ,h[ev]1    
,*ri/ians are n agre$ z  to ! propriety 
( ?is c]emony2 nor d !y all consid] x z 
an  ess5tial "p ( ord9ation4            
,imposition ( h&s 0 a ,jewi% c]emony1   
introduc$1 n by any div9e  au?ority1 b  
by cu/om2 x be+ ! practice among t p1   
:5ev] !y pray$ to ,god = any p]son1 to  
lay _! h&s on 8  head4 ,our ,savi\r     
obs]v$ ! same cu/om1 bo? :5 he conf]r$ 8
  bless+ on *ildr51 & :5 he cur$ ! sick4
 ,! ,apo/les likewise  laid h&s on ^? ^u
 :om !y be/[$ ! ,holy ,gho/1 b x 0 a  =m
 accompani$ by pray]1 ?r\gh :i* only !  
bless+ 0  obta9$4 ,& ! ,apo/les !mselves
 sometimes und]w5t ! imposition  ( h&s  
afre%1 :5 !y ent]$ ^u any new design4 ,9
 ! anci5t  *ur*1 imposition ( h&s 0     
practis$ on p]sons :5 !y m>ri$2  :i*    
cu/om ! ,abyss9ians /ill obs]ve4 ,b ?is 
c]emony ( lay+  on ( h&s is n[ re/ra9$1 

by cu/om1 *iefly to t imposition  :i* is
 practis$ at ! ord9ation ( m9i/]s4    ,9
 ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur*1 a bi%op is
 con/itut$ by !  election ( ! g5]al     
conf]5ce1 & ! lay+ on ( ! h&s (  ?ree   
bi%ops1 or at lea/ ( "o bi%op & two     
eld]s2 unless x  happ5 t1 by dea? or    
o!rwise1 !re be no bi%op rema9+ 9 !     
*ur*3 9 ?is case1 ! g5]al conf]5ce is   
emp[]$ to elect a  bi%op1 & ! eld]s1 or 
any ?ree ( !m appo9t$ by ! g5]al        
conf]5ce = t purpose1 to orda9 him4 ,an 
eld] is con/itut$ by  ! election ( an   
annual conf]5ce1 & ! lay+ on ( ! h&s (  
a bi%op & ( two or m eld]s4 ,a deacon1  
by ! election ( an  annual conf]5ce1 & !
 lay+ on ( ! h&s ( a bi%op4    ,,imput$ 
,,righte\sness4 ,see ,,ju/ification4    
,,inc5se4 ,?us2 s call$ by ! deal]s (   
drugs 9 ,egypt f ?ur1  or ?or1 ! "n ( a 
h>b\r 9 ! nor? bay ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ne>    
,m\nt ,s9ai2 !reby di/+ui%+ x f ! gum   
arabic1 :i* is  br\ght f ,suez1 ano!r   
port 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 n f> f ,cairo4 ,x    
diff]s also 9 be+ m pellucid & :ite4 ,x 

burns ) a bright  & /rong flame1 n      
easily ext+ui%$4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! temple    
s]vice z an emblem ( pray]1 ,psalm cxli1
 #b2 ,rev4 viii1 #c1 #d4 ,au?ors  give  
x1 or ! be/ sort ( x1 ! epi!ts :ite1    
pure1 pellucid2 &  s x may h "s         
connection ) a ^w1 d]iv$ f ! same root1 
signify+ un/a9$1 cle>1 & s appli$ to    
moral :it5ess &  purity1 ,psalm li1 #g2 
,dan4 xii1 #aj4 ,?is gum is said to     
di/il f  incisions made 9 ! tree dur+ ! 
heat ( summ]4 ,:at ! =m (  ! tree is :i*
 yields x1 we d n c]ta9ly "k4 ,pl9y "o  
:ile  says1 x is l a pe> tree2 ano!r1 t 
x is l a ma/ic tree2  !n1 t x is l !    
laurel2 &1 9 f9e1 t x is a k9d (        
turp5t9e tree4 ,x has be5 said to gr[   
only 9 ! c\ntry ( !  ,sabeans1 a p 9    
,arabia ,felix2 & ,!ophra/us & ,pl9y    
affirm  t x is f\nd 9 ,arabia4          
,dioscorides1 h[ev]1 m5tions an ,indian 
z  well z an ,arabian frank9c5se4 ,at ! 
pres5t day x is br\ght f  ! ,ea/        
,indies1 b n ( s good a quality z t f   
,arabia4 ,!  8sweet inc5se10 m5tion$    

,exodus xxx1 #g1 & else:]e1 0 a comp\nd 
( sev]al drugs1 agreeably to ! direction
 9 ! ?irty-f\r? v]se4  ,to (f] inc5se 0 
an (fice peculi> to ! prie/s4 ,!y w5t   
twice  a day into ! holy place2 namely1 
morn+ & ev5+1 to burn inc5se  !re4 ,^u !
 great day ( expiation1 ! high prie/    
took inc5se1 or  p]fume1 p\nd$ & ready =
 be+ put into ! c5s]1 & ?rew x  ^u !    
fire1 ! mom5t he w5t into ! sanctu>y4   
,"o reason ( ?is  01 t s ! smoke :i*    
rose f ! c5s] might prev5t 8  look+ )   
too mu* curiosity on ! ark & m]cy-seat4 
,god  ?reat5$ him ) dea? ^u fail+ to    
p]=m ?is c]emony1 ,lev4  xvi1 #ac4      
,g5]ally inc5se is to be consid]$ z an  
emblem ( !  8pray]s ( ! sa9ts10 & is s  
us$ by ! sacr$ writ]s4    ,,ince/1 an   
unlawful conjunction ( p]sons relat$ )9 
! degrees (  k9dr$ prohibit$ by ,god4 ,9
 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & aga91  long aft] !  
deluge1 m>riages betwe5 ne> relations 7 
all[$4 ,9  ! "t ( ,abraham & ,isaac1 ^! 
m>riages 7 p]mitt$1 & among  ! ,p]sians 
mu* lat]3 x is ev5 said to be e/eem$    

nei!r crim9al  nor ignom9i\s among !    
rema9s ( ! old ,p]sians at ?is day4 ,"s 
au?ors believe t m>riages betwe5 ne>    
relations 7 p]mitt$1  or1 at lea/1      
tol]at$1 till ! "t ( ,moses1 :o fir/    
prohibit$  !m among ! ,hebrews2 & t     
among o!r p !y 7 all[$  ev5 aft] him4   
,o!rs hold ! contr>y2 b x is h>d to     
e/abli%  ei!r ( ^! op9ions1 = want (    
hi/orical docum5ts4 ,! degrees  (       
consangu9ity )9 :i* m>riage 0 prohibit$ 
are /at$ 9 ,lev4  xviii1 #f-ah4 ,mo/    
civiliz$ p h look$ on ince/s z abom9able
  crimes4 ,/4 ,paul1 speak+ ( ! ince/u\s
 man ( ,cor9?1 says1 8,x  is report$    
commonly1 t !re is =nication among y1 & 
su*  =nication z is n s mu* z nam$ among
 ! ,g5tiles1 t "o  %\ld h 8 fa!r's      
wife10 #a ,cor4 v1 #a4 ,9 ord] to       
pres]ve  *a/ity 9 families1 & betwe5    
p]sons ( diff]5t sexes1 br\ght up  &    
liv+ toge!r 9 a /ate ( unres]v$         
intimacy1 x is necess>y1  by e me?od    
possible1 to inculcate an abhorr5ce (   
ince/u\s  conjunctions2 :i* abhorr5ce c 

only be uphold5 by ! absolute           
reprobation ( all comm]ce ( ! sexes     
betwe5 ne> relations4 ,^u  ?is pr9ciple1
 ! m>riage1 z well z o!r cohabitations1 
(  bro!rs & si/]s1 ( l9eal k9dr$1 & (   
all :o usually live 9  ! same family1   
may be said to be =bidd5 by ! law (     
nature4  ,re/rictions :i* ext5d to      
remot] degrees ( k9dr$ ?an :at ?is      
reason makes x necess>y to prohibit f   
int]m>riage1 are f\nd$ 9  ! au?ority ( !
 positive law :i* orda9s !m1 & c only be
  ju/ifi$ by _! t5d5cy to diffuse weal?1
 to connect families1 or  to promote "s 
political advantage4 ,! ,levitical law1 
:i* is  receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & f :i* ! 
rule ( ! ,roman law  diff]s v little1   
prohibits m>riages betwe5 relations )9  
?ree  degrees ( k9dr$2 comput+ !        
g5]ations1 n f1 b ?r\gh1  ! common      
ance/or1 & acc\nt+ aff9ity ! same z     
consangu9ity4  ,! issue1 h[ev]1 ( su*   
m>riages are n ba/>diz$1 unless !  p>5ts
 be divorc$ dur+ _! life "t4            
,,in*antm5ts4 ,! law ( ,god condemns    

in*antm5ts & in*ant]s4  ,sev]al t]ms are
 us$ 9 ,scripture to d5ote in*antm5ts3  
#a4 1  :i* signifies to mutt]1 to speak 
) a l[ voice1 l magicians  9 _!         
evocations & magical op]ations1 ,psalm  
lviii1 #f4 #b4 1  secrets1 :5ce ,moses  
speaks ( ! in*antm5ts wr\ght by         
,ph>aoh's  magicians4 #c4 1 mean+ ^? :o 
practise juggl+1 leg]dema91  tricks1 &  
wit*]y1 delud+ p's eyes & s5ses1 #b     
,*ron4  xxxiii1 #f4 #d4 1 :i* signifies1
 prop]ly1 to b9d1 assemble1  associate1 
reunite3 ?is occurs pr9cipally among ^? 
:o *>m  s]p5ts1 :o tame !m1 & make !m   
g5tle & sociable1 :i* be=e  7 fi]ce1    
dang]\s1 & untractable1 ,deut4 xviii1   
#aa4 ,we h  examples ( ea* ( ^! ways (  
in*ant+4 ,x 0 common =  magicians1      
sorc]]s1 & in*ant]s1 to speak 9 a l[    
voice1 to  :isp]3 !y are call$          
v5triloqui1 because !y spake1 z "o w\ld 
suppose1 f ! bottom ( _! /oma*s4 ,!y    
affect$ secrecy &  my/]i\s ways1 to     
conceal ! vanity1 folly1 or infamy ( _! 
p]nici\s art4 ,_! pret5d$ magic (t5     

consi/$ 9 cunn+ tricks  only1 9 sleight 
( h&1 or "s natural secrets1 unkn[n to !
  ignorant4 ,!y affect$ obscurity &     
night1 or w\ld %[ _! skill  only be=e ! 
un9=m$ or mean p]sons1 & fe>$ no?+ s mu*
  z s]i\s exam9ations1 broad day-light1 
& ! inspection ( !  intellig5t4         
,respect+ ! in*antm5ts practis$ by      
,ph>aoh's  magicians1 7see ,exod4 viii1 
#ah1 #ai17 9 ord] to imitate ! miracles 
:i* 7 wr\ght by ,moses1 x mu/ be said   
ei!r t !y 7 m]e  illusions1 :]eby !y    
impos$ on ! spectators2 or t1 if !y     
p]=m$ su* miracles1 & produc$ real      
*anges ( _! rods1 &  ! o!r ?+s said to  
be p]=m$ by !m1 x mu/ h be5 by a        
sup]natural p[] :i* ,god _h p]mitt$     
,satan to give !m1 b !  f>!r op]ation ( 
:i* he aft]w>d ?\ght prop] to prev5t4   
,,indep5d5ts1 a d5om9ation ( ,prote/ants
 9 ,engl& & ,holl&1  orig9ally call$    
,br[ni/s4 ,!y d]ive _! "n f _!  ma9ta9+ 
t e p>ticul> congregation ( ,*ri/ians   
has1  accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a full
 p[] ( ecclesia/ical  jurisdiction ov]  

its memb]s1 indep5d5t ( ! au?ority (    
bi%ops1  synods1 presbyt]ies1 or any o!r
 ecclesia/ical assemblies4 ,?is         
d5om9ation appe>$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! ye>      
#afaf4 ,john ,rob9son1 a  ,norfolk      
div9e1 :o1 be+ bani%$ f 8 native c\ntry 
=  non-con=mity1 aft]w>d settl$ at      
,leyd51 0 consid]$ z _!  f\nd] & fa!r4  
,he possess$ s9c]e piety1 & no          
inconsid]able  %>e ( le>n+4 ,p]ceiv+    
defects 9 ! d5om9ation ( !  ,br[ni/s1 to
 :i* he belong$1 he employ$ 8 zeal &    
dilig5ce 9  correct+ !m & 9 new modell+ 
! society4 ,?\gh !  ,indep5d5ts consid]$
 _! own =m ( ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t z  (
 div9e in/itution1 & z orig9ally        
introduc$ by ! au?ority (  ! ,apo/les1  
nay1 by ! ,apo/les !mselves2 yet !y did 
n always  ?9k x necess>y to condemn o!r 
d5om9ations1 b (t5  ackn[l$g$ t true    
religion might fl\ri% 9 ^? communities  
:i* 7 "u ! jurisdiction ( bi%ops1 or !  
gov]nm5t (  presbyt]ies4 ,!y approv$1   
also1 ( a regul> & educat$ m9i/ry2  nor 
is any p]son among !m n[ p]mitt$ to     

speak 9 public be=e he  has submitt$ to 
a prop] exam9ation ( 8 capacity &       
tal5ts1 &  has be5 approv$ ( by ! *ur*  
to :i* he belong$4 ,_! gr\nds  (        
sep>ation f ! e/abli%$ *ur* are diff]5t 
f ^? (  o!r puritans4 ,_m ( ! latt]     
object$ *iefly to c]ta9 rites1          
c]emonies1 ve/m5ts1 or =ms1 or to !     
gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*2  :ile yet !y 7       
dispos$ to arm ! magi/rate 9 support ( !
  tru?1 & regrett$ & compla9$ t !y c\ld 
n on ^!  acc\nts con=m to x4 ,b ,rob9son
 & 8 companions n only  reject$ !       
appo9tm5ts ( ! *ur* on ^! heads1 b d5i$ 
its  au?ority to enact !m2 cont5d+1 t e 
s+le congregation (  ,*ri/ians 0 a *ur*1
 & indep5d5t ( all legislation1 save t  
( ,*ri/2 /&+ 9 ne$ ( no su* provision or
 e/abli%m5t z !  /ate c be/[1 &         
incapable ( solicit+ or receiv+ x4 ,h5ce
  !y s\ght n to re=m ! *ur*1 b *ose to  
diss5t f x4 ,!y  admitt$ !re 7 _m godly 
m5 9 its communion1 & t x 0  re=m$ f !  
grosse/ errors ( ! man ( s92 b ?\ght x  
/ill want$ "s ?+s ess5tial to a true    

*ur* ( ,*ri/2 9  p>ticul>1 a p[] ( *oos+
 its own m9i/]s1 & a /rict]  discipl9e  
among its memb]s4 ,! cre$ ( !           
,indep5d5ts is uni=mly  ,calv9i/ic1 ?\gh
 ) consid]able %ades ( diff]5ce2 & _m 9 
,scotl& & ,irel& h symboliz$ ) !        
,s&emanians1 or !  ,scotti% ,bapti/     
d5om9ations4 ,! ,congregationali/ &     
,indep5d5t  h be5 g5]ally consid]$ z    
conv]tible & synonym\s3 _m1  h[ev]1 9 ! 
pres5t day1 pref] ! =m] appellation1    
consid]+  x desirable1 9 _m cases1 to   
unite1 = mutual advice & support1  m    
closely ?an ! t]m indep5d5t seems to    
w>rant4    ,,indulg5ces4 ,9 ! primitive 
*ur* v sev]e p5alties 7  inflict$ on ^? 
:o _h be5 guilty ( any s9s1 :e!r public 
or  private2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 !y 7 =bidd5 
to p>take1 = a  c]ta9 "t1 ( ! sacram5t (
 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 or to hold any         
communion ) ! *ur*4 ,g5]al rules 7 =m$  
^u ^!  subjects2 b z x 0 (t5 f\nd       
exp$i5t to make a discrim9ation  9 !    
degrees ( puni%m5t1 accord+ to ! diff]5t
 circum/ances  ( ! (f5d]s1 & especially 

:5 !y %[$ m>ks ( contrition  &          
rep5tance1 p[] 0 giv5 to bi%ops1 by !   
c\ncil ( ,nice1 to  relax or remit ^?   
puni%m5ts z !y %\ld see reason4 ,e fav\r
  ( ?is k9d 0 call$ an indulg5ce or     
p>don4 ,aft] ! bi%ops _h  enjoy$ ?is    
privilege = "s c5turies1 & _h begun to  
abuse x1  ! popes discov]$ t 9 _! own   
h&s x might be r5d]$ a  p[]ful in/rum5t 
to promote bo? _! ambition & _! av>ice4 
,!y c\ld n b p]ceive t if !y c\ld       
p]suade m5 !y _h !  p[] ( grant+ p>don =
 s91 x w\ld give !m a complete  influ5ce
 ov] _! consci5ces2 & if !y c\ld at !   
same "t  prevail ^u !m to pur*ase ^!    
p>dons = money1 x mu/ add  greatly to ! 
weal? ( ! ,roman see4 ,9 ! elev5?       
c5tury1  !re=e1 :5 ! dom9ion ( ! popes 0
 ris+ to its z5i?1 &  _! p[] 0 almo/    
irresi/ible1 !y took to !mselves !      
exclusive pr]ogative ( disp5s+          
indulg5ces1 :i* !y c>ri$ to a  mo/      
unw>rantable l5g?4 ,in/ead ( conf9+ !m1 
accord+ to _!  orig9al in/itution1 to ! 
ord9>y purposes ( ecclesia/ical         

discipl9e1 !y ext5d$ !m to ! puni%m5t ( 
! wick$ 9 !  _w to come2 in/ead ( %ort5+
 ! duration ( e>?ly p5ance1  !y pret5d$ 
t !y c\ld deliv] m5 f ! pa9s (          
purgatory2  in/ead ( all[+ !m           
gratuit\sly1 & ^u j gr\nds1 to !  p5it5t
 (f5d]1 !y sold !m 9 ! mo/ op5 & corrupt
 mann] to  ! pr(ligate & ab&on$1 :o /ill
 cont9u$ 9 _! vices4 ,!y  did n scruple 
to call ^! indulg5ces a pl5>y remission 
( all  s9s1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 & to 
(f] !m z a c]ta9 &  imm$iate passport f 
! tr\bles ( ?is _w to ! et]nal joys  (  
heav54 ,to give "s sort ( col\r &       
support to ?is infam\s  traffic1 !y     
confid5tly ass]t$ t ! sup]abundant m]its
 (  ,*ri/1 & ( 8 fai?ful s]vants1 =m$ a 
fund ( :i* ! pope  0 ! sole manag]2 & t 
he c\ld1 at 8 own discretion1 disp5se   
^? m]its1 z ! sure means ( procur+ p>don
 f ,god1 9 any  proportions1 = any      
species ( wick$ness1 & to any p]son he  
pleas$4 ,! b>e /atem5t ( ?is doctr9e is 
a suffici5t refutation  ( x2 & x is     
sc>cely necess>y to add1 t x has no     

f\ndation  :atev] 9 ,scripture4 ,x is an
 arrogant & impi\s usurpation ( a  p[]  
:i* belongs to ,god alone2 & x has an   
obvi\s t5d5cy to  promote lic5ti\sness &
 s9 ( e description1 by hold+ out an    
easy & c]ta9 me?od ( absolution4 ,!     
popes d]iv$ v l>ge sums  f ! sale ( ^!  
indulg5ces2 & x is well kn[n t ! gross  
abuses practis$ 9 grant+ !m 7 among !   
imm$iate & pr9cipal  causes ( br++ ab\t 
! re=mation4 ,!y cont9ue /ill to be sold
  at ,rome1 & are to be pur*as$ by any  
:o are weak en\gh to buy !m4  ,! sums   
requir$ = indulg5ces 7 fir/ publi%$ by  
,an?ony ,egane1  a ,franciscan fri>1 9  
#afgc2 & ! orig9al pamphlet 0 republi%$ 
by ,b>on ,mas]es1 9 #ahji1 9 8 la/      
volume ( 8,occasional ,essays40         
,,ink4 ,! ink ( ! anci5ts 0 n s fluid z 
ours4 ,demo/h5es  reproa*es s*9es )     
lab\r+ 9 ! gr9d+ ( ink1 z pa9t]s  d 9 ! 
gr9d+ ( _! col\rs4 ,! sub/ance also f\nd
 9 an  ink/& at ,h]culaneum1 looks l a  
?ick oil or pa9t1 ) :i* !  manuscripts  
!re h be5 writt5 9 a relievo visible 9 !

 lett]s1  :5 y hold a leaf to ! light 9 
a horizontal direction4 ,su*  vitriolic 
ink z has be5 us$ on ! old p>*m5t       
manuscripts w\ld  h corrod$ ! delicate  
leaves ( ! papyrus1 z x has done !  sk9s
 ( ! mo/ anci5t manuscripts ( ,virgil & 
,t]5ce1 9 !  ,vatican libr>y2 ! lett]s  
are sunk into ! p>*m5t1 & "s h  eat5 q  
?r\gh x1 9 consequ5ce ( ! corrosive acid
 ( !  vitriolic ink1 ) :i* !y 7 writt54 
,! inkhorn is also  m5tion$ 9           
,scripture3 8,& "o man among !m 0 clo!d 
) l951  ) a writ]'s inkhorn by 8 side10 
,ezek4 ix1 #b4 ,! ea/]n mode &  app>atus
 = writ+ diff]s s mat]ially f ^? ) :i*  
we are  conv]sant1 t x is necess>y      
p>ticul>ly to describe !m4  ,d',arvieux 
in=ms u t 8! ,arabs ( ! des]t1 :5 !y    
want a  fav\r ( _! emir1 get 8 secret>y 
to write an ord] agreeable to  _!       
desire1 z if ! fav\r 7 grant$1 ?is !y   
c>ry to !  pr9ce1 :o1 aft] hav+ read x1 
sets 8 seal to x ) ink1 if he  grants x2
 if n1 he returns ! petition] 8 pap]    
torn1 &  dismisses him4 ,^! pap]s are   

)\t date1 & h only ! emir's  fl\ri% or  
cyph] at ! bottom1 signify+ ! poor1 !   
abject  ,mohamm$1 son ( ,turabeye40     
,pococke says1 t 8!y make ! impression  
( _! "n ) _! seal1 g5]ally ( cornelian1 
:i* !y we>  on _! f+]1 & :i* is black$  
:5 !y h occasion to seal  ) x40 ,! cu/om
 ( plac+ ! inkhorn by ! side1 ,ole>ius  
says1  cont9ues 9 ! ea/ to ?is day4 ,dr4
 ,%aw in=ms u1 t1 among !  ,moors 9     
,b>b>y1 8! hojas1 t is1 ! writ]s or     
secret>ies1  susp5d _! inkhorns 9 _!    
girdles2 a cu/om z old z ! ,prophet     
,ezekiel1 ix1 #b40 ,& 9 a note he adds1 
8t "p ( ^! inkhorns 7if  an in/rum5t (  
brass may be s call$7 :i* passes betwe5 
! girdle  & ! tunic1 & holds _! p5s1 is 
long & flat2 b ! vessel  = ! ink :i*    
re/s ^u ! girdle is squ>e1 ) a lid to   
clasp  ov] x40 ,s ,mr4 ,hanway3 8,_!    
writ]s c>ry _! ink & p5s ab\t  !m 9 a   
case1 :i* !y put "u _! sa%40    ,,inn4  
,! inns or c>avans]ais ( ! ea/1 9 :i*   
travell]s are  accommodat$1 are n all   
alike1 "s be+ simply places ( re/1 by  !

 side ( a f\nta91 if possible1 & at a   
prop] di/ance on !  road4 ,_m ( ^!      
places are no?+ m ?an nak$ walls2 o!rs  
h an att5dant1 :o subsi/s ei!r by "s    
*>itable donation1 or  ! b5evol5ce (    
pass5g]s2 o!rs are m consid]able        
e/abli%m5ts1 :]e families reside1 & take
 c>e ( !m1 &  furni% ! necess>y         
provisions4 8,c>avans]ais10 says        
,campbell1 87  orig9ally int5d$ =1 & are
 n[ pretty g5]ally appli$ to1 !         
accommodation ( /rang]s & travell]s1    
?\gh1 l e o!r good  in/itution1         
sometimes p]v]t$ to ! purposes ( private
 emolum5t1  or public job4 ,!y are built
 at prop] di/ances ?r\gh ! roads (  !   
,turki% dom9ions1 & af=d to ! indig5t or
 we>y travell] an  asylum f ! inclem5cy 
( ! wea!r1 are 9 g5]al built ( !  mo/   
solid & durable mat]ials1 h commonly "o 
/ory above !  gr\nd floor1 ! l[] ( :i*  
is ar*$1 & s]ves = w>eh\ses to  /ore    
goods1 = lodg+s1 & = /ables1 :ile ! upp]
 is us$  m]ely = lodg+s2 beside :i* !y  
are always accommodat$ ) a  f\nta91 & h 

cooks' %ops & o!r conv5i5ces to supply !
  wants ( lodg]s4 ,9 ,aleppo1 !         
c>avans]ais are almo/ exclusively       
occupi$ by m]*ants1 to :om !y are1 l o!r
 h\ses1 r5t$40 8,9  all o!r ,turki%     
prov9ces10 obs]ves ,antes1 8p>ticul>ly  
^? 9  ,asia1 :i* are (t5 ?9ly inhabit$1 
travell+ is subject to  numb]less       
inconv5i5ces1 s9ce x is necess>y n only 
to c>ry all  sorts ( provisions along ) 
"o1 b ev5 ! v ut5sils to dress  !m 91   
beside a t5t = %elt] at night & 9 bad   
wea!r1 z !re  are no inns1 except "h &  
!re a c>avans]ai1 :]e no?+ b  b>e rooms1
 & ^? (t5 v bad1 & infe/$ ) all sorts ( 
v]m91 c be procur$40 8,!re are no inns  
any:]e10 says ,volney1  8b ! cities1 &  
commonly ! villages1 h a l>ge build+    
call$  a kan or k]vans]ai1 :i* s]ves z  
an asylum = all travell]s4  ,^! h\ses ( 
reception are always built )\t !        
prec9cts (  t[ns1 & consi/ ( f\r w+s    
r\nd a squ>e c\rt1 :i* s]ves by  way (  
enclosure = ! bea/s ( burd54 ,! lodg+s  
are cells1 :]e  y f9d no?+ b b>e walls1 

du/1 & sometimes scorpions4 ,!  keep] ( 
?is kan gives ! travell] ! key & a mat1 
& he  provides himself ! re/2 he mu/    
!re=e c>ry ) him 8 b$1 8  kit*5 ut5sils1
 & ev5 8 provisions1 = frequ5tly n ev5  
bread  is to be f\nd 9 ! villages4 ,on  
?is acc\nt ! ori5tals contrive  _!      
equipage 9 ! mo/ simple & portable =m4  
,! baggage ( a  man :o wi%es to be      
completely provid$1 consi/s 9 a c>pet1 a
  mattress1 a blanket1 two sauce pans ) 
lids conta9$ )9 ea*  o!r1 two di%es1 two
 plates1 & a c(fee pot1 all ( copp]1    
well  t9n$1 a small wood5 box = salt &  
pepp]1 a r\nd lea!rn table1  :i* he     
susp5ds f ! saddle ( 8 horse1 small     
lea!rn bottles  or bags = oil1 melt$    
butt]1 wat]1 & br&y1 if ! travell] be a 
,*ri/ian1 a t9d] box1 a cup ( cocoa nut1
 "s rice1 dri$ rais9s1  dates1 ,cyprus  
*eese1 &1 above all1 c(fee b]ries1 ) a  
roa/] &  wood5 mort> to p\nd !m40 ,!    
,scriptures use two words to express a  
c>avans]ai1 9 bo? in/ances translat$    
inn3 8,!re 0 no room =  !m 9 ! inn10 1  

,luke ii1 #g2 ! place ( unty+1 t is1  ( 
bea/s = re/4 8,& br\ght him to ! inn10 1
 ,luke x1  #cd1 ^: keep] is call$ 9 !   
next v]se 4 ,?is ^w  prop]ly signifies  
8a receptacle op5 to all com]s40 8,!    
s]ai or  pr9cipal c>avans>y at ,surat10 
obs]ves ,=bes1 80 mu* neglect$4  ,mo/ ( 
! ea/]n cities conta9 "o1 at lea/1 = !  
reception (  /rang]s2 small] places1    
call$ *\ltries1 are erect$ by *>itable  
p]sons1 or munific5t pr9ces1 9 =e/s1    
pla9s1 & des]ts1 = !  accommodation (   
travell]s4 ,ne> !m is g5]ally a well1 & 
a  ci/]n = ! cattle2 a brahm91 or fake]1
 (t5 resides !re to  furni% ! pilgrim ) 
food1 & ! few necess>ies he may /& 9    
ne$ (4 ,9 ! des]ts ( ,p]sia & ,arabia1  
^! build+s are  invaluable2 9 ^? pa?less
 pla9s1 = _m miles toge!r1 n a  tree1 a 
bu%1 nor ev5 a blade ( grass1 is to be  
se52 all is "o  undulat+ mass ( s&1 l   
waves on ! trackless ocean4 ,9 ^!       
ru?less wa/es1 :]e no rural village or  
*e]ful hamlet1 no inn or  h\se (        
refre%m5t1 is to be f\nd1 h[ noble is ! 

*>ity t  re>s ! hospitable ro(1 t plants
 ! %ady grove1 & conducts !  refre%+    
moi/ure into res]voirs60                
,,inspiration1 ! convey+ ( c]ta9        
extraord9>y & sup]natural  notices or   
?\ghts into ! s\l2 or x d5otes any      
sup]natural  influ5ce ( ,god ^u ! m9d ( 
a rational creature1 :]eby he is  =m$ to
 a degree ( intellectual improvem5t1 to 
:i* he c\ld n  h atta9$ 9 8 pres5t      
circum/ances 9 a natural way4 ,9 !  fir/
 & highe/ s5se1 ! prophets1 evangeli/s1 
& ,apo/les are  said to h spok5 & writt5
 by div9e inspiration4 ,?is inspiration 
( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures is s      
expressly atte/$ by our ,"l &  8        
,apo/les1 t among ^? :o receive !m z a  
div9e revelation  ! only "q relates to !
 inspiration ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,on  ?is
 subject x has be5 well obs]v$3--    #a4
 ,t ! inspiration ( ! ,apo/les appe>s to
 h be5 necess>y  = ! purposes ( _!      
mission2 &1 !re=e1 if we admit t  ,jesus
 came f ,god1 & t he s5t !m =? to make  
disciples1 we  %all ackn[l$ge t "s      

degree ( inspiration is highly probable4
  ,! fir/ light 9 :i* ! books ( ! ,new  
,te/am5t lead u to  consid] ! ,apo/les1 
is1 z ! hi/orians ( ,jesus4 ,aft] hav+  
be5  8 companions dur+ 8 m9i/ry1 !y came
 =? to be> witness (  him2 & z ! b5efit 
( 8 religion 0 n to be conf9$ to !  age 
9 :i* he or !y liv$1 !y left 9 ! f\r    
,gospels a record (  :at he did &       
taught4 ,two ( ! f\r 7 writt5 by !      
,apo/les  ,mat!w & ,john4 ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4
 ,luke1 ^: names are prefix$ to !  o!r  
two1 7 probably ( ! sev5ty :om our ,"l  
s5t out 9 8  life "t2 & we le>n f ! mo/ 
anci5t ,*ri/ian hi/orians1 t  ! ,gospel 
( ,/4 ,m>k 0 revis$ by ,/4 ,pet]1 & !   
,gospel ( ,/4  ,luke by ,/4 ,paul1 & t  
bo? 7 aft]w>d approv$ by ,/4 ,john2 s  t
 all ! f\r may be consid]$ z transmitt$ 
to ! *ur* )  ! sanction ( apo/olical    
au?ority4 ,n[1 if we recollect !        
condition ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! nature ( _! 
hi/ory1 we %all  p]ceive t1 ev5 z       
hi/orians1 !y /ood 9 ne$ ( "s measure ( 
inspiration4 ,plato might feel himself  

at lib]ty to feign _m ?+s (  8 ma/]     
,socrates1 because x matt]$ little to ! 
_w :e!r !  in/ruction t 0 convey$ to !m 
proce$$ f ! "o philosoph]  or f ! o!r4  
,b ! s]vants ( a div9e tea*]1 :o appe>$ 
z  8 witnesses1 & pr(ess$ to be !       
hi/orians ( 8 life1 7  b\nd by _! (fice 
to give a true record4 ,& _! hi/ory 0 an
  imposition ^u ! _w1 if !y did n decl>e
 exactly & lit]ally  :at !y _h se5 &    
he>d4 ,?is 0 an (fice :i* requir$ n only
  a love ( ! tru?1 b a memory m ret5tive
 & m accurate ?an  x 0 possible = !     
,apo/les to possess4 ,to relate1 at !   
di/ance  ( tw5ty ye>s1 long moral       
disc\rses1 :i* 7 n orig9ally  writt51 & 
:i* 7 n att5d$ ) any /rik+ circum/ances 
t might impr9t !m ^u ! m9d2 to pres]ve a
 v>iety (  p>ables1 ! beauty &          
significancy ( :i* dep5d$ ^u p>ticul>   
expressions2 to record long & m9ute     
prophecies1 :]e ! alt]ation  ( a s+le   
phrase might h produc$ an inconsi/5cy   
betwe5 !  ev5t & ! pr$iction2 & to give 
a p>ticul> detail ( !  int]c\rse :i*    

,jesus _h ) 8 fri5ds & ) 8 enemies2--all
  ?is is a "w s v mu* above ! capacity (
 unle>n$ m51 t1  _h !y attempt$ to      
execute x by _! own natural p[]s1 !y mu/
  h fall5 into su* absurdities &        
contradictions z w\ld h  betray$ !m to e
 disc]n+ eye4 ,x 0 !re=e highly         
exp$i5t1 & ev5 necess>y1 = ! fai? (     
future ages1 t1  beside ^? opportunities
 ( in=mation :i* ! ,apo/les enjoy$1  & t
 tri$ integrity :i* !y possess$1 _!     
und]/&+ &  _! memory %\ld be assi/$ by a
 sup]natural influ5ce1 :i* might  prev5t
 !m f mi/ak+ ! mean+ ( :at !y _h he>d1  
:i*  might re/ra9 !m f putt+ into ! m\? 
( ,jesus any words :i*  he did n utt]1  
or omitt+ :at 0 important1 & :i* might  
?us  give u p]fect security1 t !        
,gospels are z fai?ful a copy z if      
,jesus himself _h left 9 writ+ ^? say+s 
& ^? actions :i*  he wi%$ po/]ity to    
rememb]4    ,b we consid] ! ,apo/les 9 !
 l[e/ view1 :5 we speak ( !m  z b>ely ! 
hi/orians ( _! ,ma/]4 ,9 _! epi/les !y  
assume  a high] "*1 :i* r5d]s           

inspiration /ill m necess>y4 ,all  !    
b5efit :i* !y d]iv$ f ! public & !      
private  in/ructions ( ,jesus be=e 8    
dea? _h n s f> op5$ _! m9ds  z to       
qualify !m = receiv+ ! :ole c\nsel (    
,god4 ,& he :o  kn[s :at is 9 man       
decl>es to !m1 ! night on :i* he 0      
betray$1 8,i h yet _m ?+s to say unto y1
 b y _c be>  !m n[10 ,john xv1 #ab4 ,!  
purpose ( _m ( 8 p>ables1 ! full  mean+ 
ev5 ( "s ( 8 pla9 disc\rses1 _h n be5   
atta9$ by  !m4 ,!y _h m>vell$ :5 he     
spake to !m ( e>?ly ?+s4 ,b  _m heav5ly 
?+s ( 8 k+dom _h n be5 told !m2 & !y :o 
7 de/9$ to c>ry 8 religion to ! ends ( !
 e>? !mselves  ne$$1 at ! times ( _!    
receiv+ ?is commission1 t "s "o  %\ld   
in/ruct !m 9 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4 ,x is   
true t1 aft]  8 resurrection1 ,jesus    
op5$ _! und]/&+s1 & expla9$ to  !m !    
,scriptures2 & he cont9u$ ^u e>? =ty    
days1 speak+ to  !m ( ! ?+s p]ta9+ to ! 
k+dom ( ,god4 ,x appe>s1  h[ev]1 f !    
hi/ory :i* !y h record$ 9 ! book (      
,acts1  t "s f>!r tea*+ 0 necess>y = !m1

 ,acts i4 ,imm$iately  be=e our ,"l     
asc5d$1 _! m9ds be+ /ill full ( !       
expectation ( a temporal k+dom1 !y say  
unto him1 8,"l1 wilt ?\  at ?is "t      
re/ore ! k+dom to ,israel80 ,x 0 n till 
"s "t  aft] !y receiv$ ! gift ( ! ,holy 
,gho/1 t !y und]/ood  t ! ,gospel _h    
tak5 away ! obligation to obs]ve !      
c]emonies  ( ! ,mosaic law2 & ! action (
 ,/4 ,pet] 9 baptiz+ ,cornelius1 a      
dev\t ,hea!n1 gave (f5ce to "s ( !      
,apo/les & bre?r5 9  ,judea :5 !y fir/  
he>d x1 ,acts xi4 ,yet1 9 _! epi/les1 we
 f9d  j notions ( ! spiritual nature ( !
 religion ( ,jesus z a  k+dom (         
righte\sness1 ! subjects ( :i* are to   
receive remission  ( s9s1 &             
sanctification ?r\gh 8 blood1 & j       
notions also (  ! ext5t ( ?is religion z
 a disp5sation ! spiritual bless+s (    
:i* are to be communicat$ to all1 9 e   
l&1 :o receive x 9  fai? & love4 ,^!    
notions appe> to u to be ! explication  
bo? (  ! anci5t pr$ictions1 & ( _m      
p>ticul> expressions t occur  9 !       

disc\rses ( our ,"l4 ,b x is manife/ t  
!y _h n be5  acquir$ by ! ,apo/les dur+ 
! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,!y are s  adv]se to e
 ?+ :i* m5 educat$ 9 ,jewi% prejudices  
_h  le>n$ & _h hop$1 t !y c\ld n be !   
fruit ( _! own  reflections2 & !re=e !y 
imply ! tea*+ ( t ,_s :o  gradually     
impress$ !m ^u ! m9d1 guid+ ! ,apo/les  
g5tly1 z  !y 7 able to foll[ him1 into  
all ! tru? connect$ ) !  salvation (    
mank9d4 ,z inspiration 0 necess>y to    
give ! m9ds (  ! ,apo/les possession ( !
 sy/em t is unfold$ 9 _!  epi/les1 s _m 
p>ts ( t sy/em are remov$ to su* a      
di/ance  f human discov]ies1 & are      
liable to su* misappreh5sion1 t  unless 
we suppose a cont9u$ sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,_s
 by :om x  0 taught1 succe$+ ages w\ld n
 h a suffici5t security t  ^? :o 7      
employ$ to deliv] x _h n be5 guilty (   
gross  mi/akes 9 "s mo/ important       
doctr9es4    ,inspiration w appe> /ill  
f>!r necess>y1 :5 we recollect t  !     
writ+s ( ! ,apo/les conta9 sev]al       
pr$ictions ( ?+s to  come4 ,/4 ,paul    

=etels1 9 8 epi/les1 ! corruptions ( !  
*ur*  ( ,rome1 & _m o!r circum/ances :i*
 h tak5 place 9 !  hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian  
*ur*2 & ! ,revelation is a book (       
prophecy1 ( :i* "p has be5 already      
fulfill$1 :ile ! re/ w  no d\bt be      
expla9$ by ! ev5ts :i* are to arise 9 ! 
c\rse (  ,provid5ce4 ,b prophecy is a   
k9d ( writ+ :i* implies ! highe/  degree
 ( inspiration4 ,:5 pr$ictions1 l ^? 9  
,scripture1 are  p>ticul> & complicat$1 
& ! ev5ts are s remote & s  cont+5t z to
 be out ( ! rea* ( human sagacity1 x is 
pla9 t  ! writ]s ( ! pr$ictions d n     
speak accord+ to ! measure (  in=mation 
:i* !y _h acquir$ by natural means1 b   
are m]ely !  in/rum5ts ?r\gh :i* !      
,almighty communicates1 9 su* measure & 
su* language z he ?9ks fit1 t k (       
futurity :i* is  d5i$ to man4 ,& al?\gh 
! full mean+ ( _! own pr$ictions  0 n   
und]/ood by !mselves1 !y w be ackn[l$g$ 
to be true  prophets :5 ! fulfilm5t     
comes to reflect light ^u t language1   
:i*1 = wise purposes1 0 made d>k at ! "t

 ( its be+ put  into _! m\?4    ,?us !  
nature ( ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les sugge/s !
 necessity  ( _! hav+ be5 inspir$4 ,!y  
c\ld n be accurate hi/orians (  ! life (
 ,jesus )\t div9e inspiration1 nor safe 
exp\nd]s ( 8  doctr9e1 nor prophets (   
di/ant ev5ts4    #b4 ,inspiration 0     
promis$ by our ,"l to 8 ,apo/les4 ,x is 
n  unfair reason+ to adduce promises    
conta9$ 9 ! ,scriptures  !mselves1 z    
pro(s ( _! div9e inspiration4 ,x 71     
inde$1  reason+ 9 a circle1 to br+ !    
te/imony ( ! ,scriptures 9 pro(  ( !    
div9e mission ( ,jesus4 ,b t be+        
e/abli%$ by suffici5t  evid5ce1 & !     
books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t hav+ be5 prov$  
to be  ! au!ntic g5u9e records ( !      
p]sons ^: names !y be>1 we  are w>rant$ 
to argue1 f ! decl>ations conta9$ 9 !m1 
:at is  ! measure ( inspiration :i*     
,jesus 0 pleas$ to be/[ ^u 8  s]vants4  
,he might h be5 a div9e tea*]1 & !y     
might h be5  8 ,apo/les1 al?\gh he _h   
be/[$ none at all4 ,b 8 "*  gives u     
security t !y possess$ all t he promis$4

 ,we read 9  ! ,gospels t ,jesus orda9$ 
twelve t !y %\ld be ) him1 &  t he might
 s5d !m =? to prea*1 ,m>k iii1 #ad4 ,& z
 ?is 0  ! purpose = :i* !y 7 fir/ call$1
 s x 0 ! *>ge left  !m at 8 dep>ture4   
8,g10 said he1 8prea* ! ,gospel to e    
creature3 make disciples ( all nations10
 ,m>k xvi1 #af2 ,matt4 xxviii1  #ai4 ,8 
con/ant famili> int]c\rse ) !m 0 int5d$ 
to qualify  !m = ! execution ( ?is *>ge2
 & ! promises made to !m  h a special   
ref]5ce to ! (fice 9 :i* !y 7 to be     
employ$4 ,:5 he s5t !m1 dur+ 8 life1 to 
prea* 9 ! cities (  ,israel1 he said1   
8,b :5 !y deliv] y up1 take no ?\ght h[ 
or  :at ye %all speak2 = x %all be giv5 
y 9 t same h\r :at ye  %all speak4 ,= x 
is n ye t speak1 b ! ,_s ( y\r ,fa!r    
:i* speake? 9 y10 ,matt4 x1 #ai1 #bj4 ,&
 :5 he spake to !m 9  8 prophecy ( !    
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ( ! p]secution  
:i*  !y 7 to endure aft] 8 dea?1 he     
repeats ! same promise3 8,= ,i  w give y
 a m\? & wisdom1 :i* all y\r adv]s>ies  
%all n  be able to ga9say nor resi/10   

,luke xxi1 #ae4 ,x is admitt$ t !  words
 9 bo? ^! passages ref] prop]ly to t    
assi/ance :i* !  inexp]i5ce ( ! ,apo/les
 0 to d]ive f ! sugge/ions ( !  ,_s1 :5 
!y %\ld be call$ to def5d _! conduct &  
_!  cause be=e ! tribunals ( !          
magi/rates4 ,b ! fulfilm5t (  ?is       
promise 0 a pl$ge1 bo? to ! ,apo/les &  
to ! _w1 t  ! measure ( inspiration     
necess>y = ! m important purpose  impli$
 9 _! commission w\ld n be )held2 &1    
accord+ly1  :5 t purpose came to be     
unfold$ to ! ,apo/les1 ! promise (  !   
assi/ance ( ! ,_s 0 express$ 9 a mann]  
:i* applies x  to ! ext5t ( _!          
commission4 ,9 ! long affectionate      
disc\rse  record$ by ,/4 ,john1 :5 our  
,"l took a solemn f>ewell ( !           
disciples1 aft] eat+ ! la/ passov] ) !m1
 he said1 8,& ,i  w pray ! ,fa!r1 & he  
%all give y ano!r ,com=t]1 t he  may    
abide ) y = ev]2 ev5 ! ,_s ( tru?1 :om !
 _w  _c receive1 because x see? him n1  
nei!r kn[e? him4 ,b ye  "k him2 = he    
dwelle? ) y1 & %all be 9 y4 ,! ,com=t]1 

:i* is ! ,holy ,gho/1 :om ! ,fa!r w s5d 
9 my "n1 he %all  tea* y all ?+s1 & br+ 
all ?+s to y\r remembrance1  :atsoev] ,i
 h said unto y4 ,i h yet _m ?+s to say  
unto y1  b y _c be> !m n[4 ,h[beit1 :5  
he1 ! ,_s ( tru?1 is  come1 he w guide y
 into all tru?2 = he %all n speak (     
himself1 b :atsoev] he %all he> t %all  
he speak2 & he w  %[ y ?+s to come10    
,john xiv1 #af1 #ag1 #bf2 xvi1 #ab1 #ac4
 ,"h are  all ! degrees ( inspiration   
:i* we h se5 to be necess>y =  !        
,apo/les3 ! ,_s 0 to br+ to _!          
remembrance :at !y _h  he>d2 to guide !m
 into ! tru?1 :i* !y 7 n !n able to     
be>2 & to %[ !m ?+s to come2 & all ?is  
!y 7 to d]ive1  n f occasional illapses1
 b f ! p]petual inhabitation ( !  ,_s4  
,t ?is inspiration 0 v\*saf$ to !m1 n = 
_! own  sakes1 b 9 ord] to qualify !m = 
! successful dis*>ge (  _! (fice z !    
mess5g]s ( ,*ri/1 & ! in/ruct]s (       
mank9d1 appe>s f sev]al expressions ( t 
pray] :i*  imm$iately foll[s ! disc\rse 
conta9+ ! promise ( inspiration2        

p>ticul>ly f ^! words3 8,nei!r pray ,i =
 ^! alone1 b =  !m also :i* %all believe
 on me ?r\gh _! ^w2 t !y all  may be "o1
 z ?\1 ,fa!r1 art 9 me1 & ,i 9 !e2 t !y 
may be  "o 9 u2 t ! _w may believe t ?\ 
ha/ s5t me10 ,john  xvii1 #bj1 #ba4 ,9  
con=mity to ?is pray]1 s becom+ him :o 0
 n  m]ely ! fri5d ( ! ,apo/les1 b !     
light ( ! _w1 is t  *>ge :i* he gives !m
 imm$iately be=e 8 asc5sion3 8,g ye1    
!re=e1 & tea* all nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 
! "n ( !  ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy
 ,gho/2 tea*+ !m to obs]ve  all ?+s     
:atsoev] ,i h comm&$ y3 &1 lo1 ,i am ) y
  alway1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w10 ,matt4 
xxviii1 #ai1 #bj2 ,i am )  y alway1 n by
 my bodily pres5ce2 = imm$iately aft] he
 0 tak5  out ( _! sight2 b ,i am ) y by 
! ,holy ,gho/1 :om ,i am to  s5d ^u y n 
_m days h5ce1 & :o is to abide ) y =    
ev]4    ,! promise ( ,jesus1 !n1        
implies1 accord+ to ! pla9 con/ruction  
( ! words1 t ! ,apo/les1 9 execut+ _!   
commission1 7 n  to be left :olly to _! 
natural p[]s1 b 7 to be assi/$ by  t    

illum9ation & direction ( ! ,_s :i* !   
nature ( !  commission requir$2 & we may
 le>n ! s5se :i* our ,"l _h (  !        
importance & effect ( ?is promise f "o  
circum/ance1 t he  nev] makes any       
di/9ction betwe5 8 own words & ^? ( 8   
,apo/les1 b places ! doctr9es &         
comm&m5ts :i* !y 7 to  deliv] ^u a foot+
 ) ^? :i* he _h spok53 8,he t he>e?  y1 
he>e? me2 & he t despise? y1 despise?   
me2 & he t  despise? me1 despise? him t 
s5t me10 ,luke x1 #af4 ,^! words  pla9ly
 imply t ,*ri/ians h no w>rant to pay   
less reg>d to any  ?+ conta9$ 9 !       
epi/les ?an to t :i* is conta9$ 9 !     
,gospels2 & tea* u t e doctr9e & precept
 cle>ly deliv]$  by ! ,apo/les comes to 
! ,*ri/ian _w ) ! same /amp ( !  div9e  
au?ority z ! words ( ,jesus1 :o spake 9 
! "n ( him  t s5t him4    ,! ,au?or (   
our religion hav+ ?us made ! fai? ( !   
,*ri/ian  _w to hang ^u ! tea*+ ( !     
,apo/les1 gave ! mo/ signal             
manife/ation ( ! fulfilm5t ( t promise  
:i* 0 to qualify  !m = _! (fice1 by !   

miracul\s gifts ) :i* !y 7  end[$ on !  
day ( p5teco/1 & by ! abundance ( ^?    
gifts  :i* ! imposition ( _! h&s 0 to   
diffuse ?r\gh ! *ur*4  ,"o ( ! twelve1  
inde$1 ^: lab\rs 9 prea*+ ! ,gospel 7  !
 mo/ abundant & ! mo/ ext5sive1 0 n     
pres5t at ?is  manife/ation2 = ,/4 ,paul
 0 n call$ to be an ,apo/le till aft]  !
 day ( p5teco/4 ,b x is v rem>kable t ! 
mann] ( 8  be+ call$ 0 expressly        
calculat$ to supply ?is defici5cy4 ,z he
  j\rney$ to ,damascus1 ab\t noon1 to   
br+ ! ,*ri/ians :o 7  !re b\nd to       
,j]usalem1 !re %one f heav5 a great     
light r\nd  ab\t him4 ,& he he>d a      
voice1 say+1 8,i am ,jesus :om ?\       
p]secute/4 ,& ,i h appe>$ unto !e = ?is 
purpose1 to make  !e a m9i/] & a witness
 bo? ( ^! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ se51  & ( ^?   
?+s 9 ! :i* ,i w appe> unto !e2 & n[ ,i 
s5d  !e to ! ,g5tiles to op5 _! eyes10  
,acts xxvi1 #ab-ah4 ,9 ref]5ce  to ?is  
mann] ( 8 be+ call$1 ,/4 ,paul g5]ally  
inscribes 8  epi/les ) ^! words3 8,paul1
 an ,apo/le ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 by !  w0 or 

8by ! comm&m5t ( ,god20 & he expla9s v  
fully :at he  meant by ! use ( ?is      
expression1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,epi/le to  !
 ,galatians1 :]e he gives an acc\nt ( 8 
conv]sion3 8,paul1 an  ,apo/le1 n ( m51 
nei!r by man1 b by ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,god 
!  ,fa!r1 :o rais$ him f ! dead4 ,i     
nei!r receiv$ ! ,gospel (  man1 nei!r 0 
,i taught x1 b by ! revelation ( ,jesus 
,*ri/4  ,:5 x pleas$ ,god1 :o sep>at$ me
 f my "m's womb1 & call$  me by 8 grace1
 to reveal 8 ,son 9 me1 t ,i might prea*
 him among  ! ,hea!n3 imm$iately ,i     
conf]r$ n ) fle% & blood1 nei!r  w5t ,i 
up to ,j]usalem to !m :i* 7 ,apo/les    
be=e me2 b ,i w5t  into ,arabia10 ,gal4 
i1 #a1 #ab1 #ae-ag4 ,all t we said ( !  
necessity (  inspiration1 & ( ! import (
 ! promise :i* ,jesus made to !  o!r    
,apo/les1 receives v great confirmation 
f ?is hi/ory (  ,/4 ,paul1 :o1 be+ call$
 to be an ,apo/le aft] ! asc5sion (     
,jesus1 receiv$ ! ,gospel by imm$iate   
revelation f heav51 & 0  ?us put ^u a   
foot+ ) ! re/1 bo? z to 8 designation1  

:i*  did n proce$ f ! *oice ( man1 & z  
to 8 qualifications1  :i* 7 imp>t$1 n by
 human in/ruction1 b by ! tea*+ (  !    
,au?or ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,"l ,jesus :o  
appe>$ to him might  furni% ,/4 ,paul ) 
! same advantages :i* ! o!r ,apo/les _h 
d]iv$ f 8 pres5ce on e>?1 & might give  
him ! same  assurance ( ! inhabitation (
 ! ,_s t ! promises1 :i* we  h be5      
consid]+1 _h imp>t$ to ^?4    #c4       
,inspiration 0 claim$ by ! ,apo/les2 &  
_! claim may be  consid]$ z !           
int]pretation ( ! promise ( _! ,ma/]4   
,we  %all n f9d ! claim to inspiration  
=mally advanc$ 9 !  ,gospels4 ,?is      
omission has sometimes be5 /at$ by ^?   
sup]ficial  critics1 ^: prejudices s]ve 
to acc\nt = _! ha/e1 z an  objection    
aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( inspiration4 ,b if y  
att5d to !  reason ( ! omission1 y w    
p]ceive t x is only an in/ance (  t     
delicate propriety :i* p]vades all !    
,new ,te/am5t4 ,!  ,gospels are ! record
 ( ! great facts :i* v\* ! tru? (       
,*ri/ianity4 ,^! facts are to be receiv$

 ^u ! te/imony ( m5  :o _h be5          
eye-witnesses ( !m4 ,! f\ndation (      
,*ri/ian fai?  be+ laid 9 an ass5t to ^!
 facts1 x w\ld h be5 prepo/]\s  to h    
introduc$ 9 support ( !m t influ5ce ( ! 
,_s :i*  pres]v$ ! m9ds ( ! ,apo/les f  
error4 ,= !re c be no  pro( ( !         
inspiration ( ! ,apo/les1 unless ! tru? 
( ! facts  be previ\sly admitt$4 ,!     
,apo/les1 !re=e1 br+ =w>d !  evid5ce (  
,*ri/ianity 9 its natural ord]1 :5 !y   
speak 9 !  ,gospels z ! companions &    
eye-witnesses ( ,jesus1 claim+ t  cr$it 
:i* is due to hone/ m5 :o _h ! be/      
opportunities (  kn[+ :at !y decl>$4    
,?is is ! language ( ,/4 ,john3 8,_m    
o!r signs did ,jesus 9 ! pres5ce ( 8    
disciples4 ,b ^! are  writt5 t ye may   
believe2 & ?is is ! disciple :i*        
te/ifie?  ^! ?+s10 ,john xx1 #cj1 #ca2  
xxi1 #bd4 ,! ,evangeli/ ,luke appe>s to 
speak diff]5tly 9 ! introduction to 8   
,gospel1 ,luke i1 #a-d2 &  opposite     
op9ions h be5 ent]ta9$ respect+ !       
in=mation  convey$ by t introduction4   

,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion1 fir/1 )    
reg>d to ! "t :5  ,/4 ,luke wrote 8     
,gospel4 ,x appe>s to "s to be expressly
 intimat$  t he wrote aft] ,/4 ,mat!w & 
,/4 ,m>k1 because he speaks ( o!r       
,gospels !n 9 circulation2 & x is       
g5]ally und]/ood t ,/4  ,john wrote 8   
aft] ! o!r ?ree4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ,/4   
,luke  speaks ( ^! o!r ,gospels does n  
seem to apply to ^? ( ,/4  ,mat!w & ,/4 
,m>k4 ,he calls !m _m1 :i* implies t !y 
7  m ?an two1 & :i* w\ld conf\nd ^! two 
canonical ,gospels )  imp]fect acc\nts (
 our ,"l's life1 :i* we "k f anci5t     
writ]s 7 e>ly circulat$1 b 7 reject$    
aft] ! f\r ,gospels  7 publi%$4 ,x is   
h>dly conceivable t ,/4 ,luke w\ld h    
allud$ to ! two ,gospels ( ,/4 ,mat!w & 
,/4 ,m>k )\t  di/+ui%+ !m f o!r v       
inf]ior productions2 & !re=e  x is      
probable t :5 he us$ ?is mode (         
expression1 no acc\nts (  our ,"l's life
 7 !n 9 exi/5ce b ^? inf]ior            
productions4  ,!re appe>s1 also1 to v   
s\nd critics1 to be int]nal evid5ce t   

,/4 ,luke wrote fir/4 ,he is mu* m      
p>ticul> ?an ! o!r  evangeli/s 9 8      
report ( our ,"l's bir?1 & ( ! meet+s ) 
8 ,apo/les aft] 8 resurrection4 ,!y     
might ?9k x unnecess>y to  introduce !  
same p>ticul>s into _! ,gospels aft] ,/4
 ,luke4 ,b if  !y wrote be=e him1 ! want
 ( ^! p>ticul>s gives to _!  ,gospels an
 appe>ance ( imp]fection :i* we _c      
easily expla94    ,! o!r po9t sugge/$ by
 ?is introduction1 ^u :i* !re has  be5 a
 diff]5ce ( op9ion1 is1 :e!r ,/4 ,luke1 
:o 0 n an  ,apo/le1 wrote 8 ,gospel f   
p]sonal k1 atta9$ by 8 be+  a companion 
( ,jesus1 or f ! in=mation ( o!rs4 ,our 
translation  c]ta9ly fav\rs ! la/       
op9ion2 & x is ! m g5]al op9ion1  def5d$
 by v able critics4 ,dr4 ,r&olph1 9 !   
fir/ volume ( 8  works1 :i* conta9s a   
hi/ory ( our ,savi\r's life1 supports ! 
fir/ op9ion1 & sugge/s a punctuation ( !
 v]ses1 & an  int]pretation ( "o ^w1    
accord+ to :i* t op9ion may be  def5d$4 
,read ! second & ?ird v]ses 9           
connection3      '          1       1   

1 8,ev5 z !y :o 7 eye-witnesses & m9i/]s
 (  ! ^w f ! beg9n+ deliv]$ !m to u1 x  
seem$ good to me  also1 hav+ accurately 
trac$10 c4 ,by  is und]/ood ! ,*ri/ian  
_w1 :o _h receiv$ in=mation1 bo? oral & 
writt51 f ^?  t _h be5   1              
8eye-witnesses & m9i/]s40   means ,/4   
,luke1 :o propos$ to foll[ ! example (  
^?   9 writ+ :at he knew2 & he describes
 8 own k by  ! ^w 1 :i* is m precise ?an
 ! circumlocution1  by :i* x is         
translat$1 8hav+ _h und]/&+ ( all ?+s40 
,p]fect und]/&+ may be d]iv$ f v>i\s    
s\rces2 b   prop]ly means1 8,i g along )
 z a companion1 & d]ive  k f my own     
obs]vation40 ,& x is rem>kable t ! ^w   
is us$ 9 ?is v s5se by ! ,jewi%         
hi/orian1 ,josephus1 :o  publi%$ 8      
hi/ory n _m ye>s aft] ,/4 ,luke wrote1 &
 :o1 9  8 introduction1 repres5ts       
himself z wor?y ( cr$it1 because he _h  
n m]ely inquir$ ( ^? :o knew1 b    1 :i*
 he expla9s by ?is expression3     1 &  
to /ate 9 ! ?ird v]se t he1  '   1 an   
actor 9 _m ?+s1 & an eye-witness ( mo/4 

,if  ?is int]pretation is n approv$ (1  
!n1 accord+ to ! s5se (  ^? v]ses :i* is
 mo/ commonly adopt$1 ,/4 ,luke w be    
und]/ood  to give 9 ! second v]se an    
acc\nt ( t gr\nd ^u :i* !  k ( !        
,*ri/ian _w ) reg>d to ^! ?+s re/$1 !   
reports ( ! 8eye-witnesses & m9i/]s10   
hav+ collect$ &  collat$ ^! reports1 &  
employ$ ! mo/ c>eful & m9ute            
inve/igation1 he _h resolv$ to write an 
acc\nt ( ! life ( ,jesus4  ,"h he does n
 claim inspiration3 he does n ev5 say t 
he 0 an  eye-witness4 ,b he says t1     
hav+1 l o!rs1 he>d ! report (           
eye-witnesses1 he _h accurately exam9$ !
 tru? ( :at !y said1  & pres5t$ to !    
,*ri/ian _w ! fruit ( 8 rese>*es4    ,! 
f\ndation is /ill ! same z 9 ,/4 ,john's
 ,gospel1 ! report (  ^? 9 ^: pres5ce   
,jesus did & said :at is record$4 ,to   
?is  report is add$1 7#a47 ,!           
inve/igation ( ,/4 ,luke1 a contempor>y 
(  ! ,apo/les1 ! companion ( ,/4 ,paul 9
 a great "p ( 8  j\rney+s1 & hon\r$ by  
him ) ?is title1 8,luke1 ! belov$       

physician10 ,col4 iv1 #ad4 7#b47 ,!     
approbation ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o is said1  by
 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s1 to h revis$  
?is ,gospel writt5  by 8 companion1 s t 
x came abroad ) apo/olical au?ority4    
7#c47 ,! univ]sal cons5t ( ! ,*ri/ian   
*ur*1 :i*1 al?\gh  jeal\s ( ! books t 7 
!n publi%$1 & reject+ _m t  claim$ !    
sanction ( ! ,apo/les1 has uni=mly1 f ! 
e>lie/  times1 put ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke
 ^u a foot+ ) ^? ( ,/4  ,mat!w & ,/4    
,m>k3 a cle> demon/ration t !y :o _h    
access to  ! be/ in=mation knew t x _h  
be5 revis$ by an ,apo/le4    ,z1 !n1 !  
au?ors ( ! ,gospels appe> "u ! "* (     
eye-witnesses1 atte/+ :at !y _h se51 !re
 w\ld h be5 an  impropriety 9 _! re/+ ! 
evid5ce ( ! ess5tial facts (            
,*ri/ianity ^u inspiration4 ,b aft] !   
respect :i* _!  "* & _! conduct procur$ 
to _! te/imony1 & ! visible             
confirmation :i* x receiv$ f heav51 _h  
e/abli%$ ! fai? (  a "p ( ! _w1 a belief
 ( _! inspiration became necess>y4  ,!y 
might h be5 cr$ible witnesses ( facts1  

al?\gh !y _h n  be5 di/+ui%$ f o!r m54  
,b !y 7 n qualifi$ to  execute ! (fice (
 ,apo/les )\t be+ inspir$4 ,& !re=e1 z  
soon z ! circum/ances ( ! *ur* requir$ !
 execution ( t  (fice1 ! claim :i* _h   
be5 convey$ to !m by ! promise (  _!    
,ma/]1 & :i* is impli$ 9 ! apo/olical   
"*1 appe>s  9 _! writ+s4 ,!y in/antly   
ex]cis$ ! au?ority d]iv$ to  !m f       
,jesus1 by plant+ m9i/]s 9 ! cities :]e 
!y _h  prea*$ ! ,gospel1 by sett+ e ?+  
p]ta9+ to ^!  ,*ri/ian societies 9 ord]1
 by controll+ ! ex]cise ( ^?  miracul\s 
gifts :i* !y _h imp>t$1 & by correct+ ! 
abuses  :i* happ5$ ev5 9 _! "t4 ,b !y   
dem&$ f all :o _h  receiv$ ! fai? (     
,*ri/ submission to ! doctr9es &        
comm&m5ts ( 8 ,apo/les1 z ! inspir$     
mess5g]s ( ,heav54 8,b  ,god ha? reveal$
 x10 n !m1 z our translators h suppli$ !
  accusative1 8reveal$ ! wisdom ( ,god1 
! disp5sation ( ! ,gospel  unto u by 8  
,_s2 = ! ,_s se>*e? all ?+s1 yea1 !     
deep ?+s ( ,god4 ,n[ we h receiv$ n ! _s
 ( ! _w1  b ! ,_s :i* is ( ,god2 t we   

might "k ! ?+s :i* are  freely giv5 u ( 
,god2 :i* ?+s1 also1 we speak1 n 9 !    
words  :i* man's wisdom tea*e?1 b :i* ! 
,holy ,gho/ tea*e?10 #a ,cor4  ii1 #aj1 
#ab1 #ac4 8,if any man ?9k himself to be
 a prophet1 or spiritual1  let him      
ackn[l$ge t ! ?+s t ,i write unto y are 
!  comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l10 #a ,cor4 xiv1    
#cg2 t is1 ,let no em95ce (  spiritual  
gifts be set up 9 opposition to !       
au?ority ( !  ,apo/les1 or z imply+ any 
disp5sation f submitt+ to x4 8,=  ?is   
cause1 also1 ?ank we ,god )\t ceas+1    
because :5 ye receiv$  ! ^w ( ,god :i*  
ye he>d ( u1 ye receiv$ x n z ! ^w (    
m51 b1 z x is 9 tru?1 ! ^w ( ,god10 #a  
,!ss4 ii1 #ac4 ,/4  ,pet]1 speak+ ( !   
epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 says1 8,ev5 z our  
belov$  bro!r ,paul1 also1 accord+ to ! 
wisdom giv5 unto him1 ha? writt5  unto  
y10 #b ,pet] iii1 #ae4 ,& ,/4 ,john     
makes ! same claim (  inspiration = !   
o!r ,apo/les1 z well z = himself3 8,we  
are (  ,god3 he t kn[e? ,god1 he>e? u3  
he t is n ( ,god1 he>e? n  u10 #a ,john 

iv1 #f4    ,! claim to inspiration is   
cle>ly made by ! ,apo/les 9 ^?  passages
 :]e !y place _! own writ+s ^u ! same   
foot+ )  ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 =   
,/4 ,paul1 speak+ ( !   1 8,holy        
,scriptures10 a common expression among 
! ,jews1 9  :i* ,timo?y _h be5 in/ruct$ 
f 8 *ildhood1 says1 8,all  ,scripture is
 giv5 by inspiration ( ,god10 #b ,tim4  
iii1 #af4 ,/4 ,pet]1  speak+ ( ! anci5t 
prophets1 says1 8,! ,_s ( ,*ri/ 0 9     
!m10 #a ,pet] i1 #aa2 &1 8,! prophecy   
came n 9 old "t by !  w ( man2 b holy m5
 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy    
,gho/10 #b ,pet] i1 #ba4 ,& ! quotations
 ( our ,"l & 8 ,apo/les  f ! books ( !  
,old ,te/am5t are (t5 introduc$ ) an    
expression 9 :i* _! inspiration is      
directly ass]t$3 8,well spake  ! ,holy  
,gho/ by ,esaias20 8,by ! m\? ( ?y      
s]vant ,david ?\ ha/  said10 c1 ,acts i1
 #af2 iv1 #be2 xxviii1 #be4 ,b ) ?is    
uni=m  te/imony to t inspiration ( !    
,jewi% ,scriptures1 :i* 0  univ]sally   
believ$ among t p1 we are to conjo9 ?is 

circum/ance1 t ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,pet] 9  
diff]5t places rank _!  own writ+s ) !  
books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,/4 ,paul      
comm&s t  8 epi/les %\ld be read 9 !    
*ur*es1 :]e none b ^? books  :i* ! ,jews
 believ$ to be inspir$ 7 ev] read1 ,col4
 iv1 #af4 ,he  says t ,*ri/ians 8are    
built ^u ! f\ndation ( ! ,apo/les &     
prophets10       1 ,eph4 ii1 #bj3 a     
conjunction :i* w\ld h be5 highly       
improp]1 if ! =m] _h n  be5 inspir$ z   
well z ! latt]2 & ,/4 ,pet] *>ges !     
,*ri/ians to 8be m9dful ( ! words :i* 7 
spok5 be=e by !  holy prophets1 & ( !   
comm&m5t ( u ! ,apo/les10 #b ,pet] iii1 
#b4 ,! nature ( ! book ( ,revelation l$ 
! ,apo/le ,john to ass]t  mo/ directly 8
 p]sonal inspiration2 = he says t       
8,jesus s5t &  signifi$ by 8 angel to 8 
s]vant ,john ! ?+s t 7 to come  to      
pass20 & t ! div9e ,p]son1 l ! ,son (   
man1 :o appe>$  to him :5 he 0 9 ! ,_s1 
comm&$ him to write 9 a book :at  he    
saw4 ,& 9 "o ( ! visions !re record$1 :5
 ! disp5sation  ( ! ,gospel 0 pres5t$ to

 ,/4 ,john "u ! figure ( a great  city1 
! ,new ,j]usalem1 desc5d+ out ( heav51  
!re is "o "p (  ! image :i* is a        
beautiful expression ( t au?ority 9     
settl+  ! =m ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & tea*+ 
articles ( fai?1 :i*  ! ,apo/les d]iv$ f
 _! inspiration3 8,! wall ( ! city _h   
twelve f\ndations1 & 9 !m ! names ( !   
twelve ,apo/les ( !  ,lamb10 ,rev4 i1   
#a1 #aj-ai2 xxi1 #ad4    ,^! are only a 
few ( ! _m passages to ! same purpose   
:i*  occur 9 read+ ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b x
 is manife/1 ev5 f !m1  t ! mann] 9 :i* 
! ,apo/les speak ( _! own writ+s is     
calculat$ to mislead e c&id read]1      
unless !y really wrote  "u ! direction (
 ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,s gross & d>+ an        
impo/ure is absolutely inconsi/5t n only
 ) _! :ole  "*1 b also ) ^? gifts ( !   
,holy ,gho/ ( :i* !re is  unque/ionable 
evid5ce t !y 7 possess$2 & :i*1 be+ !   
natural v\*]s ( ! ass]tion made by !m   
conc]n+ _! own  writ+s1 _c be suppos$1  
^u ! pr9ciples ( s\nd !ism1 to  h be5   
imp>t$ = a long c\rse ( ye>s to p]sons  

:o cont9u$  dur+ all t "t ass]t+ su* a  
falsehood1 & appeal+ to ^?  gifts = !   
tru? ( :at !y said4    #d4 ,! claim ( ! 
,apo/les d]ives mu* confirmation f !    
reception :i* x met ) among ! ,*ri/ians 
( _! days4 ,x  appe>s f an expression ( 
,/4 ,pet]1 t at ! "t :5 he wrote  8     
second epi/le1 ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul 7  
class$ ) 8!  o!r ,scriptures10 ! books (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 t is1 7  acc\nt$      
inspir$ writ+s1 #b ,pet] iii1 #af4 ,x is
 well kn[n to ^?  :o are v]s$ 9 ! e>ly  
hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 ) :at c>e !  fir/      
,*ri/ians discrim9at$ betwe5 !          
apo/olical writ+s & !  compositions (   
o!r au?ors h[ev] mu* di/+ui%$ by _!     
piety1  & ) :at rev]5ce !y receiv$ ^?   
books :i* 7 kn[n by  _! inscription1 by 
! place f :i* !y proce$$1 or ! mann]  9 
:i* !y 7 circulat$1 to be ! "w ( an     
,apo/le4 ,9  ,l>dn]'s 8,cr$ibility ( !  
,gospel ,hi/ory10 w be f\nd ! mo/       
p>ticul> in=mation ^u ?is subject2 & x w
 be p]ceiv$ t  ! :ole hi/ory ( !        
supposititi\s writ+s :i* appe>$ 9 e>ly  

times1 conspires 9 atte/+ ! v5]ation 9  
:i* ! au?ority (  ! ,apo/les 0 held by !
 ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,we le>n f ,ju/9        
,m>tyr1 t1 be=e ! middle ( ! second     
c5tury1 8! memoirs (  ! ,apo/les1 & !   
compositions ( ! prophets10 7 read      
toge!r  9 ! ,*ri/ian assemblies4 ,we "k1
 t f ! e>lie/ times1 !  *ur* has        
submitt$ to ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les z !   
infallible  /&>d ( fai? & practice2 & we
 f9d ! gr\nd ( ?is peculi>  respect     
express$ by ! fir/ ,*ri/ian writ]s z    
well z by _!  successors1 :o speak ( !  
writ+s ( ! ,apo/les z 8div9e  writ+s f !
 inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/40    ,to   
?is g5]al argum5t we may add t "r views 
on ! subject (  ! inspiration ( ! sacr$ 
writ]s are also necess>y1 because ev5   
"s ,*ri/ian writ]s h spok5 obscurely &  
unsatisfactorily on !  subject1 divid+  
inspiration into diff]5t k9ds1 & assign+
 ea*  to diff]5t portions ( ! holy      
volume4 ,by inspiration we are to       
und]/&1 t ! sacr$ writ]s compos$ _!     
works "u s  pl5>y & imm$iate an influ5ce

 ( ! ,holy ,_s1 t ,god may be  said to  
speak by ^? writ]s to man1 & n m]ely t  
!y spoke to  m5 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & by 8   
au?ority2 & !re is a  consid]able       
diff]5ce betwe5 ! two propositions4 ,ea*
 supposes an  au!ntic revelation f ,god2
 b ! =m] view secures !  ,scriptures f  
all error bo? z to ! subjects spok51 & !
  mann] ( express+ !m4 ,?is1 too1 is !  
doctr9e taught 9 !  ,scriptures         
!mselves1 :i* decl>e n only t ! prophets
 &  ,apo/les spake 9 ! "n ( ,god1 b t   
,god spake by !m z 8  in/rum5ts4 8,!    
,holy ,gho/ by ! m\? ( ,david spake40   
8,well  spake ! ,holy ,gho/ by ,esaias !
 prophet40 8,! prophecy came n (  old   
"t1 by ! w ( man2 b holy m5 ( ,god spake
 z !y 7  mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,= ?is 
reason1 n only t ! matt]  conta9$ 9 !   
book ( 8! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & !        
,psalms10 7!  usual phrase by :i* !     
,jews designat$ ! :ole ,old ,te/am5t17 0
  true2 b t ! books 7 writt5 "u div9e   
inspiration1 !y  are call$ collectively 
by our ,"l & by 8 ,apo/les1 8,!         

,scriptures10 9 contradi/9ction to all  
o!r writ+s2--a t]m :i*  ! ,apo/le ,pet]1
 z /at$ above1 applies also to ! writ+s 
( ,/4  ,paul1 & :i* !re=e v]ifies !m z  
/&+ on ! same level  ) ! books ( ! ,old 
,te/am5t z to _! inspiration3 8,ev5 z   
our belov$ bro!r ,paul also1 accord+ to 
! wisdom giv5 unto him1  ha? writt5 unto
 y2 z also 9 all 8 epi/les1 speak+ ( ^! 
?+s1 9 :i* are "s ?+s h>d to be         
und]/ood1 :i* !y t  are unle>n$ &       
un/able wre/1 z !y d also ! o!r         
,scriptures1  unto _! own de/ruction40  
,! ,apo/les also1 z we h se51  expressly
 claim an inspiration1 n only z to !    
subjects on :i*  !y wrote1 b z to !     
words 9 :i* !y express$ !mselves4       
,f>!r1 our ,"l promis$ to !m ! ,holy ,_s
 8to guide !m into  all tru?20 & t he 0 
n to fulfil 8 (fice by sugge/+  ?\ghts  
only1 b words1 is cle> f ,*ri/'s        
disc\rse ) !m on  ! subject ( !         
p]secutions !y 7 to endure = 88 "n's    
sake30 8,& :5 !y br+ y into !           
synagogues1 & unto  magi/rates & p[]s1  

take ye no ?\ght h[ or :at ?+ ye %all   
answ]1 or :at ye %all say2 = ! ,holy    
,gho/ %all tea* y 9 !  same h\r :at ye  
ought to say2 = x is n ye t speak2 b !  
,_s ( y\r ,fa!r :i* speake? 9 y40 ,?is  
inspiration ( words  is also ass]t$ by  
,/4 ,paul z to himself & 8 bre?r51 :5 he
  says to ! ,cor9?ians1 8,:i* ?+s also  
we speak1 n 9 ! words  :i* man's wisdom 
tea*e?2 b :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ tea*e?40    
,?us we  f9d t ! claim :i* ! sacr$      
writ]s make on ?is subject is1  t !y 7 9
 tru? :at !y h be5 aptly call$1 8! p5m5 
(  ! ,holy ,gho/20 & t ! words 9 :i* !y 
clo!d 8! wisdom  giv5 unto !m0 7 words  
8taught0 by ! ,holy ,_s4    ,b x may be 
ask$1 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = t diff]5ce 
( /yle  :i* is obs]vable 9 ea*8 t mann]1
 too1 s natural to ea*1 &  s di/9ct 9   
all8 ) ^? reason+s1 recollections (     
memory1 &  o!r indications ( ! work+ ( !
 m9d ( ea* writ] 9 its own  "* &        
temp]am5t8 ,"s p]sons1 inde$1 obs]v+    
?is1 h  conclud$ _! /yle & mann] to be  
entirely human1 :ile _!  ?\ghts 7 ei!r  

:olly div9e1 or s sup]9t5d$ by ! ,holy  
,gho/ z to h be5 adopt$ by him1 & !re=e1
 al?\gh sometimes  natural1 to be (     
equal au?ority z if !y _h be5           
exclusively (  div9e sugge/ion4 ,?is1   
inde$1 w\ld be suffici5t to oblige our  
implicit cr$5ce to _! writ+s1 z be+ f   
,god2 b x falls  bel[ ! =ce ( ! passages
 above cit$1 & :i* attribute to a  div9e
 ag5cy _! words also4 ,! matt] may be   
rightly conceiv$ by  consid]+1 t an     
inspiration ( words took place ei!r by  
sugge/+ ^? mo/ fit to express ! ?\ghts1 
or by ov]rul+ !  selection ( su* words f
 ! common z if !y _h be5 exclusively  ( 
div9e sugge/ion4 ,?is1 inde$1 w\ld be   
suffici5t to oblige our  implicit cr$5ce
 to _! writ+s1 z be+ f ,god2 b x falls  
bel[ ! =ce ( ! passages above cit$1 &   
:i* attribute to a  div9e ag5cy ! /ore  
acquir$ by1 & laid up 91 ! m9d ( ea*    
writ]1 :i* is q compatible ) ! fact1 t a
 peculi>ity &  appropriat5ess ( mann]   
might /ill be left to !m sep>ately4 ,to 
suppose t an inspiration ( t]ms1 z well 

z ?\ghts1 c\ld n  take place )\t produc+
 "o uni=m /yle & mann]1 is to suppose  t
 ! m9ds ( ! writ]s w\ld ?us become      
entirely passive "u  ! influ5ce ( !     
,holy ,_s2 :]eas x is easily conceivable
 t  ! v]biage1 /yle1 & mann] ( ea*1 0 n 
s mu* displac$1 z  elevat$1 enri*$1 &   
controll$ by ! ,holy ,_s2 & t !re  0 a  
previ\s fitness1 9 all ^! respects1 9   
all ! sacr$ p5m51  = :i* !y 7 *os5 to be
 ! in/rum5ts "u ! aid &  direction ( !  
,holy ,gho/1 ( writ+ su* portions ( !   
g5]al  revelation z ! wisdom ( ,god     
assign$ to ea* ( !m4 ,on ! o!r  h&1 :ile
 x is s conceivable t ! words & mann] ( 
ea* might  be appropriat$ to 8 own      
design by ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1
  x by no means foll[s t bo? 7 n greatly
 alt]$1 z well z  controll$1 al?\gh !y  
/ill reta9$ a g5]al simil>ity to !      
un9flu5c$ /yle & mann] ( ea*1 & /ill    
pres5t$ a  *>act]i/ic v>iety4 ,z none ( 
_! writ+s on ord9>y occasions1  & :5    
un9spir$1 h come d[n to u1 we _c judge (
 ! degree  ( ?is diff]5ce2 & !re=e no "o

 c ) any j reason affirm  t _! writ+s   
are 8! ^w ( ,god z to ! doctr9e1 b !  ^w
 ( man z to ! *annel ( conveyance40     
,c]ta9 x is1 t a va/  diff]5ce may be   
rem>k$ betwe5 ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les1 &  
^? ( ! mo/ em95t fa!rs ( ! times ne>e/  
to !m2 & t  n only z to precision &     
/r5g? ( ?\ght1 b also z to  language4   
,?is circum/ance is at lea/ /rongly     
presumptive1 t  al?\gh ! /yle ( inspir$ 
m5 0 n /ripp$ ( !  *>act]i/ic peculi>ity
 ( ! writ]s1 x 0 greatly exalt$ &       
influ5c$4    ,b ! same =ce (            
inspiration1 s to speak1 0 n probably   
ex]t$ ^u ea* ( ! sacr$ writ]s1 or ^u !  
same writ]  ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s1 :atev]    
might be its subject4 ,!re is no        
necessity t we %\ld s /ate ! case1 9    
ord] to ma9ta9 :at is  ess5tial to our  
fai?1--! pl5>y inspiration ( ea* ( !    
sacr$  writ]s4 ,9 miracles !re 0 no     
ne$less application ( div9e p[]4        
,traditional hi/ory & writt5 *ronicles1 
facts ( kn[n occurr5ce1  & op9ions :i* 7
 receiv$ by all1 are (t5 ins]t$ or      

ref]r$  to by ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,!re ne$$ 
no miracul\s op]ation ^u !  memory to   
recall :at ! memory 0 furni%$ )1 or to  
reveal a fact  :i* ! writ]s previ\sly & 
p]fectly knew3 b _! pl5>y  inspiration  
consi/$ 9 ?is1 t !y 7 kept f all lapses 
(  memory1 or inadequate conceptions1   
ev5 on ^! subjects2 & on all  o!rs !    
degree ( communication & influ5ce1 bo? z
 to doctr9e1  facts1 & ! t]ms 9 :i* !y 7
 to be record$ = !  edification ( !     
*ur*1 0 proportion$ to ! necessity ( !  
case1 b s t ! :ole 0 au!nticat$ or      
dictat$ by ! ,holy  ,_s ) s full an     
influ5ce1 t x became tru? )\t mixture  (
 error1 express$ 9 su* t]ms z he himself
 rul$ or sugge/$4  ,?is1 !n1 seems !    
true notion ( pl5>y inspiration1 t = !  
revelation1 ins]tion1 & adequate        
enunciation ( tru?1 x 0 full  &         
complete4    ,! pr9cipal objections to  
?is view ( ! inspiration ( words are    
well answ]$ by ,dr4 ,woods1 an ,am]ican 
div9e1 9 a rec5t publication1  f :i*1 z 
! subject has be5 lately debat$ 9 ?is   

c\ntry1 !  foll[+ extracts w be         
acceptable1 al?\gh !re is 9 !m a        
repetition ( "s ( ! prec$+              
obs]vations3--    8,"o argum5t :i* has  
be5 urg$ aga9/ ! supposition t div9e    
inspiration _h a respect to language1   
is1 t ! language employ$ by  ! inspir$  
writ]s exhibits no m>ks ( a div9e       
int]f]5ce1 b is  p]fectly con=m$ to !   
g5ius & ta/e ( ! writ]s4 ,! fact  "h    
alleg$ is admitt$4 ,b h[ does x support 
! op9ion ( ^?  :o allege x8 ,is x n     
evid5t1 t ,god may ex]cise a p]fect     
sup]9t5d5cy ov] inspir$ writ]s z to !   
language !y %all use1  & yet t ea* "o ( 
!m %all write 9 8 own /yle1 & 9 all     
respects accord+ to 8 own ta/e8 ,may n  
,god give su* aid to 8  s]vants1 t1 :ile
 us+ _! own /yle1 !y w c]ta9ly be       
secur$ aga9/ all mi/akes1 & exhibit !   
tru? ) p]fect  propriety8 ,x is         
unque/ionable1 t ,isaiah1 & ,/4 ,paul1 &
 ,/4 ,john  might be "u ! entire        
direction ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ev5 z to       
language1 &1 at ! same "t1 t ea* "o ( !m

 might write 9  8 own mann]2 & t !      
peculi> mann] ( ea* might be adopt$ to  
answ] an important end2 & t ! v>iety (  
/yle1 ?us introduc$  into ! sacr$       
volume1 might be suit$ to excite a      
liveli] int]e/ 9  ! m9ds ( m51 & to     
secure to !m a f> great] am\nt ( good1  
?an c\ld ev] h be5 d]iv$ f any "o mode (
 writ+4 ,!  great v>iety exi/+ among m5 
z to _! natural tal5ts1 & _!  peculi>   
mann] ( ?9k+ & writ+ may1 9 ?is way1 be 
turn$ to  acc\nt 9 ! "w ( revelation1 z 
well z 9 ! conc]ns ( common  life4 ,n[1 
is x n cle>ly a matt] ( fact1 t ,god has
 made use (  ?is v>iety1 & giv5 ! ,holy 
,_s to m51 diff]+ widely f  ea* o!r 9   
reg>d to natural end[m5ts1 & k1 & /yle1 
& employ$ !m1 ) all _! v>i\s gifts1 z   
ag5ts 9 writ+  ! ,holy ,scriptures8 ,&  
:at col\r ( reason c we h to suppose1  t
 ! language :i* !y us$ 0 less "u ! div9e
 direction on  acc\nt ( ?is v>iety1 ?an 
if x _h be5 p]fectly uni=m  ?r\gh\t8    
8,to prove t div9e inspiration _h no    
respect to ! language ( !  sacr$ writ]s1

 x is f>!r alleg$1 t ev5 ! same doctr9e 
is  taught & ! same ev5t describ$ 9 a   
diff]5t mann] by diff]5t  writ]s4 ,?is  
fact ,i also admit4 ,b h[ does x prove t
 inspiration  _h no respect to language8
 ,is n ! v>iety alleg$ a manife/        
advantage1 z to ! impression :i* is     
likely to be made ^u !  m9ds ( m58 ,is n
 te/imony1 :i* is sub/antially ! same1  
always  consid]$ z entitl$ to high]     
cr$it1 :5 x is giv5 by diff]5t          
witnesses 9 diff]5t language1 & 9 a     
diff]5t ord]8 ,& is x n  p]fectly       
reasonable to suppose1 t1 9 mak+ a      
revelation1 ,god w\ld  h respect to !   
common pr9ciples ( human nature & human 
society1  & w\ld ex]t 8 influ5ce &      
control ov] inspir$ m5 9 su* a  mann]1  
t1 by exhibit+ ! same doctr9es & facts 9
 diff]5t  ways1 !y %\ld make a m salut>y
 impression1 & %\ld m  effectually      
compass ! great ends ( a revelation8    
,all ,i h to  advance on ?is "p ( !     
subject may be summ$ up 9 ^! two        
positions3 #a4 ,! v>iety ( mann] app>5t 

among diff]5t inspir$  writ]s1 ev5 :5   
treat+ ( ! same subjects1 is f> bett]   
suit$  to promote ! object ( div9e      
revelation1 ?an a p]fect uni=mity4  #b4 
,x is agreeable to our wor?ie/          
conceptions ( ,god & 8  adm9i/ration1 t 
he %\ld make use ( ! be/ means = !      
accompli%m5t ( 8 designs2 &1 ( c\rse1 t 
he %\ld imp>t !  gift ( inspiration to  
m5 ( diff]5t ta/es & habits z to        
language1 & %\ld lead !m1 :ile writ+ !  
,scriptures1 to exhibit  all ! v>iety ( 
mann] naturally aris+ f ! div]sifi$  "* 
( _! m9ds4    8,b !re is ano!r argum5t1 
p]haps ! mo/ plausible ( all1  aga9/    
suppos+ t inspiration _h any respect to 
language2 :i*  is1 t ! supposition ( a  
div9e influ5ce 9 ?is respect is :olly   
unnecess>y2 t ! sacr$ writ]s1 hav+ !    
requisite in=mation  9 reg>d to !       
subjects on :i* !y 7 to write1 might1 s 
f> z  language is conc]n$1 be left      
entirely to _! own judgm5t &  fidelity4 
,b ?is view ( ! subject is n            
satisfactory4 ,= :atev]  may be said z  

to ! judgm5t & fidelity ( ^? :o wrote ! 
,scriptures1 !re is "o important        
circum/ance :i* _c be  acc\nt$ =1 )\t   
suppos+ !m to h enjoy$ a guidance above 
t ( _! own m9ds2 namely1 t !y 7         
infallibly pres]v$  f e mi/ake or       
impropriety 9 ! mann] ( writ+4 ,if we   
%\ld  admit t ! div9e sup]9t5d5ce &     
guidance af=d$ to !  inspir$ writ]s _h  
no relation at all to ! mann] 9 :i* !y  
exhibit$ ei!r doctr9es or facts2 h[     
easily might we be di/urb$  ) d\bts1 9  
reg>d to ! propriety ( "s ( _!          
repres5tations8 ,we %\ld mo/ c]ta9ly    
consid] !m z liable to all  !           
inadv]t5cies & mi/akes1 to :i* un9spir$ 
m5 are commonly  liable2 & we %\ld ?9k  
ourselves p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 und]tak+   
to *>ge !m ) real errors & faults z to  
/yle1 & to %[ h[  _! language might h   
be5 improv$2 &1 9 %ort1 to treat _!     
writ+s j z we treat ! writ+s ( ,%akspe>e
 & ,addison4  #8,"h1' we might say1     
#8,paul 0 un=tunate 9 ! *oice ( words2 &
  "h 8 language does n express ! ideas  

:i* he mu/ h int5d$  to convey4' #8,"h !
 /yle ( ,/4 ,john 0 inadv]t5t2 & "h x 0 
faulty3 & "h x w\ld h be5 m agreeable to
 ! nature ( !  subject1 & w\ld h m      
accurately express$ ! tru?1 _h x be5    
alt]$ ?us4' ,if ! language ( ! sacr$    
writ]s did n 9 any way  come "u !       
inspection ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & if !y 7     
left1  j z o!r writ]s are1 to _! own    
unaid$ faculties 9 reg>d to  e ?+ :i*   
p]ta9$ to ! mann] ( writ+2 !n1 evid5tly1
  we might use ! same fre$om 9          
animadv]t+ ^u _! /yle1 z ^u  ! /yle (   
o!r writ]s4 ,b :o c\ld treat ! volume ( 
inspiration 9 ?is mann]1 )\t impiety &  
pr(an5ess8 ,& r  ?an make any approa* to
 ?is1 :o w\ld n *oose to g to an excess1
  if !re c\ld be an excess1 9 rev]5ce = 
! ^w ( ,god8    8,on ?is subject1 f> be 
x f me to indulge a curiosity :i* w\ld  
pry into ?+s n int5d$ = human           
intellig5ce4 ,& f> be x f  me to exp5d  
zeal 9 support+ op9ions n w>rant$ by !  
^w (  ,god4 ,b ?is "o po9t ,i ?9k x     
specially important to ma9ta92  namely1 

t ! sacr$ writ]s _h su* direction ( !   
,holy ,_s1  t !y 7 secur$ aga9/ all     
liability to error1 & enabl$ to  write j
 :at ,god pleas$2 s t :at !y wrote is1 9
 tru?1 !  ^w ( ,god1 & c nev] be subject
 to any *>ge ( mi/ake ei!r z  to matt]  
or =m4 ,:e!r ?is p]fect correctness &   
propriety z to  language result$ f !    
div9e guidance directly or indirectly1  
is a  "q ( no p>ticul> consequ5ce4 ,if !
 ,_s ( ,god directs !  m9ds ( inspir$   
m51 & gives !m j conceptions relative to
 !  subjects on :i* !y are to write2 &  
if he con/itutes & ma9ta9s  a           
connection1 true & inv>iable1 betwe5 _! 
conceptions & !  language !y employ to  
express !m1 ! language mu/1 9 ?is way1  
be  z infallible1 & z wor?y ( ,god1 z   
?\gh x 7 dictat$ directly  by ! ,holy   
,_s4 ,b to ass]t t ! sacr$ writ]s us$   
su*  language z !y *ose1 or su* z 0     
natural to !m1 )\t any  special div9e   
sup]9t5d5ce1 & t1 9 respect to /yle1 !y 
are  to be reg>d$ 9 ! same light1 &     
equally liable to mi/akes1 z  o!r       

writ]s1 is pla9ly contr>y to !          
repres5tations :i* !y  !mselves make1 & 
is suit$ to dim9i% our confid5ce 9 ! ^w 
(  ,god4 ,= h[ c\ld we h entire         
confid5ce 9 ! repres5tations (          
,scripture1 if1 aft] ,god _h in/ruct$ ! 
m9ds ( ! sacr$ writ]s  9 ! tru? to be   
communicat$1 he gave !m up to all !     
inadv]t5cies & errors to :i* human      
nature 9 g5]al is expos$1  & took no    
effectual c>e t _! mann] ( writ+ %\ld be
  accord+ to 8 w8    8,let u !n briefly 
exam9e ! subject1 z x is pres5t$ 9 !    
,holy  ,scriptures1 & see :e!r we f9d   
suffici5t reason to affirm t            
inspiration _h no relation :atev] to    
language4 #a4 ,! ,apo/les 7  ! subjects 
( su* a div9e inspiration z enabl$ !m to
 speak #8)  o!r tongues3' "h inspiration
 relat$ directly to language4 #b4 ,x is 
! op9ion ( mo/ writ]s1 t1 9 "s in/ances1
 inspir$ m5 _h  n 9 _! own m9ds a cle>  
und]/&+ ( ! ?+s :i* !y  spake or wrote4 
,"o in/ance ( ?is1 commonly ref]r$ to1  
is ! case  ( ,daniel1 :o he>d & repeat$ 

:at ! angel said1 ?\gh he did n  und]/& 
x1 ,dan4 xii1 #g-i4 ,?is has also be5   
?\ght to be 9 "s  measure ! case ) !    
prophets ref]r$ to1 #a ,pet] i1 #aj-ab4 
,& is  !re n reason to ?9k ?is may h be5
 ! case ) _m ( !  prophetic             
repres5tations conta9$ 9 ! ,psalms1 & _m
 ( !  symbolical rites ( ! ,mosaic      
in/itute8 ,v>i\s matt]s are f\nd 9  !   
,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 7 n int5d$ s mu* = ! 
b5efit (  ! writ]s1 or _! contempor>ies1
 z = ! b5efit ( future ages4  ,& ?is    
might h be5 a suffici5t reason :y !y    
%\ld be left  )\t a cle> und]/&+ ( ! ?+s
 :i* !y wrote4 ,9 su*  cases1 if !      
op9ion above /at$ is correct1 inspir$ m5
 7 l$ to  make use ( expressions1 !     
mean+ ( :i* !y did n fully  und]/&4 ,&1 
accord+ to ?is view1 x w\ld seem t !    
tea*+  ( ! ,_s :i* !y enjoy$1 mu/ h     
relat$ r to ! words  ?an to ! s5se4 #c4 
,^? :o d5y t ! div9e influ5ce af=d$  to 
! sacr$ writ]s _h any respect to        
language1 c f9d no support  9 ! texts   
:i* mo/ directly relate to ! subject (  

inspiration4  ,& x is surely 9 su*      
texts1 if any :]e1 t we %\ld suppose  !y
 w\ld f9d support4 ,! passage1 #b ,pet] 
i1 #ba1 is a rem>kable  "o4 ,x ass]ts t 
#8holy m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! 
,holy ,gho/4' ,!re is surely no?+ "h :i*
 limits ! div9e  influ5ce to !          
conceptions ( _! m9ds4 ,!y 7 mov$ by !  
,holy  ,gho/ to speak or write4 #8,all  
,scripture is div9ely inspir$1' #b      
,tim4 iii1 #af4 ,does ?is text af=d any 
pro( t ! div9e influ5ce  grant$ to !    
inspir$ p5m5 0 conf9$ to _! inw>d       
conceptions1  & _h no respect :atev] to 
! mann] 9 :i* !y express$ _!            
conceptions8 ,:at is ,scripture8 ,is x  
div9e tru? conceiv$ 9 !  m9d1 or div9e  
tru? writt58 ,9 ,heb4 i1 #a1 x is said t
 #8,god  spake to ! fa!rs by !          
prophets4' ,does ?is af=d any pro( t  ! 
div9e guidance :i* ! prophets enjoy$    
relat$ exclusively to  ! conceptions (  
_! own m9ds1 & _h no respect to ! mann] 
9  :i* !y communicat$ ^? conceptions8   
,mu/ we n r ?9k !  mean+ to be1 t ,god  

influ5c$ ! prophets to utt] or make kn[n
  important tru?s8 ,& h[ c\ld !y d ?is1 
except by ! use (  prop] words8    8,i h
 argu$ 9 fav\r ( ! inspiration ( !      
,apo/les1 f _!  commission4 ,!y 7 s5t by
 ,*ri/ to tea* ! tru?s ( religion 9  8  
/ead4 ,x 0 an ardu\s "w2 & 9 ! execution
 ( x !y  ne$$ & enjoy$ mu* div9e        
assi/ance4 ,b =m+ "r conceptions  (     
,*ri/ianity 9 _! own m9ds1 0 n ! great  
"w assign$ to  ! ,apo/les4 ,if ! div9e  
assi/ance rea*$ only to ?is1 x rea*$    
only to t :i* conc]n$ !m z private m51 &
 :i* !y might  h possess$ ?\gh !y _h    
nev] be5 commission$ to tea* o!rs4  ,z  
,apo/les1 !y 7 to prea* ! ,gospel to all
 :o c\ld be br\ght  to he> x1 & to make 
a record ( div9e tru? = ! b5efit (      
future ages4 ,n[ is x at all reasonable 
to suppose1 t ! div9e  assi/ance af=d$  
!m _h no respect to _! ma9 bus9ess1 &   
t1 9 ! mom5t\s & difficult "w (         
communicat+ ! tru?s (  religion1 ei!r   
orally or by writ+1 !y 7 left to        
!mselves1 &  s expos$ to all ! errors & 

inadv]t5cies ( un9spir$ m58 ,b  our     
reason+ does n /op "h4 ,= t div9e       
assi/ance :i* we  might reasonably      
suppose w\ld h be5 grant$ to ! ,apo/les 
9 !  "w ( tea*+ div9e tru?1 is ! v ?+   
:i* ,*ri/ promis$  !m 9 ! texts be=e    
cit$4 ,i %all ref] only to ,matt4 x1    
#ai1 #bj1  #8,:5 !y %all deliv] y up1   
take no ?\ght h[ or :at ye %all  speak2 
= x %all be giv5 y 9 ! same h\r :at ye  
%all speak4  ,= x is n ye t speak1 b !  
,_s ( y\r ,fa!r t speake?  9 y4' ,?is   
promise1 z ,knapp und]/&s x1 implies1 t 
div9e  assi/ance %\ld ext5d n only to   
:at !y %\ld say1 b to !  mann] 9 :i* !y 
%\ld say x4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be       
und]/ood z imply+1 t ! ,apo/les 7 n     
rational &  volunt>y ag5ts 9 ! dis*>ge (
 _! (fice4 ,b x implies t1  9 consequ5ce
 ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,_s to be ex]cis$ ov] 
!m1  !y %\ld say :at ,god w\ld h !m to  
say1 )\t any liability  to mi/ake1 ei!r 
z to matt] or mann]4 ,f ! above-cit$    
promise1  tak5 9 connection ) ! in/ances
 ( its accompli%m5t :i* are  record$ 9 !

 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 x becomes evid5t t 
,god may  ex]t 8 highe/ influ5ce ^u 8   
s]vants1 s z completely to guide  !m 9  
?\ght & 9 utt]ance1 9 reg>d to subjects 
:i* lie  *iefly )9 ! prov9ce ( _!       
natural faculties4 ,= 9 ^?  spee*es ( ! 
,apo/les :i* are left on record1 we f9d 
t mo/ (  ! ?+s :i* !y decl>$1 7 ?+s :i*1
 = aught t  appe>s1 !y might h kn[n1 &  
might h express$ to o!rs1 9  ! natural  
ex]cise ( _! own faculties4 ,?is        
pr9ciple be+  admitt$1 & kept /eadily 9 
view1 w relieve u ( _m  difficulties 9  
reg>d to ! doctr9e ( inspiration4 ,!    
passage1 #a  ,cor4 ii1 #ab1 #ac1 already
 cit$ z pro( ( ! inspiration ( !        
,apo/les1 is v f> f fav\r+ ! op9ion t   
inspiration _h no  respect :atev] to _! 
language1 or t x relat$ exclusively to  
_! ?\ghts4 #8,:i* ?+s we speak1 n 9 !   
words :i* man's  wisdom tea*e?1 b :i* ! 
,holy ,gho/ tea*e?4' ,! ,apo/le avoid$  
! /yle & ! mann] ( tea*+ :i* prevail$   
among ! wise m5  ( ,greece1 & made use (
 a /yle :i* correspond$ ) ! nature (  8 

subject1 & ! end he _h 9 view4 ,& ?is1  
he tells u1 he did1  "u ! guidance ( !  
,holy ,_s4 ,8 language1 or mann] (      
tea*+1 0 ! ?+ to :i* ! div9e influ5ce   
imp>t$ to him  p>ticul>ly ref]r$4 ,/orr 
& ,flatt give ! foll[+ int]pretation  ( 
?is text3 ,paul1 !y say1 ass]ts t !     
doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity  7 reveal$ to him
 by ! almighty ag5cy ( ,god himself2 &1 
f9ally1 t ! inspiration ( ! div9e ,_s   
ext5d$ ev5 to 8  words1 & to all 8      
exhibitions ( reveal$ tru?s4 ,!y add1 t 
,/4  ,paul cle>ly di/+ui%es betwe5 !    
doctr9e itself1 & ! mann]  9 :i* x is   
communicat$40    ,,int]m$iate ,,/ate4   
,beside que/ions conc]n+ ! nature ( !   
happ9ess ( heav51 !re h also aris5      
que/ions conc]n+ !  /ate ( ! s\l 9 !    
int]val betwe5 dea? & ! g5]al           
resurrection4 ,if we believe1 ) ,dr4    
,prie/ley1 t ! s\l is n a  sub/ance     
di/9ct f ! body1 we mu/ believe ) him t 
!  :ole ( ! human ma*9e is at re/ aft]  
dea?1 till x be re/or$  to its functions
 at ! la/ day2 b if we are conv9c$ ( !  

immat]iality ( ! s\l1 we %all n ?9k x s 
entirely dep5d5t  9 all its op]ations ^u
 its pres5t companion1 b t x may exi/  &
 act 9 an unembodi$ /ate4 ,& if once we 
are satisfi$ t a  /ate ( sep>ate exi/5ce
 is possible1 we %all easily atta* cr$it
  to ! int]pretation commonly giv5 ( !  
v>i\s expressions 9  ,scripture1 :i*    
intimate t ! s\ls ( good m5 are admitt$ 
to !  pres5ce ( ,god imm$iately aft]    
dea?1 al?\gh we soon f9d t a  b\nd is   
set to our speculations conc]n+ ! nature
 ( ?is  int]m$iate /ate4 ,b :5 we leave 
philosophical probability1 &  come to ! 
doctr9e ( ,scripture1 ! only gr\nd (    
c]ta9ty on all  su* subjects1 a great   
numb] ( passages are s explicit1 t no   
+5uity ( int]pretation has be5 suffici5t
 to weak5 _! evid5ce  on ?is po9t4 ,"o  
bran* ( ! op9ions t h be5 held conc]n+  
an int]m$iate /ate is ! ,popi% doctr9e (
 purgatory2 a doctr9e  :i* appe>s ^u !  
slighte/ inspection ( ! texts t h be5   
adduc$ 9 support ( x to d]ive no evid5ce
 f ,scripture2 :i*  orig9at$ 9 ! error (

 ! *ur* ( ,rome 9 assign+ to p]sonal    
suff]+ a place 9 ! ju/ification ( a     
s9n]2 & :i* is  completely ov]turn$ by !
 doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?1 & by  !
 g5]al /ra9 ( ,scripture1 :i* repres5ts 
?is life z a /ate  ( probation1 ^u our  
conduct dur+ :i* our ev]la/+ condition  
dep5ds4 ,! holy ,laz>us is c>ri$ by     
angels into ,abraham's bosom2 &  ! ri* &
 c>eless s9n] lifts up 8 eyes 9 hell1 & 
is sep>at$  f ! place ( bliss by an     
impassable gulf4 ,?is at once disproves 
! doctr9e ( purgatory1 & demon/rates an 
int]m$iate consci\s  /ate ( happ9ess &  
mis]y4    ,,iron1 2 occurs fir/ 9 ,g54  
iv1 #bb1 & aft]w>d frequ5tly2 &  !      
,*aldee 1 9 ,dan4 ii1 #cc1 #da1 &       
else:]e (t5 9 t book2  1 ,rev4 xviii1   
#ab1 & ! adjectives1 ,acts xii1 #aj2    
,rev4 ii1 #bg2  ix1 #i2 xii1 #e2 xix1   
#ae2 a well kn[n & v s]viceable metal4  
,!  k ( work+ x 0 v anci5t1 z appe>s f  
,g5esis iv1  #bb4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 f9d t 
,moses made use ( iron 9 ! fabric  ( !  
tab]nacle 9 ! wild]ness1 or ,solomon 9  

any "p ( !  temple at ,j]usalem4 ,yet1 f
 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,jewi% legislator      
speaks ( iron1 ! metal1 x appe>s1 mu/ h 
be5 9 use 9 ,egypt  be=e 8 "t4 ,he      
celebrates ! great h>dness ( x1 ,lev4   
xxvi1 #ai2  ,deut4 xxviii1 #bc1 #dh2    
takes notice t ! b$/ead ( ,og1 k+ (     
,ba%an1 0 ( iron1 ,deut4 iii1 #aa2 he   
speaks ( m9es ( iron1 ,deut4  viii1 #i2 
& he comp>es ! sev]ity ( ! s]vitude ( ! 
,israelites  9 ,egypt to ! heat ( a     
furnace = melt+ iron1 ,deut4 iv1 #bj4   
,we  f9d1 also1 t swords1 ,num4 xxxv1   
#af1 axes1 ,deut4 xix1 #e1 & tools  =   
cutt+ /ones1 ,deut4 xxvii1 #e1 7 made ( 
iron4 ,by ! 8nor!rn  iron10 ,j]4 xv1    
#ab1 we may probably und]/& ! h>d5$     
iron1 call$  9 ,greek 1 f ! ,*alybes1 a 
p bord]+ on ! ,eux9e sea1  & consequ5tly
 ly+ on ! nor? ( ,judea1 by :om ! art ( 
temp]+ /eel is said to h be5 discov]$4  
,/rabo speaks ( ?is  p by ! "n (        
,*alybes1 b aft]w>d ,*aldi2 & m5tions   
_! iron m9es4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 a diff]5t p 
f !  ,*aldeans1 :o 7 unit$ ) !          

,babylonians4    ,,isaac1 ! son (       
,abraham & ,s>ah1 0 born 9 ! ye> ( ! _w 
#bajh4 ,8 "n1 :i* signifies laught]1 0  
giv5 him by 8 "m1  because :5 x 0 told  
h] by an angel t %e %\ld h a son1 &  t  
at a "t ( life :51 accord+ to ! c\rse ( 
nature1 %e 0  pa/ *ild-be>+1 %e         
privately laugh$1 ,g54 xviii1 #aj-ab4 ,&
 :5  ! *ild 0 born %e said1 8,god ha?   
made me to laugh1 s t all  t he> w laugh
 ) me10 ,g54 xxi1 #f4 ,! life ( ,isaac1 
= !  fir/ sev5ty-five ye>s ( x1 is s    
bl5d$ ) t ( 8  illu/ri\s fa!r1 t !      
pr9cipal incid5ts ( x h be5 already     
notic$ "u ! article ,abraham4 ,8 bir? 0 
att5d$ ) "s  extraord9>y circum/ances3 x
 0 ! subject ( v>i\s promises &         
prophecies2 an ev5t mo/ ard5tly desir$  
by 8 p>5ts1 & yet  purposely delay$ by  
,div9e ,provid5ce till !y 7 bo? advanc$ 
9  ye>s1 no d\bt = ! trial ( _! fai?1 & 
t ,isaac might m  evid5tly appe> to be !
 gift ( ,god1 & 8! *ild ( promise40 ,at 
an e>ly p]iod ( life he 0 ! object ( !  
pr(ane contempt (  ,i%mael1 ! son ( !   

bond woman1 by :om he 0 p]secut$2 & z 9 
! circum/ances att5d+ 8 bir? !re 0      
some?+ typical ( !  bir? ( ,abraham's   
great] ,son1 ! ,messiah1 ! promis$ ,se$2
 s1 9  ! latt] in/ance1 we contemplate 9
 him a resemblance ( real  ,*ri/ians1   
:o1 z ,isaac 01 are 8! *ildr5 (         
promise10 inve/$  9 all ! immunities &  
bless+s ( ! new cov5ant2 b1 z !n1  8he t
 0 born aft] ! fle% p]secut$ him t 0    
born aft] !  ,_s1 ev5 s x is n[10 ,gal4 
iv1 #bi4    ,:5 ,isaac _h arriv$ at a   
/ate ( manhood1 he 0 requir$ to give a  
signal pro( ( 8 entire devot$ness to    
,god4 ,abraham 0 comm&$ to  (f] up 8    
belov$ son 9 sacrifice1 ,g5esis xxii1   
#a4 ,?is rem>kable  transaction1 s f> z 
,abraham 0 conc]n$ 9 x1 has already be5 
consid]$ "u ! article ,abraham4 ,b1 if f
 ?is trial ( !  fai? ( ! p>5t we turn   
our att5tion to ! conduct ( ,isaac1 !   
victim de/9$ = ! slaught]1 we behold an 
example ( fai? & (  dutiful ob$i5ce     
equally conspicu\s ) t ( 8 hon\r$ p>5t4 
,isaac submitt$1 z x %\ld seem1 )\t     

resi/ance1 to be b\nd &  laid on ! alt>1
 expos+ 8 body to ! knife t 0 lift$ up  
to  de/roy him4 ,h[ /rik+ly calculat$ is
 ?is rem>kable hi/ory to  direct our    
?\ghts to a m exalt$ p]sonage1 :om      
,isaac prefigur$2  & to a m a/oni%+     
transaction repres5t$ by t on ,m\nt     
,moriah6 ,behold ,jesus ,*ri/1 t ,se$ ( 
,abraham1 9 :om all !  families ( ! e>? 
7 to be bless$1 volunt>ily go+ =?1 9    
ob$i5ce to ! comm& ( 8 heav5ly ,fa!r1 & 
lay+ d[n 8  life1 z a sacrifice = ! s9s 
( ! _w4    ,9 ! progress ( ,isaac's     
hi/ory1 we f9d him1 9 ! "t ( 8  greate/ 
activity & vig\r1 a man ( retir$ habits 
& ( rem>kable  calmness ( m9d4 ,he      
appe>s to h be5 affectionately atta*$ to
 8  "m ,s>ah1 &1 ev5 at ! age ( =ty1 0 n
 insusceptible (  great sorr[ on        
occasion ( h] dea?4 ,b he all[s 8 fa!r  
to  *oose = him a suitable p>tn] 9 life2
 & ,rebekah 0 select$ f  among 8 own    
k9dr$1 9 pref]5ce to ! daught]s (       
,canaan1 9 !  mid/ ( :om he dwelt4 ,9 a 
few ye>s aft]w>d1 he :o _h m\rn$ =  8   

"m1 0 call$ to weep ov] 8 fa!r's grave2 
& 9 t la/  act ( filial duty1 x is      
pleas+ to f9d ! two rival bro!rs1 ,isaac
  & ,i%mael1 meet+ toge!r = ! int]m5t ( 
,abraham4 ,!  occasion1 inde$1 0 well   
calculat$ to allay all exi/+ jeal\sies  
& cont5tions1 & cause e family broil to 
cease1 ,g54 xxv1 #i4  ,aft] ! dea? (    
,abraham1 8,god bless$ 8 son ,isaac20 b1
 ?\gh !  latt] _h n[ be5 m>ri$ tw5ty    
ye>s1 ,rebekah 0 *ildless4 8,isaac      
entreat$ ! ,"l = 8 wife1 because %e 0   
b>r52 & ! ,"l  0 entreat$ ( him1 &      
,rebekah 8 wife conceiv$10 ,g54 xxv1    
#ba4 ,god  also promis$ to multiply     
,isaac's se$1 & 8 promise 0 fulfill$4   
,two *ildr5 7 born to him at "o "t1     
conc]n+ :om ! div9e  purpose 0 decl>$ to
 ! "m1 & no d\bt to ! fa!r also1  t 8!  
eld] %\ld s]ve ! y\ng]40 ,a fam9e :i*   
came ^u !  c\ntry 9 ! days ( ,isaac1    
oblig$ him to remove 8 family &  flocks 
& retire to ,g]>1 9 ! c\ntry ( !        
,phili/9es1 ( :i*  ,abimele* 0 at t "t  
k+4 ,! possessions ( ,isaac multipli$ s 

prodigi\sly1 t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry 
became envi\s ( him1  & ev5 ,abimele*1  
to pres]ve peace among !m1 0 "u !       
necessity ( reque/+ him to retire1      
because he 0 become too  p[]ful4 ,he    
accord+ly )drew1 & pit*$ 8 t5t 9 !      
valley (  ,g]>1 :]e he digg$ new wells1 
&1 aft] a "t1 return$ to  ,be]%eba1 :]e 
he fix$ 8 habitation1 ,g5esis xxvi1     
#a-bc4 ,"h !  ,"l appe>$ to him1 & r5ew$
 to him ! cov5ant :i* he _h made  )     
,abraham1 promis+ to be 8 ,god1 & to    
make him a bless+ to  o!rs4 ,abimele* n[
 s\ght 8 fri5d%ip1 &1 to =m an alliance 
) him1 paid him a visit2 on :i* occasion
 ,isaac display$ 8  magnific5ce by a    
sumptu\s ent]ta9m5t1 ,a4 ,m4 #bbdj4     
,:5 he 0 a hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 ye>s (   
age1 & 8 sight _h  s fail$ him t he c\ld
 n di/+ui% "o ( 8 sons f !  o!r1 ,jacob 
craftily obta9$ f him ! bless+ (        
primog5iture4  ,yet ,isaac surviv$ _m   
ye>s aft] ?is1 to him1 di/ress+         
occurr5ce4 ,he s5t ,jacob into          
,mesopotamia1 !re to take a wife ( 8    

own family1 ,g5esis xxviii1 #a1 #b1 & to
 prev5t 8 m>ry+ among !  ,canaanites z 8
 bro!r ,esau _h done4 ,& :5 ,jacob      
return$1 aft]  a lapse ( tw5ty ye>s1    
,isaac 0 /ill liv+1 & cont9u$ to live   
tw5ty-?ree ye>s long]4 ,he !n di$ at !  
age ( a hundr$ &  eighty ye>s1 & 0 buri$
 ) ,abraham by 8 sons ,esau & ,jacob1   
,g54 xxxv1 #bi4 ,see ,,esau & ,,jacob4  
,,isaiah4 ,?\gh fif? 9 ! ord] ( "t1 !   
writ+s ( ! ,prophet  ,isaiah are plac$  
fir/ 9 ord] ( ! prophetical books1      
pr9cipally  on acc\nt ( ! sublimity &   
importance ( 8 pr$ictions1 &  p>tly also
 because ! book :i* be>s 8 "n is l>g]   
?an all !  twelve m9or prophets put     
toge!r4 ,conc]n+ 8 family & desc5t1     
no?+ c]ta9 has be5 record$1 except :at  
he himself tells u1  ,isaiah1 i1 #a1    
namely1 t he 0 ! son ( ,amos1 & dis*>g$ 
!  prophetic (fice 89 ! days ( ,uzziah1 
,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah1  k+s (      
,judah10 :o successively fl\ri%$ betwe5 
,a4 ,m4 #caid &  #ccje4 ,!re is a curr5t
 tradition t he 0 ( ! blood royal2 &  "s

 writ]s h affirm$ t 8 fa!r ,amoz or     
,amos 0 ! son (  ,joa%1 & consequ5tly   
bro!r ( ,uzziah1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,j]om1 on 
!  au?ority ( "s rabb9ical writ]s1 says1
 t ! prophet gave 8  daught] 9 m>riage  
to ,manasseh1 k+ ( ,judah2 b ?is op9ion 
is  sc>cely cr$ible1 because ,manasseh  
did n comm5ce 8 reign until  ab\t sixty 
ye>s aft] ,isaiah _h begun to dis*>ge 8 
prophetic  functions4 ,he mu/1 inde$1 h 
ex]cis$ ! (fice ( a prophet  dur+ a long
 p]iod ( "t1 if he liv$ to ! reign (    
,manasseh2 =  ! l[e/ computation1 beg9n+
 f ! ye> 9 :i* ,uzziah di$1  :5 he is by
 "s suppos$ to h receiv$ 8 fir/         
appo9tm5t to  t (fice1 br+s x to        
sixty-"o ye>s4 ,b ! tradition ( !       
,jews1 :i* has be5 adopt$ by mo/        
,*ri/ian comm5tators1 t he 0  put to    
dea? by ,manasseh1 is v unc]ta92 & ,ab5 
,ezra1 "o ( !  mo/ celebrat$ ,jewi%     
writ]s1 is r ( op9ion t he di$ be=e     
,hezekiah2 :i* ,bi%op ,l[? ?9ks mo/     
probable4 ,x is1 h[ev]1  c]ta91 t he    
liv$ at lea/ to ! fifte5? or sixte5? ye>

 (  ,hezekiah2 :i* makes ! lea/ possible
 t]m ( ! duration ( 8  prophetic (fice  
to be ab\t =ty-eight ye>s4 ,! "n (      
,isaiah1 z  ,vitr+a has rem>k$ aft]     
sev]al prec$+ comm5tators1 is 9 "s      
measure descriptive ( 8 high "*1 s9ce x 
signifies !  salvation ( ,jehovah2 & 0  
giv5 ) s+ul> propriety to him1  :o      
=etold ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 ?r\gh :om  
8all fle% %all  see ! salvation ( ,god10
 ,isa4 xl1 #e2 ,luke iii1 #f2 ,acts iv1 
#ab4 ,isaiah  0 contempor>y ) !         
,prophets ,amos1 ,hosea1 ,joel1 &       
,micah4    ,isaiah is uni=mly spok5 ( 9 
! ,scriptures z a prophet ( !  highe/   
dignity3 ,bi%op ,l[? calls him ! pr9ce (
 all ! prophets1  & pron\nces ! :ole ( 8
 book to be poetical1 ) ! exception  ( a
 few deta*$ passages4 ,x is rem>kable1 t
 8 wife is /yl$ a  prophetess 9 ,isaiah 
viii1 #c2 :5ce ! rabb9ical writ]s h     
conclud$ t %e possess$ ! _s ( prophecy3 
b x is v  probable t ! prophets' wives 7
 call$ prophetesses1 z !  prie/s' wives 
7 t]m$ prie/esses1 only f ! quality ( _!

  husb&s4 ,al?\gh no?+ f>!r is record$ 9
 ! ,scriptures  conc]n+ ! wife (        
,isaiah1 we f9d two ( 8 sons m5tion$ 9 8
  prophecy1 :o 7 types or figurative    
pl$ges2 & _! names &  actions 7 int5d$  
to awak5 a religi\s att5tion 9 ! p]sons 
:om !y 7 commission$ to address & to    
in/ruct4 ,?us1  ,%e>-ja%ub signifies1 8a
 remnant %all return10 & %[$ t !        
captives :o %\ld be c>ri$ to ,babylon   
%\ld return !nce aft] a  c]ta9 "t1      
,isaiah vii1 #c2 & ,mah]-%alal-ha%-baz1 
:i* d5otes1  8make spe$ 7or run swiftly7
 to ! spoil10 impli$ t ! k+doms  (      
,israel & ,syria w\ld 9 a %ort "t be    
ravag$1 ,isaiah viii1 #a1 #c4  ,beside !
 volume ( prophecies1 :i* we are n[ to  
consid]1 x  appe>s f #b ,*ron4 xxvi1    
#bb1 t ,isaiah wrote an acc\nt ( 8!     
acts ( ,uzziah10 k+ ( ,judah3 ?is has   
p]i%$ ) "s o!r  writ+s ( ! prophets1    
:i*1 z probably n writt5 by inspiration1
  7 nev] admitt$ into ! canon (         
,scripture4 ,!re are also two           
apocryphal books ascrib$ to him1 namely1

 ,! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 &  ,!          
,apocalypse ( ,isaiah2 b ^! are evid5tly
 =g]ies ( a lat]  date1 & ! ,apocalypse 
has long s9ce p]i%$4    ,! scope (      
,isaiah's pr$ictions is ?reefold1       
namely1 #a4 ,to detect1  reprove1       
aggravate1 & condemn1 ! s9s ( ! ,jewi% p
  especially1 & also ! iniquities ( ! t5
 tribes ( ,israel1 & !  abom9ations ( _m
 ,g5tile nations & c\ntries2 d5\nc+ !   
sev]e/ judgm5ts aga9/ all sorts &       
degrees ( p]sons1 :e!r  ,jews or        
,g5tiles4 #b4 ,to invite p]sons ( e rank
 & condition1 bo?  ,jews & ,g5tiles1 to 
rep5tance & re=mation1 by num]\s        
promises  ( p>don & m]cy4 ,x is wor?y ( 
rem>k1 t no su* promises are  int]m+l$ )
 ! d5unciations ( div9e v5geance aga9/  
,babylon1  al?\gh !y occur 9 ! ?reat5+s 
aga9/ e o!r p4 #c4  ,to com=t all !     
truly pi\s1 9 ! mid/ ( all ! calamities 
&  judgm5ts d5\nc$ aga9/ ! wick$1 )     
prophetic promises ( !  true ,messiah1  
:i* seem almo/ to anticipate ! ,gospel  
hi/ory1 s  cle>ly d !y =e%[ ! div9e "* (

 ,*ri/4    ,isaiah has1 ) s+ul>         
propriety1 be5 d5om9at$ ! evangelical   
prophet1 on acc\nt ( ! numb] & v>iety ( 
8 prophecies  conc]n+ ! adv5t & "*1 !   
m9i/ry & prea*+1 !  suff]+s & dea?1 & ! 
ext5sive p]man5t k+dom1 ( !  ,messiah4  
,s explicit & det]m9ate are 8           
pr$ictions1 z well z s  num]\s1 t he    
seems to speak r ( ?+s pa/ ?an ( ev5ts  
yet future2 & he may r be call$ an      
evangeli/ ?an a prophet4 ,no  "o1 inde$1
 c be at a loss 9 apply+ !m to ! mission
 &  "* ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & to ! ev5ts :i* 
are cit$ 9 8  hi/ory by ! writ]s ( !    
,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is prophet1 says ,bi%op
  ,l[?1 ab\nds 9 su* transc5d5t         
excell5cies1 t he may be  prop]ly said  
to af=d ! mo/ p]fect model ( prophetic  
poetry4 ,he  is at once elegant &       
sublime1 =cible & ornam5t$2 he unites   
en]gy ) copi\sness1 & dignity ) v>iety4 
,9 8 s5tim5ts  !re is uncommon elevation
 & maje/y2 9 8 imag]y1 ! utmo/          
propriety1 elegance1 dignity1 &         
div]sity2 9 8 language1 uncommon  beauty

 & en]gy2 &1 not)/&+ ! obscurity ( 8    
subjects1 a  surpris+ degree ( cle>ness 
& simplicity4 ,to ^! we may add1 t  !re 
is su* sweetness 9 ! poetical           
composition ( 8 s5t5ces1  :e!r x proce$ 
f art or g5ius1 t1 if ! ,hebrew poetry  
at  pres5t is possess$ ( any rema9s (   
its native grace & h>mony1 we  %all     
*iefly f9d !m 9 ! writ+s ( ,isaiah3 s t 
! say+ (  ,ezekiel may mo/ ju/ly be     
appli$ to ?is prophet3--                
8,?\ art ! confirm$ exempl> ( measures1 
,full ( wisdom1 & p]fect 9 beauty40     
,ezekiel xxviii1 #ab4    ,isaiah also   
greatly excels 9 all ! graces ( me?od1  
ord]1  connection1 & arrangem5t3 ?\gh 9 
ass]t+ ?is we mu/ n =get  ! nature ( !  
prophetic impulse1 :i* be>s away ! m9d )
  irresi/ible viol5ce1 & frequ5tly 9    
rapid transitions f ne> to  remote      
objects1 f human to div9e4 ,we mu/      
likewise be c>eful 9  rem>k+ ! limits ( 
p>ticul> pr$ictions1 s9ce1 z !y are n[  
extant1 !y are (t5 improp]ly connect$1  
)\t any m>ks (  discrim9ation2 :i*      

injudici\s arrangem5t1 on "s occasions1 
creates almo/ insup]able difficulties4  
,bi%op ,l[? has select$ ! ?irty-f\r? &  
?irty-fif? *apt]s (  ?is prophet1 z a   
specim5 ( ! poetic /yle 9 :i* ,isaiah   
deliv]s  8 pr$ictions1 & has illu/rat$  
at "s l5g? ! v>i\s beauties  :i* em95tly
 di/+ui% ! simple1 regul>1 & p]fect poem
  conta9$ 9 ^? *apt]s4 ,b ! gr&e/       
specim5 ( 8 poetry is  pres5t$ 9 !      
f\rte5? *apt]1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ sublime
  odes occurr+ 9 ! ,bible1 & conta9s !  
noble/ p]sonifications  to be f\nd 9 !  
records ( poetry4 ,! prophet1 aft]      
pr$ict+ !  lib]ation ( ! ,jews f _!     
sev]e captivity 9 ,babylon1 & _!        
re/oration to _! own c\ntry1 v]ses #a-c1
 introduces a *orus (  !m1 express+ _!  
surprise & a/oni%m5t at ! sudd5 d[nfall 
( ,babylon1 & ! great rev]se ( =tune t  
_h befall5 !  tyrant1 :o1 l 8           
pr$ecessors1 _h oppress$ 8 own1 & h>ass$
  ! neighb\r+ k+doms4 ,^! oppress$      
k+doms1 or _! rul]s1  are repres5t$ "u !
 image ( ! fir trees & ! c$>s (         

,libanus1 :i* is frequ5tly us$ to       
express any ?+ 9 ! political  or        
religi\s _w t is sup]em95tly great &    
maje/ic3 ! :ole  e>? %\ts = joy2 ! c$>s 
( ,libanus utt] a sev]e taunt ov]  !    
fall5 tyrant1 & boa/ _! security n[ he  
is no m1 v]ses  #d-h4 ,?is is foll[$1   
v]se #i1 by "o ( ! bolde/ & mo/ animat$ 
p]sonifications ( hades1 or ! regions ( 
! dead1 t 0 ev]  execut$ 9 poetry4      
,hades excites 8 inhabitants1 ! %ades ( 
pr9ces1 & ! dep>t$ spirits ( mon>*s4 ,^!
 illu/ri\s %ades  rise at once f _!     
c\*es z f _! ?rones2 &1 advanc+ to  !   
entrance ( ! cav]n to meet ! k+ (       
,babylon1 !y insult &  d]ide him on be+ 
r$uc$ to ! same l[ /ate ( impot5ce &    
dissolution ) !mselves1 v]ses #aj1 #aa4 
,! ,jews n[ resume !  spee*1 v]se #ab2  
!y address ! k+ ( ,babylon z ! morn+ /> 
fall5 f heav51 z ! fir/ 9 spl5d\r &     
dignity1 9 !  political _w fall5 f 8    
high /ate3 !y introduce him z  utt]+ !  
mo/ extravagant vaunts ( 8 p[] &        
ambiti\s designs  9 8 =m] glory2 ^! are 

/rongly contra/$1 9 ! close1 )  8 pres5t
 l[ & abject condition1 v]ses #ac-ae4   
,imm$iately foll[s  a diff]5t sc5e1 & a 
mo/ happy image1 to div]sify ! same     
subject1 & give x a new turn &          
additional =ce4 ,c]ta9 p]sons  are      
introduc$1 :o light ^u ! corpse ( ! k+ (
 ,babylon1 ca/  out & ly+ nak$ ^u ! b>e 
gr\nd1 among ! common sla91 j  aft] !   
tak+ ( ! city1 cov]$ ) w\nds1 & s       
disfigur$1  t x is "s "t be=e !y "k him4
 ,!y acco/ him ) !  sev]e/ taunts1 &    
bitt]ly reproa* him ) 8 de/ructive      
ambition1 & 8 cruel usage ( ! conqu]$2  
:i* h des]v$ly  br\ght ^u him ?is       
ignom9i\s treatm5t1 s diff]5t f :at  ^? 
( 8 high rank usually meet )1 & :i* %all
 cov] 8  po/]ity ) disgrace1 v]ses      
#af-bj4 ,to complete ! :ole1 ,god is    
introduc$1 decl>+ ! fate ( ,babylon2 !  
utt] extirpation ( !  royal family1 & ! 
total desolation ( ! city2 ! deliv]ance 
(  8 p1 & ! de/ruction ( _! enemies2    
confirm+ !  irrev]sible decree by !     
awful sanction ( 8 oa?1 v]ses #ba-bg4   

,h[  =cible1 says ,bi%op ,l\?1 is ?is   
imag]y1 h[ div]sifi$1 h[  sublime6 ,h[  
elevat$ ! diction1 ! figures1 !         
s5tim5ts6 ,!  ,jewi% nation1 ! c$>s (   
,lebanon1 ! gho/s ( dep>t$ k+s1 !       
,babyloni% mon>*1 ! travell]s :o f9d 8  
corpse1 & la/ ( all  ,jehovah himself1  
are ! *>act]s :i* support ?is beautiful 
lyric  drama4 ,"o cont9u$ action is kept
 up1 or r1 a s]ies (  int]e/+ actions   
are connect$ toge!r 9 an incomp>able    
:ole3  ?is1 inde$1 is ! pr9cipal &      
di/+ui%$ excell5ce ( !  sublim] ode1 &  
is display$ 9 its utmo/ p]fection 9 ?is 
poem (  ,isaiah1 :i* may be consid]$ z  
"o ( ! mo/ anci5t1 &  c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/
 f9i%$1 specim5s ( t species (          
composition :i* has be5 transmitt$ to u4
 ,! p]sonifications "h  are frequ5t1 yet
 n confus$2 bold1 yet n improbable2 a   
free1  elevat$1 & truly div9e _s p]vades
 ! :ole2 nor is !re any  ?+ want+ 9 ?is 
ode to defeat its claim to ! "* (       
p]fect pa?os & sublimity4 ,!re is n a   
s+le in/ance 9 !  :ole compass ( ,greek 

& ,roman poetry :i*1 9 e excell5ce (    
composition1 c be said to equal or ev5  
to approa* x4    ,,isc>iot1 ! "n ( t    
disciple :o betray$ our ,savi\r4 ,he 0 s
  call$1 probably1 z belong+ to ,k>io?1 
or ,c]io?2 t is1 a man (  ,k]io?1 ,matt4
 x1 #d4    ,,i%bo%e?1 a son ( ,k+ ,saul1
 & 8 successor 9 ! ?rone4 ,he 0         
ackn[l$g$ k+ by a "p ( ! tribes (       
,israel1 ,a4 ,m4 #bidi1 :ile  ,david    
reign$ at ,hebron1 ov] ! tribe ( ,judah1
 #b ,sam4 ii1 #h1 #i1 c2  iii4 ,he      
reign$ two ye>s 9 peace1 b ! rema9+     
eight ye>s 7  sp5t 9 p]petual w>s betwe5
 8 troops & ^? ( ,david1 till 9  ! end  
he p]i%$1 & ) him end$ ! royal dignity (
 ! h\se  ( ,saul4    ,,i%maelites1 !    
desc5dants ( ,i%mael1 ! son ( ,abraham  
by ,hag>1  8 ,egyptian bond-maid4       
,i%mael 0 born ,b4 ,c4 #aiaj1 & 8 "n1   
f\nd$ on a circum/ance :i* af=d$ relief 
to 8 "m1 :5 %e  0 w&]+ f h] ma/]'s h\se 
t[>d ,egypt1 h] native c\ntry1  is d]iv$
 f ! ,hebrew 1 =m$ ( 1 to he>1 & 1      
,god1 & d5ot+1 8! ,"l ha? he>k5$40 ,!   

heav5ly mess5g]  :o appe>$ to ,hag> 9 ! 
wild]ness1 & in/ruct$ h] by :at "n  to  
call h] future son1 pr$ict$ also t he & 
8 po/]ity w\ld  prove fi]ce & w>like1   
engag$ 9 repeat$ ho/ilities1 & yet able 
to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,hag>1 d]iv+   
enc\ragem5t f ?is  circum/ance1 return$ 
to ! h\se ( ,abraham1 & 0 soon deliv]$  
( h] promis$ son4 ,! fa!r reg>d$ ,i%mael
 z ! heir ( 8  weal?1 till ,s>ah _h !   
promise ( h] son ,isaac4 ,aft] ! bir? ( 
,isaac1 ,abraham 0 p]suad$ by 8 wife to 
dismiss ,hag> & h] son2  & ! patri>*    
probably provid$ = _! subsi/5ce 9 "s    
di/ant situation1 :]e !y c\ld n encroa* 
on ! patrimony (  ,isaac4 ,hav+ w&]$ =  
"s "t 9 ! wild]ness ( ,be]%eba1  !y     
proce$$ f>!r to ! wild]ness ( ,p>an1 :i*
 bord]$ on  ,arabia2 & "h ,i%mael arriv$
 at maturity1 & became an exp]t  ar*]1  
or a hunt] & w>rior4 ,9 process ( "t 8  
"m procur$  = him a wife out ( ,egypt1  
by :om he _h twelve sons1 :o ev5tually  
e/abli%$ !mselves z ! heads ( s _m      
di/9ct ,arabian tribes4  ,accord+ly1 !  

desc5dants ( ,i%mael are m5tion$ 9      
hi/ory "u  ! g5]al "n ( ,arabians &     
,i%maelites4 ,( ,i%mael's p]sonal       
hi/ory1 we m]ely le>n f ! sacr$ writ+s1 
t he jo9$ )  8 bro!r ,isaac 9 pay+ ! la/
 tribute ( respect to ! rema9s  ( _!    
fa!r2 & t he di$ at ! age ( a hundr$ &  
?irty-sev5 ye>s1 ,b4 ,c4 #aggc1 ,g54    
xxv1 #i1 #ah4 ,8 desc5dants1  accord+ to
 ! ,scripture acc\nt1 spread !mselves 8f
 ,havilah to  ,%ur1 t is1 be=e ,egypt1 z
 ?\ goe/ t[>d ,assyria40 ,f ?is  brief  
/atem5t1 we may conjecture h[ f> _!     
t]ritory ext5d$2 =  ,havilah1 accord+ to
 ! g5]ality ( writ]s1 0 situat$ ne> !   
conflu5ce ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 &   
,%ur1 on ! i/hmus :i*  sep>ates ,arabia 
f ,egypt1 n[ call$ ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,f
 !nce  we may well imag9e1 t !y spread  
!mselves on bo? sides s f> z  to h tak5 
possession ( ! greate/ "p ( ,arabia2 &1 
inde$1  ,josephus does n scruple to /yle
 _! prog5itor ! f\nd] ( !  ,arabian     
nation4 ,see ,,arabia4    ,,i%tob1 a    
c\ntry situat$ at ! nor!rn extremity ( !

 m\nta9s (  ,gilead1 t[>d ,m\nt         
,libanus1 #b ,sam4 x1 #f4 ,see ,,tob4   
,,israel1 a pr9ce ( ,god1 or prevail+1  
or wre/l+ ) ,god4 ,?is is  ! "n :i* !   
angel gave ,jacob1 aft] hav+ wre/l$ )   
him all  night at ,mahanaim1 or ,p5iel1 
,g5esis xxxii1 #a1 #b1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj2   
,hosea  xii1 #d4 ,by ! "n ( ,israel is  
sometimes und]/ood ! p]son (  ,jacob1   
sometimes ! :ole p ( ,israel1 ! :ole    
race ( ,jacob2  sometimes ! k+dom (     
,israel1 or t5 tribes1 di/9ct f !  k+dom
 ( ,judah2 & f9ally1 ! spiritual        
,israel1 ! true *ur* (  ,god4           
,,israelites1 ! desc5dants ( ,israel1 :o
 7 fir/ call$ ,hebrews by  reason (     
,abraham1 :o came f ! o!r side ( !      
,euphrates2 &  aft]w>d ,israelites1 f   
,israel1 ! fa!r ( ! twelve tribes2 &1   
la/ly1 ,jews1 p>ticul>ly aft] _! return 
f ! captivity (  ,babylon2 because !    
tribe ( ,judah 0 !n mu* /rong] & m      
num]\s ?an ! o!r tribes1 & =eign]s _h   
sc>cely any  k b ( ?is tribe4 ,see      
,,jews4    ,,issa*>1 ! fif? son ( ,jacob

 & ,leah1 ,g54 xxx1 #ad-ah4 ,he _h f\r  
sons1 ,tola1 ,phovah1 ,job1 & ,%imron4  
,we "k no?+ p>ticul> ( 8  life4 ,! tribe
 ( ,issa*> _h its portion 9 "o ( ! be/  
p>ts (  ! l& ( ,canaan1 along ! great   
pla9 or valley ( ,jezreel1 ) !  half    
tribe ( ,manasseh to ! s\?1 t ( ,zebulun
 to ! nor?1 !  ,m$it]ranean to ! we/1 & 
,jordan1 ) ! extremity ( ! sea (        
,tib]ias1 to ! ea/4    ,,i?am>1 ,a>on's 
f\r? son1 ,exod4 vi1 #bc4 ,!re is no    
probability t  he ev] ex]cis$ ! high    
prie/hood4 ,he & 8 sons cont9u$ 9 !     
rank ( simple prie/s1 till ?is dignity  
came into 8 family 9 !  p]son ( ,eli4   
,,itur,a1 s call$ f ,itur1 or ,jetur1 "o
 ( ! sons ( ,i%mael1 :o  settl$ 9 x1 b  
^: po/]ity 7 ei!r driv5 out or subdu$ by
  ! ,amorites2 :5 x is suppos$ to h =m$ 
a "p ( ! k+dom  ( ,ba%an1 & subsequ5tly 
( ! half tribe ( ,manasseh ea/ (        
,jordan2 b z x 0 situat$ beyond ! s\!rn 
spur ( ,m\nt ,h]mon1  call$ ! ,djebel   
,hei%1 ?is is d\btful4 ,x lay on !      
nor?-ea/]n  side ( ! l& ( ,israel1      

betwe5 x & ! t]ritory ( ,damascus1 or   
,syria2 & is suppos$ to h be5 ! same    
c\ntry at pres5t kn[n by  ! "n ( ,dj$\r1
 on ! ea/ ( ! ,djebel ,hei%1 betwe5     
,damascus  & ! lake ( ,tib]ias4 ,!      
,iturans be+ subdu$ by ,ari/obulus1 !   
high prie/ & gov]nor ( ! ,jews1 ,b4 ,c4 
#ajf1 7 =c$ by him to  embrace ! ,jewi% 
religion2 & 7 at ! same "t incorporat$  
into  ! /ate4 ,philip1 "o ( ! sons (    
,h]od ! ,great1 0 tetr>*1 or  gov]nor1 (
 ?is c\ntry :5 ,john ! ,bapti/ comm5c$ 8
 m9i/ry4    ,,ivory4 2 f 1 a too?1 & 1  
elephants2 1  ,rev4 xviii1 #ab4 ,! fir/ 
"t t ivory is m5tion$ 9 ,scripture is  9
 ! reign ( ,solomon4 ,if ! =ty-fif?     
,psalm 0 writt5 be=e !  ,canticles1 &   
be=e ,solomon _h con/ruct$ 8 royal &    
magnific5t  ?rone1 !n t conta9s ! fir/  
m5tion ( ?is commodity4 ,x is  spok5 ( z
 us$ 9 decorat+ ^? boxes ( p]fume1 ^:   
od\rs  7 employ$ to exhil>ate ! k+'s    
spirits4 ,x is probable t  ,solomon1 :o 
trad$ to ,india1 fir/ br\ght !nce       
elephants & ivory  to ,judea4 8,= ! k+  

_h at sea a navy ( ,?>%i%1 ) ! navy (   
,hiram3 once 9 ?ree ye>s came ! navy (  
,?>%i%1 br++ gold &  silv]1 & ivory10 #a
 ,k+s x1 #bb2 #b ,*ron4 ix1 #ba4 ,x     
seems t  ,solomon _h a ?rone decorat$ ) 
ivory1 & inlaid ) gold2 !  beauty ( ^!  
mat]ials reliev+ ! spl5d\r1 & height5+ !
  lu/re ( ea* o!r1 #a ,k+s x1 #ah4      
,cab9ets & w>drobes 7  ornam5t$ ) ivory1
 by :at is call$ m>quetry1 ,psalm xlv1  
#h4                                     
,quale p] artem                         
,inclusum buxo aut ,oricia t]eb9?o      
,lucet ebur4                            
,,virgil4                 8,s %9es a    
gem1 illu/ri\s to behold1               
,on "s fair virg9's neck1 en*as$ 9 gold3
               ,s ! surr\nd+ ebon's d>k]
 hue               ,improves ! poli%'d  
ivory to ! view40                       
,,pitt4    ,^! 7 nam$ 8h\ses ( ivory10  
probably because made 9 ! =m (  a h\se1 
or palace2 z ! silv]  ( ,diana1 m5tion$ 
,acts xix1 #bd1  7 9 ! =m ( h] temple at
 ,ephesus2 & z we h n[ ivory  models ( !

 ,*9ese pagodas1 or temples4 ,9 ?is s5se
 we may  und]/& :at is said ( ! ivory   
h\se :i* ,ahab made1 #a ,k+s  xxii1 #ci2
 = ! ,hebrew ^w translat$ 8h\se is us$10
 z ,dr4  ,taylor well obs]ves1 = 8a     
place1 or case1 :]e9 any ?+ lie?1 is    
conta9$1 or laid up40 ,ezekiel gives !  
"n ( h\se to *e/s (  ri* app>el1 ,ezek4 
xxvii1 #bd4 ,dr4 ,durell1 9 8 note on   
,psalm xlv1 #h1  quotes places f ,hom] &
 ,euripides1 :]e ! same appropriation is
  made4 ,hesiod makes ! same4 ,z to     
dwell+ h\ses1 ! mo/1 ,i ?9k1  we c      
suppose 9 reg>d to !m is1 t !y might h  
ornam5ts (  ivory1 z !y sometimes h (   
gold1 silv]1 or o!r preci\s  mat]ials1 9
 su* abundance z to d]ive an appellation
 f !  article ( _! decoration2 z !      
,emp]or ,n]o's palace1 m5tion$ by       
,suetonius1 0 nam$ aurea1 or 8gold510   
because lita auro1  8ov]laid ) gold40   
,?is me?od ( ornam5tal build+s1 or      
ap>tm5ts1 0 v anci5t among ! ,greeks4   
,hom] m5tions ivory z  employ$ 9 !      
palace ( ,m5elaus at ,lac$mon3--        

1                '1  1    ' 4           
,odyss4 iv1 #gb4                        
8,above1 b5ea?1 ar\nd ! palace1 %9es    
,! sumless treasure ( exhau/$ m9es2     
,! spoils ( elephants ! ro( inlay1      
,& /udd$ amb] d>ts a gold5 ray40        
,bac*ylides1 cit$ by ,a!nu1 says1 t1 9 !
 isl& ( ,ceos1 "o  ( ! ,cyclades1 !     
h\ses ( ! great m5 8gli/] ) gold &      
ivory40      ,,jabbok1 a small riv] :i* 
falls into ! ,jordan bel[ ! sea (       
,tib]ias4 ,ne> ?is brook ! angel wre/l$ 
) ,jacob1 ,g54 xxxii1 #bb4  ,mr4        
,buck+ham ?us describes x3 8,! banks (  
?is /ream are s  ?ickly wood$ ) ole&] & 
plane trees1 wild olives1 & wild        
almonds 9 blossom1 ) _m fl[]s1 ! names (
 :i* 7 unkn[n  to u2 ) tall & wav+ re$s1
 at lea/ fifte5 feet 9 height2 t  we    
c\ld n p]ceive ! wat] ?r\gh !m f above1 
?\gh !  pres5ce ( ^! luxuriant bord]s   
m>k$ ! w9d+ ( its c\rse1  & ! murmur (  
its fl[1 e*o+ ?r\gh its long deep       
*annel1 0  to be he>d di/9ctly f af>4   
,on ?is side ( ! /ream1 at !  spot :]e  

we =d$ x1 0 a piece ( wall1 solidly     
built ^u !  incl9$ slope1 con/ruct$ 9 a 
uni=m mann]1 ?\gh ( small /ones1  &     
app>5tly f9i%$ at ! end t[>d ! riv]1 s t
 x nev]  c\ld h be5 c>ri$ across1 z we  
at fir/ suppos$1 ei!r = a  bridge1 or to
 close ! pass4 ,?is 0 call$ by ! ,arabs 
#8,%ugl b5i  ,israel1' or ! "w ( ! sons 
( ,israel2 b !y knew ( no o!r           
traditions reg>d+ x4 ,! riv]1 :]e we    
cross$ x at ?is po9t1  0 n m ?an t5 y>ds
 wide1 b x 0 deep] ?an ! ,jordan1 &     
ne>ly z rapid2 s t we _h "s difficulty 9
 =d+ x4 ,z x ran  9 a rocky b$1 its     
wat]s 7 cle>1 & we f\nd _! ta/e         
agreeable40    ,,jabe%1 or              
,,jabe%-,,gilead1 ! "n ( a city 9 ! half
 tribe (  ,manasseh1 ea/ ( ,jordan4     
,naa%1 k+ ( ! ,ammonites1 besieg$ x1 #a 
,sam4 xi1 #a1 c4 ,! inhabitants 7       
fri5dly to ,saul & 8 family1 #a  ,sam4  
xxxi1 #aa1 #ab4    ,,ja*91 ! "n ( a     
pill> 9 ,solomon's temple1 #a ,k+s vii1 
#ba4 ,see  ,,boaz4    ,,jacob1 ! son (  
,isaac & ,rebekah4 ,he 0 ! y\ng] bro!r (

 ,esau1  & a tw94 ,x 0 obs]v$1 t at 8   
bir? he held 8 bro!r  ,esau's heel1 & = 
?is reason 0 call$ ,jacob1 ,g54 xxv1    
#bf1 :i*  signifies 8he supplant$40     
,jacob 0 ( a meek & peaceable temp]1 &  
lov$ a quiet pa/oral life2 :]eas ,esau 0
 ( a fi]ce & turbul5t  nature1 & 0 fond 
( hunt+4 ,isaac _h a p>ticul> fondness =
  ,esau2 b ,rebekah 0 m atta*$ to       
,jacob4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,jacob  pur*as$ 8
 bro!r's bir?right = a mess ( pottage1 &
 supplant$  him by obta9+ ,isaac's      
bless+1 is already ref]r$ to 9 ! article
  ,,esau4    ,! ev5ts ( ! int]e/+ &     
*equ]$ life ( ,jacob are s pla9ly  &    
consecutively n>rat$ by ,moses1 t !y are
 famili> to all2 b  ^u "s ( !m a few    
rem>ks may be useful4 ,z to ! pur*ase ( 
!  bir?right1 ,jacob appe>s to h be5    
innoc5t s f> z any guile on  8 "p or    
real necessity f hung] on ! "p ( ,esau  
is involv$  9 ! "q2 b 8 obta9+ !        
ratification ( ?is by !  bless+ (       
,isaac1 ?\gh agreeable1 inde$1 to !     
purpose ( ,god1 t  ! eld] %\ld s]ve !   

y\ng]1 0 blamable z to ! means  employ$4
 ,! rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,hales on ?is         
transaction implicate ,isaac            
also3--,?irty-sev5 ye>s aft]1 :5 ,jacob 
0 sev5ty-sev5 ye>s old1  accord+ to     
,abulf>agi1 & ,isaac a hundr$ &         
?irty-sev51 :5 he  0 old1 & 8 sight _h  
fail$1 & he expect$ soon to die1 8      
p>tiality = ,esau l$ him to attempt to  
set aside ! oracle1 & !  cession (      
,esau's bir?right to ,jacob1 by conf]r+ 
on him ! bless+  ( ,abraham1 9 rew>d =  
br++ him sav\ry v5ison to eat1 be=e  8  
dea?4 ,9 ?is design1 h[ev]1 he 0        
disappo9t$ by ! artifice  ( ,rebekah1 :o
 dress$ h] fav\rite ,jacob 9 8 bro!r's  
clo!s1  & made him p]sonate ,esau1 &    
!reby surreptiti\sly obta9$ =  him !    
bless+3 8,let p s]ve !e1 & nations b[   
d[n to !e3  be "l ov] ?y bre?r51 & let  
?y "m's sons b[ d[n to !e3  curs$ be e  
"o t curse? !e1 & bless$ be he t blesse?
  !e10 ,g54 xxvii1 #a-bi4 ,x is         
rem>kable t1 not)/&+ !  agitation (     
,isaac1 :5 8he trembl$ v exce$+ly10 at !

  detection ( ! fraud1 he did n attempt 
to resc9d ! bless+1 nor  transf] x to   
,esau2 b1 on ! contr>y1 confirm$ x on   
,jacob3 8,yea1  & he %all be bless$40 ,8
 wi%es 7 ov]rul$ & controll$ by  t high]
 p[] :i* he va9ly endeav\r$ to c\nt]act2
 & t he  spoke z ! ,_s gave him         
utt]ance1 appe>s f 8 pr$iction  respect+
 ,esau's family3 8,& x %all come to     
pass1 :5 ?\ %alt  h ! dom9ion1 t ?\ %alt
 break ?y bro!r's yoke f (f ?y  neck10  
,g54 xxvii1 #dj2 :i* 0 fulfill$ 9 ! days
 ( ,jehoram1 k+  ( ,judah1 :5 8!        
,edomites revolt$ f "u ! dom9ion (      
,judah1  & made !mselves a k+ unto ?is  
day10 #b ,*ron4 xxi1 #h-aj4    ,accord+ 
to ?is view1 all ! p>ties 7 m or less   
culpable2  ,isaac1 = endeav\r+ to set   
aside ! oracle :i* _h be5  pron\nc$ 9   
fav\r ( 8 y\ng] son2 b ( :i* he might h 
an  obscure conception2 ,esau1 = wi%+ to
 deprive 8 bro!r ( !  bless+ :i* he _h  
himself rel9qui%$2 & ,rebekah & ,jacob1 
=  secur+ x by fraudul5t means1 n tru/+ 
:olly 9 ! ,"l4 ,t  _! pr9cipal object1  

h[ev]1 0 ! spiritual "p ( ! bless+1  & n
 ! temporal1 0 %[n by ! ev5t4 ,= ,jacob 
aft]w>d  rev]5c$ ,esau z 8 eld] bro!r1 &
 insi/$ on ,esau's accept+ a  pres5t f 8
 b& 9 tok5 ( submission1 ,g54 xxxiii1   
#c-ae4 ,esau  also appe>s to h possess$ 
himself ( 8 fa!r's prop]ty dur+         
,jacob's long exile4 ,b ?\gh ! int5tion 
( ,rebekah & ,jacob might  h be5 free f 
worldly or m]c5>y motives1 !y ought n to
 h  done evil t good might come4 ,& !y 7
 bo? sev]ely puni%$ 9  ?is life = _!    
fraud1 :i* de/roy$ ! peace ( ! family1 &
  plant$ a mortal enmity 9 ! brea/ (    
,esau aga9/ 8 bro!r3 8,is  he n rightly 
nam$ ,jacob80 a supplant]2 8= he ha?    
supplant$ me  ^! two times3 he took away
 my bir?right1 & lo1 n[ he ha? tak5     
away my bless+4 ,! days ( m\rn+ = my    
fa!r are at h&2 !n  w ,i slay my bro!r  
,jacob10 ,g54 xxvii1 #cf-da4 ,& !re c be
  little d\bt ( 8 int5tion ( execut+ 8  
?reat1 :5 he came to  meet him on 8     
return1 ) su* an arm$ =ce z /rongly     
al>m$  ,jacob's fe>s1 _h n ,god *ang$ ! 

_s ( ,esau into mildness1 s  t 8he ran  
to meet ,jacob1 & fell on 8 neck1 & !y  
wept10 ,g54  xxxiii1 #d4 ,rebekah1 also1
 0 depriv$ ( ! society ( h] d>l+  son1  
:om 8%e s5t away = "o ye>10 z %e fondly 
imag9$1 8until  8 bro!r's fury %\ld turn
 away10 ,g5esis xxvii1 #db-dd2 b :om %e 
saw no m2 = %e di$ dur+ 8 long exile (  
tw5ty ye>s1 ?\gh  ,isaac surviv$1 ,g54  
xxxv1 #bg4 ,?us 0 8%e pi]c$ ?r\gh ) _m  
sorr[s40 ,jacob1 also1 _h abundant      
reason to say1 8,few & evil h  be5 !    
days ( ! ye>s ( my pilgrimage10 ,g54    
xlvii1 #i4 ,?\gh he  _h ! consolation ( 
hav+ ! bless+ ( ,abraham volunt>ily     
r5ew$ to him by 8 fa!r1 be=e he 0 =c$ to
 fly f 8  bro!r's fury1 ,g54 xxviii1    
#a-d1 & _h ! satisfaction ( obey+  8    
p>5ts 9 go+ to ,padan-aram1 or ,*>ran1 9
 que/ ( a wife (  8 own k9dr$1 ,g54     
xxviii1 #g2 yet he set out on a long &  
p]il\s  j\rney ( six hundr$ miles &     
upw>d1 ?r\gh b>r5 & inhospitable        
regions1 unatt5d$ & unprovid$1 l a      
pilgrim1 inde$1 ) only  8 /aff 9 8 h&1  

,g54 xxxii1 #aj4 ,& ?\gh he 0 support$ )
  ! assurance ( ! div9e protection1 & ! 
r5ewal ( ! bless+  ( ,abraham by ,god   
himself1 9 8 rem>kable vision at ,be!l1 
&  solemnly devot$ himself to 8 s]vice1 
wi%+ only = food &  raim5t1 & v[+ to    
pr(ess ! wor%ip ( ,god1 & pay ti! unto  
him %\ld he return back 9 peace1 ,g54   
xxviii1 #aj-bb2 yet he 0  =c$ to engage 
9 a t$i\s & ?ankless s]vitude ( sev5    
ye>s1 at  fir/ = ,ra*el1 ) ,laban1 :o   
retaliat$ ^u him ! imposition he  _h    
practis$ on 8 own fa!r2 & sub/itut$     
,leah1 :om he hat$1  = ,ra*el1 :om he   
lov$2 & !reby compell$ him to s]ve sev5 
ye>s m2 & *ang$ 8 wages sev]al times    
dur+ ! rema9d] (  8 :ole s]vitude (     
tw5ty ye>s2 9 ! c\rse ( :i*1 z he       
pa!tically compla9$1 8! dr\ght consum$  
him by day1 & ! fro/  by night1 & !     
sleep dep>t$ f 8 eyes10 9 wat*+ ,laban's
  flocks1 ,g54 xxxi1 #dj2 & at la/ he 0 
=c$ to /eal away1 & 0  only protect$ f  
,laban's v5geance1 z aft]w>d f ,esau's1 
by  div9e int]position4 ,add to ^! 8    

dome/ic tr\bles &  mis=tunes2 !         
impati5ce ( 8 fav\rite wife1 8,give me  
*ildr51 or  ,i die20 h] dea? 9 be>+ h]  
second son1 ,b5jam92 ! rape ( 8  daught]
 ,d9ah2 ! p]fidy & cruelty ( h] bro!rs1 
,simeon &  ,levi1 to ! ,%e*emites2 !    
misbehavi\r ( ,reub52 ! suppos$ dea?  ( 
,joseph1 8 fav\rite & mo/ des]v+        
son3--^! 71 all  toge!r1 suffici5t to h 
br\ght d[n 8 gray hairs ) sorr[ to  !   
grave1 _h he n be5 div9ely support$ &   
enc\rag$ ?r\gh\t  ! :ole ( 8 pilgrimage4
 ,= ! circum/ances :i* l$ ,jacob into   
,egypt1 see ,,joseph4    ,:5 ,jacob1 at 
! invitation ( ,joseph1 w5t d[n to      
,egypt1 ,joseph  introduc$ 8 fa!r to 8  
royal ma/]2 & ! patri>*1 9 8  prie/ly   
"*1 bless$ ,ph>aoh1 & supplicat$ ! div9e
 fav\r  = ! k+4 ,! v5]able appe>ance & !
 pi\s demean\r ( ,jacob  l$ ! mon>* to  
inquire 8 ye>s2 to :i* he repli$1 8,!   
days (  ! ye>s ( my pilgrimage are a    
hundr$ & ?irty ye>s3 few & evil  h !    
days ( ! ye>s ( my life be52 & ,i h n   
atta9$ unto  ! days ( ! ye>s ( ! life ( 

my fa!rs 9 ! days ( _!  pilgrimage40    
,?is answ] ( ! patri>* 0 n ! language ( 
discont5t1 b ! solemn reflection ( a man
 :o _h exp]i5c$ a  l>ge %>e ( tr\ble1 & 
:o knew t ! :ole ( human life is  inde$ 
b 8a va9 %[10 ,g5esis xlvii1 #a-aj4     
,jacob sp5t ! rema9d]  ( 8 days 9       
tranquillity & prosp]ity1 enjoy+ !      
society ( 8  belov$ *ild sev5te5 ye>s4  
,! close ( 8 life 0 a happy calm1  aft] 
a /ormy voyage4 ,! patri>*1 p]ceiv+ t 8 
dissolution  0 ne>1 s5t = ,joseph1 &    
b\nd him by a solemn promise to bury him
  ) 8 fa!rs 9 ,canaan4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1
 ,jacob 0 tak5 ill1 &  x be+ report$ to 
,joseph1 he ha/5$ to ! b$side ( 8 fa!r1 
tak+ ) him 8 two sons1 ,manasseh &      
,ephraim4 ,on he>+ t 8  son 0 come1     
,jacob ex]t$ all 8 /r5g?1 & sat up 9 8  
b$ to  receive him1 & to imp>t t bless+ 
:i*1 9 ! _s (  prophecy1 he 0           
commission$ to bequea?4 ,he next bless$ 
! infant  *ildr5 ( ,joseph2 b1 z he     
plac$ 8 h&s ^u _! heads1 he  cross$ !m1 
putt+ 8 "r ^u ,ephraim ! y\ng]1 & 8 left

  ^u ,manasseh ! eld]4 ,joseph wi%$ to  
correct ! mi/ake ( 8  fa!r1 b ,jacob    
p]si/$1 be+ guid$ by a div9e impulse2 & 
he  gave to ea* ( ! lads a portion 9    
,israel1 at ! same "t decl>+  t ! y\ng] 
%\ld be great] ?an ! eld]1 ,g54 xlviii1 
#bb4 ,:5  ?is int]view 0 end$1 ,jacob   
caus$ all 8 sons to assemble r\nd  8 dy+
 b$1 t he might in=m !m :at w\ld befall 
!m 9 !  la/ days1 ,g54 xlix1 #a1 #b4 ,( 
all ! pr$ictions :i* he pron\nc$  ) 8   
expir+ brea?1 ! mo/ rem>kable & ! mo/   
int]e/+  is t relat+ to ,judah3 8,!     
sceptre %all n dep>t f ,judah1 nor  a   
lawgiv] f betwe5 8 feet1 until ,%iloh   
come2 & unto him %all  ! ga!r+ ( ! p    
be10 ,g54 xlix1 #aj4 ,"o gr& p]sonage 0 
9 ! m9d ( ! patri>*1 z x _h be5 9 !     
contemplation ( 8  pr$ecessors1 ev5 !   
illu/ri\s ,deliv]] :o %\ld arise 9 aft] 
ages to r$eem 8 p1 & br+ salvation to ! 
human race4 ,!  promis$ ,se$ 0 ! con/ant
 object ( fai?ful expectation2 & all  ! 
patri>*al ord9ances1 in/itutions1 &     
pr$ictions1 _h an  allusion1 positive or

 incid5tal1 to ! ,messiah4 ,hi!rto !    
promise  0 conf9$ g5]ally to ,abraham1  
,isaac1 & ,jacob1 t f !m !  glori\s     
bless+ %\ld arise2 b n[1 "u ! div9e     
direction1 !  dy+ patri>* =etels 9 :at  
tribe1 & at :at p]iod1 ! great  ,re/or] 
%all come4 ,! sov]eign au?ority 0 to    
cont9ue 9 !  possession ( ,judah1 till f
 t tribe ,%iloh %\ld appe>1 & !n  !     
royalty mu/ cease4 ,?is 0 fulfill$2 = ! 
tribe ( ,judah  possess$ legislative p[]
 till ! "t ( ,*ri/1 & f t  p]iod !      
,jewi% p h nei!r _h dom9ion nor         
prie/hood4 ,jesus  ,*ri/1 !re=e1 mu/    
ei!r be ! true ,%iloh1 or ! prophecy has
  fail$2 = ! ,jews _c prove t !y h _h   
any ?+ l  temporal p[] s9ce 8           
crucifixion4 ,:5 !y 7 s clamor\s =  !   
execution ( ,jesus1 & ,pilate told !m to
 take ! law into _!  own h&s1 !y %runk  
fe>fully f ! proposal1 & ackn[l$g$  _!  
slavi% /ate by say+1 8,x is n lawful = u
 to put any man  to dea?10 ,john xviii1 
#ca4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a glori\s pro( ( !   
v]acity ( ,scripture1 & an inconte/ible 

evid5ce ( ! tru? ( our  religion4    ,:5
 ,jacob _h f9i%$ bless+ 8 sons1 he *>g$ 
!m to bury him  9 ! cave ( ,ma*pelah1 ) 
,abraham & ,isaac1 &1 8ga!r+ 8  feet    
into ! b$1 he yield$ up ! gho/1 & 0     
ga!r$ unto 8  p10 ,g54 xlix1 #cc4       
,joseph1 hav+ clos$ ! eyes ( 8 fa!r1  & 
wept ov] him1 comm&$ ! physicians to    
embalm ! body4 ,aft] a  g5]al m\rn+ (   
sev5ty days1 he solicit$ ! k+'s         
p]mission to  g ) ! rema9s ( ,jacob into
 ,canaan1 to :i* ,ph>aoh cons5t$2  & )  
,joseph w5t up all ! /ate (fic]s &      
pr9cipal nobility (  ,egypt1 s t :5 !y  
came to ! place ( int]m5t1 ! ,canaanites
  7 a/oni%$1 & said1 8,?is is a griev\s 
m\rn+ to !  ,egyptians10 ,g54 l1 #a-aa4 
,,jacobites1 a d5om9ation ( ea/]n       
,*ri/ians1 :o fir/ made _!  appe>ance 9 
! fif? c5tury1 & 7 call$ ,monophysites4 
,jacob  ,alb>dai1 or ,b>adu1 :o fl\ri%$ 
ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ecj1 re/or$ !  sect1 !n   
almo/ expir+1 to its =m] vig\r1 &       
modell$ x anew2  & h5ce f him !y obta9$ 
! "n ( ,jacobites4 ,see ,,hypo/atical   

,,union4    ,,jacob's ,,well1 or f\nta91
 a well ne> ,%e*em1 at :i* our ,savi\r  
conv]s$ ) ! woman ( ,sam>ia1 ,john iv1  
#ab4 ,jacob dwelt ne> ?is  place1 be=e 8
 sons slew ! inhabitants ( ,%e*em4 ,if  
any ?+1  says ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1      
connect$ ) ! remembrance ( pa/ ages be  
calculat$ to awak5 local en?usiasm1 ! l&
 ar\nd ?is city is  prem95tly entitl$ to
 consid]ation4 ,! sacr$ /ory ( ev5ts    
transact$ 9 ! fields ( ,si*em1 ,g54     
xxxvii1 f our e>lie/  ye>s1 is rememb]$ 
) delight2 b ) ! t]ritory be=e our      
eyes1 :]e ^? ev5ts took place1 & 9 !    
view ( objects exi/+  z !y 7 describ$   
above ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! grateful    
impression k9dles into ec/acy4 ,along ! 
valley may /ill be se51 z  9 ! days (   
,reub5 & ,judah1 8a company (           
,i%maelites com+ f  ,gilead1 ) _! camels
 be>+ spic]y1 & balm1 & myrrh10 :o  w\ld
 gladly pur*ase ano!r ,joseph ( 8       
bre?r51 & convey him z  a slave to "s   
,potiph> 9 ,egypt4 ,^u ! hills ar\nd1   
flocks &  h]ds are se5 fe$+ z ( old2 nor

 9 ! simple g>b ( !  %eph]ds ( ,sam>ia1 
at ?is day1 is !re any ?+ repugnant to !
  notions we may ent]ta9 ( ! appe>ance  
=m]ly pres5t$ by !  sons ( ,jacob4 ,9 ! 
"t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,si*em1 or       
,napolose1  z x is n[ call$1 0 consid]$ 
z ! capital ( ,sam>ia4 ,its  inhabitants
 7 call$ ,sam>itans1 n m]ely z p (      
,sam>ia1 b  z a sect at v>iance ) !     
,jews2 & !y h cont9u$ to ma9ta9  _!     
peculi> t5ets to ?is day4 ,!            
inhabitants1 accord+ to  ,procopius1 7  
mu* fav\r$ by ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 :o    
re/or$  _! sanctu>ies1 & add$ l>gely to 
! edifices ( ! city4 ,!  pr9cipal object
 ( v5]ation among !m is ,jacob's well1  
ov] :i* a  *ur* 0 =m]ly erect$4 ,?is is 
situat$ at a small di/ance f  ! t[n 9 ! 
road to ,j]usalem1 & has be5 visit$ by  
pilgrims (  all ages1 b p>ticul>ly s9ce 
! ,*ri/ian era1 z ! place :]e  ,*ri/    
reveal$ himself to ! woman ( ,sam>ia4 ,!
 spot is s  di/9ctly m>k$ by !          
evangeli/1 ,john iv1 & s little liable  
to  unc]ta9ty f ! circum/ance ( ! well  

itself1 & ! features  ( ! c\ntry1 t1 if 
no tradition exi/$ to id5tify x1 ! site 
( x c\ld sc>cely be mi/ak54 ,p]haps no  
,*ri/ian s*ol> ev] read  ! f\r? *apt] ( 
,/4 ,john's ,gospel att5tively1 )\t be+ 
/ruck ) ! num]\s int]nal evid5ces ( tru?
 :i* cr[d ^u  ! m9d 9 its p]usal4 ,)9 s 
small a compass1 x is impossible to  f9d
 9 o!r writ+s s _m s\rces ( reflection &
 ( int]e/4  ,indep5d5tly ( its          
importance z a !ological docum5t1 x     
conc5trates s mu* in=mation1 t a volume 
might be fill$ ) !  illu/ration x       
reflects ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 & ^u !  
geography ( _! c\ntry4 ,all t c be ga!r$
 f ,josephus on  ^! subjects seems to be
 z a comm5t to illu/rate ?is *apt]4 ,!  
j\rney ( our ,"l f ,judea into ,galilee2
 ! cause ( x2 8  passage ?r\gh !        
t]ritory ( ,sam>ia2 8 approa* to !      
metropolis  ( t c\ntry2 its "n2 8       
arrival at ! ,amorite field1 :i*        
t]m9ates ! n>r[ valley ( ,si*em2 !      
anci5t cu/om ( halt+ at  a well2 !      
female employm5t ( draw+ wat]2 !        

disciples s5t into  ! city = food1 by   
:i* its situation out ( ! t[n is s      
obvi\sly impli$2 ! "q ( ! woman ref]r+  
to exi/+  prejudices :i* sep>at$ ! ,jews
 f ! ,sam>itans2 ! dep? (  ! well2 !    
ori5tal allusion conta9$ 9 ! expression1
 8liv+  wat]20 ! hi/ory ( ! well1 & !   
cu/oms illu/rat$ by x2 !  wor%ip ^u     
,m\nt ,g]izim3--all ^! occur )9 ! space 
( tw5ty  v]ses2 & if to ^! be add$ t    
rem>kable circum/ance m5tion$  9 !      
fifty-fir/ v]se ( ! *apt]1 :]e x is /at$
 t 8z he  0 n[ go+ d[n1 8 s]vants met   
him10 8 :ole r\te f ,cana  be+ a        
cont9ual desc5t t[>d ,cap]naum1 we may  
consid] x z a  record1 signally confirm$
 9 its v]acity by circum/ances :i* rema9
  9 indelible "*1 to give !m evid5ce1 to
 ?is day4    ,,jah1 "o ( ! names ( ,god1
 :i* we meet ) 9 ! composition (  _m    
,hebrew words2 z1 ,adonijah1 ,allelujah1
 ,mala*iah2 t is1  8,my ,"l10 ,praise ! 
,"l10 8,! ,"l is my ,k+40    ,,jair1 ( !
 family ( ,manasseh4 ,he possess$ a l>ge
 canton beyond  ,jordan2 ! :ole c\ntry (

 ,argob1 z f> z ! bord]s ( ,ge%ur &     
,maa*a?i1 ,judges x1 #c4 ,he succe$$    
,tola 9 ! judicature or  gov]nm5t ( !   
,israelites1 & 0 himself succe$$ by     
,jeph?ah4 ,8  gov]nm5t cont9u$ tw5ty-two
 ye>s2 f ,a4 ,m4 #bgie to #bhag4 ,jair  
_h  ?irty sons1 :o rode on asses1 & 7   
lords or gov]nors ( ?irty  t[ns1 call$  
,havo?-jair4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,camon      
beyond ,jordan4    ,,james1 1 ( ! same  
import z ,jacob4 ,james1 surnam$ !      
great]  or1 ! eld]1 to di/+ui% him f    
,james ! y\ng]1 0 bro!r to  ,john !     
evangeli/1 & son to ,zeb$ee & ,salome1  
,matt4 iv1 #ba4 ,he 0  ( ,be?saida1 9   
,galilee1 & left all to foll[ ,*ri/4    
,salome  reque/$ our ,savi\r1 t h] two  
sons1 ,james & ,john1 might sit at  8 "r
 h&1 :5 he %\ld be 9 possession ( 8     
k+dom4 ,our  ,savi\r answ]$1 t x belong$
 to 8 heav5ly ,fa!r alone to  dispose ( 
^! places ( hon\r1 ,matt4 xx1 #ba4 ,be=e
 _! vocation1  ,james & ,john foll[$ !  
trade ( fi%]m5 ) _! fa!r  ,zeb$ee2 & !y 
did n quit _! pr(ession till our ,savi\r

 call$  !m1 ,m>k i1 #ah1 #ai4 ,!y 7     
witnesses ( our ,"l's transfiguration1  
,matt4 xvii1 #b4 ,:5 c]ta9 ,sam>itans   
refus$ to admit ,jesus ,*ri/1  ,james & 
,john wi%$ = fire f heav5 to consume !m1
 ,luke ix1 #ed2  & = ?is reason1 x is   
?\ght1 ! "n ( ,boan]ges1 or sons (      
?und]1 0 giv5 !m4 ,"s days aft] !       
resurrection ( our  ,savi\r1 ,james &   
,john w5t to fi% 9 ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 :]e
 !y  saw ,jesus4 ,!y 7 pres5t at !      
asc5sion ( our ,"l4 ,/4 ,james is  said 
to h prea*$ to all ! disp]s$ tribes (   
,israel2 b =  ?is !re is only report4 ,8
 m>tyrdom is relat$1 ,acts xii1 #a1 #b1 
ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #db1 or #dd1 = ! date is n 
well asc]ta9$4 ,h]od  ,agrippa1 k+ ( !  
,jews1 & gr&son ( ,h]od ! ,great1 caus$ 
him  to be seiz$ & execut$ at ,j]usalem4
 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us in=ms u1  t he :o   
br\ght ,/4 ,james be=e ! judges 0 s mu* 
affect$  ) 8 con/ancy 9 confess+ ,jesus 
,*ri/1 t he also decl>$  himself a      
,*ri/ian1 & 0 condemn$1 z well z !      
,apo/le1 to be  behead$4    ,,james ,,! 

,,less1 surnam$ ! bro!r ( our ,"l1 ,gal4
 i1 #ai1 0 !  son ( ,cleophas1 o!rwise  
call$ ,alpheus1 & ,m>y1 si/] to !       
bless$ virg92 consequ5tly1 he 0         
c\s9-g]man to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he  0      
surnam$ ! ,j1 on acc\nt ( ! admirable   
hol9ess & purity  ( 8 life4 ,he is said 
to h be5 a prie/1 & to h obs]v$ !  laws 
( ! ,naz>ites f 8 bir?4 ,our ,savi\r    
appe>$ to ,james !  less1 eight days    
aft] 8 resurrection1 #a ,cor4 xv1 #g4   
,he 0 at  ,j]usalem1 & 0 consid]$ z a   
pill> ( ! *ur*1 :5 ,/4 ,paul  fir/ came 
?i!r aft] 8 conv]sion1 ,gal4 i1 #ai1 ,a4
 ,d4 #cg4 ,9 !  c\ncil ( ,j]usalem1 held
 9 ! ye> #ea1 ,/4 ,james gave 8 vote    
la/2  & ! result ( ! c\ncil 0 pr9cipally
 =m$ f :at ,/4 ,james  said1 :o1 ?\gh he
 obs]v$ ! c]emonies ( ! law1 & 0 c>eful 
t o!rs %\ld obs]ve !m1 0 ( op9ion1 t su*
 a yoke 0  n to be impos$ on ! fai?ful  
conv]t$ f among ! ,hea!ns1  ,acts xv1   
#ac1 c4    ,james ! less 0 a p]son (    
great prud5ce & discretion1 & 0  highly 
e/eem$ by ! ,apo/les & o!r ,*ri/ians4   

,su*1 inde$1 0  8 g5]al reputation =    
piety & virtue1 t1 z we le>n1 f  ,orig51
 ,eusebius1 & ,j]om1 ,josephus ?\ght1 & 
decl>$ x to be !  common op9ion1 t !    
suff]+s ( ! ,jews1 & ! de/ruction (  _! 
city & temple1 7 ow+ to ! ang] ( ,god1  
excit$ by !  murd] ( ,james4 ,?is mu/ be
 consid]$ z a /rong & rem>kable         
te/imony to ! "* ( ?is ,apo/le1 z x is  
giv5 by a p]son  :o did n believe t     
,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,! passages (         
,josephus1  ref]r$ to by ^? fa!rs ^u ?is
 subject1 are n f\nd 9 8  works n[      
extant4    ,,james1 ,,g5]al ,,epi/le    
,,(4 ,clem5t ( ,rome & ,h]mas allude to 
?is  epi/le2 & x is quot$ by ,orig51    
,eusebius1 ,a?anasius1 ,j]om1           
,*ryso/om1 ,augu/9e1 & _m o!r fa!rs4 ,b 
?\gh ! antiquity  ( ?is epi/le _h be5   
always undisput$1 "s few =m]ly d\bt$    
its "r to be admitt$ into ! canon4      
,eusebius says1 t 9 8 "t  x 0 g5]ally1  
?\gh n univ]sally1 receiv$ z canonical2 
&  publicly read 9 mo/1 b n 9 all1      
*ur*es2 & ,e/ius affirms1  t aft] ! f\r?

 c5tury1 no *ur* or ecclesia/ical writ] 
is  f\nd :o ev] d\bt$ its au!nticity2 b 
t1 on ! contr>y1 x  is includ$ 9 all    
subsequ5t catalogues ( canonical        
,scripture1 :e!r  publi%$ by c\ncils1   
*ur*es1 or individuals4 ,x has1 inde$1  
be5  ! uni=m tradition ( ! *ur*1 t ?is  
epi/le 0 writt5 by  ,james ! ,j2 b x 0 n
 univ]sally admitt$ till aft] !  f\r?   
c5tury1 t ,james ! ,j 0 ! same p]son z  
,james !  less1 "o ( ! twelve ,apo/les2 
t po9t be+ asc]ta9$1 !  canonical       
au?ority ( ?is epi/le 0 no long] d\bt$4 
,x is evid5t  t ?is epi/le c\ld n h be5 
writt5 by ,james ! eld]1 = he  0 behead$
 by ,h]od ,agrippa 9 ! ye> #dd1 & !     
errors & vices  reprov$ 9 ?is epi/le %[ 
x to be ( a mu* lat] date2 & !          
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem is also "h spok5 
( z be+ v ne> at  h&1 ,james v1 #h1 #i4 
,x has always be5 consid]$ z a          
circum/ance  v mu* 9 fav\r ( ?is epi/le1
 t x is f\nd 9 ! ,syriac  v]sion1 :i* 0 
made z e>ly z ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 &  
= ! p>ticul> use ( conv]t$ ,jews1--! v  

description (  p]sons to :om x 0        
orig9ally address$4 ,h5ce we inf]1 t x 0
  f ! fir/ ackn[l$g$ by ^? = ^:         
in/ruction x 0  int5d$2 & 8,i ?9k10 says
 ,dr4 ,doddridge1 8x c h>dly be d\bt$  b
 !y 7 bett] judges ( ! "q ( its         
au!nticity ?an !  ,g5tiles1 to :om x 0 n
 writt52 among :om1 !re=e1 x 0 n  likely
 to be propagat$ s e>ly2 & :o at fir/   
might be prejudic$  aga9/ x1 because x 0
 inscrib$ to ! ,jews40    ,! imm$iate   
design ( ?is epi/le 0 to animate !      
,jewi%  ,*ri/ians to support ) =titude &
 pati5ce any suff]+s to  :i* !y might be
 expos$1 & to en=ce ! g5u9e doctr9e &   
practice ( ! ,gospel1 9 opposition to ! 
errors & vices :i* !n  prevail$ among   
!m4 ,/4 ,james beg9s by %[+ ! b5efits ( 
trials  & afflictions1 & by assur+ !    
,jewi% ,*ri/ians t ,god w\ld  li/5 to _!
 s9c]e pray]s = assi/ance & support2 he 
rem9ds  !m ( _! be+ ! di/+ui%$ objects (
 div9e fav\r1 &  exhorts !m to practical
 religion2 to a j & imp>tial reg>d =  ! 
poor1 & to a uni=m ob$i5ce to all !     

comm&s ( ,god1 )\t  any di/9ction or    
exception2 he %[s ! inefficacy ( fai?   
)\t  works1 t is1 unless foll[$ by moral
 duties2 he inculcates !  necessity ( a 
/rict gov]nm5t ( ! tongue1 & cautions !m
  aga9/ c5sori\sness1 /rife1 malevol5ce1
 pride1 indulg5ce ( _!  s5sual passions1
 & ra% judgm5t2 he d5\nces ?reats aga9/ 
^?  :o make an improp] use ( ri*es2 he  
intimates ! approa*+  de/ruction (      
,j]usalem2 & concludes ) exhortations to
 pati5ce1  devotion1 & a solicit\s      
conc]n = ! salvation ( o!rs4 ,?is       
epi/le is writt5 ) great p]spicuity &   
en]gy1 & x conta9s an  excell5t summ>y (
 ^? practical duties & moral virtues :i*
 are  requir$ ( ,*ri/ians4 ,al?\gh !    
au?or wrote to ! ,jews disp]s$  ?r\gh\t 
! _w1 yet ! /ate ( 8 native l& pass$ m  
imm$iately be=e 8 eyes4 ,its f9al ov]?r[
 0 approa*+2 &  oppressions1 factions1 &
 viol5t sc5es tr\bl$ all ranks1 &       
involv$ "s pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians 9 suff]+1  
o!rs 9 guilt4    ,,jannes & ,,jambres1  
or1 z ,pl9y calls !m1 ,jamne & ,jotape1 

two  magicians1 :o resi/$ ,moses 9      
,egypt1 #b ,tim4 iii1 #h4 ,he speaks1   
likewise1 ( ! faction or sect (         
magicians1 ( :i*1 he says1 ,moses1      
,jannes1 & ,jocabel1 or ,jopata1 7      
heads4 ,by ?is la/ ^w he meant  probably
 ! patri>* ,joseph1 :om ! ,egyptians    
consid]$ z "o (  _! mo/ celebrat$ sages4
 ,! ,mussulmans h sev]al p>ticul>s to  !
 same purpose4 ,! p>aphra/ ,jona?an says
 !y 7 ! sons (  ,balaam1 :o accompani$  
him to ,balak1 k+ ( ,moab4 ,!y are call$
 by  sev]al names 9 sev]al translations2
 by ! ,septuag9t1 1  poison]s1 & 1      
en*ant]s2 by ,sulpitius ,sev]us1        
,*aldans1 t is1 a/rolog]s2 by o!rs1     
sapi5tes &  malefici1 wise m51 t is1 s  
e/eem$ among ! ,egyptians1  philosoph]s1
 & wit*es4 ,artapanus tells u1 t ,ph>aoh
 s5t =  magicians f ,upp] ,egypt to     
oppose ,moses4 ,ambrosia/]1 or ,hil>y1 !
  deacon1 says !y 7 bro!rs4 ,he cites a 
book entitl$ 8,jannes &  ,mambres10 :i* 
is likewise quot$ by ,orig51 & rank$ z  
apocryphal  by ,pope ,gelasius4 ,"s ( ! 

,hebrews call !m ,janes & ,jambres2     
o!rs1 ,jo*ana & ,mamr1 or ,jonas &      
,jombros4 ,j]om translates _!  names    
,johannes & ,mambres2 & !re is a        
tradition1 !y say1 9 !  ,talmud1 t      
,juhanni & ,mamr1 *ief ( ,ph>aoh's      
physicians1 said to  ,moses1 8,?\ br+e/ 
/raw into ,egypt :]e abundance ( corn   
grew20  t is1 to br+ y\r magical arts   
hi!r is to z mu* purpose z to  br+ wat] 
to ! ,nile4 ,"s say _! names are ! same 
z ,john &  ,ambrose4 ,"s w h x t !y fl$ 
away ) _! fa!r2  o!rs1 t !y 7 dr[n$ 9 ! 
,r$ ,sea ) ! ,egyptians2  o!rs1 t !y 7  
kill$ by ,ph9ehas 9 ! w> aga9/ !        
,midianites4 ,num5ius1 cit$ by          
,ari/obulus1 says t ,jannes & ,jambres  
7 sacr$ scribes ( ! ,egyptians1 :o      
excell$ 9 magic at ! "t  :5 ! ,jews 7   
driv5 out ( ,egypt4 ,see ,,plagues ,,(  
,,egypt4    ,,jans5i/s1 a d5om9ation (  
,roman ,ca?olics 9 ,france1 :i* 0  =m$ 9
 ! ye> #afdj4 ,!y foll[ ! op9ions (     
,jans5ius1 bi%op  ( ,ypres1 f ^: writ+s 
! foll[+ propositions are said to  h be5

 extract$3--#a4 ,t !re are div9e        
precepts :i* good m51  not)/&+ _! desire
 to obs]ve !m1 are1 nev]!less1          
absolutely unable to obey2 nor has ,god 
giv5 !m t measure ( grace  :i* is       
ess5tially necess>y to r5d] !m capable (
 su* ob$i5ce4  #b4 ,t no p]son1 9 ?is   
corrupt /ate ( nature1 c resi/ !        
influ5ce ( div9e grace1 :5 x op]ates ^u 
! m9d4 #c4 ,t1 9  ord] to r5d] human    
actions m]itori\s1 x is n requisite t !y
  be exempt f necessity2 b t !y be free 
f con/ra9t4 #d4 ,t  ! ,semi-,pelagians  
err greatly1 9 ma9ta9+ t ! human w is   
end[$ ) ! p[] ( ei!r receiv+ or resi/+ !
 aids &  influ5ces ( prev5t+ grace4 #e4 
,t :oev] affirms t ,jesus  ,*ri/ made   
expiation1 by 8 suff]+s & dea?1 = ! s9s 
(  all mank9d1 is a ,semi-,pelagian4 ,( 
^! propositions1 ,pope ,innoc5t  ,x4    
condemn$ ! fir/ f\r z h]etical1 & ! la/ 
z ra% &  impi\s4 ,b he did ?is )\t      
ass]t+ t ^! 7 ! doctr9es  ( ,jans5ius1  
or ev5 nam+ him2 :i* did n satisfy 8    
adv]s>ies1  nor sil5ce him4 ,! next     

pope1 h[ev]1 ,alex&] ,,vii4 0 m         
p>ticul>1 & det]m9$ ! said propositions 
to be ! doctr9es (  ,jans5ius2 :i*      
excit$ no small tr\ble 9 ! ,gallican    
*ur*4    ,?is d5om9ation 0 also di/+ui%$
 f _m ( ! ,roman  ,ca?olics1 by _!      
ma9ta9+ t ! ,holy ,scriptures & public  
liturgies %\ld be giv5 to ! p 9 _! "m   
tongue2 & !y  consid] x z a matt] (     
importance to inculcate ^u all          
,*ri/ians1  t true piety does n consi/ 9
 ! p]=mance ( ext]nal  devotions1 b 9   
inw>d hol9ess & div9e love4    ,z to    
,jans5ius1 x mu/ be confess$ t he 0 m   
dilig5t 9 !  se>* ( tru?1 ?an c\rage\s 9
 its def5ce4 ,x is said t he read  ?r\gh
 ! :ole ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's works t51 & "s 
p>ts ?irty1  times4 ,f ^! he made a     
numb] ( exc]pta1 extracts1 :i* he       
collect$ 9 8 book call$ 8,augu/9us40    
,?is he _h n ! c\rage  to publi%2 b x 0 
pr9t$ aft] 8 dea?1 & f x 8 enemies1  !  
,jesuits1 extract$ ! propositions above 
nam$2 b ! correctness  & fidelity ( _!  
extracts may be ju/ly que/ion$4         

,jans5ius  himself1 und\bt$ly1 held !   
op9ions ( ,calv9 on unconditional       
election1 ?\gh he seems to h be5 res]v$ 
9 av[+ !m4    ,! ,jans5i/s ( ,port      
,royal may be d5om9at$ ! evangelical    
p>ty (  ! ,ca?olic *ur*3 among _! numb] 
7 ! fam\s ,fa!r ,quesnel1  ,pi]re       
,nicole1 ,pascal1 ,de ,sacy1 ,duguet1 & 
,arnauld2 ! la/ ( :om is  /yl$ by       
,boileau1 8! mo/ le>n$ mortal t ev]     
liv$40 ,!y  consecrat$ all _! great p[]s
 to ! s]vice ( ! cross2 & =  _! atta*m5t
 to ! gr& article ( ! ,prote/ant        
re=mation1--ju/ification by fai?1 ) o!r 
capital doctr9es1 !y  suff]$ ! loss (   
all ?+s4 ,! ,jesuits1 _! implacable     
enemies1  nev] ceas$ until !y prevail$  
^u _! sov]eign1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 to  de/roy 
! abbey ( ,port ,royal1 & bani% its     
inhabitants4 ,x mu/ be  confess$1 h[ev]1
 t all ! ,jans5i/s 7 n l ! em95t  m5 :om
 we h j m5tion$2 & ev5 ^! 7 t+$ )       
en?usiasm & sup]/ition4 ,"s ( !m ev5    
pret5d$ to "w  miracles1 by :i* _! cause
 0 greatly injur$4    ,,japhe?1 ! son ( 

,noah1 :o is commonly nam$ ! ?ird 9 ord]
 (  ,noah's sons1 0 born 9 ! five       
hundr$? ye> ( t patri>*1  ,g5esis v1    
#cb2 b ,moses1 ,g5esis x1 #ba1 says     
expressly he 0 !  olde/ ( ,noah's sons1 
accord+ to our translation1 & ^? ( !    
,septuag9t & ,symma*us4 ,abraham 0 nam$ 
! fir/ ( ,t]ah's sons1  8n f            
primog5iture1 b f prem95ce10 z ! fa!r ( 
!  fai?ful1 & ! illu/ri\s ance/or ( !   
,israelites1 & ( !  ,jews1 ^: 8se$ 0    
,*ri/10 accord+ to ! fle%2 ) ^:  hi/ory 
! ,old ,te/am5t prop]ly comm5ces3 8,n[  
^! are !  g5]ations ( ,t]ah10 c1 ,g54   
xi1 #bg2 all ! prec$+ p>ts (  ,g5esis   
be+ only introductory to ?is4 ,by ! same
 analogy1 ,%em1 !  second son ( ,noah1  
is plac$ fir/ ( 8 ?ree sons1 ,g54 v1    
#cb1 &  ,japhe?1 8! elde/10 la/4 ,comp>e
 ,g54 x1 #ba2 xi1 #bj4 ,?us ,isaac is   
put be=e ,i%mael1 ?\gh f\rte5 ye>s      
y\ng]1 #a ,*ron4 i1 #bh4 ,&  ,solomon1 !
 elde/1 is reckon$ ! la/ ( ,ba?%eba's   
*ildr51 #a  ,*ron4 iii1 #e4    ,japhe?  
signifies enl>gem5t2 & h[ wond]fully did

 ,provid5ce  enl>ge ! b\nd>ies (        
,japhe?6 ,8 po/]ity div]g$ ea/w>d &     
we/w>d2 f ! orig9al settlem5t 9 ,arm5ia1
 ?r\gh ! :ole  ext5t ( ,asia1 nor? ( !  
great range ( ,taurus1 di/+ui%$ by !    
g5]al names ( ,t>t>y & ,sib]ia1 z f> z !
 ,ea/]n ,ocean3 &  9 process ( "t1 by an
 easy passage across ,behr+'s /raits1 ! 
entire cont95t ( ,am]ica2 & !y spread 9 
! opposite direction1  ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 
,europe1 to ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 ?us     
lit]ally  encompass+ ! e>?1 )9 !        
prec9cts ( ! nor!rn temp]ate  zone4     
,:ile ! ent]pris+ & w>like g5ius ( ?is  
h>dy hunt]  race frequ5tly l$ !m to     
encroa* on ! settlem5ts1 & to dwell 9   
8! t5ts ( ,%em10 ^: pa/oral occupations 
r5d]$ !m m  inactive1 peaceable1 &      
unw>like2 z :5 ! ,scy?ians invad$ ,m$ia1
  & ov]ran we/]n ,asia s\?w>ds1 z f> z  
,egypt1 9 ! days (  ,cyax>es2 & :5 !    
,greeks1 & aft]w>d ! ,romans1 subdu$ !  
,assyrians1 ,m$es1 & ,p]sians1 9 ! ea/1 
& ! ,scy?ians & ,jews  9 ! s\?1 z =etold
 by ! ,assyrian ,prophet ,balaam3       

8,& %ips %all come f ! coa/ ( ,*ittim1  
,& %all afflict ! ,assyrians1 & afflict 
! ,hebrews2         ,b he ! invad] %all 
p]i% himself at la/40                   
,numb4 xxiv1 #bd4    ,& by ,moses3 8,& !
 ,"l %all br+ !e ! ,jews into ,egypt or 
bondage aga9 ) %ips10 c1 ,deut4 xxviii1 
#bh4 ,& by ,daniel3 8,=  ! %ips (       
,*ittim %all come aga9/ him0 ,antio*us1 
k+ ( ,syria1  ,dan4 xi1 #cj4    ,9 ^!   
passages ,*ittim d5otes ! s\!rn coa/s ( 
,europe1  bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1
 call$ ! 8isles ( ! ,g5tiles10  ,g54 x1 
#e4 ,&1 9 lat] times1 ! ,t>t>s 9 ! ea/ h
 repeat$ly  invad$ & subdu$ ! ,h9doos & 
,*9ese2 :ile ! w>like &  ent]pris+ g5ius
 ( ! ,briti% isles has spread _!        
colonies1  _! arms1 _! arts1 & _!       
language1 &1 9 "s measure1 _!  religion1
 f ! ris+ to ! sett+ sun4    ,! sons (  
,japhe? 7 ,gom]1 ,magog1 ,madai1 ,javan1
 ,tubal1 ,me%e*1 &  ,tiras4 ,!          
,scripture says1 t !y peopl$ ! isles ( !
 ,g5tiles1  & settl$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1
 ea* accord+ to 8 language1  family1 &  

p1 ,g5esis x1 #e4 ,x is suppos$ t ,gom] 
peopl$  ,galatia1 & t f him !           
,cimm]ians1 or ,cimbrians1 & also !     
,phrygians1 d]iv$ _! orig92 t ,magog 0 !
 fa!r ( !  ,scy?ians1 & ,t>t>s1 or      
,tat>s2 t ,madai 0 ! prog5itor ( !      
,m$es1 ?\gh "s make him ! f\nd] ( a p 9 
,mac$onia1 call$  ,macdi2 t f ,javan    
sprung ! ,ionians & ,greeks2 t ,tubal 0 
!  fa!r ( ! ,ib]ians1 & t at lea/ a "p (
 ,spa9 0 peopl$ by  him & 8 desc5dants2 
t ,me%e* 0 ! f\nd] ( !  ,cappadocians1 f
 :om proce$$ ! ,muscovites1 or          
,russians2 & t  f ,tiras ! ,?racians    
d]iv$ _! orig94 ,japhe? 0 kn[n1 by      
pr(ane au?ors1 "u ! "n ( ,japetus4 ,!   
poets make him fa!r (  heav5 & e>?4 ,!  
,greeks believ$ t ,japhe? 0 ! fa!r (  _!
 race1 & ackn[l$g$ no?+ m anci5t ?an    
him4    ,,j>1 ! ,hebrew mon? :i* answ]s 
to our ,april4 ,x consi/$ b (  tw5ty-n9e
 days4    ,,jasp]1 1 ,exod4 xxviii1 #bj2
 xxxix1 #ac2 & ,ezek4 xxviii1 #ac2 1    
,rev4 iv1 #c1 & xxi1 #aa1 #ah1 #ai4 ,!  
,greek & ,lat9 "n1 jaspis1 z  well z !  

,engli% jasp]1 is pla9ly d]iv$ f !      
,hebrew1 &  leaves little room to d\bt  
:at species ( gem is meant by ! orig9al 
^w4 ,! jasp] is usually def9$1 a h>d    
/one1 ( a bright1  beautiful1 gre5      
col\r2 sometimes cl\d$ ) :ite1 & spott$ 
)  r$ or yell[4    ,,javan1 or ,,ion1 7=
 ! ,hebrew ^w1 diff]5tly po9t$1 =ms bo? 
names17 0 ! f\r? son ( ,japhe?1 & ! fa!r
 ( all ^?  nations :i* 7 includ$ "u ! "n
 ( ,grecians1 or ,ionians1 z  !y 7      
inv>iably call$ 9 ! ea/4 ,javan _h f\r  
sons1 by :om  ! diff]5t portions (      
,greece ,prop] 7 peopl$3 ,eli%a1 ,?>sis1
  ,*ittim1 & ,dodanim4 ,eli%a1 ,eliza1  
or ,ellas1 z x is writt5 9 !  ,*aldee1 &
 f :om ! ,greeks took ! "n ( ,h1 settl$ 
9  ! ,peloponnesus2 :]e1 9 ! ,elysian   
fields & ! riv] ,ilissus1  8 "n is /ill 
pres]v$4 ,?>sis settl$ 9 ,a*aia2        
,*ittim1 9  ,mac$onia2 & ,dodanim1 9    
,!ssaly & ,epirus2 :]e ! city ( ,dodona 
gives ample pro( ( ! orig9 ( its "n4 ,b 
! ,greeks did n  rema9 pure ,javanim4 ,x
 appe>s f hi/ory t1 at a v e>ly age1  !y

 7 invad$ & subjugat$ by ! ,pelasgi1 a  
,cu?ite race f !  ea/1 & by colonies (  
,ph5icians & ,egyptians f ! s\?3 s  t ! 
,greeks1 s fam\s 9 hi/ory1 7 a comp\nd (
 all ^!  p4 ,! aborig9al ,greeks 7 call$
 ,jaones1 or ,jonim2 f :i*  simil>ity ( 
s\nd1 ! ,jonim & ! ,javanim1 al?\gh     
belong+ to  two ess5tially diff]5t      
families1 h be5 conf\nd$ toge!r4 ,javan 
is ! "n us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = ,greece 
& ! ,greeks4 ,see  ,,division ,,( ,,!   
,,e>?4    ,,jeal\sy1 ,,wat]s ,,(4 ,see  
,,adult]y4    ,,jebus1 ! son ( ,canaan1 
,g54 x1 #af1 & fa!r ( ! p (  ,pale/9e   
call$ ,jebusites4 ,_! dwell+ 0 9        
,j]usalem & r\nd  ab\t1 9 ! m\nta9s4    
,?is p 7 v w>like1 & held  ,j]usalem    
till ,david's "t1 ,jo%4 xv1 #fe2 #b     
,sam4 v1 #f1 c4    ,,j$u?un1 a ,levite (
 ,m]>i's family1 & "o ( ! f\r great     
ma/]s  ( music belong+ to ! temple1 #a  
,*ron4 xvi1 #ch1 #da1 #db2 xv1 #ag2     
,psalm lxxxix1 title4 ,he is ! same z   
,e?an4 ,"s ( ! ,psalms are  said to h   
be5 compos$ by him2 su* z ! eighty-n9?1 

?irty-n9?1 sixty-second1 sev5ty-sev5?2  
all ( :i* g "u 8  "n4 ,"s believe1 t    
,david1 hav+ compos$ ^! ,psalms1 gave !m
  to ,j$u?un & 8 company to s+2 & t ?is 
is ! reason (  _! go+ by ?is "n4 ,b !re 
are "s ,psalms :i* h ! "n  ( ,j$u?un1 t 
seem to h be5 compos$ ei!r dur+ !       
captivity1 or aft] x2 & consequ5tly ! "n
 ( ,j$u?un prefix$  to !m1 c signify    
no?+ else1 b t "s ( 8 desc5dants1 &  (  
,j$u?un's class1 compos$ !m long aft] ! 
dea? ( ! fam\s  ,j$u?un1 "o ( _!        
ance/ors4    ,,jehoahaz1 o!rwise        
,,%allum1 ! son ( ,josiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 
,j]4  xxii1 #aa4 ,josiah hav+ be5 w\nd$ 
mortally by ,ne*o1 k+ ( ,egypt1  & dy+ (
 8 w\nds at ,megiddo1 ,jehoahaz 0 made  
k+ 9 8 room1  ?\gh he 0 n ,josiah's     
elde/ son1 #b ,k+s xxiii1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4
 ,he 0  9 all probability ?\ght fitt]   
?an any ( 8 bre?r5 to make head  aga9/ !
 k+ ( ,egypt4 ,he 0 tw5ty-?ree ye>s old 
:5 he began  to reign1 & he reign$ ab\t 
?ree mon?s only 9 ,j]usalem1 9 !  ye> ( 
! _w #ccie4 ,k+ ,ne*o1 at 8 return f !  

exp$ition  aga9/ ,c>*emi%1 provok$ at ! 
p ( ,judah = hav+ plac$  ?is pr9ce ^u ! 
?rone )\t 8 cons5t1 s5t = him to        
,riblah1  9 ,syria1 dive/$ him ( !      
k+dom1 load$ him ) *a9s1 & s5t  him into
 ,egypt1 :]e he di$1 ,j]4 xxii1 #aa1    
#ab4 ,jehoiakim1 or ,eliakim  8 bro!r1 0
 made k+ 9 8 room4    ,,jehoia*91       
o!rwise call$ ,coniah1 ,j]4 xxii1 #bd1 &
 ,jeconiah1 #a  ,*ron4 iii1 #ag1 ! son (
 ,jehoiakim1 k+ ( ,judah1 & gr&son (    
,josiah4 ,he asc5d$ ! ?rone1 & reign$   
only ?ree mon?s4 ,x seems  he 0 born    
ab\t ! "t ( ! fir/ ,babyloni% captivity1
 ,a4 ,m4  #ccih1 :5 ,jehoiakim1 or      
,eliakim1 8 fa!r1 0 c>ri$ to ,babylon4  
,jehoiakim return$ f ,babylon1 & reign$ 
till ,a4 ,m4 #cdje1 :5 he  0 kill$ by ! 
,*aldeans1 9 ! elev5? ye> ( 8 reign2 & 0
  succe$$ by ?is ,jehoia*91 :o reign$   
alone ?ree mon?s & t5  days2 b he reign$
 ab\t t5 ye>s 9 conjunction ) 8 fa!r4   
,?us #b ,k+s xxiv1 #h1 is reconcil$ ) #b
 ,*ron4 xxxvi1 #i4 ,9 !  =m] ( ^!       
passages1 he is said to h be5 eighte5 :5

 he began  to reign1 & 9 ,*ronicles only
 eight2 t is1 he 0 only eight :5  he    
began to reign ) 8 fa!r1 & eighte5 :5 he
 began to reign  alone4 ,he 0 a bad man1
 & did evil 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 ,j]4     
xxii1 #bd4 ,! "t ( 8 dea? is unc]ta92 & 
! words ( !  ,prophet ,j]emiah1 xxii1   
#cj1 are n to be tak5 9 ! /ricte/ s5se2 
s9ce he 0 ! fa!r ( ,sala?iel & o!rs1 #a 
,*ron4 iii1 #ag1 #ah2  ,matt4 i1 #ab4   
,,jehoiakim1 or ,,eliakim1 ! bro!r &    
successor ( ,jehoahaz1 k+ (  ,judah1 0  
advanc$ to ! ?rone by ,ph>aoh-,ne*o1 k+ 
( ,egypt1 ,a4 ,m4  #ccie1 #b ,k+s xxiii1
 #cd4 ,he reign$ elev5 ye>s 9 ,j]usalem1
 & did  evil 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l4 ,:5     
,j]usalem 0 tak5 by  ,nebu*adnezz>1 ?is 
pr9ce 0 also tak5 & put to dea?1 & 8    
body ?r[n into ! common sew]1 accord+ to
 ! pr$iction (  ,j]emiah1 xxii1 #ah1    
#ai4    ,,jeho%aphat1 k+ ( ,judah1 son (
 ,asa1 k+ ( ,judah1 & ,azabah1  daught] 
( ,%ilhi1 asc5d$ ! ?rone at ! age (     
?irty-five1 &  reign$ tw5ty-five ye>s4  
,he _h ! advantage ov] ,baa%a1 k+ (     

,israel2 & he plac$ good g>risons 9 !   
cities ( ,judah & (  ,ephraim1 :i* _h   
be5 conqu]$ by 8 fa!r4 ,god 0 ) him1    
because he 0 fai?ful4 ,he demoli%$ !    
high places & groves4 ,9  ! ?ird ye> ( 8
 reign he s5t "s ( 8 (fic]s1 ) prie/s  &
 ,levites1 ?r\gh all ! p>ts ( ,judah1 ) 
! book ( ! law1  to in/ruct ! p4 ,god   
bless$ ! zeal ( ?is pr9ce1 :o 0  fe>$ by
 all 8 neighb\rs4 ,! ,phili/9es &       
,arabians 7  tribut>ies to him4 ,he     
built sev]al h\ses 9 ,judah 9 ! =m (    
t[]s1 & =tifi$ sev]al cities4 ,he       
g5]ally kept an army (  elev5 hundr$    
?\s& m51 )\t reckon+ ! troops 9 8 /rong 
holds4 ,?is numb] seems prodigi\s = s   
small a /ate z t (  ,judah2 b1 probably1
 ^! troops 7 only an enroll$ militia4   
,! ,scripture reproa*es ,jeho%aphat = 8 
alliance ) ,ahab1 k+ (  ,israel1 #a ,k+s
 xx2 #b ,*ronicles xviii4 ,"s "t aft]1  
he w5t to  visit ,ahab 9 ,sam>ia2 &     
,ahab invit$ him to m>* ) him aga9/     
,ramo?-,gilead4 ,jeho%aphat cons5t$1 b  
fir/ ask$ = an op9ion  f a prophet ( !  

,"l4 ,aft]w>d1 he w5t into ! battle 9 8 
robe1 & ! enemy suppos$ him to be ,ahab2
 b he cry+ out1 !y  discov]$ _! mi/ake1 
& ,jeho%aphat return$ 9 peace to        
,j]usalem4 ,! ,prophet ,jehu reprov$ him
 = assi/+ ,ahab1 #b ,*ron4  xix1 #a1 #b1
 #c1 c4 ,jeho%aphat repair$ ?is fault by
 ! good  regulations1 & ! good ord]1 :i*
 he e/abli%$ 9 8 dom9ions1  bo? z to    
civil & religi\s affairs1 by appo9t+    
hone/ & able  judges1 by regulat+ !     
discipl9e ( ! prie/s & ,levites1 & by   
enjo9+ !m to p]=m _! duty ) punctuality4
 ,aft] ?is1 9  ! ye> #cajh1 ! ,moabites1
 ,ammonites1 & o!r nations ( ,arabia    
,petra1 decl>$ w> aga9/ ,jeho%aphat1 #b 
,*ron4 xx1 #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 ,!y  advanc$  
to ,haz>on-,tam>1 o!rwise ,eng$i4       
,jeho%aphat w5t ) 8  p to ! temple1 &   
put up pray]s to ,god4 ,jahaziel1 ! son 
(  ,ze*>iah1 by ! ,_s ( ! ,"l1 enc\rag$ 
! k+1 & promis$  t ! next day he %\ld   
obta9 a victory )\t fight+4  ,accord+ly1
 ^! p be+ assembl$ ! next day aga9/     
,judah1  qu>rell$1 & kill$ "o ano!r2 &  

,jeho%aphat & 8 army _h  only to ga!r _!
 spoils4 ,?is pr9ce cont9u$ to walk 9 ! 
ways  ( ! ,"l2 yet he did n de/roy !    
high places1 & ! he>ts (  ! p 7 n       
entirely direct$ to ! ,god ( _! fa!rs4  
,jeho%aphat di$ aft] a reign (          
tw5ty-five ye>s1 & 0 buri$ 9  ! royal   
sepul*re2 & 8 son1 ,jehoram reign$ 9 8  
/ead4    #b4 ,,jeho%aphat1 ,,valley ,,(4
 ,?is valley is a deep & n>r[ gl51 :i*  
runs f nor? to s\?1 betwe5 ! ,m\nt (    
,olives & ,m\nt ,moriah2  ! brook ,c$ron
 fl[+ ?r\gh ! middle ( x1 :i* is dry !  
greate/ "p ( ! ye>1 b has a curr5t ( a  
r$ col\r1 aft]  /orms1 or 9 ra9y        
seasons4 ,! ,prophet ,joel1 iii1 #b1    
#ab1 says1 8,!  ,"l w ga!r all nations 9
 ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat1 & w  plead ) !m
 !re40 ,ab5ezra is ( op9ion1 t ?is      
valley is !  place :]e ,k+ ,jeho%aphat  
obta9$ a signal victory ov] !           
,moabites1 ,ammonites1 & ,meonians (    
,arabia ,petra1 #b ,*ron4 xx1 #a1 c1    
t[>d ! ,dead ,sea1 beyond ! wild]ness ( 
,tekoah1 :i* aft] t  ev5t 0 call$ !     

valley ( bless+1 v]se #bf4 ,o!rs ?9k x  
lies  betwe5 ! walls ( ,j]usalem & !    
,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,cyril1 (  ,alex&ria1  
on ,joel iii1 says t ?is valley is b a  
few furlongs  di/ant f ,j]usalem4       
,la/ly1 "s ma9ta9 t ! anci5t ,hebrews   
_h nam$ no p>ticul> place ! valley (    
,jeho%aphat2 b t ,joel  int5d$ g5]ally !
 place :]e ,god w\ld judge ! nations1 & 
w  appe> at ! la/ judgm5t 9 ! brightness
 ( 8 maje/y4  ,jeho%aphat1 9 ,hebrew1   
signifies 8! judgm5t ( ,god40 ,x is v   
probable t ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat1 t is1
 ( ,god's judgm5t1 is  symbolical1 z    
well z ! valley ( slaught]1 9 ! same    
*apt]4  ,f ?is passage1 h[ev]1 ! ,jews &
 _m ,*ri/ians h be5 (  op9ion1 t ! la/  
judgm5t w be solemniz$ 9 ! valley (     
,jeho%aphat4    ,,jehovah1  ! prop] &   
incommunicable "n ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4   
,t ?is div9e "n1 ,jehovah1 0 well kn[n  
to ! ,hea!ns1 !re  c be no d\bt4        
,san*onia?on writes ,jebo2 ,diodorus1 ! 
,sicilian1  ,macrobius1 ,/4 ,clem5s     
,alex&r9us1 ,/4 ,j]om1 & ,orig51        

pron\nce  ,jao2 ,epiphanius1 ,!odoret1 &
 ! ,sam>itans1 ,jabe1 ,jav4 ,we         
likewise f9d 9 ! anci5ts1 ,jahoh1 ,javo1
 ,javu1 ,jaod4 ,!  ,moors call _! god   
,jaba1 :om "s believe to be ! same z    
,jehovah4 ,! ,lat9s1 9 all probability1 
took _! ,javis1 or ,jovis  ,pat]1 f     
,jehovah4    ,! ,jews1 aft] _! captivity
 9 ,babylon1 out ( an excessive &       
sup]/iti\s respect = ?is "n1 left (f to 
pron\nce x1 & ?us  lo/ ! true           
pronunciation4 ,! ,septuag9t g5]ally    
r5d]s x 1  8! ,"l40 ,orig51 ,/4 ,j]om1 &
 ,eusebius1 te/ify t 9 _! "t  ! ,jews   
left ! "n ( ,jehovah writt5 9 _! copies 
9 ,sam>itan  *>act]s1 in/ead ( writ+ x 9
 ! common ,*aldee or ,hebrew  *>act]s2  
:i* %[s _! v5]ation = ?is holy "n3 & !  
fe> !y 7 "u1 le/ /rang]s1 :o 7 n        
unacqua9t$ ) !  ,*aldee lett]s &        
language1 %\ld discov] & misapply x4 ,! 
,jews  call ?is "n ( ,god !             
,tetragrammaton1 or ! "n ) f\r lett]s4  
,x w\ld be wa/e ( "t & pati5ce to repeat
 all t has be5 said  on ?is             

incommunicable "n3 x may n be amiss1    
h[ev]1 to rem9d !  read]1 #a4 ,t al?\gh 
x signifies ! /ate ( be+1 yet x =ms  no 
v]b4 #b4 ,x nev] assumes a plural =m4   
#c4 ,x does n admit an  article1 or take
 an affix4 #d4 ,nei!r is x plac$ 9 a    
/ate (  con/ruction ) o!r words2 ?\gh   
o!r words may be 9 con/ruction  ) x4 ,x 
seems to be a comp\nd ( 1 ! ess5ce1 & 1 
exi/+2 t is1 always exi/+2 :5ce ! ^w    
et]nal  appe>s to express its import2   
or1 z x is well r5d]$1 8,he :o is1  & :o
 01 & :o is to come10 ,rev4 i1 #d2 xi1  
#ag2 t is1 et]nal1  z ! s*oolm5 speak1  
bo? a p>te ante1 & a p>te po/4 ,comp>e  
,john viii1 #eh4 ,x is usually m>k$ by  
an abbreviation1 1 9 ,jewi%  books1 :]e 
x mu/ be allud$ to4 ,x is also          
abbreviat$ 9 ! t]m  1 ,jah1 :i*1 ! read]
 w obs]ve1 ent]s into ! =mation (  _m   
,hebrew appellations4 ,see ,,jah4       
,,jehu1 ! son ( ,jeho%aphat1 & gr&son ( 
,nim%i1 capta9 ( !  troops ( ,joram ! k+
 ( ,israel1 0 appo9t$ by ,god to reign  
ov]  ,israel1 & to av5ge ! s9s committ$ 

by ! h\se ( ,ahab1 #a ,k+s  xix1 #af4 ,!
 ,prophet ,eli%a receiv$ a commission to
 ano9t him2 b !  ord] does n appe> to h 
be5 execut$ until m ?an tw5ty ye>s      
aft]w>d1 & !n x 0 done by "o ( ! sons ( 
! prophets1 #b  ,k+s ix1 #a-c4 ,jehu 0  
!n at ! siege ( ,ramo?-,gilead1 comm&+  
! army ( ,joram1 ! k+ ( ,israel1 :5 a "y
 prophet appe>$1  :o took him aside f ! 
(fic]s ( ! army1 9 ! mid/ ( :om  he 0   
sitt+1 &1 :5 alone 9 a *amb]1 p\r$ oil  
on 8 head1  & said to him1 8,?us sai? ! 
,"l1 ,i h ano9t$ !e k+ ov]  ,israel2 ?\ 
%alt smite ! h\se ( ,ahab1 & av5ge !    
blood ( !  prophets :i* ha? be5 %$ by   
,jezebel4 ,= ! :ole h\se ( ,ahab  %all  
p]i%1 & ,i w make x z t ( ,j]oboam1 !   
son ( ,nebat1  & t ( ,baa%a1 ! son (    
,ahijah4 ,jezebel %all be eat5 by !     
dogs 9 ! fields ( ,jezreel1 & !re %all  
be none to bury h]10 #b  ,k+s ix1 #a-aj4
 ,no soon] _h ! prophet deliv]$ 8       
message1 ?an1  to avoid be+ kn[n1 he    
in/antly )drew2 & ,jehu1 return+ to !   
company ( 8 bro!r (fic]s1 0 by !m       

int]rogat$ respect+  :at _h tak5 place4 
,he in=m$ !m t a prophet _h be5 s5t f   
,god to ano9t him to ! k+ly (fice2 on   
:i* !y all rose up1 &  ea* tak+ 8 cloak1
 !y made a k9d ( ?rone = ,jehu1 & !n    
s\nd+ ! trumpets1 cri$ out1 8,jehu is   
k+40 ,joram1 :o at t  "t reign$ ov] !   
k+dom ( ,israel1 0 !n at ,jezreel 9 a   
/ate  ( indisposition1 hav+ be5 w\nd$ at
 ! siege ( ,ramo?-,gilead4  ,jehu1      
int5d+ to surprise him1 imm$iately gave 
ord]s t no "o  %\ld be p]mitt$ to dep>t 
out ( ! city ( ,ramo?1 & himself set  (f
 = ,jezreel4 ,z he approa*$ t city1 a   
c5t9el gave notice t  he saw a troop    
com+ 9 great ha/e2 on :i* ,joram        
despat*$ an  (fic] to discov] :o x 02 b 
,jehu1 )\t giv+ ! latt] any  answ]1     
ord]$ him to foll[ 9 8 re>4 ,joram s5t a
 second1 & ,jehu  laid ^u him ! same    
comm&4 ,f9d+ t nei!r ( !m return$1      
,joram himself1 accompani$ by ,ahaziah1 
k+ ( ,judah1 proce$$ 9 8  *>iot t[>d    
,jehu1 :om !y met 9 ! field ( ,nabo? !  
,jezreelite4 ,joram inquir$1 8,is x     

peace1 ,jehu80 ,to :i* ! latt]  repli$1 
8,h[ c !re be peace s long z ! :or$oms (
 ?y "m  ,jezebel1 & h] wit*crafts1 are s
 _m80 ,joram in/antly took !  al>m1 &1  
turn+ to ,ahaziah1 said1 8,we are       
betray$40 ,at ! same  "t ,jehu drew 8   
b[1 & smote ,joram betwe5 8 %\ld]s1 s t 
! arr[ pi]c$ 8 he>t1 & he di$ 9 8 *>iot4
 ,jehu !n gave  ord]s t 8 body %\ld be  
ca/ out into ! field ( ,nabo? !         
,jezreelite1 ?us fulfill+ ! pr$iction ( 
! ,prophet ,elijah1 #b  ,k+s ix1 #aa-bf4
    ,jehu next proce$$ to ,jezreel1 :]e 
,jezebel h]self at t "t  resid$4 ,z he  
rode ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city1 ,jezebel1 
:o 0  /&+ at h] w9d[ & look+ at him1    
exclaim$1 8,c he :o has  kill$ 8 ma/]   
hope = peace80 ,jehu1 lift+ up 8 head & 
see+  h]1 comm&$ h] s]vants in/antly to 
?r[ h] out at ! w9d[2  :i* !y did1 & %e 
0 imm$iately trampl$ to dea? "u !       
horses' feet z !y trav]s$ ! city4 ,to   
complete h] de/9y1 &  fulfil ! ?reat5+s 
( ,elijah1 ! dogs came & dev\r$ h]      
corpse2 s t :5 ,jehu s5t to h h] buri$1 

h] bones only 7  f\nd1 #b ,k+s ix1      
#bg-cg4 ,aft] ?is1 ,jehu s5t to in=m !  
inhabitants ( ,sam>ia1 :o _h ! br++ up (
 ,ahab's sev5ty  *ildr51 t !y might     
select :i* ( !m !y ?\ght prop] to  place
 ^u ! ?rone ( ,israel4 ,b ov]:elm$ )    
fe>1 !y repli$  t !y 7 ,jehu's s]vants1 
& w\ld 9 all ?+s obey him4 ,he  !n      
comm&$ !m to put to dea? all ! k+'s     
*ildr51 & s5d  _! heads to him2 :i* 0   
accord+ly done on ! foll[+ day4  ,jehu  
also caus$ to be put to dea? all ,ahab's
 relatives & fri5ds1  ! (fic]s ( 8 c\rt1
 & ! prie/s :om he _h ent]ta9$ at       
,jezreel1 #b ,k+s x1 #a-aa4 ,aft] ?is1  
,jehu proce$$ to ,sam>ia1 & on  8 way   
?i!r met ! fri5ds ( ,ahaziah1 k+ (      
,judah1 :o 7  go+ to ,jezreel to salute 
! *ildr5 ( ,ahab's family1 ) ! dea?  (  
:om !y 7 z yet unacqua9t$4 ,!y 7 =ty-two
 9 numb]2  b ,jehu gave ord]s to h !m   
appreh5d$ & put to dea?4 ,soon  aft]    
?is1 he met ) ,jona?an1 ! son ( ,re*ab2 
& tak+ him up  into 8 *>iot1 8,come )   
me10 said he1 8& see my zeal = !  ,"l40 

,& :5 he 0 come to ,sam>ia he extirpat$ 
e rema9+  bran* ( ,ahab's family1 )\t   
sp>+ an individual4 ,!n conv5+  ! p (   
,sam>ia1 he said1 8,ahab paid "s hon\rs 
to ,baal1 b ,i  w pay him great]4 ,s5d  
n[ & ga!r toge!r all ! m9i/]s1  prie/s1 
& prophets ( ,baal40 ,:5 !y 7 all       
assembl$ 9 ,baal's  temple1 ,jehu comm&$
 to give ea* ( !m a p>ticul> habit1 to  
di/+ui% !m2 at ! same "t direct+ t no   
/rang] %\ld  m+le ) !m2 & !n ord]$ 8 p  
to put !m all to !  sword1 n sp>+ "o (  
!m2 ! image ( ,baal 0 also pull$ d[n1   
brok5 to pieces1 & burn$1 ! temple      
itself de/roy$1 & ! place  :]e x /ood   
r$uc$ to a dunghill1 #b ,k+s x1 #ab-bh4 
,su* 7 ! sangu9>y exploits ( ,jehu t[>d 
! idolatr\s h\se (  ,ahab2 b he act$    
agreeably to div9e direction1 & ! ,"l 9 
^!  in/ances s f> approv$ 8 conduct1 z  
to promise him t 8  *ildr5 %\ld sit ^u !
 ?rone ( ,israel to ! f\r? g5]ation4    
,yet1 ?\gh ,jehu _h be5 ! in/rum5t 9 !  
h& ( ,god = tak+  v5geance on ! pr(ane  
h\se ( ,ahab1 we f9d him accus$ 9       

,scripture  ( n entirely =sak+ ! s9s (  
,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat1 :o  made      
,israel to s9 9 wor%ipp+ ! gold5 calves1
 #b ,k+s x1 #bi1 #ca4  ,x appe>s also t1
 9 execut+ ! div9e indignation on !     
wick$  h\se ( ,ahab1 he 0 actuat$ m by !
 _s ( ambition &  animosity ?an ! fe> ( 
,god1 or a reg>d to ! purity ( 8        
wor%ip4 ,& ?us x is t ,god1 9 ! c\rse ( 
8 provid5ce1 makes  use ( tyrants &     
wick$ m51 z 8 in/rum5ts to execute 8    
righte\s judgm5ts 9 ! e>?4 ,aft] a reign
 ( eight-&-tw5ty  ye>s ov] ,israel1     
,jehu di$1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1        
,jehoahaz2  b 8 reign 0 embitt]$ by ! w>
 :i* ,hazael1 k+ ( ,syria1  long wag$   
aga9/ him1 #b ,k+s x1 #cb-cf4 ,8 f\r    
desc5dants1 :o  succe$$ him 9 ! ?rone1 7
 ,jehoahaz1 ,joa%1 ,j]oboam ,,ii4 &     
,ze*>iah4    ,,jeph?ah1 "o ( ! judges ( 
,israel1 0 ! son ( ,gilead by a         
concub9e1 ,judges xi1 #a1 #b4 ,8 fa!r   
hav+ sev]al o!r *ildr5 by  8 lawful     
wife1 !y conspir$ to expel ,jeph?ah f   
among !m1  insi/+ t he :o 0 ! son ( a   

/range woman %\ld h no "p  ( !          
inh]itance ) !m4 ,l ,i%mael1 !re=e1 he  
)drew1 &  took up 8 resid5ce beyond     
,jordan1 9 ! l& ( ,tob1 :]e he  appe>s  
to h become ! *ief ( a b&itti1 or m>aud+
 p>ty1 :o  probably liv$ by plund]1     
,judges xi1 #c4 ,9 process ( "t1 a w>   
broke  out betwe5 ! ,ammonites & !      
*ildr5 ( ,israel :o inhabit$ !  c\ntry  
beyond ,jordan2 & ! latt]1 f9d+ _! want 
( an intrepid  & skilful lead]1 appli$  
to ,jeph?ah to take ! comm& ( !m4 ,he   
at fir/ reproa*$ !m ) ! inju/ice !y _h  
done him1 9  bani%+ him f 8 fa!r's h\se2
 b he at l5g? yield$ to _!  importunity1
 on an agreem5t t1 %\ld he be successful
 9 ! w>  aga9/ ! ,ammonites1 !          
,israelites %\ld ackn[l$ge him = _!     
*ief1 ,judges xi1 #d-aa4    ,z soon z   
,jeph?ah 0 inve/$ ) ! comm& ( !         
,israelites he  s5t a deputation to !   
,ammonites1 dem&+ to "k on :at pr9ciple 
! latt] _h tak5 up arms aga9/ !m4 ,!y   
answ]$ t x 0 to  recov] ! t]ritory :i* !
 =m] _h tak5 f !m on _!  fir/ com+ out (

 ,egypt4 ,jeph?ah repli$ t !y _h made no
  conque/s 9 t qu>t] b f ! ,amorites2   
add+1 8,if y ?9k  y h a "r to all t     
,*emo%1 y\r god1 ha? giv5 y1 :y  %\ld n 
we possess all t ! ,"l our ,god ha?     
conf]r$ on u by  "r ( conque/80         
,jeph?ah's reason+ avail$ no?+ ) !      
,ammonites2 & z ! latt] p]si/$ 9 wag+   
w>1 ! =m]  collect$ 8 troops toge!r &   
put himself at _! head4 ,! ,_s  ( ! ,"l 
is said to h n[ come ^u ,jeph?ah2 by :i*
 we are "h  to und]/&1 t ! ,"l end[$ him
 ) a _s ( val\r &  =titude1 adequate to 
! exig5ce ( ! situation 9 :i* he 0      
plac$1 animat+ him ) c\rage = ! battle1 
& especially  inspir$ him ) un%ak5      
confid5ce 9 ! ,god ( ! armies (         
,israel1 ,judges xi1 #ag2 ,heb4 xi1 #cb2
 #a ,sam4 xi1 #f2 ,num4 xxiv1 #b4       
,jeph?ah  at ?is "t made a v[ to ! ,"l t
 if he deliv]$ ! ,ammonites  into 8 h&1 
:atev] came =? out ( ! doors ( 8 h\se to
 meet  him :5 he return$ %\ld be !      
,"l's2 x is also add$ 9 our  ,engli%    
v]sion1 8& ,i w (f] x up = a            

burnt-(f]+10 ,judges  xi1 #ca4 ,! battle
 t]m9at$ auspici\sly = ,jeph?ah2 !      
,ammonites  7 defeat$1 & ! ,israelites  
ravag$ _! c\ntry4 ,b on  return+ t[>d 8 
own h\se1 8 daught]1 an only *ild1 came 
out to  meet h] fa!r ) timbrels &       
dances1 accompani$ by a *orus (  virg9s1
 to celebrate 8 victory4 ,on see+ h]1   
,jeph?ah r5t 8  clo!s1 & said1 8,alas1  
my daught]6 ?\ ha/ br\ght me v l[2  = ,i
 h op5$ my m\? to ! ,"l1 & _c g back40  
,8  daught] intimat$ h] read9ess to     
acc$e to any v[ he might h made  9 :i*  
%e 0 p]sonally int]e/$2 only claim+ a   
respite ( two  mon?s1 dur+ :i* %e might 
g up to ! m\nta9s & bewail h]  virg9ity 
) h] companions4 ,jeph?ah yield$ to ?is 
reque/1 & at  ! end ( two mon?s1 accord+
 to ! op9ion ( _m1 h] fa!r  (f]$ h] up 9
 sacrifice1 z a burnt-(f]+ to ! ,"l1    
,judges xi1  #cd-ci4 ,x is1 h[ev]1      
sc>cely necess>y to m5tion1 t almo/ f  !
 days ( ,jeph?ah to ! pres5t "t1 x has  
be5 a subject ( w>m  conte/ among !     
critics & comm5tators1 :e!r ! judge (   

,israel  really sacrific$ 8 daught]1 or 
only devot$ h] to a /ate (  celibacy4   
,among ^? :o cont5d = ! =m] op9ion1 may 
be  p>ticul>ly m5tion$ ! v le>n$        
,pr(essor ,mi*alis1 :o insi/s  mo/      
p]emptorily t ! words1 8did ) h] z he _h
 v[$10 _c  mean any ?+ else b t h] fa!r 
put h] to dea?1 & burn$ h]  body z a    
burnt-(f]+4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 !      
rem>ks ( ,dr4  ,hales are ( great       
weight3--,:5 ,jeph?ah w5t =? to battle  
aga9/  ! ,ammonites 8he v[$ a v[ unto ! 
,"l1 & said1 ,if ?\ wilt  surely give ! 
*ildr5 ( ,ammon into my h&1 !n x %all   
be1 t  :atsoev] come? out ( ! doors ( my
 h\se to meet me1 :5 ,i return  9 peace 
f ! *ildr5 ( ,ammon1 %all ei!r be !     
,"l's1 or ,i  w (f] x up = a            
burnt-(f]+10 ,judges xi1 #cj1 #ca4      
,accord+  to ?is r5d]+ ( ! two          
conjunctions1 1 9 ! la/ clause1  ei!r1  
or1 :i* is ju/ifi$ by ! ,hebrew idiom1 !
 paucity (  connect+ p>ticles 9 t       
language mak+ x necess>y t ?is          
conjunction %\ld (t5 be und]/ood        

disjunctively1 ! v[ consi/$  ( two p>ts1
 #a4 ,t :at p]son soev] met him %\ld be 
! ,"l's1  or be d$icat$ to 8 s]vice4 #b4
 ,t :at bea/ soev] met him1 if  clean1  
%\ld be (f]$ up = a burnt-(f]+ unto !   
,"l4 ,?is  r5d]+1 & ?is int]pretation1  
is w>rant$ by ! ,levitical law  ab\t    
v[s4 ,! 1 or v[ 9 g5]al1 includ$ ei!r   
p]sons1  bea/s1 or ?+s1 d$icat$ to ! ,"l
 = pi\s uses2 :i*1 if x  0 a simple v[1 
0 r$eemable at c]ta9 prices1 if ! p]son 
rep5t$ ( 8 v[1 & wi%$ to commute x =    
money1 accord+ to  ! age & sex ( !      
p]son1 ,lev4 xxvii1 #a-h4 ,?is 0 a wise 
regulation to rem$y ra% v[s4 ,b if ! v[ 
0 accompani$ ) 1  devotem5t1 x 0        
irr$eemable1 z 9 ! foll[+ cases3        
8,not)/&+1 no devotem5t :i* a man %all  
devote unto ! ,"l1  ei!r ( man1 or (    
bea/1 or ( l& ( 8 own prop]ty1 %all be  
sold or r$eem$4 ,e ?+ devot$ is mo/ holy
 unto ! ,"l10 ,lev4  xxvii1 #bh4 ,"h !  
?ree vaus 9 ! orig9al %\ld necess>ily be
  r5d]$ disjunctively1 or1 z ! la/      
actually is 9 our public  translation1  

because !re are ?ree di/9ct subjects (  
devotem5t1 to  be appli$ to di/9ct uses2
 ! man1 to be d$icat$ to ! s]vice  ( !  
,"l1 z ,samuel by 8 "m1 ,hannah1 #a     
,sam4 i1 #aa2 !  cattle1 if clean1 su* z
 ox51 %eep1 goats1 turtle doves1 or     
pigeons1 to be sacrific$2 & if unclean1 
z camels1 horses1 asses1 to  be employ$ 
= c>ry+ burd5s 9 ! s]vice ( ! tab]nacle 
or  temple2 & ! l&s1 to be sacr$        
prop]ty4 ,?is law1 !re=e1  expressly    
appli$1 9 its fir/ bran*1 to ,jeph?ah's 
case1 :o _h  devot$ 8 daught] to ! ,"l1 
or op5$ 8 m\? unto ! ,"l1  & !re=e c\ld 
n g back2 z he decl>$ 9 8 grief at see+ 
8 daught]1 & 8 only *ild1 com+ to meet  
him ) timbrels &  dances4 ,%e 01 !re=e1 
necess>ily devot$1 b ) h] own  cons5t1  
to p]petual virg9ity1 9 ! s]vice ( !    
tab]nacle1  ,judges xi1 #cf1 #cg4 ,& su*
 s]vice 0 cu/om>y2 = 9 ! division  ( !  
spoils tak5 9 ! fir/ ,midianite w>1 ( ! 
:ole numb] (  captive virg9s1 8! ,"l's  
tribute 0 ?irty-two p]sons10 ,num4 xxxi1
  #ce-dj4 ,?is in/ance appe>s to be     

decisive ( ! nature ( h]  devotem5t4 ,h]
 fa!r's extreme grief on ?is occasion1 &
 h]  requisition ( a respite ( two mon?s
 to bewail h] virg9ity1 are bo?         
p]fectly natural3 hav+ no o!r issue1 he 
c\ld only look =w>d to  ! ext9ction ( 8 
"n or family2 & a /ate ( celibacy1 :i*  
is  reproa*ful among wom5 e :]e1 0      
peculi>ly s among !  ,israelites2 & 0   
!re=e no ord9>y sacrifice on h] "p1 :o1 
?\gh %e g5]\sly gave up1 c\ld n b regret
 ! loss ( becom+  8a "m 9 ,israel40 ,&  
he did ) h] accord+ to 8 v[ :i* he  _h  
v[$1 & %e knew no man10 or rema9$ a     
virg9 all h] life1  ,judges xi1 #cd-di4 
,!re 0 also ano!r case ( devotem5t :i* 0
  irr$eemable1 & foll[s ! =m]3 8,no "o  
devot$1 :o %all be  devot$ ( man1 %all  
be r$eem$1 b %all surely be put to      
dea?10  ,levit4 xxvii1 #bi4 ,?is case   
diff]s mat]ially f ! =m]3 #a4 ,x is     
conf9$ to p]sons devot$1 omitt+ bea/s & 
l&s4 #b4 ,x does n  relate to private   
prop]ty1 z 9 ! =ego+4 #c4 ,! subject ( x
  0 to be utt]ly de/roy$1 in/ead ( be+  

8mo/ holy unto ! ,"l40  ,?is law1 !re=e1
 relat$ to ali5s or public enemies      
devot$ to  de/ruction1 ei!r by ,god1 by 
! p1 or by ! magi/rate4 ,( all  ^! we h 
in/ances 9 ! ,scriptures3 #a4 ,!        
,amalekites &  ,canaanites 7 devot$ by  
,god himself4 ,saul1 !re=e1 0 guilty ( a
  brea* ( ?is law = sp>+ ,agag1 ! k+ ( !
 ,amalekites1 z  ,samuel reproa*$ him1  
#a ,sam4 xv1 #bc3 & 8,samuel hew$ ,agag 
9 pieces  be=e ! ,"l10 n z a sacrifice1 
accord+ to ,voltaire1 b z a  crim9al1   
8^: sword _h made _m wom5 *ildless40 ,by
 ?is law !  ,midianite wom51 :o _h be5  
sp>$ 9 battle1 7 sla91 ,num4 xxxi1      
#ad-ag4 #b4 ,9 ,m\nt ,hor1 :5 !         
,israelites 7 attack$ by ,arad1 k+  ( ! 
s\!rn ,canaanites1 :o took "s ( !m      
prison]s1 !y v[$  a v[ unto ! ,"l1 t !y 
w\ld utt]ly de/roy ^! ,canaanites1  & _!
 cities1 if ! ,"l %\ld deliv] !m into _!
 h&2 :i*  ! ,"l ratifi$4 ,:5ce ! place 0
 call$ ,hhormah1 because ! v[  0        
accompani$ by *]em1 or devotem5t to     
de/ruction1 ,num4 xxi1  #a-c4 ,& ! v[ 0 

accompli%$1 ,judges i1 #ag4 #c4 ,9 !    
,phili/9e  w>1 ,saul adjur$ ! p1 & curs$
 any "o t %\ld ta/e food  until ! ev5+4 
,8 own son1 ,jona?an1 inadv]t5tly ate a 
honey  comb1 n kn[+ ( 8 fa!r's oa?1 =   
:i* ,saul s5t5c$ him to  die4 ,b ! p    
int]pos$1 & rescu$ him1 = 8 public      
s]vices2 ?us assum+ ! p[] ( disp5s+1 9  
_! collective  capacity1 ) an           
unreasonable oa?1 #a ,sam4 xiv1 #bd-de4 
,?is latt]  case1 !re=e1 is utt]ly      
irrelative to ,jeph?ah's v[1 :i* did n  
reg>d a =eign enemy1 or a dome/ic       
transgressor1 devot$ to  de/ruction1 b1 
on ! contr>y1 0 a v[ ( ?anksgiv+1 &     
!re=e prop]ly came "u ! =m] case4 ,& t  
,jeph?ah c\ld  n possibly h sacrific$ 8 
daught]1 accord+ to ! vulg>  op9ion1    
f\nd$ on incorrect translation1 may     
appe> f ! foll[+  consid]ations3 #a4 ,! 
sacrifice ( *ildr5 to ,molo* 0 an       
abom9ation to ! ,"l1 ( :i* 9 numb]less  
passages1 he expresses  8 dete/ation2 & 
x 0 prohibit$ by an express law1 "u pa9 
(  dea?1 z 8a defilem5t ( ,god's        

sanctu>y1 & a pr(anation ( 8  holy "n10 
,levit4 xx1 #b1 #c4 ,su* a sacrifice1   
!re=e1 unto ! ,"l  himself1 mu/ be a    
/ill high] abom9ation4 ,& !re is no     
prec$5t  ( any su* "u ! law1 9 ! ,old   
,te/am5t4 #b4 ,! case ( ,isaac  be=e !  
law1 is irrelevant2 = ,isaac 0 n        
sacrific$2 & x 0  only propos$ = a trial
 ( ,abraham's fai?4 #c4 ,no fa!r1 m]ely 
by  8 own au?ority1 c\ld put an (f5d+1  
mu* less an innoc5t1 *ild  to dea?1 ^u  
any acc\nt1 )\t ! s5t5ce ( ! magi/rates1
  ,deut4 xxi1 #ah-ba1 & ! cons5t ( ! p1 
z 9 ,jona?an's case4  #d4 ,! ,mis*na1 or
 traditional law ( ! ,jews1 is po9t$ly  
aga9/ x3  8,if a ,jew %\ld devote 8 son 
or daught]1 8 man or maid s]vant1  :o   
are ,hebrews1 ! devotem5t w\ld be void2 
because no man c devote  :at is n 8 own1
 or ( ^: life he has n ! absolute       
disposal40    ,^! argum5ts appe> to be  
decisive aga9/ ! sacrifice2 & t         
,jeph?ah c\ld n ev5 h devot$ 8 daught]  
to celibacy aga9/  h] w1 is evid5t f !  
hi/ory1 & f ! high e/imation 9  :i* %e 0

 always held by ! daught]s ( ,israel1 = 
h] filial  duty1 & h] hapless fate1 :i* 
!y celebrat$ by a regul>  anniv]s>y     
commemoration f\r days 9 ! ye>1 ,judges 
xi1 #dj4 ,we may1  h[ev]1 rem>k1 t1 if x
 c\ld be m cle>ly e/abli%$ t  ,jeph?ah  
actually immolat$ 8 daught]1 !re is n ! 
lea/  evid5ce t 8 conduct 0 sanction$ by
 ,god4 ,jeph?ah 0 manife/ly  a          
sup]/iti\s & ill-in/ruct$ man1 &1 l     
,samson1 an in/rum5t  ( ,god's p[]1 r   
?an an example ( 8 grace4    ,,j]emiah4 
,! ,prophet ,j]emiah 0 ( ! sac]dotal    
race1 be+1 z he  records himself1 "o ( !
 prie/s t dwelt at ,ana?o?1 9 ! l&  (   
,b5jam91 a city appropriat$ out ( t     
tribe to ! use ( !  prie/s1 ! sons (    
,a>on1 ,jo%ua xxi1 #ah1 & situate1 z we 
le>n  f ,/4 ,j]om1 ab\t ?ree miles nor? 
( ,j]usalem4 ,"s h suppos$  8 fa!r to h 
be5 t ,hilkah1 ! high prie/1 by :om !   
book  ( ! law 0 f\nd 9 ! temple 9 !     
reign ( ,josiah3 b = ?is  !re is no     
bett] gr\nd ?an 8 hav+ borne ! same "n1 
:i* 0  no uncommon "o among ! ,jews2    

:]eas1 _h he be5 9 reality ! high       
prie/1 he w\ld d\btless h be5 m5tion$ by
 t di/+ui%+  title1 & n put ^u a level )
 prie/s ( an ord9>y & inf]ior  class4   
,j]emiah appe>s to h be5 v "y :5 he 0   
call$ to  ! ex]cise ( ! prophetical     
(fice1 f :i* he mode/ly  endeav\r$ to   
excuse himself by plead+ 8 y\? &        
incapacity2 b  be+ ov]rul$ by ! div9e   
au?ority1 he set himself to dis*>ge !   
duties ( 8 function ) unremitt$ dilig5ce
 & fidelity dur+ a  p]iod ( at lea/     
=ty-two ye>s1 reckon$ f ! ?irte5? ye> ( 
,josiah's reign4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 m9i/ry  
he met ) great  difficulties &          
opposition f 8 c\ntrym5 ( all degrees1  
^:  p]secution & ill usage sometimes    
wr\ght s f> ^u 8 m9d1 z to  draw f him  
expressions1 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 s\l1 :i* 
_m  h ?\ght h>d to reconcile ) 8        
religi\s pr9ciples2 b :i*1  :5 duly     
consid]$1 may be f\nd to dem& our pity =
 8 unremitt$  suff]+s1 r ?an our c5sure 
= any want ( piety & rev]5ce  t[>d ,god4
 ,he 01 9 tru?1 a man ( unblemi%$ piety 

&  consci5ti\s integrity2 a w>m lov] ( 8
 c\ntry1 ^: mis]y he  pa!tically        
deplores2 & s affectionately atta*$ to 8
 c\ntrym51  not)/&+ _! injuri\s treatm5t
 ( him1 t he *ose r  to abide ) !m1 &   
und]go all h>d%ips 9 _! company1 ?an    
sep>ately to enjoy a /ate ( ease &      
pl5ty1 :i* ! fav\r ( !  k+ ( ,babylon   
w\ld h secur$ to him4 ,at l5g?1 aft] !  
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 be+ c>ri$ ) !   
remnant ( ! ,jews  into ,egypt1 :i!r !y 
_h resolv$ to retire1 ?\gh contr>y to 8 
advice1 ^u ! murd] ( ,g$aliah1 :om !    
,*aldeans _h left  gov]nor 9 ,judea1 he 
!re cont9u$ w>mly to remon/rate aga9/   
_! idolatr\s practices1 =etell+ !       
consequ5ces t w\ld  inevitably foll[4 ,b
 8 fre$om & zeal are said to h co/ him  
8 life2 = ! ,jews at ,tahpanhes1 accord+
 to tradition1 took su*  (f5ce at him t 
!y /on$ him to dea?4 ,?is acc\nt ( !    
mann]  ( 8 end1 ?\gh n absolutely c]ta91
 is at lea/ v probable1  consid]+ !     
temp] & disposition ( ! p>ties conc]n$4 
,_!  wick$ness1 h[ev]1 did n long pass  

)\t its rew>d2 =1 9 a few  ye>s aft]1 !y
 7 mis]ably de/roy$ by ! ,babylonian    
armies  :i* invad$ ,egypt accord+ to !  
prophet's pr$iction1 ,j]4 xliv1  #bg1   
#bh4    ,! idolatr\s apo/asy1 & o!r     
crim9al enormities ( ! p (  ,judah1 & ! 
sev]e judgm5ts :i* ,god 0 prep>$ to     
inflict ^u  !m1 b n )\t a di/ant        
prospect ( future re/oration &          
deliv]ance1 are ! pr9cipal subject      
matt]s ( ! prophecies (  ,j]emiah2      
except+ only ! =ty-fif? *apt]1 :i*      
relates  p]sonally to ,b>u*1 & ! six    
succe$+ *apt]s1 :i* respect !  =tunes ( 
"s p>ticul> ,hea!n nations4 ,x is       
obs]vable1 h[ev]1  t ?\gh _m ( ^!       
prophecies h _! p>ticul> dates annex$   
to !m1 & o!r dates may be tol]ably well 
conjectur$ f c]ta9  int]nal m>ks &      
circum/ances1 !re appe>s mu* disord] 9 !
  arrangem5t1 n easy to be acc\nt$ = on 
any pr9ciple ( regul>  design1 b        
probably ! result ( "s accid5t or o!r1  
:i* has  di/urb$ ! orig9al ord]4 ,! be/ 
arrangem5t ( ! *apt]s  appe>s to be     

accord+ to ! li/ :i* w be subjo9$2 !    
diff]5t reigns 9 :i* ! prophecies 7     
deliv]$ 7 mo/  probably z foll[s3 ,!    
fir/ twelve *apt]s seem to conta9 all ! 
prophecies deliv]$ 9 ! reign ( ! good   
,k+ ,josiah4 ,dur+ !  %ort reign (      
,%allum1 or ,jehoahaz1 8 second son1 :o 
succe$$ him1  ,j]emiah does n appe> to h
 _h any revelation4 ,jehoiakim1 !  elde/
 son ( ,josiah1 succe$$4 ,! prophecies (
 ?is reign are  cont9u$ on f ! ?irte5?  
to ! tw5tie? *apt] inclusively2  to :i* 
we mu/ add ! tw5ty-second1 tw5ty-?ird1  
tw5ty-fif?1  tw5ty-six?1 ?irty-fif?1 &  
?irty-six? *apt]s1 toge!r ) !  =ty-fif?1
 =ty-six?1 =ty-sev5?1 & mo/ probably !  
=ty-eigh?1 & z f> z ! ?irty-f\r? v]se ( 
! =ty-n9?  *apt]4 ,jeconiah1 ! son (    
,jehoiakim1 succe$$4 ,we read ( no      
prophecy t ,j]emiah actually deliv]$ 9  
?is k+'s reign2 b !  fate ( ,jeconiah1 8
 be+ c>ri$ into captivity1 & cont9u+ an 
exile till ! "t ( 8 dea?1 7 =etold e>ly 
9 8 fa!r's  reign1 z may be p>ticul>ly  
se5 9 ! tw5ty-second *apt]4 ,!  la/ k+ (

 ,judah 0 ,z$ekiah1 ! y\nge/ son (      
,josiah4 ,!  prophecies deliv]$ 9 8     
reign are conta9$ 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ &      
tw5ty-f\r? *apt]s1 ! tw5ty-sev5? to !   
?irty-f\r?1 & !  ?irty-sev5? to !       
?irty-n9? inclusively1 toge!r ) ! la/   
six v]ses ( ! =ty-n9? *apt]1 & ! fiftie?
 & fifty-fir/  *apt]s conc]n+ ! fall (  
,babylon4 ,! siege ( ,j]usalem1 9 !     
reign ( ,z$ekiah1 & ! capture ( ! city1 
are circum/antially  relat$ 9 !         
fifty-second *apt]2 & a p>ticul> acc\nt 
( !  subsequ5t transactions is giv5 9 ! 
=tie? to ! =ty-f\r?  inclusively4 ,!    
arrangem5t ( ! *apt]s1 allud$ to above1 
is "h  subjo9$3 i-xx1 xxii1 xxiii1 xxv1 
xxvi1 xxxv1 xxxvi1 xlv1 xxiv1           
xxix-xxxi1 xxvii1 xxviii1 xxi1 xxxiv1   
xxxvii1 xxxii1 xxxiii1 xxxviii1  xxxix1 
f ! fifte5? to ! eighte5? v]se1 xxxix1 f
 ! fir/  to ! f\rte5? v]se1 xl-xliv1    
xlvi1 & s on4    ,! prophecies (        
,j]emiah1 ( :i* ! circum/antial         
accompli%m5t  is (t5 specifi$ 9 ! ,old &
 ,new ,te/am5t1 are ( a v  di/+ui%$ &   

illu/ri\s "*4 ,he =etold ! fate (       
,z$ekiah1 ,j]4 xxxiv1 #b-e2 #b ,*ron4   
xxxvi1 #aa-ba2 #b ,k+s xxv1 #e2 ,j]4    
lii1 #aa2 ! ,babyloni% captivity1 !     
precise "t ( its duration1 &  ! return (
 ! ,jews4 ,he describes ! de/ruction (  
,babylon1 & !  d[nfall ( _m nations1    
,j]4 xxv1 #ab2 ix1 #bf2 xxv1 #ai-be2    
xlii1 #aj-ah2  xlvi1 & ! foll[+ *apt]s1 
9 pr$ictions1 ( :i* ! gradual  &        
successive completion kept up !         
confid5ce ( ! ,jews = !  accompli%m5t ( 
^? prophecies1 :i* he deliv]$ relative  
to !  ,messiah & 8 p]iod1 ,j]4 xxiii1   
#e1 #f2 xxx1 #i2 xxxi1 #ae2 xxxii1      
#ad-ah2 xxxiii1 #i-bf4 ,he =e%[$ !      
miracul\s conception ( ,*ri/1  ,j]4     
xxxi1 #bb1 ! virtue ( 8 atonem5t1 !     
spiritual "* (  8 cov5ant1 & ! inw>d    
efficacy ( 8 laws1 ,j]4 xxxi1 #ca-cf2   
xxxiii1 #h4 ,j]emiah1 contemplat+ ^?    
calamities :i* imp5d$ ov]  8 c\ntry1    
repres5t$1 9 ! mo/ descriptive t]ms1 &  
"u !  mo/ impressive images1 !          
de/ruction t ! invad+ enemy %\ld        

produce4 ,he bewail$1 9 pa!tic          
expo/ulation1 ! %ameless  adult]ies :i* 
_h provok$ ! ,almighty1 aft] long       
=be>ance1 to  ?reat5 ,judah ) inevitable
 puni%m5t1 at ! "t t false  prophets    
delud$ ! nation ) ! promises ( 8assur$  
peace10 &  :5 ! p1 9 impi\s contempt (  
8! ,"l's ^w10 defi$ its  accompli%m5t4  
,j]emiah int]m+les ) 8 prophecies "s    
hi/orical relations relative to 8 own   
conduct1 & to ! completion  ( ^?        
pr$ictions :i* he _h deliv]$4 ,!        
reputation ( ,j]emiah  _h spread among  
=eign nations1 & 8 prophecies 7 des]v$ly
  celebrat$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,_m ,hea!n  
writ]s also h  undesign$ly borne        
te/imony to ! tru? & accuracy ( 8       
prophetic  & hi/orical descriptions4    
,z to ! /yle ( ,j]emiah1 says ,bi%op    
,l[?1 ?is prophet is by no  means want+ 
ei!r 9 elegance or sublimity1 al?\gh1   
g5]ally  speak+1 inf]ior to ,isaiah 9   
bo?4 ,8 ?\ghts1 inde$1 are some:at  less
 elevat$1 & he is commonly m l>ge &     
diffuse 9 8  s5t5ces2 b ! reason ( ?is  

may be1 t he is mo/ly tak5 up  ) ! g5tl]
 passions ( grief & pity1 = ! expression
 ( :i*  he has a peculi> tal5t4 ,?is is 
mo/ evid5t 9 ! ,lam5tations1  :]e ^?    
passions altoge!r pr$om9ate2 b x is (t5 
visible  also 9 8 prophecies1 9 ! =m] "p
 ( ! book m especially1  :i* is         
pr9cipally poetical2 ! middle p>ts are  
*iefly hi/orical2  b ! la/ "p1 consi/+ (
 six *apt]s1 is entirely poetical1 &    
conta9s sev]al oracles di/9ctly m>k$1 9 
:i* ?is prophet falls  v little %ort ( !
 l(ty /yle ( ,isaiah4 ,b ( ! :ole book (
  ,j]emiah x is h>dly ! "o half :i* ,i  
look ^u z poetical4    ,j]emiah surviv$ 
to behold ! sad accompli%m5t ( all 8    
d>ke/  pr$ictions4 ,he witness$ all !   
horrors ( ! fam9e1 &1 :5 t  _h done its 
"w1 ! triumph ( ! enemy4 ,he saw ! /rong
 holds (  ! city ca/ d[n1 ! palace (    
,solomon1 ! temple ( ,god1 ) all  its   
c\rts1 its ro(s ( c$> & ( gold1 levell$ 
to ! e>?1 or  committ$ to ! flames2 !   
sacr$ vessels1 ! ark ( ! cov5ant        
itself1 ) ! *]ubim1 pillag$ by pr(ane   

h&s4 ,:at 7 !  feel+s ( a patriotic &   
religi\s ,jew at ?is trem5d\s crisis1 he
  has left on record 9 8 unrivall$      
elegies4 ,nev] did city suff] a  m      
mis]able fate1 nev] 0 ru9$ city lam5t$ 9
 language s  exquisitely pa!tic4        
,j]usalem is1 z x 71 p]sonifi$1 &       
bewail$ ) ! passionate sorr[ ( private &
 dome/ic atta*m5t2  :ile ! m g5]al      
pictures ( ! fam9e1 ! common mis]y (  e 
rank1 & age1 & sex1 all ! desolation1 ! 
c>nage1 !  violation1 ! dragg+ away into
 captivity1 ! remembrance ( =m]         
glories1 ( ! gorge\s c]emonies & ! glad 
fe/ivals1 ! awful  s5se ( ! div9e wra?  
height5+ ! pres5t calamities1 are       
successively drawn ) all ! life &       
reality ( an eye-witness4 ,!y  comb9e ! 
tru? ( hi/ory ) ! deepe/ pa?os ( poetry4
    ,,j]i*o 0 a city ( ,b5jam91 ab\t    
sev5 leagues f ,j]usalem1 &  two f !    
,jordan1 ,jo%ua xviii1 #ba4 ,moses calls
 x ! city ( palm  trees1 ,deut4 xxxiv1  
#c1 because ( palm trees gr[+ 9 ! pla9 (
  ,j]i*o4 ,josephus says1 t 9 ! t]ritory

 ( ?is city 7 n only  _m palm trees1 b  
also ! balsam tree4 ,! valley ( ,j]i*o 0
  wat]$ by a rivulet :i* _h be5 =m]ly   
salt & bitt]1 b 0  sweet5$ by ! ,prophet
 ,eli%a1 #b ,k+s ii1 #ai4 ,j]i*o 0 !    
fir/  city 9 ,canaan tak5 by ,jo%ua1 ii1
 #a1 #b1 c4 ,he s5t ?i!r spies1 :o  7   
receiv$ by ,rahab1 lodg$ 9 h] h\se1 &   
pres]v$ f ! k+  ( ,j]i*o4 ,jo%ua receiv$
 ord]s to besiege ,j]i*o1 soon aft] 8   
passage ov] ,jordan1 ,jo%ua vi1 #a-c1 c4
 ,god comm&$ ! ,hebrews to  m>* r\nd !  
city once a day = sev5 days toge!r4 ,!  
soldi]s  m>*$ fir/1 probably out ( !    
rea* ( ! enemies' arr[s1 &  aft] !m !   
prie/s1 ! ark1 c4 ,on ! sev5? day1 !y   
m>*$  sev5 times r\nd ! city2 & at !    
sev5?1 :ile ! trumpets 7  s\nd+1 & all !
 p %\t+1 ! walls fell d[n4 ,! rabb9s    
say1 t ! fir/ day 0 our ,sunday1 & !    
sev5? ! ,sabba? day4  ,dur+ ! fir/ six  
days1 ! p cont9u$ 9 pr(\nd sil5ce2 b  on
 ! sev5? ,jo%ua comm&$ !m to %\t4       
,accord+ly !y all  ex]t$ _! voices1 & ! 
walls be+ ov]?r[n1 !y ent]$ !  city1 e  

man 9 ! place opposite to him4 ,j]i*o   
be+ devot$ by  ,god1 !y set fire to !   
city1 & consecrat$ all ! gold1 silv]1  &
 brass4 ,!n ,jo%ua said1 8,curs$ be !   
man be=e ! ,"l :o  %all rebuild ,j]i*o40
 ,ab\t five hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft]    
?is1  ,hiel1 ( ,be!l1 und]took to       
rebuild x2 b he lo/ 8 elde/ son1        
,abiram1 at lay+ ! f\ndations1 & 8      
y\nge/ son1 ,segub1 :5 he  hung up !    
gates4 ,h[ev]1 we are n to imag9e t !re 
0 no city  ( ,j]i*o till ! "t ( ,hiel4  
,!re 0 a city ( palm trees1  probably ! 
same z ,j]i*o1 "u ! ,judges1 ,judges    
iii1 #ac4 ,david's  ambassadors1 :o _h  
be5 insult$ by ! ,ammonites1 resid$ at  
,j]i*o  till _! be>ds 7 gr[n1 #b ,sam4  
x1 #d4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 a city  ( ,j]i*o  
:i* /ood 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! orig9al   
,j]i*o4  ,^! two places are di/+ui%$ by 
,josephus4 ,aft] ,hiel ( ,be!l _h       
rebuilt old ,j]i*o1 no "o scrupl$ to    
dwell !re4 ,our ,savi\r wr\ght  miracles
 at ,j]i*o4    ,accord+ to ,pococke1 !  
m\nta9s to :i* ! absurd "n (            

,qu>antania has be5 arbitr>ily giv51 are
 ! highe/ 9 all ,judea2  & he is        
probably correct2 !y =m "p ( a *a9      
ext5d+ f  ,scy?opolis into ,idumea4 ,!  
f\nta9 ( ,eli%a he /ates to be a s(t    
wat]1 r w>m2 he f\nd 9 x "s small %ell  
fi% ( !  turb9at$ k9d4 ,close by ! ru9$ 
aqu$uct are ! rema9s ( a f9e  pav$ way1 
) a fall5 column1 suppos$ to be a ,roman
 mile/one4 ,!  hills ne>e/ to ,j]usalem 
consi/1 accord+ to ,hasselqui/1 ( a v   
h>d lime/one2 & diff]5t sorts ( plants  
are f\nd on !m1 9  p>ticul> ! myrtle1 ! 
c>ob tree1 & ! turp5t9e tree2 b  f>!r   
t[>d ,j]i*o !y are b>e & b>r51 ! h>d    
lime/one  giv+ way to a loos] k9d1      
sometimes :ite & sometimes grayi%1 )    
int]jac5t lay]s ( a r$di% micace\s /one1
 saxum purum micaceum4  ,! vales1 ?\gh  
n[ b>e & uncultivat$1 & full ( pebbles1 
conta9 good r$ m\ld1 :i* w\ld amply     
rew>d ! husb&man's toil4  ,no?+ c be m  
savage ?an ! pres5t aspect ( ^! wild &  
gloomy solitudes1 ?r\gh :i* runs ! v    
road :]e is laid !  sc5e ( t exquisite  

p>able1 ! good ,sam>itan1 & f t "t  to !
 pres5t1 x has be5 ! haunt ( ! mo/      
desp]ate b&its1  be+ "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s 
9 ,pale/9e4 ,sometimes ! track leads    
along ! edges ( cliffs & precipices1 :i*
 ?reat5 de/ruction on  ! slighte/ false 
/ep2 at o!r times x w9ds ?r\gh craggy   
passes1  ov]%ad[$ by project+ or        
p]p5dicul> rocks4 ,at "o place ! road   
has be5 cut ?r\gh ! v apex ( a hill1 !  
rocks ov]hang+ x  on ei!r side4 ,"h1 9  
#ahbj1 an ,engli% travell]1 ,sir        
,fr$]ick  ,h5nik]1 0 attack$ by ! ,arabs
 ) fire-arms1 :o /ripp$ him  nak$1 &    
left him sev]ely w\nd$3 8,x 0 pa/       
mid-day1 & burn+  hot10 says ,sir       
,fr$]ick2 8,i bl$ pr(usely2 & two       
vultures1 ^:  bus9ess x is to consume   
corpses1 7 hov]+ ov] me4 ,i %\ld        
sc>cely h _h /r5g? to resi/1 _h !y *os5 
to attack me40    ,! mod]n village (    
,j]i*o is describ$ by ,mr4 ,buck+ham z a
  settlem5t ( ab\t fifty dwell+s1 all v 
mean 9 _! appe>ance1  & f5c$ 9 front )  
?orny bu%es1 :ile a b>ri] ( ! same  k9d1

 ! mo/ effectual t c\ld be rais$ aga9/  
m\nt$ ,arabs1  encircles ! t[n4 ,a f9e  
brook fl[s by x1 :i* empties itself into
  ! ,jordan2 ! ne>e/ po9t ( t riv] is   
ab\t ?ree miles  di/ant4 ,! gr\nds 9 !  
imm$iate vic9ity ( ! village1 be+       
f]tiliz$ by ?is /ream1 be> crops (      
d\rra1 ,indian corn1 rice1 &  onions4 ,!
 population is entirely ,mohamm$an1 & is
 gov]n$ by a  %eikh3 _! habits are ^? ( 
,b$\9s1 & robb]y & plund] =m  _! *ief & 
mo/ ga9ful occupation4 ,! :ole ( ! road 
f  ,j]usalem to ! ,jordan1 is held to be
 ! mo/ dang]\s 9 ,pale/9e2  & inde$1 9  
?is portion ( x1 ! v aspect ( ! sc5]y is
  suffici5t1 on ! "o h&1 to tempt to    
robb]y & murd]1 &1 on !  o!r1 to        
occasion a dread ( x 9 ^? :o pass t way4
 ,"o mu/ be  amid ^! wild & gloomy      
solitudes1 surr\nd$ by an arm$ b&1 &    
feel ! impati5ce ( ! travell] :o ru%es  
on to cat* a new view  at e pass & turn2
 "o mu/ be al>m$ at ! v tramp ( !       
horses' ho(s reb\nd+ ?r\gh ! cav]n$     
rocks1 & at ! savage  %\ts ( ! footm51  

sc>cely less l\d ?an ! e*o+ ?und]       
produc$ by ! dis*>ge ( _! pieces 9 !    
valleys2 "o mu/  witness all ?is ^u !   
spot1 be=e ! full =ce & beauty ( !      
admirable /ory ( ! good ,sam>itan c be  
p]ceiv$4 ,"h1 pillage1  w\nds1 & dea?   
w\ld be accompani$ ) d\ble t]ror1 f !   
frightful aspect ( e ?+ ar\nd4 ,"h1 !   
unfeel+ act (  pass+ by a fell[ creature
 9 di/ress1 z ! prie/ & ,levite are     
said to h done1 /rikes "o ) horror1 z an
 act almo/ m ?an  inhuman4 ,& "h1 too1 !
 compassion ( ! good ,sam>itan is d\bly 
virtu\s1 f ! purity ( ! motive :i* mu/ h
 l$ to x1 9 a  spot :]e no eyes 7 fix$  
on him to draw =? ! p]=mance (  any     
duty1 & f ! brav]y :i* 0 necess>y to    
admit ( a man's  expos+ himself1 by su* 
delay1 to ! risk ( a simil> fate to t  f
 :i* he 0 endeav\r+ to rescue 8 fell[   
creature4    ,,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat &
 ,z]uah1 0 born at ,z]$a1 9 ! tribe  (  
,ephraim1 #a ,k+s xi1 #bf4 ,he is !     
subject ( frequ5t m5tion 9  ,scripture1 
z hav+ be5 ! cause ( ! t5 tribes revolt+

 f !  dom9ion ( ,rehoboam1 & also ( 8   
hav+ 8made ,israel to s910 by  in/itut+ 
! idolatr\s wor%ip ( ! gold5 calves at  
,dan &  ,be!l1 #a ,k+s xii1 #bf-cc4 ,he 
seems to h be5 a bold1 unpr9cipl$1  &   
ent]pris+ man1 ) mu* ( ! address ( a    
deep politician  ab\t him2 qualities :i*
 probably po9t$ him out to ,k+ ,solomon 
z a  prop] p]son to be entru/$ ) !      
obnoxi\s commission ( levy+  c]ta9 taxes
 ?r\gh\t ! tribes ( ,ephraim &          
,manasseh4 ,on a  c]ta9 day1 z ,j]oboam 
0 go+ out ( ,j]usalem into ! c\ntry1    
hav+ a new cloak wrapp$ ab\t 8 %\ld]s1 !
 ,prophet ,ahijah met  him 9 a field :]e
 !y 7 alone1 & seiz+ ! cloak ( ,j]oboam1
  he cut x into twelve pieces1 & !n     
address+ him1 said1 8,take t5  ( !m to  
?yself2 = ?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,i w divide & 
r5d !  k+dom ( ,solomon1 & w give t5    
tribes to !e4 ,if1 !re=e1  ?\ obeye/ my 
^w & walke/ 9 my ways z ,david my s]vant
 has  done1 ,i w be ) !e1 & w e/abli% ?y
 h\se = ev]1 &  put !e 9 possession ( ! 
k+dom ( ,israel10 #a ,k+s xi1 #ad-ci4   

,:e!r x 7 t ! promises ?us made by      
,ahijah prompt$ ,j]oboam  to aim at tak+
 _! accompli%m5t into 8 own h&s1 &1 ) a 
view to t1 began to solicit ! subjects (
 ,solomon to revolt2 or  :e!r ! b>e     
in=mation ( :at _h pass$ betwe5 !       
prophet &  ,j]oboam1 excit$ 8 fe> &     
jeal\sy1 x appe>s evid5t t !  ag$ mon>* 
took ! al>m1 & attempt$ to appreh5d     
,j]oboam1 :o1  gett+ notice ( :at 0     
int5d$ him1 made a precipitate retreat  
into  ,egypt1 :]e he rema9$ till ! dea? 
( ,solomon4 ,he !n return$1  & f\nd t   
,rehoboam1 :o _h succe$$ 8 fa!r ,solomon
 9 !  ?rone ( ,david1 _h already excit$ 
! disgu/ ( t5 ( ! tribes by  "s arbitr>y
 proce$+s1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y _h     
)drawn  _! allegiance f ! new mon>*4 ,^!
 tribes no soon] he>d (  8 return ?an !y
 invit$ him to appe> among !m 9 a g5]al 
assembly1 9 :i* !y elect$ him to be k+  
ov] ,israel4 ,j]oboam  fix$ 8 resid5ce  
at ,%e*em1 & !re =tifi$ himself2 he also
  rebuilt ,p5uel1 a city beyond ,jordan1
 putt+ x into a /ate (  def5ce1 9 ord]  

to keep ! tribes quiet :i* 7 on t side  
,jordan1 #a ,k+s xii1 #a-be4    ,b      
,j]oboam soon =got ! duty :i* he ow$ to 
,god1 :o _h giv5  him ! k+dom2 & ?\ght (
 no?+ b h[ to ma9ta9 himself 9  !       
possession ( x1 ?\gh he disc>d$ ! wor%ip
 ( ! true ,god4  ,! fir/ sugge/ion ( 8  
unbeliev+ he>t 01 t if ! tribes  ov] :om
 he reign$ 7 to g up to ,j]usalem to    
sacrifice & keep  ! annual fe/ivals1 !y 
w\ld be "u cont9ual temptations to      
return to ! h\se ( ,david4 ,to c\nt]act 
?is1 he caus$ two gold5  calves to be   
made z objects ( religi\s wor%ip1 "o (  
:i* he  plac$ at ,dan1 & ! o!r at ,be!l1
 ! two extremities ( 8  dom9ions2 &     
caus$ a proclamation to be made ?r\gh\t 
all 8  t]ritories1 t 9 future none ( 8  
subjects %\ld g up to  ,j]usalem to     
wor%ip2 &1 direct+ !m to ! two calves   
:i* _h  be5 rec5tly erect$1 he cri$ out1
 8,behold ?y gods1 ,o ,israel1 :i*      
br\ght !e up out ( ,egypt60 ,he also    
caus$ idolatr\s temples to be  built1 & 
prie/s to be orda9$ ( ! l[e/ ( ! p1 :o 7

  nei!r ( ! family ( ,a>on nor ( ! tribe
 ( ,levi1 #a ,k+s xii1  #bf-cc4 ,hav+   
appo9t$ a solemn public fe/ival to be   
obs]v$ on !  fifte5? day ( ! eigh? mon?1
 9 ord] to d$icate 8 new alt>  &        
consecrate 8 gold5 calves1 he assembl$ !
 p at ,be!l1 &  himself w5t up to ! alt>
 = ! purpose ( (f]+ inc5se &            
sacrifices4 ,at t in/ant a prophet1 :o  
_h come1 div9ely direct$1  f ,judah to  
,be!l1 acco/$ ,j]oboam1 & said1 8,o     
alt>1 alt>1 ?us  sai? ! ,"l1 ,a *ild    
%all be born to ! h\se ( ,david1 ,josiah
 by  "n2 & ^u !e %all he sacrifice !    
prie/s ( ! high places  :o n[ burn      
inc5se ^u !e3 he %all burn m5's bones ^u
 !e40 ,to  confirm ! tru? ( ?is ?reat5+1
 ! prophet also add$ a sign1  namely1 t 
! alt> %\ld imm$iately be r5t asund]1 & 
! a%es  & e ?+ ^u x p\r$ ^u ! e>?4      
,j]oboam1 inc5s$ at  ?is int]f]5ce ( !  
prophet1 /ret*$ out 8 h& & comm&$  him  
to be seiz$2 b ! h& :i* he _h /ret*$ out
 0 in/antly  p>alyz$1 & he 0 unable to  
draw x back aga94 ,! alt>1 too1 0       

brok51 & ! a%es ^u x fell to ! gr\nd    
accord+ to !  pr$iction ( ! prophet4    
,j]oboam n[ solicit$ 8 pray]s t 8  h&   
might be re/or$ to him4 ,! man ( ,god   
int]pos$ 8  supplication to ,heav51 & ! 
k+'s h& 0 re/or$ to him s\nd z  be=e4   
,j]oboam !n entreat$ him t he w\ld      
accompany him to 8  own h\se1 & accept a
 rew>d2 b he answ]$1 8,?\gh ?\ %\ld/    
give me ! half ( ?9e h\se1 ,i w\ld n g )
 !e1 nor w ,i  ta/e any ?+ 9 ?is place1 
= ! ,"l ha? expressly =bidd5 me  to d   
s10 #a ,k+s xiii1 #a-aj4 ,b not)/&+ ?is 
manife/  indication ( ! displeasure (   
,heav51 x fail$ ( recov]+  ,j]oboam f 8 
impi\s proc$ure4 ,he cont9u$ to enc\rage
 8  subjects 9 idolatry1 by appo9t+     
prie/s ( ! high places1 &  engag+ !m 9  
su* wor%ip z 0 contr>y to ! div9e law4  
,?is  0 ! s9 ( ,j]oboam's family1 & x 0 
! cause ( its utt]  extirpation4 ,"s "t 
aft] 8 accession to ! ?rone ( ,israel1 8
  fav\rite son ,abijah fell sick1 &1 to 
relieve 8 p>5tal solicitude1  ,j]oboam  
in/ruct$ 8 wife to disguise h]self1 & 9 

t /ate to  g & consult ! ,prophet       
,ahijah conc]n+ 8 recov]y4 ,?is 0 !     
same prophet :o _h =etold to ,j]oboam t 
he %\ld be k+ (  ,israel4 ,he 0 n[ bl9d 
?r\gh old age2 b ! prophet 0 w>n$ (  h] 
approa*1 &1 be=e %e ent]$ 8 ?re%old1 he 
call$ h] by  "n1 told h] t h] son %\ld  
die1 & !n1 9 appall+ t]ms1  d5\nc$ !    
imp5d+ ru9 ( ,j]oboam's :ole family1 :i*
 %ortly  aft] came to pass4 ,aft] a     
reign ( two-&-tw5ty ye>s1 ,j]oboam  di$1
 & ,nadab1 8 son1 succe$$ to ! cr[n1 #a 
,k+s xiii1 #cc1 #cd2  xiv1 #a-bj4    #b4
 ,,j]oboam1 ! second ( t "n1 0 ! son (  
,jehoa%1 k+ (  ,israel4 ,he succe$$ to 8
 fa!r's royal dignity1 ,a4 ,m4 #cagi1 & 
reign$ =ty-"o ye>s4 ,?\gh mu* addict$ to
 ! idolatr\s  practices ( ! son (       
,nebat1 yet ! ,"l 0 pleas$ s f> to      
prosp] 8 reign1 t by 8 means1 accord+ to
 ! pr$ictions (  ! ,prophet ,jonah1 !   
k+dom ( ! t5 tribes 0 re/or$ f a  /ate (
 great decay1 into :i* x _h fall51 & 0  
ev5 rais$ to a  pit* ( extraord9>y      
spl5d\r4 ,! ,prophets ,amos & ,hosea1 z 

well  z ,jonah1 liv$ dur+ ?is reign4    
,,j]usalem1 =m]ly call$ ,jebus1 or      
,salem1 ,jo%ua xviii1 #bh2 ,heb4 vii1   
#b1 ! capital ( ,judea1 situat$ p>tly 9 
! tribe ( ,b5jam91 &  p>tly 9 t (       
,judah4 ,x 0 n completely r$uc$ by !    
,israelites  till ! reign ( ,david1 #b  
,sam4 v1 #f-i4 ,z ,j]usalem 0 ! c5tre ( 
! true wor%ip1 ,psalm cxxii1 #d1 & !    
place :]e ,god did 9 a  peculi> mann]   
dwell1 fir/ 9 ! tab]nacle1 #b ,sam4 vi1 
#g1 #ab2 #a  ,*ron4 xv1 #a2 xvi1 #a2    
,psalm cxxxii1 #ac2 cxxxv1 #b1 & aft]w>d
 9 !  temple1 #a ,k+s vi1 #ac2 s x is   
us$ figuratively to d5ote ! *ur*1  or ! 
cele/ial society1 to :i* all t believe1 
bo? ,jews &  ,g5tiles1 are come1 & 9 :i*
 !y are initiat$1 ,gal4 iv1 #bf2 ,heb4  
xii1 #bb2 ,rev4 iii1 #ab2 xxi1 #b1 #aj4 
,j]usalem 0 situat$ 9 a /ony &  b>r5    
soil1 & 0 ab\t sixty furlongs 9 l5g?1   
accord+ to  ,/rabo4 ,! t]ritory & places
 adjac5t 7 well wat]$1 hav+ !  f\nta9s (
 ,gihon & ,siloam1 & ! brook ,kidron1 at
 ! foot ( its  walls2 &1 beside ^!1 !re 

7 ! wat]s ( ,e?an1 :i* ,pilate  _h      
convey$ ?r\gh aqu$ucts into ! city4 ,!  
anci5t city (  ,j]usalem1 or ,jebus1 :i*
 ,david took f ! ,jebusites1 0 n v      
l>ge4 ,x 0 seat$ ^u a m\nta9 s\?w>d ( ! 
temple4 ,!  opposite m\nta91 situat$ to 
! nor?1 is ,sion1 :]e ,david built a    
new city1 :i* he call$ ! city ( ,david1 
:]e9 0 ! royal  palace1 & ! temple ( !  
,"l4 ,! temple 0 built ^u ,m\nt         
,moriah1 :i* 0 "o ( ! little hills      
belong+ to ,m\nt ,sion4    ,?r\gh !     
reigns ( ,david & ,solomon1 ,j]usalem 0 
! metropolis (  ! :ole ,jewi% k+dom1 &  
cont9u$ to increase 9 weal? &  spl5d\r4 
,x 0 resort$ to at ! fe/ivals by ! :ole 
population  ( ! c\ntry2 & ! p[] &       
comm]cial _s ( ,solomon1  improv+ !     
advantages acquir$ by 8 fa!r ,david1    
c5tr$ 9 x  mo/ ( ! ea/]n trade1 bo? by  
sea1 ?r\gh ! ports ( ,ela? &            
,ezion-,geb]1 & ov] l&1 by ! way (      
,tadmor or ,palmyra4 ,or1 at  lea/1 ?\gh
 ,j]usalem might n h be5 made a depot ( 
m]*&ise1  ! quantity ( preci\s metals   

fl[+ into x by direct importation1  & by
 duties impos$ on goods pass+ to ! ports
 ( !  ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 o!r directions1 
0 unb\nd$4 ,"s idea ( !  prodigi\s weal?
 ( ,j]usalem at ?is "t may be =m$ by    
/at+1  t ! quantity ( gold left by      
,david = ! use ( ! temple  am\nt$ to    
#ba1fjj1jjj /]l+1 beside #c1aej1jjj 9   
silv]2 &  ,solomon obta9$ #c1bdj1jjj 9  
gold by "o voyage to ,ophir1 :ile silv] 
0 s abundant1 8t x 0 n any ?+ acc\nt$   
(40 ,^! 7  ! days ( ,j]usalem's glory4  
,univ]sal peace1 unmeasur$ weal?1 !     
wisdom & clem5cy ( ! pr9ce1 & ! wor%ip (
 ! true ,god1  m>k$ ,j]usalem1 above e  
city1 z enjoy+ ! pres5ce & !  especial  
fav\r ( ! ,almighty4 ,b ^! days 7 n to  
la/ long3  inte/9e divisions & =eign    
w>s1 wick$ & tyrannical pr9ces1  &1 la/ 
( all1 ! crime mo/ (f5sive to ,heav51 & 
! "o lea/  to be expect$ among s fav\r$ 
a p1 l$ to a s]ies (  calamities1 ?r\gh 
! long p]iod ( n9e hundr$ ye>s1 ) :i* no
  o!r city or nation c furni% a p>allel4
 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,solomon1  t5 ( ! twelve

 tribes revolt$ f 8 successor ,rehoboam1
 &1  "u ,j]oboam1 ! son ( ,nebat1       
e/abli%$ a sep>ate k+dom3 s  t          
,j]usalem1 no long] ! capital ( ! :ole  
empire1 & its  temple frequ5t$ only by !
 tribes ( ,judah & ,b5jam91 mu/ h       
exp]i5c$ a m\rnful decl5sion4 ,f\r ye>s 
aft] ?is1 ! city &  temple 7 tak5 &     
plund]$ by ,%i%ak1 k+ ( ,egypt1 #a ,k+s 
xiv1  #bf1 #bg2 #b ,*ron4 xii1 #b-i4 ,"o
 hundr$ & =ty-five ye>s aft]1 "u        
,amaziah1 !y su/a9$ ! same fate f ,joa%1
 k+ ( ,israel1 #b  ,k+s xiv2 #b ,*ron4  
xxv4 ,"o hundr$ & sixty ye>s f ?is      
p]iod1  ! city 0 aga9 tak51 by          
,es>haddon1 k+ ( ,assyria2 & ,manasseh1 
! k+1 c>ri$ a prison] to ,babylon1 #b   
,*ron4 xxxiii4 ,)9 !  space ( sixty-six 
ye>s m x 0 tak5 by ,ph>aoh-,ne*o1 k+ (  
,egypt1 :om ,josiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 _h    
oppos$ 9 8 exp$ition to  ,c>*emi%2 & :o1
 9 consequ5ce1 0 kill$ at ! battle (    
,megiddo1 & 8 son ,eliakim plac$ on !   
?rone 9 8 /ead by ,ne*o1  :o *ang$ 8 "n 
to ,jehoiakim1 & impos$ a heavy tribute 

^u him1  hav+ s5t 8 eld] bro!r1         
,jehoahaz1 :o _h be5 proclaim$ k+ at    
,j]usalem1 a prison] to ,egypt1 :]e he  
di$1 #b ,k+s xxiii2 #b ,*ron4  xxxv4    
,j]usalem 0 ?ree times besieg$ & tak5 by
 ,nebu*adnezz>1  k+ ( ,babylon1 )9 a v  
few ye>s4 ,! fir/1 9 ! reign ( !  la/   
m5tion$ k+1 ,jehoiakim1 :o 0 s5t a      
prison] to ,babylon1 &  ! vessels ( !   
temple transport$ to ! same city1 #b    
,*ron4 xxxvi4  ,! second1 9 t ( 8 son   
,jehoia*92 :5 all ! treasures ( !       
palace & ! temple1 & ! rema9d] ( !      
vessels ( ! latt]  :i* _h be5 hidd5 or  
sp>$ 9 ! fir/ capture1 7 c>ri$ away  or 
de/roy$1 & ! be/ ( ! inhabitants1 ) !   
k+1 l$ into  captivity1 #b ,k+s xxiv2 #b
 ,*ron4 xxxvi4 ,& ! ?ird1 9 ! reign (   
,z$ekiah1 ! successor ( ,jehoia*92 9 ^: 
n9? ye> ! mo/  =midable siege :i* ?is   
ill fat$ city ev] su/a9$1 except t  (   
,titus1 0 comm5c$4 ,x cont9u$ two ye>s2 
dur+ a great "p (  :i* ! inhabitants    
suff]$ all ! horrors ( fam9e3 :51 on !  
n9? day ( ! f\r? mon?1 9 ! elev5? ye> ( 

,z$ekiah1 :i*  answ]s to ,july 9 ! ye>  
,b4 ,c4 #ehh1 ! g>rison1 ) ! k+1        
endeav\r$ to make _! escape f ! city1 b 
7 pursu$ &  defeat$ by ! ,*aldeans 9 !  
pla9s ( ,j]i*o2 ,z$ekiah tak5  prison]2 
8 sons kill$ be=e 8 face at ,riblah1    
:i!r he 0  tak5 to ! k+ ( ,babylon2 & he
 himself1 aft] 8 eyes 7 put  out1 0 b\nd
 ) fett]s ( brass1 & c>ri$ prison] to   
,babylon1  :]e he di$3 ?us fulfill+ !   
prophecy ( ,ezekiel1 :i* decl>$  t he   
%\ld be c>ri$ to ,babylon1 b %\ld n see 
! place1  ?\gh he %\ld die !re1 ,ezekiel
 xii1 #ac4 ,9 ! foll[+ mon?1 !  ,*aldean
 army1 "u _! g5]al1 ,nebuz>adan1 ent]$ !
 city1 took  away e ?+ t 0 valuable1 &  
!n burn$ & utt]ly  de/roy$ x1 ) its     
temple & walls1 & left ! :ole raz$ to ! 
gr\nd4 ,! entire population ( ! city &  
c\ntry1 ) !  exception ( a few husb&m51 
7 !n c>ri$ captive to ,babylon4    ,dur+
 sev5ty ye>s1 ! city & temple lay 9     
ru9s3 :5 ^? ,jews  :o *ose to take      
imm$iate advantage ( ! proclamation (   
,cyrus1  "u ! conduct ( ,z]ubbabel1     

return$ to ,j]usalem1 & began to  build 
! temple2 all ! vessels ( gold & silv]  
belong+ to :i*1  t _h be5 tak5 away by  
,nebu*adnezz>1 be+ re/or$ by ,cyrus4    
,_! "w1 h[ev]1 did n proce$ f> )\t      
opposition2 = 9 !  reign ( ,cambyses1 ! 
son ( ,cyrus1 :o 9 ,scripture is call$  
,ahasu]us1 ! ,sam>itans pres5t$ a       
petition to t mon>* to put a  /op to !  
build+1 ,ezra iv1 #f4 ,cambyses appe>s  
to h be5 too  busily engag$ 9 8         
,egyptian exp$ition to pay any att5tion 
to ?is  malici\s reque/4 ,8 successor1  
,sm]dis1 ! ,magian1 h[ev]1 :o 9         
,scripture is call$ ,artax]xes1 to :om a
 simil> petition 0 s5t1  repres5t+ !    
,jews z a facti\s & dang]\s p1 li/5$ to 
x1 &1 9 ! true _s ( a usurp]1 issu$ a   
decree putt+ a /op  to ! f>!r build+ ( !
 temple1 ,ezra iv1 #g1 c2 :i*1 9        
consequ5ce1 rema9$ 9 an unf9i%$ /ate    
till ! second ye>1  accord+ to ! ,jewi%1
 & ?ird1 accord+ to ! ,babylonian &     
,p]sian acc\nt1 ( ,d>ius ,hy/aspes1 :o  
is call$ simply ,d>ius 9  ,scripture4   

,to him also a repres5tation ho/ile to !
 ,jews 0 made by  _! invet]ate enemies1 
! ,sam>itans2 b ?is noble pr9ce refus$  
to li/5 to x1 & hav+ se>*$ ! rolls ( !  
k+dom1 & f\nd  9 ! palace at ,acme?a !  
decree ( ,cyrus1 issu$ a simil> "o1  :i*
 rea*$ ,j]usalem 9 ! subsequ5t ye>1 &   
ev5 ord]$ ^!  v ,sam>itans to assi/ !   
,jews 9 _! "w2 s t x 0  complet$ 9 !    
six? ye> ( ! same reign1 ,ezra iv1 #bd2 
v2 vi1 #a-ae4  ,b ! city & walls rema9$ 
9 a ru9\s condition until !  tw5tie? ye>
 ( ,artax]xes1 ! ,artax]xes ,longimanus 
( pr(ane  hi/ory2 by :om ,nehemiah 0 s5t
 to ,j]usalem1 ) a p[] grant$ to  him to
 rebuild !m4 ,accord+ly1 "u ! direction 
( ?is zeal\s  s]vant ( ,god1 ! walls 7  
spe$ily rais$1 b n )\t !  accu/om$      
opposition on ! "p ( ! ,sam>itans2 :o1  
despair+ (  ! success ( an application  
to ! c\rt ( ,p]sia1 op5ly attack$  !    
,jews ) arms4 ,b ! build+1 not)/&+1 w5t 
/eadily on2  ! m5 work+ ) an implem5t ( 
"w 9 "o h&1 & a weapon (  w> 9 ! o!r2 & 
! wall1 ) incr$ible lab\r1 0 f9i%$ 9    

fifty-two days1 9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #dde2   
aft] :i*1 ! city itself 0  gradually    
rebuilt1 ,neh4 ii1 iv1 vi4 ,f ?is "t    
,j]usalem rema9$  atta*$ to ! ,p]sian   
empire1 b "u ! local jurisdiction ( !   
high prie/s1 until ! subv]sion ( t      
empire by ,alex&]1 f\rte5  ye>s aft]4   
,see ,,alex&]4    ,at ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 
& ! p>tition ( 8 empire by 8  g5]als1   
,j]usalem1 ) ,judea1 fell to ! k+s (    
,syria4 ,b 9 !  frequ5t w>s :i* foll[$  
betwe5 ! k+s ( ,syria & ^? (  ,egypt1   
call$ by ,daniel1 ! k+s ( ! nor? & s\?1 
x belong$  sometimes to "o & sometimes  
to ! o!r1--an unsettl$ & unhappy  /ate1 
highly fav\rable to disord] &           
corruption1--! high  prie/hood 0 op5ly  
sold to ! highe/ bidd]2 & numb]s ( !    
,jews des]t$ _! religion = ! idolatries 
( ! ,greeks4 ,at  l5g?1 9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 
#agj1 ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 k+ ( ,syria1
  enrag$ at he>+ t ! ,jews _h rejoic$ at
 a false report ( 8  dea?1 plund]$      
,j]usalem1 & kill$ eighty ?\s& m54 ,n m 
?an two ye>s aft]w>d1 ?is cruel tyrant1 

:o _h seiz$ e  opportunity to ex]cise 8 
b>b>ity on ! ,jews1 s5t ,apollonius )   
an army to ,j]usalem2 :o pull$ d[n !    
walls1 griev\sly oppress$  ! p1 & built 
a citadel on a rock adjo9+ ! temple1 :i*
  comm&$ t build+1 & _h ! effect (      
completely ov]aw+ !  s$iti\s4 ,hav+ ?us 
r$uc$ ?is un=tunate city into entire    
submission1 & r5d]$ resi/ance useless1 !
 next /ep ( ,antio*us  0 to aboli% !    
,jewi% religion altoge!r1 by publi%+ an 
edict  :i* comm&$ all ! p ( 8 dom9ions  
to con=m to !  religion ( ! ,greeks3 9  
consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! s]vice ( !  temple  
ceas$1 & a /atue ( ,jupit] ,olympus 0   
set up on ! alt>4  ,b ?is extremity (   
ignom9y & oppression l$1 z might h be5  
expect$1 to rebellion2 & ^? ,jews :o    
/ill held _! insult$  religion 9        
rev]5ce1 fl$ to ! m\nta9s1 ) ,matta?ias 
& ,judas  ,maccabeus2 ! latt] ( :om1    
aft] ! dea? ( ,matta?ias1 :o )  8       
foll[]s & successors1 are kn[n by ! "n (
 ,maccabees1 wag$  successful w> ) !    
,syrians2 defeat$ ,apollonius1 ,nicanor1

 &  ,lysias1 g5]als ( ,antio*us2 obta9$ 
possession ( ,j]usalem1  purifi$ !      
temple1 & re/or$ ! s]vice1 aft] ?ree    
ye>s'  defilem5t by ! ,g5tile           
idolatries4    ,f ?is "t1 dur+ sev]al   
succe$+ ,maccabean rul]s1 :o 7 at  once 
high prie/s & sov]eigns ( ! ,jews1 b )\t
 ! title (  k+1 ,j]usalem 0 able to     
pres]ve itself f ,syrian viol5ce4 ,x  01
 h[ev]1 twice besieg$1 fir/ by ,antio*us
 ,eupator1 9 ! ye>  #afc1 & aft]w>d by  
,antio*us ,sidetes1 9 ! ye> ,b4 ,c4     
#acd4 ,b !  ,jews _h caus$ !mselves to  
be suffici5tly respect$ to obta9        
conditions ( peace on bo? occasions1 &  
to save _! city2 till1 at  l5g?1        
,hyrcanus1 9 ! ye> #acj ,b4 ,c41 %ook (f
 ! ,syrian yoke1 &  reign$1 aft] ?is    
ev5t1 tw5ty-"o ye>s 9 indep5d5ce &      
prosp]ity4 ,8 successor1 ,judas1 made an
 important *ange 9 ! ,jewi%  gov]nm5t1  
by tak+ ! title ( k+1 :i* dignity 0     
enjoy$ by  8 successors =ty-sev5 ye>s1  
:5 a dispute hav+ aris5 betwe5          
,hyrcanus ,,ii4 & 8 bro!r ,ari/obulus1 &

 ! latt] hav+ ov]come  ! =m]1 & made    
himself k+1 01 9 8 turn1 conqu]$ by !   
,romans "u ,pompey1 by :om ! city &     
temple 7 tak51 ,ari/obulus  made        
prison]1 & ,hyrcanus creat$ high prie/ &
 pr9ce ( ! ,jews1  b )\t ! title ( k+4  
,by ?is ev5t ,judea 0 r$uc$ to !        
condition ( a ,roman prov9ce1 9 ! ye>   
#fc ,b4 ,c4 ,nor did ,j]usalem  long    
aft] enjoy ! dignity ( a metropolis1 t  
hon\r be+  transf]r$ to ,cs>ea4 ,julius 
,cs>1 hav+ defeat$ ,pompey1 cont9u$     
,hyrcanus 9 ! high prie/hood1 b be/[$ ! 
gov]nm5t ( ,judea  ^u ,antipat]1 an     
,iduman by bir?1 b a ,jewi% proselyte1 &
 fa!r  ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,= ! siege &   
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by !  ,romans1   
see ,,jews4    ,j]usalem lay 9 ru9s ab\t
 =ty-sev5 ye>s1 :5 ! ,emp]or lius       
,adrian began to build x anew1 & erect$ 
a ,hea!n temple1 :i* he  d$icat$ to     
,jupit] ,capitol9us4 ,! city 0 f9i%$ 9 !
 tw5tie?  ye> ( 8 reign1 & call$1 aft]  
its f\nd]1 lia1 or lia  ,capitol9a1 f ! 
,hea!n deity :o presid$ ov] x4 ,9 ?is   

/ate  ,j]usalem cont9u$1 "u ! "n ( lia1 
& inhabit$ m by  ,*ri/ians & ,pagans ?an
 by ,jews1 till ! "t ( ! ,emp]or        
,con/ant9e1 /yl$ ! ,great2 :o1 ab\t !   
ye> #cbc1 hav+ made  ,*ri/ianity !      
religion ( ! empire1 began to improve x1
 adorn$ x  ) _m new edifices & *ur*es1 &
 re/or$ its anci5t "n4  ,ab\t ?irty-five
 ye>s aft]w>d1 ,julian1 nam$ ! ,apo/ate1
 n f  any love he bore ! ,jews1 b out ( 
hatr$ to ! ,*ri/ians1 ^:  fai? he _h    
abjur$1 & ) ! av[$ design ( defeat+ !   
prophecies1 :i* _h decl>$ t ! temple    
%\ld n be rebuilt1  wrote to ! ,jews1   
invit+ !m to _! city1 & promis+ to      
re/ore  _! temple & nation4 ,he         
accord+ly employ$ great numb]s (  workm5
 to cle> ! f\ndations2 b balls ( fire   
bur/+ f !  e>?1 soon put a /op to _!    
proce$+4 ,?is miracul\s  int]position ( 
,provid5ce is atte/$ by _m cr$ible      
witnesses &  hi/orians2 &1 9 p>ticul>1  
by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 a ,hea!n1 &    
fri5d ( ,julian2 ,zemu* ,david1 a ,jew2 
,nazianz51 ,*ryso/om1 ,ambrose          

,ruff9us1 ,!odoret1 ,sozom51 &          
,socrates1 :o wrote 8 acc\nt )9  fifty  
ye>s aft] ! transaction1 & :ile _m      
eye-witnesses ( x  7 /ill liv+4 ,s      
/ubborn1 inde$1 is ! pro( ( ?is miracle1
  t ev5 ,gibbon1 :o /rives to invalidate
 x1 is oblig$ to  ackn[l$ge ! g5]al     
fact4    ,j]usalem cont9u$ 9 ne>ly !    
same condition till ! beg9n+ (  ! sev5? 
c5tury1 :5 x 0 tak5 & plund]$ by !      
celebrat$  ,*osroes1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 by :om
 _m ?\s&s ( ! ,*ri/ian  inhabitants 7   
kill$1 or sold = slaves4 ,! ,p]sians1   
h[ev]1 did  n hold x long1 z !y 7 soon  
aft] entirely defeat$ by !  ,emp]or     
,h]aclius1 :o rescu$ ,j]usalem1 & re/or$
 x1 n to !  unhappy ,jews1 :o 7 =bidd5  
to come )9 ?ree miles ( x1 b  to !      
,*ri/ians4 ,a worse calamity 01 h[ev]1  
spe$ily to befall  ?is ill fat$ city4 ,!
 ,mohamm$an impo/ure arose ab\t ?is "t2 
&  ! fanatics :o _h adopt$ its cre$     
c>ri$ _! arms & _!  religion )          
unprec$5t$ rapidity ov] ! great] "p ( ! 
ea/4  ,! ,caliph ,om>1 ! ?ird f         

,mohamm$1 inve/$ ! city1 :i*1  aft] once
 m suff]+ ! horrors ( a protract$ siege1
 surr5d]$  on t]ms ( capitulation 9 !   
ye> #fcg2 & has ev] s9ce1 ) !  exception
 ( ! %ort p]iod t x 0 occupi$ by !      
crusad]s1  be5 trodd5 "u foot by !      
foll[]s ( ! false prophet4    #b4 ,!    
acc\nts ( mod]n ,j]usalem by travell]s  
are v num]\s4 ,mr4  ,cond]1 9 8         
8,pale/9e10 has abridg$ !m ) judgm5t2 & 
we give  ! foll[+ extract3 ,! approa* to
 ,j]usalem f ,jaffa is n !  direction 9 
:i* to see ! city to ! be/ effect4 ,dr4 
,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke  ent]$ x by ! ,damascus  
gate3 & he describes ! view ( ,j]usalem1
  :5 fir/ descri$ f ! summit ( a hill1  
at ab\t an h\r's  di/ance1 z mo/        
impressive4 ,he confesses1 at ! same "t1
 t !re  is no o!r po9t ( view 9 :i* x is
 se5 to s mu* advantage4 ,9  ! celebrat$
 prospect f ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 ! city   
lies too l[1  is too ne> ! eye1 & has   
too mu* ! "* ( a bird's eye  view1 ) !  
=mality ( a topographical plan4 8,we _h 
n be5  prep>$10 says ?is lively         

travell]1 8= ! gr&eur ( !  spectacle :i*
 ! city alone exhibit$4 ,in/ead ( a     
wret*$ &  ru9$ t[n1 by "s describ$ z !  
desolat$ remnant ( ,j]usalem1 we        
beheld1 z x 71 a fl\ri%+ & /ately       
metropolis1 pres5t+ a  magnific5t       
assemblage ( domes1 t[]s1 palaces1      
*ur*es1 &  mona/]ies2 all ( :i*1 glitt]+
 9 ! sun's rays1 %one )  inconceivable  
spl5d\r4 ,z we drew ne>]1 our :ole      
att5tion 0  engross$ by its noble &     
int]e/+ appe>ance4 ,! l(ty hills        
surr\nd+ x give ! city itself an        
appe>ance ( elevation less ?an  x really
 has40 ,dr4 ,cl>ke 0 =tunate 9 cat*+ ?is
 fir/ view (  ,j]usalem "u ! illusion ( 
a brilliant ev5+ sun%9e2 b 8            
description is decid$ly ov]*>g$4 ,m4    
,*ateaubri&1 ,mr4 ,buck+ham1  ,mr4      
,br[n1 ,mr4 ,jolliffe1 ,sir ,f4 ,h5nik]1
 & almo/ e o!r mod]n  travell]1 confirm 
! repres5tation ( ,dr4 ,ri*>dson4 ,mr4  
,buck+ham  says1 8,! appe>ance ( ?is    
celebrat$ city1 indep5d5t ( !  feel+s & 
recollections :i* ! approa* to x _c fail

 to  awak51 0 greatly inf]ior to my     
expectations1 & _h c]ta9ly  no?+ (      
gr&eur or beauty1 ( /atel9ess or        
magnific5ce1 ab\t x4  ,x appe>$ l a     
wall$ t[n ( ! ?ird or f\r? class1 hav+  
nei!r t[]s1 nor domes1 nor m9>ets )9 x1 
9 suffici5t numb]s  to give ev5 a "* to 
its impressions on ! behold]2 b %[+     
*iefly l>ge flat-ro($ build+s ( ! mo/   
unornam5t$ k9d1  seat$ amid rugg$ hills1
 on a /ony & =bidd+ soil1 ) sc>cely  a  
picturesque object 9 ! :ole compass ( ! 
surr\nd+ view40  ,*ateaubri&'s          
description is v /rik+ & graphical4     
,aft] cit+  ! language ( ! ,prophet     
,j]emiah1 9 8 lam5tations on !          
desolation ( ! anci5t city1 z accurately
 portray+ its pres5t  /ate1 ,lam4 i1    
#a-f2 ii1 #a-i1 #ae1 he ?us proce$s3    
8,:5 se5 f !  ,m\nt ( ,olives1 on ! o!r 
side ( ! ,valley ( ,jeho%aphat1         
,j]usalem pres5ts an incl9$ plane1      
desc5d+ f we/ to ea/4 ,an  embattl$     
wall1 =tifi$ ) t[]s1 & a ,go?ic ca/le1  
encompasses  ! city all r\nd2 exclud+1  

h[ev]1 "p ( ,m\nt ,zion1 :i* x  =m]ly   
enclos$4 ,9 ! we/]n qu>t]1 & 9 ! c5tre (
 !  city1 ! h\ses /& v close2 b1 9 !    
ea/]n "p1 along !  brook ,k$ron1 y      
p]ceive vacant spaces2 among ! re/1 t   
:i*  surr\nds ! mosque erect$ on ! ru9s 
( ! temple1 & ! ne>ly  des]t$ spot :]e  
once /ood ! ca/le ( ,antonia & ! second 
palace ( ,h]od4 ,! h\ses ( ,j]usalem are
 heavy squ>e masses1 v  l[1 )\t *imneys 
or w9d[s3 !y h flat t]races or domes on 
! top1 & look l prisons or sepul*res4 ,!
 :ole w\ld appe> to  ! eye "o un9t]rupt$
 level1 did n ! /eeples ( ! *ur*es1  !  
m9>ets ( ! mosques1 ! summits ( a few   
cypresses1 & !  clumps ( nopals1 break !
 uni=mity ( ! plan4 ,on behold+ ^!  /one
 build+s1 encompass$ by a /ony c\ntry1 y
 are ready to  inquire if !y are n !    
confus$ monum5ts ( a cemetry 9 ! mid/  (
 a des]t4 ,ent] ! city1 b no?+ w y !re  
f9d to make  am5ds = ! dulness ( its    
ext]ior4 ,y lose y\rself among n>r[1    
unpav$ /reets1 "h go+ up hill1 !re d[n1 
f ! inequality (  ! gr\nd2 & y walk     

among cl\ds ( du/ or loose /ones4       
,canvas  /ret*$ f h\se to h\se increases
 ! gloom ( ?is labyr9?4  ,baza>s1 ro($  
ov]1 & fraught ) infection1 completely  
exclude !  light f ! desolate city4 ,a  
few paltry %ops expose no?+ b           
wret*$ness to view2 & ev5 ^! are        
frequ5tly %ut1 f  appreh5sion ( !       
passage ( a cadi4 ,n a creature is to be
 se5 9  ! /reets1 n a creature at !     
gates1 except n[ & !n a peasant  glid+  
?r\gh ! gloom1 conceal+ "u 8 g>m5ts !   
fruits (  8 lab\r1 le/ he %\ld be robb$ 
( 8 h>d e>n+s by !  rapaci\s soldi]4    
,aside1 9 a corn]1 ! ,arab but*] is     
slaught]+  "s animal1 susp5d$ by ! legs 
f a wall 9 ru9s3 f 8  hagg>d & f]oci\s  
look1 & 8 bloody h&s1 y w\ld suppose t  
he _h be5 cutt+ ! ?roat ( a fell[       
creature1 r ?an kill+  a lamb4 ,! only  
noise he>d f "t to "t 9 ! city is !     
gallop+ ( ! /e$ ( ! des]t3 x is !       
janiss>y :o br+s !  head ( ! ,b$\91 or  
:o returns f plund]+ ! unhappy ,fellah4 
,amid ?is extraord9>y desolation1 y mu/ 

pause a mom5t to  contemplate two       
circum/ances /ill m extraord9>y4 ,among 
! ru9s  ( ,j]usalem1 two classes (      
indep5d5t p f9d 9 _! religion  suffici5t
 =titude to enable !m to surm\nt su*    
complicat$ horrors  & wret*$ness4 ,"h   
reside communities ( ,*ri/ian monks1 :om
  no?+ c compel to =sake ! tomb ( ,*ri/2
 nei!r plund]1 nor  p]sonal ill         
treatm5t1 nor m5aces ( dea? itself4     
,night & day !y  *ant _! hymns ar\nd !  
holy sepul*re4 ,driv5 by ! cudgel &  !  
sabre1 wom51 *ildr51 flocks1 & h]ds1    
seek refuge 9 !  cloi/]s ( ^! recluses4 
,:at prev5ts ! arm$ oppressor f  pursu+ 
8 prey1 & ov]?r[+ su* feeble ramp>ts8 ,!
 *>ity (  ! monks3 !y deprive !mselves (
 ! la/ res\rces ( life to  ransom _!    
suppliants4 ,ca/ y\r eyes betwe5 !      
temple & ,m\nt  ,zion2 behold ano!r     
petty tribe cut (f f ! re/ ( !          
inhabitants ( ?is city4 ,! p>ticul>     
objects ( e species (  degradation1 ^! p
 b[ _! heads )\t murmur+2 !y endure  e  
k9d ( insult )\t dem&+ ju/ice2 !y s9k   

b5ea?  repeat$ bl[s )\t sigh+2 if _!    
head be requir$1 !y pres5t  x to !      
scimit>4 ,on ! dea? ( any memb] ( ?is   
proscrib$  community1 8 companion goes  
at night1 & int]s him by /eal? 9 !      
,valley ( ,jeho%aphat1 9 ! %ad[ (       
,solomon's temple4 ,ent] !  abodes ( ^! 
p1 y w f9d !m1 amid ! mo/ abject        
wret*$ness1 in/ruct+ _! *ildr5 to read a
 my/]i\s book1  :i* !y 9 _! turn w tea* 
_! (fspr+ to read4 ,:at !y  did five    
?\s& ye>s ago1 ^! p /ill cont9ue to d4  
,sev5te5 times h !y witness$ !          
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 yet  no?+ c     
disc\rage !m1 no?+ c prev5t !m f turn+  
_!  faces t[>d ,sion4 ,to see ! ,jews   
scatt]$ ov] ! :ole _w1  accord+ to ! ^w 
( ,god1 mu/ d\btless excite surprise4 ,b
 to be  /ruck ) sup]natural a/oni%m5t1 y
 mu/ view !m at ,j]usalem2  y mu/ behold
 ^! rightful ma/]s ( ,judea liv+ z      
slaves &  /rang]s 9 _! own c\ntry2 y mu/
 behold !m expect+1 "u  all oppressions1
 a k+ :o is to deliv] !m4 ,cru%$ by !   
cross  t condemns !m1 skulk+ ne> !      

temple1 ( :i* n "o /one is  left ^u     
ano!r1 !y cont9ue 9 _! deplorable       
infatuation4 ,!  ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks1 ! 
,romans1 are swept f ! e>?2 & a petty   
tribe1 ^: orig9 prec$$ t ( ^? great     
nations1 /ill exi/s  unmix$ among ! ru9s
 ( its native l&40 ,to ! same effect are
 !  rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,ri*>dson3 8,9 pass+  
up to ! synagogue1 ,i 0  p>ticul>ly     
/ruck ) ! mean & wret*$ appe>ance ( !   
h\ses  on bo? sides ( ! /reets1 z well z
 ) ! pov]ty ( _!  inhabitants4 ,! sight 
( a poor ,jew 9 ,j]usalem has 9 x some?+
  peculi>ly affect+4 ,! he>t ( ?is      
wond]ful p1 9 :atev]  clime !y roam1    
/ill turns to x z ! city ( _! promis$   
re/4  ,!y take pleasure 9 h] ru9s1 &    
w\ld kiss ! v du/ = h]  sake4 ,j]usalem 
is ! c5tre ar\nd :i* ! exil$ sons (     
,judah  build1 9 imag9ation1 ! mansions 
( _! future greatness4 ,9  :atev] "p ( !
 _w he may live1 ! he>t's desire ( a    
,jew is  to be buri$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,?i!r 
!y return f ,spa9 & ,portugal1  f ,egypt
 & ,b>b>y1 & o!r c\ntries among :i* !y h

 be5  scatt]$3 & :51 aft] all _! long+s1
 & all _! /ruggles  up ! /eeps ( life1  
we see !m poor1 & bl9d1 & nak$1 9 !     
/reets ( _! once happy ,zion1 he mu/ h a
 cold he>t t c  rema9 unt\*$ by _!      
suff]+s1 )\t utt]+ a pray] t ,god  w\ld 
h m]cy on ! d>kness ( ,judah2 & t ! ,day
 ,/> (  ,be?lehem might arise 9 _!      
he>ts40    8,j]usalem10 rem>ks ,sir     
,fr$]ick ,h5nik]1 8is call$1 ev5 by     
,mohamm$ans1 ! ,bless$ ,city 7,el       
,gootz1 ,el ,k\des47 ,! /reets ( x  are 
n>r[ & des]t$1 ! h\ses dirty & ragg$1 ! 
%ops few &  =sak52 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole !re 
is n "o symptom ( ei!r  comm]ce1 com=t1 
or happ9ess4 ,! be/ view ( x is f !     
,m\nt  ( ,olives3 x comm&s ! exact %ape 
& ne>ly e p>ticul>2  namely1 ! *ur* ( ! 
holy sepul*re1 ! ,arm5ian conv5t1 !     
mosque ( ,om>1 ,/4 ,/eph5's gate1 !     
r\nd-topp$ h\ses1 & !  b>r5 vacancies ( 
! city4 ,)\t ! walls are a ,turki%      
burial  gr\nd1 ! tomb ( ,david1 a small 
grove ne> ! tombs ( ! k+s1  & all ! re/ 
is a surface ( rock1 on :i* are a few   

numb]$  trees4 ,! mosque ( ,om> is ! ,/4
 ,pet]'s ( ,turkey1 & !  respective     
sa9ts are held respectively by _! own   
fai?ful 9 equal  v5]ation4 ,! build+    
itself has a light pagoda appe>ance2 !  
g>d5 9 :i* x /&s occupies a consid]able 
"p ( ! city1 &1  contra/$ ) ! surr\nd+  
des]t1 is beautiful4 ,! burial place  ( 
! ,jews is ov] ! valley ( ,k$ron1 & !   
fees = break+ !  soil af=d a consid]able
 rev5ue to ! gov]nor4 ,! burial place ( 
! ,turks is "u ! walls1 ne> ,/4 ,/eph5's
 gate4 ,f ! opposite  side ( ! valley1  
,i 0 witness to ! c]emony ( p>ad+ a     
corpse  r\nd ! mosque ( ,om>1 & !n br++ 
x =? = burial4 ,i  ha/5$ to ! grave1 b 0
 soon driv5 away3 z f> z my on dit      
tells me1 x w\ld h be5 wor? see+4 ,!    
grave is /r[n ) r$  e>?1 suppos$ to be (
 ! ,ag] ,damasc5us ( :i* ,adam 0 made2  
by ! side ( ! corpse is plac$ a /ick1 & 
! prie/ tells him  t ! devil w tempt him
 to become a ,*ri/ian1 b t he mu/  make 
good use ( 8 /ick2 t 8 trial w la/ ?ree 
days1 &  t he w !n f9d himself 9 a      

mansion ( glory10 c4    ,! ,j]usalem (  
sacr$ hi/ory is1 9 fact1 no m4 ,n a     
ve/ige  rema9s ( ! capital ( ,david &   
,solomon2 n a monum5t ( ,jewi%  times is
 /&+4 ,! v c\rse ( ! walls is *ang$1 & !
  b\nd>ies ( ! anci5t city are become   
d\btful4 ,! monks pret5d to  %[ ! sites 
( ! sacr$ places2 b nei!r ,calv>y1 nor !
 holy  sepul*re1 mu* less ! ,dolor\s    
,way1 ! h\se ( ,caiaphas1 c1 h  !       
slighte/ pret5sions to ev5 a probable   
id5tity ) ! real  places to :i* !       
tradition ref]s4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke has
 ! m]it (  be+ ! fir/ mod]n travell] :o 
v5tur$ to speak ( !  prepo/]\s leg5ds & 
clumsy =g]ies ( ! prie/s ) !  contempt  
:i* !y m]it4 8,to m5 int]e/$ 9 trac+1 )9
 its  walls1 antiquities ref]r$ to by ! 
docum5ts ( sacr$ hi/ory1 no  spectacle10
 rem>ks ! le>n$ travell]1 8c be m       
mortify+ ?an  ! city 9 its pres5t /ate4 
,! mi/ak5 piety ( ! e>ly  ,*ri/ians1 9  
attempt+ to pres]ve1 has ei!r confus$ or
  annihilat$ ! memorials x 0 anxi\s to  
r5d] conspicu\s4 ,view+  ! havoc ?us    

made1 x may n[ be regrett$ t ! ,holy ,l&
 0 ev]  rescu$ f ! dom9ion ( ,s>ac5s1 :o
 7 f> less b>b>\s ?an  _! conqu]ors4 ,! 
absurdity1 = example1 ( hew+ ! rocks (  
,judea into %r9es & *apels1 & ( disguis+
 ! face ( nature  ) pa9t$ domes & guild$
 m>ble cov]+s1 by way ( commemorat+  !  
sc5es ( our ,savi\r's life & dea?1 is s 
evid5t & s  lam5table1 t ev5 ,s&ys1 )   
all 8 cr$ulity1 c\ld n avoid a  happy   
application ( ! repro( convey$ by !     
,roman satiri/ aga9/  a simil> violation
 ( ! ,eg]ian f\nta940 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson    
rem>ks1  8,x is a tantaliz+ circum/ance 
= ! travell] :o wi%es to  recognise 9 8 
walks ! site ( p>ticul> build+s1 or !   
sc5es  ( memorable ev5ts1 t ! great] "p 
( ! objects m5tion$ 9  ! description bo?
 ( ! inspir$ & ! ,jewi% hi/orian1 are   
entirely remov$1 & raz$ f _! f\ndation1 
)\t leav+ a  s+le trace or "n beh9d to  
po9t out :]e !y /ood4 ,n an  anci5t t[]1
 or gate1 or wall1 or h>dly ev5 a /one1 
rema9s4 ,!  f\ndations are n only brok5 
up1 b e fragm5t ( :i* !y  7 compos$ is  

swept away1 & ! spectator looks ^u ! b>e
 rock  ) h>dly a spr9kl+ ( e>? to po9t  
out h] g>d5s ( pleasure1  or groves (   
idolatr\s devotion4 ,& :5 we consid] !  
palaces1 &  t[]s1 & walls ab\t          
,j]usalem1 & t ! /ones ( :i* "s (  !m 7 
con/ruct$ 7 ?irty feet long1 fifte5 feet
 broad1 &  sev5 & a half feet ?ick1 we  
are n m a/oni%$ at ! /r5g?1  & skill1 & 
p]sev]ance1 by :i* !y 7 con/ruct$1 ?an  
%ock$ by ! rel5tless & brutal ho/ility  
by :i* !y 7  %att]$ & ov]?r[n1 & utt]ly 
remov$ f our sight4 ,a few  g>d5s /ill  
rema9 on ! slop+ base ( ,m\nt ,zion1    
wat]$ f !  pool ( ,siloam2 ! g>d5s (    
,ge?semane are /ill 9 a sort ( ru9$     
cultivation2 ! f5ces are brok5 d[n1 & ! 
olive trees decay+1  z if ! h& t dress$ 
& f$ !m 7 )drawn2 ! ,m\nt (  ,olives    
/ill reta9s a langui%+ v]dure1 & n\ri%es
 a few ( ^?  trees f :i* x d]ives its   
"n2 b all r\nd ab\t ,j]usalem !  g5]al  
aspect is blight$ & b>r52 ! grass is    
)]$2 ! b>e  rock looks ?r\gh ! scanty   
sw>d2 & ! gra9 itself1 l !  />+ prog5y (

 fam9e1 seems 9 d\bt :e!r to come to    
maturity1  or die 9 ! e>4 ,! v9e t 0    
br\ght f ,egypt is cut (f f  ! mid/ ( ! 
l&2 ! v9ey>ds are wa/$2 ! h$ges are tak5
  away2 & ! graves ( ! anci5t dead are  
op5 & t5antless40    #c4 ,on !          
accompli%m5t ( prophecy 9 ! condition 9 
:i* ?is  celebrat$ city has la9 = ages1 
,kei? well rem>ks3--,x =m$ !  !me (     
prophecy f ! dea? b$ ( ,jacob2 &1 z !   
seat ( !  gov]nm5t ( ! *ildr5 ( ,judah1 
! sceptre dep>t$ n f x  till ! ,messiah 
appe>$1 on ! expiration ( sev5te5 hundr$
 ye>s  aft] ! dea? ( ! patri>*1 & till !
 p]iod ( its desolation1  prophesi$ ( by
 ,daniel1 _h arriv$4 ,x 0 to be trodd5  
d[n ( !  ,g5tiles1 till ! "t ( !        
,g5tiles %\ld be fulfill$4 ,! "t (  !   
,g5tiles is n yet fulfill$1 & ,j]usalem 
is /ill trodd5 d[n  ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,!    
,jews h (t5 attempt$ to recov] x3 no    
di/ance ( space or ( "t c sep>ate x f _!
 affections3 !y  p]=m _! devotions ) _! 
faces t[>d x1 z if x 7 !  object ( _!   
wor%ip z well z ( _! love2 &1 al?\gh _! 

desire to return be s /rong1 indelible1 
& innate1 t e ,jew1 9  e g5]ation1 c\nts
 himself an exile1 yet !y h nev] be5    
able  to rebuild _! temple1 nor to      
recov] ,j]usalem f ! h&s ( !  ,g5tiles4 
,b great] p[] ?an t ( a proscrib$ &     
exil$ race  has be5 add$ to _! own1 9   
attempt+ to fru/rate ! c\nsel t  pr(ess$
 to be ( ,god4 ,julian1 ! emp]or ( !    
,romans1 n only  p]mitt$ b invit$ !     
,jews to rebuild ,j]usalem & _! temple2 
& promis$ to re/abli% !m 9 _! pat]nal   
city4 ,by t s+le  act1 m ?an by all 8   
writ+s1 he might h de/roy$ !  cr$ibility
 ( ! ,gospel1 & re/or$ 8 belov$ b des]t$
  ,paganism4 ,! zeal ( ! ,jews 0 equal  
to 8 own2 & ! "w 0  begun by lay+ aga9 !
 f\ndations ( ! temple4 ,x 0 nev]       
accompli%$1 & ! prophecy /&s fulfill$4  
,b ev5 if ! attempt  ( ,julian _h nev]  
be5 made1 ! tru? ( ! prophecy itself is 
unassailable4 ,! ,jews h nev] be5       
re9/at$ 9 ,judea4 ,j]usalem  has ev] be5
 trodd5 d[n ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! edict (    
,adrian 0  r5ew$ by ! successors (      

,julian2 & no ,jews c\ld approa* unto   
,j]usalem b by brib]y or by /eal?4 ,x 0 
a spot unlawful = !m  to t\*4 ,9 !      
crusades1 all ! p[] ( ,europe 0 employ$ 
to  rescue ,j]usalem f ! ,hea!ns1 b     
equally 9 va94 ,x has be5  trodd5 d[n = 
ne>ly eighte5 c5turies by its successive
 ma/]s2 by  ,romans1 ,grecians1         
,p]sians1 ,s>ac5s1 ,mamelukes1 ,turks1  
,*ri/ians1 &  aga9 by ! wor/ ( rul]s1 ! 
,arabs & ! ,turks4 ,& c\ld any  ?+ be m 
improbable to h happ5$1 or m impossible 
to h  be5 =ese5 by man1 ?an t any p %\ld
 be bani%$ f _!  own capital & c\ntry1 &
 rema9 expell$ & expatriat$ = ne>ly     
eighte5 hundr$ ye>s8 ,did ! same fate   
ev] befall any nation1 ?\gh  no prophecy
 exi/$ respect+ x8 ,is !re any doctr9e 9
 ,scripture s  h>d to be believ$ z 0 ?is
 s+le fact at ! p]iod ( its  pr$iction8 
,& ev5 ) ! example ( ! ,jews be=e u1 is 
x  likely1 or is x cr$ible1 or :o c     
=etel1 t ! pres5t  inhabitants ( any    
c\ntry ^u e>? %all be bani%$ into all   
nations1 reta9 _! di/9ctive "*1 meet )  

an unp>allel$  fate1 cont9ue a p1 )\t a 
gov]nm5t & )\t a c\ntry1 &  rema9 = an  
indef9ite p]iod1 exce$+ sev5te5 hundr$  
ye>s1 till  ! fulfilm5t ( a prescrib$   
ev5t :i* has yet to be accompli%$8  ,mu/
 n ! k ( su* tru?s be d]iv$ f t         
presci5ce  alone :i* scans alike ! w & !
 ways ( mortals1 ! actions (  future    
nations1 & ! hi/ory ( ! late/ g5]ations8
    ,,je%urun1 a "n giv5 to ! collective
 political body ( ,israelites4  ,"s     
d]ive ! ^w f 1 j or righte\s1 & s make x
 to  signify a righte\s p4 ,montanus    
r5d]s x rectitudo1 & s does  ! ,sam>itan
 v]sion4 ,b x seems a consid]able       
objection aga9/  ?is s5se1 t ,israel is 
call$ ,je%urun at ! v "t t !y  are      
upbraid$ ) _! s9s & _! rebellion3       
8,je%urun wax$ fat1  & kick$10 c1 ,deut4
 xxxii1 #ae4 ,x is repli$1 ,je%urun is !
  dim9utive ( 1 7= nom5 auctum 9 f9e e/ 
nom5 dim9utivum17  & s imports1 t ?\gh1 
9 g5]al & on ! :ole1 !y 7 a  righte\s p1
 yet !y 7 n )\t great faults4 ,p]haps   
,cocceius has giv5 z probable an        

int]pretation z any4 ,he d]ives !  ^w f 
1 :i* signifies to see1 behold1 or      
discov]2 f  :5ce1 9 ! future t5se1      
plural1 comes 1 :i*1 ) !  addition ( nun
 p>agogicum1 makes ,je%urun2 t is1 8! p 
:o  _h ! vision ( ,god40 ,?is makes ! "n
 ( ,je%urun to be prop]ly  appli$ to    
,israel1 n only :5 ,moses is call$ _!   
k+1 b :5  !y are upbraid$ ) _! rebellion
 aga9/ ,god2 s9ce ! peculi>             
manife/ation :i* ,god _h made ( himself 
to !m 0 a great  aggravation ( _!       
+ratitude & rebellion4    ,,jesse4 ,see 
,,david & ,,ru?4    ,,jesuits1 or !     
society ( ,jesus1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$  
mona/ic  ord]s ( ! ,romi% *ur*1 0 f\nd$ 
9 ! ye> #aedj1 by ,ignatius  ,loyola1   
,=sak+ ! milit>y = ! ecclesia/ical      
pr(ession1 he  engag$ himself 9 ! wilde/
 & mo/ extravagant adv5tures1 z !       
knight ( ! bless$ virg94 ,aft] p]=m+ a  
pilgrimage to ! ,holy  ,l&1 & pursu+ a  
multitude ( vision>y s*emes1 he return$ 
to  prosecute 8 !ological /udies 9 !    
univ]sities ( ,spa91 :5 he  0 ab\t      

?irty-?ree ye>s ( age4 ,he next w5t to  
,p>is1 :]e he  collect$ a small numb] ( 
associates2 &1 prompt$ by 8 fanatical   
_s1 or ! love ( di/9ction1 began to     
conceive ! e/abli%m5t  ( a new religi\s 
ord]4 ,he produc$ a plan ( its          
con/itution &  laws1 :i* he affirm$ to h
 be5 sugge/$ by ! imm$iate  inspiration 
( ,heav51 & appli$ to ! ,roman pontiff1 
,paul ,,iii4 =  ! sanction ( 8 au?ority 
to confirm ! in/itution4 ,at a "t :5  ! 
papal au?ority _h receiv$ s sev]e a %ock
 f ! progress (  ! ,re=mation1 & 0 /ill 
expos$ to ! mo/ p[]ful attacks 9  e     
qu>t]1 ?is 0 an (f] too tempt+ to be    
resi/$4 ,!  reign+ pontiff1 ?\gh        
naturally cauti\s1 & ?\gh sc>cely       
capable1 )\t ! _s ( prophecy1 ( =esee+  
all !  advantages to be d]iv$ f !       
s]vices ( ?is nasc5t ord]1 yet  cle>ly  
p]ceiv+ ! b5efit ( multiply+ ! numb] ( 8
 devot$  s]vants1 in/antly confirm$ by 8
 bull ! in/itution ( !  ,jesuits1 grant$
 ! mo/ ample privileges to ! memb]s ( ! 
society1 & appo9t$ ,loyola to be ! fir/ 

g5]al ( ! ord]4    #b4 ,! simple &      
prim>y object ( ! society1 says a writ] 
9 !  ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 0 to       
e/abli% a spiritual dom9ion ov] !  m9ds 
( m51 ( :i* ! pope %\ld appe> z !       
o/5sible head1  :ile ! real p[] %\ld    
reside ) !mselves4 ,to accompli% ?is    
object1 ! :ole con/itution & policy ( ! 
ord] 7 s+ul>ly  adapt$1 & exhibit$ v>i\s
 peculi>ities :i* di/+ui%$ x f  all o!r 
mona/ic ord]s4 ,! imm$iate design ( e   
o!r religi\s  society 0 to sep>ate its  
memb]s f ! _w2 t ( ! ,jesuits1  to r5d] 
!m ma/]s ( ! _w4 ,! inmate ( ! conv5t   
devot$  himself to "w out 8 own         
salvation by extraord9>y acts ( devotion
  & self-d5ial2 ! foll[] ( ,loyola      
consid]$ himself z plung+  into all !   
bu/le ( secul> affairs1 to ma9ta9 !     
int]e/s ( !  ,romi% *ur*4 ,! monk 0 a   
retir$ devotee ( heav52 ! ,jesuit a     
*os5 soldi] ( ! pope4 ,t ! memb]s ( !   
new ord] might h  full leisure = ?is    
active s]vice1 !y 7 exempt$ f ! usual   
functions ( o!r monks4 ,!y 7 n requir$  

to sp5d _! "t 9  ! long c]emonial (fices
 & numb]less mumm]ies ( ! ,romi%        
wor%ip4 ,!y att5d$ no processions1 &    
practis$ no au/]ities4  ,!y nei!r *ant$ 
nor pray$4 8,!y _c s+10 said _! enemies2
  8= birds ( prey nev] d40 ,!y 7 s5t =? 
to wat* e  transaction ( ! _w :i* might 
appe> to affect ! int]e/s (  religion1 &
 7 especially enjo9$ to /udy !          
dispositions &  cultivate ! fri5d%ip (  
p]sons 9 ! high] ranks4 ,no?+ c\ld  be  
imag9$ m op5 & lib]al ?an ! ext]nal     
aspect ( !  in/itution1 yet no?+ c\ld be
 m /rict & secret ?an its  int]nal      
organization4 ,loyola1 influ5c$1 p]haps1
 by ! notions (  implicit ob$i5ce :i* he
 _h d]iv$ f 8 milit>y pr(ession1        
resolv$ t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,jesuits %\ld  
be absolutely  mon>*ical4 ,a g5]al1 *os5
 = life by deputies f ! sev]al          
prov9ces1 possess$ supreme & indep5d5t  
p[]1 ext5d+ to e  p]son1 & apply+ to e  
case4 ,e memb] ( ! ord]1 !  in/ant t he 
ent]$ its pale1 surr5d]$ all fre$om (   
?\ght &  action2 & e p]sonal feel+ 0    

sup]s$$ by ! int]e/s (  t body to :i* he
 _h atta*$ himself4 ,he w5t :]ev] he 0  
ord]$2 he p]=m$ :atev] he 0 comm&$2 he  
suff]$ :atev] he  0 enjo9$2 he became a 
m]e passive in/rum5t incapable (        
resi/ance4 ,! gradation ( ranks 0 only a
 gradation 9 slav]y2 &  s p]fect a      
despotism ov] a l>ge body ( m51 disp]s$ 
ov] ! face  ( ! e>?1 0 nev] be=e        
realiz$4    ,! maxims ( policy adopt$ by
 ?is celebrat$ society 71 l its         
con/itution1 rem>kable = _! union (     
laxity & rig\r4 ,no?+  c\ld div]t !m f  
_! orig9al object2 & no means 7 ev]     
scrupl$ :i* promis$ to aid its          
accompli%m5t4 ,!y 7 9 no  degree %ackl$ 
by prejudice1 sup]/ition1 or real       
religion4  ,exp$i5cy1 9 its mo/ simple &
 lic5ti\s =m1 0 ! basis (  _! morals1 & 
_! pr9ciples & practices 7 uni=mly      
accommodat$ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7
 plac$2 & ev5  _! bigotry1 obdurate z x 
01 nev] appe>s to h int]f]$ )  _!       
int]e/s4 ,! p>am\nt & *>act]i/ic        
pr9ciple ( !  ord]1 f :i* none ( its    

memb]s ev] sw]v$1 0 simply ?is1  t its  
int]e/s 7 to be promot$ by all possible 
means1 at all  possible exp5se4 ,9 ord] 
to acquire m easily an asc5dancy ov]    
p]sons ( rank & p[]1 !y propagat$ a     
sy/em ( ! mo/ relax$  morality1 :i*     
accommodat$ itself to ! passions ( m51  
ju/ifi$  _! vices1 tol]at$ _!           
imp]fections1 & au?oriz$ almo/ e  action
 :i* ! mo/ audaci\s or crafty politician
 w\ld wi% to  p]petrate4 ,to p]sons (   
/rict] pr9ciples !y /udi$ to recomm5d   
!mselves by ! purity ( _! lives1 &      
sometimes by ! au/]ity  ( _! doctr9es4  
,:ile suffici5tly compliant 9 ! treatm5t
 (  immoral practices1 !y 7 g5]ally     
rigidly sev]e 9 exact+ a  /rict or?odoxy
 9 op9ions4 8,!y are a sort ( p10 said !
 ,abb  ,boileau1 8:o l5g!n ! cre$ &     
%ort5 ! decalogue40 ,!y  adopt$ ! same  
_s ( accommodation 9 _! mission>y       
und]tak+s2 & _! ,*ri/ianity1            
*amelionlike1 readily assum$ !  col\r ( 
e religion :]e x happ5$ to be introduc$4
 ,!y freely  p]mitt$ _! conv]ts to reta9

 a full proportion ( ! old  sup]/itions1
 & suppress$1 )\t hesitation1 any po9t 9
 ! new  fai? :i* 0 likely to be> h>d on 
_! prejudices or prop5sities4  ,!y      
proce$$ to /ill great] l5g?s2 &1 beside 
suppress+ !  tru?s ( revelation1 devis$ 
! mo/ absurd falsehoods1 to be us$ =    
attract+ disciples1 or ev5 to be taught 
z p>ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,"o  ( !m 9 ,india
 produc$ a p$igree to prove 8 own desc5t
 f  ,brama2 & ano!r 9 ,am]ica assur$ a  
native *ief t ,*ri/ _h  be5 a valiant & 
victori\s w>rior1 :o1 9 ! space ( ?ree  
ye>s1  _h scalp$ an incr$ible numb] (   
m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,x 01 9  fact1 _!   
own au?ority1 n ! au?ority ( true       
religion1 :i*  !y wi%$ to e/abli%2 &    
,*ri/ianity 0 g5]ally z little  kn[n1 :5
 !y quitt$ ! =eign sc5es ( _! lab\rs z  
:5  !y ent]$ !m4    ,^! dete/able       
objects & pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 7 long an   
imp5etrable secret3 & ! pr(ess$ int5tion
 ( ! new ord] 0 to  promote1 ) unequall$
 & unfett]$ zeal1 ! salvation ( mank9d4 
,its progress1 nev]!less1 0 at fir/     

rem>kably sl[4 ,*>les ,v41  :o is       
suppos$1 ) 8 usual sagacity1 to h       
disc]n$ its  dang]\s t5d5cy1 r *eck$ ?an
 enc\rag$ its advancem5t2 &  !          
univ]sities ( ,france resi/$ its        
introduction into t k+dom4  ,?us1 r\s$  
by ob/acles1 & oblig$ to f9d res\rces )9
  !mselves1 ! ,jesuits br\ght all _!    
tal5ts & devices into  action4 ,!y      
appli$ !mselves to e useful function &  
curi\s  art2 & nei!r neglect$ nor       
despis$ any mode1 h[ev] humble1 (  ga9+ 
employm5t or reputation4 ,! satiri/'s   
description ( !  ,greeks 9 ,rome has be5
 aptly *os5 to describe _! indefatigable
 &  univ]sal indu/ry3--                 
,grammaticus1 rhetor1 geometres1 pictor1
 aliptes1            ,augur1 s*nobates1 
m$icus1 magus2 omnia novit              
,grculus4                               
,juv5al1 lib4 iii1 #gf4                 
8,a ,protean tribe1 "o kn[s n :at to    
call1              ,:i* %ifts to e =m1 &
 %9es 9 all3              ,gramm>ian1   
pa9t]1 augur1 rhetorician1              

,rope-danc]1 conjuror1 fiddl]1 &        
physician1--              ,all trades 8 
own1 y\r hungry ,greekl+ c\nts40        
,,gif=d4    ,!y lab\r$ ) ! greate/      
assiduity to qualify !mselves z !       
in/ruct]s ( y\?2 & succe$$1 at l5g?1 9  
supplant+ _!  oppon5ts 9 e ,ca?olic     
k+dom4 ,!y aim$1 9 ! next place1 to     
become ! spiritual directors ( ! high]  
ranks2 & soon e/abli%$  !mselves 9 mo/ (
 ! c\rts :i* 7 atta*$ to ! papal fai?1  
n only z ! confessors1 b frequ5tly also 
z ! guides &  m9i/]s1 ( sup]/iti\s      
pr9ces4 ,! gov]nors ( ! society  pursu+ 
"o uni=m sy/em ) unwe>i$ p]sev]ance1    
became entirely  successful2 &1 9 !     
space ( half a c5tury1 _h 9 a wond]ful  
degree ext5d$ ! reputation1 ! numb]1 &  
influ5ce ( ! ord]4  ,:5 ,loyola1 9      
#aedj1 petition$ ! pope to au?orize !   
in/itution  ( ! ,jesuits1 he _h only t5 
disciples2 b 9 #afjh ! numb]  am\nt$ to 
#aj1eha4 ,be=e ! expiration ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury !y  _h obta9$ ! *ief direction ( 
! education ( y\? 9 e  ,ca?olic c\ntry 9

 ,europe1 & _h become ! confessors (    
almo/ all  its noble/ mon>*s4 ,9 spite (
 _! v[ ( pov]ty1 _! weal?  increas$ ) _!
 p[]2 & !y soon rivall$1 9 ! ext5t &    
value ( _! possessions1 ! mo/ opul5t    
mona/ic frat]nities4  ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( !
 sev5te5? c5tury1 !y obta9$ f !  c\rt ( 
,madrid ! grant ( ! l>ge & f]tile       
prov9ce ( ,p>aguay1  :i* /ret*es across 
! s\!rn cont95t ( ,am]ica1 f !  m\nta9s 
( ,potosi to ! banks ( ! riv] ,la       
,plata2 &1 aft] e  d$uction :i* c       
reasonably be made f _! own acc\nts ( _!
  e/abli%m5t1 en\gh w rema9 to excite ! 
a/oni%m5t &  applause ( mank9d4 ,!y f\nd
 ! inhabitants 9 ! fir/ /age (  society1
 ignorant ( ! arts ( life1 & unacqua9t$ 
) ! fir/  pr9ciples ( subord9ation4 ,!y 
appli$ !mselves to in/ruct &  civilize  
^! savage tribes4 ,!y comm5c$ _! lab\rs 
by collect+  ab\t fifty families ( w&]+ 
,indians1 :om !y conv]t$ &  settl$ 9 a  
small t[n%ip4 ,!y taught !m to build    
h\ses1 to  cultivate ! gr\nd1 & to re>  
tame animals2 tra9$ !m to arts &        

manufactures1 & br\ght !m to reli% !    
bless+s ( security &  ord]4 ,by a wise &
 humane policy1 !y gradually attract$   
new  subjects & conv]ts2 till at la/ !y 
=m$ a p[]ful & well  organiz$ /ate (    
?ree hundr$ ?\s& families4    ,?\gh !   
p[] ( ! ,jesuits _h become s ext5sive1 &
 ?\gh  _! int]e/s g5]ally prosp]$ dur+ a
 p]iod ( m ?an two  c5turies1 _!        
progress 0 by no means un9t]rupt$2 &1 by
 _!  own misconduct1 !y soon excit$ !   
mo/ =midable c\nt]actions4  ,sc>cely _h 
!y effect$ _! e/abli%m5t 9 ,france1 9   
defiance (  ! p>liam5ts & univ]sities1  
:5 _! exi/5ce 0 endang]$ by  !          
fanaticism ( _! own memb]s4 ,john       
,*a/el1 "o ( _! pupils1  made an attempt
 ^u ! life ( ,h5ry ,,iv42 & ,fa!r       
,guisc>d1 ano!r  ( ! ord]1 0 convict$ ( 
compos+ writ+s fav\rable to  regicide4  
,! p>liam5ts seiz$ ! mom5t ( _!         
disgrace1 &  procur$ _! bani%m5t f e "p 
( ! k+dom1 except !  prov9ces (         
,b\rdeaux & ,t\l\se4 ,f ^! rally+ po9ts1
 !y  spe$ily ext5d$ _! intrigues 9 e    

qu>t]1 & 9 a few ye>s  obta9$ _!        
re-e/abli%m5t4 ,ev5 ,h5ry1 ei!r dread+  
_!  p[]1 or pleas$ ) ! exculpation ( 8  
lic5ti\s habits1 :i*  he f\nd 9 _!      
flexible sy/em ( morality1 became _!    
patron1 &  select$ "o ( _! numb] z 8    
confessor4 ,!y 7 fav\r$ by  ,l\is       
,,xiii4 & 8 m9i/] ,ri*elieu1 on acc\nt (
 _! lit]>y  ex]tions2 b x 0 9 ! succe$+ 
reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 t !y  rea*$ !      
summit ( _! prosp]ity4 ,! ,fa!rs ,la    
,*aise & ,le  ,telti] 7 successively    
confessors to ! k+2 & did n fail to     
employ _! influ5ce = ! int]e/ ( _! ord]3
 b ! latt]  c>ri$ on 8 projects ) s bl9d
 & fi]y a zeal1 t "o ( !  ,jesuits is   
report$ to h said ( him1 8,he drives at 
su* a rate1 t  he w ov]turn u all40 ,!  
,jans5i/s 7 peculi>ly ! objects (  8    
ma*9ations1 & he re/$ n till he _h      
accompli%$ !  de/ruction ( _! celebrat$ 
college & conv5t at ,port ,royal4  ,be=e
 ! fall1 h[ev]1 ( ?is hon\r$ sem9>y1 a  
%aft f its  b[ _h rea*$ ! he>t ( its    
pr\d oppressor4 ,! 8,prov9cial  ,lett]s 

( ,pascal0 _h be5 publi%$1 9 :i* !      
quibbl+ morality  & un9telligible       
metaphysics ( ! ,jesuits 7 expos$ 9 a   
/ra9  ( inimitable hum\r1 & a /yle (    
unrivall$ elegance4 ,! impression  :i*  
!y produc$ 0 wide & deep1 & gradually   
sapp$ !  f\ndation ( public op9ion1 on  
:i* ! p[] ( ! ord] _h  hi!rto re/$4 ,"u 
! reg5cy ( ! duke ( ,orleans1 !         
,jesuits1  & all !ological p]sonages &  
pr9ciples 7 disreg>d$ )  a!i/ical       
sup]cili\sness2 b "u ,l\is ,,xv4 !y     
p>tly recov]$  _! influ5ce at c\rt1 :i*1
 ev5 "u ,c>d9al ,fleury1 !y  reta9$ 9 a 
consid]able degree4 ,b !y soon reviv$ ! 
odium (  ! public by _! intol]ant       
treatm5t ( ! ,jans5i/s1 & probably      
accel]at$ _! ru9 by refus+1 f political 
r ?an religi\s  scruples1 to und]take ! 
spiritual guidance ( ,madame de la      
,pampad\r1  z well z by imprud5tly      
attack+ ! au?ors ( ! 8,encyclopdie40    
,voltaire direct$ aga9/ !m all ! p[]s ( 
8 ridicule1 &  f9i%$ ! piece :i* ,pascal
 _h sket*$4 ,_! p[] 0 br\ght to  a v l[ 

ebb1 :5 ! w> ( #agef broke out1 :i*     
occasion$ !  fam\s law-suit t l$ to _!  
f9al ov]?r[4    ,9 ! mean "t ! k+ (     
,portugal 0 assass9at$2 & ,c>valho1  !  
m9i/]1 :o dete/$ ! ,jesuits1 f\nd means 
to load !m )  ! odium ( ! crime4        
,malagrida1 & a few m ( ^! fa!rs1 7     
*>g$ ) advis+ & absolv+ ! assass9s2 &1  
hav+ be5  f\nd guilty1 7 condemn$ to !  
/ake4 ,! re/ 7 bani%$ )  e br& ( infamy1
 & 7 treat$ ) ! mo/ iniquit\s  cruelty4 
,!y 7 p]secut$ )\t discrim9ation1 robb$ 
( _!  prop]ty )\t pity1 & emb>k$ =      
,italy )\t previ\s  prep>ation2 s t1 no 
provision hav+ be5 made = _! reception1 
!y 7 lit]ally left to p]i% ) hung] 9 _! 
vessels4 ,^!  incid5ts prep>$ ! way = a 
simil> cata/rophe 9 ,france4 ,9  ,m>*1  
#agfb1 ! ,fr5* c\rt receiv$ intellig5ce 
( ! capture (  ,m>t9ico by ! ,briti%2 &1
 dread+ a /orm ( public indignation1    
resolv$ to div]t ! exasp]at$ feel+s ( ! 
nation1 by yield+  ! ,jesuits to _!     
imp5d+ fate4 ,on ! six? ( ,augu/1 #agfb1
 _!  in/itute 0 condemn$ by ! p>liam5t1 

z contr>y to ! laws (  ! /ate1 to !     
ob$i5ce due to ! sov]eign1 & to ! welf>e
 (  ! k+dom4 ,! ord] 0 dissolv$1 & _!   
effects ali5at$4 ,b  9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 :]e
 ! prov9cial p>liam5ts _h n decid$      
aga9/ !m1 ,jesuits /ill subsi/$2 & a    
royal edict 0 aft]w>d  promulgat$1 :i*  
=mally aboli%$ ! society 9 ,france1 b   
p]mitt$ its memb]s to reside )9 ! k+dom 
"u c]ta9  re/rictions4    ,9 ,spa91 :]e 
!y conceiv$ _! e/abli%m5t to be p]fectly
  secure1 !y exp]i5c$ an ov]?r[ equally 
complete1 & mu* m  unexpect$4 ,!        
necess>y measures 7 conc]t$ "u !        
direction (  ,de ,*oiseul1 by ! ,m>quis 
,d',ossun1 ! ,fr5* ambassador at        
,madrid1  ) ,*>les ,,iii41 k+ ( ,spa91 &
 8 prime m9i/]1 ! ,c\nt  ,d',ar&a4 ,!   
execution ( _! purposes 0 z sudd5 z _!  
plans  _h be5 secret4 ,at midnight1 ,m>*
 #ca/1 #agfg1 l>ge bodies ( milit>y     
surr\nd$ ! six colleges ( ! ,jesuits 9  
,madrid1 =c$ ! gates1  secur$ ! bells1  
collect$ ! fa!rs 9 ! refectory1 & read  
to  !m ! k+'s ord] = _! in/ant          

transportation4 ,!y 7  imm$iately put   
into c>riages previ\sly plac$ at prop]  
/ations2 &  7 on _! way to ,c>?ag5a be=e
 ! inhabitants ( ! city _h  any         
intellig5ce ( ! transaction4 ,?ree days 
aft]w>d1 ! same  measures 7 adopt$ )    
reg>d to e o!r college ( ! ord] 9  !    
k+dom2 &1 %ips hav+ be5 provid$ at !    
diff]5t sea ports1  !y 7 all emb>k$ = ! 
ecclesia/ical /ates 9 ,italy4 ,all _!   
prop]ty 0 confiscat$1 & a small p5sion  
assign$ to ea*  individual z long z he  
%\ld reside 9 a place appo9t$1 & satisfy
  ! ,spani% c\rt z to 8 peaceable       
demean\r4 ,all correspond5ce )  !       
,jesuits 0 prohibit$1 & ! /ricte/ sil5ce
 on ! subject (  _! expulsion 0 enjo9$  
"u p5alties ( high treason4 ,a simil>   
seizure & deportation took place 9 !    
,indies1 & an imm5se  prop]ty 0 acquir$ 
by ! gov]nm5t4 ,_m crimes & plots 7 laid
  to ! *>ge ( ! ord]2 b :atev] may h be5
 _! dem]it1  ! puni%m5t 0 too summ>y to 
admit ( ju/ification2 & _m  innoc5t     
individuals 7 subject$ to suff]+s beyond

 ! des]ts  ev5 ( ! guilty4 ,pope ,clem5t
 ,,iii4 prohibit$ _! l&+ 9 8  dom9ions2 
&1 aft] endur+ extreme mis]ies 9 cr[d$  
transports1  ! survivors1 to ! numb] (  
two ?\s& ?ree hundr$1 7 put  a%ore on   
,corsica4 ,! example ( ! k+ ( ,spa9 0   
imm$iately  foll[$ by ,f]d9& ,,vi4 (    
,naples1 & soon aft] by ! pr9ce (       
,p>ma4 ,!y _h be5 expell$ f ,engl& 9    
#afjd2 f ,v5ice 9 #afjf2  & f ,portugal 
9 #agei1 ^u ! *>ge ( hav+ in/igat$ !    
families ( ,tavora & ,d',aveiro to      
assass9ate ,k+ ,joseph ,i4 ,fr$]ick  !  
,great1 ( ,prussia1 0 ! only mon>* :o   
%[$ a disposition to  af=d !m           
protection2 b 9 #aggc ! ord] 0 entirely 
suppress$ by  ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiv41 :o  
is suppos$ to h fall5 a victim to _!    
v5geance4 ,9 #ahja ! society 0 re/or$ 9 
,russia by ! ,emp]or  ,paul2 & 9 #ahjd1 
by ,k+ ,f]d9&1 9 ,s>d9ia4 ,9 ,augu/1    
#ahad1 a  bull 0 issu$ by ,pope ,pius   
,,vii41 re/or+ ! ord] to all _!  =m]    
privileges1 & call+ ^u all ,ca?olic     
pr9ces to af=d !m  protection &         

enc\ragem5t4 ,?is act ( _! revival is   
express$ 9  all ! solemnity ( papal     
au?ority2 & ev5 affirm$ to be above !   
recall or revision ( any judge1 ) :atev]
 p[] he may be clo!d2  b to e enlight5$ 
m9d x _c fail to appe> z a measure      
altoge!r incapable ( ju/ification1 f any
 ?+ ei!r 9 !  hi/ory ( ,jesuitism1 or 9 
! "* ( ! pres5t times4    #c4 ,x w\ld be
 9 va9 to d5y t _m consid]able          
advantages 7  d]iv$ by mank9d f ! lab\rs
 ( ! ,jesuits4 ,_! ard\r 9 !  /udy (    
anci5t lit]ature1 & _! lab\rs 9 !       
in/ruction (  y\?1 greatly contribut$ to
 ! progress ( polite le>n+4 ,!y h       
produc$ a great] numb] ( +5i\s au?ors   
?an all ! o!r  religi\s frat]nities tak5
 toge!r2 & ?\gh !re nev] 0 kn[n  among  
_! ord] "o p]son :o c\ld be said to     
possess an enl>g$  philosophical m9d1 !y
 c boa/ ( _m em95t ma/]s 9 !  sep>ate   
bran*es ( sci5ce1 _m di/+ui%$           
ma!maticians1  antiqu>ians1 critics1 &  
ev5 "s orators ( high reputation4 ,!y  7
 9 g5]al1 also1 z individuals1 sup]ior 9

 dec5cy1 & ev5  purity ( mann]s1 to any 
o!r class ( regul> cl]gy 9 ! *ur* (     
,rome4 ,b all ^! b5efits by no means    
c\nt]balanc$ ! p]nici\s  effects ( _!   
influ5ce & intrigues on ! be/ int]e/s ( 
society4    ,! ess5tial pr9ciples ( !   
in/itution1 namely1 t _! ord] is  to be 
ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! society at l>ge1
 & t !  end sanctifies ! means1 are     
utt]ly incompatible ) ! welf>e (  any   
community ( m54 ,_! sy/em ( lax & pliant
 morality1  ju/ify+ e vice1 & au?oriz+ e
 atrocity1 has left deep &  la/+ ravages
 on ! face ( ! moral _w4 ,_! zeal to    
ext5d !  jurisdiction ( ! c\rt ( ,rome  
ov] e civil gov]nm5t1 gave  curr5cy to  
t5ets respect+ ! duty ( oppos+ pr9ces :o
 7  ho/ile to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 :i* %ook 
! basis ( all political  allegiance1 &  
loos5$ ! obligations ( e human law4 ,_! 
indefatigable indu/ry1 & c\ntless       
artifices 9 resi/+ !  progress ( re=m$  
religion1 p]petuat$ ! mo/ p]nici\s      
errors (  ,pop]y1 & po/pon$ ! triumph ( 
tol]ant & ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4  ,:5ce1   

!n1 x may well be ask$1 :5ce ! rec5t    
re/oration8 ,:at  long lat5t pro( has   
be5 discov]$ ( ! excell5ce1 or ev5 !    
exp$i5ce1 ( su* an in/itution8 ,! s5t5ce
 ( _! abolition 0  pass$ by ! s5ates1 & 
mon>*s1 & /atesm51 & div9es1 ( all      
religions1 & ( almo/ e civiliz$ c\ntry 9
 ! _w4 ,almo/  e l& has be5 /a9$ & torn 
by _! crimes2 & almo/ e  l& be>s on its 
public records ! mo/ solemn prote/s     
aga9/ _!  exi/5ce4    ,,jesus ,,*ri/1 ! 
,son ( ,god1 ! ,messiah1 & ,savi\r ( !  
_w1 !  fir/ & pr9cipal object ( !       
prophecies1 prefigur$ & promis$ 9  !    
,old ,te/am5t1 expect$ & desir$ by !    
patri>*s2 ! hope (  ! ,g5tiles2 ! glory1
 salvation1 & consolation ( ,*ri/ians4  
,!  "n ,jesus1 or1 z ! ,hebrews pron\nce
 x1 1 ,jeho%ua1 or  ,jo%ua1 1 signifies1
 he :o %all save4 ,no "o ev] bore ?is   
"n ) s mu* ju/ice1 nor s p]fectly       
fulfill$ ! signification  ( x1 z ,jesus 
,*ri/1 :o saves ev5 f s9 & hell1 & ha?  
m]it$ heav5 = u by ! price ( 8 blood4 ,x
 is n necess>y  "h to n>rate ! hi/ory ( 

our ,savi\r's life1 :i* c no :]e be     
read ) advantage except 9 ! writ+s ( !  
f\r evangeli/s2 b  !re are sev]al g5]al 
views :i* require to be notic$ "u ?is   
article4    #a4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 !    
,*ri/ or ,messiah promis$ "u ! ,old     
,te/am5t4 ,t he pr(ess$ himself to be t 
,messiah to :om all !  prophets gave    
witness1 & :o 01 9 fact1 at ! "t ( 8    
appe>+1 expect$ by ! ,jews2 & t he 0    
receiv$ "u t  "* by 8 disciples1 & by   
all ,*ri/ians ev] s9ce1 is  c]ta94 ,& if
 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures af=d       
suffici5tly  def9ite m>ks by :i* ! long 
ann\nc$ ,*ri/ %\ld be infallibly  kn[n  
at 8 adv5t1 & ^! presignations are f\nd 
realiz$ 9 our  ,"l1 !n is ! tru? ( 8    
pret5sions e/abli%$4 ,f ! books  ( !    
,old ,te/am5t we le>n t ! ,messiah 0 to 
au!nticate 8  claim by miracles2 & 9 ^? 
pr$ictions respect+ him1 s _m           
circum/ances are record$1 t !y c\ld meet
 only 9 "o p]son2 &  s1 if !y are       
accompli%$ 9 him1 !y leave no room =    
d\bt1 z  f> z ! evid5ce ( prophecy is   

deem$ conclusive4 ,z to ,,miracles1 we  
ref] to t article2 "h only obs]v+1 t if 
! miracul\s works  wr\ght by ,*ri/ 7    
really done1 !y prove 8 mission1        
because1  f _! nature1 & hav+ be5 wr\ght
 to confirm 8 claim to be  ! ,messiah1  
!y necess>ily imply a div9e atte/ation4 
,) respect  to ,,prophecy1 ! pr9ciples  
"u :i* its evid5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z      
conclusive w be giv5 "u t head2 & "h    
!re=e x w  only be necess>y to %[ !     
completion ( ! prophecies ( ! sacr$     
books ( ! ,jews relative to ! ,messiah 9
 "o p]son1 & t p]son  ! f\nd] ( !       
,*ri/ian religion4    ,! "t ( !         
,messiah's appe>ance 9 ! _w1 z pr$ict$ 9
 !  ,old ,te/am5t1 is def9$1 says ,kei?1
 by a numb] ( concurr+  circum/ances1   
:i* fix x to ! v date ( ! adv5t ( ,*ri/4
  ,! la/ bless+ ( ,jacob to 8 sons1 :5  
he comm&$ !m to ga!r  !mselves toge!r t 
he might tell !m :at %\ld befall !m 9  !
 la/ days1 conta9s ?is pr$iction conc]n+
 ,judah3 8,! sceptre  %all n dep>t f    
,judah1 nor a lawgiv] f betwe5 8 feet1  

until  ,%iloh come2 & unto him %all !   
ga!r+ ( ! p be10 ,g54  xlix1 #aj4 ,!    
date fix$ by ?is prophecy = ! com+ (    
,%iloh1 or  ! ,savi\r1 0 n to exce$ ! "t
 dur+ :i* ! desc5dants (  ,judah 7 to   
cont9ue a unit$ p1 :ile a k+ %\ld reign 
among  !m1 :ile !y %\ld be gov]n$ by _! 
own laws1 & :ile _!  judges %\ld be f   
among _! bre?r54 ,! prophecy ( ,mala*i  
adds  ano!r /&>d = measur+ ! "t3        
8,behold1 ,i s5d my mess5g]1  & he %all 
prep>e ! way be=e me2 & ! ,"l1 :om ye   
seek1  %all come sudd5ly to 8 temple1   
ev5 ! mess5g] ( ! cov5ant1  :om ye      
delight 93 behold1 he %all come1 sai? ! 
,"l ( ,ho/s10  ,mal4 iii1 #a4 ,no words 
c be m expressive ( ! com+ ( !  promis$ 
,messiah2 & !y z cle>ly imply 8         
appe>ance 9 ! second  temple be=e x %\ld
 be de/roy$4 ,9 reg>d to ! adv5t ( !    
,messiah be=e ! de/ruction ( ! second   
temple1 ! words ( ,haggai  are rem>kably
 explicit3 8,! desire ( all nations %all
 come1 & ,i  w fill ?is h\se ) glory1   
sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 ,! glory (  ?is     

latt] h\se %all be great] ?an ( ! =m]1 &
 9 ?is place  w ,i give peace10 ,hag4   
ii1 #g4 ,! ,savi\r 0 ?us to appe>1      
accord+ to ! prophecies ( ! ,old        
,te/am5t1 dur+ ! "t ( !  cont9uance ( ! 
k+dom ( ,judah1 previ\s to ! demolition 
( !  temple1 & imm$iately subsequ5t to !
 next prophet4 ,b ! "t is  r5d]$ yet m  
def9ite4 ,9 ! prophecies ( ,daniel1 !   
k+dom (  ! ,messiah is n only =etold z  
comm5c+ 9 ! "t ( ! f\r?  mon>*y1 or     
,roman empire1 b ! express numb] ( ye>s 
t 7 to  prec$e 8 com+ are pla9ly        
intimat$3 8,sev5ty weeks are det]m9$  ^u
 ?y p1 & ^u ?y holy city1 to f9i% !     
transgression1  & to make an end ( s91 &
 to make reconciliation = iniquity1 &   
to br+ 9 ev]la/+ righte\sness1 & to seal
 up ! vision &  prophecy1 & to ano9t !  
,mo/ ,holy4 ,"k1 !re=e1 & und]/&1  t f !
 go+ =? ( ! comm&m5t to re/ore & to     
build  ,j]usalem1 unto ,messiah !       
,pr9ce1 %all be sev5 weeks & ?reescore  
& two weeks10 ,dan4 ix1 #bd1 #be4       
,computation by weeks ( ye>s 0  common  

among ! ,jews1 & e sev5? 0 ! sabbatical 
ye>2  sev5ty weeks1 ?us am\nt$ to f\r   
hundr$ & n9ety ye>s4 ,9 ^!  words !     
prophet m>ks ! v "t1 & uses ! v "n (    
,messiah1 ! ,pr9ce2 s entirely is all   
ambiguity done away4 ,!  pla9e/ inf]5ce 
may be drawn f ^! prophecies4 ,all ( !m1
  :ile1 9 e respect1 !y presuppose ! mo/
 p]fect k (  futurity2 :ile !y 7        
unque/ionably deliv]$ & publicly kn[n  =
 ages previ\s to ! "t to :i* !y ref]r$2 
& :ile !y  ref] to diff]5t cont+5t &    
unconnect$ ev5ts1 utt]ly  undet]m9able &
 inconceivable by all human sagacity2   
accord 9  p]fect unison to a s+le       
precise p]iod :]e all _! diff]5t  l9es  
t]m9ate at once1--! v fulness ( "t :5   
,jesus appe>$4  ,a k+ !n reign$ ov] !   
,jews 9 _! own l&2 !y 7 gov]n$  by _!   
own laws2 & ! c\ncil ( _! nation ex]cis$
 its  au?ority & p[]4 ,be=e t p]iod1 !  
o!r tribes 7 ext9ct  or disp]s$ among ! 
nations4 ,judah alone rema9$1 & ! la/   
sceptre 9 ,israel _h n !n dep>t$ f x4 ,e
 /one ( !  temple 0 !n unmov$2 x 0 !    

admiration ( ! ,romans1 & might  h /ood 
= ages4 ,b 9 a %ort space1 all ^!       
concurr+  te/imonies to ! "t ( ! adv5t (
 ! ,messiah pass$ away4 ,dur+  ! v ye>1 
! twelf? ( 8 age1 9 :i* ,*ri/ fir/      
publicly  appe>$ 9 ! temple1 ,ar*elaus !
 k+ 0 de?ron$ & bani%$2  ,coponius 0    
appo9t$ procurator2 & ! k+dom ( ,judea1 
! la/  remnant ( ! greatness ( ,israel1 
0 debas$ into a "p ( !  prov9ce (       
,syria4 ,! sceptre 0 smitt5 f ! tribe ( 
,judah2 !  cr[n fell f _! heads2 _!     
glory dep>t$2 &1 soon aft] !  dea? (    
,*ri/1 ( _! temple "o /one 0 n left ^u  
ano!r2  _! commonweal? itself became z  
complete a ru91 & 0 brok5 9  pieces2 &  
!y h ev] s9ce be5 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 
a  "n b n a nation4 ,aft] ! lapse (     
ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s  po/]ior to ! "t (
 ,mala*i1 ano!r prophet appe>$ :o 0 !   
h]ald ( ! ,messiah4 ,& ! te/imony (     
,josephus confirms !  acc\nt giv5 9     
,scripture ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,e m>k t  
d5ot$  ! "t ( ! com+ ( ! ,messiah 0     
eras$ soon aft] !  crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 

& c\ld nev] aft]w>d be r5ew$4 ,& )      
respect to ! prophecies ( ,daniel1 x is 
rem>kable1 at ?is remote  p]iod1 h[     
little discrepancy ( op9ion has exi/$   
among ! mo/  le>n$ m51 z to ! space f ! 
"t ( ! pass+ out ( !  edict to rebuild  
,j]usalem1 aft] ! ,babyloni% captivity1 
to !  comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & !  
subsequ5t ev5ts =etold 9  ! prophecy4   
,! pr$ictions conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 
respect+ bo? !  family out ( :i* !      
,messiah 0 to arise1 & ! place ( 8      
bir?1 are almo/ z circum/antial1 & are  
equally applicable to  ,*ri/1 z ^? :i*  
ref] to ! "t ( 8 appe>ance4 ,he 0 to be 
an ,israelite1 ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 ( !  
family ( ,david1 & ( !  t[n ( ,be?lehem4
 ,t all ^! pr$ictions 7 fulfill$ 9      
,jesus  ,*ri/2 t he 0 ( t c\ntry1 tribe1
 & family1 ( ! h\se &  l9eage ( ,david1 
& born 9 ,be?lehem1 we h ! fulle/       
evid5ce 9  ! te/imony ( all !           
evangeli/s2 9 two di/9ct acc\nts ( !    
g5ealogies1 by natural & legal          
succession1 :i*1 accord+ to !  cu/om ( !

 ,jews1 7 c>efully pres]v$2 9 !         
acquiesc5ce ( !  enemies ( ,*ri/ 9 !    
tru? ( ! fact1 aga9/ :i* !re is n a     
s+le surmise 9 hi/ory2 & 9 ! appeal made
 by "s ( !  e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s to ! 
unque/ionable te/imony ( !  records ( ! 
c5sus1 tak5 at ! v "t ( our ,savi\r's   
bir? by  ord] ( ,cs>4 ,"h1 inde$1 x is  
impossible n to be /ruck ) !  exact     
fulfilm5t ( prophecies :i* are app>5tly 
contradictory &  irreconcilable1 & ) !  
mann] 9 :i* !y 7 provid5tially          
accompli%$4 ,! spot ( ,*ri/'s nativity 0
 di/ant f ! place  ( ! abode ( 8 p>5ts1 
& ! region 9 :i* he began 8  m9i/ry 0   
remote f ! place ( 8 bir?2 & ano!r      
prophecy  respect+ him 0 9 ?is mann]    
v]ifi$3 8,9 ! l& ( ,zebulun &           
,naphtali1 by ! way ( ! sea beyond      
,jordan1 9 ,galilee ( !  nations1 ! p t 
walk$ 9 d>kness h se5 a great light2  !y
 t dwell 9 ! l& ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 ^u !m  
ha? !  light %9$10 ,isaiah ix1 #a1 #b2  
,matt4 iv1 #af4 ,?us1 ! "t at :i*  !    
pr$ict$ ,messiah 0 to appe>2 ! nation1 !

 tribe1 & !  family f :i* he 0 to be    
desc5d$2 & ! place ( 8  bir?1--no       
popul\s city1 b ( itself an             
inconsid]able place1--7  all cle>ly     
=etold2 & z cle>ly ref] to ,jesus ,*ri/2
 & all meet  _! completion 9 him4    ,b 
! facts ( 8 life1 & ! features ( 8 "*1  
are also  drawn ) a precision t _c be   
misund]/ood4 ,! obscurity1 !  meanness1 
& ! pov]ty ( 8 ext]nal condition are ?us
  repres5t$3 8,he %all gr[ up be=e ! ,"l
 l a t5d] plant1 &  z a root out ( a dry
 gr\nd3 he ha? no =m or comel9ess2 & :5 
we %all see him1 !re is no beauty t we  
%\ld desire him4 ,?us  sai? ! ,"l to him
 :om man despise?1 to him :om ! nation  
abhorre?1 to a s]vant ( rul]s1 ,k+s %all
 see & arise1 pr9ces  also %all wor%ip10
 ,isaiah liii1 #b2 xlix1 #g4 ,t su* 0 ! 
condition 9 :i* ,*ri/ appe>$1 ! :ole    
hi/ory ( 8 life  abundantly te/ifies4 ,&
 ! ,jews1 look+ 9 ! pride ( _! he>ts  = 
an e>?ly k+1 disreg>d$ ^! prophecies    
conc]n+ him1 7  deceiv$ by _!           
traditions1 & f\nd only a /one ( /umbl+1

  :]e1 if !y _h se>*$ _! ,scriptures    
aright1 !y w\ld h  discov]$ an evid5ce (
 ! ,messiah4 8,is n ?is ! c>p5t]'s son8 
,is n ?is ! son ( ,m>y8 said !y & !y 7  
(f5d$ at him40  ,8 rid+ 9 humble triumph
 into ,j]usalem2 8 be+ betray$ =  ?irty 
pieces ( silv]1 & sc\rg$1 & buffet$1 &  
spit ^u2 !  pi]c+ ( 8 h&s & ( 8 feet2 ! 
la/ (f]$ draught (  v9eg> & gall2 ! p>t+
 ( 8 raim5t1 & ca/+ lots ^u 8  ve/ure2 !
 mann] ( 8 dea? & ( 8 burial1 & 8 ris+  
aga9  )\t see+ corruption1 7 all        
expressly pr$ict$1 & all ^!  pr$ictions 
7 lit]ally fulfill$1 ,ze*4 ix1 #i2 xi1  
#ab2 ,isaiah l1 #f2  ,psalm xxii1 #af2  
lxix1 #ba2 xxii1 #ah2 ,isaiah liii1 #i2 
,psalm xvi1 #aj4 ,if  all ^! prophecies 
admit ( any application to ! ev5ts ( !  
life  ( any individual1 x c only be to t
 ( ! ,au?or ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,& :at o!r  
religion c produce a s+le fact :i* 0    
actually  =etold ( its f\nd]8    ,! dea?
 ( ,*ri/ 0 z unp>allel$ z 8 life2 & !   
prophecies  are z m9utely descriptive ( 
8 suff]+s z ( 8 virtues4 ,n  only did ! 

pas*al lamb1 :i* 0 to be kill$ e ye> 9  
all !  families ( ,israel1 :i* 0 to be  
tak5 out ( ! flock1 to be  )\t blemi%1  
to be eat5 ) bitt] h]bs1 to h its blood 
spr9kl$1 & to be kept :ole t n a bone ( 
x %\ld be brok52  n only did ! (f]+ up (
 ,isaac1 & ! lift+ up ( ! braz5  s]p5t 9
 ! wild]ness1 by look+ ^u :i* ! p 7     
heal$1  & _m ritual obs]vances ( !      
,jews1 prefigure ! mann] (  ,*ri/'s     
dea?1 & ! sacrifice :i* 0 to be made =  
s92 b _m  express decl>ations ab\nd 9 ! 
prophecies1 t ,*ri/ 0 inde$ to  suff]4  
,b ,isaiah1 :o describes1 ) eloqu5ce    
wor?y ( a prophet1  ! glories ( ! k+dom 
t 0 to come1 *>act]izes1 ) !  accuracy (
 a hi/orian1 ! humiliation1 ! trials1 & 
! agonies  :i* 7 to prec$e ! triumphs ( 
! ,r$eem] ( a _w2 & !  hi/ory ( ,*ri/   
=ms1 to ! v lett]1 ! comm5t>y & !       
completion ( 8 e pr$iction4 ,9 a s+le   
passage1 ,isaiah lii1 #ac1  c2 liii1 !  
connection ( :i* is un9t]rupt$1 its     
antiquity  indisputable1 & its          
application obvi\s1 ! suff]+s ( ! s]vant

  ( ,god 7:o "u t same d5om9ation1 is   
previ\sly describ$ z he  :o 0 to be !   
light ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! salvation ( ,god  
to !  ends ( ! e>?1 & ! elect ( ,god 9  
:om 8 s\l delight$1 ,isa4  xiii1 #aj2   
xlix1 #f7 are s m9utely =etold1 t no    
illu/ration is  requisite to %[ t !y    
te/ify ( ,jesus4 ,! :ole ( ?is prophecy 
?us ref]s to ! ,messiah4 ,x describes   
bo? 8 debasem5t & 8  dignity2 8         
rejection by ! ,jews2 8 humility1 8     
affliction1 &  8 agony2 8 magnanimity & 
8 *>ity2 h[ 8 words 7  disbeliev$2 h[ 8 
/ate 0 l[ly2 h[ 8 sorr[ 0 sev]e2 h[ he  
op5$ n 8 m\? b to make int]cession = !  
transgressors4 ,9  diametrical          
opposition to e disp5sation ( ,provid5ce
 :i* is  regi/]$ 9 ! records ( ! ,jews1 
x repres5ts spotless innoc5ce  suff]+ by
 ! appo9tm5t ( ,heav52 dea? z ! issue ( 
p]fect  ob$i5ce2 ,god's righte\s s]vant 
z =sak5 ( him2 & "o :o 0  p]fectly      
immaculate be>+ ! *a/isem5t ( _m guilty2
 spr9kl+  _m nations f _! iniquity1 by  
virtue ( 8 sacrifice2 ju/ify+  _m by 8  

k2 & divid+ a portion ) ! great & !     
spoil ) ! /rong1 because he ha? p\r$ out
 8 s\l 9 dea?4  ,?is prophecy1 !re=e1   
simply z a pr$iction prior to ! ev5t1   
r5d]s ! v unbelief ( ! ,jews an evid5ce 
aga9/ !m1 conv]ts  ! sc&al ( ! cross    
into an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity1 &
  pres5ts u ) an epitome ( ! tru?1 a    
m9iature ( ! ,gospel 9  "s ( its mo/    
/rik+ features4 ,! simple exposition ( x
 suffic$  at once = ! conv]sion ( !     
eunu* ( ,e?iopia4 ,to ^!  prophecies    
may1 9 fact1 be add$ all ^? :i* relate  
to 8  spiritual k+dom1 or ! circum/ances
 ( ! promulgation1 !  opposition1 & !   
triumphs ( 8 religion2 ! accompli%m5t ( 
:i* equally proves ! div9e mission ( its
 ,au?or1 & po9ts him  out z t great     
p]sonage ) :om !y /& insep>ably         
connect$4    #b4 ,b if ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 
0 ! ,messiah1 9 t "* 8 ,deity  also is  
necess>ily involv$1 because ! ,messiah  
is surr\nd$ )  attributes ( div9ity 9 ! 
,old ,te/am5t2 & our ,"l himself z      
c]ta9ly lays claim to ^? attributes z to

 ! (fice ( 8!  ,*ri/40 ,)\t ref]r+ "h to
 ! ,scriptural doctr9e ( a ,tr9ity  (   
div9e ,p]sons 9 ! unity ( ! ,godhead1   
7see ,tr9ity17 x is  suffici5t n[ to %[ 
t bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t          
,scriptures1 ! ,messiah is contemplat$ z
 a div9e ,p]son4 ,9 ! v  fir/ promise ( 
r$emption1 8 sup]iority to t great &    
malignant  _s :o de/roy$ ! innoc5ce (   
man1 & blight$ ! fair  creation ( ,god1 
is unque/ionably impli$2 :ile ! ,angel (
 !  ,div9e ,pres5ce1 ! ,angel ( !       
,cov5ant1 :o appe>s s prom95t 9  !      
patri>*al times1 & ! e>ly p]iods (      
,jewi% hi/ory1 & 0  und]/ood by ! e>ly  
,jews z ! future ,messiah1 is se5 at    
once z a  be+ di/9ct f ,jehovah & yet   
,jehovah himself2 be>+ t  incommunicable
 "n2 & p]=m+ acts1 & possess+ qualities 
(  unque/ionable div9ity4 ,z ! 8,r$eem]0
 ( ,job1 he is ! object (  8 tru/ &     
hope1 & is said to be !n a 8liv+        
,r$eem]20 to see  :om at ! la/ 0 to 8see
 ,god40 ,z 8,%iloh10 9 ! prophecy (     
,jacob1 he is repres5t$ z hav+ an       

indef9itely ext5sive reign ov]  8! p0   
ga!r$ to him2 & 9 all subsequ5t         
pr$ictions  respect+ ?is reign ( ,*ri/1 
x is repres5t$ s va/1 s p]fect1  s      
influ5tial ^u ! v ?\ghts1 purposes1 &   
affections ( m51  t no m]e creature c be
 reasonably suppos$ capable ( ex]cis+   
x4 ,( ! second ,psalm1 s manife/ly      
appropriat$ to ! ,messiah1 x  has be5   
ju/ly said1 t ! high titles & hon\rs    
ascrib$ 9 ?is  ,psalm to ! extraord9>y  
p]son :o is ! *ief subject ( x1 f>      
transc5d any ?+ t is ascrib$ 9          
,scripture to any m]e creature4  ,b if !
 ,psalm be inquir$ into m n>r[ly1 &     
comp>$ )  p>allel prophecies2 if x be   
duly consid]$1 t n only is !            
extraord9>y p]son "h spok5 ( call$1 8!  
,son ( ,god10 b t  title is s ascrib$ to
 him z to imply1 t x belongs to him 9 a 
mann] t is absolutely s+ul>1 & peculi>  
to himself1 see+ he  is said to be      
begott5 ( ,god1 v]se #g1 & is call$1 by 
way (  em95ce1 8! ,son10 v]se #ab2 t !  
dang] ( provok+ him to ang]  is spok5 ( 

9 s v diff]5t a mann] f :at ! ,scripture
 uses  9 speak+ ( ! ang] ( any m]e      
creature1 8,kiss ! ,son1 le/ he be      
angry1 & ye p]i% f ! way :5 8 wra? is   
k9dl$ b a  little20 t :5 ! k+s & judges 
( ! e>? are comm&$ to  s]ve ,god ) fe>1 
!y are at ! same "t comm&$ to kiss !    
,son1 :i* 9 ^? times & places 0         
frequ5tly an expression (  adoration2 &1
 p>ticul>ly1 t1 :]eas o!r ,scriptures   
conta9  awful & j ?reat5+s aga9/ ^? :o  
tru/ 9 any m]e man1 !  ,psalmi/         
nev]!less expressly calls !m bless$ :o  
tru/ 9 ! ,son  "h spok5 (2--all ^! ?+s  
tak5 toge!r make up a "* (  unequivocal 
div9ity3 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 x is said1 t
 ,god  w\ld set ?is 8 ,son z 8 ,k+ on 8 
holy hill ( ,zion1 v]se #f1  ?is1 &     
v>i\s o!r expressions 9 ?is ,psalm1     
conta9 *>act]s (  t subord9ation :i* is 
appropriate to t div9e ,p]son :o 0 to   
be inc>nate1 & engage 9 a "w assign$ to 
him by ! ,fa!r4 ,!  =m] "p ( ! =ty-fif? 
,psalm is by ! inspir$ au?ority ( ,/4   
,paul appli$ to ! ,*ri/1 :o is address$ 

9 ^! l(ty words1 8,?y  ?rone1 ,o ,god1  
is = ev] & ev]2 a sceptre ( righte\sness
 is !  sceptre ( ?y k+dom40 ,9 ! same   
mann] ,psalm cii1 #be-bi1 is appli$  to 
,*ri/ by ! same au?ority1 & !re he is   
repres5t$ z !  ,creator ( all ?+s1 *ang+
 8 creations z a ve/ure1 & yet  himself 
cont9u+ ! same un*ang$ be+ amid/ all !  
mutations (  ! univ]se4 ,9 ,psalm cx1   
,david says1 8,jehovah said unto my ,"l1
  7,adonai17 ,sit ?\ ^u my "r h& until  
,i make ?9e enemies ?y  foot/ool40 ,& 9 
,isaiah vi1 ! same ,adonai is se5 by !  
prophet  8seat$ ^u a ?rone1 high & lift$
 up10 receiv+ ! adoration (  s]aphs1 &  
be>+ ! title1 8,jehovah1 ,"l ( ,ho/s10 (
 :i*  passage ,/4 ,john makes a direct  
application to ,*ri/4 ,isaiah pr$icts  8
 bir? ( a virg91 "u ! title (           
8,immanuel1 ,god ) u40 ,!  same prophet 
gives to ?is wond]ful *ild ! /yle ( 8!  
,mighty  ,god10 ! ,ev]la/+ ,fa!r10 & !  
8,pr9ce ( ,peace20 s t1 z  ,dr4 ,pye    
,smi? ju/ly obs]ves1 8if !re be any     
dep5d5ce on words1 !  ,messiah is "h    

drawn 9 ! opposite *>act]s ( humanity & 
,deity1--! nativity & frailty ( a mortal
 *ild1 & !  incommunicable attributes ( 
! omnipres5t & et]nal ,god40 ,twice is  
he call$ by ,j]emiah1 8,jehovah our     
righte\sness40 ,daniel t]ms him !       
8,anci5t ( ,days10 or 8,! ,immortal20 & 
,micah decl>es1 9 a passage  :i* !      
c\ncil ( ! ,jews1 assembl$ by ,h]od1    
appli$ to !  ,messiah1 t he :o 0 to be  
born 9 ,be?lehem 0 8ev5 he ^:  com+s =? 
are f et]nity1 f ! days ( ! ev]la/+     
p]iod40 ,?us ! prophetic te/imony       
describes him1 z entitl$ to !           
appellation ( 8,wond]ful10 s9ce he %\ld 
be1 9 a s5se peculi> to  himself1 ! ,son
 ( ,god1 ,psalm ii1 #g2 ,isaiah ix1 #f2 
z exi/+ &  act+ dur+ ! patri>*al & !    
,jewi% ages1 & ev5 f  et]nity1 ,psalm   
xl1 #g-i2 ,micah v1 #b2 z ! gu>dian &   
protector (  8 p1 ,isaiah xl1 #i-aa2 z !
 prop] object ( ! v>i\s  affections (   
piety1 ( devotional confid5ce = obta9+ !
 mo/  important bless+s1 & ( religi\s   
homage f angels & m51 ,psalm  ii1 #ab2  

xcvii1 #g2 &1 f9ally1 decl>es him to be 
! et]nal &  immutable ,be+1 ! ,creator1 
,god1 ! ,mighty ,god1 ,adonai1 ,elohim1 
,jehovah4    ,9 p]fect accordance ) ^!  
views1 does our ,savi\r speak (         
himself4 ,he ass]ts 8 prexi/5ce1 z hav+ 
8come d[n f heav520  & z exi/+ 8be=e    
,abraham20 & z be+ 89 heav50 :ile yet   
be=e ! eyes ( 8 disciples on e>?4 ,9 !  
same peculi> mann]  does he apply ! t]m 
8,son ( ,god0 to himself1 & t ) s       
manife/ an int5tion to assume x 9 ! s5se
 ( div9ity1 t !  ,jews attempt$ on t    
acc\nt to /one him z a blasphem]4 ,!    
:ole  =ce ( ! argum5t by :i* he sil5c$ !
 ,ph>isees :5 he ask$  h[ ! ,messiah1 :o
 0 to be ! ,son ( ,david1 c\ld be       
,david's ,"l1  9 ref]5ce to ! passage 9 
! ,psalms be=e quot$1 arose out (  !    
doctr9e ( ! ,messiah's div9ity2 & :5 he 
claims t all m5  %\ld hon\r him z !y    
hon\r ! ,fa!r1 & ass]ts t z !  ,fa!r ha?
 life 9 himself1 s he has giv5 to ! ,son
 to h life 9  himself1 t he 8quick5e?   
:om he w10 t 8:]e two or ?ree  meet 9 8 

"n he is 9 ! mid/ ( !m10 & w\ld be ) 8  
disciples 8to ! end ( ! _w20 :o does n  
see t ! ,jews  conclud$ "r1 :5 !y said t
 he made himself 8equal )  ,god10--an   
impression :i* he took no pa9s to       
remove1 al?\gh 8 own  moral "* b\nd him 
to d s1 _h he n int5d$ to confirm t     
conclusion4 ,s num]\s are ! passages 9  
:i* div9e titles1 acts1  & qualities1   
are ascrib$ to ,*ri/1 9 ! apo/olical    
epi/les1 &  s unbrok5 is ! /ream (      
te/imony f ! apo/olic age1 t !  ,deity (
 _! ,savi\r 0 ! und\bt$ & univ]sal fai? 
( 8  inspir$ foll[]s1 & ( ^? :o         
imm$iately succe$$ !m1 t x  is n        
necess>y to quote pro(s4 ,! :ole argum5t
 is ?is3 ,if ! ,old  ,te/am5t           
,scriptures repres5t ! ,messiah z a     
div9e ,p]son2 !  pro(s :i* demon/rate   
,jesus to be ! ,messiah1 demon/rate him 
also  by f>!r & necess>y consequ5ce to  
be div9e4 ,yet1 ?\gh !re is  a union (  
natures 9 ,*ri/1 !re is no mixture or   
confusion ( _!  prop]ties3 8 humanity is
 n *ang$ into 8 ,deity1 nor 8 ,deity    

absorb$ by 8 humanity2 b ! two natures  
are di/9ct 9 "o  ,p]son4 ,h[ ?is union  
exi/s1 is above our compreh5sion2 &1    
inde$1  if we _c expla9 h[ our bodies & 
s\ls are unit$1 x is n to  be suppos$ t 
we c compreh5d ! my/]y ( 8,god manife/ 9
 !  fle%40 ,s truly does ,*ri/ be> ! "n 
giv5 to him 9  prophecy1--8,wond]ful40  
#c4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,deity ( ,*ri/ d]ives
 f>!r confirmation f  ! consid]ation1 t 
9 no s\nd s5se c ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old 
& ,new ,te/am5ts be int]pret$ s z to    
make _! v diff]5t &  (t5 app>5tly       
contradictory /atem5ts respect+ him     
h>monize4 ,h[1  = in/ance1 is x t he is 
array$ 9 ! attributes ( div9ity1  & yet 
is capable ( be+ rais$ to a k+dom &     
glory8--t he is  address$1 8,?y ?rone1  
,o ,god1 is = ev] & ev]10 & yet t x     
%\ld foll[ 8,god1 ev5 ?y ,god1 ha?      
ano9t$ !e ) ! oil (  gladness above ?y  
fell[s80--t he %\ld be ,god1 & yet1 by a
 human  bir?1 8,god ) u80--t he %\ld1   
say1 8,i & my ,fa!r are "o10  &1 8,my   
,fa!r is great] ?an ,i80--t he is       

supreme1 & yet a  s]vant8--t he is equal
 & yet subord9ate8--t he1 a man1 %\ld   
require & receive wor%ip & tru/8--t he  
%\ld be great] ?an  angels1 & yet 8made 
l[] ?an ! angels80--t he %\ld be 8made  
fle%10 & yet be ! ,creator ( all ?+s8--t
 he %\ld raise  himself f ! dead1 & yet 
be rais$ by ! p[] ( ! ,fa!r8  ,^! & _m  
o!r decl>ations respect+ him1 all accord
 ) !  or?odox view ( 8 p]son2 & are     
intelligible s f> z !y /ate  ! facts    
respect+ him2 b are :olly beyond ! p[] (
  int]pretation into any rational mean+ 
on any !ory :i* d5ies to  him a real    
humanity on ! "o h&1 or a real & p]sonal
 div9ity on  ! o!r4 ,s p[]fully1 9 fact1
 has ?is be5 felt1 t1 9 ord] to  evade !
 =ce ( ! te/imony ( ,scripture1 ! mo/   
lic5ti\s  criticisms h be5 resort$ to by
 ! d5i]s ( 8 div9ity2 su* z  w\ld n     
c]ta9ly h be5 tol]at$ by s*ol>s 9 ! case
 ( an  attempt to int]pret any o!r      
anci5t writ+4    #d4 ,be+1 !re=e1 n only
 8a tea*] s5t f ,god10 b ! div9e  ,son (
 ,god himself1 x might be truly said by 

8 wond]+ he>]s1  8,nev] man spake l ?is 
man40 ,on our ,"l's "* z a tea*]1       
!re=e1 _m /rik+ & j rem>ks h be5 made by
 diff]5t  writ]s1 n except+ "s infidels 
!mselves1 :o1 9 ?is respect1  h be5     
c>ri$ into admiration by ! ov]:elm+ =ce 
( evid5ce4  ,?is article1 h[ev]1 %all n 
be indebt$ to a desecrat$ s\rce =  an   
e/imate ( ! "* ( 8 tea*+1 & %all r be   
conclud$ ) ! foll[+ admirable rem>ks ( a
 ,*ri/ian prelate3--    8,:5 our ,"l is 
consid]$ z a tea*]1 we f9d him deliv]+ !
  ju/e/ & mo/ sublime tru?s ) respect to
 ! div9e nature1 !  duties ( mank9d1 & a
 future /ate ( exi/5ce2 agreeable 9 e   
p>ticul> to reason1 & to ! wise/ maxims 
( ! wise/  philosoph]s2 )\t any mixture 
( t alloy :i* s (t5 debas$  _! mo/      
p]fect production2 & excell5tly adapt$  
to mank9d 9  g5]al1 by sugge/+          
circum/ances & p>ticul> images on ! mo/ 
awful & int]e/+ subjects4 ,we f9d him   
fill+1 &1 z x 71  ov]p[]+ our m9ds ) !  
gr&e/ ideas ( 8 own nature2  repres5t+  
himself z appo9t$ by 8 ,fa!r to be our  

,in/ruct]1  our ,r$eem]1 our ,judge1 &  
our ,k+2 & %[+ t he liv$ &  di$ = ! mo/ 
b5evol5t & important purposes           
conceivable4 ,he does  n lab\r to       
support ! greate/ & mo/ magnific5t ( all
  *>act]s2 b x is p]fectly easy &       
natural to him4 ,he makes no  display ( 
! high & heav5ly tru?s :i* he utt]s2 b  
speaks (  !m ) a graceful & wond]ful    
simplicity & maje/y4 ,sup]natural  tru?s
 are z famili> to 8 m9d1 z ! common     
affairs ( life are to  o!r m54 ,he      
revives ! moral law1 c>ries x to        
p]fection1 &  en=ces x by peculi> &     
animat+ motives3 b he enjo9s no?+  new  
beside pray+ 9 8 "n1 mutual love among 8
 disciples1 z  su*1 & ! obs]vance ( two 
simple & significant positive laws  :i* 
s]ve to promote ! practice ( ! moral    
law4 ,all 8 precepts1  :5 rightly       
expla9$1 are reasonable 9 !mselves &    
useful 9 _!  t5d5cy3 & _! compass is v  
great1 consid]+ t he 0 an  occasional   
tea*]1 & n a sy/ematical "o4 ,if f !    
matt] (  8 in/ructions we pass on to !  

mann] 9 :i* !y 7 deliv]$1  we f9d our   
,"l usually speak+ z an au?oritative    
tea*]2 ?\gh  occasionally limit+ 8      
precepts1 & sometimes assign+ ! reasons 
( !m4 ,he presupposes ! orig9al law (   
,god1 & addresses m5 z  rational        
creatures4 ,f ! gr&eur ( 8 m9d1 & !     
magnitude (  8 subjects1 he is (t5      
sublime2 & ! beauties int]sp]s$  ?r\gh\t
 8 disc\rses are equally natural &      
/rik+4 ,he is  rem>kable = an easy &    
graceful mann] ( introduc+ ! be/        
lessons f incid5tal objects & occasions4
 ,! human he>t is nak$  & op5 to him2 & 
he addresses ! ?\ghts ( m51 z o!rs d !  
emotions ( _! c\nt5ance or _! bodily    
actions4 ,difficult  situations1 & sudd5
 que/ions ( ! mo/ artful & ensn>+ k9d1  
s]ve only to display 8 sup]ior wisdom1 &
 to conf\nd & a/oni%  all 8 adv]s>ies4  
,in/ead ( %[+ 8 b\ndless k on e         
occasion1 he *ecks & re/ra9s x1 & pref]s
 utility to ! gl>e  ( o/5tation4 ,he    
tea*es directly & obliquely1 pla9ly &   
cov]tly1  z wisdom po9ts out occasions4 

,he kn[s ! inmo/ "*1 e  prejudice & e   
feel+ ( 8 he>]s2 &1 accord+ly1 uses     
p>ables to conceal or to en=ce 8        
lessons3 & he p[]fully  impresses !m by 
! significant language ( actions4 ,he   
gives pro(s  ( 8 mission f above1 by 8 k
 ( ! he>t1 by a *a9 (  prophecies1 & by 
a v>iety ( mighty works4    8,he sets an
 example ( ! mo/ p]fect piety to ,god1 &
 ( ! mo/  ext5sive b5evol5ce & ! mo/    
t5d] compassion to m54 ,he does n  m]ely
 exhibit a life ( /rict ju/ice1 b (     
ov]fl[+ b5ignity4  ,8 temp]ance has n ! 
d>k %ades ( au/]ity2 8 meekness does  n 
deg5]ate into apa?y4 ,8 humility is     
signal1 amid/ a spl5d\r  ( qualities m  
?an human4 ,8 =titude is em95t &        
exempl>y1 9  endur+ ! mo/ =midable      
ext]nal evils & ! %>pe/ actual  suff]+s3
 8 pati5ce is inv9cible2 8 resignation  
entire &  absolute4 ,tru? & s9c]ity %9e 
?r\gh\t 8 :ole conduct4 ,?\gh  ( heav5ly
 desc5t1 he %[s ob$i5ce & affection to 8
 e>?ly  p>5ts4 ,he approves1 loves1 &   
atta*es himself to amiable qualities  9 

! human race4 ,he respects au?ority1    
religi\s & civil2 & he  evid5ces 8 reg>d
 = 8 c\ntry by promot+ its mo/ ess5tial 
good 9 a pa9ful m9i/ry d$icat$ to its   
s]vice1 by deplor+ its  calamities1 & by
 lay+ d[n 8 life = its b5efit4 ,e "o (  
8 em95t virtues is regulat$ by          
consummate prud5ce2 & he bo?  w9s ! love
 ( 8 fri5ds1 & extorts ! approbation &  
wond] (  8 enemies4 ,nev] 0 a "* at !   
same "t s comm&+ &  natural1 s respl5d5t
 & pleas+1 s amiable & v5]able4 ,!re is 
a peculi> contra/ 9 x betwe5 an awful   
greatness1 dignity1 &  maje/y1 & ! mo/  
conciliat+ lovel9ess1 t5d]ness1 &       
s(tness4  ,he n[ conv]ses ) prophets1   
lawgiv]s1 & angels2 & ! next  in/ant he 
meekly endures ! dulness ( 8 disciples1 
& !  blasphemies & rage ( ! multitude4  
,he n[ calls himself great] ?an         
,solomon1 "o :o c comm& legions (       
angels1 ! ,giv] ( life to  :omsoev] he  
please?1 ! ,son ( ,god :o %all sit on 8 
glori\s  ?rone to judge ! _w4 ,at o!r   
times we f9d him embrac+ "y  *ildr51 n  

lift+ up 8 voice 9 ! /reets1 n break+ ! 
bruis$ re$1 nor qu5*+ ! smok+ flax2     
call+ 8 disciples1 n  s]vants1 b fri5ds 
& bre?r51 & com=t+ !m ) an  exub]ant &  
p>5tal affection4 ,let u pause an       
in/ant1 & fill our  m9ds ) ! idea ( "o  
:o knew all ?+s heav5ly & e>?ly1  se>*$ 
& laid op5 ! inmo/ recesses ( ! he>t1   
rectifi$ e  prejudice1 & remov$ e       
mi/ake1 ( a moral & religi\s k9d1 by  a 
^w ex]cis$ a sov]eignty ov] all nature1 
p5etrat$ ! hidd5  ev5ts ( futurity1 gave
 promises ( admission into a happy      
immortality1  _h ! keys ( life & dea?1  
claim$ a union ) ! ,fa!r2 & yet  0 pi\s1
 mild1 g5tle1 humble1 affable1 social1  
b5evol5t1 fri5dly1  affectionate4 ,su* a
 "* is fair] ?an ! morn+ />4 ,ea*       
sep>ate virtue is made /rong] by        
opposition & contra/2 & !  union ( s _m 
virtues =ms a brightness :i* fitly      
repres5ts !  glory ( t ,god #8:o        
inhabite? light inaccessible4' ,su* a "*
  mu/ h be5 a real "o4 ,!re is some?+ s 
extraord9>y1 s  p]fect1 & s godlike 9 x1

 t x c\ld n h be5 ?us  support$ ?r\gh\t 
by ! utmo/ /ret* ( human art1 mu* less  
by  m5 confess$ly unle>n$ & obscure40   
,we may add1 t su* a  "* mu/ also h be5 
div9e4 ,8 virtues are human 9 _!  class 
& k9d1 s t he 0 our 8example20 b !y 7   
su/a9$  & height5$ by t div9ity :i* 0   
imp]sonat$ 9 him1 & f  :i* !y d]iv$ _!  
int5se & full p]fection4    #e4 ,a great
 deal has be5 writt5 conc]n+ ! =m1      
beauty1 &  /ature ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,"s h 
ass]t$1 t he 0 9 p]son !  noble/ ( all !
 sons ( m54 ,o!rs h ma9ta9$1 t !re 0  no
 beauty nor any graces 9 8 outw>d       
appe>ance4 ,! fa!rs h n  express$       
!mselves on ?is matt] 9 a uni=m mann]4  
,/4 ,j]om  believes t ! lu/re & maje/y  
:i* %one ab\t our ,savi\r's  face 7     
capable ( w9n+ all he>ts3 x 0 ?is t drew
 !  g5]ality ( 8 ,apo/les ) s mu* ease  
to him2 x 0 ?is maje/y  :i* /ruck ^? d[n
 :o came to seize him 9 ! olive g>d54   
,/4  ,b]n>d & ,/4 ,*ryso/om cont5d 9 l  
mann] = ! beauty (  ,jesus ,*ri/'s      
p]son2 b ! mo/ anci5t fa!rs h ackn[l$g$1

  t he 0 n at all h&some4 ,homo         
indecorus et passibilis1 says  ,ir5u4   
,celsus object$ to ! ,*ri/ians1 t ,jesus
 ,*ri/1 z a man1  0 little1 & ill made1 
:i* ,orig5 ackn[l$g$ 9 8 answ] to  h be5
 writt5 ( him4 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us owns1 
9 sev]al places1  t ! p]son ( ,jesus    
,*ri/ 0 n beautiful1 z does also ,cyril 
(  ,alex&ria4 ,t]tullian says pla9ly1   
vultu et aspectu +lorius2 t  8 outw>d =m
 _h no?+ t c\ld attract consid]ation &  
respect4 ,/4 ,au/9 confesses1 t ,jesus  
,*ri/1 z a man1 0 )\t  beauty & !       
advantage ( p]son2 & ! g5]ality ( !     
anci5ts1  z ,eusebius1 ,basil1 ,!odoret1
 ,ambrose1 ,isidore1 c1 expla9 ! passage
  9 ! ,psalms1 8,?\ art fair] ?an !     
*ildr5 ( m510 z relat+  to ! beauty (   
,jesus ,*ri/ accord+ to 8 div9ity4 ,?is 
diff]5ce  9 op9ion %[s t no c]ta9       
tradition 0 h&$ d[n on ?is  subject4 ,! 
tru? probably is1 t all :i* 0 maje/ic & 
attractive 9 ! p]son ( our ,"l1 0 9 !   
expression ( !  c\nt5ance1 ! full       
influ5ce ( :i* 0 display$ *iefly 9 8    

confid5tial int]c\rse ) 8 disciples2    
:ile 8 g5]al  appe>ance pres5t$ no /rik+
 peculi>ity to ! common obs]v]4         
,,jews1 ! appropriate d5om9ation ( !    
desc5dants ( ,judah1 :i*  soon includ$  
"u x ! ,b5jamites1 :o jo9$ !mselves to !
  tribe ( ,judah1 on ! revolt ( ! o!r t5
 tribes f ! h\se (  ,david4 ,aft] !     
,babyloni% captivity1 :5 _m individuals 
( ^!  t5 tribes return$ ) ! m5 ( ,judah 
& ,b5jam9 to rebuild  ,j]usalem1 ! t]m  
,,jews includ$ !m also1 or r 0 !n ext5d$
  to all ! desc5dants ( ,israel :o      
reta9$ ! ,jewi% religion1  :e!r !y      
belong$ to ! two or to ! t5 tribes1 :e!r
 !y  return$ into ,judea or n4 ,h5ce1 n 
only all ! ,israelites ( future  times h
 be5 call$ ,jews1 b all ! desc5dants (  
,jacob1 f !  e>lie/ times1 are frequ5tly
 s call$ by u at pres5t1 & we speak  ev5
 ( _! orig9al disp5sation z ! ,jewi%    
disp5sation4 ,!  hi/ory ( ?is s+ul> p is
 record$ 9 ! sacr$ books ( !  ,old      
,te/am5t2 & 9 place ( epitomiz+ !       
acc\nts ( ! sacr$  writ]s1 x w be m     

useful to fill up ! *asm betwe5 ! close 
( ! hi/orical books !re conta9$1 & !    
com+ ( our ,"l4    ,:5 ! k+dom ( ,judah 
_h be5 sev5ty ye>s 9 captivity1 & !     
p]iod ( _! affliction 0 complet$1       
,cyrus1 7,b4 ,c4 #ecf17 "u :om  7 unit$ 
! k+doms ( ,p]sia1 ,m$ia1 & ,babylon1   
issu$ a decree1  p]mitt+ all ! ,jews to 
return to _! own l&1 & to rebuild  _!   
temple at ,j]usalem4 ,?is decree _h be5 
expressly =etold by  ! ,prophet ,isaiah1
 :o spoke ( ,cyrus by "n1 above a hundr$
 ye>s  be=e 8 bir?1 z ! deliv]] ( ,god's
 *os5 p f _!  pr$ict$ captivity4 ,?\gh !
 decree issu$ by ,cyrus 0 g5]al1 a  "p  
only ( ! nation took advantage ( x4 ,!  
numb] ( p]sons :o  return$ at ?is "t 0  
=ty-two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & sixty1  &    
sev5 ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-sev5      
s]vants4 ,!y 7  conduct$ by ,z]ubbabel &
 ,jo%ua4 ,z]ubbabel1 frequ5tly call$ 9  
,scripture ,%a%bazz>1 0 ! gr&son (      
,jeconias1 & consequ5tly  desc5d$ f     
,david4 ,he 0 call$ 8! pr9ce ( ,judah10 
& 0  appo9t$ _! gov]nor by ,cyrus1 & ) 8

 p]mission c>ri$ back  a "p ( ! gold &  
silv] vessels :i* ,nebu*adnezz> _h tak5 
out  ! temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,! re/ ( !   
treasures ( ! temple 7  c>ri$ ?i!r      
aft]w>d by ,ezra4 ,jo%ua 0 ! son (      
,jos$ec1 !  high prie/1 & gr&son (      
,s]aiah1 :o 0 high prie/ :5 !  temple 0 
de/roy$4 ,d>ius1 ! successor ( ,cyrus1  
confirm$ ?is  decree1 & fav\r$ !        
re/abli%m5t ( ! p4 ,b x 0 9  ! reign (  
,artax]xes ,longimanus1 call$ 9         
,scripture ,ahasu]us1 t  ,ezra obta9$ 8 
commission1 & 0 made gov]nor ( ! ,jews 9
 _!  own l&1 :i* gov]nm5t he held ?irte5
 ye>s3 !n ,nehemiah 0  appo9t$ ) fre%   
p[]s1 probably ?r\gh ! int]e/ ( ,que5   
,e/h]2 & ,ezra appli$ himself solely to 
correct+ ! canon ( !  ,scriptures1 &    
re/or+ & provid+ = ! cont9uance ( !     
wor%ip ( ,god 9 its orig9al purity4 ,!  
fir/ c>e ( ! ,jews1 aft]  _! arrival 9  
,judea1 0 to build an alt> = burnt-(f]+s
 to  ,god3 !y !n collect$ mat]ials =    
rebuild+ ! temple2 & all  necess>y      
prep>ations be+ made1 9 ! beg9n+ ( !    

second ye>  aft] _! return "u           
,z]ubbabel1 !y began to build x ^u ! old
  f\ndations4 ,! ,sam>itans1 affirm+ t  
!y wor%ipp$ ! ,god (  ,israel1 (f]$ to  
assi/ ! ,jews2 b _! assi/ance be+       
refus$1  !y did all 9 _! p[] to imp$e ! 
"w2 & h5ce orig9at$  t enmity :i* ev]   
aft] subsi/$ betwe5 ! ,jews &           
,sam>itans4  ,! temple1 aft] a v>iety ( 
ob/ructions & delays1 0 f9i%$ &         
d$icat$1 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,k+ ,d>ius1 ,b4
 ,c4 #eae1 & tw5ty  ye>s aft] x 0 begun4
 ,?\gh ?is second temple1 or1 z x is    
sometimes call$1 ! temple ( ,z]ubbabel1 
:o 0 at t "t  gov]nor ( ! ,jews1 0 ( !  
same size & dim5sions z ! fir/1  or     
,solomon's temple1 yet x 0 v inf]ior to 
x 9 spl5d\r &  magnific5ce2 & ! ark ( ! 
cov5ant1 ! ,%e*9ah1 ! holy fire  ^u !   
alt>1 ! ,urim & ,?ummim1 & ! _s (       
prophecy1 7  all want+ to ?is temple ( !
 remnant ( ! p4 ,at ! fea/ (  !         
d$ication1 (f]+s 7 made = ! twelve      
tribes ( ,israel1  :i* seems to indicate
 t "s ( all ! tribes return$ f          

captivity2 b by f> ! great] numb] 7 ( ! 
tribe ( ,judah1 &  !re=e f ?is p]iod !  
,israelites 7 g5]ally call$ ,judi or    
,jews1 & _! c\ntry ,judea4 ,_m1 at _!   
own desire1 rema9$ 9  ^? prov9ces :]e !y
 _h be5 plac$ by ! k+s ( ,assyria &     
,babylon4 ,! settlem5t ( ! p1 8aft] _!  
old e/ate10  accord+ to ! ^w ( ! ,"l1   
toge!r ) ! arrangem5t ( all  civil &    
ecclesia/ical matt]s1 & ! build+ ( !    
walls (  ,j]usalem1 7 complet$ by ,ezra 
& ,nehemiah4 ,b we soon aft] f9d        
,mala*i1 ! la/ ( ! prophets "u ! ,old   
,te/am5t1 reprov+  bo? prie/s & p v     
sev]ely1 n = idolatry1 b = _!  sc&al\s  
lives & gross corruptions4    ,!        
,scriptural hi/ory ends at ?is p]iod1   
,b4 ,c4 #dcj2 & we mu/ h  rec\rse to    
un9spir$ writ+s1 pr9cipally to ! books (
 !  ,maccabees1 & to ,josephus1 = !     
rema9+ p>ticul>s ( ! ,jewi%  hi/ory1 to 
! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans4  
,judea cont9u$  subject to ! k+s (      
,p]sia ab\t two hundr$ ye>s2 b x does n 
appe> t x _h a sep>ate gov]nor aft]     

,nehemiah4 ,f 8 "t x  0 includ$ 9 !     
jurisdiction ( ! gov]nor ( ,syria1 & "u 
him  ! high prie/ _h ! *ief au?ority4   
,:5 ,alex&] ! ,great 0  prep>+ to       
besiege ,tyre1 he s5t to ,jaddua1 ! high
 prie/ at  ,j]usalem1 to supply him ) t 
quantity ( provisions :i* he 0  accu/om$
 to s5d to ,p]sia4 ,jaddua refus$1 ^u ! 
gr\nd ( 8  oa? ( fidelity to ! k+ (     
,p]sia4 ,?is refusal irritat$  ,alex&]2 
& :5 he _h tak5 ,tyre1 he m>*$ t[>d     
,j]usalem to  rev5ge himself ^u ! ,jews4
 ,jaddua _h notice ( 8 approa*1 &1  by !
 direction ( ,god1 w5t out ( ! city to  
meet him1 dress$ 9  8 pontifical robes1 
& att5d$ by ! ,levites 9 :ite g>m5ts4   
,alex&]1 visibly /ruck ) ?is solemn     
appe>ance1 imm$iately laid  aside 8     
ho/ile int5tions1 advanc$ t[>d ! high   
prie/1 embrac$  him1 & paid adoration to
 ! "n ( ,god1 :i* 0 inscrib$ ^u !       
frontlet ( 8 mitre3 he aft]w>d w5t into 
! city ) ! high  prie/1 & (f]$          
sacrifices 9 ! temple to ! ,god ( !     
,jews4  ,?is sudd5 *ange 9 ! disposition

 ( ,alex&] excit$ no small  a/oni%m5t   
among 8 foll[]s2 & :5 8 fav\rite ,p>m5io
  inquir$ ( him ! cause1 he answ]$1 t x 
0 occasion$ by !  recollection ( a      
rem>kable dream he _h 9 ,mac$onia1 9 :i*
 a  p]son1 dress$ precisely l ! ,jewi%  
high prie/1 _h enc\rag$  him to und]take
 ! conque/ ( ,p]sia1 & _h promis$ him   
success3  he !re=e ador$ ! "n ( t ,god  
by ^: direction he believ$  he act$1 &  
%[$ k9dness to 8 p4 ,x is also said1 t  
:ile  he 0 at ,j]usalem ! prophecies (  
,daniel 7 po9t$ out to him1  :i* =etold 
t 8! k+ ( ,grecia0 %\ld conqu] ,p]sia1  
,dan4  viii1 #ba4 ,be=e he left         
,j]usalem he grant$ ! ,jews ! same free 
enjoym5t ( _! laws & _! religion1 &     
exemption f tribute  e sabbatical ye>1  
:i* !y _h be5 all[$ by ! k+s (  ,p]sia2 
& :5 he built ,alex&ria1 he plac$ a     
great numb] ( ,jews  !re1 & grant$ !m _m
 fav\rs & immunities4 ,:e!r any ,jews   
settl$ 9 ,europe s e>ly z :ile ! nation 
0 subject to !  ,mac$onian empire1 is n 
kn[n2 b x is believ$ t !y began to      

,hell5ize ab\t ?is "t4 ,! ,greek tongue 
became m common among  !m1 & ,grecian   
mann]s & op9ions 7 soon introduc$4 ,see 
,,alex&]4    ,at ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 7,b4 
,c4 #cbc17 9 ! division ( 8 empire      
among 8 g5]als1 ,judea fell to ! %>e (  
,laom$on4 ,b ,ptolemy  ,sot]1 son (     
,lagus1 k+ ( ,egypt1 soon aft] made     
himself ma/] ( x  by a /ratagem3 he     
ent]$ ,j]usalem on a ,sabba? day1 "u    
pret5ce (  (f]+ sacrifice1 & took       
possession ( ! city )\t resi/ance  f !  
,jews1 :o did n on ?is occasion d>e to  
transgress _! law  by fight+ on a       
,sabba? day4 ,ptolemy c>ri$ _m ?\s&s    
captive  into ,egypt1 bo? ,jews &       
,sam>itans1 & settl$ !m !re3 he  aft]w>d
 treat$ !m ) k9dness1 on acc\nt ( _!    
ackn[l$g$  fidelity to _! engagem5ts1   
p>ticul>ly 9 _! conduct t[>d  ,d>ius1 k+
 ( ,p]sia2 & he grant$ !m equal         
privileges ) !  ,mac$onians !mselves at 
,alex&ria4 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus is    
said to  h giv5 ! ,jews :o 7 captives 9 
,egypt _! lib]ty1 to !  numb] ( a hundr$

 & tw5ty ?\s&4 ,he comm&$ ! ,jewi%      
,scriptures to be translat$ into !      
,greek language1 :i* translation  is    
call$ ! ,septuag9t4 7,see ,alex&ria47   
,aft] ! ,jewi% nation  _h be5 tribut>y  
to ! k+s ( ,egypt = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s1 
x  became subject to ! k+s ( ,syria4 ,!y
 divid$ ! l&1 :i* n[  began to be call$ 
,pale/9e1 into five prov9ces1 ?ree ( :i*
 7  on ! we/ side ( ! ,jordan1 namely1  
,galilee1 ,sam>ia1 & ,judea1 &  two on !
 ea/ side1 namely1 ,tra*onitis & ,p]a2 b
 !y suff]$  !m to be gov]n$ by _! own   
laws1 "u ! high prie/ & c\ncil  ( !     
nation4 ,seleucus ,nicanor gave !m ! "r 
( citiz5s 9 !  cities :i* he built 9    
,asia ,m9or & ,clo-,syria1 & ev5 9      
,antio*1 8 capital1 ) privileges1 :i* !y
 cont9u$ to enjoy  "u ! ,romans4        
,antio*us ! ,great grant$ consid]able   
fav\rs &  immunities to ! city (        
,j]usalem2 &1 to secure ,lydia &        
,phrygia1  he e/abli%$ colonies ( ,jews 
9 ^? prov9ces4 ,9 ! s]ies (  w>s :i*    
took place betwe5 ! k+s ( ,syria &      

,egypt1 ,judea1 be+  situat$ betwe5 ^?  
two c\ntries1 01 9 a great] or less     
degree1  affect$ by all ! revolutions   
:i* !y exp]i5c$1 & 0  frequ5tly ! sc5e (
 bloody & de/ructive battles4 ,! evils  
to  :i* ! ,jews 7 expos$ f ^! =eign p[]s
 7 consid]ably  aggravat$ by !          
corruption & misconduct ( _! own high   
prie/s1  & o!r p]sons ( di/9ction among 
!m4 ,to ?is corruption &  misconduct1 & 
to ! increas+ wick$ness ( ! p1 _!       
suff]+s ought inde$ to be attribut$1    
accord+ to ! express  decl>ations ( ,god
 by ! m\? ( 8 prophets4 ,x is c]ta9 t   
ab\t ?is "t a consid]able "p ( ! nation 
0 become mu*  atta*$ to ,grecian mann]s 
& cu/oms1 ?\gh !y cont9u$ p]fectly  free
 f ! s9 ( idolatry4 ,ne> ,j]usalem      
places 7 appropriat$  to gymna/ic       
ex]cises2 & ! p 7 l$ by ,jason1 :o _h   
obta9$ ! high prie/hood f ,antio*us     
,epiphanes by ! mo/  di%on\rable means1 
to neglect ! temple wor%ip1 & !         
obs]vance  ( ! law1 9 a f> great] degree
 ?an at any p]iod s9ce _!  return f !   

captivity4 ,x pleas$ ,god to puni% !m = 
?is  defection1 by ! h& ( ! v p]son :om 
!y p>ticul>ly s\ght  to please4         
,antio*us ,epiphanes1 irritat$ at hav+  
be5 prev5t$ by  ! ,jews f ent]+ ! holy  
place :5 he visit$ ! temple1 soon  aft] 
made a popul> commotion ! pret5ce = !   
ex]cise ( tyranny3  he took ! city1 7,b4
 ,c4 #agj17 plund]$ ! temple1 & slew or 
enslav$ great numb]s ( ! inhabitants1 ) 
e circum/ance (  pr(anation & ( cruelty 
:i* c be conceiv$4 ,= ?ree ye>s & a     
half1 ! "t pr$ict$ by ,daniel1 ! daily  
sacrifice 0 tak5 away1  ! temple defil$ 
& p>tly de/roy$1 ! obs]vance ( ! law    
prohibit$ "u ! mo/ sev]e p5alties1 e    
copy burn$ :i* !  ag5ts ( ! tyrant c\ld 
procure1 & ! p requir$ to sacrifice  to 
idols1 "u pa9 ( ! mo/ agoniz+ dea?4     
,num]\s z 7 !  apo/ates1 7= ! previ\s   
corruption ( mann]s _h b ill prep>$  !  
nation = su* a trial17 a remnant cont9u$
 fai?ful2 & !  complicat$ mis]ies :i* ! 
p endur$ "u ?is cruel yoke  excit$ a    
g5]al impati5ce4 ,at l5g? ! mom5t (     

deliv]ance  arriv$4 ,matta?ias1 a prie/1
 7,b4 ,c4 #afg17 em95t = 8 piety &      
resolution1 & ! fa!r ( five sons1       
equally zeal\s = _!  religion1 enc\rag$ 
! p by 8 example & exhortations1 8to  /&
 up = ! law20 & hav+ soon collect$ an   
army ( six ?\s&  m51 he eag]ly und]took 
to free ,judea f ! oppression &         
p]secution ( ! ,syrians1 & to re/ore !  
wor%ip ( ! ,god (  ,israel2 b be+ v old 
:5 he engag$ 9 ?is important & ardu\s   
"w1 he did n live to see its completion4
 ,at 8 dea?1 8 son1  ,judas ,maccabu1   
succe$$ to ! comm& ( ! army2 & hav+     
defeat$ ! ,syrians 9 sev]al engagem5ts1 
he drove !m out ( ,judea1  & e/abli%$ 8 
own au?ority 9 ! c\ntry4 ,8 fir/ c>e 0  
to  repair & purify ! temple = !        
re/oration ( div9e wor%ip2 &1  to       
pres]ve ! memory ( ?is ev5t1 ! ,jews    
orda9$ a fea/ ( eight  days1 call$ !    
fea/ ( ! d$ication1 to be ye>ly obs]v$4 
,judas  ,maccabu 0 sla9 9 battle1 & 8   
bro!r ,jona?an succe$$ him 9  !         
gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 also made high prie/1 & 

f t "t !  ,maccaban pr9ces cont9u$ to be
 high prie/s4 ,judas ,maccabu & 8       
bro!rs 7 s successful1 by _! val\r &    
conduct1 9 ass]t+  ! lib]ty ( _! c\ntry1
 t 9 a few ye>s !y n only  recov]$ its  
indep5d5ce1 b rega9$ almo/ all !        
possessions (  ! twelve tribes1 de/roy+ 
at ! same "t ! temple on ,m\nt  ,g]izim1
 9 ,sam>ia4 ,b !y & _! successors 7     
almo/ always  engag$ 9 w>s1 9 :i*1 ?\gh 
g5]ally victori\s1 !y 7  sometimes      
defeat$1 & _! c\ntry = a %ort "t        
oppress$4  ,ari/obulus 0 ! fir/ ( !     
,maccabees :o assum$ ! "n ( k+4  ,ab\t  
=ty-two ye>s aft]1 a conte/ aris+ betwe5
 ! two bro!rs1  ,hyrcanus & ,ari/obulus1
 ! sons ( ,alex&] ,jaddu1 relative to ! 
succession ( ! cr[n1 bo? p>ties appli$  
to ! ,romans = _!  support & assi/ance4 
,scaurus1 ! ,roman g5]al1 suff]$ himself
 to  be brib$ by ,ari/obulus1 & plac$   
him on ! ?rone4 ,n long aft]1  ,pompey  
return$ f ! ea/ into ,syria1 & bo? !    
bro!rs appli$  to him = 8 protection1 & 
plead$ _! cause be=e him1 7,b4 ,c4      

#fc47 ,pompey consid]$ ?is z a fav\rable
 opportunity = r$uc+  ,pale/9e "u ! p[] 
( ! ,romans1 to :i* ! neighb\r+  nations
 _h already submitt$2 & !re=e1 )\t      
decid+ !  po9ts 9 dispute betwe5 ! two  
bro!rs1 he m>*$ 8 army into  ,judea1 &1 
aft] "s pret5d$ negociation )           
,ari/obulus & 8  p>ty1 besieg$ & took   
possession ( ,j]usalem4 ,he appo9t$     
,hyrcanus  high prie/1 b w\ld n all[ him
 to take ! title ( k+3 he gave  him1    
h[ev]1 ! speci\s "n ( pr9ce1 ) v limit$ 
au?ority4  ,pompey did n take away !    
holy ut5sils or treasures ( ! temple1  b
 he made ,judea subject & tribut>y to ! 
,romans2 & ,crassus1  ab\t n9e ye>s     
aft]1 plund]$ ! temple ( e ?+ valuable  
belong+ to x4 ,julius ,cs> confirm$     
,hyrcanus 9 ! pontificate1 &  grant$    
fre% privileges to ! ,jews2 b ab\t f\r  
ye>s aft] !  dea? ( ,julius ,cs>1       
,antigonus1 ! son ( ,ari/obulus1 ) !    
assi/ance ( ! ,p>?ians1 :ile ! empire ( 
,rome 0 9 an  unsettl$ /ate1 depos$ 8   
uncle ,hyrcanus1 7,b4 ,c4 #da17 seiz$ ! 

gov]nm5t1 & assum$ ! title ( k+4        
,h]od1 by bir? an ,idumean1 b ( ! ,jewi%
 religion1 ^: fa!r1  ,antipat]1 z well z
 himself1 _h enjoy$ consid]able po/s (  
hon\r  & tru/ "u ,hyrcanus1 imm$iately  
set out = ,rome1 & prevail$  ^u ! s5ate1
 ?r\gh ! int]e/ ( ,antony & ,augu/us1 to
 appo9t  him k+ ( ,judea4 ,arm$ ) ?is   
au?ority1 he return$1 & began           
ho/ilities aga9/ ,antigonus4 ,ab\t ?ree 
ye>s aft]1 he took  ,j]usalem1 & put an 
end to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,maccabees or     
,asmonans1 aft] x _h la/$ ne>ly a hundr$
 & ?irty ye>s4  ,antigonus 0 s5t prison]
 to ,rome1 & 0 !re put to dea? by       
,antony4 ,h]od m>ri$ ,m>iamne1 :o liv$  
to be ! only repres5tative  ( ! ,asmonan
 family1 & aft]w>d caus$ h] to be       
publicly execut$  f motives ( unf\nd$   
jeal\sy4 ,h]od consid]ably enl>g$ !     
k+dom ( ,judea1 b x cont9u$ tribut>y to 
! ,romans2 he greatly  depress$ ! civil 
p[] ( ! high prie/hood1 & *ang$ x f  be+
 h]$it>y & = life to an (fice grant$ &  
held at !  pleasure ( ! mon>*2 & ?is    

sacr$ (fice 0 n[ (t5 giv5 to  ^? :o paid
 ! highe/ price = x1 )\t any reg>d to   
m]it3 he  0 an inexorable1 cruel tyrant 
to 8 p1 & ev5 to 8 *ildr51  ?ree ( :om  
he put to dea?2 a slave to 8 passions1 &
 indiff]5t  by :at means he gratifi$ 8  
ambition2 b to pres]ve ! ,jews 9        
subjection1 & to erect a la/+ monum5t to
 8 own "n1 he repair$  ! temple (       
,j]usalem at a va/ exp5se1 & add$       
greatly to its  magnific5ce4    ,at ?is 
"t !re 0 a confid5t expectation ( !     
,messiah among !  ,jews2 & inde$1 a     
g5]al idea prevail$ among ! ,hea!n1     
also1 t  "s extraord9>y conqu]or or     
deliv]] w\ld soon appe> 9 ,judea4 ,9  ! 
?irty-six? ye> ( ! reign ( ,h]od1 :ile  
,augu/us 0 emp]or  ( ,rome1 ! ,savi\r ( 
mank9d 0 born ( ! virg9 ,m>y1 ( !       
l9eage ( ,david1 9 ! city ( ,be?lehem ( 
,judea1 accord+ to !  ^w ( prophecy4    
,h]od1 misl$ by ! op9ion1 :i* 0 !n      
common  among ! ,jews1 t ! ,messiah 0 to
 appe> z ! temporal pr9ce1  & judg+ f ! 
inquiries ( ! wise m5 ( ! ea/1 t !  *ild

 0 actually born1 s5t to ,be?lehem1 &   
ord]$ t all !  *ildr5 ( two ye>s old &  
"u %\ld be put to dea?1 ) !  hope (     
de/roy+ "o :om he consid]$ z ! rival (  
himself1 or at  lea/ ( 8 family4 ,he 0  
soon aft] smitt5 ) a mo/ loa?some &     
torm5t+ disease1 & di$1 a signal example
 ( div9e ju/ice1 ab\t  a ye> & a qu>t]  
aft] ! bir? ( our ,savi\r1 & 9 !        
?irty-sev5? ye> ( 8 reign1 comput+ f !  
"t he 0  decl>$ k+ by ! ,romans4 ,see   
,,h]od4    ,h]od made 8 w n long be=e 8 
dea?1 b left ! f9al  disposal ( 8       
dom9ions to ,augu/us4 ,! emp]or ratifi$ 
?is w 9  all its mat]ial po9ts1 & suff]$
 ! c\ntries ov] :i* ,h]od _h  reign$ to 
be divid$ among 8 ?ree sons4 ,ar*elaus  
succe$$ to !  l>ge/ %>e1 namely1 to     
,judea ,propria1 ,sam>ia1 & ,idumea4    
,h]od  ,antipas1 call$ ,h]od ! ,tetr>*1 
:o aft]w>d behead$ ,john !  ,bapti/1    
succe$$ to ,galilee & ,p]a2 & ,philip1  
to ,tra*onitis1 &  to ! neighb\r+ region
 ( ,iturea4 ,! sons ( ,h]od ! ,great 7  
n suff]$ to take ! title ( k+3 !y 7 only

 call$ e?n>*s  or tetr>*s4 ,beside !    
c\ntries already m5tion$1 ,abil5e1 :i*  
_h  belong$ to ,h]od dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8
 life1 & ( :i*  ,lysanias is m5tion$ 9  
,luke iii1 #a1 z tetr>*1 & "s cities 7  
giv5 to ,salome1 ! si/] ( ,h]od !       
,great1 7,a4 ,d4 #g47 ,ar*elaus  act$ ) 
great cruelty & inju/ice2 & 9 ! t5? ye> 
( 8  gov]nm5t1 ^u a regul> compla9t be+ 
made aga9/ him by ! ,jews1  ,augu/us    
bani%$ him to ,vi5ne1 9 ,gaul1 :]e he   
di$4    ,aft] ! bani%m5t ( ,ar*elaus1   
,augu/us s5t ,publius ,sulpitius        
,quir9us1 :o1 accord+ to ! ,greek way ( 
writ+ t "n1 is by  ,/4 ,luke call$      
,cyr5ius1 presid5t ( ,syria1 to r$uce ! 
c\ntries  ov] :i* ,ar*elaus _h reign$1  
to ! =m ( a ,roman prov9ce2 &  appo9t$  
,coponius1 a ,roman ( ! eque/rian ord]1 
to be gov]nor1  "u ! title ( procurator 
( ,judea1 b subord9ate to ! presid5t  ( 
,syria4 ,! p[] ( life & dea? 0 n[ tak5  
out ( ! h&s (  ! ,jews1 & taxes 7 f ?is 
"t paid imm$iately to ! ,roman  emp]or4 
,ju/ice 0 adm9i/]$ 9 ! "n & by ! laws ( 

,rome2  ?\gh 9 :at conc]n$ _! religion1 
_! own laws1 & ! p[]  ( ! high prie/1 & 
sanh$rim1 or great c\ncil1 7 cont9u$ to 
!m2 & !y 7 all[$ to exam9e witnesses1 & 
ex]cise an  inf]ior jurisdiction 9 o!r  
causes1 subject to ! control ( !        
,romans1 to :om _! tetr>*s or k+s 7 also
 subject2 & x may  be rem>k$ t1 at ?is v
 p]iod ( "t1 our ,savi\r1 :o 0 n[  9 !  
twelf? ye> ( 8 age1 be+ at ,j]usalem )  
,joseph & ,m>y  ^u occasion ( ! passov]1
 appe>$ fir/ 9 ! temple 9 8  prophetic  
(fice1 & 9 ! bus9ess ( 8 ,fa!r1 on :i*  
he 0  s5t1 sitt+ among ! doctors ( !    
temple1 & decl>+ ! tru?  ( ,god to !m4  
,aft] ,coponius1 ,ambivius1 ,annius     
,rufus1 ,val]ius ,gratus1  & ,pontius   
,pilate1 7 successively procurators2 &  
?is 0 !  species ( gov]nm5t to :i*      
,judea & ,sam>ia 7 subject dur+ !       
m9i/ry ( our ,savi\r4 ,h]od ,antipas 0  
/ill tetr>* ( ,galilee1  & x 0 he to :om
 our ,savi\r 0 s5t by ,pontius ,pilate4 
,l>dn] is  ( op9ion t !re 0 no          
procurator 9 ,judea aft] ,pontius       

,pilate1  :o 0 remov$ ,a4 ,d4 #cf1 b t x
 0 gov]n$ = a few ye>s by  ! presid5ts (
 ,syria1 :o occasionally s5t (fic]s into
 ,judea4  ,philip cont9u$ tetr>* (      
,tra*onitis ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 & di$ 9  ! 
tw5tie? ye> ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius4       
,caligula gave 8 tetr>*y  to ,agrippa1 !
 gr&son ( ,h]od ! ,great1 ) ! title (   
k+2 &  aft]w>d he add$ ! tetr>*y ( ,h]od
 ,antipas1 :om he depos$ &  bani%$ aft] 
he _h be5 tetr>* =ty-?ree ye>s4 ,!      
,emp]or  ,claudius gave him ,judea1     
,sam>ia1 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,idumea1 &      
,abil5e2 & ?us at la/ ! dom9ions ( ,h]od
 ,agrippa became ne>ly  ! same z ^? ( 8 
gr&fa!r1 ,h]od ! ,great4 ,x 0 ?is       
,agrippa1 call$ also ,h]od ,agrippa1 &  
by ,/4 ,luke ,h]od only1 :o put  to dea?
 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ,john1 & imprison$   
,pet]4 ,he di$ 9  ! sev5? ye> ( 8 reign1
 & left a son call$ also ,agrippa1 !n   
sev5te5 ye>s old2 & ,claudius1 ?9k+ him 
too "y to gov]n 8  fa!r's ext5sive      
dom9ions1 made ,cuspus ,fadus gov]nor ( 
,judea4 ,fadus  0 soon succe$$ by       

,tib]ius1 & he 0 foll[$ by ,alex&]      
,cumanus1 ,felix1 & ,fe/us2 b ,claudius 
aft]w>d gave ,tra*onitis &  ,abil5e to  
,agrippa1 & ,n]o add$ a "p ( ,galilee & 
"s o!r  cities4 ,x 0 ?is y\ng] ,agrippa1
 :o 0 also call$ k+1 be=e  :om ,paul    
plead$ at ,cs>ea1 :i* 0 at t "t ! place 
(  resid5ce ( ! gov]nor ( ,judea4       
,sev]al ( ! ,roman gov]nors  sev]ely    
oppress$ & p]secut$ ! ,jews2 & at l5g?1 
9 ! reign  ( ,n]o1 & 9 ! gov]nm5t (     
,florus1 :o _h treat$ !m )  great]      
cruelty ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 !y     
op5ly revolt$ f  ! ,romans4 ,!n began ! 
,jewi% w>1 :i* 0 t]m9at$1 aft] an       
ob/9ate def5ce & unp>allel$ suff]+s on !
 "p ( ! ,jews1  by ! total de/ruction ( 
! city & temple ( ,j]usalem1 by !       
ov]?r[ ( _! civil & religi\s polity1 & !
 r$uction ( !  p to a /ate ( ! mo/      
abject slav]y2 = ?\gh1 9 ! reign  (     
,adrian1 numb]s ( !m collect$ toge!r1 9 
diff]5t p>ts (  ,judea1 x is to be      
obs]v$1 !y 7 !n consid]$ & treat$ z     
rebelli\s slaves2 & ^! commotions 7 made

 a pret5ce = !  g5]al slaught] ( ^? :o 7
 tak51 & t5d$ to complete !  "w ( _!    
disp]sion into all c\ntries "u heav54   
,s9ce t  "t ! ,jews h no :]e subsi/$ z a
 nation4    #b4 ,,jews1 ,,mod]n4 ,!     
,jews divide ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t  
into  ?ree classes3 ! law1 ! prophets1 &
 ! hagiographa1 or holy  writ+s4 ,!y h  
c\nt$ n only ! l>ge & small sections1 ! 
v]ses & ! words1 b ev5 ! lett]s 9 "s ( !
 books2 &  !y h likewise reckon$ :i* is 
! middle lett] ( !  ,p5tateu*1 :i* is ! 
middle clause ( ea* book1 & h[ (t5 ea*  
lett] ( ! alphabet occurs 9 ! ,hebrew   
,scriptures4 ,beside !  ,scriptures1 !  
,jews pay great att5tion to ! ,t>gums1  
or ,*aldee  p>aphrases ( !m4 ,x seems   
probable t ^! 7 writt5 ei!r  dur+ !     
,babyloni% captivity1 or imm$iately     
aft]w>d1 :5 ! ,jews  _h =gott5 _! own   
language1 & acquir$ ! ,*aldee ( !       
,t>gums1 at pres5t receiv$ by ! ,jews4  
,! mo/ anci5t are t (  ,onkelos on !    
law1 & t ( ,jona?an ,b5 ,uzziel on !    
prophets3 !  =m] is suppos$ to be (     

great] antiquity ?an ! latt]1 & x       
approa*es1 9 simplicity & purity ( /yle1
 to ! ,*aldee ( ,daniel  & ,ezra4 ,!    
,t>gum on ! prophets is believ$ to h be5
 writt5  be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/2 &1 ?\gh   
inf]ior 9 respect ( /yle to  ! ,t>gum ( 
,onkelos1 is mu* sup]ior to any o!r     
,t>gum4    ,! ,jews also reg>d ) great  
v5]ation1 :at is call$ ! ,talmud4  ,?is 
"w consi/s ( two p>ts3 ! ,mi%na1 :i*    
signifies a second  law2 & ! ,gem>a1 :i*
 means ei!r a supplem5t or a comm5t>y4  
,! ,jews suppose t ,god fir/ dictat$ !  
text ( ! law to ,moses1  :i* he comm&$  
to be put 9 writ+1 & :i* exi/s 9 !      
,p5tateu*1 & !n gave him an explication 
( e ?+ compreh5d$  9 x1 :i* he ord]$ to 
be committ$ to memory4 ,h5ce ! =m] is   
call$ ! writt51 & ! latt] ! oral1 law4  
,^! two laws 7  recit$ by ,moses to     
,a>on f\r times1 to 8 sons ?ree times1  
to !  sev5ty eld]s twice1 & to ! re/ ( !
 p once3 aft] ?is1  ! repetition 0 r5ew$
 by ,a>on1 8 two sons1 & ! sev5ty       
eld]s4 ,! la/ mon? ( ,moses's life 0    

sp5t1 accord+ to ! ,jews1  9 repeat+ &  
expla9+ ! law to ! p1 & especially to   
,jo%ua1 8 successor4 ,a prophet might   
susp5d any law1 or au?orize !  violation
 ( any precept1 except ^? aga9/         
idolatry4 ,if !re 0  any diff]5ce (     
op9ion respect+ ! mean+ ( any law or    
precept1  x 0 det]m9$ by ! majority4 ,:5
 ,jo%ua di$1 all !  int]pretations he _h
 receiv$ f ,moses1 z well z ^? made 9 8 
"t1 7 transmitt$ to ! eld]s3 !y convey$ 
!m to !  prophets1 & by "o prophet !y 7 
deliv]$ to ano!r4 ,?is law  0 only oral 
till ! days ( ,rabbi ,jehuda1 :o1       
p]ceiv+ t !  /ud5ts ( ! law 7 gradually 
decreas+1 & t ! ,jews 7  disp]s$ ov] !  
face ( ! e>?1 collect$ all ! traditions1
  arrang$ !m "u di/9ct heads1 & =m$ !m  
into a me?odical  code ( traditional    
law2 ?us ! ,mi%na 0 =m$4 ,x is writt5 9 
a  concise /yle1 *iefly 9 ! =m (        
aphorisms1 :i* admit ( a  v>iety (      
int]pretations4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 a ,gem>a
 or comm5t>y 0  writt5 by a presid5t ( a
 s*ool 9 ,pale/9e1 :i*1 toge!r )  !     

,mi%na1 =ms ! ,j]usalem ,talmud4 ,!     
,jews 9 ,*aldea1 h[ev]1  n be+ satisfi$ 
) ?is ,gem>a1 "o ( _! rabbies compil$   
ano!r2 :i*1 toge!r ) ! ,mi%na1 =ms !    
,babylonian ,talmud4    ,"o ( ! pr9cipal
 bran*es ( mod]n ,judaism is ! cabala1 !
 /udy  ( :i* is reg>d$ z ! sublime/ (   
all sci5ces4 ,by ! cabala1  ! ,jews mean
 ^? my/ical int]pretations ( !          
,scripture1 &  metaphysical speculations
 conc]n+ ! ,deity1 angels1 c1 :i* !y    
reg>d z hav+ be5 h&$ d[n by a secret    
tradition f !  e>lie/ ages4 ,9 ! elev5? 
c5tury1 ! fam\s ,rabbi ,maimonides drew 
up a summ>y ( ! doctr9es ( ,judaism1 :i*
 e ,jew is requir$ to  believe1 on pa9 (
 excommunication 9 ?is _w1 &            
condemnation 9  ! next4 ,?is summ>y     
consi/s ( ?irte5 articles1 :i* he calls 
f\ndations or roots ( ! fai?4 ,!        
articles are z foll[s3 #a4 ,t  ,god is !
 ,creator & active ,support] ( all ?+s4 
#b4 ,t ,god is  "o1 & et]nally          
un*angeable4 #c4 ,t ,god is incorporeal1
 & _c  h any mat]ial prop]ties4 #d4 ,t  

,god mu/ et]nally exi/4 #e4 ,t  ,god    
alone is to be wor%ipp$4 #f4 ,t :atev]  
is taught by !  prophets is true4 #g4 ,t
 ,moses is ! head & fa!r ( all          
contempor>y doctors1 & ( all ^? :o liv$ 
be=e or %all live  aft] him4 #h4 ,t !   
law 0 giv5 by ,moses4 #i4 ,t ! law %all 
always exi/1 & nev] be alt]$4 #aj4 ,t   
,god kn[s all ! ?\ghts  & actions ( m54 
#aa4 ,t ,god w rew>d ! obs]vance1 &     
puni%  ! brea*1 ( ! laws4 #ab4 ,t !     
,messiah is to come1 ?\gh he  t>ry a    
long "t4 #ac4 ,t !re %all be a          
resurrection ( ! dead1  :5 ,god %all ?9k
 fit4    ,! ,jewi% religion is1 p]haps1 
m a religion ( m9ute & trifl+  rites &  
c]emonies ?an ev5 ! ,ca?olic religion4  
,! m9ute/  circum/ances 9 dress+ &      
undress+1 wa%+ & wip+ ! face  & h&s1 &  
o!r necess>y actions ( common & daily   
life1 are  enjo9$ by ! rabbies to be    
p]=m$ exactly accord+ to !  prescrib$   
regulations4 ,_! pray]s also are num]\s1
 & "s (  !m relate to ! mo/ trifl+      
circum/ances4 ,^? e/eem$ ! mo/  solemn &

 important are call$ ,%emoneh ,esreh1 or
 ! eighte5  pray]s1 ?\gh !y actually    
consi/ ( n9ete51 ! la/ hav+ be5  add$   
aga9/ h]etics & apo/ates4 ,!y are enjo9$
 to be said by  all ,jews above ! age ( 
?irte51 :]ev] !y may be1 ?ree times a   
day4 ,! memb]s ( ! synagogue are requir$
 to repeat at lea/ a  hundr$ b5$ictions 
e day4 ,a son :o survives 8 fa!r is     
enjo9$ to att5d ! nocturnal s]vice 9 !  
synagogue e ev5+  = a ye>1 & to repeat !
 ,kode%1 9 ord] t 8 fa!r may be  deliv]$
 f hell4 ,?is s]vice may be susp5d$ by  
any p]son go+  up to ! desk & clos+ !   
book4 ,?is is n unfrequ5tly done 9  case
 ( qu>rels2 & ! pray]s _c be r5ew$ till 
a  reconciliation takes place4    ,no?+ 
is to be und]tak5 on ,friday :i* _c be  
f9i%$ be=e  ! ev5+4 ,9 ! aft]noon !y wa%
 & clean !mselves1 trim _!  hair1 & p>e 
_! nails4 ,e ,jew1 ( :atev] rank1 mu/   
assi/ 9  ! prep>ation = ! ,sabba?4 ,two 
loaves1 bak$ on ! ,friday1 are  set on a
 table4 ,?is is done 9 memory ( ! manna1
 ( :i* a d\ble  portion fell on ! six?  

day ( ! week4 ,! table rema9s spread all
  ! ,sabba?4 ,be=e ! sun is set ! c&les 
are to be light$2 "o1  at lea/1 ) sev5  
wicks1 9 allusion to ! numb] ( days 9 a 
week1  is to be light$ 9 ea* h\se4 ,!   
,talmudical directions respect+ !  wicks
 & oil =m "p ( ! ,sabba? ev5+ s]vice2 !y
 are mo/  ridicul\sly & *ildi%ly m9ute4 
,! lesson appo9t$ = ! ,sabba?  is divid$
 into sev5 p>ts1 & read to sev5 p]sons  
at ! alt>4 ,!  fir/ call$ up to he> x is
 a desc5dant ( ,a>on1 ! second ( ,levi1 
! ?ird an ,israelite ( any tribe2 ! same
 ord] is !n repeat$3  ! sev5? may be (  
any tribe4 ,! portion read f ! law is   
foll[$ by a portion f ! prophets4 ,!re  
are ?ree s]vices2  morn+1 aft]noon1 &   
ev5+4    ,( ! fe/ivals ( ! ,jews we c   
m5tion only a few1 & ^? m]ely  9 a      
cursory mann]4 ,! pr9cipal are ^? ( !   
new moon1 ( !  passov]1 ( p5teco/1 ( !  
new ye>1 ! fa/ ( atonem5t1 & !  fea/ (  
tab]nacles4 ,t ! fe/ival ( ! new moon   
might be  celebrat$ z ne>ly z possible  
on ! day ( ! moon's conjunction  ) !    

sun1 mo/ ( ! mon?s conta9 alt]nately    
tw5ty-n9e &  ?irty days2 & ! fea/ ( !   
new moon is held on ! fir/1 or on  !    
fir/ & second days ( ! mon?4 ,! wom5 are
 n all[$ to  "w3 ! m5 may4 ,good eat+ & 
dr9k+ p>ticul>ly di/+ui%  ?is fe/ival4  
,! fea/ ( ! passov] comm5ces on !       
fifte5? day  ( ! mon? ,nisan1 & cont9ues
 among ,jews :o live 9 or ne>  ,j]usalem
 sev5 days1 & else:]e eight days4 ,!    
,sabba? prec$+ is  call$ ! great        
,sabba?1 & is kept ) mo/ scrupul\s      
/rictness4  ,! mode & mat]ials = mak+ ! 
unleav5$ cakes = ! passov]  are mo/     
m9utely describ$ by ! rabbies1 z well z 
all !  c]emonies ( ?is fea/4 ,x is      
cu/om>y = e ,jew to hon\r x by  an      
exhibition ( ! mo/ sumptu\s furniture he
 c af=d4 ,! table  = ! fea/ is cov]$ ) a
 clean l95 clo?1 on :i* are plac$       
sev]al di%es3 on "o is ! %ank bone ( a  
%\ld] ( lamb or kid1  & an egg2 on      
ano!r1 ?ree cakes1 wrapp$ 9 two napk9s2 
on a ?ird1  "s lettuce1 p>sley1 cel]y1  
or o!r h]bs3 ^! are _! bitt]  h]bs4 ,ne>

 ! salad is a cruet ( v9eg>1 & "s salt &
 wat]4  ,!re is also a di% repres5t+ !  
bricks :i* _! =efa!rs  7 requir$ to make
 9 ,egypt3 ?is is compos$ ( apples1     
almonds1  nuts1 & figs1 =m$ into a pa/e1
 dress$ 9 w9e & c9namon4 ,!  fir/ two   
days1 & ! la/ two1 are kept ) p>ticul>  
solemnity &  /rictness4 ,contracts (    
m>riage may be made1 b no m>riage is to 
be  solemniz$ dur+ ?is fe/ival4 ,! fea/ 
( p5teco/1 on ! six?  day ( ! mon?      
,sivan1 cont9ues two days1 & is kept ) !
 same  /rictness z ! fir/ two days ( !  
passov]4 ,x is a receiv$  op9ion ( !    
,jews1 t ! _w 0 creat$ on ! day ( _! new
  ye>2 & !y !re=e celebrate ! fe/ival ( 
! new ye> by a  discont9uance ( all     
lab\r1 & by repeat$ s]vices 9 !         
synagogue4  ,! fa/ ( atonem5t is on !   
t5? day ( ,tisri3 ! fir/ t5 days  ( !   
mon? are call$ days ( p5it5ce dur+ :i* !
 ,jews believe  t ,god exam9es ! actions
 ( mank9d2 b he def]s pass+ s5t5ce  till
 ! t5?4 ,on ! eve ( ! fa/1 a c]emony1   
evid5tly design$  z a sub/itute = _!    

anci5t sacrifices1 is p]=m$4 ,?is       
consi/s 9 kill+ a cock ) great =mality4 
,! cocks mu/ on no  acc\nt be r$3 :ite  
is ! pref]able col\r4 ,be=e ! fa/ beg9s1
  !y endeav\r to settle all _! disputes4
 ,9 ! aft]noon !y make  a he>ty meal1 to
 prep>e = ! fa/1 :i* is ( ! mo/ rigid   
k9d4  ,! fea/ ( tab]nacles comm5ces on !
 fifte5? ( ,tisri1 & is  kept n9e days4 
,e ,jew :o has a c\rt or g>d5 is requir$
 to erect  a tab]nacle on ?is occasion2 
respect+ ! mat]ials & erection (  :i* ! 
rabbies h giv5 special directions4 ,!   
eigh? & n9?  are high days1 p>ticul>ly !
 la/1 :i* is call$ ! day ( !  rejoic+ ( 
! l&4    ,su* are ! op9ions1 traditions1
 rites1 & c]emonies ( ! great  majority 
( ! mod]n ,jews2 b1 beside ^!1 !re is a 
small sect  d5om9at$ ,c>aites1 t is1    
textuali/s1--p]sons atta*$ to !  text ( 
! ,scriptures4 ,!y reside *iefly 9 !    
,crimea1 ,li?uania1  & ,p]sia2 & at     
,damascus1 ,con/ant9ople1 & ,cairo3 _!  
:ole  numb] is v inconsid]able4 ,!y     
agree ) o!r ,jews 9 d5y+ !  adv5t ( !   

,messiah4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 !m
 consi/s 9  _! adh]5ce to ! lett] ( !   
,scripture1 & 9 ! rejection (  all      
p>aphrases & int]pretations ( ! rabbies4
 ,!y also diff]  f ! rabbies 9 v>i\s    
p>ticul>s respect+ ! fea/s ( !  passov]1
 p5teco/1 & tab]nacles4 ,!y obs]ve !    
,sabba? ) f>  great] /rictness4 ,!y     
ext5d ! degrees ( aff9ity )9 :i*        
m>riage is prohibit$2 b !y are m /rict 9
 matt]s ( divorce4    #c4 ,,jews1       
,,calamities ,,( ,,!4 ,all hi/ory _c    
furni% u ) a  p>allel to ! calamities & 
mis]ies ( ! ,jews3 rap9e & murd]1  fam9e
 & pe/il5ce )91 fire & sword1 & all !   
t]rors ( w>  )\t4 ,our ,savi\r wept at !
 =esight ( ^! calamities2 & x  is almo/ 
impossible = p]sons ( any humanity to   
read ! acc\nt  )\t be+ affect$4 ,!      
pr$ictions conc]n+ !m 7 rem>kable1  & ! 
calamities t came ^u !m 7 ! greate/ ! _w
 ev]  saw4 ,see ,deut4 xxviii1 xxix2    
,matt4 xxiv4 ,n[1 :at he9\s s9 0 x  t   
c\ld be ! cause ( su* heavy judgm5ts8 ,c
 any o!r be  assign$ ?an t :i* !        

,scripture assigns8 8,!y bo? kill$ !    
,"l ,jesus & _! own prophets1 & p]secut$
 ! ,apo/les10 #a  ,!ss4 ii1 #ae2 & s    
fill$ up _! s9s1 & wra? came ^u !m to  !
 utmo/4 ,x is h>dly possible to consid] 
! nature & ext5t (  _! suff]+s1 & n     
conclude _! own imprecation to be       
s+ul>ly fulfill$ ^u !m3 8,8 blood be on 
u1 & on our  *ildr510 ,matt4 xxvii1 #be4
 ,at ,cs>ea tw5ty ?\s& ( ! ,jews 7      
kill$ by ! ,syrians 9 _! mutual broils4 
,at ,damascus1 t5 ?\s&  un>m$ ,jews 7   
kill$2 & at ,be?%an1 ! ,hea!n           
inhabitants  caus$ _! ,jewi% neighb\rs  
to assi/ !m aga9/ _! bre?r51  & !n      
murd]$ ?irte5 ?\s& ( ^! inhabitants4 ,at
 ,alex&ria1  ! ,jews murd]$ multitudes (
 ! ,hea!ns1 & 7 murd]$1 9  _! turn1 to  
ab\t sixty ?\s&4 ,! ,romans1 "u         
,vespasian1  invad$ ! c\ntry1 & took !  
cities ( ,galilee1 ,*oraz91  ,be?saida1 
,cap]naum1 c1 :]e ,*ri/ _h be5          
especially reject$1 &  murd]$ numb]s ( !
 inhabitants4 ,at ,j]usalem ! sc5e 0 mo/
  wret*$ ( all4 ,at ! passov]1 :5 !re   

might h be5 two or  ?ree millions ( p 9 
! city1 ! ,romans surr\nd$ x )  troops1 
tr5*es1 & walls1 t none might escape4 ,!
 ?ree diff]5t  factions )9 murd]$ "o    
ano!r4 ,titus did all 9 8 p[] to        
p]suade !m to an advantage\s surr5d]1 b 
!y scorn$ e  proposal4 ,! multitudes (  
unburi$ c>casses corrupt$ ! air1 &      
produc$ a pe/il5ce4 ,! p f$ on "o ano!r2
 & ev5 ladies1  x is said1 boil$ _!     
suckl+ infants1 & ate !m4 ,aft] a siege 
( six mon?s1 ! city 0 tak54 ,!y murd]$  
almo/ e ,jew !y  met )4 ,titus 0 b5t to 
save ! temple1 b c\ld n3 six ?\s&  ,jews
 :o _h tak5 %elt] 9 x 7 all burn$ or    
murd]$4 ,!  outcries ( ! ,jews1 :5 !y   
saw x1 7 mo/ dreadful3 ! :ole  city1    
except ?ree t[]s1 & a small "p ( ! wall1
 0 raz$ to  ! gr\nd1 & ! f\ndations ( ! 
temple & o!r places 7  pl\gh$ up4 ,soon 
aft] ! =ts ( ,h]odian & ,ma*ron 7 tak51 
! g>rison ( ,massada murd]$ !mselves r  
?an surr5d]4 ,at  ,j]usalem alone1 x is 
said1 "o million "o hundr$ ?\s& p]i%$   
by sword1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce4 ,9 o!r     

places1 we he> ( two  hundr$ & fifty    
?\s& t 7 cut (f1 beside va/ numb]s s5t  
into ,egypt1 to lab\r z slaves4 ,ab\t   
fifty ye>s aft]1 ! ,jews  murd]$ ab\t   
five hundr$ ?\s& ( ! ,roman subjects1 = 
:i*  !y 7 sev]ely puni%$ by ,trajan4    
,ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #acj1 "o ,b>cocaba        
pret5d$ t he 0 ! ,messiah1 & rais$ a    
,jewi% army ( two  hundr$ ?\s&1 :o      
murd]$ all ! ,hea!ns & ,*ri/ians t came 
9 _! way2 b he 0 defeat$ by ,adrian's   
=ces4 ,9 ?is w>1 x is  said1 ab\t six   
hundr$ ?\s& ,jews 7 sla91 or p]i%$ by   
fam9e  & pe/il5ce4 ,adrian built a city 
on ,m\nt ,calv>y1 & erect$ a  m>ble     
/atue ( a sw9e ov] ! gate t l$ to       
,be?lehem4 ,no ,jew 0  all[$ to ent] !  
city1 or to look to x at a di/ance1 "u  
pa9 (  dea?4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #cfj1 ! ,jews1  
enc\rag$ by ,julian1 ,con/ant9e's       
nephew1 & n[ emp]or1 wi%+ to give ,jesus
 ! lie1 began to rebuild  _! city &     
temple2 b a t]rible e>?quake1 & flames (
 fire  issu+ f ! e>?1 kill$ ! workm51 & 
scatt]$ _!  mat]ials4 ,& aft] ! dea? (  

,julian1 ! edict ( ,adrian be+  reviv$  
aga9/ !m1 & ,roman gu>ds prohibit+ _!   
approa*1 till  ! sev5? c5tury !y dur/ n 
s mu* z creep ov] ! rubbi% to  bewail ! 
de/ruction ( ! city1 )\t brib+ ! gu>ds4 
,9 !  ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? c5turies !y 7  
_m ( !m furi\sly  h>ass$ & murd]$4 ,9 ! 
six? c5tury1 tw5ty ?\s& ( !m  7 sla91 & 
z _m tak5 & sold = slaves4 ,!y 7 sev]ely
  puni%$1 ,a4 ,d4 #fjb1 = _! horrible   
massacre ( ! ,*ri/ians at  ,antio*4 ,9  
,spa91 ,a4 ,d4 #gjj1 !y 7 ord]$ to be   
enslav$4 ,9 !  eigh? & n9? c5turies !y 7
 greatly d]id$ & abus$2 9 "s  places !y 
7 made to we> lea!rn girdles1 & ride )\t
  /irrups ^u asses & mules4 ,9 ,france &
 ,spa9 !y 7 mu*  insult$4 ,9 ! t5?1     
elev5?1 & twelf? c5turies1 _! mis]ies  r
 increas$2 & !y 7 greatly p]secut$ 9    
,egypt4 ,beside :at  !y suff]$ 9 ! ea/  
by ! ,turki% & sacr$ w>1 x is %ock+  to 
?9k :at multitudes ( !m ! eight crusades
 murd]$ 9 ,g]many1  ,hung>y1 ,less]     
,asia1 & else:]e4 ,9 ,france multitudes 
7 burn$4  ,9 ,engl&1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajbj1 !y 7

 bani%$2 & at ! coronation (  ,ri*>d ,i4
 ! mob fell ^u !m1 & murd]$ a great _m (
 !m4  ,ab\t "o ?\s& five hundr$ ( !m 7  
burn$ 9 ! palace 9 !  city ( ,york1 :i* 
!y !mselves set fire to1 aft] kill+ _!  
wives & *ildr54 ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5?  
c5turies1 _!  condition 0 no bett]4 ,9  
,egypt1 ,canaan1 & ,syria1 ! crusad]s   
/ill h>ass$ !m4 ,provok$ ) _! mad runn+ 
aft] pret5d$  ,messiahs1 ,califf ,nass] 
sc>ce left any ( !m alive 9 8 dom9ions  
( ,mesopotamia4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ! ,t>t>s     
murd]$ !m 9 multitudes4 ,9  ,spa91      
,f]d9& p]secut$ !m furi\sly4 ,ab\t      
#acdi1 ! t]rible  massacre ( !m at      
,tol$o =c$ _m ( !m to murd] !mselves1 or
  *ange _! religion4 ,ab\t #abec1 _m 7  
murd]$ 91 & o!rs  bani%$ f1 ,france1 b 9
 #abge1 recall$4 ,! crusades ( !        
fanatic %eph]ds1 ,a4 ,d4 #acbj & #accj1 
:o wa/$ ! s\? ( ,france1  massacr$ !m2  
beside fifte5 ?\s& ( !m t 7 murd]$ on   
ano!r occasion4 ,!y 7 f9ally bani%$ f   
,france1 ,a4 ,d4 #aceh2  s9ce :i*1 few (
 !m h ent]$ t c\ntry4 ,k+ ,edw>d expell$

  !m f ,engl&1 ,a4 ,d4 #abia1 to ! numb]
 ( a hundr$ & sixty  ?\s&4 ,9 ! fifte5?1
 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies1 _!  mis]y
 cont9u$4 ,9 ,p]sia !y h be5 t]ribly    
us$2 f #affc to  #afff1 ! murd] ( !m 0 s
 univ]sal1 t b a few escap$ to  ,turkey4
 ,9 ,portugal & ,spa9 !y h be5 mis]ably 
treat$4 ,ab\t  #adib1 six or eight      
hundr$ ?\s& ( !m 7 bani%$ f ,spa94  ,"s 
7 dr[n$ 9 _! passage to ,africa2 "s     
p]i%$ by h>d  usage2 & _m ( _! c>casses 
lay 9 ! fields till wild bea/s  dev\r$  
!m4 ,9 ,g]many1 !y h endur$ _m h>d%ips4 
,!y h  be5 bani%$ f ,bohemia1 ,bav>ia1  
,cologne1 ,nuremb]g1 ,augsburg1 &       
,vi5na2 !y h be5 t]ribly massacr$ 9     
,moravia1 & plund]$ 9  ,bonn & ,bamb]g4 
,except 9 ,portugal & ,spa91 _! pres5t  
condition  is g5]ally tol]able4    #d4  
,,jews1 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,!4 ,!       
pres]vation ( ! ,jews1 says  ,basnage1 9
 ! mid/ ( ! mis]ies :i* !y h und]gone   
dur+  "o ?\s& eight hundr$ ye>s1 is !   
greate/ prodigy t c be  imag9$4 ,z mo/  
religions dep5d on temporal prosp]ity1  

!y triumph  "u ! protection ( a         
conqu]or2 !y langui% & s9k ) s9k+       
mon>*ies4 ,paganism1 :i* once cov]$ !   
e>?1 is1 9 ! civiliz$  _w1 ext9ct4 ,!   
,*ri/ian *ur* 0 consid]ably dim9i%$ by !
  p]secutions to :i* x 0 expos$2 nor 0 x
 easy to repair !  wa/es made 9 x by ^? 
acts ( viol5ce4 ,b "h we behold a p     
hat$ & p]secut$ = "o ?\s& eight hundr$  
ye>s1 & yet  su/a9+ itself1 & widely    
ext5d$4 ,k+s h (t5 employ$ !  sev]ity ( 
edicts & ! h& ( execution]s to ru9 x4 ,!
  s$iti\s multitudes1 by murd]s &       
massacres1 h committ$ outrages  aga9/ x 
/ill m viol5t & tragical4 ,pr9ces & p1  
,pagans1  ,mohamm$ans1 ,*ri/ians1       
disagree+ 9 s _m ?+s1 h unit$ 9  !      
design ( ext]m9at+ x1 & h n be5 able to 
succe$4 ,!  bu% ( ,moses1 surr\nd$ )    
flames1 ev] burns1 & is n consum$4  ,!  
,jews h be5 expell$1 9 diff]5t times1 f 
e "p ( !  _w1 :i* ha? only s]v$ to      
spread !m 9 all regions4 ,f age to  age 
!y h be5 expos$ to mis]y & p]secution2  
yet /ill !y  subsi/1 9 spite ( ! ignom9y

 & ! hatr$ :i* ha? pursu$ !m  9 all     
places1 :ile ! greate/ mon>*ies are     
fall51 & no?+  rema9s ( !m beside ! "n4 
,! judgm5ts :i* ,god ha? ex]cis$  ^u ?is
 p are t]rible1 ext5d+ to ! m51 !       
religion1 &  ! v l& 9 :i* !y dwelt4 ,!  
c]emonies ess5tial to _!  religion c no 
m be obs]v$3 ! ritual law1 :i* ca/ a    
spl5d\r  on ! national wor%ip1 & /ruck !
 ,pagans s mu* t !y s5t  _! pres5ts & _!
 victims to ,j]usalem1 is absolutely    
fall52 =  !y h no temple1 no alt>1 no   
sacrifices4 ,_! l& itself seems to  lie 
"u a nev]-ceas+ curse4 ,pagans1         
,*ri/ians1 ,mohamm$ans1 9 a  ^w1 almo/  
all nations h1 by turns1 seiz$ & held   
,j]usalem4 ,to  ! ,jews only ha? ,god   
refus$ ! possession ( ?is small tract ( 
gr\nd1 s supremely necess>y = !m1 s9ce1 
z ,jews1 !y ought to  wor%ip on ,m\nt   
,zion4 ,9 all ?is !re is no exagg]ation3
 we are only  po9t+ out kn[n facts2 & f>
 f hav+ ! lea/ design to raise  an odium
 aga9/ ! nation f its mis]ies1 we       
conclude t x ought  to be look$ ^u z "o 

( ^? prodigies :i* we admire )\t        
compreh5d+2 s9ce1 9 spite ( evils s     
durable1 & a pati5ce s  long ex]cis$1 x 
is pres]v$ by a p>ticul> provid5ce4 ,!  
,jew  ought to be we>y ( expect+ a      
,messiah1 :o s unk9dly disappo9ts  8 va9
 hopes2 & ! ,*ri/ian ought to h 8       
att5tion & 8  reg>d excit$ t[>d m5 :om  
,god pres]ves1 = s great a l5g? (  "t "u
 calamities :i* w\ld h be5 ! total ru9 (
 any o!r  p4 ,! :ole is a /&+ pro( ( !  
tru? ( ! ^w ( ,god2  z x s signally1 &  
beyond all contradiction1 fulfils1 ev5  
to  p>ticul>s wond]fully m9ute1 its     
anci5t & num]\s pr$ictions4    ,! long  
protract$ exi/5ce ( ! ,jews z a sep>ate 
p1 is n  only a /&+ evid5ce ( ! tru? ( !
 ,bible1 b is ( t k9d  :i* defies       
hesitation1 imitation1 or p>allel4 ,7   
?is p  totally ext9ct1 "s might affect  
to say1 t !y nev] _h exi/$2  or1 t if !y
 _h exi/$1 !y nev] practis$ su* rites z 
7  imput$ to !m2 or1 t !y 7 n a num]\s  
p1 b m]ely a  small tribe ( ignorant &  
unsettl$ ,arabs4 ,! c>e ) :i* !  ,jews  

pres]ve _! sacr$ books1 & ! con=mity (  
^? pres]v$  9 ! ea/ ) ^? ( ! we/1 z     
lately atte/$1 is a  satisfactory       
argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( bo?2 &   
f>!r1  ! disp]sion ( ! nation has prov$ 
! security ( ^! docum5ts2  z x has n be5
 9 ! p[] ( any "o enemy1 h[ev] pot5t1 to
  de/roy ! entire s]ies1 or to consign !
 :ole to oblivion4    ,,jezebel1 daught]
 ( ,e?baal1 k+ ( ! ,zidonians1 & wife ( 
,ahab1  k+ ( ,israel1 #a ,k+s xvi1 #ca4 
,?is pr9cess introduc$ into !  k+dom (  
,sam>ia ! public wor%ip ( ,baal1 ,a/>te1
 & o!r  ,ph5ician deities1 :i* ! ,"l _h 
expressly =bidd52 & ) ?is  impi\s       
wor%ip1 a g5]al preval5ce ( ^?          
abom9ations :i* _h  =m]ly inc5s$ ,god   
aga9/ ! ,canaanites1 to _! utt]         
extirpation4 ,jezebel 0 s zeal\s1 t %e  
f$ at h] own table f\r  hundr$ prophets 
belong+ to ! goddess ,a/>te2 & h] husb& 
,ahab1  9 l mann]1 kept f\r hundr$ (    
,baal's prophets1 z m9i/]s (  8 false   
gods4 ,! "n ( ,jezebel is us$           
prov]bially1 ,rev4 ii1 #bj4  ,see       

,,jehu4    ,,jezreel1 a royal city ( !  
k+s ( ,israel1 :o sometimes resid$ "h  z
 well z at ,sam>ia4 ,ahab1 9 p>ticul>1  
is kn[n to h made ?is  8 resid5ce2 ne>  
to ^: palace 0 ! v9ey>d ( ! un=tunate   
,nabo?4 ,! "n ( ,jezreel 0 by ! ,greeks 
m\ld$ into t (  ,esdraela2 :i* is       
describ$ by ,eusebius & ,j]om1 9 ! f\r? 
c5tury1 z a consid]able t[n4 ,9 l mann]1
 ! valley ( ,jezreel  obta9$ ! "n ( !   
valley or pla9 ( ,esdraelon2 :i* is /ill
  describ$ z v f]tile1 & mu* frequ5t$ by
 ! ,arabs = its f9e  pa/urage4 ,?is is !
 l>ge/1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ f]tile1    
pla9 9 ! l& ( ,canaan2 & is call$1 by   
way ( em95ce1 !  ,great ,pla94 ,x may be
 e/imat$ at ?irty miles 9 l5g?1 & tw5ty 
9 bread?4 ,! riv] ,ki%on fl[s ?r\gh x4  
,see ,,esdraelon4    ,,joab 0 ! son (   
,z]uiah1 ,david's si/]1 & bro!r to      
,abi%ai &  ,asahel4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/    
valiant soldi]s & greate/ g5]als 9      
,david's "t2 b he 0 also cruel1         
rev5geful1 & imp]i\s4 ,he  p]=m$ great  
s]vices = ,david1 to ^: int]e/s he 0    

always  firm1 & 0 comm&]-9-*ief ( 8     
troops1 :5 ,david 0 k+ (  ,judah only4  
,8 hi/ory is relat$ 9 ! second book (   
,samuel & !  fir/ book ( ,k+s4 ,see     
,,david1 ,,abn]1 & ,,amasa4    ,,joanna1
 ! wife ( ,*uza1 ,h]od's /ew>d1 0 "o (  
^? wom5 :o1  hav+ be5 cur$ by our       
,savi\r1 foll[$ him z disciples1 &      
m9i/]$ to 8 necessities1 ,luke viii1 #c4
    ,,joa%1 son ( ,ahaziah1 k+ ( ,judah4
 ,:5 ! impi\s ,a?aliah  und]took to     
ext+ui% ! race ( ! k+s ( ,judah1 t %e   
might  seize ! cr[n h]self1 %e ord]$ all
 ! pr9ces1 h] gr&*ildr51  to be murd]$4 
,b ,jeho%eba1 ! si/] ( ,ahaziah1 & wife 
to !  ,high ,prie/ ,jehoiada1 rescu$ "y 
,joa%1 !n a *ild1 f !  cruelty (        
,a?aliah1 & lodg$ him 9 ! temple ) 8    
nurse4 ,"h  he abode six ye>s4 ,9 !     
sev5? ye> ,jehoiada procur$ him to be   
ackn[l$g$ k+1 & s well conc]t$ 8 plan1 t
 "y ,joa% 0  plac$ on ! ?rone1 & salut$ 
k+ 9 ! temple1 be=e ! que5  0 in=m$ ( x4
 ,%e 0 kill$ )\t ! temple1 #b ,k+s xi1  
#a1  c4 ,joa% receiv$ ! diadem1 toge!r )

 ! book ( ! law1 f  ! h&s ( ,jehoiada1 !
 high prie/1 :o1 9 ! "y k+'s "n1  made a
 cov5ant betwe5 ! ,"l1 ! k+1 & ! p1 = _!
  future fidelity to ,god4 ,he also     
oblig$ ! p to take an oa? (  fidelity to
 ! k+4 ,joa% 0 only sev5 ye>s old :5 he 
began to  reign1 & he reign$ =ty ye>s at
 ,j]usalem4 ,8 "m's "n 0  ,zibiah (     
,be]%eba4 ,he gov]n$ ) ju/ice & piety1 s
 long z he  0 guid$ by ! ,high ,prie/   
,jehoiada4 ,yet he did n aboli% ! high  
places4    ,jehoiada1 dur+ ! k+'s       
m9ority1 _h issu$ ord]s = collect+      
volunt>y (f]+s to ! holy place1 ) !     
design ( repair+ !  temple2 b 8 ord]s 7 
ill execut$ till ! tw5tie? ye> (  ,joa%4
 ,!n ?is pr9ce direct$ *e/s to be plac$ 
at ! entrance (  ! temple1 & an acc\nt  
to be giv5 him ( :at money 0 receiv$  f 
!m1 t x might be fai?fully employ$ 9    
repair+ ! h\se  ( ,god4 ,jehoiada dy+ at
 ! age ( a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 ,joa%  0
 misl$ by ! evil c\nsel ( 8 c\rti]s1 :o 
_h be=e be5  re/ra9$ by ! high prie/'s  
au?ority4 ,!y began to =sake !  temple (

 ! ,"l1 & to wor%ip idols1 & groves     
consecrat$ to  idols4 ,!n ! ,_s ( ! ,"l 
com+ ^u ! ,high ,prie/  ,ze*>iah1 son ( 
,jehoiada1 he reprov$ ! p2 b !y :o he>d 
him /on$ him1 accord+ to ord]s f _! k+4 
,x 0 n long  be=e ,god inflict$ on ,joa%
 ! j puni%m5t ( 8 +ratitude to          
,jehoiada1 ^: son he _h s lately murd]$4
 ,hazael1 k+ ( ,syria1  besieg$ ,ga?1   
:i* belong$ to ,judah2 & hav+ tak5 x he 
m>*$  aga9/ ,j]usalem4 ,joa%1 to r$eem  
himself f ! difficulties ( a  siege1 & f
 ! dang] ( be+ plund]$1 took :at money  
he c\ld  f9d 9 ! temple1 :i* _h be5     
consecrat$ by ,ahaziah 8 fa!r1  ,jehoram
 8 gr&fa!r1 & himself1 & gave ! :ole to 
,hazael4 ,x  is believ$ by "s1 t ! next 
ye> ! ,syrian army m>*$ aga9  into      
,judah2 b ,hazael 0 n !re 9 p]son4 ,!   
,syrians made great  havoc1 defeat$ !   
troops ( ,joa%1 ent]$ ,j]usalem1 slew ! 
pr9ces  ( ,judah1 & s5t a great booty to
 ! k+ ( ,syria at ,damascus4 ,!y  treat$
 ,joa% himself ) great ignom9y1 & left  
him extremely ill4  ,8 s]vants !n       

revolt$ aga9/ him1 & kill$ him 9 8 b$1  
by  :i* ! blood ( ,ze*>iah ! high prie/ 
0 av5g$4 ,he 0 buri$  9 ,j]usalem1 b n 9
 ! royal sepul*re4 ,amaziah 8 son       
succe$$  him4    ,,job1 a patri>*       
celebrat$ = 8 pati5ce1 & ! con/ancy ( 8 
piety & virtue4 ,t ,job 0 a real1 & n a 
fictiti\s1 "*1  may be inf]r$ f ! mann] 
9 :i* he is m5tion$ 9 !  ,scriptures4   
,?us1 ! ,prophet ,ezekiel speaks ( him3 
8,?\gh ^! ?ree  m51 ,noah1 ,daniel1 &   
,job1 7 9 x1 !y %\ld deliv] b _!  own   
s\ls by _! righte\sness1 sai? ! ,"l     
,god10 ,ezek4 xiv1 #ad4  ,n[ s9ce ,noah 
& ,daniel 7 unque/ionably real *>act]s1 
we mu/  conclude ! same ( ,job4         
8,behold10 says ! ,apo/le ,james1 8we   
c\nt  !m happy :i* endure3 ye h he>d ( !
 pati5ce ( ,job1 & h  se5 ! end ( ! ,"l1
 t ! ,"l is v pitiful1 & ( t5d]  m]cy10 
,james v1 #aa4 ,x is sc>cely to be      
believ$ t a div9ely  inspir$ ,apo/le    
w\ld ref] to an imag9>y "* z an example 
(  pati5ce1 or 9 pro( ( ! m]cy ( ,god4  
,b1 beside ! au?ority (  ! inspir$      

writ]s1 we h ! /ronge/ int]nal evid5ce1 
f !  book itself1 t ,job 0 a real p]son2
 = x expressly specifies !  names (     
p]sons1 places1 facts1 & o!r            
circum/ances usually relat$  9 true     
hi/ories4 ,?us1 we h ! "n1 c\ntry1      
piety1 weal?1 c1  ( ,job describ$1 ,job 
i2 ! names1 numb]1 & acts ( 8 *ildr5 are
  m5tion$2 ! conduct ( 8 wife is record$
 z a fact1 ii2 8  fri5ds1 _! names1     
c\ntries1 & disc\rses ) him 9 8         
afflictions are m9utely del9eat$1 ,job  
ii1 #aa1 c4 ,f>!r3 no  reasonable d\bt c
 be ent]ta9$ respect+ ! real exi/5ce (  
,job1 :5 we consid] t x is prov$ by !   
concurr5t te/imony (  all ea/]n         
tradition3 he is m5tion$ by ! au?or ( ! 
book (  ,tobit1 :o liv$ dur+ ! ,assyrian
 captivity2 he is also repeat$ly        
m5tion$ by ,arabian writ]s z a real "*4 
,! :ole ( 8  hi/ory1 ) _m fabul\s       
additions1 0 kn[n among ! ,syrians &    
,*aldeans2 & _m ( ! noble/ families     
among ! ,arabs are  di/+ui%$ by 8 "n1 & 
boa/ ( be+ desc5d$ f him4    ,s9ce1 !n1 

says ,horne1 ! book ( ,job conta9s !    
hi/ory ( a real  "*1 ! next po9t is !   
age 9 :i* he liv$1 a "q  conc]n+ :i* !re
 is z great a div]sity ( op9ion1 z ^u   
any  o!r subject connect$ ) ?is v5]able 
monum5t ( sacr$  antiquity4 ,"o ?+1     
h[ev]1 is g5]ally admitt$ ) respect to !
  age ( ! book ( ,job1 namely1 its      
remote antiquity4 ,ev5 ^? :o  cont5d = !
 lat] production ( ! book ( ,job are    
compell$ to  acquiesce 9 ?is p>ticul>4  
,grotius ?9ks ! ev5ts ( ! hi/ory  are   
su* z _c be plac$ lat] ?an ! soj\rn+ ( !
 ,israelites  9 ! wild]ness4 ,bi%op     
,w>burton1 9 l mann]1 admits !m to be>  
! m>ks ( high antiquity2 & ,mi*alis     
confesses ! mann]s to be  p]fectly      
,abrahamic1 t is1 su* z 7 common to all 
! se$ (  ,abraham1 ,israelites1         
,i%maelites1 & ,idumeans4 ,! foll[+ are 
!  pr9cipal circum/ances f :i* ! age (  
,job may be collect$ &  asc]ta9$3--#a4  
,! ,uss]ian or ,bible *ronology dates ! 
trial ( ,job  ab\t ! ye> #aebj be=e !   
,*ri/ian era1 tw5ty-n9e ye>s be=e  !    

dep>ture ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt2 & t !
 book 0  compos$ be=e t ev5t1 is evid5t 
f its total sil5ce respect+  ! miracles 
:i* accompani$ ! exode2 su* z ! passage 
( ! ,r$  ,sea1 ! de/ruction ( !         
,egyptians1 ! manna 9 ! des]t1 c2 all  (
 :i* happ5$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,job's c\ntry1
 & 7 s apposite  9 ! debate conc]n+ !   
ways ( ,provid5ce t "s notice c\ld  n b 
h be5 tak5 ( !m1 if !y _h be5 coeval ) !
 poem  ( ,job4 #b4 ,t x 0 compos$ be=e  
,abraham's migration to ,canaan1  may   
also be inf]r$ f its sil5ce respect+ !  
de/ruction (  ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 & !   
o!r cities ( ! pla91 :i* 7 /ill  ne>] to
 ,idumea1 :]e ! sc5e is laid4 #c4 ,!    
l5g? ( ,job's life  places him 9 !      
patri>*al times4 ,he surviv$ 8 trial "o 
hundr$  & =ty ye>s1 ,job xlii1 #af1 & 0 
probably n y\ng] at t  "t2 = we read t 8
 sev5 sons 7 all gr[n up1 & _h be5      
settl$ 9 _! own h\ses = a consid]able   
"t1 ,job i1 #d1 #e4 ,he  speaks ( ! s9s 
( 8 y\?1 ,job xiii1 #bf1 & ( ! prosp]ity
 (  8 y\?2 & yet ,eliphaz addresses him 

z a novice3 8,) u are bo?  ! gray-head$ 
& v ag$ m51 mu* eld] ?an ?y fa!r10 ,job 
xv1  #aj4 #d4 ,t he did n live at an    
e>li] p]iod1 may be collect$ f  an      
incid5tal obs]vation ( ,bildad1 :o ref]s
 ,job to _! =efa!rs  = in/ruction 9     
wisdom3--              8,inquire1 ,i    
pray !e1 ( ! =m] age1            ,&     
prep>e ?yself to ! se>* ( _! fa!rs30    
assign+ z a reason ! comp>ative %ortness
 ( human life1 &  consequ5t ignorance ( 
! pres5t g5]ation3--               8,=  
we are b ( ye/]day1 & "k no?+2          
,because our days ^u e>? are a %ad[40   
,job viii1 #h1 #i4    ,b ! fa!rs ( ! =m]
 age1 or gr&fa!rs ( ! pres5t1 7  !      
contempor>ies ( ,peleg & ,joktan1 9 !   
fif? g5]ation aft]  ! deluge2 & !y might
 easily h le>n$ wisdom f ! f\nta9  head 
by conv]s+ ) ,%em1 or p]haps ) ,noah    
himself2 :]eas1 9  ! sev5? g5]ation1 !  
/&>d ( human life 0 r$uc$ to ab\t  two  
hundr$ ye>s1 :i* 0 a %ad[ comp>$ ) !    
longevity (  ,noah & 8 sons4 #e4 ,!     
g5]al air ( antiquity :i* p]vades !     

mann]s record$ 9 ! poem1 is a f>!r      
evid5ce ( its remote date4  ,! mann]s & 
cu/oms1 inde$1 critically correspond ) t
 e>ly  p]iod4 ,?us1 ,job speaks ( ! mo/ 
anci5t k9d ( writ+1 by  sculpture1 ,job 
xix1 #bd2 8 ri*es also are reckon$ by 8 
cattle1 ,job  xlii1 #ab4 ,f>!r3 ,job    
act$ z high prie/ 9 8 family1 accord+ to
  ! patri>*al usage1 ,g54 viii1 #bj2 = !
 in/itution ( an  e/abli%$ prie/hood    
does n appe> to h tak5 place any :]e    
until ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,mel*iz$ec1 k+ ( 
,salem1 0 a prie/ (  ! primitive ord]1  
,g54 xiv1 #ah2 su* also 0 ,je?ro1 !     
fa!r-9-law ( ,moses1 9 ! vic9ity (      
,idumea1 ,exod4 xviii1 #ab4 ,!  fir/    
regul> prie/hood 0 probably in/itut$ 9  
,egypt1 :]e ,joseph  0 m>ri$ to !       
daught] ( ! prie/ ( ,on1 ,g54 xli1 #de4 
#f4 ,!  slavi% homage ( pro/ration to   
pr9ces & great m51 :i* prevail$  9      
,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ! ea/ 9 g5]al1 & :i*  
/ill subsi/s  !re1 0 unkn[n 9 ,arabia at
 t "t4 ,?\gh ,job 0 "o ( !  greate/ m5 (
 all ! ea/1 we d n f9d any su* adoration

 paid to  him by 8 contempor>ies1 9 !   
z5i? ( 8 prosp]ity1 among !  m>ks (     
respect s m9utely describ$ 9 ! tw5ty-n9?
 *apt]3  8,:5 ! "y m5 saw him1 !y hid   
!mselves10 7r1 %runk  back1 ?r\gh       
respect or ru/ic ba%fulness17 8! ag$    
arose & /ood  up0 9 8 pres5ce1 7m       
correctly1 rang$ !mselves ab\t him17  8!
 pr9ces refra9$ f talk+1 & laid _! h& ^u
 _!  m\?2 ! nobles held _! peace10 & 7  
all att5tion :ile he  spoke4 ,all ?is 0 
highly respectful1 inde$1 b /ill x 0    
manly1  & %[$ no cr++ or s]vile         
adulation4 ,) ?is description           
correspond ! mann]s & conduct ( ! g5u9e 
,arabs ( ! pres5t  day1 a maje/ic race1 
:o 7 nev] conqu]$1 & :o h reta9$  _!    
primitive cu/oms1 features1 & "*1 )     
sc>cely any  alt]ation4 #g4 ,! allusion 
made by ,job to t species ( idolatry    
alone1 :i* by g5]al cons5t is admitt$ to
 h be5 ! mo/  anci5t1 namely1           
,zabianism1 or ! wor%ip ( ! sun & moon1 
& also  to ! ex]tion ( ! judicial       
au?ority aga9/ x1 ,job xxxi1 #bf-bh1  is

 an additional & mo/ complete pro( ( !  
high antiquity ( !  poem1 z well z a    
decisive m>k ( ! patri>*al age4 #h4 ,a  
f>!r  evid5ce ( ! remote antiquity ( ?is
 book is ! language ( ,job &  8 fri5ds2 
:o1 be+ all ,idumeans1 or at lea/       
,arabians ( !  adjac5t c\ntry1 yet      
conv]s$ 9 ,hebrew4 ,?is c>ries u up to  
an age  s e>ly z t 9 :i* all ! po/]ity (
 ,abraham1 ,israelites1  ,idumeans1 &   
,arabians1 yet cont9u$ to speak "o      
common language1 &  _h n bran*$ into    
diff]5t dialects4    ,! c\ntry 9 :i* !  
sc5e ( ?is poem is laid1 is /at$1 ,job  
i1  #a1 to be ! l& ( ,uz1 :i* by "s     
geograph]s has be5 plac$ 9  ,s&y1 & by  
o!rs 9 ,/ony1 ,arabia4 ,bo*>t /r5u\sly  
advocat$ !  =m] op9ion1 9 :i* he has be5
 p[]fully support$ by ,spanheim1        
,calmet1 ,c>pzov1 ,heidegg]1 & "s lat]  
writ]s2 ,mi*alis & ,ilg5  place ! sc5e 9
 ! valley ( ,damascus2 b ,bi%ops ,l[? & 
,magee1  ,dr4 ,hales1 ,dr4 ,good1 & "s  
lat] critics & philolog]s1 h %[n  t !   
sc5e is laid 9 ,idumea4 ,9 effect1 no?+ 

is cle>] ?an  t ! hi/ory ( an inhabitant
 ( ,idumea is ! subject ( ! poem  :i*   
be>s ! "n ( ,job1 & t all ! p]sons      
introduc$ into x  7 ,idumeans1 dwell+ 9 
,idumea1 9 o!r words1 ,edomite ,arabs4  
,^!  *>act]s are1 ,job himself1 ( ! l& (
 ,uz2 ,eliphaz1 ( ,teman1 a  di/rict ( z
 mu* repute z ,uz1 & :i*1 x appe>s f !  
jo9t  te/imony ( ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1    
,amos1 & ,obadiah1 ,j]4 xlix1 #g1 #bj2  
,ezek4 xxv1 #ac2 ,amos i1 #aa1 #ab2     
,obadiah #h1 #i1 =m$ a pr9cipal "p (    
,idumea2 ,bildad1 ( ,%uah1 :o is always 
m5tion$ 9 conjunction )  ,%eba & ,d$an1 
! fir/ ( :om 0 probably nam$ aft] "o ( !
  bro!rs ( ,joktan or ,kahtan1 & ! two  
la/ f two ( 8 sons1 all  ( !m be+       
uni=mly plac$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,idumea1    
,g54 xxv1 #b1  #c2 ,j]4 xlix1 #h2 ,zoph>
 ( ,naama1 a city import+ pleasantness1 
:i*  is also /at$ by ,jo%ua1 xv1 #ba1   
#da1 to h be5 situate 9 ,idumea1  & to h
 la9 9 a s\!rn direction t[>d its coa/1 
on ! %ores  ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 & ,elihu1 (   
,buz1 :i*1 z ! "n ( a place1 occurs     

only once 9 ,sacr$ ,writ1 ,j]4 xxv1 #bc1
 b is !re m5tion$ 9  conjunction )      
,teman & ,d$an2 & h5ce necess>ily1 l !m1
 a  bord] city ^u ,uz or ,idumea4 ,all[+
 ?is *orography to be correct1  7& su*1 
^u a fair review ( facts1 we may        
conclude x to be17 !re  is no difficulty
 9 conceiv+ t hordes ( nomadic ,*aldeans
 z well  z ,sabeans1 a p addict$ to     
rap9e1 & rov+ ab\t at imm5se  di/ances =
 ! sake ( plund]1 %\ld h occasionally   
infe/$ !  def5celess c\ntry ( ,idumea1 &
 rov$ f ! ,euphrates ev5 to  ,egypt4    
,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! book ( ,job are s   
closely connect$  toge!r1 t !y _c be    
deta*$ f ea* o!r4 ,! exordium  prep>es !
 read] = :at foll[s1 supplies u ) !     
necess>y  notices conc]n+ ,job & 8      
fri5ds1 unfolds ! scope1 & places  !    
calamities full 9 our view z an object (
 att5tion4 ,! epilogue1  or conclusion1 
aga91 has ref]5ce to ! exordium1 &      
relates !  happy t]m9ation ( ,job's     
trials2 ! dialogues :i* int]v5e fl[ 9   
regul> ord]4 ,n[1 if any ( ^! p>ts 7 to 

be tak5 away1 !  poem w\ld be extremely 
defective4 ,)\t ! prologue ! read] w\ld 
be utt]ly ignorant :o ,job 01 :o 7 8    
fri5ds1 & ! cause (  8 be+ s griev\sly  
afflict$4 ,)\t ! disc\rse ( ,elihu1 ,job
  xxxii-xxxvii1 !re w\ld be a sudd5 &   
abrupt transition f !  la/ words ( ,job 
to ! address ( ,god1 = :i* ,elihu's     
disc\rse  prep>es ! read]4 ,& )\t !     
epilogue1 or conclusion1 we %\ld  rema9 
9 ignorance ( ! subsequ5t condition (   
,job4 ,h5ce x is  evid5t1 t ! poem is ! 
composition ( a s+le au?or2 b :o  t 01  
is a "q conc]n+ :i* ! le>n$ are v mu*   
divid$ 9 _! s5tim5ts4 ,elihu1 ,job1     
,moses1 ,solomon1 ,isaiah1 an  anonym\s 
writ] 9 ! reign ( ,manasseh1 ,ezekiel1 &
 ,ezra1 h all  be5 cont5d$ =4 ,!        
argum5ts already adduc$ respect+ ! age (
  ,job1 prove t x c\ld n be ei!r ( !    
latt] p]sons4 ,dr4  ,lightfoot1 f an    
errone\s v]sion ( ,job xxxii1 #af1 #ag1 
has  conjectur$ t x is ! production (   
,elihu2 b ! correct  r5d]+ ( t passage  
refutes ?is notion4 ,ilg5 ascribes x    

probably to a desc5dant ( ,elihu4 ,ano!r
 & m g5]ally receiv$  op9ion attributes 
?is book to ,moses2 ?is conjecture is   
f\nd$ on  "s app>5t /rik+ co9cid5ces (  
s5tim5t1 z well z f "s  m>ks ( lat] date
 :i* are suppos$ to be discov]able 9 x4 
,b1  indep5d5tly ( ! *>act]s ( antiquity
 already ref]r$ to1 &  :i* place ! book 
( ,job v _m c5turies be=e ! "t (        
,moses1 ! total abs5ce ( ev5 ! slighte/ 
allusion to ! mann]s1  cu/oms1          
c]emonies1 or hi/ory ( ! ,israelites1 is
 a direct evid5ce  t ! great legislator 
( ! ,hebrews 0 n1 & c\ld n h  be51 !    
au?or4 ,to :i* may be add$1 t ! /yle (  
,job1 z  ,bi%op ,l[? has rem>k$1 is     
mat]ially diff]5t f ! poetical  /yle (  
,moses2 = x is mu* m compact1 concise1  
or cond5s$1 m  accurate 9 ! poetical    
con=mation ( ! s5t5ces2 z may be  obs]v$
 also 9 ! prophecies ( ,balaam !        
,mesopotamian1 a =eign]1  inde$1 )      
respect to ! ,israelites1 b n unacqua9t$
 ei!r )  _! language1 or ) ! wor%ip ( ! 
true ,god4 ,^u ! :ole1  !n1 we h        

suffici5t gr\nd to conclude t ?is book 0
 n !  production ( ,moses1 b ( "s e>li] 
age4 ,bi%op ,l[? fav\rs !  op9ion (     
,s*ult5s1 ,pet]s1 & o!rs1 :i* is adopt$ 
by ,bi%op  ,toml9e & ,dr4 ,hales1 :o    
suppose ,job himself1 or "s contempor>y1
 to  h be5 ! au?or ( ?is poem2 & !re    
seems to be no good reason  = suppos+ t 
x 0 n writt5 by ,job himself4 ,x appe>s1
  inde$1 highly probable t ,job 0 !     
writ] ( 8 own /ory1 (  ^: inspiration we
 h ! cle>e/ evid5ce 9 ! =ty-second      
*apt] ( ?is book1 9 :i* he ?us addresses
 ! ,almighty3 8,i h  he>d ( !e by ! he>+
 ( ! e>1 b n[ m9e eye see? !e40  ,x is  
pla9 t 9 ?is passage "s privilege is    
int5d$ :i* he  nev] _h enjoy$ be=e1 &   
:i* he calls ! sight ( ,god4    ,! book 
( ,job conta9s ! hi/ory ( ,job1 a man   
equally di/+ui%$  = purity & uprightness
 ( "*1 & = hon\rs1 weal?1 &  dome/ic    
felicity1 :om ,god p]mitt$1 = ! trial ( 
8 fai?1 to be  sudd5ly depriv$ ( all 8  
num]\s bless+s1 & to be at once  plung$ 
into ! deepe/ affliction1 & mo/         

accumulat$ di/ress4 ,x  gives an acc\nt 
( 8 em95t piety1 pati5ce1 & resignation 
"u  ! pressure ( ^! sev]e calamities1 & 
( 8 subsequ5t elevation  to a degree (  
prosp]ity & happ9ess1 /ill great] ?an t 
:i*  he _h be=e enjoy$4 ,h[ long !      
suff]+s ( ,job cont9u$1 we are  n in=m$2
 b x is said1 t aft] ,god turn$ 8       
captivity1 &  bless$ him a second "t1 he
 liv$ "o hundr$ & =ty ye>s1 ,job  xlii1 
#af4 ,its /yle is 9 _m p>ts peculi>ly   
sublime2 & x is n  only adorn$ )        
poetical embelli%m5ts1 b mo/ le>n$ m5   
consid]  x z writt5 9 metre4 ,?r\gh !   
:ole "w we discov] religi\s  in/ruction 
%9+ =? amid/ ! v5]able simplicity (     
anci5t  mann]s4 ,x e :]e ab\nds ) !     
noble/ s5tim5ts ( piety1  utt]$ ) ! _s (
 inspir$ conviction4 ,x is a "w         
unrivall$  = ! magnific5ce ( its        
language1 & = ! beautiful & sublime     
images :i* x pres5ts4 ,9 ! wond]ful     
spee* ( ! ,deity1 ,job  xxxviii1 xxxix1 
e l9e del9eates 8 attributes1 e s5t5ce  
op5s a picture ( "s gr& object 9        

creation1 *>act]iz$ by its  mo/ /rik+   
features4 ,add to ?is1 t its prophetic  
p>ts reflect  mu* light on ! economy (  
,god's moral gov]nm5t2 & e admir]  (    
sacr$ antiquity1 e inquir] aft] religi\s
 in/ruction1 w  s]i\sly rejoice t !     
enraptur$ s5t5ce ( ,job1 xix1 #bc1 is   
realiz$ to a m effectual & un=ese5      
accompli%m5t2 t :ile  ! memorable       
records ( antiquity h m\ld]$ f ! rock1 !
  prophetic assurance & s5tim5ts ( ,job 
are grav5 9 ,scriptures t  no "t %all   
alt]1 no *anges %all efface4    ,,joel1 
! second ( ! twelve less] prophets4 ,x  
is impossible to  asc]ta9 ! age 9 :i* he
 liv$1 b x seems mo/ probable t he  0   
contempor>y ) ,hosea4 ,no p>ticul>s ( 8 
life or dea? are  c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,8      
prophecies are conf9$ to ! k+dom (      
,judah4 ,he  inveighs aga9/ ! s9s &     
impieties ( ! p1 & ?reat5s  !m ) div9e  
v5geance2 he exhorts to rep5tance1 fa/+1
 &  pray]2 & promises ! fav\r ( ,god to 
^? :o %\ld be ob$i5t4  ,! pr9cipal      
pr$ictions conta9$ 9 ?is book are !     

,*aldean  invasion1 "u ! figurative     
repres5tation ( locu/s2 !  de/ruction ( 
,j]usalem by ,titus2 ! bless+s ( !      
,gospel  disp5sation2 ! conv]sion &     
re/oration ( ! ,jews to _! own  l&2 !   
ov]?r[ ( ! enemies ( ,god2 & ! glori\s  
/ate ( !  ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ! end ( ! _w4 
,! /yle ( ,joel is  p]spicu\s & elegant1
 & 8 descriptions are rem>kably animat$ 
& poetical4    ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/1 !   
=]unn] ( ! ,messiah1 0 ! son (  ,ze*>iah
 & ,elizabe?1 & 0 born ab\t six mon?s   
be=e our  ,savi\r4 ,8 bir? 0 =etold by  
an angel1 s5t purposely to deliv]  ?is  
joyful message1 :5 8 "m ,elizabe? 0     
b>r51 & bo? 8  p>5ts f> advanc$ 9 ye>s4 
,! same div9e mess5g] =etold t  he %\ld 
be great 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l2 t he %\ld be
 fill$  ) ! ,holy ,_s f 8 "m's womb2 t  
he %\ld prep>e !  way ( ! ,"l by turn+  
_m ( ! ,jews to ! k ( ,god2 &  t he %\ld
 be ! greate/ ( all ! prophets1 ,luke i1
 #e-ae4 ,( !  e>ly "p ( ! ,bapti/'s life
 we h b little in=mation4 ,x is  only   
obs]v$ t 8he grew & wax$ /rong 9 _s1 & 0

 9 !  des]ts till ! day ( 8 %[+ unto    
,israel10 ,luke i1 #hj4 ,?\gh           
consecrat$ f ! womb to ! m9i/]ial (fice1
 ,john did n ent]  ^u x 9 ! heat ( y\?1 
b aft] sev]al ye>s sp5t 9 solitude  & a 
c\rse ( self-d5ial4    ,! prophetical   
descriptions ( ! ,bapti/ 9 ! ,old       
,te/am5t are  v>i\s & /rik+4 ,t by      
,isaiah is3 8,! voice ( him t crie?  9 !
 wild]ness1 ,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1   
make /raight 9 !  des]t a high way = our
 ,god10 ,isaiah xl1 #c4 ,mala*i has !   
foll[+  pr$iction3 8,behold1 ,i w s5d y 
,elijah ! prophet be=e !  com+ ( ! great
 & dreadful day ( ! ,"l4 ,& he %all turn
 !  he>ts ( ! fa!rs to ! *ildr51 & !    
he>ts ( ! *ildr5 to  ! fa!rs1 le/ ,i    
come & smite ! e>? ) a curse10 ,mal4 iv1
 #e4  ,t ?is 0 meant ( ! ,bapti/1 we h !
 te/imony ( our ,"l  himself1 :o decl>$1
 8,= all ! prophets & ! law prophesi$   
until ,john4 ,& if ye w receive x1 ?is  
is ,elias :o 0 to come10  ,matt4 xi1    
#ad4 ,! appe>ance & mann]s ( ! ,bapti/1 
:5 he fir/  came out into ! _w1 excit$  

g5]al att5tion4 ,8 clo?+ 0 (  camel's   
hair1 b\nd r\nd him ) a lea!rn girdle1 &
 8 food  consi/$ ( locu/s & wild honey1 
,matt4 iii1 #d4 ,! message :i* he       
decl>$ 0 au?oritative3 8,rep5t ye1 = !  
k+dom ( heav5 is at  h&20 & ! impression
 produc$ by 8 fai?ful repro(s &         
admonitions 0 p[]ful & ext5sive1 & 9 a  
great numb] (  in/ances la/+4 ,mo/ ( !  
fir/ foll[]s ( our ,"l appe> to  h be5  
awak5$ to s]i\sness & religi\s inquiry  
by ,john's  m9i/ry4 ,8 "* 0 s em95t1 t  
_m ( ! ,jews ?\ght  him to be !         
,messiah2 b he pla9ly decl>$ t he 0 n t 
hon\r$ p]son4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 at fir/  
unacqua9t$ ) !  p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/2   
only ! ,holy ,gho/ _h told him t he on  
:om  he %\ld see ! ,holy ,_s desc5d &   
re/ 0 ! ,messiah4 ,:5  ,jesus ,*ri/     
pres5t$ himself to receive baptism f    
him1 ?is sign  0 v\*saf$2 & f t "t he   
bore 8 te/imony to ,jesus1 z  ! ,*ri/4  
,h]od ,antipas1 hav+ m>ri$ 8 bro!r      
,philip's wife :ile ,philip 0  /ill     
liv+1 occasion$ great sc&al4 ,john !    

,bapti/1 ) 8 usual  lib]ty & vig\r1     
reprov$ ,h]od to 8 face2 & told him t x 
0  n lawful = him to h 8 bro!r's wife1  
:ile 8 bro!r 0 yet  alive4 ,h]od1 inc5s$
 at ?is fre$om1 ord]$ him into cu/ody1 9
 !  ca/le ( ,ma*rus2 & he 0 ultimately  
put to dea?4 7,see  ,antipas47 ,?us fell
 ?is hon\r$ prophet1 a m>tyr to m9i/]ial
  fai?fulness4 ,o!r prophets te/ifi$ (  
,*ri/2 he po9t$ to him z  already come4 
,o!rs saw him af> (f2 he beheld !       
advanc+ glories  ( 8 m9i/ry eclips+ 8   
own1 & rejoic$ to 8decrease0 :ile 8     
,ma/] 8increas$40 ,8 m9i/ry /&s z a type
 ( ! true "*  ( evangelical rep5tance3 x
 goes be=e ,*ri/ & prep>es 8 way2  x is 
humbl+1 b n despair+2 = x po9ts to 8!   
,lamb ( ,god  :i* take? away ! s9s ( !  
_w40    ,! ,jews _h su* an op9ion ( ?is 
prophet's sanctity1 t !y  ascrib$ !     
ov]?r[ ( ,h]od's army1 :i* he _h s5t    
aga9/ 8  fa!r-9-law1 ,aretas1 to ! j    
judgm5t ( ,god = putt+ ,john !  ,bapti/ 
to dea?4 ,! dea? ( ,john ! ,bapti/      
happ5$1 z is  believ$1 ab\t ! end ( !   

?irty-fir/ ye> ( ! vulg> era1 or  9 !   
beg9n+ ( ! ?irty-second4    ,! baptism (
 ,john 0 mu* m p]fect ?an t ( ! ,jews1 b
  less p]fect ?an t ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 8,x 
010 says ,/4 ,*ryso/om1  8z x 71 a      
bridge1 :i*1 f ! baptism ( ! ,jews1 made
 a way  to t ( our ,savi\r1 & 0 m exalt$
 ?an ! fir/1 b  inf]ior to ! second40 ,t
 ( ,/4 ,john promis$ :at t ( ,jesus     
,*ri/ execut$4 ,not)/&+ ,/4 ,john did n 
enjo9 8 disciples  to cont9ue ! baptism 
( rep5tance1 :i* 0 ( 8 in/itution1  aft]
 8 dea?1 because1 aft] ! manife/ation ( 
! ,messiah1 &  ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,holy   
,gho/1 x became ( no use2 yet !re 7  _m 
( 8 foll[]s :o /ill adm9i/]$ x1 & sev]al
 ye>s aft]  ! dea? & resurrection (     
,jesus ,*ri/1 did n s mu* z "k t  !re 0 
any o!r baptism ?an t ( ,john4 ,( ?is   
numb] 0  ,apollos1 a le>n$ & zeal\s man1
 :o 0 ( ,alex&ria1 & came to  ,ephesus  
tw5ty ye>s aft] ! resurrection ( our    
,savi\r1 ,acts xviii1  #be4 ,& :5 ,/4   
,paul came aft] ,apollos to ! same city1
 !re 7  /ill _m ,ephesians :o _h receiv$

 no o!r baptism1 & 7 n yet  in=m$ t !   
,holy ,gho/ 0 receiv$ by baptism 9 ! "n 
(  ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,acts xix1 #a4 ,! ,jews
 are said by ! ,apo/le ,paul to h  be5  
8baptiz$ unto ,moses10 at ! "t :5 !y    
foll[$ him ?r\gh  ! ,r$ ,sea1 z ! s]vant
 ( ,god s5t to be _! lead]4 ,^? :o  w5t 
out to ,john 87 baptiz$ unto ,john's    
baptism20 t is1 into !  expectation ( ! 
p]son :om ,john ann\nc$1 & into         
rep5tance (  ^? s9s :i* ,john condemn$4 
,*ri/ians are 8baptiz$ into ! "n  ( !   
,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/10 because
 9 ?is expression  is impli$ t :ole     
sy/em ( tru? :i* ! disciples ( ,*ri/    
believe2 into ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ! "o true 
& liv+ ,god :om  ,*ri/ians pr(ess to    
s]ve2 ( ! ,son1 t div9e p]son reveal$ 9 
! ,new ,te/am5t :om ! ,fa!r s5t to be ! 
,savi\r ( ! _w2  ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 !     
div9e p]son also reveal$ !re z !        
,com=t]1 ! ,sanctifi]1 & ! ,guide (     
,*ri/ians4    ,,john ,,! ,,evangeli/ 0 a
 native ( ,be?saida1 9 ,galilee1 son (  
,zeb$ee & ,salome1 by pr(ession a       

fi%]man4 ,"s h ?\ght t he  0 a disciple 
( ,john ! ,bapti/ be=e he att5d$ ,jesus 
,*ri/4 ,he  0 bro!r to ,james ! great]4 
,x is believ$ t ,/4 ,john 0 !  y\nge/ ( 
! ,apo/les4 ,tillemont is ( op9ion t he 
0  tw5ty-five or tw5ty-six ye>s ( age :5
 he began to foll[ ,jesus4  ,our ,savi\r
 _h a p>ticul> fri5d%ip = him2 & he     
describes  himself by ! "n ( 8t disciple
 :om ,jesus lov$40 ,/4 ,john 0  "o ( !  
f\r ,apo/les to :om our ,"l deliv]$ 8   
pr$ictions  relative to ! de/ruction (  
,j]usalem1 & ! approa*+ calamities  ( ! 
,jewi% nation1 ,m>k xiii1 #c4 ,/4 ,pet]1
 ,/4 ,james1 & ,/4 ,john  7 *os5 to     
accompany our ,savi\r on sev]al         
occasions1 :5 !  o!r ,apo/les 7 n       
p]mitt$ to be pres5t4 ,:5 ,*ri/ re/or$  
! daught] ( ,jairus to life1 ,m>k v1    
#cg2 ,luke viii1 #ea2 :5 he 0           
transfigur$ on ! m\nt1 ,matt4 xvii1 #a1 
#b2 ,m>k ix1 #b2 ,luke ix1 #bh2  & :5 he
 endur$ 8 agony 9 ! g>d51 ,matt4 xxvi1  
#cf1 #cg2 ,m>k  xiv1 #cb1 #cc2 ,/4      
,pet]1 ,/4 ,james1 & ,/4 ,john 7 8 only 

att5dants4 ,t ,/4 ,john 0 treat$ by     
,*ri/ ) great] famili>ity  ?an ! o!r    
,apo/les1 is evid5t f ,/4 ,pet] desir+  
him to ask  ,*ri/ :o %\ld betray him1 :5
 he himself did n d>e to propose  ! "q1 
,john xiii1 #bd4 ,he seems to h be5 !   
only ,apo/le  pres5t at ! crucifixion1 &
 to him ,jesus1 j z he 0 expir+  ^u !   
cross1 gave ! /ronge/ pro( ( 8 confid5ce
 & reg>d1  by consign+ to him ! c>e ( 8 
"m1 ,john xix1 #bf1 #bg4 ,z ,/4  ,john  
_h be5 witness to ! dea? ( our ,savi\r1 
by see+ ! blood  & wat] issue f 8 side1 
:i* a soldi] _h pi]c$1 ,john xix1  #cd1 
#ce1 s he 0 "o ( ! fir/ made acqua9t$ ) 
8  resurrection4 ,)\t any hesitation1 he
 believ$ ?is great ev5t1  ?\gh 8z yet he
 knew n ! ,scripture1 t ,*ri/ 0 to rise 
f  ! dead10 ,john xx1 #i4 ,he 0 also "o 
( ^? to :om our ,savi\r  appe>$ at ! sea
 ( ,galilee2 & he 0 aft]w>d1 ) ! o!r t5 
,apo/les1 a witness ( 8 asc5sion into   
heav51 ,m>k xvi1 #ai2 ,luke  xxiv1 #ea4 
,/4 ,john cont9u$ to prea* ! ,gospel =  
"s "t at  ,j]usalem3 he 0 imprison$ by !

 sanh$rim1 fir/ ) ,pet] only1  ,acts iv1
 #a1 c1 & aft]w>d ) ! o!r ,apo/les1     
,acts v1 #ag1 #ah4  ,"s "t aft] ?is     
second release1 he & ,/4 ,pet] 7 s5t by 
!  o!r ,apo/les to ! ,sam>itans1 :om    
,philip ! deacon _h conv]t$  to !       
,gospel1 t ?r\gh !m !y might receive !  
,holy ,gho/1 ,acts  viii1 #ad1 #ae4 ,/4 
,john in=ms u1 9 8 ,revelations1 t he 0 
bani%$ to ,patmos1 an isl& 9 ! gean     
,sea1 ,rev4 i1 #i4    ,?is bani%m5t ( ! 
,apo/le to ! isle ( ,patmos is m5tion$  
by  _m ( ! e>ly ecclesia/ical writ]s2   
all ( :om1 except ,epiphanius  9 ! f\r? 
c5tury1 agree 9 attribut+ x to          
,domitian4 ,epiphanius  says t ,john 0  
bani%$ by comm& ( ,claudius2 b ?is      
des]ves  ! less cr$it1 because !re 0 no 
p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians 9  ! "t ( t    
emp]or1 & 8 edicts aga9/ ! ,jews did n  
ext5d  to ! prov9ces4 ,sir ,isaac       
,newton 0 ( op9ion t ,john 0 bani%$  to 
,patmos 9 ! "t ( ,n]o2 b ev5 ! au?ority 
( ?is great man  is n ( suffici5t weight
 aga9/ ! unanim\s voice ( antiquity4    

,dr4 ,l>dn] has exam9$ & answ]$ 8       
argum5ts ) equal c&\r  & le>n+4 ,x is n 
kn[n at :at "t ,john w5t into ,asia     
,m9or4  ,l>dn] ?\ght t x 0 ab\t ! ye>   
#ff4 ,x is c]ta9 t he  liv$ 9 ,asia     
,m9or ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 & pr9cipally 
at  ,ephesus4 ,he plant$ *ur*es at      
,smyrna1 ,p]gamos1 & _m o!r places2  &  
by 8 activity & success 9 propagat+ !   
,gospel1 he is  suppos$ to h incurr$ !  
displeasure ( ,domitian1 :o bani%$ him  
to ,patmos at ! end ( 8 reign4 ,he      
himself tells u t he 80 9  ! isle t is  
call$ ,patmos1 = ! ^w ( ,god1 & = !     
te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/20 & ,ir5u1      
speak+ ( ! vision :i* he  _h !re1 says1 
8,x is n v long ago t x 0 se51 be+ b a  
little be=e our "t1 at ! latt] end (    
,domitian's reign40 ,on !  succession ( 
,n]va to ! empire 9 ! ye> #if1 ,john    
return$ to  ,ephesus1 :]e he di$ at an  
advanc$ age1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,trajan's   
reign1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajj4 ,an op9ion has     
prevail$1 t he 01 by ord] (  ,domitian1 
?r[n into a caldron ( boil+ oil at      

,rome1 & came out  unhurt2 b ?is acc\nt 
re/s almo/ entirely on ! au?ority (     
,t]tullian1 & seems to des]ve little    
cr$it4    #b4 ,! g5u95ess ( ,/4 ,john's 
,gospel has always be5 unanim\sly       
admitt$ by ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,x is       
univ]sally agre$ t ,/4 ,john  publi%$ 8 
,gospel 9 ,asia2 & t1 :5 he wrote x1 he 
_h se5  ! o!r ?ree ,gospels4 ,x is1     
!re=e1 n only valuable 9 itself1  b also
 a tacit confirmation ( ! o!r ?ree2 )   
none ( :i* x  disagrees 9 any mat]ial   
po9t4 ,! "t ( its publication is plac$  
by "s r be=e1 & by o!rs consid]ably     
aft]1 ! de/ruction  ( ,j]usalem4 ,if we 
acc$e to ! op9ion ( ^? :o cont5d = !    
ye> #ig1 ?is late date1 exclusive ( !   
au?orities :i* support x1  seems fav\r$ 
by ! cont5ts & design ( ! ,gospel       
itself4 ,!  imm$iate design ( ,/4 ,john 
9 writ+ 8 ,gospel1 z we are assur$ by   
,ir5u1 ,j]om1 & o!rs1 0 to refute !     
,c]9?ians1 ,ebionites1  & o!r h]etics1  
^: t5ets1 ?\gh !y bran*$ out into a     
v>iety ( subjects1 all orig9at$ f       

errone\s op9ions conc]n+  ! p]son (     
,*ri/1 & ! creation ( ! _w4 ,^! po9ts _h
  be5 sc>cely t\*$ ^u by ! o!r          
evangeli/s2 ?\gh !y _h  fai?fully       
record$ all ! lead+ facts ( our         
,savi\r's life1 & 8  admirable precepts 
= ! regulation ( our conduct4 ,/4 ,john1
  !re=e1 und]took1 p]haps at ! reque/ ( 
! true believ]s 9  ,asia1 to write :at  
,clem5t ( ,alex&ria call$ a spiritual   
,gospel2  &1 accord+ly1 we f9d 9 x m (  
doctr9e1 & less ( hi/orical  n>rative1  
?an 9 any ( ! o!rs4 ,x is also to be    
rememb]$1 t  ?is book1 :i* conta9s s mu*
 additional in=mation relative to !     
doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* may be    
consid]$ z a /&>d (  fai? = all ages1 0 
writt5 by t ,apo/le :o is kn[n to h     
enjoy$1 9 a great] degree ?an ! re/1 !  
affection & confid5ce  ( ! div9e ,au?or 
( our religion2 & to :om 0 giv5 a       
special  revelation conc]n+ ! /ate ( !  
,*ri/ian *ur* 9 all  succe$+ g5]ations4 
,we h ?ree epi/les by ?is ,apo/le4 ,"s  
critics h ?\ght t  all ^! epi/les 7     

writt5 dur+ ,/4 ,john's exile 9 ,patmos2
 !  fir/1 to ! ,ephesian *ur*2 ! o!rs to
 individuals2 & t !y  7 s5t along ) !   
,gospel1 :i* ! ,apo/le is suppos$ also  
to  h writt5 9 ,patmos4 ,?us ,hug       
obs]ves1 9 8 8,introduction30 ,if ,/4   
,john s5t 8 ,gospel to ! cont95t1 an    
epi/le to ! community 0  requisite1     
comm5d+ & d$icat+ x to !m4 ,o!r         
evangeli/s1 :o  deposit$ _! works 9 !   
place ( _! resid5ce1 p]sonally          
sup]9t5d$ !m1 & deliv]$ !m p]sonally2   
consequ5tly !y did  n require a writt5  
docum5t to accompany !m4 ,an epi/le 0   
!re=e requisite1 &1 z we h abundantly   
prov$ ! fir/ (  ,john's epi/les to be   
insep>able f ! ,gospel1 its cont5ts     
demon/rate x to be an accompany+ writ+1 
& a d$ication ( !  ,gospel4 ,x w5t      
consequ5tly to ,ephesus4 ,we c          
p>ticul>ly corroborate  ?is by ! foll[+ 
obs]vation3 ,john1 9 ! ,apocalypse1 has 
individually di/+ui%$ ea* ( ! ,*ri/ian  
communities1 :i* lay  ! ne>e/ )9 8      
circle & 8 sup]9t5d5ce1 by crit]ia1     

tak5 f _! faults or _! virtues4 ,! *ur* 
at ,ephesus he !re  describes by !      
foll[+ traits3 ,x 0 ?rong$ ) m5 :o      
arrogat$ to !mselves ! m9i/ry &         
apo/olical au?ority1 & 7  impo/ors1 4 ,b
 9 p>ticul> he feel+ly reproa*es x      
because  its 8fir/ love 0 cool$10      4
 ,!  circum/ance ( impo/ors & false     
tea*]s happ5s 9 m *ur*es4  ,b decreas+  
love is an exclusive crit]ion & fail+1  
:i* !  ,apo/le reprim&s 9 no o!r        
community4 ,accord+ to 8 judgm5t1  want 
( love 0 ! *>act]i/ic fault ( !         
,ephesians3 b ?is  epi/le is f beg9n+ to
 ! end occupi$ ) admonitions to love1  )
 recomm5dations ( its value1 )          
corrections ( ^? :o are  guilty ( ?is   
fault1 #a ,john ii1 #e1 #i-aa1 #ae2 iii1
 #a1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad-ah1 #bc2  iv1 #g-aj1 
#ab1 #af-ba2 v1 #a-c4 ,mu/ n we !re=e   
decl>e1 if we  comp>e ! op9ion ( !      
,apo/le respect+ ! ,ephesians ) ?is     
epi/le1 t1 f its peculi> t5or1 x is n s 
/rik+ly adapt$  to any community 9 !    
fir/ in/ance z to ?is8    ,! second     

epi/le is direct$ to a female1 :o is n  
nam$1 b only  designat$ by ! hon\rable  
m5tion1  1 8! elect lady40  ,! two *ief 
positions1 :i* are discuss$ 9 ! fir/    
epi/le1  con/itute ! cont5ts ( ?is brief
 address4 ,he aga9 alludes to !  words (
 our ,savi\r1 8,a new comm&m5t10 c1 z 9 
#a ,john ii1 #g1 &  recomm5ds love1 :i* 
is manife/$ by obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts4 
,aft] ?is he w>ns h] aga9/ false tea*]s1
 :o d5y t ,jesus  ent]$ into ! _w z !   
,*ri/1 or ,messiah1 & =bids an          
int]c\rse ) !m4 ,at ! end1 he hopes soon
 to see h] himself1 &  compla9s ( ! want
 ( writ+ mat]ials4 ,! :ole is a %ort    
syllabus ( ! fir/ epi/le1 or x is ! fir/
 9 a r5ew$ =m4 ,!  words also are !     
same4 ,x is /ill full ( ! =m] epi/le3   
nor are  !y sep>at$ f ea* o!r z to "t4  
,! female appe>s be=e 8  m9d 9 !        
circum/ances & dang]s ( ! society1 9    
in/ruct+ &  admoni%+ :i* he _h j be5    
employ$4 ,if we may judge f local       
circum/ances1 %e also liv$ at ,ephesus4 
,b z = ! au?or1 8  resid5ce 0 9 none ( !

 ,ionian or ,asiatic cities1 :]e ! want 
(  writ+ mat]ials is n conceivable3 he 0
 /ill !re=e 9 !  place ( 8 exile4 ,! o!r
 circum/ances notic$ 9 x1 are probably  
! foll[+3 ,! sons ( !   _h visit$ ,john1
 #b ,john #d4  ,! si/] ( ?is matron wi%+
 to %[ to him an equal respect &        
sympa?y 9 8 fate1 s5t h] sons likewise  
to visit ! ,apo/le4 ,:ile  ! latt] 7 ) !
 ,apo/le1 !re 0 an opportunity ( s5d+ to
  ! cont95t1 #b ,john #ac1 namely1 (    
despat*+ ! two epi/les &  ! ,gospel4    
,! ?ird epi/le is writt5 to ,caius4 ,!  
au?or consoles himself )  ! hope1 z 9 ! 
=m] epi/le1 ( soon com+ himself1 #c     
,john #ad4  ,he /ill exp]i5ces ! same   
want ( writ+ mat]ials1 #c ,john #ac4    
,consequ5tly1 he 0 /ill liv+ 9 ! same   
mis]able place3 also1 if  we may judge f
 8 hopes1 ! "t 0 n v diff]5t4 ,!        
resid5ce ( ,caius is det]m9$ by ! foll[+
 crit]ia3 ,! mo/  g5]al ( !m is ! dang] 
( be+ misl$ by false tea*]s1 #c ,john   
#c1 #d4 ,t :i* leads u ne>] to ! po9t1  
is ! circum/ance (  ,john sometimes s5d+

 messages ?i!r1 & receiv+ acc\nts f     
!nce1 #c ,john #e-h1 t he supposes 8    
op9ions to be s well kn[n  & ackn[l$g$ 9
 ?is society1 t he c\ld appeal to !m1 z 
judges respect+ !m1 #c ,john #ab1 & t1  
f9ally1 he _h _m  p>ticul> fri5ds among 
!m1 #c ,john #ae4 ,! :ole ( ?is is      
applicable to a consid]able place1 :]e !
 ,apo/le _h resid$ = a  long "t2 & 9 !  
second epo* ( 8 life1 x is p>ticul>ly   
applicable to ,ephesus4 ,he _h lately   
writt5 to ! community1 ( :i*  ,caius 0 a
 memb]1   1 8,i wrote to ! *ur*10 #c    
,john  #i4 ,if ?is is to be ref]r$ to ! 
fir/ epi/le1 7= we are n aw>e  ( any o!r
 to a community17 !n c]ta9ly ,ephesus is
 ! place to  :i* ! ?ird epi/le 0 also   
direct$1 & 0 ! place :]e ,caius  resid$4
 ,f h5ce1 ! re/ conta9s its own         
explanation4 ,john _h  s5t 8 fir/ epi/le
 ?i!r2 x 0 ! accompany+ writ+ to !      
,gospel1 & ) x he also s5t ! ,gospel4   
,:o 0 bett] qualifi$ to  promulgate !   
,gospel among ! believ]s ?an ,caius1    
especially if x  0 to be publi%$ at     

,ephesus8    ,! above view is +5i\s1 & 9
 its lead+ p>ts satisfactory2 b  !      
argum5t f ! ,apo/le's suppos$ want (    
8writ+ mat]ials0 is  f\nd$ ^u a v =c$   
con/ruction ( ! texts4 ,!re seems1      
h[ev]1 no reason to d\bt ( ! close      
connection1 9 po9t ( "t1  betwe5 !      
epi/les & ! ,gospel2 &1 t be+ rememb]$1 
!  tra9 ( ?\ght 9 ! m9d ( ! ,apo/le     
suffici5tly expla9s !  peculi> "* ( !   
latt]4    ,,jonah1 son ( ,amittai1 !    
fif? ( ! m9or prophets1 0 born at       
,ga?-heph]1 9 ,galilee4 ,he is g5]ally  
consid]$ z ! mo/ anci5t  ( ! prophets1 &
 is suppos$ to h liv$ ,b4 ,c4 #hdj4 ,!  
book (  ,jonah is *iefly n>rative4 ,he  
relates t he 0 comm&$ by ,god to  g to  
,n9eveh1 & prea* aga9/ ! inhabitants ( t
 capital ( !  ,assyrian empire2 t1 ?r\gh
 fe> ( execut+ ?is commission1 he set   
sail = ,t>%i%2 & t1 9 8 voyage ?i!r1 a  
tempe/ aris+1  he 0 ca/ by ! m>9]s into 
! sea1 & swall[$ by a l>ge fi%2  t1 :ile
 he 0 9 ! belly ( ?is fi%1 he pray$ to  
,god1 & 01  aft] ?ree days & ?ree       

nights1 deliv]$ out ( x alive2 t he  !n 
receiv$ a second comm& to g & prea*     
aga9/ ,n9eveh1 :i*  he obey$2 t1 ^u 8   
?reat5+ ! de/ruction ( ! city )9  =ty   
days1 ! k+ & p proclaim$ a fa/1 & rep5t$
 ( _!  s9s2 & t1 ^u ?is rep5tance1 ,god 
susp5d$ ! s5t5ce :i*  he _h ord]$ to be 
pron\nc$ 9 8 "n4 ,^u _! rep5tance1 ,god 
def]r$ ! execution ( 8 judgm5t till !   
increase ( _!  iniquities made !m ripe =
 de/ruction1 ab\t a hundr$ & fifty  ye>s
 aft]w>d4 ,! la/ *apt] gives an acc\nt (
 ! murmur+ (  ,jonah at ?is in/ance (   
div9e m]cy1 & ( ! g5tle &  condesc5d+   
mann] 9 :i* x pleas$ ,god to reprove !  
prophet =  8 unju/ compla9t4 ,! /yle (  
,jonah is simple & p]spicu\s2 &  8      
pray]1 9 ! second *apt]1 is /rongly     
descriptive ( !  feel+s ( a pi\s m9d "u 
a sev]e trial ( fai?4 ,our ,savi\r      
m5tions ,jonah 9 ! ,gospel1 ,matt4 xii1 
#da2 ,luke xi1 #cb4 ,see ,,n9eveh  &    
,,g\rd4    ,,jona?an1 ! son ( ,saul1 a  
pr9ce ( an excell5t disposition1 & 9    
all v>ieties ( =tune a s9c]e & /eady    

fri5d to ,david4 ,jona?an  gave signal  
pro(s ( c\rage & conduct ^u all         
occasions t  (f]$1 dur+ ! w>s betwe5 8  
fa!r & ! ,phili/9es4 ,!  dea? ( ,jona?an
 0 lam5t$ by ,david1 9 "o ( ! noble/ &  
mo/  pa!tic odes ev] utt]$ by g5ius     
consecrat$ by pi\s fri5d%ip4  ,see #a   
,sam4 xiii1 #af1 c2 xiv1 #a1 #b1 c4     
,,joppa1 call$ also ,japho 9 ! ,old     
,te/am5t1 :i* is /ill pres]v$  9 its    
mod]n "n ( ,jaffa or ,yafah1 a sea port 
( ,pale/9e1 situat$  on an em95ce 9 a   
s&y soil1 ab\t sev5ty miles nor?-we/ (  
,j]usalem4 ,joppa 0 anci5tly ! port to  
,j]usalem4 ,"h all !  mat]ials s5t f    
,tyre = ! build+ ( ,solomon's temple 7  
br\ght & l&$3 x 01 inde$1 ! only port 9 
,judea1 ?\gh rocky  & dang]\s4 ,x       
possesses /ill1 9 times ( peace1 a      
consid]able  comm]ce ) ! places 9 its   
vic9ity2 & is well inhabit$1 *iefly  by 
,arabs4 ,?is 0 ! place ( l&+ ( ! we/]n  
pilgrims2 &  "h ! promis$ p>dons        
comm5c$4 ,"h ,/4 ,pet] rais$ ,dorcas f  
! dead1 & resid$ _m days 9 ! h\se ( "o  

,simon1 a tann]1  ,acts ix1 #cf-dc2 & x 
0 f ?is place t ! ,prophet ,jonah       
emb>k$ = ,t>%i%4    ,,joram1 ! son &    
successor ( ,ahab1 k+ ( ,israel4 ,see   
,,jehu    ,,jordan1 ! l>ge/ & mo/       
celebrat$ /ream 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x is mu*   
l>g]1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,%aw1 ?an all !   
brooks & /reams ( !  ,holy ,l& unit$    
toge!r2 &1 except+ ! ,nile1 is by f> !  
mo/  consid]able riv] ei!r ( ! coa/ (   
,syria or ( ,b>b>y4 ,he  comput$ x to be
 ab\t ?irty y>ds broad1 & f\nd x n9e    
feet deep  at ! br9k4 ,?is riv]1 :i*    
divides ! c\ntry into two unequal  p>ts1
 has be5 commonly said to issue f two   
f\nta9s1 or to be  =m$ by ! junction (  
two rivulets1 ! ,jor & ! ,dan2 b !      
ass]tion seems to be totally de/itute ( 
any solid f\ndation4 ,!  ,jewi%         
hi/orian1 ,josephus1 on ! contr>y1      
places its s\rce at  ,phiala1 a f\nta9  
:i* rises ab\t fifte5 miles f ,cs>ea    
,philippi1 a little on ! "r h&1 & n mu* 
out ( ! way to  ,tra*onitis4 ,x is call$
 ,phiala1 or ! ,vial1 f its r\nd figure2

  its wat] is always ( ! same dep?1 !   
bason be+ brimful1 )\t  ei!r %r9k+ or   
ov]fl[+4 ,f ,phiala to ,panion1 :i* 0   
long  consid]$ z ! real s\rce ( !       
,jordan1 ! riv] fl[s "u  gr\nd4 ,!      
secret ( its subt]rane\s c\rse 0 fir/   
discov]$ by  ,philip1 ! tetr>* (        
,tra*onitis1 :o ca/ /raws into ! f\nta9 
( ,phiala1 :i* came out aga9 at ,panion4
 ,leav+ ! cave ( ,panion1  x crosses !  
bogs & f5s ( ! lake ,semi*onitis2 & aft]
 a  c\rse ( fifte5 miles1 passes "u !   
city ( ,julias1 ! anci5t  ,be?saida2 !n 
exp&s into a beautiful %eet ( wat]1 nam$
 ! lake  ( ,g5nes>e?2 &1 aft] fl[+ a    
long way ?r\gh ! des]t1  empties itself 
into ! lake ,asphaltites1 or ! ,dead    
,sea4 ,z ! cave  ,panion lies at ! foot 
( ,m\nt ,lebanon1 9 ! nor!rn extremity (
  ,canaan1 & ! lake ,asphaltites ext5ds 
to ! s\!rn extremity1 !  riv] ,jordan   
pursues its c\rse ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( !
 c\ntry  f nor? to s\?4 ,x is evid5t1   
also1 f ! hi/ory ( ,josephus1  t a      
wild]ness or des]t ( consid]able ext5t  

/ret*$ along !  riv] ,jordan 9 ! times (
 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 :i* 0 und\bt$ly  !    
wild]ness m5tion$ by ! evangeli/s1 :]e  
,john ! ,bapti/ came  prea*+ & baptiz+4 
,! ,jordan has a consid]able dep? (     
wat]4  ,*ateaubri& makes x six or sev5  
feet deep close at ! %ore1 &  ab\t fifty
 paces 9 bread? a consid]able di/ance f 
its entrance  into ! ,dead ,sea4        
,accord+ to ! computation ( ,volney1 x  
is h>dly  sixty paces wide at ! m\?2 b !
 au?or ( 8,lett]s f  ,pale/9e0 /ates1 t 
! /ream :5 x ent]s ! lake ,asphaltites1 
is deep & rapid1 roll+ a consid]able    
volume ( wat]s2 ! wid?  appe>s f two to 
?ree hundr$ feet1 & ! curr5t is s       
viol5t1  t a ,greek s]vant belong+ to ! 
au?or1 :o attempt$ to cross x1  ?\gh    
/rong1 active1 & an excell5t swimm]1    
f\nd ! und]tak+  impracticable4 ,x may  
be said to h two banks1 ( :i* ! inn]    
m>ks ! ord9>y height ( ! /ream2 & !     
out]1 its anci5t  elevation dur+ ! ra9y 
season1 or ! melt+ ( ! sn[s on !        
summits ( ,lebanon4 ,9 ! days ( ,jo%ua1 

&1 x is probable1 = _m  ages aft] 8 "t1 
! h>ve/ 0 "o ( ! seasons :5 ! ,jordan   
ov]fl[$ 8 banks4 ,?is fact is di/9ctly  
record$ by ! sacr$  hi/orian3 8,& z !y t
 b>e ! ark 7 come unto ,jordan1 & !     
feet ( ! prie/s t b>e ! ark 7 dipp$ 9 ! 
brim ( !  wat]2 = ,jordan ov]fl[e? all 8
 banks all ! "t ( h>ve/10  ,jo%ua iii1  
#ae4 ,?is happ5s 9 ! fir/ mon? ( !      
,jewi% ye>1  :i* corresponds ) ,m>*1 #a 
,*ronicles xii1 #ae4 ,b 9 mod]n times1  
:e!r ! rapidity ( ! curr5t has worn !   
*annel deep] ?an  =m]ly1 or :e!r its    
wat]s h tak5 "s o!r direction1 !  riv]  
seems to h =gott5 8 anci5t greatness4   
,:5 ,maundrell  visit$ ,jordan on !     
?irtie? ( ,m>*1 ! prop] "t = ^!         
inundations1 he c\ld disc]n no sign or  
probability ( su*  ov]fl[+2 nay1 s f> 0 
x f ov]fl[+1 t x ran1 says our  au?or1  
at lea/ two y>ds bel[ ! br9k ( its      
*annel4 ,aft] hav+  desc5d$ ! out] bank1
 he w5t ab\t a furlong ^u ! level /r&1  
be=e he came to ! imm$iate bank ( !     
riv]4 ,?is inn] bank 0  s ?ickly cov]$ )

 bu%es & trees1 among :i* he obs]v$ !   
tam>isk1 ! will[1 & ! ole&]1 t he c\ld  
see no wat] till  he _h made 8 way ?r\gh
 !m4 ,9 ?is entangl$ ?icket1 s          
conv5i5tly plant$ ne> ! cool+ /ream1 &  
remote f !  habitations ( m51 sev]al    
k9ds ( wild bea/s 7 accu/om$ to  repose1
 till ! swell+ ( ! riv] drove !m f _!   
retreats4  ,?is circum/ance gave        
occasion to t beautiful allusion ( !    
prophet3 8,he %all come up l a lion1 f !
 swell+ ( ,jordan1  aga9/ ! habitation (
 ! /rong10 ,j]4 xlix1 #ai4 ,! figure is 
highly poetical & /rik+4 ,x is n easy to
 pres5t a m t]rible  image to ! m9d1 ?an
 a lion r\s$ f 8 d5 by ! ro> ( !  swell+
 riv]1 & *af$ & irritat$ by its rapid & 
successive  encroa*m5ts on 8 *os5       
haunts1 till1 =c$ to quit 8 la/         
retreat1 he asc5ds to ! high] gr\nds & !
 op5 c\ntry1 &  turns ! fi]c5ess ( 8    
rage aga9/ ! helpless %eep cots1 or !   
unsuspect+ villages4 ,a de/roy] equally 
fi]ce1 & cruel1 &  irresi/ible1 ! devot$
 ,edomites 7 to f9d 9 ,nebu*adnezz> &  8

 armies4    ,! wat] ( ! riv] at ! "t (  
,maundrell's visit 0 v turbid1  & too   
rapid to all[ a swimm] to /em its c\rse4
 ,its bread? might  be ab\t tw5ty y>ds2 
& 9 dep?1 x f> exce$$ 8 height4 ,!      
rapidity & dep? ( ! riv]1 :i* are       
admitt$ by e travell]1  al?\gh ! volume 
( wat] seems n[ to be mu* dim9i%$1      
illu/rate  ^? p>ts ( ,scripture :i*     
m5tion ! =ds & passages ( ,jordan4  ,x  
no long]1 inde$1 rolls d[n into ! ,salt 
,sea s maje/ic a /ream  z 9 ! days (    
,jo%ua2 yet its ord9>y dep? is /ill ab\t
 t5 or  twelve feet1 s t x _c ev5 at    
pres5t be pass$ b at c]ta9  places4 ,(  
?is well kn[n circum/ance1 ! m5 (       
,gilead took  advantage 9 ! civil w>1   
:i* !y 7 compell$ to wage ) _!  bre?r53 
8,! ,gileadites took ! passages (       
,jordan be=e !  ,ephraimites3--!n !y    
took him1 & slew him at ! passages (    
,jordan10 ,judg4 xii1 #f4 ,! p (        
,israel1 "u ! comm& ( ,ehud  avail$     
!mselves ( ! same advantage 9 ! w> )    
,moab3 8,& !y  w5t d[n aft] him1 & took 

! =ds ( ,jordan t[>d ,moab1 &  suff]$ n 
a man to pass ov]10 ,judg4 iii1 #bh4 ,b 
al?\gh ! /ate  ( ?is riv] 9 mod]n times 
completely ju/ifies ! incid5tal  rem>ks 
( ! sacr$ writ]s1 x is evid5t t         
,maundrell 0  disconc]t$ by ! %all[ness 
( ! /ream1 at ! "t ( ! ye>  :5 he       
expect$ to see x ov]fl[+ all its banks2 
& 8  emb>rassm5t seems to h increas$ :5 
he contemplat$ ! d\ble  m>g9 )9 :i* x   
fl[$4 ,?is difficulty1 :i* has p]haps   
occurr$ to "s o!rs1 may be expla9$ by a 
rem>k :i* ,dr4 ,pococke  has made on !  
riv] ,euphrates3 ,! b$ ( ! ,euphrates1  
says t  writ]1 0 measur$ by "s ,engli%  
g5tlem5 at ,be]1 & f\nd to be  six      
hundr$ & ?irty y>ds broad2 b ! riv] only
 two hundr$ &  f\rte5 y>ds ov]2 !n !y   
?\ght x to be n9e or t5 feet deep 9  !  
middle2 & 7 in=m$ t x sometimes rises   
twelve feet  p]p5dicul>ly4 ,he obs]v$ t 
x _h an inn] & out] bank2 b  says1 x    
r>ely ov]fl[s ! inn] bank2 t :5 x does1 
!y s[  wat] mellons & o!r fruits ( t    
k9d1 z soon z ! wat]  retires1 & h a    

great produce4 ,f ?is passage1 ,mr4     
,h>m] argues3  8,might n ! ov]fl[+s ( ! 
,jordan be l ^? ( !  ,euphrates1 n      
annual1 b mu* m r>e80 ,! difficulty1    
!re=e1  w be completely remov$1 by      
suppos+1 t x does n1 l !  ,nile1 ov]fl[ 
e ye>1 z "s au?ors1 by mi/ake1 _h       
suppos$1  b1 l ! ,euphrates1 only 9 "s  
p>ticul> ye>s2 b :5 x does  x is 9 ! "t 
( h>ve/4 ,if x did n 9 anci5t times     
annually  ov]fl[ its banks1 ! maje/y (  
,god 9 divid+ its wat]s to make  way =  
,jo%ua & ! armies ( ,israel1 0 c]ta9ly !
 m /rik+  to ! ,canaanites2 :o1 :5 !y   
look$ ^u !mselves z def5d$ 9  an        
extraord9>y mann] by ! casual swell+ ( !
 riv]1 its bread?  & rapidity be+ bo? s 
extremely increas$1 yet1 f\nd x 9 ^!    
circum/ances "p asund]1 & leave a way on
 dry l& = ! p  ( ,jehovah4 ,! common    
receptacle into :i* ! ,jordan empties 8 
wat]s1 is ! lake ,asphaltites1 f :5ce !y
 are cont9ually  dra9$ (f by            
evaporation4 ,"s writ]s1 unable to f9d a
 dis*>ge =  ! l>ge body ( wat] :i* is   

cont9ually ru%+ into ! lake1 h  be5     
incl9$ to suspect x _h "s communication 
) !  ,m$it]ranean2 b1 beside t we "k (  
no su* gulf1 x has be5  demon/rat$ by   
accurate calculations1 t evaporation is 
m ?an  suffici5t to c>ry (f ! wat]s ( ! 
riv]4 ,x is1 9 fact1 v  consid]able1 &  
frequ5tly becomes s5sible to ! eye1 by !
 fogs  ) :i* ! lake is cov]$ at ! ris+ (
 ! sun1 & :i* are  aft]w>d disp]s$ by ! 
heat4    ,,joseph1 son ( ,jacob &       
,ra*el1 & bro!r to ,b5jam91 ,g54 xxx1   
#bb1  #bd4 ,! hi/ory ( ,joseph is s     
fully & consecutively giv5 by ,moses1  t
 x is n necess>y to abridge s famili> an
 acc\nt4 ,9 place (  ?is1 ! foll[+      
beautiful argum5t by ,mr4 ,blunt = !    
v]acity (  ! acc\nt drawn f ! id5tity ( 
,joseph's "*1 w be  read ) pleasure3--,i
 h already f\nd an argum5t = ! v]acity  
( ,moses 9 ! id5tity ( ,jacob's "*1 ,i  
n[ f9d ano!r 9 !  id5tity ( t ( ,joseph4
 ,!re is "o quality1 z x has be5 (t5    
obs]v$1 ?\gh ) a diff]5t view f m9e1 :i*
 runs l a  ?read ?r\gh 8 :ole hi/ory1 8 

affection = 8 fa!r4 ,israel  lov$ him1  
we read1 m ?an all 8 *ildr52 he 0 ! *ild
 ( 8  age2 8 "m di$ :ile he 0 yet "y1 & 
a d\ble c>e ( him  consequ5tly devolv$  
^u 8 surviv+ p>5t4 ,he made him a coat (
  _m col\rs2 he kept him at home :5 8   
o!r sons 7 s5t to fe$  ! flocks4 ,:5 !  
bloody g>m5t 0 br\ght 91 ,jacob 9 8     
affection = him1--t same affection :i*1 
on a subsequ5t occasion1  :5 x 0 told   
him t aft] all ,joseph 0 alive1 made him
 z sl[  to believe ! good tid+s z he 0  
n[ quick to appreh5d ! sad2 9  ?is 8    
affection = him1 ,i say1 ,jacob at once 
conclud$ ! wor/1  & 8he r5t 8 clo!s &   
put sackclo? ^u 8 lo9s1 & m\rn$  = 8 son
 _m days1 & all 8 daught]s rose up to   
com=t him2 b  he refus$ to be com=t$1 & 
he said1 ,= ,i w g d[n into !  grave    
unto my son m\rn+40    ,n[1 :at 7 !     
feel+s 9 ,joseph :i* respond$ to ^!8 ,:5
 !  sons ( ,jacob w5t d[n to ,egypt1 &  
,joseph knew !m1 ?\gh !y knew  n him2 = 
!y1 x may be rem>k$1 7 ( an age n to be 
greatly  *ang$ by ! lapse ( ye>s1 & 7   

/ill su/a9+ ! "*  9 :i* ,joseph _h      
always se5 !m2 :ile he himself _h       
mean:ile  gr[n out ( ! /ripl+ into !    
man1 & f a %eph]d boy 0  become ! rul] (
 a k+dom2 :5 8 bre?r5 ?us came be=e him1
  8 "q 01 8,is y\r fa!r yet alive80 ,g54
 xliii1 #g4 ,!y w5t  d[n a second "t1 & 
aga9 ! "q 01 8,is y\r fa!r well1  ! old 
man ( :om ye spake1 is he yet alive80 ,m
 he c\ld n  v5ture to ask1 :ile he 0 yet
 9 8 disguise4 ,by a /ratagem he n[     
deta9s ,b5jam91 leav+ ! o!rs1 if !y     
w\ld1 to g _! way4  ,b ,judah came ne>  
unto him1 & entreat$ him = 8 bro!r1     
tell+  him h[ t he _h be5 surety to 8   
fa!r to br+ him back2 h[  t 8 fa!r 0 an 
old man1 & t ?is 0 ! *ild ( 8 old  age1 
& t he lov$ him2 h[ x w\ld come to pass 
t if he %\ld  n see ! lad ) him he w\ld 
die1 & 8 gray hairs be br\ght  ) sorr[  
to ! grave2 = 8h[ %all ,i g to my fa!r1 
& ! lad  be n ) me1 le/1 p]adv5ture1 ,i 
see ! evil t %all come on my  fa!r80    
,"h1 )\t kn[+ x1 he _h /ruck ! /r+ t 0 !
  t5d]e/ ( all4 ,joseph's firmness =sook

 him at ?is repeat$ m5tion  ( 8 fa!r1 & 
9 t]ms s t\*+3 he c\ld n refra9 himself 
any long]2 &1 caus+ e man to g out1 he  
made himself kn[n to  8 bre?r54 ,!n1 ev5
 9 ! p>oxysm :i* came on him1 7= he wept
  al\d1 s t ! ,egyptians he>d17 /ill 8  
fir/ words utt]$ f  ! fulness ( 8 he>t  
71 8,do? my fa!r yet live80 ,he n[ bids 
!m ha/5 & br+ ! old man d[n1 be>+ to him
 tok5s ( 8  love & tid+s ( 8 glory4 ,he 
goes to meet him2 he pres5ts himself    
unto him1 & falls on 8 neck1 & weeps on 
8 neck a good :ile2 he  provides = him &
 8 h\sehold out ( ! fat ( ! l&2 he sets 
him be=e ,ph>aoh4 ,by & by he he>s t he 
is sick1 & ha/5s to  visit him2 he      
receives 8 bless+2 wat*es 8 dea? b$2    
embalms 8  body2 m\rns = him ?reescore &
 t5 days2 & !n c>ries him1 z  he _h     
desir$1 into ,canaan to bury him1 tak+ )
 him1 z an escort  to d him hon\r1 8all 
! eld]s ( ,israel1 & all ! s]vants (    
,ph>aoh1 & all 8 h\se1 & ! h\se ( 8     
bre?r51 *>iots1 &  horsem51 a v great   
company40 ,h[ natural 0 x n[ = 8 bre?r5 

to ?9k t ! tie by :i* alone !y c\ld     
imag9e ,joseph to be  held to !m 0      
dissolv$1 t any respect he might h felt 
or  feign$ = !m mu/ h be5 buri$ 9 ! cave
 ( ,ma*pelah1 &  t he w\ld n[ requite to
 !m ! evil !y _h done6 8,& !y s5t  a    
mess5g] unto ,joseph1 say+1 ,?y fa!r did
 comm& be=e he di$1  say+1 ,s %all ye   
say unto ,joseph1 ,=give1 ,i pray !e n[1
 !  trespass ( ?y bre?r51 & _! s92 = !y 
did unto !e evil40  ,& !n !y add (      
!mselves1 z if well aw>e ( ! sure/ road 
to  _! bro!r's he>t1 8,=give1 we pray   
!e1 ! trespass ( !  s]vants ( ! ,god (  
?y fa!r40 ,9 e ?+ ! fa!r's "n is  /ill  
put =emo/3 x is 8 memory :i* !y c\nt ^u 
z _!  %ield & buckl]4    ,x is n ! s+ul>
 beauty ( ^! sc5es1 or ! moral lesson !y
  tea*1 excell5t z x is1 ) :i* ,i am n[ 
conc]n$1 b simply !  p]fect artless     
consi/5cy :i* prevails ?r\gh !m all4 ,x 
is n  ! con/ancy ) :i* ! son's /rong    
affection = 8 fa!r _h  liv$ ?r\gh an    
int]val ( tw5ty ye>s' abs5ce1 &1 :at is 
m1  ?r\gh ! temptation ( sudd5 promotion

 to ! highe/ e/ate2--x is  n !          
noble-m9d$ frankness ) :i* he /ill      
ackn[l$ges 8  k9dr$1 & makes a way = !m1
 8%eph]ds0 z !y 71 to !  ?rone ( ,ph>aoh
 himself2--x is n ! simplicity & s+l5ess
 (  he>t :i* all[ him to give all !     
fir/-born ( ,egypt1 m5 ov] :om  he bore 
absolute rule1 an opportunity ( obs]v+ 8
 own comp>atively  humble orig91 by     
lead+ !m 9 att5dance ^u 8 fa!r's corpse 
to  ! valleys ( ,canaan & ! mode/ cradle
 ( 8 race2--x is n1 9  a ^w1 ! grace1 b 
! id5tity1 ( ,joseph's "*1 ! light  9   
:i* x is exhibit$ by himself1 & ! light 
9 :i* x is  reg>d$ by 8 bre?r51 to :i*  
,i n[ po9t z /amp+ x ) m>ks  ( reality n
 to be ga9say$4    ,"s writ]s h consid]$
 ,joseph z a type ( ,*ri/2 & x requires 
n mu* +5uity to f9d out "s resemblances1
 z 8 be+ hat$ by  8 bre?r51 sold =      
money1 plung$ into deep affliction1 & !n
  rais$ to p[] & hon\r1 c2 b z we h no  
intimation 9 any "p  ( ,scripture t     
,joseph 0 con/itut$ a figure ( our ,"l1 
& t  ?is 0 "o design ( record+ 8 hi/ory 

at l5g?1 all su*  applications want     
au?ority1 & _c safely be indulg$4 ,!    
acc\nt  seems r to h be5 left = its     
moral uses1 & t x %\ld  af=d1 by its    
inimitable simplicity & tru? to nature1 
a po9t (  irresi/ible int]nal evid5ce ( 
! tru? ( ! ,mosaic n>rative4    #b4     
,,joseph1 ! husb& ( ,m>y1 & reput$ fa!r 
( ,jesus1 0 ! son  ( ,jacob1 & gr&son ( 
,mat?an1 ,matt4 i1 #ae1 #af4 ,! place ( 
8  /at$ resid5ce 0 ,naz>e?1 p>ticul>ly  
aft] ! "t ( 8  m>riage4 ,we le>n f !    
evangeli/s t he foll[$ ! occupation  ( a
 c>p5t]1 ,matt4 xiii1 #ee2 & t he 0 a j 
man1 or "o (  ^? pi\s ,israelites :o    
look$ = ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 ,matt4  i1 
#ai4 ,x is probable t ,joseph di$ be=e  
,*ri/ ent]$ ^u 8  public m9i/ry2 = ^u   
any o!r supposition we are at a loss to 
acc\nt = ! reason :y ,m>y1 ! "m (       
,jesus1 is frequ5tly  m5tion$ 9 !       
evangelic n>rative1 :ile no allusion is 
made to  ,joseph2 &1 above all1 :y ! dy+
 ,savi\r %\ld recomm5d 8  "m to ! c>e ( 
! belov$ disciple ,john1 if h] husb& _h 

be5  !n liv+1 ,john xix1 #be-bg4    #c4 
,,joseph ,,( ,,arima!a1 a ,jewi% s5ator1
 & a believ] 9 ! div9e  mission ( ,jesus
 ,*ri/1 ,john xix1 #ch4 ,/4 ,luke calls 
him a c\nsellor1  & also in=ms u t he 0 
a good & j man1 :o did n give  8 cons5t 
to ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 ,luke xxiii1  
#ej1 #ea4 ,& ?\gh  he 0 unable to re/ra9
 ! sanh$rim f _! wick$ purposes1 he  w5t
 to ,pilate by night1 & solicit$ f him !
 body ( ,jesus4  ,hav+ caus$ x to be    
tak5 d[n f ! cross1 he wrapp$ x 9  l951 
& laid x 9 8 own sepul*re1 :i*1 be+ a   
ri* man1 he  appe>s to h rec5tly        
pur*as$1 & !n clos$ ! entrance ) a  /one
 cut purposely to fit x1 ,matt4 xxvii1  
#eg-fj2 ,john xix1 #ch-db4    ,,jo%ua1 !
 son ( ,nun4 ,he 0 ( ! tribe ( ,ephraim1
 & born ,a4 ,m4  #bdfj4 ,he devot$      
himself to ! s]vice ( ,moses1 & 9       
,scripture he is  commonly call$ !      
s]vant ( ,moses1 ,exodus xxiv1 #ac2     
xxxiii1 #aa2  ,deut]onomy i1 #ch1 c4 ,8 
fir/ "n 0 ,hosea1 or ,o%ea2 ,hoseah     
signify+ savi\r2 ,jeho%ua1 ! salvation (

 ,god1 or he w  save4 ,! fir/           
opportunity :i* ,jo%ua _h to signalize 8
 val\r  0 9 ! w> made by ! div9e comm&  
aga9/ ! ,amalekites1 ,exodus  xvii1 #i1 
#aj4 ,he defeat$ & r\t$ _! :ole army4   
,:5 ,moses  asc5d$ ,m\nt ,s9ai to       
receive ! law ( ! ,"l1 & rema9$ !re  =ty
 days & =ty nights )\t eat+ or dr9k+1   
,jo%ua rema9$  ) him1 ?\gh1 9 all       
probability1 n 9 ! same place1 nor )  ! 
same ab/95ce1 ,exod4 xxiv1 #ac2 xxxii1  
#ag4 ,jo%ua 0 8fill$ )  ! _s ( wisdom10 
qualify+ him = ! ardu\s & important     
/ation ( gov]n+ ,israel1 to :i* he 0    
call$ by ! special  comm& ( ,god1 ,num4 
xxvii1 #ah-bj2 ,deut4 xxxi1 #g1 #ad2    
xxxiv1 #i2 ,jo%ua  i1 #e4 ,8 piety1     
c\rage1 & dis9t]e/$ integrity are       
conspicu\s  ?r\gh\t 8 :ole hi/ory2 &1   
exclusive ( ! inspiration :i*  enlight5$
 8 m9d & writ+s1 he d]iv$ div9e         
in=mation1  sometimes by imm$iate       
revelation f ,god1 ,jo%ua iii1 #g2 v1   
#ac-ae2 at  o!rs f ! sanctu>y1 ?r\gh !  
m$ium ( ,eleaz>1 ! high  prie/1 ! son ( 

,a>on1 :o1 hav+ on ! brea/ plate1       
pres5t$  himself be=e ! m]cy seat on :i*
 ! ,%e*9ah1 or visible symbol  ( ! div9e
 pres5ce1 re/$1 & !re consult$ ,jehovah 
by ! ,urim  & ,?ummim1 to :i* an answ] 0
 return$ by an audible voice4    ,jo%ua 
succe$$ ,moses 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,israel   
ab\t ! ye> ( !  _w #beec1 & di$ at      
,timna?-s]ah 9 ! hundr$ & t5? ye> (  8  
age1 ,a4 ,m4 #begh4 ,he 0 ab\t ! age (  
eighty-f\r :5 he  receiv$ ! div9e comm& 
to pass ov] ,jordan1 & take possession (
  ! promis$ l&1 ,jo%ua i1 #a1 #b4 ,hav+ 
accompli%$ t ardu\s  ent]prise1 & settl$
 ! *os5 tribes 9 ! peaceable possession 
(  _! inh]itance1 he retir$ to ,%e*em1  
or1 accord+ to "s ,greek  copies1 to    
,%iloh2 :]e he assembl$ ! eld]s (       
,israel1 ! heads (  families1 ! judges &
 o!r (fic]s2 &1 pres5t+ !mselves  be=e  
,god1 he recapitulat$ ! conduct ( ,div9e
 ,provid5ce t[>d  !m1 f ! days (        
,abraham to t mom5t2 rec\nt$ ! miracul\s
  & graci\s disp5sations ( ,god t[>d _! 
fa!rs & !mselves2  rem9d$ !m ( _! pres5t

 enviable lot1 & conclud$ 8 solemn      
address ) an exhortation 9 ^! emphatic  
words3 8,n[1 !re=e1  fe> ! ,"l1 & s]ve  
him 9 s9c]ity & tru?2 & put away !  gods
 :i* y\r fa!rs s]v$ on ! o!r side ( !   
flood1 & 9  ,egypt2 & s]ve ye ! ,"l10   
,jo%ua xxiv4    ,! book ( ,jo%ua        
cont9ues ! sacr$ hi/ory f ! p]iod ( !   
dea? ( ,moses to t ( ! dea? ( ,jo%ua & (
 ,eleaz>2 a space (  ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,x
 conta9s an acc\nt ( ! conque/ &        
division  ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 ! r5ewal ( !
 cov5ant ) ! ,israelites1  & ! dea? (   
,jo%ua4 ,!re are two passages 9 ?is book
 :i* %[  t x 0 writt5 by a p]son        
contempor>y ) ! ev5ts x records4  ,9 !  
fir/ v]se ( ! fif? *apt]1 ! au?or speaks
 ( himself z  be+ "o ( ^? :o _h pass$   
into ,canaan3 8,& x came to pass :5  all
 ! k+s ( ! ,amorites1 :i* 7 on ! side ( 
,jordan  we/w>d1 & all ! k+s ( !        
,canaanites1 :i* 7 by ! sea1  he>d t !  
,"l _h dri$ up ! wat]s ( ,jordan f be=e 
!  *ildr5 ( ,israel1 until we 7 pass$   
ov]1 t _! he>t melt$40  ,& f !          

tw5ty-fif? v]se ( ! foll[+ *apt]1 x     
appe>s  t ! book 0 writt5 be=e ! dea? ( 
,rahab3 8,& ,jo%ua sav$  ,rahab ! h>lot 
alive1 & h] fa!r's h\sehold1 & all t %e 
_h2 & %e dwelle? 9 ,israel ev5 unto ?is 
day2 because %e hid !  mess5g]s :i*     
,jo%ua s5t to spy out ,j]i*o40 ,?\gh !re
 is n a  p]fect agreem5t among ! le>n$  
conc]n+ ! au?or ( ?is book1  yet by f> !
 mo/ g5]al op9ion is1 t x 0 writt5 by   
,jo%ua  himself2 &1 inde$1 9 ! la/ *apt]
 x is said t 8,jo%ua wrote  ^! words 9 !
 book ( ! law ( ,god20 :i* expression   
seems to  imply t he subjo9$ ?is hi/ory 
to t writt5 by ,moses4 ,! la/  five     
v]ses1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1
 7 add$ by "o  ( 8 successors2 probably 
by ,eleaz>1 ,ph9ehas1 or ,samuel4       
,,josiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 des]ves p>ticul> 
m5tion on acc\nt ( 8  wisdom & piety1 & 
"s memorable ev5ts t occurr$ 9 ! c\rse  
( 8 reign4 ,he succe$$ to ! ?rone1 ^u ! 
assass9ation ( 8  fa!r ,amon1 at ! age (
 eight ye>s1 ,b4 ,c4 #fdj2 & at a p]iod 
:5  idolatry & wick$ness1 enc\rag$ by 8 

fa!r's pr(ligate example1  v g5]ally    
prevail$4 ,josiah1 :o manife/$ !        
influ5ce ( pi\s  & virtu\s pr9ciples at 
a v e>ly age1 began1 9 8 sixte5?  ye>1  
to project ! re=mation ( ! k+dom1 & to  
adopt means =  re/or+ ! wor%ip ( ! true 
,god4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty ye>s he         
vigor\sly pursu$ ! execution ( ! plans  
:i* he _h m$itat$4 ,he  began ) aboli%+ 
idolatry1 fir/ at ,j]usalem1 & !n ?r\gh 
diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom2 de/roy+ ! alt>s 
:i* _h be5  erect$1 & ! idols :i* _h be5
 ! objects ( v5]ation &  wor%ip4 ,he !n 
proce$$1 9 8 tw5ty-six? ye>1 to a       
complete  re/oration ( ! wor%ip ( ,god1 
& ! regul> s]vice ( !  temple4 ,:ile he 
0 prosecut+ ?is pi\s "w1 & repair+ !    
temple1 :i* _h be5 long neglect$1 & :i* 
_h sunk into a /ate  ( dilapidation1 !  
book ( ! law1 :i* _h be5 conceal$ 9 !   
temple1 0 happily discov]$4 ,?is 01     
probably1 a copy ( ! !  ,p5tateu*1 :i*  
_h be5 lodg$ !re = security by "s pi\s  
prie/ 9 ! reign ( ,ahaz or ,manasseh4   
,josiah1 desir\s ( av]t+  f himself & ! 

k+dom ?reat5$ judgm5ts1 det]m9$ to adh]e
  to ! directions ( ! law1 9 ! bus9ess (
 re=mation :i* he  _h und]tak52 & to    
obs]ve ! fe/ivals enjo9$ by ,moses1 :i* 
_h be5 %amefully neglect$4 ,) ?is view  
he assembl$ all !  eld]s ( ! p 9 !      
temple at ,j]usalem2 &1 hav+ asc5d$  !  
?rone1 read ! book ( ! ,mosaic law1 & !n
 ent]$ into a  solemn cov5ant to obs]ve 
! /atutes & ord9ances :i* x  enjo9$4 ,to
 ?is cov5ant ! :ole assembly te/ifi$ _! 
cons5t4  ,! ark 0 re/or$ to its prop]   
place2 ! temple 0 purifi$2  idolatr\s   
ut5sils 7 remov$1 & ^? appropriate to ! 
wor%ip  ( ,god sub/itut$ 9 _! room4     
,aft] ^! prep>ations1 ! passov]  0      
obs]v$ ) s+ul> zeal & magnific5ce4 ,?is 
took place 9 !  eighte5? ye> ( ,josiah's
 reign3 b1 9 pursu+ 8 laudable plans  ( 
re=mation1 he 0 resi/$ by ! invet]ate   
habits ( !  ,israelites2 s t 8 zeal\s & 
p]sev]+ ef=ts 7  ineffectual4 ,_!       
deg5]acy 0 s inv9cible1 t ! almighty    
,sov]eign 0 provok$ to inflict ^u !m ^? 
calamities :i* 7  d5\nc$ by ! ,prophet  

,zephaniah4 ,9 ! ?irty-second ye> (     
,josiah's reign1 ,ph>aoh-,ne*o1 k+ (    
,egypt1 advanc$ ) 8 army  aga9/         
,c>*emi%1 a city situat$ on ! riv]      
,euphrates4 ,he 0  oppos$ by ! k+ (     
,judah2 s t a bloody battle ensu$ at    
,megiddo1  9 :i* ,josiah receiv$ a      
mortal w\nd1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 8 dea?1  aft]
 he _h be5 convey$ to ,j]usalem1 9 !    
?irty-n9? ye> ( 8  reign1 ,b4,c4 #fji4  
,8 dea? 0 greatly lam5t$ by all 8       
subjects2 &  an elegy 0 writt5 on !     
occasion by ! ,prophet ,j]emiah1 :i* is 
n n[ extant1 #b ,k+s xxii1 xxiii2 #b    
,*ronicles xxxiv1 xxxv4    ,,jubal1 a   
son ( ,lame*1 ! inv5tor ( musical       
in/rum5ts1 ,g54 iv1  #ba4    ,,jubilee1 
among ! ,jews1 d5otes e fiftie? ye>2 be+
 t  foll[+ ! revolution ( sev5 weeks (  
ye>s2 at :i* "t all !  slaves 7 made    
free1 & all l&s rev]t$ to _! anci5t     
own]s4  ,! jubilees 7 n reg>d$ aft] !   
,babyloni% captivity4 ,!  political     
design ( ! law ( ! jubilee 0 to prev5t !
 too great  oppression ( ! poor1 z well 

z _! be+ liable to p]petual  slav]y4 ,by
 ?is means ! ri* 7 prev5t$ f accumulat+ 
l&s  = p]petuity1 & a k9d ( equality 0  
pres]v$ ?r\gh all !  families ( ,israel4
 ,! di/9ction ( tribes 0 also pres]v$1 9
  respect bo? to _! families &          
possessions2 t !y might be able1  :5 !re
 0 occasion1 on ! jubilee ye>1 to prove 
_! "r to  ! inh]itance ( _! ance/ors4   
,?us1 also1 x w\ld be kn[n )  c]ta9ty ( 
:at tribe or family ! ,messiah sprung4  
,x s]v$1 also1  l ! ,olympiads ( !      
,greeks1 & ! ,lu/ra ( ! ,romans1 = !    
readi] computation ( "t4 ,! jubilee has 
also be5 suppos$ to be  typical ( !     
,gospel /ate & disp5sation1 describ$ by 
,isaiah lxi1  #a1 #b1 9 ref]5ce to ?is  
p]iod1 z 8! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l40    
,! ^w jubilee1 9 a m mod]n s5se1 d5otes 
a gr& *ur*  solemnity or c]emony        
celebrat$ at ,rome1 9 :i* ! pope grants 
a  pl5>y indulg5ce to all s9n]s2 at     
lea/1 to z _m z visit !  *ur*es ( ,/4   
,pet] & ,/4 ,paul at ,rome4 ,! jubilee 0
 fir/  e/abli%$ by ,boniface ,,vii41 9  

#acjj1 :i* 0 only to return e  hundr$   
ye>s2 b ! fir/ celebration br\ght 9 su* 
/ore (  weal?1 t ,clem5t ,,vi41 9 #acdc1
 r$uc$ x to ! p]iod ( fifty  ye>s4      
,urban ,,vi41 9 #achi1 appo9t$ x to be  
held e ?irty-five  ye>s1 t be+ ! age (  
our ,savi\r2 & ,paul ,,ii4 & ,sixtus    
,,iv41  9 #adge1 br\ght x d[n to e      
tw5ty-five1 t e p]son might  h ! b5efit 
( x once 9 8 life4 ,boniface ,,ix4      
grant$ !  privilege ( hold+ jubilees to 
sev]al pr9ces & mona/]ies2 =  in/ance1  
to ! monks ( ,cant]bury1 :o _h a jubilee
 e fifty  ye>s2 :5 p flock$ f all p>ts  
to visit ! tomb (  ,?omas-a-,becket4    
,aft]w>d1 jubilees became m frequ5t3 !re
 is  g5]ally "o at ! inauguration ( a   
new pope2 & he grants !m z  (t5 z ! *ur*
 or himself h occasion = !m4 ,to be     
entitl$ to  ! privileges ( ! jubilee1 ! 
bull enjo9s fa/+1 alms1 &  pray]s4 ,x   
gives ! prie/s a full p[] to absolve 9  
all cases ev5  ^? o!rwise res]v$ to !   
pope2 to make commutations ( v[s1 c2  9 
:i* x diff]s f a pl5>y indulg5ce4 ,dur+ 

! "t (  jubilee1 all o!r indulg5ces are 
susp5d$4    ,,judah1 ! son ( ,jacob &   
,leah1 :o 0 born 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,g5esis
  xxix1 #ce4 ,x 0 he :o advis$ 8 bre?r5 
to sell ,joseph to !  ,i%maelite        
m]*ants1 r ?an /a9 _! h&s ) 8 blood1    
,g54  xxxvii1 #bf4 ,!re is little said (
 8 life1 & ! little t is  record$ does n
 raise him high 9 our e/imation4 ,9 !   
la/  prophetic bless+ pron\nc$ on him by
 8 fa!r ,jacob1 ,g54 xlix1 #h1  #i1 !re 
is a promise ( ! regal p[]2 & t x %\ld n
 dep>t  f 8 family be=e ! com+ ( !      
,messiah4 ,! :ole s\!rn  "p ( ,pale/9e  
fell to ,judah's lot2 b ! tribes (      
,simeon & ,dan  possess$ _m cities :i*  
at fir/ 7 giv5 to ,judah4 ,?is tribe 0  
s num]\s1 t at ! dep>ture out ( ,egypt x
 conta9$  sev5ty-f\r ?\s& six hundr$ m5 
capable ( be>+ arms1 ,num4 i1  #bf1 #bg4
 ,! cr[n pass$ f ! tribe ( ,b5jam91 (   
:i* ,saul &  8 sons 71 to t ( ,judah1   
:i* 0 ,david's tribe1 & ! tribe  ( !    
k+s1 8 successors1 until ! ,babyloni%   
captivity4    ,,judaism1 ! religi\s     

doctr9es & rites ( ! ,jews1 ! desc5dants
  ( ,abraham4 ,) ,abraham ,judaism may  
be said1 9 "s s5se1 to h  begun2 b x 0 n
 till ! promulgation ( ! law ^u ,m\nt   
,s9ai1  t ! ,jewi% economy 0 e/abli%$1 &
 t to 8 po/]ity 0  committ$ a           
disp5sation :i* 0 to di/+ui% !m ev] aft]
 f  e o!r p on e>?4 ,! ,mosaic          
disp5sation consi/$ ( ?ree  p>ts2 !     
religi\s fai? & wor%ip ( ! ,jews1 _!    
civil polity1  & precepts = ! regulation
 ( _! moral conduct4 ,_! civil          
gov]nm5t1 z well z _! sacr$ polity1 0 ( 
div9e in/itution2  &1 on all important  
occasions1 _! public affairs 7 conduct$ 
by  ! ,deity himself1 or by p]sons be>+ 
8 commission4 ,! laws ( !  ,jews1       
religi\s & moral1 civil1 political1 &   
ritual1 t is1 a  complete sy/em ( pure  
,judaism1 are conta9$ 9 ! books ( ! ,old
  ,te/am5t1 & *iefly 9 ! five books (   
,moses4 ,see ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,!         
,,hebrews4    ,! religion ( ! ance/ors (
 ! ,jews1 be=e ! "t ( ,moses1  consi/$ 9
 ! wor%ip ( ! "o liv+ & true ,god1 "u ^:

  imm$iate direction !y 72 9 ! hope ( a 
,r$eem]2 9 a firm  reliance on 8        
promises "u all difficulties & dang]s2 &
 9 a  ?ankful ackn[l$gm5t = all 8       
bless+s & deliv]ances4 ,9 t  e>ly age1  
we read ( alt>s1 pill>s1 & monum5ts     
rais$1 &  sacrifices (f]$ to ,god4 ,!y  
us$ circumcision z a seal ( !  cov5ant  
:i* ,god _h made ) ,abraham4 ,z to !    
mode &  circum/ances ( div9e wor%ip1 !y 
7 mu* at lib]ty till ! "t  ( ,moses2 b t
 legislator1 by ! direction & appo9tm5t 
( ,god  himself1 prescrib$ an in/itut$  
=m ( religion1 & regulat$  c]emonies1   
fea/s1 days1 prie/s1 & sacrifices1 ) !  
utmo/  exactness4 ,! rites & obs]vances 
( _! religion "u ! law  7 num]\s1 & its 
sanctions sev]e4 ,not)/&+ ,god's        
prophets1  & oracles1 & ord9ances1 & !  
symbol ( 8 pres5ce1 7 among  !m1 ! ,jews
 7 ev] v prone to idolatry1 till !      
,babyloni%  furnace s]v$ to purify !m f 
t corruption4 ,aft] _! sev5ty  ye>s'    
captivity1 _m among !m gave too mu*     
place to ! ,greek  idolatries1 b z a    

nation !y 7 nev] aga9 guilty ( ! crime4 
,_! religi\s wor%ip & "* 9 our ,savi\r's
 "t _h become  =mal & sup]/iti\s2 & su* 
x /ill cont9ues to be1 9 a  great] or   
less degree1 at ! pres5t day4 ,anci5t   
,judaism1 comp>$  ) all religions except
 ! ,*ri/ian1 0 di/+ui%$ = its  sup]ior  
purity & spirituality2 & ! :ole ,mosaic 
ritual 0 ( a  typical nature4 ,see      
,,jews4    ,,judaiz+ ,,*ri/ians4        
,conc]n+ ! div9e orig9 ( ! religion (   
,moses1 !re 0 among ! ,jews no div]sity 
( s5tim5t1 & !y n  unnaturally drew !   
conclusion1 t1 z x _h proce$$ f ,god1 x 
mu/ be ( p]petual obligation4 ,!y 7     
inde$ fully aw>e1 t  ano!r communication
 f heav5 0 to be made to mank9d1 & t    
?is 0 to be ann\nc$ by a mess5g] m      
di/+ui%$ ?an ev5 !  lawgiv] :om !y      
rev]$2 b !y _h satisfi$ !mselves1 t !   
great design ( ! ,messiah's mission w\ld
 be to rescue !m f !  oppression ( a    
=eign yoke1 & to lay 9 ,j]usalem !      
f\ndation (  univ]sal empire4 ,=        
accompli%+ ^! purposes1 x 0 requisite  t

 _! ,messiah %\ld be inve/$ ) temporal  
p[]2 & 9 ?is  idea1 :i* s _m            
circum/ances 9 _! hi/ory t5d$ to ende>  
to  !m1 !y 7 confirm$ by ^? passages 9 !
 books ( _!  prophets :i* describ$ him z
 de/9$ to sit on ! ?rone ( ,david1  to  
sway a righte\s sceptre1 & to e/abli% an
 ev]la/+ k+dom4  ,:51 accord+ly1 ,*ri/  
appe>$ 9 ! humble/ condition ( life1  & 
:51 aft] ! comm5cem5t ( 8 m9i/ry1 he    
decl>$1 t !  hopes ( empire :i* 8       
c\ntrym5 _h long *]i%$ 7 fallaci\s1  !  
pr$ictions on :i* !y _h be5 re/$        
sugge/+1 :5 comb9$  ) o!r pr$ictions1 a 
v diff]5t view ( ! designs ( !          
,almighty1 !y 7 fill$ ) indignation1 & !
 great] "p (  !m1 al?\gh !y saw !       
miracles :i* ,jesus wr\ght1 & he>d  ^?  
appeals to _! own ,scriptures :i*1 h[ev]
 eag] to d s1  !y f\nd !mselves unable  
to confute1 reject$ 8 pret5sions on     
acc\nt ( ! meanness ( 8 situation1 &    
reprobat$ him z a  deceiv] ( ! p4       
,!re 01 h[ev]1 a consid]able numb] :o   
c\ld n adopt ?is  conclusion1 & :o1     

satisfi$ t ! mighty works :i* he p]=m$  
fully e/abli%$ ! reality ( ! div9e      
commission to :i* he laid  claim1       
rel9qui%$ _! prejudices respect+ a      
temporal sov]eignty1  & embrac$ 8       
doctr9e z ! reveal$ w ( ,god4 ,b1       
not)/&+ ?is1 !y d n seem to h =m$ ! mo/ 
di/ant  conception t !re 0 any ?+ 9 t   
doctr9e to set aside !  sy/em :i* _h be5
 transmitt$ to !m by _! fa!rs4 ,!y      
reg>d$ ! two disp5sations z =m+ "o :ole2
 & believ$ t  ! rites :i* _h di/+ui%$ f 
! re/ ( mank9d ^? :o  belong$ to !      
commonweal? ( ,israel1 w\ld 9 ! same    
mann] m>k  ! disciples ( ! ,messiah's   
k+dom4 ,agreeably to ?is1 z !y          
conceiv$1 !y saw t ,jesus con=m$ to _!  
c]emonial  in/itutions1 he frequ5t$ !   
temple1 he purifi$ x f abuses by  :i* x 
_h be5 pr(an$1 & !y int]pret$1 9 ! s5se 
mo/ 9  h>mony ) _! fav\rite notions1 !  
decl>ation :i* he _h  publicly made1 t  
he came n to de/roy ! law b to fulfil x4
  ,ev5 ! apo/les :o _h con/antly att5d$ 
him1 :o _h li/5$ n  m]ely to 8 public   

disc\rses1 b to ! int]pretation ( !m1   
:i*1 9 t5d] condesc5sion to _! weakness1
 he (t5 9 private  gave1 7 s ?or\ghly   
e/abli%$ 9 ?is op9ion t x requir$ a     
peculi> revelation to be made to him    
be=e ,pet] w\ld op5 !  k+dom ( ,god to a
 ,g5tile4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be matt] (      
surprise  t ! s5tim5t prevail$ among !  
:ole ( ! ,jews :o _h be5  conv]t$ to    
,*ri/ianity2 or t ev5 aft] x 0 oppos$ by
 !  decl>ation ( ! ,apo/les z           
individuals1 & by _! solemn             
det]m9ation1 :5 assembl$ to decide )    
respect to x1 t ! law  0 n b9d+ ^u      
,g5tile conv]ts1 !y %\ld /ill h adh]$ to
  x1 :5 f n hav+ a writt5 record ( fai? 
!y might h  imag9$1 ei!r t !            
repres5tation ( ! apo/olic decision 0   
errone\s1 or t ! sanction :i* x gave to 
_! own adh]5ce to  _! c]emonies         
virtually confirm$ ! doctr9e :i* !y felt
 su*  av]sion to rel9qui%4 ,!y accord+ly
 display$ mu* zeal 9 support  ( !       
,mosaical economy1 repres5t$ ! /rict    
obs]vance ( :at x  requir$ z ess5tial = 

ju/ification1 & look$ ) a k9d (         
abhorr5ce ^u t l>ge proportion (        
believ]s :o paid to ?is no  respect1 &  
:o ev5 did n hesitate to condemn x z    
subv]sive (  ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( !  
,gospel disp5sation4 ,a great "p (  !   
epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul is direct$ aga9/ !  
,judaiz+ tea*]s :o  inculcat$ ! orig9al 
t5et ( _! bre?r54 ,! ,apo/le e>ne/ly    
presses ^u ! *ur*es1 t by ! works ( !   
law we _c be  ju/ifi$1 t circumcision is
 ( no avail1 t by grace we are sav$1  & 
t ,*ri/ ha? r$eem$ u by 8 blood4 ,he1   
inde$1 uni=mly  repres5ts ! idea :i* he 
oppos$ z inconsi/5t ) ,*ri/ianity1  z an
 idea :i* c\ld n be held )\t detract+ f 
:at our  ,savi\r has done to accompli%  
our r$emption4 ,:at effect 8 writ+s     
produc$ ^u ! ,jewi% believ]s1 _c be     
accurately asc]ta9$2  b x is q c]ta9 t a
 v l>ge proportion ( !m adh]$ to  _!    
ritual obs]vances ei!r z national1 or z 
in/rum5tal 9  obta9+ ! div9e fav\r2 &   
?is surviv$ ! de/ruction ( !  temple & (
 ,j]usalem1--ev5ts :i* might h be5      

expect$ to  conv9ce e "o ( ! tempor>y   
nature ( ! ,mosaical economy4    ,b aft]
 ,adrian1 by aga9 direct+ ! ,roman arms 
aga9/ ! ,jews1  bla/$ ! hopes :i* _h be5
 fondly *]i%$1 t _! city w\ld  be       
rebuilt1 & _! temple op5$ ) great]      
spl5d\r ?an be=e1  a va/ numb] ( !m1    
ei!r f be+ conv9c$ by :at !y _h  se51 or
 f _! eag]ness to ga9 admission into !  
city :i* !  emp]or _h erect$1 b f :i* he
 _h ord]$ t all :o  p]si/$ 9 ,judaism   
%\ld be exclud$1 = ! fir/ "t embrac$ !  
religion ( ,*ri/2 & _m1 :o _h previ\sly 
done s1 ab&on+ !  ,jewi% ritual1        
acquiesc$ fully 9 ! repres5tation ( !   
fai? giv5  by ,/4 ,paul1 *oos+ z _!     
bi%op a ,g5tile conv]t4 ,!re 71  h[ev]1 
n a few :o rema9$ /eadfa/ 9 _!          
pr9ciples1 :o 7  n[ consequ5tly sep>at$ 
f ! great body ( _! believ+  c\ntrym51 &
 :o reta9$ ! appellation ( ,naz>5es1 :i*
 _h  probably be5 giv5 to ! :ole ( !    
,jewi% ,*ri/ians4 ,?is remnant  soon    
split into two p>ties4 ,! "o p>ty1      
al?\gh !y held t !  law ( ,moses 0      

obligatory ^u ! desc5dants ( ! h\se (   
,israel1  did n ext5d x to ^? :o _h nev]
 be5 ( ! family ( ,abraham2  !y rev]$   
,jesus z be+ m ?an man1 & 9 fact        
approa*$ s  ne> to ! prevail+ s5tim5ts (
 ! *ur*1 t1 not)/&+  _! peculi> s5tim5ts
 9 relation to ! ,mosaical law1 !y 7 n  
rank$ by ! e>lie/ writ]s among h]etics4 
,! o!r p>ty1 :o 7  call$ ,ebionites1    
ei!r f ,ebion1 ! "n1 x is alleg$1 ( _!  
lead]1 f _! pov]ty1 or f ! l[ notions   
:i* !y  ent]ta9$ ( ,*ri/1 = all ^!      
reasons h be5 specifi$1  %[+ suffici5tly
 t ! matt] is really unc]ta91--ma9ta9$  
! orig9al t5et t _! law 0 b9d+ ^u all   
m51 & t  )\t obs]v+ :at x requir$ x 0   
impossible to be ju/ifi$4 ,z  ?is 0 9   
direct opposition to ! decl>ations ( ,/4
 ,paul1 in/ead  ( submitt+ to apo/olic  
au?ority !y set x at defiance1 reject+  
8 epi/les1 & br&+ him z an enemy to !   
tru?4 ,!y  disreg>d$ ev5 ! ,gospels :i* 
7 receiv$ by ! g5]ality (  ,*ri/ians1 & 
us$ a gospel ( _! own :i* !y _h s       
modell$ z  to support ! t5ets to :i* !y 

7 atta*$4 ,"o ( ^! t5ets1  "o :i*1      
inde$1 naturally foll[$ f _! conceptions
 ( !  ,gospel disp5sation1 01 t its     
au?or 0 m]ely a man rais$ solely  by !  
commission ) :i* he _h be5 hon\r$ above 
! re/ ( 8  fell[ creatures4    ,,judas  
,,isc>iot1 or1 z he is usually call$1 ! 
traitor1 & betray]  ( our ,"l4 8,!      
trea*]y ( ,judas ,isc>iot10 says ,dr4   
,hales1 88  remorse1 & suicide1 are     
occurr5ces altoge!r s /range &          
extraord9>y1 t ! motives by :i* he 0    
actuat$ require to be  develop$1 z f> z 
may be done1 :]e ! evangeli/s are1 9 a  
great  measure1 sil5t conc]n+ !m1 f !   
circum/ances ( ! hi/ory  itself1 & f !  
feel+s ( human nature4 ,judas1 ! lead+  
trait  9 ^: "* 0 covet\sness1 0 probably
 induc$ to foll[  ,jesus at fir/ ) a    
view to ! ri*es1 hon\rs1 & o!r temporal 
advantages1 :i* he1 9 common ) ! re/1   
expect$ ! ,messiah's  fri5ds w\ld enjoy4
 ,! a/oni%+ miracles he saw him p]=m    
left no  room to d\bt ( ! reality ( 8   
,ma/]'s pret5sions1 :o _h1  inde$1      

himself 9 private actually accept$ !    
title f 8  ,apo/les2 & ,judas mu/ h be5 
mu* disappo9t$ :5 ,jesus  repeat$ly     
refus$ ! pr(f]$ royalty f ! p 9         
,galilee1  aft] ! miracle ( fe$+ ! five 
?\s&1 & aga9 aft] 8  public procession  
to ,j]usalem4 ,he might naturally h gr[n
 impati5t  "u ! delay1 & dissatisfi$    
also ) ,jesus = op5ly  disc\rag+ all    
ambiti\s views among 8 disciples2 &1    
!re=e1 he  might h devis$ ! s*eme (     
deliv]+ him up to ! sanh$rim1 or  great 
c\ncil ( ! nation1 7compos$ ( ! *ief    
prie/s1 scribes1  & eld]s17 9 ord] to   
compel him to av[ himself op5ly z !     
,messiah be=e !m2 & to "w su* miracles1 
or to give !m ! sign  :i* !y s (t5      
requir$1 z w\ld conv9ce & induce !m to  
elect  him 9 due =m1 & by t means enable
 him to rew>d 8 foll[]s4  ,ev5 ! rebukes
 ( ,jesus = 8 covet\sness1 & ! detection
 ( 8  trea*]\s s*eme1 al?\gh !y         
unque/ionably (f5d$ ,judas1 might  only 
s]ve to /imulate him to ! spe$i]        
execution ( 8 plot1  dur+ ! fea/ ( !    

passov]1 :ile ! great conc\rse ( !      
,jews1  f all p>ts assembl$1 might      
p[]fully support ! sanh$rim &  _!       
,messiah aga9/ ! ,romans4 ,! success (  
?is measure1 ?\gh  aga9/ 8 ,ma/]'s w1   
w\ld be likely to procure him p>don1 &  
ev5 to recomm5d him to fav\r aft]w>d4   
,su* might h be5 !  plausible sugge/ions
 by :i* ,satan tempt$ him to !          
commission (  ?is crime4 ,b :5 ,judas1  
:o att5d$ ! :ole trial1 saw t x  turn$  
out q contr>y to 8 expectations1 t      
,jesus 0 capitally  convict$ by !       
c\ncil1 z a false ,*ri/ & false prophet1
  not)/&+ he _h op5ly av[$ himself2 & t 
he wr\ght no  miracle1 ei!r = _!        
conviction or = 8 own deliv]ance1 z     
,judas well knew he c\ld1 ev5 f !       
circum/ance ( heal+ ,mal*us1  aft] he 0 
appreh5d$2 :5 he f>!r reflect$1 l ,pet]1
 on 8  ,ma/]'s m]ciful =ew>n+s ( 8      
trea*]y1 & mild & g5tle  rebuke at !    
commission ( x2 he 0 seiz$ ) remorse1 & 
(f]$  to return ! paltry bribe ( ?irty  
pieces ( silv] to ! *ief  prie/s & eld]s

 in/antly on ! spot1 say+1 #8,i s9n$ 9  
deliv]+ up innoc5t blood2' & expect$ t  
on ?is !y w\ld h  desi/$ f !            
prosecution4 ,b !y 7 ob/9ate1 & n only  
w\ld n rel5t1 b ?rew ! :ole load ( guilt
 ^u him1 refus+  to take _! own %>e2 =  
!y said1 #8,:at is t to u8 see ?\ to    
t2' ?us1 accord+ to ! aphorism1 lov+ !  
treason1 b hat+  ! traitor1 aft] he _h  
s]v$ _! wick$ turn4 ,/ung to ! quick  at
 _! refusal to take back ! money1 :ile  
!y condemn$ himself1  he w5t to !       
temple1 ca/ d[n ! :ole sum 9 ! treasury1
 or place  = receiv+ ! (f]+s ( ! p2 &1  
aft] he _h ?us  return$ ! wages (       
iniquity1 he retir$ to "s lonely place1 
n  f>1 p]haps1 f ! sc5e ( ,pet]'s       
rep5tance2 &1 9 ! fr5zy  ( despair1 & at
 ! in/igation ( ! devil1 hang$ himself2 
cr[n+ ) suicide ! murd] ( 8 ,ma/] & 8   
fri5d2 reject+  8 compassionate ,savi\r1
 & plung+ 8 own s\l into p]dition6 ,9   
ano!r place x is said t1 #8fall+        
headlong1 he bur/ asund]1 &  all 8 b[els
 gu%$ out1' ,acts i1 #ah4 ,bo? ^!       

acc\nts might be  true3 he might fir/ h 
hang$ himself f "s tree on ! edge ( a   
precipice2 &1 ! rope or bran* break+1 he
 might be da%$ to  pieces by ! fall40   
,! above view ( ! case ( ,judas         
endeav\rs +5i\sly to acc\nt  = 8 conduct
 by suppos+ him influ5c$ by ! motive (  
compell+  our ,"l to decl>e himself1 &  
assume ! ,messiah%ip 9 its e>?ly  glory4
 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be recollect$1 t ! only   
key :i* !  evangelic n>rative af=ds1 is1
 ,judas's covet\sness2 :i* passion  01 9
 him1 a gr[+ "o4 ,x 0 ?is :i* de/roy$   
:atev] (  hone/ int5tion he might at    
fir/ h 9 foll[+ ,jesus2 & :5  fully "u  
its influ5ce he w\ld be bl9d$ by x to   
all b !  glitt]+ object ( ! rew>d (     
iniquity4 ,9 su* a m9d !re c\ld  be no  
true fai?1 & no love2 :at wond]1 !n1 :5 
av>ice 0 9  him a rul+ & unre/ra9$      
passion1 t he %\ld betray 8 ,"l8  ,/ill 
x may be admitt$ t ! k :i* ,judas _h (  
our  ,"l's miracul\s p[]1 might lead him
 ! m readily to put him into  ! h&s ( ! 
*ief prie/s4 ,he might suppose t he w\ld

 deliv]  himself out ( _! h&s2 & ?us    
,judas attempt$ to play a d\ble         
villany1 aga9/ ,*ri/ & aga9/ 8 employ]s4
    ,,jude1 ,,epi/le ,,(1 a canonical   
book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 writt5 aga9/  ! 
h]etics1 :o1 by _! impi\s doctr9es &    
disord]ly lives1  corrupt$ ! fai? & good
 morals ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! au?or ( ?is     
epi/le1 call$ ,judas1 & also ,?addeus & 
,lebbeus1 0 "o ( !  twelve ,apo/les2 he 
0 ! son ( ,alpheus1 bro!r ( ,james !    
less1  & "o ( ^? :o 7 call$ our ,"l's   
bre?r54 ,we are n  in=m$ :51 or h[1 he 0
 call$ to be an ,apo/le2 b x has be5    
conjectur$1 t1 be=e 8 vocation to !     
,apo/le%ip1 he 0 a  husb&man1 t he 0    
m>ri$1 & t he _h *ildr54 ,! only  acc\nt
 we h ( him 9 p>ticul>1 is t :i* occurs 
9 ,john xiv1  #ba-bc4 ,x is n           
unreasonable to suppose t1 aft] hav+    
receiv$1 9  common ) o!r ,apo/les1      
extraord9>y gifts at ! p5teco/1 he      
prea*$ ! ,gospel = "s "t 9 sev]al p>ts (
 ! l& (  ,israel1 & wr\ght miracles 9 ! 
"n ( ,*ri/4 ,&1 z 8 life  seems to h be5

 prolong$1 x is probable t he aft]w>d   
left  ,judea1 & w5t abroad prea*+ !     
,gospel to ,jews & ,g5tiles 9  o!r      
c\ntries4 ,"s h said t he prea*$ 9      
,arabia1 ,syria1  ,mesopotamia1 &       
,p]sia2 & t he suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ! la/  
m5tion$ c\ntry4 ,b we h no acc\nt ( 8   
travels ^u :i* we  c rely2 & x may be   
que/ion$ :e!r he 0 a m>tyr4    ,9 ! e>ly
 ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 sev]al reject$ !   
,epi/le ( ,/4  ,jude1 because !         
apocryphal books ( ,eno*1 & ! asc5sion (
 ,moses1  are quot$ 9 x4 ,nev]!less1 x  
is to be f\nd 9 all ! anci5t  catalogues
 ( ! sacr$ writ+s2 & ,clem5t1 (         
,alex&ria1  ,t]tullian1 & ,orig5 quote x
 z writt5 by ,jude1 & reckon x among  ! 
books ( sacr$ ,scripture4 ,9 ! "t (     
,eusebius x 0 g5]ally  receiv$4 ,z to ! 
objections t h be5 urg$ aga9/ its       
au?ority1 ,dr4 ,l>dn] sugge/s1 t !re is 
no necessity =  suppos+ t ,/4 ,jude     
quot$ a book call$ ,eno*1 or ,eno*'s    
prophecies2 & ev5 all[+ t he did quote  
x1 he gives x no  au?ority2 x 0 no      

canonical book ( ! ,jews2 & if su* a    
book  exi/$ among ! ,jews1 x 0          
apocryphal1 & yet !re might be 9 x  "s  
"r ?+s4 ,in/ead ( ref]r+ to a book call$
 ! 8,assumption  or ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/10 
:i* probably 0 a =g]y mu* lat] ?an  8   
"t1 x is mu* m cr$ible t ,/4 ,jude ref]s
 to ! vision 9  ,ze*4 iii1 #a-c4 ,x has 
be5 ! op9ion ( sev]al writ]s1 &1 among  
o!rs1 ( ,hammond & ,b5son1 t ,/4 ,jude  
address$ 8 epi/le to  ! ,jewi%          
,*ri/ians2 b ,dr4 ,l>dn] inf]s1 f !     
words ( !  inscription ( ! epi/le1 v]ses
 #a1 #c1 t x 0 design$ = !  use ( all 9 
g5]al :o _h embrac$ ! ,*ri/ian religion4
 ,! la/  m5tion$ au?or supposes t ?is   
epi/le 0 writt5 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 #fe1 or    
#ff4    ,,judea1 a di/rict ( ,asia      
,m9or1 :i* is describ$ bo? by anci5t &  
mod]n geograph]s "u a great v>iety (    
names1 & ) great  div]sity ( ext5t4 ,9 !
 mo/ ext5sive application ( ! "n1 x     
compreh5ds ! :ole c\ntry possess$ by !  
,jews1 or p (  ,israel2 & includ$1      
!re=e1 v diff]5t portions ( t]ritory at 

diff]5t p]iods ( _! hi/ory4 ,^u !       
conque/ ( ! c\ntry by  ,jo%ua1 x 0      
divid$ into twelve portions1 accord+ to 
! numb] (  ! tribes ( ,israel2 & a g5]al
 view ( _! respective allotm5ts  7?\gh !
 int]m$iate b\nd>ies _c be v precisely  
asc]ta9$7 may convey "s idea ( its ext5t
 at t p]iod4 ,!  portion ( ! tribe (    
,judah compris$ all ! c\ntry betwe5     
,edom1 or  ,idumea1 on ! s\?1 !         
,m$it]ranean on ! we/1 ! ,salt ,sea on !
  ea/1 & an imag9>y l9e on ! nor?1 f !  
nor!rn extremity (  ! ,salt ,sea to !   
,m$it]ranean4 ,! portion ( ,simeon 0    
includ$  )9 t ( ,judah1 & =m$ ! s\?-we/ 
corn] ( ! c\ntry2  compreh5d+ ! t[ns (  
,b]saba1 ,g]>1 ,rapha1 ,gaza1 ,ascalon1 
&  ,azotus4 ,! portion ( ,b5jam9 0      
situat$ to ! nor? ( ,judah1 ne>  ! c5tre
 ( ! k+dom1 b\nd$ on ! ea/ by ! riv]    
,jordan1 &  conta9+ "p ( ,j]usalem1     
,j]i*o1 ,be!l1 ,rama1 c4 ,! portion (   
,dan lay to ! nor?-we/ ( ,judah1 betwe5 
t ( ,b5jam9 & !  ,m$it]ranean1 rea*+ z  
f> nor? z ! latt]1 & conta9+  ,acc>on & 

,jamnia4 ,! portion ( ,ephraim /ret*$   
along ! nor!rn  limits ( ,dan & ,b5jam91
 betwe5 ! riv] ,jordan on ! ea/1 &  !   
,m$it]ranean sea on ! we/2 conta9+      
,si*em1 ,joppa1 ,lydda1  ,gaz>a1 c4 ,!  
portion ( ! half tribe ( ,manasseh 0    
situat$ nor?  ( ,ephraim1 betwe5 ! riv] 
,jordan & ! ,m$it]ranean1 rea*+ z  f>   
nor? z ,dora1 at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,c>mel4 
,! portion ( ,issa*>  /ret*$ nor?w>d f  
,manasseh1 & we/w>d f ,jordan1 z f> z   
,m\nt ,tabor4 ,! portion ( ,a%]         
compreh5d$ ! m>itime tract  betwe5 ,m\nt
 ,c>mel1 z f> z ,sidon4 ,! portion (    
,zebulon1 b\nd$  by ,a%] on ! we/1 &    
,m\nt ,tabor on ! s\?1 jo9$ on ! ea/  ! 
portion ( ,naphtali1 :i* occupi$ !      
bord]s ( ! lake  ,g5nes>e?1 or sea (    
,tib]ias4 ,! portion ( ,reub5 lay to !  
ea/w>d ( ! riv] ,jordan1 b\nd$ on ! s\? 
by ! torr5t (  ,arnon1 & on ! nor? by ! 
riv] ,jabok4 ,! portion ( ,gad1 also on 
! ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 /ret*$ f ! ,jabok    
t[>d ! nor?1 :]e  x 0 b\nd$ by ! o!r    
half tribe ( ,manasseh1 :i* occupi$ !   

c\ntry ea/ ( ! lake ,g5nes>e?1 to !     
nor!rn limits ( !  c\ntry4 ,! :ole ( ?is
 ext5t betwe5 ,clo-,syria on ! nor?1  & 
,arabia ,petra on ! s\?1 ! ,m$it]ranean 
on ! we/1 &  ,arabia ,des]ta on ! ea/1  
may be consid]$ z situat$ betwe5 #ca    
#aj & #cc #ae ( nor? latitude1 ab\t a   
hundr$ & =ty miles 9  l5g?1 & ne>ly a   
hundr$ 9 bread?4 ,reckon+ f ,dan to     
,be]%eba1 :i* are (t5 m5tion$ 9 sacr$   
,scripture z includ+  ! m settl$ &      
p]man5t possessions ( ! ,israelites1 its
 l5g?  w\ld n exce$ a hundr$ & tw5ty    
miles4 ,b1 if e/imat$ f its  b\nd>ies 9 
! reigns ( ,david & ,solomon1 & sev]al  
succe$+  pr9ces1 its ext5t mu/ be enl>g$
 m ?an ?reefold2 includ+ bo?  ! l& (    
,pale/9e1 or ( ! ,phili/9es1 on ! s\?1 &
 !  c\ntry ( ,ph5ice on ! nor?1 ) "p (  
,syria to ! nor?-ea/4  ,all ?is ext5t 0 
orig9ally compreh5d$ 9 ! l& ( promise1  
,g5esis xv1 #ah2 ,deut4 xi1 #bd2 & 0    
actually possess$ by ,david &  ,solomon1
 #a ,k+s ix1 #bj2 #b ,*ron4 viii1 #g4 ,x
 is describ$ 9 num]\s  passages ( !     

sacr$ writ+s1 z all compris$ 9 ! ,holy  
,l&1 f  ,hama? on ! nor?1 to ! riv] (   
,egypt on ! s\?2 & f !  ,great or       
,m$it]ranean ,sea on ! we/1 to ! des]ts 
( ,arabia on !  ea/2 a tract ( c\ntry at
 lea/ f\r hundr$ & sixty miles 9  l5g?1 
& m ?an a hundr$ 9 bread?1 ,jo%ua xv1   
#b1 c2 xix1 #bd1  c2 #a ,*ron4 xiii1 #e2
 #b ,*ron4 vii1 #h2 ,ezekiel xlvii1 #af1
 #bj2 ,amos vi1  #ad4    ,aft] ! dea? ( 
,solomon1 :5 ! k+dom ( ! ,hebrews _h    
atta9$  its greate/ ext5t1 x 0 divid$1 9
 consequ5ce ( a revolt ( t5  tribes1    
into two di/9ct sov]eignties1 nam$      
,israel & ,judah2 !  =m] ( :i* _h its   
seat ( gov]nm5t 9 ,sam>ia1 & ! latt] 9  
,j]usalem4 ,! t]ritories ( bo? 7        
gradually curtail$ & laid  wa/e by !    
revolt ( tribut>y pr9ces1 & ! incursions
 ( p[]ful  neighb\rs2 & bo? 7 at l5g?   
completely ov]?r[n2 t (  ,israel1 by !  
k+ ( ,assyria1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #gbj2 & t ( 
,judah1 by  ,nebu*adnezz>1 ab\t a hundr$
 & f\rte5 ye>s lat]4    ,aft] a         
captivity ( sev5ty ye>s1 ! ,jews1 :o _h 

be5 ! subjects  ( ,judah1 hav+ receiv$  
p]mission f ,cyrus to return to _!      
native c\ntry1 n only occupi$ ! =m]     
t]ritories ( t  k+dom1 b ext5d$ !mselves
 ov] great "p ( :at _h belong$ to  ! t5 
tribes ( ! k+dom ( ,israel2 & !n1 = !   
fir/ "t1  gave ! "n ( ,judea to ! :ole  
c\ntry ov] :i* !y _h aga9  e/abli%$ _!  
dom9ion4 ,! same "n 0 giv5 to t k+dom z 
possess$ by ,h]od ! ,great "u ! ,romans2
 b1 9 ! enum]ation  ( ! prov9ces ( !    
empire1 x 0 recognis$ only by ! "n (    
,pale/9e4 ,all traces ( its anci5t      
division among ! twelve tribes  7 n[    
aboli%$1 & x 0 di/ribut$ into f\r       
prov9ces2 namely1  ,judea ,prop] 9 !    
s\?1 ,galilee 9 ! nor?1 ,sam>ia 9 !     
c5tre1  & ,p]a on ! ea/ ( ! riv]        
,jordan4 ,judea ,prop]1 situat$ 9 #ca   
#dj nor? latitude1 0 b\nd$ on ! nor? by 
,sam>ia1 on ! we/ by  ! ,m$it]ranean1 on
 ! ea/ by ! riv] ,jordan1 on ! s\? by   
,arabia ,petra2 & compris$ ! anci5t     
settlem5ts ( ,judah1 ,b5jam91  ,dan1 &  
,simeon1 ) ,phili/ia & ,idumea4 ,x is   

divid$ by ,josephus  into elev5         
top>*ies1 & by ,pl9y into t52 b ^!      
subdivisions  are little notic$ by      
anci5t writ]s1 & _! b\nd>ies are v      
imp]fectly asc]ta9$4 ,! pr9cipal places 
9 ! nor?-ea/ qu>t]  ( ! prov9ce 7       
,j]usalem1 ! capital1 :i* 0 entirely    
de/roy$ 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian1 & replac$ 
by a new city nam$  lia1 a little f>!r  
nor?1 :i* is n[ ! site ( ! mod]n        
,j]usalem2 ,j]i*o1 ! city ( palm trees1 
ab\t n9ete5 miles  ea/w>d ( ,j]usalem1 &
 eight f ! riv] ,jordan2 ,phaselis1     
built  by ,h]od 9 memory ( 8 bro!r1     
fifte5 miles nor?-we/ ( ,j]i*o2         
,ar*elais1 built by ,ar*elaus1 t5 miles 
nor? ( ,j]i*o2 ,gophna1  fifte5 miles   
nor? ( ,j]usalem1 9 ! road to ,si*em2   
,be!l1 twelve  miles nor? ( ,j]usalem1  
orig9ally call$ ,luz2 ,gilgal1 ab\t "o  
mile  & a half f ,j]i*o2 ,eng$di1 a     
hundr$ furlongs s\? s\?-ea/ (  ,j]i*o1  
ne> ! nor!rn extremity ( ! ,dead ,sea2  
,masada1 a /rong  =tress built by ,judas
 ,maccabeus1 ! la/ refuge ( ! ,jews aft]

 !  fall ( ,j]usalem2 ,ephraim1 a small 
t[n we/w>d ( ,j]i*o2 ,ana?o?1  a        
,levitical t[n1 ne>ly f\r miles nor? (  
,j]usalem4 ,9 !  s\?-ea/ qu>t] ( !      
prov9ce 7 situat$ ,be?lehem1 or ,ephra?1
  ab\t six miles s\? f ! capital2       
,be?zur1 n[ ,/4 ,philip1 a  /rong place 
on ! road to ,hebron1 t5 miles s\? (    
,j]usalem2 ,ziph1  a small t[n betwe5   
,hebron & ! ,dead ,sea2 ,zo>1 at ! s\!rn
  extremity ( ! ,dead ,sea1 ne> !       
situation ( ,sodom2 ,hebron1 =m]ly      
,kirja?-arba1 a v anci5t t[n 9 a hilly  
c\ntry1 tw5ty-five miles  s\? ( !       
capital2 ,arad1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r miles    
s\?w>d f  ,hebron1 & ne> ! ,asc5sus     
,avrabim1 or ,scorpion ,m\nta9s1 on !   
bord] ( ,arabia ,petra2 & ,?am>1 on !   
s\!rn limit ( !  prov9ce1 ne> ! s\?     
extremity ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ 
qu>t] 7 ,be?%eme%1 or ,heliopolis1 a    
,levitical city1 ab\t t5  miles we/ ( ! 
capital2 ,rama1 six miles nor? f        
,j]usalem2 ,emmaus1  a village eight    
miles nor? nor?-we/ f ,j]usalem1 aft]w>d

 call$  ,nicopolis1 9 consequ5ce ( a    
victory ga9$ by ,vespasian ov] !        
revolt$ ,jews2 ,be?oron1 a popul\s      
,levitical city on ! road to ,lydda1  a 
few miles nor?-we/ ( ,emmaus2           
,kirja?-je>im1 on ! road to ,joppa1  n9e
 miles we/w>d f ! capital2 ,lydda1 n[   
,lod1 & call$ by !  ,greeks ,diospolis1 
ab\t twelve miles ea/ ( ,joppa2 ,ramla1 
suppos$ to  be ! same z ,arima!a1 ab\t  
five miles s\?-we/ ( ,lydda2 ,joppa1 a  
m>itime t[n1 n[ ,jaffa1 ab\t twelve     
leagues nor?-we/ ( ,j]usalem2  ,jabne1 a
 wall$ sea-port t[n betwe5 ,joppa &     
,azotus2 & ,ekron1 a  t[n on ! nor?     
b\nd>y ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,9 ! s\?-we/     
qu>t]  ( ,judea 7 ,ga?1 ab\t tw5ty miles
 we/ f ,j]usalem1 ne> to  :i* 7 ! city (
 ,eleu!ropolis1 a fl\ri%+ place 9 !     
second  c5tury2 ,makk$ah1 a /rong place1
 eight miles nor?-ea/ f  ,eleu!ropolis2 
,b]sabe1 or ,be]%eba1 ab\t tw5ty-six    
miles s\? f  ,eleu!ropolis2 ,g]>1 betwe5
 ,be]%eba & ! sea coa/2 ,azotus1 or     
,a%dod1 to ! we/ ( ,eleu!ropolis1 )9 a  

few miles ( ! sea1  & ! seat ( a bi%op 9
 ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2         
,ascalon1 a consid]able m>itime t[n1    
above =ty-?ree miles  s\?-we/ (         
,j]usalem2 ,gaza1 fifte5 miles s\?w>d f 
,ascalon2 &  ,raphia1 betwe5 ,gaza &    
,rh9ocurura1 rem>kable = a great battle 
9  its neighb\rhood1 9 :i* ,philopat]1  
k+ ( ,egypt1 defeat$  ,antio*us1 k+ (   
,syria4    ,sam>ia1 ly+ betwe5 ,judea & 
,galilee1 9 #cb #ae nor? latitude1      
ext5d$ along ! sea coa/ f ,joppa to     
,dora1 & along ! riv]  ,jordan f !      
rivulet ( ,alex&rium to ! s\!rn         
extremity ( !  sea ( ,tib]ias2          
compreh5d+ ! t]ritory ( ! tribe (       
,ephraim1 (  ! half tribe ( ,manasseh1 &
 "p ( ,issa*>4 ,its pr9cipal cities  7  
,sam>ia1 ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 
nor? ( ,si*em1 &  equally di/ant f      
,jordan & ! sea coa/1 aft]w>d nam$      
,seba/e  by ,h]od1 9 hon\r ( ,augu/us2  
,jezrael1 or ,esdraelon1 ab\t f\r       
leagues nor? f ,sam>ia2 ,si*em1 or      
,sy*>1 call$ by ! ,romans  ,neapolis1   

eight miles s\? ( ,sam>ia1 9 a valley   
betwe5 !  m\nta9s ,g]izim & ,ebal2      
,be?san1 call$ by ! ,greek writ]s       
,scy?opolis1 ab\t tw5ty miles nor?-ea/ (
 ,si*em2 ,cs>ea (  ,pale/9e1 anci5tly   
call$ ,turris ,/ratonis1 greatly enl>g$ 
by ,h]od1  & long ! pr9cipal city ( !   
prov9ce1 ab\t n9ete5 leagues  nor?      
nor?-we/ f ,j]usalem2 ,dora1 n[ ,t>tura1
 n9e miles nor?  f ,cs>ea1 on ! road to 
,tyre2 ,apollonia1 n[ ,arzuf1 on ! sea  
coa/1 tw5ty-two miles s\? ( ,cs>ea2 &   
,hadadrimmon1 aft]w>d  call$            
,maximianopolis1 ab\t sev5te5 miles     
ea/w>d ( ,cs>ea4    ,galila1 9 #cc nor? 
latitude1 b\nd$ on ! s\? by ,sam>ia1 on 
!  we/ by ! ,m$it]ranean1 on ! nor? by  
,syria1 on ! ea/ by !  riv] ,jordan & ! 
lake ,g5nes>e?1 compreh5d$ ! possessions
 (  ,a%]1 ,naphtali1 & ,zabulon1 ) "p ( 
! allotm5t ( ,issa*>4  ,! nor!rn        
division ( ! prov9ce 0 ?9ly inhabit$ by 
,jews1 &  0 sometimes call$ ,galilee ( !
 ,g5tiles2 b ! s\!rn portion  0 v       
popul\s4 ,its pr9cipal t[ns 7 ,cap]naum1

 at ! nor!rn  extremity ( ! lake (      
,g5nes>e?2 ,be?saida1 a consid]able     
village  a few leagues s\? ( ,cap]naum2 
,c9n]e?1 s\? ( ,be?saida1 rebuilt  by   
,h]od ,antipas1 & nam$ ,tib]ias2 ,t>i*a1
 a consid]able t[n at  ! efflux ( ! riv]
 ,jordan f ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 ?irty /adia
  s\? f ! t[n ( ,tib]ias2 ,naz>e?1 two  
leagues nor?-we/ (  ,m\nt ,tabor1 &     
equally di/ant f ! lake ( ,g5nes>e? & ! 
sea coa/2 ,arbela1 six miles we/ (      
,naz>e?2 ,sepphoris1 or  ,dio-,cs>ea1 n[
 ,sef\ri1 a l>ge & well =tifi$ t[n1 ab\t
 five  leagues nor? nor?-we/ ( ,m\nt    
,tabor2 ,zabulon1 a /rong & popul\s     
place1 sixty /adia s\?-ea/ ( ,ptolemais2
 ,acre1 or ,accon1 sev5 miles  nor? f ! 
promontory ( ,c>mel1 aft]w>d enl>g$ &   
call$  ,ptolemais by ,ptolemy ,i41 (    
,egypt1 & 9 ! "t ( ! crusades  di/+ui%$ 
by ! "n ( ,acre1 ! la/ city possess$ by 
!  ,*ri/ians 9 ,syria1 & 0 tak5 &       
de/roy$ by ! ,sultan ,s]apha1  ( ,egypt1
 9 #abia2 ,k$es1 or ,cydissus1 a        
,levitical city at ! foot (  ,m\nt      

,panium1 tw5ty miles s\?-ea/ ( ,tyre2   
,dan1 orig9ally ,lai%1 on  ! nor? b\nd>y
 ( ! ,holy ,l&1 ab\t ?irty miles s\?-ea/
 (  ,sidon2 ,paneas1 ne> to ,dan1 or1   
accord+ to "s1 only a diff]5t "n  = !   
same place1 0 repair$ by ,philip1 son ( 
,h]od ! ,great1 &  by him nam$ ,cs>ea1 9
 hon\r ( ,augu/us1 ) ! addition (       
,philippi1 to di/+ui% x f ! o!r t[n ( ! 
same "n 9  ,sam>ia2 ,jotapata1 ! /ronge/
 t[n 9 ,galilee1 ab\t f\r leagues  nor? 
nor?-ea/ ( ,dio-,cs>ea2 & ,japha &      
,gis*ala1 two o!r  =tifi$ places 9 !    
same di/rict4    ,p]a1 ?\gh ! "n w\ld   
d5ote any ext5t ( c\ntry beyond ,jordan1
  is m p>ticul>ly appli$ to t di/rict 9 
#cb nor? latitude1  :i* =m]ly compos$ ! 
t]ritories ( ,sihon1 ! ,amorite1 & ,og1 
k+ ( ,ba%an2 ext5d+ f ! riv] ,arnon 7:i*
 fl[s ?r\gh an  ext5sive pla9 into !    
,dead ,sea7 to ! m\nt ( ,gilead1 :]e !  
,jordan issues f ! sea ( ,tib]ias2 & :i*
 fell to ! lot ( !  tribes ( ,reub5 &   
,gad1 & ! half tribe ( ,manasseh4 ,?is  
prov9ce  0 ab\t sixty miles f nor? to   

s\?1 & =ty f ea/ to we/4  ,! pr9cipal   
places 7 ,p5uel1 on ! left ( ! ,jabbok1 
:i* =ms  ! nor!rn bord] ( ! c\ntry2     
,succo?1 on ! banks ( ! ,jordan1  a     
little f>!r s\?2 ,be?ab>a1 a little bel[
 ,succo?1 :]e 0 a  place ( passage ov] !
 riv]2 ,ama?us1 aft]w>d nam$ ,assalt1 a 
/rong t[n bel[ ! influx ( ! torr5t      
,jaz]2 ,livias1 betwe5 ,m\nt  ,nebo & ! 
nor!rn extremity ( ! ,dead ,sea1 a t[n  
:i* 0 s  nam$ by ,h]od1 9 hon\r (       
,livia1 ! wife ( ,augu/us2 ,ma*rus1 a   
citadel on a /eep rock1 s\? ( ,livias1  
ne> ! upp] end ( ! ,dead  ,sea2 ,lasa1  
or ,calle-rhoe1 celebrat$ = its hot     
spr+s1 betwe5  ,ma*rus & ! riv] ,arnon2 
,h]odium1 a =t built by ,h]od a few     
miles f>!r inl&1 z a protection aga9/ ! 
,moabites2 ,aro]1 a  t[n ( ,moab1 sev5  
leagues ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea2 ,ca/ra      
,amon5sia1 a  ,roman /ation1 suppos$ to 
be ! anci5t ,mephoa?1 sev5 leagues      
nor?-ea/ ( ,aro]2 ,hesbon1 or ,esbus1 ! 
capital ( ,sihon1 anci5tly  fam$ = its  
fi% pools1 sev5 leagues ea/ f ! ,jordan1

 ?ree f  ,m\nt ,nebo1 & ne>ly 9 ! c5tre 
( ! prov9ce2 ,madaba1 n[  ,el-,belkaa1  
?ree leagues s\?-ea/ ( ,hesbon2 ,jaz]1  
or ,tira1 a  ,levitical city on a small 
lake1 five leagues nor?-ea/ ( ,hesbon4  
,to  ! s\? ( ,p]a lies a t]ritory call$ 
,moabites1 ! capital (  :i* 0           
,rabba?-,moab1 aft]w>d nam$ ,areopolis2 
& to ! s\?-we/  ( :i* 0 ,*>ac-,moab1 or 
,k>ak1 a =tress on ! summit ( a hill1   
at ! entrance ( a deep valley4    ,to ! 
nor? ( ,p]a 7 situat$ sev]al di/ricts1  
:i*1 z =m+  "p ( ! k+dom ( ,judea "u    
,h]od ! ,great1 require to be  briefly  
notic$ 9 ?is acc\nt2 & :i* d prop]ly    
come "u !  g5]al "n ( ,p]a1 z be+       
situat$ on ! ea/w>d ( ! riv]  ,jordan4  
,^! 7 ,galaadites1 or ,gileadites1 9 #cb
 #bj nor? latitude1  n[ ,z>ca1 ea/ f    
,jordan1 & nor? f ! ,jabbok2 conta9+ !  
cities ( ,ramo?-,gilead1 ,mahanaim1     
,jabe%-,gilead1 at ! foot ( ,m\nt       
,gilead4 ,batana1 anci5tly ,basan1 n[   
,bit9ia1 9 #cb #be nor?  latitude1 =m]ly
 celebrat$ = its oaks & pa/ures1 0      

situat$ to  ! nor? ( ,galaadites1 &     
conta9$ ! cities ( ,adrea1 or ,edrei1   
,a/>o?1 & ,ba?yra4 ,gaulonitis1 a n>r[  
/rip ( l& betwe5  ,batana & ! %ore ( !  
sea ( ,tib]ias1 /ret*+ nor?w>d to  ,m\nt
 ,h]mon1 & conta9+ ,gamala1 a /rong t[n 
ne> ! s\!rn  extremity ( ! sea (        
,tib]ias2 ,argob1 betwe5 ?is sea & ,m\nt
  ,hippos2 ,julias1 suppos$ to be ! same
 z ,*oraz91 & by o!rs to be  ,be?saida2 
& ,seleuca1 a =tifi$ place on ! ea/     
bord] ( ,lacus  ,samo*onitis4           
,auranitis1 or ,itura1 a m\nta9\s & b>r5
 tract nor?  ( ,batana1 & b\nd$ on ! we/
 by a bran* ( ,m\nt ,h]mon1  conta9$    
,bo/ra1 or ,bozra1 ab\t fifty miles ea/ 
f ! sea (  ,tib]ias1 bord]+ on ,arabia  
,petra1 aft]w>d enl>g$ by ,trajan1 &    
nam$ ,trajana ,bo/ra2 & ,tra*onitis1 9  
#cc #ae nor? latitude1  betwe5 ,h]mon & 
,antilibanus1 ea/w>d f ! s\rces (       
,jordan1 &  conta9+ ,baalgad1 ,mispah1  
,paneas1 or ,cs>ea ,philippi1 & nos1    
ne>ly tw5ty-five miles ea/ ( ,panz1 & z 
f> s\? s\?-we/ (  ,damascus4 ,!re rema9s

 to be notic$ ! ,decapolis1 or          
conf$]ation (  t5 cities 9 ! la/ m5tion$
 di/ricts1 :i* hav+ be5 occupi$  dur+ ! 
,babyloni% captivity by ,hea!n          
inhabitants1 refus$ to adopt  ! ,mosaic 
ritual aft] ! re/oration ( ! ,jews1 &   
f\nd x  necess>y to unite _! /r5g? aga9/
 ! ent]prises ( !  ,asmonean pr9ces4 ,"o
 ( !m1 namely1 ,scy?opolis1 already     
describ$ 9  ! acc\nt ( ,sam>ia1 0       
situat$ to ! we/ ( ,jordan2 b !  o!r n9e
 7 all to ! ea/ ( t riv]1 namely1       
,gad>a1 or ,k$>1  a /rong place on a    
hill1 ! capital ( ,p]a 9 ! "t (         
,josephus1  ab\t sixty /adia ea/ f ! sea
 ( ,tib]ias1 & mu* frequ5t$  = its hot  
ba?s3 ,hippos1 sometimes call$ ,susi?a1 
?irty /adia  nor?-we/ ( ,gad>a2 ,dium1  
or ,dion1 ( :i* ! situation is unkn[n1  
b conjectur$ by ,d',anville to h be5    
ab\t sev5 leagues ea/w>d  f ,pella1 a   
consid]able t[n suppli$ ) copi\s        
f\nta9s1 on !  riv] ,jabbok1 f\rte5     
miles s\?-ea/ ( ,gad>a1 & celebrat$ z ! 
place to :i* ! ,*ri/ians retir$1 by     

div9e admonition1 be=e !  de/ruction (  
,j]usalem2 ,cana?a1 s\?-ea/ ( ,cs>ea1 & 
betwe5  ! ,jordan & ,m\nt ,h]mon2       
,g>asa1 aft]w>d ,j>as1 ?ree leagues     
nor?-ea/ f ! upp] extremity ( ! sea (   
,tib]ias1 & mu*  not$ dur+ ! crusades2  
,rabba?-,ammon1 ! capital ( !           
,ammonites1  s\?-ea/ ( ,ramo?1 & ne> !  
s\rce ( ! ,jabbok1 on ! conf9es  (      
,arabia1 aft]w>d call$ ,philadelphia by 
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 f  :om x _h     
receiv$ consid]able improvem5ts1 ( :i* !
 ru9s are  /ill visible2 ,abila1 f\r    
leagues ea/ f ,gad>a1 9 a f]tile tract  
betwe5 ! riv] ,hi]omax & ,m\nt ,gilead2 
& ,capitolais1 a t[n 9  ,batana1 five or
 six leagues ea/ nor?-ea/ ( ,gad>a4     
,,judea1 ,,wild]ness ,,(1 a wild & des]t
 c\ntry along ! s\!rn  c\rse ( ! riv]   
,jordan1 ea/ ( ,j]usalem2 t :i* by ,/4  
,mat!w  is call$ ! wild]ness ( ,judea1  
be+ describ$ by ,/4 ,luke z 8all  !     
c\ntry ab\t ,jordan20 f :5ce ?is        
wild]ness ext5d$  s\?w>d along ! we/]n  
side ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,?is is a /ony &   

desolate region1 ( hopeless /]ility1 &  
mo/ savage aspect2  consi/+ almo/       
entirely ( disord]$ piles ( rocks1 &    
rocky  m\nta9s4 ,?is 0 ! wild]ness 9 :i*
 ,john fir/ prea*$ &  baptiz$1 & into   
:i* our ,"l1 aft] 8 own baptism1 0 l$ by
 !  ,_s to be tempt$1 ,mat!w iv2 ,luke  
iv4 ,"h1 also1 ! m\nta9 0  situat$ :i*  
=m$ ! sc5e ( "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ p>ts (    
?is temptation4 ,maundrell describes ?is
 region z a mo/ mis]able1  dry1 & b>r5  
place2 consi/+ ( high rocky m\nta9s1 s  
torn &  disord]$1 z if ! e>? _h "h      
suff]$ "s great convulsion4 ,mr4        
,buck+ham1 :o visit$ ! same "p 9 #ahaf1 
says1 8,z we proce$$ to  ! nor?w>d1 we  
_h on our left a l(ty peak ( ! range (  
hills  :i* bord] ! pla9 ( ! ,jordan on !
 we/1 & end$ 9 ?is  direction ! m\nta9s 
( ,judea4 ,?is peak is consid]$ to be t 
to  :i* ,jesus 0 transport$ by ! devil  
dur+ 8 fa/ ( =ty days  9 ! wild]ness2   
#8aft] :i* he 0 an hung]$4' ,no?+ c be m
  =bidd+ ?an ! aspect ( ^! hills2 n a   
blade ( v]dure is to  be se5 ov] all _! 

surface1 & n ! s\nd ( any liv+ be+ is   
to be he>d ?r\gh\t all _! ext5t4 ,!y =m1
 inde$1 a mo/  appropriate sc5e = t     
wild]ness 9 :i* ! ,son ( ,god is said to
  h dwelt ) ! wild bea/s1 #8:ile !      
angels m9i/]$ unto  him4'0    ,,judges  
is appli$ to c]ta9 em95t p]sons *os5 by 
,god himself to  gov]n ! ,jews f ! "t ( 
,jo%ua till ! e/abli%m5t ( !  k+s4 ,= ! 
nature & duration ( _! (fice1 & ! p[]s )
  :i* !y 7 inve/$1 see ,,jews4 ,! judges
 7 n ord9>y  magi/rates1 b 7 appo9t$ by 
,god on extraord9>y occasions2 z to     
head ! armies1 to deliv] ! p f _!       
enemies1 c4 ,salian  has obs]v$1 t !y n 
only presid$ 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 b 7  also
 at ! head ( ! c\ncils1 ! armies1 & ( e 
?+ t  conc]n$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate2 ?\gh 
!y nev] assum$ !  title ei!r ( pr9ces1  
gov]nors1 or ! l4    ,salian rem>ks sev5
 po9ts :]e9 !y diff]$ f k+s3 #a4 ,!y  7 
n h]$it>y4 #b4 ,!y _h no absolute p[] ( 
life & dea?1  b only accord+ to ! laws1 
& dep5d5tly ^u !m4 #c4 ,!y nev]         
und]took w> at _! own pleasure1 b only  

:5 !y 7 comm&$  by ,god1 or call$ to x  
by ! p4 #d4 ,!y exact$ no tribute4 #e4  
,!y did n succe$ ea* o!r imm$iately1 b  
aft] ! dea? ( "o  !re 0 frequ5tly an    
int]val ( sev]al ye>s be=e a successor 0
  appo9t$4 #f4 ,!y did n use ! ensigns (
 sov]eignty1 ! sceptre  or diadem4 #g4  
,!y _h no au?ority to make any laws1 b 7
 only to  take c>e ( ! obs]vance ( ^? ( 
,moses4 ,godw91 9 8 8,moses &  ,a>on10  
comp>es !m to ! ,roman dictators1 :o 7  
appo9t$ only on  extraord9>y em]g5cies1 
z 9 case ( w> abroad1 or conspiracies at
  home1 & ^: p[]1 :ile !y cont9u$ 9     
(fice1 0 great1 &  ev5 absolute4 ,?us ! 
,hebrew judges seem to h be5 appo9t$    
only  9 cases ( national tr\ble & dang]4
 ,?is 0 ! case p>ticul>ly  ) respect to 
,o?niel1 ,ehud1 & ,gideon4 ,! p[] ( !   
judges1  :ile 9 (fice1 0 v great2 nor   
does x seem to h be5 limit$  to a c]ta9 
"t1 l t ( ! ,roman dictators1 :i*       
cont9u$ =  half a ye>2 nev]!less1 x is  
reasonable to suppose1 t1 :5 !y  _h     
p]=m$ ! bus9ess = :i* !y 7 appo9t$1 !y  

retir$  to a private life4 ,?is ,godw9  
inf]s f ,gideon's refus+ to take  ^u him
 ! p]petual gov]nm5t ( ,israel1 z be+   
inconsi/5t )  ! !ocracy4    ,beside ^!  
sup]ior judges1 e city 9 ! commonweal?  
_h its  eld]s1 :o =m$ a c\rt (          
judicature1 ) a p[] ( det]m9+  less]    
matt]s 9 _! respective di/ricts4 ,!     
rabbies say1 !re  7 ?ree su* eld]s or   
judges 9 ea* less] city1 & tw5ty-?ree  9
 ! great]4 ,b ,josephus1 ^: au?ority has
 great] weight1 speaks  ( sev5 judges 9 
ea*1 )\t any su* di/9ction ( great] &   
less4 ,sigonius supposes t ^! eld]s &   
judges ( cities 7 !  orig9al con/itution
 settl$ 9 ! wild]ness by ,moses1 ^u !   
advice giv5 him by ,je?ro1 ,exod4 xviii1
 #ba1 #bb1 & cont9u$ by div9e  appo9tm5t
 aft] ! settlem5t 9 ! l& ( ,canaan2     
:]eas o!rs  imag9e t ! ,je?ronian       
prefectures 7 a peculi> con/itution1    
suit$ to _! condition :ile encamp$ 9 !  
wild]ness1 b laid  aside aft] !y came   
into ,canaan4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t !re 
0 a c\rt ( judges & (fic]s1 appo9t$ 9 e 

city1 by ! law  ( ,moses1 ,deut4 xvi1   
#ah4 ,h[ f>1 & 9 :at respects1 ^! judges
  diff]$ f ! eld]s ( ! city1 x is n easy
 to asc]ta92 &  :e!r !y 7 ! same or     
diff]5t p]sons4 ,p]haps ! title  eld]s  
may d5ote _! s5iority & dignity2 & t (  
judges1 !  (fice !y su/a9$4 ,! l[] c\rts
 ( ju/ice1 9 _! sev]al  cities1 7 held 9
 _! gates1 ,deut4 xvi1 #ae4 ,ea* tribe  
_h its  respective pr9ce1 ^: (fice      
relat$ *iefly1 if n altoge!r1 to        
milit>y affairs4 ,we read also ( !      
pr9ces ( ! congregation1 :o  presid$ 9  
judici>y matt]s4 ,^! are call$ eld]s1 & 
7 sev5ty  9 numb]1 ,num4 xi1 #af1 #ag1  
#bd1 #be4 ,b x does n appe> :e!r or  n  
?is consi/ory ( sev5ty eld]s 0 a        
p]petual1 or only a  tempor>y1          
in/itution4 ,"s h suppos$ t x 0 ! same t
  aft]w>d became fam\s "u ! appellation 
( sanh$rim2 b o!rs  conceive !          
in/itution ( ! sev5ty eld]s to h be5    
only  tempor>y1 = ! assi/ance ( ,moses 9
 ! gov]nm5t1 be=e !  settlem5t 9 ! l& ( 
,canaan2 & t ! sanh$rim 0 fir/ set  up 9

 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees4 ,see ,,sanh$rim4  
,,judges1 ,,book ,,(1 a canonical book (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 conta9+ !  hi/ory ( ! 
,israeliti% judges1 ( :om we h be5      
speak+ 9 !  prec$+ article4 ,! au?or is 
n kn[n4 ,x is probable ! "w did  n come 
f any s+le h&1 be+ r a collection (     
sev]al  little hi/ories1 :i* at fir/ 7  
sep>ate1 b 7 aft]w>d  collect$ by ,ezra 
or ,samuel into a s+le volume2 &1 9 all 
likelihood1 7 tak5 f ! anci5t j\rnals1  
annals1 or memoirs1  compos$ by ! sev]al
 judges4 ,! antiquity ( ?is book is     
unque/ionable1 z x mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e
 ! "t ( ,david1  s9ce ! description1    
,judges i1 #ba1 0 no long] true (       
,j]usalem  aft] he _h tak5 possession ( 
x1 & _h introduc$ a ?ird class (        
inhabitants ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,ei*orn 
ackn[l$ges t x does n  be> ! m>ks (     
subsequ5t int]polation4 ,dr4 ,patrick is
 ( op9ion  t ! five la/ *apt]s are a    
di/9ct hi/ory1 9 :i* ! au?or  gives an  
acc\nt ( sev]al memorable transactions1 
:i* occurr$ 9 or  ab\t ! "t ( ! judges2 

^: hi/ory he w\ld n int]rupt by         
int]mix+ ^! matt]s ) x1 & !re=e res]v$  
!m to be  relat$ by !mselves 9 ! second 
"p1 or app5dix4    ,,judgm5t1 ,,day ,,(1
 is t important p]iod :i* %all t]m9ate !
  pres5t disp5sation ( grace t[>d !     
fall5 race ( ,adam1 put an end  to "t1 &
 introduce ! et]nal de/9ies ( m5 &      
angels1 ,acts  xvi1 #ca2 #a ,cor4 xv1   
#bd-bf2 #a ,!ss4 iv1 #ad-ag2 ,matt4 xxv1
 #ca-df4 ,x is  9 ref]5ce to ?is solemn 
p]iod t ! ,apo/le ,pet] says1 8,!       
heav5s & ! e>? :i* n[ exi/ are by ! ^w (
 ,god res]v$ 9  /ore unto fire1 aga9/ ! 
day ( judgm5t1 & p]dition ( ungodly     
m510 #b ,pet] iii1 #g4 ,sev]al em95t    
comm5tators und]/& ?is  prophecy z a    
pr$iction ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,9
 support (  _! int]pretation1 !y appeal 
to ! anci5t ,jewi% prophecies1  :]e1 z  
!y cont5d1 ! revolutions 9 ! political  
/ate (  empires & nations are =etold 9 !
 same =ms ( expression )  ^? introduc$ 9
 ,pet]'s pr$iction4 ,! foll[+ are !     
prophecies  to :i* !y appeal3--,isaiah  

xxxiv1 #d1 :]e ! de/ruction ( ,idumea   
is =etold "u ! figures ( dissolv+ ! ho/ 
( heav51 & (  roll+ ! heav5 toge!r z a  
scroll1 & ( ! fall+ d[n ( all  _! ho/ z 
! leaf falle? (f f ! v9e4 ,ezekiel      
xxxii1 #g1  :]e ! de/ruction ( ,egypt is
 describ$ by ! figures ( cov]+  ! heav51
 & mak+ ! />s !re( d>k2 & ( cov]+ ! sun 
) a cl\d1 & ( h9d]+ ! moon f giv+ h]    
light4 ,9 ,joel  ii1 #aj1 ! invasion (  
,judea by =eign armies is ?us =etold3   
8,!  e>? %all quake be=e !m2 ! heav5s   
%all tremble2 ! sun &  ! moon %all be   
d>k1 & ! />s %all )draw _! %9+40 ,&  9  
v]ses #cj1 #ca1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem
 by ! ,romans is ?us  pr$ict$3 8,i w %[ 
wond]s 9 ! heav5s & 9 ! e>?1 blood1  &  
fire1 & pill>s ( smoke4 ,! sun %all be  
turn$ into d>kness1  & ! moon into      
blood1 be=e ! great & t]rible day ( !   
,"l  come40 ,god1 ?reat5+ ! ,jews1 is   
introduc$ say+1 8,9 t day ,i  w cause ! 
sun to g d[n at noon1 & ,i w d>k5 ! e>? 
9  ! cle> day10 ,amos viii1 #i4 ,!      
ov]?r[ ( ,judaism & ,hea!nism is  ?us   

=etold3 8,yet once & ,i w %ake ! heav5s 
& ! e>?1 &  ! sea & ! dry l&10 ,haggai  
ii1 #f4 ,la/ly3 our ,"l1 9 8  prophecy (
 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 has ! foll[+ 
expressions3  8,aft] ! tribulation ( ^? 
days %all ! sun be d>k5$1 & !  moon %all
 n give h] light1 & ! />s %all fall f   
heav51 &  ! p[]s ( heav5 %all be %ak510 
,matt4 xxiv1 #bi4    ,n[ x is rem>kable 
t1 9 ^! prophecies1 none ( ! prophets  h
 spok51 z ,pet] has done1 ( ! entire    
de/ruction ( ?is  mundane sy/em1 nor ( !
 de/ruction ( any "p !re(4 ,!y m5tion   
only ! roll+ ( ! heav5s toge!r z a      
scroll1 ! obscur+ (  ! light ( ! sun & (
 ! moon1 ! %ak+ ( ! heav5s & !  e>?1 & !
 fall+ d[n ( ! />s3 :]eas ,pet] speaks (
 !  utt] de/ruction ( all ! p>ts ( ?is  
mundane sy/em by fire4 ,?is  diff]5ce   
af=ds room = believ+ t ! ev5ts =etold by
 !  prophets are diff]5t 9 _! nature f  
^? =etold by !  ,apo/le2 & t !y are to  
be figuratively und]/ood1 :ile ^?       
pr$ict$ by ! ,apo/le are to be und]/ood 
lit]ally4 ,to ?is  conclusion1 likewise1

 ! phraseology ( ! prophets1 comp>$ )  t
 ( ! ,apo/le1 evid5tly leads3 = !       
prophetic phraseology1  lit]ally        
int]pret$1 exhibits impossibilities2 su*
 z ! roll+ (  ! heav5s toge!r z a       
scroll2 ! turn+ ( ! moon into blood1  & 
! fall+ d[n ( ! />s f heav5 z ! leaf ( a
 tree4 ,n  s ! apo/olic phraseology3 = !
 burn+ ( ! heav5s1 or  atmosph]e1 & its 
pass+ away ) a great noise2 & ! burn+ ( 
! e>? & ! works !reon1 toge!r ) ! burn+ 
& melt+  ( ! elem5ts1 t is1 ! con/itu5t 
p>ts ( :i* ?is  t]raque\s globe is      
compos$2 are all ?+s possible1 & !re=e  
may be lit]ally und]/ood2 :ile ! ?+s    
m5tion$ by ! prophets  c only be tak5   
figuratively4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n all4    
,!re are  ?+s 9 ! ,apo/le's prophecy :i*
 %[ t he int5d$ x to be  tak5 lit]ally4 
,z1 #a4 ,he beg9s ) an acc\nt ( ! p]i%+ 
(  ! old _w1 to demon/rate aga9/ !      
sc(f]s ! possibility (  ! p]i%+ ( !     
pres5t heav5s & e>?4 ,b t example w\ld  
n h suit$ 8 purpose2 unless1 by ! burn+ 
( ! pres5t  heav5s & e>?1 he _h meant ! 

de/ruction ( ! mat]ial fabric4  ,:]e=e1 
! opposition /at$ 9 ?is prophecy betwe5 
! p]i%+  ( ! old _w by wat]1 & ! p]i%+ (
 ! pres5t _w by  fire1 %[s t ! latt] is 
to be z real a de/ruction ( !  mat]ial  
fabric z ! =m] 04 #b4 ,! circum/ance ( !
 pres5t  heav5s & e>? be+ treasur$ up & 
kept1 ev] s9ce ! fir/  deluge1 f all    
aft] deluges1 9 ord] to _! be+ de/roy$  
by  fire at ! day ( judgm5t1 %[s1 we    
?9k1 t ! ,apo/le is  speak+ ( a real1 & 
n ( a metaphorical1 de/ruction ( !      
heav5s & e>?4 #c4 ,?is appe>s1 likewise1
 f ! ,apo/le's  =etell+ t1 aft] ! pres5t
 heav5s & e>? are burn$1 new  heav5s & a
 new e>? are to appe>1 9 :i* ! righte\s 
are =  ev] to dwell4 #d4 ,! "t fix$ by !
 ,apo/le = ! burn+ ( !  heav5s & ! e>?1 
namely1 ! day ( judgm5t & puni%m5t (    
ungodly m51 %[s t ! ,apo/le is speak+1 n
 ( ! de/ruction  ( a s+le city or nation
 dur+ ! subsi/5ce ( ! _w1 b (  ! e>?    
itself1 ) all ! wick$ :o h dwelt !reon4 
,^!  circum/ances p]suade u t ?is       
prophecy1 z well z ! "o  record$1 #b    

,!ss4 i1 #i1 is n to be int]pret$       
metaphorically ( !  de/ruction (        
,j]usalem2 b %\ld be und]/ood lit]ally (
 !  g5]al judgm5t1 & ( ! de/ruction (   
our mundane sy/em4    ,b 8x is appo9t$  
unto m5 once to die1 & aft] dea? !      
judgm5t40 ,^! two ev5ts are insep>ably  
l9k$ toge!r 9 !  div9e decree1 & !y     
reciprocally reflect importance on ea*  
o!r4  ,dea? is1 inde$1 ! t]ror ( our    
nature4 ,m5 may contrive to keep x  f _!
 ?\ghts1 b !y _c ?9k ( x )\t fe>ful     
appreh5sions ( its consequ5ces4 ,x 0    
ju/ly to be dread$ by man 9  8 /ate (   
innoc5ce2 & to ! unr5ew$ man x ev] 01 & 
ev]  w be1 a j object ( abhorr5ce4 ,!   
,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i*  has br\ght 
life & immortality to light1 is ! only  
sov]eign  antidote aga9/ ?is univ]sal   
evil4 ,to ! believ] 9 ,*ri/1 its  r\gh  
aspect is smoo!d1 & its t]rors cease to 
be al>m+4 ,to him  x is ! mess5g] (     
peace2 its /+ is pluck$ out2 its d>k    
valley  is ! road to p]fect bliss & life
 immortal4 ,to him1 8to live is  ,*ri/1 

& to die is ga910 ,phil4 i1 #ba4 ,to    
die6 speak+ prop]ly1 he  _c die4 ,he has
 already di$ 9 ,*ri/1 & ) him3 8 8life  
is  hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god10 ,romans vi1 #h2
 ,col4 iii1 #c4    ,) ?is conque/ ( !   
fe> ( dea? is ne>ly alli$ ano!r  glori\s
 privilege result+ f union ) ! ,r$eem]2 
t1 :5 he  %all appe>1 we may h          
confid5ce1 & 8n be a%am$ be=e him at  8 
com+10 #a ,john ii1 #bh4 ,7 dea? all t  
we h to dread1 dea?  might be brav$4 ,b 
aft] dea? !re is a judgm5t2 a judgm5t   
att5d$ ) circum/ances s trem5d\s z to   
%ake ! he>ts ( !  bolde/ ( ! sons (     
nature4 ,!n 8m5 %all seek dea?1 & %all n
  f9d x2 & %all desire to die1 & dea?   
%all flee f !m10 ,rev4  ix1 #f4 ,!n %all
 come inde$ an awful day2 a day to :i*  
all t h  prec$$ x are int5d$ to be      
subs]vi5t2 :5 ! ,"l %all appe>  9 !     
unit$ spl5d\r ( creat+1 ( gov]n+1 & (   
judicial  maje/y1 to f9i% 8 purposes    
respect+ man & e>?1 & to  pron\nce !    
f9al1 irrev]sible s5t5ce1 8,x is done60 
,rev4 xxi1 #f4  ,no?+ ( t]ror or        

magnific5ce hi!rto beheld1--no glory ( !
  ris+ sun aft] a night ( d>kness & (   
/orm1--no convulsions (  ! e>?1--no wide
 irruption ( wat]s1--no flam+ comet     
dragg+ its  burn+ tra9 ov] half ! heav51
 c convey to u an adequate  conception (
 t day ( t]rible brightness &           
irresi/ible  deva/ation4 ,creation !n   
%all be uncreat$4 8,! heav5s %all pass  
away ) a great noise1 & ! elem5ts %all  
melt ) f]v5t heat2  ! e>? also1 & !     
works t are !re91 %all be burn$ up10 #b 
,pet] iii1 #aj4 ,! ,"l %all be reveal$ f
 heav5 9 flam+ fire1 #b  ,!ss4 i1 #g1   
#h1 array$ 9 all ! glory ( 8 ,godhead1 &
 att5d$ by  8 mighty angels1 ,matt4 xvi1
 #bg2 xxv1 #ca4 ,all t are 9 ! grave    
%all he> 8 voice1 & %all come =?1 ,john 
v1 #bh1 #bi4 ,e>? &  sea %all give up ! 
dead :i* are 9 !m4 ,all t ev] liv$ %all 
appe> be=e him1 ,rev4 xx1 #ab1 #ac4 ,!  
judgm5t %all sit2 & !  books %all be    
op5$1 ,dan4 vii1 #aj4 ,! eye (          
,omnisci5ce detects  e concealm5t by :i*
 !y w\ld scre5 f obs]vation  !mselves1  

or _! iniquity4 ,! la/ reluctant s9n] is
 f9ally  sep>at$ f ! congregation ( !   
righte\s1 ,psalm i1 #e2 &  inflexible   
ju/ice1 s (t5 disreg>d$1 d]id$1 & defi$1
 gives  =? _! et]nal doom6 ,b to ! sa9ts
 ?is %all be a day ( glory  & hon\r4 ,!y
 %all be publicly ackn[l$g$ by ,god z 8 
p2  publicly ju/ifi$ f ! sl&]s ( ! _w2  
inve/$ )  immortal bodies2 pres5t$ by   
,*ri/ to ! ,fa!r2 & admitt$ into  !     
highe/ felicity 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce (  
,god = ev]4 ,^!  are ! elevat+1 !       
transport+ views1 :i* made ! ,apo/le    
,paul  speak ) s mu* desire & e>ne/     
expectation ( ! 8day (  ,*ri/40         
,,ju/ice is 9 ,scripture tak5 = t       
ess5tial p]fection 9 ,god1  :]eby he is 
inf9itely righte\s & j1 bo? 9 himself & 
9 all  8 proce$+s ) 8 creatures1 ,psalm 
lxxxix1 #ad4 #b4 ,t political  virtue   
:i* r5d]s to e man 8 due2 & is fir/1    
di/ributive1  :i* conc]ns pr9ces1       
magi/rates1 c1 ,job xxix1 #ad2 secondly1
  communicative1 :i* conc]ns all p]sons 
9 _! deal+s "o )  ano!r1 ,g54 xviii1    

#ai4    ,,ju/ice1 ,,adm9i/ration ,,(4   
,accord+ to ! ,mosaic law1 !re 7 to  be 
judges 9 all ! cities1 ^: duty x 0      
likewise to ex]cise  judicial au?ority 9
 ! neighb\r+ villages2 b weighty causes 
&  appeals w5t up to ! supreme judge or 
rul] ( ! commonweal?1 &1  9 case ( a    
failure "h1 to ! high prie/1 ,deut4     
xvii1 #h1 #i4 ,9 !  "t ( ! mon>*y1      
weighty causes & appeals w5t up1 (      
c\rse1 to  ! k+1 :o1 9 v difficult      
cases1 seems to h consult$ ! high       
prie/1 z is cu/om>y at ! pres5t day     
among ! ,p]sians &  ,ottomans4 ,!       
judicial e/abli%m5t 0 reorganiz$ aft] ! 
captivity1 & two classes ( judges1 !    
inf]ior & sup]ior1 7  appo9t$1 ,ezra    
vii1 #be4 ,! m difficult cases1         
nev]!less1 &  appeals1 7 ei!r br\ght    
be=e ! rul] ( ! /ate1 call$ 1  or be=e !
 high prie/2 until1 9 ! age ( !         
,maccabees1 a  supreme1 judicial        
tribunal 0 in/itut$1 :i* is fir/ m5tion$
  "u ,hyrcanus ,,ii4 ,?is tribunal is n 
to be conf\nd$ ) !  sev5ty-two          

c\nsellors1 :o 7 appo9t$ to assi/ ,moses
 9 ! civil  adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t1 b
 :o nev] fill$ ! (fice (  judges4 ,see  
,,sanh$rim4    ,josephus /ates1 t 9 e   
city !re 0 a tribunal ( sev5  judges1 ) 
two ,levites z app>itors1 & t x 0 a     
,mosaic  in/itution4 ,t !re exi/$ su* an
 in/itution 9 8 "t1 !re  is no reason to
 d\bt1 b he probably err$ 9 ref]r+ its  
orig9 to  s e>ly a p]iod z ! days (     
,moses4 7,see ,judges47 ,?is tribunal1  
:i* decid$ causes ( less mom5t1 is      
d5om9at$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t  1 or !      
judgm5t1 ,matt4 v1 #bb4 ,! ,talmudi/s   
m5tion a  tribunal ( tw5ty-?ree judges1 
& ano!r ( ?ree judges2 b  ,josephus is  
sil5t 9 respect to !m4 ,! c\rts (       
tw5ty-?ree judges  7 ! same ) !         
synagogue tribunals1 m5tion$ 9 ,john    
xvi1 #b2  :i* m]ely tri$ que/ions ( a   
religi\s nature1 & s5t5c$ to no  o!r    
puni%m5t ?an 8=ty /ripes save "o10 #b   
,cor4 xi1 #bd4 ,! c\rt  ( ?ree judges 0 
m]ely a session ( ref]ees1 :i* 0 all[$  
to  ! ,jews by ! ,roman laws2 = !       

,talmudi/s !mselves1 9 describ+  ?is    
c\rt1 g on to obs]ve1 t "o judge 0 *os5 
by ! accus]1  ano!r by ! accus$1 & a    
?ird by ! two p>ties conjunctly2 :i*    
%[s at once ! nature ( ! tribunal4    ,!
 "t at :i* c\rts 7 held1 & causes 7     
br\ght be=e !m  = trial1 0 9 ! morn+1   
,j]4 xxi1 #ab2 ,psalm ci1 #h4 ,accord+  
to  ! ,talmudi/s1 x 0 n lawful to try   
causes ( a capital nature 9  ! night2 & 
x 0 equally unlawful to exam9e a cause1 
pass  s5t5ce1 & put x 9 execution on !  
same day4 ,! la/ p>ticul>  0 v /r5u\sly 
insi/$ on4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t all ( 
^! practices1 :i* 7 obs]v$ 9 o!r trials1
 7 neglect$ 9  ! tumultu\s trial (      
,jesus1 ,matt4 xxvi1 #eg2 ,john xviii1  
#ac-ah4 ,!  places = judicial trials 7 9
 v anci5t times ! gates (  cities1 :i* 7
 well adapt$ to ?is purpose4 7,see      
,gates47  ,orig9ally1 trials 7 e :]e v  
summ>y1 except+ 9 ,egypt2  :]e ! accus] 
committ$ ! *>ge to writ+1 ! accus$      
repli$  9 writ+1 ! accus] repeat$ !     
*>ge1 & ! accus$ answ]$  aga91 c1 ,job  

xiv1 #ag4 ,x 0 cu/om>y 9 ,egypt = !     
judge to h  ! code ( laws plac$ be=e    
him1 a practice :i* /ill prevails 9  !  
ea/4 ,moses int]dict$1 9 ! mo/ express &
 decid$ mann]1  gifts or bribes1 :i* 7  
int5d$ to corrupt ! judges1 ,exod4 xxii1
  #bj1 #ba2 xxiii1 #a-i2 ,lev4 xix1 #ae2
 ,deut4 xxiv1 #ad1 #ae4 ,moses also1 by 
legal precautions1 prev5t$ capital      
puni%m5ts1 & corporal  puni%m5ts :i* 7 n
 capital1 f be+ ext5d$1 z 0 done 9  o!r 
nations1 bo? to p>5ts & _! *ildr51 & ?us
 involv+  ! innoc5t & ! guilty 9 t mis]y
 :i* 0 ju/ly due only to  ! latt]1      
,exod4 xxiii1 #g2 ,deut4 xxiv1 #af2     
,dan4 vi1 #bd4    ,! c]emonies :i* 7    
obs]v$ 9 conduct+ a judicial trial1 7  z
 foll[s3 #a4 ,! accus] & ! accus$ bo?   
made _! appe>ance  be=e ! judge or      
judges1 ,deut4 xxv1 #a1 :o sat ) legs   
cross$ ^u  ! floor1 :i* 0 furni%$ = _!  
accommodation ) c>pet &  cu%ions4 ,a    
secret>y 0 pres5t1 at lea/ 9 m mod]n    
times1 :o  wrote d[n ! s5t5ce1 &1 inde$1
 e ?+ 9 relation to !  trial2 = in/ance1

 ! articles ( agreem5t t might be ent]$ 
into previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( !        
judicial proce$+s1 ,isaiah x1  #a1 #b2  
,j]4 xxxii1 #a-ad4 ,! ,jews ass]t t !re 
7 two secret>ies1  ! "o be+ seat$ to !  
"r ( ! judge1 :o wrote ! s5t5ce  ( n    
guilty1 ! o!r to ! left1 :o wrote !     
s5t5ce (  condemnation1 ,matt4 xxv1     
#cc-df4 ,t an app>itor or beadle 0      
pres5t1  is app>5t f o!r s\rces4 #b4 ,! 
accus] 0 d5om9at$ 9 ,hebrew  1 or !     
adv]s>y1 ,ze*4 iii1 #a-c2 ,psalm cix1   
#f4 ,! judge or  judges 7 seat$1 b bo? (
 ! p>ties implicat$ /ood up1 !  accus]  
/&+ to ! "r h& ( ! accus$3 ! latt]1 at  
lea/  aft] ! captivity1 :5 ! cause 0 "o 
( great consequ5ce1  appe>$ ) hair      
di%evell$1 & 9 a g>m5t ( m\rn+4 #c4 ,!  
witnesses 7 sworn1 &1 9 capital cases1 !
 p>ties conc]n$1 #a  ,sam4 xiv1 #cg-dj2 
,matt4 xxvi1 #fc4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% !  
*>ges  alleg$1 two witnesses 7 necess>y1
 &1 includ+ ! accus]1  ?ree4 ,!         
witnesses 7 exam9$ sep>ately1 b ! p]son 
accus$  _h ! lib]ty to be pres5t :5 _!  

te/imony 0 giv5 91 ,num4  xxxv1 #cj2    
,deut4 xvii1 #a-ae2 ,matt4 xxvi1 #ei4   
,pro(s might be br\ght f  o!r s\rces2 = 
in/ance1 f writt5 contracts1 or f pap]s 
9  evid5ce ( any ?+ pur*as$ or sold1 (  
:i* !re 7 commonly  tak5 two copies1 !  
"o to be seal$1 ! o!r to be left op51 z 
0 cu/om>y 9 ! "t ( ,j]om1 ,j]4 xxxii1   
#aj-ac4 #d4 ,! p>ties  sometimes1 z may 
be inf]r$ f ,prov4 xviii1 #ah1 made use 
( ! lot  9 det]m9+ ! po9ts ( difficulty 
betwe5 !m1 b n )\t a  mutual agreem5t4  
,! sacr$ lot ( ,urim & ,?ummim 0        
anci5tly  resort$ to1 9 ord] to detect !
 guilty1 ,jo%ua vii1 #ad-bd2 #a ,sam4   
xiv2 b ! det]m9ation ( a case ( "r or   
wrong 9 ?is way 0  n comm&$ by ,moses4  
#e4 ,! s5t5ce1 v soon aft] ! completion 
( ! exam9ation1 0 pron\nc$2 & ! crim9al1
 )\t any delay1  ev5 if ! (f5ce 7 a     
capital "o1 0 ha/5$ away to ! place  (  
puni%m5t1 ,jo%ua vii1 #bb1 c2 #a ,sam4  
xxii1 #ah2 #a ,k+s ii1 #bc4    ,a few   
additional rem>ks w ca/ "s light ^u "s  
passages (  ,scripture3 ! /ation ( !    

accus$ 0 9 an em95t place 9 !  c\rt1 t !
 p might see !m1 & he> :at 0 alleg$     
aga9/  !m1 & ! pro(s ( x1 toge!r ) !    
def5ce made by !  crim9als4 ,?is expla9s
 ! reason ( ! rem>k by ! ,evangeli/     
,mat!w1 conc]n+ ! po/ure ( our ,"l at 8 
trial3 8,jesus /ood  be=e ! gov]nor20 & 
t1 9 a mock trial1 _m ages be=e !  bir? 
( ,*ri/1 9 :i* "s att5tion 0 also paid  
to public =ms1  ,nabo? 0 set on high    
among ! p1 #a ,k+s xxi1 #i4 ,! accus]s  
& ! witnesses also /ood1 unless !y 7    
all[$ to sit by !  indulg5ce ( ! judges1
 :5 !y /at$ ! accusation1 or gave _!    
te/imony4 ,to ?is cu/om ( ! accus]s ris+
 f _! seats1 :5  call$ by ! c\rt to read
 ! indictm5t1 our ,"l alludes 9 8  answ]
 to ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 :o express$ a
 wi% to see him  p]=m "s miracle3 8,!   
que5 ( ! s\? %all rise up 9 !  judgm5t )
 ?is g5]ation1 & %all condemn x10 ,matt4
 xii1 #db4  ,accord+ to ?is rule1 :i*   
seems to h be5 inv>iably obs]v$1  !     
,jews :o accus$ ! ,apo/le ,paul at ! b> 
( ,fe/us ! ,roman  gov]nor1 8/ood r\nd  

ab\t10 :ile !y /at$ ! crimes :i* !y  _h 
to lay to 8 *>ge1 ,acts xxv1 #g4 ,!y 7  
compell$ to /& z  well z ! prison]1 by !
 e/abli%$ usage ( ! c\rts ( ju/ice  9 ! 
ea/4 ,! ,romans (t5 put crim9als to !   
"q1 or  endeav\r$ to extort a confession
 f !m by torture4 ,agreeably to  ?is    
cruel & unju/ cu/om1 8! *ief capta9     
comm&$ ,paul to be  br\ght into ! ca/le1
 & bade t he %\ld be exam9$ by  sc\rg+10
 ,acts xxii1 #bd4 ,x 0 usual1 especially
 among ! ,romans1  :5 a man 0 *>g$ ) a  
capital crime1 & dur+ 8 arraignm5t1  to 
let d[n 8 hair1 suff] 8 be>d to gr[     
long1 to we> fil?y1  ragg$ g>m5ts1 &    
appe> 9 a v dirty & sordid habit2 on    
acc\nt  ( :i* !y 7 call$ sordidati4 ,:5 
! p]son accus$ 0  br\ght into c\rt to be
 tri$1 ev5 8 ne> relations1 fri5ds1 &   
acqua9tances1 be=e ! c\rt vot$1 appe>$ )
 di%evell$ hair1  & clo!d ) g>m5ts f\l &
 out ( fa%ion1 weep+1 cry+1 &  deprecat+
 puni%m5t4 ,! accus$ sometimes appe>$   
be=e ! judges  clo!d 9 black1 & 8 head  
cov]$ ) du/4 ,9 allusion to ?is  anci5t 

cu/om1 ! ,prophet ,ze*>iah repres5ts    
,jo%ua1 ! high  prie/1 :5 he appe>$ be=e
 ! ,"l1 & ,satan /ood at 8 "r  h& to    
accuse him1 z clo!d ) fil?y g>m5ts1     
,ze*4 iii1 #c4 ,aft]  ! cause 0 c>efully
 exam9$1 & all p>ties imp>tially he>d1 !
  public cri]1 by comm& ( ! presid+     
magi/rate1 ord]$ ! judges  to br+ 9 _!  
v]dict4 ,! mo/ anci5t way ( giv+ s5t5ce1
 0  by :ite & black sea %ells1 or       
pebbles4 ,?is cu/om has be5  m5tion$ by 
,ovid 9 ^! l9es3--                 ,mos 
erat antiquis1 niveis atrisque lapillis1
               ,8 damn>e reos1 illis    
absolv]e culpa4    8,x 0 a cu/om among !
 anci5ts1 to give _! votes by :ite or   
black /ones2 ) ^! !y condemn$ ! guilty1 
) ^? acquitt$  ! innoc5t40 ,9 allusion  
to ?is anci5t cu/om1 our ,"l promises to
  give ! spiritual conqu]or 8a :ite     
/one10 ,rev4 ii1 #ag2 ! :ite  /one (    
absolution or approbation4 ,:5 s5t5ce ( 
condemnation 0  pron\nc$1 if ! case 0   
capital1 ! witnesses put _! h&s on  !   
head ( ! crim9al1 & said1 8,?y blood be 

^u ?9e own head40  ,to ?is cu/om ! ,jews
 allud$1 :5 !y cri$ out at ! trial (    
,*ri/1 8,8 blood be on u & on our       
*ildr540 ,!n 0 !  malefactor l$ to      
execution1 & none 7 all[$ op5ly to lam5t
 8  mis=tune4 ,8 h&s 7 secur$ ) cords1 &
 8 feet )  fett]s2 a cu/om :i* furni%$  
,david ) an affect+ allusion1 9  8      
lam5tation ov] ! du/ ( ,abn]3 8,?y h&s 7
 n b\nd1 nor  ?y feet put 9 fett]s10 #b 
,sam4 iii1 #cd2 t is1 he 0 put          
trea*]\sly to dea?1 )\t =m ( ju/ice4    
#b4 ,executions 9 ! ea/ are (t5 v prompt
 & arbitr>y1 :5  result+ f royal        
au?ority4 ,9 _m cases ! suspicion is no 
soon]  ent]ta9$1 or ! cause ( (f5ce     
giv51 ?an ! fatal ord] is  issu$2 !     
mess5g] ( dea? hurries to ! unsuspect+  
victim1 %[s  8 w>rant1 & executes 8     
ord]s t in/ant 9 sil5ce &  solitude4    
,in/ances ( ?is k9d are cont9ually      
occurr+ 9 !  ,turki% & ,p]sian hi/ories4
 ,:5 ! enemies ( a great man among !    
,turks h ga9$ influ5ce en\gh ov] ! pr9ce
 to procure a w>rant  = 8 dea?1 a       

capidgi1 ! "n ( ! (fic] :o executes ^!  
ord]s1 is s5t to him1 :o %[s him ! ord] 
he has receiv$ to c>ry  back 8 head2 !  
o!r takes ! w>rant ( ! gr& signior1     
kisses  x1 puts x on 8 head 9 tok5 (    
respect1 & !n1 hav+ p]=m$  8 ablutions &
 said 8 pray]s1 freely resigns 8 life4  
,!  capidgi1 hav+ /rangl$ him1 cuts (f 8
 head1 & br+s x to  ,con/ant9ople4 ,!   
gr& signior's ord] is implicitly obey$2 
!  s]vants ( ! victim nev] attempt to   
h9d] ! execution]1 al?\gh  ^! capidgis  
come v (t5 ) few or no att5dants4 ,x    
appe>s  f ! writ+s ( ,*>d91 t ! nobility
 & gr&ees ( ,p]sia  are put to dea? 9 a 
mann] equally sil5t1 ha/y1 & unob/ruct$4
  ,su* executions 7 n uncommon among !  
,jews "u ! gov]nm5t (  _! k+s4 ,solomon 
s5t ,b5aiah z 8 capidgi1 or execution]1 
to  put ,adonijah1 a pr9ce ( 8 own      
family1 to dea?2 & ,joab1 !             
comm&]-9-*ief ( ! =ces 9 ! reign ( 8    
fa!r4 ,a capidgi  likewise behead$ ,john
 ! ,bapti/ 9 prison1 & c>ri$ 8 head to  
! c\rt ( ,h]od4 ,to su* sil5t & ha/y    

execution]s ! royal  prea*] seems to    
ref] 9 t prov]b1 8,! wra? ( a k+ is z   
mess5g]s ( dea?2 b a wise man w pacify  
x10 ,prov4 xvi1 #ad3 8  displeasure     
exposes ! unhappy (f5d] to imm$iate     
dea?1 & may  fill ! unsuspect+ bosom )  
t]ror & dismay1 l ! appe>ance  ( a      
capidgi2 b by wise & prud5t conduct a   
man may sometimes  escape ! dang]4 ,f ! 
dreadful promptitude ) :i* ,b5aiah      
execut$ ! comm&s ( ,solomon on ,adonijah
 & ,joab1 x may be  conclud$ t !        
execution] ( ! c\rt 0 z little          
c]emoni\s1  & ! anci5t ,jews1 "u _! k+s1
 ne>ly z passive1 z ! ,turks  or        
,p]sians4 ,! ,prophet ,eli%a is ! only  
p]son on ! inspir$  record :o v5tur$ to 
resi/ ! bloody m&ate ( ! sov]eign2 !    
incid5t is record$ 9 ^! t]ms3 8,b ,eli%a
 sat 9 8 h\se1 &  ! eld]s sat ) him2 & !
 k+ s5t a man f be=e him2 b  ere !      
mess5g] came to him1 he said to ! eld]s1
 ,see h[ ?is son  ( a murd]] ha? s5t to 
take away m9e head8 ,look ye1 :5 !      
mess5g] come?1 %ut ! door & hold him fa/

 at ! door2 is n  ! s\nd ( 8 ma/]'s feet
 beh9d him80 #b ,k+s vi1 #cb4 ,b if su* 
m&ates _h n be5 too common among !      
,jews1 & 9 g5]al  submitt$ to )\t       
resi/ance1 ,jehoram _h sc>cely v5tur$ to
  despat* a s+le mess5g] to take away ! 
life ( s em95t a p]son  z ,eli%a4       
,crim9als 7 at o!r times execut$ 9      
public2 & !n commonly  )\t ! city4 ,to  
su* executions )\t ! gate1 ! ,psalmi/   
und\bt$ly ref]s 9 ?is compla9t3 8,! dead
 bodies ( ?y sa9ts  h !y giv5 to be meat
 unto ! f[ls ( ! heav52 ! fle% (  ?y    
sa9ts unto ! bea/s ( ! e>?2 _! blood h  
!y %$ l  wat] r\nd ab\t ,j]usalem1 & !re
 0 none to bury !m10 ,psalm  lxxix1 #b1 
#c4 ,! la/ clause admits ( two s5ses3   
#a4 ,!re 0 no  fri5d or relation left to
 bury !m4 #b4 ,none 7 all[$ to p]=m  ?is
 la/ (fice4 ,! despotism ( ea/]n pr9ces 
(t5 proce$s to a  degree ( extravagance 
:i* is apt to fill ! m9d ) a/oni%m5t  & 
horror4 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 f "t          
immemorial1 highly crim9al  to bury ^?  
:o _h lo/ _! lives by ! h& ( an         

execution]1  )\t p]mission4 ,9 ,morocco1
 no p]son d>es to bury ! body ( a       
malefactor )\t an ord] f ! emp]or2 &    
,w9dus1 :o visit$  t c\ntry1 speak+ ( a 
man :o 0 sawn 9 two1 in=ms u1 t  8 body 
mu/ h rema9$ to be eat5 by ! dogs if !  
emp]or _h  n p>don$ him2 an extravagant 
cu/om to p>don a man aft] he is  dead2 b
 unless he does s1 no p]son d>es bury ! 
body4 ,to su* a  degree ( savage b>b>ity
 x is probable ! enemies ( ,god's p     
c>ri$ _! opposition1 t no p]son d>$ to  
bury ! dead bodies  ( _! innoc5t        
victims4    ,9 anci5t times1 p]sons ( ! 
highe/ rank & /ation 7 employ$  to      
execute ! s5t5ce ( ! law4 ,!y _h n !n1 z
 we h at  pres5t1 public execution]s2 b 
! pr9ce laid 8 comm&s on any (  8       
c\rti]s :om he *ose1 & probably select$ 
! p]son = :om  he _h ! greate/ fav\r4   
,gideon comm&$ ,je!r1 8 elde/ son1 to   
execute 8 s5t5ce on ! k+s ( ,midian2 !  
k+ ( ,israel ord]$  ! footm5 :o /ood    
ar\nd him1 & :o 7 probably a *os5 body (
  soldi]s = ! def5ce ( 8 p]son1 to put  

to dea? ! prie/s (  ! ,"l2 & :5 !y      
refus$1 ,doeg1 an ,edomite1 "o ( 8      
pr9cipal  (fic]s4 ,long aft] ! days (   
,saul1 ! reign+ mon>* comm&$  ,b5aiah1 !
 *ief capta9 ( 8 armies1 to p]=m t duty4
  ,sometimes ! *ief magi/rate execut$ ! 
s5t5ce ( ! law ) 8  own h&s2 = :5 ,je!r 
%runk f ! duty :i* 8 fa!r  requir$1     
,gideon1 at t "t ! supreme magi/rate 9  
,israel1 did n  hesitate to d x himself4
 ,9 ^! times su* a comm& w\ld be        
reckon$ equally b>b>\s & unbecom+2 b !  
ideas :i* 7  ent]ta9$ 9 ^? primitive    
ages ( hon\r & propriety1 7 9  _m       
respects extremely diff]5t f ours4 ,9   
,hom]1 ! exasp]at$  ,ulysses comm&$ 8   
son ,telema*us to put to dea? ! suitors 
(  ,p5elope1 :i* 0 imm$iately done4 ,!  
cu/om ( employ+ p]sons (  high rank to  
execute ! s5t5ce ( ! law1 is /ill reta9$
 9 !  pr9cipality ( ,s5a>1 :]e ! public 
execution] is "o ( !  pr9cipal nobility2
 &1 by virtue ( 8 (fice1 resides 9 !    
royal  palace4    ,,ju/ification1 9     
common language1 signifies a v9dication 

f any  *>ge :i* affects ! moral "*2 b 9 
!ology x is us$ =  ! acceptance ( "o1 by
 ,god1 :o is1 & confesses himself to be1
  guilty4 ,to ju/ify a s9n]1 says ,mr4  
,bunt+1 9 an able s]mon on ?is          
important subject1 is to acc\nt &       
consid] him relatively righte\s2  & to  
deal ) him z su*1 not)/&+ 8 pa/ actual  
unrighte\sness1 by cle>+1 absolv+1      
dis*>g+1 & releas+ him  f v>i\s p5al    
evils1 & especially f ! wra? ( ,god1 & !
  liability to et]nal dea?1 :i*1 by t   
pa/ unrighte\sness1 he _h  des]v$2 & by 
accept+ him z if j1 & admitt+ him to !  
/ate1 ! privileges1 & ! rew>ds (        
righte\sness4 ,h5ce x  appe>s t         
ju/ification1 & ! remission or =giv5ess 
( s91 are  sub/antially ! same ?+4 ,^!  
expressions relate to "o & !  same act (
 ,god1 to "o & ! same privilege ( 8     
believ+ p4  ,accord+ly1 ,/4 ,paul cle>ly
 uses ju/ification & =giv5ess z         
synonym\s t]ms1 :5 he says1 8,be x kn[n 
unto y1 !re=e1 m5  & bre?r51 t ?r\gh ?is
 man is prea*$ unto y ! =giv5ess  ( s9s3

 & by him all t believe are ju/ifi$ f   
all ?+s1 f  :i* ye c\ld n be ju/ifi$ by 
! law ( ,moses10 ,acts xiii1 #ch1 #ci4  
,also 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,to him t    
worke? n1 b believe?  on him t ju/ifie? 
! ungodly1 8 fai? is c\nt$ =            
righte\sness4 ,ev5 z ,david also        
describe? ! bless$ness ( ! man1  unto   
:om ,god impute? righte\sness )\t works1
 say+1 ,bless$ are  !y ^: iniquities are
 =giv51 & ^: s9s are cov]$4 ,bless$  is 
! man to :om ! ,"l w n impute s910 ,rom4
 iv1 #e-h4 ,"h1  ! ju/ification ( !     
ungodly1 ! c\nt+ or imputation (        
righte\sness1 ! =giv5ess ( iniquity1 & !
 cov]+ &  non-imputation ( s91 are      
phrases :i* h all1 p]haps1 _!  v>i\s    
%ades ( mean+1 b :i* express ! v same   
bless+  "u diff]5t views4 ,b 7#a47 !    
ju/ification ( a s9n] does n  9 ! lea/  
degree alt] or dim9i% ! evil nature &   
des]t ( s94  ,= we "k 8x is ,god10 !    
holy ,god1 8t ju/ifie?40 ,& he c  nev]  
reg>d s91 on any consid]ation1 or "u any
 circum/ances1 )  less ?an p]fect &     

inf9ite hatr$4 ,s91 !re=e1 is n *ang$ 9 
its nature1 s z to be made less         
8exce$+ly s9ful10 or less wor?y  ( wra?1
 by ! p>don ( ! s9n]4 ,! p5alty is      
remitt$1 & !  obligation to suff] t     
p5alty is dissolv$2 b x is /ill         
naturally due1 ?\gh graci\sly remitt$4  
,h5ce appe> ! propriety  & duty (       
cont9u+ to confess & lam5t ev5 p>don$ s9
 ) a  l[ly & contrite he>t4 ,?\gh       
releas$ f its p5al consequ5ces by  an   
act ( div9e clem5cy1 we %\ld /ill       
rememb] t ! du/ (  self-abasem5t is our 
prop] place be=e ,god1 & %\ld temp] our 
exultation 9 8 m]cy by an humbl+        
recollection ( our natural  liability to
 8 wra?4 8,i w e/abli% my cov5ant ) !e1 
&  ?\ %alt "k t ,i am ! ,"l3 t ?\ maye/ 
rememb]1 & be  conf\nd$1 & nev] op5 ?y  
m\? any m because ( ?y %ame1 :5  ,i am  
pacifi$ t[>d !e = all t ?\ ha/ done1    
sai? ! ,"l  ,god10 ,ezek4 xvi1 #fb1 #fc4
 7#b47 ,! acc\nt :i* has be5 giv5 (     
ju/ification1 if correct1 suffici5tly   
po9ts out ! error ( _m (  ! ,roman      

,ca?olic div9es1 & ( "s my/ic !ologians1
 :o seem to  suppose t to be ju/ifi$ is 
to be1 n reckon$ righte\s1 b  actually  
made righte\s1 by ! infusion ( a        
sanctify+ influ5ce1  produc+ a positive 
& inh]5t con=mity to ! moral image (    
,god4  ,?is notion conf\nds ! two di/9ct
 ?\gh k9dr$ bless+s (  ju/ification &   
reg5]ation4 ,! =m]1 9 its ,scriptural   
s5se1 is  an act ( ,god1 n 9 or ^u man1 
b = him1 & 9 8 fav\r2 an  act :i*1      
ab/ract$ly consid]$1 to use ! words (   
,dr4 ,b>r[1  8respects man only z its   
object1 & translates him into ano!r     
relative /ate4 ,! inh]5t pr9ciple (     
righte\sness is a consequ5t  ( ?is act (
 ,god2 connect$ ) x1 b n =mally ( x40   
7#c47 ,!  ju/ification ext5ds to all pa/
 s9s2 t is1 to all guilt contract$      
previ\sly to t "t at :i* ! act (        
ju/ification takes place4  ,9 respect ( 
?is1 x is1 :ile x rema9s 9 =ce1 a mo/   
full1  p]fect1 & entire absolution f    
wra?4 8,all mann] ( s90 is !n  =giv54 ,!
 p>don :i* is grant$ is a               

8ju/ification10 n m]ely  f "s ?+s1 f _m 
?+s1 f mo/ ?+s1 b 8f all  ?+s10 ,acts   
xiii1 #ci4 ,god does n ju/ify u1 or     
p>don our  innum]able (f5ces1 by        
degrees1 b at once4 ,z by ! law ( works 
he  is curs$1 :o 8cont9ue? n 9 all ?+s0 
:i* t law enjo9$1  s he :o is truly     
absolv$ by ! ,gospel is cle>$ f all & e 
?+ :i* be=e /ood aga9/ him2 & 8!re is no
 condemnation to  !m t are 9 ,*ri/      
,jesus40 ,well may t ,gospel :i* reveals
 &  (f]s su* a b5efit be t]m$ a 8great  
salvation60 7#d47 ,ano!r  rem>k1 :i* x  
may n be unnecess>y to make1 is1 t      
ju/ification1  h[ev] effectual to our   
release f pa/ guilt1 does n t]m9ate our 
/ate ( probation4 ,x is n irrev]sible1  
any m ?an et]nal4 ,z he  :o is n[       
ju/ifi$ 0 once condemn$1 s he may 9     
future come aga9  into condemnation1 by 
relaps+ into s9 & unbelief1 al?\gh at   
pres5t 8accept$ 9 ! ,belov$40 ,?us      
,adam1 be=e transgression1 0  9 a /ate (
 fav\r2 b z he _h n !n fulfill$1 to !   
end (  8 probation1 ! righte\sness ( t  

law "u :i* he 0 plac$1  8 ultimate &    
f9al acceptance 0 n absolutely c]ta94 ,8
  privilege1 z "o accept$ ( ,god1 might 
be =feit$1 & 0 actually  =feit$1 by 8   
subsequ5t s94 ,n[ our own ju/ification  
or p>don  only places u1 z to ?is po9t1 
9 simil> circum/ances4 ,?\gh ev]  s     
cle>ly & fully =giv51 we are yet on our 
trial = et]nity1 &  %\ld 8look to       
ourselves1 t we lose n ! ?+s :i* we h   
ga9$40 ,t ju/ification may = our s9 be  
rev]s$1 appe>s f  our ,"l's p>able ( !  
two debtors1 9 :i* "o :o _h obta9$ !    
bless+ ( =giv5ess is repres5t$ z incurr+
 ! =feiture ( x  by ! indulg5ce ( an    
un=giv+ _s t[>d 8 fell[ s]vant1  ,matt4 
xviii1 #bc-ce4 ,let u !re=e 8wat* &     
pray1 t we ent] n  into temptation40    
#b4 ,! imm$iate results ( ju/ification  
are 7#a47 ,! re/oration (  amity &      
int]c\rse betwe5 ! p>don$ s9n] & !      
p>don+ ,god4  ,=1 8be+ ju/ifi$ by fai?1 
we h peace ) ,god10 &1  consequ5tly1    
un=bidd5 access to him4 ,! matt] & gr\nd
 ( ,god's  controv]sy ) u be+ !n remov$ 

by 8 act ( graci\s  absolution1 we      
become ! objects ( 8 fri5d%ip4 8,abraham
 believ$  ,god1 & x 0 imput$ to him =   
righte\sness2 & he 00  imm$iately 8call$
 ! fri5d ( ,god10 ,jas4 ii1 #bc2 & s are
 all  ^? :o are simil>ly ju/ifi$4 ,?is  
reconciliation1 h[ev]1 does  n ext5d to 
_! in/ant & absolute deliv]ance f all ^?
  evils :i* transgression has entail$ on
 man4 ,!y are /ill liable1  = a season1 
to affliction & pa91 to temporal suff]+ 
&  mortality4 ,^! are portions ( !      
orig9al curse f :i* _!  ju/ification    
does n z yet release !m4 ,b x entitles  
!m to su*  supports "u all rema9+       
tr\ble1 & to su* promises ( a  sanctify+
 influ5ce ) x1 z w1 if embrac$1 8turn ! 
curse  into a bless+40 ,:om ! ,"l love?1
 he may /ill *a/51 & 9  v fai?fulness   
afflict !m4 ,b ^! are acts ( salut>y    
discipl9e1 r ?an ( v9dictive            
displeasure4 ,8 fri5d%ip1 n  8 righte\s 
ho/ility1 is ! pr9ciple f :i* !y all    
proce$2  & ! salvation1 n ! de/ruction1 
( ! suff]] is ! end to  :i* !y are all  

direct$4 7#b47 ,ano!r imm$iate result ( 
ju/ification is ! adoption ( ! p]sons   
ju/ifi$ into ! family  ( ,god1 & _!     
consequ5t "r to et]nal life ( body &    
s\l4 ,god  condesc5ds to become n only  
_! ,fri5d1 b _! ,fa!r2 !y are  ! objects
 n m]ely ( 8 amicable reg>d1 b ( 8      
pat]nal  t5d]ness4 ,&1 admitt$ to !     
relation ( *ildr51 !y become  entitl$ to
 ! *ildr5's inh]itance2 =1 8if *ildr51  
!n heirs2  heirs ( ,god1 & jo9t heirs ) 
,*ri/2 if s be t we suff] )  him1 t we  
may be also glorifi$ toge!r10 ,rom4     
viii1 #ag4 7#c47 ,)  ^! results (       
ju/ification is insep>ably connect$     
ano!r1 ( !  utmo/ value & importance2   
namely1 ! habitual indwell+ ( !  ,holy  
,_s4 8,*ri/ ha? r$eem$ u f ! curse ( !  
law1 be+  made a curse = u2 t ! bless+ (
 ,abraham might come on !  ,g5tiles     
?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/2 t we might receive !
 promise ( !  ,_s ?r\gh fai?10 ,gal4    
iii1 #ac1 #ad4 8,because ye are sons1   
,god ha?  s5t =? ! ,_s ( 8 ,son into y\r
 he>ts10 ,gal4 iv1 #f4 ,) !  remission (

 s9s1 ,/4 ,pet] also connects1 z an     
imm$iate result1 z a  di/9ct b yet a    
simultane\s bless+1 8! gift ( ! ,holy   
,gho/10  ,acts ii1 #ch4 ,& 9 ! fif? v]se
 ( ?is *apt]1 ! ,holy ,gho/ is  said to 
be giv5 to ^? :o are ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,(
 ?is indwell+  ! imm$iate effects are1  
7i47 ,tranquillity ( consci5ce4 ,= he   
te/ifies & manife/s to ^? 9 :om he      
dwells _! free  ju/ification & graci\s  
adoption4 ,! _s :i* su* p]sons h        
receiv$ is 8n ! _s ( bondage to fe>1 b !
 ,_s (  adoption1 :]eby we cry1 ,abba1  
,fa!r4 ,! ,_s itself be>e?  witness )   
our _s t we are ! *ildr5 ( ,god10 ,rom4 
viii1 #ae1  #af4 7ii47 ,p[] ov] s92 a   
prevail+ desire & ability to walk  be=e 
,god 9 holy ob$i5ce4 ,no soon] is !     
,holy ,_s en?ron$ 9  ! he>t1 ?an he     
beg9s to make all ?+s new4 ,9 8 g5u9e   
"w1  purity is always connect$ )        
consolation4 ,^? to :om he witnesses  _!
 fre$om f condemnation he also enables  
to 8walk1 n aft] !  fle%1 b aft] ! ,_s10
 ,rom4 viii1 #a4 7iii47 ,a joy\s hope ( 

heav54 ,_! title results f ! fact ( _!  
adoption2 _!  p[] to rejoice 9 hope1 f !
 ,_s's te/imony ( t fact4 8,we1  ?r\gh !
 ,_s1 wait = ! hope ( righte\sness by   
fai?10 &  8ab\nd 9 hope1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( !
 ,holy ,gho/10 ,gal4 v1 #e2 ,rom4  xv1  
#ac4    #c4 ,to h a complete view ( !   
me?od by :i* ju/ification & all  its    
consequ5t bless+s are atta9$1 we mu/    
consid] ! orig9at+1  ! m]itori\s1 & !   
in/rum5tal cause ( ju/ification4 7#a47  
,!  orig9at+ cause is ! grace1 ! free1  
undes]v$1 & spontane\s  love ( ,god t[>d
 fall5 man4 ,he rememb]$ & piti$ u 9 our
 l[  e/ate2 = 8 m]cy endure? = ev]4     
8,aft] t ! k9dness &  love ( ,god our   
,savi\r t[>d man appe>$1 n by works (   
righte\sness :i* we h done1 b accord+ to
 8 m]cy he sav$  u4 ,! grace ( ,god     
br+e? salvation10 ,titus ii1 #aa2 iii1  
#d1 #e4 ,we  are 8ju/ifi$ freely by 8   
grace10 ,rom4 iii1 #bd4 ,b ,god is wise1
 &  holy1 & j1 z well z m]ciful &       
graci\s4 ,& 8 wisdom  det]m9$1 t1 9 ord]
 to reconcile ! designs ( 8 m]cy t[>d   

s9n]s ) ! claims ( 8 purity & ju/ice1 ^?
 designs %\ld  be accompli%$ only ?r\gh 
! int]v5tion ( a div9e ,r$eem]4 ,we  are
 ju/ifi$ 8?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/10  
,rom4 i1 #e4 7#b47 ,our ,"l  ,jesus     
,*ri/ is ! sole m]itori\s cause ( our   
ju/ification4 ,all he  did & all he     
suff]$ 9 8 m$iatorial "* may be said to 
h  contribut$ to ?is great purpose4 ,=  
:at he did1 9 ob$i5ce to !  precepts ( !
 law1 & :at he suff]$1 9 satisfaction ( 
its  p5alty1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute t   
m$iatorial righte\sness1 =  ! sake ( :i*
 ! ,fa!r is ev] well pleas$ 9 him4 ,n[1 
9 ?is  m$iatorial righte\sness all :o   
are ju/ifi$ h a sav+ int]e/4  ,x is n   
meant t x is p]sonally imput$ to !m 9   
its =mal  nature or di/9ct acts2 = aga9/
 any su* imputation !re lie  insup]able 
objections bo? f reason & f ,scripture4 
,b !  collective m]it & moral effects ( 
all :i* ! ,m$iator did &  suff]$ are s  
reckon$ to our acc\nt :5 we are ju/ifi$1
 t1 =  ! sake ( ,*ri/ & 9 consid]ation (
 8 ob$i5ce unto dea?1 we  are releas$ f 

guilt1 & accept$ ( ,god4 ,f ?is /atem5t 
( !  m]itori\s cause ( ju/ification1 x  
appe>s t :ile our p>don is1  9 its      
orig91 an act ( ! highe/ grace1 x is    
also1 9 its mode1 an  act mo/ p]fectly  
consi/5t ) ,god's ess5tial righte\sness1
 &  demon/rative ( 8 inviolable ju/ice4 
,x proce$s n on !  pr9ciple ( aboli%+ ! 
law or its p5alty2 = t w\ld h  impli$ t 
! law 0 unduly rigor\s1 ei!r 9 its      
precepts or 9  its sanctions4 ,b x re/s 
on ! gr\nd t ! law has be5  magnifi$ &  
v9dicat$1 & t its p5alty1 or suff]+s1   
:i*  7 fully equival5t to t p5alty 9 a  
moral view1 :5 ! dignity  ( ! suff]] is 
consid]$1 h be5 su/a9$ by our volunt>y  
,sub/itute4 ,?us 8grace reigns ?r\gh    
righte\sness10 n at !  exp5se (         
righte\sness4 8,n[1 ! righte\sness (    
,god )\t ! law  is manife/$1 be+        
witness$ by ! law & ! prophets2 ev5 !   
righte\sness ( ,god :i* is by fai? (    
,jesus ,*ri/ unto all & ^u  all !m t    
believe3 be+ ju/ifi$ freely by 8 grace1 
?r\gh !  r$emption t is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus2 

:om ,god ha? set =? to be a             
propitiation ?r\gh fai? 9 8 blood1 to   
decl>e 8 righte\sness  = ! remission (  
s9s t are pa/1 ?r\gh ! =be>ance ( ,god2 
to decl>e1 ,i say1 at ?is "t 8          
righte\sness2 t he might be  j1 & !     
ju/ifi] ( him :i* believe? 9 ,jesus10   
,romans iii1  #ba-bf4 7#c47 ,z to !     
in/rum5tal cause ( ju/ification1 ! m]it 
(  ! blood ( ,jesus does n op]ate       
necess>ily s z to produce our  p>don z  
an imm$iate & unavoidable effect1 b     
?r\gh !  in/rum5tality ( fai?4 ,! fai?  
by :i* we are ju/ifi$ is pres5t  fai?1  
fai? actually exi/+ & ex]cis$4 ,we are n
 ju/ifi$ by  to-morr['s fai? =ese52 = t 
w\ld lead to ! ,ant9omian notion  (     
ju/ification f et]nity1 a notion :i* to 
m5tion is to confute4  ,we are n ju/ifi$
 by ye/]day's fai? record$ or rememb]$2 
=  t w\ld imply ! op9ion t ju/ification 
is irrev]sible4 ,!  ju/ification (f]$ 9 
! ,scriptures is a ju/ification ^u      
believ+1 9 :i* we are nev] sav+ly       
int]e/$ until we believe1  & :i*        

cont9ues 9 =ce only s long z we cont9ue 
to believe4 ,on  all unbeliev]s ! wra? (
 ,god abides4 ,! atonem5t ( ,jesus 0    
inde$ accept$1 z f him1 at ! "t :5 x 0  
(f]$2 b x is  n accept$1 z = u1 to our  
individual ju/ification1 until we       
individually believe1 nor aft] we cease 
to believe4 ,! ,,object (  ju/ify+ fai? 
may be inf]r$ f :at has be5 be=e said1 z
 to  ! orig9at+ & m]itori\s causes (    
ju/ification4 ,x has respect1  9 g5]al1 
to all t ,*ri/ is set =? 9 ! ,gospel z  
do+ or  suff]+1 by ! graci\s appo9tm5t (
 ! ,fa!r1 9 ord] to our  r$emption &    
p>don4 ,b x has respect1 9 p>ticul>1 to 
! aton+  sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 z exhibit$  
by div9e au?ority 9 ! ,scriptures1  & z 
atte/$ to be acceptable & suffici5t by 8
 resurrection f  ! dead1 & by 8         
m$iatorial exaltation at ! "r h& ( ,god4
  ,! acts or ex]cises ( ?is fai? seem to
 be ?ree2 or r1 t  fai? :i* is requir$ 9
 ord] to our ju/ification is a complex  
act  ( ! m9d1 :i* includes ?ree di/9ct b
 concurr5t ex]tions (  its p[]s4 ,x     

includes1 7#a47 ,! ass5t ( ! und]/&+ to 
!  tru? ( ! te/imony ( ,god 9 ! ,gospel2
 & especially to t "p  ( x :i* conc]ns !
 design & efficacy ( ! dea? ( ,jesus z a
  sacrifice = s94 7#b47 ,! cons5t ( ! w 
& affections to ?is  plan ( salvation2  
su* an approbation & *oice ( x z imply a
  r5unciation ( e o!r refuge1 & a /eady 
& decid$ pref]5ce  ( ?is4 ,unbelief is  
call$ a disall[+ ( ! f\ndation laid 9   
,zion2 :]eas fai? includes a he>ty      
all[ance ( x1 & a ?ankful  acquiesc5ce 9
 ,god's reveal$ me?od ( =giv5ess4 7#c47 
,f ?is  ass5t ( ! enlight5$ und]/&+1 &  
cons5t ( ! rectifi$  w1 to ! evangelical
 te/imony conc]n+ ,*ri/ crucifi$1       
results  ! ?ird ?+1 :i* is suppos$ to be
 impli$ 9 ju/ify+ fai?2  namely1 actual 
tru/ 9 ! ,savi\r1 & p]sonal appreh5sion 
( 8  m]its4 ,:51 "u ! promis$ lead+ &   
influ5ce ( ! ,holy  ,gho/1 ! p5it5t1    
s9n] ?us confid5tly relies &            
individually  lays hold on ,*ri/1 !n !  
"w ( ju/ify+ fai? is complete2  !n1 & n 
till !n1 he is imm$iately ju/ifi$4 ,on !

 :ole1 x  may be said t ! fai? to :i* ! 
privilege ( ju/ification is  annex$1 is 
su* a belief ( ! ,gospel1 by ! p[] ( !  
,_s (  ,god1 z leads u to come to ,*ri/1
 to receive ,*ri/1 to tru/ 9  ,*ri/1 &  
to commit ! keep+ ( our s\ls into 8 h&s1
 9 humble  confid5ce ( 8 ability & 8    
will+ness to save u4    ,! gr& doctr9e (
 ! ,re=mation 0 t ( ju/ification by     
fai?1 & 0 !re=e held by all ! ,lu!ran & 
,re=m$ *ur*es4  ,! ,papi/s ass]t t man's
 inh]5t righte\sness is ! m]itori\s     
cause ( 8 ju/ification2 _m ,prote/ant   
div9es h endeav\r$ to  unite ! two1 & h 
held t m5 are ju/ifi$ by fai? & good    
works2 & o!rs h equally dep>t$ f !      
op9ions ( !  e>lie/ re=m]s on ! subject 
( ju/ification1 9 repres5t+ x  z result+
 f ! imputation ( ,*ri/'s active &      
passive  righte\sness to ^? t believe1  
in/ead ( conf9+ ! imputation  to ! moral
 consequ5ce & effect ( bo?4 ,9 o!r      
words1 t :i*  is reckon$ to u 9 our     
ju/ification = righte\sness is our fai? 
9  ,*ri/'s m]its1 & t n because ( any   

intr9sic value 9 fai?2  b only = ! sake 
( ^? m]its4 ,9 a m]e moral s5se man's s9
  or righte\sness is imput$ to him1 :5  
he is consid]$ z actually  ! do] ( s9ful
 or ( righte\s acts4 ,a man's s9 or     
righte\sness is  imput$ to him 9 its    
legal consequ5ce1 "u a gov]nm5t ( rew>ds
  & puni%m5ts2 & !n to impute s9 or     
righte\sness signifies1 9 a  legal s5se1
 to reckon & to acc\nt x1 to acquit or  
condemn1 &  =?) to puni%1 or to exempt f
 puni%m5t4 ,?us ,%imei entreats  ,david1
 t he w\ld 8n impute folly to him10 t   
is1 t he w\ld  n puni% 8 folly4 ,9 ?is  
s5se1 too1 ,david speaks ( !  bless$ness
 ( ! man ^: 8transgression is =giv510 & 
to :om  ! ,"l 8impute? n s910 t is1 :om 
he =gives1 s t !  legal consequ5ce ( 8  
s9 %all n fall ^u him4 ,?is             
non-imputation ( s91 to a s9n]1 is      
expressly call$ ! 8imputation  (        
righte\sness1 )\t works20 ! imputation (
 righte\sness is1  !n1 ! non-puni%m5t1  
or ! p>don ( s92 & if ?is passage be    
read 9 its connection1 x w also be se51 

t by 8imput+0 fai?  = righte\sness1 !   
,apo/le means precisely ! same ?+3 8,b  
to  him t worke? n1 b believe? on him t 
ju/ifie? ! ungodly1  8 fai? is c\nt$ =  
righte\sness2 ev5 z ,david also         
describe?  ! man to :om ,god impute?    
righte\sness )\t works1 say+1  ,bless$  
is ! man ^: iniquities are =giv51 & ^:  
s9s are  cov]$4 ,bless$ is ! man to :om 
! ,"l impute? n s940 ,?is  quotation f  
,david w\ld h be5 no?+ to ! ,apo/le's   
purpose1  unless he _h und]/ood !       
=giv5ess ( s9s1 & ! imputation (        
righte\sness1 & ! non-imputation ( s91  
to signify ! same ?+  z 8c\nt+ fai? =   
righte\sness10 ) only ?is diff]5ce1 t  !
 introduction ( ! t]m 8fai?0 m>ks !     
mann] 9 :i* !  =giv5ess ( s9 is obta9$4 
,to h fai? imput$ = righte\sness1  is   
no?+ m ?an to be ju/ifi$ by fai?1 :i* is
 also call$ by  ,/4 ,paul1 8be+ made    
righte\s10 t is1 be+ plac$ by an act (  
free =giv5ess1 ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/1 9 !  
condition ( righte\s  m51 9 ?is respect1
 t ! p5alty ( ! law does n lie aga9/    

!m1 & t !y are ! ackn[l$g$ objects ( !  
div9e fav\r4  ,see ,,fai?4              
,,kade%-,,b>nea1 a /ation ( !           
,israelites1 to :i* !y return$ aga9     
aft] ?irty-eight ye>s1 is said to be 9 !
 wild]ness ( ,z91 ,num4  xiii1 #ba2 xx1 
#a2 ,deut4 xxxii1 #ea2 b 9 ! wild]ness (
 ,p>an1 ,num4  xii1 #af4 ,9 ! ,it9]>y x 
is simply call$ ,ri?mah1 8! wild]ness40 
,dr4 ,hales obs]ves1 t ,wells1 ,%aw1 !  
au?ors ( ! 8,univ]sal  ,hi/ory10 c1 h   
greatly p]plex$ & obscur$ ! geography ( 
?is  ,it9]>y1 by suppos+ t !re 7 two    
places ( ?is "n di/9ct  f ea* o!r4 ,!y  
consid] ! latt] ( !m z situat$ on !     
we/]n side ( ,m\nt ,hor1 t[>d ! l& (    
,canaan1 & ?us conf\nd  x ) t ,kade% 9 !
 l& ( ! ,phili/9es1 :]e ,abraham        
soj\rn$1 ,g54 xvi1 #ac2 xx1 #a4 ,b t x  
lay on ! ea/ side (  ,m\nt ,hor1 is     
evid5t2 = :y %\ld ,moses s5d mess5g]s f 
,kade%  to ! k+ ( ,edom1 reque/+        
p]mission to pass ?r\gh 8  t]ritories 9 
! way to ,canaan1 if !y 7 already at !  
v]ge (  ,pale/9e1 ,num4 xx1 #ad8 ,?is   

application1 h[ev]1 0 necess>y if 8     
t]ritories 7 situat$ betwe5 ,canaan & ! 
,israelites4 ,! true  situation ( ,kade%
 is asc]ta9$ beyond a d\bt1 f its ly+   
betwe5 ,m\nt ,hor & ,ezion-,geb]1 on !  
,elanitic ,gulf1 ,num4 xxxiii1  #ce-cg4 
,,kadmonites1 anci5t inhabitants ( ! l& 
( ,canaan1 ^: habitation  0 beyond      
,jordan1 to ! ea/ ( ,ph5icia1 ,g54 xv1  
#ai4 ,! ,kadmonites  7 desc5d$ f        
,canaan1 ! son ( ,ham4 ,x has be5       
conjectur$ t  ! celebrat$ ,cadmus1 !    
f\nd] ( ,!bes 9 ,botia1 0  orig9ally a  
,kadmonite2 & t 8 wife1 ,h]mione1 0 s   
nam$ f  ,m\nt ,h]mon4    ,,k$>4 ,?is "n 
signifies black 9 ! orig9al2 & h5ce     
,bo*>t  concludes t x ref]s to a p or   
tribe ( ,arabs :o 7 m  ?an o!rs burn$ by
 ! sun2 b none ( ! ,arabs are black4 ,! 
"n  is also suppos$ to ref] to ! black  
t5ts made ( felt1 :i* are  /ill 9 use2 &
 ,cant4 i1 #e1 is quot$ 9 support ( ?is 
usage ( !  ^w3 8,i am black1 b comely z 
! t5ts ( ,k$>40 ,b ! ,arabic  root is by
 "s said to signify p[] & dignity4 ,k$> 

0 ! second  son ( ,i%mael1 ^: family    
probably became m num]\s1 or m  w>like1 
?an ^? ( 8 bre?r51 & s took prec$5ce (  
"n4  ,?is latt] supposition appe>s      
probable f ! mann] 9 :i* !y  are m5tion$
 by ,isaiah1 xxi1 #af1 #ag1 :o speaks ( 
8! glory (  ,k$>10 & 8! ar*]s & mighty  
m5 ( ,k$>40 ,_! flocks are also  spok5 (
 by ! same ,prophet1 ,isaiah lx1 #g1    
toge!r ) ^? (  ,nebaio?1 ^: tribe or    
family bo? %>$ & outliv$ ! glory (      
,k$>4    ,,k$ron1 a small brook :i*1    
ris+ ne> ,j]usalem1 runs ?r\gh !  valley
 on ! ea/ ( ! city1 betwe5 x & ! ,m\nt (
 ,olives4  ,desc5d+ into ! valley f ,/4 
,/eph5's gate1 ! travell] comes  to ! b$
 ( ! brook ,k$ron1 :i* is b a few paces 
ov]4 ,?is  brook is /at$ by ,pococke to 
h its rise a little way f>!r to !  nor?1
 b its s\rce does n appe> to h be5      
asc]ta9$4 ,l !  ,ilissus1 x is dry at   
lea/ n9e mon?s 9 ! ye>2 its b$ is n>r[  
& deep1 :i* indicates t x mu/ =m]ly h   
be5 ! *annel  = wat]s t h f\nd "s o!r & 
probably subt]ranean c\rse4  ,!re is n[ 

no wat] 9 x1 except aft] heavy ra9s4 ,a 
bridge is  ?r[n ov] x a little bel[ !   
gate ( ,/4 ,/eph52 & !y say1  t :5 !re  
is wat]1 unless ! torr5t swells mu*1 :i*
 v  r>ely occurs1 x all runs "u gr\nd to
 ! nor? ( ?is bridge4 ,!  c\rse ( !     
brook is along ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat1  
to !  s\?-we/ corn] ( ! city1 & !n turn+
 to ! s\?1 x runs to  ! ,dead ,sea4     
,,k5ites1 p :o dwelt we/w>d ( ! ,dead   
,sea1 & ext5d$  !mselves pretty f> into 
,arabia ,petra2 = ,je?ro1 ! prie/ (     
,midian1 & fa!r-9-law to ,moses1 0 a    
,k5ite1 ,judges i1 #af2 #a ,*ron4  ii1  
#ee2 #a ,sam4 xv1 #f4 ,:5 ,saul 0 s5t to
 de/roy ! ,amalekites1 !  ,k5ites1 :o _h
 jo9$ !m1 p]haps by compulsion1 7 ord]$ 
to  dep>t f !m1 t !y might n %>e 9 _!   
fate2 & !  reason assign$ 01 t !y 8%[$  
k9dness to ! *ildr5 (  ,israel :5 !y    
came up out ( ,egypt10 #a ,sam4 xv1 #f4 
,:i*1 accord+  to ! m>g9 ( our ,bible1  
is to be und]/ood ( ! fa!r-9-law (      
,moses & 8 family4 ,f ! /ory ( ,je?ro1  
:o is expressly said to  be a           

,midianite1 !y appe> to h reta9$ !      
wor%ip ( ! true ,god  among !m2 = :i*1 &
 _! k9dness to ! ,israelites :5 pass+   
_! c\ntry1 !y 7 sp>$ 9 ! g5]al          
de/ruction ( !  nations bord]+ on       
,canaan4 ,( ^! ,k5ites 7 ! ,re*abites1 !
  ,tira?ites1 ! ,%imea?ites1 & !        
,su*a?ites1 m5tion$ 9 #a ,*ron4  ii1    
#ee1 ^: *ief (fice 0 t ( scribes4 7,see 
,re*abites47  ,balaam1 :5 invit$ by     
,balak1 k+ ( ,moab1 to curse ,israel1   
/ood ^u  a m\nta91 :5ce he address$ !   
,k5ites1 & said1 8,/rong is ?y  dwell+  
place1 & ?\ putte/ ?y ne/ 9 a rock2     
nev]!less1 !  ,k5ite %all be wa/$ until 
,a%ur %all c>ry !e away captive10 ,num4 
xxiv1 #ba1 #bb4 ,! ,k5ites dwelt 9      
m\nta9s & rocks almo/  inaccessible4 ,!y
 7 conqu]$ & c>ri$ into captivity by    
,nebu*adnezz>4 ,aft] ,saul ! ,k5ites are
 n m5tion$2 b !y  subsi/$1 be+ m+l$     
among ! ,edomites & o!r nations (       
,arabia  ,petra4    ,,k5izzites1 an     
anci5t p ( ,canaan1 ^: l& ,god promis$  
to !  desc5dants ( ,abraham1 ,g54 xv1   

#ai4 ,x is ?\ght t ?is p  dwelt 9 !     
m\nta9s s\? ( ,judea4    ,,keturah1 ! "n
 ( ,abraham's second wife4 ,abraham     
m>ri$ ,keturah1  :5 he 0 "o hundr$ & =ty
 ye>s ( age1 & by h] he _h six  sons1   
,zimram1 ,jok%an1 ,m$an1 ,midian1       
,i%bak1 & ,%uah4 ,"s  *ronolog]s1 z     
,bi%op ,clayton1 ,hallet1 c1 ?9k+ x     
improbable t  ,abraham %\ld m>ry aga9 at
 su* an advanc$ age1 h dislocat$ !      
*ronology ( ?is p]iod1 by suppos+ t     
,abraham took ,keturah z a  concub9e1 9 
consequ5ce ( 8 wife ,s>ah's b>r5ness1   
ev5 be=e he  left ,*>ran2 & t ,keturah's
 *ildr5 7 among ! s\ls born to  him &   
,lot dur+ _! resid5ce 9 t c\ntry4 ,b x  
seems evid5t  f ! :ole t5or ( ! hi/ory1 
t ,abraham 0 *ildless until  ! bir? (   
,i%mael1 ,g54 xv1 #b1 #c2 t he _h no o!r
 son ?an  ,i%mael :5 he receiv$ !       
promise ( ,isaac1 ,g54 xvii1 #ah2 & t   
,isaac & ,i%mael jo9tly1 z 8 elde/ sons1
 celebrat$ 8 fun]al1  ,g54 xxv1 #i4 ,8  
second m>riage1 at ! age ( "o hundr$ &  
=ty  ye>s1 %[s 8 fai? 9 ! div9e promise1

 t he %\ld be 8a  fa!r ( _m nations20 = 
:i* purpose 8 con/itution might be      
miracul\sly r5ew$1 z ,s>ah's 04 ,beside1
 ,abraham himself 0 born  :5 8 fa!r     
,t]ah 0 "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ( age4   
,abraham  settl$ ! sons ( ,keturah 9 !  
ea/ c\ntry ( ,arabia1 ne> !  resid5ce ( 
,i%mael4    ,,key is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9
 ,scripture1 z well 9 a natural z 9 a   
figurative s5se4 ,! keys ( ! anci5ts 7 v
 diff]5t f  ours2 because _! doors &    
trunks 7 clos$ g5]ally ) b&s1  & ! key  
s]v$ only to loos5 or fa/5 ^! b&s 9 a   
c]ta9  mann]4 ,9 a moral s5se key has _m
 significations3 8,& ! key (  ! h\se (  
,david w ,i lay ^u 8 %\ld]3 s he %all   
op51 &  none %all %ut2 & he %all %ut1 & 
none %all op510 ,isaiah xxii1  #bb1--;he
 %all be gr& ma/] & pr9cipal (fic] ( 8  
pr9ce's  h\se4 ,*ri/ promises to ,/4    
,pet]1 t he %\ld fir/ op5 ! gate  ( 8   
k+dom1 bo? to ,jew & ,g5tile1 9 mak+ !  
fir/ conv]ts  among !m1 ,matt4 xvi1 #ai4
 ,x is obs]vable t no supremacy is "h   
giv5 to ,/4 ,pet]2 z ! p[] ( b9d+ &     

loos+ belong$ equally  to all !         
,apo/les1 ,matt4 xviii1 #ah4 ,! t]m b9d+
 & loos+ 0  cu/om>ily appli$ by ! ,jews 
to a decision respect+ doctr9es or      
rites1 e/abli%+ :i* 7 lawful & :i*      
unlawful4 7,see ,b9d47  ,& x may also   
d5ote1 to b9d ) sickness1 & to loose by 
re/or+  to heal?4 ,jesus ,*ri/ says t he
 has ! key ( dea? & hell1 ,rev4  i1 #ah2
 t is1 x is 9 8 p[] to br+ to ! grave1  
or to deliv]  f x2 to appo9t to life or 
to dea?4    ,,kibro? ,,hataavah1 "o ( ! 
encampm5ts ( ! ,israelites 9 !          
wild]ness1 ,numb]s xi1 #cd1 #ce4        
,,kid1 1 ! "y ( ! goat4 ,among !        
,hebrews ! kid 0 reckon$  a great       
delicacy2 & appe>s to h be5 s]v$ = food 
9 pref]5ce  to ! lamb4 7,see ,goat47 ,x 
cont9ues to be a *oice di% 9 !          
neighb\r+ c\ntries4 8,aft] dr9k+10 says 
,salt1 8caf  la  ,sultane1 z x is t]m$  
by ,fr5* writ]s1 hookahs 7 (f]$ to u2  &
 soon aft]w>d1 to my great surprise1    
d9n] 0 ann\nc$4 ,we  accord+ly retir$ ) 
! dola ( ,ad5 to ano!r ap>tm5t1 :]e a   

kid1 broil$ & cut into small pieces1 ) a
 quantity ( pillau$  rice1 0 s]v$ up to 
u1 agreeably to ! fa%ion ( ! c\ntry4 ,no
  p 9 ! _w is m /rait5$ ?an !           
,abyss9ians ) respect  to ! necess>ies (
 life3 a little juw>ry bread1 a small   
quantity (  fi%1 an adequate supply (   
goat's & camel's milk1 & a kid on v     
p>ticul> occasions1 con/itute ! :ole (  
_! subsi/5ce4 ,z soon  z we arriv$ at ! 
village ( ,h[akil1 a v neat hut 0 prep>$
  = me2 & z ! ev5+ 0 f> advanc$1 ,i     
cons5t$ to /ay = !  night4 ,no?+ c\ld   
exce$ ! k9dness ( ^! good p2 a kid 0    
kill$1 & a quantity ( fre% milk 0 br\ght
 & pres5t$ 9 /raw  baskets made ( !     
leaves ( ! doom tree1 se>$ ov] ) wax1 a 
manufacture 9 :i* ! natives ( ^! isl&s  
p>ticul>ly excel40  ,! village ( ,eng$i1
 situate 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]i*o1     
d]ives  its "n f ! ,hebrew ^w 1 a       
f\nta91 & 1 a kid4 ,x is  sugge/$ by !  
situation among l(ty rocks1 :i*1        
ov]hang+ !  valleys1 are v precipit\s4  
,a f\nta9 ( pure wat] rises ne> !       

summit1 :i* ! inhabitants call$ ,eng$i1 
8! f\nta9 ( ! goat10  because x is h>dly
 accessible to any o!r creature4        
,,k+dom1 9 ,scripture1 is a t]m (       
frequ5t occurr5ce1 & v>i\sly  appli$4   
,?us we read ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 ,psalm   
ciii1 #ai2 ,dan4 iv1 #c2  or 8 univ]sal 
empire & dom9ion ov] all creatures2 9   
ref]5ce to  :i* x is said1 8,jehovah is 
a great ,god1 & a great ,k+ above all   
gods10 ,psalm xcv1 #c4 8,8 ?rone is     
e/abli%$ 9 ! heav5s1 & 8  k+dom rule?   
ov] all40 ,aga93 we frequ5tly read 9 !  
evangeli/s  ( ! k+dom ( heav52 a phrase1
 says ,dr4 ,campbell1 9 :i* !re is  a   
manife/ allusion to ! pr$ictions 9 :i* !
 disp5sation ( !  ,messiah 0 reveal$ by 
! prophets 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p>ticul>ly
  by ,daniel1 :o m5tions x z 8a k+dom   
:i* ! ,god ( heav5 w\ld  set up1 & :i*  
%\ld nev] be de/roy$10 ,dan4 ii1 #dd4 ,!
 same  prophet also speaks ( x z a k+dom
 to be giv51 ) glory &  dom9ion ov] all 
p1 nations1 & languages1 to "o l unto ! 
,son ( man1 ,dan4 vii1 #ac1 #ad4 ,& !   

,prophet ,micah1 speak+ ( !  same era1  
repres5ts x z a "t :5 ,jehovah1 hav+    
remov$ all !  afflictions ( 8 p1 w\ld   
reign ov] !m 9 ,m\nt ,zion  !nce=? ev5 =
 ev]1 ,micah iv1 #f1 #g4 ,accord+ to !  
prophecy (  ,daniel1 ?is k+dom 0 to take
 place dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,roman        
empire1 ! la/ ( ! f\r great mon>*ies t  
_h succe$$ ea*  o!r1 ,dan4 ii1 #dd4 ,& z
 x 0 set up by ! ,god ( heav51 x is1 9  
! ,new ,te/am5t1 t]m$ 8! k+dom ( ,god10 
or 8! k+dom (  heav540 ,x 0 typifi$ by !
 ,jewi% !ocracy1 & decl>$ to be at  h&  
by ,john ! ,bapti/1 & by ,*ri/ & 8      
,apo/les also 9 !  days ( 8 fle%2 b x   
did n come ) p[] till ,jesus rose f  !  
dead & sat d[n on ! "r h& ( ! ,maje/y on
 high1 ,acts ii1  #cb-cg4 ,!n 0 he mo/  
solemnly inaugurat$1 & proclaim$ ,k+ ( !
  ,new ,te/am5t *ur*1 amid/ ador+       
myriads ( att5dant angels1 &  8! spirits
 ( j m5 made p]fect40 ,!n 7 fulfill$ !  
words (  ,jehovah by ! ,psalmi/ ,david1 
8,i h set my ,k+ ^u my holy hill (      
,zion10 ,psalm ii1 #f4 ,?is is t        

spiritual empire to :i* he himself      
ref]r$ :5 int]rogat$ be=e ,pontius      
,pilate1 & 9 ref]5ce to  :i* he said1   
8,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w10 ,john xviii1 
#cf1 #cg4  ,8 empire1 inde$1 ext5ds to e
 creature2 = all au?ority is  committ$  
into 8 h&s1 bo? 9 heav5 & on e>?10 & he 
is head  ov] all ?+s to ! *ur*20 b 8    
k+dom prim>ily imports !  ,gospel *ur*1 
:i* is ! subject ( 8 laws1 ! seat ( 8   
gov]nm5t1 & ! object ( 8 c>e2 &1 be+    
surr\nd$ )  p[]ful oppos]s1 he is       
repres5t$ z rul+ 9 ! mid/ ( 8  enemies4 
,?is k+dom is n ( a worldly orig91 or   
nature1 nor has x  ?is _w = its end or  
object4 ,x c nei!r be promot$ nor       
def5d$ by worldly p[]1 influ5ce1 or     
c>nal weapons1 b by be>+  witness unto !
 tru?1 or by ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel ) !   
,holy  ,gho/ s5t d[n f heav54 ,its real 
subjects are only ^? :o are (  ! tru?1 &
 he> ,*ri/'s voice2 = none c ent] x b   
su* z  are born f above1 ,john iii1     
#c-e2 nor c any be visible subjects (   
x1 b su* z appe> to be reg5]at$1 by a   

cr$ible pr(ession (  fai? & ob$i5ce4    
,its privileges & immunities are n ( ?is
  _w1 b su* z are spiritual & heav5ly2  
!y are all spiritual  bless+s 9 heav5ly 
?+s 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ,ephesians i1 #c4   
,,k+s4 ,?is ^w does n always imply !    
same degree ( p[]1 nor !  same degree ( 
importance2 nor does x imply ! magnitude
 ( !  dom9ion or t]ritory ( ^! (fic]s4  
,9 ,scripture _m p]sons are  call$ k+s1 
:om we %\ld r d5om9ate *iefs or lead]s2 
&  _m s+le t[ns1 or1 at mo/1 toge!r ) _!
 adjac5t villages1  are said to h _h    
k+s4 ,n aw>e ( ?is l[] s5se ( ! ^w  k+1 
or unwill+ to adopt x1 _m p]sons h be5  
emb>rass$ by  ! foll[+ passage3 ,moses  
comm&$ u a law1--he 0 k+ 9  ,je%urun10  
,deut4 xxxiii1 #d1 #e1 or k+ among !    
,israelites2 t is1 he  0 ! pr9cipal     
among ! assembly ( ! sup]iors ( !       
,israelites4  ,"s ref] ?is to ,jehovah4 
,moses 0 ! *ief1 ! lead]1 ! guide  ( 8  
p1 fulfill+ ! duties ( a k+2 b he 0 n k+
 9  ! same s5se z ,david or ,solomon 0  
aft]w>d4 ,?is rem>k reconciles  ! foll[+

 obs]vation3 ,^! k+s reign$ 9 ,edom1    
be=e !re  reign$ any k+ ov] ! *ildr5 (  
,israel10 ,g54 xxxvi1 #ca2 =  ,moses1   
?\gh he 0 k+ 9 an inf]ior s5se1 did n   
reign1 9 !  /rong] s5se1 ov] ! *ildr5 ( 
,israel1 _! con/itution n  be+ mon>*ical
 "u him4 ,beside1 we f9d 9 ,jo%ua1 t    
almo/  e t[n 9 ,canaan _h its k+2 & we  
"k t ! t]ritories (  ^! t[ns mu/ h be5 v
 inconsid]able1 ,jo%ua xii1 #i-bd4      
,adoniz$ek1 himself no v p[]ful k+1     
m5tions sev5ty k+s :om  he _h subdu$ &  
mutilat$4    ,illu/ration3      ,,map   
,,(    ,,judah ,,& ,,israel4            
,illu/rat+ !    ,,books ,,( ,,k+s4      
,,k+s1 ,,books ,,(4 ,! fir/ book ( ,k+s 
comm5ces ) an acc\nt (  ! dea? ( ,david1
 & conta9s a p]iod ( a hundr$ &         
tw5ty-six  ye>s1 to ! dea? (            
,jeho%aphat2 & ! second book ( ,k+s     
cont9ues ! hi/ory ( ! k+s ( ,israel &   
,judah ?r\gh a p]iod  ( ?ree hundr$     
ye>s1 to ! de/ruction ( ! city & temple 
(  ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,^! two  
books =m$ only "o 9 !  ,hebrew canon1 & 

!y 7 probably compil$ by ,ezra f !      
records  :i* 7 regul>ly kept1 bo? 9     
,j]usalem & ,sam>ia1 ( all public       
transactions4 ,^! records appe> to h be5
 made by ! contempor>y  prophets1 &     
frequ5tly d]iv$ _! names f ! k+s ^:     
hi/ory !y conta9$4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 _m 
p>ts ( ,scripture2  ?us #a ,k+s xi1 #da1
 we read ( ! book ( ! ,acts ( ,solomon1 
:i*  is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by      
,na?an1 ,ahijah1 & ,iddo1 #b ,*ron4  ix1
 #bi4 ,we else:]e read t ,%emaiah !     
prophet1 & ,iddo ! se]1  wrote ! ,acts (
 ,rehoboam1 #b ,*ron4 xii1 #ae2 t ,jehu 
wrote ! ,acts  ( ,jeho%aphat1 #b ,*ron4 
xx1 #cd2 & ,isaiah ^? ( ,uzziah &       
,hezekiah1 #b ,*ron4 xxvi1 #bb2 xxxii1  
#cb4 ,we may !re=e conclude1 t  f ^!    
public records1 & o!r au!ntic docum5ts1 
7 compos$  ! two books ( ,k+s2 & !      
uni=mity ( _! /yle fav\rs !  op9ion ( _!
 be+ put into _! pres5t %ape by ! same  
p]son4    ,,ki%on4 ,t anci5t riv]1 !    
riv] ,ki%on10 falls into ! bay (  ,acre1
 & has its s\rce 9 ! hills to ! ea/ ( ! 

pla9 (  ,esdraelon1 :i* x int]sects4    
,be+ enl>g$ by sev]al small /reams1  x  
passes betwe5 ,m\nt ,c>mel & ! hills to 
! nor?1 & !n  falls into ! sea at ?is   
po9t4 ,9 ! condition we saw x1 says     
,maundrell1 its wat]s 7 l[ &            
inconsid]able2 b 9 pass+ along  ! side (
 ! pla91 we disc]n$ ! tracts ( _m less] 
torr5ts1  fall+ d[n into x f ! m\nta9s1 
:i* mu/ ne$s make x swell  exce$+ly ^u  
sudd5 ra9s1 z d\btless x actually did at
 !  de/ruction ( ,sis]a's ho/4          
,,kiss1 a mode ( salutation1 & tok5 (   
respect1 :i* has be5  practis$ 9 all    
nations4 ,x 0 also 9 ord9>y use among ! 
,jews2  h5ce ,judas 9 ?is way salut$ 8  
,ma/]4 ,b !re 0 also ! kiss  ( homage1 z
 "o ( ! c]emonies p]=m$ at !            
inauguration ( !  k+s ( ,israel4 ,!     
,jews call$ x ! kiss ( maje/y4 ,psalm   
ii1 #ab1  seems to be an allusion to    
?is4 ,/4 ,paul speaks frequ5tly ( ! kiss
  ( peace1 :i* 0 9 use among believ]s1 &
 0 giv5 by !m to "o  ano!r z a tok5 (   
*>ity & union1 publicly 9 _! religi\s   

assemblies1 ,heb4 xiii1 #bd4 ,kiss+ !   
feet is 9 ea/]n c\ntries  expressive (  
exub]ant gratitude or rev]5ce4          
,,kite1 1 ,lev4 xi1 #ad2 ,deut4 xiv1    
#ac2 ,job xxviii1 #g4 ,bo*>t supposes   
?is to be ! bird :i* ! ,arabians call ! 
ja-jao1 f its note2  & :i* ! anci5ts    
nam$ salon1 ! m]l910 a bird celebrat$  =
 its %>p-sight$ness4 ,?is faculty is    
ref]r$ to 9 ,job xxviii1 #g1  :]e ! ^w  
is r5d]$ vulture40 ,z a n\n mascul9e    
plural1 1  9 ,isaiah xiii1 #bb2 xxxiv1  
#ad2 & ,j]4 #a1 #ci1 ,bo*>t says t      
jackals  are int5d$2 b1 by ! sev]al     
contexts1 p>ticul>ly ! la/1 x  may well 
mean a k9d ( unclean bird1 & s be ! same
 ) t  m5tion$ above4    ,,koha?1 !      
second son ( ,levi1 & fa!r ( ,amram1    
,izh>1 ,hebron1 &  ,uzziel1 ,g54 xlvi1  
#aa2 ,exod4 vi1 #ah4 ,koha?'s family 0  
appo9t$ to  c>ry ! ark & sacr$ vessels (
 ! tab]nacle1 :ile ! ,israelites  m>*$  
?r\gh ! wild]ness1 ,num4 iv1 c4         
,,korah 0 ! son ( ,izh>1 ( ! race (     
,levi1 & fa!r ( ,a%]1  ,elkanah1 &      

,aliasaph1 & head ( ! ,korites1 a       
celebrat$ family  among ! ,levites4     
,korah1 be+ dissatisfi$ ) ! rank he held
 among  ! sons ( ,levi1 & envy+ !       
au?ority ( ,moses & ,a>on1 =m$ a  p>ty  
aga9/ !m1 9 :i* he engag$ ,da?an1       
,abiram1 & ,on1 ) two  hundr$ & fifty ( 
! pr9cipal ,levites1 ,num4 xvi1 #a-c1 c4
 ,korah1 at  ! head ( ! rebels1 w5t to  
,moses & ,a>on1 & compla9$ t  !y alone  
arrogat$ to !mselves all ! au?ority ov] 
! p (  ! ,"l4 ,moses fall+ ) 8 face on !
 e>?1 answ]$ !m z  foll[s3 ,tomorr[1 9 !
 morn+1 ! ,"l w discov] :o are 84  ,let 
e "o ( y take1 !re=e1 8 c5s]1 & to-morr[
 he %all  put inc5se into x1 & (f] x    
be=e ! ,"l2 & he %all be  ackn[l$g$     
prie/ :om ! ,"l %all *oose & approve40  
,! next  day1 ,korah1 ) two hundr$ &    
fifty ( 8 faction1 pres5t+  !mselves )  
_! c5s]s be=e ! ,"l1 ! glory ( ! ,"l    
appe>$ visibly ov] ! tab]nacle1 & a     
voice 0 he>d to say1  ,sep>ate y\rselves
 f among ?is congregation1 t ,i may     
consume  !m 9 a mom5t40 ,^u ?is1 ,moses 

& ,a>on1 fall+ ) _! faces  to ! gr\nd1  
said1 ,o ,god1 ! ,god ( ! spirits ( all 
fle%1 %all  "o man s91 & wilt ?\ be wro?
 ) all ! congregation80 ,& !  ,"l said  
unto ,moses1 ,comm& all ! p to dep>t f  
ab\t !  t5ts ( ,korah1 ,da?an1 &        
,abiram40 ,:51 !re=e1 ! p 7  retir$1    
,moses said1 ,if ^! m5 die ! common dea?
 ( all m51 !n  ! ,"l ha? n s5t me2 b if 
! e>? op5 & swall[ !m up  quick1 ye %all
 "k t !y h blasphem$ ! ,"l40 ,z soon z  
he  _h spok51 ! e>? op5$ f "u _! feet1 &
 swall[$ !m  up ) :at belong$ to !m4    
,!re 0 "o ?+ :i* add$ to ?is  surpris+  
wond]1 & :i* 01 t :5 ,korah 0 ?us       
swall[$ up  9 ! e>?1 8 sons 7 pres]v$ f 
8 mis=tunes4 ,we "k n  ! exact ye> 9 :i*
 ! dea? ( ,korah & 8 companions happ5$4 
,! sons ( ,korah cont9u$ z be=e to s]ve 
9 ! tab]nacle ( !  ,"l4 ,david appo9t$  
!m _! (fice 9 ! temple1 to gu>d !       
doors1 & s+ ! praises ( ,god4 ,to !m are
 ascrib$ sev]al psalms1  :i* are        
designat$ by ! "n ( ,korah2 z !         
=ty-second1  =ty-f\r? to ! =ty-n9?1     

eighty-f\r? to ! eighty-sev5?2 9  all1  
elev5 psalms4      ,,laban1 ! son (     
,be?uel1 gr&son ( ,nahor1 bro!r to      
,rebekah1 &  fa!r ( ,ra*el & ,leah1 ,g54
 xxviii1 #b1 c4 ,( ?is man1 ! fir/  ?+  
we he> is 8 ent]ta9m5t ( ,abraham's     
s]vant :5 he came on  8 err& to         
,rebekah4 ,hospitality 0 ! virtue ( 8   
age &  c\ntry4 ,9 8 case1 h[ev]1 x seems
 to h be5 no little  /imulat$ by ! sight
 ( 8! e> r+ & ! bracelets on 8  si/]'s  
h&s10 :i* ! s]vant _h already giv5 h]1  
,g54 xxiv1 #cj2  s he spe$ily made room 
= ! camels4 ,he next is pres5t$ to u z  
beguil+ t si/]'s son1 :o _h s\ght a     
%elt] 9 8 h\se1 &  ^: circum/ances plac$
 him at 8 m]cy1 ( f\rte5 ye>s' s]vice1  
:5 he _h cov5ant$ ) him = sev5 only2    
endeav\r+ to reta9  8 lab\r :5 he w\ld n
 pay him 8 lab\r's wor?1 himself  dev\r+
 ! portion :i* he %\ld h giv5 to 8      
daught]s1  c\nt+ !m b z /rang]s1 ,g54   
xxxi1 #ae4 ,compell$1 at l5g?1 to  pay  
,jacob wages1 he *anges !m t5 times1 &1 
9 ! _s ( a  crafty1 grip+ worldl+1 makes

 him acc\nt = :atev] ( ! flock  0 torn (
 bea/s or /ol51 :e!r by day or night4   
,:5 ,jacob flies  f ?is iniquit\s s]vice
 ) 8 family & cattle1 ,laban /ill       
pursues & p]secutes him1 int5d+1 if 8   
int5tions _h n be5  ov]rul$ by a mighti]
 h&1 to s5d him away empty1 ev5 aft] he 
_h  be5 mak+1 = s long a p]iod1 s       
usuri\s a pr(it ( him4    ,,la*i%1 a    
city ( ,pale/9e1 ,jo%ua x1 #bc2 xv1 #ci4
 ,s5na*]ib besieg$  ,la*i%1 b did n make
 himself ma/] ( x4 ,f !nce x 0 t  he s5t
 ,rab%akeh aga9/ ,j]usalem1 #b ,k+s     
xviii1 #ag2 xix1 #h2 #b ,*ron4  xxxii1  
#i4    ,,lamaism1 ! religion ( ! p (    
,?ibet4 ,! ,delai ,lama1 ,gr&  ,lama10  
is at once ! high prie/1 & ! visible    
object ( adoration1  to ?is nation1 to !
 hordes ( w&]+ ,t>t>s1 & to !  prodigi\s
 population ( ,*9a4 ,he resides at      
,patoli1 a va/ palace on a  m\nta9 ne> !
 banks ( ! ,burampoot]1 ab\t sev5 miles 
f  ,lahasse4 ,! foot ( ! m\nta9 is      
surr\nd$ by tw5ty ?\s&  lamas1 or       
prie/s1 9 att5dance on _! sov]eign      

pontiff1 :o is  consid]$ z ! vic]eg5t ( 
! ,deity on e>?2 & ! remote  ,t>t>s are 
said to reg>d him absolutely z ! ,deity 
himself1 & call  him ,god1 ! ev]la/+    
,fa!r ( heav54 ,!y believe him to be    
immortal1 & end[$ ) all k & virtue4 ,e  
ye> !y  come up f diff]5t p>ts to       
wor%ip1 & make ri* (f]+s at 8  %r9e4    
,ev5 ! emp]or ( ,*9a1 :o is a ,mant*\   
,t>t>1 does n  fail 9 ackn[l$gm5ts to   
him 9 8 religi\s capacity2 & ent]ta9s  9
 ! palace ( ,pek9 an inf]ior lama1      
deput$ z 8 nuncio f  ,?ibet4 ,! gr& lama
 is only to be se5 9 a secret place ( 8 
palace1 amid/ a great numb] ( lamps1    
sitt+ cross-legg$ on a  cu%ion1 & deck$ 
all ov] ) gold & preci\s /ones2 :ile1 at
 a  di/ance1 ! p pro/rate !mselves be=e 
him1 x be+ n  lawful = any s mu* z to   
kiss 8 feet4 ,he returns n ! lea/  sign 
( respect1 nor ev] speaks1 ev5 to !     
greate/ pr9ces2 b only  lays 8 h& ^u _! 
heads1 & !y are fully p]suad$ t !y      
!reby receive a full =giv5ess ( _! s9s4 
,! ,sunniasses1 or  ,indian pilgrims1   

(t5 visit ,?ibet z a holy place2 & !    
lama  ent]ta9s a body ( two or ?ree     
hundr$ 9 8 pay4 ,beside 8  religi\s     
influ5ce & au?ority1 he is possess$ (   
unlimit$ p[]  ?r\gh\t 8 dom9ions1 :i*   
are v ext5sive4 ,! inf]ior lamas1  :o =m
 ! mo/ num]\s z well z ! mo/ p[]ful body
 9 !  /ate1 h ! prie/hood entirely 9 _! 
h&s1 &1 beside1 fill up  _m mona/ic     
ord]s1 :i* are held 9 great v5]ation    
among !m4 ,!  :ole c\ntry1 l ,italy1    
ab\nds ) prie/s2 & !y entirely  subsi/  
on ! ri* pres5ts s5t !m f ! utmo/ ext5t 
(  ,t>t>y1 f ! empire ( ! great mogul1 &
 f almo/ all p>ts  ( ! ,indies4 ,!      
op9ion ( ! or?odox among ! ,?ibetians   
is1 t  :5 ! gr& lama seems to die1 ei!r 
( old age or infirmities1 8  s\l1 9     
fact1 only quits a crazy habitation to  
ent] ano!r1 y\ng]  & bett]2 & is        
discov]$ aga9 9 ! body ( "s *ild1 by    
c]ta9 tok5s1 kn[n only to ! lamas1 or   
prie/s1 9 :i* ord] he  always appe>s4   
,almo/ all ! nations ( ! ea/1 except !  
,mohamm$ans1 believe ! metempsy*osis1 or

 transmigration ( !  s\l1 z ! mo/       
important article ( _! fai?2 especially 
!  inhabitants ( ,?ibet & ,ava1 !       
,peguans1 ! ,siamese1 ! great]  "p ( !  
,*9ese & ,japanese1 & ! ,monguls &      
,kalmucks4  ,accord+ to _! doctr9e1 !   
s\l no soon] leaves h] old  habitation  
?an %e ent]s a new "o4 ,! delai lama1   
!re=e1 or  r ! god ,foe or ,fuh1 resid+ 
9 ! delai lama1 passes to 8  successor2 
& he be+ a god1 to :om all ?+s are kn[n1
 ! gr&  lama is !re=e acqua9t$ ) e ?+   
:i* happ5$ dur+ 8  resid5ce 9 8 =m]     
bodies4 ,?is religion1 :i* 0 e>ly adopt$
  9 a l>ge "p ( ! globe1 is said to h   
be5 ( ?ree ?\s&  ye>s' /&+2 & nei!r "t1 
nor ! influ5ce ( m51 has _h !  p[] (    
%ak+ ! au?ority ( ! gr& lama4 ,?is      
!ocracy1 :i*  ext5ds z fully to temporal
 z to spiritual conc]ns1 is pr(ess$ all 
ov] ,?ibet & ,mongalia2 is almo/        
univ]sal 9 ,great] & ,less  ,bu*>ia1 &  
sev]al prov9ces ( ,t>t>y2 has "s foll[]s
 9 !  k+dom ( ,ca%m]e1 9 ,india2 & is ! 
pr$om9ant religion ( ,*9a4    ,x has be5

 obs]v$ t ! religion ( ,?ibet is !      
c\nt]p>t (  ! ,roman ,ca?olic1 s9ce !   
inhabitants ( t c\ntry use holy  wat]1 &
 a s++ s]vice4 ,!y also (f] alms1       
pray]s1 &  sacrifices = ! dead4 ,!y h a 
va/ numb] ( conv5ts fill$ )  monks &    
fri>s1 am\nt+ to ?irty ?\s&1 &          
confessors *os5 by  _! sup]iors4 ,!y use
 beads1 we> ! mitre1 l ! bi%ops2 &  _!  
delai lama is ne>ly ! same among !m z ! 
sov]eign  pontiff 0 =m]ly1 9 ! z5i? ( 8 
p[]1 among ! ,roman  ,ca?olics4 ,s      
complete is ! resemblance1 t1 :5 "o ( ! 
fir/  ,romi% mission>ies p5etrat$       
,?ibet1 he came to ! conclusion t  !    
devil _h set up !re an imitation ( !    
rites ( ! ,ca?olic  *ur*1 9 ord] ! m    
effectually to de/roy ! s\ls ( m54      
,capta9 ,turn]1 speak+ ( ! religion (   
,?ibet1 says1 ,x seems to be  !         
s*ismatical (fspr+ ( ! religion ( !     
,h9doos1 d]iv+ its  orig9 f "o ( !      
foll[]s ( t fai?1 a disciple ( ,b\ddhu1 
:o fir/ broa*$ ! doctr9e :i* n[ prevails
 ov] ! wide ext5t  ( ,t>t>y4 ,x is      

report$ to h receiv$ its e>lie/         
admission 9  t "p ( ,tibet1 or ,?ibet1  
bord]+ ^u ,india1 :i* f h5ce  became !  
seat ( ! sov]eign lamas1 to h trav]s$   
ov]  ,mant*ieux ,t>t>y1 & to h be5      
ultimately dissem9at$ ov] ,*9a  &       
,japan4 ,?\gh x diff]s f ! ,h9doo 9 _m (
 its outw>d  =ms1 yet x /ill be>s a v   
close aff9ity ) ! religion (  ,brumha 9 
_m important p>ticul>s4 ,! pr9cipal idol
 9 ! temples  ( ,tibet1 or ,?ibet1 is   
,muha-,moonee1 ! ,booddhu ( ,b5gal1 :o  
is  wor%ipp$ "u ^! & v>i\s o!r epi!ts1  
?r\gh\t ! great  ext5t ( ,t>t>y1 & among
 all nations to ! ea/w>d ( !            
,brumhapootru4 ,9 ! wide-ext5d$ space   
ov] :i* ?is fai? prevails1  ! same      
object ( v5]ation is ackn[l$g$ "u num]\s
 titles3  among o!rs1 he is /yl$        
,godumu1 or ,gotumu1 9 ,assam & ,ava1   
,%umunu  9 ,siam1 ,amida ,bu? 9 ,japan1 
,fohi 9 ,*9a10 c4    ,,lambe?           
,,articles4 ,see ,,pr$e/9ation4         
,,lame*1 a desc5dant ( ,ca91 ! son (    
,ma?usael1 & fa!r ( ,jabal1  ,jubal1    

,tubal-,ca91 & ,naamah1 ,g54 iv1 #ah-bj1
 c4 ,he /&s br&$ z  ! fa!r ( polygamy1 !
 fir/ :o d>$ to violate ! sacr$  comm&1 
,g54 ii1 #bd2 giv+ way to 8 unbridl$    
passion1 & ?us  ov]leap+ ! div9e m\nd   
rais$ by ! wisdom ( our great ,creator2 
:i* re/ra9t is en=c$ by ! laws ( nature 
h]self1 :o peoples  ! e>? ) an equal    
numb] ( males & females1 & !reby tea*es 
fooli% man t polygamy is incompatible ) 
h] wise regulations4 ,he  m>ri$ ,adah & 
,zillah3 ! =m] 0 ! "m ( ,jabal & ,jubal1
  & ! latt] ( ,tubal-,ca9 & ,naamah1 8  
si/]4    #b4 ,,lame*1 ! son (           
,me?uselah1 & fa!r ( ,noah4 ,he liv$ a  
hundr$  f\rscore & two ye>s be=e ! bir? 
( ,noah1 ,g54 v1 #be1 #ca2 aft]  :i* he 
liv$ five hundr$ & n9ety-five ye>s      
long]3 ?us ! :ole  t]m ( 8 life 0 sev5  
hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5 ye>s4              
,,lam5tations ,,( ,,j]emiah4 ,?is book 0
 =m]ly annex$ to 8  prophecies1 ?\gh x  
n[ =ms a sep>ate book4 ,josephus1 &     
sev]al  o!r le>n$ m51 h ref]r$ !m to !  
dea? ( ,josiah2 b !  m common op9ion is1

 t !y 7 applicable only to "s p]iod     
subsequ5t to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by
 ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,b ?\gh  x be all[$ t ! 
,lam5tations 7 prim>ily int5d$ z a      
pa!tic description ( pres5t calamities1 
yet :ile ,j]emiah m\rns  ! desolation ( 
,judah & ,j]usalem dur+ ! ,babylonian   
captivity1  he may be consid]$ z        
prophetically pa9t+ ! /ill great]       
mis]ies !y 7 to suff] at "s future "t3  
?is seems pla9ly  indicat$ by 8 ref]r+  
to ! "t :5 ! puni%m5t ( _!  iniquity    
%all be accompli%$1 & !y %all no m be   
c>ri$ into  captivity1 ,lam4 iv1 #bb4 ,!
 ,lam5tations are writt5 9 metre1 &     
consi/ ( a numb] ( pla9tive effusions1  
compos$ aft] ! mann] (  fun]al dirges4  
,!y seem to h be5 orig9ally writt5 by _!
  au?or z !y arose 9 8 m9d1 & to h be5  
aft]w>d jo9$  toge!r z "o poem4 ,!re is 
no regul> arrangem5t ( ! subject1 or    
disposition ( ! p>ts3 ! same ?\ght is   
frequ5tly repeat$ )  diff]5t imag]y1 or 
express$ 9 diff]5t words4 ,!re is1      
h[ev]1  no wild incoh]5cy1 or abrupt    

transition2 ! :ole appe>s to h  be5     
dictat$ by ! feel+s ( real grief4       
,t5d]ness & sorr[ =m  ! g5]al "* ( ^!   
elegies2 & an att5tive read] w  f9d     
great beauty 9 _m ( ! images1 & great   
en]gy 9 "s ( !  expressions4 ,?is book (
 ,lam5tations is divid$ into five       
*apt]s2 9  ! fir/1 second1 & f\r?1 !    
prophet speaks 9 8 own p]son1 or  by an 
elegant & int]e/+ p]sonification        
introduces ! city (  ,j]usalem z lam5t+ 
h] calamities1 & confess+ h] s9s2 9 !   
?ird *apt] a s+le ,jew1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( 
a *orus ( 8  c\ntrym51 l ! ,coryphu ( ! 
,greeks1 describes ! puni%m5t  inflict$ 
^u him by ,god1 b /ill ackn[l$ges 8     
m]cy1 &  expresses "s hope ( deliv]ance2
 & 9 ! fif? *apt]1 ! :ole  nation ( !   
,jews p\r =? _! unit$ compla9ts &       
supplications  to almighty ,god4    ,e  
*apt]1 ) ! exception ( ! ?ird1 conta9s  
tw5ty-two  v]ses1 correspond+ 9 numb] ) 
! lett]s ( ! ,hebrew alphabet2  & ea*   
v]se comm5ces ) a diff]5t lett]1 ! fir/ 
) aleph1  ! second ) be?1 ! ?ird )      

gimel1 c4 ,! ?ird *apt]1  consi/+ (     
sixty-six v]ses1 has ?ree v]ses toge!r  
beg9n+ )  ! same lett]1 ! foll[+ ?ree ) 
! next lett]1 c4 ,?is  peculi>ity may be
 se5 9 ,psalm cxix2 ! fir/ eight v]ses 9
 :i*  comm5ce ) aleph1 ! next eight )   
be?1 c1 till ! :ole  alphabet has be5   
consecutively tak54 ,?is mode (         
v]sification1 :i*  has "s di/ant        
resemblance to ! mod]n acro/ic /yle1    
seems to h  be5 employ$ by ! ,hebrews 9 
"s ( _! elegiac poetry1 p]haps to  assi/
 ! memory4    ,,lamp1 4 ,!re is frequ5t 
m5tion ( lamps 9 ,scripture1 & !  ^w is 
(t5 us$ figuratively4 ,! h\ses 9 ! ea/  
71 f !  remote/ antiquity1 light$ )     
lamps2 & h5ce x is s common 9           
,scripture to call e ?+ :i* enlight5s ! 
body or m9d1 :i*  guides or refre%es1 by
 ! "n ( a lamp4 ,^! lamps 7 su/a9$  by a
 l>ge c&le/ick set ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! h\ses 
( ,egypt1 9  mod]n times1 are nev] )\t  
lights3 !y burn lamps all ! night  long1
 & 9 e occupi$ ap>tm5t4 ,s requisite to 
! com=t ( a  family is ?is cu/om        

reckon$1 or s imp]i\s is ! p[] :i* x    
ex]cises1 t ! poore/ p w\ld r retr5* "p 
( _!  food ?an neglect x4 ,z ?is cu/om  
no d\bt prevail$ 9 ,egypt & !  adjac5t  
regions ( ,arabia & ,pale/9e 9 =m]      
times1 x imp>ts a  beauty & =ce to "s   
passages ( ,scripture :i* h be5 little  
obs]v$4 ,?us1 9 ! language ( ,j]emiah1  
to ext+ui% ! light 9  an ap>tm5t is a   
conv]tible phrase = total de/ruction2 & 
no?+  c m prop]ly & emphatically        
repres5t ! total de/ruction ( a  city   
?an ! ext9ction ( ! lights3 ,i w take f 
!m ! light  ( a c&le1 & ?is :ole l& %all
 be a desolation & an  a/oni%m5t40 ,job 
describes ! de/ruction ( a family among 
!  ,arabs1 & ! desolation ( _! dwell+s1 
9 ! v language (  ! prophet3 ,h[ (t is !
 c&le ( ! wick$ put out1 & h[ (t  come? 
_! de/ruction ^u !m60 ,job xxi1 #ag4    
,bildad expresses !  same idea 9 !      
foll[+ beautiful passage3 ,yea1 ! light 
( !  wick$ %all be put out1 & ! sp>k ( 8
 fire %all n %9e4 ,!  light %all be d>k 
9 8 tab]nacle1 & 8 c&le %all be put out 

) him10 ,job xviii1 #e1 #f4 ,a burn+    
lamp is1 on ! o!r h&1 !  *os5 symbol (  
prosp]ity1 a beautiful in/ance ( :i*    
occurs 9 !  compla9t ( ,job3 ,o t ,i 7 z
 9 mon?s pa/1 z 9 ! days :5  ,god       
pres]v$ me2 :5 8 c&le %9$ ^u my head1 & 
:5 by 8  light ,i walk$ ?r\gh d>kness10 
,job xxix1 #b1 #c4 ,:5 ! t5 tribes  7   
tak5 f ,rehoboam1 & giv5 to 8 rival1    
,jehovah promis$ to  res]ve "o tribe1 & 
assigns ?is reason3 ,t ,david my s]vant 
may  h a light always be=e me 9         
,j]usalem10 #a ,k+s xi1 #cf4 ,9 _m  p>ts
 ( ! ea/1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 ! ,indies1     
in/ead ( tor*es  & flambeaux1 !y c>ry a 
pot ( oil 9 "o h&1 & a lamp full (  oily
 rags 9 ! o!r4    ,,language1 ! faculty 
( human spee*1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( :i*    
!re h be5 ent]ta9$ diff]5t op9ions among
 philosoph]s &  le>n$ m54 ,! ,mosaic    
hi/ory1 :i* gives u an acc\nt ( !       
=mation & fir/ occupations ( man1       
repres5ts him z be+  imm$iately capable 
( conv]s+ ) 8 ,mak]2 ( giv+ names to !  
v>i\s tribes & classes ( animals2 & (   

reason+ consecutively1  & 9 p]fectly    
appropriate t]ms1 conc]n+ 8 own         
situation1 &  ! relation he /ood 9 to ! 
o!r creatures4 ,z 9 man's fir/  attempt 
at spee*1 accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 !re    
appe> no crud5ess  ( conception1 no     
b>r5ness ( ideas1 & no inexpressive or  
unappropriate t]ms1 we mu/ c]ta9ly inf]1
 t ,god :o made &  endu$ him ) corporeal
 & m5tal p[]s p]fectly suit$ to 8  /ate 
& condition 9 life1 endu$ him1 also1 n  
only ) ! faculty  ( spee*1 b ) spee* or 
language itself2 :i* latt] 0 z  necess>y
 to 8 com=t1 & to ! p]fection & end ( 8 
be+1 z  any o!r p[] or faculty :i* 8    
,creator ?\ght prop] to be/[  ^u him4   
,among ! ant$iluvians !re 0 b "o        
language2 & ev5 n[ !  indications t !   
v>i\s languages ( ! e>? h _h "o common  
s\rce are v conv9c+4 ,:e!r ?is primitive
 language 0 ! same  ) any ( ! languages 
( :i* we h /ill any rema9s1 has be5 a   
subject ( mu* dispute4 ,t ! primitive   
language cont9u$ at lea/  till !        
disp]sion ( mank9d1 consequ5t ^u !      

build+ ( ,babel1  !re seems little      
reason to d\bt4 ,:51 by an imm$iate     
int]position  ( div9e p[]1 ! language ( 
m5 0 conf\nd$1 we are n in=m$  to :at   
ext5t ?is confusion ( tongues prevail$4 
,"u ! article  ,confusion ( ,tongues "s 
reasons are giv5 to %[ t ! primitive    
language 0 n lo/ at t ev5t1 b cont9u$ 9 
! =m ( !  ,hebrew4    ,!re are1 h[ev]1  
o!r op9ions on ! (t disput$ subject z to
 !  primitive language4 ,! ,arm5ians    
allege1 t z ! ark re/$ 9  _! c\ntry1    
,noah & 8 *ildr5 mu/ h rema9$ !re a     
consid]able "t1 be=e ! l[] & m>%y c\ntry
 ( ,*aldea c\ld  be fit to receive !m2 &
 x is !re=e reasonable to suppose !y    
left _! language !re1 :i* 0 probably ! v
 same t ,adam  spoke4 ,"s h fanci$ !    
,greek ! mo/ anci5t tongue1 because (   
its ext5t & copi\sness4 ,! ,teutonic1 or
 t dialect ( x :i* is  spok5 9 ! ,l[]   
,g]many & ,brabant1 has f\nd a /r5u\s   
patron 9  ,g]opius ,becanus1 :o         
endeav\rs to d]ive ev5 ! ,hebrew itself 
f  t tongue4 ,! pret5sions ( ! ,*9ese to

 ?is hon\r h be5  all[$ by sev]al       
,europeans4 ,! patrons ( ?is op9ion     
endeav\r to  support x1 p>tly1 by !     
great antiquity ( ! ,*9ese1 & _!  hav+  
pres]v$ !mselves s _m ages f any        
consid]able mixture  or int]c\rse ) o!r 
nations4 ,x is a notion advanc$ by ,dr4 
,allix1  & ma9ta9$ by ,mr4 ,:i/on1 ) 8  
usual t5acity & f]v\r1 t  ! ,*9ese are !
 po/]ity ( ,noah1 by 8 *ildr5 born aft] 
!  flood2 & t ,fohi1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,*9a1 0
 ,noah4 ,z = ^?  :i* are call$ ! ori5tal
 languages1 !y h ea* _! p>tisans4  ,!   
g5]ality ( ea/]n writ]s all[ ! pref]5ce 
to ! ,syriac1  except ! ,jews1 :o ass]t 
! antiquity ( ! ,hebrew ) !  greate/    
w>m?2 & ) !m sev]al ,*ri/ian writ]s     
agree1  p>ticul>ly ,*ryso/om1 ,au/91    
,orig51 & ,j]ome1 among ! anci5ts2  &   
among ! mod]ns1 ,bo*>t1 ,heidegg]1      
,seld51 & ,buxtorf4 ,!  ,sanscrit has   
also put 9 its claims2 & "s h ?\ght t ! 
,pali  be>s ! "* ( ! highe/ antiquity4  
,all ^! are h[ev]  useless speculations4
 ,! only po9t wor? cont5d+ = is1 t      

language 0 convey$ at once to ! fir/    
pair 9 suffici5t degree =  intellectual 
int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 & devotional       
int]c\rse  ) ,god2 & t man 0 n left1 z  
infidel writ]s h be5  pleas$ to say1 to 
=m x = himself out ( rude & in/9ctive   
s\nds4 ,on ?is subject ! rem>ks (       
,delaney are conclusive3 8,t ,god  made 
man a sociable creature1 does n ne$ to  
be prov$2 & t :5  he made him su*1 he   
)held no?+ f him t 0 9 any wise         
necess>y = 8 well be+ 9 society1 is a   
cle> consequ5ce f !  wisdom & goodness (
 ,god2 & if he )held no?+ any way       
necess>y  to 8 well be+1 mu* less w\ld  
he )hold f him t :i* is  ! in/rum5t ( ! 
greate/ happ9ess a reasonable creature  
is  capable ( 9 ?is _w4 ,if ! ,"l ,god  
made #8,adam a help meet =  him1'       
because #8x 0 n good = man to be alone1'
 c we imag9e he  w\ld leave him         
unfurni%$ ) ! means to make t help      
useful &  delightful to him8 ,if x 0 n  
good = him to be alone1 c]ta9ly  nei!r 0
 x good = him to h a companion to :om he

 c\ld n  readily communicate 8 ?\ghts1 )
 :om he c\ld nei!r ease 8  anxieties1   
nor divide or d\ble 8 joys1 by a k9d1 a 
fri5dly1 a  reasonable1 a religi\s      
conv]sation2 & h[ he c\ld d ?is 9 any   
degree ( p]fection1 or to any height (  
rational happ9ess1 is utt]ly            
inconceivable )\t ! use ( spee*4    8,if
 x be said1 t ! human organs be+        
admirably fitt$ = !  =mation (          
articulate s\nds1 ^!1 ) ! help ( reason1
 might 9  "t lead m5 to ! use (         
language4 ,i own x imag9able t !y       
might3 b /ill1 till t end 7 atta9$ 9    
p]fection1 :i*  possibly might n be 9 a 
s]ies ( _m g5]ations1 x mu/ be own$  t  
brutes 7 bett] dealt by1 & c\ld bett]   
atta9 all ! ends  ( _! creation4 ,& if t
 be absurd to be suppos$1 c]ta9ly !  o!r
 is n less absurd to be believ$4 ,nay1  
,i ?9k x ju/ly  d\btful1 :e!r1 )\t      
inspiration f ,god 9 ?is po9t1 man c\ld 
ev] atta9 ! true ends ( 8 be+2 at lea/1 
if we may judge 9  ?is case1 by !       
example ( ^? nations :o1 be+ de/itute ( 

!  advantages ( a p]fect language1 are1 
9 all probability1 f !  mis=tune ( t    
sole defect1 sunk into ! l[e/ condition 
(  b>b>ism & brutality4 ,& z to !       
p]fection 9 :i* ! human  organs are     
fram$ & fitt$ = ! =mation ( articulate  
s\nds1  ?is is cle>ly an argum5t =      
believ+ t ,god imm$iately bless$  man ) 
! use ( spee*1 & gave him :]e)al to ex]t
 ^?  organs to _! prop] ends2 = ?is is  
surely z cr$ible1 z t  :5 he gave him an
 appetite = food1 & prop] organs to eat 
& to  dige/ x1 he did n leave him to    
seek pa9fully = a necess>y  supply1     
7till 8 (f5ce _h made su* a se>* 8 curse
 &  puni%m5t17 b plac$ him at once 9 !  
mid/ ( abundant pl5ty4 ,!  consequ5ce f 
all :i* is1 t ! p]fection & felicity (  
man1  & ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god1     
necess>ily requir$ t ,adam  %\ld be     
sup]naturally end[$ ) ! k & use (       
language4  ,& !re=e1 z c]ta9 z x c be1 t
 man 0 made p]fect &  happy1 & t ,god is
 wise & good2 s c]ta9 is x1 t1 :5 ,adam 
& ,eve 7 =m$1 !y 7 imm$iately enabl$ by 

,god to conv]se  & communicate _!       
?\ghts1 9 all ! p]fection ( language    
necess>y to all ! ends ( _! creation4 ,&
 z ?is 0 ! conduct  mo/ becom+ !        
goodness ( ,god1 s we are assur$ f      
,moses1 t x  0 t to :i* 8 inf9ite wisdom
 det]m9$ him2 = we f9d t  ,adam gave    
names to all ! creatures be=e ,eve 0    
=m$2 &1  consequ5tly1 be=e necessity    
taught him ! use ( spee*40    ,x is true
 t _m languages be> m>ks ( be+ rais$ to 
_!  improv$ /ate f rude & imp]fect      
elem5ts1 & t all are  capable ( be+     
enri*$ & r5d]$ m exact2 & x is ?is :i*  
has giv5 "s col\r to ^? !ories :i* trace
 all language itself  up f elem5tal     
s\nds1 z ! necessities ( m51 _! increas+
  k1 & _! imag9ation l$ to ! inv5tion ( 
new words &  comb9ations4 ,all ?is is1  
h[ev]1 consi/5t ) ! ,scripture fact1  t 
language 0 taught at fir/ by ,god to our
 fir/ p>5ts4 ,!  disp]sion ( mank9d     
c>ri$ _m tribes to great di/ances1 & w>s
  /ill f>!r scatt]$ !m1 & (t5 into wide 
regions :]e !y  7 f>!r disp]s$ to live  

*iefly by ! *ase1 by fi%+1 or at  be/ b 
an imp]fect agriculture4 ,9 v>i\s       
degrees we "k !y lo/  useful arts2 & = !
 same reasons !y w\ld lose mu* ( _!     
orig9al language2 ^? t]ms be+ *iefly    
reta9$ :i* _!  imm$iate necessities1 & !
 common affairs ( a gross life1 kept 9  
use4 ,b :5 civilization aga9 ov]took ^! 
portions ( mank9d1 &  k+doms & empires 7
 f\nd$ among !m1 or !y became integral  
p>ts ( ! old empires1 !n _! int]c\rse ) 
ea* o!r  becom+ m rapid1 & artificial1 &
 intellectual1 _! language  0 put into a
 new process ( improvem5t1 & to ! eye ( 
! critic  w\ld exhibit ! v>i\s /ages (  
advancem5t2 & 9 _m x w\ld be  pu%$      
beyond t p]fection :i* x _h :5 x fir/   
began to  det]iorate4 ,see ,,lett]s4    
,,lant]n4 ,! ^w occurs1 ,john xviii1 #c3
    3 )  tor*es & lant]ns30 b bo? t]ms  
appe> to signify tor*es2 !  =m] ( a rud]
 k9d ?an ! latt]1 be+ =m$ ( split la?s  
b\nd into bundles1 ?r[+ ar\nd a /rong   
gl>e ( light4 ,!y came  ?us furni%$ to  
appreh5d our ,"l1 le/ he %\ld escape    

?r\gh !  d>kness ( ! night4             
,,laodicea4 ,!re 7 sev]al cities ( ?is  
"n1 b ! ,scripture  speaks only ( t 9   
,phrygia1 ^u ! riv] ,lycus1 ne>         
,colosse4 ,its  anci5t "n 0 ,diospolis3 
x 0 aft]w>d call$ ,rhoas4 ,la/ly1       
,antio*us1 ! son ( ,/ratonice1 rebuilt  
x1 & call$ x ,laodicea1  f ! "n ( 8 wife
 ,laodice4 ,x became ! "m *ur* (  sixte5
 bi%oprics4 ,its ?ree !atres1 & ! imm5se
 circus1 :i*  0 capable ( conta9+ upw>d 
( ?irty ?\s& spectators1 !  spaci\s     
rema9s ( :i* 7) o!r ru9s buri$ "u ru9s7 
are yet  to be se51 give pro( ( !       
greatness ( its anci5t weal? &          
population2 & indicate too /rongly t 9 t
 city :]e ,*ri/ians  7 rebuk$1 )\t      
exception1 = _! lukew>mness1 !re 7      
multitudes :o 7 lov]s ( pleasure m ?an  
lov]s ( ,god4 ,!  amphi!atre 0 built    
aft] ! ,apocalypse 0 writt51 & ! w>n+  (
 ! ,_s _h be5 giv5 to ! *ur* ( !        
,laodiceans to be  zeal\s & rep5t4 ,!re 
are no sights ( gr&eur1 nor sc5es (     
temptation ar\nd x n[4 ,its own trag$y  

may be briefly told4 ,x 0  lukew>m1 &   
nei!r cold nor hot2 & !re=e x 0 loa?some
 9  ! sight ( ,god4 ,& x has be5 blott$ 
f ! _w4 ,x is n[ z  desolate z its      
inhabitants 7 de/itute ( ! fe> & love ( 
,god4  ,x is1 z describ$ 9 8 ,travels by
 ,dr4 ,smi?1 utt]ly desolat$1 &  )\t any
 inhabitant except wolves1 & jackals1 & 
foxes40 ,x c  boa/ ( no human           
inhabitants1 except occasionally :5 w&]+
  ,turcomans pit* _! t5ts 9 its spaci\s 
amphi!atre4 ,! f9e/  sculptur$ fragm5ts 
are to be se5 at a consid]able dep?1 9  
excavations :i* h be5 made among ! ru9s4
 ,& ,colonel ,lake  obs]ves1 ,!re are   
few anci5t cities m likely ?an ,laodicea
 to  pres]ve _m curi\s rema9s (         
antiquity b5ea? ! surface ( !  soil4    
,its opul5ce1 & ! e>?quakes to :i* x 0  
subject1 r5d]  x probable t valuable    
works ( art 7 (t5 !re buri$ b5ea?  !    
ru9s ( ! public & private edifices40    
,,lapw+1 1 ,levit4 xi1 #ai2 ,deut4 xiv1 
#ah4 ,! bird int5d$ by !  ,hebrew "n 9  
^! places is und\bt$ly ! hoopoe2 a v    

beautiful1 b mo/ unclean & fil?y1       
species ( birds4 ,! ,septuag9t  r5d]s x 
2 & ! ,vulgate1 upupa2 :i* is ! same ) !
  ,arabian int]pret]s4 ,! ,egyptian "n (
 ! bird is kukuphah2 &  ! ,syrian1      
kikuphah2 :i* approa* ! ,hebrew         
dukipha?4 ,x may  h its "n f ! noise or 
cry x makes1 :i* is v rem>kable1  & may 
be he>d a great way4    ,,latitud9>ians1
 a t]m appli$ to ^? div9es :o1 9 !      
sev5te5?  c5tury1 attempt$ to br+       
,episcopalians1 ,presbyt]ians1 &        
,indep5d5ts1 into "o communion1 by      
compromis+ ! diff]5ces  betwe5 !m4 ,!   
*ief lead]s ( ?is p>ty 7 ! great        
,*ill+wor? & ,john ,hales2 to :om may be
 add$ ,m1 ,cudwor?1 ,gale1  ,tillotson1 
& ,:it*cot4 ,!y 7 zeal\sly atta*$ to !  
*ur* (  ,engl&1 b did n look ^u         
episcopacy z indisp5sable to !          
con/itution ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,h5ce !y 
ma9ta9$ t ^?  :o adopt$ o!r =ms (       
gov]nm5t & wor%ip1 7 n on t  acc\nt to  
be exclud$ f ! communion1 or to =feit ! 
title (  bre?r54 ,!y r$uc$ ! fundam5tal 

doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity to a  few po9ts4 
,by ?is way ( proce$+1 !y endeav\r$ to  
%[ t  nei!r ! ,episcopalians1 :o1       
g5]ally speak+1 7 !n ,arm9ians1  nor !  
,presbyt]ians & ,indep5d5ts1 :o z       
g5]ally adopt$ !  doctr9es ( ,calv91 _h 
any reason to oppose ea* o!r ) su*      
animosity & bitt]ness2 s9ce ! subjects (
 _! debates 7  matt]s non-ess5tial to   
salvation1 & might be v>i\sly expla9$ & 
und]/ood )\t prejudice to _! et]nal     
int]e/s4 ,?is plan  fail+1 ?r\gh !      
viol5ce ( ! bi%ops on "o h&1 7?\gh      
sanction$ by ! ,"l ,*ancellor ,cl>5don17
 & by ! jeal\sy ( !  m rigid on ! o!r1 !
 "n ,latitud9>ian became a t]m (        
reproa*1 z imply+ an indiff]5cy to all  
religions1 & has be5  g5]ally s us$ ev] 
s9ce4    ,,lav]4 ,betwe5 ! alt> & !     
tab]nacle1 a little to ! s\?1  /ood a   
circul> lav]1 :i*1 toge!r ) its base1 0 
made ( !  braz5 ornam5ts :i* ! wom5 _h  
pres5t$ = ! use ( !  tab]nacle1 & 0 !nce
 call$  1 ,exodus xxx1 #ah2 xl1 #g4 ,!  
prie/s1 :5 ab\t to p]=m _! duties1 wa%$ 

_! h&s 9 ?is  lav]4    ,,law1 a rule (  
action2 a precept or comm&1 com+ f a    
sup]ior  au?ority1 :i* an inf]ior is    
b\nd to obey4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,god       
gov]ns rational creatures is by a law1 z
 ! rule ( _! ob$i5ce  to him1 & ?is is  
:at we call ,god's moral gov]nm5t ( !   
_w4  ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 is us$ 9 ,scripture 
) consid]able latitude (  mean+2 & to   
asc]ta9 its precise import 9 any        
p>ticul> place1 x  is necess>y to reg>d 
! scope & connection ( ! passage 9 :i*  
x occurs4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 sometimes x  
d5otes ! :ole reveal$  w ( ,god z       
communicat$ to u 9 8 ^w4 ,9 ?is s5se x  
is  g5]ally us$ 9 ! book ( ,psalms1 i1  
#b2 xix1 #g2 cxix2 ,isaiah viii1  #bj2  
xlii1 #ba4 ,sometimes x is tak5 = !     
,mosaical in/itution  di/+ui%$ f !      
,gospel1 ,john i1 #ag2 ,matt4 xi1 #ac2  
xii1 #e2 ,acts  xxv1 #h4 ,h5ce we       
frequ5tly read ( ! law ( ,moses z       
expressive (  ! :ole religion ( ! ,jews1
 ,heb4 ix1 #ai2 x1 #bh4 ,sometimes1 9 a 
m  re/rict$ s5se1 = ! ritual or         

c]emonial obs]vances ( ! ,jewi%         
religion4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,apo/le speaks (
 ! law ( comm&m5ts  conta9$ 9           
ord9ances10 ,eph4 ii1 #ae2 ,heb4 x1 #a2 
& :i*1 be+ only  a %ad[ ( good ?+s to   
come10 ,*ri/ ,jesus aboli%$ by 8 dea?1  
& s 9 effect de/roy$ ! anci5t di/9ction 
betwe5 ,jew &  ,g5tile1 ,gal4 iii1 #ag4 
,v frequ5tly x is us$ to signify !      
decalogue1 or t5 precepts :i* 7 deliv]$ 
to ! ,israelites f  ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,x is 9
 ?is acceptation ( ! t]m t ! ,"l ,jesus 
decl>es he came n to de/roy ! law1 b to 
fulfil x10 ,matt4 v1 #ag2  & he expla9s 
its import z requir+ p]fect love to ,god
 & man1  ,luke x1 #bg4 ,x is 9 ref]5ce  
to ?is view t ,/4 ,paul affirms1 ,by  ! 
de$s ( ! law %all no fle% liv+ be       
ju/ifi$2 = by ! law  is ! k ( s910 ,rom4
 iii1 #bj4 ,! language ( ?is law is1 ,! 
s\l t s9ne? x %all die10 & ,curs$ is e  
"o t cont9ue?  n 9 all ?+s t are        
writt510 or requir$1 9 ! book ( !  law1 
to d !m10 ,gal4 iii1 #aj4 ,to deliv] man
 f ?is p5alty1 ,*ri/  ha? r$eem$ u f !  

curse ( ! law1 be+ himself made a curse 
= u10 ,gal4 iii1 #ac4 ,! law1 9 ?is     
s5se1 0 n giv5 t m5  %\ld obta9         
righte\sness or ju/ification by x1 b to 
conv9ce !m  ( s91 to %[ !m _! ne$ ( a   
,savi\r1 to %ut !m up1 z x  71 f all    
hopes ( salvation f t s\rce1 & to       
recomm5d !  ,gospel ( div9e grace to _! 
acceptance1 ,gal4 iii1 #ai-be4 ,aga91 ! 
law (t5 d5otes ! rule ( good & evil1 or 
( "r & wrong1  reveal$ by ! ,creator &  
inscrib$ on man's consci5ce1 ev5 at 8   
creation1 & consequ5tly b9d+ ^u him by  
div9e au?ority2 & 9  ?is respect x is 9 
sub/ance ! same ) ! decalogue4 ,t su* a 
law 0 connate )1 &1 z x 71 implant$ 91  
man1 appe>s f  its traces1 :i*1 l ! ru9s
 ( "s noble build+1 are /ill  extant 9 e
 man4 ,x is f ^? common notions1 h&$ d[n
 by  tradition1 ?\gh (t5 imp]fect &     
p]v]t$1 t ! ,hea!ns  !mselves di/+ui%$  
"r f wrong1 by :i* !y 7 a law unto      
!mselves1 %[+ ! "w ( ! law writt5 9 _!  
he>ts1 _!  consci5ce be>+ witness10     
,rom4 ii1 #ab-ae1 al?\gh !y _h no       

express revelation4    ,! t]m law1 is1  
h[ev]1 em95tly giv5 to ! ,mosaic law2 on
 !  pr9ciples & _s ( :i*1 a few g5]al   
rem>ks may be (f]$4  ,! "r consid]ation 
( ?is div9e in/itute1 says ,dr4 ,graves1
 w  surr\nd x ) a glory ( tru? &        
hol9ess1 n only wor?y ( its  claims1 b  
:i* has cont9u$ to be ! light ( ! _w on 
!ological & moral subjects1 & (t5 on    
great political pr9ciples1  to ?is day4 
,if we exam9e ! ,jewi% law1 to discov] !
 pr9ciple on  :i* ! :ole sy/em dep5ds1 !
 prim>y tru?1 to inculcate &  illu/rate 
:i* is its lead+ object1 we f9d x to be 
t great  basis ( all religion1 bo?      
natural & reveal$1 ! self-exi/5ce1      
ess5tial unity1 p]fections1 & provid5ce 
( ! supreme ,jehovah1 !  ,creator (     
heav5 & e>?4 ,! fir/ l9e ( ! ,mosaic    
writ+s  inculcates ?is great tru?3 ,9 ! 
beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 &  ! e>?40   
,:5 ! lawgiv] beg9s to recapitulate !   
/atutes &  judgm5ts he _h enjo9$ to 8   
nation1 x is ) ?is decl>ation3  ,he>1 ,o
 ,israel1 ! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l10    

,deut4 vi1 #d2 or1 z x  might be m      
closely express$1 ,jehovah our ,elohim1 
or ,god1 is "o  ,jehovah4 ,& at !       
comm5cem5t ( t sublime hymn1 deliv]$ by 
,moses imm$iately be=e 8 dea?1 9 :i* ?is
 illu/ri\s prophet  sums up ! doctr9es  
he _h taught1 ! wond]s by :i* !y _h be5 
confirm$1 & ! d5unciations by :i* !y 7  
en=c$1 he  decl>es ?is great t5et ) !   
sublimity ( ea/]n poetry1 b at  ! same  
"t ) ! precision ( philosophic tru?3    
,give e>10 says  he1 ,o ye heav5s1 & ,i 
w speak3 & he>1 ,o e>?1 ! words ( my    
m\?4 ,my doctr9e %all drop ra93 my spee*
 %all di/il z ! dew1  z ! small ra9 ^u !
 t5d] h]b1 & z ! %[]s ^u !  grass10     
,deut4 xxxii1 #a1 c4 ,:at1 is t doctr9e 
s awful1 t !  :ole univ]se is ?us invok$
 to att5d to x8 s salut>y z to be       
comp>$ ) ! pr9ciple ^: op]ation diffuses
 beauty &  f]tility ov] ! vegetable _w8 
,he> ! answ]3 ,because ,i w  publi% ! "n
 ( ,jehovah2 ascribe ye greatness unto  
our ,god4 ,he is  ! rock1 8 "w is       
p]fect3 a ,god ( tru?1 & )\t iniquity1  

j & "r is he40    ,?is1 !n1 is "o great 
lead+ doctr9e ( ! ,jewi% code4 ,b !     
mann] 9 :i* ?is doctr9e is taught       
displays su* wise accommodation  to !   
capacity & "* ( ! nation to :om x is    
address$1 z  des]ves to be c>efully     
rem>k$4 ,t "* by :i* ! supreme  ,be+ is 
mo/ cle>ly di/+ui%$ f e o!r1 h[ev]      
exalt$2  t "* f :i* ! acute/ reason]s h 
endeav\r$  demon/ratively to d$uce1 z f 
_! s\rce1 all ! div9e  attributes1 is   
self-exi/5ce4 ,is x n !n highly         
rem>kable1 t x  is "u ?is "* ! ,div9ity 
is describ$ on 8 fir/  manife/ation to !
 ,jewi% lawgiv]8 ,! ,deity at fir/      
reveals himself  unto him z ! ,god (    
,abraham1 ( ,isaac1 & ( ,jacob2 & !re=e 
! peculi> national & gu>dian ,god ( !   
,jewi% race4 ,moses1  consci\s ( !      
deg5]acy ( ! ,israelites1 _! ignorance  
(1 or  _! inatt5tion to1 ! true ,god1 & 
! difficulty & dang] ( any  attempt to  
recall !m to 8 exclusive wor%ip1 & to   
)draw !m  f ,egypt1 seems to decl9e !   
task2 b :5 absolutely comm&$ to         

und]take x1 he said unto ,god1 ,behold1 
:5 ,i come unto ! *ildr5 (  ,israel1 &  
%all say unto !m1 ,! ,god ( y\r fa!rs   
ha? s5t me  unto y2 & !y %all say to me1
 ,:at is 8 "n8 :at %all ,i say  unto !m8
 ,& ,god said unto ,moses1 ,i am t ,i   
am3 & he said1 ,?us  %alt ?\ say unto ! 
*ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,i ,am ha? s5t me unto
  y10 ,exod4 iii1 #ac1 #ad4 ,"h we      
obs]ve1 accord+ to ! con/ant  me?od ( ! 
div9e wisdom1 :5 x condesc5ds to !      
prejudices (  m51 h[ 9 ! v in/ance (    
indulg5ce x corrects _!  sup]/ition4 ,! 
religion ( names arose f an idolatr\s   
poly!ism2  & ! "n giv5 "h directly      
opposes ?is error1 & 9 !  ignorance ( t 
d>k & corrupt$ p]iod e/abli%es t great  
tru?1 to :i* ! mo/ enlight5$ philosophy 
c add no new lu/re1  & on :i* all ! mo/ 
ref9$ speculations on ! div9e nature    
ultimately re/1 ! self-exi/5ce1 &1 by   
consequ5ce1 ! et]nity  & immutability1 (
 ! "o great ,jehovah4    ,b ?\gh !      
self-exi/5ce ( ! ,deity 0 a fact too    
ab/ract to  require its be+ frequ5tly   

inculcat$1 8 ess5tial unity 0 a         
practical pr9ciple1 ! sure f\ndation on 
:i* to erect ! /ructure  ( true         
religion1 & =m a b>ri] aga9/ !          
encroa*m5ts (  idolatry3 = ?is comm5c$ n
 s frequ5tly 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce1  or ev5 !
 supremacy1 ( ! "o true ,god1 z 9       
associat+ ) him  = objects ( adoration  
inf]ior int]m$iate be+s1 :o 7 suppos$   
to be m directly employ$ 9 !            
adm9i/ration ( human affairs4 ,to       
confute & resi/ ?is false pr9ciple 01   
!re=e1 "o great object  ( ! ,jewi%      
s*eme4 ,h5ce ! unity ( ,god is inculcat$
 )  p]petual solicitude2 x /&s at ! head
 ( ! sy/em ( moral law  promulgat$ to ! 
,jews f ,s9ai by ! div9e voice1 he>d by 
!  assembl$ nation1 & issu+ f ! div9e   
glory1 ) e  circum/ance :i* c\ld impress
 ! deepe/ awe ^u ev5 ! dulle/  m9ds3 ,i 
am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 :i* h br\ght !e out ( 
! l& (  ,egypt1 out ( ! h\se ( bondage2 
?\ %alt h no o!r gods beside  me10      
,exod4 xx1 #b1 #c4 ,& 9 ! recapitulation
 ( ! div9e laws 9  ,deut]onomy1 x is    

repeat$ly en=c$ ) ! mo/ solemn          
e>ne/ness3  ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ,! ,"l our
 ,god is "o ,"l10 ,deut4 vi1 #d4 ,&     
aga93  ,unto !e x 0 %[$1 t ?\ mighte/ "k
 t ! ,"l he is  ,god2 !re is none else  
beside him4 ,"k1 !re=e1 ?is day1 &      
consid] x 9 ?9e he>t1 t ! ,"l he is ,god
 9 heav5 above1 &  9 ! e>? b5ea?3 !re is
 none else10 ,deut4 iv1 #ce1 #ci4       
,?is self-exi/5t1 supreme & only ,god is
 moreov] describ$ z  possess$ ( e       
p]fection :i* c be ascrib$ to !         
,div9ity3 ,ye  %all be holy10 says ! ,"l
 to ! p ( ! ,jews2 = ,i ! ,"l  y\r ,god 
am holy10 ,lev4 xix1 #b4 ,ascribe ye10  
says ! legislator1  greatness unto our  
,god2 he is ! rock2 8 "w is p]fect2 a   
,god (  tru?1 & )\t iniquity1 j & "r is 
he10 ,deut4 xxxii1 #d4 ,&  9 ! hymn (   
?anksgiv+ on ! miracul\s escape ( !     
,israelites  at ! ,r$ ,sea1 ?is is its  
burd53 ,:o is l unto !e1 ,o ,"l1 among  
! gods8 :o is l unto !e1 glori\s 9      
hol9ess1 fe>ful 9  praises1 do+ wond]s80
 ,exod4 xv1 #aa4 ,& :5 ! ,"l deliv]$ to 

,moses ! two tables ( ! moral law1 he is
 describ$ z desc5d+ 9  ! cl\d1 &        
proclaim+ ! "n ( ! ,"l3 ,& ! ,"l pass$  
by  be=e him1 & proclaim$1 ,! ,"l1 ! ,"l
 ,god1 m]ciful &  graci\s1 long-suff]+1 
& abundant 9 goodness1 keep+ m]cy =     
?\s&s1 =giv+ iniquity1 transgression1 & 
s91 & t w by  no means cle> ! guilty10  
,exod4 xxxiv1 #f1 #g4    ,b to tea* !   
self-exi/5ce1 ! unity1 ! wisdom1 & ! p[]
 (  ! ,deity1 nay1 ev5 8 moral          
p]fections ( m]cy1 ju/ice1 & tru?1  w\ld
 h be5 insuffici5t to arre/ ! att5tion1 
& comm& !  ob$i5ce ( a nation1 !        
majority ( :i* look$ no f>!r ?an m]e    
pres5t objects1 & at t e>ly p]iod *]i%$ 
sc>cely any hopes  high] ?an ^? ( a     
temporal k9d1--if1 9 addition to all    
?is1 c>e  _h n be5 tak5 to repres5t !   
provid5ce ( ,god z n only  direct+ !    
gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se by g5]al laws1 b   
also  p]petually sup]9t5d+ ! conduct &  
det]m9+ ! =tune (  e nation1 ( e family1
 nay1 ( e individual4 ,x 0 !  disbelief 
or ! neglect ( ?is great tru? :i* gave  

_s &  en]gy1 plausibility & attraction1 
to ! :ole sy/em ( idolatry4  ,:ile m5   
believ$ t ! supreme ,god & ,"l ( all 0  
too exalt$  9 8 dignity1 too remote f   
?is sublun>y sc5e1 to reg>d its         
vicissitudes ) an att5tive eye1 & too   
con/antly engag$ 9 !  contemplation ( 8 
own p]fections1 & ! enjoym5t ( 8 own    
indep5d5t & all-p]fect happ9ess1 to     
int]f]e 9 ! regulation (  human affairs1
 !y reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce t supreme       
,div9ity :o  seem$ to take no conc]n 9  
_! conduct1 & n to int]f]e z to  _!     
happ9ess4 ,h[ev] exalt$ & p]fect su* a  
,be+ might appe>  to ab/ract            
speculation1 he 0 to ! g5]ality ( mank9d
 z if he  did n exi/2 z _! happ9ess or  
mis]y 7 n suppos$ to be  influ5c$ by 8  
p[]1 !y ref]r$ n _! conduct to 8        
direction4 ,if he delegat$ to inf]ior   
be+s ! regulation ( ?is  inf]ior _w2 if 
all its conc]ns 7 conduct$ by _!        
imm$iate  ag5cy1 & all its bless+s or   
calamities di/ribut$ by _!  imm$iate    
det]m9ation2 x seem$ rational1 & ev5    

necess>y1 to  supplicate _! fav\r &     
submit to _! au?ority2 & nei!r  unwise  
nor unsafe to neglect t ,be+1 :o1 ?\gh  
all-p]fect &  supreme1 w\ld1 on ?is     
supposition appe>1 ) respect to mank9d1 
altoge!r inop]ative4 ,9 tru?1 ?is fact (
 ! p]petual provid5ce  ( ,god ext5d+ ev5
 to ! m9ute/ ev5ts1 is insep>ably       
connect$  ) e motive :i* is (f]$ to sway
 ! conduct ( ! ,jews1 &  =cibly         
inculcat$ by e ev5t ( _! hi/ory4 ,?is _h
 be5  manife/$ 9 ! appo9tm5t ( ! l& (   
,canaan = ! future  settlem5t ( ! *os5 p
 on ! fir/ cov5ant :i* ,god ent]$  into 
) ! ,patri>* ,abraham2 9 ! prophecy1 t =
 f\r hundr$  ye>s !y %\ld be afflict$ 9 
,egypt1 & aft]w>d be !nce  deliv]$2 9 ! 
increase ( _! nation1 "u circum/ances ( 
extreme oppression1 & _! sup]natural    
deliv]ance f t  oppression4 ,! same     
provid5ce 0 display$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! 
,egyptians 9 ! ,r$ ,sea2 ! travels ( !  
?\s&s ( ,israel ?r\gh  ! wild]ness1     
su/a9$ by food f heav52 & 9 _! subsequ5t
  settlem5t 9 ! promis$ l& by means     

entirely di/9ct f _!  own /r5g?4        
,reliance on ! same provid5ce 0 !       
f\ndation (  _! civil gov]nm5t1 ! _s & !
 pr9ciple ( _!  con/itution4 ,on ?is    
only c\ld !y be comm&$ to keep !        
sabbatic  ye> )\t till+ _! l&1 or ev5   
ga!r+ its spontane\s  produce2 confid+ 9
 ! promise1 t ,god w\ld s5d 8 bless+ on 
! six? ye>1 s t x %\ld br+ =? fruit =   
?ree ye>s1  ,lev4 xxv1 #ba4 ,! same fai?
 9 ,div9e ,provid5ce alone c\ld prevail 
on  !m to leave _! prop]ties & families 
expos$ to ! attack (  _! surr\nd+       
enemies2 :ile all ! males ( ! nation    
assembl$  at ,j]usalem to celebrate !   
?ree great fe/ivals1 enjo9$ by div9e    
comm&1 ) ! assurance t no man %\ld      
desire _! l& :5  !y w5t up to appe> be=e
 ! ,"l _! ,god ?rice 9 ! ye>1  ,exodus  
xxxiv1 #bd4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is mo/ evid5t1
 t1 contr>y to  all o!r lawgiv]s1 !     
,jewi% legislator r5d]s 8 civil         
in/itutions entirely subord9ate to 8    
religi\s2 & ann\nces to 8  nation t _!  
temporal adv]sity or prosp]ity w\ld     

entirely  dep5d1 n on _! obs]vance ( _! 
political regulations2 n on  _! pres]v+ 
a milit>y _s1 or acquir+ comm]cial      
weal?1 or  /r5g!n+ !mselves by p[]ful   
alliances2 b on _! cont9u+  to wor%ip ! 
"o true ,god accord+ to ! religi\s rites
 &  c]emonies by him prescrib$1 &       
pres]v+ _! piety & morals  unta9t$ by ! 
corruptions & vices :i* idolatry t5d$ to
  introduce4    ,su* 0 ! !ology ( !     
,jewi% religion1 at a p]iod :5 ! :ole   
_w 0 deeply infect$ ) idolatry2 :5 all k
 ( ! "o  true ,god1 all rev]5ce = 8     
sacr$ "n1 all reliance on 8  provid5ce1 
all ob$i5ce to 8 laws1 7 ne>ly bani%$ f 
!  e>?2 :5 ! sev]e/ *a/isem5ts _h be5   
tri$ 9 va92 :5 no  hope ( re=mation     
appe>$ f ! ref9em5ts ( civilization or !
  rese>*es ( philosophy2 = ! mo/        
civiliz$ & enlight5$ nations  adopt$ ) !
 greate/ eag]ness1 & dissem9at$ ) !     
greate/  activity1 ! absurdities1       
impieties1 & pollutions ( idolatry4 ,!n 
0 ! ,jewi% law promulgat$ to a nation1  
:o1 to m]e human judgm5t1  might h      

appe>$ incapable ( inv5t+ or receiv+ su*
 a high  degree ( intellectual & moral  
improvem5t2 = !y _h be5 long  enslav$ to
 ! ,egyptians1 ! au?ors & support]s ( ! 
grosse/  idolatry2 !y _h be5 weigh$ d[n 
by ! sev]e/ bondage1  p]petually h>ass$ 
by ! mo/ incessant manual lab\rs2 = !   
,egyptians made _! lives bitt] ) h>d    
bondage1 9 mort>1 & 9  brick1 & 9 all   
mann] ( s]vice 9 ! field10 ,exod4 i1    
#ad4 ,at ?is  "t1 & 9 ?is nation1 0 !   
,mosaic law promulgat$1 tea*+ !  great  
pr9ciples ( true religion1 !            
self-exi/5ce1 ! unity1 !  p]fections1 & 
! provid5ce ( ! "o great ,jehovah2      
reprobat+  all false gods1 all image    
wor%ip1 all ! absurdities & pr(anations 
( idolatry4 ,at ?is "t1 & 9 ?is nation1 
0 a sy/em (  gov]nm5t fram$1 :i* _h =   
its basis ! reception (1 & /eady        
adh]5ce to1 ?is sy/em ( true religion2 &
 e/abli%+ _m  regulations1 :i* w\ld be 9
 ! highe/ degree irrational1 & c\ld     
nev] hope to be receiv$1 except f a     
g5]al & ?or\gh reliance  on !           

sup]9t5d5ce ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1        
controll+ ! c\rse (  nature1 & direct+ e
 ev5t1 s z to proportion ! prosp]ity (  
! ,hebrew p1 accord+ to _! ob$i5ce to t 
law :i* !y  _h receiv$ z div9e4    ,x is
 an obvi\s1 b x is n !re=e a less       
important rem>k1 t  to ! ,jewi% religion
 we owe t admirable summ>y ( moral duty1
  conta9$ 9 ! t5 comm&m5ts4 ,all fair   
reason]s w admit t  ea* ( ^! mu/ be     
und]/ood to condemn1 n m]ely ! extreme  
crime :i* x expressly prohibits1 b e    
inf]ior (f5ce ( !  same k9d1 & e mode ( 
conduct lead+ to su* transgression2 &1  
on ! contr>y1 to enjo9 opposite conduct1
 & ! cultivation (  opposite            
dispositions4 ,?us1 ! comm&1 ,?\ %alt n 
kill10 condemns  n m]ely ! s+le crime ( 
delib]ate murd]1 b e k9d (  viol5ce1 & e
 indulg5ce ( passion & res5tm5t1 :i*    
t5ds  ei!r to excite su* viol5ce1 or to 
produce t malignant disposition  ( m9d1 
9 :i* ! guilt ( murd] pr9cipally        
consi/s3 &  simil>ly ( ! re/4 ,9 ?is    
ext5sive int]pretation ( !  comm&m5ts1  

we are w>rant$1 n m]ely by ! d$uctions (
 reason1  b by ! lett] ( ! law itself4  
,= ! addition ( ! la/1 ,?\  %alt n      
covet10 proves cle>ly t 9 all1 !        
dispositions ( !  he>t1 z mu* z !       
imm$iate outw>d act1 is ! object ( !    
div9e  ,legislator2 & ?us x =ms a comm5t
 on ! mean+1 z well z a  gu>d = !       
obs]vance1 ( all ! prec$+ comm&s4       
,int]pret$ 9  ?is natural & rational    
latitude1 h[ compreh5sive & important is
  ?is summ>y ( moral duty6 ,x inculcates
 ! adoration ( ! "o true  ,god1 :o made 
heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is20 :o
  mu/1 !re=e1 be inf9ite 9 p[]1 &       
wisdom1 & goodness2 !  object (         
exclusive adoration2 ( gratitude = e    
bless+ we enjoy2  ( fe>1 = he is a      
jeal\s ,god2 ( hope1 = he is m]ciful4 ,x
  prohibits e species ( idolatry2 :e!r  
by associat+ false gods  ) ! true1 or   
wor%ipp+ ! true by symbols & images4    
,comm&+  n to take ! "n ( ,god 9 va91 x 
enjo9s ! obs]vance ( all  outw>d respect
 = ! div9e au?ority1 z well z !         

cultivation (  inw>d s5tim5ts & feel+s  
suit$ to ?is outw>d rev]5ce2 & x        
e/abli%es ! obligation ( oa?s1 &1 by    
consequ5ce1 ( all  compacts & delib]ate 
promises2 a pr9ciple1 )\t :i* !         
adm9i/ration ( laws w\ld be             
impracticable1 & ! bonds ( society  mu/ 
be dissolv$4 ,by comm&+ to keep holy !  
,sabba?1 z !  memorial ( ! creation1 x  
e/abli%es ! necessity ( public  wor%ip1 
& ( a /at$ & outw>d pr(ession ( ! tru?s 
(  religion1 z well z ( ! cultivation ( 
suitable feel+s2 & x  en=ces ?is by a   
motive :i* is equally applicable to all 
mank9d1  & :i* %\ld h taught ! ,jew t he
 ought to consid] all  nations z equally
 creatures ( t ,jehovah :om he himself  
ador$2  equally subject to 8 gov]nm5t1  
&1 if s9c]ely ob$i5t1 entitl$  to all ! 
privileges 8 fav\r c\ld be/[4 ,x is also
 rem>kable1  t ?is comm&m5t1 requir+ t !
 re/ ( ! ,sabba? %\ld  include !        
man-s]vant1 & ! maid-s]vant1 & ! /rang] 
t 0  )9 _! gates1 nay1 ev5 _! cattle1   
prov$ t ! ,creator (  ! univ]se ext5d$ 8

 att5tion to all 8 creatures2 t !       
humble/ ( mank9d 7 ! objects ( 8 pat]nal
 love2 t no  accid5tal diff]5ces1 :i* s 
(t5 create ali5ation among diff]5t      
nations1 w\ld ali5ate any f ! div9e     
reg>d2 & t ev5 !  brute creation %>$ !  
b5evol5ce ( _! ,creator1 & ought to be  
treat$ by m5 ) g5tl5ess & humanity4     
,:5 we proce$ to ! second table1        
compreh5d+ m expressly our  social      
duties1 we f9d all ! mo/ important      
pr9ciples on :i* !y  dep5d cle>ly en=c$4
 ,! comm&m5t :i* enjo9s1 ,hon\r ?y  fa!r
 & "m10 sanctions ! pr9ciples1 n m]ely (
 filial  ob$i5ce1 b ( all ^? duties :i* 
arise f our dome/ic  relations2 &1 :ile 
x requires n s mu* any "o specific act1 
z  ! g5]al disposition :i* %\ld regulate
 our :ole c\rse (  conduct 9 ?is        
in/ance1 x impresses ! important        
conviction1 t  ! entire law proce$s f a 
,legislator able to se>* & judge !  he>t
 ( man4 ,! subsequ5t comm&s co9cide ) ! 
cle> dictates  ( reason1 & prohibit     
crimes :i* human laws 9 g5]al h         

prohibit$ z pla9ly de/ructive ( social  
happ9ess4 ,b x 0 (  inf9ite importance  
to re/ ! prohibitions1 ,?\ %alt n kill10
 ,?\  %alt n commit adult]y10 ,?\ %alt n
 /eal10 ,?\ %alt n be>  false witness10 
n m]ely on ! d$uctions ( reason1 b also 
on !  weight ( a div9e au?ority4 ,h[ (t5
 h false ideas ( public good  9 "s      
places1 deprav$ passions 9 o!rs1 & !    
delusions (  idolatry 9 /ill m1 e/abli%$
 a law ( reputation contr>y to !        
dictates ( reason1 & ! real int]e/s (   
society4 ,9 "o c\ntry we  see !ft all[$1
 if p]petrat$ ) address2 9 o!rs1 piracy 
&  rap9e hon\r$1 if conduct$ )          
intrepidity4 ,sometimes we p]ceive      
adult]y p]mitt$1 ! mo/ unnatural crimes 
committ$ )\t remorse  or %ame2 nay1 e   
species ( impurity enjo9$ & consecrat$ z
 a  "p ( div9e wor%ip4 ,9 o!rs1 we f9d  
rev5ge hon\r$ z _s1  & dea? inflict$ at 
its impulse ) f]oci\s triumph4 ,aga91 we
 see  e feel+ ( nature outrag$1 & p>5ts 
expos+ _! helpless  *ildr5 to p]i% =    
de=mity ( body or weakness ( m9d2 or1   

:at  is /ill m dreadful1 f m]c5>y or    
political views2 & ?is  inhuman practice
 famili>iz$ by cu/om1 & au?oriz$ by law4
 ,&1 to  close ! horrid catalogue1 we   
see false religions lead+ _! delud$     
vot>ies to heap ! alt>s ( _! idols )    
human victims2 !  ma/] but*]s 8 slave1 !
 conqu]or 8 captive2 nay1 dreadful to   
relate1 ! p>5t sacrifices 8 *ildr51 &1  
:ile !y %riek  amid/ ! tortures ( !     
flames1 or 9 ! agonies ( dea?1 he dr[ns 
_! cries by ! clang\r ( cymbals & !     
yells ( fanaticism4 ,yet  ^!            
abom9ations1 sep>ate or comb9$1 h       
disgrac$ ages &  nations :i* we are     
accu/om$ to admire & celebrate z        
civiliz$ &  enlight5$1--,babylon &      
,egypt1 ,ph5icia & ,c>?age1 ,greece &   
,rome4  ,_m ( ^! crimes legislators h   
enjo9$1 or philosoph]s  def5d$4 ,:at1   
inde$1 c\ld be hop$ f legislators &     
philosoph]s1 :5 we recollect !          
in/itutions ( ,lycurgus1 especially  z  
to purity ( mann]s1 & ! regulations (   
,plato on ! same  subject1 9 8 model ( a

 p]fect republic2 :5 we consid] !       
s5suality ( ! ,epicureans1 & immode/y ( 
! ,cynics2 :5 we f9d  suicide applaud$  
by ! ,/oics1 & ! murd]\s combats (      
gladiators  def5d$ by ,cic]o1 & exhibit$
 by ,trajan8 ,su* v>iation &  incon/ancy
 9 ! rule & practice ( moral duty1 z    
e/abli%$ by  ! feeble or fluctuat+      
au?ority ( human op9ion1 demon/rates !  
utility ( a cle> div9e int]position1 to 
impress ^! important  prohibitions2 & x 
is difficult = any sagacity to calculate
 h[ f>  su* an int]position 0 necess>y1 
& :at effect x may h  produc$ by        
influ5c+ human op9ions & regulat+ human 
conduct1  :5 we recollect t ! ,mosaic   
code 0 probably ! fir/ writt5  law ev]  
deliv]$ to any nation2 & t x mu/ h be5  
g5]ally  kn[n 9 ^? ea/]n c\ntries1 f :i*
 ! mo/ anci5t &  celebrat$ legislators &
 sages d]iv$ ! models ( _! laws &  !    
pr9ciples ( _! philosophy4    ,b !      
,jewi% religion promot$ ! int]e/s (     
moral virtue1 n  m]ely by ! positive    
injunctions ( ! decalogue2 x also       

inculcat$  cle>ly & au?oritatively ! two
 great pr9ciples on :i* all piety  &    
virtue dep5d1 & :i* our bless$ ,"l      
recognis$ z !  comm&m5ts on :i* hang !  
law & ! prophets1--! pr9ciples (  love  
to ,god & love to our neighb\r4 ,! love 
( ,god is e :]e  enjo9$ 9 ! ,mosaic law1
 z ! rul+ disposition ( ! he>t1 f  :i*  
all ob$i5ce %\ld spr+1 & 9 :i* x ought  
to t]m9ate4  ,) :at solemnity does !    
,jewi% lawgiv] impress x at !           
comm5cem5t ( 8 recapitulation ( ! div9e 
law3 ,he>1 ,o ,israel3  ! ,"l our ,god  
is "o ,"l3 ,& ?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god
 )  all ?9e he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & )   
all ?y might10 ,deut4  vi1 #d1 #e4 ,&   
aga93 ,& n[1 ,israel1 :at do? ! ,"l ?y  
,god require  ( !e1 b to fe> ! ,"l ?y   
,god1 to walk 9 all 8 ways1 & to  love  
him1 & to s]ve ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y   
he>t & ) all  ?y s\l80 ,deut4 x1 #ab4   
,nor is ! love ( our neighb\r less      
explicitly  en=c$3 ,?\ %alt n10 says !  
law1 av5ge1 nor be> any grudge  aga9/ ! 
*ildr5 ( ?y p1 b ?\ %alt love ?y        

neighb\r z  ?yself3 ,i am ! ,"l10 ,lev4 
xix1 #ah4 ,! op]ation ( ?is  b5evol5ce1 
?us solemnly requir$1 0 n to be conf9$  
to _! own  c\ntrym52 x 0 to ext5d to !  
/rang]1 :o1 hav+ r5\nc$  idolatry1 0    
p]mitt$ to live among !m1 wor%ipp+ !    
true ,god1  ?\gh )\t submitt+ to        
circumcision or ! o!r c]emonial p>ts  ( 
! ,mosaic law3 ,if a /rang]10 says !    
law1 soj\rn ) !e 9  y\r l&1 ye %all n   
vex him4 ,b ! /rang] t dwelle? ) y  %all
 be unto y z "o born among y1 & ?\ %alt 
love him z  ?yself2 = ye 7 /rang]s 9 !  
l& ( ,egypt3 ,i am ! ,"l ?y  ,god10     
,lev4 xix1 #cc1 #cd4    ,?us1 on a      
review ( ! topics we h discuss$1 x      
appe>s t !  ,jewi% law promulgat$ !     
great pr9ciples ( moral duty 9 !        
decalogue1 ) a solemnity suit$ to _!    
high prem95ce2 t x  enjo9$ love to ,god 
) ! mo/ unceas+ solicitude1 & love to   
our  neighb\r1 z ext5sively & =cibly1 z 
! peculi> design ( !  ,jewi% economy1 & 
! peculi> "* ( ! ,jewi% p1 w\ld  p]mit2 
t x impress$ ! deepe/ conviction (      

,god's requir+1 n  m]e ext]nal          
obs]vances1 b he>t-felt piety1 well     
regulat$ desires1  & active b5evol5ce2 t
 x taught sacrifice c\ld n obta9 p>don  
)\t rep5tance1 or rep5tance )\t         
re=mation & re/itution2  t x describ$   
circumcision itself1 &1 by consequ5ce1 e
 o!r  legal rite1 z design$ to typify & 
inculcate int]nal hol9ess1 :i*  alone   
c\ld r5d] m5 acceptable to ,god2 t x    
repres5t$ ! love  ( ,god z design$ to   
act z a practical pr9ciple1 /imulat+ to 
!  con/ant & s9c]e cultivation ( purity1
 m]cy1 & tru?2 & t  x en=c$ all ^!      
pr9ciples & precepts by sanctions ! mo/ 
likely to op]ate p[]fully on m9ds       
unaccu/om$ to ab/ract  speculations &   
remote views1 ev5 by temporal rew>ds &  
puni%m5ts2  ! assurance ( :i* 0 confirm$
 f ! imm$iate exp]i5ce (  simil> rew>ds 
& puni%m5ts1 disp5s$ to _! enemies & to 
!mselves by t sup]natural ,p[] :i* _h   
deliv]$ ! ,hebrew  nation out ( ,egypt1 
conduct$ !m ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 plant$ !m
  9 ! l& ( ,canaan1 regulat$ _!         

gov]nm5t1 di/ribut$ _!  possessions1 &  
to :i* alone !y c\ld look to obta9 new  
bless+s1  or secure ^? already enjoy$4  
,f all ?is we d]ive ano!r  presumptive  
argum5t = ! div9e au?ority ( ! ,mosaic  
code2 & x  may be cont5d$1 t a moral    
sy/em ?us p]fect1 promulgat$ at s  e>ly 
a p]iod1 to su* a p1 & en=c$ by su*     
sanctions z no  human p[] c\ld und]take 
to execute1 /rongly bespeaks a div9e    
orig9al4    #b4 ,! moral law is         
sometimes call$ ! ,mosaic law1 because x
 0 "o  great bran* ( ^? injunctions :i*1
 "u div9e au?ority1 ,moses  enjo9$ ^u ! 
,israelites :5 !y 7 ga!r$ into a        
political  community "u ! !ocracy4 ,b x 
exi/$ previ\sly z ! law (  all mank9d2 &
 x has be5 tak5 up into ! ,*ri/ian      
sy/em1 &  !re m fully illu/rat$4 ,z !   
obligation ( ! moral law ^u  ,*ri/ians  
has1 h[ev]1 be5 disput$ by "s p]v]t]s ( 
!  ,*ri/ian fai?1 or held by o!rs on    
loose & fallaci\s gr\nds1 ?is  subject  
ought to be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,x is1     
nev]!less1 to be  notic$1 t ! morals ( !

 ,new ,te/am5t are n propos$ to u 9  !  
=m ( a regul> code4 ,ev5 9 ! books (    
,moses1 :i* h !  legislative =m to a    
great ext5t1 n all ! pr9ciples & duties 
:i* con/itut$ ! full "* ( godl9ess10 "u 
t  disp5sation1 are made ! subjects (   
=mal injunction by p>ticul>  precepts4  
,!y are p>tly infold$ 9 g5]al pr9ciples1
 or (t5 take  ! =m ( injunction 9 an    
app>5tly incid5tal mann]1 or are  matt]s
 ( obvi\s inf]5ce4 ,a prec$+ code (     
tradition>y moral law  is all along     
suppos$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,moses & !         
prophets1 z well  z a consuetud9>y      
ritual & a doctr9al !ology1 bo?         
transmitt$  f ! patri>*s4 ,?is1 too1 is 
em95tly ! case ) ,*ri/ianity4  ,x       
supposes t all :o believ$ 9 ,*ri/       
admitt$ ! div9e  au?ority ( ! ,old      
,te/am5t2 & x assumes ! p]petual        
au?ority  ( its morals1 z well z ! tru? 
( its fundam5tal !ology4 ,!  con/ant    
allusions 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to ! moral  
rules ( ! ,jews  & patri>*s1 ei!r       
expressly z precepts1 or z ! data (     

argum5t1 suffici5tly gu>d u aga9/ !     
notion1 t :at has n 9  s _m words be5   
re-enact$ by ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les is ( no 
au?ority among ,*ri/ians4 ,9 a great    
numb] ( in/ances1 h[ev]1 !  =m (        
injunction is directly preceptive1 s z  
to h all !  explicitness & =ce ( a      
regul> code ( law1 & is1 z mu* z a      
regul> code c\ld be1 a decl>ation ( !   
sov]eign w ( ,*ri/1  en=c$ by !         
sanctions ( et]nal life & dea?4 ,?is1   
h[ev]1 is a  po9t on :i* a few          
confirmatory obs]vations may be usefully
 adduc$4  ,no "p ( ! prec$+ disp5sation1
 designat$ g5]ally by !  appellation ( !
 law10 is repeal$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b  
:at is  obvi\sly c]emonial1 typical1 &  
incapable ( coxi/+ )  ,*ri/ianity4 ,our 
,"l1 9 8 disc\rse ) ! ,sam>itan woman1  
decl>es1 t ! h\r ( ! abolition ( !      
temple wor%ip 0 come2  ! ,apo/le ,paul1 
9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 tea*es u t ! 
,levitical s]vices 7 b %ad[s1 ! sub/ance
 & end ( :i* is  ,*ri/2 & ! anci5t      
visible *ur*1 z con/itut$ ^u ! gr\nd  ( 

natural desc5t f ,abraham1 0 aboli%$ by 
! e/abli%m5t ( a  spiritual body (      
believ]s to take its place4 ,no precepts
 ( a purely  political nature1 t is1 :i*
 respect ! civil subjection ( !  ,jews  
to _! !ocracy1 are1 !re=e1 ( any =ce to 
u z laws1  al?\gh !y may h1 9 _m cases1 
! greate/ au?ority z  pr9ciples4 ,no    
c]emonial precepts c be b9d+1 s9ce !y 7 
re/ra9$ to a p]iod t]m9at+ ) ! dea? &   
resurrection (  ,*ri/2 nor are ev5 !    
patri>*al rites ( circumcision & !      
passov] obligatory ^u ,*ri/ians1 s9ce we
 h suffici5t evid5ce  t !y 7 ( an       
adumbrative "*1 & 7 laid aside by !     
fir/ inspir$ tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity4    ,)
 ! moral precepts :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,old    
,te/am5t ! case is  v diff]5t1 z        
suffici5tly appe>s f ! diff]5t1 & ev5   
contr>y1 mann] 9 :i* !y are always spok5
 ( by ,*ri/ & 8  ,apo/les4 ,:5 our ,"l1 
9 8 s]mon on ! m\nt1 says1 ,?9k n  t ,i 
am come to de/roy ! law or ! prophets2  
,i am n come to  de/roy ! law1 b to     
fulfil20 t is1 to confirm or e/abli% x2 

! entire scope ( 8 disc\rse %[s t he is 
speak+ exclusively  ( ! moral precepts (
 ! law10 em95tly s call$1 & ( ! moral   
injunctions ( ! prophets f\nd$ ^u !m1 & 
to :i* he ?us  gives an equal au?ority4 
,& 9 s solemn a mann] does he en=ce     
?is1 t he adds1 d\btless z =esee+ t     
attempts w\ld be made  by deceiv+ or    
deceiv$ m5 pr(ess+ 8 religion1 to less5 
!  au?ority ( ! moral law1 ,:osoev]1    
!re=e1 %all break "o (  ^! lea/         
comm&m5ts1 & %all tea* m5 s1 he %all be 
call$ !  lea/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav520 t is1 
z ,/4 ,*ryso/om int]prets1  ,he %all be 
! f>!/ f atta9+ heav5 & happ9ess1 :i*   
imports t he %all n atta9 x at all40 ,9 
l mann] ,/4 ,paul1  aft] hav+ /r5u\sly  
ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by     
fai? alone1 anticipates an objection by 
ask+1 ,d we !n make void  ! law ?r\gh   
fai?80 & subjo9s1 ,god =bid3 yea1 we    
e/abli% !  law20 mean+ by ! law10 z !   
context & 8 argum5t cle>ly %[1  ! moral 
& n ! c]emonial law4    ,aft] su*       
decl>ations1 x is worse ?an trifl+ = any

 to cont5d  t1 9 ord] to e/abli% !      
au?ority ( ! moral law ( ! ,jews  ov]   
,*ri/ians1 x ought to h be5 =mally      
renact$4 ,to ?is we  may1 h[ev]1 f>!r   
reply1 n only t _m important moral      
pr9ciples & rules f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t
 7 nev] =mally  enact$ among ! ,jews2 7 
traditional f an e>li] age2 &  receiv$  
at diff]5t times ! m indirect au?ority (
 inspir$  recognition2 b1 to put ! matt]
 9 a /rong] light1 t all !  lead+ moral 
precepts ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures are1 9  
po9t ( fact1  propos$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 
9 a mann] :i* has ! full =ce (  =mal    
renactm5t1 z ! laws ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4  
,?is argum5t1  f ! want ( =mal          
renactm5t1 w !re=e h no weight4 ,!      
summ>y ( ! law & ! prophets1 :i* is to  
love ,god ) all our  he>t1 & to s]ve him
 ) all our /r5g?1 & to love our neighb\r
  z ourselves1 is unque/ionably enjo9$1 
& ev5 renact$ by !  ,*ri/ian lawgiv]4   
,:5 our ,"l is explicitly ask$ by "o :o 
came  unto him & said1 ,good ,ma/]1 :at 
good ?+ %all ,i d1 t ,i may  h et]nal   

life80 ! answ] giv5 %[s t ! moral law   
conta9$  9 ! decalogue is s 9 =ce "u !  
,*ri/ian disp5sation1 t  ob$i5ce to x is
 necess>y to f9al salvation3--8,if ?\   
wilt ent]  into life1 keep ! comm&m5ts40
 ,& t no?+ c]emonial is  int5d$ by ?is  
t]m1 is manife/ f :at foll[s3 ,he sai?  
unto him1  ,:i*8 ,jesus said1 ,?\ %alt d
 no murd]4 ,?\ %alt n commit  adult]y4  
,?\ %alt n /eal10 c4 ,matt4 xix1 #ag-ai4
 ,"h1 also1 we  h all ! =ce ( a =mal    
renactm5t ( ! decalogue1 a "p (  x be+  
evid5tly put = ! :ole4 ,nor 7 x         
difficult to produce  passages f !      
disc\rses ( ,*ri/ & ! writ+s ( !        
,apo/les1  :i* enjo9 all ! precepts (   
?is law tak5 sep>ately1 by _!  au?ority1
 z indisp5sable p>ts ( ,*ri/ian duty1 & 
t1 too1  "u _! orig9al sanctions ( life 
& dea?2 s t ! two  circum/ances :i* =m !
 true "* ( a law 9 its highe/  s5se1    
div9e au?ority & p5al sanctions1 are    
f\nd z truly 9 !  ,new ,te/am5t z 9 !   
,old4 ,x w n1 = in/ance1 be cont5d$1  t 
! ,new ,te/am5t does n enjo9 !          

ackn[l$gm5t & wor%ip (  "o ,god alone2  
nor t x does n prohibit idolatry2 nor t 
x does  n level its mal$ictions aga9/   
false & pr(ane swe>+2 nor t  ! ,apo/le  
,paul does n use ! v words ( ! fif?     
comm&m5t  preceptively1 :5 he says1     
,hon\r ?y fa!r & "m1 :i* is !  fir/     
comm&m5t ) promise10 ,eph4 vi1 #b2 nor t
 murd]1 adult]y1  !ft1 false witness1 & 
covet\sness are n all prohibit$ "u pa9  
( exclusion f ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?us1 !n1 
we h ! :ole  decalogue br\ght into !    
,*ri/ian code ( morals1 by a di/9ct     
injunction ( its sep>ate precepts1 & by 
_! recognition z (  p]man5t &           
un*angeable obligation2 ! f\r? comm&m5t1
  respect+ ! ,sabba? only1 be+ s f>     
except$1 t its injunction  is n s       
expressly m>k$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no      
exception 9 fact2 =  beside t its       
orig9al place 9 ! two tables suffici5tly
  di/+ui%es x f all positive1 c]emonial1
 & typical precepts1  & gives x a moral 
"*1 9 respect to its ends1 :i* are1     
fir/1 m]cy to s]vants & cattle1 &1      

second1 ! wor%ip (  almighty ,god1      
undi/urb$ by worldly int]ruptions &     
c>es1 x is  necess>ily includ$ 9 t law0 
:i* our ,"l decl>es he came n to        
de/roy1 or abrogate2 9 t law0 :i* ,/4   
,paul decl>es to be  e/abli%$ by fai?10 
& among ^? comm&m5ts0 :i* our ,"l       
decl>es mu/ be kept10 if any "o w\ld    
ent] into life40 ,to ?is1  also1 !      
practice ( ! ,apo/les is to be add$1 :o 
did n cease  !mselves f keep+ "o day 9  
sev5 holy1 nor tea* o!rs s to  d2 b gave
 to 8! ,"l's day0 t em95ce & sanctity 9 
!  ,*ri/ian *ur* :i* ! sev5? day _h 9 ! 
,jewi%1 by  consecrat+ x to holy uses2  
an alt]ation n affect+ ! precept at     
all1 except 9 an uness5tial circum/ance1
 7if inde$ 9 t17 & 9  :i* we may suppose
 !m to h act$ "u div9e sugge/ion4       
,?us1 !n1 we h ! obligation ( ! :ole    
decalogue z fully  e/abli%$ 9 ! ,new    
,te/am5t z 9 ! ,old1 z if x _h be5      
=mally renact$2 & t no =mal renactm5t ( 
x took place1 is  itself a presumptive  
pro( t x 0 nev] reg>d$ by ! lawgiv] z   

tempor>y1 :i* ! =mality ( republication 
might h suppos$4 ,x  is important to    
rem>k1 h[ev]1 t1 al?\gh ! moral laws ( !
  ,mosaic disp5sation pass into !       
,*ri/ian code1 !y /& !re 9  o!r & high] 
circum/ances2 s t ! ,new ,te/am5t is a m
  p]fect disp5sation ( ! k ( ! moral w (
 ,god ?an !  ,old4 ,9 p>ticul>1 7#a47   
,!y are m expressly ext5d$ to ! he>t1  z
 by our ,"l1 9 8 s]mon on ! m\nt2 :o    
tea*es u t !  ?\ght & inw>d purpose (   
any (f5ce is a violation ( ! law        
prohibit+ its ext]nal & visible         
commission4 7#b47 ,! pr9ciples on  :i*  
!y are f\nd$ are c>ri$ out 9 ! ,new     
,te/am5t into a  great] v>iety ( duties1
 :i*1 by embrac+ m p]fectly ! social  & 
civil relations ( life1 are ( a m       
univ]sal "*4 7#c47  ,!re is a mu* m     
enl>g$ injunction ( positive & p>ticul> 
virtues1 especially ^? :i* con/itute !  
,*ri/ian temp]4 7#d47 ,by  all ov]t acts
 be+ insep>ably connect$ ) correspond+  
pr9ciples  9 ! he>t1 9 ord] to con/itute
 acceptable ob$i5ce1 :i*  pr9ciples     

suppose ! reg5]ation ( ! s\l by ! ,holy 
,gho/4 ,?is  moral r5ovation is1 !re=e1 
held out z necess>y to our salvation1  &
 promis$ z a "p ( ! grace ( our         
r$emption by ,*ri/4 7#e47 ,by  be+      
connect$ ) promises ( div9e assi/ance1  
:i* is peculi> to  a law connect$ )     
evangelical provisions4 7#f47 ,by _!    
hav+ a  liv+ illu/ration 9 ! p]fect &   
practical example ( ,*ri/4 7#g47  ,by ! 
high] sanctions d]iv$ f ! cle>]         
revelation ( a future  /ate1 & ! m      
explicit promises ( et]nal life1 &      
?reat5+s  ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,x foll[s f
 ?is1 t we h 9 ! ,gospel  ! mo/ complete
 & p]fect revelation ( moral law ev]    
giv5 to m52  & a m exact manife/ation ( 
! brightness1 p]fection1 & glory  ( t   
law1 "u :i* angels & our prog5itors 9   
p>adise 7  plac$1 & :i* x is at once !  
delight & ! int]e/ ( ! mo/  p]fect &    
happy be+s to obey4    ,,laz>us1 bro!r  
to ,m>?a & ,m>y4 ,he dwelt at ,be?any ) 
8  si/]s1 ne> ,j]usalem2 & ! ,"l ,jesus 
did him ! hon\r sometimes  ( lodg+ at 8 

h\se :5 he visit$ ! city4 ,see ! acc\nt 
( 8  resurrection relat$ at l>ge 9 ,john
 xi1 #e1 c4    ,,lead1 1 ,exod4 xv1 #aj2
 ,num4 xxxi1 #bb2 ,job xix1 #bd2 ,j]4   
vi1 #bi2 ,ezek4  xxii1 #ah2 xxvii1 #ab2 
,ze*4 v1 #g1 #h2 a m9]al ( a blui% :ite 
col\r4  ,x is ! s(te/ next to gold1 b   
has no great t5acity1 & is n 9  ! lea/  
sonor\s4 ,x is m5tion$ ) five o!r       
species ( metal1  ,num4 xxxi1 #bb2 & !re
 is no d\bt b t ?is is ! mean+ ( !  ^w2 
s ! ,septuag9t r5d] x ?r\gh\t1  or 4    
,,leav54 ,! ,hebrews 7 =bidd5 by ! law  
to eat leav5$ bread1 or  a food ) leav5 
9 x1 dur+ ! sev5 days ( ! passov]1      
,exod4  xii1 #ae-ai2 ,lev4 ii1 #aa4 ,!y 
7 v c>eful 9 purify+ _!  h\ses f all    
leav5 be=e ?is fea/ began4 ,god =bad    
ei!r leav5  or honey to be (f]$ to him 9
 8 temple2 t is1 9 cakes or 9 any  bak$ 
meats4 ,b on o!r occasions !y might (f] 
leav5$ bread or  honey4 ,/4 ,paul1 #a   
,cor4 v1 #g1 #h1 expresses 8 desire t ! 
fai?ful  %\ld celebrate ! ,*ri/ian      
passov] ) unleav5$ bread2 :i*1          

figuratively1 signifies s9c]ity & tru?4 
,9 ?is he tea*es u two  ?+s2 fir/1 t !  
law :i* oblig$ ! ,jews to a lit]al      
obs]vance ( ! passov] is no long] 9 =ce2
 &1 secondly1 t by  unleav5$ bread1 tru?
 & purity ( he>t 7 d5ot$4 ,! same       
,apo/le alludes to ! c]emony us$ at !   
passov]1 :5 he says1 ,a  little leav5   
leav5e? ! :ole lump20 t is1 a small     
portion (  leav51 9 a quantity ( bread  
or pa/e1 corrupts ! :ole1 & r5d]s  x    
unclean4 ,our ,savi\r1 9 ! ,gospel1     
,mat!w xvi1 #aa1 w>ns 8  ,apo/les to    
bew>e ( ! leav5 ( ! ,h]odians &         
,ph>isees2 mean+  _! doctr9es4          
,,lebanon1 or ,,libanus1 signify+ :ite1 
f its sn[s1--! mo/  elevat$ m\nta9 or   
m\nta9 *a9 9 ,syria1 celebrat$ 9 all    
ages =  its c$>s2 :i*1 z is well kn[n1  
furni%$ ! wood = ,solomon's  temple4    
,?is m\nta9 is ! c5tre1 or nucleus1 (   
all ! m\nta9  ridges :i*1 f ! nor?1 !   
s\?1 & ! ea/1 conv]ge t[>d  ?is po9t2 b 
x ov]tops !m all4 ,?is configuration ( !
  m\nta9s1 & ! sup]iority ( ,lebanon1   

are p>ticul>ly /rik+ to  ! travell]     
approa*+ bo? f ! ,m$it]ranean on ! we/1 
&  ! des]t on ! ea/4 ,on ei!r side1 he  
fir/ discov]s1 at a great  di/ance1 a   
cl\d$ ridge1 /ret*+ f nor? to s\?1 z f> 
z !  eye c see2 ! c5tral summits ( :i*  
are capp$ ) cl\ds1 or  tipp$ ) sn[4 ,?is
 is ,lebanon1 :i* is (t5 ref]r$ to 9    
,holy  ,writ = its /reams1 its timb]1 & 
its w9es2 & at ! pres5t day  ! seat ( ! 
only portion ( fre$om ( :i* ,syria c    
boa/4    ,! altitude ( ,lebanon is s    
consid]able1 t x appe>s f !  reports (  
travell]s to h sn[ on its highe/ em95ces
 all ! ye>  r\nd4 ,volney says1 t x ?us 
rema9s t[>d ! nor?-ea/1 :]e x  is %elt]$
 f ! sea w9ds & ! rays ( ! sun4         
,maundrell f\nd  t "p ( ! m\nta9 :i* he 
cross$1 & :i* 9 all probability  0 by no
 means ! highe/1 cov]$ ) deep sn[ 9 !   
mon? ( ,may4  ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 9 !  
mon? ( ,july1 saw "s ( ! ea/]n summits  
( ,lebanon1 or ,anti-,libanus1 ne>      
,damascus1 cov]$ ) sn[1 n ly+  9 pat*es1
 z is common 9 ! summ] season ) m\nta9s 

:i*  bord] on ! l9e ( p]petual          
congelation1 b d n q rea* x1  b ) t     
p]fect :ite1 smoo?1 & velvetlike        
appe>ance1 :i*  sn[ only exhibits :5 x  
is v deep1--a /rik+ spectacle 9 su* a   
climate1 :]e ! behold]1 seek+ protection
 f a burn+ sun1  almo/ consid]s !       
firmam5t to be on fire4 ,at ! "t ?is    
obs]vation 0 made1 ! !rmomet]1 9 an     
elevat$ situation ne> !  sea ( ,tib]ias1
 /ood at #ajb 9 ! %ade4 ,sir ,fr$]ic    
,h5nik]  pass$ ov] sn[ 9 ,july2 & ,ali  
,bey describes ! same ea/]n ridge  z    
cov]$ ) sn[ 9 ,septemb]4 ,( ! noble c$>s
 :i* once  adorn$ ! upp] p>ts ( ?is     
m\nta9 b few n[ rema91 & ^?  mu* decay$4
 ,burckh>dt1 :o cross$ ,m\nt ,libanus 9 
#ahaj1 c\nt$  ab\t ?irty-six l>ge ones1 
fifty ( middle size1 & ab\t ?ree  hundr$
 small] & "y ones3 b m might exi/ 9 o!r 
p>ts (  ! m\nta94 ,! w9e1 especially t  
made ab\t ! conv5t (  ,canob91 /ill     
pres]ves its anci5t celebrity2 & is     
report$ by  travell]s1 m p>ticul>ly by  
,rauwolff1 ,le ,bruyn1 & ,de la ,roque1 

to  be ( ! mo/ exquisite k9d = flav\r & 
fragrance4 ,! ra9s :i*  fall 9 ! l[]    
regions ( ,lebanon1 & ! melt+ ( ! sn[ 9 
!  upp] ones1 furni% an abundance (     
p]5nial /reams1 :i* are allud$  to by   
,solomon1 ,cant4 iv1 #ae4 ,on !         
declivities ( ! m\nta9 grew !  v9es :i* 
furni%$ ! ri* & fragrant w9e :i* ,hosea 
celebrat$1  xiv1 #g1 & :i* may /ill be  
obta9$ by prop] culture4    ,! c$> (    
,lebanon has1 9 all ages1 be5 reckon$ z 
an object (  unrivall$ gr&eur & beauty 9
 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x is1  accord+ly1  
"o ( ! natural images :i* frequ5tly     
occur 9 !  poetical /yle ( ! ,hebrew    
prophets2 & is appropriat$ to d5ote     
k+s1 pr9ces1 & pot5tates ( ! highe/     
rank4 ,?us1 ! ,prophet  ,isaiah1 ^:     
writ+s ab\nd ) metaphors & allegories ( 
?is  k9d1 9 d5\nc+ ! judgm5ts ( ,god ^u 
! pr\d & arrogant1  decl>es t ! day ( ! 
,"l ( ,ho/s %all be ^u all ! c$>s  (    
,lebanon t are high & lift$ up1 & ^u all
 ! oaks (  ,ba%an10 ,isaiah ii1 #ac4 ,! 
k+ ( ,israel us$ ! same figure 9 8      

reply to ! *all5ge ( ! k+ ( ,judah3 ,!  
?i/le t 0 9  ,lebanon s5t to ! c$> t 0 9
 ,lebanon1 say+1 ,give ?y daught]  to my
 son to wife3 & !re pass$ by a wild bea/
 t 0 9 ,lebanon1  & trod d[n ! ?i/le10  
#b ,k+s xiv1 #i4 ,! spiritual prosp]ity 
(  ! righte\s man is comp>$ by !        
,psalmi/ to ! same noble plant3  ,!     
righte\s %all fl\ri% z ! palm tree2 he  
%all gr[ z !  c$> 9 ,lebanon40 ,to break
 ! c$>s1 & %ake ! enorm\s mass on  :i*  
!y gr[1 are ! figures t ,david selects  
to express ! awful  maje/y & p[] (      
,jehovah3 ,! voice ( ! ,"l is p[]ful2 ! 
voice ( ! ,"l is full ( maje/y4 ,! voice
 ( ! ,"l breake? !  c$>s3 yea1 ! ,"l    
breake? ! c$>s ( ,lebanon4 ,he make? !m 
also to skip l a calf2 ,lebanon &       
,sirion l a "y unicorn10  ,psalm xxix1  
#d-f4 ,?is description ( ! div9e maje/y 
& p[]  possesses a "* ( awful sublimity4
    ,! /up5d\s size1 ! ext5sive range1 &
 great elevation (  ,libanus2 its t[]+  
summits capp$ ) p]petual sn[1 or cr[n$  
) fragrant c$>s2 its olive plantations2 

its v9ey>ds1 produc+  ! mo/ delici\s    
w9es2 its cle> f\nta9s1 & cold-fl[+     
brooks2  its f]tile vales1 & odorif]\s  
%rubb]ies1--comb9e to =m 9  ,scripture  
language1 ! glory ( ,lebanon40 ,b t     
glory1 liable to  *ange1 has1 by !      
unanim\s cons5t ( mod]n travell]s1      
suff]$ a  s5sible decl9e4 ,! ext5sive   
=e/s ( c$>1 :i* adorn$ &  p]fum$ !      
summits & declivities ( ^? m\nta9s1 h   
almo/  disappe>$4 ,only a small numb] ( 
^! trees ( ,god1 plant$ by 8  almighty  
h&10 :i*1 accord+ to ! usual import ( ! 
phrase1  signally display$ ! div9e p[]1 
wisdom1 & goodness1 n[ rema94  ,_!      
c\ntless numb] 9 ! days ( ,solomon1 & _!
 prodigi\s  bulk1 mu/ be recollect$1 9  
ord] to feel ! =ce ( t sublime          
decl>ation ( ! prophet3 ,lebanon is n   
suffici5t to burn1 nor !  bea/s !re(    
suffici5t = a burnt-(f]+10 ,isaiah xl1  
#af4 ,?\gh  ! trembl+ s9n] 7 to make    
*oice ( ,lebanon = ! alt>2 7  to cut d[n
 all its =e/s to =m ! pile2 ?\gh !      
fragrance (  ?is fuel1 ) all its        

odorif]\s gums1 7 ! inc5se2 ! w9e (     
,lebanon press$ f all its v9ey>ds1 !    
libation2 & all its  bea/s1 !           
propitiatory sacrifice2 all w\ld prove  
insuffici5t to make  atonem5t = ! s9s ( 
m52 w\ld be reg>d$ z no?+ 9 ! eyes  ( ! 
supreme ,judge = ! expiation ( ev5 "o   
transgression4 ,!  j & holy law ( ,god  
requires a nobl] alt>1 a co/li]         
sacrifice1  & a sweet] p]fume1--!       
ob$i5ce & dea? ( a div9e ,p]son to      
atone = our s9s1 & ! inc5se ( 8 cont9ual
 int]cession to  secure our acceptance )
 ! ,fa!r ( m]cies1 & admission into !   
mansions ( et]nal re/4 ,! conv]sion ( ! 
,g5tile nations f !  wor%ip ( idols & ! 
bondage ( corruption1 to ! s]vice &     
enjoym5t ( ! true ,god1 is =etold 9 ^!  
beautiful & /rik+  t]ms3 ,! wild]ness & 
! solit>y place %all be glad = !m3 &  ! 
des]t %all rejoice1 & blossom z ! rose4 
,x %all blossom  abundantly1 & rejoice  
ev5 ) joy & s++2 ! glory ( ,lebanon     
%all be giv5 unto x1 ! excell5cy (      
,c>mel & ,%>on3 !y %all  see ! glory ( !

 ,"l1 & ! excell5cy ( our ,god10 ,isaiah
 xxxv1  #d4    ,,leek1 1 9 ,numb]s xi1  
#e1 translat$ leek20 9 #a ,k+s xviii1   
#e2 #b  ,k+s xix1 #bf2 ,job xl1 #ae2    
,psalm xxxvii1 #b2 xc1 #e2 ciii1 #ae2   
civ1 #ad2  cxxix1 #f2 cxlvii1 #h2       
,isaiah xxxv1 #g2 xxxvii1 #bg2 xl1 #f1 x
 is r5d]$  grass20 9 ,job viii1 #ab1    
h]b20 9 ,prov4 xxvii1 #be2 ,isaiah xv1  
#f1 hay20  & 9 ,isaiah xxxiv1 #ac1 a    
c\rt40 ,x is mu* ( ! same nature )  !   
onion4 ,! k9d call$ k>rat by !          
,arabians1 ! allium porrum  ( ,l9nu1    
,hasselqui/ says1 mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 "o (
 ^?  desir$ by ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 z x  
has be5 cultivat$ &  e/eem$ f ! e>lie/  
times to ! pres5t 9 ,egypt4 ,!          
inhabitants are v fond ( eat+ x raw1 z  
sauce = _! roa/$  meat2 & ! poor p eat x
 raw ) _! bread1 especially =  breakfa/4
 ,!re is reason1 h[ev]1 to d\bt :e!r ?is
 plant is  int5d$ 9 ,num4 xi1 #e1 & s   
diff]5tly r5d]$ e :]e else3 x  %\ld r   
int5d su* vegetables z gr[ promiscu\sly 
) grass4  ,ludolphus supposes t x may   

mean lettuce & sallads 9 g5]al2 &       
,maillet obs]ves1 t ! succory & endive  
are eat5 ) great  reli% by ! p 9 ,egypt3
 "s or all ( ^! may be meant4           
,,legion4 ,! ,roman legions 7 compos$   
ea* ( t5 cohorts2 a cohort1  ( fifty    
maniples2 a maniple1 ( fifte5 m52       
consequ5tly1 a full  legion conta9$ six 
?\s& soldi]s4 ,jesus cur$ "o :o call$   
himself legion10 z if possess$ by a     
legion ( devils1 ,m>k v1 #i4 ,he  also  
said to ,pet]1 :o drew 8 sword to def5d 
him 9 ! olive  g>d53 ,?9ke/ ?\ t ,i _c  
n[ pray to my ,fa!r1 :o %all  pres5tly  
give me m ?an twelve legions ( angels80 
,matt4 xxvi1 #ec4    ,,lemuel4 ,see     
,,agur4    ,,l5til1 1 ,g54 xxv1 #cd2 #b 
,sam4 xvii1 #bh2 xxiii1 #aa2 ,ezek4 iv1 
#i1 a  sort ( pulse2 9 ! ,septuag9t 1 & 
,vulgate l5s4 ,! l5tils  ( ,egypt 7 v   
mu* e/eem$ among ! anci5ts4 ,/4 ,au/9   
says1  !y gr[ abundantly 9 ,egypt1 are  
mu* us$ z a food !re1 & ^?  ( ,alex&ria 
are consid]$ p>ticul>ly valuable4 ,dr4  
,%aw says1  beans1 l5tils1 kidney beans1

 & g>vancos are ! *ief ( _! pulse  k9d4 
,beans1 :5 boil$ & /ew$ ) oil & g>lic1  
are !  pr9cipal food ( p]sons ( all     
di/9ctions4 ,l5tils are dress$ 9  ! same
 mann] z beans1 dissolv+ easily into a  
mass1 & mak+ a  pottage ( a *ocolate    
col\r4 ,?is1 we f9d1 0 ! r$ pottage0 :i*
  ,esau1 f !nce call$ ,edom1 ex*ang$ = 8
 bir?right4    ,,leop>d1 1 ,cant4 iv1   
#h2 ,isaiah xi1 #f2 ,j]4 v1 #f2 xiii1   
#bc2 ,hosea  xiii1 #g2 ,hab4 i1 #h2     
,dan4 vii1 #f2 1 ,rev4 xiii1 #b2        
,ecclus4 xxviii1  #bc4 ,!re c be no d\bt
 t ! p>d or leop>d is ! animal  m5tion$4
 ,bo*>t %[s t ! "n is simil> 9 !        
,*aldee1  ,syriac1 ,arabic1 & ,e?iopic4 
,! ,,lxx uni=mly r5d] x by 2  & ,j]om1  
p>dus4 ,probably1 ^! animals 7 num]\s 9 
,pale/9e2  z we f9d places ) a "n       
intimat+ _! hav+ be5 ! haunts (         
leop>ds3 ,nimrah1 ,num4 xxxii1 #c2      
,be?-,nimrah1 ,num4 xxxii1 #cf2 ,jo%ua  
xiii1 #bg2 & wat]s ( ,nimrim10 ,isa4 xv1
 #f2 ,j]4 xlviii1 #cd2 &  m\nta9s (     
leop>ds10 ,cant4 iv1 #h4 ,nimrod might h

 8 "n f  ?is animal3 ,he 0 a mighty     
hunt] be=e ! ,"l2 :]e=e x is  said1 ,ev5
 z ,nimrod ! mighty hunt] be=e ! ,"l10  
,g54 x1 #i4 ,x  is suppos$1 h[ev]1 t 8  
pr$ations 7 n conf9$ to ! brute         
creation4 ,dr4 ,g$des rem>ks1 t ! ^w    
hunt]0 expresses too  little4 ,he 0 a   
freeboot]1 9 ! wor/ s5se ( ! ^w2 a      
lawless  despot3                   ,pr\d
 ,nimrod fir/ ! bloody *ase began1      
,a mighty hunt]1 & 8 prey 0 man4        
,isaiah1 describ+ ! happy /ate ( ! reign
 ( ,messiah1 says1 ,!  leop>d %all lie  
d[n ) ! kid10 ,isaiah xi1 #f4 ,ev5      
animals %all  lose _! fi]c5ess &        
cruelty1 & become g5tle & tame4         
,j]emiah1  v1 #f1 m5tions ! artful      
ambuscades ( ?is animal2 & 9 xiii1 #bc1 
alludes to 8 spots3 ,c a ,cu%ite *ange 8
 sk92 or a leop>d 8  spots8 ,!n may ye  
prevail ) !m to d good :o are habituat$ 
to d  evil20 & ,habakkuk1 i1 #h1 ref]s  
to its al]tness4    ,,leprosy4 ,see     
,,diseases4    ,,lett]s1 m>ks = !       
purpose ( express+ s\nds1 us$ 9 writ+4  

,few subjects h giv5 rise to m          
discussion ?an ! orig9 (  alphabetic    
*>act]s4 ,if !y are ( human inv5tion1 !y
 mu/ be  consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ admirable
 ef=ts ( ! +5uity ( man4  ,s wond]ful is
 ! facility :i* !y af=d = record+ human 
?\ght2 s +5i\s1 & at ! same "t s simple1
 is ! analysis  :i* !y furni% = ! s\nds 
( articulate spee*1 & = all !  possible 
v>iety ( words2 t we might expect !     
au?or ( ?is happy  inv5tion to h be5    
immortaliz$ by ! grateful homage (      
succe$+  ages1 & 8 "n deliv]$ d[n to    
po/]ity ) ! ample hon\rs x  s ju/ly     
m]it$4 ,b ! au?or & ! era ( ?is         
discov]y1 if su*  x be1 are bo? lo/ 9 ! 
d>kness ( remote antiquity4 ,ev5 !      
nation to :i* ! inv5tion is due _c n[ be
 asc]ta9$4 ,!  ,egyptians1 ! ,assyrians1
 ! ,ph5icians1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,indians1  
h all laid claim to ! hon\r ( x2 & ea*  
has nam$ its inv5tor  among ! remote1 & 
probably fabul\s1 p]sonages t figure 9 !
  e>li] ages ( _! hi/ory4 ,9 consequ5ce 
( ?is unc]ta9ty  respect+ ! au?or (     

alphabetic writ+1 & ! high value &      
extreme difficulty ( ! inv5tion itself1 
_m h be5 incl9$ to  attribute ?is art to
 an imm$iate revelation f ! ,deity2     
cont5d+  t x 0 communicat$ ) o!r        
invaluable gifts f above1 9  remote     
ages1 to ! desc5dants ( ,abraham1 &     
probably to !  ,patri>* ,moses1 :o 0 !  
au?or ( ! mo/ anci5t compositions 9     
alphabetical writ+ t we at pres5t       
possess4 ,! argum5ts :i* are  br\ght 9  
support ( ! div9e revelation ( !        
alphabet1 are *iefly  ^!3 #a4 ,! high   
antiquity ( ! use ( lett]s2 ! ,hebrew   
*>act]s hav+ exi/$ 9 a p]fect /ate :5   
,moses compos$ !  ,p5tateu*1 ! mo/      
anci5t writ+ n[ kn[n to be extant4 #b4  
,!  simil>ity betwe5 ! v>i\s alphabets (
 diff]5t nations1 :i*1  = ! mo/ "p1 are 
! same1 9 ! ord]1 p[]1 & ev5 =m1 (  _!  
lett]s ) ! ,hebrew4 #c4 ,! complete want
 ( alphabetic  *>act]s among ^? nations1
 :i* h be5 cut (f f all  communication )
 ! anci5t civiliz$ _w1 z ! aborig9al    
,am]icans2 or t "p ( ! human race :i* _h

 no opportunity (  borr[+ ! sy/em (     
writt5 *>act]s reveal$ to ! ,hebrews1 z 
,*9a4    ,_h man be5 left to himself1 ! 
fir/ & mo/ natural way ( mak+  8 ?\ghts 
visible to ! eye w\ld be by pictorial   
repres5tations4  ,! second /ep w\ld1 =  
conv5i5ce' sake1 be to inv5t an         
abbreviat$ =m ( ^! pictures1 suffici5tly
 legible to call to m9d  ! orig9al      
picture 9 full1 & yet s r$uc$ & int]mix$
 ) a  few easily rememb]$ arbitr>y      
*>act]s1 or symbols1 z to be m          
ext5sively useful4 ,! next & mo/        
difficult /ep w\ld be !  alphabet s =m$ 
z to express all ! s\nds ( ! language1  
by  conv5i5t comb9ation4 ,! ,egyptian   
monum5ts %[ specim5s ( ea*2  !          
hi]oglyph1 ! mix$ & abbreviat$1 & !     
alphabetical4 ,!  magnific5t ru9s (     
,p]sepolis1 ! capital ( anci5t ,p]sia1  
exhibit  also ! pure pictorial /yle1 &  
tablets ( abbreviat$ emblems4 ,!        
*>act]s on ! bricks dug up f ! ru9s (   
anci5t ,babylon h  *>act]s1 :i* are     
suppos$ to be1 n alphabetic1 b          

abbreviat$  symbols1 & !re=e suppose !  
exi/5ce ( ! l>g] picture  writ+1 :e!r ! 
p possess$ a prop] alphabet or n4 ,all !
  savage tribes ( ,am]ica _h _! picture 
writ+s1 & ?is /yle 0  c>ri$ to great    
p]fection by ! ,mexicans4 ,! latt] _h1  
likewise1  abbreviat$ m>ks1 :i* 7 us$ z 
symbols2 & ?us made an approa*  to      
lett]s1 al?\gh !y nev] rea*$ ?is        
discov]y4 ,x is a curi\s  fact1 t 9 our 
day a ,*]okee *ief has actually inv5t$  
an  alphabet1 & t 9 ! process he comm5c$
 ) a pictorial  repres5tation ( animals 
:i* utt]$ s\nds some:at l ^? (  8 own   
tongue2 :i* ?\ght seems n to h ent]$    
into ! picture  writ+ ( ! anci5ts1 ^:   
del9eations spoke :olly to ! eye1 &  n  
at all to ! e>4 ,f9d+ ?is me?od imp]fect
 & cumb]some1 he  at la/ hit ^u !       
exp$i5t ( arbitr>y *>act]s1 :i* he      
gradually r$uc$ 9 numb]1 & s p]fect$1 t1
 ) a few ,european  improvem5ts1 books  
are n[ pr9t$ 9 !m = ! use ( 8 nation4   
,9 ,*9a ! language is a complete sy/em (
 abbreviat$ pictures1  emblems1 or      

symbols2 & !re is no prop] alphabet to  
?is day4    ,^! facts are urg$ z direct 
pro(s or /rong presumptions t all       
alphabetical *>act]s h be5 prec$$ by    
picture or imitative  *>act]s2 & t z !  
:ole is )9 ! compass ( human  +5uity1 ! 
notion ( a div9e sugge/ion ( lett]s1 or 
( !  important art ( alphabetical writ+1
 is br++ 9 ! div9e ag5cy  )\t necessity4
 ,b ! assumption t alphabets h 9 all    
cases  be5 =m$ ?r\gh ?is process1 is    
:olly hypo!tic4 ,c]ta9 x is  t we c     
prove f ! ,scriptures t lit]al writ+ 0 9
 use  at an e>li] p]iod ?an c be assign$
 to any picture writ+  :atev]4 ,writ+ & 
read+ 7 famili> to ,moses & !           
,israelites  :5 ! law 0 giv51 & mu/ h   
long previ\sly exi/$ among  !m1 &1      
probably1 among ! ,egyptians ( ! same   
age too2 :i* is  mu* e>li] ?an any ( ^? 
monum5ts be>+ hi]oglyphical  *>act]s    
rea*4 ,we h giv5 suffici5t reason to    
conclude t ,job  liv$ at an e>li] p]iod 
/ill1 & z he expresses a wi% t 8  words 
%\ld be writt5 9 a book1 & engrav5 on ! 

rock1 !  k ( read+ z well z writ+ mu/ h 
be5 pretty g5]al 9  8 c\ntry1 or ! book 
& ! inscription c\ld n h be5 a  te/imony
 ( 8 fai? & hope to 8 c\ntrym51 z he    
passionately  desir$ x to be4 ,"h1 too1 
x is to be obs]v$1 t 9 ! e>ly  ,mosaic  
hi/ory we h n ! lea/ intimation ( writ+ 
by pictures  or symbols1 nor any t ! art
 ( writ+ _h be5 reveal$ f  heav5 9 !    
days ( ,moses1 prep>atory to ! giv+ ( a 
writt5 law  & ! introduction ( inspir$  
books = ! religi\s in/ruction (  ! p4   
,we mu/ trace x up high]2 ?\gh :e!r (   
div9e  revelation1 or human inv5tion1 _c
 c]ta9ly be det]m9$4 ,its  importance 0 
assur$ly wor?y ( ! =m]2 & if ?is 0 n    
done  by p>ticul> revelation1 d\btless  
we may reasonably & pi\sly  ascribe x to
 a div9e sugge/ion4    ,x may1 inde$1 be
 ask$1 ,h[ !n is x t 9 o!r nations we c 
s  accurately trace ! progress f !      
picture to ! symbol1 & !nce  on to !    
alphabet2 z = in/ance 9 ,egypt8 ,we     
answ]1 t if ?is  7 all[$1 /ill x might  
be1 & probably 01 a "p ( ! div9e        

proc$ure ) ref]5ce to ! pres]vation ( ! 
true religion1 t  ! k ( lett]s %\ld be  
e>ly giv5 to ! ,abrahamic family1  or1  
at lea/1 pres]v$ among !m1 :ile _m o!rs 
( ! m  disp]s$ bran*es ( ! human race   
becom+ b>b>\s1 z /at$ "u  ! article     
,language1 might lose x2 because picture
 writ+ 0  easily conv]tible to idolatr\s
 purposes1 & 9 reality 0 greatly        
enc\rag$ f t s\rce4 ,! same c>e w\ld be 
ex]t$ to prev5t  pictorial              
repres5tations ( spiritual be+s & ?+s z 
! =m+  ( images2 & ! race ( true        
wor%ipp]s ( ,god 0 nev] !re=e  plac$ "u 
! necessity ( ?us express+ _! ?\ghts by 
su*  del9eations4 ,b x is1 9 fact1 f> f 
be+ prov$1 t !  hi]oglyph1 or picture   
writ+1 ( ,egypt = example1 0 m anci5t   
among t p ?an alphabetic writ+4 ,"o ( ! 
mo/ rec5t  writ]s on ?is side is !      
,m>quis ,sp9eto1 9 8 ,lectures on       
,egyptian  ,hi]oglyphics40 ,8 !ory is1 9
 fact1 t ( ,w>burton2 & he ?9ks  t !    
rec5t discov]ies z to ! hi]oglyphics (  
,egypt fully  e/abli% x4 ,! op9ion ( ?is

 le>n$ prelate 01 t !  primitive mode ( 
writ+ among ! ,egyptians 0 by figurative
  del9eations or hi]oglyphics2 t ?is    
becom+ too t$i\s &  volum9\s1 by degrees
 !y p]fect$ ano!r "*1 :i* he calls  !   
runn+-h& ( hi]oglyphics1 resembl+ !     
,*9ese *>act]s2  :i* be+ at fir/ =m$    
only by ! outl9es ( figures1 became at  
l5g? a k9d ( m>ks2 & at la/ l$ to !     
comp5di\s use (  lett]s by an alphabet4 
,8 argum5t aga9/ ! k ( lett]s by  !     
imm$iate desc5dants ( ,noah is z foll[s3
 ,=1 if ! inv5tion  ( ! alphabet _h     
prec$$ ! disp]sion1 we %\ld h f\nd !    
use ( x g5]ally e/abli%$ among mank9d1 &
 hi]oglyphics &  picture writ+ entirely 
la9 aside4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,!       
,mexicans & ! ,p]uvians1 up to ! fifte5?
 c5tury1 &1 to ?is  day1 ! ,*9ese1 h no 
k ( ! alphabet4 ,!y all1 l !            
,egyptians1 made use ( hi]oglyphics1 m  
or less abridg$1 m or  less symbolical1 
or1 if y please1 m or less arbitr>y2 b  
!y _h  no k ( ! alphabet4 ,! inv5tion ( 
lett]s1 !re=e1 mu/  h happ5$ aft] !     

disp]sion1 at a "t :5 picture or        
hi]oglyphical writ+ 0 g5]ally us$2 x 0  
?us import$ into !  respective c\ntries1
 by ! primitive inhabitants1 z !y       
sep>at$  !mselves f ! common society1   
c>ry+ 9 _! migrations ^?  p>tly true &  
p>tly false notions ( ! ,deity1 & ( !   
great  ev5t :i* _h subm]g$ ! _w2 notions
 :i*1 9 fact1 are to be  f\nd 9 ! !ology
 & ritual ( all ! nations 9 ! univ]se1  
al?\gh m or less disfigur$ & alt]$40    
,b z ! runn+-h& hi]oglyphics1 spok5 ( by
 ,w>burton1 7 no  m alphabetical ?an !  
hi]oglyphics !mselves1 /ill we are left 
to make ! inquiry1 ,:o 0 ! inv5tor ( !  
,egyptian alphabet8 ,?is  is suppos$ by 
! ,m>quis on ! au?ority ( a passage 9   
,plato1 to be  a secret>y ( "o ( ! k+s (
 ,egypt4 ,?is k+ is call$ ,?amus2  :o   
=bade 8 +5ius secret>y1 ,?\?1 or ,!u?1  
to make !  inv5tion public2 le/ ! p %\ld
 no long] pay att5tion to !             
hi]oglyphics1 :i* w\ld !n be soon       
=gott54 ,! secret1 h[ev]1  soon escap$2 
& z x dim9i%$ to a prodigi\s degree !   

difficulty  ( writ+1 x 0 g5]ally adopt$ 
by ! ,egyptians1 & f !m  pass$ into o!r 
nations4 ,! fir/10 says ! ,m>quis1 :o   
seem to  h got a k ( ?is sy/em1 7 !     
,ph5icians2 !y imp>t$  x to ! ,arabians1
 to ! ,jews1 & c>ri$ x ov] to ,greece4  
,f  t c\ntry x 0 export$ to ! sev]al    
isl&s1 c>ri$ to !  cont95t1 & rea*$ !   
nor!rn nations4 ,! ,*9ese alone refus$  
to adopt ! valuable discov]y2 pr\d ( !  
antiquity ( _! social  e/abli%m5t1      
believ+ !mselves sup]ior to ! re/ (     
mank9d1  !y /ill adh]$ to _! anci5t mode
 ( writ+4 ,?is1 z ,i h  already obs]v$1 
?\gh orig9ally ! same ) t us$ by !      
,egyptians1 became1 9 process ( "t1     
mat]ially diff]5t1 be+ made  up (       
arbitr>y m>ks1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p       
ideographical4 ,)  ! discov]y ( !       
alphabet1 h[ev]1 a v mat]ial *ange took 
place 9 reg>d to hi]oglyphics4          
,orig9ally1 z we h se51 !y _h  be5 !    
common1 nay1 ! sole mode ( writ+1       
employ$ by ! nation  at l>ge1 9 all !   
transactions ( life1 & ?r\gh ! policy ( 

,k+ ,?amus1 ! alphabetical lett]s 7 kept
 secret3 b1 z soon z  ?is discov]y      
became kn[n1 ! contr>y happ5$2          
alphabetical writ+  became common1 &    
hi]oglyphics my/]i\s1 n because !y 7    
purposely hidd5 9 my/]y1 b simply       
because !y requir$ great]  application &
 great] tr\ble4 ,!y inde$ /ill cont9u$  
to be us$  9 matt]s ( religion1 fun]als1
 public monum5ts1 & ! l2 b 9  all       
bus9ess1 & common transactions1 !       
alphabetical writ+ 0  employ$4 ,?is 0 a 
necess>y consequ5ce ( ! g5]al use (     
hi]oglyphics 9 _! primitive /ate2 =     
al?\gh ! ,egyptians  might1 &1 9 fact1  
did1 give ! pref]5ce to ! alphabet1 yet 
!y  did n ?9k x necess>y to erase ! old 
hi]oglyphical *>act]s  f _! temples1 f  
_! obelisks1 f _! tombs1 & religi\s     
vases4 ,! prie/s1 !re=e1 /ill cont9u$ to
 /udy & pres]ve !  k ( hi]oglyphics2 &  
^!1 p>tly by _! %[y nature1  p>tly by ! 
cont9uation ( ! old cu/om1 cont9u$ /ill 
to be us$  9 public monum5ts ( a votive 
& fun]al nature4 ,to di/+ui% !m1  !re=e1

 f ! alphabetical lett]s newly inv5t$1  
!y obta9$  ! "n ( sacr$1 on ! score ( _!
 be+ employ$ only 9 matt]s  ( religion4 
,! prie/s1 h[ev]1 :o _h already inv5t$ a
 new set (  arbitr>y m>ks1 z a %ort] way
 ( hi]oglyphical writ+1 :i* !y  employ$ 
exclusively 9 transactions :i* conc]n$  
_! body &  _! pursuits1 aft] ! inv5tion 
( ! alphabet turn$ ^! m>ks  into lett]s1
 & ?us !y =m$ ano!r set ( *>act]s1 or   
mode (  writ+1 to :i* !y gave !         
appellation ( hi]atic1 z belong+        
exclusively to _! ord]4 ,9 ^! *>act]s !y
 wrote all  hi/orical1 political1 &     
religi\s transactions4 ,& z ! common1 or
  demotic lett]s 7 employ$ 9 all !      
common bus9ess ( life1 &  hi]oglyphics  
conf9$ to public monum5ts1 & fun]eal &  
votive  c]emonies1 ! ,egyptians became  
possess$ ( at lea/ ?ree diff]5t  modes (
 writ+1 or sets ( *>act]s1 :i* 7        
hi]oglyphic1  demotic1 & hi]atic4 ,:e!r 
! prie/s _h inv5t$ ano!r set (  *>act]s1
 unkn[n to ! p1 & 9 :i* !y conceal$ _!  
doctr9e & _! k1 is a "q :i* _c be solv$ 

at  pres5t4 ,! want ( monum5ts disables 
u f say+ any ?+ ( a  decisive nature on 
?is subject4 ,"o ?+ alone we c suppose )
  c]ta9ty1 t if su* a mode ( writ+ did  
ev] exi/1 & = !  purpose = :i* x is     
suppos$ to h exi/$1 ! k ( x  mu/ h be5  
conf9$ to ! prie/s only1 & ! records s  
writt5  conceal$ ) ! greate/ c>e f ! eye
 ( ! nation4 ,if1  !re=e1 su* records   
exi/1 !y mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! dwell+  ( ! 
hi]ophant1 9 ! mo/ recondite places ( ! 
temples2 p]haps  9 ^? subt]rane\s       
passages :i* n[ lie hidd5 "u m\nta9s (  
s&1 & 9 :i* no "o b ! prie/s 7 ev]      
p]mitt$ to ent]40    ,! :ole ( ?is      
acc\nt1 we may h[ev] obs]ve1 is f> f be+
  satisfactory4 ,:e!r ! e>ly ,egyptians 
wrote hi]oglyphics at all1 no  monum5ts 
yet discov]$ are s anci5t z to prove2   
s9ce all su*  *>act]s n[ kn[n mu/ h be5 
writt5 subsequ5tly to !  advancem5t ( ! 
k+dom into great p[]1 & aft] consid]able
  progress _h be5 made 9 ar*itecture &  
o!r arts4 ,! passage1 too1  9 ,plato1 on
 :i* ! argum5t is made to dep5d1 may j z

 well  ref] to ! runn+-h& or abridg$    
hi]oglyphical signs1 z to  alphabetical 
writ+2 & ! supposition1 t ! prie/s gave 
an  alphabetical "* to ?is k9d ( abridg$
 pictorial writ+  aft] ! discov]y ( !   
real alphabet1 7& alphabetical ,ack]blad
  & ,dr4 ,"y h prov$ x to be17 is q     
hypo!tic4 ,we ?9k x  m probable t       
alphabetical writ+ is mu* old] ?an !    
hi]oglyphics2 t ! phonetic hi]oglyphics 
7 fanciful  repres5tations ( !          
alphabetic *>act]s1 int]m+l$ ) ^?       
symbols :i* idolatry & ! natural        
peculi>ities ( ,egypt w\ld  sugge/2 t ! 
:ole 0 orig9ally easy to be deciph]$ by 
^?  :o knew lett]s at all2 & t ! lead+  
motive ( fix+ !m on  public monum5ts 9  
pref]5ce to lit]al inscriptions1 0 !    
ta/e (  ! day1 :i* cu/om1 & antiquity1 &
 sup]/ition at l5g?  consecrat$4 ,we h  
?us an easy way ( acc\nt+ = !           
alphabetical1 ?\gh obscure1 "* ( !      
hi]oglyphic  runn+-h&1 or hi]atic writ+1
 s mu* us$ 9 manuscripts4 ,z an  abridg$
 =m ( ! hi]oglyphical outl9e1 x w\ld at 

lea/ be  phonetic :]ev] ! hi]oglyphic 0 
s2 & :]e t 0  symbolical1 x w\ld        
naturally pres5t great] difficulty 9    
deciph]+1 :i*1 9 fact1 has be5 prov$ to 
be ! case1 by mod]n  /ud5ts 9 ! art4 ,x 
is1 inde$1 ackn[l$g$ by ^? :o advocate  
! priority ( ! hi]oglyphic to !         
alphabetic signs1 t !  numb] ( ideas :i*
 c\ld ?us be express$ is few2 & ?is !   
,m>quis ,sp9eto consid]s z a presumptive
 pro( ( 8 !ory4 ,9 ^!  e>ly ages1 !     
position ( mank9d aft] ! flood10 he     
obs]ves1 0  su* z to preclude !         
possibility ( suppos+ t !y _h _m  ideas 
& _m wants2 !re=e we may reasonably     
conclude1 t _!  language consi/$ ( words
 only :i* 7 int5d$ to express !  ?+s mo/
 necess>y to life1 & consequ5tly conta9$
 a small numb]  ( words40 ,we "k1 inde$1
 t x is ! notion ( _m infidel  writ]s1 t
 ! orig9al race or races ( mank9d 7 a   
sort (  savages2 & t a /ate ( society   
gradually increas$ ! ideas1 &  enri*$ ! 
language ( ^? :o at fir/ 7 capable (    
utt]+ b  a few simple articulate s\nds2 

b t any p]son %\ld talk 9 a  simil>     
/ra91 :o pr(esses to receive ! ,mosaic  
hi/ory1 is absurd4  ,! ant$iluvians _h  
surely mu* k4 ,_m arts 7 inv5t$  be=e ! 
flood2 & ! ark itself is a va/ monum5t (
 me*anical  skill4 ,arts1 sci5ce1       
morals1 legislation1 !ology1 7 all kn[n 
be=e ! flood2 & 7 all transmitt$ f ! old
 _w to !  new1 by ,noah & 8 sons4 ,^! 7 
n m5 ( few ideas10 nor 0 !  pa/oral mode
 ( life incompatible ) great moral k1   
eloqu5ce1 & ! highe/ & ri*e/ poetry1 z  
we see 9 ! book (  ,job4 ,m5 7 n !n1 z  
_m mod]ns h suppos$1 a race ( babies1   
able only to ask = :at !y ne$$ to eat & 
dr9k1 or *ildi%ly to  play )2 & we may  
!re=e re/ assur$ t !y _h a language s   
copi\s1 & enunciations ( ideas s v>i\s 9
 _! respective  tongues1 t picture writ+
 nei!r 0 nor c\ld be adequate to _!     
full expression4 ,! true orig9 (        
hi]oglyphic writ+ is /ill  unexpla9$2 & 
w1 aft] all1 probably1 rema9            
inexplicable3 b x  has little claim to  
be consid]$ z ! fir/ mode ( express+ !  

s\nds ( language4 ,z = ! ,*9ese         
language1 x is evid5t t x  _c be urg$ 9 
pro( ( alphabetical writ+ hav+ 9 all    
cases  pass$ ?r\gh ! process above      
m5tion$2 = to ?is day ! ,*9ese  h no    
alphabet4 ,z a language x is inde$      
peculi>1 z be+ :olly  monosyllabic2 & we
 mu/ be bett] acqua9t$ ) ! e>ly         
circum/ances ( t p be=e we c acc\nt =   
ei!r4 ,see  ,,writ+4    ,,levia?an1 1   
,job iii1 #h2 xli1 #a2 ,psalm lxxiv1    
#ad2 civ1 #bf2 ,isa4  xxvii1 #a4 ,! old 
comm5tators concurr$ 9 reg>d+ ! :ale z !
  animal "h int5d$4 ,beza & ,diodati 7  
among ! fir/ to int]pret  x ! crocodile3
 & ,bo*>t has s9ce support$ ?is la/     
r5d]+  ) a tra9 ( argum5t :i* has ne>ly 
ov]:elm$ all opposition1  & br\ght almo/
 e comm5tator ov] to 8 op9ion4 ,x is v  
c]ta9 t x c\ld n be ! :ale1 :i* does n  
inhabit !  ,m$it]ranean1 mu* less !     
riv]s t empty !mselves into x2 nor  w ! 
*>act]i/ics at all apply to ! :ale4 ,!  
crocodile1 on  ! contr>y1 is a natural  
inhabitant ( ! ,nile1 & o!r ,asiatic &  

,african riv]s2 ( enorm\s voracity &    
/r5g?1 z well z fleetness  9 swimm+2    
attacks mank9d & ! l>ge/ animals ) mo/  
d>+  impetuosity2 :5 tak5 by means ( a  
p[]ful net1 w (t5 ov]turn  ! boats t    
surr\nd x2 has1 proportionally1 ! l>ge/ 
m\? (  all mon/]s :atev]2 moves bo? its 
jaws equally1 ! upp] ( :i*  has n less  
?an =ty1 & ! l[] ?an ?irty-eight %>p1 b 
/rong & massy1 tee?2 & is furni%$ ) a   
coat ( mail1 s scaly  & call\s z to     
resi/ ! =ce ( a musket ball 9 e "p1     
except "u ! belly4 ,inde$1 to ?is animal
 ! g5]al "* (  ! levia?an seems s well  
to apply1 t x is unnecess>y to seek     
f>!r4    ,,levites4 ,"u ?is "n may be   
compris$ all ! desc5dants ( ,levi2  b x 
pr9cipally d5otes ^? :o 7 employ$ 9 !   
l[e/  m9i/ries ( ! temple1 by :i* !y 7  
di/+ui%$ f !  prie/s1 :o1 be+ desc5d$ f 
,a>on1 7 likewise ( ! race (  ,levi by  
,koha?1 b 7 employ$ 9 high] (fices4 ,!  
,levites 7  desc5dants ( ,levi1 by      
,g]%om1 ,koha?1 & ,m]>i1 except+ !      
family ( ,a>on2 = ! *ildr5 ( ,moses _h  

no "p 9 !  prie/hood1 & 7 only common   
,levites4 ,god *ose ! ,levites in/ead  (
 ! fir/-born ( all ,israel1 = ! s]vice (
 8 tab]nacle &  temple1 ,num4 iii1 #f1  
c4 ,!y obey$ ! prie/s 9 ! m9i/rations ( 
! temple1 & br\ght to !m wood1 wat]1 &  
o!r ?+s necess>y  = ! sacrifices4 ,!y   
sung & play$ on in/rum5ts1 9 ! temple1  
c2 !y /udi$ ! law1 & 7 ! ord9>y judges (
 ! c\ntry1  b subord9ate to ! prie/s4   
,god provid$ = ! subsi/5ce ( !          
,levites1 by giv+ !m ! ti! ( corn1      
fruit1 & cattle2 b !y  paid to ! prie/s 
! t5? ( _! ti!s2 & z ! ,levites         
possess$ no e/ates 9 ! l&1 ! ti!s :i* ! 
prie/s receiv$  f !m 7 look$ on z !     
fir/-fruits :i* !y 7 to (f] to  ! ,"l1  
,num4 xviii1 #ba-bd4 ,god assign$ !m =  
_! habitations  =ty-eight cities1 )     
fields1 pa/ures1 & g>d5s1 ,num4 xxxv4 ,(
  ^! ?irte5 7 giv5 to ! prie/s1 six (   
:i* 7 cities (  refuge1 ,jo%ua xx1 #g2  
xxi1 #ai1 #bj1 c4 ,:ile ! ,levites 7    
actually  employ$ 9 ! temple1 !y 7      
subsi/$ out ( ! provisions 9  /ore !re1 

& out ( ! daily (f]+s !re made2 & if any
  ,levite quitt$ ! place ( 8 abode1 to  
s]ve ! temple1 ev5 out (  ! "t ( 8      
half-ye>ly or weekly wait+1 he 0 receiv$
 !re1  kept & provid$ =1 9 l mann] z 8  
o!r bre?r51 :o 7  regul>ly 9 wait+1     
,deut4 xviii1 #f-h4 ,! consecration (   
,levites 0  )\t mu* c]emony4 ,!y wore no
 p>ticul> habit to di/+ui% !m  f ! o!r  
,israelites1 & ,god orda9$ no?+         
p>ticul>ly =  _! m\rn+1 #b ,*ron4 xxix1 
#cd4 ,! mann] ( _! consecration may  be 
se5 9 ,num4 viii1 #e-g1 c4    ,josephus 
says1 t 9 ! reign ( ,agrippa1 k+ ( !    
,jews1 ab\t ,a4  ,d4 #fb1 six ye>s be=e 
! de/ruction ( ! temple by ! ,romans1 ! 
,levites desir$ p]mission f t pr9ce to  
we> ! l95 tunic l  ! prie/s2 & ?is 0    
grant$4 ,?is innovation 0 displeas+ to  
! prie/s2 & ! ,jewi% hi/orian rem>ks1 t 
! anci5t cu/oms  ( ! c\ntry 7 nev] =sak5
 ) impunity4 ,he adds1 t ,agrippa       
p]mitt$ likewise ! families ( !         
,levites1 ^: duty x 0 to  gu>d ! doors1 
& p]=m o!r tr\blesome (fices1 to le>n to

 s+  & play on in/rum5ts1 t !y might be 
qualifi$ = ! temple  s]vice z musicians4
 ,! ,levites 7 divid$ into diff]5t      
classes3  ,g]%onites1 ,koha?ites1       
,m]>ites1 & ,a>onites or prie/s1 ,num4  
iii1  c4 ,! ,g]%onites1 ^: numb] 0 sev5 
?\s& five hundr$1 7  employ$ 9 ! m>*es  
?r\gh ! wild]ness 9 c>ry+ ! veils &     
curta9s ( ! tab]nacle2 ! ,koha?ites1 ^: 
numb] 0 eight  ?\s& six hundr$1 9 c>ry+ 
! ark & sacr$ vessels ( !  tab]nacle2 ! 
,m]>ites1 ^: numb] 0 six ?\s& two       
hundr$1 9  c>ry+ ! sev]al pieces ( !    
tab]nacle :i* c\ld n be plac$  ^u !     
*>iots2 & ! ,a>onites 7 ! prie/s :o s]v$
 !  sanctu>y4 ,:5 ! ,hebrews encamp$ 9 !
 wild]ness1 ! ,levites 7  plac$ ar\nd ! 
tab]nacle2 ,moses & ,a>on at ! ea/1     
,g]%on at  ! we/1 ,koha? at ! s\?1 &    
,m]>i at ! nor?4 ,moses orda9$  t !     
,levites %\ld n beg9 9 ! s]vice ( !     
tab]nacle till  !y 7 five-&-tw5ty ye>s (
 age1 ,num4 viii1 #bd-bf2 or1 z he says 
else:]e1 f ?irty to fifty ye>s old1     
,num4 iv1 #c4 ,b ,david1  f9d+ t !y 7 no

 long] employ$ 9 ^! gross] (fices (     
transport+ ! vessels ( ! tab]nacle1     
appo9t$ !m to ent] on  s]vice at !      
temple at tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,! prie/s & 
,levites  wait$ by turns1 weekly1 9 !   
temple4 ,!y began _! weeks on "o        
,sabba? day1 & on ! ,sabba? day 9 !     
foll[+ week w5t out (  wait+1 #a        
,*ronicles xxiii1 #bd2 #b ,*ron4 xxi1   
#ag2 ,ezra iii1 #h4 ,:5 an  ,israelite  
made a religi\s ent]ta9m5t 9 ! temple1  
,god requir$  t ! ,levites %\ld be      
invit$ to x1 ,deut4 xii1 #ah1 #ai4      
,,leviticus1 a canonical book (         
,scripture1 be+ ! ?ird book ( !         
,p5tateu* ( ,moses2 ?us call$ because x 
conta9s pr9cipally !  laws & regulations
 relat+ to ! ,levites1 prie/s1 &        
sacrifices2  = :i* reason ! ,hebrews    
call x ! law ( ! prie/s1 because x      
includes _m ord9ances conc]n+ _!        
s]vices4 ,see ,,p5tateu*4    ,,libation4
 ,?is ^w is us$ 9 sacrificial language1 
to express an  affusion ( liquors1 p\r$ 
^u victims to be sacrific$ to ! ,"l4  ,!

 quantity ( w9e = a libation 0 ! f\r? "p
 ( a h91 r  m ?an two p9ts4 ,libations  
among ! ,hebrews 7 p\r$ on !  victim    
aft] x 0 kill$1 & ! sev]al pieces ( x 7 
laid on  ! alt>1 ready to be consum$ by 
! flames1 ,lev4 vi1 #bj2 viii1 #be1     
#bf2 ix1 #d2 xvi1 #ab1 #bj4 ,^!         
libations consi/$ 9 (f]+s ( bread1  w9e1
 & salt4 ,! ,greeks & ,lat9s (f]$       
libations ) !  sacrifices1 b !y 7 p\r$  
on ! victim's head :ile x 0  liv+4 ,s   
,s9on1 relat+ ! mann] 9 :i* he 0 to be  
sacrific$1  says he 0 9 ! prie/'s h&s   
ready to be sla91 0 load$ )  b&s &      
g>l&s2 t !y 7 prep>+ to p\r ^u him !    
libations ( gra9 & salt$ meal3--        
,jamque dies inf&a ad]at1 mihi sacra    
p>>i1             ,et sals fruges1 et   
circum tempora vitt4                    
neid ii1 #acj1 #aca4    ,& n[ ! horrible
 day be+ come1 !y began to prep>e = me !
  sacr$ rites4                  ,! salt$
 b>ley on my front 0 spread1            
,! sacr$ fillets b\nd my de/9$ head40   
,,pitt4    ,& ,dido1 beg9n+ to          

sacrifice1 p\rs w9e betwe5 ! horns ( !  
victim3--                 ,ipsa t55s    
dextra pat]am pul*]rima ,dido1          
,c&5tsi vacc m$ia int] cornua fudit4    
neid iv4                  ,! que5 be=e !
 sn[y heif] /&s1                ,amid ! 
%r9es1 a goblet 9 h] h&s2               
,betwe5 ! horns %e %$s ! sacr$ w9e1     
,& pays due hon\rs to ! p[]s div9e40    
,,pitt4    ,/4 ,paul describes himself1 
z x 71 a victim ab\t to be sacrific$1  &
 t ! accu/om$ libations ( meal & w9e 7  
already1 9 a  mann]1 p\r$ ^u him3 ,= ,i 
am ready to be (f]$1 & ! "t (  my       
dep>ture is at h&10 #b ,tim4 iv1 #f4 ,! 
same expressive sacrificial  t]m occurs 
9 ,phil4 ii1 #ag1 :]e ! ,apo/le         
repres5ts ! fai? (  ! ,philippians z a  
sacrifice1 & 8 own blood z a libation   
p\r$  =? to hall[ & consecrate x3 8,yea1
 & if ,i be (f]$1 1  ^u ! sacrifice &   
s]vice ( y\r fai?1      1 ,i joy &      
rejoice ) y all40    ,,lib]t9es4 ,m5tion
 is made ( ! synagogue ( ! ,lib]t9es1   
,acts vi1  #i2 conc]n+ :om !re are      

diff]5t op9ions1 two ( :i* bid  faire/ =
 ! tru?4 ,! fir/ is t ( ,grotius &      
,vitr+a1 t  !y 7 ,italian ,jews or      
proselytes4 ,! anci5t ,romans di/+ui%$  
betwe5 lib]tus & lib]t9us4 ,lib]tus 0 "o
 :o _h be5 a  slave1 & obta9$ 8 fre$om2 
lib]t9us 0 ! son ( a  lib]tus4 ,b ?is   
di/9ction 9 aft] ages 0 n /rictly       
obs]v$2 & lib]t9us also came to be us$ =
 "o n born1 b  made free1 9 opposition  
to +5uus1 or "o born free4 ,:e!r !      
lib]t9i m5tion$ 9 ?is passage ( ! ,acts 
7 ,g5tiles1 :o _h  become proselytes to 
,judaism1 or native ,jews1 :o hav+ be5  
made  slaves to ! ,romans 7 aft]w>d set 
at lib]ty1 & 9 remembrance  ( _!        
captivity call$ !mselves lib]t9i1 & =m$ 
a synagogue  by !mselves1 is diff]5tly  
conjectur$ by ! le>n$4 ,x is probable  !
 ,jews ( ,cyr5ia1 ,alex&ria1 c1 built   
synagogues at ,j]usalem at  _! own *>ge1
 = ! use ( _! bre?r5 :o came f ^?       
c\ntries2 z ! ,danes1 ,sw$es1 c1 build  
*ur*es = ! use ( _!  own c\ntrym5 9     
,london2 & t ! ,italian ,jews did !     

same2 &  because ! greate/ numb] ( !m 7 
lib]t9i1 _! synagogue  0 !re=e call$ !  
synagogue ( ! ,lib]t9es4 ,! o!r op9ion1 
:i* is h9t$ by cum5ius on ! ,acts1 &    
m5tion$ by ,dr4  ,l>dn]1 z m lately     
advanc$ by ,mr4 ,daniel ,g]des1 pr(essor
 (  div9ity 9 ! univ]sity ( ,gron+51 is 
?is1 t ! ,lib]t9es  are s call$ f a city
 or c\ntry call$ ,lib]tus1 or ,lib]t9a1 
9  ,africa1 ab\t ,c>?age4 ,suidas1 9 8  
,lexicon1 on ! ^w 1  says x 0  1 nom5   
g5tis4 ,! "n ( a nation4 ,&  ! glossa   
int]l9e>is1 ( :i* ,nicolas de ,lyra made
 great use 9  8 notes1 ha? ov] ! ^w     
lib]t9i1 e regione1 d5ot+ t !y  7 s /yl$
 f a c\ntry4 ,9 ! acts ( ! fam\s        
conf]5ce )  ! ,donati/s at ,c>?age1 ,a4 
,d4 #daa1 !re is m5tion$ "o ,victor1    
bi%op ( ! *ur* ( ,lib]t9a3 & 9 ! acts ( 
! ,lat]an  c\ncil1 :i* 0 held 9 #fdi1   
!re is m5tion ( ,janu>ius grati  ,dei   
episcopus sanct ecclesi ,lib]t95sis2    
,janu>ius by ! grace (  ,god bi%op ( !  
holy *ur* ( ,lib]t9a2 & !re=e           
,fabricius1 9  8 ,geographical ,index ( 

,*ri/ian ,bi%oprics10 has plac$ ,lib]t9a
 9  :at 0 call$ ,africa ,propria1 or !  
proconsul> prov9ce ( ,africa4  ,n[1 z   
all ! o!r p ( ! sev]al synagogues1      
m5tion$ 9  ?is passage ( ! ,acts1 are   
d5om9at$ f ! places f :5ce  !y came1 x  
is probable t ! ,lib]t9es 7 s too2 & z !
  ,cyr5ians & ,alex&rians1 :o came f    
,africa1 are plac$ next to !  ,lib]t9es 
9 t catalogue1 x is probable !y also    
belong$ to !  same c\ntry4 ,s t1 ^u !   
:ole1 !re is little reason to d\bt  ( ! 
,lib]t9es be+ s call$ f ! place f :5ce  
!y came2  & ! ord] ( ! names 9 !        
catalogue might lead u to ?9k1 t  !y 7  
f>!r (f f ,j]usalem ?an ,alex&ria &     
,cyr5ia1 :i*  w c>ry u to ! proconsul>  
prov9ce 9 ,africa ab\t ,c>?age4         
,,libnah1 a city 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! tribe 
( ,judah1 ,jo%ua xv1  #db1 ( :i* a      
cession 0 made to ! prie/s = _!         
habitation1 &  :i* 0 decl>$ a city (    
refuge1 #a ,*ron4 vi1 #eg4    ,,libya4  
,! "n1 9 its l>ge/ s5se1 0 us$ by !     
,greeks to d5ote  ! :ole ( ,africa4 ,b  

,libya ,prop]1 or ! ,libya ( ! ,new     
,te/am5t1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,lubims ( ! ,old1
 0 a l>ge c\ntry  ly+ along !           
,m$it]ranean1 on ! we/ ( ,egypt4 ,x 0   
call$  ,p5tapolitana ,regio by ,pl9y1 f 
its five *ief cities1 ,b]5ice1  ,ars9oe1
 ,ptolemais1 ,apollonia1 & ,cyr5e2 &    
,libya ,cyr5aica by  ,ptolemy1 f ,cyr5e 
its capital4 ,libya is suppos$ to h be5 
fir/  peopl$ by1 & to h d]iv$ its "n f1 
! ,lehabim1 or ,lubim4  ,^!1 its e>li]  
inhabitants1 appe> 9 ! times ( ! ,old   
,te/am5t1 to h consi/$ ( w&]+ tribes1 :o
 7 sometimes 9  alliance ) ,egypt1 & at 
o!rs ) ! ,e?iopians ( ,arabia2 z  !y are
 said to h assi/$ bo? ,%i%ak & ,z]ah 9  
_!  exp$itions into ,judea1 #b ,*ron4   
xii1 xiv1 xvi4 ,!y 7 = a "t  suffici5tly
 p[]ful to ma9ta9 a w> ) ! ,c>?ag9ians1 
by :om  !y 7 9 ! end entirely ov]come4  
,s9ce t p]iod1 ,libya1 9  common ) ! re/
 ( ! ea/1 has successively pass$ into ! 
h&s  ( ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,s>ac5s1 &   
,turks4 ,! city ,cyr5e1 built by a      
,grecian colony1 0 ! capital ( ?is      

c\ntry1 9 :i*1 & o!r  p>ts1 dwelt _m    
,jews1 :o came up to ,j]usalem at ! fea/
 (  p5teco/1 toge!r ) ^? disp]s$ among  
o!r nations1 & are  call$ by ,/4 ,luke  
dwell]s 9 ! p>ts ( ,libya ab\t ,cyr5e10 
,acts  ii1 #aj4    ,,lice4 ,sw>ms ( lice
 0 ! ?ird plague ) :i* ,god puni%$ !    
,egyptians1 ,exod4 viii1 #af4 ,! ,hebrew
 ^w 1 :i* ! ,,lxx r5d]  1 "s translate  
flies10 & ?9k !m ! same z gnats4 ,orig5 
says t ! sc9iphe is s small a fly1 t x  
is sc>cely  p]ceptible to ! eye1 b t x  
occasions a %>p /++ pa94  ,h[ev]1 !     
orig9al1 accord+ to ! ,syriac1 & sev]al 
good  int]pret]s1 signifies lice40    ,b
 ,josephus1 ! ,jewi% rabb9s1 & mo/ ( !  
mod]n translators  r5d] ! ,hebrew ^w at 
l>ge lice2 & ,bo*>t & ,bryant support   
?is int]pretation4 ,! =m] argues t gnats
 c\ld n be meant4  #a4 ,because !       
creatures "h m5tion$ sprang f ! du/ ( ! 
e>?1 & n f ! wat]s4 #b4 ,because !y 7   
bo? on m5 &  cattle1 :i* _c be spok5 (  
gnats4 #c4 ,because _! "n comes  f !    
radix 1 :i* signifies to make firm1 fix1

 e/abli%1  :i* c nev] agree to gnats1   
flies1 c1 :i* are ev] *ang+ _!  place1 &
 are almo/ con/antly on ! w+4 #d4       
,because  is ! t]m  by :i* ! talmudi/s  
express ! t]m l\se1 c4 ,to :i* may be   
add$1 t if !y 7 w+$ & /++ insects1 z    
,j]om1 ,orig51  & o!rs h suppos$1 !     
plague ( flies is unduly anticipat$2 &  
! next miracle w be only a repetition ( 
! =m]4 ,mr4 ,bryant1 9  illu/rat+ !     
aptness ( ?is miracle1 has ! foll[+     
rem>ks3  8,! ,egyptians affect$ great   
ext]nal purity1 & 7 v nice bo?  9 _!    
p]sons & clo?+2 ba?+ & mak+ ablutions   
cont9ually4  ,uncommon c>e 0 tak5 n to  
h>b\r any v]m94 ,!y 7  p>ticul>ly       
solicit\s on ?is head2 ?9k+ x w\ld be a 
great  pr(anation ( ! temple :i* !y     
ent]$1 if any animalcule ( ?is  sort 7  
conceal$ 9 _! g>m5ts40 ,! prie/s1 says  
,h]odotus1 are  %av$1 bo? z to _! heads 
& bodies1 e ?ird day1 to prev5t  any    
l\se1 or any o!r dete/able creature1 be+
 f\nd ^u !m :5  !y are p]=m+ _! duty to 
! gods4 ,! same is m5tion$ by  ano!r    

au?or1 :o adds1 t all wooll5 0 consid]$ 
z f\l1 z  f a p]i%able animal2 b flax is
 ! product ( ! immortal e>?1  af=ds a   
delicate & pure cov]+1 & is n liable to 
h>b\r lice4  ,we may h5ce see :at an    
abhorr5ce ! ,egyptians %[$ t[>d ?is     
sort ( v]m91 & :at c>e 0 tak5 by !      
prie/s to gu>d aga9/  !m4 ,! judgm5ts1  
!re=e1 inflict$ by ! h&s ( ,moses1 7    
adapt$ to _! prejudices4 ,x 01          
consequ5tly1 n only mo/ noisome  to ! p 
9 g5]al1 b 0 no small odium to ! mo/    
sacr$  ord] 9 ,egypt1 t !y 7 ov]run ) ^!
 fil?y & dete/able  v]m94    ,,light1 1 
is us$ 9 a physical s5se1 ,matt4 xvii1  
#b2 ,acts ix1 #c2 xii1  #g2 #b ,cor4 iv1
 #f2 = a fire giv+ light1 ,m>k xiv1 #ed2
 ,luke xxii1 #ef2  = a tor*1 c&le1 or   
lamp1 ,acts xvi1 #bi2 & = ! mat]ial     
light  ( heav51 z ! sun1 moon1 or />s1  
,psalm cxxxvi1 #g2 ,james i1 #ag4       
,figuratively tak51 x signifies a       
manife/ or op5 /ate ( ?+s1  ,matt4 x1   
#bg2 ,luke xii1 #c2 also prosp]ity1     
tru?1 & joy4    ,god is said to dwell 9 

light inaccessible1 #a ,tim4 vi1 #af4   
,?is seems to  conta9 a ref]5ce to !    
glory & spl5d\r :i* %one 9 ! holy  (    
holies1 :]e ,jehovah appe>$ 9 ! lum9\s  
cl\d above ! m]cy  seat1 & :i* none b ! 
high prie/1 & he only once a ye>1 0     
p]mitt$ to approa* unto1 ,lev4 xvi1 #b2 
,ezek4 i1 #bb1 #bf1 #bh2 b ?is  0       
typical ( ! glory ( ! cele/ial _w4 ,x   
signifies1 also1  in/ruction1 bo? by    
doctr9e & example1 ,matt4 v1 #af2 ,john 
v1 #ce2 or  p]sons consid]$ z giv+ su*  
light1 ,matt4 v1 #ad2 ,rom4 ii1 #ai4 ,x 
is  appli$ figuratively to ,*ri/1 ! true
 ,light1 ! ,sun (  ,righte\sness1 :o is 
t 9 ! spiritual1 :i* ! mat]ial light is 
9 ! natural1 _w2 :o is ! great ,au?or1 n
 only ( illum9ation  & k1 b ( spiritual 
life1 heal?1 & joy to ! s\ls (  m54     
,! images ( light & d>kness1 says ,bi%op
 ,l[?1 are commonly made  use ( 9 all   
languages to imply or d5ote prosp]ity & 
adv]sity1  agreeably to ! common s5se & 
p]ception :i* all m5 h ( !  objects     
!mselves4 ,b ! ,hebrews employ ^?       

metaphors m  frequ5tly & ) less v>iation
 ?an o!r p3 inde$1 !y  seldom refra9 f  
!m :5ev] ! subject requires or w ev5    
admit ( _! introduction4 ,^!            
expressions1 !re=e1 may be  acc\nt$     
among ^? =ms ( spee*1 :i* 9 ! p>abolic  
/yle are  e/abli%$ & def9$2 s9ce !y     
exhibit ! mo/ not$ & famili>  images1 & 
! application ( !m on ?is occasion is   
ju/ifi$ by an  ackn[l$g$ analogy1 &     
approv$ by con/ant & unv>y+ cu/om4 ,9  !
 use ( images1 s conspicu\s & s famili> 
among ! ,hebrews1 a  degree ( boldness  
is excusable4 ,! ,lat9s introduce !m m  
sp>+ly1 & !re=e are m cauti\s 9 !       
application ( !m4  ,b ! ,hebrews1 ^u a  
subject m sublime inde$1 9 itself1 &    
illu/rat+ x by an idea :i* 0 m habitual 
to !m1 m  d>+ly exalt _! /ra9s1 & give a
 loose re9 to ! _s (  poetry4 ,!y       
display1 = in/ance1 n ! image ( ! spr+1 
(  ,aurora1 ( ! dre>y night1 b ! sun &  
/>s z ris+ )  increas$ spl5d\r 9 a new  
creation1 or aga9 involv$ 9 *aos &      
primeval d>kness4 ,does ! sacr$ b>d     

promise to 8 p a r5ewal  ( ! div9e      
fav\r1 & a recomm5cem5t ( univ]sal      
prosp]ity8 ,9  :at magnific5t col\rs    
does he depict x6 ,su*1 inde$1 z no     
translation c illu/rate1 b su* z none c 
obscure3--            ,! light ( ! moon 
%all be z ! light ( ! sun1          ,& !
 light ( ! sun %all be sev5fold40       
,isaiah xxx1 #bf4    ,b ev5 ?is is n    
suffici5t3--         ,no long] %alt ?\ h
 ! sun = ?y light by day2       ,nor by 
night %all ! brightness ( ! moon        
enlight5 !e3       ,= ,jehovah %all be  
to !e an ev]la/+ light1       ,& ?y ,god
 %all be ?y glory4       ,?y sun %all no
 m decl9e2       ,nei!r %all ?y moon    
wane2       ,= ,jehovah %all be ?9e     
ev]la/+ light2       ,& ! days ( ?y     
m\rn+ %all cease40                      
,isaiah lx1 #ai1 #bj4    ,9 ano!r place 
he has admirably div]sifi$ ! same       
s5tim5t3--        ,& ! moon %all be     
conf\nd$1 & ! sun %all be a%am$2      ,=
 ,jehovah1 ,god ( ,ho/s1 %all reign     
,on ,m\nt ,sion1 & 9 ,j]usalem3      ,& 

be=e 8 anci5ts %all he be glorifi$40    
,isaiah xxiv1 #be4    ,on ! o!r h&1     
d5\nc+ ru9 aga9/ ! pr\d k+ ( ,egypt3--  
,& :5 ,i %all put !e out1 ,i w cov] !   
heav5s1      ,& ! />s !re( w ,i make    
d>k3      ,i w involve ! sun 9 a cl\d1  
,nor %all ! moon give out h] light4     
,all ! bright lights ( heav5 w ,i make  
d>k ov] !e1      ,& ,i w set d>kness ^u 
?y l&1 sai? ! ,"l ,jehovah40            
,ezekiel xxvii1 #g1 #h4    ,^!          
expressions are bold & d>+2 b ! imag]y  
is well kn[n1  ! use ( x is common1 !   
signification def9ite3 !y are !re=e     
p]spicu\s1 cle>1 & truly magnific5t4    
,,lign-,,aloes4 ,see ,,aloe4            
,,ligure1 1 ,exod4 xxviii1 #ai2 xxxix1  
#ab1 a preci\s /one ( a deep r$  col\r1 
) a consid]able t+e ( yell[4 ,!ophra/us 
& ,pl9y  describe x z resembl+ !        
c>buncle1 ( a brightness sp>kl+ l  fire4
    ,,lily1 1 #a ,k+s vii1 #ai1 #bb1    
#bf2 #b ,*ron4 iv1 #e2 ,cant4 ii1 #b1   
#af2  iv1 #e2 v1 #ac2 vi1 #b1 #c2 vii1  
#b2 ,hosea xiv1 #e2 1 ,matt4 vi1 #bh2   

,luke  xii1 #bg2 a well kn[n sweet &    
beautiful fl[]1 :i* furni%$  ,solomon ) 
a v>iety ( *>m+ images 9 8 ,song1 & )   
graceful  ornam5ts 9 ! fabric &         
furniture ( ! temple4 ,! title ( "s  ( !
 ,psalms ^u ,%u%an10 or ,%o%anim10      
,psalms xlv2 lx2 lxix2 lxxx1  probably  
means no m ?an t ! music ( ^! sacr$     
compositions  0 to be regulat$ by t ( "s
 odes1 :i* 7 kn[n by ^?  names or       
appellations4 ,by ! lily ( ! valley10   
,cant4 ii1 #b1 we are  n to und]/& !    
humble fl[]1 g5]ally s call$ ) u1 !     
lilium convallium1 b ! noble fl[] :i*   
ornam5ts our g>d5s1  & :i* 9 ,pale/9e   
gr[s wild 9 ! fields1 & especially 9 !  
valleys4 ,pl9y reckons ! lily ! next    
plant 9 excell5cy to !  rose2 & ! gay   
,anacreon comp>es ,v5us to ?is fl[]4 ,9 
! ea/1  z ) u1 x is ! emblem ( purity & 
moral excell5ce4 ,s !  ,p]sian poet1    
,sadi1 comp>es an amiable y\? to ! :ite 
lily 9 a b$  ( n>cissuses10 because he  
surpass$ all ! "y %eph]ds 9  goodness4  
,z1 9 ,cant4 v1 #ac1 ! lips are comp>$  

to ! lily1 ,bi%op  ,patrick supposes !  
lily "h in/anc$ to be ! same :i*1 on    
acc\nt ( its deep r$ col\r1 is          
p>ticul>ly call$ by ,pl9y rub5s  lilium1
 & :i*1 he tells u1 0 mu* e/eem$ 9      
,syria4 ,su* may  h be5 ! lily m5tion$ 9
 ,matt4 vi1 #bh-cj2 = ! royal robes  7  
purple3 ,consid] ! lilies ( ! field1 h[ 
!y gr[2 !y toil  n1 nei!r d !y sp93 &   
yet ,i say unto y1 t ,solomon 9 all  8  
glory 0 n array$ l "o ( ^!30 s 9 ,luke  
xii1 #bg4 ,!  sc>city ( fuel 9 ! ea/    
obliges ! inhabitants to use1 by turns1 
e k9d ( combu/ible matt]4 ,! )]$ /alks (
 h]bs &  fl[]s1 ! t5drils ( ! v9e1 !    
small bran*es ( rosem>y1 &  o!r plants1 
are all us$ 9 heat+ _! ov5s & bagnios4  
,we c  easily recognize ?is practice 9 t
 rem>k ( our ,"l1 ,if ,god s  clo! !    
grass ( ! field1 :i* to-day is1 &       
to-morr[ is ca/  into ! ov51 %all he n  
mu* m clo! y1 ,o ye ( little fai?80     
,matt4 vi1 #cj4 ,! grass ( ! field1 9   
?is passage1 evid5tly  includes ! lilies
 ( :i* he _h j be5 speak+1 &1 by        

consequ5ce1 h]bs 9 g5]al2 & 9 ?is       
ext5sive s5se ! ^w   is n unfrequ5tly   
tak54 ,^? beautiful productions (       
nature1  s ri*ly array$1 & s exquisitely
 p]fum$1 t ! spl5d\r ev5  ( ,solomon is 
n to be comp>$ to !irs1 %all soon )] &  
decay1  & be us$ z fuel4 ,god has s     
adorn$ ^! fl[]s & plants ( !  field1 :i*
 reta9 _! beauty & vig\r b = a few days1
 & are  !n appli$ to "s ( ! meane/      
purposes ( life3 w he n mu*  m take c>e 
( 8 s]vants :o are s preci\s 9 8 sight1 
&  design$ = su* important s]vices 9 !  
_w8 ,?is passage is "o  ( ^? ( :i* ,sir 
,?omas ,br[ne says1 ,! v>i\sly int]sp]s$
  expressions f plants & fl[]s elegantly
 advantage ! significancy  ( ! text40   
,mr4 ,salt1 9 8 ,voyage to ,abyss9ia10  
says1 8,at a few miles f ,ad[a1  we     
discov]$ a new & beautiful species (    
am>yllis1 :i* bore  f t5 to twelve      
spikes ( bloom on ea* /em1 z l>ge z ^? (
  ! belladonna1 spr++ f "o common       
receptacle4 ,! g5]al  col\r ( ! corolla 
0 :ite1 & e petal 0 m>k$ ) a  s+le /reak

 ( bright purple d[n ! middle4 ,! fl[] 0
 sweet  sc5t$1 & its smell1 ?\gh mu* m  
p[]ful1 resembl$ t ( !  lily ( ! valley4
 ,?is sup]b plant excit$ ! admiration ( 
!  :ole p>ty2 & x br\ght imm$iately to  
my recollection ! beautiful  comp>ison  
us$ on a p>ticul> occasion by our       
,savi\r3 #8,i say unto  y1 t ,solomon 9 
all 8 glory 0 n array$ l "o ( ^!4'0  ,& 
,sir ,james ,e4 ,smi? obs]ves1 8,x is   
natural to presume ! div9e  ,tea*]1     
accord+ to 8 usual cu/om1 call$ !       
att5tion ( 8  he>]s to "s object at h&2 
& z ! fields ( ! ,levant are  ov]run ) !
 am>yllis lutea1 ^: gold5 lilace\s fl[]s
 9  autumn af=d "o ( ! mo/ brilliant &  
gorge\s objects 9 nature1  ! expression 
( #8,solomon 9 all 8 glory n be+ array$ 
l "o  ( ^!1' is peculi>ly appropriate4  
,i consid] ! feel+ ) :i*  ?is 0 express$
 z ! highe/ hon\r ev] done to ! /udy (  
plants2 & if my botanical conjecture be 
"r1 we le>n a  *ronological fact        
respect+ ! season ( ! ye> :5 ! s]mon on 
! m\nt 0 deliv]$40    ,,lime1 1 ,deut4  

xxvii1 #b1 #d2 ,isaiah xxxiii1 #ab2     
,amos ii1 #a2 a s(t  friable sub/ance1  
obta9$ by calc9+ or burn+ /ones1 %ells1 
or  ! l4 ,f ,isa4 xxxiii1 #ab1 x appe>s 
t x 0 made 9 a kiln  light$ ) ?orn      
bu%es2 & f ,amos ii1 #a1 t bones 7      
sometimes calc9$ = lime4 ,! use ( x 0 = 
pla/] or cem5t1  ! fir/ m5tion ( :i* is 
9 ,deut4 xxvii1 :]e ,moses direct$ !    
eld]s ( ! p1 say+1 ,keep all ! comm&m5ts
 :i* ,i comm&  y ?is day4 ,& x %all be  
on ! day :5 y %all pass ov] ,jordan     
unto ! l& :i* ! ,"l y\r ,god give? y1 t 
y %all set up  great /ones1 & pla/] !m )
 pla/]1 & %all write ^u !m  all ! words 
( ?is law10 c4 ,! book ( ! law1 9 ord]  
to r5d]  x ! m sacr$1 0 deposit$ beside 
! ark ( ! cov5ant4 ,!  gu>dians ( ! law1
 to :om 0 entru/$ ! duty ( mak+ fai?ful 
transcripts ( x1 7 ! prie/s4 ,b ,moses  
did n acc\nt ev5 ?is  precaution        
suffici5t = ! due pres]vation ( 8 law 9 
its  orig9al purity2 = he comm&$ t x    
%\ld beside be engrav5 on  /ones1 & ^!  
/ones kept on a m\nta9 ne> ,si*em1 9    

ord] t a  g5u9e exempl> ( x might be    
transmitt$ ev5 to ! late/  g5]ations4   
,,lion1 1 or 1 ,g5esis xlix1 #i2 ,deut4 
xxxiii1 #bb2 ,psalm vii1 #b2  xxii1 #ac2
 ,hosea xiii1 #h2 ,micah v1 #h2 a l>ge  
bea/ ( prey1 = 8  c\rage & /r5g? call$ !
 k+ ( bea/s4 ,?is animal is produc$  9  
,africa1 & ! hotte/ p>ts ( ,asia4 ,x is 
f\nd 9 ! greate/  numb]s 9 ! scor*$ &   
desolate regions ( ! torrid zone1 9 !   
des]ts ( ,za>a & ,billdulg]id1 & 9 all !
 int]ior p>ts ( !  va/ cont95t (        
,africa4 ,9 ^! des]t regions1 f :5ce    
mank9d  are driv5 by ! rigor\s heat ( ! 
climate1 ?is animal reigns sole  ma/]4  
,8 disposition seems to p>take ( ! ard\r
 ( 8 native  soil4 ,inflam$ by !        
influ5ce ( a burn+ sun1 8 rage is       
trem5d\s1 & 8 c\rage undaunt$4 ,happily1
 inde$1 ! species is  n num]\s1 & is    
said to be greatly dim9i%$2 =1 if we may
  cr$it ! te/imony ( ^? :o h trav]s$ ^? 
va/ des]ts1 !  numb] ( lions is n ne>ly 
s great z =m]ly4 ,mr4 ,%aw obs]ves  t ! 
,romans c>ri$ m lions f ,libya 9 "o ye> 

= _!  public spectacles1 ?an c\ld be    
f\nd 9 all t c\ntry at ?is "t4  ,! lion 
0 also f\nd 9 ,pale/9e1 & ! neighb\r+   
c\ntries4  ,! l5g? ( ! l>ge/ lion is    
betwe5 eight & n9e feet1 ! tail  ab\t   
f\r1 & its height ab\t f\r feet & a     
half4 ,! female is  ab\t "o-f\r? "p     
less1 & )\t a mane4 ,z ! lion advances 9
  ye>s1 8 mane gr[s long] & ?ick]4 ,!   
hair on ! re/ ( !  body is %ort & smoo?1
 ( a tawny col\r1 b :iti% on ! belly4   
,its ro>+ is l\d & dreadful4 ,:5 he>d 9 
! night x resembles  di/ant ?und]4 ,its 
cry ( ang] is mu* l\d] & %ort]4 ,!      
atta*m5t ( a lioness to h] "y is        
rem>kably /rong4 ,= _!  support %e is m 
f]oci\s ?an ! lion himself2 makes h]    
incursions ) great] boldness2 de/roys1  
)\t di/9ction1 e  animal t falls 9 h]   
way1 & c>ries x reek+ to h] cubs4 ,%e   
usually br+s =? 9 ! mo/ retir$ &        
inaccessible places2 &  :5 afraid t h]  
retreat %\ld be discov]$1 endeav\rs to  
hide  h] track by bru%+ ! gr\nd ) h]    
tail4 ,:5 mu* di/urb$ or  al>m$1 %e w   

sometimes transport h] "y1 :i* are      
usually ?ree  or f\r 9 numb]1 f "o place
 to ano!r 9 h] m\?2 &1 if  ob/ruct$ 9 h]
 c\rse1 w def5d !m to ! la/ extremity4  
,!  habits ( ! lion & ! lioness af=d _m 
spirit$1 & (t5  sublime1 metaphors to ! 
sacr$ writ]s4    ,! lion has sev]al     
names 9 ,scripture1 accord+ to 8 diff]5t
 ages  or "*3 #a4 1 a little lion1 a    
lion's :elp1 ,deut4 xxxiii1 #bb2  ,j]4  
li1 #ch2 ,ezek4 xix1 #b2 ,nahum ii1 #ac4
 #b4 1 a "y lion t has  done suck+ !    
lioness1 &1 leav+ ! cov]t1 beg9s to seek
 prey  = himself4 ,s ,ezekiel xix1 #b1  
#c3 ,! lioness ha? br\ght up "o (  h]   
:elps2 x became a *ephir2 x le>n$ to    
cat* ! prey2 x  dev\r$ m540 ,see ,psalm 
xci1 #ac2 ,prov4 xix1 #ab4 #c4 1 a gr[n 
&  vigor\s lion1 hav+ :elps1 eag] 9     
pursuit ( prey = !m1 ,nahum  ii1 #ab2   
valiant1 #b ,sam4 xvii1 #aj2 arrogantly 
oppos+ himself1 ,num4  xxiii1 #bd4 ,?is 
is1 inde$1 ! g5]al "n1 & occurs         
frequ5tly4 #d4  1 "o 9 ! full /r5g? ( 8 
age2 a black lion1 ,job iv1 #aj2 x1     

#af2 ,psalm xci1 #ac2 ,prov4 xxvi1 #ac2 
,hosea v1 #ad2 xiii1 #g4 #e4 1 a  fi]ce 
or enrag$ lion1 ,job iv1 #aa2 ,prov4    
xxx1 #cj2 ,isaiah xxv1 #f4 ,a  reg>d to 
^! *>act]i/ics & di/9ctions is v        
important =  illu/rat+ ! passages (     
,scripture :]e ! animal is spok5 (1  &  
discov]+ ! propriety ( ! allusions &    
metaphors :i* he s  (t5 furni%es to !   
,hebrew poets4 ,! lion ( ! tribe (      
,judah1  m5tion$ ,rev4 v1 #e1 is ,jesus 
,*ri/1 :o sprung f ! tribe (  ,judah1 & 
ov]came dea?1 ! _w1 & ! devil4 ,! lion f
 !  swell+ ( ,jordan1 ,j]4 l1 #dd1 is   
,nebu*adnezz> m>*+ aga9/  ,judea1 ) !   
/r5g? & fi]c5ess ( a lion4 ,isaiah1     
describ+  ! happy "t ( ! ,messiah1 says1
 t !n ! calf1 & ! "y  lion1 & ! fatl+   
%\ld lie d[n toge!r2 & t a little *ild  
%\ld lead !m2 & t ! lion %\ld eat /raw l
 ! ox1 ,isaiah  xi1 #f1 #g1 :i* is      
hyp]bolical1 & signifies ! peace &      
happ9ess  :i* ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ %\ld enjoy4
 ,! lion ha? ro>$1 & :o  %all n fe>80   
,amos iii1 #h4 8,! k+'s wra? is z ! ro>+

 ( a  lion4 ,:o provoke? him to ang]    
s9ne? aga9/ 8 own s\l10 ,prov4  xix1    
#ab2 xx1 #b2 t is1 he seeke? 8 own dea?4
 ,solomon says1 ,a  liv+ dog is bett]   
?an a dead lion10 ,eccles4 x1 #d2 %[+ t 
dea?  r5d]s ^? contemptible :o o!rwise  
are ! greate/1 mo/  p[]ful1 & mo/       
t]rible4    ,!n w5t ,samson d[n &1      
behold1 a "y lion ro>$ aga9/ him1 &  !  
,_s ( ! ,"l came mightily ^u him1 & he  
r5t him z he  w\ld h r5t a kid1 & he _h 
no?+ 9 8 h&10 ,judges xiv1 #e1  #f4 ,an 
in/ance 9 q mod]n times ( an un>m$ man  
attempt+ to  combat a lion is relat$ by 
,poiret3 8,9 a d\>1 or a camp ( ,b$\9   
,arabs1 ne> ,la ,calle1 a ,fr5* factory1
 a "y lion _h seiz$ a c[4 ,a  "y ,moor  
?rew himself ^u ! savage bea/1 to te> 8 
booty f  him1 & z x 7 to /ifle him 9 8  
arms1 b he w\ld n let g  8 prey4 ,! fa!r
 ( ! "y man ha/5$ to him1 arm$ ) a k9d  
( hoe2 & aim+ at ! lion1 /ruck 8 son's  
h&1 & cut (f ?ree  ( 8 f+]s4 ,x co/ a   
great deal ( tr\ble to rescue ! prey f  
! lion4 ,i saw ?is "y man1 :o 0 att5d$  

by ,mr4 ,gay1 at t  "t surgeon to !     
hospital ( ,la ,calle40 ,david1 accord+ 
to #a ,sam4  xvii1 #cd1 _h1 :5 a %eph]d1
 once f\ght ) a lion1 & ano!r  "t ) a   
be>1 & rescu$ _! prey f !m4 ,tellez     
relates1 t  an ,abyss9ian %eph]d _h once
 kill$ a lion ( extraord9>y size )  only
 two poles4 ,behold1 he %all come up l a
 lion f ! swell+  ( ,jordan aga9/ !     
habitation ( ! /rong10 ,j]4 xlix1 #ai4  
,!  comp>ison us$ by ! prophet 9 ^!     
words w be p]fectly  und]/ood by !      
acc\nt :i* ,mr4 ,maundrell gives ( !    
riv] ,jordan3  ,aft] hav+ desc5d$10 says
 he1 8! out]mo/ bank ( ,jordan1 y g     
ab\t a furlong ^u a level /r&1 be=e y   
come to ! imm$iate  bank ( ! riv]4 ,?is 
second bank is s beset ) bu%es & trees1 
su* z tam>isks1 will[s1 ole&]s1 c1 t y c
 see no wat]  till y h made y\r way     
?r\gh !m4 ,9 ?is ?icket anci5tly1 &  !  
same is report$ ( x at ?is day1 sev]al  
sorts ( wild bea/s  7 wont to h>b\r     
!mselves1 ^: be+ wa%$ out ( ! cov]t by  
! ov]fl[+s ( ! riv] gave occasion to t  

allusion3 #8,he %all  come up l a lion f
 ! swell+ ( ,jordan4'0    ,he %all be   
ca/ into ! d5 ( lions10 ,dan4 vi1 #g4 ,9
 ,morocco10 says  ,h/1 8! k+ has a      
lions' d51 into :i* m51 p>ticul>ly      
,jews1 are  sometimes ?r[n2 b ! latt]   
g5]ally come (f unhurt1 because !       
keep]s ( ^! animals are ,jews1 :o may   
safely be ) !m1 ) a  rod 9 ! h&1 if !y  
only take c>e to g out backw>d1 z ! lion
  does n suff] any "o to turn 8 back ^u 
him4 ,! o!r ,jews d n  let _! bre?r5    
rema9 long] ?an a night among ! lions1 z
 !y  might o!rwise become too hungry2 b 
ransom !m ) money1 :i* is1  9 fact1 !   
k+'s object40 ,9 ano!r place 9 ! same "w
 we f9d  ! foll[+ description ( !       
con/ruction ( ?is lions' d53 8,at  "o   
end ( ! royal palace !re is a place =   
o/ri*es & _!  "y2 & beyond ! o!r end1   
t[>d ! m\nta9s1 !re is a l>ge  lions'   
d51 :i* consi/s ( a l>ge squ>e hole 9 ! 
gr\nd1 ) a  p>tition1 9 ! middle ( :i*  
!re is a door1 :i* ! ,jews1 :o  are     
oblig$ to ma9ta9 & keep !m = no?+1 are  

able to op5 &  %ut f above1 & c ?us     
entice ! lions1 by means ( ! food1  f "o
 division to ! o!r1 to clean ! o!r 9 !  
mean "t4 ,x  is all 9 ! op5 air1 & a    
p]son may look d[n ov] a wall1 :i* is  a
 y>d & a qu>t] high40    ,,litany1 a    
solemn =m ( supplication to ,god4 ,! ^w 
is d]iv$ f  1 supplication4 ,at fir/ !  
use ( litanies 0 n fix$ to  any /at$ "t2
 b !y 7 employ$ only z exig5cies        
requir$4  ,!y 7 obs]v$ 9 imitation ( !  
,n9evites ) ard5t  supplications &      
fa/+s1 to av]t ! ?reat5$ judgm5ts (     
fire1  e>?quake1 inundations1 or ho/ile 
invasions4 ,! days on :i* !y  7 us$ 7   
call$ rogation days4 ,sev]al ( ^! days 7
  appo9t$ by ! canons ( diff]5t c\ncils1
 till ! sev5te5?  c\ncil ( ,tol$o decre$
 t litanies %\ld be us$ 9 e mon?4  ,?us1
 by degrees1 ^! solemn supplications    
came to be us$ weekly1 on  ,w$nesdays & 
,fridays1 ! anci5t /ation>y days 9 all  
*ur*es4 ,z  to ! =m 9 :i* litanies are  
made1 namely1 9 %ort petitions by  !    
prie/ ) responses by ! p1 ,/4 ,*ryso/om 

d]ives !  cu/om f ! primitive ages1 :5 !
 prie/ began & utt]$ by !  ,_s "s ?+s   
fit to be pray$ =1 & ! p jo9$ !         
int]cessions1 say+1 ,we besee* !e to he>
 u1 good ,"l40 ,:5 !  miracul\s gift ( !
 ,_s began to cease1 !y wrote d[n sev]al
 (  ^! =ms1 :i* 7 ! orig9al ( our pres5t
 litanies4 ,/4  ,ambrose has left u "o1 
:i* agrees 9 _m p>ticul>s ) t (  our own
 *ur*4 ,ab\t ! ye> #djj1 litanies began 
to be us$ 9  processions1 ! p walk+     
b>efoot1 & repeat+ !m ) great  devotion4
 ,x is pret5d$ t sev]al c\ntries 7      
deliv]$ f  great calamities by ?is      
means4 ,ab\t ! ye> #fjj1 ,gregory !     
,great1  f all ! litanies extant1       
compos$ ! fam\s sev5fold litany1 by  :i*
 ,rome1 x is said1 0 deliv]$ f a griev\s
 mortality4 ,?is  has s]v$ z a patt]n to
 all ! we/]n *ur*es s9ce2 & to x  ours (
 ! *ur* ( ,engl& comes ne>] ?an t ( !   
,romi%  missal1 9 :i* lat] popes h      
ins]t$ ! invocation ( sa9ts1  :i* our   
,re=m]s prop]ly expung$4 ,^!            
processional litanies  hav+ occasion$   

mu* sc&al1 x 0 decre$ t 9 future !      
litanies %\ld be us$ only )9 ! walls ( !
 *ur*4 ,be=e !  la/ review ( ! ,common  
,pray]1 ! litany 0 a di/9ct s]vice by   
itself1 & us$ "s "t aft] ! morn+ pray] 0
 end$4 ,at  pres5t x =ms "o (fice ) !   
morn+ s]vice1 be+ ord]$ to  be read aft]
 ! ?ird collect = grace1 in/ead ( !     
int]cessional  pray]s 9 ! daily s]vice4 
,,liturgy d5otes all ! c]emonies 9 g5]al
 belong+ to div9e  s]vice4 ,! ^w comes f
 ! ,greek1 1 public s]vice1 or  public  
m9i/ry2 =m$ ( 1 public1 & 1 "w4 ,9 a  m 
re/ra9$ signification1 liturgy is us$   
among ! ,romani/s to  signify ! mass2 & 
among u1 ! common pray]4 ,all :o h      
writt5  on liturgies agree t1 9         
primitive days1 div9e s]vice 0  exce$+ly
 simple1 clogg$ ) v few c]emonies1 &    
consi/$ (  b a v small numb] ( pray]s2  
b1 by degrees1 !y increas$ !  numb] (   
c]emonies1 & add$ new pray]s1 to r5d] ! 
(fice m  awful & v5]able to ! p4 ,at    
l5g?1 ?+s 7 c>ri$ to  su* a pit* t a    
regulation became necess>y2 & x 0 f\nd  

ne$ful to put ! s]vice1 & ! mann] (     
p]=m+ x1 into  writ+2 & ?is 0 :at !y    
call$ a liturgy4 ,liturgies h be5       
diff]5t at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t    
c\ntries4 ,we h !  liturgy ( ,/4        
,*ryso/om1 ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ! ,arm5ian      
liturgy1 ,gallican  liturgy1 c4 ,!      
prop]ties requir$ 9 a public liturgy10  
says ,paley1  are ^!3 x mu/ be          
comp5di\s2 express j conceptions ( !    
div9e attributes2 recite su* wants z a  
congregation are likely to  feel1 & no  
o!r2 & conta9 z few controv]t$          
propositions z  possible40 ,! liturgy ( 
! *ur* ( ,engl& 0 compos$ ,a4 ,d4 #aedg1
  & e/abli%$ 9 ! second ye> ( ,k+ ,edw>d
 ,,vi4 ,9 ! fif? ye>  ( ?is pr9ce1 x 0  
review$1 because "s ?+s 7 conta9$ 9  t  
liturgy :i* %[$ a compliance ) !        
sup]/itions ( ^?  times2 & exceptions 7 
tak5 aga9/ x by le>n$ m5 at home1 &  by 
,calv9 abroad4 ,"s alt]ations 7 made 9  
x1 :i* consi/$ 9  add+ ! g5]al          
confession & absolution1 & ! communion  
s]vice1  to beg9 ) ! comm&m5ts4 ,! use (

 oil 9 confirmation &  extreme unction1 
0 left out1 & also pray]s = s\ls dep>t$1
 &  :at relat$ to a belief ( ! real     
pres5ce ( ,*ri/ 9 !  eu*>i/4 ,! liturgy1
 s re=m$1 0 e/abli%$ by ! acts ( #e?  & 
#f? ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 *ap4 #a4 ,h[ev]1 x 0
 aboli%$ by ,que5 ,m>y1  :o enact$ t !  
s]vice %\ld /& z x 0 commonly us$ 9 !   
la/ ye> ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,t ( ,edw>d 
,,vi4 0 re/abli%$1 )  "s few alt]ations1
 by ,elizabe?4 ,"s f>!r alt]ations 7    
introduc$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! review ( !  
,common ,pray] ,book1 by  ord] ( ,k+    
,james1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign2         
p>ticul>ly 9 !  (fice ( private baptism1
 9 sev]al rubrics1 & o!r passages1 )  ! 
addition ( five or six new pray]s &     
?anksgiv+s1 & all t  "p ( ! cate*ism :i*
 conta9s ! doctr9es ( ! sacram5ts4  ,?is
 ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 s alt]$1 rema9$
 9 =ce f ! fir/  ye> ( ,k+ ,james to !  
f\rte5? ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,! la/ review (  
! liturgy 0 9 ! ye> #affa4 ,x is an     
invidi\s cavil1 says ,dr4  ,ni*ols1 t   
our liturgy 0 compil$ out ( popi% books4

 ,our  re=m]s took no?+ f !m1 b :at 0   
tak5 be=e f !  olde/ writ]s4 ,we h _m   
?+s out ( ! ,greek liturgies ( ,basil  &
 ,*ryso/om2 m out ( ! litanies (        
,ambrose & ,gregory2 v  mu* out ( !     
anci5t =ms ( ! *ur* disp]s$ 9 ! works ( 
! fa!rs1 :o wrote long be=e ! ,roman    
,brevi>y1 & ,canon ( !  ,mass4 ,our     
,re=m]s add$ _m pray]s1 & ?anksgiv+s1 & 
exhortations1 to supply ! defect4       
,,liz>d1 1 ,levit4 xi1 #cj4 ,all        
int]pret]s agree t ! orig9al  ^w "h     
signifies a sort ( liz>d4 ,bo*>t takes x
 = t k9d  :i* is ( a r$di% col\r1 lies  
close to ! e>?1 & is ( a  v5om\s nature4
    ,,locu/1 4 ,! ^w is probably d]iv$ f
 1 :i* signifies to  multiply1 to become
 num]\s1 c2 because ( ! imm5se sw>ms (  
^! animals by :i* diff]5t c\ntries1     
especially 9 ! ea/1 are  infe/$4 ,see   
?is circum/ance ref]r$ to1 ,judges vi1  
#e2 vii1 #ab2  ,psalm cv1 #cd2 ,j]4     
xlvi1 #bc2 li1 #ad2 ,joel i1 #d2 ,nahum 
iii1 #ae2 ,judi?  ii1 #ai1 #bj2 :]e !   
mo/ num]\s armies are comp>$ to ! arbeh1

  or locu/4    ,! locu/1 9 entomology1  
belongs to a g5us ( insects kn[n among  
naturali/s by ! "n ( grylli4 ,! common  
great br[n  locu/ is ab\t ?ree in*es 9  
l5g?1 has two ant5n ab\t an in*  long1 &
 two pairs ( w+s4 ,! head & horns are   
br[n2 ! m\?1  & insides ( ! l>g] legs1  
blui%2 ! upp] side ( ! body1 &  upp]    
w+s1 br[n2 ! =m] spott$ ) black1 & !    
latt] )  dusky1 spots4 ,! back is def5d$
 by a %ield ( a gre5i% hue2 !  "u w+s   
are ( a light br[n hue1 t9ctur$ ) gre51 
& ne>ly  transp>5t4 ,! g5]al =m &       
appe>ance ( ! insect is t (  ! gras%opp]
 s well kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! creatures
 are  frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,old        
,te/am5t4 ,!y 7 employ$ z "o (  !       
plagues = ! puni%m5t ( ! ,egyptians2 &  
_! visitation  0 ?reat5$ to !           
,israelites z a m>k ( ! div9e           
displeasure4  ,_! numb]s & de/ructive   
p[]s v aptly fit !m = ?is  purpose4 ,:5 
!y take ! field1 !y always foll[ a      
lead]1 ^:  motions !y inv>iably obs]ve4 
,!y (t5 migrate f _! native  c\ntry1    

probably 9 que/ ( a great] supply (     
food4 ,on ^!  occasions !y appe> 9 su*  
l>ge flocks z to d>k5 ! air2 =m+  _m    
compact bodies or sw>ms1 ( sev]al hundr$
 y>ds squ>e4 ,^!  flights are v frequ5t 
9 ,b>b>y1 & g5]ally happ5 at ! latt]    
end ( ,m>* or beg9n+ ( ,april1 aft] !   
w9d has bl[n f !  s\? = "s days4 ,! mon?
 foll[+1 ! "y brood also make  _!       
appe>ance1 g5]ally foll[+ ! track ( !   
old ones4 ,9  :atev] c\ntry !y settle1  
!y dev\r all ! vegetables1 gra91  &1 9  
f9e1 all ! produce ( ! e>?2 eat+ ! v b>k
 (f !  trees2 ?us de/roy+ at once !     
hopes ( ! husb&man1 & all !  lab\rs (   
agriculture3 = ?\gh _! voracity is      
great1 yet !y  contam9ate a mu* great]  
quantity ?an !y dev\r2 z _! bite is     
poison\s to vegetables1 & ! m>ks (      
deva/ation may be trac$ =  sev]al       
succe$+ seasons4 ,!re are v>i\s species 
( !m1 :i*  consequ5tly h diff]5t names2 
& "s are m voraci\s &  de/ructive ?an   
o!rs1 ?\gh all are mo/ de/ructive &     
insatiable  spoil]s4 ,bo*>t enum]ates t5

 diff]5t k9ds :i* he ?9ks are  m5tion$ 9
 ! ,scripture4    ,writ]s 9 natural     
hi/ory be> abundant te/imony to !       
,scriptural  acc\nt ( ^! creatures4 ,dr4
 ,%aw describes at l>ge ! num]\s  sw>ms 
& prodigi\s broods ( ^? locu/s :i* he   
saw 9 ,b>b>y4  ,dr4 ,russel says1 ,( !  
noxi\s k9ds ( insects may well be       
reckon$  ! locu/s1 :i* sometimes arrive 
9 su* incr$ible multitudes1 t  x w\ld   
appe> fabul\s to give a relation ( !m2  
de/roy+ !  :ole ( ! v]dure :]ev] !y     
pass40 ,capta9 ,woodr(fe1 :o 0 =  "s "t 
at ,a/ra*an1 a city ne> ! ,volga1 sixty 
miles to !  nor?-we/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 
9 latitude #dg1 assures u1 t1 f  ! latt]
 end ( ,july to ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]1 !   
c\ntry ab\t  t city is frequ5tly infe/$ 
) locu/s1 :i* fly 9 su*  prodigi\s      
numb]s z to d>k5 ! air1 & appe> at a    
di/ance z a  heavy cl\d4 ,z = ! ,mosaic 
p]mission to ! ,jews ( eat+ !  locu/s1  
,lev4 xi1 #bb1 h[ev] /range x may appe> 
to ! m]e ,engli%  read]1 yet no?+ is m  
c]ta9 ?an t sev]al nations1 bo? (  ,asia

 & ,africa1 anci5tly us$ ^! insects =   
food2 & t !y  are /ill eat5 9 ! ea/ to  
?is day4 ,niebhur gives "s acc\nt (  !  
sev]al species ( locu/s eat5 by !       
,arabs1 & ( _!  diff]5t ways ( dress+ !m
 = food4 ,! ,europeans10 he adds1 d  n  
compreh5d h[ ! ,arabs c eat locu/s )    
pleasure2 & ^?  ,arabs :o h _h no       
int]c\rse ) ! ,*ri/ians w n believe1  9 
_! turn1 t ^! latt] reckon oy/]s1 crabs1
 %rimps1  cray-fi%1 c1 = da9ties4 ,^!   
two facts1 h[ev]1 are equally  c]ta940  
,locu/s are (t5 us$ figuratively by !   
prophets1 =  invad+ armies2 & _! sw>ms  
aptly repres5t$ ! numb]s1 !  desolat+   
m>* ( ! va/ milit>y hordes & _! pr$atory
  foll[]s1 :i* ! anci5t conqu]ors ( !   
ea/ p\r$ d[n ^u  e c\ntry !y attack$4   
,,log1 ,lev4 xiv1 #ab1 a ,hebrew measure
 = ?+s liquid1 conta9+  five-six?s ( a  
p9t4    ,,loll>ds1 ! suppos$ foll[]s (  
,walt] ,loll>d1 or r ( ,walt]  !        
,loll>d1 :o1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,mo%eim1 0 
a ,dut*man ( rem>kable  eloqu5ce &      
piety1 ?\gh t9ctur$ ) my/icism1 & :o1 = 

tea*+ s5tim5ts contr>y to ! *ur* (      
,rome1 & ne>ly  correspond+ ) ^? (      
,wickliffe1 0 burn$ alive at ,cologne 9 
#acbb4 ,b be=e ?is !re exi/$1 9 diff]5t 
p>ts ( ,g]many &  ,fl&]s1 v>i\s         
societies ( ,cellites1 to :om ! t]m     
,loll>ds 0  appli$1 & :o 7 protect$ by !
 magi/rates & inhabitants1 on  acc\nt ( 
_! usefulness to ! sick1 & 9 bury+ !    
dead4 ,!y  receiv$ ! "n ,loll>ds1 f !   
old ,g]man or ,belgic ^w lull51  7,lat91
 lallo17 to s+ ) a l[ voice10 to lull to
 sleep10  7:5ce lullaby17 because :5 !y 
c>ri$ to ! grave1 ! b$ (  dea?1 su* z   
di$ ( ! plague1 :i* at t p]iod ravag$   
all  ,europe1 !y sung a dirge or hymn1  
probably1 9 a s(t & m\rnful  tone4 ,^!  
,loll>ds obta9$ _m papal grants1 by :i* 
_!  in/itution 0 confirm$1 _! p]sons    
exempt$ f ! cognizance (  ! inquisitors1
 & subject$ entirely to ! jurisdiction (
 !  bi%ops2 &1 at la/1 = _! f>!r        
security1 ,*>les1 duke (  ,burgundy1 9  
#adgb1 obta9$ a bull f ,pope ,sixtus    
,,iv41 by :i* !y  7 rank$ among !       

religi\s ord]s1 & deliv]$ f !           
jurisdiction ( _! bi%ops2 :i* privileges
 7 yet m ext5d$  by ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 
9 #aejf4    ,9 ,engl& ! foll[]s (       
,wickliffe 7 call$ ,loll>ds by way (    
reproa*1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! humble      
(fices ( ! orig9al  ,loll>ds1 7!        
,cellites17 or f ! atta*m5t ( !         
,wickliffites to  s++ hymns4 ,_! enemies
 probably meant to describe !m z poor   
melan*oly creatures1 only fit to s+     
psalms at a fun]al4    ,,look+ ,,glass4 
,moses /ates t ! wom5 :o wait$ all night
 at !  door ( ! tab]nacle1 *e]fully (f]$
 _! look+ glasses1 to be  employ$ 9 mak+
 a braz5 lav] = ! purification ( !      
prie/s1  ,exod4 xxxviii1 #h4 ,^! look+  
glasses 7 d\btless ( brass1 s9ce  ! bas9
 "h m5tion$1 & ! basis !re(1 7 made f   
!m4  ,! anci5t look+ glasses 7 mirrors1 
n made ( glass z ours2 b  ( brass1 t91  
silv]1 & a mixture ( brass & silv]1 :i* 
la/  7 ! be/ & mo/ valuable4    ,,"l's  
,,day4 ,see ,,sabba?4    ,,"l's ,,supp]1
 an ord9ance in/itut$ by our ,savi\r 9  

commemoration  ( 8 dea? & suff]+s4 ,!   
in/itution ( ?is sacram5t is  record$ by
 ! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s1 & by ! ,apo/le 
,paul1 ^:  words diff] v little f ^? ( 8
 companion ,/4 ,luke2 & !  only diff]5ce
 betwe5 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k is1 t !   
latt]  omits ! words1 = ! remission (   
s9s40 ,!re is s g5]al an  agreem5t among
 !m all1 t x w only be necess>y to      
recite !  words ( "o ( !m3 ,n[1 :5 ! ev5
 0 come1 he sat d[n ) !  twelve10 to eat
 ! passov] :i* _h be5 prep>$ by 8       
direction2  & z !y 7 eat+1 ,jesus took  
bread1 & bless$ x1 & brake x1  & gave x 
to ! disciples1 & said1 ,take1 eat3 ?is 
is my body4 ,&  he took ! cup1 & gave   
?anks1 & gave x to !m1 say+1 ,dr9k ye   
all ( x2 = ?is is my blood ( ! ,new     
,te/am5t1 :i* is %$ =  _m = ! remission 
( s9s10 ,matt4 xxvi1 #bj1 #bf-bh4 ,!    
sacram5t (  ! ,"l's ,supp] be+ ?us      
in/itut$1 0 adopt$ by all ! e>ly        
,*ri/ians1 ) v few exceptions2 & no     
mod]n sect rejects x1  except ! ,quak]s 
& "s my/ics1 :o make ! :ole ( religion  

to  consi/ ( contemplative love4    ,9 !
 e>ly times ( ! ,gospel ! celebration ( 
! ,"l's ,supp]  0 bo? frequ5t & num]\sly
 att5d$4 ,volunt>y abs5ce 0  consid]$ z 
a culpable neglect2 & exclusion f x1 by 
! s5t5ce  ( ! *ur*1 z a sev]e puni%m5t4 
,e "o br\ght an (f]+  proportion$ to 8  
ability2 ^! (f]+s 7 *iefly ( bread &    
w9e2 & ! prie/s appropriat$ z mu* z 0   
necess>y = !  adm9i/ration ( ! eu*>i/4  
,! cl]gy _h a "p ( :at 0 left  = _!     
ma9t5ance2 & ! re/ furni%$ ! repa/ call$
 1  or love-fea/1 :i* imm$iately foll[$ 
! celebration ( !  ,"l's ,supp]1 & ( :i*
 all ! communicants1 bo? ri* & poor1    
p>took4 ,! sacram5t ( ! ,"l's ,supp]    
greatly resembl$ !  religi\s fea/s to   
:i* ! ,jews 7 accu/om$4 ,at ^? fea/s !y 
p>took ( bread & w9e 9 a s]i\s & dev\t  
mann]1 aft] a solemn  bless+ or         
?anksgiv+ to ,god = 8 manifold m]cies4  
,?is 0  p>ticul>ly ! case at ! fea/ ( ! 
passov]1 :i* our ,savi\r  0 celebrat+ ) 
8 ,apo/les :5 he in/itut$ ?is holy      
sacram5t4 ,at t fea/1 !y commemorat$ !  

deliv]ance ( _! own  peculi> nation f ! 
bondage ( ,egypt2 & !re c\ld n be a m   
suitable opportunity = e/abli%+ an      
ord9ance :i* 0 to  commemorate !        
inf9itely m important deliv]ance ( all  
mank9d  f ! bondage ( s94 ,! =m]        
deliv]ance 0 typical ( !  latt]2 &      
in/ead ( keep+ ! ,jewi% passov]1 :i* 0  
n[ to be  abrogat$1 !y 7 to commemorate 
,*ri/1 _! passov]1 :o 0  sacrific$ = !m2
 ! bread brok5 0 to repres5t 8 body (f]$
  ^u ! cross2 & ! w9e p\r$ out 0 to     
repres5t 8 blood1  :i* 0 %$ = !         
salvation ( m54 ,! n\ri%m5t :i* ^!      
elem5ts af=d to our bodies is figurative
 ( ! salut>y effects  :i* ! ?+ signifi$ 
has ^u our s\ls4 ,& z ! celebration (  !
 passov] 0 n only a con/ant memorial ( !
 deliv]ance ( !  ,israelites out ( ! l& 
( ,egypt1 b also a symbolical action1 by
  :i* !y _h a title to ! bless+s ( ! old
 cov5ant2 s !  celebration ( ! ,"l's    
,supp] is n only a con/ant memorial ( ! 
dea? ( ,*ri/1 b also a pl$ge or e>ne/ to
 ! communicant ( !  b5efits promis$ by !

 new cov5ant4 ,z ! passov] 0 in/itut$  !
 night be=e ! actual deliv]ance ( !     
,israelites1 s ! ,"l's  ,supp] 0        
in/itut$ ! night be=e ! r$emption ( man 
0  accompli%$ by ! crucifixion ( !      
bless$ ,jesus4 ,x is to be  p>tak5 ( by 
all :o look = remission ( s9s by ! dea? 
(  ,*ri/2 we are n only to *]i% t tru/ 9
 our m9ds1 & express  x 9 our devotions1
 b we are to give an outw>d pro( ( our  
reliance  ^u ! m]its ( 8 passion z !    
means ( our salvation1 by eat+  t bread1
 & dr9k+ t w9e1 :i* are typical         
repres5tations (  ! body & blood (      
,*ri/1 :o by 8 "o oblation ( himself    
once  (f]$1 made a full1 p]fect1 &      
suffici5t sacrifice1 oblation1 &        
satisfaction = ! s9s ( ! :ole _w40 ,see 
,,sacram5ts4    ,,lot1 ! son ( ,h>an1 & 
nephew to ,abraham4 ,he accompani$ 8    
uncle  f ,ur to ,h>an1 & f !nce to      
,canaan2 a pro( ( _! mutual  atta*m5t1 &
 simil>ity ( pr9ciples respect+ ! true  
religion4  ,) ,abraham he desc5d$ into  
,egypt1 & aft]w>d return$ ) him  into   

,canaan3 b ! multiplicity ( _! flocks1 &
 /ill m !  qu>rels ( _! s]vants1 r5d]$ a
 fri5dly sep>ation necess>y4  ,:5 ,god  
de/roy$ ! cities ( ! pla9 ) fire &      
brim/one1 he  deliv]$ j ,lot0 f !       
conflagration1 accord+ to ! acc\nt (  ! 
div9e hi/orian4 ,! :ole "t t ,lot resid$
 !re 0  tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,dur+ all ?is  
p]iod he _h be5 a prea*] (  righte\sness
 among ?is deg5]ate p4 ,9 him !y _h be=e
 _!  eyes an illu/ri\s example ( !      
ex]cise ( g5u9e piety1 support$  by     
unsulli$ ju/ice & b5evol5t actions4 ,&  
d\btless x 0 =  ^! purposes t ,div9e    
,provid5ce plac$ him = a "t 9 t  city4  
,! losses :i* ,lot su/a9$ on ?is        
melan*oly occasion 7  v great2 8 wife1  
prop]ty1 & all ! prospects ( ! future   
settlem5t ( 8 family bla/$4 ,pity mu/   
!re=e draw a fri5dly  veil ov] ! clos+  
sc5e ( ?is man ( affliction2 & let him t
  ?9ke? he /&e?1 take he$ le/ he fall   
into de$s m  repreh5sible ?an ^? ( ,lot1
 )\t hav+ equal trials &  suff]+s to    
plead 9 8 fav\r4 ,respect+ 8 wife1 :e!r 

griev+  = ! loss ( h] prop]ty1 or       
inw>dly c5sur+ ! sev]ity ( !  div9e     
disp5sation1 or :e!r mov$ by unbelief or
 curiosity1 _c  n[ be kn[n2 b1 look+    
back1 %e became a pill> ( salt1 ,g54    
xix1  #bf4 ,x w\ld be endless to pres5t 
! read] ) all ! op9ions on  ?is subject4
 ,"s cont5d t no?+ m is meant ?an t %e 0
  suffocat$3 o!rs1 t a column or monum5t
 ( metallic salt 0  erect$ ^u h] grave3 
o!rs affirm t %e became encru/$ ) !     
sulphur1 insomu* t %e appe>$ l an       
,egyptian mummy1 :i* is  embalm$ ) salt4
 ,our ,"l w>ns 8 disciples to rememb]   
,lot's wife  9 _! flight f ,j]usalem1 & 
n to imitate h] t>d9ess1 ,luke  xvii1   
#cb4    #b4 ,lot1 any ?+ ca/ or drawn 9 
ord] to det]m9e any matt] 9  "q1        
,prov]bs xviii1 #ah4 ,we see ! use (    
lots among ! ,hebrews  9 _m places (    
,scripture3 ,god comm&s1 = example1 t   
lots %\ld  be ca/ ^u ! two goats :i* 7  
(f]$ = ! s9s ( !  p1 ^u ! solemn day (  
expiation1 to "k :i* ( ! two  %\ld be   
sacrific$1 & :i* lib]at$1 ,lev4 xvi1    

#h-aj4 ,he requir$  also t ! l& (       
promise %\ld be divid$ by lot z soon z x
 0  conqu]$2 :i* comm& ,jo%ua accord+ly 
execut$1 ,num4 xxvi1 #ee1 #ef2  xxxiii1 
#ed2 xxxiv1 #ac1 c2 ,jo%ua xiv-xvi2 h5ce
 ! t]m lot0 is us$  = an inh]itance1 ,?\
 ma9ta9e/ my lot20 & figuratively = a   
happy /ate or condition4 ,! prie/s &    
,levites _h _! cities  appo9t$ by lot4  
,la/ly1 9 ! "t ( ,david1 ! f\r & tw5ty  
classes ( ! prie/s & ,levites 7         
di/ribut$ by lot1 to det]m9e  9 :at ord]
 !y %\ld wait 9 ! temple1 #a ,*ron4 vi1 
#ed1 #fa2 xxiv1  #e2 xxv1 #h4 ,9 !      
division ( ! spoil1 aft] victory1 lots 7
  likewise ca/1 to give e man 8 portion1
 ,obadiah #aa2 ,nahum iii1 #aj1  c4 ,9 !
 ,new ,te/am5t1 aft] ! dea? ( ,judas1   
lots 7 ca/ to  decide :o %\ld occupy !  
place ( ! traitor1 ,acts i1 #bf4 ,f !   
above in/ances1 x is cle> t :5 m5 h     
rec\rse to ?is me?od1  ! matt] ought to 
be ( ! greate/ importance1 & no o!r     
app>5t  way left to det]m9e x2 & ! mann]
 ( mak+ ! appeal %\ld be  solemn &      

grave1 if we w\ld escape ! guilt ( tak+ 
! "n ( ,god  9 va94 ,x unque/ionably    
implies a solemn appeal to ! ,mo/ ,high 
to  int]pose by 8 decision2 & s e ?9k+  
man w be v  c>eful t he has a true &    
religi\s gr\nd = s s]i\s a  proce$+2 &  
few if any cases c n[ occur 9 :i* x c h 
any  ju/ification4 ,! anci5t mann] (    
ca/+ lots1 0 ei!r 9 "s  p]son's lap10 or
 fold ( ! robe2 into a helmet1 or urn1  
or o!r  vessel1 9 :i* !y might be %ak5  
be=e !y 7 drawn or ca/4                 
,,love-,,fea/s4 ,x is ,godw9's op9ion1 t
 ! agap1 or love-fea/s1  ( ! primitive  
,*ri/ians1 7 d]iv$ f !  or fea/s ^u  !  
sacrifices1 at :i* ! ,jews ent]ta9$ _!  
fri5ds1 & f$ !  poor2 ,deut4 xii1 #ah2  
xxvi1 #ab4 ,!re 7 also fea/s ( mu* !    
same  k9d 9 use among ! ,greeks &       
,romans4 ,! =m] 7 wont to (f]  c]ta9    
sacrifices to _! gods1 :i* 7 aft]w>d    
giv5 to !  poor4 ,!y _h likewise public 
fea/s = c]ta9 di/ricts1 suppose =  a t[n
 or a city1 t[>d :i* all :o c\ld af=d x1
 contribut$1 9  proportion to _! diff]5t

 abilities1 & all p>took ( x 9  common4 
,( ?is sort 7 !  ( ! ,cretans2 & !   ( !
 ,lac$monians1 in/itut$ by ,lycurgus1 & 
s call$    1 7!  be+ *ang$ into  accord+
 to _! usual  or?ography17 z d5ot+ t    
love & fri5d%ip :i* !y 7  int5d$ to     
promote among neighb\rs & fell[ citiz5s4
 ,! ,romans  likewise _h a fea/ ( ! same
 k9d1 call$ *>i/ia2 :i* 0 a  meet+ only 
( ^? :o 7 ak9 to ea* o!r2 & ! design ( x
  01 t if any qu>rel or misund]/&+ _h   
happ5$ among any (  !m1 !y might !re be 
reconcil$4 ,to ?is ,ovid alludes 9 !    
second  book ( 8 ,fa/i3--               
,proxima cognati dix]e *>i/ia c>i1      
,et v5it ad socios turba prop9qua deos4 
v4 #fag4    ,! fea/s next 9 ord] belov$ 
relatives call$ *>i/ia1 at :i*  ! k9dr$ 
?rong assembl$ "u _! family h\sehold    
gods4    ,9 imitation ei!r ( ^! ,jewi%  
or ,g5tile love-fea/s1 or probably  (   
bo?1 ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 9 ea*       
p>ticul> *ur*1 _h  likewise _!          
love-fea/s1 :i* 7 suppli$ by !          
contribution (  ! memb]s1 accord+ to _! 

sev]al abilities1 & p>tak5 ( by  all 9  
common4 ,& :e!r !y 7 conv]ts f among !  
,jews or  ,g5tiles1 !y reta9$ _! old    
cu/om ) v little alt]ation1  & z _!  _h 
be5 commonly annex$ to _! sacrifices1 s 
!y 7 n[ annex$ to ! commemoration ( !   
sacrifice ( ,*ri/ at  ! ,"l's ,supp]2 & 
7 !re=e held on ! ,"l's day be=e or     
aft] ! celebration ( t ord9ance4 ,x w\ld
 seem at ,cor9?1 9  ! ,apo/les' days1 !y
 7 ord9>ily held be=e2 = :5 !           
,cor9?ians are blam$ = unwor?ily receiv+
 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 x is  p>tly *>g$ ^u    
?is1 t "s ( !m came drunk to t          
ord9ance1 hav+ indulg$ to excess at !   
prec$+ love-fea/3 ,e  "o take? be=e1 1 8
 own supp]1 & "o is hungry1 &  ano!r is 
drunk510 #a ,cor4 xi1 #ba4 ,?is %[s1    
says ,dr4 ,:itby1 t  ?is banquet1       
namely1 ! love-fea/1 0 celebrat$ be=e ! 
,"l's  ,supp]4 ,b ,*ryso/om gives an    
acc\nt ( x1 z be+ 9 8 "t kept  aft] x4  
,x is commonly suppos$1 t :5 ,/4 ,jude  
m5tions c]ta9  p]sons1 :o 7 spots 9 !   
fea/s ( *>ity1   1 v]se  #ab1 he means 9

 ! ,*ri/ian love-fea/s2 ?\gh ,dr4       
,lightfoot & ,dr4  ,:itby appreh5d !    
ref]5ce 9 ?is passage is r a cu/om ( !  
,jews1 :o1 on ! ev5+ ( _! ,sabba?1 _h _!
 1 or  communion1 :5 ! inhabitants ( !  
same city met 9 a common place  to eat  
toge!r4 ,h[ev] t be1 all antiquity be>s 
te/imony to !  reality ( ! ,*ri/ian 1 or
 love-fea/s4    ,! mo/ circum/antial    
acc\nt1 says ,dr4 ,t[nley1 ( ! mann] 9  
:i* ! anci5t agap 7 celebrat$1 is giv5  
by ,t]tullian1 9  8 ,apology10 writt5 9 
! second c5tury3 ,our supp]10 says he1  
:i*  y accuse ( luxury1 %[s its reason 9
 its v "n1 = x is  call$ 1 t is1 love4  
,:atev] *>ge we are at1 x is ga9 to  be 
at exp5se ^u ! acc\nt ( piety4 ,= we    
!re) relieve &  refre% ! poor4 ,!re is  
no?+ vile or immode/ committ$ 9 x4 ,=   
we d n sit d[n be=e we h fir/ (f]$ up   
pray] to ,god4 ,we eat  only to satisfy 
hung]1 & dr9k only s mu* z becomes mode/
  p]sons4 ,we fill ourselves 9 su* a    
mann]1 z t we rememb] /ill  t we are to 
wor%ip ,god by night4 ,we disc\rse z 9 !

 pres5ce (  ,god1 kn[+ t he he>s u4 ,!n1
 aft] wat] to wa% our h&s1 &  lights    
br\ght 91 e "o is mov$ to s+ "s hymn to 
,god1 ei!r  out ( ,scripture1 or1 z he  
is able1 ( 8 own compos+1 & by ?is  we  
judge :e!r he has obs]v$ ! rules (      
temp]ance 9 dr9k+4  ,pray] aga9         
concludes our fea/2 & !nce we dep>t1 n  
to fight &  qu>rel2 n to run ab\t &     
abuse all we meet2 n to give up         
ourselves to lascivi\s pa/ime2 b to     
pursue ! same c>e ( mode/y  & *a/ity1 z 
m5 t h f$ at a supp] ( philosophy &     
discipl9e1 r ?an a corporeal fea/40     
,ignatius1 9 8 epi/le to  ! *ur* (      
,smyrna1 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 af=ds u !     
additional  in=mation1 t x 0 n lawful to
 baptize1 or celebrate !  love-fea/s1   
)\t ! bi%op1 or m9i/]40 ,lucian1 !      
epicurean1  has also a passage :i* seems
 to ref] to ! agap4 ,he tells u t  :5   
,p]egr9us1 a ,*ri/ian1 0 9 prison1 y    
might h se51 e>ly  9 ! morn+1 old wom51 
"s wid[s1 & orphans1 wait+ at !  prison4
 ,_! presid5ts brib$ ! gu>ds1 & lodg$ 9 

! prison  ) him4 ,aft]w>d 7t is1 9 !    
ev5+7 v>i\s supp]s 7t is1  supp]s       
consi/+ ( v>i\s di%es1 & v>i\s k9ds (   
meat1 br\ght  ?i!r by v>i\s p]sons ( !  
company7 7 br\ght 91 & !y  held _! sacr$
 conv]sations1  1 or _! sacr$ disc\rses 
7 deliv]$40 ,pl9y1 9 8 celebrat$ epi/le 
to ,trajan1 m5tions  ! 8cibus promiscuus
 et innoxius10--8common & h>mless meal0 
( !  ,*ri/ians1 :i* !y ate toge!r aft] !
 celebration ( !  eu*>i/4 ,?is primitive
 practice1 ?\gh "u a simpl] =m1 &  m    
expressly religi\s1 is reta9$ 9 mod]n   
times1 only by !  ,moravians1 & by !    
,wesleyan ,me?odi/s4    ,,love ,,to     
,,god4 ,to s]ve & obey ,god on !        
conviction t x is "r to  s]ve & obey    
him1 is 9 ,*ri/ianity jo9$ ) t love to  
,god  :i* gives life & animation to     
s]vice1 & r5d]s x ! means (  exalt+ our 
pleasures1 at ! same "t t x accords )   
our  convictions4 ,! supreme love ( ,god
 is ! *ief1 !re=e1 ( :at  h sometimes   
be5 call$ our !opa!tic affections4 ,x is
 ! sum  & ! end ( ! law2 & ?\gh x has   

be5 lo/ by u 9 ,adam1 x is  re/or$ to u 
by ,*ri/4 ,:5 x reg>ds ,god absolutely1 
& 9  himself1 z a ,be+ ( inf9ite &      
h>moni\s p]fections & moral  beauties1 x
 is t movem5t ( ! s\l t[>d him :i* is   
produc$  by admiration1 approval1 &     
delight4 ,:5 x reg>ds him relatively1 x 
fixes ^u ! ceaseless emanations ( 8     
goodness to u all 9 !  cont9uance ( !   
exi/5ce :i* he at fir/ be/[$2 !         
circum/ances :i* r5d] t exi/5ce         
felicit\s2 &1 above all1  ^u t great    
love :]e) he lov$ u10 manife/$ 9 ! gift 
(  8 ,son = our r$emption1 & 9 sav+ u by
 8 grace2 or1 9 !  =cible language ( ,/4
 ,paul1 ^u ! exce$+ ri*es ( 8 grace 9  8
 k9dness to u ?r\gh ,*ri/ ,jesus40 ,"u  
all ^! views an  unb\nd$ gratitude      
ov]fl[s ! he>t :i* is influ5c$ by ?is   
spiritual affection4 ,b ! love ( ,god is
 m ?an a s5tim5t (  gratitude3 x        
rejoices 9 8 p]fections & glories1 &    
dev\tly  contemplates !m z ! highe/ &   
mo/ int]e/+ subjects (  ?\ght2 x keeps !
 idea ( ?is supremely belov$ object     

con/antly  pres5t to ! m9d2 x turns to x
 ) ador+ ard\r f !  bus9ess &           
di/ractions ( life2 x connects x ) e    
sc5e (  maje/y & beauty 9 nature1 & ) e 
ev5t ( g5]al &  p>ticul> provid5ce2 x   
br+s ! s\l into fell[%ip ) ,god1 real  &
 s5sible1 because vital2 x m\lds ! o!r  
affections into  con=mity ) :at ,god    
himself wills or prohibits1 loves or    
hates2 x  produces an unb\nd$ desire to 
please him1 & to be accept$ ( him 9  all
 ?+s2 x is jeal\s ( 8 hon\r1 unwe>i$ 9 8
 s]vice1 quick  to prompt to e sacrifice
 9 ! cause ( 8 tru? & 8 *ur*2  & x r5d]s
 all su* sacrifices1 ev5 :5 c>ri$ to !  
ext5t (  suff]+ & dea?1 unreluctant &   
*e]ful4 ,x *ooses ,god z !  *ief good ( 
! s\l1 ! enjoym5t ( :i* assures its     
p]fect &  et]nal int]e/ & happ9ess3 ,:om
 h ,i 9 heav5 b !e8 &  !re is none ^u   
e>? t ,i desire beside !e10 is !        
language (  e he>t1 :5 its love ( ,god  
is true 9 pr9ciple & supreme 9  degree4 
,if1 !n1 ! w ( ,god is ! p]fect rule (  
morals2 & if supreme  & p]fect love to  

,god mu/ produce a prompt & unwe>i$1 a  
delightful subjection to 8 w1 or r an   
entire & mo/ free  *oice ( x z ! rule ( 
all our pr9ciples1 affections1 &        
actions2  ! importance ( ?is affection 9
 secur+ t ob$i5ce to ! law  ( ,god 9 :i*
 true morality consi/s1 is manife/2 & we
 cle>ly  p]ceive ! reason :y an inspir$ 
writ] has affirm$1 t love is  ! fulfill+
 ( ! law40 ,! necessity ( keep+ ?is     
subject be=e  u "u ^? views 9 :i* x is  
plac$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 &  ( n        
surr5d]+ x to m]e philosophy1 is1 h[ev]1
 an important  consid]ation4 ,) !       
philosoph] ! love ( ,god may be ! m]e   
approval ( ! intellect2 or a s5tim5t :i*
 results f !  contemplation ( inf9ite   
p]fection1 manife/+ itself 9 acts (  p[]
 & goodness4 ,9 ! ,scriptures x is mu* m
 ?an ei!r1 &  is produc$ & ma9ta9$ by a 
diff]5t process4 ,we are !re taught  t !
 c>nal m9d is enmity to ,god10 & is n1 (
 c\rse1 capable  ( lov+ ,god4 ,yet ?is  
c>nal m9d may consi/ ) deep atta9m5ts 9 
philosophy1 & ) /rongly impassion$      

poetic s5tim5t4 ,! m]e  approval ( !    
und]/&+1 & ! susceptibility ( be+       
impress$  ) feel+s ( admiration1 awe1 & 
ev5 pleasure1 :5 ! "*  ( ,god is        
manife/$ 9 8 works1 z bo? may be f\nd 9 
! c>nal  m9d :i* is enmity to ,god1 are 
n !re=e ! love ( ,god4 ,!y are          
pr9ciples :i* ent] into t love1 s9ce x  
_c exi/ )\t  !m2 b !y may exi/ )\t ?is  
affection itself1 & be f\nd 9  a vici\s 
& un*ang$ nature4 ,! love ( ,god is a   
fruit ( ! ,holy  ,_s2 t is1 x is        
implant$ by him only 9 ! s\ls :i* he has
  reg5]at$2 & z t :i* excites its       
ex]cise is *iefly1 & 9  ! fir/ place1 a 
s5se ( ! b5efits be/[$ by ! grace ( ,god
 9  our r$emption1 & a well gr\nd$      
p]suasion ( our p]sonal int]e/  9 ^?    
b5efits1 x necess>ily presupposes our   
reconciliation to ,god  ?r\gh fai? 9 !  
atonem5t ( ,*ri/1 & t atte/ation ( x to 
! he>t by ! ,_s ( adoption4 ,we "h see1 
!n1 ano!r pro( (  ! necess>y connection 
( ,*ri/ian morals ) ,*ri/ian doctr9e1  &
 h[ imp]fect & deceptive e sy/em mu/ be 

:i* sep>ates  !m4 ,love is ess5tial to  
true ob$i5ce2 = :5 ! ,apo/le decl>es    
love to be ! fulfill+ ( ! law10 he      
decl>es1 9 effect1 t !  law _c be       
fulfill$ )\t love2 & t e action :i* has 
n ?is = its pr9ciple1 h[ev] virtu\s 9   
its %[1 fails (  accompli%+ ! precepts  
:i* are obligatory ^u u4 ,b ?is love  to
 ,god _c be felt s long z we are s5sible
 ( 8 wra?1 & are  9 dread ( 8 judgm5ts4 
,^! feel+s are incompatible ) ea*  o!r1 
& we mu/ be assur$ ( 8 reconciliation to
 u1 be=e we are  capable ( lov+ him4    
,?us ! v exi/5ce ( love to ,god implies 
! doctr9es ( atonem5t1 rep5tance1 fai?1 
& ! gift ( !  ,_s ( adoption to         
believ]s2 & unless x be taught 9 ?is    
connection1 & ?r\gh ?is process (       
exp]i5ce1 x w be exhibit$  only z a     
bright & beaute\s object to :i* man has 
no access2 or a  fictiti\s & imitative  
s5tim5talism w be sub/itut$ = x1 to  !  
delusion ( ! s\ls ( m54    ,,lucian1 a  
philosoph] & wit1 :o appe>$ z "o ( !    
e>ly oppos]s  ( ! ,*ri/ian religion &   

its foll[]s4 ,! ho/ile s5tim5ts (  !    
,hea!ns t[>d ,*ri/ianity1 says ,dr4     
,ne&]1 7 diff]5t  accord+ to ! diff]5ce 
( _! philosophical & religi\s views4    
,!re ent]$ !n ^u ! conte/ two classes ( 
m51 :o h nev]  s9ce ceas$ to p]secute   
,*ri/ianity4 ,^! 7 ! sup]/iti\s1 to  :om
 ! hon\r+ ,god 9 _s & 9 tru? 0 a /umbl+ 
/one1 &  ! c>eless unbeliev]1 :o1       
unacqua9t$ ) all feel+s (  religi\s     
wants1 0 accu/om$ to laugh & to mock at 
e ?+  :i* proce$$ f !m1 :e!r he und]/ood
 x or n1 & at all  :i* suppos$ su*      
feel+s1 & propos$ to satisfy !m4 ,su* 0 
,lucian4 ,to him ,*ri/ianity1 l e o!r   
rem>kable religi\s  ph5om5on1 appe>$    
only z a fit object = 8 s>ca/ic wit4    
,)\t  giv+ himself ! tr\ble to exam9e & 
to discrim9ate1 he ?rew  ,*ri/ianity1   
sup]/ition1 & fanaticism1 into ! same   
class4 ,x is  easy en\gh1 9 any sy/em   
:i* lays deep hold on man's nature1 to  
f9d  out "s side op5 to ridicule1 if a  
man br+s =w>d only t :i*  is ext]nal 9 !
 sy/em1 ab/ract$ f all its inw>d p[] &  

mean+1 & )\t ei!r und]/&+1 or attempt+  
to und]/&1  ?is p[]4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o     
look$ on ,*ri/ianity ) cold  indiff]5ce1
 & ! pr(ane e-day feel+s ( worldly      
prud5ce1  might easily "h & !re f9d     
objects = 8 satire4 ,! ,*ri/ian  might  
inde$ h pr(it$ by t ridicule1 & h le>n$ 
f !  *ildr5 ( d>kness to jo9 ! wisdom ( 
! s]p5t ) ! meekness  ( ! dove4 ,9 ! end
 ! sc(f] br+s himself to d]ision1       
because  he v5tures to pass s5t5ce on ! 
ph5om5a ( a _w ( :i* he has  n !        
slighte/ conception1 & :i* to 8 eyes1   
buri$ z !y are  9 ! films ( ! e>?1 is   
entirely clos$4 ,su* 0 ,lucian4 ,he     
s\ght to br+ =w>d all t is /rik+ &      
rem>kable 9 !  ext]nal conduct &        
circum/ances ( ,*ri/ians1 :i* might s]ve
 =  ! object ( 8 s>ca/ic raill]y1 )\t   
any deep] inquiry z to  :at ! religion (
 ! ,*ri/ians really 04 ,& yet ev5 9 t at
  :i* he sc(f$1 !re 0 mu* :i* might h   
taught him to rem>k  9 ,*ri/ianity no   
common p[] ov] ! he>ts ( m51 _h he be5  
capable ( su* s]i\s impressions4 ,! firm

 hope ( et]nal life :i*  taught !m to   
meet dea? ) tranquillity1 _! bro!rly    
love "o  t[>d ano!r1 might h indicat$ to
 him "s high] _s :i*  animat$ ^! m52 b  
in/ead ( ?is he treats x all z delusion1
  because _m gave !mselves up to dea? ) 
some?+ l fanatical  en?usiasm4 ,he sc(fs
 at ! notion ( a crucifi$ man hav+      
taught  !m to reg>d all mank9d z _!     
bre?r51 ! mom5t !y %\ld  h abjur$ ! gods
 ( ,greece2 z if x 7 n j ! mo/          
rem>kable "p ( all ?is1 t an obscure    
p]son 9 ,j]usalem1 :o  0 des]t$ by e "o1
 & execut$ z a crim9al1 %\ld be able1 a 
good c5tury aft] 8 dea?1 to cause su*   
effects z ,lucian1 9 8  own "t1 saw     
ext5d+ 9 all directions1 & 9 spite ( e  
k9d (  p]secution4 ,h[ bl9d$ mu/ he h   
be5 to pass ?us lightly ov]  su* a      
ph5om5on6 ,b m5 ( 8 ready wit are apt to
 ex]t x ) too  great read9ess on all    
subjects4 ,!y are able to illu/rate e ?+
  out ( no?+2 ) _! mis]able nil         
admir>i10 !y c close  _! he>ts aga9/ all
 l(ty impressions4 ,) all 8 wit &       

ke5ness1 ) all 8 und5iably f9e p[]s (   
obs]vation 9 all t  has no conc]n ) !   
deep] impulses ( man's _s1 he 0 a man ( 
v little m9d4 ,b he> 8 own language3 ,! 
wret*$ p h  p]suad$ !mselves t !y are   
altoge!r immortal1 & w live  = ev]2     
!re=e !y despise dea?1 & _m ( !m meet x 
(  _! own accord4 ,_! fir/ lawgiv] has  
p]suad$ !m also to reg>d  all mank9d z  
_! bre?r51 z soon z !y h abjur$ !       
,grecian  gods1 &1 hon\r+ _! crucifi$   
,ma/]1 h begun to live  accord+ to 8    
laws4 ,!y despise e ?+ ,hea!n equally1 &
  reg>d all b _! own notions z          
pr(an5ess1 :ile !y h yet  embrac$ ^?    
notions )\t suffici5t exam9ation40 ,he  
has no  f>!r accusation to make aga9/ !m
 "h1 except ! ease ) :i*  !y all[$ _!   
b5evol5ce t[>d _! fell[ ,*ri/ians to be 
abus$ by impo/ors1 9 :i* !re may be mu* 
tru?1 b !re is1  nev]!less1 "s          
exagg]ation4    ,,ludim4 ,!re 7 two     
,luds2 ! "o ! son ( ,%em1 f :om !       
,lydians ( ,asia ,m9or are suppos$ to h 
sprung1 & ! o!r ! son  ( ,mizraim1 ^:   

resid5ce 0 9 ,africa4 ,! desc5dants ( ! 
latt]  only are m5tion$ 9 ,scripture3 !y
 are jo9$ by ,isaiah1 lxvi1 #ai1  )     
,pul1 ^: settlem5t is suppos$ to h be5  
ab\t ! isl&  ,philoe1 ne> ! fir/ cat>act
 ( ! ,nile2 by ,j]emiah1 xlvi1 #i1 )  ! 
,e?iopians & ,libyans2 by ,ezekiel1     
xxvii1 #aj1 ) ,phut1 z !  m]c5>y soldi]s
 ( ,tyre1 & xxx1 #e1 ) ! ,e?iopians &   
,libyans2  all pla9ly d5ot+ _! ,african 
position2 b 9 :at p>ticul> "p  ( t      
cont95t ?is position 01 is n kn[n4      
,,luke4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t in=ms u ( v few
 p>ticul>s conc]n+  ,/4 ,luke4 ,he is n 
nam$ 9 any ( ! ,gospels4 ,9 ! ,acts ( ! 
,apo/les1 :i* 71 z w h]eaft] be %[n1    
writt5 by him1 he  uses ! fir/ p]son    
plural1 :5 he is relat+ "s ( ! travels (
  ,/4 ,paul2 & !nce x is inf]r$1 t at ^?
 times he 0 himself  ) t ,apo/le4 ,!    
fir/ in/ance ( ?is k9d is 9 ! elev5?    
v]se ( ! sixte5? *apt]2 he !re says1    
,loos+ f ,troas1 we  came up ) a /raight
 c\rse to ,samo?racia40 ,?us1 we le>n t 
,/4  ,luke accompani$ ,/4 ,paul 9 ?is 8 

fir/ voyage to ,mac$onia4 ,f            
,samo?racia !y w5t to ,neapolis1 & !nce 
to ,philippi4 ,at ?is la/  place we     
conclude t ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,luke        
sep>at$1 because 9  cont9u+ ! hi/ory (  
,/4 ,paul1 aft] he left ,philippi1 ,/4  
,luke  uses ! ?ird p]son1 say+1 ,n[ :5  
!y _h pass$ ?r\gh  ,amphipolis10 c1     
,acts xvii1 #a2 & he does n resume !    
fir/ p]son  till ,/4 ,paul 0 9 ,greece !
 second "t4 ,we h no acc\nt ( ,/4  ,luke
 dur+ ?is int]val2 x only appe>s t he 0 
n ) ,/4  ,paul4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul 0 ab\t to 
g to ,j]usalem f ,greece1 aft] 8  second
 visit into t c\ntry1 ,/4 ,luke1 m5tion+
 c]ta9 p]sons1  says1 ,^! go+ be=e t>ri$
 = u at ,troas2 & we sail$ away  f      
,philippi10 ,acts xx1 #e1 #f4 ,?us aga9 
we le>n t ,/4 ,luke  accompani$ ,/4     
,paul out ( ,greece1 ?r\gh ,mac$onia to 
,troas2 & !  sequel ( ,/4 ,paul's hi/ory
 9 ! ,acts1 & "s passages 9 8  epi/les1 
#b ,tim4 iv1 #aa2 ,col4 iv1 #ad1        
,philemon #bd1 writt5 :ile he 0  a      
prison] at ,rome1 in=ms u t ,/4 ,luke   

cont9u$ f t "t  ) ,paul1 till he 0      
releas$ f 8 conf9em5t at ,rome2 :i* 0  a
 space ( ab\t five ye>s1 & includ$ a v  
int]e/+ "p ( ,/4  ,paul's life1 ,acts   
xx-xxviii4    ,"h ends ! c]ta9 acc\nt ( 
,/4 ,luke4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1  t 
he w5t f ,rome into ,a*aia2 & "s au?ors 
h ass]t$ t  he aft]w>d prea*$ ! ,gospel 
9 ,africa4 ,none ( ! mo/ anci5t  fa!rs  
hav+ m5tion$ t ,/4 ,luke suff]$         
m>tyrdom1 we may  suppose t he di$ a    
natural dea?2 b at :at "t1 or 9 :at     
place1 is n kn[n4 ,we are told by "s t  
,/4 ,luke 0 a pa9t]1  & ,grotius &      
,wet/e9 ?\ght t he 0 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8   
life a slave2 b ,i f9d1 says ,bi%op     
,toml9e1 no f\ndation = ei!r  op9ion 9  
any anci5t writ]4 ,x is probable t he 0 
by bir? a  ,jew1 & a native ( ,antio* 9 
,syria2 & ,i see no reason to d\bt t    
,luke1 ! belov$ physician10 m5tion$ 9 ! 
,epi/le to !  ,colossians1 iv1 #ad1 0   
,luke ! evangeli/4    ,l>dn] ?9ks t !re 
are a few allusions to ?is ,gospel 9 "s 
(  ! apo/olical fa!rs1 especially 9     

,h]mas & ,polyc>p2 & 9  ,ju/9 ,m>tyr !re
 are passages evid5tly tak5 f x2 b !    
e>lie/ au?or1 :o actually m5tions ,/4   
,luke's ,gospel1 is ,ir5u2  & he cites s
 _m peculi>ities 9 x1 all agree+ ) !    
,gospel  :i* we n[ h1 t he alone is     
suffici5t to prove its g5u95ess4  ,we   
may h[ev] obs]ve1 t 8 te/imony is       
support$ by ,clem5t (  ,alex&ria1       
,t]tullian1 ,orig51 ,eusebius1 ,j]om1   
,*ryso/om1 & _m  o!rs4 ,dr4 ,ow5 & ,dr4 
,t[nson h comp>$ _m p>allel passages (  
,/4 ,m>k's & ,/4 ,luke's ,gospels2 &    
,dr4 ,t[nson has conclud$ t  ,/4 ,luke  
_h se5 ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel1 & ,dr4 ,ow51 
t ,/4 ,m>k _h  se5 ,/4 ,luke's2 b !re   
does n appe> to be a suffici5t simil>ity
  ( expression to ju/ify ei!r ( ^!      
conclusions4 ,!re 0 among  ! anci5ts a  
diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! priority (  
^!  two ,gospels2 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$  
to be a v d\btful po9t4    ,!re is also 
great d\bt ab\t ! place :]e ?is ,gospel 
0  publi%$4 ,x seems mo/ probable t x 0 
publi%$ 9 ,greece1 &  = ! use ( ,g5tile 

conv]ts4 ,dr4 ,t[nson obs]ves1 t !      
evangeli/ has ins]t$ _m explanations1   
p>ticul>ly conc]n+ !  scribes &         
,ph>isees1 :i* he w\ld h omitt$ if he _h
 be5  writ+ = ^? :o 7 acqua9t$ ) !      
cu/oms & sects ( !  ,jews4 ,we mu/      
conclude t ! hi/ories ( our ,savi\r1    
ref]r$ to 9  ! preface to ?is ,gospel1 7
 inaccurate & defective1 or ,/4 ,luke   
w\ld n h und]tak5 ?is "w4 ,x does n1    
h[ev]1 appe> t  !y 7 writt5 ) any bad   
design2 b be+ m]ely human  compositions1
 & p]haps put toge!r 9 great ha/e1 !y 7 
full (  errors4 ,!y are n[ entirely lo/1
 & ! names ( _! au?ors are  n kn[n4 ,:5 
! f\r au!ntic ,gospels 7 publi%$1 & came
 into  g5]al use1 all o!rs 7 quickly    
disreg>d$ & =gott54    ,/4 ,luke's      
,gospel is address$ to ,!ophilus2 b !re 
0 a d\bt1  ev5 9 ! "t ( ,epiphanius1    
:e!r a p>ticul> p]son1 or any good      
,*ri/ian 9 g5]al1 be int5d$ by t "n4    
,!ophilus 0 probably  a real p]son1 t   
op9ion be+ m agreeable to ! simplicity (
  ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,we h se5 t ,/4 ,luke 

0 = sev]al ye>s  ! companion ( ,/4      
,paul2 & _m anci5t writ]s consid] ?is   
,gospel  z hav+ ! sanction ( ,/4 ,paul1 
9 ! same mann] z ,/4 ,m>k's _h  t ( ,/4 
,pet]4 ,:oev] w exam9e ! evangeli/'s & !
  ,apo/le's acc\nt ( ! eu*>i/ 9 _!      
respective orig9al works1  w obs]ve a   
great co9cid5ce ( expression1 ,luke     
xxii2 #a ,cor4 xi4  ,/4 ,luke seems to h
 _h m le>n+ ?an any o!r ( !  evangeli/s1
 & 8 language is m v>i$1 copi\s1 & pure4
 ,?is  sup]iority 9 /yle may p]haps be  
ow+ to 8 long] resid5ce 9  ,greece1 &   
great] acqua9tance ) ,g5tiles ( good    
education1 ?an  fell to ! lot ( ! writ]s
 ( ! o!r ?ree ,gospels4 ,?is ,gospel    
conta9s _m ?+s :i* are n f\nd 9 ! o!r   
,gospels2 among  :i* are ! foll[+3 !    
bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/2 ! ,roman c5sus  
9 ,judea2 ! circum/ances att5d+ ,*ri/'s 
bir? at ,be?lehem2 !  vision grant$ to !
 %eph]ds2 ! e>ly te/imony ( ,simeon &   
,anna2  ,*ri/'s conv]sation ) ! doctors 
9 ! temple :5 he 0 twelve  ye>s old2 !  
p>ables ( ! good ,sam>itan1 ( ! prodigal

 son1 (  ,dives & ,laz>us1 ( ! wick$    
judge1 & ( ! publican &  ,ph>isee2 !    
miracul\s cure ( ! woman :o _h be5 b[$  
d[n by  illness eighte5 ye>s2 ! cleans+ 
( ! t5 lep]s2 & !  re/or+ to life ! son 
( a wid[ at ,na92 ! acc\nt ( ,zac*eus1  
& ( ! p5it5t ?ief2 & ! p>ticul>s ( !    
j\rney to ,emmaus4  ,x is v satisfactory
 t s e>ly a writ] z ,ir5u has notic$    
mo/ ( ^! peculi>ities2 :i* proves n only
 t ,/4 ,luke's  ,gospel1 b t ! o!r      
,gospels also1 are ! same n[ t !y 7  9 !
 second c5tury4    ,,lunatics1 1        
lunatici1 ,matt4 iv1 #bd4 ,?us ^? sick  
p]sons 7 call$1 :o 7 ?\ght to suff] mo/ 
sev]ely at !  *anges ( ! moon2 =        
example1 epileptical p]sons1 or ^? :o h 
! fall+ sickness1 insane p]sons1 or ^?  
torm5t$ ) fits (  morbid melan*oly4 ,mad
 p are /ill call$ lunatics1 f an        
anci5t1 b n[ almo/ explod$1 op9ion1 t !y
 are mu* influ5c$  by t planet4 ,a s\nd]
 philosophy has taught u1 t1 if !re be  
any ?+ 9 x1 x mu/ be acc\nt$ =1 n 9 !   
mann] !  anci5ts imag9$1 nor o!rwise ?an

 by :at ! moon has 9 common  ) o!r      
heav5ly bodies1 occasion+ v>i\s         
alt]ations 9 !  gravity ( our atmosph]e1
 & !reby affect+ human bodies4 ,h[ev]1  
!re is consid]able reason to d\bt !     
fact2 & x is c]ta9 t  ! moon has no     
p]ceivable influ5ce on our mo/ accurate 
b>omet]s4  ,x has be5 ! fa%ion to decry 
& ridicule ! doctr9e ( demoniacal       
possessions1 & to repres5t ! pati5ts    
m]ely z lunatics or madm54  ,& "s ?9k t 
?is is c\nt5anc$ by ! calumny ( !       
unbeliev+ ,jews conc]n+ ,*ri/1 ,he ha? a
 demon1 & is mad10 ,john  x1 #bj2 bo?   
possession & madness (t5 produc+ ! same 
symptoms (  convulsions1 p>alysis1 c1   
,matt4 xvii1 #ae-ah4 ,b t !y 7  di/9ct  
diseases1 may be collect$ f ! foll[+    
consid]ations3  #a4 ,! evangeli/s1      
enum]at+ ! v>i\s descriptions ( pati5ts1
  di/+ui% 1 demoniacs1 1 lunatics1 &  1 
p>alytics1 f p]sons afflict$ ) o!r k9ds 
(  diseases1 ,matt4 iv1 #bd2 ,m>k i1    
#cd2 ,luke vi1 #ag1 #ah4 #b4 ,t a real  
dispossession took place1 seems to foll[

 f ! numb] ( ^!  impure inmates4 ,m>y ( 
,magdala1 or ! ,magdal5e1 0 afflict$ )  
sev5 demons1 ,m>k xvi1 #i4 ,a legion0   
bes\ght ,*ri/'s p]mission to  ent] into 
a num]\s h]d ( two ?\s& sw9e2 :i* !y    
did1 &  drove ! :ole h]d d[n a precipice
 into ! sea1 :]e !y 7 all  dr[n$4 ,?is  
rem>kable case is notic$ by ! ?ree      
evangeli/s mo/  circum/antially1 ,matt4 
viii1 #bh2 ,m>k v1 #a2 ,luke viii1 #bf4 
#c4 ,!  te/imony ( ! demoniacs to ,*ri/ 
0 n t ( madm5 or idiots4  ,x ev9c$ an   
intimate k bo? ( 8 p]son & "*1 :i*  0   
hidd5 f ! wise & prud5t0 ( ! nation1 !  
*ief prie/s1  scribes1 & ,ph>isees4 ,_! 
language 01 ,:at ha/ ?\ to d )  u1      
,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 ,art ?\ come to torm5t
 u be=e ! "t80 ,i  "k !e :o ?\ art1 !   
,holy ,"o ( ,god30 ?\ art ! ,*ri/1 !    
,son ( ,god1 ! ,son ( ! mo/ high ,god10 
,matt4 viii1 #bi2 ,m>k i1 #bd2  iii1    
#aa2 ,luke iv1 #cd-da4 ,& !y repeat$ly  
bes\ght him n to torm5t  !m1 n to ord]  
!m to dep>t into ! abyss1 ,luke viii1   
#bh-ca4 ,see  ,,demoniacs4    ,,lu!rans1

 or ! ,,lu!ran ,,*ur*1 ! disciples &    
foll[]s ( ,m>t9  ,lu!r1 an ,augu/9e     
fri>1 :o 0 born at ,isleb51 9 ,upp]     
,saxony1 9  ! ye> #adhc4 ,he possess$ an
 inv9cible magnanimity1 & uncommon      
vig\r & acut5ess ( g5ius4 ,he fir/ took 
(f5ce at ! indulg5ces  :i* 7 grant$ 9   
#aeag1 by ,pope ,leo ,x41 to ^? :o      
contribut$  t[>d f9i%+ ,/4 ,pet]'s *ur* 
at ,rome1 ,lu!r be+ !n pr(essor  (      
div9ity at ,wittemb]g4 ,^? indulg5ces   
promis$ remission ( all  s9s1 pa/1      
pres5t1 & to come1 h[ev] enorm\s _!     
nature1 to all  :o 7 ri* en\gh to       
pur*ase !m4 ,at ?is ,lu!r rais$ 8 w>n+  
voice2 & 9 n9ety-five propositions1 :i* 
he ma9ta9$ publicly at  ,wittemb]g1     
,septemb] #cj1 #aeag1 expos$ ! doctr9e (
 indulg5ces1  :i* l$ him to attack also 
! au?ority ( ! pope4 ,?is 0 !           
comm5cem5t ( t memorable revolution 9 ! 
*ur* :i* is /yl$  ! ,re=mation2 ?\gh    
,mo%eim fixes ! era ( ! ,re=mation f    
#aebj1 :5 ,lu!r 0 excommunicat$ by !    
pope4    ,9 #aebc ,lu!r drew up a       

liturgy1 t1 9 _m ?+s1 diff]$ b  little f
 ! ,mass ,book2 b he left 8 foll[]s to  
make f>!r  re=ms1 z !y saw !m necess>y2 
&1 9 consequ5ce1 ! =ms (  wor%ip 9 !    
,lu!ran *ur*es v>y 9 po9ts ( m9or       
importance3 b  !y agree 9 read+ !       
,scriptures publicly1 9 (f]+ pray]s &   
praises to ,god ?r\gh ! ,m$iator 9 _!   
own language1 9 popul>  addresses to !  
congregation1 & ! rev]5d adm9i/ration ( 
!  sacram5ts4    ,! ,augsburgh          
,confession 7see ,confessions7 =ms !    
e/abli%$ cre$  ( ! ,lu!ran *ur*4 ,!     
foll[+ are a few ( ! pr9cipal po9ts  (  
doctr9e ma9ta9$ by ?is great re=m]1 & a 
few ( !  ,scriptures by :i* he support$ 
!m4    #a4 ,t ! ,holy ,scriptures are ! 
only s\rce :5ce we are to draw  our     
religi\s s5tim5ts1 :e!r !y relate to    
fai? or practice1 ,john  v1 #ci2 #a     
,cor4 iv1 #af2 #b ,tim4 iii1 #ae-ag4    
,reason also confirms !  suffici5cy ( ! 
,scriptures2 =1 if ! writt5 ^w be all[$ 
to be  a rule 9 "o case1 h[ c x be d5i$ 
to be a rule 9 ano!r8    #b4 ,t         

ju/ification is ! effect ( fai?         
exclusive ( good works2  & t fai? ought 
to produce good works purely 9 ob$i5ce  
to ,god1  & n 9 ord] to our             
ju/ification2 = ,/4 ,paul1 9 8 ,epi/le  
to  ! ,galatians1 /r5u\sly oppos$ ^? :o 
ascrib$ our ju/ification1  ?\gh b 9 "p1 
to works3 ,if righte\sness come by !    
law1 !n  ,*ri/ is dead 9 va910 ,gal4 ii1
 #ba4 ,!re=e x is evid5t we are n       
ju/ifi$ by ! law1 or by our works2 b to 
him t believe?1 s9 is  p>don$1 & ,*ri/'s
 righte\sness imput$4 ,?is article (    
ju/ification by fai? alone1 ,lu!r us$   
frequ5tly to call articulus  /antis vel 
cad5tis ecclesi20 t by :i* ! *ur* mu/ /&
 or  fall4    #c4 ,t no man is able to  
make satisfaction = 8 s9s2 = our ,"l    
tea*es u to say1 :5 we h done all ?+s t 
are comm&$ u1  ,we are unpr(itable      
s]vants10 ,luke xvii1 #aj4 ,*ri/'s      
sacrifice is  alone suffici5t to satisfy
 = s91 & no?+ ne$ be add$ to !  inf9ite 
value ( 8 atonem5t4    ,lu!r also       
reject$ tradition1 purgatory1 p5ance1   

auricul>  confession1 masses1 invocation
 ( sa9ts1 mona/ic v[s1 & o!r  doctr9es (
 ! *ur* ( ,rome4 ,lu!r diff]$ widely f  
,calv9 on  matt]s ( *ur* discipl9e2 & on
 ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/'s body 9  ! sacram5t4
 ,8 foll[]s also deviat$ f him 9 "s ?+s2
  b ! foll[+ may be consid]$ z a fair   
/atem5t ( _!  pr9ciples1 & ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 !m & ! ,calv9i/s3 #a4 ,!         
,lu!rans 9 ,g]many reject bo?           
,episcopacy & ,presbyt]ianism1 b  appo9t
 sup]9t5d5ts = ! gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*1 :o  
preside  9 _! consi/ories1 :5 t (fice is
 n suppli$ by a delegate  f ! civil     
gov]nm5t2 & !y hold meet+s 9 ! diff]5t  
t[ns & villages1 to inquire into ! /ate 
( ! congregations &  ! s*ools4 ,!       
appo9tm5t ( sup]9t5d5ts1 & ! pres5tation
  to liv+s1 is g5]ally 9 ! pr9ce1 or    
ecclesia/ical c\rts4 ,!  ,sw$es & ,danes
 h an ecclesia/ical hi]>*y1 simil> to t 
(  ,engl&4 #b4 ,!y diff] 9 _! views ( ! 
sacram5t ( ! ,"l's  ,supp]4 ,all !      
,lu!rans reject trans-sub/antiation1 b  
affirm  t ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ are    

mat]ially pres5t 9 !  sacram5t1 ?\gh 9  
an incompreh5sible mann]3 ?is !y call$  
con-sub/antiation4 ,! ,calv9i/s hold1 on
 ! contr>y1 t ,jesus  ,*ri/ is only     
spiritually pres5t 9 ! ord9ance1 by !   
ext]nal  signs ( bread & w9e4 #c4 ,!y   
diff] z to ! doctr9e ( !  et]nal decrees
 ( ,god respect+ man's salvation4 ,!    
mod]n  ,lu!rans ma9ta9 t ! div9e        
decrees1 respect+ ! salvation  & mis]y (
 m51 are f\nd$ ^u ! div9e presci5ce4 ,! 
,calv9i/s1 on ! contr>y1 consid] ^!     
decrees z absolute &  unconditional4    
,! ,lu!rans are g5]ally divid$ into !   
mod]ate & ! rigid4 ,!  mod]ate ,lu!rans 
are ^? :o submitt$ to ! ,int]im publi%$ 
by  ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,melanc?on 0 ! 
head ( ?is p>ty1 & !y  7 call$          
,adiaphori/s4 ,! rigid ,lu!rans are ^?  
:o w\ld n  endure any *ange 9 _! ma/]'s 
s5tim5ts1 ( :om ,m4 ,flaccius 0  ! head4
 ,! ,lu!rans are p>tial to ! use (      
in/rum5tal music 9  _! *ur*es1 & admit  
/atues & pa9t+s1 z ! *ur* (  ,engl&     
does1 )\t all[+ !m any religi\s         

v5]ation2 b !  rigid ,calv9i/s reject   
^!1 & all[ only ! simple/ =ms (         
psalmody4 ,! mod]n ,lu!rans1 ab\t !     
close ( ! sev5te5?  c5tury1 enl>g$ _!   
lib]ality t[>d o!r sects1 & gave up !   
suppos$ "r ( p]secution2 confess+ t     
,*ri/ians are  acc\ntable to ,god only =
 _! religi\s fai?4 ,!y admit1 also1     
into _! sacr$ canon ! ,epi/le ( ,/4     
,james1 :i* ,lu!r ra%ly  reject$1       
because he c\ld n reconcile x ) ,/4     
,paul's doctr9e (  ju/ification2 & !    
,revelation ( ,/4 ,john1 :i* ,lu!r also 
reject$1 because he c\ld n expla9 x4    
,on "s ( ! doctr9es ( ! e>ly ,g]man     
re=m]s !  foll[+ rem>ks by ,ar*bi%op    
,laur5ce are entitl$ to high            
consid]ation3--,aga9/ ! *ur* ( ,rome1   
:i* always1 :5  attack$1 fl$ =          
protection to ! %ield ( s*ola/ical      
sophi/ry1 ,lu!r _h wag$ a dauntless1    
unwe>i$1 & effectual  w>f>e4 ,he ent]$ !
 field ( conte/ )\t di/ru/ or           
appreh5sion1 "u a root$ p]suasion t !   
victory ov]  sup]/ition w\ld prove easy 

at an era :5 le>n+ _h already  begun to 
ext5d itself 9 e direction1 & 0 become  
closely  alli$ to !ological atta9m5ts4  
,:5 ! light ( day appe>$1  ! g5u9e      
doctr9es ( ,scripture & ! primitive     
op9ions (  antiquity began to be m      
di/9ctly p]ceiv$1 & m  accurately       
inve/igat$4 ,) an atta*m5t to classical 
pursuits  arose a zeal = ,biblical      
inquiries4 ,ta/e & tru? w5t h& 9  h&4   
,lu!r1 ?an :om no "o 0 m capable (      
infus+ en]gy  into ! cause 9 :i* he _h  
emb>k$1 0 ( all m5 ! wor/  adapt$ to    
conduct x ) mod]ation3 he 0 calculat$ to
  comm5ce1 b n to complete1 re=mation4  
,prompt1 resolute1 &  impetu\s1 he      
lab\r$ ) di/+ui%$ success 9 !           
demolition ( long e/abli%$ error2 he    
also ha/ily ?rew  toge!r ! r\gh &       
cumbr\s mat]ials ( a bett] sy/em4 ,b  ! 
(fice ( select+1 modell+1 & arrang+ !m 0
  consign$ to a correct] h&4 ,melanc?on 
0 ( a "*  directly opposite to t (      
,lu!r1 possess+ e requisite to  r5d]    
tru? allur+ & re=mation respectable2 &  

h5ce ^u  him1 9 pref]5ce1 ! pr9ces (    
,g]many conf]r$ ! hon\r (  compil+ !    
public pr(ession ( _! fai?4 ,b x ought n
  to be conceal$1 t1 previ\sly to ! "t  
:5 ,lu!ranism  fir/ became settl$ ^u a  
p]man5t basis1 & add$ public  e/eem to  
public notice1 t5ets 7 advanc$1 :i*     
ret>d$ !  progress ( tru? m ?an all !   
subtleties ( s*ola/ic  argum5t1 or !    
t]rors ( papal ana!ma4 ,at ! beg9n+ (  !
 ,re=mation1 z ,melanc?on frankly obs]v$
 to ,cranm]1 !re  exi/$ among its       
advocates /oical disputations respect+  
fate1  (f5sive 9 _! nature1 & noxi\s 9  
_! t5d5cy4 ,!  duration1 h[ev]1 ( ^!    
/oical disputations 0 b %ort2  & !      
sub/itution ( a m rational z well z     
practical  sy/em1 = ! space ( m ?an     
tw5ty ye>s be=e !  appe>ance ( our      
,articles1 prev5t$ ! f\nd]s ( our *ur*  
f mi/ak+1 = ! doctr9es ( ! ,lu!rans1 ^? 
:i*  !y !mselves wi%$ to =get1 & 7      
anxi\s to oblit]ate4  ,z we desc5d to   
p>ticul>s1 x w be necess>y to keep our  
eye  ^u "o prom95t doctr9e1 :i* 0       

em95tly conspicu\s 9  all ! controv]sies
 ( ! ,lu!rans1--! doctr9e ( ,,complete  
,,r$emption ,,by ,,*ri/1 :i* 9 _! idea  
_! adv]s>ies 7!  ,papi/s7 disreg>d$1 :o 
d5i$ 9 effect ! depravity ( our  nature1
 believ$ ! fav\r ( ,heav5 9 ?is life    
recov]able by  :at 0 d5om9at$ m]it (    
congruity1 &1 9 ! life to  come1 by t   
:i* 0 t]m$ m]it ( condignity1 & f\nd$   
pr$e/9ation ^u m]its ( su* a            
description2 ?us 9 e  in/ance1 :ile     
reta9+ ! "n ( ,*ri/ians1 r5d]+          
,*ri/ianity itself sup]flu\s4 ,9        
opposition to op9ions s  repugnant 9 _m 
respects to reason1 & 9 almo/ all s     
subv]sive ( ,scripture1 ! ,lu!rans      
con/antly press$ !  unsophi/icat$ t5et (
 ! atonem5t1 n contract$ly 9 a          
,calv9i/ical1 b compreh5sively 9 a      
,*ri/ian1 po9t (  view1--9 "o 9 :i* bo? 
,calv9i/s & ,arm9ians alike embrace  x4 
,^u orig9al s9 ! doctr9e ( ! s*oolm5 0  
no less fanciful &  remote f e          
,scriptural idea1 ?an flatt]+ to human  
pride4 ,!y  cont5d$ t ! infection ( our 

nature is n a m5tal b a m]e  corporeal  
ta9t2 t ! body alone receives &         
transmits !  contagion1 :ile ! s\l 9 all
 in/ances proce$s immaculate f !  h&s ( 
h] ,creator4 ,?is disposition to        
disease1 su* z !y all[$  x to be1 0     
consid]$ by "s ( !m z ! effect ( a      
peculi>  quality 9 ! =bidd5 fruit2 by   
o!rs1 z hav+ be5 contract$  f ! poison\s
 brea? ( ! inf]nal _s :i* inhabit$ !    
s]p5t's body4 ,on "o po9t !y 7 all      
unit$2 by pres]v+ to !  s\l ! bright    
traces ( h] div9e orig9 unimpair$1 !y   
f\nd$ on  a deceitful basis an arrogant 
cre$1 :i*1 9 decl>+ peace &  p>don to ! 
s9n]1 re/$ m ^u p]sonal m]it ?an !      
satisfaction ( a ,savi\r4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u 
! celebrat$ ,book (  ,s5t5ces1 a "w once
 n mu* less rev]$ ?an ! ,scriptures     
!mselves1 ! disciples ( ,lomb>d nev]    
fail$ to improve e h9t  :i* t5d$ to     
degrade ! grace ( ,god & exalt ! pride (
 man4  ,orig9al s9 ! ,romi% s*oolm5     
directly oppos$ to orig9al              
righte\sness2 & ?is !y consid]$ n z     

some?+ connatural )  man1 b z a         
sup]9duc$ habit or adv5titi\s ornam5t1 !
 removal  ( :i* c\ld n prove detrim5tal 
to ! native p[]s ( 8 m9d4  ,:51 !re=e1  
!y contemplat$ ! effects ( ! fall1 by   
conf9+  ! evil to a corporeal ta9t1 & n 
ext5d+ x to ! nobl]  faculties ( ! s\l1 
!y reg>d$ man z an object ( div9e       
displeasure1 n because he possess$ t :i*
 0 (f5sive1 b  because he 0 defective 9 
t :i* 0 pleas+ to ! ,almighty4  ,adam1  
!y said1 receiv$ = himself & 8 po/]ity !
 gift (  righte\sness1 :i* he           
subsequ5tly =feit$2 9 8 lo9s we 7       
includ$1 & by him 7 virtually repres5t$3
 8 w 0 ours1 &  h5ce ! consequ5ce ( 8   
lapse is ju/ly imputable to u 8         
desc5dants4 ,by our natural bir?1 !re=e1
 "u ?is idea1 we are  ali5at$ f ,god1   
innoc5t 9 our individual p]sons1 b      
guilty  9 t ( him f :om we d]iv$ our    
exi/5ce2 a guilt :i*1  al?\gh contract$ 
?r\gh ! fault ( ano!r1 yet s closely    
adh]es  to u t x effectually precludes  
our entrance at ! gate (  ev]la/+ life1 

until ! reception ( a new bir? 9        
baptism4 ,?us  !y cont5d$1 t ! s9 (     
,adam conveys to u solely imput$ guilt2 
! corporeal infection :i* !y admitt$ n  
be+ s9 itself1 b  only ! subject matt] (
 x1--n peccatum1 b1 accord+ to _!       
phraseology1 fomes peccati1 a k9d ( fuel
 :i* ! human w  k9dles or n at pleasure4
 ,su* 0 ! outl9e ( ! doctr9e  ma9ta9$ 9 
! *ur* ( ,rome4 ,! t5et ( ! ,lu!rans1 on
 !  o!r h&1 is rem>kable = its          
simplicity & p]spicuity4 ,avoid+  all   
intricate que/ions ^u ! subject1 !y     
taught t orig9al s9  is a corruption (  
our nature 9 a g5]al s5se1 a depravation
 ( !  m5tal faculties & ! corporeal     
appetites2 t ! respl5d5t image  ( !     
,deity1 :i* man receiv$ at ! creation ( 
! _w1 al?\gh  n annihilat$1 is nev]!less
 greatly impair$2 & t1 9  consequ5ce1 ! 
bright *>act]s ( unspott$ sanctity1 once
 deeply  engrav5 on 8 m9d by ! h& ( !   
liv+ ,god1 are become  oblit]at$1 !     
injury ext5d+ to 8 intellect1 & affect+ 
z  well 8 reason & 8 w z 8 affections & 

passions4 ,to conceive  t incl9ation to 
evil incurs n 9 itself ! disapprobation 
(  ,heav51 appe>$ to !m little bett] ?an
 an apology = crime1 or at  lea/ a      
dang]\s palliation ( t :i* ! ,*ri/ian's 
duty compels  him n only to repress b   
abhor4    ,! case ( ,cornelius1 ^:      
pray]s & alms are said to h asc5d$  up =
 a memorial be=e ,god1 0 (t5 quot$1 by !
 advocates ( !  *ur* ( ,rome1 to prove !
 m]it ( works be=e ! reception (  grace2
 to prove ! human w capable1 by its own 
inh]5t rectitude1  ( des]v+ ! fav\r &   
approbation ( ,heav54 ,! ,lu!rans1 on ! 
o!r h&1 cont5d$1 t ! argum5t support$ n 
! conclusion  drawn f x1 & 0 !re=e      
irrelevant2 t ! works ( ,cornelius  7 n 
! causes b ! effects ( grace2 & t ?is is
  suffici5tly app>5t f ! context1 9 :i* 
he is describ$ z a  dev\t man1 :o fe>$  
,god & pray$ cont9ually40 ,! disciples (
  ,lomb>d1 9 :atev] mode dispos$ to     
p]v]t reason & annihilate  ,scripture1  
univ]sally held1 t nei!r be=e nor aft] !
 fall 0  man 9 himself capable ( m]it+  

heav52 t by ! gratuit\s  end[m5ts ( 8   
creation1 ev5 9 p>adise1 he 0 only      
enabl$ to  pres]ve 8 innoc5ce1 & n to   
s92 & t he 0 utt]ly  incompet5t to      
proce$ "o /ep f>!r1 efficaci\sly to w a 
remun]able good1 & by 8 natural ex]tions
 to obta9 a rew>d above  8 nature2      
orig9al righte\sness be+ reput$ n a     
connate quality1  b a sup]natural habit4
 ,?us1 he c\ld resi/ evil1 b n advance  
good to p]fection2 c\ld 9 "s s5se live  
well1 by liv+ free f  s91 b c\ld n )\t  
div9e aid s live z to des]ve ev]la/+    
life4 ,= su* a purpose !y ass]t$ t grace
 0 necess>y1 to  op]ate ^u 8 w 9 its    
prim>y det]m9ations1 & to co-op]ate  ) x
 9 its ultimate acts4 ,x 01 !re=e1 9 !  
loss ( ?is  cele/ial aid1 ?is sup]add$  
gift1 & n 9 any depravity ( 8  m9d1 t !y
 suppos$ ! pr9cipal evil d]ivable f 8   
lapse to  consi/2 a loss1 h[ev]1 :i*1 by
 a due ex]tion ( 8 innate  abilities1 !y
 deem$ to be retrievable2 & h5ce sprung 
t  (f5sive doctr9e ( human suffici5cy   
:i*1 9 ! ,lu!ran's eye1  completely     

obscur$ ! glory ( ! ,gospel1 & :i*1 :5  
appli$ to  ! s9n]'s consci5ce1 taught ! 
haughty to presume1 & ! humble  to      
despair4 ,accord+1 !n1 to ! sy/em "u    
consid]ation1 !  fav\r ( ,god 9 ?is     
life1 & 8 beatific vision 9 ! life to   
come1  are bo? atta9able by p]sonal     
m]it2 ! =m] by congru\s1 z x  0 t]m$1 ! 
latt] by condign2 ! "o )\t1 ! o!r )1  ! 
assi/ance ( grace4 ,by our natural      
/r5g?1 x 0 said1 we c  fulfil ! comm&s (
 ,god z f> z _! obligation ext5ds2 yet 0
  x add$1 t we _c fulfil !m accord+ to !
 int5tion ( !  div9e ,legislator2 an    
int5tion ( rew>d+ only ^? :o obey !m 9  
virtue =m$ by *>ity1 "u ! influ5ce ( a  
quality r  regulat+ ! t5d5cy1 ?an       
augm5t+ ! purity1 ( ! action4 ,!y  /at$1
 t we may s prep>e ourselves = grace z  
to become entitl$  to x congru\sly1 n z 
to a debt :i* 9 /rict ju/ice ,god is    
b\nd  to pay1 b z to a grant :i* x is   
congru\s 9 him to give1 &  :i* x w\ld be
 inconsi/5t ) 8 attributes to )hold4    
,?is  fav\rite doctr9e 0 support$ by e  

d5om9ation ( s*ola/ics1  & by e         
individual ( ! *ur* ( ,rome4 ,congru\s  
m]it 0  univ]sally e/eem$ a pe>l above  
all price1 ! intr9sic value (  :i*      
attract$ ! reg>d1 & conciliat$ !        
b5evol5ce1 ( !  ,almighty4 ,accord+ to  
_! conception1 we are end[$ ) an innate 
prop5sity to good1 :i* vice itself c    
nev] oblit]ate1 & are able  n only to   
rev]5ce & adore ! supreme ,be+1 b to    
love him above  o!r objects4 ,!y suppos$
 man compet5t no less to ! effici5t     
practice1 ?an to ! b>r5 admiration1 (   
hol9ess2 enabl$ z well to  obey ! laws1 
z to love ! goodness1 ( ! ,almighty2 &1 
if n to  des]ve ! rew>ds1 at lea/ to    
dis*>ge ! obligations1 ( religion4      
,impress$1 !re=e1 ) su* exalt$ notions (
 human ability1 &  =getful ( ! ,*ri/ian 
propitiation = s91 ! sophi/s ( !  s*ools
 ma9ta9$1 t ! s\l ( man possesses 9 !   
fre$om1 or  r 9 ! capacity1 ( h] ,,w a  
faculty almo/ div9e4 ,/imulat$  by ! mo/
 upright prop5sities1 & undeprav$ 9 h]  
noble/ p[]s1  %e directs h] progress 9 !

 pa? ( tru? & ! road to bliss1 by  !    
pure & inext+ui%able light ( an unp]v]t$
 reason4 ,al?\gh  mutable 9 h]          
decisions1 nev]!less complete controll] 
( h]  conduct1 %e becomes at pleasure   
ei!r ! s]vant ( righte\sness or  ! slave
 ( s92 &1 disda9+ to be anticipat$ by   
,god himself1  prev5ts him 9 8          
sup]natural gifts by a previ\s display (
 h] own  m]itori\s de$s1 *all5g+1 z a   
congru\s "r1 t :i* only  c\ld h be5     
o!rwise conf]r$ z a fav\r undes]v$4 ,by 
! b>e  obs]vance ( my holy ord]10       
exclaim$ ! seclud$ devotee1 ,i am able  
n solely to obta9 grace = myself1 b1 by 
! works :i* ,i !n  may d1 c accumulate  
m]it suffici5t bo? to supply my own     
wants &  ^? ( o!rs2 s t ,i may sell !   
sup]abundance ( my acquir$  treasure40  
,c we be surpris$ t a re=m] ( ,lu!r's   
manly  disposition1 :o wrote )\t res]ve 
& reason$ )\t control1  :5 adv]t+ to    
op9ions ( s noxi\s a t5d5cy1 %\ld       
sometimes1  f excess ( zeal1 lose sight 
( mod]ation 9 8 c5sures8 ,!  ,lu!rans   

comm5c$ ! attack ^u ^! unscriptural     
dogmas1 "u a  p]suasion t ! position (  
_! oppon5ts militat$ aga9/ !  lead+     
pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,if man10 !y   
said1 be capable (  pleas+ ,god by 8 own
 works ab/ract$ly consid]$1 )\t div9e   
assi/ance1 :]e is ! necessity1 & :at is 
! utility1 ( t  assi/ance80 ,!y argu$1  
t1 7 x possible = ! moral virtues  ( !  
m9d by _! own effici5cy to r5d] our     
p]sons acceptable to  ,god & obta9 8 lo/
 fav\r1 no ne$ w\ld exi/ ( any o!r      
satisfaction = s91 & ?us ! :ole s*eme ( 
,gospel r$emption  w\ld h be5 fruitless1
 & ,*ri/ h di$ 9 va94 ,:ile1  !re=e1 !  
doctr9e ( ! atonem5t pres5t$ no?+ b a   
cl\d  & d>kness to _! adv]s>ies1 x gave 
light by night to ^!2 on  !m x %one1    
amid/ surr\nd+ gloom1 ) lu/re unobscur$4
 ,lu!r  advanc$ a proposition :i* prov$ 
highly (f5sive to ! ,papi/s1 &  :i* !y  
nev] ceas$ to condemn & calumniate4 ,8  
ass]tion 01  t he :o ex]ts himself to ! 
utmo/ ( 8 ability /ill cont9ues  to s94 
,on ! o!r side1 unassi/$ man 0 ?\ght    

incapable (  p]=m+ an action remun]ably 
good1 or1 z x 0 usually t]m$1  condignly
 m]itori\s1 ev5 be=e 8 lapse2 & t       
consequ5tly1 9  8 fall5 /ate1 all to :i*
 he 0 conceiv$ compet5t by 8 innate     
/r5g? 0 n to s94 ,:5 ,lu!r !re=e drew up
 8 !sis =  public disputation aga9/ !   
t5et ( congru\s works1 if little        
delicacy1 yet "s caution1 & mu*         
discrim9ation1 appe>$ requisite4  ,_h he
 /at$ !m to be ?us good 9 a s*ola/ic    
s5se1 he w\ld h  completely lo/ sight ( 
8 object1 & all[$ m ?an ev5 8  oppon5ts 
!mselves4 ,_h he describ$ !m z n        
dem]itori\s1 or1 9  o!r words1 n s9ful1 
he w\ld h precisely ma9ta9$ ! adv]se    
position1 & might consequ5tly h sp>$ 8  
lab\r1 at ! same  "t t he w\ld h tacitly
 ackn[l$g$ !m to possess1 :at he  c\ld n
 consi/5tly ) tru? attribute to !m1 e   
natural  p]fection ( virtue & hol9ess4  
,"u :at d5om9ation1 !n1 c\ld  he class  
!m1 except "u t ( s9ful8 a d5om9ation   
:i* he  ! m readily adopt$ because1 ev5 
among 8 adv]s>ies !mselves1  ! words    

,,s9 & ,,grace1 z he rem>k$1 7 9 g5]al  
imm$iately  oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,anxi\s  
to rescue ,*ri/ian !ology f !  grasp (  
^? :o embrac$ only to betray1 ! ,lu!rans
 lab\r$ to  re/ore t importance to !    
doctr9e ( r$emption ) :i* !  ,scriptures
 inve/ x1 b ( :i*1 by a subtle p]v]sity1
 x _h be5  depriv$4 ,! pr9cipal object1 
!re=e1 9 _! view evid5tly 01  to        
,*ri/ianize ! speculations ( ! s*ools2 &
 ! pr9cipal drift  ( _! argum5t is to   
prove1 t human virtue1 h[ extravagantly 
soev] extoll$ by a va9 philosophy1 is   
:olly insuffici5t 7because  imp]fect7 to
 m]it ! fav\r ( ,heav54 ,all[+ no m$ium 
betwe5  righte\sness & unrighte\sness1 !
 approbation & disapprobation (  !      
,almighty1 *>act]iz+ t z s9ful :i* is   
confess$ly n  holy1 & ?us annihilat+ e  
gr\nd ( self-presumption1 !y  inculcat$ 
! necessity ( contemplat+ ) ! eye ( fai?
 ^?  means ( reconciliation :i*         
,*ri/ianity alone af=ds4 ,b x has  be5  
ins9uat$1 t ! ,lu!ran doctr9e w5t to    
prove man's total  inability to         

extricate himself f crime1 until !      
arrival ( "s  unc]ta9 mom5t1 :i* br+s ) 
x a reg5]ation f on high1 !  sudd5      
transfusion ( a new light & new virtues4
 ,b ^? :o ?us  conceive ( x are n       
probably aw>e1 t ,melanc?on1 ! v5]able  
au?or ( ! ,augsburgh ,confession1 w>mly 
reprobates ?is precise idea1  :i* he    
d5om9ates a ,mani*ean conceit & a       
horrible falsehood4  ,^u ! ab/ract "q ( 
free w x is inde$ true1 t  ,melanc?on1  
no less ?an ,lu!r1 at fir/ held op9ions 
:i* he 0  happy to retract4 ,b :5 ?is is
 ackn[l$g$ x %\ld be add$1 t  he made   
ample am5ds = 8 indiscretion by n only  
expung+ !  (f5sive passages f ! s+le "w 
:i* conta9$ !m1 b by  introduc+ o!rs ( a
 nature diametrically opposite4 ,&      
al?\gh !  m inflexible coadjutor (      
,melanc?on 0 too l(ty to correct :at he 
_h once made public1 & too magnanim\s to
 reg>d ! *>ge (  inconsi/5cy :i* 8      
adv]s>ies urg$ aga9/ him2 yet :at 8     
bett] judgm5t approv$ cle>ly appe>s f a 
preface writt5 n long  be=e 8 dea?2 9   

:i*1 :ile he express$ an anxiety to h 8 
own *aotic lab\rs1 z he /yl$ !m1 buri$ 9
 et]nal oblivion1 he  recomm5d$ 9 /rong 
t]ms1 z a "w admirably adapt$ to =m !   
,*ri/ian div9e1 t v p]=mance ( 8 fri5d  
:i* 0  rem>kable = some?+ m ?an a m]e   
recantation ( ! op9ions  allud$ to4 ,x 0
 n aga9/ any conceiv$ defici5cy 9 !     
quality  ( our virtue t !y argu$1 b     
aga9/ its suppos$ compet5cy1  :e!r      
wr\ght 9 or out ( grace1 ) great] or    
less degrees (  purity1 to effect t :i* 
! oblation ( ,*ri/ alone accompli%es4   
,^u bo? po9ts ,lu!r treat$ ! doctr9e ( 8
 adv]s>ies z  altoge!r frivol\s1 &      
incapable ( corroboration by a s+le     
fact4  ,futile1 h[ev]1 z ! s*ola/ical   
t5et appe>$ to be1 al?\gh  defici5t 9   
pro( & unsupport$ by example1 ^u ?is1 he
 rem>k$  ) indignation & grief1 0 f\nd$ 
! :ole sy/em ( papal  delusion4         
,ju/ification 0 on bo? sides suppos$ to 
consi/ entirely 9 !  remission ( s9s4 ,!
 popi% s*ola/ics1 on ?is head1 7        
rem>kably di/9ct 9 _! ideas1 & express 9

 _! language4  ,!y repres5t$ x z an     
effect produc$ by ! infusion ( div9e    
grace into ! m9d2 n z a consequ5t to a  
well sp5t life1 b z  prec$+ all         
remun]able ob$i5ce1 z ! int]v5+ po9t    
betwe5  night & day1 ! gloom ( a guilty 
& ! light ( a self-approv+  consci5ce2  
or1 9 o!r words1 & to adopt _! own      
phraseology1 z  ! exact b\nd>y :]e m]it 
( congruity ends & :]e m]it (           
condignity beg9s1 ! infallible result ( 
a previ\s disposition on  our "p1 :i*   
nev] fails ( allur+ f on high t         
sup]natural  quality :i*1 be+ itself    
love1 r5d]s ! s\l belov$4 ,:ile !       
,lu!rans1 h[ev]1 adh]$ to ! g5]al import
 ( ! t]m z  und]/ood 9 ! s*ools1 !y wag$
 an incessant w>f>e ^u  ano!r po9t2 :ile
 !y all[$ t ju/ification consi/s 9 !    
remission ( s91 !y d5i$ t ?is remission 
is to be acquir$ by  ! m]it ( !         
individual4 ,_! s*ola/ic oppon5ts       
ma9ta9$  t man is ju/ifi$ 9 ! sight (   
,god 9 consequ5ce ( 8 own  prep>ation1 &
 on acc\nt ( 8 p]sonal qualities4 ,!y1  

on !  o!r b&1 argu$ ) an inflexibility  
:i* admitt$ ( no  compromise1 t1        
possess+ n m]its ( 8 own to plead1 man  
freely receiv$ =giv5ess ?r\gh ! m]cy (  
,god solely on acc\nt  ( ! m]its (      
,*ri/4 ,! effective pr9ciple1 !re=e1 or 
m]itori\s cause ( ju/ification1 0 !     
great po9t conte/$4  ,! doctr9e ( !     
popi% div9es1 expla9$ m at l>ge1 0 ?is3 
,:5 ! s9n]1 consci\s ( 8 pa/            
transgressions1 inquir$ :]e  he 0 to    
seek ! expiation ( 8 crime1 & deliv]ance
 f !  dreadful consequ5ces ( x1 ! g5]al 
answ] 01 ,9 ! m]it (  p5it5ce2 a m]it   
capable ( annihilat+ guilt1 & appeas+ ! 
ang] ( inc5s$ ,omnipot5ce4 ,he1 !y      
argu$1 :o1 hav+ disobey$  ! laws (      
,heav51 is desir\s ( return+ into t /ate
 (  acceptance f :i* he has fall51 mu/ n
 expect free =giv5ess2  b previ\sly by  
unfeign$ sorr[ ( he>t des]ve !          
re/oration (  grace1 &1 ) x1 !          
oblit]ation ( 8 (f5ces4 ,to effect ?is  
desirable purpose he is b\nd /rictly to 
survey & dete/ 8 =m]  conduct1          

accurately to enum]ate 8 transgressions 
& deeply feel  !m2 &1 impress$ ) a due  
s5se ( _! magnitude1 impurity1  &       
consequ5ces1 to condemn 8 folly &       
deplore 8 fault1 :i*  h made him an     
outca/ ( ,heav51 & expos$ him to et]nal 
mis]y4  ,s f> he c proce$ by t op]ation 
( ! m9d :i* !y  d5om9at$ ,,attrition1 & 
:i*1 be+ )9 ! sph]e ( 8  natural p[]s1  
!y reg>d$ z congru\s piety m]itori\s (  
ju/ification1 z a prep>ation ( ! s\l m  
or less necess>y to  receive & m]it     
ju/ify+ grace4 ,:51 !re=e1 he is arriv$ 
at  ?is po9t1 ,,attrition ceases &      
,,contrition comm5ces2 ! habit (  s9 is 
expell$1 :ile t ( hol9ess is sup]9duc$ 9
 its /ead1  & ) ! infusion ( *>ity1 !   
pla/ic pr9ciple ( a new  ob$i5ce1       
ju/ification becomes complete4 ,b ev5 "h
 x 0 n  conceiv$ t a total deliv]ance   
takes place2 a lib]ation f  guilt &     
et]nal puni%m5t is effect$1 b n f       
temporal1  :i* is nev] remitt$ unless   
ei!r by ! infliction ( "s  p]sonal      
suff]+ or satisfactory comp5sation      

requir$ ( him :o is  already ju/ifi$ &  
approv$ by ,heav54 ,h[ev]1 to accompli% 
?is  rema9+ object1 no?+ m is want+ ?an 
a cont9uation1 to a  suffici5t int5sity1
 ( t compunction ( he>t :i* is n[       
d5om9at$ ,,contrition1 grace supply+ !  
defects ( nature1 &  enabl+ p5it5tial   
m]it n only to ju/ify1 b to obta9       
exemption f puni%m5t ( e species4 ,b s  
great appe>$ to  ! popi% s*ola/ics !    
frailty ( man & ! sev]ity ( ,god1  t no 
inconsid]able difficulty occurr$ 9 ! due
 application (  ?is fav\rite doctr9e to 
individuals2 = ! means ( expiation1  !y 
imag9$1 ought always to be proportionate
 to ! magnitude (  ! (f5ces4 ,h[10 !y   
reason$1 are we to be assur$ t our      
contrition has be5 ei!r suffici5t or    
s9c]e1 & :e!r x has  be5 s 9 !          
oblit]ation n only ( "o crime1 b ( all2 
:e!r  x has aton$ = pa/ transgressions (
 e k9d1 ! numb] (  :i* may p]plex1 z    
well z _! guilt conf\nd1 u80 ,in/ead1   
!re=e1 ( p5it5ce 9 its /ricte/          
acceptation z a p]fect  virtue1 ,god1 !y

 said1 9 condesc5sion to human          
infirmity1 has  sub/itut$ = g5]al       
practice ! sacram5t ( p5it5ce1 :i*1  = !
 atta9m5t ( full remission1 requires    
only a mod]ate  compunction ( s\l1 )    
confession to ! prie/1 & ! dis*>ge  (   
su* satisfaction z he may enjo94 ,&1    
/ill l[] to r$uce !  t]ms ( acceptance1 
!y ev5 argu$ t x is n absolutely        
necess>y = ! p5it5t to exp]i5ce an      
entire conv]sion (  he>t1 b only n to   
oppose ! imp$im5t ( mortal crime1 to    
feel  "s displeasure at 8 pa/ conduct1 &
 to express a resolution (  am5d+ x 9   
future4 ,b1 aft] all1 & 9 spite ( !     
boa/$  au?ority ( ! keys1 complete      
confid5ce 9 div9e =giv5ess 0  nev]      
inculcat$2 = x 0 nei!r ! int]e/ nor !   
incl9ation  ( ! *ur* ( ,rome to tea* !  
simple doctr9e ( ,*ri/ian fai?1  b r to 
involve x 9 metaphysical obscurity4 ,"u 
! pretext1  !re=e1 ( reliev+ ! ?robb+   
brea/ f its appreh5sions1  !y _h rec\rse
 to num]\s inv5tions = propp+ ! insecure
  fabric ( p5it5tial hope2 ass]t+1 among

 o!r extravagancies1  t ! sacram5ts are 
9 !mselves efficaci\s by virtue ( _!    
own op]ation1 exclusively ( all m]it 9 !
 recipi5t2 & t !  sacram5t ( ! alt>1 9  
p>ticul>1 acts s p[]ful 9 ?is  respect z
 to communicate grace n only to ^? :o   
p>take ( x1  b to o!rs f :om x is       
receiv$ by sub/itution1 provid$ its     
op]ation be n h9d]$ by confess$ly       
flagrant immorality4 ,s  deeply root$ 9 
! m9ds ( ! papi/s _h become ! p]suasion 
(  its ?us effect+ ! be/ ( purposes1 & t
 ev5 )\t !  necessity ( an actual       
p>ticipation ( x by him ^u :om !  b5efit
 is conf]r$1 t ! celebration ( ! mass 0 
univ]sally  reg>d$ z ! means ( appeas+ !
 ang] ( ,heav51 & obta9+  p>don & peace1
 ( procur+ div9e assi/ance = ! liv+1 &1 
= ! dead1 deliv]ance f ! bitt] pa9s (   
purgatory4 ,nor by  ! sacram5ts alone1 b
 by e good ext]nal "w1 z well z  int]nal
 disposition1 0 ju/ify+ grace suppos$ to
 be m]it$  congru\sly1 & satisfaction = 
s9 to be made condignly4 ,9  mona/ical  
in/itutions1 likewise1 7 f\nd no mean   

mat]ials =  simil> purposes2 = 9 ^?     
feign$ religions10 z ! homily ,on  ,good
 ,works describes !m1 ! devotees boa/$ (
 hav+ lamps :i*  ran always ov]1 able to
 satisfy n only = _! own s9s1 b  also = 
all o!r _! b5efactors1 bro!rs & si/]s ( 
religion1 z mo/ ungodly & craftily !y _h
 p]suad$ !  multitude ( ignorant p2     
keep+ 9 div]s places m>ts or  m>kets (  
m]its1 be+ full ( _! holy relics1       
images1 %r9es1  & works ( ov]fl[+       
abundance1 ready to be sold40 ,yet1 :e!r
  ! dubi\s p5it5t 0 in/ruct$ to d]ive   
consolation f !  efficacy ( ! sacram5ts1
 f 8 own p]sonal qualities1 or f  any ( 
:at ,cranm] aptly t]m$ 8! fanta/ical    
works ( man's  inv5tion10 x %\ld be     
obs]v$ t he 0 n directly taught to      
consid] ^! z :olly sup]s$+ ! virtue (   
rep5tance1 b z  supply+ 8 defici5cies 9 
! p]=mance ( x2 an incongru\s  sy/em (  
atonem5t1 fabricat$ by ! av>ice ( ,rome1
 & !  obsequi\sness ( s*ola/ical        
philosophy1 to augm5t ! treasures  &    
ext5d ! influ5ce ( ! *ur*1 to ext+ui% ! 

light (  ,gospel tru?1 &1 :ile keep+ !  
_w at l>ge 9 ignorance1 to  hold !      
consci5ce ( ! individual 9 slav]y4 ,^u !
 :ole1  !n1 ! s*ola/ics ma9ta9$ t       
ju/ification is unatta9able  )\t        
rep5tance1 at lea/1 )\t "s degree (     
attrition on our  "p2 b 9 ! common      
appreh5sion ( ! doctr9e ev5 ?is seems   
to h be5 =gott51 & m]it ( congruity     
consid]$ 9 a g5]al  po9t ( view z alone 
efficaci\s4 ,?us good works ( e species 
prec$+ grace 7 said to des]ve x1 &1 by  
des]v+ grace1 to  des]ve ! ju/ify+      
pr9ciple4 ,& always 7 !y c>eful to      
impute ! cause ( =giv5ess1 n to ! m]cy (
 ,god 9 ,*ri/1  b to ! sole *ange 9 !   
individual1 to 8 transmutation f a  /ate
 ( unrighte\sness to "o ( righte\sness1 
to 8 possession (  a quality :i* r5d]s  
him a wor?y object ( div9e approbation4 
,=  9 e in/ance p]sonal m]it 0 conceiv$ 
to be ! solid basis  ^u :i* re/s !      
complete remission ( s94 ,^u no "o po9t1
  p]haps1 has ! op9ion ( ,lu!r be5 m    
misrepres5t$ ?an ^u  ?is4 ,"s h ascrib$ 

to x a solifidian t5d5cy1 if n ( !  mo/ 
en?usia/ical1 at lea/1 ( ! mo/          
unqualifi$1 description4  ,b x seems    
inde$ impossible accurately to compreh5d
 ! position  :i* he ma9ta9$1 if we      
exam9e x 9 an insulat$ po9t ( view1     
unless we connect x ) t ( :i* 9 ! *ur* (
 ,rome x  prop]ly =m$ a "p1 & f :i* he  
nev] int5d$ to sep>ate  x1--! doctr9e ( 
p5it5ce4 ,9 oppos+ ! absurdity ( papal  
indulg5ces1 7! fir/ impiety aga9/ :i* 8 
manly m9d  revolt$17 a ray ( light1 be=e
 unnotic$1 d>t$ ^u him1 &  op5$ a       
completely new sc5e1 :i*1 :ile x        
/imulat$ 8 ef=ts  z a re=m]1 animat$ 8  
hopes z a ,*ri/ian4 ,h5ce1 av]t+ )      
disda9 f ! speculations ( sophi/s1 &    
turn+ to ! sacr$  page ( revelation1 he 
!re beheld an affiance v diff]5t f  :at 
! s*ools inculcat$2 & ?us1 :ile _! va9  
language  01 ,rep5t1 & tru/ to !        
efficacy ( y\r contrition1 ei!r )  or   
)\t extrane\s works1 accord+ to ! degree
 ( its int5sity1  = ! expiation ( y\r   
(f5ces20 81 m ,scriptural & m  consol+1 

became simply ?is3 ,rep5t1 & tru/ n =   
expiation to  y\r own m]its ( any k9d1 b
 solely to ^? ( y\r ,r$eem]40  ,reject+ 
! dreams ( _! adv]s>ies ) respect to !  
nature  & effects ( ?is important duty1 
!y repres5t$ x z consi/+  ( two ess5tial
 p>ts1 ,,contrition & ,,fai?1 ! latt] z 
always  associat$ ) ! =m]4 ,h5ce1 9 !   
,apology ( _! ,confession1  !y repeat$ly
 decl>$ a disav[al ( all fai?1 except   
su* z  exi/s 9 ! contrite he>t4 ,f> 0 x 
f _! int5tion to  enc\rage ! presumptu\s
 or fanatical s9n] 9 a false security2  
_! object 0 v diff]5t & laudable1--!y   
lab\r$ to fix  ! eye ( him :o bo? lam5ts
 & dete/s 8 (f5ces1 ^u !  only des]v+   
object ( human confid5ce & div9e        
complac5cy4  ,prop]ly1 !n1 z !y         
frequ5tly rem>k$1 _! doctr9e (          
ju/ification 0 appropriat$ to tr\bl$    
consci5ces1 at e  p]iod ( true          
rep5tance1 & p>ticul>ly at ! awful h\r (
  dea?1 :5 ! "t = habitual pro(s (      
am5dm5t has elaps$1 &  :5 ! pa/ appe>s  
replete ) guilt & ! future ) t]ror4  ,at

 su* mom5ts1 !y taught n1 ) ! s*ools1 an
 affiance 9  human m]it1 b 9 ! gratuit\s
 m]cy ( ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/3 to            
contrition1 z a prep>atory qualification
 or previ\s requisite1 !y  add$ fai?2 & 
f fai? !y deem$ e pr9ciple ( real piety 
& virtue insep>able4 ,good works1 or !  
outw>d fruits ( an inw>d  r5ovation (   
m9d1 7 said to foll[ remission ( s9s2   
int]nal necess>ily prec$+ ext]nal       
re=mation4 ,= !  individual1 !y argu$1  
mu/ himself be good be=e ! action c be  
s d5om9at$1 be ju/ifi$ be=e x c be deem$
 j1 &  accept$ be=e x c prove           
acceptable1--di/+ui%+ betwe5 !  prim>y  
admission into ,god's fav\r1 & !        
subsequ5t pres]vation  ( t fav\r4    ,! 
unfa?omable dep?s ( div9e pr$e/9ation & 
pr$et]m9ation  human reason 9 va9       
attempts to s\nd1 f9ite faculties to    
scan  inf9ite1 or ! limit$ intellect (  
man to compreh5d ! imm5sity (  !        
,godhead4 ,erasmus1 a peculi> fav\rite )
 ! re=m]s ( our own  c\ntry1 :5         
contemplat+ ?is inexplicable subject1   

obs]v$1 t 9  ! ,holy ,scriptures !re are
 c]ta9 secret recesses1 :i* ,god is     
unwill+ = u too m9utely to explore2 &   
:i*1 if we endeav\r to  explore1 9      
proportion z we p5etrate f>!r1 our m9ds 
become m  & m oppress$ ) d>kness &      
/upefaction2 t ?us we might  ackn[l$ge !
 inscrutable maje/y ( ! div9e wisdom1 & 
!  imbecility ( ! human m9d40 ,cong5ial1
 also1 ) ! feel+s &  s5tim5ts ( ,erasmus
 ^u ?is po9t 7 ^? ( ,lu!r4 ,to acquire  
any k10 he rem>k$1 ( a deity n reveal$ 9
 ,scripture1 to  "k :at 8 exi/5ce is1 8 
actions & dispositions1 belongs n to    
me4 ,my duty is only ?is2 to "k :at are 
8 precepts1 8 promises1  & 8 ?reat5+s4  
,p]nici\s & pe/il5t is ! ?\ght (        
inve/igat+ causes1 & br+s ) x inevitable
 ru91 especially  :5 we asc5d too high1 
& wi% to philosophize ^u pr$e/9ation40  
,h[ diff]5tly ,calv9 felt ^u ! same     
subject1 & ) :at little  res]ve1 or r ) 
:at bold tem]ity1 he lab\r$ to scrut9ize
  ! unreveal$ ,div9ity1 is too well kn[n
 to require any ?+ beyond a  b>e        

allusion to ! circum/ance4 ,8 s5tim5ts1 
h[ev]1 7 mu*  less reg>d$ ?an "s are    
dispos$ to all[2 & ^u ?is p>ticul>  "q1 
s f> 7 !y f hav+ atta9$ _! full         
celebrity at  ! p]iod :5 ! articles ( ! 
*ur* ( ,engl& 7 fram$1 t  !y 7 n taught 
)\t opposition ev5 9 8 own unimportant  
t]ritory ( ,g5eva4 ,= at t precise era  
he 0 publicly accus$ 7by  ,seba/ian     
,ca/ellio7 ( mak+ ,god ! au?or ( s92 &  
al?\gh1 n  cont5t$ ) sil5c+1 he fir/    
imprison$ & aft]w>d bani%$ 8  accus]1   
yet he c\ld n expel ! op9ions ( 8       
adv]s>y4 ,:ile !  *ur* ( ,rome ma9ta9$ a
 pr$e/9ation to life ( "o man 9         
pref]5ce to ano!r individually on acc\nt
 ( p]sonal m]it1 !  ,lu!rans taught a   
gratuit\s pr$e/9ation ( ,*ri/ians       
collectively1  ( ^? :om ,god has *os5 9 
,*ri/ out ( mank9d2 & by ?is  s+le po9t 
( diff]5ce 7 ! cont5d+ op9ions          
pr9cipally  contradi/+ui%$4 ,) u ! sy/em
 ( ,calv9 /ill reta9s s _m  zeal\s      
advocates1 t to a mod]n e> ! v t]m      
,,pr$e/9ation  seems to convey a mean+  

only con=mable ) 8 p>ticul> sy/em4  ,x  
%\ld1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ?is ^w 0 9     
famili> use =  c5turies be=e !          
,re=mation1 9 a s5se1 v diff]5t f :at   
,calv9 imput$ to x1 n z prec$+ ! div9e  
presci5ce1 b z  result+ f x1 mu* 9 !    
same s5se z t 9 :i* x has s9ce  be5     
support$ by ! ,arm9ians4 ,yet1 obvi\s z 
?is appe>s1 writ]s  ( respectability    
/rangely p]suade !mselves1 t1 imm$iately
 prior  to ! ,re=mation1 ! doctr9es ( ! 
*ur* ( ,rome 7 completely  ,calv9i/ical2
 a conclusion to :i*1 c]ta9ly1 none c   
subscribe :o  are suffici5tly conv]sant 
) ! fav\rite productions ( t "t4  ,s f>1
 inde$1 0 ?is f be+ ! fact1 t ,calv9    
peculi>ly  prid$ himself on dep>t+ f !  
common def9ition ( ! t]m1  :i* _h long  
be5 adopt$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! s*ools1 &   
reta9$ ) a scrupul\s precision4 ,= :ile 
!y held t !  expression pr$e/9ati is    
exclusively applicable to ! elect1 :om  
,god1 =ekn[+ z m]itori\s objects ( 8    
m]cy1 pr$e/9ates to  life2 & :ile !y    
appropriat$ t ( prsciti to ! non-elect1 

^: p]sev]ance 9 transgression is simply 
=ekn[n2 ,calv91 on !  o!r side1 treat+ !
 di/9ction z a frivol\s subt]fuge1      
cont5d$ t ,god1 decree+ ! f9al doom ( ! 
elect & non-elect  irrespectively1      
pr$e/9ates bo?1 n subsequ5tly b         
previ\sly to  all =ekn[l$ge ( _!        
individual dispositions1 especially     
devotes  ! latt] to de/ruction ?r\gh !  
m$ium ( crime1 & creates !m  by a fatal 
de/9y to p]i%4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 mod]n    
conjecture may  h attribut$ to ! popi%  
s*ola/ics1 x is c]ta9 t1 abhorr+  e     
speculation :i* t5ds 9 ! remote/ degree 
to make ,god !  au?or ( s91 !y believ$ t
 only salut>y good is pr$e/9at$2  grace 
to ^? :o des]ve x congru\sly1 & glory to
 ^? :o  des]ve x condignly4 ,!y ma9ta9$ 
t almighty ,god1 be=e !  f\ndations ( ! 
_w 7 laid1 survey+ 9 8 compreh5sive     
idea1  or1 z !y phras$ x1 9 8 presci5ce 
( simple intellig5ce1 !  possibilities (
 all ?+s be=e he det]m9$ _! actual      
exi/5ce1  =esaw t1 if mank9d 7 creat$1  
7al?\gh he will$ ! salvation  ( all1 & 0

 incl9$ to assi/ all indiff]5tly1 yet7  
"s w\ld  des]ve et]nal happ9ess1 & o!rs 
et]nal mis]y2 & t !re=e  he approv$ &   
elect$ ! =m]1 b disapprov$ or reprobat$ 
!  latt]4 ,?us1 gr\nd+ election ^u      
=ekn[l$ge1 !y contemplat$  x1 n z an    
arbitr>y pr9ciple1 sep>at+ "o individual
 f  ano!r "u ! influ5ce ( a bl9d *ance  
or an irrational caprice2  b1 on !      
contr>y1 z a wise & j pr9ciple1 :i*     
presupposes a  div]sity betwe5 ^? :o are
 accept$ & ^? :o are reject$4  ,h5ce x  
01 t 9 ord] to sy/ematize ^u ?is        
pr9ciple (  election1 & to %[ h[        
consi/5t x is z well ) ! ju/ice z  !    
b5evol5ce ( ! ,deity1 ! w ( ,god 0      
consid]$ 9 a d\ble  po9t ( view1 z      
absolute & conditional1 or1 9 ! te*nical
  language ( ! s*ools1 z antec$5t &     
consequ5t4 ,9 ! fir/  in/ance1 by 8     
absolute or antec$5t w1 he 0 said to    
desire !  salvation ( e man2 9 ! latt]1 
by 8 conditional or consequ5t  w1 t only
 ( ^? :om he =esaw ab/a9+ f s9 & obey+  
8 comm&m5ts3 ! "o express$ 8 g5]al      

incl9ation1 ! o!r  8 p>ticul> resolution
 ^u ! view ( individual circum/ances &  
conditions4 ,to ! inquiry1 :y "s are    
un5d[$ ) grace1 _!  answ] 01 ,because "s
 are n will+ to receive x1 & n because  
,god is unwill+ to give x40 ,he10 !y    
said1 (f]s 8 light to all4  ,he is abs5t
 f none2 b man abs5ts himself f ! pres5t
 ,deity1  l "o :o %uts 8 eyes aga9/ !   
noon-day blaze40 ,to !  =ego+ /atem5t x 
%\ld be add$1 t !y held an election1 or 
r an ord9ation1 to grace 7:i* !y        
expressly ass]t$ to be  defectible7     
di/9ct f an election to glory2 t accord+
 to !m1  a "n may be writt5 9 ! book (  
life at "o p]iod1 :i* at  ano!r _m be   
eras$ f x2 & t pr$e/9ation to et]nal    
happ9ess solely dep5ds ^u f9al          
p]sev]ance 9 well do+4 ,on !  :ole x is 
evid5t1 t !y consid]$ ! dignity or      
wor?9ess (  ! individual z ! m]itori\s  
basis ( pr$e/9ation2 m]it (  congruity z
 ! basis ( a preord9ation to grace1 &   
m]it (  condignity z t ( a preord9ation 
to glory4 ,?us1 n m  fa/idi\s 9 ! *oice 

( _! t]ms ?an accurate 9 ! use (  !m1   
:ile !y d5i$ t ! presci5ce ( human      
virtue1 correctly  speak+1 c\ld be !    
prim>y cause ( ! div9e w1 because no?+  
9 "t c prop]ly give bir? to t :i* has   
exi/$ f et]nity1  !y /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ x 
to be a second>y cause1 ! ratio or  rule
 9 ! m9d ( ! ,deity :i* regulat$ 8 w 9 !
 =mation  ( its ultimate decisions4     
,al?\gh 9 ! e/abli%$ confession (  _!   
fai? ! ,lu!rans avoid$ all allusion to !
 subject (  pr$e/9ation1 x 0 nev]!less  
introduc$ into ano!r "w (  importance1 &
 ( consid]able public au?ority1 ! ,loci 
,!ologici  ( ,melanc?on1 a production   
:i* 0 e :]e receiv$ z !  /&>d ( ,lu!ran 
div9ity4 ,bo? ,lu!r & ,melanc?on1 aft] !
  ,diet ( ,augsburgh1 kept "o object    
con/antly 9 view1--to inculcate  only   
:at 0 pla9 & practical1 & nev] to       
attempt philosophiz+4  ,b to :at1 x may 
be ask$1 did ! ,lu!rans object 9 ! !ory 
(  _! oppon5ts :5 !y !mselves ab&on$ !  
t5et ( necessity8  ,c]ta9ly1 n to !     
sobriety & mod]ation ( t "p ( x :i*     

v9dicat$ ! ju/ice1 & display$ !         
b5evol5ce1 ( ! ,almighty2  b1 g5]ally1  
to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x proce$$2 to !   
presumption1 9 ov]leap+ ! b\nd>y :i*    
,heav5 has prescrib$  to our limit$     
faculties1 & :i* we _c pass )\t plung+  
into  d>kness & error2 & to its impiety 
9 disreg>d+1 if n  despis+1 ! mo/       
important tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a sy/em 
( su* a  nature !y hesitat$ n to reject1
 anxi\s to conduct !mselves by  ! light 
( ,scripture alone1 nor presum+ to be   
wise above :at ,god  has be5 pleas$ to  
discov]4 ,ma9ta9+ n a p>ticul> election 
(  p]sonal fav\rites1 ei!r by an        
absolute w1 or ev5 a conditional  "o1   
dep5d5t ^u ! ratio ( m]it1 b a g5]al    
election ( all  :o1 by baptism 9 _!     
infancy1 or by fai? & ob$i5ce 9 mature  
ye>s1 become ! adopt$ heirs ( ,heav52 !y
 conceiv$ ?is to be !  only election to 
:i* ! ,gospel alludes1 &1 consequ5tly1 !
 only  "o ^u :i* we c speak ) confid5ce1
 or reason )\t  presumption4 ,if x be   
obs]v$1 t ! selection ( an integral body

  necess>ily inf]s t ( its compon5t     
p>ts1 ! answ] is obvi\s3  ,! latt]1     
al?\gh inde$ x be necess>ily inf]r$ by !
 =m]1 is  nev]!less n a prior requisite1
 b a po/]ior result ( ! div9e           
ord9ation4 ,:at !y deem$ absolute on !  
"p ( ,god 0 8  ev]la/+ purpose to save 8
 elect 9 ,*ri/1 or real ,*ri/ians       
consid]$ z a :ole1 & contra/$ ) !       
rema9d] ( ! human  race2 ! completion ( 
?is purpose be+ regulat$ by peculi>     
circum/ances1 op]at+ z inf]ior causes ( 
a p>ticul> segregation4  ,=1 p]suad$ ( 8
 good w t[>d all m5 )\t di/9ction1 (  8 
be+ indiscrim9ately dispos$ to promote !
 salvation ( all1 &  ( 8 s]i\sly 7n     
fictiti\sly1 z ,calv9 taught7 includ+   
all 9  ! univ]sal promise ( ,*ri/ianity1
 !y imput$ to him no?+ l  a p>tial      
*oice1 no limitation ( fav\rs1 no       
irrespective exclusion (  p]sons2 b     
assum+ ! ,*ri/ian "* z ! sole gr\nd (   
individual pref]5ce1 !y believ$ t e     
baptiz$ infant1 by  be+ made a memb] (  
,*ri/1 n by be+ compris$ 9 a previ\s    

arbitr>y decree1 is truly ! elect (     
,god1 &1 dy+ 9 infancy1  c]ta9 ( et]nal 
happ9ess2 t he :o1 9 matur] ye>s1       
becomes  pollut$ by wilful crime1 loses 
t /ate ( salvation :i* be=e he          
possess$2 t nev]!less by true rep5tance1
 & conv]sion to !  ,fa!r ( m]cy & ,god (
 all consolation1 he is aga9 re9/at$ 9  
x2 & t1 by f9ally p]sev]+ 9 x1 he at    
l5g? receives !  k+dom prep>$ = e s9c]e 
,*ri/ian be=e ! f\ndation (  ! _w4 ,c   
any man1 :om prejudice has n bl9d$1 rank
 ^!  s5tim5ts ) ^? ( ,calv98 ,x may seem
 almo/ unnecess>y to  subjo91 t !       
,lu!rans held ! defectibility ( grace2  
its  indefectibility be+ a position     
support$ b by ^? :o ?9k t  ! ,r$eem] di$
 = a select$ few alone4 ,^u ! :ole !n x 
appe>s1 t ! ,lu!rans1 affect+ n 9 any   
way to philosophize1  b committ+        
!mselves solely to ! guidance (         
,scripture1 diff]$  f ! *ur* ( ,rome 9  
sev]al important p>ticul>s4 ,=1 al?\gh  
on "s po9ts !y co9cid$ ) h]1 al?\gh !y  
inculcat$1 )  equal zeal & ^u a bett]   

pr9ciple1 bo? ! univ]sality & !         
defectibility ( grace1 z well z a       
conditional admission into !  numb] ( ! 
elect1 !y nev]!less 7 entirely at       
v>iance )  h] ^u ! v f\ndation ( !      
sy/em4 ,?us :ile _! oppon5ts  taught1 t 
pr$e/9ation consi/s 9 ! prospective     
discrim9ation  ( individuals by div9e   
fav\r1 accord+ to ! =ese5 ratio (  e    
man's own m]it1--works ( congruity      
des]v+ grace "h1 &  works ( condignity  
et]nal life h]eaft]1 & t 9 ?is way x    
pr9cipally re/s ^u human wor?2 !        
,lu!rans1 disclaim+ e  idea ( su* a     
discrim9ation1 plac$ x ^u ! same basis z
 !y  assum$ 9 ! case ( ju/ification1--t 
( an effectual r$emption  by ,*ri/4     
,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( hold+ ! election (    
individuals z  m5 on acc\nt ( p]sonal   
dignity or wor?9ess1 !y ma9ta9$ !       
election ( a g5]al mass z ,*ri/ians on  
acc\nt ( ,*ri/ alone2  add+ t we are    
admitt$ into t numb]1 or disc>d$ f x1 9 
! eye ( ,heav51 proportionably z we     
embrace or reject ! salvation  (f]$ to  

all1 embrac+ x ) a fai? insep>able f    
g5u9e  virtue1 or reject+ x by          
incr$ulity & crime4 ,= nei!r 9 ?is1  nor
 9 ! in/ance ( ju/ification1 did !y     
exclude rep5tance & a  true conv]sion ( 
! he>t & life1 z necess>y requisites1 b 
only z m]itori\s causes1 f !            
contemplation ( ,god's omnisci5t        
intellect4 ,let ^?10 said ,lu!r1 :o wi% 
to be elect$ avoid an evil  consci5ce1 &
 n transgress ! div9e comm&m5ts40       
,in/ruct$ !n  by ! un]r+ page ( tru?1 !y
 ass]t$ no o!r pr$e/9ation  ?an :at is  
!re expressly reveal$2 t ( ! good &     
graci\s  ,fa!r ( mank9d1 :o f et]nity   
has be5 dispos$ to promote !  happ9ess &
 welf>e ( all m51 has de/9$ ,*ri/ to be 
! ,savi\r  ( ! :ole _w1 & )hold5 f none 
! exalt$ hope ( !  ,*ri/ian call+4      
,conv9c$ t ?is is ! only pr$e/9ation :i*
  ,*ri/ianity discloses1 & consequ5tly !
 only "o :i* we c  ei!r ) safety or     
c]ta9ty embrace1 !y disc\rag$ e attempt 
at inve/igat+ ! w1 out ( ! ^w1 ( ,god2 e
 attempt at  effect+ impossibilities1 at

 unveil+ ! secret c\nsels ( ,him :o     
%r\ds 8 div9e p]fections 9 d>kness      
imp]vi\s to mortal eyes4  ,) su*        
inve/igations1 inde$1 ! _w _h already   
be5  suffici5tly bewild]$ by !          
s*ola/ics1 :o1 end[$ ) a ready  tal5t at
 p]plex+ :at be=e 0 pla91 & at r5d]+    
ab/rus5ess /ill m ab/ruse1 _h made !    
subject totally  inexplicable1 va9ly    
lab\r+ to develope ) precision t        
my/]i\s w ^u :i* ! wise mu/ ev] ?9k x   
folly1 & !  good impiety1 to speculate4 
,disquisitions ( ?is presumptu\s nature1
  f a p]sonal exp]i5ce ( _! mis*iev\s   
t5d5cy1 ,lu!r abjur$  himself1 &        
deprecat$ 9 o!rs4 ,are we1 mis]able m510
 he exclaim$1  8:o z yet are incapable (
 compreh5d+ ! rays ( ,god's promises1  !
 glimm]+s ( 8 precepts & 8 works1 al?\gh
 confirm$ by  words & miracles1 are we1 
infirm & impure1 eag] to compreh5d all  
t is great & glori\s 9 ! sol> light     
itself1 9 !  incompreh5sible light ( a  
miracul\s ,godhead8 ,d we n "k1 t ,god  
dwells 9 spl5d\r inaccessible8 ,& yet d 

we approa*1 or r d  we presume to       
approa* x8 ,are we n aw>e1 t 8 judgm5ts 
are  inscrutable8 ,& yet d we endeav\r  
to scrut9ize !m8 ,& ^!  ?+s we d1 be=e  
we are habituat$ ev5 to ! fa9t lu/re ( 8
  promises & precepts1 ) a vision /ill  
imp]fect1 bl9dly ru%+  into ! maje/y ( t
 light :i*1 secret & unse51 has nev] be5
  by words or miracles exhibit$4 ,:at   
wond]1 !n1 if1 :ile we explore  its     
maje/y1 we are ov]:elm$ ) its glory80 ,=
 a f>!r acc\nt  ( ! ,lu!ran views on    
pr$e/9ation1 see ! la/ pages ( !        
article ,,calv9ism4    ,aft] ?is v ample
 exposition ( ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,g]man     
re=m]s on ! *ief po9ts ( ,*ri/ian       
doctr9e1 x is only  necess>y to give a  
few additional p>ticul>s 9 corroboration
 ( "s  portions ( ! prec$+ /atem5t4 ,!  
high e/imation 9 :i* ,lu!r  held !      
productions ( ! judici\s ,melanc?on is  
app>5t f a  passage 9 ! preface to !    
fir/ volume ( ,lu!r's works1 dat$       
#aede4 ,9 t ye> also appe>$ ! la/ am5d$ 
edition (  ,melanc?on's ,common         

,places10 to :i* he alludes4 ,long &    
e>ne/ly10  he says1 h ,i resi/$ !       
importunity ( ^? :o h wi%$ me to  publi%
 my works1 or1 to speak m correctly1 my 
confus$ &  disord]ly lucubrations2 n    
only because ,i 0 unwill+ t !  lab\rs ( 
! anci5ts %\ld be turn$ aside by my     
novelties1 & t  ! read] %\ld be h9d]$ f 
p]us+ !m1 b likewise because  n[1 by !  
grace ( ,god1 a great numb] ( me?odical 
books are extant2  among :i* ! ,common  
,places ( our ,philip claim ! pref]5ce1 
=  by !m a div9e & a bi%op may be       
abundantly & satisfactorily  confirm$1 s
 z to become p[]ful 9 ! ^w ( ! doctr9e (
  piety1 especially :5 ! ,holy ,bible   
itself c n[ be procur$ 9  almo/ e       
language4 ,b ! want ( ord] 9 ! matt]s to
 be  discuss$ 9 my books induc$1 nay    
compell$1 me to r5d] !m a sort  ( rude &
 indige/$ *aos1 :i* x w\ld n[ require   
ev5 on my "p  no small ex]tion to dige/ 
into a me?odical =m4 ,"u ! influ5ce  (  
su* motives z ^!1 ,i 0 desir\s t all my 
productions %\ld  be buri$ 9 p]petual   

oblivion1 t !y might give place to o!rs 
(  a bett] description40 ,9 ?is preface 
,lu!r also gives ! foll[+  te/imony to !
 g5]al usefulness ( ,melanc?on's lab\rs3
 ,9 ! same  ye> ,philip ,melanc?on _h   
be5 call$ to ?is univ]sity by ,pr9ce    
,fr$]ick to fill ! *air ( ,greek        
pr(essor1 b no d\bt ) !  int5tion t ,i  
%\ld h him z my colleague 9 ! lab\rs ( !
  div9ity pr(essor%ip4 ,= 8 works are   
suffici5tly 9 pro( ( :at  ! ,"l ha?     
effect$ by ?is 8 *oice in/rum5t1 n only 
9 polite  lit]ature1 b 9 !ology1 al?\gh 
,satan be enrag$ & all 8  p>ty40 ,?\gh !
 e>ly op9ions ( ,lu!r ^u ! doctr9e ( a  
philosophical necessity appe> to h be5  
occasionally express$ 9 a  h>% &        
repulsive mann]1 yet 8 foll[]s          
p]t9aci\sly cont5d  t ev5 ! h>%e/ ( !m  
_c1 ) propriety1 be con/ru$ into  a s5se
 fav\rable to ! ,calv9i/ical sy/em4 ,^? 
( ,melanc?on 9  ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,loci
 ,!ologici1 al?\gh occurr+ b 9  "o or   
two in/ances1 7 nev]!less /ill m        
(f5sive1 & less  capable ( a mitigat$   

int]pretation4 ,s f> inde$ did he c>ry !
  doctr9e ( div9e pr$et]m9ation z to    
degrade man to a level )  ! brutes1 z w 
be obvi\s f ! foll[+ passage 9 ! edition
  ( #aebe4 ,la/ly1 div9e pr$e/9ation    
takes away human lib]ty4 ,= all  ?+s    
come to pass accord+ to div9e           
pr$e/9ation1 n only  ext]nal works1 b   
also int]nal ?\ghts 9 all creatures40   
,aft] !  ,diet ( ,augsburgh 9 #aecj1 we 
he> no m ( ?is obnoxi\s t5et4  ,inde$ s 
e>ly z #aebg ^! re=m]s seem to h ab&on$ 
x4 ,at  lea/1 :5 9 t ye> a =m ( doctr9e 
0 drawn up = !  *ur*es ( ,saxony1 free w
 9 acts ( morality 0 ?us inculcat$3  ,! 
human w is s f> free z to be able 9 "s  
sort to p]=m !  righte\sness ( ! fle%1  
or civil ju/ice1 :5 x is oblig$ by !    
law & by =ce n to /eal1 n to kill1 n to 
commit adult]y1 c4  ,!re=e let m9i/]s   
tea*1 t x is 9 a measure 9 our own h&s  
to re/ra9 c>nal affections1 & to p]=m   
civil ju/ice2 & let  !m dilig5tly exhort
 m5 to a /rict & prop] c\rse ( life1    
because ,god also requires ?is k9d (    

righte\sness1 & w  griev\sly puni% ^? m5
 :o live s neglig5t ( _! duty4 ,= z  we 
are b\nd to make a good use ( ! o!r     
gifts ( ,god1 s is x  likewise our duty 
to employ to good purpose ^? p[]s :i*   
,god has  be/[$ on nature40 ,= ,god     
takes no delight 9 t f]oci\s mode (     
life :i* is adopt$ by "s m51 :o1 aft]   
hav+ he>d t we are  n ju/ifi$ by our own
 p[]s & works1 fooli%ly dream t !y  w   
wait until !y be drawn by ,god1 & 9 !   
mean "t _! c\rse  ( life is mo/ impure4 
,su* p]sons ,god w mo/ sev]ely puni%2 & 
!y mu/ !re=e be e>ne/ly repreh5d$ &     
admoni%$ by ^?  ^: prov9ce x is to tea* 
9 ! *ur*es40 ,?is "w1 :i* is  g5]ally   
t]m$1 ,libellus ,visitationis ,saxonic1 
0 fir/ compos$ 9  ,g]man by ,melanc?on 9
 #aebg1 & aft]w>d republi%$ by ,lu!r ) a
  preface1 9 :i* he ?us expresses       
himself3 ,we d n publi% ^! z  rigor\s   
precepts1 nor d we aga9 employ ourselves
 9 draw+ up  pontifical decrees1 b we   
relate matt]s ( hi/ory & public de$s1  &
 pres5t ! confession & symbol ( our     

belief40 ,! previ\s  controv]sy betwe5  
,lu!r & ,erasmus1 on ! topic ( free w1  
_h  probably t5d$ to produce an         
amelioration ( ! doctr9al sy/em (  !    
,lu!ran *ur*4 ,9 ?is view x 0 n )\t     
reason t ,erasmus  made ! foll[+        
reflections 9 a lett] dat$ #aebh1 soon  
aft] he _h  se5 ?is production3 ,!      
,lu!ran fev]1 e succe$+ day1 assumes  a 
mild] =m2 s t ,lu!r himself n[ writes   
recantations on almo/  e ?+1 & on ?is   
acc\nt he is consid]$ by ! re/ z a      
h]etic & a madman40 ,simil> cau/ic      
rem>ks occur 9 o!r lett]s (  ,erasmus2 &
 z1 9 ^? days ( high religi\s excitem5t1
 taunts (  ?is k9d 7 consid]$ too good  
to be conf9$ z secrets )9 !  brea/ ( !  
correspond5ts to :om !y 7 address$1 x is
 n  improbable t ,lu!r might be prev5t$ 
?r\gh !m1 among o!r  reasons1 f mak+    
f>!r doctr9al concessions2 x be+ no     
uncommon  circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( !    
human m9d = p]sons ( o!rwise  /rong     
und]/&+s to be "u ! influ5ce ( ?is      
pitiable  weakness4 ,t ,melanc?on n only

 ab&on$ b repreh5d$ !  doctr9e 9 #aebi1 
we _c d\bt1 because 8 own express       
te/imony 9  pro( ( x rema9s on record4  
,9 a lett] to ,*ri/oph] ,/a?mio1  dat$  
,m>* #bj?1 #aeei1 :i* 0 n long be=e 8   
dea?1 he notices  ! subject 9 ^! words3 
,?irty ye>s ago1 n ?r\gh ! desire (     
cont5tion1 b on acc\nt ( ! glory ( ,god1
 & = ! sake (  discipl9e1 ,i %>ply      
repreh5d$ ! ,/oical p>adoxes conc]n+    
necessity1 because !y are reproa*ful    
t[>d ,god & injuri\s to  morals4 ,at ?is
 "t ! legions ( ! ,/oics are wag+ w>    
aga9/  me2 b 9 ! answ] :i* ,i h writt5 9
 opposition to ! ,bav>ian  inquisition1 
,i h once m po9t$ out 9 a mode/ mann] t 
op9ion 7on fate or pr$e/9ation7 9 :i*   
anxi\s m9ds may acquiesce  & be at re/40
 ,on consult+ ! tract to :i* 8 lett]    
alludes1 we  f9d him employ+ ?is /rong &
 unequivocal language3 ,i also op5ly    
reject & abhor ^? ,/oical & ,mani*ean   
furies :o affirm t all  ?+s necess>ily  
happ51 evil z well z good actions4 ,b   
conc]n+ ^! ,i refra9 at pres5t f any    

l5g!n$ discussion2  only ,i entreat "y p
 to avoid ^! mon/r\s op9ions1 :i* are   
contumeli\s aga9/ ,god1 & p]nici\s to   
morals40 ,f ! ,loci  ,!ologici1 9 :i*   
,melanc?on _h fir/ introduc$ ?is        
obnoxi\s  t5et1 he expung$ necessity 9 !
 edition ( #aecc1 & ins]t$ 9  its place 
! opposite "o ( cont+5cy4 ,! foll[+ are 
extracts  f ?is am5d$ "w3 ,! discussion 
on ! cause ( s9 & t on  cont+5cy h      
sometimes greatly agitat$ ! *ur*1 &     
excit$  mighty trag$ies4 ,m5 ( acute    
m9ds collect multitudes ( inextricable  
& absurd ?+s ab\t bo? ^! subjects4      
,because !re is "s  dang] 9 !m1 "y p mu/
 be w>n$ to ab/a9 f ^!  int]m9able      
disputes1 & 9 pref]5ce to se>* out a    
simple &  pi\s op9ion1 b5eficial to     
religion & morals1 9 :i* !y may  abide1 
nor suff] !mselves to be )drawn f x by  
^? fallaci\s  tricks ( disputations4 ,b 
?is is a pi\s & true s5tim5t to be      
embrac$ ) bo? h&s1 & to be reta9$ r by !
 :ole  he>t1--t ,god is n ! cause ( s91 
& t he does n w s94  ,b ! causes ( s9   

are ! w ( ! devil1 & ! w ( man40  ,b ?is
 s5tim5t be+ once laid d[n1 t ,god is n 
! cause (  s91 x evid5tly foll[s t      
cont+5cy mu/ be grant$4 ,! fre$om  ( ! w
 is ! cause ( ! cont+5cy ( our actions40
 ,nei!r  mu/ ! deliri\s doat+s ab\t     
,/oical fate1 or ab\t necessity1 be     
convey$ into ! *ur*1 because !y are     
inextricable & sometimes  injuri\s to   
piety & morals40 ,f ^! op9ions x becomes
 ! pi\s  to be abhorr5t 9 _! e>s & 9 _! 
he>ts40 ,^! extracts s]ve  to prove1 t  
,melanc?on reprobat$ ! idea ( introduc+ 
into !  *ur* ! doctr9e ( ,/oical fate1  
be=e ,calv9 _h di/+ui%$  himself ei!r z 
an au?or or a re=m]4 ,into 8 subsequ5t  
productions ( almo/ e description       
,melanc?on introduc$ !  doctr9e (       
cont+5cy1 & /r5u\sly def5d$ x1          
p>ticul>ly 9  ! am5d$ edition ( 8 ,loci 
,!ologici 9 #aede4 ,lu!r nev]  =mally   
revok$ any ( 8 own writ+s2 b on ?is la/ 
correct$  production ( 8 fri5d1 z we h  
%[n1 he be/[$ ! highe/  comm5dations4   
,yet he did n scruple publicly to ass]t1

 t at !  beg9n+ ( ! ,re=mation he _h n  
completely settl$ 8 cre$4 ,9  ! sev5?   
volume ( 8 works ?is s5t5ce is f\nd3 ,i 
h also  publi%$ ! confession ( my fai?2 
9 :i* ,i h op5ly te/ifi$  :at & h[ ,i   
believe1 & 9 :at articles ,i ?9k myself 
at l5g? to  be at re/40 ,he seems1      
inde$1 to h g5]ally avoid$ ! subject1  f
 ! p]iod ( 8 controv]sy ) ,erasmus1 to !
 publication (  8 ,comm5t>y on          
,g5esis1--8 la/ "w ( any importance4 ,b 
9  ?is1 aft] a long argum5t to prove t1 
z we h no k (  ! unreveal$ ,deity1 we h 
no?+ to d ) ^? ?+s :i* are  above our   
compreh5sion2 & t we are n to reason ^u 
pr$e/9ation out ( ,*ri/ianity2 he ?us   
apologizes = 8 =m]  op9ions3 8,x has be5
 my wi% dilig5tly & accurately to deliv]
  ^! *>ges & admonitions2 because1 aft] 
my dea?1 _m p]sons  w publi% my books to
 ! _w1 & by t c\rse w confirm  errors ( 
e k9d & _! own deliri\s rav+s4 ,b among 
o!r  matt]s ,i h writt51 t all ?+s are  
absolute & necess>y2 b  at ! same "t ,i 
add$1 t we mu/ behold ,god z he is      

reveal$ to  u1 z we s+ 9 ! ,psalm1      
#8,jesus ,*ri/ is ! ,"l ( sabao?1 nor   
is !re any o!r ,god4' ,9 sev]al o!r     
passages ,i h us$ simil>  expressions4  
,b ^! p w pass by all su* passages1 & w 
only seize ^u ^? conc]n+ a hidd5 ,deity4
 ,y1 !re=e1 :o n[  he> me1 recollect t  
,i h taught ?is1--,we mu/ n inquire     
conc]n+ ! pr$e/9ation ( a hidd5 ,god1 b 
we mu/ abide &  acquiesce 9 ^? ?+s :i*  
are reveal$ by call+ & by !  m9i/ry ( ! 
^w40 ,b 9 o!r passages ( my diff]5t     
works ,i  h inculcat$ ! same s5tim5ts1 &
 ,i n[ deliv] !m aga9 )  an audible     
voice2 !re=e ,i am excus$40 ,= ! m mod]n
 /ate (  ! ,lu!ran *ur* see ,,neology4  
,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! union betwe5 !     
,lu!ran & ,calv9i/ic  *ur*es1 z giv5 9 !
 adv]tisem5t to ,b>on ,von ,wess5b]g's  
,correspond5ce ) ! ,c\rt ( ,rome10 may n
 be un9t]e/+ to !  read]3 ,! ,g]mans h j
 set ! noble example ( =m+ a union      
betwe5 ^! two bran*es ( ! ,prote/ant    
fai?4 ,?is union1 :i*  orig9at$1 we     
believe1 9 ! gr& du*y ( ,nassau1 has    

tak5 place  almo/ univ]sally ?r\gh\t    
,g]many2 & ! sep>ate appellations (     
,lu!ran & ,calv9i/ic *ur*es h m]g$ 9 !  
common appellation  ( ! ,evangelical    
*ur*4 ,! ,lu!ran & ,re=m$ *ur*es (      
,prussia  met 9 synod toge!r1 on !      
invitation ( _! mon>*1 ! fir/ (         
,octob]1 #ahag1 & soon came to an       
agreem5t2 & ! union 0  celebrat$ on !   
day ( ! tri-c5t5>y fe/ival ( !          
,re=mation4  ,a simil> synod ( !        
,lu!rans & ,calv9i/s 9 ,hesse-,cassel 0 
held  at ,hanau 9 ,may & ,june1 #ahah1 &
 att5d$ ) ! same result4 ,!  royal      
confirmation 0 giv5 to ! ,bav>ian union 
on ! fir/ (  ,octob] foll[+4            
,saxe-,weim>1 & mo/ ( ! o!r small /ates 
h  foll[$ ?is example4 ,! ,prote/ant    
,g]mans h n[1 !re=e1 only  "o ,gospel1  
"o temple1 "o div9e ,in/ruct]1 & "o mode
 (  communion2 &1 :at is s+ul>1 & highly
 hon\rable to _!  lib]ality1 ?is union 0
 e :]e accompli%$ ) ! greate/  ease1 &  
)\t a diss5ti5t voice hav+ be5 rais$    
aga9/ x40  ,h[ diff]5t 0 ?is result f t 

( ! synods & c\ncils (  o!r times2 & :at
 a *ange 9 ! /ate ( public op9ion does x
  indicate6 ,& yet x is to be fe>$ t !  
lib]ality f :i*  ?is union has result$1 
is r indiff]5ce to ! gr&  peculi>ities (
 ! ,*ri/ian fai? ?an mutual *>ity4      
,,lycaonia1 a prov9ce ( ,asia ,m9or1    
acc\nt$ a "p ( ,cappadocia1  hav+       
,pisidia on ! we/1 & ,cilicia on ! s\?4 
,9 x 7 !  cities ( ,iconium1 ,ly/ra1 &  
,d]be1 m5tion$ 9 ! travels ( ,/4  ,paul4
 ,! =m] 0 ! capital1 & ! c\ntry itself  
at t "t a  ,roman prov9ce4 ,! spee* (   
,lycaonia10 m5tion$ ,acts xiv1 #aa1 is  
suppos$ to h be5 a corrupt ,greek1      
int]m+l$ ) _m ori5tal  words4           
,,lycia1 a c\ntry ( ,asia ,m9or1 hav+   
,phrygia on ! nor?1 ,pamphylia  on !    
ea/1 ! ,m$it]ranean on ! s\?1 & ,c>ia on
 ! we/4 ,!  greate/ "p ( ! c\ntry1      
h[ev]1 is a p59sula project+ into  !    
,m$it]ranean4 ,lycia d]iv$ its "n f     
,lycus1 ! son (  ,p&ion1 :o settl$ "h4  
,x 0 conqu]$ by ,crsus1 k+ ( ,lydia1  & 
pass$ ) 8 k+dom into ! h&s ( ! ,p]sians4

 ,x  aft]w>d1 9 common ) ! neighb\r+    
c\ntries ( ,asia ,m9or1  =m$ "p ( !     
,mac$onian empire1 "u ,alex&]2 !n ( t ( 
! ,seleucid1 8 successors 9 ^? c\ntries2
 &1 at ! "t (  ! ,apo/les1 0 r$uc$ to ! 
/ate ( a ,roman prov9ce4    ,,lydda1 by 
! ,greeks call$ ,diospolis4 ,x lay 9 !  
way f ,j]usalem  to ,cs>ea1 f\r or five 
leagues to ! ea/ ( ,joppa4 ,lydda       
belong$ to  ! tribe ( ,ephraim4 ,x seems
 to h be5 inhabit$ by ! ,b5jamites1  at 
! return ( ! ,jews f ! ,babyloni%       
captivity1 ,neh4 xi1 #ce4  ,/4 ,pet]    
com+ to ,lydda1 cur$ a sick man ( !     
palsy nam$ ,eneas1  ,acts ix1 #cc1 #cd4 
,,lydia1 a woman ( ,?yatira1 a sell] (  
purple1 :o dwelt 9 ! city (  ,philippi1 
9 ,mac$onia4 ,%e 0 conv]t$ to ! fai? by 
,/4 ,paul1 &  bo? %e & h] family 7      
baptiz$4 ,%e (f]$ h] h\se to !  ,apo/le1
 & press$ him to abide !re s e>ne/ly1 t 
he yield$ to  h] entreaties4 ,%e 0 n a  
,jewess by bir?1 b a proselyte1 ,acts   
xvi1 #ad1 #ae1 #dj4    #b4 ,,lydia1 an  
anci5t celebrat$ k+dom ( ,asia ,m9or1   

:i*1 9 !  "t ( ! ,apo/les1 0 r$uc$ to a 
,roman prov9ce4 ,s>dis 0 !  capital4    
,,ly/ra1 a city ( ,lycaonia1 ! native   
place ( ,timo?y4 ,! ,apo/le  ,paul &    
,b>nabas hav+ prea*$ "h1 & heal$ a      
cripple1 7 tak5  = gods4 ,b s fickle are
 human praise & popul> encomiums1 t1 9  
! space ( a few h\rs1 ^? :o _h be5 deem$
 gods 7 reg>d$  z less ?an mortals1 & 7 
/on$ by ! v p]sons :o s lately  deifi$  
!m4 ,see ,acts xiv4      ,,maacah1 or   
,,be?-,,maa*a1 a little prov9ce ( ,syria
 to ! ea/ & !  nor? ( ! s\rces ( ! riv] 
,jordan1 ^u ! road to ,damascus4  ,abel 
or ,abela 0 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5ce x 0 call$
  ,abelbe?-,maa*ah4 ,we le>n f ,jo%ua   
xiii1 #ac1 t ! ,israelites did  n de/roy
 ! ,maa*a?ites1 b p]mitt$ !m to dwell 9 
! l&  among !m4 ,! di/ribution ( ! half 
tribe ( ,manasseh1 beyond  ,jordan1     
ext5d$ z f> z ?is c\ntry1 ,deut4 iii1   
#ad2 ,jo%ua xii1 #e4    ,,maccabees1 two
 apocryphal books ( ,scripture1 conta9+ 
! hi/ory (  ,judas & 8 bro!rs1 & _! w>s 
aga9/ ! ,syrian k+s 9  def5ce ( _!      

religion & lib]ties1 s call$ f ,judas1 !
 son  ( ,matta?ias1 surnam$ ,maccabu1 z 
"s au?ors say1 f ! ^w  1 =m$ ( !        
initials ( -  1 ,:o is l unto  !e1 ,o   
,"l1 among ! gods80 ,exod4 xv1 #aa1 :i* 
0 ! motto ( 8  /&>d2 :5ce ^? :o f\ght "u
 8 /&>d 7 call$  ,maccabees1 & ! "n 0   
g5]ally appli$ to all :o suff]$ 9 !     
cause ( true religion1 "u ! ,egyptian or
 ,syrian k+s4 ,?is "n1  =m$ by          
abbreviation accord+ to ! common        
practice ( ! ,jews1  di/+ui%$ ,judas    
,maccabu by way ( em95ce1 z he succe$$ 8
  fa!r1 ,b4 ,c4 #aff1 9 ! comm& ( ^?    
=ces :i* he _h ) him  at 8 dea?2 &1 be+ 
jo9$ by 8 bro!rs1 & all o!rs t  7 zeal\s
 = ! law1 he erect$ 8 /&>d1 on :i* he   
inscrib$  ! above m5tion$ motto4 ,^?1   
also1 :o suff]$ "u ,ptolemy  ,philopat] 
( ,alex&ria1 fifty ye>s be=e ?is p]iod1 
7 aft]w>d  call$ ,maccabees2 & s 7      
,eleaz>1 & ! "m & h] sev5  sons1 ?\gh !y
 suff]$ be=e ,judas erect$ 8 /&>d ) !   
motto f :i* ! appellation orig9at$4 ,&  
!re=e1 z ^!  books :i* conta9 ! hi/ory (

 ,judas & 8 bro!rs1 & _!  w>s aga9/ !   
,syrian k+s1 9 def5ce ( _! religion &   
lib]ties1 are call$ ! fir/ & second     
books ( ! ,maccabees2 s  t book :i*     
gives u ! hi/ory ( ^? :o1 9 ! l cause1  
"u ,ptolemy ,philopat]1 7 expos$ to 8   
elephants at ,alex&ria1  is call$ ! ?ird
 book ( ! ,maccabees2 & t :i* is writt5 
by  ,josephus1 ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,eleaz>1 &
 ! sev5 bro!rs & _!  "m1 is call$ ! f\r?
 book ( ! ,maccabees4    ,! fir/ book ( 
! ,maccabees is an excell5t hi/ory1 &   
comes  ne>e/ to ! /yle & mann] ( ! sacr$
 hi/orians ( any extant4  ,x 0 writt5   
orig9ally 9 ! ,*aldee language1 ( !     
,j]usalem  dialect1 & 0 extant 9 ?is    
language 9 ! "t ( ,j]om1 :o bad  se5 x4 
,f ! ,*aldee x 0 translat$ into ,greek1 
f ! ,greek  into ,lat94 ,!odotion is    
conjectur$ to h translat$ x into ,greek2
  b ?is v]sion 0 probably m anci5t1 z we
 may inf] f its use  by anci5t au?ors1 z
 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 & o!rs4 ,x is      
suppos$ to  h be5 writt5 by ,john       
,hyrcanus1 ! son ( ,simon1 :o 0 pr9ce & 

high prie/ ( ! ,jews ne> ?irty ye>s1 &  
began 8 gov]nm5t at  ! "t :]e ?is hi/ory
 ends4 ,x conta9s ! hi/ory ( =ty  ye>s1 
f ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes to !   
dea? ( ,simon1 !  high prie/2 t is1 f ! 
ye> ( ! _w #chbi to ! ye> #chfi1  ,b4   
,c4 #aca4 ,! second book ( ! ,maccabees 
beg9s ) two epi/les  s5t f ! ,jews (    
,j]usalem to ! ,jews ( ,egypt &         
,alex&ria1 to  exhort !m to obs]ve !    
fea/ ( ! d$ication ( ! new alt>  erect$ 
by ,judas1 on 8 purify+ ! temple4 ,!    
fir/ 0 writt5 9  ! #afi? ye> ( ! era ( !
 ,seleucid1 t is1 ,b4 ,c4 #add2 & !     
second1 9 ! #ahh? ye> ( ! same era1 or  
,b4 ,c4 #abe2 & bo? appe>  to be        
spuri\s4 ,aft] ^! epi/les foll[s !      
preface ( ! au?or  to 8 hi/ory1 :i* is  
an abridgm5t ( a l>g] "w1 compos$ by "o 
,jason1 a ,jew ( ,cyr5e1 :o wrote 9     
,greek ! hi/ory ( ,judas  ,maccabu1 & 8 
bre?r51 & ! w>s aga9/ ,antio*us         
,epiphanes1  & ,eupator 8 son4 ,! two   
la/ *apt]s conta9 ev5ts "u !  reign (   
,demetrius ,sot]1 ! successor (         

,antio*us ,eupator1 &  conta9 su*       
v>ieties 9 _! /yle1 z r5d] x d\btful    
:e!r  !y _h ! same au?or z ! re/ ( ! "w4
 ,?is second book does  n by any means  
equal ! accuracy & excell5cy ( ! fir/4  
,x  conta9s a hi/ory ( ab\t fifte5 ye>s1
 f ! execution (  ,heliodorus's         
commission1 :o 0 s5t by ,seleucus to    
fet* away !  treasures ( ! temple1 to ! 
victory obta9$ by ,judas ,maccabu ov]   
,nicanor2 t is1 f ! ye> ( ! _w #chbh to 
! ye> #chdc1 ,b4  ,c4 #aeg4    ,!re are 
9 ! ,polyglott ,bibles1 bo? ( ,p>is &   
,london1 ,syriac  v]sions ( bo? ^!      
books2 b !y1 z well z ! ,engli% v]sions 
:i* we h among ! apocryphal writ]s 9 our
 ,bibles1 are d]iv$  f ! ,greek4 ,= a   
f>!r acc\nt ( ,judas ,maccabu1 & ( 8    
bro!rs1 ^: hi/ory is record$ 9 ! fir/ & 
second books ( !  ,maccabees1 & also by 
,josephus1 we ref] to ! article ,,jews4 
,! ?ird  book ( ! ,maccabees conta9s !  
hi/ory ( ! p]secution ( ,ptolemy        
,philopat] aga9/ ! ,jews 9 ,egypt1 & _! 
suff]+s "u x2 &  seems to h be5 writt5  

by "s ,alex&rian ,jew 9 ! ,greek        
language1 n long aft] ! "t ( ,siracides4
 ,?is book1 ) reg>d  to its subject1    
ought to be call$ ! fir/1 z ! ?+s :i*   
are  relat$ 9 x occurr$ be=e !          
,maccabees1 ^: hi/ory is record$  9 !   
fir/ & second books2 b z x is ( less    
au?ority & repute  ?an ! o!r two1 x is  
reckon$ aft] !m4 ,x is extant 9 ,syriac1
  ?\gh ! translator did n seem to h well
 und]/ood ! ,greek  language4 ,x is 9   
mo/ ( ! anci5t manuscript copies ( !    
,greek  ,septuag9t1 p>ticul>ly 9 !      
,alex&rian & ,vatican1 b 0 nev]  ins]t$ 
into ! vulg> ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,bible1   
nor1 consequ5tly1  into any ( our       
,engli% copies4 ,! fir/ au!ntic m5tion  
we h (  ?is book is 9 ,eusebius's       
,*ronicon40 ,x is also nam$ ) two o!r   
books ( ! ,maccabees 9 ! eighty-fif? ( !
 apo/olic canons4 ,b  x is unc]ta9 :5 t 
canon 0 add$4 ,grotius ?9ks t ?is book  
0 writt5 aft] ! two fir/ books1 & %ortly
 aft] ! book (  ,ecclesia/icus1 f :i*   
circum/ance x 0 call$ ! ?ird book (     

,maccabees4 ,moreov]1 ,josephus's hi/ory
 ( ! m>tyrs t suff]$  "u ,antio*us      
,epiphanes1 is f\nd 9 "s manuscript     
,greek ,bibles1  "u ! "n ( ! f\r? book (
 ! ,maccabees4 ,?is book1 ascrib$  to   
,josephus1 occurs "u ! title1 ,conc]n+ !
 ,empire or ,gov]nm5t  ( ,reason20 b    
le>n$ m5 h express$ a d\bt :e!r ?is 0 ! 
book kn[n to ! anci5ts z ! f\r? book ( !
 ,maccabees4    ,,mac$onia1 a k+dom (   
,greece1 hav+ ,?race to ! nor?1 ,!ssaly 
s\?1 ,epirus we/1 & ! gean ,sea ea/4    
,alex&] ! ,great1 son (  ,philip1 k+ (  
,mac$onia1 hav+ conqu]$ ,asia1 & subv]t$
 !  ,p]sian empire1 ! "n ( ! ,mac$onians
 became v fam\s  ?r\gh\t ! ea/2 & x is  
(t5 giv5 to ! ,greeks1 ! successors  (  
,alex&] 9 ! mon>*y4 ,9 l mann]1 ! "n (  
,greeks is  (t5 put = ,mac$onians1 #b   
,maccabees iv1 #cf4 ,:5 ! ,roman empire 
0  divid$1 ,mac$onia fell to ! %>e ( !  
emp]or ( ! ea/4 ,aft]  x _h long cont9u$
 subject to ! ,romans1 x fell "u ! p[] (
  ! ,ottoman ,turks1 :o are ! pres5t    
ma/]s ( x4    ,/4 ,paul 0 invit$ by an  

angel ( ! ,"l1 :o appe>$ to him at      
,troas1 to come & prea* ! ,gospel 9     
,mac$onia1 ,acts xvi1 #i4 ,aft]  ?is    
vision1 ! ,apo/le no long] d\bt$ 8 div9e
 call to prea* !  ,gospel 9 ,mac$onia2 &
 ! success t att5d$ 8 m9i/ry  confirm$  
him 9 8 p]suasion4 ,"h he laid !        
f\ndation ( !  *ur*es ( ,!ssalonica &   
,philippi4    ,,magdala1 a city on ! we/
 side ( ! sea ( ,galilee1 ne>           
,dalmanu?a2  ,jesus1 aft] ! miracle ( ! 
sev5 loaves1 be+ said by ,/4 ,mat!w  to 
h gone by %ip to ! coa/s ( ,magdala1    
,matt4 xv1 #ci2 & by ,/4  ,m>k1 to !    
p>ts ( ,dalmanu?a10 ,m>k viii1 #aj4 ,mr4
 ,buck+ham came to  a small village 9   
?is situation call$ ,migdal1 close to ! 
edge (  ! lake1 b5ea? a range ( high    
cliffs1 9 :i* small grottoes are  se51 )
 ! rema9s ( an old squ>e t[]1 & "s l>g] 
build+s1 ( rude con/ruction1 app>5tly ( 
great antiquity4 ,migdol  implies a t[]1
 or =tress2 & ?is place1 f hav+ ?is "n  
p>ticul>ly appli$ to x1 0 d\btless1 l ! 
,egyptian ,migdol1 "o  ( consid]able    

importance2 & may be consid]$ z ! site (
 !  ,migdal ( ! ,naphtalites1 z well z !
 ,magdala ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4    ,,magi1 
or ,,magians1 a title :i* ! anci5t      
,p]sians gave to _! wise  m51 or        
philosoph]s4 ,magi1 among ! ,p]sians1   
answ]s to 1 or  1 among ! ,greeks2      
sapi5tes1 among ! ,lat9s2 druids1  among
 ! ,gauls2 gymnosophi/s1 among !        
,indians2 & prie/s1 among  ! ,egyptians4
    ,! anci5t magi1 accord+ to ,ari/otle
 & ,la]tius1 7 ! sole  au?ors &         
cons]vators ( ! ,p]sian philosophy2 & ! 
philosophy  pr9cipally cultivat$ among  
!m 0 !ology & politics2 !y be+  always  
e/eem$ z ! int]pret]s ( all law1 bo?    
div9e & human2  on :i* acc\nt !y 7      
wond]fully rev]$ by ! p4 ,h5ce  ,cic]o  
obs]ves t none 7 admitt$ to ! cr[n (    
,p]sia1 b su*  z 7 well in/ruct$ 9 !    
discipl9e ( ! magi2 :o taught   1 & %[$ 
pr9ces h[ to gov]n4 ,plato1 ,apuleius1  
,la]tius1  & o!rs1 agree t ! philosophy 
( ! magi relat$ pr9cipally to  ! wor%ip 
( ! gods3 !y 7 ! p]sons :o 7 to (f]     

pray]s1 supplications1 & sacrifices1 z  
if ! gods w\ld be he>d by  !m alone4 ,b1
 accord+ to ,lucian1 ,suidas1 c1 ?is    
!ology1 or  wor%ip ( ! gods1 z x is     
call$1 ab\t :i* ! magi 7  employ$1 0    
little m ?an ! diabolical art (         
div9ation2 s t  41 /rictly tak51 0 ! art
 ( div9ation4 ,^! p 7  held 9 su*       
v5]ation among ! ,p]sians1 t ,d>ius1 !  
son (  ,hy/aspes1 among o!r ?+s1 _h x   
engrav5 on 8 monum5t1 t he  0 ! ma/] ( !
 magi4 ,philo ,judu describes ! magi to 
be  dilig5t inquir]s into nature1 out ( 
! love !y be> to tru?2 &  :o1 sett+     
!mselves ap>t f o!r ?+s1 contemplate !  
div9e  virtues ! m cle>ly1 & initiate   
o!rs 9 ! same my/]ies4 ,!  magi1 or     
magians1 =m$ "o ( ! two gr& sects into  
:i* !  idolatry ( ! _w 0 divid$ betwe5  
#ejj & #fjj ye>s be=e  ,*ri/4 ,^!       
abom9at$ all ^? images :i* 7 wor%ipp$ by
 !  o!r sect1 d5om9at$ ,sabians1 & paid 
_! wor%ip to ! ,deity  "u ! emblem (    
fire4 ,_! *ief doctr9e 01 t !re 7 two   
pr9ciples1 "o ( :i* 0 ! cause ( all     

good1 & ! o!r !  cause ( all evil4 ,!   
=m] 0 repres5t$ by light1 & ! latt]  by 
d>kness1 z _! true/ symbols2 & ( !      
composition ( ^!  two !y suppos$ t all  
?+s 9 ! _w 7 made4 ,! sect (  ! magians 
0 reviv$ & re=m$ by ,zoroa/]4 ,?is      
celebrat$  philosoph]1 call$ by !       
,p]sians ,z]du%t1 or ,z>atu%1 began ab\t
  ! ?irty-six? ye> ( ! reign ( ,d>ius to
 re/ore & re=m !  magian sy/em (        
religion4 ,he 0 n only excell5tly skill$
 9 all  ! le>n+ ( ! ea/ t prevail$ 9 8  
"t1 b likewise  ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ! ,jewi%
 religion1 & 9 all ! sacr$ writ+s  ( !  
,old ,te/am5t t 7 !n extant3 :5ce "s h  
inf]r$  t he 0 a native ,jew bo? by bir?
 & pr(ession2 & t he _h  be5 s]vant to  
"o ( ! prophets1 probably ,ezekiel or   
,daniel4 ,he made  8 fir/ appe>ance 9   
,m$ia1 9 ! city ( ,xix1 n[ call$        
,ad]bijan1  z "s say2 or1 accord+ to    
o!rs 9 ,ecbatana1 n[ call$ ,tauris4     
,in/ead ( admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( two fir/  
causes1 ) !  magians1 he ass]t$ !       
exi/5ce ( "o supreme ,god1 :o creat$ bo?

  ^!1 & out ( ^! two produc$1 accord+ to
 8 sov]eign  pleasure1 e ?+ else4       
,accord+ to 8 doctr9e1 !re 0 "o  supreme
 ,be+ indep5d5tly & self-exi/+ f all    
et]nity4 ,"u  him !re are two angels3 "o
 ! angel ( light1 ! au?or &  director ( 
all good2 & ! o!r ! angel ( d>kness1 :o 
is !  au?or & director ( all evil4 ,^!  
two1 probably speak+  figuratively1 out 
( ! mixture ( light & d>kness1 made all 
?+s  t are2 & !y are 9 a /ate ( p]petual
 conflict2 s t :]e  ! angel ( light     
prevails1 !re ! mo/ is good2 & :]e !    
angel  ( d>kness prevails1 !re ! mo/ is 
evil4 ,?is /ruggle %all  cont9ue to !   
end ( ! _w2 & !n !re %all be a g5]al    
resurrection1 & a day ( judgm5t3 aft]   
:i*1 ! angel ( d>kness  & 8 disciples   
%all g into a _w ( _! own1 :]e !y %all  
suff] 9 ev]la/+ d>kness ! puni%m5t ( _! 
evil de$s2 &  ! angel ( light & 8       
disciples %all g into a _w ( _! own1    
:]e !y %all receive 9 ev]la/+ light !   
rew>d due unto _!  good de$s3 & h5ce=w>d
 !y %all = ev] rema9 sep>ate4    ,( !   

controv]sy z to ,zoroa/]1 ,z]atu%t1 or  
,z]tu%ta1 & !  sacr$ books said to h be5
 writt5 by him1 call$ ,z5d or           
,z5dave/a1 :i* has divid$ ! mo/ em95t   
critics1 x w\ld answ]  no important end 
to give an ab/ract4 ,^? :o wi% =        
in=mation on  ! subject are ref]r$ to   
,hyde's ,religio ,vet]um ,p]s>um20      
,prideaux's ,connection20 ,w>burton's   
,div9e ,legation20 ,bryant's            
,my?ology20 ,! ,univ]sal ,hi/ory20 ,sir 
,w4 ,jones's ,works1 vol4 iii1 p4  #aae2
 ,m4 ,du ,p]ron1 & ,ri*>dson's          
,diss]tation10 prefix$ to 8  ,p]sian &  
,arabic ,diction>y4 ,b :atev] may become
 ( ! au?ority  ( ! :ole or "p ( !       
,z5dave/a1 & ) :atev] fables !  hi/ory (
 ! re=m] ( ! magian religion may be     
mix$1 ! le>n$  are g5]ally agre$ t su* a
 re=mation took place by 8              
in/rum5tality4 ,z]atu%t10 says ,sir ,w4 
,jones1 re=m$ ! old  religion by !      
addition ( g5ii or angels1 ( new        
c]emonies 9 !  v5]ation %[n to fire1 ( a
 new "w :i* he pret5d$ to h  receiv$ f  

heav51 &1 above all1 by e/abli%+ !      
actual  adoration ( ! supreme ,be+20 &  
he f>!r adds1 ,! re=m$  religion (      
,p]sia cont9u$ 9 =ce till t c\ntry 0    
conqu]$ by  ! ,musselmans2 &1 )\t /udy+ 
! ,z5d1 we h ample  in=mation conc]n+ x 
9 ! mod]n ,p]sian writ+s ( sev]al :o    
pr(ess x4 ,bahman always nam$ ,z]atu%t )
 rev]5ce2 he 01 9  tru?1 a pure ,!i/1 & 
/rongly disclaim$ any adoration ( ! fire
  or o!r elem5ts2 & he d5i$ t ! doctr9e 
( two coval  pr9ciples1 supremely good &
 supremely bad1 =m$ any "p ( 8  fai?40  
,! ,z]atu%t ( ,p]sia1 or ! ,zoroa/] ( ! 
,greeks10 says  ,ri*>dson1 0 highly     
celebrat$ by ! mo/ disc]n+ p (  anci5t  
times2 & 8 t5ets1 we are told1 7 mo/    
eag]ly &  rapidly embrac$ by ! highe/ 9 
rank1 & ! wise/ m5 9 !  ,p]sian empire40
 ,he di/+ui%$ himself by d5y+ t good &  
evil1  repres5t$ by light & d>kness1 7  
coval1 indep5d5t pr9ciples2  & ass]t$ ! 
supremacy ( ! true ,god1 9 exact        
con=mity ) !  doctr9e conta9$ 9 a "p ( t
 celebrat$ prophecy ( ,isaiah 9  :i*    

,cyrus is m5tion$ by "n3 ,i am ! ,"l1 & 
!re is none else1  !re is no ,god beside
 me10 no coval p[]4 ,i =m ! light1 &    
create d>kness1 ,i make peace10 or good1
 & create evil1 ,i ! ,"l d  all ^! ?+s40
 ,fire1 by ,z]du%ta1 appe>s to h be5 us$
  emblematically only2 & ! c]emonies =  
pres]v+ & transmitt+  x1 introduc$ by   
him1 7 manife/ly tak5 f ! ,jews1 & !    
sacr$ fire ( _! tab]nacle & temple4     
,! old religion ( ! ,p]sians 0 corrupt$ 
by ,sabianism1 or !  wor%ip ( ! ho/ (   
heav51 ) its accompany+ sup]/ition4 ,!  
magian doctr9e1 :atev] x might be at    
fir/1 _h deg5]at$2 & two  et]nal        
pr9ciples1 good & evil1 _h be5          
introduc$4 ,x 0 !re=e  necess>ily       
idolatr\s also1 &1 l all o!r false      
sy/ems1  flatt]+ to ! vici\s habits ( ! 
p4 ,s great an improvem5t  9 ! moral "* 
& influ5ce ( ! religion ( a :ole nation 
z 0 effect$ by ,zoroa/]1 a *ange :i* is 
n c]ta9ly p>allel$  9 ! anci5t hi/ory ( 
! religion ( mank9d1 c sc>cely1  !re=e1 
be ?\ght possible1 except we suppose a  

div9e  int]position1 ei!r directly1 or  
by ! occurr5ce ( "s v  impressive ev5ts4
 ,n[ z !re are s _m au?orities = fix+ ! 
"t ( ,zoroa/] or ,z]atu%t n _m ye>s     
subsequ5t to ! dea? (  ! great ,cyrus1 !
 ev5ts connect$ ) ! conque/ ( ,babylon  
may  acc\nt = 8 success 9 t re=mation ( 
religion ( :i* he 0  ! au?or4 ,=1 _h n !
 m9ds ( m5 be5 prep>$ = ?is *ange  by   
some?+ extraord9>y1 x is n supposable t 
!y w\ld h  adopt$ a pur] fai? f him4 ,t 
he gave !m a bett] doctr9e1 is  cle> f !
 admission ( ev5 ,dean ,prideaux1 :o has
 v unju/ly  br&$ him z an impo/or4 ,let 
x !n be rememb]$1 t z ! ,mo/  ,high     
rule? 9 ! k+doms ( m510 he (t5 ov]rules 
great political  ev5ts = moral purposes4
 ,! ,jews 7 s5t into captivity to       
,babylon  to be re=m$ f _! idolatr\s    
prop5sities1 & _! re=mation  comm5c$ )  
_! calamity4 ,a miracle 0 !re wr\ght 9  
fav\r (  ?ree ,hebrew confessors ( !    
exi/5ce ( "o only ,god1 & t "u          
circum/ances to put %ame ^u a popul>    
idol 9 ! pres5ce ( !  k+ & all ! rul]s (

 ! prov9ces10 t ! issue ( ?is           
controv]sy betwe5 ,jehovah & idolatry   
might be made kn[n ?r\gh\t  t va/       
empire4--,wor%ip 0 refus$ to ! idol by a
 few ,hebrew  captives1 & ! idol _h no  
p[] to puni% ! public affront3--!       
s]vants ( ,jehovah 7 ca/ into a furnace1
 & he deliv]$ !m  unhurt2 & a royal     
decree decl>$ t !re 0 no god :o c\ld    
deliv] aft] ?is sort40 ,! pr\d mon>*    
himself also is smitt5 )  a s+ul>       
disease2--he rema9s subject to x until  
he ackn[l$ges !  true ,god2 &1 ^u 8     
recov]y1 he publicly ascribes to him bo?
 !  ju/ice & ! m]cy ( ! puni%m5t4 ,?is  
ev5t takes place1 also1  9 !            
accompli%m5t ( a dream :i* none ( ! wise
 m5 ( ,babylon  c\ld int]pret4 ,x 0     
int]pret$ by ,daniel1 :o made !         
fulfilm5t  to r$\nd to ! hon\r ( ! true 
,god1 by ascrib+ to him !  p]fection (  
kn[+ ! future1 :i* none ( ! false gods1 
appeal$  to by ! ,*aldean sages1        
possess$2 z ! inability ( _! s]vants  to
 int]pret ! dream suffici5tly prov$4    

,aft] ^! s+ul> ev5ts1  ,cyrus takes     
,babylon1 & he f9ds !re ! sage & !      
/atesman1  ,daniel1 ! wor%ipp] ( ! true 
,god1 :o creates bo? good & evil10  :o  
makes ! light1 & =ms ! d>kness40 ,!re is
 little d\bt b  t he & ! pr9cipal       
,p]sians ?r\gh\t ! empire w\ld h !      
prophecy ( ,isaiah respect+ ,cyrus1     
deliv]$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s  be=e he 0  
born1 & 9 :i* 8 "n /ood record$1 along )
 !  pr$ict$ circum/ances ( ! capture (  
,babylon1 po9t$ out to !m4  ,e reason1  
religi\s & political1 urg$ ! ,jews to   
make !  pr$iction a matt] ( notoriety2 &
 f ,cyrus's decree 9 ,ezra x is  c]ta9 t
 he 0 acqua9t$ ) x2 because !re is 9 !  
decree  an obvi\s ref]5ce to ! prophecy4
 ,?is prophecy1 s /rangely  fulfill$1   
w\ld give mighty =ce to ! doctr9e       
connect$ ) x1  & :i* x proclaims ) s mu*
 maje/y3--                 ,i am        
,,jehovah1 & none else1                 
,=m+ ,,light1 & creat+ ,,d>kness1       
,mak+ ,,peace1 & creat+ ,,evil2         
,i ,,jehovah am ! au?or ( all ^! ?+s40  

,"h ! great pr9ciple ( corrupt$         
magianism 0 directly attack$2  &1 9     
proportion z ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy 0 
felt to be  s+ul> & /rik+1 ! doctr9e    
bl5d$ ) x w\ld attract  notice4 ,its =ce
 0 bo? felt & ackn[l$g$1 z we h se51 9  
! decree ( ,cyrus = ! rebuild+ ( !      
temple4 ,9 t ,cyrus  ackn[l$g$ ! true   
,god to be supreme1 & ?us r5\nc$ 8 =m]  
fai?2 & ! example1 ! public example1 ( a
 pr9ce s belov$1 &  ^: reign 0 s ext5d$1
 c\ld n fail to influ5ce ! religi\s     
op9ions ( 8 p4 ,t ! effect did n t]m9ate
 9 ,cyrus1 we  "k2 =1 f ! book ( ,ezra1 
x appe>s t bo? ,d>ius &  ,artax]xes made
 decrees 9 fav\r ( ! ,jews1 9 :i*       
,jehovah has !  emphatic appellation    
repeat$ly giv5 to him1 ! ,god ( heav510 
!  v t]ms us$ by ,cyrus himself4 ,nor   
are we to suppose ! impression  conf9$  
to ! c\rt2 = ! hi/ory ( ! ?ree ,hebrew  
y\?s1 (  ,nebu*adnezz>'s dream1         
sickness1 & re=mation f idolatry1 ( !   
int]pretation ( ! h& writ+ on ! wall by 
,daniel ! s]vant (  ! liv+ ,god1 ( 8    

deliv]ance f ! lions1 & ! publicity (  !
 prophecy ( ,isaiah respect+ ,cyrus1 7  
too rec5t1 too public1  & too /rik+ 9 _!
 nature1 n to be (t5 & l>gely talk$ (4  
,beside1 9 ! prophecy respect+ ,cyrus1 !
 int5tion ( almighty ,god  9 record+ !  
"n ( t mon>* 9 an inspir$ book1 & %[+   
be=eh& t he _h *os5 him to ov]turn !    
,babylonian empire1 is  expressly       
m5tion$ z hav+ respect to two great     
objects1 fir/1 !  deliv]ance ( ,israel1 
&1 second1 ! mak+ kn[n 8 supreme        
div9ity among ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,we    
aga9 quote ,l[?'s  translation3--       
,= ! sake ( my s]vant ,jacob1           
,& ( ,israel my *os51             ,i h  
ev5 call$ !e by ?y "n1             ,i h 
surnam$ !e1 ?\gh ?\ knewe/ me n4        
,i am ,,jehovah1 & none else1           
,beside me !re is no ,god2              
,i w gird !e1 ?\gh ?\ ha/ n kn[n me1    
,t !y may "k1 f ! ris+ ( ! sun1         
,& f ! we/1 t !re is ,,none ,,beside    
,,me40    ,x 0 !re=e int5d$ by ?is      
proce$+ on ! "p ( ,provid5ce  to tea*1 n

 only ,cyrus1 b ! p ( 8 va/ empire1 &   
surr\nd+ nations1 #a4 ,t ! ,god ( !     
,jews 0 ,jehovah1 !  self-subsi/5t1 !   
et]nal ,god2 #b4 ,t he 0 ,god alone1 !re
 be+  no deity beside himself2 &1 #c4 ,t
 good & evil1 repres5t$ by  light &     
d>kness1 7 nei!r indep5d5t nor et]nal   
subsi/5ces1  b 8 great in/rum5ts1 & "u 8
 control4    ,! ,p]sians1 :o _h s va/ly 
ext5d$ _! empire by ! conque/ (  !      
c\ntries =m]ly held by ! mon>*s (       
,babylon1 7 ?us  prep>$ = su* a         
re=mation ( _! religion z ,zoroa/]      
effect$4  ,! pr9ciples he advocat$ _h   
be5 previ\sly adopt$ by ,cyrus &  o!r   
,p]sian mon>*s1 & probably by _m ( !    
pr9cipal p]sons (  t nation4 ,zoroa/]   
himself ?us became acqua9t$ ) ! great   
tru?s conta9$ 9 ?is fam\s prophecy1 :i* 
attack$ ! v  f\ndations ( e idolatr\s & 
,mani*ean sy/em4 ,f ! o!r  sacr$ books (
 ! ,jews1 :o mix$ ) ! ,p]sians 9 e "p ( 
! empire1 he evid5tly le>n$ m4 ,?is is  
suffici5tly prov$ f  ! _m po9ts (       
simil>ity betwe5 8 religion & ,judaism1 

?\gh  he %\ld n be all[$ to speak s mu* 
9 ! /yle ( ! ,holy  ,scriptures z "s    
passages 9 ! ,z5dave/a w\ld indicate4   
,he f\nd  ! p1 h[ev]1 prep>$ ( ! ,"l0 to
 admit 8 re=mations1  & he c>ri$ !m4    
,?is _c b be look$ ^u z "o in/ance (    
sev]al m]ciful disp5sations ( ,god to ! 
,g5tile _w1 ?r\gh 8  own peculi> p1 !   
,jews1 by :i* ! idolatries ( ! ,hea!n  7
 (t5 *eck$1 & ! light ( tru? rek9dl$    
among !m4 ,9 ?is  view ! anci5t ,jews   
evid5tly consid]$ ! ,jewi% *ur* z       
appo9t$ n to pres]ve only b to ext5d    
true religion4 ,god be  m]ciful to u &  
bless u2 t ?y way may be kn[n ^u e>?1 ?y
  sav+ heal? unto all nations40 ,?is    
r5d]s ,pagan nations m  evid5tly )\t    
excuse40 ,t ?is disp5sation ( m]cy 0    
aft]w>d  neglect$ among ! ,p]sians1 is  
c]ta94 ,h[ long ! effect cont9u$  we "k 
n1 nor h[ widely x spread2 p]haps long] 
& wid] ?an may  n[ di/9ctly appe>4 ,if !
 magi1 :o came f ! ea/ to seek  ,*ri/1 7
 ,p]sians1 "s true wor%ipp]s ( ,god w\ld
 appe> to h  rema9$ 9 ,p]sia to t day2 &

 if1 z is probable1 ! prophecies  (     
,isaiah & ,daniel 7 reta9$ among !m1 !y 
might be among ^?  :o wait$ =           
r$emption10 n at ,j]usalem1 b 9 a di/ant
 "p (  ! _w4 ,! ,p>sees1 :o 7 ne>ly     
extirpat$ by ,mohamm$an  fanaticism1 7  
*>g$ by _! oppressors ) ! idolatry (    
fire1  & ?is 0 probably true ( !        
multitude4 ,"s ( _! writ]s1  h[ev]1     
w>mly def5d$ !mselves aga9/ ! *>ge4 ,a  
consid]able  numb] ( !m rema9 9 ,india  
to ?is day1 & pr(ess to h !  books (    
,zoroa/]4    #b4 ,! t]m magi 0 also     
anci5tly us$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t !  ea/1 to 
di/+ui% philosoph]s1 & especially       
a/ronom]s4 ,pl9y &  ,ptolemy m5tion     
,arabi z synonym\s ) magi2 & x 0 !      
op9ion (  _m le>n$ m5 9 ! fir/ ages (   
,*ri/ianity1 t ! magi :o  pres5t$ (f]+s 
to ! infant ,savi\r1 ,matt4 ii1 #a1 came
 f  s\!rn ,arabia2 = x is c]ta9 t gold1 
frank9c5se1 & myrrh10  7 productions ( t
 c\ntry4 ,!y 7 philosoph]s among :om !  
be/ p>ts ( ! re=m$ magian sy/em1 :i* 0  
ext5sively  diffus$1 7 probably pres]v$4

 ,!y 7 pi\s m51 also1 :o _h  "s         
acqua9tance1 x may be1 ) ! ,hebrew      
prophecies1 & 7  fav\r$ !mselves ) div9e
 revelations4 ,!y are to be reg>d$ z    
memb]s ( ! old patri>*al *ur*1 nev] q   
ext+ui%$ among  ! ,hea!n2 & !y _h !     
special hon\r to pres5t ! homage (  !   
,g5tile _w to ! infant ,savi\r4         
,,magician n unfrequ5tly occurs 9       
,scripture4 ,g5]ally x signifies a      
div9]1 a =tune tell]1 c4 ,moses =bids   
rec\rse to su* on pa9 (  dea?3 ,! s\l t 
turne? aft] su* z h famili> spirits1 &  
aft] wiz>ds1 to g a :or+ aft] !m1 ,i w  
ev5 set my face  aga9/ t s\l1 & ev5 cut 
him (f f among 8 p10  ,leviticus xix1   
#ca2 xx1 #f4 ,! ,hebrew is - -1 :i*     
signify lit]ally1--! fir/1 ^? possess$ )
 a _s ( ,py?on1  or a demon t =tels     
future ev5ts2--! second1 kn[]s1 !y :o   
boa/ ( ! k ( secret ?+s4 ,x 0 su* sort (
 p t  ,saul extirpat$ out ( ! l& (      
,israel1 #a ,sam4 xxviii1 #c4 ,daniel   
also  speaks ( magicians & div9]s 9     
,*aldea1 "u ,nebu*adnezz>1  ,daniel i1  

#bj1 c2    4 ,he names f\r  sorts3      
,*>tumim1 ,asaphim1 ,mecasphim1 &       
,casdim1 ,daniel ii1 #b4  ,! fir/1      
,*>tumim1 accord+ to ,!odotion1         
signifies en*ant]s20  accord+ to !      
,,lxx1 sophi/s20 accord+ to ,j]om1      
h>iolas1  div9]s1 =tune tell]s1 ca/]s ( 
nativities40 ,! second ^w1  ,asaphim1   
has a great resemblance to ! ,greek ^w 1
 wise man20  :e!r ! ,greeks took ?is ^w 
f ! ,babylonians1 or vice v]s4          
,!odotion & ,j]om h r5d]$ x magicians20 
! ,,lxx1  philosoph]s40 ,! ?ird ^w1     
,mecasphim1 by ,j]om & ! ,greeks1 is    
translat$ malefici1 en*ant]s20 su* z us$
 noxi\s h]bs &  drugs1 ! blood (        
victims1 & ! bones ( ! dead1 = _!       
sup]/iti\s op]ations4 ,! f\r? ^w1       
,casdim1 or ,*aldeans1 has  two         
significations3 fir/1 ! ,*aldean p1 ov] 
:om ,nebu*adnezz>  0 mon>*2 ! second1 a 
sort ( philosoph]s1 :o dwelt 9 a sep>ate
  "p ( ! city1 :o 7 exempt f all public 
(fices &  employm5ts4 ,_! /udies 7      
physic1 a/rology1 div9ation1  =etell+ ( 

future ev5ts by ! />s1 int]pretation (  
dreams1  augury1 wor%ip ( ! gods1 c4    
,all ^! inquisitive & sup]/iti\s  arts 7
 prohibit$ among ! ,israelites1 z f\nd$ 
on impo/ure or  devilism1 & z inconsi/5t
 ) fai? 9 ,god's provid5ce1 & tru/  9 8 
supremacy4    ,,magog4 ,see ,,gog4      
,,mahanaim1 a city ( ! ,levites1 ( !    
family ( ,m]>i1 9 ! tribe  ( ,gad1 ^u ! 
brook ,jabbok1 ,jo%ua xxi1 #ch2 xiii1   
#bf4 ,! "n  ,mahanaim signifies two     
ho/s10 or two fields40 ,! patri>* gave x
  ?is "n because 9 ?is place he _h a    
vision ( angels com+ to meet  him1      
,g5esis xxxii1 #b4 ,mahanaim 0 ! seat ( 
! k+dom (  ,i%bo%e?1 aft] ! dea? (      
,saul1 #b ,sam4 ii1 #i1 #ab4 ,x 0 also  
to  ?is place t ,david retir$ dur+ !    
usurpation ( ,absalom1 #b ,sam4  xvii1  
#bd2 & ?is rebelli\s son 0 subdu$1 &    
suff]$ dea?1 n  f> f ?is city4          
,,mahometanism4 ,mohamm$1 its di/+ui%$  
f\nd]1 0 born 9 ,arabia1  t[>d !        
conclusion ( ! six? c5tury4 ,al?\gh he  
_h be5 r$uc$  to pov]ty1 he 0 desc5d$ f 

ance/ors :o _h long be5  conspicu\s by  
rank & by influ5ce2 b hav+ be5 %ut out f
 !  advantages ( education1 :i* 9 8     
peculi> case might h r  cramp$ ?an      
invigorat$ ! a/oni%+ p[]s ( 8 m9d1 he _h
 be5  compell$ to seek 8 subsi/5ce by   
devot+ himself to a m5ial  occupation4  
,yet al?\gh ?us unfav\rably situat$1 he 
0 l$1 9  conduct+ ! comm]cial           
transactions :i*1 9 ! s]vice ( ,cadijah1
  a woman ( great weal?1 he 0 employ$ to
 arrange1 to survey ! /ate  ( sev]al ( !
 neighb\r+ nations2 became acqua9t$ ) ! 
mo/  /rik+ features 9 ! *>act]s ( ^? by 
:om he 0 surr\nd$2  & he 0 enabl$ to    
pr(it by ! in=mation :i* he ?us procur$1
  f 8 add+ to ! graces ( p]sonal        
elegance & beauty1 ! mo/  captivat+     
mann]s1 & ! mo/ w9n+ address4 ,exalt$ by
 !  p>tiality ( ,cadijah1 :o conf]r$ on 
him h] h& & h] ext5sive  possessions1 he
 seems e>ly to h =m$ ! s*eme ( ann\nc+  
himself z ! au?or ( a new religion1 &1 9
 virtue ( ?is sacr$  (fice1 ( asc5d+ to 
t supremacy ( political influ5ce :i* x  

0 8 s+ul> =tune1 soon aft] he unfold$ 8 
pret5sions1 to  atta94 ,tak+ advantage (
 t ins5sibility into :i*1 by !  attacks 
( epilepsy1 he 0 occasionally ?r[n1 he  
pret5d$ t he  0 wrapp$ 9 div9e          
contemplation1 or 0 actually hold+      
communication ) high] ord]s ( be+s1 :o 7
 committ+ to him  ! div9e in/ructions   
:i* he 0 to dissem9ate ?r\gh ! _w4      
,:5 ! "t :i* he conceiv$ to be fav\rable
 = ! gr& object  ( 8 ambition _h arriv$1
 he op5ly decl>$ t he 0 ! prophet  ( !  
mo/ high ,god2 b ! magi/rates ( ,mecca1 
despis+ 8  pret5sions1 or dread+ ! evils
 :i* might result f religi\s            
innovation1 vigor\sly oppos$ him1 & he  
f\nd himself compell$1 9  ord] to avoid 
! puni%m5t :i* !y 7 prep>+ to inflict on
  him1 to h rec\rse to flight4 ,he did  
n1 h[ev]1 rel9qui% !  s*eme ^u :i* he _h
 s long m$itat$1 & :i* he 0 conv9c$  t  
he 0 qualifi$ to c>ry into execution4   
,aft] 8 dep>ture f  ,mecca1 f :i* ev5t !
 ,mohamm$an era ( ! hegira takes its    
comm5cem5t1 he 0 jo9$ by a few foll[]s  

det]m9$ to %>e 8  fate2 & hav+ solemnly 
consecrat$ ! bann] "u :i* he 0 to  ext5d
 8 p[] & propagate 8 t5ets1 he comm5c$  
ho/ilities  aga9/ ^? by :om he _h be5   
oppos$4 ,8 fir/ ef=ts1 h[ev]1  7 n cr[n$
 ) success1 b he _h infus$ into 8       
att5dants a  _s :i* mis=tune c\ld n     
subdue3 !y r5ew$ _! ent]prise1  & ,mecca
 at l5g? submitt$ to 8 arms4 ,f ?is     
p]iod 8  exaltation 0 v rapid2 he 0     
v5]at$ z ! fav\r$ mess5g] (  ,heav51 & 8
 c\ntrym5 b[$ d[n be=e a sov]eign       
protect$1 z  !y believ$1 by !           
,omnipot5t1 & commission$ to reveal 8 w4
  ,!re 7 _m causes :i* satisfactorily   
acc\nt = 8 success4 ,!  ,*ri/ian        
religion1 9 ! corrupt$ =m 9 :i* x exi/$ 
9 !  regions contigu\s to ! c\ntry ( !  
prophet1 0 n int]wov5  ) ! affections ( 
its pr(essors2 !y 7 split into factions1
  cont5d+ ab\t ! mo/ frivol\s di/9ctions
 & ! mo/ ridicul\s  t5ets2 & ! sword (  
p]secution 0 mutually wield$ by !m all1 
to spread mis]y :]e !re %\ld h be5 !    
ties ( *>ity &  love4 ,?us divid$1 !y   

pres5t$ no /eady resi/ance to ! attempt 
made to wre/ f !m _! religion2 &1 inde$1
 z _m ( !m _h  adopt$ t religion1 n f   
conviction1 b f dread ( !  tyranny by   
:i* x _h be5 impos$ on !m1 !y only did  
:at !y  _h previ\sly done1 :51 %r9k+ f !
 f]oci\s zeal ( !  emiss>ies ( !        
prophet1 !y submitt$ to 8 doctr9e4 ,)   
admirable address1 too1 he _h fram$ 8   
religi\s sy/em1 s z to  gratify ^? to   
:om x 0 ann\nc$4 ,lay+ d[n ! sublime &  
unque/ionable doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god1 
he pr(ess$ to rev]e !  patri>*s1 ^:     
memory ! ,arabs held 9 v5]ation2 he     
admitt$ t  ,moses 0 a mess5g] f ,god2 he
 ackn[l$g$ ,jesus z an exalt$  prophet2 
& he f\nd$ 8 own pret5sions ^u !        
intimation :i*  our ,savi\r _h giv5 t ! 
,p>aclete1 or ,com=t]1 0 to be s5t  to  
lead ! _w into all tru?4 ,?us ea* p>ty  
f\nd 9 ! ,koran  mu* ( :at x _h be5     
accu/om$ to believe2 & ! transition 0  9
 ?is way r5d]$ m easy to ! admission t a
 new revelation  _h be5 v\*saf$4    ,?is
 effect 0 facilitat$ by ! ignorance :i* 

prevail$ 9 ,arabia4  ,accu/om$ to a w&]+
 life1 ! ,arabs _h devot$ no "t to !    
acquisition ( k2 mo/ ( !m 7 ev5 unable  
to read !  ,koran1 ! sublimity & beauty 
( :i* 7 held =? to !m z  inconte/able   
pro(s ( ! inspiration ( its au?or4 ,_h  
,mohamm$1  inde$ re/$ 8 doctr9e ^u      
miracles1 x might h happ5$ t  ! impo/ure
 by "s w\ld h be5 detect$2 b1 ) 8 usual 
policy1 he avoid$ :at he knew 0 s       
haz>d\s2 &1 ) !  exception ( 8 ref]5ce  
to ! ,koran1 z surpass+ ! capacity (    
man1 he explicitly disclaim$ hav+ be5   
au?oriz$ to d su* mighty  works z _h be5
 wr\ght to e/abli% ! previ\s            
disp5sations ( !  ,almighty4 ,! fasc9at+
 repres5tation t he gave ( ! joys (     
p>adise1 :i* he accommodat$ to !        
conceptions & wi%es ( !  ea/]n nations1 
also made a deep & fav\rable impression2
 !  wantonness ( imag9ation 0 gratifi$ )
 ! anticipation ( a /ate  ab\nd+ )      
s5sual gratification rais$ to ! highe/  
degree (  exquisit5ess2 :ile ! dismal   
fate allott$ ?r\gh et]nity to all  :o   

reject$ ! message :i* he br\ght1 al>m$ !
 fe>s ( !  cr$ul\s & sup]/iti\s         
multitude :om he 0 eag] to allure4 ,:5  
) ^! causes are comb9$ ! vig\r ( 8      
adm9i/ration1 & !  c]ta9ty ( suff]+ or (
 dea? 9 ! ev5t ( )/&+ 8  doctr9e1 !re is
 suffici5t to acc\nt = ! success ( 8    
religion2 & !re is 9 t success no?+ :i* 
c1 ) !  %ad[ ( reason1 be employ$1 z1 ) 
/range p]v]sion ( argum5t1  x has       
sometimes be51 to invalidate ! pro( = ! 
tru? (  ,*ri/ianity d$uc$ f its rapid   
diffusion4 ,t pro( does n re/  ^u ! m]e 
circum/ance t ! religion ( ,jesus 0     
widely &  spe$ily propagat$2 !re might1 
"u p>ticul> circum/ances1 h  be5 9 ?is  
no?+ wond]ful2 b on ! facts t x 0 s     
propagat$1 :5 all ! human means to :i*  
!y :o prea*$ x c\ld  h rec\rse1 w\ld h  
ret>d$ r ?an promot$ :at actually  took 
place2 t x employ$ no =ce2 t x held out 
no e>?ly  advantages2 t x accommodat$   
itself to no previ\s religi\s           
prejudices2 & t x oppos$ & reprov$ all1 
& did n gratify  any1 ( ! corruptions & 

lu/s ( human nature4    ,b ,mohamm$ did 
n limit 8 views to ! sov]eignty (       
,arabia3 he  0 elevat$ by ! hope (      
univ]sal empire2 & he m\ld$ 8 sy/em  s z
 to promote :at he 0 eag] to atta94 ,=  
?is purpose he  promis$ to all :o       
enroll$ !mselves "u 8 bann] full lic5se 
to  plund] ! nations aga9/ :i* !y 7 l$2 
& he made x a  fundam5tal t5et ( 8 fai? 
t !y :o fell 9 ! w>like  ent]prises     
de/9$ to enl>ge ! numb] ( believ]s 7 at 
once  deliv]$ f ! guilt & mis]y ( _!    
s9s1 & 7 admitt$ to  ! happy sc5es      
prep>$ = ! fai?ful4 ,he ?us collect$    
ar\nd him  an army ?or\ghly devot$1     
prep>$ = meet+ e dang]1  /imulat$ to !  
mo/ labori\s ex]tions by ! hope (       
plund]1 &  /eel$ aga9/ all :i* c weak5  
c\rage or exhau/ resolution1 by  !      
en?usiasm ( hope2 :atev] 0 _! fate1 !y  
_h no?+ to  dread2 if !y escap$ !       
weapons ( _! enemies1 !y 7 load$  )     
spoil1 & invit$ to indulg5ce2 & if !y   
fell1 !y 7  canoniz$ by ^? :o surviv$1 &
 ex*ang$ ! vicissitudes &  tr\bles ( ?is

 _w = ! delights ( a s5sual p>adise4 ,an
 army  ?us con/itut$ & ?us impell$ mu/1 
"u any circum/ances1 h  be5 =midable2   
aga9/ !m ! usual me?ods to defeat       
invasion &  to prev5t conque/ w\ld h    
fail$2 !y c\ld h be5 successfully       
enc\nt]$ only by m5 :o _h imbib$ a      
simil> _s1 & :o  id5tifi$ pati5ce &     
c\rage 9 ! field ) ! mo/ sacr$ duty     
requir$ by religion4 ,( ! advantages    
:i*1 aft] ,arabia _h  ackn[l$g$ 8 sway1 
& hail$ him z ! prophet ( ! ,"l1 he     
might confid5tly anticipate1 ,mohamm$ 0 
abundantly s5sible2 b  :ile he 0 prep>+ 
to br+ into action ! mighty ma*9e :i* he
  _h erect$1 8 e>?ly c>e] 0 t]m9at$1 &  
he left to o!rs to  execute ! s*emes :i*
 he _h fondly devis$4    ,! en]gy ( !   
sy/em rema9$ aft] ! au?or ( x 0 remov$  
f ! _w2 & 8 successors lo/ no "t 9      
ext5d+ _!  dom9ions f> beyond ! b\nds ( 
,arabia4 ,! ob/acles oppos$ to !m       
in/antly yield$2 a feeble & deg5]ate    
empire s9k+ "u its own  weight1 & unable
 to resi/ any p[] act+ aga9/ x1 at once 

submitt$ to ! ho/ ( fanatical plund]]s1 
:o spread desolation z  !y advanc$2 !   
ri*e/ prov9ces soon 7 wre/$ f x2 & !    
mo/ f]tile regions ( ,asia fell "u !    
conqu]+ fury ( !  caliphs4 ,p]sia1 :i*  
_h long p]secut$ ,*ri/ianity1 0 add$ to 
_! increas+ t]ritories2 ,syria submitt$ 
to _! yoke2 &1 :at  fill$ ) horror & )  
angui% ! believ]s 9 ! ,gospel1          
,pale/9e1 t holy l& f :i* ! light (     
div9e tru? _h  beam$ ^u ! nations1 :i*  
_h be5 ! sc5e ( ^? awful or  int]e/+    
ev5ts record$ 9 ! inspir$ ,scriptures1  
:i* _h  witness$ ! life1 ! m9i/ry1 !    
dea?1 ! resurrection1 &  asc5sion ( !   
,r$eem] ( mank9d1 b5t "u ! iron sceptre 
( an  infidel sov]eign1 nom9ally1 inde$1
 rev]+ ! ,f\nd] ( its  religion1 b fill$
 ) bigot$ & implacable hatr$ aga9/ ! mo/
  atta*$ & consci5ti\s ( 8 disciples4 ,b
 ! caliphs did n  accompli% _! pr9cipal 
object :5 !y r$uc$ to subjection !      
c\ntries :i* !y ravag$3 to !m x 0 (     
inf9itely m mom5t  to propagate !       
,musselman fai?2 &1 accord+ly1 al?\gh 9 

!  comm5cem5t ( t fai? "s indulg5ce 01 f
 political  consid]ations1 grant$ to !  
,*ri/ians1 !re 0 soon no alt]native     
left to ! trembl+ captives b to embrace 
! doctr9e ( !  prophet1 or to submit to 
slav]y or dea?4 ,we _c wond] t t5ets    
?us en=c$ rapidly spread2 !y supplant$1 
9 _m ext5sive  regions1 ! religion (    
,jesus2 &1 incorporat+ !mselves ) civil 
gov]nm5ts1 or r f\nd+ all gov]nm5ts ^u !
 ,koran1 !y  cont9ue1 at ! di/ance (    
elev5 hundr$ ye>s1 to be believ$  ?r\gh 
a l>ge proportion ( ! _w4    ,! effect (
 ?is signal revolution 0 fir/ exp]i5c$  
by ^?  ,*ri/ians :o inhabit$ ! ea/]n    
p>ts ( ! empire2 b !  acc\nt ( x mu/ h  
be5 spe$ily convey$ ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1  
& ! gigantic ent]prises ( ! ,s>ac5s soon
 ?reat5$ all nations  ) slav]y &        
sup]/ition4 ,! successors ( ! prophet1 9
 !  eigh? c5tury1 direct$ _! /eps t[>d  
,europe2 & hav+ at l5g?  cross$ ! n>r[  
sea :i* sep>ates ,africa f ,spa91 !y    
disp]s$  ! troops ( ,rod]ick1 k+ ( !    
,go?s1 took possession ( !  great] "p ( 

8 dom9ions1 subv]t$ ! empire ( !        
,visigo?s1  :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,spa9 
= upw>d ( ?ree c5turies1 &  plant$      
!mselves along ! coa/ ( ,gaul1 f !      
,pyr5ean m\nta9s  to ! ,rh9e4           
,*>lemagne1 al>m$ at _! progress1 made a
 great  ef=t to cru% !m2 b he fail$ 9   
accompli%+ 8 object1 &  !y committ$1 9  
v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe :i* !y visit$1 !   
mo/  %ock+ deva/ations4    ,:5 a great  
"p ( ! life ( ,mohamm$ _h be5 sp5t 9    
prep>atory  m$itation on ! sy/em he 0   
ab\t to e/abli%1 ! *apt]s ( !  ,alcoran 
or ,koran1 :i* 0 to conta9 ! rule ( !   
fai? &  practice ( 8 foll[]s1 7 dealt   
out sl[ly & sep>ately dur+  ! long p]iod
 ( ?ree-&-tw5ty ye>s4 ,he entru/$ 8     
belov$  wife1 ,raphsa1 ! daught] ( ,om>1
 ) ! keep+ ( ! *e/ ( 8  apo/le%ip1 9 :i*
 7 laid up all ! orig9als ( !           
revelations  he pret5d$ to h receiv$ by 
! m9i/ration ( ! ,angel ,gabriel1  & out
 ( :i* ! ,koran1 consi/+ ( "o hundr$ &  
f\rte5  surats1 or *apt]s1 ( v unequal  
l5g?1 0 compos$ aft] 8  dea?4 ,yet1     

defective 9 its /ructure1 & n less      
exceptionable 9  its doctr9es &         
precepts1 0 ! "w :i* he ?us deliv]$ to 8
  foll[]s z ! oracles ( ,god4 ,we w n   
detract f ! real m]it  ( ! ,koran2 we   
all[ x to be g5]ally elegant & (t5      
sublime2 b  at ! same "t we reject )    
disda9 its arrogant pret5sions to any   
?+ sup]natural4 ,nay1 if1 desc5d+ to a  
m9ute inve/igation ( x1  we consid] its 
p]petual inconsi/5cy & absurdity1 we    
%all inde$  h cause = a/oni%m5t at t    
weakness ( humanity :i* c\ld  ev] h     
receiv$ su* compositions z ! "w ( !     
,deity1 & :i*  c\ld /ill hold x 9 su*   
high admiration z x is held by !        
foll[]s ( ,mohamm$ to ! pres5t day4 ,f> 
f support+ its  arrogant claim to a     
sup]natural "w1 x s9ks bel[ ! level ( _m
  compositions confess$ly ( human       
orig9al2 & /ill l[] does x fall  :5     
comp>$ ) t pure & p]fect patt]n :i* we  
ju/ly admire  9 ! ,scriptures ( tru?4 ,!
 fir/ praise ( all ! productions (      
g5ius is inv5tion2 b ! ,koran be>s      

little impression ( ?is  transc5d5t "*4 
,x does n conta9 "o s+le doctr9e :i*    
may n fairly be d]iv$ ei!r f ! ,jewi% & 
,*ri/ian  ,scriptures1 f ! spuri\s &    
apocryphal ,gospels1 !n curr5t 9  ! ea/1
 f ! ,talmudical leg5ds1 or f !         
traditions1 cu/oms1  & op9ions ( !      
,arabians4 ,& ! mat]ials collect$ f ^!  
sev]al s\rces are "h heap$ toge!r )     
p]petual & ne$less  repetitions1 )\t any
 settl$ pr9ciple1 or visible connection4
 ,!  mo/ prom95t feature ( ! ,koran1 t  
po9t ( excell5ce 9 :i*  ! p>tiality (   
its admir]s has ev] delight$ to view x1 
is !  sublime notion x g5]ally impresses
 ( ! nature & attributes (  ,god4 ,b if 
its au?or _h really d]iv$ ^! j          
conceptions f  ! inspiration ( t ,be+   
:om !y attempt to describe1 !y w\ld  n h
 be5 surr\nd$1 z !y n[ are1 on e side ) 
error &  absurdity4 ,by attempt+ to     
expla9 :at is inconceivable1 to describe
  :at is ineffable1 & to mat]ialize :at 
9 itself is spiritual1 he  absurdly &   
impi\sly aim$ to s5sualize ! purity ( ! 

div9e  ess5ce4 ,b x might easily be     
prov$1 t :atev] ! ,koran ju/ly  def9es (
 ! div9e attributes1 0 borr[$ f our     
,holy ,scriptures2  :i*1 ev5 f _! fir/  
promulgation1 b especially f !          
completion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h ext5d$ !
 views1 &  enlight5$ ! und]/&+s1 (      
mank9d4    ,! ,koran1 inde$1 e :]e      
inculcates t gr& & fundam5tal  doctr9e (
 ! unity ( ! supreme ,be+1 ! e/abli%m5t 
( :i*  0 con/antly alleg$ by ! impo/or z
 ! prim>y object ( 8  pret5d$ mission2 b
 on ! subject ( ! ,*ri/ian tr9ity1 its  
au?or seems to h ent]ta9$ v gross &     
mi/ak5 ideas1 & to  h be5 totally       
ignorant ( ! p]fect consi/5cy ( t op9ion
  ) ! unity ( ! ,deity4 ,) respect to ! 
great doctr9e ( a  future life1 & !     
condition ( ! s\l aft] its dep>ture f ! 
body1 x mu/ inde$ be ackn[l$g$ t !      
prophet ( ,arabia has  pres5t$ u ) a    
ne>] prospect ( ! invisible _w1 &       
disclos$ to u a ?\s& p>ticul>s conc]n+  
x1 :i* ! ,holy  ,scriptures _h wrapp$ 9 
! mo/ pr(\nd & my/]i\s sil5ce4 ,b  9 8  

v>i\s repres5tations ( ano!r life1 he   
g5]ally desc5ds to  an unnecess>y       
m9ut5ess & p>ticul>ity1 :i* excite      
disgu/ &  ridicule1 in/ead ( rev]5ce4   
,he con/antly pret5d$ to h receiv$  ^!  
/up5d\s secrets by ! m9i/ry ( ! ,angel  
,gabriel1 f t  et]nal book 9 :i* ! div9e
 decrees h be5 writt5 by ! f+]  ( !     
,almighty f ! f\ndation ( ! _w2 b !     
le>n$  inquir] w discov] a m accessible1
 & a f> m probable1  s\rce :5ce !y might
 be d]iv$1 p>tly 9 ! wild & fanciful    
op9ions ( ! anci5t ,arabs1 & *iefly 9 ^?
 exhau/less /ores  ( m>vell\s &         
improbable fiction1 ! works ( ! rabb9s4 
,h5ce1  t romantic fable ( ! angel (    
dea?1 ^: peculi> (fice x is1  at ! de/9$
 h\r1 to dissolve ! union betwe5 s\l &  
body1 &  to free ! dep>t+ _s f its      
prison ( fle%4 ,h5ce1 too1 !  v>i\s     
descriptions ( ! g5]al resurrection &   
f9al judgm5t )  :i* ! ,koran e :]e      
ab\nds2 & h5ce ! va/ b ideal  balance 9 
:i* ! actions ( all mank9d %all !n be   
imp>tially  weigh$1 & _! et]nal doom be 

assign$ !m1 ei!r 9 ! regions  ( bliss or
 mis]y1 accord+ z _! good or evil de$s  
%all  prepond]ate4 ,"h1 too1 may be     
trac$ ! gr& & orig9al outl9es  ( t      
s5sual p>adise1 & ^? luxuri\s enjoym5ts1
 :i* 7 s  successfully employ$ 9 !      
,koran1 to gratify ! ard5t g5ius ( !    
,arabs1 & allure !m to ! /&>d ( !       
prophet4    ,! same obs]vation :i* has  
be5 appli$ ) respect to ! s\rces  :5ce !
 doctr9es 7 drawn1 may1 ) "s few        
limitations1 be  likewise ext5d$ to !   
precepts :i* ! ,arabian legislator has  
enjo9$4 ,t ! ,koran1 amid/ a v>i\s &    
confus$ heap (  ridicul\s & ev5 immoral 
precepts1 conta9s _m int]e/+ &          
in/ructive lessons ( morality1 _c ) tru?
 be d5i$4 ,( ^!1  h[ev]1 ! m]it is to be
 ascrib$1 n to ! feeble imitation1 b  to
 ! great & p]fect orig9al f :i* !y 7    
manife/ly drawn4  ,in/ead ( improv+ on !
 ,*ri/ian precepts by a sup]ior degree (
  ref9em5t2 in/ead ( exhibit+ a pur] & m
 p]fect sy/em (  morals ?an t ( !       
,gospel2 ! prophet ( ,arabia has        

mis]ably  debas$ & weak5$ ev5 :at he has
 borr[$ f t sy/em4 ,we are  told by our 
,savi\r1 t a man is to be ! husb& ( "o  
wife1 &  t !re is to be an insep>able   
union betwe5 !m4 ,by ,mohamm$'s         
confession1 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 a prophet ( !
 true ,god1 & ! ,holy  ,_s 0 ) him4 ,yet
 9 ! ,koran we f9d p]mission = any p]son
  to h f\r wives1 & z _m concub9es z he 
c ma9ta94 ,aga93  our ,savi\r expressly 
tells u1 t1 at ! resurrection1 !y w     
nei!r m>ry nor be giv5 9 m>riage2 b be l
 ! angels ( ,god 9  heav540 ,we are     
in=m$ also by ,/4 ,paul1 t we %all be   
*ang$1 &  h a spiritual & glorifi$ body2
 = fle% & blood _c inh]it  ! k+dom (    
heav52 nei!r c corruption inh]it        
incorruption40 ,b  ,mohamm$ gives a v   
diff]5t acc\nt3 x is cle>1 f 8 own      
confession1 t ! happ9ess promis$ 9 !    
,koran consi/s 9 base  & corporeal      
enjoym5ts4 ,accord+ to its au?or1 !re w 
n only  be m>riage1 b also s]vitude 9 ! 
next _w4 ,! v meane/ 9  p>adise w h     
eighty ?\s& s]vants1 & sev5ty-two wives 

(  ! girls ( p>adise1 beside ! wives he 
_h 9 ?is _w2 he w  also h a t5t erect$ =
 him ( pe>ls1 hyac9?s1 & em]alds4 ,&  z 
m>riage w take place1 s a new race w be 
introduc$ 9 heav52  =1 says ! ,koran1   
,if any ( ! fai?ful 9 p>adise be desir\s
 (  issue1 x %all be conceiv$1 born1 &  
gr[n up 9 ! space ( an  h\r40 ,b on !   
contradictions 9 po9t ( doctr9e1 ?\gh   
suffici5t  ( !mselves to confute !      
pret5sions ( ,mohamm$1 we =be> to       
insi/4    ,! impure designs :i* gave    
bir? to ! :ole sy/em may be trac$ 9     
almo/ e subord9ate "p2 ev5 its sublime/ 
descriptions ( !  ,deity1 ev5 its mo/   
exalt$ moral precepts1 n unfrequ5tly    
ei!r  t]m9ate 91 or are int]wov5 )1 "s  
provision to gratify !  inord9ate crav+s
 ( ambition1 or "s lic5se = ! indulg5ce 
(  ! corrupt passions ( ! human he>t4 ,x
 has all[$ private rev5ge1  9 ! case (  
murd]2 x has giv5 a sanction to         
=nication2 &1 if  any weight be due to !
 example ( its au?or1 x has ju/ifi$     
adult]y4 ,x has made w>1 & rap9e1 &     

blood%$1 provid$ !y be  ex]cis$ aga9/   
unbeliev]s1 n only m]itori\s acts1 b ev5
  ess5tial duties to ! good ,musselman2 
duties by ! p]=mance (  :i* he may      
secure ! con/ant fav\r & protection (   
,god & 8  prophet 9 ?is life1 & 9 ! next
 entitle himself to ! b\ndless  joys (  
p>adise4 ,9 ! ,koran are advanc$ !      
foll[+ ass]tions1  among o!rs already   
notic$3 ,t bo? ,jews & ,*ri/ians are    
idolat]s2 t ! patri>*s & ,apo/les 7     
,mohamm$ans2 t !  angels wor%ipp$ ,adam1
 & t ! fall5 angels 7 driv5 f  heav5 = n
 do+ s2 t our bless$ ,savi\r 0 nei!r    
,god1 nor  ! ,son ( ,god2 & t he assur$ 
,mohamm$ ( ?is 9 a conf]5ce  ) !        
,almighty & him2 yet t he 0 bo? ! ^w &  
,_s (  ,god3 n to m5tion numb]less      
absurdities conc]n+ ! creation1 !       
deluge1 ! end ( ! _w1 ! resurrection1 ! 
day ( judgm5t1 too  gross to be receiv$ 
by any except ! mo/ debas$ und]/&+s4    
,x 0 frequ5tly ! triumphant boa/ ( ,/4  
,paul1 t ! ,gospel (  ,jesus ,*ri/ _h = 
ev] fre$ mank9d f ! intol]able burd5 (  

c]emonial obs]vances4 ,b ! ,koran r5ews 
& p]petuates !  slav]y1 by prescrib+ to 
its vot>ies a ritual /ill m oppressive1 
& entangl+ !m aga9 9 a yoke ( bondage   
yet m sev]e ?an t  ( ! law4 ,( ?is k9d1 
amid/ a v>iety ( in/ances1 is t great  &
 m]itori\s act ( ,mohamm$an devotion1 ! 
pilgrimage to ! holy  city ( ,mecca2 an 
act :i* ! ,koran has enjo9$1 & ! pi\s   
,musselman implicitly p]=ms1 z necess>y 
to ! obta9+ p>don (  8 s9s1 & qualify+  
him to be a p>tak] ( ! allur+ pleasures 
& exquisite enjoym5ts ( p>adise4 ,to !  
sev]al articles ( fai?  to :i* all 8    
foll[]s 7 to adh]e1 ,mohamm$ add$ f\r   
fundam5tal po9ts ( religi\s practice2   
namely1 pray] five times a  day1 fa/+1  
alms-giv+1 & ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,"u
 ! fir/  ( ^! are compreh5d$ ^? frequ5t 
wa%+s or purifications :i*  he prescrib$
 z necess>y prep>ations = ! duty (      
pray]4 ,s  necess>y did he ?9k !m1 t he 
is said to h decl>$1 t !  practice (    
religion is f\nd$ ^u cleanl9ess1 :i* is 
"o half (  fai?1 & ! key ( pray]4 ,!    

second ( ^! he conceiv$ to be a  duty ( 
s great mom5t1 t he us$ to say x 0 !    
gate (  religion1 & t ! od\r ( ! m\? (  
him :o fa/e? is m  grateful to ,god ?an 
t ( musk4 ,! ?ird is look$ ^u z s       
pleas+ 9 ! sight ( ,god1 t ! ,caliph    
,om> ,ebn ,abdalaziz us$ to  say1 ,pray]
 c>ries u half way to ,god2 fa/+ br+s u 
to ! door (  8 palace2 & alms procure u 
admission40 ,! la/ ( ^! practical       
religi\s duties is deem$ s necess>y1 t1 
accord+ to a tradition  ( ,mohamm$1 he  
:o dies )\t p]=m+ x1 may z well die a   
,jew or  a ,*ri/ian40 ,z to ! negative  
precepts & in/itutions ( ?is  religion1 
! ,mohamm$ans are =bidd5 ! use ( w9e1 & 
are  prohibit$ f gam+1 usury1 & ! eat+ (
 blood & sw9e's  fle%1 & :atev] dies (  
itself1 or is /rangl$1 or kill$ by a    
bl[1 or by ano!r bea/4 ,!y are said1    
h[ev]1 to comply ) !  prohibition (     
gam+1 7f :i* *ess seems to be except$17 
mu*  bett] ?an !y d ) t ( w9e1 "u :i*   
all /rong &  inebriat+ liquors are      
includ$2 = bo? ! ,p]sians & ,turks are 9

  ! habit ( dr9k+ freely4    ,h[ev]     
successful & triumphant f )\t1 !        
progress ( !  foll[]s ( ,mohamm$ receiv$
 a consid]able *eck by ! civil          
diss5sions :i* arose among !mselves soon
 aft] 8 dea?4 ,abubek]  & ,ali1 ! =m] ! 
fa!r-9-law1 ! latt] ! son-9-law1 (  ?is 
pret5d$ prophet1 aspir$ bo? to succe$   
him 9 ! empire :i*  he _h erect$4 ,^u   
?is arose a cruel & t$i\s conte/1 ^:    
flames produc$ t s*ism :i* divid$ !     
,mohamm$ans into two great  factions2 & 
?is sep>ation n only gave rise to a     
v>iety (  op9ions & rites1 b also excit$
 ! mo/ implacable hatr$1 & !  mo/ deadly
 animosities1 :i* h be5 cont9u$ to !    
pres5t day4  ,) su* furi\s zeal is ?is  
cont5tion /ill c>ri$ on betwe5 ^!  two  
factions1 :o are di/+ui%$ by ! "n (     
,sonnites &  ,s*iites1 t ea* p>ty dete/ 
& ana!matize ! o!r z  abom9able h]etics1
 & f>!r f ! tru? ?an ei!r !  ,*ri/ians  
or ! ,jews4 ,! *ief po9ts 9 :i* !y diff]
 are3 #a4  ,! ,s*iites reject ,abubek]1 
,om>1 & ,o?man1 ! fir/ ?ree caliphs1  z 

usurp]s & intrud]s2 b ! ,sonnites       
ackn[l$ge & respect !m  z rightful      
caliphs or imams4 #b4 ,! ,s*iites pref] 
,ali to ,mohamm$1  or1 at lea/1 e/eem !m
 bo? equal2 b ! ,sonnites admit nei!r   
,ali1 nor any ( ! prophets1 to be equal 
to ,mohamm$4 #c4 ,! ,sonnites  *>ge !   
,s*iites ) corrupt+ ! ,koran1 & neglect+
 its  precepts2 & ! ,s*iites retort !   
same *>ge on ! ,sonnites4    #d4 ,!     
,sonnites receive ! ,sonna1 or book (   
traditions ( _!  prophet1 z ( canonical 
au?ority2 b ! ,s*iites reject x z       
apocryphal1 & unwor?y ( cr$it4 ,!       
,sonnites are subdivid$ into  f\r *ief  
sects1 ( :i* ! fir/ is t ( ! ,hanefites1
 :o  g5]ally prevail among ! ,turks &   
,t>t>s2 ! second1 t ( !  ,malecites1 ^: 
doctr9e is *iefly foll[$ 9 ,b>b>y1 & o!r
  p>ts ( ,africa2 ! ?ird1 t ( !         
,%afeites1 :o are *iefly  conf9$ to     
,arabia & ,p]sia2 & ! f\r? or?odox sect 
is t (  ! ,hanbalites1 :o are n v       
num]\s1 & seldom to be met ) out  ( !   
limits ( ,arabia4 ,! h]etical sects     

among ! ,mohamm$ans are  ^? :i* are     
c\nt$ to hold het]odox op9ions 9        
fundam5tals1 or  matt]s ( fai?2 & !y are
 v>i\sly comp\nd$ & decomp\nd$ (  !     
op9ions ( f\r *ief sects2 !             
,motazalites1 ! ,safatians1 !           
,kh>ejites1 & ! ,s*iites4    ,ev] s9ce !
 val\r ( ,john ,sobieski roll$ back !   
ho/s ( ,islamism  f ea/]n & c5tral      
,europe1 ! civil dom9ion ( ! false      
prophet  has be5 r retrograde ?an       
advanc+4 ,a free philosophy 9 _m  places
 is de/roy+ ! influ5ce ( ! sy/em among !
 bett]  in=m$2 & ! b>b>ism & mis]y :i* a
 bad gov]nm5t inflicts  ^u ! p1 weak5s  
its p[]1 & is prep>+ ! way = great      
*anges4 ,! ?r[+ (f ! ,turki% yoke by !  
,greeks1 & ! ris+  greatness ( ,russia1 
are symptoms ( ! approa*+ subv]sion (   
,mohamm$anism z a p[]2 & ?us ! fall (   
?is ea/]n anti*ri/  _c long be delay$4  
,x is1 inde$1 ev5 n[ support$ only by ! 
rival int]e/s ( ,*ri/ian p[]s2 & a new  
comb9ation among !m  w\ld sudd5ly )draw 
its only support4    ,,mala*i1 ! la/ ( !

 twelve m9or prophets4 ,mala*i prophesi$
 ab\t  ,b4 ,c4 #djj2 & "s tradition>y   
acc\nts /ate t he 0 a native (  ,sapha1 
& ( ! tribe ( ,zebulun4 ,he reproves ! p
 = _!  wick$ness1 & ! prie/s = _!       
neglig5ce 9 ! dis*>ge (  _! (fice2 he   
?reat5s ! disob$i5t ) ! judgm5ts ( ,god1
  & promises great rew>ds to ! p5it5t & 
pi\s2 he pr$icts !  com+ ( ,*ri/1 & !   
prea*+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/2 & ) a         
solemnity becom+ ! la/ ( ! prophets1 he 
closes ! sacr$ canon  ) enjo9+ ! /rict  
obs]vance ( ! ,mosaic law1 till !       
=]unn]1 already promis$1 %\ld appe> 9 ! 
_s ( ,elias1 to  introduce ! ,messiah1  
:o 0 to e/abli% a new & ev]la/+         
cov5ant4    ,,mammon1 a ,syriac ^w :i*  
signifies ri*es1 ,matt4 vi1 #bd4        
,,mamre1 an ,amorite1 bro!r ( ,an] &    
,e%col1 & fri5d ( ,abraham1  ,g54 xiv1  
#ac4 ,x 0 ) ^! ?ree p]sons1 toge!r ) 8  
own &  _! dome/ics1 t ,abraham pursu$ & 
ov]came ! k+s aft] _!  conque/ ( ,sodom 
& ,gomorrah4    #b4 ,,mamre1 ! same z   
,hebron4 ,9 ,g54 xxiii1 #ai1 x is said1 

t  ,abraham buri$ ,s>ah 9 ! cave ( !    
field ( ,ma*pelah1 be=e  ,mamre3 ! same 
is ,hebron 9 ! l& ( ,canaan40 ,& 9 ,g54 
xxxv1 #bg1  x is said1 t ,jacob came    
unto ,isaac 8 fa!r1 unto ,mamre1 unto ! 
city ( ,arba1 :i* is ,hebron40 ,! city  
probably d]iv$ its "n f  t ,mamre :o    
jo9$ ,abraham 9 ! pursuit ( ,*$orlaom]1 
& !  rescue ( ,lot1 ,g54 xiv4           
,,mamre1 ,,pla9 ,,(1 a pla9 ne> ,mamre1 
or ,hebron1 said to be ab\t two  miles  
to ! s\? ( ! t[n4 ,"h ,abraham dwelt    
aft] 8 sep>ation  f ,lot2 "h he receiv$ 
f ,god himself a promise ( ! l&1 9  :i* 
he 0 !n a /rang]1 = 8 po/]ity2 "h he    
ent]ta9$ !  angels "u an oak1 & receiv$ 
a second promise ( a son2 & "h he       
pur*as$ a bury+ place = ,s>ah2 :i* s]v$ 
also z a sepul*re  = himself & ! re/ ( 8
 family4    ,,manahem 0 ! sixte5? k+ (  
,israel1 & son ( ,gadi4 ,he rev5g$  !   
dea? ( 8 ma/] ,za*>iah1 by kill+        
,%allum1 son ( ,jabe%1  :o _h usurp$ !  
cr[n ( ,israel1 ,a4 ,m4 #cbcb1 #b ,k+s  
xv1 #ac1 c4  ,manahem reign$ 9 8 /ead4  

,,manasseh1 ! elde/ son ( ,joseph1 &    
gr&son ( ! patri>* ,jacob1  ,g54 xii1   
#ej1 0 born1 ,a4 ,m4 #bbij1 ,b4 ,c4     
#agad4 ,! "n ,manasseh  signifies       
=getfulness1 because ,joseph said1 8,god
 ha? made me =get  all my toil1 & all my
 fa!r's h\se40 ,:5 ,jacob 0 go+ to die1 
,joseph br\ght 8 two sons to him1 t 8   
fa!r might give !m 8  la/ bless+1 ,g54  
xlviii4 ,jacob1 hav+ se5 !m1 adopt$ !m4 
,!  tribe ( ,manasseh came out ( ,egypt 
9 numb] ?irty-two ?\s& two  hundr$ m51  
upw>d ( tw5ty ye>s old1 "u ! conduct (  
,gamaliel1  son ( ,p$ahzur1 ,num4 ii1   
#bj1 #ba4 ,?is tribe 0 divid$ 9 ! l& (  
promise4 ,"o half tribe ( ,manasseh     
settl$ beyond ! riv] ,jordan1 &         
possess$ ! c\ntry ( ,ba%an1 f ! riv]    
,jabbok1 to ,m\nt  ,libanus2 & ! o!r    
half tribe ( ,manasseh settl$ on ?is    
side  ,jordan1 & possess$ ! c\ntry      
betwe5 ! tribe ( ,ephraim s\?1  & !     
tribe ( ,issa*> nor?1 hav+ ! riv]       
,jordan ea/1 & !  ,m$it]ranean ,sea we/1
 ,jo%ua xvi2 xvii4    #b4 ,,manasseh1 ! 

fifte5? k+ ( ,judah1 & son & successor (
  ,hezekiah1 0 twelve ye>s old :5 he    
began to reign1 & reign$  fifty-five    
ye>s1 #b ,k+s xx1 #ba2 xxi1 #a1 #b2 #b  
,*ron4 xxxiii1 #a1 #b1 c4  ,8 "m's "n 0 
,hephzibah4 ,he did evil 9 ! sight ( !  
,"l2  wor%ipp$ ! idols ( ! l& ( ,canaan2
 rebuilt ! high places t  8 fa!r        
,hezekiah _h de/roy$2 set up alt>s to   
,baal2 & plant$  groves to false gods4  
,he rais$ alt>s to ! :ole ho/ ( heav51 9
  ! c\rts ( ,god's h\se2 made 8 son pass
 ?r\gh ! fire 9 hon\r  ( ,molo*2 0      
addict$ to magic1 div9ations1 auguries1 
& o!r  sup]/itions2 set up ! idol ,a/>te
 9 ! h\se ( ,god2 f9ally1 he  involv$ 8 
p 9 all ! abom9ation ( ! idolatr\s      
nations to  t degree1 t ,israel committ$
 m wick$ness ?an ! ,canaanites1  :om !  
,"l _h driv5 out be=e !m4 ,to all ^!    
crimes ,manasseh  add$ cruelty2 & he %$ 
riv]s ( innoc5t blood 9 ,j]usalem4 ,!   
,"l be+ provok$ by s _m crimes1 ?reat5$ 
him by 8 prophets1 ,i  w blot out       
,j]usalem z a writ+ is blott$ out ( a   

writ+  tablet40 ,! calamities :i* ,god  
_h ?reat5$ began t[>d !  tw5ty-second   
ye> ( ?is impi\s pr9ce4 ,! k+ ( ,assyria
 s5t 8  army aga9/ him1 :o1 seiz+ him   
among ! bri]s & brambles :]e  he 0 hid1 
fett]$ 8 h&s & feet1 & c>ri$ him to     
,babylon1 #b  ,*ron4 xxxiii1 #aa1 #ab1  
c4 ,x 0 probably ,s>gon or ,es>-haddon1 
k+  ( ,assyria1 :o s5t ,t>tan into      
,pale/9e1 & :o tak+ ,azo?1  attack$     
,manasseh1 put him 9 irons1 & l$ him    
away1 n to ,n9eveh1  b to ,babylon1 (   
:i* ,es>-haddon _h become ma/]1 & _h    
reunit$  ! empires ( ! ,assyrians & !   
,*aldeans4 ,manasseh1 9 bonds at        
,babylon1 humbl$ himself be=e ,god1 :o  
he>d 8 pray]s1 & br\ght  him back to    
,j]usalem2 & ,manasseh ackn[l$g$ ! h& ( 
! ,"l4  ,manasseh 0 probably deliv]$ out
 ( prison by ,saosdu*91 !  successor (  
,es>-haddon1 #b ,*ron4 xxxiii1 #ac1 #ad1
 c4 ,be+ return$ to  ,j]usalem1 he      
re/or$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,"l2 broke d[n !    
alt>s (  ! false gods2 aboli%$ all      
traces ( _! idolatr\s wor%ip2 b he  did 

n de/roy ! high places3 :i* is ! only ?+
 ,scripture  reproa*es him )1 aft] 8    
return f ,babylon4 ,he caus$ ,j]usalem  
to be =tifi$2 & he inclos$ ) a wall     
ano!r city1 :i* 9 8  "t 0 erect$ we/ (  
,j]usalem1 & :i* w5t by ! "n ( !  second
 city1 #b ,*ron4 xxxiii1 #ad4 ,he put   
g>risons into all ! /rong  places (     
,judah4 ,manasseh di$ at ,j]usalem1 & 0 
buri$ 9 !  g>d5 ( 8 h\se1 9 ! g>d5 (    
,uzza1 #b ,k+s xxi1 #ah4 ,he 0  succe$$ 
by 8 son ,amon4    ,,m&rake1 1 ,g54 xxx1
 #ad-af2 ,cant4 vii1 #ac4 ,int]pret]s h 
wa/$ mu* "t & pa9s 9 endeav\r+ to       
asc]ta9 :at is int5d$  by ! ,hebrew ^w  
dudaim4 ,"s translate x by violet10     
o!rs1  lilies10 jasm9es10 truffle or    
mu%room10 & "s ?9k t ! ^w  means fl[]s10
 or f9e fl[]s10 9 g5]al4 ,bo*>t1        
,calmet1 & ,sir  ,?omas ,br[ne1 suppose 
! citron int5d$2 ,celsius is p]suad$ t x
  is ! fruit ( ! lote tree2 ,hill]1 t   
*]ries are spok5 (2 &  ,ludolf ma9ta9s t
 x is ! fruit :i* ! ,syrians call mauz1 
resembl+ 9 figure & ta/e ! ,indian fig2 

b ! g5]ality (  int]pret]s & comm5tators
 und]/& by dudaim1 m&rakes1 a  species (
 melon2 & x is s r5d]$ 9 ! ,septuag9t1 &
 9 bo?  ! ,t>gums1 on ,g54 xxx1 #ad4 ,x 
appe>s f ,scripture1 t !y 7  9 p]fection
 ab\t ! "t ( :eat h>ve/1 h an agreeable 
od\r1  may be pres]v$1 & are plac$ )    
pomegranates4 ,hasselqui/1 !  pupil &   
intimate fri5d ( ,l9nu1 :o travell$ into
 ! ,holy ,l&  to make discov]ies 9      
natural hi/ory1 imag9es t ! plant       
commonly  call$ m&rake1 is int5d$4      
,speak+ ( ,naz>e?1 9 ,galilee1 he says1 
8,:at ,i f\nd mo/ rem>kable at ?is      
village 0 ! great numb] (  m&rakes :i*  
grew 9 a vale bel[ x4 ,i _h n ! pleasure
 to see  ?is plant 9 blossom1 ! fruit n[
 7,may #e?1 ,o4 ,s47 hang+ ripe on  !   
/em1 :i* lay )]$ on ! gr\nd4 ,f ! season
 9 :i*  ?is m&rake blossoms & rip5s     
fruit1 "o may =m a conjecture t  x 0    
,ra*el's dudaim4 ,^! 7 br\ght h] 9 !    
:eat h>ve/1  :i* 9 ,galilee is 9 ! mon? 
( ,may1 ab\t ?is "t1 & !  m&rake 0 n[ 9 
fruit40    ,,mani*,,ans1 or ,,mani*ees1 

a d5om9ation f\nd$ 9 ! latt] "p (  !    
?ird c5tury1 by ,mani1 ,manes1 or       
,mani*u4 ,be+ a ,p]sian or  ,*aldean by 
bir?1 & educat$ among ! magi1 he        
attempt$ a coalition  ( _! doctr9e ) !  
,*ri/ian sy/em1 or r1 ! explication  ( !
 "o by ! o!r4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 s f> f tak+  
,mani & 8  foll[]s = en?usia/s1 z "s h  
done1 ?9ks !y err$ on !  o!r side1 & 7 r
 a sect ( reason]s & philosoph]s1 ?an   
vision>ies & en?usia/s4 ,s ,fau/us1 "o (
 _! lead]s1 says1 !  doctr9e ( ,mani    
taught him n to receive e ?+ recomm5d$ z
  said by our ,savi\r1 b fir/ to exam9e 
& consid] :e!r x be  true1 s\nd1 "r1    
g5u9e2 :ile ! ,ca?olics1 he says1       
swall[$  e ?+1 & act$ z if !y despis$ ! 
b5efit ( human reason1  & 7 afraid to   
exam9e & di/+ui% betwe5 tru? &          
falsehood4  ,/4 ,augu/9e1 x is well     
kn[n1 0 = "s "t among ?is sect2 b  !y 7 
n pret5sions to inspiration1 b speci\s &
 allur+  promises ( rational discov]ies1
 by :i* ,augu/9e 0 delud$1 z he         
p>ticul>ly /ates 9 8 lett] to 8 fri5d   

,honoratus4 ,s ,beausobre  rem>ks3 ,^!  
h]etics 7 philosoph]s1 :o1 hav+ =m$     
c]ta9  sy/ems1 accommodat$ revelation to
 !m1 :i* 0 ! s]vant ( _!  reason1 n !   
mi/ress40    ,mani1 accord+ to ,dr4     
,l>dn]1 believ$ 9 an et]nal self-exi/5t 
,be+1 completely happy & p]fect 9       
goodness1 :om alone he call$  ,god1 9 a 
/rict & prop] s5se2 b he believ$1 also1 
9 an evil  pr9ciple or be+1 :i* he call$
 hyle1 or ! devil1 :om he  consid]$ z ! 
god ( ?is _w1 bl9d+ ! eyes ( !m t       
believe n1 #b ,cor4 iv1 #d4 ,god1 !     
supreme & good1 !y consid]$ z  ! ,au?or 
( ! univ]se2 &1 accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1
 !y  believ$1 also1 9 a consub/antial   
tr9ity1 ?\gh !y /rangely  suppos$ !     
,fa!r to dwell 9 light inaccessible1 !  
,son to h 8  resid5ce 9 ! sol> orb1 & ! 
,holy ,_s to be diffus$  ?r\gh\t !      
atmosph]e2 on :i* acc\nt !y paid a      
sup]/iti\s1  & p]haps an idolatr\s1     
rev]5ce to ! sun & moon4 ,_! belief  9 !
 evil pr9ciple 01 no d\bt1 adopt$ to    
solve ! my/]i\s  "q ( ! orig9 ( evil1   

:i*1 says ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 0 ! ru9 (  ^! m51
 & ( _m o!rs4 ,z to ! hyle1 or ! devil1 
?\gh  !y d>$ n to consid] him z !       
creature ( ,god1 nei!r did !y  believe 9
 8 et]nity2 = !y cont5d$1 f ! ,greek    
text ( ,john  viii1 #dd1 t he _h a fa!r4
 ,b !y admitt$ ! et]nity (  matt]1 :i*  
!y call$ d>kness2 & suppos$ hyle to be !
 result  ( "s wond]ful & unacc\ntable   
commotion 9 ! k+dom (  d>kness1 :i* idea
 seems to be borr[$ f ! ,mosaic *aos4 ,9
 ?is  commotion d>kness became m+l$ )   
light1 & ?us !y acc\nt =  good & evil   
be+ s mix$ toge!r 9 ! _w4 ,hav+ ?us     
br\ght  hyle1 or ,satan1 into be+1 !y   
next f\nd an empire & employm5t  = him4 
,e ?+1 !re=e1 :i* !y conceiv$ unwor?y ( 
!  f\nta9 ( goodness1 !y attribut$ to ! 
evil be+2 p>ticul>ly  ! mat]ial _w1 !   
,mosaic disp5sation1 & ! ,scriptures on 
:i*  x 0 f\nd$4 ,?is acc\nts = _!       
reject+ ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,dr4  ,l>dn]   
cont5ds1 h[ev]1 t !y receiv$ g5]ally !  
books ( !  ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh !y       
object$ to p>ticul> passages z corrupt$1

  :i* !y c\ld n reconcile to _! sy/em4  
,on ,rom4 vii1 ,mani  f\nd$ ! doctr9e ( 
two s\ls 9 man1 two active pr9ciples2   
"o1  ! s\rce & cause ( vici\s passions1 
d]iv+ its orig9 f  matt]2 ! o!r1 ! cause
 ( ! ideas ( j & "r1 & (  incl9ations to
 foll[ ^? ideas1 d]iv+ its orig9 f ,god4
  ,consid]+ all s5sual enjoym5ts to be 9
 "s degree crim9al1 !y  7 enemies to    
m>riage2 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 kn[+ t all 
m5  _c receive ?is say+1 !y all[$ x to !
 second class ( _!  disciples1 call$    
auditors2 b by no means to ! p]fect or  
confirm$  believ]s4 ,ano!r absurd       
consequ5ce ( believ+ ! moral evil (     
matt] 01 t !y d5i$ ! real exi/5ce (     
,*ri/'s human  nature1 & suppos$ him to 
suff] & die 9 appe>ance only4 ,accord+  
to !m1 he took ! =m only ( man2 a notion
 t 0 aft]w>d  adopt$ by ,mohamm$1 & :i* 
necess>ily excludes all fai? 9 !        
atonem5t4 ,con/ru+ too lit]ally !       
ass]tion t fle% & blood  c\ld n inh]it !
 k+dom ( ,god1 !y d5i$ ! doctr9e ( !    
resurrection4 ,*ri/ came1 !y said1 to   

save ! s\ls ( m51 & n  ! bodies4 ,no "p 
( matt]1 accord+ to !m1 c\ld be wor?y ( 
salvation4 ,9 _m lead+ pr9ciples !y ?us 
evid5tly agre$ )  ! ,gno/ics1 ( :om1    
inde$1 !y may be consid]$ a bran*4      
,,manna1 1 ,exod4 xvi1 #ae1 #cc1 #ce2   
,num4 xi1 #f1 #g1 #i2 ,jo%4 v1 #ab2     
,neh4  ix1 #bj2 ,psa4 lxxviii1 #bd2 1   
,john vi1 #ca1 #di1 #eh2 ,heb4 ix1 #d2  
,rev4  ii1 #ag2 ! food :i* ,god gave !  
*ildr5 ( ,israel dur+ _!  cont9uance 9 !
 des]ts ( ,arabia1 f ! eigh? encampm5t 9
 !  wild]ness ( ,s94 ,moses describes x 
z :ite l ho> fro/1 r\nd1  & ( ! bigness 
( cori&] se$4 ,x fell e morn+ ^u !  dew2
 & :5 ! dew 0 exhal$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 
! manna  appe>$ alone1 ly+ ^u ! rocks or
 ! s&4 ,x fell e day  except on !       
,sabba?1 & ?is only ar\nd ! camp ( !    
,israelites4  ,e six? day !re fell a    
d\ble quantity2 & ?\gh x putrefi$  & br$
 maggots :5 x 0 kept any o!r day1 yet on
 ! ,sabba?  !re 0 no su* alt]ation4 ,!  
same sub/ance :i* 0 melt$ by !  heat ( !
 sun :5 x 0 left abroad1 0 ( s h>d a    

consi/5ce  :5 br\ght into ! t5t1 t x 0  
beat5 9 mort>s1 & w\ld  ev5 endure !    
fire1 be+ made into cakes & bak$ 9 pans4
 ,x fell  9 s great quantities dur+ !   
:ole =ty ye>s ( _! j\rney1  t x 0       
suffici5t to fe$ ! :ole multitude (     
above a million (  s\ls4 ,e man1 t is1 e
 male or head ( a family1 0 to ga!r  ea*
 day ! quantity ( an om]1 ab\t ?ree     
qu>ts ,engli% measure2  & x is obs]v$ t 
he t ga!r$ mu* _h no?+ ov]1 & he  t     
ga!r$ little _h no lack10 because 8     
ga!r+ 0 9  proportion to ! numb] (      
p]sons = :om he _h to provide4 ,or e    
man ga!r$ z mu* z he c\ld2 & !n1 :5     
br\ght home &  measur$ by an om]1 if he 
_h a surplus1 x w5t to supply ! wants ( 
"s o!r family t _h n be5 able to collect
 a suffici5cy1 !  family be+ l>ge1 & !  
"t 9 :i* ! manna might be ga!r$1  be=e !
 heat ( ! day1 n be+ suffici5t to       
collect en\gh =  s num]\s a h\sehold1   
sev]al ( :om might be s conf9$ z n to   
be able to collect = !mselves4 ,?us !re 
0 an equality2 & 9  ?is light ! words ( 

,/4 ,paul lead u to view ! passage1 #b  
,cor4  viii1 #ae4 ,to commemorate _!    
liv+ ^u manna1 ! ,israelites 7  direct$ 
to put "o om] ( x into a gold5 vase2 & x
 0 pres]v$  = _m g5]ations by ! side ( !
 ark4    ,our translators & o!rs make a 
pla9 contradiction 9 ! relation (  ?is  
acc\nt ( ! manna1 by r5d]+ x ?us3 ,& :5 
! *ildr5  ( ,israel saw x1 !y said "o to
 ano!r1 ,x is manna2 = !y knew  n :at x 
020 :]eas ! ,septuag9t1 & sev]al au?ors1
 bo?  anci5t & mod]n1 h translat$ ! text
 accord+ to ! orig9al3  8,! ,israelites 
see+ ?is1 said "o to ano!r1 ,:at is x8  
2  = !y knew n :at x 010 & !re=e !y c\ld
 n give x a  "n4 ,moses imm$iately      
answ]s ! "q1 & says1 ,?is is !  bread   
:i* ! ,"l ha? giv5 y to eat40 ,f ,exod4 
xvi1 #ca1 we  le>n t ?is sub/ance 0     
aft]w>d call$ 1 probably 9              
commemoration ( ! "q !y _h ask$ on its  
fir/ appe>ance4  ,:at ?is sub/ance 01 we
 "k n4 ,x 0 no?+ t 0 common 9  !        
wild]ness4 ,x is evid5t t ! ,israelites 
nev] saw x be=e2  = ,moses says1 ,he f$ 

!e ) manna :i* ?\ knewe/ n1 nei!r  did  
?y fa!rs "k10 ,deut4 viii1 #c1 #af2 & x 
is v likely t  no?+ ( ! k9d _h ev] be5  
se5 be=e2 & by a pot ( x be+  laid up 9 
! ark1 x is z likely t no?+ ( ! k9d ev] 
appe>$ aft] ! miracul\s supply 9 !      
wild]ness _h ceas$4 ,!  au?or ( ! book (
 ,wisdom1 xvi1 #bj1 #ba1 says1 t ! manna
 s  accommodat$ itself to e "o's ta/e t 
x prov$ palatable &  pleas+ to all4 ,x  
has be5 rem>k$ t at ?is day1 :at is     
call$  manna is f\nd 9 sev]al places2 9 
,arabia1 on ,m\nt ,libanus1 ,calabria1  
& else:]e4 ,! mo/ fam\s is t ( ,arabia1 
:i* is a k9d (  cond5s$ honey1 :i*      
exudes f ! leaves ( trees1 f :5ce x  is 
collect$ :5 x has become concret$4      
,salmasius ?9ks ?is ( !  same k9d :i* f$
 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel2 & t ! miracle lay1 
n 9 creat+ any new sub/ance1 b 9 mak+ x 
fall duly at a set  "t e day ?r\gh\t !  
:ole ye>1 & t 9 su* pl5ty z to  suffice 
s great a multitude4 ,b 9 ord] = ?is1 ! 
,israelites mu/  he suppos$ e day to h  
be5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! trees on  :i*  

?is sub/ance is =m$2 :i* 0 n ! case1    
nei!r d ^!  trees gr[ 9 ^? des]ts4      
,beside1 ?is k9d ( manna is purgative1  
& ! /oma* c\ld n endure x 9 su* quantity
 z is impli$ by  its be+ eat5 = food4 ,!
 :ole hi/ory ( ! giv+ ! manna is        
evid5tly miracul\s2 & ! manna 0 truly   
bread f heav510 z  s5t by special       
int]position ( ,god4    ,,manoah1 ! fa!r
 ( ,samson1 0 ( ! tribe ( ,dan1 & a     
native (  ! city ( ,zorah1 ,judges xiii1
 #f-bc4 ,see ,,samson4    ,,m>ah1 or    
,,m>a1 a ^w :i* signifies bitt]ness4 ,:5
 ! ,israelites  came out ( ,egypt1 & _h 
arriv$ at ! des]t ( ,e?am1 !y f\nd  !   
wat] s bitt] t nei!r !mselves nor _!    
cattle c\ld dr9k  ( x1 ,exod4 xv1 #bc4  
,on ?is acc\nt !y gave ! "n ( ,m>ah to t
  encampm5t4 ,& "h _! murmur+s began    
aga9/ ,moses2 = !y  ask$1 ,:at %all we  
dr9k80 ,moses pray$ to ! ,"l1 :o        
in/ruct$  him to take a p>ticul> k9d (  
wood1 & ca/ x into ! wat]1 :i*  he did2 
& imm$iately ! wat] became palatable4   
,accord+ to !  ori5tals1 ?is wood 0     

call$ ,alnah4    ,,m>ana?a4 ,see        
,,ana!ma4    ,,m>ble1 1 #a ,*ron4 xxix1 
#b2 ,e/h] i1 #f2 ,canticles v1 #ae2 a   
valuable  k9d ( /one1 ( a texture s h>d 
& compact1 & ( a gra9 s f9e1  z readily 
to take a beautiful poli%4 ,x is dug out
 ( qu>ries 9  l>ge masses1 & is mu* us$ 
9 build+s1 ornam5tal pill>s1 c4  ,m>ble 
is ( diff]5t col\rs1 black1 :ite1 c2 &  
is sometimes  elegantly cl\d$ &         
v>iegat$4 ,! /one m5tion$ 9 ! places    
cit$ above is call$ ! /one ( sis or si%3
 ! ,,lxx & ,vulgate  r5d] x ,p>ian      
/one10 :i* 0 rem>kable = its bright :ite
  col\r4 ,probably ! cliff ,ziz1 #b     
,*ron4 xx1 #af1 0 s call$ f  be+ a m>ble
 crag3 ! place 0 aft]w>d call$ ,petra4  
,! v>iety  ( /ones1 1 1 1 1 m5tion$ 9 ! 
pavem5t ( ,ahasu]us1  might be m>ble (  
diff]5t col\rs4 ,! anci5ts sometimes    
made  pavem5ts :]e9 7 set v valuable    
/ones4    ,,m>k 0 ! nephew ( ,b>nabas1  
be+ 8 si/]'s son2 & he is  suppos$ to h 
be5 conv]t$ to ! ,gospel by ,/4 ,pet]1  
:o calls  him 8 son1 #a ,pet] v1 #ac2 b 

no circum/ances ( 8 conv]sion are       
record$4 ,! fir/ hi/orical fact m5tion$ 
( him 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t is1 t he w5t1 9
 ! ye> #dd1 f ,j]usalem to ,antio*1  )  
,paul & ,b>nabas4 ,n long aft]1 he set  
out f ,antio* )  ^? ,apo/les ^u a       
j\rney1 :i* !y und]took by ! direction (
  ! ,holy ,_s1 = ! purpose ( prea*+ !   
,gospel 9 diff]5t  c\ntries3 b he soon  
left !m1 probably )\t suffici5t reason1 
at  ,p]ga 9 ,pamphylia1 & w5t to        
,j]usalem1 ,acts xiii4 ,aft]w>d1 :5     
,paul & ,b>nabas _h det]m9$ to visit !  
sev]al *ur*es :i*  !y _h e/abli%$1      
,b>nabas propos$ t !y %\ld take ,m>k )  
!m2 to :i* ,paul object$1 because ,m>k  
_h left !m 9 _! =m]  j\rney4 ,?is       
produc$ a %>p cont5tion betwe5 ,paul &  
,b>nabas1  :i* end$ 9 _! sep>ation4 ,m>k
 accompani$ 8 uncle ,b>nabas to         
,cyprus1 b x is n m5tion$ :i!r !y w5t :5
 !y left t  isl&4 ,we may conclude t ,/4
 ,paul 0 aft]w>d reconcil$ to ,/4  ,m>k1
 f ! mann] 9 :i* he m5tions him 9 8     
epi/les writt5  subsequ5tly to ?is      

dispute2 & p>ticul>ly f ! direction :i* 
he gives to ,timo?y3 ,take ,m>k1 & br+  
him ) !e2 = he is  pr(itable to me = !  
m9i/ry10 #b ,tim4 iv1 #aa4 ,no f>!r     
circum/ances are record$ ( ,/4 ,m>k 9 ! 
,new ,te/am5t2 b x is  believ$1 ^u !    
au?ority ( anci5t writ]s1 t soon aft] 8 
j\rney ) ,b>nabas he met ,pet] 9 ,asia1 
& t he cont9u$ )  him = "s "t2 p]haps   
till ,pet] suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,rome4    
,epiphanius1 ,eusebius1 & ,j]om1 all    
ass]t t ,m>k prea*$ !  ,gospel 9 ,egypt2
 & ! two latt] call him bi%op (         
,alex&ria4    ,dr4 ,l>dn] ?9ks t ,/4    
,m>k's ,gospel is allud$ to by ,clem5t (
  ,rome2 b ! e>lie/ ecclesia/ical writ] 
^u record :o expressly  m5tions x is    
,papias4 ,x is m5tion$1 also1 by ,ir5u1 
,clem5t (  ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1       
,orig51 ,eusebius1 ,epiphanius1 ,j]om1  
,augu/9e1  ,*ryso/om1 & _m o!rs4 ,!     
works ( ^! fa!rs conta9 num]\s          
quotations f ?is ,gospel2 &1 z _!       
te/imony is n contradict$  by any anci5t
 writ]1 we may safely conclude t !      

,gospel ( ,/4  ,m>k is g5u9e4 ,!        
au?ority ( ?is ,gospel is n affect$ by !
  "q conc]n+ ! id5tity ( ,m>k !         
evangeli/1 & ,m>k !  nephew ( ,b>nabas2 
s9ce all agree t ! writ] ( ?is ,gospel 0
  ! famili> companion ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & t  
he 0 qualifi$ = !  "w :i* he und]took1  
by hav+ he>d1 = _m ye>s1 ! public       
disc\rses & private conv]sation ( t     
,apo/le4    ,"s writ]s h ass]t$ t ,/4   
,pet] revis$ & approv$ ?is  ,gospel1 &  
o!rs h n scrupl$ to call x ! ,gospel    
accord+ to  ,/4 ,pet]2 by :i* title !y  
did n mean to "q ,/4 ,m>k's "r  to be   
consid]$ z ! au?or ( ?is ,gospel1 b     
m]ely to give x !  sanction ( ,/4       
,pet]'s "n4 ,! foll[+ passage 9         
,eusebius appe>s  to conta9 s probable  
an acc\nt ( ! occasion ( writ+ ?is      
,gospel1 & comes support$ by su* high   
au?ority1 t we ?9k x  "r to transcribe  
x3 8,! lu/re ( piety s enlight5$ ! m9ds 
(  ,pet]'s he>]s at ,rome1 t !y 7 n     
cont5t$ ) ! b>e  he>+ & unwritt5        
in/ruction ( 8 div9e prea*+1 b !y       

e>ne/ly reque/$ ,/4 ,m>k1 ^: ,gospel we 
h1 be+ an att5dant  ^u ,/4 ,pet]1 to    
leave ) !m a writt5 acc\nt ( !          
in/ructions  :i* _h be5 deliv]$ to !m by
 ^w ( m\?2 nor did !y desi/  till !y _h 
prevail$ ^u him2 & ?us !y 7 ! cause ( ! 
writ+ ( t ,gospel1 :i* is call$ accord+ 
to ,/4 ,m>k2 & !y  say1 t ! ,apo/le be+ 
in=m$ ( :at 0 done1 by ! revelation  ( !
 ,holy ,gho/1 0 pleas$ ) ! zeal ( ! m51 
& au?oriz$  ! writ+ to be introduc$ into
 ! *ur*es4 ,clem5t gives ?is  acc\nt 9 !
 six? book ( 8 ,in/itutions2 & ,papias1 
bi%op (  ,hi]apolis1 be>s te/imony to   
x40 ,j]om also says1 t ,/4 ,m>k wrote  a
 %ort ,gospel f :at he _h he>d f ,/4    
,pet]1 at ! reque/ (  ! bre?r5 at ,rome1
 :i*1 :5 ,/4 ,pet] knew1 he approv$1 &  
publi%$ x 9 ! *ur*1 comm&+ ! read+ ( x  
by 8 own  au?ority4    ,diff]5t p]sons h
 assign$ diff]5t dates to ?is ,gospel2 b
  !re be+ almo/ a unanim\s concurr5ce ( 
op9ion1 t x 0  writt5 :ile ,/4 ,m>k 0 ) 
,/4 ,pet] at ,rome1 & n f9d+ any  anci5t
 au?ority = suppos+ t ,/4 ,pet] 0 9 t   

city till ,a4  ,d4 #fd1 we are incl9$ to
 place ! publication ( ?is ,gospel ab\t 
,a4  ,d4 #fe4 ,/4 ,m>k hav+ writt5 ?is  
,gospel = ! use ( ! ,*ri/ians  at ,rome1
 :i* 0 at t "t ! great metropolis &     
common c5tre  ( all civiliz$ nations1 we
 accord+ly f9d x free f all             
peculi>ities1 & equally accommodat$ to e
 description ( p]sons4  ,quotations f ! 
anci5t prophets1 & allusions to ,jewi%  
cu/oms1  are1 z mu* z possible1 avoid$2 
& su* explanations are add$ z  might be 
necess>y = ,g5tile read]s at ,rome2 ?us1
 :5 ,jordan is  fir/ m5tion$ 9 ?is      
,gospel1 ! ^w riv] is prefix$1 ,m>k i1  
#e2  ! ori5tal ^w corban is said to mean
 a gift1 ,m>k vii1 #aa2 !  prep>ation is
 said to be ! day be=e ! ,sabba?1 ,m>k  
xv1 #db2 &  defil$ h&s are said to mean 
unwa%$ h&s1 ,m>k vii1 #b2 & !           
sup]/ition ( ! ,jews ^u t subject is    
/at$ m at l>ge ?an  x w\ld h be5 by a   
p]son writ+ at ,j]usalem4    ,"s le>n$  
m51 f a collation ( ,/4 ,mat!w's & ,/4  
,m>k's  ,gospels h po9t$ out ! use ( !  

same words & expressions 9 s  _m        
in/ances t x has be5 suppos$ ,/4 ,m>k   
wrote ) ,/4  ,mat!w's ,gospel be=e him2 
b ! simil>ity is n /rong en\gh to       
w>rant su* a conclusion2 & seems no     
great] ?an might h aris5  f o!r causes4 
,/4 ,pet] w\ld naturally recite 9 8     
prea*+ !  same ev5ts & disc\rses :i* ,/4
 ,mat!w record$ 9 8 ,gospel2 &  ! same  
circum/ances might be m5tion$ 9 ! same  
mann] by m5 :o  s\ght n aft] excell5cy (
 spee*10 b ^: m9ds reta9$ !  remembrance
 ( facts or conv]sations :i* /rongly    
impress$ !m1  ev5 )\t tak+ into         
consid]ation ! idea ( sup]natural       
guidance4 ,we may f>!r obs]ve t ! idea (
 ,/4 ,m>k's writ+  f ,/4 ,mat!w's       
,gospel does n correspond ) ! acc\nt    
giv5 by  ,eusebius & ,j]om z /at$ above4
    ,,m>k ,,on ,,! ,,=ehead4 ,see       
,,=ehead4    ,,m>onites1 a sect ( ea/]n 
,*ri/ians :o foll[ ! ,syrian rite1 &    
are subject to ! pope2 _! pr9cipal      
habitation be+ on ,m\nt  ,libanus1 or   
betwe5 ! ,ans>ians to ! nor? & ! ,druses

 to !  s\?4 ,mo%eim in=ms u1 t !        
,mono!lites1 condemn$ & explod$  by !   
c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 f\nd a place (  
refuge among !  ,m>daites1 signify+ 9   
,syriac rebels1 a p :o took possession  
( ,lebanon1 ,a4 ,d4 #fgf1 :i* became !  
asylum ( vagabonds1 slaves1 &  all sorts
 ( rabble2 & ab\t ! conclusion ( ! sev5?
 c5tury  !y 7 call$ ,m>onites1 aft]     
,m>o1 _! fir/ bi%op2 a "n :i*  !y /ill  
reta94 ,none1 he says1 ( ! anci5t       
writ]s1 give any  c]ta9 acc\nt ( ! fir/ 
p]son :o in/ruct$ ^! m\nta9e]s 9  !     
doctr9e ( ! ,mono!lites2 x is probable1 
h[ev]1 f sev]al  circum/ances1 t x 0    
,john ,m>o1 ^: "n !y h adopt$2 &  t ?is 
ecclesia/ic receiv$ ! "n ( ,m>o f 8 hav+
 liv$  9 ! "* ( a monk1 9 ! fam\s conv5t
 ( ,/4 ,m>o1 ^u !  bord]s ( ! ,orontes1 
be=e 8 settlem5t among ! ,m>daites (    
,m\nt ,libanus4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 f !    
te/imony ( ,tyrius1 &  o!r              
unexceptionable witnesses1 z also f !   
mo/ au!ntic  records1 namely1 t !       
,m>onites reta9$ ! op9ions ( !          

,mono!lites until ! twelf? c5tury1 :51  
ab&on+ & r5\nc+  ! doctr9e ( "o w 9     
,*ri/1 !y 7 redmitt$ into !  communion (
 ! ,roman *ur*4 ,! mo/ le>n$ ( ! mod]n  
,m>onites  h left no me?od unemploy$ to 
def5d _! *ur* aga9/ ?is  accusation2 !y 
h lab\r$ to prove1 by a v>iety (        
te/imonies1  t _! ance/ors always       
p]sev]$ 9 ! ,ca?olic fai?1 & 9  _!      
atta*m5t to ! ,roman pontiff1 )\t ev]   
adopt+ !  doctr9e ( ! ,monophysites or  
,mono!lites4 ,b all _! ef=ts are        
insuffici5t to prove ! tru? ( ^!        
ass]tions1 & ! te/imonies  !y allege w  
appe> absolutely fictiti\s & de/itute ( 
au?ority4    ,! nation may be consid]$ z
 divid$ into two classes1 ! common  p & 
! %aiks1 by :om mu/ be und]/ood ! mo/   
em95t (  ! inhabitants1 :o1 f !         
antiquity ( _! families1 & !  opul5ce ( 
_! =tunes are sup]ior to ! ord9>y class4
 ,!y all  live disp]s$ 9 ! m\nta9s1 9   
villages1 hamlets1 & ev5 deta*$  h\ses2 
:i* is nev] ! case 9 ! pla9s4 ,! :ole   
nation consi/s  ( cultivators4 ,e man   

improves ! little doma9 he possesses1 or
  f>ms1 ) 8 own h&s4 ,ev5 ! %aiks live 9
 ! same mann]1  & are only di/+ui%$ f ! 
re/ by a bad peliss1 a horse1 & a  few  
slight advantages 9 food & lodg+2 !y all
 live frugally1  )\t _m enjoym5ts1 b    
also ) few wants1 z !y are little       
acqua9t$ ) ! inv5tions ( luxury4 ,9     
g5]al1 ! nation is  poor1 b no "o wants 
necess>ies2 & if begg>s are sometimes   
se51  !y come r f ! sea coa/ ?an !      
c\ntry itself4 ,prop]ty is  z sacr$     
among !m z 9 ,europe2 nor d we see !re  
^? robb]ies  & extortions s frequ5t ) ! 
,turks4 ,travell]s may j\rney !re1  ei!r
 by night or by day1 ) a security unkn[n
 9 any o!r "p (  ! empire1 & ! /rang] is
 receiv$ ) hospitality1 z among !       
,arabs3 x mu/ be own$1 h[ev]1 t !       
,m>onites are less g5]\s1  & r incl9$ to
 ! vice ( p>simony4 ,con=mably to !     
doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y h only "o    
wife1 :om !y frequ5tly  esp\se )\t hav+ 
se51 & always )\t hav+ be5 mu* 9 h]     
company4 ,contr>y to ! precepts ( t same

 religion1 h[ev]1 !y  h admitt$1 or     
reta9$1 ! ,arab cu/om ( retaliation1 & !
  ne>e/ relation ( a murd]$ p]son is    
b\nd to av5ge him4 ,f a  habit f\nd$ on 
di/ru/1 & ! political /ate ( ! c\ntry1 e
  "o1 :e!r %aik or peasant1 walks       
cont9ually arm$ ) a musket  & po9>ds4   
,?is is1 p]haps1 an inconv5i5ce2 b ?is  
advantage  results f x1 t !y h no       
novices 9 ! use ( arms among  !m1 :5 x  
is necess>y to employ !m aga9/ ! ,turks4
 ,z !  c\ntry ma9ta9s no regul> troops1 
e man is oblig$ to jo9 !  army 9 "t (   
w>2 & if ?is militia 7 well conduct$1 x 
w\ld  be sup]ior to _m ,european armies4
 ,f acc\nts tak5 9 late ye>s1  ! numb] (
 m5 fit to be> arms1 am\nts to          
?irty-five ?\s&4    ,9 religi\s matt]s !
 ,m>onites are dep5d5t on ,rome4 ,?\gh  
!y  ackn[l$ge ! supremacy ( ! pope1 _!  
cl]gy cont9ue1 z  h]et(ore1 to elect a  
head1 ) ! title ( batrak1 or patri>* (  
,antio*4 ,_! prie/s m>ry1 z 9 ! fir/    
ages ( ! *ur*2 b  _! wives mu/ be       
maid5s1 & n wid[s2 nor c !y m>ry a      

second  "t4 ,!y celebrate mass 9        
,syriac1 ( :i* ! greate/ "p ( !m        
compreh5d n a ^w4 ,! ,gospel1 alone1 is 
read al\d 9 ,arabic1 t  x may be        
und]/ood by ! p4 ,! communion is        
adm9i/]$ 9  bo? k9ds4 ,9 ! small c\ntry 
( ! ,m>onites !re are reckon$  upw>d (  
two hundr$ conv5ts = m5 & wom54 ,^!     
religi\s are (  ! ord] ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 ^:
 rules !y obs]ve ) an exactness  :i*    
rem9ds u ( e>li] times4 ,! c\rt ( ,rome1
 9 affiliat+ !  ,m>onites1 has grant$ !m
 a hospitium at ,rome1 to :i* !y may    
s5d sev]al ( _! y\? to receive a        
gratuit\s education4 ,x %\ld  seem t ?is
 in/itution might introduce among !m !  
ideas & arts  ( ,europe2 b ! pupils (   
?is s*ool1 limit$ to an education purely
  mona/ic1 br+ home no?+ b ! ,italian   
language1 :i* is ( no  use1 & a /ock (  
!ological le>n+1 f :i* z little         
advantage  c be d]iv$2 !y accord+ly soon
 assimilate ) ! re/4 ,nor has  a great] 
*ange be5 op]at$ by ! ?ree or f\r       
mission>ies  ma9ta9$ by ! ,fr5* capu*9s 

at ,gazir1 ,tripoli1 & ,bair\t4 ,_!     
lab\rs consi/ 9 prea*+ 9 _! *ur*1 9     
in/ruct+ *ildr5 9  ! cate*ism1 ,?omas a 
,kempis1 & ! ,psalms1 & 9 tea*+ !m to   
read & write4 ,=m]ly1 ! ,jesuits _h two 
mission>ies at _!  h\se at ,ant\ra1 & ! 
,laz>ites h n[ succe$$ !m 9 _!  mission4
 ,! mo/ valuable advantage t has result$
 f ^!  lab\rs is1 t ! art ( writ+ has   
become m common among !  ,m>onites1 &   
r5d]$ !m1 9 ?is c\ntry1 :at ! ,copts are
 9  ,egypt1 t is1 !y are 9 possession ( 
all ! po/s ( writ]s1  int5dants1 &      
kaiyas among ! ,turks1 & especially ( ^?
 among  _! allies & neighb\rs1 !        
,druses4    ,mo%eim obs]ves1 t !        
subjection ( ! ,m>onites to ! spiritual 
jurisdiction ( ! ,roman pontiff 0 agre$ 
to ) ?is express  condition1 t nei!r !  
popes nor _! emiss>ies %\ld pret5d to   
*ange or aboli% any ?+ t relat$ to !    
anci5t rites1 moral  precepts1 or       
religi\s op9ions ( ?is p2 s t1 9        
reality1  !re is no?+ to be f\nd among !
 ,m>onites t sav\rs ( pop]y1  if we     

except _! atta*m5t to ! ,roman pontiff4 
,x is also c]ta9  t !re are ,m>onites 9 
,syria1 :o /ill behold ! *ur* ( ,rome  )
 ! greate/ av]sion & abhorr5ce2 nay1 :at
 is /ill m  rem>kable1 great numb]s ( t 
nation resid+ 9 ,italy1 ev5 "u  ! eye ( 
! pontiff1 oppos$ 8 au?ority dur+ !     
sev5te5?  c5tury1 & ?rew ! c\rt ( ,rome 
into great p]plexity4 ,"o body (  ^!    
non-con=m+ ,m>onites retir$ into !      
valleys ( ,pi$mont1  :]e !y jo9$ !      
,wald5ses2 ano!r1 above six hundr$ 9    
numb]1  ) a bi%op1 & sev]al ecclesia/ics
 at _! head1 flew into  ,corsica1 &     
implor$ ! protection ( ! republic (     
,g5oa1 aga9/  ! viol5ce ( ! inquisitors4
    ,,m>riage1 a civil & religi\s       
contract1 by :i* a man is jo9$ &  unit$ 
to a woman1 = ! ends ( procreation4 ,!  
ess5ce ( m>riage  consi/s 9 ! mutual    
cons5t ( ! p>ties4 ,m>riage is a "p ( ! 
law ( nations1 & is 9 use among all p4  
,! public use (  m>riage in/itutions    
consi/s1 accord+ to ,ar*deacon ,paley1 9
 _!  promot+ ! foll[+ b5eficial effects3

 #a4 ,! private com=t (  individuals4   
#b4 ,! production ( ! greate/ numb] (   
heal?y  *ildr51 _! bett] education1 & ! 
mak+ ( due provision =  _! settlem5t 9  
life4 #c4 ,! peace ( human society1 9   
cutt+ (f  a pr9cipal s\rce ( cont5tion1 
by assign+ "o or m wom5 to "o  man1 &   
protect+ 8 exclusive "r by sanctions (  
morality &  law4 #d4 ,! bett] gov]nm5t (
 society1 by di/ribut+ ! community  into
 sep>ate families1 & appo9t+ ov] ea* !  
au?ority ( a  ma/] ( a family1 :i* has m
 actual influ5ce ?an all civil  au?ority
 put toge!r4 #e4 ,! additional security 
:i* ! /ate  receives = ! good behavi\r (
 its citiz5s1 f ! solicitude  !y feel = 
! welf>e ( _! *ildr51 & f _! be+  conf9$
 to p]man5t habitations4 #f4 ,!         
enc\ragem5t ( indu/ry4    ,:e!r m>riage 
be a civil or a religi\s contract1 has  
be5 a subject  ( dispute4 ,! tru? seems 
to be t x is bo?4 ,x has its  engagem5ts
 to m51 & its v[s to ,god4 ,a ,*ri/ian  
/ate recognizes  m>riage z a bran* (    
public morality1 & a s\rce ( civil peace

 &  /r5g?4 ,x is connect$ ) ! peace (   
society by assign+ "o  woman to "o man1 
& ! /ate protects him1 !re=e1 9 h]      
exclusive possession4 ,*ri/ianity1 by   
all[+ divorce 9 ! ev5t (  adult]y1      
supposes1 also1 t ! crime mu/ be prov$  
by prop]  evid5ce be=e ! civil          
magi/rate2 & le/ divorce %\ld be !      
result ( unf\nd$ suspicion1 or be made a
 cov] = lic5se1 !  decision ( ! case    
c\ld safely be lodg$ no :]e else4       
,m>riage1  too1 z plac+ "o human be+ m  
completely "u ! p[] (  ano!r ?an any o!r
 relation1 requires laws = ! protection 
(  ^? :o are ?us s expos$ to injury4 ,! 
di/ribution ( society  into families1   
also1 c only be an in/rum5t = promot+ ! 
ord]  ( ! community1 by ! cognizance :i*
 ! law takes ( ! head ( a  family1 & by 
mak+ him responsible1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 
= !  conduct ( ^? "u 8 influ5ce4        
,que/ions ( prop]ty are also  involv$ 9 
m>riage & its issue4 ,! law mu/1 !re=e1 
= ^!  & _m o!r weighty reasons1 be      
cognizant ( m>riage2 mu/ prescribe      

v>i\s regulations respect+ x2 require   
publicity ( ! contract2  & gu>d "s ( !  
great injunctions ( religion 9 ! matt]  
by  p5alties4 ,9 e well ord]$ society   
m>riage mu/ be plac$ "u  ! cognizance & 
control ( ! /ate4 ,b !n ^? :o w\ld h  ! 
:ole matt] to lie betwe5 ! p>ties       
!mselves1 & ! civil  magi/rate1 appe>   
:olly to =get t m>riage is also a solemn
  religi\s act1 9 :i* v[s are made to   
,god by bo? p]sons1 :o1 :5  ! rite is   
prop]ly und]/ood1 engage to abide by all
 ^? laws )  :i* he has gu>d$ !          
in/itution2 to love & *]i% ea* o!r2  &  
to rema9 fai?ful to ea* o!r until dea?4 
,= if1 at lea/1 !y  pr(ess belief 9     
,*ri/ianity1 :atev] duties are laid ^u  
husb&s  & wives 9 ,holy ,scripture1 !y  
engage to obey1 by ! v act (  _!        
contract+ m>riage4 ,! "q1 !n1 is :e!r   
su* v[s to  ,god z are necess>ily       
involv$ 9 m>riage1 are to be left betwe5
 !  p>ties & ,god privately1 or :e!r !y 
ought to be publicly made  be=e 8 m9i/]s
 & ! *ur*4 ,on ?is ! ,scriptures are    

sil5t2  b ?\gh ,mi*alis has %[n t !     
prie/s "u ! law 7 n  appo9t$ to         
celebrate m>riage2 yet 9 ! practice ( ! 
mod]n ,jews  x is a religi\s c]emony1 ! 
*ief rabbi ( ! synagogue be+  pres5t1 & 
pray]s be+ appo9t$ = ! occasion4 ,?is   
r5d]s x  probable t ! "* ( ! c]emony "u 
! law1 f ! mo/  anci5t times1 0 a       
religi\s "o4 ,! m direct connection (   
m>riage ) religion 9 ,*ri/ian /ates1 by 
assign+ its celebration  to ! m9i/]s (  
religion1 appe>s to be a v b5eficial    
cu/om1  & "o :i* ! /ate has a "r to     
enjo94 ,= s9ce ! welf>e &  morals (     
society are s mu* int]e/$ 9 ! p]=mance (
 !  mutual duties ( ! m>ri$ /ate2 & s9ce
 ^? duties h a  religi\s z well z a     
civil "*1 x is mo/ prop] t "s  provision
 %\ld be made = expla9+ ^? duties2 & =  
?is a  /&+ =m ( m>riage is be/ adapt$4  
,by acts ( religion1 also1  !y are m    
solemnly impress$ ^u ! p>ties4 ,:5 ?is  
is  prescrib$ 9 any /ate1 x becomes a   
,*ri/ian *e]fully1 & ev5  ?ankfully1 to 
comply ) a cu/om ( s important a t5d5cy1

 z  matt] ( consci5ti\s subjection to   
lawful au?ority1 al?\gh no  ,scriptural 
precept c be plead$ = x4 ,t ! c]emony   
%\ld be  conf9$ to ! cl]gy ( an e/abli%$
 *ur*1 is a diff]5t  consid]ation4 ,we  
?9k t ! religi\s effect w\ld be great]1 
7  ! m9i/]s ( ea* religi\s body to be   
au?oriz$ by ! /ate to  celebrate        
m>riages among _! own p1 due provision  
be+  previ\sly made by ! civil magi/rate
 = ! regul> & secure  regi/ry ( !m1 & to
 prev5t ! laws respect+ m>riage f be+   
evad$2 :i* is inde$ 8 bus9ess4 ,! (fices
 ( religion w\ld !n  come 9 by way (    
sanction & moral en=cem5t4    ,:5 ?is   
important contract is once made1 !n     
c]ta9 rights are  acquir$ by ! p>ties   
mutually1 :o are also b\nd by reciprocal
  duties1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* !         
practical virtue ( ea*  consi/s4 ,& "h !
 sup]ior "* ( ! morals ( ! ,new         
,te/am5t1 z well z _! high] au?ority1 is
 illu/rat$4 ,x may1  inde$1 be )9 !     
scope ( m]e morali/s to %[ t fidelity1& 
affection1 & all ! c\rtesies necess>y to

 ma9ta9 affection1 are  rationally      
obligatory ^u ^? :o are connect$ by !   
nuptial bond2  b 9 ,*ri/ianity nuptial  
fidelity is gu>d$ by ! express law1 ,?\ 
%alt n commit adult]y20 & by our ,"l's  
exposition ( ! _s  ( t law :i* =bids !  
indulg5ce ( loose ?\ghts & desires1  &  
places ! purity ( ! he>t "u ! gu>dian%ip
 ( t  hall[$ fe> :i* 8 au?ority t5ds to 
inspire4 ,affection1 too1 is  made a    
matt] ( dilig5t cultivation ^u          
consid]ations1 & by a  /&>d1 peculi> to 
our religion4 ,husb&s are plac$ 9 a     
relation to  _! wives1 simil> to t :i*  
,*ri/ be>s to 8 *ur*1 & 8  example is   
?us made _! rule4 ,z ,*ri/ lov$ ! *ur*1 
s husb&s  are to love _! wives2 z ,*ri/ 
gave himself10 8 life1 = !  *ur*10 ,eph4
 v1 #be1 s are !y to haz>d life = _!    
wives2 z  ,*ri/ saves 8 *ur*1 s is x !  
b\nd5 duty ( husb&s to  endeav\r1 by e  
possible means1 to promote ! religi\s   
edification  & salvation ( _! wives4 ,! 
connection is ?us exalt$ into a         
religi\s "o2 & :5 love :i* kn[s no      

abatem5t1 protection at !  haz>d ( life1
 & a t5d] & con/ant solicitude = !      
salvation  ( a wife1 are ?us enjo9$1 !  
greate/ possible security is  e/abli%$ =
 ! ex]cise ( k9dness & fidelity4 ,!     
on5ess (  ?is union is also m =cibly    
/at$ 9 ,scripture ?an any :]e  beside4  
,!y twa9 %all be "o fle%40 ,s ought m5  
to love _! wives  z _! own bodies2 he t 
love? 8 wife love? himself4 ,= no man   
ev] yet hat$ 8 own fle%1 b n\ri%e? &    
*]i%e? x1 ev5 z  ! ,"l ! *ur*40 ,precept
 & illu/ration c g no high] ?an  ?is2 & 
no?+ evid5tly is want+ ei!r ( direction 
or au?ority  to raise ! /ate ( m>riage  
into ! highe/1 mo/ ende>+1 &  sanctifi$ 
relation 9 :i* two human be+s c /& to   
ea* o!r4    #b4 ,we f9d b few laws 9 !  
books ( ,moses conc]n+ ! in/itution  (  
m>riage4 ,?\gh ! ,mosaic law no :]e     
obliges m5 to m>ry1 !  ,jews h always   
look$ ^u x z an indisp5sable duty impli$
 9 !  words1 ,increase & multiply10 ,g54
 i1 #bh2 s t a man :o did n  m>ry 8     
daught] be=e %e 0 tw5ty ye>s ( age1 0   

look$ ^u  z access>y to any             
irregul>ities ! "y woman might be guilty
 (  = want ( be+ timely m>ri$4 ,moses   
re/ra9$ ! ,israelites f  m>ry+ )9 c]ta9 
degrees ( consangu9ity2 :i* _h till !n  
be5 p]mitt$1 to prev5t _! tak+ wives f  
among ! idolatr\s  nations among :om !y 
liv$4 ,abraham gave ?is z a reason =    
*oos+ a wife = ,isaac f among 8 own     
k9dr$1 ,g54 xxxiv1 #c1 c4  ,b :5 8      
desc5dants became s exce$+ly multipli$1 
?is reason  ceas$2 & ! great lawgiv]    
prohibit$1 "u pa9 ( dea?1 c]ta9  degrees
 ( k9dr$ z ince/u\s4 ,polygamy1 ?\gh n  
expressly  all[$1 is h[ev] tacitly      
impli$ 9 ! laws ( ,moses1 ,g54 xxxi2    
,exod4 xxi1 #aj4 ,?is practice likewise 
0 au?oriz$ by ! example (  ! patri>*s4  
,?us ,jacob m>ri$ bo? ! daught]s (      
,laban4 ,9  respect to :i* cu/om1 ,moses
 enjo9s t1 ^u ! m>riage ( a  second     
wife1 a man %all be b\nd to cont9ue to !
 fir/ h] food1  raim5t1 & ! duty (      
m>riage4 ,! ,jews did n always cont5t   
!mselves ) ! all[ance ( two wives1 z may

 be se5 9 !  examples ( ,david1         
,solomon1 & _m o!rs4 ,h[ev]1 !y made a  
di/9ction betwe5 ! wives ( ! fir/ rank1 
& ^? ( !  second4 ,! fir/ !y call$      
na%im1 & ! o!r pilga%im2 :i*  la/1 ?\gh 
mo/ v]sions r5d] x by ! words           
concub9es10 h>lots10  & pro/itutes10 yet
 x has no :]e 9 ,scripture any su* bad  
s5se4  ,!re is a p>ticul> law call$ !   
,levirate1 :i* oblig$ a man1  ^: bro!r  
di$ )\t issue1 to m>ry 8 wid[1 & raise  
up se$  to 8 bro!r1 ,deut4 xxv1 #e1 c4  
,b ,moses 9 "s measure left x to a      
man's *oice1 :e!r he w\ld comply ) ?is  
law or n2 = 9 case  ( a refusal1 ! wid[ 
c\ld only summon him be=e ! judges ( !  
place1 :51 if he p]si/$1 %e unti$ 8 %oe1
 & spit 9 8 face1  & said1 8,?us %all x 
be done unto ! man :o refuses to build  
up  8 bro!r's h\se40 ,a man 0 at lib]ty 
to m>ry n only 9 !  twelve tribes1 b ev5
 out ( !m1 provid$ x 0 among su* nations
  z us$ circumcision2 su* 7 !           
,midianites1 ,i%maelites1 ,edomites1    
,moabites1 & ,egyptians4 ,accord+ly1 we 

f9d ,moses himself m>ri$ to a           
,midianite1 & ,boaz to a ,moabite4      
,amasa 0 ! son ( ,je!r1 an  ,i%maelite1 
by ,abigail1 ,david's si/]2 & ,solomon1 
9 ! beg9n+ (  8 reign1 m>ri$ ,ph>aoh's  
daught]4 ,:5ev] we f9d him & o!r  k+s   
blam$ = m>ry+ /range wom51 we mu/ und]/&
 x ( ^?  nations :i* 7 idolatr\s &      
uncircumcis$4    ,x appe>s almo/        
impossible to ,europeans1 says ,mr4     
,h>tley1 t a  deception l t ( ,laban's  
c\ld be practis$4 ,b ! foll[+  extract1 
f a j\rnal :i* ,i kept at ,smyrna1      
pres5ts a p>allel  case3 8,! ,arm5ian   
brides are veil$ dur+ ! m>riage c]emony2
 &  h5ce deceptions h occurr$1 9 reg>d  
to ! p]son *os5 = wife4  ,i am in=m$ t1 
on "o occasion1 a "y ,arm5ian at ,smyrna
  solicit$ 9 m>riage a y\ng] daught]1   
:om he admir$4 ,! p>5ts  ( ! girl       
cons5t$ to ! reque/1 & e previ\s        
arrangem5t 0  made4 ,:5 ! "t = solemniz+
 ! m>riage arriv$1 ! eld]  daught]1 :o 0
 n s beautiful1 0 conduct$ by ! p>5ts to
 !  alt>1 & ! "y man 0 unconsci\sly     

m>ri$ to h]4 ,& #8x came  to pass1 t 9 !
 morn+1 behold1 x 0 ! eld] daught]4' ,! 
deceit 0 n discov]$1 till x c\ld n be   
rectifi$2 & !  mann] 9 :i* ! p>5ts      
ju/ifi$ !mselves 0 precisely t (        
,laban3 #8,x mu/ n be s done 9 our      
c\ntry1 to give ! y\ng]  be=e !         
fir/-born4' ,x is really ! rule among ! 
,arm5ians1 t  nei!r a y\ng] son nor     
daught] be m>ri$1 till _! eld] bro!r  or
 si/] h prec$$ !m40 ,i 0 once pres5t at 
! solemnization  ( matrimony among !    
,arm5ians2 & "s recollections ( x may   
t5d  to ?r[ light on ?is & o!r passages 
( ,scripture4 ,! v>i\s  fe/ivities      
att5dant on ^! occasions cont9ue = ?ree 
days2 &  dur+ ! la/ night ! m>riage is  
celebrat$4 ,i 0 conduct$ to !  h\se ( ! 
bride1 :]e ,i f\nd a v l>ge assemblage (
 p]sons4  ,! company 0 disp]s$ ?r\gh    
v>i\s rooms2 rem9d+ me ( !  directions (
 our ,savi\r1 9 reg>d to ! *oice ( !    
l[]mo/  rooms at fea/s4 ,on ! gr\nd     
floor ,i actually obs]v$ t !  p]sons    
conv5$ 7 ( an inf]ior ord] ( !          

community1 :ile 9  ! upp] rooms 7       
assembl$ ^? ( high] rank4 ,! l>ge numb] 
(  "y females :o 7 pres5t1 naturally    
rem9d$ me ( ! wise &  fooli% virg9s 9   
our ,savi\r's p>able4 ,^! be+ fri5ds ( !
  bride1 ! virg9s1 h] companions1 _h    
come to meet ! bridegroom1  ,psalm xlv1 
#ad4 ,x is usual = ! bridegroom to come 
at midnight2 s  t1 lit]ally1 at midnight
 ! cry is made1 ,behold1 ! bridegroom   
come?6 g ye out to meet him10 ,matt4    
xxv1 #f4 ,b1 on ?is occasion !          
bridegroom t>ri$3 x 0 two o'clock be=e  
he arriv$4 ,! :ole  p>ty !n proce$$ to !
 ,arm5ian *ur*1 :]e ! bi%op 0  wait+ to 
receive !m2 & !re ! c]emony 0 complet$4 
,see  ,,divorce & ,,bride4    ,,m>?a 0  
si/] ( ,laz>us & ,m>y1 & mi/ress ( !    
h\se :]e  our ,savi\r 0 ent]ta9$1 9 !   
village ( ,be?any4 ,m>?a is always  nam$
 be=e ,m>y1 probably because %e 0 ! eld]
 si/]4    ,,m>y1 ! "m ( ,jesus1 & wife (
 ,joseph4 ,%e is call$ by ! ,jews  !    
daught] ( ,eli2 & by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian    
writ]s1 ! daught] (  ,joakim & ,anna3 b 

,joakim & ,eliakim are sometimes        
int]*ang$1 #b  ,*ron4 xxxvi1 #d2 & ,eli1
 or ,heli1 is !re=e ! abridgm5t (       
,eliakim1 ,luke iii1 #bc4 ,%e 0 ( !     
royal race ( ,david1 z 0 also  ,joseph  
h] husb&2 & %e 0 also c\s9 to ,elizabe?1
 ! wife (  ,za*>ias ! prie/1 ,luke i1   
#e1 #cf4 ,m>y be+ esp\s$ to ,joseph1 !  
,angel ,gabriel appe>$ to h]1 to ann\nce
 to h] t %e %\ld be !  "m ( ! ,messiah1 
,luke i1 #bf1 #bg1 c4 ,to confirm 8     
message1 &  to %[ t no?+ is impossible  
to ,god1 he add$ t h] c\s9  ,elizabe?1  
:o 0 old1 & _h be5 hi!rto b>r51 0 !n 9 !
  six? mon? ( h] pregnancy4 ,m>y answ]$1
 ,behold ! h&maid ( !  ,"l1 be x unto me
 accord+ to ?y ^w20 & pres5tly %e       
conceiv$4  ,%e set out = ,hebron1 a city
 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,judah1 to visit h]  c\s9
 ,elizabe?4 ,z soon z ,elizabe? he>d !  
voice ( ,m>y1 h]  *ild1 ,john ! ,bapti/1
 leap$ 9 h] womb2 & %e 0 fill$ ) !      
,holy ,gho/1 & spake ) a l\d voice1     
say+1 ,bless$ art ?\ among  wom510 c4   
,!n ,m>y prais$ ,god1 say+1 ,my s\l do? 

magnify !  ,"l1 & my _s ha? rejoic$ 9   
,god my ,savi\r10 c4 ,m>y cont9u$  )    
,elizabe? ab\t ?ree mon?s1 & !n return$ 
to h] own h\se4  ,an edict ( ,cs>       
,augu/us hav+ decre$1 t all subjects ( !
  empire %\ld g to _! own cities1 to    
regi/] _! names accord+  to _! families1
 ,joseph & ,m>y1 :o 7 bo? ( ! l9eage (  
,david1 w5t to ,be?lehem1 f :5ce sprung 
_! family4 ,b :ile  !y 7 "h1 ! "t be+   
fulfill$ 9 :i* ,m>y 0 to be  deliv]$1 %e
 br\ght =? h] fir/-born son4 ,%e wrapp$ 
him 9  swaddl+ clo!s1 & laid him 9 !    
mang] ( ! /able or cav]n  :i!r !y _h    
retir$1 because !re 0 no room 9 ! inn4  
,angels  made ?is ev5t kn[n to %eph]ds1 
:o 7 9 ! fields ne>  ,be?lehem1 & ^!    
came 9 ! night to ,joseph & ,m>y1 & saw 
!  *ild ly+ 9 ! mang]1 & paid him _!    
adoration4 ,!  pres5tation ( ,*ri/ 9 !  
temple1 ! flight into ,egypt1 !         
slaught] ( ! innoc5ts1 & o!r ev5ts      
connect$ ) ! bir?  & infancy ( our ,"l1 
are pla9ly relat$ 9 ! ,gospels4    ,m>y 
& ,joseph w5t e ye> to ,j]usalem to !   

passov]2 & :5  ,jesus 0 twelve ye>s (   
age1 !y took him ) !m4 ,:5 !y 7         
return+1 ! y\? cont9u$ at ,j]usalem1 )\t
 _! p]ceiv+  x4 ,?ree days aft]1 !y f\nd
 him 9 ! temple1 sitt+ among !  doctors1
 he>+ !m & ask+ !m que/ions4 ,aft]w>d1  
he return$  ) !m to ,naz>e?1 & liv$ 9   
filial submission to !m4 ,b 8  "m laid  
up all ^! ?+s 9 h] he>t1 ,luke ii1 #ea1 
c4 ,!  ,gospel speaks no?+ m ( ! ,virg9 
,m>y till ! m>riage at ,cana  (         
,galilee1 at :i* %e 0 pres5t ) h] son   
,jesus4 ,%e 0 at  ,j]usalem at ! la/    
passov] our ,savi\r celebrat$ !re4 ,!re 
%e  saw all t 0 transact$2 foll[$ him to
 ,calv>y2 & /ood at !  foot ( 8 cross ) 
an admirable con/ancy & c\rage4 ,jesus  
see+  8 "m1 & 8 belov$ disciple ne>1 he 
said to 8 "m1 ,woman1  behold ?y son2 & 
to ! disciple1 ,behold ?y "m4 ,& f t    
h\r ! disciple took h] home to 8 own    
h\se40 ,no f>!r  p>ticul>s ( ?is fav\r$ 
woman are m5tion$1 except t %e 0 a      
witness ( ,*ri/'s resurrection4 ,a veil 
is drawn ov] h] "* &  hi/ory2 z ?\gh ) !

 design to reprove t wret*$ idolatry (  
:i* %e 0 made ! subject :5 ,*ri/ianity  
became corrupt &  paganiz$4    #b4      
,,m>y1 ! "m ( ,john ,m>k1 a disciple ( !
 ,apo/les4 ,%e _h a  h\se 9 ,j]usalem1  
:i!r1 x is ?\ght1 ! ,apo/les retir$ aft]
  ! asc5sion ( our ,"l1 & :]e !y receiv$
 ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,aft]  ! imprisonm5t (  
,/4 ,pet]1 ! fai?ful assembl$ 9 ?is     
h\se1 &  7 pray+ !re :5 ,pet]1 deliv]$  
by ! m9i/ry ( an angel1  knock$ at !    
door ( ! h\se1 ,acts xii1 #ab4    #c4   
,,m>y1 ( ,cleophas4 ,/4 ,j]om says1 %e  
bore ! "n ( ,cleophas1  ei!r because (  
h] fa!r1 or = "s o!r reason :i* _c n[   
be kn[n4 ,o!rs believe1 ) great]        
probability1 t %e 0 wife (  ,cleophas1 z
 our v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t makes h]1 
by supply+  ! ^w wife1 ,john xix1 #be1 &
 "m ( ,james ! less1 & (  ,simon1 bre?r5
 ( our ,"l4 ,^! la/ m5tion$ au?ors take 
,m>y  "m ( ,james1 & ,m>y wife (        
,cleophas1 to be ! same p]son1  ,mat!w  
xxvii1 #ef2 ,m>k xv1 #dj1 #da2 ,luke    
xxiv1 #aj2 ,john xix1 #be4 ,/4  ,john   

gives h] ! "n ( ,m>y ( ,cleophas2 & !   
o!r evangeli/s1  ! "n ( ,m>y1 "m (      
,james4 ,cleophas & ,alpheus are ! same 
p]son2 z ,james1 son ( ,m>y1 wife (     
,cleophas1 is ! same z ,james1  son (   
,alpheus4 ,x is ?\ght %e 0 ! si/] ( !   
,virg9 ,m>y1 &  t %e 0 ! "m ( ,james !  
less1 ( ,joses1 ( ,simon1 & (  ,judas1  
:o 9 ! ,gospel are nam$ ! bre?r5 (      
,jesus ,*ri/1 ,matt4  xiii1 #ee2 xxvii1 
#ef2 ,m>k vi1 #c2 t is1 8 c\s9-g]mans4  
,%e 0 an  e>ly believ] 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 &
 att5d$ him on 8 j\rneys1 to  m9i/] to  
him4 ,%e 0 pres5t at ! la/ passov]1 & at
 ! dea?  ( our ,savi\r %e foll[$ him to 
,calv>y2 & dur+ 8 passion %e  0 ) ! "m (
 ,jesus at ! foot ( ! cross4 ,%e 0 also 
pres5t at 8 burial2 & on ! ,friday be=e 
_h1 9 union )  o!rs1 prep>$ ! p]fumes to
 embalm him1 ,luke xxiii1 #ef4 ,b go+   
to 8 tomb v e>ly on ! ,sunday morn+1 )  
o!r wom51 !y  !re le>n$ f ! m\? ( an    
angel1 t he 0 ris52 ( :i*  !y c>ri$ !   
news to ! ,apo/les1 ,luke xxiv1 #a-e2   
,matt4 xxviii1 #i4  ,by ! way1 ,jesus   

appe>$ to !m2 & !y embrac$ 8 feet1      
wor%ipp+ him4 ,?is is all we "k )       
c]ta9ty conc]n+ ,m>y1 !  wife (         
,cleophas4    #d4 ,,m>y1 si/] ( ,laz>us1
 :o has be5 prepo/]\sly conf\nd$ )  t   
female s9n] spok5 (1 ,luke vii1 #cg-ci4 
,%e liv$ ) h]  bro!r & h] si/] ,m>?a at 
,be?any2 & ,jesus ,*ri/1 hav+ a         
p>ticul> affection = ?is family1 (t5    
retir$ to _! h\se )  8 disciples4 ,six  
days be=e ! passov]1 aft] hav+ rais$    
,laz>us  f ! dead1 he came to ,be?any ) 
8 disciples1 & 0 invit$ to  sup ) ,simon
 ! lep]1 ,john xii1 #a1 c2 ,mat!w xxvi1 
#f1 c2 ,m>k  xiv1 #c1 c4 ,m>?a att5d$ at
 ! table1 & ,laz>us 0 "o ( !  gue/s4 ,^u
 ?is occasion1 ,m>y1 tak+ a p\nd (      
spik5>d1 :i* is  ! mo/ preci\s p]fume ( 
its k9d1 p\r$ x ^u ! head & feet  (     
,jesus4 ,%e wip$ 8 feet ) h] hair1 & !  
:ole h\se 0  fill$ ) ! od\r ( ! p]fume4 
,judas ,isc>iot murmur$ at ?is2  b      
,jesus ju/ifi$ ,m>y 9 :at %e _h done1   
say+1 t by ?is  action %e _h prev5t$ 8  
embalmm5t1 & 9 a mann] _h decl>$  8 dea?

 & burial1 :i* 7 at h&4 ,f ?is p]iod !  
,scriptures make no m5tion ( ei!r ,m>y  
or ,m>?a4    #e4 ,,m>y ,,magdal5e1 s    
call$1 x is probable1 f ,magdala1 a t[n 
(  ,galilee1 ( :i* %e 0 a native1 or :]e
 %e _h resid$ dur+ !  e>ly "p ( h] life4
 ,out ( h]1 ,/4 ,luke tells u1 ,jesus _h
 ca/  sev5 devils1 ,luke viii1 #b4 ,he  
in=ms u1 also1 9 ! same place1 t        
,jesus1 9 company ) 8 ,apo/les1 prea*$ !
 ,gospel f city to  city2 & t !re 7     
sev]al wom5 ) !m1 :om he _h deliv]$  f  
evil spirits1 & heal$ ( _! infirmities2 
among :om 0 ?is  ,m>y1 :om "s1 )\t a    
%ad[ ( pro(1 h suppos$ to be !  s9ful   
woman spok5 (1 ,luke vii1 #cg-ci2 z o!rs
 h z errone\sly  imag9$ h] to be ,m>y1 !
 si/] ( ,laz>us4 ,m>y ,magdal5e is      
m5tion$ by ! evangeli/s z be+ "o ( ^?   
wom5 t foll[$  our ,savi\r1 to m9i/] to 
him1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! ,jews4  ,%e 
att5d$ him 9 ! la/ j\rney he made f     
,galilee to ,j]usalem1  & 0 at ! foot ( 
! cross ) ! holy virg91 ,john xix1 #be2 
,m>k xv1 #dg2 aft] :i* %e return$ to    

,j]usalem1 to buy & prep>e  ) o!rs c]ta9
 p]fumes1 t %e might embalm him aft] !  
,sabba? 0 ov]1 :i* 0 !n ab\t to beg94   
,all ! ,sabba? day %e  rema9$ 9 ! city2 
& ! next day1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 w5t to  ! 
sepul*re along ) ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,james1 & 
,salome1 ,m>k  xvi1 #a1 #b2 ,luke xxiv1 
#a1 #b4 ,= o!r p>ticul>s respect+ h]1   
see  also ,matt4 xxviii1 #a-e2 ,john xx1
 #aa-ag4 ,9 ,dr4 ,t[nley's ,essays1 !re 
is "o ( consid]able rese>* on ,m>y      
,magdal5e2 & 8 conclusion  is1 t x is   
probable t ! woman m5tion$ by ,/4 ,luke1
 & call$  9 ! ,engli% translation a     
s9n]10 _h =m]ly be5 a ,hea!n2 b  :e!r   
subsequ5tly a proselyte to ,judaism or  
n1 is unc]ta92 &  t1 hav+ be5 br\ght to 
! k ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 &  hav+ f\nd m]cy f
 ! ,r$eem]1 %e press$ into ,simon's     
h\se1  & gave ! /ronge/ pro(s ( h]      
gratitude & v5]ation by  ano9t+ !       
,savi\r's feet1 b$ew+ !m ) h] te>s1 &   
wip+  !m ) ! hairs ( h] head3--t by a   
wilful & malici\s  misrepres5tation1 !  
,jews conf\nd$ ,m>y ,magdal5e ) ,m>y !  

"m ( ,jesus1 & repres5t$ h] z an infam\s
 "*3--&  t1 f ! blasphem\s calumny ( !  
,jews1 a /igma ( infamy has  be5 affix$ 
to ! "n ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & caus$ h] to 
be  reg>d$ 9 ! false light ( a p5it5t   
pro/itute4 ,!re is no d\bt  b t ,m>y    
,magdal5e1 bo? 9 "* & circum/ances1 0 a 
woman ( good reputation4    ,,mas*il1 a 
title1 or inscription1 at ! head (      
sev]al psalms ( ,david  & o!rs1 9 ! book
 ( ,psalms4 ,?us ,psalm xxxii is        
inscrib$1 ,a  ,psalm ( ,david1 ,mas*il20
 & ,psalm xlii1 ,to ! *ief musician1    
,mas*il1 = ! sons ( ,korah40 ,! ^w      
,mas*il1 9 ! ,hebrew1  signifies1 he t  
in/ructs20 ?\gh "s int]pret]s take x = !
  "n ( a musical in/rum5t4 ,"s ( !      
rabb9s believe t1 9  repeat+ ! psalms   
:i* h ?is inscription1 x 0 usual to add 
an  int]pretation or explication to !m4 
,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 ?9k x  %[s !       
cle>ness & p]spicuity ( su* psalms1 & t 
!y ne$$  no p>ticul> explication4 ,! mo/
 probable op9ion is1 t ,mas*il  means an
 in/ructive song4    ,,mass1 ,,missa1 9 

! *ur* ( ,rome1 ! (fice ( pray]s us$ at 
!  celebration ( ! eu*>i/2 or1 9 o!r    
words1 ! consecrat+ !  bread & w9e s t x
 is transub/antiat$ into ! body & blood 
( ,*ri/1 & (f] !m z an expiatory        
sacrifice = ! quick &  ! dead4 ,nicod1  
aft] ,b>onius1 obs]ves t ! ^w comes f ! 
,hebrew missa*1 7oblatum17 or f ! ,lat9 
missa missorum2  because 9 =m] times !  
cate*um5s & excommunicat$ 7 s5t out  ( !
 *ur*1 :5 ! deacons said1 ,ite1 missa   
e/10 aft] s]mon  & read+ ( ! epi/le &   
,gospel2 !y n be+ all[$ to assi/  at !  
consecration4 ,m5age d]ives ! ^w f      
missio1 dismiss+20  o!rs1 f missa1      
s5d+20 because 9 ! mass ! pray]s ( m5   
on e>? are s5t up to heav54    ,z ! mass
 is 9 g5]al believ$ to be a             
repres5tation ( ! passion  ( our bless$ 
,savi\r1 s e action ( ! prie/1 & e      
p>ticul> "p ( ! s]vice1 are suppos$ to  
allude to ! p>ticul>  circum/ances ( 8  
passion & dea?4 ,! g5]al division (     
masses  is into high & l[ mass4 ,! fir/ 
is t sung by ! *ori/]s1 &  celebrat$ ) !

 assi/ance ( a deacon & sub-deacon3 l[  
masses  are ^? 9 :i* ! pray]s are b>ely 
rehe>s$ )\t s++4  ,!re are a great numb]
 ( diff]5t or occasional masses 9 !     
,romi%  *ur*1 _m ( :i* h no?+ peculi> b 
! "n4 ,su* are !  masses ( ! sa9ts3 t ( 
,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,sn[1 celebrat$ on !  fif? 
( ,augu/2 t ( ,/4 ,m>g>et1 patroness (  
ly+-9 wom52 t  at ! fea/ ( ,/4 ,john !  
,bapti/1 at :i* are said ?ree masses2  t
 ( ! ,innoc5ts1 at :i* ! ,gloria 9      
excelsis & ,hallelujah  are omitt$2 &1 x
 be+ a day ( m\rn+1 ! alt> is ( a violet
  col\r4 ,z to ord9>y masses1 "s are    
said = ! dead1 &1 z is  suppos$1        
contribute to extricate ! s\l out (     
purgatory4 ,at ^!  masses ! alt> is put 
9 m\rn+1 & ! only decorations are a     
cross 9 ! middle ( six yell[ wax lights2
 ! dress ( !  celebrant1 & ! v mass     
book1 are black2 _m p>ts ( ! (fice  are 
omitt$1 & ! p are dismiss$ )\t !        
b5$iction4 ,if  ! mass be said = a p]son
 di/+ui%$ by 8 rank or virtues1 x  is   
foll[$ ) a fun]al oration2 !y erect a   

*apelle ard5te1  t is1 a repres5tation (
 ! deceas$1 ) bran*es & tap]s (  yell[  
wax1 ei!r 9 ! middle ( ! *ur*1 or ne> ! 
deceas$'s  tomb1 :]e ! prie/ pron\nces a
 solemn absolution ( ! deceas$4  ,!re   
are likewise private masses said = /ol5 
or /ray$ goods or  cattle1 = heal?1 =   
travell]s1 c1 :i* g "u ! "n (  votive   
masses4 ,!re is /ill a f>!r di/9ction ( 
masses1  d5om9at$ f ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y 
7 us$3 ?us ! ,go?ic  mass1 or missa     
mos>abum1 is t us$ among ! ,go?s :5 !y 7
  ma/]s ( ,spa91 & :i* is /ill obs]v$ at
 ,tol$o & ,salamanca2  ! ,ambrosian mass
 is t compos$ by ,/4 ,ambrose1 & us$    
only at  ,milan1 ( :i* city he 0 bi%op2 
! ,gallic mass1 us$ by ! anci5t  ,gauls2
 & ! ,roman mass1 us$ by almo/ all !    
*ur*es 9 ! ,roman  communion4           
,,mat]ialism1 ! doctr9e :i* resolves !  
?9k+ pr9ciple 9 man1  or ! immat]ial &  
immortal s\l ) :i* ,god 0 pleas$ to     
endue  ,adam at 8 creation1 into m]e    
matt]1 or into a faculty result+ f  its 
organization4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ( late

 ye>s aga9/ ?is  doctr9e1 & ! diff]5t   
modifications :i* x has assum$2 b 9     
sub/ance no?+ new has be5 said on ei!r  
side2 & ! able &  cond5s$ argum5t (     
,wolla/on 9 8 ,religion ( ,nature       
,del9eat$10  if well consid]$1 w furni% 
e "o ) a mo/ cle> &  satisfactory       
refutation ( ?is antiscriptural &       
irrational  error3--,! s\l _c be m]e    
matt]3 = if x is1 !n ei!r all  matt] mu/
 ?9k2 or ! diff]5ce mu/ arise f !       
diff]5t  modification1 magnitude1       
figure1 or motion ( "s p>cels ( matt] 9 
respect ( o!rs2 or a faculty ( ?9k+ mu/ 
be sup]add$ to "s  sy/ems ( x1 :i* is n 
sup]add$ to o!rs4 ,b 9 ! fir/  place1 t 
position1 :i* makes all matt] to be     
cogitative1 is  contr>y to all !        
appreh5sions & k we h ( ! nature (  x2  
nor c x be true1 unless our s5ses &     
faculties be contriv$  only to deceive  
u4 ,we p]ceive n ! lea/ symptom (       
cogitation or  s5se 9 our tables1 *airs1
 c4 ,:y do? ! sc5e ( ?9k+ lie 9  our    
heads1 & all ! m9i/]s ( s5sation make _!

 reports to  some?+ !re1 if all matt] be
 appreh5sive & cogitative8 ,= 9  t case 
!re w\ld be z mu* ?\ght & und]/&+ 9 our 
heels1  & e :]e else1 z 9 our heads4 ,if
 all matt] be cogitative1 !n  x mu/ be s
 quat5us s f> =? z matt]1 & ?9k+ mu/ be 
( ! ess5ce & def9ition ( x2 :]eas by    
matt] no m is meant  ?an a sub/ance     
ext5d$ & imp5etrable to o!r matt]4 ,&   
s9ce1  = ?is reason1 x _c be necess>y = 
matt] to ?9k1 7because x  may be matt]  
)\t ?is prop]ty17 x _c ?9k z matt] only2
 if  x did1 we %\ld n only cont9ue to   
?9k always1 till ! matt] (  :i* we      
consi/ is annihilat$1 & s ! ass]t] ( ?is
 doctr9e  w\ld /umble ^u immortality    
unaw>es2 b we mu/ also h ?\ght  always 9
 "t pa/1 ev] s9ce t matt] 0 9 be+2 nor  
c\ld  !re be any ! lea/ int]mission (   
actual ?9k+2 :i* does n  appe> to be our
 case4 ,if ?9k+1 self-consci\sness1 c1 7
  ess5tial to matt]1 e "p ( x mu/ h !m2 
& !n no sy/em  c\ld h !m4 ,= a sy/em (  
mat]ial p>ts w\ld be a sy/em (  ?+s     
consci\s1 e "o by itself ( its own      

exi/5ce &  individuality1 &1            
consequ5tly1 ?9k+ by itself2 b !re c\ld 
be  no "o act ( self-consci\sness or    
?\ght common to ! :ole4  ,juxtaposition1
 9 ?is case1 c\ld signify no?+2 !       
di/9ction &  individuation ( ! sev]al   
p>ticles w\ld be z mu* reta9$ 9  _!     
vic9ity1 z if !y 7 sep>at$ by miles4    
,9 ! next place1 ! faculties ( ?9k+1 c1 
_c arise f !  size1 figure1 texture1 or 
motion ( x2 because bodies by !         
alt]ation  ( ^! only become great] or   
less1 r\nd or squ>e1 c1 r>e or  d5se1   
translat$ f "o place to ano!r ) ?is or t
 new  direction or velocity1 or ! l2 all
 :i* ideas are q diff]5t  f t ( ?9k+2   
!re c be no relation betwe5 !m4 ,^!     
modifications & affections ( matt] are s
 f> f be+ pr9ciples  or causes ( ?9k+ & 
act+1 t !y are !mselves b effects1      
proce$+ f ! action ( "s o!r matt] or ?+ 
^u x1 &  are pro(s ( its passivity1     
deadness & utt] incapacity ( becom+     
cogitative3 ?is is evid5t to s5se4 ,!y  
:o place ! ess5ce ( !  s\l 9 a c]ta9    

motion giv5 to "s matt]1 7if any su* m5 
!re  really be17 %\ld consid]1 among _m 
o!r ?+s1 t to move !  body spontane\sly1
 is "o ( ! faculties ( ! s\l2 & t ?is1  
:i* is ! same ) ! p[] ( beg9n+ motion1  
_c come f  motion already begun1 &      
impress$ ab extra4 ,let ! mat]iali/     
exam9e well1 :e!r he does n feel some?+ 
)9 himself t  acts f an int]nal         
pr9ciple2 :e!r he does n exp]i5ce "s    
lib]ty1 "s p[] ( gov]n+ himself1 &      
*oos+2 :e!r he does  n enjoy a k9d (    
invisible empire 9 :i* he comm&s 8 own  
?\ghts1 s5ds !m to ?is or t place1      
employs !m ab\t ?is or  t bus9ess1 =ms  
su* & su* designs & s*emes2 & :e!r  !re 
is any ?+ l ?is 9 b>e matt]1 h[ev]      
fa%ion$ or  proportion$2 :i*1 if no?+   
%\ld protrude or communicate motion to  
x1 w\ld = ev] rema9 fix$ to ! place :]e 
x happ5s to be1 an  et]nal monum5t ( its
 own be+ dead4 ,c su* an active be+ z ! 
s\l is1 ! subject ( s _m p[]s1 be itself
 no?+ b an  accid5t8 ,:5 ,i beg9 to move
 myself1 ,i d x = "s reason1 & )        

respect to "s end1 ! means to effect :i*
 ,i h1 if !re be  occasion = x1 conc]t$ 
)9 myself2 & ?is does n at all look  l  
motion m]ely mat]ial1 or 9 :i* matt] is 
only conc]n$1 :i*  is all me*anical4 ,:o
 c imag9e matt] to be mov$ by argum5ts1 
or  ev] plac$ syllogisms & demon/rations
 among lev]s & pullies8 ,we  n only move
 ourselves ^u reasons :i* we f9d 9      
ourselves1 b  ^u reasons imp>t$ by words
 or writ+s f o!rs1 or p]haps  m]ely at  
_! desire or b>e sugge/ion3 9 :i* case1 
aga91 nobody  surely c imag9e t ! words 
spok5 or writt51 ! s\nd 9 !  air1 or !  
/rokes on ! pap]1 c1 by any natural or  
me*anical  effici5ce1 cause ! read] or  
he>] to move 9 any det]m9ate  mann]1 or 
at all4 ,! reason1 reque/1 or fri5dly   
admonition1 :i* is  ! true motive1 c    
make no impression ^u matt]4 ,x mu/ be  
"s  o!r k9d ( be+ t appreh5ds ! =ce &   
s5se ( !m4 ,d n  we see 9 conv]sation1  
h[ a pleasant ?+ said makes p break out 
into laught]1 a rude ?+ into passion1 & 
s on8 ,^! affections  _c be ! physical  

effects ( ! words spok52 because !n !y  
w\ld h ! same effect1 :e!r !y 7 und]/ood
 or n4 ,&  ?is is f>!r demon/rable f    
h5ce1 t ?\gh ! words d really  conta9   
no?+ :i* is ei!r pleasant or rude1 or   
p]haps words are  ?\ght to be spok5 :i* 
are n spok52 yet if !y are appreh5d$  to
 d t1 or ! s\nd to be o!rwise ?an x 01 !
 effect w be  ! same4 ,x is !re=e ! s5se
 ( ! words1 :i* is an immat]ial  ?+1 t  
by pass+ ?r\gh ! und]/&+1 & caus+ t :i* 
is ! subject ( ! intellectual faculties 
to influ5ce ! body1  produces ^! motions
 9 ! spirits1 blood1 & muscles4    ,!y  
:o c fancy t matt] may come to live1    
?9k1 & act  spontane\sly1 by be+ r$uc$  
to a c]ta9 magnitude1 or hav+ its  p>ts 
plac$ aft] a c]ta9 mann]1 or be+ inve/$ 
) su* a  figure1 or excit$ by su* a     
p>ticul> motion2 !y1 ,i say1 w\ld d     
well to discov] to u t degree ( f95ess1 
t alt]ation 9 !  situation ( its p>ts1  
c1 at :i* matt] may beg9 to f9d itself  
alive & cogitative2 & :i* is ! critical 
m9ute1 t introduces  ^! important       

prop]ties4 ,if !y _c d ?is1 nor h _! eye
  ^u any p>ticul> crisis1 x is a sign t 
!y h no good reason  = :at !y say4 ,= if
 !y h no reason to *>ge ?is *ange ^u    
any p>ticul> degree or diff]5ce1 "o m   
?an ano!r1 !y h no  reason to *>ge x ^u 
any degree or diff]5ce at all2 & !n !y  
h no reason by :i* !y c prove t su* a   
*ange is made at  all4 ,beside all :i*1 
s9ce magnitude1 figure1 & motion are b  
accid5ts ( matt]1 n matt]1 & only !     
sub/ance is truly matt]2  & s9ce !      
sub/ance ( any "o "p ( matt] does n     
diff] f  t ( ano!r1 if any matt] c be by
 nature cogitative1 all mu/ be  s3 b ?is
 we h se5 _c be4 ,s !n1 9 conclusion1 if
 !re is  any su* ?+ z matt] t ?9ks1 c1  
?is mu/ be a p>ticul>  privilege grant$ 
to x2 t is1 a faculty ( ?9k+ mu/ be     
sup]add$ to c]ta9 p>ts or p>cels ( x2   
:i*1 by ! way1 mu/  inf] ! exi/5ce ( "s 
be+ able to conf] ?is faculty2 :o1 :5  !
 ineptness ( matt] has be5 well         
consid]$1 _c appe> to be  less ?an      
omnipot5t1 or ,god4 ,b ! tru? is1 matt] 

seems n to be  capable ( su* improvem5t1
 ( be+ made to ?9k4 ,= s9ce x is n  !   
ess5ce ( matt]1 x _c be made to be s )\t
 mak+ matt]  ano!r k9d ( sub/ance f :at 
x is4 ,nor c x be made to arise  f any (
 ! modifications or accid5ts ( matt]2 & 
9 respect (  :at else c any matt] be    
made to diff] f o!r matt]4    ,!        
accid5ts ( matt] are s f> f be+ made by 
any p[] to  produce cogitation1 t "s ev5
 ( !m %[ x incapable ( hav+ a  faculty (
 ?9k+ sup]add$4 ,! v divisibility ( x   
does ?is4  ,= t :i* is made to ?9k mu/  
ei!r be "o "p1 or m p>ts  jo9$ toge!r4  
,b we "k no su* ?+ z a "p ( matt] purely
  "o1 or indivisible4 ,x may1 inde$1 h  
pleas$ ! ,au?or ( nature1  t !re %\ld be
 atoms1 ^: p>ts are actually            
indisc]ptible1 &  :i* may be ! pr9ciples
 ( o!r bodies2 b /ill !y consi/ (  p>ts1
 ?\gh firmly adh]+ toge!r4 ,& if ! seat 
( cogitation be  9 m p>ts ?an "o1 :e!r  
!y lie close toge!r1 or are loose1  or 9
 a /ate ( fluidity1 x is ! same ?+1 h[ c
 x be avoid$1  b t ei!r !re mu/ be s _m 

sev]al m9ds1 or ?9k+  sub/ances1 z !re  
are p>ts1 & !n ! consequ5ce :i* has be5 
m5tion$ w\ld return ^u u aga92 or else t
 !re mu/ be  some?+ else sup]add$ = !m  
to c5tre 91 to unite _! acts1  & make _!
 ?\ghts to be "o8 ,& !n :at c ?is be b  
"s  o!r sub/ance1 :i* is purely "o8     
,matt] by itself c nev] ent]ta9 ab/ract$
 & g5]al ideas1 su*  z _m 9 our m9ds    
are4 ,= c\ld x reflect ^u :at passes )9 
itself1 x c\ld possibly f9d !re no?+ b  
mat]ial & p>ticul>  impressions2        
ab/ractions & metaphysical ideas c\ld n 
be pr9t$  ^u x4 ,h[ c\ld "o ab/ract f   
matt] :o is himself no?+ b  matt]8      
,if ! s\l 7 m]e matt]1 ext]nal visible  
objects c\ld only be  p]ceiv$ )9 u      
accord+ to ! impressions !y make ^u     
matt]1  & n o!rwise4 ,= in/ance3 ! image
 ( a cube 9 my m9d1 or my  idea ( a     
cube1 mu/ be always "u "s p>ticul>      
prospect1 &  con=m to ! rules (         
p]spective2 nor c\ld ,i o!rwise repres5t
 x  to myself2 :]eas n[ ,i c =m an idea 
( x z x is 9 itself1 &  almo/ view all  

its h$r at once1 z x 7 encompass+ x ) my
  m9d4 ,i c )9 myself correct ! ext]nal 
appe>ances &  impressions ( objects1 &  
advance1 ^u ! reports & h9ts receiv$  by
 my s5ses1 to =m ideas ( ?+s t are n    
extant 9 matt]4 ,by  see+ a mat]ial     
circle ,i may le>n to =m ! idea ( a     
circle1 or  figure g5]at$ by !          
revolution ( a ray ab\t its c5tre2 b !n1
  recollect+ :at ,i "k ( matt] ^u o!r   
occasions1 ,i c conclude  !re is no     
exact mat]ial circle4 ,s t ,i h an idea1
 :i* p]haps  0 rais$ f ! h9ts ,i receiv$
 f )\t1 b is n truly to  be f\nd !re4   
,if ,i see a t[] at a great di/ance1    
:i*1 accord+  to ! impressions made ^u  
my mat]ial organs1 seems little & r\nd1 
,i d n !re=e conclude x to be ei!r2 !re 
is some?+ )9  t reasons ^u !            
circum/ances ( ! appe>ance1 & z x 7     
comm&s my s5se1 & corrects ! impression2
 & ?is mu/ be  some?+ sup]ior to matt]1 
s9ce a mat]ial s\l is no o!rwise        
impressible itself b z mat]ial organs   
are3 in/ances ( ?is k9d  are endless4   

,if we "k any ?+ ( matt]1 we "k t by    
itself x  is a lifeless ?+1 in]t &      
passive only2 & acts necess>ily1 or  r  
is act$1 accord+ to ! laws ( motion &   
gravitation4 ,?is  passiv5ess seems to  
be ess5tial to x4 ,& if we "k any ?+ (  
ourselves1 we "k t we are consci\s ( our
 own exi/5ce & acts1  t is1 t we live2 t
 we h a degree ( fre$om2 t we c  move   
ourselves spontane\sly2 &1 9 %ort1 t we 
c1 9 _m  in/ances1 take (f ! effect (   
gravitation1 & impress new motions  ^u  
our spirits1 or give !m new directions1 
only by a ?\ght4  ,!re=e1 to make m]e   
matt] d all ?is is to *ange ! nature (  
x2 to *ange dea? into life1 incapacity (
 ?9k+ into cogitativity1  necessity into
 lib]ty4 ,& to say t ,god may sup]add a 
faculty (  ?9k+1 mov+ itself1 c1 to     
matt]1 if by ?is be meant1 t he may     
make matt] to be ! suppositum ( ^!      
faculties1 t sub/ance 9  :i* !y inh]e1  
is ! same 9 effect z to say1 t ,god may 
sup]add a faculty ( ?9k+ to             
incogitativity1 ( act+ freely to        

necessity1 & s on4 ,:at s5se is !re 9   
?is8 ,& yet s x mu/  be1 :ile matt]     
cont9ues to be matt]4    ,t faculty (   
?9k+1 s mu* talk$ ( by "s z sup]add$ to 
c]ta9 sy/ems ( matt]1 fitly dispos$1 by 
virtue ( ,god's  omnipot5ce1 ?\gh x be s
 call$1 mu/ 9 reality am\nt to ! same   
?+ z ano!r sub/ance ) ! faculty ( ?9k+4 
,= a faculty  ( ?9k+ alone w n make up !
 idea ( a human s\l1 :i* is  endu$ ) _m 
faculties2 appreh5d+1 reflect+1 comp>+1 
judg+1 mak+ d$uctions & reason+1 will+1 
putt+ ! body 9  motion1 cont9u+ ! animal
 functions by its pres5ce1 & giv+  life2
 & !re=e1 :atev] x is t is sup]add$1 x  
mu/ be  some?+ :i* is endu$ ) all ^? o!r
 faculties4 ,& :e!r  t c be a faculty ( 
?9k+1 & s ^! o!r faculties be only      
faculties ( a faculty1 or :e!r !y mu/ n 
all be r !  faculties ( "s sub/ance1    
:i*1 be+ by _! own concession1  sup]add$
 to matt]1 mu/ be diff]5t f x1 we leave 
!  unprejudic$ to det]m9e4 ,if m5 w\ld b
 s]i\sly look into  !mselves1 ! s\l w\ld
 n appe> to !m z a faculty ( ! body1  or

 a k9d ( appurt5ance to x1 b r z "s     
sub/ance1 prop]ly  plac$ 9 x1 n only to 
use x z an in/rum5t1 & act by x1 b  also
 to gov]n x1 or ! p>ts ( x1 z ! tongue1 
h&s1 feet1 c1  accord+ to its own       
reason4 ,= ,i ?9k x is pla9 en\gh1 t !  
m9d1 ?\gh x acts "u great limitations1  
do?1 h[ev]1 9 _m  in/ances gov]n ! body 
arbitr>ily2 & x is mon/r\s to suppose   
?is gov]nor to be no?+ b "s fit         
disposition or accid5t1  sup]add$1 ( t  
matt] :i* is gov]n$4 ,a %ip1 x is true1 
w\ld  n be fit = navigation1 if x 0 n   
built & provid$ 9 a prop]  mann]2 b !n1 
:5 x has its prop] =m1 & is become a    
sy/em (  mat]ials fitly dispos$1 x is n 
?is disposition t gov]ns x3 x  is ! man1
 t o!r sub/ance1 :o sits at ! helm1 & !y
 :o  manage ! sails & tackle1 t d ?is4  
,s our vessels )\t a  prop] organization
 & con=mity ( p>ts w\ld n be capable (  
be+ act$ z !y are2 b /ill x is n ! %ape1
 or modification1  or any o!r accid5t1 t
 c gov]n !m4 ,! capacity ( be+  gov]n$  
or us$ c nev] be ! gov]nor1 apply+ & us+

 t  capacity4 ,no1 !re mu/ be at ! helm 
some?+ di/9ct1 t  comm&s ! body1 & )\t  
:i* ! vessel w\ld run adrift or  r s9k4 
,= ! =ego+ reasons x is pla91 t matt] _c
 ?9k1 _c  be made to ?9k4 ,b if a       
faculty ( ?9k+ c be sup]add$ to a  sy/em
 ( matt]1 )\t unit+ an immat]ial        
sub/ance to x2 yet a  human body is n   
su* a sy/em1 be+ pla9ly void ( ?\ght1 & 
organiz$ 9 su* a mann] z to transmit !  
impressions ( s5sible  objects up to !  
bra91 :]e ! p]cipi5t1 & t :i* reflects  
^u !m1 c]ta9ly resides2 & !re=e t :i*   
!re appreh5ds1  ?9ks1 & wills1 mu/ be t 
sy/em ( matt] to :i* a faculty (  ?9k+  
is sup]add$4 ,all ! premises !n well    
consid]$1 judge  :e!r1 in/ead ( say+ t  
?is inhabitant ( our heads 7! s\l7  is a
 sy/em ( matt] to :i* a faculty ( ?9k+  
is sup]add$1 x  might n be m reasonable 
to say1 x is a ?9k+ sub/ance  intimately
 unit$ to "s f9e mat]ial vehicle1 :i*   
has its resid5ce  9 ! bra94 ,?\gh ,i    
und]/& n p]fectly ! mann] h[ a          
cogitative & spiritual sub/ance c be ?us

 closely unit$ to su* a  mat]ial        
vehicle1 yet ,i c und]/& ?is union z    
well z h[ x c  be unit$ to ! body 9     
g5]al1 p]haps z h[ ! p>ticles ( !  body 
itself coh]e toge!r1 & mu* bett] ?an h[ 
a ?9k+ faculty  c be sup]add$ to matt]2 
& beside1 sev]al ph5om5a may m  easily  
be solv$ by ?is hypo!sis2 :i*1 9 %ort1  
is ?is1 t !  human s\l is a cogitative  
sub/ance unit$ to a mat]ial vehicle2 t  
^! act 9 conjunction1 t :i* affects ! "o
 affect+ !  o!r2 t ! s\l is deta9$ 9 !  
body till ! habitation is  spoil$1 & _! 
mutual t5d5cy int]rupt$1 by "s hurt or  
disease1  or by ! decays & ru9s ( old   
age1 or ! l4    ,b _m a man1 says ,mr4  
,r5nell1 has ma9ta9$1 t ! bra9 has !    
p[] ( ?\ght1 f ! conclusions :i* 8 own  
exp]i5ce1 &1  p]haps1 8 ext5d$ k ( !    
human frame1 h enabl$ him to  draw4 ,he 
has obs]v$ ! action ( ! bra91 has wat*$ 
! progress  ( its diseases1 & has se5 ! 
close connection :i* exi/s betwe5  _m ( 
its afflictions1 & ! p[] ( ?\ght4 ,b 9  
?is1 z 9  mo/ o!r cases1 p>tial k leads 

him to a m mi/ak5 view (  ! matt] ?an   
total ignorance4 ,satisfi$ ) !          
correctness ( 8  obs]vations1 he ha/ily 
proce$s to =m 8 op9ion1 =gett+ t  x is n
 on ! tru? only1 b on ! :ole tru?1 t he 
%\ld re/  8 decision4 ,by an accid5tal  
bl[1 ! scull is beat5 91 ! bra9  is     
press$ ^u1 & ! pati5t lies )\t s5se or  
feel+4 ,no  soon] is ! pressure remov$  
?an ! p[] ( ?\ght imm$iately  returns4  
,x is kn[n1 aga91 t ! ph5om5a ( fa9t+   
arise f a  tempor>y defici5cy ( blood 9 
! bra92 ! vessels collapse1 &  ! loss ( 
s5se imm$iately ensues4 ,re/ore !       
circulation1 & !  s5se is z in/antly    
recov]$4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! circulation
  9 ! bra9 is too rapid1 & inflammation 
( ! organ succe$s1 we  f9d t delirium1  
fr5zy1 & o!r disord]s ( ! m9d arise 9   
proportion to ! inflammatory action1 by 
:i* !y are app>5tly  produc$4 ,x is     
obs]v$1 also1 t :5 ! /oma* is disord]$  
by  an excess ( w9e1 or ( ard5t spirits1
 ! bra9 is also affect$  ?r\gh ! /rong  
sympa?ies ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! intellect  

is  disord]$1 & ! man has no long] a    
rational comm& ov] himself or  8        
actions4 ,f ^!1 & o!r circum/ances ( a  
simil> nature1 x  is conclud$1 t ?\ght  
is a quality or function ( ! bra91 t  x 
is insep>able f ! organ 9 :i* x resides1
 & z ,mr4  ,lawr5ce1 aft] ! ,fr5*       
physiologi/s1 repres5ts x1 t m$ull>y    
matt] ?9ks40    ,n[ x mu/ c]ta9ly be    
inf]r$ f all ^! circum/ances1 t  !re is 
a close connection betwe5 ! p[] ( ?9k+ &
 ! bra92  b x by no means foll[s1 t !y  
are1 !re=e1 "o & ! same4  ,all[+1 h[ev]1
 = a mom5t1 ! ju/ice ( ! inf]5ce1 f !   
premises :i* h be5 /at$1 we mu/ rememb]1
 t we h n z  yet tak5 9 all !           
circum/ances ( ! case4 ,we h wat*$ !    
body  r ?an ! m9d1 & t only 9 a diseas$ 
/ate2 & f ?is  p>tial & imp]fect view ( 
! subject1 our conclusions h be5  d$uc$4
 ,let u take a heal?y man 9 a s\nd      
sleep4 ,he lies )\t  s5se or feel+1 yet 
no "p ( 8 frame is diseas$1 nor is a    
s+le  p[] ( 8 life ( vegetation susp5d$4
 ,all )9 8 body is z  active z ev]4 ,!  

blood circulates z regul>ly1 &1 almo/ z 
rapidly1 9 ! sleep+ z 9 ! wak+ subject4 
,dige/ion1 secretion1  nutrition1 & all 
! functions ( ! life ( vegetation       
proce$1 &  yet ! und]/&+ is abs5t4      
,sleep1 !re=e1 is an affection (  ! m9d1
 r ?an ( ! body2 & ! refre%m5t :i* !    
latt]  receives f x1 is f ! susp5sion ( 
its active & agitat+  pr9ciple4 ,n[ if  
?\ght 0 id5tifi$ ) ! bra91 :5 ! =m]  0  
susp5d$1 ! latt] w\ld und]go a          
proportionate *ange4 ,memory1           
imag9ation1 p]ception1 & all ! /up5d\s  
p[]s ( ! human  intellect are abs5t2 &  
yet ! bra9 is precisely ! same1 ! same  
9 e p>ticle ( matt]1 ! same 9 e animal  
function4 ,( n a  s+le organ is ! action
 susp5d$4 ,:51 aga91 ! man awak5s1 &  8 
s5ses return1 no *ange is produc$ by !  
recov]y2 ! bra91 !  organs ( s5se1 & all
 ! mat]ial p>ts ( 8 frame rema9         
precisely 9 ! same condition4 ,dream+   
may p]haps be adduc$ z an  exception to 
?is /atem5t4 ,b x is fir/ to be rem>k$1 
t ?is  affection is by no means g5]al4  

,!re are ?\s&s :o nev] dream at  all1 & 
?\s&s :o dream only occasionally4       
,dream+ !re=e1 ev5  ?\gh x 7 to be all[$
 z an exception1 c\ld n be admitt$ to   
invalidate ! rule4 ,& if !re be a       
circum/ance1 :i* to any  philosophic m9d
 w cle>ly intimate ! indep5d5cy ( ?\ght 
^u  matt]1 x is ! ph5om5on ( dream+4    
,p]ception1 t faculty (  ! s\l :i*      
unites x ) ! ext]nal _w1 is !n susp5d$1 
&  ! av5ues ( s5se are clos$4 ,all      
communication ) outw>d objects  be+ ?us 
remov$1 ! s\l is transport$1 z x 71 into
 a _w (  its own creation4 ,!re appe>s  
to be an activity 9 ! motions1 & a      
p]fection 9 ! faculties1 ( ! m9d1 :5    
dis5gag$ f ! body1  & dis5cumb]$ ( its  
mat]ial organs4 ,! slumb] ( its ext]nal 
p]ception seems to be b ! awak5+ ( e o!r
 p[]4 ,!  memory is f> m ke51 ! fancy f>
 m vivid1 9 ! dream+ ?an  9 ! wak+ man4 
,ideas rise 9 rapid succession1 & are   
v>i$ 9  endless comb9ation2 s t !       
judgm5t1 :i*1 next to !  p]ception1     
dep5ds mo/ ^u ext]nal objects1 is unable

 to foll[ !  imag9ation 9 all its wild &
 unwe>i$ flights4 ,a bett] notion (  !  
sep>ate & indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! s\l _c  
be =m$1  ?an t :i* we d]ive f our       
obs]vations on ! ph5om5a (  dream+4     
,aga93 :5 ! m9d is anxi\sly engag$ 9 any
 tra9 (  ?\ght1 :e!r 9 company or alone1
 x frequ5tly neglects !  impressions    
made ^u ! ext]nal organs4 ,:5 a man is  
deeply imm]s$  9 m$itation1 or eag]ly   
engag$ 9 a discussion1 he (t5 nei!r     
he>s a ?ird p]son :5 he speaks1 nor     
obs]ves :at he does1 nor ev5  :5 g5tly  
t\*$ does he feel ! pressure4 ,yet !re  
is no defect  ei!r 9 ! e>1 ! eye1 or !  
n]v\s sy/em2 ! bra9 is n  disord]$1 = if
 8 m9d 7 n s fully occupi$1 he w\ld     
p]ceive e "o ( ^? impressions :i* he n[ 
neglects4 ,9 ?is  case1 !re=e1 z 9      
sleep1 ! indep5d5ce ( m9d ^u ! ext]nal  
organ is cle>ly %[n4    ,b let u take ! 
matt] 9 ano!r po9t ( view4 ,we h obs]v$ 
! action ( ! bra9 ^u ?\ght1 & h se5 t :5
 ! =m]  is unnaturally compress$1 !     
latt] is imm$iately disord]$ or lo/4    

,let u n[ turn our att5tion to ! action 
( ?\ght ^u ! bra94 ,a  lett] is br\ght  
to a man conta9+ "s afflict+            
intellig5ce4 ,he  ca/s 8 eye ^u its     
cont5ts1 & drops d[n )\t s5se or motion4
  ,:at is ! cause ( ?is sudd5 affection8
 ,x may be said t !  vessels h collaps$1
 t ! bra9 is consequ5tly disord]$1 &  t 
loss ( s5se is ! natural consequ5ce4 ,b 
let u take "o /ep  backw>d1 & inquire   
:at is ! cause ( ! disord] itself1 !    
effects ( :i* are ?us visible4 ,x is    
produc$ by a %eet ( :ite  pap] di/+ui%$ 
by a few black m>ks4 ,b no "o w\ld be   
absurd  en\gh to suppose1 t x 0 ! effect
 ( ! pap] alone1 or ( !  *>act]s        
inscrib$ ^u x1 unless ^? *>act]s convey$
 "s  mean+ to ! und]/&+4 ,x is ?\ght !n 
:i* s sudd5ly  agitates & di/urbs !     
bra91 & makes its vessels to collapse4  
,f  ?is circum/ance alone we discov] !  
amaz+ influ5ce ( ?\ght  ^u ! ext]nal    
organ2 ( t ?\ght :i* we c nei!r he>1 nor
  see1 nor t\*1 :i* yet produces an     
affection ( ! bra9 fully equal  to a    

bl[1 a pressure1 or any o!r s5sible     
injury4 ,n[ ?is v  action ( ?\ght ^u !  
bra9 cle>ly %[s t ! bra9 does n  produce
 x1 :ile ! mutual influ5ce :i* !y       
possess ov] ea*  o!r1 z cle>ly %[s t !re
 is a /rong connection betwe5 !m4  ,b x 
is c>efully to be rememb]$1 t connection
 is n  id5tity4 ,:ile we ackn[l$ge !n1  
on ! "o side1 ! mutual  connection ( !  
und]/&+ & ! bra91 we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 on  
! o!r1 _! mutual indep5d5ce4 ,! ph5om5a 
:i* we daily  obs]ve lead u ( necessity 
to ! recognition ( ^! two important     
pr9ciples4 ,if !n f ! obs]vations :i* we
 are enabl$ to make  on ! ph5om5a ( !   
und]/&+ & ( ! bra91 we are l$ to  inf]  
mutual indep5d5ce1 we %all f9d our      
conclusions /ill f>!r  /r5g!n$ by a     
consid]ation ( ! sub/ance & composition 
( !  latt]4 ,n only is ! bra9 a mat]ial 
sub/ance1 end[$ ) all  ^? prop]ties (   
matt] :i* we h be=e %[n to be inconsi/5t
  ) ?\ght1 b x is a sub/ance1 :i*1 9    
common ) ! re/ (  our body1 is und]go+ a
 p]petual *ange4 ,inde$ exp]im5ts &     

obs]vations give u abundant reason =    
conclud+ t ! bra9  und]goes )9 itself   
precisely ! same *ange ) ! rema9d] (  ! 
body4 ,a man w fall d[n 9 a fit (       
apoplexy1 & be recov]$2  9 a few ye>s he
 w be attack$ by ano!r1 :i* w prove     
fatal4  ,^u dissection x w be f\nd t !re
 is a cavity =m$ by !  blood effus$ f ! 
ruptur$ vessel1 & t a c]ta9 action _h   
be5 go+ on1 :i* gradually absorb$ !     
coagulat$ blood4 ,if !n an  absorb5t    
sy/em exi/s 9 ! bra91 & ! organ !reby   
und]goes1  9 ! c\rse ( a c]ta9 "t1 a    
total *ange1 x is impossible t  ?is flux
 & v>iable sub/ance c be end[$ )        
consci\sness or  ?\ght4 ,if ! p>ticles (
 ! bra91 ei!r sep>ately or 9 a mass1  7 
capable ( consci\sness1 !n aft] _!      
removal !  consci\sness :i* !y produc$  
mu/ = ev] cease4 ,! consequ5ce  ( :i*   
w\ld be1 t p]sonal id5tity mu/ be       
de/roy$1 & t no  man c\ld be ! same     
individual be+ t he 0 t5 ye>s ago4 ,b   
our common s5se in=ms u1 t z f> z our   
und]/&+ & our  moral responsibility are 

involv$1 we are ! same individual be+s  
t we ev] 74 ,if ! body alone1 or any    
sub/ance subject to !  laws ( body1 7   
conc]n$1 p]sonal id5tity might          
reasonably be  d\bt$3 b x is some?+     
beyond ! bra9 t makes ! man at  e p]iod 
( 8 life ! same3 x is consci\sness1 t1  
amid/ !  p]petual *ange ( our mat]ial   
p>ticles1 unites e l9k (  successive be+
 9 "o indissoluble *a94 ,! body may be  
gradually  *ang$1 & yet by ! deposition 
( new p>ticles1 simil> to ^?  :i*       
absorption has remov$1 x may pres]ve !  
appe>ance (  id5tity4 ,b 9 consci\sness 
!re is real1 n an app>5t1               
individuality1 admitt+ ( no *ange or    
sub/itution4    ,s inconsi/5t ) reason  
is e attempt :i* has be5 made to  r$uce 
our ?\ghts to a mat]ial orig91 & to     
id5tify our  und]/&+ ) any "p ( our     
corporeal frame6 ,! m c>efully  we      
obs]ve ! op]ation1 bo? ( ! m9d & ( !    
bra91 ! m  cle>ly we %all di/+ui%1 & ! m
 =cibly %all we feel1 !  indep5d5ce ( ! 
"o ^u ! o!r4 ,we "k t ! bra9 is !  organ

 or in/rum5t by :i* ! m9d op]ates on    
matt]1 & we "k  t ! bra9 aga9 is ! *a9 (
 communication betwe5 ! m9d &  ! mat]ial
 _w4 ,t c]ta9 disord]s !re=e 9 ! *a9    
%\ld  ei!r prev5t or di/urb ?is         
communication is reasonably to be       
expect$2 b no?+ m is prov$ f !nce ?an we
 knew be=e1  namely1 t ! l9k is         
imp]fect4 ,& :5 t l9k is aga9  re/or$1 !
 m9d decl>es its id5tity1 by its memory 
( ?+s :i*  prec$$ ! injury or ! disease2
 & :]e ! recov]y is rapid1 !  pati5t    
awakes z x 7 f a di/urb$ dream4 ,h[     
inde$ ! bra9  & ! ?9k+ pr9ciple are     
connect$1 & 9 :at mann] !y  mutually    
affect ea* o!r1 is beyond ! rea* ( our  
faculties to  discov]4 ,we mu/1 = !     
pres5t1 be cont5t$ ) our ignorance (  ! 
cause1 :ile f ! effects we are p]suad$  
bo? ( _!  connection on ! "o h&1 & ( _! 
indep5d5ce on ! o!r4    ,,mat!w1 call$  
also ,levi1 0 ! son ( ,alpheus1 b       
probably n (  t ,alpheus :o 0 ! fa!r ( !
 ,apo/le ,james ! less4 ,he 0 a  native 
( ,galilee2 b x is n kn[n 9 :at city ( t

 c\ntry he  0 born1 or to :at tribe ( ! 
p ( ,israel he belong$4 ,?\gh a  ,jew1  
he 0 a publican or tax-ga!r] "u !       
,romans2 & 8 (fice  seems to h consi/$ 9
 collect+ ! cu/oms due ^u commodities   
:i* 7 c>ri$1 & f p]sons :o pass$1 ov] ! 
lake (  ,g5nes>e?4 ,our ,savi\r comm&$  
him1 z he 0 sitt+ at ! place  :]e he    
receiv$ ^! cu/oms1 to foll[ him4 ,he    
imm$iately obey$2  & f t "t he became a 
con/ant att5dant ^u our ,savi\r1 &  0   
appo9t$ "o ( ! twelve ,apo/les4 ,/4     
,mat!w1 soon aft] 8  call1 made an      
ent]ta9m5t at 8 h\se1 at :i* 7 pres5t   
,*ri/  & "s ( 8 disciples1 & also sev]al
 publicans4 ,aft] !  asc5sion ( our     
,savi\r1 he cont9u$1 ) ! o!r ,apo/les1  
to  prea* ! ,gospel = "s "t 9 ,judea2 b 
z !re is no f>!r  acc\nt ( him 9 any    
writ] ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies1 we mu/     
consid] x z unc]ta9 into :at c\ntry he  
aft]w>d w5t1 &  likewise 9 :at mann] &  
at :at "t he di$4    ,9 ! few writ+s :i*
 rema9 ( ! apo/olical fa!rs1 ,b>nabas1  
,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,h]mas1 ,ignatius1 &   

,polyc>p1 !re are manife/  allusions to 
sev]al passages 9 ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel2 
b ! ,gospel  itself is n m5tion$ 9 any  
"o ( !m4 ,papias1 ! companion (         
,polyc>p1 is ! e>lie/ au?or on record :o
 has expressly nam$ ,/4  ,mat!w z !     
writ] ( a ,gospel2 & we are indebt$ to  
,eusebius =  transmitt+ to u ?is        
valuable te/imony4 ,! "w itself (       
,papias is  lo/2 b ! quotation 9        
,eusebius is su* z to conv9ce u t 9  !  
"t ( ,papias no d\bt 0 ent]ta9$ ( !     
g5u95ess ( ,/4  ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,?is  
,gospel is repeat$ly quot$ by ,ju/9     
,m>tyr1 b  )\t m5tion+ ! "n ( ,/4       
,mat!w4 ,x is bo? frequ5tly  quot$1 &   
,/4 ,mat!w m5tion$ z its au?or1 by      
,ir5u1 ,orig51  ,a?anasius1 ,cyril1     
,epiphanius1 ,j]om1 ,*ryso/om1 & a long 
tra9 (  subsequ5t writ]s4 ,x 01 inde$1  
univ]sally receiv$ by !  ,*ri/ian *ur*2 
& we d n f9d t its g5u95ess 0           
controv]t$ by any e>ly pr(ane writ]4 ,we
 may !re=e conclude1  ^u ! concurr5t    
te/imony ( antiquity1 t ?is ,gospel is  

rightly  ascrib$ to ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,x is   
g5]ally agre$1 ^u ! mo/  satisfactory   
evid5ce1 t ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel 0 ! fir/
 :i* 0  writt52 b ?\gh ?is is ass]t$ by 
_m anci5t au?ors1 none (  !m1 except    
,ir5u & ,eusebius1 h said any ?+ conc]n+
 !  exact "t at :i* x 0 writt54 ,! only 
passage 9 :i* ! =m]  ( ^! fa!rs m5tions 
?is subject1 is s obscure1 t no positive
  conclusion c be drawn f x2 ,dr4       
,l>dn]1 & ,dr4 ,t[nson1  und]/& x 9 v   
diff]5t s5ses2 & ,eusebius1 :o liv$ a   
hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ,ir5u1 b>ely   
says1 t ,mat!w wrote  8 ,gospel j be=e  
he left ,judea to prea* ! religion (    
,*ri/ 9  o!r c\ntries2 b :5 t 01 nei!r  
he nor any o!r anci5t  au?or in=ms u )  
c]ta9ty4 ,! impossibility ( settl+ ?is  
po9t ^u anci5t au?ority has giv5 rise to
 a v>iety ( op9ions  among mod]ns4 ,( ! 
sev]al dates assign$ to ?is ,gospel1 :i*
  des]ve any att5tion1 ! e>lie/ is      
,a4,d4 #ch1 & ! late/1 ,a4,d4 #fd4    ,x
 appe>s v improbable t ! ,*ri/ians %\ld 
be left any  consid]able numb] ( ye>s   

)\t a writt5 hi/ory ( our ,savi\r's     
m9i/ry4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,apo/les1       
imm$iately aft] ! desc5t  ( ! ,holy     
,gho/1 :i* took place only t5 days aft] 
! asc5sion (  our ,savi\r into heav51   
prea*$ ! ,gospel to ! ,jews ) great     
success2 & surely x is reasonable to    
suppose1 t an au!ntic  acc\nt ( our     
,savi\r's doctr9es & miracles w\ld v    
soon be  committ$ to writ+1 = !         
confirmation ( ^? :o believ$ 9 8  div9e 
mission1 & = ! conv]sion ( o!rs2 &1 m   
p>ticul>ly1 to enable ! ,jews to comp>e 
! circum/ances ( !  bir?1 dea?1 &       
resurrection ( ,jesus ) _! anci5t       
prophecies  relative to ! ,messiah2 & we
 may conceive t ! ,apo/les w\ld be      
desir\s ( los+ no "t 9 writ+ an acc\nt (
 ! miracles :i*  ,jesus p]=m$1 & ( !    
disc\rses :i* he deliv]$1 because !     
soon] su* an acc\nt 0 publi%$1 ! easi] x
 w\ld be to inquire  into its tru? &    
accuracy2 &1 consequ5tly1 :5 ^! po9ts 7 
satisfactorily asc]ta9$1 ! great] w\ld  
be its weight &  au?ority4 ,we mu/ own t

 ^! argum5ts are s /rong 9 fav\r (  an  
e>ly publication ( "s hi/ory ( our      
,savi\r's m9i/ry1 t we  _c b acc$e to ! 
op9ion ( ,jones1 ,wet/e91 & ,dr4 ,ow51 t
  ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel 0 writt5 ,a4,d4  
#ch4    ,!re has also ( late be5 great  
diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ !  language 9 
:i* ?is ,gospel 0 orig9ally writt54     
,among ! anci5t  fa!rs1 ,papias1 z quot$
 by ,eusebius1 ,ir5u1 ,orig51 ,cyril1   
,epiphanius1 ,*ryso/om1 & ,j]om1        
positively ass]t t x 0 writt5  by ,/4   
,mat!w 9 ,hebrew1 t is1 9 ! language !n 
spok5 9  ,pale/9e2 & inde$ ,dr4         
,campbell says1 t ?is po9t 0 n          
controv]t$ by any au?or = f\rte5 hundr$ 
ye>s4 ,erasmus 0 "o  ( ! fir/ :o cont5d$
 t ! pres5t ,greek is ! orig9al2 &  he  
has be5 foll[$ by ,le ,cl]c1 ,wet/e91   
,basnage1 ,:itby1 ,jort91  ,hug1 & _m   
o!r le>n$ m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,grotius1   
,du ,p91  ,simon1 ,walton1 ,cave1       
,hammond1 ,mill1 ,mi*alis1 ,ow51 &      
,campbell h  support$ ! op9ion ( !      
anci5ts4 ,9 a "q ( ?is sort1 :i*  is a  

"q ( fact1 ! concurr5t voice ( antiquity
 is decisive4  ,?\gh ! fa!rs are        
unanim\s 9 decl>+ t ,/4 ,mat!w wrote 8  
,gospel 9 ,hebrew1 yet !y h n in=m$ u by
 :om x 0  translat$ into ,greek4 ,no    
writ] ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies makes any  
m5tion :atev] ( ! translator2 nor does  
,eusebius3 & ,j]om tells  u1 t 9 8 "t x 
0 n kn[n :o 0 ! translator4 ,x is1      
h[ev]1 univ]sally all[$1 t ! ,greek     
translation 0 made v  e>ly1 & t x 0 m   
us$ ?an ! orig9al4 ,?is la/  circum/ance
 is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,aft] ! de/ruction
 (  ,j]usalem1 ! language ( ! ,jews1 & e
 ?+ :i* belong$ to  !m1 fell into great 
contempt2 & ! e>ly fa!rs1 writ+ 9       
,greek1  w\ld naturally quote & ref] to 
! ,greek copy ( ,/4 ,mat!w's  ,gospel1 9
 ! same mann] z !y con/antly us$ !      
,septuag9t  v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4   
,!re be+ no long] any c\ntry 9 :i*  !   
language ( ,/4 ,mat!w's orig9al ,gospel 
0 commonly spok51 t  orig9al w\ld soon  
be =gott52 & ! translation into ,greek1 
!  language !n g5]ally und]/ood1 w\ld be

 sub/itut$ 9 its room4  ,?is e>ly &     
exclusive use ( ! ,greek translation is 
a /rong pro(  ( its correctness1 &      
leaves u b little reason to lam5t ! loss
  ( ! orig9al4    ,z ! sacr$ writ]s10   
says ,dr4 ,campbell1 8especially !      
evangeli/s1  h _m qualities 9 common1 s 
!re is some?+ 9 e "o (  !m1 :i*1 if     
att5d$ to1 w be f\nd to di/+ui% him f ! 
re/4 ,t :i* pr9cipally di/+ui%es ,/4    
,mat!w1 is !  di/9ctness & p>ticul>ity )
 :i* he has relat$ _m ( our  ,"l's      
disc\rses & moral in/ructions4 ,( ^!1 8 
s]mon on !  m\nt1 8 *>ge to ! ,apo/les1 
8 illu/rations ( ! nature (  8 k+dom1 & 
8 prophecy on ,m\nt ,olivet1 are        
examples4 ,he has also  wond]fully unit$
 simplicity & en]gy 9 relat+ ! replies (
 8  ,ma/] to ! cavils ( 8 adv]s>ies4    
,be+ e>ly call$ to !  apo/le%ip1 he 0 an
 eye-witness & e>-witness ( mo/ ( ! ?+s 
:i* he relates2 & ?\gh ,i d n ?9k x 0 ! 
scope ( any (  ^! hi/orians to adju/ _! 
n>ratives to ! precise ord] ( "t  :]e9 !
 ev5ts happ5$1 !re are "s circum/ances  

:i* incl9e  me to ?9k1 t ,/4 ,mat!w has 
approa*$ at lea/ z ne> t ord]  z any (  
!m40 ,& ?is1 we may obs]ve1 w\ld        
naturally be !  di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( a 
n>rative1 writt5 v soon aft]  ! ev5ts _h
 tak5 place4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+s       
record$ 9 ,/4  ,mat!w's ,gospel1 & n    
f\nd 9 any o!r1 are ! foll[+3 !  visit (
 ! ea/]n magi2 our ,savi\r's flight into
 ,egypt2 !  slaught] ( ! infants at     
,be?lehem2 ! p>able ( ! t5 virg9s2  !   
dream ( ,pilate's wife2 ! resurrection (
 _m sa9ts at our  ,savi\r's crucifixion2
 & ! brib+ ( ! ,roman gu>d appo9t$ to   
wat* at ! holy sepul*re by ! *ief prie/s
 & eld]s4    ,,mat?ias ! ,apo/le 0 fir/ 
9 ! rank ( our ,savi\r's disciples1  &  
"o ( ^? :o cont9u$ ) him f 8 baptism to 
8  asc5sion1 ,acts i1 #ba1 #bb4 ,x is v 
probable he 0 ( ! numb] (  ! sev5ty1 z  
,clem5s ,alex&r9us & o!r anci5ts in=m u4
 ,we  h no p>ticul>s ( 8 y\? or         
education1 = we may reckon z  no?+ :at  
is read 9 ,abdias1 or ,obadiah1 conc]n+ 
?is matt]4  ,aft] ! asc5sion ( our ,"l1 

! ,apo/les retir+ to ,j]usalem 9        
expectation ( ! effusion ( ! ,holy      
,gho/1 z _h be5 promis$1  ,pet] propos$ 
to fill up ! place ( ,judas3 to ?is !   
disciples  agre$4 ,!y !n pres5t$ two    
p]sons1 ,joseph ,b>sabas1 surnam$       
,ju/us1 & ,mat?ias4 ,! lot fall+ on     
,mat?ias1 he 0 f t "t  associat$ ) !    
elev5 ,apo/les4 ,! ,greeks believe t    
,mat?ias  prea*$ & di$ at ,col*is4      
,,measure1 t by :i* any ?+ is measur$1  
or adju/$1 or  proportion$1 ,prov4 xx1  
#aj2 ,micah vi1 #aj4 ,tables (          
,scripture measures  ( l5g? & capacity  
are f\nd at ! end ( ?is volume4         
,,meats4 ,! ,hebrews _h sev]al k9ds (   
animals :i* !y refus$ to  eat4 ,among   
dome/ic animals !y only ate ! c[1 !     
%eep1 & !  goat2 ! h5 & pigeon1 among   
dome/ic birds2 beside sev]al k9ds (     
wild animals4 ,to eat ! fle% ) ! blood 0
 =bidd5 !m1 mu*  m to eat ! blood )\t ! 
fle%4 ,we may =m a judgm5t ( _!  ta/e by
 :at ! ,scripture m5tions ( ,solomon's  
table1 #a ,k+s iv1 #bb1  #bc4 ,?irty    

measures ( ! f9e/ :eat fl\r 7 provid$ = 
x e  day1 & twice z mu* ( ! ord9>y sort2
 tw5ty /all-f$ ox51  tw5ty pa/ure ox51 a
 hundr$ %eep1 beside ! v5ison ( de] &   
roebucks1 & wild f[ls4 ,x does n appe> t
 ! anci5t ,hebrews  7 v nice ab\t !     
season+ & dress+ ( _! food4 ,we f9d     
among !m roa/ meat1 boil$ meat1 &       
rag\ts4 ,!y roa/$ !  pas*al lamb4    ,at
 ! fir/ settl+ ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 v     
great disputes arose  conc]n+ ! use (   
meats (f]$ to idols4 ,"s newly conv]t$  
,*ri/ians1 conv9c$ t an idol 0 no?+1 & t
 ! di/9ction  ( clean & unclean         
creatures 0 aboli%$ by our ,savi\r1 ate 
indiff]5tly ( :atev] 0 s]v$ up to !m1   
ev5 among ,pagans1  )\t inquir+ :e!r ^! 
meats _h be5 fir/ (f]$ to idols4  ,!y   
took ! same lib]ty 9 buy+ meat sold 9 ! 
m>kets1 n  reg>d+ :e!r x 0 pure or      
impure accord+ to ! ,jews1 or  :e!r x 0 
t :i* _h be5 (f]$ to idols4 ,b o!r      
,*ri/ians1 weak] or less in/ruct$1 7    
(f5d$ at ?is lib]ty2  & ?\ght to eat (  
meat t _h be5 once (f]$ to idols1 0 a   

k9d ( p>tak+ ( t wick$ & sacrilegi\s    
(f]+4 ,?is  div]sity 9 op9ion produc$ "s
 sc&al1 to :i* ,/4 ,paul ?\ght x  behov$
 him to provide a suitable rem$y1 ,rom4 
xiv1 #bj2 ,titus i1 #ae4 ,he  det]m9$1  
!re=e1 t all ?+s 7 clean to su* z 7     
clean1  & t an idol 0 no?+ at all2 t a  
man might safely eat (  :atev] 0 sold 9 
! %ambles1 & ?\gh x might be a "p ( :at 
_h be5 previ\sly (f]$ 9 ! temple1 & !re 
expos$ to sale1 he  ne$ n scrupul\sly   
inquire :5ce x came2 t if an unbeliev]  
%\ld invite a believ] to eat ) him1 !   
believ] might eat (  :atev] 0 set be=e  
him1 c1 #a ,cor4 x1 #be-bg4 ,b at ! same
 "t  he enjo9s1 t ! law ( *>ity &       
prud5ce %\ld be obs]v$2  t m5 %\ld be   
cauti\s ( sc&aliz+ or (f5d+ weak m9ds2  
t ?\gh all ?+s may be lawful1 yet all   
?+s are n always  exp$i5t2 t no "o ought
 to seek 8 own accommodation or         
satisfaction1 b t ( 8 neighb\r2 t if any
 "o %\ld say to  u1 ,?is has be5 (f]$ to
 idols10 we may n !n eat ( x1 = !  sake 
( him :o gives ! in=mation2 n s mu* =   

fe> ( w\nd+  our own consci5ce1 b 82 9 a
 ^w1 t he :o is weak1 & ?9ks  he may n  
indiff]5tly use all sorts ( food1 %\ld  
=be>1 & eat  h]bs1 r ?an (f5d a bro!r1  
,rom4 xiv1 #a1 #b4 ,yet x is c]ta91  t  
g5]ally ,*ri/ians ab/a9$ f eat+ meat t  
_h be5  (f]$ to idols4    ,,m$ia4 ,x has
 be5 commonly ?\ght t ,m$ia 0 peopl$ by 
!  desc5dants ( ,madai1 son ( ,japhe?1  
,g54 x1 #b4 ,! ,greeks ma9ta9  t ?is    
c\ntry took its "n f ,m$us1 ! son (     
,m$ea4 ,if1  h[ev]1 ,madai & 8 imm$iate 
desc5dants did n p ?is  c\ntry1 "s ( 8  
po/]ity might h c>ri$ 8 "n ?i!r1  s9ce  
we f9d x s (t5 giv5 to ,m$ia1 f ! times 
( ! ,prophets  ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 & f !
 transportation ( ! t5 tribes1 &  !     
de/ruction ( ,sam>ia "u ,salmanes]1 ,a4 
,m4 #cbhc4 ,m$ia ,prop]  0 b\nd$ by     
,arm5ia & ,assyria ,prop] on ! we/1 by  
,p]sia on !  ea/1 by ! ,caspian prov9ces
 on ! nor?1 & by ,susiana on !  s\?4 ,x 
0 an elevat$ & m\nta9\s c\ntry1 & =m$ a 
k9d (  pass betwe5 ! cultivat$ p>ts (   
ea/]n & we/]n ,asia4 ,h5ce1  f its      

geographical position1 & f ! temp]ature1
 v]dure1 &  f]tility ( its climate1     
,m$ia 0 "o ( ! mo/ important &  int]e/+ 
regions ( ,asia4 ,into ?is c\ntry ! t5  
tribes :o  compos$ ! k+dom ( ,israel 7  
transplant$1 9 ! ,assyrian  captivity1  
by ,tigla?-piles] & ,salmanes]4 ,! =m]  
pr9ce c>ri$  away ! tribes ( ,reub51    
,gad1 & half ,manasseh1 on ! ea/ side ( 
,jordan1 to ,halah1 & ,habor1 & ,h>a1 & 
to ! riv] ( ,gozan4 ,8  successor c>ri$ 
away ! rema9+ sev5 tribes & a half1 to !
  same places1 :i* are said to be cities
 ( ! ,m$es1 by ! riv] (  ,gozan10 #a    
,*ron4 v1 #bf2 #b ,k+s xvii1 #f4 ,!     
geographical position (  ,m$ia 0 wisely 
*os5 = ! di/ribution ( ! great body ( ! 
captives2 =1 x 0 s remote1 & s imp$$ &  
int]sect$ )  great m\nta9s & num]\s &   
deep riv]s1 t x w\ld be extremely       
difficult = !m to escape f ?is natural  
prison1 & return to  _! own c\ntry4 ,!y 
w\ld also be oppos$ 9 _! passage ?r\gh  
,kir1 or ,assyria ,prop]1 n only by !   
native ,assyrians1 b also by  _!        

enemies1 ! ,syrians1 transplant$ ?i!r   
be=e !m4 ,!  sup]ior civilization ( !   
,israelites1 & _! skill 9 agriculture  &
 9 ! arts1 w\ld t5d to civilize &       
improve ^? wild &  b>b>\s regions4      
,,m$iator1 "o :o /&s 9 a middle (fice or
 capacity betwe5 two  diff]+ p>ties1 &  
has a p[] ( transact+ e ?+ betwe5  !m1 &
 ( reconcil+ !m to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce a     
m$iator betwe5  ,god & man is "o ^:     
(fice prop]ly is to m$iate & transact   
affairs betwe5 !m relat+ to ! fav\r (   
almighty ,god1 & !  duty & happ9ess (   
man4 ,no soon] _h ,adam transgress$ !   
law (  ,god 9 p>adise1 & become a s9ful 
creature1 ?an ! ,almighty 0  pleas$ 9   
m]cy to appo9t a ,m$iator or ,r$eem]1   
:o1 9 due "t  %\ld be born into ! _w1 to
 make an atonem5t bo? = 8               
transgression1 & = all ! s9s ( m54 ,?is 
is :at is ju/ly  ?\ght to be impli$ 9 ! 
promise1 t 8! se$ ( ! woman %\ld  bruise
 ! s]p5t's head20 t is1 t !re %\ld "s "t
 or  o!r be born1 ( ! po/]ity ( ,eve1 a 
,r$eem]1 :o1 by mak+  satisfaction = !  

s9s ( m51 & reconcil+ !m to ! m]cy (    
almighty ,god1 %\ld by t means bruise ! 
head ( t old s]p5t1  ! devil1 :o _h     
beguil$ our fir/ p>5ts into s91 & de/roy
 8  empire & dom9ion among m54 ,?us x   
became a necess>y "p ( ,adam's  religion
 aft] ! fall1 z well z t ( 8 po/]ity    
aft] him1 to  wor%ip ,god ?r\gh hope 9  
?is ,m$iator4 ,to keep up ! remembrance 
(  x ,god 0 pleas$1 at ?is "t1 to appo9t
 sacrifices ( expiation or  atonem5t =  
s91 to be obs]v$ ?r\gh all succe$+      
g5]ations1  till ! ,r$eem] himself %\ld 
come1 :o 0 to make ! true & only  prop] 
satisfaction & atonem5t4    ,! p>ticul> 
mann] 9 :i* ,*ri/ int]pos$ 9 ! r$emption
 (  ! _w1 or 8 (fice z ,m$iator betwe5  
,god & man1 is ?us  repres5t$ to u 9 !  
,scripture4 ,he is ! light ( ! _w1 ,john
  i2 viii1 #ab2 ! reveal] ( ! w ( ,god 9
 ! mo/ em95t s5se4  ,he is a            
propitiatory sacrifice1 ,rom4 iii1 #be2 
v1 #aa2 #a ,cor4 v1 #g2 ,eph4  v1 #b2 #a
 ,john ii1 #b2 ,matt4 xxvi1 #bh2 ,john  
i1 #bi1 #cf2 &1 z because (  8 peculi>  

(f]+1 ( a m]it transc5d+ all o!rs1 he is
 /yl$  our ,high ,prie/4 ,he 0 also     
describ$ be=eh& 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1  "u !
 same "* ( a prie/1 & an expiatory      
victim1 ,isa4  liii2 ,dan4 ix1 #bd2     
,psa4 cx1 #d4 ,& :]eas x is object$1 t  
all ?is  is m]ely by way ( allusion to !
 sacrifices ( ! ,mosaic law1 !  ,apo/le 
on ! contr>y affirms1 t ! law 0 a %ad[ (
 good  ?+s to come1 & n ! v image ( !   
?+s10 ,heb4 x1 #a2 &  t ! prie/s t (f]  
gifts accord+ to ! law1 s]ve unto !     
example & %ad[ ( heav5ly ?+s1 z ,moses 0
 admoni%$ ( ,god1  :5 he 0 ab\t to make 
! tab]nacle3 = see1 sai? he1 t ?\  make 
all ?+s accord+ to ! patt]n %[$ to !e 9 
! m\nt10  ,heb4 viii1 #d1 #e2 t is1 !   
,levitical prie/hood 0 a %ad[ ( !       
prie/hood ( ,*ri/2 9 l mann] z !        
tab]nacle made by ,moses 0  accord+ to t
 %[$ him 9 ! m\nt4 ,! prie/hood ( ,*ri/1
 &  ! tab]nacle 9 ! m\nt1 7 ! orig9als2 
( ! =m] ( :i*1  ! ,levitical prie/hood 0
 a type2 & ( ! latt]1 ! tab]nacle  made 
by ,moses 0 a copy4 ,! doctr9e ( ?is    

epi/le1 !n1 pla9ly  is1 t ! legal       
sacrifices 7 allusions to ! great       
atonem5t to  be made by ! blood ( ,*ri/2
 & n t x 0 an allusion to  ^?4 ,nor c   
any ?+ be m express or det]m9ate ?an !  
foll[+ passage3 ,x is n possible t !    
blood ( bulls & (  goats %\ld take away 
s94 ,:]e=e :5 he ,*ri/ come? into !  _w1
 he sai?1 ,sacrifice & (f]+10 t is1 (   
bulls & (  goats1 ?\ w\lde/ n1 b a body 
ha/ ?\ prep>$ me4 ,lo1 ,i come  to d ?y 
w1 ,o ,god6 ,by :i* w we are sanctifi$1 
?r\gh !  (f]+ ( ! body ( ,jesus ,*ri/   
once = all10 ,heb4 x1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #i1   
#aj4 ,& to add "o passage m ( ! l k9d3  
,*ri/ 0 once  (f]$ to be> ! s9s ( _m2 & 
unto !m t look = him %all  he appe> !   
second "t1 )\t s920 t is1 )\t be>+ s91  
z he did at 8 fir/ com+1 by be+ an (f]+ 
= x2 )\t  hav+ our iniquities aga9 laid 
^u him2 )\t be+ any m a  s9-(f]+3--8,&  
unto !m t look = him %all he appe> !    
second "t )\t s9 unto salvation10 ,heb4 
ix1 #bh4 ,nor d !  inspir$ writ]s at all
 conf9e !mselves to ?is mann] ( speak+  

conc]n+ ! satisfaction ( ,*ri/2 b decl>e
 t !re 0 an  efficacy 9 :at he did &    
suff]$ = u1 additional to & beyond  m]e 
in/ruction & example4 ,?is !y decl>e )  
great v>iety (  expression3 t he suff]$ 
= s9s1 ! j = ! unju/10 #a ,pet]  iii1   
#ah2 t he gave 8 life a ransom10 ,matt4 
xx1 #bh2 ,m>k x1 #de2 #a  ,tim4 ii1 #f2 
t we are b\ght ) a price10 #b ,pet4 ii1 
#a2 ,rev4 xiv1 #d2  #a ,cor4 vi1 #bj2 t 
he r$eem$ u ) 8 blood10 r$eem$ u f !    
curse ( ! law1 be+ made a curse = u10 #a
 ,pet] i1 #ai2 ,rev4 v1 #i2  ,gal4 iii1 
#ac2 t he is our advocate1 int]cessor1 &
 propitiation10  ,heb4 vii1 #be2 #a     
,john ii1 #a1 #b2 t he 0 made p]fect1   
?r\gh  suff]+s2 & be+ ?us made p]fect1  
he became ! au?or (  salvation10 ,heb4  
ii1 #aj2 v1 #i2 t ,god 0 9 ,*ri/1       
reconcil+ !  _w to himself1 n imput+ _! 
trespasses unto !m10 #b ,cor4 v1  #ai2  
,rom4 v1 #aj2 ,eph4 ii1 #af2 & t ?r\gh  
dea? he de/roy$ him  t _h ! p[] ( dea?10
 ,heb4 ii1 #ad4 ,*ri/1 !n1 hav+ ?us     
humbl$ himself1 & become ob$i5t to dea?1

 ev5 ! dea? ( !  cross2 ,god1 also1 ha? 
highly exalt$ him1 & giv5 him a "n :i*  
is  above e "n20 ha? comm&$ u to pray 9 
8 "n2 con/itut$  him man's advocate &   
int]cessor2 di/ributes 8 grace only     
?r\gh  him1 & 9 hon\r ( 8 dea?2 ha? giv5
 all ?+s into 8 h&s2  & ha? committ$ all
 judgm5t unto him2 t at ! "n ( ,jesus  e
 knee %\ld b[10 & t all m5 %\ld hon\r ! 
,son ev5 z  !y hon\r ! ,fa!r10 ,phil4   
ii1 #h-aj2 ,john iii1 #ce2 v1 #bb1 #bc4 
,all ! (fices ( ,*ri/1 !re=e1 arise out 
( 8 graci\s  appo9tm5t1 & volunt>y      
und]tak+1 to be ! ,m$iator betwe5 ,god  
& man20 betwe5 ,god (f5d$1 & man (f5d+2 
& !re=e "u  ! p5alty ( ,god's violat$   
law1 :i* d5\nces dea? aga9/ e           
transgressor4 ,he is ! ,prophet :o came 
to tea* u ! ext5t &  dang] ( our (f5ces1
 & ! means :i* ,god _h appo9t$ = _!     
remission4 ,he is ! great ,high ,prie/ (
 our pr(ession10 :o1 hav+  (f]$ himself 
)\t spot to ,god10 has ent]$ ! holie/ to
 make  int]cession = u1 & to pres5t our 
pray]s & s]vices to ,god1  secur+ to !m 

acceptance by virtue ( 8 own m]its4 ,he 
is ,k+1  rul+ ov] ! :ole e>?1 = !       
ma9t5ance & e/abli%m5t &  enl>gem5t ( 8 
*ur*1 & = ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o reject  8  
au?ority2 & he is ! f9al ,judge ( !     
quick & ! dead1 to  :om is giv5 ! p[] ( 
di/ribut+ ! rew>ds & p5alties (         
et]nity4 ,see ,,atonem5t & ,,jesus      
,,*ri/4    ,!re is an ess5tial          
connection betwe5 ! m$iation ( our ,"l &
  ! cov5ant ( grace4 7,see ,cov5ant47   
,he is !re=e call$ !  ,m$iator ( a bett]
 cov5ant10 & ( a new cov5ant40 ,! ^w    
lit]ally means a p]son 9 ! middle10     
betwe5 two p>ties2 & !  fitness ( !re   
be+ a ,m$iator ( ! cov5ant ( grace      
arises f  ?is1 t ! nature ( ! cov5ant   
implies t ! two p>ties 7  at v>iance4   
,^? :o hold ! ,soc9ian pr9ciples und]/& 
a  m$iator to mean no?+ m ?an a mess5g] 
s5t f ,god to give  assurance ( =giv5ess
 to 8 (f5d+ creatures4 ,^? :o hold !    
doctr9e ( ! atonem5t und]/&1 t ,jesus is
 call$ ! ,m$iator  ( ! new cov5ant1     
because he reconciles ! two p>ties1 by  

hav+  appeas$ ! wra? ( ,god :i* man _h  
des]v$1 & by subdu+ t  enmity to ,god by
 :i* _! he>ts 7 ali5at$ f him4 ,x is    
pla9  t ?is is be+ a m$iator 9 ! /rict &
 prop] s5se ( !  ^w2 & !re seems to be  
no reason = re/+ 9 a mean+ less  prop] &
 emphatical4 ,?is s5se ( ! t]m m$iator  
co9cides )  ! mean+ ( ano!r phrase      
appli$ to him1 ,heb4 vii1 #bb1 :]e he is
  call$   4 ,if he is a ,m$iator 9 ! la/
  s5se1 !n he is also 1 ! sponsor1 !    
surety1 ( !  cov5ant4 ,he und]took1 on !
 "p ( ! supreme ,lawgiv]1 t !  s9s ( ^? 
:o rep5t %all be =giv52 & he fulfill$   
?is  und]tak+ by (f]+1 9 _! /ead1 a     
satisfaction to div9e  ju/ice4 ,he      
und]took1 on _! "p1 t !y %\ld keep !    
t]ms (  ! cov5ant2 & he fulfils ?is     
und]tak+ by ! influ5ce ( 8  ,_s ^u _!   
he>ts4    ,if a m$iator be ess5tial to !
 cov5ant ( grace1 & if all :o h  be5    
sav$ f ! "t ( ! fir/ transgression 7    
sav$ by t  cov5ant1 x foll[s t !        
,m$iator ( ! new cov5ant act$ 9 t  "*   
be=e he 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%4 ,h5ce !    

importance (  t doctr9e respect+ ! p]son
 ( ,*ri/2 t all !  communications :i* ! 
,almighty condesc5d$ to hold ) ! human  
race 7 c>ri$ on f ! beg9n+ by ?is p]son2
 t x is he  :o spake to ! patri>*s1 :o  
gave ! law by ,moses1 & :o is  call$ 9 !
 ,old ,te/am5t1 ! angel ( ! cov5ant40   
,^! views  op5 to u ! full importance ( 
a doctr9e :i* manife/ly unites 9  "o    
fai? all :o obta9 deliv]ance f t        
condition2 =1 accord+  to ?is doctr9e1 n
 only did ! virtue ( ! blood :i* he %$ z
  a prie/ ext5d to ! ages pa/ be=e 8    
manife/ation1 b all !  intimations ( !  
new cov5ant e/abli%$ 9 8 blood 7 giv5 by
  him z ! great ,prophet1 & ! bless+s ( 
! cov5ant 7 appli$  9 e age by ! ,_s1   
:i* he1 z ! ,k+ ( 8 p1 s5ds  =?4 ,!     
,soc9ians1 :o consid] ,jesus z a m]e    
man1 hav+ no  exi/5ce till he 0 born (  
,m>y1 necess>ily reject ! doctr9e n[    
/at$3 & ! *ur* ( ,rome1 al?\gh !y admit 
! div9ity ( our  ,savi\r1 yet1 by !     
sy/em :i* !y hold ) reg>d to ! m$iation 
( ,*ri/1 agree ) ! ,soc9ians 9 ?r[+ out 

( ! disp5sations  ( ! grace ( ,god t    
beautiful & complete unity :i* arises f 
_! hav+ be5 conduct$ by "o p]son4 ,!    
*ur* ( ,rome consid]s  ,*ri/ z ,m$iator 
only 9 respect ( 8 human nature4 ,z t   
nature  did n exi/ till he 0 born (     
,m>y1 !y d n ?9k x possible  t he c\ld  
ex]cise ! (fice ( ,m$iator "u ! ,old    
,te/am5t2  & z !y admit t a m$iator is  
ess5tial to ! cov5ant ( grace1  !y      
believe t ^? :o liv$ "u ! ,old ,te/am5t1
 n enjoy+  ! b5efit ( 8 m$iation1 did n 
obta9 complete remission ( s9s4  ,!y    
suppose1 !re=e1 t p]sons 9 =m] times :o 
believ$ 9 a  ,savi\r t 0 to come1 & :o  
obta9$ ju/ification ) ,god by  ?is fai?1
 7 deta9$ aft] dea? 9 a place ( !       
inf]nal  regions1 :i* receiv$ ! "n (    
limbus patrum2 a k9d ( prison  :]e !y   
did n endure puni%m5t1 b rema9$ )\t     
p>tak+ (  ! joys ( heav51 9 e>ne/       
expectation ( ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 :o1  aft] 
suff]+ on ! cross1 desc5d$ to hell t he 
might set !m  free4 ,?is fanciful sy/em 
has no o!r f\ndation ?an ! sl5d]        

support :i* x appe>s to receive f "s    
obscure passages (  ,scripture t admit (
 ano!r int]pretation4 ,b if ,*ri/ act$ z
  ! ,m$iator ( ! cov5ant ( grace f ! "t 
( ! fir/  transgression1 ?is sy/em      
becomes :olly unnecess>y2 & we may      
believe1 accord+ to ! g5]al /ra9 (      
,scripture1 & :at we  acc\nt ! analogy (
 fai?1 t all :o di$ 9 fai?10 s9ce !  _w 
began1 ent]$ imm$iately aft] dea? into t
 heav5ly c\ntry  :i* !y desir$40        
,al?\gh ! memb]s ( ! *ur* ( ,rome adopt 
! language (  ,scripture1 9 :i* ,jesus  
is /yl$ ! ,m$iator ( ! new cov5ant1  !y 
diff] f all ,prote/ants 9 ackn[l$g+ o!r 
m$iators2 &  ! use :i* !y make ( !      
doctr9e t ,*ri/ is ,m$iator only 9  8   
human nature is to ju/ify _! admitt+ ^? 
:o _h no o!r  nature to %>e t (fice )   
him4 ,sa9ts1 m>tyrs1 & especially  !    
,virg9 ,m>y1 are call$ m$iatores        
secund>ii1 because x is  conceiv$ t !y  
hold ?is "* "u ,*ri/1 & t1 by  virtue ( 
8 m$iation1 ! sup]fluity ( _! m]its may 
be appli$  to procure acceptance ) ,god 

= our imp]fect s]vices4 ,"u ?is  "*1    
supplications & solemn addresses are    
pres5t$ to !m2 &  ! m$iatores secund>ii 
receive 9 ! *ur* ( ,rome1 n only !      
hon\r due to em95t virtue1 b a wor%ip & 
homage :i* t *ur*  wi%es to v9dicate f !
 *>ge ( idolatry1 by call+ x ! same  k9d
 ( inf]ior & second>y wor%ip :i* is (f]$
 to ! man  ,*ri/ ,jesus1 :o 9 8 human   
nature act$ z ,m$iator4 ,9 opposition   
to all ?is1 we hold t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0    
qualifi$ to act z ,m$iator  by ! union  
betwe5 8 div9e & 8 human nature2 t 8    
div9e  nature gave an inf9ite value to  
all t he did1 r5d]+ x effectual  = !    
purpose ( reconcil+ u to ,god1 :ile !   
condesc5sion by  :i* he approa*$ to man1
 9 tak+ "p ( fle% & blood1 fulfill$  !  
graci\s int5tion = :i* a ,m$iator 0     
appo9t$2 t !  introduc+ any o!r m$iator 
is unnecess>y1 d]ives no w>rant f       
,scripture1 & is d]ogatory to ! hon\r ( 
him :o is !re call$  ! "o ,m$iator      
betwe5 ,god & m520 & t z ! union ( !    
div9e to ! human nature is ! f\ndation (

 t wor%ip :i* 9  ,scripture is (t5 paid 
to ! ,m$iator ( ! new cov5ant1 ?is      
wor%ip does n af=d ! smalle/ c\nt5ance  
to ! idolatry &  w wor%ip ( ^? :o       
ascribe div9e hon\rs to any mortal4     
,,megiddo1 a city ( ! tribe ( ,manasseh1
 fam\s = ! battle f\ght  !re betwe5     
,ph>aoh-,ne*o & ,k+ ,josiah1 9 :i* !    
latt] 0  defeat$ & mortally w\nd$1 ,jo%4
 xvii1 #aa2 ,judges i1 #bg2 #b ,k+s     
xxiii1 #bi4    ,,mel*iz$ek4 ,:5 ,abram  
return$ f ! slaught] ( ! ,assyrians1 9  
8 way to ,hebron1 he 0 met at ,%aveh1 or
 ,k+'s ,dale1 aft]w>d !  valley (       
,jeho%aphat1 betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,m\nt   
,olivet1 by  ,mel*iz$ek1 k+ ( ,salem1 ! 
mo/ anci5t qu>t] ( ,j]usalem1 a  prie/ (
 ! mo/ high ,god1 :o gave him bread &   
w9e1 & bless$  him 9 ! "n ( ! mo/ high  
,god1 ,creator ( heav5 & e>?20 to  :om  
,abram 9 return pi\sly gave ti!s1 or !  
t5? "p ( all !  spoils z an (f]+ to     
,god1 ,heb4 vii1 #b4 ,?is ,canaaniti%   
pr9ce 0  e>ly consid]$ z a type ( ,*ri/ 
9 ! ,jewi% *ur*3 ,?\ art a  prie/ = ev]1

 aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek10 ,psalm cx1  
#d4 ,he  resembl$ ,*ri/ 9 ! foll[+      
p>ticul>s3 #a4 ,9 8 "n1  ,mel*iz$ek1 ,k+
 ( ,righte\sness20 #b4 ,9 8 city1       
,salem1 ,peace20  #c4 ,9 8 (fices ( k+ &
 prie/ ( ! mo/ high ,god2 & #d4 ,9 !    
omission ( ! names ( 8 p>5ts & g5ealogy1
 ! "t ( 8  bir? & l5g? ( 8 life1        
exhibit+ an indef9ite reign &           
prie/hood1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le's       
exposition1 ,heb4 vii1 #e4 ,!  import ( 
?is is1 t he came n to 8 (fice by "r (  
primog5iture1 7:i* implies a g5ealogy17 
or by ! way ( succession1  b 0 rais$ up 
& imm$iately call$ ( ,god to x4 ,9 t    
respect  ,*ri/ is said to be a prie/    
aft] 8 ord]40 ,!n1 aga91 t he _h  no    
successor1 nor c\ld h2 = !re 0 no law to
 con/itute an  ord] ( succession1 s t he
 0 a prie/ only ^u an extraord9>y  call4
 ,9 ?is respect our ,"l's prie/hood     
answ]s to 81 because x  is :olly 9      
himself1 :o has no successor4 ,an       
inf9ite numb] ( absurd  op9ions h be5 at
 diff]5t times held respect+ ?is my/ic  

p]sonage1 z t he 0 ,%em1 or ,ham2 or1   
among ^? :o ?9k he 0  m ?an human1 t he 
0 ! ,holy ,gho/1 or ! ,son ( ,god       
himself2  absurdities :i* are too       
obsolete to ne$ refutation4    ,,melita1
 n[ call$ ,malta1 an isl& 9 ! ,african  
or ,m$it]ranean ,sea1  betwe5 ,africa & 
,sicily1 tw5ty miles 9 l5g? & twelve 9  
bread?1  =m]ly reckon$ a "p ( ,africa1 b
 n[ belong+ to ,europe4 ,/4  ,paul      
suff]$ %ipwreck ^u ! coa/ ( ,malta1     
,acts xviii1 #a-c4 ,9 !  op9ion ( ,dr4  
,hales1 ! isl& :]e ?is happ5$ 0 n       
,malta1 b  ,mel$a4 ,8 words are3 8,t ?is
 isl& 0 ,mel$a1 ne> ! ,illyrian  coa/1 n
 ,malta1 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,sicily1 may 
appe> f !  foll[+ consid]ations3 #a4 ,x 
lies confess$ly 9 ! ,adriatic ,sea1  b  
,malta a consid]able di/ance f x4 #b4 ,x
 lies ne>] ! m\?  ( ! ,adriatic ?an any 
o!r isl& ( t sea2 & w\ld ( c\rse1  be m 
likely to receive ! wreck ( any vessel  
driv5 by tempe/s  t[>d t qu>t]4 ,& x    
lies nor?-we/ by nor? ( ! s\?-we/       
promontory ( ,crete2 & came ne>ly 9 !   

direction ( a /orm f  ! s\?-ea/ qu>t]4  
#c4 ,an obscure isl& call$ ,melite1 ^:  
inhabitants 7 #8b>b>\s1' 0 n applicable 
to ! celebrity (  ,malta at t "t1 :i*   
,cic]o repres5ts z ab\nd+ 9 curiosities 
& ri*es1 & possess+ a rem>kable         
manufacture ( ! f9e/ l952  & ,diodorus  
,siculus m fully3 #8,malta is furni%$ ) 
_m & v  good h>b\rs1 & ! inhabitants are
 v ri*2 = x is full ( all  sorts (      
artific]s1 among :om !re are excell5t   
weav]s ( f9e  l954 ,_! h\ses are v      
/ately & beautiful1 adorn$ )  graceful  
eaves1 & p>gett$ ) :ite pla/]4 ,!       
inhabitants are a  colony ( ,ph5icians1 
:o1 trad+ z m]*ants1 z f> z ! we/]n     
ocean1 resort$ to ?is place on acc\nt ( 
its commodi\s ports &  conv5i5t         
situation = m>itime comm]ce2 & by !     
advantage ( ?is  place1 ! inhabitants   
frequ5tly became fam\s bo? = _! weal?  &
 _! m]*&ise4' #d4 ,! circum/ance ( !    
vip]1 or v5om\s  snake1 :i* fa/5$ on ,/4
 ,paul's h&1 agrees ) ! damp & woody    
isl& ( ,mel$a1 af=d+ %elt] & prop]      

n\ri%m5t = su*1 b  n ) ! dry & rocky    
isl& ( ,malta1 9 :i* !re are no  s]p5ts 
n[1 & none 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y4 #e4 ,!       
disease ) :i*  ! fa!r ( ,publius 0      
affect$1 dys5t]y comb9$ ) fev]1         
probably int]mitt5t1 might well suit a  
c\ntry woody & damp1 &  probably1 = want
 ( dra9+1 expos$ to ! putrid effluvia ( 
conf9$ moi/ure2 b 0 n likely to affect a
 dry1 rocky1 &  rem>kably heal?y isl& l 
,malta40    ,,melon1 1 ,numb]s xi1 #e1 a
 lusci\s fruit s well kn[n t a          
description ( x w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,x   
gr[s to great p]fection1  & is highly   
e/eem$ 9 ,egypt1 especially by ! l[]    
class (  p1 dur+ ! hot mon?s4 ,! juice  
is peculi>ly cool+ &  agreeable 9 t     
sultry climate1 :]e x is ju/ly pron\nc$ 
"o (  ! mo/ delici\s refre%m5ts t       
nature1 amid/ h] con/ant  att5tion to ! 
wants ( man1 af=ds 9 ! season ( viol5t  
heat4  ,!re are v>ieties ( ?is fruit2 b 
t m p>ticul>ly ref]r$  to 9 ! text mu/  
be ! wat] melon4 ,x is cultivat$1 says  
,hasselqui/1 on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 9 !  

ri* clayey e>?1 :i*  subsides dur+ !    
inundation4 ,?is s]ves ! ,egyptians =   
meat1  dr9k1 & physic4 ,x is eat5 9     
abundance dur+ ! season1 ev5 by  ! ri*] 
sort ( p2 b ! common p1 on :om          
,provid5ce has  be/[$ no?+ b pov]ty &   
pati5ce1 sc>cely eat any ?+ b  ^!1 &    
acc\nt ?is ! be/ "t ( ! ye>1 z !y are   
oblig$  to put up ) worse f>e at o!r    
seasons4 ,?is fruit sometimes s]ves  !m 
= dr9k1 ! juice refre%+ ^! poor         
creatures1 & !y h  less occasion = wat] 
?an if !y 7 to live on m sub/antial     
food 9 ?is burn+ climate4 ,?is well     
expla9s ! regret express$ by  !         
,israelites = ! loss ( ?is fruit1 ^:    
pleasant liquor _h s  (t5 qu5*$ _! ?ir/1
 & reliev$ _! we>9ess 9 _!  s]vitude1 & 
:i* w\ld h be5 exce$+ly grateful 9 a dry
  scor*+ des]t4    ,,memphis4 ,see      
,,noph4    ,,m5nonites1 a society (     
,bapti/s 9 ,holl&1 s call$ f ,m5no      
,simon  ( ,friesl&1 :o liv$ 9 ! sixte5? 
c5tury4 ,he 0 orig9ally a  ,romi% prie/1
 b jo9$ a p>ty ( ! ,anabapti/s1 &1      

becom+  _! lead]1 cur$ !m ( _m          
extravagancies1 & r$uc$ ! sy/em  to     
consi/5cy & mod]ation4 ,! ,m5nonites    
ma9ta9 t practical  piety is ! ess5ce ( 
religion1 & t ! sure/ m>k ( ! true  *ur*
 is ! sanctity ( its memb]s4 ,!y plead =
 univ]sal  tol]ation 9 religion1 & deb> 
none f _! societies :o lead  pi\s lives1
 & own ! ,scriptures = ! ^w ( ,god4 ,!y 
tea* t  infants are n ! prop] subjects (
 baptism2 t m9i/]s ( !  ,gospel ought to
 receive no sal>y4 ,!y also object to ! 
t]ms  p]son & tr9ity1 z n consi/5t ) !  
simplicity ( !  ,scriptures4 ,!y are1 l 
! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 utt]ly av]se to   
oa?s & w>1 & to capital puni%m5ts1 z    
contr>y to ! _s (  ! ,*ri/ian           
disp5sation4 ,9 _! private meet+s e "o  
has !  lib]ty to speak1 to exp\nd !     
,scriptures1 & to pray4 ,!y assemble1   
or us$ to d s1 twice e ye> f all p>ts ( 
,holl&1 at  ,rynsb\rg1 a village two    
leagues f ,leyd51 at :i* "t !y receive  
! communion1 sitt+ at a table 9 ! mann] 
( ! ,indep5d5ts2 b  9 _! =m ( discipl9e 

!y are said m to resemble !             
,presbyt]ians4 ,! anci5t ,m5nonites     
pr(ess$ a contempt ( erudition  &       
sci5ce1 & exclud$ all f _! communion :o 
deviat$ 9 !  lea/ f ! mo/ rigor\s rules 
( simplicity & gravity3 b ?is  primitive
 au/]ity is greatly dim9i%$ 9 _! mo/    
consid]able  societies4 ,^? :o adh]e to 
_! anci5t discipl9e are call$  ,flem+s  
or ,fl&rians4 ,! :ole sect 7 =m]ly call$
  ,wat]l&ians1 f ! di/rict 9 :i* !y     
liv$4 ,! ,m5nonites 9  ,p5nsylvania d n 
baptize by imm]sion1 ?\gh !y adm9i/] !  
ord9ance to none b adult p]sons4 ,_!    
common me?od is ?is3 ,!  p]son to be    
baptiz$ kneels1 ! m9i/] holds 8 h&s ov] 
him1  into :i* ! deacon p\rs wat]1 s t x
 runs on ! head ( !  baptiz$2 aft] :i*  
foll[ imposition ( h&s & pray]4         
,div9e wor%ip is conduct$ among !       
,m5nonites mu* z among !  *ur*es ( !    
re=m$1 or among ! ,diss5t]s 9 ,engl&1   
only )  ?is peculi>ity1 t collections   
are made e ,sabba? day1 sometimes  9 !  
middle ( ! s]mon1 9 two bags1 "o = !    

poor1 & !  o!r = ! exp5ses ( public     
wor%ip4 ,!y h a ,m5nonite college  at   
,am/]dam1 & ! m9i/]s are *os5 9 "s      
places by !  congregation1 & 9 o!rs by !
 eld]s only4 ,z !y reject infant        
baptism1 !y refuse to commune at ! ,"l's
 table ) any :o  adm9i/] ! ord9ance to  
*ildr51 unless respr9kl$4 ,!y tra9 up   
cate*um5s "u _! m9i/]s1 &1 ab\t ! age ( 
sixte51  baptize !m1 tak+ f ! c&idate1  
be=e ! m9i/] & eld]s1  an acc\nt ( 8    
rep5tance & fai?4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,nor?    
,holl&1  "y p are baptiz$ on ! day ( _! 
m>riage4 ,!y baptize by  p\r+ or spr9kl+
 ?rice4    ,) respect to _! confession (
 fai?1 z x is /at$ by "o (  _! m9i/]s1  
,mr4 ,gan1 ( ,ryswick1 !y believe t 9 ! 
fall man  lo/ 8 innoc5ce1 & t all 8     
po/]ity are born ) a natural  prop5sity 
to evil1 & ) fle%ly incl9ations1 & are  
expos$ to  sickness & dea?4 ,! po/]ity (
 ,adam d]ive no moral guilt f 8  fall3  
s9 is p]sonal1 & ! des]t ( puni%m5t _c  
be inh]it$4  ,! inc>nate ,son ( ,god is 
set =? to u z inf]ior to ! ,fa!r1  n    

only 9 8 /ate ( humiliation1 b 9 t ( 8  
exaltation1 &  z subject to ! ,fa!r3 he 
is nev]!less an object ( religi\s  tru/ 
& confid5ce 9 l mann] z ! ,fa!r4 ,)     
respect to !  numb] ( ,m5nonites 9      
,holl&1 !y are calculat$ at only ?irty  
?\s&1 includ+ *ildr51 & =m ab\t a hundr$
 & ?irty  *ur*es4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates (  
,am]ica1 x appe>s1 !re are m  ?an two   
hundr$ ,m5nonite *ur*es1 "s ( :i* conta9
 z _m z  ?ree hundr$ memb]s 9 ea*4 ,!y  
are mo/ly ! desc5dants ( !  ,m5nonites  
:o emigrat$ 9 great numb]s f ,paltz4    
,,m]cy ,,seat1 1 propitiatory4 ,?is ^w  
is prop]ly an  adjective1 agree+ ) 1 a  
lid1 und]/ood1 :i* is  express$ by !    
,,lxx1 ,exod4 xxv1 #ag4 ,9 t v]sion1    
g5]ally answ]s to ! ,hebrew 1 f ! v]b 1 
to cov]1  expiate1 & 0 ! lid or cov]+ ( 
! ark ( ! cov5ant1  made ( pure gold1 on
 & be=e :i* ! high prie/ 0 to spr9kle  !
 blood ( ! expiatory sacrifices on !    
great day ( atonem5t1 &  :]e ,god       
promis$ to meet 8 p1 ,exod4 xxv1 #ag1   
#bb2 xxix1 #db2 xxx1  #cf2 ,lev4 xvi1   

#b1 #ad4 ,/4 ,paul1 by apply+ ?is "n to 
,*ri/1 ,rom4  iii1 #be1 assures u t he  
is ! true m]cy seat1 ! reality ( :at  ! 
repres5t$ to ! anci5t believ]s2 by him  
our s9s are  cov]$ or expiat$1 & ?r\gh  
him ,god communes ) u 9 m]cy4 ,!  m]cy  
seat also repres5ts our approa* to ,god 
?r\gh ,*ri/2 we come  to ! ?rone (      
grace20 :i* is only a v>iation ( ! t]m  
m]cy  seat40    ,,m]om1 ,,wat]s ,,(1 or 
lacus ,same*onitis3 ! mo/ nor!rn & !    
smalle/ ( ! ?ree lakes :i* are suppli$  
by ! wat]s ( !  ,jordan4 ,inde$ ! num]\s
 bran*es ( ?is riv]1 desc5d+ f !        
m\nta9s1 unite 9 ?is small piece ( wat]2
 out ( :i* issues !  s+le /ream :i* may 
be consid]$ z ! ,jordan ,prop]4 ,x is at
  pres5t call$ ! lake ( ,h\le2 & is     
situat$ 9 a holl[ or valley1  ab\t      
twelve miles wide1 call$ ! ,ard ,h\le1  
=m$ by ! ,djebel  ,hei% on ! we/1 &     
,djebel ,safat on ! ea/1 ! two bran*es  
into  :i* ! m\nta9s ( ,hasbeya1 or      
,djebel ,e%eikh1 ! anci5t ,h]mon1       
divides itself ab\t fifte5 miles to !   

nor?4    ,,m]oz1 a place 9 !            
neighb\rhood ( ! brook ,ki%on1 ^:       
inhabitants1 refus+ to come to !        
assi/ance ( _! bre?r51 :5  !y f\ght )   
,sis]a1 7 put "u an ana!ma1 ,judges v1  
#bc4    ,,me%e*1 ,,c\ntry ,,(4 ,me%e* 0 
! six? son ( ,japhe?1 & is  g5]ally     
m5tion$ 9 conjunction ) 8 bro!r ,tubal2 
& bo? 7  fir/ seat$ 9 ! nor!a/]n angle (
 ,asia ,m9or1 f ! %ores (  ! ,eux9e1    
along to ! s\? ( ,caucasus2 :]e 7 !     
,montes  ,mos*isi1 & :]e1 9 aft] times1 
7 ! ,ib]i1 ,tib>5i1 &  ,mos*i2 ne> to   
:om also1 or m+l$ ) !m1 7 ! ,*alybes1   
:o1  x is probable1 d]iv$ _! ,grecian   
appellation f ! g5]al  occupation ( !   
families ( ,tubal & ,me%e*1 z work]s 9  
brass &  iron1 z ! inhabitants ( ! same 
c\ntries h be5 9 all ages1  = ! supply (
 ,tyre1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 & ,arm5ia4 ,!re
 appe>s also  to h be5 9 ! same         
neighb\rhood1 namely1 9 ,arm5ia1 a riv] 
&  c\ntry t]m$ ,ro%3 = s1 ,bo*>t says1 !
 riv] ,araxes is call$ by  ! ,arabs2 & t
 !re 0 a p 9 ! adjo9+ c\ntry call$      

,rhossi4 ,t passage 9 ,ezekiel1 xxxviii1
 also1 :i* 9 our ,bibles is  r5d]$ !    
*ief pr9ce ( ,me%e* & ,tubal10 is1 9 !  
,septuag9t1  ! pr9ce ( ,ro%1 ,me%e*1 &  
,tubal40 ,^! ,rossi & ,mos*i1 :o  7     
neighb\rs 9 ,asia1 disp]s$ _! colonies  
jo9tly ov] ! va/  empire ( ,russia2 &   
pres]ve _! names /ill 9 ^? ( ,russians  
& ,muscovites4    ,,mesopotamia1 an     
ext5sive prov9ce ( ,asia1 ! ,greek "n ( 
:i*  d5otes betwe5 ! riv]s10 & on ?is   
acc\nt ,/rabo says1         1 t x 0     
situat$ betwe5 !  ,euphrates & !        
,tigris40 ,9 ,scripture ?is c\ntry is   
call$ ,aram1 &  ,aramea4 ,b z ,aram also
 signifies ,syria1 x is d5om9at$ ,aram  
,nah>aim1 or ! ,syria ( ! riv]s4 ,?is   
prov9ce1 :i* incl9es f  ! s\?-ea/ to !  
nor?-we/1 comm5c$ at #cc #bj ,n4 lat41 &
  t]m9at$ ne> #cg #cj ,n4 lat4 ,t[>d !  
s\? x ext5d$ z f> z  ! b5d =m$ by !     
,jordan at ,cunaxa1 & to ! wall (       
,semiramis  :i* sep>at$ x f ,mess5e4    
,t[>d ! nor?1 x compreh5d$ "p  ( ,taurus
 & ! ,mesius1 :i* lay betwe5 !          

,euphrates & !  ,tigris4 ,! mod]n "n1   
giv5 by ! ,arabs to ?is "p1 is ( ! same 
import ) ! anci5t appellation2 !y call x
 isle10 or1 9 _!  language1 ,al-,dgez]a4
 ,9 ?is nor!rn "p is f\nd ,osrho5e1 :i* 
seems to h be5 ! same place ) ,an!musir4
 ,! nor!rn "p (  ,mesopotamia is occupi$
 by *a9s ( m\nta9s pass+ f nor?-we/  to 
s\?-ea/1 9 ! situation ( ! riv]s4 ,!    
c5tral p>ts (  ^! m\nta9s 7 call$ ,s+>  
,montes4 ,! pr9cipal riv]s 7  ,*aboras1 
7,al ,kab\r17 :i* comm5c$ at ,*>r1      
7,h>ran17 ea/ ( !  m\nta9s1 & dis*>g$   
itself into ! ,euphrates at ,circesium  
7,kirkisieh27 ! ,mygdonius1 7,hanali17 !
 s\rce ( :i* 0 ne>  ,nisibis1 & its     
t]m9ation 9 ! ,*aboras4 ,! pr9cipal t[ns
 9 !  ea/]n "p along ! ,tigris & ne> x1 
are ,nisibis1 7,nisib917  ,bezabde1     
7,zabda17 ,s+ora1 7,s9dja17 ,labbana on 
! ,tigris1 7,mosul17  ,hatru1 7,h>d]17 &
 ,apamea-,mes5es4 ,at "s di/ance to !   
s\?1 ^u  ! ,tigris & on ! bord]s (      
,mesopotamia1 0 ! t[n ( ,antio*ia1  ne> 
:i* comm5c$ ! wall t pass$ f ! ,tigris  

to !  ,euphrates1 "u ! "n ( ,murus ,m$i1
 or ,semiramidis4 ,9 !  we/]n "p 7      
,edessa1 call$ also ,call9-,rh1 7,orfa17
 ,*>r1  7,h>ran17 ,nicephorium1         
7,racca17 ,circesium at ! m\? ( !       
,*aboras1  ,ana?o1 7,anah17 ,neh>da1    
7,hadi? ,unn\r17 ^u ! "r ( !            
,euphrates4 ,!re are sev]al o!r t[ns (  
less importance4 ,accord+  to ,/rabo1   
?is c\ntry 0 f]tile 9 v9es1 & af=d$     
abundance (  good w9e4 ,accord+ to      
,ptolemy1 ,mesopotamia _h on ! nor? a "p
 (  ,arm5ia1 on ! we/ ! ,euphrates on ! 
side ( ,syria1 on ! ea/ !  ,tigris on ! 
bord]s ( ,assyria1 & on ! s\? !         
,euphrates :i*  jo9$ ! ,tigris4         
,mesopotamia 0 a satrapy "u ! k+s (     
,syria4    ,9 ! e>lie/ acc\nts we h (   
?is c\ntry1 subsequ5t to ! "t  (        
,abraham1 x 0 subject to a k+1 call$    
,cu%an-,ri%a?aim1 !n  p]haps ! mo/      
p[]ful pot5tate ( ! ea/1 & ! fir/ by :om
  ! ,israelites 7 made captive1 :i*     
happ5$ soon aft] ! dea? (  ,jo%ua1 &    
ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #adjj1 ,judges iii1 #h4 ,! 

"n ( ?is k+  bespeaks him a desc5dant ( 
,nimrod2 & x 0 probably ( ! ,l[]        
,mesopotamia only1 or ,babylonia1 ( :i* 
he 0 sov]eign2 ! nor!rn  p>ts be+ 9 !   
possession ( ! ,arameans4 ,?is is impli$
 9 !  hi/ory ( ,abraham2 :o1 :5 ord]$ to
 dep>t f 8 c\ntry1  namely1 ,*aldea1 9 !
 s\!rn "p ( ,mesopotamia1 remov$ to     
,*>ran1 /ill 9 ,mesopotamia1 b beyond ! 
b\nd>y ( ! ,*aldees1  & 9 ! t]ritory (  
,aram4 ,ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s aft]       
,cu%an-,ri%a?aim1 we f9d ! nor!rn p>ts (
 ,mesopotamia 9 !  h&s ( ! ,syrians (   
,zobah2 z we are told1 9 #b ,sam4 x1 t  
,had>ez]1 k+ ( ,zobah1 aft] 8 defeat by 
,joab1 s5t & br\ght out  ! ,syrians t 7 
beyond ! riv]0 ,euphrates4 ,! :ole      
c\ntry 0  aft]w>d seiz$ by ! ,assyrians2
 to :om x p]ta9$ till !  dissolution (  
_! empire1 :5 x 0 divid$ betwe5 ! ,m$es 
&  ! ,babylonians4 ,x subsequ5tly =m$ a 
"p ( ! ,m$o-,p]sian1  second ,syrian or 
,mac$onian1 & ,p>?ian empires1 z x does 
at !  pres5t day ( ! mod]n ,p]sian4 ,!  
s\!rn "p ( ,mesopotamia  answ]s ne>ly to

 ! c\ntry anci5tly call$ ! l& ( ,%9>2 to
  :i* ! ,prophet ,daniel1 i1 #b1 ref]s1 
& ,ze*>iah v1 #aa4    ,on ! fif? or six?
 day aft] leav+ ,aleppo10 says ,campbell
 9 8  ,ov]l& ,j\rney to ,india1 8we     
arriv$ at ! city ( ,di>bek]1 !  capital 
( ! prov9ce ( t "n2 hav+ pass$ ov] an   
ext5t (  c\ntry ( betwe5 ?ree & f\r     
hundr$ miles1 mo/ ( x bless$ )  !       
greate/ f]tility1 & ab\nd+ ) z ri*      
pa/ures z ,i ev]  beheld1 cov]$ ) num]\s
 h]ds & flocks4 ,! air 0 *>m+ly         
temp]ate 9 ! day "t1 b1 to my feel+1    
extremely cold at night4  ,yet not)/&+ !
 extreme f]tility ( ?is c\ntry1 ! bad   
adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t1 conspir+ ) !   
indol5ce ( !  inhabitants1 leaves x     
unpeopl$ & uncultivat$4 ,di>bek] ,prop]1
  call$ also ,mesopotamia f its ly+     
betwe5 two fam\s riv]s1 & by  ,moses    
call$ ,,padan>am1 t is1 #8! fruitful    
,syria1' ab\nds )  corn1 w9e1 oil1      
fruits1 & all ! necess>ies ( life4 ,x is
 suppos$  to h be5 ! seat ( ! e>?ly     
p>adise2 & all geograph]s agree  t "h ! 

desc5dants ( ,noah settl$ imm$iately    
aft] ! flood4  ,to be tread+ t gr\nd :i*
 ,abraham trod1 :]e ,nahor ! fa!r (     
,rebecca liv$1 :]e holy ,job brea!d !   
pure air ( piety &  simplicity1 & :]e   
,laban ! fa!r-9-law ( ,jacob resid$1 0  
to  me a circum/ance productive (       
delightful s5sations4 ,z ,i rode along1 
,i h (t5 mus$ ^u ! contemptible         
/ratagems to :i* ,i 0  r$uc$1 9 ord] to 
get ?r\gh ?is c\ntry1 = no o!r reason   
?an  because ,i 0 a ,*ri/ian2 & ,i c\ld 
n avoid reflect+ ) sorr[  on ! melan*oly
 effects ( sup]/ition1 & regrett+ t ?is 
f9e  tract ( c\ntry1 :i* ought to be    
consid]$ above all o!rs z !  univ]sal   
inh]itance ( mank9d1 %\ld n[ be cut (f f
 all except  a horde ( s5seless bigots1 
b>b>\s fanatics1 & inflexible  tyrants40
    ,,messiah4 ,! ,greek ^w 1 f :5ce    
comes ,*ri/ &  ,*ri/ian1 exactly answ]s 
to ! ,hebrew ,messiah1 :i* signifies    
him t ha? receiv$ unction1 a prophet1 a 
k+1 or a prie/4 ,see  ,,jesus ,,*ri/4   
,our ,"l w>n$ 8 disciples t false       

messiahs %\ld arise1 ,matt4  xxiv1 #bd2 
& ! ev5t has v]ifi$ ! pr$iction4 ,no    
less ?an  tw5ty-f\r false ,*ri/s h aris5
 9 diff]5t places & at  diff]5t times3  
,caziba 0 ! fir/ ( any note :o made a   
noise 9  ! _w4 ,be+ dissatisfi$ ) ! /ate
 ( ?+s "u ,adrian1 he  set himself up z 
! head ( ! ,jewi% nation1 & proclaim$   
himself  _! long expect$ messiah4 ,he 0 
"o ( ^? b&itti t infe/$  ,judea1 &      
committ$ all k9ds ( viol5ce aga9/ !     
,romans2 & _h  become s p[]ful t he 0   
*os5 k+ ( ! ,jews1 & by !m  ackn[l$g$ _!
 messiah4 ,h[ev]1 to facilitate !       
success ( ?is  bold ent]prise1 he *ang$ 
8 "n f ,caziba1 :i* x 0 at fir/1  to t (
 ,b>*o*eba1 allud+ to ! /> =etold by    
,balaam2 = he  pret5d$ to be ! /> s5t f 
heav5 to re/ore 8 nation to its  anci5t 
lib]ty & glory4 ,he *ose a =]unn]1 rais$
 an army1 0  ano9t$ k+1 co9$ money      
inscrib$ ) 8 own "n1 & proclaim$        
himself messiah & pr9ce ( ! ,jewi%      
nation4 ,adrian rais$ an army1  & s5t x 
aga9/ him2 he retir$ into a t[n call$   

,bi!r1 :]e he  0 besieg$4 ,b>*o*eba 0   
kill$ 9 ! siege1 ! city 0 tak51  & a    
dreadful havoc succe$$4 ,! ,jews        
!mselves all[1 t1 dur+  ?is %ort w>     
aga9/ ! ,romans 9 def5ce ( ?is false    
messiah1 !y  lo/ five or six hundr$ ?\s&
 s\ls4 ,?is 0 9 ! =m] "p (  ! second    
c5tury4 ,9 ! reign ( ,!odosius ! y\ng]1 
,a4 ,d4 #dcd1  ano!r impo/or arose1     
call$ ,moses ,cret5sis4 ,he pret5d$ to  
be a  second ,moses1 s5t to deliv] !    
,jews :o dwelt 9 ,crete1 & promis$  to  
divide ! sea1 & give !m a safe passage  
?r\gh x4 ,_!  delusion prov$ s /rong &  
univ]sal1 t !y neglect$ _!  l&s1 h\ses1 
& o!r conc]ns1 & took only s mu* ) !m z 
!y c\ld conv5i5tly c>ry4 ,& on ! day    
appo9t$1 ?is false  ,moses1 hav+ l$ !m  
to ! top ( a rock1 m51 wom51 & *ildr5   
?rew !mselves headlong d[n into ! sea1  
)\t ! lea/  hesitation or reluctance1   
till s great a numb] ( !m 7 dr[n$ z     
op5$ ! eyes ( ! re/1 & made !m s5sible (
 ! *eat4 ,!y  !n began to look = _!     
pret5d$ lead]2 b he _h disappe>$1  &    

escap$ out ( _! h&s4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ju/91
 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ebj1  ano!r impo/or      
appe>$1 :o call$ himself ! son ( ,moses4
 ,8 "n  0 ,dunaan4 ,he ent]$ into a city
 ( ,arabia ,felix1 & !re he greatly     
oppress$ ! ,*ri/ians2 b he 0 tak5       
prison]1 & put to dea? by  ,elesban1 an 
,e?iopian g5]al4 ,! ,jews & ,sam>itans  
rebell$ aga9/  ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 ,a4  
,d4 #ebi1 & set up "o ,julian = _! k+1  
& acc\nt$ him ! messiah4 ,! emp]or s5t  
an army aga9/ !m1  kill$ great numb]s ( 
!m1 took _! pret5d$ messiah prison]1 &  
imm$iately put him to dea?4 ,9 ! "t (   
,leo ,isaurus1 ab\t ,a4 ,d4  #gba1 arose
 ano!r false messiah 9 ,spa92 8 "n 0    
,s]5us4 ,he drew  great numb]s aft] him1
 to _! no small loss & disappo9tm5t2 b  
all 8 pret5sions came to no?+4 ,! twelf?
 c5tury 0 fruitful 9  messiahs4 ,ab\t   
,a4 ,d4 #aacg1 !re appe>$ "o 9 ,france1 
:o 0 put to  dea?1 & numb]s ( ^? :o     
foll[$ him4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #aach1 !         
,p]sians 7 di/urb$ ) a ,jew1 :o call$   
himself ! messiah4 ,he  collect$ a va/  

army2 b he too 0 put to dea?1 & 8       
foll[]s  treat$ ) great inhumanity4 ,a  
false messiah /irr$ up ! ,jews at       
,corduba 9 ,spa91 ,a4 ,d4 #aaeg4 ,! wis]
 & bett] sort look$ ^u him  z a madman1 
b ! great body ( ! ,jews 9 ! nation     
believ$ 9  him4 ,on ?is occasion ne>ly  
all ! ,jews 9 ,spa9 7 de/roy$4  ,ano!r  
false messiah arose 9 ! k+dom ( ,fez1   
,a4 ,d4 #aafg1 :i*  br\ght great tr\bles
 & p]secutions ^u ! ,jews t 7  scatt]$  
?r\gh\t t c\ntry4 ,9 ! same ye>1 an     
,arabian  pr(ess$ to be ! messiah1 &    
pret5d$ to "w miracles4 ,:5 se>*  0 made
 = him1 8 foll[]s fl$1 & he 0 br\ght    
be=e !  ,arabian k+4 ,be+ que/ion$ by   
him1 he repli$1 t he 0 a prophet  s5t f 
,god4 ,! k+ !n ask$ him :at sign he c\ld
 %[ to  confirm 8 mission4 ,cut (f my   
head10 said he1 & ,i w return to  life  
aga940 ,! k+ took him at 8 ^w1 promis+  
to believe him if  8 pr$iction 0        
accompli%$4 ,! poor wret*1 h[ev]1 nev]  
came to  life aga91 & ! *eat 0          
suffici5tly discov]$4 ,^? :o _h  be5    

delud$ by him 7 griev\sly puni%$1 & !   
nation condemn$  to a v heavy f9e4 ,n   
long aft] ?is1 a ,jew :o dwelt beyond ! 
,euphrates1 call$ himself ! messiah1 &  
drew va/ multitudes (  p aft] him4 ,he  
gave ?is = a sign ( x1 t he _h be5      
lepr\s1 & _h be5 cur$ 9 ! c\rse ( "o    
night4 ,he1 l !  re/1 p]i%$1 & br\ght   
great p]secution on 8 c\ntrym54 ,a      
magician & false *ri/ arose 9 ,p]sia1   
,a4 ,d4 #aagd1 :o s$uc$ _m  ( ! common  
p1 & br\ght ! ,jews into great          
tribulation4  ,ano!r ( ^! impo/ors      
arose1 ,a4 ,d4 #aagf1 9 ,moravia1 :o 0  
call$  ,david ,almuss]4 ,he pret5d$ he  
c\ld make himself invisible2 b he 0     
soon tak5 & put to dea?1 & a heavy f9e  
laid ^u ! ,jews4 ,a  fam\s *eat & rebel 
ex]t$ himself 9 ,p]sia1 ,a4 ,d4 #aaii1  
call$  ,david el ,david4 ,he 0 a man (  
le>n+1 a great magician1 &  pret5d$ to  
be ! messiah4 ,he rais$ an army aga9/ ! 
k+1 b 0  tak5 & imprison$2 &1 hav+ made 
8 escape1 0 aft]w>d retak5  & behead$4  
,va/ numb]s ( ! ,jews 7 but*]$ = tak+ "p

  ) ?is impo/or4 ,rabbi ,lemlem1 a      
,g]man ,jew ( ,au/ria1 decl>$  himself a
 =]unn] ( ! messiah1 ,a4 ,d4 #aejj1 &   
pull$ d[n 8 own  ov51 promis+ 8 bre?r5 t
 !y %\ld bake _! bread 9 !  holy l& next
 ye>4 ,a false *ri/ arose 9 ! ,ea/      
,indies1 ,a4 ,d4  #afae1 & 0 greatly    
foll[$ by ! ,portuguese ,jews :o are    
scatt]$  ov] t c\ntry4 ,ano!r 9 ! ,l[   
,c\ntries decl>$ himself to be  !       
messiah ( ! family ( ,david1 & ( ! l9e (
 ,na?an1 ,a4 ,d4  #afbd4 ,he promis$ to 
de/roy ,rome1 & to ov]?r[ ! k+dom (     
anti*ri/1 & ! ,turki% empire4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4
 #afff1 appe>$ ! false  messiah ,sabatai
 ,tzevi1 :o made a great noise1 & ga9$ a
 great numb]  ( proselytes4 ,he 0 born  
at ,aleppo1 & impos$ on ! ,jews = a     
consid]able "t2 b aft]w>d1 ) a view (   
sav+ 8 life1 he  turn$ ,mohamm$an1 & 0  
at la/ behead$4 ,! la/ false *ri/ t     
made any consid]able numb] ( conv]ts 0  
"o rabbi ,mordecai1 a ,jew  ( ,g]many3  
he appe>$1 ,a4 ,d4 #afhb4 ,x 0 n long   
be=e he 0 f\nd  out to be an impo/or1 & 

0 oblig$ to flee f ,italy to ,pol& to   
save 8 life3 :at became ( him aft]w>d   
does n seem to be  record$4             
,,metempsy*osis1 ! doctr9e ( !          
transmigration ( s\ls into o!r  bodies4 
,?is t5et has be5 attribut$ to ! sect ( 
! ,ph>isees4  ,josephus1 :o 0 himself a 
,ph>isee1 gives ?is acc\nt ( _!  doctr9e
 9 ^! po9ts3 ,e s\l is immortal2 ^? ( ! 
good only  ent] into ano!r body1 b ^? ( 
! bad are torm5t$ )  ev]la/+ puni%m5t40 
,f :5ce x has be5 pretty g5]ally        
conclud$1 t ! resurrection !y held 0    
only a ,py?agorean "o1  namely1 !       
transmigration ( ! s\l into ano!r body2 
f :i*  !y exclud$ all t 7 notori\sly    
wick$1 :o 7 doom$ at once  to et]nal    
puni%m5t2 b _! op9ion 01 t ^? :o 7      
guilty  only ( less] crimes 7 puni%$ =  
!m 9 ! bodies into :i*  _! s\ls 7 next  
s5t4 ,x is also suppos$1 t x 0 ^u ?is   
notion ! disciples ask$ our ,"l1 ,did   
?is man s91 or 8 p>5ts1  t he 0 born    
bl9d80 ,john ix1 #b2 & t "s said1 ,*ri/ 
0 ,john  ! ,bapti/1 "s ,elias1 o!rs     

,j]emias1 or "o ( ! prophets10 ,matt4   
xvi1 #ad4 ,! transmigration ( s\ls into 
o!r bodies 0 und\bt$ly  ! op9ion ( !    
,py?agoreans & ,platoni/s1 & 0 embrac$  
by "s  among ! ,jews2 z by ! au?or ( !  
,book ( ,wisdom1 :o says1 t  be+ good1  
he came into a body undefil$10 viii1    
#bj4 ,nev]!less1 x  is que/ion$ by "s   
p]sons1 :e!r ! words ( ,josephus1 be=e  
quot$1 are a suffici5t evid5ce ( ?is    
doctr9e ( ! metempsy*osis  be+ receiv$  
by ! :ole sect ( ! ,ph>isees2 = pass+   
into  ano!r or diff]5t body10 may only  
d5ote its receiv+ a body at !           
resurrection2 :i* w be ano!r1 n 9       
sub/ance1 b 9 quality2  z x is said (   
,*ri/ at 8 transfiguration1       1 !   
fa%ion ( 8 c\nt5ance 00 ano!r1 or1 z we 
r5d] x1 0 alt]$10 ,luke ix1 #bi4 ,z to !
 op9ion :i* "s  ent]ta9$ conc]n+ our    
,savi\r1 t he 0 ei!r ,john ! ,bapti/1   
or ,elias1 or ,j]emias1 or "o ( !       
prophets1 ,matt4 xvi1 #ad1 x is n       
ascrib$ to ! ,ph>isees 9 p>ticul>1 & if 
x 71 "o _c see  h[ x c\ld be f\nd$ on ! 

doctr9e ( ! metempsy*osis2 s9ce !  s\l (
 ,elias1 n[ inhabit+ ! body ( ,jesus1   
w\ld no m make him  to be ,elias1 ?an   
sev]al o!rs _h be51 9 ^: bodies ! s\l ( 
,elias1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 is      
suppos$ to h dwelt s9ce !  dea? ( t     
anci5t prophet1 ne> a ?\s& ye>s be=e4   
,beside1 h[  0 x possible any p]son t   
saw ,*ri/1 :o did n appe> to be  less   
?an ?irty ye>s old1 %\ld1 accord+ to !  
notion ( !  metempsy*osis1 conceive him 
to be ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o _h be5 s      
lately behead$8 ,surely ?is appreh5sion 
mu/ be gr\nd$ on !  supposition ( a     
prop] resurrection4 ,x 0 probably1      
!re=e1 ^u  ! same acc\nt1 t o!rs took   
him to be ,elias1 & o!rs ,j]emias4      
,accord+ly1 ,/4 ,luke expresses x ?us3  
,o!rs say1 t "o ( ! old  prophets is    
ris5 f ! dead10 ,luke ix1 #ai4 ,x may   
f>!r be  obs]v$1 t ! doctr9e ( !        
resurrection1 :i* ,/4 ,paul  prea*$1 0 n
 a pres5t metempsy*osis1 b a real future
  resurrection1 :i* he calls ! hope &   
resurrection ( ! dead10  ,acts xxiii1   

#f4 ,?is he pr(ess$ z a ,ph>isee1 & =   
?is pr(ession  ! p>tisans ( t sect      
v9dicat$ him aga9/ ! ,sadducees1 ,acts  
xxiii1 #g-i4 ,^u ! :ole1 !re=e1 x appe>s
 mo/ reasonable to  adopt ! op9ion (    
,rel&1 ?\gh 9 opposition to ! s5tim5ts (
  _m o!r le>n$ m51 t ! ,ph>isees held ! 
doctr9e ( !  resurrection 9 a prop]     
s5se4    ,,me?odi/s1 a "n giv5 9 d]ision
 at diff]5t times to religi\s  p]sons & 
p>ties :i* h appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 b :i* 
n[  pr9cipally designates ! foll[]s ( ! 
,rev4 ,john ,wesley4 ,!  societies rais$
 up by ! in/rum5tality ( ! ,rev4 ,george
 ,:itefield  7 also call$ ,me?odi/s1 & 9
 ,wales especially are /ill kn[n by  t  
appellation4 ,= di/9ction's sake1 !re=e1
 & also because a  numb] ( small] sects 
h brok5 (f f ! ,me?odi/ societies  s9ce 
,mr4 ,wesley's dea?1 ! religi\s body :i*
 he rais$ up & left  organiz$ "u 8      
rules1 h ( late be5 g5]ally d5om9at$ !  
,,wesleyan ,,me?odi/s4 ,9 ! ye> #agbi1  
,mr4 ,john ,wesley1 be+ !n  fell[ (     
,l9coln ,college1 began to sp5d "s ev5+s

 9 read+ !  ,greek ,te/am5t ) ,*>les    
,wesley1 /ud5t1 & ,mr4 ,morgan1 common] 
( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 & ,mr4 ,kirkham1 ( ,m]ton
 ,college4 ,n long aft]1  two or ?ree ( 
! pupils ( ,mr4 ,john ,wesley1 & "o     
pupil ( ,mr4  ,*>les ,wesley1 obta9$    
leave to att5d ^! meet+s4 ,!y !n began  
to visit ! sick 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n1 
& ! prison]s  also1 :o 7 conf9$ 9 !     
ca/le4 ,two ye>s aft]1 !y 7 jo9$  by    
,mr4 ,+ham1 ( ,que5's ,college1 ,mr4    
,br\ghton1 & ,mr4 ,h]vey2 & 9  #agce1 by
 ! celebrat$ ,mr4 ,george ,:itefield1 !n
 9 8 eighte5?  ye>4 ,at ?is "t _! numb] 
9 ,ox=d am\nt$ to ab\t f\rte54  ,!y     
obta9$ ! "n ( ,me?odi/s1 f ! exact      
regul>ity ( _!  lives1 & ! mann] ( sp5d+
 _! "t4 ,9 ,octob]1 #agce1 ,john &      
,*>les ,wesley1 ,mr4 ,+ham1 & ,mr4      
,delamotte1 son ( a m]*ant 9  ,london1  
emb>k$ = ,georgia1 hav+ be5 engag$ by ! 
tru/ees (  t colony z *apla9s2 b _!     
ultimate design 0 to prea* !  ,gospel to
 ! ,indians4 ,no fav\rable opportunity  
(f]+ itself =  ?is pi\s "w1 & ! /rict & 

fai?ful prea*+ ( ! ,wesleys  hav+       
involv$ !m 9 mu* p]secution1 & _m       
disputes ) !  coloni/s1 !y return$ to   
,engl&1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,wesley 9 #agcg1    
,mr4  ,john ,wesley 9 #agch4 ,on !      
passage to ,am]ica1 & :ile 9 ,georgia1  
,mr4 ,john _h met ) sev]al pi\s         
,moravians2 ^: doctr9es (  ju/ification 
by fai? alone1 consci\s p>don ( s91 &   
peace )  ,god1 confirm$ by _! own       
calmness 9 dang] & fre$om f ! fe>  (    
dea?1 greatly impress$ him4 ,on 8 return
 to ,engl&1 he 0 m  fully in/ruct$ 9 ^! 
views by ,bohl]1 a ,moravian m9i/]2 &   
hav+ prov$ _! tru? 9 8 own exp]i5ce1 he 
began to prea* 9  ! *ur*es ( !          
metropolis1 & o!r places1 & !n 9 rooms1 
fields1 & /reets1 ! doctr9e ( salvation 
by fai?4 ,9 ?is 8  bro!r ,*>les 0 8     
zeal\s coadjutor2 & ! effect 0 !  awak5+
 ( great multitudes to a religi\s       
conc]n1 & !  comm5cem5t ( a great       
revival ( religion ?r\gh\t ! l&1 :i*    
has 9 its effects ext5d$ itself to ! mo/
 di/ant p>ts ( !  _w4 ,at ! "t ( ,mr4   

,wesley's dea?1 ! societies 9 connection
  ) him 9 ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/    
,indies1 am\nt$ to eighty  ?\s& memb]s2 
!y are n[ #ahca upw>d ( ?ree hundr$     
?\s&1  beside ab\t half a million 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :o s9ce  !     
acquisition ( indep5d5ce by t c\ntry h  
=m$ a sep>ate  *ur*4 ,! rules ( ?is     
religi\s society 7 drawn up by ,messrs4 
,john & ,*>les ,wesley 9 #agdc1 &       
cont9ue to be 9 =ce4 ,!y /ate  ! nature 
& design ( a ,me?odi/ society 9 ! foll[+
 words3  8,su* a society is no o!r ?an a
 company ( m51 hav+ ! =m &  seek+ ! p[] 
( godl9ess3 unit$1 9 ord] to pray       
toge!r1 to  receive ! ^w ( exhortation1 
& to wat* ov] "o ano!r 9 love1  t !y may
 help ea* o!r to "w out _! own          
salvation4 ,t x  may ! m easily be      
disc]n$ :e!r !y are inde$ work+ out  _! 
own salvation1 ea* society is divid$    
into small] companies1  call$ classes1  
accord+ to _! respective places ( abode4
 ,!re are  ab\t twelve p]sons1 sometimes
 fifte51 tw5ty1 or ev5 m1 9 ea*  class2 

"o ( :om is /yl$ ! lead]4 ,x is 8       
bus9ess1 #a4 ,to see  ea* p]son 9 8     
class once a week1 at lea/1 9 ord] to   
inquire h[  _! s\ls prosp]2 to advise1  
reprove1 com=t1 or exhort1 z occasion   
may require2 to receive :at !y are will+
 to give to ! poor1 or  t[>d ! support (
 ! ,gospel4 #b4 ,to meet ! m9i/] & !    
/ew>ds ( ! society once a week1 to in=m 
! m9i/] ( any t  are sick1 or ( any t   
walk disord]ly & w n be reprov$2 to  pay
 to ! /ew>ds :at !y h receiv$ ( _!      
sev]al classes 9  ! week prec$+2 & to %[
 _! acc\nt ( :at ea* p]son has          
contribut$4 ,!re is only "o condition   
previ\sly requir$ ( ^?  :o desire       
admission into ^! societies1 namely1 a  
desire to flee f  ! wra? to come2 to be 
sav$ f _! s9s3 b :]ev] ?is is  really   
fix$ 9 ! s\l1 x w be %[n by its fruits4 
,x is  !re=e expect$ ( all :o cont9ue   
!re91 t !y %\ld  cont9ue to evid5ce _!  
desire ( salvation1 #a4 ,by do+ no h>m2 
by  avoid+ evil 9 e k9d1 especially t   
:i* is mo/ g5]ally  practis$1 su* z tak+

 ! "n ( ,god 9 va92 pr(an+ ! day (  !   
,"l1 ei!r by do+ ord9>y "w !reon1 or by 
buy+ or  sell+2 drunk5ness2 buy+ & sell+
 spiritu\s liquors1 or dr9k+  !m1 unless
 9 cases ( extreme necessity2 fight+1   
qu>rell+1  brawl+2 bro!r go+ to law )   
bro!r2 return+ evil = evil1 or  rail+ = 
rail+2 ! us+ _m words 9 buy+ or sell+2 !
  buy+ or sell+ uncu/om$ goods2 ! giv+  
or tak+ ?+s on  usury1 t is1 unlawful   
int]e/2 un*>itable or unpr(itable       
conv]sation1 p>ticul>ly speak+ evil (   
magi/rates or ( m9i/]s2  do+ to o!rs z  
we w\ld n !y %\ld d unto u2 do+ :at we  
"k is n = ! glory ( ,god1 z ! putt+ on (
 gold or co/ly  app>el2 ! tak+ su*      
div]sions z _c be us$ 9 ! "n ( !  ,"l   
,jesus2 s++ ^? songs1 or read+ ^? books1
 :i* d n  t5d to ! k or love ( ,god2    
s(tness1 or ne$less  self-indulg5ce2    
lay+ up treasure ^u e>?2 borr[+ )\t a   
probability ( pay+2 or tak+ up goods1   
)\t a probability (  pay+ = !m4 ,x is   
expect$ ( all :o cont9ue 9 ^! societies1
  t !y %\ld cont9ue to evid5ce _! desire

 ( salvation1 #b4 ,by  do+ good2 by be+ 
9 e k9d m]ciful aft] _! p[]1 z !y  h    
opportunity2 do+ good ( e possible sort1
 &1 z f> z  possible1 to all m52 to _!  
bodies1 ( ! ability :i* ,god give?1  by 
giv+ food to ! hungry1 by clo?+ ! nak$1 
by visit+ or  help+ !m t are sick or 9  
prison2 to _! s\ls1 by in/ruct+1        
reprov+1 or exhort+ all we h any        
int]c\rse )2 trampl+  "u foot t         
en?usia/ic doctr9e ( devils1--t we are n
 to d  good unless our he>ts be free to 
x3 by do+ good1 especially to !m  t are 
( ! h\sehold ( fai?1 or groan+ s to be2 
employ+ !m  pref]ably to o!rs2 buy+ "o (
 ano!r2 help+ ea* o!r 9  bus9ess1 & s   
mu* ! m z ! _w w love its own1 & !m     
only2 by all possible dilig5ce &        
frugality1 t ! ,gospel be n  blam$2 by  
runn+ ) pati5ce ! race set be=e !m1 d5y+
  !mselves1 & tak+ up _! cross daily2   
submitt+ to be> !  reproa* ( ,*ri/2 to  
be z ! fil? & (f-sc\r+ ( ! _w1  & look+ 
t m5 %\ld say all mann] ( evil ( !m     
falsely =  ! ,"l's sake4 ,x is expect$ (

 all :o cont9ue 9 ^! societies1  t !y   
%\ld cont9ue to evid5ce _! desire (     
salvation1 #c4 ,by  att5d+ on all !     
ord9ances ( ,god3 su* are1 ! public     
wor%ip (  ,god2 ! m9i/ry ( ! ^w ei!r    
read or exp\nd$2 ! supp] (  ! ,"l2      
family & private pray]2 se>*+ !         
,scriptures1 &  fa/+ & ab/95ce4 ,^! are 
! g5]al rules ( our societies1  all :i* 
we are taught ( ,god to obs]ve1 ev5 9 8 
writt5 ^w1 !  only rule1 & ! suffici5t  
rule1 bo? ( our fai? & practice2 &  all 
^! we "k 8 ,_s writes on e truly awak5$ 
he>t4 ,if  !re be any among u :o obs]ve 
!m n1 :o habitually breaks any (  !m1   
let x be made kn[n to !m :o wat* ov] t  
s\l1 z !y  t mu/ give an acc\nt4 ,we w  
admoni% him ( ! error ( 8  ways2 we w   
be> ) him = a season2 b !n1 if he rep5t 
n1 he  ha? no m place among u3 we h     
deliv]$ our own s\ls40    ,! effect     
produc$ by ! prea*+ ( ! two bro!rs 9    
v>i\s  p>ts ( ! k+dom1 & ^? frequ5tly ! 
mo/ popul\s & rude1  r5d]$ x necess>y to
 call out prea*]s to _! assi/ance1 &    

especially s9ce ! cl]gy g5]ally rema9$  
neglig5t1 & r  oppos$ & p]secut$1 ?an   
enc\rag$1 ! ,wesleys 9 _! endeav\rs  to 
effect a national re=mation4 ,!         
association ( prea*]s )  !mselves 9 ! "w
 l$ to an annual meet+ ( ! m9i/]s1 !n  &
 s9ce call$ ! conf]5ce4 ,! fir/ conf]5ce
 0 held 9 ,june  #agdd1 at :i* ,mr4     
,wesley met 8 bro!r1 two or ?ree o!r    
cl]gym51  & a few ( ! prea*]s1 :om he _h
 appo9t$ to come f v>i\s  p>ts1 to conf]
 ) !m on ! affairs ( ! societies4       
,monday1 ,june  #be10 obs]ves ,mr4      
,wesley1 & ! five foll[+ days1 we sp5t 9
  conf]5ce ) our prea*]s1 s]i\sly       
consid]+ by :at means we  might ! mo/   
effectually save our own s\ls1 & !m t   
he>d u2  & ! result ( our consultations 
we set d[n to be ! rule ( our  future   
practice40 ,s9ce t "t a conf]5ce has be5
 annually held2  ,mr4 ,wesley himself   
hav+ presid$ at =ty-sev54 ,! subjects ( 
_!  delib]ations 7 propos$ 9 ! =m (     
que/ions1 :i* 7 amply  discuss$2 & !    
que/ions1 ) ! answ]s agre$ ^u1 7        

aft]w>d pr9t$ "u ! title ( ,m9utes (    
sev]al ,conv]sations  betwe5 ! ,rev4    
,mr4 ,wesley & o!rs10 commonly call$    
,m9utes (  ,conf]5ce4    ,z ! k+dom _h  
be5 divid$ into circuits1 to ea* ( :i*  
sev]al  prea*]s 7 appo9t$ = "o or two   
ye>s1 a "p ( ! "w (  e conf]5ce 0 to    
arrange ^! appo9tm5ts & *anges4 ,9 !    
e>ly conf]5ces v>i\s po9ts ( doctr9e 7  
discuss$ )  ref]5ce to ! agreem5t ( all 
9 a common /&>d2 & :5 ?is  0 settl$1 & !
 doctr9al discussions discont9u$1 new   
regulations  cont9u$ to be adopt$1 z !  
/ate ( ! societies1 & !  enl>g+         
opportunities ( do+ good1 requir$4 ,! "*
 ( all  ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 ! m9i/ry 0 also
 annually exam9$2 &  ^? :o _h pass$ !   
appo9t$ t]m ( probation1 7 solemnly     
receiv$ into ! m9i/ry4 ,all ! prea*]s 7 
it9]ants1 &1  animat$ by ! example (    
,mr4 ,wesley1 w5t ?r\gh great lab\rs1 & 
endur$ _m privations & p]secutions1 b ) 
su* success t  societies & congregations
 7 9 a few ye>s rais$ up 9 almo/  e "p (
 ,engl&1 & 9 a v consid]able numb] (    

places 9  ,irel&1 ,wales1 & ,scotl&4 ,! 
doctr9es held by ! ,me?odi/s1 ,mr4      
,wesley decl>$ repeat$ly 9 8 writ+s to  
be ^? conta9$ 9 !  ,articles ( ! *ur* ( 
,engl&2 = he und]/ood ! article on      
pr$e/9ation1 z _m o!rs h done1 9 a s5se 
n contr>y to !  doctr9e ( ! r$emption & 
! possible salvation ( ! :ole human     
race4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be m]ely necess>y to 
/ate ^? views (  c]ta9 doctr9es :i* x   
has be5 ?\ght ! ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s hold
  9 a some:at peculi> way1 or on :i* !y 
h be5 mo/ liable to  misrepres5tation4  
,!y ma9ta9 ! total fall ( man 9 ,adam1 &
 8 utt] inability to  recov] himself1 or
 take "o /ep t[>d 8 recov]y1 )\t ! grace
  ( ,god prev5t+ him1 t he may h a good 
w1 & work+ )  him :5 he has t good w40  
,!y ass]t t ,*ri/1 by ! grace  ( ,god1  
ta/$ dea? = e man40 ,?is grace !y call  
free1 z  ext5d+ itself freely to all4   
,!y say t ,*ri/ is ! ,savi\r (  all m51 
especially ( !m t believe20 & t1        
consequ5tly1 !y  are au?oriz$ to (f]    
salvation to all1 & to prea* ! ,gospel  

to  e creature40 ,!y hold ju/ification  
by fai?4 ,ju/ification10 says  ,mr4     
,wesley1 8sometimes means our acquittal 
at ! la/ day1 ,matt4 xii1  #cg3 b ?is is
 altoge!r out ( ! pres5t "q2 = t        
ju/ification :]e( our ,articles &       
,homilies speak1 signifies pres5t       
=giv5ess1 p>don ( s9s1 & consequ5tly    
acceptance ) ,god1 :o  !re9 decl>es 8   
righte\sness1 or ju/ice1 & m]cy1 by or =
 !  remission ( s9s t are pa/1 ,romans  
iii1 #be1 say+1 #8,i w be  m]ciful to ?y
 unrighte\sness1 & ?9e iniquities ,i w  
rememb] no  m4' ,i believe ! condition (
 ?is is fai?1 ,rom4 iv1 #e1 c2 ,i mean1 
n only t )\t fai? we _c be ju/ifi$1 b   
also t z  soon z any "o has true fai?1 9
 t mom5t he is ju/ifi$4 ,fai?1  9 g5]al1
 is a div9e sup]natural evid5ce1 or     
conviction1 ( ?+s  n se51 n discov]able 
by our bodily s5ses1 z be+ ei!r pa/1    
future1 or spiritual4 ,ju/ify+ fai?     
implies1 n only a div9e  evid5ce1 or    
conviction1 t #8,god 0 9 ,*ri/1         
reconcil+ ! _w  unto himself1' b a full 

reliance on ! m]its ( 8 dea?1 a sure    
confid5ce t ,*ri/ di$ = my s9s2 t he    
lov$ me1 & gave  himself = me3 & ! mom5t
 a p5it5t s9n] believes ?is1 ,god       
p>dons & absolves him40 ,?is fai?1 ,mr4 
,wesley affirms1 8is ! gift  ( ,god4 ,no
 man is able to "w x 9 himself4 ,x is a 
"w (  ,omnipot5ce4 ,x requires no less  
p[] ?us to quick5 a dead s\l1 ?an  to   
raise a body t lies 9 ! grave4 ,x is a  
new creation2 & none  c create a s\l    
anew b ,he :o at fir/ creat$ ! heav5s & 
!  e>?4 ,x is ! free gift ( ,god1 :i* he
 be/[s n on ^? :o are  wor?y ( 8 fav\r1 
n on su* z are previ\sly holy1 & s  fit 
to be cr[n$ ) all ! bless+s ( 8         
goodness2 b on !  ungodly & unholy1 on  
^? :o till t h\r 7 fit only =  ev]la/+  
de/ruction2 ^? 9 :om is no good ?+1 & ^:
 only  plea 01 #8,god be m]ciful to me1 
a s9n]6' ,no m]it1 no goodness1 9  man1 
prec$es ! =giv+ love ( ,god4 ,8 p>don+  
m]cy supposes  no?+ 9 u b a s5se ( m]e  
s9 & mis]y2 & to all :o see &  feel &   
own _! wants1 & _! utt] inability to    

remove !m1 ,god  freely gives fai?1 = ! 
sake ( ,him 9 :om he is always well     
pleas$4 ,good works foll[ ?is fai?1     
,luke vi1 #dc1 b _c g be=e  x2 mu* less 
c sanctification1 :i* implies a cont9u$ 
c\rse (  good works spr++ f hol9ess (   
he>t40 ,z to rep5tance he  insi/$ t x is
 conviction ( s91 & t rep5tance1 & works
  meet = rep5tance1 g be=e ju/ify+ fai?2
 b he held1 ) !  *ur* ( ,engl&1 t all   
works1 be=e ju/ification1 _h ! nature  (
 s920 & t1 z !y _h no root 9 ! love (   
,god1 :i* c  only arise f a p]suasion ( 
8 be+ reconcil$ to u1 !y c\ld  n        
con/itute a moral wor?9ess prep>atory to
 p>don4 ,t true  rep5tance spr+s f !    
grace ( ,god1 is mo/ c]ta92 b1 :atev]   
fruits x may br+ =?1 x *anges n man's   
relation to ,god4 ,he is  a s9n]1 & is  
ju/ifi$ z su*2 = x is n a sa9t1 b a     
s9n]1 t is =giv51 & "u ! notion ( a     
s9n]40 ,god  ju/ifie? ! ungodly1 n !    
godly4 ,rep5tance1 accord+ to 8         
/atem5t1 is necess>y to true fai?2 b    
fai? alone is ! direct &  imm$iate      

in/rum5t ( p>don4 ,!y hold also ! direct
 int]nal  te/imony ( ! ,holy ,_s to !   
believ]'s adoption2 = an  exposition (  
:i* see ,,holy ,,_s4    ,!y ma9ta9 also 
t1 by virtue ( ! blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 &
 !  op]ations ( ! ,holy ,_s1 x is _!    
privilege to arrive at t  maturity 9    
grace1 & p>ticipation ( ! div9e nature1 
:i*  excludes s9 f ! he>t1 & fills x )  
p]fect love to ,god &  man4 ,?is !y     
d5om9ate ,*ri/ian p]fection4 ,on ?is    
doctr9e ,mr4  ,wesley obs]ves1 8,*ri/ian
 p]fection does n imply an exemption f  
ignorance or mi/ake1 infirmities or     
temptations2 b x implies !  be+ s       
crucifi$ ) ,*ri/1 z to be able to       
te/ify1 #8,i live n1  b ,*ri/ live? 9   
me1' ,gal4 ii1 #bc1 & #8ha? purifi$ _!  
he>ts  by fai?1' ,acts xv1 #i40 ,aga93  
,to expla9 myself a little f>!r on  ?is 
head3 #a4 ,n only s91 prop]ly s call$1 t
 is1 a volunt>y  transgression ( a kn[n 
law2 b s91 improp]ly s call$1 t is1 an  
involunt>y transgression ( a div9e law  
kn[n or unkn[n1 ne$s !  aton+ blood4 #b4

 ,i believe !re is no su* p]fection 9   
?is life z  excludes ^! involunt>y      
transgressions1 :i* ,i appreh5d to be   
naturally consequ5t on ! ignorance &    
mi/akes insep>able f  mortality4 #c4    
,!re=e1 s9less p]fection is a phrase ,i 
nev] use1  le/ ,i %\ld seem to          
contradict myself4 #d4 ,i believe a     
p]son fill$  ) ! love ( ,god is /ill    
liable to ^! involunt>y  transgressions4
 #e4 ,su* transgressions y may call s9s1
 if y please2  ,i d n1 = ! reasons above
 m5tion$40    ,! rules ( ! ,me?odi/     
societies h be5 already giv52 b1 9  ord]
 to h a g5]al view ( _! ecclesia/ical   
economy1 x mu/ be  rem>k$1 t a numb] (  
^! societies unit$ toge!r =m :at is     
call$ a circuit4 ,a circuit g5]ally     
includes a l>ge m>ket t[n1 &  !         
circumjac5t villages to ! ext5t ( t5 or 
fifte5 miles4 ,to "o  circuit two or    
?ree1 & sometimes f\r1 prea*]s are      
appo9t$1 "o  ( :om is /yl$ ! sup]9t5d5t2
 & ?is is ! sph]e ( _!  lab\r = at lea/ 
"o ye>1 or n m ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,once a   

qu>t] ! prea*]s meet all ! classes1 &   
speak p]sonally to ea*  memb]4 ,^? :o h 
walk$ ord]ly ! prec$+ qu>t] !n receive  
a ticket4 ,^! tickets are 9 "s respects 
analog\s to ! tess]  ( ! anci5ts1 &     
answ] all ! purposes ( ! comm5datory    
lett]s  spok5 ( by ! ,apo/le4 ,_! *ief  
use is to prev5t impo/ure4 ,aft]  !     
visitation ( ! classes a meet+ is held1 
consi/+ ( all !  prea*]s1 lead]s1 &     
/ew>ds 9 ! circuit4 ,at ?is meet+ !     
/ew>ds deliv] _! collections to a       
circuit /ew>d1 & e ?+  relat+ to        
temporal matt]s is publicly settl$4 ,at 
?is meet+ !  c&idates = ! m9i/ry are    
propos$1 & ! /ew>ds1 aft]  (ficiat+ a   
def9ite p]iod1 are *ang$4 ,a numb] (    
circuits1 f  five to t51 m or few]1     
accord+ to _! ext5t1 =m a di/rict1  !   
prea*]s ( :i* meet annually4 ,e di/rict 
has a *airman1 :o  fixes ! "t ( meet+4  
,^! assemblies h au?ority1 #a4 ,to      
exam9e c&idates = ! m9i/ry1 &           
probation]s1 & to try &  susp5d prea*]s 
:o are f\nd immoral1 errone\s 9 doctr9e1

 or  defici5t 9 abilities4 #b4 ,to      
decide conc]n+ ! build+ ( *apels4  #c4  
,to exam9e ! dem&s f ! poor] circuits   
respect+ !  support ( ! prea*]s & ( _!  
families1 f ! public funds4  #d4 ,to    
elect a repres5tative to att5d & =m a   
committee to sit  previ\sly to ! meet+ (
 ! conf]5ce1 9 ord] to prep>e a  draught
 ( ! /ations ( all ! prea*]s = ! ensu+  
ye>4 ,!  judgm5t ( ?is meet+ is         
conclusive until conf]5ce1 to :i* an    
appeal is all[$ 9 all cases4    ,!      
conf]5ce1 /rictly speak+1 consi/s only (
 a hundr$ ( !  s5ior prea*]s1 accord+ to
 ! arrangem5ts prescrib$ 9 a de$ (      
decl>ation1 execut$ by ,mr4 ,wesley1 &  
enroll$ 9 *anc]y4 ,b !  prea*]s elect$  
at ! prec$+ di/rict meet+s z            
repres5tatives1  ! sup]9t5d5ts ( !      
circuits1 & su* prea*]s z ! di/ricts    
all[ to att5d1 sit & vote usually z "o  
body4 ,at ! conf]5ce1  e prea*]'s "*    
und]goes ! /ricte/ scrut9y2 & if any    
*>ge be prov$ aga9/ him1 he is dealt )  
accord+ly4 ,!  prea*]s are also /ation$1

 ! proce$+s ( ! subord9ate  meet+s      
review$1 & ! /ate ( ! connection at l>ge
 is  consid]$4 ,! conf]5ce is commonly  
held 9 ,london1 ,le$s1 ,bri/ol1         
,man*e/]1 ,liv]pool1 & ,%effield1 9     
rotation1 at ! latt] end (  ,july4      
,by ! m9utes ( ! la/ conf]5ce1 #ahca1 x 
appe>s t ?is  religi\s body _h ?ree     
hundr$ & sixty-?ree circuits 9 ,engl&1  
,wales1 & ,scotl&2 =ty-five 9 ,irel&2 & 
a hundr$ & fifty-six  mission /ations1  
mo/ ( !m be+ also circuits1 9 ,sw$51    
,france1  ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,cont95tal    
,india1 ,ceylon1 ! ,s\? ,seas1 ,africa1 
! ,we/ ,indies1 & ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,!   
numb] ( memb]s 9 !  societies 71 9      
,great ,brita91 two hundr$ & =ty-n9e    
?\s&  "o hundr$ & n9ete52 9 ,irel&1     
tw5ty-two ?\s& f\r hundr$  & sev5ty2 9 !
 =eign /ations1 =ty-two ?\s& sev5 hundr$
  & =ty-?ree4 ,_! regul> prea*]s 7 eight
 hundr$ &  =ty-six 9 ,great ,brita92 9  
,irel&1 a hundr$ & =ty-six2 9  =eign    
/ations1 exclusive ( cate*i/s1 a hundr$ 
& eighty-sev54    ,! prec$+ acc\nt1 s f>

 z x respects ! orig9al hi/ory1 !       
doctr9es1 & ! moral discipl9e (         
,wesleyan ,me?odi/s1 is equally         
applicable to ^? 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,europe4 
,! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal  ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 h[ev]1 :i* became a di/9ct &   
indep5d5t *ur* 9 ! ye> #aghd1 diff]s    
consid]ably 9 its  organization1 & 9 !  
details ( its ecclesia/ical economy1 f !
  ,briti% ,wesleyan connection4 ,!      
circuits1 into :i* ! :ole field (  lab\r
 occupi$ by ! it9]ant m9i/ry is divid$1 
are 9 g5]al  mu* l>g]1 nor is any prea*]
 all[$ to rema9 on !m m ?an two  ye>s   
successively4 ,( ^! circuits1 f five or 
six to fifte5 or  m1 accord+ to         
circum/ances1 con/itute a di/rict4 ,( ! 
di/ricts1 f f\r or five to six or eight1
 usually1 comprise !  tract ( c\ntry    
embrac$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( an annual       
conf]5ce2  & ( annual conf]5ces1 ! :ole 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &  ,t]ritories1       
agreeably to ! m9utes ( ! la/ ye>1      
7#ahca17 7  divid$ into n9ete54 ,f all  
^! annual conf]5ces1 delegates1 9  a    

c]ta9 prescrib$ ratio1 are s5t once 9   
f\r ye>s to con/itute a  g5]al conf]5ce1
 ! highe/ ecclesia/ical assemblage among
 ,am]ican  ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s4 ,! m9i/]
 or prea*] fir/ nam$ ( ^?  appo9t$ to   
ea* circuit or /ation1 is !reby inve/$ )
 !  pa/oral *>ge !re(1 & is usually     
d5om9at$ ! prea*] 9  *>ge4 ,ea* di/rict 
is committ$ to ! c>e ( an eld]1 d5om9at$
  ! presid+ eld]1 :o is appo9t$         
annually1 & may rema9 f\r  ye>s         
successively on a di/rict1 b n long]2 & 
all ! di/ricts  compris+ ! :ole ext5t ( 
! *ur*1 are "u ! g5]al  sup]9t5d5ce ( ! 
bi%ops4 ,^! at pres5t1 7,april1 #ahcb17 
are  f\r 9 numb]1 & l all o!rs ( our    
/at$ m9i/ry1 are requir$  to be it9]ant4
 ,if !y cease to travel at l>ge1 )\t !  
cons5t  ( ! g5]al conf]5ce1 !y =feit !  
ex]cise ( _! episcopal  functions4 ,_!  
visitations are annual & alt]nate1 on a 
preconc]t$  plan1 ?r\gh ! b\nds ( !     
entire "w4 ,!y preside 9 ! annual  &    
g5]al conf]5ces1 /ation ! prea*]s1 ) 7by
 e/abli%$  usage7 ! c\nsel ( ! presid+  

eld]s1 & are jo9tly &  sev]ally         
responsible to ! g5]al conf]5ce = _!    
adm9i/ration  & conduct4 7,see also !   
articles ,,episcopalians10 &            
,,imposition ,,(  ,,h&s407    ,= a m    
m9ute detail ( ! ecclesia/ical economy1 
spiritual &  temporal1 ( ,am]ican       
,wesleyan ,me?odi/s1 7:i* w\ld lead u   
too f>  = a "w ( ?is sort17 ref]5ce may 
be _h to ! small volume  publi%$ at !   
,conf]5ce ,(fice1 entitl$ #8,! ,doctr9es
 &  ,discipl9e ( ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal  
,*ur*4'    ,by ! m9utes ( ! annual      
conf]5ces = ! la/ ye>1 7#ahca17  !re 7 9
 ! communion ( ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal    
,*ur* 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 five hundr$ & 
?irte5 ?\s& "o hundr$ &  tw5ty-f\r      
memb]s2 ( :om f\r hundr$ & ?irty-sev5   
?\s& &  tw5ty-f\r 7 :ites1 sev5ty-"o    
?\s& five hundr$ &  eighty-n9e col\r$1 &
 f\r ?\s& five hundr$ & "o ,indians4  ,!
 numb] ( it9]ant m9i/]s 0 two ?\s& & t51
 ( :om "o  hundr$ & ?irty f\r 7         
sup]annuat$1 or worn out4 ,9 addition to
  ^!1 !re are also sev]al ?\s& local    

m9i/]s & prea*]s1  _m ( :om 7 once      
it9]ant2 & :o1 ?\gh n /at$ly devot$  to 
! "w ( ! m9i/]ial (fice1 z ! it9]ant    
m9i/]s are1  yet1 by _! valuable s]vices
 on ! ,sabba?1 or at o!r times          
occasionally 9 _! respective vic9ities1 
con/itute an important  auxili>y bran* (
 ! sy/em1 & contribute mu* to its       
compactness  & effici5cy4    ,beside !  
above1 !re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates sev]al 
small]  associations ( p]sons be>+ ! "n 
( ,me?odi/s1 :o hold &  tea*1 9 g5]al1 !
 doctr9es ( ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s1 b are n
 9  connection ) ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal  
,*ur*1 & diff] f x 9  v>i\s po9ts (     
ecclesia/ical economy & discipl9e4    ,!
 ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s 9 ,upp] ,canada1 :o
 7 =m]ly 9 connection  ) ! *ur* 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 h rec5tly1 ) ! cons5t (  
! g5]al conf]5ce ( ! latt] body1 be5    
con/itut$ a di/9ct  *ur*1 "u an         
episcopal =m4 ,its organization1 h[ev]1 
has n yet  be5 complet$ by !            
consecration ( a bi%op1 ?\gh we und]/&  
t a rev]5d individual has be5 select$1  

:o w probably %ortly  be set ap>t = t   
holy (fice4 ,?is bran* ( ! ,am]ican     
,wesleyan  ,me?odi/s1 agreeably to _!   
m9utes = ! ye> #ahca1 consi/$ (         
sixty-five it9]ant m9i/]s1 & twelve ?\s&
 five hundr$ &  sixty-?ree memb]s2 ( :om
 "o ?\s& two hundr$ & ?irty-?ree  7     
,indians4    ,,me?uselah1 ! son ( ,eno*1
 & fa!r ( ,lame*1 ,g54 v1 #ba4 ,he 0    
born ,a4 ,m4 #fhg1 & di$ ,a4 ,m4 #afef1 
be+ ! v ye> ( ! deluge1  at ! age ( n9e 
hundr$ & sixty-n9e1 ! greate/ age to :i*
 any  mortal man ev] atta9$4    ,,micah1
 ! sev5? 9 ord] ( ! twelve less]        
prophets1 is suppos$  to h prophesi$    
ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #gej4 ,he 0 commission$ to 
d5\nce !  judgm5ts ( ,god aga9/ bo? !   
k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel1 =  _!        
idolatry & wick$ness4 ,! pr9cipal       
pr$ictions conta9$ 9  ?is book are1 !   
invasions ( ,%almanez] & ,s5ne*>ib2 !   
de/ruction ( ,sam>ia & ( ,j]usalem1 mix$
 ) consolatory promises  ( ! deliv]ance 
( ! ,jews f ! ,babylonian captivity1 & (
 !  d[nfall ( ! p[] ( _! ,assyrian &    

,babylonian oppressors2 !  cessation (  
prophecy 9 consequ5ce ( _! cont9u$      
deceitfulness  & hypocrisy2 & a         
desolation 9 a !n di/ant p]iod1 /ill    
great]  ?an t :i* 0 decl>$ to be imp5d+4
 ,! bir? ( ! ,messiah  at ,be?lehem is  
also expressly =etold2 & ! ,jews are    
direct$ to  look to ! e/abli%m5t & ext5t
 ( 8 k+dom1 z an unfail+  s\rce ( com=t 
amid/ g5]al di/ress4 ,! /yle ( ,micah is
  n]v\s1 concise1 & elegant1 (t5        
elevat$1 & poetical1 b  sometimes       
obscure f sudd5 transitions ( subject2 &
 ! contra/  ( ! neglect$ duties (       
ju/ice1 m]cy1 humility1 & piety1 ) !    
punctili\s obs]vance ( ! c]emonial      
sacrifices1 af=ds a beautiful  example (
 ! h>mony :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! ,mosaic &
 ,*ri/ian  disp5sations1 & %[s t ! law  
p>took ( t spiritual nature  :i* m      
imm$iately *>act]izes ! religion (      
,jesus4    ,! prophecy ( ,micah1 conta9$
 9 ! fif? *apt]1 is1 p]haps !  mo/      
important s+le prophecy 9 all ! ,old    
,te/am5t1 & ! mo/  compreh5sive respect+

 ! p]sonal "* ( ! ,messiah1 & 8         
successive manife/ations to ! _w4 ,x    
cr[ns ! :ole *a9 (  pr$ictions respect+ 
! sev]al limitations ( ! promis$ se$3 to
  ! l9e ( ,%em2 to ! family ( ,abraham1 
( ,isaac1 & ( ,jacob2 to  ! tribe (     
,judah2 & to ! royal h\se ( ,david1     
t]m9at+ 9 8  bir? at ,be?lehem1 ! city (
 ,david40 ,x c>efully di/+ui%es 8  human
 nativity f 8 div9e nature & et]nal     
exi/5ce2 =etels  ! ca/+ (f ( !          
,israelites & ,jews = a season2 _!      
ultimate  re/oration2 & ! univ]sal peace
 :i* %\ld prevail 9 ! k+dom  & "u !     
gov]nm5t ( ! ,messiah4 ,?is prophecy1   
!re=e1 =ms  ! basis ( ! ,new ,te/am5t   
revelation :i* comm5ces ) ! bir?  ( !   
,messiah at ,be?lehem1 ! miracul\s      
circum/ances ( :i* are  record$ by ,/4  
,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke 9 ! introduction to  
_!  respective hi/ories2 ! et]nal       
subsi/5ce ( ,*ri/ z ! ,^w10 9  ! sublime
 introduction to ,/4 ,john's ,gospel2 8 
prophetic "*  & second com+1 illu/rat$ 9
 ! f\r ,gospels & 9 ! apo/olic  epi/les4

    ,,mi*ael4 ,see ,,ar*angel4          
,,midian1 ,,l& ,,(1 a c\ntry ( !        
,midianites1 d]iv$ its "n & its         
inhabitants f ,midian1 ! son ( ,abraham 
by ,keturah4 ,?is c\ntry  ext5d$ f ! ea/
 ( ! l& ( ,moab1 on ! ea/ ( ! ,dead     
,sea1  s\?w>d1 along ! ,elanitic gulf ( 
! ,r$ ,sea1 /ret*+ "s way  into ,arabia4
 ,x f>!r pass$ to ! s\? ( ! l& ( ,edom1 
into  ! p59sula ( ,m\nt ,s9ai1 :]e      
,moses met ) ! daught] (  ,je?ro1 !     
prie/ ( ,midian1 :om he m>ri$4 ,!       
,midianites1 toge!r  ) _! neighb\rs1 !  
,i%maelites1 7 e>ly engag$ 9 ! trade    
betwe5 ! ea/ & ! we/1 z we f9d ! p>ty to
 :om ,joseph 0  sold1 c>ry+ spices1 !   
produce ( ! ea/1 into ,egypt2 &1 tak+   
,gilead 9 _! way1 to add ! celebrat$ &  
highly priz$ balm (  t c\ntry to _!     
m]*&ise4 ,x appe>s t1 at ! "t ( !       
passage ( ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! c\ntry (
 ! ,amorites1 !  ,midianites _h be5     
subdu$ by t p1 z ! *iefs or k+s (  _!   
five pr9cipal tribes are call$ dukes (  
,sihon1 & dwelt 9 8  c\ntry1 ,jo%ua     

xiii1 #ba4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t !           
,midianites1  al>m$ at ! numb]s & !     
progress ( ! ,israelites1 unit$ )  !    
,moabites 9 s5d+ into ,syria = ,balaam1 
! soo?say]2 ?9k+  to d t by incantation 
:i* !y despair$ ( effect+ by =ce4  ,!   
result ( ?is measure1 ! con/ra9t impos$ 
on ,balaam to bless  in/ead ( to curse1 
& ! subsequ5t defeat & slaught] ( !     
,midianites1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+     
n>ratives 9 ! e>ly  hi/ory ( ! ,jews1   
,num4 xxii-xxv1 xxxi4 ,ab\t two hundr$  
ye>s aft]  ?is1 ! ,midianites1 hav+     
recov]$ _! numb]s & _! /r5g?1  7 p]mitt$
 by ,god to di/ress ! ,israelites = !   
space ( sev5  ye>s1 z a puni%m5t = _!   
relapse into idolatry4 ,b at l5g?  _!   
armies1 l gras%opp]s = multitude1 )     
camels out ( numb]  z s& by ! sea side =
 multitude10 :i* _h encamp$ 9 ! valley  
( ,jezreel1 7 miracul\sly defeat$ by    
,gideon1 ,judges vi-viii4 ,!            
,midianites appe> n to h surviv$ ?is    
second discomfiture z a  nation2 b _!   
rema9s became gradually incorporat$ ) ! 

,moabites & ,arabians4    ,,migdol4     
,moses writes1 t :5 ! ,israelites came  
out ( ,egypt1 !  ,"l comm&$ !m to encamp
 ov] aga9/ ,pihahiro?1 betwe5 ,migdol  &
 ! sea1 ov] aga9/ ,baal-,zephon1 ,exod4 
xiv1 #b4 ,x is n kn[n  :e!r ?is ,migdol 
0 a city1 or only a =tress3 probably !  
latt]1  9 :i* a g>rison 0 /ation$4      
,,mile1 a measure ( l5g?1 conta9+ a ?\s&
 paces4 ,eight /adia  or furlongs make a
 mile4 ,! ,romans commonly measur$ by   
miles1 & !  ,greeks by furlongs4 ,!     
furlong 0 a hundr$ & tw5ty-five paces2 !
  pace 0 five feet4 ,! anci5t ,hebrews  
_h nei!r miles1 furlongs1 nor  feet1 b  
only ! cubit1 ! re$1 & ! l9e4 ,! rabb9s 
make a  mile to consi/ ( two ?\s&       
cubits1 & f\r miles make a p>asang4     
,,miletus1 a city on ! cont95t ( ,asia  
,m9or1 & 9 ! prov9ce (  ,c>ia1 memorable
 = be+ ! bir?place ( ,?ales1 "o ( ! sev5
  wise m5 ( ,greece1 ( ,anaxim&] &      
,anaxim9es1 ! philosoph]s1 &  (         
,timo!us1 ! musician4 ,x 0 ab\t         
?irty-six miles s\? (  ,ephesus1 & !    

capital ( bo? ,c>ia & ,ionia4 ,!        
,milesians 7  subdu$ by ! ,p]sians1 & ! 
c\ntry pass$ successively into !  p[] ( 
! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,at pres5t ! ,turks
 call x ,molas1 &  x is n f> di/ant f ! 
true ,me&]1 :i* encircles all !  pla9 ) 
_m mazes1 & innum]able w9d+s4 ,x 0 to   
?is place  t ,/4 ,paul call$ ! eld]s ( !
 *ur* ( ,ephesus1 to deliv] 8  la/ *>ge 
to !m1 ,acts xx1 #ae1 c4 ,!re 0 ano!r   
,miletus 9  ,crete1 m5tion$ #b ,tim4 iv1
 #bj4    ,,mill4 ,9 ! fir/ ages !y p>*$ 
or roa/$ _! gra92 a practice  :i* ! p ( 
,israel1 z we le>n f ! ,scriptures1 long
  cont9u$3 aft]w>d !y p\nd$ x 9 a mort>1
 to :i* ,solomon ?us  alludes3 ,?\gh ?\ 
%\lde/ bray a fool 9 a mort> among :eat 
)  a pe/le1 yet w n 8 fooli%ness dep>t f
 him10 ,prov4 xxvii1  #bb4 ,?is 0       
succe$$ by mills1 simil> to ! h& mills  
=m]ly us$  9 ?is c\ntry1 ( :i* !re 7 two
 sorts3 ! fir/ 7 l>ge1  & turn$ by !    
/r5g? ( horses or asses2 ! second 7     
small]1  & wr\ght by m51 commonly by    
slaves condemn$ to ?is h>d lab\r1 z  a  

puni%m5t = _! crimes4 ,*>d9 rem>ks1 9 8 
manuscript1 t  ! p]sons employ$ are     
g5]ally female slaves1 :o are lea/      
reg>d$1 or are lea/ fitt$ = any ?+ else2
 = ! "w is  extremely labori\s1 & e/eem$
 ! l[e/ employm5t ab\t ! h\se4  ,mo/ (  
_! corn is gr\nd by ^! little mills1    
al?\gh !y  sometimes make use ( l>ge    
mills1 wr\ght by ox5 or camels4 ,ne>    
,ispahan1 & "s ( ! o!r great cities (   
,p]sia1 he saw wat]  mills2 b he did n  
meet ) a s+le w9d mill 9 ! ea/4 ,almo/  
e family gr9d _! :eat & b>ley at home1  
hav+ two portable  mill /ones = t       
purpose2 ( :i* ! upp]mo/ is turn$ r\nd  
by  a small h&le ( wood or iron t is    
plac$ 9 ! rim4 ,:5 ?is  /one is l>ge1 or
 exp$ition is requir$1 a second p]son is
 call$ 9  to assi/2 & z x is usual = !  
wom5 only to be conc]n$ 9 ?is           
employm5t1 :o seat !mselves ov] aga9/   
ea* o!r1 ) ! mill  /one betwe5 !m1 we   
may see ! propriety ( ! expression 9 !  
decl>ation ( ,moses3 ,& all ! fir/-born 
9 ! l& ( ,egypt %all  die1 f ! fir/-born

 ( ,ph>aoh t sitte? ^u 8 ?rone ev5  unto
 ! fir/-born ( ! maid-s]vant t is beh9d 
! mill10 ,exod4  xi1 #e4 ,! mann] 9 :i* 
! h& mills are work$ is well describ$   
by ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 9 8 ,travels3   
8,sc>cely _h we rea*$ !  ap>tm5t prep>$ 
= our reception1 :51 look+ f ! w9d[ into
  ! c\rt y>d belong+ to ! h\se1 we      
beheld two wom5 gr9d+ at  ! mill1 9 a   
mann] mo/ =cibly illu/rat+ ! say+ ( our 
,savi\r3 #8,two wom5 %all be gr9d+ at ! 
mill1 ! "o %all be  tak5 & ! o!r left4' 
,!y 7 prep>+ fl\r to make our bread1  z 
x is always cu/om>y 9 ! c\ntry :5       
/rang]s arrive4 ,! two  wom51 seat$ ^u !
 gr\nd opposite to ea* o!r1 held betwe5 
!m  two r\nd flat /ones1 su* z are se5 9
 ,lapl&1 & su* z 9  ,scotl& are call$   
qu]ns4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! upp] /one 0 a     
cavity = p\r+ 9 ! corn1 & by ! side (   
?is an upright  wood5 h&le = mov+ !     
/one4 ,z ?is op]ation began1 "o ( !     
wom5 opposite receiv$ x f h] companion1 
:o pu%$ x t[>d h]1  :o aga9 s5t x to h] 
companion2 ?us communicat+ a rotatory   

motion  to ! upp] /one1 _! left h&s be+ 
all ! :ile employ$ 9  supply+ fre% corn1
 z fa/ z ! bran & fl\r escap$ f !  sides
 ( ! ma*9e40 ,:5 !y are n impell$1 z 9  
?is in/ance1  to premature ex]tions by !
 arrival ( /rang]s1 !y gr9d _!  corn 9 !
 morn+ at break ( day3 ! noise ( ! mill 
is !n to be  he>d e :]e1 & is (t5 s     
great z to r\se ! inhabitants (  !      
cities f _! slumb]s2 = x is well kn[n !y
 bake _!  bread e day1 & commonly gr9d  
_! corn z x is want$4 ,!  noise ( ! mill
 /one is !re=e1 ) great propriety1      
select$ by  ! prophet z "o ( ! tok5s ( a
 popul\s & ?riv+ c\ntry3  ,moreov]1 ,i w
 take f !m ! voice ( mir?1 & ! voice (  
gladness1 ! voice ( ! bridegroom & !    
voice ( ! bride1 !  s\nd ( mill /ones & 
! light ( a c&le1 & _! :ole l&  %all be 
a desolation10 ,j]4 xxv1 #aj4 ,! morn+  
%all no m be  *e]$ ) ! joyful s\nd ( !  
mill1 nor ! %ad[s ( ev5+ by  ! light ( a
 c&le2 ! morn+ %all be sil5t1 & ! ev5+  
d>k  & melan*oly1 :]e desolation reigns4
 ,at ! e>lie/ dawn ( !  morn+10 says    

,mr4 ,=bes1 9 all ! ,h9doo t[ns &       
villages1 !  h& mills are at "w1 :5 !   
m5ials & wid[s gr9d meal = !  daily     
consumption ( ! family3 ?is "w is always
 p]=m$ by wom51  :o resume _! task e    
morn+1 especially ! =lorn ,h9doo  wid[s1
 dive/$ ( e ornam5t1 & ) _! heads %av$1 
degrad$ to almo/ a /ate ( s]vitude40 ,h[
 affect+1 !n1 is !  call to ! daught] ( 
,babylon6--8,come d[n1 & sit 9 ! du/1 ,o
  daught] ( ,babylon1 sit on ! gr\nd3   
!re is no ?rone1 ,o daught]  ( !        
,*aldeans2 = ?\ %alt no m be call$ t5d] 
& delicate4  ,take ! mill /ones1 & gr9d 
meal2 uncov] ?y locks1 make b>e !  leg1 
uncov] ! ?igh1 pass ov] ! riv]s10       
,isaiah xlvii1 #a1 #b4    ,! cu/om (    
daily gr9d+ _! corn = ! family1 %[s !   
propriety ( ! law3 8,no man %all take ! 
ne!r or ! upp] mill  /one to pl$ge1 = he
 take? a man's life to pl$ge20 because  
if he  take ei!r ! upp] or ! ne!r mill  
/one1 he deprives him ( 8  daily        
provision1 :i* _c be prep>$ )\t !m4 ,t  
complete  & p]petual desolation :i*1 by 

! j allotm5t ( ,heav51 is ere  long to  
ov]take ! my/ical ,babylon1 is cle>ly   
signifi$ by ! same  precept3 ,! s\nd ( !
 mill /one %all be he>d no m at all 9   
!e10 ,rev4 xviii1 #bb4 ,! means (       
subsi/5ce be+ entirely  de/roy$1 no     
human creature %all ev] occupy ! ru9$   
habitations  m4 ,9 ! book ( ,judges1 !  
sacr$ hi/orian alludes1 )  *>act]i/ic   
accuracy1 to sev]al circum/ances impli$ 
9 t  cu/om1 :]e he describes ! fall (   
,abimele*4 ,a woman ( ,!bez1  driv5 to  
desp]ation by 8 furi\s attack on ! t[]1 
/>t$ up  f ! mill at :i* %e 0 gr9d+1    
seiz$ ! upp] mill /one1   1 &1 ru%+ to !
 top ( ! gate1 ca/ x on 8 head1 &       
fractur$ 8 skull4 ,?is 0 ! feat ( a     
woman1 = ! mill is  work$ only by       
females2 x 0 n a piece ( a mill /one1 b 
!  rid]1 ! di/+ui%+ "n ( ! upp] mill    
/one1 :i* lit]ally  rides ^u ! o!r1 & is
 a piece or division ( ! mill3 x 0 a    
/one ( two feet broad1 & !re=e fully    
suffici5t1 :5 ?r[n  f su* a height1 to  
produce ! effect m5tion$ 9 ! n>rative4  

,x  displays1 also1 ! v9dictive contempt
 :i* sugge/$ ! puni%m5t  ( ,samson1 !   
captive rul] ( ,israel1 t ! ,phili/9es1 
)  b>b>\s contumely1 compell$ him to    
p]=m ! meane/ s]vice ( a  female slave2 
!y s5t him to gr9d 9 ! prison1 ,judges  
xvi1 #ba1 b  n = himself alone2 ?is1    
al?\gh extremely mortify+ to ! h]o1  _h 
be5 m tol]able2 !y made him gr9d] = !   
prison1 p]haps  :ile ! vile/ malefactor 
0 p]mitt$ to look on1 & jo9 9 !  mock]y4
 ,samson1 ! rul] & av5g] ( ,israel1     
lab\rs1 z ,isaiah  =etold ! virg9       
daught] ( ,babylon %\ld lab\r3 ,come    
d[n1 &  sit 9 ! du/1 ,o virg9 daught] ( 
,babylon3 !re is no ?rone10 no  seat =  
!e1 ,o daught] ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,take !   
mill /ones &  gr9d meal10 b n ) ! wont$ 
song2 ,sit ?\ sil5t1 & get !e  into     
d>kness10 !re to conceal ?y vexation &  
disgrace1 ,isaiah  xlvii1 #a1 #b1 #e4 ,!
 females engag$ 9 ?is op]ation1         
endeav\r$ to  beguile ! l+]+ h\rs (     
toilsome ex]tion ) a song4 ,we le>n  f  
an expression ( ,ari/ophanes1 pres]v$ by

 ,a!nu1 t !  ,grecian maid5s accompani$ 
! s\nd ( ! mill /ones ) _!  voices4 ,?is
 circum/ance imp>ts =ce to ! description
 ( !  prophet1 ! light ( a c&le 0 no m  
to be se5 9 ! ev5+2  ! s\nd ( ! mill    
/ones1 ! indication ( pl5ty1 & ! song ( 
! gr9d]s1 ! natural expression ( joy &  
happ9ess1 7 no m  to be he>d at ! dawn4 
,! gr9d+ ( corn at s e>ly an h\r ?r[s   
light on a passage ( consid]able        
obscurity3 ,& ! sons ( ,rimmon !        
,be]o?ite1 ,re*ab & ,baanah1 w5t1 & came
 ab\t ! heat ( ! day  to ! h\se (       
,i%bo%e?1 :o lay on a b$ at noon2 & !y  
came  ?i!r into ! mid/ ( ! h\se1 z ?\gh 
!y w\ld h fet*$  :eat1 & !y smote him "u
 ! fif? rib2 & ,re*ab & ,baanah 8  bro!r
 escap$10 #b ,sam4 iv1 #e-g4 ,x is /ill 
a cu/om 9 ! ea/1  accord+ to ,dr4 ,p]ry1
 to all[ _! soldi]s a c]ta9 quantity (  
corn1 ) o!r articles ( provisions1      
toge!r ) "s pay2 & z  x 0 ! cu/om1 also1
 to c>ry _! corn to ! mill at break (   
day1 ^! two capta9s v naturally w5t to !
 palace ! day be=e  to fet* :eat1 9 ord]

 to di/ribute x to ! soldi]s1 t x might 
be s5t to ! mill at ! accu/om$ h\r 9 !  
morn+4 ,! pr9ces  ( ! ea/ 9 ^? days1 z !
 hi/ory ( ,david %[s1 l\ng$ 9  _! divan1
 or repos$ on _! c\*1 till ! cool ( !   
ev5+  began to advance4 ,re*ab &        
,baanah1 !re=e1 came 9 ! heat ( !  day1 
:5 !y knew t ,i%bo%e?1 _! ma/]1 w\ld be 
re/+ on  8 b$2 & z x 0 necess>y1 = !    
reason j giv51 to h !  corn ! day be=e x
 0 ne$$1 _! com+ at t "t1 ?\gh x  might 
be a little e>li] ?an usual1 creat$ no  
suspicion1 &  attract$ no notice4       
,,mill5>ians are ^? :o believe1 accord+ 
to an anci5t tradition 9  ! *ur*1 gr\nd$
 on "s d\btful texts 9 ! book (         
,revelation  & o!r scriptures1 t our    
,savi\r %all reign a ?\s& ye>s )  !     
fai?ful ^u e>? aft] ! fir/ resurrection1
 be=e ! full  completion ( f9al         
happ9ess2 & _! "n1 tak5 f ! ,lat9 ^w    
mille1 a ?\s&10 has a direct allusion to
 ! duration ( ?is  spiritual empire1 :i*
 is /yl$ ! mill5nium4 ,a mill5nium1 or a
  future p>adisaical /ate ( ! e>?1 is   

view$ by "s z a doctr9e  n ( ,*ri/ian1 b
 ( ,jewi%1 orig94 ,! tradition :i* fixes
 !  duration ( ! _w1 9 its pres5t       
imp]fect /ate1 to six ?\s&  ye>s1 &     
ann\nces ! approa* ( a ,sabba? ( "o ?\s&
 ye>s (  univ]sal peace & pl5ty1 to be  
u%]$ 9 by ! glori\s adv5t (  ! ,messiah1
 has be5 trac$ up to ,elias1 a rabb9ical
 writ]1 :o  fl\ri%$ ab\t two c5turies   
be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,x c]ta9ly  obta9$ 
among ! ,*aldeans f ! e>lie/ times2 & x 
is  c\nt5anc$ by ,b>nabas1 ,ir5u1 & o!r 
primitive writ]s1 & also  by ! ,jews at 
! pres5t day4 ,b ?\gh ! !ory may n be v 
improbable1 yet1 z x has n ! sanction ( 
,scripture to support x1  we are n b\nd 
to respect x any f>!r ?an z a d\btful   
tradition4  ,! ,jews und]/ood sev]al    
passages ( ! prophets1 z ,ze*>iah xiv1  
#af1 c1 ( ! mill5nium2 9 :i*1 accord+ to
 _! c>nal  appreh5sions1 ! ,messiah is  
to reign on e>?1 & to br+ all  nations  
)9 ! pale1 & "u subjection to !         
ord9ances1 ( !  ,jewi% *ur*4    ,ju/9   
,m>tyr1 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! fa!rs1 0 a     

great support] (  ! doctr9e ( !         
mill5nium1 or t our ,savi\r %all reign )
 !  fai?ful ^u e>?1 aft] ! resurrection1
 = a ?\s& ye>s2 :i*  he decl>es 0 !     
belief ( all or?odox ,*ri/ians4 ,b ?is  
op9ion  is n g5]ally foll[$2 =1 ?\gh !re
 has be51 p]haps1 no age  ( ! *ur* 9 :i*
 ?is doctr9e 0 n admitt$ by "o or m     
div9es ( ! fir/ em95ce1 x yet appe>s1 f 
! writ+s (  ,eusebius1 ,ir5u1 & o!rs    
among ! anci5ts1 z well z f !  hi/ories 
( ,dup91 ,mo%eim1 & o!r mod]ns1 t x 0   
nev]  adopt$ by ! :ole *ur*1 nor =m$ an 
article ( ! e/abli%$  cre$ 9 any nation4
 ,orig51 ! mo/ le>n$ ( ! fa!rs1 &       
,dionysius1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 usually1 
= 8 imm5se erudition1  surnam$ ! ,great1
 bo? oppos$ ! doctr9e t prevail$ on !   
subject 9 _! day2 & ,dr4 ,:itby1 9 8    
le>n$ treatise on !  subject1 proves1   
fir/1 t ! mill5nium 0 nev] g5]ally      
receiv$  9 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/2 &1 secondly1 
t !re is no j gr\nd to  ?9k x 0 d]iv$ f 
! ,apo/les4    ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,t4   
,burnet & o!rs ma9ta9 t x 0 v  g5]ally  

admitt$ till ! ,nic5e c\ncil1 9 #cbe1 or
 till ! f\r?  c5tury4 ,! doctor supposes
 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 :o wrote aga9/ 
,nepos1 an ,egyptian bi%op1 be=e !      
middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 to  h be5 ! fir/
 t attack$ ?is doctr9e2 b ,orig5 _h     
previ\sly assail$ x 9 _m ( 8 fictiti\s  
additions4 ,! tru?  seems to be1 z "o   
well rem>ks1 t a spiritual reign ( ,*ri/
 0  believ$ by all :o c>efully exam9$ ! 
,scriptures1 ?\gh !  popul> notions ( ! 
mill5nium 7 (t5 reject$2 & anci5t z     
well z mod]n writ]s assail$ !           
extravagant sup]/ructure1 n !           
,scriptural f\ndation ( ! doctr9e40     
,dur+ ! int]regnum 9  ,engl&1 9 ! "t (  
,cromwell1 !re arose a set ( en?usia/s  
sometimes call$ ,mill5>ians1 b m        
frequ5tly ,fif? ,mon>*y ,m51  :o expect$
 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 to e/abli%  
on e>? a  new mon>*y or k+dom4 ,9       
consequ5ce ( ?is1 "s ( !m aim$ at  !    
subv]sion ( all human gov]nm5t4 ,9      
anci5t hi/ory we read (  f\r great      
mon>*ies2 ! ,assyrian1 ,p]sian1         

,grecian1 & ! ,roman2  & ^! m51 believ+ 
t ?is new spiritual k+dom ( ,*ri/ 0  to 
be ! fif?1 obta9$ ! "n by :i* !y 7      
call$4 ,!y  claim$ to be ! sa9ts ( ,god1
 & to h ! dom9ion ( sa9ts1  ,dan4 vii1  
#bg2 expect+ t1 :5 ,*ri/ 0 come into ?is
 k+dom1 to  beg9 8 reign on e>?1 !y1 z 8
 deputies1 7 to gov]n all  ?+s "u him4  
,!y w5t s f> z to give up _! own        
,*ri/ian  names1 & assume o!rs f        
,scripture1 l ! ,mani*eans ( old4    ,! 
op9ions ( ! mod]ns on ?is subject may be
 r$uc$ to two3 #a4  ,"s believe t ,*ri/ 
w reign p]sonally on ! e>?1 & t  !      
prophecies ( ! mill5nium po9t to a      
resurrection ( m>tyrs &  o!r j m51 to   
reign ) him a ?\s& ye>s 9 a visible     
k+dom4  #b4 ,o!rs are incl9$ to believe 
t1 by ! reign ( ,*ri/ & !  sa9ts = a    
?\s& ye>s on e>?1 no?+ m is meant ?an t1
  be=e ! g5]al judgm5t1 ! ,jews %all be 
conv]t$1 g5u9e  ,*ri/ianity be diffus$  
?r\gh all nations1 & mank9d enjoy t     
peace & happ9ess :i* ! fai? & precepts (
 ! ,gospel are  calculat$ to conf] on   

all by :om !y are s9c]ely embrac$40 ,!  
/ate ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 say !y1 w be1 = 
a ?\s& ye>s  be=e ! g5]al judgm5t1 s    
pure & s widely ext5d$1 t1 :5  comp>$ ) 
! /ate ( ! _w 9 ! ages prec$+1 x may1 9 
! language ( ,scripture1 be call$ a     
resurrection f ! dead4 ,9  support ( ?is
 int]pretation1 !y quote two passages f 
,/4 ,paul1  9 :i* a conv]sion f         
,paganism to ,*ri/ianity1 & a re=mation 
( life is call$ a resurrection f !      
dead10 ,rom4 vi1 #ac2 ,ephesians  v1    
#ad4 ,!re is1 inde$1 an ord] 9 !        
resurrection1 #a ,cor4 xv1 #bd2  b we no
 :]e obs]ve m5tion made ( a fir/ &      
second resurrection  at ! di/ance ( a   
?\s& ye>s f ea* o!r3 yet1 7 !  mill5>ian
 hypo!sis well f\nd$1 ! words %\ld r h  
run  ?us3 ,*ri/1 ! fir/-fruits1 !n !    
m>tyrs at 8 com+1 & a  ?\s& ye>s aft]w>d
 ! residue ( mank9d1--!n come? ! end10  
c4    ,mr4 ,joseph ,m$e1 ,dr4 ,gill1    
,bi%op ,newton1 ,mr4 ,w9*e/]1 ,mr4      
,eyre1 ,mr4  ,kett1 & a ho/ ( writ]s    
rec5tly1 are advocates = ! fir/ (  ^!   

op9ions1 & cont5d = ! p]sonal reign (   
,*ri/ on e>?4  ,:5 ^! great ev5ts %all  
come to pass10 says ,bi%op ,newton1 8(  
:i* we collect f ! prophecies ?is to be 
! prop] ord]1--!  ,prote/ant witnesses  
%all be greatly exalt$1 & ! twelve      
hundr$  & sixty ye>s ( _! prophesy+ 9   
sackclo?1 & ( ! tyranny (  ! bea/1 %all 
end toge!r2 ! conv]sion & re/oration ( !
  ,jews succe$2 !n foll[s ! ru9 ( !     
,ottoman empire2 & !n !  total          
de/ruction ( ,rome & ( anti*ri/4 ,:5 ^! 
great ev5ts1 ,i  say1 %all come to pass1
 !n %all ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ comm5ce1 or  ! 
reign ( sa9ts ^u e>?4 ,s ,daniel        
expressly in=ms u t !  k+dom ( ,*ri/ & !
 sa9ts w be rais$ ^u ! ru9s ( !  k+dom (
 anti*ri/1 ,daniel vii1 #bf1 #bg4 ,s    
likewise ,/4 ,john sai?1  t1 ^u ! f9al  
de/ruction ( ! bea/ & ( ! false prophet1
  #8,satan is b\nd1' c1 ,rev4 xx1 #b-f4 
,x is1 ,i conceive1 to ^! great  ev5ts1 
! fall ( anti*ri/1 ! re/abli%m5t ( !    
,jews1 & !  beg9n+ ( ! glori\s          
mill5nium1 t ! ?ree diff]5t dates 9     

,daniel1 ( twelve hundr$ & sixty ye>s1  
twelve hundr$ & n9ety  ye>s1 & ?irte5   
hundr$ & ?irty-five ye>s1 are to be     
ref]r$4  ,&1 z ,daniel sai?1 #8,bless$  
is he t waite?1 & come? to !  ?irte5    
hundr$ & ?irty-five ye>s1' ,daniel xii1 
#ab3 s ,/4 ,john  sai?1 #8,bless$ & holy
 is he t ha? "p 9 ! fir/  resurrection1'
 ,rev4 xx1 #f4 ,bless$ & happy1 inde$1 w
 be ?is  p]iod2 & x is v obs]vable1 t ! 
m>tyrs & confessors (  ,jesus1 9 papi/ z
 well z ,pagan times1 w be rais$ to     
p>take (  ?is felicity4 ,!n %all all ^? 
graci\s promises 9 ! ,old  ,te/am5t be  
fulfill$1 ( ! amplitude & ext5t ( !     
peace &  prosp]ity1 ( ! glory &         
happ9ess1 ( ! *ur* 9 ! latt]  days4 ,!n1
 9 ! full s5se ( ! words1 #8%all !      
k+doms ( ?is  _w become ! k+doms ( our  
,"l1 & ( 8 ,*ri/1 & he %all  reign = ev]
 & ev]1' ,rev4 xi1 #ae4 ,accord+ to     
tradition1 ^!  ?\s& ye>s ( ! reign (    
,*ri/ & ! sa9ts w be ! sev5?  mill5>y ( 
! _w2 =1 z ,god creat$ ! _w 9 six days1 
&  re/$ on ! sev5?1 s ! _w1 x is argu$1 

w cont9ue six  ?\s& ye>s1 & ! sev5? ?\s&
 w be ! great sabbatism1 or  holy re/ ( 
! p ( ,god2 #8"o day be+ ) ! ,"l z a    
?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day1' #b  
,pet4 iii1 #h4  ,accord+ to tradition1  
too1 ^! ?\s& ye>s ( ! reign ( ,*ri/  & !
 sa9ts are ! great day ( judgm5t1 9 !   
morn+ or  beg9n+ :]e( %all be ! com+ (  
,*ri/ 9 flam+ fire1 & !  p>ticul>       
judgm5t ( anti*ri/1 & ! fir/            
resurrection2 & 9  ! ev5+ or conclusion 
:]e( %all be ! g5]al resurrection (  !  
dead1 small & great2 #8& !y %all be     
judg$ e man accord+  to 8 works4'0      
,su* is ! repres5tation ( ! mill5nium1 z
 giv5 by ^? :o  embrace ! op9ion (      
,*ri/'s reign+ p]sonally on e>? dur+ !  
p]iod ( "o ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ,dr4 ,:itby1   
,mr4 ,l[man1 c1 cont5d  aga9/ ! lit]al  
int]pretation ( ! mill5nium1 bo? z to   
its  nature & duration4 ,mr4 ,fab]      
obs]ves t1 8respect+ ! yet future  &    
my/]i\s mill5nium1 ! less t is said ^u !
 subject !  bett]4 ,unable myself to =m 
! slighte/ conception ( its specific    

nature1 ,i %all we>y nei!r my own nor my
 read]'s pati5ce )  premature rem>ks ^u 
x4 ,t x w be a season ( great           
bless$ness1 is c]ta92 f>!r ?an ?is we "k
 no?+ def9itely40  ,! mill5>ians d n =m 
a sect di/9ct f o!rs2 b _!  di/+ui%+    
t5et1 9 "o view or o!r1 prevails1 9 a   
great] or  less degree1 among mo/       
d5om9ations into :i* ! ,*ri/ian _w is   
divid$4    ,! foll[+ obs]vations f      
,jones's ,biblical ,cyclopdia are wor?y 
great att5tion = _! sobriety3--,"s h    
suppos$ t !  passage1 ,rev4 xx1 #d1 is  
to be tak5 lit]ally1 z import+ t at t   
"t ,jesus ,*ri/ w come1 9 8 human       
nature1 f heav5 to e>?1  & set 8 k+dom  
up "h1 reign+ visibly & p]sonally1 )    
di/+ui%$ glory on e>?2 t ! bodies ( !   
m>tyrs1 & (  o!r em95t ,*ri/ians w !n be
 rais$ f ! dead1 9 :i*  !y %all live &  
reign ) ,*ri/ "h on e>? a ?\s& ye>s4  ,&
 "s suppose1 t all ! sa9ts1 ! true      
fri5ds to ,god &  ,*ri/1 :o h liv$ be=e 
t "t1 w !n be rais$ f !  dead1 & live on
 e>? p]fectly holy1 dur+ ?is ?\s& ye>s4 

,&  ?is !y suppose is meant by ! fir/   
resurrection4 ,^? :o agree 9  g5]al 9   
?is notion ( ! mill5nium diff] ) respect
 to _m  circum/ances1 :i* x is ne$less  
to m5tion "h4 ,o!rs h  und]/ood ?is     
p>agraph ( ,scripture 9 a figurative    
s5se3 t by  ?is reign ( ,*ri/ on e>?1 is
 n meant 8 com+ f heav5 to  e>? 9 8     
human visible nature2 b 8 tak+ to       
himself 8 p[]1  & utt]ly ov]?r[+ ! k+dom
 ( ,satan1 & sett+ up 8 own  k+dom      
?r\gh\t ! _w :i*1 be=e ?is1 _h be5      
conf9$ to  v n>r[ b\nds2 subdu+ all     
he>ts to a will+ subjection1 &  ?us     
reign+ g5]ally ov] ! m5 :o %all !n be 9 
! _w1 &  live 9 t ?\s& ye>s4 ,& by !    
s\ls ( !m :i* 7  behead$ = ! witness (  
,jesus1 & = ! ^w ( ,god1 & :i*  _h n    
wor%ipp$ ! bea/1 nei!r 8 image1 nei!r _h
 receiv$  8 m>k ^u _! =eheads1 or 9 _!  
h&s10 liv+ aga9 &  reign+ ) ,*ri/ a ?\s&
 ye>s2 !y suppose1 is n meant a  lit]al 
resurrection1 or ! resurrection ( _!    
bodies1 :i* is n  ass]t$ "h1 z !re is   
no?+ said ( _! bodies1 or ( _!  be+     

rais$ to life2 b t !y %all live aga91 & 
reign )  ,*ri/1 9 ! revival1 prosp]ity1 
reign1 & triumph ( t cause &  int]e/ 9  
:i* !y liv$1 & = ! promotion ( :i* !y   
di$2  & 9 ^: dea? ! cause seem$ to      
langui% & become ext9ct4 ,?us  !y %all  
live aga9 9 _! successors1 :o %all arise
 & /& up  ) ! same _s1 & 9 ! same cause1
 9 :i* !y liv$ &  di$1 agreeable to     
anci5t prophecies4 ,! meek %all inh]it !
  e>?40 ,& ! k+dom & dom9ion1 & !       
greatness ( ! k+dom  "u ! :ole heav51   
%all be giv5 to ! p ( ! sa9ts (  ! ,mo/ 
,high2 ^: k+dom is an ev]la/+ k+dom1 &  
all  dom9ions %all s]ve him40 ,& !y     
suppose t ?is revival ( !  cause (      
,*ri/1 by ! num]\s inhabitants ( ! e>?  
ris+ up to a  new & holy life1 is t :i* 
is "h call$ ! fir/ resurrection1  9     
di/9ction f ! second1 :i* w consi/ 9 !  
resurrection  ( ! body2 :]eas ?is is a  
spiritual resurrection2 a resurrection (
  ! cause ( ,*ri/1 :i* _h be51 9 a great
 degree1 dead & lo/2 a  resurrection ( !
 s\ls ( m51 by ! r5ovation ( ! ,holy    

,_s4  ,t ?is important passage (        
,scripture is to be und]/ood 9 !        
figurative s5se1 la/ m5tion$1 is        
probable1 & ! foll[+  consid]ations are 
?\ght suffici5t to support x3--    #a4  
,mo/ if n all ! prophecies 9 ?is book   
are deliv]$ 9  figurative language1     
ref]r+ to types & ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,old
  ,te/am5t2 & 9 imitation ( ! language (
 ! anci5t prophets4 ,&  ?is 0 prop]1 &  
ev5 necess>y1 9 ! be/ mann] to answ] !  
ends ( prophecy1 z might easily be %[n 7
 x necess>y4 ,! fir/  "p ( ?is passage1 
all mu/ all[1 is figurative4 ,satan _c  
be  b\nd ) a lit]al1 mat]ial *a94 ,!    
key1 ! great *a91 & !  seal1 _c be      
und]/ood lit]ally4 ,! :ole is a figure1 
& c  mean no m ?an1 t1 :5 ! "t ( !      
mill5nium arrives1 or  r previ\s to x1  
,jesus ,*ri/ w lay effectual re/ra9ts on
  ,satan1 s t 8 p[]ful & prevail+       
influ5ce1 by :i* he _h  be=e deceiv$ &  
de/roy$ a great "p ( mank9d1 %all be    
:olly  tak5 f him = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,& x is
 mo/ natural to  und]/& ! o!r "p ( !    

description ( ?is rem>kable ev5t to  be 
repres5t$ 9 ! same figurative language1 
z ! :ole is a  repres5tation ( "o sc5e2 
especially1 s9ce no reason c be giv5  :y
 x %\ld n be s und]/ood4    #b4 ,to     
suppose t ,*ri/ %all come 9 8 human     
nature to ?is e>?1  & live "h 9 8 :ole  
p]son visible a ?\s& ye>s be=e !  day ( 
judgm5t1 appe>s to be contr>y to sev]al 
passages (  ,scripture4 ,! com+ ( ,*ri/1
 & 8 appe>+ at ! day (  judgm5t 9 8     
human nature1 is said to be 8 second    
appe>ance1  answ]+ to 8 fir/ appe>ance1 
9 8 human nature on e>?1 f  8 bir? to 8 
asc5sion into heav51 :i* 0 pa/4 ,& z x  
is  appo9t$ unto m5 once to die1 b aft] 
?is ! judgm5t3 s ,*ri/  0 once (f]$ to  
be> ! s9s ( _m2 & unto !m :o look =  him
 %all he appe> ! second "t1 )\t s91 unto
 salvation10 ,heb4  ix1 #bg1 #bh4 ,!    
appe>ance "h spok5 ( is ! appe>ance (   
,*ri/ at  ! day ( judgm5t1 to complete !
 salvation ( 8 *ur*4 ,?is c\ld  n be 8  
appe>+ ! second "t1 7 he ?us to appe>1 &
 to be  bodily pres5t 9 8 human nature  

on e>?1 9 ! "t ( !  mill5nium1 :i* is to
 take place be=e ! day ( judgm5t4 ,!    
com+ ( ,*ri/ does n always int5d 8 com+ 
visibly 9 8 human  nature2 b he is said 
to come1 :5 he de/roy$ ! temple & nation
  ( ! ,jews1 & appe>$ 9 fav\r ( 8 *ur*4 
,s 8 de/ruction (  ,hea!n ,rome1 &      
deliv]+ 8 *ur* f t p]secut+ p[]1 0  an  
in/ance ( 8 com+4 ,& he w1 9 ! same way1
 come to de/roy  anti*ri/1 & ! k+dom (  
,satan 9 ! _w1 & introduce !  mill5nium2
 & 9 ^! in/ances1 & o!rs1 he may be said
 to  appe>4 ,b 8 com+ to judgm5t1 &     
appe>+ to complete ! f9al  de/ruction ( 
all 8 enemies1 & to p]fect ! salvation (
 8  *ur*1 is 8 la/ com+ & appe>ance4 ,b 
if he 7 "h on e>?1  visible 9 8 human   
nature1 & reign+ 9 8 glorifi$ body1 dur+
  ! mill5nium1 he w\ld be already "h to 
att5d ! la/ judgm5t1  & he c\ld n be    
prop]ly said to come f heav51 & to be   
reveal$ f heav51 because ?is 0 done a   
?\s& ye>s be=e4  ,beside1 t ,*ri/ %\ld  
come f heav51 & appe> & reign 9 8  human
 nature & pres5ce be=e ! day ( judgm5t1 

seems to be  contr>y to ! foll[+        
scriptures3 ,= ! ,"l himself %all desc5d
  f heav5 ) a %\t1 ) ! voice ( !        
ar*angel1 & ) !  trump ( ,god3 & ! dead 
9 ,*ri/ %all rise fir/40 ,:5 ! ,"l      
,jesus %all be reveal$ f heav51 ) 8     
mighty angels1 9 flam+  fire1 tak+      
v5geance on !m t "k n ,god10 c4 ,:5 he  
%all  come to be glorifi$ 9 8 sa9ts10 #a
 ,!ss4 iv1 #af2 #b ,!ss4 i1 #g1 #h1     
#aj4 ,?is is evid5tly 8 appe>+ ! second 
"t1 = ! salvation  ( all !m t look =    
him2 b 7 he on e>? be=e ?is1 9 !  human 
nature1 dur+ ! "t ( ! mill5nium1 h[ c\ld
 he be said to  be reveal$1 to desc5d & 
come f heav5 to judge ! _w8    #c4 ,!re 
is no?+ expressly said ( ! resurrection 
( ! body 9  ?is passage4 ,! ,apo/le     
,john saw ! s\ls ( !m :i* 7 behead$  = !
 witness ( ,jesus1 c1 & !y liv$ & reign$
 ) ,*ri/4  ,! resurrection ( ! body is  
no :]e express$ 9 ,scripture by !  s\l's
 liv+4 ,& z !re is no?+ said ( ! body1 &
 he only saw  _! s\ls to live3 ?is does 
n appe> to be a prop] expression to     

d5ote ! resurrection ( ! body1 & _! liv+
 9 t4 ,z ?is1  !re=e1 does n seem to be 
! natural mean+ ( ! words1 &  c]ta9ly is
 n ! necess>y mean+1 we are w>rant$ to  
look =  ano!r mean+1 & to acquiesce 9 x1
 if "o c be f\nd :i* is  m easy &       
natural1 & m agreeable to ! :ole passage
 & to  ! ,scripture 9 g5]al4 ,!re=e1    
#d4 ,! mo/ easy & probable mean+ is1 t !
 s\ls ( ! m>tyrs1  & all ! fai?ful      
foll[]s ( ,*ri/1 :o h liv$ 9 ! _w1  & h 
di$ be=e ! mill5nium %all comm5ce1 %all 
revive &  live aga9 9 _! successors1 :o 
%all rise up 9 ! same _s1  & 9 ! same   
"*1 9 :i* !y liv$ & di$2 & 9 !  revival 
& fl\ri%+ ( t cause :i* !y esp\s$1 &    
sp5t  _! lives 9 promot+4 ,?is is !re=e 
a spiritual resurrection1  d5ot+ t all  
,*ri/'s p %all appe> 9 ! _s & p[]  ( ^? 
m>tyrs & holy m51 :o _h be=e liv$ 9 !   
_w1 &  :o %all live aga9 9 ^! _!        
successors1 & 9 ! revival (  _! cause1  
or 9 ! resurrection ( ! *ur*1 f ! v l[  
/ate 9 :i* x _h be5 be=e ! mill5nium1 to
 a /ate ( great  prosp]ity & glory4 ,?is

 is agreeable to ! way ( repres5t+  ?+s 
9 ,scripture 9 o!r in/ances4 ,john !    
,bapti/ 0 ,elijah1  because he rose 9 ! 
_s ( ,elijah1 & promot$ ! same cause 9  
:i* ,elijah liv$ & di$2 & ,elijah reviv$
 & liv$ 9 ,john !  ,bapti/1 because he  
w5t be=e ,*ri/1 9 ! _s & p[] (  ,elijah1
 ,luke i1 #ag4 ,!re=e ,*ri/ says (      
,john1 ,?is is ,elijah :o  0 to come10  
,matt4 xi1 #ad4    ,) reg>d to ! nature 
( ! mill5nial /ate1 or ! bless+s  :i*   
%all be m p>ticul>ly enjoy$ dur+ t      
p]iod1 !  foll[+ ?+s seem to be m>k$ out
 9 prophecy3--    #a4 ,x is expressly   
said ( ^? :o %all p>take ( ?is fir/     
resurrection1 t !y %all be bless$ &     
holy20 by :i* !  inspir$ writ] seems to 
d5ote t x w be a "t ( em95t  hol9ess4   
,?is w con/itute ! peculi> glory & !    
s\rce ( !  happ9ess ( ! mill5nium /ate1 
,ze*4 xiv1 #bj1 #ba4 ,& t su* w  be !   
case1 we may inf]1 also1 f !            
consid]ation1 t1    #b4 ,!re is reason  
to expect a rem>kable effusion ( ! ,_s1 
ab\t  ! comm5cem5t ( ?is happy p]iod1   

ev5 z !re 0 at ! fir/  sett+ up (       
,*ri/'s k+dom 9 ! _w4 ,beside ! promises
 ( !  ,_s :i* 7 accompli%$ 9 ! apo/olic 
age1 !re are o!rs  :i* f ! connection   
appe> to ref] to ! "t we are n[  speak+ 
(4 ,?us ,isaiah1 aft] hav+ describ$     
,*ri/'s k+dom :i*  0 set up at 8 fir/   
com+1 & !n ! succe$+ desolate /ate  ( ! 
,jews1 repres5ts ?is z cont9u+ until !  
,_s be p\r$  ^u u f on high1 & !        
wild]ness be a fruitful field1 & !      
fruitful field be c\nt$ = a =e/10 ,isa4 
xxxii1 #ae-ai4 ,! ,apo/le  ,paul1 speak+
 ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,jews at ?is p]iod1  
ref]s to a  passage 9 ,isaiah :]e a     
promise ( ! ,_s is made to !m3 8,z =    
me1 ?is is my cov5ant ) !m1 sai? ! ,"l3 
,my ,_s :i* is  ^u !e1 & my words :i* ,i
 h put 9 ?y m\?1 %all n dep>t  out ( ?y 
m\?1 nor out ( ! m\? ( ?y se$1 nor out (
 ! m\?  ( ?y se$'s se$1 sai? ! ,"l1 f   
h5ce=? & = ev]10 ,isa4  lix1 #bj1 #ba2  
,rom4 xi1 #bf1 #bg4 ,! ,"l hav+ m5tion$ 
! =lorn  disp]s$ /ate ( ,israel ?r\gh\t 
! nations1 among :om !y _h  pr(an$ 8 "n1

 promises to ga!r !m1 cleanse !m1 & give
 !m  a new he>t & _s1 & adds1 ,& ,i w   
put my ,_s )9 y1  & cause y to walk 9 my
 /atutes2 & ye %all keep my judgm5ts &  
d !m10 ,ezek4 xxxvi1 #bg2 xxxix1 #bh1   
#bi4 ,! promise ( p\r+ ^u  !m ! _s (    
grace & supplication has also a view to 
?is  p]iod1 ,ze*4 xii1 #aj4 ,?\gh we are
 n to expect ! miracul\s gifts  ( !     
apo/olic age1 yet ! "w ( ! ,_s w        
abundantly appe>  9 qualify+ m5 =       
propagat+ ! ,gospel ?r\gh\t ! _w1  fill+
 !m ) light1 zeal1 c\rage1 & activity1 9
 t "w2 9  giv+ success & effect to !    
,gospel by conv]t+ multitudes to !      
fai?1 quick5+ ! dead 9 trespasses & s9s1
 & translat+ !m  into ! k+dom ( ,*ri/2 &
 9 enlight5+1 quick5+1 purify+1  &      
com=t+ ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 /irr+ !m up to  
great]  livel9ess1 love1 zeal1 activity1
 & fruitfulness 9 8 s]vice4    #c4 ,a   
univ]sal spread ( ! ,gospel1 diffus+ ! k
 ( ! ,"l  ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 a m ext5sive & 
effectual mann] ?an ev]  x 0 be=e4 ,?is 
is repeat$ly promis$3 ,! e>? %all be    

full (  ! k ( ! ,"l1 z ! wat]s cov] !   
sea20 & ?is %all  take place 9 t day :5 
! ,g5tiles %all seek to ! bran* ( !     
root ( ,jesse1 ^: re/ %all be glori\s1 &
 :5 ! ,"l %all set  8 h& aga9 ! second  
"t to recov] ! remnant ( 8 p1 &  %all   
set up an ensign = ! nations1 & %all    
assemble ! outca/s  ( ,israel1 & ga!r   
toge!r ! disp]s$ ( ,judah1 f ! f\r      
corn]s ( ! e>?10 ,isaiah xi1 #i-ab4 ,!  
same promise ( !  univ]sal k ( ! glory (
 ! ,"l is repeat$ 9 ! prophecy  (       
,habakkuk1 ii1 #ad4 ,?is w be att5d$ )  
correspond+ effects3  ,all ! ends ( ! _w
 %all rememb] & turn unto ! ,"l2 & all  
! k9dr$s ( ! nations %all wor%ip be=e   
him10 ,psalm xxii1 #bg2  yea1 all k+s   
%all fall d[n be=e him1 all nations %all
 s]ve him10  ,psalm lxxii1 #aa4 ,& ?\gh 
we may n imag9e t all ! inhabitants  ( !
 globe w h ! true & sav+ k ( ! ,"l2 yet 
we  may expect su* a univ]sal spread (  
light & religi\s k z  %all root up      
,pagan1 ,mohamm$an1 & anti*ri/ian       
delusions1 &  produce _m good effects ^u

 ^? :o are n really reg5]at$1 by  aw+ _!
 m9ds1 tam+ _! f]ocity1 improv+ _!      
morals1 &  mak+ !m peaceable & humane4  
#d4 ,! ,jews w !n be conv]t$ to ! fai? (
 ! ,messiah1 &  p>take ) ! ,g5tiles ( ! 
bless+s ( 8 k+dom4 ,! ,apo/le  ,paul1 9 
! elev5? *apt] ( 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans1
 treats (  ?is at l>ge1 & confirms x f !
 prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4  ,he is  
speak+ ( ,israel 9 a lit]al s5se1 !     
natural po/]ity (  ,abraham2 = he       
di/+ui%es !m bo? f ! believ+ ,g5tiles & 
! ,jewi% conv]ts ( 8 "t1 & describes !m 
z ! re/ :o 7  bl9d$1 _h /umbl$ & fall51 
& s _h n obta9$1 b 7  brok5 (f & ca/    
away1 ,rom4 xi1 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #ag4 
,yet he d5ies t  !y h /umbl$ t !y %\ld  
fall1 t is1 irrecov]ably1 s z  9 no     
future p]iod to be re/or$2 b %[s t      
,god's design 9  p]mitt+ ?is 01 t ?r\gh 
_! fall salvation might come unto  !    
,g5tiles1 & t ?is aga9 might provoke !m 
to jeal\sy or  emulation1 v]se #aa4 ,he 
argues t if _! fall & dim9i%+ 0  ! ri*es
 ( ! ,g5tiles1 & ! ca/+ away ( !m 0 !   

reconcil+ ( ! _w1 _! fulness w be mu* m 
s1 & !  receiv+ ( !m be life f ! dead1  
v]ses #ab1 #ae4 ,he f>!r  argues1 t if !
 ,g5tiles 7 graft$ contr>y to nature    
into a good  olive tree1 h[ mu* m %all  
^! :i* be ! natural bran*es be  graft$  
into _! own olive tree80 v]se #bd4 ,nor 
did he consid] ?is  ev5t z m]ely        
probable1 b z absolutely c]ta92 = he %[s
 t  ! pres5t bl9dness & future conv]sion
 ( t p is !  my/]y or hidd5 s5se (      
prophecies conc]n+ !m2 & he cites two  (
 ^! prophecies :]e ! context =etels bo? 
_! rejection &  recov]y1 ,isaiah lix1   
#bj1 #ba2 xxvii1 #i4    #e4 ,! purity ( 
visible *ur* communion1 wor%ip1 &       
discipl9e1 w  !n be re/or$ accord+ to ! 
primitive apo/olic patt]n4 ,dur+  !     
reign ( anti*ri/ a corrupt$ =m (        
,*ri/ianity 0 drawn ov]  ! nations1 &   
e/abli%$ 9 ! political con/itutions ( ! 
k+doms :i* 7 subject to t mon/r\s p[]4  
,by ?is means !  *ildr5 ( ,god 7 ei!r   
mix$ 9 visible religi\s communion )  !  
pr(ane _w1 9 direct opposition to ! ^w (

 ,god1 or  p]secut$ = _! noncon=mity4 ,9
 ref]5ce to ?is /ate (  ?+s1 ! angel    
comm&s ,/4 ,john to leave out ! c\rt :i*
 is  )\t ! temple1 & n to measure x1 =  
?is reason1 because x  is giv5 to !     
,g5tiles2 & ! holy city %all !y tread "u
 foot  =ty & two mon?s10 ,rev4 xi1 #b2 t
 is1 !y %all pollute &  pr(ane ! wor%ip 
& communion ( ! *ur* dur+ ! "o ?\s&  two
 hundr$ & sixty ye>s ( anti*ri/'s reign1
 s t x _c be  measur$ by ! rule ( ,god's
 ^w4 ,b :5 ! p]iod we are speak+  ( %all
 arrive1 ! sanctu>y %all be cleans$1    
,dan4 viii1 #ad2 !  visible communion1  
wor%ip1 ord]1 & discipl9e ( ! h\se (    
,god  w !n be re/or$ to _! primitive    
purity1 & accord ) !  rule ( ! ,new     
,te/am5t4 ,s x is promis$ to ,zion1     
,h5ce=? !re  %all no m come into !e !   
uncircumcis$ & ! unclean10 ,isaiah  lii1
 #a4 ,?y p %all be all righte\s2 !y %all
 inh]it ! l&  = ev]1 ! bran* ( my       
plant+1 ! "w ( my h&s1 t ,i may be      
glorifi$10 ,isaiah lx1 #ba4 ,& 9 t day  
!re %all be no m !  ,canaanite 9 ! h\se 

( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s10 ,ze*4 xiv1 #ba4    #f4
 ,! ,"l's special pres5ce & resid5ce w  
!n be 9 ! mid/  ( 8 p4 ,*ri/ ha? promis$
 to be ) 8 p 9 e  p]iod ( ! *ur*1 ev5   
unto ! end ( ! _w1 ,matt4 xxviii1 #bj1  
& t he w be 9 ! mid/ ev5 ( two or ?ree (
 !m :5  ga!r$ toge!r 9 8 "n1 ,matt4     
xviii1 #bj4 ,he also calls !m to  purity
 ( communion & p]sonal hol9ess1 &       
promise? to dwell 9  !m & walk 9 !m1 #b 
,cor4 vi1 #af1 #ag2 b ?is w be fulfill$ 
9  an em95t & rem>kable mann] dur+ !    
mill5nial p]iod4 ,! ,"l1  hav+ promis$  
to raise ,israel out ( _! graves1 to    
ga!r !m f  among ! ,hea!n1 & br+ !m into
 ! *ur* & k+dom ( ,*ri/1  z "o fold hav+
 "o %eph]d1 adds1 ,& ,i w set my        
sanctu>y 9  ! mid/ ( !m = ev]more2 my   
tab]nacle also %all be ) !m2  yea1 ,i w 
be _! ,god1 & !y %all be my p10 ,ezek4  
xxxvii1  #aa-bg4 ,?is alludes to 8      
dwell+ among ,israel 9 ! tab]nacle &    
sanctu>y ( old1 ,lev4 xxvi1 #aa1 #ab2 & 
imports 8 manife/+ himself  unto !m1    
admitt+ !m into ! mo/ intimate          

correspond5ce &  communion ) himself 9 8
 ord9ances1 communicat+ light1 life1 &  
consolation to !m by 8 ,_s2 & also 8    
protection & c>e (  !m z 8 peculi> p4 ,x
 is intimat$ t !re w be su*  visible    
tok5s ( ! div9e pres5ce & resid5ce among
 !m z w  fall "u ! notice ( ! _w1 &     
produce conviction & awe1 z  0 9 "s     
measure ! case 9 ! fir/ *ur*es1 ,acts   
ii1 #dg2 v1 #aa1  #ac2 #a ,cor4 xiv1    
#bd1 #be2 = x is add$1 ,& ! ,hea!n %all 
"k t  ,i ! ,"l d sanctify ,israel1 :5 my
 sanctu>y %all be 9 ! mid/  ( !m =      
ev]more10 ,ezek4 xxxvii1 #bh4 ,inde$1   
?is is t v  promise :i* is repres5t$ to 
,/4 ,john z accompli%$3 ,& ,i he>d a    
great voice out ( heav51 say+1 ,behold1 
! tab]nacle ( ,god is )  m51 & he w     
dwell ) !m1 & !y %all be 8 p1 & ,god    
himself %all be ) !m1 & be _! ,god10    
,rev4 xxi1 #c4    #g4 ,?is w be a "t (  
univ]sal peace1 tranquillity & safety4  
,p]sons naturally ( ! mo/ savage1       
f]oci\s1 & cruel disposition1  w !n be  
tame & h>mless2 s x is promis$1 ,isaiah 

xi1 #f-aj4  ,:e!r we consid] ! p]sons   
repres5t$ by ^! hurtful animals to  be  
conv]t$ or n1 x is c]ta9 !y w !n be     
effectually  re/ra9$ f do+ h>m1 or      
p]secut+ ! sa9ts4 ,!re %all be no  w>   
nor blood%$ among ! nations dur+ ?is    
happy p]iod2 = we are  told1 t1 9 ! la/ 
days1 :5 ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l's h\se  %all  
be e/abli%$ 9 ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & %all 
be exalt$  above ! hills1 & all nations 
%all fl[ unto x2 ! ,"l %all  judge among
 ! nations1 & %all rebuke _m p2 & !y    
%all  beat _! swords into pl\gh%>es1 &  
_! spe>s into prun+  hooks2 nation %all 
n lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all
 !y  le>n w> any m10 ,isaiah ii1 #d4 ,! 
same promise is repeat$ ^w =  ^w 9 !    
prophecies ( ,micah1 iv1 #c4 ,mu* to !  
same purpose is t  promise 9 ,hosea ii1 
#ah4 ,?\gh w> has hi!rto delug$ ! _w )  
human blood1 & be5 a s\rce ( complicat$ 
calamities to mank9d1  yet1 :5 ,satan is
 b\nd1 8 influ5ce ^u wick$ m5 re/ra9$1 &
  ! sa9ts be> rule1 x mu/ necess>ily    
cease4    #h4 ,! civil rul]s & judges   

%all !n be all ma9ta9]s ( peace  &      
righte\sness4 ,?\gh ,*ri/ w put d[n all 
t rule1 p[]1 &  au?ority :i* oppose? !  
peace & prosp]ity ( 8 k+dom2 yet z      
rul]s are ! ord9ance ( ,god1 & 8 m9i/]s 
= good2 z "s  =m ( gov]nm5t seems       
absolutely necess>y to ! ord] & happ9ess
  ( society 9 ?is _w2 x is ?\ght t :5 ! 
k+doms ( ?is  _w are become our ,"l's & 
8 ,*ri/'s1 ! promise w be  accompli%$1  
,i w also make ?y (fic]s peace1 & ?9e   
exactors  righte\sness20 & 9 consequ5ce 
( ?is1 viol5ce %all no m be  he>d 9 ?y  
l&1 wa/+ nor de/ruction )9 ?y bord]s2 b 
?\  %alt call ?y walls salvation1 & ?y  
gates praise10 ,isaiah lx1 #ag1  #ah4   
,peace & righte\sness are ! two great   
ends ( gov]nm5t3 ,*ri/  himself is k+ ( 
righte\sness1 & k+ ( peace1 & ! civil   
rul]s dur+ t happy p]iod w resemble him 
9 _! "* &  adm9i/ration2 = !n %all t    
promise be fulfill$3 ,9  righte\sness   
%alt ?\ be e/abli%$3 ?\ %alt be f> f    
oppression1 = ?\ %alt n fe>2 & f t]ror1 
= x %all n  come ne> !e10 ,isaiah liv1  

#ad4    #i4 ,! sa9ts %all !n h !        
dom9ion1 & ! wick$ %all be 9            
subjection4 ,?is is cle> f ! unit$ voice
 ( prophecy3 ,! k+dom  & dom9ion1 & !   
greatness ( ! k+dom "u ! :ole heav51    
%all be giv5 to ! p ( ! sa9ts ( ! ,mo/  
,high10 ,dan4 vii1  #bg4 ,! sa9ts ( !   
,mo/ ,high %all take ! k+dom1 & possess 
!  k+dom = ev]10 ,dan4 vii1 #ah4 ,! meek
 %all inh]it ! e>?10  ,matt4 v1 #e2 %all
 reign on ! e>?10 ,rev4 v1 #aj2 %all    
reign )  ,*ri/ a ?\s& ye>s10 ,rev4 xx1  
#d2 !y %all be prie/s ( ,god1 &  (      
,*ri/1 & %all reign ) him a ?\s& ye>s10 
,rev4 xx1 #f4 ,!  sa9ts are at pres5t   
made k+s & prie/s unto ,god1 a k+ly     
prie/hood1 #a ,pet] ii1 #i2 b !n !y %all
 be m em95tly s1  :51 by ! hol9ess ( _! 
lives1 ! purity ( _! fai? &  wor%ip1 &  
_! dilig5ce 9 promot+ pure & undefil$   
religion1  ! e>? %all he fill$ ) ! k ( !
 ,"l4 ,!n %all  t promise be fully      
accompli%$1 ,ye %all be nam$ ! prie/s ( 
!  ,"l2 m5 %all call y ! m9i/]s ( our   
,god10 ,isaiah lxi1 #f4 ,)  reg>d to !  

nature ( _! reign1 x w und\bt$ly        
correspond 9  all respects ) ! spiritual
 & heav5ly nature ( ,*ri/'s k+dom1  to !
 promotion ( :i* all _! p[] w be        
subs]vi5t4 ,^? :o  _c conceive ( any    
reign ^u e>?1 b su* z consi/s 9 lordly  
& oppressive dom9ion1 ma9ta9$ by policy 
& =ce1 & made  subs]vi5t to ! purposes (
 pride1 ambition1 av>ice1 & o!r  worldly
 lu/s1 c h no idea at all ( ?is reign ( 
! sa9ts )  ,*ri/1 :i* is a reign ( peace
 on e>? & good w to m52 a reign  ( tru? 
& righte\sness1 ( true godl9ess &       
univ]sal humanity4 ,9  %ort1 x is !     
preval5ce & triumph ( ! cause ( ,*ri/ 9 
?is  _w ov] t ( ,satan & all 8          
in/rum5ts4 ,h[ delightful !n  !         
prospects :i* op5 ^u ! eye ( fai? 9 !   
prophetic vision6  ,*ri/ianity prevails 
univ]sally1 & ! consequ5ces are mo/     
blissful4 ,our race assumes ! appe>ance 
( "o va/ virtu\s &  peaceful family4    
,our _w becomes ! seat ( "o gr&         
triumphant  ador+ assembly4 ,at l5g? !  
sc5e m+les ) ! heav5s1 &1  ris+ 9       

brightness1 is bl5d$ ) ! glories on     
high4 ,! my/]ies  ( ,god on e>? are     
f9i%$1 ! times ( ! reg5]ation are       
fulfill$4 ,! ,son ( ,god desc5ds4 ,!    
sc5e closes ) div9e  gr&eur3 ,& ,i he>d 
z x 7 ! voice ( a great multitude1 & z  
! voice ( _m wat]s1 & z ! voice ( _m    
?und]+s1 say+1  ,alleluia2 = ! ,"l ,god 
omnipot5t reigne?4 ,! k+doms ( ?is  _w  
are become ! k+doms ( our ,"l & 8 ,*ri/4
 ,& ,i saw a  new heav5 & a new e>?2 = !
 fir/ heav5 & ! fir/ e>?  7 pass$ away2 
& !re 0 no m sea4 ,& ,i saw ! holy city1
  ,new ,j]usalem1 com+ d[n f ,god out ( 
heav54 ,& ,i he>d a great  voice out (  
heav51 say+1 ,behold1 ! tab]nacle ( ,god
 is ) m51  & he w dwell ) !m1 & !y %all 
be 8 p1 & ,god  himself %all be ) !m1 & 
be _! ,god40    ,,millet1 1 ,ezek4 iv1  
#i1 a k9d ( plant s call$ f its ?ru/+   
=? su* a quantity ( gra9s4 ,?us 9 ,lat9 
x is call$ millium1  z if "o /alk bore a
 ?\s& se$s4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t !      
do*an means :at is n[ call$ 9 ! ea/     
durra2 :i*1 accord+  to ,niebuhr1 is a  

sort ( millet1 & :5 made into bad bread 
)  camel's milk1 oil1 butt]1 or grease1 
is almo/ ! only food :i* is  eat5 by !  
common p 9 ,arabia ,felix4 ,i f\nd x s  
disagreeable10  says he1 t ,i %\ld      
will+ly h pref]r$ pla9 b>ley bread to   
x40 ,?is illu/rates ! appo9tm5t ( x to !
 ,prophet ,ezekiel z a  "p ( 8 h>d f>e4 
,durra is also us$ 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria1 
&  x is g5]ally agre$ t x yields mu* m  
?an any o!r k9d (  gra94 ,hill] &       
,celsius insi/ t ! do*an is ! panic2 b  
,=skal has expressly m5tion$ ! dokn1    
holcus do*na1 z a k9d  ( maize1 (       
consid]able use 9 food2 & ,br[n1 9 8    
,travels1  describes ! mode ( cultivat+ 
x4    ,,millo1 a "p or suburb (         
,j]usalem4 ,david built r\nd ab\t f     
,millo  & inw>d10 #b ,sam4 v1 #i2 t is1 
he built r\nd ab\t f ! place  :]e ,millo
 0 aft]w>d erect$ by ,solomon1 or :]e m 
probably !  s5ate h\se1 or ,millo ( !   
,jebusites1 _h /ood1 :i* 0 pull$  d[n to
 make room = ! m sumptu\s edifice (     
,solomon1 to 8 own  h\se2 s t ,david    

built f ,m\nt ,zion1 q r\nd to !        
opposite  po9t4 ,h5ce1 ! resid5ce (     
,david1 ev5 9 ! reign ( t r5[n$  mon>*1 
began to assume ! size & spl5d\r ( a    
city4    ,,m9i/]1 "o :o att5ds or waits 
on ano!r2 s we f9d ,eli%a 0 !  m9i/] (  
,elijah1 & did him s]vices ( v>i\s k9ds1
 #b ,k+s iii1  #aa4 ,s ,jo%ua 0 ! s]vant
 ( ,moses1 ,exod4 xxiv1 #ac2 xxxiii1    
#aa4 ,&  ^! p]sons did n by any means   
feel !mselves degrad$ by _!  /ations1 b 
9 due "t !y succe$$ to ! (fices ( _!    
ma/]s4 ,9 l mann] ,john ,m>k 0 m9i/] to 
,paul & ,b>nabas1  ,acts xiii1 #e4 ,*ri/
 is call$ a m9i/] ( ! true1 t is1 !     
heav5ly1 sanctu>y4 ,! m9i/] ( !         
synagogue 0 appo9t$ to keep  ! book ( ! 
law1 to obs]ve t ^? :o read x1 read x   
correctly1 c1 ,luke iv1 #bj4 ,! rabb9s  
say he 0 ! same z ! angel  ( ! *ur*1 or 
ov]se]4 ,lightfoot says1 ,baal ,aru*    
exp\nds !  *azan1 or m9i/] ( !          
congregation1 by %elia* hatzibbor1 or   
angel ( ! congregation2 & f ?is common  
plat=m &  con/itution ( ! synagogue1 we 

may obs]ve ! ,apo/le's expression  ( "s 
eld]s rul+ & lab\r+ 9 ^w & doctr9e1 o!rs
 9 !  g5]al affairs ( ! synagogue4      
,m9i/]s 7 s]vants1 yet s]vants  n m5ial1
 b hon\rable2 ^? :o expla9 ! ^w1 &      
conduct !  s]vice ( ,god2 ^? :o disp5se 
! laws & promote ! welf>e (  !          
community2 ! holy angels :o 9 ob$i5ce to
 ! div9e comm&s  protect1 pres]ve1      
succ\r1 & b5efit ! godly1 are all       
m9i/]s1  b5eficial m9i/]s1 to ^? :o are 
"u _! *>ge1 ,heb4 viii1 #b2  ,exod4 xxx1
 #aj2 ,lev4 xvi1 #ae2 #a ,cor4 iv1 #a2  
,romans xiii1 #f2 ,psalm civ1 #d4       
,,m9t1 ,matt4 xxiii1 #bc2 ,luke xi1 #db2
 a g>d5 h]b well kn[n4 ,! law  did n    
oblige ! ,jews to give ! ti! ( ?is sort 
( h]bs2 x only  requir$ x ( ^? ?+s :i*  
c\ld be compreh5d$ "u ! "n  ( income or 
rev5ue4 ,b ! ,ph>isees1 desir\s (       
di/+ui%+  !mselves by a m scrupul\s &   
lit]al obs]vance ( ! law ?an  o!rs1 gave
 ! ti!s ( m9t1 anise1 & cumm910 ,matt4  
xxiii1 #bc4  ,*ri/ reprov$ !m because t1
 :ile !y 7 s precise 9 ^!  less] matt]s1

 !y neglect$ ! m ess5tial comm&m5ts ( ! 
law1 & sub/itut$ obs]vances1 frivol\s & 
insignificant1 9 !  place ( ju/ice1     
m]cy1 & tru?4    ,,miracles4 ,a miracle1
 9 ! popul> s5se1 is a prodigy1 or an   
extraord9>y ev5t1 :i* surprises u by its
 novelty4 ,9 a m  accurate & philosophic
 s5se1 a miracle is an effect :i* does n
  foll[ f any ( ! regul> laws ( nature1 
or :i* is inconsi/5t  ) "s kn[n law ( x1
 or contr>y to ! settl$ con/itution &   
c\rse ( ?+s4 ,accord+ly1 all miracles   
presuppose an e/abli%$  sy/em ( nature1 
)9 ! limits ( :i* !y op]ate1 & ) !  ord]
 ( :i* !y disagree4 ,( a miracle 9 !    
!ological s5se _m  def9itions h be5     
giv54 ,t ( ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke is3 ,a   
miracle is  a "w effect$ 9 a mann]      
unusual1 or diff]5t f ! common &  regul>
 me?od ( provid5ce1 by ! int]position ( 
,god himself1 or (  "s intellig5t ag5t  
sup]ior to man1 = ! pro( or evid5ce (   
"s p>ticul> doctr9e1 or 9 atte/ation ( !
 au?ority ( "s  p>ticul> p]son40 ,mr4   
,hume has insidi\sly or errone\sly      

ma9ta9$  t a miracle is contr>y to      
exp]i5ce2 b 9 reality x is only  diff]5t
 f exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce in=ms u t "o ev5t
 has  happ5$ (t52 te/imony in=ms u t    
ano!r ev5t has happ5$  once or m4 ,t    
diseases %\ld be g5]ally cur$ by !      
application  ( ext]nal causes1 &        
sometimes at ! m]e ^w ( a prophet1 &    
)\t ! visible application ( causes1 are 
facts n inconsi/5t  ) ea* o!r 9 ! nature
 ( ?+s !mselves1 nor irreconcilable     
accord+ to our ideas4 ,ea* fact may     
arise f its own prop] cause2  ea* may   
exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r2 & ea* is kn[n 
by its own  prop] pro(1 :e!r ( s5se or  
te/imony4 ,z secret causes (t5  produce 
ev5ts contr>y to ^? we d expect f       
exp]i5ce1 x is  equally conceivable t   
ev5ts %\ld sometimes be produc$ :i* we d
  n expect4 ,to pron\nce1 !re=e1 a      
miracle to be false1 because x  is      
diff]5t f exp]i5ce is only to conclude  
aga9/ its g5]al  exi/5ce f ! v          
circum/ance :i* con/itutes its p>ticul> 
nature2 = if x 7 n diff]5t f exp]i5ce1  

:]e w\ld be its  s+ul>ity8 or :at       
p>ticul> pro( c\ld be drawn f x1 if x   
happ5$ accord+ to ! ord9>y tra9 ( human 
ev5ts1 or 0  includ$ 9 ! op]ation ( !   
g5]al laws ( nature8 ,we grant t  x does
 diff] f exp]i5ce2 b we d n presume to  
make our  exp]i5ce ! /&>d ( ! div9e     
conduct4 ,he t ackn[l$ges a  ,god mu/1  
at lea/1 admit ! possibility ( a        
miracle4 ,! a!i/1  t makes him          
insep>able f :at is call$ nature1 & b9ds
 him to  its laws by an insurm\ntable   
necessity2 t deprives him ( w1 &        
wisdom1 & p[]1 z a di/9ct & indep5d5t   
,be+2 may d5y ev5  ! v possibility ( a  
miracul\s int]position1 :i* c 9 any     
in/ance susp5d or c\nt]act ^? g5]al laws
 by :i* ! _w is  gov]n$4 ,b he :o all[s 
( a ,fir/ ,cause 9 itself p]fect &      
intellig5t1 ab/ract$ly f ^? effects :i* 
8 wisdom & p[]  h produc$1 mu/ at ! same
 "t all[ t ?is cause c be "u  no su*    
re/ra9ts z to be deb>r$ ! lib]ty (      
controll+ its laws  z (t5 z x sees fit4 
,surely1 ! ,be+ t made ! _w c  gov]n x1 

or any "p ( x1 9 su* a mann] z he       
pleases2 & he  t con/itut$ ! v laws by  
:i* x is 9 g5]al conduct$1 may  susp5d !
 op]ation ( ^? laws 9 any giv5 in/ance1 
or impress  new p[]s on matt]1 9 ord] to
 produce new & extraord9>y effects4     
,9 judg+ ( miracles !re are c]ta9       
crit]ia1 peculi> to !  subject1         
suffici5t to conduct our inquiries1 &   
w>rant our  det]m9ation4 ,assur$ly !y d 
n appeal to our ignorance1 = !y         
presuppose n only ! exi/5ce ( a g5]al   
ord] ( ?+s1 b our  actual k ( !         
appe>ance :i* t ord] exhibits1 & ( !    
second>y mat]ial causes f :i* x1 9 mo/  
cases1 proce$s4 ,if a  miracul\s ev5t 7 
effect$ by ! imm$iate h& ( ,god1 & yet  
bore no m>k ( di/9ction f ! ord9>y      
effects ( 8 ag5cy1 x  w\ld impress no   
conviction1 & probably awak5 no         
att5tion4 ,our  k ( ! ord9>y c\rse (    
?+s1 ?\gh limit$1 is real2 &  !re=e x is
 ess5tial to a miracle1 bo? t x diff] f 
t  c\rse1 & be accompani$ ) peculi> &   
unequivocal signs ( su*  diff]5ce4 ,we h

 be5 told t ! c\rse ( nature is fix$ &  
unalt]able1 & !re=e x is n consi/5t ) ! 
immutability (  ,god to p]=m miracles4  
,b1 surely1 !y :o reason 9 ?is mann] beg
  ! po9t 9 "q4 ,we h no "r to assume t !
 ,deity has  orda9$ su* g5]al laws z w  
exclude 8 int]position2 & we  _c suppose
 t he w\ld =be> to int]f]e :]e any      
important  end c\ld be answ]$4 ,?is     
int]position1 ?\gh x controls1 9        
p>ticul> cases1 ! en]gy1 does n dim9i% !
 utility1 ( ^?  laws4 ,x leaves !m to   
fulfil _! own prop] purposes1 & effects 
only a di/9ct purpose1 = :i* !y 7 n     
calculat$4 ,if !  c\rse ( nature implies
 ! g5]al laws ( matt] & motion1 into    
:i* ! mo/ opposite ph5om5a may be       
resolv$1 x is c]ta9 t we  d n yet "k !m 
9 _! full ext5t2 &1 !re=e1 t ev5ts1  :i*
 are relat$ by judici\s & dis9t]e/$     
p]sons1 & at !  same "t imply no gross  
contradiction1 are possible 9 !mselves1 
&  capable ( a c]ta9 degree ( pro(4 ,if 
! c\rse ( nature implies  ! :ole ord] ( 
ev5ts :i* ,god has orda9$ = ! gov]nm5t (

  ! _w1 x includes bo? 8 ord9>y &       
extraord9>y  disp5sations1 & among !m   
miracles may h _! place1 z a "p  ( !    
univ]sal plan4 ,x is1 inde$1 consi/5t ) 
s\nd philosophy1  & n inconsi/5t ) pure 
religion1 to ackn[l$ge t !y might  be   
dispos$ by ! supreme ,be+ at ! same "t )
 ! m ord9>y  effects ( 8 p[]2 t _!      
causes & occasions might be arrang$  ) !
 same regul>ity2 & t1 9 ref]5ce *iefly  
to _!  concomitant circum/ances ( p]sons
 & times1 to ! specific ends =  :i* !y 7
 employ$1 & to our idea ( ! imm$iate    
necessity  !re is = a div9e ag5t1       
miracles w\ld diff] f common ev5ts1  9  
:i* ! h& ( ,god acts z efficaci\sly1    
?\gh less visibly4 ,on  ?is consid]ation
 ( ! subject1 miracles1 in/ead (        
contradict+  nature1 might =m a "p ( x4 
,b :at our limit$ reason & scanty       
exp]i5ce may compreh5d %\ld nev] be     
repres5t$ z a full &  exact view ( !    
possible or actual v>ieties :i* exi/ 9 !
 works  ( ,god4    #b4 ,if we be ask$   
:e!r miracles are cr$ible1 we reply1 t1 

ab/ract$ly consid]$1 !y are n incr$ible2
 t !y are capable  ( indirect pro( f    
analogy1 & ( direct1 f te/imony2 t 9  ! 
common & daily c\rse ( worldly affairs1 
ev5ts1 !  improbability ( :i*1          
antec$5tly to all te/imony1 0 v great1  
are prov$ to h happ5$1 by ! au?ority (  
compet5t & hone/  witnesses2 t !        
,*ri/ian miracles 7 objects ( real &    
prop]  exp]i5ce to ^? :o saw !m2 & t    
:atsoev] ! s5ses (  mank9d c p]ceive1 _!
 report may sub/antiate4 ,%\ld x be ask$
  :e!r miracles 7 necess>y1 & :e!r ! end
 propos$ to be  effect$ by !m c\ld      
w>rant s imm$iate & extraord9>y an      
int]f]5ce ( ! ,almighty1 z su*          
extraord9>y op]ations suppose2  to ?is  
we might answ]1 t1 if ! fact be         
e/abli%$1 all  reason+s  priori conc]n+ 
_! necessity mu/ be frivol\s1 &  may be 
false4 ,we are n capable ( decid+ on a  
"q :i*1  h[ev] simple 9 appe>ance1 is   
yet too complex 9 its p>ts1 & too       
ext5sive 9 its object1 to be fully      
compreh5d$ by ! human  und]/&+4 ,:e!r   

,god c\ld or c\ld n h effect$ all ! ends
  design$ to be promot$ by ! ,gospel1   
)\t deviat+ f ! common  c\rse ( 8       
provid5ce1 & int]f]+ ) its g5]al laws1  
is a  speculation t a mode/ inquir] w\ld
 c>efully avoid2 = x c>ries  on ! v face
 ( x a degree ( presumption totally     
unbecom+ !  /ate ( a mortal be+4        
,inf9itely saf] is x = u to acquiesce 9 
:at ! ,almighty has done1 ?an to        
emb>rass our m9ds )  speculations ab\t  
:at he might h done4 ,inquiries ( ?is   
k9d are  g5]ally inconclusive1 & always 
useless4 ,!y re/ on no solid  pr9ciples1
 are conduct$ by no fix$ rules1 & lead  
to no cle>  conviction4 ,!y beg9 f      
curiosity or vanity1 !y are prosecut$   
amid/ ignorance & error1 & !y frequ5tly 
t]m9ate 9 impi\s  presumption or        
univ]sal skepticism4 ,god is ! be/ &    
inde$ ! only  judge h[ f> miracles are  
prop] to promote any p>ticul> design (  
8 provid5ce1 & h[ f> t design w\ld h be5
 left  unaccompli%$1 if common & ord9>y 
me?ods only _h be5 pursu$4  ,s1 f !     

abs5ce ( miracles1 we may conclude1 9   
any suppos$ case1  t !y 7 n necess>y2 f 
_! exi/5ce1 support$ by fair  te/imony1 
9 any giv5 case1 we may inf] ) confid5ce
 t !y are  prop]4 ,a view ( ! /ate ( !  
_w 9 g5]al1 & ( ! ,jewi%  nation 9      
p>ticul>1 & an exam9ation ( ! nature &  
t5d5cy (  ! ,*ri/ian religion1 w po9t   
out v cle>ly ! great exp$i5cy  ( a      
miracul\s int]position2 & :5 we reflect 
on ! graci\s &  important ends t 7 to be
 effect$ by x1 we %all be conv9c$  t x 0
 n an idle & useless display ( div9e    
p[]2 b t  :ile ! means effect$ &        
confirm$ ! end1 ! end fully ju/ifi$  &  
illu/rat$ ! means4 ,if we reflect on !  
almo/ irresi/ible  =ce ( prejudice1 & ! 
/rong opposition x univ]sally made to ! 
e/abli%m5t ( a new religion on !        
demolition ( rites &  c]emonies1 :i*    
au?ority _h made sacr$1 & cu/om _h      
famili>iz$2 if we reflect on ! ext5t &  
importance1 z well z !  s+ul>ity1 ( !   
,*ri/ian plan2 :at 0 its av[$ purpose to
  effect1 & :at difficulties x 0        

necess>ily call$ to /ruggle )  be=e t   
purpose c\ld be effect$2 h[ mu* x 0     
oppos$ by !  op9ions & ! practice ( !   
g5]ality ( mank9d1 by philosophy1  by   
sup]/ition1 by corrupt passions &       
invet]ate habits1 by pride &  s5suality1
 9 %ort1 by e eng9e ( human influ5ce1   
:e!r =m$  by craft1 or aid$ by p[]2--if 
we s]i\sly reflect on ^! ?+s1  & give !m
 _! due =ce1 7& exp]i5ce %[s u t we c   
sc>cely give !m too mu*17 we %all be    
induc$ to admit ev5 !  necessity ( a    
miracul\s int]position1 at a "t :5      
common means  mu/ inevitably1 9 our     
appreh5sions1 h fail$ ( success4    ,!  
revelation ( ! div9e w by inspir$ p]sons
 is1 z su*1  miracul\s2 & !re=e1 be=e ! 
adv]s>ies ( ! ,gospel c  employ )       
propriety _! objections to ! p>ticul>   
miracles on  :i* its cr$ibility is bas$1
 !y %\ld %[ ! impossibility (  any      
revelation4 ,9 :atev] age ! revelation  
is giv51 succe$+ ages  c "k x only f    
te/imony2 &1 if !y admit1 on ! report ( 
_! fell[ creatures1 t ,god _h inspir$   

any be+ ) !  pret]natural k ( 8 w1 :y   
%\ld !y d5y t he _h  enabl$ ! same be+  
to heal ! sick1 or to cleanse ! lepr\s8 
,h[1  may x be ask$1 %\ld ! div9e ,tea*]
 give a m direct &  consi/5t pro( ( 8   
pret]natural commission1 ?an by display+
  ^? signs & wond]s :i* m>k ! f+] (     
,god8 ,t ! ,apo/les  c\ld n be deceiv$1 
& t !y _h no temptation to deceive1 has 
be5 repeat$ly demon/rat$4 ,s p[]ful1    
inde$1 is ! pro( adduc$  9 support ( _! 
te/imony1 t ! infidels ( ^! lat] days  h
 be5 oblig$ to ab&on ! gr\nd on :i* _!  
pr$ecessors  /ood2 to disclaim all moral
 evid5ces aris+ f ! "* &  relation (    
eye-witnesses2 & to ma9ta91 ^u          
metaphysical1 r  ?an hi/orical1         
pr9ciples1 t miracles are utt]ly        
incapable1 9  _! own nature1 ( exi/+ 9  
any circum/ances1 or ( be+  support$ by 
any evid5ce4    ,miracles may be class$ 
"u two heads3 ^? :i* consi/ 9 a tra9  or
 comb9ation ( ev5ts1 :i* di/+ui%        
!mselves f ! ord9>y  arrangem5ts (      
,provid5ce2 & ^? p>ticul> op]ations :i* 

are  p]=m$ by in/rum5ts & ag5ts         
incompet5t to effect !m )\t a           
pret]natural p[]4 ,9 ! conduct (        
,provid5ce respect+ ! ,jewi%  p1 f !    
e>lie/ p]iods ( _! exi/5ce1 z a di/9ct  
class ( society1 to ! pres5t "t1 we     
behold a s+ul>ity (  circum/ance &      
proc$ure :i* we _c acc\nt = on common   
pr9ciples4 ,comp>+ _! condition &       
situation ) t ( o!r  nations1 we c meet 
) no?+ simil> to x 9 ! hi/ory (  mank9d4
 ,s rem>kable a diff]5ce1 conspicu\s 9 e
 revolution (  _! hi/ory1 c\ld n h      
subsi/$ ?r\gh m]e accid5t4 ,!re  mu/ h  
be5 a cause adequate to s extraord9>y an
 effect4 ,n[1 :at  %\ld ?is cause be1 b 
an int]position ( ,provid5ce 9 a mann]  
diff]5t f ! c\rse ( its g5]al gov]nm5t8 
,= ! ph5om5on  _c be expla9$ by an      
application ( ^? g5]al causes &  effects
 t op]ate 9 o!r cases4 ,! orig9al       
propagation (  ,*ri/ianity 0 likewise an
 ev5t :i* cle>ly discov]$ a miracul\s   
int]position4 ,! circum/ances :i* att5d$
 x 7 su* z _c  rationally be acc\nt$ =  

on any o!r po/ulatum4 7,see ! article   
,*ri/ianity47 ,x may n[ be obs]v$1 t !  
in/itutions ( !  law & ! ,gospel may n  
only appeal = _! confirmation to a tra9 
( ev5ts :i*1 tak5 9 a g5]al & comb9$    
view1 po9t out an  extraord9>y          
designation1 & v9dicate _! claim to a   
div9e  au?ority2 b also to a numb] (    
p>ticul> op]ations :i*1  consid]$       
di/9ctly1 or 9 a sep>ate & deta*$ light1
 evid5tly  display a sup]natural p[]1   
imm$iately ex]t$ on ! occasion4    ,s9ce
 ,*ri/ himself con/antly appeal$ to ^!  
works z ! evid5ces  ( 8 div9e mission & 
"*1 we may briefly exam9e h[ f> !y      
ju/ifi$ & confirm$ 8 pret5sions4 ,t our 
,"l laid ! greate/  /ress on ! evid5ce  
!y af=d$2 nay1 t he consid]$ t  evid5ce 
z suffici5t to au!nticate 8 claims to ! 
(fice ( !  ,messiah ) all reasonable &  
well dispos$ inquir]s1 is manife/ n     
only f 8 own words1 ,john x1 #be1 b also
 f a great v>iety (  o!r passages 9 !   
evangeli/s4 ,?us1 :5 ! disciples ( ,john
 7  s5t to ,*ri/1 to receive f 8 own    

lips ! mo/ satisfactory  pro(s ( 8 div9e
 mission1 he ref]r$ !m to 8 miracles4   
,g10  said he1 & %[ to ,john aga9 ^? ?+s
 :i* ye he> & see3 !  bl9d receive _!   
sight1 ! lame walk1 ! lep]s are cleans$1
 !  deaf he>1 & ! dead are rais$ up10   
,matt4 xi1 #d1 #e4 ,aga93 ,if ,i d  n ! 
works ( my ,fa!r1 believe me n3 b if ,i 
d1 ?\gh ye  believe n me1 believe !     
works10 ,john x1 #cg4 ,?is appeal to    
miracles  0 f\nd$ on ! foll[+ j & obvi\s
 gr\nds3--    ,fir/3 ,t !y are visible  
pro(s ( div9e approbation1 z well z (   
div9e p[]3 = x w\ld h be5 q inconclusive
 to re/ an  appeal on ! te/imony ( !    
latt]1 if x _h n at ! same "t  includ$  
an evid5ce ( ! =m]2 & x 01 inde$ a      
natural  inf]5ce1 t work+ ( miracles1 9 
def5ce ( a p>ticul> cause1  0 ! seal (  
,heav5 to ! tru? ( t cause4 ,to suppose 
!  contr>y1 w\ld be to suppose t ,god n 
only p]mitt$ 8 creatures  to be deceiv$1
 b t he deviat$ f ! ord9>y c\rse ( 8    
provid5ce1 purposely ) a view to deceive
 !m4 ,! conclusion :i*  ! man :om our   

,savi\r re/or$ to sight drew f ?is      
miracle 0  exce$+ly j1 & f\nd$ on !     
common s5tim5ts & impressions  ( ! human
 he>t4 ,we "k10 says he1 t ,god he>e? n 
s9n]s3 b  if any man be a wor%ipp] (    
,god1 & doe? 8 w1 him he he>e?4  ,s9ce !
 _w began 0 x n he>d t any man op5$ !   
eyes (  "o t 0 born bl9d4 ,if ?is man 7 
n ( ,god1 he c\ld d  no?+10 ,john ix1   
#ca-cc4 ,if ! cause :i* our ,savi\r 0   
engag$ 9  _h n be5 approv$ ( by ,god1 x 
w\ld n h be5 hon\r$ )  ! seal (         
miracles3 = ! div9e p[] c nev] be       
suppos$ to  c\nt]act ! div9e w4 ,?is    
w\ld be to set 8 nature at v>iance  )   
itself2 &1 by de/roy+ 8 simplicity1 w\ld
 de/roy 8  happ9ess1 & t]m9ate 9        
confusion & mis]y4 ,h5ce we may ju/ly   
reject1 z incr$ible1 ^? miracles :i* h  
be5 ascrib$ to !  int]position ( wick$  
spirits4 ,! possibility ( _! int]f]5ce  
is a m]e hypo!sis1 dep5d+ ^u gratuit\s  
assumption1 & lead+  to v dang]\s       
consequ5ces2 & ! p>ticul> in/ances 9 :i*
  cr$ul\s sup]/ition1 or p]v]t$         

philosophy1 has suppos$ !m to  int]f]e1 
are1 z facts1 de/itute ( any cle> &     
solid evid5ce2 or1  z effects1 (t5      
resolvable into natural causes4         
,secondly3 ,:5 our ,"l appeal$ to 8     
miracles1 z pro(s ( 8  div9e mission1 x 
presuppos$ t ^? miracles 7 ( su* a      
nature  z w\ld be> ! /ricte/ exam9ation2
 t !y _h all ^?  crit]ia :i* c\ld       
possibly di/+ui% !m f ! delusions (     
en?usiasm1 & ! artifices ( impo/ure2    
else ! appeal w\ld h  be5 fallaci\s &   
equivocal4 ,he appeal$ to !m ) all !    
confid5ce ( an upright m9d1 totally     
possess$ ) a consci\sness (  _! tru? &  
reality4 ,?is appeal 0 n drawn out into 
any lab\r$  argum5t1 nor adorn$ by any (
 ! embelli%m5ts ( language4 ,x 0  %ort1 
simple1 & decisive4 ,he nei!r reason$   
nor declaim$ on _!  nature or _! design3
 he b>ely po9t$ to !m z pla9 &          
indubitable facts1 su* z spoke _! own   
mean+1 & c>ri$ )  !m _! own au?ority4 ,!
 miracles :i* our ,"l p]=m$ 7 too       
public to be suspect$ ( impo/ure2 &1 be+

 objects ( s5se1 !y  7 secur$ aga9/ !   
*>ge ( en?usiasm4 ,an impo/or w\ld n  h 
act$ s absurdly z to h risk$ 8 cr$it on 
! p]=mance  ( :at1 he mu/ h kn[n1 x 0 n 
9 8 p[] to effect2 &  ?\gh an en?usia/1 
f ! w>m? ( imag9ation1 might h  flatt]$ 
himself ) a full p]suasion ( 8 be+ able 
to p]=m  "s miracul\s "w2 yet1 :5 !     
trial 0 ref]r$ to an object (  s5se1 !  
ev5t mu/ soon h expos$ ! delusion4 ,!   
impo/or w\ld  n h d>$ to say to ! bl9d1 
,receive ?y sight2 to ! deaf1  ,he>2 to 
! dumb1 ,speak2 to ! dead1 ,arise2 to ! 
rag+ ( ! sea1  ,be /ill2 le/ he %\ld    
injure ! cr$it ( 8 cause1 by und]tak+  m
 ?an he c\ld p]=m2 & ?\gh ! en?usia/1 "u
 !  delusion ( 8 passions1 might h      
confid5tly comm&$ disease to  fly1 & !  
p[]s ( nature to be subject to 8        
control2 yet _!  ob$i5ce w\ld n h foll[$
 8 comm&4    ,! miracles ( ,*ri/ !n 7   
su* z an impo/or w\ld n h  attempt$1 &  
su* z an en?usia/ c\ld n h effect$4 ,!y 
_h  no disguise2 & 7 9 a v>iety (       
in/ances ( su* a nature z to  preclude !

 v possibility ( collusion4 ,!y 7 p]=m$ 
9 !  mid/ ( 8 bitt]e/ enemies2 & 7 s    
palpable & c]ta91 z to  extort ! foll[+ 
ackn[l$gm5t ev5 f p]sons :o 7 mo/  eag] 
to oppose 8 doctr9es1 & to discr$it 8   
pret5sions3 ,?is  man doe? _m miracles4 
,if we let him ?us alone1 all m5 w      
believe  on him10 ,john xi1 #dg1 #dh4 ,!
 miracles ,*ri/ p]=m$ 7 inde$  suffici5t
 to al>m ! fe>s ( ^? ^: d[nfall 0       
involv$ 9  8 success4 ,& x 0 impossible 
= !m to d5y ! facts1 :i* s  _m ?\s&s 7  
ready to atte/ on evid5ce too c]ta9 to  
admit  ev5 ! possibility ( mi/ake1      
delusion1 or impo/ure4 ,b 8  enemies1 :o
 admitt$ _! reality & yet resi/$ _!     
design1 by  n ackn[l$g+ ! p]son :o      
wr\ght !m to be ! ,messiah1 _h  rec\rse 
to ! mo/ impi\s & mo/ absurd            
suppositions1 9 ord] to  evade _!       
evid5ce4 ,! ,hea!n imput$ !m to "s      
occult p[] (  magic3 & ?us appli$ :at   
has no exi/5ce 9 nature1 9 ord] to      
acc\nt = a ph5om5on t exi/$ out ( its   
common c\rse4 ,!  /ories ( ! ,jews1 :o  

confess$ ! miracles1 b d5i$ :at !y  7   
int5d$ to e/abli%1 are too ridicul\s to 
be m5tion$4 ,we mu/  n1 h[ev]1 omit to  
take notice ( ! wick$ & blasphem\s cavil
 (  ! ,ph>isees1 & ! noble reply :i* our
 ,"l made to x4 ,!y c\ld  n d5y ! fact1 
b !y imput$ x to ! ag5cy ( an inf]nal   
_s3 ,?is fell[10 said !y1 do? n ca/ out 
devils1 b by  ,beelzebub1 ! pr9ce ( !   
devils4 ,& ,jesus knew _! ?\ghts1 &     
said unto !m1 ,e k+dom divid$ aga9/     
itself is br\ght to  desolation2 & e    
city or h\se divid$ aga9/ itself %all n 
/&3 & if ,satan ca/ out ,satan1 he is   
divid$ aga9/ himself2 h[  %all !n 8     
k+dom /&80 ,matt4 xii1 #bd-bf4 ,! purity
 ( !  doctr9e :i* 0 taught by our bless$
 ,"l 0 totally adv]se to !  k+dom (     
d>kness4 ,x t5d$ to ov]?r[ x1 by !      
introduction (  pr9ciples f> diff]5t f  
^? :i* ,satan w\ld inspire1 & by        
prosecut+ objects totally opposite to ^?
 :i* t wick$ &  malignant _s w\ld tempt 
u to pursue3 s t 9 proportion to !      
preval5ce ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 ! k+dom (  

,satan w\ld (  c\rse be dim9i%$4 ,n[1   
suppos+ miracles to be 9 ! p[] ( an     
inf]nal _s1 c x be imag9$ t he w\ld     
communicate an ability  ( p]=m+ !m to   
p]sons :o 7 c\nt]act+ 8 designs8 ,w\ld  
he by !m give cr$it to a cause t t5d$ to
 br+ 8 own into  disgrace8 ,?us1 z our  
,savi\r appeal$ to miracles z pro(s ( 8 
p[]2 s he appeal$ to ! inh]5t wor? &    
purity ( ! doctr9es  !y 7 int5d$ to be> 
witness to1 z a pro( t ! p[] 0 (  ,god4 
,9 ?is mann] d ! ext]nal & int]nal      
evid5ces give &  receive mutual         
confirmation & mutual lu/re4    ,! tru? 
( ! ,*ri/ian religion does n1 h[ev]1    
:olly dep5d on  ! miracles wr\ght by its
 div9e ,f\nd]1 ?\gh suffici5t 9         
!mselves to e/abli% 8 claims3 b1 9 ord] 
to give ! evid5ce  ( miracles ! /ronge/ 
=ce !y c\ld possibly acquire1 t  evid5ce
 0 ext5d$ /ill f>!r2 & ! same p[] t our 
,"l  possess$ 0 communicat$ to 8        
disciples1 & _! m imm$iate  successors4 
,:ile yet on e>? he imp>t$ to !m ?is    
extraord9>y  gift1 z ! seal ( _!        

commission1 :5 he s5t !m to prea* !     
,gospel3 & aft] 8 glori\s resurrection &
 asc5sion into heav51  !y 7 end[$ ) p[]s
 yet m /up5d\s4 ,s5sible ( !  validity (
 ?is k9d ( evid5ce1 ! ,apo/les ( our    
,"l1 ) !  same artless simplicity1 & !  
same boldness ( consci\s integrity1  :i*
 di/+ui%$ _! great ,ma/]1 con/antly     
insi/$ ^u !  miracles !y wr\ght1 z /rong
 & und5iable pro(s ( ! tru? (  _!       
doctr9es4 ,?us ! miracles ( our bless$  
,"l may be ju/ly  consid]$ z ! evid5ce (
 8 div9e mission & "*4 ,if we  consid]  
_! nature1 _! greatness1 & _! numb]2 &  
if to ?is  consid]ation we add t :i*    
respects _! end & design1 we mu/        
ackn[l$ge t no "o c\ld h p]=m$ !m1      
unless ,god 0 )  him4 ,!y 7 too public  
to be ! artifices ( impo/ure2 too       
sub/antial & too num]\s to af=d !       
slighte/ suspicion (  undesign$ &       
=tuit\s co9cid5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 suppos+ t ! 
,mo/ ,high %\ld 9 any in/ance s f>      
c\nt]act ! common laws (  nature1 z to  
produce a miracle2 & %\ld design t      

miracle z a  monum5t to future times ( !
 tru? ( any peculi> doctr9e1 we  _c     
conceive any mode ( communicat+ x m     
effectual ?an t  :i* he has *os54       
,/rong] pro(s c\ld n be af=d$1          
consi/5tly  ) ! design ( ! ,gospel1 :i* 
is n to ov]p[] our  und]/&+s by an      
irresi/ible & compulsory light1 b to    
af=d u  su* rational evid5ce z is       
suffici5t to satisfy moral inquir]s1 :o 
are end[$ ) faculties to p]ceive ! tru?2
 b at ! same "t  :o also h p[] totally  
to resi/ x1 & f9ally to =feit all its   
bless+s4 ,^! miracles 7 ( a nature too  
palpable to be mi/ak54  ,!y 7 ! objects 
( s5se1 & n ! prec>i\s speculations (   
reason conc]n+ :at ,god might d2 or !   
*im]ical sugge/ions (  fancy conc]n+ :at
 he did4 ,! facts 7 record$ by ^? :o mu/
  h kn[n :e!r !y 7 true or false4 ,!    
p]sons :o record$  !m 7 "u no possible  
temptations to deceive ! _w4 ,we c  only
 acc\nt = _! conduct on ! supposition ( 
_! mo/ p]fect  conviction & dis9t]e/$   
zeal4 ,t !y %\ld ass]t :at !y  knew to  

be false2 t !y %\ld publi% x ) s mu*    
ard\r2 t  !y %\ld risk e ?+ de> to      
humanity1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 x2  & at la/ 
submit to dea?1 9 ord] to atte/ _!      
p]suasion ( its  tru? 9 ^? mom5ts :5    
impo/ure usually drops its mask1 &      
en?usiasm loses its confid5ce2 t !y %\ld
 act ?us 9 opposition  to e dictate (   
common s5se1 & e pr9ciple ( common      
hone/y1  e re/ra9t ( %ame1 & e impulse (
 selfi%ness1 is a  ph5om5on n less      
irreconcilable to ! moral /ate ( ?+s ?an
  miracles are to ! natural con/itution 
( ! _w4 ,falsehood  naturally entangles 
m5 9 contradiction1 & conf\nds !m )     
dismay3 b ! love ( tru? invigorates !   
m9d2 ! consci\sness (  integrity        
anticipates ! approbation ( ,god2 &     
consci5ce creates a  =titude1 to :i* m]e
 unsupport$ nature is (t5 a /rang]4     
#c4 ,h[ long miracles 7 cont9u$ 9 !     
*ur*1 has be5 a matt] (  ke5 dispute1 & 
has be5 inve/igat$ ) z mu* anxiety z if 
!  tru? ( ! ,gospel dep5d$ ^u ! mann] 9 
:i* x 0 decid$4  ,assum+1 z we are "h   

w>rant$ to d1 t real miracul\s p[] 0    
convey$ 9 ! way detail$ by ! inspir$    
writ]s1 x is pla91 t  x may h be5       
ex]cis$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & may h     
rema9$1 )\t any new communication ( x1  
?r\gh\t ! fir/1 &  a consid]able "p ( ! 
second c5tury4 ,! ,apo/les1 :]ev] !y    
w5t to execute _! commission1 w\ld avail
 !mselves ( !  /up5d\s gift :i* _h be5  
imp>t$ to !m2 & x is cle>1 n  only t !y 
7 p]mitt$ & enabl$ to convey x to o!rs1 
b  t spiritual gifts1 includ+ ! p[] (   
work+ miracles1 7  actually conf]r$ on  
_m ( ! primitive disciples4 ,allusions  
to ?is  we f9d 9 ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul2 
su* allusions1 too1 z x is  utt]ly      
inconceivable t any man ( a s\nd judgm5t
 c\ld h made1  _h he n kn[n t he 0      
ref]r+ to an obvi\s fact1 ab\t :i*  !re 
c\ld be no hesitation4 ,( ! "t at :i*   
sev]al ( !  ,apo/les di$1 we h no c]ta9 
k4 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul  suff]$ at     
,rome ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ff1 or #fg2 & x is  
fully e/abli%$1  t ! life ( ,john 0 mu* 
long] protract$1 he hav+ di$ a  natural 

dea?1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajj1 or #aja4 ,suppos+ t 
! two =m] ( ^!  ,apo/les imp>t$         
spiritual gifts till ! "t ( _! suff]+   
m>tyrdom1 ! p]sons to :om !y 7 imp>t$   
might1 9 ! c\rse  ( nature1 h liv$ ?r\gh
 ! e>li] "p ( ! second c5tury2  & if    
,john did ! same till ! end ( 8 life1   
su* gifts z 7  d]iv$ f him might h      
rema9$ till m ?an ! half ( t  c5tury _h 
elaps$4 ,t su* 0 ! fact1 is ass]t$ by   
anci5t  ecclesia/ical writ]s4 ,:e!r1    
aft] ! g5]ation imm$iately  succe$+ !   
,apo/les _h pass$ away1 ! p[] ( work+   
miracles  0 anew communicat$1 is a "q1 !
 solution ( :i* _c be  ne>ly s          
satisfactory4 ,! probability is1 t !re 0
 no su*  r5ewal2 & ?is op9ion re/s ^u ! 
gr\nd t natural causes 7  n[ suffici5t  
to accompli% ! end = :i* miracles 7     
orig9ally  design$2 & x does n appe> to 
h be5 any "p ( ! s*eme (  ! bless$      
,au?or ( our religion1 t1 solely = !    
purpose (  ha/5+ t conv]sion ( ! nations
 :i* might gradually be  accompli%$1    
miracles %\ld be wr\ght1 :5 ^! c\ld be (

 no use  9 e/abli%+ aft] ages 9 ! fai?4 
,,miracul\s ,,conception4 ,by ?is is    
meant1 t ! human nature ( ,jesus  ,*ri/ 
0 =m$1 n 9 ! ord9>y me?od ( g5]ation1 b 
out (  ! sub/ance ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 by ! 
imm$iate op]ation ( ! ,holy  ,gho/4 ,!  
evid5ce ^u :i* ?is article ( ! ,*ri/ian 
fai? re/s  is f\nd 9 ,matt4 i1 #ah-bc1 &
 9 ! m p>ticul> n>ration :i*  ,/4 ,luke 
has giv5 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,gospel4 ,if
 we admit ?is  evid5ce ( ! fact1 we c   
disc]n ! emphatical mean+ ( !           
appellation giv5 to our ,savi\r :5 he is
 call$ ! se$ ( !  woman10 ,g54 iii1 #ae2
 we c p]ceive ! mean+ ( a phrase :i* ,/4
  ,luke has introduc$ into ! g5ealogy ( 
,jesus1 ,luke iii1 #bc1 & (  :i*1       
o!rwise1 x is n possible to give a good 
acc\nt1 1   1  2 be+1 z 0 suppos$1 ! son
 ( ,joseph2 &  we c discov] a peculi>   
significancy 9 an expression ( ! ,apo/le
  ,paul1 ,gal4 iv1 #d1 ,god s5t =? 8    
,son1 made ( a woman40 ,!  conception ( 
,jesus is ! po9t f :i* we date ! union  
betwe5  8 div9e & human nature2 &1 ?is  

conception be+ miracul\s1 !  exi/5ce ( !
 p]son 9 :om !y are unit$1 0 n          
physically  d]iv$ f ,adam4 ,b1 z ,dr4   
,horsley speaks 9 8 s]mon on !          
inc>nation1 ! union ) ! uncreat$ ,^w is 
! v pr9ciple (  p]sonality & individual 
exi/5ce 9 ! son ( ,m>y4 ,accord+ to  ?is
 view ( ! matt]1 ! miracul\s conception 
gives a complet5ess  & consi/5cy to !   
revelation conc]n+ ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,n only
 is  he ! ,son ( ,god1 b1 z ! ,son (    
man1 he is exalt$ above 8  bre?r51 :ile 
he is made l !m4 ,he is pres]v$ f !     
contam9ation adh]+ to ! race ^: nature  
he assum$2 & :5 !  only begott5 ,son1 :o
 is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 0 made fle%1  !
 int]c\rse :i*1 z man1 he _h ) ,god1 is 
di/+ui%$1 n 9  degree only1 b 9 k9d1 f t
 :i* any prophet ev] enjoy$1 &  x is    
inf9itely m intimate1 because x did n   
consi/ 9  communications occasionally   
made to him1 b arose f ! mann] 9  :i* 8 
human nature _h its exi/5ce4            
,,miriam1 si/] ( ,moses & ,a>on1 &      
daught] ( ,amram & ,jo*eb$1  0 born ab\t

 ,a4 ,m4 #bdbd4 ,%e might be t5 or      
twelve ye>s old :5 h]  bro!r ,moses 0   
expos$ on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 s9ce       
,miriam 0  wat*+ !re1 & (f]$ h]self to  
,ph>aoh's daught] to fet* h] a  nurse4  
,! pr9cess accept+ ! (f]1 ,miriam fet*$ 
h] own "m1  to :om ! "y ,moses 0 giv5 to
 nurse1 ,exod4 ii1 #d1 #e1 c4 ,x is     
?\ght t ,miriam m>ri$ ,hur1 ( ! tribe ( 
,judah2 b x does n  appe> t %e _h any   
*ildr5 by him1 ,exod4 xvii1 #aj1 #aa4   
,miriam _h  ! gift ( prophecy1 z %e     
intimates1 ,num4 xii1 #b3 ,ha? ! ,"l    
inde$ spok5 only by ,moses8 ha? he n    
spok5 also by u80 ,aft] !  passage ( !  
,r$ ,sea1 ,miriam l$ ! *oirs & dances ( 
! wom51  & sung ) !m ! canticle1 ,s+ ye 
to ! ,"l1 = he ha?  triumph$ glori\sly2 
! horse & 8 rid] ha? he ?r[n into !     
sea30 :ile ,moses l$ ! *oir ( m51 ,exod4
 xv1 #ba4 ,:5 ,zipporah1 !  wife (      
,moses1 arriv$ 9 ! camp ( ,israel1      
,miriam & ,a>on disput$  ) h]1 speak+   
aga9/ ,moses on h] acc\nt1 ,num4 xii4   
,?is conduct  ! ,"l puni%$ by visit+    

,miriam ) a leprosy4 ,a>on int]c$$  )   
,moses = h] recov]y1 & bes\ght ! ,"l1 :o
 ord]$ h] to  be %ut out ( ! camp sev5  
days4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) no subsequ5t   
p>ticul>s ( ! life ( ,miriam4 ,h] dea?  
happ5$ 9 ! fir/ mon?  ( ! =tie? ye> aft]
 ! exodus1 at ! encampm5t ( ,kade% 9  ! 
wild]ness ( ,z91 ,num4 xx1 #a4 ,! p     
m\rn$ = h]1 & %e  0 !re buri$4          
,,mirrors1 usually1 b improp]ly1 r5d]$  
look+ glasses4 ,!  ea/]n mirrors 7 made 
( poli%$ metal1 & = ! mo/ "p  convex4 ,s
 ,callima*us describes ,v5us z tak+ !   
%9+ brass10  t is1 to adju/ h] hair4 ,if
 !y 7 ?us made 9 ! c\ntry (  ,elihu1 !  
image made use ( by him w appe> v       
lively3 ,ha/ ?\  ) him spread out ! sky1
 :i* is /rong1 & z a molt5 look+        
glass80 ,job xxxvii1 #ah4 ,%aw in=ms u t
 89 ! ,levant1 look+  glasses are a "p (
 female dress4 ,! ,moori% wom5 9 ,b>b>y 
are s  fond ( _! ornam5ts1 & p>ticul>ly 
( _! look+ glasses1  :i* !y bang ^u _!  
brea/s1 t !y w n lay !m aside1  ev5 :51 
aft] ! drudg]y ( ! day1 !y are oblig$ to

 g two or  ?ree miles ) a pit*] or a    
goat's sk91 to fet* wat]40 ,!           
,israeliti% wom5 us$ to c>ry _! mirrors 
) !m1 ev5 to _!  mo/ solemn place (     
wor%ip4 ,! ^w mirror %\ld be us$ 9 !    
passages "h ref]r$ to4 ,to speak ( look+
 glasses made ( /eel10  & glasses       
molt510 is palpably absurd2 :]eas ! t]m 
mirror  obviates e difficulty1 &        
expresses ! true mean+ ( !  orig9al4    
,,mi%na1 or ,,misna1 1 signifies        
repetition1 & is prop]ly ! code  ( !    
,jewi% civil law4 ,! ,mi%na conta9s !   
text2 & ! ,gem>a1  :i* is ! second "p ( 
! ,talmud1 conta9s ! comm5t>ies3 s  t ! 
,gem>a is1 z x 71 a gloss>y on ! ,mi%na4
 ,! ,mi%na  consi/s ( v>i\s traditions (
 ! ,jews1 & ( explanations (  sev]al    
passages ( ,scripture4 ,^! traditions1  
s]v+ z an  explication ( ! writt5 law1 &
 supplem5t>y to x1 are said to  h be5   
deliv]$ to ,moses dur+ ! "t ( 8 abode ^u
 !  m\nt2 :i* he aft]w>d communicat$ to 
,a>on1 ,eleaz>1 & 8  s]vant ,jo%ua4 ,by 
^! !y 7 transmitt$ to ! sev5ty eld]s2 by

  !m to ! prophets1 :o communicat$ !m to
 ! m5 ( ! great  sanh$rim1 f :om ! wise 
m5 ( ,j]usalem & ,babylon receiv$  !m4  
,accord+ to ,dr4 ,prideaux1 !y pass$ f  
,j]emiah to ,b>u*1  f him to ,ezra1 & f 
,ezra to ! m5 ( ! great synagogue1 !    
la/ ( :om 0 ,simon ! ,j1 :o deliv]$ !m  
to ,antigonus (  ,so*o4 ,f him !y came  
d[n 9 regul> succession to ,simeon1 :o  
took  our ,savi\r 9 8 arms2 to          
,gamaliel1 at ^: feet ,/4 ,paul 0 br\ght
  up2 & la/ ( all to rabbi ,judah !     
holy1 :o committ$ !m to  writ+ 9 !      
,mi%na4 ,dr4 ,prideaux1 reject+ ?is     
,jewi% fiction1  obs]ves1 t aft] ! dea? 
( ,simon ! ,j1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #bii1 arose 
! ,tannaim or ,mi%nical doctors1 :o by  
_! comm5ts & conclusions1  add$ to !    
numb] ( ^? traditions :i* _h be5 receiv$
 &  all[$ by ,ezra & ! m5 ( ! great     
synagogue4 ,h5ce t[>d !  middle ( !     
second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 "u ! reign ( !
 ,roman  ,emp]or ,anton9us ,pius1 x 0   
f\nd necess>y to commit ^!  traditions  
to writ+4 ,?is 0 requisite1 because !   

traditions _h  be5 s mu* increas$ t !y  
c\ld no long] be pres]v$ by !  memory ( 
man2 & also because _! c\ntry _h suff]$ 
consid]ably  9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or      
,adrian1 & _m ( _! s*ools be+  dissolv$1
 & _! le>n$ m5 cut (f1 ! usual me?od (  
pres]v+  _! traditions _h fail$4 ,le/1  
!re=e1 ! traditions %\ld be  =gott5 &   
lo/1 x 0 resolv$ t !y %\ld be collect$ &
  committ$ to writ+4 ,rabbi ,judah1 :o 0
 at t "t rector ( !  s*ool at ,tib]ias 9
 ,galilee1 & presid5t ( ! sanh$rim at t 
place1 und]took ! "w4 ,he compil$ x 9   
six books1 ea* consi/+  ( sev]al tracts1
 :i* altoge!r =m ! numb] ( sixty-?ree4  
,dr4  ,prideaux computes1 t ! ,mi%na 0  
compos$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aej4 ,dr4         
,lightfoot1 h[ev]1 says1 t rabbi ,judah 
compil$ ! ,mi%na ab\t ,a4  ,d4 #aij1 9 !
 latt] end ( ! reign ( ,commodus2 or1 z 
"s compute1  ,a4 ,d4 #bbj4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]  
is ( op9ion1 t ?is "w c\ld n h be5      
f9i%$ be=e ,a4 ,d4 #aij1 or lat]4 ,?us !
 book call$ ! ,mi%na 0  =m$2 a book :i* 
0 receiv$ by ! ,jews ) great v5]ation1 &

  :i* has be5 always held 9 high e/eem  
among !m4 ,_! op9ion (  x is1 t all !   
p>ticul>s :i* x conta9s 7 dictat$ by    
,god  himself to ,moses ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai1 
z well z ! writt5 ^w itself2  &1        
consequ5tly1 t x mu/ be ( ! same div9e  
au?ority1 &  ought to be z religi\sly   
obs]v$4 ,see ,,cabbala1 ,,gem>a1 ,,jews4
    ,,mite4 ,see ,,money4    ,,mityl5e1 
! capital ( ! isl& ( ,lesbos1 ?r\gh :i* 
,/4 ,paul  pass$ z he w5t f ,cor9? to   
,j]usalem1 ,acts xx1 #ad4    ,,mizpah1  
or ,,mizpeh1 a city ( ! tribe ( ,b5jam91
 situat$ 9 a pla91  ab\t eighte5 miles  
we/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,"h ,samuel dwelt2 & "h
 he  call$ ,israel toge!r1 to obs]ve a  
solemn fa/ = _! s9s1 & to  supplicate   
,god = 8 assi/ance aga9/ ! ,phili/9es2  
aft] :i*  !y salli$ out on _! enemies1  
already discomfit$ by ! ?und]s  ( heav51
 & gave !m a total defeat1 #a ,sam4 vii4
 ,"h1 also1 ,saul  0 ano9t$ k+1 #a ,sam4
 x1 #ag-be4 ,x appe>s t betwe5 ?is & !  
"t ( ,asa1 k+ ( ,judah1 ,mizpah _h      
suff]$ probably 9 "s ( !  int]v5+ w>s1 z

 we are told t ,asa built x ) ! /ones & 
timb] ( ,ramah1 #a ,k+s xv1 #bb4 ,!re 0 
ano!r ,mizpeh 9 ,gilead2 on  ! spot :]e 
,jacob set up ! pill> or heap ( /ones1  
to commemorate  ! cov5ant !re made      
betwe5 him & ,laban1 ,g54 xxxi1 #di4    
7,see  ,gilead47 ,!re 0 also a ?ird     
,mizpeh1 9 ! l& ( ,moab1 :]e  ,david    
plac$ 8 fa!r & "m1 :ile he rema9$ 9 8   
retreat at  ,adullam1 #a ,sam4 xxii1 #c4
 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ,mizpeh implies a
  beacon or wat* t[]1 a pill> or heap ( 
commemoration2 & at all !  places be>+  
?is "n1 x is probable t a s+le pill>1 or
 a rude  pile1 0 erect$ z ! witness & ! 
record ( "s p>ticul>  ev5t4 ,^!1        
subsequ5tly1 became alt>s & places (    
convocation on  public occasions1       
religi\s & civil4    ,,mizraim1 or      
,,mesraim1 son ( ,ham1 & fa!r ( ,ludim1 
,anamim1 ,lehabim1  ,naphtuhim1         
,pa?rusim1 & ,casluhim1 ,g54 x1 #f4     
,mes] or ,misor 0 fa!r  ( ! ,mizraim1 ! 
,egyptians2 & he himself is commonly    
call$  ,mizraim1 al?\gh !re is v /rong  

probability t ,mizraim1 be+  ( ! plural 
numb]1 signifies r ! ,egyptians         
!mselves1 ?an  ! fa!r ( t p4 ,mizraim is
 also put = ! c\ntry ( ,egypt3  ?us x   
has ?ree significations1 :i* are        
p]petually conf\nd$ &  us$ promiscu\sly1
 sometimes d5ot+ ! l& ( ,egypt1         
sometimes him  :o fir/ peopl$ ,egypt1 & 
sometimes ! inhabitants !mselves4       
,cairo1 ! capital ( ,egypt1 & ev5 ,egypt
 itself1 are to ?is day  call$ ,mez] by 
! ,arabians4 ,b ! natives call ,egypt   
,*emi1 t is1  ! l& ( ,*am1 or ,ham1 z x 
is also sometimes call$ 9 ,scripture1   
,psalm lxxviii1 #ab2 cv1 #bc2 cvi1 #bb4 
,! ,prophet ,micah1 vii1 #ae1 gives to  
,egypt ! "n ( ,mezor1 or ,matzor2 &     
rabbi ,kim*i1 foll[$ 9 ?is  by sev]al   
le>n$ comm5tators1 expla9s by ,egypt :at
 is said ( !  riv]s ( ,mezor1 #b ,k+s   
xix1 #bd2 ,isaiah xix1 #f2 xxxvii1 #be4 
,,moab 0 ! son ( ,lot1 & ( 8 elde/      
daught]1 ,g54 xix1 #ca1 c4  ,he 0 born  
ab\t ! same "t z ,isaac1 ,a4 ,m4 #bajh1 
& 0 fa!r (  ! ,moabites1 ^: habitation  

lay beyond ,jordan & ! ,dead ,sea1 on   
bo? sides ( ! riv] ,arnon4 ,_! capital  
city 0 situat$ on t  riv]1 & 0 call$ ,ar
 or ,areopolis1 or ,ariol ( ,moab1 or   
,rabbah ,moab1  t is1 ! capital ( ,moab1
 or ,kir-h>e%1 t is1 a city ) brick     
walls4 ,?is c\ntry 0 orig9ally possess$ 
by a race ( giants call$  ,emim1 ,deut4 
ii1 #aa1 #ab4 ,! ,moabites conqu]$ !m1 &
 aft]w>d !  ,amorites took a "p f !     
,moabites1 ,judges xi1 #ac4 ,moses      
conqu]$  t "p :i* belong$ to !          
,amorites1 & gave x to ! tribe (        
,reub54 ,! ,moabites 7 sp>$ by ,moses1 =
 ,god _h re/rict$ him1  ,deut4 ii1 #i4  
,b !re always 0 a great antipa?y betwe5 
! ,moabites  & ! ,israelites1 :i*       
occasion$ _m w>s betwe5 !m4 ,balaam     
s$uc$ ! ,hebrews to idolatry &          
uncleanness1 by means ( !  daught]s (   
,moab1 ,num4 xxv1 #a1 #b2 & ,balak1 k+ (
 ?is p1  endeav\r$ to prevail on ,balaam
 to curse ,israel4 ,god orda9$ t !      
,moabites %\ld n ent] into !            
congregation ( 8 p1 because  !y _h !    

inhumanity to refuse ! ,israelites a    
passage ?r\gh _!  c\ntry1 nor w\ld !y   
supply !m ) bread & wat] 9 _!           
necessity4 ,eglon1 k+ ( ! ,moabites1 0  
"o ( ! fir/ t  oppress$ ,israel aft] !  
dea? ( ,jo%ua4 ,ehud kill$ ,eglon1 &    
,israel expell$ ! ,moabites1 ,judges    
iii1 #ab1 c4 ,hanun k+ ( !  ,ammonites  
hav+ insult$ ,david's ambassadors1      
,david made w> aga9/  him1 & subdu$     
,moab & ,ammon2 "u :i* subjection !y    
cont9u$  till ! sep>ation ( ! t5 tribes4
 ,! ,ammonites & ! ,moabites  cont9u$ 9 
subjection to ! k+s ( ,israel to ! dea? 
( ,ahab4  ,pres5tly aft] ! dea? ( ,ahab 
! ,moabites began to revolt1 #b ,k+s    
iii1 #d1 #e4 ,me%a1 k+ ( ,moab1 refus$ !
 tribute ( a hundr$  ?\s& lambs1 & z _m 
rams1 :i* till !n _h be5 cu/om>ily      
paid1 ei!r ye>ly1 or at ! beg9n+ ( e    
reign2 :i* ( ^!  two is n cle>ly        
express$ 9 ,scripture4 ,! reign (       
,ahaziah 0 too  %ort to make w> ) !m2 b 
,jehoram1 son ( ,ahab1 & bro!r to       
,ahaziah1 hav+ asc5d$ ! ?rone1 ?\ght (  

r$uc+ !m to  ob$i5ce4 ,he invit$        
,jeho%aphat1 k+ ( ,judah1 :o1 ) ! k+ (  
,edom1 !n 8 vassal1 ent]$ ,moab1 :]e !y 
7 ne> p]i%+ )  ?ir/1 b 7 miracul\sly    
reliev$1 #b ,k+s iii1 #af1 c4    ,x is n
 easy to asc]ta9 :at 7 ! circum/ances ( 
! ,moabites  f ?is "t2 b ,isaiah1 at !  
beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,k+  ,hezekiah1      
?reat5s !m ) a calamity1 :i* 0 to happ5 
?ree  ye>s aft] 8 pr$iction1 & :i*      
probably ref]r$ to ! w> t  ,%almanes]1  
k+ ( ,assyria1 made ) ! t5 tribes & !   
o!r  p beyond ,jordan4 ,amos1 i1 #ac1 c1
 also =etold great mis]ies to  !m1 :i*1 
probably1 !y suff]$ "u ,uzziah & ,jo?an1
 k+s (  ,judah1 or "u ,%almanes]1 #b    
,*ron4 xxvi1 #g1 #h2 xxvii1 #e2 or1     
la/ly1  9 ! w> ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 five    
ye>s aft] ! de/ruction (  ,j]usalem4    
,?is pr9ce c>ri$ !m captive beyond !    
,euphrates1 z !  prophets _h ?reat5$1   
,j]4 ix1 #bf2 xii1 #ad1 #ae2 xxv1 #aa1  
#ab2 xlviii1  #dg1 c2 xlix1 #c1 #f1 #ci2
 l1 #af2 & ,cyrus s5t !m home aga91 z he
 did  ! re/ ( ! captives4 ,aft] _!      

return f captivity !y  multipli$1 &     
=tifi$ !mselves1 z ! ,jews did1 & o!r   
neighb\r+ p1 /ill 9 subjection to ! k+s 
( ,p]sia4 ,!y  7 aft]w>d conqu]$ by     
,alex&] ! ,great1 & 7 9 ob$i5ce  to !   
k+s ( ,syria & ,egypt successively1 &   
f9ally to ! ,romans4  ,!re is a         
probability1 also1 t 9 ! lat] times ( ! 
,jewi%  republic !y obey$ ! ,asmonean   
k+s1 & aft]w>d ,h]od ! ,great4  ,!      
pr9cipal deities ( ! ,moabites 7 ,*emo% 
& ,baal-peor4    ,! prophecies conc]n+  
,moab are num]\s & rem>kable4 ,!re are1 
says ,kei?1 abundant pr$ictions :i* ref]
 s cle>ly to its mod]n  /ate1 t !re is  
sc>cely a s+le feature peculi> to ! l& (
  ,moab1 z x n[ exi/s1 :i* 0 n m>k$ by !
 prophets 9 _!  del9eation ( ! l[       
condition to :i*1 f ! height ( its      
wick$ness & haught9ess1 x 0 f9ally to be
 br\ght d[n4    ,! l& ( ,moab lay to !  
ea/ & s\?-ea/ ( ,judea1 & bord]$  on !  
ea/1 nor?-ea/1 & p>tly on ! s\? ( !     
,dead ,sea4 ,its  e>ly hi/ory is ne>ly  
analog\s to t ( ,ammon2 & ! soil1 ?\gh  

p]haps m div]sifi$1 is1 9 _m places :]e 
! des]t & pla9s  ( salt h n encroa*$ on 
its bord]s1 ( equal f]tility4 ,!re  are 
manife/ & abundant ve/iges ( its anci5t 
greatness3 ! :ole  ( ! pla9s are cov]$ )
 ! sites ( t[ns1 on e em95ce or  spot   
conv5i5t = ! con/ruction ( "o2 & z ! l& 
is capable  ( ri* cultivation1 !re c be 
no d\bt t ! c\ntry n[ s  des]t$ once    
pres5t$ a cont9u$ picture ( pl5ty &     
f]tility4 ,!  =m ( fields is /ill       
visible2 & !re are ! rema9s ( ,roman    
highways1 :i* 9 "s places are completely
 pav$1 & on :i* !re  are mile /ones ( ! 
times ( ,trajan1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 &    
,sev]us1  ) ! numb] ( ! miles legible ^u
 !m4 ,:]ev] any spot is  cultivat$ !    
corn is luxuriant2 & ! ri*es ( ! soil _c
  p]haps be m cle>ly illu/rat$ ?an by ! 
fact1 t "o gra9 (  ,he%bon :eat exce$s 9
 dim5sions two ( ! ord9>y sort1 & m  ?an
 d\ble ! numb] ( gra9s gr[ on ! /alk4 ,!
 frequ5cy1 &  almo/1 9 _m in/ances1 !   
close vic9ity ( ! sites ( !  anci5t     
t[ns1 prove t ! population ( ! c\ntry 0 

=m]ly  proportion$ to its natural       
f]tility4 ,su* evid5ce may surely       
suffice  to prove t ! c\ntry 0 well     
cultivat$ & peopl$ at a p]iod s  long   
po/]ior to ! date ( ! pr$ictions1 t no  
cause less ?an  sup]natural c\ld h exi/$
 at ! "t :5 !y 7 deliv]$1  :i* c\ld h   
au?oriz$ ! ass]tion ) ! lea/ probability
 or  app>5t possibility ( its tru?1 t   
,moab w\ld ev] h be5  r$uc$ to t /ate ( 
great & p]man5t desolation 9 :i* x has  
cont9u$ = s _m ages1 & :i* v9dicates &  
ratifies to ?is  h\r ! tru? ( !         
,scriptural prophecies4 ,! cities (     
,moab 7 to  be desolate )\t any to dwell
 !re920 no city 0 to escape3 ,moab  0 to
 flee away40 ,& ! cities ( ,moab h all  
disappe>$4 ,_!  place1 toge!r ) ! adjo9+
 "p ( ,idumea1 is *>act]iz$1 9  ! map ( 
,volney's ,travels1 by ! ru9s ( t[ns4 ,8
 in=mation  respect+ ^! ru9s 0 d]iv$ f  
"s ( ! w&]+ ,arabs2 &  its accuracy has 
be5 fully corroborat$ by ! te/imony (   
diff]5t  ,european travell]s ( high     
respectability & und\bt$ v]acity1 :o  h 

s9ce visit$ ?is deva/at$ region4 ,! :ole
 c\ntry ab\nds  ) ru9s2 & ,burckh>dt1 :o
 enc\nt]$ _m difficulties 9 s  desolate 
& dang]\s a l&1 ?us records ! brief     
hi/ory ( a few  ( !m3 ,! ru9s ( ,eleale1
 ,he%bon1 ,meon1 ,m$aba1 ,dibon1 ,aro]1 
/ill  subsi/ to illu/rate ! hi/ory ( !  
,b5i ,israel40 ,& x might )  equal tru? 
h be5 add$1 t !y /ill subsi/ to confirm 
!  inspiration ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures1  
or to prove t ! se]s (  ,israel 7 !     
prophets ( ,god2 = ! desolation ( ea* ( 
^!  v cities 0 a !me ( a pr$iction4 ,e  
?+ wor?y (  obs]vation respect+ !m has  
be5 detail$1 n only 9 ,burckh>dt's      
,travels 9 ,syria10 b also by ,seetz51  
&1 m rec5tly1 by ,capta9s  ,irby &      
,mangles1 :o1 along ) ,mr4 ,bankes &    
,mr4 ,leigh1 visit$ ?is  des]t$ di/rict4
 ,! pr$ict$ judgm5t has fall5 ) su* tru?
  ^u ^! cities1 & ^u all ! cities ( ! l&
 ( ,moab f> &  ne>1 & !y are s utt]ly   
brok5 d[n10 t ev5 ! pry+  curiosity (   
su* indefatigable travell]s c\ld discov]
 among a  multiplicity ( ru9s only a few

 rema9s s entire z to be wor?y (        
p>ticul> notice4 ,! subjo9$ description 
is drawn f _! unit$  te/imony3 ,among ! 
ru9s ( ,el ,aal 7,eleale7 are a numb] ( 
l>ge  ci/]ns1 fragm5ts ( build+s1 &     
f\ndations ( h\ses4 ,at ,he%ban1        
7,he%bon17 are ! ru9s ( a l>ge anci5t   
t[n1 toge!r ) !  rema9s ( a temple1 & "s
 edifices4 ,a few brok5 %afts ( columns 
are /ill /&+2 & !re are a numb] ( deep  
wells cut 9 !  rock4 ,! ru9s ( ,m$eba   
are ab\t two miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,!re  
are _m rema9s ( ! walls ( private h\ses 
con/ruct$ ) blocks  ( silex1 b n a s+le 
edifice is /&+4 ,! *ief object (  int]e/
 is an imm5se tank or ci/]n ( hewn      
/ones1 :i*1 z !re  is no /ream at       
,m$eba10 ,burckh>dt rem>ks1 might /ill  
be ( use to  ! ,b$\9s1 7 ! surr\nd+     
gr\nd cle>$ ( ! rubbi% to  all[ ! wat]  
to fl[ into x2 b su* an und]tak+ is f>  
beyond  ! views ( ! w&]+ ,arabs40 ,!re  
is also ! f\ndation ( a  temple built ) 
l>ge /ones1 & app>5tly ( great          
antiquity1 )  two columns ne> x4 ,! ru9s

 ( ,diban1 7,dibon17 situat$ 9 ! mid/  (
 a f9e pla91 are ( consid]able ext5t1 b 
pres5t no?+ (  int]e/4 ,! neighb\r+ hot 
wells1 & ! simil>ity ( ! "n1  id5tify ! 
ru9s ( ,my\n ) ,meon1 or ,be? ,meon (   
,scripture4 ,(  ?is anci5t city1 z well 
z ( ,araayr1 7,areor17 no?+ is n[       
rem>kable b :at is common to !m ) all ! 
cities ( ,moab1 _!  entire desolation4  
,! ext5t ( ! ru9s ( ,rabba1 7,rabba?    
,moab17  =m]ly ! resid5ce ( ! k+s (     
,moab1 suffici5tly proves its  anci5t   
importance2 ?\gh no o!r object c be     
p>ticul>iz$ among  ! ru9s1 ?an ! rema9s 
( a palace or temple1 "s ( ! walls (    
:i* are /ill /&+1 a gate belong+ to     
ano!r build+1 & an  insulat$ alt>4 ,!re 
are _m rema9s ( private build+s1 b none 
( !m is entire4 ,!re be+ no spr+s on !  
spot1 ! t[n _h two  birkets1 ! l>ge/ (  
:i* is cut entirely out ( ! rocky gr\nd1
  toge!r ) _m ci/]ns4 ,m\nt ,nebo 0     
completely b>r5 :5  ,burckh>dt pass$ ov]
 x1 & ! site ( ! anci5t city _h n be5   
asc]ta9$4 ,nebo is spoil$40    ,:ile !  

ru9s ( all ^! cities /ill reta9 _!      
anci5t names1  & are ! mo/ conspicu\s   
amid/ ! wide sc5e ( g5]al  desolation1 &
 :ile ea* ( !m 0 9 l mann] p>ticul>iz$ 9
  ! visions ( ! prophet1 !y yet =m$ b a 
small numb] ( !  cities ( ,moab2 & ! re/
 are also1 9 simil> v]ification ( !     
prophecies1 desolate1 )\t any to dwell  
!re940 ,none ( ! anci5t  cities ( ,moab 
n[ rema9 z t5ant$ by m54 ,k]ek1 :i*     
nei!r be>s  any resemblance 9 "n to any 
( ! cities ( ,moab :i* are m5tion$  z   
exi/+ 9 ! "t ( ! ,israelites1 nor       
possesses any monum5ts  :i* d5ote a v   
remote antiquity1 is ! only nom9al t[n 9
 !  :ole c\ntry1 &1 9 ! words ( ,seetz51
 :o visit$ x1 9 its  pres5t ru9$ /ate x 
c only be call$ a hamlet2 & ! h\ses h   
only "o floor40 ,b ! mo/ popul\s &      
f]tile prov9ce 9 ,europe1  especially   
any situat$ 9 ! int]ior ( a c\ntry l    
,moab1 is n  cov]$ s ?ickly ) t[ns z    
,moab is pl5tiful 9 ru9s1 des]t$  &     
desolate ?\gh n[ x be4 ,burckh>dt       
enum]ates ab\t fifty ru9$  sites )9 its 

b\nd>ies1 _m ( !m ext5sive4 ,9 g5]al !y 
are  a brok5 d[n & undi/+ui%able mass ( 
ru9s2 & _m ( !m h  n be5 closely        
inspect$4 ,b1 9 "s in/ances1 !re are !  
rema9s ( temples1 sepul*ral monum5ts2 ! 
ru9s ( edifices  con/ruct$ ( v l>ge     
/ones1 9 "o ( :i* build+s "s ( !  /ones 
are tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 & s broad t "o   
con/itutes !  ?ickness ( ! wall2 traces 
( hang+ g>d5s2 entire columns ly+  on ! 
gr\nd1 ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & fragm5ts (
 small] columns2  & _m ci/]ns out ( !   
rock4 ,:5 ! t[ns ( ,moab exi/$ 9  _!    
prime1 & 7 at ease2 :5 arrogance1 &     
haught9ess1 &  pride prevail$ among !m2 
! desolation1 & total des]tion &        
ab&onm5t ( !m all1 mu/ h utt]ly surpass$
 all human  conception4 ,& t su* num]\s 
cities :i* subsi/$ = _m ages1  "s ( !m  
be+ built on em95ces1 & naturally /rong2
 o!rs on  pla9s1 & surr\nd$ by ! ri*e/  
soil2 "s situat$ 9 valleys by  ! side ( 
a pl5tiful /ream2 & o!rs :]e art suppli$
 !  defici5cies ( nature1 & :]e imm5se  
ci/]ns 7 excavat$ out (  ! rock1 & :i*  

exhibit 9 _! ru9s _m monum5ts ( anci5t  
prosp]ity1 & _m rema9s easily conv]tible
 into pres5t utility2  %\ld h all fl$   
away1 all met ! same indiscrim9ate fate1
 & be  all desolate1 )\t any to dwell   
!re910 not)/&+ all ^!  anci5t           
indications ( p]man5t durability1 & _!  
exi/+  facilities & inducem5ts = becom+ 
! habitations ( m51 is a  matt] ( j     
wond] 9 ! pres5t day4 ,!y %all cry (    
,moab1 ,h[ is  x brok5 d[n60    ,! /rong
 contra/ betwe5 ! anci5t & ! actual /ate
 ( ,moab is  exemplifi$ 9 ! condition ( 
! inhabitants z well z ( ! l&2  & !     
co9cid5ce betwe5 ! pr$iction & ! fact is
 z /rik+  9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,! days
 come1 sai? ! ,"l1 t ,i  w s5d unto him 
7,moab7 w&]]s t %all cause him to w&]1 &
  %all empty 8 vessels40 ,! ,b$\9 7w&]+7
 ,arabs are n[ !  *ief & almo/ ! only   
inhabitants ( a c\ntry once /udd$ )     
cities4 ,trav]s+ ! c\ntry1 & fix+ _!    
t5ts = a %ort "t  9 "o place1 & !n      
decamp+ to ano!r1 depa/ur+ e "p         
successively1 & despoil+ ! :ole l& ( its

 natural produce1 !y  are w&]]s :o h    
come up aga9/ x1 & :o keep x 9 a /ate ( 
p]petual desolation4 ,!y lead a w&]+    
life2 & ! only  regul>ity !y "k or      
practise1 is to act ^u a sy/ematic s*eme
 (  spoliation4 ,!y prev5t any f =m+ a  
fix$ settlem5t :o are  incl9$ to attempt
 x2 = al?\gh ! fruitfulness ( ! soil    
w\ld  abundantly repay ! lab\r (        
settl]s1 & r5d] migration :olly         
unnecess>y1 ev5 if ! population 7       
increas$ m ?an t5fold2  yet ! ,b$\9s    
=cibly deprive !m ( ! means ( subsi/5ce1
  compel !m to se>* = x else:]e1 &1 9 ! 
words ( !  pr$iction1 lit]ally cause !m 
to w&]40 ,x may be rem>k$  g5]ally ( !  
,b$\9s10 says ,burckh>dt1 9 describ+ _! 
extortions 9 ?is v c\ntry1 t :]ev] !y   
are ! ma/]s (  ! cultivators1 ! latt]   
are soon r$uc$ to begg>y by _!  unceas+ 
dem&s40 8,o ye t dwell 9 ,moab1 leave ! 
cities & dwell  9 ! rock1 & be l ! dove 
t make? h] ne/ 9 ! sides (  ! hole's    
m\?40 ,9 a g5]al description ( !        
condition ( !  inhabitants ( t ext5sive 

des]t :i* n[ occupies ! place (  ^!     
anci5t fl\ri%+ /ates1 ,volney 9 pla9 b  
unmeant  illu/ration ( ?is pr$iction1   
rem>ks1 t ! wret*$ peasants  live 9     
p]petual dread ( los+ ! fruit ( _!      
lab\rs2 & no  soon] h !y ga!r$ 9 _!     
h>ve/1 ?an !y ha/5 to secrete  x 9      
private places1 & retire among ! rocks  
:i* bord] on !  ,dead ,sea40 ,t[>d !    
opposite extremity ( ! l& ( ,moab1 & at 
a  little di/ance f its bord]s1 ,seetz5 
relates1 t !re are _m  families liv+ 9  
cav]ns20 & he actually designates !m !  
inhabitants ( ! rocks40 ,& at ! di/ance 
( a few miles f !  ru9$ site ( ,he%bon1 
accord+ to ,capta9s ,irby & ,mangles1   
!re  are _m artificial caves 9 a l>ge   
range ( p]p5dicul> cliffs1 9  "s ( :i*  
are *amb]s & small sleep+ ap>tm5ts40    
,:ile !  cities are desolate1 )\t any to
 dwell !re91 ! rocks are  t5ant$4 ,b    
:e!r flocks lie d[n 9 ! city )\t any to 
make  !m afraid1 or :e!r m5 are to be   
f\nd dwell+ 9 ! rocks1 &  are 8l ! dove 
t make? h] ne/ 9 ! sides ( ! hole's     

m\?10 ! wond]ful transition1 9 ei!r     
case1 & ! close  accordance1 9 bo?1 ( ! 
fact to ! pr$iction1 assur$ly m>k x 9   
*>act]s t may be visible to ! purbl9d   
m9d1 z ! ^w ( t  ,god be=e :om ! d>kness
 ( futurity is z light1 & )\t :om a     
sp>r[ _c fall unto ! gr\nd4    ,,mole4  
,?is ^w1 9 our v]sion ( ,lev4 xi1 #cj1  
answ]s to ! ^w  1 :i* ,bo*>t has %[n to 
be ! cameleon2 b he conjectures1  )     
great propriety1 t 1 translat$ weasel10 
9 ! prec$+  v]se1 is ! true ^w = ! mole4
 ,! pres5t "n ( ! mole 9  ! ea/ is      
khuld1 :i* is und5iably ! same ^w z !   
,hebrew  *ol$4 ,! import ( ! ,hebrew ^w 
is1 to creep into10 & ! same  ,syriac ^w
 implies1 to creep und]nea?10 to creep  
into by burr[+2  :i* are well kn[n      
*>act]i/ics ( ! mole4    ,,molo*1 1     
signifies k+4 ,molo*1 ,mole*1 ,milcom1  
or ,mel*om1 0 a  god ( ! ,ammonites4 ,! 
^w ,molo* signifies k+10 & ,mel*om      
signifies _! k+40 ,moses 9 sev]al places
 =bids ! ,israelites1  "u ! p5alty (    
dea?1 to d$icate _! *ildr5 to ,molo*1 by

  mak+ !m pass ?r\gh ! fire 9 hon\r ( t 
god1 ,lev4 xviii1 #ba2  xx1 #b-e4 ,god  
himself ?reat5s to p\r out 8 wra? aga9/ 
su*  (f5d]s4 ,!re is great probability t
 ! ,hebrews 7 addict$ to  ! wor%ip ( ?is
 deity1 ev5 be=e _! com+ out ( ,egypt2  
s9ce  ! ,prophet ,amos1 v1 #bf1 & aft]  
him ,/4 ,/eph51 reproa* !m )  hav+ c>ri$
 9 ! wild]ness ! tab]nacle ( _! god     
,molo*1  ,acts vii1 #dc4 ,solomon built 
a temple to ,molo* ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1
  #a ,k+s xi1 #g2 & ,manasseh a long "t 
aft] imitat$ 8 impiety1  mak+ 8 son pass
 ?r\gh ! fire 9 hon\r ( ,molo*1 #b ,k+s 
xxi1  #c-f4 ,x 0 *iefly 9 ! valley (    
,tophet & ,h9nom1 ea/ (  ,j]usalem1 t   
?is idolatr\s wor%ip 0 paid1 ,j]4 xix1  
#e1 #f1 c4  ,"s are ( op9ion t !y       
cont5t$ !mselves ) mak+ _!  *ildr5 leap 
ov] a fire sacr$ to ,molo*1 by :i* !y   
consecrat$  !m to "s false deity3 & by  
?is lu/ration purifi$ !m2 ?is  be+ a    
usual c]emony among ! ,hea!ns on o!r    
occasions4 ,"s  believe t !y made !m    
pass ?r\gh two fires opposite to ea*    

o!r1 = ! same purpose4 ,b ! ^w 1 to     
cause to pass  ?r\gh10 & ! phrase to    
cause to pass ?r\gh ! fire10 are us$ 9  
respect to human sacrifices 9 ,deut4    
xii1 #ca2 xviii1 #aj2 #b ,k+s xvi1 #c2  
xxi1 #f2 #b ,*ron4 xxviii1 #c2 xxxiii1  
#f4 ,^! words are n to be  consid]$ z   
mean+ 9 ^! in/ances lit]ally to pass    
?r\gh1 &  t alone4 ,!y are r synonym\s )
 1 to burn1 & 1 to  immolate1 ) :i* !y  
are int]*ang$1 z may be se5 by an       
exam9ation ( ,j]4 vii1 #ca2 xix1 #e2    
,ezek4 xvi1 #bj1 #ba2 ,psalm cvi1 #ch4  
,9 ! lat] p]iods ( ! ,jewi% k+dom1 ?is  
idol 0 erect$ 9 !  valley s\? (         
,j]usalem1 namely1 9 ! valley ( ,h9nom1 
& 9 !  "p ( t valley call$ ,tophet1 1 s 
nam$ f ! drums1   1 :i* 7 beat5 to      
prev5t ! groans & cries ( *ildr5        
sacrific$ f be+ he>d1 ,j]4 vii1 #ca1    
#cb2 xix1 #f-ad2 ,isaiah xxx1  #cc2 #b  
,k+s xxiii1 #aj4 ,! place 0 s abhorr5t  
to ! m9ds ( !  m rec5t ,jews1 t !y      
appli$ ! "n ge h9nom or geh5na to  !    
place ( torm5ts 9 a future life4 ,! ^w  

geh5na is us$ 9  ?is way1 namely1 = !   
place ( puni%m5t beyond ! grave1 v      
frequ5tly 9 ori5tal writ]s1 z f> z      
,india4 ,!re are v>i\s  s5tim5ts ab\t ! 
relation t ,molo* _h to ! o!r ,pagan    
div9ities4 ,"s believe t ,molo* 0 ! same
 z ,saturn1 to :om x  is well kn[n t    
human sacrifices 7 (f]$2 o!rs ?9k x 0  !
 same ) ,m]cury2 o!rs1 ,v5us2 o!rs1     
,m>s1 or ,mi?ra4 ,calmet  has endeav\r$ 
to prove t ,molo* signifi$ ! sun1 or !  
k+ (  heav54    ,,money4 ,scripture (t5 
speaks ( gold1 silv]1 brass1 ( c]ta9    
sums (  money1 ( pur*ases made ) money1 
( curr5t money1 ( money ( a  c]ta9      
weight2 b we d n obs]ve co9$ or /amp$   
money till a  late p]iod2 :i* makes x   
probable t ! anci5t ,hebrews took gold  
& silv] only by weight2 t !y only       
consid]$ ! purity ( !  metal1 & n !     
/amp4 ,! mo/ anci5t comm]ce 0 conduct$  
by  b>t]1 or ex*ang+ "o sort ( m]*&ise =
 ano!r4 ,"o man gave  :at he c\ld sp>e  
to ano!r1 :o gave him 9 return "p ( 8   
sup]abundance4 ,aft]w>d1 ! m preci\s    

metals 7 us$ 9  traffic1 z a value m    
g5]ally kn[n & fix$4 ,la/ly1 !y gave    
?is metal1 by public au?ority1 a c]ta9  
m>k1 a c]ta9 weight1 & a  c]ta9 degree (
 alloy1 to fix its value1 & to save     
buy]s &  sell]s ! tr\ble ( weigh+ &     
exam9+ ! co9s4 ,at ! siege (  ,troy 9   
,hom]1 no ref]5ce is made to gold or    
silv] co9$2 b !  value ( ?+s is e/imat$ 
by ! numb] ( ox5 !y 7 wor?4 ,=  in/ance3
 !y b\ght w9e1 by ex*ang+ ox51 slaves1  
sk9s1 iron1 c1  = x4 ,:5 ! ,greeks fir/ 
us$ money1 x 0 only little pieces (     
iron or copp]1 call$ oboli or spits1 (  
:i* a h&ful 0 a  dra*ma1 says ,plut>*4  
,h]odotus ?9ks t ! ,lydians 7 ! fir/  t 
/amp$ money ( gold or silv]1 & introduc$
 x into comm]ce4  ,o!rs say x 0 ,i%on1  
k+ ( ,!ssaly1 a son ( ,deucalion4 ,o!rs 
ascribe ?is hon\r to ,eri*?onius2 :o _h 
be5 educat$ by !  daught]s ( ,cecrops1  
k+ ( ,a!ns3 o!rs1 aga91 to ,phidon1 k+ (
  ,argos4 ,among ! ,p]sians x is said   
,d>ius1 son ( ,hy/aspes1 fir/  co9$     
gold5 money4 ,lycurgus bani%$ gold &    

silv] f 8  commonweal? ( ,lac$mon1 &    
only all[$ a rude sort ( money1 made  ( 
iron4 ,janus1 or r ! k+s ( ,rome1 made a
 k9d ( gross money  ( copp]1 hav+ on "o 
side ! d\ble face ( ,janus1 on ! o!r !  
pr[ ( a %ip4 ,we f9d no?+ conc]n+ !     
money ( ! ,egyptians1  ,ph5icians1      
,arabians1 or ,syrians1 be=e ,alex&] !  
,great4 ,9 ,*9a1  to ?is day1 !y /amp no
 money ( gold or silv]1 b only ( copp]4 
,gold & silv] pass z m]*&ise4 ,if gold  
or silv] be (f]$1 !y  take x & pay x by 
weight1 z o!r goods3 s t !y are oblig$  
to cut x into pieces ) %e>s = t purpose1
 & !y c>ry a  /eel y>d at _! girdles to 
weigh x4    ,b to return to ! ,hebrews4 
,abraham weigh$ out f\r hundr$ %ekels  (
 silv]1 to pur*ase ,s>ah's tomb1 ,g5esis
 xxiii1 #ae1 #af2 &  ,scripture obs]ves 
t he paid ?is 9 curr5t money ) !        
m]*ant40 ,joseph 0 sold by 8 bre?r5 to !
 ,midianites = tw5ty  pieces 79 ,hebrew 
tw5ty %ekels7 ( silv]1 ,g54 xxxvii1 #bh4
 ,!  bre?r5 ( ,joseph br+ back ) !m into
 ,egypt ! money !y f\nd  9 _! sacks1 9 !

 same weight z be=e1 ,g54 xliii1 #ba4 ,!
  bracelets t ,eliez] gave ,rebekah     
weigh$ t5 %ekels1 & ! e>  r+s two       
%ekels1 ,g54 xxiv1 #bb4 ,moses ord]$ t !
 weight ( five  hundr$ %ekels ( myrrh1 &
 two hundr$ & fifty %ekels ( c9namon1  (
 ! weight ( ! sanctu>y1 %\ld be tak51 to
 make ! p]fume  :i* 0 to be burnt to !  
,"l on ! gold5 alt>1 ,exod4 xxx1 #bd4   
,he  acqua9ts u t ! ,israelites (f]$ = !
 works ( ! tab]nacle  sev5ty-two ?\s&   
tal5ts ( brass1 ,exod4 xxxviii1 #bi4 ,we
 read1 9  ! books ( ,samuel1 t ! weight 
( ,absalom's hair 0 two hundr$  %ekels (
 ! ord9>y weight1 or ( ! k+'s weight1 #b
 ,sam4 xiv1 #bf4  ,isaiah1 xlvi1 #f1    
describes ! wick$ z weigh+ silv] 9 a    
balance1  to make an idol ( x2 &        
,j]emiah1 xxxii1 #aj1 weighs sev5te5    
pieces  ( silv] 9 a pair ( scales1 to   
pay = a field he _h b\ght4 ,isaiah      
says1 ,come1 buy w9e & milk )\t money & 
)\t price4 ,:]e=e  d ye weigh money = t 
:i* is n bread80 ,amos1 viii1 #e1       
repres5ts ! m]*ants z enc\rag+ "o ano!r 

to make ! ephah  small1 :]e) to sell1 & 
! %ekel great1 :]e) to buy1 & to        
falsify ! balances by deceit4    ,9 all 
^! passages ?ree ?+s only are m5tion$3  
#a4 ,! metal1  t is1 gold or silv]1 &   
nev] copp]1 t n be+ us$ 9  traffic z    
money4 #b4 ,! weight1 a tal5t1 a %ekel1 
a g]ah or  obolus1 ! weight ( !         
sanctu>y1 & ! k+'s weight4 #c4 ,!  alloy
 7/&>d7 ( pure or f9e gold & silv]1 & ( 
good quality1  z receiv$ by ! m]*ant4 ,!
 impression ( ! co9age is n  ref]r$ to2 
b x is said !y weigh$ ! silv]1 or o!r   
commodities1 by ! %ekel & by ! tal5t4   
,?is %ekel1 !re=e1  & ?is tal5t1 7 n    
fix$ & det]m9$ pieces ( money1 b        
weights appli$ to ?+s us$ 9 comm]ce4    
,h5ce ^? deceitful  balances ( !        
m]*ants1 :o w\ld increase ! %ekel1 t is1
 w\ld  augm5t ! weight by :i* !y weigh$ 
! gold & silv] !y 7  to receive1 t !y   
might h a great] quantity ?an 0 _! due2 
h5ce ! weight ( ! sanctu>y1 ! /&>d ( :i*
 0 pres]v$  9 ! temple to prev5t fraud2 
h5ce ^? prohibitions 9 ! law1  ,?\ %alt 

n h 9 ?y bag div]s weights10 9 ,hebrew1 
/ones1 a  great & a small10 ,deut4 xxv1 
#ac2 h5ce ^? scales t ! ,hebrews  wore  
at _! girdles1 ,hosea xii1 #g1 & !      
,canaanites c>ri$ 9 _!  h&s1 to weigh ! 
gold & silv] :i* !y receiv$ 9 paym5t4 ,x
  is true t 9 ! ,hebrew we f9d ,jacob   
b\ght a field = a hundr$  kesitahs1 ,g54
 xxxiii1 #ai2 & t ! fri5ds ( ,job1 aft] 
8  recov]y1 gave to t model ( pati5ce   
ea* a kesitah1 & a gold5  p5dant = !    
e>s1 ,job xlii1 #aa4 ,we also f9d !re   
d>ics1 79  ,hebrew1 d>cmonim or         
ad>cmonim17 & m91 /at]1 oboli2  b ?is   
la/ k9d ( money 0 =eign1 & is put = o!r 
t]ms1  :i* 9 ! ,hebrew only signifies ! 
weight ( ! metal4 ,!  kesitah is n well 
kn[n to u3 "s take x = a %eep or a lamb2
  o!rs1 = a k9d ( money1 hav+ !         
impression ( a lamb or a %eep3  b x 0 m 
probably a purse ( money4 ,! d>cmonim or
 d>ics  are money ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia2 & x 
is agre$ t ,d>ius1 son (  ,hy/aspes1    
fir/ co9$ gold5 money4 ,ezekiel1 xlv1   
#ab1 tells u t  ! m9a makes fifty       

%ekels3 he r$uces ?is =eign money to !  
weight ( ! ,hebrews4 ,! m9a might       
probably be a ,p]sian money  orig9ally1 
& adopt$ by ! ,greeks & by ! ,hebrews4  
,b "u !  dom9ion ( ! ,p]sians1 !        
,hebrews 7 h>dly at lib]ty to co9  money
 ( _! own1 be+ 9 subjection to ^?       
pr9ces1 & v l[  9 _! own c\ntry4 ,!y 7  
/ill less able "u ! ,*aldeans1  dur+ !  
,babyloni% captivity2 or aft]w>d "u !   
,grecians1 to  :om !y 7 subject till !  
"t ( ,simon ,maccabu1 to :om  ,antio*us 
,sidetes1 k+ ( ,syria1 grant$ !         
privilege ( co9+ money  9 ,judea1 #a    
,mac4 xv1 #f4 ,& ?is is ! fir/ ,hebrew  
money1 prop]ly s  call$1 t we "k (4 ,!re
 7 %ekels & demi-%ekels1 also !  ?ird "p
 ( a %ekel1 & a qu>t] ( a %ekel1 (      
silv]4    ,! %ekel ( silv]1 or !        
silv]l+1 ,isa4 vii1 #bc1 orig9ally      
weigh$ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty b>leycorns2 b
 x 0 aft]w>d  increas$ to ?ree hundr$ & 
eighty-f\r b>leycorns1 its value1 be+   
consid]$ equal to f\r ,roman d5>ii1 0   
two %ill+s & sev5  p5ce1 or1 accord+ to 

,bi%op ,cumb]l&1 two %ill+s & f\r p5ce  
f>?+4 ,x is said to h _h ,a>on's rod on 
! "o side1 & !  pot ( manna on ! o!r4 ,!
 bekah 0 equal to half a %ekel1 ,exod4  
xxxviii1 #bf4 ,! d5>ius 0 "o-f\r? ( a   
%ekel1 sev5 p5ce ?ree  f>?+s ( our      
money4 ,! g]ah1 or meah1 ,exod4 xxx1    
#ac1 0 ! six?  "p ( ! d5>ius1 or d9]1 & 
! tw5ty-f\r? "p ( !  %ekel4 ,! ass>1 or 
ass>ion1 ,matt4 x1 #bi1 0 ! n9ety-six?  
"p  ( a %ekel3 its value 0 r m ?an a    
f>?+4 ,! f>?+1  ,matt4 v1 #bf1 0 9 value
 ! ?irte5? "p ( a p5ny /]l+4 ,!  mite 0 
! half ( a f>?+1 or ! tw5ty-six? "p ( a 
p5ny  /]l+4 ,! m9a1 or maneh1 ,ezek4    
xlv1 #ab1 0 equal to sixty %ekels1  :i*1
 tak5 at two %ill+s & sev5 p5ce1 0 sev5 
p\nds fifte5  %ill+s4 ,! tal5t 0 fifty  
m9as2 & its value1 !re=e1 ?ree  hundr$ &
 eighty-sev5 p\nds t5 %ill+s4 ,! gold   
co9s 7 z  foll[s3 a %ekel ( gold 0 ab\t 
f\rte5 & a half times ! value  ( silv]1 
t is1 "o p\nd sev5te5 %ill+s & five p5ce
  halfp5ny4 ,a tal5t ( gold consi/$ (   
?ree ?\s& %ekels4 ,!  dra*ma 0 equal to 

a ,roman d5>ius1 or sev5 p5ce ?ree f>?+s
 (  our money4 ,! didra*ma1 or tribute  
money1 ,matt4 xvii1 #bd1 0 equal to     
fifte5 p5ce halfp5ny4 ,x is said to h   
be5 /amp$ ) a h>p on  "o side1 & a v9e  
on ! o!r4 ,! /at]1 or piece ( money :i* 
,pet] f\nd 9 ! fi%'s m\?1 ,matt4 xvii1  
#bg1 0 two half %ekels4 ,a  d>ic1 dram1 
#a ,*ron4 xxix1 #g2 ,ezra viii1 #bg1 0 a
 gold co9 /ruck by  ,d>ius ! ,m$e4      
,accord+ to ,p>khur/ its value 0 "o p\nd
 five  %ill+s4 ,a gold p5ny is /at$ by  
,lightfoot to h be5 equal to  tw5ty-five
 silv] p5ce4    ,hug d]ives a           
satisfactory argum5t = ! v]acity ( !    
,gospels f  ! diff]5t k9ds ( money      
m5tion$ 9 !m3--,! admixture (  =eign    
mann]s & con/itutions proce$$ ?r\gh     
numb]less  circum/ances ( life4 ,take1 =
 example1 ! circulation ( co92 at  "o "t
 x is ,greek co92 at ano!r1 ,roman2 at  
ano!r "t anci5t  ,jewi%4 ,b h[          
accurately is ev5 ?is /at$ accord+ to   
hi/ory1 &  ! arrangem5t ( ?+s6 ,! anci5t
 impo/s :i* 7 introduc$  be=e ! ,roman  

dom9ion 7 valu$ accord+ to ! ,greek     
co9age2  = example1 ! taxes ( ! temple1 
! 1 ,matt4 xvii1 #bd4 ,!  (f]+s 7 paid 9
 ^!1 ,m>k xii1 #db2 ,luke xxi1 #b4 ,a   
paym5t :i*  proce$$ f ! temple treasury 
0 made accord+ to ! anci5t  national    
paym5t by weight1 ,matt4 xxvi1 #ae2 b 9 
common bus9ess1  trade1 wages1 sale1 c1 
! assis & d5>ius & ,roman co9 7  usual1 
,matt4 x1 #bi2 xx1 #c2 ,luke xii1 #f2   
,m>k xiv1 #e2 ,john xii1 #e2 vi1 #g4  ,!
 m mod]n /ate taxes are likewise paid 9 
! co9 ( ! nation  :i* ex]cises at ! "t !
 greate/ au?ority1 ,mat!w xxii1 #ai2    
,m>k xii1 #ae2 ,luke xx1 #bd4 ,writ]s1  
:o1 9 ea* little circum/ance1  :i*      
o!rwise w\ld pass by unnotic$1 s        
accurately describe !  p]iod ( "t1 mu/  
c]ta9ly h _h a p]sonal k ( x4           
,,money-,,*ang]s1 9 ! ,gospels1 7 p]sons
 :o ex*ang$ native =  =eign co91 to     
enable ^? :o came to ,j]usalem f di/ant 
c\ntries to pur*ase ! necess>y          
sacrifices4 ,9 our ,"l's "t !y  _h      
e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple2 a

 pr(anation  :i* _h probably gr[n up ) !
 influ5ce ( ,roman mann]s1 :i*  all[$ ! 
arg5t>ii money-deal]s to e/abli% _!     
usuri\s  m5sas1 tables1 by ! /atues ( ! 
gods1 ev5 at ! feet ( ,janus1  9 ! mo/  
holy places1 9 porticibus ,basilic>um1  
or 9 ! temples1  pone dem ,ca/oris4 ,!  
foll[+ extract f ,buck+ham's ,travels   
among ! ,arabs1 is illu/rative3--8,!    
mosque at ! "t ( our  pass+ ?r\gh x 0   
full ( p1 ?\gh ^! 7 n  wor%ipp]s1 nor 0 
x at ei!r ( ! usual h\rs ( public       
pray]s4  ,"s ( ! p>ties 7 assembl$ to   
smoke1 o!rs to play at *ess1  & "s      
app>5tly to drive b>ga9s ( trade1 b     
c]ta9ly none to  pray4 ,x 01 inde$1 a   
liv+ picture ( :at we might believe !   
temple at ,j]usalem to h be51 :5 ^? :o  
sold ox51 & %eep1  & doves1 & ! *ang]s (
 money sitt+ !re1 7 driv5 out by        
,jesus1 ) a sc\rge ( cords1 & _! tables 
ov]turn$4 ,x 01 9  %ort1 a place (      
public resort & ?or\ghf>e1 a h\se (     
m]*&ise1 z ! temple ( ! ,jews _h become 
9 ! days ( !  ,messiah40    ,,monk      

anci5tly d5ot$ a p]son :o retir$ f ! _w 
to give  himself up :olly to ,god1 & to 
live 9 solitude & ab/95ce4 ,!  ^w is    
d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 mona*us1 & t f ! ,greek 
1 solit>y4 ,! orig9al ( monks seems to h
 be5 ?is3 ,!  p]secutions :i* att5d$ !  
fir/ ages ( ! ,gospel =c$ "s  ,*ri/ians 
to retire f ! _w1 & live 9 des]ts &     
places m  private & unfrequ5t$1 9 hopes 
( f9d+ t peace & com=t  among bea/s :i* 
7 d5i$ !m among m52 & ?is be+ ! case  ( 
"s v extraord9>y p]sons1 _! example gave
 su* reputation  to retirem5t1 t !      
practice 0 cont9u$ :5 ! reason ( its    
comm5cem5t ceas$4 ,aft] ! empire became 
,*ri/ian1 in/ances (  ?is k9d 7 num]\s2 
& ^? ^: security _h oblig$ !m to  live  
sep>ately & ap>t became aft]w>d unit$   
into societies4 ,we may  also add1 t !  
my/ic !ology1 :i* ga9$ gr\nd t[>d !     
close  ( ! ?ird c5tury1 contribut$ to   
produce ! same effect1 & to  drive m5   
into solitude1 = ! purposes ( devotion4 
,! monks1 at  lea/ ! anci5t ones1 7     
di/+ui%$ into solit>ies1  cnobites1 &   

s>abaites4 ,! fir/ 7 ^? :o liv$ 9       
places remote f all t[ns & habitations (
 m51 z d /ill "s (  ! h]mits4 ,!        
cnobites 7 ^? :o liv$ 9 community )     
sev]al o!rs 9 ! same h\se1 & "u ! same  
sup]iors4 ,!  s>abaites 7 /roll+ monks1 
hav+ no fix$ rule ( resid5ce4  ,^? :o   
are n[ call$ monks are cnobites1 :o live
 toge!r 9  a conv5t or mona/]y1 :o make 
v[s ( liv+ accord+ to a c]ta9  rule     
e/abli%$ by ! f\nd]1 & we> a habit :i*  
di/+ui%es  _! ord]4 ,^? t are end[$1 or 
h a fix$ rev5ue1 are mo/  prop]ly call$ 
monks1 mona*i2 z ! ,*>t]eux1 ,b5$ict9es1
  ,b]n>d9es1 c4 ,! ,m5dicants1 or ^? t  
beg1 z ! ,capu*9s &  ,franciscans1 are m
 prop]ly call$ religi\s1 & fri>s1 ?\gh !
  names are frequ5tly conf\nd$4    ,!   
fir/ monks 7 ^? ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 :o1 t[>d 
! close ( !  f\r? c5tury1 =m$ !m into a 
regul> body1 engag$ !m to live 9        
society ) ea* o!r1 & prescrib$ to !m    
fix$ rules = !  direction ( _! conduct4 
,^! regulations1 :i* ,an?ony _h made 9  
,egypt1 7 soon introduc$ into ,pale/9e &

 ,syria by 8 disciple  ,hil>ion4 ,almo/ 
ab\t ! same "t1 ,aones1 or ,eug5ius1 )  
_!  companions1 ,gaddanus & ,azyzas1    
in/itut$ ! mona/ic ord] 9  ,mesopotomia1
 & ! adjac5t c\ntries2 & _! example 0   
foll[$  ) su* rapid success1 t 9 a %ort 
"t ! :ole ea/ 0 fill$  ) a lazy set (   
mortals1 :o1 ab&on+ all human           
connections1  advantages1 pleasures1 &  
conc]ns1 wore out a langui%+ &  mis]able
 exi/5ce amid/ h>d%ips ( want1 & v>i\s  
k9ds (  suff]+1 9 ord] to arrive at a m 
close & raptur\s  communication ) ,god &
 angels4 ,f ! ea/ ?is gloomy in/itution 
pass$ into ! we/1 & fir/ into ,italy &  
its neighb\r+ isl&s1  ?\gh x is unc]ta9 
:o transplant$ x ?i!r4 ,/4 ,m>t91 !     
celebrat$ bi%op ( ,t\rs1 erect$ ! fir/  
mona/]ies 9 ,gaul1 &  recomm5d$ ?is     
religi\s solitude ) su* p[] & efficacy1 
bo?  by 8 in/ruction & example1 t 8     
fun]al is said to h be5  att5d$ by no   
less ?an two ?\s& monks4 ,f h5ce !      
mona/ic  discipl9e ext5d$ its progress  
gradually ?r\gh ! o!r prov9ces  &       

c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,!re 7 beside1 !    
monks ( ,/4 ,basil1  call$ 9 ! ea/      
calog]i1 f  1 a good old man1 &  ^? (   
,/4 ,j]om1 ! h]mits ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 &   
aft]w>d ^? (  ,/4 ,b5$ict & ,/4 ,b]n>d3 
at l5g? came ^? ( ,/4 ,francis &  ,/4   
,dom9ic1 ) a legion ( o!rs4    ,t[>d !  
close ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! monks :o _h    
=m]ly liv$  only = !mselves 9 solit>y   
retreats1 & _h nev] ?\ght (  assum+ any 
rank among ! sac]dotal ord]1 7 gradually
  di/+ui%$ f ! populace1 & end[$ ) su*  
opul5ce &  hon\rable privileges t !y    
f\nd !mselves 9 a condition to claim  an
 em95t /ation among ! pill>s & support]s
 ( ! ,*ri/ian  community4 ,! fame ( _!  
piety & sanctity 0 s great1 t  bi%ops & 
presbyt]s 7 (t5 *os5 out ( _! ord]2 & ! 
passion ( erect+ edifices & conv5ts1 9  
:i* ! monks & holy  virg9s might s]ve   
,god 9 ! mo/ commodi\s mann]1 0 at ?is  
"t  c>ri$ beyond all b\nds4 ,h[ev]1 _!  
lic5ti\sness1 ev5 9 ?is  c5tury1 0      
become a prov]b2 & !y are said to h     
excit$ !  mo/ dreadful tumults &        

s$itions 9 v>i\s places4 ,! mona/ic     
ord]s 7 at fir/ "u ! imm$iate           
jurisdiction ( ! bi%ops1  f :i* !y 7    
exempt$ by ! ,roman pontiff ab\t ! end (
 !  sev5? c5tury2 & ! monks 9 return    
devot$ !mselves :olly to  advance !     
int]e/ & to ma9ta9 ! dignity ( ! bi%op (
 ,rome4  ,?is immunity :i* !y obta9$ 0 a
 fruitful s\rce (  lic5ti\sness &       
disord]1 & occasion$ ! greate/ "p ( !   
vices ) :i* !y 7 aft]w>d s ju/ly *>g$4  
,9 ! eigh? c5tury ! mona/ic discipl9e 0 
extremely relax$1  bo? 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n
 prov9ces1 & all ef=ts to re/ore x  7   
ineffectual4 ,nev]!less1 ?is k9d (      
in/itution 0 9 !  highe/ e/eem2 & no?+  
c\ld equal ! v5]ation t 0 paid  ab\t !  
close ( ! n9? c5tury to su* z devot$    
!mselves to  ! sacr$ gloom & indol5ce ( 
a conv5t4 ,?is v5]ation caus$  sev]al   
k+s & emp]ors to call !m to _! c\rts1 & 
to employ  !m 9 civil affairs ( !       
greate/ mom5t4 ,_! re=mation 0  attempt$
 by ,l\is ! meek1 b ! effect 0 ( %ort   
duration4 ,9  ! elev5? c5tury1 !y 7     

exempt$ by ! popes f ! au?ority  ( _!   
sov]eigns1 & new ord]s ( monks 7        
cont9ually  e/abli%$1 insomu* t 9 !     
c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 t 0 held ,a4  ,d4     
#abae1 a decree 0 pass$1 by ! advice (  
,innoc5t ,,iii41 to prev5t  any new     
mona/ic in/itutions2 & sev]al 7 entirely
 suppress$4 ,9  ! fifte5? & sixte5?     
c5turies1 x appe>s1 f ! te/imony (  !   
be/ writ]s1 t ! monks 7 g5]ally lazy1   
illit]ate1  pr(ligate1 & lic5ti\s       
epicures1 ^: views 9 life 7 conf9$  to  
opul5ce1 idl5ess1 & pleasure4 ,h[ev]1 ! 
re=mation _h a  manife/ influ5ce 9      
re/ra9+ _! excesses1 & r5d]+ !m  m      
circumspect & cauti\s 9 _! ext]nal      
conduct4    ,monks are di/+ui%$ by !    
col\r ( _! habits1 into black1  :ite1   
gray1 c4 ,among ! monks1 "s are call$   
monks ( ! *oir1  o!rs1 pr(ess$ monks1 & 
o!rs1 lay monks2 :i* la/ are de/9$  = ! 
s]vice ( ! conv5t1 & h nei!r cl]icate   
nor  lit]ature4 ,cloi/]$ monks are ^? :o
 actually reside 9 ! h\se1  9 opposition
 to extra monks1 :o h b5efices dep5d+ on

 !  mona/]y4 ,monks are also di/+ui%$   
into re=m$1 :om ! civil  & ecclesia/ical
 au?ority h made ma/]s ( anci5t conv5ts1
 &  emp[]$ to retrieve ! anci5t         
discipl9e1 :i* _h be5 relax$2  & anci5t1
 :o rema9 9 ! conv5t1 to live 9 x       
accord+ to its  e/abli%m5t at ! "t :5 !y
 made _! v[s1 )\t oblig+  !mselves to   
any new re=m4 ,anci5tly ! monks 7 all   
laym51 &  7 only di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! p 
by a peculi> habit  & an extraord9>y    
piety or devotion4 ,n only ! monks 7    
prohibit$ ! prie/hood1 b ev5 prie/s 7   
expressly prohibit$  f becom+ monks1 z  
appe>s f ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,gregory4 ,pope 
,syricius 0 ! fir/ :o call$ !m to !     
cl]icate1 on acc\nt (  "s great sc>city 
( prie/s t ! *ur* 0 suppos$ to lab\r    
"u2 & s9ce t "t ! prie/hood has be5     
usually unit$ to !  mona/ical pr(ession4
    ,,monophysites4 ,see ,,hypo/atic    
,,union4    ,,mono!lites1 a d5om9ation 9
 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,see ,,hypo/atic       
,,union4    ,,mon?s1 1 sometimes also   
call$ 1 new moons1 f !  circum/ance ( _!

 comm5c+ ) ! new moon1 anci5tly _h no   
sep>ate names1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/1  
:i* 0 call$  ,abib1 t is1 ! mon? ( ! "y 
e>s ( corn10 ,exod4 xiii1 #d2  xxiii1   
#ae2 xxxiv1 #ah2 ,deut4 xvi1 #a4 ,dur+ !
 captivity1 ! ,hebrews  adopt$ !        
,babylonian names = _! mon?s2 :i* 7 z   
foll[s1  & !y 7 reckon$ ?us3--          
#a4 1 ,nisan1 f ! new ( ,april1 ,neh4   
ii1 #a4       moon         #b4 1 ,zif or
 ,ziv1 also   ( ,may1 #a ,k+s vi1 #a4   
call$ 1         #c4 1 ,sivan1           
( ,june1 ,e/h] viii1 #i4         #d4 1  
,tammuz1             ( ,july4           
#e4 1 ,ab1                   ( ,augu/4  
#f4 1 ,elul1               ( ,septemb]1 
,neh4 vi1 #ae4         #g4 1 ,ti%ri1    
also     ( ,octob]1 #a ,k+s viii1 #b4   
1         #h4 1 ,bul1 also 1    (       
,novemb]1 #a ,k+s vi1 #ch4         #i4 1
 ,kislev1             ( ,decemb]1 ,neh4 
i1 #a4         #aj4 1 ,tebe?1           
( ,janu>y1 ,e/h] ii1 #af4         #aa4 1
 ,%ebat1             ( ,febru>y1 ,ze*4  
i1 #g4         #ab4 1 ,ad>1             

( ,m>*1 ,e/h] iii1 #g4            ,!    
fir/ mon? "h m5tion$1 ,nisan1 0         
orig9ally       call$ ,abib4 ,!         
int]cal>y mon? is d5om9at$ 9 ,hebrew    
4    ,,moon4 ,p>ticul> sacrifices 7     
enjo9$ by ,moses at e new moon1  :i* day
 0 also celebrat$ z a fea/4 ,x is       
promis$ 9 ,psalm cxxi1  #f1 ,! sun %all 
n smite !e by day1 nor ! moon by night40
 ,!  effect ( a c\p de soleil1 or /roke 
( ! sun1 is well kn[n2 &  9 "s climates 
! beams ( ! moon are reput$ hurtful4    
,&]son1 9  8 ,description ( ! ,ea/10    
says1 ,"o mu/ "h 79 ,batavia7 take      
great c>e n to sleep 9 ! beams ( ! moon 
uncov]$4 ,i h se5  _m p ^: neck has     
become crook$1 s t !y look m to !  side 
?an =w>d4 ,i w n decide :e!r x is to be 
ascrib$ to !  moon1 z p imag9e "h40 ,9  
"s ( ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe  ! same     
op9ions are ent]ta9$ ( ! p]nici\s       
influ5ce ( !  moon beams4 ,an ,engli%   
g5tleman walk+ 9 ! ev5+ 9 ! g>d5 (  a   
,portuguese nobleman at ,lisbon1 0 mo/  
s]i\sly admoni%$ by !  own] to put on 8 

hat1 to protect him f ! moon beams4 ,!  
fi%]m5 9 ,sicily are said to cov]1 dur+ 
! night1 ! fi% :i*  !y expose to dry on 
! sea %ore1 alleg+ t ! beams ( ! moon   
cause !m to putrefy4    ,,moral         
,,obligation4 ,diff]5t op9ions h be5    
held z to ! gr\nd (  moral obligation4  
,grotius1 ,balguy1 & ,dr4 ,samuel       
,cl>ke1 place x 9  ! et]nal & necess>y  
fitness ( ?+s4 ,to ?is !re are two      
objections4 ,! fir/ is1 t x leaves !    
di/9ction betwe5 virtue  & vice1 9 a    
great measure1 arbitr>y & indef9ite1    
dep5d5t ^u  our p]ception ( fitness &   
unfitness1 :i*1 9 diff]5t individuals  w
 greatly diff]4 ,! second is1 t :5 a    
fitness or unfitness is  prov$1 x is no 
m ?an ! discov]y ( a natural ess5tial   
diff]5ce or congruity1 :i* alone _c     
con/itute a moral  obligation to *oose  
:at is fit1 & to reject :at is unfit4   
,:5 we  h prov$ a fitness 9 a c]ta9     
c\rse ( action1 we h n prov$  t x is    
obligatory4 ,a second /ep is necess>y   
be=e we c rea*  ?is conclusion4         

,cudwor?1 ,butl]1 ,price1 & o!rs1       
ma9ta91 t  virtue c>ries its own        
obligation 9 itself2 t ! und]/&+ at     
once p]ceives a c]ta9 action to be "r1 &
 !re=e x ought to  be p]=m$4 ,sev]al    
objections lie to ?is notion3 #a4 ,x    
supposes !  und]/&+s ( m5 to det]m9e    
precisely 9 ! same mann]  conc]n+ all   
virtu\s & vici\s actions2 :i* is contr>y
 to fact4  #b4 ,x supposes a previ\s    
rule1 by :i* ! action is det]m9$ to be  
"r2 b if ! reveal$ w ( ,god is n to be  
tak5 into  consid]ation1 :at common rule
 exi/s among m58 ,!re is evid5tly no    
su* rule1 & !re=e no means ( c]ta9ly    
det]m9+ :at is  "r4 #c4 ,if a common    
/&>d 7 kn[n among m51 & if !  und]/&+s (
 m5 det]m9$ 9 ! same mann] z to !       
con=mity1 or o!rwise1 ( an action to t  
/&>d2 :at r5d]s x  a matt] ( obligation 
t any "o %\ld p]=m x8 ,! rule mu/ be    
prov$ to be b9d+1 or no gr\nd (         
obligation is e/abli%$4    ,an action is
 obligatory1 say o!rs1 because x is     
agreeable to !  moral s5se4 ,?is is !   

!ory ( ,"l ,%aftesbury & ,dr4 ,hut*eson4
  ,by moral s5se appe>s to be meant an  
in/9ctive approbation ( "r1  & abhorr5ce
 ( wrong1 prior to all reflection on _! 
nature1 or  _! consequ5ces4 ,if any ?+  
else 7 und]/ood by x1 !n !  moral s5se  
mu/ be ! same ) consci5ce1 :i* we "k to 
v>y )  ! judgm5t1 & _c !re=e be ! basis 
( moral obligation4 ,if  consci5ce be n 
meant1 !n ! moral s5se mu/ be consid]$ z
  in/9ctive3 a notion1 c]ta9ly1 :i* is  
disprov$ by ! :ole moral  hi/ory ( man4 
,x may1 inde$1 be conc$$1 t su* is !    
con/itution ( ! human s\l1 t :5 ^?      
di/9ctions betwe5  actions1 :i* h be5   
taught by religi\s tradition or direct  
revelation1 are kn[n 9 _! nature1       
relations1 & consequ5ces1 !  calm & sob]
 judgm5ts ( m5 w approve ( !m2 & t      
especially :5 !y are consid]$           
ab/ract$ly1 t is1 z n  affect+ &        
controll+ _! own int]e/s & passions     
imm$iately1  virtue may comm&           
complac5cy1 & vice provoke abhorr5ce3 b 
t1  indep5d5t ( reflection on _! nature 

or _! consequ5ces1 !re  is an in/9ctive 
pr9ciple 9 man :i* abhors evil1 & loves 
good1 is  contradict$ by t v>iety (     
op9ion & feel+ on ! vices &  virtues1   
:i* obta9s among all un9/ruct$ nations4 
,we applaud !  =giv5ess ( an injury z   
magnanim\s2 a savage despises x z mean4 
,we ?9k x a duty to support & *]i% ag$  
p>5ts2 _m nations1 on  ! contr>y1 ab&on 
!m z useless1 & ?r[ !m to ! bea/s (  !  
field4 ,innum]able in/ances ( ?is       
contr>iety might be adduc$1  :i* are all
 contr>y to ! notion ( in/9ctive        
s5tim5t4 ,in/9cts  op]ate uni=mly1 b ?is
 assum$ moral s5se does n4 ,beside1 if x
  be m]e matt] ( feel+1 indep5d5t (     
judgm5t1 to love virtue1 &  abhor vice1 
! morality ( ! ex]cise ( ?is pr9ciple is
  que/ionable2 = x w\ld be difficult to 
%[1 t !re is any m  morality1 prop]ly   
speak+1 9 ! affections & disgu/s (      
in/9ct  ?an 9 ^? ( ! palate4 ,if        
judgm5t1 ! k & comp>ison  ( ?+s1 be     
includ$1 !n ?is pr9ciple supposes a     
uni=m &  univ]sal individual revelation 

z to ! nature ( ?+s to e man1  or an    
intuitive faculty ( det]m9+ _! moral    
quality2 bo? (  :i* are too absurd to be
 ma9ta9$4    ,! only satisfactory       
conclusion on ?is subject1 is t :i*     
ref]s  moral obligation to ! w ( ,god4  
,obligation10 says ,w>burton1           
necess>ily implies an oblig]1 & ! oblig]
 mu/ be diff]5t f1  & n "o & ! same )1 !
 oblig$4 ,moral obligation1 t is1  !    
obligation ( a free ag5t1 f>!r implies a
 law1 :i* enjo9s &  =bids2 b a law is ! 
imposition ( an intellig5t sup]ior1 :o  
ha? p[] to exact con=mity !reto40 ,?is  
lawgiv] is ,god2 &  :atev] may be !     
reasons :i* h l$ him to enjo9 ?is1 & to 
prohibit t1 x is pla9 t ! obligation to 
obey lies n m]ely  9 ! fitness &        
propriety ( a creature obey+ an         
inf9itely wise  & good ,creator1 7?\gh  
su* a fitness exi/s17 b 9 t ob$i5ce  be+
 enjo9$4 ,=1 s9ce ! "q respects ! duty (
 a creat$  be+ ) ref]5ce to 8 ,creator1 
no?+ c be m conclusive ?an  t ! ,creator
 has an absolute "r to ! ob$i5ce ( 8    

creatures2 & t ! creature is 9 duty     
oblig$ to obey him f  :om x n only has  
receiv$ be+1 b by :om t be+ is          
con/antly su/a9$4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5    
said1 t ev5 if x be  admitt$1 t ,i am   
oblig$ to obey ! w ( ,god1 ! "q is  /ill
 op51 ,:y am ,i oblig$ to obey 8 w80 & t
 ?is br+s u  r\nd to ! =m] answ]2       
because he c only w :at is ^u !  :ole   
be/ = 8 creatures4 ,b ?is is conf\nd+ t 
:i* may be1  & d\btless is1 a rule to   
,god 9 ! comm&s :i* he issues1 )  t :i* 
really obliges ! creature4 ,n[1 t :i* 9 
tru? obliges  ! creature is n ! nature (
 ! comm&s issu$ by ,god2 b !  relation 9
 :i* ! creature itself /&s to ,god4 ,if 
a creature c  h no exi/5ce1 nor any p[] 
or faculty indep5d5tly ( ,god1 x c  h no
 "r to employ its faculties indep5d5tly 
( him2 & if x  h no "r to employ its    
faculties 9 an indep5d5t mann]1 !  "r to
 rule its conduct mu/ re/ ) ! ,creat]   
alone2 & f  ?is results ! obligation (  
absolute & univ]sal ob$i5ce4            
,,moravians1 or ,,unit$ ,,bre?r54 ,! "n 

( ,moravians1 or ,moravian  ,bre?r51 0 9
 ,engl& giv5 to ! memb]s ( a =eign      
,prote/ant  *ur*1 call+ itself ! ,unitas
 ,fratrum1 or ,unit$ ,bre?r54 ,?is  *ur*
 =m]ly consi/$ ( ?ree bran*es1 !        
,bohemian1 ,moravian1 &  ,poli%4 ,aft]  
its r5ovation 9 ! ye> #agbb1 "s ( its   
memb]s came  to ,engl& 9 #agbh1 :o be+ (
 ! ,moravian bran*1 became kn[n by  t   
appellation2 & all ^? :o jo9$ !m1 &     
adopt$ _!  doctr9es & discipl9e1 h ev]  
s9ce be5 call$ ,moravians4  ,/rictly    
speak+1 h[ev]1 t "n is n applicable to  
!m1 nor  g5]ally admitt$1 ei!r by       
!mselves1 or 9 any public docum5ts1 9   
:i* !y are call$ by _! prop] names1 !   
,unitas ,fratrum1 or  ,unit$ ,bre?r54   
,! few rema9+ memb]s ( ! anci5t *ur* ( !
 ,unit$ ,bre?r5  9 ,bohemia1 ,moravia1 &
 ,pol&1 be+ mu* p]secut$ by ! popi%     
cl]gy1 _m ( !m left all _! possessions1 
& fl$ ) _!  families into ,silesia &    
,saxony4 ,9 ,saxony !y f\nd protection f
 a  ,saxon nobleman1 ,ni*olas ,lewis1   
c\nt ( ,z9z5dorff1 :o gave !m "s  wa/e  

l& on "o ( 8 e/ates1 on :i*1 9 #agbb1 !y
 built a  village at ! foot ( a hill1   
call$ ! ,hut-,b]g1 or ,wat*-,hill4 ,?is 
occasion$ !m to call _! settlem5t       
,h]rnhut1 ! wat* ( !  ,"l40 ,h5ce _!    
enemies designat$ !m 9 d]ision by ! "n (
  ,h]rnhut]s1 :i* is altoge!r improp]1 b
 by x !y are kn[n 9  "s c\ntries abroad4
 ,by _! own acc\nt1 ! community d]ive _!
  orig9 f ! anci5t ,bohemian & ,moravian
 ,bre?r51 :o exi/$ z a  di/9ct p ev]    
s9ce ! ye> #adeg1 :51 sep>at+ f ^?  :o  
took up arms 9 def5ce ( _! prote/ations 
aga9/ popi%  errors1 !y =m$ a plan =    
*ur* fell[%ip & discipl9e1  agreeable to
 _! insight into ! ,scriptures1 & call$ 
!mselves at  fir/1 ,fratres ,legis      
,*ri/i1 or ,bre?r5 aft] ! ,law ( ,*ri/2 
&  aft]w>d1 on be+ jo9$ by o!rs ( ! same
 p]suasion 9 o!r  places1 ,unitas       
,fratrum1 or ,fratres ,unitatis4 ,by    
degrees1 !y  e/abli%$ congregations 9   
v>i\s places1 & spread !mselves into    
,moravia & o!r neighb\r+ /ates4 ,be+    
anxi\s to pres]ve among  !mselves regul>

 episcopal ord9ation1 &1 at a synod held
 at ,lhota  9 #adfg1 tak+ into          
consid]ation ! sc>city ( m9i/]s regul>ly
  orda9$ among !m1 !y *ose ?ree ( _!    
prie/s orda9$ by  ,calixt9e bi%ops1 &   
s5t !m to ,/eph51 bi%op ( ! ,wald5ses1  
!n resid+ 9 ,au/ria1 by :om !y 7        
consecrat$ bi%ops2  co-bi%ops &         
cons5iores be+ appo9t$ f ! re/ ( _!     
presbyt]s4 ,9 #adfh a great p]secution  
arose aga9/ !m1 & _m  7 put to dea?4 ,9 
#adha !y 7 bani%$ f ,moravia1 :5 _m (   
!m fl$ z f> z ,m\nt ,caucasus1 &        
e/abli%$ !mselves !re1  till driv5 away 
by subsequ5t tr\bles4    ,9 ! mean "t1  
disputes respect+ po9ts ( doctr9e1 !    
enmity (  ! papi/s1 & o!r causes1 rais$ 
cont9ual di/urbances & great            
p]secutions at v>i\s p]iods1 till !     
,re=mation by ,lu!r1 :5  !y op5$ a      
correspond5ce ) t em95t re=m] & 8       
associates1 & ent]$ into sev]al         
negotiations1 bo? ) him &  ,calv91      
conc]n+ ! ext5sion ( ! ,prote/ant cause4
 ,b _!  /rict adh]5ce to ! discipl9e (  

_! own *ur*1 f\nd$1 9  _! view1 on t ( !
 primitive *ur*es1 & ! ackn[l$g$        
impossibility ( its application among ! 
mix$ multitude1 ( :i* !  ,lu!ran &      
,calv9i/ *ur*es consi/$1 occasion$ a    
cessation (  cop]ation1 &1 9 ! sequel1 !
 ,bre?r5 7 aga9 left to !  m]cy ( _!    
p]secutors1 by :om _! *ur*es 7 de/roy$1 
&  _! m9i/]s bani%$1 till ! ye> #aege1  
:5 !y obta9$ an  edict f ! emp]or (     
,g]many1 = ! public ex]cise ( _!        
religion4 ,?is tol]ation 0 r5ew$ 9      
#afji1 & lib]ty grant$ !m  to erect new 
*ur*es4 ,b a civil w>1 :i* broke out 9  
,bohemia 9  #afab1 & a viol5t p]secution
 :i* foll[$ x 9 #afba1 aga9  occasion$ !
 disp]sion ( _! m9i/]s1 & br\ght great  
di/ress  ^u ! ,bre?r5 9 g5]al4 ,"s fl$  
into ,engl&1 o!rs to ,saxony  &         
,br&5burg2 :ile _m1 ov]come by ! sev]ity
 ( !  p]secution1 con=m$ to ! rites ( ! 
*ur* ( ,rome4    ,ab\t ! ye> #afdj1 by  
incessant p]secution1 & ! mo/ oppressive
  measures1 ?is anci5t *ur* 0 br\ght to 
s l[ an ebb1 t x  appe>$ ne>ly ext9ct4  

,! p]secutions :i* took place at !      
beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 7 ! occasion
 t _m ( !  scatt]$ desc5dants ( !       
,bohemian & ,moravian ,bre?r5 at l5g?   
resolv$ to quit _! native l&1 & seek    
lib]ty ( consci5ce 9  =eign c\ntries4   
,"s emigrat$ into ,silesia1 & o!rs into 
,upp]  ,lusatia1 a prov9ce ( ,saxony1   
adjo9+ to ,bohemia4 ,! latt]1 z  be=e   
obs]v$1 f\nd a protector 9 ,ni*olas     
,c\nt ,z9z5dorff1 a  pi\s1 zeal\s man1 &
 a ,lu!ran by education4 ,he hop$ t !   
religi\s /ate ( ! ,lu!rans 9 8          
neighb\rhood w\ld be greatly  improv$ by
 ! conv]sation & example ( ^! dev\t     
emigrants2 &  he !re=e s\ght to prevail 
^u ! latt] to jo9 ! ,lu!ran  *ur*       
altoge!r4 ,to ?is ! ,bre?r5 object$1 be+
 unwill+ to  give up _! anci5t          
discipl9e1 & w\ld r proce$ to seek an   
asylum 9 ano!r place2 :5 ! c\nt1 /ruck )
 _! /eadfa/  adh]5ce to ! t5ets ( _!    
=efa!rs1 began m maturely to  exam9e _! 
pret5sions2 & be+ conv9c$ ( ! ju/ness ( 
!m1  he procur$ = ! ,bre?r5 ! r5ovation 

( _! anci5t  con/itution1 & ev] aft]    
prov$ a mo/ zeal\s promot] ( _!  cause4 
,he is1 !re=e1 v ju/ly e/eem$ by !m z ! 
*ief  in/rum5t1 9 ! h& ( ,god1 9 re/or+ 
! s9k+ *ur*1 &1 9  g5]al1 gratefully    
rememb]$ = 8 dis9t]e/$ & indefatigable  
lab\rs 9 promot+ ! int]e/s ( religion1  
bo? at home & abroad4  ,9 #agce1 hav+   
be5 exam9$ & receiv$ into ! cl]ical     
ord]1 by  ! !ological faculty at        
,tueb+51 9 ! du*y ( ,wurtemburg1 he 0   
consecrat$ a bi%op ( ! ,bre?r5's *ur*4  
,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( a regul>           
congregation ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5  at     
,h]rnhut1 multitudes ( pi\s p]sons f    
v>i\s p>ts flock$ to  x1 _m ( :om _h    
private op9ions 9 religi\s matt]s1 to   
:i*  !y 7 /rongly atta*$4 ,?is occasion$
 great disputes1 :i* ev5  ?reat5$ !     
de/ruction ( ! society2 b1 by !         
indefatigable  ex]tions ( ,c\nt         
,z9z5dorff1 ^! disputes 7 allay$1 & !   
/atutes be+ drawn up1 & agre$ to 9      
#agbg1 = bett] regulation1  bro!rly love
 & union 7 re/abli%$1 & no s*ism :atev]1

 9  po9t ( doctr9e1 has s9ce t p]iod    
di/urb$ ! peace ( !  *ur*4    ,?\gh !   
,bre?r5 ackn[l$ge no o!r /&>d ( tru? ?an
 !  sacr$ ,scriptures1 !y 9 g5]al pr(ess
 to adh]e to ! ,augsburg  ,confession ( 
,fai?4 ,_! *ur* is episcopal2 b ?\gh !y 
consid]  episcopal ord9ation z necess>y 
to qualify ! s]vants ( ! *ur*  = _!     
respective functions1 !y all[ to _!     
bi%ops no elevation  ( rank or prem95t  
au?ority4 ,! ,moravian *ur*1 f its fir/ 
e/abli%m5t1 has be5 gov]n$ by synods1   
consi/+ ( deputies f  all !             
congregations1 & by o!r subord9ate      
bodies1 :i* !y call  conf]5ces4 ,accord+
 to _! regulations1 episcopal ord9ation1
 (  itself1 does n conf] any p[] to     
preside ov] "o or m  congregations2 & a 
bi%op c dis*>ge no (fice except by !    
appo9tm5t ( a synod1 or ( its delegate1 
! eld]s' conf]5ce (  ! unity4 ,presbyt]s
 among !m c p]=m e function ( !  bi%op1 
except ord9ation4 ,deacons are assi/ants
 to presbyt]s1 mu* 9  ! same way z 9 !  
*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,deaconesses are reta9$ =

  ! purpose ( privately admoni%+ _! own 
sex1 & visit+ !m 9  _! sickness2 b !y   
are n p]mitt$ to tea* 9 public1 &1 f>   
less1 to adm9i/] ! sacram5ts4 ,!y h also
 s5iores civiles1  or lay eld]s1 9      
contradi/9ction to spiritual eld]s or   
bi%ops1 :o  are appo9t$ to wat* ov] !   
con/itution & discipl9e ( ! unity  ( !  
,bre?r51 c4 ,! synods are g5]ally held  
once 9 sev5 ye>s2  & beside all !       
bi%ops1 & ! deputies s5t by ea*         
congregation1  ^? wom5 :o h appo9tm5ts z
 above describ$1 if on ! spot1  are also
 admitt$ z he>]s1 & may be call$ ^u to  
give _!  advice 9 :at relates to !      
m9i/]ial lab\r among _! own sex2  b !y h
 no decisive vote 9 ! synod4 ,! votes ( 
all ! o!r  memb]s are equal4 ,9 que/ions
 ( importance1 or ( :i* !  consequ5ce _c
 be =ese51 nei!r ! majority ( votes1 nor
 !  unanim\s cons5t ( all pres5t1 c     
decide3 b rec\rse is _h to !  lot1 :i*1 
h[ev]1 is nev] made use ( except aft]   
mature  delib]ation & pray]2 nor is any 
?+ submitt$ to its decision  :i* does n1

 aft] be+ ?or\ghly weigh$1 appe> to !   
assembly  eligible 9 itself4            
,,mordecai 0 ! son ( ,jair1 ( ! race (  
,saul1 & a *ief ( !  tribe ( ,b5jam94   
,he 0 c>ri$ captive to ,babylon by      
,nebu*adnezz>1  ) ,jehoia*91 or         
,jeconiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 ,a4 ,m4 #cdje1  
,e/h] ii1 #e1  #f4 ,he settl$ at ,%u%an1
 & !re liv$ to ! fir/ ye> ( ,cyrus1  :5 
x is ?\ght he return$ to ,j]usalem1 )   
sev]al o!r  captives2 b he aft]w>d      
return$ to ,%u%an4 ,!re is great        
probability t ,mordecai 0 v "y :5 tak5  
into captivity4 ,!  book ( ,e/h] gives !
 :ole hi/ory ( ,mordecai's elevation1 ! 
puni%m5t ( ,haman1 & ! wond]ful         
deliv]ance ( ! ,jews1 9 cle>  & regul>  
n>rative4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,= :at      
reason did ,mordecai  refuse to pay t   
respect to ,haman1 ! neglect ( :i*      
inc5s$ him  aga9/ ! ,jews8 ,e/h] iii1   
#a-f4 ,"s ?9k ! reason 01 because       
,haman 0 an ,amalekite2 a p :om !       
,israelites _h be5  commission$ f ,god  
to de/roy1 because ( ! injuries !y _h   

=m]ly done !m1 ,deut4 xxv1 #ag-ai4 ,b   
?is sc>cely seems to be a  suffici5t    
acc\nt ( ,mordecai's refus+ civil       
respect to ,haman1 :o  0 fir/ m9i/] (   
/ate2 especially :5 by s do+ he expos$ 8
  :ole nation to imm95t dang]4 ,beside1 
if no?+ b civil respect  _h be5 int5d$  
to ,haman1 ! k+ ne$ n h enjo9$ x on 8   
s]vants aft] he _h made him 8 fir/ m9i/]
 & *ief fav\rite1  ,e/h] iii1 #a1 #b2 !y
 w\ld h be5 ready en\gh to %[ x on all  
occasions4 ,probably1 !re=e1 ! rev]5ce  
ord]$ to be done to ?is  great man 0 a  
k9d ( div9e hon\r1 su* z 0 sometimes    
address$  to ! ,p]sian mon>*s !mselves2 
:i*1 be+ a species ( idolatry1          
,mordecai refus$ = ! sake ( a good      
consci5ce4 ,& p]haps x 0  because ,haman
 knew t 8 refusal 0 ! result ( 8 ,jewi% 
pr9ciples1 t he det]m9$ to attempt !    
de/ruction ( ! ,jews 9  g5]al1 kn[+ !y 7
 all ( ! same m9d4 ,z to ano!r "q1  :y  
,haman ca/ lots1 9 ord] to fix ! day = !
 massacre ( !  ,jews1 ,e/h] iii1 #g2 f  
:5ce ! fea/ ( purim1 :i* is a ,p]sic    

^w1 & signifies lots1 took its "n1 ,e/h]
 ix1 #bf2 x 0 no  d\bt ow+ to !         
sup]/iti\s conceit :i* anci5tly         
prevail$1 (  "s days be+ m =tunate ?an  
o!rs = any und]tak+2 9  %ort1 he        
endeav\r$ to f9d out1 by ?is way (      
div9+1 :at mon?1  & :at day ( ! mon?1 0 
mo/ un=tunate to ! ,jews1 & mo/  =tunate
 = ! success ( 8 bloody design aga9/ !m4
 ,x is v  rem>kable1 t :ile ,haman s\ght
 = direction 9 ?is affair f  ! ,p]sian  
idols1 ! ,god ( ,israel s ov]-rul$ ! lot
 z to fix !  int5d$ massacre to almo/ a 
ye>'s di/ance1 f ,nisan ! fir/  mon? to 
,ad> ! la/ ( ! ye>1 9 ord] to give "t & 
opportunity to ,mordecai & ,e/h] to     
defeat ! conspiracy4    ,,moriah1       
,,m\nt4 ,a hill on ! nor?-ea/ side (    
,j]usalem1 once  sep>at$ f t ( ,acra by 
a broad valley1 :i*1 accord+ to         
,josephus1 0 fill$ up by ! ,asmoneans1 &
 ! two hills conv]t$  into "o4 ,9 ! "t (
 ,david x /ood ap>t f ! city1 & 0  "u   
cultivation2 = "h 0 ! ?re%+ floor (     
,araunah1 !  ,jebusite1 :i* ,david      

b\ght1 on :i* to erect an alt> to ,god1 
#b ,sam4  xxiv1 #ae-be4 ,on ! same spot 
,solomon aft]w>d built ! temple1 #b     
,*ron4 iii1 #a2 :5 x 0 includ$ )9 !     
walls ( ! city4 ,"h1  also1 ,abraham is 
suppos$ to h be5 direct$ to (f] 8 son   
,isaac1  ,g54 xxii1 #a1 #b4 ,moriah     
implies vision20 & ! l& ( ,moriah10     
m5tion$ 9 ! above passage 9 ! hi/ory (  
,abraham1 0 probably  s call$ f be+ se5 
af> (f40 ,x includ$ ! :ole gr\p (  hills
 on :i* ,j]usalem 0 aft]w>d built4      
,,moses4 ,?is illu/ri\s legislator ( !  
,israelites 0 ( ! tribe (  ,levi1 9 !   
l9e ( ,koa? & ( ,amram1 ^: son he 01 &  
!re=e  9 ! f\r? g5]ation aft] !         
settlem5t ( ! ,israelites 9  ,egypt4 ,! 
"t ( 8 bir? is asc]ta9$ by ! exode ( !  
,israelites1 :5 ,moses 0 eighty ye>s    
old1 ,exod4 vii1 #g4 ,by a s+ul>        
provid5ce1 ! infant ,moses1 :5 expos$ on
 ! riv] ,nile1 ?r\gh  fe> ( ! royal     
decree1 aft] 8 "m _h hid him ?ree mon?s1
  because he 0 a goodly *ild1 0 tak5 up 
& adopt$ by ,ph>aoh's  daught]1 & nurs$ 

by 8 own "m1 :om %e hir$ at ! sugge/ion 
( 8 si/] ,miriam4 ,?us did he f9d an    
asylum 9 ! v palace (  8 int5d$ de/roy]2
 :ile 8 int]c\rse ) 8 own family &      
nation 0 /ill mo/ naturally1 ?\gh       
unexpect$ly1 ma9ta9$3 s  my/]i\s are !  
ways ( ,heav54 ,& :ile he 0 in/ruct$ 9  
all  ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians10 & br$ up 
9 ! mid/ ( a luxuri\s  c\rt1 he acquir$ 
at home ! k ( ! promis$ r$emption (     
,israel2 &1 by fai?0 9 ! ,r$eem] ,*ri/1 
8refus$ to be call$ !  son ( ,ph>aoh's  
daught]2 *oos+ r to suff] affliction ) !
  p ( ,god1 ?an to enjoy ! pleasures (  
s9 = a season2  e/eem+ ! reproa* (      
,*ri/10 or p]secution = ,*ri/'s sake1   
great] ri*es ?an ! treasures ( ,egypt3 =
 he _h respect to !  recomp5se ( rew>d10
 ,exodus ii1 #a-aj2 ,acts vii1 #bj-bb2  
,heb4 xi1 #bc-bf2  or look$ =w>d to a   
future /ate4    ,:5 ,moses 0 gr[n to    
manhood1 & 0 full =ty ye>s old1 he 0    
mov$ by a div9e intimation1 z x seems1  
to und]take ! deliv]ance  ( 8 c\ntrym52 
= he suppos$ t 8 bre?r5 w\ld h  und]/ood

 h[ t ,god1 by 8 h&1 w\ld give !m       
deliv]ance2 b  !y und]/ood n40 ,= :51 9 
! excess ( 8 zeal to r$ress  _!         
grievances1 he _h sla9 an ,egyptian1 :o 
injur$ "o ( !m1 9  :i* he probably w5t  
beyond 8 commission1 & aft]w>d endeav\r$
  to reconcile two ( !m t 7 at v>iance1 
!y reject$ 8  m$iation2 & ! man :o _h   
done wrong said1 ,:o made !e a judge  & 
a rul] ov] u8 ,int5de/ ?\ to kill me1 z 
?\ kill$/ !  ,egyptian ye/]day80 ,s     
,moses1 f9d+ x 0 kn[n1 & t ,ph>aoh      
s\ght to slay him1 fl$ = 8 life to ! l& 
( ,midian1 9 ,arabia  ,petra1 :]e he    
m>ri$ ,zipporah1 ! daught] ( ,je?ro1 or 
,reuel1  pr9ce & prie/ ( ,midian2 &1 z a
 %eph]d1 kept 8 flocks 9 !  vic9ity (   
,m\nt ,horeb1 or ,s9ai1 = =ty ye>s1     
,exodus ii1 #aa-ba2  iii1 #a2 xviii1 #e2
 ,num4 x1 #bi2 ,acts vii1 #bc-cj4 ,dur+ 
?is long exile  ,moses 0 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool
 ( humble circum/ances = t ardu\s       
mission :i* he _h prematurely           
anticipat$2 &1 in/ead ( !  un?9k+ zeal  
:i* at fir/ actuat$ him1 le>n$ to di/ru/

  himself4 ,8 backw>dness1 aft]w>d1 to  
und]take t mission =  :i* he 0 de/9$ f !
 womb1 0 no less rem>kable ?an 8        
=w>dness be=e1 ,exod4 iv1 #aj-ac4    ,at
 l5g?1 :5 ! oppression ( ! ,israelites 0
 come to ! full1  & !y cri$ to ,god =   
succ\r1 & ! k+ 0 dead1 & all !  m5 9    
,egypt t s\ght 8 life1 ! ,god ( glory0  
appe>$ to ,moses  9 a flame ( fire1 f ! 
mid/ ( a bu%1 & ann\nc$ himself z  !    
,god ( ,abraham1 ( ,isaac1 & ( ,jacob10 
"u ! titles ( ,jahoh  & hjeh1 expressive
 ( 8 unity & sam5ess2 & commission$ him 
fir/ to make kn[n to ! ,israelites !    
div9e w = _!  deliv]ance2 & next to g ) 
! eld]s ( ,israel to ,ph>aoh1  requir+  
him1 9 ! "n ( 8! ,"l1 ! ,god ( !        
,hebrews1 to  suff] ! p to g ?ree days' 
j\rney into ! wild]ness1 to  sacrifice  
unto ! ,"l _! ,god10 aft] su* sacrifices
 _h be5 long  int]mitt$ dur+ _! bondage2
 = ! ,egyptians _h sunk into  be/ial    
poly!ism1 & w\ld h /on$ !m1 _h !y       
attempt$ to  sacrifice to _! pr9cipal   
div9ities1 ! apis1 or bull1 c1 9 !  l&  

itself3 =etell+1 also1 ! opposition !y  
w\ld meet ) f  ! k+1 ! mighty signs &   
wond]s t w\ld f9ally compel 8  ass5t1 & 
_! spoil+ ( ! ,egyptians1 by ask+ or    
dem&+ (  !m 7n borr[+7 jewels ( silv]1 &
 jewels ( gold1 & raim5t1  7by way (    
wages or comp5sation = _! s]vices17 z   
orig9ally  decl>$ to ,abraham1 t !y %\ld
 g out f !nce ) great  sub/ance10 ,g54  
xv1 #ad2 ,exod4 ii1 #bc-be2 iii1 #b-bb2 
viii1 #be1 #bf4    ,to v\* 8 div9e      
commission to ! ,israelites1 ,god enabl$
 ,moses to  "w ?ree signal miracles3 #a4
 ,turn+ 8 rod into a s]p5t1 &  re/or+ x 
aga93 #b4 ,mak+ 8 h& lepr\s z sn[1 :5 he
 fir/  drew x out ( 8 bosom1 & re/or+ x 
s\nd z be=e :5 he next  drew x out3 &1  
#c4 ,turn+ ! wat] ( ! riv] into blood4  
,& !  p believ$ ! signs1 & ! promis$    
deliv]ance1 & wor%ipp$4  ,to assi/ him1 
also1 9 8 ardu\s mission1 :5 ,moses _h  
repres5t$  t he 0 n eloqu5t1 b sl[ (    
spee*10 & ( a sl[ or  /amm]+ tongue1    
,god inspir$ ,a>on1 8 eld] bro!r1 to g &
 meet  ,moses 9 ! wild]ness1 to be 8    

spokesman to ! p1 ,exod4 iv1  #a-ca1 & 8
 prophet to ,ph>aoh2 :ile ,moses 0 to be
 a god to bo?1  z speak+ to !m 9 ! "n1  
or by ! au?ority1 ( ,god himself1       
,exod4 vii1 #a1 #b4 ,at _! fir/1        
int]view ) ,ph>aoh1 !y decl>$1  ,?us    
sai? ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 ,let my p 
g1 t !y may  hold a fea/ unto me 9 !    
wild]ness4 ,& ,ph>aoh said1 ,:o is !    
,"l1 t ,i %\ld obey 8 voice to let      
,israel g8 ,i "k n10 or  reg>d n1 ! ,"l1
 nei!r w ,i let ,israel g40 ,9 answ] to 
?is  haughty tyrant1 !y /yl$ ! ,"l by a 
m anci5t title1 :i* !  ,egyptians ought 
to h kn[n & respect$1 f ,abraham's days1
 :5  he plagu$ !m 9 ! matt] ( ,s>ah3 8,!
 ,god ( ! ,hebrews ha? met  ) u3 ,let u 
g1 we pray !e1 ?ree days' j\rney into ! 
des]t1  & sacrifice unto ! ,"l our ,god1
 le/ he fall ^u u )  pe/il5ce or ) !    
sword30 pla9ly intimat+ to ,ph>aoh1     
also1 n  to incur 8 indignation1 by     
refus+ to comply ) 8 desire4 ,b !  k+ n 
only refus$1 b increas$ ! burd5s ( ! p1 
,exod4 v1  #a-ai2 & ! p murmur$1 &      

he>k5$ n unto ,moses1 :5 he  repeat$ f !
 ,"l 8 assurances ( deliv]ance &        
protection1 =  angui% ( _s1 & = cruel   
bondage1 ,exod4 v1 #bj-bc2 vi1 #a-i4    
,at _! second int]view ) ,ph>aoh1 9     
ob$i5ce to ! div9e  comm&1 aga9 requir+ 
him to let ! *ildr5 ( ,israel g out ( 8 
l&2 ,ph>aoh1 z =etold1 dem&$ ( !m to %[ 
a miracle =  !mselves1 9 pro( ( _!      
commission1 :5 ,a>on ca/ d[n 8 rod1  & x
 became a s]p5t be=e ,ph>aoh & be=e 8   
s]vants1 or  (fic]s ( 8 c\rt4 ,! k+ !n  
call$ ^u 8 wise m5 &  magicians1 to "k  
if !y c\ld d z mu* by ! p[] ( _! gods1  
8& !y did s ) _! en*antm5ts2 = !y ca/   
d[n e man  8 rod1 & !y became s]p5ts2 b 
,a>on's rod swall[$ up _!  s]p5ts40 ,"h 
! orig9al phrase1  1 & !y did s10 or 9  
l mann]10 may only indicate ! attempt1 &
 n ! de$2 z  aft]w>d1 9 ! plague ( lice1
 :5 !y did s ) _!  en*antm5ts1 b c\ld   
n10 ,exod4 viii1 #ah4 ,&1 inde$1 !      
orig9al  t]m1 1 r5d]$ _! en*antm5ts10 z 
d]iv$ f ! root  1 or 1 to hide or cov]1 
fitly expresses ! secret deceptions  (  

leg]dema91 or sleight-(-h&1 to impose on
 spectators3 & !  rem>k ( ! magicians1  
:5 unable to imitate ! production (     
lice1  :i* 0 beyond _! skill & dext]ity1
 on acc\nt ( _!  m9ut5ess1--8,?is is !  
f+] ( a ,god60--seems to /r5g!n !       
supposition2 especially z ! ,egyptians 7
 fam\s = leg]dema9 &  = *>m+ s]p5ts3 & !
 magicians1 hav+ _h notice ( !  miracle 
!y 7 expect$ to imitate1 might make     
provision accord+ly1  & br+ live s]p5ts1
 :i* !y might h sub/itut$ = _!  rods4 ,&
 ?\gh ,a>on's s]p5t swall[$ up _!       
s]p5ts1 %[+  ! sup]iority ( ! true      
miracle ov] ! false1 #b ,!ss4 ii1 #i1 x 
might only lead ! k+ to conclude1 t     
,moses & ,a>on 7 m  exp]t juggl]s ?an   
,jannes & ,jambres1 :o oppos$ !m1 #b    
,timo?y  iii1 #h4 ,& ! he>t ( ,ph>aoh 0 
h>d5$1 s t he he>k5$ n  unto !m1 z ! ,"l
 _h said10 or =etold1 ,exod4 vi1 #aj1   
#aa2 vii1  #h-ac4 ,= ! conduct ( ,moses 
z ! deliv]] & lawgiv] ( !  ,israelites1 
see ,,plagues ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,r$ ,,sea1 &
 ,,law4    ,at ,m\nt ,s9ai ! ,"l 0      

pleas$ to make ,moses1 ! r$eem] (       
,israel1 an em95t type ( ! ,r$eem] ( !  
_w4 ,i w raise !m  up a prophet f among 
_! bre?r51 l unto !e1 & w put my  words 
9 8 m\?2 & he %all speak unto !m all t  
,i %all  comm& him3 & x %all come to    
pass1 t :osoev] w n he>k5  unto my      
words1 :i* he %all speak 9 my "n1 ,i w  
require x (  him30 :i* ,moses           
communicat$ to ! p4 ,! ,"l ?y ,god w    
raise up unto !e a prophet1 f ! mid/ (  
!e1 ( ?y bre?r51  l unto me3 unto him   
%all ye he>k510 ,deut4 xviii1 #ae-ai4   
,?is  prophet l unto ,moses 0 our ,"l   
,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 by bir? a  ,jew1 ( ! 
middle class ( ! p1 & resembl$ 8        
pr$ecessor1  9 p]sonal int]c\rse ) ,god1
 miracles1 & legislation1 :i* no  o!r   
prophet did1 ,deut4 xxxiv1 #aj-ab2 & to 
:om ,god1 at 8  transfiguration1 requir$
 ! _w to he>k51 ,matt4 xvii1 #e4 ,:5ce  
our ,"l's frequ5t admonition to ! ,jewi%
 *ur*1 ,he t ha? e>s  to he>1 let him   
he>10 ,mat!w xiii1 #i1 c2 :i* is        
address$1 also1  by ! ,_s to ! ,*ri/ian 

*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,rev4 iii1 #bb4   
,9 ! affair ( ! ,gold5 ,calf1 7see      
,,calf17 ! conduct ( ,moses  %[$ !      
greate/ zeal = ,god's hon\r1 & a holy   
indignation  aga9/ ! s9 ( ,a>on & ! p4  
,& :5 ,moses drew nigh1 &  saw _!       
proce$+s1 8 ang] wax$ hot1 & he ca/ away
 ! tables  ( ! cov5ant1 or /one tablets 
on :i* 7 engrav5 ! t5  comm&m5ts by !   
f+] ( ,god himself1 & brake !m b5ea? !  
m\nt1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p2 9 tok5 t !     
cov5ant betwe5  ,god & !m 0 n[ resc9d$  
on 8 "p1 9 consequ5ce ( _!              
transgression4 ,he !n took ! gold5 calf1
 & burn$ x 9 ! fire1  & gr\nd x to p[d]1
 & mix$ x ) wat]1 & made ! *ildr5  (    
,israel dr9k ( x4 ,aft] ?us de/roy+ _!  
idol1 he inflict$  puni%m5t on !        
idolat]s !mselves2 = he summon$ all t 7 
on  ! ,"l's side to att5d him2 & all !  
,levites hav+ obey$ !  call1 he s5t !m1 
9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 to slay all ! idolat]s1 
f "o end ( ! camp to ! o!r1 )\t fav\r or
 affection  ei!r to _! neighb\r or to _!
 bro!r2 & !y slew ab\t ?ree  ?\s& m54 ,!

 ,"l also s5t a griev\s plague among !m 
= _!  idolatry1 ,exodus xxxii1 #b-ce1 on
 :i* occasion ,moses gave a signal  pro(
 ( 8 love = 8 p1 by int]c$+ = !m ) !    
,"l2  & ( 8 own dis9t]e/$ness1 9 refus+ 
! (f] ( ! ,almighty  to adopt 8 family 9
 _! room1 & make ( !m a great nation40  
,he  pray$ t ,god w\ld blot him out ( 8 
book1 t is1 take away 8  life1 if he    
w\ld n =give ! great s9 ( 8 p20 &       
prevail$ ) ,god to alt] 8 det]m9ation ( 
)draw+ 8  pres5ce f !m1 & s5d+ an       
inf]ior angel to conduct !m to !  l& (  
promise4 ,s wond]ful 0 ! condesc5sion ( 
,god to ! voice  ( a man1 & s mighty !  
p[] ( pray]4    ,:5 ! ,"l _h p>don$ ! p1
 & tak5 !m aga9 into fav\r1  he comm&$  
,moses to hew two tablets ( /one1 l !   
=m] :i*  7 brok51 & to pres5t !m to him 
on ! top ( ! m\nt2 & on  ^! ! ,"l wrote 
aga9 ! t5 comm&m5ts1 = a r5ewal ( !     
cov5ant betwe5 him & 8 p4 ,to rew>d &   
/r5g!n ! fai?  ( ,moses1 ,god 0 pleas$1 
at 8 reque/1 to grant him a full] view (
  ! div9e glory1 or pres5ce1 ?an he _h  

hi!rto done4 ,&1 to  confirm 8 au?ority 
) ! p on 8 return1 aft] ! second        
conf]5ce ( =ty days1 he imp>t$ to him a 
portion ( t glory or  light by :i* 8    
imm$iate pres5ce 0 manife/$3 = ! face ( 
,moses %one s t ,a>on & all ! p 7 afraid
 to come nigh  him1 until he _h put a   
veil on 8 face1 to hide its brightness4 
,?is  0 an hon\r nev] v\*saf$ to mortal 
be=e nor aft]w>d till  ,*ri/1 ! ,prophet
 l ,moses1 9 8 transfiguration also1    
appe>$  array$ 9 a l>g] measure ( ! same
 lu/re4 ,!n ,moses aga9 beheld  ! glory 
( ! ,^w made fle%1 & m9i/]$ !reto 9 a   
glorifi$  =m himself1 ,exod4 xxxiv1     
#a-ce2 ,matt4 xvii1 #a-h4    ,at ,kibro?
 ,hataavah1 :5 ! p loa!d ! manna1 &     
long$ =  fle%1 ,moses betray$ great     
impati5ce1 & wi%$ = dea?4 ,he 0  also   
reprov$ = unbelief4 ,at ,kade%-b>nea1   
,moses hav+ enc\rag$  ! p to proce$1    
say+1 ,behold1 ! ,"l ?y ,god ha? set !  
l& be=e !e1 g up & possess x1 z ! ,"l   
,god ( ?y fa!rs  ha? said unto y3 fe>   
n10 ,deut4 i1 #ai-ba2 !y betray$ great  

diffid5ce1 & propos$ to ,moses to s5d   
spies to se>* out ! l&1  & po9t out to  
!m ! way !y %\ld ent]1 & ! c\rse !y     
%\ld take4 ,& ! proposal pleas$ him     
well10 & ) ! cons5t (  ! ,"l he s5t     
twelve m51 "o out ( ea* tribe1 to spy   
out ! l&1  ,deut4 i1 #bb1 #bc2 ,num4    
xiii1 #a-bj4 ,all ^!1 except ,caleb &   
,jo%ua1  hav+ br\ght an evil report10 s 
disc\rag$ ! p1 t !y  murmur$ aga9/      
,moses & aga9/ ,a>on1 & said unto !m1   
,w\ld ,god  t we _h di$ 9 ! l& ( ,egypt2
 or w\ld ,god t we _h di$ 9  !          
wild]ness6 ,& :]e=e ha? ! ,"l br\ght u  
unto ?is l& to  fall by ! sword1 t our  
wives & our *ildr5 %all be a prey8 ,7  x
 n bett] = u to return into ,egypt8 ,&  
!y said "o to ano!r1  ,let u make a     
capta91 & return into ,egypt40 ,!y ev5  
w5t s f> z  to propose to /one ,jo%ua & 
,caleb1 because !y exhort$ ! p  n to    
rebel aga9/ ! ,"l1 nor to fe> ! p ( !   
l&1 ,num4  xiv1 #a-aj2 ,deut4 i1 #bf-bh4
 ,"h aga9 ! noble patriotism ( ,moses 0 
signally display$4 ,he aga9 refus$ !    

div9e (f] to dis9h]it !  ,israelites1 & 
make ( him & 8 family a great] & mighti]
 nation  ?an !y40 ,he urg$ ! mo/        
p]suasive motives ) _! (f5d$  ,god1 n to
 de/roy !m ) ! ?reat5$ pe/il5ce1 le/ !  
,hea!n might say1 t ! ,"l 0 n able to   
br+ !m into !  l& :i* he sw>e unto !m40 
,he p[]fully appeal$ to ! long-tri$     
m]cies & =giv5esses !y _h exp]i5c$ ev]  
s9ce _!  dep>ture f ,egypt2 & 8 en]getic
 supplication prevail$2 = !  ,"l        
graci\sly said1 ,i h p>don$1 accord+ to 
?y ^w3 b  v]ily1 z ,i live1 all ! e>?   
%all be fill$ ) ! glory ( !  ,"l20 or   
%all adore him = 8 righte\s judgm5ts2 = 
all ^! m5  :i* h se5 my glory & my      
miracles :i* ,i did 9 ,egypt1 & 9  !    
wild]ness1 & h tempt$ me ^! t5 times1 & 
h n  he>k5$ to my voice1 surely %all n  
see ! l& :i* ,i sw>e unto  _! fa!rs3    
nei!r %all any ( !m t provok$ me see x4 
,z ye  h spok5 9 my e>s1 s w ,i d unto  
y10 by a righte\s  retaliation3 y\r     
c>casses %all fall 9 ?is wild]ness4 ,b  
y\r  little ones1 :i* ye said %\ld be a 

prey1 !m w ,i br+ 92 &  !y %all w&] 9 ! 
wild]ness =ty ye>s1 & be> y\r  :or$oms1 
aft] ! numb] ( ! days 9 :i* ye se>*$ !  
l&1  ea* day = a ye>1 until y\r c>casses
 be wa/$ 9 ! wild]ness40  ,& imm$iately 
aft] ?is s5t5ce1 z ! e>ne/ ( its full   
accompli%m5t1 all ! spies1 except ,caleb
 & ,jo%ua1 7 cut (f1  & di$ by ! plague 
be=e ! ,"l1 ,num4 xiv1 #aa-cg2 ,deut4 i1
 #cd-ci4    ,! p n[1 to repair _! fault1
 contr>y to ! advice ( ,moses1          
presumptu\sly w5t to invade !           
,amalekites & ,canaanites ( ,m\nt       
,seir1 or ,hor2 :o defeat$ !m1 & *as$ !m
 z bees to ,hormah1 ,num4  xiv1 #ci-de2 
,deut4 i1 #da-dd4 ,on ! morr[ !y 7 ord]$
 to turn away  f ! promis$ l&1 & to take
 _! j\rney s\?-we/w>d1 t[>d  ! way ( !  
,r$ ,sea3 & !y abode 9 ! wild]ness (    
,kade% _m  days1 or ye>s1 ,num4 xiv1    
#be2 ,deut4 i1 #dj-df4 ,! ill success ( 
!  exp$ition aga9/ ! ,amalekites1       
accord+ to ,josephus1 occasion$ !       
rebellion ( ,korah1 :i* broke out %ortly
 aft]1 aga9/ ,moses &  ,a>on1 ) great]  

viol5ce ?an any ( ! =ego+1 "u ,korah1 ! 
r+lead]1 :o drew into x ,da?an &        
,abiram1 ! heads ( ! s5ior  tribe (     
,reub51 & two hundr$ & fifty pr9ces ( ! 
assembly1  among :om 7 ev5 sev]al ( !   
,levites4 7,see ,korah47 ,b al?\gh  all 
,israel r\nd ab\t _h fl$ at ! cry ( !   
devot$ families (  ,da?an & ,abiram1 =  
fe> t ! e>? %\ld swall[ !m up also20    
yet1 on ! morr[1 !y return$ to _!       
rebelli\s _s1 &  murmur$ aga9/ ,moses & 
,a>on1 say+1 ,ye h kill$ ! p (  ! ,"l40 
,on ?is occasion also1 ! ,"l ?reat5$ to 
consume !m z  9 a mom5t2 b1 on !        
int]cession ( ,moses1 only smote !m ) a 
plague1 :i* 0 /ay$ by an atonem5t made  
by ,a>on1 aft] !  de/ruction ( f\rte5   
?\s& sev5 hundr$ s\ls1 ,num4 xvi1       
#da-ej4    ,on ! return ( ! ,israelites1
 aft] _m ye>s' w&]+1 to !  same disa/r\s
 /ation ( ,kade%-b>nea1 ev5 ,moses      
himself 0 guilty  ( an (f5ce1 9 :i* 8   
bro!r ,a>on 0 involv$1 & = :i*  bo? 7   
exclud$1 z a puni%m5t1 f ent]+ ! promis$
 l&4 ,at  ,m]ibah ,kade% ! congregation 

murmur$ aga9/ ,moses1 = br++  !m into a 
b>r5 wild]ness )\t wat]2 :5 ! ,"l comm&$
  ,moses to take 8 rod1 :i* _h be5 laid 
up be=e ! ,"l1 & )  ,a>on to assemble ! 
congregation toge!r1 & to speak to !    
rock  be=e _! eyes2 :i* %\ld supply wat]
 = ! congregation &  _! cattle4 ,b      
,moses said unto ! congregation1 :5 !y 7
  assembl$1 ,he> n[1 ye rebels1 mu/ we  
fet* y wat] out ( ?is  rock8 ,& he smote
 ! rock twice ) 8 rod1 & ! wat] came out
  abundantly2 & ! congregation drank1 & 
_! cattle also4 ,& !  ,"l spake unto    
,moses & ,a>on1 ,because ye believ$ me  
n1 to sanctify  me 9 ! eyes ( ! *ildr5 (
 ,israel2 !re=e ye %all n br+  ?is      
congregation into ! l& :i* ,i h giv5    
!m10 ,num4 xx1 #a-ac2  & aft]w>d 9      
/rong] t]ms3 ,because ye rebell$ aga9/  
my  comm&m5t10 c1 ,numb]s xxvii1 #ad4   
,! (f5ce ( ,moses1 z f> z may be        
collect$ f s concise an  acc\nt1 seems  
to h be51 #a4 ,he di/ru/$ or disbeliev$ 
t wat]  c\ld be produc$ f ! rock only by
 speak+ to x2 :i* 0 a  high] miracle ?an

 he _h p]=m$ be=e at ,rephidim1 ,exod4  
xvii1 #f4  #b4 ,he unnecess>ily smote ! 
rock twice2 !reby betray+ an            
unw>rantable impati5ce4 #c4 ,he did n1  
at lea/ 9 ! phrase he us$1  ascribe !   
glory ( ! miracle :olly to ,god1 b r to 
himself  & 8 bro!r3 ,mu/ we fet* y wat] 
out ( ?is rock80 ,& he  d5om9at$ !m     
rebels0 aga9/ 8 & 8 bro!r's au?ority1   
:i*1  al?\gh an impli$ act ( rebellion  
aga9/ ,god1 ought to h be5  /at$1 z on a
 =m] occasion1 ,ye h be5 rebels aga9/ ! 
,"l1  f ! day t ,i knew y10 ,deut4 ix1  
#bd1 :i* he spake )\t  blame4 ,= want ( 
m caution on ?is occasion1 he spake     
unadvis$ly  ) 8 lips1 because !y provok$
 8 _s10 ,psalm cvi1 #cc4 ,?us  0 ,god   
sanctifi$ at ! wat]s ( ,m]ibah10 by 8   
imp>tial ju/ice1  9 puni%+ 8 greate/    
fav\rites :5 !y did amiss1 ,num4 xx1    
#ac4  ,h[ sev]ely ,moses felt 8         
deprivation1 appe>s f 8 humble1 & x     
%\ld seem repeat$1 supplications to !   
,"l to rev]se ! s5t5ce3  ,o ,"l ( gods1 
?\ ha/ begun to %[ ?y s]vant ?y         

greatness1 &  ?y mighty h&2 = :at god is
 !re 9 heav5 or 9 e>? t c d  accord+ to 
?y works1 & accord+ to ?y might8 ,i pray
 !e let me  g ov] & see ! good l& beyond
 ,jordan1 ev5 t goodly m\nta9           
,lebanon10 or ! :ole bread? ( ! l&4 ,b !
 ,"l 0 wro? )  me = y\r sakes1 & w\ld n 
he> me3 & he said unto me1 ,let x       
suffice !e2 speak no m unto me ( ?is    
matt]4 ,get !e up unto !  top ( ,pisgah1
 & lift up ?9e eyes we/w>d1 & nor?w>d1 &
  s\?w>d1 & ea/w>d1 & behold x ) ?9e    
eyes3 = ?\ %alt  n g ov] ?is ,jordan10  
,deut4 iii1 #bc-bg4    ,! faculties (   
?is illu/ri\s legislator1 bo? ( m9d &   
body1  7 n impair$ at ! age ( a hundr$ &
 tw5ty ye>s1 :5 he  di$4 ,8 eye 0 n dim1
 nor 8 natural /r5g? abat$10 ,deut4     
xxxiv1 #g3 & ! noble/ ( all 8           
compositions 0 8 ,song1 or !  ,div9e    
,ode1 :i* ,bi%op ,l[? elegantly /yles1  
,cycnea ,oratio1 8!  ,dy+ ,swan's       
,oration40 ,8 dea? took place aft] ! ,"l
 _h %[n  him1 f ! top ( ,pisgah1 a      
di/ant view ( ! promis$ l&1  ?r\gh\t its

 :ole ext5t4 ,he !n buri$ 8 body 9 a    
valley  opposite ,be?-peor1 9 ! l& (    
,moab2 b no man kn[e? 8  sepul*re unto  
?is day10 obs]ves ! sacr$ hi/orian1 :o  
annex$ !  circum/ances ( 8 dea? to !    
book ( ,deut]onomy1 xxxiv1 #f4 ,f an    
obscure passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 :i*
 ,mi*ael ! ar*angel is  said to h       
cont5d$ ) ! devil ab\t ! body ( ,moses1 
,jude #i1  "s h ?\ght t he 0 buri$ by ! 
m9i/ry ( angels1 ne> !  sc5e ( !        
idolatry ( ! ,israelites2 b t ! spot 0  
purposely  conceal$1 le/ 8 tomb might   
also be conv]t$ into an object (        
idolatr\s wor%ip among ! ,israelites1 l 
! braz5 s]p5t4  ,be?-peor lay 9 ! lot ( 
! ,reub5ites1 ,jo%ua xiii1 #bj4 ,b on s 
obscure a passage no?+ c be built4 ,!   
body ( ,moses10 may  figuratively mean !
 ,jewi% *ur*2 or ! :ole may be an       
allusion to  a receiv$ tradition :i*1   
)\t affirm+ or d5y+ its tru?1  might be 
made ! basis ( a moral lesson4          
,josephus1 :o frequ5tly attempts to     
embelli% ! simple n>rative (  ,holy     

,writ1 repres5ts ,moses z att5d$ to !   
top ( ,pisgah by ,jo%ua1  8 successor1  
,eleaz>1 ! high prie/1 & ! :ole s5ate2 &
 t1  aft] he _h dismiss$ ! s5ate1 :ile  
he 0 conv]s+ ) ,jo%ua  & ,eleaz>1 &     
embrac+ !m1 a cl\d sudd5ly came ov] &   
envelop$ him2 & he vani%$ f _! sight1 & 
he 0 tak5 away  to a c]ta9 valley4 ,9 ! 
sacr$ books10 says he1 x is writt51 t   
he di$2 fe>+ to say t on acc\nt ( 8     
transc5d5t virtue1 he  _h dep>t$ to !   
,deity40 ,! ,jewi% hi/orian has "h1     
p]haps1  imitat$ ! acc\nt ( our ,"l's   
asc5sion1 furni%$ by !  evangeli/1 ,luke
 xxiv1 #ej2 ,acts i1 #i2 wi%+ to raise  
,moses to a level  ) ,*ri/4 ,! prem95ce 
( ,moses's "* is briefly describ$  by ! 
sacr$ hi/orian1 ,samuel or ,ezra3 ,& !re
 arose n a prophet  s9ce1 9 ,israel1 l  
unto ,moses1 :om ! ,"l knew face to     
face2 9  all ! signs & ! wond]s :i* !   
,"l s5t him to d 9 ! l&  ( ,egypt1 to   
,ph>aoh1 & all 8 s]vants1 & all 8 l&2 & 
9 all  t mighty h&1 & 9 all ! great     
t]ror :i* ,moses %[$ 9 !  sight ( all   

,israel10 ,deut4 xxxiv1 #aj-ab4    ,s   
m>k$ & hall[$ is ! "* ( ?is1 ! mo/ em95t
 (  m]e m51 t x has (t5 be5 successfully
 made ! basis ( an  irresi/ible argum5t 
= ! tru? ( 8 div9e mission4 ,?us        
,cellri] obs]ves1 ,e impo/ure has an    
object 9 view1 & an aim  m or less      
selfi%4 ,m5 practise deceit = money1 =  
pleasure1 or  = glory4 ,if1 by a /range 
comb9ation1 ! love ( mank9d ev]  ent]$  
into ! m9d ( an impo/or1 d\btless1 ev5  
!n1 he has  contriv$ to reconcile1 at   
lea/1 8 own selfi% int]e/s ) ^?  ( !    
human race4 ,if m5 deceive o!rs1 = !    
sake ( caus+ _!  own op9ions or _! own  
p>ty to triumph1 !y may sometimes1      
p]haps1  =get _! own int]e/s dur+ !     
/ruggle1 b !y aga9 rememb]  !m :5 !     
victory is a*iev$4 ,x is a g5]al rule1 t
 no  impo/or =gets himself long4 ,b     
,moses =got himself1 & =got  himself to 
! la/4 ,yet !re is no middle            
supposition4 ,if ,moses 0  n a div9ely  
inspir$ mess5g]1 he 0 an impo/or 9 !    
/ronge/  s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x is n1 z 9 !   

case ( ,numa1 a slight &  s+le fraud1   
design$ to secure "s good end1 t we h to
 *>ge  him )1 b a s]ies ( deceits1 _m ( 
:i* 7 gross2 a pr(\nd1  di%one/1        
p]fidi\s1 sangu9>y dissimulation1       
cont9u$ = ! space  ( =ty ye>s4 ,if      
,moses 0 n a div9ely commission$        
prophet1 he 0  n ! savi\r ( ! p1 b _!   
tyrant & _! murd]]4  ,/ill1 we repeat1  
?is b>b>\s impo/or always =got himself2 
& 8  dis9t]e/$ness1 z reg>d$ himself    
p]sonally1 8 family1 & 8  tribe1 is "o (
 ! mo/ extraord9>y features 9 8         
adm9i/ration4  ,z to himself p]sonally3 
,he is de/9$ to die 9 ! wild]ness2 he is
  nev] to ta/e ! tranquillity1 ! pl5ty1 
& ! delight1 !  possession ( :i* he     
promises to 8 c\ntrym52 he %>es ) !m    
only _! fatigues & privations2 he has m 
anxieties ?an !y1 on  _! acc\nt1 9 _!   
acts ( disob$i5ce1 & 9 _! p]petual      
murmur+s4 ,z to 8 family3 ,he does n    
nom9ate 8 sons z 8  successors2 he      
places !m1 )\t any privileges or        
di/9ctions1  among ! obscure sons (     

,levi2 !y are n ev5 admitt$ into !      
sac]dotal au?ority4 ,unlike all o!r     
fa!rs1 ,moses )draws !m  f public view1 
& deprives !m ( ! means ( obta9+ glory &
  fav\r4 ,samuel & ,eli assign a "p ( _!
 pat]nal au?ority to  _! sons1 & p]mit  
!m ev5 to abuse x2 b ! sons ( ,moses1 9 
! wild]ness1 are only ! simple s]vants (
 ! tab]nacle2 l all  ! o!r sons (       
,koha?1 if !y ev5 d>e to raise ! veil   
:i*  cov]s ! sacr$ furniture1 ! burd5 ( 
:i* !y c>ry1 dea? is  d5\nc$ aga9/ !m4  
,:]e c we f9d m complete  dis9t]e/$ness 
?an 9 ,moses8 ,is n 8 ! "* ( an upright 
man1 :o has ! g5]al good1 n 8 own       
int]e/s1 at he>t2 ( a man  :o           
submissively acquiesces 9 ! comm&s (    
,god1 )\t resi/ance  & )\t demur8 ,:5 we
 consid] ^! sev]al ?+s2 :5 we  reflect  
on all ! m9i/ry ( ,moses1 on 8 life1 on 
8 dea?1 on 8  "*1 on 8 abilities1 & 8   
success2 we are p[]fully  conv9c$ t he 0
 ! mess5g] ( ,god4 ,if we consid] him   
only z  an able legislator1 z a         
,lycurgus1 z a ,numa1 8 actions are     

inexplicable3 we f9d n 9 him !          
affections1 ! int]e/s1 !  views :i*     
usually belong to ! human he>t4 ,!      
simplicity1 !  h>mony1 ! v]ity ( 8      
natural "* are gone2 !y give place  to  
an incoh]5t union ( ard\r & impo/ure2 ( 
d>+ & (  timidity1 ( incapacity & g5ius1
 ( cruelty & s5sibility4 ,no6  ,moses 0 
inspir$ by ,god3 he receiv$ f ,god ! law
 :i* he left  8 c\ntrym54    ,to ,moses 
we owe t important portion ( ,holy      
,scripture1 !  ,p5tateu*1 :i* br+s u    
acqua9t$ ) ! creation ( ! _w1  !        
entrance ( s9 & dea?1 ! fir/ promises ( 
r$emption1 !  flood1 ! peopl+ ( !       
po/diluvian e>?1 & ! orig9 (  nations1 !
 call ( ,abraham1 & ! giv+ ( ! law4 ,we 
h1  inde$1 9 x ! e>ly hi/ory ( religion1
 & a key to all !  subsequ5t            
disp5sations ( ,god to man4 ,! g5u95ess 
& au!nticity  ( ^! mo/ v5]able &        
important books h be5 e/abli%$ by  v>i\s
 writ]s2 b ! foll[+ rem>ks ^u ! v]acity 
( !  writ+s ( ,moses h ! m]it (         
compress+ mu* argum5t into few          

words3--#a4 ,!re is a m9ut5ess 9 !      
details ( ! ,mosaic  writ+s1 :i*        
bespeaks _! tru?2 = x (t5 bespeaks !    
eye-witness1 z 9 ! adv5tures ( !        
wild]ness2 & (t5 seems  int5d$ to supply
 directions to ! artific]1 z 9 !        
con/ruction  ( ! tab]nacle4 #b4 ,!re are
 t\*es ( nature 9 ! n>rative  :i*       
bespeak its tru?1 = x is n easy to reg>d
 !m o!rwise  ?an z /rokes f ! life2 z   
:]e ! mix$ multitude10 :e!r  half-ca/es 
or ,egyptians1 are ! fir/ to sigh = !   
cucumb]s &  melons ( ,egypt1 & to spread
 discont5t ?r\gh ! camp1 ,num4 xi1 #d2  
z ! mis]able exculpation ( himself1 :i* 
,a>on attempts1 ) all  ! c[>dice (      
consci\s guilt1 ,i ca/ into ! fire1 &   
!re came  out ?is calf30 ! fire1 to be  
sure1 be+ 9 ! fault1 ,exod4 xxxii1  #bd4
 #c4 ,!re are c]ta9 little inconv5i5ces 
repres5t$ z turn+  up unexpect$ly1 t    
bespeak tru? 9 ! /ory2 = !y are j su*   
accid5ts z are *>act]i/ic ( ! work+ ( a 
new sy/em &  untri$ ma*9]y4 ,:at is to  
be done ) ! man :o is f\nd  ga!r+ /icks 

on ! ,sabba? day8 ,num4 xv1 #cb4 7,c\ld 
an impo/or  h devis$ su* a trifle87 ,h[ 
is ! inh]itance ( ! daught]s (          
,zelophehad to be dispos$ (1 !re be+ no 
heir male8 ,num4 xxxvi1 #b4  ,ei!r ( !m 
inconsid]able matt]s 9 !mselves1 b bo?  
giv+  occasion to v important laws2 ! "o
 t\*+ life1 & ! o!r  prop]ty4 #d4 ,!re  
is a simplicity 9 ! mann] ( ,moses1 :5  
tell+ 8 tale1 :i* bespeaks its tru?3 no 
p>ade ( language1 no  pomp ( circum/ance
 ev5 9 8 miracles1 a mode/y & dignity   
?r\gh\t all4 ,let u b comp>e him 9 any  
try+ sc5e )  ,josephus2 8 description1 =
 in/ance1 ( ! passage ?r\gh ! ,r$  ,sea1
 ,exod4 xiv1 ( ! murmur+ ( ! ,israelites
 & ! supply (  quails & manna1 ) ! same 
z giv5 by ! ,jewi% hi/orian1 or         
rhetorician we might r say1 & ! =ce ( ! 
obs]vation w  be felt4 #e4 ,!re is a    
c&\r 9 ! treatm5t ( 8 subject by        
,moses1 :i* bespeaks 8 tru?2 z :5 he    
tells ( 8 own want (  eloqu5ce1 :i*     
unfitt$ him = a lead]1 ,exod4 iv1 #aj2 8
 own want  ( fai?1 :i* prev5t$ him f    

ent]+ ! promis$ l&1 ,num4 xx1  #ab2 !   
idolatry ( ,a>on 8 bro!r1 ,exod4 xxxii1 
#ba2 ! pr(an5ess  ( ,nadab & ,abihu1 8  
nephews1 ,lev4 x2 ! disaffection &      
puni%m5t  ( ,miriam1 8 si/]1 ,num4 xii1 
#a4 #f4 ,!re is a dis9t]e/$ness 9  8    
conduct1 :i* bespeaks him to be a man ( 
tru?2 = ?\gh he _h  sons1 he app>5tly   
takes no measures dur+ 8 life to give !m
  (fices ( tru/ or pr(it2 & at 8 dea? he
 appo9ts z 8  successor "o :o _h no     
claims ^u him1 ei!r ( alliance1 (       
clan%ip1 or ( blood4 #g4 ,!re are c]ta9 
prophetical passages 9  ! writ+s (      
,moses1 :i* bespeak _! tru?2 z1 sev]al  
respect+  ! future ,messiah1 & ! v      
sublime & lit]al "o respect+ !  f9al    
fall ( ,j]usalem1 ,deut4 xxviii4 #h4    
,!re is a simple key  suppli$ by ^!     
writ+s1 to ! mean+ ( _m anci5t          
traditions  curr5t among ! ,hea!ns1 ?\gh
 greatly disguis$1 :i* is ano!r         
circum/ance t bespeaks _! tru?3 z1 !    
gold5 age2 ! g>d5  ( ! ,hesp]ides2 !    
fruit tree 9 ! mid/1 ( ! g>d5 :i* !     

dragon gu>d$2 ! de/ruction ( mank9d by a
 flood1 all except two  p]sons1 & ^?    
righte\s p]sons1                        
,innocuos ambos1 cultores num9is ambos2 
,bo? innoc5t1 bo? wor%ipp]s ( ,deity2   
! ra9b[1 :i* ,jupit] set 9 ! cl\d1 a    
sign to m520 ! sev5?  day a sacr$ day2 )
 _m o!rs1 all conspir+ to e/abli% !     
reality ( ! facts :i* ,moses relates1   
because t5d+ to %[ t  ve/iges ( ! l     
pres5t !mselves 9 ! traditional hi/ory (
  ! _w at l>ge4 #i4 ,! concurr5ce :i* is
 f\nd betwe5 !  writ+s ( ,moses & ^? ( !
 ,new ,te/am5t bespeaks _! tru?3  !     
latt] con/antly appeal+ to !m1 be+ inde$
 b ! completion  ( ! sy/em :i* ! o!rs   
are ! fir/ to put =?4 ,nor is ?is  an   
illogical argum5t2 =1 ?\gh ! cr$ibility 
( ! ,new ,te/am5t  itself may c]ta9ly be
 reason$ out f ! tru? ( ! ,p5tateu*     
once e/abli%$1 x is /ill v f> f dep5d+  
on t  circum/ance exclusively1 or ev5   
pr9cipally4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t dem&s      
acceptance on its own m]its1 on m]its   
di/9ct f ^? on :i* !  books ( ,moses    

re/1 !re=e 7s f> z x does s7 x may      
fairly give  its suffrage = _! v]acity1 
valeat quantum valet3 x may avail  z f> 
z x goes2 & surely x is a v improbable  
?+1 t two  disp5sations1 sep>at$ by an  
int]val ( "s fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1  ea*   
exhibit+ prophecies ( its own1 s9ce     
fulfill$2 ea* ass]t+  miracles ( its    
own1 on /rong evid5ce ( its own2 t two  
disp5sations1 ) su* individual claims to
 be believ$1 %\ld also  be f\nd to /& 9 
! close/ relation to "o ano!r1 & yet bo?
  turn out impo/ures aft] all4 #aj4     
,above all1 !re is a comp>ative  purity 
9 ! !ology & morality ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :i*
 argues  n only its tru?1 b its high    
orig9al2 = h[ else are we to  acc\nt = a
 sy/em l t ( ,moses1 9 su* an age &     
among su* a  p2 t ! doctr9e ( ! unity1 !
 self-exi/5ce1 !  provid5ce1 !          
p]fections ( ! great ,god ( heav5 & e>?1
 %\ld  ?us h blaz$ =? 7h[ f> m brightly 
?an ev5 9 ! vaunt$  s*ools ( ,a!ns at   
its mo/ ref9$ era67 f ! mid/ ( a nation1
  ( !mselves ev] plung+ into gross &    

grovell+ idolatry2 & t  pr9ciples (     
social duty1 ( b5evol5ce1 & (           
self-re/ra9t1  ext5d+ ev5 to ! ?\ghts ( 
! he>t1 %\ld h be5 !  produce ( an age  
:i* ! v provisions ( ! ,levitical law   
itself  %[ to h be5 full ( savage &     
lic5ti\s abom9ations8 ,exod4 iii1  #ad2 
xx1 #c-ag2 ,lev4 xix1 #b1 #ah2 ,deut4   
vi1 #d2 xxx1 #f4 ,su* are "s ( !        
int]nal evid5ces = ! v]acity ( ! books (
 ,moses4 #aa4 ,!n !  situation 9 :i* !  
,jews actually f\nd !mselves plac$1 z a 
matt] ( fact1 is no slight argum5t = !  
tru? ( ! ,mosaic  acc\nts2 rem9d$1 z !y 
71 by c]ta9 memorials obs]v$ f  ye> to  
ye>1 ( ! great ev5ts ( _! e>ly hi/ory1 j
 z !y  are record$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,moses1 
memorials univ]sally recognis$  bo? 9 _!
 object & 9 _! au?ority4 ,! passov]1 =  
in/ance1  celebrat$ by all1 no man d\bt+
 its mean+1 no man 9 all ,israel        
assign+ to x any o!r orig9 ?an "o1 viz4 
t ( be+ a  contempor>y monum5t ( a      
miracle display$ 9 fav\r ( ! p (        
,israel2 by "r ( :i* cr$5tials1 & no    

o!r1 x summon$ f  all qu>t]s ( ! _w1 at 
great co/1 & inconv5i5ce1 & dang]1  !   
disp]s$ ,jews1 none disput+ ! obligation
 to obey ! summons4  #ab4 ,!n ! h]oic   
devotion ) :i* ! ,israelites cont9u$ to 
reg>d ! law1 ev5 long aft] !y _h ceas$  
to cultivate ! bett]  "p ( x1 ev5 :5 t v
 law only s]v$ to condemn its           
wor%ipp]s1 s t !y w\ld (f] !mselves up  
by ?\s&s1 )  _! *ildr5 & wives1 z m>tyrs
 to ! hon\r ( _! temple1 9  :i* no      
image1 ev5 ( an emp]or1 :o c\ld sc\rge  
!m )  scorpions = _! disob$i5ce1 %\ld be
 suff]$ to /&1 & !y  live3 s t r ?an    
violate ! sanctity ( ! ,sabba? day1 !   
brave/ m5 9 arms w\ld lay d[n _! lives z
 tamely z %eep1 &  all[ !mselves to be  
burn$ 9 ! holes :]e !y _h tak5 refuge  f
 _! cruel & c[>dly pursu]s4 ,all ?is    
po9ts to _! law1 z  hav+ be5 at fir/    
promulgat$ "u circum/ances too awful to 
be  =gott5 ev5 aft] ! lapse ( ages4 #ac4
 ,!n aga91 !  extraord9>y degree (      
national pride ) :i* ! ,jews boa/$      
!mselves to be ,god's peculi> p1 z if no

 nation ev] 0 or ev]  c\ld be s nigh to 
him2 a feel+ :i* ! e>ly tea*]s (        
,*ri/ianity f\nd an insup]able ob/acle  
to ! progress ( ! ,gospel  among !m1 &  
:i* actually did effect its ultimate    
rejection1 ?is  may well seem to be     
f\nd$ ^u a /rong traditional s5se (     
uncommon  tok5s ( ! ,almighty's reg>d = 
!m above all o!r nations ( !  e>?1 :i*  
!y _h he>d ) _! e>s1 or _! fa!rs _h     
decl>$ unto !m1 ev5 ! noble works t he  
_h done 9 ! old  "t be=e !m4 #ad4 ,!n   
aga91 ! con/ant crav+ aft] a sign10  :i*
 beset !m 9 ! latt] days ( _! hi/ory1 z 
a lively  c]tificate ( ! prophet2 & n   
aft] a sign only1 b aft] su* a  "o z !y 
w\ld !mselves prescribe3 ,:at sign %[e/ 
?\1 t we  may see1 & believe8 ,our fa!rs
 did eat manna 9 ! des]t10 ,john vi1    
#ca4 ,?is desire1 s frequ5tly express$1 
& ) :i* !y are s  frequ5tly reproa*$1   
looks l ! relic ( an appetite eng5d]$ 9 
o!r times1 :5 !y _h enjoy$ ! privilege (
 m intimate  communion ) ,god2 x seems !
 wake1 z x 71 ( miracles dep>t$4  #ae4  

,la/ly1 ! v on]\s nature ( ! law2 s     
/udi\sly m$dl+  ) all ! occupations (   
life1 great & small2--?is yoke w\ld     
sc>cely h be5 endur$1 )\t ! /ronge/     
assurance1 on ! "p  ( ^? :o 7 gall$ by  
x1 ( ! au?ority by :i* x 0  impos$4 ,= x
 met !m ) "s re/ra9t or o!r at e turn4  
,w\ld !y pl\gh8 !n x mu/ n be ) an ox & 
an ass4 ,w\ld !y  s[8 !n mu/ n ! se$ be 
mix$4 ,w\ld !y reap8 !n mu/ !y  n reap  
clean4 ,w\ld !y make bread8 !n mu/ !y   
set ap>t d\gh  en\gh = ! consecrat$     
loaf4 ,did !y f9d a bird's ne/8 !n mu/  
!y let ! old bird fly away4 ,did !y     
hunt8 !n !y mu/ %$ !  blood ( _! game1 &
 cov] x ) du/4 ,did !y plant a fruit    
tree8 = ?ree ye>s 0 ! fruit to be       
uncircumcis$4 ,did !y %ave  _! be>ds8 !y
 7 n to cut ! corn]s4 ,did !y weave a   
g>m5t8 !n mu/ x be only ) ?reads        
prescrib$4 ,did !y build a  h\se8 !y mu/
 put rails & battlem5ts on ! ro(4 ,did  
!y buy an  e/ate8 at ! ye> ( jubilee1   
back x mu/ g to its own]4 ,all ^!  7& h[
 _m m ( ! same k9d might be nam$67 are  

enactm5ts  :i* x mu/ h requir$          
extraord9>y influ5ce 9 ! lawgiv] to     
enjo91 & extraord9>y rev]5ce = 8 p[]s to
 p]petuate4    ,/ill1 aft] all1 says    
,mr4 ,blunt1 unbeliev]s may />t         
difficulties1--?is ,i dispute n2        
difficulties1 too1 :i* we may n  always 
be able to answ]1 ?\gh ,i ?9k we may be 
always able to  neutralize !m4 ,x may be
 a "p ( our trial1 t su* difficulties   
%\ld exi/ & be enc\nt]$2 = !re c be no  
reason :y  temptations %\ld n be provid$
 = ! natural pride ( our  und]/&+1 z    
well z = ! natural lu/s ( our fle%4 ,to 
_m1  inde$1 !y w\ld be ! m =midable ( ! 
two1 p]haps to !  angels :o kept n _!   
fir/ e/ate !y prov$ s4 ,) su* facts1    
h[ev]1 be=e me1 z ^! :i* ,i h submitt$  
to my read]s1 ,i c  come to no          
conclusion b "o1--t :5 we read ! writ+s 
( ,moses1  we read no cunn+ly devis$    
fables1 b solemn & safe records (  great
 & m>vell\s ev5ts1 :i* c\rt exam9ation1 
& su/a9 x2  records ( su* app>5t v]acity
 & fai?fulness1 t ,i c  und]/& our ,"l  

to h spok5 almo/ )\t a figure1 :5 he    
said1 t he :o believ$ n ,moses1 nei!r   
w\ld he be p]suad$  ?\gh "o rose f !    
dead4    ,,mo?1 1 ,job iv1 #ai2 & 1 ,job
 xiii1 #bh2 xxvii1 #ah2 ,psalm vi1 #g2  
xxxi1 #i1 #aj2 xxxix1 #aa2 ,isaiah l1   
#i2 ,hosea v1 #ab4 ,! clo!s mo? is  !   
t9ea arg5tea2 ( a :ite1 %9+ silv]1 or   
pe>l col\r4 ,x is  clo!d ) %ells1 f\rte5
 9 numb]1 & ^! are scaly4 ,alb9  ass]ts 
?is to be ! insect t eats wooll5 /uffs2 
& says t x  is produc$ f a gray speckl$ 
mo?1 t flies by night1 creeps among     
wooll5s1 & !re lays h] eggs1 :i*1 aft] a
 little "t1 are  hat*$ z worms1 & 9 ?is 
/ate !y fe$ on _! habitation1 till  !y  
*ange into a *rysalis1 & !nce em]ge into
 mo?s4 ,! "y  mo?1 or mo? worm10 says ! 
,abb ,plu*e1 ^u leav+ ! egg :i* a       
papilio _h lodg$ ^u a piece ( /uff      
commodi\s = h] purpose1  f9ds a prop]   
place ( resid5ce1 gr[s & fe$s ^u ! nap1 
&  likewise builds ) x an ap>tm5t1 :i*  
is fix$ to ! gr\ndwork  ( ! /uff )      
sev]al cords & a little glue4 ,f an     

ap]ture 9  ?is habitation1 ! mo? worm   
dev\rs & demoli%es all ab\t him2  &1 :5 
he has cle>$ ! place1 he draws out all !
 fa/5+s (  8 t5t2 aft] :i* he c>ries x  
to "s little di/ance1 & !n  fixes x ) ! 
sl5d] cords 9 a new situation4 ,9 ?is   
mann] he  cont9ues to live at our       
exp5se1 till he is satisfi$ ) 8 food1 at
  :i* p]iod he is fir/ trans=m$ into !  
nympha1 & !n *ang$  into ! papilio40    
,! allusions to ?is insect 9 ! sacr$    
writ+s are v /rik+3  ,fe> ye n ! reproa*
 ( m51 nei!r be ye afraid ( _!  revil+s4
 ,= ! mo? %all eat !m up l a g>m5t1 & ! 
worm  %all eat !m l wool40 ,!y %all p]i%
 ) z little noise z a  g>m5t "u ! too? (
 a mo?1 ,isaiah li1 #g1 #h4 ,9 !        
prophecies (  ,hosea1 ,god himself says1
 ,i w be z a mo? unto ,ephraim1 & z a   
lion20 t is1 ,i w s5d sil5t & secret    
judgm5ts ^u him1 :i*  %all imp]ceptibly 
wa/e 8 beauty1 corrode 8 p[]1 & dim9i%  
8 /r5g?1 & w f9i% 8 de/ruction ) op5 &  
irresi/ible  calamities4 ,or ! mean+ may
 be1 ,z ! mo? crumbles into du/ "u  !   

slighte/ pressure1 or ! g5tle/ t\*1 s   
man dissolves )  equal ease1 & vani%es  
into d>kness1 "u ! f+] ( !  ,almighty4  
,deeply s5sible ( ?is affect+ tru?1 !   
royal ,psalmi/  e>ne/ly deprecates !    
judgm5ts ( ,god1 humbly confess+ 8 own  
weakness1 & ! inability ( e man to      
endure 8 fr[n3 ,remove ?y  /roke away f 
me3 ,i am consum$ by ! bl[ ( ?y h&4 ,:5 
?\  ) rebukes do? correct man =         
iniquity1 ?\ make/ 8 beauty to  consume 
away l a mo?3 surely e man is vanity4   
,selah10 ,psalm  xxxix1 #aj1 #aa4 ,su*1 
9 ! e/imation ( ,job1 is ! fad+         
prosp]ity  ( a wick$ man3 ,he builde? 8 
h\se z a mo?1 & z a boo? t  ! keep]     
make?10 ,job xxvii1 #ah4 ,8 unrighte\s  
acquisitions %all be  ( %ort cont9uance2
 !y %all m\ld] ins5sibly away1 return+  
to  ! lawful own]1 or pass into !       
possession ( o!rs4 ,x is 9 ?is  s5se t !
 ,"l ?reat5s3 ,i w be unto ,ephraim z a 
mo?10 ,hosea  v1 #ab4 ,by ! secret curse
 ( ,god he %all fade away1 & :atev] is  
mo/ preci\s 9 8 e/imation %all be       

gradually dissolv$ &  consum$1 z a g>m5t
 eat5 by ! mo?4 ,! same allusion is     
involv$  9 ! direction ( our ,"l to 8   
disciples3 ,lay n up = y\rselves        
treasures ^u ! e>?1 :]e mo? & ru/ do?   
corrupt1 & :]e  ?ieves break ?r\gh &    
/eal4 ,b lay up = y\rselves treasures 9 
heav51 :]e nei!r mo? nor ru/ do?        
corrupt1 & :]e ?ieves d  n break ?r\gh  
nor /eal10 ,mat!w vi1 #ai1 #bj4 ,! ^w   
treasure  commonly sugge/s to our m9ds !
 idea ( "s durable sub/ance1 z  preci\s 
/ones1 gold1 & silv]1 ^u :i* ! p]sev]+  
indu/ry  ( a mo? c make no impression2  
b1 9 ! language ( inspiration1  x d5otes
 e ?+ collect$ toge!r :i* m5 reckon     
valuable4 ,!  ,jews _h treasures (      
raim5t z well z ( corn1 ( w9e1 ( oil1 ( 
honey1 ,j]4 xli1 #h2 & ( gold1 silv]1 & 
brass1 ,ezek4 xxxiii1 #d2  ,dan4 xi1    
#dc4 ,! robes ( pr9ces 7 a "p ( _!      
treasure1 ^u  :i* !y (t5 set a p>ticul> 
value4 ,ri* ve/m5ts made a  conspicu\s  
figure 9 ! treasury ( ,ulysses4 ,^! 71 f
 _!  nature1 expos$ to ! depr$ations ( !

 mo?2 fabricat$ ( p]i%+  mat]ials1 !y 7 
liable to be prematurely consum$1 or    
tak5 away by  fraud or viol5ce2 b !     
fav\r ( ,god1 & ! graces ( 8 ,_s1  & !  
enjoym5t ( et]nal happ9ess1 are nei!r   
liable to int]nal  decay nor ext]nal    
viol5ce1 & by consequ5ce1 are ! prop]   
objects  ( our highe/ reg>d1 *ief       
solicitude1 & con/ant pursuit4 ,x is    
also likely1 t by mo?0 our ,"l meant all
 ! k9ds ( small insects  :i* dev\r or   
spoil ! diff]5t k9ds ( prop]ty1 su* z   
corn1  honey1 fruits1 c1 :i* 7 treasur$ 
up = ! future4 ,^!1 9  w>m c\ntries1 are
 v num]\s & de/ructive4    ,,m\rn+4 ,see
 ,,burial & ,,dead4    ,,m\se1 1 9      
,*aldee acalb>1 probably ! same ) !     
ali>bui  ( ! ,arabians or ! j]boa1      
,leviticus xi1 #bi2 #a ,samuel vi1 #d1  
#e1  #aa1 #ah2 ,isaiah xlvi1 #ag4 ,all  
int]pret]s ackn[l$ge t ! ,hebrew  ^w    
a*b> signifies a m\se10 & m especially a
 field m\se40  ,moses decl>es x to be   
unclean1 :i* ins9uates t x 0 sometimes  
eat52 &1 inde$1 x is affirm$ t ! ,jews 7

 s oppress$ )  fam9e dur+ ! siege (     
,j]usalem by ! ,romans1 t1  not)/&+ ?is 
prohibition1 !y 7 compell$ to eat dogs1 
mice1  & rats4 ,isaiah1 lxvi1 #ag1 ju/ly
 reproa*es ! ,jews ) eat+ !  fle% ( mice
 & o!r ?+s t 7 impure & abom9able4 ,x is
  kn[n :at spoil 0 made by mice 9 !     
fields ( ! ,phili/9es1 #a  ,sam4 vi1 #e1
 #f1 c1 aft] ?is p _h br\ght into !     
c\ntry !  ark ( ! ,"l2 s t !y 7 oblig$  
to take ! resolution to  s5d x back1    
accompani$ ) mice & em]ods ( gold1 z an 
atonem5t  = ! irrev]5ce !y _h committ$1 
& to av]t f _! l& !  v5geance t pursu$  
!m4 ,judea has suff]$ by ^! animals 9   
o!r times4 ,william1 ar*bi%op ( ,tyre1  
records1 t 9 ! beg9n+  ( ! twelf? c5tury
 a p5it5tial c\ncil 0 held at ,napl\se1 
:]e  five & tw5ty canons 7 fram$ = !    
correction ( ! mann]s (  ! inhabitants (
 ! ,*ri/ian k+dom ( ,j]usalem1 :o1 !y   
appreh5d$1 _h provok$ ,god to br+ ^u !m 
! calamities (  e>?quakes1 w>1 & fam9e4 
,?is la/ ! ar*bi%op ascribes to  locu/s 
& dev\r+ mice1 :i* _h = f\r ye>s toge!r 

s  de/roy$ ! fruits ( ! e>?1 z seem$ to 
cause almo/ a total  failure 9 _! crops4
 ,bo*>t has collect$ _m curi\s acc\nts  
relative to ! t]rible deva/ation made by
 ^! animals4    ,,mulb]ry ,,tree1 1 #b  
,sam4 v1 #bc1 #bd2 #a ,*ronicles xiv1   
#ad1 #ae2 ,psalm  lxxxiv1 #g4 ,! ,,lxx1 
9 ,*ronicles1 r5d] ! ^w by 1 pe>        
trees20 s ,aquila & ! ,vulgate1 bo? 9   
,samuel & ,*ronicles1  pyrorum40 ,o!rs  
translate x ! mulb]ry tree40 ,m probably
 x is  ! l>ge %rub :i* ! ,arabs /ill    
call baca20 & :i* gave "n to  ! valley  
:]e x ab\nd$4 ,( ?is valley ,celsius    
rem>ks1 t x  0 rugg$ & emb>rass$ ) bu%es
 & /ones1 :i* c\ld n be  pass$ ?r\gh )\t
 lab\r & te>s20 ref]r+ to ,psalm lxxxiv1
 #g2  & ! r\gh valley10 ,deut4 xxi1 #d2 
& he quotes f a manuscript (  ,abu'l    
,fideli a description ( ! tree :i* grew 
!re1 & m5tions x  z be>+ a fruit ( an   
acrid ta/e4    ,,mule1 1 #b ,sam4 xiii1 
#bi2 #a ,k+s i1 #cc2 x1 #be1 c4 ,a      
mongrel k9d (  quadrup$1 betwe5 ! horse 
& ! ass4 ,its =m be>s a consid]able     

resemblance to ! la/ m5tion$ animal2 b 9
 its disposition x is  r vici\s &       
intractable2 s t its ob/9acy has become 
a  prov]b4 ,) ?is creature ! e>ly ages 7
 probably unacqua9t$4  ,x is v c]ta9 !  
,jews did n bre$ mules1 because x 0     
=bidd5 !m to c\ple toge!r two creatures 
( diff]5t species1  ,lev4 xix1 #ai4 ,b  
!y 7 n prohibit$ ! mak+ use ( !m3 ?us   
we f9d 9 ,david's "t t !y _h become v   
common1 & made up a  consid]able "p ( ! 
equipage ( pr9ces1 #b ,sam4 xiii1 #bi2  
xviii1 #i2  #a ,k+s i1 #cc1 #ch1 #dd2 x1
 #be2 #b ,*ron4 ix1 #bd4    ,,murd]4    
,among ! ,hebrews murd] 0 always puni%$ 
) dea?2 b  involunt>y homicide1 only by 
bani%m5t4 ,cities ( refuge 7  appo9t$ = 
involunt>y manslaught]1 :i!r ! slay]    
might retire  & cont9ue 9 safety till ! 
dea? ( ! high prie/1 ,num4 xxxv1 #bh4   
,!n ! (f5d] 0 at lib]ty to return to 8  
own h\se1 if he  pleas$4 ,a murd]] 0 put
 to dea? )\t remission1 & ! k9sman  ( ! 
murd]$ p]son might kill him ) impunity4 
,money c\ld n  r$eem 8 life3 he 0 dragg$

 away f ! alt>1 if he _h !re  tak5      
refuge4 ,:5 a dead body 0 f\nd 9 !      
fields ( a p]son sla9  by a murd]]      
unkn[n1 ,moses comm&$ t ! eld]s & judges
 ( !  neighb\r+ places %\ld resort to ! 
spot1 ,deut4 xxi1 #a-h4 ,!  eld]s ( !   
city ne>e/ to x 7 to take a heif] :i* _h
 nev]  yet borne ! yoke1 & 7 to lead x  
into "s rude & uncultivat$  place1 :i*  
_h n be5 pl\gh$ or s[$1 :]e !y 7 to cut 
its  ?roat4 ,! prie/s ( ! ,"l1 ) ! eld]s
 & magi/rates ( !  city1 7 to come ne> !
 dead body1 &1 wa%+ _! h&s ov] !  heif] 
t _h be5 sla91 7 to say1 ,our h&s h n %$
 ?is  blood1 nor h our eyes se5 x %$4   
,"l1 be fav\rable to ?y p  ,israel1 &   
impute n to u ?is blood1 :i* has be5 %$ 
9 !  mid/ ( our c\ntry40 ,?is c]emony   
may in=m u h[ mu* horror !y  conceiv$ at
 ! crime ( murd]2 & x %[s _! fe> t ,god 
might  av5ge x on ! :ole c\ntry2 :i* 0  
suppos$ to contract pollution  by !     
blood spilt 9 x1 unless x 7 expiat$1 &  
av5g$ on him  :o _h occasion$ x1 if he  
c\ld be discov]$4    ,,music is probably

 ne>ly coeval ) our race1 or1 at lea/1 )
 !  fir/ attempts to pres]ve ! memory ( 
transactions4 ,be=e !  inv5tion ( writ+1
 ! hi/ory ( rem>kable ev5ts 0 committ$  
to  memory1 & h&$ d[n by oral tradition4
 ,! k ( laws & (  useful arts 0 pres]v$ 
9 ! same way4 ,rhy?m & song 7 probably  
soon f\nd important helps to ! memory2 &
 ?us ! muses became !  e>ly in/ruct]s ( 
mank9d4 ,nor 0 x long1 we may           
conjecture1 be=e  danc+ & song unit$    
contribut$ to fe/ivity1 or to !         
solemnities  ( religion4 ,! fir/        
in/rum5ts ( music 7 probably ( !        
pulsatile k9d2 & rhy?m1 x is likely1    
prec$$ ! obs]vation (  ^? int]vals (    
s\nd :i* are s pleas+ to ! e>4 ,! fir/  
m5tion ( /r+$ in/rum5ts1 h[ev]1 prec$es 
! deluge4 ,tubal1  ! six? desc5dant f   
,ca91 0 ! fa!r ( all su* z h&le !  h>p &
 ! organ40 ,ab\t five hundr$ & fifty    
ye>s aft] !  deluge1 or ,b4 ,c4 #ahjj1  
accord+ to ! common *ronology1 bo? vocal
  & in/rum5tal music are spok5 ( z ?+s 9
 g5]al use3 ,& ,laban  said1 ,:at ha/ ?\

 done1 t ?\ ha/ /ol5 away unaw>es to me1
  & c>ri$ away my daught]s1 z captives  
tak5 ) ! sword8  ,:]e=e did/ ?\ flee    
away secretly1 & /eal away f me2 &  did/
 n tell me1 t ,i might h s5t !e away )  
mir? & )  songs1 ) tabret & ) h>p80 ,g54
 xxxi1 #bf1 #bg4    ,egypt has be5 call$
 ! cradle ( ! arts & sci5ces1 & !re c   
be no d\bt ( ! v e>ly civilization ( t  
c\ntry4 ,to !  ,egyptian ,m]cury1 or    
,?o?1 :o is call$ ,trismegi/os1 or ?rice
  illu/ri\s10 is ascrib$ ! inv5tion ( ! 
lyre1 :i* _h at fir/  only ?ree /r+s4 ,x
 w\ld be idle to m5tion ! v>i\s         
conjectures  h[ ^! /r+s 7 tun$1 or to   
try to settle ! *ronology ( ?is         
inv5tion4 ,! s+le flute1 :i* !y call$   
phot9x1 is also  ascrib$ to !           
,egyptians4 ,its %ape 0 t ( a horn1 (   
:i*1 no  d\bt1 x 0 orig9ally made4 ,be=e
 ! inv5tion ( ^!  in/rum5ts1 z ,dr4     
,burney ju/ly obs]ves1 music c\ld h be5 
little  m ?an metrical1 z no o!r        
in/rum5ts except ^? ( p]cussion  7 kn[n4
 ,:5 ! art 0 fir/ discov]$ ( ref9+ &    

su/a9+  tones1 ! p[] ( music ov] mank9d 
0 probably irresi/ible1 f  ! agreeable  
surprise :i* s(t & l5g!n$ s\nds mu/ h   
occasion$40 ,! same le>n$ writ] has giv5
 a draw+1 made "u 8  own eye1 ( an      
,egyptian musical in/rum5t1 repres5t$ on
 a v  anci5t obelisk at ,rome1 br\ght f 
,egypt by ,augu/us4 ,?is obelisk is     
suppos$ to h be5 erect$ at ,heliopolis1 
by ,seso/ris1 ne> f\r  hundr$ ye>s be=e 
! ,trojan w>4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+ 9 ?is 
in/rum5t is1 t x is suppli$ ) a neck1 s 
t its two /r+s  7 capable ( furni%+ a   
great numb] ( s\nds4 ,?is is a          
contrivance :i* ! ,greeks1 ) all _!     
+5uity1 nev] hit ^u4  ,i h nev] be5     
able10 says ! doctor1 to discov] 9 any  
rema9s (  ,greek sculpture1 an in/rum5t 
furni%$ ) a neck2 & ,fa!r  ,montfaucon  
says t 9 exam9+ ! repres5tations ( ne>  
five  hundr$ anci5t lyres1 h>ps1 &      
ci?>as1 he nev] met ) "o 9  :i* !re 0   
any contrivance = %ort5+ ! /r+s dur+ !  
"t ( p]=mance1 z by a neck & f+] bo>d40 
,f ! long  resid5ce ( ! ,hebrews 9      

,egypt1 x is no improbable conjecture t 
_! music 0 d]iv$ f t s\rce4 ,h[ev] t may
 be1 music1  vocal & in/rum5tal1 made "o
 important "p ( _! religi\s  s]vice4 ,if
 ! excell5ce ( ! music 0 con=mable to ! 
sublimity  ( ! poetry :i* x accompani$1 
!re w\ld be no inju/ice 9  suppos+ x    
unspeakably sup]ior to t ( e o!r p2 & ! 
pa9s t 7 tak5 to r5d] ! tab]nacle &     
temple music wor?y  ( ! subjects ( _!   
l(ty odes1 leaves little d\bt t x 0 s4  
,t ! in/rum5ts 7 l\d & sonor\s1 w appe> 
f :at  foll[s2 b z ! public s++ 0 p]=m$ 
9 alt]nate responses1  or ! *orus ( all 
succe$$ to ^? p>ts ( ! psalm :i* 7  sung
 only by ! appo9t$ lead]s1 in/rum5ts (  
?is k9d 7  necess>y to comm& & control !
 voices ( s great a numb] z 0  usually  
assembl$ on high occasions4    ,!       
,hebrews insi/$ on hav+ music at        
m>riages1 on anniv]s>y bir?  days1 on ! 
days :i* rem9d$ !m ( victories ov] _!   
enemies1  at ! inauguration ( _! k+s1 9 
_! public wor%ip1 & :5  !y 7 com+ f af> 
to att5d ! great fe/ivals ( _!  nation1 

,isaiah xxx1 #bi4 ,9 ! tab]nacle & !    
temple1 ! ,levites  7 ! lawful          
musicians2 b on o!r occasions any "o    
might use  musical in/rum5ts :o *ose4   
,!re 0 ?is exception1 h[ev]3 !  holy    
silv] trumpets 7 to be bl[n only by !   
prie/s1 :o1 by !  s\nd+ ( !m1 proclaim$ 
! fe/ival days1 assembl$ ! lead]s (  !  
p1 & gave ! signal = ! battle & = !     
retreat1 ,num4  x1 #a-aj4 ,david1 9 ord]
 to give ! be/ effect to ! music ( !    
tab]nacle1 divid$ ! f\r ?\s& ,levites   
into tw5ty-f\r classes1  :o sung psalms1
 & accompani$ !m ) music4 ,ea* ( ^!     
classes  0 sup]9t5d$ by a lead]1 plac$  
ov] x2 & !y p]=m$ !  duties :i* devolv$ 
^u !m1 ea* class a week at a "t 9       
succession1 #a ,*ron4 xvi1 #e2 xxiii1   
#d1 #e2 xxv1 #a-ca2 #b ,*ron4 v1 #ab1   
#ac4  ,! classes collectively1 z a unit$
 body1 7 sup]9t5d$ by ?ree  directors4  
,?is arrangem5t 0 subsequ5tly cont9u$ by
 ,solomon aft]  ! erection ( ! temple1 &
 0 transmitt$ till ! "t ( !  ov]?r[ (   
,j]usalem4 ,x 0 inde$ sometimes         

int]rupt$1 dur+ !  reign ( ! idolatr\s  
k+s1 b 0 re/or$ by _! successors1 #b    
,*ron4 v1 #ab-ad2 xxix1 #bg2 xxxv1 #ae4 
,x 0 ev5 cont9u$ aft] !  captivity1     
,ezra iii1 #aj2 ,neh4 xii1 #de-dg2 #a   
,mac4 iv1 #ed2 xiii1 #ea4 ,x  %\ld be   
rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t nei!r music nor poetry 
atta9$ to  ! same excell5ce aft] !      
captivity z be=e t p]iod4    ,!re 7 wom5
 s+]s z well z m5 9 ! temple *oir2 = 9 !
  book ( ,ezra1 among ^? :o return$ f ! 
,babyloni% captivity1  !re are said to h
 be5 two hundr$1 ,ezra ii1 #fe2 & 9     
,nehemiah  vii1 #fg1 we read ( two      
hundr$ & =ty-five s++ m5 & wom54  ,!    
,jewi% doctors w1 inde$1 by no means    
admit !re 7 any female  voices 9 !      
temple *oir2 & z = ^? 1 me%or]o?1 z  !y 
are call$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 !y suppose !m to 
be ! wives (  ^? :o sung4 ,nev]!less1 ! 
foll[+ passage makes x evid5t  t wom51  
likewise1 7 ?us employ$3 ,god gave to   
,heman f\rte5  sons & ?ree daught]s2 &  
all ^! 7 "u ! h&s ( _!  fa!r = song 9 ! 
h\se ( ! ,"l1 ) cymbals1 psalt]ies1 &   

h>ps1 = ! s]vice ( ! h\se ( ,god10 #a   
,*ron4 xxv1 #e1 #f4  ,in/rum5tal music 0
 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,jewi% s]vice by 
,moses2 & aft]w>d1 by ! express comm& ( 
,god1 0 v mu*  improv$ ) ! addition (   
sev]al in/rum5ts 9 ! reign ( ,david4    
,:5 ,hezekiah re/or$ ! temple s]vice1   
:i* _h be5 neglect$ 9  8 pr$ecessor's   
reign1 8he set ! ,levites 9 ! h\se ( !  
,"l1  ) cymbals1 ) psalt]ies1 & ) h>ps1 
accord+ to !  comm&m5t ( ,david1 & (    
,gad ! k+'s se]1 & ,na?an !  prophet2 = 
s 0 ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l by 8 prophets10  
#b  ,*ron4 xxix1 #be4    ,! h>p1 1      
k9nor1 0 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! class ( /r+$  
in/rum5ts1 ,g54 iv1 #ba4 ,x 0 sometimes 
call$ 1 or eight  /r+$10 #a ,*ron4 xv1  
#ba2 ,psalm vi1 #a2 xii1 #a2 al?\gh1 z  
we may  ga!r f ! co9s or m$als ( !      
,maccabean age1 !re 7 "s  h>ps :i* 7    
furni%$ ) only ?ree /r+s4 ,! nablum or  
psalt]y1 1 1 1 is fir/ m5tion$ 9 !      
,psalms (  ,david4 ,9 ,psalms xxxiii1   
#b1 & cxliv1 #i1 x is call$ 1 a  t5-/r+$
 in/rum5t20 b 9 ,psalm xcii1 #c1 x is   

di/+ui%$ f  x4 ,josephus assigns to x   
twelve /r+s1 :i*1 tak5 9 connection  ) !
 fact above /at$1 leaves u to conclude t
 x sometimes _h  t5 & sometimes twelve  
/r+s4 ,x 0 n play$ ) a b[ or fret1  b ) 
! f+]s3 ! act ( play+ x is express$ 9   
,hebrew by  ! ^w 4 ,x resembl$ 9 =m a   
"r-angl$ triangle1 or ! ,greek  delta1 1
 inv]t$4 ,! body ( x 0 ( wood & holl[1 &
 0  enclos$ ) a piece ( lea!r t5sely    
drawn4 ,! *ords 7 ext5d$  on ! outside (
 ! lea!r1 & 7 fix$ at "o end into !     
transv]se "p ( ! triangul> body ( !     
in/rum5t4 ,su* is its  =m at ! pres5t   
day 9 ! ea/2 b x has only five /r+s 9   
its  mod]n %ape1 #b ,sam4 vi1 #e2 #a    
,k+s x1 #ab4 ,!re 0 ano!r in/rum5t  (   
?is k9d us$ 9 ,babylonia3 x 0 triangul> 
9 =m4 ,9 ,greek x  is call$ 2 9 ,hebrew1
  & 4 ,x _h orig9ally only  f\r1 b      
subsequ5tly tw5ty1 /r+s1 ,dan4 iii1 #e1 
#g1 #aj1 #ae4 ,among  _! w9d in/rum5ts 0
 ! organ1 s call$ 9 ! ,engli%  v]sion1 9
 ,hebrew1 1 ,g54 iv1 #ba4 ,x may be /yl$
 ! anci5t  %eph]d's pipe1 correspond+   

mo/ ne>ly to ! 1 or ! pipe (  ,pan among
 ! ,greeks4 ,x consi/$ at fir/ ( only "o
 or two1 b  aft]w>d ( ab\t sev51 pipes  
made ( re$s1 & diff]+ f ea*  o!r 9 l5g?4
 ,! in/rum5t call$ 1 us$ 9 ,babylon1    
,dan4  iii1 #e1 0 ( a simil>            
con/ruction4 1 1 & 1 *alil1  ne*ilo?1 & 
nekeb1 are w9d in/rum5ts made ( v>i\s   
mat]ials1 su* z wood1 re$s1 horns1 &    
bones4 ,z f> z we may be  p]mitt$ to    
judge f ! ?ree k9ds ( pipes n[ us$ 9 !  
ea/1  ! ,hebrew in/rum5t call$ ne*ilo?  
is ! "o t is d\ble 9  its /ructure2     
*alil is p]haps ! "o ( simpl] =m1 hav+ a
  s+le /em ) an orifice ?r\gh x2 :ile   
nekeb answ]s to ! "o  )\t an orifice1   
,isaiah v1 #ab2 xxx1 #bi2 ,j]4 xlviii1  
#cf2 ,psalm v1 #a2  ,ezek4 xxviii1 #ac4 
1 or1 accord+ to ! m>g9al read+1  1     
,dan4 iii1 #e1 #aj1 0 a w9d in/rum5t    
made ( re$s1 by !  ,syrians call$       
sambonja1 by ! ,greeks samponja1 & by ! 
,italians  zampogna4 ,accord+ to        
,s]vius1 x 0 ( a crook$ %ape4 1 !  horn 
or crook$ trumpet1 0 a v anci5t         

in/rum5t4 ,x 0 made  ( ! horns ( ox51   
:i* 7 cut (f at ! small] extremity1 &   
?us pres5t$ an orifice :i* ext5d$ ?r\gh4
 ,9 progress ( "t1  rams' horns 7 holl[$
 & employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,x is      
probable t 9 "s in/ances x 0 made (     
brass1 fa%ion$ s z to  resemble a horn4 
,x 0 greatly us$ 9 w>1 & its s\nd       
resembl$  ?und]4 1 *atsot]o?1 ! silv]   
trumpet1 0 /raight1 a  cubit 9 l5g?1    
holl[ ?r\gh\t1 & at ! l>g] extremity    
%ap$  s z to resemble ! m\? ( a small   
bell4 ,9 times ( peace1 :5 !  p or !    
rul]s 7 to be assembl$ toge!r1 ?is      
trumpet 0  bl[n s(tly4 ,:5 ! camps 7 to 
move =w>d1 or ! p to  m>* to w>1 x 0    
s\nd$ ) a deep] note4    ,!re 7 sev]al  
sorts ( drums4 ,!  1 toph1 r5d]$ 9 !    
,engli% v]sion tabret & timbrel1 ,g54   
xxxi1 #bg1 consi/$ ( a  circul> hoop1   
ei!r ( wood or brass1 ?ree in*es &      
six-t5?s  wide1 0 cov]$ ) a sk9 t5sely  
drawn1 & hung r\nd ) small  bells4 ,x 0 
held 9 ! left h&1 & beat5 to notes (    
music )  ! "r4 ,! ladies ?r\gh all !    

ea/1 ev5 to ?is day1 dance to  ! s\nd ( 
?is in/rum5t1 ,exod4 xv1 #bj2 ,job xvii1
 #f2 xxi1 #ab2 #b ,sam4  vi1 #e4 ,!     
cymbals1 1 tseltselim1 1 7 ( two k9ds   
=m]ly1 z !re are to ?is day1 9 ! ea/4 ,!
 fir/ consi/$ (  two flat pieces ( metal
 or plates3 ! musician held "o ( !m 9 8 
"r h&1 ! o!r 9 8 left1 & smote !m       
toge!r1 z an  accompanim5t to o!r       
in/rum5ts4 ,?is cymbal & ! mode ( us+ x 
may be (t5 se5 9 mod]n armies4 ,! second
 k9d ( cymbals1  consi/$ ( f\r small    
plates atta*$1 two to ea* h&1 :i* !     
ladies1 z !y danc$1 smote toge!r4 ,b 1  
,ze*4 xiv1 #bj1  r5d]$ 9 ! ,engli%      
v]sion bells1 are n musical in/rum5ts1 z
  "s suppose1 nor inde$ bells1 b concave
 pieces or plates ( brass1  :i* 7       
sometimes atta*$ to horses = ! sake (   
ornam5t4    ,,mu/>d1 1 ,matt4 xiii1 #cb2
 xvii1 #bj2 ,m>k iv1 #ca2 ,luke xiii1   
#ai2  xvii1 #f2 a well kn[n g>d5 h]b4   
,*ri/ comp>es ! k+dom ( heav5  to a gra9
 ( mu/>d se$1 :i* a man took & s[$ 9 !  
e>?1  :i* inde$10 said he1 is ! lea/ (  

all se$s2 b :5 x is gr[n  is ! greate/  
among h]bs1 & become? a tree1 s t !     
birds (  ! air come & lodge 9 ! bran*es 
!re(10 ,matt4 xiii1 #ca1 #cb4  ,?is     
expression w n appe> /range10 says ,sir 
,?omas ,br[ne1 if we  recollect t !     
mu/>d se$1 ?\gh x be n simply & 9 itself
  ! smalle/ ( se$s1 yet may be v well   
believ$ to be ! smalle/  ( su* z are apt
 to gr[ unto a ligne\s sub/ance1 &      
become a k9d  ( tree40 ,! expression1   
also1 t x might gr[ into su* dim5sions  
t birds might lodge on its bran*es1 may 
be lit]ally conceiv$1 if  we all[ !     
luxuriancy ( plants 9 ,india above our  
nor!rn regions4  ,& he quotes ^u ?is    
occasion :at is record$ 9 ! ,jewi% /ory1
  ( a mu/>d tree t 0 to be climb$ l a   
fig tree4 ,! ,talmud  also m5tions "o ^:
 bran*es 7 s ext5sive z to cov] a t5t4  
,)\t insi/+ on ! accuracy ( ?is1 we may 
ga!r f x t we  %\ld n judge ( ea/]n     
vegetables by ^? :i* are famili> to     
ourselves4 ,s*eu*z] describes a species 
( mu/>d :i* gr[s sev]al  feet high1 ) a 

tap]+ /alk1 & spreads into _m bran*es4  
,(  ?is arboresc5t or treelike          
vegetable1 he gives a pr9t2 & ,l9nu     
m5tions a species ^: bran*es 7 real     
wood1 :i* he names s9api  erucoides4 ,b 
:atev] k9d ( tree our ,"l meant1 x is   
cle>1 f  ! fact t he nev] takes 8       
illu/rations f any objects b su*  z 7   
famili>1 & (t5 pres5t 9 ! sc5e ar\nd    
him1 t he  spoke ( "o :i* ! ,jews well  
knew to h m9ute se$s1 & yet to  be ( s  
l>ge gr[? z to af=d %elt] = ! birds ( ! 
air4    ,,myrrh1 1 ,exod4 xxx1 #bc2     
,e/h] ii1 #ab2 ,psalm xiv1 #h2 ,prov4   
vii1 #ag2  ,cant4 i1 #ac2 iii1 #f2 iv1  
#f1 #ad2 v1 #a1 #e1 #ac2 1 ,ecclus4     
xxiv1 #ae2  ,matt4 ii1 ,m>k xv1 #bc2    
,john xix1 #ci2 a preci\s k9d ( gum     
issu+ by  incision1 & sometimes         
spontane\sly1 f ! trunk & l>g]  bran*es 
( a tree gr[+ 9 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 &      
,abyss9ia4 ,its ta/e is  extremely      
bitt]1 b its smell1 ?\gh /rong1 is n    
disagreeable2 &  among ! anci5ts x ent]$
 into ! composition ( ! mo/ co/ly       

o9tm5ts4 ,z a p]fume1 x appe>s to h be5 
us$ to give a pleasant  fragrance to    
ve/m5ts1 & to be c>ri$ by females 9     
little caskets  9 ! bosoms4 ,! magi1 :o 
came f ! ea/ to wor%ip our ,savi\r  at  
,be?lehem1 made him a pres5t ( myrrh    
among o!r ?+s1 ,matt4 ii1  #aa4         
,,myrtle1 1 ,neh4 viii1 #ae2 ,isaiah    
xli1 #ai2 lv1 #ac2 ,ze*4 i1 #h-aj2 a    
%rub1 sometimes gr[+ to a small tree1 v 
common 9 ,judea4 ,x has a  h>d woody    
root t s5ds =? a great numb] ( small    
flexible  bran*es1 furni%$ ) leaves l ^?
 ( box1 b mu* less1 &  m po9t$3 !y are  
s(t to ! t\*1 %9+1 smoo?1 ( a  beautiful
 gre51 & h a sweet smell4 ,! fl[]s gr[  
among !  leaves1 & consi/ ( five :ite   
petals dispos$ 9 ! =m ( a rose3  !y h an
 agreeable p]fume1 & ornam5tal          
appe>ance4 ,sav>y1  describ+ a sc5e at !
 end ( ! =e/ ( ,platanea1 says1         
,myrtles1  int]mix$ ) laurel roses1 gr[ 
9 ! valleys to ! height ( t5  feet4 ,_! 
sn[-:ite fl[]s1 bord]$ ) a purple edg+1 
appe> to  peculi> advantage "u ! v]dant 

foliage4 ,ea* myrtle is load$ )  !m1 &  
!y emit p]fumes m exquisite ?an ^? ( !  
rose  itself4 ,!y en*ant e "o1 & ! s\l  
is fill$ ) ! s(te/  s5sations40 ,!      
myrtle is m5tion$ 9 ,scripture among    
l(ty trees1 n  z comp>+ ) !m 9 size1 b z
 contribut+ ) !m to !  beauty & ri*ness 
( ! sc5]y4 ,?us ,isaiah1 xii1 #ai1      
int5d+ to  describe a sc5e ( v>i$       
excell5ce3 ,i w plant 9 ! wild]ness  !  
c$>1 & ! %ittah tree1 & ! myrtle1 & !   
oil tree20 t  is1 ,i w adorn ! dre>y &  
b>r5 wa/e ) trees fam$ = _!  /ature & ! 
gr&eur ( _! appe>ance1 ! beauty ( _! =m1
  & also ! fragrance ( _! od\r4 ,!      
apocryphal ,b>u*1 v1 #h1  speak+ ( !    
return f ,babylon1 expresses !          
protection af=d$  by ,god to ! p by !   
same image3 ,ev5 ! woods & e            
sweet-smell+ tree %all ov]%ad[ ,israel  
by ! comm&m5t ( ,god40    ,,mysia1 a    
c\ntry ( ,asia ,m9or1 hav+ ! ,propontis 
on ! nor?1  ,bi?ynia on ! nor?-ea/ &    
ea/1 ,phrygia on ! s\?-ea/1 ,lydia  7f  
:i* x 0 sep>at$ by ! riv] ,h]mus7 on !  

s\?1 !  gean ,sea on ! we/1 & ! n>r[    
/rait1 call$ ! ,hellespont1 on  !       
nor?-we/4 ,mysia 0 visit$ by ,/4 ,paul 9
 8 circuit ?r\gh  ,asia ,m9or2 b he 0 n 
suff]$ by ! ,_s to rema9 !re1 be+       
direct$ to pass ov] into ,mac$onia1     
,acts xvi1 #g-aj4 ,9 ?is c\ntry  /ood ! 
anci5t city ,troy2 z also t ( ,p]gamus1 
"o ( ! sev5  *ur*es ( ,asia4 ,"u !      
,romans x 0 made a prov9ce ( ! empire1  
& call$ ,hellespontus2 & its inhabitants
 are repres5t$ by ,cic]o  z base &      
contemptible to a prov]b4    ,,my/]y4 ,!
 ,greek ^w  d5otes1 #a4 ,some?+ hidd51  
or n  fully manife/4 ,?us1 #b ,!ss4 ii1 
#g1 we read ( ! my/]y (  iniquity10 :i* 
began to "w 9 secret1 b 0 n !n          
completely  disclos$ or manife/$4 #b4   
,"s sacr$ ?+ hidd5 or secret1 :i* is    
naturally unkn[n to human reason1 & is  
only kn[n by ! revelation  ( ,god4 ,?us1
 ,great is ! my/]y ( godl9ess2 ,god 0   
manife/ 9 !  fle%1 ju/ifi$ by ! ,_s10 c1
 #a ,tim4 iii1 #af4 ,! my/]y (          
godl9ess1 or ( true religion1 consi/$ 9 

! sev]al p>ticul>s  "h m5tion$ by !     
,apo/le2 p>ticul>s1 inde$1 :i* x w\ld   
nev]  h ent]$ into ! he>t ( man to      
conceive10 #a ,cor4 ii1 #i1 _h n  ,god  
accompli%$ !m 9 fact1 & publi%$ !m by ! 
prea*+ (  8 ,gospel2 b :i*1 be+ ?us     
manife/$1 are intelligible1 z  facts1 to
 ! meane/ und]/&+4 ,9 l mann]1 ! t]m    
my/]y1  ,rom4 xi1 #be2 #a ,cor4 xv1 #ea1
 d5otes :at 0 hidd5 or unkn[n1 till     
reveal$2 & ?us ! ,apo/le speaks ( a     
man's und]/&+ all  my/]ies10 #a ,cor4   
xiii1 #b2 t is1 all ! reveal$ tru?s ( ! 
,*ri/ian religion1 :i* is else:]e call$ 
! my/]y ( fai?10 #a  ,tim4 iii1 #i4 ,&  
:5 he :o spake 9 an unkn[n tongue is    
said to speak  my/]ies10 #a ,cor4 xiv1  
#b1 x is pla91 t ^! my/]ies1 h[ev]      
un9telligible to o!rs on acc\nt ( !     
language 9 :i* !y 7  spok51 7 yet       
und]/ood by ! p]son himself1 because he 
h]eby  edifi$ himself10 #a ,cor4 xiv1   
#d2 ,acts ii1 #aa2 x1 #df4 ,& ?\gh 9 #a 
,cor4 ii1 #g1 #h1 we read ( ! wisdom (  
,god 9 a my/]y1 ev5 !  hidd5 wisdom1 :i*

 none ( ! pr9ces ( ?is _w knew20 yet1   
says  ! ,apo/le1 we speak or decl>e ?is 
wisdom2 & he obs]ves1 v]se #aj1  t ,god 
_h reveal$ ! p>ticul>s ( :i* x consi/$  
to !m by  8 ,_s4 ,s :5 ! ,apo/les are   
call$ /ew>ds ( ! my/]ies (  ,god10 #a   
,cor4 iv1 #a1 ^! my/]ies c\ld n mean :at
 71 z facts1  unkn[n to !m2 7because to 
!m x 0 giv5 to "k ! my/]ies (  ! k+dom (
 ,god10 ,matt4 xiii1 #aa27 yea1 ! "* "h 
ascrib$  to !m implies n only t !y knew 
^! my/]ies !mselves1 b  t z fai?ful     
/ew>ds !y 7 to disp5se or make !m kn[n  
to  o!rs1 ,luke xii1 #db2 #a ,pet4 iv1  
#aj4 ,9 ,col4 ii1 #b1 ,/4 ,paul m5tions 
8 pray+ = 8 conv]ts1 t _! he>ts might be
 com=t$ to  ! k ( ! my/]y ( ,god1 ev5 ( 
! ,fa!r1 & ( ,*ri/20  = ?us ! passage   
%\ld be translat$4 ,b if1 ) our         
translators1  we r5d] 1 ackn[l$gm5t1    
/ill ! ^w  c by no  means exclude k2 =  
?is is life et]nal10 sai? our ,"l1 ,john
  xvii1 #c1 t !y may "k !e1 ! only true 
,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/1  :om ?\ ha/ s5t40 
,&1 la/ly1 :atev] be ! p>ticul> mean+ ( 

! my/]y ( ,god10 m5tion$ ,rev4 x1 #g1   
yet x 0 some?+ he _h  decl>$ to 7or r   
by7 8 s]vants ! prophets40 #c4 ,! ^w    
my/]y is sometimes 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4     
,paul appli$ 9 a peculi>  s5se to !     
call+ ( ! ,g5tiles1 :i* he /yles !      
my/]y10 ,eph4  iii1 #c-f2 & ! my/]y (   
,*ri/1 :i* 9 o!r g5]ations 0 n  made    
kn[n to ! sons ( m51 z x is n[ reveal$  
to 8 holy  ,apo/les & prophets by ! ,_s1
 t ! ,g5tiles %\ld be fell[  heirs1 & ( 
! same body1 & p>tak]s ( ,*ri/ by !     
,gospel10  ,rom4 xvi1 #be2 ,eph4 i1 #i2 
iii1 #i2 vi1 #ai2 ,col4 i1 #bf1 #bg2 iv1
 #c4 #d4 ,x  d5otes a spiritual tru?    
c\*$ "u an ext]nal repres5tation or     
similitude1 & conceal$ or hidd5 !reby1  
unless "s explanation (  x be o!rwise   
giv54 ,?us1 ,rev4 i1 #bj1 ,! my/]y10 t  
is1 !  spiritual mean+1 ( ! sev5 />s3 ,!
 sev5 />s are ! angels (  ! sev5        
*ur*es40 ,s ,rev4 xvii1 #e1 ,& ^u h]    
=ehead a "n  writt51 ,my/]y1 ,babylon ! 
,great10 t is1 ,babylon 9 a spiritual   
s5se1 ! "m ( idolatry & abom9ations20 &1

 v]se #g1 ,i w  tell !e ! my/]y0 or     
spiritual signification ( ! woman40     
,comp>e  ,matt4 xiii1 #aa2 ,m>k iv1 #aa2
 ,luke viii1 #aj2 ,eph4 v1 #cb2 & _!    
respective contexts4    ,,my/ics1 :o h  
also be5 sometimes call$ ,quieti/s1 are 
^? :o  pr(ess a pure & sublime devotion1
 accompani$ ) a dis9t]e/$  love ( ,god1 
free f all selfi% consid]ations2 & :o   
believe t  ! ,scriptures h a my/ic &    
hidd5 s5se1 :i* mu/ be s\ght  aft]1 9   
ord] to und]/& _! true import4 ,"u ?is  
"n "s  compreh5d all ^? :o pr(ess to "k 
t !y are inw>dly taught  ( ,god4 ,!     
sy/em ( ! ,my/ics proce$$ ^u ! kn[n     
doctr9e (  ! ,platonic s*ool1 :i* 0 also
 adopt$ by ,orig5 & 8 disciples1  t !   
div9e nature 0 diffus$ ?r\gh all human  
s\ls2 or t !  faculty ( reason1 f :i*   
proce$ ! heal? & vig\r ( ! m9d1  0 an   
emanation f ,god into ! human s\l1 &    
compreh5d$ 9 x  ! pr9ciples & elem5ts ( 
all tru?1 human & div9e4 ,!y d5i$  t m5 
c\ld1 by lab\r or /udy1 excite ?is      
cele/ial flame 9 _!  brea/s2 &1 !re=e1  

!y disapprov$ highly ( ! attempts (  ^? 
:o1 by def9itions1 ab/ract !orems1 &    
pr(\nd speculations1  endeav\r$ to =m   
di/9ct notions ( tru?1 & discov] its    
hidd5  nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y ma9ta9$
 t sil5ce1 tranquillity1  repose1 &     
solitude1 accompani$ ) su* acts z might 
t5d to  att5uate & exhau/ ! body1 7 !   
means by :i* ! hidd5 &  int]nal ^w 0    
excit$ to produce its lat5t virtues1 &  
to in/ruct  m5 9 ! k ( div9e ?+s4 ,!y   
reason$ z foll[s3 ,^?  :o behold1 ) a   
noble contempt1 all human affairs1 :o   
turn away  _! eyes f t]re/rial vanities1
 & %ut all ! av5ues ( !  outw>d s5ses   
aga9/ ! contagi\s influ5ce ( a mat]ial  
_w1  mu/ necess>ily return to ,god1 :5 !
 _s is ?us dis5gag$ f  ! imp$im5ts :i*  
prev5t$ t happy union4 ,&1 9 ?is bless$ 
frame1 !y n only enjoy inexpressible    
raptures f t communion  ) ! supreme     
,be+1 b also are inve/$ ) ! ine/imable  
privilege ( contemplat+ tru? undisguis$ 
& uncorrupt$ 9 its  native purity1 :ile 
o!rs behold x 9 a vitiat$ & delusive    

=m40  ,! numb] ( ! ,my/ics increas$ 9 ! 
f\r? c5tury1 "u !  influ5ce ( ! ,grecian
 fanatic1 :o gave himself out =         
,dionysius !  ,areopagite1 a disciple ( 
,/4 ,paul1 & :o probably liv$ ab\t ?is  
p]iod2 &1 by pret5d+ to high] degrees ( 
p]fection ?an o!r  ,*ri/ians1 & practis+
 great au/]ities1 _! cause ga9$ gr\nd1  
especially 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces1 9 ! fif? 
c5tury4 ,a copy ( !  pret5d$ works (    
,dionysius 0 s5t by ,balbus to ,lewis ! 
meek1 ,a4 ,d4  #hbd1 :i* k9dl$ ! holy   
flame ( ,my/icism 9 ! we/]n prov9ces1  &
 fill$ ! ,lat9s ) ! mo/ en?usia/ic      
admiration ( ?is new  sy/em4 ,9 ! twelf?
 c5tury1 ^! ,my/ics took ! lead 9 _!    
me?od ( exp\nd+ ! ,scriptures4 ,9 !     
?irte5?1 !y 7 !  mo/ =midable antagoni/s
 ( ! s*oolm52 &1 t[>d ! close (  !      
f\rte5?1 _m ( !m resid$ & propagat$ _!  
t5ets 9  almo/ e "p ( ,europe4 ,!y _h1 9
 ! fifte5? c5tury1 _m  p]sons ( di/+ui%$
 m]it 9 _! numb]4 ,9 ! sixte5?1         
previ\sly to ! re=mation1 if any sp>ks (
 real piety subsi/$  "u ! despotic      

empire ( sup]/ition1 !y 7 *iefly to be  
f\nd  among ! ,my/ics2 & 9 ! sev5te5?1 !
 radical pr9ciple (  ,my/icism 0 adopt$ 
by ! ,behmi/s1 ,b\rignoni/s1 &          
,quieti/s4    ,! ,my/ics propose a      
dis9t]e/$ness ( love1 )\t o!r motives1  
& pr(ess to feel1 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! temp]
 itself1 an abundant  rew>d2 & passive  
contemplation 9 ! /ate ( p]fection to   
:i*  !y aspire4 ,!y lay little or no    
/ress ^u ! outw>d c]emonies  & ord9ances
 ( religion1 b dwell *iefly ^u ! inw>d  
op]ations  ( ! m9d4 ,x is n uncommon =  
!m to allegorize c]ta9 passages  (      
,scripture2 at ! same "t !y d n d5y !   
lit]al s5se1 z  hav+ an allusion to !   
inw>d exp]i5ce ( believ]s4 ,?us1        
accord+ to !m1 ! ^w ,j]usalem1 :i* is ! 
"n ( ! capital  ( ,judea1 signifies1    
allegorically1 ! *ur* militant2 morally1
 a  believ]2 & my/]i\sly1 heav54 ,t     
sublime passage also 9  ,g5esis1 ,let   
!re be light1 & !re 0 light10 :i* is1   
accord+  to ! lett]1 corporeal light1   
signifies1 allegorically1 ! ,messiah2   

morally1 grace2 & my/]i\sly1 beatitude1 
or ! light ( glory4 ,all  ?is appe>s to 
be h>mless2 yet we mu/ be c>eful n to   
give way to  ! sallies ( a lively       
imag9ation 9 int]pret+ ,scripture4      
,wool/on  is said to h be5 l$ to reject 
! ,old ,te/am5t by spiritualiz+  &      
allegoriz+ ! ,new4    ,! ,my/ics are n  
conf9$ to any p>ticul> d5om9ation (     
,*ri/ians1 b may be f\nd 9 mo/ c\ntries1
 & among _m  descriptions ( religioni/s4
 ,among ! numb] ( ,my/ics may be        
reckon$ _m s+ul> *>act]s1 especially    
,behm51 a %oemak] at  ,gorlitz1 9       
,g]many2 ,mol9os1 a ,spani% prie/1 9 !  
sev5te5?  c5tury2 ,madam ,guion1 a ,fr5*
 lady :o made a great noise 9 !         
religi\s _w2 & ! celebrat$ ,madame      
,b\rignon1 :o wrote a "w  entitl$1 ,!   
,light ( ! ,_w10 :i* is full ( ,my/ic   
extravagancies4 ,f5elon1 also1 ! le>n$ &
 amiable ar*bi%op (  ,cambray1 fav\r$ ! 
same s5tim5ts1 = :i* he 0 reprim&$ by  !
 pope4 ,8 "w1 entitl$1 ,an ,explication 
( ! ,maxims ( !  ,sa9ts10 :i* ab\nds )  

,my/ical s5tim5ts 0 condemn$2 & to  !   
pope's s5t5ce aga9/ him1 ! good ar*bi%op
 quietly submitt$1  & ev5 read x        
publicly himself 9 ! ca!dral ( ,cambray4
 ,9 ?is  :ole affair1 8 *ief oppon5t is 
said to h be5 ! fam\s  ,bossuet1 bi%op (
 ,meaux4 ,mr4 ,william ,law1 au?or ( !  
,s]i\s ,call10  c1 deg5]at$ 9 ! latt] "p
 ( 8 life1 into all !  s+ul>ities (     
,my/icism4 ,9 ! be/ s5se1 ,my/icism is  
to be  reg>d$ z an error aris+ out (    
p>tial views ( ! tru?1 or tru?  made    
errone\s1 z be+ put out ( its prop]     
relation to1 &  connection )1 o!r tru?s4
 ,z x respects ! inw>d life (  religion1
 its t5d5cy is to a species (           
fanaticism1 & to induce a  contempt =   
div9ely appo9t$ ord9ances4 ,9 _m1 h[ev]1
 x has  be5 happily temp]$ by good      
pr9ciples2 & too frequ5tly has all      
,scriptural ,*ri/ianity1 9 its inw>d    
influ5ce1 be5 br&$ ) !  "n ( ,my/icism4 
,,naaman1 g5]al ( ! army ( ,b5hadad1 k+ 
( ,syria1 m5tion$ #b  ,k+s v4 ,he appe>s
 to h be5 a ,g5tile idolat]2 b be+      

miracul\sly cur$ ( 8 leprosy by ! p[] ( 
! ,god ( ,israel1 &  ! direction ( 8    
,prophet ,eli%a1 he r5\nc$ 8 idolatry1 &
  ackn[l$g$ ?is ,god to be ! only true  
,god3 ,behold1 n[ ,i "k t  !re is no    
,god 9 all ! e>?1 b 9 ,israel10 #b ,k+s 
v1 #ae1 &  promis$1 = ! "t to come1 t he
 w\ld wor%ip none o!r b  ,jehovah1 v]se 
#ag4 ,he also reque/$ ! prophet1 t he   
might h two  mules' load ( e>? to c>ry  
home ) him f ! l& ( ,israel1  mo/       
probably int5d+ to build an alt> ) x 9 8
 own c\ntry2  :i* seems1 inde$1 to be   
impli$ 9 ! reason ) :i* he en=ces  8    
reque/3 8,%all !re n1 ,i pray !e1 be    
giv5 to ?y s]vant two  mules' burd5 (   
e>?2 = ?y s]vant w h5ce=? (f] nei!r     
burnt-(f]+ nor sacrifice to o!r gods b  
unto ,jehovah40 ,he f>!r  says1 ,9 ?is !
 ,"l p>don ?y s]vant1 t :5 my ma/] goes 
into  ! h\se ( ,rimmon1 to wor%ip !re1 &
 he leane? ^u my h&1 &  ,i b[ myself 9 !
 h\se ( ,rimmon2 :5 ,i b[ d[n 9 ! h\se (
  ,rimmon1 ! ,"l p>don ?y s]vant 9 ?is  
?+10 v]se #ah2 :i* "s  und]/& to be a   

res]ve1 d5ot+ t he w\ld r5\nce idolatry 
no  f>!r ?an 0 consi/5t ) 8 worldly     
int]e/1 ) 8 pr9ce's  fav\r1 & 8 place at
 c\rt4 ,b1 if s1 ! prophet w\ld h>dly  h
 dismiss$ him ) a bless+1 say+1 ,g 9    
peace10 v]se #ai4  ,o!rs1 !re=e1        
suppose1 t 9 ^! words he begs p>don =   
:at  he _h done 9 times pa/1 n = :at he 
%\ld cont9ue to d4 ,!y  obs]ve1 t 1 ?\gh
 r5d]$ 9 ! future t5se by !  ,t>gum1 &  
by all ! anci5t v]sions1 is really !    
pret]p]fect2  & !y1 !re=e1 und]/&       
x1--8:5 ,i h b[$ myself10 or1  because  
,i h b[$ myself0 9 ! h\se ( ,rimmon1 !  
,"l p>don ?y  s]vant4 ,) ?is s5se ,dr4  
,lightfoot agrees1 & x is def5d$ by !   
le>n$ ,bo*>t 9 a l>ge diss]tation on !  
case ( ,naaman4 ,yet x  does n seem v   
probable1 t1 if he meant ?is = a        
p5it5tial  ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 =m] idolatry1
 he %\ld only m5tion :at he  _h done z !
 k+'s s]vant1 & omit 8 own volunt>y     
wor%ip (  ! idol4 ,! m probable op9ion1 
!re=e1 is1 t he consult$  ! prophet1    
:e!r x 0 lawful = him1 hav+ r5\nc$      

idolatry1  & publicly pr(ess$ ! wor%ip (
 ! true ,god1 /ill1 9 virtue (  8 (fice1
 to att5d 8 ma/] 9 ! temple ( ,rimmon1 9
 ord] t  he might lean ^u him1 ei!r out 
( /ate1 or p]haps out ( bodily          
weakness2 because1 if he att5d$ him1 z  
he _h =m]ly done1 he c\ld  n avoid b[+  
d[n :5 he did4 ,to ?is ! prophet returns
 no direct  answ]2 mak+ no o!r reply    
?an1 ,g 9 peace20 putt+ x1 probably1  ^u
 8 consci5ce to act z t %\ld dictate1 & 
n be+ will+  to relieve him f ?is trial 
( 8 rec5t fai?4    ,aft] ?is we h no    
f>!r m5tion ( ,naaman4 ,b 9 ! foll[+    
acc\nt ( ! w>s betwe5 ,syria & ,israel1 
,b5hadad seems to h  comm&$ 8 army 9    
p]son2 f :5ce ,mr4 ,b$=d inf]s1 t       
,naaman 0 dismiss$ f ! comm& = refus+ to
 wor%ip ,rimmon4  ,b ! premises are n   
suffici5t to support ! conclusion2 = x  
appe>s t ,b5hadad _h comm&$ 8 army 9    
p]son twice be=e2  once 9 ! siege (     
,sam>ia1 #a ,k+s xx1 #a1 & once at      
,aphek1 v]se  #bf4 ,yet1 f ! total      
sil5ce conc]n+ ,naaman1 x is probably   

en\gh  conjectur$1 t he ei!r di$1 or    
resign$1 or 0 dismiss$1 soon  aft] 8    
return4    ,,nabo?1 an ,israelite ( !   
city ( ,jezreel1 :o liv$ "u ,ahab1 k+  (
 ! t5 tribes1 & _h a f9e v9ey>d ne> !   
k+'s palace4 ,ahab  covet$ 8 prop]ty2 b 
,nabo?1 accord+ to ! law1 ,lev4 xxv1    
#bc1  #bd1 refus$ to sell x3 & beside1 x
 0 a disgrace = a ,hebrew to  ali5ate ! 
inh]itance ( 8 ance/ors4 ,ahab1 return+ 
into 8  h\se1 ?rew himself on 8 b$1 &   
refus$ to eat1 :5 ,jezebel1 8  wife1    
took ^u h]self to procure ! v9ey>d4 ,%e 
wrote lett]s 9  ,ahab's "n1 & seal$ !m )
 ! k+'s seal1 & s5t !m to !  eld]s (    
,jezreel1 direct+ !m to publi% a fa/1 to
 place ,nabo?  among ! *ief ( ! p1      
suborn aga9/ him two sons ( ,belial1 or 
two false witnesses1 :o might depose1 t 
,nabo? _h blasphem$ ,god  & ! k+4       
,accord+ly1 ,nabo? 0 condemn$ & /on$ = !
  suppos$ crime1 :i* br\ght ^u ,ahab &  
,jezebel ! sev]e/  mal$ictions1 #a ,k+s 
xxi4 ,see ,,ahab4    ,,nadab1 son (     
,a>on1 & bro!r to ,abihu4 ,he (f]$      

inc5se to !  ,"l ) /range fire1 t is1 ) 
common fire1 & n ) t  :i* _h be5        
miracul\sly light$ ^u ! alt> (          
burnt-(f]+s4  ,!re=e1 he 0 sla9 by !    
,"l1 toge!r ) 8 bro!r ,abihu1  ,lev4 x1 
#a1 c4    ,,nahor1 son ( ,t]ah1 & bro!r 
( ,abraham1 ,g54 xi1 #bf4 ,nei!r !  ye> 
( 8 bir? nor ( 8 dea? is exactly kn[n4  
,nahor m>ri$  ,milcah1 ! daught] (      
,h>an1 by :om he _h sev]al sons1 namely1
 ,huz1  ,buz1 ,kemuel1 ,*es$1 ,hazo1    
,pilda%1 ,jidlaph1 & ,be?uel4 ,nahor    
fix$  8 habitation at ,h>an1 :i* is     
!re=e call$ ! city ( ,nahor1  ,g54 xi1  
#bi2 xxii1 #bj-bb2 xxiv1 #aj4    ,,nahum
 is suppos$ to h be5 a native ( ,elco%  
or ,elco%a1 a village  9 ,galilee1 & to 
h be5 ( ! tribe ( ,simeon4 ,!re is great
  unc]ta9ty ab\t ! exact p]iod 9 :i* he 
liv$2 b x is  g5]ally all[$ t he deliv]$
 8 pr$ictions betwe5 ! ,assyrian  &     
,babylonian captivities1 & probably ab\t
 ,b4 ,c4 #gae4 ,!y relate  solely to !  
de/ruction ( ,n9eveh by ! ,babylonians &
 ,m$es1 &  are introduc$ by an animat$  

display ( ! attributes ( ,god4 ,( all  !
 m9or prophets1 says ,bi%op ,l[?1 none  
seems to equal ,nahum 9  sublimity1     
ard\r1 & boldness4 ,8 prophecy =ms an   
entire &  regul> poem4 ,! exordium is   
magnific5t & truly augu/4 ,!  prep>ation
 = ! de/ruction ( ,n9eveh1 & !          
description ( t  de/ruction1 are        
express$ 9 ! mo/ gl[+ col\rs2 & at !    
same  "t ! prophet writes ) a p]spicuity
 & elegance :i* h a  j claim to our     
highe/ admiration4    ,,nail4 ,! nail ( 
,jael's t5t ) :i* %e kill$ ,sis]a1 is   
call$  2 x 0 =m$ = p5etrat+ e>?1 or o!r 
h>d sub/ances1 :5  driv5 by suffici5t   
=ce1 z ) a hamm]1 c2 x includes ! idea  
( /r5g?4 ,! ori5tals1 9 fitt+ up _!     
h\ses1 7 by no means  inatt5tive to !   
com=t & satisfaction aris+ f ord] &     
me?od4 ,_! furniture 0 scanty & pla92 b 
!y 7 c>eful to  arrange ! few h\sehold  
ut5sils !y ne$$1 s z n to encumb]  !    
ap>tm5ts to :i* !y belong$4 ,_! devices 
= ?is purpose1  :i*1 l e "p ( !         
/ructure1 bore ! "* (  rem>kable        

simplicity1 may n correspond ) our ideas
 ( neatness &  propriety2 b !y accord$ )
 _! ta/e1 & suffici5tly answ]$  _!      
design4 ,"o ( ^! consi/$ 9 a set (      
spikes1 nails1 or l>ge  pegs fix$ 9 !   
walls ( ! h\se1 ^u :i* !y hung up !     
movables & ut5sils 9 common use t       
belong$ to ! room4 ,^!  nails !y d n    
drive into ! walls ) a hamm] or mallet1 
b fix  !m !re :5 ! h\se is build+2 = if 
! walls are ( brick1  !y are too h>d1 or
 if !y consi/ ( clay1 too s(t & m\ld]+1 
to admit ! action ( ! hamm]4 ,! spikes1 
:i* are s contriv$ z  to /r5g!n ! walls1
 by b9d+ ! p>ts toge!r1 z well z to     
s]ve = conv5i5ce1 are l>ge1 ) squ>e     
heads l dice1 & b5t  at ! ends s z to   
make !m cramp irons4 ,!y commonly place 
!m at  ! w9d[s & doors1 9 ord] to hang  
^u !m1 :5 !y *oose1  veils & curta9s1   
al?\gh !y place !m 9 o!r p>ts ( ! room1 
to hang up o!r ?+s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! c>e 
) :i* !y fix$  ^! nails1 may be inf]r$1 
z well f ! important purposes !y  7     
meant to s]ve1 z f ! promise ( ! ,"l to 

,eliakim3 ,& ,i  w fa/5 him z a nail 9 a
 sure place10 ,isa4 xxii1 #bc4 ,x is    
evid5t  f ! words ( ! prophet1 t x 0    
common 9 8 "t to susp5d  ^u !m ! ut5sils
 belong+ to ! ap>tm5t3 ,w m5 take a p9  
( x to hang any vessel !reon80 ,ezek4   
xv1 #c4 ,! ^w us$ 9 ,isaiah  = a nail ( 
?is sort1 is ! same :i* d5otes ! /ake1  
or l>ge  p9 ( iron1 :i* fa/5$ d[n to !  
gr\nd ! cords ( _! t5ts4  ,^! nails1    
!re=e1 7 ( necess>y & common use1 & ( no
  small importance 9 all _! ap>tm5ts2 & 
if !y seem to u mean  & insignificant1 x
 is because !y are unkn[n to u1 &       
inconsi/5t ) our notions ( propriety1 & 
because we h no "n  = !m b :at conveys  
to our e> a l[ & contemptible idea4 ,x  
is  evid5t f ! frequ5t allusions 9      
,scripture to ^! in/rum5ts1  t !y 7 n   
reg>d$ ) contempt or indiff]5ce by !    
natives  ( ,pale/9e4 ,grace has be5 %[n 
f ! ,"l our ,god10 said ,ezra1 to  leave
 u a remnant to escape1 & to give u a   
nail 9 8 holy place10  ,ezra ix1 #h2 or1
 z expla9$ 9 ! m>g91 a con/ant & sure   

abode4  ,! dignity & propriety ( !      
metaphor appe> f ! use :i* !  ,prophet  
,ze*>iah makes ( x3 ,out ( him come? =? 
! corn]1 out  ( him ! nail1 out ( him ! 
battle b[1 out ( him e oppressor        
toge!r10 ,ze*4 x1 #d4 ,! :ole frame (   
gov]nm5t1 bo? 9 *ur* &  /ate1 :i* ! *os5
 p ( ,god enjoy$1 0 ! contrivance (  8  
wisdom & ! gift ( 8 b\nty2 ! f\ndations 
^u :i* x  re/$1 ! bonds :i* kept !      
sev]al p>ts toge!r1 its means (  def5ce1
 its (fic]s & executors1 7 all ! fruits 
(  di/+ui%+ goodness3 ev5 ! oppressors (
 8 p 7 a rod (  correction 9 ! h& (     
,jehovah1 to conv9ce !m ( s91 & re/ore  
!m to 8 s]vice4    ,,na91 a city (      
,pale/9e1 9 :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ re/or$ !   
wid['s  son to life1 z !y 7 c>ry+ him   
out to be buri$4 ,eusebius says1  t ?is 
0 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,endor1 &          
,scy?opolis1 two miles  f ,tabor1 t[>d !
 s\?4    ,,nak$ness1 ,,nudity4 ,^! t]ms1
 beside _! ord9>y & lit]al  mean+1      
sometimes signify void ( succ\r1 dis>m$4
 ,s1 aft]  wor%ipp+ ! gold5 calf1 !     

,israelites f\nd !mselves nak$ 9  ! mid/
 ( _! enemies4 ,nak$ness ( ! feet0 0 a  
tok5 (  respect4 ,moses put (f 8 %oes to
 approa* ! burn+ bu%4 ,mo/  comm5tators 
are ( op9ion1 t ! prie/s s]v$ 9 !       
tab]nacle  ) _! feet nak$2 & aft]w>d 9 !
 temple4 ,9 ! enum]ation  t ,moses makes
 ( ! habit & ornam5ts ( ! prie/s1 he no 
:]e  m5tions any dress = ! feet4 ,also !
 frequ5t ablutions appo9t$  !m 9 !      
temple seem to imply t _! feet 7 nak$4  
,to uncov]  ! nak$ness ( any "o1 is     
commonly put = a %ameful & unlawful     
conjunction1 or an ince/u\s m>riage1    
,lev4 xx1 #ai2 ,ezek4 xvi1 #cg4         
,nak$ness is sometimes put = be+ p>tly  
undress$2 en d%abill4  ,saul cont9u$    
nak$ among ! prophets2 t is1 hav+ only 8
 "u  g>m5ts on4 ,isaiah receiv$ ord]s f 
! ,"l to g nak$2 t is1  clo!d z a slave1
 half clad4 ,?us x is recomm5d$ to clo! 
!  nak$2 t is1 su* z are ill clo!d4 ,/4 
,paul says1 t he 0 9  cold1 9 nak$ness2 
t is1 9 pov]ty & want ( raim5t4 ,nak$ is
  put = discov]$1 kn[n1 manife/4 ,s ,job

 xxvi1 #f3 ,hell is nak$  be=e him40 ,! 
sepul*re1 ! unse5 /ate1 is op5 to ! eyes
 (  ,god4 ,/4 ,paul says1 9 ! same s5se1
 ,nei!r is !re any creature  t is n     
manife/ 9 8 sight2 b all ?+s are nak$ & 
op5  unto ! eyes ( him ) :om we h to d10
 ,heb4 iv1 #ac4    ,,"n4 ,a "n 0 giv5 to
 ! male *ild at ! "t ( its              
circumcision1 b x is probable1 previ\s  
to ! introduction ( t  rite1 t ! "n 0   
giv5 imm$iately aft] its bir?4 ,among ! 
ori5tals ! appellations giv5 z names are
 always significant4 ,9 !  ,old         
,te/am5t1 we f9d t ! *ild 0 nam$ 9 _m   
in/ances f  ! circum/ances ( its bir?1  
or f "s peculi>ities 9 !  hi/ory ( !    
family to :i* x belong$1 ,g54 xvi1 #aa2 
xix1 #cg2 xxv1  #be1 #bf2 ,exod4 ii1    
#aj2 xviii1 #c1 #d4 ,frequ5tly ! "n 0 a 
comp\nd  "o1 "o "p be+ ! "n ( ! ,deity1 
& among idolatr\s nations  ! "n ( an    
idol4 ,! foll[+ in/ances may be m5tion$ 
among  o!rs1 & may /& z specim5s ( !    
:ole1 namely1 1  ,samuel1 he> ,god20 1  
,adonijah1 ,god is "l20 1  ,jos$e*1 ,god

 is j20 1 ,e?baal1 a ,canaaniti% "n1 !  
latt] "p ( ! comp\nd be+ ! "n ( ! idol  
deity1 ,baal2  1 ,bel%azz>1 ,bel10 a    
,babyloni% deity1 is rul] & k+40        
,sometimes ! "n _h a prophetic mean+1   
,g54 xvii1 #ae2 ,isa4 vii1 #ad2  viii1  
#c2 ,hos4 i1 #d1 #f1 #i2 ,matt4 i1 #ba2 
,luke i1 #ac1 #fj1 #fc4 ,9 ! lat]  times
 names 7 select$ f ^? ( ! prog5itors ( a
 family2  h5ce 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t h>dly  
any o!r ?an anci5t names occur1  ,matt4 
i1 #ab2 ,luke i1 #fa2 iii1 #bc1 c4 ,!   
inhabitants ( ! ea/ v  frequ5tly *ange  
_! names1 & sometimes d x = v slight    
reasons4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact ( s _m   
p]sons hav+ two names  9 ,scripture1    
,ru? i1 #bj1 #ba2 #a ,sam4 xiv1 #di2    
xxxi1 #b2 #a ,*ron4 x1 #b2  ,judges vi1 
#cb2 vii1 #a2 #b ,sam4 xxiii1 #h4 ,k+s &
 pr9ces v (t5  *ang$ ! names ( ^? :o    
held (fices "u !m1 p>ticul>ly  :5 !y    
fir/ attract$ _! notice1 & 7 tak5 into  
_!  employ1 & :5 subsequ5tly !y 7       
elevat$ to "s new /ation1  & cr[n$ )    
additional hon\rs1 ,g54 xli1 #de2 xvii1 

#e2 xxxii1 #bh2  xxxv1 #aj2 #b ,k+s     
xxiii1 #cd1 #ce2 xxiv1 #ag2 ,dan4 i1 #f2
 ,john i1 #db2 ,m>k  iii1 #ag4 ,h5ce a  
"n1 a new "n1 occurs tropically1 z a    
tok5 or  pro( ( di/9ction & hon\r 9 !   
foll[+ among o!r passages1  ,phil4 ii1  
#i2 ,heb4 i1 #d2 ,rev4 ii1 #ag4         
,sometimes ! names ( ! dead  7 *ang$2 = 
in/ance t ( ,abel1 1 a ^w :i* signifies 
brea?1 or some?+ transitory z a brea?1  
giv5 to him aft] 8  dea?1 9 allusion to 
! %ortness ( 8 life1 ,g54 ii1 #h4       
,sometimes  prop] names are translat$   
into o!r languages1 los+ _! orig9al  =m1
 :ile !y pres]ve _! signification4 ,?is 
appe>s to h be5  ! case ) ! prop] names1
 :i* occur 9 ! fir/ elev5 *apt]s  (     
,g5esis1 & :i* 7 translat$ into !       
,hebrew f a language  /ill m anci5t4 ,! 
ori5tals 9 "s in/ances1 9 ord] to       
di/+ui% !mselves f o!rs ( ! same "n1    
add$ to _! own  "n ! "n ( _! fa!r1      
gr&fa!r1 & ev5 great gr&fa!r4  ,! "n (  
,god (t5 signifies ,god himself2        
sometimes 8 attributes  collectively2   

sometimes 8 p[] & au?ority4 ,( !        
,messiah x is  said1 ,& he ha? on 8     
ve/ure & on 8 ?igh a "n writt51 ,k+  (  
k+s1 & ,"l ( lords10 ,rev4 xix1 #af4 ,9 
illu/ration ( ?is x  may be rem>k$1 t x 
appe>s to h be5 an anci5t cu/om among   
sev]al nations1 to adorn ! images ( _!  
deities1 pr9ces1 victors  at _! public  
games1 & o!r em95t p]sons1 )            
inscriptions  expressive ( _! names1 "*1
 titles1 or "s circum/ance :i*  might   
contribute to _! hon\r4 ,!re are sev]al 
su* images yet  extant1 ) an inscription
 writt5 ei!r on ! g>m5t1 or "o ( !      
?ighs4 ,h]odotus m5tions two figures (  
,seso/ris1 k+ ( ,egypt1 cut  ^u rocks 9 
,ionia1 aft] 8 conque/ ( t c\ntry1 ) !  
foll[+ inscription across ! brea/1      
ext5d+ f "o %\ld] to  ! o!r3 ,i conqu]$ 
?is c\ntry by ! =ce ( my arms40 ,grut]  
has  publi%$ a nak$ /atue made ( m>ble1 
& suppos$ to repres5t !  g5ius ei!r ( "s
 ,roman emp]or1 or ( ,ant9u1 :o 0 deifi$
 by  ,hadrian1 ) an inscription on !    
inside ( ! "r ?igh1 writt5  p]p5dicul>ly

 9 ,roman lett]s1 & conta9+ ! names (   
?ree  p]sons4 ,ne> ! /atue1 on ! same   
side ( x1 /&s an oval %ield  ) ! names (
 two o!r p]sons writt5 r\nd ! rim 9     
lett]s (  ! same =m4 ,9 ! app5dix to    
,demp/]'s ,etruria ,regalis0 is a       
female image ( brass1 clo!d 9 a loose   
tunic d[n to ! feet1 ) a  %ort] g>m5t   
ov] x1 on ! "r side ( :i* is a          
p]p5dicul>  inscription 9 ,etrurian     
*>act]s1 ext5d+ p>tly on ! l[]  g>m5t4  
,?is figure1 f ! diadem on ! head1 & o!r
  circum/ances :i* accompany x1 ,philip 
,bon>ota1 ! editor ( t  "w1 supposes to 
h be5 design$ = "s ,etrurian deity4     
,montfaucon  has giv5 u a male image ( !
 same metal1 dress$ 9 a tunic1 &  ov] t 
ano!r ve/m5t some?+ l a ,roman toga1    
rea*+ to !  middle ( ! legs1 on ! bottom
 ( :i* is an ,etrurian inscription      
writt5 horizontally4 ,!re are likewise 9
 bo? ^? writ]s two male  figures cr[n$ )
 laurel1 :i* ,montfaucon calls          
combatants1 z !  laurel 0 an emblem (   
victory4 ,b ,bon>ota takes "o ( !m = an 

image ( ,apollo1 :i* has a *a9 r\nd !   
neck1 a g>m5t wrapp$  ov] ! "r arm1 & a 
bracelet on ! left1 ) half boots on !   
legs2 ! re/ ( ! body be+ nak$ has an    
,etrurian inscription  writt5 d[nw>d 9  
two l9es on ! inside ( ! left ?igh4 ,!  
o!r  figure has ! l[] "p ( ! body clo!d 
9 a loose ve/m5t1 )  an inscription ^u x
 ov] ! "r ?igh1 p]p5dicul>ly writt5 9   
,roman lett]s1 :i* ,bon>ota has ?us     
express$ 9 a m di/9ct  mann] ?an !y     
appe> 9 ,montfaucon3 ,,pomponio ,,virio 
,i4 ,to ^! may be  add$ f ,montfaucon1 a
 m>ble /atue ( a nak$ combatant1 ) a    
fillet ab\t 8 head 9 tok5 ( victory4 ,x 
is drawn 9 two views1 "o  exhibit+ !    
back & ! o!r ! =e "p ( ! body1 ! latt]  
( :i* has 9 ,greek lett]s1  = 1         
p]p5dicul>ly inscrib$ on ! outside ( !  
left ?igh2 & !  =m] ! "n  9 ! l *>act]s 
& situation on !  "r ?igh2 ^! toge!r    
make "o inscription signify+            
,caphisodorus filius s*lamii4           
,caphisodorus ! son ( s*lamius4         
,,naomi4 ,see ,,ru?4    ,,naphtali1 !   

six? son ( ,jacob by ,bilhah1 ,ra*el's  
h&maid4 ,! ^w  ,naphtali signifies      
wre/l+1 or /ruggl+4 ,:5 ,ra*el gave him 
?is "n1 %e said1 ,) great wre/l+s h ,i  
wre/l$ ) my  si/]1 & ,i h prevail$10    
,g54 xxx1 #h4 ,naphtali _h b f\r sons1  
& yet at ! com+ out ( ,egypt 8 tribe    
made up fifty-?ree  ?\s& f\r hundr$ m51 
able to be> arms4 ,moses1 9 ! bless+ he 
gave to ! same tribe1 says1 ,o          
,naphtali1 satisfi$ ) fav\r1 &  full ) !
 bless+ ( ! ,"l1 possess ?\ ! we/ & !   
s\?10 ,deut4 xxxiii1 #bc4 ,! ,vulgate   
reads x1 ! sea & ! s\?10  & ! ,hebrew w 
admit ( ei!r int]pretation1 t is1 ! sea 
(  ,g5nes>e?1 :i* 0 to ! s\? by !       
inh]itance ( ?is tribe4  ,8 soil 0 v    
fruitful 9 corn & oil4 ,8 limits 7      
ext5d$  into upp] & l[] ,galilee1 hav+  
,jordan to ! ea/1 ! tribes (  ,a%] &    
,zebulun to ! we/1 ,libanus to ! nor?1 &
 ! tribe (  ,issa*> to ! s\?4 ,"u ,b>ak1
 _! g5]al1 !y & !  ,zebulunites f\ght ) 
di/+ui%$ brav]y aga9/ ! army ( ,jab9  ! 
y\ng]2 & at ! desire ( ,gideon !y pursu$

 ! ,midianites1  ,judges iv1 #aj2 v1    
#ah2 vii1 #bc4 ,a ?\s& ( _! capta9s1 )  
?irty-sev5 ?\s& ( _! troops1 assi/$ at  
,david's coronation1  & br\ght great    
quantities ( provision ) !m1 #a ,*ron4  
xii1 #cd1  #dj4 ,we f9d no p]son (      
di/+ui%$ note among !m1 save ,b>ak1 &   
,hiram ! artific]4 ,in/igat$ by ,asa1   
,b5hadad ! eld]1 k+ (  ,syria1 t]ribly  
ravag$ ! l& ( ,naphtali2 & :at x suff]$ 
9  aft] invasions by ! ,syrians we are  
p>tly told1 #a ,k+s xv1 #bj4 ,!         
,naphtalites 71 _m1 if n mo/ ( !m1 c>ri$
 captive by  ,tigla?-piles]1 k+ (       
,assyria1 #b ,k+s xv1 #bi4 ,josiah purg$
 _!  c\ntry f idols4 ,our ,savi\r & 8   
disciples1 dur+ 8 public  m9i/ry1 resid$
 mu* & prea*$ frequ5tly 9 ! l& (        
,naphtali1  ,isaiah ix1 #a2 ,matt4 iv1  
#ac1 #ae4    ,,naphtuhim1 a son1 or r ! 
desc5dants ( a son1 ( ,mizraim1 ^:      
prop] "n is ,naphtu*4 ,naphtu* is       
suppos$ to h giv5 8 "n to  ,naph1 ,noph1
 or ,memphis1 & to h be5 ! fir/ k+ ( t  
division  ( ,egypt4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 plac$

 by ,bo*>t 9 ,libya2 & is conjectur$  to
 be ! ,aphtu*us1 or ,autu*us1 :o _h a   
temple some:]e "h4 ,he is  f>!r         
conjectur$1 & n )\t reason1 to be !     
orig9al ( !  ,hea!n god ,neptune2 :o is 
repres5t$ to h be5 a ,libyan1 & ^:      
temples 7 g5]ally built ne> ! sea coa/4 
,by o!rs1 he is  suppos$ to h peopl$ t  
"p ( ,e?iopia betwe5 ,sy5e & ,m]oe1  !  
capital ( :i* 0 call$ ,napata4          
,,na?an1 a prophet ( ! ,"l1 :o appe>$ 9 
,israel 9 ! "t (  ,k+ ,david1 & _h a    
great %>e 9 ! confid5ce ( ?is pr9ce4 ,8 
c\ntry is unkn[n1 z also ! "t 9 :i* he  
began to prophesy4 ,!  fir/ "t we f9d   
him m5tion$1 is :5 ,david design$ to    
build !  temple1 #b ,sam4 vii1 #c1 c4   
,we f9d him m5tion$ aga9 9 ! affair (   
,david & ,ba?%eba1 :5 he fai?fully      
reprov$ ! k+ = 8 wick$  conduct1 #b     
,sam4 xii1 #a-ad4 ,& :5 ,adonijah began 
to take ^u him !  /ate1 & to assume !   
dignity1 ( a sov]eign1 & to =m a p>ty 9 
opposition to 8 bro!r ,solomon1 ,na?an  
repair$ to ,ba?%eba1 &  s5t h]          

imm$iately to ! k+ ) in/ructions :at to 
say2 &  :ile %e 0 yet disc\rs+ ) ! k+1  
,na?an came 91 rem9d$  ,david ( 8       
promise1 t ,solomon %\ld be 8 successor1
 & procur$  ,solomon to be imm$iately   
ano9t$ k+ ( ,israel4    ,,na?anael1 a   
disciple ( our ,"l4 ,he appe>s to h be5 
a pi\s ,jew  :o wait$ = ! ,messiah3 & ^u
 ,jesus say+ to him1 ,be=e ,philip      
call$ !e1 ,i saw !e "u ! fig tree10     
,na?anael1 conv9c$1 by  "s circum/ance n
 expla9$1 ( 8 omnisci5ce1 exclaim$1     
,ma/]1  ?\ art ! ,son ( ,god1 & ! ,k+ ( 
,israel40 ,_m h ?\ght t  ,na?anael 0 !  
same z ,b>?olomew4 ,! evangeli/s1 :o    
m5tion  ,b>?olomew1 say no?+ (          
,na?anael2 & ,/4 ,john1 :o m5tions      
,na?anael1 takes no notice ( ,b>?olomew4
 ,we read at ! end ( ,/4  ,john's       
,gospel1 t our ,savi\r1 aft] 8          
resurrection1 manife/$  himself to      
,pet]1 ,?omas1 ,na?anael1 & ! sons (    
,zeb$ee1 z !y  7 fi%+ 9 ! lake (        
,g5nes>e?4 ,we "k no o!r circum/ances  (
 ! life ( ?is holy man4    ,,natural1 1 

is a t]m t frequ5tly occurs 9 ! apo/olic
  writ+s3 ,! natural man receive? n !   
?+s ( ! ,_s ( ,god1  nei!r c he "k !m1  
because !y are spiritually disc]n$10 #a 
,cor4 ii1 #ad4 ,"h x is pla9 t by !     
natural man10 is n meant a  p]son devoid
 ( natural judgm5t1 reason1 or          
consci5ce1 9 :i* s5se  ! expression is  
(t5 us$ among m54 ,nor does x signify "o
 :o is  entirely gov]n$ by 8 fle%ly     
appetites1 or :at ! _w calls a          
voluptu>y1 or s5suali/4 ,nei!r does x   
signify m]ely a man 9 !  rude /ate (    
nature1 ^: faculties h n be5 cultivat$  
by  le>n+ & /udy1 & poli%$ by an        
int]c\rse ) society4 ,!  ,apo/le        
manife/ly takes 8 natural man0 f among  
su* z ! _w  hold 9 ! highe/ repute = _! 
natural p>ts1 _! le>n+1 &  _! religion4 
,he selects him f among ! philosoph]s ( 
,greece1  :o s\ght aft] wisdom1 & f     
among ! ,jewi% scribes1 :o 7  in/ruct$ 9
 ! reveal$ law ( ,god1 #a ,cor4 i1 #bb1 
#bc4 ,^! are !  p]sons :om he t]ms !    
wise1 ! scribes1 ! disput]s ( ?is       

_w--m5 to :om ! ,gospel 0 a /umbl+ block
 & fooli%ness1 #a  ,cor4 i1 #bj1 #bc4 ,!
 natural man is "h evid5tly oppos$ to1  
1 him t is spiritual10 #a ,cor4 ii1 #ae1
 ev5 z ! natural  body :i* we d]ive f   
,adam is oppos$ to ! spiritual body :i* 
believ]s w receive f ,*ri/ at !         
resurrection1 accord+ to #a  ,cor4 xv1  
#dd1 #de4 ,n[ ! spiritual man is "o :o  
has ! ,_s (  ,*ri/ dwell+ 9 him1 ,rom4  
viii1 #i1 n m]ely 9 ! way (  miracul\s  
gifts1 z "s h imag9$1 7= ^! 7 peculi> to
 !  fir/ age ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & ev5 !n
 n common to all !  sa9ts1 nor          
insep>ably connect$ ) salvation1 #a     
,cor4 xiii1 #a-d2 ,heb4  vi1 #d-g17 b 9 
8 sav+ influ5ces ( light1 hol9ess1 &    
consolation1 :]eby ! subject is made to 
disc]n ! tru? &  excell5cy ( spiritual  
?+s1 & s to believe1 love1 & delight 9  
!m z 8 true happ9ess4 ,if !re=e a man is
 call$ spiritual0  because ! ,_s ( ,*ri/
 dwells 9 him1 giv+ him new views1      
dispositions1 & enjoym5ts1 !n ! natural 
man10 be+ oppos$ to  su*1 mu/ be "o :o  

is de/itute ( ! ,_s1 & ( all 8 sav+  &  
sup]natural effects1 :atev] may be 8    
atta9m5ts 9 human  le>n+ & sci5ce4 ,x is
 obvi\sly ^u ?is pr9ciple t our ,"l     
insi/s ^u ! necessity ( ! new bir? 9    
ord] to our ent]+  into ! k+dom ( heav51
 ,john iii1 #c1 #e4    ,,nature4 ,9     
,scripture ! ^w nature expresses !      
ord]ly & usual  c\rse ( ?+s e/abli%$ 9 !
 _w4 ,/4 ,paul says1 to +raft a  good   
olive tree into a wild olive is contr>y 
to nature1 ,rom4 xi1 #bd2  ! cu/om>y    
ord] ( nature is !reby 9 "s measure     
inv]t$4  ,nature is also put = natural  
desc5t3 ,we :o are ,jews by nature10 by 
bir?1 & n ,g5tiles10 ,gal4 ii1 #ae4 ,we 
7 by nature ! *ildr5 (  wra?10 ,eph4 ii1
 #c4 ,nature also d5otes common s5se1   
natural in/9ct3  ,do? n ev5 nature      
itself tea* y1 t if a man h long hair1 x
  is a %ame to him80 #a ,cor4 xi1 #ad4  
,,naz>5es1 or ,,naz>,,ans1 a "n         
orig9ally giv5 to ,*ri/ians 9  g5]al1 on
 acc\nt ( ,jesus ,*ri/'s be+ ( ! city ( 
,naz>e?2 b  01 9 ! second c5tury1       

re/ra9$ to c]ta9 judaiz+ ,*ri/ians1  :o 
bl5d$ ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism toge!r4 ,!y
 held t ,*ri/ 0  born ( a virg91 & 0    
also 9 a c]ta9 mann] unit$ to ! div9e   
nature4 ,!y refus$ to ab&on ! c]emonies 
prescrib$ by ! law (  ,moses2 b 7 f> f  
attempt+ to impose ! obs]vance ( ^!     
c]emonies ^u ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,!y     
reject$ ^? additions t  7 made to !     
,mosaic in/itutions by ! ,ph>isees &    
doctors ( !  law1 & admitt$ !           
,scriptures bo? ( ! ,old & ,new         
,te/am5t4 ,!  fa!rs frequ5tly m5tion !  
,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es1 :i* diff]s  no?+ f
 t ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 b 0 aft]w>d corrupt$ by
 !  ,ebionites4 ,^! ,naz>5es pres]v$ ?is
 fir/ ,gospel 9 its primitive  purity4  
,"s ( !m 7 /ill 9 be+ 9 ! "t ( ,/4      
,j]ome1 :o  does n reproa* !m ) any     
errors4    ,,naz>e?1 a little city 9 !  
tribe ( ,zebulun1 9 ,l[] ,galilee1 to  !
 we/ ( ,tabor1 & to ! ea/ ( ,ptolemais4 
,?is city is mu*  celebrat$ 9 !         
,scriptures = hav+ be5 ! usual place ( !
  resid5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 dur+ ! fir/  

?irty ye>s ( 8 life1  ,luke ii1 #ea4 ,x 
0 "h he liv$ 9 ob$i5ce to ,joseph &     
,m>y1 &  h5ce he took ! "n ( ,naz>5e4   
,aft] he _h begun to execute 8  mission 
he prea*$ "h sometimes 9 ! synagogue1   
,luke iv1 #af4 ,b  because 8 c\ntrym5 _h
 no fai? 9 him1 & 7 (f5d$ at !  meanness
 ( 8 orig9al1 he did n _m miracles "h1  
,matt4 xiii1 #ed1  #eh1 nor w\ld he     
dwell 9 ! city4 ,s he fix$ 8 habitation 
at  ,cap]naum = ! latt] "p ( 8 life1    
,matt4 iv1 #ac4 ,! city (  ,naz>e? 0    
situat$ ^u an em95ce1 & on "o side 0 a  
precipice1  f :5ce ! ,naz>5es design$1  
at "o "t1 to ca/ ,*ri/ d[n  headlong1   
because he upbraid$ !m = _! incr$ulity1 
,luke iv1 #bi4    ,! pres5t /ate ( ?is  
celebrat$ place is ?us describ$ by mod]n
  travell]s3--,nass>a1 or ,nasz]a1 is "o
 ( ! pr9cipal t[ns 9 !  pa%alic ( ,acre4
 ,its inhabitants are indu/ri\s1 because
 !y are  treat$ ) less sev]ity ?an ^? ( 
! c\ntry t[ns 9 g5]al4  ,! population is
 e/imat$ at ?ree ?\s&1 ( :om five hundr$
 are  ,turks2 ! rema9d] are ,*ri/ians4  

,!re are ab\t n9ety ,lat9  families1    
accord+ to ,burckh>dt2 b ,mr4 ,connor   
reports ! ,greeks to  be ! mo/ num]\s3  
!re is1 beside1 a congregation ( ,greek 
,ca?olics1 & ano!r ( ,m>onites4 ,! ,lat9
 conv5t is a v  spaci\s & commodi\s     
build+1 :i* 0 ?or\ghly repair$ &        
consid]ably enl>g$ 9 #agcj4 ,! rema9s ( 
! m anci5t edifice1  ascrib$ to ! "m (  
,con/ant9e1 may be obs]v$ 9 ! =m (      
subv]t$ columns1 ) fragm5ts ( capitals &
 bases ( pill>s1  ly+ ne> ! mod]n       
build+4 ,pococke notic$1 ov] a door1 an 
old  alto-relief ( ,judi? cutt+ (f !    
head ( ,hol(]nes4 ,)9 !  conv5t is !    
*ur* ( ! annunciation1 conta9+ ! h\se ( 
,joseph & ,m>y1 ! l5g? ( :i* is n q !   
bread? ( !  *ur*2 b x =ms ! pr9cipal "p 
( x4 ,! columns & all !  int]ior ( !    
*ur* are hung r\nd ) damask silk1 :i*   
gives x a  w>m & ri* appe>ance4 ,beh9d !
 great alt> is a subt]ranean  cav]n1    
divid$ into small grottoes1 :]e ! virg9 
is said to h  liv$4 ,h] kit*51 p>l\r1 & 
b$ room1 are %[n1 & also a n>r[  hole 9 

! rock1 9 :i* ! *ild ,jesus once hid    
himself f 8  p]secutors4 ,! pilgrims :o 
visit ^! holy spots are 9 ! habit (     
knock+ (f small pieces ( /one f ! walls1
 :i* are ?us  consid]ably enl>g+4 ,9 !  
*ur* a miracle is /ill exhibit$ to  !   
fai?ful4 ,9 front ( ! alt> are two      
granite columns1 ea* two  feet "o in* 9 
diamet]1 & ab\t ?ree feet ap>t4 ,!y are 
suppos$  to occupy ! v places :]e !     
angel & ! virg9 /ood at !  precise mom5t
 ( ! annunciation4 ,! inn]mo/ ( ^!1 t ( 
!  virg91 has be5 brok5 away1 "s say by 
! ,turks1 9 expectation (  f9d+ treasure
 "u x2 s t10 z ,maundrell /ates1        
8eighte5  in*es' l5g? ( x is clean gone 
betwe5 ! pill> & ! p$e/al40  ,nev]!less1
 x rema9s erect1 susp5d$ f ! ro(1 z if  
attract$  by a load/one4 ,x has evid5tly
 no support bel[2 &1 ?\gh x  t\*es !    
ro(1 ! hi]ophant prote/s t x has none   
above4 ,all  ! ,*ri/ians ( ,naz>e?10    
says ,burckh>dt1 ) ! fri>s1 (  c\rse1 at
 _! head1 affect to believe 9 ?is       
miracle2 ?\gh x is  p]fectly evid5t t ! 

upp] "p ( ! column is connect$ )  !     
ro(40 ,! fact is10 says ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4    
,cl>ke1 t ! capital & a  piece ( ! %aft 
( a pill> ( gray granite h be5 fa/5$ on 
to  ! ro( ( ! cave2 & s clumsily is !   
re/ ( ! hocus pocus  contriv$1 t :at is 
%[n = ! l[] fragm5t ( ! same pill>  re/+
 ^u ! e>?1 is n ( ! same sub/ance1 b (  
,cipol9o  m>ble4 ,ab\t ?is pill>1 a     
diff]5t /ory has be5 relat$ by almo/  e 
travell] s9ce ! trick 0 devis$4         
,maundrell1 & ,egmont &  ,heyman1 7 told
 t x 0 brok51 9 se>* ( hidd5 treasure1  
by a  pa%a1 :o 0 /ruck ) bl9dness = 8   
impiety4 ,we 7 assur$  t x 0 sep>at$ 9  
?is mann] :5 ! angel ann\nc$ to !  virg9
 ! tid+s ( h] conception4 ,! monks _h   
plac$ a rail1 to  prev5t p]sons infect$ 
) ! plague f com+ to rub aga9/  ^!      
pill>s3 ?is _h be51 = _m ye>s1 _!       
con/ant practice1  :5ev] afflict$ ) any 
sickness4 ,! reputation ( ! brok5       
pill>1 = heal+ e k9d ( disease1 prevails
 all ov] ,galilee40    ,burckh>dt says t
 ?is *ur*1 next to t ( ! holy sepul*re1 

is  ! f9e/ 9 ,syria1 & conta9s two      
tol]ably good organs4 ,)9 !  walls ( !  
conv5t are two g>d5s1 & a small bury+   
gr\nd3 !  walls are v ?ick1 & s]ve      
occasionally z a =tress to all !        
,*ri/ians 9 ! t[n4 ,!re are1 at pres5t1 
elev5 fri>s 9 !  conv5t3 !y are *iefly  
,spani>ds4 ,! ye>ly exp5ses ( !         
e/abli%m5t are /at$ to am\nt to upw>d ( 
n9e hundr$ p\nds2 a  small "p ( :i* is  
defray$ by ! r5t ( a few h\ses 9 ! t[n1 
& by ! produce ( "s acres ( corn l&3 !  
re/ is remitt$ f  ,j]usalem4 ,! :ole    
annual exp5ses ( ! ,t]ra ,santa conv5ts 
are  ab\t fifte5 ?\s& p\nds2 ( :i* !    
pa%a ( ,damascus receives  ab\t twelve  
?\s& p\nds4 ,! ,greek conv5t (          
,j]usalem1 accord+  to ,burckh>dt's     
au?ority1 pays mu* m1 z well to ma9ta9  
its own  privileges1 z ) a view to      
encroa* ^u ^? ( ! ,lat9s4 ,to !         
nor?-we/ ( ! conv5t is a small *ur*1    
built ov] ,joseph's "w  %op4 ,bo?       
,maundrell & ,pococke describe x z 9    
ru9s2 b ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4  ,cl>ke says1 ,?is 

is n[ a small *apel1 p]fectly mod]n1 &  
neatly  :itewa%$40 ,to ! we/ ( ?is is a 
small ar*$ build+1 :i*1  !y say1 is !   
synagogue :]e ,*ri/ exasp]at$ ! ,jews1  
by  apply+ ! language ( ,isaiah to      
himself4 ,x once belong$ to !  ,greeks2 
b1 ,hasselqui/ says1 0 tak5 f !m by !   
,arabs1 :o  int5d$ to conv]t x into a   
mosque1 b aft]w>d sold x to !  ,lat9s4  
,?is 0 !n s late a transaction t !y _h n
 _h "t  to embelli% x4 ,! ,m\nta9 ( !   
,precipitation0 is at lea/ two  miles   
(f2 s t1 accord+ to ?is au!ntic         
tradition1 ! ,jews mu/  h l$ our ,"l a  
m>vell\s way4 ,b ! said precipice is %[n
 z  t :i* ! ,messiah leap$ d[n to escape
 f ! ,jews2 & z !  monks c\ld n pit* ^u 
any o!r place frightful en\gh = !       
miracle1 !y cont5d t ,naz>e? =m]ly /ood 
ea/w>d ( its  pres5t situation1 ^u a m  
elevat$ spot4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1      
h[ev]1  rem>ks t ! situation ( ! mod]n  
t[n answ]s exactly to !  description (  
,/4 ,luke4 8,induc$1 by ! words ( !     
,gospel1 to  exam9e ! place m att5tively

 ?an we %\ld o!rwise h done1  we w5t1 z 
x is writt51 out ( ! city1 #8to ! br[ ( 
! hill  :]eon ! city is built1' & came  
to a precipice correspond+ to !  words (
 ! evangeli/4 ,x is above ! ,m>onite    
*ur*1 &1 probably1  ! precise spot      
allud$ to by ! text40    ,,naz>ites1 ^? 
"u ! anci5t law :o engag$ by a v[ to    
ab/a9  f w9e & all intoxicat+ liquors1  
to let _! hair gr[1 n to  ent] any h\se 
pollut$ by hav+ a dead corpse 9 x1 nor  
to be  pres5t at any fun]al4 ,if1 by    
accid5t1 any "o %\ld h di$ 9  _!        
pres5ce1 !y recomm5c$ ! :ole ( _!       
consecration &  ,naz>ite%ip4 ,?is v[    
g5]ally la/$ eight days1 sometimes a    
mon?1  & sometimes _! :ole lives4 ,:5 ! 
"t ( _! ,naz>ite%ip 0  expir$1 ! prie/  
br\ght ! p]son to ! door ( ! temple1 :o 
!re (f]$ to ! ,"l a he-lamb = a         
burnt-(f]+1 a %e-lamb =  an expiatory   
sacrifice1 & a ram = a peace-(f]+4 ,!y  
(f]$1  likewise1 loaves & cakes1 ) w9e1 
= libations4 ,aft] all 0  sacrific$ &   
(f]$1 ! prie/1 or "s o!r1 %av$ ! head ( 

! ,naz>ite at ! door ( ! tab]nacle1 &   
burn$ 8 hair on !  fire ( ! alt>4 ,!n ! 
prie/ put into ! h&s ( ! ,naz>ite  !    
%\ld] ( ! ram roa/$1 ) a loaf & a cake1 
:i* !  ,naz>ite return+ into ! h&s ( !  
prie/1 he (f]$ !m to !  ,"l1 lift+ !m up
 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,naz>ite4 ,& f ?is  "t 
he might aga9 dr9k w9e1 8 ,naz>ite%ip   
be+ accompli%$4    ,p]petual ,naz>ites1 
z ,samson & ,john ! ,bapti/1 7          
consecrat$ to  _! ,naz>ite%ip by _!     
p>5ts1 & cont9u$ all _! lives 9  ?is    
/ate1 )\t dr9k+ w9e or cutt+ _! hair4   
,^? :o made  a v[ ( ,naz>ite%ip out (   
,pale/9e1 & c\ld n come to ! temple  :5 
_! v[ 0 expir$1 cont5t$ !mselves )      
obs]v+ !  ab/95ce requir$ by ! law1 &   
cutt+ (f _! hair 9 ! place  :]e !y 73 ! 
(f]+s & sacrifices prescrib$ by ,moses1 
to be  (f]$ at ! temple1 by !mselves or 
by o!rs = !m1 !y  def]r$ till a conv5i5t
 opportunity4 ,h5ce x 0 t ,/4 ,paul1    
be+ at ,cor9?1 & hav+ made ! v[ ( a     
,naz>ite1 _h 8 hair  cut (f at ,c5*rea1 
a port ( ,cor9?1 & def]r$ ! re/ ( 8 v[  

till he came to ,j]usalem1 ,acts xviii1 
#ah4 ,:5 a p]son f\nd he 0  n 9 a       
condition to make a v[ ( ,naz>ite%ip1 or
 _h n leisure  fully to p]=m x1 he      
cont5t$ himself by contribut+ to !      
exp5se  ( sacrifices & (f]+s ( ^? :o _h 
made & 7 fulfill+  ?is v[2 & by ?is     
means he became a p>tak] 9 su*          
,naz>ite%ip4  ,:5 ,/4 ,paul came to     
,j]usalem1 ,a4 ,d4 #eh1 ,/4 ,james1 )   
o!r  bre?r51 said to him1 t to quiet !  
m9ds ( ! conv]t$ ,jews he  %\ld jo9     
himself to f\r p]sons :o _h a v[ (      
,naz>ite%ip1 &  contribute to _! *>ges &
 c]emonies2 by :i* ! new conv]ts  w\ld  
p]ceive t he did n totally disreg>d !   
law1 z !y _h  be5 l$ to suppose1 ,acts  
xxi1 #bc1 #bd4 ,! in/itution (          
,naz>itism is  involv$ 9 mu* my/]y2 & no
 satisfactory reason has ev] be5 giv5  (
 x4 ,?is is c]ta91 t x _h ! approbation 
( ,god1 & may be  consid]$ z af=d+ a    
good example ( self-d5ial 9 ord] to be  
giv5 up to ! /udy ( ! law1 & ! practice 
( exact  righte\sness4    ,,nebo1 ! "n (

 an idol ( ! ,babylonians3 ,bel b[e?    
d[n1 ,nebo  /oope?10 ,isaiah xlvi1 #a4  
,! ^w ,nebo comes f a root t  signifies 
to prophesy10 & !re=e may /& = an       
oracle4 ,!re is  "s probability 9 !     
op9ion ( ,calmet1 t ,bel & ,nebo are b  
"o  & ! same deity1 & t ,isaiah made use
 ( ^! names z  synonym\s4 ,! god ,bel 0 
! oracle ( ! ,babylonians4 ,! "n  ,nebo1
 or ,nabo1 is f\nd 9 ! composition ( !  
names ( sev]al  pr9ces ( ,babylon2 z    
,nabonass>1 ,nabopolass>1 ,nebu*adnezz>1
  ,nebuz>-adan1 ,nebu%asban1 c4         
,,nebu*adnezz> ,,! ,,great1 son &       
successor ( ,nabopolass>1 succe$$  to ! 
k+dom ( ,*aldea1 ,a4 ,m4 #ccii4 ,"s "t  
previ\sly to ?is1  ,nabopolass> _h      
associat$ him 9 ! k+dom1 & s5t him to   
recov]  ,c>*emi%1 :i* _h be5 conqu]$ f  
him f\r ye>s be=e by  ,ne*o1 k+ (       
,egypt4 ,nebu*adnezz>1 hav+ be5         
successful1 m>*$  aga9/ ! gov]nor (     
,ph5icia1 & ,jehoiakim1 k+ ( ,judah1 :o 
0  tribut>y to ,ne*o1 k+ ( ,egypt4 ,he  
took ,jehoiakim1 & put him 9  *a9s 9    

ord] to c>ry him captive to ,babylon2 b 
aft]w>d left him  9 ,judea1 on condition
 ( pay+ a l>ge tribute4 ,he took away   
sev]al  p]sons f ,j]usalem2 among o!rs  
,daniel1 ,hananiah1 ,mi%ael1 &  ,az>iah1
 all ( ! royal family1 :om ! k+ (       
,babylon caus$ to be  c>efully in/ruct$ 
9 ! language & 9 ! le>n+ ( !  ,*aldeans1
 t !y might be employ$ at c\rt1 ,dan4 i4
 ,nabopolass>  dy+ ab\t ! end ( ,a4 ,m4 
#ccii1 ,nebu*adnezz>1 :o 0 !n ei!r  9   
,egypt or 9 ,judea1 ha/5$ to ,babylon1  
leav+ to 8 g5]als !  c>e ( br++ to      
,*aldea ! captives :om he _h tak5 9     
,syria1  ,judea1 ,ph5icia1 & ,egypt2 =1 
accord+ to ,b]osus1 he _h subdu$  all ^?
 c\ntries4 ,he di/ribut$ ^! captives    
into sev]al  colonies2 & deposit$ !     
sacr$ vessels ( ! temple ( ,j]usalem1  &
 o!r ri* spoils 9 ! temple ( ,belus4    
,jehoiakim1 k+ ( ,judah1  cont9u$ ?ree  
ye>s 9 fealty to ,k+ ,nebu*adnezz>2 b   
be+ !n  we>y ( pay+ tribute1 he ?rew (f 
! yoke4 ,! k+ ( ,*aldea s5t  troops (   
,*aldeans1 ,syrians1 ,moabites1 &       

,ammonites1 :o h>ass$  ,judea dur+ ?ree 
or f\r ye>s1 & at la/ ,jehoiakim 0      
besieg$ &  tak5 9 ,j]usalem1 put to     
dea?1 & 8 body ?r[n to ! birds (  ! air1
 accord+ to ! pr$ictions ( ,j]emiah4    
,see ,,jehoiakim4    ,9 ! mean "t1      
,nebu*adnezz> be+ at ,babylon 9 ! second
 ye> (  8 reign1 _h a my/]i\s dream1 9  
:i* he saw a /atue compos$ (  sev]al    
metals1 a head ( gold1 a brea/ ( silv]1 
belly & ?ighs (  brass1 legs ( iron1 &  
feet half ( iron & half clay2 & a little
  /one roll+ by its own impulse f !     
m\nta9 /ruck ! /atue &  broke x4 ,?is   
dream gave him great uneas9ess1 yet x   
fad$ away f  8 memory1 & he c\ld n      
recov] m ?an ! g5]al impression (  x4   
,he ord]$ all 8 div9]s & int]pret]s (   
dreams to be s5t  =2 b none c\ld tell   
him ! dream or ! int]pretation3 &1 9    
wra?1 he s5t5c$ !m all to dea?1 :i* 0   
ab\t to be put 9  execution1 :5 ,daniel 
0 in=m$ ( x4 ,he w5t imm$iately to !    
k+1 & desir$ him to respite ! s5t5ce a  
little1 & he w\ld  endeav\r to satisfy 8

 desire4 ,god 9 ! night reveal$ to him !
  k+'s dream1 & also ! int]pretation3   
,?\10 said ,daniel1 art  repres5t$ by ! 
gold5 head ( ! /atue4 ,aft] !e w arise a
  k+dom inf]ior to ?9e1 repres5t$ by !  
brea/ ( silv]2 &  aft] ?is1 ano!r1 /ill 
inf]ior1 d5ot$ by ! belly & ?ighs (     
brass4 ,aft] ^! ?ree empires10 :i* are !
 ,*aldeans1 ,p]sians1  & ,greeks1 w     
arise a f\r?1 d5ot$ by ! legs ( iron10 !
  ,romans4 ,"u ?is la/ empire ,god w    
raise a new "o1 ( great]  /r5g?1 p[]1 & 
ext5t1 ?an all ! o!rs4 ,?is la/ is t (  
! ,messiah1 repres5t$ by ! little /one  
com+ out f !  m\nta9 & ov]?r[+ ! /atue40
 ,!n ! k+ rais$ ,daniel to  great hon\r1
 set him ov] all ! wise m5 ( ,babylon1 &
 give him !  gov]nm5t ( t prov9ce4 ,at 8
 reque/ he grant$ to ,%adra*1  ,me%a*1 &
 ,ab$nego1 ! ov]sight ( ! works ( ! same
 prov9ce  ( ,babylon4    ,9 ! same ye>1 
z ,dr4 ,hales ?9ks1 9 :i* he _h ?is     
dream1 he  erect$ a gold5 /atue1 ^:     
height 0 sixty cubits1 & bread? six     
cubits1 9 ! pla9s ( ,dura1 9 ! prov9ce (

 ,babylon4 ,hav+  appo9t$ a day = !     
d$ication ( ?is /atue1 he assembl$ !    
pr9cipal (fic]s ( 8 k+dom1 & publi%$ by 
a h]ald1 t all  %\ld adore ?is image1 at
 ! s\nd ( music1 on p5alty ( be+ ca/    
into a burn+ fi]y furnace4 ,! result1 z 
to ! ?ree ,jews1  companions ( ,daniel1 
:o w\ld n b5d ! knee to ! image1 is     
/at$ 9 ,dan4 iii4 ,daniel probably 0    
abs5t4 ,! effect ( !  miracle 0 s great 
t ,nebu*adnezz> gave glory to ! ,god (  
,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$nego2 & he exalt$
 ! ?ree ,hebrews to  great dignity 9 !  
prov9ce ( ,babylon1 ,dan4 iv4           
,jehoia*91 k+ ( ,judah1 hav+ revolt$    
aga9/ ,nebu*adnezz>1 ?is  pr9ce besieg$ 
him 9 ,j]usalem1 & =c$ him to surr5d]4  
,nebu*adnezz> took him1 ) 8 *ief (fic]s1
 captive to ,babylon1  ) 8 "m1 8 wives1 
& ! be/ workm5 ( ,j]usalem1 to !  numb] 
( t5 ?\s& m54 ,among ! captives 7       
,mordecai1 ! uncle  ( ,e/h]1 & ,ezekiel 
! prophet4 ,he took1 also1 all ! vessels
 (  gold :i* ,solomon made = ! temple1 &
 ! k+'s treasury1 & he  set up          

,mattaniah1 ,jehoia*9's uncle by 8      
fa!r's side1 :om he nam$  ,z$ekiah4 ,?is
 pr9ce cont9u$ fai?ful to ,nebu*adnezz> 
n9e ye>s3  be+ !n we>y ( subjection1 he 
revolt$1 & conf$]at$ ) !  neighb\r+     
pr9ces4 ,! k+ ( ,babylon came into      
,judea1 r$uc$ !  *ief places ( ! c\ntry1
 & besieg$ ,j]usalem3 b ,ph>aoh-,hophra 
com+ out ( ,egypt to assi/ ,z$ekiah1    
,nebu*adnezz> ov]came him 9  battle1 &  
=c$ him to retire into 8 own c\ntry4    
,aft] ?is he  return$ to ! siege (      
,j]usalem1 & 0 ?ree hundr$ & n9ety  days
 be=e ! place be=e he c\ld take x4 ,b 9 
! elev5? ye>  ( ,z$ekiah1 ,a4 ,m4 #cdaf1
 ! city 0 tak54 ,z$ekiah attempt$ to    
escape1 b 0 tak5 & br\ght to            
,nebu*adnezz>1 :o 0 !n at  ,riblah 9    
,syria4 ,! k+ ( ,babylon condemn$ him to
 die1 caus$ 8  *ildr5 to be put to dea? 
9 8 pres5ce1 & !n bor$ out 8  eyes1     
load$ him ) *a9s1 & s5t him to ,babylon4
    ,?ree ye>s aft] ! ,jewi% w>         
,nebu*adnezz> besieg$ ! city (  ,tyre1  
:i* siege held ?irte5 ye>s4 ,b dur+ ?is 

int]val1 he made  w>1 also1 on !        
,sidonians1 ,moabites1 ,ammonites1 &    
,idumeans2 &  ^! he treat$ 9 ne>ly !    
same mann] z ! ,jews4 ,josephus says  ^!
 w>s happ5$ five ye>s aft] ! de/ruction 
( ,j]usalem1  consequ5tly 9 ,a4 ,m4     
#cdba4 ,! city ( ,tyre 0 tak5 9 ,a4 ,m4 
#cdcb4  ,i?obaal1 :o 0 !n k+1 0 put to  
dea?1 & ,baal succe$$ him4  ,! ,"l1 z a 
rew>d to ! army ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 :i* _h 
la9 s  long be=e ,tyre1 gave up to !m   
,egypt & its spoils4 ,nebu*adnezz>  made
 an easy conque/ ( x1 because !         
,egyptians 7 divid$ by civil  w>s among 
!mselves3 he enri*$ himself ) booty1 &  
return$ 9  triumph to ,babylon1 ) a     
great numb] ( captives4 ,be+ n[ at      
peace1  he appli$ himself to ! adorn+1  
aggr&iz+1 & enri*+ (  ,babylon )        
magnific5t build+s4 ,to him "s ascribe  
^? fam\s  g>d5s1 support$ by ar*es1     
reckon$ among ! wond]s ( ! _w2  & also !
 walls ( ,babylon1 ?\gh _m give ! hon\r 
( ?is "w  to ,semiramis4    ,ab\t ?is "t
 ,nebu*adnezz> _h a dream ( a great     

tree1 load$ )  fruit4 ,sudd5ly1 an angel
 desc5d+ f heav51 comm&$ t !  tree %\ld 
be cut d[n1 b t ! root %\ld be pres]v$ 9
 !  e>?1 ,dan4 iv4 ,! k+ s5t = all !    
div9]s 9 ! c\ntry1 b  none c\ld expla9 8
 dream1 till ,daniel1 by div9e          
revelation1 %[$  t x repres5t$ 8 pres5t 
greatness1 8 signal approa*+            
humiliation1 & 8 re/oration to reason & 
dignity4 ,a ye> aft]1 z  ,nebu*adnezz> 0
 walk+ on 8 palace at ,babylon1 he began
 to say1 ,is  n ?is great ,babylon1 :i* 
,i h built = ! h\se ( ! k+dom1  by !    
might ( my p[]1 & = ! hon\r ( my        
maje/y80 &  sc>cely _h he pron\nc$ ^!   
words1 :5 he fell into a di/emp] or     
di/raction1 :i* s alt]$ 8 imag9ation t  
he fl$ into !  fields & assum$ ! mann]s 
( an ox4 ,aft] hav+ be5 sev5 ye>s  9 ?is
 /ate1 ,god op5$ 8 eyes1 8 und]/&+ 0    
re/or$ to  him1 & he recov]$ 8 royal    
dignity4    ,nebu*adnezz> di$1 ,a4 ,m4  
#cddb1 aft] hav+ reign$ =ty-?ree ye>s4  
,mega/h5es1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 says1 t 
?is pr9ce hav+ asc5d$  to ! top ( 8     

palace1 0 !re seiz$ ) a fit ( div9e     
en?usiasm1 & cri$ out1 ,o ,babylonians1 
,i decl>e to y a mis=tune1  t nei!r our 
fa!r ,belus1 nor ,que5 ,baltis has be5  
able to  prev5t4 ,a ,p]sian mule %all "o
 day come into ?is c\ntry1 :o1  support$
 by ! p[] ( y\r gods1 %all br+ y into   
slav]y4 ,he  %all be assi/$ by ! ,m$e1 !
 glory ( ! ,assyrians40 ,?is ,p]sian    
mule is ,cyrus1 ^: "m 0 a ,m$e1 & ^:    
fa!r 0 a ,p]sian4  ,! ,m$e :o assi/$    
,cyrus 0 ,cyax>es1 or ,d>ius ! ,m$e4    
,?is /ory  at lea/ %[s t ! ,hea!ns _h   
traditions ( an extraord9>y k9d         
respect+ ?is mon>*1 & t ! fate (        
,babylon _h be5 !  subject ( prophecy4  
,,nebuz>-,,adan1 a g5]al (              
,nebu*adnezz>'s army1 & ! *ief (fic]  ( 
8 h\sehold4 ,he manag$ ! siege (        
,j]usalem1 & made himself  ma/] ( !     
city1 :ile 8 sov]eign 0 at ,riblah 9    
,syria1 #b ,k+s  xxv2 ,j]4 xxxix2 xl2   
lii4    ,,necessit>ians4 ,! doctr9e (   
necessity reg>ds ! orig9 ( human        
actions1 & ! specific mode ( ! div9e    

gov]nm5t2 & x seems to  be ! imm$iate   
result ( ! mat]iality ( man2 = me*anism 
is !  und\bt$ consequ5ce ( mat]ialism4  
,h5ce all mat]iali/s are (  c\rse       
necessit>ians2 b x does n foll[ t all   
necessit>ians  are or mu/ be mat]iali/s4
 ,:atev] is done by a cause or p[] t  is
 irresi/ible1 is by necessity2 9 :i*    
s5se ?is t]m is oppos$ to  fre$om4 ,man 
is1 !re=e1 a necess>y ag5t1 if all 8    
actions be s  det]m9$ by ! causes prec$+
 ea* action1 t n "o pa/ action  c\ld    
possibly n h come to pass1 or h be5     
o!rwise ?an x  ha? be52 & n "o future   
action c possibly n come to pass1 or  be
 o!rwise ?an x %all be4 ,b man is a free
 ag5t1 if he be able at  any "t1 9 !    
circum/ances 9 :i* he is plac$1 to d    
diff]5t  ?+s2 or1 9 o!r words1 if he be 
n unavoidably det]m9$ 9 e  po9t ( "t by 
! circum/ances he is 91 & ! causes he is
 "u1  to d t "o ?+ he does1 & n possibly
 to d any o!r ?+4  ,?is ab/ruse subject 
has occasion$ mu* controv]sy1 & has be5 
debat$ by writ]s ( ! fir/ em95ce1 f     

,hobbes & ,cl>ke1 to  ,prie/ley &       
,gregory4 ,! anti-necessit>ians allege1 
t ! doctr9e  ( necessity *>ges ,god z ! 
au?or ( s92 t x takes away !  fre$om ( !
 w2 r5d]s man unacc\ntable to 8 ,mak]2  
makes s9  to be no evil1 & morality or  
virtue to be no good2 & t x  precludes !
 use ( means1 & is ( ! mo/ gloomy       
t5d5cy4 ,!  necessit>ians1 on ! o!r h&1 
d5y ^! to be legitimate  consequ5ces (  
_! doctr9e1 :i* !y decl>e to be ! mo/   
consi/5t mode ( expla9+ ! div9e         
gov]nm5t2 & !y obs]ve1  t ! ,deity acts 
no m immorally 9 decree+ vici\s actions1
 ?an  9 p]mitt+ all ^? irregul>ities :i*
 he c\ld s easily h  prev5t$4 ,all      
necessity1 say !y1 do? n take away      
fre$om4 ,!  actions ( a man may be at "o
 & ! same "t bo? free &  necess>y4 ,?us1
 x 0 infallibly c]ta9 t ,judas w\ld     
betray  ,*ri/1 yet he did x volunt>ily2 
,jesus ,*ri/ necess>ily became man1  &  
di$1 yet he act$ freely4 ,a good man do?
 naturally & necess>ily  love 8 *ildr51 
yet volunt>ily4 ,!y insi/ t necessity   

do? n  r5d] actions less morally good2  
=1 if necess>y virtue be nei!r  moral   
nor praisewor?y1 x w foll[ t ,god       
himself is n a moral  be+1 because he is
 a necess>y "o2 & ! ob$i5ce ( ,*ri/ _c  
be good1 because x 0 necess>y4 ,f>!r1   
say !y1 necessity does n  preclude ! use
 ( means2 = means are no less appo9t$   
?an ! end4  ,x 0 orda9$ t ,*ri/ %\ld be 
deliv]$ up to dea?2 b he  c\ld n h be5  
betray$ )\t a betray]1 nor crucifi$ )\t 
crucifi]s4 ,t x is n a gloomy doctr9e !y
 allege1 because  no?+ c be m           
consolatory ?an to believe1 t all ?+s   
are  "u ! direction ( an all-wise ,be+1 
t 8 k+dom rule? ov]  all1 & t he doe?   
all ?+s well4 ,!y also urge1 t to d5y   
necessity1 is to d5y ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1
 & to wre/ ! sceptre  f ! h& ( !        
,creator1 & to place t caprici\s &      
undef9able pr9ciple1 ! self-det]m9+ p[] 
( man1 ^u !  ?rone ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ^!   
/atem5ts !re is obvi\sly a  confus$ use 
( t]ms 9 diff]5t mean+s1 s z to mislead 
!  unw>y4 ,= in/ance3 necessity is      

conf\nd$ ) c]ta9ty2 b an  action may be 
c]ta91 ?\gh free2 t is to say1 c]ta9 to 
an  omnisci5t ,be+1 :o kn[s h[ a free   
ag5t w f9ally resolve2 b  ?is c]ta9ty   
is1 9 fact1 a quality ( ! presci5t ,be+1
 n t  ( ! action1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 m5     
delusively transf] x4 ,aga93 ,god  is   
call$ a necess>y ,be+1 :i*1 if x mean   
any ?+1 signifies1 z  to 8 moral acts1 t
 he c only act "r4 ,b !n ?is is a wrong 
application ( ! t]m necessity1 :i*      
prop]ly implies su* a  con/ra9t ^u      
actions1 ex]cis$ ab extra1 z r5d]s *oice
 or w  impossible4 ,b su* necessity _c  
exi/ z to ! supreme ,be+4  ,aga93 !     
ob$i5ce ( ,*ri/ unto dea? 0 necess>y1 t 
is to say1  unless he _h di$ guilty man 
c\ld n h be5 =giv52 b ?is  c\ld n make !
 act ( ! ,jews :o put him to dea? a     
necess>y act1  t is to say1 a =c$ &     
con/ra9$ "o2 nor did ?is necessity      
affect ! act ( ,*ri/ himself1 :o act$   
volunt>ily1 & might h  left man )\t     
salvation4 ,t ! ,jews act$ freely1 is   
evid5t  f _! be+ held liable to         

puni%m5t1 al?\gh unconsci\sly !y        
accompli%$ ! great designs ( ,heav51    
:i*1 h[ev]1 0 no excuse  = _! crime4    
,f9ally3 z to ! allegation1 t ! doctr9e 
(  free ag5cy puts man's self-det]m9+   
p[] ^u ! ?rone ( !  univ]se1 t view     
proce$s ^u notions unwor?y ( ,god1 z    
?\gh he  c\ld n accompli% 8 plans )\t   
compell+ & controll+ all  ?+s by a fix$ 
fate2 :]eas x is bo? m glori\s to him1 &
  c]ta9ly m 9 accordance ) !            
,scriptures1 to say t he has a  p]fect  
=esight ( ! mann] 9 :i* all creatures w 
act1 &  t he1 by a pr(\nd & inf9ite     
wisdom1 subord9ates e ?+  )\t viol5ce to
 ! evolution & accompli%m5t ( 8 own     
glori\s  purposes4    ,! doctr9e (      
necessity is ne>ly connect$ ) t (       
pr$e/9ation1 :i*1 ( late ye>s1 has      
assum$ a =m v diff]5t  f t :i* x =m]ly  
possess$2 =1 in/ead ( be+ consid]$  z a 
po9t to be det]m9$ almo/ entirely by !  
sacr$ writ+s1 x  has1 9 ! h&s ( a numb] 
( able writ]s1 9 a great measure        
resolv$ itself into a "q ( natural      

religion1 "u ! head (  ! philosophical  
lib]ty or necessity ( ! w2 or1 :e!r all 
human actions are1 or are n1 necess>ily 
det]m9$ by motives aris+  f ! "* :i*    
,god has impress$ on our m9ds1 & ! tra9 
( circum/ances amid/ :i* 8 provid5ce has
 plac$ u8 ,!  ,calv9i/ic doctr9e (      
pr$e/9ation is1 t ,god = 8 own glory1   
ha? =eorda9$ :atsoev] comes to pass40 ,!
 s*eme ( philosophical  necessity1 z    
/at$ by ! mo/ celebrat$ necessit>ian ( !
 age1  is1 t e ?+ is pr$et]m9$ by !     
div9e ,be+2 t :atev]  has be51 mu/ h    
be52 & t :atev] w be1 mu/ be2 t all     
ev5ts are preorda9$ by inf9ite wisdom & 
unlimit$ goodness2 t  ! w1 9 all its    
det]m9ations1 is gov]n$ by ! /ate ( m9d2
  t ! /ate ( m9d is1 9 e in/ance1       
det]m9$ by ! ,deity2  & t !re is a      
cont9u$ *a9 ( causes & effects1 (       
motives  & actions1 insep>ably connect$1
 & orig9at+ f ! condition  9 :i* we are 
br\ght into exi/5ce by ! ,au?or ( our   
be+40 ,on  ! o!r h&1 x is ju/ly rem>k$1 
t 8^? :o believe ! be+  & p]fections (  

,god1 & a /ate ( retribution1 9 :i* he w
  rew>d & puni% mank9d accord+ to !     
div]sity ( _! actions1  w f9d x         
difficult to reconcile ! ju/ice (       
puni%m5t ) !  necessity ( crimes puni%$4
 ,& !y t believe all t !  ,scripture    
says on ! "o h&1 ( ! et]nity ( future   
puni%m5ts1  & on ! o!r1 ( ,god's        
compassion to s9n]s1 & 8 solemn         
assurance t he desires n _! dea?1 w f9d 
! difficulty  greatly increas$40 ,x is  
d\btless an article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1  
t ,god w rew>d or puni% e man h]eaft]   
accord+ to 8  actions 9 ?is life4 ,b we 
_c ma9ta9 8 ju/ice 9 ?is  p>ticul>1 if  
m5's actions be necess>y ei!r 9 _! own  
nature1 or  by ! div9e decrees4         
,activity & self-det]m9+ p[]s are !     
f\ndation ( all morality2 & to prove t  
su* p[]s belong to man1  x is urg$ t we 
ourselves are consci\s ( possess+ !m4   
,we blame  & condemn ourselves :5 we d  
amiss2 b guilt1 & inw>d s5se (  %ame1 & 
remorse ( consci5ce1 are feel+s :i* are 
inconsi/5t  ) ! s*eme ( necessity4 ,x is

 also agre$ t "s actions  des]ve praise1
 & af=d an inw>d satisfaction2 b = ?is1 
!re  w\ld be no f\ndation1 if we 7      
inv9cibly det]m9$ 9 e  volition3 s t    
approbation & blame are consequ5t on    
free actions  only4 ,nor is ! matt] at  
all reliev$ by br++ 9 a *a9 (           
circum/ances z motives necess>ily to    
det]m9e ! w4 ,?is comes  to ! same      
result 9 s\nd argum5t1 z ?\gh !re 0 an  
imm$iate  coction ( omnipot5t p[]       
compell+ "o k9d ( volitions only2  :i*  
is utt]ly irreconcilable to all j       
notions ( ! nature &  op]ations ( w1 &  
to all acc\ntability4 ,necessity1 9 !   
s5se  ( irresi/ible control1 & ! doctr9e
 ( ,scripture1 _c coxi/4                
,,necromancy1 1 is ! art ( rais+ up !   
gho/s (  deceas$ p]sons1 to get         
in=mation f !m conc]n+ future ev5ts4    
,?is practice1 no d\bt1 ! ,israelites   
br\ght ) !m f ,egypt1  :i* affect$ to be
 ! "m ( su* occult sci5ces2 & f !nce  x 
spread into ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & soon
 infect$ all !  ea/4 ,! injunction ( !  

law is v express aga9/ ?is vice2 &  !   
puni%m5t to be inflict$ on ! practis]s (
 x 0 /on+ to  dea?1 ,lev4 xx1 #bg4 ,:at 
=ms ( en*antm5t 7 us$ 9 ! practice  (   
necromancy we are at a loss to "k1      
because we read ( none t !  py?oness (  
,endor employ$2 h[ev]1 t !re 7 sev]al   
rites1  spells1 & invocations us$ ^u ^! 
occasions1 we may le>n f  almo/ e anci5t
 au?or1 b f none m p>ticul>ly ?an f     
,lucan 9 8 ,ph>salia4 ,:e!r ! art (     
conv]s+ ) ! dead  0 m]e impo/ure1 or    
gr\nd$ ^u diabolical ag5cy1 is a "q  :i*
 has be5 disput$ 9 all ages4            
,,nehemiah pr(esses himself ! au?or ( ! 
book :i* be>s 8 "n1  9 ! v beg9n+ ( x1 &
 he uni=mly writes 9 ! fir/  p]son4 ,he 
0 ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 & 0 probably born 
at ,babylon  dur+ ! captivity4 ,he 0 s  
di/+ui%$ = 8 family &  atta9m5ts1 z to  
be select$ = ! (fice ( cup be>] to ! k+ 
( ,p]sia1 a situation ( great hon\r &   
emolum5t4 ,he 0 made  gov]nor ( ,judea1 
^u 8 own application1 by ,artax]xes     
,longimanus2  & 8 book1 :i* 9 ! ,hebrew 

canon 0 jo9$ to t ( ,ezra1  gives an    
acc\nt ( 8 appo9tm5t & adm9i/ration     
?r\gh a space  ( ab\t ?irty-six ye>s to 
,a4 ,m4 #ceie1 at :i* "t ! ,scripture   
hi/ory closes2 &1 consequ5tly1 !        
hi/orical books1 f ,jo%ua to  ,nehemiah 
inclusive1 conta9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% p 
f !  dea? ( ,moses1 ,a4 ,m4 #beec1 to ! 
re=mation e/abli%$ by ,nehemiah1  aft] !
 return f captivity1 be+ a p]iod ( "o   
?\s& &  =ty-two ye>s4    ,,neology4 ,?is
 t]m1 :i* signifies new doctr9e1 has be5
 us$ to  designate a species ( !ology & 
,biblical criticism :i* has ( late  ye>s
 mu* prevail$ among ! ,prote/ant div9es 
( ,g]many1 & !  pr(essors ( _!          
univ]sities4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 m         
frequ5tly  t]m$ rationalism1 & is       
suppos$ to occupy a sort ( middle place 
betwe5 ! or?odox sy/em & pure deism4 ,! 
,g]man div9es  !mselves speak (         
naturalism1 rationalism1 &              
sup]naturalism4 ,!  t]m naturalism arose
 fir/ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 spread  9 
! sev5te5?4 ,x 0 und]/ood to be ! sy/em 

( ^? :o  all[$ no o!r k ( religion ?an !
 natural1 :i* man c\ld  %ape out by 8   
own /r5g?1 &1 consequ5tly1 exclud$ all  
sup]natural revelation4 ,z to ! diff]5t 
=ms ( naturalism1  !ologians say !re are
 ?ree3 ! fir/1 :i* !y call ,pelagianism1
  & :i* consid]s human dispositions &   
notions z p]fectly pure1  & ! religi\s k
 d]iv$ f !m z suffici5tly explicit4  ,a 
gross] k9d d5ies all p>ticul>           
revelation2 & ! grosse/ ( all  consid]s 
! _w z ,god4 ,rationalism has be5 ?us   
expla9$3 ,^?  :o are g5]ally t]m$       
rationali/s10 says ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1   
admit  univ]sally 9 ,*ri/ianity1 a      
div9e1 b5evol5t1 & positive  appo9tm5t =
 ! good ( mank9d1 & ,jesus z a mess5g] (
 ,div9e  ,provid5ce1 believ+ t ! true & 
ev]la/+ ^w ( ,god is  conta9$ 9 ! ,holy 
,scripture1 & t by ! same ! welf>e (    
mank9d w be obta9$ & ext5d$4 ,b !y d5y  
!re9 a  sup]natural & miracul\s work+ ( 
,god1 & consid] ! object (  ,*ri/ianity 
to be t ( introduc+ into ! _w su* a     
religion z  reason c compreh5d2 & !y    

di/+ui% ! ess5tial f !  uness5tial1 &   
:at is local & tempor>y f t :i* is      
univ]sal & p]man5t 9 ,*ri/ianity40 ,!re 
is1 h[ev]1 a ?ird  class ( div9es :o 9  
fact diff] v little f ?is1 ?\gh v       
widely 9 pr(ession4 ,!y affect to all[ a
 reveal+ op]ation ( ,god1  b e/abli% on 
int]nal pro(s r ?an on miracles ! div9e 
nature ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y all[ t        
revelation may conta9 mu*  out ( ! p[] (
 reason to expla91 b say t x %\ld ass]t 
no?+ contr>y to reason1 b r :at may be  
prov$ by x4  ,sup]naturalism consi/s 9  
g5]al 9 ! conviction t ,god has  reveal$
 himself sup]naturally & imm$iately4 ,! 
notion ( a miracle  _c well be sep>at$ f
 su* a revelation1 :e!r x happ5s out  (1
 on1 or 9 m54 ,:at is reveal$ may belong
 to ! ord] ( nature1  b an ord] high] & 
unkn[n to u1 :i* we c\ld nev] h kn[n    
)\t miracles1 & _c br+ "u ! laws (      
nature4    ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !         
naturali/s & ! rationali/s1 z ,mr4 ,rose
  ju/ly rem>ks1 is n q s wide ei!r z x  
w\ld appe> to be at  fir/ sight1 or z "o

 ( !m assur$ly wi%es x to appe>4 ,= if  
,i  receive a sy/em1 be x ( religion1 ( 
morals1 or ( politics1 only s  f> z x   
approves itself to my reason1 :atev] be 
! au?ority t  pres5ts x to me1 x is idle
 to say t ,i receive ! sy/em out (  any 
respect to t au?ority4 ,i receive x only
 because my reason  approves x2 & ,i    
%\ld1 ( c\rse1 d s if an au?ority ( f>  
inf]ior value 7 to pres5t ! sy/em to me4
 ,?is is :at t  division ( rationali/s1 
:i* pr(esses to receive ,*ri/ianity1 &  
at ! same "t to make reason ! supreme   
arbit] 9 matt]s ( fai?1  has done4 ,_!  
sy/em1 9 a ^w1 is ?is3 ,!y assume c]ta9 
g5]al  pr9ciples1 :i* !y ma9ta9 to be ! 
necess>y d$uctions ( reason  f an ext5d$
 & unprejudic$ contemplation ( ! natural
 & moral  ord] ( ?+s1 & to be 9 !mselves
 immutable & univ]sal4  ,consequ5tly1   
any ?+ :i*1 on h[ev] good au?ority1 may 
be  advanc$ 9 app>5t opposition to !m   
mu/ ei!r be reject$ z  unwor?y (        
rational belief1 or1 at lea/1 expla9$   
away till x is  made to accord ) !      

assum$ pr9ciples2 & ! tru? or falsehood 
( all doctr9es propos$ is to be decid$  
accord+ to _! agreem5t  or disagreem5t )
 ^? pr9ciples4    ,x is easy1 !n1 to    
anticipate h[1 ) su* pr9ciples1 !       
,biblical  critics ( ,g]many1 di/+ui%$ z
 _m ( !m h be5 =  le>n+1 w\ld proce$ to 
int]pret ! ,scriptures4 ,_m ( ! sacr$   
books & p>ts ( o!rs h1 ( c\rse1 be5     
reject$ by !m z  spuri\s1 ! /ronge/     
ext]nal evid5ce be+ ?\ght by !m         
insuffici5t to prove ! tru? ( :at 0     
det]m9$ to be  contradictory to _!      
reason2 & ! inspiration ( ! re/ 0       
und]/ood 9 no high] a s5se1 to use !    
language ( "o ( _!  pr(essors1 ?an !    
expressions ( ,cic]o z to ! inspiration 
( !  poets1 or ^? ( ,qu9tilian respect+ 
,plato4 ,x w\ld be disgu/+1  says ,rose1
 to g ?r\gh all ! /range fancies :i* 7  
set afloat1  & :i* t5d$ only to set     
,scripture on ! same foot+ z an  +5i\s b
 improbable romance4 ,!y all proce$$ f !
  det]m9ation t :atev] 0 n intelligible 
0 incr$ible1 t  only :at 0 ( famili> &  

easy explanation des]v$ belief1 & t  all
 :i* 0 miracul\s & my/]i\s 9 ,scripture 
mu/ be reject$2  & !y re/$ p]petually on
 notions & reason+s :i* 7 9  !mselves   
miracles ( incr$ibility4 ,b !re 7 _m ( !
 ,g]man  div9es ( ?is rationali/ p]iod  
:o w5t mu* f>!r1 & :o  imput$ a         
deception to our ,"l & 8 disciples1 n = 
evil b =  good purposes4 ,9 read+ or 9  
he>+ ( ^! wret*$ productions1  ! m9d is 
divid$ betwe5 disgu/ at folly1 &        
indignation at  wick$ness4 ,:at c be    
said = ! he>t :i* c\ld suppose t !      
f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity c\ld h taught !    
sublime & holy  doctr9es ( ! ,gospel ) a
 lie 9 _! he>ts & on _! lips8 or  = !   
intellect :i* c\ld believe t ambiti\s & 
design+ m5  w\ld enc\nt] ye>s ( pov]ty1 
& %ame1 & dang]1 ) no  prospect b t ( an
 ignom9i\s dea?8 ,b :]e ! sup]natural  &
 miracul\s acc\nts 7 n reject$1 !y 71 by
 _m ( !  mo/ em95t ( ^! writ]s1 expla9$ 
away by a mon/r\s +5uity1  :i*1 on any  
o!r subject1 & appli$ to any anci5t     
classic or o!r  writ]1 w\ld provoke !   

mo/ contemptu\s ridicule4 ,:5 ,korah1   
,da?an1 & ,abiram 7 swall[$ up1 ,moses  
_h previ\sly secretly  und]m9$ ! e>?40  
,jacob wre/l$ ) ! angel 9 a dream20 &  a
 rheumatic pa9 9 8 ?igh dur+ sleep      
sugge/$ ! incid5t 9 8  dream ( ! angel  
t\*+ ! s9ew ( 8 ?igh4 ,pr(essor ,paulus 
gravely expla9s ! miracle ( ! tribute   
money ?us3 ,t ,*ri/ only  meant to give 
a moral lesson1 t is1 t we are n1 if we 
c avoid  x by trifl+ sacrifices1 to give
 (f5ce to our bre?r52 t he  probably    
reason$ ?us ) ,/4 ,pet]3 ,?\gh !re is no
 real occasion  = u to pay ! tribute1   
yet1 z we may be reckon$ z enemies ( !  
temple1 & n att5d$ to :5 we wi% to tea* 
:at is good1 :y  %\ld n y :o are a      
fi%]man10 a rem>k :i* might v prop]ly   
be made at a place :]e ,/4 ,pet] _h be5 
engag$ 9 a fi%]y = two  ye>s1 8& c      
easily d x1 g & get en\gh to pay ! dem&8
 ,g1  !n1 to ! sea1 ca/ y\r hook1 & take
 up  1 ! fir/  & be/ fi%40 ,/4 ,pet] 0 n
 to /ay long] at 8 "w ?is "t  ?an to ga9
 ! requir$ money3  (t5 ref]s n to numb] 

b  to "t2 &  may und\bt$ly be tak5 z a  
collective4 ,/4 ,pet]  mu/ ei!r h caught
 s _m fi% z w\ld be reckon$ wor? a  /at]
 at ,cap]naum1 7s ne> to a sea ri* 9    
fi%17 or "o s l>ge  & f9e z w\ld h be5  
valu$ at t sum4 ,z x 0 unc]ta9  :e!r "o 
or m w\ld be necess>y1 ! expression is  
indef9ite1     2 ! fi% fir/ com+ up2 b x
 w\ld n  be ambigu\s to ,/4 ,pet]1 z !  
necessity & ! ev5t w\ld give x  a fix$  
mean+4   4 ,op5+ ! m\?4 ,?is op5+ (  !  
m\? might h diff]5t objects1 :i* mu/ be 
fix$ by !  context4 ,if ! fi%]man op5s !
 m\? ( a fi% caught ) a hook1  he does x
 fir/ to release him f ! hook2 = if he  
hangs long he  is less saleable3 he soon
 decays4 ,! circum/antiality 9 ! acc\nt 
is picturesque4 ,take ! hook out 8 m\?60
   is  us$ 9 ,greek 9 a m ext5d$ s5se   
?an ! ,g]man f9d51 z 9  ,x5ophon1 :]e x 
is to get by sell+40 ,:5 su* a ^w is us$
 (  saleable articles1 l fi%1 & 9 a     
connection :i* requires !  gett+ a piece
 ( money1 x is cle> t gett+ by sale & n 
by  f9d+ is ref]r$ to4 8,& ?is f a      

pr(essor's *air60 ,9 l  mann] ! miracle 
( fe$+ ! five ?\s& 9 ! des]t is  resolv$
 into ! opportune pass+ by ( a c>avan ) 
provisions1 (  :i* ! hungry multitude 7 
all[$ to p>take1 accord+ to ea/]n       
hospitality2 & ! ,apo/les 7 m]ely       
employ$ 9 convey+ x out  9 baskets4     
,*ri/'s walk+ ^u ! sea is expla9$ by 8  
walk+  ^u ! sea %ore1 & ,/4 ,pet]'s     
walk+ on ! sea is resolv$ into  swimm+4 
,! miracles ( heal+ 7 ! effect ( fancy  
op]at+  fav\rably ^u ! disord]s2 &      
,ananias & ,sapphira di$ ( a  fright2 ) 
_m o!r absurdities1 half dreams & half  
blasphemies2  & ( :i* ! above are giv5 b
 z a specim54    ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is      
sorr[ful gradation d[n to a dep? (      
falsehood  & blasphemy1 into :i* c]ta9ly
 no body ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1 s  l>ge1 s  
le>n$1 & influ5tial1 9 any age or p]iod 
( ! *ur*  ev] be=e fell1 01 contempt = !
 au?ority ( ! div9es ( !  ,re=mation1 & 
( ! subsequ5t age4 ,!y 7 ab\t to set out
 on a  voyage ( discov]y2 & x 0 necess>y
 to assume t tru? /ill  inhabit$ "s t]ra

 incognita1 unkn[n region1 to :i* nei!r 
,lu!r1 ,melanc?on1 nor _! e>ly          
disciples1 _h ev] f\nd access4  ,"o (   
?is s*ool is pleas$1 inde$1 to d5om9ate 
! :ole ev5 (  ! sev5te5? & ! fir/ half (
 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! age (  !ological  
b>b>ism2 an age1 not)/&+1 :i* produc$ 9 
!  ,lu!ran *ur* alone ,calovius1        
,s*midt1 ,hackspan1 ,wal!r1 ,glass1 &  !
 ,c>pz(fs1 & o!rs1 z _m & z great writ]s
 z any *ur*  c boa/ 9 an equal space (  
"t2 writ]s ^: works are1 or ought  to   
be1 9 ! h&s ( ! !ological /ud5t4 ,!     
g5]al /atem5ts  ( ! innovators am\nt to 
?is1 t ! div9es ( ! age ( :i*  we speak 
_h nei!r ! incl9ation nor ! p[] to d any
 ?+ b  =tify _! own sy/ems1 :i* 7       
dogmatical1 & n to se>* out  tru? =     
!mselves f ,scripture2 t !ology1 z a    
sci5ce1 0  left f ! epo* ( ! ,re=mation 
z x _h be5 receiv$ f !  s*oolm52 t !    
int]pretation ( ! ,bible 0 made ! slave1
 n  ! mi/ress1 ( dogmatical !ology1 z x 
ought to be4    ,! va9 conceit t !      
doctr9es ( religion 7 capable (         

philosophic demon/ration1 :i* obta9$    
among ! foll[]s ( ,wolf1  is consid]$ by
 ,mr4 ,rose z hav+ ha/5$ onw>d !        
progress (  error4 ,we f9d "s ( !m n    
cont5t ) apply+ demon/ration to  ! tru? 
( ! sy/em1 b endeav\r+ to e/abli% ea*   
sep>ate  dogma1 ! ,tr9ity1 ! nature ( ! 
,r$eem]1 ! inc>nation1 !  et]nity (     
puni%m5t1 on philosophical &1 /range z x
 may appe>1  "s ( ^! tru?s on           
ma!matical1 gr\nds4 ,we h _h in/ances ( 
?is 9 our own c\ntry2 & ! reason :y !y h
 done little injury  is1 t none ( ^? :o 
?us presum$1 :e!r le>n$ or half  le>n$1 
_h success en\gh to =m a s*ool4 ,s f> z 
su* a !ory  does obta9 influ5ce1 x mu/  
necess>ily be mis*iev\s4 ,! fir/  au?ors
 may hold ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ianity sacr$2
 !y may fancy  t !y c r5d] fai? 9 !m m  
easy by affect+ demon/rative  evid5ce1  
:i*1 inde$1 7 ! subjects capable ( x1   
w\ld r5d]  fai? unnecess>y2 b !y are    
equally guilty ( a va9 presumption 9  _!
 own p[]s1 & ( a want ( real rev]5ce to 
,god1 & to 8  revelation4 ,) !m1 ?is    

boa/ ( demon/ration g5]ally ends 9 !    
rejection ( "s tru?1 or ! adoption ( "s 
positive error2 :ile  _! foll[]s fail n 
to b\nd ov] ! limits at :i* !y h  /opp$4
 ,! fallacy ( ! :ole lies 9 assum+ t    
div9e ?+s  are on ! same level ) ^? :i* 
! human m9d c grasp1 & may  !re=e be    
comp>$ ) !m4 ,"o ( ^! consequ5ces mu/   
!re=e foll[3 ei!r t ! m9d is exalt$     
above its own sph]e1  or t div9e ?+s are
 br\ght d[n bel[ !irs4 ,9 ! =m] case1  a
 dogmatical pride is ! result2 9 !      
latt]1 ! s*eme (  revelation is /ripp$ (
 its div9ity1 & s9ks gradually into a   
sy/em ( human philosophy1 ) ! empty "n (
 a revelation /ill  app5d$ to x to save 
appe>ances4 ,:at c be> ! te/ ( !        
philosophical /&>d is reta9$1 & :at _c  
be ?us prov$ is1  by degrees1 reject$2 s
 t ! ,scripture is no long] ! gr\nd (   
religi\s tru?2 b a sort ( witness to be 
compell$ to ass5t to any  conclusions at
 :i* ?is philosophy may arrive4    ,!   
effect 9 ,g]many 0 spe$ily develop$1    
?\gh ,wolf1 ! f\nd]  ( ?is s*ool1 & mo/ 

( 8 foll[]s1 7 pi\s & fai?ful           
,*ri/ians4 ,by c>ry+ demon/rative       
evid5ce beyond its own prov9ce1  !y _h  
nurtur$ 9 _! foll[]s a va9 confid5ce 9  
human reason2  & ! next & /ill m fatal  
/ep 01 t x 0 ! prov9ce (  human reason 9
 an enlight5$ & intellectual age to     
p]fect  ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 x 0 cont5d$1  
_h hi!rto exi/$ 9 a l[ &  degrad$ /ate1 
& to p]fect t sy/em ( :i* ! elem5ts only
  7 conta9$ 9 ! ,scripture4 ,all re/ra9t
 0 brok5 by ?is  pr9ciple4 ,philosophy1 
good & bad1 0 left to build up ^!       
elem5ts0 accord+ to its own views2 & z1 
aft] all1 _m ( ^!  elem5ts 7 f\nd to be 
too untractable & too rudely %ap$ to    
accord ) ! plans ( ^! manifold          
con/ructions1 =m$ accord+  to e patt]n10
 except t 9 ! m\nt20 :5 ! /one c\ld n   
be squ>$ & fram$ by any art :i* ^!      
build]s possess$1 x 0  reject$10 ev5 to 
! head /one ( ! corn]40 ,seml] appe>s to
 h  be5 ! au?or ( t fam\s !ory (        
accommodation1 :i*1 9 !  h&s ( 8        
foll[]s1 says ,mr4 ,rose1 became ! mo/  

=midable weapon  ev] devis$ = !         
de/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,z f> z      
,g]many is  conc]n$1 ?is language is n  
too /rong2 & we may add1 t x 0  ! mo/   
impud5t !ory ev] advocat$ by m5 pr(ess+ 
/ill to be  ,*ri/ians1 & "o1 ! av[al (  
:i* c sc>cely be acc\nt$ =1  except on !
 gr\nd1 t z1 because ( _! int]e/s1 x 0 n
  conv5i5t = ^! tea*]s ( !ology & m9i/]s
 ( ! ,g]man  *ur*es to disav[           
,*ri/ianity altoge!r2 x 0 devis$ &      
ma9ta9$1 9 ord] to connect ! pr(its ( ! 
,*ri/ian pr(ession  ) sub/antial & almo/
 undisguis$ deism4 ,?is !ory 01 t we    
are n to take all ! decl>ations (       
,scripture z address$ to u2  b to       
consid] !m z1 9 _m po9ts1 purposely     
adapt$ to !  feel+s & dispositions ( !  
age :5 !y orig9at$2 b by no  means to be
 receiv$ by ano!r & m enlight5$ p]iod2  
t1 9  fact1 ,jesus himself & 8 ,apo/les 
_h accommodat$ !mselves 9  _! doctr9es  
to ! b>b>ism1 ignorance1 & prejudices ( 
! ,jews2  & t x 0 !re=e our duty to     
reject ! :ole ( ?is tempor>y  "p (      

,*ri/ianity1 & reta9 only :at is        
sub/antial & et]nal4  ,9 pla9 words !y  
assum$1 z ! v basis ( _! ,scriptural    
int]pretations1 ! blasphem\s pr9ciple1 t
 our ,"l & 8  ,apo/les taught1 or1 at   
lea/1 conniv$ at doctr9es absolutely    
false1  r ?an !y w\ld cons5t to %ock !  
prejudices ( _! he>]s6  ,?is pr9ciple is
 %[n at l5g? by ,mr4 ,rose1 to run ?r\gh
 ! :ole  maze ( error into :i* ?is body 
( ,prote/ant div9es !mselves  w&]$1 & l$
 _! flocks4 ,?us ! *airs ( !ology & ! v 
pulpits 7 turn$ into ! seats ( !        
scornful20 & :]e doctr9es  7 at all     
prea*$1 !y 7 too frequ5tly ( ?is d>+ &  
infidel "*4 ,x became ev51 at lea/1 a   
negative good1 t !  s]mons deliv]$ 7 (t5
 disc\rses on ! be/ modes ( cultivat+   
corn & w9e1 & ! prea*]s employ$ !       
,sabba? & ! *ur* 9  in/ruct+ _! flocks  
h[ to *oose ! be/ k9ds ( potatoes1 or to
  en=ce ^u !m ! b5efits ( vacc9ation4   
,undisguis$ infidelity  has 9 no c\ntry 
treat$ ! gr& evid5ces ( ! tru? (        
,*ri/ianity ) great] contumely1 or be5 m

 (f5sive 9 its  attacks ^u ! prophets1  
or m ridicul\s 9 its attempts to        
acc\nt1 on natural pr9ciples1 = !       
miracles4 ,extremes ( e k9d  7 produc$1 
philosophic my/icism1 pan!ism1 & a!ism4 
,we h hi!rto ref]r$ *iefly to ,mr4      
,rose's "w on ?is awful  decl5sion 9 !  
,lu!ran & o!r cont95tal *ur*es4 ,9 a "w 
on  ! same subject by ,mr4 ,pusey1 !    
/ages ( ! apo/asy are m  c>efully m>k$1 
& m copi\sly & deeply inve/igat$4 ,our  
limits  w1 h[ev]1 b all[ u to adv]t to  
two or ?ree po9ts4 ,9 ,mr4  ,pusey's    
acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ,g]man !ology 9 !     
sev5te5?  c5tury1 he op5s to u ! s\rces 
( ! evil4 ,francke1 he obs]ves1  assigns
 z a reason = atta*+ ! m value to !     
opportunities  provid$ at ,halle = !    
/udy ( ,scripture1 t 89 =m] times1 &  9 
^? :i* are sc>cely pa/1 "o g5]ally f\nd 
at univ]sities  opportunities = e ?+ r  
?an a solid /udy ( ,god's ^w40  ,9 all  
my univ]sity ye>s10 says ,knapp1 ,i 0 n 
happy en\gh to he>  a lecture ^u ! :ole 
( ,scripture2 we %\ld h reg>d$ x z a    

great bless+ :i* came d[n f heav540 ,x  
is said to be "o only  ( _m in/ances1 t 
at ,leipzig1 ,c>pz(f1 hav+ 9 8 lectures 
=  "o half ye> complet$ ! fir/ *apt] (  
,isaiah1 did n aga9  lecture on ! ,bible
 = tw5ty ye>s1 :ile ,ole>ius susp5d$ 8 =
  t54 ,yet ,ole>ius1 z well z ,alb]ti1  
,sp5] says1 7 dilig5t  !ologians1 b t   
mo/ pa9s 7 employ$ on doctr9al !ology & 
controv]sy40 ,x is1 moreov]1 a pa9ful   
speak+ fact1 :i* is  m5tion$ by         
,francke1 7#agji17 t 9 ,leipzig1 ! great
 m>t (  lit]ature z well z ( trade1     
8tw5ty ye>s ago1 9 no booksell]'s  %op 0
 ei!r ,bible or ,te/am5t to be f\nd40 ,(
 ! passages 9  ,francke1 :i* prove !    
same /ate ( ?+s1 ,i w select "o or two  
only3 ,y\? are s5t to ! univ]sities ) a 
mod]ate k (  ,lat92 b ( ,greek1 &       
especially ( ,hebrew next to none4 ,& x 
w\ld  ev5 !n h be5 well1 if :at _h be5  
neglect$ be=e _h be5  made up 9 !       
univ]sities4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 mo/ are borne1
 z by a  torr5t1 ) ! multitude2 !y flock
 to logical1 metaphysical1  e?ical1     

polemical1 physical1 pneumatical        
lectures1 & :at n2  treat+ lea/ ( all ^?
 ?+s ^: b5efit is mo/ p]man5t 9  _!     
future (fice1 especially def]r+1 & at   
la/ neglect+1 !  /udy ( ! sacr$         
languages40 8,to ?is is add$1 t1 !y     
com=t  !mselves1 t 9 exam9ations = ord]s
 ^! ?+s are n  g5]ally mu* att5d$ to4   
,h5ce mo/ :o are anxi\s ab\t a          
ma9t5ance1 hurry to ^? ?+s :i* may ha/5 
_! promotion1  att5d above all ?+s a    
lecture on ! art ( prea*+1 & if !y  c   
rema9 s long at ! univ]sity1 "o on      
doctr9al !ology1 7w\ld  t all 7 anxi\s  
ab\t a salut>y k ( ! sacr$  doctr9es17 &
 hav+ committ$ ^! ?+s to pap] & memory1 
return home1 z if excell5tly arm$ aga9/ 
,satan1 are exam9$1  prea*1 are promot$1
 provide = _! families40 ,& hav+ spok5  
f>!r on ! sup]ficial k1 p$antry1 & o!r  
faults (  ^? few :o acquir$ k ( ^!      
subjects1 he sums up3 ,z !  v]nacul>    
,scriptures are ord9>ily neglect$ or ill
 employ$ by !  illit]ate1 s are !       
orig9al by ! lett]$3 :5ce !re _c b      

arise ei!r ignorance 9 matt]s ( fai?1 or
 an unfruitful & va9  k2 a pleasurable  
fancy is sub/itut$ = ! sub/ance ( !     
fai?2 impiety daily increases4 ,9 a ^w1 
f ! neglect ( ,scripture  all impiety is
 d]iv$2 & s aga9 f ! impiety or unbelief
 (  m51 !re is d]iv$ a contempt (       
,scripture1 or at all ev5ts an  abuse1 &
 an absurd & p]v]t$ employm5t ( x3 &    
h5ce foll[s  ei!r a neglect ( ! orig9al 
languages1 or a s5seless me?od1 or an   
unfitt+ employm5t ( !m2 :i* evils1 s9ce 
!y are cont9u$ f  ! tea*]s to !         
disciples1 ! corrupt$ /ate ( ! s*ools & 
univ]sities cont9ually increases3 & ^!  
we _c rem$y1 unless  we c prevail ^u    
ourselves to make ! ^w ( ,god our fir/  
object1  to look = ,*ri/ 9 x1 & to      
embrace him1 :5 f\nd1 ) g5u9e  fai?1 &  
p]sev]+ly to foll[ him40 ,pfaff ?us     
describes !  previ\s /ate ( doctr9al    
!ology3 ,all ! comp5dia ( holy          
doctr9es1 :i* h hi!rto appe>$1 are ( su*
 a "*1 t1  ?\gh _! excell5ce has be5    
hi!rto extoll$ by ! common praise  ( our

 c\ntrym51 & !y /ill enjoy consid]able  
reputation1 7su  utique luce niteat17 !y
 c ev5 on ?is gr\nd n be satisfactory   
to our age1--t s9ce "o sy/em 0 extract$ 
& work$ out ( !  o!r1 ) a v few         
v>iations1 !y dwell uni=mly on ! same   
/r+2 & t metaphysical clang ( causes1   
:i* s\nds some:at  h>%ly & unpleasantly 
to well cultivat$ e>s1 con/antly        
rev]b]ates 9 !m1 ! same t]ms uni=mly    
recurr+ 9 all4 ,to ?is  is add$1 t a    
c]ta9 coldness appe>s to prevail 9 !    
common mode  ( treat+ ^! subjects1      
especially 9 ! practical topics (       
!ology2 ^! be+ set =? z !oretical       
propositions1 s t  sc>cely any life or  
any religi\s influ5ce f9ds its way into 
!  m9ds ( read]s2 & ! edification ( m9d1
 7?\gh x %\ld be !  pr9cipal object 9   
sacr$ !ology17 d]iv$ f !m is v slight4  
,nor does x appe> less a subject (      
blame1 t v>i\s !ological  1 & ^? ! v    
*ief1 are "h altoge!r omitt$2 t e  ?+ is
 *ok$ ) ! ?orns ( s*ola/icism2 & t div9e
 tru?s  are (t5 made second>y to ! zeal 

= au?ority3 nor is !re  suffici5t       
ref]5ce to ! language ( ! symbolical    
books1 to !  promotion ( ! peace ( !    
*ur*1 to ! exhibition ( :at is (  real  
importance 9 controv]t$ po9ts1 & ( !    
unreality ( ! m]e  logoma*ies1 ) :i* all
 !ology ab\nds2 nor aga91 to de/roy     
!ological p$antry & a sect>ian _s1 or to
 treat ! subjects  !mselves 9 a /yle    
becom+ to !m3 b mo/ ( all1 suffici5t    
pa9s are n be/[$ ^u t :i* is ( *ief     
importance1 !  build+ up ! k+dom ( ,god 
9 ! he>ts ( m51 & ! influ5c+  _! he>ts m
 ?or\ghly ) vivid conceptions ( true    
,*ri/ianity40    ,yet ^! 7 b effects ( a
 /ill high] cause1--! rapid decay (     
piety 9 ?is c5tury1 ( :i* ! /atem5ts (  
,mr4 ,pusey1 & !  au?orities he quotes1 
pres5t a melan*oly picture4 ,speak+ (   
,j4 ,v4  ,&rea1 he says1 ! want (       
practical religi\s in/ruction 9 !  e>ly 
s*ools1 ! p]v]t$ /ate ( all education1 !
 extravagance  & dissolut5ess ( !       
univ]sities1 ! total unfitness ( !      
tea*]s :om !y s5t =? & au?oriz$1 !      

degrad$ /ate (  g5]al z well z (        
!ological sci5ce1 ! int]e/$ motives =   
ent]+ into holy ord]s1 ! canvass+ =     
b5efices1 ! simony 9  obta9+ !m1 !      
especial neglect ( ! poor]1 ! bad lives1
 !  c>elessness & bitt] controv]sies ( !
 prea*]s1 & ! g5]al  corruption ( mann]s
 9 all ranks1 are aga9 & aga9 ! subjects
 (  8 deep regrets or ( 8 c5sure4 8,aft]
 ! evangelic *ur*10 he  says1 9 an      
en]getic comp>ison ( ! evils :i* reign$ 
9 !  beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod ) ^? :i* _h     
occasion$ ! yoke (  ,rome to be brok51  
8aft] ! evangelic *ur* _h ?r[n (f ! yoke
  ( human inv5tions1 !y %\ld h b[$ _!   
neck "u ! easy  yoke ( ! ,"l4 ,b n[ "o  
set ( human inv5tions are b ex*ang$  =  
ano!r1 equally1 or inde$ v little1      
human2 & ^! are call$  ! ^w ( ,god1 ?\gh
 9 reality ?+s are no?+ mild] ?an  be=e4
 ,idols 7 ca/ out1 b ! idols ( s9s are  
wor%ipp$4 ,!  primacy ( ! pope is d5i$1 
b we con/itute less] popes4 ,!  bi%ops  
are abrogat$1 b m9i/]s are /ill         
introduc$ or ca/ out at  w2 simony came 

into ill repute1 b :o n[ rejects a h&   
lad5 )  gold8 ! monks 7 reproa*$ =      
indol5ce1--z if !re 7 too  mu* /udy at  
our univ]sities2 ! mona/]ies 7          
dissolv$1--to  /& empty1 or to be /alls 
= cattle2 ! regul>ly recurr+ pray]s  are
 aboli%$1 yet s t n[ mo/ pray n at all2 
! public fa/s  7 laid aside1 n[ ! comm& 
( ,*ri/ is held to be b useless  words2 
n to say any ?+ ( blasphem]s1 adult]]s1 
extortion]s10  c4 ,aft] _m te/imonies ( 
a simil> & ev5 /rong] k9d f  o!r pi\s   
div9es1 :o lift$ up _! voice /rongly b  
almo/  ineffectually aga9/ ! gr[+       
corruption ( ! univ]sities1 !  cl]gy1 & 
! p1 ,mr4 ,pusey adds ! foll[+ passages 
f  ,francke3 8,! works ( ! fle% are done
 op5ly & unre/ra9$ly1  ) s little %ame1 
t "o :o does n approve ( _m ?+s n       
consi/5t ) ! tru? :i* is 9 ,jesus1 w\ld 
almo/ be enroll$  among h]etics4        
,ambition1 pride1 love ( pleasure1      
luxury1 impurity1  wantonness1 & all !  
crop ( f\le/ wick$nesses :i* spr+ f  ^!2
 inju/ice also1 av>ice1 & a species (   

rivalry among all vices  e :]e s5sibly  
increases1 a!ism jo9+ itself ) epicurism
  & lib]t9ism4 ,?us :ile ,*ri/ is held  
to1 :ile or?odoxy is  pres5t$ z a %ield1
 all imitation ( ,*ri/1 all anxiety =   
true &  spiritual hol9ess1 8)\t :i* no  
"o %all see ! ,"l10 nay1 all  ! decorum 
befitt+ a ,*ri/ian1 is bani%$1 is       
ext]m9at$1 t x  may n di/urb ! societies
 ( p]v]se m540 ,into ! /ate ( !  cl]gy  
he ent]s m fully 9 ano!r "w4 ,i         
rememb]10 he says1 8t  a !ologian ( no  
common le>n+1 piety1 & practical k1    1
 told me1 t a c]ta9 mon>*1 at 8         
sugge/ion1 appli$  to a univ]sity1 :]e  
!re 0 a l>ge conc\rse ( /ud5ts (        
!ology1 = two c&idates = holy ord]s1 :o1
 by ! excell5ce &  purity ( _! doctr9e1 
& by hol9ess ( life1 might s]ve z an    
example to ! congregation committ$ to _!
 *>ge2 ! pr(essors  c&idly answ]$ t !re 
0 no su* /ud5t ( !ology among !m4  ,nor 
is ?is surpris+4 ,i rememb] t ,kor?olt  
us$ to say ) pa91  t 9 ! disgraceful    
/rifes1 di/urbances1 & tumults 9 !      

univ]sities1 :i* 71 alas1 b too frequ5t1
 x sc>cely ev]  happ5$ t !ological      
/ud5ts 7 n f\nd to be accomplices1  nay1
 ! *iefs4 ,i rememb] t ano!r !ologian   
(t5 lam5t$1 t  !re 0 su* a de>? 9 ! *ur*
 ( su* p]sons z ! ,apo/le  w\ld alone   
?9k wor?y ( ! m9i/]ial functions1 t x 0 
to be  reg>d$ z a happ9ess if1 ( _m     
applicants1 "s "o ( outw>dly  dec5t life
 c\ld at l5g? be f\nd40    ,) sev]al    
happy exceptions1 & ! rais+ up ( a few  
pi\s p  9 "s places1 & a p>tial revival 
( evangelical doctr9es1 :i*1  h[ev]1 (t5
 ran at l5g? into my/icism &            
ant9omianism1 ! evil1  bo? doctr9ally & 
morally1 cont9u$ to increase to our own 
day2 =  if any ask :at has be5 ! moral  
effect ( ! appall+ apo/asy (  ! tea*]s (
 religion1 above describ$1 ^u ! p (     
,g]many1  ! answ] may be giv5 f "o ( ^! 
rationaliz+ div9es  !mselves1 ^: /atem5t
 is n !re=e likely to be too highly     
col\r$4 ,x is f a pamphlet (            
,brets*neid]1 publi%$ 9 #ahbb1 &  !     
sub/ance is1 ,indiff]5ce to religion    

among all classes2 t  =m]ly ! ,bible us$
 to be 9 e h\se1 b n[ ! p ei!r  d n     
possess x1 or1 z =m]ly1 read x2 t few   
att5d !  *ur*es1 :i* are n[ too l>ge1   
?\gh fifty ye>s ago !y 7 too  small2 t  
few hon\r ! ,sabba?2 t !re are n[ few   
/ud5ts (  !ology1 comp>$ ) ^? 9 law &   
m$ic9e2 t if ?+s g on  s1 !re w %ortly n
 be p]sons to supply ! v>i\s            
ecclesia/ical (fices2 t prea*+ _h fall5 
into contempt2 &  t di/ru/ & suspicion (
 ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity prevail$      
among all classes40 ,melan*oly z ?is    
picture is1 no?+ 9 x c  surprise any "o1
 except t ! v p]sons :o h creat$ ! evil 
%\ld !mselves be a/oni%$ at its exi/5ce1
 or ev5 affect to be  s4 ,b ! m]cy (    
,god has begun to answ] ! pray]s ( ! few
  fai?ful :o are left z ! glean+s (     
grapes aft] ! v9tage2 &  to revive1 9 "s
 active1 le>n$1 & influ5tial m51 ! _s ( 
primitive fai? & zeal4 ,! effect ( !    
ex]tions ( ^! excell5t  m51 bo? f !     
pr(essor's *air1 ! pulpit1 & ! press1   
has  be5 consid]able2 & x is rem>k$ by  

,mr4 ,rose1 t no small degree  ( disgu/ 
at ! pa/ follies ( ! rationali/s        
prevails2 t !  cold & com=tless nature (
 _! sy/em has be5 p]ceiv$2 t a  p>ty (  
truly ,*ri/ian views has aris52 & t !re 
is a  disposition alike 9 ! p1 ! bett]  
"p ( ! div9es1 & !  philosoph]s1 to     
return to t reveal$ religion :i* alone c
 give  !m com=t & peace4 ,x is equally  
cle> t "s at lea/ ( !  gov]nm5ts p]ceive
 ! dang]\s t5d5cy ( ! rationali/        
op9ions1  & t !y are s9c]ely desir\s (  
promot+ a bett] /ate (  religi\s feel+4 
,we close ?is article ) ! excell5t      
rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,tittman (  ,dresd51 on ! 
neological int]pret]s3 ,:at is !        
int]pretation (  ! ,scriptures1 if x    
relies n on words1 b ?+s1 n on !        
assi/ance ( languages1 b on ! decrees ( 
reason t is1 ( mod]n  philosophy8 ,:at  
is all religion1 :at ! k ( div9e ?+s1   
:at are fai? & hope plac$ 9 ,*ri/1 :at  
is all ,*ri/ianity1 if  human reason &  
philosophy is ! only f\nta9 ( div9e     
wisdom1 &  ! supreme judge 9 ! matt] (  

religion8 ,:at is ! doctr9e (  ,*ri/ & !
 ,apo/les m ?an "s philosophical sy/em8 
,b :at1  !n1 ,i pray y1 is1 to d5y1 to  
blaspheme ,jesus ! ,"l1 to r5d]  8 div9e
 mission d\btful1 nay va9 & useless1 to 
impugn 8  doctr9e1 to disfigure x       
%amefully1 to attack x1 to expose x to  
ridicule1 &1 if possible1 to suppress x1
 to remove all ,*ri/ianity  out (       
religion1 & to b\nd religion )9 ! n>r[  
limits (  reason alone1 to d]ide        
miracles1 & hold !m up to d]ision1 to   
accuse !m z va91 to br+ !m into         
disrepute1 to torture sacr$  ,scripture 
into seem+ agreem5t ) ! fancies ( human 
wisdom1 to  alloy x ) human conjectures1
 to br+ x into contempt1 & to break  d[n
 its div9e au?ority1 to und]m9e1 to     
%ake1 to ov]?r[ utt]ly  ! f\ndations (  
,*ri/ian fai?8 ,:at else c be ! ev5t ?an
  ?is1 z all hi/ory1 a mo/ weighty      
witness 9 ?is matt]1 in=ms u1  namely1 t
 :5 sacr$ ,scripture1 its grammatical   
int]pretation & a  s\nd k ( languages   
are1 z x 71 despis$ & bani%$1 all       

religion %\ld be contemn$1 %ak51        
corrupt$1 tr\bl$1 und]m9$1  utt]ly      
ov]turn$1 & %\ld be entirely remov$ &   
r$uc$ to  natural religion2 or t x %\ld 
end 9 a my/ical !ology1 ?an  :i* no?+ 0 
ev] m p]nici\s to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & 
be  conv]t$ into an empty 1 or ev5 into 
a poetical sy/em1  hid+ e ?+ 9 figures &
 fictions1 to :i* latt] sy/em n a  few (
 ! sacr$ orators & !ologians ( our "t   
seem *iefly  incl9$40    ,,neom5ia1 1   
new moon1 ,col4 ii1 #af1 a ,greek ^w1   
signify+  ! fir/ day ( ! moon or mon?4  
,! ,hebrews _h a p>ticul>  v5]ation = ! 
fir/ day ( e mon?2 & ,moses appo9t$     
peculi> sacrifices = ! day1 ,num4       
xxviii1 #aa1 #ab2 b he gave no  ord]s t 
x %\ld be kept z a holy day1 nor c x be 
prov$ t  ! anci5ts obs]v$ x s3 x 0 a    
fe/ival ( m]ely volunt>y  devotion4 ,x  
appe>s t ev5 f ! "t ( ,saul !y made1 on 
?is  day1 a sort ( family ent]ta9m5t1   
s9ce ,david ought !n to h be5  at ! k+'s
 table2 & ,saul took 8 abs5ce amiss1 #a 
,sam4 xx1 #e1 #ah4  ,moses ins9uates t1 

beside ! national sacrifices !n regul>ly
  (f]$1 e private p]son _h 8 p>ticul>   
sacrifices ( devotion1  ,num4 x1 #aj4 ,!
 beg9n+ ( ! mon? 0 proclaim$ by s\nd (  
trumpet1 at ! (f]+ ( ! solemn           
sacrifices4 ,b ! mo/  celebrat$ neom5ia 
0 t at ! beg9n+ ( ! civil ye>1 or  fir/ 
day ( ! mon? ,tizri1 ,lev4 xxiii1 #bd4  
,?is 0 a sacr$ day1 on  :i* no s]vile   
lab\r 0 p]=m$2 on ?is !y (f]$ public or 
national burnt-sacrifices1 & s\nd$ !    
trumpets 9 ! temple4 ,9  ! k+dom ( ! t5 
tribes1 ! s]i\s among ! p us$ to        
assemble at ! h\ses ( ! prophets1 to he>
 _! in/ructions4 ,!  ,%unamite1 :o      
ent]ta9$ ,eli%a1 propos+ to visit t     
prophet1 h]  husb& said to h]1 ,:y d y g
 to-day1 s9ce x is nei!r ,sabba?  nor   
new moon80 #b ,k+s iv1 #bc4 ,isaiah     
decl>es t ! ,"l abhors !  new moons1 !  
,sabba?s1 & o!r days ( fe/ival &        
assembly (  ^? ,jews :o 9 o!r ?+s       
neglect$ 8 laws1 ,isaiah i1 #ac1 #ad4   
,ezekiel says t ! burnt-(f]+s (f]$ on ! 
day ( ! new moon  7 provid$ at ! k+'s   

exp5se1 & t on ?is day 0 to be  op5$ !  
ea/]n gate ( ! c\rt ( ! prie/s1 ,ezek4  
xiv1 #ag2  xlvi1 #a1 #b2 #a ,*ron4      
xxiii1 #ca2 #b ,*ron4 viii1 #ac4 ,judi? 
kept no fa/  on fe/ival days1 or on !   
new moon1 ,judi? viii1 #f4 ,! mod]n     
,jews  keep ! neom5ia only z a fea/ (   
devotion1 to be obs]v$ or n at          
pleasure4 ,!y ?9k x r belongs to ! wom5 
?an to ! m54 ,!  wom5 =be> "w1 & indulge
 a little m on ?is day ?an on  o!rs4 ,9 
! pray]s ( ! synagogue1 !y read f ,psalm
 cxiii1 to  cxviii4 ,!y br+ =? ! roll ( 
! law1 & read !re9 to f\r  p]sons4 ,!y  
call to remembrance ! sacrifice t on ?is
 day us$ to  be (f]$ 9 ! temple4 ,on !  
ev5+ ( ! ,sabba? :i* foll[s  ! new moon1
 or "s o!r ev5+ foll[+1 :5 ! new moon   
fir/  appe>s1 !y assemble & pray to     
,god1 z ! ,creator ( ! planets1  & !    
re/or] ( ! new moon2 rais+ !mselves t[>d
 heav51 !y  entreat ( ,god to be pres]v$
 f mis=tune2 !n1 aft] m5tion+  ,david1  
!y salute ea* o!r1 & sep>ate4 ,see      
,,moon4    ,,neonomianism1 s call$ f !  

,greek 1 new1 & 1 law4  ,?is is n !     
appellation ( a sep>ate sect1 b ( ^? bo?
 among  ,arm9ians & ,calv9i/s :o reg>d  
,*ri/ianity z a new law1  mitigat$ 9 its
 requisitions = ! sake ( ,*ri/4 ,?is    
op9ion has  _m modifications1 & has be5 
held by p]sons v greatly diff]+  f ea*  
o!r 9 ! consequ5ces to :i* !y c>ry x1 & 
9 !  pr9ciples f :i* !y d$uce x4 ,"o    
op9ion is1 t ! new  cov5ant ( grace :i*1
 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 !  ,fa!r 
made ) m51 consi/s1 accord+ to ?is      
sy/em1 n 9 our  be+ ju/ifi$ by fai?1 z x
 appreh5ds ! righte\sness ( ,*ri/2  b 9 
?is1 t ,god1 abrogat+ ! exaction (      
p]fect legal  ob$i5ce1 reputes or       
accepts ( fai? itself1 & ! imp]fect     
ob$i5ce ( fai?1 in/ead ( ! p]fect       
ob$i5ce ( ! law1 &  graci\sly acc\nts !m
 wor?y ( ! rew>d ( et]nal life4 ,t[>d  !
 close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a controv]sy
 0 agitat$ among  ! ,engli% ,diss5t]s1 9
 :i* ! "o side1 :o 7 p>tial to !  writ+s
 ( ,dr4 ,crisp1 7 *>g$ ) ant9omianism1 &
 ! o!r1  :o fav\r$ ^? ( ,mr4 ,baxt]1 7  

accus$ ( neonomianism4 ,dr4  ,daniel    
,williams 0 a pr9cipal writ] on :at 0   
call$ ! neonomian  side4    ,! foll[+   
objection1 among o!rs1 0 made by sev]al 
m9i/]s 9  #afib1 aga9/ ,dr4 ,williams's 
,gospel ,tru? ,/at$10 c3 8,to supply !  
room ( ! moral law1 vacat$ by him1 he   
turns ! ,gospel into a new  law1 9 keep+
 ( :i* we %all be ju/ifi$ = ! sake (    
,*ri/'s  righte\sness1 mak+             
qualifications & acts ( ours a dispos+  
subord9ate righte\sness1 :]eby we become
 capable ( be+ ju/ifi$  by ,*ri/'s      
righte\sness40 ,to ?is1 among o!r ?+s1  
he answ]s3  8,! diff]5ce is n1 #a4 ,:e!r
 ! ,gospel be a new law 9 !  ,soc9ian1  
popi%1 or ,arm9ian s5se4 ,?is ,i d5y4   
,nor1 #b4 ,is fai?1 or  any o!r grace or
 acts ( ours1 any atonem5t = s91        
satisfaction to  ju/ice1 m]it+          
qualification1 or any "p ( t            
righte\sness =  :i* we are ju/ifi$ at   
,god our ,creator's b>4 ,?is ,i d5y 9   
places  innum]able4 ,nor1 #c4 ,:e!r !   
,gospel be a law m new ?an is  impli$ 9 

! fir/ promise to fall5 ,adam1 propos$  
to ,ca91 &  obey$ by ,abel1 to !        
diff]5c+ him f 8 unbeliev+ bro!r4  ,?is 
,i d5y4 #d4 ,nor :e!r ! ,gospel be a law
 t all[s s91 :5 x  accepts su* graces z 
true1 ?\gh %ort ( p]fection1 to be !    
conditions ( our p]sonal int]e/ 9 !     
b5efits pur*as$ by ,*ri/4  ,?is ,i d5y4 
#e4 ,nor :e!r ! ,gospel be a law1 !     
promises :]e(  entitle ! p]=m]s ( its   
conditions to ! b5efits z ( debt4  ,?is 
,i d5y4 ,! diff]5ce is1 #a4 ,is !       
,gospel a law 9 ?is s5se2  namely1 ,god 
9 ,*ri/ !reby comm&e? s9n]s to rep5t (  
s91 &  receive ,*ri/ by a true op]ative 
fai?1 promis+ t !reupon !y  %all be     
unit$ to him1 ju/ifi$ by 8 righte\sness1
 p>don$1 &  adopt$2 & t1 p]sev]+ 9 fai? 
& true hol9ess1 !y %all be  f9ally sav$2
 also ?reat5+ t if any %all die         
imp5it5t1  unbeliev+1 ungodly1 reject]s 
( 8 grace1 !y %all p]i% )\t  relief1 &  
endure sor] puni%m5ts ?an if ^! (f]s _h 
n be5  made to !m8 #b4 ,ha? ! ,gospel a 
sanction1 t is1 do? ,*ri/  !re9 en=ce 8 

comm&s ( fai?1 rep5tance1 & p]sev]ance1 
by  ! =esaid promises & ?reat5+s1 z     
motives to our ob$i5ce8  ,bo? ^! ,i     
affirm1 & !y d5y2 say+1 ! ,gospel 9 !   
l>ge/  s5se is an absolute promise )\t  
precepts & conditions1 & a  ,gospel     
?reat is a bull4 #c4 ,d ! ,gospel       
promises ( b5efits to  c]ta9 graces1 &  
its ?reats t ^? b5efits %all be )held1  
& ! contr>y evils inflict$ = ! neglect (
 su* graces1 r5d]  ^! graces ! condition
 ( our p]sonal title to ^? b5efits8 ,?is
  !y d5y1 & ,i affirm10 c4    ,x does n 
appe> to h be5 a "q 9 ?is controv]sy1   
:e!r  ,god 9 8 ^w comm&s s9n]s to rep5t1
 & believe 9 ,*ri/1 nor  :e!r he        
promises life to believ]s1 & ?reat5s    
dea? to  unbeliev]s2 b :e!r x be !      
,gospel "u ! =m ( a new law  t ?us      
comm&s or ?reat5s1 or ! moral law on its
 behalf1 &  :e!r its promises to believ+
 r5d] su* believ+ a condition (  ! ?+s  
promis$4 ,9 ano!r controv]sy1 h[ev]1 :i*
 arose ab\t  =ty ye>s aft]w>d among !   
same p1 x became a "q  :e!r ,god did by 

8 ^w1 call x law or ,gospel1 comm&      
unreg5]ate  s9n]s to rep5t & believe 9  
,*ri/1 or d any ?+ also1 :i* is         
spiritually good4 ,( ^? :o took !       
affirmative side ( ?is  "q1 "o p>ty     
ma9ta9$ x on ! gr\nd ( ! ,gospel be+ a  
new law1 consi/+ ( comm&s1 promises1 &  
?reat5+s1 ! t]ms  or conditions ( :i* 7 
rep5tance1 fai?1 & s9c]e ob$i5ce4  ,b ^?
 :o fir/ engag$ 9 ! controv]sy1 ?\gh !y 
all[$ !  enc\ragem5t to rep5t & believe 
to arise m]ely f ! grace (  ! ,gospel1  
yet consid]$ ! =mal obligation to d s z 
aris+  m]ely f ! moral law1 :i*1 requir+
 supreme love to ,god1  requires        
acquiesc5ce 9 any revelation :i* he %all
 at any "t make  kn[n4    ,,n]o4 ,!     
,emp]or ,n]o is n nam$ 9 ,scripture2 b  
he is indicat$ by  8 title ( emp]or1 &  
by 8 surname ,cs>4 ,to him ,/4 ,paul    
appeal$  aft] 8 imprisonm5t by ,felix1 &
 8 exam9ation by ,fe/us1 :o 0  sway$ by 
! ,jews4 ,/4 ,paul 0 !re=e c>ri$ to     
,rome1 :]e he  arriv$ ,a4 ,d4 #fa4 ,"h  
he cont9u$ two ye>s1 prea*+ ! ,gospel ) 

fre$om1 till he became fam\s ev5 9 !    
emp]or's c\rt1 9 :i*  7 _m ,*ri/ians2 = 
he salutes ! ,philippians 9 ! "n ( !    
bre?r5 :o 7 ( ! h\sehold ( ,cs>1 t is1 (
 ,n]o's c\rt1  ,phil4 i1 #ab1 #ac2 iv1  
#bb4 ,we h no p>ticul> in=mation h[ he  
cle>$ himself f ! accusations ( ! ,jews1
 :e!r by answ]+  be=e ,n]o1 or :e!r 8   
enemies dropp$ _! prosecutions1 :i*     
seems probable1 ,acts xxviii1 #ba4      
,h[ev]1 x appe>s t he 0  lib]at$ 9 ! ye>
 #fc4 ,n]o is reckon$ ! fir/ p]secutor (
 !  ,*ri/ian *ur*3 8 p]secution 0 ,a4   
,d4 #fd4 ,n]o1 ! mo/ cruel &  savage (  
all m51 & also ! mo/ wick$ & deprav$1   
began 8  p]secution aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian    
*ur*1 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 on pret5ce ( !  burn+
 ( ,rome1 ( :i* "s h ?\ght himself to be
 ! au?or4 ,he  endeav\r$ to ?r[ all !   
odium on ! ,*ri/ians3 ^? 7 seiz$  fir/ t
 7 kn[n publicly z su*1 & by _! means _m
 o!rs  7 discov]$4 ,!y 7 condemn$ to    
dea?1 & 7 ev5 insult$ 9  _! suff]+s4 ,"s
 7 sew$ up 9 sk9s ( bea/s1 & !n  expos$ 
to dogs to be torn 9 pieces2 "s 7 nail$ 

to crosses2  o!rs p]i%$ by fire4 ,!     
latt] 7 sew$ up 9 pit*$ cov]+s1  :i*1   
be+ set on fire1 s]v$ z tor*es to ! p1 &
 7  light$ up 9 ! night4 ,n]o gave leave
 to use 8 own g>d5s1 z !  sc5e ( all ^! 
cruelties4 ,f ?is "t edicts 7 publi%$   
aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 & _m m>tyrs suff]$1  
especially 9 ,italy4  ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4   
,paul are ?\ght to h suff]$ m>tyrdom1   
consequ5t on ?is p]secution1 ,a4 ,d4    
#fe4 ,! revolt ( ! ,jews f  ! ,romans   
happ5$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fe & #ff1 9 !      
twelf? & ?irte5?  ( ,n]o4 ,! city (     
,j]usalem mak+ an insurrection1 ,a4 ,d4 
#ff1 ,florus  !re slew ?ree ?\s& six    
hundr$ p]sons1 & ?us began ! w>4 ,a     
little :ile aft]w>d1 ^? ( ,j]usalem     
kill$ ! ,roman g>rison4  ,ce/ius on ?is 
came to ,j]usalem to suppress ! s$ition2
 b he 0  =c$ to retire1 aft] hav+       
besieg$ x ab\t six weeks1 & 0  r\t$ 9 8 
retreat1 ,a4 ,d4 #ff4 ,ab\t ! end ( !   
same ye>1 ,n]o  gave ,vespasian ! comm& 
( 8 troops aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,?is g5]al    
c>ri$ on ! w> 9 ,galilee & ,judea dur+  

,a4 ,d4 #fg & #fh1 !  ?irte5? & f\rte5? 
( ,n]o4 ,b ,n]o kill+ himself 9 !       
f\rte5? ye> ( 8 reign1 ,j]usalem 0 n    
besieg$ till aft] 8  dea?1 ,a4 ,d4 #gj1 
! fir/ & second ( ,vespasian4           
,,ne/orians1 a d5om9ation :i* arose 9 ! 
fif? c5tury1 f  ,ne/orius1 bi%op (      
,con/ant9ople2 a man ( consid]able le>n+
 &  eloqu5ce1 & ( an indep5d5t _s4 ,!   
,ca?olic cl]gy 7 fond  ( call+ ! ,virg9 
,m>y ,"m ( ,god10 to :i* ,ne/orius      
object$1  z imply+ t %e 0 "m ( ! div9e  
nature1 :i* he v  prop]ly d5i$2 & ?is   
rais$ aga9/ him1 f ,cyril & o!rs1 !  cry
 ( h]esy1 & p]haps l$ him into "s       
improp] =ms (  expression & explication4
 ,x is g5]ally agre$1 h[ev]1 by !       
mod]ns1 t ,ne/orius %[$ a mu* bett] _s 9
 controv]sy ?an  8 antagoni/1 ,/4       
,cyril4 ,z to ! doctr9e ( ! tr9ity1 x   
does  n appe> t ,ne/orius diff]$ f 8    
antagoni/s1 admitt+ !  coquality ( !    
div9e ,p]sons2 b he 0 *>g$ ) ma9ta9+    
two di/9ct p]sons1 z well z natures1 9 !
 my/]i\s "* (  ,*ri/4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he   

solemnly & con/antly d5i$2 & f ?is1  z a
 f\l reproa*1 he has be5 cle>$ by !     
mod]ns1 & p>ticul>ly  by ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 :o
 lays ! :ole blame ( ?is controv]sy on !
  turbul5t & angry ,cyril4 7,see        
,,hypo/atic ,,union47 ,! discordancy n  
only betwe5 ! ,ne/orians & o!r          
,*ri/ians1 b also among  !mselves1      
arose1 no d\bt1 9 a great measure1 f !  
ambiguity (  ! ,greek t]ms hypo/asis &  
prosopon4 ,! c\ncils assembl$ at        
,seleucia on ?is occasion decre$ t 9    
,*ri/ !re 7 two  hypo/ases4 ,b ?is ^w1  
unhappily1 0 us$ bo? = p]son &          
subsi/5ce1 or exi/5ce2 h5ce ! difficulty
 & ambiguity3 & (  ^! hypo/ases x is    
said ! "o 0 div9e1 & ! o!r  human2--!   
div9e ,^w1 & ! man ,jesus4 ,n[ ( ^! two 
hypo/ases x is add$1 !y _h only "o      
b>sopa1 ! orig9al t]m  us$ by ,ne/orius1
 & usually translat$ by ! ,greeks1      
p]son20 b to  avoid ! appe>ance ( an    
express contradiction1 ,dr4 ,mo%eim     
translates  ?is b>b>\s ^w aspect10 z    
mean+ a union ( w & affection1  r ?an ( 

nature or ( p]son4 ,& ?us ! ,ne/orians  
are *>g$  ) reject+ ! union ( two       
natures 9 "o p]son1 f _!  peculi> mann] 
( express+ !mselves1 ?\gh !y absolutely 
d5i$  ! *>ge4    ,9 ! e>lie/ ages (     
,ne/orianism1 ! v>i\s bran*es ( t       
num]\s & p[]ful sect 7 "u ! spiritual   
jurisdiction ( !  ,ca?olic patri>* (    
,babylon1--a vague appellation :i* has  
be5  successively appli$ to ! sees (    
,seleucia1 ,ctesiphon1 &  ,bagdad1--b :o
 n[ resides at ,m\sul4 ,9 ! sixte5?     
c5tury !  ,ne/orians 7 divid$ into two  
sects2 = 9 #aeea a w>m dispute arose    
among !m ab\t ! creation ( a new        
patri>*1 ,simeon ,b>mamas1 or  ,b>mana1 
be+ propos$ by "o p>ty1 & ,sulaka1      
o!rwise nam$ ,siud1  e>ne/ly desir$ by !
 o!r2 :5 ! latt]1 to support 8          
pret5sions ! m effectually1 repair$ to  
,rome1 & 0 consecrat$  patri>* 9 #aeec1 
by ,pope ,julius ,,iii41 ^: jurisdiction
 he _h  ackn[l$g$1 & to ^: comm&s he _h 
promis$ unlimit$ submission  & ob$i5ce4 
,^u ?is new ,*aldean patri>*'s return to

 8 own  c\ntry1 ,julius s5t ) him sev]al
 p]sons skill$ 9 ! ,syriac  language1 to
 assi/ him 9 e/abli%+ & ext5d+ ! papal  
empire  among ! ,ne/orians2 & f t "t1 t 
unhappy p h be5  divid$ into two        
factions1 & h (t5 be5 involv$ 9 !       
greate/  dang]s & difficulties1 by !    
j>r+ s5tim5ts & p]petual  qu>rels ( _!  
patri>*s4 ,9 #aeee1 ,simeon ,d5ha1      
ar*bi%op ( ,gelu1  adopt$ ! p>ty ( !    
fugitive patri>*1 :o _h embrac$ !       
communion ( ! ,lat9 *ur*2 &1 be+ aft]w>d
 *os5 patri>*  himself1 he fix$ 8       
resid5ce 9 ! city ( ,van1 or ,ormia1 9 !
  m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,p]sia1 :]e 8         
successors /ill cont9ue1 &  are all     
di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,simeon2 b !y seem ( 
late to  h )drawn !mselves f _!         
communion ) ! *ur* ( ,rome4  ,! great   
,ne/orian pontiffs :o =m ! opposite     
p>ty1 & :o h1  s9ce #aeei1 be5 di/+ui%$ 
by ! g5]al d5om9ation ( ,elias1 &       
reside con/antly at ,m\sul1 look ) a    
ho/ile eye on ?is little  patri>*2 b    
s9ce #afag ! bi%ops ( ,ormus h be5 9 s  

l[ &  decl9+ a /ate1 bo? 9 opul5ce &    
cr$it1 t !y are no long]  9 a condition 
to excite ! envy ( _! bre?r5 at ,m\sul1 
^:  spiritual dom9ion is v ext5sive1    
tak+ 9 great "p ( ,asia1 &  compreh5d+  
)9 its circuit ! ,arabian ,ne/orians1 z 
also !  ,*ri/ians ( ,/4 ,?omas1 :o dwell
 along ! coa/ ( ,malab>4    ,,ne?9ims4  
,! ,ne?9ims 7 s]vants :o _h be5 giv5 up 
to !  s]vice ( ! tab]nacle & temple1 to 
p]=m ! meane/ & mo/  labori\s s]vices   
!re91 9 supply+ wood & wat]4 ,at fir/ ! 
,gibeonites 7 appo9t$ to ?is s]vice1    
,jo%ua ix1 #bg4 ,aft]w>d !  ,canaanites 
:o surr5d]$ !mselves1 & ^: lives 7 sp>$1
 7  consign$ to ! p]=mance ( ! same     
duties4 ,we read1 ,ezra viii1 #bj1  t ! 
,ne?9ims 7 slaves devot$ by ,david & !  
o!r pr9ces to  ! m9i/ry ( ! temple2 &   
else:]e1 t !y 7 slaves giv5  by         
,solomon2 ! *ildr5 ( ,solomon's s]vants1
 ,ezra ii1 #eh2 & we see1  9 #a ,k+s ix1
 #bj1 #ba1 t ?is pr9ce _h subdu$ !      
rema9s ( !  ,canaanites1 & _h con/ra9$  
!m to sev]al s]vitudes2 &1 x is  v      

probable1 he gave a good numb] ( !m to !
 prie/s & ,levites  = ! s]vice ( !      
temple4 ,! ,ne?9ims 7 c>ri$ into        
captivity  ) ! tribe ( ,judah1 & !re 7  
great numb]s ( !m ne> !  coa/ ( !       
,caspian ,sea1 f :5ce ,ezra br\ght "s ( 
!m back1  ,ezra viii1 #ag4 ,aft] !      
return f ! captivity1 !y dwelt 9 !      
cities appo9t$ !m1 ,ezra ii1 #ag4 ,!re 7
 "s ( !m also at  ,j]usalem1 :o inhabit$
 t "p ( ! city call$ ,ophel1 ,neh4 iii1 
#bf4 ,^? :o return$ ) ,ezra 7 to ! numb]
 ( two hundr$ &  tw5ty1 ,ezra viii1 #bj2
 & ^? :o foll[$ ,z]ubbabel made up ?ree 
hundr$ & n9ety-two1 ,ezra ii1 #eh4 ,?is 
numb] 0 b small 9 reg>d  to ! (fices t 7
 impos$ on !m2 s t we f9d !m aft]w>d    
in/itut+ a solemnity call$ ,xylophoria1 
9 :i* ! p c>ri$  wood to ! temple )     
great c]emony1 to keep up ! fire on !   
alt>  ( burnt sacrifices4    ,,nettles4 
,we f9d ?is "n giv5 to two diff]5t words
 9 ! orig9al4  ,! fir/ is 1 ,job xxx1   
#g2 ,prov]bs xxiv1 #ca2 ,zeph4 ii1 #i4  
,x is n  easy to det]m9e :at species (  

plant is "h meant4 ,f ! passage  9 ,job1
 ! nettle c\ld n be int5d$2 = a plant is
 ref]r$ to  l>ge en\gh = p to take %elt]
 "u4 ,! foll[+ extract  f ,d5on's       
,travels may help to illu/rate ! text1 &
 %[ to :at  an uncom=table retreat ^?   
vagabonds mu/ h resort$4 ,"o ( !        
inconv5i5ces ( ! vegetable ?ickets (    
,egypt is1 t x is  difficult to rema9 9 
!m2 z n9e-t5?s ( ! trees & ! plants  are
 arm$ ) inexorable ?orns1 :i* suff] only
 an unquiet enjoym5t  ( ! %ad[ :i* is s 
con/antly desirable1 f ! precaution     
necess>y to gu>d aga9/ !m40 ,! 1 ,prov4 
xxiv1 #ca2 ,isaiah  xxxiv1 #ac2 ,hosea  
ix1 #f2 is by ! ,vulgate r5d]$ urtica10 
:i* is  well def5d$ by ,celsius1 & v    
probably means ! nettle40    ,,nice or  
,,nic5e ,,cre$ is s d5om9at$1 because ! 
great] "p ( x1  namely1 z f> z ! words1 
,holy ,gho/10 0 drawn up & agre$ to at  
! c\ncil ( ,nice1 or ,nica1 9 ,bi?ynia1 
,a4 ,d4 #cbe4 ,?is c\ncil 0  assembl$   
aga9/ ,arius1 :o1 ?\gh he br\ght d[n !  
,son to !  condition ( a creature1      

inf]ior1 = t reason1 9 nature to !      
,fa!r1 yet ackn[l$g$ 8 p]sonal subsi/5ce
 be=e ! _w1 &  8 sup]iority 9 nature to 
all ! ?+s t 7 creat$ by him4 ,s  t !re 0
 ne$ ( "s high] expression 9 ?is case   
?an !  o!r1 to import 8 equal dignity ( 
nature ) ! ,fa!r & ,creator  ( all2 &   
no?+ 0 f\nd to answ] ! purpose s well z 
! t]m  4 ,! re/ ( ?is cre$ 0 add$ at !  
c\ncil (  ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4 ,d4 #eha1  
except ! words1 & ! ,son10 :i* foll[  ! 
words1 :o proce$e? f ! ,fa!r10 & !y 7   
ins]t$ ,a4 ,d4  #ddg4 ,! addition made  
at ,con/ant9ople 0 caus$ by ! d5ial ( ! 
div9ity ( ! ,holy ,gho/ by ,mac$onius & 
8 foll[]s2 & !  cre$1 ?us enl>g$1 0     
imm$iately receiv$ by all or?odox       
,*ri/ians4 ,! ins]tion ( ! words1 & !   
,son10 0 made by !  ,spani% bi%ops2 & !y
 7 soon aft] adopt$ by ! ,*ri/ians 9    
,france4 ,! bi%ops ( ,rome = "s "t      
refus$ to admit ^! words  into ! cre$2 b
 at la/1 ,a4 ,d4 #hhc1 :5 ,ni*olas !    
,fir/ 0  pope1 !y 7 all[$1 & f t "t !y h
 /ood 9 !  ,nic5e cre$1 9 all ! we/]n   

*ur*es2 b ! ,greek *ur* has  nev]       
receiv$ !m4 ,see ,,arius4               
,,nicodemus1 a disciple ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 
a ,jew by nation1 & a ,ph>isee1  ,john  
iii1 #a1 c4 ,at ! "t :5 ! prie/s &      
,ph>isees _h s5t  (fic]s to seize       
,jesus1 ,nicodemus decl>$ himself op5ly 
9 8  fav\r1 ,john vii1 #de1 c2 & /ill m 
s :5 he w5t ) ,joseph (  ,arima!a to pay
 ! la/ duties to 8 body1 :i* !y took d[n
 f  ! cross1 embalm$1 & laid 9 a        
sepul*re4    ,,nicolaitans4 ,/4 ,john   
says 9 8 ,revelation1 to ! angel ( !    
*ur*  ( ,ephesus1 ,b ?is ?\ ha/1 t ?\   
hate/ ! de$s ( !  ,nicolaitans1 :i* ,i  
also hate10 ,rev4 ii1 #f2 & aga91 to !  
angel (  ! *ur* ( ,p]gamos3 ,s ha/ ?\   
also !m t hold ! doctr9e (  !           
,nicolaitans1 :i* ?+ ,i hate10 ,rev4 ii1
 #ae4 ,^! are ! only  two places :]e !  
,nicolaitans are m5tion$ 9 ! ,new       
,te/am5t3 &  x might appe> at fir/1 t   
little c\ld be inf]r$ f ^!  conc]n+ ei!r
 _! doctr9e or _! practice4 ,x is       
ass]t$1  h[ev]1 by all ! fa!rs1 t !     

,nicolaitans 7 a bran* ( !  ,gno/ics3 & 
! epi/les1 :i* 7 address$ by ,/4 ,john  
to !  sev5 ,asiatic *ur*es1 may p]haps  
lead u to ! same conclusion4 ,?us  to ! 
*ur* at ,ephesus he writes3 ,?\ ha/ tri$
 !m :i* say !y  are ,apo/les & are n1 & 
ha/ f\nd !m li>s10 ,rev4 ii1 #b4 ,?is   
may be und]/ood ( ! ,gno/ic tea*]s1 :o  
falsely call$ !mselves  ,*ri/ians1 & :o 
w\ld be n unlikely to assume also !     
title (  ,apo/les4 ,x appe>s f ?is & o!r
 passages1 t !y _h  di/+ui%$ !mselves at
 ,ephesus2 & x is :5 writ+ to t  *ur*1 t
 ,/4 ,john m5tions ! ,nicolaitans4      
,aga91 :5 writ+ to  ! *ur* at ,smyrna1  
he says3 ,i "k ! blasphemy ( !m :i* say 
!y are ,jews1 & are n1 b are ! synagogue
 ( ,satan10 ,rev4 ii1 #i4  ,! ,gno/ics  
borr[$ _m doctr9es f ! ,jews1 & ?\ght by
 ?is  means to attract bo? ! ,jews &    
,*ri/ians4 ,we might !re=e inf]1  ev5   
)\t ! te/imony ( ! fa!rs1 t ! ,gno/ic   
doctr9es  7 preval5t 9 ^! *ur*es1 :]e   
,/4 ,john speaks ( !  ,nicolaitans3 & if
 s1 we h a /ill m specific indication ( 

_! doctr9e & practice1 :5 we f9d ,/4    
,john say+ to ! *ur*  9 ,p]gamos1 ,i h a
 few ?+s aga9/ !e1 because ?\ ha/ !re   
!m t hold ! doctr9e ( ,balaam1 :o taught
 ,balak to ca/ a  /umbl+ block be=e !   
*ildr5 ( ,israel1 to eat ?+s sacrific$  
unto idols1 & to commit =nication10     
,rev4 ii1 #ad4 ,!n foll[ !  words       
already quot$1 ,s ha/ ?\ also !m t hold 
! doctr9e (  ! ,nicolaitans1 :i* ?+ ,i  
hate40 ,!re seems "h to be "s  comp>ison
 betwe5 ! doctr9e ( ,balaam & t ( !     
,nicolaitans3  & ,i w\ld also po9t out1 
t to ! *ur* 9 ,?yatira ! ,apo/le        
writes1 ,i h a few ?+s aga9/ !e1 because
 ?\ suff]e/ t  woman ,jezebel1 :i*      
calle? h]self a prophetess1 to tea* & to
  s$uce my s]vants to commit =nication1 
& to eat ?+s sacrific$  unto idols10    
,rev4 ii1 #bj4 ,! two passages are v    
simil>1 & may  enable u to ?r[ "s light 
^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,nicolaitans4           
,t]tullian has pres]v$ a tradition1 t ! 
p]son "h spok5 ( z  ,jezebel 0 a female 
h]etic1 :o taught :at %e _h le>n$ f !   

,nicolaitans3 & :e!r ! tradition be true
 or n1 x seems c]ta91  t to eat ?+s     
sacrific$ unto idols1 & to commit       
=nication1 0  "p ( ! practice ( !       
,nicolaitans4    ,^! two s9s are comp>$ 
to ! doctr9e ( ,balaam3 & ?\gh !  ,bible
 tells u little ( ,balaam's hi/ory1     
beyond 8 prophecies & 8  dea?1 yet we c 
collect en\gh to enable u to expla9 ?is 
allusion  ( ,/4 ,john4 ,we read1 t :5   
,israel abode 9 ,%ittim1 ! p  began to  
commit :or$om ) ! daught]s ( ,moab3 &   
!y10 t is1  ! wom51 call$ ! p unto !    
sacrifices ( _! gods3 & !  p did eat1 & 
b[$ d[n to _! gods10 ,num4 xxv1 #a1 #b4 
,b we  read f>!r1 t :5 ! ,midianites 7  
spoil$ & ,balaam sla91  ,moses said ( ! 
wom5 :o 7 tak51 ,behold1 ^! caus$ !     
*ildr5 ( ,israel1 ?r\gh ! c\nsel (      
,balaam1 to commit trespass  aga9/ ! ,"l
 9 ! matt] ( ,peor10 ,num4 xxxi1 #af4   
,?is1 !n1 0  ! insidi\s policy & advice 
( ,balaam4 ,:5 he f\nd t he 0  prohibit$
 by ,god f curs+ ,israel1 he advis$     
,balak to s$uce !  ,israelites by ! wom5

 ( ,moab1 & ?us to entice !m to !       
sacrifices ( _! gods4 ,?is is :at ,/4   
,john calls ! doctr9e (  ,balaam10 or ! 
wick$ artifice :i* he taught ! k+ (     
,moab3 & s  he says1 t 9 ! *ur* (       
,p]gamos !re 7 "s :o held !  doctr9e ( !
 ,nicolaitans4 ,we h !re=e ! te/imony ( 
,/4  ,john1 z well z ( ! fa!rs1 t !     
lives ( ! ,nicolaitans 7  pr(ligate &   
vici\s2 to :i* we may add1 t !y ate ?+s 
sacrific$ to idols4 ,?is is expressly   
said ( ,basilides & ,val5t9us1  two     
celebrat$ lead]s ( ,gno/ic sects3 & we  
p]haps are n go+  too f>1 if we inf] f  
,/4 ,john1 t ! ,nicolaitans 7 ! fir/  :o
 entic$ ! ,*ri/ians to ?is impi\s       
practice1 & obta9$ f  !nce ! di/9ction (
 _! peculi> celebrity4 ,_! motive =  su*
 conduct is v evid5t4 ,!y wi%$ to ga9   
proselytes to _!  doctr9es2 & !y !re=e  
taught t x 0 lawful to indulge !        
passions1 & t !re 0 no h>m 9 p>tak+ ( an
 idol sacrifice4  ,?is _h n[ become !   
te/ to :i* ,*ri/ians mu/ submit1 if !y  
wi%$ to escape p]secution3 & !          

,nicolaitans s\ght to ga9  conv]ts by   
tell+ !m t !y might /ill believe 9      
,jesus ?\gh  !y ate ( ?+s sacrific$ unto
 idols40 ,! fe> ( dea? w\ld %ake  ! fai?
 ( "s2 o!rs w\ld be ga9$ ov] by s5sual  
argum5ts3 &  ?us _m unhappy ,*ri/ians ( 
! ,asiatic *ur*es 7 f\nd by ,/4  ,john 9
 ! ranks ( ! ,nicolaitans4    ,we might 
wi% p]haps to "k at :at "t ! sect ( !   
,nicolaitans  began2 b we _c def9e x    
accurately4 ,if ,ir5u is correct 9  say+
 t x prec$$ by a consid]able "t ! h]esy 
( ,c]9?us1  & t ! ,c]9?ian h]esy 0 a    
pr9cipal cause ( ,/4 ,john writ+  8     
,gospel1 x foll[s1 t ! ,nicolaitans 7 9 
exi/5ce at lea/  "s ye>s be=e ! "t ( _! 
be+ m5tion$ 9 ! ,revelation2  & !       
p]secution "u ,domitian1 :i* 0 ! cause (
 ,/4 ,john  be+ s5t to ,patmos1 may h   
be5 ! "t :i* enabl$ !  ,nicolaitans to  
exhibit _! pr9ciples4 ,ir5u inde$ adds1 
t ,/4  ,john direct$ 8 ,gospel aga9/ !  
,nicolaitans z well z aga9/  ,c]9?us3 & 
! comp>ison :i* is made betwe5 _!       
doctr9e &  t ( ,balaam1 may p]haps      

au?orize u to ref] to ?is sect :at is   
said 9 ! second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! 
:ole passage conta9s  m>k$ allusions to 
,gno/ic tea*]s4 ,!re is ano!r "q        
conc]n+ ! ,nicolaitans1 :i* has excit$  
mu* discussion4 ,x is a  "q entirely (  
evid5ce & detail2 & ! two po9ts to be   
consid]$ are1 #a4 ,:e!r ! ,nicolaitans  
d]iv$ _! "n f  ,nicolas ( ,antio*1 :o 0 
"o ( ! sev5 deacons3 #b4 ,suppos+ ?is   
to be ! fact1 :e!r ,nicolas _h disgrac$ 
himself by s5sual  indulg5ce4 ,^? writ]s
 :o h endeav\r$ to cle> ! "* (  ,nicolas
 h g5]ally tri$ also to prove t he 0 n !
 man :om  ! ,nicolaitans claim$ z _!    
head4 ,b ! "o po9t may be true  )\t !   
o!r3 & ! evid5ce is s ov]:elm+1 :i*     
/ates  t ,nicolas ! deacon 0 at lea/ !  
p]son int5d$ by !  ,nicolaitans1 t x is 
difficult to come to any o!r conclusion 
^u  ! subject4 ,we mu/ n d5y t "s ( !   
fa!rs h also *>g$  him ) fall+ into     
vici\s habits1 & ?us af=d+ too true a   
support to ! h]etics :o claim$ him z _! 
lead]4 ,^! writ]s1  h[ev]1 are ( a late 

date2 & "s1 :o are mu* m anci5t1 h      
entirely acquitt$ him1 & furni%$ an     
explanation ( ! calumnies  :i* atta* to 
8 "n4 ,we "k t ! ,gno/ics 7 n a%am$ to  
claim z _! f\nd]s ! ,apo/les1 or fri5ds 
( ! ,apo/les4 ,!  same may h be5 ! case 
) ,nicolas ! deacon2 & ?\gh we  all[1 t 
if ! ,nicolaitans 7 di/+ui%$ z a sect "s
 "t  be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 !           
probability is less5$ t 8 "n  0 ?us     
abus$2 yet if 8 c>e] 0 a %ort "o1 8     
hi/ory1 l  t ( ! o!r deacons1 w\ld soon 
be =gott53 & ! same f]tile  inv5tion1   
:i* gave rise 9 ! two fir/ c5turies to s
 _m  apocryphal ,gospels1 may also h l$ 
! ,nicolaitans to give a false  "* to   
him ^: "n !y _h assum$4    ,,nicopolis1 
a city ( ,epirus1 on ! gulf ( ,ambracia1
 :i!r1 z "s  ?9k1 ,/4 ,paul wrote to    
,titus1 !n 9 ,crete1 to come to him1    
,titus  iii1 #ab2 b o!rs1 ) great]      
probability1 are ( op9ion1 t !  city (  
,nicopolis1 :]e ,/4 ,paul 01 0 n t (    
,epirus1 b t  ( ,?race1 on ! bord]s (   
,mac$onia1 ne> ! riv] ,nessus4 ,emmaus 9

  ,pale/9e 0 also call$ ,nicopolis by ! 
,romans4    ,,night4 ,! anci5t ,hebrews 
began _! artificial day 9 ! ev5+1  &    
end$ x ! next ev5+2 s t ! night prec$$ !
 day1  :5ce x is said1 ev5+ & morn+ "o  
day10 ,g54 i1 #e4 ,!y all[$  twelve h\rs
 to ! night1 & twelve to ! day4 ,night  
is put = a  "t ( affliction & adv]sity3 
,?\ ha/ prov$ m9e he>t1 ?\ ha/  visit$  
me 9 ! night1 ?\ ha/ tri$ me10 ,psalm   
xvii1 #c2 t is1 by  adv]sity &          
tribulation4 ,& ! morn+ come?1 & also ! 
night10  ,isaiah xxi1 #ab4 ,night is    
also put = ! "t ( dea?3 ,! night  come?1
 :]e9 no man c "w10 ,john ix1 #d4       
,*ildr5 ( ! day1 &  *ildr5 ( ! night1 9 
a moral & figurative s5se1 d5ote good m5
  & wick$ m51 ,*ri/ians & ,g5tiles4 ,!  
disciples ( ! ,son ( ,god  are *ildr5 ( 
light3 !y belong to ! light1 !y walk 9 !
 light  ( tru?2 :ile ! *ildr5 ( ! night 
walk 9 ! d>kness (  ignorance &         
infidelity1 & p]=m only works ( d>kness4
 ,ye are all  ! *ildr5 ( ! light1 & !   
*ildr5 ( ! day2 we are n (  ! night1 nor

 ( d>kness10 #a ,!ss4 v1 #e4            
,,night-,,hawk1 1 ,lev4 xi1 #af2 ,deut4 
xiv1 #ae4 ,t ?is is a voraci\s  bird    
seems cle> f ! import ( its "n2 &       
int]pret]s are  g5]ally agre$ to        
describe x z fly+ by night4 ,on ! :ole1 
x  %\ld seem to be ! /rix ori5talis1 :i*
 ,hasselqui/ ?us  describes3 ,x is ( !  
size ( ! common owl1 & lodges 9 ! l>ge  
build+s or ru9s ( ,egypt & ,syria1 &    
sometimes ev5 9 !  dwell+ h\ses4 ,!     
,arabs settl$ 9 ,egypt call x massasa10 
& !  ,syrians banu40 ,x is extremely    
voraci\s 9 ,syria2 to su* a degree1  t  
if c>e is n tak5 to %ut ! w9d[s at !    
com+ on ( night1  he ent]s ! h\ses &    
kills ! *ildr53 ! wom51 !re=e1 are  v   
mu* afraid ( him4    ,,nile1 ! riv] (   
,egypt1 ^: f\nta9 is 9 ! ,upp] ,e?iopia4
 ,aft]  hav+ wat]$ sev]al k+doms1 !     
,nile cont9ues its c\rse f> into  !     
k+dom ( ,goiam4 ,!n x w9ds ab\t aga91 f 
! ea/ to !  nor?4 ,hav+ cross$ sev]al   
k+doms & prov9ces1 x falls into  ,egypt 
at ! cat>acts1 :i* are wat]falls ov]    

/eep rocks ( !  l5g? ( two hundr$ feet4 
,at ! bottom ( ^! rocks ! ,nile  returns
 to its usual pace1 & ?us fl[s ?r\gh !  
valley ( ,egypt4  ,its *annel1 accord+  
to ,villamont1 is ab\t a league broad4  
,at eight  miles bel[ ,gr& ,cairo1 x is 
divid$ into two arms1 :i* make a        
triangle1 ^: base is at ! ,m$it]ranean  
,sea1 & :i* ! ,greeks  call ! ,delta1   
because ( its figure 4 ,^! two arms are 
divid$ into  o!rs1 :i* dis*>ge !mselves 
into ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! di/ance  ( :i* f 
! top ( ! ,delta is ab\t tw5ty leagues4 
,^!  bran*es ( ! ,nile ! anci5ts        
commonly reckon$ to be sev54 ,ptolemy   
makes !m n9e1 "s only f\r1 "s elev51 "s 
f\rte54 ,hom]1  ,x5ophon1 & ,diodorus   
,siculus te/ify1 t ! anci5t "n ( ?is    
riv] 0 ,egyptus2 & ! latt] ( ^! writ]s  
says1 t x took  ! "n ,nilus only s9ce ! 
"t ( a k+ ( ,egypt call$ by t  "n4 ,!   
,greeks gave x ! "n ( ,melas2 &         
,diodorus ,siculus  obs]ves1 t ! mo/    
anci5t "n by :i* ! ,grecians h kn[n  !  
,nile 0 ,oceanus4 ,! ,egyptians paid    

div9e hon\rs to ?is riv]1  & call$ x    
,jupit] ,nilus4    ,v little ra9 ev]    
falls 9 ,egypt1 nev] suffici5t to       
f]tilize !  l&2 & b = ! provision ( ?is 
b\ntiful riv]1 ! c\ntry  w\ld be        
condemn$ to p]petual /]ility4 ,z x is1 f
 ! jo9t  op]ation ( ! regul>ity ( !     
flood1 ! deposit ( mud f !  wat] ( !    
riv] & ! w>m? ( ! climate1 x is ! mo/   
f]tile  c\ntry 9 ! _w2 ! produce exce$+ 
all calculation4 ,x has 9  consequ5ce   
be51 9 all ages1 ! gran>y ( ! ea/2 & has
 on m  ?an "o occasion1 an in/ance ( :i*
 is record$ 9 ! hi/ory (  ,joseph1 sav$ 
! neighb\r+ c\ntries f />vation4 ,x is  
probable1 t1 :ile 9 ^! c\ntries1 on !   
occasion ref]r$ to1  ! sev5 ye>s' fam9e 
0 ! result ( ! abs5ce ( ra91 9 ,egypt  x
 0 br\ght ab\t by ! inundation be+      
)held3 & !  con/]nation ( ! ,egyptians1 
at witness+ ?is ph5om5on = sev5         
successive ye>s1 may easily be conceiv$4
 ,! orig9 & c\rse ( !  ,nile be+ unkn[n 
to ! anci5ts1 its /ream 0 held1 & is    
/ill  held by ! natives1 9 ! greate/    

v5]ation2 & its p]iodical  ov]fl[ 0     
view$ ) my/]i\s wond]4 ,b bo? ( ^! are  
n[1  f ! discov]ies ( ! mod]ns1 bett]   
und]/ood4 ,x is n[ kn[n1  t ! s\rces1 or
 p]man5t spr+s1 ( ! ,nile are situat$ 9 
!  m\nta9s ( ,abyss9ia1 & ! unexplor$   
regions to ! we/ &  s\?-we/ ( t c\ntry2 
& t ! occasional supplies1 or causes  ( 
! inundation1 are ! p]iodical ra9s :i*  
fall 9 ^?  di/ricts4 ,= a correct k ( ^!
 facts1 & ( ! true  position ( ! s\rce (
 t bran* ( ! riv]1 :i* has g5]ally  be5 
consid]$ to be ! cont9uation ( ! true   
,nile1 we are indebt$  to our c\ntryman1
 ! intrepid & indefatigable ,bruce4     
,al?\gh !  ,nile1 by way ( em95ce1 has  
be5 call$ ! riv] ( ,egypt10 x mu/  n be 
conf\nd$ ) ano!r /ream s d5om9at$ 9     
,scripture1 an  insignificant rivulet 9 
comp>ison1 :i* falls into ! ,m$it]ranean
  bel[ ,gaza4    ,,nimrod4 ,he is       
g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 ! imm$iate son 
( ,cu%1  & ! y\nge/1 or six?1 f !       
,scriptural phrase1 ,cu% begat          
,nimrod10 aft] ! m5tion ( 8 five sons1  

,g54 x1 #h4 ,b ! phrase  is us$ )       
consid]able latitude1 l fa!r0 & son10 9 
,scripture4  ,& ! beg9n+ ( 8 k+dom 0    
,babel1 & ,ere*1 & ,accad1 &  ,calneh1 9
 ! l& ( ,%9>3 out ( t l& he w5t =? to   
invade  ,assyria2 & built ,n9eveh1 & !  
city ,rehobo?1 & ,calah1 & ,res91       
betwe5 ,n9eveh & ,calah3 ! same is a    
great city10 ,g54 x1 #h-ab4  ,?\gh ! ma9
 body ( ! ,cu%ites 0 miracul\sly        
disp]s$1 &  s5t by ,provid5ce to _!     
de/9ations along ! sea coa/s ( ,asia  & 
,africa1 yet ,nimrod rema9$ beh9d1 &    
f\nd$ an empire 9  ,babylonia1 accord+  
to ,b]osus1 by usurp+ ! prop]ty ( !     
,arphaxadites 9 ! l& ( ,%9>2 :]e !      
beg9n+ ( 8 k+dom  0 ,babel10 or         
,babylon1 & o!r t[ns3 &1 n satisfi$ )   
?is1  he next invad$ ,assur1 or         
,assyria1 ea/ ( ! ,tigris1 :]e he built 
,n9eveh1 & sev]al o!r t[ns4 ,! m>g9al   
read+ ( our ,engli%  ,bible1 ,he w5t out
 into ,assyria10 or to invade ,assyria1 
is "h adopt$  9 pref]5ce to t 9 ! text3 
,& out ( t l& w5t =?  ,a%ur1 & build$   

,n9eveh10 c4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w ,n9eveh may
  lead u to 8 orig9al "n1 ,n91 signify+ 
a son10 ! mo/  celebrat$ ( ! sons (     
,cu%4 ,t ( ,nimrod1 or ,rebel10 0       
probably  a p>ody1 or nickname1 giv5 him
 by ! oppress$ ,%emites1 ( :i* we  h    
sev]al in/ances 9 ,scripture4 ,?us      
naha%1 ! braz5 s]p5t0  9 ! wild]ness1 0 
call$ by ,hezekiah1 9 contempt1         
nehu%tan1 a  piece ( brass10 :5 he broke
 x 9 pieces1 because x 0 p]v]t$  into an
 object ( idolatr\s wor%ip by ! ,jews1  
#b ,k+s xviii1 #d4  ,nimrod1 t ar*      
rebel1 :o fir/ subv]t$ ! patri>*al      
gov]nm5t1  introduc$ also ! ,zabian     
idolatry1 or wor%ip ( ! heav5ly ho/2  &1
 aft] 8 dea?1 0 deifi$ by 8 subjects1 & 
suppos$ to be  translat$ into !         
con/ellations ( ,orion1 att5d$ by 8     
h\nds1  ,sirius & ,canicula1 & /ill     
pursu+ 8 fav\rite game1 ! great  be>2   
suppos$ also to be translat$ into ursa  
major1 ne> ! nor?  pole2 z admirably    
describ$ by ,hom]1--                '1  
1              '  1  '  4               

,iliad xviii1 #dhe4    ,& ! be>1 surnam$
 also ! wa91 by ! ,egyptians1 :o is     
turn+  h]self ab\t !re1 & wat*+ ,orion40
 ,hom] also introduces !  %ade ( ,orion1
 z hunt+ 9 ! ,elysian fields1--         
'1                   1 '                
1  4                                    
,odyss4 xi1 #ega4           ,next1 ,i   
obs]v$ ! mighty ,orion         ,*as+    
wild bea/s ?r\gh an asphodel mead1      
,:i* himself _h sla9 on ! solit>y       
m\nta9s3         ,hold+ 9 8 h&s a solid 
braz5 mace1 ev] unbrok540    ,! ,grecian
 "n ( ?is mighty hunt]0 may furni% a    
satisfactory clue  to ! "n giv5 him by !
 impi\s adulation ( ! ,babylonians &    
,assyrians4  ne>ly resembles1 1 !       
oblique case ( 1  :i* is ! ,septuag9t   
r5d]+ ( ,uriah1 a prop] "n 9 ,scripture1
  #b ,sam4 xi1 #f-ba4 ,b ,uriah1        
signify+ ! light ( ! ,"l10 0 an         
appropriate appellation ( t mo/         
brilliant con/ellation4 ,he 0  also     
call$ ,baal1 ,beel1 ,bel1 or ,belus1    
signify+ "l10 or ma/]10 by  !           

,ph5icians1 ,assyrians1 & ,greeks2 &    
,bala ,rama1 by ! ,h9dus4 ,at  a village
 call$ ,bala-deva1 or ,baldeo 9 ! vulg> 
dialect1 ?irte5  miles ea/ by s\? f     
,muttra1 9 ,h9du/an1 !re is a v anci5t  
/atue ( ,bala ,rama1 9 :i* he is        
repres5t$ ) a pl\gh%>e 9  8 left h&1 & a
 ?ick cudgel 9 8 "r1 & 8 %\ld]s  cov]$ )
 ! sk9 ( a tig]4 ,capta9 ,wil=d supposes
 t !  pl\gh%>e 0 design$ to hook 8      
enemies2 b may x n m  naturally d5ote ! 
con/ellation ( ! great be>1 :i* /rik+ly 
repres5ts ! figure ( a pl\gh 9 its sev5 
bright />s2 & 0  probably s d5om9at$ by 
! e>lie/ a/ronom]s1 be=e !  introduction
 ( ! ,zabian idolatry1 z a cele/ial     
symbol (  agriculture8 ,! ?ick cudgel   
corresponds to ! braz5 mace ( ,hom]4  ,&
 x is highly probable t ! ,assyrian     
,nimrod1 or ,h9du ,bala1 0  also !      
prototype ( ! ,grecian ,h]cules1 ) 8    
club & lion's  sk94    ,nimrod is said  
to h be5 a mighty hunt] be=e ! ,"l20 :i*
 !  ,j]usalem p>aphra/ int]prets ( a    
s9ful hunt+ aft] ! sons (  m5 to turn !m

 (f f ! true religion4 ,b x may z well  
be tak5  9 a m lit]al s5se1 = hunt+ (   
wild bea/s2 inasmu* z !  circum/ance ( 8
 be+ a mighty hunt] is m5tion$ ) great  
propriety to introduce ! acc\nt ( 8     
sett+ up 8 k+dom2 !  ex]cise ( hunt+ be+
 look$ ^u 9 anci5t times z a means (    
acquir+ ! rudim5ts ( w>2 = :i* reason1 !
 pr9cipal h]oes  ( ,hea!n antiquity1 z  
,!seus1 ,ne/or1 c1 71 z ,x5ophon tells  
u1 br$ up to hunt+4 ,beside1 x may be   
suppos$1 t by ?is  practice ,nimrod drew
 toge!r a great company ( robu/ "y m5 to
  att5d him 9 8 sport1 & by t means     
increas$ 8 p[]4 ,& by  de/roy+ ! wild   
bea/s1 :i*1 9 ! comp>atively def5celess 
/ate ( society 9 ^? e>ly ages1 7 no d\bt
 v dang]\s  enemies1 he might1 p]haps1  
r5d] himself f>!r popul>2 !reby  engag+ 
numb]s to jo9 ) him1 & to promote 8 *ief
 design (  subdu+ m51 & mak+ himself    
ma/] ( _m nations4    ,,n9eveh4 ,?is    
capital ( ! ,assyrian empire c\ld boa/ (
 ! remote/  antiquity4 ,tacitus /yles x1
 ,vetu/issima s$es ,assyri20 ! mo/      

anci5t seat ( ,assyria2 & ,scripture    
in=ms u t ,nimrod1 aft] he  _h built    
,babel1 9 ! l& ( ,%9>1 invad$ ,assyria1 
:]e he built  ,n9eveh1 & sev]al o!r     
cities1 ,g5esis x1 #aa4 ,its "n d5otes !
  habitation ( ,n910 :i* seems to h be5 
! prop] "n ( t  rebel10 z ,nimrod       
signifies4 ,& x is uni=mly /yl$ by      
,h]odotus1  ,x5ophon1 ,diodorus1        
,lucian1 c1  1 ! city ( ,n9us40 ,& !    
village ( ,nunia1 opposite ,mosul1 9 its
 "n1 & ! tradition ( !  natives1        
asc]ta9s ! site ( ! anci5t city1 :i* 0  
ne> !  ca/le ( ,arbela1 accord+ to      
,tacitus1 s celebrat$ = ! decisive      
victory ( ,alex&] ! ,great ov] !        
,p]sians !re2 ! site (  :i* is asc]ta9$ 
by ! village ( ,arbil1 ab\t t5 ,g]man   
miles to  ! ea/ ( ,nunia1 accord+ to    
,niebuhr's map4 ,n9eveh at fir/ seems   
only to h be5 a small city1 & less ?an  
,res51 9 its  neighb\rhood2 :i* is      
conjectur$ by ,bo*>t1 & n )\t reason1   
to h be5 ! same z ,l>issa1 :i* ,x5ophon 
describes z ! ru9s  ( a great city1     

=m]ly inhabit$ by ! ,m$es10 & :i* !     
natives  might h describ$ z belong+ la  
,res51 to ,res540 ,n9eveh did n  rise to
 greatness = _m ages aft]1 until its    
second f\nd]1 ,n9us  ,,ii41 ab\t ,b4 ,c4
 #abcj1 enl>g$ & made x ! greate/ city 9
 !  _w4 ,accord+ to ,diodorus1 x 0 ( an 
oblong =m1 a hundr$ &  fifty /adia long1
 & n9ety broad1 &1 consequ5tly1 f\r     
hundr$ &  eighty 9 circuit1 or =ty-eight
 miles1 reckon+ t5 /adia to an  ,engli% 
mile1 ) ,major ,r5nel4 ,& its walls 7 a 
hundr$ feet high1  & s broad t ?ree     
*>iots c\ld drive on !m abrea/2 & on !  
walls 7 fifte5 hundr$ t[]s1 ea* two     
hundr$ feet high4 ,we are  n1 h[ev]1 to 
imag9e t all ?is va/ enclosure 0 built  
^u3 x  conta9$ great p>ks & ext5sive    
fields1 & deta*$ h\ses &  build+s1 l    
,babylon1 & o!r great cities ( ! ea/ ev5
 at !  pres5t day1 z ,bussorah1 c4 ,&   
?is entirely corresponds ) !            
repres5tations ( ,scripture4 ,9 ! days (
 ! ,prophet ,jonah1 ab\t ,b4  ,c4 #hjj1 
x seems to h be5 a 8great city1 an      

exce$+ great city1 (  ?ree days'        
j\rney10 ,jonah i1 #b2 iii1 #c2 p]haps 9
 circuit4 ,!  population ( ,n9eveh1     
also1 at t "t 0 v great4 ,x conta9$  m  
?an sixscore ?\s& p]sons t c\ld n disc]n
 betwe5 _!  "r h& & _! left1 beside mu* 
cattle10 ,jonah iv1 #aa4 ,reckon+  !    
p]sons to h be5 infants ( two ye>s old &
 "u1 & t  ^! 7 a fif? "p ( ! :ole1      
accord+ to ,bo*>t1 ! :ole  population   
w\ld am\nt to six hundr$ ?\s& s\ls4 ,!  
same numb]  ,pl9y assigns = ! population
 ( ,seleucia1 on ! decl9e ( ,babylon4   
,?is population %[s t a great "p ( !    
city mu/ h be5 left  op5 & unbuilt4     
,! ?reat5$ ov]?r[ ( ,n9eveh )9 ?ree     
days1 01 by !  g5]al rep5tance &        
humiliation ( ! inhabitants1 f ! highe/ 
to ! l[e/1 susp5d$ = ne> two hundr$     
ye>s1 until _!  iniquity came to !      
full20 & !n ! prophecy 0 lit]ally       
accompli%$1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! siege ( !  
city1 by !  comb9$ ,m$es & ,babylonians2
 ! k+1 ,s>danapalus1 be+ enc\rag$  to   
hold out 9 consequ5ce ( an anci5t       

prophecy1 t ,n9eveh %\ld  nev] be tak5  
by assault1 till ! riv] became its      
enemy2 :5 a  mighty inundation ( ! riv]1
 swoll5 by cont9ual ra9s1 came up  aga9/
 a "p ( ! city1 & ?rew d[n tw5ty /adia (
 ! wall 9  l5g?2 ^u :i*1 ! k+1 conceiv+ 
t ! oracle 0  accompli%$1 burn$ himself1
 8 concub9es1 eunu*s1 & treasures2  & ! 
enemy1 ent]+ by ! brea*1 sack$ & ras$ ! 
city1 ab\t  ,b4 ,c4 #fjf4 ,diodorus1    
also1 relates t ,belesis1 ! gov]nor (   
,babylon1 obta9$ f ,arbaces1 ! k+ (     
,m$ia1 ! a%es ( !  palace1 to erect a   
m\nt ) !m ne> ! temple ( ,belus at      
,babylon2  & t he =?) prep>$ %ipp+1 &1  
toge!r ) ! a%es1  c>ri$ away mo/ ( !    
gold & silv]1 ( :i* he _h private       
in=mation giv5 him by "o ( ! eunu*s :o  
escap$ ! fire4 ,dr4  ,gillies ?9ks x    
incr$ible t ^! c\ld be transport$ f     
,n9eveh to ,babylon1 ?ree hundr$ miles  
di/ant2 b likely en\gh1 if  ,n9eveh 0   
only fifty miles f ,babylon1 ) a l>ge   
canal (  communication betwe5 !m1 !     
,nah> ,malka1 or ,royal ,riv]4 ,b we    

le>n f ,niebuhr1 t ! conveyance ( goods 
f ,nosul to ,bagdat by  ! ,tigris is v  
commodi\s1 9 ! v l>ge boats call$       
helleks2  9 :i*1 9 spr+1 :5 ! riv] is   
rapid1 ! voyage may be made 9  ?ree or  
f\r days1 :i* w\ld take fifte5 by l&4 ,!
 complete  demolition ( su* imm5se piles
 z ! walls & t[]s ( ,n9eveh may  seem   
matt] ( surprise to ^? :o d n consid] ! 
nature ( !  mat]ials ( :i* !y 7         
con/ruct$1 t is1 ( bricks1 dri$ or  bak$
 9 ! sun1 & cem5t$ ) bitum51 :i* 7 apt  
to be  dissolv$0 by wat]1 or to m\ld]   
away by ! injuries ( ! wea!r4  ,beside1 
9 ! ea/1 ! mat]ials ( anci5t cities h   
be5 (t5  employ$ 9 ! build+ ( new ones 9
 ! neighb\rhood4 ,?us ,mosul  0 built ) 
! spoils ( ,n9eveh4 ,tauk ,kesra1 or !  
,palace (  ,*osroes1 appe>s to h be5    
built ( bricks br\ght f ! ru9s (        
,babylon2 & s 0 ,hellah1 z ! dim5sions  
are ne>ly ! same1 &  ! proportions s    
s+ul>4 ,& :5 su* mat]ials c\ld          
conv5i5tly  be transport$ by inl&       
navigations1 !y are to be f\nd at v     

great  di/ances f _! anci5t place1 mu*  
f>!r1 inde$1 ?an are  ,bagdat &         
,seleucia1 or ,ctesiphon1 f ,babylon4   
,! book ( ,nahum 0 av[$ly prophetic ( ! 
de/ruction ( ,n9eveh2  & x is !re =etold
 t ! gates ( ! riv] %all be op5$1  & !  
palace %all be dissolv$4 ,n9eveh ( old1 
l a pool ( wat]1  ) an ov]fl[+ flood he 
w make an utt] end ( ! place  !re(10    
,nahum ii1 #f2 i1 #h1 #i4 ,! hi/orian   
describes ! facts by  :i* ! o!r         
pr$ictions ( ! prophet 7 z lit]ally     
fulfill$4  ,he relates t ! k+ (         
,assyria1 elat$ ) 8 =m] victories1  &   
ignorant ( ! revolt ( ! ,bactrians1 _h  
ab&on$ himself to  sc&al\s inaction2 _h 
appo9t$ a "t ( fe/ivity1 & suppli$ 8    
soldi]s ) abundance ( w9e2 & t ! g5]al (
 ! enemy1  appris$ by des]t]s1 ( _!     
neglig5ce & drunk5ness1 attack$ !       
,assyrian army :ile ! :ole ( !m 7       
fe>lessly giv+ way to  indulg5ce1       
de/roy$ great "p ( !m1 & drove ! re/    
into !  city4 ,! words ( ! prophet 7    
h]eby v]ifi$3 ,:ile !y be  fold5 toge!r 

z ?orns1 & :ile !y are drunk5 z         
drunk>ds1 !y  %all be dev\r$ z /ubble   
fully dry10 ,nahum i1 #aj4 ,! prophet   
promis$ mu* spoil to ! enemy3 ,take !   
spoil ( silv]1 take !  spoil ( gold2 =  
!re is no end ( ! /ore & glory out ( all
 !  pleasant furniture10 ,nahum ii1 #i4 
,& ! hi/orian affirms t _m  tal5ts (    
gold & silv]1 pres]v$ f ! fire1 7 c>ri$ 
to  ,ecbatana4 ,accord+ to ,nahum1 iii1 
#ae1 ! city 0 n only to be  de/roy$ by  
an ov]fl[+ flood1 b ! fire1 also1 0 to  
dev\r x2  &1 z ,diodorus relates1 p>tly 
by wat]1 p>tly by fire1 x 0  de/roy$4   
,! utt] & p]petual de/ruction &         
desolation ( ,n9eveh 7  =etold3 ,! ,"l w
 make an utt] end ( ! place !re(4       
,affliction %all n rise up ! second "t4 
,%e is empty1 void1 &  wa/e10 ,nahum i1 
#h1 #i2 ii1 #aj2 iii1 #ag-ai4 ,! ,"l w  
/ret* out 8  h& aga9/ ! nor?1 & de/roy  
,assyria1 & w make ,n9eveh a            
desolation1 & dry l a wild]ness4 ,h[ is 
%e become a desolation1 a  place = bea/s
 to lie d[n 910 ,zeph4 ii1 #ac-ae4 ,9 ! 

second  c5tury1 ,lucian1 a native ( a   
city on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1  te/ifi$
 t ,n9eveh 0 utt]ly p]i%$1 t !re 0 no   
ve/ige  ( x rema9+1 & t none c\ld tell  
:]e once x 0 situat$4  ,?is te/imony (  
,lucian1 & ! lapse ( _m ages dur+ :i* ! 
place 0 n kn[n :]e x /ood1 r5d] x at    
lea/ some:at d\btful  :e!r ! rema9s ( an
 anci5t city1 opposite to ,mosul1 :i* h 
be5 describ$ z su* by travell]s1 be     
inde$ ^? ( anci5t  ,n9eveh4 ,x is1      
p]haps1 probable t !y are ! rema9s ( !  
city  :i* succe$$ ,n9eveh1 or ( a       
,p]sian city ( ! same "n1 :i*  0 built  
on ! banks ( ! ,tigris by ! ,p]sians    
subsequ5tly to ,a4  ,d4 #bcj1 & demoli%$
 by ! ,s>ac5s1 ,a4 ,d4 #fcb4 ,9 contra/+
 !  !n exi/+ great & increas+           
population1 & ! accumulat+  weal? ( !   
pr\d inhabitants ( ! mighty ,n9eveh1 ) !
 utt]  ru9 t await$ x1 ! ^w ( ,god by ! 
,prophet ,nahum1 01 ,make  ?yself _m z !
 cank] worm1 make ?yself _m z ! locu/s4 
,?\  ha/ multipli$ ?y m]*ants above !   
/>s ( heav53 ! cank] worm  spoile? &    

flie? away4 ,?y cr[n$ are z ! locu/s1 & 
?y  capta9s z ! great gras%opp]s :i*    
camp 9 ! h$ges 9 ! cold  day3 b :5 ! sun
 rise?1 !y flee away2 & _! place is n   
kn[n :]e !y are10 or 74 ,:e!r ^! words  
imply t ev5 !  site ( ,n9eveh w\ld 9    
future ages be unc]ta9 or unkn[n2 or1 z 
!y r seem to intimate1 t e ve/ige ( !   
palaces ( its  mon>*s1 ( ! greatness (  
its nobles1 & ( ! weal? ( its  num]\s   
m]*ants1 w\ld :olly disappe>2 ! tru? ( !
 pr$iction  _c be invalidat$ "u ei!r    
int]pretation4 ,! av[$ ignorance        
respect+ ,n9eveh1 & ! oblivion :i* pass$
 ov] x1 = _m an  age1 conjo9$ ) !       
meagr5ess ( evid5ce to id5tify x1 /ill  
prove t ! place :]e x /ood 0 long       
unkn[n1 & t1 ev5  n[1 x c sc>cely )     
c]ta9ty be det]m9$4 ,& if ! only spot  t
 be>s its "n1 or t c be said to be !    
place :]e x 01  be inde$ ! site ( "o ( !
 mo/ ext5sive ( cities on :i* !  sun ev]
 %one1 & :i* cont9u$ = _m c5turies to be
 ! capital  ( ,assyria1--! pr9cipal     
m\nds1 few 9 numb]1 :i* %[ nei!r        

bricks1 /ones1 nor o!r mat]ials (       
build+1--b are 9 _m places  ov]gr[n )   
grass1 & resemble ! m\nds left by       
intr5*m5ts &  =tifications ( anci5t     
,roman camps1 & ! appe>ances ( o!r      
m\nds & ru9s less m>k$ ?an ev5 ^!1      
ext5d+ = t5 miles1  & widely spread1 &  
seem+ to be ! wreck ( =m]  build+s1--%[ 
t ,n9eveh is left )\t "o monum5t (      
royalty1  )\t any tok5 :atev] ( its     
spl5d\r or weal?2 t _! place  is n kn[n 
:]e !y 72 & t x is inde$ a desolation1  
empty1  void1 & wa/e10 its v ru9s p]i%$1
 & less ?an ! wreck (  :at x 04 ,su* an 
utt] ru91 9 e view1 has be5 made ( x2 & 
su* is ! tru? ( ! div9e pr$ictions6     
,,nisan1 a mon? ( ! ,hebrews1 answ]+ to 
our ,m>*1 & :i*  sometimes takes f      
,febru>y or ,april1 accord+ to ! c\rse (
 !  moon4 ,x 0 made ! fir/ mon? ( !     
sacr$ ye>1 at ! com+ out  ( ,egypt1     
,exod4 xii1 #b2 & x 0 ! sev5? mon? ( !  
civil ye>4  ,by ,moses x is call$ ,abib4
 ,! "n ,nisan 0 introduc$ only s9ce !   
"t ( ,ezra1 & ! return f ! captivity (  

,babylon4    ,,nisro*1 a god ( !        
,assyrians4 ,s5na*]ib 0 kill$ by two ( 8
  sons1 :ile he 0 pay+ 8 adorations 9 ! 
temple ( ?is deity1 #b  ,k+s xix1 #cg2  
,isaiah xxxvii1 #ch4 ,x is unc]ta9 :o   
?is god 04    ,,nitre1 1 ,prov4 xxv1    
#bj2 ,j]4 ii1 #bb4 ,?is is n ! same t we
  call nitre1 or saltpetre1 b a native  
salt ( a diff]5t k9d1  di/+ui%$ among   
naturali/s by ! "n ( natrum4 ,! natrum (
 !  anci5ts 0 an e>?y alkal9e salt4 ,x 0
 f\nd 9 abundance  sep>at$ f ! wat] ( ! 
lake ,natron 9 ,egypt4 ,x rises f !     
bottom ( ! lake to ! top ( ! wat]1 & is 
!re cond5s$ by  ! heat ( ! sun into !   
h>d & dry =m 9 :i* x is sold4 ,?is  salt
 ?us scumm$ (f is ! same 9 all respects 
) ! ,smyrna soap  e>?4 ,pl9y1           
,mat?iolus1 & ,agricola1 h describ$ x to
 u3  ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 ,dioscorides1 
& o!rs1 m5tion its uses4 ,x is  also    
f\nd 9 great pl5ty 9 ,s9dy1 a prov9ce 9 
! inn] "p (  ,asia1 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! 
ea/2 & might be _h 9 any  quantities4 ,!
 le>n$ ,mi*alis pla9ly demon/rates1 f ! 

nature  ( ! ?+ & ! context1 t ?is fossil
 & natural alkali mu/  be t :i* !       
,hebrews call$ ne!r4 ,solomon mu/ mean !
 same  :5 he comp>es ! effect :i*       
unseasonable mir? has ^u a man 9        
affliction to ! action ( v9eg> ^u nitre1
 ,prov4 xxv1 #bj2 =  v9eg> has no effect
 ^u :at we call nitre1 b ^u ! alkali 9  
"q has a great effect1 mak+ x rise up 9 
bubbles ) mu*  eff]vesc5ce4 ,x is ( a   
soapy nature1 & 0 us$ to take spots f   
clo!s1 & ev5 f ! face4 ,j]emiah alludes 
to ?is use ( x1 ii1  #bb4    ,,no1 or   
,,no-,,ammon1 a city ( ,egypt1 suppos$  
to be ,!bes4    ,,noah1 ! son ( ,lame*4 
,amid/ ! g5]al corruption ( ! human     
race1 ,noah only 0 f\nd righte\s1 ,g54  
vi1 #i4 ,he !re=e f\nd  grace 9 ! sight 
( ! ,"l10 & 0 direct$ = 8 pres]vation   
to make an ark1 ! %ape & dim5sions ( :i*
 7 prescrib$ by !  ,"l4 ,9 ,a4 ,m4      
#afef1 & 9 ! six hundr$? ye> ( 8 age1   
,noah1 by  div9e appo9tm5t1 ent]$ ! ark 
) 8 family1 & all ! animals  collect$ = 
! r5ewal ( ! _w4 7,see ,deluge47 ,aft] !

 ark  _h /r&$1 & ! e>? 0 9 a measure    
dri$1 ,noah (f]$ a  burnt-sacrifice to !
 ,"l1 ( ! pure animals t 7 9 ! ark2  & !
 ,"l 0 pleas$ to accept ( 8 (f]+1 & to  
give him  assurance t he w\ld no m      
de/roy ! _w by wat]1 ,g5esis ix4  ,he   
gave ,noah p[] ov] all ! brute creation1
 & p]mitt$ him to  kill & eat ( !m1 z ( 
! h]bs & fruits ( ! e>?1 except  !      
blood1 ! use ( :i* 0 prohibit$4 ,aft] ! 
deluge ,noah liv$  ?ree hundr$ & fifty  
ye>s2 & ! :ole "t ( 8 life hav+  be5 n9e
 hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 he di$1 ,a4 ,m4   
#bjjf4 ,accord+ to  common op9ion1 he   
divid$ ! e>? among 8 ?ree sons1 ,%em1   
,ham1  & ,japhe?4 ,to ,%em he gave      
,asia1 to ,ham ,africa1 & to ,japhe?    
,europe4  ,"s w h x1 t beside ^! ?ree   
sons he _h sev]al o!rs4  ,/4 ,pet] calls
 ,noah a prea*] ( righte\sness1 because 
be=e !  deluge he 0 incessantly prea*+ &
 decl>+ to m51 n only by  8 disc\rses1 b
 by ! build+ ( ! ark1 9 :i* he 0 employ$
  a hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 t ! cl\d (     
div9e v5geance 0 ab\t  to bur/ ^u !m4 ,b

 8 fai?ful m9i/ry produc$ no effect1    
s9ce1  :5 ! deluge came1 x f\nd mank9d  
practis+ _! usual  enormities1 ,matt4   
xxiv1 #cg4 ,sev]al le>n$ m5 h obs]v$ t !
  ,hea!ns conf\nd$ ,saturn1 ,deucalion1 
,ogyges1 ! god ,clus or  ,ouranus1      
,janus1 ,pro!us1 ,prome!us1 c1 ) ,noah4 
,! fable (  ,deucalion & 8 wife ,pyrrha 
is manife/ly drawn f ! hi/ory (  ,noah4 
,! rabb9s pret5d t ,god gave ,noah & 8  
sons c]ta9  g5]al precepts1 :i* conta91 
accord+ to !m1 ! natural duties  :i* are
 common to all m5 indiff]5tly1 & !      
obs]vation ( :i*  alone w be suffici5t  
to save !m4 ,aft] ! law ( ,moses 0 giv51
  ! ,hebrews w\ld n suff] any /rang] to 
dwell 9 _! c\ntry1  unless he w\ld con=m
 to ! precepts ( ,noah4 ,9 w>1 !y put to
  dea? )\t qu>t] all :o 7 ignorant ( !m4
 ,^! precepts are  sev5 9 numb]3 ! fir/ 
0 aga9/ ! wor%ip ( idols2 ! second1     
aga9/ blasphemy1 & requir$ to bless ! "n
 ( ,god2 ! ?ird1  aga9/ murd]2 ! f\r?1  
aga9/ ince/ & all uncleanness2 !  fif?1 
aga9/ !ft & rap9e2 ! six? requir$ !     

adm9i/ration  ( ju/ice2 ! sev5? 0 aga9/ 
eat+ fle% ) life4 ,b !  antiquity ( ^!  
precepts is d\bt$1 s9ce no m5tion ( !m  
is made  9 ! ,scripture1 or 9 ! writ+s (
 ,josephus1 or 9 ,philo2 & none  ( !    
anci5t fa!rs knew any ?+ ( !m4    ,,nod1
 ,,l& ,,(1 ! c\ntry to :i* ,ca9 )drew   
aft] ! murd] (  ,abel4 ,z ! precise     
situation ( ?is c\ntry _c possibly be   
kn[n1  s x has giv5 rise to mu* +5i\s   
speculation4 ,all t we are told  ( x is1
 t x 0 on ! ea/ ( ,ed510 or1 z x may be 
r5d]$1  be=e ,ed520 :i* v c\ntry ( ,ed5 
is no sure guide = u1 z !  situation ( t
 also is disput$4 ,b1 be x on ! high] or
 l[]  ,euphrates1 7see ,ed517 ! l& (    
,nod :i* /ood be=e x )  respect to !    
place :]e ,moses wrote1 may /ill pres]ve
 ! curse (  b>r5ness pass$ on x = ,ca9's
 sake1 namely1 9 ! des]ts ( ,syria  or  
,arabia4 ,! ,*aldee int]pret]s r5d] ! ^w
 ,nod1 n z !  prop] "n ( a c\ntry1 b z  
an appellative appli$ to ,ca9 himself1  
signify+ a vagabond or fugitive1 & read1
 ,he dwelt a fugitive 9 !  l&40 ,b !    

,hebrew reads expressly1 ,he dwelt 9 !  
l& ( ,nod40    ,,noncon=mi/s1 diss5t]s f
 ! *ur* ( ,engl&2 b ! t]m  applies m    
p>ticul>ly to ^? m9i/]s :o 7 eject$ f _!
  liv+s by ! ,act ( ,uni=mity 9 #affb2 !
 numb] ( :om1 accord+  to ,dr4 ,calamy1 
0 ne>ly two ?\s&2 & to ! laity :o adh]$ 
to  !m4 ,! celebrat$ ,mr4 ,locke says1  
,b>?olomew-day 7! day fix$ by  ! ,act ( 
,uni=mity7 0 fatal to our *ur* &        
religion1 by ?r[+  out a v great numb] (
 wor?y1 le>n$1 pi\s1 & or?odox div9es1  
:o c\ld n come up to ?is & o!r ?+s 9 t  
act4 ,& x is  wor? y\r k1 t s great 0 ! 
zeal 9 c>ry+ on ?is  *ur* affair1 & s   
bl9d 0 ! ob$i5ce requir$1 t if y  comp>e
 ! "t ( pass+ ! act ) ! "t all[$ = !    
cl]gy  to subscribe ! book ( ,common    
,pray] !reby e/abli%$1 y %all  pla9ly   
f9d1 x c\ld n be pr9t$ & di/ribut$1 s z 
"o man 9  =ty c\ld h se5 & read ! book  
be=e !y did s p]fectly  ass5t & cons5t  
!reto40    ,by ?is act1 ! cl]gy 7       
requir$ to subscribe1 ex animo1         
s9c]ely1 _! ass5t & cons5t to all & e ?+

 conta9$  9 ! book ( ,common ,pray]10   
:i* _h nev] be=e be5 insi/$ on1  s      
rigidly z to deprive !m ( _! liv+s &    
livelihood4 ,sev]al  o!r acts 7 pass$   
ab\t ?is "t1 v oppressive bo? to !      
cl]gy & laity4 ,9 ! prec$+ ye> #affa1 ! 
,corporation ,act  incapacitat$ all     
p]sons f (fices ( tru/ & hon\r 9 a      
corporation1 :o did n receive ! sacram5t
 9 ! e/abli%$  *ur*4 ,! ,conv5ticle     
,act1 9 #affc & #afgj1 =bade ! att5dance
 at  conv5ticles2 t is1 at places (     
wor%ip o!r ?an !  e/abli%m5t1 :]e m ?an 
five adults 7 pres5t beside !  resid5t  
family2 & t "u p5alties ( f9e &         
imprisonm5t by  ! s5t5ce ( magi/rates   
)\t a jury4 ,! ,ox=d ,act ( #affe       
bani%$ noncon=m+ m9i/]s five miles f any
 corporate t[n  s5d+ memb]s to p>liam5t1
 & prohibit$ !m f keep+ or  tea*+       
s*ools4 ,! ,te/ ,act ( ! same ye>       
requir$ all p]sons1  accept+ any (fice  
"u gov]nm5t1 to receive ! sacram5t 9 !  
e/abli%$ *ur*4    ,su* 7 ! dreadful     
consequ5ces ( ?is intol]ant _s1 t x  is 

suppos$ t ne> eight ?\s& di$ 9 prison 9 
! reign (  ,*>les ,,ii4 ,x is said t    
,mr4 ,j]emiah ,:ite _h c>efully collect$
 a  li/ ( ^? :o _h suff]$ betwe5 ,*>les 
,,ii4 & ! revolution1  :i* am\nt$ to    
sixty ?\s&4 ,! same p]secutions 7 c>ri$ 
on  9 ,scotl&2 & !re1 z well z 9 ,engl&1
 numb]s1 to avoid !  p]secution1 left _!
 c\ntry4 ,b1 not)/&+ all ^! dreadful  & 
furi\s attacks ^u ! diss5t]s1 !y 7 n    
extirpat$4 ,_!  v p]secution 0 9 _!     
fav\r4 ,! infam\s "* ( _!  in=m]s &     
p]secutors2 _! piety1 zeal1 & =titude1  
no d\bt1  _h influ5ce on consid]ate     
m9ds2 &1 inde$1 !y _h additions f  !    
e/abli%$ *ur*1 :i* sev]al cl]gym5 9 ?is 
reign des]t$  z a p]secut+ *ur*1 & took 
_! lot among !m4 ,k+ ,william  com+ to !
 ?rone1 ! fam\s ,tol]ation ,act pass$1  
by :i* !y  7 exempt$ f suff]+ ! p5alties
 above m5tion$1 &  p]mission 0 giv5 !m  
to wor%ip ,god accord+ to ! dictates (  
_! own consci5ces4 ,9 ! reign ( ,george 
,,iii41 ! ,act = !  ,protection (       
,religi\s ,wor%ip sup]s$$ ! ,act (      

,tol]ation1 by  /ill m lib]al provisions
 9 fav\r ( religi\s lib]ty2 & 9 !  la/  
reign ! ,te/ & ,corporation ,acts 7     
repeal$4    ,,noph1 ,memphis1 a         
celebrat$ city ( ,egypt1 &1 till ! "t ( 
!  ,ptolemies1 :o remov$ to ,alex&ria1 !
 resid5ce ( ! anci5t k+s  ( ,egypt4 ,x  
/ood above ! divid+ ( ! riv] ,nile1 :]e 
! ,delta  beg9s4 ,t[>d ! s\? ( ?is city 
/ood ! fam\s pyramids1 two (  :i* 7     
e/eem$ ! wond]s ( ! _w2 & 9 ?is city 0  
f$  ! ox ,apis1 :i* ,cambyses slew1 9   
contempt ( ! ,egyptians :o  wor%ipp$ x z
 a deity4 ,! k+s ( ,egypt took mu*      
pleasure 9  adorn+ ?is city2 & x cont9u$
 9 all its beauty till ! ,arabians  made
 a conque/ ( ,egypt "u ! ,caliph ,om>4  
,! g5]al :o took x  built ano!r city ne>
 x1 nam$ ,fu/al1 m]ely because 8 t5t _h 
be5 a long "t set up 9 t place2 & !     
,fatimite caliphs1 :5  !y became ma/]s (
 ,egypt1 add$ ano!r to x1 :i* is kn[n to
 u  at ?is day by ! "n ( ,gr& ,cairo4   
,?is occasion$ ! utt] decay  ( ,memphis1
 & l$ to ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy1 t x  

%\ld be  wa/e & )\t inhabitant40 ,!     
prophets (t5 speak ( ?is city1  & =etel 
! mis]ies x 0 to suff] f ! k+s ( ,*aldea
 &  ,p]sia1 ,isaiah xix1 #ac2 ,j]4 xliv1
 #a2 xlvi1 #ad1 #ai2 ,hosea ix1 #f2     
,ezek4  xxx1 #ac1 #af4    ,,novatians1 !
 foll[]s ( ,novatian1 a prie/ ( ,rome1 &
 ( ,novatus1  a prie/ ( ,c>?age1 9 !    
?ird c5tury4 ,!y 7 di/+ui%$  m]ely by _!
 discipl9e2 = _! religi\s & doctr9al    
t5ets d  n appe> to be at all diff]5t f 
^? ( ! *ur*4 ,!y  condemn$ second       
m>riages1 & = ev] exclud$ f _! communion
  all ^? :o aft] baptism _h fall5 into  
s94 ,!y affect$ v  sup]ior purity2 &1   
?\gh !y conceiv$ t ! wor/ might         
possibly hope = et]nal life1 !y         
absolutely refus$ to redmit into  _!    
communion any :o _h laps$ into s94 ,!y  
sep>at$ f !  *ur* ( ,rome1 because !    
memb]s ( x admitt$ into _! communion  _m
 :o _h1 dur+ a season ( p]secution1     
reject$ ! ,*ri/ian  fai?4    ,,numb]s1 a
 canonical book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 be+ !
 f\r? ( !  ,p5tateu*1 or five books (   

,moses2 & receives its d5om9ation f  !  
numb]+ ( ! families ( ,israel by ,moses 
& ,a>on1 :o mu/]$  ! tribes1 & m>%all$ !
 army1 ( ! ,hebrews 9 _! passage  ?r\gh 
! wild]ness4 ,a great "p ( ?is book is  
hi/orical1  relat+ sev]al rem>kable     
ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 t j\rney1 &  also    
m5tion+ v>i\s ( _! j\rney+s 9 !         
wild]ness4 ,?is  book compreh5ds !      
hi/ory ( ab\t ?irty-eight ye>s1 ?\gh !  
great] "p ( ! ?+s record$ fell out 9 !  
fir/ & la/ (  ^? ye>s2 & x does n appe> 
:5 ^? ?+s 7 done :i*  are record$ 9 !   
middle ( ! book4 ,see ,,p5tateu*4       
,,nurse4 ,! nurse 9 an ea/]n family is  
always an important p]sonage4  ,mod]n   
travell]s in=m u1 t 9 ,syria %e is      
consid]$ z a sort  ( second p>5t1 :e!r  
%e has be5 fo/]-"m or o!rwise4 ,%e      
always accompanies ! bride to h] husb&'s
 h\se1 & ev] rema9s  !re an hon\r$ "*4  
,?us x 0 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,?is w  s]ve 
to expla9 ,g5esis xxiv1 #ei3 ,& !y s5t  
away ,rebekah _!  si/]1 & h] nurse40 ,9 
,h9do/an ! nurse is n look$ ^u z a      

/rang]1 b becomes "o ( ! family1 &      
passes ! rema9d] ( h]  life 9 ! mid/ ( !
 *ildr5 %e has suckl$1 by :om %e is     
hon\r$ & *]i%$ z a second "m4 ,9 _m p>ts
 ( ,h9do/an  are mosques & mausoleums1  
built by ! ,mohamm$an pr9ces1 ne> !     
sepul*res ( _! nurses4 ,!y are excit$ by
 a grateful affection to  erect ^!      
/ructures 9 memory ( ^? :o ) mat]nal    
anxiety  wat*$ ov] _! helpless infancy3 
?us x has be5 f "t  immemorial4         
,,oak4 ,! religi\s v5]ation paid to ?is 
tree1 by ! orig9al natives  ( our isl& 9
 ! "t ( ! ,druids1 is well kn[n to e    
read]  ( ,briti% hi/ory4 ,we h reason to
 ?9k t ?is v5]ation 0  br\ght f ! ea/2 &
 t ! ,druids did no m ?an transf] !     
s5tim5ts _! prog5itors _h receiv$ 9     
ori5tal c\ntries4 ,x  %\ld appe> t !    
,patri>* ,abraham resid$ "u an oak1 or a
  grove ( oaks1 :i* our translators r5d]
 ! pla9 ( ,mamre2 & t  he plant$ a grove
 ( ?is tree1 ,g54 xiii1 #ah4 ,9 fact1   
s9ce 9 hot  c\ntries no?+ is m desirable
 ?an %ade1 no?+ m refre%+  ?an ! %ade ( 

a tree1 we may easily suppose !         
inhabitants w\ld  resort = su* enjoym5t 
to                    ,:]e'er ! oak's   
?ick bran*es spread                     
,a deep]1 d>k] %ade4    ,oaks1 & groves 
( oaks1 7 e/eem$ prop] places = religi\s
  s]vices2 alt>s 7 set up "u !m1 ,jo%ua 
xxiv1 #bf2 &1 probably1  9 ! ea/ z well 
z 9 ! we/1 appo9tm5ts to meet at        
conspicu\s  oaks 7 made1 & _m affairs 7 
transact$ or treat$ ( "u  _! %ade1 z we 
read 9 ,hom]1 ,!ocritus & o!r poets4 ,x 
0  common among ! ,hebrews to sit "u    
oaks1 ,judges vi1 #aa2 #a ,k+s xiii1    
#ad4 ,jacob buri$ idolatr\s images "u an
 oak1 ,g54 xxxv1 #d2 &  ,deborah1       
,rebekah's nurse1 0 buri$ "u "o ( ^!    
trees1 ,g5esis  xxxv1 #h4 ,see #a ,*ron4
 x1 #ab4 ,abimele* 0 made k+ "u an oak1 
,judges ix1 #f4 ,idolatry 0 practis$ "u 
oaks1 ,isaiah i1 #bi2 lvii1 #e2  ,hosea 
iv1 #ac4 ,idols 7 made ( oaks1 ,isa4    
xliv1 #ad4    ,,oa?1 a solemn invocation
 ( a sup]ior p[]1 admitt$ to be acqua9t$
  ) all ! secrets ( our he>ts1 ) our    

inw>d ?\ghts z well z  our outw>d       
actions1 to witness ! tru? ( :at we     
ass]t1 & to  inflict 8 v5geance ^u u if 
we ass]t :at is n true1 or promise  :at 
we d n mean to p]=m4 ,almo/ all nations1
 :e!r savage or  civiliz$1 :e!r enjoy+ !
 light ( revelation or l$ only by !     
light ( reason1 kn[+ ! importance (     
tru?1 & will+ to obta9  a b>ri] aga9/   
falsehood1 h _h rec\rse to oa?s1 by :i* 
!y  h endeav\r$ to make m5 fe>ful (     
utt]+ lies1 "u ! dread  ( an av5g+      
,deity4 ,among ,*ri/ians1 an oa? is a   
solemn appeal =  ! tru? ( our ass]tions1
 ! s9c]ity ( our promises1 & !  fidelity
 ( our engagem5ts1 to ! "o only ,god1 ! 
,judge ( ! :ole  e>?1 :o is e :]e       
pres5t1 & sees1 & he>s1 & kn[s1  :atev] 
is said1 or done1 or ?\ght 9 any "p ( ! 
_w4 ,su* is  t ,be+ :om ,*ri/ians1 :5 !y
 take an oa?1 invoke to be>  te/imony to
 ! tru? ( _! words1 & ! integrity ( _!  
he>ts4 ,surely1 !n1 if oa?s be a matt] (
 s mu* mom5t1 x well  behoves u n to    
treat !m ) levity1 nor ev] to take !m   

)\t  due consid]ation4 ,h5ce we ought1 )
 ! utmo/ vigilance1 to ab/a9  f m+l+    
oa?s 9 our ord9>y disc\rse1 & f         
associat+ !  "n ( ,god ) l[ or disgu/+  
images1 or us+ x on trivial  occasions1 
z n only a pr(ane levity 9 itself1 b    
t5d+ to  de/roy t rev]5ce = ! supreme   
,maje/y :i* ought to prevail 9  society1
 & to dwell 9 our own he>ts4    ,! =ms (
 oa?s10 says ,dr4 ,paley1 l o!r religi\s
 c]emonies1  h 9 all ages be5 v>i\s2    
consi/+1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p (  "s bodily 
action1 & ( a prescrib$ =m ( words40    
,among ! ,jews1  ! juror held up 8 "r h&
 t[>d heav51 ,psalm cxliv1 #h2 ,rev4 x1 
#e4 ,! same =m is reta9$ 9 ,scotl& /ill4
 ,among ! ,jews1 also1 an  oa? (        
fidelity 0 tak5 by ! s]vant's putt+ 8 h&
 "u !  ?igh ( 8 "l1 ,g5esis xxiv1 #b4   
,among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 !  =m v>i$ )
 ! subject & occasion ( ! oa?3 9 private
  contracts1 ! p>ties took hold ( ea*   
o!r's h&s1 :ile !y swore  to ! p]=mance2
 or !y t\*$ ! alt> ( ! god by ^:        
div9ity !y swore3 ^u m solemn occasions1

 x 0 ! cu/om to  slay a victim2 & ! bea/
 be+ /ruck d[n ) c]ta9 c]emonies  &     
invocations1 gave bir? to ! expression1 
f]ire pactum2 & to  our ,engli% phrase1 
translat$ f ?is1 ( /rik+ a b>ga940 ,!   
=m ( oa?s 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries is also v 
diff]5t2 b 9 no  c\ntry 9 ! _w worse    
contriv$1 ei!r to convey ! mean+ or     
impress ! obligation ( an oa?1 ?an 9 our
 own4 ,! juror ) u1  aft] repeat+ !     
promise or affirmation :i* ! oa? is     
int5d$ to  confirm1 adds1 ,s help me    
,god20 or1 m frequ5tly1 ! sub/ance (  ! 
oa? is repeat$ to ! juror by !          
magi/rate1 :o adds 9 !  conclusion1 ,s  
help y ,god40 ,! en]gy ( ?is s5t5ce     
resides 9 !  p>ticle s3 ,s1 t is1 hc    
lege1 ^u condition ( my speak+  ! tru?1 
or p]=m+ ?is promise1 & n o!rwise1 may  
,god help  me6 ,! juror1 :ile he he>s or
 repeats ! words ( ! oa?1 holds  8 "r h&
 ^u a ,bible1 or o!r book conta9+ !     
,gospels1 &  at ! conclusion kisses !   
book4 ,?is obscure & elliptical =m1     
toge!r ) ! levity & frequ5cy ( !m1 has  

br\ght ab\t a  g5]al inadv]t5cy to !    
obligation ( oa?s1 :i*1 bo? 9 a         
religi\s & political view1 is mu* to be 
lam5t$2 & x m]its  public consid]ation1 
:e!r ! requir+ ( oa?s ^u s _m  frivol\s 
occasions1 especially 9 ! cu/oms1 & 9 ! 
qualification  = petty (fices1 has any  
o!r effect ?an to make su* sanctions    
*eap 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,a p\nd ( tea _c   
travel regul>ly  f ! %ip to ! consum]1  
)\t co/+ half a doz5 oa?s at  lea/2 & ! 
same security = ! due dis*>ge ( _!      
(fice1  namely1 t ( an oa?1 is requir$ f
 a *ur*w>d5 & an  ar*bi%op2 f a petty   
con/able & ! *ief ju/ice ( ,engl&4      
,oa?s1 h[ev]1 are lawful2 &1 :atev] be !
 =m1 ! signification  is ! same4        
,hi/orians h ju/ly rem>k$1 t :5 !       
rev]5ce  = an oa? began to dim9i% among 
! ,romans1 & ! loose epicurean  sy/em1  
:i* disc>d$ ! belief ( provid5ce1 0     
introduc$1 !  ,roman hon\r & prosp]ity f
 t p]iod began to decl9e4 ,!  ,quak]s   
refuse to swe> ^u any occasion1 f\nd+ _!
 scruples  conc]n+ ! lawfulness ( oa?s  

^u our ,savi\r's prohibition1 ,swe>  n  
at all10 ,matt4 v1 #cd4 ,b x seems our  
,"l !re ref]r$ to !  vici\s1 wanton1 &  
unau?oriz$ swe>+ 9 common disc\rse1 & n 
to judicial oa?s2 = he himself answ]$1  
:5 int]rogat$1 ^u  oa?1 ,matt4 xxvi1    
#fc1 #fd2 ,m>k xiv1 #fa4 ,! ,apo/le     
,paul also makes use  ( expressions :i* 
conta9 ! nature ( oa?s1 ,romans i1 #i2  
#a ,cor4  xv1 #ca2 #b ,cor4 i1 #ah2     
,gal4 i1 #bj2 ,heb4 vi1 #ac-ag4 ,!      
adm9i/ration (  oa?s supposes t ,god w  
puni% false swe>+ ) m sev]ity  ?an a    
simple lie1 or brea* ( promise2 = :i*   
belief !re are !  foll[+ reasons3 #a4   
,p]jury is a s9 ( great] delib]ation4   
#b4 ,x  violates a sup]ior confid5ce4   
#c4 ,god direct$ ! ,israelites to swe>  
by 8 "n1 ,deut4 vi1 #ac2 x1 #bj2 & 0    
pleas$ to confirm 8  cov5ant ) t p by an
 oa?2 nei!r ( :i*1 x is probable1  he   
w\ld h done1 _h he n int5d$ to repres5t 
oa?s z hav+  "s mean+ & effect beyond ! 
obligation ( a b>e promise4    ,,obadiah
 ! prophet is ?\ght to h be5 ! same z ! 

gov]nor (  ,ahab's h\se1 #a ,k+s xviii1 
#c1 c2 & "s are ( op9ion1 he 0 t        
,obadiah :om ,josiah made ov]se] ( !    
works ( ! temple1 #b ,*ron4  xxxiv1 #ab4
 ,inde$1 ! age 9 :i* ?is prophet liv$ is
 v  unc]ta94 ,"s ?9k t he 0 contempor>y 
) ,hosea1 ,amos1 &  ,joel2 :ile o!rs are
 ( op9ion t he liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,j]emiah  &
 ,ezekiel1 & t he deliv]$ 8 prophecy    
ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #ehe1 soon  aft] !         
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adnezz>4
 ,8 book1 :i*  consi/s ( a s+le *apt]1  
is writt5 ) great beauty & elegance1  & 
conta9s pr$ictions ( ! utt] de/ruction (
 ! ,edomites1 &  ( ! future re/oration &
 prosp]ity ( ! ,jews4    ,,ob$-,,edom1  
son ( ,j$u?un1 a ,levite1 #a ,*ron4 xvi1
 #ch1 & ! fa!r  ( ,%emaiah & o!rs1 #a   
,*ron4 xvi1 #e4 ,we le>n t ! ,"l bless$ 
?is man exce$+ly1 on acc\nt ( ! ark re/+
 "u 8 ro(1 #b  ,sam4 vi1 #aj1 #aa4      
,david hav+ remov$ ! ark to ! place he  
_h  previ\sly prep>$ = its reception1   
,ob$-,edom & 8 sons 7  appo9t$ to be    
keep]s ( ! doors ( ! temple1 #a ,*ron4  

xv1 #ah1 #ba4  ,ob$-,edom is call$ !    
,gittite1 probably because he 0 (       
,ga?rimmon1  a city ( ! ,levites beyond 
,jordan1 ,jo%ua xxi1 #bd1 #be4    ,,od$1
 a prophet ( ! ,"l1 :o1 be+ at ,sam>ia  
:5 ! ,israelites  ( ! t5 tribes return$ 
f ! w> ) _! ,k+ ,pekah1 toge!r  ) two   
hundr$ ?\s& ( ! p ( ,judah1 :om !y _h   
tak5  captive1 w5t out to meet !m2 &    
?r\gh 8 remon/rances !  captives 7      
lib]at$1 #b ,*ron4 xxviii4 ,?is         
circum/ance is all t  is record$ conc]n+
 ,od$4    ,,(f]+s4 ,among ! ,jews1 "u ! 
,mosaic law1 a v>iety ( (f]+s  ( diff]5t
 k9ds 7 appo9t$1 :i* are accurately &   
fully  describ$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! book (   
,leviticus4    ,burnt-(f]+s1 or         
holocau/s1 sacrifices 9 :i* ! victims 7 
:olly consum$1 7 expiatory1 & m anci5t  
?an any o!rs1 &  71 = t reason1 held 9  
special hon\r4 ,x 0 9 consid]ation  ( ^!
 circum/ances t ,moses gave precepts 9  
reg>d to ?is k9d  ( sacrifices fir/1    
,lev4 i1 #c4 ,holocau/s might be (f]$ by
 means (  ! ,hebrew prie/s1 :5 br\ght by

 ! ,hea!n1 or ^? :o _h  orig9at$ f ano!r
 nation2 su* p]sons be+ unable to (f] s9
  or trespass-(f]+s1 s9ce ?is sort (    
sacrifices _h p>ticul>  ref]5ce to "s   
neglect or violation ( ! ,mosaic law1 by
 ^:  au?ority !y did n ackn[l$ge        
!mselves b\nd4 ,holocau/s 7  expiatory1 
& we accord+ly f9d t !y 7 (f]$ sometimes
 =  ! :ole p2 = in/ance1 ! morn+ & !    
ev5+ sacrifices2  & sometimes by an     
individual = himself alone1 ei!r f !    
free  impulse ( 8 feel+s1 or 9 fulfilm5t
 ( a v[1 ,psalm li1 #ai2 lxvi1  #ac1    
#ad4 ,!y 7 requir$ to be (f]$ "u c]ta9  
comb9ations (  circum/ances po9t$ out 9 
! ,mosaic laws2 namely1 by a ,naz>ite1  
:o  _h be5 unexpect$ly r5d]$ unclean1 or
 :o _h complet$ ! days (  8 sep>ation1  
,num4 vi1 #aa-af2 by ^? :o _h be5 heal$ 
( leprosy2  & by wom5 aft] *ild-bir?1   
,lev4 xii1 #f1 #h4 ,! victims immolat$  
at  a holocau/ 7 bullocks ( ?ree ye>s   
old1 goats & lambs ( a ye>  old1 turtle 
doves1 & "y pigeons4 ,n only ! p>ts :i* 
7  expressly de/9$ = ! alt>1 b also !   

o!r p>ts ( !  victims1 7 burn$4 ,a      
libation ( w9e 0 p\r$ out ^u ! alt>4  ,x
 0 ! practice among ! ,g5tile nations1  
7an allusion to :i*  occurs 9 ,phil4 ii1
 #ag1 & #b ,tim4 iv1 #f17 to p\r ! w9e  
out betwe5  ! horns ( ! victims :i* !y  
immolat$ to _! idols4 ,! prie/  p>tially
 wrung or cut (f ! heads ( ! turtle     
doves & "y  pigeons1 spr9kl$ ! blood on 
! side ( ! alt>1 pluck$ out !  fea!rs & 
! crop1 & ca/ !m to ! ea/ ( ! alt> into 
!  place = ! reception ( a%es1 & plac$ !
 rema9d]1 aft] hav+  cleft or brok5 !   
w+s1 ^u ! fire1 ,lev4 i1 #c-ag4         
,dr9k-(f]+s4 ,) a bullock1 half a h9 (  
w9e1 ) ?ree-t5?  deals ( fl\r1 & half a 
h9 ( oil4 ,) a ram1 "o-?ird ( a h9 (    
w9e1 ) two-t5? deals ( fl\r1 & "o-?ird (
 a h9 ( oil4 ,)  a lamb or a kid ( !    
goats1 "o qu>t] ( a h9 ( w9e1 "o-t5?    
deal ( fl\r1 & "o qu>t] ( a h9 ( oil4 ,)
 a %eaf ( !  fir/-fruits1 "o qu>t] ( a  
h9 ( w9e1 "o-t5? deal ( fl\r1  ) oil4   
,meat-(f]+s4 ,^!1 l ! dr9k-(f]+s1 7     
app5dages to !  sacrifices4 ,!y 7 ( ?9  

cakes or waf]s4 ,9 "s in/ances !y  7    
(f]$ alone4    ,heave-(f]+s4 ,s call$ f 
! sacrifice be+ lift$ up t[>d  heav51 9 
tok5 ( its be+ devot$ to ,jehovah4      
,peace-(f]+s4 ,bullocks1 heif]s1 goats1 
rams1 & %eep1 7 !  only animals         
sacrific$ on ^! occasions1 ,lev4 iii1   
#a-ag2 vii1 #bc-bg4  ,^! sacrifices1 :i*
 7 (f]$ z an indication ( gratitude1 7  
accompani$ ) unleav5$ cakes1 cov]$ )    
oil1 by p\r+ x ^u  !m2 ) ?9 cakes or    
waf]s1 likewise unleav5$1 & besme>$ )   
oil2 also ) ano!r k9d ( cakes1 made (   
f9e meal1 & knead$  ) oil4 ,! prie/1 :o 
spr9kl$ ! blood1 pres5t$ "o ( ea* (  ^! 
k9ds ( cakes z an (f]+1 ,lev4 vii1      
#aa-ad1 #bh-ce4 ,!  rema9d] ( ! animal  
sub/ance & ( ! cakes 0 conv]t$ by !     
p]son :o made ! (f]+ into an ent]ta9m5t1
 to :i* wid[s1  orphans1 ! poor1 slaves1
 & ,levites 7 invit$4 ,:at 0 n eat5  on 
! day ( ! (f]+ might be res]v$ till !   
succe$+2 b  t :i* rema9$ till ! ?ird 0  
to be burn$3 a regulation :i*  0 made 9 
ord] to prev5t ! omission or putt+ (f ( 

! season  ( ?is b5evol5ce & joy1 ,lev4  
vii1 #ae-ba2 ,deut4 xii1 #ah4 ,?is fea/ 
c\ld be celebrat$ beyond ! limits ( !   
tab]nacle1 or temple1 b  n beyond !     
city4    ,s9-(f]+s 7 = expiation (      
p>ticul> s9s1 or legal  imp]fections1   
call$ !re=e s9-(f]+s3 ! fir/ sort 7 =   
s9s ( ignorance or surprise1 ei!r f !   
high prie/1 or body (  ! community1 f ! 
rul]s1 or any "o ( ! common p4 ,!  o!r  
sort ( s9-(f]+s 7 = volunt>y s9s2 b z to
 ! m  capital violations ( ! moral law1 
z murd]1 adult]y1 or ! wor%ip  ( idols1 
no expiatory sacrifice 0 admitt$4       
,trespass-(f]+s 7 n requir$ ( ! p z a   
body4 ,!y 7  to be (f]$ by individuals1 
:o1 ?r\gh ignorance1 mi/ake1 or want  ( 
reflection1 _h neglect$ "s ( ! c]emonial
 precepts ( ,moses1  or "s ( ^? natural 
laws1 :i* _h be5 introduc$ into 8 code1 
& sanction$ ) ! p5alty ( dea?2 & :o 7   
subsequ5tly  consci\s ( _! error4 ,!    
p]son :o1 be+ sworn z a witness1        
conceal$ ! tru? by keep+ sil5t2 ! man   
:o1 hav+ become  contam9at$ )\t kn[+ x1 

_h omitt$ purification1 b _h  aft]w>d   
become acqua9t$ ) ! fact2 ! p]son :o _h 
ra%ly  sworn to d a ?+1 & _h n done x2  
all ^! del9qu5ts (f]$  a lamb or kid1   
or1 9 case ( pov]ty1 two doves or "y    
pigeons1 !  "o = a trespass1 ! o!r = a  
s9-(f]+4 ,9 case ! p]son 0  unusually   
poor1 he 0 requir$ to (f] m]ely ! t5? "p
 ( an  ephah ( f9e meal1 )\t oil or     
frank9c5se1 ,lev4 iii1 #a-af4 ,:oev]    
appropriat$ to himself any ?+           
consecrat$1 or any ?+ t 0  promis$1 or  
f\nd1 or /ol51 or deposit$ 9 8          
possession =  keep+2 :oev] swore        
falsely1 or omitt$ to re/ore ! goods t  
belong$ to ano!r1 or injur$ him 9 any   
o!r way1 pres5t$ = 8  trespass a ram1   
:i* _h be5 submitt$ to ! e/imation ( !  
prie/1 & n only made re/itution1 b all[$
 an additional am\nt  ( a fif? "p by way
 ( indemnification4 ,he :o _h committ$  
=nication ) a betro!d bondmaid1         
previ\sly to h] be+ r$eem$  f s]vitude1 
(f]$ a ram = ! trespass1 ,lev4 xix1     
#bj-bb4  ,naz>ites1 :o _h be5           

unexpect$ly r5d]$ unclean1 pres5t$ a    
lamb  ( a ye> old1 ,num4 vi1 #aa4       
,f9ally1 lep]s1 :5 re/or$ to heal?1  &  
purifi$1 sacrific$ a ram1 ,lev4 xiv1    
#aj-ad4 ,! c]emonies 7 !  same z 9 !    
s9-(f]+s4    ,wave-(f]+4 ,x 0 s call$1  
because x 0 wav$ up & d[n1 &  t[>d !    
ea/1 we/1 nor?1 & s\?1 to signify1 t he 
to :om x  0 (f]$ 0 ,"l ( ! univ]se1 !   
,god :o fills all space1 &  to :om all  
?+s ( "r belong4 ,see ,,sacrifices4     
,,og1 a k+ ( ,ba%an2 be+ a giant ( !    
race ( ! ,rephaim4 ,moses  records !    
conque/ ( ,og1 & 8 de/ruction4 ,aft] :i*
 8 c\ntry  0 giv5 to ! tribe ( ,reub51  
,gad1 & ! half tribe ( ,manasseh1  ,num4
 xxi1 #cc4 ,see ,,giants4    ,,oil1 4 ,!
 inv5tion & use ( oil is ( ! highe/     
antiquity4 ,x  is said t ,jacob p\r$ oil
 ^u ! pill> :i* he erect$ at  ,be!l1    
,g54 xxviii1 #ah4 ,! e>lie/ k9d 0 t :i* 
is extract$  f olives4 ,be=e ! inv5tion 
( mills1 ?is 0 obta9$ by  p\nd+ !m 9 a  
mort>1 ,exod4 xxvii1 #bj2 & sometimes by
 tread+  !m ) ! feet 9 ! same mann] z 7 

grapes1 ,deut4 xxxiii1 #bd2  ,micah vi1 
#ae4 ,! ,hebrews us$ common oil ) _!    
food1 9 _!  meat-(f]+s1 = burn+ 9 _!    
lamps1 c4 ,z va/ quantities (  oil 7    
made by ! anci5t ,jews1 x became an     
article ( exportation4  ,! great dem& = 
x 9 ,egypt l$ ! ,jews to s5d x ?i!r4 ,! 
,prophet ,hosea ?us upbraids 8 deg5]ate 
nation ) ! s]vility &  folly ( _!       
conduct3 ,ephraim fe$e? on w9d1 &       
foll[e? aft] !  ea/ w9d2 he daily       
increase? falsehood & vanity3 & a league
 is  made ) ,assyria1 & oil c>ri$ into  
,egypt10 ,hosea xii1 #a4 ,!             
,israelites1 9 ! decl9e ( _! national   
glory1 c>ri$ ! produce  ( _! olive      
plantations into ,egypt z a tribute to  
_! anci5t  oppressors1 or z a pres5t to 
conciliate _! fav\r1 & obta9 _!         
assi/ance 9 ! sangu9>y w>s :i* !y 7 (t5 
compell$ to  wage ) ! neighb\r+ /ates4  
,!re 0 an ungu5t1 v preci\s  & sacr$1   
us$ 9 ano9t+ ! prie/s1 ! tab]nacle1 &   
furniture4 ,?is 0 comp\nd$ ( spicy      
drugs2 namely1 myrrh1 sweet  c9namon1   

sweet calamus1 & cassia1 mix$ ) oil     
olive4    ,,olive ,,tree1 1 1 ,matt4    
xxi1 #a2 ,rom4 xi1 #ag1 #bd2 ,james iii1
 #ab2  1 olea/]1 ! wild olive1 ,rom4 xi1
 #ag1 #bd4 ,t\rne=t  m5tions eighte5    
k9ds ( olives2 b 9 ! ,scripture we only 
read (  ! cultivat$ & wild olive4 ,!    
cultivat$ olive is ( a mod]ate  height1 
& ?rives be/ 9 a sunny & w>m soil4 ,its 
trunk is knotty2  its b>k is smoo?1 & ( 
an a% col\r2 its wood is solid1 &       
yell[i%2 its leaves are oblong1 & almo/ 
l ^? ( ! will[1  ( a d>k gre5 col\r on !
 upp] side1 & a :iti% bel[4 ,9 !  mon? (
 ,june x puts =? :ite fl[]s1 gr[+ 9     
bun*es1 ea* (  "o piece1 & wid5+ t[>d ! 
top1 & divid+ into f\r p>ts4  ,aft] ?is 
fl[] succe$s ! fruit1 :i* is oblong &   
plump4 ,x is  fir/ gre51 !n pale1 &1 :5 
q ripe1 becomes black4 ,)9 x  is enclos$
 a h>d /one1 fill$ ) oblong se$s4 ,!    
wild olives 7  ( a less k9d4 ,canaan mu*
 ab\nd$ ) olives4 ,x seems almo/ e      
proprietor1 :e!r k+s or subjects1 _h _! 
olive y>ds4 ,! olive  bran* 01 f mo/    

anci5t times1 us$ z ! symbol (          
reconciliation & peace4    ,,olives4 ,! 
,m\nt ( ,olives 0 situat$ to ! ea/ (    
,j]usalem1 &  divid$ f ! city only by ! 
brook ,kidron1 & by ! valley (          
,jeho%aphat1 :i* /ret*es out f ! nor? to
 ! s\?4 ,x 0  ^u ?is m\nt t ,solomon    
built temples to ! gods ( ! ,ammonites1 
#a ,k+s xi1 #g1 & ! ,moabites1 out (    
complaisance to 8 wives (  ^? nations4  
,h5ce x is t ! ,m\nt ( ,olives is call$ 
!  m\nta9 ( corruption1 #b ,k+s xxiii1  
#ac4 ,! ,m\nt ( ,olives =ms  "p ( a     
ridge ( lime/one hills1 ext5d+ to ! nor?
 & ! s\?  we/4 ,pococke describes x z   
hav+ f\r summits4 ,on ! l[e/ &  mo/     
nor!rly ( ^!1 :i*1 he tells u1 is call$ 
,sulman ,ta%y1 !  /one ( ,solomon1 !re  
is a l>ge dom$ sepul*re1 & sev]al o!r   
,mohamm$an tombs4 ,! asc5t to ?is po9t1 
:i* is to ! nor?-ea/  ( ! city1 he      
describes z v gradual1 ?r\gh pleasant   
corn fields1  plant$ ) olive trees4 ,!  
second summit is t :i* ov]looks !  city3
 ! pa? to x rises f ! ru9$ g>d5s (      

,ge?semane1 :i*  occupy "p ( ! valley4  
,ab\t half way up ! asc5t is a ru9$     
mona/]y1 built1 z ! monks tell u1 on !  
spot :]e our ,savi\r  wept ov]          
,j]usalem4 ,f ?is po9t1 ! spectator     
enjoys1 p]haps1 !  be/ view ( ! holy    
city4 ,on rea*+ ! summit1 an ext5sive   
view is  obta9$ t[>d ! ea/1 embrac+ !   
f]tile pla9 ( ,j]i*o1  wat]$ by !       
,jordan1 & ! ,dead ,sea1 enclos$ by     
m\nta9s (  consid]able gr&eur4 ,"h !re  
is a small village1 surr\nd$ by "s      
tol]able corn l&4 ,?is summit is n      
relatively high1 & w\ld m  prop]ly be   
t]m$ a hill ?an a m\nta93 x is n above  
two miles  di/ant f ,j]usalem4 ,at a    
%ort di/ance f ! summit is %[n !        
suppos$ pr9t ( our ,savi\r's left foot2 
,*ateaubri& says ! m>k  ( ! "r 0 once   
visible1 & ,b]n>d de ,breid5ba* saw x 9 
#adhc6 ,?is is ! spot fix$ ^u by ! "m ( 
,con/ant9e1 z t  f :i* our ,"l asc5d$1 &
 ov] :i* %e accord+ly erect$ a  *ur* &  
mona/]y1 ! ru9s ( :i* /ill rema94       
,pococke describes  ! build+ :i* 0 /&+ 9

 8 "t1 z a small ,go?ic *apel1  r\nd )91
 & octagonal )\t1 & tells u t x 0       
conv]t$  into a mosque4 ,! ,turks1 = a  
/ipulat$ sum1 p]mit ! ,*ri/ian  pilgrims
 to take an impression ( ! foot pr9t 9  
wax or pla/]1 to  c>ry home4 ,twice10   
says ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 ,i visit$ ?is      
memorable spot2  & ea* "t x 0 cr[d$ )   
dev\t pilgrims1 tak+ ca/s ( !  holy     
ve/ige4 ,!y _h to pur*ase p]mission ( ! 
,turks2 b1 _h x  n be5 9 ! possession ( 
! ,turks1 !y w\ld h _h to pur*ase  x f !
 m m]c5>y & n less m]ciless ,romans or  
,greeks40 ,on  asc5sion eve1 ! ,*ri/ians
 come & encamp 9 ! c\rt1 & t  night !y  
p]=m ! (fices ( ! asc5sion4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 
z )  reg>d to ,calv>y & almo/ all !     
suppos$ sacr$ places1  sup]/ition has   
bl9dly foll[$ ! bl9d4 ,t ?is is n !     
place  ( ! asc5sion1 is c]ta9 f ! words 
( ,/4 ,luke1 :o says t  our ,"l l$ out 8
 disciples z f> z ,be?any1 & lift$ up 8 
h&s1 & bless$ !m4 ,& x came to pass1    
:ile he bless$ !m1 he  0 p>t$ f !m1 &   
c>ri$ up to heav510 ,acts i4 ,be?any is 

a  small village to ! ea/ ( ! ,m\nt (   
,olives1 on ! road to  ,j]i*o1 n f>!r f 
,j]usalem ?an ! p9nacle ( ! hill4 ,!re  
are two roads to x2 "o passes ov] !     
,m\nt ( ,olives2 ! o!r1  :i* is ! %ort] 
& easi]1 w9ds r\nd ! ea/]n end1 hav+ !  
great] "p ( ! hill on ! nor? or left h&1
 & on ! "r !  elevation call$ by "s     
writ]s ! ,m\nt ( ,(f5ce1 :i* is1  h[ev]1
 v little above ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat4 
,! village (  ,be?any is small & poor1 &
 ! cultivation ( ! soil is mu*          
neglect$2 b x is a pleasant & some:at   
romantic spot1 %elt]$ by  ,m\nt ,olivet 
on ! nor?1 & ab\nd+ ) trees & long      
grass4 ,!  inhabitants are ,arabs4    ,!
 olive is /ill f\nd gr[+ 9 pat*es at !  
foot ( ! m\nt to  :i* x gives its "n2 & 
z a spontane\s produce1 un9t]rupt$ly    
result+ f ! orig9al gr[? ( ?is "p ( !   
m\nta91 x is  impossible10 says ,dr4 ,e4
 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 to view ev5 ^! trees )     
indiff]5ce40 ,titus cut d[n all ! wood 9
 ! neighb\rhood (  ,j]usalem2 b !re w\ld
 seem to h be5 con/antly spr++ up a     

succession ( ^! h>dy trees4 ,x is truly 
a curi\s & int]e/+  fact10 adds ! le>n$ 
travell]1 t1 dur+ a p]iod ( little m    
?an two ?\s& ye>s1 ,hebrews1 ,assyrians1
 ,romans1 ,moslems1 &  ,*ri/ians1 h be5 
successively 9 possession ( ! rocky     
m\nta9s  ( ,pale/9e2 yet1 ! olive /ill  
v9dicates its pat]nal soil1 & is  f\nd1 
at ?is day1 ^u ! same spot :i* 0 call$  
by ! ,hebrew  writ]s ,m\nt ,olivet & !  
,m\nt ( ,olives1 elev5 c5turies be=e  ! 
,*ri/ian era10 #b ,sam4 xv1 #cj2 ,ze*4  
xiv1 #d4    ,,omega1 ! la/ lett] 9 !    
,greek alphabet1 ,rev4 i1 #h2 a title ( 
,*ri/4    ,,omnipot5ce4 ,see ,,almighty4
    ,,omnipres5ce1 t attribute ( ,god by
 :i* he is pres5t 9 all  places4 ,!     
/atem5t ( ?is doctr9e 9 ! inspir$       
records1 l  t ( all ! o!r attributes (  
,god1 is made 9 _! own peculi>  tone &  
emphasis ( maje/y & sublimity4 ,:i!r    
%all ,i g f ?y  ,_s1 or :i!r %all ,i    
flee f ?y pres5ce8 ,if ,i asc5d up to   
heav51 ?\ art !re2 if ,i make my b$ 9   
hell1 behold ?\ art !re2  if ,i take !  

w+s ( ! morn+1 & dwell 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts 
(  ! sea1 ev5 !re %all ?y h& lead me1 & 
?y "r h& %all  hold me4 ,c any hide     
himself 9 secret places t ,i %all n see 
him8  ,d n ,i fill heav5 & e>?1 sai? !  
,"l8 ,am ,i a ,god at h&1  sai? ! ,"l1 &
 n a ,god af> (f80 8,?us sai? ! ,"l1    
,behold1  heav5 is my ?rone1 & ! e>? is 
my foot/ool40 ,behold1 heav51 &  ! heav5
 ( heav5s _c conta9 !e40 8,?\gh he dig  
into hell1  !nce %all my h& take him2   
?\gh he climb up into heav51 !nce  w ,i 
br+ him d[n2 & ?\gh he hide himself 9 ! 
top ( ,c>mel1  ,i w se>* & take him out 
f !nce40 ,9 him we live1 & move1  & h   
our be+40 8,he fille? all ?+s40    ,"s  
/rik+ passages on ! ubiquity ( ! div9e  
pres5ce may be  f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( "s ( !
 ,greek philosoph]s1 aris+ out (  ?is   
notion1 t ,god 0 ! s\l ( ! _w2 b _! v   
connection ) ?is speculation1 not)/&+ ! 
impos+ phrase  occasionally adopt$1     
/rik+ly m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! mo/   
exalt$ views1 & ^? ( ! ,hebrew prophets 
on ?is subject4 ,to a  l>ge proportion (

 ^? :o hold a di/+ui%$ rank among !     
anci5t !i/ical philosoph]s1 ! idea ( !  
p]sonality ( !  ,deity 0 9 a great      
measure unkn[n4 ,! ,deity by !m 0       
consid]$  n s mu* an intellig5t ,be+1 z 
an animat+ p[]1 diffus$  ?r\gh\t ! _w1 &
 0 introduc$ into _! speculative sy/em  
to acc\nt = ! motion ( t passive mass ( 
matt]1 :i* 0  suppos$ coval1 & inde$    
coxi/5t1 ) himself4 ,^! defective       
notions are confess$ by ,gibbon1 a writ]
 n dispos$ to und]value  _! atta9m5ts3  
,! philosoph]s ( ,greece d$uc$ _! morals
 f  ! nature ( man1 r ?an f t ( ,god4   
,!y m$itat$1  h[ev]1 on ! div9e nature1 
z a v curi\s & important  speculation2  
&1 9 ! pr(\nd inquiry1 !y display$ !    
/r5g?  & weakness ( ! human und]/&+4 ,( 
! f\r mo/ consid]able  sects1 ! ,/oics &
 ! ,platonicians endeav\r$ to reconcile 
!  j>r+ int]e/s ( reason & piety4 ,!y h 
left u ! mo/  sublime pro(s ( ! exi/5ce 
& p]fections ( ! ,fir/ ,cause2 b  z x 0 
impossible = !m to conceive ! creation (
 matt]1 !  workman1 9 ! ,/oic           

philosophy1 0 n suffici5tly di/+ui%$  f 
! "w2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! spiritual   
god ( ,plato &  8 disciples resembl$ m  
an idea ?an a sub/ance40    ,simil>     
errors h be5 reviv$ 9 ! infidel         
philosophy ( mod]n  times1 f ,sp9oza d[n
 to ! lat] (fspr+ ( ! ,g]man & ,fr5*    
s*ools4 ,! same rem>k applies also to ! 
ori5tal philosophy1 :i*  pres5ts at ?is 
day a p]fect view ( ! boa/$ wisdom (    
anci5t  ,greece1 :i* 0 br\ght to n\ght0 
by ! fooli%ness0 ( apo/olic  prea*+4 ,b 
9 ! ,scriptures !re is no?+ confus$ 9 ! 
doctr9e ( ! div9e ubiquity4 ,god is e   
:]e1 b he is n e  ?+4 ,all ?+s h _! be+ 
9 him1 b he is di/9ct f all  ?+s2 he    
fills ! univ]se1 b is n m+l$ ) x4 ,he is
 !  intellig5ce :i* guides1 & ! p[] :i* 
su/a9s2 b 8  p]sonality is pres]v$1 & he
 is indep5d5t ( ! works ( 8  h&s1 h[ev] 
va/ & noble4 ,s f> is 8 pres5ce f be+   
b\nd$  by ! univ]se itself1 t1 z we are 
taught 9 ! passage above  quot$ f !     
,psalms1 7 x possible = u to w+ our way 
into !  immeasurable dep?s & bread?s (  

space1 ,god w\ld !re surr\nd u1  9 z    
absolute a s5se z t 9 :i* he is said to 
be ab\t our b$  & our pa? 9 t "p ( ! _w 
:]e 8 w has plac$ u4    ,on ?is1 z on   
all simil> subjects1 ! ,scriptures use  
t]ms :i* are  tak5 9 _! common-s5se     
acceptation among mank9d2 & ?\gh !      
vanity ( ! human m9d disposes _m to seek
 a philosophy 9 !  doctr9e ?us ann\nc$  
deep] ?an t :i* its popul> t]ms convey1 
we are b\nd to conclude1 if we w\ld pay 
b a common respect to an  admitt$       
revelation1 t1 :]e no manife/ figure (  
spee* occurs1  ! tru? ( ! doctr9e lies 9
 ! t5or ( ! t]ms by :i* x is  express$4 
,o!rwise !re w\ld be no revelation1 we d
 n say ( !  modus1 mann]1 7= t is       
confess$ly incompreh5sible17 b (  !     
fact4 ,9 ! case be=e u1 ! t]ms pres5ce &
 place are  us$ accord+ to common       
notions2 & mu/ be s tak51 if !          
,scriptures are intelligible4           
,metaphysical ref9em5ts are n           
,scriptural  doctr9es1 :5 !y give to !  
t]ms *os5 by ! ,holy ,_s an  acceptation

 out ( _! g5]al & prop] use1 & make !m !
 signs  ( a p]fectly di/9ct class (     
ideas2 if1 inde$1 all di/9ctness (  idea
 is n lo/ 9 ! attempt4 ,x is !re=e 9 !  
popul> &  j1 because ,scriptural1 mann]1
 t we are to conceive ( !  omnipres5ce (
 ,god4 ,if we reflect ^u ourselves1 we  
may obs]ve t  we fill b a small space1 &
 t our k or p[] rea*es b a  little way4 
,we c act at "o "t 9 "o place only1 & ! 
sph]e (  our influ5ce is n>r[ at l>ge/4 
,w\ld we be witnesses to :at is  done at
 any di/ance f u1 or ex]t !re our active
 p[]s1 we mu/  remove ourselves ?i!r4 ,=
 ?is reason we are necess>ily ignorant (
  a ?\s& ?+s :i* pass ar\nd u1 incapable
 ( att5d+ &  manag+ any great v>iety (  
affairs1 or p]=m+ at ! same "t  any     
numb] ( actions1 = our own good1 or = ! 
b5efit ( o!rs4  ,al?\gh we feel ?is to  
be ! pres5t condition ( our be+1 & !    
limit$ /ate ( our intellig5t & active   
p[]s1 yet we c easily  conceive !re may 
exi/ be+s m p]fect1 & ^: pres5ce may    
ext5d f> & wide3 any "o ( :om1 pres5t 9 

:at are to u v>i\s  places1 at ! same   
"t1 may "k at once :at is done 9 all ^!1
  & act 9 all ( !m2 & ?us be able to    
reg>d & direct a v>iety  ( affairs at ! 
same in/ant3 & :o f>!r be+ qualifi$1 by 
!  purity & activity ( _! nature1 to    
pass f "o place to ano!r1  ) great ease 
& swiftness1 may ?us fill a l>ge sph]e (
 action1  direct a great v>iety (       
affairs1 conf] a great numb] ( b5efits1 
& obs]ve a multitude ( actions at ! same
 "t1 or 9 s swift a  succession z to u  
w\ld appe> b "o in/ant4 ,?us p]fect we  
may  readily believe ! angels ( ,god4   
,we c f>!r conceive ?is ext5t ( pres5ce1
 & ( ability =  k & action1 to admit (  
degrees ( asc5d+ p]fection  approa*+ to 
inf9ite4 ,& :5 we h ?us rais$ our ?\ghts
 to  ! idea ( a be+1 :o is n only pres5t
 ?r\gh\t a l>ge empire1  b ?r\gh\t our  
_w2 & n only 9 e "p ( our _w1 b  9 e "p 
( all ! numb]less suns & worlds :i* roll
 9 !  />ry heav5s1--:o is n only able to
 enliv5 & actuate ! plants1  animals1 & 
m5 :o live ^u ?is globe1 b c\ntless     

v>ieties (  creatures e :]e 9 an imm5se 
univ]se1--yea1 ^: pres5ce is  n conf9$  
to ! univ]se1 immeasurable z t is by any
 f9ite  m9d1 b :o is pres5t e :]e 9     
inf9ite space2 & :o is  !re=e able to   
create /ill new worlds1 & fill !m )     
prop]  inhabitants1 att5d1 supply1 &    
gov]n !m all1--:5 we h ?us  gradually   
rais$ & enl>g$ our conceptions1 we h !  
be/ idea we  c =m ( ! univ]sal pres5ce (
 ! great ,jehovah1 :o fille?  heav5 &   
e>?4 ,!re is no "p ( ! univ]se1 no      
portion ( space1  un9habit$ by ,god2    
none :]e9 ?is ,be+ ( p]fect p[]1 wisdom1
  & b5evol5ce is n ess5tially pres5t4   
,c\ld we ) ! swiftness  ( a sun beam d>t
 ourselves beyond ! limits ( ! creation1
 & =  ages cont9ue our progress 9       
inf9ite space1 we %\ld /ill be  surr\nd$
 ) ! div9e pres5ce2 nor ev] be able to  
rea* t  space :]e ,god is n4 ,8 pres5ce 
also p5etrates e "p ( our  _w2 ! mo/    
solid p>ts ( ! e>? _c exclude x2 = x    
pi]ces z easily ! c5tre ( ! globe z !   
empty air4 ,all  creatures live & move &

 h _! be+ 9 him4 ,& ! inmo/  recesses ( 
! human he>t c no m exclude 8 pres5ce1  
or conceal  a ?\ght f 8 k1 ?an ! deepe/ 
cav]ns ( ! e>?4    ,! illu/rations &    
confirmatory pro(s ( ?is doctr9e :i* !  
mat]ial _w furni%es1 are num]\s & /rik+4
 ,x is a mo/  evid5t & ackn[l$g$ tru? t 
a be+ _c act :]e x is n3  if1 !re=e1    
actions & effects1 :i* manife/ ! highe/ 
wisdom1  p[]1 & goodness 9 ! au?or ( !m1
 are cont9ually produc$  e :]e1 ! au?or 
( ^! actions1 or ,god1 mu/ be cont9ually
  pres5t ) u1 & :]ev] he ?us acts4 ,!   
matt] :i* composes  ! _w is evid5tly    
lifeless & ?\ghtless3 x mu/ !re=e be    
incapable ( mov+ itself1 or design+ or  
produc+ any effects :i*  require wisdom 
or p[]4 ,! matt] ( our _w1 or ! small   
p>ts  :i* con/itute ! air1 ! e>?1 & !   
wat]s1 is yet cont9ually  mov$1 s z to  
produce effects ( ?is k9d2 su* are !    
innum]able  h]bs1 & trees1 & fruits :i* 
adorn ! e>?1 & support !  c\ntless      
millions ( creatures :o inhabit x4 ,!re 
mu/ !re=e be  con/antly pres5t1 all ov] 

! e>?1 a mo/ wise1 mighty1 & good  ,be+1
 ! au?or & director ( ^! motions4    ,we
 _c1 x is true1 see him ) our bodily    
eyes1 because he is a  pure ,_s2 yet ?is
 is n any pro( t he is n pres5t4 ,a     
judici\s disc\rse1 a s]ies ( k9d        
actions1 conv9ce u ( !  pres5ce ( a     
fri5d1 a p]son ( prud5ce & b5evol5ce4   
,we _c  see ! pres5t m9d1 ! seat &      
pr9ciple ( ^! qualities2 yet !  con/ant 
regul> motion ( ! tongue1 ! h&1 & ! :ole
 body1  7:i* are ! in/rum5ts ( our s\ls1
 z ! mat]ial univ]se &  all ! v>i\s     
bodies 9 x are ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,deity17 
w n  suff] u to d\bt t !re is an        
intellig5t & b5evol5t pr9ciple  )9 !    
body :i* produces all ^! skilful motions
 & k9d  actions4 ,! sun1 ! air1 ! e>?1 &
 ! wat]s1 are no m able  to move        
!mselves1 & produce all t beautiful &   
useful v>iety (  plants1 & fruits1 &    
trees1 ) :i* our e>? is cov]$1 ?an !    
body ( a man1 :5 ! s\l ha? left x1 is   
able to move itself1 =m  an in/rum5t1   
pl\gh a field1 or build a h\se4 ,if !   

lay+ out  judici\sly & well cultivat+ a 
small e/ate1 s[+ x ) prop]  gra9 at !   
be/ "t ( ! ye>1 wat]+ x 9 due season &  
quantities1 & ga!r+ 9 ! fruits :5 ripe1 
& lay+ !m up 9  ! be/ mann]1--if all ^! 
effects prove ! e/ate to h a  manag]1 & 
! manag] possess$ ( skill &             
/r5g?1--c]ta9ly !  enlight5+ & w>m+ !   
:ole e>? by ! sun1 & s direct+  its     
motion & ! motion ( ! e>? z to produce 9
 a con/ant  useful succession day &     
night1 summ] & w9t]1 se$ "t &  h>ve/2 ! 
wat]+ ! e>? cont9ually by ! cl\ds1 & ?us
  br++ =? imm5se quantities ( h]bage1   
gra91 &  fruits1--c]ta9ly all ^! effects
 cont9ually produc$1 mu/ prove  t a ,be+
 ( ! greate/ p[]1 wisdom1 & b5evol5ce is
  cont9ually pres5t ?r\gh\t our _w1 :i* 
he ?us supports1 moves1  actuates1 &    
makes fruitful4    ,! fire :i* w>ms u   
kn[s no?+ ( its s]viceabl5ess to ?is    
purpose1 nor ( ! wise laws accord+ to   
:i* its p>ticles are mov$  to produce   
?is effect4 ,& t x is plac$ 9 su* a "p (
 !  h\se1 :]e x may be greatly b5eficial

 & no way hurtful1 is  ascrib$ )\t      
hesitation to ! contrivance & lab\r ( a 
p]son  :o knew its prop] place & uses4  
,& if we came daily into a h\se  :]e9 we
 saw ?is 0 regul>ly done1 ?\gh we nev]  
saw an  inhabitant 9 x1 we c\ld n d\bt t
 ! h\se 0 occupi$ by a  rational        
inhabitant4 ,t huge globe ( fire 9 !    
heav5s1 :i* we  call ! sun1 & on ! light
 & influ5ces ( :i* ! f]tility (  our _w1
 & ! life & pleasure ( all animals1     
dep5d1 kn[s  no?+ ( its s]viceabl5ess to
 ^! purposes1 nor ( ! wise laws  accord+
 to :i* its beams are disp5s$1 nor :at  
place or motions  7 requisite = ^!      
b5eficial purposes4 ,yet its beams are  
d>t$  con/antly 9 inf9ite numb]s1 e "o  
accord+ to ^? well *os5  laws1 & its    
prop] place & motion are ma9ta9$4 ,mu/  
n1 !n1  its place be appo9t$1 its motion
 regulat$1 & beams d>t$1 by  almighty   
wisdom & goodness1 :i* prev5t ! sun's   
ev] w&]+ 9  ! b\ndless spaces ( !       
heav5s1 s z to leave u 9 disconsolate   
cold & d>kness1 or com+ s ne>1 or emitt+

 8 rays 9 su* a  mann]1 z to burn u up8 
,mu/ n ! great ,be+ :o enlight5s &  w>ms
 u by ! sun1 8 in/rum5t1 :o raises &    
s5ds d[n !  vap\rs1 br+s =? & rip5s !   
gra9 & fruits1 & :o is ?us  ev] act+    
ar\nd u = our b5efit1 be always pres5t 9
 ! sun1  ?r\gh\t ! air1 & all ov] ! e>?1
 :i* he ?us moves &  actuates8    ,?is  
e>? is 9 itself a dead1 motionless mass1
 & void ( all  c\nsel2 yet prop] p>ts ( 
x are cont9ually rais$ ?r\gh ! small    
pipes :i* compose ! bodies ( plants &   
trees1 & are made to  contribute to _!  
gr[?1 to op5 & %9e 9 blossoms & leaves1 
& to swell & h>d5 into fruit4 ,c\ld     
bl9d1 ?\ghtless p>ticles  ?us cont9ually
 keep on _! way1 ?r\gh numb]less w9d+s1 
)\t  once blund]+1 if !y 7 n guid$ by an
 un]r+ h&8 ,c !  mo/ p]fect human skill 
f e>? & wat] =m "o gra91 mu* m  a v>iety
 ( beautiful & reli%+ fruits8 ,mu/ n !  
direct+  m9d1 :o does all ?is con/antly1
 be mo/ wise1 mighty1 &  b5evol5t8 ,mu/ 
n ! ,be+ :o ?us cont9ually ex]ts 8 skill
 &  en]gy ar\nd u1 = our b5efit1 be     

confess$ to be always pres5t &  conc]n$ 
= our welf>e8 ,c ^! effects be ascrib$  
to any ?+  bel[ an all-wise & almighty  
cause8 ,& mu/ n ?is cause be pres5t     
:]ev] he acts8 ,7 ,god to speak to u e  
mon? f heav51 &  ) a voice l\d z ?und]  
decl>e t he obs]ves1 provides =1 &      
gov]ns u2 ?is w\ld n be a pro(1 9 !     
judgm5t ( s\nd reason1  by _m degrees s 
valid3 s9ce mu* less wisdom & p[] are   
requir$  to =m su* s\nds 9 ! air1 ?an to
 produce ^! effects2 & to  give1 n m]ely
 v]bal decl>ations1 b sub/antial        
evid5ces ( 8  pres5ce & c>e ov] u4 ,9 e 
"p & place ( ! univ]se1 )  :i* we are   
acqua9t$1 we p]ceive ! ex]tion ( a p[]1 
:i* we  believe1 m$iately or imm$iately1
 to proce$ f ! ,deity4 ,=  in/ance3 9   
:at "p or po9t ( space1 t has ev] be5   
explor$1  d we n discov] attraction8 ,9 
:at regions d we n f9d light8 ,9  :at   
accessible portion ( our globe d we n   
meet ) gravity1  magnetism1 electricity2
 toge!r ) ! prop]ties also & p[]s (     
organiz$ sub/ances1 ( vegetable or (    

animat$ nature8 ,nay1 f>!r1  :at k+dom  
is !re ( nature1 :at corn] ( space1 9   
:i* !re is  any ?+ t c be exam9$ by u1  
:]e we d n fall ^u  contrivance &       
design8 ,! only reflection1 p]haps1 :i* 
arises 9  our m9ds f ?is view ( ! _w    
ar\nd u1 is1 t ! laws (  nature e :]e   
prevail2 t !y are uni=m & univ]sal4 ,b  
:at d we mean by ! laws ( nature1 or by 
any law8 ,effects are  produc$ by p[]1 n
 by laws4 ,a law _c execute itself4 ,a  
law  ref]s u to an ag5t4    ,! usual    
argum5t a priori1 on ?is attribute ( !  
div9e nature1  has be5 /at$ z foll[s2 b1
 amid/ su* a mass ( demon/ration (  a   
mu* high] k9d1 x _c be ( any great      
value3--,! ,fir/ ,cause1  ! supreme     
all-p]fect ,m9d1 z he c\ld n d]ive 8 be+
 f any  o!r cause1 mu/ be indep5d5t (   
all o!r1 & !re=e unlimit$4  ,he exi/s by
 an absolute necessity ( nature2 & z all
 ! p>ts (  inf9ite space are exactly    
uni=m & alike1 = ! same reason t  he    
exi/s 9 any "o "p he mu/ exi/ 9 all4 ,no
 reason c be  assign$ = exclud+ him f "o

 "p1 :i* w\ld n exclude him  f all4 ,b t
 he is pres5t 9 "s p>ts ( space1 !      
evid5t  effects ( 8 wisdom1 p[]1 &      
b5evol5ce cont9ually produc$1           
demon/rate beyond all rational d\bt4 ,he
 mu/ !re=e be alike  pres5t e :]e1 &    
fill inf9ite space ) 8 inf9ite ,be+4    
,among metaphysicians1 x has be5 matt] (
 dispute1 :e!r ,god is  pres5t e :]e by 
an inf9ite ext5sion ( 8 ess5ce4 ,?is is 
!  op9ion ( ,newton1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,cl>ke1 & 
_! foll[]s2 o!rs h  object$ to ?is      
notion1 t x might !n be said1 ,god is   
nei!r 9  heav5 nor 9 e>?1 b only a "p ( 
,god 9 ea*4 ,! =m] op9ion1  h[ev]1      
appe>s mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! ,scriptures2    
?\gh ! t]m  ext5sion1 ?r\gh ! inadequacy
 ( language1 conveys too mat]ial an     
idea4 ,! objection j /at$ is :olly      
gr\nd$ on notions tak5 f  mat]ial       
objects1 & is !re=e ( little weight1    
because x is n  applicable to an        
immat]ial sub/ance4 ,x is be/ to confess
 ) "o  :o _h ?\ght deeply on ! subject1 
,!re is an incompreh5sibl5ess  9 ! mann]

 ( e ?+ ab\t :i* no controv]sy c or     
ought to  be conc]n$40 ,t we _c         
compreh5d h[ ,god is fully1 &           
completely1 & undivid$ly pres5t e :]e1  
ne$ n surprise u1  :5 we reflect t !    
mann] 9 :i* our own m9ds are pres5t )   
our bodies is z incompreh5sible z !     
mann] 9 :i* ! supreme  ,m9d is pres5t ) 
e ?+ 9 ! univ]se4    ,,omnisci5ce4 ,?is 
attribute ( ,god is con/antly connect$ 9
 ,scripture  ) 8 omnipres5ce1 & =ms a "p
 ( almo/ e description (  t attribute2  
=1 z ,god is a ,_s1 & !re=e intellig5t1 
if  he is e :]e1 if no?+ c exclude him1 
n ev5 ! mo/ solid  bodies1 nor ! m9ds ( 
intellig5t be+s1 !n are all ?+s nak$  & 
op5$ to ! eyes ( him ) :om we h to d4   
,:]e he acts1 he  is2 & :]e he is1 he   
p]ceives4 ,he und]/&s & consid]s ?+s    
absolutely1 & z !y are 9 _! own natures1
 p[]s1 prop]ties1  diff]5ces1 toge!r )  
all ! circum/ances belong+ to !m4  ,kn[n
 unto him are all 8 works f ! beg9n+ ( !
 _w10  r1  1 f1 all et]nity2 kn[n1 be=e 
!y 7 made1  9 _! possible1 & kn[n1 n[ !y

 are made1 9 _! actual1  exi/5ce4 ,"l1  
?\ ha/ se>*$ me & kn[n me2 ?\ kn[e/ my  
d[n-sitt+ & m9e upris+1 ?\ und]/&e/ my  
?\ght af> (f4  ,?\ compasse/ my pa? & my
 ly+ d[n1 & art acqua9t$ ) all  my ways4
 ,= !re is n a ^w 9 my tongue1 b lo1 ,o 
,"l1 ?\  kn[e/ x altoge!r4 ,! d>kness   
hide? n f !e2 b ! night  %9e? z ! day4  
,! ways ( man are be=e ! eyes ( ! ,"l1 &
  he pond]e? all 8 go+s2 he se>*e? _!   
he>ts1 &  und]/&e? e imag9ation ( _!    
?\ghts40 ,nor is ?is p]fect  k to be    
conf9$ to m5 or angels2 x rea*es into ! 
/ate (  ! dead1 & p5etrates ! regions ( 
! damn$4 ,hell10 hades1 is  nak$ be=e   
him2 & de/ruction10 ! seats (           
de/ruction1 ha? no  cov]+40 ,no limits  
at all are to be set to ?is p]fection3  
,great is  ! ,"l1 8 und]/&+ is inf9ite40
    ,9 ,psalm xciv1 ! k ( ,god is argu$ 
f ! communication (  x to m53 ,und]/&1  
ye bruti% among ! p2 &1 ye fools1 :5  w 
ye be wise8 ,he t plant$ ! e>1 %all he n
 he>8 ,he t  =m$ ! eye1 %all he n see8  
,he t *a/ise? ! ,hea!n1 %all  n he      

correct8 ,he t tea*e? man k1 %all n he  
"k80 ,?is  argum5t is z easy z x is     
conclusive1 oblig+ all :o ackn[l$ge a   
,fir/ ,cause1 to admit 8 p]fect         
intellig5ce1 or to take refuge 9  a!ism 
itself4 ,x fet*es n ! pro( f a di/ance1 
b ref]s u  to our bosoms = ! con/ant    
demon/ration t ! ,"l is a ,god (  k1 & t
 by him actions are weigh$4 ,we f9d 9   
ourselves  su* qualities z ?\ght &      
intellig5ce1 p[] & fre$om1 c1 =  :i* we 
h ! evid5ce ( consci\sness z mu* z = our
 own  exi/5ce4 ,inde$1 x is only by our 
consci\sness ( ^!1 t our  exi/5ce is    
kn[n to ourselves4 ,we "k1 likewise1 t  
^! are  p]fections1 & t to h !m is bett]
 ?an to be )\t !m4 ,we  f9d also t !y h 
n be5 9 u f et]nity4 ,!y mu/1  !re=e1 h 
_h a beg9n+1 & consequ5tly "s cause1 = !
  v same reason t a be+ beg9n+ to exi/ 9
 "t requires a  cause4 ,n[ ?is cause1 z 
x mu/ be sup]ior to its effect1 mu/ h   
^? p]fections 9 a sup]ior degree2 & if x
 be ! ,fir/ ,cause x  mu/ h !m 9 an     
inf9ite or unlimit$ degree1 s9ce b\nds  

or  limitations1 )\t a limit]1 w\ld be  
an effect )\t a cause4 ,if  ,god gives  
wisdom to ! wise1 & k to m5 ( und]/&+2  
if  he communicates ?is p]fection to 8  
creatures1 ! inf]5ce mu/ be  t he       
himself is possess$ ( x 9 a mu* m em95t 
degree ?an  !y2 t 8 k is deep &         
intimate1 rea*+ to ! v  ess5ce ( ?+s1   
!irs b slight & sup]ficial2 8 cle> &    
di/9ct1 !irs confus$ & d>k2 8 c]ta9 &   
infallible1 !irs  d\btful & liable to   
mi/ake2 8 easy & p]man5t1 !irs obta9$  )
 mu* pa9s1 & soon lo/ aga9 by ! defects 
( memory or age2  8 univ]sal & ext5d+ to
 all objects1 !irs %ort & n>r[1  rea*+  
only to "s few ?+s1 :ile t :i* is want+ 
_c be  numb]$2 & !re=e1 z ! heav5s are  
high] ?an ! e>?1 s1  z ! prophet has    
told u1 are 8 ways above our ways1 & 8  
?\ghts above our ?\ghts4    ,b 8 und]/&+
 is inf9ite2 a doctr9e :i* ! sacr$      
writ]s  n only au?oritatively ann\nce1 b
 confirm by ref]r+ to !  wisdom display$
 9 8 works4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5     
wisdom &  k is1 t ! =m] always supposes 

action1 & action  direct$ to an end4 ,b 
:]ev] !re is wisdom !re mu/ be  k2 & z !
 wisdom ( ,god 9 ! creation consi/s 9 ! 
=mation ( ?+s :i*1 by !mselves1 or 9    
comb9ation ) o!rs1  %all produce c]ta9  
effects1 & t 9 a v>iety ( op]ation :i*  
is to u b\ndless1 ! previ\s k ( !       
possible qualities &  effects inevitably
 supposes a k :i* c h no limit4 ,= z    
creation out ( no?+ argues a p[] :i* is 
omnipot5t2 s !  k ( ! possibilities (   
?+s :i* are n1 7a k  :i*1 f ! effect1 we
 are sure mu/ exi/ 9 ,god17 argues t su*
  a ,be+ mu/ be omnisci5t4 ,= all ?+s   
be+ n only pres5t to  him1 b also       
entirely dep5d+ ^u him1 & hav+ receiv$  
bo?  _! be+ itself1 & all _! p[]s &     
faculties f him2 x is  manife/ t1 z he  
kn[s all ?+s t are1 s he mu/ likewise "k
  all possibilities ( ?+s1 t is1 all    
effects t c be4 ,=1  be+ himself alone  
self-exi/5t1 & hav+ alone giv5 to all   
?+s  all ! p[]s & faculties !y are endu$
 )2 x is evid5t he mu/  ( necessity "k  
p]fectly :at all & ea* ( ^? p[]s &      

faculties1 :i* are d]iv$ :olly f        
himself1 c possibly produce3  & see+1 at
 "o b\ndless view1 all ! possible       
compositions &  divisions1 v>iations &  
*anges1 circum/ances & dep5d5cies (     
?+s2 all _! possible relations "o to    
ano!r1 & _!  dispositions or fitnesses  
to c]ta9 & respective ends1 he mu/1  )\t
 possibility ( error1 "k exactly :at is 
be/ & prop]e/ 9  e "o ( ! inf9ite       
possible cases or me?ods ( dispos+ ?+s2 
& und]/& p]fectly h[ to ord] & direct ! 
respective means1  to br+ ab\t :at he s 
kn[s to be1 9 its k9d1 or 9 ! :ole1 !   
be/ & fitte/ 9 ! end4 ,?is is :at we    
mean by inf9ite wisdom4    ,on ! subject
 ( ! div9e omnisci5ce1 _m f9e s5tim5ts  
are to be  f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,pagans2 = 
an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause be+ 9  any   
s5se admitt$1 x 0 mo/ natural & obvi\s  
to ascribe to him a  p]fect k ( all ?+s4
 ,!y ackn[l$ge t no?+ is hid  f ,god1 :o
 is intimate to our m9ds1 & m+les       
himself ) our  v ?\ghts2 nor 7 !y all   
unaw>e ( ! practical t5d5cy (  su* a    

doctr9e1 & ( ! motive x af=ds to a      
cauti\s & virtu\s  conduct4 ,b among !m 
x 0 n held1 z by ! sacr$ writ]s1 9      
connection ) o!r "r views ( ! div9e     
nature1 :i* are  ess5tial to give to ?is
 its full moral effect4 ,n only on ?is  
subject does ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,scriptures
 /ate ! doctr9e f>  transc5d t ( ! wise/
 ,pagan !i/s2 b ! moral ( !  s5tim5t is 
inf9itely m compreh5sive & impressive4  
,) !m x  is connect$ ) man's /ate (     
trial2 ) a holy law1 all !  violations (
 :i*1 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$1 are bo?       
infallibly  kn[n1 & /rictly m>k$2 )     
promises ( grace1 & ( a mild &  protect+
 gov]nm5t z to all :o h s\ght & f\nd !  
m]cy (  ,god 9 =giv+ _! s9s & admitt+ !m
 into 8 family4 ,!  wick$ are ?us       
rem9d$1 t _! he>ts are se>*$1 & _! s9s  
not$2 t ! eyes ( ! ,"l are ^u _! ways2 &
 t _!  mo/ secret works w be br\ght to  
light 9 ! day :5 ,god !  witness %all   
become ,god ! judge4 ,b z to ! righte\s1
 ! eyes (  ! ,"l are said to be ov] !m2 
t !y are kept by him :o nev]  slumb]s or

 sleeps2 t he is nev] f> f !m2 t 8 eyes 
run to  & fro ?r\gh\t ! :ole e>?1 to %[ 
himself /rong 9 _!  behalf2 t foes1 to  
!m invisible1 are se5 by 8 eye1 &       
controll$ by 8 arm2 & t ?is great       
attribute1 s appall+ to  wick$ m51 af=ds
 to !m1 n only ! mo/ influ5tial reason =
 a  p]fectly holy temp] & conduct1 b !  
/ronge/ motive to tru/1  & joy1 & hope1 
amid/ ! *anges & afflictions ( ! pres5t 
life4 ,socrates1 z well z o!r           
philosoph]s1 c\ld express !mselves      
well1 s long z !y express$ !mselves     
g5]ally1 on ?is subject4  ,! =m] c\ld   
say1 ,let y\r own frame in/ruct y4 ,does
 ! m9d  inhabit+ y\r body dispose &     
gov]n x ) ease8 ,ought y n !n  to       
conclude1 t ! univ]sal ,m9d ) equal ease
 actuates &  gov]ns univ]sal nature2 &  
t1 :5 y c at once consid] !  int]e/ ( ! 
,a!nians at home1 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ,sicily1
 x is n  too mu* = ! div9e wisdom to    
take c>e ( ! univ]se8 ,^!  reflections w
 soon conv9ce y1 t ! greatness ( ! div9e
  m9d is su*1 z at once to see all ?+s1 

he> all ?+s1 be pres5t  e :]e1 & direct 
all ! affairs ( ! _w40 ,^! views are  j1
 b !y want$ t connection ) o!rs relative
 bo? to !  div9e nature & gov]nm5t1 :i* 
we see only 9 ! ,bible1 to r5d]  !m     
influ5tial2 !y nei!r gave correct moral 
di/9ctions nor l$  to a virtu\s         
practice1 no1 n 9 ,socrates1 :o1 on "s  
subjects1 &  especially on ! p]sonality 
( ! ,deity1 & 8 indep5d5ce on  matt]1   
rais$ himself f> above ! re/ ( 8        
philosophic bre?r51  b 9 moral feel+ &  
practice 0 p]haps z c5surable z !y4 ,see
  ,,presci5ce4    ,,on1 or ,,av51 a city
 ( ,egypt1 situat$ 9 ! l& ( ,go%51 on ! 
ea/ ( ! ,nile1 & ab\t five miles f !    
mod]n ,cairo4 ,x 0  call$ ,heliopolis by
 ! ,greeks1 & ,be?%eme? by ! ,hebrews1  
,j]4  xliii1 #ac2 bo? ( :i* names1 z    
well z its ,egyptian "o ( ,on1 imply  ! 
city or h\se ( ! sun4 ,! inhabitants (  
?is city are  repres5t$ by ,h]odotus z !
 wise/ ( ! ,egyptians2 & "h ,moses      
resid$1 & receiv$ t education :i* made  
him le>n$ 9 all !  wisdom ( !           

,egyptians40 ,b not)/&+ its be+ ! seat (
 !  sci5ces1 su* 7 its egregi\s         
idolatries1 t x 0 nicknam$  ,av51 or    
,be?-,av51 ! h\se ( vanity10 or         
idolatry1 by ! ,jews4 ,a  village /&+ on
 "p ( its site1 at ! pres5t day1 is     
call$  ,mat>ea2 :ile ! spr+ ( excell5t  
wat]1 or f\nta9 ( ! sun1  :i* is suppos$
 to h giv5 rise to ! city1 is /ill call$
 ,a9  ,%ems1 or f\nta9 ( ! sun1 by !    
,arabs4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/  anci5t      
cities ( ! _w ( :i* any di/9ct ve/ige c 
n[ be  trac$4 ,x 0 visit$ eighte5 hundr$
 & fifty ye>s ago by ,/rabo1  ^:        
description proves x to h be5 ne>ly z   
desolate !n z n[4  ,mo/ ( ! ru9s ( ?is  
once fam\s city1 describ$ by t          
geograph]1 are buri$ 9 ! accumulation ( 
! soil3 b t :i*  m>ks its site1 & is1   
p]haps1 ! mo/ anci5t "w at ?is "t  exi/+
 9 ! _w1 9 a p]fect /ate1 is a column ( 
r$ granite1  sev5ty feet high1 & cov]$ )
 hi]oglyphics4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke has  
giv5 a v good repres5tation ( ?is       
column2 to :om1 also1 !  curi\s read] is

 ref]r$ = a le>n$ diss]tation on !      
*>act]s  engrav$ ^u x4    ,! city ,on1  
accord+ to ,josephus1 0 giv5 to !       
,israelites to dwell  91 :5 !y fir/ w5t 
into ,egypt2 & x 0 a daught] ( a prie/  
( ! temple ( ! sun at ?is place1 :o 0   
giv5 9 m>riage to  ,joseph by ,ph>aoh4  
,"h1 also1 9 ! "t ( ,ptolemy            
,philadelphus1  leave 0 obta9$ ( t k+ by
 ,onias1 high prie/ ( ! ,jews1 to  build
 a temple1 :5 dispossess$ ( 8 (fice by  
,antio*us2 :i* 0  long us$ by ! ,hell5i/
 ,jews4 ,x 0 pr$ict$ by ,j]emiah1 xliii1
  #ac1 & by ,ezekiel1 xxx1 #ag1 t ?is   
place1 ) its temples &  inhabitants1    
%\ld be de/roy$2 :i* 0 probably fulfill$
 by  ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,see ,,noph4        
,,onesimus 0 a ,phrygian by nation1 a   
slave to ,philemon1 & a disciple  ( !   
,apo/le ,paul4 ,onesimus hav+ run away f
 8 ma/]1 & also  hav+ robb$ him1        
,philemon v1 #ah1 w5t to ,rome :ile ,/4 
,paul 0 !re  9 prison ! fir/ "t4 ,z     
,onesimus knew him by repute1 78 ma/]   
,philemon be+ a ,*ri/ian17 he s\ght him 

out4 ,/4 ,paul br\ght him to  a s5se ( !
 greatness ( 8 crime1 in/ruct$ him1     
baptiz$ him1 &  s5t him back to 8 ma/]  
,philemon ) a lett]1 ins]t$ among ,/4   
,paul's epi/les1 :i* is univ]sally      
ackn[l$g$ z canonical4 ,?is  lett] _h   
all ! good success he c\ld desire4      
,philemon n only  receiv$ ,onesimus z a 
fai?ful s]vant1 b r z a bro!r & a       
fri5d4 ,a little "t aft]1 he s5t him    
back to ,rome to ,/4 ,paul1 t  he might 
cont9ue to be s]viceable to him 9 8     
prison4 ,& we see  t aft] ?is ,onesimus 
0 employ$ to c>ry su* epi/les z !       
,apo/le wrote at t "t4 ,he c>ri$1 =     
example1 t :i* 0  writt5 to !           
,colossians1 :ile ,/4 ,paul 0 yet 9 8   
bonds4    ,,onesiphorus is m5tion$1 #b  
,tim4 i1 #af1 #ag1 & highly comm5d$ by  
,/4  ,paul4    ,,onion1 1 ,num4 xi1 #e2 
a well kn[n g>d5 plant ) a bulb\s root4 
,onions & g>lics 7 highly e/eem$ 9      
,egypt2 & n )\t  reason1 ?is c\ntry be+ 
admirably adapt$ to _! culture4 ,!      
allium cepa1 call$ by ! ,arabs basal1   

,hasselqui/ ?9ks "o (  ! species (      
onions = :i* ! ,israelites long$4 ,he   
w\ld inf]  ?is f ! quantities /ill us$ 9
 ,egypt1 & _! goodness4  ,:oev] has ta/$
 onions 9 ,egypt10 says he1 8mu/ all[ t 
none c  be _h bett] 9 any "p ( !        
univ]se4 ,"h !y are sweet2 9 o!r        
c\ntries !y are nause\s & /rong4 ,"h !y 
are s(t2 :]eas 9  ! nor!rn & o!r p>ts !y
 are h>d1 & _! coats s compact  t !y are
 difficult ( dige/ion4 ,h5ce !y _c 9 any
 place be  eat5 ) less prejudice1 & m   
satisfaction1 ?an 9 ,egypt40 ,!         
,egyptians are reproa*$ ) swe>+ by !    
leeks & onions ( _!  g>d5s4 ,juv5al     
ridicules "s ( ^! sup]/iti\s p :o did  n
 d>e to eat leeks1 g>lic1 or onions1 =  
fe> ( injur+ _!  gods3--                
,quis nescit1 ,volusi ,by?ynice1 qualia 
dem5s          gyptus port5ta colit8    
,porrum et cepe nefas viol>e aut frang]e
 morsu2          ,o sanctas g5tes quibus
 hc nascuntur 9 hortis ,num9a6          
,sat4 xv4              8,h[ ,egypt1 mad 
) sup]/ition gr[n1            ,makes    

gods ( mon/]s1 b too well is kn[n4      
',tis mortal s9 an onion to dev\r2      
,ea* clove ( g>lic has a sacr$ p[]4     
,religi\s nation1 sure6 & ble/ abodes1  
,:]e ev'ry g>d5 is o'errun ) gods60     
,s ,lucian 9 8 ,jupit]1 :]e he is giv+  
an acc\nt ( ! diff]5t  deities wor%ipp$ 
by ! sev]al inhabitants ( ,egypt1 says1 
1 ^? ( ,pelusium wor%ip ! onion40 ,h5ce 
arises a "q1 h[ ! ,israelites dur/      
v5ture to violate !  national wor%ip1 by
 eat+ ^? sacr$ plants4 ,we may answ]1 9 
!  fir/ place1 t :atev] might be ! case 
( ! ,egyptians 9 lat]  ages1 x is n     
probable t !y 7 arriv$ at su* a pit* (  
sup]/ition 9 ! "t ( ,moses2 = we f9d no 
indications ( ?is 9  ,h]odotus1 ! mo/   
anci5t ( ! ,greek hi/orians3 secondly1 !
  writ]s "h quot$ appe> to be mi/ak5 9  
imag9+ ^! plants to  h be5 g5]ally !    
objects ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,! prie/s1   
inde$1 ab/a9$ f ! use ( !m1 & sev]al o!r
 vegetables2  & ?is might give rise to !
 op9ion ( _! be+ rev]5c$ z  div9ities3 b
 ! use ( !m 0 n prohibit$ to ! p1 z is  

pla9 f ! te/imonies ( anci5t au?ors1    
p>ticul>ly ( ,diodorus  ,siculus4       
,,onyx1 1 ,g54 ii1 #ab2 ,exod4 xxv1 #g2 
xxviii1 #i1 #bj2 xxxv1 #bg2 xxxix1 #f2  
#a ,*ron4 xxix1 #b2 ,job xxviii1 #af2   
,ezekiel xxviii1 #ac4 ,a preci\s /one1  
s call$ f ! ,greek 1 ! nail1 to ! col\r 
( :i* x  ne>ly approa*es4 ,x is fir/    
m5tion$ ) ! gold & bdellium (  ! riv]   
,pison 9 ,ed52 b ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew ^w 
is n  easily det]m9$4 ,! ,septuag9t r5d]
 x1 9 diff]5t places1 !  s>dius1 b]yl1  
sapphire1 em]ald1 c4 ,su* names are (t5 
ambigu\s1 ev5 9 ,greek & ,lat91 & no    
wond] if !y are m s 9  ,hebrew4 ,9      
,exodus xxviii1 #i1 #aj1 a direction is 
giv5 t two onyx  /ones %\ld be fa/5$ on 
! ephod ( ! high prie/1 on :i* 7  to be 
grav5 ! names ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 l ! 
engrav+s on  a signet2 six ( ! names on 
"o /one1 & six on ! o!r4 ,9 #a  ,*ron4  
xxix1 #b1 onyx /ones are among ! ?+s    
prep>$ by ,david =  ! temple4 ,! au?or (
 ,scripture ,illu/rat$0 obs]ves1 ^u ?is 
passage1 t 8! ^w onyx is equivocal2     

signify+1 fir/1 a  preci\s /one or gem2 
&1 secondly1 a m>ble call$ 9 ,greek     
ony*ites1 :i* ,pl9y m5tions z a /one (  
,c>amania4 ,antiquity  gave bo? ^! /ones
 ?is "n1 because ( _! resemblance to !  
nail ( ! f+]s4 ,! onyx ( ! high prie/'s 
pectoral 01 no  d\bt1 ! gem onyx2 ! /one
 prep>$ by ,david 0 ! m>ble onyx1 or  r 
ony*us2 = "o w\ld h>dly ?9k t gems ( any
 k9d 7  us$ ext]nally 9 su* a build+1 b 
v>iegat$ m>ble may readily be  admitt$40
    ,,ophir1 a place or c\ntry remote f 
,judea1 to :i* ! %ips (  ,solomon trad$4
 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion respect+ ! 
situation  ( ?is place2 "s suppos+ x to 
h be5 ! isl& ( ,socotora1  )\t ! /raits 
( ,babelm&el2 o!rs1 t anci5tly call$    
,tabrobana1 :i* is suppos$ by "s to h   
be5 ,ceylon1 & by o!rs  ,sumatra2 :ile  
o!rs fix its situation on ! cont95t (   
,india4 ,m4  ,huet &1 aft] him1 ,bruce1 
place ,ophir at ,s(ala1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 
:]e m9es ( gold & silv] h be5 f\nd1 :i* 
%[ m>ks (  hav+ be5 v anci5tly &        
ext5sively work$4 ,! latt] says1  also1 

t ! situation ( ?is place expla9s !     
p]iod ( ?ree  ye>s :i* ! ,ophir %ips 7  
abs5t1 f ! diff]5t c\rses (  ! monsoons 
& trade w9ds1 :i* !y w\ld h to enc\nt]  
go+  & return+4 ,ru9s ( anci5t build+s h
 also be5 f\nd 9 !  neighb\rhood ( ^!   
m9es4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is op9ion1     
,bruce  says !re 0 a place call$ ,t>%i% 
ne> ,mel9da4    ,9 ! same direction )   
,ophir lay ,t>%i%2 ! voyage to bo?      
places  be+ accompli%$ "u "o1 & always1 
z x w\ld seem1 9 ! same  space ( "t1    
?ree ye>s2 by :i* x may be inf]r$ t1    
not)/&+ ! imp]fect navigation ( ! times1
 !y mu/ be at a  consid]able di/ance f !
 ports ( ,judea4 ,b ! true situation (  
^! places mu/ ev] rema9 matt] (         
conjecture2 & all t c be  consid]$ z    
c]ta9 respect+ !m is1 t f ! articles    
import$ f !m1 namely1 gold1 silv]1      
ivory1 apes1 peacocks1 &  preci\s /ones1
 !y mu/ h be5 situat$ 9 ! tropical p>ts 
(  ei!r ,africa or ,asia4    ,,oracle   
d5otes some?+ deliv]$ by sup]natural    
wisdom2 & ! t]m  is also us$ 9 ! ,old   

,te/am5t to signify ! mo/ holy place f  
:5ce ! ,"l reveal$ 8 w to anci5t        
,israel1 #a ,k+s vi1 #e1  #ai-ba1 #bc4  
,b :5 ! ^w occurs 9 ! plural numb]1 z x 
mo/ly  does1 x d5otes ! revelations     
conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s (  :i* ! nation
 ( ,israel 7 ! deposit>ies4 ,s ,moses is
 said by  ,/eph5 to h receiv$ ! lively  
oracles0 to give unto !  ,israelites4   
,^! oracles conta9$ ! law1 bo? moral &  
c]emonial1  ) all ! types & promises    
relat+ to ! ,messiah :i* are to be  f\nd
 9 ! writ+s ( ,moses4 ,!y also conta9$  
all ! intimations  ( ! div9e m9d :i* he 
0 pleas$ to communicate by means ( !    
succe$+ prophets :o prophesi$ be=eh& ( !
 com+ & ( !  suff]+s ( ! ,messiah ) !   
glory t %\ld foll[4 ,! ,jews  7 a highly
 privileg$ p 9 _m & v>i\s respects1     
,rom4 ix1  #d1 #e2 b ! ,apo/le ,paul    
m5tions x z _! *ief advantage t  unto !m
 7 committ$ ! oracles ( ,god10 ,romans  
iii1 #b4 ,:at  nation10 says ,moses1 is 
!re t ha? /atutes & judgm5ts s  righte\s
 z all ?is law :i* ,i set be=e y ?is    

day80 ,deut4 iv1 #h4  ,! psalmi/ ,david 
enum]ates _! excell5t prop]ties "u v>i\s
  epi!ts2 su* z ! law ( ! ,"l1 8        
te/imony1 8 /atutes1 8  comm&m5ts1 8    
judgm5ts1 c4 ,_! prop]ties are extoll$ z
  p]fect1 sure1 "r1 pure1 clean1 true1 &
 righte\s altoge!r2 m  to be desir$ ?an 
mu* f9e gold2 sweet] ?an honey & ! honey
  comb4 ,_! salut>y effects are all     
m5tion$2 su* z _! conv]t+  ! s\l1 mak+  
wise ! simple1 rejoic+ ! he>t1 enlight5+
 !  eyes2 & ! keep+ ( !m is connect$ ) a
 great rew>d1 ,psalm  xix4 ,! hundr$ &  
n9ete5? ,psalm ab\nds ) praises ( !     
lively  oracles1 ! ^w ( ! liv+ ,god2 x  
ab\nds ) ! w>me/  expressions ( love to 
x1 ( delight 9 x1 & ! mo/ f]v5t         
petitions = div9e illum9ation 9 ! k ( x4
 ,su* 0 !  e/eem & v5]ation :i* !       
fai?ful ent]ta9$ = ! lively  oracles "u 
! =m] disp5sation1 :5 !y _h only ,moses 
& !  prophets2 h[1 !n1 ought !y to be   
priz$ by ,*ri/ians1 :o h  also ,*ri/ & 8
 ,apo/les6    ,among ! ,hea!n ! t]m     
oracle is usually tak5 to signify an    

answ]1 g5]ally c\*$ 9 v d>k & ambigu\s  
t]ms1 suppos$ to  be giv5 by demons (   
old1 ei!r by ! m\?s ( _! idols1 or by   
^? ( _! prie/s1 to ! p1 :o consult$ !m  
on ?+s to  come4 ,oracle is also us$ = !
 demon :o gave ! answ]1 & !  place :]e x
 0 giv54 ,s5eca def9es oracles to be    
enunciations by  ! m\?s ( m5 ( ! w ( !  
gods2 & ,cic]o simply calls !m1  deorum 
oratio1 ! language ( ! gods4 ,among !   
,pagans !y 7  held 9 high e/imation2 &  
!y 7 consult$ on a v>iety (  occasions  
p]ta9+ to national ent]prises & private 
life4 ,:5 !y  made peace or w>1 enact$  
laws1 re=m$ /ates1 or *ang$ !           
con/itution1 !y _h 9 all ^! cases       
rec\rse to ! oracle by  public au?ority4
 ,also1 9 private life1 if a man wi%$ to
 m>ry1 if he  propos$ to take a j\rney1 
or to engage 9 any bus9ess ( importance1
  he repair$ to ! oracle = c\nsel4      
,mank9d h _h always a  prop5sity to     
explore futurity2 & conceiv+ t future   
ev5ts 7  kn[n to _! gods1 :o possess$ ! 
gift ( prophecy1 !y s\ght  in=mation &  

advice f ! oracles1 :i*1 9 _! op9ion1 7 
sup]natural & div9e communications4 ,!  
in/itution ( oracles  seem$ to gratify !
 preval5t curiosity ( mank9d1 & prov$ a 
s\rce ( imm5se weal?1 z well z au?ority 
& influ5ce1 to ^?  :o _h ! comm& ( !m4  
,accord+ly1 e nation1 9 :i*  idolatry   
has subsi/$1 _h its oracles1 by means ( 
:i* impo/ure  practis$ on sup]/ition &  
cr$ulity4 ,! pr9cipal oracles (         
antiquity are1 t ( ,ab1 m5tion$ by      
,h]odotus2 t ( ,amphi>aus1  at ,oropus 9
 ,mac$onia2 t ( ! ,bran*id at ,didymeum2
 t ( !  camps at ,lac$mon2 t ( ,dodona2 
t ( ,jupit] ,ammon2 t (  ,nab>ca 9 !    
c\ntry ( ! ,an>iaci1 ne> ! ,caspian     
,sea2 t (  ,trophonius1 m5tion$ by      
,h]odotus2 t ( ,*rysopolis2 t ( ,cl>os1 
9 ,ionia2 t ( ,amphilo*us at ,mallos2 t 
( ,pet>ea2 t ( ,pella  9 ,mac$onia2 t ( 
,phaselides 9 ,cilicia2 t ( ,s9ope 9    
,paphlagonia2 t ( ,orpheus's head at    
,lesbos1 m5tion$ by  ,philo/ratus4 ,b ( 
all oracles1 ! oracle ( ,apollo ,py?ius 
at ,delphi  0 ! mo/ celebrat$2 ?is 0    

consult$ 9 ! d]ni] resort by  mo/ ( !   
pr9ces ( ^? ages4    ,mo/ ( ! ,pagan    
deities _h _! appropriate oracles4      
,apollo _h !  greate/ numb]3 su* z ^? ( 
,cl>os1 ( ! ,bran*id1 ( !  suburbs (    
,daphne at ,antio*1 ( ,delos1 ( ,argos1 
( ,troas1 olis1 c1  ( ,bai 9 ,italy1 &  
o!rs 9 ,cilicia1 9 ,egypt1 9 ! ,alps1 9 
,?race1 at ,cor9?1 9 ,arcadia1 9        
,laconia1 & 9 _m o!r places  enum]at$ by
 ,van ,dale4 ,jupit]1 beside t ( ,dodona
 & "s o!rs1  ! hon\r ( :i* he %>$ )     
,apollo1 _h "o 9 ,botia "u  ! "n (      
,jupit] ! ,?und]]1 & ano!r 9 ,elis1 "o  
at ,!bes  & at ,m]oe1 "o ne> ,antio*1 & 
sev]al o!rs4 sculapius 0  consult$ 9    
,cilicia1 at ,apollonia1 9 ! isle (     
,cos1 at ,epidaurus1  ,p]gamos1 ,rome1 &
 else:]e4 ,m]cury _h oracles at ,patras1
 ^u  ,hmon1 & 9 o!r places2 ,m>s1 9     
,?race1 ,egypt1 & else:]e2  ,h]cules1 at
 ,cadiz1 ,a!ns1 9 ,egypt1 at ,tivoli1 9 
,mesopotamia1 :]e  he issu$ 8 oracles by
 dreams1 :5ce he 0 call$ ,somnialis4    
,isis1  ,osiris1 & ,s]apis deliv]$ 9 l  

mann] _! oracles by dreams1 z  we le>n f
 ,pausanias1 ,tacitus1 ,arrian1 & o!r   
writ]s2 t (  ,amphilo*us 0 also deliv]$ 
by dreams2 ! ox ,apis _h also 8  oracle 
9 ,egypt4 ,! gods1 call$ ,cabiri1 _h _! 
oracle 9 ,botia4  ,diana1 ! si/] (      
,apollo1 _h sev]al oracles 9 ,egypt1    
,cilicia1  ,ephesus1 c4 ,^? ( =tune at  
,prne/e1 & ( ! lots at ,antium are  well
 kn[n4 ,! f\nta9s also deliv]$ oracles1 
= to ea* ( !m a  div9ity 0 ascrib$3 su* 
0 ! f\nta9 ( ,ca/alia at ,delphi1  ano!r
 ( ! same "n 9 ! suburbs ( ,antio*1 & ! 
prophetic  f\nta9 ne> ! temple ( ,c]es 9
 ,a*aia4 ,juno _h sev]al oracles3  "o   
ne> ,cor9?1 "o at ,nysa1 & o!rs at      
diff]5t places4 ,latona  _h "o at ,butis
 9 ,egypt2 ,leuco!a _h "o 9 ,col*is2    
,memnon 9  ,egypt2 ,ma*aon at ,g]ania 9 
,laconia2 ,m9]va _h "o 9 ,egypt1 9      
,spa91 ^u m\nt tna1 at ,myc5 & ,col*is1 
& 9 o!r places4  ,^? ( ,neptune 7 at    
,delphos1 at ,calauria1 ne> ,neoces>ea1 
&  else:]e4 ,! nymphs _h !irs 9 ! cave (
 ,corycia4 ,pan _h  sev]al1 ! mo/ fam\s 

( :i* 0 t 9 ,arcadia4 ,t ( !  ,palici 0 
9 ,sicily4 ,pluto _h "o at ,nysa4       
,saturn _h oracles 9  sev]al places1 b !
 mo/ fam\s 7 ^? ( ,cum 9 ,italy1 & (    
,alex&ria 9 ,egypt4 ,^? ( ,v5us 7       
disp]s$ 9 sev]al places1 at  ,gaza1 ^u  
,m\nt ,libanus1 at ,paphos1 9 ,cyprus1  
c4 ,s]apis _h "o at  ,alex&ria1 consult$
 by ,vespasian4 ,v5us ,aphacite _h "o at
 ,aphaca  betwe5 ,heliopolis & ,byblus4 
,g]yon1 ! ?ree-head$ mon/] sla9 by      
,h]cules1 _h an oracle 9 ,italy ne>     
,padua1 consult$ by ,tib]ius2 t  (      
,h]cules 0 at ,tivoli1 & 0 giv5 by lots1
 l ^? ( ,prne/e  & ,antium4 ,! demi-gods
 & h]oes _h likewise _! oracles1 su*  7 
^? ( ,ca/or & ,pollux at ,lac$mon1 (    
,amphi>aus1 ( ,mopsus  9 ,cilicia1 (    
,ulysses1 ,amphilo*us1 ,s>p$on 9 ,troas1
 ,h]mione 9  ,mac$onia1 ,pasiphe 9      
,laconia1 ,*alcas 9 ,italy1 ,ari/u 9    
,botia1  ,autolycus at ,s9ope1 ,phryxus 
among ! ,col*i1 ,zamolxis among ! ,get1 
,heph/ion ! m9ion ( ,alex&]1 & ,ant9\s1 
c4    ,! responses ( oracles 7 deliv]$ 9

 a v>iety ( ways3 at ,delphi1  !y       
int]pret$ & put into v]se :at ! prie/ess
 pron\nc$ 9 !  "t ( h] furor4 ,mr4      
,bayle obs]ves t at fir/ ?is oracle gave
 its  answ]s 9 v]se2 & t x fell at l5g? 
to prose1 ^u ! p's  beg9n+ to laugh at !
 poorness ( its v]sification4 ,!        
,epicureans  made ?is ! subject ( _!    
je/s1 & said1 9 raill]y1 x 0  surpris+  
en\gh1 t ,apollo1 ! god ( poetry1 %\ld  
be a mu*  worse poet ?an ,hom]1 :om he  
himself _h inspir$4 ,by ! raill]ies  (  
^! philosoph]s1 & p>ticul>ly by ^? ( !  
,cynics &  ,p]ipatetics1 ! prie/s 7 at  
l5g? oblig$ to desi/ f !  practice (    
v]sify+ ! responses ( ! ,py?ia1 :i*1    
accord+ to  ,plut>*1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal  
causes ( ! decl5sion ( !  oracle (      
,delphos4 ,at ! oracle ( ,ammon1 !      
prie/s pron\nc$ !  response ( _! god2 at
 ,dodona1 ! response 0 issu$ f !  holl[ 
( an oak2 at ! cave ( ,trophonius1 !    
oracle 0 inf]r$  f :at ! suppliant said 
be=e he recov]$ 8 s5ses2 at ,memphis1   
!y drew a good or bad om51 accord+ z !  

ox ,apis receiv$ or  reject$ :at 0      
pres5t$ to him1 :i* 0 also ! case ) !   
fi%es ( ! f\nta9 ( ,limyra4 ,!          
suppliants1 :o consult$ !  oracles1 7 n 
all[$ to ent] ! sanctu>ies :]e !y 7     
giv52 &1 accord+ly1 c>e 0 tak5 t nei!r !
 ,epicureans nor  ,*ri/ians %\ld come   
ne> !m4 ,9 sev]al places1 ! oracles 7   
giv5 by lett]s seal$ up1 z 9 t (        
,mopsus1 & at ,mallus 9  ,cilicia4      
,oracles 7 frequ5tly giv5 by lot1 ! mode
 ( do+ :i*  0 z foll[s3 ! lots 7 a k9d (
 dice1 on :i* 7 engrav5  c]ta9 *>act]s  
or words1 ^: explanations !y 7 to seek  
on  tables made = ! purpose4 ,! way (   
us+ ^! dice = kn[+  futurity1 0 diff]5t1
 accord+ to ! places :]e !y 7 us$4  ,9  
"s temples1 ! p]son ?rew !m himself2 9  
o!rs1 !y 7  dropp$ f a box2 :5ce came ! 
prov]bial expression1 ,! lot is  fall540
 ,?is play+ ) dice 0 always prec$$ by   
sacrifices &  o!r cu/om>y c]emonies4 ,! 
ambiguity ( ! oracles 9 _!  responses1 &
 _! d\ble mean+1 contribut$ to _!       
support4    ,ablanc\rt obs]ves1 t ! /udy

 or rese>* ( ! mean+ (  oracles 0 b a   
fruitless ?+2 & t !y 7 nev] und]/ood    
till aft] _! accompli%m5t4 ,hi/orians   
relate1 t ,crsus 0  trick$ by !         
ambiguity & equivocation ( ! oracle3    
4    ,?us r5d]$ 9 ,lat93        ,crsus  
,halym sup]ans magnam p]v]tet opum vim40
        ,if ,crsus cross ! ,halys he w  
ov]?r[ a great empire4    ,?us1 if !    
,lydian mon>* _h conqu]$ ,cyrus1 he     
ov]?rew !  ,assyrian empire2 if he      
himself 0 r\t$1 he ov]turn$ 8 own4 ,t   
deliv]$ to ,pyrrhus1 :i* is compris$ 9  
?is ,lat9 v]se1       ,cr$o equidem     
acidas ,romanos v9c]e posse10       ,i  
believe inde$ t ! sons ( acus ! ,romans 
w conqu]1    _h ! same advantage2 =1    
accord+ to ! rules ( syntax1 ei!r (  !  
two accusatives may be gov]n$ by ! v]b1 
& ! v]se be  expla9$1 ei!r by say+ !    
,romans %all conqu] ! acid1 ( :om       
,pyrrhus 0 desc5d$1 or ^? %all conqu] ! 
,romans4 ,:5 ,alex&]  fell sick at      
,babylon1 "s ( 8 c\rti]s :o happ5$ to be
 9 ,egypt1  or :o w5t ?i!r on purpose1  

pass$ ! night 9 ! temple (  ,s]apis1 to 
inquire if x w\ld n be prop] to br+     
,alex&] to be  cur$ by him4 ,! god      
answ]$1 x 0 bett] t ,alex&] %\ld  rema9 
:]e he 04 ,?is 9 all ev5ts 0 a v prud5t 
& safe  answ]4 ,if ! k+ recov]$ 8 heal?1
 :at glory mu/ ,s]apis h  ga9$ by sav+  
him ! fatigue ( ! j\rney6 ,if he di$1 x 
0 b  say+ he di$ 9 a fav\rable juncture 
aft] s _m conque/s2 :i*1  _h he liv$1 he
 c\ld nei!r h enl>g$ nor pres]v$4 ,?is  
is  actually ! con/ruction !y put ^u !  
response2 :]eas _h  ,alex&] und]tak5 !  
j\rney1 & di$ 9 ! temple1 or by ! way1  
no?+ c\ld h be5 said 9 fav\r ( ,s]apis4 
,:5 ,trajan _h  =m$ ! design ( 8        
exp$ition aga9/ ! ,p>?ians1 he 0  advis$
 to consult ! oracle ( ,heliopolis1 to  
:i* he _h no m to  d b s5d a note "u a  
seal4 ,t pr9ce1 :o _h no great fai? 9   
oracles1 s5t ?i!r a blank note2 & !y    
return$ him ano!r ( !  same k9d4 ,by ?is
 ,trajan 0 conv9c$ ( ! div9ity ( !      
oracle4  ,he s5t back a second note to !
 god1 9 :i* he inquir$ :e!r he  %\ld    

return to ,rome aft] f9i%+ ! w> he _h 9 
view4 ,! god1  z ,macrobius tells !     
/ory1 ord]$ a v9e1 :i* 0 among !  (f]+s 
( 8 temple1 to be divid$ into pieces1 & 
br\ght to  ,trajan4 ,! ev5t ju/ifi$ !   
oracle2 = ! emp]or dy+ 9 t  w>1 8 bones 
7 c>ri$ to ,rome1 :i* _h be5 repres5t$  
by t  brok5 v9e4 ,z ! prie/s ( t oracle 
knew ,trajan's design1 :i*  0 no secret1
 !y happily devis$ t response1 :i*1 9   
all ev5ts1  0 capable ( a fav\rable     
int]pretation1 :e!r he r\t$ & cut  !    
,p>?ians 9 pieces1 or if 8 army met ) ! 
same fate4  ,sometimes ! responses ( !  
oracles 7 m]e bant]1 z 9 ! case  ( ! man
 :o wi%$ to "k by :at means he might    
become ri*1 &  :o receiv$ = answ] f !   
god1 t he _h only to make himself  ma/] 
( all t lay betwe5 ,sicyon & ,cor9?4    
,ano!r1 want+ a  cure = ! g\t1 0 answ]$ 
by ! oracle1 t he 0 to dr9k  no?+ b cold
 wat]4    ,!re are two po9ts 9 dispute  
on ! subject ( oracles2 namely1  :e!r !y
 7 human1 or diabolical ma*9es2 & :e!r  
or n !y  ceas$ ^u ! publication or      

prea*+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,mo/ ( !  fa!rs ( ! 
*ur* suppos$ t ! devil issu$ oracles2 & 
look$  on x z a pleasure he took to give
 dubi\s & equivocal answ]s1 9  ord] to h
 a h&le to laugh at !m4 ,vossius all[s t
 x 0 !  devil :o spoke 9 oracles2 b ?9ks
 t ! obscurity ( 8 answ]s  0 ow+ to 8   
ignorance z to ! precise circum/ances ( 
ev5ts4  ,t artful & /udi$ obscurity 9   
:i* ! answ]s 7 c\*$1  says he1 %[$ !    
emb>rassm5t ! devil 0 "u2 z ^? d\ble    
mean+s !y usually bore provid$ = _!     
accompli%m5t4 ,:]e !  ?+ =etold did n   
happ5 accord+ly1 ! oracle1 =soo?1 0     
misund]/ood4 ,eusebius has pres]v$ "s   
fragm5ts ( a philosoph]1  call$ nomaus2 
:o1 out ( res5tm5t = 8 hav+ be5 s (t5   
fool$ by ! oracles1 wrote an ample      
confutation ( all _!  imp]t95cies3 ,:5  
we come to consult !e10 says he to      
,apollo1 8if  ?\ see/ :at is 9 futurity1
 :y do/ ?\ use expressions t w  n be    
und]/ood8 ,do/ ?\ n "k1 t !y w n be     
und]/ood8  ,if ?\ do/1 ?\ take/ pleasure
 9 abus+ u2 if ?\ do/ n1 be  in=m$ ( u1 

& le>n to speak m cle>ly4 ,i tell !e1 t 
if  ?\ int5de/ an equivoque1 ! ,greek ^w
 :]eby ?\ affirm$/ t  ,crsus %\ld ov]?r[
 a great empire 0 ill *os52 & t x  c\ld 
signify no?+ b ,crsus's conqu]+ ,cyrus4 
,if ?+s mu/  necess>ily come to pass1 :y
 do/ ?\ amuse u ) ?y ambiguities8  ,:at 
doe/ ?\1 wret* z ?\ art1 at ,delphi8    
employ$ 9 mutt]+  idle prophecies60 ,b  
nomaus is /ill m out ( hum\r ) !        
oracle1 = ! answ] :i* ,apollo gave !    
,a!nians1 :5 ,x]xes 0  ab\t to attack   
,greece ) all ! /r5g? ( ,asia4 ,!       
,py?ian  decl>$1 t ,m9]va1 ! protectress
 ( ,a!ns1 _h endeav\r$ 9  va9 to appease
 ! wra? ( ,jupit]2 yet t ,jupit]1 9     
complaisance  to 8 daught]1 0 will+ !   
,a!nians %\ld save !mselves )9  wood5   
walls2 & t ,salamis %\ld behold ! loss (
 a great _m  *ildr51 de> to _! mo!rs1   
ei!r :5 ,c]es 0 spread abroad1 or  ga!r$
 toge!r4 ,"h nomaus loses all pati5ce ) 
! god (  ,delphi4 ,?is conte/10 says he1
 8betwe5 fa!r & daught] is v  becom+ !  
deities6 ,x is excell5t1 t !re %\ld be  

contr>y  incl9ations & int]e/s 9 heav54 
,poor wiz>d1 ?\ art ignorant  ^: !      
*ildr5 are t ,salamis %all see p]i%2    
:e!r ,greeks or  ,p]sians4 ,x is c]ta9  
!y mu/ be ei!r "o or ! o!r2 b ?\  ne$e/ 
n to h told s op5ly1 t ?\ knewe/ n :i*4 
,?\  conceale/ ! "t ( ! battle "u ^? f9e
 poetical expressions1  #8ei!r :5 ,c]es 
is spread abroad1 or ga!r$ toge!r2' &   
w\lde/  ?\ cajole u ) su* pomp\s        
language8 ,:o kn[s n1 t if !re  be a sea
 fight1 x mu/ ei!r be 9 se$ "t or h>ve/8
 ,x is c]ta9  x _c be 9 w9t]4 ,let ?+s g
 h[ !y w1 ?\ wilt secure  ?yself by ?is 
,jupit]1 :om ,m9]va is endeav\r+ to     
appease4 ,if !  ,greeks lose ! battle1  
,jupit] prov$ inexorable to ! la/2 if !y
  ga9 x1 :y !n ,m9]va at l5g? prevail$40
    ,x is a v g5]al op9ion among ! m    
le>n$1 t oracles 7  all m]e *eats &     
impo/ures2 ei!r calculat$ to s]ve !     
av>ici\s ends ( ! ,hea!n prie/s1 or !   
political views ( !  pr9ces4 ,bayle says
 positively1 !y 7 m]e human artific]s1 9
  :i* ! devil _h no h&4 ,he 0 /rongly   

support$ by ,van ,dale &  ,font5elle1 :o
 h writt5 expressly on ! subject4 ,fa!r 
,bal?us1 a  ,jesuit1 wrote a treatise 9 
def5ce ( ! fa!rs ) reg>d to !  orig9 (  
oracles2 b )\t d5y+ ! impo/ure ( !      
prie/s1  (t5 bl5d$ ) ! oracles4 ,he     
ma9ta9s ! int]v5tion ( !  devil 9 "s    
pr$ictions1 :i* c\ld n be ascrib$ to !  
*eats (  ! prie/s alone4 ,! ,abb ,bani] 
esp\ses ! same side ( !  "q1 & objects t
 oracles w\ld n h la/$ s long1 &        
support$ !mselves ) s mu* spl5d\r &     
reputation1 if !y _h  be5 m]ely ow+ to !
 =g]ies ( ! prie/s4 ,bi%op ,%]lock1 9  8
 ,disc\rses conc]n+ ! ,use & ,int5t (   
,prophecy10 expresses 8  op9ion1 t x is 
impi\s to disbelieve ! ,hea!n oracles1 &
 to  d5y !m to h be5 giv5 out by !      
devil2 to :i* ass]tion1 ,dr4            
,middleton1 9 8 ,exam9ation10 c1        
replies1 t he is guilty ( ?is  impiety1 
& t he ?9ks himself w>rant$ to pron\nce 
f !  au?ority ( ! be/ & wise/ ( !       
,hea!ns !mselves1 & !  evid5ce ( pla9   
facts1 :i* are record$ ( ^? oracles1 z  

well z  f ! nature ( ! ?+ itself1 t !y 7
 all m]e impo/ure1  :olly inv5t$ &      
support$ by human craft1 )\t any        
sup]natural  aid or int]position        
:atsoev]4 ,he alleges1 t ,cic]o1 speak+ 
(  ! ,delphic oracle1 ! mo/ rev]$ ( any 
9 ! ,hea!n _w1  decl>es1 t no?+ 0 become
 m contemptible1 n only 9 8  days1 b    
long be=e him2 t ,demo/h5es1 :o liv$    
ab\t ?ree  hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 affirm$ ( 
! same oracle1 9 a public spee*  to ! p 
( ,a!ns1 t x 0 ga9$ to ! int]e/s ( ,k+  
,philip1 an enemy to t city2 t ! ,greek 
hi/orians tell u1 h[1  on sev]al o!r    
occasions1 x _h be5 corrupt$ by money1  
to s]ve !  views ( p>ticul> p]sons &    
p>ties1 & ! prophetess sometimes  _h be5
 depos$ = brib]y & lewdness2 t !re 7 "s 
great  sects ( philosoph]s1 :o1 on      
pr9ciple1 disav[$ ! au?ority ( all      
oracles2 agreeably to all :i* ,/rabo    
tells u1 t div9ation 9  g5]al & oracles 
_h be5 9 high cr$it among ! anci5ts1 b 9
  8 days 7 treat$ ) mu* contempt2 la/ly1
 t ,eusebius also1  ! great hi/orian ( !

 primitive *ur*1 decl>es1 t !re 7  six  
hundr$ writ]s among ! ,hea!ns !mselves  
:o _h publicly  writt5 aga9/ ! reality (
 !m4 ,plut>* has a treatise on !  ceas+ 
( "s oracles2 & ,van ,dale1 a ,dut*     
physician1 has a volume  to prove !y did
 n cease at ! com+ ( ,*ri/2 b t _m (  !m
 ceas$ long be=e1 & t o!rs held till !  
fall ( ,paganism1  "u ! empire (        
,!odosius ! ,great1 :5 ,paganism be+    
dissipat$1 ^! in/itutions c\ld no long] 
subsi/4 ,van ,dale 0  answ]$ by a       
,g]man1 "o ,mbius1 pr(essor ( !ology at 
,leipsic1  9 #afhe4 ,font5elle esp\s$   
,van ,dale's sy/em1 & improv$ ^u x 9  8 
,hi/ory ( ,oracles20 & %[$ ! weakness ( 
! argum5t us$ by  _m writ]s 9 behalf (  
,*ri/ianity1 drawn f ! ceas+ (  oracles4
 ,cic]o says1 ! oracles became dumb 9   
proportion z p1  gr[+ less cr$ul\s1     
began to suspect !m = *eats4 ,plut>*    
alleges two reasons = ! ceas+ ( oracles3
 ! "o 0 ,apollo's  *agr92 :o1 x seems1  
took x 9 dudgeon to be int]rogat$ ab\t s
  _m trifles4 ,! o!r 01 t 9 proportion z

 ! g5ii1 or demons1  :o _h ! managem5t (
 ! oracles1 di$1 & became ext9ct1 !     
oracles mu/ necess>ily cease4 ,he adds a
 ?ird & m natural cause  = ! ceas+ (    
oracles2 namely1 ! =lorn /ate ( ,greece1
 ru9$  & desolat$ by w>s2 =1 h5ce1 !    
smallness ( ! ga9s let !  prie/s s9k    
into a pov]ty & contempt too b>e to cov]
 ! fraud4  ,t ! oracles 7 sil5c$ ab\t or
 soon aft] ! "t ( our  ,savi\r's adv5t1 
may be prov$1 says ,dr4 ,lel&1 9 ! fir/ 
volume (  8 le>n$ "w on ,! ,necessity & 
,advantage ( ,revelation10 c1 f  express
 te/imonies1 n only ( ,*ri/ian b (      
,hea!n au?ors4  ,lucan1 :o wrote 8      
,ph>salia0 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 sc>cely    
?irty  ye>s aft] our ,"l's crucifixion1 
lam5ts x z "o ( ! greate/  mis=tunes ( t
 age1 t ! ,delphian oracle1 :i* he      
repres5ts  z "o ( ! *oice/ gifts ( !    
gods1 0 become sil5t4                   
,non ullo scula dono                    
,no/ra c>5t majore ,deum1 quam ,delphica
 s$es               ,quod sileat4       
,ph>sal4 lib4 v1 #aaa4                  

,( all ! wants ) :i* ! age is cur/1     
,! ,delphic sil5ce surely is ! wor/40   
,,r[e4    ,9 l mann]1 ,juv5al says1     
,delphis oracula cessant1               
,et g5us humanum damnat caligo futuri4  
,sat4 vi1 #eed4                 ,s9ce   
,delphi n[1 if we may cr$it fame1       
,gives no responses1 & a long d>k night 
,conceals ! future h\r f mortal sight40 
,,gif=d4    ,lucian says1 t :5 he 0 at  
,delphi1 ! oracle gave no answ]1 nor  0 
! prie/ess inspir$4 ,?is likewise appe>s
 f ,plut>*'s  treatise1 :y ! oracles    
cease to give answ]s1 already cit$2 :5ce
  x is also manife/1 t ! mo/ le>n$      
,hea!ns 7 v mu* at a  loss h[ to give a 
tol]able acc\nt ( x4 ,porphyry1 9 a     
passage cit$  f him by ,eusebius1 says1 
,! city ( ,rome 0 ov]run ) sickness1    
sculapius & ! re/ ( ! gods hav+ )drawn  
_! conv]se )  m52 because s9ce ,jesus   
began to be wor%ipp$1 no man _h receiv$ 
any  public help or b5efit f ! gods40 ,)
 respect to ! orig9 (  oracles1 !y 7    
probably imitations1 fir/1 ( ! answ]s   

giv5 to  ! holy patri>*s f ! div9e      
pres5ce or ,%e*9ah1 & secondly1  ( !    
responses to ! ,jewi% high prie/ f !    
m]cy seat3 = all  ,paganism is a p>ody (
 ! true religion4    ,,ord9ation1 ! act 
( conf]r+ holy ord]s1 or ( initiat+ a   
p]son  into ! m9i/ry ( ! ,gospel1 by    
pray] & ) or )\t !  lay+ on ( h&s4 ,9 ! 
*ur* ( ,engl&1 ord9ation has always be5 
e/eem$ ! pr9cipal pr]ogative ( bi%ops2 &
 bi%ops /ill reta9  ! function z a m>k (
 _! spiritual sov]eignty 9 _! diocess4  
,)\t ord9ation no p]son c receive any   
b5efice1 p>sonage1  vic>age1 c4 ,a p]son
 mu/ be tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age1 or ne> x1
  be=e he c be orda9$ deacon1 or h any  
%>e 9 ! m9i/ry2 &  full tw5ty-f\r be=e  
he c be orda9$ prie/1 & by t means be   
p]mitt$ to adm9i/] ! holy communion4 ,a 
bi%op1 on ! ord9ation  ( cl]gym51 is to 
exam9e !m 9 ! pres5ce ( ! m9i/]s1 :o  9 
! ord9ation ( prie/s1 b n ( deacons1    
assi/ him at !  imposition ( h&s2 b ?is 
is only done z a m>k ( ass5t1 n  because
 x is ?\ght necess>y4 ,9 case any crime1

 z drunk5ness1  p]jury1 =g]y1 c1 is     
alleg$ aga9/ any "o t is to be orda9$1  
ei!r prie/ or deacon1 ! bi%op ought to  
desi/ f orda9+ him4  ,! p]son to be     
orda9$ is to br+ a te/imonial ( 8 life &
  doctr9e to ! bi%op1 & to give an      
acc\nt ( 8 fai? 9 ,lat92  & bo? prie/s &
 deacons are oblig$ to subscribe to !   
?irty-n9e  articles4 ,9 ! anci5t        
discipl9e !re 0 no su* ?+ z a vague  &  
absolute ord9ation2 b e "o 0 to h a     
*ur*1 :]e( he  0 to be orda9$ cl]k or   
prie/4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! bi%ops  grew
 m remiss1 & orda9$ )\t any title or    
b5efice4 ,!  c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 h[ev]1     
re/or$ ! anci5t discipl9e1 &  appo9t$ t 
none %\ld be orda9$ b ^? :o 7 provid$ ) 
a b5efice2 :i* practice /ill obta9s 9 ! 
*ur* ( ,engl&4    ,! re=m$ held ! call (
 ! p ! only ?+ ess5tial to !  validity (
 ! m9i/ry2 & tea*1 t ord9ation is only a
 c]emony1  :i* r5d]s ! call m augu/ &   
au!ntic4 ,accord+ly !  ,prote/ant *ur*es
 ( ,scotl&1 ,france1 ,holl&1 ,switz]l&1 
,g]many1  ,pol&1 ,hung>y1 ,d5m>k1 c1 h  

no episcopal ord9ation4 ,= ,lu!r1       
,calv91 ,buc]1 ,melanc?on1 c1 & all !   
fir/ re=m]s & f\nd]s  ( ^! *ur*es1 :o   
orda9$ m9i/]s among !m1 7 !mselves      
presbyt]s1 & no o!r4 ,& ?\gh 9 "s ( ^!  
*ur*es !re are  m9i/]s call$            
sup]9t5d5ts1 or bi%ops1 yet ^! are only 
primi  int] p>es1 ! fir/ among equals2 n
 pret5d+ to any sup]iority  ( ord]s4    
,hav+ !mselves no o!r ord]s ?an :at ei!r
 presbyt]s  gave !m1 or :at 0 giv5 !m z 
presbyt]s1 !y c convey no  o!r to ^? !y 
orda94 ,on ?is gr\nd ! ,prote/ant       
,diss5t]s  plead t _! ord9ation1 ?\gh n 
episcopal1 is ! same ) t  ( all !       
illu/ri\s ,prote/ant *ur*es abroad2 &   
object1 t a  prie/ orda9$ by a popi%    
bi%op %\ld be receiv$ into ! *ur* (     
,engl& z a valid m9i/]1 rightfully      
orda9$2 :ile ! ord]s (  ano!r1 orda9$ by
 ! mo/ le>n$ religi\s presbyt]1 :i* any 
=eign c\ntry c boa/1 are pron\nc$ n     
valid1 & he is requir$  to submit to be 
orda9$ afre%4 ,9 opposition to episcopal
 ord9ation1  !y urge t ,timo?y 0 orda9$ 

by ! lay+ on ( ! h&s ( !  presbyt]y1 #a 
,tim4 iv1 #ad2 t ,paul & ,b>nabas 7     
orda9$ by  c]ta9 prophets & tea*]s 9 !  
*ur* ( ,antio*1 & n by any  bi%op       
presid+ 9 t city1 ,acts xiii1 #a-c2 & t 
x is a well  kn[n fact1 t presbyt]s 9 ! 
*ur* ( ,alex&ria orda9$ ev5  _! own     
bi%ops = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s 9 !      
e>lie/ ages  ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y f>!r    
argue1 t bi%ops & presbyt]s are 9       
,scripture ! same1 & n d5om9ations (    
di/9ct ord]s or (fices  9 ! *ur*1 ref]r+
 to ,phil4 i1 #a2 ,titus i1 #e1 #g2     
,acts xx1 #bg1 #bh2  #a ,pet] v1 #a1 #b4
 ,to ! same purpose !y ma9ta91 t !      
sup]iority  ( bi%ops to presbyt]s is n  
pret5d$ to be ( div9e1 b ( human1       
in/itution2 n gr\nd$ on ,scripture1 b   
only ^u ! cu/om or  ord9ances ( ?is     
realm1 by ! fir/ re=m]s & f\nd]s ( !    
*ur* ( ,engl&2 nor by _m ( its mo/ le>n$
 & em95t doctors  s9ce4 ,see            
,/ill+fleet's ,ir5icum1 9 :i* ! le>n$   
au?or  affirms & %[s ?is to be ! s5tim5t
 ( ,cranm]1 & o!r *ief  re=m]s bo? 9    

,edw>d ,,vi4 & ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign1 
( ,ar*bi%op  ,:itgift1 ,bi%op ,bridges1 
,lee1 ,hook]1 ,sutcliff1 ,hales1        
,*ill+wor?1  c4 ,moreov]1 ! book        
entitl$1 ! ,in/itution ( a ,*ri/ian     
,man10  subscrib$ by ! cl]gy 9          
convocation1 & confirm$ by p>liam5t1    
owns bi%ops & presbyt]s by ,scripture to
 be ! same4 ,beside1 !  ,prote/ant      
,diss5t]s allege1 t if episcopal        
ord9ation be really  necess>y to        
con/itute a valid m9i/]1 x does n seem  
to be  enjo9$ by ! con/itution ( ! *ur* 
( ,engl&2 because ! p[]  ( ord9ation :i*
 ! bi%ops ex]cise 9 ?is k+dom1 is d]iv$ 
entirely & only f ! civil magi/rate2 &  
he au?oritatively  prescribes h[1 & to  
:om ord9ation is to be giv53 t if an    
ord9ation %\ld be conduct$ 9 o!r mann] &
 =m ?an t  prescrib$ by him1 su*        
ord9ation w\ld be illegal1 & ( no       
au?ority  9 ! *ur*4 ,accord+ly ! bi%op  
at ! ord9ation ( ! c&idate  asks1 ,are y
 call$ accord+ to ! w ( our ,"l ,jesus  
,*ri/1 &  ! due ord] ( ?is realm80 ,!   

con/itution & law ( ,engl& seem  to "k  
no?+ ( un9t]rupt$ l9eal desc5t1 b       
consid]s ! k+  ve/$1 by act ( p>liam5t1 
or ! suffrage ( ! p1 ) a  fulness ( all 
p[] ecclesia/ical 9 ^! realms1 z emp[]+ 
&  au?oriz+ bi%ops to orda93 & ?is p[] (
 ord9ation 0 once  delegat$ to          
,cromwell1 a layman1 z viceg]5t to ! k+4
 ,!y f>!r  ?9k x /range1 t ! validity ( 
ord]s & m9i/rations %\ld  be d]iv$1 z "s
 h cont5d$1 f a succession ( popi%      
bi%ops2  bi%ops ( a *ur*1 :i*1 by !     
def9ition ( ! n9ete5? article  ( ! *ur*1
 c be no "p ( ! true visible *ur* (     
,*ri/1 &  bi%ops1 likewise1 :o consid] !
 ,prote/ant cl]gy1 al?\gh orda9$  by    
,prote/ant bi%ops1 z m]e common         
unconsecrat$ laym54    ,on review+ !    
:ole ( ?is controv]sy1 says ,dr4 ,watts1
 t s9ce  !re are "s texts 9 ! ,new      
,te/am5t1 :]e9 s+le p]sons1  ei!r       
,apo/les1 z ,paul & ,b>nabas1 orda9$    
m9i/]s 9 !  *ur*es1 or evangeli/s1 z    
,timo?y & ,titus2 & s9ce o!r missions   
or ord9ations are intimat$ to be p]=m$  

by sev]al p]sons1 namely1  prophets1    
tea*]s1 eld]s1 or a presbyt]y1 ,acts    
xiii1 #a2 #a ,timo?y iv1  #ad2 s9ce !re 
is sometimes m5tion made ( ! imposition 
( h&s 9  ! mission ( a m9i/]1 &         
sometimes no m5tion is made ( x2 &  s9ce
 x is evid5t t 9 "s cases popul>        
ord9ations are & mu/  be valid )\t any  
bi%op or eld]1--,i ?9k none ( ^!        
diff]5ces  %\ld be made a matt] ( viol5t
 conte/ among ,*ri/ians2 nor ought  any 
words to be pron\nc$ aga9/ ea* o!r by ^?
 ( ! episcopal1  presbyt]ian1 or        
indep5d5t way4 ,surely all may agree ?us
 f>1 t  v>i\s =ms or modes1 seem+ to be 
us$ 9 ! mission or ord9ation  ( m9i/]s 9
 primitive times1 may give a reasonable 
occasion or  col\r = s9c]e & hone/      
se>*]s aft] tru? to foll[ diff]5t       
op9ions on ?is head1 & d !re=e dem& our 
c&id & *>itable  s5tim5ts conc]n+ ^? :o 
diff] f u4 ,among ! ,wesleyan           
,me?odi/s1 ! ord9ation ( _! m9i/]s is 9 
! annual  conf]5ce1 ) a presid5t at its 
head1 & is by pray] )\t  imposition (   

h&s4 ,! latt] !y hold to be a           
circum/ance (  ord9ation1 n an ess5tial4
 ,!y sometimes !re=e use x1 & at  o!rs  
omit x4 ,! mission>ies s5t out by t     
body1 if n  previ\sly orda9$ by !       
conf]5ce1 are set ap>t by a few s5ior   
m9i/]s2 & ord9>ily 9 ?is case1 ! s]vice 
( ! *ur* (  ,engl&1 ) "s alt]ations1 is 
us$1 ) imposition ( ! h&s (  ! m9i/]s   
pres5t4    ,,ossifrage1 1 ,lev4 xi1 #ac2
 ,deut4 xiv1 #ab4 ,int]pret]s are n     
agre$  on ?is bird2 "s read vulture10   
o!rs ! black eagle10 o!rs !  falcon40 ,!
 "n p]es1 by :i* x is call$ 9 ,hebrew1  
d5otes to  cru%1 to break20 & ?is "n    
agrees ) our v]sion1 :i* implies  !     
bone-break]10 :i* "n is giv5 to a k9d ( 
eagle1 f !  circum/ance ( its habit (   
break+ ! bones ( its prey1 aft] x  has  
eat5 ! fle%3 "s say also1 t he ev5      
swall[s ! bones ?us  brok54 ,onkelos    
uses a ^w :i* signifies nak$10 & leads u
 to !  vulture3 inde$1 if we 7 to take !
 classes ( birds 9 any ?+  l a natural  
ord] 9 ! passages "h ref]r$ to1 !       

vulture  %\ld foll[ ! eagle z an unclean
 bird4 ,! ,septuag9t int]pret]  also    
r5d]s vulture2 & s d ,mun/]1 ,s*9dl]1 & 
! ,zurick  v]sions4    ,,o/ri*1 2 9     
,arabic neamah2 9 ,greek 1 ! camel      
bird2 & /ill 9 ! ea/1 says ,niebuhr1 x  
is call$ ?>  edsjammel1 ! camel bird10  
,lev4 xi1 #af2 ,deut4 xiv1 #ae2 ,job    
xxx1 #bi2  ,isaiah xiii1 #ba2 xxxiv1    
#ac2 xliii1 #bj2 ,j]4 #a1 #ci2 ,lam4 iv1
 #c2 ,micah i1  #h2 1 ,job xxxix1 #ac4  
,! fir/ "n 9 ! places above quot$ is1   
by our own translators1 g5]ally r5d]$   
owls40 8,n[ x %\ld be  recollect$10 says
 ! au?or ( ,scripture ,illu/rat$10 8t ! 
owl  is n a des]t bird1 b r resides 9   
places n f> f  habitations1 & t x is n !
 companion ( s]p5ts2 :]eas1 9  sev]al ( 
^! passages1 ! joneh is associat$ )     
des]ts1 dry1  ext5sive1 ?ir/y des]ts1 & 
) s]p5ts1 :i* are _! natural            
inhabitants4 ,our ignorance ( ! natural 
hi/ory ( ! c\ntries :i*  ! o/ri*        
inhabits has und\bt$ly p]v]t$ ! import (
 ! above  passages2 b let any "o p]use  

!m afre%1 & ex*ange ! owl =  ! o/ri*1 & 
he w imm$iately discov] a vig\r (       
description1  & an imag]y mu* beyond :at
 he _h =m]ly p]ceiv$40 ,! ,hebrew       
phrase  1 means ! daught]   (           
vocif]ation10 & is  und]/ood to be !    
female o/ri*1 probably s call$ f ! noise
  :i* ?is bird makes4 ,x is affirm$ by  
travell]s ( good cr$it1 t  o/ri*es make 
a fe>ful1 scree*+1 lam5table noise4     
,o/ri*es are inhabitants ( ! des]ts (   
,arabia1 :]e !y live  *iefly ^u         
vegetables2 lead a social & in(f5sive   
life1 ! male  assort+ ) ! female )      
connubial fidelity4 ,_! eggs are v      
l>ge1 "s ( !m measur+ above five in*es 9
 diamet]1 &  weigh+ twelve or fifte5    
p\nds4 ,^! birds are v prolific1 lay+   
=ty or fifty eggs at a clut*4 ,!y w     
dev\r lea!r1 grass1 hair1  /ones1       
metals1 or any ?+ t is giv5 to !m2 b ^? 
sub/ances  :i* ! coats ( ! /oma* _c act 
^u pass :ole4 ,x is s  unclean an animal
 z to eat its own ordure z soon z x     
voids x4 ,?is  is a suffici5t reason1 7 

o!rs want+1 :y su* a f[l %\ld be  reput$
 unclean1 & its use z an article ( diet 
prohibit$4 ,!  o/ri*10 says ,m4 ,buffon1
 0 kn[n 9 ! remote/ ages1 & m5tion$  9 !
 mo/ anci5t books4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld an    
animal s rem>kably  l>ge1 & s wond]fully
 prolific1 & peculi>ly suit$ to !       
climate  z is ! o/ri*1 rema9 unkn[n 9   
,africa1 & "p ( ,asia1 c\ntries  peopl$ 
f ! e>lie/ ages1 full ( des]ts inde$1 b 
:]e !re  is n a spot :i* has n be5      
trav]s$ by ! foot ( man8 ,!  family ( ! 
o/ri*1 !re=e1 is ( great antiquity4 ,nor
 9 !  c\rse ( ages has x v>i$ or        
deg5]at$ f its native purity4 ,x  has   
always rema9$ on its pat]nal e/ate2 &   
its lu/re has be5  transmitt$ unsulli$  
by =eign int]c\rse4 ,9 %ort1 x is among 
!  birds :at ! elephant is among !      
quadrup$s1 a di/9ct race1 widely        
sep>at$ f all ! o!rs by *>act]s z /rik+ 
z !y are  inv>iable40 8,on ! lea/       
noise10 says ,dr4 ,%aw1 8or trivial     
occasion1  %e =sakes h] eggs1 or h] "y  
ones2 to :i* p]haps %e nev]  returns2 or

 if %e does1 x may be too late ei!r to  
re/ore life to  ! "o1 or to pres]ve !   
lives ( ! o!rs4 ,agreeably to ?is       
acc\nt ! ,arabs meet sometimes ) :ole   
ne/s ( ^! eggs  undi/urb$3 "s ( !m are  
sweet & good1 o!rs are addle &          
corrupt$2 o!rs aga9 h _! "y ones (      
diff]5t gr[?1  accord+ to ! "t1 x may be
 presum$1 !y h be5 =sak5 (  ! dam4 ,!   
,arabs (t5 meet ) a few ( ! little ones 
no bigg]  ?an well gr[n pullets1 half   
/>v$1 /raggl+ & moan+ ab\t l  s _m      
di/ress$ orphans = _! "m4 ,9 ?is mann] !
 o/ri*  may be said to be h>d5$ aga9/ h]
 "y ones z ?\gh !y 7  n h]s2 h] lab\r1 9
 hat*+ & att5d+ !m s f>1 be+ va91  )\t  
fe>1 or ! lea/ conc]n ( :at becomes ( !m
 aft]w>d4  ,?is want ( affection is also
 record$1 ,lam4 iv1 #c1 #8! daught] ( my
  p is become cruel1 l o/ri*es 9 !      
wild]ness2' t is1 by  app>5tly des]t+ _!
 own1 & receiv+ o!rs 9 return40 ,natural
  affection & sagaci\s in/9ct are ! gr& 
in/rum5ts by :i*  provid5ce cont9ues !  
race ( o!r animals3 b no limits c be set

  to ! wisdom & p[] ( ,god4 ,he pres]ve?
 ! bre$ ( ! o/ri*  )\t ^? means1 & ev5 9
 a p5ury ( all ! necess>ies (  life4    
,not)/&+ ! /upidity ( ?is animal1 its   
,creator ha?  amply provid$ = its       
safety1 by end[+ x ) extraord9>y        
swiftness1 & a surpris+ app>atus =      
escap+ f its enemy4 ,!y1  :5 !y raise   
!mselves up = flight1 laugh at ! horse &
 8  rid]40 ,!y af=d him an opportunity  
only ( admir+ at a di/ance  !           
extraord9>y agility & ! /atel9ess       
likewise ( _! motions1  ! ri*ness ( _!  
plumage1 & ! great propriety !re 0 9    
ascrib+ to !m an exp&$ quiv]+ w+4 ,no?+ 
c]ta9ly c be  m ent]ta9+ ?an su* a      
sight1 ! w+s1 by _! rapid b  unwe>i$    
vibrations1 equally s]v+ !m = sails &   
o>s2 :ile  _! feet1 no less assi/+ 9    
convey+ !m out ( sight1 seem to be      
ins5sible ( fatigue4    ,illu/ration3   
,,map ,,(    ,,pale/9e4    ,illu/rat+ ! 
,,new ,,te/am5t4      ,,owl4 ,!re are   
sev]al v>ieties ( ?is species1 all too  
well kn[n to  ne$ a p>ticul>            

description4 ,!y are nocturnal birds (  
prey1 &  h _! eyes bett] adapt$ =       
disc]n+ objects 9 ! ev5+ or  twilight   
?an 9 ! gl>e ( day4 #a4 1 ,lev4 xi1 #ag2
 ,deut4 xiv1 #af2  ,psalm cii1 #f1 is 9 
our v]sion r5d]$ ! little owl40 ,aquila1
  ,!odotion1 ,j]om1 ,kim*i1 & mo/ ( !   
old] int]pret]s1 are  quot$ to ju/ify   
?is r5d]+4 ,mi*alis1 at "s l5g?1        
supports  ! op9ion t x is ! horn$ owl4  
,bo*>t1 ?\gh ) "s  hesitation1 suspect$ 
x to be ! onocrotalus1 a k9d ( pelican1 
because ! ,hebrew "n signifies cup1 & ! 
pelican is rem>kable  = a p\* or bag "u 
! l[] jaw2 b !re are good reasons =     
suppos+ t bird to be !  ( ! next v]se4  
,dr4 ,g$des ?9ks  ?is bird ! cormorant2 
& z x beg9s ! li/ ( wat] f[l1 & is      
m5tion$ always 9 ! same contexts ) 1    
confess$ly a wat]  bird1 8 op9ion may be
 adopt$4 #b4 1 ,lev4 xi1 #ag2 ,deut4    
xiv1 #af2  ,isaiah xxxiv1 #aa4 ,9 ! two 
fir/ places our translators r5d] ?is  ! 
great owl10 :i* is /rangely plac$ aft] !
 little owl1 &  among wat] birds4 ,our  

translators10 says ! au?or ( ,scripture 
,illu/rat$10 8seem to h ?\ght ! owl a   
conv5i5t bird1 z we  h ?ree owls 9 two  
v]ses40 ,"s critics ?9k x means a       
species (  night bird1 because ! ^w may 
be d]iv$ f 1 :i* signifies  ! twilight1 
! "t :5 owls fly ab\t4 ,b ?is           
int]pretation1  says ,p>khur/1 seems v  
=c$2 & s9ce x is m5tion$ among wat]     
f[ls1 & ! ,,lxx4 h1 9 ! fir/ & la/ ( ^? 
texts1 r5d]$  x by 1 ! ibis1 we are     
dispos$ to adopt x "h1 & ?9k !  evid5ce 
/r5g!n$ by ?is1 t 9 a ,coptic v]sion (  
,lev4 xi1 #ag1  x is call$ ip or hip1   
:i*1 ) a ,greek t]m9ation1 w\ld v       
easily make 4 #c4 1 :i* occurs only 9   
,isaiah xxxiv1 #ae1 is 9  our v]sion    
r5d]$ ! great owl40 #d4 1 ,isa4 xxxiv1  
#ad1 9 our  v]sion ! scree* owl40 ,!    
root signifies night2 & z und\bt$ly  a  
bird frequ5t+ d>k places & ru9s is      
ref]r$ to1 we mu/ admit  "s k9d ( owl4  
,a place ( lonely desolation1 :]e       
,! scree*+ tribe & pelicans abide1      
,& ! dun rav5s croak mid ru9s dre>1     

,& moan+ owls f man ! f>!/ hide4        
,,ox1 1 9 ,arabic bk]re & byk>1 ! male (
 horn$ cattle  ( ! beeve k9d1 at full   
age1 :5 fit = ! pl\gh4 ,y\ng] ones  are 
call$ bullocks4 ,mi*alis1 9 8 elaborate 
"w on ! laws (  ,moses1 has prov$ t     
ca/ration 0 nev] practis$4 ,! rural     
economy  ( ! ,israelites l$ !m to value 
! ox z by f> ! mo/ important  ( dome/ic 
animals1 f ! consid]ation ( 8 great use 
9 all !  op]ations ( f>m+4 ,9 !         
patri>*al ages1 ! ox con/itut$ no       
inconsid]able portion ( _! weal?4 ,?us  
,abraham is said to be v  ri* 9 cattle1 
,g54 xxiv1 #ce4 ,m5 ( e age & c\ntry h  
be5  mu* indebt$ to ! lab\rs ( ?is      
animal4 ,s e>ly z 9 ! days (  ,job1 :o 0
 probably contempor>y ) ,isaac1 ! ox5 7 
pl\gh+1  & ! asses 7 fe$+ beside !m10 :5
 ! ,sabeans fell ^u  !m1 & took !m away4
 ,9 times long po/]ior1 :5 ,elijah 0    
commission$ to ano9t ,eli%a1 ! son (    
,%aphat1 prophet 9 8 /ead1  he f\nd him 
pl\gh+ ) twelve yoke ( ox51 #a ,k+s xix1
 #ai4 ,=  _m ages ! hopes ( ori5tal     

husb&m5 dep5d$ entirely on _!  lab\rs4  
,?is 0 s mu* ! case 9 ! "t ( ,solomon1 t
 he  obs]ves1 9 "o ( 8 prov]bs1 ,:]e no 
ox5 are1 ! crib is clean10  or r empty2 
b mu* increase is by ! /r5g? ( ! ox10   
,prov4  xiv1 #d4 ,! ass1 9 ! c\rse (    
ages 0 compell$ to b5d 8  /ubborn neck  
to ! yoke1 & %>e ! lab\rs ( ! ox2 b /ill
  ! prep>ation ( ! gr\nd 9 ! "t ( spr+  
dep5d$ *iefly on  ! m p[]ful ex]tions ( 
! latt]4 ,:5 ?is animal 0 employ$  9    
br++ home ! produce ( ! h>ve/1 he 0     
regal$ ) a  mixture ( *aff1 *opp$ /raw1 
& v>i\s k9ds ( gra91 moi/5$  ) acidulat$
 wat]4 ,b among ! ,jews1 ! ox 0 be/ f$  
:5  employ$ 9 tread+ out ! corn2 = !    
div9e law1 9 _m ( ^:  precepts !        
b5evol5ce ( ! ,deity conspicu\sly %9es1 
=bad to  muzzle him1 &1 by consequ5ce1  
to prev5t him f eat+ :at he  w\ld ( !   
gra9 he 0 employ$ to sep>ate f ! husks4 
,! ox  0 also compell$ to ! lab\r (     
dragg+ ! c>t or wagon4 ,!  numb] ( ox5  
commonly yok$ to "o c>t appe>s to h be5 
two1 ,num4  vii1 #c1 #g1 #h2 #a ,sam4   

vi1 #g2 #b ,sam4 vi1 #c1 #f4    ,! wild 
ox1 1 ,deut4 xiv1 #e1 is suppos$ to be !
 oryx ( !  ,greeks1 :i* is a species (  
l>ge /ag4      ,,padan-,,aram1 call$    
also ,s$an-,aram 9 ,hosea2 bo? names    
d5ot+ ,aram  or ,syria ! fruitful1 or   
cultivat$1 & apply to ! nor!rn "p  (    
,mesopotamia1 9 :i* ,h>an or ,*>ran 0   
situat$4 ,see ,,mesopotamia4            
,,pagans1 ,hea!ns1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :o   
wor%ip idols4 ,! t]m  came into use aft]
 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! cities & 
great t[ns af=d+ ! fir/ conv]ts4 ,!     
,hea!ns 7 call$  ,pagans1 f pagus1 a    
village10 because !y 7 !n f\nd *iefly  9
 remote c\ntry places2 b we use ! t]m   
commonly = all :o d  n receive ! ,jewi%1
 ,*ri/ian1 or ,mohamm$an religions4     
,,pa9t+ ,,! ,,face1 #b ,k+s ix1 #cj4    
,see ,,eyes4    ,,pale/9e1 tak5 9 a     
limit$ s5se1 d5otes ! c\ntry ( !        
,phili/9es or ,pale/9es1 includ+ t "p ( 
! l& ( promise  :i* ext5d$ along !      
,m$it]ranean ,sea1 f ,gaza s\? to ,lydda
  nor?4 ,! ,,lxx4 7 ( op9ion t ! ^w     

,phili/iim1 :i* !y  g5]ally translate   
,allophyli1 signifi$ /rang]s10 or m5 (  
ano!r  tribe4 ,pale/9e1 tak5 9 a m g5]al
 s5se1 signifies ! :ole  c\ntry (       
,canaan1 ! :ole l& ( promise1 z well    
beyond z on ?is  side ,jordan1 ?\gh     
pretty frequ5tly x is re/ra9$ to !      
c\ntry on  ?is side t riv]2 s t 9 lat]  
times ! words ,judea &  ,pale/9e 7      
synonym\s4 ,we f9d1 also1 ! "n ( ,syria 
,pale/9a  giv5 to ! l& ( promise1 & ev5 
sometimes ?is prov9ce is  compreh5d$ 9  
,clo-,syria1 or ! ,l[] ,syria4 ,h]odotus
 is ! mo/  anci5t writ] we "k t speaks (
 ,syria ,pale/9a4 ,he places x  betwe5  
,ph5icia & ,egypt4 ,see ,,canaan4       
,,palm ,,tree1 1 ,exodus xv1 #bg1 c4    
,?is tree1 sometimes call$ ! date  tree1
 gr[s pl5tifully 9 ! ea/4 ,x rises to a 
great height4 ,!  /alks are g5]ally full
 ( rugg$ knots1 :i* are ! ve/iges ( !   
decay$ leaves2 = ! trunk ( ?is tree is n
 solid1 l o!r  trees1 b its c5tre is    
fill$ ) pi?1 r\nd :i* is a t\gh b>k     
full ( /rong fibres :5 "y1 :i*1 z ! tree

 gr[s old1 h>d5s  & becomes ligne\s4 ,to
 ?is b>k ! leaves are closely jo9$1 :i* 
9 ! c5tre rise erect2 b1 aft] !y are    
advanc$ above ! vag9a  :i* surr\nds !m1 
!y exp& v wide on e side ! /em2 &1  z ! 
old] leaves decay1 ! /alk advances 9    
height4 ,! leaves1  :5 ! tree has gr[n  
to a size = be>+ fruit1 are six or eight
  feet long1 are v broad :5 spread out1 
& are us$ = cov]+ !  tops ( h\ses1 c4 ,!
 fruit1 :i* is call$ date1 gr[s bel[ !  
leaves 9 clu/]s & is ( a sweet &        
agreeable ta/e4 ,! le>n$  ,kmpf]1 z a   
botani/1 an antiqu>y1 & a travell]1 has 
exhau/$ !  :ole subject ( palm trees4 ,!
 dilig5t natives10 says ,mr4 ,gibbon1   
celebrat$1 ei!r 9 v]se or prose1 ! ?ree 
hundr$ & sixty uses  to :i* ! trunk1 !  
bran*es1 ! leaves1 ! juice1 & ! fruit1  
7 skilfully appli$40 8,! ext5sive       
importance ( ! date tree10  says ,dr4   
,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s    
subjects to :i* a  travell] c direct 8  
att5tion4 ,a consid]able "p ( !         
inhabitants ( ,egypt1 ( ,arabia1 &      

,p]sia1 subsi/ almo/ entirely  ^u its   
fruit4 ,!y boa/ also ( its m$ic9al      
virtues4 ,_! camels  fe$ ^u ! date /one4
 ,f ! leaves !y make c\*es1 baskets1    
bags1 mats1 & bru%es2 f ! bran*es1 cages
 = _! p\ltry1 &  f5ces = _! g>d5s2 f !  
fibres ( ! b\ghs1 ?read1 ropes1  &      
rigg+2 f ! sap is prep>$ a spiritu\s    
liquor2 & ! body  ( ! tree furni%es     
fuel4 ,x is ev5 said t f "o v>iety ( !  
palm tree1 ! phnix f>9if]a1 meal has be5
 extract$1 :i* is  f\nd among ! fibres (
 ! trunk1 & has be5 us$ = food40    ,9 !
 temple ( ,solomon 7 pila/]s made 9 ! =m
 ( palm trees1  #a ,k+s vi1 #bi4 ,x 0 "u
 a tree ( ?is k9d t ,deborah dwelt      
betwe5 ,ramah & ,be!l1 ,judges iv1 #e4  
,to ! fair1 fl\ri%+1 &  fruitful        
condition ( ?is tree1 ! psalmi/ v aptly 
comp>es !  vot>y ( virtue1 ,psalm xcii1 
#ab1 #ac1 #ad3--                ,!      
righte\s %all fl\ri% l a palm tree4     
,^? t are plant$ 9 ! h\se ( ,jehovah1   
,9 ! c\rts ( our ,god1 %all fl\ri%2     
,9 old age !y %all /ill put =? buds1    

,!y %all be full ( sap & vigor\s4    ,! 
palm tree is cr[n$ at its top ) a l>ge  
tuft ( spir+ leaves  ab\t f\r feet long1
 :i* nev] fall (f1 b always cont9ue 9 ! 
same fl\ri%+ v]dure4 ,! tree1 z ,dr4    
,%aw 0 in=m$1 is 9 its  greate/ vig\r   
ab\t ?irty ye>s aft] x is plant$1 &     
cont9ues 9  full vig\r sev5ty ye>s      
long]2 be>+ all ?is :ile1 e ye>1  ab\t  
?ree or f\r hundr$ p\nds' weight (      
dates4 ,! trunk ( !  tree is rem>kably  
/raight & l(ty4 ,j]emiah1 speak+ ( !    
idols  t 7 c>ri$ 9 procession1 says !y 7
 upright z ! palm  tree1 ,j]4 x1 #e4 ,& 
= erect /ature & sl5d]ness ( =m1 !      
sp\se1 9 ,canticles vii1 #g1 is comp>$  
to ?is tree3--                     ,h[  
fram$1 ,o my love1 = delights6          
,lo1 ?y /ature is l a palm tree1        
,& ?y bosom l clu/]s ( dates4    ,on ?is
 passage ,mr4 ,good obs]ves1 t 8! v ^w  
tam>1 "h  us$ = ! palm tree1 & ^:       
radical mean+ is #8/raight1' or         
#8upright1' 7:5ce x 0 aft]w>d appli$ to 
pill>s or columns1 z  well z to ! palm17

 0 also a g5]al "n among ! ladies (     
,pale/9e1 & unque/ionably adopt$ 9 hon\r
 ( ! /ature !y _h  already acquir$1 or  
gave a fair promise ( atta9+40    ,a    
bran* ( palm 0 a signal ( victory1 & 0  
c>ri$ be=e  conqu]ors 9 ! triumphs4 ,to 
?is1 allusion is made1 ,rev4 vii1 #i3 & 
= ?is purpose 7 !y borne be=e ,*ri/ 9 8 
way to ,j]usalem1  ,john xii1 #ac4 ,f ! 
inspissat$ sap ( ! tree1 a k9d ( honey1 
or  dispse1 z x is call$1 is produc$1   
little inf]ior to t ( bees4  ,! same    
juice1 aft] f]m5tation1 makes a sort (  
w9e mu* us$ 9  ! ea/4 ,x is once m5tion$
 z w9e1 ,num4 xxviii1 #g2 ,exodus xxix1 
#dj2  & by x is int5d$ ! /rong dr9k1    
,isaiah v1 #aa2 xxiv1 #i4 ,!odoret  &   
,*ryso/om1 on ^! places1 bo? ,syrians1 &
 unexceptionable  witnesses 9 :at       
belongs to _! own c\ntry1 confirm ?is   
decl>ation4 ,?is liquor10 says ,dr4     
,%aw1 :i* has a m lusci\s  sweetness ?an
 honey1 is ( ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup1 b
 quickly  gr[s t>t & ropy1 acquir+ an   
intoxicat+ quality1 & giv+ by           

di/illation an agreeable _s1 or arky1   
accord+ to ! g5]al  "n ( ^! p = all hot 
liquors1 extract$ by ! alembic40 ,its   
,hebrew "n is 1 !  ( ! ,greeks2 & f its 
sweetness1  probably1 ! sac*>um ( !     
,romans4 ,j]om in=ms u t 9 ,hebrew  any 
inebriat+ liquor is call$ sic]a1 :e!r   
made ( gra91 !  juice ( apples1 honey1  
dates1 or any o!r fruit40    ,?is tree 0
 =m]ly ( great value & e/eem among !    
,israelites1  & s v mu* cultivat$ 9     
,judea1 t1 9 aft] times1 x became  !    
emblem ( t c\ntry1 z may be se5 9 a m$al
 ( ! ,emp]or  ,vespasian ^u ! conque/ ( 
,judea4 ,x repres5ts a captive woman    
sitt+ "u a palm tree1 ) ?is inscription1
 ,judea capta20 ,judea  captivat$2 & ^u 
a ,greek co91 likewise1 ( 8 son ,titus1 
/ruck  ^u ! l occasion1 we see a %ield  
susp5d$ ^u a palm tree1 )  a ,victory   
writ+ ^u x4 ,pl9y also calls ,judea     
palmis inclyta1  r5[n$ = palms40 ,j]i*o1
 9 p>ticul>1 0 call$ ! city (  palms10  
,deut4 xxxiv1 #c2 #b ,*ron4 xxviii1 #ae2
 because1 z ,josephus1  ,/rabo1 & ,pl9y1

 h rem>k$1 x anci5tly ab\nd$ 9 palm     
trees4  ,& s ,dr4 ,%aw rem>ks1 t1 ?\gh  
^! trees are n n[ ei!r  pl5tiful or     
fruitful 9 o!r p>ts ( ! holy l&1 yet !re
 are  sev]al ( !m at ,j]i*o1 :]e !re is 
! conv5i5cy !y require  ( be+ (t5 wat]$2
 :]e1 likewise1 ! climate is w>m1 & !   
soil s&y1 su* z !y ?rive & delight 94   
,tam>1 a city built 9  ! des]t by       
,solomon1 #a ,k+s ix1 #ah2 ,ezekiel     
xlvii1 #ai2 xlviii1 #bh1  0 probably s  
nam$ f ! palm trees gr[+ ab\t x2 z x 0  
aft]w>d by ! ,romans call$ ,palmyra1 or 
r ,palmira1 on ! same  acc\nt1 f palma1 
a palm tree40    ,,palm] ,,worm1 1 ,joel
 i1 #d2 ,amos iv1 #i4 ,bo*>t says t x is
 a k9d  ( locu/1 furni%$ ) v %>p tee?1 )
 :i* x gnaws (f  grass1 corn1 leaves (  
trees1 & ev5 _! b>k4 ,! ,jews support   
?is  idea by d]iv+ ! ^w f  or 1 to cut1 
to %e>1 or  m9ce4 ,not)/&+ ! unanim\s   
s5tim5ts ( ! ,jews t ?is  is a locu/1   
yet ! ,,lxx4 read 1 & ! ,vulgate eruca1 
a  cat]pill>20 :i* r5d]+ is support$ by 
,full]4 ,mi*alis agrees  ) ?is op9ion1 &

 ?9ks t ! %>p cutt+ tee? ( !  cat]pill>1
 :i*1 l a sickle1 cle> away all be=e !m1
 might  give "n to ?is insect4          
,cat]pill>s also beg9 _! ravages be=e  !
 locu/1 :i* seems to co9cide ) ! nature 
( ! creature "h  int5d$4    ,,palsy4    
,see ,,diseases4    ,,pamphylia1 a      
prov9ce ( ,asia ,m9or :i* gives "n to t 
"p ( !  ,m$it]ranean ,sea :i* wa%es its 
coa/1 ,acts xxvii1 #e4 ,to ! s\? x  is  
b\nd$ by ! ,m$it]ranean1 & to ! nor? by 
,pisidia2 hav+  ,lycia to ! we/1 &      
,cilicia to ! ea/4 ,paul & ,b>nabas     
prea*$  at ,p]ga1 9 ,pamphylia1 ,acts   
xiii1 #ac2 xiv1 #bd4    ,,pan!ism1 a    
doctr9e into :i* "s ( ! sages (         
antiquity fell by  revolt+ at ! mon/r\s 
absurdities ( ,poly!ism4 ,n kn[+ !  true
 ,god z an inf9ite & p]sonal subsi/5ce1 
a cause above &  di/9ct f all effects1  
!y believ$ t ,god 0 e ?+1 &  e ?+ ,god4 
,?is mon/r\s1 & 9 its effects immoral1  
notion1 is  /ill held by ! ,brahm9s (   
,india4    ,,pap] ,,re$1 1 ,exod4 ii1   
#c2 ,job viii1 #aa2 ,isaiah xviii1 #b2  

xxxv1 #g4  ,:5 ! out] sk91 or b>k1 is   
tak5 (f1 !re are sev]al films1 or  inn] 
pellicles1 "o )9 ano!r4 ,^!1 :5 sep>at$ 
f !  /alk1 7 laid on a table artfully   
mat*$ & flatt$ toge!r1 &  moi/5$ ) !    
wat] ( ! ,nile1 :i*1 dissolv+ ! glut9\s 
juices ( ! plant1 caus$ !m to adh]e     
closely toge!r4 ,!y 7  aft]w>d press$1 &
 !n dri$ 9 ! sun1 & ?us 7 prep>$  %eets 
or leaves = writ+ ^u 9 *>act]s m>k$ by a
 col\r$  liquid pass+ ?r\gh a holl[ re$4
 ,! be/ papyrus 0 call$  1 or pap] ( !  
prie/s4 ,on ?is ! sacr$ docum5ts (      
,egypt  7 writt54 ,anci5t books 7 writt5
 on papyrus1 & ^? ( !  ,new ,te/am5t    
among ! re/4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury h[ev] ^!  
sacr$  writ+s are f\nd on sk9s4 ,?is 0  
pref]r$ = durability2 & _m  decay$      
copies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 belong+ to    
libr>ies1 7 e>ly  transf]r$ to p>*m5t4  
,f9ally came pap]1 ! "n ( :i* 0  tak5 f 
! ,egyptian re$2 b ! mat]ials ( :i* x 0 
fabricat$ 7 cotton & l954 ,see ,,bulru% 
& ,,book4    ,,paphos1 a celebrat$ city 
( ,cyprus1 ly+ on ! we/]n coa/ ( !      

isl&1 :]e ,v5us 7:o f h5ce took ! "n (  
,paphia7 _h h]  mo/ anci5t & mo/ fam\s  
temple2 & "h ! ,roman proconsul1        
,s]gius ,paulus1 resid$1 :om ,/4 ,paul  
conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 ,acts  xiii1 #f4
    ,,p>able1 1 =m$ f 1 to oppose or    
comp>e1 an  allegorical in/ruction1     
f\nd$ on some?+ real or app>5t 9 nature 
or hi/ory1 f :i* a moral is drawn1 by   
comp>+ x ) "s o!r  ?+ 9 :i* ! p are m   
imm$iately conc]n$4 7,see  ,allegory47  
,ari/otle def9es p>able1 a similitude   
drawn f =m to  =m4 ,cic]o calls x a     
collation2 o!rs1 a simile4 ,f4 de       
,colonia calls  x a rational fable2 b x 
may be f\nd$ on real occurr5ces1 z _m   
p>ables ( our ,savi\r 74 ,! ,hebrews    
call x 1 f a ^w :i*  signifies ei!r to  
pr$om9ate or to assimilate2 ! ,prov]bs (
  ,solomon are by !m also call$ 1       
p>ables1 or prov]bs4    ,p>able1 accord+
 to ! em95tly le>n$ ,bi%op ,l[?1 is t   
k9d  ( allegory :i* consi/s ( a cont9u$ 
n>ration ( a fictiti\s or  accommodat$  
ev5t1 appli$ to ! illu/ration ( "s      

important tru?4  ,! ,greeks call ^! 1   
allegories1 or apologues2 ! ,lat9s1     
fabul1 or fables20 & ! writ+s ( !       
,phrygian sage1 or ^?  compos$ 9        
imitation ( him1 h acquir$ ! greate/    
celebrity4 ,nor  has our ,savi\r himself
 disda9$ to adopt ! same me?od (        
in/ruction2 ( ^: p>ables x is d\btful   
:e!r !y excel mo/ 9  wisdom & utility1  
or 9 sweetness1 elegance1 & p]spicuity4 
,z !  appellation ( p>able has be5      
appli$ to 8 disc\rses ( ?is k9d1  ! t]m 
is n[ re/rict$ f its =m] ext5sive       
signification to a  m conf9$ s5se4 ,b   
?is species ( composition occurs v      
frequ5tly 9 ! prophetic poetry1 &       
p>ticul>ly 9 t ( ,ezekiel4  ,if to u !y 
%\ld sometimes appe> obscure1 we mu/    
rememb]1 t1  9 ^? e>ly times :5 !       
prophetical writ+s 7 indit$1 x 0        
univ]sally ! mode ?r\gh\t all ! ea/]n   
nations to convey sacr$  tru?s "u       
my/]i\s figures & repres5tations4 ,9    
ord] to our  =m+ a m c]ta9 judgm5t ^u   
?is subject1 ,dr4 ,l[? has briefly      

expla9$ "s ( ! prim>y qualities ( !     
poetic p>ables2 s t1  by consid]+ !     
g5]al nature ( !m1 we may decide m      
accurately  on ! m]its ( p>ticul>       
examples4    ,x is ! fir/ excell5ce ( a 
p>able to turn ^u an image well kn[n  & 
applicable to ! subject1 ! mean+ ( :i*  
is cle> &  def9ite2 = ?is circum/ance w 
give x p]spicuity1 :i* is  ess5tial to e
 species ( allegory4 ,if ! p>ables ( !  
sacr$  prophets are exam9$ by ?is rule1 
!y w n be f\nd defici5t4  ,!y are 9     
g5]al f\nd$ ^u su* imag]y z is frequ5tly
 us$1 &  simil>ly appli$ by way (       
metaphor & comp>ison 9 ! ,hebrew        
poetry4 ,examples ( ?is k9d occur 9 !   
p>able ( ! deceitful  v9ey>d1 ,isaiah v1
 #a-g1 & ( ! useless v9e1 ,ezek4 xv2    
xix1 #aj-ad2  = "u ?is imag]y !         
ungrateful p ( ,god are m ?an once      
describ$2 ,ezek4 xix1 #a-i2 xxxi2 xvi2  
xxiii4 ,moreov]1 ! image mu/  n only be 
apt & famili>1 b x mu/ be also elegant &
 beautiful  9 itself2 s9ce x is !       
purpose ( a poetic p>able1 n only to    

expla9 m p]fectly "s proposition1 b     
frequ5tly to give x "s  animation &     
spl5d\r4 ,z ! imag]y f natural objects  
is 9 ?is  respect sup]ior to all o!rs1 !
 p>ables ( ! sacr$ poets consi/  *iefly 
( ?is k9d ( imag]y4 ,x is also ess5tial 
to ! elegance (  a p>able1 t ! imag]y   
%\ld n only be apt & beautiful1 b  t all
 its p>ts & app5dages %\ld be p]spicu\s 
& p]t95t4  ,( all ^! excell5cies1 !re _c
 be m p]fect examples ?an  ! p>ables t h
 be5 j specifi$2 to :i* we may add !    
well  kn[n p>able ( ,na?an1 #b ,sam4    
xii1 #a-d1 al?\gh writt5 9 prose1 z     
well z t ( ,jo?am1 ,judges ix1 #g-ae1   
:i* appe>s to be ! mo/  anci5t extant1 &
 approa*es some:at ne>] to ! poetical   
=m4 ,x  is also ! crit]ion ( a p>able1 t
 x be consi/5t ?r\gh\t1  & t ! lit]al be
 nev] conf\nd$ ) ! figurative s5se2 &  9
 ?is respect x mat]ially diff]s f t     
species ( allegory1  call$ ! cont9u$    
metaphor1 ,isaiah v1 #a-g4 ,x %\ld be   
consid]$1  t ! cont9u$ metaphor & !     
p>able h a v diff]5t view4  ,! sole     

int5tion ( ! =m] is to embelli% a       
subject1 to repres5t  x m magnific5tly1 
or at ! mo/ to illu/rate x1 t1 by       
describ+ x 9 m elevat$ language1 x may  
/rike ! m9d m  =cibly2 b ! int5t ( !    
latt] is to )draw ! tru? = a  mom5t f   
our sight1 9 ord] to conceal :atev] x   
may conta9  ungrateful or reprov+1 & to 
enable x secretly to ins9uate itself1  &
 obta9 an asc5d5cy z x 7 by /eal?4 ,!re 
is1 h[ev]1 a  species ( p>able1 ! int5t 
( :i* is only to illu/rate !  subject2  
su* is t rem>kable "o ( ! c$> (         
,lebanon1 ,ezek4  xxxi2 ?an :i*1 if we  
consid] ! imag]y itself1 none 0 ev] m   
apt or m beautiful2 or ! description &  
col\r+1 none 0 ev]  m elegant or        
spl5did2 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! poet has       
occasionally  all[$ himself to bl5d !   
figurative ) ! lit]al description1      
v]ses #aa1 #ad-ag2 :e!r he has done ?is 
because ! peculi> nature  ( ?is k9d (   
p>able requir$ x1 or :e!r 8 own f]vid   
imag9ation alone1 :i* disda9$ ! /rict]  
rules ( composition1  0 8 guide1 our    

le>n$ au?or c sc>cely presume to        
det]m9e4    ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ^w    
p>able is us$ v>i\sly3 9 ,luke iv1  #bc1
 = a prov]b1 or adage2 9 ,matt4 xv1 #ae1
 = a ?+ d>kly &  figuratively express$2 
9 ,heb4 ix1 #i1 c1 = a type2 9 ,luke    
xiv1 #g1  c1 = a special in/ruction2 9  
,matt4 xxiv1 #cb1 = a similitude or     
comp>ison4    ,,p>adise1 accord+ to !   
orig9al mean+ ( ! t]m1 :e!r x be  (     
,hebrew1 ,*aldee1 or ,p]sian d]ivation1 
signifies1 a place enclos$  = pleasure &
 delight40 ,! ,,lxx41 or ,greek         
translators ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t1 make use
 ( ! ^w p>adise1 :5 !y speak ( ! g>d5  (
 ,ed51 :i* ,jehovah plant$ at !         
creation1 & 9 :i* he plac$  our fir/    
p>5ts4 ,!re are ?ree places 9 ! ,hebrew 
text ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t :]e ?is ^w is   
f\nd1 namely1 ,neh4 ii1 #h2 ,cant4 iv1  
#ac2  ,eccles4 ii1 #e4 ,! t]m p>adise is
 obvi\sly us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1  z     
ano!r ^w = heav52 by our ,"l1 ,luke     
xxiii1 #dc2 by ! ,apo/le  ,paul1 #b     
,cor4 xii1 #d2 & 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ii1   

#g4 ,see ,,ed54    ,,p>an1 ,,des]t ,,(1 
a great & t]rible wild]ness0 :i* !      
*ildr5 (  ,israel ent]$ aft] leav+ ,m\nt
 ,s9ai1 ,num4 x1 #ab2 ,deut4 i1 #ai2 &  
9 :i* ?irty-eight ( _! =ty ye>s ( w&]+ 7
 sp5t4 ,x  ext5d$ f ,m\nt ,s9ai on !    
s\?1 to ! s\!rn bord] ( !  l& ( ,canaan 
on ! nor?2 hav+ ! des]t ( ,%ur1 ) its   
subdivisions1 ! des]ts ( ,e?am & ,s91 on
 ! we/1 & ! ea/]n  bran* ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 !
 des]t ( ,z9 & ,m\nt ,seir1 on ! ea/4   
,burckh>dt repres5ts ?is des]t1 :i* he  
ent]$ f t ( ,z91 or  valley ( ,el       
,araba1 ab\t ! p>allel ( ,suez1 z a     
dre>y expanse (  calc>e\s soil1 cov]$ ) 
black fl9ts4    ,,p>tridge1 1 #a ,samuel
 xxvi1 #bj2 ,j]4 xvii1 #aa2 1 ,ecclus4  
xi1  #cj4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! places ,david  
says1 ,! k+ ( ,israel is come  out to   
hunt a p>tridge on ! m\nta9s20 & 9 !    
second1 ,!  p>tridge sitte?10 on eggs1 &
 produce?10 or hat*e?1 n2 s he  t gette?
 ri*es1 & n by "r1 %all leave !m 9 !    
mid/ (  8 days1 & at 8 end %all be      
contemptible40 ,?is passage does n      

necess>ily imply t ! p>tridge hat*es !  
eggs ( a /rang]1 b  only t %e (t5 fails 
9 h] attempts to br+ =? h] "y4 ,to  su* 
disappo9tm5ts %e is greatly expos$ f !  
position ( h]  ne/ on ! gr\nd1 :]e h]   
eggs are (t5 spoil$ by ! wet1 or  cru%$ 
by ! foot4 ,s he t broods ov] 8         
ill-gott5 ga9s w  (t5 f9d !m            
unproductive2 or1 if he leaves !m1 z a  
bird  occasionally driv5 f h] ne/1 may  
be despoil$ ( _! possession4  ,z to !   
hunt+ ( ! p>tridge1 :i*1 ,dr4 ,%aw      
obs]ves1 is !  great]1 or r$-legg$ k9d1 
! travell] says3 ,! ,arabs h ano!r1     
?\gh a m labori\s1 me?od ( cat*+ ^!     
birds2 =1 obs]v+  t !y become languid & 
fatigu$ aft] !y h be5 ha/ily put  up    
twice or ?rice1 !y imm$iately run 9 ^u  
!m1 & knock !m  d[n ) _! z]wattys1 or   
bludgeons z we %\ld call !m40           
,precisely 9 ?is mann] ,saul hunt$      
,david1 com+ ha/ily ^u him1  putt+ him  
up incessantly1 9 hopes t at l5g? 8     
/r5g? &  res\rces w\ld fail1 & he w\ld  
become an easy prey to 8 pursu]4  ,=skal

 m5tions a p>tridge ^: "n 9 ,arabic is  
kurr2 & ,la?am  says1 t1 9 ! prov9ce (  
,&alusia 9 ,spa91 ! "n ( !  p>tridge is 
*urr2 bo? tak51 no d\bt1 l ! ,hebrew1 f 
its  note4    ,illu/ration3      ,map ( 
!    ,,c\ntries    ,travell$ by !       
,,apo/les    ) !    ,,r\tes ,,( ,,/4    
,,paul    ?r\gh    ,asia  ,europe       
,,passov]1 1 signifies leap1 passage4 ,!
 passov] 0 a solemn  fe/ival ( ! ,jews1 
in/itut$ 9 commemoration ( _! com+ out (
  ,egypt2 because ! night be=e _!       
dep>ture ! de/roy+ angel  t slew !      
fir/-born ( ! ,egyptians pass$ ov] !    
h\ses ( !  ,hebrews )\t ent]+ !m1       
because !y 7 m>k$ ) ! blood  ( ! lamb1  
:i*1 = ?is reason1 0 call$ ! pas*al     
lamb4 ,!  foll[+ is :at ,god orda9$     
conc]n+ ! passov]3 ! mon? ( !  com+ out 
( ,egypt 0 aft] ?is to be ! fir/ mon? ( 
! sacr$  or ecclesia/ical ye>2 & !      
f\rte5? day ( ?is mon?1 betwe5  ! two   
ev5+s1 t is1 betwe5 ! sun's decl9e & its
 sett+1 or  r1 accord+ to our reckon+1  
betwe5 ?ree o'clock 9 !  aft]noon & six 

9 ! ev5+1 at ! equ9ox1 !y 7 to kill !   
pas*al lamb1 & to ab/a9 f leav5$ bread4 
,! day foll[+1  be+ ! fifte5?1 reckon$ f
 six o'clock ( ! prec$+ ev5+1  0 ! gr&  
fea/ ( ! passov]1 :i* cont9u$ sev5 days2
 b  only ! fir/ & sev5? days 7 peculi>ly
 solemn4 ,! sla9 lamb  0 to be )\t      
defect1 a male1 & ( t ye>4 ,if no lamb  
c\ld be  f\nd1 !y might take a kid4 ,!y 
kill$ a lamb or a kid 9 ea*  family2 &  
if ! numb] ( ! family 0 n suffici5t to  
eat !  lamb1 !y might associate two     
families toge!r4 ,) ! blood ( !  lamb !y
 spr9kl$ ! door po/s & l9tel ( e h\se1 t
 !  de/roy+ angel at ! sight ( ! blood  
might pass ov] !m4 ,!y  7 to eat ! lamb 
! same night1 roa/$1 ) unleav5$ bread1 &
  a sallad ( wild lettuces1 or bitt]    
h]bs4 ,x 0 =bid to eat any  "p ( x raw1 
or boil$2 nor 7 !y to break a bone2 b x 
0 to  be eat5 entire1 ev5 ) ! head1 !   
feet1 & ! b[els4 ,if any  ?+ rema9$ to !
 day foll[+ x 0 ?r[n into ! fire1 ,exod4
  xii1 #df2 ,num4 ix1 #ab2 ,john xix1   
#cf4 ,!y :o ate x 7 to be 9 !  po/ure ( 

travell]s1 hav+ _! re9s girt1 %oes on _!
 feet1  /aves 9 _! h&s1 & eat+ 9 a      
hurry4 ,?is la/ "p ( !  c]emony 0 b     
little obs]v$2 at lea/1 x 0 ( no        
obligation  aft] t night :5 !y came out 
( ,egypt4 ,dur+ ! :ole eight  days ( !  
passov] no leav5$ bread 0 to be us$4 ,!y
 kept !  fir/ & la/ day ( ! fea/2 yet x 
0 all[$ to dress victuals1  :i* 0 =bidd5
 on ! ,sabba? day4 ,! obligation ( keep+
 !  passov] 0 s /rict1 t :oev] %\ld     
neglect x 0 condemn$ to  dea?1 ,num4 ix1
 #ac4 ,b ^? :o _h any lawful imp$im5t1 z
 a  j\rney1 sickness1 or uncleanness1   
volunt>y or involunt>y1 =  example1 ^?  
:o _h be5 pres5t at a fun]al1 c1 7 to   
def] !  celebration ( ! passov] till !  
second mon? ( ! ecclesia/ical  ye>1 !   
f\rte5? day ( ! mon? ,jair1 :i* answ]s  
to ,april &  ,may4 ,we see an example ( 
?is po/pon$ passov] "u ,hezekiah1 #b    
,*ron4 xxx1 #b1 #c1 c4    ,! mod]n ,jews
 obs]ve 9 g5]al ! c]emonies practis$ by 
_!  ance/ors 9 ! celebration ( !        
passov]4 ,:ile ! temple 0 9  exi/5ce1 ! 

,jews br\ght _! lambs ?i!r1 & !re       
sacrific$  !m2 & !y (f]$ _! blood to !  
prie/1 :o p\r$ x out at  ! foot ( !     
alt>4 ,! pas*al lamb 0 an illu/ri\s type
 (  ,*ri/1 :o became a sacrifice = !    
r$emption ( a lo/ _w f  s9 & mis]y2 b   
resemblances betwe5 ! type & antitype h 
be5  /ra9$ by _m writ]s into a great    
numb] ( fanciful p>ticul>s4 ,x  is en\gh
 = u to be assur$1 t z ,*ri/ is call$   
our passov]20  & ! ,lamb ( ,god10 )\t   
spot10 by ! spr9kl+ ( ^: blood0  we are 
deliv]$ f guilt & puni%m5t2 & z fai? 9  
him is  repres5t$ to u z eat+ ! fle% (  
,*ri/10 ) evid5t allusion  to ! eat+ ( !
 pas*al sacrifice2 s1 9 ^! lead+        
p>ticul>s1 ! my/]y ( our r$emption 0 set
 =?4 ,! pas*al  lamb !re=e prefigur$ !  
(f]+ ( ! spotless ,son ( ,god1 !        
appo9t$ propitiation = ! s9s ( ! :ole   
_w2 by virtue (  :i*1 :5 receiv$ by     
fai?1 we are deliv]$ f ! bondage (      
guilt & mis]y2 & n\ri%$ ) /r5g? = our   
heav5ly j\rney  to t l& ( re/1 ( :i*    
,canaan1 z e>ly z ! days ( ,abraham1    

became ! div9ely in/itut$ figure4       
,,patmos1 a small rocky isl& 9 ! gean   
,sea1 ab\t eighte5 miles 9  circumf]5ce2
 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its dre>y & desolate  
"*1  0 us$ by ! ,roman emp]ors z a place
 ( conf9em5t = crim9als4  ,to ?is isl&  
,/4 ,john 0 bani%$ by ! ,emp]or         
,domitian2 & "h  he _h 8 revelation1    
record$ 9 ! ,apocalypse4    ,,patri>*s4 
,?is "n is giv5 to ! anci5t fa!rs1      
*iefly ^? :o  liv$ be=e ,moses1 z ,adam1
 ,lame*1 ,noah1 ,%em1 c1 ,abraham1      
,isaac1  ,jacob1 ! sons ( ,jacob1 &     
heads ( ! tribes4 ,! ,hebrews call !m   
pr9ces ( ! tribes1 or heads ( ! fa!rs4  
,! "n patri>* is  d]iv$ f ! ,greek      
patri>*a1 head ( a family40    ,,paul 0 
born at ,t>sus1 ! pr9cipal city (       
,cilicia1 & 0 by bir?  bo? a ,jew & a   
citiz5 ( ,rome1 ,acts xxi1 #ci2 xxii1   
#be4 ,he 0 ( !  tribe ( ,b5jam91 & ( !  
sect ( ! ,ph>isees1 ,phil4 iii1 #e4 ,9  
8 y\? he appe>s to h be5 taught ! art ( 
t5t mak+1 ,acts  xviii1 #c2 b we mu/    
rememb] t among ! ,jews ( ^? days a     

lib]al education 0 (t5 accompani$ by    
in/ruction 9 "s  me*anical trade4 ,x is 
probable t ,/4 ,paul laid ! f\ndation ( 
^? lit]>y atta9m5ts1 = :i* he 0 s em95t 
9 ! future  "p ( 8 life1 at 8 native    
city ( ,t>sus2 & he aft]w>d /udi$  ! law
 ( ,moses1 & ! traditions ( ! eld]s1 at 
,j]usalem1 "u  ,gamaliel1 a celebrat$   
rabbi1 ,acts xxii1 #d4 ,/4 ,paul is n   
m5tion$ 9  ! ,gospels2 nor is x kn[n    
:e!r he ev] he>d our ,savi\r prea*1  or 
saw him p]=m any miracle4 ,8 "n fir/    
occurs 9 ! acc\nt  giv5 9 ! ,acts ( !   
m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,/eph51 ,a4 ,d4 #cd1 to  
:i* he  is said to h cons5t$1 ,acts     
viii1 #a3 he is ^u t occasion call$  a  
"y man2 b we are no :]e in=m$ :at 0 !n 8
 precise age4  ,! dea? ( ,/4 ,/eph5 0   
foll[$ by a sev]e p]secution ( !  *ur*  
at ,j]usalem1 & ,/4 ,paul became        
di/+ui%$ among its enemies  by 8        
activity & viol5ce1 ,acts viii1 #c4 ,n  
cont5t$ )  display+ 8 hatr$ to ! ,gospel
 9 ,judea1 he obta9$ au?ority f  ! high 
prie/ to g to ,damascus1 & to br+ back )

 him b\nd any  ,*ri/ians :om he might   
f9d 9 t city4 ,z he 0 ^u 8 j\rney  ?i!r1
 ,a4 ,d4 #ce1 8 miracul\s conv]sion took
 place1 !  circum/ances ( :i* are       
record$ 9 ,acts ix1 & are frequ5tly     
allud$ to 9 8 epi/les1 #a ,cor4 xv1 #i2 
,gal4 i1 #ac2 #a ,tim4 i1 #ab1 #ac4     
,soon aft] ,/4 ,paul 0 baptiz$ at       
,damascus1 he w5t into ,arabia2 b  we   
are n in=m$ h[ long he rema9$ !re4 ,he  
return$ to ,damascus2  & be+            
sup]naturally qualifi$ to be a prea*] ( 
! ,gospel1 he  imm$iately ent]$ ^u 8    
m9i/ry 9 t city4 ,! boldness &  success 
) :i* he en=c$ ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity s  
irritat$  ! unbeliev+ ,jews1 t !y       
resolv$ to put him to dea?1 ,acts ix1   
#bc2 b1 ?is design be+ kn[n1 ! disciples
 convey$ him privately  out ( ,damascus1
 & he w5t to ,j]usalem1 ,a4 ,d4 #ch4 ,! 
,*ri/ians (  ,j]usalem1 rememb]+ ,/4    
,paul's =m] ho/ility to ! ,gospel1 &    
hav+ no au!ntic acc\nt ( any *ange 9 8  
s5tim5ts or conduct1  at fir/ refus$ to 
receive him2 b be+ assur$ by ,b>nabas ( 

,/4  ,paul's real conv]sion1 & ( 8      
ex]tions at ,damascus1 !y  ackn[l$g$ him
 z a disciple1 ,acts ix1 #bg4 ,he rema9$
 only fifte5  days among !m1 ,gal4 i1   
#ah2 & he saw none ( ! ,apo/les except  
,/4  ,pet] & ,/4 ,james4 ,x is probable 
t ! o!r ,apo/les 7 at ?is  "t abs5t f   
,j]usalem1 ex]cis+ _! m9i/ry at diff]5t 
places4 ,! zeal ) :i* ,/4 ,paul prea*$  
at ,j]usalem _h ! same  effect z at     
,damascus3 he became s obnoxi\s to !    
,hell5i/ic ,jews1  t !y began to consid]
 h[ !y might kill him1 ,acts ix1 #bi2   
:i*  :5 ! bre?r5 knew1 !y ?\ght x "r t  
he %\ld leave !  city4 ,!y accompani$   
him to ,cs>ea1 & !nce he w5t into !     
regions ( ,syria & ,cilicia1 :]e he     
prea*$ ! fai? :i* once he  de/roy$1     
,gal4 i1 #ba1 #bc4    ,hi!rto ! prea*+ (
 ,/4 ,paul1 z well z ( ! o!r ,apo/les & 
tea*]s1 _h be5 conf9$ to ! ,jews2 b !   
conv]sion (  ,cornelius1 ! fir/ ,g5tile 
conv]t1 ,a4 ,d4 #dj1 hav+ conv9c$ all ! 
,apo/les t to ! ,g5tiles1 also1 ,god _h 
grant$ rep5tance unto  life10 ,/4 ,paul 

0 soon aft] conduct$ by ,b>nabas f      
,t>sus1 :i*  _h probably be5 ! pr9cipal 
place ( 8 resid5ce s9ce he left         
,j]usalem1 & !y bo? began to prea* !    
,gospel to ! ,g5tiles at  ,antio*1 ,a4  
,d4 #db1 ,acts xi1 #be4 ,_! prea*+ 0    
att5d$ ) great  success4 ,! fir/ ,g5tile
 *ur* 0 n[ e/abli%$ at ,antio*2 & 9  t  
city1 & at ?is "t1 ! disciples 7 fir/   
call$ ,*ri/ians1  ,acts xi1 #bf4 ,:5 ^! 
two ,apo/les _h be5 ?us employ$ ab\t a  
ye>1 a prophet call$ ,agabus pr$ict$ an 
approa*+ fam9e1 :i*  w\ld affect ! :ole 
l& ( ,judea4 ,^u ! prospect ( ?is       
calamity1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ,antio* made a  
contribution = _!  bre?r5 9 ,judea1 &   
s5t ! money to ! eld]s at ,j]usalem by  
,/4  ,paul & ,b>nabas1 ,a4 ,d4 #dd1     
,acts xi1 #bh1 c4 ,?is fam9e happ5$ soon
  aft]1 9 ! f\r? or fif? ye> ( ! ,emp]or
 ,claudius4 ,x is  suppos$ t ,/4 ,paul  
_h ! vision1 m5tion$ 9 ,acts xxii1 #ag1 
:ile  he 0 n[ at ,j]usalem ?is second "t
 aft] 8 conv]sion4    ,/4 ,paul &       
,b>nabas1 hav+ execut$ _! commission1   

return$ to  ,antio*2 & soon aft] _!     
arrival 9 t city !y 7 sep>at$1  by !    
express direction ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 f !  
o!r ,*ri/ian  tea*]s & prophets1 = !    
purpose ( c>ry+ ! glad tid+s (  !       
,gospel to ! ,g5tiles ( v>i\s c\ntries1 
,acts xiii1 #a4 ,?us  div9ely appo9t$ to
 ?is important (fice1 !y set out f      
,antio*1  ,a4 ,d4 #de1 & prea*$ !       
,gospel successively at ,salamis &      
,paphos1  two cities ( ! isle ( ,cyprus1
 at ,p]ga 9 ,pamphylia1 ,antio* 9       
,pisidia1 & at ,iconium1 ,ly/ra1 &      
,d]be1 ?ree cities ( ,lycaonia4  ,!y    
return$ to ,antio* 9 ,syria1 ,a4 ,d4    
#dg1 ne>ly by ! same r\te4  ,?is fir/   
apo/olical j\rney ( ,/4 ,paul1 9 :i* he 
0 accompani$  & assi/$ by ,b>nabas1 is  
suppos$ to h occupi$ ab\t two ye>s2  & 9
 ! c\rse ( x _m1 bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles1 7
 conv]t$ to  ! ,gospel4    ,paul &      
,b>nabas cont9u$ at ,antio* a           
consid]able "t2 & :ile  !y 7 !re1 a     
dispute arose betwe5 !m & "s ,jewi%     
,*ri/ians  ( ,judea4 ,^! m5 ass]t$1 t ! 

,g5tile conv]ts c\ld n obta9  salvation 
?r\gh ! ,gospel1 unless !y 7 circumcis$2
 ,paul &  ,b>nabas ma9ta9$ ! contr>y    
op9ion1 ,acts xv1 #a1 #b4 ,?is dispute  
0 c>ri$ on = "s "t ) great e>ne/ness2 & 
x be+ a  "q 9 :i* n only ! pres5t b all 
future ,g5tile conv]ts  7 conc]n$1 x 0  
?\ght "r t ,/4 ,paul & ,b>nabas1 )  "s  
o!rs1 %\ld g up to ,j]usalem to consult 
! ,apo/les &  eld]s conc]n+ x4 ,!y pass$
 ?r\gh ,ph5icia & ,sam>ia1 & ^u  _!     
arrival at ,j]usalem1 ,a4 ,d4 #di1 a    
c\ncil 0 assembl$ = !  purpose (        
discuss+ ?is important po9t1 ,gal4 ii1  
#a4 ,/4 ,pet] &  ,/4 ,james ! less 7    
pres5t1 & deliv]$ _! s5tim5ts1 :i*      
co9cid$ ) ^? ( ,/4 ,paul & ,b>nabas2 &  
aft] mu*  delib]ation x 0 agre$1 t nei!r
 circumcision1 nor con=mity to  any "p (
 ! ritual law ( ,moses1 0 necess>y 9    
,g5tile conv]ts2  b t x %\ld be         
recomm5d$ to !m to ab/a9 f c]ta9        
specifi$ ?+s prohibit$ by t law1 le/ _! 
indulg5ce 9 !m  %\ld give (f5ce to _!   
bre?r5 ( ! circumcision1 :o 7  /ill v   

zeal\s = ! obs]vance ( ! c]emonial "p ( 
_!  anci5t religion4 ,?is decision :i* 0
 decl>$ to h ! sanction  ( ! ,holy      
,gho/1 0 communicat$ to ! ,g5tile       
,*ri/ians ( ,syria  & ,cilicia by a     
lett] writt5 9 ! "n ( ! ,apo/les1 eld]s1
 &  :ole *ur* at ,j]usalem1 & convey$ by
 ,judas & ,silas1 :o  accompani$ ,/4    
,paul & ,b>nabas to ,antio* = t purpose4
    ,/4 ,paul1 hav+ prea*$ a %ort "t at 
,antio*1 propos$ to ,b>nabas  t !y %\ld 
visit ! *ur*es :i* !y _h f\nd$ 9 diff]5t
  cities1 ,acts xv1 #cf4 ,b>nabas       
readily cons5t$2 b :ile !y 7  prep>+ = !
 j\rney1 !re arose a disagreem5t betwe5 
!m1  :i* end$ 9 _! sep>ation4 ,9        
consequ5ce ( ?is dispute )  ,b>nabas1   
,/4 ,paul *ose ,silas = 8 companion1 &  
!y set out  toge!r f ,antio*1 ,a4 ,d4   
#ej4 ,!y travell$ ?r\gh ,syria &        
,cilicia1 confirm+ ! *ur*es1 & !n came  
to ,d]be & ,ly/ra1  ,acts xvi4 ,!nce !y 
w5t ?r\gh ,phrygia & ,galatia2 &1 be+   
desir\s ( go+ into ,asia ,propria1 or ! 
,proconsul> ,asia1 !y 7  =bidd5 by !    

,holy ,gho/4 ,!y !re=e w5t into ,mysia2 
&1 n  be+ p]mitt$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to g 
into ,bi?ynia z !y _h  int5d$1 !y w5t to
 ,troas4 ,:ile ,/4 ,paul 0 !re1 a vision
  appe>$ to him 9 ! night3 ,!re /ood a  
man ( ,mac$onia1 & pray$  him1 say+1    
,come ov] into ,mac$onia1 & help u40 ,/4
 ,paul knew ?is  vision to be a comm& f 
,heav51 & 9 ob$i5ce to x imm$iately     
sail$ f ,troas to ,samo?racia1 & ! next 
day to ,neapolis1 a city  ( ,?race2 &   
!nce he w5t to ,philippi1 ! pr9cipal    
city ( t  "p ( ,mac$onia4 ,/4 ,paul     
rema9$ "s "t at ,philippi1 prea*+  !    
,gospel2 & sev]al occurr5ces :i* took   
place 9 t city1 are  record$ 9 ,acts    
xvii4 ,!nce he w5t ?r\gh ,amphipolis &  
,apollonia  to ,!ssalonica1 ,acts xvii1 
:]e he prea*$ 9 ! synagogues ( !  ,jews 
on ?ree successive ,sabba? days4 ,"s ( !
 ,jews1 & _m ( !  ,g5tiles ( bo? sexes1 
embrac$ ! ,gospel2 b ! unbeliev+ ,jews1 
mov$ ) envy & indignation at ! success (
 ,/4 ,paul's prea*+1  excit$ a great    
di/urbance 9 ! city1 & irritat$ !       

populace s  mu* aga9/ him1 t ! bre?r51  
anxi\s = 8 safety1 ?\ght x  prud5t to   
s5d him to ,b]ea1 :]e he met ) a bett]  
reception ?an  he _h exp]i5c$ at        
,!ssalonica4 ,! ,b]eans he>d 8          
in/ructions  ) att5tion & c&\r1 & hav+  
comp>$ 8 doctr9es ) !  anci5t           
,scriptures1 & be+ satisfi$ t ,jesus1   
:om he prea*$1  0 ! promis$ ,messiah1 !y
 embrac$ ! ,gospel2 b 8 enemies at      
,!ssalonica1 be+ in=m$ ( 8 success at   
,b]ea1 came ?i!r1 &1  by _! endeav\rs to
 /ir up ! p aga9/ him1 compell$ him to  
leave t city also4 ,he w5t !nce to      
,a!ns1 :]e he deliv]$ t  disc\rse       
record$ 9 ,acts xvii4 ,f ,a!ns1 ,paul   
w5t to ,cor9?1 ,acts  xviii1 ,a4 ,d4    
#ea1 & liv$ 9 ! h\se ( ,aquila &        
,priscilla1 two  ,jews1 :o1 be+ compell$
 to leave ,rome 9 consequ5ce (          
,claudius's  edict aga9/ ! ,jews1 _h    
lately settl$ at ,cor9?4 ,/4 ,paul 0    
induc$ to take up 8 resid5ce ) !m1      
because1 l himself1 !y  7 t5t mak]s4 ,at
 fir/ he prea*$ to ! ,jews 9 _!         

synagogue2  b ^u _! viol5tly oppos+ 8   
doctr9e1 he decl>$ t f  t "t he w\ld    
prea* to ! ,g5tiles only2 &1 accord+ly1 
he  aft]w>d deliv]$ 8 in/ructions 9 !   
h\se ( "o ,ju/us1 :o  liv$ ne> !        
synagogue4 ,among ! few ,jews :o embrac$
 ! ,gospel1  7 ,crispus1 ! rul] ( !     
synagogue1 & 8 family2 & _m (  ! ,g5tile
 ,cor9?ians he>+ believ$1 & 7 baptiz$40 
,/4 ,paul  0 enc\rag$ 9 a vision to     
p]sev]e 9 8 ex]tions to conv]t !        
inhabitants ( ,cor9?2 & al?\gh he met ) 
great opposition &  di/urbance f !      
unbeliev+ ,jews1 & 0 accus$ by !m be=e  
,gallio1 ! ,roman gov]nor ( ,a*aia1 he  
cont9u$ !re a ye> & six  mon?s1 tea*+ ! 
^w ( ,god40 ,dur+ ?is "t he support$    
himself  by work+ at 8 trade ( t5t mak+1
 t he might n be burd5some  to !        
disciples4 ,f ,cor9? ,/4 ,paul sail$    
into ,syria1 & !nce he  w5t to ,ephesus3
 !nce to ,cs>ea2 & is suppos$ to h      
arriv$ at  ,j]usalem j be=e ! fea/ (    
p5teco/4 ,aft] ! fea/ he w5t to         
,antio*1 ,a4 ,d4 #ec2 & ?is 0 !         

conclusion ( 8 second apo/olical        
j\rney1 9 :i* he 0 accompani$ by ,silas2
 & 9 "p ( x1 ,luke  & ,timo?y 7 also )  
him4    ,hav+ made a %ort /ay at        
,antio*1 ,/4 ,paul set out ^u 8 ?ird    
apo/olical j\rney4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh      
,galatia1 & ,phrygia1 ,a4 ,d4 #ed1      
confirm+ ! ,*ri/ians ( ^? c\ntries2 &   
!nce1 accord+ to  8 promise1 he w5t to  
,ephesus1 ,acts xix4 ,he f\nd !re "s    
disciples1 :o _h only be5 baptiz$ )     
,john's baptism3 he direct$  t !y %\ld  
be baptiz$ 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 & !n he     
communicat$ to !m ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,he    
prea*$ = ! space ( ?ree  mon?s 9 !      
synagogue2 b ! ,jews be+ h>d5$ beyond   
conviction1  & speak+ reproa*fully ( !  
,*ri/ian religion be=e !  multitude1 he 
left !m2 & f t "t he deliv]$ 8          
in/ructions 9 ! s*ool ( a p]son call$   
,tyrannus1 :o 0 probably  a ,g5tile4 ,/4
 ,paul cont9u$ to prea* 9 ?is place ab\t
 two ye>s1  s t all ! inhabitants ( t "p
 ( ,asia ,m9or he>d ! ^w (  ! ,"l       
,jesus1 bo? ,jews & ,greeks40 ,he also  

p]=m$ _m miracles  at ,ephesus2 & n only
 great numb]s ( p 7 conv]t$ to          
,*ri/ianity1 b _m also ( ^? :o 9 ?is    
sup]/iti\s city us$  incantations &     
magical arts1 pr(ess$ _! belief 9 !     
,gospel1 &  r5\nc$ _! =m] practices by  
publicly burn+ _! books4  ,previ\s to ! 
di/urbance rais$ by ,demetrius1 ,paul _h
 int5d$ to  cont9ue at ,ephesus till    
,titus %\ld return1 :om he _h s5t to    
inquire into ! /ate ( ! *ur* at ,cor9?1 
#b ,cor4 xii1 #ah4 ,he n[  ?\ght x      
prud5t to g f ,ephesus imm$iately1 ,acts
 xx1 ,a4 ,d4 #ef2  & hav+ tak5 an       
affectionate leave ( ! disciples1 he set
 out =  ,troas1 #b ,cor4 ii1 #ab1 #ac1  
:]e he expect$ to meet ,titus4 ,titus1  
h[ev]1 f "s cause :i* is n kn[n1 did n  
come to ,troas2 &  ,paul 0 enc\rag$ to  
pass ov] into ,mac$onia1 ) ! hope ( mak+
  conv]ts4 ,/4 ,paul1 aft] prea*+ 9     
,mac$onia1 receiv+ f !  ,*ri/ians ( t   
c\ntry lib]al contributions = _! poor   
bre?r5  9 ,judea1 #b ,cor4 viii1 #a1 w5t
 to ,cor9?1 ,a4 ,d4 #eg1 & rema9$ !re   

ab\t ?ree mon?s4 ,! ,*ri/ians also (    
,cor9?1 & ( ! re/ (  ,a*aia1 contribut$ 
to ! relief ( _! bre?r5 9 ,judea4 ,/4   
,paul's  int5tion 0 to h sail$ f ,cor9? 
into ,syria2 b be+ in=m$  t "s unbeliev+
 ,jews1 :o _h discov]$ 8 int5tion1 lay 9
  wait = him1 he *ang$ 8 plan1 pass$    
?r\gh ,mac$onia1 & sail$  f ,philippi to
 ,troas 9 five days1 ,a4 ,d4 #eh4 ,he   
/ay$ at ,troas sev5  days1 & prea*$ to !
 ,*ri/ians on ! fir/ day ( ! week1 !    
day on :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to meet = !    
purpose ( religi\s  wor%ip4 ,f ,troas he
 w5t by l& to ,assos2 & !nce he sail$ to
  ,mityl5e2 & f ,mityl5e to ,miletus4   
,be+ desir\s ( rea*+  ,j]usalem be=e !  
fea/ ( p5teco/1 he w\ld n all[ "t to g  
to ,ephesus1 & !re=e he s5t = ! eld]s ( 
! ,ephesian *ur*  to ,miletus1 & gave !m
 in/ructions1 & pray$ ) !m4 ,he told  !m
 t he %\ld see !m no m1 :i* impress$ !m 
) !  deepe/ sorr[4 ,f ,miletus he sail$ 
by ,cos1 ,rhodes1 & ,pat>a 9  ,lycia1 to
 ,tyre1 ,acts xxi4 ,f9d+ "s disciples at
 ,tyre1 he /ay$ )  !m sev]al days1 & !n 

w5t to ,ptolemais1 & !nce to ,cs>ea4    
,:ile ,/4 ,paul 0 at ,cs>ea1 ! ,prophet 
,agabus =etold by ! ,holy  ,gho/1 t ,/4 
,paul1 if he w5t to ,j]usalem1 w\ld     
suff] mu* f  ! ,jews4 ,?is pr$iction    
caus$ great uneas9ess to ,/4 ,paul's    
fri5ds1  & !y endeav\r$ to dissuade him 
f 8 int5tion ( go+  ?i!r4 ,/4 ,paul1    
h[ev]1 w\ld n li/5 to _! entreaties1 b  
decl>$ t he 0 ready to die at ,j]usalem1
 if x 7 necess>y1  = ! "n ( ! ,"l       
,jesus4 ,see+ him ?us resolute1 !y      
desi/$  f _! importunities1 & accompani$
 him to ,j]usalem1 :]e he is  suppos$ to
 h arriv$ j be=e ! fea/ ( p5teco/1 ,a4  
,d4 #eh4  ,?is may be consid]$ z ! end (
 ,/4 ,paul's ?ird apo/olical  j\rney4   
,/4 ,paul 0 receiv$ by ! ,apo/les & o!r 
,*ri/ians at ,j]usalem  ) great joy &   
affection2 & 8 acc\nt ( ! success ( 8   
m9i/ry1 & ( ! collections :i* he _h made
 among ! ,*ri/ians  ( ,mac$onia &       
,a*aia1 = ! relief ( _! bre?r5 9 ,judea1
  af=d$ !m mu* satisfaction2 b n long   
aft] 8 arrival at  ,j]usalem1 "s ,jews (

 ,asia1 :o _h probably 9 _! own c\ntry  
witness$ ,/4 ,paul's zeal 9 spread+     
,*ri/ianity among ! ,g5tiles1  see+ him 
"o day 9 ! temple1 endeav\r$ to excite a
 tumult1 by  cry+ out t he 0 ! man :o 0 
aim+ to de/roy all di/9ction  betwe5    
,jew & ,g5tile2 :o taught ?+s contr>y to
 ! law ( ,moses2  & :o _h pollut$ ! holy
 temple1 by br++ into x uncircumcis$    
,hea!ns4 ,?is repres5tation did n fail  
to enrage ! multitude  aga9/ ,/4 ,paul2 
!y seiz$ him1 dragg$ him out ( ! temple1
 beat  him1 & 7 ^u ! po9t ( putt+ him to
 dea?1 :5 he 0  rescu$ out ( _! h&s by  
,lysias1 a ,roman tribune1 & ! pr9cipal 
milit>y (fic] !n at ,j]usalem4 ,:at     
foll[$1--8 def5ce be=e  ,felix &        
,agrippa1--8 long det5tion at ,cs>ea1 & 
8 appeal to !  emp]or1 :i* occasion$ 8  
voyage to ,rome1 are all circum/antially
  /at$ 9 ! latt] *apt]s ( ! ,acts4 ,^u 8
 arrival at ,rome1 ,/4  ,paul 0 committ$
 to ! c>e ( ! capta9 ( ! gu>d1 ,a4 ,d4  
#fa4  ,! ,scriptures d n in=m u :e!r he 
0 ev] tri$ be=e ,n]o1  :o 0 at ?is "t   

emp]or ( ,rome2 & ! le>n$ are mu* divid$
  9 _! op9ion ^u t po9t4 ,/4 ,luke only 
says1 ,paul 0 suff]$  to dwell by       
himself ) a soldi] t kept him4 ,& ,paul 
dwelt two  :ole ye>s 9 8 own hir$ h\se1 
& receiv$ all t came 9 unto  him1 prea*+
 ! k+dom ( ,god1 & tea*+ ^? ?+s :i*     
conc]n ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) all        
confid5ce1 no man =bidd+  him40 ,dur+ 8 
conf9em5t he conv]t$ "s ,jews resid5t at
 ,rome1  & _m ,g5tiles1 &1 among ! re/1 
sev]al p]sons belong+ to !  emp]or's    
h\sehold1 ,phil4 iv1 #bb4    ,!         
,scripture hi/ory ends ) ! release ( ,/4
 ,paul f 8 two  ye>s' imprisonm5t at    
,rome1 ,a4 ,d4 #fc2 & no anci5t au?or   
has left u  any p>ticul>s ( ! rema9+ "p 
( ?is ,apo/le's life4 ,x seems          
probable1 t1 imm$iately aft] he recov]$ 
8 lib]ty1 he w5t to  ,j]usalem2 & t     
aft]w>d he travell$ ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or1  
,crete1  ,mac$onia1 & ,greece1 confirm+ 
8 conv]ts1 & regulat+ !  affairs ( !    
diff]5t *ur*es :i* he _h plant$ 9 ^?    
c\ntries4 ,:e!r at ?is "t he also prea*$

 ! ,gospel 9 ,spa91 z  "s h imag9$1 is v
 unc]ta94 ,x 0 ! unanim\s tradition (  !
 *ur*1 t ,/4 ,paul return$ to ,rome1 t  
he und]w5t a second  imprisonm5t !re1 & 
at la/ 0 put to dea? by ! ,emp]or ,n]o4 
,tacitus & ,suetonius h m5tion$ a       
dreadful fire :i* happ5$ at  ,rome 9 !  
"t ( ,n]o4 ,x 0 believ$1 ?\gh probably  
)\t any  reason1 t ! emp]or himself 0 ! 
au?or ( t fire2 b to  remove ! odium f  
himself1 he *ose to attribute x to !    
,*ri/ians2 &1 to give "s col\r to t     
unju/ imputation1 he  p]secut$ !m ) !   
utmo/ cruelty4 ,9 ?is p]secution ,/4    
,pet]  & ,paul suff]$ m>tyrdom1         
probably1 ,a4 ,d4 #fe2 & if we may cr$it
  ,sulpitius ,sev]us1 a writ] ( ! fif?  
c5tury1 ! =m] 0  crucifi$1 & ! latt]    
behead$4    ,/4 ,paul 0 a p]son ( great 
natural abilities1 ( quick appreh5sion1 
/rong feel+s1 firm resolution1 &        
irreproa*able life4 ,he 0  conv]sant )  
,grecian & ,jewi% lit]ature2 & gave e>ly
 pro(s (  an active & zeal\s            
disposition4 ,if we may be all[$ to     

consid] 8  "* indep5d5t ( 8 sup]natural 
end[m5ts1 we may pron\nce  t he 0 well  
qualifi$ to h ris5 to di/9ction &       
em95ce1  & t he 0 by nature peculi>ly   
adapt$ to ! high (fice to :i*  x pleas$ 
,god to call him4 ,z a m9i/] ( !        
,gospel1 he display$  ! mo/ unwe>i$     
p]sev]ance & undaunt$ c\rage4 ,he 0     
det]r$  by no difficulty or dang]1 &    
endur$ a great v>iety ( p]secutions  )  
pati5ce & *e]fulness4 ,he glori$ 9 be+  
?\ght wor?y (  suff]+ = ! "n ( ,jesus1 &
 cont9u$ ) unabat$ zeal to  ma9ta9 !    
tru? ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ its bitt]e/ &  
mo/  p[]ful enemies4 ,he 0 ! pr9cipal   
in/rum5t "u ,provid5ce (  spread+ !     
,gospel among ! ,g5tiles2 & we h se5 t 8
  lab\rs la/$ ?r\gh _m ye>s1 & rea*$ ov]
 a consid]able  ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,?\gh   
emphatically /yl$ ! great ,apo/le ( !   
,g5tiles1 he began 8 m9i/ry1 9 almo/ e  
city1 by prea*+ 9  ! synagogue ( !      
,jews2 & ?\gh he ow$ by f> ! great] "p (
  8 p]secutions to ! opposition & malice
 ( t pr\d &  ob/9ate p1 ^: res5tm5t he  

p>ticul>ly incurr$ by  ma9ta9+ t !      
,g5tiles 7 to be admitt$ to an          
indiscrim9ate  p>ticipation ( ! b5efits 
( ! new disp5sation1 yet x r>ely  happ5$
 9 any place1 t "s ( ! ,jews did n yield
 to 8  argum5ts1 & embrace ! ,gospel4   
,he wat*$ ) pat]nal c>e ov]  ! *ur*es   
:i* he _h f\nd$2 & 0 always ready to    
/r5g!n  ! fai?1 & regulate ! conduct ( 8
 conv]ts1 by su* directions  & advice z 
_! circum/ances might require4    ,!    
ex]tions ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ! cause (        
,*ri/ianity 7 n conf9$  to p]sonal      
in/ruction3 he also wrote f\rte5 epi/les
 to individuals  or *ur*es :i* are n[   
extant1 & =m a "p ( our canon4 ,^!      
lett]s furni% evid5ce ( ! s\ndness &    
sobriety ( 8 judgm5t4  ,8 caution 9     
di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! occasional sugge/ions 
(  inspiration1 & ! ord9>y ex]tions ( 8 
natural und]/&+1 is  )\t example 9 !    
hi/ory ( en?usiasm4 ,8 morality is e    
:]e calm1 pure1 & rational2 adapt$ to ! 
condition1 ! activity1  & ! bus9ess (   
social life1 & ( its v>i\s relations2   

free f  ! ov]scrupul\sness & au/]ities (
 sup]/ition1 & f1 :at  0 m p]haps to be 
appreh5d$1 ! ab/ractions ( quietism1 &  
! so>+s or extravagancies ( fanaticism4 
,8 judgm5t conc]n+ a  hesitat+          
consci5ce1 8 op9ion ( ! moral indiff]5cy
 ( _m  actions1 yet ( ! prud5ce & ev5 ! 
duty ( compliance1 :]e  non-compliance  
w\ld produce evil effects ^u ! m9ds ( ! 
p]sons  :o obs]v$ x1 are all 9 pro( ( ! 
calm & discrim9at+  "* ( 8 m9d2 & !     
univ]sal applicability ( 8 precepts     
af=ds /rong presumption ( 8 inspiration4
 ,:at ,"l ,lyttleton has  rem>k$ ( !    
pref]5ce ascrib$ by ,/4 ,paul to        
rectitude (  pr9ciple above e o!r       
religi\s accompli%m5t1 is weighty3 ,?\gh
  ,i speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & ( angels1 
& h n *>ity1 ,i  am become z s\nd+      
brass1 or a t9kl+ cymbal10 c1 #a ,cor4  
xiii1  #a-c4 ,did ev] en?usia/ pref] t  
univ]sal b5evol5ce1 meant by  *>ity "h1 
7:i*1 we may add1 is atta9able by e     
man17 to fai?1  & to miracles1 to ^?    
religi\s op9ions :i* he _h embrac$1 &   

to ^? sup]natural graces & gifts :i* he 
imag9$ he _h  acquir$1 nay1 ev5 to !    
m]it ( m>tyrdom8 ,is x n ! g5ius (      
en?usiasm to set moral virtues inf9itely
 bel[ ! m]it ( fai?2 &  ( all moral     
virtues to value t lea/ :i* is mo/      
p>ticul>ly  en=c$ by ,/4 ,paul1 a _s (  
c&\r1 mod]ation1 & peace8  ,c]ta9ly1    
nei!r ! temp] nor ! op9ions ( a man     
subject to  fanatic delusions are to be 
f\nd 9 ?is passage4 ,8 lett]s1 inde$1  e
 :]e discov] great zeal & e>ne/ness 9 ! 
cause 9 :i* he  0 engag$2 t is to say1  
he 0 conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( :at he  taught2 
he 0 deeply impress$1 b n m s ?an !     
occasion  m]it$1 ) a s5se ( its         
importance4 ,?is produces a correspond+ 
animation & solicitude 9 ! ex]cise ( 8  
m9i/ry4 ,b w\ld n  ^! consid]ations1    
suppos+ !m to h be5 well f\nd$1 h  hold5
 ! same place1 & produc$ ! same effect1 
9 a m9d !  /ronge/ & ! mo/ s$ate8 ,"h1  
!n1 we h a man ( lib]al  atta9m5ts1 & 9 
o!r respects ( s\nd judgm5t1 :o _h      
addict$  8 life to ! s]vice ( ! ,gospel4

 ,we see him 9 ! prosecution (  8       
purpose1 travell+ f c\ntry to c\ntry1   
endur+ e species  ( h>d%ip1 enc\nt]+ e  
extremity ( dang]1 assault$ by !        
populace1 puni%$ by ! magi/rates1       
sc\rg$1 beat51 /on$1 left  = dead2      
expect+1 :]ev] he came1 a r5ewal ( !    
same treatm5t1  & ! same dang]s2 yet1 :5
 driv5 f "o city1 prea*+ 9 !  next2     
sp5d+ 8 :ole "t 9 ! employm5t2 sacrific+
 to x 8  pleasures1 8 ease1 8 safety2   
p]si/+ 9 ?is c\rse to old age1  unalt]$ 
by ! exp]i5ce ( p]v]s5ess1 +ratitude1   
prejudice1  des]tion2 unsubdu$ by       
anxiety1 want1 lab\r1 p]secutions2      
unwe>i$  by long conf9em5t2 undismay$ by
 ! prospect ( dea?4 ,su* 0 ,/4  ,paul2 &
 su* 7 ! pro(s ( ,apo/le%ip f\nd 9 him40
    ,! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,hug on ! "* (   
?is ,apo/le are  equally j & eloqu5t3   
,?is mo/ viol5t man1 hav+ su* t]rible   
prop5sities1 ^: turbul5t impulses r5d]$ 
him ( a mo/  ent]pris+ "*1 w\ld h become
 no?+ bett] ?an a ,john (  ,gi%ala1 a   
blood-intoxicat$ zealot1    1  brea?+   

out ?reat5+s & slaught]1 ,acts ix1 #a1  
_h n 8 :ole  s\l be5 *ang$4 ,! h>% tone 
( 8 m9d incl9$ him to !  pr9ciples (    
,ph>isaism1 :i* _h all ! appe>ance (    
sev]ity1 &  0 ! pr$om9ant p>ty among !  
,jews4 ,nature _h n )hold5 f  him !     
ext]nal end[m5ts ( eloqu5ce1 al?\gh he  
aft]w>d spoke  v mode/ly ( !m4 ,at      
,ly/ra he 0 deem$ ! tutel> god (        
eloqu5ce4 ,?is "*1 qualifi$ = great ?+s1
 b1 n ma/]  ( himself f excess ( int]nal
 p[]1 0 an extreme ( human              
dispositions1 &1 accord+ to ! natural   
c\rse1 0 prone to  absolute extremities4
 ,8 religion 0 a de/ructive zeal1 8 ang]
 0  fi]c5ess1 8 fury requir$ victims4 ,a
 f]ocity s boi/]\s did n  psy*ologically
 qualify him = a ,*ri/ian nor a         
philan?ropi/2 b1  lea/ ( all1 = a       
quietly endur+ man4 ,he1 nev]!less1     
became all  ?is on 8 conv]sion to       
,*ri/ianity1 & ea* bur/+ emotion ( 8    
m9d subsid$ directly into a well        
regulat$ & noble "*4  ,=m]ly ha/y &     
irritable1 n[ only spirit$ & resolv$2   

=m]ly  viol5t1 n[ full ( en]gy &        
ent]pris+3 once ungov]nably  refractory 
aga9/ e ?+ :i* ob/ruct$ him1 n[ only    
p]sev]+2 once fanatical & morose1 n[    
only s]i\s2 once cruel1  n[ only firm2  
once a h>% zealot1 n[ fe>+ ,god2 =m]ly  
unrel5t+1 deaf to sympa?y &             
commis]ation1 n[ himself acqua9t$  )    
te>s1 :i* he _h se5 )\t effect 9 o!rs4  
,=m]ly !  fri5d ( none1 n[ ! bro!r (    
mank9d1 b5evol5t1 compassionate1        
sympa?iz+2 yet nev] weak1 always great2 
9 ! mid/ ( sadness &  sorr[ manly &     
noble2 s he %[$ himself at 8 deeply mov+
  dep>ture f ,miletus1 ,acts xx3 x is l 
! dep>ture ( ,moses1 l  ! resignation ( 
,samuel1 s9c]e & he>t-felt1 full (      
self-recollection1 & 9 ! mid/ ( pa9 full
 ( dignity4 ,8  writ+s are a true       
expression ( ?is "*1 ) reg>d to !  tone 
pr$om9ant 9 !m4 ,sev]ity1 manly         
s]i\sness1 & s5tim5ts  :i* ennoble !    
he>t1 are int]*ang$ ) mildness1         
affability1 &  sympa?y3 & _! transitions
 are su* z nature begets 9 ! he>t  ( a  

man p5etrat$ by 8 subject1 noble &      
disc]n+4 ,he exhorts1  reproa*es1 &     
consoles aga92 he attacks ) en]gy1 urges
 )  impetuosity1 !n aga9 he speaks k9dly
 to ! s\l2 he displays 8  f9] feel+s = !
 welf>e ( o!rs1 8 =be>ance & 8 fe>  (   
afflict+ any body3 all z ! subject1 "t1 
opposite dispositions1  & circum/ances  
require4 ,!re prevails ?r\gh\t 9 !m an  
importun+ language1 an e>ne/ & lively   
communication4 ,rom4 i1  #bf-cb1 is a   
compreh5sive & vigor\s description (    
morals4 ,8  anti!sis1 ,rom4 ii1 #ba-bd2 
#b ,cor4 iv1 #h-ab2 vi1 #i-aa2 ix1      
#bb-cj2 8  enum]ations1 #a ,cor4 xiii1  
#d-aj2 #b ,cor4 vi1 #d-g2 #b ,tim4 iii1 
#a-e2 ,eph4  iv1 #d-g2 v1 #c-f2 8       
gradations1 ,romans viii1 #bi1 #cj2     
,titus iii1 #c1 #d2  ! int]rogations1   
exclamations1 & comp>isons1 sometimes   
animate 8  language ev5 s z to give a   
visible exi/5ce to x4 ,t1 h[ev]1  :i* we
 pr9cipally p]ceive 9 ,paul1 & f :i* 8  
:ole actions  & op]ations become        
intelligible1 is ! peculi> impression   

:i* !  idea ( a univ]sal religion has   
wr\ght ^u 8 m9d4 ,?is idea (  e/abli%+ a
 religion = ! _w _h n s pr(\ndly        
engross$  any s\l1 no :]e k9dl$ s mu*   
vig\r1 & project$ x into su* a  con/ant 
en]gy4 ,9 ?is he 0 no man's s*ol>2 ?is  
he _h  imm$iately receiv$ f ! ,_s ( 8   
,ma/]2 x 0 a sp>k (  ! div9e light :i*  
enk9dl$ him4 ,x 0 ?is :i* nev] all[$    
him to rema9 9 ,pale/9e & 9 ,syria1 :i* 
s p[]fully impell$  him to =eign p>ts4  
,! portion ( "s o!rs 0 ,judea & its     
environs3 b 8 mission 0 direct$ to !    
nations1 & 8 allotm5t  0 ! :ole ( !     
,hea!n _w4 ,?us he began 8 c>e] among ! 
diff]5t nations ( ,asia ,m9or1 & :5 ?is 
limit also became too  conf9$ = him1 he 
w5t ) equal confid5ce to ,europe1 among 
o!r  nations1 ord9ances1 sci5ces1 &     
cu/oms2 & "h likewise he f9ally  ) !    
same indefatigable _s circulat$ 8 plans1
 ev5 to !  pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,9 ?is    
mann] ,paul prep>$ ! ov]?r[ ( two       
religions1 t ( 8 ance/ors1 & t ( !      
,hea!ns4    ,,peacock1 1 #a ,k+s x1 #bb2

 #b ,*ron4 ix1 #ba2 a bird di/+ui%$ by  
! l5g? ( its tail1 & ! brilliant spots )
 :i* x is  adorn$2 :i* displays all t   
dazzles 9 ! sp>kl+ lu/re (  gems1 & all 
t a/oni%es 9 ! ra9b[4 ,! peacock is a   
bird  orig9ally ( ,india2 !nce br\ght   
into ,p]sia & ,m$ia4 ,ari/ophanes       
m5tions ,p]sian peacocks2 & ,suidas     
calls ! peacock ! ,m$ian bird4  ,f      
,p]sia x 0 gradually disp]s$ into       
,judea1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 &  ,europe4 ,if
 ! fleet ( ,solomon visit$ ,india1 !y   
might easily procure  ?is bird1 :e!r f  
,india itself1 or f ,p]sia2 & c]ta9ly ! 
bird by its beauty 0 likely to attract  
att5tion1 & to be br\ght  among o!r     
r>ities ( natural hi/ory by ,solomon's  
s]vants1 :o w\ld  be in/ruct$ to collect
 e curiosity 9 ! c\ntries !y visit$4    
,,pe>l1 a h>d1 :ite1 %9+ body1 usually  
r\ndi%1 f\nd 9 a %ell  fi% resembl+ an  
oy/]4 ,! ori5tal pe>ls h a f9e poli%$   
gloss1 & are t+$ ) an elegant blu% ( r$4
 ,!y are e/eem$ 9  ! ea/ beyond all o!r 
jewels4    ,,pelagians1 a sect t arose 9

 ! fif? c5tury4 ,pelagius 0 a  ,briti%  
monk1 ( "s rank1 & v exalt$ reputation4 
,he1 ) 8  fri5d ,cele/ius1 travell$ to  
,rome1 :]e !y resid$ v e>ly 9  ! fif?   
c5tury1 & oppos$ ) w>m? c]ta9 receiv$   
notions  respect+ orig9al s91 & !       
necessity ( div9e grace4 ,:at  reception
 _! doctr9es met ) at ,rome does n      
appe>2 b _!  virtue excit$ g5]al        
approbation4 ,on ! approa* ( ! ,go?s1 !y
  retir$ to ,africa1 :]e ,cele/ius      
rema9$1 ) a view ( ga9+  admittance z a 
presbyt] into ! *ur* ( ,c>?age4         
,pelagius  proce$$ to ,pale/9e1 :]e he  
enjoy$ ! fav\r & protection (  ,john1   
bi%op ( ,j]usalem4 ,b 8 fri5d & 8       
op9ions met ) a  v diff]5t reception f  
,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! celebrat$ bi%op (       
,hippo4 ,:atev] p>ts 7 visit$ by ^!     
unor?odox fri5ds1 !y  /ill ass]t$ _!    
peculi> op9ions2 & !y 7 gradually engag$
  9 a w>m conte/1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* !y 7  
probably l$ to  advance m ?an _h        
orig9ally occurr$ to !m4 ,9 cont5d+ = ! 
tru? ( _! doctr9es1 !y are said to h    

ass]t$1 t mank9d  d]iv$ no injury f ! s9
 ( ,adam2 t we are n[ z capable (       
ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god z he 02 t1        
o!rwise1 x w\ld h  be5 cruel & absurd to
 propose to mank9d ! p]=mance ( c]ta9   
duties1 ) ! sanction ( rew>ds1 & !      
d5unciation (  puni%m5ts2 & t1          
consequ5tly1 m5 are born )\t vice1 z    
well  z )\t virtue40 ,pelagius is *>g$  
also ) hav+ ma9ta9$1  t x is possible = 
m51 provid$ !y fully employ ! p[]s &    
faculties ) :i* !y are endu$1 to live   
)\t s920 & ?\gh  he did n d5y t ext]nal 
grace1 or ! doctr9es & motives ( !      
,gospel1 are necess>y1 yet he is said to
 h reject$ ! necessity (  int]nal grace1
 or ! aids ( ! div9e ,_s4 ,he ackn[l$g$1
 t  ! p[] we possess ( obey+ ! w ( ,god1
 is a div9e gift20 b  ass]t$1 t !       
direction ( ?is p[] dep5ds ^u ourselves2
 t  natural dea? is n a consequ5ce ( !  
s9 ( ,adam1 b ( ! frame  ( man2 & t     
,adam w\ld h di$1 ?\gh he _h n s9n$40   
,isidore1 ,*ryso/om1 & ,augu/9e /r5u\sly
 oppos$ ^! op9ions2  & ! latt] procur$  

_! condemnation 9 a synod held at       
,c>?age  9 #dab4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 fav\rably
 receiv$ at ,rome1 & ,pope  ,zozimus 0  
at ! head ( ! ,pelagian p>ty3 b 8       
decision aga9/  ! ,african bi%ops1 :o _h
 oppos$ ,pelagianism1 0 disreg>d$ by    
!m1 & ! pontiff yield$ at l5g? to _!    
reason+s &  remon/rances1 & condemn$ !  
m5 :om he _h be=e hon\r$ )  8           
approbation4 ,! c\ncil ( ,ephesus       
likewise condemn$ ! op9ions  ( ,pelagius
 & ,cele/ius2 & ! ,emp]or ,honorius1 9  
#dah1 publi%$  an edict1 :i* orda9$ t ! 
lead]s ( ! sect %\ld be expell$  f      
,rome1 & _! foll[]s exil$4 ,"s ( !      
,pelagians taught t  ,*ri/ 0 a m]e man1 
& t m5 might lead s9less lives1 because 
,*ri/ did s2 t ,jesus became ,*ri/ aft] 
8 baptism1 & ,god aft]  8 resurrection2 
! "o aris+ f 8 unction1 ! o!r f !  m]it 
( 8 passion4 ,! ,pelagian controv]sy1   
:i* began ) !  doctr9es ( grace &       
orig9al s91 0 ext5d$ to pr$e/9ation1 &  
excit$ cont9ual discord & division 9 !  
*ur*4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be  recollect$1 t we 

are acqua9t$ ) ! s5tim5ts ( ,pelagius   
only  ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 oppon5ts2 & t x 
is probable t !y  7 mu* misrepres5t$4   
,see ,,augu/9e4    ,! foll[]s ( ! truly 
evangelical ,arm9ius1 or ^? :o hold !   
t5et ( g5]al r$emption ) its            
concomitants1 h (t5 be5  greatly        
traduc$1 by ! ignorant among _! doctr9al
 oppon5ts1 z  ,pelagians1 or at lea/ z  
,semi-,pelagians4 ,x may !re=e s]ve !   
cause ( tru? to exhibit ! appropriate   
reply :i* ! ,dut*  ,arm9ians gave to ?is
 *>ge :5 urg$ aga9/ !m at ! synod (     
,dort1 & :i* !y v]ifi$ & ma9ta9$ by     
argum5ts &  au?orities t 7 unansw]able4 
,9 _! conclud+ obs]vations  !y say1 8,f 
all ^! rem>ks a judgm5t may easily be   
=m$ at  :at an imm5se di/ance our       
s5tim5ts /& f ! dogmatical  ass]tions ( 
! ,pelagians & ,semi-,pelagians on !    
grace ( ,god 9  ! conv]sion ( man4      
,pelagius1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 attribut$  
all  ?+s to nature3 b we ackn[l$ge no?+ 
b grace4 ,:5 ,pelagius  0 blam$ = n     
ackn[l$g+ grace1 he began inde$ to speak

 ( x1  b x is evid5t t by grace he      
und]/ood ! p[] ( nature z  creat$ by    
,god1 t is1 ! rational w3 b by grace we 
und]/&  a sup]natural gift4 ,pelagius1  
:5 aft]w>d press$ ) passages (          
,scripture1 also admitt$ ?is sup]natural
 grace2 b he plac$ x  solely 9 ! ext]nal
 tea*+ ( ! law3 ?\gh we affirm t ,god   
(f]s 8 ^w to m51 yet we likewise affirm 
t he inw>dly causes  ! und]/&+ to       
believe4 ,subsequ5tly ,pelagius jo9$ to 
?is  ext]nal grace t by :i* s9s are     
p>don$3 we ackn[l$ge n  only ! grace by 
:i* s9s are =giv51 b also t by :i* m5   
are assi/$ to refra9 f ! commission (   
s94 ,9 addition to 8  previ\s           
concessions ,pelagius grant$1 t ! grace 
( ,*ri/ 0  requisite beside ! two k9ds  
:i* he _h enum]at$2 b he  attribut$ x   
entirely to ! doctr9e & example ( ,*ri/ 
t we are  aid$ 9 our endeav\rs n to     
commit s93 we likewise admit t !        
doctr9e & example ( ,*ri/ af=d u "s aid 
9 refra9+ f  s91 b 9 addition to _!     
influ5ce we also place ! gift ( !  ,holy

 ,_s ) :i* ,god endues u1 & :i*         
enlight5s our  und]/&+s1 & conf]s /r5g? 
& p[] ^u our w to ab/a9  f s9n+4 ,:5    
,pelagius aft]w>d own$ ! assi/ance (    
div9e  p[] inw>dly work+ 9 man by !     
,holy ,_s1 he plac$ x solely 9  !       
enlight5+ ( ! und]/&+3 b we believe1 t x
 is n  only necess>y = u to "k or und]/&
 :at we ought to d1 b  t x is also      
requisite = u to implore ! aid ( ! ,holy
 ,_s  t we may be r5d]$ capable ( p]=m+1
 & may delight 9 !  p]=mance (1 t :i* x 
is our duty to d4 ,pelagius admitt$     
grace1--b x has be5 a "q ) "s :e!r he   
meant only  illum9ation1 or1 beside ?is1
 a p[] communicat$ to ! w2--he  admitt$ 
grace1 b he did ?is only to %[ t by     
means ( x man c  ) great] ease act      
aright3 we1 on ! contr>y1 affirm t grace
  is be/[$1 n t we may be able ) great] 
ease to act aright1  7:i* is z ?\gh we c
 d ?is ev5 )\t grace17 b t grace  is    
absolutely necess>y to enable u to act  
at all aright4 ,pelagius  ass]t$1 t man1
 s f> f requir+ ! aid ( grace = !       

p]=mance ( good actions1 is1 ?r\gh !    
p[]s implant$ 9 him at  ! "t ( 8        
creation1 capable ( fulfill+ ! :ole law1
 ( lov+  ,god1 & ( ov]com+ all          
temptations3 we1 on ! contr>y1 ass]t t  
! grace ( ,god is requir$ = ! p]=mance (
 e act ( piety4  ,pelagius decl>$1 t by 
! works ( nature man r5d]s himself      
wor?y ( grace3 b we1 9 common ) ! *ur*  
univ]sal1 condemn  ?is dogma4 ,:5       
,pelagius aft]w>d himself condemn$ ?is  
t5et1 he  und]/ood by grace1 p>tly      
natural grace1 :i* is antec$5t to all   
m]it1 & p>tly remission ( s9s1 :i* he   
ackn[l$g$ to be  gratuit\s2 b he add$1 t
 ?r\gh works p]=m$ by ! p[]s (  nature  
alone1 at lea/ ?r\gh ! desire ( good & !
 imp]fect  long+ aft] x1 m5 m]it t      
spiritual grace by :i* !y are  assi/$ 9 
good works3 b we decl>e1 t m5 w t :i* is
 good  on acc\nt ( ,god's prev5i5ce or  
go+ be=e !m by 8 grace1 &  excit+ )9 !m 
a long+ aft] good2 o!rwise grace w\ld no
  long] be grace1 because x w\ld n be   
gratuit\sly be/[$1 b  only on acc\nt ( !

 m]it ( man40 ,t _m :o h held "s  t5ets 
9 common ) ! true ,arm9ians h be51 9    
diff]5t  degrees1 foll[]s ( ,pelagius is
 well kn[n2 b ! orig9al ,arm9ians  7 9  
tru? z f> f ,pelagian or ,semi-,pelagian
 errors1 grant+ !  op9ions ( ,pelagius  
to be fairly report$ by 8 adv]s>ies1 z !
  ,calv9i/s !mselves4 ,?is is also !    
case ) ! :ole body (  ,wesleyan         
,me?odi/s1 & ( ! cognate societies to   
:i* !y h  giv5 rise1 bo? 9 ,great       
,brita9 & ,am]ica4    ,,pelican1 1 ,lev4
 xi1 #ah2 ,deut4 xiv1 #ag2 ,psa4 cii1   
#g2 ,isa4 xxxiv1 #aa2  ,zeph4 ii1 #ad2 a
 v rem>kable aquatic bird1 ( ! size ( a 
l>ge  goose4 ,its col\r is a grayi%     
:ite1 except t ! neck looks a  little   
yell[i%1 & ! middle ( ! back fea!rs are 
blacki%4 ,!  bill is long1 & hook$ at ! 
end1 & has "u x a lax membrane1  ext5d$ 
to ! ?roat1 :i* makes a bag or sack1    
capable ( hold+ a  v l>ge quantity4     
,fe$+ h] "y f ?is bag has s mu* !       
appe>ance ( fe$+ !m ) h] own blood1 t x 
caus$ ?is  fabul\s op9ion to be         

propagat$1 & made ! pelican an emblem ( 
pat]nal1 z ! /ork _h be5 be=e *os51 m   
ju/ly1 ( filial  affection4 ,! voice (  
?is bird is h>% & dissonant1 :i* "s say 
resembles t ( a man griev\sly compla9+4 
,david comp>es 8  groan+ to x1 ,psalm   
cii1 #g4    ,,p5tateu*4 ,?is ^w1 :i* is 
d]iv$ f ! ,greek 1 f  1 five1 & 1 a     
volume1 signifies ! collection ( !  five
 books ( ,moses1 :i* are ,g5esis1       
,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 &         
,deut]onomy4 ,t ! ,jews h ackn[l$g$ !   
au!nticity ( !  ,p5tateu*1 f ! pres5t "t
 back to ! era ( _! return f  !         
,babyloni% captivity1 a p]iod ( m ?an   
two ?\s& ?ree  hundr$ ye>s1 admits n a  
possibility ( d\bt4 ,! five books (     
,moses h be5 dur+ t p]iod con/antly     
plac$ at ! head ( !  ,jewi% sacr$       
volume1 & divid$ into fix$ portions1 "o 
( :i* 0  read & expla9$ 9 _! synagogues1
 n only e ,sabba? ) !  o!r ,scriptures1 
b 9 _m places twice a week1 & n         
unfrequ5tly  e ev5+1 :5 !y alone 7 read4
 ,!y h be5 receiv$ z  div9ely inspir$ by

 e ,jewi% sect1 ev5 by ! ,sadducees1 :o 
que/ion$ ! div9ity ( ! rema9+ works ( ! 
,old ,te/am5t4 ,9  tru?1 ! v5]ation ( ! 
,jews = _! ,scriptures1 & above all  = !
 ,p5tateu*1 seems to h ris5 almo/ to a  
sup]/iti\s  rev]5ce4 ,extracts f !      
,mosaic law 7 writt5 on pieces (        
p>*m5t1 & plac$ on ! bord]s ( _! g>m5ts1
 or r\nd _!  wri/s & =eheads3 nay1 !y at
 a lat] p]iod c\nt$1 ) !  m9ute/        
exactness1 n only ! *apt]s & p>agraphs1 
b ! words  & lett]s1 :i* ea* book ( _!  
,scriptures conta9s4 ,?us also !        
translation1 fir/ ( ! ,p5tateu*1 &      
aft]w>d ( ! rema9+  works ( ! ,old      
,te/am5t1 into ,greek1 = ! use ( !      
,alex&rian  ,jews1 dissem9at$ ?is sacr$ 
volume ov] a great "p ( ! civiliz$  _w1 
9 ! language mo/ univ]sally und]/ood1 & 
r5d]$ x  accessible to ! le>n$ &        
inquisitive 9 e c\ntry2 s z to  preclude
 all suspicion t x c\ld be mat]ially    
alt]$ by ei!r  ,jews or ,*ri/ians1 to   
support _! respective op9ions z to !    
p]son & "* ( ! ,messiah2 ! sub/ance ( ! 

text be+1 by  ?is translation1 fix$ &   
au!nticat$ at lea/ two hundr$ &  sev5ty 
ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( our ,"l4    ,b1 
long previ\s to ! captivity1 two        
p>ticul> examples1 des]v+  peculi>      
att5tion1 occur 9 ! ,jewi% hi/ory1 ( !  
public &  solemn homage paid to !       
sacr$ness ( ! ,mosaic law z promulgat$ 9
  ! ,p5tateu*2 & :i*1 by consequ5ce1    
af=d ! fulle/ te/imony  to ! au!nticity 
( ! ,p5tateu* itself3 ! "o 9 ! reign (  
,hezekiah1 :ile ! sep>ate k+doms (      
,judah & ,israel /ill  subsi/$2 & ! o!r 
9 ! reign ( 8 great gr&son ,josiah1     
subsequ5t to ! captivity ( ,israel4 ,9 !
 =m] we see ! pi\s  mon>* ( ,judah      
assembl+ ! prie/s & ,levites & ! rul]s (
  ! p2 to deplore ) him ! trespasses (  
_! fa!rs aga9/  ! div9e law1 to         
ackn[l$ge ! ju/ice ( ^? *a/isem5ts :i*1 
accord+ to ! prophetic w>n+s ( t law1 _h
 be5 inflict$ ^u  !m2 to op5 ! h\se (   
,god :i* 8 fa!r _h impi\sly %ut1 &      
re/ore ! true wor%ip !re9 accord+ to !  
,mosaic ritual1 #b ,k+s  xviii2 #b      

,*ron4 xxix2 xxx2 ) ! m9ute/ p>ticul>s (
 :i* he  compli$1 9 ! s9-(f]+s & !      
peace-(f]+s :i*1 9  conjunction ) 8 p1  
he (f]$ = ! k+dom & !  sanctu>y & ! p1  
to make atonem5t to ,god = !m & = all   
,israel2 re/or+ ! s]vice ( ,god z x _h  
be5 p]=m$ 9 !  pure/ times4 ,&          
,hezekiah10 says ! sacr$ n>rative1      
rejoic$1 &  all ! p1 t ,god _h prep>$ ! 
p2 = ! ?+ 0 done  sudd5ly10 #b ,*ron4   
xxix1 #cf2 imm$iately on ! k+'s         
accession to !  ?rone1 on ! fir/        
decl>ation ( 8 pi\s resolution4 ,h[ cle>
 a  pro( does ?is exhibit ( ! previ\s   
exi/5ce & cle>ly  ackn[l$g$ au?ority (  
^? laws :i* ! ,p5tateu* conta9s6    ,b a
 yet m rem>kable "p ( ?is transaction   
/ill rema9s4 ,at  ?is "t ,ho%ea 0 k+ (  
,israel1 & s f> dispos$ to c\nt5ance  ! 
wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 t he appe>s to h  
made no opposition  to ! pi\s zeal (    
,hezekiah2 :o1 ) ! concurr5ce ( ! :ole  
congregation :i* he _h assembl$1 s5t out
 lett]s & made a  proclamation1 n only  
to 8 own p ( ,judah1 #b ,*ron4 xxx1 #a1 

b  to ,ephraim & ,manasseh & all        
,israel1 f ,be]%eba ev5 unto ,dan1  t !y
 %\ld come to ! h\se ( ! ,"l at         
,j]usalem1 to keep !  passov] unto ! ,"l
 ,god ( ,israel2 say+1 ,ye *ildr5 (     
,israel1  turn aga9 to ! ,"l ,god (     
,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & he w      
return to ! remnant ( y :o are escap$   
out ( ! h&s ( !  k+s ( ,assyria2 & be n 
ye l y\r fa!rs & y\r bre?r51  :i*       
trespass$ aga9/ ! ,"l ,god ( _! fa!rs1  
:o !re=e  gave !m up to desolation z ye 
see4 ,n[ be ye n /iff-neck$1 z  y\r     
fa!rs 72 b yield y\rselves unto ! ,"l1 &
 ent] into  8 sanctu>y :i* he ha?       
sanctifi$ = ev]1 & s]ve ! ,"l y\r  ,god1
 t ! fi]c5ess ( 8 wra? may turn away f  
y4 ,s !  po/s pass$ f city to city ?r\gh
 ! c\ntry ( ,ephraim &  ,manasseh ev5   
unto ,zebulun10 #b ,*ron4 xxx1 #f1 c4   
,n[1 c we conceive t su* an attempt z   
?is c\ld h be5 made1  if ! ,p5tateu*    
conta9+ ! ,mosaic code _h n be5 z       
c]ta9ly  recogniz$ ?r\gh ! t5 tribes (  
,israel z 9 ! k+dom ( ,judah8  ,!       

success 0 exactly su* z we might        
reasonably expect if x 7 s  ackn[l$g$2  
=1 ?\gh _m ( ! t5 tribes laugh$ to scorn
 &  mock$ ! mess5g]s ( ,hezekiah1 :o    
invit$ !m to ! solemnity (  ! passov]1 f
 ! impi\s contempt :i* ?r\gh long disuse
 !y  _h conceiv$ = x2 ,nev]!less10 says 
! sacr$ n>rative1 div]s  ( ,a%] &       
,manasseh & ( ,zebulun humbl$ !mselves &
 came to  ,j]usalem2 & !re assembl$ at  
,j]usalem mu* p1 to keep !  fea/ (      
unleav5$ bread 9 ! second mon?1 a v     
great  congregation2 & !y kill$ !       
passov]1 & ! prie/s & ,levites  /ood 9  
_! places aft] _! mann]1 accord+ to !   
law ( ,moses1  ! man ( ,god4 ,s !re 0   
great joy 9 ,j]usalem2 = s9ce ! "t  (   
,solomon1 ! son ( ,david1 k+ ( ,israel1 
!re 0 n ! l at  ,j]usalem3 & :5 all ?is 
0 f9i%$1 all ,israel t 7 pres5t  w5t out
 to ! cities ( ,judah1 & brake ! images 
9 pieces1 & cut  d[n ! groves1 & ?rew   
d[n ! high places & ! alt>s out (  all  
,judah & ,b5jam91 9 ,ephraim also &     
,manasseh1 until !y _h  utt]ly de/roy$  

!m all10 #b ,*ronicles xxx1 #aa2 xxxi4  
,c any cle>]  pro( ?an ?is be desir$ ( !
 con/ant & univ]sal ackn[l$gm5t  ( !    
div9e au?ority ( ! ,p5tateu* ?r\gh\t !  
entire nation  ( ! ,jews1 not)/&+ !     
idolatries & corruptions :i* s  (t5     
prev5t$ its receiv+ su* ob$i5ce z t     
ackn[l$gm5t  ought to h produc$8 ,!     
argum5t f ?is c]ta9 antiquity ( !       
,p5tateu*1 a copy ( :i* exi/$ 9 ! old   
,sam>itan "* z  well z 9 ! mod]n        
,hebrew1 is mo/ conclusive z to ! num]\s
  prophecies ( ,*ri/1 & ! future &      
pres5t condition ( ! ,jews  :i* x       
conta9s4 ,^! are prov$ to h be5 deliv]$ 
_m ages  be=e !y 7 accompli%$2 !y c\ld  
be only ! result ( div9e  presci5ce1 & !
 utt]+ ( !m by ,moses proves !re=e !    
inspiration & ! au?ority ( 8 writ+s4    
,see ,,law & ,,moses4    ,,p5teco/1 1 a 
solemn fe/ival ( ! ,jews2 s call$1      
because  x 0 celebrat$ on ! fiftie? day 
aft] ! sixte5? ( ,nisan1  :i* 0 ! second
 day ( ! passov]4 ,! ,hebrews call x !  
fea/  ( weeks1 because x 0 kept sev5    

weeks aft] ! passov]4 ,!y !n  (f]$ !    
fir/ fruits ( ! :eat h>ve/1 :i* 0 !n    
complet$2  beside :i*1 !y pres5t$ at !  
temple sev5 lambs ( t ye>1 "o  calf1 &  
two rams = a burnt-(f]+2 two lambs = a  
peace-(f]+2  & a goat = a s9-(f]+1 ,lev4
 xxiii1 #ae1 #af2 ,exod4 xxxiv1 #bb2    
,deut4 xvi1 #i1 #aj4 ,! fea/ ( p5teco/ 0
 in/itut$ among !  ,israelites1 fir/1 to
 oblige !m to repair to ! temple ( !    
,"l1  !re to ackn[l$ge 8 absolute       
dom9ion ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 by  (f]+ him 
! fir/ fruits ( ! h>ve/2 &1 secondly1 to
  commemorate & give ?anks to ,god = !  
law :i* he _h giv5 !m  f ,s9ai1 on !    
fiftie? day aft] _! com+ out ( ,egypt4  
,!  mod]n ,jews celebrate ! p5teco/ =   
two days4 ,!y deck !  synagogues1 :]e ! 
law is read1 & _! own h\ses1 ) g>l&s  ( 
fl[]s4 ,!y he> an oration 9 praise ( !  
law1 & read f !  ,p5tateu* & prophets   
lessons :i* h a relation to ?is fe/ival1
  & accommodate _! pray]s to ! same     
occasion4 ,x 0 on ! fea/  ( p5teco/ t ! 
,holy ,gho/ desc5d$ 9 ! miracul\s mann] 

relat$1 ,acts ii4    ,,p]gamus1 a city (
 ,troas1 v consid]able 9 ! "t ( ,john ! 
evangeli/1 ,rev4 ii1 #ab1 #ac4 ,?is city
 01 = ! space ( "o hundr$  & fifty ye>s1
 ! capital ( a k+dom ( ! same "n f\nd$  
by  ,philetrus1 ,b4 ,c4 #bhc2 :o        
trea*]\sly made use ( ! treasures       
committ$ to 8 c>e by ,lysima*us aft] !  
battle ( ,ipsus1 &1  seiz+ on ,p]gamus1 
e/abli%$ an indep5d5t k+dom4 ,aft]      
,philetrus 7 five k+s ( ! same race2 !  
la/ ( :om1 ,attalus  ,philopat]1 left 8 
k+dom1 :i* compreh5d$ ,mysia1 olis1     
,ionia1  ,lydia1 & ,c>ia1 to ! ,roman   
empire2 to :i* x belong$ :5 !  fir/     
,*ri/ian *ur* 0 e/abli%$ !re4 ,?is *ur* 
e>ly became  corrupt$ by ! ,nicolaitans1
 = :i* x 0 reprov$ by ,/4 ,john1 &  *>g$
 quickly to rep5t1 ,rev4 ii1 #ad-af4    
,p]gamus1 n[ call$ ,b]gamo1  l mo/ o!r  
places :i* h be5 curs$ by ! pres5ce ( ! 
,turks1 is r$uc$ to comp>ative decay1   
conta9+ a poor population1  :o are too  
indol5t or too oppress$ to pr(it by !   
ri*ness ( _!  soil & ! beauty ( !       

climate4 ,! numb] ( inhabitants1 h[ev]1 
is /ill said to am\nt to ?irty ?\s&1 (  
:om ?ree ?\s& are  ,greek ,*ri/ians4 ,_m
 rema9s ( =m] magnific5ce are /ill to be
  f\nd2 among :i* are ^? ( sev]al       
,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,x is ab\t  sixty miles
 nor? ( ,smyrna4 ,! celebrat$ physician 
,gal5 0 a native  ( ?is place4          
,,p]izzites4 ,! anci5t inhabitants (    
,pale/9e1 m+l$ ) !  ,canaanites4 ,!re is
 also a great probability t !y !mselves 
7  ,canaanites1 b1 hav+ no fix$         
habitations1 7 w&]+ ab\t "h  & !re1 &   
scatt]$ ov] all ! c\ntry4 ,?us1 9 ! "t (
  ,abraham & ,lot1 ! ,canaanite &       
,p]izzite 7 9 ! l&1 ,g54  xiii1 #g2     
,jo%4 xvii1 #ae4 ,solomon subdu$ !      
rema9s ( ! ,canaanites  & ,p]izzites1   
:i* ! *ildr5 ( ,israel _h n root$ out1 &
  made !m tribut>y to him1 #a ,k+s ix1  
#bj1 #ba2 #b ,*ron4 viii1 #g4 ,!re  /ill
 rema9$ "s ( ?is p z late z ! "t (      
,ezra1 ix1 #a4    ,,p]secution is any   
pa9 or affliction :i* a p]son design$ly 
inflicts  ^u ano!r2 &1 9 a m re/ra9$    

s5se1 ! suff]+s (  ,*ri/ians on acc\nt (
 _! religion4 ,! e/abli%m5t (           
,*ri/ianity 0 oppos$ by ! p[]s ( ! _w1 &
 occasion$  sev]al sev]e p]secutions    
aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 dur+ ! reigns (  sev]al
 ,roman emp]ors4 ,?\gh ! absurdities (  
poly!ism 7 op5ly  d]id$ & expos$ by !   
,apo/les & _! successors1 yet x does  n 
appe> t any public laws 7 enact$ aga9/  
,*ri/ianity till  ! reign ( ,n]o1 ,a4   
,d4 #fd1 by :i* "t x _h acquir$         
consid]able  /ability & ext5t4 ,z f> !  
great] numb] ( ! fir/ conv]ts to        
,*ri/ianity 7 ( ! ,jewi% nation1 "o     
second>y cause = _!  be+ s long pres]v$ 
f p]secution may probably be d$uc$ f  _!
 appe>+ to ! ,roman gov]nors only z a   
sect ( ,jews1 :o _h  sec$$ f ! re/ ( _! 
bre?r5 on acc\nt ( "s op9ion1  trifl+ 9 
its importance1 & p]haps difficult to be
 und]/ood4 ,nor1  :5 _! bre?r5 7 fully  
discov]$ to h ca/ (f ! religion  ( !    
synagogue1 did ! ,jews f9d x easy to    
infuse into ! brea/s  ( ! ,roman        
magi/rates t ranc\r & malice :i* !y     

!mselves  exp]i5c$4 ,b ! /eady & uni=m  
opposition made by !  ,*ri/ians to      
,hea!n sup]/ition c\ld n long pass      
unnotic$4 ,_!  op5 attacks ^u ,paganism 
made !m extremely obnoxi\s to !         
populace1 by :om !y 7 repres5t$ z a     
society ( a!i/s1 :o1  by attack+ !      
religi\s con/itution ( ! empire1 m]it$ !
  sev]e/ animadv]sion ( ! civil         
magi/rate4 ,horrid tales ( _!           
abom9ations 7 circulat$ ?r\gh\t !       
empire2 & ! m9ds ( !  ,pagans 71 f all  
^! circum/ances1 prep>$ to reg>d )      
pleasure or indiff]5ce e cruelty :i*    
c\ld be inflict$ ^u  ?is despis$ sect4  
,hi/orians usually reckon t5 g5]al      
p]secutions4    ,fir/ g5]al             
p]secution4--,n]o select$ ! ,*ri/ians z 
a grateful  sacrifice to ! ,roman p1 &  
endeav\r$ to transf] to ?is hat$  sect !
 guilt ( :i* he 0 /rongly suspect$2 t ( 
hav+ caus$  & enjoy$ ! fire :i* _h ne>ly
 desolat$ ! city4 7,see ,n]o47  ,?is    
p]secution 0 n conf9$ to ,rome3 ! emp]or
 issu$ edicts  aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians ?r\gh\t

 mo/ ( ! prov9ces ( ! empire4  ,he 0 f>1
 h[ev]1 f obta9+ ! object ( 8 hopes &   
expectations2 & ! virtues ( ! ,*ri/ians1
 _! zeal = !  tru?1 & _! con/ancy 9     
suff]+1 mu/ h consid]ably  contribut$ to
 make _! t5ets m g5]ally kn[n4          
,second g5]al p]secution4--,f ! dea? (  
,n]o to ! reign (  ,domitian1 !         
,*ri/ians rema9$ unmole/$ & daily       
increas+2 b  t[>d ! close ( ! fir/      
c5tury1 !y 7 aga9 involv$ 9 all  !      
horrors ( p]secution4 ,9 ?is p]secution 
_m em95t ,*ri/ians  suff]$2 b ! dea? (  
,domitian soon deliv]$ !m f ?is         
calamity4    ,?ird g5]al                
p]secution4--,?is p]secution began 9 !  
?ird ye>  ( ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 ,a4 ,d4  
#ajj4 ,_m ?+s contribut$ t[>d x2 z  !   
laws ( ! empire1 ! emp]or's zeal = 8    
religion1 &  av]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 & !
 prejudices ( ! ,pagans1 support$ by    
falsehoods & calumnies aga9/ !          
,*ri/ians4 ,"u ! plausible  pret5ce ( _!
 hold+ illegal meet+s & societies1 !y 7 
sev]ely p]secut$ by ! gov]nors & o!r    

(fic]s2 9 :i*  p]secution great numb]s  
fell by ! rage ( popul> tumult1 z well z
  by laws & processes4 ,?is p]secution  
cont9u$ sev]al ye>s1 )  diff]5t degrees 
( sev]ity 9 _m p>ts ( ! empire2 & 0 s   
mu* ! m afflict+1 because ! ,*ri/ians   
g5]ally suff]$  "u ! notion (           
malefactors & traitors1 & "u an emp]or  
fam$  = 8 s+ul> ju/ice & mod]ation4 ,!  
mo/ not$ m>tyr 9 ?is  p]secution 0      
,clem5t1 bi%op ( ,rome4 ,aft] "s "t !   
fury (  ?is p]secution 0 abat$1 b did n 
cease dur+ ! :ole reign (  ,trajan4 ,9 !
 eigh? ye> ( 8 successor ,adrian1 x     
broke out )  new rage4 ,?is is by "s    
call$ ! f\r? g5]al p]secution2 b is  m  
commonly consid]$ z a revival or        
cont9uance ( ! ?ird4    ,f\r? g5]al     
p]secution4--,?is took place "u         
,anton9us !  philosoph]2 & at diff]5t   
places1 ) sev]al int]missions1 &        
diff]5t degrees ( sev]ity1 x cont9u$ !  
great] "p ( 8  reign4 ,anton9us himself 
has be5 mu* excus$ z to ?is p]secution4 
,z ! "* ( ! virtu\s ,trajan1 h[ev]1 is  

sulli$ by !  m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 s !  
reign ( ! philosophic ,m>cus is =  ev]  
disgrac$ by ! sacrifice ( ! v5]able     
,polyc>p1 bi%op (  ,smyrna1 ! fri5d &   
companion ( ,/4 ,john4 ,a few days      
previ\s to 8  dea?1 he is said to h     
dream$ t 8 pill[ 0 on fire4 ,:5  urg$ by
 ! proconsul to r5\nce ,*ri/1 he repli$1
 ,f\rscore & six  ye>s h ,i s]v$ him1 & 
he has nev] done me an injury3 c ,i     
blaspheme my ,k+ & my ,savi\r80 ,sev]al 
miracles are report$ to h  happ5$ at 8  
dea?4 ,! flames1 z if unwill+ to injure 
8 sacr$  p]son1 are said to h ar*$ ov] 8
 head2 & x is add$1 t at  l5g?1 be+     
despat*$ ) a sword1 a dove flew out ( ! 
w\nd2 &  t f ! pile proce$$ a mo/       
fragrant smell4 ,x is obvi\s t  ! ar*+ (
 ! flames might be an accid5tal effect1 
:i* !  en?usia/ic v5]ation ( 8 disciples
 might conv]t into a miracle2  & z to ! 
/ory ( ! dove1 c1 ,eusebius himself     
app>5tly did n  cr$it x2 s9ce he has    
omitt$ x 9 8 n>rative ( ! transaction4  
,among _m o!r victims ( p]secution 9 ?is

 philosophic reign1 we  mu/ also record 
t ( ! excell5t & le>n$ ,ju/94 ,b x 0 at 
,lyons & ,vi5ne 9 ,gaul1 t ! mo/ %ock+  
sc5es 7 act$4  ,among _m nameless       
suff]]s1 hi/ory has pres]v$ f oblivion  
,po?9us1 ! respectable bi%op ( ,lyons1  
:o 0 !n m ?an n9ety  ye>s ( age2        
,sanctus1 a deacon ( ,vi5ne2 ,attalus1 a
 native (  ,p]gamus2 ,maturus1 &        
,alex&]2 "s ( :om 7 dev\r$ by wild      
bea/s1 & "s ( !m tortur$ 9 an iron *air 
made r$ hot4 ,"s  females1 also1 &      
p>ticul>ly ,biblias & ,bl&9a1 reflect$  
hon\r  bo? ^u _! sex & religion by _!   
con/ancy & c\rage4    ,fif? g5]al       
p]secution4--,a consid]able "p ( ! reign
 (  ,sev]us prov$ s f> fav\rable to !   
,*ri/ians1 t no additions  7 made to !  
sev]e edicts already 9 =ce aga9/ !m4 ,= 
?is  l5ity !y 7 probably indebt$ to     
,proculus1 a ,*ri/ian1 :o1 9 a  v       
extraord9>y mann]1 cur$ ! emp]or ( a    
dang]\s di/emp] by  ! application ( oil4
 ,b ?is degree ( peace1 prec>i\s z x 01 
& frequ5tly int]rupt$ by ! p>tial       

execution ( sev]e laws1 0  t]m9at$ by an
 edict1 ,a4 ,d4 #aig1 :i* prohibit$ e   
subject ( !  empire1 "u sev]e p5alties1 
f embrac+ ! ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian  fai?4   
,?is law appe>s1 ^u a fir/ view1 design$
 m]ely to imp$e  ! f>!r progress (      
,*ri/ianity2 b x incit$ ! magi/racy to  
en=ce ! laws ( =m] emp]ors1 :i* 7 /ill  
exi/+1 aga9/  ! ,*ri/ians2 & dur+ sev5  
ye>s !y 7 expos$ to a rigor\s           
p]secution 9 ,pale/9e1 ,egypt1 ! re/ (  
,africa1 ,italy1 ,gaul1 &  o!r p>ts4 ,9 
?is p]secution ,leonidas1 ! fa!r (      
,orig51 &  ,ir5u1 bi%op ( ,lyons1 suff]$
 m>tyrdom4 ,on ?is occasion  ,t]tullian 
compos$ 8 ,apology40 ,! viol5ce ( ,pagan
 intol]ance 0  mo/ sev]ely felt 9       
,egypt1 & p>ticul>ly at ,alex&ria4      
,six? g5]al p]secution4--,?is p]secution
 began ) ! reign (  ! ,emp]or ,maxim9us1
 ,a4 ,d4 #bce1 & seems to h aris5 f t   
pr9ce's hatr$ to 8 pr$ecessor1 ,alex&]1 
9 ^: family _m  ,*ri/ians _h f\nd %elt] 
& patronage4 ,?\gh ?is p]secution 0  v  
sev]e 9 "s places1 yet we h ! names (   

only a few m>tyrs4  ,orig5 at ?is "t 0 v
 indu/ri\s 9 support+ ! ,*ri/ians  "u ^!
 fi]y trials4    ,sev5? g5]al           
p]secution4--,?is 0 ! mo/ dreadful      
p]secution  t ev] _h be5 kn[n 9 ! *ur*4 
,dur+ ! %ort reign (  ,decius1 !        
,*ri/ians 7 expos$ to great] calamities 
?an any !y  _h hi!rto suff]$4 ,x has be5
 said1 & ) "s probability1 t  !         
,*ri/ians 7 involv$ 9 ?is p]secution by 
_! atta*m5t to  ! family ( ! ,emp]or    
,philip4 ,consid]able numb]s 7 publicly 
de/roy$2 sev]al pur*as$ safety by       
bribes1 or secur$ x by flight2  & _m    
des]t$ f ! fai?1 & will+ly cons5t$ to   
burn  inc5se on ! alt>s ( ! gods4 ,!    
city ( ,alex&ria1 ! great  !atre (      
p]secution1 _h ev5 anticipat$ ! edicts (
 ! emp]or1  & _h put to dea? a numb] (  
innoc5t p]sons1 among :om 7 "s  wom54 ,!
 imp]ial edict = p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians 0 
publi%$  ,a4 ,d4 #bdi2 & %ortly aft]1   
,fabianus1 bi%op ( ,rome1 ) a numb] (  8
 foll[]s1 0 put to dea?4 ,! v5]able     
bi%ops ( ,j]usalem &  ,antio* di$ 9     

prison1 ! mo/ cruel tortures 7 employ$1 
& !  numb]s t p]i%$ are by all p>ties   
confess$ to h be5 v  consid]able4       
,eigh? g5]al p]secution4--,! ,emp]or    
,val]ian1 9 ! f\r? ye>  ( 8 reign1 ,a4  
,d4 #beg1 li/5+ to ! sugge/ions (       
,macr9us1 a  magician ( ,egypt1 0       
prevail$ ^u to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians1 on 
pret5ce t by _! wick$ & execrable *>ms  
!y h9d]$ !  prosp]ity ( ! emp]or4       
,macr9us advis$ him to p]=m _m impi\s   
rites1 sacrifices1 & incantations2 to   
cut ! ?roats ( infants1 c2  & edicts 7  
publi%$ 9 all places aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 
:o 7  expos$ )\t protection to ! common 
rage4 ,we h ! names (  sev]al m>tyrs1   
among :om 7 ! fam\s ,/4 ,laur5ce1       
ar*deacon (  ,rome1 & ! great ,/4       
,cyprian1 bi%op ( ,c>?age4    ,n9? g5]al
 p]secution4--,?is p]secution took place
 "u !  ,emp]or ,aurelian1 ,a4 ,d4 #bgd2 
b x 0 s small & inconsid]able1  t x gave
 little int]ruption to ! peace ( ! *ur*4
    ,t5? g5]al p]secution4--,! t5? & la/
 g5]al p]secution (  ! ,*ri/ians began 9

 ! n9ete5? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,diocletian1 
,a4 ,d4 #cjc4 ,! mo/ viol5t promot]s ( x
 7 ,hi]ocles !  philosoph]1 :o wrote    
aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & ,gal]ius1  
:om ,diocletian _h decl>$ ,cs>4 ,?is    
latt] 0 excit$ n only by  8 own cruelty 
& sup]/ition1 b likewise by 8 "m1 :o 0 a
  zeal\s ,pagan4 ,diocletian1 contr>y to
 8 incl9ation1 0 prevail$  ^u to        
au?orize ! p]secution by 8 edicts4      
,accord+ly1 x began  9 ! city (         
,nicom$ia1 :5ce x spread into o!r cities
 &  prov9ces1 & became at la/ univ]sal4 
,great numb]s ( ,*ri/ians  suff]$ !     
sev]e/ tortures 9 ?is p]secution1 ?\gh !
 acc\nts  giv5 ( x by succe$+ hi/orians 
are probably exagg]at$4 ,!re is1  h[ev]1
 suffici5t ( well au!nticat$ facts to   
assure u amply (  ! cruel & intol]ant   
disposition ( ! pr(essors ( ,pagan      
philosophy4 ,! human imag9ation 01      
inde$1 almo/ exhau/$ 9  inv5t+ a v>iety 
( tortures4 ,"s 7 impal$ alive2 "s _h _!
  limbs brok51 & 9 t condition 7 left to
 expire4 ,"s 7  roa/$ by sl[ fires2 & "s

 susp5d$ by _! feet ) _! heads  d[nw>d1 
&1 a fire be+ plac$ "u !m1 7 suffocat$  
by !  smoke4 ,"s _h melt$ lead p\r$ d[n 
_! ?roats1 & ! fle% (  "s 0 torn (f )   
%ells1 & o!rs _h spl9t]s ( re$s ?ru/  "u
 ! nails ( _! f+]s & toes4 ,! few :o 7 n
  capitally puni%$ _h _! limbs & _!     
features mutilat$4 ,x  w\ld be endless  
to enum]ate ! victims ( sup]/ition4 ,!  
bi%ops  ( ,nicom$ia1 ( ,tyre1 ( ,sidon1 
( ,emesa1 sev]al matrons & virg9s  ( !  
pure/ "*1 & a nameless numb] ( plebians1
 arriv$ at  immortality ?r\gh ! flames (
 m>tyrdom4 ,at la/ x pleas$ ,god t  !   
,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 :o himself aft]w>d  
became a ,*ri/ian1  op5ly decl>$ = !    
,*ri/ians1 & publi%$ ! fir/ law 9  fav\r
 ( !m4 ,! dea? ( ,maxim91 emp]or ( !    
ea/1 soon aft]  put a p]iod to all _!   
tr\bles2 & ?is 0 ! great epo* :5        
,*ri/ianity triumphantly got possession 
( ! ?rones ( pr9ces4    ,! guilt (      
p]secution has1 h[ev]1 be5 atta*$ to    
pr(ess+  ,*ri/ians4 ,_h m5 be5 guid$    
solely by ! _s & ! precepts (  !        

,gospel1 ! conduct ( its bless$ ,au?or1 
& ! writ+s &  example ( 8 imm$iate      
disciples1 we might h boldly affirm$ t  
among ,*ri/ians !re c\ld be no t5d5cy to
 encroa* ^u fre$om (  discussion1 & no  
approa* to p]secution4 ,! ,gospel1 9 e  
page (  x1 inculcates t5d]ness & m]cy2 x
 exhibits ! mo/ unwe>i$  indulg5ce to ! 
frailties & errors ( m52 & x repres5ts  
*>ity  z ! badge ( ^? :o 9 s9c]ity      
pr(ess x4 ,9 ,/4 ,paul's  inimitable    
description ( ?is grace he has drawn a  
picture ( mutual  =be>ance & k9dness &  
tol]ation1 ^u :i* x is sc>cely  possible
 to dwell1 )\t be+ rais$ sup]ior to e   
contract$  s5tim5t1 & gl[+ ) ! mo/      
diffusive b5evol5ce4 ,9 !  *ur*es :i* he
 plant$ he _h (t5 to c\nt]act ! ef=ts ( 
tea*]s :o _h lab\r$ to subv]t !         
f\ndation :i* he _h laid1  to           
misrepres5t 8 motives1 & to inculcate   
doctr9es :i*1 ?r\gh  ! inspiration t 0  
imp>t$ to him1 he disc]n$ to proce$ f  !
 mo/ p]v]t$ views1 & to be inconsi/5t ) 
! great designs  ( ! ,gospel4 ,^! tea*]s

 he /r5u\sly & consci5ti\sly  oppos$2 he
 endeav\r$ to %[ ! great importance ( ^?
 to :om he  wrote be+ on _! gu>d aga9/  
!m2 & he ev9c$ ! mo/ ard5t  zeal 9      
resi/+ _! insidi\s purposes3 b he nev]1 
9 ! mo/  di/ant mann]1 ins9uat$ t !y    
%\ld be p]secut$1 adh]+  always to !    
maxim :i* he _h laid d[n1 t ! weapons ( 
a  ,*ri/ian's w>f>e are n c>nal b       
spiritual4 ,he does1 inde$1  sometimes  
speak ( h]etics2 & he ev5 exhorts t1    
aft]  expo/ulation ) him1 a h]etic %\ld 
be reject$1 & n  ackn[l$g$ to be a memb]
 ( ! *ur* to :i* he _h once belong$4  ,b
 t precept ( ! ,apo/le has no ref]5ce to
 ! p]secution  :i* x has sometimes be5  
conceiv$ to sanction1 & :i* has be5     
g5]ally direct$ aga9/ m5 q s9c]e 9 _!   
belief1 h[ev]  errone\s t belief may be 
e/eem$4    ,^u a subject ?us en=c$ by   
precept & example1 x is n to be  suppos$
 t ! fir/ conv]ts1 d]iv+ _! notions (   
,*ri/ianity  imm$iately f our ,"l or 8  
,apo/les1 c\ld h any op9ion  diff]5t 9  
!ory1 at lea/1 f t :i* has be5 n[       

e/abli%$4  ,accord+ly1 we f9d t !       
primitive fa!rs1 al?\gh1 9 _m  respects1
 !y err$1 unequivocally express !mselves
 9 fav\r ( !  mo/ ample lib]ty z to     
religi\s s5tim5t1 & highly disapprove ( 
e attempt to control x4 ,passages f _m (
 ^! writ]s might  be quot$ to e/abli% t 
?is 0 almo/ ! univ]sal s5tim5t till  !  
age ( ,con/ant9e4 ,lactantius 9 p>ticul>
 has1 ) great =ce  & beauty1 deliv]$ 8  
op9ion aga9/ p]secution3 ,!re is no ne$ 
( compulsion & viol5ce1 because religion
 _c be =c$2 & m5  mu/ be made will+1 n  
by /ripes1 b by argum5ts4 ,slaught] &   
piety are q opposite to ea* o!r2 nor c  
tru? consi/ )  viol5ce1 or ju/ice )     
cruelty4 ,!y are conv9c$ t no?+ is  m   
excell5t ?an religion1 & !re=e ?9k t x  
ought to be  def5d$ ) =ce2 b !y are     
mi/ak51 bo? 9 ! nature (  religion1 & 9 
prop] me?ods to support x2 = religion is
 to be  def5d$1 n by murd]1 b by        
p]suasion2 n by cruelty1 b by  pati5ce2 
n by wick$ness1 b by fai?4 ,if y attempt
 to def5d  religion by blood1 & torm5ts1

 & evil1 ?is is n to def5d1 b to        
violate & pollute x2 = !re is no?+ t    
%\ld be m free  ?an ! *oice ( religion1 
9 :i*1 if cons5t be want+1 x becomes    
entirely void & ineffectual40    ,!     
g5]al conduct ( ,*ri/ians dur+ ! fir/   
?ree c5turies 0  9 con=mity ) !         
admirable maxims n[ quot$4 ,eusebius has
  record$ t ,polyc>p1 aft] 9 va9        
endeav\r+ to p]suade ,anicetus1  :o 0   
bi%op ( ,rome1 to embrace 8 op9ion z to 
"s po9t )  respect to :i* !y diff]$1    
gave him1 not)/&+1 ! kiss (  peace1 :ile
 ,anicetus communicat$ ) ! m>tyr2 &     
,ir5u m5tions  t al?\gh ,polyc>p 0 mu*  
(f5d$ ) ! ,gno/ic h]etics1 :o  ab\nd$ 9 
8 days1 he conv]t$ numb]s ( !m1 n by !  
application ( con/ra9t or viol5ce1 b by 
! facts & argum5ts  :i* he calmly       
submitt$ = _! consid]ation4 ,x mu/ be   
admitt$1  h[ev]1 t ev5 dur+ ! second    
c5tury "s traces ( p]secution  are to be
 f\nd4 ,victor1 "o ( ! e>ly pontiffs1   
because ! ,asiatic  bi%ops diff]$ f him 
ab\t ! rule = ! obs]vation ( ,ea/]1     

excommunicat$ !m z guilty ( h]esy2 & he 
act$ 9 ! same mann]  t[>d a p]son :o    
held :at he consid]$ z errone\s notions 
respect+ ! tr9ity4 ,?is /ret* ( au?ority
 01 inde$1  reprobat$ by ! g5]ality (   
,*ri/ians1 & remon/rances aga9/ x  7    
accord+ly pres5t$4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 9 ?is 
proce$+ (  ,victor1 too cle> a pro( t ! 
*ur* 0 beg9n+ to deviate f  ! p]fect    
*>ity by :i* x _h be5 adorn$1 & too sure
 an  indication t ! example ( "o :o held
 s high an (fice1 :5 x  0 9 h>mony ) !  
corruption or ) ! wor/ passions ( our   
nature1 w\ld be ext5sively foll[$4 ,b   
/ill !re 01 9 !  excommunication ra%ly  
pron\nc$ by ! pope1 m]ely an ex]tion (  
ecclesia/ical p[]1 n int]f]+ ) ! p]sonal
 security1 )  ! prop]ty1 or ) ! lives ( 
^? aga9/ :om x 0 direct$2  & we may1    
not)/&+ ?is slight exception1 consid] ! 
fir/  ?ree c5turies z m>k$ by ! c&\r & !
 b5evol5ce impli$ 9  ! *>ity :i* judge? 
n1 & ?9ke? no evil4    ,x 0 aft]        
,*ri/ianity _h be5 e/abli%$ z ! religion
 ( !  empire1 & aft] weal? & hon\r _h   

be5 conf]r$ on its m9i/]s1  t ! mon/r\s 
evil ( p]secution acquir$ gigantic      
/r5g?1 &  ?rew its bla/+ influ5ce ov] ! 
religion ( ! ,gospel4 ,! causes  ( ?is  
are app>5t4 ,m5 exalt$ 9 ! scale (      
society 7 eag] to  ext5d ! p[] :i* _h   
be5 intru/$ to !m2 & !y s\ght to d  s by
 exact+ f ! p acquiesc5ce 9 ! peculi>   
int]pretations ( t5ets & doctr9es :i* !y
 *ose to publi% z  articles ( fai?4 ,!  
mom5t t ?is 0 attempt$1 ! f\ndation  0  
laid = ! mo/ inflexible intol]ance2     
because reluctance to  submit 0 no long]
 reg>d$ solely z a matt] ( consci5ce1 b 
z  int]f]+ ) ! int]e/ & ! dom9ion ( !   
rul+ p>ty4 ,x  0 !re=e proce$$ aga9/ )  
all ! eag]ness :i* m5 s  unequivocally  
display :5 ! temporal bless+s t gratify 
_!  ambition or add to _! com=t are     
attempt$ to be wre/$ f !m4  ,to o!r     
dictates ?an ^? ( ! ^w ( ,god ! memb]s (
 !  *ur* n[ li/5$2 & op9ions 7 view$1 n 
9 ref]5ce to t  ^w1 b to ! effect :i* !y
 might produce ^u ! worldly  advancem5t 
or prosp]ity ( ^? by :om !y 7 av[$4 ,f !

  era1 !n1 ( ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e we
 may date1 if n  altoge!r !             
introduction1 at lea/ ! decisive        
influ5ce (  p]secution4    ,,p]sia1 an  
anci5t k+dom ( ,asia1 b\nd$ on ! nor? by
 ,m$ia1 on  ! we/ by ,susiana1 on ! ea/ 
by ,c>mania1 & on ! s\? by !  ,p]sian   
,gulf4 ,! ,p]sians became v fam\s f ! "t
 ( ,cyrus1  ! f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian mon>*y4 
,_! anci5t "n 0 ,elamites1  & 9 ! "t ( !
 ,roman emp]ors !y w5t by ! "n (        
,p>?ians2 b n[ ,p]sians4 ,see ,,cyrus2 &
 = ! religion ( !  anci5t ,p]sians1     
,,magi4    ,,pe/il5ce1 or plague1       
g5]ally is us$ by ! ,hebrews = all      
epidemic  or contagi\s diseases4 ,!     
prophets usually connect toge!r sword1  
pe/il5ce1 & fam9e1 be+ ?ree ( ! mo/     
griev\s inflictions (  ! ,almighty ^u a 
guilty p4 ,see ,,diseases4    ,,pet]1 ! 
great ,apo/le ( ! circumcision1 0 ! son 
( ,jona1 &  born at ,be?saida1 a t[n    
situat$ on ! we/]n %ore ( ! lake (      
,g5nes>e?1 b 9 :at p>ticul> ye> we are n
 in=m$1 ,john i1  #db1 #dc4 ,8 orig9al  

"n 0 ,simon or ,simeon1 :i* 8 div9e     
,ma/]1  :5 he call$ him to ! ,apo/le%ip1
 *ang$ = t ( ,cephas1 a  ,syriac ^w     
signify+ a /one or rock2 9 ,lat91 petra1
 f  :5ce is d]iv$ ! t]m ,pet]4 ,he 0 a  
m>ri$ man1 & _h 8  h\se1 8 "m-9-law1 & 8
 wife1 at ,cap]naum1 on ! lake (        
,g5nes>e?1 ,matt4 viii1 #ad2 ,m>k i1    
#bi2 ,luke iv1 #ch4 ,he _h also a  bro!r
 ( ! "n ( ,&rew1 :o _h be5 a disciple ( 
,john !  ,bapti/1 & 0 call$ to ! k ( !  
,savi\r prior to  himself4 ,&rew 0      
pres5t :5 ! v5]able ,bapti/ po9t$ 8     
disciples to ,jesus1 & add$1 ,behold !  
,lamb ( ,god t take? away  ! s9 ( ! _w20
 &1 meet+ ,simon %ortly aft]w>d1 said1  
,we  h f\nd ! ,messiah10 & !n br\ght him
 to ,jesus1 ,john i1 #da4 ,:5  ! two    
bro!rs _h pass$ "o day ) ! ,"l ,jesus1  
!y took _!  leave ( him1 & return$ to _!
 ord9>y occupation ( fi%+4 ,?is  appe>s 
to h tak5 place 9 ! ?irtie? ye> ( !     
,*ri/ian era4  ,t[>d ! end ( ! same ye>1
 z ,jesus 0 "o morn+ /&+ on  ! %ore ( ! 
lake ( ,g5nes>e?1 he saw ,&rew & ,pet]  

engag$  ab\t _! employm5t4 ,!y _h be5   
fi%+ dur+ ! :ole night1  b )\t ! smalle/
 success2 &1 aft] ?is fruitless         
exp$ition1  7 9 ! act ( wa%+ _! nets1   
,luke v1 #a-c4 ,jesus ent]$ into  _!    
boat1 & bade ,pet] ?r[ out 8 net into ! 
sea1 :i* he did2  & n[1 to 8 a/oni%m5t1 
! multitude ( fi%es 0 s imm5se  t _! own
 vessel1 & t ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 7 fill$
 )  !m4 ,pet] evid5tly saw !re 0 some?+ 
sup]natural 9 ?is1 &1  ?r[+ himself at !
 feet ( ,jesus1 he exclaim$1 ,dep>t f   
me1 ,o  ,"l1 = ,i am a s9ful man40 ,!   
miracle 0 no d\bt int5d$ = a  sign to ! 
f\r disciples ( :at success %\ld aft]w>d
 foll[ _!  m9i/ry 9 prea*+ ! doctr9e ( 8
 k+dom2 & !re=e ,jesus  said unto !m1   
,foll[ me1 & ,i w make y fi%]s ( m520 on
 :i*  !y quitt$ _! boats & nets1 &      
!nce=? became ! con/ant  associates ( ! 
,savi\r1 dur+ ! :ole ( 8 public m9i/ry1 
,luke  xviii1 #bh4    ,f ! in/ant ( 8   
ent]+ ^u ! apo/olic (fice1 we f9d ,/4   
,pet] on almo/ e occasion ev9c+ ! /r5g? 
( 8 fai? 9  ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 & ! mo/

 extraord9>y zeal 9 8 s]vice1 (  :i* _m 
examples are extant 9 ! ,gospels4 ,:5   
,jesus 9 private  ask$ 8 disciples1     
fir/1 :at op9ion ! p ent]ta9$ ( him2    
next1 :at 0 _! own op9ion3 ,simon ,pet] 
answ]$ & said1 ,?\  art ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son 
( ! liv+ ,god10 ,matt4 xvi1 #af4 ,hav+  
receiv$ ?is answ]1 ,jesus decl>$ ,pet]  
bless$ on acc\nt ( 8  fai?2 & 9 allusion
 to ! signification ( 8 "n1 add$1 ,?\   
art  ,pet]1 & ^u ?is rock ,i w build my 
*ur*2 & ,i w give !e  ! keys ( ! k+dom (
 heav51 & :atsoev] ?\ %alt b9d on  e>?10
 c4 ,_m ?9k ^! ?+s 7 spok5 to ,/4 ,pet] 
alone1 =  ! purpose ( conf]r+ on him    
privileges & p[]s n grant$ to  ! re/ ( !
 ,apo/les4 ,b o!rs1 ) m reason1 suppose 
t1  ?\gh ,jesus direct$ 8 disc\rse to   
,/4 ,pet]1 x 0 int5d$ =  !m all2 & t !  
hon\rs & p[]s grant$ to ,/4 ,pet] by "n 
7 conf]r$ on !m all equally4 ,= no "o w 
say t ,*ri/'s  *ur* 0 built ^u ,/4 ,pet]
 s+ly3 x 0 built on ! f\ndation  ( all !
 ,apo/les & prophets1 ,jesus ,*ri/      
himself be+ ! *ief  corn] /one4 ,z      

little c any "o say t ! p[] ( b9d+ &    
loos+ 0 conf9$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 see+ x 0   
decl>$ aft]w>d to  belong to all !      
,apo/les1 ,matt4 xviii1 #ah2 ,john xx1  
#bc4 ,to ^!  ?+s add ?is1 t z ,/4 ,pet] 
made 8 confession 9 answ] to a  "q :i*  
,jesus put to all ! ,apo/les1 t         
confession 0  c]ta9ly made 9 ! "n ( !   
:ole2 &1 !re=e1 :at ,jesus said  to him 
9 reply 0 design$ = ! :ole )\t          
di/9ction2  except+ ?is1 :i* 0 peculi>  
to him1 t he 0 to be ! fir/  :o1 aft] ! 
desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 %\ld prea* !    
,gospel to  ! ,jews1 & !n to ! ,g5tiles3
 an hon\r :i* 0 conf]r$ on ,/4  ,pet] 9 
! expression1 ,i w give !e ! keys10 c4  
,/4 ,pet] 0 "o ( ! ?ree ,apo/les :om    
,jesus admitt$ to witness  !            
resurrection ( ,jairus's daught]1 & be=e
 :om he 0  transfigur$1 & ) :om he      
retir$ to pray 9 ! g>d5 ! night  be=e he
 suff]$4 ,he 0 ! p]son :o 9 ! f]v\r ( 8 
zeal =  8 ,ma/] cut (f ! e> ( ! high    
prie/'s slave1 :5 ! arm$  b& came to    
appreh5d him4 ,yet ?is same ,pet]1 a few

 h\rs aft] t1  d5i$ 8 ,ma/] ?ree diff]5t
 times 9 ! high prie/'s palace1 &  t )  
oa?s4 ,9 ! awful defection ( ! ,apo/le  
on ?is occasion  we h melan*oly pro( ( !
 p[] ( human depravity ev5 9  reg5]ate  
m51 & ( ! weakness ( human resolutions  
:5 left to  ourselves4 ,/4 ,pet] 0 fully
 w>n$ by 8 div9e ,ma/] ( 8  approa*+    
dang]2 b confid5t 9 8 own /r5g?1 he     
decl>$  himself ready to accompany 8 ,"l
 to prison & ev5 to judgm5t4  ,aft] !   
?ird d5ial ,jesus turn$ & look$ ^u      
,pet]20 t look  pi]c$ him to ! he>t2 &1 
/ung ) deep remorse1 he w5t out1 &  wept
 bitt]ly40 ,/4 ,pet]1 h[ev]1 obta9$     
=giv5ess2 &1 :5  ,jesus _h ris5 f !     
dead1 he ord]$ ! glad tid+s ( 8         
resurrection to be convey$ to ,/4 ,pet] 
by "n3 ,g tell my disciples  & ,pet]10  
,m>k xvi1 #h4 ,he aft]w>d receiv$       
repeat$ assurances (  8 ,savi\r's love1 
& f t "t uni=mly %[$ ! greate/  zeal &  
=titude 9 8 ,ma/]'s s]vice4    ,soon    
aft] our ,"l's asc5sion1 9 a num]\s     
assembly ( ! ,apo/les  & bre?r51 ,/4    

,pet] gave x z 8 op9ion1 t "o %\ld be   
*os5 to be an ,apo/le 9 ! room ( ,judas4
 ,to ?is !y all agre$2  &1 by lot1 *ose 
,mat?ias1 :om on t occasion !y numb]$ ) 
! elev5 ,apo/les4 ,on ! day ( p5teco/   
foll[+1 :5 ! ,holy  ,_s fell on !       
,apo/les & disciples1 ,/4 ,pet]1 /&+ up 
)  ! elev51 lift$ up 8 voice2 t is1 ,/4 
,pet]1 ris+ up1 spake  ) a l\d voice1 9 
! "n ( ! ,apo/les1 z he _h done on      
v>i\s occasions 9 8 ,ma/]'s lifetime1 & 
gave ! multitude an  acc\nt ( t great   
miracle1 ,acts ii1 #ad4 ,/4 ,pet] n[    
began to  exp]i5ce ! fulfilm5t ( ,*ri/'s
 promise to make him a fi%] (  m51 &    
also t he w\ld give him ! keys ( ! k+dom
 ( heav54  ,8 s]mon on ?is occasion     
produc$ an abundant h>ve/ ( conv]ts to  
,*ri/4 ,?ree ?\s& ( 8 audi5ce 7 prick$  
to ! he>t1 &  cri$ out1 ,m5 & bre?r51   
:at %all we d80 ,/4 ,pet] proclaim$ to  
!m ! ri*es ( p>don+ m]cy ?r\gh ! div9e  
blood ( ! ,son  ( ,god2 & !y t gladly   
receiv$ 8 doctr9e 7 baptiz$ &  add$ to !
 *ur*1 ,acts ii1 #cg-dc4 ,! effects     

produc$ on ! m9d (  ?is great ,apo/le ( 
! circumcision by ! resurrection ( 8    
div9e  ,ma/]1 & ! consequ5t effusion ( !
 ,holy ,_s1 7 evid5tly  ( ! mo/         
extraord9>y k9d1 & su* z x is impossible
 to acc\nt  = ^u natural pr9ciples4 ,he 
0 rais$ sup]ior to all  consid]ations ( 
p]sonal dang] & ! fe> ( man4 ,& ?\gh all
  ! ,apo/les c\ld n[ say1 ,god ha? n    
giv5 u ! _s ( fe>1  b ( p[]1 & ( love1 &
 ( a s\nd m9d20 yet an att5tive read]  (
 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les _c fail to p]ceive
 t ^u almo/  e occasion ( difficulty ,/4
 ,pet] is exhibit$ to our view z  /&+   
=emo/ 9 ! rank ( ,apo/les4 ,:5 ,/4 ,pet]
 & ,john 7  br\ght be=e ! c\ncil to be  
exam9$ conc]n+ ! miracle wr\ght  on !   
impot5t man1 ,/4 ,pet] spake4 ,x 0 ,/4  
,pet] :o que/ion$  ,ananias & ,sapphira 
ab\t ! price ( _! l&s2 &1 = _!  ly+ 9 t 
matt]1 puni%$ !m miracul\sly ) dea?4 ,x 
is  rem>kable1 also1 t al?\gh by ! h&s (
 ! ,apo/les _m signs  & wond]s 7 wr\ght1
 x 0 by ,/4 ,pet]'s %ad[ alone t !      
sick1 :o 7 laid 9 ! /reets ( ,j]usalem1 

7 heal$ z he  pass$ by4 ,la/ly3 ,x 0 ,/4
 ,pet] :o repli$ to ! c\ncil 9 !  "n ( !
 ,apo/les1 n obey+ _! comm& to prea* no 
m 9 !  "n ( ,jesus4    ,/4 ,pet]'s fame 
0 n[ become s great1 t ! bre?r5 (       
,joppa1  he>+ ( 8 be+ 9 ,lydda1 & ( 8   
hav+ cur$ ,eneas  miracul\sly ( a palsy1
 s5t1 desir+ him to come & re/ore a     
disciple to life1 nam$ ,tabi?a1 :i* he  
did4 ,dur+ 8 abode 9  ,joppa1 ! ,roman  
c5turion1 ,cornelius1 direct$ by an     
angel1 s5t =  him to come & prea* to    
him4 ,on t occasion ! ,holy ,gho/ fell  
on  ,cornelius & 8 company1 :ile ,/4    
,pet] spake4 ,/4 ,pet]1 by 8 zeal  &    
success 9 prea*+ ! ,gospel1 hav+        
attract$ ! notice ( !  inhabitants (    
,j]usalem1 ,h]od ,agrippa1 :o1 to please
 ! ,jews1 _h  kill$ ,/4 ,james1 ! bro!r 
( ,/4 ,john1 /ill f>!r to gratify  !m1  
ca/ ,/4 ,pet] into prison4 ,b an angel  
br\ght him out2 aft]  :i* he conceal$   
himself 9 ! city1 or 9 "s neighb\r+ t[n1
  till ,h]od's dea?1 :i* happ5$ ab\t !  
end ( ! ye>4 ,"s  le>n$ m5 ?9k ,/4 ,pet]

 at t "t w5t to ,antio* or to ,rome4 ,b 
if he _h gone to any celebrat$ city1 ,/4
 ,luke1 z ,l',enfant obs]ves1  w\ld     
probably h m5tion$ x4 ,beside1 we f9d   
him 9 ! c\ncil (  ,j]usalem1 :i* met n  
long aft] ?is to det]m9e ! fam\s  "q    
conc]n+ ! circumcision ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! 
c\ncil be+  end$1 ,/4 ,pet] w5t to      
,antio*1 :]e he gave great (f5ce1 by    
refus+ to eat ) ! conv]t$ ,g5tiles4 ,b  
,/4 ,paul )/ood him  to ! face1 rebuk+  
him be=e ! :ole *ur* = 8 pusillanimity  
& hypocrisy1 ,gal4 ii1 #aa-ba4    ,9 !  
,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 no m5tion is made ( 
,/4 ,pet] aft] !  c\ncil ( ,j]usalem4 ,b
 f ,gal4 ii1 #aa1 x appe>s t aft] t     
c\ncil he 0 ) ,/4 ,paul at ,antio*4 ,he 
is likewise m5tion$ by ,/4  ,paul1 #a   
,cor4 i1 #ab2 iii1 #bb4 ,x is g5]ally   
suppos$ t aft] ,/4  ,pet] 0 at ,antio* )
 ,/4 ,paul1 he return$ to ,j]usalem4    
,:at  happ5$ to him aft] t is n told 9 !
 ,scriptures4 ,b ,eusebius  in=ms u t   
,orig5 wrote to ?is purpose3 ,/4 ,pet]  
is suppos$ to  h prea*$ to ! ,jews ( !  

disp]sion 9 ,pontus1 ,galatia1          
,bi?ynia1 ,cappadocia1 & ,asia2 & at    
l5g?1 com+ to ,rome1 0  crucifi$ ) 8    
head d[nw>d4    ,we are indebt$ to ?is  
,apo/le = two epi/les1 :i* con/itute a  
valuable "p ( ! inspir$ writ+s4 ,! fir/ 
epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]  has always be5      
consid]$ z canonical2 & 9 pro( ( its    
g5u95ess  we may obs]ve t x is ref]r$ to
 by ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,h]mas1 &          
,polyc>p2 t1 we are assur$ by ,eusebius1
 t x 0 quot$ by  ,papias2 & t x is      
expressly m5tion$ by ,ir5u1 ,clem5t (   
,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 & mo/ ( !
 lat] fa!rs4 ,!  au?ority ( ! second    
epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet] 0 = "s "t disput$1  z
 we le>n f ,orig51 ,eusebius1 & ,j]om2 b
 s9ce ! f\r?  c5tury x has be5          
univ]sally receiv$1 except by ! ,syriac 
,*ri/ians4 ,x is address$ to ! same     
p]sons z ! =m] epi/le1  & ! design ( x 0
 to enc\rage !m to adh]e to ! g5u9e     
fai? & practice ( ! ,gospel4    ,,pe?or1
 a city ( ,mesopotamia1 ( :i* ! ,prophet
 ,balaam 0 a native4  ,! ,hebrews call  

?is city ,pe?ura4 ,ptolemy calls x      
,pa*ora2 &  ,eusebius1 ,pa?>a4 ,he      
places x 9 ! ,upp] ,mesopotamia4        
,,ph>aoh1 a common "n ( ! k+s ( ,egypt4 
,we meet ) x z e>ly  z ,g54 xii1 #ae4   
,josephus says1 t all ! k+s ( ,egypt1 f 
,m9u1 ! f\nd] ( ,memphis1 :o liv$ sev]al
 ages be=e ,abraham1  always _h ! "n (  
,ph>aoh1 d[n to ! "t ( ,solomon1 = m    
?an ?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,he     
adds1 t1 9 ! ,egyptian  language1 ! ^w  
,ph>aoh means k+1 & t ^! pr9ces did n   
assume ! "n until !y asc5d$ ! ?rone1 at 
:i* "t !y  quitt$ _! =m] "n4            
,,ph>isees1 a sect ( ! ,jews4 ,! e>lie/ 
m5tion ( !m is by  ,josephus1 :o tells u
 t !y 7 a sect ( consid]able weight :5  
,john ,hyrcanus 0 high prie/1 ,b4 ,c4   
#ajh4 ,!y 7 ! mo/ num]\s1  di/+ui%$1 &  
popul> sect among ! ,jews4 ,! "t :5 !y  
fir/  appe>$ is n kn[n1 b x is suppos$  
to h be5 n long aft]  ! in/itution ( !  
,sadducees1 if1 inde$ ! two sects did n 
gradually spr+ up toge!r4 ,!y d]iv$ _!  
"n f ! ,hebrew  ^w ph>a%1 :i* signifies 

sep>at$10 or set ap>t20 because !y      
sep>at$ !mselves f ! re/ ( ! ,jews to   
sup]ior /rictness 9  religi\s           
obs]vances4 ,!y boa/$ t1 f _! accurate k
  ( religion1 !y 7 ! fav\rites ( ,heav52
 & ?us1 tru/+ 9  !mselves t !y 7        
righte\s1 despis$ o!rs1 ,luke xi1 #eb2  
xviii1 #i1 #aa4 ,among ! t5ets inculcat$
 by ?is sect1 we may enum]ate  ! foll[+3
 namely1 !y ascrib$ all ?+s to fate or  
provid5ce2  yet n s absolutely z to take
 away ! free w ( man2 = fate  does n    
cop]ate 9 e action1 ,acts v1 #ch1 #ci4  
,!y also believ$  9 ! exi/5ce ( angels &
 spirits1 & 9 ! resurrection ( !  dead2 
,acts xxiii1 #h4 ,la/ly3 ! ,ph>isees    
cont5d$ t ,god /ood  engag$ to bless !  
,jews1 to make !m all p>tak]s ( !       
t]re/rial  k+dom ( ! ,messiah1 to ju/ify
 !m1 & make !m et]nally happy4  ,! cause
 ( _! ju/ification !y d]iv$ f ! m]its ( 
,abraham1 f _! k ( ,god1 f _! practis+ !
 rite (  circumcision1 & f ! sacrifices 
!y (f]$4 ,& z !y  conceiv$ works to be  
m]itori\s1 !y _h inv5t$ a great numb] ( 

sup]]ogatory ones1 to :i* !y atta*$     
great] m]it ?an to !  obs]vance ( ! law 
itself4 ,to ?is notion ,/4 ,paul has "s 
allusions  9 ^? p>ts ( 8 ,epi/le to !   
,romans1 9 :i* be combats !  errone\s   
suppositions ( ! ,jews1 ,rom4 i-xi4     
,! ,ph>isees 7 ! /ricte/ ( ! ?ree       
pr9cipal sects t  divid$ ! ,jewi%       
nation1 ,acts xxvi1 #e1 & affect$ a     
s+ul> probity  ( mann]s accord+ to _!   
sy/em2 :i*1 h[ev]1 01 = ! mo/  "p1 bo?  
lax & corrupt4 ,?us _m ?+s :i* ,moses _h
 tol]at$  9 civil life1 9 ord] to avoid 
a great] evil1 ! ,ph>isees  det]m9$ to  
be morally "r3 = in/ance1 ! law (       
divorce f a  wife = any cause1 ,matt4 v1
 #ca1 c2 xix1 #c-ab4 7,see ,divorce47   
,f>!r3 !y int]pret$ c]ta9 ( ! ,mosaic   
laws mo/ lit]ally1 &  di/ort$ _! mean+ s
 z to fav\r _! own selfi% sy/em4 ,?us1  
! law ( lov+ _! neighb\r1 !y exp\nd$    
solely ( ! love (  _! fri5ds1 t is1 ( ! 
:ole ,jewi% race2 all o!r p]sons  be+   
consid]$ by !m z natural enemies1 :om !y
 7 9 no  respect b\nd to assi/1 ,matt4  

v1 #dc2 ,luke x1 #ca-cc4 ,!y also trifl$
  ) oa?s4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has cit$ a    
/rik+ illu/ration ( ?is f  ,maimonides4 
,an oa?1 9 :i* ! "n ( ,god 0 n di/9ctly 
specifi$1 !y taught 0 n b9d+1 ,matt4 v1 
#cc2 ma9ta9+ t a  man might ev5 swe> ) 8
 lips1 & at ! same "t annul x 9 8  he>t6
 ,& yet s rigor\sly did !y und]/& !     
comm& (  obs]v+ ! ,sabba? day1 t !y     
acc\nt$ x unlawful to pluck e>s  ( corn1
 & heal ! sick1 c1 ,matt4 xii2 ,luke vi1
 #f1 c2 xiv4 ,_m  moral rules !y acc\nt$
 inf]ior to ! c]emonial laws1 to ! total
  neglect ( m]cy & fidelity1 ,matt4 v1  
#ai2 xv1 #d2 xxiii1 #bc4 ,h5ce !y       
acc\nt$ causeless ang] & impure desires 
z trifles ( no mom5t1  ,matt4 v1 #ba1   
#bb1 #bg-cj2 !y compass$ sea & l& to    
make proselytes  to ! ,jewi% religion f 
among ! ,g5tiles1 t !y might rule  ov]  
_! consci5ces & weal?2 & ^! proselytes1 
?r\gh !  influ5ce ( _! own sc&al\s      
examples & *>act]s1 !y soon  r5d]$ m    
pr(ligate & ab&on$ ?an ev] !y 7 be=e _! 
conv]sion1 ,matt4 xxiii1 #ae4 ,e/eem+   

temporal happ9ess & ri*es z  ! highe/   
good1 !y scrupl$ n to accumulate weal?  
by e means1  legal or illegal1 ,matt4 v1
 #a-ab2 xxiii1 #e2 ,luke xvi1 #ad2      
,james ii1 #a-h2  va9 & ambiti\s (      
popul> applause1 !y (f]$ up long pray]s 
9  public places1 b n )\t               
self-complac5cy 9 _! own hol9ess1       
,matt4 vi1 #b-e2 ,luke xviii1 #aa2 "u a 
sanctimoni\s appe>ance (  respect = !   
memories ( ! prophets :om _! ance/ors _h
 sla91  !y repair$ & beautifi$ _!       
sepul*res1 ,matt4 xxiii1 #bi2 & su*  0  
_! idea ( _! own sanctity1 t !y ?\ght   
!mselves  defil$ if !y b t\*$ or conv]s$
 ) s9n]s1 t is1 )  publicans or         
tax-ga!r]s1 & p]sons ( loose & irregul> 
lives1  ,luke vii1 #ci2 xv1 #a4    ,b1  
above all _! o!r t5ets1 ! ,ph>isees 7   
conspicu\s =  _! rev]5tial obs]vance ( !
 traditions or decrees ( ! eld]s3  ^!   
traditions1 !y pret5d$1 _h be5 h&$ d[n f
 ,moses  ?r\gh e g5]ation1 b 7 n        
committ$ to writ+2 & !y  7 n m]ely      
consid]$ z ( equal au?ority ) ! div9e   

law1  b ev5 pref]able to x4 ,! words ( !
 scribes10 said !y1 are  lovely above ! 
words ( ! law2 = ! words ( ! law are    
weighty  & light1 b ! words ( ! scribes 
are all weighty40 ,among !  traditions  
?us sanctimoni\sly obs]v$ by !          
,ph>isees1 we may  briefly notice !     
foll[+3 ! wa%+ ( h&s up to ! wri/  be=e 
& aft] meat1 ,mat!w xv1 #b2 ,m>k vii1   
#c2 :i* !y acc\nt$  n m]ely a religi\s  
duty1 b consid]$ its omission z a crime 
equal to =nication1 & puni%able by      
excommunication3 !  purification ( !    
cups1 vessels1 & c\*es us$ at _! meals  
by  ablutions or wa%+s1 ,m>k vii1 #d2 = 
:i* purpose ! six l>ge  wat] pots       
m5tion$ by ,/4 ,john1 ii1 #f1 7 de/9$3  
_! fa/+  twice a week ) great appe>ance 
( au/]ity1 ,luke xviii1 #ab2 ,matt4  vi1
 #af2 ?us conv]t+ t ex]cise into        
religion :i* is only a help  t[>d !     
p]=mance ( its hall[$ duties3 _!        
punctili\s paym5t  ( ti!s1              
7temple-(f]+s17 ev5 ( ! mo/ trifl+ ?+s1 
,luke  xviii1 #ab2 ,matt4 xxiii1 #bc4 ,&

 _! we>+ broad] phylact]ies &  l>g]     
fr+es to _! g>m5ts ?an ! re/ ( ! ,jews1 
,matt4 xxiii1  #e4 ,see ,,phylact]ies4  
,) all _! pret5sions to piety1 !        
,ph>isees ent]ta9$ ! mo/  sov]eign      
contempt = ! p2 :om1 be+ ignorant ( !   
law1 !y  pron\nc$ to be accurs$1 ,john  
vii1 #di4 ,yet su* 0 ! e/eem &  v5]ation
 9 :i* !y 7 held by ! populace1 t !y may
 almo/  be said to h giv5 :at direction 
!y pleas$ to public affairs2 &  h5ce !  
great m5 dread$ _! p[] & au?ority4 ,x is
  unque/ionable1 z ,mo%eim has well     
rem>k$1 t ! religion ( !  ,ph>isees 01 =
 ! mo/ "p1 f\nd$ 9 consummate hypocrisy2
 &  t1 at ! bottom1 !y 7 g5]ally !      
slaves ( e vici\s  appetite1 pr\d1      
arrogant1 & av>ici\s1 consult+ only !   
gratification ( _! lu/s1 ev5 at ! v     
mom5t :5 !y  pr(ess$ !mselves to be     
engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( _! ,mak]4 ,^!  odi\s
 features 9 ! "* ( ! ,ph>isees caus$ !m 
to be  repreh5d$ by our ,savi\r ) !     
utmo/ sev]ity1 ev5 m s ?an  !           
,sadducees2 :o1 al?\gh !y _h dep>t$     

widely f ! g5u9e  pr9ciples ( religion1 
yet did n impose on mank9d by a pret5d$ 
sanctity1 or devote !mselves ) insatiate
 gre$9ess to !  acquisition ( hon\rs &  
ri*es4 ,a few1 & a few only ( ! sect (  
! ,ph>isees 9 ^? times1 might be ( bett]
 "*1--m5 :o1  ?\gh self-righte\s &      
delud$ & bigot$1 7 n l ! re/1           
hypocritical4 ,( ?is numb] 0 ,saul (    
,t>sus2 b z a body _!  atta*m5t to      
traditions2 _! passionate expectation ( 
deliv]ance  f ! ,roman yoke by !        
,messiah1 & ! spl5d\r ( 8 civil  reign1 
_! pride1 & above all _! vices1         
suffici5tly acc\nt =  t unconqu]able    
unbelief :i* _h possess$ _! m9ds z to ! 
claims ( ,*ri/1 & _! resi/ance to !     
evid5ce ( 8 miracles4  ,! sect ( !      
,ph>isees 0 n ext+ui%$ by ! ru9 ( !     
,jewi%  commonweal?4 ,! great] "p ( !   
,jews are /ill ,ph>isees1 be+ z  mu*    
devot$ to traditions1 or ! oral law1 z  
_! ance/ors 74    ,,ph>p>4 ,see ,,abana4
    ,,phebe1 a deaconess ( ! port (     
,cor9?1 call$ ,c5*rea4 ,/4 ,paul _h  a  

p>ticul> e/eem = ?is holy woman2 &      
,!odoret ?9ks !  ,apo/le lodg$ at h]    
h\se = "s "t1 :ile he cont9u$ 9 or ne>  
,cor9?4 ,x is ?\ght %e c>ri$ ! epi/le to
 ,rome1 :i* he wrote  to ! *ur* ( t     
city1 9 :i* %e is s highly comm5d$1     
,rom4  xvi1 #a1 #b4 ,x is ?\ght t1 9    
quality ( deaconess1 %e 0 employ$  by ! 
*ur* 9 "s m9i/rations suitable to h] sex
 & condition2  z to visit & in/ruct !   
,*ri/ian wom51 & att5d !m 9 _!          
sickness1 & di/ribute alms to !m 9 _!   
necessities4    ,,ph5icia1 a prov9ce (  
,syria1 ! limits ( :i* h be5 diff]5tly  
repres5t$4 ,sometimes x has be5 def9$ z 
ext5d+ f nor? to  s\?1 f ,or?osia z f> z
 ,pelusium4 ,at o!r times its s\!rn     
limit is said to h be5 ,m\nt ,c>mel &   
,ptolemais4 ,x is c]ta9  t1 f ! conque/ 
( ,pale/9e by ! ,hebrews1 its limits 7  
n>r[1 conta9+ no "p ( ! c\ntry ( !      
,phili/9es1 :i*  occupi$ all ! coa/ f   
,m\nt ,c>mel along ! ,m$it]ranean1 z f> 
z ! bord]s ( ,egypt4 ,x _h also v little
 ext5t on ! l&  side1 because !         

,israelites1 :o possess$ all ,galilee1  
conf9$ x to  ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean    
,sea4 ,! *ief cities ( ,ph5icia 7       
,sidon1 ,tyre1 ,ptolemais1 ,ecdippe1    
,s>epta1 ,b]y!1 ,biblos1 ,tripoli1      
,or?osia1 ,simira1 ,aradus4 ,!y =m]ly _h
 possession ( "s cities 9  ,libanus3 &  
sometimes ! ,greek au?ors compreh5d all 
,judea "u !  "n ( ,ph5icia4 ,ph5icia may
 be consid]$ z ! bir?place (  comm]ce1  
if n also ( lett]s & ! arts4 ,x 0 a     
,ph5ician :o  introduc$ into ,greece ! k
 & ! use ( lett]s4 ,ph5ician  workm5    
built ! temple ( ,solomon2 ,ph5ician    
sailors navigat$ 8  %ips2 ,ph5ician     
pilots direct$ !m2 & be=e o!r nations _h
  v5tur$ to lose sight ( _! own %ores1  
colonies ( ,ph5icians 7  e/abli%$ 9 !   
mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 &     
,africa4 ,^!  e>ly advantages 7 ow+1    
d\btless1 9 "p to _! own  ent]pris+ "*1 
& 9 "p also to _! c5tral situation1  :i*
 enabl$ !m to draw into _! own n>r[     
t]ritory all !  comm]ce betwe5 ! ea/ & !
 we/4 ,bo*>t has lab\r$ to %[  t !y s5t 

colonies to almo/ all ! isles & coa/s ( 
!  ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 b ! mo/ fam\s (   
all _! colonies 0 t (  ,c>?age4         
,,philadelphia1 a city ( ,lydia1 9 ,asia
 ,m9or1 & "o ( ! sev5  *ur*es ( ,asia4  
,x d]iv$ its "n f ,attalus              
,philadelphus1 its  f\nd]2 & 0 seat$ on 
a bran* ( ,m\nt ,tmolus1 ab\t tw5ty-five
  miles s\?-ea/ ( ,s>dis1 & sev5ty1 9   
ne>ly ! same direction1  f ,smyrna4 ,x  
suff]$ greatly1 9 common ) all ?is "p ( 
,asia1  9 ! t]rible e>?quake dur+ !     
reign ( ,tib]ius1 & 9 !  sev5te5? ye> ( 
! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 reta9$ a 
bett] fate ?an mo/ ( its neighb\rs2 = "u
 ! "n ( ,alah%]1  or ! city ( ,god1 x is
 /ill a place ( "s repute1 *iefly       
support$ by trade1 x be+ 9 ! r\te ( !   
c>avans to ,smyrna4  ,among ! ,greek    
colonies & *ur*es ( ,asia10 says        
,gibbon1  ,philadelphia is /ill erect1 a
 column 9 a sc5e ( ru9s40 ,al?\gh  ?is  
city is n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,turks1 x 
has ab\t a ?\s&  ,*ri/ian inhabitants1  
*iefly ,greeks2 :o h five *ur*es ) a    

resid5t bi%op1 & inf]ior cl]gy4         
,,philemon 0 an inhabitant ( ,colosse2 &
 f ! mann] 9 :i* he  is address$ by ,/4 
,paul 9 8 epi/le to him1 x is probable t
 he  0 a p]son ( "s consid]ation 9 t    
city4 ,/4 ,paul seems to h  be5 ! means 
( conv]t+ him to ! belief ( ! ,gospel1  
,philemon  #ai4 ,he calls him 8         
fell[-lab\r]2 & f t expression "s h     
?\ght t he 0 bi%op or deacon ( ! *ur* at
 ,colosse2 b  o!rs h be5 ( op9ion1 t he 
0 only a private ,*ri/ian1 :o  _h %[n a 
zeal\s & active disposition 9 ! cause ( 
,*ri/ianity1  )\t hold+ any             
ecclesia/ical (fice4 ,we le>n f ?is     
epi/le  itself1 t x 0 writt5 :5 ,/4     
,paul 0 a prison]1 & :5 he  _h hope (   
soon recov]+ 8 lib]ty1 ,philemon #a1    
#bb2 & !nce we  conclude t x 0 writt5   
t[>d ! end ( 8 fir/ conf9em5t at  ,rome4
 ,?is epi/le has always be5 des]v$ly    
admir$ = ! delicacy  & address ) :i* x  
is writt52 & x places ,/4 ,paul's "*  9 
a v amiable po9t ( view4 ,he _h conv]t$ 
a fugitive slave to  ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 & 

he "h int]c$es ) 8 ma/] 9 ! mo/  e>ne/ &
 affectionate mann] = 8 p>don2 he speaks
 ( ,onesimus 9  t]ms calculat$ to s(t5  
,philemon's res5tm5t1 engages to make   
full  comp5sation = any injury :i* he   
might h su/a9$ f him1 &  conjures him to
 reconciliation & =giv5ess by ! n[      
ende>+  connection ( ,*ri/ian bro!rhood4
 ,see ,,onesimus4    ,,philip1 !        
,apo/le1 0 a native ( ,be?saida 9       
,galilee4 ,jesus ,*ri/  hav+ se5 him1   
said to him1 ,foll[ me10 ,john i1 #dc1  
#dd4 ,philip  foll[$ him2 he 0 pres5t at
 ! m>riage ( ,cana 9 ,galilee4 ,philip  
0 call$ at ! beg9n+ ( our ,savi\r's     
mission4 ,he is m5tion$1  ,luke vi1 #ac2
 ,matt4 x1 #c2 ,john vi1 #e-g4 ,"s      
,g5tiles hav+ a curiosity  to see       
,jesus1 a little be=e 8 passion1        
address$ !mselves to  ,philip1 ,john    
xii1 #ba1 #bb1 :o m5tion$ x to ,&rew1 & 
^! two to  ,*ri/4 ,at ! la/ supp]       
,philip desir$ ! ,savi\r to %[ !m !     
,fa!r1 ,john xiv1 #h-aj4 ,?is is all t  
we f9d conc]n+ ,philip 9  ! ,gospel4    

#b4 ,,philip1 ! second ( ! sev5 deacons1
 ,acts vi1 #e1 01 "s say1  ( ,cs>ea 9   
,pale/9e4 ,x is c]ta9 8 daught]s liv$ 9 
t city1  ,acts xxi1 #h1 #i4 ,aft] ! dea?
 ( ,/eph5 all ! ,*ri/ians1 except  !    
,apo/les1 hav+ left ,j]usalem1 & be+    
disp]s$ 9 sev]al  places1 ,philip w5t to
 prea* at ,seba/e or ,sam>ia1 :]e he    
p]=m$  sev]al miracles1 & conv]t$ _m    
p]sons1 ,acts viii1 #a-c1 c4 ,he        
baptiz$ !m2 b in=m$ ! ,apo/les at       
,j]usalem t ,sam>ia _h  receiv$ ! ^w (  
,god1 t !y might come & communicate !   
,holy  ,gho/ to !m4 ,pet] & ,john came  
?i!r = t purpose4 ,philip 01  probably1 
at ,sam>ia1 :5 an angel comm&$ him to g 
on ! road t  leads f ,j]usalem to old   
,gaza4 ,philip obey$1 & !re met ) an    
,e?iopian eunu*1 belong+ to ,c&ace1 que5
 ( ,e?iopia1 :om he  conv]t$ & baptiz$1 
,acts viii1 #bf4 ,be+ come out ( ! wat]1
 !  ,_s ( ! ,"l took away ,philip1 & !  
eunu* saw him no m4    ,,philippi1 "o ( 
! *ief cities ( ,mac$onia1 ly+ on !     
nor?-we/  ( ,neapolis1 & =m]ly call$    

,datum or ,datos1 b aft]w>d tak+  its "n
 f ,philip1 ! celebrat$ k+ ( ,mac$on1 by
 :om x 0  repair$ & beautifi$4 ,9       
process ( "t1 x became a ,roman colony4 
,x 0 ! fir/ place at :i* ,/4 ,paul      
prea*$ ! ,gospel ^u !  cont95t (        
,europe1 ,a4 ,d4 #ea4 ,he made _m       
conv]ts !re1 :o soon  aft]w>d gave /rong
 pro(s ( _! atta*m5t to him1 ,phil4 iv1 
#ae4  ,he 0 at ,philippi a second "t1 b 
no?+ :i* !n occurr$ is  record$4 ,!     
,philippian ,*ri/ians hav+ he>d ( ,/4   
,paul's  imprisonm5t at ,rome1 ) _!     
accu/om$ zeal1 s5t ,epaphroditus to     
assure him ( ! cont9uance ( _! reg>d1 & 
to (f] him a supply  ( money4 ,8 epi/le 
0 writt5 9 consequ5ce ( t act (         
k9dness2 & x is rem>kable = its /rong   
expressions ( affection4  ,z ! ,apo/le  
tells ! ,philippians t he hop$ to see !m
 %ortly1  ,phil4 ii1 #bd1 & !re are pla9
 intimations 9 ?is epi/le ( 8  hav+ be5 
"s "t at ,rome1 ,phil4 i1 #ab2 ii1 #bf1 
x is probable t  x 0 writt5 ,a4 ,d4 #fb1
 t[>d ! end ( 8 conf9em5t4    ,x is a   

/rong pro(10 says ,*ryso/om1 ( ! virtu\s
 conduct ( !  ,philippians1 t !y did n  
af=d ! ,apo/le a s+le subject (         
compla9t2 =1 9 ! :ole epi/le :i* he     
wrote to !m1 !re is  no?+ b exhortation 
& enc\ragem5t1 )\t ! mixture ( any      
c5sure :atev]40    ,,phili/im1 or       
,,phili/9es1 a p :o are commonly said to
 h  desc5d$ f ,casluhim1 ! son (        
,mizraim or ,mizr1 :o peopl$ ,egypt4  ,!
 ,phili/9es1 x is probable1 cont9u$ ) _!
 prog5itors 9  ,egypt until !y 7        
suffici5tly num]\s & p[]ful to /ret*    
!mselves along ! coa/ ( ,canaan2        
d\btless by driv+ out t  portion ( !    
family ( ,ham4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 ! "t (  
,abraham1 ! ,canaanites 7 9 possession (
 ! re/ ( ! l&1 to  :i* !y gave _! "n3 b 
! extreme s\? ( ,phili/ia1 or  ,pale/9e1
 0 ev5 !n possess$ by ! ,phili/9es1 ^:  
k+1  ,abimele*1 reign$ at ,g]>4 ,aft]   
?is1 9 ! "t ( ,jo%ua1 we f9d  _! c\ntry 
divid$ into five lord%ips or            
pr9cipalities2 namely1  ,gaza1 ,askelon1
 ,a%dod1 ,ga?1 & ,ekron2 giv+ sometimes 

also1 z x  appe>s1 ! title ( k+ to _!   
respective rul]s2 ,a*i% be+  t]m$ k+ (  
,ga?1 ,i ,sam4 xxi1 #aj4 ,! "t ( _! com+
 to  ,pale/9e is unkn[n2 b !y _h be5    
long 9 ,canaan :5 ,abraham came  ?i!r1 9
 ! ye> ( ! _w #bjhc4 ,! "n ,phili/9e is 
n  ,hebrew4 ,! ,septuag9t g5]ally       
translate x 1 /rang]s4  ,! ,pele?ites & 
,*]e?ites 7 also ,phili/9es2 & !        
,septuag9t  sometimes translate ,*]e?im1
 1 ,cretes4 ,!y 7 n ( !  curs$ se$ (    
,canaan4 ,h[ev]1 ,jo%ua did n =be> to   
give _!  l& to ! ,hebrews1 & to attack  
!m by comm& f ! ,"l1  because !y        
possess$ a c\ntry promis$ to ,israel4 ,b
 ^! conque/s  ( ,jo%ua mu/ h be5 ill    
ma9ta9$1 s9ce1 "u ! ,judges1 "u  ,saul1 
& at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,david1 ! 
,phili/9es  _h _! k+s1 & _! lords1 :om  
!y call$ ,saz5im2 s9ce _!  /ate 0 divid$
 into five little k+doms1 or satrapies2 
& s9ce  !y oppress$ ! ,israelites dur+ !
 gov]nm5t ( ! high prie/  ,eli1 & (     
,samuel1 & dur+ ! reign ( ,saul1 = ab\t 
a hundr$  & tw5ty ye>s1 f ,a4 ,m4 #bhdh 

to ,a4 ,m4 #bifj4 ,true x is1 t  ,%amg>1
 ,samson1 ,samuel1 & ,saul1 oppos$ !m1 &
 kill$ "s (  _! p1 b did n r$uce _! p[]4
 ,!y cont9u$ indep5d5t  till ! "t (     
,david1 :o subdu$ !m1 #b ,sam4 v1 #ag2  
viii1 #a1 #b1 c4    ,!y cont9u$ 9       
subjection to ! k+s ( ,judah d[n to !   
reign (  ,jehoram1 son ( ,jeho%aphat1   
ab\t two hundr$ & =ty-six ye>s1 :5  !y  
revolt$ f ,jehoram1 #b ,*ron4 xxi1 #af4 
,jehoram made w> aga9/  !m1 & probably  
r$uc$ !m to 8 ob$i5ce aga92 because x is
  obs]v$ 9 ,scripture1 t !y revolt$ aga9
 f ,uzziah1 :o kept  !m to _! duty dur+ 
8 :ole reign1 #b ,*ron4 xxvi1 #f1 #g4   
,uzziah  began to reign ,a4 ,m4 #caid4  
,dur+ ! un=tunate reign ( ,ahaz1 !      
,phili/9es made great havoc 9 ! t]ritory
 ( ,judah2 b 8 son &  successor         
,hezekiah subdu$ !m aga91 #b ,*ron4     
xxviii1 #ah2 #b ,k+s  xviii1 #h4 ,la/ly1
 !y rega9$ _! full lib]ty "u ! lat] k+s 
( ,judah2 & we may see1 by ! m5aces made
 aga9/ !m by !  ,prophets ,isaiah1      
,amos1 ,zephaniah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel1

 t !y  br\ght a ?\s& h>d%ips &          
calamities on ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1  = :i*
 ,god ?reat5$ to puni% !m ) great       
mis=tunes4    ,es>-haddon1 successor to 
,s5na*]ib1 besieg$ ,a%dod1 or ,azo?1 &  
took x by ! arms ( 8 g5]al1 ,?a/han1 or 
,t>tan4 ,psammeti*us1  k+ ( ,egypt1 took
 ! same city aft] a siege ( tw5ty-n9e   
ye>s1  accord+ to ,h]odotus4 ,dur+ !    
siege ( ,tyre1 :i* held out  ?irte5     
ye>s1 ,nebu*adnezz> us$ "p ( 8 army to  
subdue !  ,ammonites1 ! ,moabites1 !    
,egyptians1 & o!r nations bord]+ on  !  
,jews4 ,!re is great probability t !    
,phili/9es c\ld n  )/& him1 b 7 r$uc$ to
 8 ob$i5ce1 z well z ! o!r  p ( ,syria1 
,ph5icia1 & ,pale/9e4 ,aft]w>d !y fell  
"u !  dom9ion ( ! ,p]sians2 !n "u t (   
,alex&] ! ,great1 :o  de/roy$ ! city (  
,gaza1 ! only city ( ! ,ph5icians t d>$ 
to oppose him4 ,aft] ! p]secution (     
,antio*us ,epiphanes1 !  ,asmoneans took
 by degrees sev]al cities f ! c\ntry ( !
  ,phili/9es1 :i* !y subject$4 ,tryphon1
 reg5t ( ! k+dom (  ,syria1 gave to     

,jona?an1 ! ,asmonean1 ! gov]nm5t ( !   
:ole coa/  ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 f ,tyre to 
,egypt2 consequ5tly1 all ! c\ntry  ( !  
,phili/9es4    ,! l& ( ! ,phili/9es     
bord]$ on ! we/ & s\?-we/ (  ,judea1 &  
lies on ! s\?-ea/ po9t ( ! ,m$it]ranean 
,sea4 ,!  c\ntry to ! nor? ( ,gaza is v 
f]tile2 &1 long aft] !  ,*ri/ian era1 x 
possess$ a v num]\s population1 &       
/rongly  =tifi$ cities4 ,no human       
probability1 says ,kei?1 c\ld h exi/$1  
9 ! "t ( ! prophets1 or at a mu* m rec5t
 date1 ( its  ev5tual desolation4 ,b x  
has beli$1 = _m ages1 e promise  :i* !  
f]tility ( its soil1 & ! excell5ce bo? (
 its climate  & situation1 gave = _m    
prec$+ c5turies ( its p]man5cy z a  ri* 
& well cultivat$ region4 ,& ! voice (   
prophecy1 :i* 0  n sil5t respect+ x1    
proclaim$ ! fate t await$ x1 9 t]ms  z  
contradictory1 at ! "t1 to e natural    
sugge/ion1 z !y are  descriptive ( :at  
,phili/ia n[ actually is4 ,i w /ret* out
 my  h& ^u ! ,phili/9es1 & de/roy !     
remnant ( ! sea coa/s10  ,ezek4 xxv1    

#af4 ,baldness is come ^u ,gaza2        
,a%kelon is cut (f ) !  remnant ( _!    
valley10 ,j]4 xlvii1 #e4 ,?us sai? !    
,"l1 ,= ?ree  transgressions ( ,gaza1 & 
= f\r1 ,i w n turn away !  puni%m5t     
!re(4 ,i w s5d a fire ^u ! wall ( ,gaza1
 :i*  %all dev\r ! palaces !re(4 ,& ,i w
 cut (f ! inhabitant f  ,a%dod1 & him t 
holde? ! sceptre f ,a%kelon2 & ,i w turn
  my h& aga9/ ,ekron2 & ! remnant ( !   
,phili/9es %all p]i%1  sai? ! ,"l ,god10
 ,amos i1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,= ,a%kelon %all  
be a  desolation20 x %all be cut (f ) ! 
remnant ( ! valley2 &  ,ekron %all be   
root$ up4--,o ,canaan1 ! l& ( !         
,phili/9es1 ,i w  ev5 de/roy !e1 t !re  
%all be no inhabitant2 & ! sea coa/     
%all be dwell+s & cottages = %eph]ds1 & 
folds = flocks10  ,zeph4 ii1 #d1 #e1 #f4
 ,! k+ %all p]i% f ,gaza1 & ,a%kelon    
%all  n be inhabit$10 ,ze*4 ix1 #e4     
,! l& ( ! ,phili/9es 0 to be de/roy$4 ,x
 p>takes ( !  g5]al desolation common to
 x ) ,judea & o!r neighb\r+  /ates4     
,:ile ru9s are to be f\nd 9 all ,syria1 

!y are p>ticul>ly  abundant along ! sea 
coa/1 :i* =m$1 on ! s\?1 ! realm (  !   
,phili/9es4 ,b its aspect pres5ts "s    
exi/+ peculi>ities1  :i* travell]s fail 
n to p>ticul>ize1 & :i*1 9 ref]5ce bo?  
to ! /ate ( ! c\ntry & ! fate ( its     
diff]5t cities1 !  prophets fail$ n to  
discrim9ate z ju/ly z if _! description 
_h be5 drawn bo? ) all ! accuracy :i*   
ocul> obs]vation1 &  all ! c]ta9ty :i*  
au!nticat$ hi/ory1 c\ld give4 ,volney1  
7?\gh1 l "o :o 9 anci5t times 0         
in/rum5tal to !  fulfilm5t ( a special  
pr$iction1 he meant n s1 nei!r did 8    
he>t ?9k s107 f ! mann] 9 :i* he        
g5]alizes 8  obs]vations1 & m>ks !      
peculi> features ( ! diff]5t di/ricts  (
 ,syria1 ) great] acut5ess & p]spicuity 
?an any o!r  travell] :atev]1 is ! ev]  
ready purveyor ( evid5ce 9 all !  cases 
:i* came )9 ! range ( 8 topographical   
description (  ! wide field ( prophecy3 
:ile1 at ! same "t1 f 8 kn[n1  op51 &   
zeal\s ho/ility to ! ,*ri/ian cause1 8  
te/imony is  alike decisive &           

unque/ionable3 & ! v9dication ( ! tru? (
  ! foll[+ pr$ictions may safely be     
committ$ to ?is r$\bt$  *ampion (       
infidelity4 ,9 ! pla9 betwe5 ,ramla &   
,gaza10 ! v  pla9 ( ! ,phili/9es along !
 sea coa/1 we met ) a numb] (  villages 
badly built1 ( dri$ mud1 & :i*1 l !     
inhabitants1  exhibit e m>k ( pov]ty &  
wret*$ness4 ,! h\ses1 on a ne>]  view1  
are only s _m huts1 7cottages17         
sometimes deta*$1 at o!rs  rang$ 9 ! =m 
( cells1 ar\nd a c\rt y>d1 enclos$ by a 
mud  wall4 ,9 w9t]1 !y & _! cattle may  
be said to live toge!r2 !  "p ( ! dwell+
 allott$ to !mselves be+ only rais$ two 
feet  above t 9 :i* !y lodge _!         
bea/s30--8dwell+s & cottages  = %eph]ds1
 & folds = flocks40--8,except ! environs
 ( ^!  villages1 all ! re/ ( ! c\ntry is
 a des]t1 & ab&on$ to !  ,b$\9 ,arabs1  
:o fe$ _! flocks on x40--,?us accompli%+
 !  words ( prophecy1 ,! remnant %all   
p]i%2 ! l& ( ! ,phili/9es  %all be      
de/roy$1 t !re %all be no inhabitant2 & 
! sea coa/  %all be dwell+s & cottages =

 %eph]ds1 & folds = flocks40  8,! ru9s (
 :ite m>ble1 sometimes f\nd at ,gaza1   
prove t x 0  =m]ly ! abode ( luxury &   
opul5ce4 ,x has %>$ 9 ! g5]al           
de/ruction2 &1 not)/&+ its pr\d title ( 
! capital (  ,pale/9e1 x is n[ no m ?an 
a def5celess village10 7baldness has    
come ^u x17 peopl$ by1 at mo/1 only two 
?\s& inhabitants40--8,x  is =sak510 says
 ! prophet1 & b]eav$ ( its k+40 8,! sea 
coa/1 by :i* x 0 =m]ly wa%$1 is e day   
remov+ f>!r  f ! des]t$ ru9s (          
,a%kelon40 ,amid/ ! v>i\s successive    
ru9s1 ^? ( ,edz\d10 ,a%dod1 s p[]ful "u 
! ,phili/9es1 are  n[ rem>kable = _!    
scorpions40--,"h aga9 we are rem9d$ ( ! 
words ( inspiration3 ,! inhabitants %all
 be cut (f f ,a%dod40    ,?us ,volney   
becomes an unconsci\s comm5tator ^u     
prophecy4 ,b let u  he> a ,*ri/ian      
travell]4 ,a%kelon10 says ,ri*>dson1 80 
"o ( !  pr\de/ satrapies ( ! lords ( !  
,phili/9es3 n[ !re is n an  inhabitant  
)9 its walls2 & ! prophecy ( ,ze*>iah is
 fulfill$3  #8,! k+ %all p]i% f ,gaza1 &

 ,a%kelon %all n be inhabit$4'  ,:5 !   
prophecy 0 utt]$1 bo? cities 7 9 an     
equally  fl\ri%+ condition2 & no?+ b !  
presci5ce ( ,heav5 c\ld  pron\nce on :i*
 ( ! two1 & 9 :at mann]1 ! vial ( its   
wra?  %\ld be p\r$ out4 ,gaza is truly  
)\t a k+4 ,! l(ty t[]s (  ,a%kelon lie  
scatt]$ on ! gr\nd1 & ! ru9s )9 its     
walls d  n %elt] a human be+4 ,h[ is !  
wra? ( man made to praise 8  ,creator6  
,ha? he n said1 & %all he n d x8 ,!     
oracle 0  deliv]$ by ! m\? ( ! prophet m
 ?an five hundr$ ye>s  be=e ! ,*ri/ian  
era1 & we beheld its accompli%m5t       
eighte5  hundr$ ye>s aft] t ev5t40 ,!re 
is yet ano!r city :i* 0  not$ by !      
prophets1 ! v want ( any in=mation      
respect+  :i*1 & ! abs5ce ( its "n f    
sev]al mod]n maps (  ,pale/9e1 :ile !   
sites ( o!r ru9$ cities are m>k$1 are   
really  ! be/ confirmation ( ! tru? ( ! 
prophecy t c\ld possibly  be giv54      
,ekron %all be root$ up40 ,x is root$   
up4 ,x 0 "o ( !  *ief cities ( !        
,phili/9es2 b1 ?\gh ,gaza /ill subsi/s1 

&  :ile ,a%kelon & ,a%dod reta9 _! names
 9 _! ru9s1 ! v  "n ( ,ekron is miss+4  
,,philosophy1 9 g5]al1 is def9$1 ! k &  
/udy ( nature  & morality1 f\nd$ on     
reason & exp]i5ce40 ,philosophy owes its
  "n to ! mode/y ( ,py?agoras1 :o refus$
 ! high title ( 1  wise1 giv5 to 8      
pr$ecessors1 ,?ales1 ,ph]ecydes1 c1 z   
too  assum+2 & cont5t$ himself ) !      
simple appellation (  1 quasi   1 a     
fri5d or lov] ( wisdom3  b ,*auv9 r     
*ooses to d]ive ! "n f 1 desire to      
/udy1 & 1 /udium sapi5ti2 & says t      
,py?agoras1  conceiv+ t ! application ( 
! human m9d ought r to be  call$ /udy   
?an sci5ce1 set aside ! appellation (   
wise1 &1 9  lieu !re(1 took t (         
philosoph]4    ,a k ( ! animal1         
vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms1 or !  sci5ce 
( natural hi/ory1 0 always an object (  
int]e/4 ,we are  in=m$ t ,solomon       
himself _h giv5 a description ( ! animal
 &  vegetable k+doms1 #a ,k+s iv1 #cc4  
,traces ( philosophy1 /rictly s  call$1 
t is1 ! sy/em ( prevail+ moral op9ions1 

may be f\nd  9 ! book ( ,job1 9 !       
?irty-sev5?1 ?irty-n9?1 &  sev5ty-?ird  
,psalms2 also 9 ! books ( ,prov]bs &    
,ecclesia/es1  b *iefly 9 ! apocryphal  
book ( ,wisdom1 & ! writ+s ( !  son (   
,sira*4 ,dur+ ! captivity1 ! ,jews      
acquir$ _m new notions1  p>ticul>ly f ! 
,mahe/ani1 & appropriat$ !m1 z occasion 
(f]$1 to _! own purposes4 ,!y at l5g?   
became acqua9t$ )  ! philosophy ( !     
,greeks1 :i* makes its appe>ance        
abundantly 9  ! book ( ,wisdom4 ,aft] ! 
captivity1 ! language 9 :i* !  sacr$    
books 7 writt5 0 no long] v]nacul>4     
,h5ce arose ! ne$  ( an int]pret] on !  
sabbatic ye>1 a "t :5 ! :ole law 0      
read1 & also on ! ,sabba? 9 !           
synagogues1 :i* "s ?9k _h  be5 rec5tly  
erect$1 9 ord] to make ! p und]/& :at 0 
read4 ,^! int]pret]s le>n$ ! ,hebrew    
language at ! s*ools4 ,!  tea*]s ( ^!   
s*ools1 :o1 = ! two g5]ations prec$+ !  
"t ( ,*ri/1 _h ma9ta9$ "s acqua9tance ) 
! ,greek  philosophy1 7 n satisfi$ ) a  
simple int]pretation ( !  ,hebrew idiom1

 z x /ood1 b %ap$ ! int]pretation s z to
 r5d]  x con=mable to _! philosophy4    
,?us arose cont5tions1 :i* gave         
occasion = ! v>i\s sects ( ,ph>isees1   
,sadducees1 & ,ess5es4 ,9  ! "t ( our   
,savi\r1 divisions _h aris5 among !     
,ph>isees  !mselves4 ,no less ?an       
eighte5 nice que/ions1 if we may believe
 !  ,jewi% rabb9s1 7 conte/$ at t p]iod 
betwe5 ! s*ools (  ,hillel & ,%ammai2 "o
 ( :i* que/ions 0 an inquiry1 :at cause 
0 suffici5t = a bill ( divorce4 ,if !   
,%ammai & ,hillel ( !  ,talmud are !    
same ) ! le>n$ m5 m5tion$ 9 ,josephus1  
namely1  ,sameas & ,pollio1 :o fl\ri%$  
?irty-f\r ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 !n  ,%ammai  
or ,sameas is und\bt$ly ! same ) !      
,simeon :o is  m5tion$1 ,luke ii1       
#be-ce2 & 8 son ,gamaliel1 s celebrat$ 9
 !  ,talmud1 is ! same ) ! ,gamaliel    
m5tion$1 ,acts v1 #cd2 xxii1 #c4        
,anci5tly1 le>n$ m5 7 d5om9at$ among !  
,hebrews 1 z  among ! ,greeks !y 7 call$
 1 wise m54 ,9 ! "t (  ,*ri/1 ! common  
appellative = m5 ( t description 0  1 9 

! ,hebrew 1 a scribe4 ,!y 7 address$ by 
!  honor>y title ( rabbi1 1 great10 or  
ma/]40 ,! ,jews1 9  imitation ( !       
,greeks1 _h _! sev5 wise m51 :o 7 call$ 
rabboni4 ,gamaliel 0 "o ( ! numb]4 ,!y  
call$ !mselves !  *ildr5 ( wisdom2      
expressions :i* correspond v ne>ly to ! 
,greek 1 ,mat!w xi1 #ai2 ,luke vii1 #ce4
 ,! heads ( sects 7  call$ fa!rs20 !    
disciples 7 d5om9at$ sons10 or *ildr510 
,matt4 xii1 #bg2 xxiii1 #a-i4 ,! ,jewi% 
tea*]s1 at lea/ "s ( !m1  _h private    
lecture rooms2 b !y also taught &       
disput$ 9  synagogues1 9 temples1 &1 9  
fact1 :]ev] !y c\ld f9d an  audi5ce4 ,! 
me?od ( ^! tea*]s 0 ! same ) t :i*      
prevail$ among ! ,greeks4 ,any disciple 
:o *ose might propose  que/ions1 ^u :i* 
x 0 ! duty ( ! tea*]s to rem>k & give   
_! op9ions1 ,luke ii1 #df4 ,! tea*]s 7 n
 inve/$ ) _!  functions by any =mal act 
( ! *ur*1 or ( ! civil au?ority3  !y 7  
self-con/itut$4 ,!y receiv$ no o!r sal>y
 ?an "s  volunt>y pres5t f ! disciples1 
:i* 0 call$ an honor>y10  1 honor>ium1  

#a ,tim4 v1 #ag4 ,!y acquir$ a          
subsi/5ce1 9 !  ma91 by ! ex]cise ( "s  
art or h&icraft4 ,t !y took a high]     
seat ?an _! auditors1 al?\gh x 0        
probably ! case1 does n  foll[1 z is    
sometimes suppos$1 f ,luke ii1 #df4     
,accord+ to !  ,talmudi/s1 !y 7 b\nd to 
hold no conv]sation ) wom51 & to  refuse
 to sit at table ) ! l[] class ( p1     
,matt4 ix1 #aa2  ,john iv1 #bg4 ,!      
subjects on :i* !y taught 7 num]\s1     
commonly  intricate1 & ( no great       
consequ5ce2 ( :i* !re are abundant      
examples 9 ! ,talmud4    ,/4 ,paul bids 
! ,colossians bew>e le/ any man %\ld    
spoil !m  ?r\gh philosophy & va9        
deceit20 t is1 a va9 & deceitful        
philosophy1 su* z 0 popul> 9 t day1 & _h
 be5 comp\nd$ out  ( all prec$+ sy/ems1 
,grecian & ori5tal4 ,an explanation (   
?is  philosophy is giv5 "u ,,gno/ics1 & 
,,cabbala4    ,on ^! anci5t sy/ems (    
pret5d$ wisdom1 ,dr4 ,burton ju/ly      
rem>ks3  8,philosophy is inde$ ! noble/ 
/ret* ( intellect :i* ,god has  v\*saf$ 

to man2 & x is only :5 man =gets t he   
receiv$ 8  reason+ p[]s f ,god1 t he is 
9 dang] ( los+ himself 9  d>kness :5 he 
s\ght = light4 ,to measure t :i* is     
inf9ite1 is  z impossible 9 metaphysics 
z 9 physics4 ,if x _h n be5 =           
revelation1 we %\ld h kn[n no m ( !     
,deity ?an ! ,hea!n  philosoph]s knew   
be=e3 & to :at did _! k am\nt8 ,!y  felt
 ! necessity ( a ,fir/ ,cause1 & !y saw 
t t ,cause mu/  be intr9sically good2 b 
:5 !y came to sy/ems1 !y nev] w5t  f>!r 
?an ! po9t f :i* !y fir/ set out1 t evil
 is n  good1 & good is n evil4 ,!       
,gno/ics ?\ght to secure ! triumph  ( _!
 s*eme by veil+ its weak] po9ts 9 my/]y1
 & by  borr[+ a "p f almo/ e sy/em4 ,b  
popul>1 & ev5  successful1 z ?is attempt
 may h be51 we may say ) tru?1 t  !     
s*eme :i* flatt]$ ! vanity ( human      
wisdom1 & :i* /rove  to conciliate all  
op9ions1 has di$ away1 & is =gott52 :ile
 !  ,gospel1 ! unpresum+1 ! uncompromis+
 doctr9e ( ! ,gospel1  aid$ by no human 
wisdom1 & address+ itself n m]ely to !  

head1  b to ! he>t1 has triumph$ ov] all
 sy/ems & all philosoph]s2  & /ill leads
 its foll[]s to t true k :i* "s h       
endeav\r$ to tea* #8aft] ! tradition (  
m51 aft] ! rudim5ts (  ! _w1 & n aft]   
,*ri/4'0    ,,ph9ehas1 son ( ,eleaz>1 & 
gr&son ( ,a>on1 ?ird high prie/ (  !    
,jews1 ,a4 ,m4 #bega to ab\t ,a4 ,m4    
#beij1 ,b4 ,c4 #adad4 ,he is p>ticul>ly 
comm5d$ 9 ,scripture = zeal 9 v9dicat+ !
 glory ( ,god1 :5  ! ,midianites _h s5t 
_! daught]s into ! camp ( ,israel1 to   
tempt ! ,hebrews to =nication &         
idolatry1 ,num4 xxv1 #g4 ,on ?is  acc\nt
 ! ,"l promis$ ! prie/hood to ,ph9ehas  
by p]petual  cov5ant2 evid5tly includ+  
?is tacit condition1 t 8 *ildr5  %\ld   
cont9ue fai?ful & ob$i5t3 = we "k !     
prie/hood pass$  out ( ! family (       
,eleaz> & ,ph9ehas to t ( ,i?am>1 & t  x
 return$ n to ! po/]ity ( ,eleaz> until 
aft] ab\t a hundr$  & fifty ye>s4       
,,phut or ,,put1 ! po/]ity ( ,phut1 !   
son ( ,ham1 ,g54 x1 #f4 ,calmet is  (   
op9ion t ,phut1 ! ?ird son ( ,ham1      

peopl$ ei!r ! canton (  ,phtemphu1      
,phtemphti1 ,phtembuti1 ( ,pl9y &       
,ptolemy1 ^: capital 0  ,?>a1 9 ,l[]    
,egypt1 incl9+ t[>d ,libya2 or ! canton 
call$  ,pht5otes1 ( :i* ,bu?as 0 !      
capital4 ,! prophets (t5 speak (  ,phut4
 ,9 ! "t ( ,j]emiah1 xlvi1 #i1 ,phut 0  
"u ! ob$i5ce (  ,ne*o1 k+ ( ,egypt4     
,nahum1 iii1 #i1 reckons ?is p 9 ! numb]
  ( ^? :o ought to come to ! assi/ance (
 ,no-,ammon1 or ,diospolis4             
,,phylact]ies1 call$ by ! ,jews 1 are   
little scrolls ( p>*m5t1  9 :i* are     
writt5 c]ta9 s5t5ces ( ! law1 enclos$ 9 
lea!r  cases1 & b\nd ) ?ongs on ! =ehead
 & on ! left arm4 ,!y  are call$ 9      
,greek 1 f 1 cu/odio1 ei!r because  !y 7
 suppos$ to pres]ve ! law 9 memory1 or r
 because !y  7 look$ ^u z a k9d (       
amulets or *>ms to keep !m f  dang]4 ,! 
mak+ & we>+ ^! phylact]ies1 z ! ,jews   
/ill d  9 _! private devotions1 is ow+  
to a mis9t]pretation ( ^?  texts1 on :i*
 !y gr\nd ! practice1 namely1 ,god's    
comm&+ !m  to b9d ! law = a sign on _!  

h&s1 & to let x be z frontlets  betwe5  
_! eyes10 c1 ,deut4 vi1 #h4 ,! comm&    
ought d\btless to be  und]/ood          
metaphorically1 z a *>ge to rememb] x1  
to m$itate ^u  x1 to h x z x 7          
cont9ually be=e _! eyes1 & to conduct   
_! lives by x2 z :5 ,solomon says1      
conc]n+ ! comm&m5ts (  ,god 9 g5]al1    
,b9d !m ab\t ?y neck1 write !m ^u !     
table (  ?y he>t10 ,prov4 iii1 #a1 #c2  
vi1 #ba4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,jews und]/&+ !      
precept lit]ally1 wrote out ! sev]al    
passages :]ev] x occurs1  & to :i* x    
seems to ref]1 & b\nd !m ^u _! =eheads &
  ^u _! arms4 ,x seems ! ,ph>isees us$  
to make broad _!  phylact]ies40 ,?is "s 
und]/& ( ! knots ( ! ?ongs by :i*  !y 7 
fa/5$1 :i* 7 ti$ v artificially 9 ! =m (
  ,hebrew lett]s2 & t ! pride ( !       
,ph>isees induc$ !m to h  ^! knots l>g] 
?an ord9>y1 z a peculi> ornam5t4 ,!     
,ph>isees  are f>!r said to enl>ge !    
bord]s ( _! g>m5ts10     1 ,matt4 xxiii1
 #e4 ,^!  7 ! 1 ! fr+es  :i* ! ,jews are
 comm&$ to we> ^u ! bord]s ( _! g>m5ts1 

,num4 xv1 #ch1 #ci4 ,! ,t>gum ( ,onkelos
 calls !m 1 :i* has s  ne> an aff9ity ) 
! ,greek ^w 1 t !re is no d\bt  b x     
signifies ! same ?+2 :i* is1 !re=e1 an  
evid5ce t  !  7 ! 4 ,^! 7 worn by our   
,savi\r1 z appe>s  f ! foll[+ passage3  
,behold1 a woman1 :i* 0 diseas$ ) an    
issue ( blood twelve ye>s1 came beh9d   
him1 & t\*$ ! hem ( 8  g>m5t10   1      
,matt4 ix1 #bj4 ,aga93 ! inhabitants (  
,g5nes>et are said to h br\ght unto him 
_! diseas$1 & to h  bes\ght him1 t !y   
might only t\* ! hem ( 8 g>m5t10    1   
,matt4 xiv1 #cf4    is1 9 bo?  ^!       
passages1 v improp]ly translat$ ! hem ( 
8 g>m5t40 ,x  %\ld h be5 r5d]$ ! fr+e40 
,! ,ph>isees are c5sur$ by our  ,savi\r 
= enl>g+ ^! fr+es ( _! g>m5ts1 :i* we   
may  suppose !y did p>tly f pride1 &    
p>tly f hypocrisy1 z  pret5d+ !reby an  
extraord9>y reg>d = ! precepts ( ! law4 
,x is report$ by ,j]om1 z quot$ by      
,godw91 t !y us$ to h  fr+es            
extravagantly long2 /ick+ ?orns 9 !m1 t1
 by prick+  _! legs z !y walk$1 !y might

 put !m 9 m9d ( ! law4 ,see             
,,frontlets4    ,,pieti/s1 ,,prote/ant1 
a d5om9ation 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i*   
ow$ its orig9 to ! pi\s & le>n$ ,sp5]10 
z ,dr4 ,mo%eim calls  him1 :o =m$       
private devotional societies at         
,frank=t1 9 ord] to  cultivate vital &  
practical religion2 & publi%$ a book    
entitl$  ,pi\s ,desires10 :i* greatly   
promot$ ?is object4 ,8 foll[]s laid  x  
d[n z an ess5tial maxim1 t none %\ld be 
admitt$ into !  m9i/ry b ^? :o n only _h
 receiv$ a prop] education1 b  7 also   
di/+ui%$ by _! wisdom & sanctity (      
mann]s1 & _h  he>ts fill$ ) div9e love4 
,h5ce !y propos$ an alt]ation 9 !       
s*ools ( div9ity1 :i* embrac$ ! foll[+  
po9ts3 #a4 ,t !  s*ola/ic !ology1 :i*   
reign$ 9 ! academies1 & 0 compos$ (     
intricate & disputable doctr9es1 &      
obscure & unusual =ms (  expression1    
%\ld be totally aboli%$4 #b4 ,t         
polemical div9ity1  :i* compreh5d$ !    
controv]sies subsi/+ betwe5 ,*ri/ians ( 
diff]5t communions1 %\ld be less eag]ly 

/udi$1 & less  frequ5tly treat$1 ?\gh n 
entirely neglect$4 #c4 ,t all mixture  (
 philosophy & human sci5ce ) div9e      
wisdom1 0 to be mo/  c>efully avoid$2 t 
is1 t ,pagan philosophy & classical     
le>n+  %\ld be kept di/9ct f1 & by no   
means sup]s$e1 ,biblical  !ology4 ,b1   
#d4 ,t1 on ! contr>y1 all ^? /ud5ts1 :o 
7  design$ = ! m9i/ry1 %\ld be accu/om$ 
f _! e>ly y\?  to ! p]usal & /udy ( !   
,holy ,scriptures1 & be taught a pla9   
sy/em ( !ology1 drawn f ^! un]r+ s\rces 
( tru?4 #e4 ,t  ! :ole c\rse ( _!       
education 0 to be s direct$ z to r5d]   
!m useful 9 life1 by ! practical p[] (  
_! doctr9e1 & !  comm&+ influ5ce ( _!   
example4 ,su*1 9 sub/ance1 is ,mo%eim's 
acc\nt ( ! m$itat$ re=ms 9 ! public     
s*ools4 ,b x 0 n  int5d$ to conf9e ^!   
re=ms to /ud5ts & ! cl]gy4 ,religi\s    
p]sons ( e class & rank 7 enc\rag$ to   
meet 9 :at 7  call$ ,biblical colleges1 
or colleges ( piety1 7we might call !m  
pray] meet+s17 :]e "s ex]cis$ 9 read+ ! 
,scriptures1  s++1 & pray]1 & o!rs      

engag$ 9 ! exposition ( !  ,scriptures2 
n 9 a dry & critical way1 b 9 a /ra9 (  
practical  & exp]im5tal piety1 by :i* !y
 mutually edifi$ ea* o!r4 ,?is          
practice1 :i* always m or less obta9s   
:]e religion fl\ri%es1  z1 = in/ance1 at
 ! ,re=mation1 rais$ ! same sort (      
outcry z  at ! rise ( ,me?odism2 & ^? :o
 ent]$ n into ! _s (  ! design1 7 eag]  
to cat* at e in/ance ( weakness or      
imprud5ce1 to br+ disgrace on t :i*1 9  
fact1 br\ght disgrace  ^u !mselves1 z   
lukew>m & =mal ,*ri/ians4 ,9 s say+1    
,ma/]1 ?\ reproa*e/ u also40 ,?is "w    
began ab\t #afgj4 ,9 #afia  ,dr4 ,sp5]  
remov$ f ,dresd5 to ,b]l91 :]e he       
propagat$ ! same  pr9ciples1 :i* widely 
spread1 & 7 well support$ 9 _m p>ts  (  
,g]many by ! excell5t ,pr(essor ,francke
 & o!rs1 until !  g5]al decl9e (        
religion :i* has unhappily prevail$ 9   
,g]many =  ! la/ half c5tury4 ,see      
,,neology4    ,,pi-,,hahiro?4 ,! ,hebrew
 pi answ]s to ! mod]n ,arabic ^w fum1   
signify+ m\?20 & is g5]ally appli$ to ! 

passes 9 !  m\nta9s4 ,9 ! ,engli% &     
,septuag9t v]sions1 ,hahiro? is tak5 z  
a prop] "n2 & ! :ole ^w w\ld imply ! m\?
 or pass (  ,hahiro? or ,hiro?1 :atev]  
p>ticul> orig9 or signification may     
belong to t ^w4 ,! "n1 h[ev]1           
suffici5tly expla9s !  situation ( !    
*ildr5 ( ,israel2 :o 7 hemm$ 9 at ?is   
place1  betwe5 ! sea 9 front1 & a n>r[  
m\nta9 pass beh9d2 :i* no  d\bt enc\rag$
 ,ph>aoh to make 8 attack ^u !m 9 s     
disadvantage\s a position2 ?9k+ t !y mu/
 inevitably fall an  easy prey into 8   
h&s1 or be cut to pieces3 :5 _!         
deliv]ance1  & 8 own de/ruction1 7      
unexpect$ly wr\ght by ! p>t+ ( !  wat]s 
( ! sea4 ,! place :]e ?is miracle is    
suppos$ to h  happ5$1 is /ill call$     
,bahral-,kolsum1 or ! ,sea (            
,de/ruction2 &  j opposite to !         
situation :i* answ]s to ! op5+ call$    
,pi-hahiro?1 is a bay1 :]e ! nor? cape  
is call$ ,ras ,musa1 or !  ,cape (      
,moses4 ,t "p ( ! we/]n or ,h]oopolitan 
bran* ( !  ,r$ ,sea :]e1 f ^!           

co9cid5ces1 ! passage mo/ probably took 
place1 is describ$ by ,bruce z ab\t ?ree
 leagues ov]1 ) f\rte5  fa?oms ( wat] 9 
! *annel1 n9e at ! sides1 & good        
an*orage  e :]e4 ,! f>!r side is also   
repres5t$ z a l[ s&y coa/1  & an easy   
l&+ place4 ,see ,,r$ ,,sea4    ,,pilate4
 ,x is n kn[n ( :at c\ntry or family    
,pontius ,pilate 01  b x is believ$ t he
 0 ( ,rome1 or1 at lea/1 ( ,italy4 ,he 0
  s5t to gov]n ,judea 9 ! room (        
,gratus1 ,a4 ,d4 #bf1 or #bg4 ,he       
presid$  ov] ?is prov9ce = t5 ye>s1 f ! 
twelf? or ?irte5? ye> (  ,tib]ius1 to ! 
tw5ty-second ( ! same emp]or4 ,he is    
repres5t$1  bo? by ,philo & ,josephus1 z
 a man ( an impetu\s & ob/9ate  temp]1  
&1 z a judge1 "o :o us$ to sell ju/ice1 
&1 = money1  to pron\nce any s5t5ce t 0 
desir$4 ,! same au?ors make  m5tion ( 8 
rap9es1 8 injuries1 8 murd]s1 ! torm5ts 
t he  inflict$ ^u ! innoc5t1 & ! p]sons 
he put to dea? )\t any  =m ( process4   
,philo1 9 p>ticul>1 describes him z a   
man t  ex]cis$ an excessive cruelty dur+

 ! :ole "t ( 8 gov]nm5t2  :o di/urb$ !  
repose ( ,judea2 & 0 ! occasion ( !     
tr\bles  & revolt t foll[$4 ,/4 ,luke   
acqua9ts u1 t ,pilate _h m+l$  ! blood (
 ! ,galileans ) _! sacrifices2 & t !    
matt]1  hav+ be5 relat$ to ,jesus ,*ri/1
 he introduc$ ! subject into 8          
disc\rse1 ,luke xiii4 ,! reason :y      
,pilate treat$ !m 9 ?is mann]1  :ile    
sacrific+ 9 ! temple1 is n kn[n4 ,at !  
"t ( our  ,savi\r's passion1 ,pilate    
made "s attempts to deliv] him out ( !  
h&s ( ! ,jews4 ,he knew ! reasons ( _!  
enmity aga9/ him1  ,mat!w xxvii1 #ah4 ,8
 wife1 also1 hav+ _h a dream t al>m$ h]1
  reque/$ he w\ld n /a9 8 h&s ) ! blood 
( t j  p]son1 v]se #ai4 ,he !re=e       
attempt$ to appease ! wra? ( !  ,jews by
 sc\rg+ ,jesus1 ,john xix1 #a2 ,matt4   
xxvii1 #bf2 & also tri$ to  take him out
 ( _! h&s by propos+ to deliv] him or   
,b>abbas on  ! day ( ! passov]4 ,la/ly1 
be ?\ght to dis*>ge himself f  pron\nc+ 
judgm5t aga9/ him1 by s5d+ him to ,h]od1
 k+ (  ,galilee1 ,luke xxiii1 #g1 #h4   

,:5 he saw all ?is w\ld n satisfy !     
,jews1 & t !y ev5 ?reat5$ him 9 "s      
mann]1 say+1 he c\ld  be no fri5d to !  
emp]or if he suff]$ ,jesus to be set at 
lib]ty1  ,john xix1 #ab-ae1 he caus$    
wat] to be br\ght1 & wa%$ 8 h&s  be=e   
all ! p1 & publicly decl>$ himself      
innoc5t ( !  blood ( t j p]son1 ,mat!w  
xxvii1 #bc1 #bd4 ,yet at ! same "t  he  
deliv]$ him to 8 soldi]s t !y might     
crucify him4 ,?is 0  en\gh to ju/ify    
,jesus ,*ri/1 z ,calmet obs]ves1 & to   
prove t he  held him z innoc5t2 b x 0 n 
en\gh to v9dicate ! consci5ce  &        
integrity ( a judge1 ^: duty x 0 z well 
to ass]t ! cause  ( oppress$ innoc5ce1 z
 to puni% ! guilty4 ,he ord]$ !         
inscription to be plac$ ov] ! head ( our
 ,savi\r1 ,john xix1 #ai2 &  :5 reque/$ 
by ! ,jews to alt] x1 p]emptorily       
refus$4 ,he also  gave leave = ! removal
 ( our ,"l's body1 & to place a gu>d ov]
  ! sepul*re1 ,mat!w xxvii1 #fe4 ,^! are
 all ! p>ticul>s t we  le>n conc]n+     
,pilate f ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels4    ,!  

extreme reluctance ( ,pilate to condemn 
,*ri/1 consid]+ 8  m]ciless "*1 is      
signally rem>kable1 & /ill m 8 repeat$  
prote/ations ( ! innoc5ce ( 8 prison]2  
al?\gh1 on occasions  ( massacre1 he    
made no scruple ( conf\nd+ ! innoc5t ) !
  guilty4 ,b he 0 unque/ionably influ5c$
 by ! ov]rul+  provid5ce ( ,god1 to make
 ! righte\sness ( 8 ,son appe> z cle>  z
 ! noon day1 ev5 :5 condemn$ & execut$ z
 a malefactor1 by  ! fulle/1 ! mo/      
au!ntic1 & ! mo/ public evid5ce3 #a4 ,by
 !  te/imony ev5 ( 8 judges1 ,pilate &  
,h]od1 aft] exam9ation (  evid5ce4 #b4  
,by ! message ( ,pilate's wife1 deliv]$ 
to him on !  tribunal4 #c4 ,by !        
te/imony ( ! traitor ,judas1 :o hang$   
himself  9 despair1 = betray+ ! innoc5t 
blood4 #d4 ,by ! te/imony ( !  ,roman   
c5turion & gu>d1 at 8 crucifixion1 to 8 
div9ity &  righte\sness4 ,&1 #e4 ,( 8   
fell[ suff]] on ! cross4 ,nev] 0        
innoc5ce s atte/$ z 8 innoc5ce4    ,ju/9
 ,m>tyr1 ,t]tullian1 ,eusebius1 & aft]  
!m sev]al o!rs1 bo?  anci5t & mod]n1    

assure u t x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om = ,roman   
magi/rates to prep>e copies ( all v]bal 
processes & judical acts1  :i* !y pass$ 
9 _! sev]al prov9ces1 & to s5d !m to !  
emp]or4 ,& ,pilate1 9 compliance ) !    
cu/om1 hav+ s5t ^w to  ,tib]ius ( :at _h
 pass$ relat+ to ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! emp]or 
wrote  an acc\nt ( x to ! s5ate1 9 a    
mann] t gave reason to judge  t he ?\ght
 fav\rably ( ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 
& %[$  t he %\ld be will+ = !m to conf] 
div9e hon\rs ^u him2  b ! s5ate 0 n ( ! 
same op9ion1 & s ! matt] dropp$4  ,x    
appe>s by :at ,ju/9 says ( ^! acts1 t ! 
miracles (  ,*ri/ 7 m5tion$ !re1 & ev5 t
 ! soldi]s _h divid$ 8  g>m5ts among !m4
 ,eusebius ins9uates t !y spoke ( 8     
resurrection & asc5sion4 ,t]tullian &   
,ju/9 ref] to ^! acts  ) s mu*          
confid5ce1 z w\ld make "o believe !y _h 
read &  h&l$ !m4 ,h[ev]1 nei!r ,eusebius
 nor ,j]om1 :o 7 bo?  inquisitive &     
und]/&+ p]sons1 nor any o!r au?or :o    
wrote  aft]w>d1 seems to h se5 !m1 at   
lea/ n ! true & orig9al  acts4 ,= z to  

:at we h n[ 9 great numb]1 !y are n     
au!ntic1 be+ nei!r anci5t nor uni=m4    
,!re are also "s  pret5d$ lett]s (      
,pilate to ,tib]ius1 giv+ a hi/ory ( our
  ,savi\r2 b !y are univ]sally all[$ to 
be spuri\s4 ,pilate be+ a  man :o1 by 8 
excessive cruelties & rap9e1 _h di/urb$ 
! repose  ( ,judea1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( 8  
gov]nm5t1 0 at l5g? depos$  by          
,vitellius1 ! proconsul ( ,syria1 ,a4   
,d4 #cf1 & s5t to ,rome to give  an     
acc\nt ( 8 conduct to ! emp]or4 ,b1 ?\gh
 ,tib]ius di$  be=e ,pilate arriv$ at   
,rome1 yet 8 successor ,caligula bani%$ 
him  to ,vi5ne 9 ,gaul1 :]e he 0 r$uc$  
to su* extremity t he laid  viol5t h&s  
^u himself4 ,! evangeli/s call him      
gov]nor1 ?\gh 9  reality he 0 no?+ m ?an
 procurator ( ,judea1 n only because    
gov]nor 0 a "n ( g5]al use1 b because   
,pilate1 9 effect1 act$  z "o1 by tak+  
^u him to judge 9 crim9al matt]s1 z 8   
pr$ecessors _h done1 & z o!r procurators
 9 ! small prov9ces  ( ! empire1 :]e !re
 0 no proconsul1 con/antly did4         

,,pill> prop]ly means a column rais$ to 
support a build+2 b 9  ,scripture ! t]m 
mo/ly occurs 9 a metaphorical or        
figurative s5se4  ,?us we h a pill> (   
cl\d1 a pill> ( fire1 a pill> ( smoke1  
c2  signify+ a cl\d1 a fire1 a smoke    
rais$ up t[>d heav5 9 ! =m  or %ape ( a 
pill>1 ,exod4 xiii1 #ba2 ,judges xx1    
#dj4 ,job speaks ( !  pill>s ( heav5 & !
 pill>s ( ! e>?1 ,job ix1 #f2 xxvi1 #aa2
  :i* are /rong metaphorical            
expressions1 t suppose ! heav5s &  ! e>?
 to be an edifice rais$ by ! h& ( !     
almighty ,creator1  & f\nd$ ^u its      
basis4 ,/4 ,paul speaks ( ! ,*ri/ian    
*ur*  "u ! similitude ( a pill> or      
column on :i* ! tru?1 or  doctr9e ( !   
glori\s ,gospel is inscrib$1 #a ,tim4   
iii1 #ae4    ,,pill[s4 ,! prophet speaks
 ( sew+ pill[s to arm holes40 ,!re is   
"h1 probably1 an allusion to ! easy     
indulg5ce ( ! great4 ,to ?is  day 9 !   
ea/ !y cov] ! floors ( _! h\ses )       
c>pets3 &  along ! sides ( ! wall or    
floor1 a range ( n>r[ b$s or  mattresses

 is (t5 plac$ ^u ^! c>pets2 &1 = _! f>!r
  ease & conv5i5ce1 sev]al velvet or    
damask bol/]s are plac$ ^u  ^! c>pets or
 mattresses1--indulg5ces t seem to be   
allud$ to by  ! /ret*+ ( !mselves ^u    
c\*es1 & by ! sew+ ( pill[s  to arm     
holes10 ,ezekiel xiii1 #ah2 ,amos vi1   
#d4    ,,p9e ,,tree4 ,! p9e appe>s 9 our
 translation ?ree times1 ,neh4 viii1    
#ae2 ,isaiah xli1 #ai2 lx1 #ac4         
,nehemiah1 viii1 #ae1 giv+ directions = 
obs]v+ ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 says1 8,fet*
 olive bran*es1 p9e  bran*es1 myrtle    
bran*es1 & bran*es ( ?ick trees1 to make
 boo?s40  ,! ,hebrew phrase 1 means     
lit]ally 8bran*es ( oily or gummy       
plants40 ,! ,,lxx4 say cypress4 ,s*eu*z]
 says ! ,turks call !  cypress zem94 ,! 
au?or ( ,scripture ,illu/rat$0 says1 ,i 
%\ld  pref] ! :ole species call$ jasm91 
on acc\nt ( its v]dure1 its  fragrance1 
& its fl[]s1 :i* are highly e/eem$4 ,!  
^w jasm9  & jasem9 ( ! ,turks1 resembles
 /rongly ! %em5 ( !  ,hebrew orig9al "h4
 ,! ,p]sians also "n ?is plant sem5 &   

simsyk40 ,! au?ority1 h[ev]1 ( !        
,septuag9t mu/ prevail4 ,9  ,isa4 xli1  
#ai2 lx1 #ac1 ! ,hebrew ^w is 2 a tree1 
says ,p>khur/1  s call$ f ! spr+9ess or 
ela/icity ( its wood4 ,lu!r ?\ght  x !  
elm1 :i* is a l(ty & spread+ tree2 &    
,dr4 ,/ock r5d]s  x ! a%4 ,aft] all1 x  
may be ?\ght advisable to reta9 ! p9e4  
,la ,ro*e1 describ+1 a valley ne> to    
,m\nt ,lebanon1 has ?is  obs]vation3    
8,la cont9uelle v]dure des p9s et des   
*nes v]ds fait  t\j\rs sa beaut40 ,!    
p]petual v]dure ( ! p9es & ! live  oaks 
makes x ev] beautiful4    ,,pisgah1 a "p
 ( ,m\nt ,nebo1 s call$1 be+1 9 all     
probability1 a  di/9ct1 & mo/ likely !  
highe/1 summit ( t m\nta94 ,"h  ,moses  
climb$ to view ! l& ( ,canaan2 & "h he  
di$4    ,,pisidia1 a prov9ce ( ,asia    
,m9or1 hav+ ,lycaonia to ! nor?1        
,pamphylia to ! s\?1 ,cilicia &         
,cappadocia to ! ea/1 & !  prov9ce (    
,asia to ! we/4 ,/4 ,paul prea*$ at     
,antio* 9 ,pisidia1  ,acts xiii1 #ad2   
xiv1 #bd4    ,,pit*1 1 ,exod4 ii1 #c2   

,isaiah xxxiv1 #i2 ,septuag9t 2 a fat1  
combu/ible1 oily matt]1 sometimes call$ 
asphaltos1 f ! lake  ,asphaltites1 or   
,dead ,sea1 9 ,judea1 on ! surface ( :i*
 x rises 9  ! nature ( liquid pit*1 &   
floats l o!r oleag9\s bodies2 b  is     
cond5s$ by degrees1 ?r\gh ! heat ( !    
sun1 & gr[s dry &  h>d4 ,! ^w :i* our   
translators h r5d]$ pit* 9 ,g54 vi1     
#ad1 & 1 slime1 ,g54 xi1 #c2 xiv1 #aj1  
is g5]ally suppos$ to be  bitum54 ,9 !  
fir/ ( ^! places x is m5tion$ z us$ =   
sme>+ ! ark1 & clos+ its int]/ices4 ,x 0
 peculi>ly adapt$  to ?is purpose4 ,be+ 
at fir/ s(t1 visc\s1 & pliable1 x might 
be  ?ru/ into e *asm & crevice ) !      
greate/ ease2 b w\ld  soon acquire a    
t5acity & h>dness sup]ior to ^? ( our   
pit*4 ,a  coat ( x spread ov] bo? !     
inside & outside ( ! ark w\ld make  x   
p]fectly wat] pro(4 ,! long] x 0 kept 9 
! wat]1 !  h>d] & /rong] x w\ld gr[4 ,! 
,arabs /ill use x = c>e5+  _! vessels4  
,9 ! second passage x is describ$ z     
appli$ =  cem5t 9 build+ ! t[] ( ,babel4

 ,x 0 mu* us$ 9 anci5t  build+s 9 t     
region2 &1 9 ! ru9s ( ,babylon1 l>ge    
masses (  brick "w cem5t$ ) x are       
discov]$4 ,x is kn[n t ! pla9  ( ,%9>   
did ab\nd ) x1 bo? 9 its liquid & solid 
/ate2 t  !re 0 !re a cave & f\nta9 :i* 0
 cont9ually ca/+ x  out2 & t ! fam\s t[]
 & no less fam\s walls ( ,babylon 7     
built by ?is k9d ( cem5t1 is confirm$ by
 ! te/imony ( sev]al  anci5t au?ors4 ,! 
slime pits ( ,siddim1 ,g54 xiv1 #aj1 7  
holes out  ( :i* issu$ ?is liquid       
bitum51 or naph?a4 ,bitum5 0 =m]ly  mu* 
us$ by ! ,egyptians & ,jews 9 embalm+ ! 
bodies ( _!  dead4    ,,pi?om1 "o ( !   
cities t ! ,israelites built = ,ph>aoh 9
  ,egypt1 dur+ ! "t ( _! s]vitude1      
,exod4 i1 #aa4    ,,plagues ,,( ,,egypt4
 ,! design ( ^! visitations1 gr[+ m     
awful  & trem5d\s 9 _! progress1 0 to   
make ,ph>aoh "k1 & confess1  t ! ,god ( 
! ,hebrews 0 ! supreme ,"l1 & to exhibit
 8  p[] & 8 ju/ice 9 ! /ronge/ light to 
all ! nations ( !  e>?1 ,exod4 ix1 #af2 
#a ,sam4 iv1 #h1 c2 to execute judgm5t  

^u !  ,egyptians & ^u all _! gods1      
inanimate & be/ial1 = _!  cruelty to !  
,israelites1 & = _! grovell+ poly!ism & 
idolatry1 ,exod4 vii1 #ad-ag2 xii1 #ab4 
,! ,nile 0 ! pr9cipal div9ity  ( !      
,egyptians4 ,accord+ to ,heliodorus1 !y 
paid div9e hon\rs to  ?is riv]1 & rev]$ 
x z ! fir/ ( _! gods4 ,!y decl>$ him  to
 be ! rival ( heav51 s9ce he wat]$ !    
c\ntry )\t ! aid  ( ! cl\ds & ra94 ,8   
pr9cipal fe/ival 0 at ! summ]  sol/ice1 
:5 ! inundation comm5c$2 at :i* season1 
9 ! dog  days1 by a cruel idolatr\s     
rite1 !y sacrific$ r$-hair$ p]sons1     
pr9cipally =eign]s1 to ,typhon1 or ! p[]
 t presid$ ov]  tempe/s1 at ,busiris1   
,heliopolis1 c1 by burn+ !m alive1 &    
scatt]+ _! a%es 9 ! air1 = ! good ( ! p1
 z we  le>n f ,plut>*4 ,h5ce ,bryant    
inf]s ! probability1 t ^!  victims 7    
*os5 f among ! ,israelites1 dur+ _!     
resid5ce 9  ,egypt4 ,! judgm5t !n       
inflict$ ^u ! riv]1 & all ! wat]s (     
,egypt1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,ph>aoh & ( 8     
s]vants1 z  =etold1--:51 z soon z ,a>on 

_h smitt5 ! wat]s ( ! riv]1  !y 7 turn$ 
into blood1 & cont9u$ 9 t /ate = sev5   
days1  s t all ! fi% di$1 & ! ,egyptians
 c\ld n dr9k ( !  wat]s ( ! riv]1 9 :i* 
!y delight$ z ! mo/ :olesome (  all     
wat]s1 b 7 =c$ to dig wells = pure wat] 
to dr9k--0 a  significant sign ( ,god's 
displeasure = _! s5seless idolatry 9    
wor%ipp+ ! riv] & its fi%1 & also a     
manife/ repro( ( t  bloody edict :]eby !
 infants 7 sla910 ,wisdom xi1 #g4    ,9 
! plague ( frogs1 _! sacr$ riv] itself 0
 made an active  in/rum5t ( _! puni%m5t1
 toge!r ) ano!r ( _! gods4 ,!  frog 0 "o
 ( _! sacr$ animals1 consecrat$ to !    
sun1 &  consid]$ z an emblem ( div9e    
inspiration 9 its inflations4    ,!     
plague ( lice1 :i* 0 produc$ )\t any    
previ\s intimation  to ,ph>aoh1 0       
peculi>ly (f5sive to a p s sup]/iti\sly 
nice  & cleanly z ! ,egyptians2 &1 above
 all1 to _! prie/s1 :o us$  to %ave _!  
:ole body e ?ird day1 t nei!r l\se1 nor 
any  o!r v]m91 might be f\nd ^u !m :ile 
!y 7 employ$ 9  s]v+ _! gods1 z we le>n 

f ,h]odotus2 & ,plut>* in=ms u1  t !y   
nev] wore wooll5 g>m5ts1 b l95 only1    
because l95 is  lea/ apt to produce     
lice4 ,?is plague1 !re=e1 0 p>ticul>ly  
disgraceful to ! magicians !mselves2 &  
:5 !y tri$ to imitate  x1 b fail$1 on   
acc\nt ( ! m9ut5ess ( ! objects1 7n l   
s]p5ts1 wat]1 or frogs1 ( a s5sible bulk
 t c\ld be h&l$17  !y 7 =c$ to confess t
 ?is 0 no human feat ( leg]dema91  b r !
 f+] ( ,god40 ,?us 7 ! illusions ( _!   
magic  put d[n1 & _! vaunt+ 9 wisdom    
reprov$ ) disgrace10 ,wisdom  xvii1 #g4 
,_! folly 0 manife/ unto all m510 9     
absurdly &  wick$ly attempt+ at fir/ to 
place ! feats ( human art on a level  ) 
! /up5d\s op]ations ( div9e p[]1 9 !    
fir/ two  plagues2 & be+ foil$ 9 ! ?ird1
 by %amefully misc>ry+1 !y  expos$      
!mselves to ! contempt ( _! admir]s4    
,philo1 ! ,jew1  has a f9e obs]vation on
 ! plagues ( ,egypt3 ,"s1 p]haps1 may   
inquire1 ,:y did ,god puni% ! c\ntry by 
su* m9ute & contemptible  animals z     
frogs1 lice1 flies1 r ?an by be>s1      

lions1 leop>ds1 or  o!r k9ds ( savage   
bea/s :i* prey on human fle%8 ,or1 if n 
by  ^!1 :y n by ! ,egyptian asp1 ^: bite
 is in/ant dea?8 ,b let  him le>n1 if he
 be ignorant1 fir/1 t ,god *ose r to    
correct  ?an to de/roy ! inhabitants2 =1
 if he desir$ to annihilate !m  utt]ly1 
he _h no ne$ to h made use ( animals z 8
 auxili>ies1  b ( ! div9ely inflict$    
evils ( fam9e & pe/il5ce4 ,next1 let    
him f>!r le>n t lesson s necess>y = e   
/ate ( life1  namely1 t m51 :5 !y w>1   
seek ! mo/ p[]ful aid to supply  _! own 
weakness2 b ,god1 ! highe/ & ! greate/  
p[]1 :o  /&s 9 ne$ ( no?+1 if at any "t 
he *ooses to employ  in/rum5ts1 z x 71  
to inflict *a/isem5t1 *ooses n !        
/ronge/ & greate/1 disreg>d+ _! /r5g?1 b
 r ! mean  & ! m9ute1 :om he endues )   
inv9cible & irresi/ible p[] to  *a/ise  
(f5d]s40 ,! fir/ ?ree plagues 7 common  
to !  ,egyptians & ! ,israelites1 to    
conv9ce bo? t 8!re 0 none l  ! ,"l20 &  
to wean ! latt] f _! ,egyptian          
idolatries1 &  induce !m to return to ! 

,"l _! ,god4 ,& :5 ?is end 0  answ]$1 ! 
,israelites 7 exempt$ f ! ensu+ plagues2
 = !  ,"l sev]$ ! l& ( ,go%5 f ! re/ (  
,egypt2 :5ce !  ensu+ plagues1 conf9$ to
 ! latt]1 m pla9ly appe>$ to h  be5     
inflict$ by ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews1 ,exodus
 viii1 #bj-bc1 to  conv9ce bo? m cle>ly 
( 8! goodness & sev]ity ( ,god10 ,rom4  
xi1 #bb2 t great plagues rema9 = !      
ungodly1 b m]cy embrace?  ! righte\s on 
e side10 ,psalm xxxii1 #aj4    ,!       
visitation ( flies1 ( ! gad fly1 or     
hornet1 0 m intol]able  ?an any ( !     
prec$+4 ,by ?is1 8 m9ute1 b mighty army1
 ,god  aft]w>d drove out "s ( ! devot$  
nations ( ,canaan be=e ,jo%ua1  ,exod4  
xxiii1 #bh2 ,deut4 vii1 #bj2 ,jo%4 xxiv1
 #ab4 ,?is insect 0  wor%ipp$ 9 ,pale/9e
 & else:]e "u ! title ( ,baal-zebub1  "l
 ( ! gad fly10 #b ,k+s i1 #a1 #b4       
,egypt1 we le>n f ,h]odotus1  ab\nd$ )  
prodigi\s sw>ms ( flies1 or gnats2 b ?is
 0 9 !  heat ( summ]1 dur+ ! dog days2  
:5ce ?is fly is call$ by !  ,septuag9t 1
 ! dog fly4 ,b ! appo9t$ "t ( ?is       

plague 0 9 ! middle ( w9t]2 &1          
accord+ly1 ?is plague  extort$ ,ph>aoh's
 p>tial cons5t1 ,g ye1 sacrifice to y\r 
,god1 b 9  ! l&20 & :5 ,moses & ,a>on   
object$ ! (f5ce !y w\ld give  to !      
,egyptians1 :o w\ld /one !m = sacrific+ 
! abom9ation  ( ! ,egyptians10 namely1  
animal sacrifices1 he reluctantly       
cons5t$1  only ye %all n g v f> away20 =
 he 0 appreh5sive ( _!  flight1 l 8     
pr$ecessor1 :o fir/ enslav$ !           
,israelites1 ,exod4  i1 #aj2 & he aga9  
desir$ !m to entreat = him40 ,b he aga9 
dealt  deceitfully2 & aft] ! flies 7    
remov$ s effectually t n  "o 0 left1 :5 
,moses entreat$ ! ,"l1 ,ph>aoh h>d5$ 8  
he>t  ?is fif? "t also1 nei!r w\ld he   
let ! p g40    ,?is second brea* (      
promise on ! "p ( ,ph>aoh drew d[n a    
plague  ( a m deadly description ?an !  
prec$+4 ,! fif? plague (  murra9 de/roy$
 all ! cattle ( ,egypt1 b ( ! cattle ( !
  ,israelites di$ n "o40 ,x 0 imm$iately
 inflict$ by ,god himself1  aft] previ\s
 notification1 & )\t ! ag5cy ( ,moses & 

,a>on1  to manife/ ! div9e indignation  
at ,ph>aoh's falsehood4 ,& ?\gh  ! k+   
s5t & f\nd t n "o ( ! ,israelites 0     
dead1 yet 8  he>t 0 h>d5$ ?is six? "t   
also1 & he w\ld n let ! p  g1 ,exod4 ix1
 #a-g4    ,at l5g?1 aft] ,ph>aoh _h     
repeat$ly abus$ ! graci\s respites &    
w>n+s v\*saf$ to him & 8 s]vants1 a sor]
 set ( plagues1  affect+ !mselves1 began
 to be inflict$2 & ,moses n[1 = !  fir/ 
"t1 appe>s z ! execution] ( div9e       
v5geance2 = 9 !  pres5ce ( ,ph>aoh1 by !
 div9e comm&1 he spr9kl$ a%es ( !       
furnace t[>d heav51 & x became a boil1  
break+ =? ) bla9s  ^u man & ^u bea/4 ,& 
! magicians c\ld n /& be=e ,moses       
because ( ! boil1 :i* affect$ !m & all !
 ,egyptians1 ,exod4  ix1 #h-aa4 ,?is 0 a
 v significant plague3 ! furnace f :i* !
  a%es 7 tak5 aptly repres5t$ ! iron    
furnace0 ( ,egyptian  bondage1 ,deut4   
iv1 #bj1 & ! scatt]+ ( ! a%es 9 ! air   
might  h ref]r$ to ! usage ( !          
,egyptians 9 _! ,typhonian  sacrifices (
 human victims2 :ile x conv]t$ ano!r ( !

 elem5ts1  & ( _! gods1 ! air1 or e!r1  
into an in/rum5t ( _!  *a/isem5t4 ,& n[ 
! ,"l10 = ! fir/ "t1 h>d5$ ! he>t  (    
,ph>aoh10 aft] he _h s repeat$ly h>d5$ x
 himself1 & he  he>k5$ n unto !m1 z !   
,"l _h =etold unto ,moses10 ,exod4 ix1  
#ab4 ,?\gh ,ph>aoh probably felt1 !     
sc\rge ( ! boil1 z well z  8 p1 x did n 
s(t5 nor humble 8 he>t2 & :5 he wilfully
  & ob/9ately turn$ away f ! light1 &   
%ut 8 eyes aga9/  ! lum9\s evid5ces     
v\*saf$ to him ( ! supremacy ( ! ,god ( 
! ,hebrews1 & _h twice brok5 8 promise  
:5 he 0 indulg$ )  a respite1 & dealt   
deceitfully1 he became a j object (     
puni%m5t2  & ,god n[ began to increase !
 h>dness or obduracy ( 8 he>t4 ,&  su*  
is ! usual & ! righte\s c\rse ( 8       
provid5ce2 :5  nations or individuals   
despise ! w>n+s ( ,heav51 abuse _! be/  
gifts1 & resi/ ! means ( grace1 ,god !n 
deliv]s !m ov] to a  reprobate0 or      
undisc]n+ m9d1 to "w all uncleanness )  
gre$9ess10 ,rom4 i1 #bh4    ,9 !        
trem5d\s plague ( hail1 ! unit$ elem5ts 

( air1 wat]1 &  fire1 7 employ$ to      
t]rify & puni% ! ,egyptians by _!       
pr9cipal div9ities4 ,?is plague 0 =mally
 ann\nc$ to ,ph>aoh &  8 p3 ,i w at ?is 
season s5d all my plagues ^u ?9e he>t1  
& ^u ?y s]vants1 & ^u ?y p1 t ?\ maye/  
"k t  !re is none l me 9 all ! e>?4 ,=  
n[ ,i c\ld /ret* out my  h&1 & smite !e 
& ?y p ) pe/il5ce10 or de/roy !e at     
once1 l ?y cattle ) ! murra91 & ?\      
%\lde/ be cut (f  f ! e>?2 b1 9 tru?1 = 
?is cause h ,i su/a9$ !e1  t ,i might   
manife/ 9 !e my p[]1 & t my "n might be 
decl>$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole e>?10 ,exod4 ix1  
#ac-af4 ,?is r5d]+ (  ! passage is m    
con=mable to ! context1 ! ,*aldee       
p>aphrase1  & to ,philo1 ?an ! receiv$  
translation1 ,= n[ ,i w /ret* out  my   
h&1 t ,i may smite !e & ?y p )          
pe/il5ce20 =  surely ,ph>aoh & 8 p 7 n  
smitt5 ) pe/il5ce2 & !y  7 pres]v$0 or  
kept f imm$iate de/ruction1 accord+ to !
  ,septuag9t1 1 to manife/ ! div9e p[]10
 by ! numb] &  v>iety ( _! plagues4     
,/ill1 h[ev]1 9 ! mid/ ( judgm5t1 ,god  

rememb]$ m]cy2 he gave a graci\s w>n+ to
 ! ,egyptians1 to avoid1  if !y *ose1 ! 
?reat5$ calamity3 ,s5d1 !re=e1 n[1 &    
ga!r  ?y cattle1 & all t ?\ ha/ 9 !     
field2 e man & bea/  t %all be f\nd 9 ! 
field1 & %all n be br\ght home1 !  hail 
%all come d[n ^u !m1 & !y %all die40 ,& 
?is w>n+  _h "s effect3 ,he t fe>$ ! ^w 
( ! ,"l among ! s]vants  ( ,ph>aoh1 made
 8 s]vants & 8 cattle flee into ! h\ses2
 &  he t reg>d$ n ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 left 8  
s]vants & 8  cattle 9 ! field10 ,exod4  
ix1 #ag-ba4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,if all ! 
cattle ( ! ,egyptians 7 de/roy$ by !    
=ego+ plague (  murra91 z ass]t$ ,exod4 
ix1 #f1 h[ came !re to be any cattle    
left8  ,surely ! ,egyptians might h     
recruit$ _! /ock f ! l& (  ,go%51 :]e n 
"o ( ! cattle ( ! ,israelites di$40 ,&  
?is  ju/ifies ! supposition1 t !re 0 "s 
respite1 or int]val1  betwe5 ! sev]al   
plagues1 & confirms ! conjecture ( !    
duration  ( ! :ole1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a    
ye>4 ,& t ! w>n+1 9 ?is  case1 0        
respect$ by _m ( ! ,egyptians1 we may   

inf] f !  numb] ( *>iots & horsem5 t w5t
 9 pursuit ( ! ,israelites  aft]w>d4    
,?is 0 =etold to be a v griev\s hail1   
su* z _h n  be5 9 ,egypt s9ce !         
f\ndation !re(3 & ! ,"l s5t ?und]  &    
hail1 & ! fire ran along ! gr\nd2 & !   
hail smote  ?r\gh\t all ! l& ( ,egypt   
all t 0 9 ! field1 bo? man &  bea/2 & ! 
hail smote e h]b ( ! field1 & brake e   
tree  ( ! field4 ,only 9 ! l& ( ,go%51  
:]e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel  71 !re 0 no     
hail40 ,ph>aoh s5t & call$ = ,moses &   
,a>on1  & said unto !m1 ,i h s9n$ ?is   
"t2 ! ,"l is righte\s1 &  ,i & my p are 
wick$3 entreat ! ,"l10 = x is en\gh1 t  
!re might be no m mighty ?und]+s & hail2
 & ,i w let y  g1 & ye %all /ay no      
long]40 ,b :5 !re 0 respite1 ,ph>aoh    
s9n$ yet m1 & h>d5$ 8 he>t1 he & 8      
s]vants2 nei!r  w\ld he let ! p g10     
,exod4 ix1 #bg-ce4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 !re  
is  a rem>kable susp5sion ( ! judicial  
infatuation4 ,ph>aoh _h humbl$  himself1
 & ackn[l$g$ 8 own & 8 p's guilt1 & !   
ju/ice ( ! div9e plague3 ! ,"l1 !re=e1  

=bore ?is "t to  h>d5 8 he>t4 ,b he     
abus$ ! long suff]ance ( ,god1 & ?is    
additional respite2 he s9n$ yet m1      
because he n[ s9n$ wilfully1  aft] he _h
 receiv$ in=mation ( ! tru?2 he relaps$1
 &  h>d5$ 8 own he>t a sev5? "t4 ,he    
became1 !re=e1 a vessel (  wra?1 fitt$  
to de/ruction10 ,heb4 x1 #bf2 ,rom4 ix1 
#bb4    ,! design ( ! eigh? & ! ensu+   
plagues1 0 to confirm !  fai? ( !       
,israelites3 8,t ?\ maye/ tell 9 ! e>s (
 ?y son1  & ( ?y son's son1 :at ,i h    
wr\ght 9 ,egypt1 & my signs :i* ,i  h   
done among !m2 t ye may "k h[ t ,i am ! 
,"l40 ,?is  plague ( locu/s1 inflict$ on
 ! n[ devot$ ,egyptians & _!  k+1       
complet$ ! havoc begun by ! hail2 by ?is
 ! :eat & rye  7 de/roy$1 & e h]b ( !   
l&1 & all ! fruit ( !  trees :i* ! hail 
_h left3 & !re rema9$ n any v]dure 9 !  
trees1 nor 9 ! h]bs ( ! field1 ?r\gh\t !
 l& ( ,egypt4 ,v  griev\s 7 !y2 be=e !m 
7 no su* locu/s z !y1 nei!r  aft] !m    
%all !re be su*10 ,exod4 x1 #c-ae4    ,!
 awful plague ( d>kness ov] all ! l& (  

,egypt1 = ?ree days1  a ?ick d>kness :i*
 might be felt10 9 ! emphatic language (
  ,scripture1 0 inflict$ on !           
,egyptians1 & _! *ief god1 ! sun2  & 01 
inde$1 a mo/ significant sign ( ! div9e 
displeasure1 &  ( t m5tal d>kness "u :i*
 !y n[ lab\r$4 ,_!  con/]nation !reat is
 /rongly repres5t$ by _! total inaction2
  nei!r rose any f 8 place = ?ree days1 
petrifi$1 z !y 71  ) horror4 ,!y 7 also 
sc>$ ) /range app>itions & visions1     
:ile a heavy night 0 spread ov] !m1 an  
image ( t d>kness  :i* %\ld aft]w>d     
receive !m4 ,b yet1 !y 7 unto !mselves  
m griev\s ?an t d>kness10 ,wisdom xvii1 
#c-ba2 ,psalm lxxviii1 #di4  ,?is       
t]rific & horrible plague compell$      
,ph>aoh to relax2 he (f]$  to let ! m5 &
 _! families g2 b he wi%$ to keep !     
flocks  & h]ds z security = _! return2 b
 ,moses p]emptorily decl>$1  t n a ho(  
%\ld be left beh9d4 ,aga9 8! ,"l h>d5$  
,ph>aoh's he>t1 s t he w\ld n let !m g10
 ,exod4 x1 #ba-bg4 ,&  ! ,"l said unto  
,moses1 ,ph>aoh %all n he>k5 unto y1 t  

my  wond]s may be multipli$ 9 ! l& (    
,egypt4 ,& ,moses & ,a>on did  all ^!   
wond]s be=e ,ph>aoh2 & ! ,"l0 ultimately
 8h>d5$  ,ph>aoh's he>t1 s t he w\ld n  
let ! *ildr5 ( ,israel g out  ( 8 l&10  
,exod4 xi1 #i1 #aj4 ,?is passage =ms !  
conclusion to !  n9e plagues1 & %\ld    
prop]ly foll[ ! prec$+2 = ! result  ( ! 
t5? & la/ plague 0 =etold1 t ,ph>aoh    
%\ld n only  let !m g1 b surely ?ru/ !m 
out altoge!r1 ,exod4 xi1 #a4    ,! t5?  
plague 0 ann\nc$ to ,ph>aoh ) mu*       
solemnity3 ,?us  sai? ! ,"l1 ,ab\t      
midnight w ,i g out into ! mid/ (       
,egypt1  & all ! fir/-born 9 ! l& (     
,egypt %all die1 f !  fir/-born (       
,ph>aoh t sitte? ^u 8 ?rone1 ev5 to !   
fir/-born ( ! maid-s]vant t is beh9d !  
mill2 & all !  fir/-born ( cattle4 ,&   
!re %all be a great cry ?r\gh\t ! l&  ( 
,egypt1 su* z !re 0 none l x1 nor %all  
be any m4 ,b  aga9/ any ( ! *ildr5 (    
,israel %all n a dog move 8 tongue1     
aga9/ man or bea/2 t ye may "k1 h[ t !  
,"l do? make a  diff]5ce betwe5 !       

,egyptians & ,israel4 ,& all ^! ?y      
s]vants  %all come d[n unto me1 & b[    
!mselves unto me1 say+1 ,get !e  out1 & 
all ! p t foll[ !e4 ,& aft] t ,i w g    
out10  ,exod4 xi1 #d-h4 ,su* a ?reat1   
deliv]$ 9 s high a tone1 bo? 9 !  "n ( !
 ,god ( ,israel & ( ,moses1 did n fail  
to exasp]ate !  infatuat$ ,ph>aoh1 & he 
said1 ,get !e f me2 take he$ to ?yself2 
see my face no m3 = 9 ! day ?\ see/ my  
face ?\ %alt die4  ,& ,moses said1 ,be x
 s z ?\ ha/ spok52 ,i w see ?y face aga9
  no m4 ,& he w5t out f ,ph>aoh 9 great 
ang]10 ,exod4 x1 #bh1 #bi2  xi1 #h4 ,&  
at midnight ! ,"l smote all ! fir/-born 
9 ! l& (  ,egypt2 & !re 0 a great cry 9 
,egypt1 = !re 0 n a h\se 9  :i* !re 0 n 
"o dead10 ,exod4 xii1 #a-cj4 ,?is la/   
trem5d\s  judgm5t is describ$ ) mu*     
sublimity 9 ! book ( ,wisdom1 xviii1    
#ad-ah4           ,= :5 all ?+s 7 wrapt 
9 /ill sil5ce1         ,& night1 9 h]   
prop] spe$1 hold+ h] mid c\rse1         
,?y all p[]ful oracle leapt d[n f heav51
         ,out ( ! royal ?rone1 a fi]ce  

w>rior1         ,into ! mid/ ( ! l& (   
de/ruction1         ,wield+ a %>p sword1
 ?9e unfeign$ comm&1         ,& /&+ up1 
he fill$ ! :ole ) dea?1         ,he t\*$
 ! heav5s1 inde$1 b trod ^u ! e>?60     
,& ,ph>aoh rose up 9 ! night1 he & all 8
 s]vants1 & all !  ,egyptians2 & he     
call$ =10 or s5t to1 ,moses & ,a>on by  
night1 &  said1 ,get y =? f among my p1 
bo? ye & ! *ildr5 (  ,israel2 & g1 s]ve 
! ,"l1 z ye said2 take also y\r flocks &
  y\r h]ds1 & be gone2 & bless me also4 
,& ! ,egyptians also 7  urg5t ^u ! p1 to
 s5d !m out ( ! l& 9 ha/e2 = !y  said1  
,we %all all be dead40 ,x is evid5t f ! 
extreme urg5cy (  ! occasion1 :5 all !  
,egyptians appreh5d$ total de/ruction1  
if  ! dep>ture ( ! ,israelites 0 delay$ 
any long]1 t ,ph>aoh _h  no p]sonal     
int]view ) ,moses & ,a>on1 :i* w\ld h   
wa/$  "t1 & 0 q unnecess>y2 he only s5t 
!m a p]emptory m&ate  to be gone on _!  
own t]ms4 ,& ! *ildr5 ( ,israel did     
accord+  to ! ^w ( ,moses2 & !y ask$ ( !
 ,egyptians jewels ( silv]1  & jewels ( 

gold1 & raim5t4 ,& ! ,"l gave ! p fav\r 
9  ! sight ( ! ,egyptians1 s t !y freely
 gave :at !y requir$1  & !y spoil$ !    
,egyptians10 ,exod4 xii1 #ca-cf1 z      
orig9ally  =etold to ,abraham1 ,g54 xv1 
#ad2 & to ,moses be=e ! plagues began4  
,?is 0 an act ( p]fect retributive      
ju/ice1 to make ! ,egyptians  pay = !   
long & labori\s s]vices ( ! ,israelites1
 :om !y _h  unju/ly enslav$1 9 violation
 ( _! *>t]4    ,! ,israelites 7 ?ru/ out
 ( ,egypt on ! fifte5? day ( !  fir/    
mon?1 ab\t six hundr$ ?\s& m5 on foot1  
beside wom5 &  *ildr54 ,& a mix$        
multitude w5t up also ) !m2 & flocks &  
h]ds1 ev5 v mu* cattle10 ,exod4 xii1    
#cg-ch2 ,num4 xi1 #d2 xxxiii1 #c4  ,& !y
 w5t out ) a high h&2 = ! ,"l w5t be=e  
!m by  day1 9 a pill> ( a cl\d1 to lead 
!m ! way2 & by night 9 a  pill> ( fire1 
to give !m light1 to g by day & night4  
,he took n  away ! pill> ( ! cl\d by    
day1 nor ! pill> ( fire by night1  f    
be=e ! p10 ,exod4 xiii1 #bb2 ,num4 ix1  
#ae-bc4 ,& ! motion  or re/ ( ?is div9e 

guide regulat$ _! m>*es1 & _! /ations   
or encampm5ts dur+ ! :ole ( _! r\te1    
,num4 x1 #cc-cf4 ,see ,,r$  ,,sea4      
,,platoni/s4 ,! ,platonic philosophy is 
d5om9at$ f ,plato1 :o 0  born ab\t ,b4  
,c4 #dbf4 ,he f\nd$ ! old academy on !  
op9ions (  ,h]aclitus1 ,py?agoras1 &    
,socrates2 & by add+ ! in=mation he  _h 
acquir$ to _! discov]ies1 he e/abli%$ a 
sect (  philosoph]s1 :o 7 e/eem$ m      
p]fect ?an any :o _h be=e  appe>$ 9 !   
_w4 ,! outl9es ( ,plato's philosophical 
sy/em 7  z foll[s3--t !re is "o ,god1   
et]nal1 immutable1 & immat]ial2  p]fect 
9 wisdom & goodness1 omnisci5t1 &       
omnipres5t3 t ?is  all-p]fect ,be+ =m$ !
 univ]se out ( a mass ( et]nally        
prexi/+ matt]1 to :i* he gave =m &      
arrangem5t3 t !re is  9 matt] a         
necess>y1 b bl9d & refractory =ce1 :i*  
resi/s !  w ( ! supreme ,artific]1 s t  
he _c p]fectly execute 8  designs2 & ?is
 is ! cause ( ! mixture ( good & evil   
:i* is  f\nd 9 ! mat]ial _w3 t ! s\l (  
man 0 d]iv$ by  emanation f ,god2 b t   

?is emanation 0 n imm$iate1 b  ?r\gh !  
int]v5tion ( ! s\l ( ! _w1 :i* 0 itself 
debas$ by "s mat]ial admixture3 t !     
relation :i* ! human  s\l1 9 its orig9al
 con/itution1 be>s to matt]1 is ! s\rce 
(  moral evil2 t :5 ,god =m$ ! univ]se1 
he sep>at$ f !  s\l ( ! _w inf]ior s\ls1
 equal 9 numb] to ! />s1 &  assign$ to  
ea* its prop] cele/ial abode3 t ^! s\ls 
7 s5t  d[n to e>? to be imprison$ 9     
mortal bodies2 h5ce arose !  depravity &
 mis]y to :i* human nature is liable3 t 
! s\l is  immortal2 & by dis5gag+ itself
 f all animal passions1 & ris+  above   
s5sible objects to ! contemplation ( !  
_w (  intellig5ce1 x may be prep>$ to   
return to its orig9al habitation3  t    
matt] nev] suff]s annihilation1 b t ! _w
 w rema9  = ev]2 & t by ! action ( its  
animat+ pr9ciple x  accompli%es c]ta9   
p]iods1 )9 :i* e ?+ returns to its      
anci5t place & /ate4 ,?is p]iodical     
revolution ( nature is call$  !         
,platonic1 or great ye>4    ,! ,platonic
 sy/em makes ! p]fection ( morality to  

consi/ 9  liv+ 9 con=mity to ! w ( ,god1
 ! only /&>d ( tru?1 &  tea*es t our    
highe/ good consi/s 9 ! contemplation & 
k ( ! supreme ,be+4 ,9 ?is div9e ,be+   
,plato admitt$ a  sort ( tr9ity ( ?ree  
hypo/ases4 ,! fir/ he consid]$ z        
self-exi/5t1 call+ him1 by way ( em95ce1
  h1 ! ,be+1 or   h1 ! ,"o4 ,! only     
attribute :i* he ackn[l$g$ 9 ?is p]son  
0 goodness2 & !re=e he frequ5tly /yles  
him1  1 !  good4 ,! second he consid]$  
z1 1 ! m9d1 or1 1 !  wisdom or reason ( 
! =m]1 & ! 1 mak] ( !  _w4 ,! ?ird he   
always speaks ( z1 1 ! s\l ( ! _w4  ,he 
taught t ! second is a necess>y         
emanation f ! fir/1 &  ! ?ird f !       
second1 or p]haps f bo?2 comp>+ ^!      
emanations to ^? ( light & heat f ! sun4
 ,f ! above use  ( ,logos = ! second    
p]son ( ! ,platonic tr9ity1 x has be5   
?\ght t ,/4 ,john borr[$ ! t]m f ,plato2
 b x is n likely  t ?is ,apo/le 0       
conv]sant ) 8 writ+s1 & !re=e bo?  ,le  
,cl]c & ,dr4 ,campbell ?9k x m probable 
t he took x f  ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! end (

 all k1 or philosophy1 accord+ to       
,plato1 0 to make u resemble ! ,deity z 
mu* z is compatible )  human nature4    
,?is lik5ess consi/s 9 ! possession &   
practice (  all ! moral virtues4 ,aft] !
 dea? ( ,plato1 _m ( 8 disciples        
deviat$ f 8 doctr9es4 ,8 s*ool 0 !n     
divid$ into ! old1  ! middle1 & ! new   
academy4 ,! old academy /rictly adh]$ to
 8  t5ets4 ,! middle academy p>tially   
rec$$ f 8 sy/em1 )\t  entirely des]t+ x4
 ,! new academy almo/ entirely rel9qui%$
 !  orig9al doctr9es ( ,plato1 & v]g$   
t[>d ! skeptical philosophy4  ,an       
infusion ( ,platonism1 ?\gh 9 a p]v]t$  
=m1 is se5 9 !  philosophy mo/ preval5t 
9 ! times ( ! ,apo/les4 ,x 0 ,judaiz$   
by ! contemplative ,hell5i/s1 &1 ?r\gh  
!m1 _! native ,judaism  0 ,platoniz$4 ,!
 eclectic philosophy add$ o!r +r$i5ts to
 !  comp\nd1 f ! ori5tal sy/ems4 ,all   
h[ev] issu$ 9 pride1 &  ! dom9ation (   
bewild]+ & mon/r\s imag9ations4         
,,pl\gh4 ,! ,syrian pl\gh1 :i* 0        
probably us$ 9 all ! regions  ar\nd1 is 

a v simple frame1 & commonly s light1 t 
a man (  mod]ate /r5g? might c>ry x 9 "o
 h&4 ,volney /ates t 9  ,syria x is (t5 
no?+ else ?an ! bran* ( a tree cut bel[ 
a  bifurcation1 & us$ )\t :eels4 ,x is  
drawn by asses & c[s1  seldom by ox54 ,&
 ,dr4 ,russel in=ms u1 ! pl\gh+ ( ,syria
 is  p]=m$ (t5 by a little c[1 at mo/ ) 
two1 & sometimes only by  an ass4 ,9    
,p]sia x is = ! mo/ "p drawn by "o ox   
only1 & n  unfrequ5tly ev5 by an ass1   
al?\gh x is m pond]\s ?an 9  ,pale/9e4  
,) su* an imp]fect in/rum5t1 ! ,syrian  
husb&man c  d little m ?an scrat* !     
surface ( 8 field1 or cle> away !  /ones
 or we$s t encumb] x1 & prev5t ! se$ f  
rea*+ !  soil4 ,! pl\gh%>e is a piece ( 
iron1 broad1 b n l>ge1 :i*  tips ! end (
 ! %aft40 ,s mu* does x resemble ! %ort 
sword  us$ by ! anci5t w>riors1 t x may 
) v little tr\ble1 be  conv]t$ into t   
deadly weapon2 & :5 ! "w ( de/ruction is
  ov]1 r$uc$ aga9 into its =m] %ape1 &  
appli$ to ! purposes  ( agriculture4 ,9 
allusion to ! fir/ op]ation1 ! ,prophet 

,joel  summons ! nations to leave _!    
peaceful employm5ts 9 !  cultivat$      
field1 & buckle on _! arm\r3 ,beat y\r  
pl\gh%>es  into swords1 & y\r prun+     
hooks into spe>s10 ,joel iii1 #aj4 ,?is 
beautiful image ! ,prophet ,isaiah has  
rev]s$1 & appli$ to !  e/abli%m5t ( t   
pr(\nd & la/+ peace :i* is to bless !   
*ur* ( ,*ri/ 9 ! latt] days3 ,& !y %all 
beat _! swords  into pl\gh%>es1 & _!    
spe>s into prun+ hooks2 nation %all n   
lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all  
!y le>n w> any m10  ,isaiah ii1 #d4 ,!  
pl\gh us$ 9 ,syria is s light & simple 9
 its  con/ruction1 t ! husb&man is "u ! 
necessity ( guid+ x  ) great c>e1 b5d+  
ov] x1 & load+ x ) 8 own weight1  else !
 %>e w\ld glide along ! surface )\t mak+
 any  incision4 ,8 m9d %\ld be :olly    
int5t on 8 "w1 at once to press  ! pl\gh
 into ! gr\nd1 & direct x 9 a /raight   
l9e4 ,let !  pl\ghman10 said ,hesiod1   
att5d to 8 *>ge1 & look be=e him2 n     
turn aside to look on 8 associates1 b   
make /raight furr[s1 &  h 8 m9d att5tive

 to 8 "w40 ,& ,pl9y3 ,unless ! pl\ghman 
/oop =w>d10 to press 8 pl\gh into !     
soil1 & conduct x  prop]ly1 he w turn x 
aside40 ,to su* c>eful & incessant      
ex]tion1 our ,"l alludes 9 t decl>ation1
 ,no man hav+ put 8  h& to ! pl\gh1 &   
look+ back1 is fit = ! k+dom ( heav510  
,luke ix1 #fb4    ,,poetry ,,( ,,!      
,,hebrews4 ,among ! books ( ! ,old      
,te/am5t1 says ,bi%op  ,l[?1 !re is su* 
an app>5t div]sity 9 /yle1 z suffici5tly
  discov]s :i* ( !m are to be consid]$ z
 poetical1 & :i* z  prose4 ,:ile !      
hi/orical books & legislative writ+s (  
,moses are  evid5tly prosaic            
compositions1 ! book ( ,job1 ! ,psalms (
 ,david1  ! ,song ( ,solomon1 !         
,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah1 a great "p ( ! 
prophetical writ+s1 & sev]al passages   
scatt]$ occasionally  ?r\gh ! hi/orical 
books1 c>ry ! mo/ pla9 & di/+ui%+  m>ks 
( poetical writ+4 ,!re is n ! lea/      
reason = d\bt+  t orig9ally ^! 7 writt5 
9 v]se1 or "s k9d ( measur$  numb]s2    
?\gh1 z ! anci5t pronunciation ( !      

,hebrew language is  n[ lo/1 we are n   
able to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! ,hebrew    
v]se1  or at mo/ c asc]ta9 x b          
imp]fectly4 ,let any p]son read !       
hi/orical introduction to ! book ( ,job1
 conta9$ 9 ! fir/ &  second *apt]s1 & !n
 g on to ,job's spee* 9 ! beg9n+ ( !    
?ird *apt]1 & he _c avoid be+ s5sible t 
he passes all at  once f ! region (     
prose to t ( poetry4 ,f ! e>lie/ times  
music & poetry 7 cultivat$ among !      
,hebrews4 ,9 ! days ( !  judges m5tion  
is made ( ! s*ools or colleges ( !      
prophets1 :]e  "o "p ( ! employm5t ( !  
p]sons tra9$ 9 su* s*ools 0 to  s+ !    
praises ( ,god1 accompani$ ) v>i\s      
in/rum5ts4 ,b 9  ! days ( ,k+ ,david    
music & poetry 7 c>ri$ to ! greate/     
height4 ,9 #a ,*ron4 xxv1 an acc\nt is  
giv5 ( ,david's in/itutions  relat+ to !
 sacr$ music & poetry1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly m  
co/ly1 m spl5did & magnific5t1 ?an ev]  
obta9$ 9 ! public  s]vice ( any o!r     
nation4 ,see ,,psalms4    ,! g5]al      
con/ruction ( ! ,hebrew poetry is ( a   

s+ul> nature1  & peculi> to itself4 ,x  
consi/s 9 divid+ e p]iod into           
correspond5t1 = ! mo/ "p into equal1    
memb]s1 :i* answ] to  "o ano!r bo? 9    
s5se & s\nd4 ,9 ! fir/ memb] ( ! p]iod a
  s5tim5t is express$2 & 9 ! second     
memb] ! same s5tim5t is  amplifi$1 or is
 repeat$ 9 diff]5t t]ms1 or sometimes   
contra/$  ) its opposite2 b 9 su* a     
mann]1 t ! same /ructure1 &  ne>ly !    
same numb] ( words1 is pres]v$4 ,?is is 
! g5]al  /ra9 ( all ! ,hebrew poetry4   
,in/ances ( x occur e :]e on  op5+ !    
,old ,te/am5t4 ,?us1 9 ,psalm xcvi3--   
,s+ unto ! ,"l a new song4              
,s+ unto ! ,"l1 all ! e>?4              
,s+ unto ! ,"l1 & bless 8 "n4           
,%[ =? 8 salvation f day to day4        
,decl>e 8 glory among ! ,hea!n1         
,8 wond]s among all ! p4             ,= 
! ,"l is great1 & greatly to be prais$4 
,he is to be fe>$ above all ! gods4     
,hon\r & maje/y are be=e him2           
,/r5g? & beauty are 9 8 sanctu>y40    ,x
 is ow+ 9 a great measure to ?is =m (   

composition1 t our  v]sion1 ?\gh 9      
prose1 reta9s s mu* ( a poetical ca/3 =1
 !  v]sion be+ /rictly ^w = ^w aft] !   
orig9al1 ! =m &  ord] ( ! orig9al s5t5ce
 are pres]v$2 :i*1 by ?is artificial    
/ructure1 ?is regul> alt]nation &       
correspond5ce ( p>ts1 makes  ! e>       
s5sible ( a dep>ture f ! common /yle &  
tone ( prose4  ,! orig9 ( ?is =m (      
poetical composition among ! ,hebrews is
  cle>ly to be d$uc$ f ! mann] 9 :i* _! 
sacr$ hymns 7  wont to be sung4 ,!y 7   
accompani$ ) music1 & !y 7  p]=m$ by    
*oirs or b&s ( s+]s & musicians1 :o     
answ]$  alt]nately to ea* o!r4 ,:51 =   
in/ance1 "o b& began ! hymn  ?us3 ,! ,"l
 reigne?1 let ! e>? rejoice20 ! *orus1  
or  semi-*orus1 took up ! correspond+   
v]sicle1 ,let ! multitude (  ! isles be 
glad !re(40 8,cl\ds & d>kness are r\nd  
ab\t him10  sung ! "o2 ! o!r repli$1    
,judgm5t & righte\sness are !           
habitation ( 8 ?rone40 ,& 9 ?is mann] _!
 poetry1 :5 set to  music1 naturally    
divid$ itself into a succession (       

/rophes &  anti/rophes correspond5t to  
ea* o!r2 :5ce x is probable !  antiphon1
 or responsory1 9 ! public religi\s     
s]vice ( s _m  ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 d]iv$   
its orig94 ,! tw5ty-f\r? ,psalm1 9      
p>ticul>1 :i* is ?\ght to h be5 compos$ 
on ! great &  solemn occasion ( ! ark ( 
! cov5ant be+ br\ght back to ,m\nt      
,zion1 mu/ h _h a noble effect :5 p]=m$ 
aft] ?is mann]1 z  ,dr4 ,l[? has        
illu/rat$ x4 ,! :ole p are suppos$ to be
  att5d+ ! procession4 ,! ,levites &    
s+]s1 divid$ into _!  sev]al c\rses1 &  
accompani$ ) all _! musical in/rum5ts1  
l$  ! way4 ,aft] ! introduction to !    
,psalm1 9 ! two fir/ v]ses1  :5 !       
procession beg9s to asc5d ! sacr$ m\nt1 
! "q is  put1 z by a semi-*orus1 ,:o    
%all asc5d into ! hill ( ! ,"l1  & :o   
%all /& 9 8 holy place80 ,! response is 
made by ! full  *orus ) ! greate/       
dignity3 ,he t ha? clean h&s & a pure   
he>t2 :o ha? n lift$ up 8 s\l to vanity1
 nor sworn  deceitfully40 ,z !          
procession approa*es to ! doors ( !     

tab]nacle1 ! *orus1 ) all _! in/rum5ts1 
jo9 9 ?is  exclamation3 ,lift up y\r    
heads1 ye gates1 & be ye lift$ up1 ye   
ev]la/+ doors1 & ! ,k+ ( glory %all come
 940 ,"h !  semi-*orus pla9ly breaks 91 
z ) a l[] voice1 ,:o is ?is ,k+  (      
glory80 ,& at ! mom5t :5 ! ark is       
introduc$ into !  tab]nacle1 ! response 
is made by ! bur/ ( ! :ole *orus3 ,!    
,"l1 /rong & mighty2 ! ,"l1 mighty 9    
battle40    ,! me?od ( composition :i*  
has be5 expla9$1 by correspond5t        
v]sicles be+ univ]sally introduc$ into !
 hymns or musical poetry  ( ! ,jews1    
easily spread itself ?r\gh _! o!r       
poetical writ+s1  :i* 7 n design$ to be 
sung 9 alt]nate portions1 & :i*1  !re=e1
 did n s mu* require ?is mode (         
composition4 ,b !  mode became famili>  
to _! e>s1 & c>ri$ ) x a c]ta9 solemn   
maje/y ( /yle1 p>ticul>ly suit$ to sacr$
 subjects4 ,h5ce1  ?r\gh\t ! prophetical
 writ+s1 we f9d x prevail+ z mu* z 9  ! 
,psalms ( ,david4 ,?is =m ( writ+ is "o 
( ! great  *>act]i/ics ( ! anci5t       

,hebrew poetry2 v diff]5t f1 &  ev5     
opposite to1 ! /yle ( ! ,greek & ,roman 
poets4 ,indep5d5tly  ( ?is peculi> mode 
( con/ruction1 ! sacr$ poetry is        
di/+ui%$ by ! highe/ beauties ( /rong1  
concise1 bold1 &  figurative expression4
 ,concis5ess & /r5g? are two ( its mo/  
rem>kable *>act]s4 ,"o might1 inde$1    
imag9e t ! practice (  ! ,hebrew poets1 
( always amplify+ ! same ?\ght1 by      
repetition  or contra/1 might t5d to    
enfeeble _! /yle4 ,b !y conduct         
!mselves s z n to produce ?is effect4   
,_! s5t5ces are always  %ort4 ,few      
sup]flu\s words are us$4 ,! same ?\ght  
is nev] dwelt  ^u long4 ,to _!          
concis5ess & sobriety ( expression _!   
poetry  is indebt$ = mu* ( its          
sublimity2 & all writ]s :o attempt !    
sublime might pr(it mu* by imitat+1 9   
?is respect1 ! /yle (  ! ,old ,te/am5t4 
,no writ+s :atev] ab\nd s mu* ) ! mo/   
bold & animat$  figures z ! sacr$ books4
 ,9 ord] to d ju/ice to ^!1 x is        
necess>y t we transport ourselves z mu* 

z we c into ! l& (  ,judea1 & place be=e
 our eyes t sc5]y & ^? objects )  :i* ! 
,hebrew writ]s 7 conv]sant4 ,natural    
objects are 9 "s  measure common to !m )
 poets ( all ages & c\ntries4 ,light &  
d>kness1 trees & fl[]s1 ! =e/ & !       
cultivat$ field1  sugge/ to !m _m       
beautiful figures4 ,b1 9 ord] to reli%  
_!  figures ( ?is k9d1 we mu/ take      
notice t sev]al ( !m arise  f ! p>ticul>
 circum/ances ( ! l& ( ,judea4 ,dur+ !  
summ] mon?s little or no ra9 falls      
?r\gh\t all t region4 ,:ile  ! heats    
cont9u$1 ! c\ntry 0 intol]ably p>*$2    
want ( wat]  0 a great di/ress2 & a     
pl5tiful %[] fall+1 or a rivulet  break+
 =?1 alt]$ ! :ole face ( nature1 &      
introduc$ mu*  high] ideas ( refre%m5t &
 pleasure ?an ! l causes c  sugge/ to u4
 ,h5ce1 to repres5t di/ress1 su* frequ5t
 allusions  among !m1 to a dry & ?ir/y  
l& :]e no wat] is20 & h5ce1 to  describe
 a *ange f di/ress to prosp]ity1 _!     
metaphors are  f\nd$ on ! fall+ ( %[]s1 
& ! bur/+ out ( spr+s 9  ! des]t4 ,?us3 

,! wild]ness & ! solit>y place %all be  
glad1  & ! des]t %all rejoice & blossom 
z ! rose4 ,= 9 !  wild]ness %all wat]s  
break out1 & /reams 9 ! des]t2 & !  p>*$
 gr\nd %all become a pool1 & ! ?ir/y l&1
 spr+s (  wat]2 9 ! habitation ( dragons
 !re %all be grass1 ) ru%es  & re$s10   
,isaiah xxxv1 #a1 #f1 #g4 ,images ( ?is 
nature are v  famili> to ,isaiah1 &     
occur 9 _m p>ts ( 8 book4 ,aga93 z      
,judea  0 a hilly c\ntry1 x 01 dur+ !   
ra9y mon?s1 expos$ to  frequ5t          
inundations by ! ru%+ ( torr5ts1 :i*    
came d[n  sudd5ly f ! m\nta9s1 & c>ri$ e
 ?+ be=e !m2 &  ,jordan1 _! only great  
riv]1 annually ov]fl[$ its banks4 ,h5ce 
!  frequ5t allusions to ! noise1 & to ! 
ru%+s ( _m wat]s20  & h5ce great        
calamities s (t5 comp>$ to ! ov]fl[+    
torr5t1  :i*1 9 su* a c\ntry1 mu/ h be5 
images p>ticul>ly /rik+3  ,deep calle?  
unto deep at ! noise ( ?y wat] sp\ts2   
all ?y waves  & ?y bill[s are gone ov]  
me10 ,psalm xlii1 #g4 ,! two mo/        
rem>kable m\nta9s ( ! c\ntry 7 ,lebanon 

& ,c>mel2 ! =m]  not$ = its height1 & ! 
woods ( l(ty c$>s t cov]$ x2 !  latt]1 =
 its beauty & f]tility1 ! ri*ness ( its 
v9es &  olives4 ,h5ce1 ) ! greate/      
propriety1 ,lebanon is employ$ z an     
image ( :atev] is great1 /rong1 or      
magnific5t2 ,c>mel1 ( :at is  smil+ &   
beautiful4 ,! glory ( ,lebanon %all be  
giv5 to x1 &  ! excell5cy ( ,c>mel10    
,isaiah xxxv1 #b4 ,lebanon is (t5 put   
metaphorically = ! :ole /ate or p (     
,israel1 = ! temple1  = ! k+ ( ,assyria2
 ,c>mel1 = ! bless+s ( peace &          
prosp]ity4 ,8 c\nt5ance is z ,lebanon10 
says ,solomon1 speak+ (  ! dignity ( a  
man's appe>ance2 b :5 he describes      
female beauty1  ,?9e head is l ,m\nt    
,c>mel10 ,cant4 v1 #ae2 vii1 #e4 ,x is  
f>!r to  be rem>k$ "u ?is head1 t1 9 !  
images ( ! awful &  t]rible k9d1 ) :i* !
 sacr$ poets ab\nd1 !y pla9ly draw  _!  
descriptions f t viol5ce ( ! elem5ts1 & 
^? great  concussions ( nature1 ) :i* _!
 climate r5d]$ !m  acqua9t$4 ,e>?quakes 
7 n unfrequ5t2 & ! tempe/s ( hail1      

?und]1 & lightn+1 9 ,judea & ,arabia1   
accompani$ ) :irlw9ds  & d>kness1 f>    
exce$ any ?+ ( t sort :i* happ5s 9 m    
temp]ate regions4 ,isaiah1 xxiv1 #bj1   
describes1 ) great maje/y1 !  e>?1 reel+
 to & fro l a drunk>d1 & remov$ l a     
cottage40  ,& 9 ^? circum/ances ( t]ror1
 ) :i* an appe>ance ( !  ,almighty is   
describ$1 9 ,psalm xviii1 :5 8 pavilion 
r\nd ab\t him  0 d>kness2 :5 hail /ones 
& coals ( fire 7 8 voice2 &  :51 at 8   
rebuke1 ! *annels ( ! wat]s are said to 
be se51 &  ! f\ndations ( ! hills       
discov]$2 ?\gh !re may be "s  ref]5ce1 z
 ,dr4 ,l[? ?9ks1 to ! hi/ory ( ,god's   
desc5t ^u  ,m\nt ,s9ai2 yet x seems m   
probable t ! figures 7 tak5  directly f 
^? commotions ( nature ) :i* ! au?or 0  
acqua9t$1 & :i* sugge/$ /rong] & nobl]  
images ?an ^?  :i* n[ occur to u4       
,beside ! natural objects ( _! own      
c\ntry1 we f9d ! rites (  _! religion1 &
 ! arts & employm5ts ( _! common life1  
frequ5tly employ$ z gr\nds ( imag]y     
among ! ,hebrews4 ,h5ce  fl[$1 ( c\rse1 

! _m allusions to pa/oral life1 to !    
gre5  pa/ures & ! /ill wat]s10 & to !   
c>e & wat*fulness ( a  %eph]d ov] 8     
flock1 :i* c>ry to ?is day s mu* beauty 
&  t5d]ness 9 !m1 9 ,psalm xxiii1 & 9 _m
 o!r passages ( !  poetical writ+s (    
,scripture4 ,h5ce all ! images f\nd$ ^u 
rural  employm5ts1 ^u ! w9e press1 !    
?re%+ floor1 ! /ubble &  ! *aff4 ,to    
disreli% all su* images is ! effect (   
false delicacy4  ,hom] is at lea/ z     
frequ5t1 & mu* m m9ute & p>ticul>1 9  8 
similes1 f\nd$ on :at we n[ call l[     
life2 b1 9 8  managem5t ( !m1 f> inf]ior
 to ! sacr$ writ]s1 :o g5]ally  mix ) _!
 comp>isons ( ?is k9d some:at ( dignity 
& gr&eur  to ennoble !m4 ,:at           
inexpressible gr&eur does ! foll[+ rural
  image 9 ,isaiah1 = in/ance1 receive f 
! int]v5tion ( !  ,deity6--8,! nations  
%all ru% l ! ru%+s ( _m wat]s2 b  ,god  
%all rebuke !m1 & !y %all fly f> (f2 &  
!y %all be  *as$ z ! *aff ( ! m\nta9    
be=e ! w9d1 & l ! d[n  ( ! ?i/le be=e ! 
:irlw9d40 ,figurative allusions1 too1 we

  frequ5tly f9d to ! rites & c]emonies (
 _! religion1 to !  legal di/9ctions (  
?+s clean & unclean1 to ! mode ( _!     
temple s]vice1 to ! dress ( _! prie/s1 &
 to ! mo/ not$  incid5ts record$ 9 _!   
sacr$ hi/ory2 z1 to ! de/ruction (      
,sodom1 ! desc5t ( ,god ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai1 
& ! miracul\s passage  ( ! ,israelites  
?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! religion ( !       
,hebrews  includ$ ! :ole ( _! laws &    
civil con/itution4 ,x 0 full (  spl5did 
ext]nal rites1 t occupi$ _! s5ses2 x 0  
connect$  ) e "p ( _! national hi/ory & 
e/abli%m5t2 & h5ce1  all ideas f\nd$ on 
religion possess$ 9 ?is nation a dignity
 &  importance peculi> to !mselves1 & 7 
uncommonly suit$ to impress  !          
imag9ation4    ,f all ?is x results t ! 
imag]y ( ! sacr$ poets is1 9 a  high    
degree1 expressive & natural2 x is copi$
 directly f real  objects t 7 be=e _!   
eyes2 x has ?is advantage1 ( be+  m     
complete )9 itself1 m entirely f\nd$ on 
national ideas &  mann]s1 ?an t ( ! mo/ 
( o!r poets4 ,9 read+ _! works we  f9d  

ourselves cont9ually 9 ! l& ( ,judea4 ,!
 palm trees1 & !  c$>s ( ,lebanon1 are  
ev] ris+ 9 our view4 ,! face ( _!       
t]ritory1 ! circum/ances ( _! climate1 !
 mann]s ( !  p1 & ! augu/ c]emonies ( _!
 religion1 con/antly pass  "u diff]5t   
=ms be=e u4 ,! comp>isons employ$ by !  
sacr$  poets are g5]ally %ort1 t\*+ on  
"o po9t only ( resemblance1  r ?an      
bran*+ out into little episodes4 ,9 ?is 
respect !y  h an advantage ov] ! ,greek 
& ,roman au?ors2 ^: comp>isons1  by !   
l5g? to :i* !y are ext5d$1 sometimes    
int]rupt !  n>ration too mu*1 & c>ry too
 visible m>ks ( /udy & lab\r2  :]eas1 9 
! ,hebrew poets1 !y appe> m l ! gl[+s ( 
a  lively fancy1 j glanc+ aside to "s   
resembl+ object1 &  pres5tly return+ to 
its track4 ,su* is ! foll[+ f9e         
comp>ison1  introduc$ to describe !     
happy influ5ce ( good gov]nm5t ^u a  p1 
9 :at are call$ ! la/ words ( ,david3   
,he t rule? ov]  m5 mu/ be j1 rul+ 9 !  
fe> ( ,god2 & he %all be z !  light ( ! 
morn+ :5 ! sun rise?1 ev5 a morn+ )\t   

cl\ds2  z ! t5d] grass spr++ out ( !    
e>?1 by cle> %9+ aft]  ra910 #b ,sam4   
xxiii1 #c4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ regul> &  
=mal  comp>isons 9 ! sacr$ books4       
,allegory1 likewise1 is a figure        
frequ5tly f\nd 9 !m4 ,b !  poetical     
figure :i*1 beyond all o!rs1 elevates ! 
/yle (  ,scripture1 & gives x a peculi> 
boldness & sublimity1 is  prosopopia1 or
 p]sonification4 ,no p]sonifications    
employ$ by  any poets are s magnific5t &
 /rik+ z ^? ( ! inspir$  writ]s4 ,on    
great occasions !y animate e "p (       
nature1  especially :5 any appe>ance or 
op]ation ( ! ,almighty is  conc]n$4     
,be=e him w5t ! pe/il5ce40 8,! wat]s saw
 !e1 ,o ,god1  & 7 afraid40 ,! m\nta9s  
saw !e1 & !y trembl$40 8,!  ov]fl[+ ( ! 
wat] pass$ by40 ,! deep utt]$ 8 voice1 &
  lift$ up 8 h&s on high40 ,:5 inquiry  
is made ab\t ! place (  wisdom1 ,job    
introduces ! deep1 say+1 ,x is n 9 me2 &
 ! sea  sai?1 ,x is n 9 me4 ,de/ruction 
& dea? say1 ,we h he>d !  fame !re( )   
our e>s40 ,t not$ sublime passage 9 !   

book (  ,isaiah1 :i* describes ! fall ( 
! k+ ( ,assyria1 is full (  p]sonifi$   
objects2 ! fir trees & c$>s ( ,lebanon  
break+ =?  into exultation on ! fall ( !
 tyrant2 hell f b5ea? /irr+ up  all !   
dead to meet him at 8 com+2 & ! dead k+s
 introduc$ z  speak+ & jo9+ 9 ! triumph4
 ,9 ! same /ra9 are ^? _m  lively &     
passionate apo/rophes to cities &       
c\ntries1 to p]sons  & ?+s1 ) :i* !     
prophetical writ+s e :]e ab\nd4 ,o  ?\  
sword ( ! ,"l1 h[ long w x be ere ?\ be 
quiet8 ,put  ?yself up into ! scabb>d1  
re/1 & be /ill4 ,h[ c x be quiet10  z ! 
reply is in/antly made1 see+ ! ,"l ha?  
giv5 x a *>ge  aga9/ ,askelon1 & ! sea  
%ore8 !re ha? he appo9t$ x10 ,j]4       
xlvii1 #f4 ,9 g5]al1 = x w\ld c>ry u too
 f> to enl>ge ^u all  ! in/ances1 ! /yle
 ( ! poetical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t   
is1  beyond ! /yle ( all o!r poetical   
works1 f]vid1 bold1 &  animat$4 ,x is   
extremely diff]5t f t regul> correct    
expression  to :i* our e>s are accu/om$ 
9 mod]n poetry4 ,x is ! bur/ (          

inspiration4 ,! sc5es are n coolly      
describ$1 b repres5t$ z  pass+ be=e our 
eyes4 ,e object & e p]son is address$ & 
spok5 to1 z if pres5t4 ,! transition is 
(t5 abrupt2 ! connection  (t5 obscure2 !
 p]sons are (t5 *ang$2 figures cr[d$1 & 
heap$ ^u "o ano!r4 ,bold sublimity1 n   
correct elegance1 is its  "*4 ,we see ! 
_s ( ! writ] rais$ beyond himself1 &    
lab\r+ to f9d v5t = ideas too mighty = 8
 utt]ance4    ,! sev]al k9ds ( poetical 
composition :i* we f9d 9 ,scripture are 
*iefly ! didactic1 elegiac1 pa/oral1 &  
lyric4 ,( ! didactic  species ( poetry1 
! book ( ,prov]bs is ! pr9cipal in/ance4
 ,!  fir/ n9e *apt]s ( t book are highly
 poetical1 adorn$ ) _m  di/+ui%$ graces1
 & figures ( expression4 ,! book (      
,ecclesia/es comes1 likewise1 "u ?is    
head2 & "s ( ! ,psalms1  z ! hundr$ &   
n9ete5? 9 p>ticul>4 ,( elegiac poetry1  
_m  v beautiful specim5s occur 9        
,scripture2 su* z ! lam5tation (  ,david
 ov] 8 fri5d ,jona?an2 sev]al passages 9
 ! prophetical  books2 & sev]al (       

,david's ,psalms1 compos$ on occasions (
 di/ress  & m\rn+4 ,! =ty-second ,psalm1
 9 p>ticul>1 is1 9 ! highe/  degree1    
t5d] & pla9tive4 ,b ! mo/ regul> &      
p]fect elegiac  composition 9 !         
,scripture1 p]haps 9 ! :ole _w1 is !    
,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah4 ,z ! prophet   
m\rns1 9 t book1 ov] !  de/ruction ( !  
temple & ! holy city1 & ! ov]?r[ ( !    
:ole /ate1 he assembles all ! affect+   
images :i* a subject s  melan*oly c\ld  
sugge/4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon af=ds u a   
high  exemplification ( pa/oral poetry4 
,consid]$ ) respect to its  spiritual   
mean+1 x is und\bt$ly a my/ical         
allegory2 9 its =m x  is a dramatic     
pa/oral1 or a p]petual dialogue betwe5  
p]sonages 9  ! "* ( %eph]ds2 &1 suitably
 to t =m1 x is full (  rural & pa/oral  
images f beg9n+ to end4 ,( lyric poetry1
 or  t :i* is int5d$ to be accompani$ ) 
music1 ! ,old ,te/am5t  is full4 ,beside
 a great numb] ( hymns & songs1 :i* we  
f9d  scatt]$ 9 ! hi/orical & prophetical
 books1 su* z ! song (  ,moses1 ! song (

 ,deborah1 & _m o!rs ( l nature1 ! :ole 
book ( ,psalms is to be consid]$ z a    
collection ( sacr$ odes4 ,9  ^! we f9d !
 ode exhibit$ 9 all ! v>ieties ( its =m1
 &  support$ ) ! highe/ _s ( lyric      
poetry2 sometimes sprightly1  *e]ful1 & 
triumphant2 sometimes solemn &          
magnific5t2 sometimes  t5d] & s(t4 ,f ^!
 in/ances x cle>ly appe>s1 t !re are    
conta9$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures full      
exemplifications ( sev]al ( !  *ief k9ds
 ( poetical writ+4    ,,pollux1 a tutel>
 deity ( m>9]s 9 anci5t times1 ,acts    
xxviii1 #aa1  ^: image 0 plac$ ei!r at !
 pr[ or /]n ( ! %ip4    ,,pomegranate1 1
 ,numb]s xiii1 #bc2 xx1 #e2 #a ,sam4    
xiv1 #b1 c1 a l[  tree gr[+ v common 9  
,pale/9e1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ea/4  ,its   
bran*es are v ?ick & bu%y2 "s ( !m are  
arm$ ) %>p  ?orns4 ,!y are g>ni%$ ) n>r[
 spe>-%ap$ leaves4 ,its fl[]s  are ( an 
elegant r$ col\r1 resembl+ a rose4 ,x is
 *iefly valu$  = ! fruit1 :i* is z big z
 a l>ge apple1 is q r\nd1 & has  ! g5]al
 qualities ( o!r summ] fruits1 allay+   

heat &  qu5*+ ?ir/4 ,! high e/imation 9 
:i* x 0 held by ! p  ( ,israel1 may be  
inf]r$ f its be+ "o ( ! ?ree k9ds (     
fruit br\ght by ! spies f ,e%col to     
,moses & ! congregation 9  ! wild]ness1 
,num4 xiii1 #bc2 xx1 #e2 & f its be+    
specifi$ by  t rebelli\s p z "o ( !     
greate/ luxuries :i* !y  enjoy$ 9       
,egypt1 ! want ( :i* !y felt s sev]ely 9
 ! s&y  des]t4 ,! pomegranate1 class$ by
 ,moses ) :eat & b>ley1 v9es  & figs1   
oil olive & honey1 01 9 8 acc\nt1 "o    
pr9cipal  recomm5dation ( ! promis$ l&1 
,deut4 viii1 #h4 ,! =m ( ?is  fruit 0 s 
beautiful1 z to be hon\r$ ) a place at !
 bottom (  ! high prie/'s robe1 ,exodus 
xxviii1 #cc2 ,ecclus4 xlv1 #i2 & 0 !    
pr9cipal ornam5t ( ! /ately columns (   
,solomon's temple4 ,!  inside is full ( 
small k]nels1 repl5i%$ ) a g5]\s liquor4
 ,9  %ort !re is sc>cely any "p ( !     
pomegranate :i* does n  delight &       
recreate ! s5ses4    ,,port]s ,,( ,,!   
,,temple4 ,! ,levites dis*>g$ ! (fice ( 
port]s (  ! temple bo? day & night1 & _h

 ! c>e bo? ( ! treasure &  (f]+s4 ,!    
(fice ( port] 0 9 "s sort milit>y2      
prop]ly  speak+1 !y 7 ! soldi]s ( ! ,"l1
 & ! gu>ds ( 8  h\se1 to ^: *>ge !      
sev]al gates ( ! c\rts ( ! sanctu>y  7  
appo9t$ by lot1 #a ,*ronicles xxvi1 #a1 
#ac1 #ai4 ,!y wait$ at  e gate2 & 7 n   
p]mitt$ to dep>t f _! s]vice10 #b       
,*ron4 xxxv1 #ae2 & !y att5d$ by turns 9
 _! c\rses1 z !  o!r ,levites did1 #b   
,*ron4 viii1 #ad4 ,_! prop] bus9ess 0 to
 op5  & %ut ! gates1 & to att5d at !m by
 day1 z a sort ( peace  (fic]s1 9 ord]  
to prev5t any tumult among ! p2 to keep 
/rang]s & ! excommunicat$ & unclean     
p]sons1 f ent]+ into  ! holy c\rt2 &1 9 
%ort1 to prev5t :atev] might be         
prejudicial  to ! safety1 peace1 &      
purity ( ! holy place & s]vice4 ,!y     
also kept gu>d by night ab\t ! temple & 
its c\rts2 & !y are  said to h be5      
tw5ty-f\r1 includ+ ?ree prie/s1 :o /ood 
s5try  at s _m diff]5t places4 ,!re 0 a 
sup]ior (fic] ov] ! :ole  gu>d1 call$ by
 ,maimonides1 ! man ( ! m\nta9 ( !      

h\se20 he  walk$ ! r\nd z (t5 z he      
pleas$2 :5 he pass$ a s5t9el t  0 /&+1  
he said1 ,peace be unto y20 b if he f\nd
 "o asleep1  he /ruck him1 & he _h      
lib]ty to set fire to 8 g>m5t4 ,?is     
cu/om may1 p]haps1 be allud$ to 9 !     
foll[+ passage3 ,behold1 ,i  come z a   
?ief10 t is1 unaw>es2 bless$ is he t    
wat*e? &  keepe? 8 g>m5ts10 ,rev4 xvi1  
#ae4 ,psalm cxxxiv1 seems to be address$
  to ^! wat*m5 ( ! temple1 :o by night  
/& 9 ! h\se ( !  ,"l20 9 :i* !y are     
exhort$ to employ _! wak+ h\rs 9 acts  (
 praise & devotion4    ,,po/1 a mess5g] 
or regulat$ c\ri]1 appo9t$ to c>ry )    
exp$ition ! despat*es ( pr9ces1 or !    
lett]s ( private p]sons  9 g5]al1 ,job  
ix1 #be2 ,j]4 li1 #ca2 #b ,*ron4 xxx1   
#f2 ,e/h] iii1 #ac1  c4 ,x is ?\ght t ! 
use ( po/s is d]iv$ f ! ,p]sians4       
,diodorus ,siculus obs]ves1 t ! k+s (   
,p]sia1 9 ord] to h  intellig5ce ( :at 0
 pass$ ?r\gh all ! prov9ces ( _! va/    
dom9ions1 plac$ c5t9els at em95ces1 at  
conv5i5t di/ances1 :]e  t[]s 7 built4   

,^! c5t9els gave notice ( public        
occurr5ces  f "o to ano!r1 ) a v l\d &  
%rill voice1 by :i* news  0 transmitt$ f
 "o extremity ( ! k+dom to ano!r ) great
  exp$ition4 ,b z ?is c\ld n be         
practis$1 except 9 ! case (  g5]al news1
 :i* x 0 exp$i5t t ! :ole nation %\ld be
  acqua9t$ )1 ,cyrus1 z ,x5ophon        
relates1 appo9t$ c\ri]s &  places = po/ 
horses1 build+ on purpose on all ! high 
roads h\ses  = ! reception ( ! c\ri]s1  
:]e !y 7 to deliv] _!  packets to !     
next1 & s on4 ,?is !y did night & day1 s
 t no  inclem5cy ( wea!r 0 to /op !m2 & 
!y are repres5t$ z  mov+ ) a/oni%+ spe$4
 ,9 ! judgm5t ( _m !y w5t fa/]  ?an     
cranes c\ld fly4 ,h]odotus owns1 t no?+ 
swift] 0 kn[n  = a j\rney by l&4 ,x]xes1
 9 8 fam\s exp$ition aga9/ ,greece1     
plant$ po/s f ! gean ,sea to ,%u%an1 or 
,susa1 to s5d notice  ?i!r ( :at might  
happ5 to 8 army2 he plac$ ^! mess5g]s  f
 /ation to /ation1 to convey 8 packets1 
at su* di/ances f  ea* o!r z a horse    
might easily travel4    ,,pott]4        

,frequ5t m5tion is made ( ! pott] 9     
,scripture1 ,j]4 xviii1  #c2 ,ecclus4   
xxxviii1 #bi1 #cj4 ,hom] says1 t ! pott]
 turns 8 :eel  ) 8 h&s4 ,b at ! pres5t  
day1 ! :eel on :i* ! "w is  =m$ is turn$
 by ano!r4    ,,pott]'s ,,field1 ! l& t 
0 b\ght ) ! money = :i* ,judas  sold our
 ,savi\r1 ,matt4 xxvii1 #g1 #aj1 & :i*  
he return$4 ,see  ,,aceldama4    ,,pray]
 has be5 well def9$1 ! (f]+ up ( our    
desires unto ,god1  = ?+s agreeable to 8
 w1 9 ! "n or ?r\gh ! m$iation  ( ,jesus
 ,*ri/1 by ! help ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ) a    
confession (  our s9s1 & a ?ankful      
ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 m]cies4 #a4 ,pray] is 9 
itself a becom+ ackn[l$gm5t ( !         
all-suffici5cy ( ,god1 & (  our dep5d5ce
 ^u him4 ,x is 8 appo9t$ means = !      
obta9+ (  bo? temporal & spiritual      
bless+s4 ,he c\ld bless 8 creatures 9   
ano!r way3 b he w be inquir$ (1 to d =  
!m ^? ?+s (  :i* !y /& 9 ne$1 ,ezek4    
xxxvi1 #cg4 ,x is ! act ( an indig5t    
creature1 seek+ relief f ! f\nta9 (     
m]cy4 ,a s5se ( want  excites desire1 & 

desire is ! v ess5ce ( pray]4 ,"o ?+ h  
,i desir$ ( ! ,"l10 says ,david3 t w ,i 
seek aft]40 ,pray]  )\t desire is l an  
alt> )\t a sacrifice1 or )\t ! fire  f  
heav5 to consume x4 ,:5 all our wants   
are suppli$1 pray] w  be conv]t$ into   
praise2 till !n ,*ri/ians mu/ live by   
pray]1 &  dwell at ! m]cy seat4 ,god    
alone is able to he> & to supply _!  e  
want4 ,! revelation :i* he has giv5 ( 8 
goodness lays a  f\ndation = our ask+ ) 
confid5ce ! bless+s we ne$1 & 8  ability
 enc\rages u to hope = _! be/[m5t4 ,o ?\
 t he>e/  pray]2 unto !e %all all fle%  
come10 ,psalm lxv1 #b4 #b4 ,pray] is a  
spiritual ex]cise1 & c only be p]=m$    
acceptably by !  assi/ance ( ! ,holy    
,_s1 ,rom4 viii1 #bf4 ,! sacrifice ( !  
wick$ is an abom9ation to ! ,"l1 b !    
pray] ( ! upright is  8 delight40 ,!    
,holy ,_s is ! great ag5t 9 ! _w (      
grace1  & )\t 8 special influ5ce !re is 
no acceptable pray]4 ,h5ce  he is call$ 
! ,_s ( grace & ( supplication3 = he x  
is t  enables u to draw nigh unto ,god1 

fill+ our m\? ) argum5ts1 &  tea*+ u to 
ord] our cause be=e him1 ,ze*4 xii1 #aj4
 #c4 ,all  acceptable pray] mu/ be (f]$ 
9 fai?1 or a believ+ frame (  m9d4 ,if  
any man lack wisdom1 let him ask ( ,god1
 :o give? to all m5  lib]ally1 &        
upbraide? n1 & x %all be giv5 him4 ,b   
let him  ask 9 fai?1 no?+ wav]+--= let n
 ! wav]+ man ?9k t  he %all receive any 
?+ ( ! ,"l10 ,james i1 #e-g4 ,he t come?
  unto ,god mu/ believe t he is1 & t he 
is a rew>d] ( !m t  dilig5tly seek him10
 ,heb4 xi1 #f4 ,x mu/ be (f]$ 9 ! "n (  
,*ri/1 believ+ 9 him z reveal$ 9 ! ^w ( 
,god1 plac+ 9 him  all our hope (       
acceptance1 & ex]cis+ unfeign$ confid5ce
 9 8  aton+ sacrifice & preval5t        
int]cession4 #d4 ,pray] is to be (f]$  =
 ?+s agreeable to ! w ( ,god40 ,s !     
,apo/le says3 ,?is is  ! confid5ce t we 
h 9 him1 t1 if we ask any ?+ accord+  to
 8 w1 he he>e? u2 & if we "k t he he> u1
 :atsoev]  we ask1 we "k t we h !       
petitions t we desir$ ( him10 #a  ,john 
v1 #ad1 #ae4 ,our pray]s mu/ !re=e be   

regulat$ by ! reveal$  w ( ,god1 & come 
)9 ! compass ( ! promises4 ,^! are to   
be ! matt] & ! gr\nd ( our              
supplications4 ,:at ,god has n          
p>ticul>ly promis$ he may nev]!less     
possibly be/[2 b :at he  has promis$ he 
w assur$ly p]=m4 ,( ! good ?+s promis$  
to  ,israel ( old n "o fail$1 b all came
 to pass2 & 9 due "t !  same %all be    
said ( all ! re/4 #e4 ,all ?is mu/ be   
accompani$ )  confession ( our s9s1 &   
?ankful ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god's m]cies4    
,^! are two necess>y +r$i5ts 9          
acceptable pray]4 ,i pray$10  says !    
,prophet ,daniel1 & made confession40   
,s9 is a burd51 ( :i*  confession       
unloads ! s\l4 ,fa!r10 said ! return+   
prodigal1 ,i  h s9n$ aga9/ ,heav5 & 9 ?y
 sight40 ,?anksgiv+ is also z  necess>y 
z confession2 by ! "o we take %ame to   
ourselves2 by !  o!r1 we give glory to  
,god4 ,by ! "o1 we abase ! creature2 by 
!  o!r we exalt ! ,creator4 ,9 petition+
 fav\rs f ,god1 we act l  dep5d5t       
creatures2 9 confession1 l s9n]s2 b 9   

?anksgiv+1  l angels4    ,! reason on   
:i* ?is great & efficaci\s duty re/s1   
has be5 a  subject ( "s debate4 ,on ?is 
po9t1 h[ev]1 we h no?+ /at$  9 !        
,scriptures4 ,f !m we le>n only1 t ,god 
has appo9t$ x2  t he enjo9s x to be (f]$
 9 fai?1 t is1 fai? 9 ,*ri/1  ^:        
atonem5t is ! m]itori\s & procur+ cause 
( all !  bless+s to :i* our desires c be
 direct$2 & t pray] s  (f]$ is an       
indisp5sable condition ( our obta9+ !   
bless+s =  :i* we ask4 ,z a matt] (     
inf]5ce1 h[ev]1 we may discov] "s       
glimpses ( ! reason 9 ! div9e ,m9d on   
:i* its appo9tm5t  re/s4 ,t reason has  
sometimes be5 said to be ! moral        
prep>ation  & /ate ( fitness produc$ 9 !
 s\l = ! reception ( !  div9e m]cies :i*
 ! act &1 m especially ! habit ( pray]  
mu/ induce4 ,aga9/ ?is /&s ! /rong1 &1 9
 a ,scriptural view1  fatal objection1 t
 an effici5cy is ?us ascrib$ to ! m]e   
act (  a creature to produce ^? great1  
&1 9 _m respects1 radical  *anges 9 ! "*
 ( man1 :i* we are taught1 by inspir$   

au?ority1 to ref] to ! direct influ5ces 
( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,:at is  x t fits man =  
=giv5ess1 b simply rep5tance8 ,yet t is 
expressly said to be ! gift0 ( ,*ri/1 & 
supposes /rong op]ations  ( ! illum9at+ 
& conv9c+ ,_s ( tru?1 ! ,"l & ,giv]  (  
spiritual life2 & if ! m]e acts & habit 
( pray] _h  effici5cy en\gh to produce a
 ,scriptural rep5tance1 !n e  =mali/    
att5d+ ) ord9>y s]i\sness to 8 devotions
 mu/1 9  consequ5ce1 become a p5it5t4   
,aga93 if we pray = spiritual  bless+s  
aright1 t is1 ) an e>ne/ness ( desire   
:i* arises  f a due appreh5sion ( _!    
importance1 & a pref]5ce ( !m to  all   
e>?ly good1 :o does n see t ?is implies 
su* a deliv]ance  f ! e>?ly & c>nal     
disposition :i* *>act]izes our  deg5]ate
 nature1 t an ag5cy f> above our own1   
h[ev] we may  employ x1 mu/ be suppos$8 
or else1 if our own pray]s c\ld be      
effici5t up to ?is po9t1 we might1 by ! 
cont9ual application (  ?is in/rum5t1   
complete our reg5]ation1 indep5d5t ( t  
grace (  ,god1 :i*1 aft] all1 ?is !ory  

br+s 94 ,x may inde$ be said1  t ! grace
 ( ,god op]ates by our pray]s to produce
 9 u a /ate  ( moral fitness to receive 
! bless+s we ask4 ,b ?is gives up !     
po9t cont5d$ =1 ! moral effici5cy (     
pray]2 & ref]s !  effici5cy to ano!r    
ag5t work+ by our pray]s z an in/rum5t4 
,/ill1 h[ev]1 x may be affirm$1 t !     
,scriptures no :]e  repres5t pray] z an 
in/rum5t = improv+ our moral /ate1 9 any
  o!r way ?an z ! means ( br++ into !   
s\l new supplies (  spiritual life &    
/r5g?4 ,x is !re=e m prop]ly to be      
consid]$ z a condition ( our obta9+ t   
grace by :i* su*  effects are wr\ght1   
?an z ! in/rum5t by :i* x effects !m4 ,9
  fact1 all g5u9e acts ( pray] dep5d ^u 
a grace previ\sly  be/[$1 & f :i* alone 
! disposition & ! p[] to pray  proce$4  
,s x 0 said ( ,saul ( ,t>sus1 ,behold1  
he praye?60 ,he  pray$ 9 fact !n = !    
fir/ "t2 b t 0 9 consequ5ce (  !        
illum9ation ( 8 m9d z to 8 spiritual    
dang]1 effect$ by !  miracle on ! way to
 ,damascus1 & ! grace ( ,god :i*        

accompani$  ! miracle4 ,nor does !      
miracul\s "* ( ! means by :i*           
conviction 0 produc$ 9 8 m9d1 affect !  
relevancy ( ?is to  ord9>y cases4 ,by   
:atev] means ,god may be pleas$ to fa/5 
!  conviction ( our spiritual dang] ^u  
our m9ds1 & to awak5 u out  ( ! long    
sleep ( s91 t conviction mu/ prec$e real
 pray]1 &  comes f ! influ5ce ( 8 grace1
 r5d]+ ! means ( conviction  effectual4 
,?us x is n ! pray] :i* produces !      
conviction1 b  ! conviction :i* gives   
bir? to ! pray]2 & if we pursue !  matt]
 into its subsequ5t /ages1 we %all come 
to ! same result4 ,we  pray = :at we    
feel we want2 t is1 = some?+ n 9 our    
possession2 we obta9 ?is ei!r by        
imp>tation f ,god1 to :om we  look up z 
! only ,be+ able to be/[ ! good = :i* we
 ask him2  or else we obta9 x1 accord+  
to ?is !ory1 by "s moral effici5cy  be+ 
giv5 to ! ex]cise ( pray] to "w x 9 u4  
,n[1 ! latt]  hypo!sis is 9 _m cases    
manife/ly absurd4 ,we ask = p>don ( s91 
= in/ance2 b ?is is an act ( ,god done =

 u1 q di/9ct  f any moral *ange :i*     
pray] may be said to produce 9 u1       
:atev] effici5cy we may ascribe to x2 = 
no su* *ange 9 u c  be p>don1 s9ce t mu/
 proce$ f ! p>ty (f5d$4 ,we ask =       
increase ( spiritual /r5g?2 & pray] is !
 expression ( t  want4 ,b if x supply   
?is want by its own moral effici5cy1 x  
mu/  supply x 9 proportion to its       
int5sity & e>ne/ness2 :i*  int5sity &   
e>ne/ness c only be call$ =? by ! degree
 9  :i* ! want is felt1 s t ! case      
suppos$ is contradictory &  absurd1 z x 
makes ! s5se ( want to be 9 proportion  
to ! supply  :i* ought to abate or      
remove x4 ,& if x be urg$1 t pray] at   
lea/ produces 9 u a fitness = ! supply (
 spiritual /r5g?1  because x is excit$  
by a s5se ( our wants1 ! answ] is1 t !  
fitness cont5d$ = consi/s 9 t s5se (    
want itself :i* mu/  be produc$ 9 u by !
 previ\s ag5cy ( grace1 or we %\ld nev] 
pray = supplies4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no?+ 9
 pray] simply :i*  appe>s to h any      
adaptation1 z an in/rum5t1 to effect a  

moral  *ange 9 man1 al?\gh x %\ld be    
suppos$ to be made use ( by !  influ5ce 
( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! ^w ( ,god is prop]ly  
an in/rum5t1  because x conta9s !       
doctr9e :i* t ,_s expla9s & applies1  & 
! motives to fai? & ob$i5ce :i* he      
en=ces ^u !  consci5ce & affections2 &  
al?\gh pray] br+s ^! tru?s &  motives   
be=e u1 pray] _c prop]ly be said to be  
an in/rum5t (  our reg5]ation1 because t
 :i* is ?us br\ght by pray] to be>  ^u  
our case is ! ^w ( ,god itself introduc$
 into our pray]s1  :i* d]ive _! sole    
influ5ce 9 t respect f t  circum/ance4  
,pray] simply is ! application ( an     
insuffici5t to a  suffici5t ,be+ = !    
good :i* ! =m] _c o!rwise obta91  & :i* 
! latt] only c supply2 & z t supply is  
dep5d5t  ^u pray]1 & 9 ! nature ( ! ?+  
consequ5t1 pray] c 9 no  good s5se be   
said to be ! in/rum5t ( supply+ our     
wants1 or  fitt+ u = _! supply1 except  
relatively1 z a m]e condition  appo9t$  
by ! ,donor4    ,if we mu/ inquire into 
! reason ( ! appo9tm5t ( pray]1 & x  c  

sc>cely be consid]$ z a purely arbitr>y 
in/itution1 t  reason seems to be1 !    
pres]vation 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ( a solemn &  
impressive s5se ( ,god's ag5cy 9 ! _w1 &
 ! dep5d5ce ( all  creatures ^u him4    
,p]fectly pure & glorifi$ be+s1 no long]
 9 a  /ate ( probation1 & !re=e expos$  
to no temptations1 may n  ne$ ?is       
in/itution2 b m5 9 _! fall5 /ate are    
con/antly  prone to =get ,god2 to re/ 9 
! ag5cy ( second causes2 & to  build ^u 
a suffici5cy 9 !mselves4 ,?is is at once
 a d5ial to ,god  ( ! glory :i* he      
rightly claims1 & a de/ructive delusion 
to  creatures1 :o1 9 =sak+ ,god z !     
object ( _! con/ant  affiance1 tru/ b 9 
brok5 re$s1 & attempt to dr9k f brok5   
ci/]ns :i* c hold no wat]40 ,x is !n    
equally 9 m]cy to u1 z  9 respect to 8  
own hon\r & ackn[l$gm5t1 t ! div9e ,be+ 
has susp5d$ s _m ( 8 bless+s1 & ^? ( !  
highe/  necessity to u1 ^u ! ex]cise (  
pray]2 an act :i* ackn[l$ges  8         
uncontrollable ag5cy1 & ! dep5d5ce ( all
 creatures ^u him2  our insuffici5cy1 & 

8 fulness2 & lays ! f\ndation ( t  habit
 ( gratitude & ?anksgiv+ :i* is at once 
s meliorat+ to  our own feel+s1 & s     
conducive to a *e]ful ob$i5ce to ! w  ( 
,god4 ,& if ?is reason = ! injunction ( 
pray] is no :]e 9  ,scripture /at$ 9 s  
_m words1 x is a pr9ciple uni=mly       
suppos$  z ! f\ndation ( ! :ole s*eme ( 
religion :i* !y h  reveal$4    ,to ?is  
duty objections h be5 sometimes (f]$1 at
 :i* x may be  well at lea/ to glance4  
,"o has be5 gr\nd$ ^u a suppos$         
pr$e/9ation ( all ?+s :i* come to pass2 
& ! argum5t is1  t z ?is e/abli%$       
pr$et]m9ation ( all ?+s _c be  alt]$1   
pray]1 :i* supposes t ,god w dep>t f x1 
is va9  & useless4 ,! answ] :i* a pi\s  
pr$e/9>ian w\ld give to ?is  objection  
is1 t ! argum5t drawn f ! pr$e/9ation ( 
,god  lies ) ! same =ce aga9/ e o!r     
human ef=t1 z aga9/  pray]2 & t z ,god's
 pr$et]m9ation to give food to man does 
n  r5d] ! cultivation ( ! e>? useless & 
imp]t95t1 s nei!r  does ! pr$e/9ation ( 
?+s %ut out ! necessity & efficacy (    

pray]4 ,x w\ld also be urg$1 t ,god has 
orda9$ ! means z well  z ! end2 & al?\gh
 he is an un*angeable ,be+1 x is a "p ( 
! un*angeable sy/em :i* he has e/abli%$1
 t pray] %all be  he>d & accept$4 ,^? :o
 h n ^! views ( pr$e/9ation  w answ] !  
objection diff]5tly2 = if ! premises (  
su* a  pr$e/9ation z is assum$ by !     
objection1 & conc$$ 9 !  answ]1 be      
all[$1 ! answ] is unsatisfactory4 ,!    
,scriptures  repres5t ,god1 = in/ance1 z
 purpos+ to inflict a judgm5t ^u an     
individual or a nation1 :i* purpose is  
(t5 *ang$ by pray]4 ,9  ?is case ei!r   
,god's purpose mu/ be d5i$1 & !n 8      
?reat5+s  are r$uc$ to words )\t mean+2 
or ! purpose mu/ be all[$2 9  :i* case  
ei!r pray] breaks 9 ^u pr$e/9ation1 if  
und]/ood  absolutely1 or x is va9 &     
useless4 ,to ! objection s drawn out x  
is cle> t no answ] is giv5 by say+ t !  
means z well z !  end are pr$e/9at$1    
s9ce pray] 9 su* cases is n a means to !
  end1 b an in/rum5t ( ?w>t+ x2 or is a 
means to "o end 9  opposition to ano!r  

end1 :i*1 if equally pr$e/9at$ ) ! same 
absolut5ess1 is a contradiction4 ,! true
 answ] is1 t al?\gh ,god  has absolutely
 pr$et]m9$ "s ?+s1 !re are o!rs :i*     
respect  8 gov]nm5t ( free & acc\ntable 
ag5ts1 :i* he has b  conditionally      
pr$et]m9$4 ,! true immutability ( ,god  
consi/s1 n  9 8 adh]5ce to 8 purposes1 b
 9 8 nev] *ang+ !  pr9ciples ( 8        
adm9i/ration2 & he may !re=e1 9 p]fect  
accordance ) 8 prerd9ation ( ?+s1 & !   
immutability ( 8  nature1 purpose to d1 
"u c]ta9 conditions dep5d5t ^u ! free   
ag5cy ( man1 :at he w n d "u o!rs2 & =  
?is reason1  t an immutable adh]5ce to !
 pr9ciples ( a wise1 j1 &  graci\s      
gov]nm5t requires x4 ,pray] is 9        
,scripture made "o (  ^! conditions2 &  
if ,god has e/abli%$ x z "o ( !         
pr9ciples  ( 8 moral gov]nm5t to accept 
pray]1 9 e case 9 :i* he has  giv5 u    
au?ority to ask1 he has n1 we may be    
assur$1 entangl$ 8  actual gov]nm5t ( ! 
_w ) ! bonds ( su* an et]nal            
pr$e/9ation ( p>ticul> ev5ts1 z ei!r to 

r$uce pray] to a  m]e =m ( words1 or n  
to be able himself1 consi/5tly ) 8      
decrees1 to answ] x1 :5ev] x is enc\rag$
 by 8 express  engagem5ts4    ,a second 
objection is1 t z ,god is inf9itely wise
 & good1 8  wisdom & ju/ice w lead him  
to be/[ :atev] is fit = u  )\t pray+2 & 
if any ?+ be n fit = u1 we _c obta9 x   
by pray+40 ,to ?is ,dr4 ,paley v well   
replies1 t x may be  agreeable to p]fect
 wisdom to grant t to our pray]s :i* x  
w\ld  n h be5 agreeable to ! same wisdom
 to h giv5 u )\t  pray+ =40 ,?is1       
indep5d5t ( ! "q ( ! au?ority ( !       
,scriptures :i* explicitly enjo9 pray]1 
is ! be/ answ] :i* c  be giv5 to !      
objection2 & x is no small confirmation 
( x1 t  x is obvi\s to e reflect+ man1 t
 = ,god to )hold fav\rs  till ask$ =1   
t5ds10 z ! same writ] obs]ves1 to       
enc\rage  devotion among 8 rational     
creatures1 & to keep up & circulate a  k
 & s5se ( _! dep5d5cy ^u him40 ,b x is  
urg$1 ,god  w always d :at is be/ f !   
moral p]fection ( 8 nature1  :e!r we    

pray or n40 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1      
supposes t !re is  b "o mode ( act+ = ! 
be/1 & t ! div9e w is  necess>ily       
det]m9$ to t mode only2 bo? :i*         
positions10 says  ,paley1 presume a k ( 
univ]sal nature1 mu* beyond :at we are  
capable ( atta9+40 ,x is1 inde$1 a v    
unsatisfactory mode (  speak+1 to say1  
,god w always d :at is be/2 s9ce we c   
conceive  him capable 9 all cases ( do+ 
:at is /ill bett] = ! creature1  & also 
t ! creature is capable ( receiv+ m & m 
f  8 inf9ite fulness = ev]4 ,all t c be 
rationally meant by su*  a phrase is1 t1
 9 ! circum/ances ( ! case1 ,god w      
always d  :at is mo/ consi/5t ) 8 own   
wisdom1 hol9ess1 & goodness2 b  !n !    
disposition to pray1 & ! act ( pray+1   
add a new  circum/ance to e case1 & (t5 
br+ _m o!r new circum/ances  along ) !m4
 ,x supposes humility1 contrition1 &    
tru/1 on !  "p ( ! creature2 & an       
ackn[l$gm5t ( ! p[] & compassion  (     
,god1 & ( ! m]it ( ! atonem5t ( ,*ri/3  
all :i* are  manife/ly new positions1 s 

to speak1 ( ! circum/ances ( !          
creature1 :i*1 ^u ! v pr9ciple ( !      
objection1 rationally  und]/ood1 mu/ be 
tak5 into consid]ation4    ,b if !      
efficacy ( pray] z to ourselves be      
grant$1 its influ5ce  ^u ! case ( o!rs  
is said to be m difficult to conceive4  
,?is  may be all[$ )\t at all affect+ ! 
duty4 ,^? :o b[ to !  au?ority ( !      
,scriptures w see1 t ! duty ( pray+ =   
ourselves & = o!rs re/s ^u ! same div9e 
appo9tm5t2 & to  ^? :o ask = ! reason ( 
su* int]cession 9 behalf ( o!rs1  x is  
suffici5t to reply1 t ! efficacy ( pray]
 be+ e/abli%$  9 "o case1 !re is ! same 
reason to conclude t our pray]s may     
b5efit o!rs1 z any o!r ef=t we may use4 
,x c only be by div9e  appo9tm5t t "o   
creature is made dep5d5t ^u ano!r = any 
advantage1 s9ce x 0 d\btless 9 ! p[] ( !
 ,creator to h  r5d]$ ea* indep5d5t (   
all b himself4 ,:atev] reason1  !re=e1  
might lead him to connect & int]weave ! 
int]e/s ( "o  man ) ! b5evol5ce ( ano!r1
 w be ! lead+ reason = t  k9d ( mutual  

dep5d5ce :i* is impli$ 9 ! b5efit (     
mutual  pray]4 ,7 x only t a previ\s    
sympa?y1 *>ity1 & good w1  are impli$ 9 
! duty1 & mu/1 inde$1 be cultivat$ 9    
ord] to x1  & be /r5g!n$ by x1 ! wisdom 
& b5evol5ce ( ! in/itution  w\ld1 x is  
presum$1 be app>5t to e well con/itut$  
m9d4 ,t  all pray] = o!rs mu/ proce$ ^u 
a less p]fect k ( !m  ?an we h (        
ourselves1 is c]ta92 t all our petitions
 mu/ be1  ev5 9 our own m9d1 m          
conditional ?an ^? :i* respect          
ourselves1 ?\gh _m ( ^! mu/ be subject$ 
to ! pr9ciples ( a  g5]al adm9i/ration1 
:i* we b p>tially appreh5d2 & t all     
spiritual influ5ces ^u o!rs1 :5 !y are  
subject to our pray]s1  w be und]/ood by
 u z liable to ! control ( _! free      
ag5cy1  mu/ also be conc$$2 &1 !re=e1 :5
 o!rs are conc]n$1 our  pray]s may (t5  
be p>tially or :olly fruitless4 ,he :o  
believes !  ,scriptures w1 h[ev]1 be    
enc\rag$ by ! decl>ation t !  effectual 
f]v5t pray] ( a righte\s man10 = 8 fell[
 creatures1  availe? mu*20 & he :o dem&s

 some?+ beyond m]e au?oritative         
decl>ation1 z he _c d5y t pray] is "o ( 
^? in/rum5ts  by :i* ano!r may be       
b5efit$1 mu/ ackn[l$ge t1 l !  giv+ (   
c\nsel1 x may be ( great utility 9 "s   
cases1 al?\gh x  %\ld fail 9 o!rs2 & t z
 no man c tell h[ mu* good c\nsel  may  
influ5ce ano!r1 or 9 _m cases say :e!r x
 has ultimately  fail$ or n1 s x is )   
pray]4 ,x is a "p ( ! div9e plan1 z     
reveal$ 9 8 ^w1 to give _m bless+s to   
man indep5d5t ( 8  own pray]s1 leav+ !  
subsequ5t improvem5t ( !m to himself4   
,!y  are giv5 9 hon\r ( ! int]cession ( 
,*ri/1 man's great  ,advocate20 & !y are
 giv51 subord9ately1 9 acceptance ( !   
pray]s ( ,*ri/'s *ur*1 & ( righte\s     
individuals4 ,& :5 _m  or few dev\t     
individuals become ?us ! in/rum5ts (    
good to  communities1 or to :ole        
nations1 !re is no great] my/]y 9 ?is   
?an 9 ! obvi\s fact1 t ! happ9ess or    
mis]y ( l>ge masses  ( mank9d is (t5    
greatly affect$ by ! wisdom or ! errors1
 !  skill or ! incompet5ce1 ! good or ! 

bad conduct1 ( a few  p]sons1 & (t5 (   
"o4    ,,prea*+ is ! disc\rs+ publicly  
on any religi\s subject4 ,f !  sacr$    
records1 says ,rob]t ,rob9son1 we le>n t
 :5 m5 began to  associate = ! purpose (
 wor%ipp+ ! ,deity1 ,eno* prophesi$1    
,jude #ad1 #ae4 ,we h a v %ort acc\nt ( 
?is prophet & 8  doctr9e2 en\gh1 h[ev]1 
to conv9ce u t he taught ! pr9cipal     
tru?s ( natural & reveal$ religion4     
,conviction ( s9 0 9 8  doctr9e1 &      
communion ) ,god 0 exemplifi$ 9 8       
conduct1 ,g54 v1  #bd2 ,heb4 xi1 #e1 #f4
 ,f ! days ( ,eno* to ! "t ( ,moses1 ea*
  patri>* wor%ipp$ ,god ) 8 family3     
probably sev]al assembl$ at  new moons1 
& alt]nately in/ruct$ ! :ole company4   
,noah10 x is  said1 0 a prea*] (        
righte\sness10 #a ,pet] iii1 #ai1 #bj2  
#b ,pet] ii1  #e4 ,abraham comm&$ 8     
h\sehold aft] him to keep ! way ( !     
,"l1 & to d ju/ice & judgm5t1 ,g54      
xviii1 #ai2 & ,jacob1 :5  8 h\se laps$  
to idolatry1 remon/rat$ aga9/ x1 &      
exhort$ all  !m t 7 ) him to put away ! 

/range gods1 & g up ) him  to ,be!l1    
,g54 xxxv1 #b1 #c4 ,mel*is$ec1 also1 we 
may consid] z !  fa!r1 ! prie/1 & !     
pr9ce1 ( 8 p2 publi%+ ! glad  tid+s (   
peace & salvation1 ,g54 xiv2 ,heb4 vii4 
,moses 0 a mo/ em95t prophet & prea*]1  
rais$ up by !  au?ority ( ,god1 & by    
:om1 x 0 said1 came ! law1 ,john i1 #ag4
  ,?is great man _h mu* at he>t !       
promulgation ( 8 doctr9e3 he  direct$ x 
to be inscrib$ on pill>s1 to be         
transcrib$ 9 books1 &  to be taught bo? 
9 public & private by ^w ( m\?1 ,deut4  
iv1 #i2  vi1 #i2 xvii1 #ah2 xxvii1 #h2  
xxxi1 #ai2 ,num4 v1 #bc4 ,he himself set
 !  example ( ea*2 & h[ he & ,a>on      
prea*$1 we may see by sev]al  p>ts ( 8  
writ+s4 ,! fir/ disc\rse 0 he>d ) pr(\nd
  rev]5ce & att5tion2 ! la/ 0 bo? utt]$ 
& receiv$ )  raptures1 ,exod4 iv1 #ca2  
,deut4 xxxiii1 #g1 #h1 c4 ,public prea*+
 does  n appe> "u ?is economy to h be5  
atta*$ to ! prie/hood3  prie/s 7 n      
(ficially prea*]s2 & we h innum]able    
in/ances  ( disc\rses deliv]$ 9         

assemblies by m5 ( o!r tribes beside t  
( ,levi1 ,psalm lxviii1 #aa4 ,jo%ua 0 an
 ,ephraimite2 b1 be+ full (  ! _s (     
wisdom1 he ga!r$ ! tribes to ,%e*em1 &  
h>angu$  ! p ( ,god1 ,deut4 xxxiv1 #i2  
,jo%ua xxiv4 ,solomon 0 a pr9ce (  !    
h\se ( ,judah2 ,amos1 a h]dsman (       
,tekoa2 yet bo? 7 prea*]s1  & "o at lea/
 0 a prophet1 #a ,k+s ii2 ,amos vii1    
#ad1 #ae4 ,:5 !  ignorant notions (     
,pagans1 ! vices ( _! practice1 & !     
idolatry ( _! pret5d$ wor%ip1 7 9 "s sad
 p]iods  incorporat$ into ! ,jewi%      
religion by ! pr9ces ( t nation1 !      
prophets & all ! se]s prote/$ aga9/ ?is 
apo/asy2 & !y  7 p]secut$ = s do+4      
,%emaiah prea*$ to ,rehoboam1 !  pr9ces1
 & all ! p at ,j]usalem1 #b ,*ron4 xii1 
#e2 ,az>iah &  ,hanani prea*$ to ,asa & 
8 army1 #b ,*ron4 xv1 #a2 xvi1 #g2      
,micaiah1 to  ,ahab4 ,"s ( !m op5$      
s*ools1 or h\ses ( in/ruction2 & !re  to
 _! disciples !y taught ! pure religion 
( ,moses4 ,at ,naio?1 9  ! suburbs (    
,ramah1 !re 0 "o :]e ,samuel dwelt2 &   

!re 0  "o at ,j]i*o1 & a ?ird at ,be!l1 
to :i* ,elijah & ,eli%a (t5  resort$4   
,?i!r ! p w5t on ,sabba? days & at new  
moons1 &  receiv$ public lessons ( piety
 & morality1 #a ,sam4 xix1 #ah2 #b ,k+s 
ii1 #b1 #e2 iv1 #b1 #c4 ,?r\gh all ?is  
p]iod1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a dismal  confusion 
( ! useful ord9ance ( public prea*+4    
,sometimes !y  _h no op5 vision1 & ! ^w 
( ! ,"l 0 preci\s1 or sc>ce2  ! p he>d x
 only n[ & !n4 ,at o!r times !y 7 left  
)\t a tea*+ prie/1 & )\t law4 ,& at o!r 
seasons aga91  it9]ants1 bo? pr9ces1    
prie/s1 & ,levites1 7 s5t ?r\gh all  !  
c\ntry1 to c>ry ! book ( ! law1 & to    
tea* 9 ! cities4  ,9 a ^w1 prea*+       
fl\ri%$ :5 pure religion grew2 & :5 !   
la/ decay$1 ! fir/ 0 suppress$4 ,moses  
_h n appropriat$  prea*+ to any ord] (  
m53 p]sons1 places1 times1 & mann]s1 7  
all left op5 & discretional4 ,_m ( !    
disc\rses 7 prea*$ 9  camps & c\rts1 9  
/reets1 s*ools1 cities1 villages2       
sometimes1 )  great composure &         
coolness2 at o!r times1 ) vehem5t action

 &  raptur\s en]gy2 sometimes1 9 a pla91
 blunt /yle2 at o!r times1 9  all !     
magnific5t pomp ( ea/]n allegory4 ,on "s
 occasions1 !  prea*]s appe>$ 9 public )
 visible signs1 ) implem5ts ( w>1  )    
yokes ( slav]y1 or some?+ adapt$ to _!  
subject4 ,!y gave  lectures on ^!1 held 
!m up to view1 gird$ !m on1 broke !m 9  
pieces1 r5t _! g>m5ts1 roll$ 9 ! du/1 & 
endeav\r$1 by all  ! me?ods !y c\ld     
devise1 agreeably to ! cu/oms ( _!      
c\ntry1 to impress ! m9ds ( _! auditors 
) ! nature &  importance ( _! doctr9es4 
,^! m5 7 highly e/eem$ by !  pi\s "p ( !
 nation2 & pr9ces ?\ght prop] to keep   
se]s &  o!rs :o 7 scribes1 :o read &    
exp\nd$ ! law1 #b ,*ron4 xxxiv1  #bi1   
#cj2 xxxv1 #ae4 ,h5ce1 false prophets1  
bad m51 :o f\nd _!  acc\nt 9 pret5d+ to 
be good1 cr[d$ ! c\rts ( pr9ces4        
,jezebel1 an idolatress1 _h f\r hundr$  
prophets ( ,baal2 & ,ahab1 a  pret5d$   
wor%ipp] ( ,jehovah1 _h z _m pret5d$    
prophets ( 8  own pr(ession1 #b ,*ron4  
xviii1 #e4    ,:5 ! ,jews 7 c>ri$       

captive into ,babylon1 ! prophets :o 7  
) !m inculcat$ ! pr9ciples ( religion1 &
 endeav\r$ to  possess _! m9ds ) an     
av]sion to idolatry2 &1 to ! success (  
prea*+1 we may attribute ! re-conv]sion 
( ! ,jews to ! belief  & wor%ip ( "o    
,god2 a conv]sion t rema9s to ?is day4  
,! ,jews  h s9ce fall5 into horrid      
crimes2 b !y h nev] s9ce ?is  p]iod     
laps$ into gross idolatry1 ,hosea ii1   
iii2 ,ezekiel ii1 iii1  xxxiv4 ,!re 7 n 
want+1 h[ev]1 multitudes ( false        
prophets  among !m1 ^: *>act]s are      
/rik+ly del9eat$ by ! true  prophets1 & 
:i* ! read] may see 9 ,ezek4 xiii2 ,isa4
 lvi2 ,j]4  xxiii4 ,:5 ! sev5ty ye>s ( !
 captivity 7 expir$1 ! good  prophets & 
prea*]s1 ,z]ubbabel1 ,jo%ua1 ,haggai1 & 
o!rs1 hav+  confid5ce 9 ! ^w ( ,god1 &  
be+ conc]n$ to possess _!  natural1     
civil1 & religi\s rights1 endeav\r$1 by 
all means1 to  extricate !mselves & _!  
c\ntrym5 f t mortify+ /ate  into :i* !  
crimes ( _! ance/ors _h br\ght !m4 ,!y  
wept1  fa/$1 pray$1 prea*$1 prophesi$1 &

 at l5g? prevail$4 ,! *ief  in/rum5ts 7 
,nehemiah & ,ezra2 ! =m] 0 gov]nor1 &   
re=m$ ! civil /ate2 ! latt] 0 a scribe (
 ! law ( ! ,god  ( heav51 & appli$      
himself to ecclesia/ical matt]s1 9 :i*  
he  r5d]$ ! noble/ s]vice to 8 c\ntry1 &
 to all po/]ity4 ,he  collect$ & collat$
 ,,mss4 ( ! sacr$ writ+s1 & arrang$ &   
publi%$ ! books ( ! holy canon 9 _!     
pres5t =m4 ,to ?is he  add$ a second "w1
 z necess>y z ! =m]3 he revis$ & new    
modell$ public tea*+1 & exemplifi$ 8    
plan 9 8 own p]son4  ,! ,jews _h almo/  
lo/1 9 ! sev5ty ye>s' captivity1 _!     
orig9al language2 t 0 n[ become dead2 & 
!y spoke a j>gon  made up ( _! own      
language & t ( ! ,*aldeans1 & o!r       
nations1 ) :om !y _h be5 m+l$4 ,=m]ly1  
prea*]s _h only  expla9$ subjects3 n[ !y
 7 oblig$ to expla9 words2 words :i*1  9
 ! sacr$ code1 7 become obsolete1       
equivocal1 or dead4 ,h\ses  7 n[ op5$1 n
 = c]emonial wor%ip1 z sacrific+1 = ?is 
0 conf9$ to ! temple2 b = moral &       
religi\s in/ruction1 z  pray+1 prea*+1  

read+ ! law1 div9e wor%ip1 & social     
duties4  ,^! h\ses 7 call$ synagogues3 !
 p repair$ ?i!r =  morn+ & ev5+ pray]2 &
 on ,sabba?s & fe/ivals1 ! law 0  read &
 exp\nd$ to !m4 ,we h a %ort b beautiful
 description (  ! mann] ( ,ezra's fir/  
prea*+1 ,neh4 viii4 ,upw>d ( fifty  ?\s&
 p assembl$ 9 a /reet1 or l>ge squ>e1   
ne> ! wat]  gate4 ,x 0 e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( 
a ,sabba? day4 ,a pulpit ( wood1 9  !   
fa%ion ( a small t[]1 0 plac$ !re on    
purpose = !  prea*]2 & ?is turret 0     
support$ by a scaffold1 or tempor>y     
gall]y1 :]e1 9 a w+ on ! "r h& ( !      
pulpit1 sat six (  ! pr9cipal prea*]s2 &
 9 ano!r on ! left1 sev54 ,?irte5  o!r  
pr9cipal tea*]s1 & _m ,levites1 7 pres5t
 also1 on  scaffolds erect$ = ! purpose1
 alt]nately to (ficiate4 ,:5 ,ezra      
asc5d$ ! pulpit1 he produc$ & op5$ !    
book ( ! law1 & !  :ole congregation    
in/antly rose up f _! seats1 & /ood4 ,!n
  he (f]$ up pray] & praise to ,god4 ,! 
p b[+ _! heads  & wor%ipp+ ! ,"l ) _!   
faces to ! gr\nd2 & at !  close ( !     

pray]1 ) uplift$ h&s1 !y solemnly       
pron\nc$1  ,am56 ,am560 ,!n all /&+1    
,ezra1 assi/$ at times by ! ,levites1   
read ! law di/9ctly1 gave ! s5se1 &     
caus$ !m to und]/&  ! read+4 ,! s]mons  
deliv]$ s affect$ ! he>]s1 t !y  wept   
excessively2 & ab\t noon ! sorr[ became 
s exub]ant &  immeasurable1 t x 0 ?\ght 
necess>y by ! gov]nor1 !  prea*]1 & !   
,levites1 to re/ra9 x4 ,g y\r way10 said
 !y1 eat  ! fat1 & dr9k ! sweet1 s5d    
portions to !m = :om no?+ is  prep>$40  
,! wise & b5evol5t s5tim5ts ( ^! noble  
s\ls 7  imbib$ by ! :ole congregation1 &
 fifty ?\s& tr\bl$ he>ts  7 calm$ 9 a   
mom5t4 ,home !y return$1 to eat1 to     
dr9k1 to s5d  portions1 & rejoice1      
because !y _h und]/ood ! words t 7      
decl>$ unto !m4 ,plato 0 liv+ at ?is "t1
 tea*+ dull  philosophy to cold         
academics2 b :at 0 he1 & :at 0 ,x5ophon1
 or  ,demo/h5es1 or any ( ! ,pagan      
orators1 9 comp>ison ) ^! m58  ,f ?is   
p]iod to t ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus ,*ri/1
 public  prea*+ 0 univ]sal2 synagogues 7

 multipli$1 va/ numb]s  att5d$1 & eld]s 
& rul]s 7 appo9t$ = ! purpose ( ord]  & 
in/ruction4    ,! mo/ celebrat$ prea*] t
 arose be=e ! appe>ance ( ,jesus  ,*ri/ 
0 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,he 0 commission$ f  
heav5 to be !  h>b+] ( ! ,messiah4 ,8   
subjects 7 few1 pla91 & important4  ,8  
/yle 0 vehem5t1 8 images bold1 8        
deportm5t solemn1 8  action eag]1 & 8   
morals /rict4 ,b ?is bright morn+ />    
gave  way to ! illu/ri\s ,sun (         
,righte\sness1 :o n[ arose on a  b5ight$
 _w4 ,jesus ,*ri/ c]ta9ly 0 ! ,pr9ce (  
tea*]s4 ,:o  b c admire ! simplicity &  
maje/y ( 8 /yle1 ! beauty (  8 images1 !
 alt]nate s(tness & sev]ity ( 8 address1
 !  *oice ( 8 subjects1 ! gracefulness (
 8 deportm5t1 & !  indefatigabl5ess ( 8 
zeal8 ,let ! read] *>m & solace himself 
9 ! /udy & contemplation ( ! "*1        
excell5cy1 & dignity  ( ?is div9e tea*]1
 z he w f9d !m del9eat$ 9 !  evangeli/s4
    ,! ,apo/les copi$ _! div9e ,ma/]4   
,!y =m$ multitudes (  religi\s          
societies1 & 7 abundantly successful 9  

_! lab\rs4  ,!y conf9$ _! att5tion to   
religion1 & left ! s*ools to  dispute1 &
 politicians to intrigue4 ,! doctr9es !y
 prea*$ !y  support$ entirely by        
evid5ce2 & nei!r _h nor requir$ su*     
assi/ance z human laws or worldly       
policy1 ! eloqu5ce ( s*ools or  ! t]ror 
( arms1 c\ld af=d !m4    ,! ,apo/les be+
 dead1 e ?+ came to pass z !y _h =etold2
  ! :ole ,*ri/ian sy/em1 9 "t1 und]w5t a
 mis]able *ange2  prea*+ %>$ ! fate (   
o!r in/itutions1 & ! glory ( !          
primitive *ur* gradually deg5]at$4 ,^?  
writ]s :om we call !  fa!rs1 h[ev]1 held
 up to view by "s z models = imitation1 
d  n des]ve t indiscrim9ate praise      
ascrib$ to !m4 ,*ri/ianity1  x is true1 
is f\nd 9 _! writ+s2 b h[ sadly         
incorporat$ )  ,pagan philosophy &      
,jewi% allegory6 ,x mu/1 inde$1 be      
all[$1 t1  9 g5]al1 ! simplicity (      
,*ri/ianity 0 ma9ta9$1 ?\gh "u  gradual 
decay1 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies4 ,!    
next five c5turies  produc$ _m pi\s &   
excell5t prea*]s1 bo? 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek

  *ur*1 ?\gh ! doctr9e cont9u$ to       
deg5]ate4 ,! ,greek pulpit  0 adorn$ )  
"s eloqu5t orators4 ,basil1 bi%op (     
,cs>ea1 ,john  ,*ryso/om1 prea*] at     
,antio*1 & aft]w>d patri>*1 z he 0      
call$1 ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ,gregory      
,nazianz51 :o all fl\ri%$ 9  ! f\r?     
c5tury1 seem to h l$ ! fa%ion ( prea*+ 9
 !  ,greek *ur*2 ,j]om & ,augu/9e did ! 
same 9 ! ,lat9 *ur*4 ,!  fir/ prea*]s   
diff]$ mu* 9 pulpit action2 ! great] "p 
us$  v mod]ate & sob] ge/ures4 ,!y      
deliv]$ _! s]mons all  extempore1 :ile  
!re 7 not>ies :o took d[n :at !y said4  
,s]mons 9 ^? days 7 all 9 ! vulg>       
tongue3 ! ,greeks prea*$  9 ,greek1 !   
,lat9s 9 ,lat94 ,!y did n prea* by !    
clock1 s to  speak1 b 7 %ort or long z  
!y saw occasion2 ?\gh an h\r 0  ab\t !  
usual "t4 ,s]mons 7 g5]ally bo? prea*$ &
 he>d  /&+2 b sometimes bo? speak] &    
auditors sat1 especially !  ag$ & !     
infirm4 ,! fa!rs 7 fond ( allegory2 =   
,orig51 t  ev]la/+ allegoriz]1 _h set !m
 ! example4 ,be=e prea*+1 !  prea*]     

usually w5t into a ve/ry to pray1 &     
aft]w>d to speak to  su* z came to      
salute him4 ,he pray$ ) 8 eyes %ut 9 !  
pulpit4  ,! fir/ ^w ! prea*] utt]$ to ! 
p :5 he asc5d$ !  pulpit 01 ,peace be ) 
y20 or1 ,! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1
  ! love ( ,god1 & ! fell[%ip ( ! ,holy 
,gho/1 be ) y all20  to :om ! assembly  
fir/ add$1 ,am510 & 9 aft] times !y     
answ]$1 ,& ) ?y _s40 ,deg5]ate1 h[ev]1 z
 ^! days 71  9 comp>ison ( ^? ( !       
,apo/les1 yet !y 7 gold5 ages 9         
comp>ison ) ! times t foll[$1 :5        
metaphysical reason+1  my/ical div9ity1 
yea1 ,ari/otelian categories1 & read+ ! 
lives  ( sa9ts1 7 sub/itut$ 9 ! place ( 
s]mons4 ,! pulpit became a  /age :]e    
ludicr\s prie/s obta9$ ! vulg> laugh by 
! l[e/  k9d ( wit1 especially at !      
fe/ivals ( ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]4    ,b !    
glori\s ,re=mation 0 ! (fspr+ ( prea*+1 
by :i*  mank9d 7 re=m$2 !re 0 a /&>d1 & 
! religion ( !  times 0 put to ! trial  
by x4 ,! avidity ( ! common p to  read !
 ,scriptures1 & to he> !m exp\nd$1 0    

wond]ful2 & !  papi/s 7 s fully conv9c$ 
( ! b5efits ( frequ5t public            
in/ruction1 t !y1 :o 7 ju/ly call$      
unprea*+ prelates1 &  ^: pulpits to use 
an expression ( ,latim]1 _h be5 bells   
)\t  clapp]s0 = _m a long ye>1 7 oblig$ 
= %ame to set up regul>  prea*+ aga94 ,!
 *ur* ( ,rome has produc$ "s great      
prea*]s  s9ce ! ,re=mation1 b none equal
 to ! re=m$ prea*]s4 ,& a  "q naturally 
arises "h1 :i* x w\ld be unp>donable to 
pass  ov] 9 sil5ce1 conc]n+ ! s+ul>     
effect ( ! prea*+ ( !  re=m$1 :i* 0     
g5]al1 national1 univ]sal re=mation4 ,9 
!  d>k times ( pop]y !re _h aris5 n[ &  
!n "s fam\s popul>  prea*]s1 :o _h      
zeal\sly inveigh$ aga9/ ! vices ( !     
times1  & ^: s]mons _h produc$ sudd5 &  
amaz+ effects on _!  auditors2 b all ^! 
effects _h di$ away ) ! prea*]s :o _h   
produc$ !m1 & all ?+s _h gone back into 
_! old /ate4 ,law1  le>n+1 comm]ce1     
society at l>ge _h n be5 improv$4 ,"h a 
new  sc5e op5s2 prea*]s arise less      
popul>1 p]haps less indefatigable  &    

exempl>y2 _! s]mons produce less /rik+  
imm$iate effects2  & yet _! auditors g  
away & agree by :ole nations to re=m4   
,j]om ,savon>ola1 ,j]om ,n>ni1          
,capi/ran1 ,connecte1 & _m o!rs1 _h     
produc$1 by _! s]mons1 great imm$iate   
effects4 ,:5 ,connecte  prea*$1 ! ladies
 l[]$ _! head dresses1 & committ$ quill$
  caps by hundr$s to ! flames4 ,:5 ,n>ni
 taught ! p 9 l5t1  f ! pulpits ( ,rome1
 half ! city w5t f 8 s]mons cry+  along 
! /reets1 ,"l1 h m]cy ^u u20 s t 9 only 
"o  passion week1 two ?\s& cr[ns' wor? (
 ropes 7 sold to make  sc\rges )2 & :5  
he prea*$ be=e ! pope to ! c>d9als &    
bi%ops1 & pa9t$ ! s9 ( non-resid5ce 9   
its own col\rs1 he  fright5$ ?irty or   
=ty bi%ops1 :o he>d him1 home to _!     
diocesses4 ,9 ! pulpit ( ! univ]sity (  
,salamanca1 he induc$  eight hundr$     
/ud5ts to quit all worldly prospects (  
hon\r1 ri*es1  & pleasure1 & to become  
p5it5ts 9 div]s mona/]ies4 ,we "k !     
fate ( ,savon>ola1 & o!rs might be add$2
 b all lam5t$ !  mom5t>y duration ( !   

effects produc$ by _! lab\rs4 ,n>ni     
himself 0 s disgu/$ ) 8 (fice1 t he     
r5\nc$ prea*+1  & %ut himself up 9 8    
cell to m\rn ov] 8 irreclaimable        
contempor>ies2 = bi%ops w5t back to !   
c\rt1 & rope mak]s lay  idle aga94      
,our re=m]s taught all ! good doctr9es  
:i* _h be5 taught by  ^! m51 & !y add$  
two or ?ree m1 by :i* !y laid ! axe  to 
! root ( ! apo/asy1 & produc$ g5]al     
re=mation4 ,in/ead  ( appeal+ to popes &
 canons1 & f\nd]s & fa!rs1 !y only      
quot$ !m1 & ref]r$ _! auditors to !     
,holy ,scriptures = law4  ,pope ,leo ,x4
 did n "k ?is :5 he told ,pri]io1 :o    
compla9$ (  ,lu!r's h]esy1 ,fri> ,m>t9  
has a f9e g5ius40 ,!y also taught !  p  
:at little !y knew ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty2 & 
s l$ !m into  a belief t !y might foll[ 
_! own ideas 9 religion1 )\t !  cons5t (
 a confessor1 a diocesan1 a pope1 or a  
c\ncil4 ,!y w5t  f>!r1 & laid ! /ress ( 
all religion on ju/ify+ fai?4    ,s9ce !
 re=m]s we h _h multitudes :o h ent]$   
into _!  views ) dis9t]e/$ness &        

success2 & 9 ! pres5t times1 bo?  9 !   
*ur* & among o!r religi\s societies1    
names might be  m5tion$ :i* w\ld d hon\r
 to any nation2 = ?\gh !re are too  _m  
:o d n fill up t important /ation )     
proportionate piety  & tal5ts1 yet we h 
m5 :o are conspicu\s = _! ext5t (  k1   
dep? ( exp]i5ce1 orig9ality ( ?\ght1    
f]v5cy (  zeal1 consi/5cy ( deportm5t1 &
 great usefulness 9 ! ,*ri/ian  *ur*4   
,! prec$+ sket* w %[ h[ mighty an ag5t  
prea*+ has be5 9  all ages1 9 rais+1 &  
ma9ta9+1 & reviv+ ! _s (  religion4     
,:]ev] x has _h ?is p[]1 let x h[ev] be 
rem>k$1 x  has consi/$ 9 ! decl>ation1 !
 proclamation1 ( ! tru? ( ,god1  z      
conta9$ 9 8 e>ly revelations to man1 &  
aft]w>d embodi$ 9  ! ,holy ,scriptures4 
,! effect too has be5 produc$ by prea*]s
  liv+ !mselves "u ! influ5ce ( ?is     
tru?1 & fill$ )  fai? & ! ,holy ,gho/10 
dep5d+ :olly ^u ,god's bless+ =         
success1 & go+ =? 9 8 "n1 ) ard5t long+ 
to w9 s\ls10  & to build up ! *ur* 9 k &
 hol9ess4 ,= prea*+ is  n a pr(ession2 b

 a "w ( div9e appo9tm5t1 to be rightly  
dis*>g$ only by him :o receives a       
commission f ,god1 & fulfils  x z "u 8  
eye1 & 9 dep5d5ce ^u 8 promise1 ,lo1 ,i 
am )  y alway40    ,,pr$e/9ation1       
accord+ to "s1 is a judgm5t1 or decree (
 ,god1 by  :i* he has resolv$1 f all    
et]nity1 to save a c]ta9 numb] (        
p]sons1 h5ce nam$ elect4 ,o!rs def9e x1 
a decree to give fai? 9  ,jesus ,*ri/ to
 a c]ta9 numb] ( m51 & to leave ! re/ to
 _!  own malice & h>dness ( he>t4 ,a    
?ird1 m ,scripturally1 ,god's  et]nal   
purpose to save all t truly rep5t &     
unfeign$ly believe  8 holy              
,gospel10--accord+ to ! ,apo/le ,paul1  
,:om he did =ekn[0  z believ]s !m he    
also did pr$e/9ate to be con=m$ to !    
image  ( 8 ,son20 to 8 moral image "h1 &
 to ! image ( 8 glorifi$  humanity 9    
heav54 ,accord+ to ! ,calv9i/ical s*eme1
 ! reason (  ,god's pr$e/9at+ "s to     
ev]la/+ life is n f\nd$ 9 a  =esight (  
_! fai? & ob$i5ce2 nev]!less1 x is also 
ma9ta9$ on ?is s*eme1 t ! means are     

decre$ z well z !  end1 & t ,god        
purposes to save none b su* z by 8 grace
 he  %all prep>e = salvation by         
sanctification4 ,! ,remon/rants def9e   
pr$e/9ation to be ,god's decree to save 
believ]s1 & condemn  unbeliev]s4 ,"s    
repres5t ! election & pr$e/9ation spok5 
( 9  ,scripture1 z belong+ only to      
nations1 or1 at lea/1 bodies ( m51  & n 
to p>ticul> p]sons4 ,! greate/          
difficulties ) :i* !  mod]n !ology is   
clogg$ turn on pr$e/9ation2 bo? ! ,romi%
 &  ,re=m$ *ur*es are divid$ ab\t x2 !  
,lu!rans speak ( x )  horror2 !         
,calv9i/s cont5d = x ) ! greate/ zeal2 !
  ,mol9i/s & ,jesuits prea* x d[n z a   
mo/ dang]\s doctr9e2 !  ,jans5i/s ass]t 
x z an article ( fai?2 ! ,arm9ians1     
,remon/rants1 & _m o!rs1 are all av[$   
enemies ( absolute  pr$e/9ation4 ,^?    
/r5u\s patrons ( ,jans5ism1 !           
,port-royali/s1 taught1 t ,god          
pr$e/9ates ^? :om he =esees  w cop]ate )
 8 grace to ! end4 ,dup9 adds1 t m5 d n 
fall into s9 because n pr$e/9at$ to     

life1 b !y are n  pr$e/9at$ because ,god
 =esaw _! s9s4 ,see ,,calv9ism4    ,?is 
doctr9e has be5 already treat$ (4 ,we   
%all "h !re=e  m]ely subjo9 a sket* (   
its hi/ory previ\s to ! ,re=mation4 ,!  
apo/olic fa!rs1 m5 little accu/om$ to ! 
intricacy (  metaphysical disquisition1 
deeply impress$ ) ! tru? ( !  ,gospel1  
p[]fully influ5c$ by its _s1 & f _!     
p>ticul>  situation naturally dwell+ mu*
 ^u x z a sy/em ( direction &           
consolation1 d n1 9 _! writ+s1 at all   
adv]t to ! orig9 (  evil1 or to         
pr$e/9ation1 s closely alli$ to x4 ,!y  
press1 )  mu* e>ne/ness1 ^u ^? 9 :om !y 
7 int]e/$ ! va/  importance ( practical 
hol9ess1 exhibit ! motives :i* appe>$ to
  !m calculat$ to secure x1 & repres5t !
 bless$ness :i* awaits  good m51 & !    
condemnation res]v$ = ! wick$2 b !y d n 
once attempt to det]m9e :e!r ! s9 :i* !y
 7 solicit\s to  remove c\ld be acc\nt$ 
=1 9 consi/5cy ) ! ess5tial  hol9ess & !
 unb\nd$ m]cy ( ! ,deity4 ,9 %ort1 !y j 
took  t view ( ?is subject :i* e man    

takes :5 he is n seek+  to ent] into    
philosophical disquisition2 nev] = "o   
mom5t d\bt+  t :atev] is wrong 0        
ultimately to be ref]r$ to man1 & t  !  
economy ( grace proce$+ f ,god 0 ! mo/  
conv9c+ pro(  ( ! t5d]ness ( 8          
compassion = mank9d4    ,:51 h[ev]1 !   
*ur* receiv$ )9 its communion ^? :o _h  
be5 educat$ 9 ! s*ools ( philosophy1 &  
to :om ! "q z  to ! orig9 ( evil mu/1   
:ile !y frequ5t$ ^! s*ools1 h  become   
famili>1 x 0 n to be suppos$ t1 ev5     
al?\gh !y 7  conv9c$ t we %\ld be *iefly
 solicit\s ab\t ! =mation (  ! ,*ri/ian 
"*1 !re w\ld be no allusion to :at _h   
=m]ly  int]e/$ !m1 or t !y w\ld refra9 f
 deliv]+ _!  s5tim5ts ^u x4 ,agreeably  
to ?is1 we f9d1 9 ! works ( ,ju/9       
,m>tyr1 ,tatian1 ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 &   
,orig51 suffici5t intimations  t !y _h  
direct$ _! att5tion to ! difficulty n[  
"u  review2 & t1 :e!r ^u adequate gr\nds
 or n1 !y _h come to  a decision z to ! 
way 9 :i* x %\ld be expla9$ consi/5tly  
) ! div9e p]fections4 ,x is evid5t t !y 

did n inve/igate  ! subject to ! dep? to
 :i* x is requisite = ! full  discussion
 ( x to g2 & t v>i\s que/ions :i* mu/ be
 put  be=e x c be br\ght completely be=e
 u1 !y ei!r did n put1  or ha/ily reg>d$
 z ( v little mom5t3 b x is en\gh to    
dwell  ^u ! fact1 t !y did employ _!    
?\ghts ^u x1 & h s  express$ !mselves z 
to leave no d\bt ( ! light 9 :i* x 0    
contemplat$ by !m4 ,ju/91 9 8 dialogue )
 ,trypho1 rem>ks t  8!y :o 7 =ekn[n z to
 become wick$1 :e!r angels or m51 did  s
 n f any fault ( ,god1   1 b f _! own   
blame20  by :i* obs]vation he %[s x to h
 be5 8 op9ion t ,god  =esaw 9 :at mann] 
8 intellig5t creatures w\ld act2 b t    
?is did n affect _! lib]ty1 & did n     
dim9i% _! guilt4 ,a  little aft] he says
 m fully1 t ,god creat$ angels & m5 free
 to  ! practice ( righte\sness1 hav+    
plant$ 9 !m reason1 ?r\gh  :i* !y knew  
by :om !y 7 creat$ & ?r\gh :om !y exi/$1
  :5 be=e !y 7 n1 & :o prescrib$ to !m a
 law by :i*  !y 7 to be judg$1 if !y    
act$ contr>y to "r reason4  ,:]e=e1 we1 

angels & m51 are ?r\gh ourselves        
convict$ z be+  wick$1 if we d n lay    
hold ( rep5tance4 ,b if ! ,logos ( ,god 
=etels t "s angels & m5 w\ld g to be    
puni%$1 he does s  because he =eknew t  
!y w\ld c]ta9ly become wick$ by no      
means1  h[ev]1 because ,god made !m     
su*40 ,ju/9 ?us admits t man is  :olly  
dep5d5t ^u ,god1 d]iv+ exi/5ce & e ?+   
:i* he  has f ! ,almighty2 b he is      
p]suad$ t we 7 p]fectly able  to reta9  
our integrity1 & t1 al?\gh x 0 =ese5 t  
we  %\ld n d s1 ?is did n abridge our   
moral p[]1 or fix any  imputation on !  
,deity 9 consequ5ce ( our transgression4
 ,tatian1 9  8 oration aga9/ ! ,greeks1 
an excell5t "w :i*1 al?\gh  compos$ aft]
 ! dea? ( ,ju/91 0 writt51 9 all        
probability1  be=e its au?or _h adopt$ !
 wild op9ions :i* he def5d$ t[>d  !     
conclusion ( 8 life1 expresses v mu* !  
same s5tim5ts  av[$ by ,ju/94 ,he says1 
,bo? m5 & angels 7 creat$ free1 s  t man
 becom+ wick$ ?r\gh 8 own fault may be  
des]v$ly  puni%$1 :ile a good man1 :o1 f

 ! "r ex]cise ( 8 free  w1 does n       
transgress ! law ( ,god1 is entitl$ to  
praise2 t  ! p[] ( ! div9e ,logos hav+ 9
 himself ! k ( :at  0 to happ51 n ?r\gh 
fate or unavoidable necessity1 b f free 
*oice1 pr$ict$ future ?+s1 condemn+ !   
wick$ & prais+ !  righte\s40    ,ir5u1 9
 ! ?ird book ( 8 "w aga9/ h]esies1 has  
tak5 an  opportunity to /ate 8 notions  
ab\t ! orig9 ( evil4 ,!  sev5ty-fir/    
*apt] ( t book is entitl$1 ,a pro( t man
 is  free1 & has p[] to ?is ext5t1 t (  
himself he c *oose :at  is good or !    
contr>y40 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is he       
rem>ks1 ,god gave  to man ! p[] (       
election z he did to ! angels4 ,!y1     
!re=e1  :o d n obey are ju/ly n f\nd ) !
 good1 & receive des]v$  puni%m5t1      
because ,god hav+ giv5 !m :at 0 good1 !y
 did n  keep x1 b despis$ ! ri*es ( !   
div9e m]cy40 ,! next *apt]  is entitl$1 
,a pro( t "s m5 are n good by nature1 & 
o!rs  wick$1 & t :at is good is )9 !    
*oice ( man40 ,9 treat+  on ?is subject1
 ,ir5u obs]ves1 t if ! rev]se 7 ! case1 

! good w\ld n m]it praise nor ! wick$   
blame1 because be+  m]ely :at1 )\t any w
 ( !irs1 !y _h be5 made1 !y c\ld  n be  
consid]$ z volunt>y ag5ts4 ,b10 he adds1
 s9ce all h !  same nature1 & are able  
to reta9 & to d :at is good1 & may1 on  
! o!r h&1 lose x & n d x1 "s are1 ev5 9 
! sight (  m51 & mu* m 9 t ( ,god1      
des]v$ly prais$ & o!rs  blam$40 ,9      
support ( ?is he introduces a great     
v>iety ( passages  f ,scripture4 ,x     
appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! real difficulty      
att5d+  ! subject _h sugge/$ itself to 8
 m9d2 = he inquires 9 !  sev5ty-?ird    
*apt]1 :y ,god _h n f ! beg9n+ made man 
p]fect1 all ?+s be+ possible to him4 ,he
 gives to ?is "q a  metaphysical &      
unsatisfactory answ]1 b :i* s f>        
satisfi$  himself z to conv9ce him t !re
 c\ld n1 on ?is gr\nd1 be any           
imputation ju/ly ca/ on ! p]fections ( !
 ,almighty1 & t1  consequ5tly1 a        
suffici5t explanation ( ! orig9 ( evil &
 ( !  ju/ice ( puni%+ x1 0 to be f\nd 9 
! nature ( man z a free  ag5t1 or 9 !   

abuse ( t lib]ty ) :i* man _h be5 end[$4
  ,t]tullian _h also speculat$ ^u !     
moral condition ( man1 & has  record$ 8 
s5tim5ts ) respect to x4 ,he explicitly 
ass]ts !  fre$om ( ! w2 lays d[n !      
position1 t1 if ?is be d5i$1  !re c be  
nei!r rew>d nor puni%m5t2 &1 9 answ] to 
an  objection1 t s9ce free w has be5    
productive ( su* melan*oly  consequ5ces1
 x w\ld h be5 bett] t x _h n be5 be/[$1 
he ent]s into a =mal v9dication ( ?is "p
 ( our con/itution4 ,9  reply to ano!r  
sugge/ion1 t ,god might h int]pos$ to   
prev5t  ! *oice :i* 0 to be productive (
 s9 & mis]y1 he ma9ta9s  t ?is c\ld n h 
be5 done )\t de/roy+ t admirable        
con/itution by :i* alone ! int]e/s (    
virtue c be really  promot$4 ,he ?us    
?\ght t s9 0 to be imput$ :olly to man1 
&  t x 0 p]fectly consi/5t ) !          
attributes ( ,god1 or r  illu/rat$ ^!   
attributes1 t !re %\ld be a sy/em "u :i*
  s9 0 possible1 because )\t ?is        
possibility !re c\ld h be5  no          
acc\ntable ag5ts4    ,f :at has be5 /at$

 on ?is subject1 x seems unque/ionable t
  ! apo/olic fa!rs did n at all ent] ^u 
! subject ( !  orig9 ( evil2 t ! writ]s 
by :om !y 7 succe$$ 7  satisfi$ t1 9 !  
s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is n[ mo/ commonly     
us$1 !re 0 no su* ?+ z pr$e/9ation2 t !y
 uni=mly  repres5t$ ! de/9y ( man z     
regulat$ by ! use or abuse ( 8  free w2 
t1 ) ! exception ( ,ir5u1 !y did n      
attempt to  expla9 :y su* a creature z  
man1 :o 0 to fall into s91 0  creat$ by 
a ,be+ ( inf9ite goodness2 t ! sole     
objection to  _! doctr9e seem$ to !m to 
be1 t presci5ce 0 incompatible  )       
lib]ty1 & t1 :5 !y answ]$ ?is1 !y       
consid]$ t  no?+ m 0 requisite =        
receiv+1 )\t hesitation1 ! view  ( man  
^u :i* !y (t5 & fondly dwelt1 z a free &
 acc\ntable  ag5t1 :o might h held fa/ 8
 integrity1 & ^: fall f t  integrity 0  
to be ascrib$ solely to himself1 z x did
 n at all  result f any appo9tm5t ( !   
supreme ,be+4    ,al?\gh op9ions        
respect+ orig9al s91 directly t5d+ to a 
v  diff]5t view ( ! subject ?an _h be5  

previ\sly tak51 _h be5  /at$ by         
,cyprian1 yet a ?or\gh inve/igation ( x1
 & !  s5tim5ts :i* aft]w>d 7 widely     
receiv$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1  took _! rise
 f ! discussions to :i* ! ,pelagian     
controv]sy  gave occasion4 ,previ\s to !
 "p :i* ,augu/9e took 9 t  controv]sy1  
he seems to h be5 v mu* ( ! same        
s5tim5ts )  ,orig5 & ! o!r e>ly fa!rs4  
,b1 ei!r f :at he consid]$  z a m       
delib]ate & complete exam9ation (       
,scripture1 or f  p]ceiv+ ! necessity   
impos$ on him1 9 consequ5ce ( "s ( !    
positions :i* he _h laid d[n 9 8 writ+s 
aga9/ ,pelagius1 he  soon *ang$ 8       
op9ion1 & advanc$ a notion m 9 h>mony ) 
^! positions4 ,hav+ to %[ ! absolute    
necessity ( div9e grace1  he inculcat$  
t1 9 consequ5ce ( orig9al s91 man 0     
infallibly  det]m9$ to evil1 & 0 !re=e 9
 a /ate ( condemnation1 & he  ?us took  
away ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! prevail+ t5ets
 re/$2  because x 0 impossible t m5 c\ld
 be pr$e/9$ to life1 or !  rev]se1 f    
presci5ce ( _! actions1 :51 )\t !       

special  grace ( ,god1 !y 7 absolutely  
incapacitat$ = ob$i5ce to !  div9e law4 
,to get rid ( ?is difficulty1 ,augu/9e1 
9 "s degree1  transf]r$ ! se>* = ! orig9
 ( s9 f ! /ate ( man to  ! purposes (   
,god1 ass]t+ t f all et]nity ! ,almighty
 _h  det]m9$ to *oose f ! mass ( mank9d1
 lo/ 9 guilt &  corruption1 a c]ta9     
numb] to be trans=m$ to hol9ess1 & to be
  admitt$ aft] ?is life to et]nal       
happ9ess2 t he did ?is to  promote 8 own
 glory2 & t1 by ! op]ation ( 8 ,_s1     
grant$  ( 8 own free & undes]v$ m]cy1 he
 produc$ 9 ! elect or *os5  ! fruits (  
righte\sness1 & qualifi$ !m = ! enjoym5t
 (  heav54 ,! :ole ( ! rema9d] ( ! human
 race 71 accord+ to  ?is sy/em1 left 9  
_! condition by nature1 or 9 o!r words1 
7  giv5 up to endless mis]y4 ,!re       
imm$iately arose out ( ?is view (  !    
subject1 ! =midable & he>t-r5d+         
objection1 t ,god 0  really ! au?or (   
s92 t1 hav+ s creat$ mank9d t (         
!mselves !y c\ld n be holy1 !re 0 on !  
"p ( ^?  deliv]$ no virtue1 z !re 0 on !

 o!r "p no blame2 ! case  be+ q diff]5t 
f :at x w\ld h be5 _h ,god int]pos$  )  
respect to creatures :o _h n receiv$ f  
himself _!  physical & moral            
con/itution4 ,accord+ly1 x has be5      
ass]t$ t  a sect did arise1 :i*1 c>ry+  
out1 z ! memb]s ( x affirm$1  !         
pr9ciples ( ,augu/9e1 ma9ta9$ t ,god n  
only pr$e/9at$  ! wick$ to et]nal       
puni%m5t1 b also to ! guilt &           
transgression = :i* !y 7 puni%$2 t !    
human race 0 ?us  :olly passive1 ! good 
& bad actions ( m51 or :at 7 commonly   
t]m$ su*1 be+ det]m9$ f all et]nity by a
 div9e decree1 or  fix$ by hopeless1    
irresi/ible necessity4 ,^! op9ions x is 
said  t ! v5]able & enlight5$ bi%op (   
,hippo zeal\sly oppos$1  lab\r+ to %[ t 
!y 7 n fairly d$uc$ f :at he _h  taught1
 mak+ a di/9ction probably betwe5 8     
acc\nt ( free w  & ! necessity "h       
conf\nd$ ) x1 & p]haps reluctant to pu% 
8 t5ets s f> z app>5tly !y might be     
c>ri$4 ,! fact is1 t  al?\gh ! doctr9e (
 absolute pr$e/9ation is occasionally   

cle>ly  taught by ,augu/9e1 & obvi\sly  
foll[s f 8 o!r pr9ciples1  yet he does n
 always write consi/5tly ) reg>d to x2  
or1 at  lea/1 !re is sometimes s mu*    
vagu5ess 9 8 ass]tions &  illu/rations1 
t 8 au?ority has be5 claim$ 9 support ( 
_!  peculi> t5ets bo? by ! ,jans5i/s & !
 ,jesuits1 opposite to ea*  o!r z !     
s5tim5ts ( ^! two ord]s are ^u ! subject
 (  :i* we are treat+4 ,/ill x is beyond
 a "q t ?is  celebrat$ !ologian did fix 
! att5tion ( ! *ur* ^u t  subject mu* m 
closely ?an be=e 8 age _h be5 ! case1 & 
gave rise to ^? discussions 9 relation  
to x :i* h s (t5  agitat$ ,*ri/ians1 &  
t5d$ mu* m to de/roy ! mild &  tol]ant  
_s ( ! ,gospel1 ?an to ?r[ light ^u its 
mom5t\s  tru?s4 ,! subject (            
pr$e/9ation1 h[ev]1 0 long reg>d$ z "o  
:i* x 0 n e/eem$ requisite absolutely to
 def9e1 & :i*  might be v mu* left op5  
to speculation2 = al?\gh 9 diff]5t      
c\ntries decrees 7 pass$1 gu>d+ aga9/   
:at 7 view$ z  errors result+ f x1 x is 
pla91 f :at took place ^u !  revival ( !

 controv]sy 9 an aft] age1 t !re _h n   
be5  =m$ any /&>d to :i* ecclesia/ical  
au?ority requir$ t all  :o 7 e/eem$     
or?odox %\ld /rictly con=m4 ,see        
,,augu/9e4    ,9 ! n9? c5tury1          
,godes*al*us1 a man ( illu/ri\s bir?1 :o
  _h1 contr>y to 8 incl9ations1 be5     
devot$ by 8 p>5ts to a  mona/ic life1 & 
:o _h1 ) unwe>i$ dilig5ce1 /udi$ !      
sci5ce ( !ology1 inflam$ by an unhappy  
desire to unravel all !  difficulties ) 
:i* t sci5ce ab\nds1 occupi$ 8 m9d ) !  
consid]ation ( ! "q ( pr$e/9ation1 &    
f9ally adopt$1  ) reg>d to x1 ! doctr9e 
( ,augu/9e4 ,n satisfi$ ) hav+  conv9c$ 
himself1 he conceiv$ x to be 8 duty to  
lab\r = !  conviction ( o!rs2 & he      
accord+ly op5ly & zeal\sly inculcat$  t 
! elect 7 pr$e/9at$ to life1 & ! re/ (  
mank9d to  ev]la/+ mis]y4 ,rabanus1     
ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 :o _h = "s  reason    
be=e ?is be5 inspir$ ) enmity to        
,godes*al*us1 hav+  be5 in=m$ ( ! t5ets 
:i* he 0 publi%+1 &1 z has too  (t5 be5 
! case1 veil+ private antipa?y "u !     

cloak (  anxiety = ! purity ( div9e     
tru?1 oppos$ him ) ! utmo/  vehem5ce2 &1
 hav+ assembl$ a c\ncil 9 8 own         
metropolitan city1  procur$ !           
condemnation ( ! views :i* he reprobat$4
 ,! matt]  0 aft]w>d tak5 up by ,h9cm>1 
ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 :o 0 !  zeal\s fri5d
 ( ,rabanus2 & he also hav+ procur$ !   
meet+ ( a  c\ncil1 confirm$ ! s5t5ce t  
_h be5 already pass$4 ,n  satisfi$ )    
?is1 he degrad$ ,godes*al*us f !        
prie/hood2 &1  ) an inhumanity inf9itely
 m dete/able ?an h]esy1 he put !        
un=tunate monk to ! torture4 ,! =titude 
( ,godes*al*us 0 =  a mom5t ov]p[]$1 &  
he cons5t$ to commit to ! flames a      
ju/ification ( 8 op9ions :i* he _h      
pres5t$ to 8 execrable  torm5tors4 ,x 0 
n to be suppos$ t by atroci\s viol5ce l 
?is s9c]e conviction c\ld be produc$ 9 !
 p]son aga9/ :om x  0 direct$1 or t o!rs
 w\ld be dispos$ univ]sally to submit to
  x4 ,! controv]sy1 accord+ly1 soon 0   
r5ew$2 writ]s on bo?  sides ( ! "q      
cont5d$ ) ! utmo/ w>m?1 & eag]ly        

display$ ! ext5t ( _! erudition4 ,new   
c\ncils 7 summon$1 by  :i* ! decrees (  
=m] c\ncils 7 rev]s$1 & ! t5ets (       
,godes*al*us 7 confirm$2 & ! :ole       
agitation t]m9at$ by  leav+ ! subject 9 
! same undef9$ /ate on ! "p ( !  *ur* 9 
:i* x _h be5 be=e x 0 ?us intemp]ately &
 cruelly  discuss$4    ,to ! s*oolm51 :o
 delight$ mu* m 9 los+ !mselves amid/   
inextricable difficulties & endless     
di/9ctions1 ?an 9 op5+ !  s\rces ( k &  
remov+ ! difficulties ) :i* ^! 7        
surr\nd$1 ?is subject1 f its intricate  
or inexplicable nature1 0  admirably    
adapt$2 & !y did n fail to ex]cise ^u x 
_!  dilig5ce & _! +5uity4 ,?omas        
,aqu9as1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ !  ?irte5?     
c5tury1 0 a man :o 9 m enlight5$ times  
w\ld h  really m]it$ ! high reputation  
:i* he enjoy$1 & :i* procur$  = him f 8 
contempor>ies ! appellation ( ! ,angelic
 ,doctor4  ,he 0 capable ( va/ m5tal    
ex]tion1 &1 amid/ all 8 avocations1     
produc$ works s volum9\s t 9 mod]n days 
ev5 /ud5ts w\ld  %r9k f ! p]usal ( !m z 

an ov]:elm+ task4 ,he wrote  l>gely ^u !
 nature ( grace1 & pr$e/9ation1 s       
intimately  connect$ ) x4 ,8 op9ions ^u 
^! subjects 7 ne>ly ! same  ) ^? (      
,augu/9e2 & s mu*1 inde$1 0 he conceiv$ 
to  resemble 9 g5ius & und]/&+ t        
di/+ui%$ prelate1 t x  0 ass]t$ ! s\l ( 
,augu/9e _h be5 s5t into ! body (       
,aqu9as4 ,he taught t ,god _h1 f all    
et]nity1 & )\t any  reg>d to _! works1  
pr$e/9at$ a c]ta9 numb] to life &       
happ9ess2 b he f\nd great delight 9     
endeav\r+ to reconcile ?is  position ) !
 fre$om ( ! human w4 ,8 celebrat$       
antagoni/1  ,john ,duns ,scotus1 an     
inhabitant ( ,brita91 surnam$1 f !      
acut5ess  & b5t ( 8 m9d1 ! ,subtile     
,doctor1 also direct$ 8 att5tion1  9 !  
subsequ5t c5tury1 to ! same ?orny       
speculations1 tak+ a  diff]5t view ( !m 
f ,aqu9as2 & we f9d 9 ! works ( ^!  two 
brilliant lights ( ! s*oolm5 all t ! mo/
 le>n$ 9 !  d>k ages ?\ght ^u !m4    ,x 
is unnecess>y to trace ! v>i\s %ades (  
op9ion :i* exi/$  9 ! *ur* z to         

pr$e/9ation f ?is era till ! ,re=mation3
  x is en\gh to rem>k1 t1 aft] all :i*  
_h be5 writt5 ^u x1  x does n appe> t   
any peculi> s5tim5ts ) respect to x 71  
by ! re=m]s1 judg$ ess5tial to or?odoxy4
 ,x 0 m wisely  consid]$ t1 ^u a po9t   
involv$ 9 imp5etrable difficulties1 &   
rais$ f> above human compreh5sion1 m5   
might be all[$ to diff]1  :ile _!       
atta*m5t to ! be/ int]e/s ( pure        
religion c\ld n  be call$ 9 "q4 ,see    
,,calv9ism & ,,lu!rans4    ,! sev5te5?  
article ( ! *ur* ( ,engl& is (t5 adduc$ 
by  ,calv9i/s z fav\rable to _! peculi> 
views ( absolute  pr$e/9ation2 b su* a  
repres5tation ( x is r5d]$ plausible    
only by add+ to its v>i\s clauses       
qualify+ expressions to suit  t purpose4
 ,"u ! articles ,*ur* ( ,engl&1         
,confessions1 &  ,calv9ism1 h be5       
exhibit$ ! j & lib]al views ( ,cranm]  &
 ! pr9cipal ,engli% re=m]s on ?is       
subject1--! s\rces f  :i* !y drew !     
articles ( religion & ! public =mul>ies 
(  devotion1--& "s ( ! futile attempts (

 ! high pr$e/9>ians  9 ! *ur* to        
inoculate ! public cre$ ) _! dogmas4    
,c>twright & 8 foll[]s1 9 _! second     
,admonition to !  ,p>liam5t0 9 #aegb1   
compla9$ t ! articles speak dang]\sly ( 
fall+ f grace20 & 9 #aehg !y pref]r$ a  
simil> compla9t4 ,!  lab\rs ( ! ,we/m9/]
 ,assembly at a subsequ5t p]iod1 & _!   
abortive result1 9 relation to ?is      
subject1 are well kn[n4 ,long  be=e     
,arm9ius _h turn$ 8 ?\ghts to !         
consid]ation ( g5]al  r$emption1 a great
 numb] ( ! ,engli% cl]gy _h publicly    
taught &  def5d$ ! same doctr9e4 ,x 0   
ab\t #aega :5 ,dr4 ,pet] ,b>oe1 a       
zeal\s ,anti-,calv9ian10 z "o ( our *ur*
 hi/orians obs]ves1 0  made ,m>g>et     
,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ! univ]sity (    
,cambridge2 &  8he w5t on tea*+ 9 8     
lectures1 prea*+ 9 8 s]mons1  det]m9+ 9 
! s*ools1 & pr9t+ 9 sev]al books1 div]s 
po9ts  contr>y to ,calv9ism4 ,& ?is he  
did = sev]al ye>s1 )\t any  mann] (     
di/urbance or int]ruption4 ,! heads ( ! 
univ]sity1 9 a  lett] to ! ,"l          

,burleigh1 dat$ ,m>* #h1 #aeie1 say1 he 
_h done x  = f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s      
prec$+ & !y might h said tw5ty2  = he   
pr9t$ "s ( 8 lectures 9 #aegd1 & !      
prosecution he 0  at la/ "u1 :i* w be   
consid]$ h]eaft]1 0 n till #aeie4 ,9    
#aehd1 ,mr4 ,h>snet1 aft]w>d ar*bi%op ( 
,york1 prea*$ aga9/  absolute           
reprobation at ,/4 ,paul's ,cross1 !    
greate/ audi5ce !n 9  ! k+dom2 z did !  
judici\s ,mr4 ,hook] at ! ,temple 9 !   
ye>  foll[+4 ,9 ! ye> #aeid1 ,mr4 ,b>ret
 prea*$ at ,/4 ,m>y's 9  ,cambridge     
aga9/ ,calv9ism1 ) v sm>t reflections ^u
 ,calv9  himself1 ,beza1 ,zan*y1 &      
sev]al o!rs ( ! mo/ not$ writ]s 9  t    
s*eme4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,dr4 ,b>oe prea*$ 
at ! same place to  ! same purpose4 ,by 
?is "t ,calv9ism _h ga9$ consid]able    
gr\nd1  be+ mu* promot$ by ! le>n$      
,:itak] & ,mr4 ,p]k9s2 & sev]al  ( !    
heads ( ! univ]sity be+ 9 t s*eme1 !y   
compla9$ (  ! two s]mons above m5tion$  
to ! ,"l ,burleigh _! *ancellor4  ,_!   
heads endeav\r$ to br+ ,b>ret to a      

retraction1 to :i*  :e!r he ev] submitt$
 accord+ to ! =m !y drew up1 may        
reasonably be d\bt$4 ,at l5g? ! matt] 0 
laid be=e ,ar*bi%op  ,:itgift1 :o 0     
(f5d$ at _! proce$+s1 & writes to ! ,"l 
,burleigh1 t "s ( ! po9ts :i* ! heads _h
 enjo9$ ,b>ret to  retract 7 su* z ! mo/
 le>n$ ,prote/ants1 !n liv+1 v>i$  9    
judgm5t ^u2 & t ! mo/ anci5t & be/      
div9es 9 !  l& 7 9 ! *iefe/ po9ts 9     
op9ion aga9/ ! heads & _!  resolutions4 
,ano!r lett] he s5t to ! heads !mselves1
 tell+  !m t !y _h enjo9$ ,b>ret to     
affirm t :i* 0 contr>y to  ! doctr9e    
hold5 & express$ by _m s\nd & le>n$     
div9es 9  ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 & 9 o!r      
*ur*es likewise m5 ( be/  acc\nt2 & t   
:i* = 8 own "p he ?\ght to be false &   
contr>y to ! ,scriptures2 = !           
,scriptures are pla91 t ,god by  8      
absolute w did n hate & reject any man4 
,!re might be  impiety 9 believ+ ! "o1  
!re c\ld be none 9 believ+ !  o!r2 nei!r
 0 x contr>y to any article ( religion  
e/abli%$ by  au?ority 9 ?is *ur* (      

,engl&1 b r agreeable !reto4 ,?is       
te/imony ( ! ar*bi%op is v rem>kable2 & 
?\gh he aft]w>d  c\nt5anc$ ! ,lambe?    
articles1 t is ( little or no weight 9 !
  case4 ,! "q is n ab\t any man's       
private op9ion1 b ab\t !  doctr9e ( !   
*ur*2 & suppos+ ! ar*bi%op to be a      
,calv9i/1  z he seems to h be5 at lea/ 9
 "s po9ts1 ?is only adds !  great]      
weight to 8 te/imony1 t our *ur* has no 
:]e decl>$  9 fav\r ( t s*eme4 ,!       
ar*bi%op desc5d$ to ! p>ticul>s  *>g$   
aga9/ ,b>ret1 ask+ ! heads :at article (
 ! *ur* 0  contradict$ by ?is or t      
notion ( 82 & ,:itak] 9 8 reply  does n 
appeal to "o ( ! articles1 z aga9/      
,b>ret1 b =ms 8  plea ^u ! doctr9es :i* 
!n g5]ally obta9$ 9 pulpits4 ,8  words  
are1 #8,we are fully p]suad$ t ,mr4     
,b>ret ha? taught untru?1  if n aga9/ ! 
articles1 yet aga9/ ! religion1 ( our   
*ur*1  publicly receiv$1 & always held 9
 h] maje/y's reign1 &  ma9ta9$ 9 all    
s]mons1 disputations1 & lectures4' ,&   
ev5 ?is  pret5ce ( 81 weak z x w\ld h   

be5 ?\gh true1 is utt]ly  false1        
directly contr>y1 n only to :at has be5 
already %[n to be  ! facts ( ! case1 b  
also to :at ! ar*bi%op affirm$1 &  t    
too1 z mu/ be suppos$1 ^u 8 own k4 ,z to
 ,dr4 ,b>oe1  he met ) _m fri5ds1 :o    
esp\s$ 8 cause4 ,mr4 ,/rype  p>ticul>ly 
m5tions f\r1 ,mr4 ,ov]al1 ,dr4 ,clayton1
 ,mr4 ,h>snet1 ,dr4  ,&rews2 all ( !m   
great & le>n$ m51 m5 ( r5[n1 & fam\s 9  
_! g5]ation4 ,h[ _m m !re 71 nobody c   
tell4 ,! heads  9 _! lett] to ! ,"l     
,burleigh d n pret5d t ! prea*+  aga9/  
,calv9ism gave a g5]al (f5ce1 b t x     
(f5d$ _m2  :i* implies t !re 7 _m o!rs  
on ! opposite side2 & !y  expressly say 
!re 7 div]s 9 ! ,anti-,calv9ian s*eme1  
:om !y  repres5t z ma9ta9+ x ) great    
boldness4 ,b :at put a /op to  ?is      
prosecution aga9/ ,b>oe 01 a reprim& f  
_! *ancellor1  ! ,"l ,burleigh1 :o wrote
 to ! heads1 t z good & z anci5t  7 (   
ano!r judgm5t1 & t !y might puni% him1 b
 x w\ld  be = well do+40    ,b ,dr4     
,:itak]1 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 

,cambridge1 c\ld n  endure ! f>!r       
preval5ce ( ! doctr9es ( g5]al r$emption
 9  t univ]sity2 he !re=e1 9 #aeie1 drew
 up n9e affirmations1  elucidatory ( 8  
views ( pr$e/9ation1 & obta9$ = !m !    
sanction ( sev]al ,calv9ian heads (     
h\ses1 ) :om he repair$ to  ,ar*bi%op   
,:itgift4 ,hav+ he>d _! ex p>te /atem5t1
 8 grace  summon$ ,bi%ops ,fle*] &      
,vaughan1 & ,dr4 ,tyndal1 dean ( ,ely1  
to  meet ,dr4 ,:itak] & ! ,cambridge    
deputation at 8 palace 9 ,lambe?1  on ! 
t5? ( ,novemb]1 #aeie2 :]e1 aft] mu*    
poli%+ &  alt]+1 !y produc$ ,:itak]'s   
affirmation 9 ! foll[+ =m1  call$ !     
,lambe? ,articles10 f ! place 9 :i* _!  
secret  sitt+s _h be5 held3--8#a4 ,god f
 et]nity ha? pr$e/9at$  c]ta9 m5 unto   
life2 c]ta9 m5 he ha? reprobat$4 #b4 ,! 
mov+ or  effici5t cause ( pr$e/9ation   
unto life is n ! =esight (  fai? or (   
p]sev]ance1 or ( good works1 or ( any ?+
 t is 9  ! p]son pr$e/9at$2 b x is only 
! good w & pleasure (  ,god4 #c4 ,a     
c]ta9 numb] ( ! pr$e/9ate is pr$et]m9$1 

:i* c  nei!r be augm5t$ nor dim9i%$4 #d4
 ,^? :o are n pr$e/9at$  to salvation   
%all be necess>ily damn$ = _! s9s4 #e4  
,a true1  liv+1 & ju/ify+ fai?1 & ! ,_s 
( ,god ju/ify+1 is n  ext+ui%$1 do? n   
fall (f1 or vani% away1 9 ! elect1 ei!r 
totally or f9ally4 #f4 ,a man :o is a   
true believ]1 t is1 "o :o is  endu$ ) a 
ju/ify+ fai?1 is assur$ ) a pl]ophory1  
or firm  p]suasion1 ( fai? conc]n+ !    
remission ( 8 s9s1 & 8  et]nal salvation
 ?r\gh ,*ri/4 #g4 ,sav+ grace is nei!r  
giv51  communicat$1 nor grant$ to all   
m51 by :i* !y c be sav$ if !y  w4 #h4   
,no "o is able to come unto ,*ri/ unless
 x %all be giv5  unto him1 & unless !   
,fa!r %all draw him2 & all m5 are n     
drawn by ! ,fa!r1 t !y may come unto !  
,son4 #i4 ,x is n  plac$ 9 ! *oice1 w1  
or capacity ( e "o to be sav$40 ,dr4    
,:itak] di$ a few days aft] 8 return f  
,lambe?1 ) ! n9e  articles to :i* he _h 
procur$ ! patronage ( ! primate4 ,aft]  
8 demise1 two competitors appe>$ = !    
vacant ,k+'s  ,pr(essor%ip1 ,dr4        

,wotton1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 a pr(ess$    
,calv9ian1 &  ,dr4 ,ov]al ( ,tr9ity     
,college1 almo/ z f>10 says ,heyl91 f ! 
,calv9ian doctr9e 9 ! ma9 plat=m (      
pr$e/9ation z ,b>oe1  ,h>snet1 or ,b>ret
 are conceiv$ to be4 ,b :5 x came to !  
vote (  ! univ]sity1 ! place 0 c>ri$ =  
,ov]al by ! major "p2  :i* pla9ly %[s1 t
 ?\gh ! doctr9es ( ,calv9 7 s hotly     
/ickl$ "h by mo/ ( ! heads1 yet ! great]
 "p ( ! le>n$  body ent]ta9$ !m n40 8,! 
,lambe? articles10 x is well obs]v$1    
are no "p ( ! doctr9e ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&1
 hav+ nev] _h  any ! lea/ sanction ei!r 
f ! p>liam5t or ! convocation4  ,!y 7   
drawn up by ,pr(essor ,:itak]2 & ?\gh !y
 7 aft]w>d  approv$ by ,ar*bi%op        
,:itgift1 & six or eight ( ! inf]ior    
cl]gy1 9 a meet+ !y _h at ,lambe?1 yet  
?is meet+ 0 only 9 a  private mann]1 &  
)\t any au?ority f ! que52 :o 0 s f>  f 
approv+ ( _! proce$+s1 t %e n only ord]$
 !  articles to be suppress$1 b 0       
resolutely b5t = "s "t to  br+ !        
ar*bi%op & 8 associates "u a premunire1 

=  presum+ to make !m )\t any w>rant or 
legal au?ority40 ,su*1 9  brief1 0 !    
orig9 & su* ! fate ( ! ,lambe? articles1
 )\t  ! c\nt5ance ( :i* ! def5d]s (     
,calv9ism 9 ! *ur* (  ,engl& c\ld f9d no
 semblance ( support = _! manifold      
affirmations on pr$e/9ation & its k9dr$ 
topics4 ,^! articles  af=d ano!r        
in/ructive in/ance ( ! extreme ignorance
 ( ! real  s5tim5ts ( _! oppon5ts1 :i*  
(t5 betrays itself 9 ! conduct  ( _m    
em95t m51 :5 !y ra%ly beg9 to f5ce (f ! 
reput$  het]odoxy ( _! bre?r5 f ! sacr$ 
prec9cts ( _! own  or?odoxy4 ,two ( !   
able/ & mo/ consi/5t ,arm9ians ( ! old  
,engli% s*ool1 ,b>oe & ,plaif]e1 h      
lucidly %[n h[ e "o (  ^! n9e ass]tions 
may1 )\t difficulty1 be int]pret$ 9     
accordance ) _! individual belief4      
,b>oe's clev] diss]tation on  ?is       
subject w be f\nd 9 ,/rype's ,life (    
,:itgift20 & t (  ,plaif]e1 9 8 own     
unansw]able ,apello ,evangelium40       
,,pre-,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,jesus ,,*ri/ is 8 
exi/5ce be=e he 0 born ( !  ,virg9 ,m>y4

 ,t he really did exi/1 is pla9 f ,john 
iii1 #ac2 vi1  #ej1 c2 viii1 #eh2 xvii1 
#e1 #bd2 #a ,john i1 #b2 b !re are v>i\s
  op9ions respect+ ?is exi/5ce4 ,"s     
ackn[l$g+1 ) !  or?odox1 t 9 ,jesus     
,*ri/ !re is a div9e nature1 a rational 
s\l1 & a human body1 g into an op9ion   
peculi> to !mselves4 ,8  body 0 =m$ 9 ! 
virg9's womb2 b 8 human s\l1 !y suppose1
  0 ! fir/ & mo/ excell5t ( all ! works 
( ,god2 0 br\ght  into exi/5ce be=e !   
creation ( ! _w1 & subsi/$ 9 happy      
union 9 heav5 ) ! second p]son ( !      
,godhead1 till 8  inc>nation4 ,^! div9es
 diff] f ^? call$ ,arians1 = !  latt]   
ascribe to ,*ri/ only a creat$ deity1   
:]eas ! =m] hold  8 true & prop]        
div9ity4 ,!y diff] f ! ,soc9ians1 :o    
believe no exi/5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/ be=e 8
 inc>nation3 !y diff]  f ! ,sabellians1 
:o only own a tr9ity ( names3 !y diff]  
also  f ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 :i*   
is1 t ,*ri/'s human s\l  began to exi/ 9
 ! womb ( 8 "m1 9 exact con=mity to t   
lik5ess unto 8 bre?r5 ( :i* ,/4 ,paul   

speaks1 ,heb4 ii1 #ag4 ,!  writ]s 9     
fav\r ( ! prexi/5ce ( ,*ri/'s human s\l 
recomm5d  _! op9ion by ^! argum5ts3 #a4 
,*ri/ is repres5t$ z 8  ,fa!r's mess5g]1
 or angel1 be+ di/9ct f 8 ,fa!r1 s5t by 
8 ,fa!r1 long be=e 8 inc>nation1 to p]=m
 actions :i* seem  to be too l[ = !     
dignity ( pure ,godhead4 ,! appe>ances (
 ,*ri/  to ! patri>*s are describ$ l !  
appe>ance ( an angel1 or man  really    
di/9ct f ,god2 yet "o1 9 :om ,god1 or   
,jehovah1 _h a  peculi> indwell+1 or )  
:om ! div9e nature _h a p]sonal  union4 
#b4 ,*ri/1 :5 he came into ! _w1 is     
said1 9 sev]al  passages ( ,scripture1  
to h dive/$ himself ( "s glory :i* he   
_h be=e 8 inc>nation4 ,n[ if !re _h     
exi/$ be=e ?is "t  no?+ b 8 div9e       
nature1 ?is div9e nature1 x is argu$1   
c\ld  n prop]ly h dive/$ itself ( any   
glory1 ,john xvii1 #d1 #e2 #b ,cor4     
viii1 #i4 ,x _c be said ( ,god t he     
became poor3 he is inf9itely            
self-suffici5t2 he is necess>ily &      
et]nally ri* 9 p]fections &  glories4   

,nor c x be said ( ,*ri/1 z man1 t he 0 
ri*1 if he  7 nev] 9 a ri*] /ate be=e   
?an :ile he 0 on e>?4 #c4 ,x  seems     
ne$ful1 say ^? :o embrace ?is op9ion1 t 
! s\l (  ,jesus ,*ri/ %\ld prexi/1 t x  
might h an opportunity to give  its     
previ\s actual cons5t to ! great &      
pa9ful und]tak+ (  mak+ atonem5t = our  
s9s4 ,on ! o!r side1 x is affirm$ t  !  
doctr9e ( ! prexi/5ce ( ! human s\l (   
,*ri/ weak5s &  subv]ts t ( 8 div9e     
p]sonality4 #a4 ,a pure intellig5t _s1  
! fir/1 ! mo/ anci5t1 & ! mo/ excell5t (
 creatures1  creat$ be=e ! f\ndation ( !
 _w1 s exactly resembles !  second p]son
 ( ! ,arian tr9ity1 t x is impossible to
 %[ !  lea/ diff]5ce except 9 "n4 #b4   
,?is prexi/5t intellig5ce1  suppos$ 9   
?is doctr9e1 is s conf\nd$ ) ^? o!r     
intellig5ces call$ angels1 t !re is     
great dang] ( mi/ak+  ?is human s\l = an
 angel1 & s ( mak+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/ to   
consi/ ( ?ree natures4 #c4 ,if ,jesus   
,*ri/ _h no?+ 9 common l  ! re/ ( mank9d
 except a body1 h[ c\ld ?is             

semi-con=mity make  him a real man8 #d4 
,! passages quot$ 9 pro( ( ! prexi/5ce (
  ! human s\l ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 are ( !   
same sort ) ^? :i*  o!rs allege 9 pro( (
 ! prexi/5ce ( all human s\ls4 #e4 ,?is 
op9ion1 by ascrib+ ! dignity ( ! "w (   
r$emption to ?is  sublime human s\l1    
detracts f ! deity ( ,*ri/1 & r5d]s !   
la/ z passive z ! fir/ is active4 #f4   
,?is notion is contr>y to  ! ,scripture4
 ,/4 ,paul says1 ,9 all ?+s x behov$ him
 to be made  l unto 8 bre?r510 ,heb4 ii1
 #ag3 he p>took ( all our infirmities1  
except s94 ,/4 ,luke says1 ,he increas$ 
9 /ature & wisdom10 ,luke ii1  #eb4 ,^u 
! :ole1 ?is s*eme1 adopt$ to relieve !  
difficulties  :i* mu/ always surr\nd    
my/]ies s great1 only creates new ones4 
,?is is ! usual fate ( simil>           
speculations1 & %[s ! wisdom (  re/+ 9 !
 pla9 int]pretation ( ! ^w ( ,god4      
,,presbyt]ians are ^? t affirm !re is no
 ord] 9 ! *ur*1 z  e/abli%$ by ,*ri/ & 8
 ,apo/les1 sup]ior to t ( presbyt]s2  t 
all m9i/]s1 be+ ambassadors1 are equal  

by _! commission2  & t eld]1 or         
presbyt]1 & bi%op1 are ! same 9 "n &    
(fice1 & ! t]ms synonym\s4 ,_! argum5ts 
aga9/ !  ,episcopalians are z           
foll[s3--,) respect to ! successors ( ! 
,apo/les1 !y seem to h be5 plac$ on a   
foot+ ( p]fect  equality1 ! 1 or        
deacons1 n be+ includ$ among !  tea*]s4 
,!y 7 inf]ior (fic]s1 ^: prov9ce x      
orig9ally 0  to c>e = ! poor1 & to      
dis*>ge ^? secul> duties aris+ out  ( ! 
=mation ( ,*ri/ian communities1 :i* c\ld
 n be dis*>g$  by ! m9i/]s )\t int]f]+ )
 ! mu* high] duties :i*  !y _h to p]=m4 
,^! m9i/]s are sometimes 9 ! ,new       
,te/am5t  /yl$ 1 or presbyt]s1 at o!r   
times 1 or bi%ops2  b ! two appellations
 7 indiscrim9ately appli$ to all !      
pa/ors :o 7 ! in/ruct]s ( ! diff]5t     
*ur*es4 ,( ?is  v>i\s examples may be   
giv5 f ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,! ,apo/le       
,paul1 ^u a v affect+ occasion1 :5 he 0 
conv9c$ t he  c\ld nev] aga9 h an       
opportunity ( address+ !m1 s5t = !      
eld]s or presbyt]s ( ,ephesus1 ! p]sons 

to :om ! m9i/ry 9  t *ur* _h be5        
committ$2 & aft] m5tion+ all t he _h    
done1 & intimat+ to !m ! suff]+s :i*    
await$ him1 he  address$ to !m :at may  
be consid]$ z 8 dy+ advice1 & z         
compreh5d+ 9 x all t he judg$ x mo/     
ess5tial = !m to d4  ,take he$1 !re=e1  
unto y\rselves1 & to all ! flock ov] :i*
  ! ,holy ,gho/ ha? made y bi%ops or    
ov]se]s1 to fe$ ! *ur* (  ,god10 ,acts  
xx1 #ag1 #bh4 ,"h !y ^: duty x 0 to fe$ 
! *ur* (  ,god1 z hav+ be5 set ap>t     
?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s = t  int]e/+ "w1 are  
t]m$ by ! ,apo/le presbyt]s & bi%ops1 & 
!re is n ! slighte/ allusion to !       
exi/5ce ( any o!r  1 or bi%op1 sup]ior  
to ^? 1 or bi%ops1 to :om  he gives !   
mov+ *>ge n[ record$4 ,9 8 epi/le to    
,titus1 ,/4  ,paul ?us writes3 ,= ?is   
purpose ,i left !e 9 ,crete10 :]e1 z    
yet1  x is probable t no tea*]s _h be5  
appo9t$1 t ?\ %\lde/  orda9 eld]s1 or   
presbyt]s1 9 e city40 ,he !n po9ts out !
  class ( m5 f :i* ! presbyt]s 7 to be  
select$1 add+1 z  ! reason ( ?is1 = a   

bi%op mu/ be blameless z ! /ew>d (      
,god10 ,titus i1 #e1 #g4 ,x is q pla9 t 
! epi!t bi%op is "h  applicable to !    
same p]sons :o 7 a little be=e /yl$     
eld]s1  & bo? are decl>$ to be ! /ew>ds 
( ,god1 ! gu>dians &  in/ruct]s ( 8     
*ur*4 ,! ,apo/le ,pet]1 9 8 fir/ epi/le 
address$ to ! ,jewi% conv]ts1 has ^!    
words3 8,! eld]s :i* are  among y ,i    
exhort1 :o am also an eld]1  1 & a      
witness ( ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 fe$ ! flock
 ( ,god :i* is  among y1 tak+ ! ov]sight
 ( x1 1 be+ bi%ops (  x1 n by con/ra9t b
 will+ly10 #a ,pet] v1 #a1 #b4 ,?is     
passage is a  v /rong "o4 ,! ,apo/le    
speaks ( himself 9 8 extraord9>y        
capacity1 a witness ( ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1
 & 9 8 ord9>y  capacity z a tea*]2 %[+1 
by ! use ( a v significant t]m1  t z to 
x he 0 on a foot+ ( equality ) ! o!r    
pa/ors or  presbyt]s4 ,he gives x 9 *>ge
 to !m to fe$ ! flock ( ,god2 !  *>ge   
:i*1 "u mo/ p>ticul> & affect+          
circum/ances1 he _h  receiv$ f ! ,"l    
aft] ! resurrection1 & :i* includes 9 x 

! p]=mance ( e ?+ requisite = ! com=t & 
!  edification ( ,*ri/ians2 & he        
accord+ly expresses ?is by ! ^w  1 be+  
bi%ops ov] !m4 ,x _c1 ) any %ad[ (      
reason1 be suppos$ t ! ,apo/le w\ld     
exhort ! eld]s or  presbyt]s to take to 
!mselves ! (fice1 & to p]=m ! duties1  (
 a bi%op1 if t t]m really m>k$ out a    
di/9ct & high] ord]2  or t he w\ld h    
consid]$ ! presbyt]s z fitt$ = !        
dis*>ge ( ! :ole m9i/]ial (fice1 if !re 
7 p>ts ( t  (fice :i* he knew t x 0 n   
lawful = !m to ex]cise4    ,x seems1 by 
! passages t h be5 quot$1 to be plac$   
beyond a  d\bt1 t1 9 :at ! ,apo/les said
 respect+ ! m9i/]s (  ,*ri/'s religion1 
!y taught t !  & !   7 ! same class (   
in/ruct]s2 & t !re 71 9 fact1 only  two 
ord]s po9t$ out by !m1 bi%ops or        
presbyt]s1 & deacons4 ,?is  be+ ! case1 
ev5 al?\gh x %\ld appe> t !re 7 bi%ops1 
9 ! common s5se ( t t]m1 recogniz$ 9 !  
apo/olic age1 all  t c\ld be d$uc$ f !  
fact w\ld be1 t ! equality at fir/      
in/itut$ among ! tea*]s1 _h1 = prud5tial

 reasons1 or "u  peculi> circum/ances1  
be5 int]rupt$2 b x w\ld n foll[ ei!r  t 
! positive & g5]al decl>ations on !     
subject by !  inspir$ writ]s 7 n true1  
or t x 0 incumb5t at all times1  & ^u   
all ,*ri/ians1 to disreg>d !m4 ,x has   
be5 /r5u\sly  cont5d$ t !re 7 su* bi%ops
 9 ! infancy ( ! *ur*1 &  t allusion is 
made to !m 9 ,scripture2 b )\t directly 
oppos+ ! ass]tion1 ?is mu* mu/ be       
admitt$1 t ! pro( ( x  is less cle> ?an 
t bi%ops & presbyt]s 7 repres5t$ z !    
same 9 rank & 9 au?ority4 ,inde$1 !re   
does n appe> to h  be5 any occasion =   
?is high] ord]4 ,to presbyt]s 0 actually
  committ$ ! mo/ important *>ge ( fe$+ !
 *ur* ( ,god1 t  is1 ( promot+ !        
spiritual improvem5t ( mank9d2 & x is   
rem>kable t _! privilege ( sep>at+ f ! p
 by  ord9ation ! m9i/]s ( religion1 is  
explicitly ackn[l$g$ 9 !  case (        
,timo?y1 :om ! ,apo/le admoni%es n to   
neglect ! gift  t 0 9 him1 & :i* _h be5 
giv5 by prophecy1 & by ! lay+  on ( !   
h&s ( ! presbyt]y2 by :i* c be meant    

only ! lay+  on ( ! h&s ( ^? :o 7       
d5om9at$ presbyt]s or bi%ops4 ,b  al?\gh
 all ! p>ts ( ! m9i/]ial duty _h be5    
intru/$ to  presbyt]s1 x is /ill cont5d$
 t ! ,new ,te/am5t indicates !  exi/5ce 
( bi%ops z a high] ord]4 ,!re has1      
h[ev]1 be5 mu*  div]sity ( op9ion 9     
relation to ?is po9t by ^? :o cont5d =  
! div9e in/itution ( episcopacy4 ,"s (  
!m ma9ta9 t !  ,apo/les1 :ile !y liv$1 7
 ! bi%ops ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2  b ?is1 &  
^u irrefragable gr\nds1 is d5i$ by o!rs4
 ,"s urge  t ,timo?y & ,titus 71 9 :at  
!y call ! true s5se ( !  t]m1 bi%ops2 b 
_m d5y t1 f\nd+ _! d5ial ^u ^!          
evangeli/s n hav+ resid$ )9 ! b\nds1 or 
be5 limit$ to !  adm9i/ration ( any "o  
*ur*1 be+ s5t :]ev] x 0 resolv$ to  br+ 
m5 to ! k ( div9e tru?4 ,_m conceive t !
  "q is settl$ by ! epi/les 9 ! book (  
,revelation be+  address$ to ! angels ( 
! respective *ur*es nam$ by ! ,apo/le4  
,b x is f> f be+ obvi\s :at is impli$ "u
 ! appellation  angel2 !re has be5 mu*  
dispute ab\t ?is po9t1 & x is c]ta9ly  a

 deviation f all ! usual rules by :i* we
 are guid$ 9  int]pret+ ,scripture1 to  
br+ an obscure & d\btful passage 9      
illu/ration ( "o1 ab\t ! import ( :i*1  
if we att5d to !  language us$1 !re c be
 no d\bt4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be safely      
affirm$ t !re is no?+ cle> & specific 9 
! writ+s ( !  ,new ,te/am5t :i*         
qualifies ! positive decl>ations t      
bi%ops &  presbyt]s 7 ! same (fic]s2 t !
 gr\nd ^u :i* !  di/9ction betwe5 !m is 
plac$1 is1 at lea/1 f> f obvi\sly       
support+ x2 & t !re is n ! slighte/     
intimation t !  obs]vance ( su* a       
di/9ction is at all important1 mu* less 
absolutely ess5tial to a true ,*ri/ian  
*ur*1 insomu* t1 :]e x  is disreg>d$1 ! 
ord9ances ( div9e appo9tm5t _c be       
prop]ly  disp5s$4 ,if !re=e x be        
e/abli%$1--& "s ( ! mo/ le>n$  & zeal\s 
advocates = ! hi]>*y :i* aft]w>d arose h
 be5  compell$ to admit x1--t ,scripture
 has n recogniz$ any diff]5ce  ( rank or
 ord] betwe5 ! ord9>y tea*]s ( !        
,gospel1 all o!r  means ( ma9ta9+ ?is   

diff]5ce %\ld be ) ,prote/ants ( no     
=ce4 ,x may be %[n t ! admission ( !    
di/9ction is n  incompatible ) ! great  
ends = :i* a m9i/ry 0 appo9t$1 &  ev5 9 
p>ticul> cases may t5d to promote !m2 b 
/ill x is  m]ely a matt] ( human        
regulation1 n b9d+ ^u ,*ri/ians1 &  n 9 
any way connect$ ) ! vital influ5ce ( ! 
,gospel  disp5sation4 ,! :ole ( ! writ]s
 ( antiquity may be urg$ 9  support ( x1
 if t c\ld be done2 &1 aft] all1 e      
private  ,*ri/ian w\ld be entitl$ to    
judge = himself1 & to be direct$ by  8  
own judgm5t1 unless x be ma9ta9$ t :]e  
,scripture has  affirm$ ! exi/5ce (     
equality1 ?is is to be c\nt]act$ & set  
at n\ght by ! te/imonies & ass]tions ( a
 set ( writ]s1 :o1  al?\gh hon\r$ ) ! "n
 ( fa!rs1 are v f>1 inde$1 f  be+       
infallible1 & :o h1 9 fact1 (t5 deliv]$ 
s5tim5ts  :i* ev5 !y :o1 ^u a p>ticul>  
em]g5cy1 cl+ to !m1 mu/  confess to be  
directly at v>iance ) all t is s\nd 9   
reason1 or  v5]able & sublime 9         
religion4 ,x also foll[s1 f !           

,scriptural  id5tity ( bi%ops &         
presbyt]s1 t no *ur* 9 :i* ?is  id5tity 
is pres]v$1 c on t acc\nt be consid]$ z 
hav+  dep>t$ f ! apo/olic model1 or its 
m9i/]s be view$1 at lea/  ) any good    
reason1 z hav+ less gr\nd to hope = !   
bless+ (  ,god ^u _! spiritual lab\rs2  
because if we admit ! contr>y1 we  mu/  
also admit t ! inspir$ writ]s1 in/ead ( 
prop]ly  regulat+ ! *ur*1 betray$ x into
 error1 by omitt+ to make a  di/9ction  
closely alli$ ) ! ess5ce ( religion4    
,:at is ?is  b to say t x is saf] to    
foll[ ! err+ direction ( frail  mortals1
 ?an to foll[ ! admonitions ( ^? :o1 x  
is univ]sally  all[$1 7 inspir$ by !    
,holy ,_s1 or commission$ by him to be  
! in/ruct]s ( ! _w8    ,x is to be      
obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh bi%ops &        
presbyt]s 7  ! same :5 ! epi/les ( !    
,new ,te/am5t 7 writt51 x w\ld  be go+  
too f> to cont5d t no dep>ture f ?is    
%\ld ev] take  place2 because1 to ju/ify
 su* a position1 x w\ld be requisite t a
  positive injunction %\ld h be5 giv5 t 

equality mu/ at all  times be c>efully  
pres]v$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no su*         
injunction4  ,unlike ! ,old ,te/am5t1   
:i* specifi$ e ?+1 ev5 ! mo/  m9ute1 9  
relation to ! prie/hood1 ! ,new only    
alludes 9 g5]al  t]ms1 & v seldom1 to ! 
m9i/ry2 & ! reason probably is1  t1 be+ 
int5d$ = all nations1 x left ,*ri/ians  
at lib]ty to  make su* modifications 9 !
 ecclesia/ical con/itution z 9 _!       
peculi> situation appe>$ be/ adapt$ =   
religi\s edification4 ,!  simple te/ to 
be appli$ to ! v>y+ or v>i$ =ms ( *ur*  
gov]nm5t is t indicat$ by our ,"l       
himself3 ,by _! fruits ye  %all "k !m40 
,:]ev] ! regulations respect+ ! m9i/ry  
are  su* z to div]t x f ! purposes = :i*
 x 0 de/9$1 to  sep>ate ^? :o =m x f !  
flock ( ,*ri/1 to relax _!  dilig5ce 9  
tea*+1 & to de/roy ! connection betwe5  
!m &  _! p1 s z to r5d] _! ex]tions (   
little or ( no use1  !re we f9d a *ur* n
 apo/olical4 ,b :]ev] ! bless$ fruits  (
 ,gospel tea*+ are 9 abundance produc$1 
:]e ! p & !  m9i/]s are cordially unit$1

 & :]e e regulation is calculat$  to    
give efficacy to ! lab\rs ( ^? :o h     
ent]$ into !  v9ey>d1 we h an apo/olical
 *ur*1 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 a  *ur* (
 ,*ri/1 built ^u a rock1 because devot$ 
to ! b5efic5t  objects = :i* our ,savi\r
 came into ! _w4    ,! =m ( *ur*        
gov]nm5t among ! ,scot* ,presbyt]ians is
 z  foll[s3--,! kirk session1 consi/+ ( 
! m9i/] & lay eld]s (  ! congregation1  
is ! l[e/ ecclesia/ical judicature4 ,!  
next is  ! presbyt]y1 :i* consi/s ( all 
! pa/ors )9 a c]ta9  di/rict1 & "o rul+ 
eld] f ea* p>i%4 ,! prov9cial synods1  (
 :i* !re are fifte51 meet twice 9 ! ye>1
 & are compos$ (  ! memb]s ( ! sev]al   
presbyt]ies )9 ! respective prov9ces4   
,f ! kirk sessions appeal lies to !     
presbyt]ies1 f ^! to  ! synods1 & f !m  
to ! g5]al assembly1 :i* meets annually1
  & is ! highe/ ecclesia/ical au?ority 9
 ! k+dom4 ,?is is  compos$ ( delegates f
 ea* presbyt]y1 f e royal bor\gh1  & f  
ea* ( ! ,scot* univ]sities2 & ! k+      
presides by a  commission ( 8 own       

appo9tm5t4 ,! ,scot* orda9 by ! lay+ on 
(  ! h&s ( ! presbyt]y10 be=e :i* p]sons
 may be lic5s$ to  prea* z probation]s1 
b _c adm9i/] ! sacram5ts4 ,! cl]gy  are 
ma9ta9$ by ! /ate1 & nom9at$ to liv+s by
 patrons1 z 9  o!r e/abli%m5ts4 ,^?     
prop]ly call$ ! ,engli% ,presbyt]ians1  
h no connection ) ! ,scot* kirk4 ,!y are
 n[ inde$ brok5 into  sep>ate *ur*es1 & 
foll[ ! same =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t z !     
,congregationali/s or ,indep5d5ts4 ,! "n
 ,presbyt]ian1 !re=e1 is  n[            
inapplicable to !m al?\gh reta9$4 ,s    
,dr4 ,doddridge3 ,^? :o  hold e pa/or to
 be s a bi%op or ov]se] ( 8 own         
congregation1  z t no o!r p]son or body 
( m5 h1 by div9e in/itution1 a  p[] to  
ex]cise any sup]ior or pa/oral (fice 9  
x1 may1 prop]ly  speak+1 be call$1 s f> 
at lea/1 congregational2 & x is by a    
vulg> mi/ake t any su* are call$        
,presbyt]ians40 ,see  ,,episcopalians4  
,,presci5ce1 or =ekn[l$ge1 an attribute 
( ,god4 7,see ,omnisci5ce47  ,on ?is    
subject ?ree lead+ !ories h be5 resort$ 

to1 9 ord]  to evade ! difficulties :i* 
are suppos$ to be involv$ 9 !  op9ion   
commonly receiv$4 ,! ,*evali] ,ramsay1  
among 8 o!r  speculations1 holds x a    
matt] ( *oice 9 ,god1 to ?9k ( f9ite    
ideas2 & simil> op9ions1 ?\gh v>i\sly   
word$1 h be5  occasionally adopt$4 ,9   
sub/ance ^! op9ions are1 t ?\gh !  k (  
,god be inf9ite z 8 p[] is inf9ite1 !re 
is no m  reason to conclude1 t 8 k %\ld 
be always ex]t$ to !  full ext5t ( its  
capacity1 ?an t 8 p[] %\ld be employ$ to
  ! ext5t ( 8 omnipot5ce2 & t if we     
suppose him to *oose  n to "k "s        
cont+5cies1 ! inf9it5ess ( 8 k is n     
!reby impugn$4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$1 
t ! inf9ite p[] (  ,god is 9 ,scripture 
repres5t$1 z 9 ! nature ( ?+s x mu/ be1 
z an inf9ite capacity1 & n z inf9ite 9  
act2 b t !  k ( ,god is on ! contr>y    
nev] repres5t$ !re to u z a  capacity to
 acquire k1 b z actually compreh5d+ all 
?+s  t are1 & all ?+s t c be4 #b4 ,t !  
notion ( ,god's  *oos+ to "k "s ?+s1 & n
 to "k o!rs1 supposes a reason  :y he   

refuses to "k any class ( ?+s or ev5ts2 
:i* reason1 x  w\ld seem1 c only arise  
out ( _! nature & circum/ances1 &  !re=e
 supposes at lea/ a p>tial k ( !m1 f :i*
 !  reason = 8 n *oos+ to "k !m arises4 
,! doctr9e is  !re=e some:at            
contradictory4 ,b1 #c4 ,x is fatal to   
?is op9ion  t x does n at all meet !    
difficulty aris+ out ( ! "q  ( !        
consi/5cy ( div9e presci5ce1 & ! free   
actions ( m52  s9ce "s cont+5t actions1 
= :i* m5 h be5 made acc\ntable1  we are 
sure1 h be5 =ekn[n by ,god1 because by 8
 ,_s 9 !  prophets !y 7 =etold2 & if !  
fre$om ( man c 9 ^!  cases be reconcil$ 
to ! presci5ce ( ,god1 !re is no great] 
difficulty 9 any o!r case :i* c possibly
 occur4    ,a second !ory is1 t !       
=ekn[l$ge ( cont+5t ev5ts1 be+  9 its   
own nature impossible1 because x implies
 a contradiction1 x  does no di%on\r to 
! div9e ,be+ to affirm1 t ( su* ev5ts he
  has1 & c h1 no presci5ce :atev]2 & ?us
 ! presci5ce (  ,god1 z to moral        
actions1 be+ :olly d5i$1 ! difficulty 9 

"q is got rid (4 ,to ?is ! same answ]   
mu/ be giv5 z to !  =m]4 ,x does n meet 
! case1 s long z ! ,scriptures are all[$
  to conta9 prophecies ( rew>dable &    
puni%able actions4 ,! great  fallacy 9 !
 argum5t1 t ! c]ta9 presci5ce ( a moral 
action  de/roys its cont+5t nature1 lies
 9 suppos+ t cont+5cy &  c]ta9ty are !  
opposites ( ea* o!r4 ,x is1 p]haps1     
un=tunate1  t a ^w :i* is ( figurative  
etymology1 & :i* consequ5tly c  only h  
an ideal application to su* subjects1   
%\ld h gr[n into  common use 9 ?is      
discussion1 because x is m liable1 on t 
acc\nt1 to pres5t itself to diff]5t m9ds
 "u diff]5t %ades (  mean+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 
! t]m cont+5t 9 ?is controv]sy has any  
def9ite mean+ at all1 z appli$ to !     
moral actions ( m51 x mu/  mean _!      
fre$om1 & /&s oppos$1 n to c]ta9ty1 b to
  necessity4 ,a free action is a        
volunt>y "o2 & an action :i* results  f 
! *oice ( ! ag5t1 is di/+ui%$ f a       
necess>y "o 9  ?is1 t x might n h be51  
or h be5 o!rwise1 accord+ to  !         

self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! ag5t4 ,x is )      
ref]5ce to ?is  specific quality ( a    
free action1 t ! t]m cont+5cy is us$2 x 
might h be5 o!rwise1 9 o!r words1 x 0 n 
necessitat$4  ,cont+5cy 9 moral actions 
is1 !re=e1 _! fre$om1 & is  oppos$1 n to
 c]ta9ty1 b to con/ra9t4 ,! v nature (  
?is  controv]sy fixes ?is z ! precise   
mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,! "q  is n1 9 po9t (    
fact1 ab\t ! c]ta9ty ( moral actions1 t 
is1  :e!r !y w happ5 or n2 b ab\t !     
nature ( !m1 :e!r  free or con/ra9$1    
:e!r !y mu/ happ5 or n4 ,^? :o  advocate
 ?is !ory c>e n ab\t ! c]ta9ty (        
actions1 simply  consid]$1 t is1 :e!r !y
 w take place or n2 ! reason :y  !y     
object to a c]ta9 presci5ce ( moral     
actions1 is ?is1--!y  conclude1 t su* a 
presci5ce r5d]s !m necess>y4 ,x is !    
quality ( ! action = :i* !y cont5d1 n   
:e!r x w happ5  or n4 ,if cont+5cy meant
 unc]ta9ty1 ! s5se 9 :i* su*  !ori/s    
take x1 ! dispute w\ld be at an end4 ,b 
?\gh an  unc]ta9 action _c be =ese5 z   
c]ta91 a free1 unnecessitat$  action    

may2 = !re is no?+ 9 ! k ( ! action1 9 !
  lea/1 to affect its nature4 ,simple k 
is1 9 no s5se1 a cause  ( action1 nor c 
x be conceiv$ to be causal1 unconnect$ )
  ex]t$ p[]3 = m]e k1 !re=e1 an action  
rema9s free or  necessitat$ z ! case may
 be4 ,a necessitat$ action is n made a  
volunt>y "o by its be+ =ekn[n2 a free   
action is n made a  necess>y "o4 ,free  
actions =ekn[n w n1 !re=e1 cease to be  
cont+5t4 ,b h[ /&s ! case z to _!       
c]ta9ty8 ,precisely on  ! same gr\nd4 ,!
 c]ta9ty ( a necess>y action =ekn[n1    
does n  result f ! k ( ! action1 b f !  
op]ation ( !  necessitat+ cause2 &1 9 l 
mann]1 ! c]ta9ty ( a free action  does n
 result f ! k ( x1 :i* is no cause at   
all1 b  f ! volunt>y cause1 t is1 !     
det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,x  alt]s n ! case 9 
! lea/1 to say t ! volunt>y action might
  h be5 o!rwise4 ,_h x be5 o!rwise1 ! k 
( x w\ld  h be5 o!rwise2 b z ! w :i*    
gives bir? to ! action1 is  n dep5d5t ^u
 ! previ\s k ( ,god1 b ! k (  ! action  
^u =esight ( ! *oice ( ! w1 nei!r ! w   

nor ! act is controll$ by ! k2 & !      
action1 ?\gh  =ese51 is /ill free or    
cont+5t4 ,! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god has !n  no 
influ5ce ^u ei!r ! fre$om or ! c]ta9ty (
 actions1 =  ?is pla9 reason1 t x is k1 
& n influ5ce2 & actions  may be c]ta9ly 
=ekn[n1 )\t _! be+ r5d]$ necess>y by  t 
=ekn[l$ge4 ,b "h x is said1 ,if ! result
 ( an absolute  cont+5cy be c]ta9ly     
=ekn[n1 x c h no o!r result1 x  _c happ5
 o!rwise40 ,?is is n ! true inf]5ce4 ,x 
w  n happ5 o!rwise2 b x may be ask$1 ,:y
 c x n happ5  o!rwise8 ,c is an         
expression ( pot5tiality1 x d5otes p[]  
or  possibility4 ,! objection is1 t x is
 n possible t ! action  %\ld o!rwise    
happ54 ,b :y n8 ,:at deprives x ( t p[]8
 ,if  a necess>y action 7 9 "q1 x c\ld n
 o!rwise happ5 ?an  z ! necessitat+     
cause %all compel2 b !n t w\ld arise f  
! necessitat+ cause solely1 & n f !     
presci5ce ( !  action :i* is n causal4  
,b if ! action be free1 & x ent] into  !
 v nature ( a volunt>y action to be     
uncon/ra9$1 !n x might  h happ5$ 9 a    

?\s& o!r ways1 or n h happ5$ at all2 !  
=ekn[l$ge ( x no m affects its nature 9 
?is case ?an 9 !  o!r4 ,all its         
pot5tiality1 s to speak1 /ill rema9s1   
indep5d5t (  =ekn[l$ge1 :i* nei!r adds  
to its p[] ( happ5+ o!rwise1  nor       
dim9i%es x4 ,b !n we are told1 t !      
presci5ce ( x1 9  t case1 mu/ be        
unc]ta940 ,n unless any p]son c prove1 t
 !  div9e presci5ce is unable to d>t    
?r\gh all ! work+s ( !  human m9d1 all  
its comp>ison ( ?+s 9 ! judgm5t1 all !  
influ5ces ( motives on ! affections1 all
 ! hesitances & halt+s  ( ! w1 to its   
f9al *oice4 ,su* k is too wond]ful =    
u10 b x is ! k ( ,him :o und]/&e? !     
?\ghts (  man af> (f40 8,b if a cont+5cy
 w h a giv5 result1 to t  result x mu/  
be det]m9$40 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,we h se5 t x 
_c be det]m9$ to a giv5 result by m]e   
precognition2 = we h  evid5ce 9 our own 
m9ds t m]e k is n causal to !  actions (
 ano!r4 ,x is det]m9$ to its result by !
 w ( !  ag5t2 b ev5 9 t case1 x _c be   
said1 t x mu/ be  det]m9$ to t result1  

because x is ( ! nature ( fre$om to be  
uncon/ra9$3 s t "h we h an in/ance 9 !  
case ( a free  ag5t t he w act 9 "s     
p>ticul> mann]2 b x by no means  foll[s 
f :at w be1 :e!r =ese5 or n1 t x mu/ be4
    ,! ?ird !ory am\nts1 9 brief1 to    
?is1 t ! =ekn[l$ge (  ,god mu/ be       
suppos$ to diff] s mu* f any ?+ ( ! k9d 
:i*  we p]ceive 9 ourselves1 & f any    
ideas :i* we c possibly =m  ( t prop]ty 
( ! div9e nature1 t no argum5t respect+ 
x  c be gr\nd$ ^u our imp]fect notions2 
& t all controv]sy on  subjects connect$
 ) x1 is idle & fruitless4 ,b ?\gh      
=ekn[l$ge 9 ,god %\ld be admitt$ to be  
some?+ ( a v  diff]5t nature0 to ! same 
quality 9 man1 yet z x is repres5t$  z  
some?+ equival5t to =ekn[l$ge1 :atev] t 
some?+ may  be1 s9ce 9 consequ5ce ( x1  
prophecies h actually be5 utt]$  &      
fulfill$1 & ( su* a k9d1 too1 z relate  
to actions = :i*  m5 h 9 fact be5 held  
acc\ntable2 all ! orig9al difficulty (  
reconcil+ cont+5t ev5ts to ?is some?+1 (
 :i* human  =ekn[l$ge is a k9d ( %ad[10 

z a map ( ,*9a is to ,*9a  itself10     
rema9s 9 full =ce4 ,! difficulty is     
%ift$1 b n  remov$4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be   
c]ta9ly conclud$1 if at lea/ ! ,holy    
,scriptures are to be our guide1 t !    
omnisci5ce ( ,god compreh5ds  8 c]ta9   
presci5ce ( all ev5ts h[ev] cont+5t2 &  
if any  ?+ m 7 necess>y to /r5g!n !     
argum5t above giv51 x  might be drawn f 
! irrational1 &1 above all1 !           
unscriptural  consequ5ces1 :i* w\ld     
foll[ f ! d5ial ( ?is doctr9e4 ,^!  are 
=cibly /at$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds3--8,x  
w\ld foll[ f ?is  notion1 7namely1 t !  
,almighty do? n =ekn[ :at w be !  result
 ( future cont+5cies17 t z ,god is      
liable to be cont9ually  rep5t+ :at he  
has done2 s he mu/ be expos$ to be      
con/antly  *ang+ 8 m9d & int5tions z to 
8 future conduct2 alt]+ 8  measures1    
rel9qui%+ 8 old designs1 & =m+ new      
s*emes &  projections4 ,= 8 purposes1   
ev5 z to ! ma9 p>ts ( 8 s*eme1  namely1 
su* z belong to ! /ate ( 8 moral k+dom1 
mu/ be always  liable to be brok51 ?r\gh

 want ( =esight2 & he mu/ be  cont9ually
 putt+ 8 sy/em to rights1 z x gets out (
 ord]1  ?r\gh ! cont+5ce ( ! actions (  
moral ag5ts3 he mu/ be a  ,be+ :o1      
in/ead ( be+ absolutely immutable1 mu/  
necess>ily be  ! subject ( inf9itely !  
mo/ num]\s acts ( rep5tance1 &  *anges (
 int5tion1 ( any be+ :atsoev]2 = ?is    
pla9 reason1  t 8 va/ly ext5sive *>ge   
compreh5ds an inf9itely great]  numb] ( 
^? ?+s :i* are to him cont+5t & unc]ta94
 ,9  su* a situation he mu/ h little    
else to d1 b to m5d brok5  l9ks z well z
 he c1 & be rectify+ 8 disjo9t$ frame & 
disord]$ movem5ts1 9 ! be/ mann] ! case 
w all[4 ,!  supreme ,"l ( all ?+s mu/   
ne$s be "u great & mis]able             
disadvantages1 9 gov]n+ ! _w :i* he has 
made1 & has !  c>e (1 ?r\gh 8 be+ utt]ly
 unable to f9d out ?+s ( *ief           
importance1 :i* h]eaft] %all befall 8   
sy/em2 :i*1 if he did  b "k1 he might   
make seasonable provision =4 ,9 _m      
cases1 !re  may be v great necessity t  
he %\ld make provision1 9 ! mann]  ( 8  

ord]+ & dispos+ ?+s1 = "s great ev5ts   
:i* are to  happ51 ( va/ & ext5sive     
influ5ce1 & endless consequ5ce to !     
univ]se2 :i* he may see aft]w>d1 :5 x is
 too late1 & may wi%  9 va9 t he _h kn[n
 be=eh&1 t he might h ord]$ 8  affairs  
accord+ly4 ,& x is 9 ! p[] ( man1 on ^! 
pr9ciples1  by 8 devices1 purposes1 &   
actions1 ?us to disappo9t ,god1 break 8 
measures1 make him cont9ually to *ange 8
 m9d1 subject him to  vexation1 & br+   
him into confusion40    ,soc9us & 8 e>ly
 foll[]s w\ld n all[ t ,god possesses   
any  k ( future cont+5cies4 ,! s*oolm51 
9 ref]5ce to ?is  species ( k 9 ,god1   
inv5t$ t call$ sci5tia m$ia1 &  :i* !y  
def9e z t by :i* ,god kn[s sub          
conditione1 :at m5  or angels w d       
accord+ to ! lib]ty :i* !y h1 :5 !y  are
 plac$ 9 ^! or ^? circum/ances1 or 9 ?is
 or 9 t ord]  ( ?+s40 ,:5 ,gom>us1 !    
oppon5t ( ,arm9ius1 f\nd t 8  op9ion    
conc]n+ ! object ( reprobation 0 clogg$ 
) ?is  absurdity--t x made ,god to be ! 
au?or ( ,adam's s91 he v  a/utely took  

refuge 9 ?is conditionate =ekn[l$ge1 &1 
9 8  correct$ !ses on pr$e/9ation1      
publi%$ aft] ! dea? (  ,arm9ius1 he     
describes x z t by :i* ,god1 ?r\gh !    
inf9ite  light ( 8 own k1 =ekn[s "s     
future ?+s1 n  absolutely1 b z plac$ "u 
a c]ta9 condition40 ,walu1 !  celebrat$ 
antagoni/ ( ,episcopius1 _h rec\rse to !
 same exp$i5t4  ,?is di/9ction has be5  
adopt$ by v few ( ^? :o esp\se !        
doctr9es ( g5]al r$emption2 & :o believe
 t e ev5t1 h[  cont+5t soev] to !       
creature1 is1 ) respect to ,god1 c]ta9ly
  =ekn[n4 ,an old ,engli% div9e ?9ks1 t1
 89 ! sacr$ ,scriptures  c]ta9 n obscure
 ve/iges are app>5t ( ?is k9d ( k1 (    
?+s t w happ5 ?us or o!rwise1 on !      
supposition ( !  occurr5ce ( ?is or t   
circum/ance4 ,omitt+ ! well kn[n example
  ( ,david 9 ,keilah1 #a ,sam4 xxii1    
#ab1 & ( ,*oraz9 & ,be?saida1  ,matt4   
xi1 #ba2 ,luke x1 #ac1 consult1 among   
o!r say+s ( ! same  description1 ! answ]
 ( our ,savi\r to ! *ief prie/s &       
scribes1  :o _h ask$1 #8,art ?\ ! ,*ri/8

 ,tell u4' ,& he said unto !m1  #8,if ,i
 tell y1 ye w n believe4' ,9 ! subsequ5t
 v]se he adds1  #8,if ,i also ask y1 ye 
w n answ] me1 nor let me g1' ,luke xxii1
  #fg1 #fh4 ,y h "h ?ree ev5ts specifi$1
 :i* yet w n occur  ev5 on ! supposition
 ( ,*ri/ our ,"l himself40 ,?is k9d (  k
 might v well be includ$ 9 t ( sci5tia  
visionis1  because ! latt] ought to     
include1 n :at ,god w d & :at 8         
creatures w d "u 8 appo9tm5t1 b :at !y w
 d by 8  p]mission z free ag5ts1 & :at  
he w d1 z a consequ5ce (  ?is1 9 8 "* ( 
,gov]nor & ,"l4 ,b s9ce !  pr$e/9>ians  
_h conf\nd$ sci5tia visionis ) a        
pr$e/9at+  decree1 ! sci5tia m$ia well  
express$ :at !y _h left q  unacc\nt$ =1 
& :i* !y _h assum$ did n really exi/1--!
  actions ( creatures end[$ ) free w1 & 
! acts ( ,deity :i*  f et]nity 7        
consequ5t ^u !m4 ,if su* actions d n    
take  place1 !n m5 are n free2 & if !   
rectoral acts ( ,god are n  consequ5t ^u
 ! actions ( ! creature 9 ! ord] ( !    
div9e  int5tion1 & ! conduct ( !        

creature is consequ5t ^u !  =eorda9$    
rectoral acts ( ,god1 !n we rea* a      
necessitat+ et]nal  decree1 :i* 9 fact1 
! pr$e/9>ian cont5ds =2 b x  un=tunately
 br+s aft] x consequ5ces :i* no         
subtleties h ev]  be5 able to %ake      
(f1--t ! only actor 9 ! univ]se is ,god 
himself2 & t ! only di/9ction among     
ev5ts is1 t "o class  is br\ght to pass 
by ,god directly1 & ! o!r indirectly1 n 
by !  ag5cy1 b by ! m]e in/rum5tality1 (
 8 creatures4    ,,prie/1 a g5]al "n = !
 m9i/] ( religion4 ,! prie/ "u  ! law 01
 among ! ,hebrews1 a p]son consecrat$ & 
orda9$ ( ,god  to (f] up sacrifices = 8 
own s9s & ^? ( ! p1 ,lev4  iv1 #e1 #f4  
,! prie/hood 0 n annex$ to a c]ta9      
family till aft]  ! promulgation ( ! law
 ( ,moses4 ,be=e t "t ! fir/-born (  e  
family1 ! fa!rs1 ! pr9ces1 ! k+s 7      
prie/s4 ,ca9 &  ,abel1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 
,job1 ,abimele* & ,laban1 ,isaac &      
,jacob1 (f]$  !mselves _! own           
sacrifices4 ,9 ! solemnity ( ! cov5ant t
  ! ,"l made ) 8 p at ! foot ( ,m\nt    

,s9ai1 ,moses  p]=m$ ! (fice ( m$iator1 
,exod4 xxiv1 #e1 #f2 & "y m5 7  *os5 f  
among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to p]=m ! (fice
 (  prie/s4 ,b aft] ! ,"l _h *os5 !     
tribe ( ,levi to s]ve him 9  8          
tab]nacle1 & ! prie/hood 0 annex$ to !  
family ( ,a>on1  !n ! "r ( (f]+         
sacrifices to ,god 0 res]v$ to ! prie/s 
alone ( ?is family4 ,! ,"l orda9$1 ,num4
 xvi1 #dj1 t no /rang]1  :i* 0 n ( ! se$
 ( ,a>on1 %\ld come ne> to (f] inc5se   
unto ! ,"l1 t he might n be z ,korah & 8
 company4 ,!  puni%m5t ( ,uzziah is well
 kn[n1 #b ,*ron4 xxvi1 #ai1 :o1 hav+    
presum$ to (f] inc5se to ! ,"l1 0       
sudd5ly smitt5 ) a  leprosy1 put out ( 8
 palace1 & exclud$ f ! adm9i/ration (   
affairs to ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,h[ev]1 x    
seems t1 on c]ta9  occasions1 ! judges &
 ! k+s ( ! ,hebrews (f]$ sacrifices     
unto ! ,"l1 especially be=e a con/ant   
place ( wor%ip 0 fix$  at ,j]usalem2 = 9
 #a ,sam4 vii1 #h1 we are told t        
,samuel1 :o 0 no  prie/1 (f]$ a lamb = a
 burnt-sacrifice to ! ,"l2 & 9 #a ,sam4 

ix1 #ac1 x is said t ?is prophet 0 to   
bless ! (f]+ ( !  p1 :i* %\ld seem to be
 a function appropriat$ to ! prie/s2    
la/ly1 #a ,sam4 xvi1 #e1 he goes to     
,be?lehem1 :]e he (f]s a sacrifice  at !
 inauguration or ano9t+ ( ,david4 ,saul 
himself (f]$ a  burnt-(f]+ to ! ,"l1    
p]haps z be+ k+ ( ,israel1 #a ,sam4     
xiii1 #i1 #aj4 ,elijah also (f]$ a      
burnt-(f]+ ^u ,m\nt ,c>mel1 #a  ,k+s    
xviii1 #cc4 ,david himself sacrific$1   
7at lea/ ! text expresses  x s17 at !   
c]emony ( br++ ! ark to ,j]usalem1 & at 
!  floor ( ,araunah1 #b ,sam4 vi1 #ac4  
,solomon w5t up to ! braz5 alt>  t 0 at 
,gibeon1 & !re (f]$ sacrifices1 #b      
,*ron4 i1 #e4 ,x is  true ! above       
passages are commonly expla9$ by suppos+
 t ^!  pr9ces (f]$ _! sacrifices by !   
h&s ( ! prie/s2 b !  sacr$ text w by no 
means fav\r su* explanations2 & x is v  
natural to imag9e1 t 9 ! quality ( k+s &
 heads ( !  p1 !y _h ! privilege ( p]=m+
 "s sac]dotal functions1  ^u "s         
extraord9>y occasions2 ?us we see ,david

 clo!d ) !  prie/ly ephod1 & consult+ ! 
,"l2 & ^u ano!r occasion we  f9d ,david 
& ,solomon pron\nce solemn b5$ictions on
 ! p1 #b  ,sam4 vi1 #ah2 #a ,k+s viii1  
#ee4 ,god hav+ res]v$ to himself !      
fir/-born ( all ,israel1 because he _h  
pres]v$ !m f ! h& (  ! de/roy+ angel 9  
,egypt1 by way ( ex*ange or comp5sation 
accept$ ( ! tribe ( ,levi = ! s]vice ( !
 tab]nacle1 ,numb]s  iii1 #da4 ,( ! ?ree
 sons ( ,levi1 ,g]%on1 ,koha?1 & ,m]>i1 
!  ,"l *ose ! family ( ,koha?1 & out (  
?is ! h\se ( ,a>on1 to  ex]cise !       
functions ( ! prie/hood4 ,all ! re/ ( ! 
family (  ,koha?1 ev5 ! *ildr5 ( ,moses 
& _! desc5dants1 rema9$ (  ! ord] ( m]e 
,levites4 ,see ,,levites4    ,! po/]ity 
( ! sons ( ,a>on1 namely1 ,eleaz> &     
,i?am>1 ,lev4 x1  #a-e2 #a ,*ron4 xxiv1 
#a1 #b1 _h s increas$ 9 numb] 9 ! "t (  
,david1 t !y 7 divid$ into tw5ty-f\r    
classes1 :i* (ficiat$  a week at a "t   
alt]nately4 ,sixte5 classes 7 ( ! family
 (  ,eleaz>1 & eight ( ! family (       
,i?am>4 ,ea* class obey$ its own        

prefect or rul]4 ,! class ,joj>ib 0 !   
fir/ 9 ord]1 & !  class ,abia 0 ! eigh?1
 #a ,mac4 ii1 #a2 ,luke i1 #e2 #a ,*ron4
 xxiv1  #c-ai4 ,?is division ( !        
prie/hood 0 cont9u$ z a p]man5t         
arrangem5t aft] ! "t ( ,david1 #b ,*ron4
 viii1 #ad2 xxxi1 #b2 xxxv1  #d1 #e4    
,inde$1 al?\gh only f\r classes return$ 
f ! captivity1  ! di/9ction betwe5 !m1 &
 also ! anci5t names1 7 /ill  reta9$1   
,ezra ii1 #cf-ci2 ,neh4 vii1 #ci-db2    
xii1 #a4    ,a>on1 ! high prie/ 0 set   
ap>t to 8 (fice by ! same  c]emonies )  
:i* 8 sons ! prie/s 71 ) ?is exception1 
t ! =m] 0 clo!d 9 8 robes1 & ! sacr$ oil
 0 p\r$  ^u 8 head1 ,exod4 xxix1 #e-i2  
,lev4 viii1 #b4 ,! o!r c]emonies 7  z   
foll[s4 ,! prie/s1 all ( !m ) _! bodies 
wa%$1 & clad  9 _! appropriate dress1   
assembl$ be=e ! alt>1 :]e a bullock1    
two rams1 unleav5$ bread1 & waf]s ( two 
k9ds 9 baskets1 7 9  read9ess4 ,:5 !y _h
 plac$ _! h&s ^u ! head ( !  bullock1 he
 0 sla9 by ,moses z a s9-(f]+4 ,he t\*$ 
! horns  ( ! alt> ) ! blood1 p\r$ !     

rema9d] ( x r\nd its base1  & plac$ !   
p>ts :i* 7 to compose ! sacrifice on its
 top4 ,!  rema9+ p>ts ( ! animal 7 all  
burn$ )\t ! camp1 ,exod4  xxix1 #aj-ad2 
,lev4 viii1 #b1 #c1 #ad-ag4 ,!y 9 l     
mann] plac$ _!  h&s on ! head ( "o ( !  
rams1 :i* 0 also sla9 by ,moses =  a    
:ole burnt-(f]+1 ! blood 0 spr9kl$ ar\nd
 ! alt>1 &  ! p>ts ( ! ram 7 sep>at$ &  
burn$ ^u x1 ,exod4 xxix1  #ae-ah2 ,lev4 
viii1 #ah-ba4 ,! o!r ram1 :5 ! prie/s _h
 laid _!  h&s ^u him1 0 likewise sla9 by
 ,moses = ! sacrifice (  consecration4  
,he t\*$ ) ! blood ! tip ( ! "r e> ( !  
prie/s1 ! ?umb ( ! "r h&1 & ! great toe 
( ! "r  foot4 ,! re/ ( ! blood he       
spr9kl$ 9 "p ^u ! bottom ( !  alt>1 & a 
"p he m+l$ ) ! consecrat$ oil1 & spr9kl$
 on  ! prie/s & _! g>m5ts4 ,he ano9t$ ! 
high prie/ by p\r+ a  pr(usion ( oil ^u 
8 head2 :5ce he is call$ ! ano9t$1 ,lev4
  v1 #c1 #e1 #af2 vi1 #ae2 ,psalm       
cxxxiii1 #b4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sacrifice1 
namely1 ! fat1 ! kidneys1 ! haun*es1 !  
caul above ! liv]1  & ! "r %\ld]1 also  

"o cake ( unleav5$ bread1 a cake (  oil$
 bread1 & a waf]1 7 plac$ by ,moses ^u !
 h&s ( !  prie/s1 t !y might (f] !m to  
,god4 ,?is c]emony 0 call$  8fill+ !    
h&s10 expressions :i* accord+ly 9 a     
numb] (  passages mean ! same z         
consecrat+1 ,exod4 xxxii1 #bi2          
,leviticus xvi1  #cb2 #a ,*ronicles     
xxix1 #e4 ,all ! p>ts :i* h be5 m5tion$ 
z  be+ plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/s1 7 at   
la/ burn$ ^u !  alt>4 ,?is c]emony1 :i* 
cont9u$ = eight days1 = ev] sep>at$  !  
prie/s f all ! o!r ,israelites1 n       
except+ ! ,levites2 s  t !re 0          
subsequ5tly no ne$ ( any f>!r           
consecration1 nei!r  = !mselves nor _!  
po/]ity1 ,exodus xxix1 #ce-cg2 ,lev4 x1 
#g2 ,rom4  i1 #a2 ,eph4 iii1 #c2 ,acts  
xiii1 #b1 #c4 ,t ! c]emonies (          
inauguration  or consecration1 h[ev]1 7 
practis$ at e new accession ( a  high   
prie/ to 8 (fice1 seems to be h9t$ 9 !  
foll[+ passages1  ,exod4 xxix1 #bi2     
,lev4 xvi1 #cb2 xxi1 #aj2 ,num4 xx1     
#bf-bh2 xxxv1 #be4    ,x 0 n cu/om>y = !

 prie/s to we> ! sac]dotal dress except 
:5 p]=m+ _! (ficial duties1 ,exod4      
xxviii1 #d1 #dc2 ,ezek4 xlii1  #ad2     
xliv1 #ai4 ,! description ( ! dress ( ! 
prie/s :i* is giv5  9 ,exodus xxviii1 is
 by "s ?\ght defective1 z _m ?+s are    
pass$ 9 sil5ce1 app>5tly = ! reason t !y
 7 at t "t  suffici5tly well kn[n1 )\t  
be+ expressly /at$4 ,"s additional      
in=mation is communicat$ to u by        
,josephus2 b ! dress ( !  prie/s1 z he  
describes x1 may h be5 9 "s respects (  
rec5t  orig94 ,x 0 z foll[s3 #a4 ,a sort
 ( hose1 made ( cotton or l951  :i* 0   
fa/5$ r\nd ! lo9s1 & ext5d$ d[n s z to  
cov] !  ?ighs1 ,lev4 vi1 #aj2 ,ezek4    
xliv1 #ah4 #b4 ,a tunic ( cotton :i*    
ext5d$1 9 ! days ( ,josephus1 d[n to !  
ankles4 ,x 0 furni%$  ) sleeves1 & 0    
fabricat$ all ( "o piece )\t be+ sewn1  
,exod4 xxviii1 #ci1 #da2 xxix1 #e2 ,john
 xix1 #bc4 #c4 ,! girdle4 ,accord+ to   
,josephus x 0 a h&'s bread? 9 wid?1 wov5
 9 su* a mann] z to  exhibit ! appe>ance
 ( scales1 & ornam5t$ ) embroid]$  fl[]s

 9 purple1 d>k blue1 sc>let1 & :ite4 ,x 
0 worn a little  bel[ ! brea/1 encircl$ 
! body twice1 & 0 ti$ 9 a knot  be=e4 ,!
 extremities ( ! girdle hung d[n ne>ly  
to ! ankle4 ,!  prie/1 :5 engag$ 9 8    
sacr$ functions1 9 ord] to prev5t 8  be+
 imp$$ by !m1 ?rew !m ov] 8 left %\ld]1 
,exod4 xxxix1  #bg-bi4 #d4 ,! mitre or  
turban 0 orig9ally acum9at$ 9 its %ape1 
0 l(ty1 & 0 b\nd ^u ! head1 ,exod4      
xxviii1 #h1 #dj2 xxix1 #i2  ,lev4 viii1 
#ac4 ,9 ! "t ( ,josephus ! %ape ( !     
mitre _h become  some:at alt]$2 x 0     
circul>1 0 cov]$ ) a piece ( f9e  l951 &
 sat s closely on ! upp] "p ( ! head1 7=
 x did n  cov] ! :ole ( ! head17 t x    
w\ld n fall (f :5 ! body  0 b5t d[n4 ,! 
,hebrew prie/s1 l ^? ( ,egypt & o!r     
nations1 p]=m$ _! sacr$ duties ) nak$   
feet2 a symbol (  rev]5ce & v5]ation1   
,exod4 iii1 #e2 ,jo%4 v1 #ae4    ,!     
ord9>y prie/s s]v$ imm$iately at ! alt>1
 (f]$  sacrifices1 kill$ & flay$ !m1 &  
p\r$ ! blood at ! foot (  ! alt>1 #b    
,*ron4 xxix1 #cd2 xxxv1 #aa4 ,!y kept a 

p]petual fire  burn+ ^u ! alt> (        
burnt-sacrifices1 & 9 ! lamps ( !  gold5
 c&le/ick t 0 9 ! sanctu>y2 !y prep>$ ! 
loaves  ( %ew bread1 bak$ !m1 & *ang$ !m
 e ,sabba? day4 ,e  day1 night1 & morn+1
 a prie/ appo9t$ by ca/+ lots at !      
beg9n+ ( ! week1 br\ght into ! sanctu>y 
a smok+ c5s]1 &  set x ^u ! gold5 table1
 o!rwise call$ ! alt> ( p]fumes1  ,luke 
i1 #i4 ,! prie/s 7 n suff]$ to (f]      
inc5se to ! ,"l  ) /range fire1 ,lev4 x1
 #a1 #b2 t is1 ) any o!r fire ?an :at   
%\ld be tak5 f ! alt> (                 
burnt-sacrifices4 ,x is well kn[n  ) :at
 sev]ity ,god *a/is$ ,nadab & ,abihu =  
hav+ fail$ 9  ?is4 ,^? t w\ld d$icate   
!mselves to p]petual s]vice 9 !  temple 
7 well receiv$1 & 7 ma9ta9$ by ! con/ant
 & daily  (f]+s1 ,deut4 xviii1 #f-h4 ,! 
,"l _h giv5 no l&s ( inh]itance  to !   
tribe ( ,levi 9 ! di/ribution ( ! l& (  
promise4 ,he  design$ t !y %\ld be      
support$ by ! ti!s1 ! fir/ fruits1  !   
(f]+s t 7 made 9 ! temple1 by _! %>e ( !
  s9-(f]+s1 & ?anksgiv+-(f]+s t 7       

sacrific$ 9 !  temple1 ( :i* c]ta9 p>ts 
7 appropriat$ to ! prie/s4 ,!y  _h also 
a %>e 9 ! wool :5 ! %eep 7 %orn4 ,all ! 
fir/-born1 bo? ( man & bea/1 belong$ to 
! ,"l1 t is1 to 8  prie/s4 ,! m5 7      
r$eem$ = ! sum ( five %ekels1 ,num4     
xviii1  #ae1 #af4 ,! fir/-born ( impure 
animals 7 r$eem$ or ex*ang$1 b  ! clean 
animals 7 n r$eem$2 !y 7 sacrific$ to ! 
,"l1  _! blood 0 spr9kl$ ab\t ! alt>1 & 
all ! re/ belong$ to  ! prie/1 ,num4    
xviii1 #ag-ai4 ,! fir/ fruits ( trees1  
,lev4 xix1 #bc1  #bd1 t is1 ^? t came on
 ! f\r? ye>1 belong$ also to !  prie/4  
,!y gave also to ! prie/s & ,levites an 
all[ance out (  ! d\gh t !y knead$4 ,!y 
_h ! ti! ( all ! fruits ( !  l&1 & ( all
 animals :i* 7 f$ "u ! %eph]d's crook1  
,lev4  xxvii1 #ca1 #cb4 ,god also       
provid$ !m ) h\ses & accommodations1 by 
appo9t+ !m =ty-eight cities = _!        
habitations1 ,num4 xxxv1  #a-c4 ,9 !    
prec9cts ( ^! cities !y possess$ z f> z 
a  ?\s& cubits beyond ! walls4 ,( ^!    
=ty-eight cities six 7  appo9t$ to be   

cities ( refuge1 = ! sake ( ^? :o %\ld  
commit any casual or involunt>y         
manslaught]2 ! prie/s _h ?irte5  ( ^! = 
_! %>e1 & all ! o!rs belong$ to !       
,levites1  ,jo%4 xxi1 #ai4 ,"o ( ! *ief 
employm5ts ( ! prie/s1 next to  att5d+  
^u ! sacrifices & ! s]vice ( ! tab]nacle
 or  temple1 0 ! in/ruction ( ! p & !   
decid+  controv]sies1 di/+ui%+ ! sev]al 
sorts ( leprosy1 ! causes  ( divorce1 ! 
wat]s ( jeal\sy1 v[s1 all causes relat+ 
to !  law1 ! uncleannesses t 7 contract$
 sev]al ways2 all ^!  ?+s 7 br\ght be=e 
! prie/s1 ,hosea iv1 #f2 ,mal4 ii1 #g1  
c2  ,lev4 xiii1 #ad2 ,num4 v1 #ad1 #ae4 
,!y publicly bless$ ! p 9 !  "n ( ! ,"l4
 ,9 "t ( w> _! bus9ess 0 to c>ry ! ark (
  ! cov5ant1 to consult ! ,"l1 to s\nd !
 holy trumpets1 &  enc\rage & h>angue ! 
army4    ,! t]m prie/ is mo/ prop]ly    
giv5 to ,*ri/1 ( :om ! high  prie/s "u !
 law 7 types & figures1 he be+ ! high   
prie/  especially orda9$ ( ,god1 :o1 by 
! sacrifice ( himself1 & by 8           
int]cession1 op5s ! way to              

reconciliation ) ,god1 ,heb4 viii1 #ag2 
ix1 #aa-be4 ,! ^w is also appli$ to e   
true believ] :o is  enabl$ to (f] up    
himself 8a spiritual sacrifice          
acceptable to ,god  ?r\gh ,*ri/10 #a    
,pet4 ii1 #e2 ,rev4 i1 #f4 ,b x is      
likewise improp]ly  appli$ to ,*ri/ian  
m9i/]s1 :o h no sacrifices to (f]2      
unless1  inde$1 :5 x is consid]$ z      
contract$ f presbyt]1 :i*  signifies an 
eld]1 & is ! "n giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t  
to ^?  :o 7 appo9t$ to ! (fice ( tea*+ &
 rul+ 9 ! *ur* (  ,god4 ,see ,,a>on4    
,,priscilla1 a ,*ri/ian woman1 well kn[n
 9 ! ,acts1 & 9 ,/4 ,paul's  epi/les2   
sometimes plac$ be=e h] husb& ,aquila4  
,f ,ephesus ?is  pi\s pair w5t to ,rome1
 :]e !y 7 :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote 8 epi/le   
to ! ,romans1 ,a4 ,d4 #eh4 ,he salutes  
!m ! fir/ ( all1 ) great  comm5dations1 
,rom4 xvi1 #c4 ,!y return$ into ,asia "s
 "t aft]w>d2  & ,/4 ,paul1 writ+ to     
,timo?y1 desires him to salute !m on 8  
behalf1 #b ,tim4 iv1 #ai1 ,a4 ,d4 #fe4  
,,pr(ane1 an epi!t appli$ to ^? :o abuse

 & contemn holy ?+s4  ,! ,scripture     
calls ,esau pr(ane1 because he sold 8   
bir?right1 :i*  0 consid]$ a holy ?+1 n 
only because ! prie/hood 0 annex$  to x1
 b also because x 0 a privilege relat+  
to ,*ri/1 & a  type ( ! title ( believ]s
 to ! heav5ly inh]itance1 ,heb4 xii1    
#af4 ,! prie/s ( ! race ( ,a>on 7 enjo9$
 to di/+ui%  betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane1     
betwe5 pure & pollut$1 ,lev4 x1 #aj2    
xix1  #g1 #h4 ,h5ce !y 7 prohibit$ ! use
 ( w9e dur+ _! att5dance  on ! temple   
s]vice1 t _! spirits might n be         
discompos$ by  excitem5t4 ,to pr(ane !  
temple1 to pr(ane ! ,sabba?1 to pr(ane  
! alt>1 are common expressions to d5ote 
! violation ( ! re/ (  ! ,sabba?1 !     
ent]+ ( =eign]s into ! temple1 or ! want
 (  rev]5ce 9 ^? t ent]$ x1 & ! impi\s  
sacrifices t 7  (f]$ on ! alt> ( ! ,"l4 
,,promise1 an assurance giv5 by ,god1 9 
8 ^w1 ( be/[+ bless+s  ^u 8 p1 #b ,pet4 
i1 #d4 ,! ^w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is       
usually  tak5 = ! promises t ,god       
h]et(ore made to ,abraham1 & !  o!r     

patri>*s1 ( s5d+ ! ,messiah1 & conf]r+ 8
 ,holy ,_s  & et]nal life on ^? t %\ld  
believe on him4 ,x is 9 ?is  s5se t !   
,apo/le ,paul commonly uses ! ^w        
promise1 ,rom4 iv1 #ac1  #ad2 ,gal4 iii1
 #ad1 #ag1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bi4 ,!       
promises ( ! new cov5ant  are call$     
bett] ?an ^? ( ! old1 ,heb4 viii1 #f1   
because !y are  m spiritual1 cle>1      
compreh5sive1 & univ]sal ?an ^? ( !     
,mosaic cov5ant4 ,! "t ( ! promise1     
,acts vii1 #ag1 is ! "t (  fulfill+ !   
promise4 ,! 8*ildr5 ( ! promise0 are1   
#a4 ,!  ,israelites desc5d$ f ,isaac1 9 
opposition to ! ,i%maelites  desc5d$ f  
,i%mael & ,hag>4 #b4 ,! ,jews conv]t$ to
 ,*ri/ianity1  9 opposition to ! ob/9ate
 ,jews1 :o w\ld n believe 9 ,*ri/4 #c4  
,all true believ]s :o are born aga9 by !
 sup]natural p[] ( ,god1  & :o by fai?  
lay hold on ! promise ( salvation 9     
,jesus ,*ri/4    ,,prophecy1 ! pr$iction
 ( future ev5ts2 x is especially        
und]/ood  ( ^? pr$ictions :i* are       
conta9$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures2 all (    

:i* claim div9e inspiration1 & by _!    
wond]ful fulfilm5t are  prov$ to h      
proce$$ f ,god1 :o only ) c]ta9ty c "k !
  future4 ,prophecy is "o great bran* ( 
! ext]nal evid5ce ( !  tru? ( !         
,scriptures2 & ! nature & =ce ( ?is k9d 
(  evid5ce may "h be prop]ly po9t$ out4 
,no argum5t  priori  aga9/ ! possibility
 ( prophecy c be attempt$ by any "o :o  
believes 9 ! exi/5ce & inf9itely p]fect 
nature ( ,god4 ,!  infidel au?or ( 8,!  
,moral ,philosoph]10 inde$1 r ins9uates 
?an attempts fully to e/abli% a dilemma 
) :i* to p]plex ^?  :o reg>d prophecy z 
"o ( ! pro(s ( a div9e revelation4 ,he  
?9ks t ei!r prophecy mu/ respect ev5ts  
necess>y1 z dep5d+  ^u necess>y causes1 
:i* might be c]ta9ly =ekn[n & pr$ict$2  
or t1 if human actions are free1 &      
effects cont+5t1 !  possibility (       
prophecy mu/ be giv5 up1 z x implies    
=ekn[l$ge1  :i*1 if grant$1 w\ld r5d] !m
 necess>y4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is  objection  
might be all[$1 7 !re no pr$ictions to  
be adduc$ 9  fav\r ( a pr(ess$          

revelation1 except su* z relat$ to ev5ts
 :i*  human exp]i5ce has taught to be   
dep5d5t ^u "s cause1 !  exi/5ce &       
necess>y op]ation ( :i* are )9 ! compass
 (  human k4 ,b to =etel su* ev5ts w\ld 
n be to prophesy1  any m ?an to say t x 
w be light to-morr[ at noon1 or t on  a 
c]ta9 day & h\r next ye> !re w occur an 
eclipse ( ! sun  or moon1 :5 t ev5t has 
be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ by a/ronomical   
calculation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x 7 all[$ t all
 ev5ts dep5d$ ^u  a *a9 ( necess>y      
causes1 yet1 9 a v>iety ( in/ances1 !   
argum5t f prophecy w\ld n be at all     
affect$2 = ! =etell+  ( necess>y results
 9 c]ta9 circum/ances is beyond human   
intellig5ce1 because !y c only be kn[n  
to him by ^: p[] ^?  necess>y causes on 
:i* !y dep5d h be5 arrang$1 & :o has    
prescrib$ ! times ( _! op]ation4 ,to    
borr[ a case1 = ! sake  ( illu/ration1 f
 ! ,scriptures1 ?\gh ! claims ( _!      
pr$ictions are n n[ 9 "q2 let u all[ t  
su* a prophecy  z t ( ,isaiah respect+ !
 tak+ ( ,babylon by ,cyrus 0 utt]$1  z x

 purports to be1 m ?an a c5tury be=e    
,cyrus 0 born1 &  t all ! actions (     
,cyrus & 8 army1 & ^? ( ! ,babylonian2  
mon>* & 8 p1 7 necessitat$ is x to be   
ma9ta9$ t  ! *a9 ( necessitat+ causes   
runn+ ?r\gh m ?an a c5tury  c\ld be     
trac$ by a human m9d1 s z to describe ! 
precise mann] 9  :i* t fatality w\ld    
unfold itself1 ev5 to ! turn+ ( !  riv]1
 ! drunk5 c>\sal ( ! inhabitants1 & !   
neglect (  %utt+ ! gates ( ! city8 ,?is 
be+ by uni=m & univ]sal  exp]i5ce kn[n  
to be above all human appreh5sion1 w\ld 
!re=e  prove t ! pr$iction 0 made 9     
consequ5ce ( a communication  f a       
sup]ior & div9e ,intellig5ce4 ,7 ev5ts1 
!re=e1  subject$ to inv9cible fate &    
necessity1 !re might nev]!less be       
prophecy4    ,! o!r bran* ( ! dilemma is
 f\nd$ on ! notion t if we  all[ ! moral
 fre$om ( human actions1 prophecy is    
impossible1  because c]ta9 =ekn[l$ge is 
contr>y to t fre$om1 & fixes &  r5d]s ! 
ev5t necess>y4 ,to ?is ! reply is1 t !  
objection is  f\nd$ on a false          

assumption1 ! div9e =ekn[l$ge hav+ no m 
influ5ce 9 effectuat+ or mak+ c]ta9 any 
ev5t ?an human  =ekn[l$ge 9 ! degree 9  
:i* x may exi/1 !re be+ no moral        
causality at all 9 k4 ,?is lies 9 ! w1  
:i* is !  det]m9+ act+ pr9ciple 9 e     
ag5t2 or1 z ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke  has    
express$ x1 9 answ] to ano!r k9d (      
objector1 8,god's  infallible judgm5t   
conc]n+ cont+5t tru?s does no m alt] !  
nature ( ! ?+s1 & cause !m to be        
necess>y1 ?an our judg+  "r at any "t   
conc]n+ a cont+5t tru? makes x cease to 
be  cont+5t2 or ?an our sci5ce ( a      
pres5t tru? is any cause ( its  be+ ei!r
 true or pres5t4 ,"h1 !re=e1 lies !     
fallacy ( our  au?or's argum5t4         
,because1 f ,god's =ekn[+ ! exi/5ce (   
?+s dep5d+ ^u a *a9 ( necess>y causes1 x
 foll[s t !  exi/5ce ( ! ?+s mu/ ne$s be
 necess>y2 !re=e1 f ,god's  judg+       
infallibly conc]n+ ?+s :i* dep5d n on   
necess>y b  free causes1 he concludes t 
^! ?+s also dep5d n ^u free  b necess>y 
causes4 ,contr>y1 ,i say1 to !          

supposition 9 !  argum5t2 = x mu/ n be  
fir/ suppos$ t ?+s are 9 _! own  nature 
necess>y2 b f ! p[] ( judg+ infallibly  
conc]n+  free ev5ts1 x mu/ be prov$ t   
?+s1 o!rwise suppos$ free1  w !reby     
unavoidably become necess>y40 ,! :ole "q
 lies 9  ?is1 ,is ! simple k ( an action
 a necessitat+ cause ( !  action8 ,& !  
answ] mu/ be 9 ! negative1 z e man's    
consci\sness w assure him4 ,if !        
causality ( influ5ce1 ei!r  imm$iate1 or
 by ! arrangem5t ( compell+ ev5ts1 be   
mix$ up )  ?is1 ! gr\nd is %ift$2 & x is
 no long] a "q :i*  respects simple     
presci5ce4 7,see ,presci5ce47 ,?is      
metaphysical  objection hav+ no         
f\ndation 9 tru?1 ! =ce ( ! evid5ce     
aris+ f pr$ictions ( ev5ts1 di/ant1 &   
beyond ! p[] (  human sagacity to       
anticipate1 & utt]$ z au!ntications ( a 
div9e  commission1 is app>5t4 8,su*     
pr$ictions1 :e!r 9 ! =m (  decl>ation1  
description1 or repres5tation ( ?+s     
future10 z ,mr4  ,boyle ju/ly obs]ves1  
8are sup]natural ?+s1 & may prop]ly be  

rank$ among miracles40 ,= :51 = in/ance1
 ! ev5ts are di/ant  _m ye>s or ages f !
 utt]+ ( ! pr$iction itself1 dep5d+  on 
causes n s mu* z exi/+ :5 ! prophecy 0  
spok5 &  record$1 & likewise ^u v>i\s   
circum/ances & a long arbitr>y  s]ies ( 
?+s1 & ! fluctuat+ unc]ta9ties ( human  
volitions1  & especially :5 !y dep5d n  
at all ^u any ext]nal  circum/ances nor 
^u any creat$ be+1 b arise m]ely f !    
c\nsels & appo9tm5t ( ,god himself1--su*
 ev5ts c be =ekn[n  only by t ,be+1 "o (
 ^: attributes is omnisci5ce1 & c be    
=etold by him only to :om ! 8,fa!r (    
lights0 %all reveal !m2  s t :oev] is   
manife/ly endu$ ) t pr$ictive p[] mu/1 9
  t in/ance1 speak & act by div9e       
inspiration1 & :at he  pron\nces ( t k9d
 mu/ be receiv$ z ! ^w ( ,god2 no?+  m  
be+ necess>y to assure u ( ?is ?an      
cr$ible te/imony t  su* pr$ictions 7    
utt]$ be=e ! ev5t1 or conclusive evid5ce
  t ! records :i* conta9 !m are ( !     
antiquity to :i* !y  pret5d4    ,!      
di/9ction betwe5 ! prophecies (         

,scripture & ! oracles (  ,hea!nism is  
m>k$ & ess5tial4 ,9 ! ,hea!n oracles we 
_c  disc]n any cle> & unequivocal tok5s 
( g5u9e prophecy4 ,!y 7  de/itute (     
dignity & importance1 _h no connection )
 ea* o!r1  t5d$ to no object ( g5]al    
conc]n1 & nev] look$ into times  remote 
f _! own4 ,we read only ( "s few        
pr$ictions &  progno/ications1 scatt]$  
among ! writ+s ( poets &  philosoph]s1  
mo/ ( :i*1 beside be+ v weakly          
au!nticat$1  appe> to h be5 answ]s to   
que/ions ( m]ely local1 p]sonal1 &      
tempor>y conc]n1 relat+ to ! issue (    
affairs !n actually 9  h&1 & to ev5ts   
spe$ily to be det]m9$4 ,f> f attempt+ to
  =m any *a9 ( prophecies1 respect+ ?+s 
f> di/ant z to "t  or place1 or matt]s  
contr>y to human probability1 & requir+ 
sup]natural ag5cy to effect !m1 ! ,hea!n
 prie/s & soo?say]s  did n ev5 pret5d to
 a sy/ematic & connect$ plan4 ,!y h>dly 
d>$1 inde$1 to assume ! prophetic "* 9  
its full =ce1 b  /ood trembl+1 z x 71 on
 ! br9k ( futurity1 consci\s (  _!      

inability to v5ture beyond ! dep?s (    
human conjecture4 ,h5ce  _! pr$ictions  
became s fleet+1 s futile1 s un9t]e/+1  
t1  ?\gh !y 7 collect$ toge!r z wor?y ( 
pres]vation1 !y soon  fell into         
disrepute & almo/ total oblivion4 7,see 
,oracles47 ,!  ,scripture prophecies1 on
 ! o!r h&1 con/itute a s]ies ( div9e    
pr$ictions1 relat+ pr9cipally to "o gr& 
object1 ( univ]sal  importance1 ! "w (  
man's r$emption1 & c>ri$ on 9 regul>    
progression ?r\gh ! patri>*al1 ,jewi%1 &
 ,*ri/ian  disp5sations1 ) a h>mony &   
uni=mity ( design1 cle>ly  indicat+ "o &
 ! same div9e ,au?or4 ,!y speak ( !     
ag5ts to  be employ$ 9 x1 & especially (
 ! great ag5t1 ! ,r$eem]  himself2 & (  
^? mighty & awful proce$+s ( ,provid5ce 
z to  ! nations ( ! e>?1 by :i* judgm5t 
& m]cy are ex]cis$ )  ref]5ce bo? to !  
ord9>y pr9ciples ( moral gov]nm5t1 &    
especially to ?is re/or+ economy1 to its
 /ruggles1 its oppositions1  & its      
triumphs4 ,!y all meet 9 ,*ri/1 z 9 _!  
prop] c5tre1  & 9 him only2 h[ev] _m ( !

 s+le l9es1 :5 consid]$  ap>t1 may be   
imag9$ to h ano!r direction1 & ?\gh !y  
may  pass ?r\gh int]m$iate ev5ts4 ,if we
 look1 says ,bi%op ,hurd1 into !        
prophetic writ+s1 we f9d t prophecy is (
 a prodigi\s ext5t2  t x comm5c$ f !    
fall ( man1 & rea*es to ! consummation  
( all ?+s2 t = _m ages x 0 deliv]$ d>kly
 to a few  p]sons1 & ) l>ge int]vals f !
 date ( "o prophecy to t  ( ano!r2 b1 at
 l5g?1 became m cle>1 m frequ5t1 & 0    
uni=mly c>ri$ on 9 ! l9e ( "o p1 sep>at$
 f ! re/  ( ! _w1--among o!r reasons    
assign$1 = ?is pr9cipally1 to be  !     
repository ( ! div9e oracles2 t1 ) "s   
int]mission1 !  _s ( prophecy subsi/$   
among t p to ! com+ ( ,*ri/2  t he      
himself & 8 ,apo/les ex]cis$ ?is p[] 9 !
 mo/  conspicu\s mann]1 & left beh9d !m 
_m pr$ictions1 record$ 9  ! books ( !   
,new ,te/am5t1 :i* pr(ess to respect v  
di/ant  ev5ts1 & ev5 run out to ! end ( 
"t1 or1 9 ,/4 ,john's  expression1 to t 
p]iod 8:5 ! my/]y ( ,god %all be        
p]fect$40  ,f>!r1 beside ! ext5t ( ?is  

prophetic s*eme1 ! dignity ( !  ,p]son  
:om x conc]ns des]ves our consid]ation4 
,he is describ$ 9  t]ms :i* excite ! mo/
 augu/ & magnific5t ideas4 ,he is spok5 
(1 inde$1 sometimes z be+ 8! se$ ( !    
woman10 & z 8! ,son  ( man20 yet s z be+
 at ! same "t ( m ?an mortal            
extraction4 ,he is ev5 repres5t$ to u z 
be+ sup]ior to m5 &  angels2 z f> above 
all pr9cipality & p[]2 above all t is   
acc\nt$ great1 :e!r 9 heav5 or 9 e>?2 z 
! ^w & wisdom  ( ,god2 z ! et]nal ,son (
 ! ,fa!r2 z ! ,heir ( all ?+s1 by  :om  
he made ! worlds2 z ! brightness ( 8    
glory1 & ! express  image ( 8 p]son4 ,we
 h no words to d5ote great] ideas ?an   
^!2 ! m9d ( man _c elevate itself to    
nobl] conceptions4 ,(  su* transc5d5t   
wor? & excell5ce is t ,jesus said to be1
 to :om  all ! prophets be> witness6    
,la/ly1 ! decl>$ purpose = :i*  !       
,messiah1 prefigur$ by s long a tra9 (  
prophecy1 came into !  _w1 corresponds  
to all ! re/ ( ! repres5tation4 ,x 0 n  
to  deliv] an oppress$ nation f civil   

tyranny1 or to erect a great  civil     
empire1 t is1 to a*ieve "o ( ^? acts :i*
 hi/ory  acc\nts mo/ h]oic4 ,no3 x 0 n a
 mighty /ate1 a victor p1               
,non res ,roman p]ituraque regna1       
,n ! empire ( ,rome & k+doms ab\t to    
p]i%1    t 0 wor?y to ent] into !       
contemplation ( ?is div9e ,p]son4  ,x 0 
ano!r & f> sublim] purpose1 :i* he came 
to accompli%2 a  purpose1 9 comp>ison ( 
:i* all our policies are poor & little1 
& all ! p]=mances ( man z no?+4 ,x 0 to 
deliv] a _w  f ru92 to aboli% s9 & dea?2
 to purify & immortalize human  nature2 
& ?us1 9 ! mo/ exalt$ s5se ( ! words1 to
 be !  ,savi\r ( m5 & ! bless+ ( all    
nations4 ,!re is no exagg]ation  9 ?is  
acc\nt3 a _s ( prophecy p]vad+ all "t1  
*>act]iz+  "o ,p]son ( ! highe/ dignity1
 & proclaim+ ! accompli%m5t (  "o       
purpose1 ! mo/ b5efic5t1 ! mo/ div9e1 ! 
imag9ation  itself c project4 ,su* is ! 
,scriptural del9eation ( t economy  :i* 
we call prophetic4    ,! advantage ( ?is
 species ( evid5ce belongs !n           

exclusively to  our revelation4         
,hea!nism nev] made any cle> & well     
f\nd$  pret5sions to x4 ,mohamm$anism1  
?\gh x /&s itself z a pro( (  ! tru? (  
,scripture prophecy1 is unsupport$ by a 
s+le pr$iction  ( its own4    ,!        
objection :i* has be5 rais$ to          
,scripture prophecy1 f its  suppos$     
obscurity1 has no solid f\ndation4 ,!re 
is1 x is true1 a  prophetic language (  
symbol & emblem2 b x is a language :i*  
is  def9ite & n equivocal 9 its mean+1 &
 z easily ma/]$ z !  language ( poetry1 
by att5tive p]sons4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n   
always  us$4 ,! /yle ( ! prophecies (   
,scripture v (t5 diff]s 9  no?+ f !     
ord9>y /yle ( ! ,hebrew poets2 &1 9 n a 
few  cases1 & ^? too on :i* ! ,*ri/ian  
builds mo/ 9 ! argum5t1  x s9ks into !  
pla9ness ( hi/orical n>rative4 ,"s      
degree (  obscurity is ess5tial to      
prophecy3 = ! end ( x 0 n to gratify    
human curiosity1 by a detail ( future   
ev5ts & circum/ances2 & too  great      
cle>ness & speciality might h l$ to _m  

artful attempts to  fulfil ! pr$ictions1
 & s f> ! evid5ce ( _! accompli%m5t     
w\ld h be5 weak5$4 ,! two great ends (  
prophecy are1 to excite  expectation    
be=e ! ev5t1 & !n to confirm ! tru? by a
  /rik+ & unequivocal fulfilm5t2 & x is 
a suffici5t answ] to  ! allegation ( !  
obscurity ( ! prophecies ( ,scripture1 t
  !y h abundantly accompli%$ ^? objects1
 among ! mo/  intellig5t & inve/igat+1 z
 well z among ! simple &  unle>n$1 9 all
 ages4 ,x _c be d5i$1 = in/ance1 leav+  
out  p>ticul> cases :i* might be giv51 t
 by means ( ^!  pr$ictions ! expectation
 ( ! inc>nation & appe>ance ( a  div9e  
,re/or] 0 kept up among ! p to :om !y 7 
giv51  & spread ev5 to ! neighb\r+      
nations2 t z ^! prophecies  multipli$1 !
 hope became m int5se2 & t at ! "t ( our
  ,"l's com+1 ! expectation ( ! bir? ( a
 v extraord9>y  p]son prevail$1 n only  
among ! ,jews1 b among o!r nations4 ,?is
  purpose 0 !n suffici5tly answ]$1 & an 
answ] is giv5 to !  objection4 ,9 l     
mann] prophecy s]ves z ! basis ( our    

hope 9  ?+s yet to come2 9 ! f9al       
triumph ( tru? & righte\sness on  e>?1 !
 univ]sal e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( our    
,"l1 & !  rew>ds ( et]nal life to be    
be/[$ at 8 second appe>+4 ,9 ^!  all    
true ,*ri/ians agree2 & _! hope c\ld n h
 be5 s  uni=mly support$ 9 all ages & "u
 all circum/ances1 _h n !  prophecies & 
pr$ictive promises convey$ ) suffici5t  
cle>ness  ! g5]al k ( ! good = :i* !y   
look$1 ?\gh _m (  its p>ticul>s be      
unreveal$4 ,! second end ( prophecy is1 
to confirm  ! tru? by ! subsequ5t ev5t4 
,"h ! "q ( ! actual  fulfilm5t (        
,scripture prophecy is involv$2 & x is  
no argum5t  aga9/ ! unequivocal         
fulfilm5t ( sev]al prophecies1 t _m h   
d\bt$ or d5i$ :at ! believ]s 9          
revelation h on ?is subject  s /r5u\sly 
cont5d$ =4 ,h[ few ( mank9d h read !    
,scriptures ) s]i\s att5tion1 or be5 at 
! pa9s to comp>e _!  prophecies ) !     
/atem5ts 9 hi/ory4 ,h[ few1 especially (
 !  objectors to ! ,bible1 h read x 9   
?is mann]6 ,h[ _m ( !m  h confess$      

unblu%+ly _! unacqua9tance ) its        
cont5ts1 or  h prov$ :at !y h n confess$
 by ! mi/akes &  misrepres5tations into 
:i* !y h fall56 ,z = ! ,jews1 !  evid5t 
dom9ion ( _! prejudices1 _! g5]al       
av]s5ess to  discussion1 & ! extravagant
 pr9ciples ( int]pretation !y h  adopt$ 
= _m ages1 :i* set all sob] criticism at
 defiance1 r5d]  nugatory any au?ority  
:i* might be ascrib$ to _! d5ial ( !    
fulfilm5t ( c]ta9 prophecies 9 ! s5se   
adopt$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,we  may add to    
?is1 t among ,*ri/ian critics !mselves  
!re may be  mu* disagreem5t4            
,ecc5tricities & absurdities are f\nd   
among !  le>n$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( k1 & mu* (
 ?is wayw>dness  & affectation (        
s+ul>ity has infect$ int]pret]s (       
,scripture4  ,b1 aft] all1 !re is a tru?
 & reason 9 e subject1 :i* !  und]/&+s (
 ! g5]ality ( m5 w appreh5d & ackn[l$ge 
:5ev] x is fully und]/ood & imp>tially  
consid]$2 to ?is 9  all su* cases !     
appeal c only be made1 & "h x may be    
made )  confid5ce4 ,in/ances ( ! signal 

fulfilm5t ( num]\s prophecies  are      
scatt]$ ?r\gh v>i\s articles 9 ?is      
volume2 s t x is n  necess>y to repeat  
!m "h4 ,a few words on ! d\ble s5se (   
prophecy may1 h[ev]1 be add$4    ,= want
 ( a "r appreh5sion ( ! true mean+ ( ?is
 some:at  un=tunate t]m :i* has obta9$ 9
 !ology1 an objection ( ano!r  k9d has  
be5 rais$1 z ?\gh no def9ite mean+ c\ld 
be assign$ to  ! prophecies (           
,scripture4 ,no?+ c be m unf\nd$4 ,!    
d\ble  s5se ( _m prophecies 9 ! ,old    
,te/am5t1 says an able writ]1 has  be5  
made a pretext by ill dispos$ m51 =     
repres5t+ !m z (  unc]ta9 mean+1 &      
resembl+ ! ambiguity ( ! ,pagan oracles4
  ,b :oev] consid]s ! subject ) due     
att5tion1 w p]ceive h[  little gr\nd !re
 is = su* an accusation4 ,!             
equivocations ( !  ,hea!n oracles       
manife/ly arose f _! ignorance ( future 
ev5ts1  & f _! endeav\rs to conceal t   
ignorance by su* indef9ite  expressions1
 z might be equally applicable to two or
 m ev5ts ( a  contr>y description4 ,b ! 

d\ble s5se ( ! ,scripture  prophecies1  
f> f orig9at+ 9 any d\bt or unc]ta9ty1 z
 to !  fulfilm5t ( !m 9 ei!r s5se1 spr+s
 f a =ekn[l$ge (  _! accompli%m5t 9 bo?2
 :5ce ! pr$iction is purposely s  fram$ 
z to include bo? ev5ts1 :i*1 s f> f be+ 
contr>y to  ea* o!r1 are typical ! "o ( 
! o!r1 & are ?us connect$  toge!r by a  
mutual dep5d5cy or relation4 ,?is has   
(t5 be5  satisfactorily prov$1 ) respect
 to ^? prophecies :i* ref]r$1  9 _!     
prim>y s5se1 to ! ev5ts ( ! ,old        
,te/am5t1 &1 9  _! f>!r & m complex     
signification1 to ^? ( ! ,new3 &  on ?is
 d\ble accompli%m5t ( "s prophecies is  
gr\nd$ our firm  expectation ( !        
completion ( o!rs1 :i* rema9 yet        
unfulfill$ 9  _! second>y s5se1 b :i* we
 ju/ly consid] z equally unc]ta9  9 _!  
issue z ^? :i* are already pa/4 ,s f>1  
!n1 f any  valid objection ly+ aga9/ !  
cr$ibility ( ! ,scripture  prophecies1 f
 ^! seem+ ambiguities ( mean+1 we may   
urge !m  z additional pro(s ( _! com+ f 
,god4 ,=1 :o b ! ,be+  t is inf9ite 9 k 

& 9 c\nsel c\ld s con/ruct  pr$ictions z
 to give !m a tw(old application1 to    
ev5ts di/ant  f1 &1 to human =esight1   
unconnect$ )1 ea* o!r8 ,:at p[]  less   
?an div9e c\ld s frame !m z to make !   
accompli%m5t (  !m 9 "o in/ance a solemn
 pl$ge & assurance ( _! completion  9   
ano!r in/ance1 ( /ill high] & m univ]sal
 importance8  ,:]e w ! sc(f] f9d any ?+ 
l ?is 9 ! artifices (  ,hea!n oracles1  
to conceal _! ignorance1 & to impose on 
!  cr$ulity ( mank9d8 ,see ,,oracles4   
,on ?is subject x may be obs]v$1 by way 
( g5]al illu/ration1 t  ! rem>kable     
p]sonages "u ! old disp5sation 7        
sometimes 9  ! description ( _! *>act]s1
 & 9 ! ev5ts ( _! lives1  !             
repres5tatives ( ! future disp5s]s (    
evangelical bless+s1  z ,moses & ,david 
7 unque/ionably types ( ,*ri/1 ,ezek4   
xxxiv1 #bc2  ,matt4 xi1 #ad2 ,heb4 vi1  
#bj2 vii1 #a-c4 ,p]sons likewise 7      
sometimes  descriptive ( ?+s1 z ,s>ah & 
,hag> 7 allegorical figures (  ! two    
cov5ants1 ,gal4 iv1 #bb-ca2 ,rom4 ix1   

#h-ac4 ,&1 on ! o!r  h&1 ?+s 7 us$ to   
symbolize p]sons1 z ! braz5 s]p5t &  !  
pas*al lamb 7 signs ( our heal+ &       
spotless ,r$eem]1 ,exodus  xii1 #df2    
,john iii1 #ad2 xix1 #cf4 ,& s1 la/ly1  
c]emonial appo9tm5ts  & legal           
circum/ances 7 prerda9$ z significant ( 
,gospel  in/itutions1 #a ,cor4 x1 #a-aa2
 ,heb4 viii1 #e2 ix1 x2 #a ,pet4 iii1   
#bj1 #bb4  ,h5ce x 0 t _m ( !           
descriptions ( ! prophets _h a tw(old   
"*2 be>+ (t5 an imm$iate ref]5ce to     
pres5t  circum/ances1 & yet be+ 9 _!    
nature pr$ictive ( future  occurr5ces4  
,:at !y report$ ( ! type 0 (t5 9 a m    
signal  mann] applicable to ! ?+        
typifi$1 ,psalm xxi1 #d-f2 xl1 #a1      
#g-aj2  xii1 #d2 ,lam4 xiii1 #a-cj2     
,john xiii1 #ah2 ,dan4 xi1 #cf1 #cg2 :at
 !y spoke  lit]ally ( pres5t1 0         
figuratively descriptive ( future       
p>ticul>s2 & :at 0 appli$ 9 a figurative
 s5se to exi/+  p]sons1 0 (t5 actually  
*>act]i/ic ( _! di/ant ar*etypes1       
,psalm xxii1 #af-ah1 c4 ,_m passages !n 

9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 9  _! fir/ aspect
 appe> to be hi/orical1 are 9 fact      
prophetic1 &  !y are s cit$ 9 ! ,new    
,te/am5t1 n by way ( ord9>y             
accommodation1 or casual co9cid5ce1 b z 
int5tionally pr$ictive1  z hav+ a d\ble 
s5se1 a lit]al & a my/ical              
int]pretation1 ,hosea  xi1 #a2 ,matt4   
ii1 #ae4    ,beside ^! hi/orical        
passages1 ( :i* ! cov]t allusions 7     
expla9$ by ! int]pretation ( ! ,gospel  
writ]s1 :o 7  enlight5$ by ! ,_s to     
unfold ! my/]ies ( ,scripture1 !        
prophets (t5 utt]$ positive pr$ictions  
:i*1 9 consequ5ce ( !  correspond5ce    
e/abli%$ betwe5 ! two disp5sations1 7   
descriptive ( a d\ble ev5t1 h[ev] !y    
might be !mselves ignorant  ( ! full    
ext5t ( ^? prophecies :i* !y deliv]$4 ,=
  in/ance1 _! promises ( pres5t success 
& deliv]ances 7 (t5  significant (      
di/ant b5efits1 & secul> consolations   
convey$  assurances ( evangelical       
bless+s1 #b ,sam4 vii1 #ac1 #ad2 ,heb4  
i1 #e4 ,?us  _! prophecies receiv$      

completion 9 a fir/ & second>y view4 ,z 
be+ 9 "p signs to excite confid5ce1 !y  
_h an imm$iate  accompli%m5t1 b 7       
aft]w>d fulfill$ 9 a m illu/ri\s  s5se1 
#a ,k+s xiii1 #b1 #c2 ,isaiah vii1 #ad2 
,matt4 i1 #bb2 ,dan4 ix1 #bg2  xii1 #g2 
#a ,macc4 i1 #ed2 ,matt4 xxiv1 #ae2 !   
prophets be+ inspir$1 by  ! sugge/ions (
 ! ,_s1 to use expressions magnific5t   
en\gh to  include ! sub/ance 9 !        
description ( ! figure4 ,t _m ( !       
prophecies 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 direct1 &
 s+ly & exclusively  applicable to1 &   
accompli%$ 91 our ,savi\r1 is c]ta91    
,g54 xlix1  #aj2 ,psalm xlii1 xlv2      
,isaiah lii1 liii2 ,daniel vii1 #ac1    
#ad2 ,micah v1 #b2  ,ze*4 ix1 #i2 ,mal4 
iii1 #a4    ,x requires mu* att5tion to 
compreh5d ! full import & ext5t (  ?is  
typical disp5sation1 & ! *ief           
obscurities :i* prevail 9  ! sacr$      
writ+s are to be attribut$ to ! d\ble "*
 (  prophecy4 ,to unravel ?is is1 h[ev]1
 an int]e/+ & in/ructive  /udy2 ?\gh an 
admiration ( ! spiritual mean+ %\ld nev]

 lead  u to disreg>d or und]value ! fir/
 & evid5t signification2 =  _m great m5 
h be5 s dazzl$ by _! discov]ies 9 ?is   
mode (  explication1 z to be hurri$ into
 wild & extravagant excess2 z is  evid5t
 f ! writ+s ( ,orig5 & ,j]om2 z also f !
  ,comm5t>ies ( ,au/91 :o ackn[l$ges t  
he _h too f> indulg$ 9  ! fancies ( an  
exub]ant imag9ation1 decl>+ t ! o!r p>ts
  ( ,scripture are ! be/ comm5t>ies4 ,! 
,apo/les & ! evangeli/s  are1 inde$1 !  
be/ expositors2 & :]e ^? infallible     
guides h  l$ ! way1 we ne$ n hesitate to
 foll[ _! /eps by ! light (  cle> reason
 & j analogy4    ,x is ?is d\ble "* (   
prophecy :i* occasions ^? unexpect$     
transitions & sudd5 int]*anges (        
circum/ance s obs]vable 9 !  prophetic  
books4 ,h5ce diff]5t pr$ictions are     
sometimes bl5d$ &  mix$ toge!r2 temporal
 & spiritual deliv]ances are =etold 9 "o
  prophecy2 & great] & small] ev5ts are 
comb9$ 9 "o po9t (  view4 ,h5ce1        
likewise1 "o *a9 ( connect$ design runs 
?r\gh !  :ole s*eme ( prophecy1 & a     

cont9uation ( ev5ts successively        
fulfill+1 & successively bran*+ out into
 new pr$ictions1  cont9u$ to confirm !  
fai?1 & to keep alive ! expectations1 ( 
! ,jews4 ,h5ce 0 x ! "* ( ! prophetic _s
 to be rapid  9 its description1 &      
reg>dless ( ! ord] ( hi/ory2 to pass )  
quick & unexpect$ cel]ity f subject to  
subject1 & f p]iod  to p]iod4 8,& we mu/
 all[10 says ,"l ,bacon1 8= t latitude t
  is agreeable & famili> to prophecy1   
:i* is ( ! nature ( its  ,au?or1 ) :om a
 ?\s& ye>s are b z "o day40 ,! :ole ( ! 
great s*eme mu/ h be5 at once pres5t to 
! div9e ,m9d2 b ,god  describ$ its p>ts 
9 detail to mank9d1 9 su* measures & 9  
su*  proportions1 t ! connection ( e l9k
 0 obvi\s1 & its  relations app>5t 9 e  
po9t ( view1 till ! h>mony & entire     
consi/5cy ( ! plan 7 display$ to ^? :o  
witness$ its  p]fection 9 ! adv5t (     
,*ri/4    ,,prophets4 ,a prophet1 9 !   
/rict & prop] s5se1 0 "o to :om !  k (  
secret ?+s 0 reveal$1 t he might decl>e 
!m to  o!rs1 :e!r !y 7 ?+s pa/1 or      

pres5t1 or to come4 ,! woman  ( ,sam>ia 
p]ceiv$ our ,savi\r 0 a prophet1 by 8   
tell+ h] !  secrets ( h] pa/ life1 ,john
 iv1 #ai4 ,! ,prophet ,eli%a _h !       
pres5t conduct ( 8 s]vant ,gehazi       
reveal$ to him1 #b ,k+s v1 #bf4  ,& mo/ 
( ! prophets _h revelations conc]n+     
future ev5ts2  above all1 conc]n+ ! com+
 & k+dom ( ! ,messiah3 8,he has  rais$  
up a horn ( salvation = u 9 ! h\se ( 8  
s]vant ,david1  z he spake by ! m\? ( 8 
holy prophets1 :i* h be5 s9ce !  _w     
began10 ,luke i1 #fi1 #gj4 ,nev]!less1 9
 a m lax or analogical  s5se1 ! title   
prophet is sometimes giv5 to p]sons :o  
_h no su*  revelation1 nor 7 prop]ly    
inspir$4 ,?us ,a>on is said to be       
,moses's  prophet3 8,! ,"l said unto    
,moses1 ,see1 ,i h made !e a god to     
,ph>aoh1 & ,a>on ?y bro!r %all be ?y    
prophet10 ,exod4 vii1 #a3  because ,a>on
 receiv$ ! div9e messages1 :i* he c>ri$ 
imm$iately  f ,moses2 :]eas o!r prophets
 receive _! messages imm$iately  f ,god 
himself4 ,9 ?is respect1 z ,moses /ood 9

 ! place ( ,god to  ,ph>aoh1 s ,a>on    
act$ 9 ! "* ( 8 prophet4 ,! title (     
prophets is giv5 also to ! sacr$        
musicians1 :o sung ! praises (  ,god1 or
 :o accompani$ ! song ) musical         
in/rum5ts4 ,?us 8!  sons ( ,asaph1 & (  
,heman1 & ( ,j$u?un10 are said to       
8prophesy  ) h>ps1 ) psalt]ies1 & )     
cymbals10 #a ,*ron4 xxv1 #a2 &  !y      
prophesi$1 x is said1 8accord+ to ! ord]
 ( ! k+40  ,p]haps ,miriam1 ! si/] (    
,a>on1 may be call$ a prophetess only on
  ?is acc\nt1 t %e l$ ! conc]t ( ! wom51
 :o sung ! song  ( ,moses ) timbrels & )
 dances1 ,exodus xv1 #bj1 #ba4 ,?us !   
,hea!n poets1 :o sung or compos$ v]ses 9
 praise ( _! gods1 7  call$ by ! ,romans
 vates1 or prophets2 :i* is ( ! same    
import  ) ! ,greek 1 a title :i* ,/4    
,paul gives to ,epim5ides1 a  ,cretan   
poet1 ,titus i1 #ab4    ,godw9 obs]ves1 
t1 = ! propagation ( le>n+1 colleges &  
s*ools 7 9 div]s places erect$ = !      
prophets4 ,! fir/  intimation we h 9    
,scripture ( ^! s*ools is 9 #a ,sam4 x1 

#e1  :]e we read ( 8a company ( prophets
 com+ d[n f ! high place  ) a psalt]y1 a
 tabret1 a pipe1 & a h>p be=e !m1 & !y  
did  prophesy40 ,!y are suppos$ to be ! 
/ud5ts 9 a college ( prophets  at 1 or  
8! hill10 z we r5d] x1 8( ,god40 ,our   
translators  else:]e reta9 ! same       
,hebrew ^w1 z suppos+ x to be ! prop]   
"n ( a place1 8,jona?an smote ! g>rison 
( ! ,phili/9es t  0 9 ,geba10 #a ,sam4  
xiii1 #c4 ,"s p]sons h imag9$ t ! ark1  
or at lea/ a synagogue1 or "s place (   
public wor%ip1 0 at ?is  "t at ,geba1 & 
t ?is is ! reason ( its be+ /yl$ 9 !    
=m] passage  1 ! hill ( ,god4 ,we read  
aft]w>d ( su*  ano!r company ( prophets 
at ,naio? 9 ,ramah1 8prophesy+1 &       
,samuel  /&+ z appo9t$ ov] !m10 #a ,sam4
 xix1 #ai1 #bj4 ,! /ud5ts 9  ^! colleges
 7 call$ sons ( ! prophets1 :o are      
frequ5tly  m5tion$ 9 aft] ages1 ev5 9 ! 
mo/ deg5]ate times4 ,?us we read  ( !   
sons ( ! prophets t 7 at ,be!l2 & (     
ano!r s*ool  at ,j]i*o2 & ( ! sons ( !  
prophets at ,gilgal1 #b ,k+s ii1 #c1 #e2

  iv1 #ch4 ,x %\ld seem1 t ^! sons ( !  
prophets 7 v  num]\s2 = ( ?is sort 7    
probably ! prophets ( ! ,"l1 :om        
,jezebel cut (f2 8b ,obadiah took a     
hundr$ ( !m1 & hid !m by  fifty 9 a     
cave10 #a ,k+s xviii1 #d4 ,9 ^! s*ools  
"y m5 7  educat$ "u a prop] ma/]1 :o 0  
commonly1 if n always1 an  inspir$      
prophet1 9 ! k ( religion1 & 9 sacr$    
music1 #a  ,sam4 x1 #e2 xix1 #bj1 & 7   
!reby qualifi$ to be public prea*]s1    
:i* seems to h be5 "p ( ! bus9ess ( !   
prophets on !  ,sabba? days & fe/ivals1 
#b ,k+s iv1 #bc4 ,x %\ld seem1 t ,god   
g5]ally *ose ! prophets1 :om he inspir$1
 out ( ^! s*ools4  ,amos1 !re=e1 speaks 
( x z an extraord9>y case1 t ?\gh he  0 
n "o ( ! sons ( ! prophets1 b a h]dsman1
 8yet ! ,"l  took him z he foll[$ !     
flock1 & said unto him1 ,g1 prophesy    
unto  my p ,israel10 ,amos vii1 #ad1    
#ae4 ,t x 0 usual = "s ( ^!  s*ools1 or 
at lea/ = _! tutors1 to be endu$ ) a    
prophetic  _s1 appe>s f ! relation ( !  
prophecies conc]n+ !  asc5t ( ,elijah1  

deliv]$ to ,eli%a by ! sons ( !         
prophets1 bo?  at ,j]i*o & at ,be!l1 #b 
,k+s ii1 #c1 #e4    ,! ,hebrew prophets 
pres5t a succession ( m5 at once ! mo/  
s+ul> & ! mo/ v5]able t ev] appe>$1 9 s 
long a l9e (  "t1 9 ! _w4 ,!y _h special
 communion ) ,god2 !y laid op5  ! sc5es 
( ! future2 !y 7 m9i/]s ( ! promis$     
,*ri/4  ,!y upheld religion & piety 9 ! 
wor/ times1 & at ! greate/  risks2 & _! 
dis9t]e/$ness 0 only equall$ by _!      
patriotism4 ,! h\ses 9 :i* !y liv$ 7    
g5]ally mean1 & (  _! own build+1 #b    
,k+s vi1 #b-d4 ,_! food 0 *iefly pottage
 (  h]bs1 unless :5 ! p s5t !m "s bett] 
provision1 z bread1  p>*$ corn1 honey1  
dri$ fruits1 & ! l1 #a ,k+s xiv1 #c2 #b 
,k+s  iv1 #ch1 #ci1 #db4 ,_! dress 0    
pla9 & co>se1 ti$ ab\t ) a  lea!rn      
girdle1 ,ze*4 xiii1 #d2 #b ,k+s i1 #h4  
,ri*es 7 no temptation  to !m2 !re=e    
,eli%a n only refus$ ,naaman's pres5ts1 
b  puni%$ 8 s]vant ,gehazi v sev]ely =  
cl&e/9ely obta9+ a  small %>e ( !m1 #b  
,k+s v1 #ae1 c4 ,to succe$+ ages !y h   

left a "* consecrat$ by hol9ess1 &      
8visions ( ! ,holy ,"o10  :i* /ill      
unveil to ! *ur* 8 mo/ glori\s          
attributes1 & 8  deepe/ designs4        
8,prophecy10 says ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 8came
 n ( old  "t by ! w ( man3 b holy m5 (  
,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by  ! ,holy      
,gho/10 #b ,pet4 i1 #ba4 ,!y fl\ri%$ 9 a
 cont9u$ succession  dur+ a p]iod ( m   
?an a ?\s& ye>s1 reckon+ f ,moses to    
,mala*i1 all cop]at+ 9 ! same designs1  
unit+ 9 "o _s to  deliv] ! same         
doctr9es1 & to pr$ict ! same bless+s to 
mank9d4 ,_! claims to a div9e commission
 7 demon/rat$ by !  intr9sic excell5cy (
 _! doctr9e2 by ! dis9t]e/$ zeal &      
undaunt$ c\rage ) :i* !y prosecut$ _!   
m9i/ry1 &  p]sev]$ 9 _! great design1 & 
by ! unimpea*able integrity (  _!       
conduct4 ,b ev5 ^? cr$5tials ( a div9e  
mission 7 /ill  f>!r confirm$ by !      
ex]cise ( miracul\s p[]s1 & by !        
completion ( _m less important          
pr$ictions :i* !y utt]$1 ,deut4  xiii1  
#a-c2 xviii1 #bb2 ,jo%ua x1 #ac2 #a     

,sam4 xii1 #h2 #b ,k+s i1 #aj2 ,isa4    
xxxviii1 #h2 xlii1 #i2 #a ,sam4 ix1 #f2 
#a ,k+s xiii1 #c2 ,j]4 xxviii1 #i2      
,ezek4 xxxiii1 #cc4 ,:5 n imm$iately    
employ$ 9 ! dis*>ge (  _! sacr$ (fice1  
!y liv$ seque/]$ f ! _w1 9 religi\s     
communities1 or w&]$ 89 des]ts1 9       
m\nta9s1 & 9 caves ( !  e>?20 di/+ui%$  
by _! app>el1 & by ! g5]al simplicity ( 
_! /yle ( life1 #b ,k+s i1 #h2 iv1 #aj1 
#ch2 vi1 #a2 ,isa4 xx1 #b2 ,matt4  iii1 
#d2 ,heb4 xi1 #ch2 ,rev4 xi1 #c4 ,!y 7 !
 e/abli%$ oracles (  _! c\ntry1 &       
consult$ ^u all occasions :5 x 0        
necess>y to  collect ! div9e w on any   
civil or religi\s "q4 ,^!  illu/ri\s    
p]sonages 7 likewise z well ! types z ! 
h>b+]s  ( t great] ,prophet :om !y      
=etold2 & 9 ! g5]al outl9e  ( _! "*1 z  
well z 9 p>ticul> ev5ts ( _! lives1 !y  
prefigur$ to ! ,jews ! future ,tea*] (  
mank9d4 ,l him1 also1  !y lab\r$ by e   
ex]tion to in/ruct & reclaim2 reprov+ & 
?reat5+ ! s9ful1 h[ev] exalt$ 9 rank1 or
 encircl$ by p[]1  ) su* fe>less        

confid5ce & s9c]ity z (t5 excit$        
respect4  ,! mo/ intemp]ate pr9ces 7    
sometimes compell$ unwill+ly to  he> &  
to obey _! directions1 #a ,k+s xii1     
#ba-bd2 xiii1 #b-f2 xx1  #db1 #dc2 xxi1 
#bg2 #b ,*ron4 xxviii1 #i-ad2 ?\gh (t5 s
 inc5s$ by  _! rebuke1 z to res5t x by !
 sev]e/ p]secutions4 ,!n x 0  t !       
prophets exhibit$ ! integrity ( _!      
*>act]s1 by  zeal\sly enc\nt]+          
oppression1 hatr$1 & dea?1 9 ! cause (  
religion4 ,!n x 0 t !y firmly support$  
8trial ( cruel  mock+s & sc\rg+s1 yea1  
moreov]1 ( bonds & imprisonm5t4 ,!y  7  
/on$1 !y 7 sawn asund]1 7 tempt$1 7 sla9
 ) !  sword2 !y w&]$ ab\t1 de/itute1    
afflict$1 torm5t$10 evil  intreat$ = ^? 
virtues ( :i* ! memorial %\ld fl\ri% to 
po/]ity1 & m>tyr$ = righte\sness1 :i*1  
:5ev] res5tm5t  %\ld subside1 x w\ld be 
deem$ hon\rable to rev]5ce1 ,mat!w      
xxiii1 #bg-bi4    ,! mann] 9 :i* !      
prophets publi%$ _! pr$ictions 01 ei!r  
by utt]+ !m al\d 9 "s public place1 or  
by affix+ !m on !  gates ( ! temple1    

,j]4 vii1 #b2 ,ezek4 iii1 #aj1 :]e !y   
might be  g5]ally se5 & read4 ,^u "s    
important occasions1 :5 x 0  necess>y to
 r\se ! fe>s ( a disob$i5t p1 & to      
recall !m  to rep5tance1 ! prophets1 z  
objects ( univ]sal att5tion1 appe>  to h
 walk$ ab\t publicly 9 sackclo?1 & ) e  
ext]nal m>k  ( humiliation & sorr[4 ,!y 
!n adopt$ extraord9>y modes (  express+ 
_! convictions ( imp5d+ wra?1 &         
endeav\r$ to  awak5 ! appreh5sions ( _! 
c\ntry1 by ! mo/ /rik+  illu/ration (   
?reat5$ puni%m5t4 ,?us ,j]emiah made    
bonds &  yokes1 & put !m ^u 8 neck1 ,j]4
 xxvii1 /rongly to intimate !           
subjection t ,god w\ld br+ on ! nations 
:om ,nebu*adnezz>  %\ld subdue4 ,isaiah 
likewise walk$ nak$1 t is1 )\t ! r\gh   
g>m5t ( ! prophet1 & b>efoot1 z a sign (
 ! di/ress t  await$ ! ,egyptians1 ,isa4
 xx4 ,s ,j]emiah broke ! pott]'s vessel1
  ,j]4 xix2 & ,ezekiel publicly remov$ 8
 h\sehold goods f !  city1 #b ,k+s xxv1 
#d1 #e2 ,ezek4 xii1 #g2 m =cibly to     
repres5t by  ^! actions "s correspond5t 

calamities ready to fall on nations     
obnoxi\s to ,god's wra?2 ?is mode (     
express+ important  circum/ances by     
action1 be+ cu/om>y & famili> among all 
ea/]n  nations4 ,! great object (       
prophecy 01 z has be5 be=e obs]v$1  a   
description ( ! ,messiah1 & ( 8 k+dom1  
,matt4 xxvi1 #ef2 ,luke  i1 #gj2 xviii1 
#ca2 xxiv1 #dd2 ,john i1 #de2 ,acts iii1
 #ah1 #bd2 x1 #dc2 xiii1  #bi2 xv1 #ae2 
xxviii1 #bc2 #a ,pet4 i1 #aj-ab4 ,^! 7  
gradually unfold$  by successive        
prophets 9 pr$ictions m & m di/9ct4 ,!y 
7  at fir/ held =? 9 g5]al promises2 !y 
7 aft]w>d describ$  by figures1 & %ad[$ 
out "u types & allusive in/itutions1 &  
f9ally =etold 9 ! full lu/re (          
descriptive prophecy4 ,! ,hebrew        
prophets 7 *os5 ( ,god to te/ify be=eh& 
( ! suff]+s (  ,*ri/1 & ! glory t %\ld  
foll[4 ,see ,,prophecy4                 
,,propitiation4 ,to propitiate is to    
appease1 to atone1 to turn away !  wra? 
( an (f5d$ p]son4 ,9 ! case be=e u1 !   
wra? turn$  away is ! wra? ( ,god2 !    

p]son mak+ ! propitiation is ,*ri/2  !  
propitiat+ (f]+ or sacrifice is 8 blood4
 ,all ?is is  express$ 9 mo/ explicit   
t]ms 9 ! foll[+ passages3 8,& he is  !  
propitiation = our s9s10 #a ,john ii1   
#b4 8,h]e9 is love1 n t  we lov$ ,god1 b
 t he lov$ u1 & s5t 8 ,son to be !      
propitiation = our s9s10 #a ,john iv1   
#aj4 8,:om ,god ha? set =? to  be a     
propitiation ?r\gh fai? 9 8 blood10     
,rom4 iii1 #be4 ,! ^w  us$ 9 ! two =m]  
passages is 2 9 ! la/ 4 ,bo?  are f !   
v]b 1 s (t5 us$ by ,greek writ]s to     
express !  action ( a p]son :o1 9 "s    
appo9t$ way1 turn$ away ! wra? (  a     
deity2 & !re=e _c be> ! s5se :i* ,soc9us
 w\ld put  ^u x1--! de/ruction ( s94    
,?is is n support$ by a s+le  example4  
,) all ,greek au?orities1 :e!r poets1   
hi/orians1 or  o!rs1 ! ^w means to      
propitiate1 & is1 = ! mo/ "p1  con/ru$ )
 an accusative case1 designat+ ! p]son  
^:  displeasure is av]t$4 ,z ?is c\ld n 
be d5i$1 ,crellius comes to  ! aid (    
,soc9us1 & cont5ds t ! s5se ( ?is ^w 0 n

 to  be tak5 f its common use 9 ! ,greek
 tongue1 b f !  ,hell5i/ic use ( x 9 !  
,greek ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,,lxx4 &  ! 
,apocrypha4 ,b ?is w n s]ve him2 = bo?  
by ! ,,lxx4 & 9  ! ,apocrypha1 x is us$ 
9 ! same s5se z 9 ! ,greek classic      
writ]s4 8,he %all (f] 8 1 s9-(f]+1 sai? 
! ,"l  ,god10 ,ezek4 xliv1 #bg4 8,& !   
prie/ %all take ! blood ( !  1 s9-(f]+10
 ,ezek4 xlv1 #ai4   1 8,! ram  ( !      
atonem5t10 ,num4 v1 #h4 ,to :i* may be  
add$1 out ( !  ,apocrypha1 8,n[ z ! high
 prie/ 0 mak+ 1 an atonem5t10  #b ,macc4
 iii1 #cc4    ,! propitiatory s5se ( !  
^w  be+ ?us fix$1 ! mod]n  ,soc9ians h  
conc$$1 9 _! note on #a ,john ii1 #b1 9 
_!  ,improv$ ,v]sion1 t x means !       
8pacify+ ( an (f5d$ p>ty20  b !y subjo91
 t ,*ri/ is a propitiation1 because by 8
 ,gospel  he br+s s9n]s to rep5tance1 & 
?us av]ts ! div9e displeasure4  ,!      
concession is important2 & ! comm5t _c  
weak5 x1 because  ( its absurdity2 =1 9 
t int]pretation ( propitiation1 ,moses1 
or  any ( ! ,apo/les1 or any m9i/] ( !  

,gospel n[1 :o succe$s 9  br++ s9n]s to 
rep5tance1 is z truly a propitiation =  
s9 z  ,*ri/ himself4 ,on ,rom4 iii1 #be1
 h[ev]1 ! au?ors ( ! ,improv$  ,v]sion  
cont9ue to foll[ _! ma/] ,soc9us1 &     
translate !  passage1 8:om ,god ha? set 
=? a propitiation1 ?r\gh fai? 9 8       
blood10 8:om ,god ha? set =? z a m]cy   
seat 9 8 own blood10  & lay great /ress 
^u ?is r5d]+1 z remov+ t c\nt5ance  to !
 doctr9e ( atonem5t by vic>i\s suff]+s  
:i* ! common  translation af=ds4 ,! ^w  
is us$ 9 ! ,septuag9t  v]sion1 & 9 !    
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 to express ! m]cy
 seat or  cov]+ ( ! ark4 ,b s little is 
to be ga9$ by tak+ x 9 ?is  s5se 9 ?is  
passage1 t ?is r5d]+ is adopt$ by sev]al
  or?odox comm5tators z express+1 by a  
figure1 or r by  emphatically supply+ a 
type to ! antitype1--! doctr9e ( our    
,"l's atonem5t4 ,! m]cy seat 0 s call$1 
because1 "u ! ,old  ,te/am5t1 x 0 !     
place :]e ! high prie/1 on ! fea/ (     
expiation1 spr9kl$ ! blood ( ! s9-(f]+s1
 9 ord] to make an  atonem5t = himself &

 ! :ole congregation2 &1 s9ce ,god      
accept$ ! (f]+ :i* 0 !n made1 x 01 = ?is
 reason1  acc\nt$ ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ,god
 %[$ himself propiti\s to !  p4 ,)      
ref]5ce to ?is1 ,jesus ,*ri/ may be     
call$ a m]cy seat1  z be+ ! p]son 9 or  
?r\gh :om ,god %[s himself propiti\s to 
mank9d4 ,& z1 "u ! law1 ,god 0 propiti\s
 to ^? :o came to  him by appe>+ be=e 8 
m]cy seat ) ! blood ( _!  s9-(f]+s2 s1  
"u ! ,gospel disp5sation1 he is         
propiti\s to  ^? :o come unto him by    
,jesus ,*ri/1 ?r\gh fai? 9 t blood  :i* 
is else:]e call$ 8! blood ( spr9kl+10 & 
:i* he %$  = ! remission ( s9s4 ,"s able
 critics h1 h[ev]1 argu$1 f  ! =ce ( !  
context1 t ! ^w ought to be tak5        
actively1 &  n m]ely decl>atively2 n z  
8a propitiatory10 b z 8a  propitiation10
 :i*1 says ,grotius1 is %[n by ! m5tion 
:i* is  aft]w>d made ( blood1 to :i* !  
p[] ( propitiation is ascrib$4  ,o!rs   
supply  or 1 & r5d] x expiatory         
sacrifice4 ,b1  :i*ev] ( ^! r5d]+s be   
adopt$1 ! same doctr9e is held  =? to u4

 ,! cov]+ ( ! ark 0 r5d]$ a propitiatory
 only by  ! blood ( ! victims spr9kl$   
be=e & ^u x2 & :5 !  ,apo/le says1 t    
,god ha? set =? ,jesus ,*ri/ to be a    
propitiatory1  he imm$iately adds1 hav+ 
! c]emonies ( ! temple 9 8 view1  8?r\gh
 fai? 9 8 blood40 ,! text1 !re=e1       
conta9s no  exhibition ( any means (    
obta9+ m]cy b ?r\gh ! blood (           
sacrifice1 accord+ to ! rule laid d[n 9 
! ,epi/le to !  ,hebrews1 8,)\t %$d+ (  
blood !re is no remission20 & is 9      
/rict accordance ) ,ephesians i1 #g1    
8,we h r$emption ?r\gh 8  blood1 !      
remission ( s9s40 ,x is only by 8 blood 
t ,*ri/  reconciles u to ,god4          
,unable z !y :o d5y ! vic>i\s nature ( !
 suff]+s ( ,*ri/  are to evade !        
te/imony ( ! above passages :i* speak ( 
our ,"l  z 8a propitiation10 _! next    
res\rce (t5 is to d5y ! exi/5ce  ( wra? 
9 ,god1 9 ! hope ( prov+ t propitiation1
 9 a prop]  s5se1 _c be ! doctr9e (     
,scripture1 :atev] may be ! =ce (  ! m]e
 t]ms :i* ! sacr$ writ]s employ4 ,9 ord]

 to give  plausibility to _! /atem5t1 !y
 p]v]t ! op9ion ( !  or?odox1 & argue z 
?\gh x =m$ a "p ( ! doctr9e (  ,*ri/'s  
propitiation & oblation = s91 to        
repres5t ,god z  naturally an implacable
 & v5geful be+1 & only made placable &  
dispos$ to %[ m]cy by satisfaction be+  
made to 8 displeasure  ?r\gh our ,"l's  
suff]+s & dea?4 ,?is is z contr>y to    
,scripture z x is to ! op9ions ( all    
sob] p]sons :o hold !  doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s
 atonem5t4 ,god is love2 b x is n       
necess>y1 9  ord] to support ?is tru?1  
to assume t he is no?+ else4 ,he has    
o!r attributes1 :i* h>monize ) ?is & )  
ea* o!r2 ?\gh1  assur$ly1 t h>mony _c be
 e/abli%$ by any :o d5y !  propitiation 
= s9 made by ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,x         
suffici5tly proves  t !re is n only no  
implacability 9 ,god1 b a mo/ t5d] &    
placable affection t[>d ! s9n+ human    
race itself1 & t !  ,son ( ,god1 by :om 
! propitiation 0 made1 0 ! free gift ( !
  ,fa!r to u4 ,?is is ! mo/ em95t pro( (
 8 love1 t1 = our  sakes1 & t m]cy might

 be ext5d$ to u1 8,he sp>$ n 8 own      
,son2 b deliv]$ him up freely = u all40 
,?us he is ! f\nta9  & fir/ mov+ cause (
 t s*eme ( recov]y & salvation :i*  !   
inc>nation & dea? ( our ,"l br\ght into 
full & effici5t  op]ation4 ,! true      
que/ions are1 inde$1 n :e!r ,god is     
love1 or  :e!r he is ( a placable       
nature2 b :e!r ,god is holy & j2  :e!r  
we1 8 creatures1 are "u law or n2 :e!r  
?is law has  any p5alty1 & :e!r ,god1 9 
8 rectoral "*1 is b\nd to  execute &    
uphold t law4 ,z ! ju/ice ( ,god is     
punitive1 7& if  x is n punitive1 8 laws
 are a dead lett]17 !n is !re wra? 9    
,god2 !n is ,god angry ) ! wick$2 !n is 
man1 z a s9n]1  obnoxi\s to ?is ang]2 & 
s a propitiation becomes necess>y to    
turn  x away f him4 ,nor are ^! t]ms    
unscriptural2 !y are us$ 9 !  ,new      
,te/am5t z emphatically z 9 ! ,old2     
?\gh1 ! =m] is1 9 a  special s5se1 a    
revelation ( ! m]cy ( ,god to man4 ,john
 decl>es  t1 if any man believe? n on ! 
,son ( ,god1 8! wra? ( ,god  abide? ^u  

him20 & ,/4 ,paul affirms1 t 8! wra? (  
,god is  reveal$ f heav5 aga9/ all      
ungodl9ess & unrighte\sness (  m540 ,!  
day ( judgm5t is1 ) ref]5ce to !        
ungodly1 said to be  8! day ( wra?20    
,god is call$ 8a consum+ fire20 &1 z    
su*1 is  ! object ( 8rev]5ce & godly    
fe>40 ,nor is ?is 8 displeasure  light1 
& ! consequ5ces ( x a trifl+ & tempor>y 
inconv5i5ce4 ,:5 we only reg>d !        
consequ5ces :i* h foll[$  s9 9 society1 
f ! e>lie/ ages1 & 9 e "p ( ! _w1  & add
 to ^! ! _m direct & fe>ful inflictions 
( puni%m5t  :i* h proce$$ f ! 8,judge ( 
! :ole e>?10 !n1 to use  ! language (   
,scripture1 8our fle% may well tremble  
because ( 8  judgm5ts40 ,b :5 we look at
 ! future /ate ( ! wick$ z  repres5t$ 9 
,scripture1 ?\gh x is express$ g5]ally1 
&  surr\nd$ ) ! my/]y ( a place1 & a    
condition ( be+1  unkn[n to u 9 ! pres5t
 /ate1 all evils :i* hi/ory has cr[d$   
into ! lot ( man appe> insignificant 9  
comp>ison ( bani%m5t  f ,god1 sep>ation 
f good m51 public condemnation1 torm5t (

  _s1 8weep+1 wail+1 & gna%+ ( tee?10   
8ev]la/+  de/ruction10 8ev]la/+ fire40  
,let m5 talk ev] s mu* or  eloqu5tly ( !
 pure b5evol5ce ( ,god1 !y _c aboli% !  
facts  record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( human suff]+
 9 ?is _w z ! effects  ( transgression2 
nor c !y dis*>ge ^! fe>ful comm9ations f
  ! pages ( ! book ( ,god4 ,^! _c be    
criticis$ away2 & if x  is 8,jesus :o   
saves u f ?is wra? to come10 t is1 f ^? 
effects ( ! wra? ( ,god :i* are to come1
 !n1 b = him1 we  %\ld h be5 liable to  
!m4 ,t pr9ciple 9 ,god1 f :i* su*       
effects foll[1 ! ,scriptures call wra?2 
& !y :o d5y !  exi/5ce ( wra? 9 ,god1   
d5y1 !re=e1 ! ,scriptures4    ,x by no  
means foll[s1 h[ev]1 t ?is wra? is a    
passion 9 ,god2 or  t1 ?\gh we cont5d t 
! awful attribute ( 8 ju/ice requires   
satisfaction1 9 ord] to ! =giv5ess ( !  
guilty1 we af=d  reason to any to *>ge u
 ) attribut+ v5geful affections to !    
div9e ,be+4 8,our adv]s>ies10 says      
,bi%op ,/ill+fleet1 8fir/ make  op9ions 
= u1 & !n %[ t !y are unreasonable4 ,!y 

fir/  suppose t ang] 9 ,god is to be    
consid]$ z a passion1 & t  passion a    
desire ( rev5ge2 & !n tell u1 t if we d 
n prove  t ?is desire ( rev5ge c be     
satisfi$ by ! suff]+s (  ,*ri/1 !n we c 
nev] prove ! doctr9e ( satisfaction to  
be true2  :]eas1 we d n mean by ,god's  
ang]1 any su* passion1 b ! j  decl>ation
 ( ,god's w to puni%1 ^u our provocation
 ( him by our  s9s2 we d n make ! design
 ( ! satisfaction to be t ,god may      
please himself 9 rev5g+ ! s9s ( ! guilty
 ^u ! mo/  innoc5t p]son1 because we    
make ! design ( puni%m5t n to be !      
satisfaction ( ang] z a desire ( rev5ge1
 b to be ! v9dication  ( ! hon\r &      
rights ( ! (f5d$ p]son by su* a way z he
  himself %all judge satisfactory to !  
ends ( 8 gov]nm5t40 ,see  ,,atonem5t &  
,,expiation4    ,,propitiatory1 among ! 
,jews1 0 ! cov] or lid ( ! ark ( !      
cov5ant1 :i* 0 l9$ bo? )9 & )\t ) plates
 ( gold1  insomu* t !re 0 no wood to be 
se54 ,"s ev5 take x to h  be5 "o piece (
 massive gold4 ,! *]ubims spread _! w+s 

ov]  ! propitiatory4 ,?is propitiatory 0
 a type or figure ( ,*ri/4 ,see         
,,propitiation4    ,,proselyte1 1       
signifies a /rang]1 a =eign]2 ! ,hebrew 
^w 1 or 1 also d5otes a /rang]1 "o :o   
comes f abroad1 or  f ano!r place4 ,9 ! 
language  ( ! ,jews1 ^? 7 call$  by ?is 
"n :o came to dwell 9 _! c\ntry1 or :o  
embrac$ _!  religion1 be+ n ,jews by    
bir?4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t !y are call$   
sometimes proselytes1 & sometimes       
,g5tiles1 fe>+ ,god1 ,acts ii1 #e2  x1  
ii1 #bb2 xiii1 #af1 #ej4 ,! ,jews       
di/+ui% two k9ds ( proselytes4  ,! fir/1
 proselytes ( ! gate2 ! o!rs1 proselytes
 ( ju/ice or  righte\sness4 ,! fir/     
dwelt 9 ! l& ( ,israel1 or ev5 out (  t 
c\ntry1 &1 )\t oblig+ !mselves to       
circumcision1 or to  any o!r c]emony ( !
 law1 fe>$ & wor%ipp$ ! true ,god1      
obs]v+ ! rules impos$ on ,noah4 ,^! 71  
accord+ to !  rabb9s1 #a4 ,to ab/a9 f   
idolatry2 #b4 ,f blasphemy2 #c4 ,f      
murd]2  #d4 ,f adult]y2 #e4 ,f !ft2 #f4 
,to appo9t j & upright judges2  #g4 ,n  

to eat ! fle% ( any animal cut (f :ile x
 0 alive4  ,maimonides says1 t ! fir/   
six ( ^! precepts 7 giv5 to  ,adam1 & ! 
sev5? to ,noah4 ,! privileges (         
proselytes ( ! gate  71 fir/1 t ?r\gh   
hol9ess !y might h hope ( et]nal life4  
,secondly1 !y c\ld dwell 9 ! l& (       
,israel1 & %>e 9 !  outw>d prosp]ities (
 x4 ,x is said !y did n dwell 9 !       
cities1  b only 9 ! suburbs & !         
villages2 b x is c]ta9 t !  ,jews (t5   
admitt$ into _! cities1 n only          
proselytes (  habitation1 b also        
,g5tiles & idolat]s1 z appe>s by !      
reproa*es on ?is acc\nt1 ?r\gh\t !      
,scriptures4    ,proselytes ( ju/ice or 
( righte\sness 7 ^? conv]t$ to          
,judaism1 :o _h engag$ !mselves to      
receive circumcision1 & to  obs]ve !    
:ole law ( ,moses4 ,?us 7 !y admitt$ to 
all !  pr]ogatives ( ! p ( ! ,"l4 ,!    
rabb9s in=m u t1  be=e circumcision 0   
adm9i/]$ to !m1 & be=e !y 7  admitt$    
into ! religion ( ! ,hebrews1 !y 7      
exam9$ ab\t !  motives ( _! conv]sion2  

:e!r ! *ange 0 volunt>y1 or  :e!r x     
proce$$ f int]e/1 fe>1 ambition1 c4 ,:5 
!  proselyte 0 well prov$ & in/ruct$1 !y
 gave him circumcision2  & :5 ! w\nd ( 8
 circumcision heal$1 !y gave him        
baptism1 by  plung+ 8 :ole body into a  
ci/]n ( wat]1 by only "o imm]sion4      
,boys "u twelve ye>s ( age1 & girls "u  
?irte51 c\ld n  become proselytes till  
!y _h obta9$ ! cons5t ( _! p>5ts1  or1 9
 case ( refusal1 ! concurr5ce ( ! (fic]s
 ( ju/ice4  ,baptism 9 respect ( girls  
_h ! same effect z circumcision 9       
respect ( boys4 ,ea* ( !m1 by means (   
?is1 receiv$1 z x 71 a  new bir?1 s t ^?
 :o 7 _! p>5ts be=e 7 no long]  reg>d$ z
 su* aft] ?is c]emony1 & ^? :o be=e 7   
slaves  n[ became free4    ,_m1 h[ev]1  
are ( op9ion t !re appe>s to be no gr\nd
  :atev] 9 ,scripture = ?is di/9ction ( 
proselytes ( ! gate1  & proselytes (    
righte\sness4 8,accord+ to my idea10    
says ,dr4  ,toml9e1 8proselytes 7 ^?1 & 
^? only1 :o took ^u  !mselves !         
obligation ( ! :ole ,mosaic law1 b      

reta9$ t  "n till !y 7 admitt$ into !   
congregation ( ! ,"l z  adopt$ *ildr54  
,g5tiles 7 all[$ to wor%ip & (f]        
sacrifices  to ! ,god ( ,israel 9 ! out]
 c\rt ( ! temple2 & "s ( !m1  p]suad$ ( 
! sole & univ]sal sov]eignty ( ! ,"l    
,jehovah1  might r5\nce idolatry )\t    
embrac+ ! ,mosaic law2 b su*  p]sons    
appe> to me nev] to be call$ proselytes 
9 ,scripture1 or 9  any anci5t ,*ri/ian 
writ]40 ,he also obs]ves t 8! t]m       
proselytes ( ! gate is d]iv$ f an       
expression frequ5t 9 !  ,old ,te/am5t2  
namely1 #8! /rang] t is )9 ?y gates2' b 
,i  ?9k x evid5t t ! /rang]s 7 ^?       
,g5tiles :o 7  p]mitt$ to live among !  
,jews "u c]ta9 re/rictions1 & :om  !    
,jews 7 =bidd5 #8to vex or oppress1' s  
long z !y live 9 a  peaceable mann]40   
,dr4 ,l>dn] says1 8,i d n believe t !   
notion  ( two sorts ( ,jewi% proselytes 
c be f\nd 9 any ,*ri/ian writ]  be=e !  
f\rte5? c5tury or lat]40 ,dr4 ,j5n+s    
also obs]ves t  8!re does n appe> to be 
suffici5t evid5ce 9 ! ,scripture  hi/ory

 ( ! exi/5ce ( su* proselytes ( ! gate1 
z ! rabb9s  m5tion2 nor1 inde$1 ( any :o
 ) propriety c be /yl$  proselytes1     
except su* z fully embrac$ ! ,jewi%     
religion40    ,,proseu*4 ,t ! ,jews _h  
h\ses1 or places = pray]1 call$  1      
appe>s f a v>iety ( passages 9 ,philo2  
&1  p>ticul>ly 9 8 oration aga9/        
,flaccus1 he compla9s t _!   7 pull$    
d[n1 & !re 0 no place left 9 :i* !y     
might wor%ip ,god & pray = ,cs>4 ,among 
^? :o make !  synagogues & proseu* to be
 diff]5t places1 are ! le>n$ ,mr4       
,joseph ,m$e & ,dr4 ,prideaux2 & !y ?9k 
! diff]5ce consi/s  p>tly 9 ! =m ( !    
edifice2 a synagogue1 !y say1 be+ ro($  
l our h\ses or *ur*es2 & a proseu*a be+ 
only encompass$  ) a wall1 or "s o!r    
m\nd or enclosure1 & op5 at ! top1 l    
our c\rts4 ,!y make !m to diff] 9       
situation2 synagogues be+ 9  t[ns &     
cities1 proseu* 9 ! fields1 & frequ5tly 
by ! riv]  side4 ,dr4 ,prideaux m5tions 
ano!r di/9ction 9 respect to !  s]vice  
p]=m$ 9 !m4 ,9 synagogues1 he says1 !   

pray]s 7  (f]$ up 9 public =ms 9 common 
= ! :ole congregation2 b 9  ! proseu* !y
 pray$1 z 9 ! temple1 e "o ap>t =       
himself4 ,& ?us our ,savi\r pray$ 9 !   
proseu*a into :i* he  ent]$4 ,yet1 aft] 
all1 ! pro( 9 fav\r ( ?is notion is n s 
/rong1 b t x /ill rema9s a "q ) "s1 :e!r
 !  synagogues & ! proseu* 7 any ?+ m   
?an two diff]5t  names = ! same place2 !
 "o tak5 f ! p's assembl+ 9  !m1 ! o!r f
 ! s]vice to :i* !y 7 m imm$iately      
appropriat$1 namely1 pray]4 ,nev]!less1 
! "n proseu* w  n prove t !y 7          
appropriat$ only to pray]1 & !re=e 7    
diff]5t f synagogues1 9 :i* !           
,scriptures 7 also read &  exp\nd$2 s9ce
 ! temple1 9 :i* sacrifices 7 (f]$1 &   
all  ! p>ts ( div9e s]vice 7 p]=m$1 is  
call$  1  a h\se ( pray]1 ,matt4 xxi1   
#ac4    ,,prote/ant4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les  
,v4 call$ a diet at ,spire1 9 #aebi1 to 
reque/ aid f ! ,g]man pr9ces aga9/ !    
,turks1 & to devise !  mo/ effectual    
means = allay+ ! religi\s disputes :i*  
!n  rag$ 9 consequ5ce ( ,lu!r's         

opposition to ! e/abli%$ religion4  ,9  
?is diet x 0 decre$ by ,f]d9&1 ar*duke (
 ,au/ria1 & o!r  popi% pr9ces1 t 9 !    
c\ntries :i* _h embrac$ ! new  religion 
x %\ld be lawful to cont9ue 9 x till !  
meet+ ( a  c\ncil2 b t no ,roman        
,ca?olic %\ld be all[$ to turn ,lu!ran1 
& t ! re=m]s %\ld deliv] no?+ 9 _!      
s]mons contr>y  to ! receiv$ doctr9e ( !
 *ur*4 ,aga9/ ?is decree1 six  ,lu!ran  
pr9ces1 namely1 ,john & ,george1 !      
electors ( ,saxony &  ,br&5burg1 ,erne/ 
& ,francis1 ! two dukes ( ,lun5burg1 !  
l&grave ( ,hesse1 & ! pr9ce ( ,anhalt1 )
 ! deputies (  ?irte5 imp]ial t[ns1     
namely1 ,/rasburg1 ,ulm1 ,nuremb]g1     
,con/ance1  ,rott+51 ,w9d%eim1 ,memm+51 
,nortl+51 ,l9daw1 ,kempt51 ,hailbron1   
,wissemburg1 & ,/4 ,gall1 =mally &      
solemnly prote/$ & decl>$  t !y appeal$ 
to a g5]al c\ncil2 & h5ce ! "n (        
,prote/ants1 by :i* ! foll[]s ( ,lu!r h 
ev] s9ce be5  kn[n4 ,nor 0 x conf9$ to  
!m2 = x soon aft] includ$ !  ,calv9i/s1 
& has n[ ( a long "t be5 appli$ g5]ally 

to !  ,*ri/ian sects1 ( :atev]          
d5om9ation1 & 9 :atev] c\ntry !y  may be
 f\nd1 :i* h sep>at$ f ! see ( ,rome4   
,mr4 ,*ill+wor?1 address+ himself to a  
writ] 9 fav\r ( !  *ur* ( ,rome1 speaks 
( ! religion ( ! ,prote/ants 9 !  foll[+
 excell5t t]ms3 8,"k !n1 sir1 t :5 ,i   
say ! religion  ( ,prote/ants is 9      
prud5ce to be pref]r$ be=e y\rs1 on ! "o
  side1 ,i d n und]/& by y\r religion ! 
doctr9e ( ,bell>m9e1  or ,b>onius1 or   
any o!r private man among y1 nor !      
doctr9e ( !  ,sorbonne1 ( ! ,jesuits1 or
 ( ! ,dom9icans1 or ( any o!r  p>ticul> 
company among y1 b t :]e9 y all agree1  
or pr(ess  to agree1 ! doctr9e ( !      
c\ncil ( ,tr5t2 s1 accord+ly1 on !  o!r 
side1 by ! religion ( ,prote/ants1 ,i d 
n und]/& !  doctr9e ( ,lu!r1 or ,calv91 
or ,melanc?on1 nor ! confession (       
,augsburg1 or ,g5eva1 nor ! cate*ism (  
,heidelb]g1 nor ! articles  ( ! *ur* (  
,engl&2 no1 nor ! h>mony ( ,prote/ant   
confessions2  b t 9 :i* !y all agree1 & 
:i* !y all subscribe ) a  great] h>mony1

 z a p]fect rule ( fai? & action2 t is1 
!  ,bible4 ,! ,bible1 ,i say1 ! ,bible  
only1 is ! religion ( ,prote/ants4      
,:atsoev] else !y believe beside x1 & ! 
pla91 irrefragable1  indubitable        
consequ5ces ( x1 well may !y hold x z a 
matt] (  op9ion2 b z a matt] ( fai? &   
religion1 nei!r c !y )  coh]5ce to _!   
own gr\nds believe x !mselves1 nor      
require belief  ( x ( o!rs1 )\t mo/ high
 & mo/ s*ismatical presumption4 ,i1  =  
my "p1 aft] a long1 &1 z ,i v]ily       
believe & hope1 imp>tial1  se>* ( ! true
 way to et]nal happ9ess1 d pr(ess pla9ly
 t ,i  _c f9d any re/ = ! sole ( my foot
 b ^u ?is rock only4 ,i  see pla9ly1 & )
 my own eyes1 t !re are popes aga9/     
popes1  & c\ncils aga9/ c\ncils2 "s     
fa!rs aga9/ o!r fa!rs1 !  same fa!rs    
aga9/ !mselves2 a cons5t ( fa!rs ( "o   
age aga9/  a cons5t ( fa!rs ( ano!r age2
 traditive int]pretations (  ,scripture 
are pret5d$1 b !re are few or none to be
 f\nd2 no  tradition b t ( ,scripture c 
d]ive itself f ! f\nta91 b  may be      

pla9ly prov$ ei!r to h be5 br\ght 9 9   
su* an age  aft] ,*ri/1 or t 9 su* an   
age x 0 n 94 ,9 a ^w1 !re is  no        
suffici5t c]ta9ty b ( ,scripture only = 
any consid]+ man to  build ^u4 ,?is1    
!re=e1 & ?is only1 ,i h reason to       
believe4  ,?is ,i w pr(ess2 accord+ to  
?is ,i w live2 & = ?is1 if  !re be      
occasion1 ,i w n only will+ly1 b ev5    
gladly1 lose my  life1 ?\gh ,i %\ld be  
sorry t ,*ri/ians %\ld take x f me4     
,propose me any ?+ out ( ?is book1 &    
require :e!r ,i believe or  no1 &1 seem 
x nev] s incompreh5sible to human       
reason1 ,i w  subscribe x ) h& & he>t1 z
 kn[+ no demon/ration c be  /rong] ?an  
?is1 ,god ha? said s1 !re=e x is true4  
,9 o!r  ?+s1 ,i w take no man's lib]ty (
 judg+ f him2 nei!r %all  any man take  
m9e f me40    ,"u su* views ! ,bible is 
held z ! only sure f\ndation ^u  :i* all
 true ,prote/ants build e article ( !   
fai? :i* !y  pr(ess1 & e po9t ( doctr9e 
:i* !y tea*2 & all o!r  f\ndations1 :e!r
 !y be ! decisions ( c\ncils1 !         

confessions  ( *ur*es1 ! prescripts (   
popes1 or ! expositions ( private m51   
are consid]$ by !m z s&y & unsafe1 or z 
9 n[ise to be  ultimately reli$ on4     
,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 !y by no means       
fa/idi\sly reject !m z ( no use2 = :ile 
!y admit ! ,bible1  or ! ,scriptures ( !
 ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 to be ! only     
infallible rule by :i* we mu/ measure ! 
tru? or falsehood ( e  religi\s op9ion1 
!y are s5sible t all m5 are n equally   
fitt$  to und]/& or to apply ?is rule2 &
 t ! wise/ m5 want1 on  _m occasions1   
all ! helps af=d$ by ! le>n+ & rese>* ( 
o!rs to enable !m to und]/& its precise 
nature1 & to def9e  its c]ta9 ext5t4 ,^!
 helps are great & num]\s1 hav+ be5     
suppli$1 9 e age ( ! *ur*1 by ! unit$   
lab\rs ( le>n$  m5 9 e c\ntry1 & by none
 9 great] abundance ?an by ^? 9         
,prote/ant communions4    ,,prov]bs1    
%ort aphorisms1 & s5t5ti\s moral &      
prud5tial maxims1  usually express$ 9   
numb]s1 or rhy?m1 or anti!sis1 z be+ m  
easily rememb]$1 & ( m use1 ?an ab/ruse 

& me?odical  disc\rses4 ,?is me?od (    
in/ruction appe>s to be peculi>ly suit$ 
to ! disposition & g5ius ( ! ,asiatics1 
among :om x has  prevail$ f ! e>lie/    
ages4 ,! ,gymnosophi/s ( ,india deliv]$ 
_! philosophy 9 brief enigmatical       
s5t5ces2 a practice adopt$ &  c>ri$ to a
 great ext5t by ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,! 
mode (  convey+ in/ruction by comp5di\s 
maxims obta9$ among ! ,jews1  f ! fir/  
dawn ( _! lit]ature1 to its f9al        
ext9ction 9 !  ea/ ?r\gh ! p[] ( !      
,mohamm$an arms2 & x 0 famili> to  !    
inhabitants ( ,syria & ,pale/9e1 z we   
le>n f ! te/imony  ( ,/4 ,j]om4 ,!      
eloqu5ce ( ,arabia 0 mo/ly exhibit$ 9   
deta*$  & unconnect$ s5t5ces1 :i*1 l s  
_m loose gems1 attract$  att5tion by !  
fulness ( ! p]iods1 ! elegance ( !      
phraseology1 & ! acut5ess ( prov]bial   
say+s4 ,nor d !  ,asiatics at pres5t    
diff]1 9 ?is respect1 f _! ance/ors1 z  
num]\s am?l1 or moral s5t5ces1 are 9    
circulation ?r\gh\t !  regions ( ! ea/1 
"s ( :i* h be5 publi%$ by ,hott+]1      

,erp5ius1 ! y\ng] ,s*ult5s1 & o!rs :o h 
di/+ui%$  !mselves by ! pursuit (       
ori5tal le>n+4 8,! morali/s ( !  ea/10  
says ,sir ,william ,jones1 8h1 9 g5]al1 
*os5 to deliv]  _! precepts 9 %ort      
s5t5ti\s maxims1 to illu/rate !m by     
sprightly comp>isons1 or to inculcate !m
 9 ! v anci5t =ms (  agreeable          
apologues3 !re are1 inde$1 bo? 9 ,arabic
 & ,p]sian1  philosophical tracts on    
e?ics1 writt5 ) s\nd ratioc9ation &     
elegant p]spicuity2 b 9 e "p ( ! ea/]n  
_w1 f ,pek9  to ,damascus1 ! popul>     
tea*]s ( moral wisdom h immemorially be5
  poets2 & !re w\ld be no end ( enum]at+
 _! works1 :i* are  /ill extant 9 ! five
 pr9cipal languages ( ,asia40 ,! +5i\s b
  ev] disput+ & loquaci\s ,greeks 7     
indebt$ to ! same means =  _! e>lie/    
in/ruction 9 wisdom4 ,! say+s ( ! sev5  
wise m51  ! gold5 v]ses ( ,py?agoras1 ! 
rema9s ( ,!ognis & ,phocylides1  if     
g5u9e1 & ! gnomai ( ! old] poets1 te/ify
 ! preval5ce  ( aphorisms 9 anci5t      
,greece4 ,_h no specim5s rema9$ (       

,hell5ic  prov]bs1 we might h conclud$  
?is to h be5 ! case2 = !  ,greeks borr[$
 ! rudim5ts1 if n ! pr9cipal "p1 ( _!  k
 f ^? :om !y arrogantly t]m$ b>b>ians2 &
 x is  only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( comp5di\s   
maxims & brief s5t5ces t  tradition>y k 
c be pres]v$4 ,?is mode ( communicat+   
moral & practical wisdom accord$ ) !    
s$ate & delib]ative  "* ( ! ,romans2 &1 
9 tru?1 f its influ5ce ov] !  m9d1 & its
 fitness = popul> in/ruction1 prov]bial 
expressions  exi/ 9 all ages & 9 all    
languages4    ,prov]bs1 9 ! ,hebrew     
language1 are call$ me%alim1 :i* is     
d]iv$ f a v]b signify+ bo? 8to rule10   
8to h dom9ion10 &  8to comp>e10 8to     
lik510 8to assimilate30 h5ce ! t]m      
d5otes !  highly figurative & poetical  
/yle 9 g5]al1 & likewise ^?  comp5di\s &
 au?oritative s5t5ces 9 p>ticul> :i* are
 commonly  d5om9at$ prov]bs4 ,?is t]m1  
:i* our translators h adopt$  aft] !    
,vulgate1 d5otes1 accord+ to our great  
lexicograph]1 8a  %ort s5t5ce frequ5tly 
repeat$ by ! p1 a saw1 an adage20 &  no 

o!r ^w c1 p]haps1 be sub/itut$ m        
accurately express+  ! =ce ( ! ,hebrew2 
or1 if !re c\ld1 x has be5 s long       
famili>iz$ by con/ant use1 t a *ange is 
totally inadmissible4    ,! ,me%alim1 or
 ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 on acc\nt ( _!    
intr9sic  m]it1 z well z ( ! rank & r5[n
 ( _! au?or1 w\ld be  receiv$ )         
submissive def]5ce2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 
!y w\ld  rapidly spread ?r\gh e "p ( !  
,jewi% t]ritories4 ,! pi\s  in/ructions 
( ! k+ w\ld be li/5$ to ) ! att5tion &  
respect !y des]ve1 &1 no d\bt1 w\ld be  
c>efully record$ by a  p atta*$ to 8    
p]son1 & hold+ 8 wisdom 9 ! highe/      
admiration4 ,^!1 ei!r pres]v$ 9 writ+1  
or h&$ d[n by oral  communication1 7    
subsequ5tly collect$ into "o volume1 &  
con/itute ! book 9 ! sacr$ canon1       
entitl$1 8,! ,prov]bs (  ,solomon1 ! son
 ( ,david1 k+ ( ,israel40 ,! g5u95ess & 
au!nticity ( ?is title1 & ^? 9 *ap4 x1  
#a1 & xxv1 #a1 _c  be disput$2 n !      
smalle/ reason appe>s = call+ !m 9  "q4 
,"o portion ( ! book1 f ! tw5ty-fif?    

*apt] to !  end ( ! tw5ty-n9?1 0 compil$
 by ! m5 ( ,hezekiah1 z appe>s  f !     
title prefix$ to x4 ,eliakim1 ,%ebna1   
,joah1 ,isaiah1 ,hosea1 &  ,micah1      
p]sonages ( em95ce & wor?1 7 contempor>y
 )  ,hezekiah2 b :e!r ^! or o!rs execut$
 ! compilation1 x is  n[ impossible to  
det]m9e4 ,!y 7 p]sons1 h[ev]1 z we may  
reasonably suppose1 well qualifi$ = !   
und]tak+1 :o collect$  :at 7 kn[n to be 
! g5u9e prov]bs ( ,solomon f ! v>i\s    
writ+s 9 :i* !y 7 disp]s$1 & arrang$ !m 
9 _!  pres5t ord]4 ,:e!r ! prec$+       
tw5ty-f\r *apt]s1 :i*1  d\btless1 exi/$ 
9 a comb9$ =m previ\s to ! additional   
collection1 7 compil$ by ! au?or1 or "s 
o!r p]son1 is q  unc]ta94 ,bo?          
collections1 h[ev]1 be+ made at s e>ly a
 p]iod1  is a satisfactory evid5ce t !  
,prov]bs are ! g5u9e production  (      
,solomon1 to :om !y are ascrib$2 =1 f ! 
dea? ( ,solomon to  ! reign ( ,hezekiah1
 accord+ to ! ,bible *ronology1 0 a     
p]iod  ( two hundr$ & =ty-n9e ye>s1 or1 
accord+ to ,dr4 ,hales1 two  hundr$ &   

sixty-five ye>s2 too %ort a space to    
admit ( any =g]y  or mat]ial error1 z   
ei!r mu/ h be5 imm$iately detect$ by !  
wor?ies :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! virtu\s reign 
( ,hezekiah4    ,,provid5ce1 ! conduct &
 direction ( ! sev]al p>ts ( !  univ]se1
 by a sup]ior intellig5t ,be+4 ,! notion
 ( a provid5ce is  f\nd$ ^u ?is tru?1 t 
! ,creator has n s fix$ &  asc]ta9$ !   
laws ( nature1 nor s connect$ ! *a9 (   
second  causes1 z to leave ! _w to      
itself1 b t he /ill pres]ves !  re9s 9 8
 own h&s1 & occasionally int]v5es1      
alt]s1 re/ra9s1  en=ces1 susp5ds1 c1 ^? 
laws by a p>ticul> provid5ce4 ,"s use  !
 ^w provid5ce 9 a m g5]al s5se1 signify+
 by x t  p[] or action by :i* ! sev]al  
p>ts ( ! creation are  ord9>ily direct$4
 ,?us ,damasc5us def9es provid5ce to be 
t  div9e w by :i* all ?+s are ord]$ &   
direct$ to ! prop]  end3 :i* notion (   
provid5ce supposes no laws at all fix$  
by !  au?or ( nature at ! creation1 b t 
he res]v$ x at l>ge1 to  be gov]n$ by   
himself imm$iately4 ,! ,epicureans d5i$ 

any div9e  provid5ce1 z ?9k+ x          
inconsi/5t ) ! ease & repose ( !  div9e 
nature to m$dle at all ) human affairs4 
,simplicius argues  ?us = a provid5ce3  
,if ,god does n look to ! affairs ( !   
_w1  x is ei!r because he _c or w n2 b !
 fir/ is absurd1  s9ce1 to gov]n _c be  
difficult :]e to create 0 easy2 & !     
latt] is bo? absurd & blasphem\s4 ,9    
,plato's ,t5? ,dialogue (  ,laws1 he    
tea*es excell5tly1 t 7s9ce :at is       
self-mov+ is1 by its  nature1 be=e t :i*
 moves only 9 consequ5ce ( be+ mov$7 m9d
  mu/ be prior to matt]1 & ! cause ( all
 its modifications &  *anges2 & t1      
!re=e1 !re is a univ]sal ,m9d possess$ (
 all  p]fection1 :i* produc$ & :i*      
actuates all ?+s4 ,aft] ?is he  %[s t ! 
,deity ex]cises a p>ticul> provid5ce ov]
 ! _w1  tak+ c>e ( small no less ?an    
great ?+s4 ,9 prov+ ?is he  obs]ves 8t a
 sup]ior nature ( su* excell5ce z !     
div9e1 :i*  he>s1 sees1 & kn[s all ?+s1 
_c1 9 any in/ance1 be subject  to       
neglig5ce or slo?2 t ! meane/ & !       

greate/ "p ( !  _w are all equally 8 "w 
or possession2 t great ?+s _c  be       
rightly tak5 c>e ( )\t tak+ c>e ( small2
 & t1 9 all  cases1 ! m able & p]fect   
any arti/ is1 7z a physician1 an        
ar*itect1 or ! rul] ( ! /ate17 ! m 8    
skill & c>e  appe> 9 little z well z    
great ?+s4 ,let u n1 !n10 says he1      
8conceive ( ,god z worse ?an ev5 mortal 
arti/s40    ,! t]m provid5ce1 9 its     
prim>y signification1 simply d5otes     
=esight2 & if we all[ ! exi/5ce ( a     
supreme ,be+ :o =m$  ! univ]se at fir/1 
we mu/ necess>ily all[ t he has a p]fect
  =esight ( e ev5t :i* at any "t takes  
place 9 ! natural or  moral _w4 ,matt] c
 h no motion1 nor _s any en]gy1 b :at   
is d]iv$ f him2 nor c he be ignorant ( !
 effects :i* !y  w1 ei!r sep>ately or   
conjo9tly1 produce4 ,a common me*anic   
has  k ( ! "w ( 8 own h&s3 :5 he puts ! 
ma*9e :i*  he has made 9 motion1 he     
=esees h[ long x w g1 & :at w be  ! /ate
 & position ( its sev]al p>ts at any    
p>ticul> po9t (  "t2 or1 if he is n     

p]fectly able to d ?is1 x is because he 
is  n p]fectly acqua9t$ ) all ! p[]s ( !
 mat]ials :i* he  has us$ 9 its         
con/ruction3 !y are n ( 8 mak+1 & !y may
  !re=e h qualities :i* he does n       
und]/&1 & consequ5tly  _c regulate4 ,b 9
 ! imm5se ma*9e ( ! univ]se !re is  no?+
 except t :i* ,god has made2 all ! p[]s 
& prop]ties1  relations & dep5d5cies1   
:i* creat$ ?+s h1 !y h1 bo?  9 k9d &    
degree1 f him4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 x %\ld     
seem1 c  come to pass at any "t1 or 9   
any "p ( ! univ]se1 :i* its             
incompreh5sible ,ar*itect did n1 f !    
mom5t 8 almighty fiat  call$ x into     
exi/5ce1 cle>ly =esee4 ,! provid5ce (   
,god is  impli$ 9 8 v exi/5ce z an      
intellig5t ,creator2 & x imports  n only
 an ab/ract =esight ( all possible      
ev5ts1 b su* a  pr$isposition ( causes &
 effects1 su* an adju/m5t ( means &     
ends1 z seems to u to exclude t cont+5cy
 ( human actions )  :i*1 z expectants ( 
positive rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ano!r  _w1
 we firmly believe x to be altoge!r     

consi/5t4    ,by provid5ce we may       
und]/&1 n m]ely =esight1 b a uni=m &    
con/ant op]ation ( ,god subsequ5t to !  
act ( creation4 ,?us1 9  e ma*9e =m$ by 
human +5uity1 !re is a necessity = !    
action ( "s extrane\s p[] to put ! ma*9e
 9 motion3 a prop]  con/ruction &       
disposition ( p>ts n be+ suffici5t to   
effect !  end3 !re mu/ be a spr+1 or a  
weight1 or an impulse ( air or wat]1  or
 "s sub/ance or o!r1 on :i* ! motion ( !
 sev]al p>ts (  ! ma*9e mu/ dep5d4 ,9 l 
mann]1 ! ma*9e ( ! univ]se  dep5ds ^u   
its ,creator = ! comm5cem5t & !         
cons]vation (  ! motion ( its sev]al    
p>ts4 ,! p[] by :i* ! ins5sible         
p>ticles ( matt] coalesce into s5sible  
lumps1 z well z t by  :i* ! great orbs (
 ! univ]se are reluctantly1 z x 71      
reta9$ 9 _! c\rses1 admits n an         
explanation f me*anical  causes3 !      
effects ( bo? ( !m are diff]5t f su* z  
m]e  matt] & motion c produce2 !y mu/   
ultimately be ref]r$ to ,god4           
,vegetable & animal life & increase _c  

be acc\nt$ =1 )\t  recurr+ to him z !   
prim>y cause ( bo?4 ,9 all ^! respects !
  provid5ce ( ,god is some?+ m ?an      
=esight2 x is a cont9ual  influ5ce1 a   
univ]sal ag5cy2 8by him all ?+s consi/10
 & 89 him  we live1 & move1 & h our     
be+40    ,mu* lab\r has be5 employ$ to  
acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a ( nature  by !   
p[]s ( me*anism1 or ! necess>y laws (   
matt] & motion4  ,b ?is1 z we imag9e1 _c
 be done4 ,! prim>y causes ( ?+s  mu/   
c]ta9ly be "s p[]s & pr9ciples n        
me*anical1 o!rwise  we %all be r$uc$ to 
! necessity ( ma9ta9+ an endless        
progression ( motions communicat$ f     
matt] to matt]1 )\t any  fir/ mov]2 or (
 say+ t ! fir/ impell+ matt] mov$       
itself4  ,! =m] is an absurdity too     
great to be embrac$ by any "o2 &  !re is
 reason to hope t ! ess5tial inactivity 
( matt] is at  pres5t s well und]/ood1 &
 s g5]ally all[$1 not)/&+  "s mod]n     
oppugn]s ( ?is hypo!sis1 t !re c be b   
few :o  w c>e to ass]t ! latt]4 ,all our
 reason+s ab\t bodies1 & !  :ole (      

natural philosophy1 are f\nd$ on ! ?ree 
laws ( motion  laid d[n by ,sir ,isaac  
,newton1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! 8,pr9cipia40   
,^! laws express ! pla9e/ tru?s2 b !y   
w\ld h nei!r  evid5ce nor mean+1 7 n    
inactivity conta9$ 9 our idea (  matt]4 
,%\ld x be said t matt]1 ?\gh naturally 
in]t1 may be  made to be o!rwise by     
div9e p[]1 ?is w\ld be ! same ) say+  t 
matt] may be made n to be matt]4 ,if    
inactivity belong to x at  all1 x mu/   
belong to x z matt]1 or solid ext5sion1 
& !re=e  mu/ be insep>able f x4 ,matt]  
is figur$1 movable1 disc]ptable1        
inactive1 & capable ( communicat+ motion
 by impulse to o!r  matt]3 ^! are n     
accid5tal b prim>y qualities ( matt]4   
,beside1 matt] void ( inactivity1 if we 
7 to suppose x possible1  c\ld produce  
no effects4 ,! communication ( motion1  
its direction1  ! resi/ance x suff]s1 & 
its cessation1 9 a ^w1 ! :ole  doctr9e (
 motion _c be consi/5tly expla9$ or     
cle>ly  und]/ood )\t suppos+ ! in]tia ( 
matt]4 ,self-mov+ matt]  mu/ h ?\ght &  

design1 because1 :5ev] matt] moves1 x   
mu/  move 9 "s p>ticul> direction1 & )  
"s precise degree (  velocity2 & z !re  
is an inf9ity ( ^! equally possible1 x  
_c move itself )\t select+ "o ( ^!      
pref]ably to &  exclusively ( all o!rs1 
& !re=e n )\t design4 ,moreov]1  x may  
be pla9ly prov$ t matt] _c be ! ultimate
 cause ( !  ph5om5a ( nature1 or ! ag5t 
:i*1 by any p[]s inh]5t 9  itself1      
produces ! g5]al laws ( nature1 )\t     
possess+ !  highe/ degree ( k & wisdom2 
:i* might be easily ev9c$ or  exemplifi$
 by adv]t+ to ! p>ticul> law (          
gravitation4 8,!  philosoph]10 says an  
excell5t writ]1 8:o ov]looks ! laws ( an
  all-gov]n+ ,deity 9 nature1 cont5t+   
himself ) ! appe>ance (  ! mat]ial      
univ]se only1 & ! me*anical laws (      
motion1 neglects  :at is mo/ excell5t1 &
 pref]s :at is imp]fect to :at is       
supremely p]fect1 f9itude to inf9ity1   
:at is n>r[ & weak to :at  is unlimit$ &
 almighty1 & :at is p]i%+ to :at endures
 =  ev]4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton ?\ght x mo/

 unacc\ntable to exclude !  ,deity only 
out ( ! univ]se4 ,x appe>$ to him mu* m 
j &  reasonable to suppose t ! :ole *a9 
( causes1 or ! sev]al  s]ies ( !m1 %\ld 
c5tre 9 him z _! s\rce2 & ! :ole  sy/em 
appe> dep5d+ on him ! only indep5d5t    
cause40 ,if1 !n1  ! ,deity p]vades &    
actuates ! mat]ial _w1 & 8 unremitt+    
en]gy is ! cause to :i* e effect 9 x mu/
 be trac$2 !  spiritual _w1 :i* is (    
great] consequ5ce1 _c be disreg>d$  by  
him4 ,is !re n "o atom ( matt] on :i* he
 does n act2 & is  !re "o liv+ be+ ab\t 
:i* he has no conc]n8 ,does n a /one    
fall )\t him2 & does1 !n1 a man suff]   
)\t him8 ,!  inanimate _w is ( no       
consequ5ce1 ab/ract$ f its subs]vi5cy   
to ! animate & reasonable _w3 ! =m]1    
!re=e1 mu/ be  pres]v$ & gov]n$ entirely
 ) a view to ! latt]4 ,b x is n  m]e    
en]gy or ! con/ant ex]tion ( p[] t is   
disc]nible 9 !  frame or laws ( !       
univ]se1 9 ma9ta9+ ! succession ( m51 & 
9 produc+ m5 & o!r be+s2 b wisdom &     
skill are also  conspicu\s 9 ! /ructure 

( e object 9 ! inanimate creation4      
,aft] a survey ( ! beauty & elegance ( !
 works ( nature1 aid$  by ! p]usal (    
,matt4 vi1 #bh1 c1 we may ask ourselves1
 ,has ,god1 9  ! l[e/ ( 8 works1 be5    
lavi% ( wisdom1 beauty1 & skill2 &  is  
he sp>+ ( ^! 9 ! conc]ns ( reasonable   
be+s8 ,or does he  less reg>d ord]1     
propriety1 & fitness 9 ! det]m9ation (  
_!  /ates8 ,! answ] is obvi\s4          
,provid5ce also implies a p>ticul>      
int]position ( ,god 9 adm9i/]+ ! affairs
 ( individuals &  nations1 & :olly      
di/9ct f t g5]al & incessant ex]tion (  
8 p[]1 by :i* he su/a9s ! univ]se 9     
exi/5ce4    ,! doctr9e ( provid5ce may  
be ev9c$ f ! consid]ation ( !  div9e    
p]fections4 ,! fir/ cause ( all ?+s mu/ 
be reg>d$ z a  be+ absolutely p]fect2 & 
! idea ( absolute p]fection  compreh5ds 
inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness2 h5ce we
 d$uce !  doctr9e ( provid5ce4 ,! ,deity
 _c be an indiff]5t spectator (  ! s]ies
 ( ev5ts 9 t _w to :i* he has giv5 be+4 
,8  goodness w z c]ta9ly engage him to  

direct !m agreeably to !  ends (        
goodness1 z 8 wisdom & p[] enable him to
 d x 9 !  mo/ effectual mann]4 ,?is     
conclusion is con=mable to all our ideas
  ( ^? attributes4 ,c\ld we call t be+  
good :o w\ld refuse to  d any good :i*  
he is able to d )\t ! lea/ lab\r or     
difficulty8 ,god is pres5t e :]e4 ,he   
sees all t happ5s1 & x  is 9 8 p[]1 )   
p]fect ease1 to ord] all = ! be/4 ,c he 
!n possess goodness1 & at ! same "t n d 
?is8 ,a ,god )\t a  provid5ce is        
und\bt$ly a contradiction4 ,no?+ is     
pla9] ?an t  a be+ ( p]fect reason w1 9 
e in/ance1 take su* c>e ( !  univ]se z  
p]fect reason requires4 ,t supreme      
intellig5ce & love1  :i* are pres5t to  
all ?+s1 & f :5ce all ?+s sprung1 mu/   
gov]n all occurr5ces4 ,^! consid]ations 
prove :at has be5 call$  a p>ticul>1 9  
opposition to a g5]al1 provid5ce4 ,we _c
  conceive ( any reasons t c influ5ce ! 
,deity to ex]cise any  provid5ce ov] !  
_w1 :i* are n likewise reasons = ext5d+ 
x to all t happ5s 9 ! _w4 ,z f> z x is  

conf9$ to  g5]als1 or ov]looks any      
individual1 or any ev5t1 x is           
incomplete1 & !re=e unsuitable to ! idea
 ( a p]fect be+4    ,"o common prejudice
 aga9/ ?is doctr9e arises f !           
appreh5sion  t x is bel[ ! dignity ( !  
,deity to wat* ov]1 9 ! mann]  impli$ 9 
x1 ! meane/ be+s1 & ! m9ute/ affairs4   
,to :i* x  may be repli$1 t a great     
numb] ( m9ute affairs1 if !y are ea*  ( 
!m ( "s consequ5ce1 make up a sum :i* is
 ( great  consequ5ce2 & t !re is no way 
( tak+ c>e ( ?is sum1  )\t tak+ c>e (   
ea* p>ticul>4 ,?is objection1 !re=e1 "u 
! appe>ance ( hon\r+ ,god1 pla9ly       
di%on\rs him4 ,no?+ is  absolutely      
trifl+ 9 :i* ! happ9ess ( any           
individual1 ev5 !  mo/ insignificant1 is
 at all conc]n$2 nor is x b5ea? a wise &
  good be+ to int]pose 9 any ?+ ( ?is   
k9d4 ,to suppose ! ,deity  above ?is1 is
 to suppose him above act+ up to ! full 
ext5t (  goodness & rectitude4 ,! same  
et]nal b5evol5ce t fir/ engag$  him to  
produce be+s1 mu/ also engage him to    

ex]cise a p>ticul>  provid5ce ov] !m2 & 
! v l[e/ be+s1 z well z !  highe/1 seem 
to h a k9d ( "r to 8 sup]9t5d5ce1 f !   
act itself ( br++ !m into exi/5ce4 ,e   
appreh5sion t ?is  is too great a       
condesc5sion 9 him is f\nd$ on ! poore/ 
ideas2  =1 surely1 :atev] x 0 n too     
great condesc5sion 9 him to  create1 x  
_c be too great a condesc5sion 9 him to 
take c>e (4  ,beside1 ) reg>d to ,god1  
all di/9ctions 9 ! creation vani%4 ,all 
be+s are inf9itely1 t is1 equally1      
inf]ior to him4    ,accid5t1 & *ance1 & 
=tune1 are words :i* we (t5 he>         
m5tion$1 & mu* is ascrib$ to !m 9 ! life
 ( man4 ,b !y are  words )\t mean+2 or1 
z f> z !y h any signification1 !y  are  
no o!r ?an names = ! unkn[n op]ations ( 
provid5ce2 = x  is c]ta9 t 9 ,god's     
univ]se no?+ comes to pass causelessly1 
or  9 va94 ,e ev5t has its own det]m9$  
direction4 ,t *aos (  human affairs &   
intrigues :]e we c see no light1 t mass 
(  disord] & confusion :i* !y (t5 pres5t
 to our view1 is all  cle>ness & ord] 9 

! sight ( ,him :o is gov]n+ & direct+  !
 :ole1 & br++ =w>d e ev5t 9 its due "t &
 place4  8,! ,"l sitte? on ! flood4 ,!  
,"l make? ! wra? ( man to  praise him10 
z he make? ! 8hail & ra9 to obey 8 ^w4  
,he ha?  prep>$ 8 ?rone 9 ! heav5s2 & 8 
k+dom rule? ov] all4 ,a  man's he>t     
devise? 8 way1 b ! ,"l directe? 8 /eps40
 ,no  o!r pr9ciple ?an ?is1 embrac$ ) a 
/eady fai?1 & att5d$  ) a suitable      
practice1 c ev] be able to give repose &
  tranquillity to ! m9d2 to animate our 
hopes1 or ext+ui% our fe>s2  to give u  
any true satisfaction 9 ! enjoym5ts (   
life1 or to  m9i/] consolation "u its   
adv]sities4 ,if we are p]suad$ t ,god   
gov]ns ! _w1 t he has ! sup]9t5d5ce &   
direction ( all  ev5ts1 & t we are !    
objects ( 8 provid5tial c>e2 :atev]  may
 be our di/ress or our dang]1 we c nev] 
want consolation2 we may  always h a    
fund ( hope1 always a prospect ( relief4
 ,b take away  ?is hope & ?is prospect1 
take away ! belief ( ,god & ( a         
sup]9t5d+ provid5ce1 & man w\ld be ( all

 creatures ! mo/  mis]able2 de/itute ( e
 com=t1 e support1 "u pres5t  suff]+s1 &
 ( e security aga9/ future dang]s4      
,,psalms4 ,! book ( ,psalms is a        
collection ( hymns1 or sacr$ songs1 9   
praise ( ,god1 & consi/s ( poems ( v>i\s
 k9ds4 ,!y are !  productions ( diff]5t 
p]sons1 b are g5]ally call$ ! ,psalms ( 
,david1 because a great "p ( !m 0       
compos$ by him1 & ,david  himself is    
di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! ,psalmi/4 ,we _c n[
  asc]ta9 all ! ,psalms writt5 by       
,david1 b _! numb] probably  exce$s     
sev5ty2 & mu* less are we able to       
discov] ! au?ors (  ! o!r ,psalms1 or ! 
occasions ^u :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,a few  (
 !m 7 writt5 aft] ! return f !          
,babylonian captivity4 ,!  titles       
prefix$ to !m are ( v que/ionable       
au?ority2 & 9 _m  cases !y are n int5d$ 
to d5ote ! writ] b ref] only to !  p]son
 :o 0 appo9t$ to set !m to music4 ,david
 fir/ introduc$  ! practice ( s++ sacr$ 
hymns 9 ! public s]vice ( ,god2 &  x 0  
re/or$ by ,ezra4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,psalms

 is e/abli%$ n  only by _! rank among ! 
sacr$ writ+s1 & by ! unv>i$  te/imony ( 
ages1 b likewise by _m intr9sic pro(s ( 
inspiration4  ,n only d !y brea! ?r\gh e
 "p a div9e _s (  eloqu5ce1 b !y conta9 
numb]less illu/ri\s prophecies t 7      
rem>kably accompli%$1 & are frequ5tly   
appeal$ to by !  evangelical writ]s4 ,! 
sacr$ "* ( ! :ole book is  e/abli%$ by !
 te/imony ( our ,savi\r & 8 ,apo/les1   
:o1 9  v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1    
appropriate ! pr$ictions ( !  ,psalms z 
obvi\sly apposite to ! circum/ances ( _!
 lives1 & z  int5tionally compos$ to    
describe !m4 ,! v5]ation = ! ,psalms    
has 9 all ages ( ! *ur* be5 consid]able4
 ,! fa!rs assure u1  t 9 ! e>li] times !
 :ole book ( ,psalms 0 g5]ally le>n$  by
 he>t2 & t ! m9i/]s ( e gradation 7     
expect$ to be  able to repeat !m f      
memory4 ,^! invaluable ,scriptures are  
daily  repeat$ )\t we>9ess1 ?\gh _!     
beauties are (t5 ov]look$  9 famili> &  
habitual p]usal4 ,z hymns imm$iately    
address$ to !  ,deity1 !y r$uce         

righte\sness to practice2 & :ile we     
acquire !  s5tim5ts1 we p]=m ! (fices ( 
piety2 :ile we supplicate =  bless+s1 we
 celebrate ! memorial ( =m] m]cies2 &   
:ile 9 !  ex]cise ( devotion1 fai? is   
enliv5$ by ! display ( prophecy4        
,josephus ass]ts1 & mo/ ( ! anci5t      
writ]s ma9ta91 t !  ,psalms 7 compos$ 9 
metre4 ,!y h und\bt$ly a peculi>        
con=mation ( s5t5ces1 & a measur$       
di/ribution ( p>ts4 ,_m (  !m are       
elegiac1 & mo/ ( ,david's are ( ! lyric 
k9d4 ,!re is no  suffici5t reason h[ev] 
to believe1 z "s writ]s h imag9$1  t !y 
7 writt5 9 rhyme1 or 9 any ( ! ,grecian 
measures4 ,"s  ( !m are acro/ic2 & ?\gh 
! regulations ( ! ,hebrew measure  are  
n[ lo/1 !re c be no d\bt1 f _! h>moni\s 
modulation1  t !y 7 writt5 ) "s k9d (   
metrical ord]2 & !y mu/  h be5 compos$ 9
 accommodation to ! measure to :i* !y 7 
set4 7,see ,poetry ( ! ,hebrews47 ,!    
,hebrew copies & ! ,septuag9t  v]sion ( 
?is book conta9 ! same numb] ( ,psalms2 
only !  ,septuag9t translators h1 = "s  

reason :i* does n appe>1  ?r[n ! n9? &  
t5? into "o1 z also ! "o hundr$ &       
f\rte5? & "o hundr$ & fifte5?1 & h      
divid$ ! "o  hundr$ & sixte5? & "o      
hundr$ & =ty-sev5? ea* into two4    ,x  
is v ju/ly obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,allix1 t1    
8al?\gh ! s5se (  ne> fifty ,psalms be  
fix$ & settl$ by div9e au?ors1 yet ,*ri/
 &  8 ,apo/les did n und]take to quote  
all ! ,psalms !y c\ld1 b  only to give a
 key to _! he>]s1 by :i* !y might apply 
to !  same subjects ! ,psalms ( ! same  
composure & expression40 ,)  reg>d to ! 
,jews1 ,bi%op ,*&l] v p]t95tly rem>ks1 t
 8!y  mu/ h und]/ood ,david1 _! pr9ce1  
to h be5 a figure (  ,messiah4 ,!y w\ld 
n o!rwise h made 8 ,psalms "p ( _!      
daily wor%ip2 nor w\ld ,david h deliv]$ 
!m to ! *ur* to be  s employ$1 7 x n to 
in/ruct & support !m 9 ! k  & belief (  
?is fundam5tal article4 ,7 ! ,messiah n 
conc]n$  9 ! ,psalms1 x w\ld h be5      
absurd to celebrate twice a day1 9  _!  
public devotions1 ! ev5ts ( "o man's    
life1 :o 0 deceas$  s long ago1 z to h  

no relation n[ to ! ,jews & !           
circum/ances ( _! affairs2 or to        
transcribe :ole passages f  !m into _!  
pray]s = ! com+ ( ! ,messiah40 ,^u !    
same  pr9ciple x is easily se5 t !      
objections1 :i* may seem to lie  aga9/ !
 use ( ,jewi% s]vices 9 ,*ri/ian        
congregations1 may cease  at once4 ,?us 
x may be said1 ,are we conc]n$ ) !      
affairs ( ,david  & ( ,israel8 ,h we any
 ?+ to d ) ! ark & ! temple8 ,!y  are no
 m4 ,are we to g up to ,j]usalem1 & to  
wor%ip on ,sion8 ,!y  are desolat$1 &   
trodd5 "u foot by ! ,turks4 ,are we to  
sacrifice  "y bullocks accord+ to ! law8
 ,! law is aboli%$1 nev] to be  obs]v$  
aga94 ,d we pray = victory ov] ,moab1   
,edom1 & ,phili/ia2  or = deliv]ance f  
,babylon8 ,!re are no su* nations1 no   
su*  places 9 ! _w4 ,:at !n d we mean1  
:51 tak+ su* expressions  into our m\?s1
 we utt] !m 9 our own p]sons1 z p>ts (  
our  devotions1 be=e ,god8 ,assur$ly we 
mu/ mean a spiritual ,j]usalem &  ,sion2
 a spiritual ark & temple2 a spiritual  

law2 spiritual sacrifices2  & spiritual 
victories ov] spiritual enemies2 all    
describ$ "u !  old names1 :i* are /ill  
reta9$1 ?\gh 8old ?+s are pass$ away1  &
 all ?+s are become new10 #b ,cor4 v1   
#ag4 ,by sub/itut+ ,messiah  = ,david1 !
 ,gospel = ! law1 ! *ur* ,*ri/ian = t ( 
,israel1 & ! enemies ( ! "o = ^? ( !    
o!r1 ! ,psalms  are made our own4 ,nay1 
!y are ) m fulness & propriety appli$   
n[ to ! sub/ance1 ?an !y 7 ( old to !   
8%ad[ ( good  ?+s !n to come10 ,heb4 x1 
#a4 ,= let x n pass unobs]v$1 t  :51 ^u 
! fir/ publication ( ! ,gospel1 !       
,apo/les _h  occasion to utt] _!        
transports ( joy1 on _! be+ c\nt$ wor?y 
to suff] = ! "n ( _! ,"l & ,ma/]1 :i* 0 
!n oppos$  by ,jew & ,g5tile1 !y brake  
=? into an application ( ! second       
,psalm to ! transactions !n be=e _!     
eyes1 ,acts iv1 #be4 ,!  ,psalms1 ?us   
appli$1 h advantages :i* no fre%        
compositions1  h[ev] f9ely execut$1 c   
possibly h2 s9ce1 beside _!  incomp>able
 fitness to express our s5tim5ts1 !y are

 at ! same  "t memorials (1 & appeals   
to1 =m] m]cies & deliv]ances2 !y  are   
ackn[l$gm5ts ( prophecies accompli%$2 !y
 po9t out !  connection betwe5 ! old &  
new disp5sations1 !reby tea*+ u to      
admire & adore ! wisdom ( ,god display$ 
9 bo?1 & furni%+  :ile we read or s+ !m1
 an inexhau/ible v>iety ( ! noble/      
matt] t c engage ! contemplations ( man4
    ,v few ( ! ,psalms1 comp>atively1   
appe> to be simply prophetical1  & to   
belong only to ,messiah1 )\t !          
int]v5tion ( any o!r  p]son4 ,mo/ ( !m1 
x is appreh5d$1 h a d\ble s5se1 :i*  /&s
 ^u ?is gr\nd & f\ndation1 t ! anci5t   
patri>*s1  prophets1 prie/s1 & k+s1 7   
typical *>act]s1 9 _! sev]al  (fices1 & 
9 ! m rem>kable passages ( _! lives1 _! 
extraord9>y depressions & miracul\s     
exaltations =e%[+ him :o  0 to arise z !
 head ( ! holy family1 ! great prophet1 
! true  prie/1 ! ev]la/+ k+4 ,!         
,israeliti% polity1 & ! law (  ,moses1 7
 purposely fram$ aft] ! example & %ad[ (
 ?+s  spiritual & heav5ly2 & ! ev5ts :i*

 happ5$ to ! anci5t  p ( ,god 7 design$ 
to %ad[ out p>allel occurr5ces1 :i*     
%\ld aft]w>d take place 9 ! accompli%m5t
 ( man's r$emption1  & ! rise & progress
 ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 7,see ,prophecy47 ,=
  ?is reason1 ! ,psalms compos$ = ! use 
( ,israel1 & by !m  accord+ly us$ at !  
"t1 d admit ( an application to u1 :o   
are  n[ 8! ,israel ( ,god10 ,gal4 vi1   
#af1 & to our ,r$eem]1 :o is !  ,k+ (   
?is ,israel4 ,x w\ld be an ardu\s &     
adv5tur\s und]tak+  to attempt to lay   
d[n ! rules obs]v$ 9 ! conduct ( ! my/ic
  allegory1 s div]se are ! modes 9 :i* !
 ,holy ,_s has ?\ght  prop] to          
communicate 8 c\nsels to diff]5t p]sons 
on diff]5t  occasions2 inspir+ & direct+
 ! m9ds ( ! prophets accord+  to 8 good 
pleasure2 at "o "t v\*saf+ m full & free
  discov]ies ( future ev5ts2 :ile1 at   
ano!r1 he is m obscure &  sp>+ 9 8      
intimations4 ,f h5ce1 ( c\rse1 arises a 
great  v>iety 9 ! ,scripture usage ( ?is
 k9d ( allegory z to ! mann]  9 :i* !   
spiritual s5se is c\*$ "u ! o!r4        

,sometimes x  c h>dly break =? & %[     
itself at int]vals ?r\gh ! lit]al1  :i* 
meets ! eye z ! rul+ s5se1 & seems to h 
tak5 entire  possession ( ! words &     
phrases4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is mu* (t5]  !
 capital figure 9 ! piece1 & /&s        
confess$ at once by su*  spl5d\r (      
language1 t ! lett]1 9 its turn1 is ?r[n
 into  %ade1 & almo/ totally disappe>s4 
,sometimes x %9es ) a  con/ant equable  
light1 & sometimes x d>ts ^u u on a     
sudd51 l  a fla% ( lightn+ f ! cl\ds4 ,b
 a composition is nev] m  truly elegant 
& beautiful1 ?an :5 ! two s5ses1 alike  
conspicu\s1 run p>allel toge!r ?r\gh !  
:ole poem1 mutually  correspond+ ) &    
illu/rat+ ea* o!r4    ,?us ! e/abli%m5t 
( ,david ^u 8 ?rone1 not)/&+ !          
opposition made to x by 8 enemies1 is ! 
subject ( ! second  ,psalm4 ,david      
su/a9s 9 x a tw(old "*1 lit]al &        
allegorical4 ,if we read ov] ! ,psalm   
fir/ ) an eye to ! lit]al  ,david1 !    
mean+ is obvi\s1 & put out ( all dispute
 by ! sacr$  hi/ory4 ,!re is inde$ an   

uncommon gl[ 9 ! expression1 &          
sublimity 9 ! figures2 & ! diction is n[
 & !n exagg]at$1  z x 71 on purpose to  
intimate & lead u to ! contemplation (  
high] & m important matt]s conceal$ )94 
,9 compliance )  ?is admonition1 if we  
take ano!r survey ( ! ,psalm1 z relative
 to  ! p]son & conc]ns ( ! spiritual    
,david1 a nobl] s]ies (  ev5ts in/antly 
rises to view1 & ! mean+ becomes m      
evid5t1 z  well z exalt$4 ,! col\r+1 :i*
 may p]haps seem too bold &  gl>+ = ! k+
 ( ,israel1 w no long] appe> s1 :5 laid 
^u  8 great antitype4 ,aft] we h ?us    
att5tively consid]$ !  subject ap>t1 let
 u look at !m toge!r1 & we %all behold !
  full beauty & maje/y ( ?is mo/ *>m+   
poem4 ,we %all p]ceive  ! two s5ses v   
di/9ct f ea* o!r1 yet conspir+ 9 p]fect 
h>mony1 & be>+ a wond]ful resemblance 9 
e feature &  l9eam5t1 :ile ! analogy    
betwe5 !m is s exactly pres]v$1 t  ei!r 
may pass = ! orig9al1 f :5ce ! o!r 0    
copi$4 ,new  light is cont9ually ca/ ^u 
! phraseology1 fre% weight & dignity    

are add$ to ! s5tim5t1 till gradually   
asc5d+ f ?+s bel[  to ?+s above1 f human
 affairs to ^? :i* are div9e1 !y be>  ! 
great important !me upw>d ) !m1 & at    
l5g? place x 9  ! height & brightness ( 
heav54 ,:at has be5 obs]v$ ) reg>d  to  
?is ,psalm1 may also be appli$ to !     
sev5ty-second2 ! subject (  :i* is ( !  
same k9d1 & treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,its 
title  might be1 8,! ,inauguration (    
,solomon40 ,! s*eme ( ! allegory is     
alike 9 bo?2 b a div]sity ( matt]       
occasions an alt]ation 9 !  diction4 ,= 
:]eas "o is employ$ 9 celebrat+ !       
magnific5t  triumphs ( victory1 x is !  
design ( ! o!r to draw a pleas+  picture
 ( peace1 & ( t felicity :i* is h]      
insep>able  att5dant4 ,! /yle is !re=e (
 a m ev5 & temp]ate sort1 &  m ri*ly    
ornam5t$4 ,x ab\nds n ) ^? sudd5 *anges 
( !  p]son speak+ :i* dazzle & a/oni%2 b
 ! imag]y is borr[$  f ! delightful     
sc5es ) :i* creation *e]s ! sight1 & !  
p5cil ( ! div9e arti/ is dipp$ 9 ! s(t] 
col\rs ( nature4  ,& "h we may take     

notice h[ peculi>ly adapt$ to ! g5ius ( 
?is  k9d ( allegory ! p>abolical /yle   
is1 on acc\nt ( t great  v>iety (       
natural images to be f\nd 9 x4 ,= z ^!  
images are  capable ( be+ employ$ 9 !   
illu/ration ( ?+s div9e &  human1 betwe5
 :i* !re is a c]ta9 analogy ma9ta9$1 s  
!y  easily af=d t ambiguity :i* is      
necess>y 9 ?is species (  composition1  
:]e ! language is applicable to ea*     
s5se1 & obscure  9 nei!r2 x compreh5ds  
bo? p>ts ( ! allegory1 & may be  cle>ly 
& di/9ctly ref]r$ to "o or ! o!r4    ,on
 ?is book ,bi%op ,horsley rem>ks3--,^!  
,psalms g1 9 g5]al1 "u  ! "n ( ! ,psalms
 ( ,david4 ,k+ ,david gave a regul> &   
noble  =m to ! musical "p ( ! ,jewi%    
s]vice4 ,he 0 himself a great  compos]1 
bo? 9 poetry & music1 & a munific5t     
patron1 no d\bt1  ( arts 9 :i* he       
himself s mu* delight$ & excell$4 ,!    
,psalms1  h[ev]1 appe> to be            
compositions ( v>i\s au?ors1 9 v>i\s    
ages2  "s mu* m anci5t ?an ! times ( ,k+
 ,david1 "s ( a mu*  lat] age4 ,( _m1   

,david himself 0 und\bt$ly ! au?or2 & t 
^? ( 8 composition 7 prophetic1 we h    
,david's own au?ority1  :i* may be all[$
 to ov]p[] a ho/ ( mod]n expositors4 ,= 
?us  ,k+ ,david1 at ! close ( 8 life1   
describes himself & 8 sacr$  songs3     
8,david1 ! son ( ,jesse1 said1 & ! man  
:o 0 rais$ up on  high1 ! ano9t$ ( !    
,god ( ,jacob1 & ! sweet psalmi/ (      
,israel1 said1 ,! ,_s ( ,jehovah spake  
by me1 & 8 ^w 0 9 my  tongue4' ,x 0 !   
^w1 !re=e1 ( ,jehovah's ,_s :i* 0  utt]$
 by ,david's tongue4 ,b x %\ld seem1 !  
,_s ( ,jehovah  w\ld n be want+ to      
enable a m]e man to make compla9t ( 8   
own  enemies1 to describe 8 own suff]+s 
j z he felt !m1 & 8  own escapes j z !y 
happ5$4 ,b ! ,_s ( ,jehovah describ$  by
 ,david's utt]ance :at 0 kn[n to t ,_s  
only1 & t ,_s  only c\ld describe4 ,s t1
 if ,david be all[$ to h _h any  k ( !  
true subject ( 8 own compositions1 x 0  
no?+ 9  8 own life1 b some?+ put into 8 
m9d by ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god2  & !         
misapplication ( ! ,psalms to ! lit]al  

,david has done m  mis*ief ?an !        
misapplication ( any o!r p>ts ( !       
,scriptures  among ^? :o pr(ess ! belief
 ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4    ,! ,psalms   
are all poems ( ! lyric k9d1 t is1      
adapt$ to music1  b ) great v>iety 9 !  
/yle ( composition4 ,"s are simply      
odes4 ,an ode is a dignifi$ sort ( song1
 n>rative ( ! facts1 ei!r  ( public     
hi/ory or private life1 9 a highly      
adorn$ & figur$  /yle4 ,b ! figure 9 !  
,psalms is t :i* is peculi> to !        
,hebrew language1 9 :i* ! figure gives  
its mean+ ) z mu*  p]spicuity z ! pla9e/
 spee*4 ,"s are ( ! sort call$ elegiac1 
:i* are pa!tic compositions ^u m\rnful  
subjects4 ,"s are e?ic1  deliv]+ grave  
maxims ( life1 or ! precepts ( religion1
 9 solemn1  b = ! mo/ "p simple1 /ra9s4 
,"s are enigmatic1 deliv]+  ! doctr9es (
 religion 9 enigmata1 contriv$ to /rike 
!  imag9ation =cibly1 & yet easy to be  
und]/ood4 ,9 all ^! !  au?or deliv]s !  
:ole matt] 9 8 own p]son4 ,b a v great1 
,i  believe ! f> great]1 "p are a sort (

 dramatic ode1 consi/+ (  dialogues     
betwe5 p]sons su/a9+ c]ta9 *>act]s4 ,9  
^!  dialogue ,psalms ! p]sons are       
frequ5tly ! psalmi/ himself1 or !  *orus
 ( prie/s & ,levites1 or ! lead] ( !    
,levitical b&1  op5+ ! ode ) a proem    
decl>ative ( ! subject1 & v (t5  clos+ !
 :ole ) a solemn admonition drawn f :at 
! o!r  p]sons say4 ,! o!r p]sons are    
,jehovah1 sometimes z "o1 sometimes  z  
ano!r1 ( ! ?ree ,p]sons2 ,*ri/ 9 8      
inc>nate /ate1  sometimes be=e1         
sometimes aft]1 8 resurrection2 ! human 
s\l (  ,*ri/ z di/+ui%$ f ! div9e       
ess5ce4 ,*ri/1 9 8  inc>nate /ate1 is   
p]sonat$ sometimes z a prie/1 sometimes 
z a  k+1 sometimes z a conqu]or2 & 9 ^? 
,psalms 9 :i* he is  introduc$ z a      
conqu]or1 ! resemblance is v rem>kable  
betwe5  ?is conqu]or 9 ! book ( ,psalms 
& ! w>rior on ! :ite horse  9 ! book (  
,revelation1 :o goes =? ) a cr[n on 8   
head1 &  a b[ 9 8 h&1 conqu]+ & to      
conqu]4 ,& ! conque/ 9 !  ,psalms is    
foll[$1 l ! conque/ 9 ! ,revelation1 by 

! m>riage  ( ! conqu]or4 ,^! are        
circum/ances ( similitude :i*1 to any   
"o v]s$ 9 ! prophetic /yle1 prove beyond
 a d\bt t !  my/ical conqu]or is ! same 
p]sonage 9 bo?4    ,,psalmody4 ,! s]vice
 ( ! anci5t ,*ri/ian *ur* usually began 
)  read+ or ) ! s++ ( psalms4 ,we are n 
to und]/& ?is z  if _! psalmody 0 p]=m$ 
9 "o c\rse ( _m psalms toge!r1  )\t     
int]mission1 b r1 ) "s respite1 & a     
mixture (  o!r p>ts ( div9e s]vice1 to  
make ! :ole m agreeable &  delightful4  
,z to ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 s++ ! ,psalms  
publicly  9 ! *ur*1 !y may be consid]$ 9
 f\r diff]5t respects1  accord+ to !    
diff]5t ways ( psalmody2 = sometimes !  
,psalms  7 sung by "o p]son alone2 &    
sometimes ! :ole assembly jo9$  toge!r1 
m51 wom51 & *ildr53 ?is 0 ! mo/ anci5t &
  g5]al practice4 ,at o!r times !       
,psalms 7 sung alt]nately2 !            
congregation divid+ !mselves into two   
p>ts1 & s++ v]se =  v]se4 ,beside all   
^!1 !re 0 yet a f\r? way ( s++1 pretty  
common 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :i* 01 :5 a s+le

 p]son began !  v]se1 & ! p jo9$ ) him 9
 ! close4    ,psalmody 0 always e/eem$ a
 consid]able "p ( devotion1 & ^u  t     
acc\nt 0 usually p]=m$ 9 ! /&+ po/ure4  
,z to !  voice or pronunciation1 us$ 9  
s++1 x 0 ( two sorts1 ! pla9  song1 & ! 
m artificial2 ! pla9 song 0 only a g5tle
  inflexion1 or turn ( ! voice1 n v     
diff]5t f ! *ant+ 9  our ca!drals2 !    
artificial song seems to h be5 a regul> 
musical  composition1 l our an!ms4 ,x 0 
no objection aga9/ ! psalmody  ( ! *ur*1
 t %e sometimes made use ( psalms &     
hymns ( human  composition1 beside ^? ( 
! inspir$ writ]s4 ,/4 ,augu/9e himself  
made a psalm ( _m p>ts1 9 imitation ( ! 
hundr$ & n9ete5?1  to pres]ve 8 p f !   
errors ( ! ,donati/s4 ,/4 ,hil>y &  ,/4 
,ambrose likewise made _m hymns1 :i* 7  
sung 9 _!  respective *ur*es4 ,b two    
corruptions crept into ! psalmody1 :i*  
! fa!rs declaim aga9/ ) great zeal4 ,!  
fir/ 01 !  introduc+ secul> music1 or an
 imitation ( ! light airs ( !  !atre1 9 
! devotions ( ! *ur*4 ,! o!r 01 ! reg>d+

  m ! sweetness ( ! composition ?an !   
s5se & mean+2  !reby pleas+ ! e>1 )\t   
rais+ ! affections ( ! s\l4    ,! use ( 
musical in/rum5ts 9 s++ ( psalms1 seems 
to be z  anci5t z psalmody itself4 ,!   
fir/ psalm we read ( 0 sung to a        
timbrel1 namely1 t :i* ,moses & ,miriam 
sung aft] ! deliv]ance  ( ! *ildr5 (    
,israel f ,egypt2 & aft]w>d1 at         
,j]usalem1 :5  ! temple 0 built1 musical
 in/rum5ts 7 con/antly us$ at _!  public
 s]vices4 ,& ?is has be5 ! common       
practice 9 all ages (  ! *ur*4 ,:5 ! use
 ( organs 0 fir/ introduc$1 is n        
c]ta9ly kn[n2 b we f9d1 t ab\t ,a4 ,d4  
#ffj1 ,con/ant9e  ,copronymus1 emp]or ( 
,con/ant9ople1 s5t a pres5t ( an organ  
to  ,k+ ,pep9 ( ,france4    ,clem5t     
,m>ot1 groom ( ! b$ *amb] to ,francis   
,i41 k+ ( ,france1  0 ! fir/ :o engag$ 9
 translat+ ! ,psalms into metre4 ,he    
v]sifi$ ! fir/ fifty at ! in/igation (  
,vatablus1 ,hebrew  pr(essor at ,p>is2 &
 aft]w>d1 ^u 8 return to ,g5eva1 he made
 an  acqua9tance ) ,beza1 :o v]sifi$ !  

re/1 & _h tunes set to  !m2 & ?us !y    
began to be sung 9 private h\ses1 &     
aft]w>d  7 br\ght into ! *ur*es ( !     
,fr5* & o!r c\ntries4 ,9  imitation (   
?is v]sion1 ,/]nhold1 "o ( ! grooms ( ! 
privy  *amb] to our ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi41   
und]took a translation ( ! ,psalms  into
 metre4 ,he w5t ?r\gh b ?irty-sev5 ( !m1
 ! re/ be+  soon aft] f9i%$ by ,hopk9s &
 o!rs4 ,?is translation 0 at fir/       
disc\nt5anc$ by _m ( ! cl]gy1 :o look$  
^u x z done 9  opposition to ! practice 
( *ant+ ! ,psalms 9 ! ca!drals4    ,e>ly
 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 metrical  
psalmody 0 introduc$  into ?is c\ntry4  
,! new morn+ pray] began at ,/4         
,an?ol9's1  ,london1 :5 a psalm 0 sung 9
 ! ,g5eva fa%ion1 all !  congregation1  
m51 wom51 & boys s++ toge!r4 ,bi%op     
,jewel says1  t 8! s++ ( psalms1 begun 9
 "o *ur* 9 ,london1 did quickly  spread 
itself1 n only ?r\gh ! city1 b 9 !      
neighb\r+  places2 sometimes at ,paul's 
,cross six ?\s& p s++ toge!r40    ,a    
curi\s controv]sy on ?is subject arose  

among ! ,diss5t]s 9 !  end ( ! sev5te5? 
c5tury4 ,:e!r s++ 9 public wor%ip _h    
be5 p>tially discont9u$ dur+ ! times (  
p]secution to avoid  in=m]s1 or :e!r !  
mis]able mann] 9 :i* x 0 p]=m$  gave    
p]sons a di/a/e to x1 s x appe>s1 t 9   
#afia1 ,mr4 ,b5jam9  ,kea* publi%$ a    
tract entitl$1 8,! ,brea* ,repair$ 9    
,god's ,wor%ip3  or1 ,psalms1 ,hymns1 c1
 prov$ to be a ,holy ,ord9ance ( ,jesus 
,*ri/40  ,to u x may appe> /range t su* 
a po9t %\ld be disput$2 b  ,mr4 ,kea* 0 
oblig$ to lab\r e>ne/ly1 & ) a great    
deal (  prud5ce & caution1 to obta9 !   
cons5t ( 8 p to s+ a hymn  at !         
conclusion ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,aft] six  
ye>s m1 !y  agre$ to s+ on ! ?anksgiv+  
days2 b x requir$ /ill f\rte5  ye>s m   
be=e he c\ld p]suade !m to s+ e ,"l's   
day2 &  !n x 0 only aft] ! la/ pray]1 t 
^? :o *ose x might  )draw )\t jo9+ 9 x6 
,nor did ev5 ?is satisfy ^!  scrupul\s  
consci5ces2 =1 aft] all1 a sep>ation    
took place1 & !  inh>moni\s sec$]s =m$ a
 new *ur* 9 ,may's ,pond1 :]e x 0  above

 tw5ty ye>s long] be=e s++ ! praises (  
,god c\ld be  endur$4 ,x is difficult at
 ?is p]iod to believe x2 b ,mr4 ,ivimey 
quotes ,mr4 ,crosby1 z say+1 t ,mr4     
,kea*'s 0 ! fir/ *ur* 9  :i* psalm s++ 0
 introduc$4 ,?is rem>k1 h[ev]1 mu/      
probably  be conf9$ to ! ,bapti/ *ur*es4
 ,! ,presbyt]ians1 x seems1 7  n q s    
unmusical2 = ! ,directory ( ! ,we/m9/]  
div9es  di/9ctly /at$1 t 8x is ! duty ( 
,*ri/ians to praise ,god  publicly by   
s++ ( ,psalms toge!r 9 ! congregation40 
,& beside  ! old ,scot* ,psalms1 ,dr4   
,john ,patrick1 ( ! ,*>t] h\se1 made a  
v]sion :i* 0 9 v g5]al use among        
,diss5t]s1 ,presbyt]ians1  &            
,indep5d5ts1 be=e x 0 sup]s$$ by ! f>   
sup]ior  compositions ( ,dr4 ,watts4 ,^!
 ,psalms1 h[ev]1 l ^? ( !  ,engli% &    
,scot* e/abli%m5t1 7 drawl$ out 9 notes 
( equal  l5g?1 )\t acc5t or v>iety4 ,ev5
 ! introduction ( !  triple-"t tunes1   
probably ab\t ! "t ( ,dr4 ,watts's      
psalms1 gave  also great (f5ce to "s p1 
because x m>k$ ! acc5t ( !  measure4    

,old ,mr4 ,?omas ,bradbury us$ to call  
?is "t 8a long leg &  a %ort "o40 ,!    
beautiful compositions ( ,dr4 ,watts1   
,mr4 ,c4 ,wesley1  & o!rs1 h produc$ a  
consid]able revolution 9 mod]n psalmody4
  ,bett] v]sions ( ! ,psalms1 & _m      
excell5t collections ( hymns1  are n[ 9 
use1 & may be consid]$ z highly         
important gifts be/[$  ^u ! mod]n *ur* (
 ,god4    ,,psalt]y4 ,see ,,music4      
,,ptolemais4 ,see ,,ac*o4    ,,publican1
 a collector or receiv] ( ! ,roman      
rev5ues4 ,judea be+  add$ to ! prov9ces 
( ! ,roman empire1 & ! taxes paid by !  
,jews directly to ! emp]or1 ! publicans 
7 ! (fic]s appo9t$  to collect !m4 ,!   
ord9>y taxes :i* ! ,romans levi$ 9 !    
prov9ces 7 ( ?ree sorts3 #a4 ,cu/oms ^u 
goods import$ &  export$2 :i* tribute 0 
!re=e call$ portorium1 f portus1  8a    
hav540 #b4 ,a tax ^u cattle f$ 9 c]ta9  
pa/ures belong+ to !  ,roman /ate1 !    
numb] ( :i* be+ kept 9 writ+1 ?is       
tribute 0  call$ scriptura4 #c4 ,a tax  
^u corn1 ( :i* ! gov]nm5t dem&$  a t5?  

"p4 ,?is tribute 0 call$ decuma4 ,^!    
publicans are  di/+ui%$ by ,sigonius    
into ?ree sorts or degrees1--! f>m]s (  
! rev5ue1 _! p>tn]s1 & _! securities2 9 
:i* he foll[s  ,polybius4 ,^! are call$ 
! mancipes1 socii1 & prdes1 :o  7 all "u
 ! qu/ore sr>ii1 t presid$ ov] ! f9ances
  at ,rome4 ,! mancipes f>m$ ! rev5ue ( 
l>ge di/ricts or  prov9ces1 _h !        
ov]sight ( ! inf]ior publicans1 receiv$ 
_!  acc\nts & collections1 & transmitt$ 
!m to ! qu/ores  r>ii4 ,!y (t5 let out  
_! prov9ces 9 small] p>cels to !  socii2
 s call$1 because !y 7 admitt$ to a %>e 
9 !  contract1 p]haps = ! sake ( m      
easily rais+ ! pur*ase  money2 at lea/  
to assi/ 9 collect+ ! tribute4 ,bo? !   
mancipes  & socii are !re=e prop]ly /yl$
 1 f 1  tributum1 & 1 emo4 ,!y 7 oblig$ 
to procure prdes1  or sureties1 :o gave 
security to ! gov]nm5t = ! fulfilm5t (  
! contract4 ,! di/ribution ( ,sigonius1 
!re=e1 or r (  ,polybius1 is n q exact1 
s9ce !re 7 prop]ly b two sorts (        
publicans1 ! mancipes & ! socii4 ,! =m] 

are1 probably1  ^? :om ! ,greeks call 1 
*iefs ( ! publicans2 (  :i* sort 0      
,zac*eus4 ,z !y 7 sup]ior to ! common   
publicans  9 dignity1 be+ mo/ly ( !     
eque/rian ord]1 s !y 7 g5]ally  9 _!    
moral "*4 ,b z = ! common publicans1 !  
collectors or receiv]s1 z _m ( ! socii  
71 !y are spok5 (  ) great contempt1 by 
,hea!ns z well z ,jews2 & p>ticul>ly by 
,!ocritus1 :o said1 t 8among ! bea/s ( !
 wild]ness1 be>s  & lions are ! mo/     
cruel2 among ! bea/s ( ! city1 !        
publican  & p>asite40 ,! reason ( !     
g5]al hatr$ to !m 01 d\btless1  _! rap9e
 & extortion4 ,=1 hav+ a %>e 9 ! f>m ( !
  tribute1 at a c]ta9 rate1 !y 7 apt to 
oppress ! p )  illegal exactions1 to    
raise z l>ge a =tune z !y c\ld =        
!mselves4 ,beside1 publicans 7          
p>ticul>ly odi\s to ! ,jews1 :o  look$  
^u !m to be ! in/rum5ts ( _! subjection 
to ! ,roman  emp]ors1 to :i* !y g5]ally 
held x s9ful = !m to submit4  ,!y       
consid]$ x z incompatible ) _! lib]ty to
 pay tribute to  any =eign p[]1 ,luke   

xx1 #bb1 c2 & ^? ( _! own nation t      
engag$ 9 ?is employm5t !y reg>d$ z      
,hea!ns1 ,mat!w xviii1 #ag4  ,x is ev5  
said1 t !y w\ld n all[ !m to ent] into  
_!  temple or synagogues1 nor to jo9 9  
pray]s1 nor ev5 all[ _!  evid5ce 9 a    
c\rt ( ju/ice on any trial2 nor w\ld !y 
accept (  _! (f]+s 9 ! temple4    ,x    
appe>s by ! ,gospel t !re 7 _m publicans
 9 ,judea at !  "t ( our ,savi\r4       
,zac*eus1 probably1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal   
receiv]s1 s9ce he is call$ ! *ief ( !   
publicans1 ,luke xix1 #b2  b ,/4 ,mat!w 
0 only an inf]ior publican4 ,! ,jews    
reproa*$ our  ,savi\r = %[+ k9dness to  
^! p]sons1 ,luke vii1 #cd2 & he  himself
 ranks !m ) h>lots1 ,matt4 xxi1 #ca4 ,"s
 ( !m1 x %\ld  seem1 _h humbl+ views (  
!mselves1 ,luke xviii1 #aj4 ,zac*eus    
assures  our ,"l1 :o _h hon\r$ him ) a  
visit1 t he 0 ready to give  ! half ( 8 
goods to ! poor1 ,luke xix1 #h1 & to    
return f\rfold  ( :atev] he _h unju/ly  
acquir$4    ,,publius1 ! gov]nor (      
,melita1 ,acts xxviii1 #g-i4 ,:5 ,/4    

,paul 0  %ipwreck$ on ?is isl&1 ,publius
 receiv$ him & 8 company into  8 h\se v 
k9dly1 & treat$ !m = ?ree days ) great  
humanity4    ,,pul1 k+ ( ,assyria4 ,he  
came into ! l& ( ,israel 9 ! "t (       
,manahem1 k+ ( ! t5 tribes1 #b ,k+s xv1 
#ai1 c1 & invad$ !  k+dom on ! o!r side 
( ,jordan4 ,b ,manahem1 by a pres5t ( "o
  ?\s& tal5ts ( silv]1 prevail$ on ! k+ 
( ,assyria1 n only  to )draw 8 =ces1 b  
to recognize 8 title to ! cr[n (        
,israel be=e he left ! k+dom4 ,?is is ! 
fir/ "t t we f9d  any m5tion made ( !   
k+dom ( ,assyria s9ce ! days ( ,nimrod2 
&  ,pul is ! fir/ mon>* ( t nation :o   
invad$ ,israel1 & began  _!             
transportation out ( _! own c\ntry4     
,,pulse1 1 ,lev4 xxiii1 #ad2 #a ,sam4   
xvii1 #ag2 #b ,sam4 xvii1 #bh2 a t]m    
appli$ to ^? gra9s or se$s :i* gr[ 9    
pods1 z beans1 peas1  vet*es1 c1 f 1 a  
bean4 ,! ,vulgate r5d]s ?is kali 9 #b   
,sam4 xvii1 #bh1 frixum cic]1 8p>*$     
peas40 ,9 ,daniel i1 #ab1 #af1 !  ^w 1  
r5d]$ pulse1 may signify se$s 9 g5]al4  

,,puni%m5ts ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews4 ,!re 7   
sev]al sorts ( puni%m5ts 9  use among ! 
,jews :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! ,scripture4   
#a4 ,!  puni%m5t ( ! cross4 7,see       
,cross47 #b4 ,susp5sion1 ,e/h] vii1 #aj2
  ,jo%ua viii1 #bi2 #b ,samuel xxi1 #ab4
 #c4 ,/on+4 #d4 ,fire4 ,?is puni%m5t  0 
common1 ,g54 xxxviii1 #bd2 ,leviticus   
xxi1 #i4 #e4 ,! rack or tympanum1       
m5tion$ ,heb4 xi1 #ce4 ,comm5tators are 
mu* divid$ ab\t ! mean+  ( ?is puni%m5t2
 b mo/ ( !m are ( op9ion t ! ba/9ado1   
or ! puni%m5t ( ! /ick1 is int5d$1 & t !
 ,apo/le  alludes to ! cruelties ex]cis$
 ^u old ,eleaz>2 =1 9 #b ,mac4 vi1  #ai1
 :]e 8 m>tyrdom is spok5 (1 x is said t 
he came to !  tympanum4 #f4 ,!          
precipice1 or ?r[+ p]sons headlong f a  
rock1  ) a /one ti$ ab\t ! neck1 #b     
,*ron4 xxv1 #ab4 #g4 ,decapitation1     
,g54 xl1 #ai2 ,judges ix1 #e2 #b ,k+s x1
 #g2 ,matt4 xiv1 #h4 #h4 ,! puni%m5t  ( 
! saw1 or to be cut asund] 9 ! middle1  
,heb4 xi1 #cg4 ,?is  puni%m5t 0 n unkn[n
 to ! ,hebrews4 ,"s ?9k x 0 orig9ally  f

 ! ,p]sians or ,*aldeans4 #i4 ,pluck+   
out ! eyes1 ,exod4 xxi1 #bd4  ,"s ?9k   
?is puni%m5t 0 seldom execut$1 b ! (f5d]
 0  made to suff] 9 8 prop]ty r ?an 9 8 
p]son3 yet !re are  "s in/ances on      
record1 ,judges xvi1 #ba2 #a ,sam4 xi1  
#b2 #b ,k+s xxv1 #g4  #aj4 ,! cutt+ (f !
 extremities ( ! feet & h&s1 ,judges i1 
#e-g2 #b ,sam4 iv1 #ab4    ,,pur1 1 1   
signifies lot4 ,pur1 ,phur1 or ,purim1 0
 a solemn  fea/ ( ! ,jews1 in/itut$ 9   
memory ( ! lots ca/ by ,haman1 !  enemy 
( ! ,jews1 ,e/h] iii1 #g4 ,^! lots 7 ca/
 9 ! fir/  mon? ( ! ye>1 & gave ! twelf?
 mon? ( ! same ye> = !  execution (     
,haman's design1 to de/roy all ! ,jews 9
 ,p]sia4 ,?us !  sup]/ition ( ,haman1 9 
cr$it+ ^! lots1 caus$ 8 own ru91 &  !   
pres]vation ( ! ,jews1 :o1 by means (   
,e/h]1 _h "t to av]t  ?is bl[4 ,! ,jews 
h exactly kept ?is fea/ d[n to our      
times4 ,see  ,,haman1 ,,e/h]1 &         
,,mordecai4    ,,purgatory1 a place 9   
:i*1 accord+ to ! *ur* ( ,rome1 ! j1  :o
 dep>t out ( ?is life1 are suppos$ to   

expiate c]ta9 (f5ces  :i* d n m]it      
et]nal damnation4 ,br\ghton has         
endeav\r$ to prove  t ?is notion has be5
 held by ,pagans1 ,jews1 & ,mohamm$ans1 
z well  z by ,*ri/ians2 & t 9 ! days ( !
 ,maccabees1 ! ,jews  believ$ t s9 might
 be expiat$ by sacrifice aft] ! dea? ( !
  s9n]4 ,! argum5ts advanc$ = purgatory 
by ! papi/s are ^!3  ,e s91 h[ slight   
soev]1 ?\gh no m ?an an idle ^w1 z x is 
an (f5ce to ,god1 des]ves puni%m5t f    
him1 & w be puni%$ by  him h]eaft]1 if n
 cancell$ by rep5tance "h4 #b4 ,su*     
small s9s  d n des]ve et]nal puni%m5t4  
#c4 ,few dep>t ?is life s pure z to  be 
totally exempt f spots ( ?is nature1 & f
 e k9d ( debt  due to ,god's ju/ice4 #d4
 ,!re=e1 few w escape )\t suff]+  some?+
 f 8 ju/ice = su* debts z !y h c>ri$ )  
!m  out ( ?is _w1 accord+ to ! rule (   
div9e ju/ice1 by :i* he  treats e s\l   
h]eaft] accord+ to 8 works1 & accord+ to
 !  /ate 9 :i* he f9ds x 9 dea?4 ,f ^!  
positions1 :i* !  papi/ consid]s z s _m 
self-evid5t tru?s1 he inf]s t !re  mu/  

be "s ?ird place ( puni%m5t2 = s9ce !   
inf9ite hol9ess  ( ,god c admit no?+    
into heav5 t is n clean & pure f all    
s91 bo? great & small1 & 8 inf9ite      
ju/ice c p]mit none to  receive ! rew>d 
( bliss1 :o z yet are n out ( debt1 b h 
some?+ 9 ju/ice to suff]1 !re mu/1 (    
necessity1 be "s place  or /ate1 :]e    
s\ls dep>t+ ?is life1 p>don$ z to !     
et]nal  guilt ( s91 yet obnoxi\s to "s  
temporal p5alty1 or ) ! guilt  ( "s     
v5ial faults1 are purg$ & purifi$ be=e  
_! admittance  into heav54 ,& ?is is :at
 he is taught conc]n+ purgatory2 ?\gh   
he "k n :]e x is1 ( :at nature ! pa9s   
are1 or h[ long ea*  s\l is deta9$ !re1 
yet he believes t ^? :o are 9 ?is place 
are reliev$ by ! pray]s ( _! fell[      
memb]s "h on e>?1 z  also by alms &     
masses (f]$ up to ,god = _! s\ls4 ,& z =
  su* z h no relations or fri5ds to pray
 = !m1 or give alms to  procure masses =
 _! relief1 !y are n neglect$ by ! *ur*1
  :i* makes a g5]al commemoration ( all 
! fai?ful dep>t$1 9  e mass1 & 9 e "o ( 

! canonical h\rs ( ! div9e  (fice4      
,beside ! above argum5ts1 ! foll[+      
passages are alleg$  z pro(s3 #b ,macc4 
xii1 #dc-de2 ,matt4 xii1 #ca1 #cb2 #a   
,cor4 iii1 #ae2 #a  ,pet] iii1 #ai4 ,b x
 may be obs]v$1 #a4 ,t ! books (        
,maccabees  h no evid5ce ( inspiration1 
!re=e quotations f !m are n  to be      
reg>d$4 #b4 ,if !y 71 ! texts ref]r$ to 
w\ld r  prove t !re is no su* place z   
purgatory1 s9ce ,judas did n  expect !  
s\ls dep>t$ to reap any b5efit f !      
s9-(f]+ till  ! resurrection4 ,! texts  
quot$ f ! ,scriptures h no ref]5ce  to !
 doctr9e1 z may be se5 by consult+ !    
context1 & any j  comm5tator ^u x4 #c4  
,! ,scriptures1 9 g5]al1 speak ( dep>t$ 
s\ls go+ imm$iately1 at dea?1 to a fix$ 
/ate ( happ9ess or  mis]y1 & give u no  
idea ( purgatory1 ,isaiah lvii1 #b2     
,rev4 xiv1 #ac2  ,luke xvi1 #bb2 #b     
,cor4 v1 #h4 #d4 ,x is d]ogatory f !    
doctr9e ( !  satisfaction ( ,*ri/4 ,if  
,*ri/ di$ = u1 & r$eem$ u f s9  & hell1 
z ! ,scripture speaks1 !n ! idea ( f>!r 

m]itori\s  suff]+ detracts f ! p]fection
 ( 8 sacrifice1 & places  m]it /ill 9 ! 
creature2 a doctr9e exactly opposite to 
!  ,scriptures4    ,,puritans4 ,9       
,engl&1 ! t]m ,puritans 0 appli$ to ^?  
:o wi%$  = a f>!r degree ( re=mation 9 !
 *ur* ?an 0 adopt$ by  ,que5 ,elizabe?2 
& a pur] =m1 n ( fai?1 b ( discipl9e &  
wor%ip4 ,x 0 a common "n giv5 to all :o1
 f consci5ti\s  motives1 ?\gh on diff]5t
 gr\nds1 disapprov$ ( ! e/abli%$        
religion1 f ! re=mation "u ,elizabe?1 to
 ! ,act ( ,uni=mity  9 #affb4 ,f t "t to
 ! revolution 9 #afhh1 z _m z refus$ to 
comply ) ! e/abli%$ wor%ip1 7among :om 7
 ab\t two ?\s&  cl]gym51 & p]haps five  
hundr$ ?\s& p17 7 d5om9at$              
,noncon=mi/s4 ,f ! pass+ ( ! ,act (     
,tol]ation on !  accession ( ,william & 
,m>y1 ! "n ( ,noncon=mi/s 0 *ang$ to  t 
( ,prote/ant ,diss5t]s4 ,prior to ! gr& 
rebellion 9 #afdj1 !  ,puritans 71 almo/
 )\t exception1 ,episcopalians2 b aft] !
  fam\s 8,league & ,cov5ant0 ( ^?       
turbul5t times ! great] "p  ( !m became 

,presbyt]ians4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 7            
,indep5d5ts1 & "s  ,bapti/s4 ,!         
objections ( ! latt] 7 m fundam5tal2 !y 
disapprov$ ( all national *ur*es1 z su*1
 & disav[$ !  au?ority ( human          
legislation 9 matt]s ( fai? & wor%ip4 ,!
  p]secutions c>ri$ on aga9/ ! ,puritans
 dur+ ! reigns (  ,elizabe? & ! ,/u>ts  
s]v$ to lay ! f\ndation ( a new empire1 
& ev5tually a va/ republic1 9 ! we/]n   
_w4 ,?i!r1 z into a  wild]ness1 !y fl$ f
 ! face ( _! p]secutors2 &1 be+         
protect$ 9 ! free ex]cise ( _! religion1
 cont9u$ to increase1  until at l5g? !y 
became an indep5d5t nation4 ,! diff]5t  
pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 on :i* !y _h orig9ally
 divid$ f !  *ur* e/abli%m5t at home1   
op]at$ 9 a way t might h be5  expect$1  
:5 !y came to ! possession ( ! civil p[]
 abroad4  ,^? :o =m$ ! colony (         
,massa*usetts hav+ nev] rel9qui%$  !    
pr9ciple ( a national *ur*1 & ( ! p[] ( 
! civil  magi/rate 9 matt]s ( fai? &    
wor%ip1 7 less tol]ant ?an  ^? :o settl$
 at ,new ,plym\?1 at ,rhode ,isl&1 &    

,provid5ce  ,plantations4 ,! v m5 :o _h 
j escap$ ! p]secutions ( !  ,engli%     
prelates1 n[1 9 _! turn1 p]secut$ o!rs  
:o diss5t$  f !m2 until1 at l5g?1 !     
lib]al sy/em ( tol]ation  e/abli%$ 9 !  
p>5t c\ntry at ! revolution1 ext5d$ to !
  colonies1 & 9 a good measure put an   
end to ^! c5surable  proce$+s4          
,,purple1 1 ,exodus xxv1 #d1 c2 1 ,m>k  
xv1 #ag1 #bj2 ,luke xvi1  #ai2 ,john    
xix1 #b1 #e2 ,rev4 xvii1 #d2 xviii1 #ab1
 #af4 ,?is is suppos$ to be  ! v preci\s
 col\r extract$ f ! purpura or murex1 a 
species ( %ell fi%2 & ! same ) ! fam\s  
,tyrian dye1 s  co/ly1 & s mu* celebrat$
 9 antiquity4 ,! purple dye is call$ 9  
#a ,macc4 iv1 #bc1 8purple ( ! sea10 or 
sea purple2 x be+ ! blood  or juice ( a 
turb9at$ %ell fi%1 :i* ! ,jews call 4   
7,see  ,sc>let47 ,among ! bless+s       
pron\nc$ by ,moses ^u ! tribes (        
,israel1 ^? ( ,zebulun & ,issa*> are1   
8,!y %all suck ( !  abundance ( ! seas1 
& ( ! treasures hid 9 ! s&10 ,deut4     
xxxiii1 #ai4 ,jona?an ,b5 ,uzziel       

expla9s ! latt] clause ?us3 8,f  ! s&   
are produc$ look+ glasses1 & glass 9    
g5]al2 !  treasures1 ! me?od ( f9d+ &   
work+ :i*1 0 reveal$ to  ^! tribes40    
,sev]al anci5t writ]s in=m u1 t !re 7   
hav5s  9 ! coa/s ( ! ,zebulunites1 9 :i*
 ! s& prop] = mak+  glass 0 f\nd4 ,!    
words ( ,tacitus are rem>kable3 8,et    
,belus amnis  ,judaico m>i illabitur1   
circa ejus os lect ar5 admixto nitro 9  
vitrum excoquuntur40 8,! riv] ,belus    
falls into ! ,jewi% sea1 ab\t  ^: m\? ^?
 s&s mix$ ) nitre are collect$1 out (   
:i*  glass is =m$40 ,b x seems mu* m    
natural to expla9 8!  treasures hid 9 ! 
s&10 ( ^? highly valuable murices &     
purpur :i* 7 f\nd on ! sea coa/1 ne> !  
c\ntry ( ,zebulun  & ,issa*>1 & ( :i* ^?
 tribes p>took 9 common ) _!  ,hea!n    
neighb\rs ( ,tyre1 :o r5d]$ ! curi\s    
dyes made f  ^? %ell fi% s fam\s among !
 ,romans by ! names ( ,s>ranum  o/rum1  
,tyrii colores4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! purple  
ve/m5t1 ,luke xvi1  #ai1 x may be obs]v$
 t ?is 0 n appropriately a royal robe4  

,9  ! e>li] times x 0 ! dress ( any (   
high rank4 ,?us all !  c\rti]s 7 /yl$ by
 ! hi/orians purpurati4 ,?is col\r is m 
prop]ly crimson ?an purple2 = ! ,,lxx41 
,josephus1 & ,philo1  con/antly use  to 
express ! ,hebrew 1 by :i* !  ,talmudi/s
 und]/ood crimson2 & t ?is ,hebrew ^w   
express$1 n  ! ,tyrian purple1 b t      
br\ght to ! city f ano!r c\ntry1  appe>s
 f ,ezek4 xxvii1 #g4 ,! purple robe put 
on our ,savi\r1 ,john  xix1 #b1 #e1 is  
expla9$ by a ,roman cu/om1 ! dress+ ( a 
p]son 9  ! robes ( /ate1 z ! inve/iture 
( (fice4 ,h5ce ! robe br\ght  by ,h]od's
 or ! ,roman soldi]s1 sc(f+ly1 0 z ?\gh 
x _h be5  ! pict ve/es usually s5t by ! 
,roman s5ate4 ,9 ,acts xvi1 #ad1  ,lydia
 is said to be 8a sell] ( purple40 ,mr4 
,h>m] /yles purple !  mo/ sublime ( all 
e>?ly col\rs1 hav+ ! gaud9ess ( r$1 (   
:i* x reta9s a %ade1 s(t5$ ) ! gravity (
 blue4    ,,puteoli1 s call$ f its ba?s 
( hot wat]1 a city ( ,campania1 9       
,italy2 n[ call$ ,pozzuoli1 9 a prov9ce 
( ! k+dom ( ,naples1  call$ ,t]ra di    

,lavoro1 & ab\t eight miles f ,naples4  
,/4 ,paul  /ay$ a week ) ! ,*ri/ians (  
?is place1 9 8 j\rney z a  prison] to   
,rome1 ,acts xxviii1 #ac4 ,! ,alex&rian 
m]*ant vessels  pref]r$ ,puteoli to all 
! h>b\rs 9 ,italy1 & "h !y deposit$  _! 
ri* freights4 ,!y conduct$ ! %ips adorn$
 ) wrea?s &  fe/ive g>m5ts1 9 ! =m ( a  
fleet1 "o aft] ano!r1 into !  h>b\r1 :]e
 !y 7 receiv$ ) ! greate/ demon/rations 
(  fri5d%ip4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! sale (   
,alex&rian commodities  ?r\gh\t ,italy4 
,accord+ to ! c\rse !n pursu$1 ! vessel 
9  :i* ,/4 ,paul sail$ w5t direct into  
?is h>b\r4      ,,quail1 1 ,exod4 xvi1  
#ac2 ,num4 xi1 #ca1 #cb2 ,psalm cv1 #aj2
 a bird ( !  gall9ace\s k9d4            
,hasselqui/1 m5tion+ ! quail ( ! l>g]   
k9d1  says1 8,x is ( ! size ( ! turtle  
dove4 ,i h met ) x 9 !  wild]ness (     
,pale/9e1 ne> ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea & !
 ,jordan1  betwe5 ,jordan & ,j]i*o1 & 9 
! des]ts ( ,arabia ,petrea4 ,if !  food 
( ! ,israelites 0 a bird1 ?is is c]ta9ly
 x2 be+ s common  9 ! places ?r\gh :i*  

!y pass$40 ,x is said t ,god gave       
quails to 8 p 9 ! wild]ness ^u two      
occasions3 fir/1 )9  a few days aft] !y 
_h pass$ ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,exod4 xvi1 #c-ac4 
,!  second "t 0 at ! encampm5t at !     
place call$ 9 ,hebrew1                  
,kibro?-hataavah1 ! graves ( lu/1 ,num4 
xi1 #cb2 ,psalm cv1 #dj4 ,bo? (  ^!     
happ5$ 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! quails pass$ f    
,asia into  ,europe4 ,!y are !n to be   
f\nd 9 great quantities ^u ! coa/ (  !  
,r$ ,sea & ,m$it]ranean4 ,god caus$ a   
w9d to arise t drove  !m )9 & ab\t !    
camp ( ! ,israelites2 & x is 9 ?is t  ! 
miracle consi/s1 t !y 7 br\ght s        
seasonably to ?is  place1 & 9 s great   
numb] z to furni% food = above a million
 (  p]sons = m ?an a mon?4 ,! ,hebrew ^w
 %alav signifies 8a  quail10 by !       
agreem5t ( ! anci5t int]pret]s4 ,& !    
,*aldee1  ,syriac1 & ,arabic languages  
call !m ne>ly by ! same "n4 ,!          
,septuag9t1 ,symma*us1 & mo/ (          
comm5tators1 bo? anci5t &  mod]n1 und]/&
 x 9 ! same mann]2 & ) !m agree ,philo1 

,josephus1 ,apoll9>is1 & ! rabb9s2 b    
,ludolphus has endeav\r$ to  prove t a  
species ( locu/ is spok5 ( by ,moses4   
,dr4 ,%aw answ]s1  t ! holy psalmi/1 9  
describ+ ?is p>ticul> food ( !          
,israelites1 by call+ ! animals fea!r$  
f[ls1 entirely confutes  ?is            
supposition4 ,& x %\ld be recollect$1 t 
?is miracle 0  p]=m$ 9 compliance ) !   
wi% ( ! p t !y might h  fle% to eat4    
,,quak]s4 ,see ,,fri5ds4    ,,que/ions4 
,among ! anci5ts no pa/ime 0 m common   
?an t (  propos+ & answ]+ difficult     
que/ions4 ,! p]son :o solv$ !  "q 0     
hon\r$ ) a rew>d2 he :o fail$ 9 !       
attempt  suff]$ a c]ta9 puni%m5t2 bo? ! 
rew>ds & p5alties 7  v>i$ accord+ to !  
disposition ( ! company4 ,t ! cu/om (   
propos+ riddles 0 v anci5t1 & d]iv$ f ! 
ea/]n  nations1 appe>s f ! /ory (       
,samson1 9 ! book ( ,judges1 :o  propos$
 "o to ! ,phili/9es at 8 nuptial fea/4  
,nor 7 ^!  que/ions conf9$ to           
ent]ta9m5ts1 b1 9 ! primitive times1 7  
propos$ on o!r occasions1 by ^? :o      

desir$ to make pro( (  ano!r's wisdom & 
le>n+4 ,agreeably to ?is cu/om1 ! que5 (
  ,%eba came to prove ,solomon ) h>d    
que/ions1 #a ,k+s x1 #a4    ,,quieti/s1 
! disciples ( ,mi*ael de ,mol9os1 a     
,spani% prie/1 :o  fl\ri%$ 9 ! sev5te5? 
c5tury1 & wrote a book call$ 8,!        
,spiritual ,guide40 ,he _h _m disciples 
9 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,france1 & !  ,ne!rl&s4
 ,"s pret5d t he borr[$ 8 pr9ciples f ! 
,spani% ,illum9ati2 & ,m4 ,gregoire w h 
x t !y came  orig9ally f ! ,p]sian      
,so(ees2 :ile o!rs no less confid5tly   
d]ive !m f ! ,greek ,hesyca/s4 ,!       
,quieti/s1 h[ev]1 d$uce  _! pr9ciples f 
! ,scriptures4 ,!y argue ?us3 8,!       
,apo/le  tells u1 t #8! ,_s makes       
int]cession =' or 9 #8u4' ,n[ if  ! ,_s 
pray 9 u1 we mu/ resign ourselves to 8  
impulses1 by  rema9+ 9 a /ate ( absolute
 re/1 or quietude1 till we atta9 !      
p]fection ( ! unitive life10 a life (   
union )1 &1 z x %\ld  seem1 ( absorption
 91 ! ,deity4 ,!y cont5d1 t true        
religion  consi/s 9 ! pres5t calm &     

tranquillity ( a m9d remov$ f all       
ext]nal & f9ite ?+s1 & c5t]$ 9 ,god2 & 9
 su* a pure love  ( ! supreme ,be+1 z is
 indep5d5t ( all prospect ( int]e/ or   
rew>d4 ,to prove t our love to ! ,deity 
mu/ be dis9t]e/$1 !y  allege1 t ! ,"l   
ha? made all ?+s = himself1 z sai? !    
,scripture2 & x is = 8 glory t he wills 
our happ9ess4 ,to  con=m1 !re=e1 to !   
great end ( our creation1 we mu/ pref]  
,god  to ourselves1 & n desire our own  
happ9ess b = 8 glory2  o!rwise we %all g
 contr>y to 8 ord]4 ,z ! p]fections ( ! 
,deity are intr9sically amiable1 x is   
our glory & p]fection to g  out (       
ourselves1 to be lo/ & absorb$ 9 ! pure 
love ( inf9ite  beauty4 ,madam ,guion1 a
 woman ( fa%ion 9 ,france1 born #afdh1  
becom+  pi\s1 0 a w>m advocate ( ^!     
pr9ciples4 ,%e ass]t$1 t !  means (     
arriv+ at ?is p]fect love1 are pray] & !
 self-d5ial  enjo9$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,pray] 
%e def9es to be ! entire b5t ( !  s\l   
t[>d its div9e orig94 ,"s ( h] pi\s     
canticles 7  translat$ by ! poet ,c[p]1 

& repres5t h] s5tim5ts to ! be/         
advantage4 ,f5elon1 ! amiable ar*bi%op (
 ,cambray1 also fav\r$  ^! s5tim5ts 9 8 
celebrat$ publication1 entitl$1 8,!     
,maxims (  ! ,sa9ts40 ,! di/+ui%+ t5et 9
 8 !ology 0 ! doctr9e  ( ! dis9t]e/$    
love ( ,god = 8 own excell5cies1        
indep5d5t  ( 8 relative b5evol5ce3 an   
important feature also 9 ! sy/em (      
,madam ,guion1 :o1 ) ! good ar*bi%op1 0 
p]secut$ by ! pope  & by ,bossuet4 ,see 
,,my/ics4    ,,rab4 ,! title rabbi1 )   
sev]al o!rs f ! same root1 1  magnus e/1
 vel multiplicatus e/1 began fir/ to be 
assum$1  accord+ to ,godw91 z a di/+ui%+
 title ( hon\r by m5 (  le>n+1 ab\t ! "t
 ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,we f9d x anci5tly   
giv51 inde$1 to sev]al magi/rates &     
(fic]s ( /ate4 ,9 ,e/h]  i1 #h1 x is    
said1 ! k+ appo9t$ - 1 :i* we r5d] 8all 
! (fic]s ( 8 h\se40 ,9 ,j]emiah xli1 #a1
 we read ( !   1 8! pr9ces ( ! k+40 ,9  
,job xxxii1 #i1 x is said1 t !  1 :i* we
 r5d] 8great m51 are n always wise20 a  
r5d]+  :i* well expresses ! orig9al     

mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,x 0 n  !re=e 9 ^? days   
prop]ly a title ( hon\r1 belong+ to any 
p>ticul> (fice or dignity1 9 *ur* or    
/ate2 b all :o 7 (  sup]ior rank1 &     
condition 9 life 7 call$ 4 ,we d n f9d  
! prophets1 or o!r m5 ( le>n+ 9 ! ,old  
,te/am5t1 affect+  any title beside t   
:i* d5ot$ _! (fice2 & !y 7  cont5t$ to  
be address$ by _! b>e names4 ,! fir/    
,jewi% rabbi1  said to h be5 di/+ui%$ ) 
any title ( hon\r1 0 ,simeon1  ! son (  
,hillel1 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r z presid5t ( 
!  sanh$rim2 & 8 title 0 t ( rabban4 ,! 
lat] rabbies tell u1  ?is title 0       
conf]r$ ) a good deal ( c]emony4 ,:5 a  
p]son _h  gone ?r\gh ! s*ools & 0 ?\ght 
wor?y ( ! degree ( rabbi1  he 0 fir/    
plac$ 9 a *air some:at rais$ above !    
company2 !n  7 deliv]$ to him a key & a 
table book3 ! key1 z a symbol (  ! p[]  
or au?ority n[ conf]r$ ^u him1 to tea* t
 k  to o!rs :i* he _h le>n$ himself2 &  
?is key he aft]w>d wore  z a badge ( 8  
hon\r1 & :5 he di$ x 0 buri$ ) him3 !   
table book 0 a symbol ( 8 dilig5ce 9 8  

/udies1 & ( 8  endeav\r+ to make f>!r   
improvem5ts 9 le>n+4 ,! next c]emony  9 
! creation ( a rabbi 0 ! imposition (   
h&s on him by !  delegates ( ! sanh$rim1
 practis$ 9 imitation ( ,moses's orda9+ 
,jo%ua by ?is rite1 to succe$ him 9 8   
(fice1 ,num4 xxvii1 #ah2 ,deut4  xxxiv1 
#i4 ,& !n !y proclaim$ 8 title4         
,accord+ to ,maimonides1 ! imposition ( 
h&s 0 n look$ ^u to  be ess5tial2 b 0   
sometimes omitt$4 ,!y did n always1 sai?
 he1  lay _! h&s on ! head ( ! eld] to  
be orda9$2 b call$ him  rabbi1 & said1  
8,behold ?\ art orda9$1 & ha/ p[]10 c4  
,we f9d  ?is title giv5 to ,john !      
,bapti/1 ,john iii1 #bf2 & frequ5tly to 
our bless$ ,savi\r2 z by ,john's        
disciples1 by ,nicodemus1 & by !  p t   
foll[$1 ,john i1 #ch2 iii1 #b2 vi1 #bj4 
,! reason ( our  ,savi\r's prohibit+ 8  
disciples to be call$ rabbi is express$ 
9  ^! words3 8,be n ye call$ rabbi1 = "o
 is y\r ma/]1 ev5  ,*ri/10 1 y\r guide &
 conductor1 on ^: ^w &  in/ructions     
alone y are to dep5d 9 matt]s ( religion

 &  salvation4 ,accord+ly ! inspir$     
,apo/les pret5d to no?+ m  ?an1 z !     
ambassadors ( ,*ri/1 to deliv] 8        
in/ructions2 &1  = _! own "p1 !y        
expressly disclaim all dom9ion ov] !    
fai?  & consci5ces ( m51 #b ,cor4 i1    
#bd2 v1 #bj4 ,! ,jewi% writ]s  di/+ui%  
betwe5 ! titles rab1 rabbi1 rabban4 ,z =
 rab & rabbi1  ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m
 is1 t rab 0 ! title ( su* z  _h _h _!  
education1 & tak5 _! degree1 9 "s =eign 
,jewi%  s*ool2 suppose at ,babylon1 :]e 
!re 0 a s*ool or academy (  consid]able 
note2 rabbi 0 ! title ( su* z 7 educat$ 
9 !  l& ( ,judea1 :o 7 acc\nt$ m        
hon\rable ?an ! o!rs4 ,b  z = rabban1 x 
0 ! highe/ title2 :i*1 !y say1 0 nev]   
conf]r$ on m ?an sev5 p]sons1 namely1 on
 ,r4 ,simeon1 five ( 8  desc5dants1 & on
 ,r4 ,jo*anan1 :o 0 ( a diff]5t family4 
,x 0  on ?is acc\nt1 x %\ld seem1 t !   
bl9d man gave ?is title to  ,*ri/1 ,m>k 
x1 #ea2 be+ conv9c$ t he 0 possess$ (   
div9e  p[]1 & wor?y ( ! mo/ hon\rable   
di/9ctions4 ,& ,m>y  ,magdal5e1 :5 %e   

saw ,*ri/ aft] 8 resurrection1 8said    
unto him1  ,rabboni10 ,john xx1 #af1 t  
is1 my rabban1 l my "l 9 ,engli%2  =    
rabbon is ! same ) rabban1 only pron\nc$
 accord+ to !  ,syriac dialect4    ,!re 
7 sev]al gradations among ! ,jews be=e !
 dignity (  rabb91 z among u1 be=e !    
degree ( doctor4 ,! head ( a s*ool  0   
call$ *a*am1 or wise4 ,he _h ! head seat
 9 ! assemblies  & 9 ! synagogues4 ,he  
reprim&$ ! disob$i5t1 & c\ld            
excommunicate !m2 & ?is procur$ him     
great respect4 ,9 _!  s*ools !y sat ^u  
rais$ *airs1 & _! s*ol>s 7 seat$ at  _! 
feet4 ,h5ce ,/4 ,paul is said to h /udi$
 at ! feet ( ,rabbi  ,gamaliel1 ,acts   
xxii1 #c4 ,! /udies ( ! rabb9s are      
employ$ ei!r  on ! text ( ! law1 or !   
traditions1 or ! cabbala2 ^! ?ree       
objects =m s _m diff]5t s*ools & diff]5t
 sorts ( rabb9s4  ,^? :o *iefly apply to
 ! lett] ( ,scripture are call$         
,c>aites1  ,lit]ali/s4 ,^? :o *iefly    
/udy ! traditions & oral laws ( !       
,talmud are call$ ,rabbani/s4 ,^? :o    

give !mselves to _! secret  & my/]i\s   
div9ity1 lett]s & numb]s1 are call$     
,cabbali/s1  ,tradition>ies4 ,! rabb9s  
are g5]ally v ignorant 9 hi/ory1        
*ronology1 philology1 antiquity1 &      
geography4 ,!y und]/& !  holy language b
 imp]fectly4 ,!y "k n ! true            
signification ( a  multitude ( words 9 !
 sacr$ text4 ,!y are prodigi\sly        
conceit$  ab\t _! traditions1 s t !re is
 v little pr(it 9 read+  !m2 & exp]i5ce 
%[s t mo/ :o h appli$ !mselves to  p]use
 _! books1 h be5 b little b5efit$ by !m1
 & h  ent]ta9$ a p]fect contempt ( _!   
und]/&+ & _! works4  ,! *ief function ( 
! rabb9s is to prea* 9 ! synagogue1 to  
make  public pray]s !re1 & to int]pret !
 law2 !y h ! p[] (  b9d+ & loos+1 t is1 
( decl>+ :at is =bidd51 & :at  all[$4   
,:5 ! synagogue is poor & small1 !re is 
b "o rabb91  :o at ! same "t dis*>ges ! 
(fice ( a judge & a tea*]4 ,b  :5 !     
,jews are num]\s & p[]ful1 !y appo9t    
?ree pa/ors1 &  a h\se ( judgm5t1 :]e   
all _! civil affairs are det]m9$4 ,!n  !

 rabb9 applies himself to in/ruction    
only1 unless x be ?\ght  prop] to call  
him into ! c\ncil to give 8 advice1 9   
:i* case he  takes ! *ief place4        
,,rabba?1 or ,,rabbat-,,ammon1 ! capital
 city ( ! ,ammonites1 situat$  beyond   
,jordan4 ,see ,,ammon4                  
,,rabba?-,,moab1 ! capital city ( !     
,moabites1 call$ o!rwise ,ar1 or        
,areopolis4 ,see ,,moab4    ,,rabbi4    
,see ,,rab4    ,,rab%akeh1 a *ief butl]1
 or cupbe>]4 ,?is is a t]m ( dignity1 & 
n a prop] "n4 ,rab%akeh 0 s5t by        
,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria1  to summon    
,hezekiah to surr5d] ,j]usalem1 #b ,k+s 
xviii1 #ag1 #ah2 xix1  #d2 ,isaiah      
xxxvi4    ,,raca1 a ,syriac ^w :i*      
prop]ly signifies empty1 va91  begg>ly1 
fooli%1 & :i* includes 9 x a /rong idea 
(  contempt4 ,our ,savi\r pron\nces a   
c5sure on e p]son us+ ?is  t]m to 8     
neighb\r1 ,matt4 v1 #bb4 ,lightfoot     
assures u t1 9 !  writ+s ( ! ,jews1 ! ^w
 raca is a t]m ( ! utmo/ contempt1  & t 
x 0 usual to pron\nce x ) m>k$ signs (  

indignation4    ,,ra*el1 ! daught] (    
,laban1 & si/] ( ,leah4 ,! ,prophet     
,j]emiah1  xxxi1 #ae1 & ,/4 ,mat!w1 ii1 
#ah1 h put ,ra*el = ! tribes (  ,ephraim
 & ,manasseh1 ! *ildr5 ( ,joseph1 ! son 
( ,ra*el4 ,?is  prophecy 0 complet$ :5  
^! two tribes 7 c>ri$ into captivity    
beyond ! ,euphrates2 & ,/4 ,mat!w made  
application ( x to :at  happ5$ at       
,be?lehem1 :5 ,h]od put to dea? ! *ildr5
 ( two ye>s  old & "u4 ,!n ,ra*el1 :o 0 
buri$ !re1 might be said to make  h]    
lam5tations = ! dea? ( s _m innoc5t     
*ildr5 sacrific$  to ! jeal\sy ( a wick$
 mon>*4    ,,rahab 0 a ho/ess ( ! city (
 ,j]i*o1 :o receiv$ & conceal$  ! spies 
s5t by ,jo%ua4 ,! ,hebrew calls h]      
,zona1 ,jo%ua ii1 #a1 :i*  ,j]om & _m   
o!rs und]/& ( a pro/itute4 ,o!rs ?9k %e 
0  only a ho/ess or innkeep]1 & t ?is is
 ! true signification (  ! orig9al ^w4  
,_h %e be5 a woman ( ill fame1 w\ld     
,salmon1 a  pr9ce ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 h 
tak5 h] to wife8 ,or c\ld he h  done x  
by ! law8 ,beside1 ! spies ( ,jo%ua w\ld

 h>dly h gone  to lodge ) a common      
h>lot1 !y :o 7 *>g$ ) s nice &  dang]\s 
a commission4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t %e 0 a    
h>lot1  pret5d t %e 0 p]haps "o ( ^?    
wom5 :o pro/itut$  !mselves 9 hon\r ( ! 
,pagan deities2 z if ?is c\ld ext5uate  
h] crime1 or ! sc&al ( h] pr(ession if  
%e 0 a public woman4  ,x is also        
obs]vable t su* wom5 are call$ kade%ah1 
n zona1  9 ! ,hebrew4 ,rahab m>ri$      
,salmon1 a pr9ce ( ,judah1 by :om %e _h 
,boaz1 f :om desc5d$ ,ob$1 ,jesse1 &    
,david4 ,?us ,jesus ,*ri/  condesc5d$ to
 reckon ?is ,canaaniti% woman among 8   
ance/ors4 ,/4  ,paul magnifies ! fai? ( 
,rahab1 ,heb4 xi1 #ca4    ,rahab is also
 a "n ( ,egypt1 ,isa4 xxx1 #g2 li1 #i4  
,,raim5t4 ,9 addition to :at occurs "u !
 article ,habits1 x may  be obs]v$ t to 
make pres5ts ( *anges ( raim5t1 ,g54    
xlv1 #bb1  has always be5 common among  
all ranks ( ori5tals4 ,! p]fum+ (       
raim5t ) sweet-sc5t$ spices or extracts 
is also /ill a cu/om1  :i* expla9s !    
smell ( ,jacob's raim5t4 ,a coat or robe

 ( _m  col\rs1 su* z ,jacob gave to     
,joseph1 is also a m>k ( di/9ction4  ,! 
,turks at ,aleppo ?us array _! sons2 &1 
9 ! "t ( ,sis]a1 a  coat ( div]s col\rs 
is m5tion$ among ! ri* spoils :i* fell  
to  ! conqu]ors4 ,a frequ5t *ange (     
g>m5ts is also v common bo?  to %[      
respect & to display opul5ce4 ,is !re an
 allusion to ?is 9  ,psalm cii1 #bf3 8,z
 a ve/ure %alt ?\ *ange !m1 & !y %all be
  *ang$80 ,if s1 x conveys ! magnific5t 
idea ( ! almighty ,creator  inve/+      
himself ) ! :ole creation z ) a robe1 & 
hav+  laid t aside1 by new creations1 or
 ! successive production (  be+s1 clo?+ 
himself ) o!rs1 at 8 pleasure4    ,,ra91
 ! vap\rs exhal$ by ! sun1 :i* desc5d f 
! cl\ds to  wat] ! e>?1 ,eccles4 xi1 #c4
 ,! sacr$ writ]s (t5 speak ( !  ra9 ( ! 
=m] & latt] season1 ,deut4 xi1 #ad2     
,hosea vi1 #c4 ,twice  9 ! ye> !re      
g5]ally fell pl5ty ( ra9 9 ,judea2 9 !  
beg9n+ ( ! civil ye>1 ab\t ,septemb] or 
,octob]2 & half a ye>  aft]1 9 ! mon? ( 
,abib1 or ,m>*1 :i* 0 ! fir/ mon? 9 !   

ecclesia/ical or sacr$ ye>1 :5ce x is   
call$ ! latt] ra9 9  ! fir/ mon?1 ,joel 
ii1 #bc4 7,see ,canaan47 ,! anci5t      
,hebrews  comp>$ elocution1 & ev5 le>n+ 
or doctr9e1 to ra93 8,my doctr9e  %all  
drop z ! ra910 ,deut4 xxxii1 #b4        
,,rameses1 or ,,raamses1 a city suppos$ 
to h be5 situat$ 9 !  ea/]n "p ( ,egypt1
 call$ ! l& ( ,go%51 :i* 0 also h5ce    
t]m$ ! l& ( ,rameses4 ,x 0 "o ( ! cities
 built by !  ,israelites z a treasure   
city1 z x is translat$ 9 our ,bibles2   
probably a /ore city1 or1 z o!rs        
int]pret x1 a =tress4 ,its  position may
 be fix$ ab\t six or eight miles above !
 mod]n ,cairo1 a  little to ! s\? ( !   
,babylon ( ! ,p]sians1 ! anci5t         
,letopolis2 z ,josephus says t ! *ildr5 
( ,israel1 aft] quitt+  ?is place1 9 _! 
fir/ m>* to ,succo?1 pass$ by ! latt]   
city4    ,,ramo?1 a fam\s city 9 !      
m\nta9s ( ,gilead1 #a ,k+s iv1 #ac4 ,x  
is  (t5 call$ ,ramo?-,gilead4 ,josephus 
calls x ,rama?an1 or ,arama?a4 ,!  city 
belong$ to ! tribe ( ,gad1 ,deut4 iv1   

#dc4 ,x 0 assign$ = a  dwell+ ( !       
,levites1 & 0 "o ( ! cities ( refuge    
beyond  ,jordan1 ,jo%ua xx1 #h2 xxi1    
#ch4 ,x became fam\s dur+ ! reigns ( !  
latt] k+s ( ,israel1 & 0 ! occasion (   
sev]al w>s betwe5  !m & ! k+s (         
,damascus1 :o _h made a conque/ ( x1 :i*
 !  sov]eigns ( ,israel endeav\r$ to    
rega91 #a ,k+s xxii1 #c-e4 ,eusebius    
says1 t ,ramo? 0 fifte5 miles f         
,philadelphia t[>d ! ea/4  ,/4 ,j]om    
places x 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,jabbok1 &  
consequ5tly to  ! nor? ( ,philadelphia4 
,,rav51 1 9 ,*aldee1 orba1 9 ,syriac1   
croac1 9 ,lat91 corvus1  ,g54 viii1 #g2 
,lev4 xi1 #ae2 ,deut4 xiv1 #ad2 #a ,k+s 
xvii1 #d1 #f2 ,job  xxxviii1 #da2 ,psalm
 cxlvii1 #i2 ,prov4 xxx1 #ag2 ,cant4 v1 
#aa2 ,isa4 xxxiv1  #aa2 1 ,luke xii1    
#bd2 a well kn[n bird ( prey4 ,all !    
int]pret]s  agree t oreb signifies !    
rav51 f oreb1 8ev5+10 on  acc\nt ( its  
col\r4 ,mi*alis1 9 propos+ a "q respect+
  c]ta9 birds1 says ( ! oreb1 8,il e/   
decid1 que c'e/ le  corbeau2 il s]oit   

donc sup]flu de le dem&]4 ,mais je      
desir]ois plus  de c]titude sur le nom  
,syriaque des corbeaux40 ,x is settl$ t 
?is is ! rav52 x w\ld !re=e be sup]flu\s
 to inve/igate x4  ,b ,i c\ld wi% m     
c]ta9ty respect+ ! ,syriac "n ( rav5s4  
,"o c h>dly d\bt t x is tak5 f ! note ( 
?is bird4 ,on !  decrease ( ! wat]s ( ! 
flood1 s t ! tops ( ! m\nta9s  became   
visible1 ,noah s5t =? out ( "o ( ! w9d[s
 ( ! ark a  rav51 a bold & adv5tur\s    
bird1 by way ( exp]im5t1 to see :e!r  ! 
wat]s 7 sunk or abat$4 ,=ty days !      
viol5t ra9 _h  cont9u$2 & he might ?9k  
?is1 !re=e1 a likely "t = !  wat]s to   
run (f aga94 ,9 ! orig9al text1 9 !     
,sam>itan1 9 !  ,*aldee & ,arabic1 x is 
said t ! rav5 8return$0 to ! ark2 b  !  
,greek int]pret]s1 ! ,syriac1 ! ,lat91 &
 mo/ ( ! em95t  fa!rs & comm5tators1 say
 t x did n return any m4 ,"h are  great 
au?orities on bo? sides1 b ! latt]      
read+1 ?\gh s  contr>y 9 s5se to ! o!r1 
yet 9 ! ,hebrew is n v diff]5t  9 ! =m (
 ! lett]s1 & appe>s to be ! bett] read+ 

( !  two4 ,= if ! rav5 _h return$1 :at  
occasion _h ,noah to s5d =?  a dove8 ,or
 :y did he n take ! rav5 9 unto him into
 ! ark1 z he  did aft]w>d ! dove8 ,or :y
 did he n s5d =? ! same rav5  aga91 z he
 did aft]w>d ! same dove aga98 ,x is n  
improp]ly  express$ 9 our translation1 t
 8! rav5 w5t =? to & fro10  fly+ hi!r & 
?i!r1 8until ! wat]s 7 dri$ up f (f !   
face ( ! e>?40 ,he f\nd1 p]haps1 9 !    
high] gr\nds1 "s (  ! c>casses ( ^? :o  
_h p]i%$ 9 ! deluge4    ,! ,prophet     
,elijah 0 9 8 retirem5t f$ by ?is bird4 
,a writ]1  inde$1 9 ! ,memoirs (        
,lit]ature1 = ,april1 #agaj1 endeav\rs  
to  %[1 f _m au?ors1 t !re 0 9 ! c\ntry 
( ,be?s*an1 9  ,decapolis1 by ! brook   
,*]i? or ,c>i?1 a little t[n call$      
,aorabi  or ,orbo1 ,judges vii1 #be2    
,isa4 x1 #f2 & he !re=e expla9s ! ^w    
orebim1 :i*1 9 #a ,k+s xvii1 #d1 we     
translate 8rav5s10 ( !  inhabitants ( t 
village1 "s ( :om1 he cont5ds1 daily    
c>ri$  bread & fle% to ,elijah1 :o _h   
retir$ to & lay 9 a cave 9 !            

neighb\rhood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,s*eu*z]    
ably v9dicates !  commonly receiv$      
op9ion4 ,! editor ( ,calmet1 also1 9 !  
app5dix1  "u ! article ,elijah1 has "s  
p]t95t obs]vations on ?is  subject4 8,we
 ought to consid]10 says he1 8#a4 ,t    
,ahab s\ght ,elijah  ) avidity1 & took  
an oa? ( e p1 no d\bt1 also1 9 8        
dom9ions1 t he 0 n conceal$ among its   
inhabitants2 8  situation1 !re=e1       
requir$ ! utmo/ privacy1 ev5 to         
solitude4 #b4  ,t :5 ! brook ,*]i? 0    
dri$ up1 ! prophet 0 oblig$ to  quit 8  
asylum1 :i* he ne$$ n to h done1 _h a p 
be5 8  suppli]s1 = !y c\ld h br\ght him 
wat] z well z food40    ,9 ,psalm       
cxlvii1 #i1 x is said1 8,! ,"l give? to 
! bea/ 8 food1  & to ! "y rav5s :i*     
cry40 ,& 9 ,job xxxviii1 #da1 8,:o      
provide? = ! rav5 8 food1 :5 8 "y ones  
cry unto ,god1  w&]+ = want ( meat80    
,job & ! psalmi/ may allude to :at is   
said by "s naturali/s1 t ! rav5s drive  
out _! "y ones  e>ly f _! ne/s1 & oblige
 !m to seek food = _! own  su/5ance4 ,! 

same k9d ,provid5ce :i* furni%es support
 to 8  intellig5t (fspr+ is n unm9dful (
 ! wants1 or inatt5tive to  ! desires1 (
 ! meane/ ( 8 creatures4                
,lo1 ! "y rav5s1 f _! ne/ exil$1        
,on hung]'s w+ attempt ! a]ial wild6    
,:o leads _! w&]+s1 & _! fea/ supplies8 
,to ,god asc5d _! importun+ cries4      
,*ri/ in/ructs 8 disciples1 f ! same    
circum/ance1 to tru/ 9  ! c>e & k9dness 
( ,heav53 8,consid] ! rav5s2 = !y nei!r 
s[ nor reap1 nei!r h /oreh\se1 nor b>n2 
& ,god fe$e? !m4  ,h[ mu* bett] are ye  
?an ! f[ls60 ,luke xii1 #bd4 ,solomon1  
speak+  ( ! peculi> reg>d & v5]ation due
 to ! wor?y p]sons &  salut>y           
in/ructions ( p>5ts1 obs]ves1 t an      
untimely fate1 &  ! want ( dec5t        
int]m5t1 may be expect$ f contr>y       
conduct2 &  t ! le]+ eye1 :i* ?r[s wick$
 contempt on a good fa!r1 &  insol5t    
disda9 on a t5d] "m1 %all be dug out ( !
 unburi$  expos$ corpse by ! rav5s ( !  
valley1 & eat5 up by ! "y  eagles1      
,prov4 xxx1 #ag4 ,x 0 a common puni%m5t 

9 ! ea/1 & "o  :i* ! ori5tals dread$    
above all o!rs1 to expose 9 ! op5       
fields ! bodies ( evil do]s t _h suff]$ 
by ! laws ( _!  (f5d$ c\ntry1 to be     
dev\r$ by ! bea/s ( ! field1 & !  f[ls (
 heav54 ,! wise man ins9uates t ! rav5  
makes 8 fir/  & ke5e/ attack on ! eye1  
:i* p]fectly corresponds ) 8  habits1 = 
he always beg9s 8 banquet ) t "p4       
,isiodore says  ( him1 ,primo 9         
cadav]ibus occulum petit2 he attacks    
fir/ ! eye  ( ! dead2 & ,epictetus1     
1 8! rav5s dev\r ! eyes ( ! dead40 ,_m  
o!r te/imonies might be adduc$1 b ^! are
 suffici5t to ju/ify  ! allusion 9 !    
prov]b4    ,! rav51 x is well kn[n1     
delights 9 solitude4 ,he frequ5ts !     
ru9$ t[] or ! des]t$ habitation4 ,9     
,isaiah1 xxxiv1 #aa1 x is  accord+ly    
=etold t ! rav51 ) o!r birds ( simil>   
dispositions1 %\ld fix 8 abode 9 !      
desolate h\ses ( ,edom4 ,9  ! ,septuag9t
 & o!r v]sions ! ,hebrew ^w = desolation
 is  r5d]$ rav54 ,! mean+ is1 t 9 ^?    
spl5did palaces1 :]e  ! voice ( joy &   

gladness 0 he>d1 & e s\nd :i* c\ld      
ravi% ! e> & subdue ! he>t1 sil5ce 01 = 
! wick$ness (  _! inhabitants1 to hold  
h] reign = ev]1 int]rupt$ only by !     
scream ( ! cormorant & ! croak+ ( !     
rav54    ,,read+4 ,9 ! c\ntries ( !     
,levant ! p nev] read sil5tly1  b g on 9
 a k9d ( s++ voice1 al\d4 ,! eunu* 0    
probably  ?us read+ :5 ,philip ov]he>d  
him1 & f9d+ t he 0 read+  ! ,scriptures1
 said1 8,und]/&e/ ?\ :at ?\ reade/80    
,,reason1 ,,use ,,(1 ,,9 ,,religion4 ,! 
sublime1 incompreh5sible nature (  "s ( 
! ,*ri/ian doctr9es has s completely    
subdu$ !  und]/&+ ( _m pi\s m51 z to    
make !m ?9k x presumptu\s  to apply     
reason 9 any way to ! revelations (     
,god2 & ! _m  in/ances 9 :i* !          
simplicity ( tru? has be5 corrupt$ by an
  alliance ) philosophy confirm !m 9 !  
belief t x is saf]1 z  well z m         
respectable1 to resign _! m9ds to dev\t 
impressions1  ?an to ex]cise _! und]/&+s
 9 any speculations ^u sacr$  subjects4 
,en?usia/s & fanatics ( all diff]5t     

names & sects  agree 9 decry+ ! use (   
reason1 because x is ! v ess5ce (       
fanaticism to sub/itute1 9 place ( !    
sob] d$uctions ( reason1  ! extravagant 
fancies ( a disord]$ imag9ation1 & to   
consid]  ^! fancies z ! imm$iate        
illum9ation ( ! ,_s ( ,god4  ,insidi\s  
writ]s 9 ! dei/ical controv]sy h pret5d$
 to adopt  ^? s5tim5ts ( humility &     
rev]5ce1 :i* are insep>able f  true     
,*ri/ians1 & ev5 t total subjection (   
reason to fai? :i*  *>act]izes          
en?usia/s4 ,a pamphlet 0 publi%$ ab\t ! 
middle (  ! la/ c5tury t made a noise 9 
its day1 al?\gh x is n[  =gott51        
entitl$1 8,*ri/ianity n f\nd$ on        
,argum5t10 :i*1  :ile to a c>eless read]
 x may seem to magnify ! ,gospel1 does 9
  reality t5d to und]m9e our fai?1 by   
sep>at+ x f a rational  ass5t2 & ,mr4   
,hume1 9 ! _s ( ?is pamphlet1 concludes 
8  ,essay on ,miracles ) call+ ^?       
dang]\s fri5ds or disguis$  enemies to !
 ,*ri/ian religion :o h und]tak5 to     
def5d x by  ! pr9ciples ( human reason3 

8,our mo/ holy religion10 he says1 )  a 
dis+5uity v unbecom+ 8 respectable      
tal5ts1 8is f\nd$ on  fai?1 n on        
reason20 &1 8m]e reason is insuffici5t  
to conv9ce u  ( its v]acity40 ,! *ur* ( 
,rome1 9 ord] to subject ! m9ds (  h]   
vot>ies to h] au?ority1 has reprobat$ ! 
use ( reason 9  matt]s ( religion4 ,%e  
has reviv$ an anci5t position1 t ?+s    
may be true 9 !ology :i* are false 9    
philosophy2 & %e has1 9  "s in/ances1   
made ! m]it ( fai? to consi/ 9 !        
absurdity (  t :i* 0 believ$4    ,!     
extravagance ( ^! positions has produc$1
 s9ce ! ,re=mation1  an opposite        
extreme4 ,:ile ^? :o d5y ! tru? (       
revelation  consid] reason z 9 all      
respects a suffici5t guide1 ! ,soc9ians1
  :o admit t a revelation has be5 made1 
employ reason z ! supreme  judge ( its  
doctr9es1 & boldly /rike out ( _! cre$ e
  article t is n altoge!r con=mable to  
^? notions :i* may be  d]iv$ f ! ex]cise
 ( reason4 ,^! controv]sies conc]n+ !   
use ( reason 9 matt]s ( religion are    

disputes1 n ab\t words1 b  ab\t ! ess5ce
 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b a few pla9           
obs]vations are  suffici5t to asc]ta9   
:]e ! tru? lies 9 ?is subject4    ,!    
fir/ use ( reason 9 matt]s ( religion is
 to exam9e !  evid5ces ( revelation4 ,=1
 ! m entire ! submission :i* we  consid]
 z due to e ?+ t is reveal$1 we h ! m   
ne$  to be satisfi$ t any sy/em :i*     
pr(esses to be a div9e  revelation does 
really come f ,god4    ,aft] ! ex]cise (
 reason has e/abli%$ 9 our m9ds a firm  
belief  t ,*ri/ianity is ( div9e        
orig9al1 ! second use ( reason is to    
le>n :at are ! tru?s reveal$4 ,z ^!     
tru?s are n 9 our days  communicat$ to  
any by imm$iate inspiration1 ! k ( !m is
  to be acquir$ only f books transmitt$ 
to u ) satisfy+  evid5ce t !y 7 writt5  
above sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 a      
remote c\ntry & =eign language1 "u !    
direction ( ! ,_s  ( ,god4 ,9 ord] to   
atta9 ! mean+ ( ^! books we mu/ /udy !  
language 9 :i* !y 7 writt52 & we mu/    
/udy also ! mann]s  ( ! times1 & ! /ate 

( ! c\ntries1 9 :i* ! writ]s  liv$2     
because ^! are circum/ances to :i* an   
orig9al au?or is  (t5 allud+1 & by :i* 8
 phraseology is g5]ally affect$2 we  mu/
 lay toge!r diff]5t passages 9 :i* !    
same ^w or phrase  occurs1 because )\t  
?is lab\r we _c asc]ta9 its precise     
signification2 & we mu/ m>k ! diff]5ce (
 /yle & mann] :i*  *>act]izes diff]5t   
writ]s1 because a "r appreh5sion ( _!   
mean+ (t5 dep5ds ^u att5tion to ?is     
diff]5ce4 ,all ?is  supposes !          
application ( gramm>1 hi/ory1 geography1
 *ronology1 &  criticism 9 matt]s (     
religion2 t is1 x supposes t ! reason  (
 man _h be5 previ\sly ex]cis$ 9 pursu+  
^! diff]5t  bran*es ( k1 & t our success
 9 atta9+ ! true s5se  ( ,scripture     
dep5ds ^u ! dilig5ce ) :i* we avail     
ourselves (  ! progress t has be5 made 9
 !m4 ,x is obvi\s t e  ,*ri/ian is n    
capable ( mak+ ?is application4 ,b ?is  
is no  argum5t aga9/ ! use ( reason1 (  
:i* we are n[ speak+4 ,=  !y :o use     
translations & comm5t>ies rely only ^u !

 reason (  o!rs1 in/ead ( ex]cis+ _!    
own4 ,! sev]al bran*es (  k h be5 appli$
 9 e age by "s p]sons = ! b5efit  (     
o!rs2 & ! progress 9 sacr$ criticism1   
:i* di/+ui%es !  pres5t times1 is no?+  
else b ! cont9u$ application1 9         
elucidat+ ! ,scripture1 ( reason        
enlight5$ by e k9d (  subsidi>y k1 & v  
mu* improv$ 9 ?is k9d ( ex]cise by  !   
employm5t :i* ! anci5t classics h giv5 x
 s9ce !  revival ( lett]s4    ,aft] !   
two uses ( reason t h be5 illu/rat$1 a  
?ird comes  to be m5tion$1 :i* may be   
consid]$ z comp\nd$ ( bo?4 ,reason  is (
 em95t use 9 repell+ ! attacks ( !      
adv]s>ies (  ,*ri/ianity4 ,:5 m5 (      
erudition1 ( philosophical acut5ess1 & (
  accompli%$ ta/e1 direct _! tal5ts     
aga9/ our religion1 ! cause  is v mu*   
hurt by an unskilful def5d]4 ,he _c     
unravel _!  sophi/ry2 he does n see !   
am\nt & ! effect ( ! concessions  :i* he
 makes to !m2 he is bewild]$ by _!      
quotations1 & he is  (t5 l$ by _!       
artifice ^u dang]\s gr\nd4 ,9 all ages (

 !  *ur* !re h be5 weak def5d]s (       
,*ri/ianity2 & ! only  triumphs ( !     
enemies ( our religion h aris5 f _! be+ 
able to expose ! defects ( ^? me?ods (  
def5d+ ! tru? :i*  "s ( its advocates _h
 unw>ily *os54 ,a m9d tra9$ to accurate 
& philosophical views ( ! nature & !    
am\nt ( evid5ce1  enri*$ ) hi/orical k1 
accu/om$ to ?r[ out ( a subject  all t  
is m9ute & irrelative1 to collect :at is
 ( importance  )9 a %ort compass1 & to  
=m ! compreh5sion ( a :ole1 is !  m9d   
qualifi$ to cont5d ) ! le>n+1 ! wit1 & !
 sophi/ry  ( infidelity4 ,_m su* m9ds h 
appe>$ 9 ?is hon\rable  controv]sy dur+ 
! c\rse ( ?is & ! la/ c5tury2 & !       
success has correspond$ to ! complet5ess
 ( ! furniture ) :i*  !y engag$ 9 !     
combat4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e has be5     
v9dicat$  by _! ma/]ly exposition f     
v>i\s misrepres5tations2 !  argum5ts =  
its div9e orig9al h be5 plac$ 9 _! true 
light2  & ! attempts to conf\nd !       
miracles & prophecies ^u :i*            
,*ri/ianity re/s its claim1 ) !         

delusions ( impo/ure1 h be5  effectually
 repell$4 ,*ri/ianity has1 9 ?is way1   
receiv$ ! mo/  important advantages f ! 
attacks ( its enemies2 & x is n         
improbable t its doctr9es w\ld nev] h   
be5 s ?or\ghly  cle>$ f all !           
corruptions & subtleties :i* _h atta*$  
to  !m 9 ! progress ( ages1 nor !       
evid5ces ( its tru?s h be5  s accurately
 und]/ood1 nor its peculi> "* be5 s     
p]fectly  discrim9at$1 _h n ! zeal &    
abilities :i* h be5 employ$  aga9/ x    
call$ =? 9 its def5ce "s ( ! mo/        
di/+ui%$  ma/]s ( reason4 ,!y br\ght    
into ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ianity !  same     
weapons :i* _h be5 drawn = h]           
de/ruction1 &1 wield+  !m ) confid5ce & 
skill 9 a good cause1 became !          
successful  *ampions ( ! tru?4    ,!    
f\r? use ( reason consi/s 9 judg+ ( !   
tru?s ( religion4  ,e ?+ :i* is reveal$ 
by ,god comes to 8 creatures f s high   
an au?ority1 t x may be re/$ 9 ) p]fect 
assurance z true4  ,no?+ c be receiv$ by
 u z true :i* is contr>y to ! dictates  

( reason1 because x is impossible = u to
 receive at ! same "t  ! tru? & !       
falsehood ( a proposition4 ,b _m ?+s are
 true  :i* we d n fully compreh5d2 & _m 
propositions1 :i* appe>  incr$ible :5 !y
 are fir/ enunciat$1 are f\nd1 ^u       
exam9ation1  su* z our und]/&+s c       
readily admit4 ,^! pr9ciples embrace  ! 
:ole ( ! subject1 & !y m>k out ! /eps by
 :i* reason is  to proce$ 9 judg+ ( !   
tru?s ( religion4 ,we fir/ exam9e !     
evid5ces ( revelation4 ,if ^! satisfy   
our und]/&+s1 we are  c]ta9 t !re c be  
no contradiction betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ?is
  true religion1 & ! dictates ( "r      
reason4 ,if any su*  contradiction      
appe>1 !re mu/ be "s mi/ake2 by n mak+ a
 prop]  use ( our reason 9 !            
int]pretation ( ! ,gospel1 we suppose t 
x conta9s doctr9es :i* x does n tea*2 or
 we give ! "n (  "r reason to "s n>r[   
prejudices :i* deep] reflection1 & m    
enl>g$ k1 w dissipate2 or we consid] a  
proposition z  imply+ a contradiction1  
:51 9 tru?1 x is only imp]fectly        

und]/ood4 ,"h1 z 9 e o!r case1 mi/akes  
are to be correct$  by measur+ back our 
/eps4 ,we mu/ exam9e closely &          
imp>tially !  mean+ ( ^? passages :i*   
appe> to conta9 ! doctr9e2 we mu/       
comp>e !m ) "o ano!r2 we mu/ endeav\r to
 d]ive light f  ! g5]al phraseology (   
,scripture & ! analogy ( fai?2 & we     
%all g5]ally be able1 9 ?is way1 to     
sep>ate ! doctr9e f all  ^? adv5titi\s  
circum/ances :i* give x ! appe>ance (   
absurdity4 ,if a doctr9e :i*1 ^u !      
close/ exam9ation1 appe>s  unque/ionably
 to be taught 9 ,scripture1 /ill does n 
approve itself  to our und]/&+1 we mu/  
consid] c>efully :at x is t  prev5ts u f
 receiv+ x4 ,!re may be preconceiv$     
notions ha/ily  tak5 up :i* t doctr9e   
opposes2 !re may be pride (  und]/&+ t  
does n readily submit to ! views :i* x  
communicates2 or reason may ne$ to be   
rem9d$1 t we mu/ expect to  f9d 9       
religion _m ?+s :i* we are n able to    
compreh5d4 ,"o (  ! mo/ important (fices
 ( reason is to recognize h] own limits4

 ,%e  nev] c be mov$1 by any au?ority1  
to receive z true :at %e  p]ceives to be
 absurd4 ,b1 if %e has =m$ a j e/imate (
 human  k1 %e w n %elt] h] presumption 9
 reject+ ! tru?s  ( revelation "u !     
pret5ce ( contradictions t d n really   
exi/2 %e w readily admit t !re may be 9 
a subject "s po9ts  :i* %e kn[s1 & o!rs 
( :i* %e is ignorant2 %e w n all[  h]   
ignorance ( ! latt] to %ake ! evid5ce ( 
! =m]1 b  w yield a firm ass5t to t :i* 
%e does und]/&1 )\t  presum+ to d5y :at 
is beyond h] compreh5sion4 ,& ?us1      
avail+  h]self ( all ! light :i* %e n[  
has1 %e w wait 9 humble hope  = ! "t :5 
a l>g] measure %all be imp>t$4          
,,rebekah1 ! wife ( ,isaac4 ,see        
,,isaac4    ,,receipt ,,( ,,cu/om4      
,mat!w1 :5 call$1 0 sitt+ at ! receipt (
  cu/om1 or dues on m]*&ise4 ,he 0 a    
publican or tax-ga!r]1 or1  z we %\ld   
say1 a cu/om h\se (fic]4 ,! publicans _h
 h\ses or  boo?s built = !m at ! foot ( 
bridges1 at ! m\? ( riv]s1 by  ! sea    
%ore1 & ! p>ts ( ! lake ( ,g5nes>e?1 or 

sea (  ,tib]ias1 to collect ! taxes on  
pass5g]s & m]*&ise4 ,see  ,,publican4   
,,re*abites4 ,! ,re*abites1 ?\gh !y     
dwelt among ! ,israelites1 did  n belong
 to any ( _! tribes2 = !y 7 ,k5ites1 z  
appe>s  f #a ,*ron4 ii1 #ee1 :]e !      
,k5ites are said to h come (  8,hema?1 !
 fa!r ( ! h\se ( ,re*ab40 ,^! ,k5ites1  
aft]w>d  /yl$ ,re*abites1 7 ( ! family (
 ,je?ro1 o!rwise call$ ,hobab1  ^:      
daught] ,moses m>ri$2 = 8! *ildr5 ( !   
,k5ite1 ,moses's  fa!r-9-law10 x is     
said1 8w5t up out ( ! city ( palm trees 
)  ! *ildr5 ( ,judah1 & dwelt among !   
p10 ,judges i1 #af2 & we  read ( 8,heb] 
! ,k5ite1 :o 0 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,hobab1 !   
fa!r-9-law ( ,moses1 :o _h sev]$ himself
 f ! ,k5ites10 or  f ! bulk ( !m :o     
settl$ 9 ! tribe ( ,judah1 8& pit*$  8  
t5t 9 ! pla9 ( ,zaanaim10 ,judges iv1   
#aa4 ,!y appe> to h  sprung f ,midian1 !
 son ( ,abraham by ,keturah1 ,g54 xxv1  
#b2 =  ,je?ro1 f :om !y are desc5d$1 is 
call$ a ,midianite1 ,num4 x1 #bc4  ,(   
?is family 0 ,jehonadab1 ! son ( ,re*ab1

 a man ( em95t zeal  = ! pure wor%ip (  
,god aga9/ idolatry1 :o assi/$ ,k+ ,jehu
 9  de/roy+ ! h\se ( ,ahab1 & !         
wor%ipp]s ( ,baal1 #b ,k+s x1  #ae1 #af1
 #bc1 c4 ,x 0 he :o gave t rule ( life  
to 8 *ildr5 &  po/]ity :i* we read ( 9  
,j]4 xxxv1 #f1 #g4 ,x consi/$ ( ^!  ?ree
 articles3 t !y %\ld dr9k no w9e2 t !y  
%\ld nei!r  possess nor occupy any      
h\ses1 fields1 or v9ey>ds2 t !y %\ld    
dwell 9 t5ts4 ,?is 0 ! in/itution ( !   
*ildr5 ( ,re*ab2 &  ?is !y cont9u$ to   
obs]ve = upw>d ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 f  ! 
"t ( ,jehu to t ( ,jehoiakim1 k+ (      
,judah1 :5  ,nebu*adnezz> com+ to       
besiege ,j]usalem1 ! ,re*abites 7 oblig$
  to leave ! c\ntry & take refuge 9 !   
city4 ,9 ,j]4 xxxv1 !re is  a promise   
made to ?is p1 t ,jonadab1 ! son (      
,re*ab1 %\ld  n want a man to /& be=e ! 
,"l2 t is1 t 8 po/]ity  %\ld n fail3 &  
to ?is day ?is tribe is f\nd among !    
,arabians  ( ! des]t1 di/9ct1 free1 &   
practis+ exactly ! in/itutions  (       
,jonadab1 ^: "n !y be>1 & ( ^:          

in/itutions !y boa/4  ,?is is a         
rem>kable in/ance ( ! exact fulfilm5t ( 
a m9ute &  isolat$ prophecy4 ,see ,,b5i 
,,khaibir4    ,,reconciliation4 ,!      
expressions 8reconciliation0 & 8mak+    
peace0  necess>ily suppose a previ\s    
/ate ( ho/ility betwe5 ,god & man1  :i* 
is reciprocal4 ,?is is sometimes call$  
enmity1 a t]m1 z x  respects ,god1 r    
un=tunate1 s9ce enmity is almo/ fix$ 9  
our  language to signify a malignant &  
rev5geful feel+4 ,( ?is1 !  oppugn]s ( !
 doctr9e ( ! atonem5t h avail$ !mselves 
to  argue1 t z !re c be no su* affection
 9 ! div9e nature1  !re=e1              
reconciliation 9 ,scripture does n mean 
! reconciliation  ( ,god to man1 b ( man
 to ,god1 ^: enmity ! example & tea*+  (
 ,*ri/1 !y tell u1 is v effectual to    
subdue4 ,x is1 inde$1 a  sad & humbl+   
tru?1 & "o :i* ! ,soc9ians 9 _!         
discussions  on ! natural innoc5ce ( man
 are n will+ to admit1 t by !  infection
 ( s9 8! c>nal m9d is enmity to ,god10 t
 human nature  is malignantly ho/ile to 

,god & to ! control ( 8 law2 b ?is is   
f> f express+ ! :ole ( t relation ( man 
9 :i*1 9  ,scripture1 he is said to be  
at enmity ) ,god1 & s to ne$ a          
reconciliation1 ! mak+ ( peace betwe5   
,god & him4 ,t relation  is a legal "o1 
z t ( a sov]eign 9 8 judicial capacity1 
& a  crim9al :o has violat$ 8 laws &    
ris5 up aga9/ 8 au?ority1  & :o is1     
!re=e1 treat$ z an enemy4 ,! ^w  is us$ 
9  ?is passive s5se1 bo? 9 ! ,greek     
writ]s & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4  ,s1 9      
,romans xi1 #bh1 ! ,jews1 reject$ &     
puni%$ = refus+ !  ,gospel1 are said by 
! ,apo/le1 8z conc]n+ ! ,gospel10 to be 
8enemies = y\r sakes20 treat$ & acc\nt$ 
su*2 8b1 z t\*+  ! election1 !y are     
belov$ = ! fa!rs' sakes40 ,9 ! same     
epi/le1 v1 #aj1 ! t]m is us$ precisely 9
 ! same s5se1 & t  ) ref]5ce to !       
reconciliation by ,*ri/3 8,= if :5 we 7 
enemies we 7 reconcil$ to ,god by ! dea?
 ( 8 ,son20 t is1  :5 we 7 objects ( !  
div9e judicial displeasure1 acc\nt$ z   
enemies1 & liable to be capitally treat$

 z su*4 ,enmity1 9 !  s5se ( malignity &
 ! s5tim5t ( hatr$1 is add$ to ?is      
relation 9 ! case ( man2 b x is no "p ( 
! relation itself2  x is r a cause ( x1 
z x is "o ( ! act+s ( a corrupt  nature 
:i* r5d] man obnoxi\s to ! displeasure (
 ,god1 & !  p5alty ( 8 law1 & place him 
9 ! condition ( an enemy4 ,x is  ?is    
judicial v>iance & opposition betwe5    
,god & man :i* is  ref]r$ to 9 ! t]m    
reconciliation1 & 9 ! phrase 8mak+      
peace10 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & ! ho/ility 
is1 !re=e1 9 its  own nature1 mutual4   
,b t !re is no tru? 9 ! notion1 t       
reconciliation means no  m ?an our lay+ 
aside our enmity to ,god1 may also be   
%[n f  sev]al express passages4 ,! fir/ 
is ! passage we h above cit$3  8,= if :5
 we 7 enemies we 7 reconcil$ to ,god10  
,rom4 v1 #aj4  ,"h ! act ( reconcil+ is 
ascrib$ to ,god1 & n to u2 b if  ?is    
reconciliation consi/$ 9 ! lay+ aside ( 
our own enmity1 !  act w\ld be ours     
alone3 &1 f>!r1 t x c\ld n be ! lay+    
aside ( our enmity1 is cle> f ! text1   

:i* speaks (  reconciliation :ile we 7  
yet enemies4 ,! reconciliation spok5 (  
"h is n1 z ,soc9us & 8 foll[]s h said1  
our conv]sion4 ,=  t ! ,apo/le is speak+
 ( a b5efit obta9$ = u previ\s to  our  
conv]sion1 appe>s evid5t f ! opposite   
memb]s ( ! two  s5t5ces1 8mu* m1 be+    
ju/ifi$1 we %all be sav$ f wra?  ?r\gh  
him10 8mu* m1 be+ reconcil$1 we %all be 
sav$ by 8  life40 ,! ,apo/le argues f ! 
great] to ! less4 ,if ,god 7 s  b5ign to
 u be=e our conv]sion1 :at may we n     
expect f him n[  we are conv]t$8 ,to    
reconcile "h _c mean to conv]t2 = !     
,apo/le evid5tly speaks ( some?+ greatly
 rem>kable 9 ! act (  ,*ri/2 b to conv]t
 s9n]s is no?+ rem>kable1 s9ce none b   
s9n]s c be ev] conv]t$2 :]eas x 0 a r>e 
& s+ul> ?+  = ,*ri/ to die = s9n]s1 & to
 reconcile s9n]s to ,god by 8  dea?1 :5 
!re h be5 b v few good m5 :o h di$ =  _!
 fri5ds4 ,9 ! next place1 conv]sion is  
ref]r$ m prop]ly  to 8 glori\s life1 ?an
 to 8 %ameful dea?2 b ?is               
reconciliation is attribut$ to 8 dea?1 z

 contradi/+ui%$ f  8 glori\s life1 z is 
evid5t f ! anti!sis conta9$ 9 !  two    
v]ses4 ,beside1 x is f ! latt] b5efit t 
we le>n !  nature ( ! =m]4 ,! latt]1 :i*
 belongs only to ! conv]t$1  consi/s ( !
 peace ( ,god1 & salvation f wra?1 ,rom4
 v1 #i1 #aj4  ,?is ! ,apo/le aft]w>d    
calls receiv+ ! reconciliation4 ,& :at  
is x to receive ! reconciliation1 b to  
receive ! remission (  s9s8 ,acts x1    
#dc4 ,to receive conv]sion is a mode (  
speak+ entirely  unkn[n4 ,if1 !n1 to    
receive ! reconciliation is to receive !
  remission ( s9s1 & 9 effect to be     
deliv]$ f wra? or  puni%m5t1 to be      
reconcil$ mu/ h a correspond+           
signification4    8,god 0 9 ,*ri/       
reconcil+ ! _w to himself1 n imput+ _!  
trespasses unto !m10 #b ,cor4 v1 #ai4   
,"h ! mann] ( ?is  reconciliation is    
expressly said to be1 n our lay+ aside  
our enmity1  b ! non-imputation ( our   
trespasses to u by ,god2 9 o!r words1  !
 p>don+ ( our (f5ces & re/or+ u to      
fav\r4 ,! promise1  on ,god's "p1 to d  

?is1 is expressive ( 8 previ\s          
reconciliation  to ! _w by ! dea? (     
,*ri/2 = our actual reconciliation is   
di/+ui%$ f ?is by :at foll[s1 8& ha?    
committ$ to u !  m9i/ry (               
reconciliation10 by virtue ( :i* all m5 
71 by !  ,apo/les1 entreat$ & bes\ght to
 be reconcil$ to ,god4 ,! reason1  too1 
( ?is reconciliation ( ,god to ! _w1 by 
virtue ( :i* he  promises n to impute   
s91 is gr\nd$ by ! ,apo/le1 9 ! la/     
v]se ( ! *apt]1 n ^u ! lay+ aside (     
enmity by m51 b  ^u ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/3
 8,= he ha? made him to be s910 a       
s9-(f]+1 8= u1 :o knew no s91 t we might
 be made !  righte\sness ( ,god 9 him40 
8,& t he might reconcile bo? unto ,god  
9 "o body by ! cross1 hav+ sla9 ! enmity
 !reby10 ,eph4 ii1 #af4  ,"h ! act (    
reconcil+ is attribut$ to ,*ri/4 ,man is
 n spok5  ( z reconcil+ himself to ,god2
 b ,*ri/ is said to reconcile ,jews  &  
,g5tiles toge!r1 & bo? to ,god1 8by 8   
cross40 ,?us1 says !  ,apo/le1 8he is   
our peace20 b 9 :at mann] is ! peace    

effect$8  ,n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by      
subdu+ ! enmity ( man's he>t1 b  by     
remov+ ! enmity ( 8! law40 8,hav+       
aboli%$ 90 or by 88  fle% ! enmity1 ev5 
! law ( comm&m5ts40 ,! c]emonial law    
only  is "h1 probably meant2 = by its   
abolition1 ?r\gh its fulfilm5t 9  ,*ri/1
 ! enmity betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles 0 tak5
 away2 b /ill  x 0 n only necess>y to   
reconcile ,jew & ,g5tile toge!r1 b to   
8reconcile bo? unto ,god40 ,?is he did  
by ! same act2 aboli%+ !  c]emonial law 
by becom+ ! antitype ( all its          
sacrifices1 & ?us1  by ! sacrifice (    
himself1 effect+ ! reconciliation ( all 
to ,god1  8slay+ ! enmity by 8 cross10  
tak+ away :atev] h9d]$ !  reconciliation
 ( ! guilty to ,god1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 
n  enmity & hatr$ to ,god 9 ! human m9d 
only1 b t judicial  ho/ility & v>iance  
:i* sep>at$ ,god & man z ,judge &       
crim9al4 ,! feeble criticism ( ,soc9us1 
on ?is passage1 9 :i* he  has be5 foll[$
 by 8 adh]5ts to ?is day1 is ?us answ]$ 
by  ,grotius3 8,9 ?is passage ! dative 1

 to ,god1 c only be gov]n$  by ! v]b 1 t
 he might reconcile2 = !  int]pretation 
( ,soc9us1 :i* makes to ,god /& by      
itself1 or t  to reconcile to ,god is to
 reconcile !m among !mselves1 t !y      
might s]ve ,god1 is di/ort$ & )\t       
example4 ,nor is ! argum5t  valid :i* is
 drawn f !nce1 t 9 ?is place ,/4 ,paul  
prop]ly  treats ( ! peace made betwe5   
,jews & ,g5tiles2 = nei!r does x  foll[ 
f ?is argum5t1 t x 0 beside 8 purpose to
 m5tion !  peace made = ea* ) ,god4 ,= !
 two opposites :i* are jo9$1  are s jo9$
 among !mselves1 t !y %\ld be prim>ily &
  *iefly jo9$ by t bond2 = !y are n     
unit$ among !mselves1  except by & = t  
bond4 ,g5tiles & ,jews1 !re=e1 are made 
fri5ds among !mselves by fri5d%ip )     
,god40    ,"h also a critical rem>k w be
 appropriate4 ,! above passages w  %[ h[
 falsely x has be5 ass]t$ t ,god is no  
:]e 9 ,scripture  said to be reconcil$  
to u1 & t !y only decl>e t we are       
reconcil$ to ,god2 b ! fact is1 t ! v   
phrase ( our be+  reconcil$ to ,god     

imports ! turn+ away ( 8 wra? f u4      
,:itby  obs]ves1 on ! words  & 1 8t !y  
naturally  import ! reconciliation ( "o 
t is angry or displeas$ ) u1  bo? 9     
pr(ane & ,jewi% writ]s40 ,:5 !          
,phili/9es suspect$ t  ,david w\ld      
appease ! ang] ( ,saul1 by becom+ _!    
adv]s>y1 !y  said1 8,:]e) %\ld he       
reconcile himself to 8 ma/]8 ,%\ld x  n 
be ) ! heads ( ^! m580 n1 surely1 ,h[   
%all he remove  8 own ang] aga9/ 8 ma/]8
 b1 h[ %all he remove 8 ma/]'s  ang]    
aga9/ him8 ,h[ %all he re/ore himself to
 8 ma/]'s fav\r8  8,if ?\ br+ ?y gift to
 ! alt>1 & !re rememb]e/ t ?y  bro!r ha?
 aught aga9/ !e10 n1 t ?\ ha/ aught     
aga9/ ?y  bro!r1 8fir/ be reconcil$ to  
?y bro!r20 t is1 appease &  conciliate  
him2 s t ! words1 9 fact1 import1 8,see 
t ?y  bro!r be reconcil$ to !e10 s9ce t 
:i* goes be=e is1 n  t he ha? done !e an
 injury1 b ?\ him4 ,?us1 !n1 = u to be  
reconcil$ to ,god is to avail ourselves 
( ! means by :i* ! ang]  ( ,god t[>d u  
is to be appeas$1 :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t   

expressly  decl>es to be m]itori\sly 8! 
s9-(f]+0 ( ,him 8:o knew no  s910 &     
in/rum5tally1 z to ea* individual       
p]sonally1 8fai? 9  8 blood40 ,see      
,,propitiation4    ,,r$eem]4 ,! ,hebrew 
goel is ?us r5d]$1 & ! title is appli$  
to ,*ri/1 z he is ! ,av5g] ( man ^u 8   
spiritual enemy1 &  deliv]s man f dea? &
 ! p[] ( ! grave1 :i* ! human  av5g]    
c\ld n d4 ,! "r ( ! in/itution ( goel 0 
only 9  a relative1 "o ( ! same blood2 &
 h5ce our ,savi\r's assumption (  our   
nature is allud$ to & impli$ "u ?is t]m4
 ,!re 0 also !  "r ( buy+ back ! family 
inh]itance :5 ali5at$2 & ?is  also      
applies to ,*ri/1 our ,goel1 :o has     
pur*as$ back ! heav5ly  inh]itance into 
! human family4 ,"u ^! views ,job       
joyfully  exclaims1 8,i "k t my         
,r$eem]10 my ,goel1 8live?10 c4 ,see    
,,goel1  ,,m$iator1 & ,,jesus ,,*ri/4   
,,r$emption d5otes our recov]y f s9 &   
dea? by ! ob$i5ce &  sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 
:o1 on ?is acc\nt1 is call$ ! ,r$eem]4  
8,be+ ju/ifi$ freely by 8 grace1 ?r\gh !

 r$emption t is 9  ,*ri/ ,jesus10 ,rom4 
iii1 #bd4 8,*ri/ ha? r$eem$ u f ! curse 
(  ! law1 be+ made a curse = u10 ,gal4  
iii1 #ac4 8,9 :om we h  r$emption ?r\gh 
8 blood1 ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 accord+ to ! 
ri*es ( 8 grace10 ,eph4 i1 #g4 8,=asmu* 
z ye "k t ye 7 n  r$eem$ ) corruptible  
?+s1 z silv] & gold1 f y\r va9          
conv]sation receiv$ by tradition f y\r  
fa!rs2 b ) !  preci\s blood ( ,*ri/1 z (
 a lamb )\t blemi%1 & )\t  spot10 #a    
,pet4 i1 #ah1 #ai4 8,& ye are n y\r own1
 = ye are b\ght  ) a price10 #a ,cor4   
vi1 #ai1 #bj4    ,by r$emption1 ^? :o   
d5y ! atonem5t made by ,*ri/ wi% to     
und]/& deliv]ance m]ely1 reg>d+ only !  
effect1 &  /udi\sly putt+ out ( sight ! 
cause f :i* x fl[s4 ,b !  v t]ms us$ 9 !
 above cit$ passages1 8to r$eem10 & 8to 
be  b\ght ) a price10 w ea* be f\nd to  
refute ?is notion ( a  gratuit\s        
deliv]ance1 :e!r f s9 or puni%m5t1 or   
bo?4 ,our  ,engli% ^w1 to r$eem1        
lit]ally means 8to buy back20 & 1  to   
r$eem1 & 1 r$emption1 are1 bo? 9 ,greek 

writ]s  & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 us$ = ! act
 ( sett+ free a captive1 by  pay+ 1 a   
ransom or r$emption price4 ,b1 z        
,grotius has  fully %[n1 by ref]5ce to !
 use ( ! words bo? 9 sacr$ &  pr(ane    
writ]s1 r$emption signifies n m]ely 8!  
lib]ation (  captives10 b deliv]ance f  
exile1 dea?1 & e o!r evil f  :i* we may 
be fre$2 &  signifies e ?+ :i* satisfies
  ano!r1 s z to effect ?is deliv]ance4  
,! nature ( ?is r$emption  or pur*as$   
deliv]ance1 7= x is n gratuit\s         
lib]ation1 z w  pres5tly appe>17 is1    
!re=e1 to be asc]ta9$ by ! circum/ances 
( ^? :o are ! subjects ( x4 ,! subjects 
9 ! case be=e u  are s9ful m54 ,!y are  
"u guilt1 "u 8! curse ( ! law10 !       
s]vants ( s91 "u ! p[] & dom9ion ( !    
devil1 & 8tak5  captive by him at 8 w10 
liable to ! dea? ( ! body & to  et]nal  
puni%m5t4 ,to ! :ole ( ?is case1 !      
r$emption1 !  pur*as$ deliv]ance ( man1 
z proclaim$ 9 ! ,gospel1 applies        
itself4 ,h5ce1 9 ! above cit$ & o!r     
passages1 x is said1 8,we  h r$emption  

?r\gh 8 blood1 ! =giv5ess ( s9s10 9     
opposition to guilt2 r$emption f 8!     
curse ( ! law20 deliv]ance  f s91 t 8we 
%\ld be set free f s920 deliv]ance f !  
p[] ( ,satan2 f dea?1 by a resurrection2
 & f future 8wra?10  by ! gift ( et]nal 
life4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is glori\s     
doctr9e ( our r$emption f ^! trem5d\s   
evils !re is1  h[ev]1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1
 a con/ant ref]5ce to ! 1 !  r$emption  
price1 :i*  is z con/antly decl>$ to be 
!  dea? ( ,*ri/1 :i* he endur$ 9 our    
/ead4 8,! ,son ( man came to  give 8    
life a ransom = _m10 ,matt4 xx1 #bh4    
8,:o gave himself a  ransom = all10 #a  
,tim4 ii1 #f4 8,9 :om we h r$emption    
?r\gh  8 blood10 ,eph4 i1 #g4 8,ye 7 n  
r$eem$ ) corruptible ?+s1  z silv] &    
gold1 b ) ! preci\s blood ( ,*ri/10 #a  
,pet4 i1  #ah1 #ai4 ,t deliv]ance ( man 
f s91 mis]y1 & all o!r p5al  evils ( 8  
transgression1 :i* con/itutes our       
r$emption by ,*ri/1  is n1 !re=e1 a     
gratuit\s deliv]ance1 grant$ )\t a      
consid]ation1 z an act ( m]e pr]ogative2

 ! ransom1 ! r$emption  price1 0 exact$ 
& paid2 "o ?+ 0 giv5 = ano!r1 !  preci\s
 blood ( ,*ri/ = captive & condemn$ m54 
,( ! same  import are ^? passages :i*   
repres5t u z hav+ be5 8b\ght10 or       
8pur*as$0 by ,*ri/4 ,/4 ,pet] speaks (  
^? 8:o d5i$ ! ,"l    1 t b\ght !m20 &   
,/4 ,paul1 9 ! passage  above cit$1     
says1 8,ye are b\ght ) a price1 20 :i*  
price  is expressly said by ,/4 ,john to
 be ! blood ( ,*ri/3 8,?\ wa/  sla91 &  
ha/ r$eem$ u to ,god 71 ha/ pur*as$ u7  
by ?y  blood10 ,rev4 v1 #i4    ,,r$     
,,sea1 celebrat$ *iefly = ! miracul\s   
passage ( ! ,israelites  ?r\gh its      
wat]s4 ,!y 7 ?ru/ out ( ,egypt1 says    
,dr4 ,hales1 on  ! fifte5? day ( ! fir/ 
mon?2 8ab\t six hundr$ ?\s& m5 on  foot1
 beside wom5 & *ildr54 ,& a mix$        
multitude w5t up also )  !m2 & flocks & 
h]ds1 ev5 v mu* cattle10 ,exod4 xii1    
#cg-ci2  ,num4 xi1 #d2 xxxiii1 #c4 ,aft]
 !y set out f ,rameses1 9 ! l& (  ,go%51
 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cairo1 _! fir/     
encampm5t 0 at  ,succo?1 signify+       

8boo?s10 or an 8enclosure = cattle10    
aft] a  /age ( ab\t ?irty miles2 _!     
second1 at ,e?am1 or ,adsj]ud1 on !     
edge ( ! wild]ness1 ab\t sixty miles    
f>!r2 8= ! ,"l l$  !m n by ! way ( ! l& 
( ! ,phili/9es1 al?\gh t 0  ne>2 = ,god 
said1 ,le/ p]adv5ture ! p rep5t :5 !y   
see  w>1 & !y return to ,egypt3 b ,god  
l$ ! p ab\t by ! way  ( ! wild]ness ( ! 
,r$ ,sea10 or by a circuit\s r\t to ! l&
  ( promise1 9 ord] to tra9 !m & in/ruct
 !m1 9 ! solitudes  ( ,arabia ,petra1   
,exodus xiii1 #ag-bj2 ,deut4 xxxii1 #aj4
 ,in/ead (  proce$+ f ,e?am1 r\nd ! head
 ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & coa/+ along  its ea/]n 
%ore1 ! ,"l made !m turn s\?w>d along   
its we/]n  %ore1 &1 aft] a /age ( ab\t  
tw5ty or ?irty miles1 to encamp 9  !    
valley ( ,b$ea1 :]e !re 0 an op5+ 9 !   
great *a9 (  m\nta9s t l9e ! we/]n coa/1
 call$ ,pi-hahiro?1 ! m\? (  ! ridge    
betwe5 ,migdol we/w>d1 & ! sea ea/w>d1  
8ov] aga9/  ,baal-zephon10 on ! ea/]n   
coa/2 to tempt ,ph>aoh1 ^: he>t he      
f9ally h>d5$1 to pursue !m :5 !y 7      

8entangl$ 9 ! l&10  & %ut 9 by !        
wild]ness on _! re> & flanks1 & by ! sea
  9 _! front4 ,! lead+ motive ) ,ph>aoh 
& 8 s]vants 0 to  br+ back ! ,israelites
 to bondage1 & ( ! ,egyptians 9 g5]al1  
to recov] ! treasures ( :i* !y _h be5   
spoil$1 ,exod4 xiv1 #a-e4  ,s ,ph>aoh   
pursu$ ! ,israelites by ! direct way (  
,migdol1 ) six  hundr$ *>iots1 8        
horsem51 & 8 army1 & ov]took !m  encamp+
 by ! sea1 beside ,pi-hahiro?1 ov] aga9/
 ,baal-zephon4 ,:5  _! de/ruction1 or _!
 return to bondage1 seem$ to be         
inevitable1  ! ,"l int]pos$ & f\ght =   
,israel4 ,he op5$ = !m a passage  across
 ! ,r$ ,sea1 :]e x 0 ab\t twelve miles  
wide1 & br\ght  !m ?r\gh 9 safety2 :ile 
he dr[n$ ! ,egyptians1 :o bl9dly  foll[$
 !m to _! own de/ruction1 ,psalm lxxvii1
 #ah1 c4    ,on ?is memorable deliv]ance
 ,moses compos$ a ?anksgiv+1 :i* he  & !
 ,israelites sung unto ! ,"l4 ,x is also
 a sublime prophecy1  =etell+ ! p[]ful  
effect ( ?is trem5d\s judgm5t on !      
neighb\r+ nations ( ,edom1 ,moab1       

,pale/9e1 & ,canaan1 ! future  settlem5t
 ( ! ,israelites 9 ! promis$ l&2 & !    
erection (  ! temple & sanctu>y on ,m\nt
 ,zion1 & ! p]petuity ( !  dom9ion &    
wor%ip ( ,god4    ,! precise place ( ?is
 passage has be5 mu* conte/$4 ,"s place 
x  ne> ,suez1 at ! head ( ! gulf2 o!rs1 
) m probability1 ab\t  t5 h\rs' j\rney  
l[] d[n1 at ,clysma1 or ! vale ( ,b$ea4 
,! day  be=e ! passage1 by ! div9e      
comm&1 ! ,israelites encamp$  beside    
,pi-hahiro?1 8betwe5 ,migdol & ! sea1   
ov] aga9/  ,baal-zephon10 ,exodus xiv1  
#b2 ,num4 xxxiii1 #g4 ,pi-hahiro?       
signifies 8!  m\? ( ! ridge10 or *a9 (  
m\nta9s1 :i* l9e ! we/]n coa/  ( ! ,r$  
,sea1 call$ ,attaka1 8deliv]ance10 9 :i*
 0 a gap1 :i*  =m$ ! extremity ( !      
valley ( ,b$ea1 end+ at ! sea ea/w>d1  &
 runn+ we/w>d to "s di/ance1 t[>d       
,cairo2 ,migdol1 signify+  8a t[]10     
probably lay 9 t direction2 &           
,baal-zephon1 signify+  8! nor!rn       
,baal10 0 probably a temple on !        
opposite promontory1  built on ! ea/]n  

coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,& ! mod]n names (   
places 9 ! vic9ity t5d to confirm ^!    
expositions ( ! anci5t4  ,beside        
,attaka1 on ! ea/]n coa/ opposite1 is a 
head l&1 call$  ,ras ,musa1 or 8! ,cape 
( ,moses20 some:at l[]1 ,hamam ,f>aun1  
8,ph>aoh's ,spr+s20 bel[ ,girondel1 a   
rea* ( ! gulf1 call$ ,birket  ,f>aun2 & 
! g5]al "n ( ! gulf is ,bahr al ,kolsum1
 8! ,bay  ( ,subm]sion40 ,^! names      
indicate t ! passage 0 consid]ably  bel[
 ,suez1 accord+ to ! tradition ( !      
natives4 ,! dep? &  bread? ( ! gulf1 f  
,suez d[nw>d1 is ?us describ$ by        
,niebuhr3  8,i h n f\nd 9 ?is sea1 f    
,suez s\?w>d1 any bank or i/hmus  "u    
wat]4 ,:5 we dep>t$ f ,suez1 we sail$ z 
f> z ,girondel1  )\t fe> ( enc\nt]+ any 
su*4 ,we _h 9 ! fir/ place1 !  road (   
,suez1 f\r fa?om & half2 at ?ree ,g]man 
leagues f ,suez1  9 ! middle ( ! gulf1  
f\r fa?oms2 & ab\t ,girondel1 ne> !     
%ore1 ev5 to t5 fa?oms40 ,bruce1 also1  
describ+ ! place (  passage opposite    
,ras ,musa1 or a little bel[ x1 says1   

8,!re is "h  ab\t f\rte5 fa?om ( wat] 9 
! *annel1 & ab\t n9e 9 !  sides1 & good 
an*orage e :]e4 ,! f>!/ side1 ! ea/]n1  
is a l[ s&y coa/1 & a v easy l&+ place40
 ,%aw reckons !  bread? ( ! gulf at ?is 
place ab\t t5 miles2 ,neibuhr1 ?ree     
leagues & m2 ,bruce1 some?+ less ?an f\r
 leagues3 we may  !re=e e/imate x ab\t  
twelve miles1 f _! jo9t reports4 ,b  ?is
 space ! ho/ ( ! ,israelites c\ld easily
 h pass$ 9 !  c\rse ( a night1 f ! ev5+ 
to ! ensu+ morn+ wat*1 or  dawn ( day1  
accord+ to ! ,mosaical acc\nt4 ,& surely
 ! dep? (  ! sea 0 no imp$im5t1 :5 ! ,"l
 divid$ x by 8a /rong ea/  w9d10 :i*    
blew across ! sea all t night1 & made ! 
bottom (  ! sea dry l&2 8& ! *ildr5 (   
,israel w5t into ! mid/ ( !  sea ^u !   
dry gr\nd1 & ! wat]s 7 a wall unto !m1  
on _!  "r h& & on _! left10 ,exodus xiv1
 #ba1 #bb4    ,9 ! qu]ies ( ,mi*alis1   
s5t to ,niebuhr1 :5 9 ,egypt1 x 0       
propos$ to him to inquire ^u ! spot1    
:e!r !re 7 n "s  ridges ( rocks :]e !   
wat] 0 %all[1 s t an army at  p>ticul>  

times may pass ov]2 secondly1 :e!r !    
,etesian w9ds1  :i* bl[ /rongly all     
summ] f ! nor?-we/1 c\ld n bl[ s        
viol5tly aga9/ ! sea z to keep x back on
 a heap1 s t !  ,israelites might h     
pass$ )\t a miracle4 ,& a copy ( ^!     
qu]ies 0 left1 also1 = ,bruce1 to jo9 8 
inquiries likewise2 8  obs]vations on   
:i* are excell5t3 8,i mu/ confess1 h[ev]
 le>n$  ! g5tlem5 7 :o propos$ ^! d\bts1
 ,i did n ?9k !y  m]it$ any att5tion to 
solve !m4 ,?is passage is told u by     
,scripture to be a miracul\s "o2 & if s1
 we h no?+ to d )  natural causes4 ,if  
we d n believe ,moses1 we ne$ n believe 
!  transaction at all1 see+ t x is f 8  
au?ority alone we d]ive  x4 ,if we      
believe 9 ,god1 t he made ! sea1 we mu/ 
believe he c\ld  divide x :5 he sees    
prop] reason2 & ( t he mu/ be ! only    
judge4 ,x is no great] miracle to divide
 ! ,r$ ,sea ?an to divide !  riv]       
,jordan4 ,if ! ,etesian w9d1 bl[+ f !   
nor?-we/ 9  summ]1 c\ld keep up ! sea z 
a wall on ! "r1 or to ! s\?1  ( fifty   

feet high1 /ill ! difficulty w\ld rema9 
( build+ !  wall on ! left h&1 or to !  
nor?4 ,beside1 wat] /&+ 9 t  position = 
a day mu/ h lo/ ! nature ( fluid4 ,:5ce 
came t  cohesion ( p>ticles :i* h9d]$ t 
wall to escape at ! sides8  ,?is is z   
great a miracle z t ( ,moses4 ,if !     
,etesian w9ds _h  done ?is once1 !y mu/ 
h repeat$ x _m a "t be=e & s9ce1  f !   
same causes4 ,yet ,diodorus ,siculus    
says ! ,troglodytes1 !  indig5\s        
inhabitants ( t v spot1 _h a tradition f
 fa!r to  son1 f _! v e>lie/ ages1 t    
#8once ?is division ( ! sea  did happ5  
!re2 & t1 aft] leav+ its bottom "s "t   
dry1 !  sea aga9 came back1 & cov]$ x ) 
great fury4' ,! words ( ?is  au?or are (
 ! mo/ rem>kable k9d3 we _c ?9k ?is     
,hea!n is  writ+ 9 fav\r ( revelation3  
he knew n ,moses1 nor says a ^w  ab\t   
,ph>aoh & 8 ho/2 b records ! miracle ( !
 division (  ! sea 9 words ne>ly z /rong
 z ^? ( ,moses1 f ! m\?s (  unbiass$1   
undesign+ ,pagans40 ,/ill skeptical     
qu]ies h _! use2  !y lead to a /rict]   

inve/igation ( facts1 & !reby t5d       
/rongly to confirm ! v]acity ( ! hi/ory 
!y mean to impea*4  ,?us x appe>s f !   
accurate obs]vations ( ,niebuhr &       
,bruce1  t !re is no l$ge ( rocks runn+ 
across ! gulf any :]e1 to  af=d a %all[ 
passage4 ,& ! second qu]y1 ab\t !       
,etesian or  nor!rly w9d1 is refut$ by !
 express m5tion ( a /rong ea/]ly  w9d   
bl[+ across1 & scoop+ out a dry passage2
 n t x 0  necess>y = ,omnipot5ce to     
employ x !re z an in/rum5t1 any m  ?an  
at ,jordan2 b x seems to be introduc$ 9 
! sacr$ hi/ory by  way ( anticipation1  
to exclude ! natural ag5cy t might 9    
aft]  times be employ$ = solv+ !        
miracle2 & x is rem>kable t !  monsoon 9
 ! ,r$ ,sea bl[s ! summ] half ( ! ye> f 
! nor?1  ! w9t] half f ! s\?1 nei!r (   
:i* !re=e1 ev5 if w9d  c\ld be suppos$  
to op]ate s viol5tly ^u ! wat]s1 c\ld   
produce  ! miracle 9 "q4    ,wi%+ to    
dim9i%1 ?\gh n to d5y1 ! miracle1       
,niebuhr adopts !  op9ion ( ^? :o cont5d
 = a high] passage ne> ,suez4 8,=10 says

  he1 8! miracle w\ld be less if !y     
cross$ ! sea !re ?an ne>  ,b$ea4 ,b     
:osoev] %\ld suppose t ! multitude ( !  
,israelites  c\ld be able to cross x "h 
)\t a prodigy w\ld deceive himself2  =1 
ev5 9 our days1 no c>avan passes t way  
to g f ,cairo to  ,m\nt ,s9ai1 al?\gh x 
w\ld consid]ably %ort5 ! j\rney4 ,!     
passage w\ld h be5 naturally m difficult
 = ! ,israelites "s  ?\s&s ( ye>s back1 
:5 ! gulf 0 probably l>g]1 deep]1 &  m  
ext5d$ t[>d ! nor?2 =1 9 all appe>ance1 
! wat] has  retir$1 & ! gr\nd ne> ?is   
end has be5 rais$ by ! s&s (  !         
neighb\r+ des]t40 ,b x suffici5tly      
appe>s1 ev5 f  ,niebuhr's own /atem5t1 t
 ! passage ( ! ,israelites c\ld n  h be5
 tak5 ne> ,suez2 =1 #a4 ,he evid5tly    
conf\nd$ ! t[n (  ,kolsum1 ! ru9s ( :i* 
he places ne> ,suez1 & :]e he suppos$  !
 passage to be made1 ) ! bay ( ,kolsum1 
:i* began ab\t  =ty-five miles l[] d[n2 
z ,bryant has satisfactorily prov$1 f  !
 a/ronomical obs]vations ( ,ptolemy & ( 
,ulug ,beigh1 made at  ,h]\m1 ! anci5t  

head ( ! gulf4 #b4 ,in/ead ( cross+ !   
sea at  or ne> ,e?an1 _! second /ation1 
! ,israelites turn$ s\?w>d1  along !    
we/]n %ore2 & _! ?ird /ation at         
,pi-hahiro?1 or  ,b$ea1 0 at lea/ a full
 day's j\rney bel[ ,e?an1 z ,bryant has 
satisfactorily prov$ f ,scripture1      
,exodus xiv1 #b4 ,& x 0 ?is  unexpect$  
*ange 9 ! direction ( _! m>*1 & !       
app>5tly  disadvantage\s situation 9 :i*
 !y 7 !n plac$1 entangl$ 9  ! l&1 & %ut 
9 by ! wild]ness1 ) a deep sea 9 front1 
!  m\nta9s ( ,attaka on ! sides1 & !    
enemy 9 _! re>1 t  tempt$ ! ,egyptians  
to pursue !m ?r\gh ! valley ( ,b$ea1 by 
!  direct r\te f ,cairo1 :o ov]took !m  
encamp+ by ! sea1 beside  ,pi-hahiro?1  
opposite to ,ball-zephon1 ,exod4 xiv1   
#b-i4    ,niebuhr wond]s h[ !           
,israelites c\ld suff] !mselves to be   
br\ght  into su* a disadvantage\s       
situation1 or be l$ bl9dfold by ,moses  
to  _! app>5t de/ruction4 8,"o ne$ only 
travel ) a c>avan10 says  he1 8:i* meets
 ) ! lea/ ob/acle1 namely1 a small      

torr5t1 to be  conv9c$ t ! ori5tals d n 
let !mselves be l$1 l fools1  by _!     
c>avan bas*i10 or lead] ( ! c>avan4 ,b !
 ,israelites  w5t out ( ,egypt ) 8a high
 h&10 ?\gh l$ by ,moses1 yet "u !       
visible guidance & protection ( 8! ,"l  
,god ( ! ,hebrews10 :o  8w5t be=e !m by 
day 9 a pill> ( a cl\d1 & by night 9 a  
pill> ( fire20 & :o1 = _! enc\ragem5t1  
to ent] ! passage  ( ! sea miracul\sly  
prep>$ = !m1 remov$ ! cl\d :i* w5t  be=e
 ! camp ( ,israel hi!rto1 & plac$ x     
beh9d !m4 8,& x  came betwe5 ! camp ( ! 
,egyptians & ! camp ( ,israel2 & x  0 a 
cl\d & d>kness to ! "o1 b gave light by 
night to !  o!r3 s t ! "o came n ne> !  
o!r all ! night10 ,exod4  xiv1 #h-bj4   
,niebuhr wond]s1 also1 h[ ,ph>aoh & !   
,egyptians c\ld be l$ to  foll[ !       
,israelites4 8,ph>aoh mu/ h want$       
prud5ce1 if1 aft]  hav+ se5 s _m        
prodigies 9 ,egypt1 he _h ent]$ into a  
sea (  m ?an ?ree leagues wide3 all !   
,egyptians1 too1 mu/ h be5  b]eft (     
und]/&+1 9 wi%+ to pursue ! ,israelites 

into su* a  sea4 ,d\btless !y knew _!   
own c\ntry well en\gh to di/+ui%  !     
bottom ( a l>ge sea1 :i* b\nds ,egypt on
 t side1 f a  des]t40 ,b ,ph>aoh & !    
,egyptians probably did n "k _!         
situation4 ,! cl\d :i* sep>at$ !m f !   
,israelites increas$  ! d>kness ( !     
night2 & !y probably did n ent] into !  
sea  till ab\t midnight1 by :i* "t ! van
 ( ! ,israelites might h  rea*$ ! ea/]n 
%ore4 ,mean:ile1 ! b$ ( ! sea1 n[ beat5 
by  ! feet ( ! imm5se multitude ( m5 &  
cattle t _h gone  be=e1 might n h be5   
easily di/+ui%able f ! des]t4 ,if  we   
ask1 ,:y did ! ,egyptians v5ture to     
pursue ! ,israelites by night8  ,:y did 
!y n wait till day light1 :5 !y c\ld see
 :i!r !y  7 go+8 ,niebuhr himself has   
unwitt+ly answ]$ ! "q3  ,ph>aoh want$   
8prud5ce10 inde$1 & ! ,egyptians 7      
8b]eft (  und]/&+40 ,& ?is is !         
,scriptural solution2 = ,god h>d5$  !   
he>t ( ,ph>aoh to foll[ aft] !m1 t he   
might be hon\r$  ^u ,ph>aoh & all 8 ho/2
 & t1 by _! miracul\s  de/ruction1 !    

,egyptians might "k t he 0 ! ,"l        
supreme1  ,exod4 xiv1 #d-ah4 ,!         
,egyptians did n f9d out _! mi/ake till 
!  8morn+ appe>$10 or till day-break1 :5
 ! re> ( ! ,israelites  _h ga9$ ! %ore1 
& ! ,egyptians _h rea*$ ! middle ( !    
sea1 & _! :ole ho/ _h ent]$ into x3 !n1 
inde$1 !y  attempt$ to fly back1 b 9    
va92 = 8_! *>iot :eels 7  brok5 (f1 s t 
!y drave !m heavily1 & _! ho/ 0  tr\bl$0
 by ! ,"l1 :o look$ or fr[n$ ^u !m ?r\gh
 !  cl\dy pill> ( fire1 & ov]:elm$ all  
_! ho/ 9 ! mid/ (  ! sea2 :5 ! sea      
sudd5ly return$ to 8 /r5g? at ! signal (
  ,moses /ret*+ =? 8 h& ov] x1 ,exod4   
xiv1 #bd-bh4    ,! p>ticul>s ( ?is      
transaction demon/rate1 t nei!r ! ho/  (
 ! ,israelites1 nor ! ho/ ( ,ph>aoh1    
c\ld possibly h pass$  at ! head ( !    
gulf ne> ,suez2 :]e ! sea 0 only half a 
league  broad1 accord+ to ,niebuhr's own
 supposition1 & consequ5tly too  n>r[ to
 conta9 ! :ole ho/ ( ,ph>aoh at once2 ^:
 six hundr$  *>iots alone1 exclusive ( 8
 cavalry & infantry1 mu/ h  occupi$ m   

gr\nd4 ,mane?o1 & ! ,egyptian writ]s1 h 
pass$  ov] 9 sil5ce ?is trem5d\s        
visitation ( _! nation4 ,an anci5t      
writ]1 h[ev]1 ,artapanus1 :o wrote a    
hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4  #acj1   
has pres]v$ ! foll[+ curi\s ,egyptian   
traditions3--8,!  ,memphites relate1 t  
,moses1 be+ well acqua9t$ ) ! c\ntry1   
wat*$ ! influx ( ! tide1 & made !       
multitude pass ?r\gh !  dry b$ ( ! sea4 
,b ! ,heliopolitans relate1 t ! k+1 ) a 
great army1 accompani$ by ! sacr$       
animals1 pursu$ aft] ! ,jews1  :o _h    
c>ri$ (f ) !m ! sub/ance ( ! ,egyptians2
 & t  ,moses1 hav+ be5 direct$ by a     
div9e voice to /rike ! sea ) 8  rod1 :5 
he he>d x1 t\*$ ! wat] ) 8 rod2 & s !   
fluid  divid$1 & ! ho/ pass$ ov] ?r\gh a
 dry way4 ,b :5 !  ,egyptians ent]$     
along ) !m1 & pursu$ !m1 x is said1 t   
fire fla%$ aga9/ !m 9 front1 & ! sea1   
return+ back1  ov]:elm$ ! passage4 ,?us 
! ,egyptians p]i%$1 bo? by ! fire1  & by
 ! reflux ( ! tide48    ,! latt] acc\nt 
is extremely curi\s3 x n only confirms  

,scripture1  b x notices ?ree additional
 circum/ances3 #a4 ,t = _!  protection  
aga9/ ! ,god ( ,israel1 ! ,egyptians    
br\ght ) !m  ! sacr$ animals2 & by ?is  
means ,god execut$ judgm5t ^u all !     
be/ial gods ( ,egypt1 z =etold1 ,exod4  
xii1 #ab1 t p]i%$ )  _! infatuat$       
vot>ies2 complet+ ! de/ruction ( bo?1   
:i*  began ) smit+ ! fir/-born bo? ( man
 & bea/4 #b4 ,t !  recov]y ( ! jewels ( 
silv] & jewels ( gold1 & raim5t1 :i*  !y
 ask$ & obta9$ ( ! ,egyptians1 accord+  
to ! div9e  comm&1 ,exod4 xii1 #ce1 #cf1
 0 a lead+ motive ) ! ,egyptians to     
pursue !m2 z ! br++ back ! ,israelites  
to slav]y _h be5  ) ,ph>aoh & 8 s]vants1
 or (fic]s4 #c4 ,t ! de/ruction (  !    
,egyptians 0 p>tly occasion$ by lightn+ 
& ?und]bolts f  ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l2      
exactly correspond+ to ! psalmi/'s      
sublime description3 8,! wat]s saw !e1  
,o ,god1 ! wat]s saw !e2  !y 7 afraid3 !
 dep?s also 7 tr\bl$4 ,! cl\ds p\r$ out 
wat]1 ! air ?und]$1 ?9e arr[s also w5t  
abroad4 ,yea1 he s5t  out 8 arr[s1 &    

scatt]$ !m2 he %ot =? lightn+s1 hail    
/ones1 & coals ( fire1 & discomfit$ !m4 
,!n ! *annels (  wat]s 7 se51 & !       
f\ndations ( ! _w 7 discov]$1 at  ?y    
rebuke1 ,o ,"l1 at ! bla/ ( ! brea? ( ?y
 no/rils10 ,psalm  lxxvii1 #af1 #ag2    
xviii1 #ac-ae4    ,! ,r$ ,sea d]iv$ its 
"n f ,edom1 signify+ 8r$10 a title (    
,esau1 to :om ! bord]+ c\ntry ( ,edom1  
or ,iduma1 belong$1 ,g54  xxv1 #cj2     
xxxvi1 #ca-dj4 ,x 0 also call$ ,yam     
,suph1 8! we$y sea10  9 sev]al passages1
 ,num4 xxxiii1 #aj2 ,psalm cvi1 #i1 c1  
:i* are  improp]ly r5d]$ 8! ,r$ ,sea40  
,"s le>n$ au?ors h suppos$  t x 0 s nam$
 f ! quantity ( we$s 9 x4 8,b 9         
contradiction to ?is10 says ,bruce1 8,i 
mu/ confess1 t ,i nev] 9 my  life1 & ,i 
h se5 ! :ole ext5t ( x1 saw a we$ ( any 
sort 9  x4 ,& inde$1 ^u ! slighte/      
consid]ation1 x w appe> to any  "o1 t a 
n>r[ gulf1 "u ! imm$iate influ5ce (     
monsoons1  bl[+ f contr>y po9ts six     
mon?s ea* ye>1 w\ld h too mu*  agitation
 to produce su* vegetables1 seldom f\nd 

b 9 /agnant  wat]1 & seldom]1 if ev]1   
f\nd 9 salt ones4 ,my op9ion !n is1  t x
 is f ! l>ge trees1 or plants1 ( :ite   
coral1 p]fectly 9  imitation ( plants on
 l&1 t ! sea has tak5 ! "n #8we$y4' ,i  
saw "o ( ^!1 :i*1 f a root ne>ly c5tral1
 ?rew out  ramifications 9 a ne>ly      
c5tral =m1 measur+ tw5ty-six feet       
diamet] e way40 ,?is seems to be ! mo/  
probable solution t  has be5 hi!rto     
propos$ ( ! "n4 ,! tides 9 ?is sea are b
  mod]ate4 ,at ,suez ! diff]5ce betwe5  
high & l[ wat] did n  exce$ f ?ree to   
f\r feet1 accord+ to ,niebuhr's         
obs]vations on  ! tides 9 t gulf1 dur+ !
 ye>s #agfb & #agfc4    ,,re$1 1 ,job   
xl1 #ba2 xli1 #b1 #bj2 ,isaiah ix1 #ad2 
xix1 #ae2 lviii1 #e2  1 ,matt4 xi1 #g2 a
 plant gr[+ 9 f5ny & wat]y places2 v    
weak & sl5d]1 & b5d+ ) ! lea/ brea? (   
w9d1 ,matt4 xi1  #g2 ,luke vii1 #bd4    
,?us x is ?reat5$1 8,! ,"l %all smite   
,israel z  a re$ is %ak5 9 ! wat]1 & he 
%all root up ,israel out ( !  good l&   
:i* he gave to _! fa!rs1 & %all scatt]  

!m beyond  ! riv]1 because !y h made _! 
idol groves1 provok+ him to  ang]10 #a  
,k+s xiv1 #ae4 ,! sl5d]ness & fragility 
( ! re$ is  m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s xviii1    
#ba2 ,isaiah xxxvi1 #f2 & is ref]r$ to 9
  ,matt4 xii1 #bj1 :]e ! rem>k1         
illu/rat+ ! g5tl5ess ( our  ,savi\r1 is 
quot$ f ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 xlii1 #c4 
,! ,hebrew ^w  9 ^! places is 1 z also 9
 ,job xl1 #ba2 ,isaiah xix1 #f2 xxxv1   
#g2  ,ezek4 xxix1 #f4 ,see ,,cane4      
,,re=mation1 usually spok5 ( ! great    
,re=mation 9 ! *ur*1  begun by ,lu!r 9  
#aeag4 ,! sad dep>ture f ! /&>d (       
hol9ess  :i* ! ,romi% hi]>*y %\ld h     
plac$ be=e !m1 comb9$ )  ! indec5cy &   
arrogance ) :i* !y trampl$ ^u ! rights (
  sov]eigns1 & ^u ! prop]ty & ! com=t ( 
all classes ( m51  _h1 = a consid]able  
p]iod1 produc$ a g5]al conviction1 t a  
re=mation ( ! *ur* 9 its head & memb]s1 
to use ! expression  :i* 0 !n preval5t1 
0 absolutely requisite3 & "s /eps to    
accompli% ?is _h be5 actually tak54 ,!  
celebrat$ c\ncil (  ,con/ance1 :ile1 9  

its ef=ts to heal ! s*ism :i* _h s long 
griev$ & sc&aliz$ ! ,ca?olic _w1 x set  
aside ! rival  pontiffs :o claim$ to be 
! successors ( ,/4 ,pet]1 laid d[n !    
important maxim1 t a g5]al c\ncil 0     
sup]ior to a pope1 & t  its decisions c 
re/ra9 8 p[]2 & ?is doctr9e1 :i* might  
o!rwise h appe>$ to arise out ( !       
extraord9>y circum/ances  "u :i* x 0    
decl>$1 0 fully confirm$ by ! c\ncil (  
,basil1 :i* met sev]al ye>s aft]1 & :i* 
decid$ ! po9t ^u  gr\nds t might at all 
times be urg$4 ,! popes1 inde$1         
remon/rat$ aga9/ ?is1 b /ill !y 7       
compell$ to l[] _!  tone2 & !y 7 (t5    
rem9d$1 ev5 )9 ! prec9cts ( _!  own     
c\rt1 t ! p]iod 0 fa/ approa*+ :5 !     
fallacy ( _m  ( _! pret5sions w\ld be   
asc]ta9$ & expos$4 ,x _h become  common1
 be=e ! election ( a new pontiff1 to    
frame c]ta9 articles  ( re=mation1 :i* !
 successful c&idate 0 requir$ to swe>  t
 he w\ld c>ry into effect2 & al?\gh !   
oa? 0 uni=mly  disreg>d$ or violat$1 !  
views :i* l$ to ! imposition ( x        

indicat$ ! exi/5ce ( a _s :i* c\ld n be 
eradicat$1 &  :i* might1 f ev5ts t c\ld 
n be =ese51 & c\ld n be  controll$1     
acquire a vig\r :i* no ex]tion ( p[]    
c\ld resi/4  ,su*1 "u ! b5efic5t        
arrangem5t ( ,provid5ce1 0 soon actually
  ! case4 ,9 ! progress ( ! opposition  
made to "s ( ! wor/  abuses ( ,rome1 !y 
:o conduct$ t opposition 7 guid$ to !   
^w ( life2 !y /udi$ x ) avidity & )     
delight2 & !y  f\nd !mselves furni%$ by 
x ) suffici5t arm\r = ! mighty  conte/ 9
 :i* !y 7 to engage4 ,!y discov]$ 9 !   
,new  ,te/am5t :at ,*ri/ianity really 02
 _! repres5tations ( x 7  receiv$ )     
wond]1 & read ) avidity2 ! secession f !
  *ur* ( ,rome became mu* m rapid & mu* 
m ext5sive ?an x  _h previ\sly be51 &   
all possibility ( reconciliation ) t    
*ur* 0 done away4 ,( ?is ! popes 7 fully
 aw>e2 & z !  only way ( c\nt]act+ t :i*
 0 to !m s =midable1 !y  attempt$1 by   
v>i\s devices1 to fett] ! press1 to     
prev5t !  circulation ( ! ,bible1 & ?us 
aga9 to plunge ! _w into t  intellectual

 d>kness f :i* x _h be5 happily deliv]$4
 ,!  s*eme 0 impracticable4 ,! 8,indices
 ,expurgatorii10 9 :i* !y  po9t$ out !  
works t !y condemn$1 & :i* !y decl>$ x  
to  be h]esy & pollution to p]use1      
increas$ ! desire to become  acqua9t$ ) 
!m2 & al?\gh "s :o indulg$ t curiosity  
suff]$ ! puni%m5t d5\nc$ by !           
inquisition aga9/ ! enemies  ( papal    
sup]/ition1 !re 0 an imm5se proportion  
:i* ev5  spiritual tyranny c\ld n rea*2 
s t ! light :i* _h be5  k9dl$ daily     
bright5$1 till x %one ) uncl\d$ lu/re   
?r\gh  _m ( ! mo/ p[]ful & ! mo/ ref9$  
nations ( ,europe4    ,x is wor?y (     
c>eful obs]vation1 t ! resi/ance :i*    
ultimately prov$ s successful1 0 fir/   
occasion$ by practices t  _h be5 devis$ 
= e/abli%+ ! mon/r\s despotism ( !      
popes2  t :5 x comm5c$1 x 0 direct$     
aga9/ :at 0 conceiv$ to be  an abuse (  
p[]1 )\t ! slighte/ suspicion be+       
ent]ta9$  t ! p[] itself 0 un*ri/ian2 t 
! re=m]s gradually  advanc$2 e          
additional inquiry to :i* !y 7 conduct$ 

enl>g+ _! views1 & br++ !m acqua9t$ )   
fre% pro(s (  t d>+ usurpation to :i* m5
 _h long submitt$1 till at l5g?  !      
f\ndation ^u :i* ! :ole sy/em1 v5]at$   
?r\gh ages1  re/$1 0 disclos$ to !m1 &  
p]ceiv$ to be a f\ndation ( s&4  ,!     
consequ5ce 01 t ! supremacy ( ! pope 0  
by multitudes  abjur$2 t he 0 br&$ z    
anti*ri/2 t communion ) !  popi% *ur* 0 
avoid$ z s9ful1 & t ! =m ( ecclesia/ical
  polity1 ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( :i* 0 ! 
infallibility ( !  bi%op ( ,rome1 0 =   
ev] r5\nc$4 ,! wond]ful mann] 9 :i*  ?is
 signal revolution1 s fraught ) bless+s 
to mank9d1 0  accompli%$1 ! v>i\s ev5ts 
:i* m>k its hi/ory1 & !  *>act]s &      
ex]tions ( ! m5 by ^: ag5cy x 0 effect$1
  _c be too (t5 survey$1 or too deeply  
fix$ 9 ! memory4 ,!  :ole1 ev5 ) ref]5ce
 to ! illum9ation ( ! human m9d & !     
improvem5t ( ! social /ate ( ! _w1 is 9 
a high degree  int]e/+2 & t int]e/ is   
unspeakably increas$ by our  disc]n+ !  
mo/ /rik+ evid5ce ( ! graci\s           
int]position (  ,provid5ce dissipat+ !  

cl\d :i* obscur$ div9e tru?1 &  re/or+  
to mank9d t sacr$ treasure :i* is       
suffici5t to make  all :o s]i\sly exam9e
 x wise unto salvation4 ,x does n1      
h[ev]1  come )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is "w to   
give a m9ute hi/ory ( !  orig9 &        
progress ( ! ,re=mation1 to trace ! /eps
 ( ,zu+lius  & ( ,lu!r1 & to detail !   
circum/ances :i* advanc$ or  ret>d$ !m 9
 ! glori\s c>e] ^u :i* !y _h ent]$4 ,mu*
  discussion has tak5 place ) respect to
 ! motives by :i* ,lu!r  0 actuat$4 ,?is
 po9t1 9 ref]5ce to :at he accompli%$1  
is  really ( little mom5t2 b !re _c be a
 d\bt t al?\gh he  might1 ?r\gh\t 8     
ardu\s /ruggle1 be guid$ occasionally by
  inf]ior consid]ations1 he 0 ev5tually1
 at lea/1 *iefly animat$  by ! noble &  
dis9t]e/$ wi% to emancipate 8 fell[     
creatures  f :at he 0 conv9c$ 0 ! direct
 & mo/ infatuat$ spiritual  oppression2 
t he look$ to ,heav5 = support1 & t su* 
support  he l>gely receiv$4    ,,refuge1
 ,,cities ,,(4 ,9 ord] to provide = !   
security ( ^? :o1  )\t design1 might    

happ5 to kill a p]son 9 :atev] mann] x  
%\ld be1 ! ,"l comm&$ ,moses to appo9t  
six cities ( refuge1  ,exod4 xxi1 #ah2  
,num4 xxxv1 #aa1 c1 t :oev] %\ld        
undesign$ly spill  ! blood ( a fell[    
creature1 might retire ?i!r1 & h "t to  
prep>e = 8 def5ce be=e ! judges2 s t !  
relatives ( !  deceas$ might n pursue & 
kill him4 ,( ^! cities !re 7 ?ree  on   
ea* side ,jordan4 ,^? on ?is side       
,jordan 7 ,k$e% ( ,naphtali1  ,hebron1 &
 ,%e*em2 ^? beyond ,jordan 7 ,bez]1     
,golan1 &  ,ramo?-,gilead1 ,jo%ua xx1   
#g1 #h4 ,!y s]v$ n only = ! ,hebrews1  b
 = /rang]s also t %\ld dwell 9 _!       
c\ntry4 ,^! cities  7 to be ( easy      
access1 & to h good roads to !m1 &      
bridges  :]ev] !re %\ld be occasion4 ,! 
wid? ( ^! roads 01 at  lea/1 to be      
two-&-?irty cubits1 or eight-&-=ty feet4
 ,:5 !re  7 any cross roads1 !y 7 c>eful
 to erect po/s ) an  inscription po9t+  
to ! city ( refuge4 ,e ye>1 on ! fifte5?
  ( ! mon? ,ad>1 :i* answ]s to our      
,febru>y moon1 ! magi/rates  ( ! city   

visit$ ! roads1 to see if !y 7 9 good   
condition4  ,! city 0 to be well suppli$
 ) wat] & provisions4 ,x 0 n  all[$ to  
make any weapons !re1 le/ ! relatives ( 
! deceas$  %\ld be furni%$ ) arms = !   
gratify+ ( _! rev5ge4  ,la/ly1 x 0      
necess>y t :oev] took refuge !re1 %\ld  
und]/& a trade or call+1 t he might n be
 *>geable to !  inhabitants4 ,!y 7 wont 
to s5d "s prud5t p]sons to meet ^?  :o 7
 pursu+ _! rev5ge = ! relations1 t !y   
might  dispose !m to clem5cy1 & p]suade 
!m to wait ! decision (  ju/ice4        
,?\gh ! man-slay] _h fl$ to ! city (    
refuge1 yet he 0 n on  ?is acc\nt       
exempt$ f ! pursuit ( ju/ice4 ,an       
in=mation 0  pref]r$ aga9/ him1 ,num4   
xxxv1 #ab2 he 0 summon$ be=e ! judges1  
& be=e ! p1 to cle> himself1 & to prove 
t ! murd]  0 m]ely casual & involunt>y4 
,if he 0 f\nd innoc5t1 he dwelt  safely 
9 ! city to :i* he _h retir$2 if        
o!rwise1 he 0 put to  dea? accord+ to ! 
sev]ity ( ! law4 ,! foll[+ texts (      
,scripture are n v explicit :e!r !      

affair 0 "u !  cognizance ( ! judges ( !
 place :]e ! murd] 0 committ$1 or  ( !  
judges ( ! city ( refuge to :i* ! murd]]
 _h fl$1  ,deut4 xix1 #aa1 #ab2 ,jo%ua  
xx1 #d-f2 ,num4 xxxv1 #be2 & !          
comm5tators  are at v>iance 9 ?is matt]4
 ,b x appe>s1 f a passage (  ,jo%ua1 t !
 man-slay] 0 to und]go two trials2 fir/1
 9 !  city ( refuge1 :]e ! judges       
summ>ily exam9$ ! affair1 &  he>d 8     
allegations at 8 fir/ arrival2 secondly1
 :5 he 0 tak5  back to 8 own city1 to be
 judg$ by ! magi/rates ( ! place1 :o    
took ! cause "u a m /rict & scrupul\s   
exam9ation4 ,if !  latt] judges decl>$  
him innoc5t1 !y _h him reconduct$1 "u a 
/rong gu>d1 to ! city ( refuge to :i* he
 _h be=e fl$4 ,he 0  n1 h[ev]1          
imm$iately lib]at$2 b1 to inspire !     
great] horror  ev5 ( involunt>y murd]1 x
 seems z if ! law w\ld puni% x by a  k9d
 ( bani%m5t2 = he 0 oblig$ to dwell 9 ! 
city1 )\t  go+ out ( x1 till ! dea? ( ! 
high prie/2 & if be=e t  "t he 0        
imprud5t en\gh to leave ! city1 ! av5g] 

( blood  might safely kill him2 b aft] !
 dea? ( ! high prie/1 he 0 at  lib]ty to
 g :i!r he pleas$ )\t mole/ation4    ,x 
is a curi\s fact1 t ! ,nor? ,am]ican    
,indian nations h mo/  ( !m ei!r a h\se 
or t[n ( refuge1 :i* is a sure asylum to
  protect a man-slay]1 or ! un=tunate   
captive1 if !y c once ent]  x4 8,9 almo/
 e ,indian nation10 says ,adair1 8!re   
are sev]al  peaceable t[ns :i* are call$
 old1 belov$1 anci5t1 holy1 or :ite     
t[ns3 7:ite be+ _! fix$ emblem ( peace1 
fri5d%ip1 prosp]ity1  happ9ess1 purity1 
c37 !y seem to h be5 =m]ly t[ns (       
refuge2  = x is n 9 ! memory ( _! olde/ 
p t ev] human blood  0 %$ 9 !m1 al?\gh  
!y (t5 =ce p]sons f !nce1 & put  !m to  
dea? else:]e40 ,sanctu>ies af=d+        
security = crim9als  are /ill kn[n 9 !  
ea/1 & anci5tly 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,europe4   
,,reg5]ation1 a new bir?2 t "w ( ! ,holy
 ,_s by :i* we  exp]i5ce a *ange ( he>t4
 ,x is express$ 9 ,scripture by be+ born
  aga91 ,john iii1 #g2 born f above2 be+
 quick5$1 ,eph4 ii1 #a2 by  ,*ri/ be+   

=m$ 9 ! he>t1 ,gal4 iv1 #ai2 by our     
p>tak+ ( !  div9e nature1 #b ,pet] i1   
#d4 ,! effici5t cause ( reg5]ation is ! 
div9e ,_s4 ,t man is n ! au?or ( x1 is  
evid5t f ,john i1  #ab1 #ac2 iii1 #d2   
,eph4 ii1 #h1 #aj4 ,! in/rum5tal cause  
is ! ^w (  ,god1 ,james i1 #ah2 #a ,pet]
 i1 #bc2 #a ,cor4 iv1 #ae4 ,! *ange 9   
reg5]ation consi/s 9 ! recov]y ( ! moral
 image ( ,god ^u !  he>t2 t is to say1 s
 z to love him supremely & s]ve him     
ultimately z our highe/ end1 & to       
delight 9 him sup]latively z  our *ief  
good4 ,! sum ( ! moral law is to love ! 
,"l our ,god  ) all our he>t1 & s\l1 &  
/r5g?1 & m9d4 ,?is is ! duty  ( e       
rational creature2 & 9 ord] to obey x   
p]fectly1 no "p  ( our inw>d affection  
or actual s]vice ought to be1 at any "t1
 or  9 ! lea/ degree1 misappli$4        
,reg5]ation consi/s 9 ! pr9ciple  be+   
implant$1 obta9+ ! asc5dancy1 &         
habitually prevail+  ov] its opposite4  
,x may be rem>k$1 t ?\gh ! inspir$      
writ]s  use v>i\s t]ms & modes ( spee* 9

 ord] to describe ?is *ange  ( m9d1     
sometimes t]m+ x conv]sion1 reg5]ation1 
a new creation1  or ! new creature1     
putt+ (f ! old man ) 8 de$s1 & putt+  on
 ! new man1 walk+ n aft] ! fle%1 b aft] 
! ,_s1 c2  yet x is all effect$ by ! ^w 
( tru?1 or ! ,gospel ( salvation1  ga9+ 
an entrance into ! m9d1 ?r\gh div9e     
tea*+1 s z to  possess ! und]/&+1 subdue
 ! w1 & reign 9 ! affections4  ,9 a ^w1 
x is fai? work+ by love t con/itutes !  
new  creature1 ! reg5]ate man1 ,gal4 v1 
#f2 #a ,john v1 #a-e4 ,reg5]ation is  to
 be di/+ui%$ f our ju/ification1 al?\gh 
x is connect$  ) x4 ,e "o :o is ju/ifi$1
 is also reg5]at$2 b ! "o  places u 9 a 
new relation1 & ! o!r 9 a new moral     
/ate4 ,our  ,"l1 9 "o in/ance1 uses !   
t]m reg5]ation = ! resurrection  /ate3  
8,ye :i* h foll[$ me1 9 ! reg5]ation1 :5
 ! ,son (  man %all sit on ! ?rone ( 8  
glory1 ye also %all sit ^u twelve       
?rones1 judg+10 ,matt4 xix1 #bh4 ,&1    
accord+ly1 ,dr4 ,campbell  translates ! 
passage ?us3 8,at ! r5ovation1 :5 ! ,son

 ( man  %all be seat$ on ! glori\s      
?rone1 ye1 my foll[]s1 sitt+ also  ^u   
twelve ?rones1 %all judge40 ,we are     
accu/om$1 says he1 to apply  ! t]m      
solely to ! conv]sion ( individuals2    
:]eas its relation  "h is to ! g5]al    
/ate ( ?+s4 ,! pr9cipal completion w be 
at ! g5]al resurrection1 :5 !re w be1 9 
! mo/ important  s5se1 a r5ovation or   
reg5]ation ( heav5 & e>?1 :5 all ?+s    
%all become new4    ,,rehoboam1 ! son & 
successor ( ,solomon2 8 "m 0 ,naamah1 an
  ,ammoniti% woman1 :om ,solomon _h     
m>ri$1 #a ,k+s xiv1 #bj1 #ba4 ,he 0     
=ty-"o ye>s ( age :5 he began to reign1 
&1 consequ5tly1 0  born 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8
 fa!r's reign1 ,a4 ,m4 #biij1 or ! ye>  
be=e4 ,?is pr9ce reign$ sev5te5 ye>s at 
,j]usalem1 & di$ ,a4 ,m4  #cjdf4 ,aft] !
 dea? ( ,solomon1 ,rehoboam came to     
,%e*em1 because all  ,israel 0 !re      
assembl$ to make him k+1 #a ,k+s xii4   
,j]oboam1 !  son ( ,nebat1 :o _h head$ a
 s$ition aga9/ ,solomon1 & _h be5       
compell$1 t[>d ! close ( 8 reign1 to    

take refuge 9 ,egypt1 z  soon z he he>d 
t ?is pr9ce 0 dead1 return$ into ,judea1
 &  came to ! assembly ( ! p ( ,%e*em4  
,! ,israelites w\ld h  made t]ms )      
,rehoboam2 b1 be+ a poor politician1 &  
foll[+  ! advice ( "s junior c\nsellors1
 he manag$ 8 bus9ess s  imprud5tly t he 
lo/ ! :ole h\se ( ,israel1 save ! tribes
 (  ,judah & ,b5jam94    ,,religion4    
,see ,,*ri/ianity4    ,,remon/rants h   
obta9$ ?is "n1 p>ticul>ly on ! cont95t1 
because1 9 #afaj1 !y pres5t$ to ! /ates 
( ,holl& a petition1  entitl$ _!        
,remon/rance1 9 :i* !y /at$ _!          
grievances1 &  pray$ = relief4 ,!y are  
also call$ ,arm9ians1 because !y        
ma9ta9$ ! doctr9es respect+ pr$e/9ation 
& grace1 :i* 7  embrac$ & def5d$ by     
,james ,h>m5son or ,arm9ius1 an em95t   
,prote/ant div9e1 & a native ( ,holl&1  
:o 0 born 9 #aefj1 &  di$ 9 #afji4 ,he  
fir/ /udi$ at ,leyd51 & !n at ,g5eva4   
,:ile at  ! univ]sity ( ,g5eva1 he /udi$
 "u ,beza1 by :om he 0  in/ruct$ 9 !    
doctr9es ( ,calv92 & hav+ be5 judg$ by  

,m>t9  ,lydius1 pr(essor ( div9ity at   
,franek]1 a prop] p]son to refute a  "w 
9 :i* ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation
 _h be5  attack$ by "s m9i/]s ( ,delft1 
he und]took ! task4 ,on a /rict         
exam9ation ( ! reasons on bo? sides1    
h[ev]1 he became a conv]t  to ! op9ions 
:i* he 0 employ$ to refute4 ,! result ( 
8  inquiries on ?is1 & o!r subjects     
connect$ ) x1 01 t1  ?9k+ ! doctr9e (   
,calv9 ) respect to free w1             
pr$e/9ation1 & grace1 too sev]e1 he     
express$ 8 d\bts  respect+ !m 9 ! ye>   
#aeia1 & at l5g? adopt$ ! religi\s      
sy/em ( ^? :o ext5d ! love ( ,god1 & !  
m]its ( 8 ,son1  to all mank9d4 ,aft] 8 
appo9tm5t to ! !ological *air (  ,leyd51
 9 #afjc1 he av[$ & v9dicat$ ! pr9ciples
 :i* he _h  embrac$2 b ! prud5ce &      
caution ) :i* he publi%$ &  def5d$ !m   
c\ld n scre5 him f ! res5tm5t ( ^? :o   
adh]$ to ! !ological sy/em ( ,calv91 & 9
 p>ticul> f !  opposition ( ,gom> 8     
colleague4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,arm9ius1 !   
controv]sy1 ?us begun1 became m g5]al1 &

 ?reat5$ to involve  ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 
9 civil discord4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,arm9ian     
t5ets  ga9$ gr\nd1 & 7 adopt$ by sev]al 
p]sons ( m]it &  di/9ction4 ,! ,calv9i/s
 or ,gom>i/s z !y 7 n[ call$1  appeal$  
to a national synod4 ,accord+ly1 a synod
 0 at l5g?  conv5$ at ,dordre*t or      
,dort1 & 0 compos$ ( ecclesia/ical &    
lay deputies f ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 &    
also ( ecclesia/ical  deputies f ! re=m$
 *ur*es ( ,engl&1 ,switz]l&1 ,brem51    
,hesse1 & ! ,palat9ate4 ,?is synod sat f
 ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1  #afah1 to !        
tw5ty-six? ( ,april1 #afai4 ,! pr9cipal 
advocate 9  fav\r ( ! ,arm9ians 0       
,episcopius1 :o 0 at t "t pr(essor  (   
div9ity at ,leyd54 ,! religi\s pr9ciples
 ( ! ,arm9ians h  ins9uat$ !mselves m or
 less into ! e/abli%$ *ur* 9  ,holl&1 & 
imbu$ ! !ological sy/em ( _m ( ^? pa/ors
 :o  are appo9t$ to ma9ta9 ! doctr9e &  
au?ority ( ! synod (  ,dort4 ,!         
pr9ciples ( ,arm9ius 7 e>ly introduc$   
into v>i\s  o!r c\ntries1 z ,great      
,brita91 ,france1 ,g5eva1 & _m p>ts (   

,switz]l&2 b _! progress is said to h   
be5 r ret>d$ (  late1 especially 9      
,g]many & sev]al p>ts ( ,switz]l&1 by ! 
preval5ce ( ! ,leibnitzian & ,wolfian   
philosophy1 :i* is m  fav\rable to      
,calv9ism4 ,! di/+ui%+ t5ets ( !        
,remon/rants  may be said to consi/     
*iefly 9 ! diff]5t light 9 :i* !y view  
! subjects ( ! five po9ts1 or 9 !       
diff]5t explanation :i*  !y give to !m1 
& compris$ 9 ! five foll[+ articles3    
pr$e/9ation1 univ]sal r$emption1 !      
op]ation ( grace1 !  fre$om ( ! w1 &    
p]sev]ance4 ,!y believe t ,god1 hav+ an 
equal reg>d = all 8 creatures1 s5t 8    
,son to die = ! s9s n  ( ! elect only1 b
 ( ! :ole _w2 t no mortal is r5d]$      
f9ally unhappy by an et]nal & inv9cible 
decree1 b t ! mis]y  ( ^? :o p]i% arises
 f !mselves2 & t1 9 ?is pres5t  imp]fect
 /ate1 believ]s1 if n vigilant1 may1    
?r\gh ! =ce (  temptation1 & ! influ5ce 
( ,satan1 fall f grace1 & s9k into  f9al
 p]dition4 ,see ,,arm9ianism4           
,,remphan1  1 signifies an idol1 accord+

 to ! ,septuag9t4  ,amos1 v1 #bf1       
upbraids ! ,hebrews ) hav+ c>ri$1 dur+  
_!  w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness1 ! tab]nacle (  
_! ,molo* & ,*iun1  _! images1 ! /> ( _!
 god1 :i* !y made to !mselves1  accord+ 
to our v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,/4 ,/eph51   
quot+ ?is passage  ( ,amos1 says1 8,ye  
took up ! tab]nacle ( ,molo*1 & ! /> (  
y\r god ,remphan10 ,acts vii1 #dc1 :i*  
has giv5 occasion to a v>iety  (        
conjectures4 ,grotius ?9ks x to h be5 "s
 deity1 z ,rimmon2  & ,capellus &       
,hammond take ?is ,remphan to be a k+ ( 
,egypt1  deifi$ by 8 subjects2 a late   
writ] is ( op9ion1 t ,god "h  ref]s to !
 idolatries to :i* 9 succe$+ ages !     
,jews 7  gradually giv5 up1 aft] hav+   
begun to revolt 9 ! wild]ness by  ! s9 (
 ! gold5 calf4    ,,rep5tance is        
sometimes us$ g5]ally = a *ange ( m9d1 &
 an  e>ne/ wi%+ t some?+ 7 undone t has 
be5 done4 ,esau  f\nd no place =        
rep5tance1 ?\gh he s\ght x c>efully )   
te>s2  he c\ld n move 8 fa!r ,isaac to  
rep5t ( :at he _h done1 or to  recall ! 

bless+ f ,jacob & conf] x on himself1   
,heb4 xii1 #ag2  ,matt4 iii1 #b2 iv1    
#ag4 ,tak5 9 a religi\s s5se x signifies
 conviction  ( s9 & sorr[ = x4 ,b !re   
is1 #a4 ,a p>tial or worldly  rep5tance1
 :]e9 "o is griev$ = & turns f 8 s91    
m]ely on  acc\nt ( ! hurt x has done1 or
 is likely to d1 him3 s a  malefactor1  
:o /ill loves 8 s91 rep5ts ( do+ x1     
because x  br+s him to puni%m5t4 #b4 ,an
 evangelical rep5tance1 :i* is a godly  
sorr[ wr\ght 9 ! he>t ( a s9ful p]son by
 ! ^w & ,_s (  ,god1 :]eby1 f a s5se ( 8
 s91 z (f5sive to ,god1 & defil+  &     
endang]+ to 8 own s\l1 & f an           
appreh5sion ( ! m]cy  ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1   
he1 ) grief & hatr$ ( all 8 kn[n s9s1   
turns  f !m to ,god1 z 8 ,savi\r & ,"l4 
,?is is call$ 8rep5tance  t[>d ,god10 z 
!re9 we turn f s9 to him2 & 8rep5tance  
unto  life10 z x leads to spiritual     
life1 & is ! fir/ /ep to et]nal  life1  
,matt4 iii1 #b2 ,acts iii1 #ai2 xi1 #ah2
 xx1 #ab4 ,god himself is said to       
rep5t1 b ?is c only be und]/ood ( 8     

alt]+ 8 conduct  t[>d 8 creatures1 ei!r 
9 ! be/[+ ( good or ! infliction  (     
evil3 :i* *ange 9 ! div9e conduct is    
f\nd$ on a *ange 9  8 creatures2 & ?us1 
speak+ aft] ! mann] ( m51 ,god is said  
to rep5t4    ,,repetitions ,,9 ,,pray]4 
,^! are =bidd5 by our ,"l1 & 7 well     
/yl$ 8va910 if !y consi/$1 z among !    
,mohamm$ans1 9 !  repetition ( words &  
phrases4 ,ri*>dson m5tions an old man :o
  travell$ ) him1 :o 0 ?\ght to be (    
peculi> sanctity1 & mo/  dev\t 9 pray]3 
8,c]ta9ly he did n pray 9 secret1       
commun+ )  8 he>t1 b call$ al\d ) all 8 
might1 & repeat$ ! words  z fa/ z 8     
tongue c\ld give !m utt]ance4 ,! =m &   
words (  8 pray] 7 ! same ) ^? ( ! o!rs2
 b ?is good man _h  made a v[ to repeat 
c]ta9 words ( ! pray] a giv5 numb] (    
times1 bo? night & morn+4 ,! ^w rabboni1
 = example1 answ]+  to our ^w ,"l1 he   
w\ld b9d himself to repeat a hundr$ or  
two  hundr$ times1 twice a day2 &1      
accord+ly1 w5t on 9 ! he>+ (  all !     
p>ty2 &1 on 8 knees sometimes ) 8 face  

direct$  /eadily to heav51 & at o!r     
times b[+ d[n to ! gr\nd1 &  call+ out  
rabboni1 rabboni1 rabboni1 rabboni1     
rabboni1 c1 z fa/ z  he c\ld articulate 
! words aft] ea* o!r1 l a s*ool boy go+ 
?r\gh 8 task1 n l a man :o1 pray+ ) !   
he>t & !  und]/&+ also1 cont9ues long]  
on 8 knees1 9 ! rapture (  devotion1 ^: 
s\l is a flame ( fire1 enk9dl$ by 8     
,mak]1 &  fix+ ^u 8 ,god1 l ,jacob1 w n 
let him g until he bless him4  ,hav+    
settl$ 8 acc\nts ) ! ^w rabboni1 :i* !  
tell+ (  8 beads enabl$ him to "k :5 he 
_h done1 he proce$$ to dispose  ( 8 o!r 
v[s 9 a simil> mann]4 ,allah h\akb>1    
p]haps1 came  next1 #8,god mo/ great2' &
 he w\ld g on1 z ) ! o!r1 ,allah        
h\akb>1 ,allah h\akb>1 ,allah h\akb>1   
,allah h\akb>1 c1  repeat+ !m z fa/ z he
 c\ld frame 8 organs to pron\nce !m40   
,,rephaim4 ,! ,rephaim 7 ! anci5t giants
 ( ! l& ( ,canaan4  ,!re 7 anci5tly     
sev]al families ( !m 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is
  commonly ?\ght t !y 7 desc5d$ f "o    
call$ ,rephah or  ,rapha2 b o!rs imag9e 

t ! ^w ,rephaim prop]ly signifies       
giants1 9 ! anci5t language ( ?is p4    
,!re 7 "s ( !  ,rephaim beyond ,jordan1 
at ,a%t]o? ,k>naim1 9 ! "t ( ,abraham1  
:5 ,*$orlaom] made w> aga9/ !m1 ,g54    
xiv1 #e4 ,!re 7 also  "s ( !m 9 ! c\ntry
 9 ! days ( ,moses4 ,og1 k+ ( ,ba%an1  0
 "o ( ! po/]ity ( ! ,rephaim1 ,jo%ua    
xii1 #d4 ,also 9 ! "t  ( ,jo%ua !re 7 "s
 ( _! desc5dants 9 ! l& ( ,canaan1      
,jo%ua xvii1 #ae4 ,la/ly1 we he> ( !m   
/ill 9 ,david's "t1 9 !  city ( ,ga?1 #a
 ,*ron4 xx1 #d-f4 ,! giants ,goliah1    
,sippai1 ,lahmi1 &  o!rs1 7 "s rema9s ( 
! ,rephaim2 _! magnitude & /r5g?  are   
kn[n f ,scripture4 ,see ,,giants4       
,,rephidim1 a /ation or encampm5t ( !   
,israelites1 ,exod4 xvii1 #a4 ,at  ?is  
/ation1 adjo9+ to ,m\nt ,horeb1 ! p aga9
 murmur$ =  want ( wat]2 & !y *id       
,moses1 say+1 8,give u wat] t we may    
dr9k40 ,& 8!y tempt$ ! ,"l1 say+1 ,is ! 
,"l among u or  n80 ,moses1 !re=e1 to   
conv9ce !m t he 01 by a m obvi\s        
miracle ?an at ,m>ah1 smote ! rock ) 8  

rod1 by ! div9e  comm&1 & br\ght wat]   
out ( x = ! p to dr9k3 :]e=e1  he call$ 
! place ,m]ibah1 8*id+10 & ! rock       
,massah1  8temptation40 ,on _! way to   
,rephidim1 ! ,amalekites1 ! orig9al     
inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 :o are notic$ 9 
,abraham's days1 ,g54 xiv1  #g1 n hav+ !
 fe> ( ,god be=e _! eyes1 nor reg>d+ !  
judgm5ts rec5tly inflict$ on !          
,egyptians1 attack$ ! re> ( !           
,israelites :5 !y 7 fa9t & we>y2 b 7    
defeat$ by a *os5  p>ty1 "u ! comm& (   
,jo%ua1 ! fai?ful lieut5ant ( ,moses1   
:o is fir/ notic$ on ?is occasion1 & ev5
 !n po9t$ out by !  ,"l z 8 successor4  
,?is victory 0 miracul\s2 = :ile ,moses 
held  up 8 h& ,israel prevail$1 b :5 he 
let x d[n ,amalek prevail$4  ,s ,a>on & 
,hur 7! husb& ( ,miriam1 accord+ to     
,josephus7 held up  bo? 8 h&s /eadily   
till sunset1 & !reby gave a decid$      
victory  to ,israel4 ,?is unprovok$     
aggression ( ! ,amalekites drew d[n ^u  
!m f ! ,"l ! s5t5ce ( 8w> f g5]ation to 
g5]ation10  betwe5 !m & ! ,israelites1 &

 ( f9al ext]m9ation1 :i* 0  comm&$ to be
 writt5 or regi/]$ 9 a book1 = a        
memorial to  ,jo%ua & 8 successors1 !   
judges & k+s ( ,israel1 & 0  c>ri$ into 
execution by ,saul1 #a ,sam4 xv1 #h1 by 
,david1 #a ,sam4 xxx1 #ag1  & f9ally    
accompli%$ by ! ,simeonites 9           
,hezekiah's reign1 ,exod4  xvii1 #h-ac2 
,deut4 xxv1 #ag2 #a ,*ron4 iv1 #dc4     
,:ile ! ,israelites 7  encamp$ at       
,rephidim1 on ! we/]n side ( ,horeb1 !  
m\nt ( ,god1  ,je?ro1 ! fa!r-9-law (    
,moses1 :o liv$ 9 t neighb\rhood1 &  0  
prie/ & pr9ce ( ,midian1 came to visit  
him1 ) 8 wife  ,zipporah1 & 8 two sons1 
,eleaz> & ,g]%om1 :o _h accompani$ him  
"p ( ! way to ,egypt1 b return$ home    
aga92 & !y rejoic$  ) him 8= all !      
goodness :i* ! ,"l _h done = ,israel1   
:om  he _h deliv]$ out ( ! h& ( !       
,egyptians20 & ^u ?is  occasion1 ,je?ro1
 z 8a prie/ ( ! mo/ high ,god10 ( ! ord]
 (  ,mel*iz$ek1 8(f]$ a burnt-(f]+ &    
sacrifices ( ?anksgiv+ to  ,god1 at :i* 
,a>on & all ! eld]s ( ,israel ate bread 

) ,je?ro  be=e ,god10 by a repetition ( 
! eu*>i/ic fea/ ^u a sacrifice  :i*     
,mel*iz$ek =m]ly adm9i/]$ to ,abraham1  
,g54 xiv1 #ah2 ,exod4  xviii1 #a-ab4    
,?us 0 fulfill$ ! prophetic sign :i* !  
,"l _h  giv5 to ,moses :5 he fir/ appe>$
 to him 9 ! burn+ bu%3 8,?is  %all be a 
tok5 unto !e t ,i h s5t !e3 :5 ?\ ha/   
br\ght  =? ! p out ( ,egypt1 ye %all    
s]ve ,god ^u ?is m\nta910  ,exod1 iii1  
#ab4 ,! spe$y accompli%m5t1 !re=e1 ( ?is
 sign1 at  ! beg9n+ ( _! j\rney1 0 well 
calculat$ to /r5g!n _!  fai? or reliance
 on ! div9e protection ?r\gh\t4 ,je?ro  
appe>s to  h be5 di/+ui%$ n only = 8    
piety1 b also = 8  political wisdom4 ,by
 8 advice1 :i* also 0 approv$ by ! ,"l1 
,moses1 to relieve himself f ! fatigue (
 adm9i/]+ ju/ice to  ! p1 ! :ole day1 f 
morn+ until ev5+1 in/itut$  inf]ior     
judges or magi/rates ov] ?\s&s1 hundr$s1
 fifties1 &  t5s1 z 8 deputies1 :o 7 to 
relieve him f ! burd5 (  judg+ ! small] 
causes1 b to ref] ! great] or m         
difficult  to ,moses1 = 8 decision4     

,,reprobation is equival5t to rejection4
 ,rejection always implies a  cause3    
8,reprobate silv] %all m5 call !m1      
insomu* t ! ,"l  ha? reject$ !m10 ,j]4  
vi1 #cj2 t is1 !y are base metal1 :i*  w
 n be> ! pro(4 ,conditional reprobation1
 or reject+ m5 f  ! div9e m]cy1 because 
( _! imp5it5ce or refusal ( salvation1  
is a ,scriptural doctr9e2 b to !        
unconditional1 absolute reprobation  ( !
 rigid ,calv9i/s1 ! foll[+ objections   
may be urg$3--    #a4 ,x _c be reconcil$
 to ! love ( ,god4 8,god is love40 8,he 
is  lov+ to e man1 & 8 t5d] m]cies are  
ov] all 8 works40    #b4 ,nor to !      
wisdom ( ,god2 = ! br++ into be+ a va/  
numb]  ( intellig5t creatures "u a      
necessity ( s9n+1 & ( be+  et]nally lo/1
 tea*es no moral lesson to ! _w2 &      
contradicts  all ^? notions ( wisdom 9 !
 ends & processes ( gov]nm5t1  :i* we   
are taught to look =1 n only f natural  
reason1 b f  ! ,scriptures4    #c4 ,nor 
to ! grace ( ,god1 :i* is s (t5 magnifi$
 9 !  ,scriptures2 = do? x argue any    

sov]eign or high /ra91 any  sup]ab\nd+  
ri*ness ( grace or m]cy 9 any man1 :5 t5
 ?\s&  h equally (f5d$ him1 only to     
p>don "o or two ( !m8 ,or 9 :at  s5se   
has 8! grace ( ,god appe>$ unto all m510
 or ev5 to  "o-million? "p ( !m8    #d4 
,nor c ?is m]ciless reprobation be      
reconcil$ to any ( ^?  num]\s passages 9
 :i* almighty ,god is repres5t$ z t5d]ly
  compassionate & pitiful to ! wor/ &   
mo/ unwor?y ( 8  creatures1 ev5 !m :o   
f9ally p]i%4 8,i h no pleasure 9 !  dea?
 ( him t die?40 8,be+ griev$ at !       
h>dness ( _!  he>ts40 8,h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h
 ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r1 z a  h5 ga!re? 
h] *ick5s "u h] w+s1 & ye w\ld n60 8,!  
,"l  is long-suff]+ to u-w>d1 n will+ t 
any %\ld p]i%40 8,or  despise/ ?\ !     
ri*es ( 8 goodness1 & =be>ance1 &       
long-suff]+2 n kn[+ t ! goodness ( ,god 
leade? !e to  rep5tance80    #e4 ,x is z
 manife/ly contr>y to 8 ju/ice4 ,"h1    
inde$1 we w\ld  n assume to measure ?is 
attribute ( ,god by unau?oriz$ human    
conceptions2 b :5 ,god himself has      

appeal$ to ^? e/abli%$  notions ( ju/ice
 & equity :i* h be5 receiv$ among all   
enlight5$ p]sons1 9 all ages1 z !       
measure & rule ( 8 own1 we  _c be *>g$ )
 ?is presumption4 8,%all n ! ,judge (   
all !  e>? d "r80 8,are n my ways equal8
 sai? ! ,"l40 ,we may !n be  bold to    
affirm t ju/ice & equity 9 ,god are :at 
!y are tak5 to  be among reasonable m52 
& if all m5 e :]e w\ld condemn x1 z  mo/
 contr>y to ju/ice & "r1 t a sov]eign   
%\ld condemn to  dea? "o or m ( 8       
subjects = n obey+ laws :i* x is        
absolutely impossible = !m1 "u any      
circum/ances :i* !y c  possibly avail   
!mselves (1 to obey1 & mu* m ! great] "p
 (  8 subjects2 & to require !m1 on pa9 
( aggravat$ puni%m5t1 to  d some?+ 9    
ord] to ! p>don & remission ( _! (f5ces1
  :i* he kn[s !y _c d1 say to /op ! tide
 or to remove a  m\nta92 x implies a    
*>ge z obvi\sly unju/ aga9/ ,god1 :o is 
8j 9 ! judgm5ts :i* he execute?10 to    
suppose him to act  precisely 9 ! same  
mann] 9 reg>d to ^? :om he has pass$ by 

& reject$1 )\t any avoidable fault ( _! 
own2 to de/roy !m  by ! simple rule ( 8 
own sov]eignty1 or1 9 o!r words1 to %[  
t he has p[] to d x4 ,9 :atev] light !  
subject be view$1 no  fault1 9 any "r   
con/ruction1 c be *>geable ^u ! p]sons s
  puni%$1 or1 z we may r say1 de/roy$1  
s9ce puni%m5t supposes  a judicial      
proce$+1 :i* ?is act %uts out4 ,= ei!r !
  reprobates are de/roy$ = a pure reason
 ( sov]eignty )\t any  ref]5ce to _!    
s9fulness1 & ?us all crim9ality is left 
out (  ! consid]ation2 or !y are de/roy$
 = ! s9 ( ,adam1 to :i*  !y 7 n cons5t+2
 or = p]sonal faults result+ f a        
corruption ( nature :i* !y br\ght into !
 _w ) !m1 &  :i* ,god wills n to        
correct1 & :i* !y h no p[] to correct   
!mselves4 ,e receiv$ notion ( ju/ice is 
?us violat$4 ,we grant1  inde$1 t "s    
proce$+s ( ! ,almighty may appe> at fir/
  irreconcilable ) ju/ice1 :i* are n s2 
z t we %\ld suff]  pa9 & dea?1 & be     
infect$ ) a morally corrupt nature1 9   
consequ5ce ( ! transgression ( our fir/ 

prog5itors2 t *ildr5  %\ld suff] = _!   
p>5ts' faults 9 ! ord9>y c\rse (        
provid5ce2 & t 9 g5]al calamities !     
comp>atively innoc5t  %\ld suff] ! same 
evils z ! guilty4 ,b none ( ^! are      
p>allel cases4 ,= ! 8free gift0 has come
 ^u all m51 8to  ju/ification ( life10  
?r\gh 8! righte\sness0 ( ! second ,adam1
  s t ! t]ms ( our probation are b      
*ang$4 ,none are doom$ to  inevitable   
ru91 or ! above words ( ! ,apo/le w\ld h
 no  mean+2 & pa9 & dea?1 z to all :o   
avail !mselves ( !  rem$y1 are made !   
in/rum5ts ( a high] life1 & ( a         
sup]ab\nd+ ( grace ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,! same 
obs]vation may be made  z to *ildr5 :o  
suff] evils = _! p>5ts' faults4 ,?is    
circum/ance alt]s ! t]ms ( _! probation2
 b if e condition  ( probation leaves to
 m5 ! possibility & ! hope ( et]nal     
life1  & ! circum/ances ( all are       
balanc$ & weigh$ by ,him :o  adm9i/]s ! 
affairs ( individuals on pr9ciples1 !   
end ( :i*  is to turn all ! evils ( life
 into spiritual & high] bless+s1  !re   

is1 obvi\sly1 no impea*m5t ( ju/ice 9 ! 
circum/ances (  ! probation assign$ to  
any p]son :atev]4 ,z to ! innoc5t       
suff]+ equally ) ! guilty 9 g5]al       
calamities1 ! p]sons s  suff]+ are b    
comp>atively innoc5t1 & _! p]sonal      
transgressions aga9/ ,god des]ve a high]
 puni%m5t ?an any :i*  ?is life         
witnesses2 ?is may also z to !m be      
ov]rul$ = m]ciful  purposes1 & a future 
life pres5ts its manifold comp5sations4 
,b z  to ! non-elect1 ! :ole case1 9 ?is
 s*eme ( sov]eign  reprobation1 or      
sov]eign pret]ition1 is suppos$ to be   
be=e u4  ,_! /ate is fix$1 _!           
afflictions 9 ?is life w n 9 any        
in/ance be ov]rul$ = ends ( edification 
& salvation2 !y are  left "u a necessity
 ( s9n+ 9 e condition2 & a future life  
pres5ts no comp5sation1 b a fe>ful look+
 = ( fi]y &  qu5*less indignation4 ,x is
 surely n possible = ! +5uity (  man to 
reconcile ?is to any notion ( j gov]nm5t
 :i* has ev]  obta9$2 & by ! e/abli%$   
notions ( ju/ice & equity 9 human       

affairs1 we are taught by ! ,scriptures 
!mselves to judge ( !  div9e proce$+s 9 
all completely /at$ & compreh5sible     
cases4    #f4 ,equally impossible is x  
to reconcile ?is notion to ! s9c]ity (  
,god 9 (f]+ salvation by ,*ri/ to all :o
 he> ! ,gospel1 ( :om  ?is s*eme        
supposes ! majority1 or at lea/ great   
numb]s to be  among1 ! reprobate4 ,!    
,gospel1 z we h se51 is comm&$ to be    
prea*$ to e creature2 :i* publication ( 
good news to e  creature is an (f] (    
salvation to e creature1 accompani$ )   
e>ne/ invitations to embrace x1 &       
admonitory comm9ations le/ any  %\ld    
neglect & despise x4 ,b does x n involve
 a s]i\s  reflection ^u ! tru? & s9c]ity
 ( ,god :i* m5 ought to  %udd] at1 to   
assume1 t at ! v "t ! ,gospel is ?us    
prea*$1 no "p ( ?is good news 0 ev]     
design$ to b5efit !  majority1 or any   
great "p1 ( ^? to :om x is address$8 t  
!y  to :om ?is love ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ is   
proclaim$ 7 nev] lov$ by  ,god8 t he has
 decre$ t _m to :om he (f]s salvation1 &

 :om  he invites to receive x1 %all nev]
 be sav$8 & t he w  consid] _! s9s      
aggravat$ by reject+ t :i* !y nev] c\ld 
receive1 & :i* he nev] design$ !m to    
receive8 ,x is no answ] to  ?is to say t
 we also admit t ! (f]s ( m]cy are made 
by ,god  to _m :om he1 by virtue ( 8    
presci5ce1 kn[s w nev] receive  !m4 ,we 
grant ?is2 b x is en\gh to reply1 t 9   
?is case !re  is no ins9c]ity4 ,on !    
,calv9ian s*eme ! (f] ( salvation is    
made to ^? = ^: s9s ,*ri/ made no       
atonem5t2 on ! o!r1 he  made atonem5t = 
! s9s ( all4 ,on ! =m]1 ! (f] is made to
  ^? :om ,god nev] design$ to embrace x2
 on ! latt] to none b  ^? :om ,god      
s]i\sly & 9 tru? wills t !y %\ld avail  
!mselves ( x2 on "o !ory1 ! b> to !     
salvation ( !  nonelect lies 9 ! want ( 
a provid$ sacrifice = s92 on ! o!r1  x  
re/s solely 9 m5 !mselves2 "o consi/s1  
!re=e1 ) a  p]fect s9c]ity ( (f]1 ! o!r 
_c be ma9ta9$ )\t  br++ ! s9c]ity ( ,god
 into "q1 & fix+ a /igma ^u  8 moral    
tru?4    #g4 ,unconditional reprobation 

_c be reconcil$ ) t frequ5t  decl>ation 
( ,scripture1 t 8,god is no respect] (  
p]sons40 ,?is  phrase1 we grant1 is n to
 be int]pret$ z ?\gh ! b\nties ( !      
,almighty 7 disp5s$ 9 equal measures to 
8 creatures4 ,9 !  adm9i/ration ( fav\r1
 !re is place = ! ex]cise ( t           
pr]ogative :i*1 9 a j s5se1 is call$ !  
sov]eignty ( ,god2  b ju/ice kn[s b ( "o
 rule2 x is1 9 its nature1 settl$ &     
fix$1 & looks n at ! p]son1 b ! case4   
,to h respect (  p]sons is a phrase1    
!re=e1 9 ,scripture1 :i* sometimes ref]s
 to  judicial proce$+s1 & signifies to  
judge f p>tiality &  affection1 & n ^u !
 m]its ( ! "q4 ,x is also us$ by  ,/4   
,pet] ) ref]5ce to ! acceptance (       
,cornelius3 8,( a tru? ,i  p]ceive t    
,god is no respect] ( p]sons2 b 9 e     
nation he  t fe>e? him1 & worke?        
righte\sness1 is accept$ ) him40 ,"h  x 
is cle>1 t to respect p]sons1 w\ld be to
 reject or accept !m  )\t reg>d to _!   
moral qualities1 & on "s national & o!r 
prejudice or p>tiality :i* =ms no moral 

rule ( any k9d4 ,b1 if  ! doctr9e (     
absolute election & reprobation be true2
 if we are to  und]/& t m5 l ,jacob &   
,esau1 9 ! ,calv9i/ic con/ruction  ( !  
passage1 :ile 9 ! womb ( _! "m1 nay1 f  
et]nity1  are lov$ & hat$1 elect$ or    
reprobat$1 be=e !y h done 8good  or     
evil10 !n x necess>ily foll[s1 t !re is 
precisely ?is k9d  ( respect ( p]sons ) 
,god2 = 8 acceptance or rejection ( m5  
/&s on "s gr\nd ( av]sion or dislike1   
:i* _c be resolv$  into any moral rule1 
& has no respect to ! m]its ( ! case    
itself2 & if ! ,scripture affirms t !re 
is no su* respect (  p]sons ) ,god1 !n !
 doctr9e :i* implies x is contradict$ by
  inspir$ au?ority4    #h4 ,! doctr9e ( 
:i* we are %[+ ! difficulties1 br+s ) x 
! repulsive & %ock+ op9ion ( ! et]nal   
puni%m5t ( infants4  ,"s ,calv9i/s h1   
inde$1 to get rid ( ! difficulty1 or r  
to  put x out ( sight1 consign$ !m to   
annihilation2 b ( !  annihilation ( any 
human be+ !re is no intimation 9 ! ^w ( 
,god4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to avoid ! fe>ful 

consequ5ce ( admitt+  ! puni%m5t ( be+s 
innoc5t z to all actual s91 !re is no   
o!r way ?an to suppose all *ildr51 dy+ 9
 infancy1 to be an  elect$ portion (    
mank9d1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld be a m]e       
hypo!sis  br\ght 9 to s]ve a !ory )\t   
any evid5ce4 ,t "s ( ^?  :o1 z !y       
suppose1 are "u ?is s5t5ce (            
reprobation1 die 9  _! infancy1 is1     
probably1 :at mo/ ,calv9i/s all[2 &1 if 
_!  doctr9e be receiv$1 _c be d5i$2 & x 
foll[s1 !re=e1 t  all su* infants are   
et]nally lo/4 ,n[1 we "k t infants are n
  lo/1 because our ,"l gave x z a reason
 :y little *ildr5 ought n  to be h9d]$ f
 com+ unto him1 t 8( su* is ! k+dom (   
heav540 ,on :i* ,calv9 himself rem>ks1  
8,9 ?is ^w1 #8= ( su* is  ! k+dom (     
heav51' ,*ri/ compreh5ds z well little  
*ildr5  !mselves1 z ^? :o 9 disposition 
resemble !m4 ,hac voce1 tam  p>vulos1   
quam eorum similes1 compreh5dit40 ,we   
are assur$ ( !  salvation ( infants1    
also1 because 8! free gift has come ^u  
all m5  to10 9 ord] to1 8ju/ification ( 

life10 & because *ildr5 are n  capable (
 reject+ t bless+1 & mu/1 !re=e1 d]ive  
b5efit  f x4 ,! po9t1 also1 on :i* we h 
j n[ t\*$1 t 8!re  is no respect (      
p]sons ) ,god10 demon/rates x4 ,=1 z x w
 be  ackn[l$g$1 t "s *ildr51 dy+ 9      
infancy1 are sav$1 x mu/  foll[1 f ?is  
pr9ciple & axiom 9 ! div9e gov]nm5t1 t  
all  infants are sav$2 = ! case ( all   
infants1 z to innoc5ce or  guilt1 s9 or 
righte\sness1 be+ ! same1 & ,god z a    
judge1 be+  8no respect] ( p]sons10 b   
reg>d+ only ! m]its ( ! case1 he  _c    
make ?is awful di/9ction z to !m1 t "o  
"p %all be  et]nally sav$ & ! o!r       
et]nally lo/4 ,t doctr9e1 !re=e1  :i*   
implies ! p]dition ( infants1 _c be     
congru\s to !  ,scriptures ( tru?1 b is 
utt]ly abhorr5t to !m4    ,f9ally1 n to 
multiply ^! in/ances ( ! difficulties   
:i*  accompany ! doctr9e ( absolute     
reprobation1 or ( pret]ition1 7to  use !
 mild] t]m1 ?\gh ! argum5t is n 9 ! lea/
 *ang$ by  x17 x de/roys ! end (        
punitive ju/ice4 ,t end c only be1 to   

det] m5 f (f5ce1 & to add /r5g? to ! law
 ( ,god4 ,b if  ! :ole body ( !         
reprobate are left to ! influ5ce ( _!   
fall5 nature )\t rem$y1 !y _c be det]r$ 
f s9 by  ?reats ( inevitable puni%m5t2  
nor c !y ev] submit to !  dom9ion ( !   
law ( ,god3 _! doom is fix$1 & ?reats & 
examples c avail no?+4    ,,re/itution1 
t act ( ju/ice by :i* we re/ore to our  
neighb\r  :atev] we h unju/ly depriv$   
him (1 ,exod4 xxii1 #a2 ,luke xix1 #h4  
,morali/s obs]ve1 respect+ re/itution1  
#a4 ,t :]e x c be made  9 k9d1 or !     
injury c be c]ta9ly valu$1 we are to    
re/ore !  ?+ or ! value4 #b4 ,we are    
b\nd to re/ore ! ?+ ) !  natural        
increase ( x1 t is1 to satisfy = ! loss 
su/a9$ 9  ! mean "t1 & ! ga9 h9d]$4 #c4 
,:5 ! ?+ _c be  re/or$1 & ! value ( x is
 n c]ta91 we are to give reasonable     
satisfaction1 accord+ to a lib]al       
e/imation4 #d4 ,we are at lea/ to  give1
 by way ( re/itution1 :at ! law w\ld    
give2 = t is  g5]ally equal1 & 9 mo/    
cases r fav\rable ?an rigor\s4 #e4 ,a   

man is n only b\nd to make re/itution = 
! injury he did1 b =  all t directly    
foll[s ^u ! injuri\s act3 = ! fir/      
injury  be+ wilful1 we are suppos$ to w 
all t :i* foll[s ^u x4                  
,,resurrection4 ,! belief ( a g5]al     
resurrection ( ! dead1 :i*  w come to   
pass at ! end ( ! _w1 & w be foll[$ ) an
  immortality ei!r ( happ9ess or mis]y1 
is an article ( religion 9  common to   
,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,x is v expressly    
taught bo? 9 !  ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1  
,psalm xvi1 #aj2 ,job xix1 #be1 c2      
,ezek4 xxxvii1 #a1  c2 ,isaiah xxvi1    
#ai2 ,john v1 #bh1 #bi2 & to ^! may be  
add$1 ,wisdom  iii1 #a1 c2 iv1 #ae2 #b  
,macc4 vii1 #ad1 #bc1 #bi1 c4 ,at ! "t  
:5 our  ,savi\r appe>$ 9 ,judea1 !      
resurrection f ! dead 0 receiv$  z "o ( 
! pr9cipal articles ( ! ,jewi% religion 
by ! :ole  body ( ! nation1 ! ,sadducees
 except$1 ,matt4 xxii1 #bc2 ,luke xx1   
#bh2  ,m>k xii1 #ah2 ,john xi1 #bc1 #bd2
 ,acts xxiii1 #f1 #h4 ,our ,savi\r arose
  himself f ! dead1 to give u1 9 8 own  

p]son1 a pro(1 a pl$ge1  & a patt]n (   
our future resurrection4 ,/4 ,paul1 9   
almo/ all 8  epi/les1 speaks ( a g5]al  
resurrection1 refutes ^? :o d5i$ or     
oppos$ x1 & proves & expla9s x by sev]al
 circum/ances1 ,rom4  vi1 #e2 #a ,cor4  
xv1 #ab-ae2 ,phil4 iii1 #aj1 #aa2 ,heb4 
xi1 #ce2 #a ,!ss4 iv1  #ac-ag1 c4    ,on
 ?is subject no po9t ( discussion1 ( any
 importance1 arises  among ^? :o admit !
 tru? ( ,scripture1 except z to ! way 9 
:i* ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body 
is to be  und]/ood2--:e!r a resurrection
 ( ! sub/ance ( ! body be  meant1 or "s 
m9ute & inde/ructible "p ( x4 ,! latt]  
!ory  has be5 adopt$ = ! sake ( avoid+  
c]ta9 suppos$  difficulties4 ,x _c h[ev]
 fail to /rike e imp>tial read]  ( !    
,new ,te/am5t1 t ! doctr9e ( !          
resurrection is !re  taught )\t any nice
 di/9ctions4 ,x is always exhibit$ z a  
miracul\s "w2 & repres5ts ! same body   
:i* is laid 9 !  grave z ! subject ( ?is
 *ange f dea? to life1 by ! p[]  (      
,*ri/4 ,?us our ,"l 0 rais$ 9 ! same    

body 9 :i* he di$1  & 8 resurrection is 
con/antly held =? z ! model ( ours2  & !
 ,apo/le ,paul expressly says1 8,:o %all
 *ange our vile  body1 t x may be       
fa%ion$ l unto 8 glori\s body40 ,! only 
passage ( ,scripture :i* appe>s to fav\r
 ! notion ( ! ris+  ( ! immortal body f 
"s inde/ructible g]m1 is #a ,cor4 xv1   
#ce1  c3 8,b "s m5 w say1 ,h[ are ! dead
 rais$ up1 & ) :at  body d !y come8 ,?\ 
fool1 t :i* ?\ s[e/ is n quick5$  except
 x die2 & t :i* ?\ s[e/1 ?\ s[e/ n t    
body  t %all be1 b b>e gra91 x may *ance
 ( :eat1 or ( "s  o!r gra910 c4 ,if1    
h[ev]1 x _h be5 ! int5tion ( !  ,apo/le1
 hold+ ?is view ( ! case1 to meet       
objections to !  doctr9e ( !            
resurrection1 gr\nd$ ^u ! difficulties (
  conceiv+ h[ ! same body1 9 ! popul>   
s5se1 c\ld be rais$ up  9 sub/ance1 we  
might h expect$ him to correct ?is      
misappreh5sion by decl>+1 t ?is 0 n !   
,*ri/ian  doctr9e2 b t "s small p>ts ( !
 body only1 be>+ z  little proportion to
 ! :ole z ! g]m ( a se$ to ! plant1     

w\ld be pres]v$1 & be unfold$ into !    
p]fect$ body at !  resurrection4 ,in/ead
 ( ?is1 he goes on imm$iately to rem9d !
  objector ( ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5
 mat]ial bodies z  !y n[ exi/2 betwe5 ! 
plant & ! b>e or nak$ gra92 betwe5  "o  
plant & ano!r2 betwe5 ! fle% ( m51 (    
bea/s1 ( fi%es1  & ( birds2 betwe5      
cele/ial & t]re/rial bodies2 & betwe5  !
 less] & great] cele/ial lum9>ies       
!mselves4 ,/ill f>!r  he proce$s to /ate
 ! diff]5ce1 n betwe5 ! g]m ( ! body  to
 be rais$1 & ! body giv5 at !           
resurrection2 b betwe5  ! body itself1  
und]/ood popul>ly1 :i* dies1 & ! body   
:i* %all be rais$4 8,x is s[n 9         
corruption1 x is rais$ 9  incorruption10
 :i* w\ld n be true ( ! suppos$         
incorruptible  & imp]i%able g]m ( ?is   
hypo!sis2 & c only be affirm$ (  ! body 
itself1 consid]$ 9 sub/ance1 &1 9 its   
pres5t /ate1  corruptible4 ,f>!r3 ! "q  
put by ! objector1--8,h[ are !  dead    
rais$ up80 does n ref] to ! modus ag5di 
( !  resurrection1 or ! process or mann]

 9 :i* ! ?+ is to be  effect$1 z !      
advocates ( ! g]m hypo!sis appe> to     
assume4  ,?is is manife/ f ! answ] ( !  
,apo/le1 :o goes on  imm$iately to /ate1
 n 9 :at mann] ! resurrection is to be  
effect$1 b :at %all be ! /ate or        
condition ( !  resurrection body2 :i* is
 no answ] at all to ! "q1 if x be  tak5 
9 t s5se4    ,?us1 9 ! argum5t1 !       
,apo/le conf9es himself :olly to !      
possibility ( ! resurrection ( ! body 9 
a ref9$ & glorifi$  /ate2 b omits all   
ref]5ce to ! mode 9 :i* ! ?+ w be       
effect$1 z be+ out ( ! l9e ( !          
objector's que/ions1 & 9  itself above  
human ?\ght1 & :olly miracul\s4 ,x is1  
h[ev]1  cle>1 t :5 he speaks ( ! body1 z
 ! subject ( ?is  wondr\s 8*ange10 he   
speaks ( x popul>ly1 z ! same body 9    
sub/ance1 :atev] *anges 9 its qualities 
or figure may be  impress$ ^u x4 ,great 
g5]al *anges x w exp]i5ce1 z f          
corruption to incorruption1 f mortality 
to immortality2 great  *anges ( a       
p>ticul> k9d w also take place1 z its   

be+  fre$ f de=mities & defects1 & !    
accid5tal v>ieties  produc$ by climate1 
alim5ts1 lab\r1 & h]$it>y diseases4 ,x  
is  also laid d[n by our ,"l1 t 89 !    
resurrection !y %all  nei!r m>ry nor be 
giv5 9 m>riage1 b be l to ! angels (    
,god20 & ?is also implies a c]ta9 *ange 
( /ructure2 & we may  ga!r f !          
decl>ation ( ! ,apo/le1 t ?\gh 8! /oma*0
  is n[ adapt$ 8to meats1 & meats to !  
/oma*10 yet ,god w  8de/roy bo? x & !m20
 t ! animal appetite = food w be        
remov$1 & ! organ n[ adapt$ to t        
appetite w h no place  9 ! r5ew$ frame4 
,b great z ^! *anges are1 ! human =m  w 
be reta9$ 9 its p]fection1 aft] ! model 
( our ,"l's  8glori\s body10 & !        
sub/ance ( ! matt] ( :i* x is  compos$ w
 n !reby be affect$4 ,t ! same body :i* 
0  laid 9 ! grave %all arise out ( x1 is
 ! manife/ doctr9e (  ! ,scriptures4 ,! 
notion ( an incorruptible g]m1 or t ( an
  orig9al & un*angeable /am51 out ( :i* 
a new & glori\s  body1 at !             
resurrection1 is to spr+1 appe>s to h   

be5 borr[$  f ! speculations ( "s ( !   
,jewi% rabb9s4 ,b if by ?is  hypo!sis x 
0 design$ to remove ! difficulty (      
conceiv+ h[  ! scatt]$ p>ts ( "o body   
c\ld be pres]v$ f becom+  integral p>ts 
( o!r bodies1 x supposes t ! con/ant c>e
 (  ,provid5ce is ex]t$ to ma9ta9 !     
incorruptibility ( ^?  individual g]ms1 
or /am9a1 s z to prev5t _! assimilation 
)  ea* o!r4 ,n[1 if !y h ?is by orig9al 
quality1 !n ! same  quality may j z     
easily be suppos$ to app]ta9 to e       
p>ticle  :i* composes a human body2 s t1
 ?\gh x be us$ = food1 x  %all n be     
capable ( assimilation1 9 any           
circum/ances1 )  ano!r human body4 ,b if
 ^! g]ms1 or /am9a1 h n ?is  quality by 
_! orig9al nature1 !y c only be prev5t$ 
f  assimilat+ ) ea* o!r by t op]ation ( 
,god :i* is pres5t  to all 8 works1 &   
:i* mu/ always be direct$ to secure !   
execution ( 8 own ultimate designs4 ,if 
?is view be adopt$1 !n1  if ! resort mu/
 at la/ be to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a ,be+ (  
inf9ite p[] & wisdom1 !re is no great]  

difficulty 9 suppos+  t 8 c>e to secure 
?is object may ext5d to a million z     
easily  z to a hundr$ p>ticles ( matt]4 
,?is is1 9 fact1 ! true &  rational     
answ] to ! objection t ! same piece (   
matt] may  happ5 to be a "p ( two or m  
bodies1 z 9 ! in/ances ( m5  fe$+ ^u    
animals :i* h f$ ^u m51 & ( m5 fe$+ ^u  
"o ano!r4 ,! "q "h is "o :i* simply     
respects !  fru/rat+ a f9al purpose ( ! 
,almighty by an op]ation ( nature4  ,to 
suppose t he _c prev5t ?is1 is to d5y 8 
p[]2 to  suppose him inatt5tive to x1 is
 to suppose him indiff]5t to 8  own     
designs2 & to assume t he employs c>e to
 prev5t x1 is to  assume no?+ great]1   
no?+ 9 fact s great1 z _m in/ances (    
control1 :i* are always occurr+2 z1 =   
in/ance1 ! regulation  ( ! proportion ( 
! sexes 9 human bir?s1 :i* _c be        
attribut$ to *ance1 b mu/ ei!r be ref]r$
 to sup]9t5d5ce1  or to "s orig9al law4 
,ano!r objection to ! resurrection ( !  
body has be5 drawn f ! *anges ( its     
sub/ance dur+ life2 !  answ] to :i* is1 

t1 all[+ a frequ5t & total *ange ( !    
sub/ance ( ! body 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is b an  
hypo!sis7 to take  place1 x affects n ! 
doctr9e ( ,scripture1 :i* is1 t !  body 
:i* is laid 9 ! grave %all be rais$ up4 
,b !n1 we are  told1 t if our bodies h 9
 fact und]gone successive *anges  dur+  
life1 ! bodies 9 :i* we h s9n$ or p]=m$ 
rew>dable actions may n be1 9 _m        
in/ances1 ! same bodies z  ^? :i* w be  
actually rew>d$ or puni%$4 ,we answ]1 t 
rew>ds & puni%m5ts h _! relation to !   
body1 n s mu*  z x is ! subject b z x is
 ! in/rum5t ( rew>d &  puni%m5t4 ,x is !
 s\l only :i* p]ceives pa9 or pleasure1 
:i* suff]s or enjoys1 & is1 !re=e1 !    
only rew>dable  subject4 ,7 we1 !re=e1  
to admit su* corporeal mutations z  are 
assum$ 9 ?is objection1 !y affect n !   
case ( our  acc\ntability4 ,! p]sonal   
id5tity or sam5ess ( a rational be+1  z 
,mr4 ,locke has obs]v$1 consi/s 9       
self-consci\sness3 8,by ?is  e "o is to 
himself :at he calls self1 )\t consid]+ 
:e!r t self be cont9u$ 9 ! same or div]s

 sub/ances4 ,x  0 by ! same self :i*    
reflects on an action done _m ye>s  ago1
 t ! action 0 p]=m$40 ,if !re 7 inde$   
any weight  9 ?is objection1 x w\ld     
affect ! proce$+s ( human crim9al  c\rts
 9 all cases ( (f5ces committ$ at "s    
di/ance ( "t2  b x contradicts ! common 
s5se1 because x contradicts ! common    
consci\sness & exp]i5ce1 ( mank9d4      
,our ,"l has assur$ u1 t 8! h\r is com+ 
9 :i* all t are  9 _! graves %all he> 8 
voice1 & come =?2 !y t h  done good1    
unto ! resurrection ( life1 & !y t h    
done evil1  unto ! resurrection (       
damnation40 ,!n we %all 8all be *ang$1 9
 a  mom5t1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 at ! la/
 trump10 & 8! dead  %all be rais$       
incorruptible40 ,x is probable t !      
bodies ( !  righte\s & ! wick$1 ?\gh ea*
 %all 9 "s respects be ! same  z be=e1 w
 ea* be 9 o!r respects n ! same1 b      
und]go "s  *ange con=mable to ! "* ( !  
individual1 & suit$ to 8  future /ate ( 
exi/5ce2 yet bo?1 z ! passage j quot$   
cle>ly  tea*es1 are !n r5d]$            

inde/ructible4 ,respect+ ! good x is    
said1 8,:5 ,*ri/1 :o is our life1 %all  
appe>1 we %all appe> )  him 9 glory10   
8we %all be l him2 our body %all be     
fa%ion$ l  8 glori\s body20 yet1 not)/&+
 ?is1 8x do? n yet fully  appe> :at we  
%all be10 ,col4 iii1 #d2 #a ,john iii1  
#b2 ,phil4 iii1 #ba4  ,?is has a v      
obvi\s reason4 ,our pres5t mann] ( kn[+ 
dep5ds  ^u our pres5t con/itution1 & we 
"k n ! exact relation :i*  subsi/s      
betwe5 ?is con/itution & ! mann] ( be+ 9
 a future  _w2 we d]ive our ideas ?r\gh 
! m$ium ( ! s5ses2 ! s5ses  are         
necess>ily conv]sant ) t]re/rial objects
 only2 our language  is suit$ to !      
communication ( pres5t ideas2 & ?us x   
foll[s  t ! objects ( ! future _w may 9 
"s respects 7:e!r few  or _m we _c say7 
diff] s extremely f t]re/rial objects1  
t language _c communicate to u any su*  
ideas z w\ld r5d]  ^? matt]s            
compreh5sible4 ,b language may sugge/   
/rik+ &  pleas+ analogies2 & ) su* we   
are pres5t$ by ! holy ,apo/le3  8,all   

fle%10 says he1 8is n ! same fle%3 b !re
 is "o fle% (  m51 ano!r ( bea/s1 ano!r 
( fi%es1 & ano!r ( birds20 &  yet all ^!
 are fa%ion$ out ( ! same k9d (         
sub/ance1 m]e  in]t matt]1 till ,god    
gives x life & activity4 ,x is s[n an   
animal  body2 a body :i* previ\sly exi/$
 ) all ! organs1 faculties1  &          
prop5sities1 requisite to procure1      
receive1 & appropriate  nutrim5t1 z well
 z to p]petuate ! species2 b x %all be  
rais$  a spiritual body1 ref9$ f ! dregs
 ( matt]1 fre$ f !  organs & s5ses      
requir$ only 9 its =m] /ate1 & probably 
possess+ ! rema9+ s5ses 9 great]        
p]fection1 toge!r ) new  & m exquisite  
faculties1 fitt$ = ! exalt$ /ate (      
exi/5ce  & enjoym5t to :i* x is n[ ris+4
 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ! organs  & s5ses     
appo9t$ to transmit ! impressions (     
objects to ! m9d1  h a manife/ relation 
to ! respective objects3 ! eye & see+1  
= example1 to light2 ! e> & he>+1 to    
s\nd4 ,9 ! ref9$ &  glori\s /ate (      
exi/5ce to :i* good m5 are t5d+1 :]e !  

objects :i* solicit att5tion w be       
inf9itely m num]\s1  int]e/+1 &         
delightful1 may n ! new organs1         
faculties1 &  s5ses1 be proportionally  
ref9$1 acute1 susceptible1 or p5etrat+8 
,human indu/ry & inv5tion h plac$ u1 9 a
 mann]1 9 new worlds2  :at1 !n1 may n a 
spiritual body1 ) %>p5$ faculties1 & !  
gr&e/ possible objects ( contemplation1 
effect 9 ! cele/ial  regions to :i*     
,*ri/ians are invit$8 ,!re ! s5ses w no 
long]  degrade ! affections1 !          
imag9ation no long] corrupt ! he>t2 !   
magnific5t sc5]y ?r[n op5 to view w     
animate ! att5tion1 give  a gl[ & vig\r 
to ! s5tim5ts2 t r\s$ att5tion w nev]   
tire2 ^? gl[+ s5tim5ts w nev] cloy2 b ! 
man1 n[  con/itut$ ( an inde/ructible   
body1 z well z ( an immortal s\l1  may  
visit 9 et]nal succession ! /reets ( !  
cele/ial city1 may  8dr9k ( ! pure riv] 
( ! wat] ( life1 cle> z cry/al1  proce$+
 out ( ! ?rone ( ,god1 & ( ! ,lamb20 &  
dwell =  ev] 9 ^? abodes ( h>mony &     
peace1 :i*1 ?\gh 8eye ha? n  se51 nor e>

 he>d1 nor has x ent]$ into ! imag9ation
 ( man to  conceive10 we are assur$     
8,god ha? prep>$ = !m t love him10 #a   
,cor4 ii1 #i4    ,,reub51 ,,tribe ,,(4  
,?is tribe1 hav+ mu* cattle1 solicit$ & 
obta9$  f ,moses possessions ea/ ( !    
,jordan2 by :i* riv] x 0  sep>at$ f !   
ma9 body ( ,israel3 x 01 9 consequ5ce1  
expos$  to v>i\s inroads & oppressions f
 :i* ! we/]n tribes 7  free2 & x 0 among
 ! fir/ c>ri$ into captivity by ,tigla? 
piles]1 #a ,*ron4 v1 #bf4               
,,revelation1 or ,,apocalypsis1 is ! "n 
giv5 to a canonical book ( !  ,new      
,te/am5t4 ,see ,,apocalypse4            
,,rhodes1 an isl& ly+ s\? ( ! prov9ce ( 
,c>ia1 9 ,less] ,asia1  &1 among !      
,asiatic isl&s1 is acc\nt$ = dignity    
next to ,cyprus  & ,lesbos4 ,x is       
pleasant & heal?ful1 & 0 anci5tly       
celebrat$  = ! skill ( its inhabitants 9
 navigation1 b mo/1 = its  prodigi\s    
/atue ( brass consecrat$ to ! sun1 &    
call$ !  ,colossus4 ,?is /atue 0 sev5ty 
cubits high1 & be/rode ! m\? (  ! h>b\r1

 s t %ips c\ld sail betwe5 its legs1 & x
 0  acc\nt$ "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w4  
,/4 ,paul1 on 8 way to  ,j]usalem1 ,a4  
,d4 #eh1 w5t f ,miletus to ,coos1 f     
,coos to ,rhodes1 &  f !nce to ,pat>a1 9
 ,lycia1 ,acts xxi1 #a4                 
,,righte\sness1 ju/ice1 hol9ess4 ,!     
righte\sness ( ,god is !  ess5tial      
p]fection ( 8 nature2 sometimes x is put
 = 8 ju/ice4  ,! righte\sness ( ,*ri/   
d5otes1 n only 8 absolute p]fection1  b1
 is tak5 = 8 p]fect ob$i5ce unto dea?1 &
 8 suff]+  ! p5alty ( ! law 9 our /ead4 
,! righte\sness ( ! law is  t ob$i5ce   
:i* ! law requires4 ,! righte\sness (   
fai? is !  ju/ification :i* is receiv$  
by fai?4    ,,rimmon4 ,see ,,naaman4    
,,r+s4 ,! antiquity ( r+s appe>s f      
,scripture & f pr(ane  au?ors4 ,judah   
left 8 r+ ) ,tam>1 ,g54 xxxviii1 #ah4   
,:5 ,ph>aoh  committ$ ! gov]nm5t (      
,egypt to ,joseph1 he took 8 r+ f 8  f+]
 & gave x to ,joseph1 ,g54 xli1 #db4    
,aft] ! victory ( !  ,israelites ov] !  
,midianites1 !y (f]$ to ! ,"l ! r+s1 !  

bracelets1 & ! gold5 necklaces1 tak5 f !
 enemy1 ,num4 xxxi1  #ej4 ,! ,israeliti%
 wom5 wore r+s1 n only on _! f+]s1 b    
also 9 _! no/rils & _! e>s4 ,/4 ,james  
di/+ui%es a man (  weal? & dignity by ! 
r+ ( gold on 8 f+]1 ,james ii1 #b4 ,at  
! return ( ! prodigal son1 8 fa!r ord]s 
him to be dress$ 9 a  new suit ( clo!s1 
& to h a r+ put on 8 f+]1 ,luke xv1 #bb4
  ,:5 ,god ?reat5$ ,jeconiah ) ! utmo/  
effects ( 8 ang]1 he  tells him1 t ?\gh 
he 7 ! signet or r+ on 8 f+]1 yet he    
%\ld be torn (f1 ,j]4 xxii1 #bd4 ,! r+ 0
 us$ *iefly to seal  )1 & ,scripture    
g5]ally assigns x to pr9ces & great     
p]sons2  z ! k+ ( ,egypt1 ,joseph1      
,ahaz1 ,jezebel1 ,k+ ,ahasu]us1 8       
fav\rite ,haman1 ,mordecai1 ,k+ ,d>ius1 
#a ,k+s xxi1 #h2 ,e/h] iii1 #aj1  c2    
,dan4 vi1 #ag4 ,! pat5ts & ord]s ( ^!   
pr9ces 7 seal$  ) _! r+s or signets1 an 
impression f :i* 0 _!  confirmation4 ,! 
r+ 0 "o m>k ( sov]eign au?ority4 ,ph>aoh
 gave  8 r+ to ,joseph1 z a tok5 (      
au?ority4 ,:5 ,alex&] ! ,great  gave 8  

r+ to ,p]diccas1 ?is 0 und]/ood z       
nom9at+ him 8  successor4    ,,riv]4 ,! 
,hebrews give ! "n ( 8! riv]10 )\t any  
addition1  sometimes to ! ,nile1        
sometimes to ! ,euphrates1 & sometimes  
to  ,jordan4 ,x is ! t5or ( ! disc\rse t
 mu/ det]m9e ! s5se  ( ?is vague &      
unc]ta9 way ( speak+4 ,!y give also ! "n
 (  riv] to brooks & rivulets t are n   
consid]able4 ,! "n (  riv] is sometimes 
giv5 to ! sea1 ,hab4 iii1 #h2 ,psalm    
lxxviii1 #af4 ,x  is also us$ z a symbol
 = pl5ty1 ,job xxix1 #f2 ,psalm xxxvi1  
#h4    ,,rock4 ,pale/9e1 be+ a m\nta9\s 
c\ntry1 _h also _m rocks1 :i*  =m$ a "p 
( ! c\ntry's def5ce2 = 9 "t ( dang] ! p 
retir$ to !m1 & f\nd a refuge aga9/ any 
sudd5 irruption ( !  enemy4 ,!          
,b5jamites took %elt] 9 ! rock ,rimmon1 
,judges xx1 #dg4  ,samson kept g>rison 9
 ! rock ( ,e?am1 ,judges xv1 #h4 ,david 
f\nd  %elt] 9 ! rocks ( ,maon1 ,eng$i1  
c1 #a ,sam4 xxii1 #a2 xxiii1 #be1 #bh2  
xxiv1 #b-e4 ,j]om says t ! s\!rn p>ts ( 
,judea 7 full (  caves "u gr\nd1 & (    

cav]ns 9 ! m\nta9s1 to :i* ! p  retir$ 9
 "t ( dang]4 ,! ,k5ites dwelt 9 ! holl[ 
places ( !  rocks1 ,num4 xxiv1 #ba4 ,ev5
 at ?is day ! villages ( ?is c\ntry are 
subt]rane\s1 or 9 ! rocks4 ,josephus 9  
sev]al places speaks (  holl[ rocks1 :]e
 ?ieves & robb]s _h _! haunts2 &        
travell]s  /ill f9d a great numb] ( !m 9
 ,pale/9e1 & 9 ! adjo9+  prov9ces4 ,t[>d
 ,lebanon1 ! m\nta9s are high1 b cov]$ 9
 _m  places ) z mu* e>? z fits !m =     
cultivation4 ,among ! crags  ( ! rocks1 
! beautiful & f>-fam$ c$> waves its l(ty
 top1 &  ext5ds its p[]ful arms1        
surr\nd$ by ! fir & ! oak1 ! fig  & !   
v9e4 ,on ! road to ,j]usalem1 ! m\nta9s 
are n s l(ty  nor s rugg$1 b become     
fitt] = tillage4 ,!y rise aga9 to !     
s\?-ea/ ( ,m\nt ,c>mel2 are cov]$ )     
woods1 & af=d v  picturesque views2 b   
advanc+ t[>d ,judea1 !y lose _! v]dure1 
! valleys become n>r[1 dry1 & /ony1 &   
t]m9ate at ! ,dead ,sea  9 a pile (     
desolate rocks1 precipices1 & cav]ns4   
,^! va/  excavations1 "s ( :i* w conta9 

fifte5 hundr$ m51 are !  grottoes (     
,eng$i1 :i* h be5 a refuge to ! oppress$
 or !  discont5t$ 9 all ages4 ,we/w>d ( 
,jordan & ! lake ,asphaltites1  ano!r   
*a9 ( rocks1 /ill l(ti] & m rugg$1      
pres5ts a yet  m gloomy aspect1 &       
ann\nces ! di/ant entrance ( ! des]t1  &
 ! t]m9ation ( ! habitable regions4     
,! "n ( rock is also giv5 to ,god1 by   
way ( metaphor1 because ,god  is !      
/r5g?1 ! refuge1 & def5ce ( ,israel1 z  
^? places 7  to ! p :o resid$ among !m1 
,psalm xviii1 #b1 #ca2 xxxi1 #b1 #c2    
,deut4 xxxii1 #ae1 #ah1 #cj1 #ca2 ,psalm
 lxi1 #b1 c4    ,,rod4 ,?is ^w is us$   
sometimes = ! bran*es ( a tree3 8,&     
,jacob  took him rods ( gre5 popl>1 & ( 
! hazel & *esnut tree10 ,g54  xxx1 #cg2 
sometimes = a /aff or w&3 8,& ?\ %alt   
take ?is rod 9  ?9e h&1 :]e) ?\ %alt d  
signs4 ,& ,moses took ! rod ( ,god  9 8 
h&10 ,exod4 iv1 #ag1 #bj2 or = a        
%eph]d's crook3 8,&  conc]n+ ! ti! ( !  
h]d1 or ( ! flock1 ev5 ( :atsoev]       
passe? "u ! rod2 ! t5? %all be holy unto

 ! ,"l10 ,lev4  xxvii1 #cb2 or = a rod1 
prop]ly s call$1 :i* ,god makes use ( to
  correct m53 8,if he commit iniquity1  
,i w *a/5 him ) ! rod (  m51 & ) !      
/ripes ( ! *ildr5 ( m510 #b ,sam4 vii1  
#ad4 8,let  him take 8 rod away f me10  
,job ix1 #cd4 ,! empire ( ! ,messiah is 
sometimes repres5t$ by a rod ( iron1 to 
%[ its p[] & its might1  ,psalm ii1 #i2 
,rev4 ii1 #bg2 xii1 #e2 xix1 #ae4 ,rod  
is sometimes put to  signify a tribe or 
a p3 8,rememb] ?y congregation :i* ?\   
ha/  pur*as$ ( old1 ! rod ( ?9e         
inh]itance :i* ?\ ha/  r$eem$10 ,psalm  
lxxiv1 #b4 8,israel is ! rod ( 8        
inh]itance10 ,j]4  x1 #af4 ,! rod (     
,a>on is ! /aff commonly us$ by ! high  
prie/4  ,?is is ! rod t budd$ & blossom$
 l an almond tree1 ,num4  xvii4 ,see    
,,a>on4    ,,roman ,,ca?olics1 or memb]s
 ( ! *ur* ( ,rome1 o!rwise call$        
papi/s1 f ! pope be+ consid]$ by !m z ! 
supreme head (  ! univ]sal *ur*1 !      
successor ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! f\nta9 (     
!ological tru? & ecclesia/ical hon\rs4  

,he keeps 8 c\rt 9  great /ate at !     
palace ( ! ,vatican1 & is att5d$ by     
sev5ty  c>d9als z 8 privy c\nsellors1 9 
imitation ( ! sev5ty  disciples ( our   
,"l4 ,! pope's au?ority 9 o!r k+doms is 
m]ely  spiritual1 b 9 ,italy he is a    
temporal sov]eign1 ,l\is ,,xviii4 & !   
allies hav+1 9 #ahad1 re/or$ him to 8   
?rone1 & to ^?  temporalities ( :i* he 0
 depriv$ by ,buonap>te & ! ,fr5*        
revolution4 ,on resum+ 8 gov]nm5t1 ,pope
 ,pius ,,vii4 soon re/or$ !  ord] (     
,jesuits & ! inquisition2 s t ! ,roman  
,ca?olic  religion is n[ re9/at$ 9 its  
anci5t spl5d\r & au?ority4 ,!  pr9cipal 
dogmas ( ?is religion are z foll[s3 #a4 
,t ,/4 ,pet] 0  deput$ by ,*ri/ to be 8 
vic>1 & ! head ( ! ca?olic *ur*2  & t ! 
bi%ops ( ,rome1 be+ 8 successors1 h !   
same  apo/olical au?ority2 = our ,savi\r
 decl>es1 9 ,matt4 xvi1 #ah1 8,?\  art  
,pet]1 & ^u ?is rock w ,i build my      
*ur*20 by :i* rock  !y und]/& ,/4 ,pet] 
himself1 z ! "n signifies1 & n 8        
confession1 z ! ,prote/ants expla9 x4 ,&

 a succession 9 !  *ur* be+ n[ suppos$  
necess>y "u ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z ,a>on  _h
 8 succession "u ! old disp5sation1 :i* 
0 a figure ( !  new1 ?is succession c   
n[1 !y cont5d1 be %[n only 9 ! *air  (  
,/4 ,pet] at ,rome1 :]e x is ass]t$ he  
presid$ tw5ty-five ye>s  previ\s to 8   
dea?2 !re=e1 ! bi%ops ( ,rome are 8 true
  successors4 #b4 ,t ! ,roman ,ca?olic  
*ur* is ! "m & mi/ress  ( all *ur*es1 & 
_c possibly err 9 matt]s ( fai?2 = !    
*ur* has ! promise ( ! ,_s ( ,god to    
lead x into all tru?1  ,john xvi1 #ac2  
8& ! gates ( hell %all n prevail aga9/  
x10  ,matt4 xvi1 #ah4 ,*ri/ also1 :o is 
himself ! tru?1 has promis$ to  ! pa/ors
 & tea*]s ( ! *ur* to be ) !m 8always1  
ev5 to  ! end ( ! _w10 ,matt4 xxviii1   
#bj4 8,x is f ! te/imony &  au?ority ( !
 *ur*1 !re=e10 say !y1 8t we receive !  
,scriptures z ! ^w ( ,god40 #c4 ,t !    
,scriptures ?us receiv$ on  ! au?ority (
 ! *ur* are n suffici5t to our fai? )\t 
apo/olical traditions1 :i* are ( equal  
au?ority ) !  ,scriptures2 = ,/4 ,pet]  

assures u1 t 9 ,/4 ,paul's epi/les !re  
8are "s ?+s h>d to be und]/ood1 :i* !y  
:o are unle>n$ &  un/able wre/1 z !y d  
also ! o!r scriptures1 to _! own        
de/ruction10 #b ,pet] iii1 #af4 ,we are 
direct$ by ,/4 ,paul to 8/&  fa/1 & hold
 ! traditions :i* we h be5 taught1 :e!r 
by ^w  or by epi/le10 #b ,!ss4 ii1 #ae4 
#d4 ,t sev5 sacram5ts 7  in/itut$ by    
,jesus ,*ri/1 namely1 baptism1          
confirmation1 eu*>i/1  p5ance1 extreme  
unction1 ord]s1 & matrimony2 & t !y     
conf]  grace4 ,to prove t confirmation1 
or imposition ( h&s1 is a  sacram5t1 !y 
quote ,acts viii1 #ag3 8,!y10 !         
,apo/les1 8laid _!  h&s on !m10         
believ]s1 8& !y receiv$ ! ,holy ,gho/40 
,p5ance  is a sacram5t 9 :i* ! s9s we   
commit aft] baptism1 duly rep5t$  (1 &  
confess$ to a prie/1 are =giv52 & :i* !y
 ?9k 0  in/itut$ by ,*ri/ himself :5 he 
brea!d ^u 8 ,apo/les aft]  8            
resurrection1 & said1 8,receive ye !    
,holy ,gho/3 ^: s9s ye  remit1 are      
remitt$2 & ^: s9s ye reta91 are reta9$10

 ,john xx1  #bc4 ,9 fav\r ( extreme     
unction1 or ano9t+ ! sick ) oil1 !y     
argue f ,james i1 #ad1 #ae1 :i* is ?us  
r5d]$ 9 ! ,vulgate3 8,is  any sick among
 y8 ,let him call = ! prie/s ( ! *ur*1 &
 let  !m pray ov] him1 ano9t+ him )     
oil10 c4 ,! sacram5t ( holy  ord]s is   
inf]r$ f #a ,tim4 iv1 #ad3 8,neglect n !
 gift t is 9  !e1 :i* 0 giv5 !e by      
prophecy1 ) ! lay+ on ! h&s (  !        
presbyt]y10 or prie/hood1 z !y r5d] x4  
,t m>riage is a  sacram5t1 !y ?9k evid5t
 f ,ephes4 v1 #cb3 8,?is is a great     
my/]y10 repres5t+ ! my/ical union (     
,*ri/ & 8 *ur*4  8,matrimony10 say !y1  
8is "h ! sign ( a holy ?+1 & !re=e  x is
 a sacram5t40 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !y enjo9    
celibacy ^u !  cl]gy1 because !y d n ?9k
 x prop] t ^? :o1 by _!  (fice &        
function1 ought to be :olly devot$ to   
,god1 %\ld be  div]t$ f ^? duties by !  
di/ractions ( a m>ri$ life1 #a ,cor4    
vii1 #cb1 #cc4 #e4 ,t 9 ! mass1 or      
public s]vice1 !re is (f]$  unto ,god a 
true & propitiatory sacrifice = ! quick 

& dead2 &  t 9 ! sacram5t ( ! eu*>i/1 "u
 ! =ms ( bread &  w9e1 are really &     
sub/antially pres5t ! body & blood1     
toge!r  ) ! s\l & div9ity1 ( our ,"l    
,jesus ,*ri/2 & t !re is  a conv]sion   
made ( ! :ole sub/ance ( ! bread into 8 
body1 &  ( ! w9e into 8 blood1 :i* is   
call$ transub/antiation2  accord+ to our
 ,"l's words to 8 disciples1 8,?is is my
 body10 c1  ,matt4 xxvi1 #bf2 :]e=e x   
becomes ) !m an object ( adoration4     
,f>!r3 x is a matt] ( discipl9e1 n (    
doctr9e1 9 ! ,roman  *ur*1 t ! laity    
receive ! eu*>i/ 9 "o k9d1 t is1 9      
bread only4 ,?is sacrifice ( ! mass 01  
!y ?9k1 pr$ict$ by !  ,prophet ,mala*i1 
i1 #aa1 :o says1 8,9 e place inc5se %all
 be  (f]$ unto my "n1 & a pure (f]+40   
#f4 ,t !re is a  purgatory2 & t s\ls    
kept prison]s !re d receive help by !   
suffrages ( ! fai?ful4 ,= x is said1 9  
#a ,cor4 iii1 #ae1 8,if any  man's "w   
%all be burn$1 he %all suff] loss2 b he 
himself %all  be sav$1 yet s z by fire20
 :i* !y und]/& ( ! flames (  purgatory4 

,!y also believe t s\ls are releas$ f   
purgatory by  ! pray]s & alms :i* are   
(f]$ = !m1 pr9cipally by ! holy         
sacrifice ( ! mass4 ,!y call purgatory a
 middle /ate ( s\ls1 into  :i* ^? ent]  
:o dep>t ?is life 9 ,god's grace2 yet n 
)\t  "s less /a9s ( guilt1 :i* ret>d !m 
f ent]+ heav51 :]e  no?+ unclean c ent]4
 #g4 ,t ! sa9ts reign+ ) ,*ri/ 7&       
especially ! bless$ virg97 are to be    
hon\r$ & invok$2 t !y  (f] pray]s unto  
,god = u2 & t _! relics are to be _h 9  
v5]ation4 ,^! hon\rs1 h[ev]1 are n      
div9e1 b relative1 &  r$\nd to ! div9e  
glory1 ,rev4 v1 #h2 viii1 #d1 c4 #h4 ,t 
! image  ( ,*ri/1 ( ! bless$ virg91 ! "m
 ( ,god1 & ( o!r  sa9ts1 ought to be    
reta9$ 9 *ur*es1 & hon\r & v5]ation     
ought to be giv5 unto !m4 ,& z ! images 
( *]ubims 7 all[$  9 ! temples1 s images
 %\ld be plac$ 9 *ur*es1 & _h 9         
v5]ation4 #i4 ,t ! p[] ( indulg5ces 0   
left by ,*ri/ to !  *ur*1 & t ! use ( !m
 is v b5eficial to ,*ri/ian p2  accord+ 
to ,matt4 xvi1 #ai3 8,i w give !e ! keys

 ( ! k+dom (  heav540 ,by indulg5ces !y 
d n mean leave to commit s91 nor p>don  
= s9s to come2 b only releas+1 by ! p[] 
( ! keys committ$  to ! *ur*1 ! debt (  
temporal puni%m5t :i* may rema9 due ^u  
acc\nt ( our s9s1 aft] ! s9s !mselves1 z
 to _! guilt &  et]nal puni%m5t1 h be5  
already remitt$ ?r\gh rep5tance &       
confession1 & by virtue ( ! m]it (      
,*ri/1 & ( all ! sa9ts4  ,by _!         
indulg5ces !y ass]t t !y apply to _!    
s\ls !  m]its ( ,*ri/1 & ( ! sa9ts &    
m>tyrs ?r\gh him4    ,! c]emonies ( ?is 
*ur* are num]\s & spl5did1 z1 #a4 ,!y   
make use ( ! sign ( ! cross 9 all _!    
sacram5ts1 to give u to  und]/&1 t !y h 
_! :ole =ce & efficacy f !  cross4 #b4  
,spr9kl+ ( ! holy wat] by ! prie/ on    
solemn days is  us$ likewise by e "o go+
 9 or com+ out ( *ur*4 #c4 ,!  c]emony (
 bless+ bells is1 by ! ,ca?olics1 call$ 
*ri/5+  !m2 because ! "n ( "s sa9t is   
ascrib$ to !m1 by virtue (  ^:          
invocation !y are pres5t$1 9 ord] t !y  
may obta9 8  fav\r & protection4 #d4 ,!y

 always b[ at ! "n ( ,jesus1 7:i*  is   
also done z regul>ly 9 ! *ur* ( ,engl&17
 & !y f\nd !  practice on ,phil4 ii1    
#aj3 8,t at ! "n ( ,jesus e knee %\ld   
b[40 #e4 ,!y keep a numb] ( lamps & wax 
c&les cont9ually burn+  be=e ! %r9es &  
images ( ! sa9ts4 #f4 ,!y make use (    
inc5se1 & h light$ c&les ^u ! alt> at ! 
celebration (  ! mass4 #g4 ,! practice (
 wa%+ ! poor's feet1 9 imitation (  our 
,"l's wa%+ ! feet ( 8 disciples1 is     
solemniz$ on ,holy  ,?ursday by all !   
pr9ces ( ! ,romi% religion 9 ,europe4 ,!
 *ur*  ( ,rome also pr(esses to keep !  
fa/ ( ,l5t ) great /rictness1  & obs]ves
 a mu* great] numb] bo? ( fea/s &       
fe/ivals ?an !  *ur* ( ,engl&4    ,!    
*ur* ( ,rome assumes ! title ( ,ca?olic1
 or univ]sal1 z  answ]+ to t article 9 !
 ,apo/les' ,cre$1 8,i believe 9 ! holy  
,ca?olic *ur*40 ,! above is p]haps a    
suffici5t acc\nt ( ! ,roman  ,ca?olic   
fai?2 b z ! cre$ ( ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 is 
univ]sally  admitt$ to be ! true /&>d ( 
t fai?1 x w\ld be decid$ly  wrong to    

conclude )\t ins]t+ x4 ,mr4 ,butl] says 
x conta9s a  succ9ct & explicit summ>y (
 ! canons ( ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 &  0      
publi%$ 9 ! =m ( a papal bull1 9 #aefd4 
,he adds1 8,x is  receiv$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole
 ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*2 e "o :o is       
admitt$ into t *ur*1 publicly reads &   
pr(esses 8 ass5t to  x40 ,?is docum5t   
comm5ces ) recit+ ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 :i*1 z
  x is admitt$ by ! ,prote/ant *ur* (   
,engl&1 & ins]t$ 9 !  ,common ,pray]    
,book1 ne$ n be "h repeat$4 ,x !n       
proce$s ) !  twelve foll[+ articles1 9  
addition to ^? ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1  :i*
 !y also reckon twelve3 8#ac4 ,i mo/    
firmly admit & embrace  apo/olical &    
ecclesia/ical traditions1 & all o!r     
con/itutions  & obs]vances ( ! same     
*ur*4 ,i also admit ! sacr$ ,scriptures 
accord+ to ! s5se :i* ! holy "m *ur* has
 held1 & does  hold1 to :om x belongs to
 judge ( ! true s5se & int]pretation  ( 
! ,holy ,scriptures2 nor w ,i ev] take &
 int]pret !m  o!rwise ?an accord+ to !  
unanim\s cons5t ( ! fa!rs4 #ad4 ,i      

pr(ess also t !re are truly & prop]ly   
sev5 sacram5ts ( !  new law1 in/itut$ by
 ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l1 & = ! salvation (
  mank9d1 7?\gh all are n necess>y = e  
"o17 namely1 baptism1  confirmation1    
eu*>i/1 p5ance1 extreme unction1 ord]1 &
 matrimony2  & t !y conf] grace2 & ( ^!1
 baptism1 confirmation1 &  ord] _c be   
reit]at$ )\t sacrilege4 #ae4 ,i also    
receive &  admit ! c]emonies ( !        
,ca?olic *ur*1 receiv$ & approv$ 9  !   
solemn adm9i/ration ( all ! above said  
sacram5ts4 #af4 ,i  receive & embrace   
all & e "o ( ! ?+s :i* h be5  def9$ &   
decl>$ 9 ! holy c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 conc]n+ 
orig9al  s9 & ju/ification4 #ag4 ,i     
pr(ess1 likewise1 t 9 ! mass1 is  (f]$  
to ,god a true1 prop]1 & propitiatory   
sacrifice = ! liv+  & ! dead2 & t 9 !   
mo/ holy sacram5t ( ! eu*>i/ !re  is    
truly1 really1 & sub/antially ! body &  
blood1 toge!r )  ! s\l & div9ity1 ( our 
,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2 & t !re is made  a    
conv]sion ( ! :ole sub/ance ( ! bread   
into ! body1 & (  ! :ole sub/ance ( !   

w9e into ! blood1 :i* conv]sion !       
,ca?olic *ur* calls transub/antiation4  
#ah4 ,i confess1 also1 t  "u ei!r k9d   
alone1 ,*ri/ :ole & entire1 & a true    
sacram5t1  is receiv$4 #ai4 ,i con/antly
 hold t !re is a purgatory1 & t  ! s\ls 
deta9$ !re9 are help$ by ! suffrages ( !
 fai?ful4  #bj4 ,likewise1 t ! sa9ts    
reign+ toge!r ) ,*ri/ are to be  hon\r$ 
& invocat$2 t !y (f] pray]s to ,god = u1
 & t  _! relics are to be v5]at$4 #ba4  
,i mo/ firmly ass]t1 t !  images (      
,*ri/1 & ( ! "m ( ,*ri/1 ev] a virg91 & 
also  ( ! o!r sa9ts1 are to be _h &     
reta9$1 & t due hon\r &  v5]ation are to
 be giv5 to !m4 #bb4 ,i also affirm1 t !
 p[] (  indulg5ces 0 left by ,*ri/ 9 !  
*ur*1 & t ! use ( !m  is mo/ :olesome to
 ,*ri/ian p4 #bc4 ,i ackn[l$ge ! holy   
,ca?olic & apo/olic ,roman *ur*1 ! "m & 
mi/ress ( all  *ur*es2 & ,i promise &   
swe> true ob$i5ce to ! bi%op ( ,rome1  !
 successor ( ,/4 ,pet]1 pr9ce ( !       
,apo/les1 & vic> ( ,jesus  ,*ri/4 #bd4  
,i also pr(ess1 & und\bt$ly receive1 all

 o!r ?+s1  deliv]$1 def9$1 & decl>$ by !
 sacr$ canons & g5]al  c\ncils1 &       
p>ticul>ly by ! holy c\ncil ( ,tr5t2 &  
likewise1 ,i  also condemn1 reject1 &   
ana!matize all ?+s contr>y !reto2 &  all
 h]esies :atsoev]1 condemn$ & ana!matiz$
 by ! *ur*4 ,?is  true ca?olic fai?1 out
 ( :i* none c be sav$1 :i* ,i n[ freely 
pr(ess1 & truly hold1 ,i1 ,n41 promise1 
v[1 & swe> mo/  con/antly to hold &     
pr(ess ! same1 :ole & entire1 ) ,god's  
assi/ance1 to ! end ( my life4 ,am540   
,su* is ! av[$ & accr$it$ fai? ( ! *ur* 
( ,rome2 b x  seems a mo/ extraord9>y   
circum/ance1 t1 :ile ?is *ur* has s     
enl>g$ ! cre$1 x has r$uc$ ! numb] ( !  
comm&m5ts1  omitt+ altoge!r ! second1   
8,?\ %alt n make unto !e a grav5        
image10 c1 ,exod4 xx1 #c-f2 z if !      
,ca?olics 7 consci\s x c\ld  by no means
 be reconcil$ ) ! tw5ty-fir/ article ( !
 above  recit$ cre$4 ,& !n1 to prev5t   
al>m1 z e body mu/ "k !re  %\ld be t5   
comm&m5ts1 ! la/ is divid$ into two1 to 
make up !  numb]4 ,?is is said to h be5 

done1 ev5 be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,x  0 done 
9 ! ,fr5* ,national ,cate*ism1 publi%$ 9
 #ahjf1 &  sanction$ by ,pope ,pius     
,,vii41 by ! ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 & by !   
,emp]or ,napoleon4 ,x is rem>kable1     
also1 t 9 ,dr4 ,*al5or's 8,g>d5  ( !    
,s\l10 pr9t$ 9 ,london by ,coglan1 9    
#aghg1 9 a =m (  self-exam9ation = !    
p5it5t ^u ea* comm&m5t1 !re is no       
ref]5ce to ! "o omitt$2 nor is !re any  
ref]5ce to x 9  ,bossuet's fam\s        
8,exposition ( ! ,doctr9es ( ! ,ca?olic 
,*ur*10  :5 treat+ ^u images1 & ! mann] 
9 :i* !y are direct$ to  be hon\r$4     
,la/ly1 9 ,butl]'s ,cate*ism1 ! eigh?   
edition1 pr9t$  at ,dubl9 9 #ahaa1 &    
sanction$ by f\r ,roman ,ca?olic        
ar*bi%ops1  ! comm&m5ts /& lit]ally z   
foll[s3 8#a4 ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god2  ?\   
%alt h no /range gods be=e me4 #b4 ,?\  
%alt n take !  "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va94
 #c4 ,rememb] t ?\ keep holy !  ,sabba? 
day4 #d4 ,hon\r ?y fa!r & ?y "m4 #e4 ,?\
 %alt n  kill4 #f4 ,?\ %alt n commit    
adult]y4 #g4 ,?\ %alt n /eal4 #h4  ,?\  

%alt n be> false witness aga9/ ?y       
neighb\r4 #i4 ,?\ %alt  n covet ?y      
neighb\r's wife4 #aj4 ,?\ %alt n covet  
?y neighb\r's  goods40 ,"h x may be     
add$1 t by omitt+ ! second comm&1 !     
o!rs are numb]$ diff]5tly f :at !y are  
by u4 ,?us1 !  ?ird is br\ght 9 = !     
second1 ! f\r? is made ! ?ird1 c1  till 
!y come to ! la/ :i* is divid$ 9 two1 = 
! purpose  above m5tion$4 ,! gross &    
antiscriptural errors1 lead+ to         
sup]/ition1 idolatry1 & _m o!r evils1   
:i* are conta9$ 9 !  peculi>ities ( !   
papi/ical fai?1 are abundantly po9t$ out
 &  refut$ by ! lead+ ,prote/ant writ]s4
    ,,romans1 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,!4 ,?is   
epi/le 0 writt5 f ,cor9?1 ,a4 ,d4 #eh1  
be+ ! f\r? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 j be=e 
,/4 ,paul set out  = ,j]usalem ) !      
contributions :i* ! ,*ri/ians (         
,mac$onia  & ,a*aia _h made = ! relief (
 _! poor bre?r5 9 ,judea1 ,acts  xx1 #a2
 ,rom4 xv1 #be1 #bf4 ,x 0 transcrib$ or 
writt5 z ,/4 ,paul  dictat$ x1 by       
,t]tius2 & ! p]son :o convey$ x to ,rome

 0  ,phbe1 a deaconess ( ! *ur* (       
,c5*rea1 :i* 0 ! ea/]n  port ( ! city ( 
,cor9?1 ,rom4 xvi1 #a1 #bb4 ,x is       
address$ to !  *ur* at ,rome1 :i*       
consi/$ p>tly ( ,jewi% & p>tly ( ,hea!n 
conv]ts2 & ?r\gh\t ! epi/le x is evid5t 
t ! ,apo/le has  reg>d to bo? ^!        
descriptions ( ,*ri/ians4 ,/4 ,paul1 :5 
he wrote  ?is epi/le _h n be5 at ,rome1 
,rom4 i1 #ac2 xv1 #bc2 b he _h he>d  an 
acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ! *ur* 9 t city f     
,aquila &  ,priscilla1 two ,*ri/ians :o 
7 bani%$ f !nce by ! edict (  ,claudius1
 & ) :om he liv$ dur+ 8 fir/ visit to   
,cor9?4  ,:e!r any o!r ,apo/le _h at ?is
 "t prea*$ ! ,gospel at ,rome1  _c n[ be
 asc]ta9$4 ,among ^? :o witness$ !      
effect ( !  fir/ effusion ( ! ,holy     
,gho/ are m5tion$ 8/rang]s ( ,rome1     
,jews  & proselytes10 ,acts ii1 #aj2 t  
is1 p]sons ( ! ,jewi% religion1  :o     
usually resid$ at ,rome1 b :o _h come to
 ,j]usalem to be pres5t  at ! fea/ (    
p5teco/4 ,x is highly probable t ^! m51 
^u  _! return home1 proclaim$ ! ,gospel 

( ,*ri/2 & we may f>!r  suppose t _m    
,*ri/ians :o _h be5 conv]t$ at o!r      
places  aft]w>d settl$ at ,rome1 & 7 !  
cause ( o!rs embrac+ !  ,gospel4 ,b1 by 
:atev] means ,*ri/ianity _h be5         
introduc$ into  ,rome1 x seems to h     
fl\ri%$ !re 9 great purity2 = we le>n  f
 ! beg9n+ ( ?is epi/le t ! fai? ( !     
,roman  ,*ri/ians 0 at ?is "t mu*       
celebrat$1 ,rom4 i1 #h4 ,to confirm !m  
9 t fai?1 & to gu>d !m aga9/ ! errors ( 
,judaiz+  ,*ri/ians1 0 ! object ( ?is   
lett]1 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul takes  occasion  
to enl>ge ^u ! nature ( ! ,mosaic       
in/itution2 to  expla9 ! fundam5tal     
pr9ciples & doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity2 & to
  %[ t ! :ole human race1 =m]ly divid$  
into ,jews & ,g5tiles1  7 n[ to be      
admitt$ into ! religion ( ,jesus1       
indiscrim9ately1  & free f e o!r        
obligation4 ,! ,apo/le1 aft] express+ 8 
affection to ! ,roman ,*ri/ians1 &      
ass]t+ t ! ,gospel is !  p[] ( ,god unto
 salvation to all :o believe1 takes a   
compreh5sive  view ( ! conduct &        

condition ( m5 "u ! diff]5t             
disp5sations ( ,provid5ce2 he %[s t all 
mank9d1 bo? ,jews &  ,g5tiles1 7 equally
 8"u s910 & liable to ! wra? &  puni%m5t
 ( ,god2 t !re=e !re 0 a necessity = a  
univ]sal  propitiation & r$emption1 :i* 
7 n[ (f]$ to ! :ole race (  m51 )\t any 
pref]5ce or exception1 by ! m]cy ( him  
:o is !  ,god ( ! ,g5tiles z well z ( ! 
,jews2 t fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1  !        
univ]sal ,r$eem]1 0 ! only means (      
obta9+ ?is salvation1  :i* ! de$s ( !   
law 7 :olly incompet5t to procure2 t z  
! s9s ( ! :ole _w orig9at$ f !          
disob$i5ce ( ,adam1 s  ! ju/ification f 
^? s9s 0 to be d]iv$ f ! ob$i5ce  (     
,*ri/2 t all di/9ction betwe5 ,jew &    
,g5tile 0 n[  aboli%$1 & ! c]emonial law
 entirely abrogat$2 t !  unbeliev+ ,jews
 w\ld be exclud$ f ! b5efits ( !        
,gospel1  :ile ! believ+ ,g5tiles w\ld  
be p>tak]s ( !m2 & t ?is  rejection ( ! 
,jews1 & call ( ! ,g5tiles1 7 pr$ict$ by
 !  ,jewi% ,prophets ,hosea & ,isaiah4  
,he !n po9ts out ! sup]iority (  !      

,*ri/ian ov] ! ,jewi% religion1 &       
e>ne/ly exhorts ! ,romans  to ab&on e   
species ( wick$ness1 & to practise !    
duties (  righte\sness & hol9ess1 :i* 7 
n[ enjo9$ ^u high]  sanctions1 & en=c$  
by m p[]ful motives4 ,9 ! latt] "p (  ! 
epi/le1 ,/4 ,paul gives "s practical    
in/ructions1 & recomm5ds  "s p>ticul>   
virtues2 & he concludes ) a salutation &
 a  doxology4 ,?is epi/le is mo/        
valuable1 on acc\nt ( ! argum5ts &      
tru?s :i* x conta9s1 relative to !      
necessity1 nature1 &  univ]sality ( !   
,gospel disp5sation4    ,,ro(s4 ,! lett+
 d[n ( ! p>alytic ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! h\se  
:]e ,jesus 01 is satisfactorily expla9$ 
by ! foll[+ extract  f ,%aw's ,travels3 
8,! h\ses ?r\gh\t ! ea/ are l[1 hav+    
g5]ally a gr\nd floor only1 or "o upp]  
/ory1 & flat-ro($1 !  ro( be+ cov]$ ) a 
/rong coat ( pla/] ( t]race4 ,!y are    
built r\nd a pav$ c\rt1 into :i* !      
entrance f ! /reet is  ?r\gh a gateway  
or passage room furni%$ ) b5*es1 &      
suffici5tly l>ge to be us$ = receiv+    

visits or transact+  bus9ess4 ,! /airs  
:i* lead to ! ro( are nev] plac$ on !   
outside ( ! h\se 9 ! /reet1 b usually 9 
! gateway1 or  passage room to ! c\rt1  
sometimes at ! entrance )9 ! c\rt4  ,?is
 c\rt is n[ call$1 9 ,arabic1 el woo/1  
or #8! middle ( !  h\se1' lit]ally      
answ]+ to   ( ,/4 ,luke1 v1 #ai4 ,x is  
cu/om>y to fix cords f ! p>apet walls1  
,deut4 xxii1 #h1 ( !  flat ro(s across  
?is c\rt1 & ^u !m to exp& a veil or     
cov]+1 z a %elt] f ! heat4 ,9 ?is area1 
probably1 our  ,savi\r taught4 ,!       
p>alytic 0 br\ght on to ! ro( by mak+ a 
way  ?r\gh ! cr[d to ! /airs 9 !        
gateway1 or by ! t]races (  ! adjo9+    
h\ses4 ,!y roll$ back ! veil1 & let !   
sick man  d[n ov] ! p>apet ( ! ro( into 
! area or c\rt ( ! h\se1  be=e ,jesus40 
,! w9d[s ( ! ea/]n h\ses be+ *iefly )91 
fac+ ! c\rt1 9 ord] to see :at 0 go+ on 
)\t 9 !  /reets ( ! city1 ! only way 0  
to run up to ! flat ro(4 ,h5ce  !       
frequ5t expression 9 ,scripture1 :5     
allusion is made to sudd5  tumults &    

calamities1 to get up to 8! h\se top40  
,see ,,h\ses4    ,,rose1 1 ,cant41 ii1  
#a2 ,isaiah xxxv1 #a4 ,! rose1 s mu* & s
  (t5 sung by ! poets ( ,p]sia1 ,arabia1
 ,greece1 & ,rome1 is1 inde$1  ! pride (
 ! g>d5 = elegance ( =m1 = gl[ ( col\r1 
&  fragrance ( smell4 ,t\rne=t m5tions  
fifty-?ree k9ds1 ( :i* !  ,damascus     
rose1 & ! rose ( ,%>on1 are ! f9e/4 ,!  
beauty (  ^! fl[]s is too well kn[n to  
be insi/$ on2 & !y are at ?is  day mu*  
admir$ 9 ! ea/1 :]e !y are extremely    
fragrant4 ,9 :at  e/eem ! rose 0 among !
 ,greeks1 may be le>n$ f ! fif? &       
fifty-?ird odes ( ,anacreon4 ,among !   
anci5ts x occupi$ a  conspicu\s place 9 
e *aplet2 x 0 a pr9cipal ornam5t 9 e    
fe/ive meet+1 & at e solemn sacrifice2 &
 ! comp>isons 9  ,ecclesia/icus xxiv1   
#ad1 & l1 #h1 %[ t ! ,jews 7 likewise   
mu*  delight$ ) x4 ,! rose bud1 or op5+ 
rose1 seems 9 p>ticul> a  fav\rite      
ornam5t4 ,! ,jewi% s5suali/s1 9 ,wisdom 
ii1 #h1 are  introduc$ say+1 8,let u    
fill ourselves ) co/ly w9e &  o9tm5ts2 &

 let no fl[] ( ! spr+ pass by u4 ,let u 
cr[n  ourselves ) rose buds be=e !y are 
)]$40    ,,ro%4 ,! ,hebrew speaks ( a p 
call$ ,ro%1 ,ezek4 xxxviii1 #b1 #c4  8,!
 ori5tals hold10 says ,d',h]belot1 8t   
,japhe? _h a son call$  ,r\s1 n m5tion$ 
by ,moses1 :o peopl$ ,russia1 t is1     
,muscovy40 ,we  "q n b ,ro%1 or ,ros1   
signifies ,russia1 or ! p t  dwell on ! 
,araxes1 call$ ,ros* by ! inhabitants2  
:i* 0 !  habitation ( ! ,scy?ians4 ,x   
des]ves notice1 t ! ,,lxx4 r5d]  !      
passage 9 ,ezekiel1 1  1 1  1 ,gog1 !   
*ief ( ,ros1 ,meso*1 & ,?obel2 & ,j]om1 
n absolutely to reject  ?is "n1 ins]ts  
bo? r5d]+s3 ,gog1 t]ram ,magog1 pr9cipem
  capitis 7sive ,ros7 ,moso*1 et ,?ubal4
 ,symma*us & ,!odotion also  p]ceiv$    
,ros to be 9 ?is place ! "n ( a p2 & ?is
 is n[  ! prevail+ judgm5t ( int]pret]s4
 ,bo*>t1 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #afdj1  cont5d$ t 
,russia 0 ! nation meant by ! t]m ,ros2 
& ?is  op9ion is support$ by ! te/imony 
( v>i\s ,greek writ]s1 :o  describe 8!  
,ros z a ,scy?ian nation1 bord]+ on !   

nor!rn  ,taurus40 ,mosok1 or ,mese*1    
appe>s to be ! same z ! ,moskwa1 or     
,mosc[1 ( ! mod]ns2 & we "k1 t n only is
 ?is ! "n (  ! city1 b also ( ! riv] on 
:i* x /&s4 ,see ,gog4    ,,ruby1 a      
beautiful gem1 ^: col\r is r$1 ) an     
admixture ( purple1  & is1 9 its mo/    
p]fect /ate1 a gem ( extreme value4 ,9  
h>dness  x is equal to ! sapphire1 &    
second only to ! diamond4 ,x is  m5tion$
 9 ,job xxviii1 #ah1 & ,prov4 viii1 #aa1
 c4    ,,rue1 1 ,luke xi1 #db1 a small  
%rubby plant1 common 9 g>d5s4 ,x  has a 
/rong1 unpleasant smell1 & a bitt]i%1   
p5etrat+ ta/e4    ,,ru%1 1 ,exodus ii1  
#c2 ,job viii1 #aa2 ,isaiah xviii1 #b2  
xxxv1 #g2 a plant  gr[+ 9 ! wat] at !   
sides ( riv]s1 & 9 m>%y gr\nds4         
,,russian ,,*ur*4 ,! ,russians1 l o!r   
nations1 7 orig9ally  ,pagans1 &        
wor%ipp$ fire1 :i* !y consid]$ z ! cause
 (  ?und]1 "u ! "n ( ,p]un1 & ! e>? "u !
 "n  ,volata2 at ! same "t hav+ "s      
notions ( a future /ate (  rew>ds &     
puni%m5ts4 ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ pr(ess$ by

 !  ,pr9cess ,olga1 :o 0 baptiz$ at     
,con/ant9ople4 ,%e recomm5d$ x to  h]   
gr&son ,vladimir1 on ^: baptism1 9 #ihh1
 x 0 adopt$ by !  nation g5]ally2 & f t 
"t ! ,greek *ur* has be5 !  e/abli%$    
religion ?r\gh\t ,russia1 & ,greek      
lit]ature greatly  enc\rag$4 ,dur+ !    
middle ages1 h[ev]1 ! doctr9e (         
transub/antiation1 & "s o!r popi%       
peculi>ities1 7 cov]tly  introduc$2 &1  
by ! irruption ( ! ,mongol ,t>t>s1 9 !  
fifte5? c5tury1 a /op 0 put to le>n+ &  
civilization = full  two c5turies2 b1 on
 ! accession ( ! pres5t dyna/y 9 #afac1 
civilization & ,*ri/ianity 7 re/or$1 &  
s*ools e/abli%$ =  ! education ( !      
cl]gy4 ,! ,russian cl]gy are divid$ into
 regul>  & secul>2 ! =m] are all monks1 
& ! latt] are ! p>o*ial  cl]gy4 ,!      
sup]ior cl]gy are call$ ar*ires2 b !    
title (  metropolitan1 or bi%op1 is     
p]sonal1 & n prop]ly atta*$ to !  see1 z
 9 ! we/]n *ur*4 ,next aft] ! ar*ires   
rank ! black  cl]gy1 includ+ ! *iefs (  
mona/]ies & conv5ts1 & aft] !m  ! monks4

 ,! secul> prie/s are call$ ! :ite      
cl]gy1 includ+  ! protoires1 or         
proto-popes1 prie/s1 & deacons1 toge!r )
 !  read]s & sacri/ans4 ,^! am\nt$1 9   
#ahje1 ?r\gh\t ! empire1  to n9ety-eight
 ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-six4 ,! :ite  
cl]gy  mu/ be m>ri$ be=e !y c be orda9$1
 b mu/ n m>ry a second  "t2 !y are at   
lib]ty !n to ent] among ! black cl]gy1 &
 a  way is ?us op5$ = _! accession to ! 
high] ord]s4 ,! :ole  empire is divid$  
into ?irty-six diocesses1 or ep>*ies1 9 
:i* are  f\r hundr$ & eighty-?ree       
ca!drals1 & tw5ty-six ?\s&1 five  hundr$
 & n9ety-eight *ur*es4 ,! *ur*es are    
divid$ into ?ree  p>ts4 #a4 ,! alt>1 :]e
 /&s ! holy table1 crucifix1 c1 :i* is  
sep>at$ f ! body ( ! *ur* by a l>ge     
scre51 on :i* are  pa9t$ our ,savi\r1 ! 
virg91 ! ,apo/les1 & o!r sa9ts4 ,^u a   
plat=m be=e ?is are plac$ ! read]s &    
s+]s1 & "h !  prea*] g5]ally /&s beh9d a
 movable desk4 #b4 ,! nave1 or body (  !
 *ur*1 :i* may be call$ ! inn] c\rt4 #c4
 ,! trapeza1 or  out] c\rt4 ,! two la/  

are design$ = ! congregation1 b nei!r  h
 any seats4 ,! walls ( ! *ur* are highly
 embelli%$ )  ,scripture pa9t+s1        
ornam5t$ ) gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones1
  b no images4    ,! *ur* s]vice is     
conta9$ 9 tw5ty-f\r volumes1 folio1 9 ! 
,slavonian language1 :i* is n well      
und]/ood by ! common p4  ,p>ts ( !      
,scriptures are read 9 ! s]vice2 b few1 
ev5 ( !  ecclesia/ics1 possess a        
complete ,bible4 ,! patri>* ( ,russia 0 
=m]ly almo/ equal 9 au?ority ) ! cz>    
himself2 b ,pet] !  ,great1 on ! dea? ( 
! patri>* 9 #agjj1 aboli%$ 8 (fice1 &   
appo9t$ an ex>*4 ,9 #agba he aboli%$ ?is
 (fice also1 &  appo9t$ a 8holy         
legislative synod0 = ! gov]nm5t ( !     
*ur*1  at ! head ( :i* is always plac$ a
 layman ( rank & em95ce4 ,!  mona/ic    
life 0 once s preval5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 t  
!re 7  f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-n9e conv5ts =
 m51 & sev5ty-f\r =  wom51 9 :i* !re 7  
ab\t sev5ty ?\s& monks & nuns1 c2  b ?is
 k9d ( life 0 s mu* disc\rag$ by ,pet] !
 ,great & !  ,empress ,ca!r9e1 t !      

religi\s are n[ r$uc$ to ab\t five  ?\s&
 monks & sev5te5 hundr$ nuns4 ,great "p 
( _! rev5ues  has also be5 ali5at$1 &   
appropriat$ to ! support ( hospitals  & 
h\ses = ! poor4    ,,ru?4 ,! book ( ,ru?
 is s call$ f ! "n ( ! p]son1 a  native 
( ,moab1 ^: hi/ory x conta9s4 ,x may be 
consid]$ z a  supplem5t to ! book (     
,judges1 to :i* x 0 jo9$ 9 ! ,hebrew    
canon1 & ! latt] "p ( :i* x greatly     
resembles1 be+ a  deta*$ /ory belong+ to
 ! same p]iod4 ,ru? _h a son call$ ,ob$1
  :o 0 ! gr&fa!r ( ,david1 :i*          
circum/ance probably occasion$  h]      
hi/ory to be writt51 z ! g5ealogy (     
,david1 f ,ph>ez1 !  son ( ,judah1 f :om
 ! ,messiah 0 to spr+1 is "h giv52 &  "s
 comm5tators h ?\ght1 t ! desc5t ( our  
,savi\r f  ,ru?1 a ,g5tile woman1 0 an  
intimation ( ! compreh5sive nature (  ! 
,*ri/ian disp5sation4 ,we are no :]e    
in=m$ :5 ,ru? liv$2  b z ,k+ ,david 0 h]
 great-gr&son1 we may place h] hi/ory   
ab\t  ,b4 ,c4 #abej4 ,?is book 0 c]ta9ly
 writt5 aft] ! bir? ( ,david1  &        

probably by ! ,prophet ,samuel1 ?\gh "s 
h attribut$ x to  ,hezekiah1 & o!rs to  
,ezra4 ,! /ory relat$ 9 ?is book is     
extremely int]e/+2 ! wid[$ di/ress (    
,naomi1 h] affectionate  conc]n = h]    
daught]s1 ! reluctant dep>ture ( ,orpah1
 ! dutiful  atta*m5t ( ,ru?1 & !        
sorr[ful return to ,be?lehem1 are v     
beautifully told4 ,! simplicity (       
mann]s1 likewise1 :i* is %[n 9  ,ru?'s  
indu/ry & att5tion to ,naomi2 ! elegant 
*>ity ( ,boaz2 &  8 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8     
k9dr$ ) ,ru?1 af=d a pleas+ contra/  to 
! turbul5t sc5es describ$ 9 ! book ( !  
,judges4 ,!  respect1 likewise1 :i* !   
,israelites paid to ! law ( ,moses1 &   
_! obs]vance ( anci5t cu/oms1 are       
repres5t$ 9 a v lively  & animat$ mann]1
 ,ru? iv4 ,x is a pleas+ digression f ! 
g5]al ?read ( ! sacr$ hi/ory4           
,,sabao?1 or r ,zabao?1 a ,hebrew ^w1   
signify+ ho/s or  armies1  1 ,jehovah   
,sabao?1 ,! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 ,by ?is  phrase
 we may und]/& ! ho/ ( heav51 or !      
angels & m9i/]s  ( ! ,"l2 or ! />s &    

planets1 :i*1 z an army rang$ 9  battle 
array1 p]=m ! w ( ,god2 or1 la/ly1 ! p (
 !  ,"l1 bo? ( ! old & new cov5ant1 :i* 
is truly a great army1 (  :i* ,god is ! 
,"l & comm&]4    ,,sabba?4 ,! obligation
 ( a sabbatical in/itution ^u ,*ri/ians1
 z  well z ! ext5t ( x1 h be5 ! subjects
 ( mu* controv]sy4  ,*ri/ian *ur*es     
!mselves h diff]$2 & ! !ologians ( !    
same *ur*4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ^u !     
subject on ea* side1 &  mu* rese>* &    
le>n+ employ$1 sometimes to d>k5 a v    
pla9  subject4 ,! "q respects ! w ( ,god
 z to ?is p>ticul>  po9t1--,:e!r "o day 
9 sev5 is to be :olly devot$ to         
religion1  exclusive ( worldly bus9ess &
 worldly pleasures4 ,n[1 !re are b  two 
ways 9 :i* ! w ( ,god c be collect$ f 8 
^w2 ei!r  by "s explicit injunction ^u  
all1 or by incid5tal circum/ances4  ,let
 u !n all[1 = a mom5t1 t we h no su*    
explicit  injunction2 yet we h c]ta9ly  
none to ! contr>y3 let u all[  t we h   
only = our guidance1 9 inf]r+ ! w ( ,god
 9 ?is  p>ticul>1 c]ta9 circum/ances    

decl>ative ( 8 w2 yet ?is  important    
conclusion is inevitable1 t all su*     
indicative  circum/ances are 9 fav\r ( a
 sabbatical in/itution1 & t !re  is n "o
 :i* exhibits any ?+ contr>y to x4 ,!   
sev5? day 0  hall[$ at ! close ( !      
creation2 its sanctity 0 aft]w>d m>k$   
by ! )hold+ ( ! manna on t day1 & !     
provision ( a  d\ble supply on ! six?1 &
 t previ\s to ! giv+ ( ! law  f ,s9ai3 x
 0 !n made a "p ( t great epitome (     
religi\s  & moral duty1 :i* ,god wrote )
 8 own f+] on tables ( /one2  x 0 a "p (
 ! public political law ( ! only p to   
:om  almighty ,god ev] made himself a   
political ,head & ,rul]2 its  obs]vance 
is connect$ ?r\gh\t ! prophetic age ) ! 
highe/  promises1 its violations ) !    
sev]e/ mal$ictions2 x 0 among  ! ,jews 9
 our ,"l's "t a day ( solemn religi\s   
assembl+1 &  0 s obs]v$ by him2 :5 *ang$
 to ! fir/ day ( ! week1 x  0 ! day on  
:i* ! fir/ ,*ri/ians assembl$2 x 0      
call$1 by  way ( em95ce1 8! ,"l's day20 
& we h inspir$ au?ority to  say1 t bo?  

"u ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t disp5sations1 
x is us$  z an expressive type ( !      
heav5ly & et]nal re/4 ,n[1 aga9/ all  ^!
 circum/ances s /rongly decl>ative ( ! w
 ( ,god1 z to  ! obs]vance ( a          
sabbatical in/itution1 :at circum/ance  
or passage  ( ,scripture c be oppos$1 z 
be>+ ^u x a contr>y indication8         
,c]ta9ly1 n "o2 = ^? passages 9 ,/4     
,paul1 9 :i* he speaks  ( ,jewi%        
,sabba?s1 ) _! ,levitical rites1 & ( a  
di/9ction (  days1 ! obs]vance ( :i*    
m>k$ a weak or a crim9al adh]5ce to  !  
aboli%$ c]emonial disp5sation2 t\* n !  
,sabba? z a bran*  ( ! moral law1 or z x
 0 *ang$1 by ! au?ority ( !  ,apo/les1  
to ! fir/ day ( ! week4 ,if1 !n1 we 7   
left to  det]m9e ! po9t by inf]5ce1 !   
conclusion mu/ be irresi/ibly 9  fav\r (
 ! in/itution4    ,x may also be obs]v$1
 t ^? :o w s /r5u\sly insi/ ^u  ! abs5ce
 ( an express comm& z to ! ,sabba? 9 !  
writ+s (  ! evangeli/s & ,apo/les1 z    
explicit z t ( ! decalogue1  assume1 t !
 w ( ,god is only obligatory :5 manife/$

 9 "s  "o mode1 :i* !y judge to be mo/  
fit4 ,b ?is is a dang]\s  hypo!sis2 =1  
h[ev] ! w ( ,god may be manife/$1 if x  
is  ) su* cle>ness z to exclude all     
reasonable d\bt1 x is equally           
obligatory z :5 x assumes ! =mality (   
legal promulgation4 ,?us  ! ,bible is n 
all 9 ! =m ( express & au?oritative     
comm&2  x tea*es by examples1 by        
prov]bs1 by songs1 by incid5tal         
allusions  & occurr5ces2 & yet is1      
?r\gh\t1 a manife/ation ( ! w (  ,god z 
to morals & religion 9 _! v>i\s bran*es1
 &1 if  disreg>d$1 x w be s at e man's  
p]il4 ,b /rong z ?is  gr\nd is1 we quit 
x = a /ill /rong]4 ,x is :olly a mi/ake1
 t  ! ,sabba?1 because n renact$ ) !    
=mality ( ! decalogue1  is n explicitly 
enjo9$ ^u ,*ri/ians1 & t ! te/imony (   
,scripture to su* an injunction is n    
unequivocal & irrefragible4 ,!  ,sabba? 
0 appo9t$ at ! creation ( ! _w1 &       
sanctifi$1 or  set ap>t = holy purposes1
 8= man10 = all m51 & !re=e =           
,*ri/ians2 s9ce !re 0 nev] any repeal ( 

! orig9al  in/itution4 ,to ?is we add1 t
 if ! moral law be ! law (  ,*ri/ians1  
!n is ! ,sabba? z explicitly enjo9$ ^u  
!m z ^u  ! ,jews4 ,b t ! moral law is   
our law1 z well z ! law ( !  ,jews1 all 
b ,ant9omians mu/ ackn[l$ge2 & few1 we  
suppose1 w be  incl9$ to run into !     
fe>ful mazes ( t error1 9 ord] to       
support lax notions z to ! obligation ( 
! ,sabba?2 into :i*1  h[ev]1 !y mu/ be  
plung$1 if !y d5y ! law ( ! decalogue to
  be b9d+4 ,t x is s b\nd ^u u1 a few   
passages ( ,scripture  w prove z well z 
_m4 ,our ,"l decl>es1 t he 8came n to   
de/roy ! law & ! prophets1 b to fulfil40
 ,take x1 t by 8!  law10 he meant bo? ! 
moral & ! c]emonial2 c]emonial law c\ld 
only be fulfill$ 9 him1 by realiz+ its  
types2 & moral law1 by  uphold+ its     
au?ority4 ,= 8! prophets10 !y admit ( a 
simil>  di/9ction2 !y ei!r enjo9        
morality1 or utt] prophecies ( ,*ri/2  !
 latt] ( :i* 7 fulfill$ 9 ! s5se (      
accompli%m5t1 !  =m] by be+ sanction$ & 
en=c$4 ,t ! obs]vance ( !  ,sabba? is a 

"p ( ! moral law1 is cle> f its be+ f\nd
 9 !  decalogue1 ! doctr9e ( :i* our ,"l
 sums up 9 ! moral duties (  lov+ ,god &
 our neighb\r2 & = ?is reason !         
injunctions ( !  prophets1 on ! subject 
( ! ,sabba?1 are to be reg>d$ z a "p (  
_! moral tea*+4 ,"s div9es h1 x is true1
 call$ !  obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? a       
positive1 & n a moral precept4 ,if x  7 
s1 its obligation is precisely ! same1 9
 all cases :]e ,god  himself has n      
relax$ x2 & if a positive precept only1 
x has  surely a special em95ce giv5 to  
x1 by be+ plac$ 9 ! li/ (  ! t5         
comm&m5ts1 & be+ capable1 ) !m1 ( an    
epitome :i*  resolves !m into ! love (  
,god & our neighb\r4 ,! tru? seems to   
be1 t x is a mix$ precept1 & n :olly    
positive1 b intimately1  p]haps         
ess5tially connect$ ) sev]al moral      
pr9ciples ( homage to  ,god1 & m]cy to  
m52 ) ! obligation ( religi\s wor%ip1 ( 
public religi\s wor%ip1 & ( undi/ract$  
public wor%ip3 &  ?is w acc\nt = its    
collocation 9 ! decalogue ) ! highe/    

duties ( religion1 & ! lead+ rules (    
p]sonal & social  morality4 ,! passage f
 our ,"l's s]mon on ! m\nt1 ) its       
context1 is a suffici5tly explicit      
en=cem5t ( ! moral law1  g5]ally1 ^u 8  
foll[]s2 b :5 he says1 8,! ,sabba? 0    
made  = man10 he cle>ly ref]s to its    
orig9al in/itution1 z a univ]sal  law1 &
 n to its obligation ^u ! ,jews only1 9 
consequ5ce ( !  enactm5ts ( ! law (     
,moses4 ,x 80 made = man10 n z he may be
  a ,jew1 or a ,*ri/ian2 b z man1 a     
creature b\nd to love1 wor%ip1  & obey 8
 ,god & ,mak]1 & on 8 trial = et]nity4  
,ano!r explicit pro( t ! law ( ! t5     
comm&m5ts1 &1  consequ5tly1 ! law ( !   
,sabba?1 is obligatory ^u ,*ri/ians1 is 
f\nd 9 ! answ] ( ! ,apo/le to an        
objection to ! doctr9e (  ju/ification  
by fai?3 8,d we !n make void ! law ?r\gh
 fai?80  ,rom4 iii1 #ca2 :i* is         
equival5t to ask+1 ,does ,*ri/ianity    
tea*  t ! law is no long] obligatory on 
,*ri/ians1 because x tea*es  t no man c 
be ju/ifi$ by x8 ,to ?is he answ]s1 9 ! 

mo/  solemn =m ( expression1 8,god =bid2
 yea1 we e/abli% ! law40 ,n[1  ! s5se 9 
:i* ! ,apo/le uses ! t]m1 8! law10 9 ?is
  argum5t1 is indubitably m>k$ 9 ,rom4  
vii1 #g3 8,i _h n kn[n s9 b  by ! law2 =
 ,i _h n kn[n lu/1 except ! law _h said1
 ,?\  %alt n covet30 :i*1 be+ a pla9    
ref]5ce to ! t5? comm& (  ! decalogue1 z
 pla9ly %[s t ! decalogue is 8! law0 (  
:i*  he speaks4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! law :i*  
is e/abli%$ by ! ,gospel2  & ?is c mean 
no?+ else b ! e/abli%m5t & confirmation 
(  its au?ority1 z ! rule ( all inw>d & 
outw>d hol9ess4 ,:oev]1  !re=e1 d5ies ! 
obligation ( ! ,sabba? on ,*ri/ians1    
d5ies  ! obligation ( ! :ole decalogue2 
& !re is no real m$ium  betwe5 !        
ackn[l$gm5t ( ! div9e au?ority ( ?is    
sacr$  in/itution1 z a univ]sal law1 & t
 gross corruption (  ,*ri/ianity1       
g5]ally designat$ ,ant9omianism4    ,nor
 is !re any =ce 9 ! dilemma into :i* !  
anti-sabbat>ians  w\ld pu% u1 :5 !y     
argue1 t1 if ! case be s1 !n are we     
b\nd to ! same circum/antial exactitude 

( ob$i5ce ) reg>d to  ?is comm&1 z to ! 
o!r precepts ( ! decalogue2 &1 !re=e1  t
 we are b\nd to obs]ve ! sev5? day1     
reckon+ f ,saturday1  z ! ,sabba? day4  
,b1 z ! comm& is p>tly positive1 & p>tly
  moral1 x may h circum/ances :i* are   
capable ( be+ alt]$ 9  p]fect accordance
 ) ! moral pr9ciples on :i* x re/s1 & ! 
moral ends :i* x proposes4 ,su*         
circum/ances are n inde$ to be  judg$ ( 
on our own au?ority4 ,we mu/ ei!r h su* 
g5]al  pr9ciples = our guidance z h be5 
reveal$ by ,god1 & _c  !re=e be         
que/ion$1 or "s special au?ority f :i*  
!re c  be no j appeal4 ,n[1 ?\gh !re is 
n on record any div9e comm&  issu$ to ! 
,apo/les1 to *ange ! ,sabba? f ! day on 
:i* x  0 held by ! ,jews1 to ! fir/ day 
( ! week2 yet1 :5 we see  t ?is 0 done 9
 ! apo/olic age1 & t ,/4 ,paul speaks ( 
!  ,jewi% ,sabba?s z n be+ obligatory ^u
 ,*ri/ians1 :ile he yet  cont5ds t !    
:ole moral law is obligatory ^u !m2 !   
fair  inf]5ce is1 t ?is *ange ( ! day 0 
made by div9e direction4  ,x is inde$ m 

?an inf]5ce t ! *ange 0 made "u !       
sanction ( inspir$ m52 & ^? m51 !       
appo9t$ rul]s 9 !  *ur* ( ,*ri/2 ^:     
bus9ess x 0 to 8set all ?+s 9 ord]10    
:i* p]ta9$ to its wor%ip & moral        
gov]nm5t4 ,we may !re=e  re/ well en\gh 
satisfi$ ) ?is1--t z a ,sabba? is       
obligatory  ^u u1 we act "u apo/olic    
au?ority = obs]v+ x on ! fir/  day ( !  
week1 & ?us commemorate at once !       
creation & !  r$emption ( ! _w4    ,?us1
 ev5 if x 7 conc$$1 t ! *ange ( ! day 0 
made by  ! agreem5t ( ! ,apo/les1 )\t   
express directions f ,*ri/1  :i* is n   
probable1 x is c]ta9 t x 0 n done )\t t 
g5]al au?ority :i* 0 confid$ to !m by   
,*ri/2 b x w\ld n  foll[ ev5 f ?is      
*ange1 t !y did 9 reality make any      
alt]ation 9 ! law ( ! ,sabba?1 ei!r z x 
/ood at ! "t (  its orig9al in/itution  
at ! close ( ! creation1 or 9 !         
decalogue ( ,moses4 ,! same portion ( "t
 :i* con/itut$ !  sev5? day f ! creation
 c\ld n be obs]v$ 9 all p>ts ( !  e>?2 &
 x is n probable1 !re=e1 t ! orig9al law

  expresses m1 ?an t a sev5? day1 or "o 
day 9 sev51 !  sev5? day aft] six days (
 lab\r1 %\ld be ?us appropriat$1 f      
:atev] po9t ! enum]ation might set out1 
or ! hebdomadal cycle  beg94 ,= if m _h 
be5 int5d$1 !n x w\ld h be5 necess>y  to
 e/abli% a rule = ! reckon+ ( days      
!mselves1 :i* has be5  diff]5t 9 diff]5t
 nations2 "s reckon+ f ev5+ to ev5+1  z 
! ,jews n[ d1 o!rs f midnight to        
midnight1 c4 ,s t ^?  p]sons 9 ?is      
c\ntry & 9 ,am]ica1 :o hold _! ,sabba?  
on  ,saturday1 "u ! notion ( exactly    
con=m+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1  & yet       
calculate ! days f midnight to midnight1
 h no assurance  at all t !y d n        
desecrate a "p ( ! orig9al ,sabba?1 :i* 
might beg91 z ! ,jewi% ,sabba? n[1 on   
,friday ev5+1 &1 on !  contr>y1 hall[ a 
portion ( a common day1 by ext5d+ !     
,sabba?  beyond ,saturday ev5+4 ,ev5 if 
?is 7 asc]ta9$1 ! diff]5ces  ( latitude 
& longitude w\ld ?r[ ! :ole into        
disord]2 & x is  n probable t a univ]sal
 law %\ld h be5 fett]$ ) t              

circum/antial exactness1 :i* w\ld h     
r5d]$ difficult1 &  sometimes d\btful1  
a/ronomical calculations necess>y 9 ord]
 to its  be+ obey$ accord+ to ! int5tion
 ( ! lawgiv]4 ,accord+ly we  f9d1 says  
,mr4 ,hold51 t 9 ! orig9al in/itution x 
is /at$ 9  g5]al t]ms1 t ,god bless$ &  
sanctifi$ ! sev5? day1 :i*  mu/         
und\bt$ly imply ! sanctity ( e sev5?    
day2 b n t  x is to be subsequ5tly      
reckon$ f ! fir/ demiurgic day4 ,_h ?is 
be5 includ$ 9 ! comm& ( ! ,almighty1    
some?+1 x is probable1  w\ld h be5 add$ 
decl>atory ( ! int5tion2 :]eas          
expressions  ! mo/ undef9$ are employ$2 
n a syllable is utt]$ conc]n+  ! ord] & 
numb] ( ! days2 & x _c reasonably be    
disput$  t ! comm& is truly obey$ by !  
sep>ation ( e sev5? day1  f common to   
sacr$ purposes1 at :atev] giv5 "t !     
cycle may  comm5ce4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! mode
 ( expression "h1 f t :i*  ! sacr$      
hi/orian has us$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 is v   
rem>kable4  ,at ! conclusion ( ea*      
division ( ! "w ( creation1 he says1    

8,! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day10 & s   
on2 b at !  t]m9ation ( ! :ole1 he m]ely
 calls x ! sev5? day2 a  div]sity (     
phrase1 :i*1 z x w\ld be inconsi/5t ) e 
idea  ( inspiration to suppose x        
undesign$1 mu/ h be5 int5d$ to  d5ote a 
day1 leav+ x to ea* p z to :at mann] x  
is to be  reckon$4 ,! t]m obvi\sly      
imports ! p]iod ( ! e>?'s rotation  r\nd
 its axis1 :ile x is left undet]m9$1    
:e!r x %all be  c\nt$ f ev5+ or morn+1 f
 noon or midnight4 ,! t]ms ( !  law are1
 8,rememb] ! ,sabba? day1 to keep x     
holy4 ,six days %alt ?\  lab\r1 & d all 
?y "w2 b ! sev5? day is ! ,sabba? ( !   
,"l ?y ,god4 ,= 9 six days ! ,"l made   
heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1  & all t 9 !m is1 & 
re/$ ! sev5? day2 :]e=e ! ,"l  bless$ ! 
,sabba? day1 & hall[$ x40 ,) respect to 
"t1 x is  "h m5tion$ 9 ! same indef9ite 
mann] z at its primeval  in/itution1    
no?+ m be+ expressly requir$ ?an to     
obs]ve a day  ( sacr$ re/ aft] e six    
days ( lab\r4 ,! sev5? day is to be     
kept holy2 b n a ^w is said z to :at    

epo* ! comm5cem5t (  ! s]ies is to be   
ref]r$2 nor c\ld ! ,hebrews h det]m9$ f 
! decalogue :at day ( ! week 0 to be    
kept z _! ,sabba?4 ,!  precept is n1    
,rememb] ! sev5? day ( ! week1 to keep x
 holy1  b1 8,rememb] ! ,sabba? day1 to  
keep x holy20 & 9 ! foll[+  explication 
( ^! expressions1 x is n said t ! sev5? 
day (  ! week is ! ,sabba?1 b )\t       
re/riction1 8,! sev5? day is  ! ,sabba? 
( ! ,"l ?y ,god20 n ! sev5? accord+ to  
any  p>ticul> me?od ( comput+ ! sept5>y 
cycle1 b1 9 ref]5ce to  ! six be=e      
m5tion$1 e sev5? day 9 rotation aft] six
 (  lab\r4    ,?us t "p ( ! ,jewi% law1 
! decalogue1 :i*1 on ! au?ority  ( !    
,new ,te/am5t1 we h %[n to be obligatory
 ^u ,*ri/ians1  leaves ! computation ( !
 hebdomadal cycle undet]m9$2 &1 aft]    
six days ( lab\r1 enjo9s ! sev5? z !    
,sabba?1 to :i* !  ,*ri/ian practice z  
exactly con=ms z ! ,jewi%4 ,x is n1     
h[ev]1 left to e individual to det]m9e  
:i* day %\ld be 8  ,sabba?1 ?\gh he %\ld
 fulfil ! law s f> z to ab/ract !  sev5?

 "p ( 8 "t f lab\r4 ,x 0 orda9$ =       
wor%ip1 =  public wor%ip2 & x is !re=e  
necess>y t ! ,sabba? %\ld  be uni=mly   
obs]v$ by a :ole community at ! same "t4
 ,! div9e  ,legislator ( ! ,jews        
int]pos$ = ?is end1 by special          
direction1 z  to 8 p4 ,! fir/ ,sabba?   
kept 9 ! wild]ness 0 calculat$  f ! fir/
 day 9 :i* ! manna fell2 & ) no app>5t  
ref]5ce to ! creation ( ! _w4 ,by       
apo/olic au?ority1 x is  n[ fix$ to be  
held on ! fir/ day ( ! week2 & ?us "o ( 
!  great ends = :i* x 0 e/abli%$1 t x   
%\ld be a day (  8holy convocation10 is 
secur$4    ,traces ( ! orig9al appo9tm5t
 ( ! ,sabba?1 & ( its obs]vance  prior  
to ! giv+ =? ( ! law ( ,moses1 h be5    
f\nd by !  le>n$ 9 ! tradition :i*      
univ]sally prevail$ ( ! sacr$ness  ( !  
numb] sev51 & ! fix+ ( ! fir/ p]iod ( "t
 to !  revolution ( sev5 days4 ,!       
measur+ ( "t by a day & night is  po9t$ 
out to ! common s5se ( mank9d by !      
diurnal c\rse ( !  sun4 ,lun> mon?s &   
sol> ye>s are equally obvi\s to all     

rational  creatures2 s t ! reason :y "t 
has be5 comput$ by days1  mon?s1 & ye>s1
 is readily giv52 b h[ ! division ( "t  
into  weeks ( sev5 days1 & ?is f !      
beg9n+1 came to obta9  univ]sally among 
mank9d1 no man c acc\nt =1 )\t hav+     
respect to "s impressions on ! m9ds ( m5
 f ! con/itution  & law ( nature1 ) !   
tradition ( a sabbatical re/ f !        
f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,yet pla9 intimations 
( ?is weekly revolution  ( "t are to be 
f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ ,greek poets3 ,hesiod1  
,hom]1  ,l9us1 z well z among ! nations 
( ! ,*aldeans1 ,egyptians1 ,greeks1  &  
,romans4 ,x des]ves consid]ation1 too1  
on ?is subject1 t ,noah1  9 s5d+ =? !   
dove out ( ! ark1 obs]v$ ! sept5>y      
revolution ( days1 ,g54 viii1 #aj1 #ab2 
& at a subsequ5t p]iod1 9  ! days ( !   
,patri>* ,jacob1 a week is spok5 ( z a  
well kn[n  p]iod ( "t1 ,g54 xxix1 #bg2  
,judges xiv1 #ab1 #ae1 #ag4 ,^!         
consid]ations are surely suffici5t to   
ev9ce ! futility ( !  argum5ts :i* are  
sometimes plausibly urg$ = ! fir/       

in/itution  ( ! ,sabba? "u ! law2 & !   
design ( :i*1 9 mo/ cases is1  to set   
aside ! moral obligation ( appropriat+  
"o day 9 sev5 to  ! purposes ( ! public 
wor%ip ( ,god1 & ! obs]vation ( div9e   
ord9ances4 ,b ! tru? is1 t ! sev5? day 0
 set ap>t f  ! beg9n+ z a day ( re/2 & x
 0 also /rictly enjo9$ ^u  ! ,israelites
 9 _! law1 bo? on ! gr\nd ( its orig9al 
in/itution1 ,exod4 xx1 #h-aa1 & also to 
commemorate _! deliv]ance  f ! bondage (
 ,egypt1 ,deut4 v1 #ae4    8,a ,sabba?  
day's j\rney0 0 reckon$ to be two ?\s&  
cubits1 or "o  mile1 ,acts i1 #ab4 ,!   
sabbatical ye> 0 celebrat$ among ! ,jews
  e sev5? ye> :5 ! l& 0 left )\t        
culture1 ,exod4 xxii1  #aj4 ,god appo9t$
 ! obs]vation ( ! sabbatical ye>1 to    
pres]ve  ! remembrance ( ! creation ( ! 
_w1 to en=ce !  ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 sov]eign
 au?ority ov] all ?+s1 & 9  p>ticul> ov]
 ! l& ( ,canaan1 :i* he _h giv5 to !    
,israelites1 by deliv]+ up ! fruits to !
 poor & ! /rang]4 ,x  0 a sort (        
tribute1 or small r5t1 by :i* !y held ! 

possession4  ,beside1 he int5d$ to      
inculcate humanity ^u 8 p1 by comm&+  t 
!y %\ld resign to ! slaves1 ! poor1 & ! 
/rang]s1 &  to ! brutes1 ! produce ( _! 
fields1 ( _! v9ey>ds1 & (  _! g>d5s4 ,9 
! sabbatical ye> all debts 7 remitt$1 & 
!  slaves 7 lib]at$1 ,exodus xxi1 #b2   
,deut4 xv1 #b4    ,,sabeans1 or 8m5 (   
/ature10 ,isa4 xlv1 #ad4 ,^! m5 7       
probably !  ,sabeans ( ,arabia ,felix1  
or ( ,asia4 ,!y submitt$ to ,cyrus4 ,!  
,sabeans ( ,arabia 7 desc5d$ f ,saba2 b 
z !re are sev]al (  ?is "n1 :o 7 all    
heads ( peoples1 or ( tribes1 we mu/    
di/+ui% sev]al k9ds ( ,sabeans4 #a4 ,^? 
,sabeans :o seiz$ !  flocks ( ,job1 i1  
#ae1 71 probably1 a p ( ,arabia ,des]ta1
 ab\t  ,bozra2 or1 p]haps1 a fly+ troop 
( ,sabeans :i* infe/$ t  c\ntry4 #b4    
,sabeans1 desc5dants f ,%eba1 son (     
,cu%1 ,g54 x1 #g1 are  probably (       
,arabia ,felix3 !y 7 fam\s = spices2 !  
poets gave  !m ! epi!t ( s(t &          
effem9ate1 & say !y 7 gov]n$ by  wom53  
,m$is1 levibusque ,sabis                

,imp]at hic sexus4    ,?is sex gov]ns ! 
,m$es1 & ! g5tle ,sabeans4    ,sev]al   
are ( op9ion1 t f !m came ! que5 (      
,%eba1 #a ,k+s  x1 #a1 #b2 & t ( ^!     
,sabeans ! psalmi/ speaks1 ,psalm lxxii1
 #aj1  8,! k+s ( ,arabia & ,%eba %all   
give gifts20 & ,j]emiah1 vi1 #bj3  8,:at
 are ! p]fumes ( ,%eba to me80 &        
,isaiah1 lx1 #f3 8,all :o come  f ,%eba 
%all (f] gold & p]fumes40 #c4 ,sabeans1 
sons ( ,%ebah1  son ( ,reumah1 ,g54 x1  
#g1 probably dwelt 9 ,arabia ,felix4    
,probably x is  ( ^! ,ezekiel speaks1   
xxvii1 #bb1 :o came ) _! m]*&ise to  !  
fairs ( ,tyre3 & ,joel1 iii1 #h3 8,i w  
deliv] up y\r *ildr5 to  ! tribe (      
,judah1 :o %all sell !m to ! ,sabeans1 a
 v di/ant  nation40 #d4 ,sabeans1       
desc5dants f ,joktan1 may v well be ^?  
m5tion$ by ,ezekiel1 xxvii1 #bc3 8,saba1
 ,assur1 & ,*elmad1 ?y  deal]s40 ,!y are
 ?\ght to h inhabit$ beyond !           
,euphrates2  :5ce !y are connect$ )     
,as%ur & ,*ilmad1 ,g54 x1 #bh2 #a ,*ron4
  i1 #bb4 #e4 ,sabeans are also plac$ 9 

,africa1 9 ! isle ( ,m]o4  ,josephus    
br+s ! que5 ( ,%eba f !nce1 & pret5ds t 
x _h  ! "n ( ,%ebah1 or ,saba1 be=e t ( 
,m]o4    ,,sabellians 7 s call$ f       
,sabellius1 a presbyt]1 or1 accord+ to  
o!rs1 a bi%op1 ( ,upp] ,egypt1 :o 0 !   
f\nd] ( ! sect4 ,z1  f _! doctr9e1 x    
foll[s t ,god ! ,fa!r suff]$1 !y 7  h5ce
 call$ by _! adv]s>ies1 ,patripassians2 
&1 z _! idea (  ! tr9ity 0 by "s call$ a
 modal tr9ity1 !y h likewise be5  call$ 
,modali/s4 ,sabellius hav+ be5 a        
disciple ( ,notus1 ,notians  is ano!r "n
 by :i* 8 foll[]s h sometimes be5 kn[n2 
&  z1 f _! fe>s ( infr++ on ! fundam5tal
 doctr9e ( all  true religion1 ! unity (
 ,god1 !y neglect$ all di/9ctions (     
p]sons1 & taught ! notion ( "o ,god )   
?ree names1 !y may  h5ce be also        
consid]$ z a species ( ,unit>ians4      
,sabellius  fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( !   
?ird c5tury1 & 8 doctr9e seems  to h _h 
_m foll[]s = a %ort "t4 ,its gr[?1      
h[ev]1 0  soon *eck$ by ! opposition    
made to x by ,dionysius1 bi%op (        

,alex&ria1 & ! s5t5ce ( condemnation    
pron\nc$ ^u its au?or  by ,pope         
,dionysius1 9 a c\ncil held at ,rome1   
,a4 ,d4 #bfc4 ,sabellius  taught t !re  
is b "o p]son 9 ! ,godhead2 &1 9        
confirmation  ( ?is doctr9e1 he made use
 ( ?is comp>ison3 ,z man1 ?\gh  compos$ 
( body & s\l1 is b "o p]son1 s ,god1    
?\gh he is  ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 
is b "o p]son4 ,h5ce ! ,sabellians      
r$uc$ ! ?ree p]sons 9 ! tr9ity to ?ree  
*>act]s or  relations1 & ma9ta9$ t ! ,^w
 & ,holy ,_s are only  virtues1         
emanations1 or functions1 ( ! ,deity2 t 
he :o is 9  heav5 is ! ,fa!r ( all ?+s2 
t he desc5d$ into ! virg91  became a    
*ild1 & 0 born ( h] z a son2 & t1 hav+  
accompli%$ ! my/]y ( our r$emption1 he  
effus$ himself ^u !  ,apo/les 9 tongues 
( fire1 & 0 !n d5om9at$ ! ,holy ,gho/4  
,?is !y expla9 by resembl+ ,god to !    
sun1 ! illum9ative virtue  or quality ( 
:i* 0 ! ^w1 & its quick5+ virtue ! ,holy
  ,_s4 ,! ^w1 accord+ to _! doctr9e1 0  
d>t$1 l a div9e  ray1 to accompli% ! "w 

( r$emption2 & hav+ resc5d$ to  heav51 !
 influ5ces ( ! ,fa!r 7 communicat$1 aft]
 a l  mann]1 to ! ,apo/les4 ,!y also    
attempt$ to illu/rate ?is my/]y1  by "o 
light k9dl$ by ano!r2 by ! f\nta9 &     
/ream1 & by !  /ock & bran*4 ,) respect 
to ! s5tim5ts ( ,sabellius himself1  !  
acc\nts are v>i\s4 ,accord+ to "s1 he   
taught t ! ,fa!r1  ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 
7 "o subsi/5ce1 & "o p]son1 ) ?ree      
names2 & t1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,deity 
deliv]$ ! law z  ! ,fa!r2 9 ! ,new      
,te/am5t dwelt among m5 z ! ,son2 &     
desc5d$ on ! ,apo/les z ! ,holy ,_s4    
,accord+ to ,mo%eim1 8  s5tim5ts diff]$ 
f ^? ( ,notus1 9 ?is1 t ! latt] 0  (    
op9ion1 t ! p]son ( ! ,fa!r _h assum$ ! 
human nature  ( ,*ri/2 :]eas ,sabellius 
ma9ta9$1 t a c]ta9 en]gy only  proce$$ f
 ! supreme ,p>5t1 or a c]ta9 portion ( !
 div9e  nature 0 unit$ to ! ,son ( ,god1
 ! man ,jesus2 & he consid]$1  9 ! same 
mann]1 ! ,holy ,gho/ z a portion ( !    
ev]la/+  ,fa!r4    ,betwe5 ! sy/em (    
,sabellianism & :at is t]m$ ! indwell+  

s*eme1 !re appe>s to be a consid]able   
resemblance1 if x be n  precisely !     
same1 diff]5tly expla9$4 ,! indwell+    
s*eme is  *iefly f\nd$ on t passage 9 ! 
,new ,te/am5t1 :]e ! ,apo/le  speak+ (  
,*ri/ says1 8,9 him dwelle? all !       
fulness ( ! ,godhead  bodily40 ,dr4     
,watts1 t[>d ! close ( 8 life1 adopt$   
?is op9ion1  & wrote sev]al pieces 9 its
 def5ce4 ,8 s5tim5ts on ! tr9ity  appe> 
to h be51 t ! ,godhead1 ! ,deity itself1
 p]sonally  di/+ui%$ z ! ,fa!r1 0 unit$ 
to ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus2 9  consequ5ce (  
:i* union or indwell+ ( ! ,godhead1 he  
became  prop]ly ,god4 ,mr4 ,palm]       
obs]ves1 t ,dr4 ,watts conceiv$ ?is     
union  to h subsi/$ be=e ! ,savi\r's    
appe>ance 9 ! fle%1 & t  ! human s\l (  
,*ri/ exi/$ ) ! ,fa!r f be=e !          
f\ndation ( ! _w3 on :i* gr\nd he       
ma9ta9s ! real desc5t  ( ,*ri/ f heav5  
to e>?1 & ! :ole sc5e ( 8 humiliation1  
:i* he ?\ght incompatible ) ! common    
op9ion conc]n+ him4    ,,sackclo?1 a    
sort ( m\rn+ worn at ! dea? ( a fri5d or

 relation4  ,9 great calamities1 9      
p5it5ce1 9 tr\ble also1 !y wore sackclo?
  ab\t _! bodies3 8,gird y\rselves )    
sackclo?1 & m\rn =  ,abn]10 #b ,sam4    
iii1 #ca4 8,let u gird ourselves )      
sackclo?2 & let  u g & implore ! clem5cy
 ( ! k+ ( ,israel10 #a ,k+s xx1 #ca4    
,ahab r5t 8 clo!s1 put on a %irt (      
hairclo? next to 8 sk91  fa/$1 & lay ^u 
sackclo?1 #a ,k+s xxi1 #bg4 ,:5         
,mordecai 0  in=m$ ( ! de/ruction       
?reat5$ to 8 nation1 he put on          
sackclo?1 & cov]$ 8 head ) a%es1 ,e/h]  
iv4 ,on ! contr>y1  9 "t ( joy1 or on   
he>+ good news1 ^? :o 7 clad 9  sackclo?
 tore x f _! bodies1 & ca/ x f !m1      
,psalm xxx1  #aa4 ,! prophets 7 (t5     
clo!d 9 sackclo?1 & g5]ally 9  co>se    
clo?+4 ,! ,"l bids ,isaiah to put (f !  
sackclo? f  ab\t 8 body1 & to g nak$1 t 
is1 )\t 8 upp] g>m5t1  ,isaiah xx1 #b4  
,ze*>iah says t false prophets %all no  
long]  prophesy 9 sackclo?1 to deceive !
 simple1 ,ze*4 xiii1 #d4    ,,sacram5t4 
,!re is no ^w 9 ! ,bible :i* corresponds

 to ! ^w  sacram5t4 ,x is a ,lat9 ^w2 &1
 agreeably to its d]ivation1 x 0  appli$
 by ! e>ly writ]s ( ! we/]n *ur* to any 
c]emony (  our holy religion1 especially
 if x 7 figurative or my/ical4 ,b a  m  
conf9$ signification ( ?is ^w by degrees
 prevail$1 & 9  t /rict] s5se x has be5 
always us$ by ! div9es ( mod]n  times4  
,sacram5ts1 says ,dr4 ,hill1 are        
conceiv$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,rome to  consi/ (  
matt]1 d]iv+1 f ! action ( ! prie/ 9    
pron\nc+ c]ta9 words1 a div9e virtue1 by
 :i* grace is convey$  to ! s\l ( e     
p]son :o receives !m4 ,x is suppos$ to  
be  necess>y t ! prie/1 9 pron\nc+ !    
words1 has ! int5tion  ( giv+ to ! matt]
 t div9e virtue2 o!rwise x rema9s 9 its 
orig9al /ate4 ,on ! "p ( ^? :o receive !
 sacram5t1 x is  requir$ t !y be free f 
any ( ^? s9s1 call$ 9 ! *ur*  ( ,rome   
mortal2 b x is n requir$ ( !m to ex]cise
 any good  disposition1 to possess fai?1
 or to resolve t !y %all am5d _!  lives2
 = su* is conceiv$ to be ! physical     
virtue ( a sacram5t  adm9i/]$ by a prie/

 ) a good int5tion1 t1 unless :5 x is   
oppos$ by ! ob/acle ( a mortal s91 ! v  
act ( receiv+ x is  suffici5t4 ,?is act 
0 call$1 9 ! language ( ! s*ools1 opus  
op]atum1 ! "w done indep5d5tly ( any    
disposition ( m9d  att5d+ ! de$2 & !    
sup]iority ( ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new       
,te/am5t ov] ! sacram5ts ( ! ,old 0 ?us 
express$1 t !  sacram5ts ( ! ,old       
,te/am5t 7 effectual ex op]e op]antis1  
f ! piety & fai? ( ! p]sons to :om !y 7 
adm9i/]$2  :ile ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new    
,te/am5t convey grace1 ex op]e  op]ato1 
f _! own intr9sic virtue1 & an imm$iate 
physical  influ5ce ^u ! m9d ( him :o    
receives !m4 ,?is notion repres5ts  !   
sacram5ts z a m]e *>m1 ! use ( :i*1 be+ 
totally  disjo9$ f e m5tal ex]cise1 _c  
be reg>d$ z a reasonable  s]vice4 ,x    
gives m5 ! hope ( receiv+1 by ! use ( a 
*>m1 !  full p>ticipation ( ! grace (   
,god1 al?\gh !y cont9ue to  indulge t v 
l>ge class ( s9s1 to :i* ! accommodat+  
morality ( ! *ur* ( ,rome ext5ds ! "n ( 
v5ial2 & yet x  makes ?is high privilege

 entirely dep5d5t ^u ! int5tion (       
ano!r1 :o1 al?\gh he p]=ms all ! outw>d 
acts :i* belong to  ! sacram5t1 may1 if 
he *ooses1 )hold ! communication ( t    
physical virtue1 )\t :i* ! sacram5t is (
 none avail4    ,! ,soc9ian doctr9e     
conc]n+ ! nature ( ! sacram5ts is f\nd$ 
^u a s5se ( ! absurdity & dang] ( !     
popi% doctr9e1 & a  solicitude to avoid 
any approa* to x1 & runs into ! opposite
  extreme4 ,x is conceiv$ t ! sacram5ts 
are n ess5tially  di/9ct f any o!r rites
 or c]emonies2 t1 z !y consi/ ( a       
symbolical action1 9 :i* some?+ ext]nal 
& mat]ial is employ$  to repres5t :at is
 spiritual & invisible1 !y may by ?is   
address  to ! s5ses be ( use 9 reviv+ ! 
remembrance ( pa/ ev5ts1 &  9 *]i%+ pi\s
 s5tim5ts2 b t _! effect is purely      
moral1  & t !y contribute1 by t moral   
effect1 to ! improvem5t (  ! individual 
9 ! same mann] ) read+ ! ,scriptures1 & 
_m  o!r ex]cises ( religion4 ,x is      
admitt$1 inde$1 by ! ,soc9ians1  t !    
sacram5ts are ( f>!r advantage to ! :ole

 society (  ,*ri/ians1 z be+ ! solemn   
badges by :i* ! disciples ( ,jesus  are 
discrim9at$ f o!r m51 & ! appo9t$ me?od 
( decl>+  t fai? 9 ,*ri/1 by ! public   
pr(ession ( :i* ,*ri/ians  m9i/] to !   
improvem5t ( "o ano!r4 ,b 9 ^! two      
po9ts1 !  moral effect ^u ! individual1 
& ! advantage to society1 is  conta9$   
all t a ,soc9ian holds conc]n+ ! g5]al  
nature ( !  sacram5ts4 ,?is doctr9e1 l  
all o!r p>ts ( ! ,soc9ian sy/em1        
repres5ts religion 9 ! simple view ( be+
 a lesson (  righte\sness1 & loses sight
 ( t "* ( ! ,gospel1 :i* is  meant to be
 impli$ 9 call+ x a cov5ant ( grace4 ,! 
great] "p  ( ,prote/ants1 !re=e1 foll[+ 
an expression ( ! ,apo/le1 ,rom4  iv1   
#aa1 :5 he is speak+ ( circumcision1    
consid] ! sacram5ts z  n only signs1 b  
also seals1 ( ! cov5ant ( grace4 ,^? :o 
apply ?is phrase to ! sacram5ts ( ! ,new
 ,te/am5t1 admit e  "p ( ! ,soc9ian     
doctr9e conc]n+ ! nature ( sacram5ts1 & 
are accu/om$ to employ t doctr9e to     
correct ^? popi% errors  ^u ?is subject 

:i* are n yet eradicat$ f ! m9ds ( _m ( 
! p4 ,b al?\gh !y admit t ! ,soc9ian    
doctr9e is true  z f> z x goes1 !y      
consid] x z incomplete4 ,=1 :ile !y hold
  t ! sacram5ts yield no b5efit to ^? ^u
 :om ! signs  employ$ 9 !m d n produce !
 prop] moral effect1 !y reg>d  ^! signs 
z int5d$ to repres5t an inw>d invisible 
grace1 :i*  proce$s f him by :om !y are 
appo9t$1 & z pl$ges t t  grace w be     
convey$ to all 9 :om ! moral effect is  
produc$4 ,!  sacram5ts1 !re=e1 9 _!     
op9ion1 con/itute f$]al acts1 9  :i* !  
p]sons :o receive !m ) prop]            
dispositions1 solemnly  engage to fulfil
 _! "p ( ! cov5ant1 & ,god confirms 8   
promise to !m 9 a s5sible mann]2 n z if 
! promise ( ,god 7  ( itself insuffici5t
 to r5d] any ev5t c]ta91 b because ?is  
mann] ( exhibit+ ! bless+s promis$ gives
 a /rong] impression  ( ! tru? ( !      
promise1 & conveys to ! m9d an assurance
 t  x w be fulfill$4 ,accord+ to ?is    
acc\nt ( ! sacram5ts1 !  express        
in/itution ( ,god is ess5tially         

requisite to con/itute _!  nature2 & 9  
?is respect sacram5ts are di/+ui%$ f :at
 may  be call$ ! c]emonies ( religion4  
,c]emonies are 9 _! nature  arbitr>y2 & 
diff]5t means may be employ$ by diff]5t 
p]sons )  success1 accord+ to _!        
con/itution1 _! education1 & _!         
circum/ances1 to *]i% ! s5tim5ts (      
devotion1 & to confirm  good purposes4  
,b no rite :i* is n orda9$ by ,god c be 
conceiv$  to be a seal ( 8 promise1 or !
 pl$ge ( any ev5t t dep5ds  ^u 8 good   
pleasure4 ,h5ce1 t any rite may come up 
to our idea (  a sacram5t1 we require 9 
x1 n m]ely a vague & g5]al  resemblance 
betwe5 ! ext]nal matt] :i* is ! visible 
sub/ance  ( ! rite1 & ! ?+ !reby        
signifi$1 b also words (  in/itution1 & 
a promise by :i* ! two are connect$     
toge!r2 &  h5ce we reject five ( ! sev5 
sacram5ts t are numb]$ 9 !  *ur* (      
,rome1 because 9 "s ( ! five we d n f9d 
any matt]  )\t :i* !re is n t sign :i*  
ent]s into our def9ition (  a sacram5t2 
& 9 o!rs we d n f9d any promise connect+

 !  matt] us$ ) ! grace said to be !reby
 signifi$1 al?\gh ^u  ?is connection !  
ess5ce ( a sacram5t dep5ds4             
,,sacrifice1 prop]ly s call$1 is !      
solemn infliction ( dea? on a  liv+     
creature1 g5]ally by ! effusion ( its   
blood1 9 a way (  religi\s wor%ip2 & !  
pres5t+ ( ?is act to ,god1 z a          
supplication = ! p>don ( s91 & a suppos$
 means ( comp5sation  = ! insult &      
injury !reby (f]$ to 8 maje/y &         
gov]nm5t4  ,sacrifices h1 9 all ages1 & 
by almo/ e nation1 be5 reg>d$  z        
necess>y to placate ! div9e ang]1 & r5d]
 ! ,deity  propiti\s4 ,?\gh ! ,g5tiles  
_h lo/ ! k ( ! true ,god1  !y /ill      
reta9$ su* a dread ( him1 t !y sometimes
 sacrific$  _! own (fspr+ = ! purpose ( 
av]t+ 8 ang]4 ,unhappy &  bewild]$      
mortals1 seek+ relief f _! guilty fe>s1 
hop$ to  atone = pa/ crimes by committ+ 
o!rs /ill m awful2 !y gave  _! fir/-born
 = _! transgression1 ! fruit ( _! body =
  ! s9 ( _! s\l4 ,! ,scriptures         
suffici5tly indicate t  sacrifices 7    

in/itut$ by div9e appo9tm5t1 imm$iately 
aft] !  entrance ( s91 to prefigure !   
sacrifice ( ,*ri/4 ,accord+ly1 we  f9d  
,abel1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,job1 & o!rs1   
(f]+ sacrifices 9 !  fai? ( ! ,messiah2 
& ! div9e acceptance ( _! sacrifices is 
p>ticul>ly record$4 ,b1 9 religi\s      
in/itutions1 ! ,mo/ ,high has  ev] be5  
jeal\s ( 8 pr]ogative4 ,he alone        
prescribes 8 own  wor%ip2 & he reg>ds z 
va9 & presumptu\s e pret5ce (  hon\r+   
him :i* he has n comm&$4 ,! sacrifice ( 
blood &  dea? c\ld n h be5 (f]$ to him  
)\t impiety1 nor w\ld he  h accept$ x1  
_h n 8 high au?ority po9t$ ! way by an  
explicit prescription4    ,"u ! law1    
sacrifices ( v>i\s k9ds 7 appo9t$ = !   
*ildr5 ( ,israel2 ! pas*al lamb1 ,exod4 
xii1 #c2 ! holocau/1 or  :ole           
burnt-(f]+1 ,lev4 vii1 #h2 ! s9-(f]+1 or
 sacrifice (  expiation1 ,lev4 iv1 #c1  
#d2 & ! peace-(f]+1 or sacrifice (      
?anksgiv+1 ,lev4 vii1 #aa1 #ab2 all (   
:i* emblematically set =?  ! sacrifice (
 ,*ri/1 be+ ! in/itut$ types & %ad[s (  

x1  ,heb4 ix1 #i-ae2 x1 #a4 ,accord+ly1 
,*ri/ aboli%$ ! :ole ( !m  :5 he (f]$ 8 
own sacrifice4 8,above1 :5 he said1     
,sacrifice1 &  (f]+1 & burnt-(f]+s1 &   
(f]+ = s91 ?\ w\lde/ n1  nei!r had/     
pleasure !re91 :i* are (f]$ by ! law2 !n
 said  he1 ,lo1 ,i come to d ?y w1 ,o   
,god4 ,he take? away ! fir/1 t he  may  
e/abli% ! second4 ,by ! :i* w we are    
sanctifi$ ?r\gh  ! (f]+ ( ! body ( ,*ri/
 once = all10 ,heb4 x1 #h-aj2 #a ,cor4  
v1 #g4 ,9 illu/rat+ ?is fundam5tal      
doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 !  ,apo/le ,paul1
 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 sets =? !   
excell5cy  ( ! sacrifice ( our great    
,high ,prie/ above ^? ( ! law 9  v>i\s  
p>ticul>s4 ,! legal sacrifices 7 only   
brute animals1 su*  z bullocks1 heif]s1 
goats1 lambs1 c2 b ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ 0
  himself1 a p]son ( inf9ite dignity &  
wor?1 ,heb4 ix1 #ab1 #ac2 i1 #c2  ix1   
#ad1 #bf2 x1 #aj4 ,! =m]1 ?\gh !y       
cleans$ f c]emonial  uncleanness1 c\ld n
 possibly expiate s91 or purify !       
consci5ce  f ! guilt ( x2 & s x is said 

t ,god 0 n well pleas$ 9  !m1 ,heb4 x1  
#d1 #e1 #h1 #aa4 ,b ,*ri/1 by !         
sacrifice ( himself1 ha?  effectually1 &
 = ev]1 put away s91 hav+ made an       
adequate  atonem5t unto ,god = x1 & by  
means ( fai? 9 x he also purges  !      
consci5ce f dead works to s]ve ! liv+   
,god1 ,heb4 ix1 #aj-bf2  ,ephes4 v1 #b4 
,! legal sacrifices 7 /at$ly (f]$1 ye>  
aft]  ye>1 by :i* _! insuffici5cy 0     
indicat$1 & an intimation  giv5 t ,god 0
 /ill call+ s9s to 8 remembrance1 ,heb4 
x1 #c2 b  ! la/ requir$ no repetition1  
because x fully & at once answ]$  all ! 
ends ( sacrifice1 on :i* acc\nt ,god ha?
 decl>$ t he  w rememb] ! s9s &         
iniquities ( 8 p no m4    ,! t]m        
sacrifice is (t5 us$ 9 a second>y or    
metaphorical s5se1  & appli$ to ! good  
works ( believ]s1 & to ! duties ( pray] 
& praise1 z 9 ! foll[+ passages3 8,b to 
d good1 & to  communicate1 =get n2 = )  
su* sacrifices ,god is well pleas$10    
,heb4 xiii1 #af4 8,hav+ receiv$ (       
,epaphroditus ! ?+s :i* ye  s5t1 an od\r

 ( a sweet smell1 a sacrifice           
acceptable1 well pleas+  to ,god10      
,phil4 iv1 #ah4 8,ye are built up a     
spiritual h\se1 a holy  prie/hood1 to   
(f] up spiritual sacrifices1 acceptable 
to ,god by ,jesus  ,*ri/10 #a ,pet] ii1 
#e4 8,by him1 !re=e1 let u (f] !        
sacrifice  ( praise to ,god cont9ually2 
t is1 ! fruit ( our lips1 giv+  ?anks to
 8 "n10 ,heb4 xiii1 #ae4 8,i besee* y1  
by ! m]cies (  ,god1 t ye pres5t y\r    
bodies a liv+ sacrifice1 holy acceptable
  unto ,god1 :i* is y\r reasonable      
s]vice10 ,rom4 xii1 #a4 8,!re is a      
peculi> reason10 says ,dr4 ,ow51 8=     
assign+ ?is appellation to  moral       
duties2 = 9 e sacrifice !re 0 a         
pres5tation (  some?+ unto ,god4 ,!     
wor%ipp] 0 n to (f] t :i* co/ him  no?+2
 "p ( 8 sub/ance 0 to be transf]r$ f    
himself unto  ,god4 ,s x is 9 ^! duties2
 !y _c be prop]ly obs]v$ )\t  !         
ali5ation ( some?+ t 0 our own1--our "t1
 ease1 prop]ty1  c1 & a d$ication ( x to
 ! ,"l4 ,h5ce !y h ! g5]al  nature (    

sacrifices40 ,! c]emonies us$ 9 (f]+ !  
,jewi%  sacrifices require to be notic$ 
z illu/rative ( _m texts (  ,scripture1 
& "s po9ts ( important doctr9e4 ,see    
,,atonem5t1  ,,(f]+s1 ,,expiation1      
,,propitiation1 ,,reconciliation1 &     
,,r$emption4    ,,sadducees1 a sect     
among ! ,jews4 ,x is said t ! pr9ciples 
( !  ,sadducees 7 d]iv$ f ,antigonus    
,so*u1 presid5t ( !  sanh$rim1 ab\t ,b4 
,c4 #bej1 :o1 reject+ ! tradition>y     
doctr9es (  ! scribes1 taught t man     
ought to s]ve ,god out ( pure love1 &  n
 f hope ( rew>d1 or fe> ( puni%m5t2 & t 
!y d]iv$  _! "n f ,sadoc1 "o ( 8        
foll[]s1 :o1 mi/ak+ or  p]v]t+ ?is      
doctr9e1 ma9ta9$ t !re 0 no future /ate 
(  rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,:atev] f\ndation
 !re may be = ?is  acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! 
sect1 x is c]ta91 t 9 ! "t (  our       
,savi\r ! ,sadducees d5i$ ! resurrection
 ( ! dead1 ,acts  xxiii1 #h1 & ! exi/5ce
 ( angels & spirits1 or s\ls ( dep>t$   
m52 ?\gh1 z ,mr4 ,hume obs]ves1 x is n  
easy to compreh5d h[ !y  c\ld at ! same 

"t admit ! au?ority ( ! law ( ,moses4   
,!y  c>ri$ _! ideas ( human fre$om s f> 
z to ass]t t m5 7  absolutely ma/]s ( _!
 own actions1 & at full lib]ty to d     
ei!r good or evil4 ,josephus ev5 says t 
!y d5i$ ! ess5tial  diff]5ce betwe5 good
 & evil2 &1 ?\gh !y believ$ t ,god      
creat$ & pres]v$ ! _w1 !y seem to h d5i$
 8 p>ticul>  provid5ce4 ,^! t5ets1 :i*  
resemble ! ,epicurean philosophy1 l$1  z
 might be expect$1 to great pr(ligacy ( 
life2 & we f9d !  lic5ti\s wick$ness ( !
 ,sadducees frequ5tly condemn$ 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t2 yet !y pr(ess$ !mselves oblig$
 to obs]ve ! ,mosaic  law1 because ( !  
temporal rew>ds & puni%m5ts annex$ to   
su*  obs]vance2 & h5ce !y 7 always sev]e
 9 _! puni%m5t ( any  crimes :i* t5d$ to
 di/urb ! public tranquillity4 ,!       
,sadducees  reject$ all tradition1 & "s 
au?ors h cont5d$ t !y  admitt$ only !   
books ( ,moses2 b !re seems no gr\nd = t
  op9ion1 ei!r 9 ! ,scriptures or 9 any 
anci5t writ]4 ,ev5  ,josephus1 :o 0     
himself a ,ph>isee1 & took e opportunity

 (  reproa*+ ! ,sadducees1 does n m5tion
 t !y reject$ any "p  ( ! ,scriptures2  
he only says t 8! ,ph>isees h deliv]$ to
  ! p _m in/itutions z receiv$ f !      
fa!rs1 :i* are n  writt5 9 ! law (      
,moses4 ,= ?is reason ! ,sadducees      
reject ^!  ?+s1 ass]t+ t ^? ?+s are b9d+
 :i* are writt51 b  t ! ?+s receiv$ by  
tradition f ! fa!rs are n to be         
obs]v$40 ,beside1 x is g5]ally believ$ t
 ! ,sadducees expect$  ! ,messiah )     
great impati5ce1 :i* seems to imply _!  
belief 9  ! prophecies1 ?\gh !y         
mis9t]pret$ _! mean+4 ,conf9+ all  _!   
hopes to ?is pres5t _w1 enjoy+ its      
ri*es1 & devot+  !mselves to its        
pleasures1 !y might well be p>ticul>ly  
anxi\s  t _! lot ( life %\ld be ca/ 9 ! 
spl5did reign ( ?is  expect$ temporal   
k+1 ) ! hope ( %>+ 9 8 conque/s &       
glory2 b ?is expectation 0 s contr>y to 
! l[ly appe>ance (  our ,savi\r1 t !y   
jo9$ _! invet]ate enemies1 ! ,ph>isees1 
9 p]secut+ him & 8 religion4 ,josephus  
says1 t ! ,sadducees  7 able to draw ov]

 to !m ! ri* only1 ! p n foll[+  !m2 &  
he else:]e m5tions t ?is sect spread    
*iefly among !  "y4 ,! ,sadducees 7 f>  
less num]\s ?an ! ,ph>isees1 b !y  7 9  
g5]al p]sons ( great] opul5ce & dignity4
 ,! c\ncil  be=e :om our ,savi\r & ,/4  
,paul 7 c>ri$ consi/$ p>tly (  ,ph>isees
 & p>tly ( ,sadducees4    ,,salamis1    
once a fam\s city 9 ! isle ( ,cyprus1   
opposite to ,seleucia1  on ! ,syrian    
coa/2 & z x 0 ! fir/ place :]e ! ,gospel
 0  prea*$1 x 0 9 ! primitive times made
 ! see ( ! primate (  ! :ole isl&4 ,x 0 
de/roy$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 & f ! ru9s  0     
built ,famagu/a1 :i* 0 tak5 by ! ,turks 
9 #aegj4 ,"h ,/4 ,paul  prea*$1 ,a4 ,d4 
#dd1 ,acts xiii1 #e4    ,,salmon1 son ( 
,nah%on3 he m>ri$ ,rahab1 by :om he _h  
,boaz1 #a ,*ron4  ii1 #aa1 #ea1 #ed2    
,ru? iv1 #bj1 #ba2 ,matt4 i1 #d4 ,he is 
nam$ ! fa!r (  ,be?lehem1 because 8     
desc5dants peopl$ ,be?lehem4            
,,salome1 ! wife ( ,zeb$ee1 & "m ( ,/4  
,james ! great]1 &  ,/4 ,john !         
evangeli/1 ,mat!w xxvii1 #ef2 & "o ( ^? 

holy wom5  :o us$ to att5d ^u our       
,savi\r 9 8 j\rney+s1 & to m9i/]  to    
him4 ,%e 0 ! p]son :o reque/$ ( ,jesus  
,*ri/1 t h] two  sons1 ,james & ,john1  
might sit on 8 "r & left h& :5 he  %\ld 
ent] ^u 8 k+dom1 hav+ !n b ! same       
obscure views z  ! re/ ( ! disciples2 b 
%e gave pro( ( h] fai? :5 %e  foll[$    
,*ri/ to ,calv>y1 & did n =sake him ev5 
at ! cross1  ,m>k xv1 #dj2 ,matt4 xxvii1
 #ee1 #ef4 ,%e 0 also "o ( ! wom5 t     
br\ght p]fumes to embalm him1 & :o came1
 = ?is purpose1 to !  sepul*re 8e>ly 9 !
 morn+10 ,m>k xvi1 #a1 #b4 ,at ! tomb !y
 saw  two angels1 :o in=m$ !m t ,jesus 0
 ris54 ,return+ to  ,j]usalem1 ,jesus   
appe>$ to !m on ! way1 & said to !m1    
8,be n  afraid3 g1 tell my bre?r5 t !y g
 into ,galilee1 & !re %all  !y see me40 
,,salt4 ,god appo9t$ t salt %\ld be us$ 
9 all ! sacrifices t  7 (f]$ to him1    
,leviticus ii1 #ac4 ,salt is e/eem$ !   
symbol (  wisdom & grace1 ,colossians   
iv1 #f2 ,m>k ix1 #ej2 also ( p]petuity &
  incorruption1 ,numb]s xviii1 #ai2 #b  

,*ronicles xiii1 #e4 ,! ori5tals  7     
accu/om$ also to ratify _! f$]al        
engagem5ts by salt4 ,?is  sub/ance 01   
among ! anci5ts1 ! emblem ( fri5d%ip &  
fidelity1 & !re=e us$ 9 all _!          
sacrifices & cov5ants4 ,x  0 a sacr$    
pl$ge ( hospitality :i* !y nev] v5tur$  
to violate4  ,num]\s in/ances occur (   
travell]s 9 ,arabia1 aft] be+ plund]$  &
 /ripp$ by ! w&]+ tribes ( ! des]t1     
claim+ !  protection ( "s civiliz$      
,arab1 :o1 aft] receiv+ !m into 8  t5t1 
& giv+ !m salt1 in/antly relieves _!    
di/ress1 & nev]  =sakes !m till he has  
plac$ !m 9 safety4 ,an agreem5t1 ?us    
ratifi$1 is call$1 9 ,scripture1 8a     
cov5ant ( salt40 ,! obligation  :i* ?is 
symbol imposes on ! m9d ( an ori5tal1 is
 well  illu/rat$ by ! ,b>on du ,tott 9 !
 foll[+ anecdote3 ,"o :o 0  desir\s ( 8 
acqua9tance promis$ 9 a %ort "t to      
return4 ,!  b>on _h already att5d$ him  
half way d[n ! /aircase1 :5  /opp+1 &   
turn+ briskly to "o ( 8 dome/ics1 8,br+ 
me  directly10 said he1 8"s bread &     

salt40 ,:at he reque/$ 0  br\ght2 :51   
tak+ a little salt betwe5 8 f+]s1 &     
putt+ x  ) a my/]i\s air on a bit (     
bread1 he ate x ) a dev\t  gravity1     
assur+ du ,tott he might n[ rely on him4
    ,al?\gh salt1 9 small quantities1   
may contribute to ! communicat+  &      
f]tiliz+ ( "s k9ds ( /ubborn soil1 yet1 
accord+ to !  obs]vations ( ,pl9y1 8all 
places 9 :i* salt is f\nd are b>r5 &    
produce no?+40 ,! effect ( salt1 :]e x  
ab\nds1 on vegetation1  is describ$ by  
burn+1 9 ,deut4 xxix1 #bc1 8,! :ole l&  
!re( is  brim/one1 & salt ( burn+40 ,?us
 ,volney1 speak+ ( ! bord]s (  !        
,asphaltic lake1 or ,dead ,sea1 says1   
8,! true cause ( ! abs5ce (  vegetables 
& animals is ! acrid saltness ( its     
wat]s1 :i* is  inf9itely great] ?an t ( 
! sea4 ,! l& surr\nd+ ! lake1  be+      
equally impregnat$ ) t saltness1 refuses
 to produce plants2  ! air itself1 :i*  
is by evaporation load$ ) x1 & :i*      
moreov] receives vap\rs ( sulphur &     
bitum51 _c suit  vegetation2 :5ce t dead

 appe>ance :i* reigns ar\nd ! lake40  ,s
 a salt l&1 ,j]4 xvii1 #f1 is ! same z !
 8p>*$ places ( !  wild]ness10 & is     
descriptive ( b>r5ness1 z saltness also 
is1 ,job  xxxix1 #f2 ,psalm cvii1 #cd2  
,ezek4 xlvii1 #aa2 ,ze*4 ii1 #i4 ,h5ce !
  anci5t cu/om ( s[+ an enemy's city1 :5
 tak51) salt1 9 tok5  ( p]petual        
desolation1 ,judges iv1 #de2 & ?us 9    
aft] times ! city  ( ,milan 0 burn$1    
raz$1 s[n ) salt1 & pl\gh$ by !         
exasp]at$ emp]or1 ,fr$]ic ,b>b>ossa4 ,! 
salt us$ by ! anci5ts  0 :at we call    
rock or fossil salt2 & also t left by ! 
evaporation ( salt lakes4 ,bo? ^! k9ds 7
 impure1 be+ mix$  ) e>?1 s&1 c1 & lo/  
_! /r5g? by deliquesc5ce4  ,maundrell1  
describ+ ! valley ( salt1 says1 8,on !  
side t[>d  ,gibul !re is a small        
precipice1 occasion$ by ! cont9ual tak+ 
away ( ! salt2 & 9 ?is y may see h[ !   
ve9s ( x lie4 ,i  broke a piece ( x1 (  
:i* t "p t 0 expos$ to ! sun1  ra91 &   
air1 ?\gh x _h ! sp>ks & p>ticles (     
salt1 yet x  _h p]fectly lo/ its sav\r2 

! inn] "p1 :i* 0 connect$ )  ! rock1    
reta9$ its sav\r1 z ,i f\nd by pro(40   
,*ri/ rem9ds 8  disciples1 ,matt4 v1    
#ac1 8,ye are ! salt ( ! e>?2 b if !    
salt  h lo/ its sav\r1 :]e) %all x be   
salt$8 ,x is !nce=?  good = no?+ b to be
 ca/ out1 & to be trodd5 "u foot (  m540
 ,?is is spok5 ( ! m9]al salt z m5tion$ 
by ,maundrell1 a  great deal ( :i* 0    
made use ( 9 (f]+s at ! temple2 su* (  x
 z _h become insipid 0 ?r[n out to      
repair ! road4 ,!  exi/5ce ( su* a salt1
 & its application to su* a use1        
,s*oetg5ius has l>gely prov$ 9 8 8,hor  
,hebraic40 ,! salt unfit  = ! l&1 ,luke 
xvi1 #cd1 ,le ,cl]c conjectures to be t 
made ( wood  a%es1 :i* easily loses its 
sav\r1 & becomes no long] s]viceable4   
,efftos c9]em immundum jact>e p] agros4 
,,virgil4 ,georg4 i1 #ha4               
8,b blu% n fatt5+ dung to ca/ ar\nd1    
,or sordid a%es o'er ?' exhau/$ gr\nd40 
,,w>ton4    ,,salutations at meet+ are n
 less common 9 ! ea/ ?an 9 !  c\ntries (
 ,europe1 b are g5]ally conf9$ to ^? (  

_! own  nation or religi\s p>ty4 ,:5 !  
,arabs salute ea* o!r1 x is  g5]ally 9  
^! t]ms3 ,salum aleikum1 8,peace be )   
y20 lay+1  z !y utt] ! words1 ! "r h& on
 ! he>t4 ,! answ] is1  ,aleikum essalum1
 8,) y be peace20 to :i* ag$ p are      
incl9$ to add1 8& ! m]cy & bless+ (     
,god40 ,! ,mohamm$ans (  ,egypt & ,syria
 nev] salute a ,*ri/ian 9 ^! t]ms3 !y   
cont5t  !mselves ) say+ to !m1 8,good   
day to y20 or1 8,fri5d1 h[ d  y d80     
,niebuhr's /atem5t is confirm$ by ,mr4  
,bruce1 :o says t  "s ,arabs1 to :om he 
gave ! salam1 or salutation ( peace1    
ei!r  made no reply1 or express$ _!     
a/oni%m5t at 8 impud5ce 9 us+  su*      
fre$om4 ,?us x appe>s t ! ori5tals h two
 k9ds (  salutations2 "o = /rang]s1 & ! 
o!r = _! own c\ntrym51  or p]sons ( _!  
own religi\s pr(ession4 ,! ,jews 9 !    
days (  our ,"l seem to h g5]ally obs]v$
 ! same cu/om2 !y w\ld n  address !     
usual complim5t (1 8,peace be ) y10 to  
ei!r ,hea!ns  or publicans2 ! publicans 
( ! ,jewi% nation w\ld use x to _!      

c\ntrym5 :o 7 publicans1 b n to ,hea!ns1
 ?\gh ! m  rigid ,jews refus$ to d x    
ei!r to publicans or ,hea!ns4 ,our ,"l  
requir$ 8 disciples to lay aside !      
moros5ess ( ,jews1 & *]i%  a b5evol5t   
disposition t[>d all ar\nd !m3 8,if ye  
salute y\r  bre?r5 only1 :at d ye m ?an 
o!rs8 ,d n ev5 ! publicans  s80 ,!y 7   
b\nd by ! same au?ority to embrace _!   
bre?r5 9  ,*ri/ ) a special affection1  
yet !y 7 to look ^u e man z  a bro!r1 to
 feel a s9c]e & cordial int]e/ 9 8      
welf>e1 & at  meet+ to express _!       
b5evol5ce1 9 language correspond+ ) !   
feel+s ( _! he>ts4 ,?is precept is n    
inconsi/5t ) !  *>ge :i* ! ,prophet     
,eli%a gave to 8 s]vant ,gehazi1 n to   
salute any man he met1 nor return 8     
salutation2 = he wi%$ him to  make all !
 ha/e 9 8 p[] to re/ore ! *ild ( !      
,%unamite1  :o _h laid him "u s _m      
obligations4 ,! mann]s ( ! c\ntry  r5d]$
 ,eli%a's precautions p>ticul>ly prop] &
 necess>y1 z !  salutations ( ! ea/ (t5 
take up a long "t4 ,= a simil> reason   

our ,"l himself comm&$ 8 disciples on "o
 occasion to salute no  man by ! way3 x 
is n to be suppos$ t he w\ld require 8  
foll[]s to violate or neglect an innoc5t
 cu/om1 /ill less "o (  8 own precepts2 
he only direct$ !m to make ! be/ use (  
_!  "t 9 execut+ 8 "w4 ,?is precaution 0
 r5d]$ necess>y by  ! l5g? ( "t :i* _!  
t$i\s =ms ( salutation requir$4  ,!y    
beg9 _! salutations at a consid]able    
di/ance1 by br++ !  h& d[n to ! knees1 &
 !n c>ry+ x to ! /oma*4 ,!y  express _! 
devot$ness to a p]son by hold+ d[n ! h&1
 z !y  d _! affection by rais+ x aft]w>d
 to ! he>t4 ,:5 !y come  close toge!r1  
!y take ea* o!r by ! h& 9 tok5 (        
fri5d%ip4  ,! c\ntry p at meet+ clap ea*
 o!r's h&s v sm>tly  tw5ty or ?irty     
times toge!r1 )\t say+ any ?+ m ?an1    
8,h[ d ye d8 ,i wi% y good heal?40 ,aft]
 ?is fir/ complim5t1  _m o!r fri5dly    
que/ions ab\t ! heal? ( ! family1       
m5tion+  ea* ( ! *ildr5 di/9ctly1 ^:    
names !y "k4 ,to avoid ?is  useless wa/e
 ( "t1 our ,"l comm&$ !m to avoid !     

cu/om>y  salutations ( ^? :om !y might  
happ5 to meet by ! way4 ,all !  =ms (   
salutation n[ obs]v$ appe> to h be5 9   
g5]al use 9  ! days ( our ,"l2 = he     
repres5ts a s]vant z fall+ d[n at !     
feet ( 8 ma/]1 :5 he _h a fav\r to ask2 
& an inf]ior  s]vant1 z pay+ ! same     
complim5t to ! fir/1 :o belong$1 x  w\ld
 seem1 to a high] class2 8,! s]vant1    
!re=e1 fell d[n &  wor%ipp$ him1 say+1  
,"l1 h pati5ce ) me1 & ,i w pay !e  all4
 ,& 8 fell[ s]vant fell d[n at 8 feet1 &
 bes\ght him1  say+1 ,h pati5ce ) me1 & 
,i w pay !e all10 ,matt4 xviii1  #bf1   
#bi4 ,:5 ,jairus solicit$ ! ,savi\r to g
 & heal 8 daught]1  he fell d[n at 8    
feet3 ! ,apo/le ,pet]1 on ano!r         
occasion1 seems  to h fall5 d[n at 8    
knees1 9 ! same mann] z ! mod]n ,arabs  
fall d[n at ! knees ( a sup]ior4 ,!     
woman :o 0 afflict$ )  an issue ( blood 
t\*$ ! hem ( 8 g>m5t1 & !               
,syro-,ph5ician  woman fell d[n at 8    
feet4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ! salutation among     
intimate  fri5ds is made by incl9+ !    

neck ov] ea* o!r's neck1 & !n  incl9+   
*eek to *eek2 :i* ,mr4 ,mori] ?9ks is   
mo/ likely !  fall+ ^u ! neck & kiss+1 s
 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1  ,g54  
xxxiii1 #d2 xlv1 #ad2 ,luke xv1 #bj4    
,,salvation imports1 9 g5]al1 "s great  
deliv]ance f any evil or  dang]4 ,?us1 !
 conduct+ ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! ,r$     
,sea1 &  deliv]+ !m out ( ! h&s ( !     
,egyptians1 is call$ a great  salvation4
 ,b salvation by way ( em95ce1 is appli$
 to t  wond]ful deliv]ance :i* our      
bless$ ,savi\r procur$ = mank9d1 by     
sav+ !m f ! puni%m5t ( _! s9s2 & 9 !    
,new ,te/am5t  is ! same z our r$emption
 by ,*ri/4 ,?is is t salvation ref]r$   
to by ,/4 ,paul3 8,h[ %all we escape if 
we neglect s great salvation80  ,!      
salvation :i* ,*ri/ pur*as$1 & ! ,gospel
 t5d]s to e  creature1 compreh5ds !     
greate/ bless+s :i* ,god c be/[2 a      
deliv]ance f ! mo/ dreadful evils t     
mank9d c suff]4 ,x  conta9s all t c make
 ! nature ( man p]fect or 8 life happy1 
& secures him f :atev] c r5d] 8         

condition mis]able4 ,!  bless+s ( x are 
inexpressible1 & beyond imag9ation4     
8,eye ha? n  se51 nor e> he>d1 nei!r h  
ent]$ into ! he>t ( man1 !  ?+s :i* ,god
 ha? prep>$ = !m t love him40 ,=1 to be 
sav$  z ,*ri/ saves1 is to h all our    
innum]able s9s & transgressions  =giv5 &
 blott$ out2 all ^? heavy loads ( guilt 
:i* oppress$  our s\ls p]fectly remov$ f
 our m9ds4 ,x is to be reconcil$ to     
,god1 & re/or$ to 8 fav\r1 s t he w be  
no long] angry1  t]rible1 & retributive1
 b a mo/ k9d1 compassionate1 & t5d]     
,fa!r4 ,x is to be at peace ) him & )   
our consci5ces2 to h  a title to 8      
peculi> love1 c>e1 & protection1 all our
 days2 to be  rescu$ f ! bondage &      
dom9ion ( s91 & ! tyranny ( !  devil4 ,x
 is to be translat$ f ! p[] ( d>kness1  
into !  k+dom ( ,*ri/2 s t s9 %all reign
 no long] 9 our mortal  bodies1 b we    
%all be enabl$ to s]ve ,god 9 newness ( 
life4 ,x is  to be plac$ 9 a /ate ( true
 fre$om & lib]ty1 to be no long]  "u !  
control ( bl9d passions1 & hurri$ on by 

our impetu\s  lu/s to d :at our reason  
condemns4 ,x is to h a new pr9ciple (   
life infus$ into our s\ls2 to h ! ,holy 
,_s resid5t 9 our  he>ts1 ^: com=table  
influ5ce mu/ ev] *e] & refre% u1 &  by  
^: c\nsels we may be always advis$1     
direct$1 & gov]n$4 ,x  is to be trans=m$
 into ! image ( ,god2 & to be made l him
 9  wisdom1 righte\sness1 & all o!r     
p]fections ( :i* man's nature  is       
capable4    ,f9ally1 to be sav$ z ,*ri/ 
came to save mank9d1 is to be           
translat$1 aft] ?is life is end$1 into a
 /ate ( et]nal felicity1  nev] m to die 
or suff]1 nev] m to "k pa9 & sickness1  
grief  & sorr[1 lab\r & we>9ess1        
disquiet1 or vexation1 b to live 9      
p]fect peace1 fre$om1 & lib]ty1 & to    
enjoy ! greate/ good  aft] ! mo/ p]fect 
mann] = ev]4 ,x is to h our bodies rais$
  aga91 & renit$ to our s\ls2 s t !y    
%all be no long] gross1  e>?ly1         
corruptible bodies1 b spiritual1        
heav5ly1 immortal ones1  fa%ion$ l unto 
,*ri/'s glori\s body1 9 :i* he n[ sits  

at !  "r h& ( ,god4 ,x is to live 9 !   
city ( ! great ,k+1 !  heav5ly          
,j]usalem1 :]e ! glory ( ! ,"l fills !  
place )  p]petual light & bliss4 ,x is  
to sp5d et]nity 9 ! mo/ noble &  hall[$ 
employm5ts1 9 view+ & contemplat+ !     
wond]ful works  ( ,god1 admir+ ! wisdom 
( 8 provid5ce1 ador+ 8 inf9ite love  to 
! sons ( m51 reflect+ on our own        
inexpressible happ9ess1 &  s++ ev]la/+  
hymns ( praise1 joy1 & triumph to ,god &
 our  ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ = v\*saf+ all ^! 
bless+s4 ,x is to dwell  = ev] 9 a      
place1 :]e no objects ( pity or         
compassion1 ( ang] or  envy1 ( hatr$ or 
di/ru/1 are to be f\nd2 b :]e all w     
increase ! happ9ess ( ea* o!r1 by mutual
 love & k9dness4 ,x is  to conv]se ) !  
mo/ p]fect society1 to be re/or$ to !   
fell[%ip ( our fri5ds & relations :o h  
di$ 9 ! fai? (  ,*ri/1 & to be ) ,jesus 
,*ri/1 to behold 8 glory1 to live =  ev]
 9 see+ & enjoy+ ! great ,god1 9 8^:    
pres5ce is fulness  ( joy1 & at ^: "r h&
 are pleasures = ev]more40 ,?is is !    

salvation t ,*ri/ has pur*as$ = u2 & :i*
 8 ,gospel (f]s  to all mank9d4         
,,sam>ia1 "o ( ! ?ree divisions ( !     
,holy ,l&1 hav+ ,galilee on  ! nor?1    
,judea on ! s\?1 ! riv] ,jordan on !    
ea/1 & !  ,m$it]ranean ,sea on ! we/4 ,x
 took its "n f its capital city1        
,sam>ia2 & =m$1 toge!r ) ,galilee & "s  
cantons on ! ea/  ( ,jordan1 dur+ !     
reigns ( ! k+s ( ,israel & ,judah1 !    
k+dom ( ! =m]4 ,! g5]al aspect & produce
 ( ! c\ntry are  ne>ly ! same z ^? (    
,judea4 ,b ,mr4 ,buck+ham obs]ves1 t    
8:ile 9 ,judea ! hills are mo/ly z b>e z
 ! imag9ation c  pa9t !m1 & a few ( !   
n>r[ valleys only are f]tile1 9         
,sam>ia1 ! v summits ( ! em95ces are z  
well clo!d z !  sides ( !m4 ,^!1 ) !    
luxuriant valleys :i* !y enclose1       
pres5t sc5es ( unbrok5 v]dure 9 almo/ e 
po9t ( view1 :i*  are delightfully      
v>iegat$ by ! picturesque =ms ( ! hills 
&  vales !mselves1 enri*$ by !          
occasional sight ( wood & wat]1 9       
clu/]s ( olive & o!r trees1 & rills &   

torr5ts runn+ among  !m40    #b4        
,,sam>ia1 ! capital city ( ! k+dom ( !  
t5 tribes t  revolt$ f ! h\se ( ,david4 
,x 0 built by ,omri1 k+ ( ,israel1  :o  
began to reign ,a4 ,m4 #cjgi1 & :o di$  
#cjhf4 ,he b\ght ! hill  ,sam>ia ( ,%em]
 = two tal5ts ( silv]1 or = ! sum (     
#fhdl4  #gs4 #f;d4 ,x took ! "n (       
,sam>ia f ,%em]1 ! own] ( !  hill1 #a   
,k+s xvi1 #bd4 ,"s ?9k1 h[ev]1 t !re 7  
be=e ?is  "s beg9n+s ( a city 9 t place1
 because1 antec$5t to !  reign ( ,omri1 
!re is m5tion made ( ,sam>ia1 #a ,k+s   
xiii1 #cb1 ,a4 ,m4  #cjcj4 ,b o!rs take 
?is = a prolepsis1 or an anticipation1 9
 !  disc\rse ( ! man ( ,god4 ,h[ev] ?is 
may be1 x is c]ta9 t  ,sam>ia 0 no      
consid]able place1 & did n become !     
capital ( !  k+dom1 till aft] ! reign ( 
,omri4 ,be=e him1 ! k+s ( ,israel  dwelt
 at ,%e*em or at ,tirzah4 ,sam>ia 0     
advantage\sly situat$ ^u  an agreeable &
 fruitful hill1 twelve miles f ,do?aim1 
twelve f  ,m]rom1 & f\r f ,a?>a?4       
,josephus says x 0 a day's j\rney  f    

,j]usalem4 ,! k+s ( ,sam>ia omitt$ no?+ 
to make ?is city  ! /ronge/1 ! f9e/1 & !
 ri*e/ t 0 possible4 ,ahab built  !re a 
palace ( ivory1 #a ,k+s xxii1 #ci2 t is1
 9 :i* !re 7  _m ivory ornam5ts2 &1     
accord+ to ,amos1 iii1 #ae2 iv1 #a1 #b1 
x  became ! seat ( luxury & effem9acy4  
,b5hadad1 k+ ( ,syria1 built  public    
places1 call$ 8/reets10 9 ,sam>ia1 #a   
,k+s xx1 #cd2 probably  baza>s = trade1 
& qu>t]s :]e 8 p dwelt to pursue        
comm]ce4 ,8 son ,b5hadad besieg$ ?is    
place "u ! reign ( ,ahab1  #a ,k+s xx1  
,a4 ,m4 #cajc4 ,x 0 besieg$ by          
,%almanes]1 k+ ( ,assyria1  9 ! n9? ye> 
( ! reign ( ,ho%ea1 k+ ( ,israel1 #b    
,k+s xvii1  #f1 c1 :i* 0 ! f\r? (       
,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,x 0 tak5  ?ree 
ye>s aft]1 ,a4 ,m4 #cbhc4 ,! ,prophet   
,hosea1 x1 #d1 #h1 #i1 speaks (  !      
cruelties ex]cis$ by ,%almanes] aga9/ ! 
besieg$2 & ,micah1  i1 #f1 says t ! city
 0 r$uc$ to a heap ( /ones4 ,! ,cu?ites 
t 7 s5t by ,es>-haddon to inhabit !     
c\ntry ( ,sam>ia did n  ?9k x wor? _!   

:ile to repair ! ru9$ city3 !y dwelt at 
,%e*em1 :i* !y made ! capital city ( _! 
/ate4 ,!y 7 9  ?is condition :5 ,alex&] 
! ,great came into ,ph5icia & ,judea4   
,h[ev]1 ! ,cu?ites _h rebuilt "s ( !    
h\ses ( ,sam>ia1 ev5  f ! "t ( ! return 
( ! ,jews f ! captivity1 s9ce !         
inhabitants ( ,sam>ia are spok5 (1 ,ezra
 iv1 #ag2 ,neh4 iv1 #b4 ,& !            
,sam>itans1 be+ jeal\s ( ! ,jews1 on    
acc\nt ( ! fav\rs t  ,alex&] ! ,great _h
 conf]r$ on !m1 revolt$ f him1 :ile he  
0 9 ,egypt1 & burn$ ,&roma*us alive1 :om
 he _h left gov]nor (  ,syria4 ,alex&]  
soon m>*$ aga9/ !m1 took ,sam>ia1 &     
appo9t$  ,mac$onians to inhabit x1 giv+ 
! c\ntry r\nd x to ! ,jews2 &  to       
enc\rage !m 9 ! cultivation1 he exempt$ 
!m f tribute4 ,!  k+s ( ,egypt & ,syria1
 :o succe$$ ,alex&]1 depriv$ !m ( !     
prop]ty ( ?is c\ntry4 ,b ,alex&] ,balas1
 k+ ( ,syria1 re/or$  to ,jona?an       
,maccabu ! cities ( ,lydda1 ,ephrem1 &  
,rama?a1 :i* he  cut (f f ! c\ntry (    
,sam>ia1 #a ,macc4 x1 #cj1 #ch2 xi1 #bh1

 #cd4  ,la/ly1 ! ,jews rent]$ into !    
full possession ( ?is :ole  c\ntry "u   
,john ,hircanus1 ! ,asmonean1 :o took   
,sam>ia1 &1  accord+ to ,josephus1 made 
! riv] run ?r\gh its ru9s4 ,x  cont9u$ 9
 ?is /ate till ,a4 ,m4 #cidg1 :5 ,aulus 
,gab9ius1 !  proconsul ( ,syria1 rebuilt
 x1 & gave x ! "n ( ,gab9iana4 ,yet  x  
rema9$ v inconsid]able till ,h]od !     
,great re/or$ x to its  anci5t spl5d\r4 
,! sacr$ au?ors ( ! ,new ,te/am5t speak 
b little ( ,sam>ia2 &  :5 !y d m5tion x1
 ! c\ntry is r to be und]/ood ?an !     
city1 ,luke xvii1 #aa2 ,john iv1 #d1 #e4
 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,/eph51 ,acts  viii1 #a1
 #b1 #c1 :5 ! disciples 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh 
! cities (  ,judea & ,sam>ia1 ,philip   
made sev]al conv]ts 9 ?is city4 ,!re x  
0 t ,simon ,magus resid$1 & ?i!r ,pet] &
 ,john w5t to  communicate ! gifts ( !  
,holy ,_s4    ,travell]s give ! foll[+  
acc\nt ( its pres5t /ate3--,seba/e is  !
 "n :i* ,h]od gave to ! "n ( ! anci5t   
,sam>ia1 !  imp]ial city ( ! t5 tribes1 
9 hon\r ( ,augu/us 7,seba/os7 ,cs>1  :5 

he rebuilt & =tifi$ x1 conv]t+ ! great] 
"p ( x into  a citadel1 & erect+ "h a   
noble temple4 8,! situation10 says ,dr4 
,ri*>dson1 8is extremely beautiful1 &   
/rong by nature2 m s1 ,i  ?9k1 ?an      
,j]usalem4 ,x /&s on a f9e1 l>ge1       
insulat$ hill1  compass$ all ar\nd by a 
broad deep valley2 & :5 =tifi$1 z x  is 
/at$ to h be5 by ,h]od1 "o w\ld h imag9$
 t1 9 !  anci5t sy/em ( w>f>e1 no?+ b   
fam9e c\ld h r$uc$ su* a  place4 ,!     
valley is surr\nd$ by f\r hills1 "o on  
ea* side1 :i*  are cultivat$ 9 t]races  
up to ! top1 s[n ) gra91 & plant$  ) fig
 & olive trees1 z is also ! valley4 ,!  
hill ( ,sam>ia  likewise rises 9 t]races
 to a height equal to any ( ! adjo9+    
m\nta9s4 ,! pres5t village is small &   
poor1 &1 aft] pass+ !  valley1 ! asc5t  
to x is v /eep4 ,view$ f ! /ation ( our 
t5ts1 x is extremely int]e/+1 bo? f its 
natural situation1 &  f ! picturesque   
rema9s ( a ru9$ conv5t1 ( good ,go?ic   
ar*itecture4 ,hav+ pass$ ! village1 t[>d
 ! middle ( ! fir/  t]race1 !re is a    

numb] ( columns /ill /&+4 ,i c\nt$      
twelve  9 "o r[1 beside sev]al t /ood   
ap>t1 ! bro!rless rema9s (  o!r r[s4 ,! 
situation is extremely delightful1 & my 
guide in=m$  me1 t !y belong$ to ! s]ai1
 or palace4 ,on ! next t]race  !re are  
no rema9s ( solid build+1 b heaps ( /one
 & lime &  rubbi% mix$ ) ! soil 9 great 
pr(usion4 ,asc5d+ to ! ?ird  or highe/  
t]race1 ! traces ( =m] build+ 7 n s     
num]\s1  b we enjoy$ a delightful view (
 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! eye  pass$ ov] ! 
deep valley t encompasses ! hill (      
,seba/e1 &  re/$ on ! m\nta9s beyond1 t 
retreat$ z !y rose ) a  g5tle slope1 &  
met ! view 9 e direction1 l a book laid 
out  = p]usal on a read+ desk4 ,?is 0 ! 
seat ( ! capital ( !  %ort-liv$ & wick$ 
k+dom ( ,israel2 & on ! face ( ^!       
m\nta9s ! eye surveys ! sc5e ( _m bloody
 conflicts & _m  memorable ev5ts4 ,"h ^?
 holy m5 ( ,god1 ,elijah & ,eli%a1 spoke
  _! trem5d\s w>n+s 9 ! e>s ( _!        
incorrigible rul]s1 &  wr\ght _!        
miracles 9 ! sight ( all ! p4 ,f ?is    

l(ty  em95ce we desc5d$ to ! s\? side ( 
! hill1 :]e we saw !  rema9s ( a /ately 
colonnade t /ret*es along ?is beautiful 
exposure f ea/ to we/4 ,sixty columns   
are /ill /&+ 9 "o r[4  ,! %afts are     
pla92 & fragm5ts ( ,ionic volutes1 t lie
 scatt]$  ab\t1 te/ify ! ord] to :i* !y 
belong$4 ,^! are probably !  relics ( "s
 ( ! magnific5t /ructures ) :i* ,h]od ! 
,great  adorn$ ,sam>ia4 ,none ( ! walls 
rema940 ,mr4 ,buck+ham m5tions a  curr5t
 tradition1 t ! av5ue ( columns =m$ a "p
 ( ,h]od's  palace4 ,accord+ to 8       
acc\nt1 !re 7 eighty-?ree ( ^!  columns 
erect 9 #ahaf1 beside o!rs pro/rate2 all
 )\t capitals4  ,josephus /ates1 t1 ab\t
 ! middle ( ! city1 ,h]od built 8a      
sacr$ place1 ( a furlong & a half 9     
circuit1 & adorn$ x )  all sorts (      
decorations2 & !re9 erect$ a temple1    
illu/ri\s =  bo? its l>g5ess & beauty40 
,x is probable t ^! columns  belong$ to 
x4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! same summit are 
! rema9s1  ,mr4 ,buck+ham /ates1 ( ano!r
 build+1 8( :i* eight l>ge &  eight     

small columns are /ill /&+1 ) _m o!rs   
fall5 ne>  !m4 ,^! also are )\t         
capitals1 & are ( a small] size & (  an 
inf]ior /one to ! o!rs40 8,9 ! walls ( !
 humble dwell+s  =m+ ! mod]n village1   
portions ( sculptur$ blocks ( /one are  
p]ceiv$1 & ev5 fragm5ts ( granite pill>s
 h be5 work$ into  ! masonry40          
,,sam>itans1 an anci5t sect among !     
,jews1 /ill subsi/+ 9 "s  p>ts ( !      
,levant1 "u ! same "n4 ,its orig9 0 9 ! 
"t (  ,rehoboam1 "u ^: reign a division 
0 made ( ! p ( ,israel  into two di/9ct 
k+doms4 ,"o ( ^! k+doms1 call$ ,judah1  
consi/$ ( su* z adh]$ to ,rehoboam & !  
h\se ( ,david2 !  o!r reta9$ ! anci5t "n
 ( ,israelites1 "u ! comm& (  ,j]oboam4 
,! capital ( ! /ate ( ^! latt] 0        
,sam>ia2 &  h5ce x 0 t !y 7 d5om9at$    
,sam>itans4 ,"s affirm t  ,salmanaz>1 k+
 ( ,assyria1 hav+ conqu]$ ,sam>ia1 l$ ! 
:ole  p captive into ! remote/ p>ts ( 8 
empire1 & fill$ _!  places ) colonies ( 
,babylonians1 ,cu!ans1 & o!r idolat]s4  
,^! f9d+ !mselves daily de/roy$ by wild 

bea/s1 x is said1  desir$ an ,israeliti%
 prie/ to in/ruct !m 9 ! anci5t laws &  
cu/oms ( ! l& !y inhabit$4 ,?is 0 grant$
 !m2 & !y  !nce=? ceas$ to be incommod$ 
) any bea/s4 ,h[ev]1 ) !  law ( ,moses1 
!y /ill reta9$ some:at ( _! anci5t      
idolatry4  ,! rabb9s say1 !y ador$ !    
figure ( a dove on ,m\nt ,g]izim4 ,z  ! 
revolt$ tribes _h no m ( ! ,scriptures  
?an ! five books (  ,moses1 s ! prie/   
c\ld br+ no o!rs ) him beside ^? books  
writt5 9 ! old ,ph5ician lett]s4    ,^u 
! return ( ! ,jews f ! ,babyloni%       
captivity1 & !  rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem & !
 temple1 ! religion ( ! ,sam>itans      
receiv$ ano!r alt]ation on ! foll[+     
occasion3 "o ( ! sons  ( ,jehoiada1 !   
high prie/1 :om ,josephus calls         
,manasseh1 m>ri$ !  daught] ( ,sanballat
 ! ,horonite2 b ! law ( ,god hav+ =bidd5
  ! int]m>riages ( ! ,israelites ) any  
o!r nation1 ,nehemiah set  himself to   
re=m ?is corruption1 :i* _h spread into 
_m ,jewi%  families1 & oblig$ all t _h  
tak5 /range wives imm$iately to  "p )   

!m1 ,neh4 xiii1 #bc-cj4 ,manasseh1      
unwill+ to surr5d] 8  wife1 fl$ to      
,sam>ia2 & _m o!rs 9 ! same             
circum/ances1 &  ) simil> disposition1  
w5t & settl$ "u ! protection (          
,sanballat1 gov]nor ( ,sam>ia4 ,manasseh
 br\ght ) him "s o!r  apo/ate prie/s1 ) 
_m o!r ,jews1 :o dislik$ ! regulations  
made by ,nehemiah at ,j]usalem2 & n[ !  
,sam>itans1 hav+ obta9$ a  high prie/1 &
 o!r prie/s ( ! desc5dants f ,a>on1 7   
soon  br\ght (f f ! wor%ip ( ! false    
gods1 & became z mu*  enemies to        
idolatry z ! be/ ( ! ,jews4 ,h[ev]1     
,manasseh gave !m  no o!r ,scriptures   
beside ! ,p5tateu*1 le/1 if !y _h ! o!r 
,scriptures1 !y %\ld !n f9d t ,j]usalem 
0 ! only place  :]e !y %\ld (f] _!      
sacrifices4 ,f t "t ! wor%ip (  !       
,sam>itans came mu* ne>] to t ( ! ,jews1
 & !y aft]w>d  obta9$ leave ( ,alex&] ! 
,great to build a temple on ,m\nt       
,g]izim1 ne> ! city ( ,sam>ia1 9        
imitation ( ! temple at  ,j]usalem1 :]e 
!y practis$ ! same =ms ( wor%ip4 ,to ?is

  m\nta9 & temple ! ,sam>itan woman (   
,sy*> ref]s 9 h]  disc\rse ) our        
,savi\r1 ,john iv1 #bj4 ,! ,sam>itans   
soon aft]  revolt$ f ,alex&]1 :o drove  
!m out ( ,sam>ia1 introduc$  ,mac$onians
 9 _! room1 & gave ! prov9ce ( ,sam>ia  
to ! ,jews4  ,?is circum/ance contribut$
 9 no small degree to increase ! hatr$  
& animosity betwe5 ^? two p4 ,:5 any    
,israelite des]v$  puni%m5t on acc\nt ( 
! violation ( "s important po9t ( !     
law1 he pres5tly took refuge 9 ,sam>ia  
or ,%e*em1 & embrac$ !  wor%ip at !     
temple ( ,g]izim4 ,:5 ! affairs ( !     
,jews 7  prosp]\s1 ! ,sam>itans did n   
fail to call !mselves ,hebrews1 &  ( !  
race ( ,abraham4 ,b :5 ! ,jews suff]$   
p]secution1 !  ,sam>itans dis[n$ !m1 &  
alleg$ t !y 7 ,ph5icians  orig9ally1 or 
desc5d$ f ,joseph1 or ,manasseh 8 son4  
,?is 0  _! practice 9 ! "t ( ,antio*us  
,epiphanes4 ,x is c]ta91 !  mod]n       
,sam>itans are f> f idolatry2 "s ( ! mo/
 le>n$ among  ! ,jewi% doctors own1 t !y
 obs]ve ! law ( ,moses m rigidly  ?an ! 

,jews !mselves4 ,!y h a ,hebrew copy ( !
 ,p5tateu*1  diff]+ 9 "s respects f t ( 
! ,jews2 & writt5 9  diff]5t *>act]s1   
commonly call$ ,sam>itan *>act]s2 :i*   
,orig51 ,j]om1 & o!r fa!rs & critics1   
anci5t & mod]n1 take  to be ! primitive 
"* ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 ?\gh o!rs       
ma9ta9 ! contr>y4 ,! po9t ( pref]5ce1 z 
to purity1 antiquity1  c1 ( ! two       
,p5tateu*s1 is also mu* disput$ by mod]n
 critics4    ,! ,sam>itans are n[ few 9 
numb]2 ?\gh x is n v long s9ce  !y      
pret5d$ to h prie/s desc5d$ directly f !
 family (  ,a>on4 ,!y 7 *iefly f\nd at  
,gaza1 ,neapolis or ,%e*em1 7!  anci5t  
,si*em or ,napl\se17 ,damascus1 ,cairo1 
c4 ,!y _h a temple1 or  *apel1 on ,m\nt 
,g]izim1 :]e !y p]=m$ _! sacrifices4 ,!y
  h also synagogues 9 o!r p>ts (        
,pale/9e1 & also 9 ,egypt4  ,joseph     
,scalig]1 be+ curi\s to "k _! usages1   
wrote to !  ,sam>itans ( ,egypt1 & to ! 
high prie/ ( ! :ole sect1 :o  resid$ at 
,neapolis4 ,!y return$ two answ]s1 dat$ 
9 ! ye> #iih (  ! ,hegira ( ,mohamm$4   

,^! answ]s nev] came to ! h&s (         
,scalig]4 ,!y are n[ 9 ! libr>y at      
,p>is1 & h be5 translat$  into ,lat9 by 
,fa!r ,mor91 prie/ ( ! oratory2 & pr9t$ 
9 !  collection ( lett]s ( t fa!r 9     
,engl&1 #affb1 "u ! title  (            
8,antiquitates ,ecclesi ,ori5talis40 ,m4
 ,simon has ins]t$ a ,fr5*  translation 
9 ! fir/ edition ( 8,c]emonies et       
,c\tumes des  ,juifs10 9 ! mann] ( a    
supplem5t to ,leo de ,mod5a4 ,9 ! fir/ (
  ^! answ]s1 writt5 9 ! "n ( ! assembly 
( ,israel1 9 ,egypt1  !y decl>e t !y    
celebrate ! passov] e ye>1 on !  f\rte5?
 day ( ! fir/ mon?1 on ,m\nt ,g]izim1 & 
t he :o  !n did ! (fice ( high prie/ 0  
call$ ,eleaz>1 a desc5dant (  ,ph9ehas1 
son ( ,a>on4 ,9 ! second answ]1 :i* is 9
 ! "n (  ! high prie/ ,eleaz>1 & !      
synagogue ( ,%e*em1 !y decl>e1  t !y    
keep ! ,sabba? 9 all ! rig\r ) :i* x is 
enjo9$  9 ! book ( ,exodus2 none among  
!m /irr+ out ( doors1 b to !  synagogue4
 ,!y add1 t !y beg9 ! fea/ ( ! passov] )
 !  sacrifice appo9t$ = t purpose 9     

,exodus2 t !y sacrifice no  :]e else b  
on ,m\nt ,g]izim2 t !y obs]ve ! fea/s ( 
h>ve/1 ! expiation1 ! tab]nacles1 c4 ,!y
 add f>!r1 t !y  nev] def] circumcision 
beyond ! eigh? day2 nev] m>ry _!        
nieces1 z ! ,jews d2 h b "o wife2 &1 9  
f9e1 d no?+ b  :at is comm&$ 9 ! law3   
:]eas ! ,jews frequ5tly ab&on !  law to 
foll[ ! inv5tions ( _! rabb9s4 ,at ! "t 
:5 !y  wrote to ,scalig]1 !y reckon$ "o 
hundr$ & tw5ty-two high  prie/s2 affirm$
 t ! ,jews _h no high prie/s ( ! race ( 
,ph9ehas2 & t ! ,jews beli$ !m 9 call+  
!m ,cu!ans2 =  t !y are desc5d$ f !     
tribe ( ,joseph by ,ephraim4            
,,samson1 son ( ,manoah1 ( ! tribe (    
,dan1 ,judges xiii1 #b1 c4 ,we are  no  
:]e acqua9t$ ) ! "n ( 8 "m4 ,he 0 born1 
,a4 ,m4  #bhdi1 & 0 a ,naz>ite f 8      
infancy1 by ! div9e comm&4 ,he 0  br\ght
 up 9 a place call$ ! camp ( ,dan1      
betwe5 ,zorah & ,e/aol1  ,judges xiii1  
#be4 ,8 extraord9>y a*ievem5ts are      
p>ticul>ly  record$ 9 ,judges xiv-xvi4  
8,fai?0 is attribut$ to him by ,/4      

,paul1  ?\gh :e!r he reta9$ x to ! end (
 8 life may be d\bt$4 ,he  is n inaptly 
call$ by an old writ]1 8a r\gh believ]40
    ,,samuel1 ! son ( ,elkanah & (      
,hannah1 ( ! tribe ( ,levi1 &  family ( 
,koha?1 0 born1 ,a4 ,m4 #bhdh4 ,he 0 an 
em95t inspir$  prophet1 hi/orian1 & !   
sev5te5? & la/ ,judge ( ,israel2 &  di$ 
9 ! n9ety-eigh? ye> ( 8 age1 two ye>s   
be=e ,saul1 ,a4 ,m4  #bidg1 #a ,sam4    
xxv4 ,to ,samuel are ascrib$ ! book (   
,judges1 t (  ,ru?1 & ! fir/ book (     
,samuel4 ,!re is1 inde$1 great          
probability  t he compos$ ! fir/        
tw5ty-f\r *apt]s ( ! fir/ book (        
,samuel2 s9ce !y conta9 no?+ b :at he   
might h writt51 &  su* transactions z he
 0 *iefly conc]n$ 94 ,h[ev]1 9 ^!       
*apt]s !re are "s small additions1 :i*  
seem to h be5  ins]t$ aft] 8 dea?4      
,samuel began ! ord] ( ! prophets1 :i*  
0 nev] discont9u$ till ! dea? ( ,ze*>iah
 & ,mala*i1 ,acts  iii1 #bd4 ,f e>ly y\?
 to ho>y ye>s1 ! "* ( ,samuel is "o  on 
:i* ! m9d re/s ) v5]ation & delight4    

,,sanballat1 ! gov]nor ( ! ,cu?ites or  
,sam>itans1 & an enemy to  ! ,jews4 ,he 
0 a native ( ,horon1 a city beyond      
,jordan1 9 ! c\ntry  ( ! ,moabites1     
,neh4 ii1 #aj1 #ai2 iv1 vi4             
,,sanctification1 t "w ( ,god's grace by
 :i* we are r5ew$ aft]  ! image ( ,god1 
set ap>t = 8 s]vice1 & enabl$ to die    
unto s9  & live unto righte\sness4      
,sanctification is ei!r ( nature1 :]eby 
we are r5ew$ aft] ! image ( ,god1 9 k1  
righte\sness1 &  true hol9ess1 ,eph4 iv1
 #bd2 ,col4 iii1 #ai1 or ( practice1    
:]eby we die  unto s91 h its p[] de/roy$
 9 u1 cease f ! love &  practice ( x1   
hate x z abom9able1 & live unto         
righte\sness1  lov+ & /udy+ good works1 
,tit4 ii1 #aa1 #ab4 ,sanctification     
compreh5ds all ! graces ( k1 fai?1      
rep5tance1 love1  humility1 zeal1       
pati5ce1 c1 & ! ex]cise ( !m 9 our      
conduct  t[>d ,god or man1 ,gal4 v1     
#bb-bd2 #a ,pet] i1 #ae1 #af2 ,matt4 v1 
vi1 vii4  ,sanctification 9 ?is _w mu/  
be complete2 ! :ole nature mu/ be       

sanctifi$1 all s9 mu/ be utt]ly aboli%$1
 or ! s\l c nev] be  admitt$ into !     
glori\s pres5ce ( ,god1 ,heb4 xii1 #ad2 
#a ,pet] i1 #ae2  ,rev4 xxi1 #bg2 yet ! 
sa9ts1 :ile "h1 are 9 a /ate ( spiritual
  w>f>e ) ,satan & 8 temptations1 ) ! _w
 & its  influ5ce1 #b ,cor4 ii1 #aa2     
,gal4 v1 #ag1 #bd2 ,rom4 vii1 #bc2 #a   
,john ii1 #ae1  #af4    ,,sanctify4 ,9 !
 ,old ,te/am5t1 to sanctify (t5 d5otes  
to sep>ate  f a common to a holy        
purpose2 to set ap>t or consecrate to   
,god z  8 special prop]ty1 & = 8 s]vice4
 ,our ,"l also uses ?is t]m1  :5 he     
says1 8,= _! sakes ,i sanctify myself10 
,john xvii1 #ai2 t  is1 ,i sep>ate &    
d$icate myself to be a sacrifice to ,god
 = !m1  8t !y also may be sanctifi$     
?r\gh ! tru?20 t is1 t !y  may be       
cleans$ f ! guilt ( s94 ,"u ! law (     
,moses1 !re 0  a *ur* purity1 or        
c]emonial sanctification1 :i* might be  
obta9$  by ! obs]vance ( ext]nal rites &
 ord9ances1 :ile p]sons 7  de/itute (   
int]nal purity or hol9ess4 ,e defil$    

p]son 0 made  8common10 & exclud$ f !   
privilege ( a "r to draw nigh to ,god  9
 8 solemn wor%ip2 b 9 8 purification he 
0 aga9 sep>at$ to  him1 & re/or$ to 8   
sacr$ "r4 ,h5ce ,/4 ,paul speaks ( 8!   
blood ( bulls & goats1 & ! a%es ( an    
heif] spr9kl+ !  unclean1 z sanctify+   
unto ! purify+ ( ! fle%10 ,heb4 ix1 #ac4
  ,^! ?+s 7 9 reality ( no moral wor? or
 value2 !y 7  m]ely typical in/itutions1
 int5d$ to repres5t ! bless+s ( !  new &
 bett] cov5ant1 ^? 8good ?+s t 7 to     
come20 &  !re=e ,god is frequ5tly spok5 
( 9 ! prophets z despis+ !m1  namely1 9 
any o!r view ?an t = :i* 8 wisdom _h    
orda9$  !m1 ,isaiah i1 #aa-ae2 ,psalm   
#a1 #h1 #i2 li1 #af4 ,b t disp5sation is
  n[ at an end2 "u ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !   
/ate ( ?+s is *ang$1  = n[ 8nei!r       
circumcision availe? any ?+1 nor        
uncircumcision1  b a new creature40 ,!  
?+ signifi$1 namely1 int]nal purity &   
hol9ess1 is no less necess>y to a "r to 
! privileges ( !  ,gospel1 ?an !        
obs]vance ( ^? ext]nal rites 0 unto !   

privileges ( ! law4    ,,sanctu>y4 ,see 
,,temple4    ,,s&als1 at fir/1 7 only   
soles ti$ to ! feet ) /r+s or  ?ongs2   
aft]w>d !y 7 cov]$2 & at la/ !y call$   
ev5 %oes  s&als4 ,:5 ,judi? w5t to !    
camp ( ,hol(]nes1 %e put s&als on  h]   
feet2 & h] s&als ravi%$ 8 eyes1 ,judi?  
x1 #d2 xvi1 #i4 ,!y  7 a magnific5t k9d 
( busk9s prop] only to ladies (         
condition1  & su* z dress$ !mselves =   
admiration4 ,b !re 7 s&als  also belong+
 to m51 & ( mean value4 ,we read1 8,if !
 man l n  to take 8 bro!r's wife1 !n let
 8 bro!r's wife g up to !  gate unto !  
eld]s1 & say1 ,my husb&'s bro!r w n p]=m
 !  duty ( a husb&'s bro!r2 !n %all 8   
bro!r's wife come unto  him1 9 ! pres5ce
 ( ! eld]s1 & loose 8 %oe f (f 8  foot1 
& spit 9 8 face2 & %all say1 ,s %all x  
be done unto t  man t w n build up 8    
bro!r's h\se4 ,& 8 "n %all be  call$ 9  
,israel1 ,! h\se ( him :o ha? _h 8 %oe  
loos$10  ,deut]onomy xxv1 #g4 ,a late   
writ] obs]ves t ! ^w r5d]$  8%oe10      
usually means 8s&al10 t is1 a m]e sole  

fa/5$ on !  foot 9 a v simple mann]2 & t
 ! prim>y & radical mean+  ( ! ^w r5d]$ 
face1 is surface1 ! sup]ficies ( any ?+4
  ,h5ce he w\ld submit1 t ! passage may 
be to ! foll[+ purpose3  ,! bro!r's wife
 %all loose ! s&al f (f ! foot ( h]     
husb&'s bro!r2 & %all spit ^u its face  
or surface1 7t is1 (  ! %oe17 & %all    
say1 c4 ,?is c]emony is co9cid5t ) c]ta9
  cu/oms among ! ,turks4 ,we are told t 
9 a compla9t aga9/ h] own  husb&1 =     
)hold+ himself f h] intimacy1 ! wife :5 
be=e  ! judge takes (f h] own %oe1 &    
spits ^u x2 b 9 case (  compla9t aga9/  
h] husb&'s bro!r1 %e takes (f 8 %oe &   
spits ^u x4    ,! bus9ess ( unty+ &     
c>ry+ ! s&als be+ t ( a  s]vant1 !      
expressions ( ! ,bapti/1 8^: %oes ,i am 
n wor?y to  be>10 8^: %oe lat*et ,i am n
 wor?y to unloose10 0 an  ackn[l$gm5t ( 
8 great inf]iority to ,*ri/1 & t ,*ri/ 0
  8 ,"l4 ,to pull (f ! s&als on ent]+ a 
sacr$ place1 or !  h\se ( a p]son (     
di/9ction1 0 ! usual m>k ( respect4 ,!y 
7 tak5 c>e ( by ! att5dant s]vant4 ,at !

 doors ( an ,indian  pagoda1 !re are z  
_m s&als & slipp]s hung up1 z !re are   
hats 9 our places ( wor%ip4             
,,sanh$rim1 ,,sanh$r91 or ,,syn$rium1   
among ! anci5t ,jews1 ! supreme  c\ncil1
 or c\rt ( judicature1 ( t republic2 9  
:i* 7  despat*$ all ! great affairs bo? 
( religion & policy4 ,! ^w  is d]iv$ f !
 ,greek 1 a c\ncil1 assembly1 or company
 (  p sitt+ toge!r2 f 1 toge!r1 & h1 a  
seat4 ,_m  ( ! le>n$ agree1 t x 0       
in/itut$ by ,moses1 ,numb]s xi2 &       
consi/$ at fir/ ( sev5ty eld]s1 :o judg$
 f9ally ( all causes  & affairs2 & t !y 
subsi/$1 )\t int]mission1 f ,moses  to  
,ezra1 ,deut4 xxvii1 #a2 xxxi1 #i2 ,jo%4
 xxiv1 #a1 #ca2 ,judg4 ii1 #g2 #b       
,*ron4 xix1 #h2 ,ezek4 viii1 #aa4 ,o!rs 
w h x1 t ! c\ncil (  sev5ty eld]s1      
e/abli%$ by ,moses1 0 tempor>y1 & did n 
hold  aft] 8 dea?2 add+1 t we f9d no    
sign ( any su* p]petual &  infallible   
tribunal ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,old ,te/am5t2 &
 t !  sanh$rim 0 fir/ set up 9 ! "t :5 !
 ,maccabees1 or ,asmoneans1  took ^u    

!mselves ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t "u 
!  title ( high prie/s1 & aft]w>d ( k+s1
 t is1 aft] !  p]secution ( ,antio*us4  
,?is is by f> ! mo/ probable op9ion4 ,! 
,jews1 h[ev]1 cont5d /r5u\sly = !       
antiquity ( _! great  sanh$rim3 ,m4     
,simon /r5g!ns & def5ds _! pro(s1 & ,m4 
,le  ,cl]c attacks !m4 ,:atev] may be ! 
orig9 & e/abli%m5t ( !  sanh$rim1 x is  
c]ta9 t x 0 subsi/+ 9 ! "t ( our        
,savi\r1 s9ce x is spok5 ( 9 ! ,gospels1
 ,matt4 v1 #ba2 ,m>k xiii1  #i2 xiv1    
#ee2 xv1 #a2 & s9ce ,jesus ,*ri/ himself
 0 arraign$ &  condemn$ by x2 t x 0 held
 at ,j]usalem2 & t ! decision (  all !  
mo/ important affairs among ! ,jews     
belong$ to x4 ,!  presid5t ( ?is        
assembly 0 call$ nasi1 or pr9ce2 8      
deputy 0  call$ abbe?-d91 fa!r ( ! h\se 
( judgm5t2 & ! sub-deputy  0 call$      
*acan1 ! wise3 ! re/ 7 d5om9at$         
tzekanim1  eld]s or s5ators4 ,! room 9  
:i* !y sat 0 a rotunda1 half (  :i* 0   
built )\t ! temple1 & half )92 t is1 "o 
semicircle ( ! room 0 )9 ! compass ( !  

temple2 & z x  0 nev] all[$ to sit d[n 9
 ! temple1 !y tell u ?is "p 0  = ^? :o  
/ood up2 ! o!r half1 or semicircle1     
ext5d$ )\t  ! holy place1 & "h ! judges 
sat4 ,! nasi1 or pr9ce1 sat on a  ?rone 
at ! end ( ! hall1 hav+ 8 deputy at 8 "r
 h&1 &  8 sub-deputy at 8 left2 ! o!r   
s5ators 7 rang$ 9 ord] on  ea* side4    
,! sanh$rim subsi/$ until ! de/ruction (
 ,j]usalem1 b its  au?ority 0 almo/     
r$uc$ to no?+1 f ! "t 9 :i* !  ,jewi%   
nation became subject to ! ,roman       
empire4 ,! rabb9s pret5d1  t ! sanh$rim 
has always subsi/$ 9 _! nation f ! "t ( 
,moses to ! de/ruction ( ! temple by !  
,romans2 & !y ma9ta9  t x consi/$ (     
sev5ty c\nsellors1 six out ( ea* tribe1 
&  ,moses z presid5t2 & ?us ! numb] 0   
sev5ty-"o3 b six  s5ators out ( ea*     
tribe make ! numb] sev5ty-two1 :i*1 ) ! 
presid5t1 con/itute a c\ncil (          
sev5ty-?ree p]sons1 & !re=e  x has be5 !
 op9ion ( "s au?ors t ?is 0 ! numb] ( ! 
memb]s ( ! sanh$rim4 ,z to ! p]sonal    
qualifications ( !  judges ( ?is c\rt1 x

 0 requir$ t !y %\ld be ( unta9t$  bir?2
 & !y 7 (t5 ( ! race ( ! prie/s or      
,levites1 or (  ! numb] ( inf]ior       
judges1 or ( ! less] sanh$rim1 :i*      
consi/$ ( tw5ty-?ree judges4 ,!y 7 to be
 skilful 9 ! writt5  & traditional law2 
& !y 7 oblig$ to /udy magic1 div9ation1 
=tune tell+1 physic1 a/rology1          
ari?metic1 & languages4 ,x 0  also      
requir$1 t none ( !m %\ld be eunu*s1    
usur]s1 decrepid or  de=m$1 or game/]s2 
& t !y %\ld be ( mature age1 ri*1 &  (  
good c\nt5ance & body4 ,?us say !       
rabb9s4    ,! au?ority ( ! sanh$rim 0 v 
ext5sive4 ,?is c\ncil decid$  causes    
br\ght be=e x by appeal f inf]ior c\rts4
 ,! k+1 high  prie/1 & prophets 7       
subject to its jurisdiction4 ,! g5]al   
(fic]s ( ! nation 7 br\ght be=e !       
sanh$rim4 ,h[ f> _!  "r ( judg+ 9       
capital cases ext5d$1 & h[ long x       
cont9u$1  h be5 subjects ( controv]sy4  
,among ! rabb9s x has be5 a  g5]ally    
receiv$ op9ion1 t ab\t =ty ye>s be=e !  
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 _! nation _h be5

 depriv$ ( ! p[] (  life & dea?4 ,& mo/ 
au?ors ass]t1 t ?is privilege 0 tak5  f 
!m ev] s9ce ,judea 0 made a prov9ce ( ! 
,roman empire1 t  is1 aft] ! bani%m5t ( 
,ar*elaus4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t  !    
,jews _h /ill ! p[] ( life & dea?2 b t  
?is privilege  0 re/rict$ to crimes     
committ$ aga9/ _! law1 & dep5d$ ^u  !   
gov]nor's w & pleasure4 ,9 ! "t (       
,moses1 ?is c\ncil 0  held at ! door ( !
 tab]nacle ( ! te/imony4 ,z soon z !  p 
7 9 possession ( ! l& ( promise1 !      
sanh$rim foll[$  ! tab]nacle1 & x       
cont9u$ at ,j]usalem1 :i!r x 0 remov$1  
till ! captivity4 ,dur+ ! captivity x 0 
kept at ,babylon4 ,aft]  ! return f     
,babylon1 x rema9$ at ,j]usalem1 z x is 
said1 to !  "t ( ! sic>ii or assass9s2  
aft]w>d x 0 remov$ to ,jamnia1  !nce to 
,j]i*o1 to ,uzzah1 to ,seph>vaim1 to    
,be?samia1 to ,sephoris1  & la/ ( all to
 ,tib]ias1 :]e x cont9u$ till its utt]  
ext9ction4 ,su* is ! acc\nt :i* ! ,jews 
give ( _! sanh$rim4  ,b1 z /at$ above1  
mu* ( ?is is disput$4 ,petau fixes !    

beg9n+ ( ! sanh$rim to ! p]iod :5       
,gab9ius 0 gov]nor (  ,judea1 by :om 7  
erect$ tribunals 9 ! five cities (      
,judea1  namely1 ,j]usalem1 ,gad>a1     
,ama?us1 ,j]i*o1 & ,sephoris4 ,grotius  
agrees 9 ! date ( its comm5cem5t ) !    
rabb9s1 b he fixes  its t]m9ation at !  
beg9n+ ( ,h]od's reign4 ,basnage places 
x  "u ,judas ,maccabu & 8 bro!r         
,jona?an4 ,^u ! :ole1 x may  be obs]v$1 
t ! orig9 ( ! sanh$rim has n be5        
satisfactorily asc]ta9$2 & t ! c\ncil ( 
! sev5ty eld]s1  e/abli%$ by ,moses1 0 n
 :at ! ,hebrews und]/ood by ! "n (      
sanh$rim4    ,be=e ! dea? ( our ,savi\r1
 two v fam\s rabb9s _h be5  presid5ts ( 
! sanh$rim1 namely ,hillel & ,s*ammai1  
:o ent]ta9$  v diff]5t op9ions on sev]al
 subjects1 & p>ticul>ly t (  divorce4   
,?is gave occasion to ! "q :i* !        
,ph>isees put to  ,jesus ,*ri/ ^u t     
head1 ,matt4 xix1 #c4 7,see ,divorce47  
,hillel _h  ,m5ahem = 8 associate 9 !   
presid5cy ( ! sanh$rim4 ,b !  latt]     
aft]w>d des]t$ t hon\rable po/1 & jo9$  

himself )  a great numb] ( 8 disciples1 
to ! p>ty ( ,h]od ,antipas1 :o  promot$ 
! levy+ ( taxes = ! use ( ! ,roman      
emp]ors ) all  8 might4 ,^! 7 probably !
 ,h]odians m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel1  ,matt4 
xxii1 #af4 ,to ,hillel succe$$ ,simeon 8
 son1 :o by "s is  suppos$ to h be5 !   
p]son :o took ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 8 arms1    
,luke  ii1 #bh1 & publicly ackn[l$g$ him
 to be ! ,messiah4 ,if ?is be !  case1 !
 ,jewi% sanh$rim _h = presid5t a p]son t
 0 entirely  dispos$ to embrace         
,*ri/ianity4 ,gamaliel1 ! son &         
successor (  ,simeon1 seems to h be5    
also ( a c&id disposition & "*4  ,!re 7 
sev]al inf]ior sanh$rims 9 ,pale/9e1 all
 dep5d+ on  ! great sanh$rim at         
,j]usalem4 ,! inf]ior sanh$rim consi/$  
ea*  ( tw5ty-?ree p]sons2 & !re 0 "o 9  
ea* city & t[n4 ,"s  say1 t to h a "r to
 hold a sanh$rim1 x 0 requisite !re     
%\ld be "o hundr$ & tw5ty inhabitants 9 
! place4 ,:]e !  inhabitants came %ort (
 ! numb] ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 !y  only  
e/abli%$ ?ree judges4 ,9 ! great z well 

z ! inf]ior  sanh$rim 7 two scribes2 !  
"o to write d[n ! suffrages ( ^?  :o 7 =
 condemnation1 ! o!r to take d[n !      
suffrages ( ^?  :o 7 = absolution4      
,,sapphire1 1 ,exod4 xxiv1 #aj2 xxviii1 
#ah2 ,job xxviii1 #f1 #af2 ,cantic4  v1 
#ad2 ,isa4 liv1 #aa2 ,ezek4 i1 #bf2 x1  
#a2 xxviii1 #ac1 1 ,rev4 xxi1  #ai1     
only4 ,t ?is is ! sapphire1 !re c be no 
d\bt4 ,!  ,septuag9t1 ! ,vulgate1 & !   
g5]al run ( comm5tators1 anci5t  &      
mod]n1 agree 9 ?is4 ,! sapphire is a    
pellucid gem4 ,9 its f9e/  /ate x is    
extremely beautiful & valuable1 & second
 only to !  diamond 9 lu/re1 h>dness1 & 
value4 ,its prop] col\r is pure blue2  9
 ! *oice/ specim5s x is ( ! deepe/      
azure2 & 9 o!rs  v>ies into pal5ess1 9  
%ades ( all degrees betwe5 t & a pure   
cry/al brightness1 )\t ! lea/ t+e (     
col\r1 b ) a lu/re  mu* sup]ior to !    
cry/al4 ,! ori5tal sapphire is ! mo/    
beautiful & valuable4 ,x is transp>5t1 (
 a f9e sky col\r1  sometimes v>iegat$ ) 
ve9s ( a :ite sp>ry sub/ance1 &  di/9ct 

sep>ate spots ( a gold col\r4 ,:5ce x is
 t ! prophets  describe ! ?rone ( ,god l
 unto sapphire1 ,ezek4 i1 #bf2 x1 #a4   
,isaiah1 liv1 #aa1 #ab1 prophesy+ !     
future gr&eur ( ,j]usalem1 says1        
8,behold1 ,i lay ?y /ones 9 cem5t (     
v]milion1      ,& ?y f\ndations )       
sapphires3      ,& ,i w make ?y         
battlem5ts ( rubies1      ,& ?y gates ( 
c>buncles2      ,& ! :ole circuit ( ?y  
walls %all be ( preci\s /ones40    8,^! 
seem10 says ,bi%op ,l[?1 8to be g5]al   
images to express  beauty1 magnific5ce1 
purity1 /r5g?1 & solidity1 agreeably to 
!  ideas ( ! ea/]n nations2 & to h nev] 
be5 int5d$ to be  /rictly scrut9iz$1 or 
m9utely & p>ticul>ly expla9$1 z if !y   
_h ea* ( !m "s precise moral or         
spiritual mean+40 ,tobit1 xiii1  #af1   
#ag1 9 8 prophecy ( ! f9al re/oration ( 
,israel1 describes  ! ,new ,j]usalem 9 !
 same ori5tal mann]3 8,= ,j]usalem %all 
be  built up ) sapphires1 & em]alds1 &  
preci\s /ones2 ?y walls1  & t[]s1 &     
battlem5ts1 ) pure gold4 ,& ! /reets (  

,j]usalem %all be pav$ ) ! b]yl &       
c>buncle1 & ) /ones  ( ,ophir10 ,rev4   
xxi1 #ah-ba4    ,,s>ah1 ! wife (        
,abraham1 & 8 si/]1 z he himself in=ms  
u1 by  ! same fa!r1 b n ! same "m1 ,g54 
xx1 #ab4 ,see ,,abraham4    ,,s>dis1 a  
city ( ,asia ,m9or1 & =m]ly ! capital ( 
,crsus1  k+ ( ! ,lydians4 ,! *ur* (     
,s>dis 0 "o ( ! sev5 *ur*es  ( ,asia1 to
 :i* ! writ] ( ! ,apocalypse 0 direct$  
to s5d an  epi/le1 ,rev4 iii1 #a-c4     
,,s>dius1 1 s call$ f its r$ness1 ,exod4
 xxviii1 #ag2 xxxix1 #aj2  ,ezek4       
xxviii1 #ac2 1 ,rev4 xxi1 #bj2 a preci\s
 /one ( a blood-r$  col\r4 ,x took its  
,greek "n f ,s>dis1 :]e ! be/ ( !m 7    
f\nd4    ,,s>donyx1 1 ,rev4 xxi1 #bj4 ,a
 preci\s /one :i* seems to h  its "n f  
its resemblance p>tly to ! s>dius &     
p>tly to !  onyx4 ,x is g5]ally t+$ )   
black & blood col\r1 :i* are  di/+ui%$ f
 ea* o!r by circles or r[s1 s di/9ct t  
!y  appe> to be ! effect ( art4         
,,satan signifies an adv]s>y or enemy1 &
 is commonly appli$ 9 !  ,scriptures to 

! devil1 or ! *ief ( ! fall5 angels4 ,by
  collect+ ! passages :]e ,satan1 or !  
devil1 is m5tion$1 x may  be conclud$1 t
 he fell f heav5 ) 8 company2 t ,god ca/
  him d[n f !nce = ! puni%m5t ( 8 pride2
 t by 8 envy  & malice1 s91 dea?1 & all 
o!r evils came into ! _w2 t1  by !      
p]mission ( ,god he ex]cises a sort (   
gov]nm5t 9 ! _w  ov] subord9ate apo/ate 
angels l himself2 t ,god makes use ( him
  to prove good m51 & *a/ise bad ones2 t
 he is a ly+ _s 9  ! m\? ( false        
prophets & s$uc]s2 t x is he1 or 8      
ag5ts1  t torm5t or possess m51 &       
inspire !m ) evil designs1 z :5  he     
sugge/$ to ,david1 ! numb]+ ( ! p1 to   
,judas to betray  8 ,"l & ,ma/]1 & to   
,ananias & ,sapphira to conceal ! price 
(  _! field2 t he is full ( rage l a    
ro>+ lion1 & (  subtlety l a s]p5t1 to  
tempt1 to betray1 to de/roy1 & to       
involve  u 9 guilt & wick$ness2 t 8 p[] 
& malice are re/ra9$  )9 c]ta9 limits1 &
 controll$ by ! w ( ,god2 9 a ^w1  t he 
is an enemy to ,god & man1 & uses 8     

utmo/ endeav\rs to  rob ,god ( 8 glory1 
& m5 ( _! s\ls4 ,see ,,devil &          
,,demoniacs4    ,,saul1 ! son ( ,ki%1 ( 
! tribe ( ,b5jam91 ! fir/ k+ ( !        
,israelites1 #a ,sam4 ix1 #a1 #b1 c4    
,saul's fruitless j\rney :5 seek+  8    
fa!r's asses2 7,see ,ass27 8 meet+ !    
,prophet ,samuel2 !  p>ticul>s =etold to
 him1 ) 8 be+ ano9t$ z k+1 ab\t ,a4  ,m4
 #biji2 8 prophesy+ along ) ! "y        
prophets2 8 appo9tm5t  by ! lot2 8      
mode/y 9 hid+ himself2 8 fir/ victory   
ov] !  ,ammonites2 8 ra% sacrifice 9 !  
abs5ce ( ,samuel2 8 equally ra%  curse2 
8 victories ov] ! ,phili/9es &          
,amalekites2 8 sp>+ (  ,k+ ,agag ) !    
judgm5t d5\nc$ aga9/ him = x2 8 jeal\sy 
& p]secution ( ,david2 8 b>b>\s massacre
 ( ! prie/s &  p ( ,nob2 8 repeat$      
confessions ( 8 inju/ice to ,david1 c1  
are record$ 9 #a ,sam4 ix-xxxi4 ,he     
reign$ =ty ye>s1 b exhibit$ to  po/]ity 
a melan*oly example ( a mon>*1 elevat$  
to ! summit (  worldly gr&eur1 :o1 hav+ 
ca/ (f ! fe> ( ,god1 gradually became  !

 slave ( jeal\sy1 duplicity1 trea*]y1 & 
! mo/ malignant &  diabolical temp]s4 ,8
 behavi\r t[>d ,david %[s him to h be5  
de/itute ( e g5]\s & noble s5tim5t t c  
dignify human  nature2 & x is n an easy 
task to speak ) any mod]ation ( !       
atrocity & bas5ess :i* uni=mly m>k x4 ,8
 "* is t (  a wick$ man1 8wax+ worse &  
worse20 b :ile we are %ock$ at its      
de=mity1 x %\ld be our /udy to pr(it by 
x1 :i* we c only d  by us+ x z a beacon 
to w>n u1 8le/ we also be h>d5$ ?r\gh  !
 deceitfulness ( s940    ,,sc>let1 1    
,g54 xxxviii1 #bh2 ,exod4 xxv1 #d4 ,?is 
t9cture or col\r  express$ by a ^w :i*  
signifies worm col\r1 0 produc$ f a     
worm or insect :i* grew 9 a coccus1 or  
excresc5ce ( a %rub ( !  ilex k9d1 :i*  
,pl9y calls 8coccus scolecius10 ! wormy 
b]ry1 &  ,dioscorides t]ms 8a small dry 
twig1 to :i* ! gra9s adh]e l  l5tiles30 
b ^! gra9s1 z a great au?or obs]ves on  
,sol9us1 8are  )9 full ( little worms or
 maggots1 ^: juice is rem>kable =  dy+  
sc>let1 & mak+ t fam\s col\r :i* we     

admire1 & )  :i* ! anci5ts 7 enraptur$40
 ,we reta9 ! "n 9 !  co*9eal1 f !       
opuntia ( ,am]ica2 b we improp]ly call a
 m9]al  col\r 8v]milion10 :i* is d]iv$ f
 v]miculus1 a little worm4  ,! %rub on  
:i* ! co*9eal insect is f\nd is         
sometimes call$ !  8k]mez oak10 f k]mez1
 ! ,arabic ^w bo? = ! worm & !  col\r2  
:5ce 8c>mas9us10 ! ,fr5* 8cramoisi10 & !
 ,engli%  8crimson40    ,,sceptre1 a ^w 
d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 prop]ly signifies1 a  
rod (  comm&1 a /aff ( au?ority1 :i* is 
suppos$ to be 9 ! h&s (  k+s1 gov]nors (
 a prov9ce1 or ( ! *ief ( a p1 ,g54     
xlix1  #aj2 ,numb4 xxiv1 #ag2 ,isa4 xiv1
 #e4 ,! sceptre is put = ! rod (        
correction1 & = ! sov]eign au?ority t   
puni%es & humbles1  ,psalm ii1 #i2      
,prov4 xxii1 #ae4 ,! t]m sceptre is     
frequ5tly us$ = a  tribe1 probably      
because ! pr9ce ( ea* tribe c>ri$ a     
sceptre1 or a  w& ( comm&1 to %[ 8      
dignity4    ,,sceva1 a ,jew1 & *ief ( ! 
prie/s1 ,acts xix1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,he 0 
probably a p]son ( au?ority 9 !         

synagogue at ,ephesus1 & _h  sev5 sons4 
,,s*ism1 f 1 a r5t or fissure4 ,9 its   
g5]al mean+1 x  signifies division or   
sep>ation2 & 9 p>ticul>1 on acc\nt (    
religion4 ,s*ism1 is prop]ly a division 
among ^? :o /& 9 "o  connection or      
fell[%ip2 b :5 ! diff]5ce is c>ri$ s f> 
t  ! p>ties conc]n$ entirely break (f   
all communion & int]c\rse  "o ) ano!r1 &
 =m di/9ct connections = obta9+ !  g5]al
 ends ( t religi\s fell[%ip :i* !y once 
cultivat$2 x  is und5iable !re is some?+
 diff]5t f ! s*ism spok5 ( 9  ! ,new    
,te/am5t4 ,?is is a sep>ation f ! body4 
,dr4 ,campbell  %[s t ! ^w s*ism 9      
,scripture does n usually signify an op5
  sep>ation1 b t m5 may be guilty (     
s*ism by su* an ali5ation  ( affection f
 _! bre?r5 z violates ! int]nal union 9 
!  he>ts ( ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh !re be no    
error 9 doctr9e1 nor  sep>ation f       
communion4    ,,scorpion1 1 ,deut4 viii1
 #ae2 #a ,k+s xii1 #aa1 #ad2 #b ,*ron4  
x1 #aa1 #ad2  ,ezek4 ii1 #f1 1 ,luke x1 
#ai2 xi1 #ab2 ,rev4 ix1 #c2 ,ecclus4    

xxvi1 #g2  xxxix1 #cj4 ,p>khur/ d]ives !
 "n f 1 to press1 squeeze1  & 1 mu*1    
greatly1 or 1 ne>1 close4 ,calmet       
rem>ks1 t  8x fixes s viol5tly on su*   
p]sons z x seizes ^u1 t x _c  be pluck$ 
(f )\t difficulty20 & ,m>t9ius decl>es3 
,hab5t  scorpii =fices seu furcas       
tanquam bra*ia1 quibus ret95t quod      
appreh5dunt1 po/quam caud aculeo        
punx]unt3 8,scorpions h p9c]s  or       
nipp]s1 ) :i* !y keep hold ( :at !y     
seize aft] !y h  w\nd$ x ) _! /+40    ,!
 scorpion1 el-ak]b1 is g5]ally two in*es
 9 l5g?1 &  resembles s mu* ! lob/] 9   
=m1 t ! latt] is call$ by !  ,arabs ak]b
 d'elbah>1 ! 8sea scorpion40 ,x has     
sev]al jo9ts or  divisions 9 its tail1  
:i* are suppos$ to be indicative ( its  
age2  ?us1 if x h five1 x is consid]$ to
 be five ye>s old4 ,! poison  ( ?is     
animal is 9 its tail1 at ! end ( :i* is 
a small1 curv$1  %>p-po9t$ /+1 simil> to
 ! prickle ( a buck?orn tree2 !  curve  
be+ d[nw>d1 x turns its tail upw>d :5 x 
/rikes a bl[4  ,! scorpion delights 9   

/ony places & 9 old ru9s4 ,"s are ( a   
yell[ col\r1 o!rs br[n1 & "s black4 ,!  
yell[ possess !  /ronge/ poison1 b !    
v5om ( ea* affects ! "p w\nd$1 )        
frigidity1 :i* takes place soon aft] !  
/+ has be5 inflict$4  ,dioscorides ?us  
describes ! effect produc$3 8,:]e !     
scorpion has  /ung1 ! place becomes     
inflam$ & h>d5$2 x r$d5s by t5sion1  &  
is pa9ful by int]vals1 be+ n[ *illy1 n[ 
burn+4 ,! pa9  soon rises high1 & rages1
 sometimes m1 sometimes less4 ,a sweat+ 
succe$s1 att5d$ by a %iv]+ & trembl+2 ! 
extremities ( !  body become cold2 !    
gro9 swells2 ! hair /&s on end2 ! visage
  becomes pale2 & ! sk9 feels1 ?r\gh\t  
x1 ! s5sation (  p]petual prickl+1 z if 
by ne$les40 ,?is description /rik+ly    
illu/rates ,revelation ix1 #c-e1 #aj1 9 
its m5tion ( 8! torm5t ( a  scorpion1 :5
 he /rike? a man40    ,"s writ]s consid]
 ! scorpion z a species ( s]p5t1 because
 !  poison ( x is equally p[]ful3 s !   
sacr$ writ]s commonly jo9  ! scorpion & 
s]p5t toge!r 9 _! descriptions4 ,?us    

,moses1 9  8 f>ewell address to ,israel1
 ,deut4 viii1 #ae1 rem9ds !m1 t ,god    
8l$ !m ?r\gh ! great & t]rible          
wild]ness1 :]e9 7 fi]y  s]p5ts &        
scorpions40 ,we f9d !m aga9 unit$ 9 !   
commission (  our ,"l to 8 disciples1   
,luke x1 #ai1 8,i give y p[] to tread ^u
  s]p5ts & scorpions1 & ov] all ! p[] ( 
! enemy20 & 9 8  directions conc]n+ !   
duty ( pray]1 ,luke xi1 #aa1 #ab1 8,if a
 son  %all ask bread ( any ( y t is a   
fa!r1 w he give him a  /one8 or if he   
%all ask an egg1 w he (f] him a         
scorpion80    ,! scorpion is contra/$ ) 
an egg1 on acc\nt ( ! oval %ape  ( its  
body4 ,! body ( ! scorpion1 says ,lamy1 
is v l an egg1  z its head c sc>cely be 
di/+ui%$2 especially if x be a  scorpion
 ( ! :ite k9d1 :i* is ! fir/ species    
m5tion$ by  lian1 ,avic5na1 & o!rs4     
,bo*>t has produc$ te/imonies to prove  
t ! scorpions 9 ,judea 7 ab\t ! bigness 
( an egg4 ,s !  similitude is pres]v$   
betwe5 ! ?+ ask$ & giv54 ,! ,greeks  h a
 prov]b1   1 in/ead ( a p]*1 or fi%1 a  

scorpion4    ,,sc\rge or ,,:ip4 ,?is    
puni%m5t 0 v common among ! ,jews1      
,deut4  xxv1 #a-c4 ,!re 7 two ways (    
giv+ ! la%2 "o ) ?ongs1 or  :ips1 made (
 ropes' ends1 or /raps ( lea!r2 ! o!r ) 
rods1  or twigs4 ,/4 ,paul in=ms u1 t at
 five diff]5t times he receiv$          
?irty-n9e /ripes f ! ,jews1 #b ,cor4 xi1
 #bd1 namely1 9 _!  synagogues1 & be=e  
_! c\rts ( judgm5t4 ,=1 accord+ to !    
law1 puni%m5t by /ripes 0 re/rict$ to   
=ty at "o beat+1 ,deut4  xxv1 #c4 ,b !  
:ip1 ) :i* ^! /ripes 7 giv51 consi/+ (  
?ree sep>ate cords1 & ea* /roke be+     
acc\nt$ z ?ree /ripes1  ?irte5 /rokes   
made ?irty-n9e /ripes1 beyond :i* !y    
nev] w5t4  ,he adds1 t he _h be5 ?rice  
beat5 ) rods1 namely1 by ! ,roman       
lictors1 or beadles1 at ! comm& ( !     
sup]ior magi/rates4    ,,scribes4 ,!    
scribes are m5tion$ v e>ly 9 ! sacr$    
hi/ory1 &  _m au?ors suppose t !y 7 (   
two descriptions1 ! "o  ecclesia/ical1 !
 o!r civil4 ,x is said1 8,out ( ,zebulon
 come !y  t h&le ! p5 ( ! writ]10       

,judges v1 #ad2 & ! rabb9s /ate1  t !   
scribes 7 *iefly ( ! tribe ( ,simeon2 b 
x is ?\ght  t only ^? ( ! tribe ( ,levi 
7 all[$ to transcribe ! ,holy           
,scriptures4 ,^! scribes are v frequ5tly
 call$ wise m51 &  c\nsellors2 & ^? ( !m
 :o 7 rem>kable = writ+ well 7  held 9  
great e/eem4 ,9 ! reign ( ,david1       
,s]aiah1 #b ,sam4 viii1 #ag1  9 ! reign 
( ,hezekiah1 ,%ebna1 #b ,k+s xviii1 #ah1
 & 9 ! reign (  ,josiah1 ,%aphan1 #b    
,k+s xxii1 #c1 are call$ scribes1 & are 
rank$  ) ! *ief (fic]s ( ! k+dom2 &     
,eli%ama ! scribe1 ,j]4  xxxvi1 #ab1 9 !
 reign ( ,jehoiakim1 is m5tion$ among ! 
pr9ces4 ,we  read also ( ! 8pr9cipal    
scribe ( ! ho/10 or army1 ,j]4 lii1 #be2
  & x is probable t !re 7 scribes 9 o!r 
dep>tm5ts ( !  /ate4 ,previ\s to !      
,babylonian captivity1 ! ^w scribe seems
 to  h be5 appli$ to any p]son :o 0     
conc]n$ 9 writ+1 9 !  same mann] z ! ^w 
secret>y is ) u4 ,! civil scribes are n 
m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4    ,x appe>s 
t ! (fice ( ! ecclesia/ical scribes1 if 

?is  di/9ction be all[$1 0 orig9ally    
conf9$ to writ+ copies ( !  law1 z _! "n
 imports2 b ! k1 ?us necess>ily         
acquir$1 soon l$ !m to become in/ruct]s 
( ! p 9 !  writt5 law1 :i*1 x is        
believ$1 !y publicly read4 ,b>u* 0 an   
amanu5sis or scribe to ,j]emiah2 & ,ezra
 is call$ 8a ready scribe 9  ! law (    
,moses1 hav+ prep>$ 8 he>t to seek ! law
 ( ! ,"l1  & to d x1 & to tea* 9 ,israel
 /atutes & judgm5ts10 ,ezra vii1  #f1   
#aj2 b !re is no m5tion ( ! scribes be+ 
=m$ into a  di/9ct body ( m5 till aft] !
 cessation ( prophecy4 ,:51  h[ev]1 !re 
7 no inspir$ tea*]s 9 ,israel1 no div9e 
oracle 9  ! temple1 ! scribes presum$ to
 int]pret1 exp\nd1 & comm5t ^u  ! law & 
! prophets 9 ! s*ools & 9 ! synagogues4 
,h5ce  arose ^? numb]less glosses1 &    
int]pretations1 & op9ions1 :i*  s mu*   
p]plex$ & p]v]t$ ! text in/ead ( expla9+
 x2 &  h5ce arose t unau?oriz$ maxim1   
:i* 0 ! pr9cipal s\rce (  all ! ,jewi%  
sects1 t ! oral or tradition>y law 0 (  
,div9e  orig91 z well z ! writt5 law (  

,moses4 ,ezra _h exam9$ !  v>i\s        
traditions conc]n+ ! anci5t & approv$   
usages ( !  ,jewi% *ur*1 :i* _h be5 9   
practice be=e ! captivity1 & 7  rememb]$
 by ! *ief & mo/ ag$ ( ! eld]s ( ! p2 & 
he _h giv5 to "s ( ^! tradition>y cu/oms
 & op9ions !  sanction ( 8 au?ority4 ,! 
scribes1 !re=e1 :o liv$ aft] !  "t (    
,simon ! ,j1 9 ord] to give weight to _!
 v>i\s  int]pretations ( ! law1 at fir/ 
pret5d$ t !y also 7  f\nd$ ^u tradition1
 & add$ !m to ! op9ions :i* ,ezra _h    
e/abli%$ z au!ntic2 & 9 process ( "t x  
came to be ass]t$1  t :5 ,moses 0 =ty   
days on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 he receiv$ f ,god  
two  laws1 ! "o 9 writ+1 ! o!r oral2 t  
?is oral law 0  communicat$ by ,moses to
 ,a>on & ,jo%ua1 & t x pass$ unimpair$  
& uncorrupt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 by 
! tradition ( !  eld]s1 or great        
national c\ncil1 e/abli%$ 9 ! "t (      
,moses2 &  t ?is oral law 0 to be       
consid]$ z supplem5tal & explanatory  ( 
! writt5 law1 :i* 0 repres5t$ z be+ 9 _m
 places  obscure1 scanty1 & defective4  

,9 "s cases !y 7 l$ to exp\nd  ! law by 
! traditions1 9 direct opposition to its
 true int5t &  mean+2 & x may be suppos$
 t ! int]c\rse ( ! ,jews )  ! ,greeks1  
aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 contribut$ mu* to
 increase  ^? va9 subtleties ) :i* !y _h
 p]plex$ & burd5$ !  doctr9es (         
religion4 ,dur+ our ,savi\r's m9i/ry1 ! 
scribes 7  ^? :o made ! law ( ,moses _! 
p>ticul> /udy1 & :o 7  employ$ 9        
in/ruct+ ! p4 ,_! reput$ skill 9 !      
,scriptures induc$ ,h]od1 ,matt4 ii1 #d1
 to consult !m conc]n+ !  "t at :i* !   
,messiah 0 to be born4 ,& our ,savi\r   
speaks ( !m  z sitt+ 9 ,moses's seat1   
,matt4 xxiii1 #b1 :i* implies t !y      
taught ! law2 & he =etold t he %\ld be  
betray$ unto !  *ief prie/s & unto !    
scribes1 ,matt4 xvi1 #ba1 & t !y %\ld   
put him to dea?1 :i* %[s t !y 7 m5 (    
great p[] &  au?ority among ! ,jews4    
,scribes1 doctors ( law1 & lawy]s1 7    
only diff]5t names = ! same class (     
p]sons4 ,^? :o 9 ,luke v1  are call$    
,ph>isees & doctors ( ! law1 are soon   

aft]w>d call$  ,ph>isees & scribes2 & he
 :o1 9 ,matt4 xxii1 #ce1 is call$ a     
lawy]1 is1 9 ,m>k xii1 #bh1 call$ "o ( !
 scribes4 ,!y _h  s*ol>s "u _! c>e1 :om 
!y taught ! k ( ! law1  & :o1 9 _!      
s*ools1 sat on l[ /ools j b5ea? _!      
seats2  :i* expla9s ,/4 ,paul's         
expression t he 0 8br\ght up at ! feet  
( ,gamaliel10 ,acts xxii1 #c4 ,we f9d t 
our ,savi\r's mann] (  tea*+ 0 contra/$ 
) t ( ^? va9 disput]s2 = x is  said1 :5 
he _h end$ 8 s]mon ^u ! m\nt1 8! p 7    
a/oni%$ at 8 doctr9e2 = he taught !m z  
"o hav+ au?ority1  & n z ! scribes10    
,matt4 vii1 #bi4 ,by ! "t ( our ,savi\r1
 !  scribes _h1 inde$1 9 a mann]1 laid  
aside ! writt5 law1 hav+ no  f>!r reg>d 
to t ?an z x agre$ ) _! tradition>y     
expositions ( x2 & ?us1 by _! additions1
 corruptions1 &  mis9t]pretations1 !y _h
 made 8! ^w ( ,god ( none effect  ?r\gh 
_! traditions10 ,matt4 xv1 #f4 ,x may be
 obs]v$1 t ?is 9  a great measure       
acc\nts = ! extreme bl9dness ( ! ,jews )
  respect to _! ,messiah1 :om !y _h be5 

taught by ^!  comm5tators ^u !          
prophecies to expect z a temporal pr9ce4
 ,?us1  :5 our ,savi\r ass]ts 8 div9e   
nature1 & appeals to 8,moses &  !       
prophets :o spake ( him1 ! p s\ght to   
slay him10 ,john v2  & he expresses no  
surprise at _! int5tion4 ,b :5 he       
conv]ses  ) ,nicodemus1 ,john iii1 :o   
appe>s to h be5 conv9c$ by 8  miracles t
 he 0 8a tea*] s5t f ,god10 :5 he 8came 
to ,jesus  by night10 anxi\s to obta9   
f>!r in=mation conc]n+ 8 nature  & 8    
doctr9e1 our ,"l1 aft] intimat+ !       
necessity ( lay+  aside all prejudices  
aga9/ ! spiritual nature ( 8 k+dom1     
asks1  8,art ?\ a ma/] 9 ,israel1 &     
kn[e/ n ^! ?+s80 t is1  kn[e/ n t ,moses
 & ! prophets describe ! ,messiah z !   
,son  ( ,god8 & he !n proce$s to expla9 
9 v cle> language !  dignity ( 8 p]son &
 (fice1 & ! purpose = :i* he came into  
! _w1 ref]r+ to ! pr$ictions ( ! anci5t 
,scriptures4 ,&  ,/eph51 ,acts vii1 j   
be=e 8 dea?1 addresses ! multitude by an
  appeal to ! law & ! prophets1 &       

reprobates 9 ! mo/ sev]e  t]ms ! tea*]s 
:o misl$ ! p4 ,our ,"l1 :5 speak+ (  8!m
 ( old "t10 class$ ! 8prophets1 & wise  
m51 & scribes10  toge!r1 ,matt4 xxiii1  
#cd2 b ( ! lat] scribes he uni=mly      
speaks  ) c5sure & indignation1 &       
usually jo9s !m ) ! ,ph>isees1  to :i*  
sect !y 9 g5]al belong$4 ,/4 ,paul asks1
 #a ,cor4 i1 #bj1  8,:]e is ! wise8 ,:]e
 is ! scribe8 ,:]e is ! disput] ( ?is   
_w80 ) evid5t contempt = su* z1 8pr(ess+
 !mselves wise  above :at 0 writt51     
became fools40    ,,scripture1 a t]m mo/
 commonly us$ to d5ote ! writ+s ( ! ,old
  & ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* are sometimes    
call$ ,! ,scriptures1 sometimes  ! sacr$
 or holy writ+s1 & sometimes canonical  
scripture4 ,see  ,,bible4    ,,sea4 ,!  
,hebrews gave ! "n ( sea to all great   
collections ( wat]1  to great lakes or  
pools4 ,?us ! sea ( ,galilee1 or (      
,tib]ias1 or (  ,c9n]e?1 is no o!r ?an !
 lake ( ,tib]ias1 or ,g5nes>e?1 9       
,galilee4 ,! ,dead ,sea1 ! sea ( !      
,wild]ness1 ! sea ( ! ,ea/1  ! sea (    

,sodom1 ! sea ( ,salt1 or ! ,salt ,sea1 
! sea (  ,asphaltites1 or ( bitum51 is  
no o!r ?an ! lake ( ,sodom4 ,!          
,arabians & ori5tals 9 g5]al frequ5tly  
gave ! "n ( sea to  great riv]s1 z !    
,nile1 ! ,euphrates1 ! ,tigris1 & o!rs1 
:i*1  by _! magnitude1 & by ! ext5t ( _!
 ov]fl[+s1 seem$ z  little seas1 or     
great lakes4 ,9 ,isa4 xi1 #ae1 ^! words 
p>ticul>ly  apply to ! ,nile at !       
,delta4    ,,seal4 ,! anci5t ,hebrews   
wore _! seals or signets1 9 r+s on _!   
f+]s1 or 9 bracelets on _! arms1 z is n[
 ! cu/om 9 !  ea/4 ,haman seal$ ! decree
 ( ,k+ ,ahasu]us aga9/ ! ,jews )  ! k+'s
 seal1 ,e/h] iii1 #ab4 ,! prie/s ( ,bel 
desir$ ! k+ to  seal ! door ( _! temple 
) 8 own seal4 ,! sp\se 9 !  ,canticles1 
viii1 #f1 wi%es t 8 sp\se w\ld we> him z
 a signet on  h] arm4 ,pl9y obs]ves1 t !
 use ( seals or signets 0 r>e at  ! "t (
 ! ,trojan w>1 & t !y 7 "u ! necessity (
  clos+ _! lett]s ) sev]al knots4 ,b    
among ! ,hebrews !y are  mu* m anci5t4  
,judah left 8 seal z a pl$ge ) ,tam>1   

,g54  xxxviii1 #be4 ,moses says1 ,deut4 
xxxii1 #cd1 t ,god keeps seal$ up 9  8  
treasuries1 "u 8 own seal1 ! in/rum5ts (
 8 v5geance4  ,job says1 ix1 #g1 t he   
keeps ! />s z "u 8 seal1 & all[s  !m to 
appe> :5 he ?9ks prop]4 ,he says also1  
8,my transgression is  seal$ up 9 a     
bag10 ,job xiv1 #g4 ,:5 !y int5d$ to    
seal up a lett]1  or a book1 !y wrapp$ x
 r\nd ) flax1 or ?read1 !n appli$ !  wax
 to x1 & aft]w>d ! seal4 ,! ,"l comm&$  
,isaiah to tie up  or wrap up ! book 9  
:i* 8 prophecies 7 writt51 & to seal  !m
 till ! "t he %\ld bid him publi% !m1   
,isaiah viii1 #af1 #ag4  ,he gives !    
same comm& to ,daniel1 xii1 #d4 ,! book 
t 0 %[n to  ,/4 ,john ! evangeli/1 ,rev4
 v1 #a2 vi1 #a1 #b1 c1 0 seal$ ) sev5   
seals4 ,x 0 a r>e ?+ to affix su* a     
numb] ( seals2 b ?is  ins9uat$ ! great  
importance & secrecy ( ! matt]4 ,9 civil
  contracts !y g5]ally made two         
orig9als3 "o cont9u$ op51 & 0  kept by  
him = ^: int]e/ ! contract 0 made2 ! o!r
 0  seal$ & deposit$ 9 "s public (fice4 

,,sec$]s1 a num]\s body ( ,presbyt]ians 
9 ,scotl&1 :o1 9 ! la/  c5tury1 sec$$ f 
! ,scot* e/abli%m5t4 ,!y did n1 z !y  h 
uni=mly decl>$1 sec$e f ! pr9ciples ( ! 
*ur* (  ,scotl&1 z !y are repres5t$ 9 h]
 confession ( fai?1  cate*isms1 long] & 
%ort]1 directory = wor%ip1 & =m (       
,presbyt]ian gov]nm5t2 b only f h]      
pres5t judicatories1 t1  !y suppose1 h  
dep>t$ f h] true pr9ciples4 ,a s]mon    
prea*$  by ,mr4 ,eb5ez] ,ersk9e1 (      
,/irl+1 at ! op5+ ( ! synod (  ,p]? &   
,/]l+1 9 #agcb1 gave rise to ?is p>ty4  
,9 ?is disc\rse1  f\nd$ on ,psalm       
cxviii1 #bb1 8,! /one :i* ! build]s     
refus$10 c1  he boldly te/ifi$ aga9/ :at
 he suppos$ corruptions 9 ! national    
*ur*2 = :i* fre$om ! synod vot$ him     
c5surable1 & ord]$  him to be rebuk$ at 
_! b>4 ,he1 & ?ree o!r m9i/]s1 prote/$  
aga9/ ?is s5t5ce1 & appeal$ to ! next   
assembly4 ,! assembly1  :i* met 9 ,may1 
#agcc1 approv$ ( ! proce$+s ( ! synod1 &
  ord]$ ,mr4 ,ersk9e to be rebuk$ at _! 
b>4 ,he refus$ to submit to  ! rebuke2  

:5ce he & 8 bre?r5 71 by ! s5t5ce ( !   
assembly1 susp5d$ f ! m9i/ry4 ,aga9/    
?is1 he & 8 fri5ds  prote/$2 &1 be+ jo9$
 by _m o!rs1 bo? m9i/]s & eld]s1  decl>+
 _! secession f ! national *ur*1 !y did1
 9 #agcf1  con/itute !mselves into an   
ecclesia/ical c\rt1 :i* !y call$  !     
,associate ,presbyt]y1 & publi%$ a      
def5ce ( _! proce$+s4  ,!y admit t ! p h
 a "r to *oose _! own pa/ors2  t !      
,scriptures are ! supreme judge by :i*  
all controv]sies  mu/ be det]m9$2 & t   
,jesus ,*ri/ is ! only ,head ( 8  *ur*1 
& ! only ,k+ 9 ,zion4    ,9 #agde1 !    
sec$+ m9i/]s 7 become s num]\s1 t !y 7  
erect$ into ?ree diff]5t presbyt]ies1 "u
 "o synod4 ,9 #agdg1  ?r\gh a diff]5ce 9
 civil matt]s1 !y 7 divid$ into ,burgh]s
  & ,anti-,burgh]s4 ,( ^! two classes1 !
 latt] 7 ! mo/ rigid  9 _! s5tim5ts1 &  
associat$1 !re=e1 ! lea/ ) any o!r  body
 ( ,*ri/ians4 ,b ?is diff]5ce has be5   
lately heal$1 & no  long] subsi/s1 ei!r 
9 ,scotl& or ,am]ica4    ,,se*em1       
,,si*em1 ,,sy*em1 or ,,%e*em1 call$ also

 ,sy*> 9 ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 aft]w>d      
,neapolis1 & 9 ! pres5t day ,nabl\s1    
,napl\s1  ,napolose1 & ,naplosa1 7= x is
 ?us v>i\sly writt517 a city (  ,sam>ia1
 ne> ! p>cel ( gr\nd :i* ,jacob b\ght ( 
,hamor1 !  fa!r ( ,%e*em1 & gave to 8   
son ,joseph4 ,"h ,joseph's bones 7      
br\ght out ( ,egypt to be int]r$2 & on !
 same piece ( gr\nd 0  ! well call$     
,jacob's well1 at :i* our ,savi\r sat   
d[n :5 he _h  ! memorable conv]sation ) 
! woman ( ,sam>ia1 ,john iv1 :i*  caus$ 
h]1 & _m o!r inhabitants ( ,se*em1 or   
,sy*>1 z x is  !re call$1 to receive him
 z ! ,messiah4 ,on contemplat+ ?is place
  & its vic9ity1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke    
says1 8,! travell] direct+ 8  foot/eps  
t[>d its anci5t sepul*res1 z ev]la/+ z !
 rocks 9  :i* !y are hewn1 is p]mitt$1  
^u ! au?ority ( sacr$ &  indisputable   
record1 to contemplate ! spot :]e !     
rema9s (  ,joseph1 ( ,eleaz]1 & (       
,jo%ua1 7 sev]ally deposit$4 ,if any  ?+
 connect$ ) ! memory ( pa/ ages be      
calculat$ to awak5  local en?usiasm1 !  

l& ar\nd ?is city is prem95tly entitl$  
to  consid]ation4 ,! sacr$ /ory ( ev5ts 
transact$ 9 ! field (  ,si*em1 f our    
e>lie/ ye>s1 is rememb]$ ) delight2 b ) 
! t]ritory be=e our eyes :]e ^? ev5ts   
took place1 & 9 !  view ( objects exi/+ 
z !y 7 describ$ above ?ree ?\s&  ye>s   
ago1 ! grateful impression k9dles into  
ec/acy4 ,along !  valley1 we beheld #8a 
company ( ,i%maelites com+ f ,gilead1' z
 9  ! days ( ,reub5 & ,judah1 #8) _!    
camels be>+ spic]y1 &  balm1 & myrrh1'  
:o w\ld gladly h pur*as$ ano!r ,joseph (
 8  bre?r51 & convey$ him z a slave to  
"s ,potiph> 9 ,egypt4 ,^u  ! hills ar\nd
 flocks & h]ds 7 fe$+1 z ( old2 nor 9 ! 
simple g>b ( ! %eph]ds ( ,sam>ia 0 !re  
any ?+ repugnant to  ! notions we may   
ent]ta9 ( ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! sons 
(  ,jacob40 ,! celebrat$ well call$     
,jacob's well1 b :i*1 ) !  inhabitants (
 ,se*em1 is kn[n by ! "n ( ,bir ,sam>ia1
 or !  8,well ( ,sam>ia10 is situat$    
ab\t half an h\r's walk ea/ ( !  t[n4   
,,see+4 ,to see1 9 ,scripture1 is (t5   

us$ to express ! s5se (  vision1 k (    
spiritual ?+s1 & ev5 ! sup]natural  k ( 
hidd5 ?+s1 ( prophecy1 ( visions1 (     
ec/acies4  ,:5ce x is t =m]ly ^? 7 call$
 se]s :o aft]w>d 7  t]m$1 nabi1 or      
prophets2 & t prophecies 7 call$        
visions4  ,moreov]1 to see1 is us$ =    
express+ all k9ds ( s5sations4 ,x is    
said 9 ,exodus1 xx1 #ah1 t ! ,israelites
 saw voices1 ?und]1  lightn+1 ! s\nd+ ( 
! trumpet1 & ! :ole m\nta9 ( ,s9ai      
cov]$ ) cl\ds1 or smoke4 ,& ,/4 ,au/9   
obs]ves1 t ! v]b1  to see1 is appli$ to 
all ! five natural s5ses2 to see1 to    
he>1 to  smell1 to ta/e1 to t\*4 8,to   
see goodness10 is to enjoy x4 8,to see  
! goodness ( ! ,"l10 ,psalm xxvii1 #ac2 
t is1 to enjoy ! m]cy  or bless+ :i*    
,god ha? promis$4 8,bless$ are ! pure 9 
he>t1 =  !y %all see ,god20 t is1 !y    
%all h ! p]fect & imm$iate  fruition ( !
 glori\s pres5ce ( ,god 9 heav52 or !y  
%all  und]/& ! my/]ies ( salvation2 !y  
%all p]ceive ! lov+  k9dness ( ,god t[>d
 !m 9 ?is life1 & %all at l5g? p]fectly 

enjoy him 9 heav54    ,,seir1 ! ,horite1
 ^: dwell+ 0 to ! ea/ & s\? ( ! ,dead   
,sea1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,seir1 ,g5esis xiv1 
#f2 xxxvi1 #bj2 ,deut]onomy  ii1 #ab2   
:]e at fir/ reign$ ! desc5dants ( ,seir 
! ,horite1 (  :om ,moses gives u a li/ 9
 ,g5esis xxxvi1 #bj1 #ba-cj2 #a ,*ron4  
#ch1 #ci1  c4 ,! po/]ity ( ,esau aft]w>d
 7 9 possession ( ! m\nta9s  ( ,seir1 & 
,esau himself dwelt !re :5 ,jacob       
return$ f  ,mesopotamia1 ,g54 xxxiii1   
#c2 xxxiii1 #ad2 xxxvi1 #h1 #i4         
,,seir1 ,,m\nt1 a m\nta9\s tract1 ext5d+
 f ! s\!rn extremity  ( ! ,dead ,sea1 to
 ! gulf ( ,acaba1 or ,ezion-,geb]4 ,!   
:ole ( ?is  tract 0 probably be=e call$ 
,m\nt ,hor1 & 0 inhabit$ by !  ,horites1
 ! desc5dants1 z x is ?\ght1 ( ,hor1 :o 
is no o!rwise  kn[n1 & ^: "n is n[ only 
reta9$ 9 t "p ( ! pla9  :]e ,a>on di$4  
,^! p 7 driv5 out f _! c\ntry by !      
,edomites1 or ! *ildr5 ( ,esau1 :o dwelt
 !re 9 _! /ead1 &  7 9 possession ( ?is 
region :5 ! ,israelites pass$ by 9 _!   
passage f ,egypt to ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,!  

c\ntry _h1 h[ev]1 be5  previ\sly ov]run1
 & no d\bt v mu* depopulat$1 by !       
invasion  ( ,*$orlaom]1 k+ ( ,elam4 ,at 
:at "t ! "n ( ,hor 0 *ang$  to t ( ,seir
 _c be asc]ta9$4 ,m\nt ,seir rises      
abruptly on its  we/]n side f ! valleys 
( ,el ,ghor & ,el ,araba2 pres5t+ an    
impregnable front to ! /rong c\ntry ( ! 
,edomite m\nta9e]s1  :i* compell$ !     
,israelites1 :o 7 unable 7if p]mitt$ by 
_!  lead]7 to =ce a passage ?r\gh ?is   
m\nta9 b>ri]1 to skirt its  we/]n base1 
along ! great valley ( ! ,ghor & ,araba1
 & s to  8compass ! l& ( ,edom by ! way 
( ! ,r$ ,sea10 t is1 to  desc5d to its  
s\!rn extremity at ,ezion-,geb]1 z !y   
c\ld n  p5etrate x high] up4 ,to !      
s\?w>d ( ?is place ,burckh>dt  obs]v$ an
 op5+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 :]e he suppos$ !     
,israelites  to h pass$4 ,?is passage   
br\ght !m into ! high pla9s on !  ea/ ( 
,m\nt ,seir1 :i* are s mu* high] ?an !  
valley on !  we/1 t ! m\nta9\s t]ritory 
( ! ,edomites 0 e :]e  m accessible3 a  
circum/ance :i* p]haps contribut$ to    

make !m  m afraid ( ! ,israelites on ?is
 bord]1 :om !y _h set at  defiance on ! 
opposite "o4 ,! mean elevation ( ?is *a9
 _c be  e/imat$ at less ?an f\r ?\s&    
feet4 ,9 ! summ] x produces  mo/ ( !    
,european fruits1 namely1 apricots1     
figs1 pomegranates1  olives1 apples1 &  
pea*es2 :ile 9 w9t] deep sn[s           
occasionally  fall1 ) fro/s1 to ! middle
 ( ,m>*4 ,! inhabitants1 l ^?  ( mo/    
m\nta9\s regions1 are v heal?y4         
,burckh>dt says1 t  !re 0 no "p ( ,syria
 9 :i* he saw s few invalids3 a         
circum/ance :i* did n escape !          
obs]vation ( ! anci5ts1 :o  d5om9at$ x1 
,pal/9a t]tia sive salut>is4 ,pale/9e ! 
?ird  or ! heal?y4    ,,selah4 ,?is     
expression is f\nd 9 ! ,psalms          
sev5ty-f\r times1 &  ?rice 9 ! ,prophet 
,habakkuk4 ,! int]pret]s ,symma*us &    
,!odotion g5]ally translate selah by    
diapsalma1 :i* signifies  8a re/0 or    
8pause0 9 s++4 ,j]om & ,aquila translate
 x 8=  ev]40 ,"s mod]ns pret5d t selah  
has no signification1 & t  x is only a  

note ( ! anci5t music1 ^: use is no     
long] kn[n2  &1 inde$1 selah may be tak5
 away f all ! places :]e x is  f\nd )\t 
int]rupt+ ! s5se ( ! psalm4 ,calmet says
 x  intimates ! end1 or a pause1 & t is 
its prop] signification2 b  z x is n    
always f\nd at ! conclusion ( ! s5se1 or
 ( !  psalm or song1 s x is highly      
probable ! anci5t musicians put  selah 9
 ! m>g9 ( _! psalt]s1 to %[ :]e a       
musical pause  0 to be made1 or :]e !   
tune end$4    ,,seleucia1 a city (      
,syria1 situat$ ^u ! ,m$it]ranean1 ne> !
  place :]e ! ,orontes dis*>ges itself  
into ! sea4 ,/4 ,paul &  ,b>nabas 7 at  
?is place :5 !y emb>k$ = ,cyprus1 ,acts 
xiii1 #d4  ,! same city is m5tion$ 9 #a 
,mac4 xi1 #h4    ,,s5na*]ib1 k+ (       
,assyria1 son & successor ( ,%almanes]4 
,he began  8 reign ,a4 ,m4 #cbij1 &     
reign$ only f\r ye>s4 ,hezekiah1 k+ (   
,judah1 hav+ refus$ to pay him tribute1 
?\gh he aft]w>d submitt$1  he invad$    
,judea ) a great army1 took sev]al =ts1 
& aft]  repeat$1 insol5t1 & blasphem\s  

messages1 besieg$ ,j]usalem2 b  8 army  
be+ sudd5ly smitt5 ) a pe/il5ce1 :i* cut
 (f a  hundr$ & eighty-five ?\s& 9 a    
s+le night1 he return$ to  ,n9eveh1 :]e 
he 0 murd]$ 9 ! temple ( ,nisro* by 8   
sons  ,adrammele* & ,%>ez]1 & 0 succe$$ 
by 8 o!r son1  ,es>-haddon1 #b ,k+s xix1
 #g1 #ac1 #cg4    ,,seph>vaim1 a c\ntry 
( ,assyria1 #b ,k+s xvii1 #bd1 #ca4 ,?is
 prov9ce  _c n[ be exactly del9eat$ 9   
respect to its situation4 ,!  ,scripture
 speaks ( ! k+ ( ! city ( ,seph>vaim1   
:i* probably  0 ! capital ( ! p ( ?is   
"n1 #b ,k+s xix1 #ac2 ,isaiah  xxxvii1  
#ac4    ,,septuag9t4 ,among ! ,greek    
v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 says ,mr4    
,horne1 ! ,alex&rian or ,septuag9t is ! 
mo/ anci5t & valuable1  & 0 held 9 s mu*
 e/eem bo? by ! ,jews z well z by ! fir/
  ,*ri/ians1 z to be con/antly read 9 ! 
synagogues & *ur*es4  ,h5ce x is uni=mly
 cit$ by ! e>ly fa!rs1 :e!r ,greek or   
,lat92 & f ?is v]sion all ! translations
 into o!r languages  :i* 7 anci5tly     
approv$ by ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 7 execut$1  )

 ! exception ( ! ,syriac2 z ! ,arabic1  
,arm5ian1 ,e?iopic1  ,go?ic1 & old      
,italic or ! ,lat9 v]sion 9 use be=e !  
"t (  ,j]om2 & to ?is day ! ,septuag9t  
is exclusively read 9 ! ,greek  & mo/   
o!r ori5tal *ur*es4 ,?is v]sion has     
d]iv$ its "n  ei!r f ! ,jewi% acc\nt (  
sev5ty-two p]sons hav+ be5  employ$ to  
make x1 or f its hav+ receiv$ !         
approbation ( !  sanh$rim or great      
c\ncil ( ! ,jews1 :i* consi/$ ( sev5ty1 
or1  m correctly1 ( sev5ty-two p]sons4  
,mu* unc]ta9ty1 h[ev]1 has  prevail$    
conc]n+ ! real hi/ory ( ?is anci5t      
v]sion2 & :ile  "s h /r5u\sly advocat$  
its miracul\s & ,div9e orig91 o!r  em95t
 philologi/s h lab\r$ to prove t x mu/ h
 be5  execut$ by sev]al p]sons & at     
diff]5t times4 ,accord+ to "o  acc\nt1  
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 k+ ( ,egypt1    
caus$ ?is translation to  be made = !   
use ( ! libr>y :i* he _h f\nd$ at       
,alex&ria1  at ! reque/ & ) ! advice ( !
 celebrat$ ,demetrius  ,phal]eus1 8     
pr9cipal libr>ian4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is 

report$1  t he s5t ,ari/eas & ,&reas1   
two di/+ui%$ (fic]s ( 8  c\rt1 to       
,j]usalem1 on an embassy to ,eleaz>1 !n 
high prie/ ( !  ,jews1 to reque/ ( !    
latt] a copy ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 & 
t  !re might also be s5t to him         
sev5ty-two p]sons1 six *os5 out (  ea* (
 ! twelve tribes1 :o 7 equally well     
skill$ 9 ! ,hebrew  & ,greek languages4 
,^! le>n$ m5 7 accord+ly %ut up 9 !     
isl& ( ,ph>os2 :]e1 hav+ agre$ 9 a      
translation ( ea* p]iod  aft] a mutual  
conf]5ce1 ,demetrius wrote d[n _! v]sion
 z !y  dictat$ x to him2 & ?us1 9 !     
space ( sev5ty-two days1 !  :ole 0      
accompli%$4 ,?is relation is d]iv$ f a  
lett] ascrib$  to ,ari/eas himself1 !   
au!nticity ( :i* has be5 greatly        
disput$4 ,if1 z !re is e reason to      
believe is ! case1 ?is  piece is a =g]y1
 x 0 made at a v e>ly p]iod2 = x 0 9    
exi/5ce 9 ! "t ( ,josephus1 :o has made 
use ( x 9 8 ,jewi%  ,antiquities4 ,!    
v]acity ( ,ari/eas's n>rative 0 n       
que/ion$  until ! sev5te5? or eighte5?  

c5tury1 at :i* "t1 inde$1  ,biblical    
criticism 01 comp>atively1 9 its        
infancy1 ,vives1 ,scalig]1  ,van ,dale1 
,dr4 ,prideaux1 &1 above all1 ,dr4      
,hody1 7 ! pr9cipal  writ]s 9 ! sev5te5?
 & eighte5? c5turies :o attack$ !       
g5u95ess ( ! pret5d$ n>rative (         
,ari/eas2 & ?\gh x 0  ably v9dicat$ by  
,bi%op ,walton1 ,isaac ,vossius1 ,:i/on1
 ,brett1 &  o!r mod]n writ]s1 ! majority
 ( ! le>n$ ( our own "t are  fully agre$
 9 consid]+ x z fictiti\s4 ,philo1 !    
,jew1 :o also  notices ! ,septuag9t     
v]sion1 0 ignorant ( mo/ ( !            
circum/ances n>rat$ by ,ari/eas2 b he   
relates o!rs :i* appe>  n less          
extraord9>y4 ,accord+ to him1 ,ptolemy  
,philadelphus s5t to  ,pale/9e = "s     
le>n$ ,jews1 ^: numb] he does n specify2
 &  ^!1 go+ ov] to ! isl& ( ,ph>os1 !re 
execut$ s _m  di/9ct v]sions1 all ( :i* 
s exactly & uni=mly agre$ 9  s5se1      
phrases1 & words1 z prov$ !m to h be5 n 
common  int]pret]s1 b m5 prophetically  
inspir$ & div9ely direct$1 :o  _h e ^w  

dictat$ to !m by ! ,_s ( ,god ?r\gh\t ! 
entire translation4 ,he adds1 t an      
annual fe/ival 0 celebrat$ by  !        
,alex&rian ,jews 9 ! isle ( ,ph>os1 :]e 
! v]sion 0 made1  until 8 "t1 to pres]ve
 ! memory ( x1 & to ?ank ,god = s  great
 a b5efit4    ,x is n a little rem>kable
 t ! ,sam>itans h traditions 9  fav\r ( 
_! v]sion ( ! ,p5tateu*1 equally        
extravagant )  ^! pres]v$ by ! ,jews4 ,9
 ! ,sam>itan *ronicle ( ,abul ,phata*1  
:i* 0 compil$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury f      
anci5t & mod]n  au?ors1 bo? ,hebrew &   
,arabic1 !re is a /ory to ! foll[+      
effect3 t ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 9 !   
t5? ye> ( 8 reign1  direct$ 8 att5tion  
to ! diff]5ce subsi/+ betwe5 !          
,sam>itans & ,jews conc]n+ ! law1 ! =m] 
receiv+ only !  ,p5tateu*1 & reject+ e  
o!r "w ascrib$ to ! prophets by  !      
,jews4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ?is diff]5ce1 
he comm&$ ! two  nations to s5d deputies
 to ,alex&ria4 ,! ,jews entru/$ ?is     
mission  to ,os>1 ! ,sam>itans to ,a>on1
 to :om sev]al o!r associates 7  add$4  

,sep>ate ap>tm5ts 9 a p>ticul> qu>t] (  
,alex&ria 7  assign$ to ea* ( ^!        
/rang]s1 :o 7 prohibit$ f hav+ any      
p]sonal int]c\rse1 & ea* ( !m _h a      
,greek scribe to write 8  v]sion4 ,?us 7
 ! law & o!r ,scriptures translat$ by ! 
,sam>itans2 ^: v]sion be+ mo/ c>efully  
exam9$1 ! k+ 0  conv9c$ t _! text 0 m   
complete ?an t ( ! ,jews4 ,su*  is !    
n>rative ( ,abul ,phata*1 dive/$1 h[ev]1
 ( num]\s  m>vell\s circum/ances ) :i* x
 has be5 decorat$ by !  ,sam>itans1 :o  
are n surpass$1 ev5 by ! ,jews1 9 _!    
p>tiality  = idle leg5ds4    ,a fact1   
buri$ "u su* a mass ( fables z !        
translation ( !  ,septuag9t has be5 by !
 hi/orians :o h pret5d$ to record x1    
necess>ily loses all its hi/orical "*1  
:i*1 inde$1 we are  fully ju/ifi$ 9     
disreg>d+ altoge!r4 ,al?\gh !re is no   
d\bt  b t "s tru? is conceal$ "u ?is    
load ( fables1 yet x is by  no means an 
easy task to disc]n ! tru? f :at is     
false3 !  foll[+1 h[ev]1 is ! result (  
our rese>*es conc]n+ ?is  celebrat$     

v]sion3--    ,x is probable t ! sev5ty  
int]pret]s1 z !y are call$1  execut$ _! 
v]sion ( ! ,p5tateu* dur+ ! jo9t reigns 
(  ,ptolemy ,lagus & 8 son              
,philadelphus4 ,! pseudo ,ari/eas1      
,josephus1  ,philo1 & _m o!r writ]s :om 
x 7 t$i\s to enum]ate1 relate  t ?is    
v]sion 0 made dur+ ! reign ( ,ptolemy   
,,ii41 or  ,philadelphus2 ,joseph ,b5   
,gorion1 h[ev]1 among ! rabb9s1         
,!odoret1  & _m o!r ,*ri/ian writ]s1    
ref] its date to ! "t ( ,ptolemy        
,lagus4 ,n[1 ^! two traditions c be     
reconcil$ only by suppos+ !  v]sion to h
 be5 p]=m$ dur+ ! two ye>s :5 ,ptolemy  
,philadelphus %>$ ! ?rone ) 8 fa!r2 :i* 
date co9cides  ) ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s ( ! 
hundr$ & tw5ty-?ird  ,olympiad1 t is1   
ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #bhf & #bhe4 ,f>!r1 ?is    
v]sion 0  nei!r made by ! comm& (       
,ptolemy1 nor at ! reque/ nor "u !      
sup]9t5d5ce ( ,demetrius ,phal]eus2 b 0 
volunt>ily und]tak5  by ! ,jews = ! use 
( _! c\ntrym54 ,x is well kn[n1 t1 at  !
 p]iod above notic$1 !re 0 a great numb]

 ( ,jews settl$ 9  ,egypt1 p>ticul>ly at
 ,alex&ria3 ^!1 be+ mo/ /rictly obs]vant
  ( ! religi\s in/itutions & usages ( _!
 =efa!rs1 _h _!  sanh$rim or gr& c\ncil 
compos$ ( sev5ty or sev5ty-two memb]s1  
& v num]\s synagogues1 9 :i* ! law 0    
read to !m on e  ,sabba?2 & z ! bulk ( !
 common p 7 no long] acqua9t$  )        
,biblical ,hebrew1 ! ,greek language    
alone be+ us$ 9 _!  ord9>y int]c\rse1 x 
became necess>y to translate ! ,p5tateu*
  into ,greek = _! use4 ,?is is a f> m  
probable acc\nt ( !  orig9 ( !          
,alex&rian v]sion ?an ! traditions above
 /at$4 ,if  ?is translation _h be5 made 
by public au?ority1 x w\ld              
unque/ionably h be5 p]=m$ "u ! direction
 ( ! sanh$rim1  :o w\ld h exam9$ &      
p]haps correct$ x1 if x _h be5 !  "w ( a
 s+le individual1 previ\sly to giv+ x ! 
/amp ( _!  approbation1 & introduc+ x   
into _! synagogues4 ,9 ei!r case  !     
translation w\ld probably be d5om9at$ ! 
,septuag9t1 because  ! sanh$rim 0       
compos$ ( sev5ty or sev5ty-two memb]s4  

,x is ev5  possible t ! sanh$rim1 9 ord]
 to asc]ta9 ! fidelity ( !  "w1 might h 
s5t to ,pale/9e = "s le>n$ m51 ( ^:     
assi/ance & advice !y w\ld h avail$     
!mselves 9 exam9+  ! v]sion4 ,?is fact1 
if x c\ld be prov$1 = x is (f]$ z a  m]e
 conjecture1 w\ld acc\nt = ! /ory ( ! k+
 ( ,egypt's  s5d+ an embassy to         
,j]usalem3 !re is1 h[ev]1 "o circum/ance
  :i* proves t1 9 execut+ ?is           
translation1 ! synagogues 7  orig9ally 9
 contemplation1 namely1 t all ! anci5t  
writ]s  unanim\sly concur 9 say+ t !    
,p5tateu* 0 fir/ translat$4  ,! five    
books ( ,moses1 inde$1 7 ! only books   
read 9 !  synagogues until ! "t (       
,antio*us ,epiphanes1 k+ ( ,syria2 :o   
hav+ =bidd5 t practice 9 ,pale/9e1 !    
,jews evad$ 8  comm&s by sub/itut+ = !  
,p5tateu* ! read+ ( ! prophetic  books4 
,:51 aft]w>d1 ! ,jews 7 deliv]$ f !     
tyranny ( !  k+s ( ,syria1 !y read ! law
 & ! prophets alt]nately 9 !            
synagogues2 & ! same cu/om 0 adopt$ by !
 ,hell5i/ic or  ,grcis+ ,jews4    ,b1   

:atev] 0 ! real numb] ( ! au?ors ( !    
v]sion1 _!  introduction ( ,coptic      
words1 su* z   1 c1 z well z  _! r5d]+ (
 ideas purely ,hebrew altoge!r 9 !      
,egyptian  mann]1 cle>ly prove t !y 7   
natives ( ,egypt4 ,?us1 !y  express !   
creation ( ! _w1 n by ! prop] ,greek ^w 
1  b by 1 a t]m employ$ by ! philosoph]s
 ( ,alex&ria to  express ! orig9 ( !    
univ]se4 ,! ,hebrew ^w ?ummim1 ,exodus  
xxviii1 #cj1 :i* signifies 8p]fections10
 !y r5d] 1 tru?4  ,! diff]5ce ( /yle    
also indicates ! v]sion to h be5 ! "w  n
 ( "o b ( sev]al translators1 & to h be5
 execut$ at  diff]5t times4 ,! be/      
qualifi$ & mo/ able among !m 0 !        
translator ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :o 0 evid5tly 
ma/] ( bo? ,greek &  ,hebrew3 he has    
religi\sly foll[$ ! ,hebrew text1 & has 
9 v>i\s  in/ances introduc$ ! mo/       
suitable & be/ *os5 expressions4 ,f  ! v
 close resemblance subsi/+ betwe5 ! text
 ( ! ,greek  v]sion & ! text ( !        
,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 ,l\is ,de ,dieu1   
,seld51  ,:i/on1 ,hass5camp1 & ,bau]1   

are ( op9ion t ! au?or ( !  ,alex&rian  
v]sion made x f ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu*4  
,& 9  proportion z ^! two correspond1 ! 
,greek diff]s f ! ,hebrew4  ,?is op9ion 
is f>!r support$ by ! decl>ations (     
,orig5 &  ,j]om1 t ! translator f\nd !  
v5]able "n ( ,jehovah1 n 9  ! lett]s 9  
common use1 b 9 v anci5t *>act]s2 & also
 by  ! fact t ^? consonants 9 !         
,septuag9t are frequ5tly  conf\nd$      
toge!r1 ! %apes ( :i* are simil> 9 !    
,sam>itan1  b n 9 ! ,hebrew1 alphabet4  
,?is hypo!sis1 h[ev] +5i\s &  plausible1
 is by no means det]m9ate2 & :at        
militates mo/ aga9/  x is1 ! invet]ate  
enmity subsi/+ betwe5 ! ,jews &         
,sam>itans1  add$ to ! con/ant & unv>y+ 
te/imony ( antiquity1 t !  ,greek v]sion
 ( ! ,p5tateu* 0 execut$ by ,jews4 ,!re 
is no o!r  way by :i* to reconcile ^!   
conflict+ op9ions ?an by suppos+  ei!r t
 ! manuscript us$ by ! ,egyptian ,jews  
approximat$ t[>d  ! lett]s & text ( !   
,sam>itan ,p5tateu*1 or t !  translators
 ( ! ,septuag9t made use ( manuscripts  

writt5 9 anci5t  *>act]s4 ,next to !    
,p5tateu*1 = ability & fidelity (       
execution1 ranks ! translation ( ! book 
( ,prov]bs1 ! au?or (  :i* 0 well skill$
 9 ! two languages3 ,mi*alis is ( op9ion
  t1 ( all ! books ( ! ,septuag9t1 !    
/yle ( ! ,prov]bs is  ! be/1 !          
translator hav+ clo!d ! mo/ +5i\s ?\ghts
 9  z neat & elegant language z 0 ev]   
us$ by a ,py?agorean sage1 to  express 8
 philosophical maxims4    ,! ,septuag9t 
v]sion1 ?\gh orig9ally made = ! use ( ! 
,egyptian ,jews1 gradually acquir$ !    
highe/ au?ority among ! ,jews  (        
,pale/9e1 :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ! ,greek      
language1 &  subsequ5tly also among     
,*ri/ians3 x appe>s1 inde$1 t ! leg5d   
above confut$1 ( ! translators hav+ be5 
div9ely inspir$1 0  inv5t$ 9 ord] t !   
,,lxx4 might be held 9 ! great]         
e/imation4  ,philo1 ! ,jew1 a native (  
,egypt1 has evid5tly foll[$ x 9 8       
allegorical expositions ( ! ,mosaic law2
 & ?\gh ,dr4 ,hody 0 (  op9ion t        
,josephus1 :o 0 a native ( ,pale/9e1    

corroborat$ 8  "w on ,jewi% antiquities 
f ! ,hebrew text1 yet ,salmasius1       
,bo*>t1  ,bau]1 & o!rs1 h %[n t he has  
adh]$ to ! ,septuag9t  ?r\gh\t t "w4 ,h[
 ext5sively ?is v]sion 0 9 use among !  
,jews1 appe>s f ! solemn sanction giv5  
to x by ! inspir$  writ]s ( ! ,new      
,te/am5t1 :o h 9 v _m passages quot$ !  
,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,_!    
example 0 foll[$ by !  e>li] fa!rs &    
doctors ( ! *ur*1 :o1 ) ! exception (   
,orig5 & ,j]om1 7 unacqua9t$ ) ,hebrew3 
not)/&+ _!  zeal = ! ^w ( ,god1 !y did n
 ex]t !mselves to le>n !  orig9al       
language ( ! sacr$ writ+s1 b acquiesc$ 9
 ! ,greek  repres5tation ( !m1 judg+ x1 
no d\bt1 to be fully suffici5t =  all ! 
purposes ( _! pi\s lab\rs4 ,! ,greek    
,scriptures 7 !  only ,scriptures kn[n  
to or valu$ by ! ,greeks4 ,?is 0 ! text 
comm5t$ on by ,*ryso/om & ,!odoret3 x 0 
?is :i* furni%$  topics to ,a?anasius1  
,nazianz51 & ,basil4 ,f ?is f\nta9 !    
/ream 0 d]iv$ to ! ,lat9 *ur*1 fir/ by !
 ,italic or ,vulgate  translation ( !   

,scriptures1 :i* 0 made f ! ,septuag9t1 
&  n f ! ,hebrew2 &1 secondly1 by ! /udy
 ( ! ,greek fa!rs4  ,x 0 by ?is borr[$  
light t ! ,lat9 fa!rs illum9$ !  we/]n  
hemisph]e2 &1 :5 ! age ( ,cyprian1      
,ambrose1 ,augu/9e1  & ,gregory1        
successively pass$ away1 ?is 0 ! light  
put into !  h&s ( ! next dyna/y (       
!ologi/s1 ! s*oolm51 :o c>ri$ on  ! "w (
 !ological disquisition by ! aid ( ?is  
lum9>y1 &  none o!r4 ,s t1 ei!r 9 ,greek
 or 9 ,lat91 x 0 /ill !  ,septuag9t     
,scriptures t 7 read1 expla9$1 & quot$ z
  au?ority1 = a p]iod ( fifte5 hundr$   
ye>s4    ,,septuag9t ,,*ronology is t   
:i* is =m$ f ! dates & p]iods  ( "t     
m5tion$ 9 ! ,septuag9t translation ( !  
,old ,te/am5t4 ,x  reckons "o ?\s& five 
hundr$ ye>s m f ! creation to  ,abraham 
?an ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,dr4 ,k5nicott1 9 
! diss]tation  prefix$ to 8 ,hebrew     
,bible1 has %[n x to be v probable1 t ! 
*ronology ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 s9ce 
! p]iod j m5tion$1  0 corrupt$ by !     
,jews betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 #age & #bjj2 & t ! 

*ronology ( ! ,septuag9t is m agreeable 
to tru?4 ,x is a fact1  t1 dur+ ! second
 & ?ird c5turies1 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 
7  almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,jews1    
:ile ! ,septuag9t 0  conf9$ to !        
,*ri/ians4 ,! ,jews _h1 !re=e1 a v      
fav\rable  opportunity = ?is corruption4
 ,! foll[+ is ! reason :i* is  giv5 by !
 ori5tal writ]s3 ,x be+ a v anci5t      
tradition t  ,messiah 0 to come 9 ! six?
 *iliad1 because he 0 to come 9 !  la/  
days1 f\nd$ on a my/ical application ( !
 six days ( !  creation1 ! contrivance 0
 to %ort5 ! age ( ! _w f ab\t  #eejj to 
#cgfj2 & !nce to prove t ,jesus c\ld n  
be ! ,messiah4  ,dr4 ,k5nicott adds1 t  
"s ,hebrew copies1 hav+ ! l>g]          
*ronology1 7 extant till ! "t (         
,eusebius1 & "s till !  ye> #gjj4       
,,sepul*res4 ,! descriptions ( ! ea/]n  
sepul*res1 by travell]s1  s]ve to expla9
 sev]al passages ( ,scripture4 ,%aw     
says1 8,if we except  a few p]sons :o   
are buri$ )9 ! prec9cts ( "s sanctu>y1 !
  re/ are c>ri$ out at a small di/ance f

 _! cities & villages1  :]e a great     
ext5t ( gr\nd is allott$ = t purpose4   
,ea* family  has a p>ticul> portion ( x1
 wall$ 9 l a g>d51 :]e ! bones  ( _!    
ance/ors h rema9$ undi/urb$ = _m        
g5]ations3 =  9 ^! inclosures ! graves  
are all di/9ct & sep>ate1 hav+  ea* ( !m
 a /one plac$ upright1 bo? at ! head &  
feet1  inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! p]son :o lie?
 !re int]r$1 :ile  ! int]m$iate space is
 ei!r plant$ ) fl[]s1 bord]$ r\nd  )    
/one1 or pav$ all ov] ) tiles4 ,! graves
 ( ! pr9cipal  citiz5s are f>!r di/+ui%$
 by "s squ>e *amb]s or cupolas  t are   
built ov] !m1 ,m>k v1 #c4 ,n[1 z all ^! 
diff]5t sorts  ( tombs & sepul*res1 ) ! 
v walls likewise ( ! inclosures1  are   
con/antly kept clean1 :ite-wa%$1 &      
beautifi$1 !y cont9ue  to ?is day to be 
an excell5t comm5t ^u t expression ( our
  ,savi\r1 :]e he m5tions ! g>ni%+ ( !  
sepul*res1 ,matt4  xxiii1 #bi2 & aga91  
v]se #bg1 :]e he comp>es ! scribes1     
,ph>isees1 & hypocrites1 to :it$        
sepul*res40 ,) respect to !  demoniacs  

:o are said by ,/4 ,mat!w to come out ( 
! tombs1 ,light  obs]ves1 8,i trod !    
gr\nd celebrat$ = ! miracle ( ! unclean 
_s1 driv5 by our ,savi\r among ! sw9e4  
,! tombs /ill exi/ 9  ! =m ( cav]ns1 on 
! sides ( ! hills t rise f ! %ore  ( !  
lake2 & f _! wild appe>ance may well be 
consid]$ !  habitation ( m5 exce$+      
fi]ce1 possess$ by a devil2 !y ext5d at 
a di/ance = m ?an a mile f ! pres5t     
t[n40 ,9 ! acc\nt  we h ( ! resurrection
 ( ,laz>us1 :5 ,m>y w5t sudd5ly out to  
meet ,jesus1 ! ,jews suppos$ t %e 0 gone
 to ! grave1 8to weep  !re40 ,! foll[+  
extract f ,buck+ham illu/rates ?is3 8,n 
f>  f ! spot at :i* we halt$ to enjoy   
?is en*ant+ view1 0 an  ext5sive        
cemetry1 at :i* we notic$ ! cu/om s     
preval5t among  ea/]n nations ( visit+ !
 tombs ( _! deceas$ fri5ds4 ,^!  7 =m$ )
 great c>e1 & f9i%$ ) extraord9>y       
neatness3  & at ! foot ( ea* grave 0    
enclos$ a small e>!n vessel1 9  :i* 0   
plant$ a sprig ( myrtle1 regul>ly wat]$ 
e day by !  m\rn+ fri5d :o visit$ x4    

,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is ext5sive  place ( 
burial we did n obs]ve a s+le grave to  
:i* ?is tok5 (  respect & sorr[ 0 n     
atta*$2 &1 scatt]$ among ! tombs1 9     
diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! cemetry1 we saw f    
tw5ty to ?irty p>ties  ( females1 sitt+ 
ne> ! hon\r$ rema9s ( "s rec5tly lo/ &  
deeply regrett$ relative or fri5d1 &    
ei!r wat]+ _! myrtle  plants1 or /rew+  
fl[]s ov] ! gre5 turf t clos$ ^u _!     
heads40 ,see ,,burial4    ,,s]p5t4 ,9   
,egypt & o!r ori5tal c\ntries1 a s]p5t 0
 ! common  symbol ( a p[]ful mon>*2 x 0 
embroid]$ on ! robes (  pr9ces1 &       
blazon$ on _! diadem1 to signify _!     
absolute p[]  & inv9cible might1 & t1 z 
! w\nd inflict$ by ! basilisk  is       
incurable1 s ! fatal effects ( _!       
displeasure 7 nei!r to  be avoid$ nor   
endur$4 ,^! are ! allusions involv$ 9 ! 
address  ( ! prophet1 to !              
irreconcilable enemies ( 8 nation3      
8,rejoice  n ?\1 :ole ,pale/9a1 because 
! rod ( him t smote !e is  brok52 = out 
( ! s]p5t's roots %all come =? a        

cockatrice1  & 8 fruit %all be a fi]y   
fly+ s]p5t10 ,isaiah xiv1 #bi4 ,uzziah1 
! k+ ( ,judah1 _h subdu$ ! ,phili/9es2 b
 tak+ advantage (  ! weak reign ( ,ahaz1
 !y aga9 invad$ ! k+dom ( ,judea1 &     
r$uc$ "s cities 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry 
"u _!  dom9ion4 ,on ! dea? ( ,ahaz1     
,isaiah deliv]s ?is prophecy1  ?reat5+  
!m ) a m sev]e *a/isem5t f ! h& (       
,hezekiah1 ! gr&son ( ,uzziah1 by ^:    
victori\s arms !y _h be5  r$uc$ to sue =
 peace2 :i* he accompli%$1 :5 8he smote 
!  ,phili/9es1 ev5 unto ,gaza & ! bord]s
 !re(10 #b ,k+s xviii1 #h4  ,uzziah1    
!re=e1 mu/ be meant by ! rod t smote !m1
 & by !  s]p5t f :om %\ld spr+ ! fi]y   
fly+ s]p5t1 t is1  ,hezekiah1 a mu* m   
t]rible enemy ?an ev5 ,uzziah _h be54 ,b
 !  symbol ( regal p[] :i* ! ori5tal k+s
 pref]r$ to all o!rs1  0 ! basilisk4    
,?is fact is atte/$ by its ,arabian "n  
mele*a1  f ! ,hebrew v]b mala*1 8to     
reign20 f its ,greek "n  1 & its ,lat9  
"n regulus3 all ( :i*1 x is ass]t$1     
ref]r$ to ! conspicu\s place x occupi$  

among ! regal ornam5ts  ( ! ea/4 ,!     
basilisk is ( a r$di% col\r1 & its head 
is  decorat$ ) a cre/ 9 ! =m ( a cr[n2 x
 is n entirely  pro/rate1 l o!r s]p5ts1 
b moves along ) its head & half  ! body 
erect2 ! o!r p>ts sweep ! gr\nd beh9d1  
,& w9d its spaci\s back 9 roll+ spires4 
,all ! o!r species ( s]p5ts are said to 
ackn[l$ge !  sup]iority ( ! real or !   
fabl$ basilisk1 by fly+ f its  pres5ce1 
& hid+ !mselves 9 ! du/4 ,x is also     
suppos$ to live  long] ?an any o!r      
s]p5t2 ! anci5t ,hea!ns !re=e pron\nc$  
x immortal1 & plac$ x 9 ! numb] ( _!    
deities2 & because  x _h ! dang]\s p[]1 
9 g5]al belief1 ( kill+ ) its  pe/if]\s 
brea? ! /ronge/ animals1 x seem$ to !n  
inve/$  ) ! p[] ( life & dea?4 ,x       
became1 !re=e1 ! fav\rite  symbol ( k+s2
 & 0 employ$ by ! prophet1 to symbolize 
! great  & good ,hezekiah1 ) /rict      
propriety4    #b4 ,! c]a/es1 or horn$   
snake4 ,! only allusion to ?is species (
  s]p5t 9 ! sacr$ volume occurs 9 !     
val$ictory pr$ictions (  ,jacob1 :]e he 

describes ! "* & actions ( ,dan & 8     
po/]ity3 8,dan %all be a s]p5t by ! way1
 an add]1 1 9 !  pa?1 t bite? ! horse's 
heels1 s t 8 rid] %all fall  backw>d10  
,g54 xlix1 #ag4 ,x is indisputably cle>1
 t ! patri>*  int5d$ "s k9d ( s]p5t2 = !
 circum/ances w n apply to a  freeboot] 
wat*+ = 8 prey4 ,x only rema9s to       
inve/igate !  species to :i* x belongs4 
,! pr9cipal c>e ( ! ,jewi% writ]s is  to
 asc]ta9 ! etymology ( ! "n1 ab\t :i* _!
 s5tim5ts are  mu* divid$4 ,! ,arabian  
au?ors quot$ by ,bo*>t in=m u1 t !      
sephiphon is a mo/ p]nici\s reptile1 & v
 dang]\s to man4 ,x  is ( a s&y col\r1  
v>iegat$ ) black & :ite spots4 ,!       
p>ticul>s 9 ! "* ( ,dan1 h[ev]1 agree   
bett] ) !  c]a/es1 or horn$ snake1 ?an )
 any o!r species ( s]p5t4 ,x  lies 9    
wait = pass5g]s 9 ! s&1 or 9 ! rut ( !  
:eels on  ! highway4 ,f its lurk+ place 
x trea*]\sly bites ! horse's  heels1 s t
 ! rid] falls backw>d1 9 consequ5ce ( ! 
animal's  h9d] legs becom+ almo/        
imm$iately torpid by ! dreadful activity

  ( ! poison4 ,! c]a/es is equally      
=midable to man & ! l[]  animals2 & ! m 
dang]\s1 because x is n easy to di/+ui% 
him f ! s& 9 :i* he lies2 & he nev]     
sp>es ! helpless  travell] :o unw>ily   
comes )9 8 rea*4 ,l ! c]a/es1 ,dan  0 to
 excel 9 cunn+ & artifice1 to prevail   
aga9/ 8 enemies  r by 8 policy 9 !      
cab9et ?an by 8 val\r 9 ! field4    #c4 
,! s]aph1 or fi]y fly+ s]p5t1 to a      
,biblical /ud5t1 is "o (  ! mo/ int]e/+ 
creatures t has yet be5 m5tion$4 ,x be>s
 !  "n ( an ord] among ! ho/s ( heav51  
:om ,isaiah beheld 9  vision1 plac$     
above ! ?rone ( ,jehovah 9 ! temple2 !  
braz5  figure ( ?is s]p5t is suppos$ to 
be a type ( our bless$ ,r$eem]1  :o 0 = 
our salvation lift$ up ^u ! cross1 z !  
s]p5t 0  elevat$ 9 ! camp ( ,israel1 = !
 pres]vation ( t p4 ,x  is ! only       
species ( s]p5t :i* ! almighty ,creator 
has provid$  ) w+s1 by means ( :i*1     
in/ead ( creep+ or leap+1 x rises  f !  
gr\nd1 & lean+ ^u ! extremity ( its     
tail1 moves )  great velocity4 ,x is a  

native ( ,egypt1 & ! des]ts ( ,arabia2 &
  receives its "n f ! ,hebrew v]b s]aph1
 :i* signifies to  burn1 9 allusion to !
 viol5t inflammation :i* its poison     
produces1  or r to its fi]y col\r1 :i* !
 braz5 s]p5t 0 int5d$ to  repres5t4     
,bo*>t is ( op9ion1 t ! s]aph is ! same 
z !  hydrus1 or1 z ,cic]o calls x1 !    
s]p5t ( ! wat]s4 ,=1 9 !  book (        
,isaiah1 ! l& ( ,egypt is call$ ! region
 f :5ce come  ! vip] & fly+ s]aph1 or   
burn+ s]p5t4 lian says1 !y come  f !    
des]ts ( ,libya & ,arabia1 to inhabit ! 
/reams ( !  ,nile2 & t !y h ! =m ( !    
hydrus4    ,! exi/5ce ( w+$ s]p5ts is   
atte/$ by _m writ]s ( mod]n  times4 ,a  
k9d ( snakes 7 discov]$ among !         
,pyr5ees1 f ^:  sides proce$$ c>tilages 
9 ! =m ( w+s2 & ,scalig] m5tions a      
peasant :o kill$ a s]p5t ( ! same       
species :i* attack$ him1 &  pres5t$ x to
 ! k+ ( ,france4 ,le ,blanc1 z quot$ by 
,bo*>t1  says1 at ! head ( lake ,*iamay 
are ext5sive woods & va/ m>%es1  :i* x  
is v dang]\s to approa*1 because !y are 

infe/$ )  v l>ge s]p5ts1 :i*1 rais$ f ! 
gr\nd on w+s resembl+  ^? ( bats1 &     
lean+ on ! extremity ( _! tails1 move ) 
great rapidity4 ,!y exi/1 x is report$1 
ab\t ^! places 9 s  great numb]s1 t !y h
 almo/ laid wa/e ! neighb\r+  prov9ce4  
,&1 9 ! same "w1 ,le ,blanc affirms t he
 _h se5 "s  ( !m ( imm5se size1 :i*1 :5 
hungry1 ru%$ impetu\sly on %eep  & o!r  
tame animals4 ,b ! orig9al t]m  does n  
always  signify fly+ ) w+s2 x (t5       
expresses vibration1 sw++  backw>d &    
=w>d1 a tremul\s motion1 a flutt]+2 &   
?is is  precisely ! motion ( a s]p5t1 :5
 he spr+s f "o tree to  ano!r4 ,niebuhr 
m5tions a sort ( s]p5t at ,bassorah1 :i*
 !y call  heie ?i>e4 8,!y commonly keep 
^u ! date trees2 & z x w\ld  be labori\s
 = !m to come d[n f a v high tree1 9    
ord] to  asc5d ano!r1 !y twi/ !mselves  
by ! tail to a bran* ( !  =m]1 :i*1 mak+
 a spr+ by ! motion !y give x1 ?r[s !m  
to ! bran*es ( ! second4 ,h5ce x is t ! 
mod]n ,arabs call  !m fly+ s]p5ts1 heie 
?i>e4 ,admiral ,anson also speaks ( !   

fly+ s]p5ts t he met ) at ! isl& (      
,quibo1 b :i* 7  )\t w+s40 ,f ?is acc\nt
 x may be inf]r$1 t ! fly+  s]p5t       
m5tion$ 9 ! prophet 0 ( t species (     
s]p5ts :i*1  f _! swift d>t+ motion1 !  
,greeks call aconitias1 & !  ,romans1   
jaculus4 ,! orig9al phrase w be> ano!r  
int]pretation1  :i*1 p]haps1 approa*es  
/ill ne>] ! tru?4 ,! v]b   sometimes    
means to sp>kle1 to emit coruscations ( 
light4 ,9 ?is  s5se1 ! n\n  frequ5tly   
occurs 9 ! sacr$ volume2 ?us ,zoph>     
says3 8,! coruscation1 1 %all be z !    
morn+40 ,! ^w 9 !  v]se "u consid]ation 
may !re=e ref] to ! ruddy col\r (  t    
s]p5t1 & express ! sp>kl+ ( ! blaz+     
sunbeams ^u its  scales1 :i* are        
extremely brilliant4    #d4 ,! dragon4  
,9 ,hebrew1 ! ^w  signifies ei!r a      
dragon or a  :ale4 ,z ! "n ( a s]p5t1 x 
frequ5tly d5otes "o ( any  species2 z :5
 ! rod ( ,moses is said to h be5 turn$  
into a  s]p5t1 4 ,b1 9 its m /rict &    
appropriate application1 x  is ! prop]  
"n ( ! dragon1 :i* diff]s f ! s]p5t     

*iefly  9 its size4 8,?ree k9ds (       
dragons 7 =m]ly di/+ui%$ 9  ,india4 #a4 
,^? ( ! hills & m\nta9s4 #b4 ,^? ( !    
valleys &  caves4 #c4 ,^? ( ! f5s &     
m>%es4 ,! fir/ is ! l>ge/1 &  cov]$ )   
scales respl5d5t z burni%$ gold4 ,!y h a
 k9d (  be>d hang+ f _! l[] jaw1 _!     
aspect is frightful1 _! cry  l\d &      
%rill1 _! cre/ bright yell[1 & !y h a   
protub]ance  on _! heads1 z ! col\r ( a 
burn+ coal4 ,^? ( ! flat  c\ntry are ( a
 silv] col\r1 & frequ5t riv]s1 to :i* ! 
=m]  nev] come4 ,^? ( ! m>%es are black1
 sl[1 & h no cre/4  ,_! bite is n       
v5om\s1 ?\gh ! creatures be dreadful40  
,?is  description agrees 9 e p>ticul> ) 
! boa1 :i* is ju/ly  consid]$ z ! prop] 
dragon4 ,b s great is ! inconsi/5cy (  !
 human m9d1 t ! creature :i* is n[ an   
object ( univ]sal  dislike 01 9 e>ly    
times1 hon\r$ ) religi\s wor%ip by e    
nation ( ! e>?4 ,rites 7 devis$ &       
temples built to its hon\r2  & prie/s 7 
appo9t$ to conduct ! c]emonies4 ,^!     
mis]able  idolat]s appe>$ be=e ! alt>s (

 _! contemptible deity 9  gorge\s       
ve/m5ts1 _! heads adorn$ ) s]p5ts1 or ) 
!  figures ( s]p5ts embroid]$ on _!     
ti>as1 :5 ! creatures  !mselves 7 n to  
be _h2 & 9 _! frantic exclamations cri$ 
out1 9 evid5t allusion to ! triumph :i* 
! old s]p5t obta9$  ov] our fir/ "m1    
,eva1 ,eva4 ,s completely 0 ,satan      
p]mitt$ to  insult our fall5 race1 t !  
s]p5t1 8 *os5 ag5t 9  accompli%+ our    
ru91 0 actually rais$ to ! fir/ place   
among !  deities ( ! ,hea!n _w1 &       
rev]5c$ by ! mo/ solemn acts (  wor%ip4 
,! figure ( ! s]p5t adorn$ ! portals ( !
 pr\de/  temples 9 ! ea/4    ,! s]p5t 0 
a v common symbol ( ! sun2 & he is      
repres5t$  bit+ 8 tail1 & ) 8 body =m$  
into a circle1 9 ord] to  indicate !    
ord9>y c\rse ( ?is lum9>y2 & "u ?is =m x
  0 an emblem ( "t & et]nity4 ,! s]p5t 0
 also ! symbol (  m$ic9e1 & ( ! gods :i*
 presid$ ov] x1 z ( ,apollo &           
sculapius4 ,9 mo/ ( ! anci5t rites we   
f9d "s allusion to !  s]p5t1 "u ! sev]al
 titles ( ,ob1 ,ops1 ,py?on1 c4 ,?is    

idolatry  is allud$ to by ,moses1 ,lev4 
xx1 #bg4 ,! woman ( ,endor1 :o _h a     
famili> _s1 is call$ ,oub1 or ,ob1 & x  
is int]pret$ ,py?onissa3  ! place :]e %e
 resid$1 says ! le>n$ ,mr4 ,bryant1     
seems to h  be5 nam$ f ! wor%ip !n      
in/itut$2 = ,endor is comp\nd$ (        
,en-ador1 & signifies fons pi?onis1 !   
8f\nta9 ( light10 !  oracle ( ! god     
,ador2 :i* oracle 0 probably f\nd$ by ! 
,canaanites1 & _h nev] be5 totally      
suppress$4 ,8 pill> 0 also  call$       
,abbadir1 or ,abadir1 comp\nd$ ( ab &   
adir1 & mean+  ! s]p5t deity ,addir1 !  
same z ,adorus4 ,9 ! orgies ( ,bac*us1  
! p]sons :o p>took ( ! c]emony1 us$ to  
c>ry s]p5ts 9 _!  h&s1 & ) horrid       
screams call ^u ,eva6 ,eva6 ,eva be+1   
accord+  to ! writ] j m5tion$1 ! same z 
epha1 or opha1 :i* !  ,greeks r5d]$     
ophis1 & by x d5ot$ a s]p5t1 & conta9+  
no  allusion to ,eve1 z above           
conjectur$4 ,^! c]emonies1 & ?is        
symbolic wor%ip1 began among ! magi1 :o 
7 ! sons ( ,*us2 &  by !m !y 7 propagat$

 9 v>i\s p>ts4 ,:]ev] ! ,ammonians      
f\nd$ any places ( wor%ip1 & introduc$  
_! rites1 !re 0  g5]ally "s /ory ( a    
s]p5t4 ,!re 0 a leg5d ab\t a s]p5t at   
,col*is1 at ,!bes1 & at ,delphi2 &      
likewise 9 o!r places4 ,!  ,greeks call$
 ,apollo himself ,py?on1 :i* is ! same z
 ,oupis1 ,opis1  or ,oub4 ,9 ,egypt !re 
0 a s]p5t nam$ ,!rmu?is1 :i* 0 look$  ^u
 z v sacr$2 & ! natives are said to h   
made use ( x z  a royal ti>a1 ) :i* !y  
ornam5t$ ! /atues ( ,isis4 ,! k+s  (    
,egypt wore high bonnets1 t]m9at+ 9 a   
r\nd ball1 & surr\nd$  ) figures ( asps2
 & ! prie/s likewise _h ! repres5tation 
(  s]p5ts ^u _! bonnets4 ,abadon1 or    
,abaddon1 m5tion$ 9 !  ,revelation1 ix1 
#aa1 is suppos$ by ,mr4 ,bryant to h be5
 ! "n (  ! ,ophite god1 ) ^: wor%ip ! _w
 _h be5 s long infect$4  ,?is wor%ip    
began among ! p ( ,*aldea1 :o built !   
city (  ,ophis ^u ! ,tigris1 & 7 greatly
 addict$ to div9ation1 & to  ! wor%ip ( 
! s]p5t4 ,f ,*aldea ! wor%ip pass$ into 
,egypt1  :]e ! s]p5t deity 0 call$      

,canoph1 ,c-eph1 & ,c'neph2 x also  _h !
 "n ( ,ob1 or ,oub1 & 0 ! same z !      
,basiliscus1 or royal  s]p5t1 ! same z !
 ,!rmu?is1 & made use ( by way ( ornam5t
  to ! /atues ( _! gods4 ,! *ief deity (
 ,egypt is said to h  be5 ,vulcan1 :o 0 
/yl$ ,opas2 he 0 ! same z ,osiris1 !    
sun1  & h5ce 0 (t5 call$ ,ob-el1 or     
,py?o1 sol2 & !re 7  pill>s sacr$ to    
him1 ) curi\s hi]oglyphical inscriptions
 be>+  ! same "n1 :5ce among ! ,greeks1 
:o copi$ f ! ,egyptians1  e ?+ gradually
 tap]+ to a po9t 0 /yl$ obelos1 or      
obeliscus4 ,z ! wor%ip ( ! s]p5t began  
among ! sons ( ,*us1  ,mr4 ,bryant      
conjectures t f !nce !y 7 d5om9at$      
,e?iopians  & ,ai?iopians1 f ,a?-ope1 or
 ,a?-opes1 ! god :om !y  wor%ipp$1 & n f
 _! complexion3 ! ,e?iopes br\ght ^!    
rites into ,greece1 & call$ ! isl& :]e  
!y fir/ e/abli%$  !m1 ,ellopia1 ,solis  
,s]p5tis insula1 ! same ) ,euba1 or     
,oubaia1 t is1 ! ,s]p5t ,isl&4 ,! same  
le>n$ writ] discov]s  traces ( ! s]p5t  
wor%ip among ! ,hyp]boreans1 at ,rhodes1

 nam$  ,ophiusa1 9 ,phrygia1 & ^u !     
,hellespont1 9 ! isl& ,cyprus1 9        
,crete1 among ! ,a!nians1 9 ! "n (      
,cecrops1 among ! natives (  ,!bes 9    
,botia1 among ! ,lac$monians1 9 ,italy1 
9 ,syria1 c1  & 9 ! names ( _m places1 z
 well z ! p :]e ! ,ophites  settl$4 ,"o 
( ! mo/ e>ly h]esies introduc$ into !   
,*ri/ian  *ur* 0 t ( ! ,ophit1 :o       
introduc$ s]p5ts emblematically  among  
_! rites4 ,?is is se5 9 _m ( ! m$als1 ! 
relics (  ,gno/icism :i* are /ill       
pres]v$4    ,! =m assum$ by ! tempt] :5 
he s$uc$ our fir/ p>5ts1 has  be5 h&$   
d[n 9 ! traditions ( mo/ anci5t nations2
 &1 ?\gh  animals ( ! s]p5t tribe 7 v   
g5]ally wor%ipp$ by !  ,pagans1 z       
symbols ( ! ,aga?odemon2 !y 7 likewise  
view$ z  types or figures ( ! evil      
pr9ciple4 #a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable     
acc\nts ( ! primeval tempt] "u ! %ape ( 
a s]p5t occurs 9  ! ,z5d-,ave/a ( !     
anci5t ,p]sians4 #b4 ,to ! dracontian   
,ahriman (  ! ,p]sians1 ! malignant     
s]p5t caliya ( ,h9doo !ology appe>s to  

be v closely alli$4 ,he is repres5t$1 at
 lea/1 z ! decid$  enemy ( ! m$iatorial 
god2 :om he p]secutes ) ! utmo/         
virul5ce1 ?\gh he is f9ally vanqui%$ by 
8 cele/ial adv]s>y4  #c4 ,! s]p5t typhon
 ( ! ,egyptians1 :o is sometimes        
id5tifi$ )  ! ocean1 because ! deluge 0 
e/eem$ ! "w ( ! evil  pr9ciple2 & !     
s]p5t py?on ( ! ,greeks1 :o is evid5tly 
!  same z ! mon/] typhon2 appe> to h    
simil>ly orig9at$1 9 !  fir/ in/ance1 f 
"s remembrance ( ! =m :i* ,satan assum$ 
:5 9 p>adise4 ,p]haps also ! notion1 t  
py?on 0 oracul>1--a  notion :i* caus$ ! 
s frequ5t use ( s]p5ts 9 ! rites (      
div9ation1 may h sprung f a recollection
 ( ! vocal responses  :i* ! tempt] gave 
to ,eve "u ! borr[$ figure ( t reptile4 
#d4 ,we may /ill ascribe to ! same s\rce
 t rebelli\s s]p5t ^:  treason seems to 
h be5 s well rememb]$ among !           
inhabitants (  ,syria4 ,ph]ecydes1 a    
native ( t c\ntry1 be/[s ^u him ! ,greek
  "n ( ophioneus1 or ! 8s]p5t god20 :i*1
 9 fact1 is a m]e  translation ( !      

,syriac or ,*aldaic na*a%4 ,he repres5ts
 him z  be+ ! pr9ce ( ^? evil spirits :o
 cont5d$ ) ! supreme  god ,cronus1 & :o 
9 consequ5ce 7 eject$ f heav54 ,_!      
happ9ess be+ ?us ju/ly =feit$1 !y 7     
h5ce=? plung$ 9  ! dep?s ( ,t>t>us1     
hateful & mutually hat+ ea* o!r4 ,f     
,syria & ! ea/ ! leg5d pass$ into       
,greece1 m+l$1 h[ev]1 )  allusions to ! 
deluge4 #e4 ,! same evil be+1 9 ! same  
=m1  appe>s aga9 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,go?s 
or ,scy?ians4 ,we are told by  ! anci5t 
,scalds1 t ! bad pr9ciple1 :om !y       
d5om9ate loke1  unites great p]sonal    
beauty ) a malignant & incon/ant nature3
 &  he is describ$ z surpass+ all       
creatures 9 ! dep? ( 8 cunn+  & !       
artfulness ( 8 p]fidy4 ,"h ! pri/9e     
glory & maje/y  ( ,satan1 be=e !        
l9eam5ts ( cele/ial beauty 7 defac$ by 8
  rebelli\s apo/asy1 seem n obscurely to
 be allud$ to2 :ile !  craft &          
malevol5ce1 :i* m>k 8 "* z a fall5      
angel1 are  depict$ ) suffici5t         
accuracy4    ,! mo/ rem>kable           

corroboration1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory
 is to  be f\nd 9 ^? fables :i* involve 
! my?ological s]p5t1 & 9  ! wor%ip :i* 0
 s g5]ally (f]$ to him ?r\gh\t ! _w4  ,!
 wor%ip ( ! s]p5t may be trac$ 9 almo/ e
 religion  ?r\gh anci5t ,asia1 ,europe1 
,africa1 ,am]ica4 ,b h[ an object (     
abhorr5ce c\ld h be5 exalt$ into an     
object ( v5]ation1 mu/ be  ref]r$ to !  
subtlety ( ! ar* enemy himself1 ^:      
con/ant  endeav\r has be5 r to corrupt  
?an oblit]ate ! true fai?1  t1 9 !      
p]petual conflict betwe5 tru? & error1 !
 m9d ( man  might be m surely conf\nd$ &
 debas$4 ,among o!r devices1 t  (       
elevat+ himself into an object (        
adoration1 has ev] be5 ! mo/  *]i%$4 ,x 
0 t :i* he propos$ to our ,"l3 8,all ^! 
?+s  w ,i give !e1 if ?\ wilt fall d[n &
 wor%ip me40 ,we _c1  !re=e1 wond] t !  
same be+ :o _h ! presumption to make    
?is proposal to ! ,son ( ,god1 %\ld h _h
 ! address to  ins9uate himself into !  
wor%ip ( ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,9 ?is he  0    
unhappily b too well second$ by !       

natural t5d5cy ( human  corruption4 ,!  
un5light5$ ,hea!n1 9 ob$i5ce to ! voice 
(  nature1 ackn[l$g$ 8 dep5d5ce ^u a    
sup]ior be+4 ,8 reason  assur$ him t !re
 mu/ be a ,god2 8 consci5ce assur$ him t
  ,god 0 good2 b he felt & ackn[l$g$ !  
preval5ce ( evil1 &  attribut$ x1       
naturally to an evil ag5t4 ,b z ! evil  
_s1 to  8 unillum9$ m9d1 seem$ z        
omnipot5t z ! good ag5t1 he  wor%ipp$   
bo?2 ! "o1 t he might propitiate 8      
k9dness2 !  o!r t he might av]t 8       
displeasure4 ,! great po9t ( devil      
wor%ip be+ ga9$1 namely1 ! ackn[l$gm5t (
 ! evil _s z  ,god1 ! transition to     
idolatry became easy4 ,! m9d1 once d>k5$
 by  ! admission ( an allegiance divid$ 
betwe5 ,god & ,satan1 became  gradually 
m feeble & sup]/iti\s1 until at l5g?    
s5sible  objects 7 call$ 9 to aid !     
weakness ( degrad$ intellect2 &  f _!   
fir/ =m z symbols1 pass$ rapidly ?r\gh !
 successive  /ages ( apo!osis1 until !y 
7 elevat$ into gods4 ,( ^! !  mo/       
rem>kable 0 ! s]p5t2 ^u ! basis (       

tradition1 reg>d$1  fir/ z ! symbol ( ! 
malignant be+2 subsequ5tly consid]$     
talismanic & oracul>2 & la/ly1 v5]at$ & 
wor%ipp$ z div9e4    ,,s]p5t1 ,,braz54  
,?is 0 a figure ( a s]p5t1 call$ above !
  s]aph1 :i* ,moses caus$ to be put on !
 top ( a pole1 ,num4 xxi1  #i1 t all ^? 
bitt5 by ! s]p5t1 :o %\ld look ^u ?is   
image1 might be heal$4 ,our ,savi\r1 9 !
 ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 iii1 #ad1         
decl>es1 t 8z ,moses lift$ up ! s]p5t 9 
! wild]ness1 ev5  s mu/ ! ,son ( man be 
lift$ up10 allud+ to 8 own dea? :i*1    
?r\gh fai?1 0 to give life to ! _w4 ,!  
braz5 s]p5t 0  pres]v$ among !          
,israelites d[n to ! "t ( ,hezekiah2 :o1
 be+  in=m$ t ! p paid a sup]/iti\s     
wor%ip to x1 _h x  brok5 9 pieces1 & by 
way ( contempt gave x ! "n ( ,nehu%tan1 
t is to say1 a braz5 bauble or trifle1  
#b ,k+s xviii1 #d4 ,see ,,type4         
,,s]vant4 ,?is ^w g5]ally signifies a   
slave4 ,= =m]ly among !  ,hebrews1 & !  
neighb\r+ nations1 ! great] "p ( s]vants
 7  slaves1 t is to say1 !y belong$     

absolutely to _! ma/]s1 :o  _h a "r to  
dispose ( _! p]sons1 _! bodies1 goods1 &
 ev5  ( _! lives1 9 "s cases4 ,!        
,hebrews _h two sorts ( s]vants or      
slaves1 ,leviticus xxv1 #dd1 #de1 c4 ,"s
 7 /rang]s1 ei!r b\ght1  or tak5 9 !    
w>s4 ,! o!rs 7 ,hebrew slaves1 :o1 be+  
poor1  sold !mselves1 or 7 sold to pay  
_! debts2 or 7 deliv]$ up  = slaves by  
_! p>5ts1 9 cases ( necessity4 ,?is sort
 ( ,hebrew  slaves cont9u$ 9 slav]y b to
 ! ye> ( jubilee2 !n !y might  return to
 lib]ty aga91 & _! ma/]s c\ld n reta9 !m
 aga9/  _! wills4 ,if !y w\ld cont9ue   
volunt>ily ) _! ma/]s1 !y  7 br\ght be=e
 ! judges2 !re !y made a decl>ation1 t =
  ?is "t !y disclaim$ ! privilege ( !   
law1 _h _! e>s bor$  ) an awl1 by apply+
 !m to ! door-po/s ( _! ma/]1 ,exod4    
xxi1 #b1 #e-g1 c2 & aft] t !y _h no     
long] any p[] (  recov]+ _! lib]ty1     
except at ! next ye> ( jubilee4 ,s]vant 
is  also tak5 = a man t d$icates himself
 to ! s]vice ( ano!r1  by ! *oice ( 8   
own w & incl9ation4 ,?us ,jo%ua 0 !     

s]vant ( ,moses1 ,eli%a ( ,elijah1      
,gehazi ( ,eli%a2 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4  ,&rew1
 ,/4 ,philip1 & ! re/1 7 s]vants (      
,jesus ,*ri/4    ,,se?1 son ( ,adam & ( 
,eve1 0 born ,a4 ,m4 #acj1 ,g54 v1 #c1  
#f1 #aj1 #aa4  ,se?1 at ! age ( "o      
hundr$ & five ye>s1 begat ,enos1 ,a4 ,m4
 #bce4  ,he liv$ aft] ?is eight hundr$ &
 sev5 ye>s1 9 all n9e hundr$  & twelve  
ye>s1 & di$ ,a4 ,m4 #ajdb4 ,se? 0 ! *ief
 ( 8!  *ildr5 ( ,god10 z ! ,scripture   
calls !m1 ,g54 vi1 #b2 t is1  ^? :o be=e
 ! flood pres]v$ true religion & piety 9
 !  _w1 :ile ! desc5dants ( ,ca9 gave   
!mselves up to wick$ness4  ,! inv5tion (
 lett]s & writ+ is by ! rabb9s ascrib$  
to ?is  patri>*4    ,,sev54 ,! numb]    
sev5 is consecrat$1 9 ! holy books & 9 !
  religion ( ! ,jews1 by a great numb] (
 ev5ts & my/]i\s  circum/ances4 ,god    
creat$ ! _w 9 ! space ( sev5 days1 &    
consecrat$ ! sev5? day to repose4 ,?is  
re/ ( ! sev5? day1  accord+ to ,/4      
,paul1 ,heb4 iv1 #d1 intimates et]nal   
re/4 ,& n only  ! sev5? day is hon\r$   

among ! ,jews1 by ! repose ( !  ,sabba?1
 b e sev5? ye> is also consecrat$ to !  
re/ ( !  e>?1 by ! "n ( a sabbatical    
ye>2 z also ! sev5 times sev5?  ye>1 or 
=ty-n9? ye>1 is ! ye> ( jubilee4 ,9 !   
prophetic  /yle1 a week (t5 /&s = sev5  
ye>s1 ,dan4 ix1 #bd-bf4 ,jacob s]v$  8  
fa!r-9-law ,laban sev5 ye>s = ea* ( 8   
daught]s4 ,ph>aoh's  my/]i\s dream      
repres5t$ to 8 imag9ation sev5 fat ox51 
&  sev5 lean ones2 sev5 full e>s ( corn1
 & z _m t 7 empty  & %rivell$4 ,^! /ood 
= sev5 ye>s ( pl5ty1 & sev5 (  sc>city4 
,! numb] ( sev5 days is obs]v$ 9 !      
octaves ( !  great solemnities ( !      
passov]1 ( tab]nacles1 & ( ! d$ication  
( ! tab]nacle & ! temple2 ! sev5 bran*es
 ( ! gold5  c&le/ick1 ! numb] ( sev5    
sacrifices appo9t$ on sev]al  occasions1
 ,numb]s xxvii1 #aa2 xxix1 #ag-ba1 c4   
,sev5 trumpets1 sev5  prie/s t s\nd$ !m1
 sev5 days to surr\nd ! walls ( ,j]i*o1 
,jo%ua vi1 #d1 #f1 #h4 ,9 ! ,revelation1
 are ! sev5 *ur*es1 sev5  c&le/icks1    
sev5 spirits1 sev5 />s1 sev5 lamps1 sev5

 seals1  sev5 angels1 sev5 phials1 sev5 
plagues1 c4 ,9 c]ta9 passages1 !  numb] 
sev5 is put = a great numb]4 ,isaiah1   
iv1 #a1 says t sev5  wom5 %\ld lay hold 
on "o man1 to ask him to m>ry !m4       
,hannah1 !  "m ( ,samuel1 says1 #a ,sam4
 ii1 #e1 t %e :o 0 b>r5 %\ld  h sev5    
*ildr54 ,j]emiah1 xv1 #i1 makes use ( ! 
same expression4  ,god ?reat5s 8 p to   
smite !m sev5 times = _!                
transgressions1 ,lev4 xxvi1 #bd1 t is to
 say sev]al times4 ,!  ,psalmi/1 speak+ 
( v pure silv]1 says x is 8purifi$ sev5 
times10 ,psalm xii1 #f4 ,& else:]e1     
8,r5d] unto our neighb\rs  sev5fold into
 _! bosom10 ,psalm lxxix1 #ab2 puni% !m 
sev]ely1 &  z (t5 z !y des]ve x4 ,!     
slay] ( ,ca9 0 to be puni%$ sev5  times2
 b ( ,lame* sev5ty times sev5 times1    
,g54 iv1 #ae1 #bd4 ,!  slo?ful man ?9ks 
himself wis] ?an sev5 m51 t set =?      
prov]bs1 ,prov4 xxvi1 #af2 he ?9ks      
himself ( m wor? ?an _m wise  m54 ,/4   
,pet] asks our ,savi\r1 ,mat!w xviii1   
#ba1 #bb1 ,h[ _m times  %\ld he =give 8 

bro!r8 till sev5 times8 ,& ,*ri/ answ]s 
him1  ,i say n only sev5 times1 b sev5ty
 times sev52 mean+1 z (t5  z he may     
(f5d1 h[ev] frequ5t x may be4    ,,%>on1
 ,,pla9 ,,(1 a beautiful & spaci\s pla91
 ext5d+ f ,cs>ea  to ,joppa on ! sea    
coa/1 & ea/w>d to ! m\nta9s ( ,judea2 & 
is celebrat$ = its w9es1 its fl[]s1 &   
its pa/ures4 ,x /ill  pres]ves "s       
portions ( its natural beauty1 & is     
adorn$ 9 !  spr+ ) ! :ite & r$ rose1 !  
n>cissus1 ! :ite & orange  lily1 !      
c>nation & o!r fl[]s2 b = ! re/ ( ! ye> 
x  appe>s little bett] ?an a des]t1 ) "h
 & !re a ru9$  village1 & "s clumps (   
olive trees & sycamores4 ,?is "n 0      
almo/ become a prov]b1 to express a     
place ( extraord9>y beauty &            
fruitfulness1 ,isaiah xxxiii1 #i2 xxxv1 
#b4 ,b !re are ?ree cantons (  ,pale/9e 
kn[n by ! "n ( ,%>on4 ,! fir/1 accord+  
to ,eusebius  & ,/4 ,j]om1 is a canton  
betwe5 ,m\nt ,tabor & ! sea ( ,tib]ias4 
,! second1 a canton betwe5 ! city (     
,cs>ea ( ,pale/9e & ,joppa4  ,& ! ?ird a

 canton beyond ,jordan1 9 ! c\ntry (    
,basan1 & 9  ! division ( ! tribe (     
,gad4 ,mod]n travell]s give ?is "n also 
to ! pla9 t lies betwe5 ,ecdippe &      
,ptolemais4    ,,%av+4 ,9 "t ( m\rn+ !  
,jews %av$ _! heads1 & neglect$  to trim
 _! be>ds4 ,! k+ ( ! ,ammonites %av$ (f 
half !  be>ds ( ,david's ambassadors1   
:i* 0 ! greate/ insult he c\ld  (f]4    
,?is w appe> f ! reg>d :i* ! ea/]ns h   
ev]  paid to ! be>d4 ,d',arvieux gives a
 rem>kable in/ance ( an ,arab :o1  hav+ 
receiv$ a w\nd 9 8 jaw1 *ose to haz>d 8 
life r ?an  to suff] 8 surgeon to take  
(f 8 be>d4 ,x 0 "o ( ! mo/  infam\s     
puni%m5ts ( c[>dice 9 ,sp>ta1 t !y :o   
turn$ _!  backs 9 ! day ( battle 7      
oblig$ to appe> abroad ) "o half  ( _!  
be>d %av$1 & ! o!r half un%av$4 ,!      
ea/]ns  consid]$ ! be>d z v5]able1      
because x di/+ui%$ m5 f  wom51 & 0 ! m>k
 ( freem5 9 opposition to slaves4 ,x 0  
/ill1 9 times comp>atively mod]n1 !     
greate/ indignity t c\ld  be (f]$ 9     
,p]sia4 ,%ah ,abbas1 k+ ( t c\ntry1     

enrag$ t !  emp]or ( ,h9do/an _h        
inadv]t5tly address$ him by a title f>  
inf]ior to t ( ! great %ah-9-%ah1 or k+ 
( k+s1 ord]$  ! be>ds ( ! ambassadors to
 be %av$ (f1 & s5t !m home to  _! ma/]4 
8,"o ( ! buffoons ( ! ba%aw10 says      
,belzoni1 8took  x into 8 head "o day1 =
 a frolic1 to %ave 8 be>d1 :i* is no    
trifle among ! ,turks2 = "s ( !m1 ,i    
really believe1 w\ld soon]  h _! head   
cut (f ?an _! be>d4 ,9 ?is /ate he w5t  
home to  8 wom51 :o actually ?ru/ him   
out ( ! door2 & su* 0 !  disgrace (     
cutt+ (f 8 be>d1 t ev5 8 fell[ buffoons 
w\ld  n eat ) him till x 0 gr[n aga940  
,,%eaf4 ,aft] ! fea/ ( ! passov] ! ,jews
 br\ght a %eaf into !  temple1 z ! fir/ 
fruits ( ! b>ley h>ve/1 ,lev4 xxiii1    
#aj1 #ab2  & ^! 7 ! c]emonies t 7 !n    
p]=m$4 ,on ! #af? (  ! mon? ,nisan1 9 ! 
ev5+1 :5 ! fea/ day ( ! passov] 0  end$1
 & ! second day 0 begun1 :i* 0 a work+  
day1 ! h\se  ( judgm5t deput$ ?ree m5 to
 g 9 solemnity1 & ga!r ! %eaf  ( b>ley4 
,! inhabitants ( ! neighb\r+ cities came

 toge!r1 to  be pres5t at ! c]emony4 ,! 
b>ley 0 ga!r$ 9 ! t]ritory (  ,j]usalem4
 ,! deputies dem&$ ?ree times           
successively if ! sun 0  set2 & 7 z (t5 
answ]$ t x 04 ,!n !y dem&$ ?ree  times  
if !y might be p]mitt$ to cut ! %eaf1 & 
p]mission 0 z  (t5 grant$4 ,!y reap$ x  
out ( ?ree diff]5t fields1 ) ?ree       
diff]5t sickels1 & put ! e>s into ?ree  
boxes to c>ry to !  temple4 ,?is %eaf 0 
?re%$ 9 ! c\rt2 & ( ! gra9 !y took  a   
full om]1 & aft] x _h be5 w9n[$1 p>*$1 &
 bruis$1 !y  spr9kl$ oil ov] x1 & add$ a
 h&ful ( inc5se2 !n ! prie/  :o receiv$ 
! (f]+1 wav$ x be=e ! ,"l to ! f\r      
qu>t]s  ( ! _w1 crosswise2 he ca/ "p ( x
 ^u ! alt>1 & ! re/  0 8 own4 ,aft] ?is 
e "o might beg9 to reap ! h>ve/4        
,,%eba4 ,( 8! que5 ( ,%eba10 m5tion is  
made #a ,k+s x1 #a1 #b1 c2 #b  ,*ron4   
ix1 #a1 #b1 c2 ,matt4 xii1 #db2 ,luke   
xi1 #ca4 ,%e is call$ 8que5 (  ! s\?10 &
 01 accord+ to "s1 a que5 ( ,arabia2 &1 
accord+ to o!rs1 a que5 ( ,e?iopia4     
,josephus says1 t ,%eba 0  ! anci5t "n (

 ! city ( ,m]oe1 be=e ,cambyses gave x t
 (  8 si/]2 & t x 0 f !nce ! que5 came (
 :om we are  speak+4 ,?is op9ion has mu*
 prevail$4 ,! ,abyss9ians at ?is day1   
ma9ta91 t ?is pr9cess 0 ( _! c\ntry1 & t
 h]  po/]ity reign$ !re a long "t4 ,!y  
pres]ve a catalogue ( !m1  _! names &   
successions4     ,,%eep1 1 occurs       
frequ5tly1 & 1 a g5]al "n = bo? %eep  & 
goats1 consid]$ collectively 9 a flock1 
,arabic za94 ,! %eep  is a well kn[n    
animal4 ,! b5efits :i* mank9d owe to x  
are  num]\s4 ,its fleece1 its sk91 its  
fle%1 its tall[1 & ev5 its  horns &     
b[els are articles ( great utility to   
human life &  happ9ess4 ,its mildness & 
in(f5siv5ess ( temp]1 /rongly  recomm5d 
x to human affection & reg>d2 & h       
designat$ x !  patt]n & emblem (        
meekness1 innoc5ce1 pati5ce1 &          
submission4 ,x  is a social animal4 ,!  
flock foll[ ! ram z _! lead]2 :o        
frequ5tly displays ! mo/ impetu\s c\rage
 9 _! def5ce3 dogs1  & ev5 m51 :5       
attempt+ to mole/ !m1 h (t5 suff]$ f  8 

sagaci\s & g5]\s val\r4 ,!re are two    
v>ieties ( %eep  f\nd 9 ,syria4 ,! fir/1
 call$ ! 8,bid[e5 %eep10 diff]s little  
f ! l>ge bre$ among u1 except t ! tail  
is some:at long]  & ?ick]4 ,! second is 
mu* m common1 & is m valu$ on  acc\nt ( 
! extraord9>y bulk ( its tail1 :i* has  
be5 rem>k$  by all ! ea/]n travell]s4 ,!
 c>cass ( "o ( ^! %eep1  )\t includ+ !  
head1 feet1 entrails1 & sk91 weighs f   
fifty  to sixty p\nds1 ( :i* ! tail     
makes up fifte5 p\nds4 ,"s ( a  l>g]    
size1 fatt5$ ) c>e1 w sometimes weigh "o
 hundr$ &  fifty p\nds1 ! tail alone    
compos+ "o ?ird ( ! :ole weight4 ,x  is 
( a sub/ance betwe5 fat & m>r[1 & is n  
eat5 sep>ately1  b mix$ ) ! lean meat 9 
_m ( _! di%es1 & (t5 also  us$ in/ead ( 
butt]4 ,a ref]5ce to ?is "p is made 9   
,exod4 xxix1  #bb2 ,lev4 iii1 #i2 :]e ! 
fat & ! tail 7 to be burnt on !  alt> ( 
sacrifice4 ,mr4 ,/reet consid]s ?is     
precept to h _h  respect to ! heal? ( ! 
,israelites2 obs]v+ t 8bili\s  disord]s 
are v frequ5t 9 hot c\ntries2 ! eat+ (  

fat meat is  a great enc\ragem5t &      
excitem5t to !m2 & ?\gh ! fat ( !  tail 
is n[ consid]$ z a delicacy1 x is really
 un:olesome40 ,!  conclusion ( !        
sev5te5? v]se1 :i* is1 8,ye %all eat    
nei!r fat  nor blood10 ju/ifies ?is     
op9ion4 ,! prohibition ( eat+ fat1 t  is
 ( fat unmix$ ) ! fle%1 ! om5tum or     
caul1 is giv5 also1  ,lev4 vii1 #bc4    
,,%ekel1 1 signifies weight1 money1     
%ekel1 siclus1 a ,hebrew weight  &      
money1 ,exod4 xxx1 #bc1 #bd2 #b ,sam4   
xiv1 #bf4 ,%ekel is us$ to d5ote  !     
weight ( any ?+2 z iron1 hair1 spices1  
c4 ,dr4 ,arbu?not makes  ! weight ( !   
%ekel equal to #i dwt4                  
#bsup#d_/supsub#g_/sub gr4  ,engli% troy
 weight2 & ! value equal to #bs4 #c;d4  
/]l+ money3 b  ! gold5 %ekel 0 wor? #al4
 #afs4 #f;d4 ,engli% money4 ,"s are  (  
op9ion t ! ,jews _h two k9ds ( %ekels1  
namely1 ! common  "o already notic$1 & !
 %ekel ( ! sanctu>y1 :i* la/ !y  make   
d\ble ! =m]4 ,b mo/ au?ors make !m !    
same1 & ?9k  t ! ^w sanctu>y is add$ to 

express a j & exact weight1  accord+ to 
! /&>ds kept 9 ! temple or tab]nacle4   
,moses1 ,num4  xviii1 #af1 & ,ezekiel1  
xlv1 #ab1 say1 t ! %ekel 0 wor? tw5ty   
g]ahs4    ,,%em1 ! son ( ,noah1 ,g54 vi1
 #aj4 ,he 0 born ,a4 ,m4 #aeeh4 ,x is ! 
op9ion ( ! g5]ality ( comm5tators1 t    
,%em 0 y\ng] ?an  ,japhe?1 & ! second   
son ( ,noah1 = reasons giv5 "u ! article
  ,,japhe?4 ,see also ,g54 ix1 #bc-be4  
,he liv$ six hundr$ ye>s1 & di$  ,a4 ,m4
 #baeh4 ,! po/]ity ( ,%em obta9$ _!     
portion 9 ! be/  p>ts ( ,asia4 ,! ,jews 
ascribe to ,%em ! !ological tradition ( 
!  ?+s t ,noah _h le>n$ f ! fir/ m54    
,%em communicat$ !m  to 8 *ildr51 & by  
?is means ! true religion 0 pres]v$ 9  !
 _w4 ,"s h ?\ght ,%em ! same z          
,mel*is$ec1 & t he  himself _h be5 at ! 
s*ool ( ,me?uselah be=e ! deluge3 t he  
gave to ,abraham ! :ole tradition1 !    
c]emonies ( ! sacrifices (  religion1   
accord+ to :i* ?is patri>* aft]w>d (f]$ 
8  sacrifices4 ,b ?is op9ion has no     
adequate support4 ,la/ly1 ! ,jews  say1 

t he taught m5 ! law ( ju/ice1 & ! mann]
 ( reckon+  mon?s & ye>s1 & !           
int]calations ( ! mon?s4 ,all t c be    
said z to ^! speculations is1 t ,noah & 
all 8 sons 7 !  deposit>ies ( ! k :i*   
exi/$ among m5 be=e ! flood1  & 7 p]haps
 bo? specially qualifi$ by ,god fir/ to 
atta9 x1 &  !n to transmit x to _!      
desc5dants4 ,%em _h five sons1 ,elam1   
,a%]1 ,arphaxad1 ,lud1 & ,aran1 :o      
peopl$ ! ri*e/ prov9ces (  ,asia4       
,,%eph]ds4 ,! patri>*al %eph]ds1 ri* 9  
flocks & h]ds1 9  silv] & gold1 & att5d$
 by a num]\s tra9 ( s]vants pur*as$  )  
_! money1 or hir$ f ! neighb\r+ t[ns &  
villages1  ackn[l$ge no civil sup]ior2  
!y held ! rank1 & ex]cis$ !  rights1 (  
sov]eign pr9ces2 !y conclud$ alliances )
 ! k+s 9  ^: t]ritories !y t5d$ _!      
flocks2 !y made peace or w> )  !        
surr\nd+ /ates2 &1 9 f9e1 !y want$ no?+ 
( sov]eign  au?ority b ! "n4 ,unfett]$  
by ! cumbr\s c]emonies ( regal  p[]1 !y 
l$ a pla9 & labori\s life1 9 p]fect     
fre$om &  ov]fl[+ abundance4 ,refus+ to 

conf9e !mselves to any p>ticul>  spot1  
7= ! pa/ures 7 n yet appropriat$17 !y   
liv$ 9 t5ts1  & remov$ f "o place to    
ano!r 9 se>* ( pa/ure = _!  cattle4     
,/rang]s 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y soj\rn$1 !y
 refus$ to  m+le ) ! p]man5t settl]s1 to
 occupy _! t[ns1 & to =m  ) !m "o p4 ,!y
 7 consci\s ( _! /r5g?1 & jeal\s  ( _!  
indep5d5ce2 & al?\gh pati5t & =be>+1 _! 
conduct prov$1 on sev]al occasions1 t !y
 want$ nei!r skill nor  c\rage to       
v9dicate _! rights & av5ge _! wrongs4 ,9
 !  weal?1 ! p[]1 & ! spl5d\r (         
patri>*al %eph]ds1 we  discov] !        
rudim5ts ( regal gr&eur & au?ority2 & 9 
_!  num]\s & h>dy reta9]s1 ! g]m ( pot5t
 empires4 ,h5ce !  cu/om s preval5t     
among ! anci5ts1 ( di/+ui%+ ! (fice &   
duties ( _! k+s & pr9ces1 by t]ms borr[$
 f ! pa/oral  life3 ,agamemnon1 %eph]d (
 ! p1   1 is a  phrase frequ5tly us$ 9 !
 /ra9s ( ,hom]4 ,! sacr$ writ]s v  (t5  
speak ( k+s "u ! "n ( %eph]ds1 & comp>e 
! royal  sceptre to ! %eph]d's crook3   
8,he *ose ,david also 8 s]vant1 &  took 

him f ! %eep folds2 f foll[+ ! ewes     
great ) "y1  he br\ght him to fe$ ,jacob
 8 p1 & ,israel 8 inh]itance4 ,s  he f$ 
!m accord+ to ! integrity ( 8 he>t1 &   
guid$ !m by  ! skilfulness ( 8 h&s40 ,& 
,jehovah said to ,david himself3 8,?\   
%alt fe$ my p ,israel1 & ?\ %alt be a   
capta9 ov] ,israel40  ,! royal ,psalmi/1
 on ! o!r h&1 celebrates "u ! same      
allusions1 ! special c>e & goodness (   
,god t[>d himself1 & also  t[>d 8 anci5t
 p4 8,! ,"l is my %eph]d1 ,i %all n     
want40  8,give e>1 ,o %eph]d ( ,israel1 
?\ t leade/ ,joseph l a flock2  ?\ t    
dwelle/ betwe5 ! *]ubim1 %9e =?40 ,9 _m 
o!r  places ( ,scripture1 ! *ur* is     
comp>$ to a %eep fold1 ! sa9ts  to %eep1
 & ! m9i/]s ( religion to %eph]ds1 :o   
mu/ r5d]1  at la/1 an acc\nt ( _!       
adm9i/ration to ! ,%eph]d & ,ov]se]  to 
:om !y owe _! au?ority4    ,! patri>*s  
did n commit _! flocks & h]ds solely to 
! c>e  ( m5ial s]vants & /rang]s2 !y    
t5d$ !m 9 p]son1 or plac$  !m "u !      
sup]9t5d5ce ( _! sons & _! daught]s1 :o 

7 br$ to ! same labori\s employm5t1 &   
taught to p]=m1  )\t reluctance1 !      
meane/ s]vices4 ,rebecca1 ! only daught]
 (  a %eph]d pr9ce1 w5t to a consid]able
 di/ance to draw wat]2 & x  is evid5t1 f
 ! read9ess & address ) :i* %e let d[n  
h]  pit*] f h] %\ld]1 & gave dr9k to !  
s]vant ( ,abraham1 &  aft]w>d drew = all
 8 camels1 t %e _h be5 long accu/om$ to 
t humble employm5t4 ,f ! same au?ority  
we "k t ,ra*el1 !  daught] ( ,laban1    
kept h] fa!r's flocks1 & submitt$ to !  
v>i\s privations & h>d%ips ( ! pa/oral  
life1 9 ! des]ts (  ,syria4 ,! patri>*  
,jacob1 ?\gh he 0 ! son ( a %eph]d      
pr9ce1  kept ! flocks ( ,laban1 8       
mat]nal uncle2 & 8 own sons foll[$  !   
same bus9ess1 bo? 9 ,mesopotamia1 & aft]
 8 return to ! l&  ( ,canaan4 ,?is      
primeval simplicity 0 long reta9$ among 
! ,greeks4  ,hom] (t5 s5ds ! daught]s ( 
pr9ces & nobles to t5d !  flocks1 to wa%
 ! clo!s ( ! family at ! f\nta91 or 9 ! 
fl[+ /ream1 & to p]=m _m o!r m5ial      
s]vices4 ,adonis1 !  son ( ,c9yras1 a k+

 ( ,cyprus1 f$ 8 flocks by ! /ream+     
riv]s3                ,et =mosus oves ad
 flum9a pavit ,adonis4                  
,,vir4 ,ecl4 x1 l4 #ah4                 
8,along ! /reams 8 flock ,adonis f$40   
,,dryd54    ,&roma*e1 ! wife ( ,hector1 
compla9s t ,a*illes _h sla9 h]  sev5    
bro!rs :5 !y 7 t5d+ _! flocks & h]ds4   
neas  pa/ur$ 8 ox5 on ,m\nt ,ida1 :5    
,a*illes seiz$ !m1 & =c$  ! ,trojan h]o 
to flee4 ,phbus himself 0 a keep] ( ox5 
9 !  groves & valleys ( ,m\nt ,ida4 ,?is
 cu/om has desc5d$ to mod]n  times2 = 9 
,syria ! daught]s ( ! ,turcoman &       
,arabian %eph]ds1  & 9 ,india ! ,brahm9 
wom5 ( di/9ction1 are se5 draw+ wat] at 
! village wells1 & t5d+ _! cattle to !  
lakes & riv]s4    ,! flocks & h]ds ( ^! 
%eph]ds 7 imm5sely num]\s4 ,!  %eep ( ! 
,b$[e5 ,arabs 9 ,egypt1 & probably      
?r\gh\t ! ea/1  are v f9e1 black-fac$ & 
:ite-fac$1 & _m ( !m clo!d 9  a br[n    
col\r$ fleece3 & ( ?is sup]ior bre$ !   
ample flocks (  ! ,syrian %eph]ds       
consi/$4 ,s great 0 ! /ock ( ,abraham & 

,lot1 t !y 7 oblig$ to sep>ate1 because 
8! l& 0 n able  to be> !m40 ,f ! pres5t 
:i* ,jacob made to 8 bro!r ,esau1       
consi/+ ( five hundr$ & eighty head (   
diff]5t sorts1 we may  =m "s idea ( !   
c\ntless numb]s ( great & small cattle  
:i*  he _h acquir$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,laban4 
,9 mod]n times1 ! numb]s (  cattle 9 !  
,turcoman flocks1 :i* fe$ on ! f]tile   
pla9s (  ,syria1 are almo/ incr$ible4   
,!y sometimes occupy ?ree or f\r days  9
 pass+ f "o "p ( ! c\ntry to ano!r4     
,*>d9 _h an  opportunity ( see+ a clan (
 ,turcoman %eph]ds on _! m>*1 ab\t  two 
days' di/ance f ,aleppo4 ,! :ole c\ntry 
0 cov]$ ) !m4  ,_m ( _! pr9cipal p ) :om
 he conv]s$ on ! road1  assur$ him1 t   
!re 7 f\r hundr$ ?\s& bea/s ( c>riage1  
camels1 horses1 ox51 c[s1 & asses1 &    
?ree millions ( %eep &  goats4 ,?is     
a/oni%+ acc\nt ( ,*>d9 is confirm$ by   
,dr4 ,%aw1 :o  /ates1 t sev]al ,arabian 
tribes1 :o c br+ no m ?an ?ree or  f\r  
hundr$ horses into ! field1 are possess$
 ( m ?an z _m  ?\s& camels1 & triple !  

numb] ( %eep & black cattle4  ,russel1 9
 8 8,hi/ory ( ,aleppo10 speaks ( va/    
flocks :i* pass  t city e ye>1 ( :i* _m 
%eep are sold to supply !  inhabitants4 
,! flocks & h]ds :i* belong$ to ! ,jewi%
  patri>*s 7 n m num]\s4    ,! c>e ( su*
 ov]gr[n flocks1 says ,paxton1 requir$  
_m %eph]ds4  ,^! 7 ( diff]5t k9ds2 !    
ma/] ( ! family & 8  *ildr51 ) a numb] (
 h]dsm5 :o 7 hir$ to assi/ !m1 &  felt b
 little int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation &        
increase ( _!  *>ge4 ,9 ,hebrew1 ^!     
p]sons1 s diff]5t 9 /ation & feel+1  7 n
 di/+ui%$ by appropriate names2 ! ma/]1 
! slave1 &  ! hir$ s]vant1 7 all kn[n by
 ! common appellation (  %eph]ds4 ,!    
di/9ction1 n suffici5tly important to   
require !  inv5tion ( a p>ticul> t]m1 is
 express$ among e p by a  p]iphrasis4 ,!
 only in/ance 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* !
 hir$  s]vant is di/+ui%$ f ! ma/]1 or  
"o ( 8 family1 occurs  9 ! hi/ory (     
,david1 :]e he is said to h left ! %eep1
   1 89 ! h& ( a keep]10 :ile he w5t d[n
 to visit 8  bre?r51 & ! armies :o 7    

fight+ aga9/ ! ,phili/9es "u  ! bann]s (
 ,saul1 #a ,samuel xvii1 #bj4 ,?is ^w   
exactly corresponds  ) ! ,lat9 t]m      
cu/os1 8a keep]10 :i* ,virgil uses to   
d5ote a  hirel+ %eph]d1 9 8 t5?         
,eclogue3               ,atque ut9am ex 
vobis unus ve/rique fuissem1            
,aut cu/os gregis1 aut matur v9itor uv4 
8,o t y\r bir? & bus9ess _h be5 m9e1    
,to fe$ ! flock & prune ! spread+ v9e60 
,,:>ton4    ,9 su* ext5sive pa/oral     
conc]ns1 ! vigilance & activity ( !     
ma/] 7 (t5 insuffici5t = direct+ !      
op]ations ( s _m  %eph]ds1 :o 7 n       
unfrequ5tly scatt]$ ov] a consid]able   
ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,an upp] s]vant 0 !re=e 
appo9t$ to  sup]9t5d _! lab\rs1 & take  
c>e t 8 ma/] suff]$ no  injury4 ,9 !    
h\se ( ,abraham1 ?is hon\rable /ation 0 
held by  ,eliez]1 a native ( ,damascus1 
a s]vant 9 e respect wor?y ( s  great & 
good a ma/]4 ,! num]\s flocks ( ,ph>aoh 
seem to h  requir$ ! sup]9t5d+ c>e ( _m 
ov]se]s1 ,g54 xlvii1 #f4 ,doeg1  an     
,edomite1 0 entru/$ ) ! :ole pa/oral    

e/abli%m5t ( ,saul1  #a ,sam4 xxi1 #g4  
,b 9 ! reign ( ,david1 ! important (fice
 ( *ief  h]dsman 0 aboli%$1 & ! va/     
flocks & h]ds ( t mon>*  7 entru/$ to a 
numb] ( sup]9t5d5ts2 animals ( ! same   
species =m+ a sep>ate flock1 "u its     
prop] ov]se]1 #a  ,*ronicles xxvii1 #bi4
 ,^! ov]se]s1 9 ! language ( ! ,hebrews1
  7 call$ ! pr9ces ( ! flock2 !y 7      
treat$ ) great  di/9ction1 & seem to h  
be5 select$ 9 ! reign ( ,david f  among 
! nobles ( 8 c\rt4 ,eumu1 a p]son (     
noble bir?1  agreeably to ?is cu/om1 0  
*>g$ ) ! c>e ( ! h]ds (  sw9e belong+ to
 ,ulysses4 ,! (fice ( *ief %eph]d is    
frequ5tly  m5tion$ by ! classic au?ors (
 antiquity4 ,diodorus relates f         
,ctesias1 t ,simma 0 ov]se] ( ! royal   
flocks "u ,n9us1 k+  ( ,assyria4        
,accord+ to ,plut>*1 "o ,samo manag$ !  
flocks & h]ds  ( ,neoptolemus1 ! k+ ( ! 
,molossians4 ,! (fice ( *ief %eph]d  0  
also kn[n among ! ,lat9s2 =1 9 ! sev5?  
neid1 ,tyrrheus is  nam$ z gov]nor ( !  
royal flocks3                           

,tyrrheusque pat]1 cui regia p>5t       
,arm5ta1 et late cu/odia cr$ita camp4   
8,_! fa!r1 ,tyrrheus1 did 8 fodd] br+2  
,tyrrheus1 *ief rang] to ! ,latian k+40 
,,dryd54    ,& ,livy in=ms u1 t         
,fau/ulus held ! same (fice "u ,numitor1
  k+ ( ! ,lat9s4 ,b x is ne$less to     
multiply quotations2 e  s*ol> kn[s t !  
,greek & ,roman classics ab\nd )        
allusions to  ?is (fice1 :i* 9 ^? days 0
 "o ( great importance &  dignity1 on ! 
fai?ful dis*>ge ( :i* ! p[] & spl5d\r ( 
an ea/]n pot5tate greatly dep5d$4 ,!    
(fice ( *ief %eph]d1  !re=e1 be+ 9      
pa/oral c\ntries "o ( great tru/1 ( high
  responsibility1 & ( di/+ui%$ hon\r1 is
 ) great propriety  appli$ to our ,"l by
 ! ,apo/le ,pet]3 8,& :5 ! *ief %eph]d  
%all appe>1 ye %all receive a cr[n (    
glory :i* fade? n away10  #a ,pet] v1   
#d4 ,! same allusion occurs 9 ^! words (
 ,paul3 8,n[ !  ,god ( peace1 t br\ght  
aga9 f ! dead our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1  t  
great %eph]d ( ! %eep1 ?r\gh ! blood ( !
 ev]la/+  cov5ant1 make y p]fect 9 e    

good "w to d 8 w10 ,hebrews  xiii1 #bj4 
,,%ibbole?1 8an e> ( corn10 0 a ^w :i* !
 ,gileadites us$ z  ! te/ ( an          
,ephraimite4 ,= ! ,ephraimites c\ld n1 f
 disuse1  pron\nce ! ,hebrew lett] %92  
!re=e1 !y said ,sibbole?  in/ead (      
,%ibbole?1 ,judges xii1 #f4 ,! ,greeks1 
says ,h>tley1 h n  ! s\nd % 9 _!        
language3 h5ce !y are liable to be      
detect$1  l ! ,ephraimites4 ,i 0 /ruck )
 ?is circum/ance1 9 le>n+  ,turki% f a  
,greek tutor2 pa%a1 he pron\nc$ pasa2   
%imdi1 he  call$ simdi2 ,d]vi%1 ,d]vis1 
c4 ,%ibbole? he w\ld1 (  c\rse1 pron\nce
 ,sibbole?4    ,,%ield4 ,see ,,arms4    
,,%iloh1 ,g54 xlix1 #aj4 ,! ,hebrew text
 is1 8until ,%iloh come40 ,all  ,*ri/ian
 comm5tators agree1 t ?is ^w ought to be
 und]/ood (  ! ,messiah1 t is1 ( ,jesus 
,*ri/4 ,! ,,lxx4 read x1 8,until !  com+
 ( him to :om x is res]v$40 ,x mu/ be   
own$ t !  signification ( ! ,hebrew ^w  
,%iloh is n well kn[n4 ,"s  translate ! 
clause1 8,! sceptre %all n dep>t f      
,judah1 till he  comes to :om x         

belongs20 o!rs1 8till ! com+ ( !        
peacemak]1  or ! pacific1 or prosp]ity20
 & "s1 8,! sceptre %all n dep>t  f      
,judah till its end1 its ru910 till !   
d[nfall ( ! k+dom (  ! ,jews4 ,h[ev]1   
?is mu* is cle>1 t ! anci5t ,jews are 9 
?is  matt] agre$ ) ! ,*ri/ians1 9       
ackn[l$g+ t ! ^w /&s  = ,messiah1 ! ,k+4
 ,x is ?us t ! p>aphra/s1 ,onkelos &    
,jona?an1 & ! anci5t ,hebrew comm5t>ies 
^u ,g5esis1 & !  ,talmudi/s expla9 x4   
,if ,jesus ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les did n make
 use  ( ?is passage to prove ! com+ ( ! 
,messiah1 x 0 because !n  ! completion (
 ?is prophecy 0 n suffici5tly manife/4  
,!  sceptre /ill cont9u$ among ! ,jews2 
!y _h /ill k+s ( _!  own nation1 9 !    
p]sons ( ! ,h]ods2 b soon aft] ! sceptre
 0  entirely tak5 away f !m1 & a p began
 to be ga!r$ to  ,*ri/1 out ( ! ,g5tile 
nations4    #b4 ,,%iloh1 a celebrat$    
city ( ! tribe ( ,ephraim1 twelve miles 
f  ,%e*em1 ,jo%ua xviii1 xix1 xxi4 ,x 0 
9 ?is place t !  tab]nacle ( ! ,"l 0 set
 up1 :5 ! p 7 settl$ 9 !  c\ntry4 ,! ark

 & ! tab]nacle ( ! ,"l cont9u$ at ,%iloh
 f  ,a4 ,m4 #befj till #bhhh1 :5 x 0    
tak5 by ! ,phili/9es1 "u !  adm9i/ration
 ( ! high prie/ ,eli1 #a ,sam4 iv4 ,"h !
 ,prophet  ,ahijah dwelt1 #a ,k+s xiv1  
#b4    ,,%9>1 a prov9ce ( ,babylonia1   
:]e m5 und]took to build ! t[]  (       
,babel1 ,g5esis xi1 #b2 x1 #aj4 ,calneh 
0 built 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,amraphel 0 k+ ( 
,%9> 9 ! days ( ,abraham1 ,g5esis xiv1  
#a4 ,see  ,,babylon4    ,,%i%ak1 k+ (   
,egypt1 decl>$ w> aga9/ ,rehoboam 9 !   
fif? ye>  ( ! reign ( t pr9ce1 #b ,*ron4
 xii1 #b1 #c1 c4 ,?is ,%i%ak1  accord+  
to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 0 ! greate/     
conqu]or1 & ! mo/  celebrat$ h]o1 ( all 
antiquity1 be+ ! son ( ,ammon1 or !     
,egyptian ,jupit]1 & kn[n to ! ,greeks  
by ! "n ( ,bac*us1  ,osiris1 & ,h]cules2
 0 ! ,belus ( ! ,*aldeans1 & ! ,m>s or  
,mavors ( ! ,?racians1 c4 ,he made great
 conque/s 9 ,india1 ,assyria1  ,m$ia1   
,scy?ia1 ,ph5icia1 ,syria1 ,judea1 c4 ,8
 army 0 at la/ r\t$  9 ,greece by       
,p]seus2 :i*1 ) o!r circum/ances1       

compell$ him to  return home4           
,,%ittim1 ,,sittim1 ,,sittah1 1 ,exod4  
xxv1 #e1 #aj1 #ac1 #bc1 #bh2 xxvi1 #bf1 
#cb1 #cg2 xxvii1 #a1 #f2 xxx1 #e2 xxxv1 
#g1 #bd2 xxxvi1 #bj1 #ca1 #cf2 xxxvii1  
#a1  #d1 #aj1 #ae1 #be1 #bh2 xxxviii1   
#a1 #f2 ,deut4 x1 #c2 ,isaiah xli1 #ai4 
,:at  p>ticul> species ( wood ?is is1   
int]pret]s are n agre$4 ,!  ,,lxx4 r5d] 
1 incorruptible wood4 ,/4 ,j]om says1 ! 
%ittim wood gr[s 9 ! des]ts ( ,arabia1 &
 is l :ite ?orn1 z  to its col\r &      
leaves3 b ! tree is s l>ge z to furni% v
  long planks4 ,! wood is h>d1 t\gh1    
smoo?1 & extremely beautiful4  ,x is    
?\ght t ?is wood is ! black acacia1     
because t1 x is  said1 is ! mo/ common  
tree gr[+ 9 ! des]ts ( ,arabia2 &       
agrees ) :at ! ,scriptures say ( !      
%ittim wood4 ,! acacia  v]a gr[s        
abundantly 9 ,egypt1 9 places f> f !    
sea2 9 !  m\nta9s ( ,s9ai1 ne> ! ,r$    
,sea1 & 9 ! des]ts4 ,x is ( !  size ( a 
l>ge mulb]ry tree4 ,! spread+ bran*es & 
l>g] limbs  are arm$ ) ?orns :i* gr[    

?ree toge!r2 ! b>k is r\gh2 !  leaves   
are oblong1 & /& opposite ea* o!r2 !    
fl[]s1 ?\gh  sometimes :ite1 are g5]ally
 ( a bright yell[2 & ! fruit :i*        
resembles a bean1 is conta9$ 9 pods l ^?
 ( ! lup94 8,!  acacia tree10 says ,dr4 
,%aw1 8be+ by mu* ! l>ge/ & mo/ common  
tree 9 ^! des]ts1 ,arabia ,petra1 we h  
"s reason to conjecture1  t ! %ittim    
wood 0 ! wood ( ! acacia2 especially z  
its  fl[]s are ( an excell5t smell1 = ! 
%ittah tree is1 9 ,isaiah  xli1 #ai1    
jo9$ ) ! myrtle & o!r fragrant %rubs40  
,,%oes4 ,to put (f ! %oes f "o's feet1 0
 an act ( rev]5ce to  ! ,div9e maje/y ( 
,god1 ,exod4 iii1 #e4 ,x 0 likewise a   
sign (  m\rn+ & humiliation4 ,david w5t 
up ! asc5t ( ,m\nt ,olivet  b>efoot1 #b 
,sam4 xv1 #cj2 ,isa4 xx1 #b1 #d2 ,ezek4 
xxiv1 #ag4 ,see ,,s&al4    ,,%\ld]4 ,to 
give or l5d ! %\ld] = ! be>+ ( a burd51 
signifies to submit to s]vitude4        
8,issa*> b[$ 8 %\ld] to be>1  & became a
 s]vant unto tribute10 ,g54 xlix1 #ae4  
,& ,isaiah1 x1 #bg1  com=t+ ,israel ) ! 

promise ( deliv]ance f ,assyria1 says1  
8,8 burd5 %all be tak5 away f (f ?y     
%\ld]40 ,! ,scripture  calls t a        
rebelli\s %\ld]1 a )draw+ %\ld]1 :i* w n
  submit to ! yoke2 & to be> x toge!r ) 
jo9t cons5t1 is  t]m$ 8s]v+ ) "o %\ld]40
 ,to be> any ?+ ^u ! %\ld]1  is to su/a9
 x1 & ?is is appli$ to gov]nm5t &       
au?ority4 ,?us  ,messiah 0 to be> !     
gov]nm5t ^u 8 %\ld]3 8,= unto u a  *ild 
is born1 unto u a son is giv53 & !      
gov]nm5t %all be ^u  8 %\ld]3 & 8 "n    
%all be call$ ,wond]ful1 ,c\nsellor10 c1
  ,isa4 ix1 #f2 & ,god promises ,eliakim
 ! son ( ,hilkiah1 to give him !  key ( 
! h\se ( ,david1 & to lay x ^u 8 %\ld]2 
8s he %all  op51 & none %all %ut1 & he  
%all %ut1 & none %all op520 t  is1 !    
sole au?ority %all re/ ^u him4          
,,%u%an1 or ,,susa1 ! anci5t capital (  
,p]sia1 seat$ on ! riv]  ,ulai1 ! mod]n 
,abzal4 ,aft] ! union ( ! k+doms ( ,m$ia
 &  ,p]sia by ,cyrus1 ,susa 0 made !    
w9t] resid5ce ( ! k+s (  ,p]sia1 f its  
s\!rn position1 & ! %elt] af=d$ by a    

range  ( m\nta9s on ! nor? & ea/1 :i*   
r5d]$ ! heat  insupportable 9 ! summ]   
season2 :ile ,ecbatana1 9 ,m$ia1 f its  
great] elevation1 & m nor!rn situation1 
0 pref]r$ at ?is  season1 z be+ m cool &
 agreeable4 ,"h ! transactions occurr$  
relat$ 9 ! book ( ,e/h]4 ,"h also       
,daniel _h ! vision ( !  ram ) two      
horns1 & ! goat ) "o horn1 c1 9 ! ?ird  
ye> (  ,bel%azz>'s reign4 ,susa 0       
situat$ 9 ! anci5t prov9ce ( ,elam1  or 
,elymais1 call$ also ,susiana1 & n[ =m+ 
a "p ( ,kuze/an4 ,x  has = sev]al hundr$
 ye>s1 l ,babylon1 be5 r$uc$ to a heap (
  undi/+ui%$ ru9s4 ,mr4 ,k9neir says1   
8,ab\t sev5 or eight miles to  ! we/ (  
,dezph\l1 comm5ce ! ru9s ( ,%us1 /ret*+ 
n less1  p]haps1 ?an twelve miles1 f "o 
extremity to ! o!r4 ,!y ext5d  z f> z ! 
ea/]n bank ( ! ,k]ah2 occupy+ an imm5se 
space  betwe5 t riv] & ! ,abzal2 &1 l ! 
ru9s ( ,ctesiphon1  ,babylon1 & ,kufa1  
consi/ ( hillocks ( e>? & rubbi%1 cov]$ 
) brok5 pieces ( brick & col\r$ tile4 ,!
 l>ge/ & mo/  rem>kable ( ^! m\nds /& at

 ! di/ance ( ab\t two miles f  ! ,k]ah4 
,! fir/ is1 at ! l[e/ computation1 a    
mile 9  circumf]5ce1 & ne>ly a hundr$   
feet 9 height2 & ! o!r1  al?\gh n q s   
high1 is d\ble ! circuit ( ! =m]4 ,^!   
m\nds be> "s resemblance to ! pyramids (
 ,babylon2 ) ?is  diff]5ce1 t in/ead (  
be+ entirely made ( brick1 !y are  =m$ (
 clay & pieces ( tile1 ) irregul> lay]s 
( brick &  mort>1 five or six feet 9    
?ickness1 to s]ve1 x %\ld seem1 z a  k9d
 ( prop to ! mass4 ,l>ge blocks ( m>ble1
 cov]$ )  hi]oglyphics1 are n           
unfrequ5tly "h discov]$ by ! ,arabs :5  
digg+ 9 se>* ( hidd5 treasure2 & at !   
foot ( ! mo/  elevat$ ( ! pyramids /&s !
 tomb ( ,daniel1 a small &  app>5tly a  
mod]n build+1 erect$ on ! spot :]e !    
relics (  t prophet are believ$ to re/4 
,! site ( ! city ( ,%us is n[ a  gloomy 
wild]ness1 infe/$ by lions1 hynas1 & o!r
 bea/s ( prey4  ,! dread ( ^! furi\s    
animals compell$ ,mr4 ,montei? & myself 
to  take %elt] = ! night )9 ! walls t   
encompass ,daniel's  tomb40 ,( ?is tomb 

,sir ,john ,malcom obs]ves1 t 8x is a   
small  build+1 b suffici5t to %elt] "s  
d]vi%es :o wat* ! rema9s  ( ! prophet1 &
 are support$ by ! alms ( pi\s pilgrims 
:o  visit ! holy sepul*re4 ,^! d]vi%es  
are n[ ! only inhabitants  ( ,susa2 & e 
species ( wild bea/ roams at l>ge ov] t 
spot  on :i* "s ( ! pr\de/ palaces ev]  
rais$ by human art once  /ood40 ,he also
 obs]ves1 respect+ ! au!nticity ( ?is   
tomb1 t  8al?\gh ! build+ at ! tomb (   
,daniel be comp>atively mod]n1  no?+    
c\ld h l$ to its be+ built :]e x is1 b a
 belief t  ?is 0 ! real site ( !        
prophet's sepul*re40    ,,sidon1 or     
,,zidon1 a celebrat$ city & port (      
,ph5icia1 & "o ( !  mo/ anci5t cities 9 
! _w2 z x is suppos$ to h be5 f\nd$  by 
,sidon1 ! elde/ son ( ,canaan1 :i* w    
c>ry x up to above two  ?\s& ye>s be=e  
,*ri/4 ,b if x 0 f\nd$ by ,sidon1 8     
desc5dants 7 driv5 out by a body (      
,ph5ician coloni/s1 or ,cu%im  f ! ea/2 
:o are suppos$ ei!r to h giv5 x its "n1 
or to  h reta9$ ! old "o 9 complim5t to 

_! god ,siton1 or ,dagon4  ,its         
inhabitants appe> to h e>ly acquir$ a   
prem95ce 9 arts1  manufactures1 &       
comm]ce2 & f _! sup]ior skill 9 hew+    
timb]1 by :i* mu/ be und]/ood _! cutt+ x
 out & prep>+  x = build+1 z well z !   
m]e act ( fell+ x1 ,sidonian workm5  7  
hir$ by ,solomon to prep>e ! wood = !   
build+ ( 8  temple4 ,! ,sidonians are   
said to h be5 ! fir/ manufactur]s (     
glass2 & ,hom] (t5 speaks ( !m z excell+
 9 _m useful &  +5i\s arts1 giv+ !m !   
title ( 4 ,add to ?is1 !y  71 if n !    
fir/ %ipwrights & navigators1 ! fir/ :o 
v5tur$ beyond _! own coa/s1 & 9 ^? e>ly 
ages engross$ !  greate/ "p ( ! !n      
comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,! natural result (  ^! 
exclusive advantages to ! inhabitants ( 
,sidon 01 a high  degree ( weal? &      
prosp]ity2 & cont5t ) ! ri*es :i* _!    
trade & manufactures br\ght !m1 !y liv$ 
9 ease & luxury1  tru/+ ! def5ce ( _!   
city & prop]ty1 l ! ,tyrians aft]  !m1  
to hir$ troops2 s t to live 9 ease &    
security1 is said 9  ,scripture to be   

aft] ! mann] ( ! ,sidonians4 ,9 all ^!  
respects1 h[ev]1 ,sidon 0 totally       
eclips$ by h] neighb\r & rival  ,tyre2  
^: m ent]pris+ inhabitants pu%$ _!      
comm]cial  deal+s to ! extremities ( !  
kn[n _w1 rais$ _! city to a  rank 9 p[] 
& opul5ce unkn[n be=e1 & conv]t$ x into 
a  luxuri\s metropolis1 & ! emporium ( !
 produce ( all nations4  ,aft] !        
subv]sion ( ! ,grecian empire by !      
,romans1 ,sidon fell  into ! h&s ( !    
latt]2 :o1 to put an end to ! frequ5t   
revolt  ( ! inhabitants1 depriv$ x ( its
 fre$om4 ,x !n fell  successively "u !  
p[] ( ! ,s>ac5s1 ! ,seljukian ,turks1 & 
! sultans ( ,egypt2 :o1 9 #abhi1 t !y   
might nev] m af=d  %elt] to ! ,*ri/ians1
 de/roy$ bo? x & ,tyre4 ,b x aga9       
some:at reviv$1 & has ev] s9ce be5 9 !  
possession ( !  ,ottoman ,turks4        
,,sign4 ,?is ^w is us$ 9 ! s5se ( tok5 &
 pl$ge2 z1 :5 !  ,"l gave to ,noah !    
ra9b[1 z a sign ( 8 cov5ant1 ,g54 ix1   
#ab1  #ac2 & :5 he appo9t$ to ,abraham !
 use ( circumcision1 z !  seal ( !      

cov5ant he _h made ) him & 8 po/]ity1   
,g54 xvii1  #aa4 ,sign is also put = a  
miracle3 8,?\ %alt d ^! signs &  wond]s 
9 ! mid/ ( ,egypt10 ,exodus iv1 #g-i1 c4
 ,a sign or tok5 is  (t5 put = ! pro( or
 evid5ce ( a ?+3 ,= example1 8,?is %all 
be a tok5 or sign unto !e1 t ,i h s5t   
!e10 ,exod4 iii1 #ab4  8,%ew me a sign1 
t ?\ talke/ ) me10 ,judges vi1 #ag1 t is
 a  pro(4 8,:at %all be ! sign10 or     
evid5ce1 8t ! ,"l w heal  me80 #b ,k+s  
xx1 #h4 ,?is acceptation agrees ) ! fir/
 above  m5tion$2 z also :at is said 9   
,g54 iv1 #ae1 8,& ! ,"l set a m>k  or   
sign ^u ,ca920 he gave him a pl$ge t 8  
life %\ld n be  tak5 away4 ,! signs (   
heav51 & ! signs ( ! magicians1 are !   
ph5om5a ( ! heav5s1 & ! impo/ures (     
magicians1 :i* !y  made use ( = !       
purposes ( deception3 8,! ,"l fru/rate? 
!  tok5s or signs ( ! li>s1 & make?     
div9]s mad10 ,isaiah xliv1 #be4  8,be n 
dismay$ at ! signs ( heav51 = ! ,hea!n  
are dismay$ at  !m10 ,j]4 x1 #b4 ,to be 
a sign 0 f>!r to be a type1 or          

pr$iction1  ( :at %\ld happ54 ,?us !    
,prophet ,isaiah1 viii1 #ah1 8,behold1  
,i &  ! *ildr5 :om ! ,"l ha? giv5 me1   
are = signs & = wond]s  9 ,israel40 ,see
 also ,ezek4 iv1 #c4    ,,silas1 or     
,,sylvanus1 01 accord+ to ,/4 ,luke1    
,acts xv1 #bb1 "o ( !  8*ief m5 among ! 
bre?r510 :i* makes x probable1 t he 0 ( 
! numb] ( ! sev5ty disciples4 ,:5 a     
dispute 0 rais$ at  ,antio* ab\t !      
obs]vation ( ! legal c]emonies1 !y *ose 
,paul1  ,b>nabas1 ,judas1 & ,silas1 to g
 to ,j]usalem1 to advise ) !  ,apo/les  
conc]n+ ?is "q4 ,he is ?\ght to be !    
same ,silas  :o is m5tion$ by ! "n (    
,sylvanus1 9 ! title ( ! two  epi/les ( 
,/4 ,paul to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,/4 ,pet]  
s5t 8 fir/  epi/le by him f ,rome1 :]e9 
he /yles him 8a fai?ful bro!r40  ,silas 
jo9$ himself to ,/4 ,paul2 & aft] ,saul 
& ,b>nabas _h  p>t$1 on acc\nt ( ,john  
,m>k1 ,acts xv1 #cg-da1 ,silas foll[$   
,/4  ,paul1 & w5t ) him to visit !      
*ur*es ( ,syria & ,cilicia4    ,,sil5ce4
 ,?is ^w n only signifies to refra9 f   

speak+2 b also  9 ! /yle ( ! ,hebrews1 x
 is tak5 =1 8to be quiet1 to rema9      
immovable40 ,z = example3 8,sun1 /& ?\  
/ill ^u ,gibeon10 9  ,hebrew1 be sil5t4 
8,& ! sun /ood /ill1 & ! moon /ay$10    
,jo%ua x1 #ab1 #ac1 or 7 sil5t1 at !    
comm&m5t ( ,jo%ua4    ,,siloah1 ! same z
 ,siloam1 ,neh4 iii1 #ae2 ,luke xiii1   
#d2 a f\nta9 "u  ! walls ( ,j]usalem1   
t[>d ! ea/1 betwe5 ! city & ! brook     
,kidron1 p]haps ! same ) ,enrogel4 ,ne> 
?is 0 a t[]1 ,luke xiii1  #d4           
,,silk1 4 ,z ! ^w :i* is r5d]$ 8silk0 9 
our v]sion  m probably meant cotton1 or 
r musl91 x is d\btful :e!r  silk is     
m5tion$ expressly 9 ! ,scripture1       
unless1 p]haps1 9 ,isaiah  xix1 #i1 :]e 
we f9d ! ,hebrew ^w 1 f 1 yell[i%1      
tawny2 :i* is g5]ally ! natural col\r ( 
raw silk2 h5ce !  ,lat9 s]icum3 or x may
 be f ! ,s]es1 a nation :5ce ! ,greeks  
& ,romans fir/ obta9$ ! article silk4   
,calmet rem>ks t !  anci5t ,greeks &    
,romans _h b little k ( ! nature (      
silk4 ,! ,s]es communicat$ _! silk to ! 

,p]sians1 f :om x  pass$ to ! ,greeks1 &
 f !m to ! ,romans4 ,b ! ,p]sians &     
ori5tals = a long "t kept ! secret (    
manufactur+ x among  !mselves4 ,silk 0  
fir/ br\ght into ,greece aft] ,alex&]'s 
conque/ ( ,p]sia1 & came into ,italy    
dur+ ! fl\ri%+ times (  ! ,roman empire2
 b 0 long s de> 9 all ^! p>ts z to be   
wor?  its weight 9 gold4 ,at l5g? !     
emp]or ,ju/9ian1 :o di$ 9 !  ye> #cfe1  
by means ( two monks1 :om he s5t into   
,india = t  purpose1 procur$ great      
quantities ( silk worms' eggs to be     
br\ght to  ,con/ant9ople1 & f ^! h      
sprung all ! silk worms & all  ! silk   
trade t h be5 s9ce 9 ,europe1 ,see      
,,flax4    ,,silv]1 1 ,g54 xx1 #af2 1 #a
 ,pet4 i1 #ah2 ,acts iii1 #d2 xx1 #cc2 a
  well kn[n metal1 ( a :ite %9+ col\r2  
next 9 value to gold4 ,x  does n appe>  
to h be5 9 use be=e ! deluge2 at lea/   
,moses  says no?+ ( x3 he speaks only ( 
! metals brass & iron1 ,g54  iv1 #bb4 ,b
 9 ,abraham's "t x 0 become common1 &   
traffic 0  c>ri$ on ) x1 ,g54 xxiii1 #b1

 #ae4 ,yet x 0 n !n co9$1 b  0 only 9   
b>s or +ots2 & 9 comm]ce 0 always       
weigh$4    ,,simeon1 son ( ,jacob &     
,leah1 0 born ,a4 ,m4 #bbdg1 ,g5esis    
xxix1 #cc2  xxxiv1 #be4 ,jacob1 on 8    
dea? b$1 %[$ 8 indignation aga9/        
,simeon & ,levi = _! cruelty to !       
,%e*emites1 ,g54 xlix1 #e3 8,i  w divide
 !m 9 ,jacob1 & scatt] !m 9 ,israel40 ,&
 9 effect  ^! two tribes 7 scatt]$ 9    
,israel4 ,z to ,levi1 he nev] _h any    
fix$ lot or portion2 & ,simeon receiv$  
only a canton t 0  dismemb]$ f ! tribe (
 ,judah1 ,jo%ua xix1 #a1 c1 & "s o!r    
l&s !y w5t to conqu] 9 ! m\nta9s (      
,seir1 & ! des]t (  ,g$or1 #a ,*ronicles
 iv1 #bg1 #ci1 #db4    #b4 ,,simeon1 a  
holy man1 :o 0 at ,j]usalem1 full ( !   
,holy ,gho/1 &  expect+ ! r$emption (   
,israel1 ,luke ii1 #be1 #bf1 c4 ,! ,holy
 ,gho/  _h assur$ him1 t he %\ld n die  
be=e he _h se5 ! ,*ri/ (  ! ,"l2 he     
!re=e came into ! temple1 prompt$ by    
inspiration1  j at ! "t :5 ,joseph &    
,m>y pres5t$ ,jesus ,*ri/ !re1 9        

ob$i5ce to ! law4 ,simeon took ! *ild   
into 8 arms1 gave ?anks  to ,god1 & !n  
bless$ ,joseph & ,m>y4 ,x is believ$1 ) 
good  reason1 t he di$ soon aft] he _h  
giv5 8 te/imony to ,jesus  ,*ri/4 ,"s h 
conjectur$1 t ,simeon1 :o receiv$ ,jesus
 ,*ri/  into 8 arms1 0 ! same z ,simeon 
! ,j1 ! son ( ,hillel1 &  ma/] (        
,gamaliel1 ^: disciple ,/4 ,paul 04 ,see
 ,,sanh$rim4    ,,simon ,,maccab,,u1    
surnam$ ,?ossi1 son ( ,matta?ias1 &     
bro!r (  ,judas & ,jona?an4 ,he 0 *ief  
pr9ce & pontiff ( ! ,jews f ,a4  ,m4    
#chfj to #chfi1 & 0 succe$$ by ,john    
,hyrcanus4 ,= ! p>ticul>s  ( 8 life &   
transactions1 see #a ,mac4 ii1 #fe2 v1  
#ag2 x1 #gd-hb2 xii1  #cc1 c2 xiii1 #a1 
c2 xiv1 #d1 c2 xv1 #a1 c4    #b4        
,,simon1 ! ,canaanite1 an ,apo/le (     
,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x is d\btful  :e!r ! "n (
 ,canaanite 0 d]iv$ to him f ! city     
,cana 9  ,galilee1 or :e!r x %\ld n be  
tak5 accord+ to its  signification 9 !  
,hebrew1 by d]iv+ x f ! root kana1 8to  
be  zeal\s10 & ?is is ! op9ion ( "s     

le>n$ m54 ,see ,luke vi1 #ae2  ,acts i1 
#ac1 :]e he is surnam$ ,zelotes2 see    
also ,matt4 x1 #d2 ,m>k iii1  #ah4      
#c4 ,,simon1 bro!r ( our ,"l1 ,matt4    
xiii1 #ee2 ,m>k vi1 #c2 t is to  say1 8 
c\s9-g]man1 be+ son ( ,m>y1 si/] to !   
holy virg94 ,he  is ?\ght to be ! same )
 ,simeon1 bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 & son (    
,cleopas4    #d4 ,,simon ,,magus4 ,( ?is
 h]etic1 or r fa!r ( h]esy1 ,dr4 ,burton
  gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3--,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 
ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #adj1 pres5t$  a def5ce (  
,*ri/ianity to ! emp]or ,anton9us ,pius1
 9 :i* he  m5tions1 z a well kn[n fact1 
t ,simon1 a native ( ,gittum1 a  village
 9 ,sam>ia1 came to ,rome 9 ! reign (   
,claudius1 0 look$  ^u !re z a god1 & _h
 a /atue erect$ to him1 ) a ,lat9       
inscription1 9 ! riv] ,tib]1 betwe5 !   
two bridges4 ,ju/9 adds1  t ne>ly all ! 
,sam>itans1 & a few also 9 o!r nations1 
ackn[l$g$ & wor%ipp$ him z ! supreme    
,god4 ,!re is 9 ?is  passage su* a m9ute
 detail1 su* a confid5t appeal to !     
emp]or's  own k ( :at ! apologi/ 0 say+1

 t we c h>dly  suppose ! /ory to be     
false1 :5 n only ! emp]or1 b e  p]son 9 
,rome w\ld h be5 able to detect x4 ,i   
w\ld obs]ve1 also1  t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 0    
himself a native ( ,sam>ia2 h5ce he 0   
able to  "n ! v place :]e ,simon 0 born2
 & :5 he says1 9 8  second def5ce1 :i* 0
 pres5t$ a few ye>s lat]1 8,i h despis$ 
! impi\s & false doctr9e ( ,simon :i* is
 9 my c\ntry20 :5 we  see ! %ame :i* he 
felt at ! "n ( ,*ri/ian be+ assum$ by  !
 foll[]s ( t impo/or2 we c nev] believe 
t he w\ld h  c\nt5anc$ ! /ory1 if ! tru?
 ( x _h n be5 notori\s1 mu*  less w\ld  
he h giv5 to 8 own c\ntry ! disgrace (  
orig9at+  ! evil4    ,simon ,magus 0 a  
native ( ,gittum1 a t[n 9 ,sam>ia2 & x  
is /at$  9 a suspici\s docum5t ( anci5t 
?\gh d\btful date1 t he  /udi$ = "s "t  
at ,alex&ria4 ,conc]n+ ! "t ( 8 bir?1  &
 ( 8 fir/ ris+ into notice1 little c n[ 
be kn[n4 ,! only  contempor>y docum5t   
:i* m5tions him is ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2
  & we !re read1 t1 :5 ,philip ! deacon 
prea*$ ! ,gospel 9  ,sam>ia aft] ! dea? 

( ,/eph51 8!re 0 a c]ta9 man1 call$     
,simon1 :i* be=etime 9 ! same city us$  
sorc]y1 & bewit*$ !  p ( ,sam>ia1 giv+  
out t himself 0 "s great "o2 to :om  !y 
all gave he$1 f ! lea/ to ! greate/1    
say+1 ,?is man is  ! great p[] ( ,god4  
,& to him !y _h reg>d1 because t ( long 
"t he _h bewit*$ !m ) sorc]ies10 ,acts  
viii1 #i-aa4 ,accord+  to my            
calculation1 ! dea? ( ,/eph5 happ5$ 9 ! 
same ye> )  ! crucifixion ( our ,"l2 & x
 appe>s f ! passage n[ quot$1  t        
,simon's celebrity _h begun "s "t be=e4 
,we are !n told t  8,simon himself      
believ$ also2 & :5 he 0 baptiz$1 he     
cont9u$  ) ,philip1 & wond]$1 behold+ ! 
miracles & signs :i* 7  done10 ,acts    
viii1 #ac4 ,i ne$ n m5tion h[ he %ortly 
fell away f  ! fai? :i* he _h embrac$1 &
 h[ ,/4 ,pet] rebuk$ him =  ?9k+ t !    
gift ( ,god might be pur*as$ = money1   
,acts viii1  #bj2 b ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t "s
 ( ^? p]sons :o insi/ ^u !  fact t      
,simon 0 n a ,*ri/ian appe> to h =gott5 
t he 0  actually baptiz$4 ,= a "t1 at   

lea/1 he believ$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/2  & "p (
 ?is belief he appe>s always to h       
reta9$2 t is1 he  always believ$ t      
,jesus ,*ri/ 0 a be+ m ?an human1 :o    
came  f ,god4 ,if ^! ev5ts happ5$1 z ,i 
h suppos$1 )9 a %ort  "t ( our ,"l's    
asc5sion1 ! fa!rs _h good reason to call
 ,simon  ,magus ! p>5t ( all h]esies2 = 
he mu/ !n h be5 among !  fir/ p]sons1   
beyond ! limits ( ,j]usalem1 :o embrac$ 
! ,gospel2  & we might hope t !re 0 no  
"o be=e him :o p]v]t$ !  fai? :i* he _h 
pr(ess$4    ,f ! detail$ acc\nt :i* we h
 ( ,simon 9 ! ,acts ( !  ,apo/les1 ,i   
%\ld be incl9$ to inf] ^! two ?+s3 #a4  
,t ,/4  ,luke knew no e>li] in/ance (   
apo/asy f ! ,gospel2 & he  m5tions ?is  
because x 0 ! fir/3 & #b4 ,t :5 ,/4     
,luke wrote  ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les !     
h]esy ( ,simon 0 widely spread2 &  !re=e
 he tells 8 read]s h[ x _h begun4       
,conc]n+ !  rema9d] ( ,simon's life we  
"k little1 & 9 t little x is  difficult 
to sep>ate tru? f fiction4 ,i %\ld be   
incl9$1 = !  reasons giv5 above1 to     

believe ! acc\nt ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o says
  t ,simon ,magus w5t to ,rome 9 ! reign
 ( ,claudius1 & attract$  num]\s        
foll[]s4 ,eusebius quotes ?is passage ( 
,ju/9 ,m>tyr2 b  he adds1 ^u "s o!r     
au?ority1 :i* he does n "n1 t ,/4  ,pet]
 came to ,rome at ! same "t2 & t1 9     
consequ5ce ( 8  prea*+1 ! popul>ity ( ! 
impo/or 0 entirely de/roy$4 ,?is  w\ld  
be a mo/ int]e/+ & important fact1 if we
 7 c]ta9 (  its be+ true2 b ,eusebius   
contradicts himself 9 8 acc\nt ( ,simon 
,magus go+ to ,rome2 & lat] writ]s h s  
embelli%$ ! /ory (  ?is meet+1 & made ! 
dea? ( ,simon s a/oni%+ly miracul\s1  t 
criticism is at a loss to "k :at to     
believe4 ,! acc\nt :i*  we h ( ,simon's 
dea? is1 9 a few words1 z foll[s3 ,/4   
,pet] &  ,/4 ,paul be+ bo? at ,rome1    
,simon ,magus gave out t he 0 ,*ri/2  &1
 9 pro( ( 8 ass]tion1 he und]took to    
raise himself al(t into  ! air4 ,!      
attempt at fir/ appe>$ z if x w\ld      
succe$2 b !  two ,apo/les address+      
!mselves 9 pray] to ,god1 ! impo/or fell

  to ! gr\nd1 & 8 dea? ensu$ %ortly     
aft]4 ,x is difficult to  give ?is      
m>vell\s n>ration1 )\t =gett+ t we are  
treat+  ( a grave & sacr$ subject2 & !  
"q = u to consid] is1  :e!r we are to   
look ^u ! :ole z a fiction1 or :e!r1 z  
is  mo/ probable1 x conta9s a basis &   
gr\ndwork ( tru?4 ,i mu/  obs]ve1 9 !   
fir/ place1 t ,arnobius1 :o did n write 
till !  f\r? c5tury1 is ! fir/ p]son :o 
says any?+ ( ,simon's dea?  at all      
approa*+ to ?is /ory2 nor does he by any
 means give x all  ! p>ticul>s :i* lat] 
writ]s h suppli$4 ,x w be obs]v$1  also1
 t ,eusebius1 :o wrote aft] ,arnobius1  
does n say any ?+ (  ,simon's           
extraord9>y end2 b m]ely /ates t 8 cr$it
 &  influ5ce 7 ext+ui%$1 z soon z ,/4   
,pet] began to prea* 9  ,rome4 ,x is    
probable1 !re=e1 t no ,greek writ] be=e 
! "t (  ,eusebius _h m5tion$ ?is /ory2  
b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is su*  a ho/ (     
evid5ce1 t ! dea? ( ,simon ,magus 0 9 "s
 way or  o!r connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( ,/4 
,pet] & ,/4 ,paul at ,rome1  t we might 

be c>ry+ our skepticism too f> if we    
reject$ x4    ,) respect to ! doctr9es (
 ,simon ,magus1 we "k = c]ta9 t  ,*ri/  
held a conspicu\s place 9 ! philosophy  
:i* he taught2 b  to def9e ) accuracy ! 
v>i\s po9ts ( ?is philosophy1 is a      
difficult1 if n impossible1 task4 ,!    
fa!rs p]haps may be suspect$  ( lay+ too
 _m impieties to ! *>ge ( ?is h]etic2 & 
"s (  _! acc\nts _c be reconcil$ ) ea*  
o!r4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 we  may extract f _! 
writ+s an outl9e ( ! tru?2 & 9 ?is      
in/ance1 z be=e1 ,i w\ld atta* p>ticul> 
weight to ! au?ority  ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,t
 writ] says t ne>ly all ! inhabitants ( 
,sam>ia1 & a few p]sons 9 o!r c\ntries1 
ackn[l$g$ &  wor%ipp$ ,simon ,magus z ! 
fir/ or supreme ,god3 & 9 ano!r place   
he says t !y /yl$ him ,god1 above all   
dom9ion & au?ority &  p[]4 ,lat] writ]s 
h increas$ ! blasphemy ( ?is doctr9e1 & 
said t ,simon decl>$ himself to !       
,sam>itans z ! ,fa!r1 to !  ,jews z !   
,son1 & to ! re/ ( ! _w z ! ,holy ,gho/4
 ,b ,i  _c br+ myself to believe t he   

ev] advanc$ s f> 9  wick$ness or        
absurdity4 ,! true /ate ( ! case may    
p]haps be  collect$ f ! words ( ,/4     
,luke1 :o tells u t ,simon gave  himself
 out to be 8"s great "o10 & t ! p said (
 him1  8,?is man is ! great p[] ( ,god10
 ,acts viii1 #aj4 ,su* is ! title  :i*  
he bore be=e he _h he>d ( ,*ri/2 & !re  
is no reason to  ?9k t he aft]w>d rais$ 
8 pret5sions1 & id5tifi$ himself  )     
,god4 ,he gave himself out z 8! great   
p[] ( ,god10 t is1 a  p]son 9 :om div9e 
p[] resid$3 &1 aft] he _h he>d !        
,apo/les1 he seems to h s f> enl>g$ 8   
doctr9e1 z to h  said1 t ! ,god ^: m9i/]
 he 01 & :o _h always be5  wor%ipp$ 9   
,sam>ia1 _h reveal$ himself to ! ,jews  
by 8 ,son1 &  to ! re/ ( ! _w by ! ,holy
 ,gho/4 ,!re is reason to believe  t he 
decl>$ himself to be ! ,*ri/ :o appe>$  
to ! ,jews2 or  r1 he said t ! same _s  
:i* desc5d$ ^u ,jesus _h  desc5d$       
aft]w>d ^u himself2 = he did n believe t
 ,jesus _h  a real body1 b he taught t  
he 0 only a phantom4 ,to ?is he add$1  t

 ! ,holy ,gho/1 by :i* ,god 0 reveal$ to
 ! ,g5tiles1 resid$  9 himself3 & ?is ,i
 take to be ! real orig9 ( ! /ory1 t he 
0 ! ,god :o reveal$ himself z ! ,fa!r to
 ! ,sam>itans1 z !  ,son to ! ,jews1 & z
 ! ,holy ,gho/ to ! re/ ( ! _w4         
,ano!r *>ge1 :i* is equally difficult to
 believe1 relates to a  female          
companion1 :om he is said to h decl>$ to
 be ! fir/ idea1  or conception1 :i* he1
 z ,god1 put =? f 8 m9d4 ,by ano!r      
m5tal process1 9 :i* ?is fir/ idea 0 a  
p>tn]1 he produc$ !  angels1 & !y creat$
 ! _w4 ,all ?is 0 highly my/ical1 &     
writ]s h _h rec\rse to diff]5t          
allegories1 by :i* !  absurdity may be  
expla9$4 ,t ,simon nev] id5tifi$ a real 
liv+  p]son ) an idea emanat+ f ! m9d ( 
,god1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be  assum$ z c]ta94  
,b we see1 9 ?is /ory1 evid5t traces ( !
  ,gno/ic doctr9es4 ,val5t9us1 9 !      
second c5tury1 made ! fir/  cause1 or   
,by?us1 act ^u 1 or 1 t is1 ^u 8 own    
m9d1  & produce ! fir/ pair ( ons4 ,?is 
!n 0 ! doctr9e ( ,simon3  ! supreme     

,god1 by a m5tal process1 produc$       
diff]5t ord]s (  angels1 & !y creat$ !  
_w4 ,x 0 ?is same ,god1 ^: fir/ or      
pr9cipal p[] resid$ 9 ,simon ,magus4 ,b 
:5 lat] writ]s _h said  t he actually   
proclaim$ himself z ,god1 x foll[$ t x 0
 he1  :o1 by an op]ation ( 8 own m9d1   
produc$ ! angels4 ,if ,i h  argu$       
rightly1 ,i h fre$ ! doctr9e ( ,simon   
,magus f "s (  its impieties2 b !re is  
/ill mu* :i* is absurd1 & mu* :i*  is   
impi\s2 = he believ$ t ! _w 0 creat$1 n 
by !  supreme ,god1 b by inf]ior be+s3  
he taught also1 t ,*ri/ 0 "o  ( ^?      
successive g5]ations ( ons :i* 7 d]iv$ f
 ,god2 n  ! on :i* creat$ ! _w2 b he 0  
s5t f ,god to rescue  mank9d f ! tyranny
 ( ! demiurgus1 or creative on4 ,simon 0
  also inv5tor ( ! /range notion1 t !   
,jesus :o 0 said to be  born & crucifi$ 
_h n a mat]ial body1 b 0 only a phantom4
 ,8  o!r doctr9es 71 t ! writ]s ( ! ,old
 ,te/am5t 7 n  inspir$ by ! supreme     
,god1 ! ,f\nta9 ( good1 b by ^? inf]ior 
be+s :o creat$ ! _w1 & :o 7 ! au?ors (  

evil4 ,he  d5i$ a g5]al resurrection2 & 
! lives ( himself & 8  foll[]s are said 
to h be5 a cont9u$ c\rse ( impure &     
vici\s  conduct4    ,su* 0 ! doctr9e & !
 practice ( ,simon ,magus1 f :om all !  
pseudo-,*ri/ian or ,gno/ic h]esies 7    
said to be d]iv$4 ,simon  himself seems 
to h be5 "o ( ^? ,jews :o1 z we le>n f !
  ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 travell$ ab\t !   
c\ntry1 exorcis+ evil  spirits4 ,b he 0 
also a man ( speculative m9d2 &1 hav+   
/udi$  ! doctr9es ( ,plato1 he ent]$    
into ! que/ions :i* 7 !n s  commonly    
agitat$1 conc]n+ ! et]nity ( matt]1 & ! 
orig9 (  evil4 ,h5ce we f9d him embrac+ 
! op9ion1 t ! _w 0  creat$ by angels1 :o
 7 !mselves produc$ f ,god4 ,?is 0 a    
corrupt$ ,platonism4 ,plato imag9$ t !  
ideas :i* 7 9 !  m9d ( ! ,deity creat$  
intellectual be+s3 ,simon taught t !    
supreme ,god by an op]ation ( 8 own m9d 
produc$ ! angels4 ,!  fir/ intellig5ces 
( ,plato 7 employ$ by ,god to create !  
_w3  ,simon also taught t ! angels1 or  
ons1 creat$ ! _w2 b 9  "o respect !     

,gno/ics _h totally *ang$ ! philosophy (
 ,plato2  = !y taught t ! angel1 or     
angels1 :o creat$ ! _w1 act$  contr>y to
 ! wi%es ( ! supreme ,god4    ,,s91 !   
transgression ( ! law1 or want (        
con=mity to ! w (  ,god1 #a ,john iii1  
#d4 ,orig9al s9 is t :]eby our :ole     
nature is  corrupt$1 & r5d]$ contr>y to 
! nature & law ( ,god2 or1  accord+ to !
 n9? article ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 8,x is t
  :]eby man is v f> gone f orig9al      
righte\sness1 & is1 ( 8  own nature1    
incl9$ to evil40 ,?is is sometimes      
call$1 8indwell+  s910 ,rom4 vii4 ,!    
imputation ( ! s9 ( ,adam to 8 po/]ity1 
is  also :at div9es call1 ) "s latitude 
( expression1 orig9al s94  ,actual s9 is
 a direct violation ( ,god's law1 &     
g5]ally appli$ to  ^? :o are capable (  
committ+ moral evil2 z oppos$ to idiots 
or  *ildr51 :o h n ! "r use ( _! p[]s4  
,s9s ( omission  consi/ 9 leav+ ^? ?+s  
undone :i* ought to be done4 ,s9s (     
commission are ^? :i* are committ$ aga9/
 affirmative precepts1  or do+ :at %\ld 

n be done4 ,s9s ( infirmity are ^? :i*  
arise f ignorance1 surprise1 c4 ,secret 
s9s are ^? committ$ 9  secret1 or ^? (  
:i*1 ?r\gh bl9dness or prejudice1 we d n
 see  ! evil1 ,psalm xix1 #g-ab4        
,presumptu\s s9s are ^? :i* are done    
boldly aga9/ light & conviction4 ,!     
unp>donable s9 is1 accord+  to "s1 !    
ascrib+ to ! devil ! miracles :i* ,*ri/ 
wr\ght by  ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?is  
s91 or blasphemy1 z x %\ld r  be call$1 
_m scribes & ,ph>isees 7 guilty (1 :o1  
behold+ our  ,"l d 8 miracles1 affirm$ t
 he wr\ght !m by ,beelzebub1 !  pr9ce ( 
devils1 :i* 01 9 effect1 call+ ! ,holy  
,gho/ ,satan1 a  mo/ horrible blasphemy2
 &1 z on ?is gr\nd !y reject$ ,*ri/1  & 
salvation by him1 _! s9 c\ld c]ta9ly h  
no =giv5ess1  ,m>k iii1 #bb-cj4 ,no "o  
!re=e c\ld be guilty ( ?is blasphemy1   
except ^? :o 7 spectators ( ,*ri/'s     
miracles4 ,!re is1  h[ev]1 ano!r view ( 
?is unp>donable (f5ce1 :i* des]ves      
consid]ation3 ,! s9 or blasphemy aga9/ !
 ,holy ,gho/1 says ,bi%op  ,toml9e1 is  

m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels4 ,x      
appe>s t all  ! ?ree evangeli/s agree 9 
repres5t+ ! s9 or blasphemy aga9/  !    
,holy ,gho/ z a crime :i* w\ld n be     
=giv52 b no "o (  !m affirms t ^? :o _h 
ascrib$ ,*ri/'s p[] ( ca/+ out  devils  
to ,beelzebub1 _h be5 guilty ( t s91 & 9
 ,/4 ,luke x is  n m5tion$ t any su*    
*>ge _h be5 made4 ,our ,savi\r1 accord+ 
to ! acc\nt 9 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k1    
endeav\r$ to conv9ce !  ,jews ( _!      
error2 b s f> f accus+ !m ( hav+        
committ$  an unp>donable s9 9 :at !y _h 
said conc]n+ him1 he decl>es  t 8:osoev]
 speake? a ^w aga9/ ! ,son ( man1 x %all
 be  =giv5 him20 t is1 :atev] reproa*es 
m5 may utt] aga9/ !  ,son ( man dur+ 8  
m9i/ry1 h[ev] !y may calumniate !       
au?ority ^u :i* he acts1 x is /ill      
possible t h]eaft] !y  may rep5t &      
believe1 & all _! s9s may be =giv5 !m2 b
 !  revil+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is describ$ z
 an (f5ce ( a f> m  he9\s nature3 8,!   
blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ %all n be 
=giv5 unto m540 8,he t %all blaspheme   

aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ ha?  nev] =giv5ess40
 8,unto him t blaspheme? aga9/ ! ,holy  
,gho/ x  %all n be =giv540 ,x is pla9 t 
?is s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/  c\ld n be   
committ$ :ile our ,savi\r 0 ^u e>?1 s9ce
 he always  speaks ( ! ,holy ,gho/ z n  
be+ to come till aft] 8 asc5sion  into  
heav54 ,a few days aft] t great ev5t1 ! 
desc5t ( ! ,holy  ,gho/ enabl$ !        
,apo/les to "w miracles1 & communicat$  
to !m a  v>iety ( o!r sup]natural gifts4
 ,if m5 %\ld ascribe ^! p[]s  to        
,beelzebub1 or 9 any respect reject _!  
au?ority1 !y w\ld  blaspheme ! ,holy    
,gho/1 f :om !y 7 d]iv$2 & t s9  w\ld be
 unp>donable1 because ?is 0 ! completion
 ( ! evid5ce  ( ! div9e au?ority ( ,*ri/
 & 8 religion2 & !y :o  reject$ ^! la/  
means ( conviction1 c\ld h no o!r       
opportunity  ( be+ br\ght to fai? 9     
,*ri/1 ! only appo9t$ condition (  p>don
 & =giv5ess4 ,! great] he9\sness ( ! s9 
( ^! m5  w\ld consi/ 9 _! reject+ a     
great] body ( te/imony2 = !y  are       
suppos$ to be acqua9t$ ) ! resurrection 

( our ,savi\r f  ! dead1 ) 8 asc5sion   
into heav51 ) ! miracul\s desc5t (  !   
,holy ,gho/1 & ) ! sup]natural p[]s :i* 
x communicat$2  circum/ances1 all ( :i* 
7 en=c$ by ! ,apo/les :5 !y  prea*$ !   
,gospel2 b none ( :i* c\ld be kn[n to ^?
 :o  refus$ to ackn[l$ge ,jesus z !     
,messiah dur+ 8 actual m9i/ry4  ,?\gh   
?is 0 a great s91 x 0 n an unp>donable  
"o1 x might be  rem$i$ by subsequ5t     
belief1 by yield+ to subsequ5t te/imony4
 ,b1  on ! o!r h&1 !y :o f9ally reject$ 
! accumulat$ &  complete evid5ce (      
,jesus be+ ! ,messiah1 z exhibit$ by !  
inspir$ ,apo/les1 preclud$ !mselves f ! 
possibility (  conviction1 because no   
f>!r te/imony w\ld be af=d$ !m1 &       
consequ5tly1 !re be+ no means (         
rep5tance1 !y w\ld be  incapable (      
=giv5ess & r$emption4 ,h5ce x appe>s t !
 s9  aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ consi/$ 9      
f9ally reject+ ! ,gospel z  prea*$ by ! 
,apo/les1 :o confirm$ ! tru? ( ! doctr9e
 :i*  !y taught 8by signs & wond]s1 &   
div]s miracles1 & gifts ( !  ,holy      

,gho/10 ,heb4 ii1 #d4 ,x 0 unp>donable1 
because ?is 0 !  consummation ( ! pro(s 
af=d$ to ! m5 ( t g5]ation ( !  div9e   
mission ( ,*ri/4 ,?is s9 0 manife/ly    
di/9ct f all  o!r s9s2 x indicat$ an    
inv9cible ob/9acy ( m9d1 an impi\s &    
unalt]able det]m9ation to refuse ! (f]$ 
m]cy ( ,god4 ,x w\ld  appe> f ?is1 t ^? 
only committ$ or c\ld commit ?is        
irremissible (f5ce1 :o 7 witnesses ( !  
mighty works wr\ght by  ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! 
,apo/les aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion & ! day (
  p5teco/4 ,our ,"l's decl>ation appe>s 
*iefly to respect ! ,jews4  ,?is view w 
s]ve to expla9 ^? passages 9 ! ,epi/le  
to !  ,hebrews1 9 :i* ! hopeless case ( 
,jewi% apo/ates is describ$4  ,b see    
,,blasphemy4    ,,s91 ,,des]t ,,(4 ,to  
?is ! t5? /ation ! ,israelites came     
exactly a  mon? aft] !y left ,egypt4 ,& 
"h aga9 !y murmur$ = 8! bread  & !      
fle%-pots ( ,egypt40 ,s ! ,"l gave !m   
quails = a day1  & manna = =ty ye>s1    
till !y came to ! bord]s ( ,canaan4 ,on 
?is occasion ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba? 0 

reviv$1 z a day (  re/1 :i* _h be5      
int]mitt$ dur+ _! ,egyptian bondage4 ,on
 ?is  day !re fell no manna1 b on !     
prec$+ !y 7 direct$ to  ga!r two days'  
provision4 ,to p]petuate ! memorial (   
8?is bread  f heav50 to future          
g5]ations1 a pot ( manna1 :i* 0 pres]v$ 
fre%1 by a /&+ miracle1 0 ord]$ to be   
laid up beside ! ark  ( ! cov5ant1 9 !  
sanctu>y1 ,exod4 xvi4    ,,s9ai1 a fam\s
 m\nta9 ( ,arabia ,petra1 on :i* ,god   
gave ! law to  ,moses1 ,exod4 xix1 #a2  
xxiv1 #af2 xxxi1 #ah2 xxxiv1 #b1 #d1 c2 
,lev4 xxv1 #a2  xxvi1 #df4 ,x /&s 9 a   
k9d ( p59sula1 =m$ by ! two arms (  !   
,r$ ,sea2 "o ext5d+ nor?1 call$ ! ,gulf 
( ,kolsom2 ! o!r  ext5d+ ea/1 call$ !   
,gulf ( ,elan4 ,! ,arabs call ,m\nt     
,s9ai by  ! "n ( ,tor1 t is1 ! m\nta91  
by way ( excell5ce2 or ,gibel  ,m\sa1 8!
 m\nta9 ( ,moses40 ,x is two hundr$ &   
sixty miles f  ,cairo1 :i* is a j\rney (
 t5 days4 ,! wild]ness ( ,s9ai1 :]e  !  
,israelites cont9u$ encamp$ almo/ a ye>1
 & :]e ,moses erect$  ! tab]nacle ( !   

cov5ant1 is consid]ably elevat$ above ! 
re/  ( ! c\ntry2 ! asc5t to x is v      
craggy1 ! great] "p cut  out ( ! rock2  
!n "o comes to a l>ge space ( gr\nd1 :i*
 is a  pla9 surr\nd$ on all sides by    
rocks & em95ces1 ^: l5g? is  ne>ly      
twelve miles4 ,t[>d ! extremity ( ?is   
pla91 on ! nor?1  two high m\nta9s      
appe>2 ! highe/ is call$ ,s9ai1 ! o!r   
,horeb4  ,!y are ( v /eep asc5t1 & d n  
/& on mu* gr\nd 9  comp>ison to _!      
extraord9>y height4 ,s9ai is at lea/ "o 
?ird  "p high] ?an ! o!r1 & its asc5t m 
upright & difficult4  ,! top ( ! m\nta9 
t]m9ates 9 an unev5 & rugg$ space1 :i*  
might conta9 ab\t sixty p]sons4 ,on ?is 
em95ce is built a little  *apel1 call$  
,/4 ,ca!r9e's1 :]e x is ?\ght ! body (  
?is  sa9t re/$ = ?ree hundr$ & sixty    
ye>s2 b aft]w>d x 0  remov$ into a *ur* 
at ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,ne> ?is *apel    
issues a f\nta9 ( v good fre% wat]2 x is
 look$ ^u z  miracul\s1 x n be+         
conceivable h[ wat] c fl[ f ! br[ (  s  
high & s b>r5 a m\nta94 ,m\nt ,horeb /&s

 we/ ( ,s9ai2 s  t at sun-ris+ ! %ad[ ( 
,s9ai cov]s ,horeb4 ,beside ! little    
f\nta9 at ! top ( ,s9ai1 !re is ano!r at
 ! foot ( ,horeb1  :i* supplies !       
mona/]y ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 ,five or six     
paces f  !nce !y %[ a /one1 ^: height is
 f\r or five feet1 & bread?  ab\t ?ree1 
:i* !y say is ! v /one f :5ce ,moses    
caus$  ! wat] to gu% out4 ,its col\r is 
( a spott$ grey2 & x is1 z x  71 set 9 a
 k9d ( e>?1 :]e no o!r rock appe>s4 ,?is
 /one  has twelve holes or *annels1 :i* 
are ab\t a foot wide1 f :5ce  !y say !  
wat] issu$ :i* ! ,israelites drank4     
8,s9ai10 says ,s&ys1 8has ?ree tops ( a 
m>vell\s height2 t on  ! we/ side1 :]e  
,god appe>$ to ,moses 9 a bu%1 fruitful 
9  pa/urage1 f> l[] ?an ! middlemo/1 &  
%ad[$ :5 ! sun  rise? !reon2 :i* is t   
:]eon ,god gave ! law to ,moses1 &  :i* 
is n[ call$ ! ,m\nt ( ,moses1 at ! foot 
( :i* /&s !  mona/]y call$ ,/4          
,ca!r9e's1 f :i* !re 7 /eps =m]ly  up to
 ! v top ( ! m\nta91 & 7 comput$ f\rte5 
?\s&  9 numb]4 ,at pres5t "s ( !m are   

brok51 b ^? t rema9 are  well made1 &   
easy to g up & d[n4 ,!re are1 9 sev]al  
places (  ! asc5t1 good ci/]ns2 &       
especially ne> ! top1 a fair & good  "o4
 ,! ?ird or mo/ ea/]ly summit is call$  
by ! religi\s 9  ^? p>ts1 ,m\nt ,ca!r9e2
 on ! top ( :i* !re is a dome1 "u  :i*  
!y say 0 int]r$ ! body ( ?is sa9t1      
br\ght ?i!r by  angels aft] %e 0 behead$
 at ,alex&ria40 ,"o may judge ( !       
height ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,m\nt1 :i*       
c]ta9ly is n s high z t  ( ,moses by a  
?ird "p1 f ?is circum/ance1 t ,!v5ot    
f\nd  mu* sn[ on bo? :5 he 0 !re1 :i* 0 
9 ,febru>y4 ,!  mona/]y ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e is
 f ,cairo "s eight days' j\rney ov]  !  
des]ts4    ,,sion1 or ,,zion1 ,,m\nt1 a 
m\nt or hill on ! s\? ( ,old ,j]usalem  
or  ,salem1 & high] ?an t on :i* !      
anci5t city /ood4 ,?is hill  01 p]haps1 
on ?is acc\nt1 made *oice ( by !        
,jebusites =  build+ a =t or citadel ^u2
 :i* =t 0 tak5 by ,david1 :o  transf]r$ 
8 c\rt ?i!r f ,hebron1 & br\ght ! ark ( 
!  ,"l & set x 9 a tab]nacle or t5t     

pit*$ = x4 ,on ?is acc\nt  x is1 t ?is  
hill is s frequ5tly /yl$ 9 ! ,psalms !  
8holy  hill20 &1 by way ( excell5ce1 is 
us$ 9 ! poetical language (  ,scripture 
to d5ote ! :ole city ( ,j]usalem4 ,"h   
,david built a  palace1 & a city1 call$ 
aft] him ! city ( ,david2 & :i*         
subsequ5tly =m$ a "p ( ,j]usalem1       
enclos$ )9 ! same walls1  al?\gh a great
 "p ( ! hill is n[ left )\t !m2 :ile1 on
  ! contr>y1 ,calv>y1 :i* is suppos$ to 
h /ood =m]ly )\t  ! walls1 is n[ enclos$
 )9 !m1 ! city hav+ drawn itself  r\nd  
ab\t ?is sacr$ m\nt4 8,?is hill10 says  
,m4 ,*ateaubri&1 8is  ( a yell[i% col\r1
 & b>r5 appe>ance2 op5 9 =m ( a         
cresc5t1 t[>d ,j]usalem2 & is ab\t z    
high z ,montm>tre at ,p>is1  b r\nd] at 
! top4 ,?is sacr$ summit is di/+ui%$ by 
?ree  monum5ts1 or1 m prop]ly1 by ?ree  
ru9s1 ! h\se ( ,caiaphas1 !  place :]e  
,*ri/ celebrat$ 8 la/ supp]1 & ! tomb or
 palace (  ,david4 ,f ! top ( ! hill y  
see1 to ! s\?1 ! valley ( ,b5  ,h9nom2  
beyond ?is1 ! field ( blood1 pur*as$ ) !

 ?irty  pieces ( silv] giv5 to ,judas2 !
 hill ( ,evil ,c\nsel1 ! tombs (  !     
judges1 & ! :ole des]t t[>d ,hebron &   
,be?lehem4 ,to !  nor?1 ! wall (        
,j]usalem1 :i* passes ov] ! top ( ,sion1
  int]cepts ! view ( ! city1 ! site (   
:i* gradually slopes  t[>d ! ,valley (  
,jeho%aphat40    ,dr4 ,ri*>dson obs]ves 
( ,sion1 8,at ! "t :5 ,i visit$ ?is     
sacr$  gr\nd1 "o "p ( x support$ a crop 
( b>ley1 ano!r 0  und]go+ ! lab\r ( !   
pl\gh1 & ! soil turn$ up consi/$ (      
/ones & lime mix$ ) e>?1 su* z is       
usually met ) 9 !  f\ndations ( ru9$    
cities4 ,x is ne>ly a mile 9            
circumf]5ce1 is  highe/ on ! we/ side1 &
 t[>d ! ea/ falls d[n 9 broad  t]races  
on ! upp] "p ( ! m\nta91 & n>r[ ones on 
! side  z x slopes d[n t[>d ! brook     
,k$ron4 ,ea* t]race is divid$ f  ! "o   
above x by a l[ wall ( dry /one1 built (
 ! ru9s ( ?is  celebrat$ spot4 ,!       
t]races ne> ! bottom ( ! hill are us$ z 
g>d5s1 & are wat]$ f ! pool ( ,siloam4  
,we h "h ano!r  rem>kable in/ance ( !   

special fulfilm5t ( prophecy4 #8,!re=e  
%all ,zion = y\r sakes be pl\gh$ z a    
field1 & ,j]usalem %all  become heaps1' 
,micah iii1 #ab40 ,mr4 ,jolliffe        
repres5ts ! hill ( ,sion  z n m rais$   
above ! city ?an ! ,av5t9e hill above ! 
,roman  =um2 b conjectures t its height1
 f its base 9 ! ,valley (  ,geh9non1 f  
:i* x rises abruptly1 may be equival5t  
to "s ( !  l[e/ hills :i* encompass     
,ba?2 t is1 if ! e/imate be correct1    
ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sixty feet1 :i* is ! 
height ( ! l[e/ (  ! hills above t city4
    ,,si/]1 9 ! /yle ( ! ,hebrews1 has  
equal latitude z bro!r4 ,x  is us$ n    
only = a si/] by natural relation f !   
same fa!r  & "m1 b also = a si/] only by
 ! same fa!r or by ! same  "m1 or a ne> 
relation only4 ,s>ah is call$ si/] to   
,abraham1 ,g54  xii1 #ac2 xx1 #ab1 ?\gh 
only 8 niece accord+ to "s1 or si/] by  
! fa!r's side accord+ to o!rs4 ,9 ! law1
 ,lev4 xviii1 #ah1 x is  =bidd5 to take 
to wife ! si/] ( a wife2 to m>ry two    
si/]s2  or1 accord+ to "s int]pret]s1 to

 m>ry a second wife1 hav+ "o  already4  
,lit]ally1 8,?\ %alt n take a wife ov]  
h] si/] to  afflict h]20 z if mean+ to  
=bid polygamy4 ,9 ! ,gospels1 !  bro!rs 
& si/]s ( ,jesus ,*ri/ are 8 c\s9s1     
*ildr5 ( !  si/]s ( ! holy virg91 ,matt4
 xiii1 #ef2 ,m>k vi1 #c4    ,,slave4    
,see ,,s]vant4    ,,sleep1 ,,sleep+1    
,,slumb]+1 is tak5 ei!r = ! sleep or    
repose (  ! body2 or = ! sleep ( ! s\l1 
:i* is sup95ess1 indol5ce1  /upidity2 or
 = ! sleep ( dea?4 8,y %all sleep ) y\r 
fa!rs20 y %all die1 z !y are dead4      
,j]emiah1 li1 #ci1 ?reat5s  ,babylon1 9 
! "n ( ! ,"l1 ) a p]petual sleep1 out ( 
:i*  !y %all n awake4 ,daniel1 xii1 #b1 
speaks ( ^? t sleep 9 !  du/ ( ! grave4 
8,laz>us our fri5d sleepe?2 let u g &   
awake  him10 ,john xi1 #aa2 he is dead1 
let u g & raise him up4 8,awake1 ?\  t  
sleepe/1 & arise f ! dead1 & ,*ri/ %all 
give !e  light10 ,eph4 v1 #ad4 ,"h ,/4  
,paul speaks to ^? t 7 dead 9 s9  &     
infidelity4 ,/4 ,pet] says ( ! wick$1   
8,_! damnation  slumb]e? n10 #b ,pet]   

ii1 #c4 ,god is n asleep1 he w n =get to
  puni% !m 9 8 own due "t4 ,isaiah1 lxv1
 #d1 speaks ( a  sup]/iti\s practice    
among ! ,pagans1 :o w5t to sleep 9 !    
temples ( _! idols1 to obta9 prophetic  
dreams3 8,!y rema9 among  ! graves1 &   
lodge 9 ! monum5ts40 ,! ^w1 :i* we      
translate  8monum5ts10 signifies places 
8kept0 or 8obs]v$40 ,"s int]pret x (    
idol temples1 "s ( caves & d5s1 9 :i* ! 
,hea!ns us$ to  wor%ip _! idols2 & "s ( 
tombs or monum5ts = dead p]sons4  ,?us  
also ! sup]/iti\s & idolatr\s ,jews1 9  
contempt ( !  prophets1 & ( ! temple ( !
 ,"l1 w5t into ! tombs & temples  (     
idols to sleep !re1 & to h dreams t     
might discov] future  ev5ts to !m4 ,!   
,pagans = ?is purpose us$ to lie ^u !   
sk9s  ( ! sacrific$ victims4    ,,sl+s4 
,see ,,arms4    ,,smyrna1 a city ( ,asia
 ,m9or1 & "o ( ! f9e/ 9 all ! ,levant4  
,x cont5d$ = ! hon\r ( giv+ bir? to     
,hom]1 & its title is  by _m ?\ght to be
 ! be/ f\nd$4 ,! ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ,smyrna
  0 "o ( ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia to :i* ! 

,apo/le ,john 0  comm&$ to address an   
epi/le1 ,rev4 ii1 #h-aj4 ,! pres5t      
,smyrna1  :i* ! ,turks call ,esmir1 is  
ab\t f\r miles 9 circumf]5ce1 &  conta9s
 a population ( ab\t a hundr$ ?\s& s\ls4
 ,x is less  rem>kable = ! elegance (   
its build+s ?an = ! beauty ( its        
situation1 ! ext5t ( its comm]ce1 & !   
ri*es ( its  inhabitants4    ,,soc9ians1
 a sect s call$ f ,fau/us ,soc9us1 :o   
di$ 9 ,pol& 9  #afjd4 ,?is celebrat$ man
 0 born 9 ,tuscany1 & 0 desc5d$ f an    
anci5t & noble family4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod 
( 8 life he devot$  little "t to lit]>y 
acquisitions1 b he 0 possess$ ( a       
vigor\s  und]/&+1 & ( t /eady =titude   
:i* qualifi$ him = !  memorable "p :i*  
he aft]w>d act$4 ,8 connection ) 8 uncle
  ,llius probably gave a bias to 8 m9d )
 respect to religion4 ,he  w>mly embrac$
 8 t5ets1 & he sp5t a great "p ( 8 days 
9  /udy+ & dissem9at+ !m4 ,hav+ left 8  
native c\ntry1 he  visit$ ,pol&2 &      
f9ally he settl$ 9 x = ! express purpose
 (  propagat+ 8 own peculi> views (     

religi\s tru?4 ,! fundam5tal  pr9ciples 
:i* he assum$ 71 ! rejection ( all my/]y
 f  revelation1 & ! necessity ( try+ its
 doctr9es by ! light (  reason2 & he    
rigor\sly appli$ ?is latt] maxim 9      
conduct+ 8  !ological inve/igations4 ,he
 inculcat$ 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 !  unity ( 
,god2 consid]$ ! ,^w & ! ,holy ,gho/ z  
attributes (  ! supreme ,be+2 taught t  
,*ri/ 0 a man peculi>ly hon\r$ by  !    
,almighty1 hav+ be5 born ?r\gh !        
op]ation ( ! ,_s2 &  t he 0 s highly    
exalt$1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 (fice z !      
,savi\r ( ! _w1 t he might be /yl$ !    
,son ( ,god1 & ought  to be wor%ipp$4   
,/ruck ) sev]al decl>ations ( our ,"l   
:i*  seem$ to imply t he _h desc5d$ f   
heav51 & :i* militat$  aga9/ 8 lead+    
t5et respect+ ,jesus1 he endeav\r$ to   
evade !  application ( !m1 by suppos+ or
 affirm+ t1 previ\s to !  comm5cem5t (  
our ,savi\r's m9i/ry1 he _h1 ?r\gh ! p[]
 (  ,god1 be5 tak5 up to ! cele/ial     
regions1 & _h 9 !m receiv$  f !         
,almighty ! tru?s :i* he 0 commission$  

to reveal4    ,! fir/ reception (       
,soc9us 9 ,pol&1 ev5 by ^? :o might h   
be5 expect$ to welcome him1 0 mo/       
disc\rag+4 ,! ,unit>ian  *ur*es :i* _h  
be5 previ\sly e/abli%$ 9 t k+dom1       
diff]+ f him 9 sev]al po9ts1 w\ld n     
admit him into _!  communion2 & he _h to
 enc\nt] ! enmity ( ! great majority (  
,*ri/ians1 :o abhorr$ 8 t5ets1 & br&$ !m
 z impi\s4 ,b1  not)/&+ all ?is1 &      
al?\gh he 0 visit$ ) mu*  suff]+ &      
affliction1 8 p]sev]ance1 8 tal5ts1 & 8 
zeal  soon excit$ admiration2 8 views 7 
adopt$ by _m ev5 9 !  highe/ /ations (  
life2 8 pr9ciples 7 embodi$ 9 a         
cate*ism1  :i*1 ?\gh n impos$ ^u 8      
foll[]s1 !y read ) v  ext5sive          
acquiesc5ce2 & he _h ! satisfaction (   
behold+ !  s5tim5ts :i* he _h long      
*]i%$1 embrac$ by v>i\s *ur*es  enjoy+ !
 protection ( gov]nm5t1 & p]mitt$ to    
e/abli%  sem9>ies ( education by :i* !  
impression made on ! public m9d  might  
be pres]v$ & deep5$4 ,!re 0 n1 h[ev]1   
p]fect  unanimity ( fai? among all 8    

associates :o unit$ 9 d5y+ !  div9ity ( 
our ,"l4 ,va/ numb]s ( ^!1 previ\s to _!
 hav+  p]us$ ! pap]s ( ,llius ,soc9us1  
_h s f> receiv$ ! sy/em (  ,arianism1 t 
!y believ$ ,*ri/ to h exi/$ be=e he     
ent]$  into ! _w2 & al?\gh _m1 9        
consequ5ce ( ! reason+s &               
repres5tations ( ,soc9us1 ab&on$ ?is    
doctr9e1 x 0 reta9$ by  "s1 :o1 f _!    
lead]1 7 call$ ,f>novians4 ,soc9us      
conduct$  himself t[>d ^! m5 ) admirable
 address4 ,fully aw>e t !  t5d5cy ( _!  
hav+ dep>t$ s f> f ! or?odox t5ets 0 to 
lead !m to /ill f>!r recession1 &       
s5sible t 8 own sy/em  naturally &      
consequ5tially result$ f :at !y readily 
admitt$1  he us$ e me?od to conciliate  
!m1 & he p]mitt$ !m to rema9  ) 8       
foll[]s1 ^u condition ( _! n op5ly      
insi/+ on !  prexi/5ce ( ,*ri/4 ,!y did1
 h[ev]1 at l5g? sep>ate f !  great body 
( 8 adh]5ts2 b !y gradually approa*$    
ne>] &  ne>] to !m1 &1 ^u ! dea? (      
,f>novius1 mo/ ( !m  incorporat$        
!mselves ) ! ,soc9ians1 & all trace ( !m

 z a  di/9ct p>ty 0 oblit]at$4          
,soc9us 0 mu* m agitat$ by !            
promulgation ( an op9ion v  opposite to 
^? n[ m5tion$4 ,z might h be5           
anticipat$1 !re  7 "s :o1 hav+ adopt$ ! 
s5tim5ts ( ,llius ,soc9us z to !  simple
 humanity ( ,*ri/1 d$uc$ f ?is t5et     
consequ5ces :i*  appe>$ to !m obvi\sly  
to fl[ f x1 al?\gh ^! _h n be5  p]ceiv$ 
or admitt$ by ,llius himself4 ,a /rik+  
example ( ?is took  place 9 ! "t (      
,fau/us ,soc9us4 ,francis ,david1 a man 
(  consid]able influ5ce among !         
,unit>ians1 be+ ! sup]9t5d5t (  _!      
*ur*es 9 ,transylvania1 ma9ta9$ t1 z    
,*ri/ 0 born j  l o!r m51 s he cont9u$1 
not)/&+ 8 exaltation1 to be  m]ely a    
human be+2 & t !re=e all invocation (   
him1 &  wor%ip paid to him1 7 to be     
%unn$ z impiety or idolatry4 ,soc9us    
inveigh$ ) ! utmo/ w>m? aga9/ ?is       
op9ion2 he us$ e  me?od to induce ,david
 to r5\nce x2 &1 at ! desire ( "o ( 8   
fri5ds1 he resid$ = a consid]able "t at 
! h\se ( 8  oppon5t1 t ! subject at     

issue might be fully & calmly discuss$4 
,he fail$1 h[ev]1 9 accompli%+ 8 object4
 ,david p]si/$1 z he  _h1 ^u ! gr\nd :i*
 he _h tak51 good reason to d1 9 ass]t+ 
! doctr9e :i* he _h ann\nc$2 & he 0 soon
 aft] ?is ?r[n  by ! pr9ce (            
,transylvania into prison1 :]e he l+]$ =
 sev]al  ye>s1 & !n di$ at an advanc$   
age4 ,x has be5 ins9uat$ t  ,soc9us 0   
access>y to ?is cruel de$ ( dete/able   
p]secution2 &1  al?\gh attempts h be5   
made to wipe (f ! imputation1 !re is    
too mu* cause to ?9k t x is n :olly     
unf\nd$4 ,mo/ c]ta9 x  is1 t he _h x mu*
 at he>t to root out :at he view$ z !   
h]esy ( ,david1 & t ! support ( x aft] !
 dea? ( !  unhappy suff]] by "s di/+ui%$
 ,unit>ians gave him mu*  uneas9ess4 ,x 
is n unlikely t ! zeal :i* he ?us       
display$  arose f 8 appreh5sion t !     
t5ets :i* he oppos$ w\ld  supplant 8    
own1 & f ! difficulty t he mu/ h        
exp]i5c$  9 turn+ aside ! inf]5ces :i* 7
 affirm$ to foll[ f :at  he admitt$4 ,if
 su* 0 ! case1 & x seems 9 _m respects m

  probable ?an ! conjecture ( ,mo%eim1 t
 x is to be attribut$ to  ! dread (     
r5d]+ ! sect m odi\s ?an x actually 01  
we  h a /rik+ pro( ( 8 disc]nm5t1 ?\gh  
at ! exp5se ( 8  c&\r2 = ! pres5t cre$ (
 ,unit>ianism approa*es mu* ne>] to  t (
 ,david ?an to ! doctr9es ( ! f\nd] (   
,soc9ianism  himself4    ,b1 :ile he 0  
?us disquiet$ by opposition :i*1 aft] ! 
lib]ty  ) :i* he _h himself dep>t$ f !  
fai? ( ! mo/ anci5t  & num]\s ,*ri/ian  
*ur*es1 %\ld h creat$ no surprise1 he 0 
highly gratifi$ by ! zeal & ! e/abli%m5t
 ( 8 foll[]s4  ,"u ! protection ( !     
ample tol]ation :i* !y enjoy$ 9  ,pol&  
!y 7 s$ul\s 9 _! attempts to impr9t _!  
t5ets ^u  ^? among :om !y liv$1 & to s5d
 ^! t5ets abroad to =eign  nations4 ,!  
,anti-tr9it>ians 9 ,pol& _h e>ly        
translat$ !  ,scriptures1 & _!          
successors "u ,soc9us compos$ _m works )
  ! design ( def5d+ ! pr9ciples ( _!    
fai?4 ,!y also s5t  mission>ies to      
propagate _! views & to dissem9ate !    
books :i*  support$ !m1 anticipat+      

success simil> to t :i* _h  accompani$  
_! ef=ts 9 ,transylvania4 ,b 9 ,hung>y &
 9 ,au/ria  !y 7 successfully oppos$ by 
! unit$ & cordial ef=ts (  ,ca?olics &  
,prote/ants4 ,9 ,holl& !y 7 m =tunate2 &
 9  ,engl& !y e/abli%$ only "o          
congregation1 :i* diff]$ 9 "s  po9ts f !
 p>5t sect1 & :i* soon dw9dl$ away4     
,^! failures1 :i* ! ard\r1 ! ability1 & 
! high rank ( _m  :o engag$ 9 !         
diffusion ( ,soc9ianism 7 unable to     
prev5t1 7  soon foll[$ by _! expulsion f
 ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y _h s  long rema9$ 9  
security & peace4 ,t[>d ! middle ( !    
sev5te5? c5tury "s ( ! /ud5ts att5d+ !  
academy at ,rac[1  wantonly insult$ !   
feel+s & ! pr9ciples ( ! ,ca?olics1 by a
  contemptible act ( outrage aga9/ a    
crucifix1 :i*1 ) /ones1 !y  ?rew d[n f !
 place 9 :i* x _h be5 erect$4 ,by m5    
w>mly  atta*$ to _! own religion1 & :o  
_h at all times reg>d$ !  ,soc9ians z   
und]m9+ its f\ndation1 ?is y\?ful excess
 0  repres5t$ z confirm+ all ! *>ges t  
_h be5 made aga9/ !  community to :i* ! 

p]petrators belong$1 & !y det]m9$ to    
ex]t !mselves to procure _! puni%m5t or 
extirpation4 ,!  support]s ( ! e/abli%$ 
religion accord+ly appli$ to ! diet  at 
,w>saw2 &1 not)/&+ ! p[]ful influ5ce us$
 9 fav\r (  ! ,soc9ians1 a cruel edict 0
 pass$1 aboli%+ _! academy at  ,rac[1   
bani%+ ! le>n$ m5 :o _h taught 9 x1     
break+ !  pr9t+ presses1 & %utt+ up !   
*ur*es4 ,?is edict 0 c>ri$  into effect 
) mu* sev]ity2 b x did n exhau/ ! enmity
 n[  *]i%$ aga9/ ! sect2 = )9 a few ye>s
 aft]1 by a solemn  act ( ! ,poli% diet1
 !y 7 bani%$ f ! t]ritories ( !         
republic1 &1 ) sad dep>ture f ! tol]ant 
& b5efic5t  _s ( ! ,gospel1 dea? 0      
d5\nc$ aga9/ all :o held _!  op9ions1 or
 :o ev5 %elt]$ & protect$ ^? :o ent]ta9$
  !m4 ,a %ort "t 0 all[$ to ! un=tunate 
victims to arrange  _! affairs be=e !y  
bade an et]nal adieu to sc5es :i* all ! 
ties ( human life mu/ h ende>$ to !m2 b 
?is p]iod 0  abridg$4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 _h    
escap$ ! op]ation ( ! law1 & _h  rema9$ 
9 ,pol&2 b ?ree ye>s aft] ! edict 0     

r5ew$1 & !  ,soc9ians :o /ill l+]$ 9 _! 
belov$ c\ntry 7 driv5 f  x ) a rig\r &  
an inhumanity reflect+ infamy ^u ^? :o 7
  guilty ( !m1 & lead+ to ! mo/         
melan*oly reflections ^u t  dismal      
p]v]sion ( all t is amiable 9 our       
nature1 :i* has s  (t5 be5 effect$ by a 
mi/ak5 zeal = a religion brea?+ !       
t5d]e/ conc]n = ! happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,! 
pr9ciples (  ,soc9us 71 not)/&+1        
secretly fo/]$1 & v>i\s causes  t5d$ to 
p]petuate !m ev5 :]e 9 pr(ession !y 7   
abjur$4  ,! prop5sity1 s natural to man1
 ( dissipat+ e %ade (  my/]y1 & ca/+ !  
light ( 8 own und]/&+ ar\nd !  subjects 
( 8 contemplation1 did n cease to       
op]ate2 & !  application ( ?is pr9ciple1
 s gratify+ to ! pride ( human  reason1 
c>ri$ _m f>!r ?an ev5 ,soc9us _h        
probably anticipat$4    ,! ,soc9ians    
hold1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 a m]e man1 :o _h 
no  exi/5ce be=e he 0 born ( ! virg9    
,m>y2 t ! ,holy ,gho/ is  no di/9ct     
p]son2 b t ! ,fa!r only is truly &      
prop]ly ,god4  ,!y own t ! "n ( ,god is 

giv5 9 ,scripture to ,jesus ,*ri/1 b    
cont5d t x is only a deput$ title2 :i*1 
h[ev]1 inve/s him  ) a great au?ority   
ov] all creatures4 ,!y d5y ! doctr9e (  
satisfaction & imput$ righte\sness1 &   
say1 t ,*ri/ only  prea*$ ! tru? to     
mank9d1 set be=e !m 9 himself an example
 (  h]oic virtue1 & seal$ 8 doctr9es ) 8
 blood4 ,orig9al s9  !y e/eem a m]e     
s*ola/ic *im]a4 ,"s ( !m1 likewise1     
ma9ta9  ! sleep ( ! s\l1 :i*1 !y say1   
becomes ins5sible at dea?1 &  is rais$  
aga9 ) ! body at ! resurrection1 :5 !   
good %all  be e/abli%$ 9 ! possession ( 
et]nal felicity1 :ile ! wick$  %all be  
consign$ to a fire t w torm5t !m1 n     
et]nally1 b  = a c]ta9 duration1        
proportion$ to _! dem]its4    ,,sodom1 !
 capital ( ,p5tapolis1 :i* = "s "t 0 !  
resid5ce  ( ,lot1 ! nephew ( ,abraham4  
,! hi/ory ( its de/ruction is giv5  9 ! 
book ( ,g5esis4 ,see ,,abraham1 ,,lot1 &
 ,,dead ,,sea4    ,,solomon1 or         
,,salomon1 son ( ,david & ,ba?%eba1 0   
born ,a4 ,m4 #biga4  ,! ,"l lov$ him1 & 

s5t ,na?an to ,david to give ,solomon ! 
"n (  ,j$idiah1 or1 8belov$ ( ! ,"l10 #b
 ,sam4 xii1 #bd1 #be4 ,?is 0  probably  
:5 ,na?an assur$ ,david t 8 son %\ld    
succe$ him1 &  t he %\ld inh]it ^?      
promises :i* _h be5 made to him "s  ye>s
 be=e1 :5 he _h conceiv$ ! design (     
build+ a temple to  ! ,"l2 = !n ,god    
decl>$1 by ! prophet ,na?an1 t ! hon\r  
( build+ a temple %\ld be res]v$ = 8    
son1 #b ,sam4 vii1 #e1 c4  ,solomon1 be+
 confirm$ 9 8 k+dom1 contract$ an       
alliance )  ,ph>aoh1 k+ ( ,egypt1 &     
m>ri$ 8 daught]1 ,a4,m4 #bbia4 ,he      
br\ght  h] to ,j]usalem1 & _h ap>tm5ts =
 h] 9 ! city ( ,david1 till  he %\ld    
build h] a palace1 :i* he did "s ye>s   
aft]w>d1 :5 he  _h f9i%$ ! temple4 ,x is
 ?\ght t on occasion ( ?is  m>riage1    
,solomon compos$ ! ,canticles1 :i* are a
 k9d (  epi?alamium4 ,! ,scripture      
speaks ( ! daught] ( ,ph>aoh1 z         
contribut+ to p]v]t ,solomon1 #a ,k+s   
xi1 #a1 #b2 ,neh4 xiii1 #bf2 & x  is v  
likely1 t if at fir/ ?is pr9cess might  

seem conv]t$ to  ! ,"l1 %e aft]w>d might
 reta9 h] private disposition to        
idolatry1 & might engage h] husb& 9 x4  
,solomon1 accompani$ by 8 troops & all  
,israel1 w5t up to ,gibeon1  :]e 0 !n ! 
braz5 alt>1 ^u :i* he (f]$ a ?\s&       
burnt-(f]+s4 ,! night foll[+1 ,god      
appe>$ to him 9 a dream1  & said1 8,ask 
( me :at ?\ wilt40 ,solomon begg$ ( ,god
 a wise &  und]/&+ he>t1 & su* qualities
 z 7 necess>y = !  gov]nm5t ( ! p       
committ$ to him4 ,?is reque/ pleas$ !   
,"l1 & 0 fully grant$ by him4 ,solomon  
return$ to ,j]usalem1 :]e  he (f]$ a    
great numb] ( sacrifices on ! alt> be=e 
! ark (  ! ,"l1 & made a great fea/ = 8 
s]vants4 ,he enjoy$ a pr(\nd  peace     
?r\gh\t 8 dom9ions2 ,judah & ,israel    
liv$ 9 security2 &  8 neighb\rs ei!r    
paid him tribute1 or 7 8 allies2 he rul$
  ov] all ! c\ntries & k+doms f !       
,euphrates to ! ,nile1 &  8 dom9ions    
ext5d$ ev5 beyond ! =m]2 he _h abundance
 (  horses & *>iots ( w>2 he exce$$ !   
ori5tals1 & all !  ,egyptians1 9 wisdom 

& prud5ce2 he 0 ! wise/ ( mank9d1 & 8   
reputation 0 spread ?r\gh all nations4  
,he compos$ or collect$1  ?ree ?\s&     
prov]bs1 & "o ?\s& & five canticles4 ,he
 knew  ! nature ( plants & trees1 f !   
c$> on ,libanus to ! hyssop  on ! wall2 
also ( bea/s1 ( birds1 ( reptiles1 (    
fi%es4 ,!re 0  a conc\rse ( /rang]s f   
all c\ntries to he> 8 wisdom1 &         
ambassadors f ! mo/ remote pr9ces4      
,:5 ,hiram1 k+ ( ,tyre1 knew t ,solomon 
0 made k+ ( ,israel1 he  s5t ambassadors
 to congratulate him on 8 accession to !
 cr[n4 ,"s  "t aft]w>d1 ,solomon desir$ 
him to supply wood & workm51 to  assi/ 9
 build+ a temple to ! ,"l4 ,hiram gladly
 und]took ?is  s]vice1 & ,solomon1 on 8 
"p1 oblig$ himself to give tw5ty  ?\s&  
measures ( :eat1 & tw5ty ?\s& measures (
 oil4 ,!  ,hebrew & ! ,vulgate h only   
tw5ty measures ( oil2 b ! read+  ought  
no d\bt to be tw5ty ?\s&4 ,solomon began
 to build ! temple  9 ! f\r? ye> ( 8    
reign1 & ! second aft] ! dea? (  ,david2
 f\r hundr$ & eighty ye>s aft] ! exodus 

f ,egypt4 ,he  employ$ 9 ?is great "w   
sev5ty ?\s& proselytes1 desc5dants (  ! 
anci5t ,canaanites1 9 c>ry+ burd5s1     
f\rscore ?\s& 9  cutt+ /ones out ( !    
qu>ries1 & ?ree ?\s& six hundr$  ov]se]s
 ( ! works2 beside ?irty ?\s&           
,israelites 9 !  qu>ries ( ,libanus4    
,! temple 0 complet$ 9 ! elev5? ye> (   
,solomon1 s t he 0  b sev5 ye>s 9 p]=m+ 
?is va/ "w4 ,! d$ication 0 made  ! ye>  
foll[+1 ,a4 ,m4 #cjja4 ,to make ?is     
c]emony ! m augu/1  ,solomon *ose = x ! 
eigh? day ( ! sev5? mon? ( ! holy  ye>1 
:i* 0 ! fir/ ( ! civil ye>1 & answ]$ to 
our  ,octob]4 ,! c]emony ( ! d$ication  
la/$ sev5 days1 at ! end (  :i* began ! 
fea/ ( tab]nacles1 :i* cont9u$ sev5 days
 long]2  s t ! p cont9u$ at ,j]usalem   
f\rte5 or fifte5 days1 f  ! eigh? to !  
tw5ty-second ( ! sev5? mon?4 ,:5 ! ark 0
  plac$ 9 ! sanctu>y1 :ile ! prie/s &   
,levites 7 celebrat+  ! praises ( ! ,"l1
 ! temple 0 fill$ ) a miracul\s cl\d1  s
 t ! prie/s c\ld no long] /& to p]=m !  
functions (  _! m9i/ry4 ,!n ,solomon1   

be+ on 8 ?rone1 pro/rat$ himself  ) 8   
face to ! gr\nd2 & ris+ up1 & turn+ t[>d
 !  sanctu>y1 he address$ 8 pray] to    
,god1 & bes\ght him t !  h\se :i* he _h 
built might be acceptable to him1 t he  
w\ld bless  & sanctify x1 & he> ! pray]s
 ( ^? :o %\ld address him  f ?is holy   
place4 ,he bes\ght him also to fulfil ! 
promises he _h  made to ,david 8 s]vant 
9 fav\r ( 8 family1 & ( ! k+s 8         
successors4 ,!n turn+ himself to ! p1 he
 solemnly bless$  !m4 ,fire com+ d[n f  
heav5 consum$ ! victims & burnt         
sacrifices on ! alt>1 & ! glory ( ! ,"l 
fill$ ! :ole  temple4 ,on ?is day ! k+  
caus$ to be sacrific$ tw5ty-two ?\s&    
ox51 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& %eep =    
peace-(f]+s4 ,&  because ! alt> (       
burnt-(f]+s 0 n suffici5t = all ^!      
victims1 ! k+ consecrat$ ! c\rt ( ! p4  
,solomon aft]w>d built a palace =       
himself1 & ano!r = 8 que51  ! k+ (      
,egypt's daught]4 ,he 0 ?irte5 ye>s 9   
f9i%+ ^!  build+s1 & employ$ 9 !m :atev]
 ! mo/ exquisite art1 or !  mo/ pr(use  

ri*es1 c\ld furni%4 ,! palace 9 :i* he  
g5]ally  resid$ 0 call$ ! h\se ( ! =e/ (
 ,lebanon2 probably because  ( ! great  
quantity ( c$> us$ 9 x4 ,solomon also   
built ! walls  ( ,j]usalem1 & ! place   
call$ ,millo 9 ?is city2 he repair$ &   
=tifi$ ,hazor1 ,megiddo1 ,gez]1 ! two   
,be?horons1 ,upp] & ,l[]1  ,baala?1 &   
,palmyra 9 ! des]t ( ,syria4 ,he also   
=tifi$ !  cities :]e he _h magaz9es (   
corn1 w9e1 & oil2 & ^? :]e  8 horses &  
*>iots 7 kept4 ,he br\ght "u 8 gov]nm5t 
!  ,hittites1 ! ,hivites1 ! ,amorites1 &
 ! ,p]izzites1 :i* rema9$  9 ! l& (     
,israel4 ,he made !m tribut>ies1 &      
compell$ !m to  "w at ! public works4   
,he fitt$ out a fleet at ,ezion-,geb]1 &
 at  ,ela?1 on ! ,r$ ,sea1 to g to      
,ophir4 ,hiram1 k+ ( ,tyre1 furni%$  him
 ) m>9]s1 :o in/ruct$ ! subjects (      
,solomon4 ,!y  p]=m$ ?is voyage 9 ?ree  
ye>s1 & br\ght back gold1 ivory1  ebony1
 preci\s wood1 peacocks1 apes1 & o!r    
curiosities4 ,9 "o  voyage !y br\ght    
,solomon f\r hundr$ & fifty tal5ts (    

gold1 #b  ,*ron4 ix1 #ba4 ,ab\t ! same  
"t1 ! que5 ( ,%eba came to  ,j]usalem1  
attract$ by ! great fame ( ! k+4 ,%e    
br\ght ri*  pres5ts ( gold1 spices1 &   
preci\s /ones2 & propos$ sev]al  enigmas
 & h>d que/ions1 to :i* ,solomon gave h]
 su* satisfactory  answ]s1 t %e own$ :at
 _h be5 told h] ( 8 wisdom &            
magnific5ce 0 f> %ort ( :at %e _h f\nd4 
,! k+1 on 8 "p1  made h] ri* pres5ts 9  
return4    ,solomon 0 "o ( ! ri*e/1 if n
 ! v ri*e/1 ( all pr9ces  t h ev] liv$2 
& ! ,scripture expressly tells u he     
exce$$  9 ri*es & wisdom all ! k+s ( !  
e>?4 ,8 annual rev5ues  7 six hundr$ &  
sixty-six tal5ts ( gold1 )\t reckon+    
tributes f k+s & nations1 or paid by    
,israelites1 or sums receiv$  = cu/oms4 
,! buckl]s ( 8 gu>ds1 & ! ?rone he sat  
on1 7  ov]laid ) gold4 ,all ! vessels ( 
8 table1 & ! ut5sils (  8 palaces1 7 (  
gold4 ,f all p>ts he receiv$ pres5ts1   
vessels  ( gold & silv]1 preci\s /uffs1 
spices1 arms1 horses1 & mules2  & ! :ole
 e>? desir$ to see 8 face1 & to he> !   

wisdom  :i* ,god _h put into 8 he>t4 ,b 
! latt] actions ( 8 life  disgrac$ 8 "*4
 ,beside ,ph>aoh's daught]1 he m>ri$    
wives  f among ! ,moabites1 ,ammonites1 
,idumeans1 ,sidonians1 & ,hittites4  ,he
 _h sev5 hundr$ wives1 :o 7 s _m que5s1 
beside ?ree  hundr$ concub9es4 ,^! wom5 
p]v]t$ 8 he>t 9 8 decl9+  age1 s t he   
wor%ipp$ ,a%tore?1 goddess ( !          
,sidonians1 ,molo*1  idol ( !           
,ammonites1 & ,*emo%1 god ( ! ,moabites4
 ,to ^! he  built temples on ! ,m\nt (  
,olives1 ov] aga9/ & ea/ (  ,j]usalem1 &
 ?us insult$ op5ly ! ,maje/y he _h      
ador$4    ,solomon di$ aft] he _h reign$
 =ty ye>s1 ,a4 ,m4 #cjbi4 ,he might be  
ab\t fifty-eight ye>s ( age2 = he 0 ab\t
 eighte5 :5 he began  to reign4         
,josephus makes him to h reign$ eighty  
ye>s & to h  liv$ n9ety-f\r ye>s2 b ?is 
is a manife/ error4 ,! hi/ory (  ?is    
pr9ce 0 writt5 by ! prophets ,na?an1    
,ahijah1 & ,iddo4 ,he 0  buri$ 9 ! city 
( ,david2 & ,rehoboam 8 son reign$ 9 8  
/ead4  ,( all ! +5i\s works compos$ by  

,solomon1 we h no?+  rema9+ b 8         
,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ! ,canticles2 
t is1  e lit]>y monum5t respect+ him has
 p]i%$1 except ^?  writt5 "u            
inspiration--! inspir$ hi/ory :i*       
regi/]s 8  apo/asy1 & 8 own inspir$     
works1 :i*1 9 all ! pr9ciples !y        
conta91 condemn 8 vices4 ,"s h ascrib$  
to him ! book (  ,wisdom1 &             
,ecclesia/icus2 b ^! 7 writt5 by        
,hell5i/ic ,jews4    ,,s\l1 t immortal1 
immat]ial1 active sub/ance or pr9ciple 9
 man1  :]eby he p]ceives1 rememb]s1     
reasons1 & wills4 ,see ,,mat]ialism4    
,,s[+4 ,our ,"l1 9 8 p>able ( ! s[]1    
says1 8,"s se$s fell by  ! wayside1 & ! 
f[ls came & dev\r$ !m40 ,buck+ham1 9 8  
,travels 9 ,pale/9e1 rem>ks1 8,we asc5d$
 to an elevat$ pla9 :]e  husb&m5 7 s[+1 
& "s ?\s&s ( />l+s cov]$ !  gr\nd1 z !  
wild pigeons d 9 ,egypt1 lay+ a heavy   
contribution on  ! gra9 ?r[n into !     
furr[s1 :i* are n cov]$ by h>r[+1  z 9  
,europe40 ,! s[+ 8beside all wat]s10    
m5tion$ by ,isaiah1  seems to ref] to ! 

s[+ ( rice1 :i* is done on l[ gr\nds    
flood$1 & prep>$ = s[+ by be+ trodd5 by 
ox5 & asses1  mid-leg deep2 ?us1 !y s5d 
8=? ?i!r ! feet ( ! ox & !  ass40       
,,sp>r[1 1 ,g54 vii1 #ad1 & aft]w>d     
frequ5tly2 1 ,matt4  x1 #bi2 ,luke xii1 
#f1 #g2 a little bird e :]e kn[n4 ,!    
,hebrew ^w  is us$ n only = a sp>r[1 b =
 all sorts ( clean birds1 or =  ^? ! use
 ( :i* 0 n =bidd5 by ! law4 ,t ! sp>r[  
is  n int5d$ 9 ,psalm cii1 #g1 is evid5t
 f sev]al circum/ances2 =  t is intimat$
 to be a bird ( night1 "o t is bo?      
solit>y &  m\rnful2 none ( :i*          
*>act]i/ics is applicable to ! sp>r[1   
:i* re/s by night1 is greg>i\s & *e]ful4
 ,x seems r to  mean a bird melan*oly & 
droop+1 mu* l "o conf9$ 9 a cage4  ,see 
,,swall[4    ,,spee*4 ,see ,,language4  
,,spid]1 1 ,job viii1 #ad2 ,isa4 lix1   
#e4 ,an insect well kn[n1  rem>kable = !
 ?read :i* x sp9s1 ) :i* x =ms a web (  
curi\s texture1 b s frail t x is expos$ 
to be brok5 &  de/roy$ by ! slighte/    
accid5t4 ,to ! sl5d]ness ( ?is filmy    

workman%ip1 ,job comp>es ! hope ( !     
wick$4 ,?is1 says ,dr4 ,good1  0        
8d\btless a prov]bial allusion2 & s     
exquisite1 t x is  impossible to        
conceive any figure t c m fully describe
 ! utt]  vanity ( ! hopes & prosp]ity ( 
! wick$40                   8,deceiv+   
bliss6 9 bitt] %ame x ends1             
,8 prop a cobweb1 :i* an insect r5ds40  
,s ,isaiah says1 8,!y weave ! web ( !   
spid]2 ( _! webs no  g>m5t %all be made2
 nei!r %all !y cov] !mselves ) _!       
works40    ,,spik5>d1 4 ,by ?is 0 meant 
a highly aromatic plant gr[+ 9 !        
,indies1 call$ 8n>do/a*ys10 by          
,dioscorides & ,gal52 f :5ce 0  made ! v
 valuable extract or ungu5t1 or fav\rite
 p]fume1 us$ at  ! anci5t ba?s & fea/s1 
ungu5tum n>d9um1 ungu5tum n>di  spicat1 
! p]fume or unction ( spik5>d1 :i* x    
appe>s f a  passage 9 ,horace1 0 s      
valuable1 t z mu* ( x z c\ld be  conta9$
 9 a small box ( preci\s /one1 0        
consid]$ z a sort (  equival5t = a l>ge 
vessel ( w9e1 & a h&some quota = a gue/ 

to contribute at an ent]ta9m5t1 accord+ 
to ! cu/om ( antiquity3                 
,n>do v9a m]eb]e3                       
,n>di p>vus onyx eliciet cadum4         
8,br+ y ! od\rs1 & a cask is ?9e4       
,?y little box ( o9tm5t %all produce    
,a mighty cask40                        
,,francis4    ,/4 ,m>k1 xiv1 #c1 m5tions
 8o9tm5t ( spik5>d v preci\s10 :i*  is  
said to be wor? m ?an ?ree hundr$ d5>ii2
 & ,john1 xii1 #c1  m5tions a p\nd (    
o9tm5t ( spik5>d1 v co/ly2 ! h\se 0     
fill$ ) ! od\r ( ! o9tm5t2 x 0 wor? ?ree
 hundr$  d5>ii4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t 
?is 0 a ,syrian production1 b  ! true   
8at>0 ( ,indian spik5>d2 an ungu5t1     
conta9+ ! v  ess5ce ( ! plant1 & br\ght 
at a great exp5se f a remote  c\ntry4   
,,_s1 9 ,hebrew1 1 9 ,greek1 1 & 9      
,lat91 spiritus1 is  9 ! ,scriptures    
sometimes tak5 = ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ?ird  
p]son  ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,! ^w         
signifies also ! reasonable s\l :i*     
animates u1 & cont9ues 9 exi/5ce ev5    
aft] ! dea? ( !  body3 t spiritual1 ?9k+

 & reason+ sub/ance1 :i* is capable  (  
et]nal happ9ess1 ,num4 xvi1 #bb2 ,acts  
vii1 #ei4 ,! t]m _s is  also (t5 us$ =  
an angel1 a demon1 & a gho/1 or s\l     
sep>ate  f ! body4 ,x is said1 9 ,acts  
xxiii1 #h1 t ! ,sadducees d5i$  !       
exi/5ce ( angels & spirits4 ,jesus ,*ri/
 appe>+ to 8  disciples1 said to !m1    
,luke xxiv1 #ci1 8,h&le me & see1 = a _s
  ha? n fle% & bones1 z ye see me h40 ,&
 ,/4 ,paul calls !  good angels 8m9i/]+ 
spirits10 ,heb4 i1 #ad4 ,9 #a ,sam4 xvi1
 #ad2 xviii1  #aj2 xix #i1 x is said t  
an evil _s f ! ,"l tr\bl$ ,saul3  & we h
 also ! expression unclean spirits4 ,add
 to ?is1 _s is  sometimes put = !       
disposition ( ! he>t or m9d3 see ,num4  
v1 #ad2  ,ze*4 xii1 #aj2 ,luke xiii1    
#aa2 ,isa4 xi1 #b4 ,disc]n+ ( spirits1  
or !  secret "* & ?\ghts ( m51 0 a gift 
( ,god1 & plac$  among ! miracul\s gifts
 ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 #a ,cor4 xii1 #aj2 #a 
,john iv1  #a4    ,,/>1 9 ,hebrew1 4 ,"u
 ! "n ( />s1 ! anci5t ,hebrews          
compreh5d$ all ! heav5ly bodies1        

con/ellations1 & planets2 9 a  ^w1 all !
 lum9>ies1 ! sun & moon except$4 ,!     
numb] ( !  />s 0 look$ ^u z inf9ite4 ,& 
! ,psalmi/1 to exalt ! p[]  &           
magnific5ce ( ,god1 says1 t he numb]s ! 
/>s & calls !m  by _! names2 & s are !y 
put to express a va/ multitude1 ,g54    
xv1 #e2 xxii1 #ag2 ,exod4 xxxiii1 #ac4  
,,/eph51 ! fir/ m>tyr4 ,he is always put
 at ! head ( ! sev5  deacons2 & x is    
believ$ he _h /udi$ at ! feet (         
,gamaliel4 ,z  he 0 full ( ! ,holy      
,gho/1 & ( zeal1 ,acts vi1 #e1 #f1 c1 he
  p]=m$ _m wond]ful miracles3 & ^? ( !  
synagogue ( !  ,lib]t9es1 ( ! ,cyr5ians1
 ( ! ,alex&rians1 & o!rs1 disput+  )    
him1 c\ld n )/& ! wisdom & ! p[] ) :i*  
he  spoke4 ,!n hav+ suborn$ false       
witnesses1 to te/ify t !y _h  he>d him  
blaspheme aga9/ ,moses1 & aga9/ ,god1 !y
 drew him be=e  ! sanh$rim4 ,/eph5      
appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is assembly1 ) a     
c\nt5ance l t ( an angel2 & ! high prie/
 ask+ him :at  he _h to answ]1 9 8      
def5ce he rapidly trac$ ! hi/ory ( !    

,jews1 %[+ t !y _h always oppos$        
!mselves to ,god & 8  prophets2         
fai?fully upbraid$ !m ) ! h>dness ( _!  
he>ts1  ) _! putt+ ! prophets to dea?1  
&1 la/ly1 ) slay+  ,*ri/ himself4 ,at ^!
 words !y 7 fill$ ) rage1 & gna%$  _!   
tee? aga9/ him4 ,b ,/eph51 lift+ up 8   
eyes to heav51  calmly exclaim$1 8,i see
 ! heav5s op5$1 & ! ,son ( man /&+  at !
 "r h& ( ,god40 ,!n ! ,jews cri$ out1 & 
/opp$ _!  e>s z ?\gh !y _h he>d         
blasphemy1 & fall+ on him1 !y drew  him 
out ( ! city1 & /on$ him4 ,! witnesses  
laid d[n _!  clo!s at ! feet ( a "y man 
call$ ,saul1 aft]w>d ,/4 ,paul1 :o  !n  
appe>s to h comm5c$ 8 c>e] ( p]secution4
 8,& !y  /on$ ,/eph51 call+ ^u ,god1 &  
say+1 ,"l ,jesus1 receive my  _s2 & he  
kneel$ d[n & cri$ ) a l\d voice1 ,"l1   
lay n  ?is s9 to _! *>ge4 ,& :5 he _h   
said ?is1 he fell asleep10 an  example (
 ! maje/y & meekness ( true ,*ri/ian    
h]oism1 & z  ! fir/1 s also ! patt]n1 ( 
all subsequ5t m>tyrs4 ,8 ,*ri/ian       
bre?r5 =sook n ! rema9s ( ?is holy man2 

b took c>e to bury  him1 & accompani$ 8 
fun]al ) great m\rn+1 ,acts viii1 #b4   
,,/oics1 a sect ( ,hea!n philosoph]s1   
,acts xvii1 #ah4 ,_!  di/+ui%+ t5ets 71 
t ,god is und]iv$1 incorruptible1 &     
et]nal2 possess$ ( inf9ite wisdom &     
goodness2 ! effici5t cause  ( all !     
qualities & =ms ( ?+s2 & ! con/ant      
pres]v] &  gov]nor ( ! _w3 ,t matt]1 9  
its orig9al elem5ts1 is also  und]iv$ & 
et]nal2 & is by ! p[]ful en]gy ( !      
,deity  impress$ ) motion & =m3 ,t ?\gh 
,god & matt] subsi/$  f et]nity1 !      
pres5t regul> frame ( nature _h a beg9n+
  orig9at+ 9 ! gross & d>k *aos1 & w    
t]m9ate 9 a  univ]sal conflagration1 t w
 r$uce ! _w to its pri/9e  /ate3 ,t at  
?is p]iod all mat]ial =ms w be lo/ 9 "o 
*aotic mass2 & all animat$ nature be    
reunit$ to ! ,deity3 ,t  f ?is *aotic   
/ate1 h[ev]1 ! _w w aga9 em]ge by !     
en]gy ( ! effici5t pr9ciple2 & gods1 &  
m51 & all =ms (  regulat$ nature be     
r5ew$ & dissolv$1 9 endless succession3 
,&  t aft] ! revolution ( ! great ye>   

all ?+s w be re/or$1  & ! race ( m5 w   
return to life4 ,"s imag9$1 t ea*       
individual w\ld return to its =m] body2 
:ile o!rs suppos$1 t  simil> s\ls w\ld  
be plac$ 9 simil> bodies4 ,^? among !   
/oics  :o ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft]
 dea?1 suppos$ x to be  remov$ into !   
cele/ial regions ( ! gods1 :]e x rema9s 
until1  at ! g5]al conflagration1 all   
s\ls1 bo? human & div9e1 %all be        
absorb$ 9 ! ,deity4 ,b _m imag9$ t1 be=e
 !y 7 admitt$  among ! div9ities1 !y mu/
 purge away _! inh]5t vices &           
imp]fections1 by a tempor>y resid5ce 9  
"s arial regions betwe5  ! e>? & !      
planets4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al doctr9e ( !
  /oics1 all ?+s are subject to a /]n   
irresi/ible fatality1 ev5  ! gods       
!mselves4 ,"s ( !m expla9$ ?is fate z an
 et]nal  *a9 ( causes & effects2 :ile   
o!rs1 m approa*+ !  ,*ri/ian sy/em1     
describe x z result+ f ! div9e          
decrees--!  fiat ( an et]nal provid5ce4 
,consid]+ ! sy/em practically1 x  0 !   
object ( ?is philosophy to dive/ m5 ( _!

 passions &  affections4 ,!y taught1    
!re=e1 t a wise man might be happy 9  ! 
mid/ ( torture2 & t all ext]nal ?+s 7 to
 him  indiff]5t4 ,_! virtues all arose  
f1 & c5tr$ 91 !mselves2  & self         
approbation 0 _! great rew>d4    ,,/one4
 ,?is ^w is sometimes tak5 9 ! s5se (   
rock1 & is appli$  figuratively to ,god1
 z ! refuge ( 8 p4 ,see ,rock1 ,!       
,hebrews gave ! "n ( 8/ones0 to !       
weights us$ 9 comm]ce2 no  d\bt because 
!y 7 orig9ally =m$ ( /one4 8,j weights10
 is  !re=e 9 ,hebrew1 8j /ones40 8,!    
corn] /one10 or 8! head  /one ( !       
corn]10 is a figurative repres5tation ( 
,*ri/4 ,x is  ! /one at ! angle ( a     
build+1 :e!r at ! f\ndation or !  top ( 
! wall4 ,*ri/ 0 t corn] /one1 :i*1 ?\gh 
reject$ by  ! ,jews1 became ! corn] /one
 ( ! *ur*1 & ! /one t  b9ds & unites !  
synagogue & ! ,g5tiles 9 ! unity ( !    
same  fai?4 ,"s h ?\ght ! %[]s ( /ones  
ca/ d[n by ! ,"l out  ( heav51 m5tion$  
sev]al times 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to be   
%[]s  ( hail ( extraord9>y size2 :i* 0  

probably ! case1 z !y ev5  n[ sometimes 
occur 9 ^? c\ntries 9 a mo/ t]rific &   
de/ructive =m1 & %[ h[ irresi/ible an   
ag5t ?is meteor is 9  ! h&s ( an (f5d$  
,god4 ,! knives ( /one t 7 made use (   
by ! ,jews 9 circumcision1 7 n enjo9$ by
 ! law2 b ! use  ( !m 0 f\nd$1 ei!r ^u  
cu/om1 or ^u ! exp]i5ce t  ?is k9d (    
in/rum5t is f\nd to be less dang]\s ?an 
^? made (  metal4 ,zipporah made use ( a
 /one to circumcise h] sons1 ,exod4 iv1 
#be4 ,jo%ua1 v1 #b1 did ! same1 :5 he   
caus$ su* ( ! ,israelites to  be        
circumcis$ at ,gilgal1 z _h n receiv$   
circumcision dur+ _!  j\rney 9 !        
wild]ness4 ,! ,egyptians1 accord+ to    
,h]odotus1 made  use ( knives ( /one to 
op5 dead bodies t 7 to be embalm$2 &    
,pl9y assures u1 t ! prie/s ( ! "m ( !  
gods _h %>p  /ones1 ) :i* !y cut & sla%$
 !mselves1 :i* !y ?\ght  !y c\ld n d )  
any ?+ else )\t dang]4 ,great heaps (   
/ones1 rais$ up = a witness ( any       
memorable ev5t1 & to pres]ve  !         
remembrance ( "s matt] ( great          

importance1 are among ! mo/  anci5t     
monum5ts4 ,9 ^? eld] ages1 be=e ! use ( 
writ+1 ^!  monum5ts 7 in/ead (          
inscriptions1 pyramids1 m$als1 or       
hi/ories4  ,jacob & ,laban rais$ su* a  
monum5t ^u ,m\nt ,gilead 9 memory (  _! 
cov5ant1 ,g54 xxxi1 #df4 ,jo%ua erect$  
"o at ,gilgal1 made (  /ones tak5 out ( 
! ,jordan1 to pres]ve ! memorial ( 8    
miracul\s passage ov] ?is riv]1 ,jo%4   
iv1 #e-g4 ,! ,israelites t  dwelt beyond
 ,jordan also rais$ "o ^u ! banks ( !   
riv]1 z a  te/imony t !y con/itut$ b "o 
nation ) _! bre?r5 on  ! o!r side1      
,jo%ua xxii1 #aj4 ,sometimes !y heap$ up
 su* a  collection ( /ones ^u ! bury+   
place ( "s odi\s p]sons1 z  0 done 9 !  
case ( ,a*an & ,absalom1 ,jo%ua vii1    
#bf2 #b ,k+s  xviii1 #ag4    ,a 8he>t ( 
/one0 may be und]/ood sev]al ways4 ,job1
 xli1 #bd1  speak+ ( ! levia?an1 says1 t
 88 he>t is z firm z a /one1  yea z h>d 
z a piece ( ! ne!r mill/one30 t is1 he  
is ( a  v extraord9>y /r5g?1 boldness1 &
 c\rage4 ,x is said1 #a ,sam4  xxv1 #cg1

 t ,nabal's he>t di$ )9 him1 & he became
 z a /one1  :5 he 0 told ( ! dang] he _h
 incurr$ by 8 imprud5ce2 8  he>t became 
contract$ or convuls$1 & ?is 0 !        
occasion ( 8  dea?4 ,ezekiel1 xxxvi1    
#bf1 says1 t ! ,"l w take away f 8  p _!
 he>t ( /one1 & give !m a he>t ( fle%2 t
 is1 he  w r5d] !m contrite1 & s5sible  
to spiritual ?+s4 8,i w  give him a :ite
 /one10 ,rev4 ii1 #ag2 t is1 ,i w give  
him full &  public p>don & absolution4  
,x is spok5 9 allusion to an anci5t     
cu/om ( deliv]+ a :ite /one to su* z !y 
acquitt$ 9  judgm5t4 ,!y us$ likewise to
 give a :ite /one to su* z conqu]$  9 ! 
,grecian games4    ,,/ork1 1 ,lev4 xi1  
#ai2 ,deut4 xiv1 #ah2 ,job xxxix1 #ac2  
,psalm civ1 #ag2  ,j]4 viii1 #g2 ,ze*4  
v1 #i2 a bird simil> to ! crane 9 size1 
has !  same =mation z to ! bill1 neck1  
legs1 & body1 b is r m  corpul5t4 ,!    
col\r ( ! crane is a% & black2 t ( !    
/ork  is :ite & br[n4 ,! nails ( its    
toes are also v peculi>2 n  be+ claw$ l 
^? ( o!r birds1 b flat l ! nails ( a    

man4 ,x has a v long beak1 & long r$    
legs4 ,x fe$s ^u s]p5ts1  frogs1 &      
insects1 & on ?is acc\nt might be       
reckon$ by ,moses among  unclean birds4 
,z x seeks = ^! 9 wat]y places1 nature  
has  provid$ x ) long legs2 & z x flies 
away1 z well z ! crane  & h]on1 to its  
ne/ ) its plund]1 !re=e its bill is     
/rong  & jagg$1 ! %>p hooks ( :i* enable
 x to reta9 its slipp]y  prey4 ,x has   
long be5 rem>kable = its love to its    
p>5ts1 :om x  nev] =sakes1 b t5d]ly fe$s
 & *]i%es :5 !y h become  old1 & unable 
to provide = !mselves4 ,! v le>n$ &     
judici\s ,bo*>t has collect$ a v>iety ( 
passages f ! anci5ts1  9 :i* !y te/ify  
?is curi\s p>ticul>4 ,its v "n 9 !      
,hebrew language1 *asida1 signifies m]cy
 or piety3 & its ,engli%  "n is tak51 if
 n directly1 yet second>ily1 ?r\gh !    
,saxon1 f  ! ,greek ^w 1 :i* is (t5 us$ 
= natural affection4                 ,! 
/ork's an emblem ( true piety2          
,because1 :5 age has seiz$ & made 8 dam 
,unfit = flight1 ! grateful "y "o takes 

,8 "m on 8 back1 provides h] food1      
,repay+ ?us h] t5d] c>e ( him           
,ere he 0 fit to fly4                   
,,beaumont4    ,x is a bird ( passage1 &
 is spok5 ( z su* 9 ,scripture3 8,!     
/ork kn[e? h] appo9t$ "t10 ,j]4 viii1   
#g4                ,:o bid ! /ork1      
,columbus-l1 explore                    
,heav5s n its own1 & worlds unkn[n be=e8
              ,:o calls ! c\ncil1 /ates 
! c]ta9 day1              ,:o =ms !     
phalanx1 & :o po9ts ! way8              
,,pope4    ,bo*>t has collect$ sev]al   
te/imonies ( ! migration ( /orks4  lian 
says1 t 9 summ] "t !y rema9 /ation>y1 b 
at ! close  ( autumn !y repair to       
,egypt1 ,libya1 & ,e?iopia4 8,= ab\t !  
space ( a =tnight be=e !y pass f "o     
c\ntry to ano!r10 says  ,dr4 ,%aw1 8!y  
con/antly resort toge!r1 f all ! adjac5t
 p>ts1  9 a c]ta9 pla92 & !re =m+       
!mselves1 once e day1 into a            
#8d\wanne1' or c\ncil1 7accord+ to !    
phrase ( ^! ea/]n  nations17 are said to
 det]m9e ! exact "t ( _! dep>ture1 &  ! 

place ( _! future abodes40 ,see         
,,swall[4    ,,/rang]4 ,moses inculcat$ 
& en=c$ by num]\s & by p[]ful           
consid]ations1 z well z by v>i\s        
examples ( b5evol5t  hospitality1       
m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 ! exhibition
 (  k9dness & humanity to /rang]s4 ,!re 
7 two classes ( p]sons  :o1 9 ref]5ce to
 ?is subject1 7 d5om9at$ /rang]s1 4  ,"o
 class 7 ^? :o1 :e!r ,hebrews or        
=eign]s1 7 de/itute  ( a home1 9 ,hebrew
 4 ,! o!rs 7 p]sons :o1 ?\gh n  natives1
 _h a home 9 ,pale/9e2 ! latt] 7 1      
/rang]s or  =eign]s1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! 
^w4 ,bo? ( ^! classes1  accord+ to !    
civil code ( ,moses1 7 to be treat$ )   
k9dness1  & 7 to enjoy ! same rights )  
o!r citiz5s1 ,lev4 xix1 #cc1 #cd2  xxiv1
 #af1 #bb2 ,num4 ix1 #ad2 xv1 #ad2      
,deut4 x1 #ah2 xxiii1 #g2 xxiv1 #ag2    
xxvii1 #ai4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iods ( !       
,hebrew /ate1 p]sons :o 7  natives (    
ano!r c\ntry1 b :o _h come1 ei!r f *oice
 or f  necessity1 to take up _! resid5ce
 among ! ,hebrews1 appe> to h  be5 plac$

 9 fav\rable circum/ances4 ,at a lat]   
p]iod1 namely1 9  ! reigns ( ,david &   
,solomon1 !y 7 compell$ to lab\r on !   
religi\s edifices :i* 7 erect$ by ^?    
pr9ces2 z we may le>n  f su* passages z 
^!3 8,& ,solomon numb]$ all ! /rang]s  t
 7 9 ! l& ( ,israel1 aft] ! numb]+ :]e) 
,david 8  fa!r _h numb]$ !m2 & !y 7 f\nd
 a hundr$ & fifty  ?\s& & ?ree ?\s& &   
six hundr$2 & he set ?ree score &  t5   
?\s& ( !m to be be>]s ( burd5s10 c1 #a  
,*ron4 xxii1 #b2 #b  ,*ron4 ii1 #a1 #af1
 #ag4 ,! exaction ( su* labori\s s]vices
 f  =eign]s 0 probably limit$ to ^? :o  
_h be5 tak5 prison]s 9  w>2 & :o1       
accord+ to ! rights ( w>1 z !y 7        
und]/ood at  t p]iod1 c\ld be ju/ly     
employ$ 9 any (fices1 h[ev] l[ &  h[ev] 
labori\s1 :i* ! conqu]or ?\ght prop] to 
impose4 ,9 !  "t ( ,*ri/1 ! deg5]ate    
,jews did n f9d x conv5i5t to r5d]  to !
 /rang]s f a =eign c\ntry ^? de$s (     
k9dness &  humanity :i* 7 n only _! due1
 b :i* 7 dem&$ 9 _!  behalf by ! laws ( 
,moses4 ,!y 7 9 ! habit ( und]/&+ by  ! 

^w 1 neighb\r1 _! fri5ds m]ely1 &       
accord+ly  re/rict$ ! ex]cise ( _!      
b5evol5ce by ! same n>r[ limits  t b\nd$
 9 ?is case _! int]pretation2 contr>y z 
bo? 7 to  ! _s ( ^? passages :i* h be5  
adduc$ above1 ,lev4 xix1  #ah4          
,,/reets1 ,,corn]s ,,(4 ,our ,"l        
reproves ! ,ph>isees = pray+ 9 !  corn]s
 ( ! /reets1 t is1 *oos+ public places =
 :at ought  to h be5 private devotion4  
,! ,h9doos1 ,mohamm$ans1 & o!rs  /ill h 
?is practice4 8,bo? ,h9doos &           
,mussulmans (f] _!  devotions 9 ! mo/   
public places2 z1 at ! l&+ places (     
riv]s1 9 ! public /reets1 & on ! ro(s ( 
boats1 )\t !  lea/ mode/y or attempt at 
concealm5t40 8,an ag$ ,turk10 obs]ves   
,ri*>dson1 8is p>ticul>ly pr\d ( a long 
fl[+ :ite be>d1 a well  %av$ *eek &     
head1 & a clean turban4 ,x is a common  
?+ to see  su* *>act]s1 f> pa/ ! bloom (
 life1 m\nt$ on /one seats1  ) a bit (  
,p]sian c>pet1 at ! corn] ( ! /reets1 or
 9 front  ( _! baza>s1 comb+ _! be>ds1  
smok+ _! pipes1 or dr9k+  _! c(fee1 ) a 

pit*] ( wat] /&+ beside !m1 or say+  _! 
pray]s1 or read+ ! ,koran40    ,,/umbl+1
 ,,/one ,,(4 8,we set out f ,argos v    
e>ly 9 ! morn+10  says ,h>tley1 8& 7    
almo/ elev5 h\rs 9 rea*+ ,tripolitza4 ,!
  road is1 = ! mo/ "p1 dre>y2 lead+ ov] 
l(ty & b>r5 hills1  ! pr9cipal ( :i* is 
,m\nt ,p>!nius4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ! roads  
are s excell5t1 we d n readily p]ceive !
 =ce & j  application ( ! ,scriptural   
figures1 d]iv$ f a #8/one (  /umbl+1 & a
 rock ( (f5ce1' ,isaiah viii1 #ad1 &    
simil>  passages2 b 9 ! ea/1 :]e ! roads
 are1 = ! mo/ "p1  no?+ m ?an an        
accu/om$ track1 ! con/ant dang] &       
imp$im5t aris+ to travell]s f /ones &   
rocks fully expla9 !  allusion40    ,9 !
 gr& description :i* ,isaiah gives1     
lxiii1 #ac1 ( ,god 8) 8  glori\s arm0   
lead+ 8 p ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 x is said1  
8,t  l$ !m ?r\gh ! deep1 z a horse 9 !  
wild]ness1 t !y  %\ld n /umble20 t is1  
:o pres]v$ !m f fall+ amid/ !  num]\s   
inequalities 9 ! b$ ( ! sea1 caus$ 9 "s 
in/ances by  deep cavities1 & 9 o!rs by 

abrupt int]v5+ rocks4 ,! figure is  a v 
natural "o1 especially 9 ! ea/1 :]e !   
,arabs & ,t>t>s  are fam$ = _! dext]ity 
9 ! managem5t ( ev5 bad horses4 ,a      
curi\s in/ance ( ?is occurs 9 ,colonel  
,campbell's 8,ov]l& ,j\rney  to ! ,ea/  
,indies40 ,speak+ ( ! ,t>t>1 an accr$it$
 c\ri] (  ! ,turki% gov]nm5t1 "u ^:     
guidance he travell$ 9 disguise  across 
! des]t f ,aleppo to ,mosul1 he says1   
8,"o day1 aft] rid+  ab\t f\r miles f a 
c>avans]a1 at :i* we _h *ang$ our       
cattle1  ,i f\nd t a mo/ execrably bad  
horse _h fall5 to my lot4 ,he 0  /iff1  
feeble1 & f\nd]$2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he 
/umbl$ v  mu*1 & ,i e m9ute expect$ t he
 w\ld fall & roll ov] me4 ,i  !re=e     
propos$ to ! guide to ex*ange ) me2 a   
fav\r :i* he  _h hi!rto nev] refus$1 & =
 :i* ,i 0 ! m anxi\s z !  bea/ t he rode
 0 ( ! v be/ k9d4 ,to my utt] a/oni%m5t1
  he p]emptorily refus$2 & z ?is _h be5 
a day ( unusual  taciturnity on 8 "p1 ,i
 attribut$ 8 refusal to peevi%ness & ill
  temp]1 & 0 resolv$ n to let ! matt]   

re/ !re4 ,i !re=e  desir$ ! int]pret] to
 in=m him1 t z he _h at ,aleppo agre$   
to *ange horses ) me z (t5 z ,i pleas$1 
,i %\ld consid] our  agreem5t infr+$ if 
he did n comply1 & w\ld write to !      
consul  at ,aleppo to t effect4 ,z soon 
z ?is 0 convey$ to him1 he seem$        
/rongly agitat$ by ang]1 yet endeav\r$  
to conceal 8 emotions  "u affect$       
contempt & d]ision1 :i* produc$ f him "o
 ( !  mo/ s+ul> gr9s t ev] yet m>r$ !   
human physiognomy4 ,at  l5g? he broke   
=?3--#8,y w write to ,aleppo1 w y8      
,fooli%  ,frank6 !y w n believe y1'     
c4--#8,:y d y n1 !n1' said ,i1          
int]rupt+ him2 #8:y d y n p]=m y\r      
promise by *ang+  horses1 :5 y are      
conv9c$ 9 y\r consci5ce 7if y h any7 t  
x 0 "p ( our agreem5t8'--#8,once = all1 
,i tell y1' int]rupt$  he1 #8,i w n give
 up ?is horse4 ,!re is n1' said he      
gasconad+ly1 #8!re is n a ,mussulman t  
ev] wore a be>d1 n to  talk ( a wret*$  
,frank1 :o %\ld get ?is horse f "u me4  
,i  w\ld n yield him to ! ,comm&] ( !   

,fai?ful ?is m9ute1 7  he 9 y\r place2 &
 ,i h my own reasons = x4'--#8,i d>e say
 y  h1' return$ ,i1 #8love ( y\r ease1 &
 fe> ( y\r bones4' ,at  he>+ ?is he grew
 q outrage\s2 call$ ,mohamm$ & ,allah to
  witness1 t he did n "k :at x 0 to fe> 
any ?+2 decl>$  t he 0 conv9c$ "s       
inf]nal _s _h t day got possession  (   
me1 c4 ,at l5g? obs]v+ t ,i look$ at him
 ) sne]+  contemptu\s defiance1 he rode 
up alongside ( me4 ,i ?\ght x 0 to      
/rike1 & prep>$ to def5d myself4 ,i 0   
h[ev] mi/ak53 he  snat*$ ! re9s out ( my
 h&1 & caught hold ( !m collect$  close 
at ! horse's jaw1 !n began to flog my   
horse & to spur 8  own1 till he got !m  
bo? into full spe$3 nor did he /op !re1 
b  cont9u$ to belab\r m9e ) 8 :ip & to  
spur 8 own1 driv+  headlong ov] e       
imp$im5t t came 9 our way1 till ,i      
really  ?\ght he _h run mad1 or design$ 
to kill me4 ,sev]al times ,i 0 on  !    
po9t ( /rik+ him ) my :ip1 9 ord] to    
knock him (f 8  horse2 b z (t5 pati5ce  
provid5tially came 9 to my assi/ance1  &

 :isp]$ to me to =be>1 & see x out4     
,meantime ,i consid]$  myself z be+ 9 "s
 dang]2 & yet su* 0 ! p[] :i* he _h  ov]
 ! cattle1 t ,i f\nd x impossible to /op
 him4 ,s1 resign+  ! ev5t to ! direction
 ( ,provid5ce1 ,i suff]$ him1 )\t a     
f>!r ef=t1 to proce$4 ,he cont9u$ ?is = 
"s miles1 ov] an  uncultivat$ tract1 "h 
& !re int]sect$ ) *annels =m$ by  rills 
( wat] 9 ! p]iodical ra9s1 ?ickly set ) 
l[ furze1  f]ns1 & o!r dw>f bu%es1 &    
brok5 up & d[n into little hills4  ,8   
horse c>ri$ him cle> ov] all2 & ?\gh m9e
 0 e m9ute  /umbl+ & ne>ly d[n1 yet1 ) a
 dext]ity inexpressible & a  vig\r      
altoge!r amaz+1 he kept him up by !     
bridle1 &1 ,i may say1  c>ri$ him       
gallantly ov] e ?+4 ,at all ?is ,i 0 v  
mu*  a/oni%$2 &1 t[>d ! end1 z mu*      
pleas$ z a/oni%$2 :i* he  p]ceiv+1 cri$ 
out frequ5tly & triumphantly1 #8,behold1
 ,frank1  behold6' & at la/1 draw+ 9 !  
horses1 /opp+ %ort1 & look+  me full 9 !
 face1 he exclaim$1 #8,frank1 :at say y 
n[8' ,= "s  "t ,i 0 incapable ( mak+ him

 any answ]1 b cont9u$ survey+  him f    
head to foot z ! mo/ extraord9>y savage 
,i _h ev]  beheld2 :ile he /rok$ 8      
:isk]s ) great self-complac5cy &        
composure1 & nodd$ 8 head e n[ & !n1 z  
mu* z to say1  #8,look at me6 ,am ,i n a
 v capital fell[8' ,we alight$ on ! br[ 
(  a small hill1 :5ce 0 to be se5 a full
 & un9t]rupt$ prospect (  ! c\ntry all  
r\nd4 ,! int]pret] com+ up1 ! ,t>t>     
call$ to  him1 & desir$ him to expla9 to
 me c>efully ! mean+ ( :at he  0 ab\t to
 say4 #8,y see ^? m\nta9s1' said he1    
po9t+ to !  ea/2 #8!y are 9 ! prov9ce ( 
,kurde/an1 & inhabit$ by a vile  race ( 
robb]s1 :o pay homage to a god ( _! own1
 & wor%ip !  devil f fe>4 ,!y live by   
plund]2 & (t5 desc5d f ^?  m\nta9s1     
cross ! ,tigris :i* runs betwe5 !m & u1 
& plund]  & ravage ?is c\ntry 9 b&s (   
great numb] & =midable  /r5g?1 c>ry+    
away into slav]y all !y c cat*1 & kill+ 
all  :o resi/ !m4 ,?is c\ntry !re=e1 =  
"s di/ance r\nd u1 is  v dang]\s to     
travell]s1 ^: only safety lies 9 flight4

 ,n[ x  0 our mis=tune ?is morn+ to get 
a v bad horse4 ,%\ld we meet  ) a b& (  
^? ,curds1 :at c\ld we d b fly8 ,& if y1
 ,frank1  rode ?is horse1 & ,i t1 we    
c\ld nev] escape2 = ,i d\bt y  c\ld n   
keep him up f fall+ "u ,,me1 z ,i did "u
 ,,y4 ,i  %\ld !re=e come d[n & be tak52
 y w\ld lose y\r guide &  miss y\r way2 
& all ( u w\ld be undone4' ,z soon z !  
int]pret] _h expla9$ ?is to me1         
#8,well1' cont9u$ ! ,t>t>1  #8:at does  
he say to x n[8'--#8,:y1 ,i say1'       
return$ ,i1 #8t y h  spok5 good s5se &  
s\nd reason2 & ,i am oblig$ to y4' ,?is1
 :5  fully int]pret$1 op]at$ mo/        
pleas+ly ^u him1 & 8 features  relax$   
into a broad look ( satisfaction40      
,,sup]/ition may be describ$ to be ei!r 
! c>eful & anxi\s  obs]vation ( num]\s &
 unau?oriz$ c]emonies 9 religion1 "u  ! 
idea t !y possess "s virtue to          
propitiate ,god & obta9 8  fav\r1 or1 z 
among ,pagans & o!rs1 ! wor%ip ( imag9>y
  deities1 & ! v>i\s means ( av]t+ evil 
by religi\s c]emonies1  :i* a he>t      

oppress$ ) fe>s1 & a p]v]t$ fancy1 may  
dictate  to ^? ignorant ( ! true ,god1 &
 ! doctr9es ( salvation4 ,dr4  ,ne&]    
obs]ves1 ,! consid]ation ( human nature 
& hi/ory %[s u  t ! transition f        
unbelief to sup]/ition is always easy4  
,bo?  ^! conditions ( ! human he>t      
proce$ f ! self-same gr\nd1  ! want ( t 
:i* may be prop]ly call$ fai?1 ! want ( 
a life  9 ,god1 ( a lively communion )  
div9e ?+s by means ( ! inw>d  life2 t   
is1 by means ( ! feel+s4 ,man1 ^: inw>d 
feel+s are  e/rang$ f ! div9e nature1 is
 incl9$1 sometimes to d5y !  reality ( t
 ( :i* he has no?+ )9 him1 & = !        
conception & application ( :i* to       
himself he has no organ4 ,or else1  !   
irresi/ible =ce ( 8 inw>d nature impels 
man to recognize t  high] p[] f :i* he  
w\ld fa9 free himself entirely1 & to    
seek  t connection ) x :i* he _c b feel 
ne$ful to 8 com=t2  b1 inasmu* z he is  
)\t any real inw>d sympa?y ( disposition
  ) ! ,div9ity1 & wants a true s5se (   
hol9ess1 ! ,div9ity  appe>s to 8 d>k5$  

religi\s consci5ce only "u ! =m (  p[] &
 arbitr>y rule4 ,8 consci5ce pa9ts to   
him ?is p[] z an  angry & av5g+ p[]4 ,b 
z he has no idea ( t :i* !  ,div9ity    
really is1 he _c duly und]/& ?is feel+ (
  e/rangem5t f ,god1 ?is consci\sness ( 
div9e wra?2 &1 in/ead  ( seek+ 9 moral  
?+s ! s\rce ( ?is unquiet feel+1 :i*    
leaves him no re/ by day or night1 & f  
:i* !re is no escape1  he fancies t by  
?is or t action1 :i* ( itself is        
p]fectly  indiff]5t1 he may h (f5d$ ?is 
high] p[]1 & he seeks by  outw>d        
obs]vances aga9 to reconcile ! (f5d$    
p[]4 ,religion "h  becomes a s\rce1 n ( 
life1 b ( dea?2 ! s\rce1 n (            
consolation & bless+1 b ( ! mo/         
unspeakable anxiety :i*  torm5ts man day
 & night ) ! spectres ( 8 own           
imag9ation4  ,religion "h is no s\rce ( 
sanctification1 b may unite 9 man's     
he>t ) e k9d ( untru?1 & s]ve to promote
 x4 ,!re is "o  k9d ( sup]/ition 9 :i*1 
:ile man torm5ts himself to ! utmo/1  he
 /ill rema9s e/rang$ f ! true nature (  

inw>d hol9ess2 &  :ile he is re/ra9$ f  
_m good works ( *>ity by 8 con/ant      
att5dance on mis*iev\s1 arbitr>y1 &     
outw>d obs]vances1 he is  /ill actuat$  
by a horror ( any great s91 a sup]/ition
 9 :i* man  avoids pleasure s completely
 t he falls into ! opposite extreme2  & 
ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t enjoym5ts1 :i* a      
*ildlike simplicity  w\ld receive )     
?ankfulness f ! h& ( a heav5ly ,fa!r1 he
  d>es n indulge 94 ,b !re is also ano!r
 k9d ( sup]/ition1  :i* makes x easy =  
man1 by c]ta9 outw>d obs]vances1 to     
sil5ce  8 consci5ce "u all k9ds ( s91 & 
:i* !re=e s]ves z a  welcome support to 
x4    ,,supp]1 ,,"l',s1 d]ives its "n f 
hav+ be5 in/itut$ by ,jesus1  aft] he _h
 supp$ ) 8 ,apo/les1 imm$iately be=e he 
w5t out to  be deliv]$ into ! h&s ( 8   
enemies4 ,9 ,egypt1 = e h\se (  ! *ildr5
 ( ,israel1 a lamb 0 sla9 ^u t night1 :5
 !  ,almighty puni%$ ! cruelty & ob/9acy
 ( ! ,egyptians by kill+  _! fir/-born1 
b *>g$ ! de/roy+ angel to pass ov] !    
h\ses ^u :i* ! blood ( ! lamb 0 spr9kl$4

 ,?is 0 !  orig9al sacrifice ( !        
passov]4 ,9 commemoration ( x1 ! ,jews  
obs]v$ ! annual fe/ival ( ! passov]1 :5 
all ! males (  ,judea assembl$ be=e !   
,"l 9 ,j]usalem4 ,a lamb 0 sla9 = e     
h\se1 ! repres5tative ( t ^: blood _h   
be5 spr9kl$ 9 !  night ( ! escape f     
,egypt4 ,aft] ! blood 0 p\r$ "u !  alt> 
by ! prie/s1 ! lambs 7 c>ri$ home to be 
eat5 by !  p 9 _! t5ts or h\ses at a    
dome/ic fea/1 :]e e ma/]  ( a family    
took ! cup ( ?anksgiv+1 & gave ?anks ) 8
  family to ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,jesus    
hav+ fulfill$ ! law ( ,moses1 to  :i* 9 
all ?+s he submitt$1 by eat+ ! pas*al   
supp] ) 8  disciples1 proce$$ aft] supp]
 to in/itute a rite1 :i*1 to any  p]son 
t reads ! words ( ! in/itution )\t hav+ 
=m$ a  previ\s op9ion ^u ! subject1 w   
probably appe> to h be5  int5d$ by him z
 a memorial ( t ev5t :i* 0 to happ5 n _m
  h\rs aft]4 8,he took bread1 & gave    
?anks1 & brake x1 & gave x  unto !m1    
say+1 ,?is is my body :i* is giv5 = y3  
?is d 9  remembrance ( me4 ,likewise    

also ! cup aft] supp]1 say+1 ,?is cup   
is ! new te/am5t 9 my blood1 :i* is %$ =
 y10 ,luke xxii1 #ai1  #bj4 ,he took !  
bread :i* 0 !n on ! table1 & ! w9e1 (   
:i* "s _h be5 us$ 9 s5d+ r\nd ! cup (   
?anksgiv+2 &  by say+1 8,?is is my body1
 ?is is my blood1 d ?is 9 remembrance ( 
me10 he decl>$ to 8 ,apo/les t ?is 0 !  
repres5tation ( 8  dea? by :i* he wi%$  
!m to commemorate t ev5t4 ,! ,apo/le    
,paul1 n hav+ be5 pres5t at !           
in/itution1 receiv$ x by  imm$iate      
revelation f ! ,"l ,jesus2 & ! mann] 9  
:i* he  deliv]s x to ! ,cor9?ians1 #a   
,cor4 xi1 #bc-bf1 implies t x 0  n a    
rite conf9$ to ! ,apo/les :o 7 pres5t :5
 x 0  in/itut$1 b t x 0 meant to be     
obs]v$ by all ,*ri/ians till  ! end ( ! 
_w4 8,z (t5 z ye eat ?is bread1 & dr9k  
?is  cup1 ye d %[ ! ,"l's dea? till he  
come40 ,:e!r we consid]  ^! words z "p (
 ! revelation made to ,/4 ,paul1 or z 8 
own  comm5t>y ^u ! nature ( ! ord9ance  
:i* 0 reveal$ to him1  !y m>k1 ) equal  
significancy & propriety1 ! ext5t & !   

p]petuity ( ! obligation to obs]ve t    
rite :i* 0 fir/  in/itut$ 9 pres5ce ( ! 
,apo/les4    ,!re is a /rik+            
correspond5ce betwe5 ?is view ( ! ,"l's 
,supp]1 z a rite by :i* x 0 int5d$ t all
 ,*ri/ians %\ld  commemorate ! dea? (   
,*ri/1 & ! circum/ances att5d+ !        
in/itution ( ! fea/ ( ! passov]4 ,l !   
,jews1 we h !  orig9al sacrifice3 8,*ri/
 our passov] is sacrific$ = u10 & by  8 
sub/itution our s\ls are deliv]$ f dea?4
 ,l ! ,jews1 we  h a fea/ 9 :i* t       
sacrifice1 & ! deliv]ance pur*as$ by  x1
 are rememb]$4 ,h5ce ! ,"l's ,supp] 0   
e>ly call$ !  eu*>i/1 f its be+ said by 
,/4 ,luke1 8,jesus1 :5 he took !  bread1
 gave ?anks20 & 8 disciples 9 all ages1 
:5 !y receive  ! bread1 keep a fea/ (   
?anksgiv+4 ,to ,*ri/ians1 z to ,jews1   
!re is 8a night to be mu* obs]v$ unto ! 
,"l10 9 all  g5]ations4 ,to ,*ri/ians1 z
 to ,jews1 ! mann] ( obs]v+ !  night is 
appo9t$4 ,to bo? x is accompani$ )      
?anksgiv+4    ,! ,"l's ,supp] exhibits1 
by a significant action1 !  *>act]i/ical

 doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 t ! dea? (  
its  au?or1 :i* seem$ to be ! completion
 ( ! rage ( 8 enemies1  0 a volunt>y    
sacrifice1 s efficaci\s z to sup]s$e !  
necessity  ( e o!r2 & t 8 blood 0 %$ = !
 remission ( s9s4  ,by p>tak+ ( ?is     
rite1 8 disciples publi% an ev5t mo/    
int]e/+ to all ! k9dr$s ( ! e>?2 !y     
decl>e t1 f>  f be+ a%am$ ( ! suff]+ (  
_! ,ma/]1 !y glory 9 8  cross2 &1 :ile  
!y ?us p]=m ! (fice impli$ 9 t          
expression ( ! ,apo/le1 8,ye d %[ =? !  
,"l's dea?10 !y at  ! same "t *]i% !    
s5tim5ts by :i* _! religion m9i/]s  to  
_! own consolation & improvem5t4 ,!y _c 
rememb] ! dea?  ( ,*ri/1 ! circum/ances 
:i* r5d]$ t ev5t necess>y1 !  dis9t]e/$ 
love & ! exalt$ virtues ( _! deliv]]1   
)\t  feel+ _! obligations to him4       
,unless ! vile/ hypocrisy accompany  an 
action1 :i*1 by its v nature1 pr(esses  
to fl[ f w>m  affection1 ! love ( ,*ri/ 
w con/ra9 !m to fulfil ! purposes  ( 8  
dea?1 by 8liv+ unto him :o di$ = !m20 & 
we h reason  to hope1 t1 9 ! places :]e 

he causes 8 "n to be rememb]$1  he w    
come & bless 8 p4 ,z ! object ( fai? is 
?us  explicitly set be=e !m 9 e         
commemoration1 s ! r5ew$  ex]cise ( t   
fai?1 :i* ! ord9ance is design$ to      
excite1 mu/  br+ r5ew$ life1 & a deep]  
exp]i5ce ( ! 8great salvation40  ,see   
,,sacram5t4    ,,surety1 9 common spee*1
 is "o :o gives security = ano!r2 &     
h5ce x has become preval5t among        
!ological writ]s to conf\nd x  ) ! t]ms 
sub/itute & repres5tative1 :5 appli$ to 
,*ri/4 ,9  fact1 ! ^w 8surety0 occurs   
only once 9 our translation ( !         
,scriptures1 namely1 ,heb4 vii1 #bb3    
8,by s mu* 0 ,jesus made ! surety  ( a  
bett] cov5ant40 ,x is c]ta9ly true t !  
,son ( ,god1 9 all  t he has done or is 
/ill do+ z ,m$iator1 may be ju/ly view$ 
z  ! surety ( ! new & ev]la/+ cov5ant1 &
 z af=d+ !  utmo/ security to believ]s  
t1 z ! ,fa!r ha? giv5 all ?+s  into 8   
h&s1 !y w be conduct$ ) effect1 & all ! 
exce$+ great & preci\s promises ( t     
cov5ant assur$ly be  accompli%$4 ,b ?is 

does n appe> to be ! precise idea :i* ! 
,apo/le has 9 view 9 ! above passage4   
,?is has be5 suffici5tly  ev9c$ by _m   
critics & comm5tators1 p>ticul>ly by    
,pi]ce1  ,macknight1 & ,m',lean1 9 _!   
notes on ! place4 ,! sub/ance (  _!     
rem>ks is1 t ! orig9al t]m employ$ by ! 
,apo/le1 &  :i* occurs no :]e else 9    
,scripture1 is 1 :i* is d]iv$  f 1 ne>1 
& signifies "o :o draws ne>1 or :o br+s 
o!rs ne>2 :i* s5se ( ! ^w w n v well    
accord ) t  ( a sub/itute or            
repres5tative4 ,! ,greek comm5tators v  
prop]ly  expla9 ! ^w by 1 a m$iator4    
,n[1 z 9 ?is passage a  comp>ison is    
/at$ betwe5 ,jesus1 z a high prie/1 & ! 
,levitical  high prie/s2 & z ! latt] 7  
consid]$ by ! ,apo/le to be !  m$iators 
( ! ,s9ai cov5ant1 because ?r\gh _!     
m$iation !  ,israelites wor%ipp$ ,god ) 
sacrifices2 x is evid5t t !  ,apo/le 9  
?is passage t]ms ,jesus ! ,high ,prie/  
or ,m$iator ( !  bett] cov5ant1 because1
 ?r\gh 8 m$iation1 or 9 virtue ( !      
sacrifice :i* he (f]$ ( himself to ,god1

 believ]s receive all !  bless+s ( ! new
 cov5ant4 ,& z 9 v]se #af ! ,apo/le _h  
said  t 8by ! introduction ( a bett]    
hope we draw ne> to ,god10 he1 9  v]se  
#bb1 v prop]ly calls ,jesus 1 8he by :om
 we draw nigh10  !reby d5ot+ ! effect ( 
8 m$iation4 ,f ! :ole1 !re=e1  x is pla9
 t ! ^w 8surety0 9 ?is place is         
equival5t ) t  ( m$iator or high prie/4 
,,swall[s1 1 a bird too well kn[n to ne$
 description4 ,our  translators ( !     
,bible h giv5 ?is "n to two diff]5t     
,hebrew  words4 ,! fir/1 1 9 ,psalm     
lxxxiv1 #c1 & ,prov4 xxvi1 #b1 is       
probably ! bird :i* ,=skal m5tions among
 ! migratory birds (  ,alex&ria1 by ! "n
 ( dururi2 & ! second1 1 ,isa4 xxxviii1 
#ad1 & ,j]4 viii1 #g1 is ! crane2 b ! ^w
 1 9 ! two la/  places r5d]$ 9 our      
v]sion 8crane10 is really ! swall[4 ,s !
  ,septuag9t1 ,vulgate1 & two anci5t    
manuscripts1 ,!odotion1 & ,j]om1  r5d]  
x1 & ,bo*>t & ,l[? foll[ !m4 ,bo*>t     
assigns ! note  ( ?is bird = ! reason ( 
its "n1 & +5i\sly rem>ks t  ! ,italians 

ab\t ,v5ice call a swall[ zizilla1 & its
 twitt]+  zizill>e4 ,! swall[ be+ a     
pla9tive bird1 & a bird ( passage1      
p]fectly agrees ) ! mean+ ( ,isaiah &   
,j]emiah4 ,! annual  migration ( !      
swall[ has be5 famili>ly kn[n 9 e age1 &
  p]haps 9 e region ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,psalm  
lxxxiv1 #c1 x is said1  8,! sp>r[ ha?   
f\nd a h\se1 & ! swall[ a ne/ = h]self1 
:]e %e may lay h] "y1 ev5 ?9e alt>s1 ,o 
,"l ( ho/s40 ,by !  alt>s ( ,jehovah we 
are to und]/& ! temple4 ,! words        
probably  ref] to ! cu/om ( sev]al      
nations ( antiquity1--t birds :i*  built
 _! ne/s on ! temples1 or )9 ! limits ( 
!m1 7 n  suff]$ to be driv5 away1 mu*   
less kill$2 b f\nd a secure &           
un9t]rupt$ dwell+4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,ari/odicus
 di/urb$ ! birds'  ne/s ( ! temple (    
,kum1 & took ! "y f !m1 a voice1        
accord+ to a tradition pres]v$ by       
,h]odotus1 is said to h spok5  ^! words 
f ! int]ior ( ! temple3 8,mo/ villa9\s (
 m51  h[ d>e/ ?\ to drive away su* z    
seek refuge 9 my temple80 ,!  ,a!nians 7

 s enrag$ at ,at>bes1 :o _h kill$ a     
sp>r[ :i*  built on ! temple (          
sculapius1 t !y kill$ him4 ,among !     
,arabs1 :o are m closely relat$ to !    
,hebrews1 birds :i* build  _! ne/s on ! 
temple ( ,mecca h be5 inviolable f !    
e>lie/ times4 ,9 ! v anci5t poem ( a    
,ds*orhamidi% pr9ce1  publi%$ by a      
,s*ult51 9 :i* he lam5ts t 8 tribe _h   
be5  depriv$ ( ! protection ( ! sanctu>y
 ( ,mecca1 x is said1                   
8,we lam5t ! h\se1 ^: dove              
,0 nev] suff]'d to be hurt3             
,%e rema9'd !re secure2 9 x1 also1      
,! sp>r[ built its ne/40    ,9 ano!r    
anci5t ,arabian poet1 ,nabega1 !        
,dhobianit swe>s 8by !  sanctu>y :i*    
af=ds %elt] to ! birds :i* seek x !re40 
,niebuhr says1 8,i w obs]ve1 t among !  
,mohamm$ans1 n only is  ! kaba a refuge 
= ! pigeons1 b also on ! mosques ov] !  
graves ( ,ali & ,hasse91 on ! ,dsjamea1 
or *ief mosque1 at ,helle1  & 9 o!r     
cities1 !y are equally undi/urb$40 ,&   
,!v5ot  rem>ks3 8,)9 a mosque at        

,oudjicum lies int]r$ ! son ( a k+1     
call$ ,s*ah-,zadeh-,imam ,dgiaf]1 :om !y
 reckon a sa9t4 ,! dome is  r\gh ca/    
ov]2 be=e ! mosque !re is a c\rt1 well  
plant$ )  _m high plane trees1 on :i* we
 saw a great _m /orks1 t haunt  !reab\t 
all ! ye> r\nd40 ,see ,,sp>r[4          
,,swan1 1 ,lev4 xi1 #ah2 ,deut4 xiv1    
#af4 ,! ,hebrew ^w is v  ambigu\s1 = 9 !
 fir/ ( ^! places1 x is rank$ among     
wat]-f[ls2 & by ! ,vulgate1 :i* our     
v]sion foll[s1 r5d]$  8swan10 & 9 !     
?irtie? v]se1 ! same ^w is r5d]$ 8mole10
  & rank$ among reptiles4 ,"s translate 
x 9 ! =m] place1 8!  bat10 :i* !y ju/ify
 by ! aff9ity :i* !re is betwe5 ! bat  &
 ! mole4 ,! ,,lxx4 9 ! =m] v]se r5d] x 1
 !  porphyrion1 or 8purple bird10       
probably ! 8flam+o20 & 9 !  latt]1      
8ibis40 ,p>khur/ %[s t ! "n is giv5 f ! 
creature's brea?+ 9 a /rong & audible   
mann]2 & ,mi*alis  le>n$ly conjectures1 
t 9 v]se eighte51 & ,deut4 xiv1 #af1 x  
may  mean ! 8goose10 :i* e "o kn[s is   
rem>kable = its mann] (  8brea?+ out0 or

 8hiss+10 :5 approa*$4    ,,sw$5borgians
 d5ote t p>ticul> d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians
 :o  admit ! te/imony ( ,b>on ,sw$5borg1
 & receive ! doctr9es  taught 9 !       
!ological writ+s ( t au?or4 ,emanuel    
,sw$5borg  0 ! son ( a bi%op ( ,we/     
,go?nia1 9 ! k+dom ( ,sw$51 ^:  "n 0    
,sw$b]g1 a man ( consid]able le>n+ &    
celebrity 9 8  "t4 ,! son 0 born at     
,/ockholm1 ,janu>y #bi1 #afhh4 ,he      
enjoy$ e>ly  ! advantages ( a lib]al    
education1 & be+ naturally end[$ )      
uncommon tal5ts = ! acquirem5t ( le>n+1 
8 progress 9 !  sci5ces 0 rapid &       
ext5sive2 & he soon di/+ui%$ himself by 
sev]al publications 9 ! ,lat9 language1 
:i* gave pro( ( equal  g5ius &          
erudition4 ,x may reasonably be suppos$ 
t "u ! c>e  ( 8 pi\s & rev]5d fa!r our  
au?or's religi\s in/ruction 0  n        
neglect$4 ,?is1 inde$1 appe>s pla9 f !  
g5]al t5or ( 8  life & writ+s1 :i* are  
m>k$ ) /rong & lively *>act]s (  a m9d  
deeply impress$ ) a s5se ( ! div9e ,be+1
 & ( all !  relative duties !nce        

result+4 ,he 0 ennobl$ 9 ! ye> #agai1 by
  ,que5 ,ulrica ,eleonora1 & nam$       
,sw$5borg1 f :i* "t he took 8  seat ) ! 
nobles ( ! eque/rian ord]1 9 ! tri5nial 
assembly  ( ! /ates4 ,! philosophical   
works1 publi%$ 9 ,lat91 by ,b>on        
,sw$5borg1 are num]\s2 b 8 !ological    
works are said to be /ill  m s4    #a4  
,! fir/ & pr9cipal di/+ui%+ doctr9e     
conta9$ 9 !  writ+s ( ,b>on ,sw$5borg1 &
 ma9ta9$ by 8 foll[]s1 relates  to !    
p]son & "* ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & to !       
r$emption  wr\ght by him4 ,on ?is       
subject x is insi/$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ is   
,jehovah1 manife/$ 9 ! fle%2 & t he came
 into ! _w to  glorify 8 human nature1  
by mak+ x "o ) ! div9e4 ,x is  !re=e    
insi/$ f>!r t ! humanity ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 
is itself  div9e1 by virtue ( its       
indissoluble union ) ! indwell+ ,fa!r1  
agreeably to ! te/imony ( ,/4 ,paul1 t1 
89 ,jesus ,*ri/ dwelle?  all ! fulness (
 ! ,godhead bodily10 ,col4 ii1 #i2 & t  
?us1 z to  8 humanity1 he is ! ,m$iator 
betwe5 ,god & man1 s9ce !re is n[  no   

o!r m$ium ( ,god's access to man1 or (  
man's access to ,god1 b  ?is div9e      
humanity1 :i* 0 assum$ = ?is purpose4   
,?us x is  taught1 t 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus 
,*ri/ dwells ! :ole ,tr9ity (  ,fa!r1   
,son1 & ,holy ,_s2 ! ,fa!r con/itut+ !  
s\l ( !  above humanity1 :ile ! humanity
 itself is ! ,son1 & ! div9e  virtue or 
op]ation proce$+ f x is ! ,holy ,_s2 =m+
  altoge!r "o ,god1 j z ! s\l1 ! body1 &
 op]ation ( man1  =m "o man4 ,on !      
subject ( ! r$emption wr\ght by ?is     
inc>nate  ,god1 x is la/ly taught t x   
consi/$ n 9 ! vic>i\s  sacrifice (      
,*ri/1 b 9 ! real subjugation ( ! p[]s (
  d>kness & _! removal f man1 by        
cont9ual combats & victories  ov] !m1   
dur+ 8 abode 9 ! _w2 & 9 ! consequ5t    
desc5t  to man ( div9e p[] & life1 :i* 0
 br\ght ne> to him 9 !  ?us glorifi$    
humanity ( ?is victori\s ,god4 ,!y :o   
receive ?is  te/imony conc]n+ ,jesus    
,*ri/ !re=e ackn[l$ge no o!r ,god b     
him2 & believe t 9 approa*+ 8 div9e     
humanity1 !y approa*1  at ! same "t1 & h

 communication )1 all ! fulness ( !     
,godhead1 see+ & wor%ipp+ ! invisible 9 
! visible1 agreeably  to ! t5or ( ^?    
words ( ,jesus ,*ri/3 8,he t believe? on
 me  believe? n on me1 b on him t s5t   
me2 & he t see? me1  see? him t s5t me10
 ,john xii1 #dd1 #de4    #b4 ,a second  
doctr9e taught by ! same au?or relates  
to ! sacr$  ,scripture1 or ^w ( ,god1   
:i* is ma9ta9$ to be div9ely inspir$    
?r\gh\t1 &1 consequ5tly1 to be !        
repository ( ! :ole w  & wisdom ( ! mo/ 
high ,god4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 insi/$1 t ?is  
w & wisdom are n 9 all places           
discov]able f ! lett] or  hi/ory ( !    
sacr$ pages1 b lie deeply conceal$ "u ! 
lett]4  ,= x is taught by ,b>on         
,sw$5borg1 t ! s5se ( ! lett] (  ! holy 
^w is ! basis1 ! cont95t1 & ! firmam5t1 
( its  spiritual & cele/ial s5ses1 be+  
writt5 accord+ to ! doctr9e  (          
correspond5cies betwe5 ?+s spiritual &  
?+s natural1 &  ?us design$ by ! ,mo/   
,high z ! vehicle ( communication ( !   
et]nal spiritual tru?s ( 8 k+dom to !   

m9ds ( m54 ,x is  f>!r endeav\r$ to be  
%[n t ,jesus ,*ri/ spake cont9ually     
accord+ to ?is same doctr9e1 veil+ div9e
 & spiritual tru?s  "u natural images1  
especially 9 8 p>ables1 & ?us           
communicat+  to man ! mo/ important     
my/]ies relative to himself & 8 k+dom1  
"u ! mo/ beautiful & edify+ figures tak5
 f ! natural  ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,?us1       
accord+ to ,b>on ,sw$5borg1 ev5 !       
hi/orical p>ts bo? ( ! ,old & ,new      
,te/am5t conta9 va/ /ores  ( important &
 spiritual wisdom "u ! outw>d lett]2 &  
?is  consid]ation1 z he f>!r ass]ts1    
ju/ifies ! pages ( div9e  revelation1   
ev5 9 ^? p>ts :i* to a common obs]v]    
appe>  trifl+1 nugatory1 &              
contradictory4 ,x is la/ly ma9ta9$1 on  
?is  subject1 t ! sacr$ ,scripture1 or  
^w ( ,god1 is ! only m$ium  (           
communication & conjunction betwe5 ,god 
& man1 & is likewise  ! only s\rce ( all
 g5u9e tru? & k respect+ ,god1 8  k+dom1
 & op]ation1 & ! only sure guide = man's
 und]/&+1  9 :atev] relates to 8        

spiritual or et]nal conc]ns4    #c4 ,!  
next bran* ( ! sy/em is practical1 &    
relates to ! life1  or to t rule (      
conduct on ! "p ( man :i* is truly      
acceptable  to ! ,deity1 & at ! same "t 
conducive to man's et]nal happ9ess  &   
salvation1 by conjo9+ him ) 8 ,god4 ,?is
 rule is taught to be  simply ?is3 to   
%un all kn[n evils z s9s aga9/ ,god1 &  
at !  same "t to love1 to *]i%1 & to    
practise :atsoev] is wise1  virtu\s1 &  
holy1 z be+ mo/ agreeable to ! w ( ,god1
 & to  ! _s ( 8 precepts4 ,on ?is       
subject x is /rongly &  repeat$ly insi/$
 t evil mu/ ( necessity rema9 ) man1 &  
prove 8 et]nal de/ruction1 unless x be  
remov$ by s9c]e  rep5tance1 lead+ him to
 note :at is disord]ly 9 8 own m9d &    
life2 &1 :5 he has discov]$ x1 to fight 
resolutely aga9/ its  influ5ce1 9       
dep5d5ce on ! aid & grace ( ,jesus      
,*ri/4 ,x is  insi/$ f>!r1 t ?is        
opposition to evil ought to be gr\nd$ on
  ! consid]ation t all evil is aga9/    
,god1 s9ce1 if evil be  combat$ f any   

inf]ior motive1 x is n radically remov$1
 b only  conceal$1 & on t acc\nt is ev5 
m dang]\s & de/ructive  ?an be=e4 ,x is 
add$1 t :5 man has done ! "w (          
rep5tance1  by %unn+ 8 h]$it>y evils z  
s9s aga9/ ,god1 he ought to set  himself
 to ! practice ( :at is wise & good by a
 fai?ful1  dilig5t1 & consci5ti\s       
dis*>ge ( all ! duties ( 8 /ation2  by  
:i* means 8 m9d is pres]v$ f a return ( 
! p[] (  disord]1 & kept 9 ! ord] (     
heav51 & ! fulfilm5t ( !  great law (   
*>ity4    #d4 ,a f\r? doctr9e inculcat$ 
9 ! same writ+s1 is ! cop]ation  on ! "p
 ( man ) ! div9e grace or ag5cy ( ,jesus
 ,*ri/4 ,on  ?is subject x is insi/$ t  
man ought n indol5tly to hang d[n  8    
h&s1 "u ! idle expectation t ,god w d e 
?+ =  him 9 ! way ( purification &      
reg5]ation1 )\t any ex]tion (  8 own2 b 
t he is b\nd by ! above law ( cop]ation 
to ex]t  himself1 z if ! :ole progress (
 8 purification & reg5]ation  dep5d$    
entirely on 8 own ex]tions2 yet1 9 ex]t+
 himself1 he is  cont9ually to          

recollect1 & humbly to ackn[l$ge1 t all 
8 p[]  to d s is f above1 agreeably to !
 decl>ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1  8,)\t me ye
 c d no?+10 ,john xv1 #e4    #e4 ,a fif?
 & la/ di/+ui%+ doctr9e taught 9 !      
!ological  writ+s ( our au?or1 relates  
to man's connection ) ! o!r  _w1 & its  
v>i\s inhabitants4 ,on ?is subject1 x is
 insi/$1 n  only f 8 view ( ! sacr$     
,scriptures1 b also f !  exp]i5ce ( !   
au?or himself1 t e man is 9 cont9ual    
association ) angels & spirits1 & t )\t 
su* association  he c\ld n possibly ?9k 
or ex]t any liv+ faculty4 ,x is insi/$  
f>!r1 t man1 accord+ to 8 life 9 ! _w1  
takes up 8  et]nal abode1 ei!r ) angels 
( light1 or ) ! spirits (  d>kness2 ) ! 
=m]1 if he is wise to live accord+ to ! 
precepts ( ,god's holy ^w2 or ) ! latt]1
 if1 ?r\gh folly &  transgression1 he   
rejects ! c\nsel & guidance ( ! ,mo/    
,high4    ,"s o!r peculi> doctr9es (    
m9or importance might be enl>g$ on  9   
?is place if x 0 deem$ necess>y2 su* z !
 doctr9e  conc]n+ ! human s\l1 z be+ 9 a

 human =m2 conc]n+ !  m>riage ( ! good &
 ! true1 z exi/+ 9 ! holy ^w1 & 9  all  
?+s 9 nature4 ,b x may be obs]v$        
g5]ally1 t !  fundam5tal error ( ! sy/em
 is a d5ial ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1  :ile x
 appe>s to be ackn[l$g$1 & ( ! doctr9e (
 !  atonem5t4 ,_m true ?+s are said also
 ( ! figurative & typical  "* ( ! ^w (  
,god2 b ! int]pretation ( x 9 ?is view  
runs into ! wilde/ extravagance = want (
 pr9ciples2 :ile !  :ole is clo!d )     
my/icism on ! "o h& & gross & c>nal     
conceptions ( spiritual ?+s on ! o!r4   
,!re is1 inde$1 mu* 9  :i* ?is sect     
agrees ) o!r ,*ri/ians1 & mu*1 !re=e1 t 
is true 9 _! /range sy/em2 b x is       
unconnect$ ) o!r great  & vital tru?s ( 
! ,gospel2 & is jo9$ also ) great       
errors4 ,x  is a dreamy delusion1 :i*   
defies all rational def5ce3 x re/s ^u  !
 assum$ exp]i5ce ( a man ( g5ius1 x is  
true1 b "o :o 0  n always 9 8 wits4     
,9 ,london1 & "s ( ! o!r cities & great 
t[ns 9 ,engl&1  places ( public wor%ip h
 be5 op5$1 = ! express purpose (  prea*+

 ! prec$+ doctr9es4 ,9 all su* places   
p>ticul> =ms  ( pray] h be5 adopt$1 9   
agreem5t ) ! ideas ( !  wor%ipp]s1 z    
gr\nd$ 9 ! religi\s s5tim5ts above /at$1
  especially respect+ ! supreme object (
 adoration1 :o is  ackn[l$g$ to be ! ,"l
 & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 8 div9e      
humanity4 ,b 9 no place h any peculi>   
rites & c]emonies be5  introduc$1 !     
wor%ipp]s be+ cont5t ) reta9+ !         
celebration  ( ! two sacram5ts ( baptism
 & ! holy supp]1 s9ce no o!r  rites are 
insi/$ on by ! au?or ^: te/imony !y     
receive4 ,x is  believ$1 by a l>ge      
majority ( !m1 t x 0 nev] 8 int5tion  t 
any p>ticul> sect %\ld be =m$ ^u 8      
doctr9es1 b t  all :o receive !m1 :e!r 9
 ! e/abli%m5t1 or 9 any o!r  communion (
 ,*ri/ians1 %\ld be at p]fect lib]ty    
ei!r to cont9ue  9 _! =m] communion1 or 
to quit x1 z _! consci5ce dictates4     
,engl& appe>s to be ! c\ntry :]e ! sy/em
 has be5 mo/  g5]ally receiv$4 ,b>on    
,sw$5borg _h _m ecc5tricities2 b  p]haps
 ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance respect+   

him1 0 8  ass]t+1 t1 dur+ ! un9t]rupt$  
p]iod ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1  he enjoy$ op5 
int]c\rse ) ! _w ( dep>t$ spirits1 &    
dur+ t "t 0 in/ruct$ 9 ! int]nal s5se ( 
! sacr$  ,scriptures1 hi!rto undiscov]$6
 ,?is is a correspond5ce ) !  invisible 
_w1 to :i* few or no writ]s1 be=e or    
s9ce 8 "t1  ev] pret5d$1 if we except ! 
,arabian prophet4    ,,sw9e1 1 ,lev4 xi1
 #g2 ,deut4 xiv1 #h2 ,psalm lxxx1 #ac2  
,prov4 xi1 #bb2  ,isaiah lxv1 #d2 lxvi1 
#c1 #ag2 1 ,matt4 vii1 #f2 viii1 #cj2   
,m>k v1 #ad2  ,luke viii1 #cc2 xv1 #ae2 
! plural ( hog1 an animal well kn[n4 ,9 
impurity & grossness ( mann]s1 ?is      
creature /&s almo/  unrivall$ among !   
ord] ( quadrup$s2 & ! meanness ( 8      
appe>ance corresponds to ! grossness ( 8
 mann]s4 ,he has a mo/  indiscrim9ate1  
voraci\s1 & insatiable appetite4 ,!     
,prophet ,isaiah1  lxv1 #d1 *>ges 8     
deg5]ate p ) eat+ sw9e's fle%1 &  hav+  
bro? ( abom9able ?+s 9 _! vessels1      
,isaiah lxvi1 #c4  ,conduct s contr>y to
 _! solemn engagem5ts1 s hateful 9 !    

sight  ( ! ,holy ,"o1 ?\gh long endur$1 
0 n always to pass )  impunity4 8,!y t  
sanctify !mselves1 & purify !mselves 9 !
  g>d5s1 beh9d "o tree 9 ! mid/1 eat+   
sw9e's fle%1 & !  abom9ation1 & ! m\se1 
%all be consum$ toge!r1 sai? ! ,"l10    
,isaiah lxvi1 #ag4 ,su* a sacrifice 0 an
 abom9ation to ! ,"l1  because ! eat+ ( 
! blood 0 prohibit$1 & because !        
sacrifice consi/$ ( sw9e's fle%4 ,to ^! 
precepts &  ?reat5+s1 :i* 7 (t5 en=c$ by
 sev]e judgm5ts may be  trac$ ! habitual
 & unconqu]able av]sion ( ! latt] ,jews 
to !  use ( sw9e's fle%2 an av]sion :i* 
! mo/ allur+ promises &  ! mo/ cruel    
suff]+s h be5 f\nd alike insuffici5t to 
subdue4    ,9 su* dete/ation 0 ! hog    
held by ! ,jews t !y w\ld n s  mu* z    
pron\nce its "n1 b call$ x 8! /range    
?+20 & we  read 9 ! hi/ory ( !          
,maccabees1 t ,eleaz]1 a pr9cipal       
scribe1  be+ compell$ by ,antio*us      
,epiphanes to op5 8 m\? & receive       
sw9e's fle%1 spit x =?1 & w5t ( 8 own   
accord to ! torm5t1  *oos+ r to suff]   

dea? ?an to break ! law ( ,god1 & give  
(f5ce to 8 nation1 #b ,mac4 vi1 #ah2    
vii1 #a4 ,x is obs]v$ t :5  ,adrian     
rebuilt ,j]usalem1 he set up ! image ( a
 hog1 9 bas-relief1  ^u ! gates ( !     
city1 to drive ! ,jews away f x1 & to   
express ! great] contempt = t mis]able  
p4 ,x 0 av>ice1  a contempt ( ! law (   
,moses1 & a design to supply ! neighb\r+
  idolat]s ) victims1 t caus$ :ole h]ds 
( sw9e to be f$ on  ! bord]s ( ,galilee4
 ,:5ce ! reason is pla9 ( ,*ri/'s       
p]mitt+ ! devils to ?r[ ! sw9e headlong 
into ! lake (  ,g5es>e?1 ,mat!w viii1   
#cb4 ,we read1 9 ,mat!w vii1 #f1 8,give 
n t  :i* is holy unto ! dogs1 nei!r ca/ 
ye y\r pe>ls be=e sw9e1  le/ !y trample 
!m "u _! feet1 & turn aga9 & r5d y40    
,!re is a simil> maxim 9 ! ,talmudical  
writ+s3 8,d n ca/ pe>ls  be=e sw9e20 to 
:i* is add$1 by way ( explanation1 8,d n
 (f]  wisdom to "o :o kn[s n ! value (  
x1 b pr(anes its glory40    ,,sycam9e1 1
 9 ,arabic sokam1 ,luke xvii1 #f4 ,?is  
is a  diff]5t tree f ! sycamore1 m5tion$

 ,luke xix1 #d4 ,dioscorides  says t ?is
 tree is ! mulb]ry1 ?\gh he all[s t "s  
appreh5d t x is ! same ) ! sycamore4    
,gal5 has a sep>ate  article on !       
sycamorus1 :i* he speaks ( z r>e1 &     
m5tions z  hav+ se5 x at ,alex&ria 9    
,egypt4 ,! ,greeks "n ! morus !         
sycam9e4 ,grotius says ! ^w  has no     
connection ) 1  ! fig-tree1 b is        
entirely ,syrian1 1 9 ,hebrew1 4 ,x     
%\ld seem1 inde$1 to be v simil> to !   
mulb]ry1 z n only !  ,lat91 b ! ,syriac 
& ! ,arabic1 r5d] x by morus2 & ?us     
,cov]dale's1 ! ,rheim's1 & ,purv]'s     
,engli% translations r5d] x by  !       
mulb]ry2 & s x is 9 ,bi%op ,wilson's    
,bible4    ,,sycamore1 1 1 #a ,k+s x1   
#bg2 #a ,*ron4 xxvii1 #bh2 #b ,*ron4 i1 
#ae2 ,psalm lxxviii1 #dg2 ,isa4 ix1 #i2 
,amos viii1 #ad2 1 ,luke xix1  #d2 a    
l>ge tree1 accord+ to ! description (   
,!ophra/us1  ,dioscorides1 & ,gal51     
resembl+ ! mulb]ry-tree 9 ! leaf1 &  !  
fig 9 its fruit2 h5ce its "n1 comp\nd$ (
  fig1 &  1 mulb]ry2 & "s h fanci$ t x 0

 orig9ally produc$  by +raft+ ! "o tree 
^u ! o!r4 ,its fruit is palatable4 ,:5  
ripe x is s(t1 wat]y1 some:at sweet1 ) a
 little ( an aromatic  ta/e4 ,! trees   
are v common 9 ,pale/9e1 ,arabia1 &     
,egypt2 gr[  l>ge1 & to a great height2 
& ?\gh _! gra9 is co>se are mu*  us$ 9  
build+4 ,to *ange sycamores into c$>s1  
,isa4 ix1 #aj1 means1  to r5d] ! build+s
 ( cities1 & ! /ate ( ! nation1 mu*  m  
magnific5t ?an be=e4 ,dr4 ,%aw rem>ks1 t
 z ! gra9 &  texture ( ! sycamore is    
rem>kably co>se & spongy1 x c\ld  !re=e 
/& 9 no competition at all ) ! c$> =    
beauty &  ornam5t4 ,we meet ) ! same    
opposition ( c$>s to sycamores 9 #a     
,k+s x1 #bg1 :]e ,solomon is said to h  
made silv] z ! /ones1  & c$>s z !       
sycamores ( ! vale = abundance4 8,by ?is
  ma%al1 or figurative & s5t5ti\s       
spee*10 says ,bi%op ,l[?1  8!y boa/1 9  
?is place ( ,isaiah1 t !y %all be easily
 able to  repair _! pres5t losses1      
suff]$1 p]haps1 by ! fir/ ,assyrian     
invasion "u ,tigla?-,piles]1 & to br+ _!

 affairs to a m  fl\ri%+ condition ?an  
ev]40 ,! wood ( ?is tree is v durable4  
8,! mummy *e/s10 says ,dr4 ,%aw1 8&     
:atev] figures & in/rum5ts  ( wood are  
f\nd 9 ! catacombs1 are all ( !m (      
sycamore1 :i*1  ?\gh spongy & por\s to  
appe>ance1 has1 not)/&+1 cont9u$  entire
 & uncorrupt$ = at lea/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 
,f its value  9 furni%+ wood = v>i\s    
uses1 f ! grateful %ade :i* its         
wide-spread+ bran*es af=d$1 & on acc\nt 
( ! fruit :i*  ,mallet says ! ,egyptians
 hold 9 ! highe/ e/imation1 we p]ceive  
! loss :i* ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,egypt
 mu/ h felt :5  _! v9es 7 de/roy$ )     
hail1 & _! sycamore trees )  fro/10     
,psalm lxxviii1 #dg4 8,! sycamore10 says
 ,mr4 ,nord51 8is ( !  height ( a bee*1 
& be>s its fruit 9 a mann] q diff]5t f  
o!r trees2 x has !m on ! trunk itself1  
:i* %oots out little  sprigs1 9 =m (    
grape /alks1 at ! end ( :i* gr[ ! fruit 
close to "o ano!r1 almo/ l clu/]s (     
grapes4 ,! tree is always  gre51 & be>s 
fruit sev]al times 9 ! ye>1 )\t obs]v+  

any  c]ta9 seasons2 = ,i h se5 "s       
sycamores t h giv5 fruit  two mon?s aft]
 o!rs4 ,! fruit has ! figure & smell (  
real  figs1 b is inf]ior to !m 9 ! ta/e1
 hav+ a disgu/ful  sweetness4 ,its col\r
 is a yell[1 incl9+ to an o*re1 %ad[$ by
 a  fle% col\r4 ,9 ! inside x resembles 
! common figs1 except+ t  x has a       
blacki% col\r+ ) yell[ spots4 ,?is sort 
( tree is  pretty common 9 ,egypt2 ! p1 
= ! great] "p1 live ^u its  fruit1 & ?9k
 !mselves well regal$ :5 !y h a piece ( 
bread1 a c\ple ( sycamore figs1 & a     
pit*] ( wat]40 ,!re might  be _m ( ^!   
trees 9 ,judea4 ,david appo9t$ a        
p>ticul> (fic]1  ^: sole duty x 0 to    
wat* ov] ! plantations ( sycamore &     
olive-trees1 #a ,*ron4 xxviii1 #bh2 &   
be+ jo9$ ) ! olive1 !  high e/imation 9 
:i* x 0 held is intimat$2 = ! olive is  
consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ preci\s gifts :i* 
! ,god ( nature has  be/[$ on ! ori5tal 
nations4 ,!re seem to h be5 great numb]s
  ( !m 9 ,solomon's "t1 #a ,k+s x1 #bg2 
& 9 ! ,talmud !y are  m5tion$ z gr[+ 9 !

 pla9s ( ,j]i*o4    ,"o curi\s p>ticul> 
9 ! cultivation ( ! fruit mu/ n be      
pass$ ov]4 ,pl9y1 ,dioscorides1 &       
,!ophra/us obs]ve t ! fruit  mu/ be cut 
or scrat*$1 ei!r ) ! nail or ) iron1 or 
x w  n rip52 b f\r days aft] ?is process
 x w become ripe4 ,to ?is  same purpose 
,j]om1 on ,amos vii1 #ad1 says1 t )\t   
?is managem5t  ! figs are excessively   
bitt]4 ,^! te/imonies1 toge!r ) !       
,septuag9t & ,vulgate v]sion1 are adduc$
 to settle ! mean+ ( !  ^w 1 9 ,amos    
vii1 #ad1 :i* mu/ signify scrap+1 or    
mak+  incisions 9 ! sycamore fruit2 an  
employm5t ( ,amos be=e he 0  call$ to ! 
prophetic (fice3 8,i 0 no prophet1 nei!r
 0 ,i a  prophet's son2 b ,i 0 a h]dman1
 & a ga!r] ( sycamore fruit40           
,hasselqui/1 describ+ ! ficus sycamorus1
 or ,scripture sycamore1  says1 8,x buds
 ! latt] end ( ,m>*1 & ! fruit rip5s 9 !
  beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,at ! "t :5 ! fruit   
has arriv$ to ! size (  an in* diamet]1 
! inhabitants p>e (f a "p at ! c5tre    
po9t4  ,!y say t )\t ?is p>+ x w\ld n   

come to maturity40 ,!  figs ?us         
prematurely rip5$ are call$ djumeis     
bdri1 t is1  8precoci\s sycamore figs40 
,z ! sycamore is a l>ge spread+ tree1   
sometimes %oot+ up to a consid]able     
height1 we see ! reason :y  ,zac*eus    
climb$ up into a sycamore tree to get a 
sight ( our ,savi\r4  ,?is incid5t also 
furni%es a pro( t ! sycamore 0 /ill     
common  9 ,pale/9e2 = ?is tree /ood to  
protect ! travell] by ! side  ( !       
highway4    ,,sy5e1 a city ( ,egypt1 n[ 
call$ ,ass\an1 situat$ at its s\!rn     
extremity4 ,ezekiel1 xxix1 #aj1 describ+
 ! desolation to be br\ght  ^u ,egypt   
says1 8,!re=e ?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,behold1  
,i w make !  l& ( ,egypt utt]ly         
desolate1 f ! t[] ( ,sy5e ev5 to !      
bord] ( ,cu%10 or ,arabia1 or1 z "s read
 x1 8f ,migdol to ,sy5e10  imply+1      
accord+ to ei!r v]sion ( ! passage1 !   
:ole l5g?  ( ! c\ntry f nor? to s\?4 ,! 
latitude ( ,sy5e1 accord+ to  ,bruce1 is
 #bd #j #de2 t ( ,alex&ria1 #ca #aa #cc2
 diff]5ce #g  #aj #dh1 equal to f\r     

hundr$ & ?irty geographical miles on !  
m]idian1 or ab\t five hundr$ ,briti%    
miles2 b ! real l5g? (  ! valley (      
,egypt1 z x foll[s ! w9d+s ( ! ,nile1 is
 full six  hundr$ miles4    ,,synagogue1
 1 8an assembly10 ,rev4 ii1 #i2 iii1 #i4
 ,! ^w (t5  occurs 9 ! ,gospels & 9 !   
,acts1 because ,jesus ,*ri/ & 8         
,apo/les g5]ally w5t to prea* 9 ^?      
places4 ,al?\gh !  sacrifices c\ld n be 
(f]$1 except 9 ! tab]nacle or ! temple1 
! o!r ex]cises ( religion 7 re/rict$ to 
no p>ticul> place4  ,accord+ly we f9d t 
! praises ( ,god 7 sung1 at a v anci5t  
p]iod1 9 ! s*ools ( ! prophets2 & ^? :o 
felt any  p>ticul> int]e/ 9 religion1 7 
assembl$ by ! se]s on !  ,sabba?1 & !   
new moons1 = pray]s & religi\s          
in/ruction1 #a  ,sam4 x1 #e-aa2 xix1    
#ah-bd2 #b ,k+s iv1 #bc4 ,dur+ !        
,babyloni%  captivity1 ! ,jews1 :o 7 !n 
depriv$ ( _! cu/om>y religi\s           
privileges1 7 wont to collect ar\nd "s  
prophet or o!r pi\s man1  :o taught !m &
 _! *ildr5 9 religion1 exhort$ to good  

conduct1 & read out ( ! sacr$ books1    
,ezek4 xiv1 #a2 xx1 #a2 ,dan4 vi1  #aa2 
,neh4 viii1 #ah4 ,^! assemblies1 or     
meet+s1 became1 9 progress (  "t1 fix$  
to c]ta9 places1 & a regul> ord] 0      
obs]v$ 9 !m4  ,su* appe>s to h be5 !    
orig9 ( synagogues4    ,9 speak+ (      
synagogues1 x is wor?y to be notic$1 t  
!re is  no?+ said 9 respect to ! exi/5ce
 ( su* build+s 9 ,pale/9e1  dur+ ! reign
 ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,!y are1 !re=e1
 by "s  suppos$ to h be5 fir/ erect$ "u 
! ,maccabean pr9ces1 b  t1 9 =eign      
c\ntries1 !y 7 mu* m anci5t4 ,:e!r ?is  
/atem5t be correct or n1 x is nev]!less 
c]ta91 t 9 !  "t ( ! ,apo/les1 !re 7    
synagogues :]ev] !re 7 ,jews4  ,!y 7    
built1 9 imitation ( ! temple (         
,j]usalem1 ) a c\rt  & por*es1 z is !   
case ) ! synagogues 9 ! ea/ at !  pres5t
 day4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt is a *apel1   
support$ by f\r  columns1 9 :i*1 on an  
elevation prep>$ = x1 is plac$ ! book  (
 ! law1 roll$ up4 ,?is1 on ! appo9t$    
days1 is publicly read4 ,9  addition to 

! *apel1 !re is erect$ )9 ! c\rt a l>ge 
cov]$ hall or ve/ry1 into :i* ! p       
retire1 :5 ! wea!r  happ5s to be cold & 
/ormy1 & ea* family has its p>ticul>    
seat4  ,! upp]mo/ seats 9 ! synagogue1 t
 is1 ^? :i* 7 ne>e/  ! *apel :]e ! sacr$
 books 7 kept1 7 e/eem$ peculi>ly       
hon\rable1 ,matt4 xxiii1 #f2 ,james ii1 
#c4 ,! 8proseu*10 1 are  und]/ood by "s 
to be small] synagogues1 b by o!rs are  
suppos$  to be p>ticul> places "u ! op5 
sky1 :]e ! ,jews assembl$ =  religi\s   
ex]cise4 ,b ,josephus calls ! proseu*a (
 ,tib]ias a l>ge  h\se1 :i* held v _m   
p]sons4 ,see ,proseu*4 ,! ,apo/les      
prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 synagogues & proseu*1
 & ) _!  adh]5ts p]=m$ 9 !m all !       
religi\s s]vices4 ,:5 exclud$1  !y      
imitat$ ! ,jews 9 ^? places1 :]e !y 7   
too poor to  erect ^! build+s1 & held _!
 religi\s meet+s 9 ! h\ses  (           
individuals4 ,h5ce we n only he> (      
synagogues 9 h\ses 9 !  ,talmud1 b (    
*ur*es 9 h\ses 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,rom4 
xvi1 #e2 #a  ,cor4 xvi1 #ai2 ,col4 iv1  

#ae2 ,phil4 ii2 ,acts iii1 #df2 v1 #db4 
,! ,apo/les  sometimes hir$ a h\se1 9   
:i* !y p]=m$ religi\s s]vices1 &  taught
 daily1 ,acts xix1 #i2 xx1 #h4  means   
lit]ally a conv5tion  or assembly1 b by 
metonymy1 0 ev5tually us$ = ! place (   
assembl+2 9 ! same way1 t 1 :i* means   
lit]ally a  call+ toge!r1 or            
convocation1 signifies also at ! pres5t 
"t !  place ( convocation4 ,synagogues 7
 sometimes call$ by ! ,jews  s*ools2 b  
!y 7 c>eful to make an accurate         
di/9ction betwe5  su*1 & ! s*ools1      
prop]ly s call$1 ! 1 or 8sublim]        
s*ools10 9 :i* ! ,talmud 0 read1 :ile ! 
law m]ely 0 read 9  ! synagogues1 :i* !y
 plac$ f> beh9d ! ,talmud4    ,! mode ( 
conduct+ religi\s in/ruction & wor%ip 9 
!  primitive ,*ri/ian *ur*es 0 d]iv$ = !
 mo/ "p f !  practice :i* anci5tly      
prevail$ 9 synagogues4 ,b !re 7 no      
regul> tea*]s 9 ! synagogues :o 7       
(ficially qualifi$ to  pron\nce         
disc\rses be=e ! p2 al?\gh !re 7        
int]pret]s  :o r5d]$ into ! v]nacul>    

tongue1 namely1 ! ,hebro-aramean1  !    
sections1 :i* _h be5 publicly read 9 !  
,hebrew4    ,! 8synagogue prea*]10 1 ^: 
bus9ess x is1 9 consequ5ce (  8 (fice1  
to address ! p1 is an (ficial p]sonage t
 has  be5 introduc$ 9 lat] times2 at    
lea/ we f9d no m5tion ( su* a  "o 9 !   
,new ,te/am5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! "t (  
,*ri/1 !  p]son :o read ! section = !   
,sabba?1 or any o!r p]son :o 0          
respectable = le>n+ & _h a read9ess (   
spee*1 address$ !  p1 ,luke iv1 #af-ba2 
,acts xiii1 #e1 #ae2 xv1 #ba2 ,matt4 iv1
 #bc4    ,! o!r p]sons :o 7 employ$ 9 ! 
s]vices & gov]nm5t (  ! synagogue1 9    
addition to ! "o :o read ! ,scriptures1 
& !  p]son :o r5d]$ !m into ! v]nacul>  
tongue1 7 z foll[s3 #a4  8,! rul] ( !   
synagogue10 1  1 :o presid$  ov] !      
assembly1 & invit$ read]s & speak]s1    
unless "s p]sons  :o 7 acceptable       
volunt>ily (f]$ !mselves1 ,m>k v1 #bb1  
#ce-ch2  ,luke viii1 #da2 xiii1 #ad1    
#ae2 ,acts xiii1 #ae4 #b4 8,! eld]s ( ! 
synagogue10 1 4 ,!y appe> to h be5 !    

c\nsellors  ( ! head or rul] ( !        
synagogue1 & 7 *os5 f among !  mo/      
p[]ful & le>n$ ( ! p1 & are h5ce call$  
1 ,acts xiii1 #ae4 ,! c\ncil ( eld]s n  
only took a "p  9 ! managem5t ( !       
int]nal conc]ns ( ! synagogue1 b also   
puni%$ transgressors ( ! public laws1   
ei!r by turn+ !m out (  ! synagogue1 or 
decree+ ! puni%m5t ( ?irty-n9e /ripes1  
,john  xii1 #db2 xvi1 #b2 #b ,cor4 xi1  
#bd4 #c4 8,! collectors ( alms10  1  1  
8deacons40 ,al?\gh e ?+ :i* is said ( !m
 by !  ,jews 0 n true conc]n+ !m 9 ! "t 
( ! ,apo/les1 !re c  be no d\bt t !re 7 
su* (fic]s 9 ! synagogues at t  "t1     
,acts vi4 #d4 8,! s]vants ( !           
synagogue10 1 1 ,luke  iv1 #bj2 ^:      
bus9ess x 0 to rea* ! book ( ! law to ! 
p]son  :o 0 to read x1 & to receive x   
back aga91 & to p]=m o!r  s]vices4 ,!   
c]emonies :i* prevail 9 ! synagogues at 
! pres5t  day 9 pres5t+ ! law 7 n obs]v$
 9 ! "t ( our ,savi\r4  #e4 8,! mess5g] 
or legate ( ! synagogue10  4 ,?is 0 a   
p]son :o 0 s5t f synagogues abroad1 to  

c>ry alms to ,j]usalem4  ,! "n1 mess5g] 
( ! synagogue1 0 appli$ likewise to any 
p]son1 :o 0 commission$ by a synagogue1 
& s5t =? to propagate  religi\s k4 ,a   
p]son likewise 0 d5om9at$ ! mess5g]1 or 
angel1 1   1 c1 :o 0 select$ by !       
assembly to recite = !m ! pray]s2 ! same
 t is call$ by !  ,jews ( mod]n times ! 
synagogue s+]1 or cantilator1 ,rev4 ii1 
#a1 #h1  #ab1 #ah2 iii1 #a1 #g1 #ad4    
,! ,jews anci5tly call$ ^? p]sons :o1 f 
_! sup]ior  erudition1 7 capable ( tea*+
 9 ! synagogue1 1  8%eph]ds10 or        
8pa/ors40 ,!y appli$ ! same t]m1 at lea/
 9 m  rec5t times1 to ! eld]s ( !       
synagogue1 & also to ! collectors  (    
alms1 or deacons4 ,! gr\nd ( !          
application ( ?is t]m 9 su*  a way1 is z
 foll[s3 ! ^w  is1 )\t d\bt1 d]iv$ f !  
,greek ^w 1 8bread10 or 8a fragm5t (    
bread20 &1 z x is us$  9 ! ,t>gums1 x   
corresponds to ! ,hebrew v]b 1 8to fe$40
 ,x is  easy to see1 !re=e1 h[ ! ^w     
might be appli$ to p]sons  :o su/a9$    
(fices 9 ! synagogue1 9 ! same way z  is

  appli$ to k+s1 c4    ,we d n f9d      
m5tion made ( public wor%ip 9 !         
synagogues1 except  on ! ,sabba?1 ,mat!w
 xii1 #i2 ,m>k i1 #ba2 iii1 #a2 vi1 #b2 
,luke iv1 #af1  #cb1 #cc2 vi1 #f2 xiii1 
#aj2 ,acts xiii1 #ad2 xv1 #ba2 xvi1     
#ac-be2 xvii1 #b2  xviii1 #d4 ,:at is   
said ( ,/4 ,paul's hir+ ! s*ool ( "o    
,tyrannus  at ,ephesus1 & tea*+ 9 x     
daily1 is a peculi> in/ance1 ,acts xix1 
#i1 #aj4 ,yet !re c be no d\bt t ^?     
,jews :o 7 unable to g  to ,j]usalem    
att5d$ wor%ip on _! fe/ival days1 z well
 z on !  ,sabba?1 9 _! own synagogues4  
,individuals sometimes (f]$ _!  private 
pray]s 9 ! synagogue4 ,:5 an assembly 0 
collect$  toge!r = wor%ip1 ! s]vices    
began1 aft] ! cu/om>y greet+1  ) a      
doxology4 ,a section 0 !n read f !      
,mosaic law4 ,!n  foll[$1 aft] ! s++ ( a
 second doxology1 ! read+ ( a  portion f
 ! prophets1 ,acts xv1 #ca2 ,luke iv1   
#af4 ,! p]son ^:  duty x 0 to p]=m !    
read+1 plac$ ^u 8 head1 z is done at  ! 
pres5t day1 a cov]+ call$ talli?1 to :i*

 ,/4 ,paul alludes1  #b ,cor4 iii1 #ae4 
,! sections :i* _h be5 read 9 ! ,hebrew 
7  r5d]$ by an int]pret] into ! v]nacul>
 tongue1 & ! read] or  "s o!r man !n    
address$ ! p1 ,luke iv1 #af2 ,acts xiii1
 #ae4 ,x  0 on su* occasions z ^!1 t    
,jesus1 & aft]w>d ! ,apo/les1  taught ! 
,gospel4 ,! meet+1 z f> z ! religi\s    
ex]cises1 7  conc]n$1 0 end$ ) a pray]1 
to :i* ! p respond$ ,am51  :5 a         
collection 0 tak5 = ! poor4    ,! cu/oms
 :i* prevail at ! pres5t day1 & :i*     
,vitr+a has  treat$ (1 7 n all ( !m     
practis$ 9 anci5t times4 ,!  read]s1 =  
in/ance1 7 n !n1 z !y are at ! pres5t   
day1  call$ ^u to p]=m1 b pres5t$       
!mselves volunt>ily1 ,luke iv1  #af2 !  
p]sons also :o address$ ! p 7 n rabb9s  
expressly  appo9t$ = t purpose1 b 7 ei!r
 invit$ f ^? pres5t1  or (f]$ !mselves1 
,acts xiii1 #ae2 ,luke iv1 #ag4 ,! p>ts 
to be  publicly read1 likewise1 d n     
appe> to h be5 previ\sly po9t$  out1    
al?\gh ! book 0 select$ by ! rul] ( !   
synagogue1 ,luke  iv1 #af4 ,fur!rmore1 !

 =ms ( pray] t are us$ by ! ,jews at  ! 
pres5t "t d n appe> to h be5 9 exi/5ce 9
 ! "t (  ,*ri/2 unless ?is may p]haps h 
be5 ! case 9 respect to !  sub/ance ( "s
 ( !m1 especially ! "o call$  1 conc]n+ 
:i* ! ,talmudi/s1 at a v e>ly p]iod1    
gave _m precepts4    ,x 0 by m9i/]+ 9   
synagogues t ! ,apo/les ga!r$ !  *ur*es4
 ,!y reta9$ also ess5tially ! same mode 
( wor%ip )  t ( ! synagogues1 except+ t 
! ,"l's ,supp] 0 made an  additional    
in/itution1 agreeably to ! example (    
,*ri/1 ,acts ii1 #db2  xx1 #g-aa2 #a    
,cor4 xi1 #af-cd4 ,!y 7 at l5g? exclud$ 
f !  synagogue & assembl$ at ev5+ 9 !   
h\se ( "s ,*ri/ian1 :i*  0 light$ = !   
purpose ) lamps1 ,acts xx1 #g-aa4 ,!    
,apo/le1 )  ! eld]s1 :5 engag$ 9 public 
wor%ip1 took a position :]e !y  w\ld be 
mo/ likely to be he>d by all4 ,! fir/   
s]vice 0 m]ely a  salutation or bless+1 
namely1 8,! ,"l be ) y10 or1 8,peace be 
) y40 ,!n foll[$ ! doxologies &         
prelexions1 ! same z 9  ! synagogues4 ,!
 ,apo/le !n address$ ! p on ! subject ( 

religion1 & urg$ ^u !m t purity ( life  
:i* x requir$4  ,pray] succe$$1 :i* 0   
foll[$ by ! commemoration ( !  ,savi\r's
 dea? 9 ! break+ & di/ribution ( bread4 
,! meet+  0 end$ by tak+ a collection = 
! poor1 especially ^? at  ,j]usalem1 #b 
,cor4 ix1 #a-ae4    ,^? :o held "s (fice
 9 ! *ur* 7 ! regul>ly qualifi$         
in/ruct]s 9 ^! religi\s meet+s2 & yet   
laym5 _h lib]ty to  address _! bre?r5 on
 ^! occasions ! same z 9 ! synagogues2  
also to s+ hymns1 & to pray2 :i*1 9     
tru?1 _m ( !m did1  especially ^? :o 7  
sup]naturally gift$1 n except+ !  wom54 
,^? females :o 7 n "u a sup]natural     
influ5ce 7  =bidd5 by ! ,apo/le ,paul to
 make an address on su* occasions1 or   
to propose que/ions2 & x 0 enjo9$ on ^? 
:o did speak1 n to  lay aside _! veils1 
#a ,cor4 xi1 #e2 xiv1 #cd-dj4 ,! read] &
 !  speak] /ood2 ! o!rs sat2 all arose 9
 ! "t ( pray]4 ,:atev]  0 /at$ 9 a =eign
 tongue 0 imm$iately r5d]$ by an        
int]pret] into ! spee* 9 common use4    
,?is 0 s necess>y1 t  ,paul enjo9$      

sil5ce on a p]son :o 0 ev5 end[$ )      
sup]natural  gifts1 provid$ an int]pret]
 0 n at h&1 #a ,cor4 xiv1 #a-cc4 ,x 0  !
 practice among ! ,greek ,*ri/ians to   
uncov] _! heads :5  att5d+ div9e s]vice1
 #a ,cor4 xi1 #aa-af2 b 9 ! ea/1 !      
anci5t  cu/om ( wor%ipp+ ) ! head cov]$ 
0 reta9$4 ,inde$1 x is  ! practice among
 ! ori5tal ,*ri/ians to ! pres5t day1 n 
to  uncov] _! heads 9 _! religi\s       
meet+s1 except :5 !y  receive ! eu*>i/4 
,x is affirm$ t 9 ! city ( ,j]usalem    
alone !re 7 no less  ?an f\r hundr$ &   
sixty or f\r hundr$ & eighty synagogues4
 ,e  trad+ company _h "o ( its own1 &   
ev5 /rang]s built "s =  ^? ( _! own     
nation4 ,h5ce we f9d synagogues ( !     
,cyr5ians1  ,alex&rians1 ,cilicians1 &  
,asiatics1 appo9t$ = su* z came up to   
,j]usalem f ^? c\ntries1 ,acts vi1 #i4  
,,synods1 ?\gh actually synonym\s )     
,,c\ncils1 are 9 common  hi/orical      
p>lance employ$ to designate m9or       
ecclesia/ical  conv5tions4 ,9 virtue (  
?is di/9ction c\ncils h usually claim$  

= !mselves ! ample epi!t ( cum5ical or  
g5]al1 :ile  synods h long be5 kn[n only
 by ! humbl] t]m ( local or  prov9cial4 
,9 ! apo/olic age f\r local assemblies 7
 held1  :i* "s h call$ c\ncils & o!rs   
synods4 ,! fir/ 0  conv5$ = ! election (
 a successor to ,judas 9 ! apo/le%ip1   
,acts i1 #bf4 ,at ! second1 sev5 deacons
 7 *os51 ,acts vi1 #e4 ,!  ?ird1 l ! two
 :i* prec$$ x1 0 held at ,j]usalem1     
accord+  to "s au?ors1 ,a4 ,d4 #dg1 b1  
accord+ to o!rs1 ,a4 ,d4 #ea2 t is1  at 
! late/1 eighte5 ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s      
asc5sion4 ,x orig9at$ 9  ! attempt made 
to oblige ! ,g5tile conv]ts at ,antio*  
to submit to  ! rite ( circumcision4 ,/4
 ,paul & ,b>nabas oppos$ ?is attempt2   
&1 aft] 8no small diss5sion &           
disputation10 x 0 det]m9$1  t ! "q %\ld 
be ref]r$ to ! judgm5t ( ! ,apo/les &   
eld]s at ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ly1 "s ( !  
,apo/les & sev]al (  ! 8eld]s came      
toge!r0 to delib]ate on ! propriety (   
disp5s+  ) ! c]emonial law4 ,! result ( 
_! delib]ations 01 t !  ,mosaic         

ord9ances1 be+ too rigor\s1 %\ld be     
abrogat$2 & t  _! decision %\ld be      
communicat$ to 8! bre?r5 :i* 7 ( !      
,g5tiles10 ,acts xv1 #a-cj4 ,! f\r?     
apo/olic synod 0 conv5$ 9  ref]5ce to ! 
tol]ation ( legal rites1 ,acts xxi1 #ah4
 ,) respect  to all ^!1 ! fact is1 t1   
in/ead ( be+ c\ncils or synods 9  any   
prop] s5se1 !y 7 m]e meet+s ( ! *ur* at 
,j]usalem1  & all ( !m ord9>y meet+s    
except ! ?ird1 :5 !y assembl$  ^u !     
reque/ ( ! deputies f ,antio* :o came to
 ask advice4    ,dr4 ,ne&]1 speak+ ( !  
orig91 use1 & abuse ( synods1 says1--,z 
a clos] bond ( union 0 e>ly =m$ betwe5 !
 *ur*es ( ! same  prov9ce1 s also !     
,*ri/ian ca?olic _s introduc$ ! cu/om   
t1 9 all press+ matt]s1 controv]sies on 
doctr9al po9ts1 ?+s  relat+ to !        
ecclesia/ical life1 & v commonly 9 ^?   
relat+  to *ur* discipl9e1 g5]al        
delib]ations %\ld be held by deputies  f
 ^! *ur*es4 ,su* assemblies become      
famili> to u 9 !  controv]sies ab\t ! "t
 ( celebrat+ ,ea/]1 & 9 !  transactions 

ab\t ! ,montani/ic prophecies1 9 ! la/  
half ( !  second c5tury4 ,b ^! prov9cial
 synods appe>1 = ! fir/ "t1  z a con/ant
 & regul> in/itution1 fix$ to def9ite   
times1 ab\t  ! end ( ! second or !      
beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury2 & x 0  9 ?is    
case a peculi>ity ( "o c\ntry1 :]e      
p>ticul> local causes  may h introduc$  
su* an arrangem5t e>li] ?an 9 o!r       
regions4  ,?is c\ntry 01 9 fact1 exactly
 ,greece1 :]e1 f ! "t ( !  ,a*aic       
league1 ! sy/em ( conf$]ation _h ma9ta9$
 itself2 & z  ,*ri/ianity is able to    
connect itself ) all ! peculi>ities ( a 
p1 provid$ !y conta9 no?+ immoral1 &1   
ent]+ into !m1  to take itself a peculi>
 =m resembl+ !m1 s1 also1 x might       
easily happ5 t "h ! civil f$]al _s :i*  
already exi/$  work$ ^u ! ecclesia/ical 
ca?olic _s1 & gave x e>li] ?an  9 o!r   
regions a tol]ably good =m1 s t out ( ! 
repres5tative assemblies ( ! civil      
communities1 ! ,amphictyonic  c\ncils1 7
 =m$ ! repres5tative assemblies ( !     
ecclesia/ical communities1 t is1 !      

prov9cial synods4 ,z !  ,*ri/ians1 9 !  
consci\sness t !y are no?+1 & c d  no?+1
 )\t ! ,_s f above1 7 accu/om$ to beg9  
all  important bus9ess ) pray]1 !y      
prep>$ !mselves "h1 also1 =  _! g5]al   
delib]ations by common pray]1 at ! op5+ 
( ^!  assemblies1 to ,him :o has promis$
 t he w enlight5 & guide1 by  8 ,_s1 ^? 
:o believe 9 him1 if !y w give !mselves 
up to  him :olly1 & t he w be among !m1 
:]e !y are ga!r$  toge!r 9 8 "n4 ,x     
appe>s t ?is regul> in/itution met at   
fir/ ) opposition z an innovation1 s t  
,t]tullian felt himself  call$ ^u to /& 
up 9 its def5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! rul+ _s  
( ! *ur* decid$ = ?is in/itution2 &1 d[n
 to ! middle (  ! ?ird c5tury1 ! annual 
prov9cial synods appe> to h be5  g5]al 9
 ! *ur*1 z we may conclude1 because we  
f9d !m  preval5t1 at ! same "t1 9 p>ts (
 ! *ur* z f> di/ant f  ea* o!r z ,nor?  
,africa & ,cappadocia4    ,^! prov9cial 
synods might c]ta9ly become v useful = !
  *ur*es2 &1 9 _m respects1 !y did      
become s4 ,by means ( a  g5]al          

delib]ation1 ! views ( individuals might
 mutually be  enl>g$ & correct$2 wants1 
abuses1 & necess>y re=ms1 might ?us  m  
easily be mutually communicat$1 & be    
delib]at$ on 9 _m  diff]5t po9ts ( view2
 & ! exp]i5ce ( e individual1 by  be+   
communicat$1 might be made useful to    
all4 ,c]ta9ly1 m5 _h  e "r to tru/ t    
,*ri/ w\ld be among !m1 accord+ to 8    
promise1 & w\ld lead ^? :o 7 assembl$ 9 
8 "n by 8  ,_s4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 nei!r      
en?usiasm nor hi]>*ical  presumption1 if
 ! deputies1 collect$ toge!r to consult 
^u !  affairs ( _! *ur*es1 & ! pa/ors ( 
^! *ur*es1 hop$ t  a high] ,_s ?an t (  
man1 by 8 illum9ation1 w\ld %[ !m  :at  
!y c\ld nev] f9d by _! own reason1 ^:   
insuffici5cy !y  felt deeply1 if x 7    
left to itself4 ,x w\ld f> r h be5 a    
pr\d self-confid5ce1 _h !y be5 s little 
acqua9t$ ) !  %all[ness ( _! own he>t1 !
 pov]ty ( human reason1 & !             
self-deceits ( human wisdom1 z to expect
 t )\t ! influ5ce (  t high] ,_s (      
hol9ess & tru? !y c\ld provide          

suffici5tly  = ! advantage ( _! *ur*es4 
,b ?is confid5ce1 9 itself j  & salut>y1
 took a false & de/ructive turn1 :5 x 0 
n  con/antly accompani$ by ! _s (       
humility & self-wat*fulness1  ) fe> &   
trembl+2 :5 m5 7 n con/antly m9dful ( ! 
important condition "u :i* alone man    
c\ld hope to %>e 9 !  fulfilm5t ( t     
promise1 9 t div9e illum9ation &        
guidance1--! condition1 t !y 7 really   
assembl$ 9 ! "n (  ,*ri/1 9 lively fai? 
9 him1 & hone/ devotion to him1 & prep>$
  to sacrifice _! own wills2 & :5 ! p   
gave !mselves up to  ! fancy1 t su* an  
assembly1 :atev] might be ! he>ts ( ^?  
:o 7 assembl$1 _h unali5able claims to !
 illum9ation ( !  ,holy ,_s2 = !n1 9 !  
confusion & ! int]mixture ( human  &    
div9e1 m5 7 ab&on$ to e k9d (           
self-delusion2 & !  =mula1 8,spiritu    
,sancto sugg]5te10 8,by ! sugge/ion ( ! 
,holy  ,_s10 might become a pret5ce &   
sanction = all ! sugge/ions (  man's own
 w4 ,& f>!r1 ! prov9cial synods w\ld    
necess>ily  become prejudicial to !     

progress ( ! *ur*es1 if1 in/ead (       
provid+ = ! advantage ( ! *ur*es accord+
 to ! *ang+  wants ( ea* p]iod1 !y wi%$ 
to lay d[n un*ang+ laws 9  *angeable    
?+s4 ,evil 0 x at la/1 t ! p>ticipation 
( !  *ur*es 0 entirely exclud$ f ^!     
synods1 t at l5g? !  bi%ops alone decid$
 e ?+ 9 !m1 & t _! p[]1 by  means ( _!  
connection ) ea* o!r 9 ^! synods1 0     
con/antly on ! increase4 ,z ! prov9cial 
synods 7 also  accu/om$ to communicate  
_! resolutions to di/ant bi%ops 9       
weighty matt]s ( g5]al conc]nm5t1 !y 7  
s]viceable1 at !  same "t1 t[>d sett+   
di/ant p>ts ( ! *ur* 9 connection )  ea*
 o!r1 & ma9ta9+ t connection4    ,9 !   
second c5tury aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 eight
 local synods 7  held on *ur* affairs1  
ab\t :i* little in=mation is n[ extant1 
except t !y relat$ to ! h]esy (         
,montanus1 ! rebaptiz+ (  h]etics1 & !  
"t = celebrat+ ! fe/ival ( ,ea/]4 ,9 !  
?ird c5tury eighte5 synods 7 held2 !    
pr9cipal ( :i* 71  t ( ,alex&ria1 aga9/ 
,orig52 t ( ,africa1 aga9/ !  s*ismatic 

,novatus2 t ( ,antio*1 aga9/ ! h]esy (  
,sabellius1  & ano!r 9 ! same city aga9/
 ,paul ( ,samosata2 t ( ,c>?age1  aga9/ 
su* p]sons z fell away 9 "t (           
p]secution2 & t (  ,rome1 aga9/         
,novatian & o!r s*ismatics4 ,prior to ! 
assembl+ (  ! fir/ g5]al c\ncil at      
,nice1 ,a4 ,d4 #cbe1 ?ree synods 7 held 
at  ,s9uessa1 ,cir?a1 & ,alex&ria1 !    
subjects discuss$ 9 :i* are  unwor?y (  
notice4 ,o!rs 7 held1 ! discussions 9   
:i* are s  f> int]e/+ z !y %[ h[ desir\s
 ! ,ante-,nic5e fa!rs 7  to regulate !  
doctr9e & practice ( ! *ur* accord+ to !
  apo/olic model4 ,! f\r? 0 t ( ,elvira1
 :i* reject$ by its  ?irty-six? canon   
any use :atev] ev5 ( pictures4 8,we w\ld
 n10  say !y1 8h pictures plac$ 9       
*ur*es1 t ! object ( our  wor%ip &      
adoration %\ld n be pa9t$ on _! walls40 
,! synod  at ,c>?age n hav+ br\ght !    
rival pret5sions ( ,ccilian &  ,major9us
 to ! episcopate ( t city to a fav\rable
 issue1 !  ,emp]ors ,con/ant9e appo9t$ a
 commission 7!re be+ s few bi%ops       

pres5t1 x c\ld n des]ve any o!r title7  
to sit1 fir/ at ,rome1  & aft]w>d at    
,arles1 = ! purpose ( rehe>+ ! matt]4   
,at  ,arles1 x 0 decre$1 t ,ea/] %\ld be
 celebrat$ on ! same  ,sunday ?r\gh\t ! 
_w2 & t h]etics1 :o _h be5 baptiz$ 9  ! 
"n ( ! ,tr9ity1 %\ld n be rebaptiz$4 ,! 
synods ( ,ancyra  & ,neo-,cs>ea foll[$4 
,! t5? canon1 decre$ by ! latt]1 %[s  ! 
s5se ( ! fa!rs on ! subject ( celibacy3 
namely1 8,if deacons  decl>e at ! "t (  
_! ord9ation t !y w\ld m>ry1 !y  %\ld n 
be depriv$ ( _! function if !y did      
m>ry40 ,rigid  decrees 7 pass$ g5]ally  
aga9/ su* ( ! cl]gy z ate meats  :i* _h 
be5 sacrific$ to idols4 ,aft] !         
=em5tion$ synods1 two  7 conv5$ at      
,alex&ria1 ,a4 ,d4 #cbb1 aga9/ ,arius4  
,b _! acts  m]ge 9 ! subsequ5t proce$+s 
( ! *ur*4 ,f ! t]m9ation  ( ! c\ncil (  
,nice to ! next cum5ical c\ncil1 ,a4 ,d4
 #cha1 no  few] ?an =ty-?ree synods1    
ea/]n & we/]n 7 conv5$4 ,!  pr(ess$     
object ( ^! meet+s 0 ! tranquillity ( ! 
*ur*2  yet1 f ! unhappy divisions :i*   

prevail$ 9 ^! assemblies1  _!           
delib]ations 7 conduct$ ) mu* ( !       
viol5ce ( p>ty  feel+2 &1 accord+ z ! "o
 p>ty or ! o!r prevail$1 !y  sev]ally   
hurl$ spiritual ?und]-bolts aga9/ _!    
doctr9al rivals1  z if aga9/ ! enemies (
 ,god himself4 ,( ! synod ( ,s>dica a   
sep>ate & m p>ticul> acc\nt w be        
subsequ5tly giv51 because  on ! au?ority
 ( t unimportant assembly ! *ur* ( ,rome
 gr\nds  ! "r ( appeal to itself be=e   
any o!r *ur*4 ,9 ! :ole1 no  few] ?an   
eighty-"o synods 7 assembl$ ?r\gh\t !   
univ]sal  *ur* 9 ?is c5tury4 ,! pr9cipal
 subjects :i* engag$ _!  att5tion relat$
 to ,arianism1 :i* 0 g5]ally reject$ by 
!  we/]n *ur*2 b exp]i5c$ v>i\s         
vicissitudes 9 ! ea/1  accord+ to ! view
 tak5 ( x by ! reign+ p[]4 ,un=tunately 
= ! peace ( ! *ur*1 ?is h]esy gave bir? 
to num]\s o!rs4  ,m>cellus1 ,phot9us1   
,mac$onius1 & ,priscilian1 7 sev]ally   
betray$  by _! viol5ce into sy/ems no   
less revolt+ to reason & common  s5se   
?an ! ,arian impieties4 ,( sixty synods 

:i* 7 conv5$ to  regulate ! affairs ( ! 
*ur* betwe5 ! second & ?ird g5]al       
c\ncils1 ,a4 ,d4 #cha-dca1 m ?an half ( 
t numb] 7 assembl$ 9  ,africa3--no      
inconsid]able pro( ( ! vigilance ex]cis$
 by ! local  bi%ops ov] ! int]e/s ( t   
portion ( ! *ur* univ]sal  committ$ to  
_! c>e4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury _m
  synods 7 held1 "s ea/]n & o!rs we/]n1 
b none ( !m  possess$ peculi> int]e/4 ,9
 ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury1  ,zosimus1  
bi%op ( ,rome1 absolv$ ! h]esi>*s1      
,pelagius &  ,cle/ius1 & by ?is act     
confirm$ _! errors4 ,on ! latt]  appeal+
 to him = support1 ,zosimus s5t !       
,s>dican canon to a  c\ncil held at ! "t
 9 ,c>?age1 z if t canon _h be5 decre$  
by ! c\ncil ( ,nice2 because x all[$ !  
"r ( appeal to !  see ( ,rome4 ,!       
,african c\ncil reject$ x ) disda91 hav+
 f\nd1  on ref]5ce to ! ea/]n patri>*s1 
t no su* canons belong$ to  ! ,nic5e    
c\ncil1 or 7 ev] be=e he>d (4 ,?us 0 !  
reput$  infallible head ( an equally    
infallible *ur* detect$ 9 a gross act  (

 imposition2 s gross z to compel our    
good ,bi%op ,jewel to call  ,zosimus 8a 
=g] & falsifi] ( c\ncils10 ,! same pope 
pron\nc$  8 un]r+ judgm5t 9 ! dispute   
betwe5 ! bi%ops ( ,arles &  ,v9c5nes2   
:ile ,boniface1 8 successor1 "u !       
influ5ce ( !  same in]rant pr9ciple & 9 
! pl5itude ( ! same apo/olic  p[]1      
rev]s$ t judgm5t4 ,9 ! ye> #dih1        
,symma*us & ,laur5tius  7 elect$ to !   
pontificate on ! same day by diff]5t    
p>ties2  & :ile !y ma9ta9$ ! validity ( 
_! respective elections1  !y            
reciprocally d5\nc$ ea* o!r4 ,:]e1 !n1  
did infallibility  reside be=e ,!odoric1
 k+ ( ! ,go?s1 gave x a suppos$         
habitation 9 ! p]son ( ,symma*us8       
,!odoric1 an ,arian1 &  consequ5tly a   
h]etic 9 ! eyes ( ! ,romi% *ur*1 aw>d$ !
  keys ( ,/4 ,pet] to ,symma*us2 a      
circum/ance :i* mu/ h vitiat$  ! boa/$  
apo/olic succession 9 ! bi%ops ( ,rome1 
& !re=e  h de/roy$ _! title to          
infallibility6 ,cabals & intrigues =    
be+ elect$ to ! pop$om disgrac$ !       

comm5cem5t ( ! six?  c5tury4 ,_!        
prev5tion 9 future1 h[ev]1 0 decre$2 &  
c]ta9  rules1 hav+ 9 view ! peace & ord]
 ( ! we/]n *ur*1 7  laid d[n by two     
synods conv5$ at ,rome ab\t ! same "t4  
,f ?is  p]iod to ! middle ( ! c5tury1   
upw>d ( tw5ty local meet+s (  ! cl]gy 7 
held 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 fifte5 9 
,asia1 &  only f\r 9 ,africa4 ,!        
directions = ! m>ri$ cl]gy1 :i*         
occasionally pres5t !mselves to view 9 !
 proce$+s ( ^!  synods1 prove t celibacy
 0 n at ?is p]iod a g5]al  regulation2  
:ile communion 9 bo? k9ds appe>s to h   
be5 an  e/abli%$ usage4 ,! synods :i* 7 
held dur+ ! rema9d] (  ! six? c5tury 7  
conf9$ to ,france & ,spa94 ,!y am\nt 9  
numb] to tw5ty-six2 &1 l ! re/ ( ! m9or 
class :i*  prec$$ !m1 canons are        
int]sp]s$ among _! acts :i* h 9  view ! 
security ( *ur* prop]ty1 & ! rights1    
privileges1 &  p[]s ( ! diff]5t ranks ( 
! cl]gy4 ,! rema9+ canons relate  to    
discipl9e1 ) ! exception ( ! few :i* 7  
at diff]5t  times orda9$ = ! suppression

 ( h]etical op9ions1 = !  regulation (  
bo? ! m>ri$ & celibate cl]gy1 & ( ! fees
 to  :i* !y %\ld be entitl$ on !        
p]=mance ( c]ta9 duties4 ,9  none ( !m  
is to be f\nd ! lea/ au?ority = !       
di/+ui%+  t5ets ( ! mod]n *ur* ( ,rome2 
s t1 to ! v close ( !  six? c5tury1 %e  
may be consid]$ z be+ or?odox1 pure1 &  
uncorrupt4 ,:atev] def]5ce %e might     
claim z an eld] bran* ( !  *ur* ( ,*ri/1
 %e rais$ no pret5sions to a lordly     
prem95ce ov]  ! rights & privileges (   
o!r *ur*es4 ,h] jurisdiction 0          
circumscrib$ )9 h] own diocesan         
b\nd>ies2 &1 beyond !m1 none  0 dem&$4  
,aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5? c5tury1    
h[ev]1 a  complete *ange took place 9   
?is respect1 s t if a comp>ison be      
in/itut$ betwe5 ! t5ets :i* ! *ur* (    
,rome held 9 ! fir/  ages1 & ^? :i* %e  
subsequ5tly pr(ess$1 ! precise p]iod at 
:i* ! novelties comm5c$ :i* n[ di/+ui%  
h] f h] =m]  self might easily be       
asc]ta9$4 ,! ord] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 :i*    
s]v$ z a model = ! o!r mona/ic          

frat]nities t 7  subsequ5tly in/itut$1 0
 f\nd$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury    ,z ! 
hi/ory ( synods aft] ! six? c5tury      
dw9dles d[n into a  meagre n>rative ( ! 
unju/ incroa*m5ts & corrupt innovations 
(  ! *ur* ( ,rome1 & ( ! ineffectual    
/ruggles ( ,*ri/ian  *ur*es 9 v>i\s p>ts
 ( ,europe to resi/ 8 usurpation1 we    
%all  close ?is article ) an acc\nt ( ! 
popi% synod ( ,s>dica & (  ! ,prote/ant 
synod ( ,dort4 ,aft] a long night (     
d>kness1 !  glimm]+s ( a bright day 7   
p]ceiv$ at a di/ance1 :51 9 !  f\rte5?  
c5tury1 our celebrat$ c\ntryman1 !      
immortal ,wickliffe1  appe>$ z !        
precursor ( ! re=mation f pop]y4 ,!     
light  increas$ dur+ ! succe$+ c5tury1  
:5 ^? brave witnesses =  ! tru?1 ,john  
,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague1 suff]$        
m>tyrdom2 & !  sixte5? c5tury 0 fav\r$ )
 ! full blaze ( day :5 ,lu!r  &         
,melanc?on 7 enc\rag$ & support$ 9 _!   
b5evol5t &  ardu\s und]tak+1 & succe$$ 9
 putt+ d[n ! %ad[y =ms (  sup]/ition &  
idolatry4 ,soon 0 ! greate/ "p (        

irradiat$  ,europe call$ ^u to rejoice 9
 ?is light2 & to "s ( ! be/  patriots 9 
^? c\ntries t slight$ su* an            
opportunity1 _! own  culpable sup95ess  
or neglect has be5 a s\rce ( deep       
national regret  f "o g5]ation to ano!r4
    ,,! ,,synod ,,( ,,s>dica 0 held ,a4 
,d4 #cdg4 ,! ,emp]ors ,con/ans &        
,con/antius1 be+ anxi\s to re/ore t     
peace to ! *ur* ( :i*  x 0 depriv$ by ! 
cont9uance ( ,arius's h]esy1 agre$ to   
conv5e  an ecclesia/ical assembly 9     
,s>dica1 a city ( ,msia on ! v]ge (  _! 
respective empires4 ,ab\t a hundr$ we/]n
 & sev5ty ea/]n  bi%ops att5d$2 b       
alt]cation1 & n debate1 ensu$4 ,! small]
  p>ty1 appreh5sive = _! p]sonal safety1
 )drew to a t[n 9  ,?race2 a circum/ance
 t disclos$ ! fir/ symptoms ( discord & 
s*ism betwe5 ! ,greek & ,lat9 *ur*es4   
,be=e ?is p]iod !  "r ( appeal f all o!r
 *ur*es to ! see ( ,rome _h n be5       
claim$2 b f x we date ! fir/ aspirations
 ( ,roman pontiffs to  lordly prem95ce1 
& !y b5t _! re/less en]gies to e/abli% a

  spiritual tyranny ov] all ! nations ( 
! e>?4 ,ecclesia/ics1  excommunicat$ by 
! ori5tal or ,african *ur*es1 fl$ to    
,rome =  refuge1 "o aft] ano!r2 & z !   
bi%op ( t city af=d$ !m  8 protection1  
gratifi$ z he 0 at e occasion :i* made x
  necess>y1 !y1 9 ord] to te/ify _!     
gratitude1 unwitt+ly  compromis$ !      
rights ( ! cl]gy1 :51 to ! ext5t ( _!   
individual sanction1 !y inve/$ him ) !  
appellant jurisdiction4  ,among !       
refugees at ,rome 0 ! celebrat$ bi%op ( 
,alex&ria4  ,a?anasius1 p]secut$ by !   
,arian p>ty 9 ! ea/1 knelt z a          
suppliant on ! ?re%old ( ! ,vatican4    
,julius gladly esp\s$ 8  cause1 & decl>$
 him to h be5 illegally condemn$2 a     
decl>ation  t seem$ to come ) au?ority1 
b :i* ! ea/]n bi%ops  oppos$ z an       
usurpation ( undue p[]4 ,!y w5t s f> z  
ev5 to  excommunicate ,hosius1          
,gaud5tius1 ,julius ! bi%op ( ,rome1 &  
o!rs1  on ! alleg$ assumption (         
au?ority4 ,!y ma9ta9$ ! pr9ciple  laid  
d[n 9 ! canons1 t ! judgm5t pass$ on any

 individual1  ei!r by an ea/]n or we/]n 
synod1 ought to be confirm$ by !  o!r4  
,& :ile !y compla9$ t ! bi%ops ( ! we/  
%\ld  di/urb ! :ole *ur*1 on acc\nt ( "o
 or two tr\blesome fell[s1  !y accus$ !m
 ( arrogantly attempt+ to e/abli% a new 
law =  ! purpose ( emp[]+ !mselves to   
rexam9e :at _h be5 already  det]m9$4    
,*ryso/om1 too1 9 8 di/ress1 implor$1 at
 a subsequ5t  p]iod1 ! int]f]5ce (      
,innoc5t1 ! !n occupant ( ! papal  *air1
 ) ! emp]or ( ! ea/1 = ! purpose (      
procur+ a  rev]sal ( ! s5t5ce (         
deposition pron\nc$ aga9/ him by an     
obscure synod 9 ! suburbs ( ,*alc$on4 ,b
 t fa!r nev] once  suppos$ t ! ,roman   
pontiff _h any "r to he> 8 cause4 ,8    
appeal lay to ! supreme tribunal ( a    
free & g5]al c\ncil1 f a  pack$ assembly
 :i* ! empress ,eudoxia _h be5          
in/rum5tal 9  call+ toge!r1 9 ord] to   
effect 8 ru94 ,z ^! two cases (         
,a?anasius & ,*ryso/om are plead$ by    
,romi% writ]s 9 support (  ! appellant  
au?ority ) :i* !y inve/ ! bi%op ( ,rome1

 x is  a matt] ( importance to exam9e ! 
/ability ( ?is gr\nd-"w1 on  :i* is laid
 ! imm5se /ructure ( papal supremacy4   
,hosius1 :o  presid$ 9 ! ,s>dican synod1
 z he did at e c\ncil :]e he  happ5$ to 
be pres5t1 is report$ to h propos$ t an 
appeal  %\ld be made to ,rome out (     
respect to ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 &  n1 z 0
 rul$ at ! c\ncil ( ,nice1 to ! bi%ops (
 !  neighb\r+ prov9ce1 :5 any decision  
_h be5 come to 9 a  prov9cial synod4 ,b 
:at is ! language ( ! proposition made  
by  ,hosius8 8,if x be a fav\rite object
 ) y1 let u hon\r ! memory  ( ,pet]1 s t
 a lett] may be address$ to ,julius1    
bi%op ( ,rome1  by ^? :o decid$ on !    
matt]2 t1 if necess>y1 ! judgm5t may  be
 review$ by ! bi%ops 9 8 neighb\rhood1 &
 t he may appo9t  "s to he> ! cause40   
,"h nei!r canon nor ,scripture is ref]r$
  to2 :ile x is left optional ) !       
assembly :e!r def]5ce 0 or  0 n to be   
paid to ,julius1 :o is simply /yl$ 1 8a 
fell[ bi%op40 ,! f\r? canon ( ?is synod 
orda9s1 8t an  ar*bi%op1 c1 depos$ by a 

prov9cial synod1 mu/ n be expell$1      
until ! bi%op ( ,rome %all det]m9e :e!r 
! cause %all be  rexam9$20 & ! fif?     
canon decrees1 8t ! bi%op ( ,rome1 if   
he deem x prop]1 %all ord] a rehe>+ ( ! 
matt]2 t1 if  conv5i5t1 he %all s5d     
deputies = ! purpose2 if n1 t he  %\ld  
leave ! decision ( ! case to ! synod    
itself40 ,f !  ?ird & f\r? canons x     
appe>s t a novelty 9 discipl9e is       
e/abli%$1 & made obligatory on ! *ur*es 
( bo? empires1 b  only by a h&ful (     
bi%ops belong+ to "o ( !m2 & f !  fif?1 
t ! bi%op ( ,rome1 if he deem$ a judgm5t
 errone\s1 might  conv5e a new c\ncil & 
s5d deputies to x1 = ! purpose (        
reconsid]+ ! matt]4 ,^! canons1 no d\bt1
 7 v flatt]+  to ! ambition ( ! ,roman  
pontiff1 &1 accord+ly1 !y are plead$  9 
behalf ( 8 supremacy2 b h[ prepo/]\s is 
x to ascribe t  to a human law1 :i*1 x  
is ass]t$1 belongs to him by ! law (    
,god6  ,!re are o!r canons regulat+ !   
int]c\rse betwe5 bi%ops &  ! imp]ial    
c\rt2 aft] su* a mann]1 h[ev]1 z to make

 ! bi%op  ( ,rome ! judge ( ! propriety 
( ! petitions :i* !y int5d$  to pref]4  
,not)/&+ all ?is1 !y c nev] be rescu$ f 
!  imputation ( be+ =g]ies4 ,=1 #a4 ,!y 
7 nev] receiv$ by  ei!r ! ea/]n or      
,african *ur* z g5]al laws4 ,at ! six?  
c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 ,au/9 /r5u\sly d5i$ ! 
"r ( appeal to  ! ,roman see1 al?\gh a  
lett] has be5 =g$ 9 8 "n1  /r5u\sly     
cont5d+ = x1 :i* is n[ deposit$ among ! 
pi\s  frauds ( ! ,vatican4 ,x happ5$1   
also1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fif?  c5tury1 t   
,appi>ius1 :o _h be5 excommunicat$ by ! 
,african  bi%ops1 appli$ to ,zosimus1   
bi%op ( ,rome4 ,?is pontiff =?) s5t  !m 
! ,s>dican canon1 :i* conf]r$ on him !  
"r ( appeal4  ,?is !y indignantly       
reject$1 inasmu* z _! pr$ecessors1 :o   
att5d$ ! c\ncil ( ,s>dica1 left no      
record ( x2 & because !  ea/]n patri>*s1
 :om !y consult$ on ! occasion1 n only  
disclaim$ all k ( any su* canon be+ 9   
exi/5ce1 b  furni%$ _! bre?r5 ) an exact
 copy ( ! ,nic5e canons1 among  :i* !   
,s>dican "o 0 n to be f\nd4 #b4 ,!      

,s>dican canons 7  n ins]t$ 9 ! code (  
canons approv$ ( by ! c\ncil (          
,*alc$on4 #c4 ,! c\ncil :i* pass$ !m is 
n reckon$1 ev5 by !  *ur* ( ,rome1 z "o 
( ! eighte5 g5]al c\ncils1 ^: au?ority  
x ackn[l$ges2 nor does ,bell>m9e himself
 say t x is "o ( ^?  c\ncils :i* 8 *ur* 
receives 9 "p & rejects 9 "p4 #d4 ,:5  !
 we/]n bi%ops entreat$ ! ,emp]or        
,!odosius to summon a  c\ncil1 ,a4,d4   
#djg1 s f> 7 !y f mak+ any allusion to !
  doctr9e ( an appeal to ! ,roman see1 t
 !y di/9ctly disclaim$  ! ?\ght ( su* a 
pr]ogative1 & only s\ght ! fell[%ip ( a 
common arbitration4 #e4 ,la/ly1 if1 z ! 
hi/orian ,sozom5 says1 !  ,s>dican synod
 wrote to ,julius1 bi%op ( ,rome1 to    
apprize him ( :at  !y _h done1 & ( _!   
decrees be+ drawn up 9 ! _s ( !  c\ncil 
( ,nice1 ! purport ( ! lett] 0 n s /rong
 z t  :i* !y address$ to ! *ur* (       
,alex&ria1 9 :i* !y pray x  to give its 
suffrage to ! det]m9ation ( ! c\ncil1   
additional  suspicions are creat$4 ,f   
all ^! circum/ances tak5 toge!r1 x  is  

evid5t t no value is to be atta*$ to !  
decrees ( ?is  obscure c\ncil2 & t1     
al?\gh due respect 0 paid to ,/4 ,pet]'s
  *air1 x 0 no ackn[l$gm5t ( !          
sup]iority ( its possessor z  to        
ecclesia/ical au?ority or jurisdiction4 
,,! ,,synod ,,( ,,dort4 ,! ,dut* *ur*es 
=sook ! communion ( !  corrupt *ur* (   
,rome soon aft] ! *ur* ( ,engl& _h ca/  
(f !  papal yoke2 & !y 7 g5]\sly aid$ 9 
_! endeav\rs to  recov] _! civil &      
religi\s lib]ties by our good ,que5     
,elizabe?  & h] wise c\nsellors4 ,! fir/
 ,*ri/ian tea*]s among !m 7  ,lu!rans2 b
 9 process ( "t1 ! celebrity ( ,g5eva z 
a place (  public in/ruction = m9i/]s ( 
religion induc$ ! majority ( !  c&idates
 = ! m9i/ry to repair to t univ]sity2 &1
 z might  naturally be expect$1 !y      
import$ into ! ,l[ ,c\ntries ! peculi>  
views ( ,calv9 & ,beza on ! subject (   
pr$e/9ation4 ,x is ju/ly  obs]v$ by ,le 
,vassor1 8,"s le>n$ ,holl&]s _h boldly  
def5d$ ?is  doctr9e1 be=e ,arm9ius      
became a m9i/] at ,am/]dam & a pr(essor 

at ,leyd51 & likewise be=e ,gom>us _h   
ris5 up aga9/ him4 ,_!  writ+s are /ill 
extant2 al?\gh x is true t c]ta9 m9i/]s1
  :o 7 too ha/y1 ex]t$ !mselves to br+  
^? au?ors & _!  productions into        
disrepute2 b ! /ates ( ,holl& uni=mly   
*eck$  ?is impetu\s zeal4 ,! pr(essors (
 ,leyd5 7 all[$ a p]fect  lib]ty ( tea*+
 con=mably to ! s5tim5ts ( ,melanc?on2 &
  :5 ,arm9ius 0 call$ to t univ]sity1 8 
op9ions 7 g5]ally  kn[n2 = he _h decl>$ 
!m 9 ! *ur* ( ,am/]dam1 f !  consi/ory (
 :i* he receiv$ v hon\rable te/imonials4
 ,gom>us1  & _m o!rs ( ! same op9ion1   
hav+ ent]$ into conv]sation  ) ,arm9ius1
 made no scruple ( ackn[l$g+ imm$iately 
t !  diff]5ce ( s5tim5ts :i* exi/$      
betwe5 !m did n at all  conc]n !        
f\ndations ( ! ,re=mation4 ,true x is1 t
 ,gom>us did  n rema9 long on good t]ms 
) ,arm9ius4 ,:e!r he _h tak5  umbrage at
 ! reputation ( 8 new colleague1 or !   
enemies (  ,arm9ius _h f\nd means to    
provoke ! ang] ( ,gom>us by "s artful   
ins9uation or o!r2 he viol5tly set 8    

face aga9/ a man :om1 "s  "t be=e1 he   
look$ ^u z or?odox40 ,! /ruggles ( !    
p>ty (  ,arm9ius 9 ,holl&1 aft] ! dea? (
 t great man1 to obta9 a  tol]ation = _!
 op9ions1 are matt]s ( hi/ory4 ,!       
political  circum/ances ( t c\ntry & (  
,europe 9 g5]al 7 at t  p]iod v peculi>1
 & ex]cis$ great influ5ce 9 ! conv5+ &  
conduct+ ( t fam\s ecclesia/ical        
assembly1 ! synod ( ,dort2  b 9 a sket* 
l ?is1 !y c only be briefly m5tion$4    
,fr$]ic1  ! elector ,palat9e1 m>ri$     
,elizabe?1 ! only daught] ( our ,k+     
,james ! ,fir/2 he 0 nephew to ,maurice 
! pr9ce ( ,orange3 & he  s5t 8          
,heidelb]g div9es to ! synod to assi/ 8 
uncle 9 !  condemnation ( ! ,remon/rant 
p>ty1 z ! ,arm9ians 7 g5]ally  call$1 & 
to gratify 8 polemical fa!r-9-law 9 !   
ov]?r[ (  ! h]etical ,vor/ius4 ,9       
return1 he naturally expect$ bo? ( 8    
relations to aid him 9 8 gr& ent]prise (
 seiz+ on ! cr[n (  ,bohemia2 9 :i*1    
soon aft] ! bani%m5t ( ! ,remon/rants1  
he  completely succe$$1--?\gh he        

subsequ5tly lo/ t cr[n & all  8 h]$it>y 
possessions1 & embroil$ ne>ly ! :ole (  
,prote/ant  ,europe 9 ! fam\s ?irty     
ye>s' w>4    ,! ,remon/rants1 accord+ to
 ,ni*ols1 9 ! ample notes to 8          
translation ( ! 8,works ( ,arm9ius10 _h 
long wi%$ to h _!  8,five ,po9ts0 (     
doctr9e br\ght = adjudication ei!r be=e 
a  prov9cial synod1 to prep>e matt]s = a
 national "o2 or to h  !m br\ght at once
 be=e a g5]al c\ncil ( ,prote/ant       
div9es4  ,b ! ,calv9i/s w\ld li/5 to    
nei!r ( ^! equitable proposals4  ,if a  
prov9cial synod 7 conv5$1 especially 9 t
 prov9ce  7,holl&7 :i* mo/ ne$$ su* a   
rem$y1 ^! m5 well knew1 f  trial1 h[    
difficult x w\ld be to combat & refute !
 /rong &  popul> argum5ts ( !           
,remon/rants1 :5 bo? p>ties 7 plac$     
ne>ly on an equality 9 ! same assembly2 
& if a g5]al c\ncil  ( ,prote/ants 0    
summon$ toge!r1 !y 7 c]ta9 t !          
pr9ciples ( ,arm9ius w\ld1 )\t demur1 be
 recogniz$ z integral  p>ts ( ,scripture
 v]ity1 & consequ5tly entitl$ n only to 

tol]ation1 7:i* 0 all t ! ,remon/rants  
_h desir$17 b to  ! especial patronage (
 ! civil au?orities4 ,! latt] result 0  
anticipat$1 f ! imm5se prepond]ance :i* 
! ,lu!ran div9es1  f all ! small /ates (
 ,g]many1 & f o!r p>ts ( ! nor?  (      
,europe1 w\ld h _h 9 su* a c\ncil4      
,num]\s /ate pap]s on  ?is subject 7    
writt5 by ! public function>ies ( !     
diff]5t  prov9ces 9 ! ye> #afag2 among  
:i* ^? ( ! composition ( !  le>n$       
,grotius1 :o conduct$ ! argum5ts 9 fav\r
 ( a g5]al  c\ncil1 are v conspicu\s = !
 sup]ior ability :i* !y  display4 ,a    
national synod 0 !re=e ! sole rem$y :i* 
!  wisdom1 or r ! worldly prud5ce1 ( !  
,calv9i/s c\ld discov]  = remov+ !      
maladies "u :i* ! *ur*es ( ,holl& 7 at  
t "t lab\r+4 ,9 %[+ cause = _! pref]5ce1
 !y 7  plac$ 9 an awkw>d dilemma2 = !y  
p]ceiv$1 t ! /ronge/  reasons to be     
adduc$ = ! adoption ( ?is measure w\ld  
ext5d too  f>1 & might1 9 ! h&s ( _!    
able antagoni/s1 be made to apply  )    
great] cog5cy to ! conv5+ ( a g5]al     

c\ncil4    ,! designs :i* ,pr9ce        
,maurice _h long *]i%$ aga9/ ! anci5t   
lib]ties & int]nal jurisdiction ( !     
/ates1 7ea* ( :i*  possess$ by ! act (  
union ! complete managem5t ( its own    
affairs17 7 !n 9 a c\rse ( execution4   
,by ! =cible &  illegal removal ( ! old 
burgoma/]s & gov]nors1 & !  appo9tm5t ( 
new ones2 by ! prepond]ance :i* ^! newly
 elect$  individuals gave to _! own p>ty
 9 _! election ( p]sons to fill  ! high]
 (fices ( /ate 9 ! v>i\s t[ns :i* _h be5
  ill-affect$ t[>d ,calv9ism & arbitr>y 
p[]2 & by ! untrue &  sc&al\s reports   
:i* 7 inv5t$ & indu/ri\sly propagat$    
respect+ ! alleg$ secret int5tions (    
,b>nevelt & ! ,arm9ians  to deliv] up _!
 c\ntry to ! ,spani>ds2 ! pr9ce 0 enabl$
 to  succe$ 9 8 ambiti\s ent]prises4 ,to
 ! p>ty1 !re=e1 t _h  =w>d$ 8 views he  
will+ly gave all ! weight ( 8 influ5ce1 
& t ( ! ,/ates ,g5]al1 ! majority ( :om1
 9 virtue ( !  late unlawful *anges     
effect$ 9 ! prov9ces1 7 fav\rable1 n    
only to ,calv9ism1 b to any measure :i* 

! pr9ce might ?9k fit  to propose4 ,x 0 
9 allusion to ! revolution1 ?us craftily
  complet$1 t ,bog]man1 z presid5t ( !  
synod ( ,dort1 told  ,episcopius1 9 a   
s>ca/ic /yle1 z ,hales tells u1 8,y may 
rememb]  :at y told ! =eign div9es 9 y\r
 lett] to !m1 t !re _h  ( late be5 a    
great metamorphosis 9 ! /ate2 y are no  
long]  judges & m5 9 p[]1 b p]sons "u   
citation40 ,9 su* a /ate (  affairs1 an 
ord9ance ( gov]nm5t 0 easily obta9$ =   
conv5+ a  national synod1 :i* 0 to      
consi/ ( native div9es appo9t$ by !     
diff]5t classes & presbyt]ies1 ( civil  
deputies *os5 out ( ea*  prov9ce by !   
/ates1 & ( =eign div9es deput$ by su*   
*ur*es  z _h adopt$ bo? ! plat=m & !    
doctr9e ( ,g5eva4 ,! temp]  & intol]ant 
conduct ( ! v>i\s ecclesia/ical meet+s )
 :om  re/$ ! inl& appo9tm5ts1 _h be5 b  
too app>5t2 & "t _h  n mollifi$ _!      
intol]ant pr9ciples2 =1 "u ! new ord] ( 
?+s1 & ) ! sanction ( ! fre% race (     
magi/rates1 !y  7 embold5$ to effect a  
s*ism 9 _m ( ! *ief t[ns1 &  =cibly to  

exclude ! ,arm9ian m9i/]s f ! *ur*es :i*
 !y  occupi$4 ,9 o!r t[ns1 9 :i* ^! bold
 practices c\ld n be  attempt$ ) any    
probability ( success1 !y employ$ !     
ecclesia/ical arms ( ! classes1         
prov9cial synods1 & o!r pack$           
ve/ry-meet+s1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7consi/+   
g5]ally (  ,calv9i/s7 summon$ be=e !m   
all ! *ief ,arm9ian pa/ors 9 !  v>i\s   
di/ricts1 accus$ !m ( hold+ het]odox    
op9ions on !  subject ( pr$e/9ation1 &  
susp5d$ or expell$ !m f !  m9i/ry4 ,?is 
"w ( expulsion & susp5sion 0 c>ri$ on by
 !  dom9ant p>ty1 ev5 dur+ ! "t 9 :i* ! 
fate ( ,arm9ianism  0 9 a c\rse (       
det]m9ation by ! synod ( ,dort3 s t1 _h 
t  f>-fam$ & rev]5d assembly decid$ 9   
fav\r ( a tol]ation ( !  ,arm9ian       
doctr9es1 ! m9or *ur* meet+s _h left few
 m9i/]s (  t p]secut$ d5om9ation to     
pr(it f su* a decision4 ,!  ,calv9i/ic  
acc\nt ( ?is summ>y & iniquit\s process 
is ?us  giv51 9 ! preface to ! acts ( ! 
,national ,synod3 8,& s9ce  !re 7 sev]al
 pa/ors 9 t prov9ce1 ,gueld]l&1 "s ( :om

  _h be5 suspect$ ( _m o!r errors beside
 ! ,five ,po9ts ( !  ,remon/rants1 o!rs 
( !m _h illegally intrud$ into ! (fice (
  ! m9i/ry1 :ile o!rs 7 m5 ( pr(ligate  
habits2 c]ta9  p]sons ( ?is description 
be+ cit$ be=e ! prov9cial synod  (      
,gueld]l& & ,zutph51 held at ,arnheim1 9
 ,july1 #afah1 7  susp5d$ f ! m9i/ry =  
"s ( ! be=e-m5tion$ reasons1  & by no   
means on acc\nt ( ! op9ion conta9$ 9 !  
,five ,po9ts  ( ! ,remon/rants1 :i* 0   
res]v$ = ! cognizance ( !  national     
synod4 ,! trial ( ! re/ ( ^! m5 be+     
dismiss$ 9  ! "n ( ! synod1 0 committ$  
to a deputation f _! body1 to  :om !    
/ates add$ c]ta9 ( _! own delegates4 ,:5
 !y _h  fully inve/igat$ ! cases ( ^! m5
 9 _! classes1 !y  susp5d$ "s ( !m f !  
m9i/ry1 & entirely remov$ o!rs40  ,9 ! v
 able memorial :i* ! ,remon/rants1 on _!
 arrival at  ! synod1 pres5t$ to ! =eign
 memb]s1 x is ju/ly obs]v$1  respect+ ^?
 :o 7 accus$ ( hav+ taught1 beside !    
,five  ,po9ts1 ^? doctr9es :i* 7 contr>y
 to ! fundam5tals (  fai?3 8,su*        

p>ticul> cases d n 9 any mann] affect ! 
common  cause ( ! ,remon/rants1 b conc]n
 ^? alone :o may be f\nd  guilty ( !m4  
,nor are we adv]se to ! issu+ (         
ecclesia/ical  c5sures aga9/ su* p]sons1
 provid$ !y be lawfully put ^u _!       
trials1 & fairly he>d 9 def5ce (        
!mselves aga9/ su* *>ges40  ,because !  
memb]s ( ^! ,calv9i/ic prov9cial synods 
c\ld n be  long abs5t f _! respective   
congregations1 su* gallop+  commissions 
z ^!1 end[$ ) ample p[]s1 7 appo9t$ to  
trav]se e prov9ce 9 :i* ,arm9ianism _h  
be5 plant$2 & !y  soon %[$ to ! _w ! mo/
 comp5di\s me?od ( root+ out  reput$    
h]esies4 ,_! track ?r\gh ! l& resembl$ t
 ( !  angel ( de/ruction2 x 0 m>k$ by   
angui%1 m\rn+1 &  desolation4 ,aft] ?is 
detail1 e/abli%$ by ! synodical docum5ts
  !mselves1 few words w suffice to po9t 
out ! purely ,calv9i/ic  con/itution ( !
 synod ( ,dort4 ,:5 v few ,remon/rant   
m9i/]s  rema9$ 9 ! l&1 except su* z 7   
eject$ f ! *ur* or  "u susp5sion1 x 0 no
 difficult matt] to procure an          

assemblage (  m5 t 7 ( "o he>t respect+ 
! ma9 object t 0 !n  s\ght to be        
accompli%$4    ,9 ! orig9al ord] = hold+
 ! synod1 & 9 ! li/ app5d$ to  x1 z !y 7
 bo? pass$ by ! ,/ates ,g5]al1 no m5tion
 0 made  ( invit+ any o!r *ur*es1 except
 ^? ( ,engl&1 ,france1 !  ,palat9ate1   
,hesse1 & ,switz]l&1 & x 0 a matt]      
po/pon$ =  f>!r delib]ation1 :e!r any   
invitation %\ld be transmitt$ to  !     
*ur*es ( ,brem51 ,br&5burgh1 ,g5eva1 &  
,nassau4 ,! cl]gy (  ! pr9cipality (    
,anhalt 7 n invit$ to ! synod1 because  
_!  op9ions 7 und]/ood to be simil> to  
^? ( ! ,remon/rants1 !  anci5t          
confession adopt$ by _! *ur*es be+      
decid$ on !  subject ( conditional      
pr$e/9ation4 ,! div9es ( ,brem5 7 view$ 
z m5 incl9$ too mu* to mod]ate c\nsels1 
& on t acc\nt  improp] repres5tatives 9 
an assembly t int5d$ to c>ry e          
proposition ) ! unanimity ( =ce4 ,!     
div9es ( ,br&5burgh  7 ! la/ ( ^?       
invit$4 ,inde$ no invitation 0          
transmitt$ to  !m1 till ! /ate & temp] (

 _! *ur*es _h be5 asc]ta9$  ) tol]able  
accuracy2 & :5 x 0 g5]ally ?\ght t !    
deputies f t electorate 7 tractable &   
w\ld foll[ 9 !  tra9 ( !                
,contra-,remon/rants1 x 0 det]m9$ to    
summon !m to  ! synod4 ,x 0 = "s "t a   
matt] ( d\bt ) ! lead+ m5  ( ,holl&1    
:e!r !y ought to invite ! div9es (      
,g5eva &  ,nassau1 two ( ! greate/      
nurs]ies ( ,calv9ism1 to be pres5t at ! 
synod4 ,! cause ( ?is demur 01 to avoid 
! appe>ance (  p>tiality1 :i* !y ju/ly  
?\ght all ! _w w\ld h imput$  to !m _h  
!y conv5$ an assembly consi/+ only (    
,calv9i/ic  doctors4 ,to keep up ?is    
semblance ( mod]ation1 ! synodical      
summons  0 n transmitt$ to ^? div9es :5 
!y 7 s5t to ! *ur*es  ( o!r /ates &     
c\ntries4 ,b :5 ,pr9ce ,maurice's s*emes
 (  secul> aggr&izem5t & political p[]  
_h succe$$ beyond 8  utmo/ wi%es1 !y no 
long] /udi$ to 8avoid ! appe>ance (     
evil10  b boldly summon$ all ^? div9es  
ab\t ^: pres5ce at ! synod  !y _h =m]ly 
hesitat$4 ,?is 0 a mo/ notable & c]ta9  

me?od  ( procur+ a /rict ,calv9ian      
uni=mity 9 ! memb]s4 ,on ?is  topic1    
,hales1 9 8 lett]s f ,dort1 to ! ,engli%
 ambassador at !  ,hague1 says1 8,= a   
g5]al confession ( fai?1 at lea/ s f> z 
^? *ur*es /ret* :o h delegates "h 9 !   
synod1 ,i ?9k 8  project v possible1 !re
 be+ no po9t ( fai? 9 :i* !y  diff]40   
,great int]e/ 0 made at ! c\rt (        
,france1 to procure !  att5dance (      
deputies f ! re=m$ *ur*es ( t c\ntry2 b 
! k+ ( ,france prohibit$ ! ,prote/ant   
cl]gy )9 8 dom9ions  f becom+ memb]s ( !
 synod1 or assi/+ at its delib]ations4  
,! lett]s ( ! ,/ates ,g5]al1 invit+ !   
=eign div9es to !  national synod1 7    
issu$ on ! #be? ( ,june1 #afah2 & !     
memb]s  7 summon$ to meet toge!r 9 !    
city ( ,dort1 on ! fir/ day (  ,novemb] 
9 ! same ye>4 ,! lett]s ( invitation to 
! div9es (  ! unit$ prov9ces 7 dat$     
,sept4 #bj?1 & ! synod ( ,dort 0  =mally
 op5$ ,nov4 #ac?4 ,:osoev] ca/s 8 eye   
ov] ! li/ ( !  =eign div9es t compos$   
?is la/ ( ,prote/ant c\ncils1 w  f9d    

sc>cely "o man :o _h n di/+ui%$ himself 
by 8 decid$  opposition to ! doctr9e (  
conditional pr$e/9ation1 & :o 0  n      
consequ5tly disqualifi$ f act+ ! "p ( an
 imp>tial judge  ( ! exi/+ religi\s     
diff]5ces1 or t ( a peace-mak]4 ,?is    
caus$ ! fam\s ,daniel ,til5us to obs]ve1
 t 8no p]sons 7  summon$ to ,dort :o 7 n
 well kn[n to be zeal\s promot]s (      
,calv9's pr$e/9ation4 ,9 =m] ages1 m5 7 
accu/om$1 fir/ to  g to ! c\ncils1 & !n 
to decl>e _! s5tim5ts3 j !  rev]se ( ?is
 is ! practice 9 our days2 = no "o c\ld 
be  admitt$ into ! synod ( ,dort unless 
he _h previ\sly manife/$ !  be>+ ( 8    
op9ions40    ,x w be p]ceiv$ f ! prec$+ 
/atem5t1 by :at k9d (  ecclesia/ical    
managem5t ! ,remon/rants _h be5 exclud$ 
f hav+  any deputies 9 ! synod ( ,dort4 
,s completely _h ! ,calv9i/ic  plan (   
exclusion succe$$1 t ?ree ( ! memb]s f  
,utre*t 7  ! only ,remon/rants 9 t      
synod4 ,! reason ( _! be+ !re at  all1  
01 because t prov9ce 0 almo/ equally    
divid$ betwe5  ,remon/rant & ,calv9i/   

*ur*es1 & x _h be5 agre$ t ?ree (  ea*  
d5om9ation %\ld be summon$4 ,b s        
obnoxi\s 7 ! p]sons  z well z ! doctr9es
 ( ! ,remon/rants to _! adv]s>ies1 t  !y
 w\ld n all[ ev5 ^? ?ree individuals to 
h a place 9 !  seat ( judgm5t4 ,9 !     
tw5ty-f\r? session1 x 0 unanim\sly      
decl>$1 t !y c\ld only be reput$ z cit$ 
p]sons2 h[ev]1 z  ! ,acts express x1 8t 
?is synod might n be expos$ to          
calumnies1  z if !y wi%$ to exclude !m1 
x 0 all[$ !m to sit among !  judges0 on 
five conditions1 ! *ief ( :i* 71 8t :ile
 !  affairs ( ! ,remon/rants 7 "u       
discussion1 !y %\ld n  di/urb ! proce$+s
 ( ! synod by unseasonable int]ruptions1
 &  n acqua9t _! p>ty ) any ?+ done or  
said 9 ! synod1 :i*  conc]n$ _! cause40 
,two ( !m1 aft] a day's delib]ation1    
unit$  !mselves ) _! suff]+ bre?r52 & ! 
?ird1 :o 0 a  layman1 _h se5 en\gh ( !  
p>tial conduct ( t v5]able  assembly to 
induce him to abs5t himself f _! f>!r   
delib]ations4 ,z ! ,remon/rants =m$ no  
"p ( ! memb]s  conv5$1 x 0 debat$1 9 !  

f\r? session1 h[ !y ought to be         
summon$4 ,x 0 propos$ & resolv$1 t a    
lett] %\ld be compos$  & s5t to ! :ole  
body1 t !y might depute ?ree out ( ea*  
prov9ce z deputies to ! synod4 ,!       
presid5t ,bog]man !n inquir$1  if all ! 
,remon/rants 7 to be admitt$2 ! presid5t
 ( ! lay  commission]s answ]$1 t !      
ecclesia/ical presid5t & !  secret>ies  
%\ld receive a private explanation f him
 respect+  _! numb]s4 ,9 ! int]view :i* 
! two presid5ts & !  secret>ies _h      
toge!r1 !y conc]t$ matt]s s well1 t next
 day  ! prec$+ resolution = writ+ to !  
:ole body 0 )drawn =  am5dm5t2 & x 0    
f9ally agre$1 t x %\ld be left to !     
det]m9ation ( ! lay commission]s1 :at   
p]sons1 & h[ _m1  %\ld be conv5$4 ,^!   
g5tlem5 select$ ?irte5 ( !              
,remon/rants1 to ea* ( :om !y address$ a
 lett] ( citation1  comm&+ !m to appe>  
be=e ! synod1 8)9 f\rte5 days aft]  !   
receipt ( x )\t any t]giv]sation1       
excuse1 or exception1 t  9 x !y might   
freely propose1 expla91 & def5d !       

be=e-m5tion$ five po9ts z f> z !y 7 able
 & %\ld deem to  be necess>y40 ,9 ! mean
 "t ! ,remon/rants1 )\t kn[+ !          
resolution ( ! synod1 _h deput$ ?ree (  
_! body f ,leyd51 to  obta9 leave = _!  
appe>ance at ! synod1 9 a compet5t numb]
  & "u safe conduct to def5d _! cause4  
,on mak+ _! reque/  kn[n to ! lay       
commission]s1 !y 7 in=m$ ( ! resolution 
:i* _h pass$ ! synod only ! prec$+ day4 
,to :i* !y  repli$1 t x 0 unreasonable  
to cite ^? to ju/ify !mselves  :o 7 bo? 
ready & will+ to come ( _! own accord2 &
 t if  !y p]si/$ 9 proce$+ ) _! plan (  
citation1 !y w\ld by  t act furni% j    
cause1 n only to !m1 b to all good m51  
to  ent]ta9 /range notions & suspicions 
( ! synodical proce$+s4  ,n be+ p]mitt$ 
to *oose ^? m5 f _! own body :om !y     
deem$ ! be/ qualifi$ to /ate & def5d _! 
cause1 !y  acc\nt$ x an additional      
h>d%ip1 t _! enemies %\ld assume  t     
unlawful au?ority to !mselves4 ,b nei!r 
at t "t nor  aft]w>d1 :5 !y wi%$ to add 
two ( ! mo/ accompli%$ ( !  bre?r5 to _!

 numb]1 7 _! repres5tations ( ! lea/    
avail4  ,on ! six? ( ,decemb] ^! valiant
 def5d]s ( ! tru? arriv$1  & reque/$1 by
 a deputation1 to be all[$ a few days to
 unpack _!  books1 arrange _! pap]s1 c4 
,b !y 7 comm&$ imm$iately to  appe> 9 a 
body be=e ! synod1 & to pref] _! own    
reque/4 ,!y  7 introduc$ by _! bre?r5 ( 
,utre*t1 & ord]$ to sit d[n at  a long  
table plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! hall4        
,episcopius !n1 ) !  p]mission ( !      
presid5t1 address$ an apo/olic greet+ to
 !  synod2 &1 hav+ repeat$ ! reque/     
previ\sly made1 he said1 t  8! cit$     
,remon/rants appe>$ !re to def5d _! good
 &  righte\s cause be=e t v5]able       
assembly1 by reasons & argum5ts  drawn f
 ! ^w ( ,god1--or else to be confut$ &  
bett] in=m$  f ! same ^w4 ,9 ref]5ce to 
! fav\r :i* !y _h ask$1  !y left x to ! 
discretion ( ! commission]s ( ! ,/ates  
,g5]al1 be+ ready on _! p>ts1 imm$iately
 & )\t delay1 to  engage 9 a conf]5ce1  
if t %\ld be requir$40 ,!n 7 !y  desir$ 
to )draw into a *amb] prep>$ = !m adjo9+

 ! hall  ( ! synod4 ,aft] "s "t sp5t 9  
delib]ation1 !y 7 recall$1  & in=m$ by !
 presid5t1 t !y w\ld be expect$ at !    
synod  next morn+ at n9e o'clock4 ,he   
add$1 accord+ to ,hales1 8t !y  came n  
to conf]5ce1 nei!r did ! synod pr(ess   
!mselves an  adv]se p>ty aga9/ !m4      
,conf]5ces _h be5 h]et(ore held to no   
purpose4 ,!y ought to h he$$ ! words ( !
 lett]s by :i*  !y 7 cit$4 ,!y 7 call$ n
 to conf]5ce1 b to propose  _! op9ions )
 _! reasons1 & leave x ) ! synod to     
judge  ( !m40 ,episcopius repli$1 t x 0 
n necess>y s nicely to  criticise ! ^w  
conf]5ce1 & t !y _h come !re ) no  o!r  
view ?an to treat ab\t ! doctr9es :i* 7 
controv]t$1  accord+ to ! summons :i* !y
 _h receiv$4 ,! next day1 ,decemb]  #g?1
 ! ,remon/rants 7 call$ 91 :5 aft]      
,episcopius _h desir$  & obta9$ leave to
 speak1 he utt]$ an oration1 ! deliv]y (
  :i* occupi$ ne>ly two h\rs1 & :i*1 on 
acc\nt ( ! noble  s5tim5ts conta9$ 9 x1 
des]ves to be record$ 9 lett]s ( gold4  
,! gracefulness1 =ce1 & en]gy ) :i* x 0 

spok51 made su*  an impression on !     
auditory z drew te>s f sev]al ( !m1 &   
ev5 f "s ( ! /ates' deputies4 ,?is      
effect gave mighty umbrage  to ! *ol]ic 
,bog]man1 :o1 z presid5t1 accord+ to    
,mr4 ,hales's  acc\nt1 8signifi$ unto   
,episcopius1 t1 because !re 7 9 8  spee*
 _m ?+s consid]able1 he 0 !re=e to      
deliv] ! copy (  x4 ,episcopius repli$1 
t he _h none h&somely writt53 if !      
synod w\ld h pati5ce1 he w\ld cause a   
fair transcript to be drawn  = !m4 ,b   
?is excuse w\ld n s]ve2 fair or f\l1    
deliv] x up  he mu/1 & s he did40 ,9 !  
session1 ,decemb] #aj1 aft] !  presid5t 
_h ceas$ to speak1 he desir$ !          
,remon/rants to proce$  ) _! explanation
 & def5ce ( ! five po9ts4 ,!y reque/$   
leave to h a pap] read by ,episcopius4  
,bog]man w\ld n cons5t to  ?is2 b ! lay 
presid5t ord]$ ano!r ( ! ,remon/rants1  
,b]n>d  ,dw+lo1 to read x4 ,?is v       
conv9c+ docum5t 0 address$ to !  synod1 
& consi/$ ( two p>ts4 ,x may be se5 at  
full l5g? 9 !  acts1 & is 9 e respect   

wor?y ( ! great m5 ^: holy cause  x     
def5d$4 ,! fir/ "p decl>$1 t !          
,remon/rants did n own  ! memb]s ( !    
synod = lawful judges1 because ! great  
majority  ( !m1 ) ! exception ( ! =eign 
div9es1 7 _! pr(ess$  enemies2 & t mo/ (
 ! inl& div9es !n assembl$1 z well z  ^?
 ^: repres5tatives !y 71 _h be5 guilty (
 ! unhappy  s*ism :i* 0 made 9 ! *ur*es 
( ,holl&4 ,! second "p  conta9$ ! twelve
 qualifications1 ( :i* ! ,remon/rants   
?\ght a  well con/itut$ synod %\ld      
consi/4 ,! obs]vance ( !  /ipulations   
propos$ 9 x1 !y w\ld gladly h obta9$ f !
  synod1 av]r+ t !y 7 exce$+ly          
equitable1 & t !  ,prote/ants _h (f]$   
simil> conditions = ! guidance ( !      
,papi/s1 & ! ,calv9i/s = ! direction ( !
 ,lu!rans4 ,!  production ( su* a mass (
 evid5ce f writ]s ( ! ,calv9i/ic        
p]suasion1 9 fav\r ( a tol]ation &      
mod]ate measures1 & aga9/  ! pr9ciple ( 
int]e/$ p>ties usurp+ ! place (         
judges1--gave  dreadful (f5ce to t      
p[]ful body 9 ! synod1 & especially :5  

!y 7 *>g$ ) be+ at once pla9tiff1 judge1
 & jury4 ,no "o  c =m an adequate       
conception ( ! sc5e :i* foll[$ ! read+  
( ?is docum5t4 ,bog]man1 ! ,remon/rants1
 ! lay presid5t1 & !  commission]s1 7   
w>m int]locutors dur+ t session & !     
succe$+ "o :i* 0 held 9 ! aft]noon ( !  
same day4 ,bog]man  lab\r$ h>d to %[1 t1
 by d5y+ ! compet5cy & imp>tial         
con/itution ( ! tribunal be=e :i* !y 7  
summon$1 !y 9  reality 7 guilty (       
disaffection to ! high] p[]s1 :o _h     
appo9t$ & conv5$ ! synod2 & t1 by *>g+ !
 majority (  ! memb]s ) be+ ! au?ors ( !
 s*ism1 !y _h 9 effect  accus$ ! pr9ce (
 ,orange & ! ,/ates ,g5]al1 because ^?  
great  p]sonages _h frequ5t$ ! sep>ate  
meet+s4 ,9 ref]5ce to !  latt]          
circum/ance1 :i* exce$+ly gall$ him & ! 
inl&  div9es1 he said1 8,! prop] "t has 
n yet arriv$ = discuss+  x4 ,b :5 x %all
 h be5 prov$ to ! synod1 :at k9d (      
doctr9e is sanction$ by ! *ur*1 ^? :o h 
dep>t$ f x1  & :o are consequ5tly guilty
 ( ! s*ism1 w appe> 9 _! true  col\rs40 

,*>les ,niellius1 "o ( ! ,walloon       
m9i/]s1 answ]$ 9  behalf ( !            
,remon/rants1 t ?\gh !y ackn[l$g$ !     
au?ority  ( ! /ates1 & held ! synod 9   
due e/imation1 yet x 0 z  lawful = !m to
 *all5ge ?is synod1 z = sev]al ( !      
,*ri/ian  fa!rs :o *all5g$ "s ( ! anci5t
 c\ncils1 & _! ance/ors  t ( ,tr5t4 ,!  
laws !mselves all[$ m5 = c]ta9 reasons  
to  *all5ge ev5 sworn judges4 ,b x 0    
nev] kn[n1 t any law  all[$ p>ties to be
 judges4 ,nor 0 x equitable1 t ^? :o _h 
previ\sly sep>at$ f ! ,remon/rants %\ld 
sit 9 ! synod to  try !m1 aft] !y _h by 
su* sep>ation pre-judg$ _! doctr9e  &   
ent]$ into mutual engagem5ts to procure 
its condemnation4  ,episcopius !n said1 
8,mr4 ,presid5t1 if y 7 9 our places &  
we  9 y\rs1 w\ld y submit to our        
judgm5t80 ,bog]man repli$1 8,if x  _h s 
happ5$1 we mu/ h endur$ x2 & s9ce       
gov]nm5t has  ord]$ matt]s 9 a diff]5t  
way1 x becomes y to be> x )  pati5ce40  
,episcopius rejo9$1 8,x is "o ?+ to     
ackn[l$ge a p]son  = a judge1 & x is    

ano!r to be> ) pati5ce ! s5t5ce :i*  he 
may impose4 ,we also w endure x2 b our  
consci5ces _c be  p]suad$ to ackn[l$ge y
 = ! judges ( our doctr9es1 s9ce y  are 
our sworn adv]s>ies1 & h *ur*es totally 
sep>at$ f  ours40    ,on ! morn+ ( !    
next day1 ! ,remon/rants1 be+ call$ 91 7
  urg$ by ! synod to pres5t _!          
objections 9 writ+ aga9/ !  ,confession 
& ,cate*ism4 ,be=e !y proce$$ to d t1 !y
 crav$  p]mission to read ano!r docum5t3
 aft] "s demur1 leave 0  grant$1 :5     
,dw+lo read a pap] :i* comm5c$ ?us3 8,! 
celebrat$  ,p>u1 9 8 ,ir5icum1 prud5tly 
obs]ves1 t he w\ld advise no  man to    
approa* any c\ncil 9 :i* ! same p]sons  
_h to appe> 9  ! "* ( bo? adv]s>ies &   
judges40 ,! re/ ( ! pap] 0  occupi$ 9   
wip+ (f ! asp]sions :i* _h be5 ca/ ^u !m
 9  ! f\r prec$+ sessions1 & p>ticul>ly 
! f\l *>ge ( _!  want ( respect = !     
con/itut$ au?orities ( _! c\ntry4 ,!y   
decl>$1 t 9 case m5 ( peaceable         
dispositions _h be5 deput$ to  ! synod1 
z ! ,/ates ,g5]al _h int5d$1 & su* m5 z 

_h nev]  be5 conc]n$ 9 mak+ or promot+  
^! unhappy divisions1 !y  w\ld h _h     
little reason to (f] exceptions aga9/   
su* a synod4  ,?is docum5t conclud$ ) a 
prote/4 ,aft] ! deliv]y ( ?is  prote/1 !
 synod inv5t$ v>i\s me?ods to vex ! cit$
  ,remon/rants & to imp$e ! prosecution 
( _! cause4 ,among ^?  me?ods "o ( ! mo/
 artful 01 to ask !m que/ions s+ly1 &  n
 9 a body1 ) an evid5t design to entrap 
!m 9 _! answ]s4  ,!y _h ) ! greate/     
inju/ice *os5 ^? ,remon/rants :om !y    
?\ght prop]1 to be cit$ z guilty p]sons 
at ! b> ( ! synod1  )\t ! lea/ reg>d to 
! useful or spl5did qualifications ( !  
individuals ?us select$4 ,( ! six prud5t
 & accompli%$ m5 :o  _h repres5t$ !     
,remon/rant p>ty at ! celebrat$ ,hague  
,conf]5ce  9 #afaa1 only ?ree 7 summon$ 
to ! pres5t synod2 & ?\gh ^?  :o appe>$ 
on ?is occasion 7 g5]ally m5 ( good     
natural tal5ts  & s\nd und]/&+s1 & well 
v]s$ 9 ! matt]s "u  discussion1 yet !y 7
 n all end[$ ) ! gift ( r5d]+ a  ready &
 extempore reply 9 ,lat9 to e "q t might

 be  sudd5ly ask$2 & if !y _h possess$  
su* a gift 9 an em95t  degree1 x w\ld   
/ill h be5 necess>y t !y %\ld h _h  "t =
 reflection1 & = ea* to comp>e 8 own    
views & reasons  ) ^? ( 8 bre?r54 ,?is  
reque/1 h[ev]1 :i* _c be  view$ z a     
fav\r b z an act ( ju/ice1 0 almo/ )\t  
exception refus$4 ,hav+ pres5t$ to !    
synod _! op9ions relative  to ! ,five   
,po9ts & _! rem>ks on ! ,cate*ism &     
,confession1  ! ,remon/rants wi%$ to    
ent] on ! 8propos+1 explanation1 &      
def5ce ( !m1 z f> z !y 7 able or %\ld   
?9k necess>y10  accord+ to ! v t]ms ( ! 
lett]s by :i* !y _h be5 cit$2  b ! synod
 9 opposition to ! pla9 & obvi\s mean+  
:i* ^?  expressions convey$1 decid$ t x 
0 a privilege belong+ to  !mselves alone
 to judge h[ f> ! ,remon/rants might be 
p]mitt$ to  ent] into ! explanation &   
def5ce ( _! doctr9es4 ,?is 0  acc\nt$ an
 act ( great inju/ice by ! ,remon/rants1
 :o also  alleg$1 t 8!y did n feel _m   
scruples ab\t ! doctr9e (  election1 b t
 x 0 reprobation 9 :i* ! *ief difficulty

  lay40 ,!y 7 v desir\s1 !re=e1 ( hav+  
reprobation  discuss$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance3 
b ! ,calv9i/s ( ^? days wi%$  to keep   
unconditional reprobation en%r9$ 9 ! d>k
 p5etralia (  _! temples1 only to be    
produc$1 z opportunity might s]ve1 =  _!
 own private purposes1 ei!r to t]rify ! 
c>eless among _!  he>]s1 or to quick5 ! 
occasionally sluggi% curr5t (           
congregational b5evol5ce4 ,x 0 n to be  
expect$1 !re=e1 t  ! ,calv9i/s ( ! synod
 w\ld all[ ! ,remon/rants to give       
reprobation t prom95ce 9 _! discussions 
to :i* x 0 ju/ly  entitl$4 ,9 "o ( !    
debates :i* ^! two que/ions produc$1    
,bog]man aga9 took advantage ( !        
dis+5u\s trick]y :i* we h  j expos$1 &  
ask$ ,pynakk]1 "o ( ! cit$ m9i/]s1 8,d y
  imag9e ! synod w suff] ! ,remon/rants 
to exam9e ! doctr9e  ( reprobation80    
,pynakk] repli$1 8,yes1 ,i d3 because1 z
 ?is is !  *ief s\rce ( ! tr\bles ( !   
*ur*1 x ought to be fir/  discuss$40    
,p]ceiv+ ei!r t 8 mean+ 0 n correctly   
und]/ood1 or t he _h express$ x 9 an    

imp]fect mann]1 ,pynakk]  imm$iately    
expla9$ himself by add+1 t by fir/ he   
meant  *iefly1 7bo? ( :i* significations
 ! ,lat9 ^w conveys17 & by  ackn[l$g+ t 
election ought to h ! prec$5ce (        
discussion4  ,:5 relat+ ?is occurr5ce1  
,poppius rem>ks1 8,?is1 be+ receiv$ 9  a
 wrong s5se1 0 imput$ to all ( u1 z ?\gh
 we 7 unanim\sly  ( op9ion1 t !         
discussion ( ! doctr9e ( reprobation    
ought to  prec$e t ( election4 ,^u ?is  
"q ! =eign div9es &  o!rs 7 desir$ by ! 
presid5t to deliv] _! s5tim5ts4  ,h[ev]1
 ! expression imput$ to u 0 employ$ by  
none ( u1 mu*  less by all4 ,b ?is 0 _! 
mann]3 if "o ( u1 9 ! "n (  all1 said   
any ?+ t prov$ advantage\s to ! re/1 !  
presid5t  seem$ mu* displeas$ at our    
unanimity3 !n we 7 told t we 7  cit$    
s+ly & p]sonally1 & t we did n compose a
 society or  corporation4 ,b :5 any ( u 
happ5$ to employ a ^w t 0  capable ( be+
 wre/$ to our common injury &           
miscon/ru$1 !n  :at 0 said by "o 0 c]ta9
 to be imput$ to all60 ,aft] ga9+ a     

fav\rable opportunity l ?is1 ,bog]man   
always ha/ily dismiss$ !  cit$ p]sons2 &
 on ?is occasion he dwelt l>gely1 9 _!  
abs5ce1  on ,pynakk]'s expression1 &    
p]suad$ ! =eign div9es t !  proposal ( !
 ,remon/rants1 to treat ( reprobation   
be=e election1  0 a s9e qu non1 & t )\t 
x 0 grant$ to !m !y w\ld  n proce$4 ,?is
 al>m$ all ! ,calv9i/ic bro!rhood1 :o   
rose vi  et armis1 deliv]$ s]iatim _!   
objections to su* a bold  proce$+1 &    
?\ght1 ) ! pr(essor ( ,heidelb]g1 8t x 0
  unreasonable = ! ,remon/rants to      
di/urb ! consci5ces ( !  elect on acc\nt
 ( ,god's judgm5ts aga9/ ! reprobat$1 & 
to plead  ! cause ( ! latt]1 z ?\gh !y  
_h be5 hir$ to und]take !  def5ce ( ^?  
:o _h by ! j judgm5t ( ,god be5 reject$2
 &  t = ^! reasons ! synod nei!r c\ld   
nor ought to grant !  ,remon/rant bre?r5
 any f>!r lib]ty1 unless ! memb]s       
design$ to  expose ! or?odox doctr9e (  
pr$e/9ation to be op5ly ridicul$40      
,f9d+ ?is great av]sion 9 ! synod to !  
prec$5ce (  reprobation1 ! ,remon/rants 

propos$1 s9ce !y 7 =bidd5 to  expla9 or 
def5d _! s5tim5ts viv voce1 8to expla9  
_!  doctr9es 9 writ+1 beg9n+ ) ! article
 ( election1 &  proce$+ to t (          
reprobation2 to def5d _! doctr9es1 & to 
refute ! contr>y op9ions ( !            
,contra-,remon/rants & ( ^?  :om !y     
consid] or?odox3 b t1 9 case ?is        
explanation or  def5ce seems to be      
defective1 !y w\ld answ] 9 writ+ !      
que/ions :i* ! presid5t might ?9k prop] 
to propose to !m1 or  9 oral            
communications by ^? ( _! body :om !y   
might judge be/  qualifi$ = t purpose4  
,& t ! lib]ty :i* !y desir$  might n    
appe> unlimit$1 !y b\nd !mselves to     
proce$ 9 su* a  mann] z %\ld n sav\r 9 !
 lea/ ( an insol5t lic5ti\sness3  & t _!
 discussions might n be ext5d$ too f>1 !
 lay  commission]s 7 emp[]$ to curtail  
!m at pleasure40 ,b ^!  v equitable     
t]ms1 :i* 7 mu* worse ?an ^? :i* !      
unsophi/icat$ & grammatical s5se ( !    
citatory lett]s held out  to !m1 7      
reject$ by ! synod1 at ! in/igation & by

 !  managem5t ( ! presid5t1 :o1 aft]    
hav+ _h rec\rse to 8 old  trick (       
prop\nd+ que/ions to ea* ( ! cit$       
p]sons1 & aft]  procur+ aga9/ !m ?ree or
 f\r synodical c5sures1 _h !m at  l5g?1 
7,jan4 #ad?17 dismiss$ f ! synod1 ) e   
m>k (  contumely & scorn :i* he c\ld    
inv5t4 ,bog]man _h previ\sly  busi$     
himself 9 extract+ ! op9ions ( !        
,remon/rants f su*  writ+s ( !irs z _h  
be5 publi%$ long be=e1 & 9 =m+  !m into 
articles1 to be sep>ately discuss$ by ! 
synod4 ,?is  pass+ ( judgm5t on !       
,remon/rants f ! te/imony ( _! own      
writ+s1 0 an employm5t :i* ,deodatus & 8
 colleague f ,g5eva  _h at "o ( ! e>lie/
 sessions m5tion$ z v desirable1 & 9    
:i* !y appe>$ eag] to engage4 ,any "o :o
 att5tively reads !  ,acts ( ! synod1 & 
comp>es !m ) ! private acc\nts bo? (    
,remon/rants & ,contra-,remon/rants w   
f9d1 t ?is _h also be5  ! int5tion ( !  
presid5t f ! v comm5cem5t1 & t all  8   
%ift+ s*emes & boi/]\s conduct 0 int5d$ 
to irritate !  ,remon/rants1 :o possess$

 m pati5ce ?an he _h contemplat$1 &  :o 
7 !re=e to be remov$ f ! synod by a     
great] ex]cise (  art & ) great]        
difficulty4 ,b "o ( ! greate/ injuries (
  :i* ! ,remon/rants _h to compla91 01 t
 ! book f :i*  _! suppos$ op9ions 7     
*iefly collect$1 0 ! production ( a     
decl>$ enemy1 :o wrote a highly col\r$  
acc\nt ( a conf]5ce  respect+ ! ,five   
,po9ts1 9 :i* he pret5d$ t ! ,calv9i/s  
_h obta9$ a complete victory4 ,a        
,remon/rant au?or _h also writt5  an    
able /atem5t ( ! same conf]5ce1 & _h    
claim$ a triumph =  8 p>ty4 ,! latt]    
w\ld !re=e h c]ta9ly be5 ! mo/  prop]   
au?ority f :i* to extract ! real op9ions
 ( 8 body4    ,b ?\gh dismiss$ f _! f>!r
 att5dance on ! synod1 !  ,remon/rants 7
 n p]mitt$ to dep>t f ,dort2 ! /ates'   
commission]s hav+ *>g$ !m n to quit !   
t[n1 )\t _!  special p]mission4 ,!      
presid5t1 9 8 spee* dimissory1 _h said1 
t !y w\ld receive an intimation :5 !    
synod _h any f>!r  occasion = !m4 ,:5 a 
,remon/rant deputy1 by leave ( ! act+   

burgoma/] ( ,dort1 :o 0 "o ( !          
commission]s1 _h ha/ily gone  to        
,utre*t1 to visit "o ( 8 *ildr5 t 0     
expect$ soon to die1  he 0 on 8 return  
call$ to an acc\nt = 8 conduct1 & !  =m]
 ord] repeat$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! det5tion 
at ,dort dur+  eight mon?s1 !y 7 z      
/rictly wat*$ z if !y _h be5  condemn$  
malefactors4 ,"o ( !m ^: si/] lay on h] 
dea?-b$ &  e>ne/ly desir$ to see him1   
c\ld n obta9 p]mission to visit h]  :ile
 %e liv$2 & aft] h] decease he 0 n all[$
 to att5d h]  fun]al4 ,ano!r1 ^: wife 0 
ne> ! "t ( h] acc\*m5t1  wi%$1 l a good 
family man1 to be at home = a few days  
at t  critical p]iod2 b 8 reque/ 0      
refus$4 ,:5 ! uncle ( ano!r  ( !m 0 at !
 po9t ( dea?1 he long$ = ! pres5ce ( 8  
nephew1 to receive 8 dy+ comm&s1 & to   
b5efit him by 8  c\nsels & pray]s2 b !  
wi%es ( ! good old man c\ld n be        
gratifi$4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ! nephew 0 n    
all[$ to look aft] !  press+ conc]ns ( 8
 orphan c\s9s1 al?\gh 8 uncle _h        
appo9t$ him _! legal gu>dian4 ,none ( ^!

 fav\rs1 ?\gh  reasonable & ask$ ) mu*  
humility1 c\ld be obta9$ f ! high       
bigots1 9 ^: h&s1 at t "t1 0 ve/$ !     
p]sonal lib]ty (  ! p]secut$ & cit$     
,remon/rants4 ,t[>d ! close ( ,febru>y1 
!  magi/rates ( diff]5t t[ns depos$ f ! 
m9i/ry ?ree ( !  cit$ ,remon/rant m9i/]s
 :o 7 pres5t at ! synod1 & s5t  regul>  
notices to _! families1 spe$ily to quit 
! p>sonage h\ses  :i* !y sev]ally       
occupi$4 ,^! ?ree good m51 be+ he>tily  
tir$ ( ! /rict durance 9 :i* !y _h be5  
held s9ce _!  arrival at ,dort1         
repres5t$ to ! /ates' commission]s1 t1 z
 !y  7 n n[ 9 ! m9i/ry1 !y c\ld no long]
 be consid]$  am5able to ! jurisdiction 
( ! synod3 ?is 0 ! v argum5t (  !       
commission]s1 :51 at ! comm5cem5t ( !   
synod1 !  ,remon/rants _h wi%$ to h     
associat$ ) !m ! two rec5tly  depos$    
m9i/]s1 ,grev9*ovius & ,g\l>t4 ,?\gh1 = 
v obvi\s  reasons1 at t e>ly /age ( !   
bus9ess1 !y w\ld p]mit no  ,remon/rants 
to appe> among ! cit$1 8except su* z 7  
actually 9  ! ex]cise ( ! m9i/ry20 yet  

!y w\ld n li/5 to ! same  argum5t :5 x  
militat$ aga9/ _! fav\rite purposes3 & !
  ?ree m9i/]s 7 comm&$ to rema9 at ,dort
 ) _! bre?r54  ,"o ( ! ?ree1 h[ev]1 ^:  
wife !n f> advanc$ 9 pregnancy1  _h be5 
ord]$ to leave h] h\se )9 eight days1   
v5tur$ to  return to ,horn1 & to assi/  
h] to remove f _! =m] dwell+4  ,b1 on 8 
arrival1 he f\nd h] already remov$ to   
ano!r h\se2 &  8 return to ,dort 0      
spe$ily requir$ by ! high] p[]s4 ,to    
exp$ite 8 dep>ture1 two or ?ree ( !     
,calv9i/ magi/rates  employ$ _! (ficial 
au?ority 9 a mann] ! mo/ repreh5sible3  
!y plac$ him1 l a crim9al1 9 ! t[n wagon
 op5ly be=e 8  own door1 ?\gh he _h     
provid$ a c>riage = himself on ! outside
  ( ! t[n1 to :i* he wi%$ to h retir$   
privately & )\t  noise4 ,a tumult ensu$ 
betwe5 ! populace :o 7 atta*$ to _!     
good pa/or1 & ! soldi]s :om ! magi/rates
 _h plac$ be=e 8  h\se two h\rs be=e 8  
dep>ture4 ,on 8 return to ,dort1 he 0   
sev]ely exam9$ be=e ! commission]s      
respect+ ! unhappy  commotion2 b be+    

conv9c$ t he _h n be5 at all to blame 9 
t affair1 !y pass$ x ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,at  
diff]5t times !  ,remon/rants wi%$ to   
depute a few ( _! small body to !       
,hague1 to  make a prop] repres5tation (
 ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 treat$ by  ! synod2 
b ?is indulg5ce 0 inv>iably refus$4 ,_! 
only  res\rce !n 01 to write to _! high 
might9esses an acc\nt (  _! proce$+s1 & 
to implore _! int]f]5ce & protection4 ,b
  su* an attempt1 9 t po/ure ( _!       
affairs1 0 unavail+2 =  _! doom 0       
already seal$4 ,soon aft] _! appe>ance  
at ,dort1 !  magi/rates ( t city issu$ a
 proclamation1 comm&+ !  inhabitants1   
all ( :om 7 celebrat$ = _! atta*m5t to  
,calv91  to refra9 f insult+ any ( !    
=eign or native pr(essors1  div9es1 or  
o!r p]sons t 7 call$ to appe> at !      
synod1 on  pa9 ( summ>y puni%m5t to !   
(f5d]s4 ,?is docum5t 0 n  requir$ = !   
protection ( ! ,calv9i/s2 b ! p]secut$  
,remon/rants 7 su* objects ( hatr$ to ! 
populace1 z sc>cely to  be all[$ to pass
 along ! /reets )\t be+ maltreat$4 ,?is 

bad  _s 0 excit$ & enc\rag$ by ! viol5t 
s]mons :i* 7  fulm9at$ aga9/ !m1 f !    
diff]5t pulpits 9 ! city4  ,:5ev] ^!    
good m5 7 requir$ to be 9 att5dance1 7& 
!y  7 liable to be summon$ f _! lodg+s  
at a few m9utes'  notice17 !y 7 n       
p]mitt$ to ent] ! l>ge hall 9 :i* !     
synodical sessions 7 held1 b 7 ord]$ to 
wait ! pleasure (  t v5]able body 9 an  
ante-*amb]1 ! door ( :i* 0 g5]ally      
lock$1 & ! passage lead+ to x gu>d$ by  
two or ?ree ( !  police1 :o h9d]$ !m f  
hold+ any communication ) _!  fri5ds1 & 
kept !m 9 z /rict durance z if !y _h be5
  convict$ ( "s capital (f5ce4 ,at !    
=mal conclusion ( !  pr9cipal bus9ess ( 
! synod1 ,may ! #f?1 :5 ! f>!r          
att5dance ( ! =eign div9es 0 decl>$ to  
be no long]  necess>y1 ! ,remon/rants 7 
summon$ f _! lodg+s1 &  wait$ ^u ! lay  
commission]s1 at six o'clock 9 ! ev5+1  
:5  ! resolution & c5sure ( ! synod 7   
read to !m 9 ,lat9 by  ,he9sius1 !      
secret>y2 9 :i* !y 7 accus$ ( 8hav+     
corrupt$  ! true religion1 dissolv$ !   

unity ( ! *ur*1 giv5 griev\s  cause (   
sc&al1 & %[n !mselves contumaci\s &     
disob$i5t3 =  ^! sev]al reasons1 ! synod
 prohibit$ !m f ! f>!r  ex]cise ( _!    
m9i/ry1 depriv$ !m ( _! (fices 9 ! *ur* 
& univ]sity1 & decl>$ !m incapable (    
p]=m+ any  ecclesia/ical function1 till1
 by s9c]e rep5tance1 !y %\ld h  giv5 !  
*ur* full satisfaction1 &1 be+ ?us      
reconcil$ to h]1  %\ld be re-admitt$    
into h] communion40 ,!y 7 !n requir$ to 
wait at ,dort till f>!r ord]s f _! high 
might9esses2 & :5  !y reque/$ to h a    
copy ( ! synodical c5sure & s5t5ce      
aga9/ !m1 !y 7 z usual refus$4 ,on !    
#bd? ( ,may1 ! cit$  ,remon/rants 7     
summon$ to appe> be=e ?ree new          
commission]s :om  ! ,/ates ,g5]al _h    
deput$ f _! body1 :5 ea* ( !m 0  call$  
into ! room & sep>ately int]rogat$2 aft]
 :i*1 he :o  _h be5 la/ call$ 9 0 ord]$ 
into ano!r room1 & prev5t$  f hold+ any 
communication ) ^? :o _h n be5 u%]$ into
  ! pres5ce ( ! commission]s4 ,!        
proposal & que/ions address$  to ea* (  

!m 7 9 sub/ance ! foll[+3 8,s9ce y h be5
  depriv$ by ! synod1 ! ,/ates ,g5]al h 
direct$ u to ask y  ! foll[+ que/ions3  
,:e!r y are1 not)/&+ ?is decision1      
resolv$ to act z m9i/]s8 ,or :e!r y w be
 cont5t 9 future  to lead quiet &       
peaceable lives 9 ob$i5ce to ! gov]nm5t1
 z  private burgh]s1 )\t any place or   
(fice1 ab/a9+ f all  ecclesia/ical      
m9i/rations 9 any meet+ ( ! p ( y\r     
sect1  f all mann] ( tea*+ & prea*+1    
exhort+1 read+1  adm9i/]+ ! sacram5ts1  
visit+ ! sick1 writ+ lett]s1 or         
transmitt+ pap]s8--,x is ! int5tion ( _!
 high might9esses to  all[ to ^? :o %all
 con=m to ^! requisitions su* a         
compet5cy  z may enable !m to live      
com=tably ei!r 9 or out ( ^! unit$      
prov9ces1 z _! own *oice may det]m9e40  
,9 addition to ^!  ?+s1 ,episcopius 0   
requir$ to promise1 8n to write ei!r    
lett]s  or books to confirm ! p 9 !     
s5tim5ts ( ! ,remon/rants1 or  to s$uce 
!m f ! doctr9e ( ! synod40 ,all ( !m    
pr(ess$  _! will+ness to obey _!        

gov]nors 9 all su* matt]s z might  be   
p]=m$ ) a safe consci5ce1 to live       
peaceably !mselves1 &  to exhort all    
o!rs to ! same practice4 ,!y also       
express$ _!  read9ess to refra9 f !     
ex]cise ( _! ecclesia/ical functions  9 
! public *ur*es2 b none ( !m1 except    
,leo1 c\ld reconcile x  to _! consci5ces
 to ab/a9 f fe$+ 9 small] assemblies !  
flock ( ,*ri/ ov] :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ _h  
made !m ov]se]s4 ,!  majority ( !m add$1
 8,n only ^? :o abuse or squ&] away _!  
tal5t w be puni%$1 b ^? also :o bury x 9
 ! e>?1 ei!r  ?r\gh fe> ( tr\ble or hope
 ( advantage4 ,x is !re=e our duty  to  
place our lights on c&le/icks1 & n to   
hide or smo!r !m  "u a bu%el or an easy 
b$2 & we hope y\r lord%ips w nei!r  h9d]
 u1 nor be displeas$ ) u = s do+40 ,9 a 
subsequ5t  int]view ) ! commission]s1 ! 
,remon/rants prov$1 t _!  reasons =     
cont9u+ ! ex]cise ( _! m9i/ry _h =m]ly  
receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,/ates ,g5]al    
!mselves3 = at !  treaty ( ,cologne1 9  
#aegi1 _! high might9esses _h insi/$1 8t

  subjects :o pr(ess$ any religion      
diff]5t f t :i* 0  e/abli%$1 c\ld n     
satisfy _! consci5ces by =ego+ its      
ex]cise40 ,b1 aft] sev]al unavail+      
conf]5ces toge!r1 !  commission]s left  
!m 9 a /ate ( susp5se & conf9em5t1 ab\t 
tw5ty days long]4 ,dur+ t "t1 sev]al    
reports 7 br\ght to  !m f v>i\s qu>t]s1 
8t "s great calamity 0 imp5d+20  & !y 7 
s]i\sly advis$ to avoid x by a timely   
flight4 ,!y  7 likewise in=m$ (         
,b>neveldt's execution1 & ( ! p]petual  
imprisonm5t to :i* ,grotius & ,hog]beets
 _h be5 s5t5c$2 &  t sev]al ( _! bre?r5 
9 ! m9i/ry1 :o _h lately att5d$  a meet+
 at ,rott]dam ab\t _! affairs 9 g5]al1  
_h be5 tak5  into cu/ody1 & br\ght to ! 
,hague1 = t (f5ce4 ,!y ?\ght1  h[ev]1 t 
all ^! reports 7 only int5d$ to create  
an  artificial al>m1 & to induce !m to  
attempt an escape1--?us  deliv]+ _!     
enemies f ! hatr$ to :i* !y w\ld be     
expos$  by _! f>!r rigor\s proce$+s4 ,b 
_! firmness on t  occasion correspond$ )
 all _! previ\s conduct1 & !y refus$  to

 di%on\r _! good cause by flight1 or any
 o!r act ( c[>dice4  ,on ! #c;d ( ,july1
 aft] hav+ be5 summon$ f ,dort to !     
,hague1  !y appe>$ be=e ! ,/ates ,g5]al1
 & :5 !y _h be5 call$  9 s+ly be=e _!   
lord%ips1 "s "t 0 sp5t to induce ea* (  
!m to sign ! act ( cessation f ! m9i/ry4
 ,b to ^!  r5ew$ solicitations !y       
sep>ately return$ ! same mode/ answ] z  
t :i* !y _h deliv]$ at ,dort4 ,aft]     
all[+ !m two days =  f>!r delib]ation1  
_! lord%ips on ! fif? ( ! same mon?1    
hav+ he>d a repetition ( _! refusal1    
pass$ a resolution to  bani% !m 8out ( !
 unit$ prov9ces & ! jurisdiction !re(1  
)\t ev] be+ all[$ to return till ! said 
/ates be fully  satisfi$ t !y are ready 
to subscribe ! said act ( cessation1  & 
till !y h obta9$ special leave f _! high
 might9esses  = t purpose1 on pa91 9    
case ( non-compliance1 ( be+ treat$  z  
di/urb]s ( ! public peace1 = an example 
to o!rs40 ,episcopius  deliv]$ a %ort   
spee*1 9 :i*1 among o!r matt]s1 he      
rem9d$  _! high might9esses1 8t !y _h   

be5 invit$ to a free synod1  & _h       
receiv$ frequ5t v]bal promises ( a safe 
conduct40 ,to ?is  spee* !y did n deign 
a reply1 b ord]$ ! ,remon/rants to be   
conduct$ into ano!r room1 & to h ! door 
lock$ & bolt$1  :ile ! provo/ & 8 (fic]s
 att5d$ on ! outside = purposes  (      
intimidation4 ,aft] be+ kept "s "t 9 ?is
 k9d ( imprisonm5t  !y 7 at l5g? p]mitt$
 to depute to _! high might9esses two  (
 _! body1 :o reque/$ t !y might h leave 
to adju/ _!  dome/ic affairs1 to collect
 :at 0 ow+ to !m1 & to pay _!  debts1 t 
_! wives & *ildr5 might n be r5d]$      
mis]able &  turn$ nak$ into ! /reets4   
,!y (f]$ to give unexceptionable        
security = _! return at su* a p]iod & to
 su* places z _!  lord%ips might        
require4 ,:ile !y 7 pref]r+ ?is reque/1 
!  ,he] ,muis (t5 int]rupt$ !m1 & at la/
 s>ca/ically told !m  8n to be s greatly
 conc]n$ ab\t _! families2 = if !y _h   
receiv$ an extraord9>y call f ,god to   
s]ve 8 *ur*1 he w\ld  und\bt$ly support 
!m aft] an extraord9>y mann]40 ,b ! only

  fav\r :i* ! ,remon/rants c\ld obta91  
01 ! def]r+ ( _!  dep>ture till f\r     
o'clock ! next morn+1 provid$ ea* ( !m  
w\ld promise to retire to 8 lodg+s )\t  
speak+ to any body1  & to be ready at ! 
appo9t$ e>ly h\r next day4 ,ea* ( !m _h 
fifty guild]s all[$ = 8 travell+        
exp5ses1 & a copy ( !  s5t5ce ( ! ,/ates
 ,g5]al4 ,b x 0 betwe5 n9e & t5 o'clock 
! next day1 be=e ! magi/rates remov$ !m 
9 n9e wagons t[>d  ,walwick 9 ,brabant1 
! place ( bani%m5t :i* !y _h desir$1    
:]e !y arriv$ aft] a j\rney ( ?ree days4
 ,! canons ( ,dort1 z  ! gr& te/ (      
,calv9ism1 7 !n c>ri$ triumphantly by ! 
synodi/s ?r\gh\t ! l&2 & e cl]gyman1    
pr(essor1 &  s*oolma/]1 t refus$ to sign
 !m1 0 depriv$ ( 8 b5efice  & compell$  
to lay aside 8 functions4 ,sev]al ( !m1 
9 addition  to _! deprivation1 7 also   
bani%$ out ( ! c\ntry1 to v>i\s  p>ts on
 ! cont95t4 ,s end$ ^! proce$+s ( !     
,synod ( ,dort  z to ^! suff]+ m52      
proce$+s :i* w\ld h disgrac$ !  wor/ age
 ( pop]y6    ,:ile 9 a /ate ( bani%m5t1 

^! excell5t m9i/]s ( ,*ri/  ,jesus      
provid$ = ! spiritual wants ( _!        
de/itute flocks2 &1  at ! imm95t haz>d (
 life & lib]ty1 dis*>g$ 9 p]son1 z  (t5 
z !y f\nd opportunity1 ! duties ( !     
pa/oral (fice4  ,aft] ! dea? ( ,pr9ce   
,maurice1 9 #afca1 !y 7 p]mitt$ to      
return to _! native c\ntry1 & to resume 
! peaceable ex]cise (  _! m9i/ry4 ,b !  
imm5se lit]>y lab\rs 9 :i* !y 7         
compell$ to engage dur+ ?is tr\bl\s     
p]iod h1 by ! admirably  ov]-rul+ acts (
 ,div9e ,provid5ce1 be5 r5d]$ mo/       
valuable  bless+s to ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom4
 ,su* doctr9es & pr9ciples  7 !n br\ght 
"u discussion1 z s]v$ to enlight5 e     
c\ntry  9 ,europe on ! gr& subject (    
civil & religi\s lib]ty1 ! true  nature 
( :i* has f t "t be5 bett] und]/ood1 &  
its  b5eficial effects m g5]ally        
appreciat$ & enjoy$4    ,we subjo9 _!   
op9ions on ! 8,five ,po9ts0 9 dispute   
betwe5 !m  & ! ,contra-,remon/rants1    
translat$ f ! ,lat9 pap]s :i* !y        
pres5t$ to ! synod4 ,x is1 h[ev]1       

necess>y = ! read] to be  appriz$1 t1 9 
fram+ ^! doctr9al articles1 :i* s]v$ !m 
z texts or !ses = "s mo/ valuable       
diss]tations on v>i\s  cognate subjects1
 !y int5d$ r to expose ! ungu>d$        
ass]tions & extravagant dogmas ( _!     
!ological adv]s>ies1 ?an  to exhibit a  
simple /atem5t ( _! own s5tim5ts4    ,i4
 ,on pr$e/9ation4 #a4 ,god has n decre$ 
to elect any "o to  et]nal life or to   
reprobate any man f x1 9 an ord] prior  
to t  by :i* he has decre$ to create t  
man1 )\t any insight into any  antec$5t 
ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce1 b accord+ to 8   
own good  pleasure1 to demon/rate !     
glory ( 8 m]cy & ju/ice1 or ( 8  p[] or 
absolute dom9ion4 #b4 ,z ! decree ( ,god
 conc]n+ bo? !  salvation & ! de/ruction
 ( e man is n ! decree ( an end         
absolutely int5ti fix$1 x foll[s t nei!r
 are su* means  subord9at$ to t decree z
 ?r\gh !m bo? ! elect & !  reprobate may
 efficaci\sly & inevitably be br\ght to 
! de/9$  end4 #c4 ,:]e=e1 nei!r did ,god
 ) ?is design 9 "o man ,adam  create all

 m5 9 an upright condition1 nor did he  
orda9 ! fall or  ev5 its p]mission1 nor 
did he )draw f ,adam necess>y &         
suffici5t grace1 nor does he n[ cause ! 
,gospel to be prea*$ &  m5 to be        
outw>dly call$1 nor does he conf] on !m 
! gifts ( !  ,holy ,_s1--he has done    
none ( ^! ?+s ) ! design t  !y %\ld be  
means by :i* he might br+ "s ( mank9d to
 life  ev]la/+1 & leave o!rs ( !m       
de/itute ( et]nal life4 ,*ri/  !        
,m$iator is n only ! executor (         
election1 b also !  f\ndation ( ! v     
decree ( election itself4 ,! reason     
causa  :y "s m5 are efficaci\sly call$1 
ju/ifi$1 p]sev]e 9 fai?1  & are         
glorifi$1 is n because !y are absolutely
 elect$ to life  et]nal3 nor is ! reason
 :y o!rs are des]t$ & left 9 ! fall1  h 
n ,*ri/ be/[$ ^u !m1 or1 f>!r1 :y !y are
  inefficaci\sly call$1 are h>d5$ &     
damn$1 because ^! m5 are  absolutely    
reprobat$ f et]nal life4 #d4 ,god has n 
decre$1 )\t  ! int]v5+ ( actual s9s1 to 
leave by f> ! great] "p (  mank9d 9 !   

fall1 & exclud$ f all hope ( salvation4 
#e4 ,god has  orda9$ t ,*ri/ %all be !  
propitiation = ! s9s ( ! :ole  _w2 &1 9 
virtue ( ?is decree1 he has det]m9$ to  
ju/ify &  save ^? :o believe 9 him1 & to
 adm9i/] to m5 ! means :i*  are necess>y
 & suffici5t = fai?1 9 su* a mann] z he 
kn[s to  be befitt+ 8 wisdom & ju/ice4  
,b he has n 9 any wise  det]m9$1 9      
virtue ( an absolute decree1 to give    
,*ri/ z a  ,m$iator = ! elect only1 & to
 end[ !m alone ) fai? ?r\gh  an         
effectual call1 to ju/ify !m1 to pres]ve
 !m 9 ! fai?1 &  to glorify !m4 #f4     
,nei!r is any man by "s absolute        
antec$5t  decree reject$ f life et]nal1 
nor f means suffici5t to atta9  x3 s t !
 m]its ( ,*ri/1 call+1 & all ! gifts ( !
  ,_s1 are capable ( pr(it+ all m5 = _! 
salvation1 & are 9  reality pr(itable to
 all m51 unless by an abuse ( ^! bless+s
  !y p]v]t !m to _! own de/ruction4 ,b  
no man :atev] is  de/9$ to unbelief1    
impiety1 or ! commission ( s91 z ! means
  & causes ( 8 damnation4 #g4 ,!        

election ( p>ticul> p]sons is           
p]emptoria absolute1 f consid]ation ( _!
 fai? 9 ,jesus  ,*ri/ & _! p]sev]ance1 b
 n )\t consid]ation ( _!  fai? & ( _!   
p]sev]ance 9 true fai? z a pr]equisite  
condition 9 elect+ !m4 #h4 ,reprobation 
f et]nal life is made  accord+ to !     
consid]ation ( prec$+ unbelief &        
p]sev]ance 9  unbelief1 b n )\t         
consid]ation ( prec$+ unbelief or       
p]sev]ance 9 unbelief4 #i4 ,all ! *ildr5
 ( believ]s are  sanctifi$ 9 ,*ri/2 s t 
n "o ( !m p]i%es :o dep>ts out  ( ?is   
life prior to ! use ( reason4 ,b "s     
*ildr5 ( believ]s  :o dep>t out ( ?is   
life 9 _! infancy1 & be=e !y h 9  _! own
 p]sons committ$ any s91 are on no      
acc\nt to be reckon$ 9  ! numb] ( !     
reprobate3 s t nei!r is ! sacr$ lav] (  
baptism1 nor are ! pray]s ( ! *ur*1 by  
any means capable (  pr(it+ !m to       
salvation4 #aj4 ,no *ildr5 ( believ]s :o
 h be5  baptiz$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ( !   
,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1  & :o live 9 ! 
/ate ( _! infancy1 are by an absolute   

decree  numb]$ among ! reprobate4       
,,ii4 ,on ! univ]sality ( ! m]it (      
,*ri/4 #a4 ,! price (  r$emption :i*    
,*ri/ (f]$ to 8 ,fa!r is 9 & ( itself n 
only suffici5t = ! r$emption ( ! :ole   
human race1 b x has  also1 ?r\gh !      
decree1 ! w1 & ! grace ( ,god ! ,fa!r1  
be5 paid = all m5 & e man2 & !re=e no "o
 is by an  absolute & antec$5t decree ( 
,god positively exclud$ f all           
p>ticipation 9 ! fruits ( ! dea? (      
,*ri/4 #b4 ,*ri/1 by !  m]it ( 8 dea?1  
has hact5us ?us f> reconcil$ ,god !     
,fa!r  to ! :ole ( mank9d1--t he c & w1 
)\t injury to 8  ju/ice & tru?1 ent]    
into & e/abli% a new cov5ant ( grace )  
s9n]s & m5 obnoxi\s to damnation4 #c4   
,?\gh ,*ri/ has m]it$ =  all m5 & = e   
man reconciliation ) ,god & =giv5ess (  
s9s1 yet1 accord+ to pactum ! t5or or   
t]ms ( ! new &  graci\s cov5ant1 no man 
is 9 reality made a p>tak] ( ! b5efits  
procur$ by ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 9 any o!r way 
?an ?r\gh fai?2  nei!r are ! trespasses 
& (f5ces ( s9ful m5 =giv5 prior to  _!  

actually & truly believ+ 9 ,*ri/4 #d4   
,^? only = :om  ,*ri/ has di$ are oblig$
 to believe t ,*ri/ has di$ = !m4  ,b ^?
 :om !y call reprobates1 & = :om ,*ri/  
has n di$1  c nei!r be oblig$ s to      
believe1 nor c !y be ju/ly condemn$  = !
 contr>y unbelief2 b if su* p]sons 7    
reprobates1 !y  w\ld be oblig$ to       
believe t ,*ri/ has n di$ = !m4         
,,iii4  ,,iv4 ,on ! op]ation ( grace 9 !
 conv]sion ( man4 #a4 ,man  has n sav+  
fai? f & ( himself1 nor has he x f !    
p[]s  ( 8 own free w2 because 9 a /ate (
 s9 he is able f & (  himself to ?9k1 w1
 or d no?+ t is good1 no?+ t is  inde$  
sav+ good2 ( :i* description1 9 ! fir/  
place1 is sav+  fai?4 ,b x is necess>y  
t1 by ,god 9 ,*ri/ ?r\gh 8 ,holy  ,_s1  
he %\ld be reg5]at$ & r5ew$ 9 8 und]/&+1
  affections1 w1 & 9 all 8 p[]s1 t he   
may be capable (  rightly und]/&+1      
m$itat+1 will+1 & p]=m+ su* ?+s  z are  
sav+ly good4 #b4 ,we prop\nd ! grace (  
,god to be !  beg9n+1 ! progress1 & !   
completion ( e good ?+2 s t  ev5 ! man  

:o is born aga9 is n able )\t ?is prec$+
 &  prev5i5t1 ?is excit+ & foll[+1 ?is  
accompany+ &  cop]at+ grace1 to ?9k1 to 
w1 or to p]=m any good1 or to  resi/ any
 temptations to evil3 s t good works1 & 
! good actions  :i* any "o is able to   
f9d out by ?9k+1 are to be ascrib$ to ! 
grace ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 #c4 ,yet we d n   
believe t all ! zeal1  c>e1 /udy1 &     
pa9s1 :i* are employ$ to obta9          
salvation1 be=e  fai? & ! ,_s (         
r5ovation1 are va9 & useless2 mu* less d
  we believe t !y are m hurtful to man  
?an useful & pr(itable4  ,b1 on !       
contr>y1 we consid] t to he> ! ^w (     
,god1 to m\rn  on acc\nt ( ! commission 
( s91 & e>ne/ly to seek & desire  sav+  
grace & ! ,_s ( r5ovation1 7none ( :i*  
is any man  capable ( do+ )\t div9e     
grace17 are n only n hurtful &  useless1
 b t !y are r mo/ useful & exce$+ly     
necess>y  = obta9+ fai? & ! ,_s (       
r5ovation4 #d4 ,! w ( man 9  a laps$ or 
fall5 /ate1 & be=e ! call ( ,god1 has n 
!  capability & lib]ty ( will+ any good 

t is ( a sav+ nature2  & !re=e we d5y t 
! lib]ty ( will+ z well :at is a  sav+  
good z :at is an evil is pres5t to !    
human w 9 e  /ate or condition4 #e4     
,efficaci\s grace1 by :i* any man is    
conv]t$1  is n irresi/ible3 & ?\gh ,god 
s affects ! w ( man by 8  ^w & ! inw>d  
op]ation ( 8 ,_s1 z to conf] ^u him a   
capability ( believ+1 or sup]natural    
p[]1 & actually faciat  causes man to   
believe2 yet man is ( himself capable to
 spurn & reject  ?is grace & n believe1 
& !re=e1 also1 to p]i% ?r\gh 8  own     
culpability4 #f4 ,al?\gh1 accord+ to !  
mo/ free &  unre/ra9$ w ( ,god1 !re is v
 great disp>ity or inequality (  div9e  
grace1 yet ! ,holy ,_s ei!r be/[s1 or is
 ready to be/[1  ^u all & ^u e "o to :om
 ! ^w ( fai? is prea*$1 z  mu* grace z  
is suffici5t to promote suis gradibus 9 
its  gradations ! conv]sion ( m52 &     
!re=e grace suffici5t =  fai? &         
conv]sion is conc$$ n only to ^? :om    
,god is said to  be will+ to save       
accord+ to 8 decree ( absolute election1

 b  likewise to ^? :o are 9 reality n   
conv]t$4 #g4 ,man is able1 by  ! grace (
 ! ,holy ,_s1 to d m good ?an he        
actually does1 &  to omit m evil ?an he 
actually omits4 ,nei!r d we believe t   
,god  simplicit] absolutely wills t man 
%\ld d no m good ?an  t :i* he does1 &  
to omit no m evil ?an t :i* he omits2   
nor d we believe x to h be5 det]m9ately 
decre$ f all  et]nity t ea* ( su* acts  
%\ld be s done or omitt$4 #h4  ,:omsoev]
 ,god calls he calls !m s]i\sly1 t is1 )
 a s9c]e  & n ) a dissembl$ int5tion & w
 ( sav+ !m4 ,nei!r d  we subscribe to ! 
op9ion ( ^? p]sons :o ass]t t ,god      
outw>dly calls c]ta9 m5 :om he does n w 
to call inw>dly1 t  is1 :om he is       
unwill+ to be truly conv]t$1 ev5 prior  
to _!  rejection ( ! grace ( call+4 #i4 
,!re is n 9 ,god a secret w  ( t k9d :i*
 is s oppos$ to 8 w reveal$ 9 8 ^w1 t   
accord+ to ?is same secret w he does n w
 ! conv]sion &  salvation ( ! greate/ "p
 ( ^? :om1 by ! ^w ( 8 ,gospel1  & by 8 
reveal$ w1 he s]i\sly calls & invites to

 fai? &  salvation4 #aj4 ,nei!r hc on   
?is po9t d we admit ( a holy            
dissimulation1 z x is ! mann] ( "s m5 to
 speak1 or ( a tw(old  p]son 9 ! ,deity4
 #aa4 ,x is n true1 t1 ?r\gh ! =ce &    
efficacy ( ! secret w ( ,god or ( !     
div9e decree1 n only are  all good ?+s  
necess>ily done1 b likewise all evil    
?+s2 s t  :osoev] commit s91 !y are n   
able1 9 respect to ! div9e  decree1 to d
 o!rwise ?an commit s92 & t ,god wills1 
decrees1  & procurat is ! manag] ( m5's 
s9s1 & ( _! insane1  fooli%1 & cruel    
actions1 also ( ! sacrilegi\s blasphemy 
( 8  own "n2 t he moves ! tongues ( m5  
to blaspheme1 c4 #ab4 ,we also  consid] 
x to be a false & horrible dogma1 t ,god
 by secret means  impels m5 to !        
commission ( ^? s9s :i* he op5ly        
prohibits2  t ^? :o s9 d n act 9        
opposition to ! true w ( ,god &  t :i*  
is prop]ly s call$2 t :at is unju/1 t   
is1 :at is  contr>y to ,god's comm&1 is 
agreeable to 8 w2 nay1 f>!r1 t  x is a  
real & capital fault to d ! w ( ,god4   

,v4 ,on ! p]sev]ance ( true believ]s 9  
fai?4 #a4 ,! p]sev]ance  ( believ]s 9   
fai? is n ! effect ( t absolute decree (
 ,god  by :i* he is said to h elect$ or 
*os5 p>ticul> p]sons  circumscrib$ ) no 
condition ( _! ob$i5ce4 #b4 ,god        
furni%es  true believ]s ) sup]natural   
p[]s or /r5g? ( grace1 z mu* z  accord+ 
to 8 inf9ite wisdom he judges to suffice
 = _!  p]sev]ance1 & = _! ov]com+ !     
temptations ( ! devil1 !  fle%1 & ! _w2 
& on ! "p ( ,god /&s no?+ to h9d]  !m f 
p]sev]+4 #c4 ,x is possible = true      
believ]s to fall away  f true fai?1 & to
 fall into s9s ( su* a description z _c 
consi/ ) a true & ju/ify+ fai?2 nor is x
 only possible =  !m ?us to fall1 b su* 
lapses n unfrequ5tly occur4 #d4 ,true   
believ]s are capable by _! own fault (  
fall+ into flagrant crimes  & atroci\s  
wick$ness1 to p]sev]e & die 9 !m1 &     
!re=e  f9ally to fall away & to p]i%4   
#e4 ,yet ?\gh true believ]s  sometimes  
fall into griev\s s9s1 & su* z de/roy ! 
consci5ce1  we d n believe t !y         

imm$iately fall away f all hope (       
rep5tance2 b we ackn[l$ge ?is to be an  
ev5t n impossible to  occur1--t ,god1   
accord+ to ! multitude ( 8 m]cies may   
aga9  call !m by 8 grace to rep5tance2  
nay1 we are ( op9ion t su* a  recall+   
has (t5 occurr$1 al?\gh su* fall5       
believ]s _c be  8mo/ fully p]suad$0 ab\t
 ?is matt] t x w c]ta9ly &  und\bt$ly   
take place4 #f4 ,!re=e d we ) our :ole  
he>t & s\l  reject ! foll[+ dogmas1 :i* 
are daily affirm$ 9 v>i\s  publications 
ext5sively circulat$ among ! p3 namely1 
7#a47 8,true  believ]s _c possibly s9 ) 
delib]ate c\nsel & design1 b  only ?r\gh
 ignorance & infirmity40 7#b47 8,x is   
impossible = true  believ]s1 ?r\gh any  
s9s ( !irs1 to fall away f ! grace (    
,god40 7#c47 8,a ?\s& s9s1 nay1 all !   
s9s ( ! :ole _w1 are  n capable ( r5d]+ 
election va9 & void40 ,if to ?is be     
add$1  8,m5 ( e description are b\nd to 
believe t !y are elect$ to  salvation1 &
 !re=e are incapable ( fall+ f t        
election10  we leave m5 to ?9k :at a    

wide w9d[ su* a dogma op5s to c>nal     
security4 7#d47 8,no s9s1 h[ev] great & 
griev\s !y may be1 are  imput$ to       
believ]s2 nay1 f>!r1 all s9s1 bo? pres5t
 & future1  are remitt$ to !m40 7#e47   
8,?\gh true believ]s fall into          
de/ructive  h]esies1 into dreadful & mo/
 atroci\s s9s1 su* z adult]y &  murd]1  
on acc\nt ( :i* ! *ur*1 accord+ to !    
in/itution (  ,*ri/1 is compell$ to     
te/ify t x _c tol]ate !m 9 its  outw>d  
communion1 & t unless su* p]sons be     
conv]t$1 !y w  h no "p 9 ! k+dom (      
,*ri/2 yet x is impossible = !m  totally
 & f9ally to fall away f fai?40 #g4 ,z a
 true believ] is  capable at ! pres5t "t
 ( be+ assur$ conc]n+ ! integrity (  8  
fai? & consci5ce1 s he is able & ought  
to be at ?is "t  assur$ ( 8 own         
salvation & ( ! sav+ good w ( ,god t[>d 
him4 ,on ?is po9t we highly disapprove (
 ! op9ion ( ! papi/s4  #h4 ,a true      
believ]1 respect+ ! "t to come1 c &     
ought1 inde$1  to be assur$ t he is     
able1 by means ( wat*+1 pray]1 & o!r    

holy ex]cises1 to p]sev]e 9 ! true fai?2
 & t div9e grace  w nev] fail to assi/  
him 9 p]sev]+4 ,b we _c see h[ x  is    
possible = him to be assur$ t he w nev] 
aft]w>d be  defici5t 9 8 duty1 b t he w 
p]sev]e1 9 ?is s*ool (  ,*ri/ian w>f>e1 
9 ! p]=mance ( acts ( fai?1 piety1 &    
*>ity1 z becomes believ]s2 nei!r d we   
consid] x to be a matt]  ( necessity t a
 believ] %\ld be assur$ ( su*           
p]sev]ance4    ,"u ! article ,,pelagians
 has be5 %[n ! l9e ( di/9ction :i*  !   
,remon/rants drew betwe5 _! doctr9es &  
^? ( ,pelagius2 &  ! foll[+ are ! j     
di/9ctions1 :i* !y pres5t$ to !  synod (
 ,dort1 betwe5 ,semi-,pelagianism &     
,arm9ianism3 8,b we mu/  decl>e1        
likewise1 :at our judgm5t is respect+   
,semi-,pelagianism4 ,!  ,massilians1    
aft] ! "t ( ,pelagius1 p>tly correct$ 8 
error &  p>tly reta9$ x2 on :i* acc\nt  
!y receiv$ f ,prosp] !  appellation ( ! 
relics or rema9s ( ,pelagius1 & are     
commonly  /yl$ ,semi-,pelagians4 ,!y    
all[$ ! exi/5ce ( prev5i5t grace1  b    

only t :i* prec$es or goes be=e good    
works2 n t also  :i* prec$es !          
comm5cem5t ( fai? & ( a good w1 by :i*  
!y believ$ t man prec$$ ,god1--yet ?is n
 always1 b only  sometimes3 ,on !       
contr>y we say1 t ,god prec$es or goes  
be=e !  beg9n+ ( fai? & ( a good w2 & t 
x is ( grace bo? t  our w be excit$ to  
beg9 well1 & likewise1 t1 be+ ?us       
prep>$1 x be l$ ?r\gh to ! grace (      
reg5]ation4 ,!  ,semi-,pelagians ass]t$1
 t man1 ?r\gh ! previ\s dispositions    
:i* _h be5 implant$ 9 8 nature1 obta9$  
grace z a rew>d2 &1  h[ev] !y might     
sometimes decl9e ! use ( ! t]m m]it1 !y 
by no means exclud$ m]it itself3 ,b we  
d5y1 t1 ?r\gh !  endeav\rs ( nature1 man
 m]its grace4 ,! op9ion ( !             
,semi-,pelagians 01 t1 = ! pres]vation (
 ! grace ( ! ,holy  ,_s1 we want no?+ m 
?an t :i* ei!r by nature we may  h1 or t
 :i* we may once obta9 9 conjunction )  
grace3 ,b we  ackn[l$ge1 t1 9 ord] to   
our p]sev]ance 9 good1 special grace  is
 likewise requir$4    8,:]e=e we are    

unju/ly accus$ ( ,semi-,pelagianism by !
  ,contra-,remon/rants1 s9ce we condemn 
9 ! ,semi-,pelagians ^? ?+s  :i* ! *ur* 
univ]sal =m]ly condemn$ 9 !m4 ,yet ^!   
are  great signs ( incon/ancy &         
consequ5tly ( a false judgm5t1--t  :ile 
"s among !m fa/5 ,pelagianism ^u u &    
o!rs  ,semi-,pelagianism1 !re are o!rs  
:o decl>e t we are ne>ly &  almo/       
,semi-,pelagians1 all ( !m hav+ *os5 &  
employ$ ^!  epi!ts only = purposes (    
odium4 ,our conclusion !re=e is1 t  we  
d]ogate no?+ f div9e grace1 b ackn[l$ge 
its sup]natural  & unm]it$ acts1 & _!   
absolute necessity = ! "w (  conv]sion4 
,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we frankly confess1 t !
  indiff]5cy or lib]ty ( ! w is n tak5  
away by grace1 b t  x is p]fect$ = !    
bett]2 & t ! w is n necessitat$1  or s  
det]m9$ t[>d good z n to be able to d ! 
opposite4    8,?is 0 also ! judgm5t (   
all antiquity & ( ! *ur*  univ]sal2 & ! 
or?odox acc\nt$ ?is way to be ! safe/1  
:i*  lay betwe5 two precipices1 ! "o t (
 ! ,mani*ees1 ! o!r  t ( ! ,pelagians4  

,/4 ,j]om says1 #8,we ?us pres]ve free  
w1 t  we d n d5y to x ! help :i* x      
requires 9 e ?+ :i* x  p]=ms1' ,dialog4 
adv]sus ,pelagium4 ,& ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o 0
 at  o!r times a mo/ fi]ce def5d] (     
absolute election1 judici\sly  obs]ves1 
9 8 =ty-six? lett] to ,val5t9us1 #8,if  
!re be no grace  ( ,god1 h[ does he save
 ! _w8 ,& if !re be no free w1 h[  does 
he judge ! _w8' ,&1 z ,/4 ,b]n>d says1 9
 ! comm5cem5t  ( 8 book ,on ,grace &    
,free ,w1 #8,take away free w1 & !re  w 
be no?+ to be sav$2 take away grace1 &  
!re w !n be  no?+ f :i* salvation c     
come4' ,we h _h reg>d to bo? (  !m2 le/1
 if we d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( fre$om 9 ! w1 we
 %\ld  enc\rage ! slo? & li/lessness (  
m52 or if ! exi/5ce (  grace1 we %\ld   
give up ! re9s to pride &               
haught9ess4--,f ^!  quotations & o!rs   
:i* !y give x is evid5t t ! op9ion  ( ! 
fa!rs 01 t free w & grace s completely  
conspire  toge!r1 t free w is p]fect$ by
 grace1 & n de/roy$2 !  de/ruction ( ! w
 9 ?is case be+ a calumny inv5t$ by !   

,pelagians1 :i* 0 g5]ally refut$ by !   
patrons ( grace40    ,= o!r p>ticul>s   
relat+ to g5]al r$emption consult !     
articles ,,arm9ianism1 ,,baxt]ianism1   
,,calv9ism3,,calv9ism1 ,,*ur* ,,(       
,,engl&1 & ,,lu!rans4    ,,syracuse1 a  
fam\s city ( ,sicily1 seat$ on ! ea/    
side ( !  isl&1 ,acts xxviii1 #ab4      
,,syria1 t "p ( ,asia :i*1 ba!d by !    
,m$it]ranean on ! we/1  _h to ! nor?    
,m\nt ,taurus1 to ! ea/ ! ,euphrates & a
 small  portion ( ,arabia1 & to ! s\?   
,judea1 or ,pale/9e4 ,! ori5tals  call$ 
x ,aram4 ,! "n1 :i* has be5 transmitt$  
to u by !  ,greeks1 is a corruption or  
abridgm5t ( ,assyria1 :i* 0 fir/  adopt$
 by ! ,ionians1 :o frequ5t$ ^! coa/s    
aft] ! ,assyrians  ( ,n9eveh _h r$uc$ t 
c\ntry to be a prov9ce ( _! empire1     
ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #gej4 ,by ! appellation (  
,syria is ord9>ily meant !  k+dom (     
,syria1 ( :i*1 s9ce ! reign ( !         
,seleucid1 ,antio*  has be5 ! capital4  
,! gov]nm5t ( ,syria 0 = a long "t      
mon>*ical2 b "s ( its t[ns1 :i* =m$     

sev]al /ates1 7  republics4 ,) reg>d to 
religion1 ! ,syrians 7 idolat]s4 ,!     
c5tral place ( _! wor%ip 0 ,hi]opolis1 9
 :i* 0 a  magnific5t temple1 & ne> !    
temple a lake t 0 reput$ sacr$4  ,9 ?is 
temple 0 an oracle1 ! cr$it ( :i* !     
prie/s us$ e  me?od to support4 ,!      
prie/s 7 di/ribut$ into v>i\s classes1  
& among !m 7 ^? :o 7 d5om9at$ ,galli1 & 
:o  volunt>ily r5\nc$ ! p[] ( transmitt+
 ! succession 9 _!  own families4 ,!    
,syrians _h bloody sacrifices4 ,among ! 
religi\s  c]emonies ( ! ,syrians1 "o 0 t
 any "o :o und]took a j\rney  to        
,hi]opolis began ) %av+ 8 head &        
eye-br[s4 ,he 0 n  all[$ to ba!1 except 
9 cold wat]1 to dr9k any liquor1 nor to 
lie  on any b a h>d b$1 be=e ! t]m ( 8  
pilgrimage 0 f9i%$4  ,:5 ! pilgrims     
arriv$1 !y 7 ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se1
  & lodg$ ) ^? :o engag$ to in/ruct !m 9
 ! sacr$ rites  & c]emonies4 ,all !     
pilgrims 7 m>k$ on ! neck & wri/s4 ,!   
y\? consecrat$ to ! goddess !           
fir/-fruits ( _! be>d &  hair1 :i* 0    

pres]v$ 9 ! temple1 9 a vessel ( gold or
 silv]1  on :i* 0 inscrib$ ! "n ( !     
p]son :o made ! (f]+4 ,!  sight ( a dead
 p]son r5d]$ x unfit = any "o to ent]   
into !  temple dur+ ! :ole day4 ,!      
dyna/ies ( ,syria may be di/ribut$  into
 two classes2 ^? t are made kn[n to u 9 
! sacr$  writ+s1 or 9 ! works (         
,josephus1 ackn[l$g$ by ! ori5tals2  & !
 ,seleucidan k+s1 successors ( ,alex&]1 
) :om we are  acqua9t$ by ,greek au?ors4
 ,! mon>*y ( ,syria cont9u$ two hundr$  
& fifty-sev5 ye>s4    ,,syro-,,ph5icia1 
or ,,ph5icia ,,prop]1 call$ ,syro or    
,syrian ,ph5icia f  be+ includ$ 9 !     
k+dom ( ,syria4 ,x implies t "p ( !     
coa/ ( ,canaan on ! ,m$it]ranean 9 :i* !
 cities ( ,tyre &  ,sidon 7 situat$2 &  
?is same c\ntry1 call$ ,syro-,ph5icia 9 
!  ,acts1 is 9 ! ,gospels call$ ! coa/s 
( ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,! woman  also call$ a
 ,syro-,ph5ician 9 ,m>k vii1 #bf1 is 9  
,matt4 xv1 #bb1 call$  a ,canaaniti%    
woman1 because t c\ntry 0 /ill inhabit$ 
by !  desc5dants ( ,canaan1 ( :om ,sidon

 0 ! elde/ son4      ,,tab]nacle1 9     
,hebrew1 1 9 ,greek1 1 a ^w :i* prop]ly 
signifies a t5t1 b is p>ticul>ly appli$ 
by ! ,hebrews to a k9d  ( build+ 9 ! =m 
( a t5t1 set up by ! express comm& (    
,god1  = ! p]=mance ( religi\s wor%ip1  
sacrifices1 c1 dur+ !  j\rney+s ( !     
,israelites 9 ! wild]ness2 & aft] _!    
settlem5t 9 ! l& ( ,canaan made use ( = 
! same purpose1 till  ! temple 0 built 9
 ,j]usalem4 ,! tab]nacle 0 cov]$ )      
curta9s & sk9s4 ,x 0 divid$ into two    
p>ts1 ! "o cov]$1 &  prop]ly call$ !    
tab]nacle1 & ! o!r op51 call$ ! c\rt4   
,! cov]$ "p 0 aga9 divid$ into two p>ts1
 ! "o call$ holy1  & ! o!r call$ ! holy 
( holies4 ,! curta9s :i* cov]$ x  7 made
 ( l95 ( sev]al col\rs embroid]$4 ,!re 7
 t5  curta9s1 tw5ty-eight cubits long1 &
 f\r 9 bread?4 ,five curta9s  toge!r    
made two cov]+s1 :i*1 be+ made fa/      
toge!r1 envelop$  all ! tab]nacle4 ,ov] 
! re/ !re 7 two o!r cov]+s1 !  "o (     
goat's hair1 & ! o!r ( %eep sk9s4 ,^!   
vails or  cov]+s 7 laid on a squ>e frame

 ( planks1 re/+ on bases4 ,!re  7       
=ty-eight l>ge planks1 ea* a cubit & a  
half wide1 & t5  cubits high2 tw5ty ( !m
 on ea* side1 & six at "o end to !      
we/w>d2 ea* plank 0 support$ by two     
silv] bases2 !y 7 let  into "o ano!r1 & 
held by b>s runn+ ! l5g? ( ! planks4 ,! 
holy ( holies 0 p>t$ f ! re/ ( !        
tab]nacle by a curta91  made fa/ to f\r 
pill>s /&+ t5 cubits f ! end4 ,! :ole   
l5g? ( ! tab]nacle 0 ?irty-two cubits1 t
 is1 ab\t fifty  feet2 & ! bread? twelve
 cubits1 or n9ete5 feet4 ,! end 0  ?irty
 cubits high2 ! upp] curta9 hung on !   
nor? & s\? sides  eight cubits1 & on !  
ea/ & we/ f\r cubits4 ,! c\rt 0 a  place
 a hundr$ cubits long1 & fifty 9 bread?1
 inclos$ by tw5ty  columns1 ea* ( !m    
tw5ty cubits high1 & t5 9 bread?1 cov]$ 
) silv]1 & /&+ on copp] bases1 five     
cubits di/ant f ea*  o!r1 betwe5 :i* !re
 7 curta9s drawn1 & fa/5$ ) hooks4  ,at 
! ea/ end 0 an entrance tw5ty cubits    
wide1 cov]$ ) a  curta9 hang+ loose4 ,9 
! tab]nacle 0 ! ark ( ! cov5ant1  !     

table ( %ew bread1 ! gold5 c&le/ick1 & !
 alt> (  inc5se2 & 9 ! c\rt opposite to 
! entrance ( ! tab]nacle1 or  holy      
place1 /ood ! alt> ( burnt-(f]+s1 & !   
lav] or bason  = ! use ( ! prie/s4    ,!
 tab]nacle 0 f9i%$ on ! fir/ day ( !    
fir/ mon? ( !  second ye> aft] !        
dep>ture out ( ,egypt1 ,a4 ,m4 #bead4   
,:5 x 0  set up1 a d>k cl\d cov]$ x by  
day1 & a fi]y cl\d by night4  ,moses w5t
 into ! tab]nacle to consult ! ,"l4 ,x 0
 plac$ 9 !  mid/ ( ! camp1 & ! ,hebrews 
7 rang$ 9 ord] ab\t x1  accord+ to _!   
sev]al tribes4 ,:5 ! cl\d arose f (f !  
tab]nacle1 !y decamp$2 ! prie/s c>ri$ ^?
 ?+s :i* 7  mo/ sacr$1 & ! ,levites all 
! sev]al p>ts ( ! tab]nacle4  ,"p ( !   
tribes w5t be=e1 & ! re/ foll[$ aft]1 & 
!  baggage ( ! tab]nacle m>*$ 9 ! c5tre4
 ,! tab]nacle 0  br\ght into ! l& (     
,canaan by ,jo%ua1 & set up at ,gilgal4 
,"h x  re/$ till ! l& 0 conqu]$4 ,!n x 0
 remov$ to ,%iloh1 &  aft]w>d to ,nob4  
,its next /ation 0 ,gibeah1 & "h x      
cont9u$  till ! ark 0 remov$ to !       

temple4    ,! ^w also means a frail     
dwell+1 ,job xi1 #ad2 & is put = our    
bodies1 #b ,cor4 v1 #a4    ,,tab]nacles1
 ,,fea/ ,,(1 a solemn fe/ival ( !       
,hebrews1 obs]v$ aft]  h>ve/1 on !      
fifte5? day ( ! mon? ,tisri1 ,lev4      
xxiii1 #cd-dd4 ,x  0 "o ( ! ?ree great  
solemnities1 :]e9 all ! males ( !       
,israelites 7 oblig$ to pres5t !mselves 
be=e ! ,"l2 & x  0 in/itut$ to          
commemorate ! goodness ( ,god1 :o       
protect$ !m 9  ! wild]ness1 & made !m   
dwell 9 t5ts or boo?s aft] !y came  out 
( ,egypt4 7,see ,fea/s47 ,?is fea/      
cont9u$ eight days1 ( :i*  ! fir/ & la/ 
days 7 ! mo/ solemn1 ,lev4 xxiii1 #cd1  
c4 ,x 0  n all[$ to d any lab\r on ?is  
fea/1 & p>ticul> sacrifices  7 (f]$1    
:i*1 toge!r ) ! o!r c]emonies us$ 9     
celebrat+ ?is fe/ival1 7 z foll[s3 ,!   
fir/ day ( ! fea/1  !y cut d[n bran*es (
 ! h&some/ trees1 ) _! fruit1  bran*es (
 palm trees1 & su* z 7 fulle/ ( leaves1 
& b\ghs  ( ! will[ trees t grew ^u !    
sides ( brooks1 ,neh4 viii1 #af4  ,^! !y

 br\ght toge!r1 & wav$ !m t[>d ! f\r    
qu>t]s (  ! _w1 s++ c]ta9 songs4 ,^!    
bran*es 7 also call$  hosanna1 because  
:5 !y c>ri$ !m & wav$ !m1 !y cri$       
,hosanna2 n unlike :at ! ,jews did at   
our ,savi\r's entry into  ,j]usalem1    
,mat!w xxi1 #h1 #i4 ,on ! eigh? day !y  
p]=m$ ?is  c]emony (t5]1 & ) great]     
solemnity1 ?an ^u ! o!r days  ( ! fea/4 
,!y call$ ?is day hosanna rabba1 or 8!  
great  hosanna40    ,,tables ,,( ,,!    
,,law4 ,^? t 7 giv5 to ,moses ^u ,m\nt  
,s9ai 7  writt5 by ! f+] ( ,god1 &      
conta9$ ! decalogue or t5  comm&m5ts ( !
 law1 z !y are rehe>s$ 9 ,exodus xx4 ,_m
  que/ions h be5 />t$ ab\t ^! tables2   
ab\t _! matt]1  _! =m1 _! numb]1 he t   
wrote !m1 & :at !y conta9$4  ,"s ori5tal
 au?ors make !m am\nt to t5 9 numb]1    
o!rs to  sev52 b ! ,hebrews reckon b    
two4 ,"s suppose !m to h be5 (  wood1 & 
o!rs ( preci\s /ones4 ,moses obs]ves1   
,exod4 xxxii1 #ae1  t ^! tables 7 writt5
 on bo? sides4 ,_m ?9k !y 7  transp>5t1 
s t !y might be read ?r\gh2 on "o side  

t[>d !  "r1 & on ! o!r side t[>d ! left4
 ,o!rs w h x1 t  ! lawgiv] only makes   
?is obs]vation1 t ! tables 7 writt5  on 
bo? sides1 because g5]ally 9 writ+      
tables !y only wrote on  "o side4 ,o!rs 
?us translate ! ,hebrew text3 8,!y 7    
writt5 on  ! two p>ts t 7 contigu\s to  
ea* o!r20 because1 be+ %ut  ^u "o ano!r1
 ! two faces t 7 writt5 ^u t\*$ "o      
ano!r1 s t no writ+ 0 se5 on ! outside4 
,"s ?9k t !  same t5 comm&m5ts 7 writt5 
on ea* ( ! two tables1 o!rs  t ! t5 7   
divid$1 & only five on "o table1 & five 
on !  o!r4 ,! words :i* intimate t !    
tables 7 writt5 by !  f+] ( ,god1 "s    
und]/& simply & lit]ally2 o!rs1 ( !     
m9i/ry ( an angel2 & o!rs expla9 !m     
m]ely to signify an ord]  ( ,god to     
,moses to write !m4 ,! expression1      
h[ev]1 9 ,scripture  always signifies   
imm$iate div9e ag5cy4 ,see ,,decalogue4 
,,tabor1 a m\nta9 n f> f ,kade%1 9 !    
tribe ( ,zebulun1 & 9  ! conf9es (      
,issa*> & ,naphtali4 ,x has its "n f its
  em95ce1 because x rises up 9 ! mid/ ( 

a wide *ampaign c\ntry1  call$ ! ,valley
 ( ,jezreel1 or ! great pla94 ,maundrell
 tells u  t ! area at ! top ( ?is m\nta9
 is enclos$ ) trees1 except  to ! s\?1 f
 :5ce !re is ! mo/ agreeable prospect 9 
!  _w4 ,_m h believ$ t our ,"l's        
transfiguration took place on  ?is      
m\nta94 ,?is place is m5tion$1 #a ,sam4 
x1 #c4 ,x is m9utely  describ$ by bo?   
,pococke & ,maundrell4 ,! road f ,naz>e?
 lies =  two h\rs betwe5 l[ hills2 x !n 
op5s into ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon4  ,at ab\t
 two or ?ree furlongs )9 ! pla91 & six  
miles f  ,naz>e?1 rises ?is s+ul> m\nt1 
:i* is almo/ entirely insulat$1  its    
figure repres5t+ a half sph]e4 8,x is10 
says ,pococke1 8"o (  ! f9e/ hills ,i   
ev] beheld1 be+ a ri* soil t produces   
excell5t h]bage1 & is mo/ beautifully   
adorn$ ) groves &  clumps ( trees4 ,!   
asc5t is s easy1 t we rode up ! nor?    
side  by a w9d+ road4 ,"s au?ors m5tion 
x z ne> f\r miles high1  o!rs z ab\t    
two3 ! =m] may be true1 z to ! w9d+     
asc5t up  ! hill4 ,! top ( x1 ab\t half 

a mile long1 & ne> a qu>t] ( a  mile    
broad1 is encompass$ ) a wall1 :i*      
,josephus says 0 built 9  =ty days3 !re 
0 also a wall along ! middle ( x1 :i*   
divid$  ! s\? "p1 on :i* ! city /ood1 f 
! nor? "p1 :i* is  l[]1 & is call$ !    
meidan1 or place1 be+ probably us$ =    
ex]cises :5 !re 0 a city "h1 :i*        
,josephus m5tions by !  "n ( ,ataburion4
 ,)9 ! out] wall on ! nor? side are     
sev]al  deep fosses1 out ( :i*1 x is    
probable1 ! /ones 7 dug to build  !     
walls2 & ^! fosses seem to h answ]$ !   
end ( ci/]ns1  to pres]ve ! ra9 wat]1 & 
7 also "s def5ce to ! city4  ,!re are   
likewise a great numb] ( ci/]ns "u gr\nd
 =  pres]v+ ! ra9 wat]4 ,to ! s\?1 :]e !
 asc5t 0 mo/ easy1  !re are fosses cut  
on ! outside1 to r5d] ! access to !     
walls  m difficult4 ,"s ( ! gates1 also1
 ( ! old city rema91 z  ,bab-el-h\ah1   
#8! gate ( ! w9ds1' to ! we/2 &         
,bab-el-kubbe1 #8! ar*$ gate1' a small  
"o to ! s\?4 ,antio*us1  k+ ( ,syria1   
took ! =tress on ! top ( ?is hill4      

,vespasian1  also1 got possession ( x2  
&1 aft] t1 ,josephus =tifi$ x )  /rong  
walls4 ,b :at has made x m fam\s ?an any
 ?+ else is  ! common op9ion1 f ! "t (  
,/4 ,j]om1 t ! transfiguration  ( our   
,savi\r 0 on ?is m\nta940 ,van ,egmont &
 ,heyman give !  foll[+ acc\nt3 8,?is   
m\nta91 ?\gh some:at rugg$ & difficult1 
we asc5d$ on horseback1 mak+ sev]al     
circuits r\nd x1 :i* took  u up ab\t    
?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,x is "o ( !      
highe/ 9 !  :ole c\ntry1 be+ ?irty      
/adia1 or ab\t f\r ,engli% miles1 a     
circum/ance t r5d]$ x m fam\s4 ,& x is !
 mo/ beautiful  ,i ev] saw1 ) reg>d to  
v]dure1 be+ e :]e decorat$ )  small oak 
trees1 & ! gr\nd univ]sally enamell$ ) a
 v>iety (  plants & fl[]s1 except on !  
s\? side1 :]e x is n s fully  cov]$ )   
v]dure4 ,on ?is m\nta9 are great numb]s 
( r$  p>tridges1 & "s wild bo>s2 & we 7 
s =tunate z to see !  ,arabs hunt+ !m4  
,we left1 b n )\t reluctancy1 ?is       
delightful  place1 & f\nd at ! bottom ( 
x a mean village1 call$ ,deb\ra1 or     

,tab\r1 a "n said to be d]iv$ f !       
celebrat$ ,deborah m5tion$  9 ,judges40 
,pococke notices ?is village1 :i* /&s on
 a ris+ gr\nd at !  foot ( ,m\nt ,tabor 
we/w>d2 & ! le>n$ travell] ?9ks1 t x    
may be ! same z ! ,dab]a?1 or ,dab]ah   
m5tion$ 9 ! book (  ,jo%ua1 z on !      
bord]s ( ,zabulon & ,issa*>4 8,any "o10 
he adds1  8:o exam9es ! f\r? *apt] (    
,judges1 may see t ?is is  probably !   
spot :]e ,b>ak & ,deborah met at ,m\nt  
,tabor ) _!  =ces1 & w5t to pursue      
,sis]a2 & on ?is acc\nt1 x might h  its 
"n f t great prophetess1 :o !n judg$ &  
gov]n$  ,israel2 = ,josephus relates1 t 
,deborah & ,b>ak ga!r$ ! army  toge!r at
 ?is m\nta940    8,f ! top ( ,tabor10   
says ,maundrell1 8y h a prospect :i*1 if
  no?+ else1 w rew>d ! lab\r ( asc5d+ x4
 ,x is impossible  = man's eyes to      
behold a high] gratification ( ?is      
nature4 ,on !  nor?we/ y disc]n at a    
di/ance ! ,m$it]ranean1 & all r\nd y  h 
! spaci\s & beautiful pla9s ( ,esdraelon
 & ,galilee4 ,turn+  a little s\?w>d1 y 

h 9 view ! high m\nta9s ( ,gilboa1 fatal
  to ,saul & 8 sons4 ,due ea/ y discov] 
! sea ( ,tib]ias1 di/ant  ab\t "o day's 
j\rney4 ,a few po9ts to ! nor? appe>s t 
:i*  !y call ! m\nt ( ,beatitudes4 ,n f>
 f ?is little hill is !  city ,saphet3 x
 /&s ^u a v em95t & conspicu\s m\nta91 &
  is se5 f> & ne>40 ,beyond ?is is se5 a
 mu* high] m\nta91  capp$ ) sn[1 a "p ( 
! *a9 ( ,antilibanus4 ,to ! s\?-we/  is 
,c>mel1 & on ! s\? ! hills ( ,sam>ia4   
,,tadmor1 a city built by ,solomon1 #a  
,k+s ix1 #ah1 aft]w>d call$  ,palmyra2  
situat$ 9 a wild]ness ( ,syria1 ^u !    
bord]s ( ,arabia  ,des]ta1 incl9+ t[>d !
 ,euphrates4 ,josephus places x two     
days'  j\rney f ! ,euphrates1 & six     
days' j\rney f ,babylon4 ,he says  !re  
is no wat] any :]e else 9 ! wild]ness1 b
 9 ?is place4  ,at ! pres5t day !re are 
to be se5 va/ ru9s ( ?is city4 ,!re  0  
no?+ m magnific5t 9 ! :ole ea/4 ,!re are
 /ill f\nd a  great numb] (             
inscriptions1 ! mo/ ( :i* are ,greek1 & 
! o!r  9 ! ,palmyr5ian "*4 ,no?+ relat+ 

to ! ,jews is se5 9  ! ,greek           
inscriptions2 & ! ,palmyr5ian           
inscriptions are entirely  unkn[n1 z    
well z ! language & ! "* ( t c\ntry4 ,! 
city ( ,tadmor pres]v$ ?is "n to ! "t ( 
! conque/ by  ,alex&] ! ,great3 !n x _h 
! "n ( ,palmyra giv5 to x1 :i*  x       
pres]v$ = sev]al ages4 ,ab\t ! middle ( 
! ?ird c5tury1 x  became fam\s1 because 
,od5atus & ,z5obia1 8 que51 made x !    
seat  ( _! empire4 ,:5 ! ,s>ac5s became 
ma/]s ( ! ea/1 !y  re/or$ its anci5t "n 
( ,tadmor to x aga91 :i* x has always   
pres]v$ s9ce4 ,x is surr\nd$ by s&y     
des]ts on all sides4 ,x is  n kn[n :51  
nor by :om1 x 0 r$uc$ to ! ru9\s        
condition 9  :i* x is n[ f\nd4 ,x may be
 said to consi/ at pres5t ( a =e/  (    
,cor9?ian pill>s1 erect & fall54 ,s     
num]\s are ^!1  consi/+ ( _m ?\s&s1 t ! 
spectator is at a loss to connect  or   
arrange !m 9 any ord] or symmetry1 or to
 conceive :at purpose or  design !y c\ld
 h answ]$4 8,9 ! space cov]$ by ^!      
ru9s10  says ,volney1 8we sometimes f9d 

a palace ( :i* no?+ rema9s b  ! c\rt &  
walls2 sometimes a temple1 ^: p]i/yle is
 half ?r[n  d[n2 & n[ a portico1 a      
gall]y1 or triumphal ar*4 ,"h /& gr\ps  
( columns1 ^: symmetry is de/roy$ by !  
fall ( _m ( !m2  !re we see !m rang$ 9  
r[s ( su* l5g?1 t1 simil> to r[s  (     
trees1 !y deceive ! sight1 & assume !   
appe>ance ( cont9u$  walls4 ,if f ?is   
/rik+ sc5e we ca/ our eyes ^u ! gr\nd1  
ano!r almo/ z v>i$ pres5ts itself ,on   
all sides we behold no?+  b subv]t$     
%afts1 "s :ole1 o!rs %att]$ to pieces or
  dislocat$ 9 _! jo9ts2 & on :i* side   
soev] we look1 ! e>?  is /rew$ ) va/    
/ones half buri$1 ) brok5 entablatures1 
mutilat$ friezes1 disfigur$ reliefs1    
effac$ sculptures1 violat$  tombs1 &    
alt>s defil$ by du/40    ,x is probable1
 says ,mans=d1 t1 al?\gh ,tadmor is said
 to h  be5 built by ,solomon1 or1 9 o!r 
words1 to h be5 erect$ by him  into a   
city1 x 0 a wat]+ /ation betwe5 ,syria &
 ,mesopotamia  be=e2 ) p]haps           
accommodations suit$ to ! mode (        

travell+ 9  ^? times1 z we read (       
palm-trees be+ f\nd !re1 :i* are n      
trees t come by *ance 9 ^! des]t        
regions4 ,! m]e circum/ance  ( :olesome 
wat] be+ af=d$ by any spot 9 su* a      
c\ntry 0  suffici5t to give x           
importance1 & to draw t[>d x ! /ream (  
communication1 = :atev] purpose4 ,?is 0 
probably ! condition (  ,tadmor long    
be=e x receiv$ its "n & its hon\rs f    
,solomon4  ,b1 aft] all1 :at motive c\ld
 !re be to induce a peaceable k+1  l    
,solomon1 to und]take a "w s di/ant1    
difficult1 & dang]\s8  ,!re is b "o :i* 
at all accords ) 8 "*1 or ! hi/ory  ( ! 
times1--comm]cial ent]prise4 ,solomon 0 
at great pa9s to  secure himself 9 !    
possession ( ! ports ( ,ela? &          
,ezion-,geb]  on ! ,r$ ,sea1 & to       
e/abli% a navy = 8 ,indian comm]ce1 or  
trade to ,ophir1--9 all ages ! great    
s\rce ( weal?4 ,! ri*es (  ,india1 ?us  
br\ght into ,judea1 7 f !nce dissem9at$ 
ov] ^?  c\ntries ( ! nor? & we/ at t "t 
inhabit$ or kn[n2 :ile  ! same c\ntry1  

,judea1 became1 = a season1 l ,tyre1 !  
po9t (  return & ex*ange ( ! money & !  
commodities ( ^? c\ntries1  ! c5tre (   
communication betwe5 ! ea/ & ! we/4     
,,tal5t1 a measure ( weight among !     
anci5ts1 equival5t to sixty  maneh1 or  
"o hundr$ & ?irte5 p\nds t5 ounces "o   
p5nyweight &  t5 gra9s4 ,! value ( a    
tal5t ( silv] 0 ?ree hundr$ &  =ty-two  
p\nds ?ree %ill+s & n9e-p5ce1 & a tal5t 
( gold  0 equal to five ?\s& f\r hundr$ 
& sev5ty-five p\nds  /]l+4 ,9 ! writ+s (
 ! evangeli/s1 ! t]m is employ$ to      
d5ote ! v>i\s gifts or opportunities =  
usefulness :i* ! ,"l  ( heav5 conf]s ^u 
8 s]vants1 & = :i* he w call !m to  give
 9 _! acc\nt at ! la/ day1 ,matt4 xxv1  
#ae2 ,luke xix1 #ab4    ,,tali?a-,,cumi1
 ! words t ,jesus ,*ri/ made use ( :5 he
 rais$ up  ! daught] ( ,jairus1 *ief ( !
 synagogue ( ,cap]naum4 ,!y are  n pure 
,hebrew1 b ,syriac1 & signify1 8,my     
daught]1 arise10 ,m>k v1  #da4          
,,talmud4 ,see ,,jews4    ,,t>e1 ,matt4 
xiii1 #be-bg1 #bi1 #cj1 #cf1 #ch1 #dj4  

,x is n easy to det]m9e  :at plant or   
we$ is "h int5d$1 z ! ^w zizania is     
nei!r  m5tion$ 9 any o!r "p (           
,scripture1 nor 9 any anci5t ,greek     
writ]4 ,"s ,greek & ,lat9 fa!rs h made  
use ( x1 z h also  ,suidas & ,phavor9us3
 b x is probable t !y h all d]iv$ x  f  
?is text4 ,z ?is ,gospel 0 fir/ writt5 9
 ,syriac1 x is  probably a ^w belong+ to
 t language4 ,buxtorf gives sev]al      
int]pretations1 b at la/ concludes )    
submitt+ x to !  decision ( o!rs4 ,9 a  
treatise 9 ! ,mi%na1 call$ 8,kilayim10  
:i*  treats expressly ( diff]5t k9ds (  
se$s1 a ba/>d or deg5]ate  :eat is      
m5tion$ by ! "n ( 1 :i* ! v s\nd1 9     
pron\nc+1 proves to be ! same z !       
zizanion2 & :i* may lead  to ! true     
d]ivation ( ! ^w1 t is1 f ! ,*aldee 1 8a
  k9d10 or 8species0 ( gra91 namely1    
:5ce ! corrupt ,hebrew or  ,syriac 1 :i*
 9 ! anci5t ,syriac v]sion answ]s to !  
,greek  1 ,matt4 xiii1 #be1 c4 ,9 ,psalm
 cxliv1 #ac1 ! words  1  are translat$1 
8all mann] ( /ore20 b !y prop]ly signify

 8f  species to species40 ,might n !    
,*aldee ^w 1 & ! ,greek  ^w 1 come f !  
psalmi/'s 1 :i* might h  signifi$ a     
8mixture0 ( gra9 ( any k9d1 & be "h us$ 
to po9t  out ! mix+ ba/>d or deg5]ate   
:eat among ! good se$-:eat8  ,m9t]t     
says1 t 8x is a k9d ( plant1 n unlike   
corn or :eat1  hav+ at fir/ ! same sort 
( /alk1 & ! same viridity1 b  br++ =? no
 fruit1 at lea/ none good30 & he adds1 f
 ,john  ,mel*ior1 8 does n signify e we$
 9 g5]al :i* gr[s  among corn1 b a      
p>ticul> se$1 kn[n 9 ,canaan1 :i* 0 n   
unlike  :eat1 b1 be+ put into ! gr\nd1  
deg5]at$1 & assum$ ano!r  nature & =m40 
,p>khur/1 & ,dr4 ,campbell1 r5d] x 8!   
d>nel10  8lolium temul5tum40 ,! same    
plant is call$ 8zizana0 by !  ,spani>ds2
 z x appe>s to be zuvan1 by ! ,turks &  
,arabs4 8,x is  well kn[n to ! p at     
,aleppo10 says ,m4 ,=skal2 8x gr[s among
  corn4 ,if ! se$s rema9 mix$ ) ! meal1 
!y occasion dizz9ess  to ^? :o eat ( !  
bread4 ,! reap]s d n sep>ate ! plant2  b
 aft] ! ?re%+1 !y reject ! se$s by means

 ( a van or  sieve40 ,o!r travell]s     
m5tion1 t 9 "s p>ts ( ,syria1 ! plant   
is drawn up by ! h& 9 ! "t ( h>ve/1     
along ) ! :eat1  & is !n ga!r$ out1 &   
b\nd up 9 sep>ate bundles4 ,9 !  p>able 
( ! t>es1 our ,"l /ates ! v same        
circum/ances4 ,!y  grew among ! gra92 !y
 7 n sep>at$ by ! till]s1 b  suff]$ to  
gr[ up toge!r till ! h>ve/2 !y 7 !n     
ga!r$  f among ! :eat ) ! h&1 & b\nd up 
9 bundles4    ,,t>gum4 ,see ,,jews4     
,,t>%i%1 a c\ntry ( ?is "n1 :i!r        
,solomon s5t 8 fleets1 #a  ,k+s x1 #bb2 
#b ,*ron4 ix1 #aa4 ,!re is a multitude (
 diff]5t op9ions  conc]n+ ?is c\ntry4   
,josephus1 & ! ,*aldee & ,arabic        
p>aphra/s1 expla9 x ( ,t>sus1 a city (  
,cilicia2 ! ,septuag9t1  ,/4 ,j]om1 &   
,!odoret1 und]/& x ( ,c>?age4 ,!        
,arabian  geograph] w h x to be ,tunis 9
 ,africa4 ,bo*>t makes x to be          
,t>tessus1 an isl& 9 ! ,/raits ( ,gades4
 ,by ,t>%i%1 ,m4 ,le ,cl]c  und]/&s     
,?assus1 an isl& & city 9 ! gean sea4   
,grotius ?9ks  t ! :ole ocean 0 call$   

,t>%i%1 because ( ! fam\s city (        
,t>tessus1 n[ m5tion$4 ,sanctius        
believes ! sea 9 g5]al to be  call$     
,t>%i%1 & t ! %ips ( ,t>%i% 7 ^? t are  
employ$ 9 voyages at sea1 9 opposition  
to ! small vessels t are  us$ only 9 mo/
 navigable riv]s4 ,! ,,lxx4 translate   
,t>%i%  sometimes by 8! sea20 & !       
,scripture gives ! names ( %ips (       
,t>%i% to ^? t 7 fitt$ out at           
,ezion-,geb]1 on ! ,r$ ,sea1  & :i*     
sail$ ^u ! ocean1 z well z to ^? t 7    
fitt$  out at ,joppa1 & 9 ! ports ( !   
,m$it]ranean4 ,!re=e1 :5 we  see %ips   
fitt$ out ^u ! ,r$ ,sea1 or at          
,ezion-,geb]1 9 ord] to g  to ,t>%i%1 we
 mu/ conclude "o ( ^! two ?+s1 ei!r t   
!re  7 two c\ntries call$ ,t>%i%1 "o ^u 
! ocean1 & ano!r ^u  ! ,m$it]ranean1 or 
t %ips ( ,t>%i% 9 g5]al signifies  no?+ 
else b %ips able to be> a long voyage2  
l>ge m]*ant %ips1  9 opposition to !    
small craft int5d$ = a home trade 9     
navigable  riv]s4    ,,t>sus1 ! capital 
( ,cilicia1 & ! native city ( ,/4 ,paul1

 ,acts  ix1 #aa2 xxi1 #ci4 ,"s ?9k x    
obta9$ ! privileges ( a ,roman colony   
because ( its firm adh]5ce to ,julius   
,cs>2 & ?is procur$ !  inhabitants !    
fav\r ( be+ ackn[l$g$ citiz5s ( ,rome1  
:i* ,/4  ,paul enjoy$ by be+ born 9 x4  
,o!rs ma9ta9 t ,t>sus 0 only a  free    
city1 b n a ,roman colony1 9 ! "t ( ,/4 
,paul1 & t 8  privilege z a ,roman      
citiz5 0 f\nd$ ^u "s o!r "r1 p]haps     
ga9$ by 8 ance/ors4    ,,te>s4 ,! pray] 
( ,david1 8,put my te>s into ?y bottle10
 is  un9telligible )\t an acqua9tance ) 
anci5t cu/oms4 8,?is  passage10 says    
,burd]1 8seems to intimate t ! cu/om (  
putt+  te>s into ! ampull1 or urnal     
la*rymales1 s well kn[n among !         
,romans1 0 m anci5tly 9 use among !     
ea/]n nations1 &  p>ticul>ly ! ,hebrews4
 ,^! urns 7 ( diff]5t mat]ials1 "s  (   
glass1 "s ( e>?2 z may be se5 9 ! "w (  
,montfaucon1 :]e  also may be se5 !     
v>i\s =ms or %apes ( !m4 ,^! urns 7     
plac$ on ! sepul*res ( ! deceas$1 z a   
memorial ( ! di/ress  & affection ( _!  

surviv+ relations & fri5ds4 ,x w be     
difficult to acc\nt = ?is expression ( !
 psalmi/1 b ^u ?is  supposition4 ,if ?is
 be all[$1 ! mean+ w be1 #8,let my      
di/ress1  & ! te>s ,i %$ 9 consequ5ce ( 
x1 be ev] be=e !e1 excite  ?y k9d       
remembrance ( me1 & plead ) !e to grant 
! relief ,i  /& 9 ne$ (4'0    ,,temple1 
! h\se ( ,god2 prop]ly ! temple (       
,solomon4 ,david fir/  conceiv$ ! design
 ( build+ a h\se some:at wor?y ( ! div9e
  maje/y1 & op5$ 8 m9d to ! ,prophet    
,na?an1 #b ,sam4 vii2 #a ,*ron4  xvii2  
xxii1 #h1 c4 ,god accept$ ( 8 good      
int5tions1 b refus$ him  ! hon\r4       
,solomon laid ! f\ndation ( ! temple1   
,a4 ,m4 #biib1  complet$ x 9 #cjjj1 &   
d$icat$ x 9 #cjja1 #a ,k+s viii1 #b2 #b 
,*ron4 v1 vi1 vii4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion 
( "s writ]s1 !re 7  ?ree temples1       
namely1 ! fir/1 erect$ by ,solomon2 !   
second1 by  ,z]ubbabel1 & ,jo%ua ! high 
prie/2 & ! ?ird1 by ,h]od1 a few  ye>s  
be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,b ?is op9ion is1 v
 prop]ly1  reject$ by ! ,jews2 :o d n   

all[ ! ?ird to be a new temple1 b  only 
! second temple repair$ & beautifi$3 &  
?is op9ion  corresponds ) ! prophecy (  
,haggai1 ii1 #i1 8t ! glory ( ?is  latt]
 h\se10 ! temple built by ,z]ubbabel1   
8%\ld be great] ?an  t ( ! =m]20 :i*    
pr$iction 0 utt]$ ) ref]5ce to !        
,messiah's hon\r+ x ) 8 pres5ce &       
m9i/ry4 ,! fir/ temple  is t :i* usually
 be>s ! "n ( ,solomon2 ! mat]ials = :i* 
7 provid$ by ,david be=e 8 dea?1 ?\gh ! 
edifice 0 rais$  by 8 son4 ,x /ood on   
,m\nt ,moriah1 an em95ce ( ! m\nta9\s   
ridge 9 ! ,scriptures t]m$ ,m\nt ,zion1 
,psalm cxxxii1 #ac1 #ad1 :i*  _h be5    
pur*as$ by ,araunah1 or ,ornan1 !       
,jebusite1 #b ,sam4 xxiv1 #bc1  #bd2 #a 
,*ron4 xxi1 #be4 ,! plan1 & ! :ole model
 ( ?is sup]b  /ructure1 7 =m$ aft] t ( !
 tab]nacle1 b ( mu* l>g]  dim5sions4 ,x 
0 surr\nd$1 except at ! front or ea/    
end1 by ?ree  /ories ( *amb]s1 ea* five 
cubits squ>e1 :i* rea*$ to half !       
height ( ! temple2 & ! front 0 ornam5t$ 
) a magnific5t  portico1 :i* rose to !  

height ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty cubits3 s  t 
! =m ( ! :ole edifice 0 n unlike t ( "s 
anci5t  *ur*es1 :i* h a l(ty t[] 9 !    
front1 & a l[ aisle runn+  along ea*    
side ( ! build+4 ,! ut5sils = ! sacr$   
s]vice  7 ! same2 except+ t sev]al ( !m1
 z ! alt>1  c&le/ick1 c1 7 l>g]1 9      
proportion to ! m spaci\s edifice  to   
:i* !y belong$4 ,sev5 ye>s & six mon?s 7
 occupi$ 9 !  erection ( ! sup]b &      
magnific5t temple ( ,solomon1 by :om x 0
  d$icat$1 ,a4 ,m4 #cjja1 ,b4 ,c4 #iii1 
) peculi> solemnity1 to !  wor%ip ( !   
,mo/ ,high2 :o on ?is occasion v\*saf$  
to hon\r x  ) ! ,%e*9ah1 or visible     
manife/ation ( 8 pres5ce4 ,v>i\s        
attempts h be5 made to describe !       
proportions & sev]al p>ts (  ?is        
/ructure2 b z sc>cely any two writ]s    
agree on ?is subject1 a  m9ute          
description ( x is design$ly omitt$4 ,x 
reta9$ its pri/9e  spl5d\r only         
?irty-?ree or ?irty-f\r ye>s1 :5 ,%i%ak1
 k+ (  ,egypt1 took ,j]usalem1 & c>ri$  
away ! treasures ( ! temple2 &  aft]    

und]go+ subsequ5t pr(anations &         
pillages1 ?is /up5d\s  build+ 0 f9ally  
plund]$ & burnt by ! ,*aldeans "u       
,nebu*adnezz>1 ,a4 ,m4 #cdaf1 or ,b4 ,c4
 #ehd1 #b ,k+s xxv1 #ac-ae2 #b ,*ron4   
xxxvi1 #ag-bj4    ,aft] ! captivity1 !  
temple em]g$ f its ru9s be+ rebuilt by  
,z]ubbabel1 b ) va/ly inf]ior & dim9i%$ 
glory2 z appe>s  f ! te>s ( ! ag$ m5 :o 
_h beheld ! =m] /ructure 9  all its     
gr&eur1 ,ezra iii1 #ab4 ,! second temple
 0 pr(an$ by ord]  ( ,antio*us          
,epiphanes1 ,a4 ,m4 #chcg1 ,b4 ,c4 #afc1
 :o caus$ ! daily  sacrifices to be     
discont9u$1 & erect$ ! image ( ,jupit]  
,olympus  on ! alt> ( burnt-(f]+4 ,9 ?is
 condition x cont9u$ ?ree  ye>s1 #a     
,mac4 iv1 #db1 :5 ,judas ,maccabu       
purifi$ & repair$ x1 &  re/or$ !        
sacrifices & true wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,"s
 ye>s be=e  ! bir? ( our ,savi\r1 !     
repair+ & beautify+ ( ?is second        
temple1 :i* _h become decay$ 9 ! lapse (
 five c5turies1 0  und]tak5 by ,h]od !  
,great1 :o = n9e ye>s employ$ eighty    

?\s& workm5 ^u x1 & sp>$ no exp5se to   
r5d] x equal1 if  n sup]ior1 9          
magnitude1 spl5d\r1 & beauty1 to any ?+ 
among  mank9d4 ,josephus calls x a "w ! 
mo/ admirable ( any t _h  ev] be5 se5 or
 he>d (1 bo? = its curi\s /ructure & its
  magnitude1 & also = ! va/ weal? exp5d$
 ^u x1 z well z =  ! univ]sal reputation
 ( its sanctity4 ,b ?\gh ,h]od          
accompli%$  8 orig9al design 9 ! "t     
above specifi$1 yet ! ,jews cont9u$  to 
ornam5t & enl>ge x1 exp5d+ ! sacr$      
treasure 9 annex+  additional build+s to
 x2 s t !y might ) great propriety      
ass]t1 t _! temple _h be5 =ty & six ye>s
 9 build+1 ,john  ii1 #bj4    ,be=e we  
proce$ to describe ?is v5]able edifice1 
x may be prop]  to rem>k1 t by ! temple 
is to be und]/ood n only ! fabric or    
h\se itself1 :i* by way ( em95ce is     
call$ ! temple1 namely1 !  holy (       
holies1 ! sanctu>y1 & ! sev]al c\rts bo?
 ( !  prie/s & ,israelites1 b also all !
 num]\s *amb]s & rooms  :i* ?is         
prodigi\s edifice compreh5d$2 & ea* (   

:i* _h its  respective degree ( hol9ess1
 increas+ 9 proportion to its           
contiguity to ! holy ( holies4 ,?is     
rem>k x w be necess>y to  be> 9 m9d1 le/
 ! read] ( ,scripture %\ld be l$ to     
suppose1  t :atev] is !re said to be    
transact$ 9 ! temple 0 actually  done 9 
! int]ior ( t sacr$ edifice4 ,to ?is    
inf9ite numb] (  ap>tm5ts1 into :i* !   
temple 0 dispos$1 our ,"l ref]s1 ,john  
xiv1 #b2 & by a v /rik+ & magnific5t    
simile1 borr[$ f  !m1 he repres5ts ^?   
num]\s seats & mansions ( heav5ly bliss 
:i* 8 ,fa!r's h\se conta9$1 & :i* 7     
prep>$ = !  ev]la/+ abode ( ! righte\s4 
,! imag]y is s+ul>ly beautiful  & happy1
 :5 consid]$ z an allusion to ! temple1 
:i* our ,"l  n unfrequ5tly call$ 8      
,fa!r's h\se4    ,! second temple1      
orig9ally built by ,z]ubbabel aft] !    
captivity1  & repair$ by ,h]od1 diff]$ 9
 sev]al respects f t erect$ by          
,solomon1 al?\gh !y agre$ 9 o!rs4    ,! 
temple erect$ by ,solomon 0 m spl5did & 
magnific5t ?an !  second temple1 :i* 0  

defici5t 9 five rem>kable ?+s t         
con/itut$ ! *ief glory ( ! fir/3 ^! 71 !
 ark & !  m]cy seat2 ! %e*9ah1 or       
manife/ation ( ! div9e pres5ce1 9  !    
holy ( holies2 ! sacr$ fire on ! alt>1  
:i* _h be5 fir/  k9dl$ f heav52 ! urim &
 ?ummim2 & ! _s ( prophecy4  ,b ! second
 temple surpass$ ! fir/ 9 glory2 be+    
hon\r$ by  ! frequ5t pres5ce ( our div9e
 ,savi\r1 agreeably to ! pr$iction  (   
,haggai1 ii1 #i4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 7 erect$  
^u ! same site1 a v  h>d rock1          
encompass$ by a v frightful precipice2 &
 ! f\ndation  0 laid ) incr$ible exp5se 
& lab\r4 ,! sup]/ructure 0 n  inf]ior to
 ?is great "w3 ! height ( ! temple wall1
 especially  on ! s\? side1 0 /up5d\s4  
,9 ! l[e/ places x 0 ?ree  hundr$       
cubits1 or f\r hundr$ & fifty feet1 & 9 
"s places ev5  great]4 ,?is mo/         
magnific5t pile 0 con/ruct$ ) h>d :ite  
/ones ( prodigi\s magnitude4 ,! temple  
itself1 /rictly s call$1  :i* compris$ !
 portico1 ! sanctu>y1 & ! holy ( holies 
=m$ only a small "p ( ! sacr$ edifice on

 ,m\nt ,moriah1 be+  surr\nd$ by spaci\s
 c\rts1 mak+ a squ>e ( half a mile 9    
circumf]5ce4 ,x 0 ent]$ ?r\gh n9e gates1
 :i* 7 on e  side ?ickly coat$ ) gold & 
silv]2 b !re 0 "o gate )\t  ! holy h\se1
 :i* 0 ( ,cor9?ian brass1 ! mo/ preci\s 
metal  9 anci5t times1 & :i* f> surpass$
 ! o!rs 9 beauty4 ,=  :ile ^! 7 ( equal 
magnitude1 ! gate compos$ ( ,cor9?ian   
brass 0 mu* l>g]2 its height be+ fifty  
cubits1 & its doors  =ty cubits1 & its  
ornam5ts bo? ( gold & silv] be+ f> m    
co/ly & massive4 ,?is is suppos$ to h   
be5 ! 8gate call$  ,beautiful0 9 ,acts  
iii1 #b1 :]e ,pet] & ,john1 9 ! "n (    
,*ri/1  heal$ a man :o _h be5 lame f 8  
bir?4 ,! fir/ or out] c\rt1  :i*        
encompass$ ! holy h\se & ! o!r c\rts1 0 
nam$ !  c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles2 because !    
latt] 7 all[$ to ent] into x1  b 7      
prohibit$ f advanc+ f>!r4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ 
by a range  ( porticoes1 or cloi/]s1    
above :i* 7 gall]ies1 or ap>tm5ts1      
support$ by pill>s ( :ite m>ble1 ea*    
consi/+ ( a s+le piece1  & tw5ty-five   

cubits 9 height4 ,"o ( ^! 0 call$       
,solomon's  por*1 or piazza1 because x  
/ood on a va/ t]race1 :i* he _h         
orig9ally rais$ f a valley b5ea?1 f\r   
hundr$ cubits high1 9  ord] to enl>ge ! 
area on ! top ( ! m\nta91 & make x equal
  to ! plan ( 8 int5d$ build+2 & z ?is  
t]race 0 ! only  "w ( ,solomon t rema9$ 
9 ! second temple1 ! piazza :i*  /ood ^u
 x reta9$ ! "n ( t pr9ce4 ,"h x 0 t our 
,"l 0 walk+ at ! fea/ ( d$ication1 ,john
 x1 #bc2 & t !  lame man1 :5 heal$ by   
,pet] & ,john1 glorifi$ ,god be=e all ! 
p1 ,acts iii1 #aa4 ,?is sup]b portico is
 t]m$ ! royal portico by  ,josephus1 :o 
repres5ts x z ! noble/ "w b5ea? ! sun1  
be+  elevat$ to su* a prodigi\s height1 
t no "o c\ld look d[n f  its flat ro( to
 ! valley bel[1 )\t be+ seiz$ )         
dizz9ess2  ! sight n rea*+ to su* an    
immeasurable dep?4 ,! s\?-ea/  corn] ( !
 ro( ( ?is portico1 :]e ! height 0 !    
greate/1  is suppos$ to h be5 ! 1       
p9nacle1 or extreme angle1  :5ce ,satan 
tempt$ our ,savi\r to precipitate       

himself1 ,matt1 iv1 #e2  ,luke iv1 #i4  
,?is also 0 ! spot :]e x 0 pr$ict$ t !  
abom9ation ( desolation1 or ! ,roman    
ensigns1 %\ld /&1 ,daniel  ix1 #bg2     
,matt1 xxiv1 #ae4 ,solomon's portico 0  
situat$ 9 ! ea/]n  front ( ! temple1    
opposite to ! m\nt ( ,olives1 :]e our   
,savi\r  is said to h sat :5 8 disciples
 came to %[ him ! gr&eur (  its v>i\s   
build+s1 ( :i*1 gr& z !y 71 he said1 !  
"t  0 approa*+ :5 "o /one %\ld n be left
 ^u ano!r1 ,matt1  xxiv1 #a-c4 ,?is out]
 c\rt be+ assign$ to ! ,g5tile          
proselytes1  ! ,jews1 :o did n wor%ip 9 
x !mselves1 conceiv$ t x might  lawfully
 be put to pr(ane uses3 = "h we f9d t ! 
buy]s &  sell]s ( animals = sacrifices1 
& also ! money*ang]s1 _h  /ation$       
!mselves2 until ,jesus ,*ri/1 aw+ !m    
into submission by  ! gr&eur & dignity (
 8 p]son & behavi\r1 expell$ !m2  tell+ 
!m t x 0 ! h\se ( pray] = all nations1 &
 0  n to be pr(an$1 ,matt4 xxi1 #ab1    
#ac2 ,m>k xi1 #ae-ag4 ,)9 ! c\rt  ( !   
,g5tiles /ood ! c\rt ( ! ,israelites1   

divid$ into two  p>ts1 or c\rts2 ! out] 
"o be+ appropriat$ to ! wom51 & !  inn] 
"o to ! m54 ,! c\rt ( ! wom5 0 sep>at$ f
 t (  ! ,g5tiles by a l[ /one wall1 or  
p>tition1 ( elegant con/ruction1  on :i*
 /ood pill>s at equal di/ances1 )       
inscriptions 9 ,greek  & ,lat91 import+ 
t no ali5 %\ld ent] into ! holy place4  
,to  ?is wall ,/4 ,paul mo/ evid5tly    
alludes 9 ,eph4 ii1 #ac1 #ad3 8,b n[  9 
,*ri/ ,jesus1 ye1 :o sometimes 7 f> (f1 
are made nigh by !  blood ( ,*ri/3 = he 
is our peace1 :o ha? made bo? "o1 7unit$
  bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles into "o *ur*17 & 
ha? brok5 d[n ! middle  wall ( p>tition 
betwe5 u20 hav+ aboli%$ ! law (         
ord9ances1  by :i*1 z by ! wall (       
sep>ation1 bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles 7 n     
only kept asund]1 b also at v>iance4 ,9 
?is c\rt 0 ! treasury1  ov] aga9/ :i*   
,*ri/ sat1 & beheld h[ ! p ?rew _!      
volunt>y (f]+s into x1 = furni%+ !      
victims & o!r ?+s  necess>y = !         
sacrifices1 ,m>k xii1 #da2 ,john viii1  
#bj4 ,f !  c\rt ( ! wom51 :i* 0 on high]

 gr\nd ?an t ( !  ,g5tiles1 !re 0 an    
asc5t ( fifte5 /eps into ! inn] or m5's 
c\rt3 & s call$ because x 0 appropriat$ 
to ! wor%ip ( !  male ,israelites4 ,9 ^!
 two c\rts1 collectively t]m$ ! c\rt (  
! ,israelites1 7 ! p pray+1 ea* ap>t by 
himself1 = !  p>don ( 8 s9s1 :ile       
,za*>ias 0 (f]+ inc5se )9 !  sanctu>y1  
,luke i1 #aj4 ,)9 ! c\rt ( ! ,israelites
 0 t (  ! prie/s1 :i* 0 sep>at$ f x by a
 l[ wall1 "o cubit 9  height4 ,?is      
enclosure surr\nd$ ! alt> ( burnt-(f]+s1
 & to  x ! p br\ght _! oblations &      
sacrifices2 b ! prie/s  alone 7 p]mitt$ 
to ent] x4 ,f ?is c\rt twelve /eps      
asc5d$  to ! temple1 /rictly s call$2   
:i* 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1  ! portico1
 ! out] sanctu>y1 & ! holy place4 ,9 !  
portico 0  susp5d$ ! spl5did votive     
(f]+s made by ! piety ( v>i\s           
individuals4 ,among o!r treasures1 !re 0
 a gold5 table giv5 by  ,pompey1 &      
sev]al gold5 v9es ( exquisite           
workman%ip1 z well z (  imm5se size2 =  
,josephus relates1 t !re 7 clu/]s z tall

 z  a man4 ,& he adds1 t all ar\nd 7    
fix$ up & display$ !  spoils & trophies 
tak5 by ,h]od f ! b>b>ians & ,arabians4 
,^! votive (f]+s1 x %\ld seem1 7 visible
 at a di/ance2 =  :5 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0     
sitt+ on ! m\nt ( ,olives1 & 8 disciples
  call$ 8 att5tion to ! temple1 !y po9t$
 out to him ! gifts  ) :i* x 0 adorn$1  
,luke xxi1 #e4 ,?is por* _h a v l>ge    
portal or gate1 :i*1 in/ead ( fold+     
doors1 0 furni%$ ) a  co/ly ,babylonian 
veil1 ( _m col\rs1 t my/ically d5ot$ !  
univ]se4 ,f ?is ! sanctu>y1 or holy     
place1 0 sep>at$ f !  holy ( holies by a
 d\ble veil1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 !  
veil  t 0 r5t 9 twa9 at our ,savi\r's   
crucifixion2 ?us emblematically  po9t+  
out t ! sep>ation betwe5 ,jews &        
,g5tiles 0  aboli%$2 & t ! privilege ( !
 high prie/ 0 communicat$ to  all       
mank9d1 :o might h5ce=? h access to !   
?rone ( grace  ?r\gh ! "o great         
,m$iator1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,heb4 x1 #ai-bb4
 ,! holy (  holies 0 tw5ty cubits squ>e3
 into x no p]son 0 admitt$ b !  high    

prie/1 :o ent]$ x once a ye> on ! great 
day ( atonem5t1  ,exod4 xxx1 #aj2 ,lev4 
xvi1 #b1 #ae1 #cd2 ,heb4 ix1 #b-g4      
,magnific5t z ! re/ ( ! sacr$ edifice 01
 x 0 inf9itely  surpass$ 9 spl5d\r by ! 
inn] temple1 or sanctu>y4 ,its          
appe>ance1 accord+ to ,josephus1 _h e ?+
 t c\ld /rike !  m9d1 or a/oni% ! sight3
 = x 0 cov]$ on e side )  plates ( gold2
 s t :5 ! sun rose ^u x1 x reflect$ s   
/rong & dazzl+ an effulg5ce1 t ! eye ( !
 spectator 0  oblig$ to turn away1 be+  
no m able to su/a9 its radiance ?an  !  
spl5d\r ( ! sun4 ,to /rang]s :o 7       
approa*+1 x appe>$  at a di/ance l a    
m\nta9 cov]$ ) sn[2 = :]e x 0 n         
decorat$ ) plates ( gold1 x 0 extremely 
:ite & gli/]+4 ,on  ! top x _h %>p-po9t$
 spikes ( gold1 to prev5t any bird f    
re/+ ^u x1 & pollut+ x4 ,!re 71 cont9ues
 ! ,jewi%  hi/orian1 9 t build+1 sev]al 
/ones :i* 7 =ty-five cubits  9 l5g?1    
five 9 height1 & six 9 bread?4 8,:5 all 
^! ?+s  are consid]$10 says ,h>wood1 8h[
 natural is ! exclamation ( !           

disciples1 :5 view+ ?is imm5se build+ at
 a di/ance3 #8,ma/]1  see :at mann] (   
/ones' 7 1 #8:at v l>ge ones'7 #8&  :at 
build+s are "h6' ,m>k xiii1 #a3 & h[    
wond]ful is !  decl>ation ( our ,"l ^u  
?is1 h[ unlikely to be accompli%$  be=e 
! race ( m5 :o 7 !n liv+ %\ld cease to  
exi/6  #8,see/ ?\ ^! great build+s8 ,!re
 %all n be left "o /one  ^u ano!r t %all
 n be ?r[n d[n4' ,improbable z ?is      
pr$iction mu/ h appe>$ to ! disciples at
 t "t1 9 !  %ort space ( ab\t ?irty ye>s
 aft] x 0 exactly accompli%$2 &  ?is mo/
 magnific5t temple1 :i* ! ,jews _h      
lit]ally turn$ into a  d5 ( ?ieves1     
?r\gh ! righte\s judgm5t ( ,god ^u t    
wick$  & ab&on$ nation1 0 utt]ly de/roy$
 by ! ,romans ,a4 ,d4 #gj1 or  #gc ( !  
vulg> era1 on ! same mon?1 & on ! same  
day ( !  mon?1 :5 ,solomon's temple _h  
be5 raz$ to ! gr\nd by !  ,babylonians60
    ,bo? ! fir/ & second temples 7      
contemplat$ by ! ,jews ) !  highe/      
rev]5ce4 ,( _! affectionate reg>d = !   
fir/ temple1  & = ,j]usalem1 )9 ^: walls

 x 0 built1 we h sev]al  in/ances 9 ^?  
,psalms :i* 7 compos$ dur+ ! ,babyloni% 
captivity2 & ( _! pr(\nd v5]ation = !   
second temple we  h repeat$ examples 9 !
 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!y c\ld n be> any      
disrespectful or di%on\rable ?+ to be   
said ( x4 ,! lea/  injuri\s slight ( x1 
real or appreh5d$1 in/antly awak5$ all !
  *ol] ( a ,jew1 & 0 an affront nev] to 
be =giv54 ,our ,savi\r1  9 ! c\rse ( 8  
public in/ructions1 hav+ said1 8,de/roy 
?is  temple1 & 9 ?ree days ,i w raise x 
up aga910 ,john ii1 #ai1 x 0  con/ru$   
into a contemptu\s disrespect1 design$ly
 ?r[n out aga9/  ! temple2 8 words      
in/antly desc5d$ into ! he>t ( ! ,jews1 
& kept rankl+ !re = "s ye>s2 =1 ^u 8    
trial1 ?is  decl>ation1 :i* x 0         
impossible = a ,jew ev] to =get or to   
=give1 0 imm$iately alleg$ aga9/ him1 z 
big ) ! mo/  atroci\s guilt & impiety3  
!y told ! c\rt !y _h he>d him  publicly 
ass]t1 8,i am able to de/roy ?is        
temple10 ,matt4 xxvi1 #fa4 ,!  ranc\r & 
virul5ce !y _h conceiv$ aga9/ him = ?is 

spee*1  0 n s(t5$ by all ! affect+      
circum/ances ( t wret*$  dea? !y saw him
 die2 ev5 z he hung ^u ! cross1 )       
triumph1  scorn1 & exultation1 !y       
upbraid$ him ) x1 contemptu\sly  %ak+ _!
 heads1 & say+1 8,?\ t de/roye/ !       
temple1 &  builde/ x 9 ?ree days1 save  
?yself6 ,if ?\ be ! ,son ( ,god1 come   
d[n f ! cross60 ,matt4 xxvii1 #dj4 ,x   
only rema9s to add1 t x  appe>s1 f      
sev]al passages ( ,scripture1 t ! ,jews 
_h a body (  soldi]s :o gu>d$ ! temple1 
to prev5t any di/urbances dur+ !        
m9i/ration ( su* an imm5se numb] (      
prie/s & ,levites4 ,to ?is  gu>d ,pilate
 ref]r$1 :5 he said to ! *ief prie/s &  
,ph>isees  :o wait$ ^u him to desire he 
w\ld make ! sepul*re secure1 8,ye  h a  
wat*1 g y\r way1 & make x z secure z ye 
c10 ,matt4  xxvii1 #fe4 ,ov] ^! gu>ds "o
 p]son _h ! supreme comm&1 :o 9  sev]al 
places is call$ ! capta9 ( ! temple1 or 
(fic] ( !  temple gu>d4 8,& z !y spake  
unto ! p1 ! prie/s & !  capta9 ( !      
temple & ! ,sadducees came ^u !m10 ,acts

 iv1 #a2 v1  #be1 #bf2 ,john xviii1 #ab4
 ,josephus m5tions su* an (fic]4        
,,t5t ,,mak]4 ,/4 ,paul1 accord+ to !   
practice ( ! ,jews1 :o1  h[ev] opul5t1  
always taught _! *ildr5 "s trade1 appe>s
 to  h be5 a t5t mak]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is  
und]/ood by "s mod]ns to  mean a mak] ( 
t5t clo?1 ,/4 ,paul be+ a ,cilician1 a  
c\ntry :i*  produc$ a species (         
r\gh-hair$ goats1 f :i* ! ,cilicians    
manufactur$ a ?ick & co>se clo?1 mu* us$
 = t5ts4 ,! fa!rs1  h[ev]1 say t he made
 milit>y t5ts1 ! mat]ial ( :i* 0  sk9s4 
,,t]aphim4 ,x is said1 ,g54 xxxi1 #ai1 t
 ,ra*el _h /ol5 ! images  7t]aphim7 ( h]
 fa!r4 ,:at !n 7 ^! t]aphim8 ,!         
,septuag9t translate ?is ^w by 8oracle10
 & sometimes by 8va9  figures40 ,aquila 
g5]ally translates x by 8figures40 ,x   
appe>s1  inde$1 f all ! passages 9 :i*  
?is ^w is us$1 t !y 7  idols or         
sup]/iti\s figures4 ,"s ,jewi% writ]s   
tell u !  t]aphim 7 human heads plac$ 9 
ni*es1 & consult$ by way (  oracles4    
,o!rs ?9k !y 7 talismans or figures (   

metal ca/ &  engrav5 "u c]ta9 aspects ( 
! planets1 to :i* !y ascrib$            
extraord9>y effects4 ,all ! ea/]n p are 
mu* addict$ to ?is  sup]/ition1 & !     
,p]sians /ill call !m telef91 a "n ne>ly
  approa*+ to t]aphim4 ,m4 ,jurieu      
supposes !m to h be5 a sort (  dii      
p5ates1 or h\sehold gods2 & ?is appe>s  
to be1 p]haps1 !  mo/ probable op9ion4  
,,te/am5t4 ,! prop]ty or e/ate ( ! fa!r 
fell1 aft] 8 decease1  into ! possession
 ( 8 sons1 :o divid$ x among !mselves   
equally1 ) ?is exception1 t ! elde/ son 
_h two portions4 ,!  fa!r express$ 8 la/
 wi%es or w 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses1  & 
probably 9 ! pres5ce ( ! heirs1 #b ,k+s 
xx1 #a4 ,at a m  rec5t p]iod ! w 0 made 
out 9 writ+4 ,! portion t 0  giv5 to !  
sons ( concub9es dep5d$ altoge!r ^u !   
feel+s (  ! fa!r4 ,abraham gave pres5ts 
to :at am\nt is n kn[n1 bo? to  ,i%mael 
& to ! sons :om he _h by ,keturah1 & s5t
 !m away  be=e 8 dea?4 ,x does n appe> t
 !y _h any o!r portion 9  ! e/ate4 ,b   
,jacob made ! sons :om he _h by 8       

concub9es heirs  z well z ! o!rs1 ,g54  
xxi1 #h-ba2 xxv1 #a-f2 xlix1 #a-bg4     
,moses laid  no re/rictions ^u ! *oice (
 fa!rs 9 ?is respect2 & we  %\ld inf] t 
! sons ( concub9es1 = ! mo/ "p1 receiv$ 
an  equal %>e ) ! o!r sons1 f ! fact1 t 
,jeph?a1 ! son (  a concub9e1 compla9$ t
 he 0 exclud$ )\t any portion f  8      
fa!r's h\se1 ,judg4 xi1 #a-g4 ,!        
daught]s n only _h no portion  9 !      
e/ate1 b1 if !y 7 unm>ri$1 7 consid]$ z 
mak+ a  "p ( x1 & 7 sold by _! bro!rs   
into matrimony4 ,if !y _h  no bro!rs1 or
 if !y _h di$1 ! daught]s !n took !     
e/ate1  ,num4 xxvii1 #a-h4 ,if any "o   
di$ inte/ate1 & )\t (fspr+1 !  prop]ty 0
 dispos$ ( accord+ to ,num4 xxvii1      
#h-aa4 ,! s]vants or  ! slaves 9 a      
family c\ld n claim any %>e 9 ! e/ate z 
a  "r2 b ! p]son :o made a w1 might1 if 
he *ose1 make !m 8  heirs1 ,g54 xv1 #c4 
,inde$1 9 "s in/ances1 ^? :o _h heirs1  
recogniz$ z su* by law1 did n deem x    
unbecom+ to be/[ !  :ole or a portion ( 
_! e/ates on fai?ful & des]v+ s]vants1  

,prov4 xvii1 #b4 ,! wid[ ( ! deceas$1 l 
8 daught]s1 _h no  legal "r to a %>e 9 !
 e/ate4 ,! sons1 h[ev]1 or o!r          
relations1 7 b\nd to af=d h] an adequate
 ma9t5ance1 unless x  _h be5 o!rwise    
arrang$ 9 ! w4 ,%e sometimes return$    
back  aga9 to h] fa!r's h\se1 p>ticul>ly
 if ! support :i* ! heirs  gave h] 0 n  
su* z _h be5 promis$1 or 0 n suffici5t1 
,g54  xxxviii1 #aa4 ,see also ! /ory (  
,ru?4 ,! prophets v frequ5tly1  &       
und\bt$ly n )\t cause1 exclaim aga9/ !  
neglect &  inju/ice %[n to wid[s1 ,isa4 
i1 #ag2 x1 #b2 ,j]4 vii1 #f2 xxii1 #c2  
,ezek4  xxii1 #g2 ,exod4 xxii1 #bb-bd2  
,deut4 x1 #ah2 xxiv1 #ag4    ,,te/imony1
 a witness+1 evid5ce1 or pro(1 ,acts    
xiv1 #c4 ,! :ole  ,scripture or ^w (    
,god1 :i* decl>es :at is to be believ$1 
practis$1 & expect$ by u1 is call$      
,god's 8te/imony10 &  sometimes 9 !     
plural 8te/imonies10 ,psalm xix1 #g4 ,! 
two tables (  /one on :i* ! law or t5   
comm&m5ts 7 writt51 :i* 7  witnesses ( t
 cov5ant made betwe5 ,god & 8 p1 &      

te/ifi$ :at x 0 t ,god _h requir$ ( !m1 
h ! same  title1 ,exod4 xxv1 #af1 #ba2  
xxxi1 #ah4    ,,tetr>*1 a sov]eign pr9ce
 t has ! f\r? "p ( a /ate1  prov9ce1 or 
k+dom "u 8 dom9ion1 )\t we>+ ! diadem1  
or  be>+ ! title ( k+1 ,matt1 xiv1 #a2  
,luke iii1 #a1 #ai2 ix1 #g2 ,acts  xiii1
 #a4    ,,!ophilus1 "o to :om ,/4 ,luke 
addresses ! books ( 8 ,gospel &  ,acts (
 ! ,apo/les1 :i* he compos$1 ,acts i1   
#a2 ,luke i1 #c4 ,x is  d\bt$ :e!r ! "n 
,!ophilus be "h ! prop] "n ( a man1 or  
an appellative or common "n1 :i*1       
accord+ to its etymology1 may  /& = any 
good man1 or a lov] ( ,god4 ,"s ?9k ?is 
"n is  g5]ic1 & t ,/4 ,luke's design "h 
is to address 8 "w to ^?  t love ,god2 b
 x is mu* m probable t ?is ,!ophilus 0 a
  ,*ri/ian to :om ! evangeli/ has       
d$icat$ ^? two works2 & !  epi!t ( 8mo/ 
excell5t10 :i* is giv5 to him1 %[s him  
to h  be5 a man ( great quality4 cum5ius
 concludes f !nce t he  0 gov]nor or    
int5dant ( "s prov9ce1 because su* a    
p]sonage _h  g5]ally ! title ( 8mo/     

excell5t0 giv5 to him4 ,grotius         
conjectures he might be a magi/rate (   
,a*aia1 conv]t$ by ,/4 ,luke4           
,,!rapeut4 ,"o p>ticul> ph5om5on :i*    
result$ f !  !osophico-ascetic _s among 
! ,alex&rian ,jews1 0 ! sect (  !       
,!rapeut4 ,_! head qu>t]s 7 at no great 
di/ance f  ,alex&ria1 9 a quiet pleasant
 spot on ! %ores ( ! ,lake ,mris1  :]e  
!y liv$1 l ! an*orites 9 lat] p]iods1   
%ut up 9  sep>ate cells1 & employ$      
!mselves 9 no?+ b pray]1 & !            
contemplation ( div9e ?+s4 ,an          
allegorical int]pretation (  ,scripture 
0 ! f\ndation ( _! speculations2 & !y _h
 old  !osophical writ+s :i* gave !m ?is 
turn4 ,!y liv$ only on  bread & wat]1 & 
accu/om$ !mselves to fa/+4 ,!y only ate 
9  ! ev5+1 & _m fa/$ = sev]al days      
toge!r4 ,!y met  toge!r e ,sabba? day1 &
 e sev5 weeks !y held a /ill m  solemn  
assembly1 because ! numb] sev5 0        
peculi>ly holy 9 _!  e/imation4 ,!y !n  
celebrat$ a simple love-fea/1 consi/+ ( 
bread ) salt & hyssop2 !osophical       

discussions 7 held1 & !  hymns :i* !y _h
 f _! old traditions 7 sung2 & my/ical  
dances1 be>+ ref]5ce to ! wond]ful works
 ( ,god ) ! fa!rs  ( _! p1 7 cont9u$1   
amid/ *oral songs1 to a late h\r 9  !   
night4 ,_m m5 ( di/+ui%$ le>n+ h        
consid]$ ?is sect  z no?+ b a scion ( ! 
,ess5es1 tra9$ up "u ! peculi>  influ5ce
 ( ! ,egyptian _s4    ,,!ssalonians1    
,*ri/ians ( ,!ssalonica1 to :om ,/4     
,paul s5t two  epi/les4 ,x is record$ 9 
! ,acts1 t ,/4 ,paul1 9 8 fir/  j\rney  
^u ! cont95t ( ,europe1 prea*$ ! ,gospel
 at  ,!ssalonica1 at t "t ! capital (   
,mac$onia1 ) consid]able  success2 b t  
aft] a %ort /ay he 0 driv5 !nce by !    
malice  & viol5ce ( ! unbeliev+ ,jews4  
,f ,!ssalonica ,/4 ,paul w5t to  ,b]ea1 
& !nce to ,a!ns1 at bo? :i* places he   
rema9$ b a  %ort "t4 ,f ,a!ns he s5t    
,timo?y to ,!ssalonica1 to confirm !    
new conv]ts 9 _! fai?1 & to inquire into
 _! conduct4 ,timo?y1  ^u 8 return1 f\nd
 ,/4 ,paul at ,cor9?4 ,!nce1 probably 9 
,a4 ,d4  #eb1 ,/4 ,paul wrote ! ,fir/   

,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians2 & x is to  be
 suppos$ t ! subjects ( :i* x treats1 7 
sugge/$ by !  acc\nt :i* he receiv$ f   
,timo?y4 ,x is n[ g5]ally believ$  t ?is
 0 writt5 ! fir/ ( all ,/4 ,paul's      
epi/les1 b x is  n kn[n by :om x 0 s5t  
to ,!ssalonica4 ,! *ur* !re  consi/$    
*iefly ( ,g5tile conv]ts1 #a ,!ss4 i1   
#i4 ,/4 ,paul1 aft]  salut+ !           
,!ssalonian ,*ri/ians 9 ! "n ( himself1 
,silas1 &  ,timo?y1 assures !m t he     
con/antly return$ ?anks to ,god on _!   
acc\nt1 & m5tion$ !m 9 8 pray]s2 he     
ackn[l$ges !  read9ess & s9c]ity ) :i*  
!y embrac$ ! ,gospel1 & !  great        
reputation :i* !y _h acquir$ by turn+ f 
idols to s]ve  ! liv+ ,god1 #a ,!ss4 i2 
he rem9ds !m ( ! bold &  dis9t]e/$ mann]
 9 :i* he _h prea*$ among !m2 com=ts !m 
"u ! p]secutions :i* !y1 l o!r          
,*ri/ians1 _h  exp]i5c$ f _! unbeliev+  
c\ntrym51 & in=ms !m ( two  ineffectual 
attempts :i* he _h made to visit !m     
aga91 #a ,!ss4 ii2  & t1 be+ ?us        
disappo9t$1 he _h s5t ,timo?y to confirm

 _!  fai?1 & inquire into _! conduct2 he
 tells !m t ,timo?y's  acc\nt ( !m _h   
giv5 him ! greate/ consolation & joy 9 !
  mid/ ( 8 affliction & di/ress1 & t he 
cont9ually pray$ to  ,god = an          
opportunity ( see+ !m aga91 & = _!      
p]fect  e/abli%m5t 9 ! ,gospel1 #a ,!ss4
 iii2 he exhorts to purity1  ju/ice1    
love1 & quietness1 & dissuades !m aga9/ 
excessive grief  = _! deceas$ fri5ds1 #a
 ,!ss4 iv2 h5ce he takes occasion to    
recomm5d prep>ation = ! la/ judgm5t1 !  
"t ( :i* is always  unc]ta92 & adds a   
v>iety ( practical precepts4 ,he        
concludes )  8 usual b5$iction4 ,?is    
epi/le is writt5 9 t]ms ( high          
comm5dation1 e>ne/ness1 & affection4    
,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! mess5g] :o    
c>ri$ ! =m]  epi/le into ,mac$onia1 ^u 8
 return to ,cor9?1 in=m$ ,/4 ,paul  t ! 
,!ssalonians _h inf]r$1 f "s expressions
 9 x1 t  ! com+ ( ,*ri/ & ! f9al judgm5t
 7 ne> at h&1 & w\ld  happ5 9 ! "t ( _m 
:o 7 !n alive1 #a ,!ss4 iv1 #ae1 #ag2 v1
  #f4 ,! pr9cipal design ( ! ,second    

,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians 0  to correct 
t error1 & prev5t ! mis*ief :i* x w\ld  
naturally  occasion4 ,x 0 writt5 f      
,cor9?1 probably at ! end ( ,a4 ,d4 #eb4
  ,/4 ,paul beg9s ) ! same salutation z 
9 ! =m] epi/le1 &  !n expresses 8 dev\t 
ackn[l$gm5ts to ,god = ! increas+  fai? 
& mutual love ( ! ,!ssalonians 9 ! mid/ 
( p]secution2  he repres5ts to !m !     
rew>ds :i* w be be/[$ ^u !  fai?ful1 & !
 puni%m5t :i* w be inflict$ ^u !        
disob$i5t1 at ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 #b ,!ss4  
i2 he e>ne/ly entreats  !m n to suppose1
 z ^u au?ority f him1 or ^u any o!r     
gr\nd1 t ! la/ day is at h&2 he assures 
!m1 t be=e t  awful p]iod a great       
apo/asy w take place1 & rem9ds !m ( "s  
in=mation :i* he _h giv5 !m ^u t subject
 :5 he 0 at  ,!ssalonica2 he exhorts !m 
to /eadfa/ness 9 _! fai?1 & prays  to   
,god to com=t _! he>ts1 & e/abli% !m 9 e
 good ^w  & "w1 #b ,!ss4 ii2 he desires 
_! pray]s = ! success ( 8  m9i/ry1 &    
expresses 8 confid5ce 9 _! s9c]ity2 he  
cautions  !m aga9/ associat+ ) idle &   

disord]ly p]sons1 &  recomm5ds dilig5ce 
& quietness4 ,he adds a salutation 9 8  
own  h&1 & concludes ) 8 usual          
b5$iction4    ,,!ssalonica1 a celebrat$ 
city 9 ,mac$onia1 & capital ( t  k+dom1 
/&+ ^u ! ,!smaic ,sea4 ,/eph5 (         
,byzantium says t  x 0 improv$ &        
beautifi$ by ,philip1 k+ ( ,mac$on1 &   
call$  ,!ssalonica 9 memory ( ! victory 
t he obta9$ ov] !  ,!ssalians4 ,its old 
"n 0 ,!sma4 ,! ,jews _h a synagogue "h1 
&  _! numb] 0 consid]able1 ,acts xvii4  
,,?ief4 ,among ! ,hebrews !ft 0 n puni%$
 ) dea?3 8,m5 d n  despise a ?ief if he 
/eal to satisfy 8 s\l :5 he is hungry4  
,b  if he be f\nd1 he %all re/ore       
sev5fold2 he %all give all !  sub/ance (
 8 h\se10 ,prov4 vi1 #cj1 #ca4 ,! law   
all[$ ! kill+  ( a night-robb]1 because 
x 0 suppos$ 8 int5tion 0 to murd]  z    
well z to rob1 ,exod4 xxii1 #b4 ,x      
condemn$ a common ?ief to make  d\ble   
re/itution1 ,exod4 xxii1 #d4 ,if he /ole
 an ox he 0 to re/ore  x fivefold2 if a 
%eep1 only f\rfold1 ,exod4 xxii1 #a2 #b 

,sam4 xii1 #f4  ,b if ! animal t 0 /ol5 
0 f\nd alive 9 8 h\se he only  r5d]$ !  
d\ble ( x4 ,if he did n make re/itution1
 !y seiz$  :at 0 9 8 h\se1 put x up to  
sale1 & ev5 sold ! p]son  himself if he 
_h n :]e)al to make satisfaction1 ,exod4
 xxii1 #c4    ,,?omas1 ! ,apo/le1       
o!rwise call$ ,didymus1 :i* 9 ,greek    
signifies  a tw91 ,matt4 x1 #c2 ,luke   
vi1 #ae4 ,we "k no p>ticul>s ( 8 life   
till ,a4 ,d4 #cc1 ,john xi1 #af2 xiv1   
#e1 #f2 xx1 #bd-bi2 xxi1 #a-ac4 ,anci5t 
tradition says1 t 9 ! di/ribution :i* ! 
,apo/les made ( !  sev]al p>ts ( ! _w1  
:]e9 !y 7 to prea* ! ,gospel1 !  c\ntry 
( ! ,p>?ians fell to ! %>e ( ,/4 ,?omas4
 ,x is add$1  t he prea*$ to ! ,m$es1   
,p]sians1 ,c>manians1 ,hircanians1      
,bactrians1 c4 ,sev]al ( ! fa!rs in=m u 
t he also prea*$ 9  ! ,ea/ ,indies1 c4  
,,?orn4 ,a g5]al "n = sev]al k9ds (     
prickly plants4 #a4 ,9 !  curse d5\nc$  
aga9/ ! e>?1 ,g54 iii1 #ah1 its produce 
is  ?reat5$ to be 8?orns & ?i/les10  1 9
 ! ,septuag9t    4 ,/4 ,paul uses ! same

 words1 ,heb4 vi1 #h1 :]e  ! la/ is     
r5d]$ 8bri]s20 !y are also f\nd ,hos4 x1
 #h4 ,! ^w  kutz is put = 8?orns10 9 o!r
 places1 z ,exod4 xxii1 #f2 ,judges     
viii1 #g2 ,ezek4 ii1 #f2 xxviii1 #bd2 b 
we are unc]ta9 :e!r x means  a specific 
k9d ( ?orn1 or may be a g5]ic "n = all  
plants ( a  ?orny k9d4 ,9 ! pres5t      
in/ance x seems to be g5]al = all  ^?   
obnoxi\s plants1 %rubs1 c1 by :i* !     
lab\rs ( !  husb&man are imp$$1 & :i*   
are only fit = burn+4 ,if ! ^w  d5otes a
 p>ticul> plant1 x maybe ! 8re/-h>r[10 a
 p]nici\s  prickly we$1 :i* gr[s        
promiscu\sly ) ! l>ge ?i/les 9 !        
uncultivat$ gr\nds1 & cov]s entire      
fields & pla9s1 9 ,egypt &  ,pale/9e4 ,f
 ! resemblance ( ! ,hebrew d>d>1 to !   
,arabic  ^w d>d>gi1 ,s*eu*z] supposes ! 
cnicus to be int5d$4 #b4  1 f its       
etymology1 mu/ be a k9d ( ?orn1 )       
incurvat$  sp9es1 l fi% hooks1 simil> to
 ^? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican 8wit*  hazel40   
,celsius says t ! same ^w1 & ( ! same   
orig9al 9  ,arabic1 is ! 8black ?orn10  

or 8sloe tree10 ! prunus sp9osa (       
,l9nu4 #c4 4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e
 :at plants are  int5d$ by ?is ^w4      
,m59ski says t s]b91 9 ! ,p]sic         
language1 is ! "n ( a tree be>+ ?orns4  
,9 ,eccles4 vii1 #f1 &  ,nahum i1 #aj1  
!y are m5tion$ z fuel :i* quickly burns 
up2 & 9  ,hosea ii1 #f1 z ob/ructions or
 h$ges2 x may be ! lycium ,afrum4 #d4  1
 m5tion$ ,jo%4 xxiii1 #ac2 ,ezek4 ii1   
#f1 xxviii1 #bd4 ,f !  vexati\s "*      
ascrib$ to ?is ?orn 9 ! places j ref]r$ 
to1 comp>$ ) ,num4 xxxiii1 #ee2 ,judges 
ii1 #c2 x is probably !  kantuffa1 z    
describ$ by ,bruce4 #e4 ,by 1 ,num4     
xxxiii1 #ee1 may be  int5d$ goads1 or   
%>p-po9t$ /icks1 l ^? ) :i* cattle  7   
driv54 #f4 ,! 1 ,isa4 v1 #f2 x1 #ag1 mu/
 mean "s noxi\s plant  t ov]runs wa/e   
gr\nds4 #g4 ,! ^w 1 ,num4 xxxiii1 #ee2  
,jo%4  xxiii1 #ac2 ,isa4 v1 #e4 ,x      
seems1 f its application1 to describe a 
bad  k9d ( ?orn4 ,hill] supposes x to be
 ! vepris4 ,p]haps x is !  rhamnus      
paliurus1 a decidu\s plant or tree1 a   

native ( ,pale/9e1  ,spa91 & ,italy4 ,x 
w gr[ ne>ly to ! height ( f\rte5 feet1  
& is arm$ ) %>p ?orns1 two ( :i* are at 
! ins]tion (  ea* bran*1 "o ( !m /raight
 & upright1 ! o!r b5t backw>d4  #h4 1   
translat$ 8bri]s10 ,judges viii1 #af4   
8,!re is no d\bt b  ?is ^w means a %>p1 
jagg$ k9d ( plant3 ! difficulty is to   
fix  on "o1 :]e s _m (f] !mselves4 ,!   
,septuag9t pres]ves !  orig9al ^w4 ,we  
%\ld h>dly ?9k ,gideon w5t f> to seek ^!
  plants4 ,! ?orns are expressly said to
 be f ! wild]ness1 or  common h>d by2   
probably ! b>kanim 7 f ! same place4 ,9 
our  c\ntry ?is w\ld lead u to !        
blackb]ry bu%es on our commons2 b  x    
might n be s ar\nd ,succo?4 ,!re is a   
plant m5tion$ by  ,hasselqui/1 ^: "n &  
prop]ties some:at resemble ^? :i* are   
requir$ 9 ! b>kanim ( ?is passage3      
8,nabka paliurus ,a!ni1  is ! nabka ( ! 
,arabs4 ,!re is e appe>ance t ?is is !  
tree :i* furni%$ ! cr[n ( ?orns :i* 0   
put on ! head (  our ,"l4 ,x is common 9
 ! ea/4 ,a plant m prop] = ?is purpose  

c\ld n be select$2 = x is arm$ ) ?orns1 
its bran*es are  pliant1 & its leaf ( a 
deep gre5 l t ( ivy4 ,p]haps !  enemies 
( ,*ri/ *ose ?is plant1 9 ord] to add   
insult to injury by  employ+ a wrea?    
approa*+ 9 appe>ance t :i* 0 us$ to     
cr[n emp]ors & g5]als40 ,9 ! ,new       
,te/am5t1 ! ,greek ^w  translat$ 8?orn10
 is 2 ,matt4 vii1 #af1 xiii1 #g1 xxvii1 
#bi1 ,john  xix1 #b4 ,! note ( ,bi%op   
,pe>ce on ,matt4 xxvii1 #bi1 is ?is3 8,!
 ^w   may z well be ! plural g5itive    
case ( ! ^w 1 z  ( 2 if ( ! latt]1 x is 
rightly translat$ #8( ?orns1' b  ! =m]  
w\ld signify :at we call #8be>'s foot1' 
& ! ,fr5*  bran*e urs9e4 ,?is is n ( !  
?orny k9d ( plants1 b is s(t  & smoo?4  
,virgil calls x mollis acan?us4 ,s does 
,pl9y3 & ,pl9y  ! eld] says t x is lvis1
 8smoo?20 & t x is "o ( ^?  plants t are
 cultivat$ 9 g>d5s4 ,i h some:]e read1 b
 _c  at pres5t recollect :]e1 t ?is s(t 
& smoo? h]b 0 v  common 9 & ab\t        
,j]usalem4 ,i f9d no?+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t
  conc]n+ ?is cr[n :i* ,pilate's soldi]s

 put on ! head ( ,jesus1  to incl9e "o  
to ?9k t x 0 ( ?orns1 & int5d$1 z is    
usually suppos$1 to put him to pa94 ,!  
re$ put into 8 h&1 &  ! sc>let robe on 8
 back1 7 meant only z m>ks ( mock]y &   
contempt4 ,"o may also reasonably judge 
by ! soldi]s be+ said to  plat ?is cr[n1
 t x 0 n compos$ ( su* twigs & leaves z 
7 ( a ?orny nature4 ,i d n f9d t x is   
m5tion$ by any (  ! primitive ,*ri/ian  
writ]s z an in/ance ( ! cruelty us$     
t[>d our ,savi\r be=e he 0 l$ to        
crucifixion1 till ! "t (  ,t]tullian1 :o
 liv$ aft] ,jesus' dea? at ! di/ance (  
above "o  hundr$ & sixty ye>s4 ,he inde$
 seems to h und]/ood  9  ! s5se ( ?orns1
 & says1 #8,quale oro te1 ,jesus ,*ri/us
 s]tum pro  utrogue sexu subiit8 ,ex    
sp9is1 op9or1 et tribulis4' ,:at k9d ( a
  cr[n1 ,i besee* y1 did ,jesus ,*ri/   
su/a98 ,"o made ( ?orns &  ?i/les1 ,i   
?9k4 ,! total sil5ce ( ,polyc>p1        
,b>nabas1 ,clem5s  ,romanus1 & all ! o!r
 ,*ri/ian writ]s ^: works are n[ extant1
  & :o wrote be=e ,t]tullian1 9         

p>ticul>1 w give "s weight to  incl9e "o
 to ?9k t ?is cr[n 0 n platt$ ) ?orns4  
,b z  ?is is a po9t on :i* we h n       
suffici5t evid5ce1 ,i leave x  almo/ 9 !
 same /ate ( unc]ta9ty 9 :i* ,i f\nd x40
 ,see  ,,g>d54    ,,?re%+ ,,floors1     
among ! anci5t ,jews1 7 only1 z !y are  
to ?is  day 9 ! ea/1 r\nd level plats ( 
gr\nd 9 ! op5 air1 :]e !  corn 0 trodd5 
out by ox51 ! libyc are ( ,horace4 ,?us1
  ,gideon's floor1 ,judges vi1 #cg1     
appe>s to h be5 9 ! op5 air2 z  0       
likewise t ( ,araunah ! ,jebusite2 else 
x w\ld n h be5 a  prop] place = erect+  
an alt> & (f]+ sacrifice4 ,9 ,hosea     
xiii1 #c1 we read ( ! *aff :i* is driv5 
by ! :irlw9d f !  floor4 ,?is           
circum/ance ( ! ?re%+ floor's be+ expos$
 to !  agitation ( ! w9d seems to be !  
pr9cipal reason ( its ,hebrew  "n2 :i*  
may be f>!r illu/rat$ by ! direction :i*
 ,hesiod  gives 8 husb&man to ?re% 8    
corn 9 a place well expos$ to !  w9d4 ,f
 ! above acc\nt x appe>s t a ?re%+ floor
 7r5d]$  9 our textual translation 8a   

void place07 might well be ne> !        
entrance ( ! gate ( ,sam>ia1 & t x might
 af=d no improp]  place 9 :i* ! k+s (   
,israel & ,judah c\ld he> ! prophets1 #a
  ,k+s xxii1 #aj2 #b ,*ron4 xviii1 #i2  
,psalm i1 #d4    ,,?rone is us$ = t     
magnific5t seat on :i* sov]eign pr9ces  
usually sit to receive ! homage ( _!    
subjects1 or to give audi5ce  to        
ambassadors2 :]e !y appe> ) pomp &      
c]emony1 & f  :5ce !y disp5se ju/ice2 9 
a ^w1 ! ?rone1 ! sceptre1 !  cr[n1 are !
 ord9>y symbols ( royalty & regal       
au?ority4 ,!  ,scripture commonly       
repres5ts ! ,"l z sitt+ ^u a ?rone2     
sometimes x is said t ! heav5 is 8      
?rone1 & ! e>? 8  foot/ool1 ,isaiah     
lxvi1 #a4 ,! ,son ( ,god is also        
repres5t$ z sitt+  ^u a ?rone1 at ! "r  
h& ( 8 ,fa!r1 ,psalm cx1 #a2 ,heb4 i1   
#h2  ,rev4 iii1 #ba4 ,& ,jesus ,*ri/    
assures 8 ,apo/les t !y %\ld sit  ^u    
twelve ?rones1 to judge ! twelve tribes 
( ,israel1 ,luke xxii1  #cj4 ,?\gh a    
?rone & royal dignity seem to be        

correlatives1 or t]ms  t /& 9 reciprocal
 relation to ea* o!r1 yet ! privilege ( 
sitt+ on a ?rone has be5 sometimes      
grant$ to ^? t 7 n  k+s1 p>ticul>ly to  
"s gov]nors ( important prov9ces4 ,we   
read (  ! ?rone ( ! gov]nor ( ?is side !
 riv]2 ! ?rone1 9 o!r  words1 ( !       
gov]nor = ! k+ ( ,p]sia ( ! prov9ces    
belong+  to t empire on ! we/ ( !       
,euphrates4 ,s ,d',h]belot tells u t  a 
,p]sian mon>* ( aft]times gave ! gov]nor
 ( "o ( 8  prov9ces p]mission to seat   
himself 9 a gild$ *air1 :5 he  adm9i/]$ 
ju/ice2 :i* di/9ction 0 grant$ him on   
acc\nt (  ! importance ( t po/1 to :i* !
 gu>d+ a pass ( great  consequ5ce 0     
committ$4 ,?is prov9ce1 he tells u1 is  
n[ call$  ,%irvan1 b 0 =m]ly nam$       
,s]ir-aldhahab1 :i* signifies1 9        
,arabic1 8! ?rone ( gold40 ,to :i* he   
adds1 t ?is privilege 0  grant$ to !    
gov]nor ( ?is prov9ce1 z be+ ! place    
?r\gh  :i* ! nor!rn nations us$ to make 
_! way into ,p]sia2 on :i*  acc\nt1     
also1 a mighty ramp>t or wall 0 rais$   

!re4    ,9 ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john1 we
 f9d ! tw5ty-f\r eld]s sitt+  ^u z _m   
?rones 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l2 8& !y fall  
d[n  be=e him t sat on ! ?rone1 c1 & ca/
 _! cr[ns be=e !  ?rone40 ,_m ( !       
travell]s 9 ea/]n c\ntries h giv5       
descriptions highly illu/rative ( ?is   
mode ( adoration4 ,?us ,bruce1  9 8     
,travels1 says1 8,! next rem>kable      
c]emony 9 :i* ^! two  nations 7( ,p]sia 
& ,abyss9ia7 agre$ is t ( adoration1    
inviolably obs]v$ 9 ,abyss9ia to ?is    
day1 z (t5 z y ent] !  sov]eign's       
pres5ce4 ,?is is n only kneel+1 b       
absolute  pro/ration2 y fir/ fall ^u y\r
 knees1 !n ^u ! palms ( y\r  h&s1 !n    
incl9e y\r head & body till y\r =ehead  
t\*es !  gr\nd2 &1 9 case y h an answ]  
to expect1 y lie 9 t  po/ure till ! k+1 
or somebody f him1 desires y to rise40  
,&  ,/ew>t obs]ves1 8,we m>*$ t[>d !    
emp]or ) our music play+1  till we came 
)9 ab\t eighty y>ds ( him1 :5 ! old     
mon>*1  alight+ f 8 horse1 pro/rat$     
himself on ! e>? to pray1 &  cont9u$ "s 

m9utes ) 8 face s close to ! e>?1 t1 :5 
we came up to him1 ! du/ rema9$ ^u 8    
nose40    ,! circum/ance ( 8ca/+ _!     
cr[ns be=e ! ?rone0 may be  illu/rat$ by
 sev]al cases :i* occur 9 hi/ory4 ,t (  
,h]od1 9  ! pres5ce ( ,augu/us1 has be5 
already m5tion$4 7,see ,h]od47          
,tiridates1 9 ?is mann]1 did homage to  
,n]o1 lay+ ! ensigns ( 8  royalty at !  
/atue ( ,cs>1 to receive !m aga9 f 8 h&4
  ,tigranes1 k+ ( ,arm5ia1 did ! same to
 ,pompey4 ,9 ! inauguration  ( !        
,byzant9e ,cs>s1 :5 ! emp]or comes to   
receive !  sacram5t1 he puts (f 8 cr[n4 
8,?is %ort exp$ition10 says ,malcolm1   
80 br\ght to a close by ! p]sonal       
submission ( ,abool ,fyze ,khan1  :o1   
att5d$ by all 8 c\rt1 proce$$ to ! t5ts 
( ,nadir ,%ah1  & laid 8 cr[n1 & o!r    
ensigns ( royalty1 at ! feet ( !        
conqu]or1 :o assign$ him an hon\rable   
place 9 8 assembly1 & 9  a few days     
aft]w>d re/or$ him to 8 ?rone40         
,,?yatira1 a city ( ,lydia1 9 ,asia     
,m9or1 & ! seat ( "o ( !  sev5 *ur*es 9 

,asia4 ,x 0 situat$ ne>ly midway betwe5 
,p]gamos  & ,s>dis1 & is /ill a tol]able
 t[n1 consid]+ t x is 9 !  h&s ( !      
,turks1 & enjoys "s trade1 *iefly 9     
cottons4 ,x is  call$ by t p ,ak-his>1  
or ,:ite ,ca/le4    ,,tib]ias1 a city   
situat$ 9 a small pla91 surr\nd$ by     
m\nta9s1 on  ! we/]n coa/ ( ! sea (     
,galilee1 :i*1 f ?is city1 0 also  call$
 ! sea ( ,tib]ias4 ,tib]ias 0 erect$ by 
,h]od ,antipas1 &  s call$ 9 hon\r (    
,tib]ius ,cs>4 ,he is suppos$ to h *os51
  = ! erection ( 8 new city1 a spot :]e 
be=e /ood a m  obscure place call$      
,*5]e? or ,c9n]e?1 :i* also gave its "n 
to  ! adjo9+ lake or sea4    ,,timbrels4
 ,see ,,music4    ,,timo!us1 commonly   
call$ ,timo?y1 a disciple ( ,/4 ,paul4  
,he 0 a  native ( ,ly/ra 9 ,lycaonia4 ,8
 fa!r 0 a ,g5tile2 b 8 "m1  ^: "n 0     
,eunice1 0 a ,jewess1 ,acts xvi1 #a1 &  
educat$ h] son  ) great c>e 9 h] own    
religion1 #b ,tim4 i1 #e2 iii1 #ae4 ,to 
?is "y  disciple ,/4 ,paul address$ two 
epi/les2 9 ! fir/ ( :i* he calls  him 8 

8own son 9 ! fai?10 #a ,tim4 i1 #b2 f   
:i* expression x is  inf]r$ t ,/4 ,paul 
0 ! p]son :o conv]t$ him to ! belief (  
! ,gospel2 & z1 ^u ,/4 ,paul's second   
arrival at ,ly/ra1 ,timo?y is  m5tion$ z
 be+ !n a disciple1 & z hav+ di/+ui%$   
himself  among ! ,*ri/ians ( t          
neighb\rhood1 8 conv]sion1 z well z  t (
 ,eunice 8 "m1 & ,lois 8 gr&mo!r1 mu/ h 
tak5  place :5 ,/4 ,paul fir/ prea*$ at 
,ly/ra1 ,a4 ,d4 #df4 ,^u ,/4 ,paul's    
leav+ ,ly/ra1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 second      
apo/olical j\rney1 he 0  induc$ to take 
,timo?y ) him1 on acc\nt ( 8 excell5t   
"*1  & ! zeal :i*1 "y z he 01 he _h     
already %[n 9 ! cause  ( ,*ri/ianity2 b 
be=e !y set out1 ,/4 ,paul caus$ him to 
be  circumcis$1 n z a ?+ necess>y to 8  
salvation1 b to avoid  giv+ (f5ce to !  
,jews1 z he 0 a ,jew by ! "m's side1 & x
  0 an e/abli%$ rule among ! ,jews t    
p>tus sequitur v5trem4  ,timo?y 0       
regul>ly appo9t$ to ! m9i/]ial (fice by 
! lay+  on ( h&s1 n only by ,/4 ,paul   
himself1 b also by ! presbyt]y1 #a      

,tim4 iv1 #ad2 #b ,tim4 i1 #f4 ,f ?is "t
 ,timo?y act$ z a m9i/] (  ! ,gospel2 he
 g5]ally att5d$ ,/4 ,paul1 b 0 sometimes
 employ$  by him 9 o!r places2 he 0 v   
dilig5t & useful1 & is always  m5tion$ )
 great e/eem & affection by ,/4 ,paul1  
:o jo9s 8  "n ) 8 own 9 ! inscription ( 
six ( 8 epi/les4 ,he is  sometimes call$
 bi%op ( ,ephesus1 & x has be5 said t he
  suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 t city1 "s ye>s aft]
 ! dea? ( ,/4 ,paul4    ,! pr9cipal     
design ( ,/4 ,paul's ,fir/ ,epi/le to   
,timo?y 0 to give  him in/ructions      
conc]n+ ! managem5t ( ! *ur* ( ,ephesus2
 &  x 0 probably int5d$ t x %\ld be read
 publicly to !  ,ephesians1 t !y might  
"k ^u :at au?ority ,timo?y act$4 ,aft]  
salut+ him 9 an affectionate mann]1 &   
rem9d+ him ( ! reason  = :i* he 0 left  
at ,ephesus1 ! ,apo/le takes occasion1 f
 !  frivol\s disputes :i* "s ,judaiz+   
tea*]s _h introduc$ among  ! ,ephesians1
 to ass]t ! practical nature ( !        
,gospel1 & to %[  its sup]iority ov] !  
law2 he returns ?anks to ,god = 8 own   

appo9tm5t to ! apo/le%ip1 & recomm5ds to
 ,timo?y fidelity 9  ! dis*>ge ( 8 sacr$
 (fice2 he exhorts t pray]s %\ld be     
made = all m51 & especially =           
magi/rates2 he gives directions  = !    
conduct ( wom51 & =bids _! tea*+ 9      
public2 he  describes ! qualifications  
necess>y = bi%ops & deacons1 &  speaks (
 ! my/]i\s nature ( ! ,gospel           
disp5sation2 he =etels  t !re w be      
apo/ates f ! tru?1 & false tea*]s 9 !   
latt] times1 & recomm5ds to ,timo?y     
purity ( mann]s &  improvem5t ( 8       
spiritual gifts2 he gives him p>ticul>  
directions  = 8 behavi\r t[>d p]sons 9  
diff]5t situations 9 life1 &  in/ructs  
him 9 sev]al po9ts ( ,*ri/ian discipl9e2
 he cautions him  aga9/ false tea*]s1   
gives him sev]al precepts1 & solemnly   
*>ges  him to be fai?ful to 8 tru/4     
,t ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y 0 writt5
 :ile ,/4 ,paul 0 "u  conf9em5t at      
,rome1 appe>s f ! two foll[+ passages3  
8,be n  ?\ !re=e a%am$ ( ! te/imony (   
our ,"l1 nor ( me 8  prison]10 #b       

,timo?y i1 #h4 8,! ,"l give m]cy unto ! 
h\se (  ,onesiphorus2 = he (t refre%$   
me1 & 0 n a%am$ ( my *a92  b :5 he 0 at 
,rome1 he s\ght me out v dilig5tly1 &   
f\nd  me10 #b ,tim4 i1 #af1 #ag4 ,!     
epi/le itself w furni% u ) sev]al       
argum5ts to prove t x c\ld n h be5      
writt5 dur+ ,/4 ,paul's  fir/           
imprisonm5t4 #a4 ,x is univ]sally agre$ 
t ,/4 ,paul wrote 8  epi/les to !       
,ephesians1 ,colossians1 ,philippians1 &
 to ,philemon1  :ile he 0 conf9$ ! fir/ 
"t at ,rome4 ,9 no "o ( ^!  epi/les does
 he express any appreh5sion = 8 life2 & 
9 ! two  la/ m5tion$ we h se5 t1 on !   
contr>y1 he expresses a  confid5t hope (
 be+ soon lib]at$2 b 9 ?is epi/le he    
holds a  v diff]5t language3 8,i am n[  
ready to be (f]$1 & ! "t (  my dep>ture 
is at h&4 ,i h f\ght a good fight1 ,i h 
f9i%$ my  c\rse1 ,i h kept ! fai?4      
,h5ce=? !re is laid up = me a  cr[n (   
righte\sness1 :i* ! ,"l1 ! righte\s     
,judge1 %all give  me at t day10 #b     
,tim4 iv1 #f1 c4 ,! dang] 9 :i* ,/4     

,paul n[ 01  is evid5t f ! conduct ( 8  
fri5ds1 :5 he made 8 def5ce3  8,at my   
fir/ answ] no man /ood ) me1 b all m5   
=sook me10 #b  ,tim4 iv1 #af4 ,?is      
expectation ( dea?1 & ?is imm95t dang]1 
_c  be reconcil$ ei!r ) ! g5]al t5or ( 8
 epi/les writt5  dur+ 8 fir/ conf9em5t  
at ,rome1 ) ! nature ( ! *>ge laid      
aga9/ him :5 he 0 c>ri$ ?i!r f          
,j]usalem1 or ) ,/4  ,luke's acc\nt ( 8 
conf9em5t !re2 = we mu/ rememb] t 9 ,a4 
,d4 #fc1 ,n]o _h n begun to p]secute !  
,*ri/ians2 t none ( !  ,roman magi/rates
 & (fic]s :o he>d ! accusations aga9/   
,/4  ,paul at ,j]usalem ?\ght t he _h   
committ$ any (f5ce aga9/ !  ,roman      
gov]nm5t2 t at ,rome ,/4 ,paul 0        
completely out ( ! p[]  ( ! ,jews2 &1 s 
little 0 he !re consid]$ z hav+ be5     
guilty ( any capital crime1 t he 0      
suff]$ to dwell 8two :ole  ye>s10 t is1 
! :ole "t ( 8 conf9em5t1 89 8 own hir$  
h\se1 & to receive all t came 9 unto    
him1 prea*+ ! ^w (  ,god1 & tea*+ ^? ?+s
 :i* conc]n ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ )  all   

confid5ce1 no man =bidd+ him10 ,acts    
xxviii1 #cj1 #ca4 #b4 ,f !  inscriptions
 ( ! epi/les to ! ,colossians1          
,philippians1 &  ,philemon1 x is c]ta9 t
 ,timo?y 0 ) ,/4 ,paul 9 8 fir/         
imprisonm5t at ,rome2 b ?is epi/le      
implies t ,timo?y 0 abs5t4  #c4 ,/4     
,paul tells ! ,colossians t ,m>k salutes
 !m1 & !re=e  he 0 at ,rome ) ,/4 ,paul 
9 8 fir/ imprisonm5t2 b he 0 n  at ,rome
 :5 ?is epi/le 0 writt51 = ,timo?y is   
direct$ to br+  him ) him1 #b ,tim4 iv1 
#aa4 #d4 ,demas1 also1 0 ) ,/4 ,paul :5 
he  wrote to ! ,colossians3 8,luke1 !   
belov$ physician1 & ,demas1 greet  y10  
,col4 iv1 #ad4 ,9 ?is epi/le he says1   
8,demas has =sak5 me1  hav+ lov$ ?is    
pres5t _w1 & is dep>t$ into             
,!ssalonica10 #b  ,tim4 iv1 #aj4 ,x may 
be said t ?is epi/le might h be5 writt5 
be=e ! o!rs1 & t 9 ! int]m$iate "t      
,timo?y & ,m>k  might h come to ,rome1 m
 especially z ,/4 ,paul desires ,timo?y 
to  come %ortly1 & br+ ,m>k ) him4 ,b   
?is hypo!sis is n  consi/5t ) :at is    

said ( ,demas1 :o 0 ) ,/4 ,paul :5 he   
wrote to ! ,colossians1 & _h left him :5
 he wrote ?is second  epi/le to ,timo?y2
 consequ5tly ! epi/le to ,timo?y mu/ be 
po/]ior to t address$ to ! ,colossians4 
,! case ( ,demas seems  to h be51 t he  
cont9u$ fai?ful to ,/4 ,paul dur+ 8 fir/
  imprisonm5t1 :i* 0 att5d$ ) little or 
no dang]2 b des]t$  him 9 ! second1 :5  
,n]o 0 p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians1 & ,/4      
,paul evid5tly consid]$ himself 9 great 
dang]4 #e4 ,/4 ,paul tells  ,timo?y1    
8,era/us abode at ,cor9?1 b ,trophimus h
 ,i left at ,miletum  sick10 #b ,tim4   
iv1 #bj4 ,^! 7 pla9ly two circum/ances  
:i* _h  happ5$ 9 "s j\rney :i* ,/4 ,paul
 _h tak5 n long be=e he  wrote ?is      
epi/le1 & s9ce he & ,timo?y _h se5 ea*  
o!r2 b  ! la/ "t ,/4 ,paul 0 at ,cor9? &
 ,miletum1 prior to 8 fir/  imprisonm5t 
at ,rome1 ,timo?y 0 ) him at bo? places2
 & ,trophimus  c\ld n h be5 !n left at  
,miletum1 = we f9d him at ,j]usalem     
imm$iately aft] ,/4 ,paul's arrival 9 t 
city2 8= !y _h se5  be=e ) him 9 ! city 

,trophimus1 an ,ephesian1 :om !y suppos$
  t ,paul _h br\ght into ! temple10     
,acts xxi1 #bi4 ,^! two facts  mu/ !re=e
 ref] to "s j\rney subsequ5t to ! fir/  
imprisonm5t2 &1 consequ5tly1 ?is epi/le 
0 writt5 dur+ ,/4  ,paul's second       
imprisonm5t at ,rome1 & probably 9 ,a4  
,d4 #fe1 n long  be=e 8 dea?4 ,x is by  
no means c]ta9 :]e ,timo?y 0 :5 ?is     
epi/le 0 writt5 to him4 ,x seems mo/    
probable t he 0 some:]e  9 ,asia ,m9or1 
s9ce ,/4 ,paul desires him to br+ !     
cloak ) him  :i* he _h left at ,troas1  
#b ,tim4 iv1 #ac2 & also at ! end ( !   
fir/ *apt]1 he speaks ( sev]al p]sons ^:
 resid5ce 0 9 ,asia4  ,_m h ?\ght t he 0
 at ,ephesus2 b o!rs h reject$ t        
op9ion1 because ,troas does n lie 9 !   
way f ,ephesus to ,rome1  :i!r he 0     
direct$ to g z quickly z he c\ld4 ,/4   
,paul1 aft]  8 usual salutation1 assures
 ,timo?y ( 8 mo/ affectionate           
remembrance2 he speaks ( 8 own apo/le%ip
 & ( 8 suff]+s2  exhorts ,timo?y to be  
/eadfa/ 9 ! true fai?1 to be con/ant &  

dilig5t 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 m9i/]ial (fice1 
to avoid fooli%  & unle>n$ que/ions1 &  
to practise & inculcate ! great duties  
( ! ,gospel2 he describes ! apo/asy &   
g5]al wick$ness ( !  la/ days1 & highly 
comm5ds ! ,holy ,scriptures2 he aga9    
solemnly  exhorts ,timo?y to dilig5ce2  
speaks ( 8 own dang]1 & ( 8 hope  (     
future rew>d2 & concludes ) sev]al      
private directions1 &  ) salutations4   
,,t91 1 ,num4 xxxi1 #bb2 ,isa4 i1 #be2  
,ezek4 xxii1 #ah1 #bj2 xxvii1 #ab2 a    
well-kn[n co>se metal1 h>d] ?an lead4   
,mr4 ,p>khur/ obs]ves1 t  ,moses1 9     
,num4 xxxi1 #bb1 enum]ates all ! six    
species ( metals4 ,!  ,"l1 by ! ,prophet
 ,isaiah1 hav+ comp>$ ! ,jewi% p to     
silv]1 decl>es1 8,i w turn my h& ^u !e1 
& purge away ?y  dross1 & remove all 1  
?y p>ticles ( t930 :]e ,aquila1         
,symma*us1 & ,!odotion h  1 & ! ,vulgate
 /annum  tuum1 8?y t920 b ! ,,lxx4 1    
wick$ ones4 ,?is  d5unciation1 by a     
comp>ison ( ! prec$+ & foll[+ context1  
appe>s to signify t ,god w\ld1 by a     

process ( judgm5t1 purify  ^? among !   
,jews :o 7 capable ( purification1 z    
well z  de/roy ! reprobate &            
incorrigible1 ,j]4 vi1 #bi1 #cj2 ix1 #g2
 ,mal4  iii1 #c2 ,ezek4 xii1 #ah1 #bj4  
,9 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #ab1 ,t>%i% is m5tion$ 
z  furni%+ 2 & ,bo*>t proves f !        
te/imonies ( ,diodorus1  ,pl9y1 &       
,/ephanus1 t ,t>tessus 9 ,spa91 :i* he  
supposes !  anci5t ,t>%i%1 anci5tly     
furni%$ t94 ,z ,cornwall 9 v anci5t     
times 0 resort$ to = ?is metal1 &       
probably fir/ by !  ,ph5icians1 "s h    
?\ght t p59sula to be ! ,t>%i% ( !      
,scriptures2 a subject :i*1 h[ev]1 f !  
vague use ( ! ^w1 is  involv$ 9 mu*     
unc]ta9ty4 ,see ,,t>%i%4    ,,ti!s4 ,we 
h no?+ m anci5t conc]n+ ti!s1 ?an :at we
  f9d 9 ,g54 xiv1 #bj1 t ,abraham gave  
ti!s to ,mel*is$ec1 k+ (  ,salem1 at 8  
return f 8 exp$ition aga9/ ,*$orlaom]1 &
 !  f\r k+s 9 conf$]acy ) him4 ,abraham 
gave him ti! ( all !  booty he _h tak5 f
 ! enemy4 ,jacob imitat$ ?is piety ( 8  
gr&fa!r1 :5 he v[$ to ! ,"l ! ti! ( all 

! sub/ance he  might acquire 9          
,mesopotamia1 ,g54 xxviii1 #bb4 ,"u !   
law1 ,moses  orda9$1 8,all ! ti! ( ! l&1
 :e!r ( ! se$ ( ! l&1  or ( ! fruit ( ! 
tree1 is ! ,"l's2 x is holy unto ! ,"l4 
,& if a man w at all r$eem aught ( 8    
ti!s1 he %all add  !reto ! fif? "p !re(4
 ,& conc]n+ ! ti! ( ! h]d1 or  ( !      
flock1 ev5 ( :atsoev] passe? "u ! rod1 !
 t5? %all  be :olly unto ! ,"l10 ,lev4  
xxvii1 #cj-cb4 ,! ,ph>isees1 9 ! "t  (  
,jesus ,*ri/1 to di/+ui% !mselves by a m
 scrupul\s  obs]vance ( ! law1 did n    
cont5t !mselves ) pay+ ! ti!  ( ! gra9 &
 fruits gr[+ 9 ! fields2 b !y also paid 
ti!  ( ! pulse & h]bs gr[+ 9 _! g>d5s1  
:i* 0 m ?an !  law requir$ ( !m4 ,! ti!s
 7 tak5 f :at rema9$1 aft]  ! (f]+s &   
fir/ fruits 7 paid4 ,!y br\ght ! ti!s to
 !  ,levites 9 ! city ( ,j]usalem1 z    
appe>s f ,josephus & ,tobit1 i1  #f4 ,! 
,levites set ap>t ! t5? "p ( _! ti!s = !
 prie/2  because ! prie/s did n receive 
!m imm$iately f ! p1  & ! ,levites 7 n  
to m$dle ) ! ti!s !y _h receiv$1  be=e  

!y _h giv5 ! prie/s su* a "p z ! law    
assign$ !m4  ,( ^? n9e p>ts t rema9$ to 
! proprietors1 aft] ! ti!  0 paid to !  
,levites1 !y took /ill ano!r t5? "p1 :i*
 0  ei!r s5t to ,j]usalem 9 k9d1 or1 if 
x 0 too f>1 !y s5t !  value 9 money2    
add+ to x a fif? f ! :ole z ! rabb9s    
in=m u4 ,?is t5? "p 0 appli$ t[>d       
celebrat+ ! fe/ivals  9 ! temple1 :i*   
bore a ne> resemblance to ! agap1 or    
love  fea/s ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians4 ,?us are
 ^? words ( ,deut]onomy  und]/ood by !  
rabb9s3 8,?\ %alt truly ti! all !       
increase (  ?y se$1 t ! field br+e? =?  
ye> by ye>4 ,& ?\ %alt eat  be=e ! ,"l  
?y ,god1 9 ! place :i* he %all *oose to 
place 8  "n !re1 ! ti! ( ?y corn1 ( ?y  
w9e1 & ( ?y oil1 & (  ! fir/l+s ( ?y    
h]ds & ( ?y flocks3 t ?\ maye/ le>n to  
fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god always10 ,deut4 xiv1  
#bb1 #bc4 ,tobit i1 #f1 says1 t  e ?ree 
ye>s he punctually paid 8 ti! to /rang]s
 &  proselytes4 ,?is 0 probably because 
!re 7 nei!r prie/s nor  ,levites 9 !    
city :]e he dwelt4 ,moses speaks ( ?is  

la/ k9d (  ti!3 8,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s  
?\ %alt br+ =? all ! ti!  ( ?9e increase
 ! same ye>1 & %alt lay x up )9 ?y      
gates4  ,& ! ,levite1 7because he ha? no
 "p nor inh]itance ) !e17 &  ! /rang]1 &
 ! fa!rless1 & ! wid[1 :i* are )9 ?y    
gates1 %all come1 & %all eat & be       
satisfi$2 t ! ,"l ?y ,god  may bless !e 
9 all ! "w ( ?9e h& :i* ?\ doe/10 ,deut4
  xiv1 #bh2 xxvi1 #ab4 ,x is ?\ght t ?is
 ti! 0 n diff]5t f  ! second k9d be=e   
notic$1 except t 9 ! ?ird ye> x 0 n     
br\ght to ! temple1 b 0 us$ ^u ! spot by
 e "o 9 !  city ( 8 habitation4 ,s1     
prop]ly speak+1 !re 7 only two sorts  ( 
ti!s1 t :i* 0 giv5 to ! ,levites &      
prie/s1 & t  :i* 0 appli$ to mak+ fea/s 
( *>ity1 ei!r 9 ! temple (  ,j]usalem1  
or 9 o!r cities4 ,samuel tells ! *ildr5 
( ,israel1 t  ! k+ !y _h a m9d to h ov] 
!m w\ld 8take ! t5? (  _! se$1 & ( _!   
v9ey>ds1 & give to 8 (fic]s1 & 8        
s]vants4 ,he w take ! t5? ( y\r %eep1 & 
ye %all be 8  s]vants10 #a ,sam4 viii1  
#ae1 #ag4 ,yet x does n cle>ly appe> f !

  hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 t !y regul>ly paid  
any ti! to _!  pr9ces4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* 
,samuel expresses himself1 seems to     
ins9uate t x 0 look$ ^u z a common "r   
among ! k+s (  ! ca/4 ,at ?is day1 !    
,jews no long] pay any ti!2 at lea/ !y  
d n ?9k !mselves oblig$ to d x1 except x
 be ^? :o are  settl$ 9 ! t]ritory (    
,j]usalem1 & ! anci5t ,judea4 ,= !re    
are few ,jews n[ t h any l&s ( _! own1  
or any flocks4 ,!y  only give some?+ = !
 r$emption ( ! fir/-born1 to ^? :o  h   
any pro(s ( _! be+ desc5d$ f ! race ( ! 
prie/s or  ,levites4 ,h[ev]1 we are     
assur$1 t su* among ! ,jews z w\ld be   
?\ght to be v /rict & religi\s give !   
t5? "p ( _!  :ole income to ! poor4     
,,titus4 ,x is rem>kable t ,titus is n  
m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts ( !  ,apo/les4 ,! few 
p>ticul>s :i* are kn[n ( him1 are       
collect$ f  ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,we  
le>n f !m t he 0 a ,greek1 ,gal4  ii1   
#c2 b x is n record$ to :at city or     
c\ntry he belong$4 ,f  ,/4 ,paul's call+
 him 88 own son accord+ to ! common     

fai?10  ,titus i1 #d1 x is conclud$ t he
 0 conv]t$ by him2 b we h no  acc\nt ( !
 "t or place ( 8 conv]sion4 ,he is fir/ 
m5tion$ z  go+ f ,antio* to ! c\ncil at 
,j]usalem1 ,a4 ,d4 #di1 ,gal4 ii1 #a1   
c2 & ^u t occasion ,/4 ,paul says t he  
w\ld n all[ him to  be circumcis$1      
because he 0 born ( ,g5tile p>5ts4 ,he  
probably  accompani$ ,/4 ,paul 9 8      
second apo/olical j\rney1 & f t  "t he  
seems to h be5 con/antly employ$ by him 
9 ! propagation  ( ! ,gospel2 he calls  
him 8 p>tn] & fell[-help]1 #b ,cor4     
viii1  #bc4 ,/4 ,paul s5t him f ,ephesus
 ) 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le to !  ,cor9?ians1 & )
 a commission to inquire into ! /ate ( !
  *ur* at ,cor9?2 & he s5t him ?i!r aga9
 f ,mac$onia ) 8  ,second ,epi/le1 & to 
=w>d ! collections = ! sa9ts 9 ,judea4  
,f ?is "t we he> no?+ ( ,titus till he 0
 left by ,/4 ,paul 9  ,crete1 aft] 8    
fir/ imprisonm5t at ,rome1 to 8set 9    
ord] ! ?+s  t 7 want+1 & to orda9 eld]s 
9 e city10 ,titus i1 #e4 ,x  is probable
 t he w5t !nce to jo9 ,/4 ,paul at      

,nicopolis1 ,titus  iii1 #ab2 t !y w5t  
toge!r to ,crete to visit ! *ur*es !re1 
& !nce to ,rome4 ,dur+ ,/4 ,paul's      
second imprisonm5t at ,rome ,titus  w5t 
into ,dalmatia1 #b ,tim4 iv1 #aj2 & aft]
 ! apo/le's dea?1 he is  said to h      
return$ into ,crete1 & to h di$ !re 9 ! 
n9ety-f\r? ye> ( 8 age3 he is (t5 call$ 
bi%op ( ,crete by  ecclesia/ical writ]s4
 ,/4 ,paul always speaks ( ,titus 9 t]ms
 ( high  reg>d1 & intru/$ him1 z we h   
se51 ) commissions ( great  importance4 
,x is by no means c]ta9 f :at place ,/4 
,paul wrote  ?is epi/le2 b z he desires 
,titus to come to him at ,nicopolis1 &  
decl>es 8 int5tion ( pass+ ! w9t] !re1  
"s h suppos$  t1 :5 he wrote x he 0 9 ! 
neighb\rhood ( t city1 ei!r  9 ,greece  
or ,mac$onia2 o!rs h imag9$ t he wrote x
 f  ,colosse1 b x is difficult to say ^u
 :at gr\nd4 ,z x appe>s t  ,/4 ,paul1 n 
long be=e he wrote ?is epi/le1 _h left  
,titus 9 ,crete  = ! purpose ( regulat+ 
! affairs ( ! *ur*1 & at ! "t  he wrote 
x _h det]m9$ to pass ! approa*+ w9t] at 

,nicopolis1  & z ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les d 
n give any acc\nt ( ,/4 ,paul's  prea*+ 
9 t isl&1 or ( visit+ t city1 x is      
conclud$ t  ?is epi/le 0 writt5 aft] 8  
fir/ imprisonm5t at ,rome1 &  probably 9
 ,a4 ,d4 #fd4 ,x may be consid]$ z "s   
confirmation ( t  op9ion1 t !re is a    
great simil>ity betwe5 ! s5tim5ts &     
expressions ( ?is epi/le & ( ! ,fir/    
,epi/le to ,timo?y1 :i*  0 writt5 9 t   
ye>4 ,x is n kn[n at :at "t a ,*ri/ian  
*ur* 0 fir/ plant$ 9 ,crete2 b z "s     
,cretans 7 pres5t at  ! fir/ effusion ( 
! ,holy ,gho/ at ,j]usalem1 ,acts ii1   
#aa1 x is  n improbable t1 ^u _! return 
home1 !y might be ! means (  introduc+ !
 ,gospel among _! c\ntrym54 ,crete is   
said to h  ab\nd$ ) ,jews2 & f ! latt]  
"p ( ! fir/ *apt] (  ?is epi/le x appe>s
 t _m ( !m 7 p]sons ( v  pr(ligate      
lives1 ev5 aft] !y _h embrac$ ! ,gospel4
 ,! pr9cipal  design ( ?is epi/le 0 to  
give in/ructions to ,titus conc]n+ !    
managem5t ( ! *ur*es 9 ! diff]5t cities 
( ! isl& (  ,crete1 & x 0 probably      

int5d$ to be read publicly to !         
,cretans1  t !y might "k ^u :at au?ority
 ,titus act$4 ,/4 ,paul1 aft]  8 usual  
salutation1 intimates t he 0 appo9t$ an 
apo/le by !  express comm& ( ,god1 &    
rem9ds ,titus ( ! reason ( 8 be+  left 9
 ,crete2 he describes ! qualifications  
necess>y = bi%ops1  & cautions him aga9/
 p]sons ( bad pr9ciples1 especially     
,judaiz+  tea*]s1 :om he directs ,titus 
to reprove ) sev]ity2 he in=ms him  :at 
in/ructions he %\ld give to p 9 diff]5t 
situations (  life1 & exhorts him to be 
exempl>y 9 8 own conduct2 he po9ts out  
! pure & practical nature ( ! ,gospel1 &
 enum]ates "s  p>ticul> virtues :i* he 0
 to inculcate1 avoid+ fooli% que/ions  &
 frivol\s disputes2 he in/ructs him h[  
he is to behave t[>d  h]etics &         
concludes ) salutations4    ,,tizri1 or 
,,tisri1 ! fir/ ,hebrew mon? ( ! civil  
ye>1 & !  sev5? ( ! sacr$ ye>1 answ]+ to
 ! moon ( ,septemb]4 ,on !  fir/ day (  
?is mon? 0 kept ! fea/ ( trumpets1      
because !  beg9n+ ( ! civil ye> 0       

proclaim$ ) ! s\nd ( trumpets4    ,,tob1
 a c\ntry ( ,pale/9e1 ly+ beyond        
,jordan1 9 ! nor!rn "p  ( ! portion (   
,manasseh4 ,to ?is di/rict ,jeph?ah     
retir$1 :5 he  0 driv5 away by 8 bre?r51
 ,judges xi1 #c1 #e4 ,x is also call$   
,tobie1 or ,tub91 #a ,mac4 v1 #ac2 & !  
inhabitants ( ?is canton 7  call$       
,tubi5i4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! same z   
,i%tob1 "o ( !  small pr9cipalities (   
,syria1 :i* appe>s1 l ! o!r little      
k+doms 9 its neighb\rhood1 to h be5     
swall[$ up 9 ! k+dom  ( ,damascus4 ,?is 
pr9cipality furni%$ twelve ?\s& m5 to ! 
conf$]acy =m$ by ! ,syrians & ,ammonites
 aga9/ ,david1 #b ,sam4 x4    ,,tobiah1 
an ,ammonite1 an enemy to ! ,jews4 ,he 0
 "o ( ^? :o  /r5u\sly oppos$ ! rebuild+ 
( ! temple1 aft] ! return f  ! captivity
 ( ,babylon1 ,neh4 ii1 #aj2 iv1 #c2 v1  
#a1 #ab1 #ad4 ,?is ,tobiah  is call$ 8! 
s]vant10 or 8slave10 9 "s p>ts (        
,nehemiah2 probably  because he 0 ( a   
s]vile condition4 ,h[ev]1 he 0 ( great  
consid]ation 9 ! l& ( ! ,sam>itans1 (   

:i* he 0 gov]nor  ) ,sanballat4 ,?is    
,tobiah m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,%e*aniah1 "o 
(  ! pr9cipal ,jews ( ,j]usalem1 ,neh4  
vi1 #ah1 & _h a p[]ful p>ty  9 ,j]usalem
 itself1 :o 7 oppos$ to t ( ,nehemiah4  
,he ma9ta9$  a correspond5ce by lett] ) 
?is p>ty aga9/ ! int]e/ (  ,nehemiah1   
vi1 #ag-ai2 b t prud5t gov]nor1 by 8    
wisdom &  mod]ation1 defeat$ all _!     
ma*9ations4 ,aft] "s "t1 ,nehemiah  0   
oblig$ to return to ,babylon1 subsequ5t 
to hav+ repair$ !  walls ( ,j]usalem4   
,tobiah took ?is opportunity to come &  
dwell at  ,j]usalem2 & ev5 obta9$ (     
,elia%ib1 :o _h ! c>e ( ! h\se  ( ! ,"l1
 to h an ap>tm5t 9 ! temple4 ,b at      
,nehemiah's  return f ,babylon1 "s ye>s 
aft]1 he drove ,tobiah out ( ! c\rts  ( 
! temple1 & ?rew 8 goods out ( ! holy   
place1 ,neh4 xiii1  #d-h4 ,f ?is "t !   
,scripture makes no f>!r m5tion (       
,tobiah4 ,x  is probable he retir$ to   
,sanballat at ,sam>ia4    ,,tog>mah1 !  
?ird son ( ,gom]1 ,g54 x1 #d4 ,! le>n$  
are divid$ z  to :at c\ntry he peopl$4  

,josephus & ,/4 ,j]om 7 ( op9ion1 t     
,tog>mah 0 ! fa!r ( ! ,phrygians3       
,eusebius1 ,!odoret1 &  ,isidorus (     
,seville1 t he peopl$ ,arm5ia3 ! ,*aldee
 & !  ,talmudi/s are = ,g]many4 ,sev]al 
mod]ns believe t ! *ildr5 (  ,tog>mah   
peopl$ ,turcomania 9 ,t>t>y & ,scy?ia4  
,bo*>t is =  ,cappadocia3 he builds ^u  
:at is said 9 ,ezekiel xxvii1 #ad1 8,!y 
(  ! h\se ( ,tog>mah trad$ 9 ?y fairs10 
t is1 at ,tyre1 8)  horses & horsem5 &  
mules40 ,he proves t ,cappadocia 0 fam\s
 =  its excell5t horses & its asses4 ,he
 obs]ves also1 t c]ta9  ,gauls1 "u !    
conduct ( ,trocmus1 made a settlem5t at 
,cappadocia1  & 7 call$ ,trocmi1 or     
,?rogmi4 ,! op9ion1 says ,calmet1 :i*   
places ,tog>mah 9 ,scy?ia & ,turcomania1
 seems to /& ^u ! be/  f\ndation4       
,,tok5s1 ,,tess]1 or ,,tickets1 7 writt5
 te/imonials to "*1  mu* 9 use 9 !      
primitive *ur*4 ,by means ( lett]s1 & ( 
bre?r5 :o travell$ ab\t1 ev5 ! mo/      
remote *ur*es ( ! ,roman  empire 7      
connect$ toge!r4 ,:5 a ,*ri/ian arriv$ 9

 a /range  t[n1 he fir/ inquir$ = !     
*ur*2 & he 0 "h receiv$ z a  bro!r1 &   
provid$ ) e ?+ ne$ful = 8 spiritual or  
corporeal su/5ance4 ,b s9ce deceiv]s1   
spies ) evil int5tions1  & false tea*]s 
abus$ ! confid5ce & ! k9dness (         
,*ri/ians1  "s measure ( precaution     
became necess>y1 9 ord] to av]t ! _m    
injuries :i* might result f ?is conduct4
 ,an arrangem5t 0  !re=e introduc$1 t   
only su* travell+ ,*ri/ians %\ld be     
receiv$ z bre?r5 into *ur*es :]e !y 7   
/rang]s1 z c\ld  produce a te/imonial f 
! bi%op ( ! *ur* f :i* !y  came4 ,!y    
call$ ^! *ur* lett]s1 :i* 7 a k9d (     
tess]  hospitales1 tickets (            
hospitality1 by :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( all   
qu>t]s ( ! _w 7 br\ght into connection1 
epi/ol1 or  lit] =mat1 =mal lett]s1  1  
because1 9  ord] to avoid =g]y1 !y 7    
made aft] a c]ta9 s*ema1 71  =ma17 or   
else1 epi/ol communicatori1 epi/les (   
fell[%ip1   1 because !y conta9$ a pro( 
t ^? :o  br\ght !m 7 9 ! communion ( !  
*ur*1 z well z t !  bi%ops1 :o mutually 

s5t & receiv$ su* lett]s1 7 9 connection
  toge!r by ! communion ( ! *ur*2 &     
aft]w>d ^! *ur*  lett]s1 epi/ol cl]ic1 7
 divid$ into diff]5t classes1  accord+  
to ! diff]5ce ( _! purposes4            
,,tongue4 ,?is ^w is tak5 9 ?ree diff]5t
 s5ses4 #a4 ,= !  mat]ial tongue1 or    
organ ( spee*1 ,james iii1 #e4 #b4 ,= ! 
tongue or  language t is spok5 9 any    
c\ntry1 ,deut4 xxviii1 #di4 7,see       
,language47 #c4 ,= good or bad          
disc\rses1 ,prov4 xii1 #ah2 xvii1 #bj4  
,tongue ( ! sea signifies a gulf4 ,to   
gnaw ! tongue1 ,rev4 xvi1 #aj1 is  a    
tok5 ( fury1 despair1 & torm5t4 ,! gift 
( tongues 0 t  :i* ,god grant$ to !     
apo/les & disciples assembl$ at         
,j]usalem  on ! day ( p5teco/1 ,acts ii4
 ,! tongue ( angels1 a k9d (  hyp]bole  
made use ( by ,/4 ,paul1 #a ,cor4 xiii1 
#a4    ,,too?4 ,x 0 ord]$ by ! law (    
retaliation1 t !y %\ld give  too? =     
too?1 ,exod4 xxi1 #bd4 ,! op9ion t x is 
e man's "r  & duty to d himself ju/ice1 
& to rev5ge 8 own injuries1 is by  no   

means eradicat$ f among ! ,afghans1 a p 
( ,india1 to !  s\?w>d ( ,ca%m]e1 &     
accord+ to a pap] 9 ! ,asiatic          
,rese>*es1 suppos$ to be desc5d$ f !    
,jews2 & ! "r (  society1 ev5 to re/ra9 
! reasonable passions ( individuals1 &  
to  take ! r$ress ( wrongs & ! puni%m5t 
( crimes into its own  h&s1 is /ill v   
imp]fectly und]/ood2 or1 if x is        
und]/ood1 is  seldom pres5t to ! ?\ghts 
( ! p2 = al?\gh1 9 mo/  p>ts ( _!       
c\ntry1 ju/ice might n[ be obta9$ by o!r
 means1  & ?\gh private rev5ge is e :]e 
prea*$ aga9/ by !  mollahs1 prie/s1 &   
=bidd5 by ! gov]nm5t1 yet x is /ill     
lawful1 & ev5 hon\rable 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 
to seek t mode  ( r$ress4 ,! injur$ p>ty
 is consid]$ to be entitl$ to /rict     
retaliation on ! aggressor4 ,if ! (f5d] 
be out ( 8 p[]1 he  may wreak 8 v5geance
 on a relation1 &1 9 "s cases1 on any   
man 9  ! tribe4 ,if no opportunity (    
ex]cis+ ?is "r occurs1 he may  def] 8   
rev5ge = ye>s2 b x is disgraceful to    
neglect or ab&on  x entirely2 & x is    

incumb5t on 8 relations1 & sometimes on 
8  tribe1 to assi/ him 9 8 retaliation4 
,to gna% ! tee? is a tok5  ( sorr[1     
rage1 despair1 ,psalm xxxv1 #af1 c4 ,god
 breaks ! tee? (  ! wick$1 ,psalm iii1  
#g4 ,cleanness ( tee? d5otes fam9e1     
,amos iv1 #f4  ,! wick$ compla91 t !    
8fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & _!  *ildr5's
 tee? are set on edge10 ,ezek4 xviii1   
#b1 to signify1 t !  *ildr5 h suff]$ =  
_! transgressions4    ,,topaz1 1 ,exod4 
xxviii1 #ag2 xxxix1 #aj2 ,job xxviii1   
#ai2 ,ezek4 xxviii1  #ac2 1 ,rev4 xxi1  
#bj2 a preci\s /one ( a pale dead gre51 
)  a mixture ( yell[2 & sometimes ( f9e 
yell[1 l gold4 ,x is v  h>d1 & takes a  
f9e poli%4 ,we h ! au?ority ( !         
,septuag9t  & ,josephus = asc]ta9+ ?is  
/one4 ,! ori5tal topazes are mo/        
e/eem$4 ,^? ( ,e?iopia 7 celebrat$ = _! 
wond]ful lu/re1  ,job xxviii1 #ai4      
,,tophet4 ,x is ?\ght t ,tophet 0 !     
but*]y1 or place (  slaught]1 at        
,j]usalem1 ly+ to ! s\? ( ! city1 9 !   
valley  ( ! *ildr5 ( ,h9nom4 ,x is also 

said1 t a l>ge fire 0  con/antly kept   
!re = burn+ c>casses1 g>bage1 & o!r fil?
  br\ght ?i!r f ! city4 ,x 0 ! place :]e
 !y burn$ !  rema9s ( images & false    
gods1 c1 ,isa4 xxx1 #cc4 ,o!rs ?9k !  "n
 ,tophet 0 giv5 to ! valley ( ,h9nom1 f 
! beat+ (  drums1 7! ^w toph signify+ a 
drum17 :i* accompani$ !  sacrifices (   
infants t 7 (f]$ !re to ! god ,molo*4 ,=
 !  mann] ( p]=m+ ^? sacrifices 9       
,tophet1 see ,,molo*4    ,,t[]4 8,! t[] 
( ! flock10 or ! t[] ( ,ad]1 ,micah iv1 
#h4 ,x  is said ?is t[] 0 9 !           
neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem1 ,g54 xxxv1    
#ba1  & t ! %eph]ds1 to :om ! angel     
reveal$ ! bir? ( our  ,savi\r1 7 ne> to 
?is t[]1 ,luke ii1 #h1 #ae4 ,_m         
int]pret]s  ass]t1 t ! passage ( ,micah1
 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ! t[]  ( !      
flock3 8,& ?\ t[] ( ! flock1 ! /rong    
hold ( !  daught] ( ,zion10 is to be    
und]/ood ( ! city ( ,be?lehem1 out (    
:i* our ,savi\r 0 to come4 ,o!rs ma9ta91
 t ! prophet speaks  ( ! city (         
,j]usalem1 9 :i* !re 0 a t[] ( ?is "n1  

?r\gh :i* ! flocks ( %eep 7 driv5 to !  
%eep-m>ket4 8,f  ! t[] ( ! wat*m5 to !  
f5c$ city10 #b ,k+s xvii1 #i4 ,?is  =m (
 speak+ expresses 9 g5]al all ! places (
 ! c\ntry1  f ! lea/ to ! greate/4 ,!   
t[]s ( ! wat*m51 or ( !  %eph]ds1 /ood  
alone 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla91 9 :i* ! %eph]ds
  & h]dsm5 :o look$ aft] ! flocks1 or   
wat*m51 might lodge4 ,k+  ,uzziah caus$ 
sev]al t[]s to be built = ! %eph]ds 9 ! 
des]t1 & made _m ci/]ns !re1 because he 
_h a great numb] (  flocks1 #b          
,*ronicles xxvi1 #aj4 ,! t[] ( ! flock1 
& t :i*  ,isaiah1 v1 #b1 notices1 :i* 0 
built 9 ! mid/ ( a v9ey>d1 7  ( ! same  
k9d4    ,,t[] ,,( ,,babel4 ,see ,,babel4
    ,,t[] ,,( ,,%e*em 0 a citadel1 or   
=tress1 /&+ ^u a high]  gr\nd ?an ! re/ 
( ! city1 & capaci\s en\gh to conta9    
above  a ?\s& p]sons4 ,?is t[]1 fill$ ) 
! inhabitants ( ,%e*em1  0 burn$ by     
,abimele* d[n to ! v gr\nd1 toge!r ) ^? 
:o  _h tak5 refuge 9 x4    ,,tra*onitis1
 ,luke iii1 #a4 ,?is prov9ce _h ,arabia 
,des]ta to ! ea/1  ,batanea to ! we/1   

,iturea to ! s\?1 & ! c\ntry ( ,damascus
 to  ! nor?4 ,x belong$ r to ,arabia ?an
 ,pale/9e2 0 a rocky  prov9ce1 & s]v$ z 
a %elt] = ?ieves & depr$ators4          
,,tradition4 ,see ,,cabbala4            
,,transfiguration ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,?is ev5t 
relates to a v rem>kable  occurr5ce 9 ! 
hi/ory ( our ,"l's life1 :i* is record$ 
by ?ree  ( ! evangeli/s1 ,mat!w xvii2   
,m>k ix2 ,luke ix4 ,! sub/ance (  :at we
 le>n f _! acc\nts is1 t ^u a c]ta9     
occasion ,jesus  took ,pet]1 ,james1 &  
,john1 into a high m\nta9 ap>t f all o!r
  society1 & t he 0 !re transfigur$ be=e
 !m2 8 face  %9+ z ! sun1 & 8 raim5t    
:ite z ! light2 t moreov]  !re appe>$   
unto !m ,moses & ,elias1 conv]s+ ) him2 
& t  :ile !y spake toge!r on ! subject (
 8 dea?1 :i* 0 soon  aft]w>d to take    
place at ,j]usalem1 a bright cl\d       
ov]%ad[$ !m1  & a voice out ( ! cl\d    
proclaim$1 8,?is is my belov$ ,son1 9   
:om ,i am well pleas$40 ,! ,apo/le      
,pet]1 adv]t+ to ?is memorable          
occurr5ce1 says1 8,we h n foll[$ cunn+ly

 devis$ fables1 :5  we made kn[n unto y 
! p[] & com+ ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1  b 
7 eye-witnesses ( 8 maje/y4 ,= he       
receiv$ f ,god !  ,fa!r hon\r & glory1  
:5 !re came su* a voice to him f !      
excell5t glory1 ,?is is my belov$ ,son1 
9 :om ,i am well pleas$4 ,&  ?is voice  
:i* came f heav5 we he>d1 :5 we 7 ) him 
9 !  holy m\nt10 #b ,pet] i1 #af-ah4    
,?is ev5t is to be consid]$3 #a4 ,z a   
solemn confirmation ( ! prophetic (fice 
( ,*ri/4 #b4 ,z design$ to  support !   
fai? ( ! disciples1 :i* 0 to be deeply  
tri$ by 8  approa*+ humiliations2 & to  
af=d consolation to ! human nature  (   
our ,"l himself1 by giv+ him a =eta/e ( 
8! joy set be=e  him40 #c4 ,z an emblem 
( humanity glorifi$ at ! resurrection4  
#d4 ,z  decl>+ ,*ri/ to be sup]ior to   
,moses & ,elias1 ! giv] & !  re/or] ( ! 
law4 #e4 ,z an evid5ce to ! disciples ( 
! exi/5ce  ( a sep>ate /ate1 9 :i* good 
m5 consci\sly enjoy ! felicity (  heav54
 #f4 ,z a pro( t ! bodies ( good m5 %all
 be s ref9$  & *ang$1 z1 l ,elias1 to   

live 9 a /ate ( immortality1 & 9  !     
pres5ce ( ,god4 #g4 ,z exhibit+ !       
sympa?y :i* exi/s betwe5  ! *ur* 9 heav5
 & ! *ur* on e>?1 & ! in/ruction :i*  ! 
=m] receives f ! ev5ts :i* take place 9 
!  latt]3--,moses & ,elias conv]s$ ) our
 ,"l on 8 approa*+  dea?1 d\btless to   
receive1 n to convey in=mation4 #h4 ,z  
ma9ta9+ ! gr& di/9ction1 ! inf9ite      
diff]5ce1 betwe5  ,*ri/ & all o!r       
prophets3 he is 8,,! ,,son40 8,?is is my
 belov$  ,son1 he> him40 ,x has be5     
obs]v$1 ) mu* tru?1 t !  condition 9 :i*
 ,jesus ,*ri/ appe>$ among m51 humble1  
weak1 poor1  & despis$1 0 a true &      
cont9ual transfiguration2 :]eas1 !      
transfiguration itself1 9 :i* he %[$    
himself 9 ! real spl5d\r  ( 8 glory1 0 8
 true & natural condition4              
,,transub/antiation4 ,! ,"l's ,supp] be+
 obs]v$ 9 commemoration (  ! dea? (     
,*ri/1 :i* 0 ! sacrifice (f]$ = ! s9s ( 
m51 ! idea ( a sacrifice 0 e>ly conjo9$ 
) x2 & f9ally1  x came to be reg>d$ n   
m]ely z ! symbol ( a sacrifice1 b 9  "s 

s5se a sacrifice itself4 ,!re 0 also    
ano!r cause :i*  contribut$ to ?is      
belief4 ,x 0 ! anxi\s wi% ( "s ( !      
fa!rs to give to _! religion a degree ( 
spl5d\r1 :i* might  make a p[]ful       
impression ^u ! s5ses4 ,"u ! ,jewi%     
economy1  ! num]\s sacrifices t 7 (f]$1 
9 a rem>kable degree  rivet$ ! att5tion2
 &1 ) ref]5ce to ?is1 x became cu/om>y  
to hold =? ! ,"l's ,supp] z ! great     
sacrifice 9 ! ,*ri/ian  *ur*4 ,?is mode 
( speak+ quickly ga9$ gr\nd2 x is (t5   
us$ by  ,cyprian1 al?\gh he pla9ly      
und]/ood x 9 a my/ical s5se2 & !        
ord9ance ( ! supp] 0 n unfrequ5tly /yl$ 
! eu*>i/ical  sacrifice4 ,x 0 v e>ly !  
practice to hold up ! elem5ts1  previ\s 
to _! be+ di/ribut$1 to ! view ( ! p1   
probably  to excite 9 !m m effectually  
dev\t & rev]5tial feel+s2 &  ?is laid ! 
f\ndation = t adoration ( !m :i* 01 at a
  subsequ5t p]iod1 z we %all soon f9d1  
ext5sively introduc$4    ,= sev]al ages1
 says ,dr4 ,cook1 ! /ate ( op9ion       
respect+ !  sacram5tal elem5ts 01 t !y 7

 memorials ( ,*ri/'s dea?1  b t1        
agreeably to 8 own decl>ation1 8 body & 
blood 71 9  "s s5se1 pres5t ) !m4 ,!    
que/ions1 h[ev]1 :at 0 !  nature ( t    
pres5ce8 & :at 7 ! physical consequ5ces 
z to  ! bread & ! w9e8 h[ev] mu* we may 
conceive ^! po9ts to  h be5 involv$ 9 ! 
op9ion actually held1 or ! language     
actually us$1 seem n to h be5 = a long  
p]iod mu* agitat$1  or1 at all ev5ts1 n 
au?oritatively decid$1 al?\gh ! ,roman  
,ca?olic writ]s gladly & triumphantly   
br+ =w>d ! expressions  t 7 s (t5 us$ f 
! e>lie/ age1 9 support ( ! t5et  :i* _!
 *ur* at l5g? esp\s$4 ,b x 0 n to be    
suppos$  t ! curiosity ( man w\ld be    
p]man5tly arre/$ at ! ?re%old  ( ?is mo/
 my/]i\s inquiry2 & accord+ly a def9ite 
!ory1 )  respect to x1 01 9 ! n9?       
c5tury1 av[$1 & zeal\sly  def5d$4       
,pascasius ,radb]t1 a monk1 & aft]w>d   
abbot ( ,corbey 9  ,pic>dy1 publi%$ a   
treatise conc]n+ ! sacram5t ( ! body &  
blood ( ,*ri/1 9 :i* he did n hesitate  
to ma9ta9 ! foll[+  mo/ extraord9>y     

positions3 8,t aft] ! consecration ( !  
bread  & w9e 9 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 no?+     
rema9$ ( ^! symbols b !  outw>d =m or   
figure "u :i* ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ 7  
really & locally pres5t2 & t ?is body s 
pres5t 0 !  id5tical body t _h be5 born 
( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 _h suff]$ on  ! cross1 
& _h be5 rais$ f ! dead40 ,! publication
 (  notions s decid$ly at w> ) all :i*  
human be+s mu/ cr$it1  excit$1 z might h
 be5 expect$1 a/oni%m5t & indignation2  
&1  accord+ly1 _m writ]s ex]t$ _! tal5ts
 aga9/ x4 ,among ^!  0 ! celebrat$      
,johannes ,scotus1 :o laid ! axe to !   
root ( !  tree1 &1 %ak+ (f all t        
figurative language :i* _h be5 s  sadly 
abus$1 di/9ctly & p[]fully /at$1 t !    
bread & w9e  us$ 9 ! eu*>i/ 7 ! signs or
 symbols ( ! abs5t body &  blood (      
,*ri/4 ,! light ( reason & tru? 01      
h[ev]1 too feeble  to p5etrate ?r\gh !  
d>kness :i* dur+ ?is age 0 spread ov]  !
 m9ds & und]/&+s ( m54 ,no public       
decl>ation1 inde$1 z  to ! nature ( !   
sacram5tal elem5ts 0 made2 & ev5 ! popes

  did n int]pose _! high & rev]$        
au?ority ) reg>d to x2  b !re seems     
little d\bt t ! op9ion ( ,pascasius 0   
adopt$  by ! great] "p ( ! we/]n *ur*1  
al?\gh x is n likely  t mu* def]5ce 0   
paid to 8 explanations ( x4 ,! "q 0     
aga9 agitat$1 & attract$ m notice ?an x 
_h ev] be=e done1  9 ! c\rse ( ! elev5? 
c5tury4 ,sev]al !ologians1  di/+ui%$ = !
 p]iod at :i* !y liv$1 %ock$ ) !        
grossness & absurdity ( ! conv]sion :i* 
_h be5 def5d$1  /r5u\sly oppos$ x4      
,among ^! ,b]5g] holds ! mo/ conspicu\s 
place1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! zeal & ability 
:i* he display$1 &  ! cruel & un*ri/ian 
mann] 9 :i* he 0 resi/$4 ,ab\t !        
comm5cem5t ( ! c5tury1 he began to      
inculcate t ! bread &  w9e ( ! eu*>i/ 7 
n truly & actually1 b only              
figuratively1 & by similitude1 ! body & 
blood ( ,*ri/2 & a  doctr9e s rational  
obta9$ _m adh]5ts 9 ,france1 ,italy1 &  
,engl&4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 enc\nt]$ by a ho/ 
( oppon5ts1 numb]s (  :om possess$ !    
highe/ situations 9 ! *ur*2 & ! *ur*    

itself1 ei!r f hav+ p]ceiv$ t ! doctr9e 
:i* he lab\r$  to confute 0 grateful to 
! p1 or1 :at is m likely1 t5d$  to exalt
 ! p[]s & to increase ! influ5ce & weal?
 ( !  prie/hood1 decl>$ aga9/ him1 v>i\s
 c\ncils hav+ be5  assembl$1 & hav+     
pron\nc$ _! solemn decrees 9            
condemnation (  :at he taught4 ,!       
c\ncils did n re/ _! hope ( ov]com+     
,b]5g] ^u ! /r5g? ( ! reason+ :i* !y    
c\ld urge  aga9/ him3 !y took a mu* m   
summ>y me?od1 & ?reat5$ to put  him to  
dea? if he did n recant4 ,at "o synod   
held at ,rome1 "u !  imm$iate eye ( !   
pope1 ! fa!rs ( :om x consi/$ s         
successfully al>m$ ,b]5g]1 t1 n hav+    
suffici5t vig\r (  m9d to /& firm aga9/ 
_! cruelty1 he confess$ t he _h be5  9  
error1 & subscrib$ ! foll[+ decl>ation  
compos$ by "o (  ! c>d9als3 8,! bread & 
w9e :i* are plac$ on ! alt> are1  aft]  
consecration1 n m]ely a sacram5t1       
symbol1 or figure1 b ev5  ! true body & 
blood ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* is    
h&l$ by  ! h&s ( ! prie/s1 & brok5 &    

*ew$ by ! tee? ( !  fai?ful40 ,he _h no 
soon] escap$ f ! viol5ce :i* he _h      
dread$1 ?an he %runk f ! t5et to :i* he 
_h be5 =c$ to  give 8 ass5t1 & he aga9  
av[$ 8 orig9al s5tim5ts2 b he 0  aft]w>d
 turn$ aside f 8 integrity by ! arts & !
 infam\s  p]secution ( new c\ncils1     
al?\gh he di$ adh]+ to !  spirituality (
 ,*ri/'s pres5ce 9 ! eu*>i/4 ,f ?is "t !
  /range op9ion ( ,pascasius rapidly    
ga9$ gr\nd1 be+ support$ by  all !      
influ5ce ( popes & c\ncils2 b !re _h n  
yet be5  devis$ a t]m :i* cle>ly        
express$ :at 0 really impli$ 9 t        
op9ion4 ,9 ! next c5tury1 ! +5uity ( "s 
!ologian inv5t$  :at 0 want+2 ! *ange t 
takes place on ! elem5ts aft]           
consecration hav+ be5 d5om9at$ by him   
transub/antiation4 ,/ill1  h[ev]1 "s    
latitude 0 af=d$ to ^? :o int]pret$ !   
epi!t2 b ?is 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 tak5  
away1 a celebrat$  c\ncil ( ! ,lat]an1  
att5d$ by no few] ?an f\r hundr$ &      
twelve bi%ops1 & eight hundr$ abbots &  
priors1 hav+1 at !  in/igation (        

,innoc5t ! ,?ird1 "o ( ! mo/ arrogant & 
presumptu\s ( ! pontiffs1 explicitly    
adopt$ transub/antiation z  an article (
 fai?1 9 ! mon/r\s =m 9 :i* x is n[ held
 9  ! popi% *ur*1 & d5\nc$ ana!mas aga9/
 all :o hesitat$ to  give _! ass5t4 ,!  
opposition :i* aft] ?is 0 made to a     
doctr9e s revolt+ to ! s5ses & ! reason1
 0 v feeble1  insomu* t x may1 9        
consequ5ce ( ! decree ( ! ,lat]an       
c\ncil1 be consid]$ z hav+ become !     
e/abli%$ fai? ( !  we/]n *ur*4 ,9 !     
,greek *ur* x 0 long resi/$1 &1 inde$1  
0 n embrac$ till ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a "t
 at :i* x might  h be5 ?\ght t x c\ld n 
h ext5d$ ! range ( its  influ5ce4       
,aft] transub/antiation 0 ?us sanction$1
 a *ange necess>ily took  place )       
respect to v>i\s p>ts ( ! s]vice us$ 9  
adm9i/]+  ! eu*>i/4 ,t solemn s]vice 0  
n[ view$ z an actual sacrifice  or (f]+ 
( ! body ( ,*ri/ = ! s9s ( m51 & !      
elevation  ( ! ho/ 0 held =? z call+ = !
 adoration & wor%ip (  believ]s2 s t an 
ord9ance m]cifully design$ to pres]ve ! 

pure  influ5ce ( ! mo/ spiritual &      
elevat$ religion1 became !  in/rum5t1 9 
! h&s ( ignorant or corrupt m51 (       
introduc+ !  mo/ s5seless & degrad+     
idolatry4 ,:5 ! ,re=mation %ook !       
influ5ce ( ! *ur*1 & br\ght into ex]cise
 ! intellectual  faculties ( man1 !     
subject ( ! eu*>i/ dem&$ & receiv$ !    
close/ & mo/ anxi\s att5tion4 ,x might h
 be5 naturally  suppos$1 t :5 ,lu!r     
direct$ 8 vigor\s m9d to po9t out &  to 
condemn ! abuses :i* _h be5 sanction$ 9 
! popi% *ur*1 he  w\ld n h sp>$ a       
doctr9e ! mo/ irrational & objectionable
  :i* t *ur* av[s1 & t he w\ld h        
v9dicat$ ! holy  ord9ance ( ! ,"l's     
,supp] f ! abom9ation ) :i* x _h  be5   
associat$4 ,he did1 inde$1 object to    
transub/antiation1 b he  did s ) a      
degree ( hesitation truly a/oni%+1      
al?\gh t  hesitation 0 display$ by _m ( 
! fir/ re=m]s4 ,he decl>$  t he saw no  
w>rant = believ+ t ! bread & w9e 7      
actually *ang$ into ! body & blood (    
,*ri/2 b he adh]$ to  ! lit]al import ( 

our ,savi\r's words1 tea*+ t 8 body &   
blood 7 receiv$1 & t !y 7 9 "s          
incompreh5sible mann]  conjo9$ or unit$ 
) ! bread & w9e4 ,x is q evid5t1 t      
al?\gh ?is sy/em got rid ( "o difficulty
 by leav+ ! te/imony  ( ! s5ses z to !  
bread & w9e un*all5g$1 yet x is j z     
incompreh5sible z ! o!r1 assumes z a    
fact :at ! s5ses _c  disc]n1 & involves 
9 x difficulties equally repugnant to ! 
pla9e/ dictates ( reason4 ,p[]ful       
accord+ly z mo/ des]v$ly 0  8 asc5d5cy1 
& great z 0 ! v5]ation ) :i* he 0       
contemplat$1 he 0 ^u ?is po9t happily   
oppos$2 8 colleague1 !  celebrat$       
,c>lo/adt1 op5ly av[+1 t :5 our ,"l said
 ( !  bread1 8,?is is my body10 he po9t$
 to 8 own p]son1 & ?us taught  t ! bread
 0 m]ely ! sign or emblem ( x4 ,lu!r    
w>mly  resi/$ ?is op9ion2 ,c>lo/adt 0   
oblig$1 surely 9 little  consi/5cy ) !  
fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism1 9  
consequ5ce ( hav+ pr(ess$ x1 to leave   
,wirtemb]g2 & al?\gh x  procur$ "s      
adh]5ts1 yet z x re/$ ^u an ass]tion (  

:i*  !re c\ld be no pro(1 x 0 nev]      
ext5sively dissem9at$1 & 0  ultimately  
ab&on$ by ,c>lo/adt himself4 ,!         
discussion1 h[ev]1  :i* he _h comm5c$   
/imulat$ o!rs to ! consid]ation ( !     
subject1 & l$ ,zu+lius1 :o _h previ\sly 
(t5 m$itat$ ^u x1  & colampadius1 two ( 
! mo/ di/+ui%$ re=m]s1 to submit  to !  
public ! doctr9e1 t ! bread & w9e are   
only symbols (  ,*ri/'s body & blood1 b 
t ! body ( our ,"l 0 9 heav51 to  :i*   
aft] 8 resurrection he _h asc5d$4 ,lu!r 
compos$ sev]al  works to confute !      
op9ions ( ,zu+lius4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( !
  controv]sy respect+ ! eu*>i/ among !  
def5d]s ( !  ,prote/ant fai?1 !re seem  
to h be5 only two op9ions1 t (  ,lu!r1  
ass]t+ t ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ 7       
actually )  ! bread & w9e1 & t (        
,zu+lius1 colampadius1 & ,buc]1  t !    
bread & w9e 7 ! emblems or signs (      
,*ri/'s body &  blood1 no o!r advantage 
be+ d]iv$ f p>tak+ ( !m ?an !  moral    
effect naturally result+ f !            
commemoration ( an ev5t s  awful & s    

deeply int]e/+ z ! crucifixion ( our    
,r$eem]4  ,calv9 soon publi%$ :at may be
 reg>d$ z a new view ( ! subject4       
,admitt+ ! ju/ness ( ! int]pretation (  
our ,"l's words giv5  by ,zu+lius1 he   
ma9ta9$ t spiritual influ5ce 0 convey$  
to  wor?y p>tak]s ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1     
insomu* t ,*ri/ may be said  to be      
spiritually pres5t ) ! outw>d elem5ts4  
,! s5tim5ts (  ?is mo/ em95t !ologian   
made a deep impression ^u ! public  m9d2
 & al?\gh ! *ur*es ( ,zuri* & ,b]ne long
 adh]$ to !  cre$ ( ,zu+lius1 yet1 ?r\gh
 ! p]sev]ance & dext]ity (  ,calv91 !   
,swiss ,prote/ant *ur*es at l5g? unit$ )
 t (  ,g5eva 9 ass5t+ to ! spiritual    
pres5ce ( ,*ri/ 9 ! sacram5t  ( ! ,"l's 
,supp]4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 too1 he saw _m 
adh]+ to  :at he _h taught1 & c>ry+ to z
 great l5g? z x c\ld be  c>ri$ :at1 "u 8
 sy/em1 mu/ be t]m$ ! allegorical       
language  :i* he recomm5d$4 ,! ,fr5*    
,prote/ants 9 _! confession ?us  express
 !mselves3 8,we affirm t ! holy supp] ( 
our ,"l is a  witness to u ( our union )

 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 because t he  is n 
only once dead & rais$ up aga9 f ! dead 
= u1 b also  he do? inde$ fe$ & n\ri% u 
) 8 fle% & blood4 ,&  al?\gh he be n[ 9 
heav51 & %all rema9 !re till he come to 
judge ! _w1 yet we believe t1 by !      
secret & incompreh5sible  virtue ( 8    
,_s1 he do? n\ri% & quick5 u ) !        
sub/ance  ( 8 body & blood4 ,b we say t 
?is is done 9 a spiritual  mann]2 nor d 
we h]eby sub/itute 9 place ( ! effect & 
tru? an  idle fancy & conceit ( our own2
 b r1 because ?is my/]y (  our union )  
,*ri/ is s high a ?+ t x surm\nte? all  
our  s5ses1 yea & ! :ole ord] ( nature1 
& 9 %ort1 because x is  cele/ial1 x _c  
be compreh5d$ b by fai?40 ,knox1 :o     
rev]$  ,calv91 c>ri$ into ,scotl& !     
op9ions ( t re=m]2 & 9 !  orig9al       
,scotti% confessions1 simil> language1  
?\gh some:at m  gu>d$ ?an t :i* has be5 
j quot$1 is us$3 8,we assur$ly  believe 
t 9 ! supp] rightly us$1 ,*ri/ ,jesus is
 s jo9$ )  u1 t he become? ! v n\ri%m5t 
& food ( our s\ls4 ,n  t we imag9e any  

transub/antiation1--b ?is union &       
communion  :i* we h ) ! body & blood (  
,*ri/ ,jesus 9 ! "r use  ( ! sacram5t1  
is wr\ght by ! op]ation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1
 :o by  true fai? c>rie? u above all ?+s
 t are visible1 c>nal1 &  e>?ly1 & make?
 u to fe$ ^u ! body & blood ( ,*ri/     
,jesus4  ,we mo/ assur$ly believe t !   
bread :i* we break is ! communion  (    
,*ri/'s body1 & ! cup :i* we bless is ! 
communion ( 8  blood2 s t we confess &  
und\bt$ly believe1 t ! fai?ful 9  ! "r  
use ( ! ,"l's table s d eat ! body &    
dr9k ! blood  ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 t he      
rema9e? 9 !m & !y 9 him2 yea1 t  !y are 
s made fle% ( 8 fle%1 & bones ( 8 bones1
 t z !  et]nal ,godhead ha? giv5 to !   
fle% ( ,*ri/ ,jesus life &  immortality1
 s do? ,*ri/ ,jesus's fle% & blood1 eat5
 & drunk5  by u1 give to u ! same       
pr]ogatives40 ,! *ur* ( ,scotl&1 :i*    
did n long use ?is fir/ confession1     
seems to h se51 9 !  c\rse ( ! foll[+   
c5tury1 ! propriety1 if n ( rel9qui%+1  
yet ( m cauti\sly employ+ ! phraseology 

n[ br\ght into view2  = 9 ! ,we/m9/]    
confession1 :i* is /ill ! /&>d ( fai?  9
 t *ur*1 !re is unque/ionably a great   
improvem5t 9 ! /yle  :i* has be5 adopt$ 
9 treat+ ( ?is subject4 ,9 x ! compil]s 
decl>e1 t 8! outw>d elem5ts 9 ! sacram5t
 ( ! ,"l's  ,supp] duly set ap>t to !   
uses orda9$ by ,*ri/1 h su* relation  to
 him crucifi$1 z t truly1 yet           
sacram5tally only1 !y are  sometimes    
call$ by ! "n ( ! ?+s !y repres5t2      
namely !  body & blood ( ,*ri/1 albeit 9
 sub/ance & nature !y /ill  rema9 truly 
& only bread & w9e1 z !y 7 be=e40 ,!n   
aft]  mo/ p[]fully expos+ ! absurdity ( 
transub/antiation1  repres5t+ x z       
repugnant n to ,scripture alone1 b to   
reason &  common s5se1 !y proce$3       
8,wor?y receiv]s1 outw>dly p>tak+ (  !  
visible elem5ts 9 ?is sacram5t1 d !n    
also inw>dly by fai?1  really & inde$1  
yet n c>nally & corporally1 b           
spiritually1  receive & fe$ ^u ,*ri/    
crucifi$1 & all b5efits ( 8 dea?3  !    
body & blood ( ,*ri/ be+ !n n corporally

 or c>nally 91  )1 or "u ! bread & w9e1 
yet z really b spiritually pres5t  to ! 
fai? ( believ]s 9 t ord9ance1 z !       
elem5ts !mselves  are to _! outw>d      
s5ses40 ,! *ur* ( ,engl& 0 9 its fir/   
re=mation f pop]y incl9$ to adh]e to !  
,lu!rans2 b 9 !  "t ( ,edw>d ! ,six?1 a 
m correct & ,scriptural view seems to  h
 be5 tak54 ,9 ! ?irty-n9e articles1 !   
pres5t cre$ ( !  ,engli% *ur*1 x is said
 ( ?is ord9ance3 8,! supp] ( ! ,"l is  n
 only a sign ( ! love t ,*ri/ians ought 
to h among  !mselves "o to ano!r1 b r x 
is a sacram5t ( our  r$emption by       
,*ri/'s dea?2 insomu* t1 to su* z       
rightly1  wor?ily1 & ) fai? receive !   
same1 ! bread :i* we break is a  p>tak+ 
( ! body ( ,*ri/1 & likewise ! cup is a 
p>tak+ (  ! blood ( ,*ri/40 ,?is /rong  
language is1 h[ev]1 9 ! same  article1 s
 modifi$1 z to %[ t all :i* 0 int5d$ by 
x 0  to repres5t ! spiritual influ5ce   
convey$ ?r\gh ! ,"l's ,supp]2  = x is   
taught1 8t ! body ( ,*ri/ is giv51 tak51
 & eat5 9  ! supp]1 only aft] a heav5ly 

& spiritual mann]40 ,! idea (  ,zu+lius1
 t ! ,"l's ,supp] is m]ely a            
commemoration ( ,*ri/'s  dea?1 naturally
 produc+ a moral effect ^u ! s]i\s &    
consid]ate m9d1 has be5 held by memb]s (
 bo? ! e/abli%$  *ur*es 9 ,great        
,brita94 ,x 0 vigor\sly def5d$1 ab\t !  
beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury1 by ,bi%op ,hoadly1 
9 a "w :i* he  entitl$1 8,a pla9 ,acc\nt
 ( ! ,nature & ,ends ( ! ,sacram5t (  ! 
,"l's ,supp]20 & x has m rec5tly be5    
support$ by ,dr4 ,bell1  9 a treatise   
d5om9at$ 8,an ,attempt to asc]ta9 !     
,au?ority1  ,nature1 & ,design ( ! ,"l's
 ,supp]40 ,! +5uity ( p>ticul>          
individuals has be5 ex]t$ 9 giv+ o!r    
peculi> illu/rations (  ! subject4      
,cudwor? & ,bi%op ,w>burton1 = example1 
repres5t$ !  sacram5t ( ! supp] "u !    
view ( a fea/ ^u a sacrifice2 b  su*    
speculations h n influ5c$ ! fai? ( any  
l>ge  d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians4           
,,travell+4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! patri>*s    
p]=m$ _! pa/oral  migrations w be       
illu/rat$1 ) sev]al diff]5ces 9         

circum/ances1 by ! foll[+ extract f     
,p>sons' ,travels3 8,x 0  ent]ta9+ en\gh
 to see ! horde ( ,arabs decamp1 z no?+ 
c\ld  be m regul>4 ,fir/ w5t ! %eep &   
goat h]ds1 ea* ) _!  flocks 9 divisions1
 accord+ z ! *ief ( ea* family direct$2 
!n foll[$ ! camels & asses1 load$ ) !   
t5ts1 furniture1  & kit*5 ut5sils2 ^! 7 
foll[$ by ! old m51 wom51 boys1  &      
girls1 on foot4 ,! *ildr5 t _c walk are 
c>ri$ on !  backs ( ! "y wom51 or ! boys
 & girls2 & ! smalle/ ( !  lambs & kids 
are c>ri$ "u ! arms ( ! *ildr54 ,to ea* 
t5t  belong _m dogs1 among :i* are "s   
greyh\nds2 "s t5ts h f  t5 to f\rte5    
dogs1 & f tw5ty to ?irty m51 wom51 &    
*ildr51 belong+ to x4 ,! procession is  
clos$ by ! *ief ( !  tribe1 :om !y call 
emir & fa!r1 7emir means pr9ce17 m\nt$  
on  ! v be/ horse1 & surr\nd$ by ! heads
 ( ea* family1 all on  horses1 ) _m     
s]vants on foot4 ,betwe5 ea* family is a
 division or  space ( "o hundr$ y>ds1 or
 m1 :5 !y migrate2 & su* great          
regul>ity is obs]v$1 t nei!r camels1    

asses1 %eep1 nor dogs1  mix1 b ea* keeps
 to ! division to :i* x belongs1 )\t !  
lea/ tr\ble4 ,!y _h be5 "h eight days1 &
 7 go+ f\r h\rs'  j\rney to ! nor?-we/1 
to ano!r spr+ ( wat]4 ,?is tribe        
consi/$ ( ab\t eight hundr$ & fifty m51 
wom51 & *ildr54  ,_! flocks ( %eep &    
goats 7 ab\t five ?\s&1 beside a great  
numb] ( camels1 horses1 & asses4 ,horses
 & greyh\nds !y bre$  & tra9 up = sale3 
!y nei!r kill nor sell _! ewe lambs4 ,at
  set times a *apt] 9 ! ,koran is read  
by ! *ief ( ea* family1  ei!r 9 or ne>  
ea* t5t1 ! :ole family be+ ga!r$ r\nd1 &
  v att5tive40 ,in/ead ( ! ,koran (     
mod]n times1 let u conceive  ( ,abraham1
 & o!r patri>*al emirs1 collect+ _!     
num]\s  dep5d5ts & tea*+ !m ! true      
religion1 & we !n see )  :at tru? !y are
 call$ ! ,"l's 8prophets40              
,,treasure4 ,! ,hebrew ^w signifies any 
?+ collect$ toge!r1  provisions1 or     
magaz9es4 ,s !y say1 a treasure ( corn1 
( w9e1 (  oil1 ( honey1 ,j]4 xli1 #h2   
treasures ( gold1 silv]1 brass1 ,ezek4  

xxviii1 #d2 ,dan4 xi1 #dc4 ,sn[1 w9ds1  
hail1 ra91 wat]s1 are 9 !  treasuries ( 
,god1 ,psalm cxxxv1 #g2 ,j]4 li1 #af4 ,!
 wise m5 op5$  _! treasures1 ,matt4 ii1 
#aa1 t is1 _! packets1 or bundles1 to   
(f] pres5ts to our ,savi\r4 ,joseph     
acqua9t$ 8 bre?r51 :5 !y  f\nd _! money 
return$ 9 _! sacks1 t ,god _h giv5 !m   
treasures1 ,g5esis xliii1 #bc4 ,!       
treasures ( ! h\se ( ,god1 :e!r  9      
silv]1 corn1 w9e1 or oil1 7 "u ! c>e ( !
 ,levites4 ,!  k+s ( ,judah _h also     
keep]s ( ! treasures bo? 9 city &       
c\ntry1 #a ,*ron4 xxvii1 #be2 & ! places
 :]e ^! magaz9es 7  laid up 7 call$     
treasure cities4 ,ph>aoh compell$ !     
,hebrews to  build him treasure cities1 
or magaz9es4    ,,tree is ! fir/ & l>ge/
 ( ! vegetable k9d1 consi/+ ( a  s+le   
trunk1 out ( :i* spr+ =? bran*es &      
leaves4 ,heat is s  ess5tial to ! gr[? (
 trees1 t we see !m gr[ l>g] &  small] 9
 a sort ( gradation z ! climates 9 :i*  
!y /& are  m or less hot4 ,! hotte/     
c\ntries yield1 9 g5]al1 ! l>ge/  &     

talle/ trees1 & ^?1 also1 9 mu* great]  
beauty & v>iety  ?an ! cold] d2 & ev5 ^?
 plants :i* are common to bo?  arrive at
 a mu* great] bulk 9 ! s\!rn ?an 9 !    
nor!rn  climates2 nay1 !re are "s       
regions s bleak & *ill1 t !y  raise no  
vegetables at all to any consid]able    
height4 ,gre5l&1  ,icel&1 & simil>      
places1 af=d no trees at all2 & ! %rubs 
:i* gr[ 9 !m are always little & l[4 ,9 
! w>m] climates1  :]e trees gr[ to a    
mod]ate size1 any accid5tal dim9ution ( 
!  common heat is f\nd v greatly to     
imp$e vegetation2 & ev5 9  ,engl& ! cold
 summ]s we sometimes h give u an evid5t 
pro( (  ?is 9 ! sc>city ( produce f all 
our l>ge fruit trees4 ,heat1  :atev] be 
! produc+ cause1 acts z well ^u         
vegetation "o way z  ano!r4 ,?us ! heat 
( manure1 & ! artificial heat ( coal    
fires  9 /oves1 are f\nd to supply !    
place ( ! sun4 ,great numb]s (  ! ea/]n 
trees1 9 _! native soil1 fl[] twice 9 a 
ye>1 &  "s fl[] & be> ripe fruit all !  
ye> r\nd2 & x is obs]v$  ( ^! la/1 t !y 

are at once ! mo/ frequ5t & ! mo/       
useful to ! inhabitants2 _! fruits1 :i* 
always hang on !m 9  read9ess1 conta9+  
cool juices1 :i* are good 9 fev]s1 & o!r
  ( ! common diseases ( hot c\ntries4 ,!
 umbrage\s foliage1 )  :i* ! ,god (     
provid5ce has g5]ally furni%$ all trees 
9 w>m  climates1 af=ds a mo/ refre%+ &  
grateful %ade to ^? :o seek  relief f ! 
direct & hurtful rays ( a tropical sun4 
,! ,l& ( ,promise _c boa/1 l _m o!r     
c\ntries1 (  ext5sive woods2 b          
consid]able ?ickets ( trees & ( re$s    
sometimes arise to div]sify & adorn !   
sc5e4 ,betwe5 ! ,lake  ,samo*onites & ! 
sea ( ,tib]ias1 ! riv] ,jordan is almo/ 
conceal$ by %ady trees f ! view ( !     
travell]4 ,:5 ! wat]s  ( ! ,jordan are  
l[1 ! ,lake ,samo*onites is only a m>%1 
= !  mo/ "p dry & ov]gr[n ) %rubs &     
re$s4 ,9 ^! ?ickets1  among o!r f]oci\s 
animals1 ! wild bo> seeks a cov]t f !   
burn+ rays ( ! sun4 ,l>ge h]ds ( !m are 
sometimes to be se5 on  ! banks ( !     
riv]1 ne> ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 ly+ among ! 

re$s1  or fe$+ "u ! trees4 ,su* moi/ &  
%ady places are 9 all  c\ntries !       
fav\rite haunts ( ^! fi]ce & dang]\s    
animals4  ,^? m>%y cov]ts are /yl$ woods
 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures2 = !  wild bo> ( 
! wood is ! "n :i* t creature receives f
 !  royal psalmi/3 8,! bo> out ( ! wood 
do? wa/e x2 & ! wild  bea/ ( ! field do?
 dev\r x10 ,psalm lxxx1 #ac4 ,! wood (  
,ephraim1  :]e ! battle 0 f\ght betwe5 !
 =ces ( ,absalom & !  s]vants ( ,david1 
0 probably a place ( ! same k9d2 = !    
sacr$  hi/orian obs]ves1 t ! wood dev\r$
 m p t day ?an !  sword1 #b ,sam4 xviii1
 #h4 ,"s h suppos$ ! mean+ ( ?is passage
  to be1 t ! soldi]s ( ,absalom 7       
de/roy$ by ! wild bea/s (  ! wood2 b x c
 sc>cely be suppos$1 t 9 ! reign (      
,david1  :5 ! ,holy ,l& 0 cr[d$ )       
inhabitants1 ! wild bea/s c\ld  be s    
num]\s 9 "o ( ! woods z to cause su* a  
de/ruction4 ,b1  suppos+ ! wood (       
,ephraim to h be5 a morass cov]$ ) trees
  & bu%es1 l ! haunts ( ! wild bo> ne> !
 banks ( ,jordan1  ! difficulty is      

easily remov$4 ,x is c]ta9 t su* a place
 has  m ?an once prov$ fatal to cont5d+ 
armies1 p>tly by suffocat+  ^? :o 9 !   
hurry ( flight inadv]t5tly v5ture ov]   
places  incapable ( support+ !m1 & p>tly
 by ret>d+ !m till _!  pursu]s come up &
 cut !m to pieces4 ,9 ?is mann] a great]
 numb]  ( m5 ?an fell 9 ! heat ( battle 
may be de/roy$4 ,x is probable1  h[ev]1 
t no?+ m is int5d$ by ! sacr$ hi/orian1 
?an !  m5tion ( a fact famili> to       
milit>y m5 9 all ages1 & :atev]  k9d (  
weapons 7 !n employ$ 9 w>f>e1--t =e/s1  
especially  su* ?ick & impassable =e/s z
 are common 9 w>m c\ntries1  con/itute !
 v wor/ gr\nd along :i* a discomfit$    
army c be  compell$ to retreat4 ,_!     
ord]ly ranks are brok52 ! direction  :i*
 ea* w>rior = 8 own safety mu/ take is  
unc]ta92 & :ile  "o tumultu\s mass is   
mak+ a pass = itself ?r\gh int]v5+      
bru%wood & closely matt$ jungle1 & ano!r
 is hurry+ along a  diff]5t pa? &       
enc\nt]+ simil> or p]haps great]        
imp$im5ts1  ! cool & delib]ate pursu]s1 

:e!r ar*]s or %>p %oot]s1  enjoy an     
imm5se advantage 9 be+ able to *oose _! 
own po9ts (  annoyance1 & by flank or   
cross attacks to kill _! retreat+ foes1 
) sc>cely any risk to !mselves1 b )     
imm5se c>nage to !  r\t$ army4          
,sev]al critics imag9e t by  1 r5d]$    
8goodly trees10 ,lev4  xxiii1 #dj1 !    
citron tree is int5d$4 -1 r5d]$ 8?ick   
trees0  9 ! same v]se1 & 9 ,neh4 viii1  
#ae2 ,ezek4 xx1 #bh1 is ! myrtle1       
accord+ to ! rabb9s1 ! ,*aldee          
p>aphrase1 ,syriac v]sion1 &  ,deodatus4
 ,! ^w 1 translat$ 8grove0 9 ,g54 xxi1  
#cc1 has be5  v>i\sly translat$4        
,p>khur/ r5d]s x an oak1 & says1 t f    
?is ^w may be d]iv$ ! "n ( ! fam\s      
asylum1 op5$ by  ,romulus betwe5 two    
groves ( oak at ,rome4 ,on ! o!r h&1    
,celsius1  ,mi*alis1 & ,dr4 ,g$des r5d] 
x ! tam>isk1 :i* is a l(ty &  beautiful 
tree1 & gr[s abundantly 9 ,egypt &      
,arabia4 ,! same ^w  9 #a ,sam4 xxii1   
#f2 xxxi1 #ac1 is r5d]$ 8a tree40 ,x mu/
 be not$ too1  t 9 ! fir/ ( ^! places1 !

 common v]sion is equally obscure  &    
contradictory1 by mak+ ramah a prop] "n3
 x signifies hillock  or bank4 ,( !     
trees t produc$ preci\s balsams !re 0 "o
 9  p>ticul> t long fl\ri%$ 9 ,judea1   
hav+ be5 suppos$ to h  be5 an object (  
great att5tion to ,solomon1 :i* 0       
aft]w>d  transplant$ to ,mat>ea1 9      
,egypt1 :]e x cont9u$ till ab\t two     
hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 accord+ to     
,maillet1 :o gives a  description ( x1  
drawn1 x is suppos$1 f ! ,arabian       
au?ors1 9  :i* he says1 8,?is %rub _h   
two v diff]5tly col\r$ b>ks1 !  "o r$1 !
 o!r p]fectly gre52 t !y ta/$ /rongly l 
inc5se & turp5t9e1 & :5 bruis$ betwe5 ! 
f+]s !y smelt  v ne>ly l c>damoms4 ,?is 
balsam1 :i* 0 extremely preci\s  &      
celebrat$1 & 0 us$ by ! ,coptic *ur* 9  
_! *rism1 0  produc$ by a v l[ %rub2 & x
 is said1 t all ^? %rubs t  produc$     
balsams are e :]e l[1 & d n exce$ two or
 ?ree  cubits 9 height40                
,descriptions ( ! pr9cipal trees & %rubs
 m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,writ  ! read] w f9d   

notic$ 9 di/9ct articles "u _! sev]al   
d5om9ations4    ,,tribe4 ,jacob hav+    
twelve sons1 :o 7 ! heads ( s _m great  
families1 :i* altoge!r =m$ a great      
nation2 e "o ( ^!  families 0 call$ a   
tribe4 ,b ,jacob on 8 dea? b$ adopt$    
,ephraim  & ,manasseh1 ! sons ( ,joseph1
 & w\ld h !m also to con/itute  two     
tribes ( ,israel1 ,g54 xlviii1 #e4      
,in/ead ( twelve tribes1 !re  7 n[      
?irte51 t ( ,joseph be+ divid$ into two4
 ,h[ev]1 9  ! di/ribution ( l&s to ea*  
:i* ,jo%ua made by ! ord] ( ,god1  !y   
c\nt$ b twelve tribes1 & made b twelve  
lots4 ,= ! tribe  ( ,levi1 :i* 0 appo9t$
 to ! s]vice ( ! tab]nacle ( !  ,"l1 _h 
no %>e 9 ! di/ribution ( ! l&1 b only "s
 cities  9 :i* to dwell1 & ! fir/       
fruits1 ti!s1 & oblations ( !  p1 :i* 0 
all _! subsi/5ce4 ,! twelve tribes      
cont9u$  unit$ "u "o head1 mak+ b "o    
/ate1 "o p1 & "o  mon>*y1 till aft] !   
dea? ( ,solomon4 ,!n t5 ( ! tribes (    
,israel revolt$ f ! h\se ( ,david1 &    
receiv$ = _! k+  ,j]oboam1 ! son (      

,nebat2 & only ! tribes ( ,judah &      
,b5jam9  cont9u$ "u ! gov]nm5t (        
,rehoboam4 ,?is sep>ation may be  look$ 
^u z ! *ief cause ( ^? great mis=tunes t
 aft]w>d  happ5$ to ^? two k+doms1 & to 
! :ole ,hebrew nation4 ,=1  fir/1 x 0 ! 
cause ( ! alt]ation & *ange ( ! old     
religion1 & ( ! anci5t wor%ip ( _!      
=efa!rs4 ,j]oboam !  son ( ,nebat       
sub/itut$ ! wor%ip ( gold5 calves = !   
wor%ip (  ! true ,god2 :i* 0 ! occasion 
( ! t5 tribes =sak+ !  temple ( ! ,"l4  
,secondly1 ?is s*ism caus$ an           
irreconcilable  hatr$ betwe5 ! t5       
tribes1 & ^? ( ,judah & ,b5jam91 &      
creat$ num]\s w>s & disputes betwe5 !m4 
,! ,"l1 be+  provok$1 deliv]$ !m up to  
_! enemies4 ,tigla?-,piles] fir/ took   
away captive ! tribes ( ,reub51 ,gad1   
,naphtali1 & ! half tribe (  ,manasseh1 
:i* 7 beyond ,jordan1 & c>ri$ !m beyond 
!  ,euphrates1 #b ,k+s xv1 #bi2 #a      
,*ron4 v1 #bf2 ,a4 ,m4 #cbfd4 ,"s ye>s  
aft]1  ,%almanes] k+ ( ,assyria took !  
city ( ,sam>ia1 de/roy$ x1 took  away ! 

re/ ( ! inhabitants ( ,israel1 c>ri$ !m 
beyond !  ,euphrates1 & s5t o!r         
inhabitants into ! c\ntry to cultivate &
  possess x1 #b ,k+s xvii1 #f2 xviii1   
#aj1 #aa4 ,?us end$ ! k+dom (  ! t5     
tribes ( ,israel1 ,a4 ,m4 #cbhc4 ,z to !
 tribes ( ,judah &  ,b5jam91 :o rema9$  
"u ! gov]nm5t ( ! k+s ( ! family  (     
,david1 !y cont9u$ a mu* long] "t 9 _!  
own c\ntry4 ,b at  la/1 aft] !y _h fill$
 up ! measure ( _! iniquity1 ,god       
deliv]$ !m all into ! h&s ( _! enemies4 
,nebu*adnezz> took  ! city ( ,j]usalem1 
entirely ru9$ x1 & took away all !      
inhabitants ( ,judah & ,b5jam9 to       
,babylon1 & ! o!r prov9ces (  8 empire1 
,a4 ,m4 #cdaf4 ,! return f ?is captivity
 is /at$ 9 !  books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4
 ,see ,,jews4    ,,tribute4 ,! ,hebrews 
ackn[l$g$ none = sov]eign ov] !m b ,god 
alone2 :5ce ,josephus calls _! gov]nm5t 
a !ocracy1 or div9e  gov]nm5t4 ,!y      
ackn[l$g$ ! sov]eign dom9ion ( ,god by a
  tribute1 or capitation tax1 ( half a  
%ekel a head1 :i* e  ,israelite paid    

ye>ly1 ,exod4 xxx1 #ac4 ,our ,savi\r1 9 
! ,gospel1 ?us  reasons ) ,/4 ,pet]3    
8,:at ?9ke/ ?\1 ,simon8 ( :om d ! k+s  (
 ! e>? take cu/om or tribute8 ( _! own  
*ildr51 or (  /rang]s80 ,matt4 xvii1    
#be1 mean+1 t z he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 he  
ought to be exempt f ?is capitation tax4
 ,we d n f9d t ei!r  ! k+s or ! judges (
 ! ,hebrews1 :5 !y 7 !mselves ,jews1    
dem&$ any tribute ( !m4 ,solomon1 at !  
beg9n+ ( 8 reign1 #a  ,k+s xi1 #bb1 #cc2
 #b ,*ron4 viii1 #i1 compell$ !         
,canaanites1 :o 7  left 9 ! c\ntry1 to  
pay him tribute1 & to p]=m ! drudg]y (  
! public works he _h und]tak54 ,z to !  
*ildr5 ( ,israel1 he  w\ld n suff] "o ( 
!m to be employ$ ^u !m1 b made !m 8     
soldi]s1 m9i/]s1 & *ief (fic]s1 to comm&
 8 armies1 8  *>iots1 & 8 horsem54 ,yet1
 aft]w>d1 t[>d ! end ( 8 reign1  he     
impos$ a tribute ^u !m1 & made !m "w at 
! public  build+s1 #a ,k+s v1 #ac1 #ad2 
ix1 #ae2 xi1 #bg2 :i* mu* ali5at$ _!    
m9ds f him1 & s[$ ! se$s ( t discont5t  
:i* aft]w>d  appe>$ 9 an op5 revolt1 by 

! rebellion ( ,j]oboam1 ! son (  ,nebat2
 :o 0 at fir/ inde$ oblig$ to take %elt]
 9 ,egypt4 ,b  aft]w>d ! defection      
became g5]al1 by ! total revolt ( ! t5  
tribes4 ,h5ce x 01 t ! ,israelites said 
to ,rehoboam ! son (  ,solomon1 8,?y    
fa!r made our yoke griev\s2 n[ !re=e1   
make ?\  ! griev\s s]vice ( ?y fa!r1 & !
 heavy yoke :i* he put ^u  u1 light]1 & 
we w s]ve !e10 #a ,k+s xii1 #d4 ,x is   
ne$less to  obs]ve1 t ! ,israelites 7   
frequ5tly subdu$ by =eign pr9ces1  :o   
laid great taxes & tribute ^u !m1 to :i*
 fe> & necessity  compell$ !m to submit4
 ,yet 9 ! latt] times1 t is1 aft]       
,ar*elaus _h be5 bani%$ to ,vi5ne 9     
,france1 9 ! six? ye> (  ! vulg> era1 & 
aft] ,judea 0 r$uc$ to a prov9ce1       
,augu/us s5t  ,quir9ius into ?is c\ntry 
to take a new poll ( ! p1 & to  make a  
new e/imate ( _! sub/ance1 t he might   
!reby regulate  ! tribute t e "o 0 to   
pay to ! ,romans4 ,!n ,judas1  surnam$ !
 ,galilean1 =m$ a s$ition1 & made an    
insurrection1 to  oppose ! levy+ ( ?is  

tribute4 ,see 9 ,/4 ,mat!w xxii1 #af1   
#ag1 c1  ! answ] t ,jesus ,*ri/ return$ 
to ! ,ph>isee1 :o came ) an  insidi\s   
design ( tempt+ him1 & ask$ him1 :e!r or
 n x 0  lawful to pay tribute to ,cs>8 &
 9 ,john viii1 #cc1 :]e ! ,jews  boa/ ( 
hav+ nev] be5 slaves to any body1 ( be+ 
a free nation1  t ackn[l$g$ ,god only = 
ma/] & sov]eign4    ,,tr9ity4 ,t ne>ly  
all ! ,pagan nations ( antiquity1 says  
,bi%op  ,toml9e1 9 _! v>i\s !ological   
sy/ems1 ackn[l$g$ a k9d (  ,tr9ity1 has 
be5 fully ev9c$ by ^? le>n$ m5 :o h made
 !  ,hea!n my?ology ! subject ( _!      
elaborate inquiries4 ,! almo/  univ]sal 
preval5ce ( ?is doctr9e 9 ! ,g5tile     
k+doms mu/ be  consid]$ z a /rong       
argum5t 9 fav\r ( its tru?4 ,! doctr9e  
itself be>s su* /rik+ int]nal m>ks ( a  
div9e orig9al1 & is  s v unlikely to h  
be5 ! inv5tion ( m]e human reason1 t    
!re is no way ( acc\nt+ = ! g5]al       
adoption ( s s+ul> a  belief1 b by      
suppos+ t x 0 reveal$ by ,god to ! e>ly 
patri>*s1 & t x 0 transmitt$ by !m to _!

 po/]ity4 ,9  its progress1 inde$1 to   
remote c\ntries1 & to di/ant g5]ations1 
?is belief became deprav$ & corrupt$ 9 !
 highe/ degree2 & he  alone :o br\ght   
8life & immortality to light10 c\ld     
re/ore x to  its orig9al simplicity &   
purity4 ,! discov]y ( ! exi/5ce (  ?is  
doctr9e 9 ! e>ly ages1 among ! nations  
^: records h  be5 ! be/ pres]v$1 has be5
 ( great s]vice to ! cause (            
,*ri/ianity1 & completely refutes !     
ass]tion ( infidels &  skeptics1 t !    
sublime & my/]i\s doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity   
owes  its orig9 to ! philosoph]s (      
,greece4 8,if we ext5d10 says ,mr4      
,maurice1 8our eye ?r\gh ! remote region
 ( antiquity1 we %all f9d  ?is v        
doctr9e1 :i* ! primitive ,*ri/ians are  
said to h  borr[$ f ! ,platonic s*ool1  
univ]sally & immemorially  fl\ri%+ 9 all
 ^? c\ntries :]e hi/ory & tradition h   
unit$ to fix ^? virtu\s ance/ors ( !    
human race1 :o1 = _!  di/+ui%$ atta9m5ts
 9 piety1 7 admitt$ to a famili>        
int]c\rse ) ,jehovah & ! angels1 ! div9e

 h]alds ( 8  comm&s40 ,! same le>n$     
au?or ju/ly consid]s ! fir/ two v]ses  (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t z conta9+ v /rong1 if n
 decisive1  evid5ce 9 support ( ! tru? (
 ?is doctr9e3 ,elohim1 a n\n  sub/antive
 ( ! plural numb]1 by :i* ! ,creator is 
express$1  appe>s z evid5tly to po9t    
t[>d a plurality ( p]sons 9 !  div9e    
nature1 z ! v]b 9 ! s+ul>1 ) :i* x is   
jo9$1  does to ! unity ( t nature3 8,9 !
 beg9n+ ,god creat$20 )  /rict att5tion 
to grammatical propriety1 ! passage %\ld
 be  r5d]$1 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,gods creat$10 
b our belief 9 ! unity  ( ,god =bids u  
?us to translate ! ^w ,elohim4 ,s9ce1   
!re=e1  ,elohim is plural1 & no plural c
 consi/ ( less ?an two 9 numb]1  & s9ce 
creation c alone be ! "w ( ,deity1 we   
are to und]/&  by ?is t]m s p>ticul>ly  
us$ 9 ?is place1 ,god ! ,fa!r1 & !      
et]nal ,logos1 or ,^w ( ,god2 t ,logos  
:om ,/4 ,john1 supply+ u  ) an excell5t 
comm5t ^u ?is passage1 says1 0 9 !      
beg9n+  ) ,god1 & :o also 0 ,god4 ,z !  
,fa!r & ! ,son are expressly  po9t$ out 

9 ! fir/ v]se ( ?is *apt]1 s is ! ,?ird 
,p]son  9 ! bless$ ,tr9ity n less       
decisively reveal$ to u 9 ,g54 i1 #b3   
8,& ! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( !     
wat]s30 8brood$  ^u0 ! wat]1 incubavit1 
z a h5 broods ov] h] eggs4 ,?us we see  
! ,_s ex]t$ ^u ?is occasion an active   
effectual en]gy1 by  t en]gy agitat+ !  
va/ abyss1 & infus+ into x a p[]ful     
vital pr9ciple4    ,elohim seems to be !
 g5]al appellation by :i* ! ,triune     
,godhead  is collectively di/+ui%$ 9    
,scripture2 & 9 ! concise hi/ory  ( !   
creation only1 ! expression1 b>a        
,elohim1 8! ,gods creat$10  is us$ above
 ?irty times4 ,! comb9+ ?is plural n\n )
 a v]b  9 ! s+ul> w\ld n appe> s        
rem>kable1 if ,moses _h uni=mly  adh]$  
to t mode ( expression2 = !n x w\ld be  
evid5t t he  adopt$ ! mode us$ by !     
,g5tiles 9 speak+ ( _! false gods 9  !  
plural numb]1 b by jo9+ ) x a s+ul> v]b 
or adjective1  rectifi$ a phrase t might
 appe> to give a direct sanction to !   
error ( poly!ism4 ,b1 9 reality1 !      

rev]se is ! fact2 = 9  ,deut4 xxxii1    
#ae1 #ag1 & o!r places1 he uses ! s+ul> 
numb] (  ?is v n\n to express ! ,deity1 
?\gh n employ$ 9 ! augu/  "w ( creation3
 8,he =sook ,god10 ,eloah2 8!y sacrific$
 to devils  n to ,god10 ,eloah4 ,b f>!r1
 ,moses himself uses ?is v ^w  ,elohim )
 v]bs & adjectives 9 ! plural4 ,( ?is   
usage ,dr4 ,allix  enum]ates _m o!r     
/rik+ in/ances t might be br\ght f !    
,p5tateu*2 & o!r inspir$ writ]s use x 9 
! same mann] 9  v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,old     
,te/am5t1 ,job xxxv1 #aj2 ,jo%ua xxiv1  
#ai2 ,psalm  cix1 #a2 ,ecclesia/es xii1 
#c2 #b ,samuel vii1 #bc4 ,x mu/ appe>1  
!re=e1 to e read] ( reflection1 exce$+ly
 s+ul>1 t  :5 ,moses 0 endeav\r+ to     
e/abli% a !ological sy/em1 ( :i*  !     
unity ( ! ,godhead 0 ! lead+ pr9ciple1 &
 9 :i* x  diff]$ f all o!r sy/ems1 he   
%\ld make use ( t]ms directly           
implicative ( a plurality 9 x2 yet s    
deeply 0 ! awful tru?  "u consid]ation  
impress$ ^u ! m9d ( ! ,hebrew           
legislator1  t ?is is con/antly done by 

him2 &1 inde$1 z ,allix has obs]v$1  !re
 is sc>cely any me?od ( speak+ f :i* a  
plurality 9 ,deity  may be inf]r$1 t is 
n us$ ei!r by himself 9 ! ,p5tateu*1  or
 by ! o!r inspir$ writ]s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 
! ,old ,te/am5t4  ,a plural is jo9$ ) a 
v]b s+ul>1 z 9 ! passage cit$ be=e  f   
,g5esis i1 #a2 a plural is jo9$ ) a v]b 
plural1 z 9 ,g54  xxxv1 #g1 8,& ,jacob  
call$ ! "n ( ! place ,el-be?-el1 because
 !  ,gods !re appe>$ to him20 a plural  
is jo9$ ) an adjective  plural1 ,jo%ua  
xxiv1 #ai1 8,y _c s]ve ! ,"l2 = he is ! 
holy  ,gods40 ,to ^! passages1 if we add
 t rem>kable "o f  ,ecclesia/es1        
8,rememb] ?y ,creators 9 ! days ( ?y    
y\?10 & !  pr$om9ant use ( ! t]ms1      
,jehovah ,elohim1 or1 ! 8,"l ?y ,gods10 
:i* occur a hundr$ times 9 ! law1 7! ^w 
,jehovah imply+ !  unity ( ! ess5ce1 &  
,elohim a plurality 9 t unity17 we mu/  
all[ t no?+ c be m pla9ly m>k$ ?an ?is  
doctr9e 9 !  anci5t ,scriptures4        
,?\gh ! augu/ "n ( ,jehovah 9 a m       
peculi> mann] belongs to  ,god ! ,fa!r1 

yet is t "n1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,scripture1 
appli$  to ea* p]son 9 ! holy ,tr9ity4  
,! ,hebrews consid]$ t "n 9  s sacr$ a  
light1 t !y nev] pron\nc$ x1 & us$ ! ^w 
,adonai in/ead ( x4 ,x 01 inde$1 a "n t 
rank$ fir/ among  _! pr(\nde/ cabala2 a 
my/]y1 sublime1 ineffable1              
incommunicable4  ,x 0 call$             
tetragrammaton1 or ! "n ( f\r lett]s1 & 
^!  lett]s are jod1 he1 vau1 he1 ! prop]
 pronunciation ( :i*1  f long disuse1 is
 said to be no long] kn[n to ! ,jews    
!mselves4  ,?is awful "n 0 fir/ reveal$ 
by ,god to ,moses f ! c5tre (  ! burn+  
bu%2 & ,josephus1 :o1 z well z          
,scripture1 relates ?is  circum/ance1   
ev9ces 8 v5]ation = x1 by call+ x ! "n  
:i* 8 religion did n p]mit him to       
m5tion4 ,f ?is ^w !  ,pagan title ( ,iao
 & ,jove is1 ) ! greate/ probability1   
suppos$  to h be5 orig9ally =m$2 & 9 !  
,gold5 ,v]ses ( ,py?agoras1  !re is an  
oa? /ill extant to ?is purpose1 8,by    
,him :o has ! f\r  lett]s40 ,z ! "n     
,jehovah1 h[ev]1 9 "s in/ances appli$ to

 !  ,son & ! ,holy ,_s1 0 ! prop] "n (  
,god ! ,fa!r1 s is  ,logos 9 z peculi> a
 mann] ! appropriat$ "n ( ,god ! ,son4  
,!  ,*aldee ,p>aphra/s translate !      
orig9al ,hebrew text by ,mimra da       
,jehovah1 lit]ally1 8! ,^w ( ,jehovah10 
a t]m totally diff]5t1 z  ,bi%op ,kidd] 
has inconte/ably prov$1 9 its           
signification1 & 9 its  g5]al           
application among ! ,jews1 f ! ,hebrew  
dab>1 :i*  simply means a disc\rse or   
decree1 & is prop]ly r5d]$ by  pi?gam4  
,9 ! ,septuag9t translation ( ! ,bible1 
a "w suppos$  by ! ,jews to h be5       
und]tak5 by m5 imm$iately inspir$ f     
above1 ! =m] t]m is univ]sally r5d]$ 1 &
 x is s  r5d]$ & s und]/ood by ,philo & 
all ! m anci5t rabb9s4  ,! "n ( ! ?ird  
p]son 9 ! ev] bless$ ,tr9ity has desc5d$
  unalt]$ f ! days ( ,moses to our own  
"t2 =1 z well 9 !  sacr$ writ+s z by !  
,t>gumi/s1 & by ! mod]n doctors ( !     
,jewi% *ur*1 he is /yl$ ,rua* ,hakhode%1
 ! ,holy ,_s4 ,he is  sometimes1 h[ev]1 
9 ! rabb9ical books1 d5om9at$ by        

,%e*9ah1  or glory ( ,jehovah2 9 "s     
places he is call$ ,sephirah1 or        
,wisdom2  & 9 o!rs ! ,b9ah1 or ,und]/&+4
 ,f ! enum]ation ( ^!  circum/ances1 x  
mu/ be suffici5tly evid5t to ! m9d :i*  
unites  piety & reflection1 t s f> f be+
 sil5t ^u ! subject1  ! anci5t          
,scriptures comm5ce ) an av[al ( ?is    
doctr9e1 &  t1 9 fact1 ! creation 0 !   
result ( ! jo9t op]ations (  ! ,tr9ity4 
,if ! argum5t above (f]$ %\ld /ill appe>
 inconclusive1 !  tw5ty-six? v]se ( !   
fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis conta9s s po9t$  an
 atte/ation to ! tru? ( x1 t1 :5 duly   
consid]$1 x mu/  /agg] ! mo/ h>d5$      
skeptic2 = 9 t text n only !  plurality 
is unequivocally express$1 b ! act :i*  
is ! peculi>  pr]ogative ( ,deity is    
m5tion$ toge!r ) t plurality1 ! "o      
circum/ance illu/rat+ ! o!r1 & bo? be+  
highly elucidatory  ( ?is doctr9e3 8,&  
,god 7,elohim7 said1 ,let u make man 9  
our  image1 aft] our lik5ess40 ,:y !    
,deity %\ld speak ( himself 9 !  plural 
numb]1 unless t ,deity consi/$ ( m ?an  

"o p]son1 x  is difficult to conceive2 =
 ! answ] giv5 by ! mod]n ,jews1 t  ?is  
is only a figurative mode ( expression1 
imply+ ! high dignity  ( ! speak]1 & t x
 is usual = e>?ly sov]eigns to use ?is  
language by way ( di/9ction1 is futile1 
= two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/  place x is    
highly degrad+ to ! ,supreme ,maje/y to 
suppose he w\ld  take 8 model ( speak+ &
 ?9k+ f man1 ?\gh x is highly  consi/5t 
) ! vanity ( man to arrogate to himself1
 z d\btless  0 ! case 9 ! lic5ti\sness (
 succe$+ ages1 ! /yle &  imag9$         
conceptions ( ,deity2 & x w be rememb]$1
 t ^!  solemn words 7 spok5 be=e !      
creation ( any ( ^? mortals1  ^: false  
notions ( greatness & sublimity !       
,almighty is ?us  impi\sly suppos$ to   
adopt4 ,9 tru?1 !re does n seem to be   
any  real dignity 9 an expression1 :i*1 
:5 us$ by a human sov]eign 9  relation  
to himself1 approa*es v ne> to          
absurdity4 ,! g5u9e  fact1 h[ev]1 appe>s
 to be ?is4 ,:5 ! tyrants ( ! ea/ fir/  
began to assume div9e hon\rs1 !y assum$ 

likewise ! maje/ic  language appropriat$
 to1 & highly becom+1 ! ,deity1 b       
totally  inapplicable to man4 ,! error 0
 propagat$ f age to age ?r\gh a  long   
succession ( despots1 & at l5g? ,judaic 
apo/asy arriv$ at  su* a pit* ( pr(ane  
absurdity1 z to affirm t v phraseology  
to  be borr[$ f man :i* 0 ! orig9al &   
peculi> language ( !  ,div9ity4 ,x 01   
inde$1 rem>kably p]t95t :5 appli$ to    
,deity2  =1 9 a succe$+ *apt]1 we h m   
decisive au?ority = :at  is ?us ass]t$1 
:]e ! ,"l ,god himself says1 8,behold1 !
 man is  become z "o ( u20 a v s+ul>    
expression1 :i* "s ,jewi%  comm5tators1 
) equal effront]y1 cont5d 0 spok5 by !  
,deity to  ! c\ncil ( angels1 t1 accord+
 to _! ass]tions1 att5d$ him  at !      
creation4 ,f ! "n ( ! ,"l ,god be+ us$ 9
 s  emphatical a mann]1 x evid5tly      
appe>s to be address$ to ^?  sacr$      
p]sons to :om x 0 be=e said1 8,let u    
make man20 = w\ld  inde$ ! omnipot5t    
,jehovah1 presid+ 9 a less dignifi$     
c\ncil1  use words t h su* an evid5t    

t5d5cy to place ! ,deity on a  level )  
creat$ be+s8    ,! fir/ passage to be   
adduc$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 pro( ( ?is   
important doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 is1 !    
*>ge & commission :i*  our ,savi\r gave 
to 8 apo/les1 to 8g & tea* all nations1 
baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1
 & ( !  ,holy ,gho/10 ,matt4 xxviii1    
#ai4 ,! ,gospel is e :]e 9 ,scripture   
repres5t$ z a cov5ant or conditional (f]
 ( et]nal salvation f  ,god to man2 &   
baptism 0 ! appo9t$ ord9ance by :i* m5 7
 to  be admitt$ into t cov5ant1 by :i* t
 (f] 0 made &  accept$4 ,?is cov5ant be+
 to be made ) ,god himself1 ! ord9ance  
mu/ ( c\rse be p]=m$ 9 8 "n2 b ,*ri/    
direct$ t x  %\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! "n ( !   
,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & (  ! ,holy ,gho/2 &
 !re=e we conclude t ,god is ! same z ! 
,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,s9ce   
baptism is to be p]=m$ 9  ! "n ( !      
,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 !y mu/  
be all  ?ree p]sons2 & s9ce no          
sup]iority or diff]5ce :atev] is        
m5tion$ 9 ?is solemn =m ( baptism1 we   

conclude t ^! ?ree  p]sons are all ( "o 
sub/ance1 p[]1 & et]nity4 ,are we to be 
baptiz$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ( ! ,son1 & ( 
! ,holy ,gho/1  & is x possible t !     
,fa!r %\ld be self-exi/5t1 et]nal1 !    
,"l ,god ,omnipot5t2 & t ! ,son1 9 ^: "n
 we are equally  baptiz$1 %\ld be a m]e 
man1 born ( a woman1 & subject to all ! 
frailties & imp]fections ( human nature8
 or1 is x possible t !  ,holy ,gho/1 9  
^: "n also we are equally baptiz$1 %\ld 
be a b>e  en]gy or op]ation1 a quality  
or p[]1 )\t ev5 p]sonal  exi/5ce8 ,our  
feel+s1 z well z our reason1 revolt f ! 
idea (  su* disp>ity4    ,?is argum5t w 
d]ive great /r5g? f ! practice ( ! e>ly 
ages1 & f ! obs]vations :i* we meet ) 9 
sev]al ( !  anci5t fa!rs relative to x4 
,we le>n f ,ambrose1 t p]sons at  ! "t (
 _! baptism1 decl>$ _! belief 9 ! ?ree  
p]sons (  ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 & t !y 7     
dipp$ 9 ! wat] ?ree times4 ,9  8        
,treatise ^u ! ,sacram5ts he says1 8,?\ 
wa/ ask$ at ?y  baptism1 ,do/ ?\ believe
 9 ,god ! ,fa!r ,almighty8 & ?\ did/    

reply1 ,i believe1 & ?\ wa/ dipp$2 & a  
second "t ?\ wa/  ask$1 ,do/ ?\ believe 
9 ,jesus ,*ri/ ! ,"l8 ?\ did/ answ]     
aga91 ,i believe1 & ?\ wa/ dipp$2 a ?ird
 "t ! "q 0  repeat$1 ,do/ ?\ believe 9 !
 ,holy ,gho/8 & ! answ] 01 ,i  believe1 
!n ?\ wa/ dipp$ a ?ird "t40 ,x is to be 
notic$1 t  ! belief1 "h express$        
sep>ately1 9 ! ?ree p]sons ( !  ,tr9ity1
 is precisely ! same 9 all4 ,t]tullian1 
,basil1 & ,j]om1 all  m5tion ?is        
practice ( tr9e imm]sion z anci5t2 &    
,j]om says1 8,we  are ?rice dipp$ 9 !   
wat]1 t ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity may  appe>  
to be b "o4 ,we are n baptiz$ 9 ! names 
( ,fa!r1 ,son1  & ,holy ,gho/1 b 9 "o   
"n1 :i* is ,god's2 &1 !re=e1 ?\gh  we be
 ?rice put "u wat] to repres5t ! my/]y (
 ! ,tr9ity1  yet x is reput$ b "o       
baptism40 ,?us ! my/]i\s union ( !      
,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 z "o    
,god1 01 9 ! op9ion (  ! pur] ages ( !  
,*ri/ian *ur*1 cle>ly express$ 9 ?is =m 
( baptism4 ,by x ! primitive ,*ri/ians  
und]/ood ! ,fa!r's  graci\s acceptance (

 ! atonem5t (f]$ by ! ,messiah2 !       
peculi> protection ( ! ,son1 our great  
,high ,prie/ & ,int]cessor2  & !        
read9ess ( ! ,holy ,gho/ to sanctify1 to
 assi/1 & to  com=t all ! ob$i5t foll[]s
 ( ,*ri/1 confirm$ by ! visible  gift ( 
tongues1 ( prophecy1 & div]s o!r gifts  
to ! fir/  disciples4 ,& z _! great     
,ma/]'s in/ructions evid5tly  di/+ui%$  
^! p]sons f ea* o!r1 )\t any diff]5ce 9 
_! au?ority or p[]1 all /&+ =? z equally
 disp5s+ !  b5efits ( ,*ri/ianity1 z    
equally ! objects ( ! fai? requir$  9   
conv]ts ^u admission into ! *ur*1 !y    
cle>ly und]/ood t  ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! 
,holy ,gho/1 7 likewise equally !       
objects ( _! grateful wor%ip3 ?is fully 
appe>s f _!  pray]s1 doxologies1 hymns1 
& cre$s1 :i* are /ill extant4    ,!     
second passage to be produc$ 9 support (
 ! doctr9e n[ "u  consid]ation1 is1 !   
doxology at ! conclusion ( ,/4 ,paul's  
,second  ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 8,!   
grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 !  love ( 
,god1 & ! fell[%ip ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 be )

 y40 ,!  mann] 9 :i* ,*ri/ & ! ,holy    
,gho/ are "h m5tion$1 implies  t !y are 
p]sons1 = none b p]sons c conf] grace or
  fell[%ip2 & ^! ?ree great bless+s (   
grace1 love1 &  fell[%ip1 be+           
respectively pray$ = by ! inspir$ apo/le
 f  ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,god ! ,fa!r1 & !     
,holy ,gho/1 )\t any intimation  (      
disp>ity1 we conclude t ^! ?ree p]sons  
are equal & ,div9e4  ,?is solemn        
b5$iction may !re=e be consid]$ z ano!r 
pro( (  ! ,tr9ity1 s9ce x ackn[l$ges !  
div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & (  ! ,holy     
,gho/4 ,! ?ird passage is ! foll[+      
salutation or  b5$iction 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! 
,revelation ( ,/4 ,john3 8,grace &      
peace f ,him :i* is1 & :i* 01 & :i* is  
to come2 & f  ! sev5 spirits :i* are    
be=e 8 ?rone1 & f ,jesus ,*ri/40  ,"h ! 
,fa!r is describ$ by a p]iphrasis tak5 f
 8 attribute  ( et]nity2 & 8! sev5      
spirits0 is a my/ical expression = !    
,holy ,gho/1 us$ ^u ?is occasion ei!r   
because ! salutation is  address$ to    
sev5 *ur*es1 e "o ( :i* _h p>tak5 ( !   

,_s1 or because sev5 0 a sacr$ numb]    
among ! ,jews1 d5ot+  bo? v>iety &      
p]fection1 & 9 ?is case allud+ to !     
v>i\s  gifts1 adm9i/rations1 & op]ations
 ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,s9ce grace  & peace  
are pray$ = f ^! ?ree p]sons jo9tly &   
)\t  discrim9ation1 we inf] an equality 
9 _! p[] to disp5se ^?  bless+s2 & we   
f>!r conclude t ^! ?ree p]sons toge!r   
con/itute ! ,supreme ,be+1 :o is alone !
 object ( pray]1 & is  alone ! ,giv] ( e
 good & ( e p]fect gift4 ,x might be  "r
 to rem>k1 t ! sev5 spirits _c mean     
angels1 s9ce  pray]s are nev] 9         
,scripture address$ to angels1 nor are  
bless+s  ev] pron\nc$ 9 _! "n4 ,x is    
unnecess>y to quote any ( !  num]\s     
passages 9 :i* ! ,fa!r is s+ly call$    
,god1 z "s (  !m mu/ be recollect$ by e 
"o1 & ! div9ity ( ! ,fa!r is  n call$ 9 
"q by any sect ( ,*ri/ians2 & ^?        
passages  :i* prove ! div9ity ( ! ,son &
 ( ! ,holy ,gho/ sep>ately1  w be m     
prop]ly consid]$ "u ^? heads4 ,9 ! mean 
"t we  may obs]ve1 t if x %all appe> f  

,scripture1 t ,*ri/ is ,god1  & ! ,holy 
,gho/ is ,god1 x w foll[1 s9ce we are   
assur$ t  !re is b "o ,god1 t ! ?ree    
p]sons1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 &  ! ,holy     
,gho/1 by a my/]i\s union1 con/itute !  
"o ,god1 or1 z x  is express$ 9 ! fir/  
article ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&3 8,!re is a   
,tr9ity 9 ,unity2 & 9 ! unity ( ?is     
,godhead !re be ?ree  ,p]sons ( "o      
sub/ance1 p[]1 & et]nity1 ! ,fa!r1 !    
,son1 &  ! ,holy ,gho/40    ,! ^w       
,tr9ity does n occur 9 ,scripture1 nor d
 we f9d x 9 any  ( ! e>ly confessions ( 
fai?2 b ?is is no argum5t aga9/ !       
doctr9e itself1 s9ce we le>n f ! fa!rs (
 ! fir/ ?ree  c5turies1 t ! div9ity ( ! 
,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 01 f  ! days ( ! 
,apo/les1 ackn[l$g$ by ! ca?olic *ur*1 &
 t  ^? :o ma9ta9$ a contr>y op9ion 7    
consid]$ z h]etics2 &  z e "o kn[s t    
nei!r ! div9ity ( ! ,fa!r1 nor !  unity 
( ! ,godhead1 0 ev] call$ 9 "q at any   
p]iod1 x  foll[s t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity
 9 ,unity has be5 9 sub/ance1  9 all its
 con/itu5t p>ts1 always kn[n among      

,*ri/ians4 ,9 !  f\r? c5tury x became ! 
subject ( eag] & g5]al controv]sy2  & x 
0 n till !n t ?is doctr9e 0 p>ticul>ly  
discuss$4  ,:ile !re 0 no d5ial or      
dispute1 pro( & def5ce 7  unnecess>y3   
,nunquid enim p]fect de ,tr9itate       
tractatum e/1 antequam  oblatr>5t       
,ariani8 ,b ?is doctr9e is positively   
m5tion$ z be+  admitt$ among ca?olic    
,*ri/ians1 by writ]s :o liv$ long be=e  
t age ( controv]sy4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9     
refut+ ! *>ge (  a!ism urg$ aga9/       
,*ri/ians1 because !y did n believe 9 ! 
gods ( ! ,hea!n1 expressly says1 8,we   
wor%ip & adore ! ,fa!r1  & ! ,son :o    
came f him & taught u ^! ?+s1 & !       
prophetic ,_s20 & soon aft]1 9 ! same   
apology1 he und]takes to  %[ !          
reasonabl5ess ( ! hon\r paid by         
,*ri/ians to ! ,fa!r  9 ! fir/ place1 to
 ! ,son 9 ! second1 & to ! ,holy ,gho/ 9
  ! ?ird2 & says1 t _! assign+ ! second 
place to a  crucifi$ man1 01 by         
unbeliev]s1 d5om9at$ madness1 because !y
  7 ignorant ( ! my/]y1 :i* he !n       

proce$s to expla94  ,a!nagoras1 9 reply+
 to ! same *>ge ( a!ism urg$ aga9/      
,*ri/ians1 because !y refus$ to wor%ip !
 false gods ( !  ,hea!n1 says1 8,:o w\ld
 n wond]1 :5 he kn[s t we1 :o call  ^u  
,god ! ,fa!r1 & ,god ! ,son1 & ,god !   
,holy ,_s1 %[+  _! p[] 9 ! unity1 & _!  
di/9ction 9 ord]1 %\ld be  call$ a!i/s80
 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria n only m5tions ?ree
 div9e  p]sons1 b invokes !m z "o only  
,god4 ,praxeas1 ,sabellius1 & o!r       
,unit>ians1 accus$ ! or?odox ,*ri/ians (
 tri!ism1 :i* is (  itself a cle> pro( t
 ! or?odox wor%ipp$ ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1  & 
! ,holy ,gho/2 & ?\gh 9 reality !y      
consid]$ ^! ?ree  p]sons z con/itut+ !  
"o true ,god1 x is obvi\s t _!  enemies 
might easily repres5t t wor%ip z an     
ackn[l$gm5t (  ?ree ,gods4 ,t]tullian1 9
 writ+ aga9/ ,praxeas1 ma9ta9s1 t a     
,tr9ity rationally conceiv$ is consi/5t 
) tru?1 & t unity  irrationally conceiv$
 =ms h]esy4 ,he _h be=e said1 9 speak+ (
  ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 t 8!re  
are ?ree ( "o sub/ance1  & ( "o         

condition1 & ( "o p[]1 because !re is "o
 ,god30 &  he aft]w>d adds1 8,!         
connection ( ! ,fa!r 9 ! ,son1 & ( !    
,son 9 ! ,com=t]1 makes ?ree unit$      
toge!r1 ! "o ) !  o!r2 :i* ?ree are "o  
?+1 n "o p]son2 z x is said1 ,i &  !    
,fa!r are "o ?+1 ) reg>d to ! unity (   
sub/ance1 n to  ! s+ul>ity ( numb]30 &  
he also expressly says1 8,! ,fa!r is    
,god1 & ! ,son is ,god1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ 
is ,god20 & aga91 8,!  ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & 
! ,holy ,gho/1 believ$ to be ?ree1      
con/itute  "o ,god40 ,& 9 ano!r "p ( 8  
works he says1 8,!re is a ,tr9ity  ( "o 
,div9ity1 ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,son1 & ! ,holy  
,gho/40 ,&  ,t]tullian n only ma9ta9s ^!
 doctr9es1 b ass]ts t !y  7 prior to any
 h]esy1 & _h1 inde$1 be5 ! fai? (       
,*ri/ians  f ! fir/ promulgation ( !    
,gospel4 ,to ^! writ]s ( !  second      
c5tury1 we may add ,orig5 & ,cyprian 9 !
 ?ird2 ! =m]  ( :om m5tions baptism     
7allud+ to its appo9t$ =m7 z 8! s\rce  &
 f\nta9 ( graces to him :o d$icates     
himself to ! div9ity (  ! adorable      

,tr9ity40 ,& ! latt]1 aft] recit+ ! same
 =m (  baptism1 says t 8by x ,*ri/      
deliv]$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1  unto :i*
 my/]y or sacram5t ! nations 7 to be    
baptiz$40 ,x  w\ld be easy to multiply  
quotations ^u ?is subject2 b ^! are     
amply suffici5t to %[ ! op9ions ( ! e>ly
 fa!rs1 & to  refute ! ass]tion t !     
doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 0 an inv5tion  ( !  
f\r? c5tury4 ,to ^! positive te/imonies 
may be subjo9$ a  negative argum5t3 ^?  
:o ackn[l$g$ ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ & (  !   
,holy ,gho/1 are nev] call$ h]etics by  
any writ] ( ! fir/  ?ree c5turies2 & ?is
 circum/ance is surely a /rong pro( t ! 
doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 0 ! doctr9e ( !     
primitive *ur*2 m  especially1 s9ce !   
names ( ^? :o fir/ d5i$ ! div9ity (     
,*ri/ & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 are transmitt$ 
to u z ( p]sons :o  diss5t$ f ! common  
fai? ( ,*ri/ians4    ,b :ile we cont5d t
 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity is      
f\nd$ 9 ,scripture1 & support$ by !     
au?ority ( ! e>ly  ,*ri/ians1 we mu/    
ackn[l$ge t x is n giv5 to man to       

und]/& 9 :at mann] ! ?ree p]sons are    
unit$1 or h[1  sep>ately & jo9tly1 !y   
are ,god4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 well1  
if div9es1 9 treat+ ?is awful & my/]i\s 
subject1 _h conf9$  !mselves to !       
expressions ( ,scripture2 = ! mom5t we  
beg9 to  expla9 x beyond ! writt5 ^w (  
,god1 we plunge ourselves into          
inextricable difficulties4 ,& h[ c x be 
o!rwise8 ,is x to be  expect$ t our     
f9ite und]/&+s %\ld be compet5t to !    
full  compreh5sion ( ! nature &         
prop]ties ( an inf9ite ,be+8 8,c we  f9d
 out ! ,almighty to p]fection10 ,job xi1
 #g2 or p5etrate into !  ess5ce ( ! ,mo/
 ,high8 8,god is a ,_s10 ,john iv1 #bd1 
& our gross  conceptions are b          
ill-adapt$ to ! contemplation ( a pure &
  spiritual ,be+4 ,we "k n ! ess5ce (   
our own m9d1 nor !  precise di/9ction ( 
its sev]al faculties2 & :y !n %\ld we   
hope to compreh5d ! p]sonal *>act]s :i* 
exi/ 9 ! ,godhead8  8,if ,i tell y e>?ly
 ?+s1 & y und]/& !m n1 h[ %all ye       
und]/& if ,i tell y heav5ly ?+s80 ,:5 we

 attempt to  inve/igate ! nature ( !    
,deity1 ^: exi/5ce is comm5surate  )    
et]nity1 by ^: p[] ! univ]se 0 creat$1 &
 by ^:  wisdom x is gov]n$2 ^: pres5ce  
fills all space1 & ^:  k ext5ds to !    
?\ghts ( e man 9 e age1 & to !  ev5ts ( 
all places1 pa/1 pres5t1 & to come1 !   
m9d is quickly  lo/ 9 ! va/ness ( ^!    
ideas1 &1 unable to f9d any sure guide  
to direct its progress1 x becomes1 at e 
/ep1 m bewild]$ &  entangl$ 9 ! endless 
mazes ( metaphysical ab/raction4 8,god  
is a  ,god t hide? himself40 8,we _c by 
se>*+ f9d out ,god40  8,behold1 ,god is 
great1 & we "k him n10 ,job xxiii1 #i2  
xi1 #g2 xxxvi1  #bf4 8,su* k is too     
wond]ful & excell5t = u2 x is high2  we 
_c atta9 unto x10 ,psalm cxxxix1 #f4 ,x 
is = u1 simply & 9  t docile _s :i*     
becomes u1 to receive ! te/imony ( ,god 
z  to himself1 & to fix ourselves ^u t  
firme/ ( all f\ndations1  & mo/ rational
 ( all evid5ce1 8,?us sai? ! ,"l40      
,,triumphs1 ,,milit>y4 ,! ,hebrews1 "u !
 direction ( inspir$  prophets1         

celebrat$ _! victories by triumphal     
processions1 ! wom5  & *ildr5 danc+1 &  
play+ ^u musical in/rum5ts1 & s++  hymns
 & songs ( triumph to ! liv+ & true     
,god4 ,! song ( ,moses  at ! ,r$ ,sea1  
:i* 0 sung by ,miriam & ! wom5 ( ,israel
 to !  dulcet beat ( ! timbrel1 is a    
maje/ic example ( ! triumphal hymns  ( !
 anci5t ,hebrews4 ,! song ( ,deborah &  
,b>ak1 aft] !  decisive battle 9 :i*    
,sis]a lo/ 8 life1 & ,jab9 8 dom9ion    
ov] ! tribes ( ,israel1 is a production 
( ! same sort1 9 :i*  ! _s ( g5u9e      
h]oism & ( true religion are admirably  
comb9$4 ,b ! song :i* ! wom5 ( ,israel  
*ant$ :5 !y w5t  out to meet ,saul & 8  
victori\s army1 aft] ! dea? ( ,golia?1  
& ! discomfiture ( ! ,phili/9es1        
possesses some:at ( a  diff]5t "*1 turn+
 *iefly on ! valor\s exploits ( ,saul  &
 ! y\?ful *ampion ( ,israel3 8,& x came 
to pass1 z !y came1  :5 ,david 0 return$
 f ! slaught] ( ! ,phili/9e1 t !  wom5  
came out ( all ! cities ( ,israel1 s++ &
 danc+1 to meet  ,k+ ,saul ) tabrets1 ) 

joy1 & ) in/rum5ts ( music3 & !  wom5   
answ]$ "o ano!r z !y play$1 & said1     
,saul ha? sla9 8  ?\s&s1 & ,david 8 t5  
?\s&s10 #a ,sam4 xviii1 #f1 #g4 ,b !    
mo/ rem>kable fe/ivity1 p]haps1 on !    
records ( hi/ory1 0  celebrat$ by       
,jeho%aphat1 ! k+ ( ,judah1 9 a succe$+ 
age4 ,:5  t religi\s pr9ce l$ =? 8 army 
to battle aga9/ a p[]ful  conf$]acy ( 8 
neighb\rs1 he appo9t$ a b& ( sacr$ music
 to  m>* 9 front1 prais+ ! beauty (     
hol9ess z !y w5t be=e !  army1 8& to    
say1 ,praise ! ,"l1 = 8 m]cy endure? =  
ev]40  ,aft] ! discomfiture ( _!        
enemies1 he assembl$ 8 army 9 !  valley 
( ,b]a*a1 ne> ! sc5e ( victory1 :]e !y  
resum$ !  an!m ( religi\s praise3 8,!n  
!y return$1 e man ( ,judah &  ,j]usalem1
 & ,jeho%aphat 9 ! =e front ( !m1 to g  
aga9 to  ,j]usalem ) joy2 = ! ,"l _h    
made !m to rejoice ov] _!  enemies4 ,&  
!y came to ,j]usalem ) psalt]ies1 &     
h>ps1 &  trumpets1 unto ! h\se ( ! ,"l10
 #b ,*ron4 xx1 #ba1 #bg4 ,in/ead (      
celebrat+ 8 own h]oism1 or ! val\r ( 8  

troops1 on ?is  memorable occasion1 t   
excell5t pr9ce sung ) 8 :ole army !     
praises ( ! ,"l ( ho/s1 :o disposes ( ! 
victory accord+ to  8 pleasure4 ,?is    
conduct 0 becom+ ! desc5dant & successor
 (  ,david1 ! man accord+ to ,god's own 
he>t1 & a religi\s p1 !  peculi>        
inh]itance ( ,jehovah4    ,! ,roman     
conqu]ors us$ to c>ry bran*es ( palm 9  
_! h&s :5  !y w5t 9 triumph to !        
capitol2 & sometimes wore ! toga        
palmata1 a g>m5t ) ! figures ( palm     
trees ^u x1 :i* 7  int]wov5 9 ! fabric4 
,9 ! same triumphant attitude1 ! ,apo/le
  ,john beheld 9 vision ^? :o _h ov]come
 by ! blood ( ! lamb1  /&+ 8be=e !      
?rone1 clo!d ) :ite robes1 & palms 9  _!
 h&s10 ,rev4 vii1 #i4 ,! highe/ milit>y 
hon\r :i* c\ld be  obta9$ 9 ! ,roman    
/ate1 0 a triumph1 or solemn procession1
 9  :i* a victori\s g5]al & 8 army      
advanc$ ?r\gh ! city to !  capitol4 ,he 
set out f ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & proce$$  
along ! ,via  ,triumphalis1 & f !nce    
?r\gh ! mo/ public places ( ! city4  ,! 

/reets 7 /rew$ ) fl[]s1 & ! alt>s smok$ 
)  inc5se4 ,fir/ w5t a num]\s b& (      
music1 s++ & play+  triumphal songs2    
next 7 l$ ! ox5 to be sacrific$1 hav+ _!
  horns gilt1 & _! heads adorn$ )       
fillets & g>l&s2 !n1 9  c>riages1 7     
br\ght ! spoils tak5 f ! enemy2 also    
gold5  cr[ns s5t by ! alli$ & tribut>y  
/ates4 ,! titles ( !  vanqui%$ nations 7
 inscrib$ on wood5 frames2 & images or  
repres5tations ( ! conqu]$ c\ntries &   
cities 7 exhibit$4  ,! captive lead]s   
foll[$ 9 *a9s1 ) _! *ildr5 &  att5dants2
 aft] ! captives came ! lictors1 hav+ _!
 faces  wrea!d ) laurel1 foll[$ by a    
great company ( musicians &  danc]s1    
dress$ l satyrs1 & we>+ cr[ns ( gold2 9 
! mid/  ( :om 0 a pantomime1 clo!d 9 a  
female g>b1 ^: bus9ess x  01 ) 8 looks &
 ge/ures1 to insult ! vanqui%$2 a long  
tra9  ( p]sons foll[$1 c>ry+ p]fumes2   
aft] !m came ! g5]al1  dress$ 9 purple1 
embroid]$ ) gold1 ) a cr[n ( laurel on 8
  head1 a bran* ( laurel 9 8 "r h&1 & 9 
8 left an ivory  sceptre1 ) an eagle on 

! top1 8 face pa9t$ ) v]milion1 &  a    
gold5 ball hang+ f 8 neck on 8 brea/2 he
 /ood upright 9 a  gild$ *>iot1 adorn$ )
 ivory1 & drawn by f\r :ite horses1     
att5d$ by 8 relations1 & a great cr[d ( 
citiz5s1 all 9 :ite4  ,8 *ildr5 rode 9 !
 *>iot along ) him2 8 lieut5ants &      
milit>y tribunes1 commonly by 8 side4   
,aft] ! g5]al foll[$ !  consuls &       
s5ators1 on foot2 & ! :ole procession 0 
clos$ by  ! victori\s army drawn up 9   
ord]1 cr[n$ ) laurel1 &  decorat$ ) !   
gifts :i* !y _h receiv$ = _! val\r1  s++
 _! own & _! g5]al's praises4 ,!        
triumphal procession  0 n conf9$ to !   
,romans2 ! ,greeks _h a simil> cu/om2 = 
!  conqu]ors us$ to make a procession   
?r\gh ! middle ( _! city1  cr[n$ )      
g>l&s1 repeat+ hymns & songs1 & br&i%+  
_!  spe>s2 ! captives foll[$ 9 *a9s1 &  
all _! spoils 7  expos$ to public view4 
,! great ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles alludes to
 ^! spl5did triumphal  sc5es 9 8 ,epi/le
 to ! ,ephesians1 :]e he m5tions !      
glori\s  asc5sion ( 8 ,r$eem] into      

heav53 8,:5 he asc5d$ up on high1 he  l$
 captivity captive1 & gave gifts unto   
m510 ,eph4 iv1 #h4 ,^! words  are a     
quotation f ! sixty-eigh? ,psalm1 :]e   
,david 9 _s  describes ! asc5sion (     
,messiah 9 v gl[+ col\rs3 8,!  *>iots ( 
,god are tw5ty ?\s&1 ev5 ?\s&s ( angels3
 ! ,"l  is among !m1 z 9 ,s9ai1 9 ! holy
 place4 ,?\ ha/ asc5d$ on  high1 ?\ ha/ 
l$ captivity captive10 or an imm5se     
numb] (  captives2 8?\ ha/ receiv$ gifts
 = m52 yea1 = ! rebelli\s  also2 t ! ,"l
 ,god might dwell among !m4 ,bless$ be !
 ,"l1 :o  daily loade? u ) 8 b5efits1   
ev5 ! ,god ( our salvation4  ,selah10   
,psalm lxviii1 #ag-ai4 ,kn[+ ! deep     
impression :i* su* an  allusion is      
calculat$ to make on ! m9d ( a p        
famili>ly  acqua9t$ ) triumphal sc5es1 !
 ,apo/le returns to x 9 8  ,epi/le to ! 
,colossians1 :i* 0 writt5 ab\t ! same   
"t3  8,hav+ spoil$ pr9cipalities & p[]s1
 he made a %[ ( !m  op5ly1 triumph+ ov] 
!m 9 x10 ,col4 ii1 #ae4 ,aft] obta9+ a  
complete victory ov] all 8 enemies1 he  

asc5d$ 9 spl5d\r &  triumph into 8      
,fa!r's pres5ce on ! cl\ds ( heav51 !   
*>iots  ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ?\s&s ( holy    
angels att5d+ 9 8 tra92 he  l$ ! devil &
 all 8 angels1 toge!r ) s91 ! _w1 &     
dea?1 z 8 spoils ( w>1 & captives 9     
*a9s1 & expos$ !m to  op5 contempt &    
%ame1 9 ! view ( all 8 angelic          
att5dants1  triumph+ l a glori\s        
conqu]or ov] !m1 9 virtue ( 8 cross1  ^u
 :i* he made complete satisfaction = s91
 & by 8 own  /r5g?1 )\t ! assi/ance (   
any creature1 de/roy$ him t _h  ! p[] ( 
dea?1 t is1 ! devil4 ,& z mighty pr9ces 
7  accu/om$ to scatt] l>gesses among !  
p1 & rew>d _!  companions 9 arms ) a    
lib]al h&1 :51 lad5 ) ! spoils (        
vanqui%$ nations1 !y return$ 9 triumph  
to _! capital2 s !  ,conqu]or ( dea? &  
hell1 :5 he asc5d$ f> above all heav5s1 
&  sat d[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone1 %$ =?    
bless+s ( 8 grace  & ,holy ,_s1 ^u p ( e
 tongue & ( e nation4    ,! (fic]s &    
soldi]s1 also1 7 rew>d$ accord+ to _!   
m]it4  ,among ! ,romans1 ! noble/ rew>d 

:i* a soldi] c\ld receive1 0  ! cr[n1   
made ( leaves4 ,allud+ to ?is high      
di/9ction1 !  ,apo/le says to 8 son     
,timo?y1 8,i h f\ght a good fight2      
h5ce=?  !re is laid up = me a cr[n (    
righte\sness1 :i* ! ,"l1 !  righte\s    
,judge1 w give me at t day2 & n to me   
only1 b unto  all !m also t love 8      
appe>+10 #b ,tim4 iv1 #g1 #h4 ,& le/ any
  "o %\ld imag9e t ! ,*ri/ian's cr[n is 
p]i%able 9 its  nature1 & soon fades    
away1 l a cr[n ( oak leaves1 ! ,apo/le  
,pet] assures ! fai?ful soldi] ( ,*ri/ t
 8 cr[n is  inf9itely m valuable & la/+3
 8,ye %all receive a cr[n ( glory  t    
fade? n away10 #a ,pet] v1 #d4 ,& ?is   
acc\nt is confirm$ by  ,/4 ,james3      
8,bless$ is ! man t endure? temptation2 
= :5 he is  tri$1 he %all receive ! cr[n
 ( life1 :i* ! ,"l ha? promis$  to !m t 
love him10 ,james i1 #ab4 ,! milit>y    
cr[ns 7 conf]r$  by ! g5]al 9 pres5ce ( 
8 army2 & su* z receiv$ !m1 aft]  a     
public eulogium on _! val\r1 7 plac$    
next 8 p]son4 ,!  ,*ri/ian also receives

 8 unm]it$ rew>d f ! h& ( !  ,capta9 ( 8
 salvation3 8,be ?\ fai?ful unto dea?1 &
 ,i w give  !e a cr[n ( life10 ,rev4 ii1
 #aj4 ,&1 l ! brave vet]an (  anci5t    
times1 he is promot$ to a place ne> 8   
,"l3 8,to him t  ov]come?1 w ,i grant to
 sit ) me 9 my ?rone1 ev5 z ,i also     
ov]came1 & am set d[n ) my ,fa!r on 8   
?rone10 ,rev4 iii1 #ba4    ,,troas1 a   
city ( ,phrygia1 or ( ,mysia1 ^u !      
,hellespont1 hav+ !  old city ( ,troy to
 ! nor?1 & t ( ,assos to ! s\?4         
,sometimes  ! "n ( ,troas is put = !    
prov9ce1 :]e9 ! city ( ,troy  /ood4 ,/4 
,paul 0 at ,troas1 :5 he _h ! vision ( !
 ,mac$onian  invit+ him to come & prea* 
9 t k+dom1 ,acts xvi1 #h4 ,beside  ?is1 
! ,apo/le 0 sev]al times at ,troas2 b we
 "k no?+  p>ticul> ( 8 transactions !re1
 ,acts xx1 #e1 #f2 #b ,cor4 ii1 #ad2 #b 
,tim4 iv1 #ac4    ,,trophimus1 a        
disciple ( ,/4 ,paul1 & an ,ephesian by 
bir?4 ,he came  f ,ephesus to ,cor9? ) !
 ,apo/le1 & kept him company 9 8  :ole  
j\rney f ,cor9? to ,j]usalem1 ,a4 ,d4   

#eh1 ,acts xx1 #d4 ,:5 ,/4  ,paul 0 9 ! 
temple !re1 ! ,jews laid hold ( him1    
cry+ out1  8,m5 ( ,israel1 help2 ?is is 
! man t tea*e? all m5 e :]e  aga9/ ! p1 
& ! law1 & ?is place2 & f>!r1 br\ght    
,greeks also into ! temple1 & ha?       
pollut$ ?is holy place10 ,acts  xxi1    
#bh1 #bi4 ,& ?is !y said1 because c]ta9 
,jews ( ,ephesus hav+  se5 ,trophimus ) 
,/4 ,paul 9 ! city1 :om !y look$ ^u z a 
,g5tile1 imag9$ t ,/4 ,paul _h introduc$
 him into ! temple4 ,!  :ole city 0     
imm$iately 9 an upro>1 & ,/4 ,paul 0    
secur$4  ,trophimus aft]w>d accompani$  
,/4 ,paul2 = t ,apo/le writes to        
,timo?y1 t he _h left ,trophimus sick at
 ,miletus1 #b ,tim4 iv1 #bj4            
,,trumpet4 ,! ,"l comm&$ ,moses to make 
two trumpets ( beat5 silv]1  to be      
employ$ 9 call+ ! p toge!r :5 !y 7 to   
decamp1  ,num4 x1 #b1 #c1 c4 ,!y also   
*iefly made use ( ^! trumpets1 to       
proclaim ! beg9n+ ( ! civil ye>1 !      
beg9n+ ( !  ,sabbatical ye>1 & ! beg9n+ 
( ! jubilee1 ,lev4 xxv1 #i1 #aj4        

,josephus says1 t ^! trumpets 7 ne> a   
cubit long2 & _h a  tube1 or pipe1 ( !  
?ickness ( a common flute4 ,_! m\?s 7   
only wide en\gh to be bl[n into1 & _!   
ends 7 l ^? ( a  mod]n trumpet4 ,at fir/
 !re 7 b two 9 ! camp1 b aft]w>d a      
great] numb] 7 made4 ,ev5 9 ! "t (      
,jo%ua !re 7 sev5 (  !m1 ,jo%ua vi1 #d4 
,at ! d$ication ( ! temple ( ,solomon   
six-score  prie/s s\nd$ z _m trumpets1  
#b ,*ron4 v1 #ab4 ,beside ! sacr$       
trumpets ( ! temple1 ! use ( :i* 0      
re/ra9$ to ! prie/s  only1 9 w> !re 7   
o!rs1 :i* ! g5]als sometimes employ$  = 
ga!r+ _! troops toge!r4 ,= example1     
,ehud s\nd$ !  trumpet1 to assemble !   
,israelites aga9/ ! ,moabites1 :o       
oppress$  !m1 & ^: k+ ,eglon he _h      
lately sla91 ,judg4 vi1 #bg4 ,gideon    
took a trumpet 9 8 h&1 & gave e "o ( 8 p
 "o1 :5  he assault$ ! ,midianites1     
,judges vii1 #b1 #af4 ,joab s\nd$ !     
trumpet1 to give ! signal ( retreat to 8
 soldi]s1 9 ! battle  aga9/ ^? ( ,abn]'s
 p>ty1 & 9 t aga9/ ,absalom2 & la/ly1  9

 ! pursuit ( ,%eba ! son ( ,bi*ri1 #b   
,sam4 ii1 #bh2 xviii1 #af2 xx1  #bb4 ,! 
fea/ ( trumpets 0 kept on ! fir/ day ( !
 sev5? mon?  ( ! sacr$ ye>1 ! fir/ ( !  
civil ye>4 ,see ,,music4    ,,tru? is   
us$1 #a4 ,9 opposition to falsehood1    
lies1 or deceit1 ,prov4  xii1 #ag1 c4   
#b4 ,x signifies fidelity1 s9c]ity1 &   
punctuality 9  keep+ promises2 & to tru?
 tak5 9 ?is s5se is g5]ally jo9$  m]cy  
or k9dness1 z 9 ,g54 xxiv1 #bg1 & o!r   
places ( ,scripture4  #c4 ,tru? is put =
 ! true doctr9e ( ! ,gospel1 ,galatians 
iii1 #a4  #d4 ,tru? is put = ! sub/ance 
( ! types & c]emonies ( !  law1 ,john i1
 #ag4    ,,tubal1 ! fif? son ( ,japhe?4 
,! ,scripture commonly jo9s toge!r      
,tubal & ,me%e*1 :i* makes x ?\ght t !y 
peopl$ c\ntries  bord]+ ^u ea* o!r4 ,!  
,*aldee int]pret]s1 by ,tubal &  ,me%e* 
und]/& ,italy & ,asia1 or r ,ausonia4   
,josephus acc\nts  !m to be ,ib]ia &    
,cappadocia4 ,/4 ,j]om affirms t ,tubal 
repres5ts ! ,spani>ds1 h]et(ore call$   
,ib]ians4 ,bo*>t is v  copi\s 9 prov+1 t

 by ,me%e* & ,tubal are int5d$ !        
,muscovites & ! ,tib>5ians4             
,,tubal-,,ca91 or ,,?ubal-,,ca91 son (  
,lame* ! bigam\s1 & ( ,zillah1  ,g54 ix1
 #bi4 ,! ,scriptures tell u1 t he 0 !   
fa!r &  inv5tor1 or ma/]1 ( ! art ( =g+ 
& manag+ iron1 & (  mak+ all k9ds (     
iron-"w4 ,!re is great reason to believe
 t  ?is 0 ! ,vulcan ( ! ,hea!ns4        
,,turtle1 1 1 ,g54 xv1 #i2 ,lev4 i1 #ad2
 v1 #g1 #aa2 xii1 #f1 #h2 xiv1  #bb1    
#cj2 xv1 #ad1 #bi2 ,num4 vi1 #aj2 ,psalm
 lxxiv1 #ai2 ,cant4 ii1 #ab2 ,j]4  viii1
 #g2 1 ,luke ii1 #bd4 ,we h ! au?ority (
 ! ,septuag9t1  ! ,t>gum1 & ( all !     
anci5t int]pret]s1 = und]/&+ ?is  ( !   
turtle4 ,inde$1 x is "o ( ^? evid5t     
in/ances 9 :i* !  "n ( ! bird is by     
onomatopia =m$ f its note or cry4 ,!    
turtle is m5tion$ among migratory birds 
by ,j]emiah viii1 #g1 & 9  ?is s5se     
diff]s f ! re/ ( its family1 :i* are all
  /ation>y4 ,! fact to :i* ! prophet    
alludes is atte/$ by  ,ari/otle 9 ^!    
words3 8,! pigeon & ! dove are always   

pres5t1  b ! turtle only 9 summ]3 t bird
 is n se5 9 w9t]40 ,& 9  ano!r "p ( 8   
"w1 he ass]ts t ! dove rema9s1 :ile !   
turtle migrates4 ,v>ro1 & o!r anci5t    
writ]s1 make ! l  /atem5t4 ,?us         
,solomon1 ,cant4 ii1 #ab1 m5tions !     
return ( ?is bird  z "o ( ! indications 
( spr+3 8,! voice ( ! turtle is he>d  9 
! l&40 ,see ,,dove4    ,,ty*icus1 a     
disciple ( ,/4 ,paul1 :om ! ,apo/le (t5 
employ$ to  c>ry 8 lett]s to ! sev]al   
*ur*es4 ,he 0 ( ! prov9ce (  ,asia1 &   
accompani$ ,/4 ,paul1 :51 9 ,a4 ,d4 #eh1
 he made 8 j\rney  f ,cor9? to          
,j]usalem1 ,acts xx1 #d4 ,x 0 he t c>ri$
 !  epi/le to ! ,colossians1 t to !     
,ephesians1 & ! fir/ to  ,timo?y4 ,/4   
,paul did n s5d him m]ely to c>ry 8     
lett]s1 b also  to le>n ! /ate ( !      
*ur*es1 & to br+ him an acc\nt ( !m4    
,:]e=e he calls him 8 de> bro!r1 a      
fai?ful m9i/] ( !  ,"l1 & 8 companion 9 
! s]vice ( ,god1 ,eph4 vi1 #ba1 #bb2    
,col4 iv1  #g1 #h4 ,he _h ?\ghts also ( 
s5d+ him into ,crete1 to preside ov]  t 

*ur* 9 ! abs5ce ( ,titus1 iii1 #ab4     
,,type4 ,?is ^w is n frequ5tly us$ 9    
,scripture2 b :at x  signifies is       
suppos$ to be v frequ5tly impli$4 ,we   
usually consid]  a type z an example1   
patt]n1 or g5]al similitude to a p]son1 
ev5t1  or ?+ :i* is to come3 & 9 ?is x  
diff]s f a repres5tation1  memorial1 or 
commemoration ( an ev5t1 c1 :i* is pa/4 
,! ,_s (  ,god has adopt$ a v>iety (    
means to indicate 8 p]fect =ekn[l$ge  ( 
all ev5ts1 & 8 p[] to control !m4 ,?is  
is sometimes decl>$  by express v]bal   
prophecy2 sometimes by specific actions 
p]=m$ by  div9e comm&2 & sometimes by ^?
 peculi> ev5ts1 9 ! lives (             
individuals1 & ! hi/ory or religi\s     
obs]vances ( ! ,israelites1  :i* 7 caus$
 to be> a design$ ref]5ce to "s p>ts ( !
  ,gospel hi/ory4 ,! ma9 po9t1 says     
,*evalli]1 9 an inquiry into  ^!        
hi/orical types1 is to e/abli% ! fact ( 
a preconc]t$  connection betwe5 ! two   
s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,no simil>ity1 9 itself1 
is suffici5t to prove su* a             

correspond5ce4 ,ev5 ^? record$ 9        
,scripture are record$ "u v diff]5t     
circum/ances4 ,if ! fir/  ev5t be decl>$
 to be typical1 at ! "t :5 x occurs1 & !
  second correspond ) ! pr$iction s     
deliv]$1 !re c be no  d\bt t !          
correspond5ce 0 design$4 ,if1 be=e !    
occurr5ce (  ! second ev5t1 !re be      
deliv]$ a di/9ct prophecy1 t x w  happ51
 & w correspond ) "s previ\s ev5t2 !    
fulfilm5t (  ! prophecy furni%es an     
intr9sic pro(1 t ! p]son :o gave x      
spake by div9e inspiration4 ,x may n1 f 
?is fact1 foll[1 t  ! two ev5ts 7       
connect$ by a design =m$ be=e ei!r ( !m 
occurr$3 b x c]ta9ly does foll[1 t !    
second ev5t1 9 "s  measure1 _h respect  
to ! fir/2 & t :atev] degree (          
connection 01 by su* a prophet1 assum$  
to exi/1 did really exi/4  ,if1 aga91 no
 specific decl>ation be made1 respect+ !
 typical  "* ( any ev5t or p]son1 until 
aft] ! second ev5t has  occurr$1 :i* is 
!n decl>$ to h be5 prefigur$2 ! fact (  
preconc]t$ connection w re/ solely ^u ! 

au?ority ( !  p]son :o advances !       
ass]tion4 ,b1 if we "k1 f o!r s\rces1  t
 8 words are ! words ( tru?1 our only   
inquiry w be1 if he  ei!r di/9ctly      
ass]ts1 or pla9ly inf]s1 ! exi/5ce ( a  
design$ correspond5ce4 ,! fact1 !n1 ( a 
preconc]t$ connection  betwe5 two s]ies 
( ev5ts1 is capable ( be+ e/abli%$ 9    
?ree  ways3 & ! hi/orical types may be  
accord+ly arrang$ 9 ?ree  pr9cipal      
divisions4 ,"s ( !m af=d intr9sic       
evid5ce1 t !  ,scriptures1 :i* record   
!m1 are giv5 by inspiration ( ,god2 !   
o!rs c be prov$ to exi/ only by assum+ t
 fact3 b all1 :5  once e/abli%$1 display
 ! a/oni%+ p[] & wisdom ( ,god2 &  !    
importance ( t s*eme ( r$emption1 :i* 0 
u%]$ into !  _w ) su* magnific5t        
prep>ations4 ,9 contemplat+ ?is         
wond]ful sy/em1 we disc]n "o great      
int5tion int]wov51 n only  into ! v]bal 
prophecies & extraord9>y ev5ts ( !      
hi/ory (  ! ,israelites1 b into ! ord9>y
 transactions ( ! lives (  select$      
individuals1 ev5 f ! creation ( ! _w4   

,adam 0 8!  figure ( him t 0 to come10  
,romans v1 #ad4 ,mel*is$ec 0 8made  l   
unto ! ,son ( ,god10 ,heb4 vii1 #c4     
,abraham1 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts  9 :i* he 0 
engag$ by ! especial comm& ( ,heav51 0  
enabl$  to see ,*ri/'s day1 ,john viii1 
#ef2 & ,isaac 0 receiv$ f ! dead  89 a  
figure10 ,heb4 xi1 #ai4 ,at a lat]      
p]iod1 ! pas*al lamb 0  orda9$ to be    
sacrific$1 n only z a memorial ( !      
imm$iate  deliv]ance1 :i* x 0 in/itut$  
to procure & to commemorate1 b  also z a
 cont9u$ memorial ( t :i* 0 to be       
8fulfill$ 9 !  k+dom ( ,god10 ,luke     
xxii1 #af4 ,moses 0 rais$ up to deliv] !
  p ( ,israel2 to be to !m a lawgiv]1 a 
prophet1 a prie/2 & to  possess ! regal 
au?ority1 if n ! title ( k+4 ,b1 dur+ ! 
e>ly p]iod ( 8 life1 he 0 himself       
taught1 t "o great prophet  %\ld be     
rais$ up l unto him3 be=e 8 dea? he     
deliv]$ !  same prophecy to ! p3 &1 aft]
 t ev5t1 ! ,israelites  cont9ually look$
 = t fai?ful prophet1 :o %\ld return    
answ]  to _! inquiries1 #a ,macc4 iv1   

#df2 xiv1 #da4 ,_! prophets all po9t$   
to "s great] lawgiv]1 :o %\ld introduce 
a new law into _!  he>ts1 & inscribe !m 
^u _! m9ds1 ,j]4 xxxi1 #cc4 ,! :ole  p (
 ,israel 7 also made1 9 "s in/ances1    
design$ly  repres5tative ( ,*ri/3 & !   
ev5ts1 :i* occurr$ 9 _!  national       
hi/ory1 di/9ctly ref]r$ to him4 ,dur+ _!
 w&]+s 9  ! wild]ness1 ,god left n      
himself )\t witness1 :i* %\ld be>       
ref]5ce to ! great s*eme ( ! ,gospel4   
,!y ate spiritual meat4 ,x  0 an emblem 
( ! true bread ( life1 :i* came d[n f   
heav51  ,john vi1 #cb4 8,!y drank ( t   
spiritual ,rock t foll[$ !m3 &  t ,rock 
0 ,*ri/10 #a ,cor4 x1 #d4 ,!y 7 de/roy$ 
( s]p5ts2 &  a braz5 s]p5t 0 lift$ up on
 a pole1 t :osoev] look$ might  live4 ,x
 0 a s5sible figure ( ! ,son ( man1 :o  
01 9 l  mann] to be lift$ up2 8t :osoev]
 believe? 9 him %\ld n  p]i%1 b h et]nal
 life10 ,john iii1 #ae4 ,beside1 _!     
religi\s  ord9ances 7 only 8a figure = !
 "t !n pres5t10 ,heb4 ix1 #i4  ,_!      
tab]nacle 0 made aft] ! patt]n ( heav5ly

 ?+s1 ,heb4  viii1 #e2 ,exod4 xxv1 #i1  
#dj2 & 0 int5d$ to prefigure ! 8great]  
& m p]fect tab]nacle1 n made ) h&s10    
,heb4 ix1 #aa4 ,! high  prie/ 0 a liv+  
repres5tative ( ! great 8,high ,prie/ ( 
our  pr(ession10 ,heb4 iii1 #a3 & !     
,levitical sacrifices pla9ly _h  respect
 to ! "o great sacrifice = s9s4 ,jo%ua !
 son ( ,nun  repres5t$ ,jesus 9 "n3 & by
 8 e>?ly conque/s 9 "s measure          
prefigur$ ! heav5ly triumphs ( 8 ,"l4 ,9
 a subsequ5t p]iod1  ,david 0 no        
indi/9ct type ( 8! ,messiah ! ,pr9ce10  
,dan4 ix1 #be1  = a long "t humbl$1 & at
 l5g? triumphant ov] 8 enemies4 ,&  !   
peaceable dom9ion ( ,solomon prefigur$ t
 et]nal re/ &  peace1 :i* rema9e? to ! p
 ( ,god4 ,9 a /ill lat] age1 !          
miracul\s pres]vation ( ! ,prophet      
,jonah display$ a sign1 :i* 0  fulfill$ 
9 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,& :5 ! temple
 0  rebuilt1 ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,jos$e*1 ! 
high prie/1 & 8 fell[s1  7 set =? z 8m5 
( sign10 repres5tatives ( ! ,bran*1 :i* 
%\ld1 9 ! fulness ( "t1 be rais$ up to !

 /em ( ,jesse1 ,ze*4  iii1 #h2 ,isa4 xi1
 #a4 ,! illu/ration1 !n1 to be d]iv$ f !
  hi/orical types ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is 
f\nd diffus$ ov] ! :ole  p]iod1 :i*     
ext5ds f ! creation ( ! _w1 to ! "t :5  
vision & prophecy 7 seal$4 ,& all !     
light1 :i* emanates f  s _m v>i\s po9ts1
 is conc5trat$ 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4       
,,tyrannus4 ,x is said 9 ,acts xix1 #i1 
t ,/4 ,paul be+ at ,ephesus1 &  see+ t !
 ,jews to :om he prea*$1 in/ead ( be+   
conv]t$1  7 r m h>d5$ & ob/9ate1 he     
)drew f _! society1  nor w5t to prea* 9 
_! synagogue1 b taught e day 9 !  s*ool 
( "o ,tyrannus4 ,x is inquir$1 ,:o 0 ?is
 ,tyrannus8 ,"s  ?9k him to h be5 a     
pr9ce or great "l1 :o accommodat$ !     
,apo/le ) 8 h\se1 9 :i* to receive &    
in/ruct 8 disciples4  ,b ! g5]ality     
conclude1 t ,tyrannus 0 a conv]t$       
,g5tile1 a  fri5d ( ,/4 ,paul1 to :om he
 )drew4    ,,tyre1 or ,,tyrus1 0 a fam\s
 city ( ,ph5icia4 ,its ,hebrew "n is  or
  1 :i* signifies a rock4 ,! city (     
,tyre 0 allott$ to ! tribe  ( ,a%]1     

,jo%ua xix1 #bi1 ) ! o!r m>itime cities 
( ! same  coa/2 b x does n appe> t !    
,a%]ites ev] drove out !  ,canaanites4  
,isaiah1 xxiii1 #ab1 calls ,tyre !      
daught] ( ,sidon1 t  is1 a colony f x4  
,hom] nev] speaks ( ,tyre1 b only (     
,sidon4  ,josephus says1 t ,tyre 0 built
 n above two hundr$ & =ty ye>s  be=e !  
temple ( ,solomon2 :i* w\ld be 9 ,a4 ,m4
 #bgfj1 two hundr$  ye>s aft] ,jo%ua4   
,tyre 0 tw(old1 insul> & cont95tal4     
,insul>  ,tyre 0 c]ta9ly ! mo/ anci5t2 =
 ?is x 0 :i* 0 notic$  by ,jo%ua3 !     
cont95tal city1 h[ev]1 z be+ m          
commodi\sly  situat$1 fir/ grew into    
consid]ation1 & assum$ ! "n (           
,paltyrus1 or ,old ,tyre4 ,want (       
suffici5t att5tion to ?is  di/9ction1   
has emb>rass$ bo? ! ,tyrian *ronology & 
geography4  ,insul> ,tyre 0 conf9$ to a 
small rocky isl&1 eight hundr$ paces    
long1 & f\r hundr$ broad1 & c\ld nev]   
exce$ two miles 9  circumf]5ce4 ,b      
,tyre1 on ! opposite coa/1 ab\t half a  
mile f  ! sea1 0 a city ( va/ ext5t1    

s9ce _m c5turies aft] its  demolition by
 ,nebu*adnezz>1 ! scatt]$ ra9s measur$  
n9ete5  miles r\nd1 z we le>n f ,pl9y & 
,/rabo4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/  curi\s & surpris+ 
are1 ! ci/]ns ( ,roselayne1 design$ to  
supply ! city ) wat]2 ( :i* !re are ?ree
 /ill entire2 ab\t  "o or two furlongs f
 ! sea1 s well describ$ by ,maundrell1 =
  _! curi\s con/ruction & solid masonry4
 ,old ,tyre )/ood !  mighty ,assyrian   
p[]1 hav+ be5 besieg$ 9 va91 by         
,%almanes]1 =  five ye>s2 al?\gh he cut 
(f _! supplies ( wat] f !  ci/]ns2 :i*  
!y rem$i$ by digg+ wells )9 ! city4 ,x  
aft]w>d held out ?irte5 ye>s aga9/      
,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ (  ,babylon1 & 0 at   
l5g? tak52 b n until ! ,tyrians _h      
remov$  _! effects to ! insul> t[n1 &   
left no?+ b ! b>e walls  to ! victor1   
:i* he demoli%$4 ,:at complet$ !        
de/ruction (  ! city 01 t ,alex&]       
aft]w>d made use ( ^! mat]ials to  build
 a prodigi\s causeway1 or i/hmus1 above 
half a mile long1 to !  insul> city1 :i*
 reviv$1 z ! phnix1 f ! a%es ( !  old1 &

 grew to great p[] & opul5ce1 z a       
m>itime /ate2 &  :i* he /orm$ aft] a mo/
 ob/9ate siege ( five mon?s4 ,pococke   
obs]ves1 t 8!re are no signs ( ! anci5t 
city2 & z x is a  s&y %ore1 ! face ( e  
?+ is alt]$1 & ! great aqu$uct  is 9 _m 
p>ts almo/ buri$ 9 ! s&40 ,?us has be5  
fulfill$ !  prophecy ( ,ezekiel3 8,?\   
%alt be built no m3 ?\gh ?\ be s\ght  =1
 yet %alt ?\ nev] be f\nd aga910 ,ezek4 
xxvi1 #ba4 ,! fate (  insul> ,tyre has  
be5 no less rem>kable4 ,:5 ,alex&] /orm$
 !  city1 he set fire to x4 ,?is        
circum/ance 0 =etold4 8,tyre did build  
h]self a /rong hold1 & heap$ up silv] z 
! du/1 & f9e gold  z ! mire ( ! /reets4 
,behold1 ! ,"l w ca/ h] out1 & he  w    
smite h] p[] 9 ! sea1 & %e %all be      
dev\r$ ) fire10  ,ze*4 ix1 #c1 #d4 ,aft]
 ?is t]rible calamity1 ,tyre aga9       
retriev$ h]  losses4 ,only eighte5 ye>s 
aft]1 %e _h recov]$ su* a %>e ( h]      
anci5t comm]ce & opul5ce1 z enabl$ h] to
 /& a siege (  f\rte5 mon?s aga9/       
,antigonus1 be=e he c\ld r$uce ! city2 b

  aft] ?is1 ,tyre fell alt]nately "u !  
dom9ion ( ! k+s (  ,syria & ,egypt1 & !n
 ( ! ,romans1 until x 0 tak5 by !       
,s>ac5s1 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fci1 retak5 by ! 
,crusad]s1 ,a4 ,d4 #aabd2 & at  l5g?    
sack$ & raz$ by ! ,mamelukes ( ,egypt1 )
 ,sidon1 & o!r  /rong t[ns1 t !y might  
no long] h>b\r ! ,*ri/ians1 ,a4 ,d4     
#abhi4    ,! f9al desolation ( ,tyre 0  
?us =etold3 8,i w scrape h] du/  f h]1 &
 make h] l ! top ( a rock3 x %all be a  
place =  ! spread+ ( nets 9 ! mid/ ( !  
sea3 = ,i h spok5 x1  sai? ! ,"l ,god40 
8,i w make !e l ! top ( a rock3 ?\  %alt
 be a place to spread nets ^u3 ?\ %alt  
be built no m2 = ,i  ! ,"l h spok5 x1   
sai? ! ,"l ,god40 ,no?+ c be m  lit]ally
 & a/oni%+ly execut$ ?an ?is s5t5ce4    
,huetius relates  ( "o ,hadrianus       
,p>vill]ius1 t 8:5 he approa*$ ! ru9s ( 
,tyre1 & beheld ! rocks /ret*$ =? to !  
sea1 & ! great  /ones scatt]$ up & d[n  
on ! %ore1 made clean & smoo? by !  sun 
& waves & w9d1 & useful only = ! dry+ ( 
fi%]m5's  nets1 _m ( :i* happ5$ at t "t 

to be spread !reon1 x  br\ght to 8      
memory ! prophecy ( ,ezekiel conc]n+    
,tyre1 t su*  %\ld be its fate40        
,maundrell1 :o visit$ ! ,holy ,l&1 ,a4  
,d4 #afig1  describes x ?us3 8,?is city1
 /&+ 9 ! sea ^u a p59sula1  promises at 
a di/ance1 some?+ v magnific5t2 b :5 y  
come to  x1 y f9d no similitude ( t     
glory = :i* x 0 s r5[n$ 9  anci5t times1
 & :i* ! ,prophet ,ezekiel describes1   
xxvi1 xxvii1  xxviii4 ,on ! nor? side x 
has an old ,turki% ung>rison$ ca/le2    
beside :i*1 y see no?+ "h b a m]e ,babel
 ( brok5 walls1  pill>s1 vaults1 c2 !re 
be+ n s mu* z "o entire h\se left6  ,its
 pres5t inhabitants are only a few poor 
wret*es h>b\r+  !mselves 9 ! vaults1 &  
subsi/+ *iefly by fi%+3 :o seem to  be  
pres]v$ 9 ?is place by ,div9e           
,provid5ce1 z a visible argum5t  h[ ,god
 has fulfill$ 8 ^w conc]n+ ,tyre1       
namely1 t x %\ld  be z ! top ( a rock2 a
 place = fi%]s to dry _! nets ^u1       
,ezek4 xxvi1 #ad40 ,hasselqui/1 :o saw x
 s9ce1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #agea1 obs]ves  z      

foll[s3 8,none ( ^? cities :i* 7 =m]ly  
fam\s are s  totally ru9$ z ,tyre1 n[   
call$ ,zur2 except ,troy4 ,zur n[       
sc>cely  c be call$ a mis]able village1 
?\gh x 0 =m]ly ,tyre1 !  que5 ( ! sea4  
,"h are ab\t t5 inhabitants1 ,turks &   
,*ri/ians1  :o live by fi%+40 ,bruce1 :o
 visit$ ?is c\ntry ab\t eighty ye>s     
aft] ,maundrell1 says1 t 8pass+ by ,tyre
 f curiosity1 ,i came to  be a m\rnful  
witness ( ! tru? ( t prophecy1 t ,tyre1 
!  que5 ( nations1 %\ld be a rock =     
fi%]s to dry _! nets on40  ,mr4         
,buck+ham1 :o visit$ x 9 #ahaf1         
repres5ts x z conta9+  ab\t eight hundr$
 sub/antial /one-built h\ses1 & f five  
to  eight ?\s& inhabitants4 ,b ,mr4     
,j[ett1 on ! au?ority ( !  ,greek       
ar*bi%op1 r$uces ?is numb] to less ?an  
f\r ?\s&2  namely1 "o ?\s& two hundr$   
,greek ,ca?olics1 "o hundr$ ,m>onites1  
"o hundr$ ,greeks1 "o ?\s& ,montonalis1 
& "o hundr$ ,turks4 ,mr4  ,j[ett obs]v$ 
num]\s & beautiful columns /ret*$ along 
!  bea*1 or /&+ 9 fragm5ts half buri$ 9 

! s&1 t has be5  accumulat+ = ages3 8!  
brok5 aqu$uct1 & ! ru9s :i* appe>  9 its
 neighb\rhood1 exi/ z an affect+ monum5t
 ( ! fragile &  transitory nature (     
e>?ly gr&eur40 ,mr4 ,joliffe /ates1 t   
!re  n[ exi/ sc>cely any traces ( ?is   
once p[]ful city4 8,"s  mis]able cab9s1 
rang$ 9 irregul> l9es1 dignifi$ ) ! "n (
  /reets1 & a few build+s ( a r bett]   
description1 occupi$ by  ! (fic]s (     
gov]nm5t1 compose ne>ly ! :ole ( ! t[n4 
,x  /ill makes1 inde$1 "s langui%+ ef=ts
 at comm]ce1 & contrives  to export     
annually to ,alex&ria c>goes ( silk &   
tobacco2 b !  am\nt m]its no            
consid]ation4 ,! noble du/ ( ,alex&]1   
trac$ by  ! imag9ation till f\nd /opp+ a
 be] b>rel1 w\ld sc>cely af=d  a /rong] 
contra/ ( gr&eur & debasem5t1 ?an ,tyre1
 at ! p]iod  ( be+ besieg$ by t         
conqu]or1 & ! mod]n t[n ( ,ts\r  erect$ 
on its a%es40    ,z comm]cial cities1   
says ,mans=d1 anci5t ,alex&ria & ,london
 may  be consid]$ z approa*+ ! ne>e/ to 
,tyre4 ,b ,alex&ria1 dur+  ! :ole ( h]  

prosp]\s days1 0 subject to =eign rule2 
&  ,london1 great z are h] comm]ce & h] 
weal?1 & possess+ z %e  does almo/ a    
monopoly ( :at has 9 all ages be5 ! mo/ 
enviable  & mo/ lucrative bran* ( trade1
 t ) ! ea/1 does n c5tre  9 h]self1 z   
,tyre did1 )\t a rival & )\t            
competition1 !  trade ( all nations1 &  
hold an absolute monopoly1 n ( "o1 b (  
e bran* ( comm]ce4 ,= ! long p]iod ( a  
?\s& ye>s1 n a  s+le production ( ! ea/ 
pass$ to ! we/1 or ( ! we/ to !  ea/1 b 
by ! m]*ants ( ,tyre4 ,nor = _m ages 7  
any %ips  f\nd b ^? ( ,tyre d>+ en\gh to
 pass ! /raits ( ! ,r$ ,sea  on "o side1
 or ( ! ,m$it]ranean on ! o!r4 ,:ile !  
vessels (  o!r c\ntries 7 grop+ along _!
 coa/s1 cl++ to _!  l&m>ks1 & fright5$  
at a breeze1 ! %ips ( ,tyre 7 f\nd f    
,spa91 if n f ,brita91 on ! we/1 to !   
coa/ ( ,malab> &  ,s(ala on ! ea/ & s\?4
 ,no wond] t h] m]*ants 7 pr9ces1  & t  
!y liv$ 9 a /yle ( magnific5ce unkn[n 9 
any o!r  c\ntry 9 ! same age2 or t %e   
%\ld be consid]$ a desirable  prey by ! 

conqu]ors ( ! times4 ,b ent]prise &     
weal? did n  alone complete ! "* ( !    
,tyrians2 !y _h an und\bt$ claim  to    
val\r ( no common ord]4 ,_! city1 :i*   
possess$ sc>cely any  t]ritory beyond _!
 own walls1 ma9ta9$ a siege ( ?irte5    
ye>s  7! longe/ 9 hi/ory except t (     
,a%dod7 aga9/ ! :ole p[]  ( ,babylon2 & 
ano!r ( sev5 mon?s aga9/ ,alex&]1 ^:    
successes _h af=d$ no in/ance ( simil>  
delay4 ,& 9 nei!r case  _h ! captors mu*
 to boa/ (1 z ! ,tyrians _h %ipp$ (f _! 
mo/ valuable prop]ty to ,c>?age2 & 9 !  
=m] p>ticul>ly1 z  has be5 already      
relat$1 !y s effectually secur$ or      
sacrific$ !  :ole1 t ! soldi]s (        
,nebu*adnezz> f\nd no?+ to rew>d !m  =  
_! l5g? ( lab\r1 dur+ :i*1 by excessive 
toil & heat1  8_! heads 7 made bald1 &  
_! v %\ld]s peel$10 b  vacant /reets1 & 
h\ses already sack$4 ,c>?age1 ,utica1 & 
,cadiz1  are celebrat$ monum5ts ( ! p[] 
( ,tyre on ! ,m$it]ranean1 &  9 ! we/4  
,%e ext5d$ h] navigation ev5 into !     
ocean1 &  c>ri$ h] comm]ce beyond ,engl&

 to ! nor?1 & ! ,can>ies to  ! s\?4 ,h] 
connections ) ! ea/1 ?\gh less kn[n1 7 n
  less consid]able2 ! isl&s ( ,tyrus &  
,aradus1 7! mod]n  ,b>ha917 9 ! ,p]sian 
,gulf4 ,! cities ( ,f>an & ,phnicum     
,oppidum1 on ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ru9s ev5 9 ! 
"t ( ! ,greeks1 prove  t ! ,tyrians _h  
long frequ5t$ ! coa/ ( ,arabia & !      
,indian  ,sea4 ,b1 ?r\gh ! vicissitudes 
( "t1 ,tyre1 r$uc$ to a mis]able        
village1 has no o!r trade ?an !         
exportation ( a few sacks ( corn  & raw 
cotton1 nor any m]*ant1 says ,volney1 b 
a s+le ,greek factor  9 ! s]vice ( !    
,fr5* ,saide1 7,sidon17 :o sc>cely makes
  suffici5t pr(it to ma9ta9 8 family4 ,9
 allusion to ,tyre 9 h]  bett] days1    
,=bes obs]ves1 :5 speak+ ( ,surat1 8,!  
baz>s1  fill$ ) co/ly m]*&ise2          
picturesque & int]e/+ gr\ps (  natives  
on elephants1 camels1 horses1 & mules2  
/rang]s f all  p>ts ( ! globe1 9 _!     
respective co/ume2 vessels build+ on !  
/ocks1 o!rs navigat+ ! riv]2 toge!r )   
,turks1 ,p]sians1 &  ,arm5ians1 on      

,arabian *>g]s2 ,european ladies 9      
spl5did c>riages1  ! ,asiatic females 9 
hack]ies drawn by ox52 & ! motley       
appe>ance ( ! ,engli% & nabob's troops  
on ! =tifications1  rem9d u ( ! foll[+  
description ( ,tyre1 8,o ?\ t art       
situate  at ! entry ( ! sea1 :i* art a  
m]*ant ( ! p = _m  isles10 c1 ,ezek4    
xxvii1 #c4 ,?is is a true picture (     
ori5tal comm]ce  9 anci5t times2 & a v  
exact description ( ! port & !  baz>s ( 
,surat1 at ! pres5t day40    ,dr4 ,v9c5t
 has giv5 ! foll[+ able illu/ration ( ! 
trade (  ,tyre z describ$ 9 ,ezek4      
xxvii1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( !  mo/
 ample & e>ly acc\nts extant4 ,! le>n$  
au?or has r5d]$  ! ,hebrew names into   
o!rs bett] kn[n 9 ! geography ( m  rec5t
 times3--,tyre produc$ f ,h]mon1 & !    
m\nta9s ne> x1 fir  = plank+2 & f       
,libanus1 c$>s = ma/s4 ,f ,ba%an1 ea/ ( 
! sea ( ,galilee1 oaks = o>s4 ,f        
,greece1 or ! ,grecian isles1  ivory to 
adorn ! b5*es or ! wai/s ( ! galleys4 ,f
 ,egypt1  l951 ornam5t$ ) diff]5t       

col\rs1 = sails1 or flags1 or  ensigns4 
,f ,peloponnesus1 blue & purple clo?s = 
awn+s4 ,f  ,sidon & ,aradus1 m>9]s2 b   
,tyre itself furni%$ pilots &  comm&]s4 
,f ,gebal1 or ,biblos1 on ! coa/ betwe5 
,tripolis &  ,b]ytus1 caulk]s4 ,f ,p]sia
 & ,africa1 m]c5>y troops4 ,f  ,aradus1 
! troops t g>rison$ ,tyre ) ! ,gamadim4 
,f ,t>%i%1  or by di/ant voyages t[>d ! 
we/1 & t[>d ! ea/1 great  weal?1 iron1  
t91 lead1 & silv]4 ,t9 implies ,brita9  
or ,spa91 or at  lea/ a voyage beyond ! 
,/raits ( ,h]cules4 ,f ,greece1 & !     
c\ntries bord]+ on ,pontus1 slaves1 &   
brass w>e4 ,f ,arm5ia1  horses1 horsem51
 & mules4 ,f ! ,gulf ( ,p]sia1 & ! isles
  )9 t gulf1 horns 7tusks7 ( ivory1 &   
ebony4 ,! export to ^!  isles 0 !       
manufacture ( ,tyre4 ,f ,syria1 em]alds1
 purple1  broid]$ "w1 f9e l951 coral1 & 
agate4 ,! exports to ,syria 7  !        
manufactures ( ,tyre 9 great quantities4
 ,f ,judah & ,israel1 !  f9e/ :eat1     
honey1 oil1 & balsam4 ,f ,damascus1 w9e 
( ,*alybon1  7! c\ntry bord]+ on ! mod]n

 ,aleppo17 & wool 9 ! fleece4  ,!       
exports to ,damascus 7 co/ly & v>i\s    
manufactures4 ,f !  tribe ( ,dan1       
situat$ ne>e/ to ! ,phili/9es1 ! produce
 (  ,arabia1 bright or wr\ght iron1     
cassia or c9namon1 & ! calamus          
aramaticus4 ,9 conduct+ ! transport ( ^!
 articles1 ,dan w5t to  & fro1 t is1 =m$
 or conduct$ ! c>avans4 ,by "o          
int]pretation1 !y are said to come f    
,uzal2 & ,uzal is said to be  ,sana1 !  
capital ( ,yem51 or ,arabia ,felix4 ,f !
 ,gulf ( ,p]sia1  ri* clo? = !          
decoration ( *>iots or horsem54 ,f      
,arabia  ,petra & ,h$jaz1 lambs1 & rams1
 & goats4 ,f ,sabea & ,oman1 !  be/ (   
spices4 ,f ,india1 gold1 & preci\s      
/ones4 ,f ,mesopotamia1  f ,c>rh1 &     
,babylonia1 ! ,assyrians br\ght all     
sorts ( exquisite  ?+s2 t is1 f9e       
manufacture1 blue clo?1 & broid]$ "w1 or
  fabric ( v>i\s col\rs1 9 *e/s ( c$>   
b\nd ) cords1  conta9+ ri* app>el4 ,if  
^! articles 7 obta9$ f>!r f  ! ea/1 may 
!y n be ! fabrics ( ,india1 fir/ br\ght 

to ,assyria  by ! ,gulf ( ,p]sia1 or by 
c>avans f ,k>mania & ! ,indus1 &  !n    
convey$ by ! ,assyrians1 9 o!r c>avans1 
to ,tyre & ,syria8 ,9  ?is view1 ! c>e (
 package1 ! *e/s ( c$>1 & ! cord+ (  !  
*e/s1 are all correspond5t to ! nature (
 su* a transport4  ,f ,t>%i% ! %ips came
 t rejoic$ 9 ! m>kets ( ,tyre3 !y       
repl5i%$ ! city1 & made x glori\s 9 !   
mid/ ( ! sea1  ,ezek4 xxvii1 #e-be4 ,dr4
 ,v9c5t obs]ves1 t f ! ,t>%i% la/       
m5tion$ ! %ips return$ to ! ports 9 !   
,r$ ,sea2 z f !  n9ete5? to ! tw5ty-f\r?
 v]se e p>ticul> relates to !  ea/1 :ile
 t ref]r$ to 9 ! twelf? implies !       
we/--,spa91 or  beyond4 ,we h "h "s     
light ?r[n on ! obscurity :i* surr\nds  
! situation ( ?is di/ant & unkn[n place4
 ,!re is1 inde$1 a  cle> ref]5ce to two 
di/9ct places1 or p>ts ( ! _w1  d5om9at$
 ,t>%i%2 p]haps f ^? v circum/ances1 _! 
di/ance1 & ! little t 0 kn[n respect+   
!m4 ,t "o 0  situat$ we/w>d1 & rea*$ by 
a passage across ! ,m$it]ranean1 is     
c]ta9 f o!r p>ts ( ,scripture2 t ! o!r 0

 ea/w>d1 or  s\?w>d1 on ! coa/ (        
,arabia1 ,india1 or ,africa1 is equally 
c]ta94  ,see ,,t>%i%1 & ,,ophir4        
,,unbelief or ,,infidelity is a want (  
cr$5ce 9 ! ^w ( ,god2 or x  may be      
def9$1 a call+ 9 "q ! div9e v]acity1 9  
:at ,god  ha? ei!r te/ifi$1 promis$1 or 
?reat5$2 & ?us x is !  opposite ( fai?1 
:i* consi/s 9 cr$it+ :at ,god ha? said1 
,john  iii1 #ah1 #cc4 ,x is said t !    
,jews c\ld n ent] into ! promis$  l&1   
8because ( _! unbelief10 ,heb4 iii1 #ah1
 #ai4 ,& ! ,apo/le1  tea*+ ! believ+    
,hebrews :at in/ruction !y %\ld d$uce f 
t portion ( ! hi/ory ( _! =efa!rs1 says1
 z ! words  lit]ally translat$ w\ld run1
 8,we are evangeliz$ z well z !y  72 b !
 ^w :i* !y he>d did n pr(it !m1 n be+   
mix$  ) fai? 9 !m t he>d x10 ,heb4 iv1  
#b4 ,! mean+ is1 ,we  ,*ri/ians are     
fav\r$ ) ! good news ( ! heav5ly re/1 z 
well  z ,israel 9 ! wild]ness 7 ) ! good
 news ( ! e>?ly re/  9 ,canaan2 b ! ^w  
:i* !y he>d conc]n+ t re/ did n  pr(it  
!m1 because !y did n believe x4 ,h5ce x 

appe>s t  fai? & unbelief are n conf9$  
to ! spiritual tru?s & promises  ( !    
,gospel ( ,*ri/1 b respect any tru? :i* 
,god may reveal1 or  any promise :i* he 
may make ev5 conc]n+ temporal ?+s4 ,x is
 a  cr$it+ or discr$it+ ,god 9 :at he   
says1 :atev] be ! subject4  ,*ri/ c\ld n
 d _m mighty works 9 8 own c\ntry1      
because (  _! unbelief1 ,matt4 vi1 #e1  
#f2 _! mean op9ion ( him1 & contempt  ( 
8 miracles1 r5d]$ !m unfit objects to h 
miracles wr\ght  ^u or among !m4 ,!     
,apo/les' di/ru/ ( ,*ri/'s promises1 (  
enabl+ !m to ca/ out devils1 r5d]$ !m   
incapable ( ca/+ "o  out1 ,m>k xvii1    
#af2 & ,/4 ,pet]'s di/ru/ ( 8 ,ma/]'s   
p[]  occasion$ 8 s9k+ 9 ! wat]1 ,matt4  
xiv1 #cj1 #ca4 ,! unbelief =  :i* !     
,jews 7 brok5 (f f _! be+ a *ur* 0 _!   
d5ial ( ,*ri/'s ,messiah%ip1 _! contempt
 & refusal ( him1 &  _! viol5t          
p]secution ( 8 cause & memb]s1 ,rom4 xi1
 #bj4    ,adv]t+ to ! infidelity :i*    
prevail$ among ! educat$ class (        
,hea!ns :5 ,*ri/ianity fir/ appe>$ 9 !  

_w1 ,dr4 ,ne&]  obs]ves3--,x 0          
,*ri/ianity :i* fir/ pres5t$ religion "u
 !  =m ( objective tru?1 z a sy/em (    
doctr9es p]fectly indep5d5t  ( all      
individual conceptions ( man's          
imag9ation1 & calculat$ to  meet ! moral
 & religi\s wants ( man's nature1 & 9 t 
nature  e :]e to f9d "s po9t on :i* x   
might atta* itself4 ,!  religions (     
antiquity1 on ! contr>y1 consi/ ( _m    
elem5ts (  v>i\s k9ds1 :i*1 ei!r by !   
skill ( ! fir/ promulgator1 or1  9 !    
l5g? ( ye>s1 by ! impress ( national    
peculi>ities1 7  m\ld$ toge!r into "o   
:ole4 ,by ! transmission ( tales1 half  
my?ical1 & half hi/orical1 by =ms &     
/atutes be>+ ! impress  ( religi\s      
feel+s or ideas1 m+l$ ) multif>i\s      
poems1 :i*  %[$ a p[]ful imag9ative _s1 
rugg$ inde$1 or1 if animat$ by  ! _s (  
beauty1 at lea/ devoid ( t (            
hol9ess1--all ^!  v>i$ mat]ials 7       
int]wov5 s completely into all !        
*>act]s1  cu/oms1 & relations ( social  
life1 t ! religi\s matt] c\ld  no long] 

be sep>at$ f ! mix$ mass1 nor be        
dis5tangl$ f !  individual nature ( !   
life & political "* ( ea* p  ) :i* x 0  
int]wov54 ,!re 0 no religion g5]ally    
adapt$ to  human nature1 only religions 
fitt$ to ea* p4 ,! ,div9ity  appe>$ "h1 
n z free & elevat$ above nature2 n z t  
:i*1  ov]rul+ nature1 might =m &        
illum9ate ! nature ( man2 b 0  l[]$ to !
 level ( nature1 & made subs]vi5t to x4 
,?r\gh ?is  pr9ciple ( deify+ ! p[]s (  
nature1 by :i* e ex]tion (  b>e p[]1 ev5
 ?\gh immoral1 might be receiv$ among ! 
objects (  religi\s v5]ation1 ! idea (  
hol9ess :i* beams =? f man's  consci5ce 
mu/ cont9ually h be5 ?r[n into ! back   
gr\nd &  ov]%ad[$4 ,! old lawgiv]s 7    
well aw>e h[ closely !  ma9t5ance ( an  
individual /ate religion dep5ds on !    
ma9t5ance  ( ! individual "* ( ! p1 & _!
 civil & dome/ic  virtues4 ,!y 7 well   
aw>e t :5 once ?is union is dissolv$ no 
p[] c re/ore x aga94 ,!re=e we f9d1     
especially 9 ,rome1 :]e  politics 7 !   
rul+ passion1 a wat*fulness aft] ! mo/  

punctili\s obs]vance ( traditional      
religi\s c]emonies1 & a  jeal\s av]sion 
to any innovations 9 religion4 ,! belief
 ( a div9e  orig9 ( all exi/5ce is a    
fir/ pr9ciple 9 man's nature1 & he is   
irresi/ibly impell$ to asc5d f _m to    
,"o4 ,?is v feel+  %[$ itself ev5 9 !   
poly!ism ( national religions1 "u !     
idea ( a highe/ ,god1 or a fa!r ( !     
gods4 ,among ^? :o gave  !mselves up to 
! consid]ation ( div9e ?+s1 & to        
reflection  ^u !m1 ?is idea ( an orig9al
 unity mu/ h be5 m cle>ly  recogniz$1 & 
mu/ h =m$ ! c5tre po9t ( all _! inw>d   
religi\s life & ?\ght4 ,! imag9ation ( !
 p 0 to be  engag$ ) ! num]\s p[]s &    
en]gies fl[+ =? f t  "o highe/ ,be+1    
:ile to ! contemplation ( t unity1 only 
a  small numb] ( exalt$ spirits1 !      
initiat$ lead]s ( ! multitude1  c\ld    
elevate !mselves4 ,! "o ,god 0 ! ,god ( 
philosoph]s alone4  ,! rul+ op9ion ( all
 ! ?9k+ m5 ( antiquity1 f :i* all       
religi\s legislation proce$$1 01 t pure 
religi\s tru? c\ld  n be propos$ to !   

multitude1 b only su* a mixture (       
fiction1  poetry1 & tru?1 z w\ld s]ve to
 repres5t religi\s notions 9 su*  a     
mann] t !y might make an impression on  
m51 ^: only guide 0  _! s5ses4 ,!       
pr9ciple ( a s call$ fraus pia pi\s     
fraud 0  preval5t 9 all ! legislation ( 
antiquity4 ,b h[ mis]able w\ld  be !    
case ( mank9d1 if ! high] bond1 connect+
 human affairs  ) heav51 c\ld only be   
unit$ by means ( lies2 if lies 7        
necess>y 9 ord] to re/ra9 ! great]      
portion ( mank9d f evil6  ,& :at c\ld _!
 religion 9 su* a case effect8 ,x c\ld n
 imp>t  holy dispositions to ! inw>d    
he>t ( man2 x c\ld only re/ra9 !  op5   
outbreak+ ( evil t exi/$ 9 ! he>t1 by ! 
p[] (  fe>4 ,falsehood1 :i* _c be       
arbitr>ily impos$ on human nature1  w\ld
 nev] h be5 able to obta9 ?is influ5ce1 
_h n a tru?1  :i* is sure to make itself
 felt by human nature1 be5 work+ ?r\gh  
x1--_h n ! belief 9 an unse5 ,god1 on   
:om man univ]sally feels  himself       
dep5d5t1 & to :om he feels himself      

attract$1--_h n !  impulse t[>d an      
invisible _w1 :i* is implant$ 9 ! human 
he>t1--be5 able to "w also ?r\gh ?is    
cov]+ ( sup]/ition4  ,! geograph] ,/rabo
 ?9ks t1 9 ! same mann] t my?ical  tales
 & fables are ne$ful = *ildr51 s also !y
 are necess>y  = ! un$ucat$ & un9=m$1 :o
 are 9 "s sort *ildr51 &  also = ^? :o  
are half educat$2 = ev5 ) !m reason is n
  suffici5tly p[]ful1 & !y are n able to
 free !mselves f !  habits !y h acquir$ 
z *ildr54 ,?is is1 inde$1 a sad         
condition  ( humanity1 :5 ! se$ (       
hol9ess1 :i* c develope itself only  9 !
 :ole c\rse ( a life1 _c be /rewn 9 !   
he>t ( !  *ild1 & :5 mature reason mu/  
de/roy t :i* 0 plant$ 9 !  e>ly ye>s (  
infancy6 :5 holy tru? _c =m ! f\ndation 
(  ! future developem5t ( life f !      
e>lie/ dawn ( *ildi%  consci\sness6 ,!  
?9k+ ,roman /atesm5 also ( ! "t at :i*  
,*ri/ianity appe>$1 z ,v>ro1 = in/ance1 
di/+ui% betwe5 !  !ologia philosophica  
philosophical !ology & ! !ologia        
civilis1 civil !ology1 :i* contradicts !

 pr9ciples ( !  =m]1 z ,cotta 9 ,cic]o  
di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! belief ( ,cotta1  & ! 
belief ( ! ,pontifex4 ,! philosoph]     
requir$ 9 religion a  p]suasion gr\nd$  
on reason+2 ! citiz51 ! /atesman1 foll[$
  ! tradition ( 8 ance/ors )\t inquiry4 
,suppose n[ ?is  !ologia civilis1 & ?is 
!ologia philosophica to proce$  toge!r1 
)\t a man's wi%+ to set ! opposition    
betwe5 ! two  9 a v cle> light to       
himself2 t ! citiz5 & ! /atesman1  !    
philosoph] & ! man1 c\ld be unit$ 9 !   
same individual )  contradictory        
s5tim5ts1 7a division :i* 9 ! same man  
is v  unnatural17 & !n he w\ld p]haps   
say1 8,philosophical reason  conducts to
 a diff]5t result f t :i* is e/abli%$ by
 !  /ate religion2 b ! latt] has 9 its  
fav\r ! good =tune :i*  ! /ate has      
enjoy$ 9 ! ex]cise ( religion h&$ d[n f 
our  ance/ors4 ,let u foll[ exp]i5ce ev5
 :]e we d n ?or\ghly  und]/&40 ,?us     
speaks ,cotta1 & ?us also _m ,romans (  
education  9 8 "t1 ei!r m or less       
explicitly4 ,or p]haps we may suppose1  

t m5 op5ly express$ ?is contradiction1 &
 did n scruple to  assign ! pure tru? to
 ! !ologia philosophica1 & to decl>e  ! 
!ologia civilis only a matt] ( politics4
 ,9 ! ea/1 :i* is  less subject to      
commotions1 :]e tranquil habits ( life 7
 m  common1 & :]e a my/ical _s (        
contemplation1 accompany+ &             
spiritualiz+ ! symbolical religion ( !  
p1 0 m preval5t  ?an an intellectual    
cultivation oppos$ to x1 & develop+     
itself  indep5d5tly1 x 0 possible t ?is 
k9d ( esot]ic & exot]ic  religion %\ld  
proce$ h& 9 h& )\t *ange = _m c5turies4 
,b x 0 o!rwise ) ! m /irr+ spirits &    
habits ( !  we/4 ,"h ?is indep5d5tly    
proce$+ developem5t ( ! intellect  mu/ h
 be5 at op5 w> ) ! religion ( ! p2 & z  
intellectual culture spread itself m    
widely1 s also mu/ a disbelief  ( !     
popul> religion h be5 m ext5sively      
diffus$2 &1 9  consequ5ce ( ! int]c\rse 
betwe5 ! p & ! educat$  classes1 ?is    
disbelief mu/ also h f\nd its way at la/
 among !  p !mselves2 m especially s9ce1

 z ?is p]ception ( !  no?+ness ( !      
popul> religion spread itself m widely1 
!re  w\ld naturally be _m :o w\ld n1 ) !
 precaution ( ! m5 (  old1 hide _! new  
illum9ation f ! multitude1 b w\ld ?9k   
!mselves b\nd to procure = x new        
adh]5ts1 )\t any reg>d to  ! injury (   
:i* !y might be lay+ ! f\ndations1 )\t  
inquir+ ( !mselves1 :e!r !y _h any ?+ to
 (f] to !  p 9 ! room ( t ( :i* !y robb$
 !m2 9 ! room (  _! !n s\rce (          
tranquillity "u ! /orms ( life2 in/ead (
  t :i* taught !m mod]ation "u          
affliction2 &1 la/ly1 9 !  place ( _! !n
 c\nt]poise aga9/ ! p[] ( wild desires &
  passions4 ,m5 saw1 9 ! religi\s sy/ems
 ( diff]5t nations :i*  !n came into    
contact ) ea* o!r 9 ! enorm\s empire (  
,rome1  no?+ b utt] contradiction &     
opposition4 ,! philosophical  sy/ems    
also exhibit$ no?+ b opposition (       
s5tim5ts1 & left  ^? :o c\ld see 9 !    
moral consci\sness no crit]ion ( tru? to
  d\bt :e!r !re 7 any su* ?+ or n4 ,9   
?is s5se1 z  repres5t+ ! op9ions ( _m   

em95t & cultivat$ ,romans1 ) a  sne] at 
all desire = tru?1 ,pilate made !       
s>ca/ic inquiry1 8,:at  is tru?80 ,_m   
cont5t$ !mselves ) a %all[ lifeless     
deism1  :i* usually takes its rise :]e !
 ?ir/ aft] a liv+ union )  heav5 is     
want+2 a sy/em :i*1 al?\gh x d5ies n !  
exi/5ce  ( a ,god1 yet drives x z f>    
into ! back gr\nd z possible2 a  li/less
 ,god6 :o suff]s e ?+ to take its own   
c\rse1 s t  all belief 9 any inw>d      
connection betwe5 ?is ,div9ity & man1   
any  communication ( ?is ,div9ity to    
man1 w\ld seem to ?is sy/em fancy  &    
en?usiasm6 ,! _w & human nature rema9 at
 lea/ free f  ,god4 ,?is belief 9 ,god1 
if we c call x a belief1 rema9s dead &  
fruitless1 ex]cis+ no influ5ce ov] !    
life ( man4 ,! belief 9  ,god "h produc$
 nei!r ! desire aft] t ideal p]fection (
  hol9ess1 ! contemplation ( :i* %[s at 
! same "t to man !  corruption ( 8 own  
nature1 s opposite to t hol9ess2 nor t  
consci\sness ( guilt by :i* man1        
contemplat+ ! hol9ess ( ,god  )9 him1   

feels himself e/rang$ f ,god2 nor does  
?is belief  imp>t any lively p[] (      
sanctification4 ,man is n /ruck by !    
inquiry1 8,h[ %all ,i1 unclean z ,i am1 
approa* ! holy ,god1 & /&  be=e him1 :5 
he judges me accord+ to ! holy law :i*  
he has  himself engrav5 on my consci5ce8
 ,:at %all ,i d to become free f  !     
guilt :i* oppresses me1 & aga9 to atta9 
to communion )  him80 ,to make inquiries
 su* z ^!1 ?is _s ( deism consid]s z    
fanaticism2 & x ca/s away f itself all  
notions ( ,god's ang]1  judgm5ts1 or    
puni%m5ts1 z repres5tations aris+ only f
 !  limit$ nature ( ! human und]/&+4 ,m 
lively & p5etrat+  spirits1 :o felt 9 ! 
_w an inf9ite ,_s :i* animat$ all  ?+s1 
fell into an error ( q an opposite      
nature to ?is deism1  :i* remov$ ,god   
too f> f ! _w2 namely into a pan!ism1   
:i*  confus$ ,god & ! _w1 :i* 0 j z     
little calculat$ to  be/[ tranquillity &
 consolation4 ,!y conceiv$ ,god only z !
  inf9ite ,be+ elevat$ above frail man1 
& n z be+ connect$ )  him1 attract+ him 

to himself1 & l[]+ himself d[n to him4  
,x 0  only ! greatness1 n ! hol9ess nor 
! love1 ( ,god :i* fill$  _! s\ls4 ,yet 
! hi/ory ( all ages proves t man _c =   
any  l5g? ( "t dis[n ! desire = religion
 implant$ 9 8 nature4  ,:5ev] man1      
entirely devot$ to ! _w1 has = a long "t
 :olly  ov]:elm$ ! p]ception ( !        
,div9ity :i* exi/s 9 8 nature1  & has   
long entirely e/rang$ himself f div9e   
?+s1 ^! at  la/ prevail ov] humanity )  
great] =ce4 ,man feels t some?+  is     
want+ to 8 he>t1 :i* c be replac$ to him
 by no?+ else2  he feels a holl[ness )9 
him :i* c nev] be satisfi$ by e>?ly     
?+s1 & c f9d satisfaction & bless+ suit$
 to 8 condition  9 ! ,div9ity alone1 &  
an irresi/ible desire impels him to seek
  aga9 8 lo/ connection ) ,heav54 ,!    
times ( ! dom9ion (  sup]/ition also1 z 
hi/ory tea*es u1 are always times (     
e>?ly  calamity2 = ! moral corruption   
:i* accompanies sup]/ition  necess>ily1 
also1 de/roys all ! f\ndations ( e>?ly  
prosp]ity4  ,?us ! times 9 :i*          

sup]/ition ext5d$ itself among ! ,romans
  7 ^? ( ! d[nfall ( civil fre$om1 & (  
public suff]+  "u cruel despots4 ,b1    
h[ev]1 ! consequ5ces ( ^! evils         
conduct$ man1 also to _! rem$y2 = by    
di/ress f )\t man is  br\ght to !       
consci\sness ( 8 own weakness1 & 8      
dep5d5ce on  a high] ?an e>?ly p[]2 & :5
 he is =sak5 by human help1 he  is      
compell$ to seek x "h4 ,man becomes     
induc$ to look ^u 8  mis=tunes z !      
puni%m5ts ( a high] ,be+1 & to seek =   
means  by :i* he may secure aga9 =      
himself ! fav\r ( t ,be+4 ,!  ne$ ( a   
connection ) ,heav51 f :i* man felt     
himself e/rang$1  & dissatisfaction ) ! 
cold & joyless pres5t1 obta9$ a m  ready
 belief = ! picture :i* my?ology        
pres5t$1 ( a gold5 age1  :5 gods & m5   
liv$ toge!r 9 intimate union2 & w>m     
imag9ations look$ back on su* a /ate )  
long+ & desire4 ,?is  belief & ?is      
desire1 x mu/ be own$1 7 f\nd$ on a     
great tru?  :i* man c\ld rightly        
appreh5d only ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity2 & ?is  

desire 0 a k9d ( intimation :i* po9t$ to
 ,*ri/ianity4 ,f !  nature ( ! case1    
h[ev]1 x is cle> t a fanatical zeal1 :]e
  ! heat ( passion conceal$ f man !     
holl[ness & falsehood (  8 fai?1 might  
be creat$ = a religion1 to :i* man only 
betook  himself z a refuge 9 8 mis]y1 & 
9 8 dread ( ! abyss (  unbelief2 a      
religion :i* no long] s]v$ = !          
developem5t (  man's nature1 & into :i*1
 nev]!less1 he felt himself driv5 back  
f ! want ( any o!r2 & t m5 mu/ use e k9d
 ( p[]  & art to uphold t :i* 0 9 dang] 
( fall+ f its own  int]nal weakness1 &  
to def5d t :i* 0 unable to def5d itself 
by its own p[]4 ,fanaticism 0 !re=e     
oblig$ to avail itself (  e k9d ( p[] 9 
! /ruggle ) ,*ri/ianity1 9 ord] to      
uphold ,hea!nism1 :i* 0 fa/ s9k+ by its 
own weakness4 ,al?\gh  ! ,romans _h f ! 
olde/ times be5 not$ = _! repugnance to 
all =eign sorts ( religi\s wor%ip1 yet  
?is trait ( ! old ,roman  "* _h ) _m    
altoge!r disappe>$4 ,because ! old      
national  temples ( ! ,romans _h lo/ _! 

respect1 9 _m dispositions man  0 incl9$
 to br+ 9 to _! assi/ance =eign modes ( 
wor%ip4  ,^? :i* obta9$ ! readie/       
admission 7 su* z consi/$ (  my/]i\s1   
symbolical cu/oms1 & /rik+1 s\nd+ =ms4  
,z is  always ! case1 m5 look$ = "s     
special & high] p[] 9 :at is  d>k &     
my/]i\s4 ,! v simplicity ( ,*ri/ianity  
became  !re=e a gr\nd ( hatr$ to x4     
,,unicorn1 1 ,num4 xxiii1 #bb2 xxiv1 #h2
 ,deut4 xxxiii1 #ag2 ,job xxxix1 #i1    
#aj2 ,psalm xxii1 #ba2 xxix1 #f2 xcii1  
#aj2 ,isa4 xxxiv1 #g4 ,9 ea* ( ^!       
places x is r5d]$ 9 ! ,septuag9t 1      
except 9 ,isaiah1  :]e x is 1 ! great or
 mighty ones4 ,b>r[1 9 8 8,travels  9   
,s\!rn ,africa10 has giv5 a draw+ ( !   
head ( ! unicorn1 8a  bea/ ) a s+le horn
 project+ f ! =ehead20 accompani$ )  su*
 details z1 he ?9ks1 (f] /rong argum5ts 
= ! exi/5ce (  su* animals 9 ! c\ntry ( 
! ,bosjesmans4 ,he obs]ves t ?is        
creature is repres5t$ z a 8solid-ungul\s
 animal resembl+ a horse1  ) an         
elegantly %ap$ body1 m>k$ f ! %\ld]s to 

! flanks  ) longitud9al /ripes or b&s40 
,/ill he ackn[l$ges t !  animal to :i* !
 writ] ( ! book ( ,job1 :o 0 no mean    
natural  hi/orian1 makes a poetical     
allusion1 has be5 suppos$1 ) great      
plausibility1 to be ! "o-horn$ rh9oc]os2
 & t ,moses also v  probably meant !    
rh9oc]os1 :5 he m5tions ! unicorn z hav+
  ! /r5g? ( ,god4    8,!re are two      
animals10 says ,bruce1 8nam$ frequ5tly 9
 ,scripture1  )\t naturali/s be+ agre$  
:at !y are4 ,! "o is !  behemo?1 ! o!r !
 reem2 bo? m5tion$ z types ( /r5g?1     
c\rage1 & indep5d5ce on man2 &1 z su*1  
exempt$ f !  ord9>y lot ( bea/s1 to be  
subdu$ by him1 or r$uc$ "u 8  dom9ion4  
,! behemo?1 !n1 ,i take to be !         
elephant2 8 hi/ory is  well kn[n1 & my  
only bus9ess is ) ! reem1 :i* ,i suppose
 to be  ! rh9oc]os4 ,! d]ivation ( ?is  
^w1 bo? 9 ! ,hebrew &  ,e?iopic1 seems  
to be f erectness1 or /&+ /raight4 ,?is 
is  c]ta9ly no p>ticul> quality 9 !     
animal itself1 :i* is n m1  nor ev5 s   
mu* erect z _m o!r quadrup$s1 = its     

knees are  r crook$2 b x is f !         
circum/ance & mann] 9 :i* 8  horn is    
plac$4 ,! horns ( all o!r animals are   
incl9$ to "s  degree ( p>allelism ) !   
nose1 or os frontis1 front bone4 ,!     
horn ( ! rh9oc]os alone is erect &      
p]p5dicul> to ?is bone1 on  :i* x /&s at
 "r angles2 !reby possess+ a great]     
pur*ase  or p[]1 z a lev]1 ?an any horn 
c\ld possibly h 9 any o!r  position4    
,?is situation ( ! horn is v happily    
allud$ to 9 !  sacr$ writ+s3 #8,my horn 
%alt ?\ exalt l ! horn ( a reem1'       
,psalm xcii1 #aj4 ,& ! horn "h allud$ to
 is n :olly figurative1  b 0 really an  
ornam5t worn by great m5 9 ! days (     
victory1  pref]m5t1 or rejoic+1 :5 !y 7 
ano9t$ ) new1 sweet1 or  fre% oil2 a    
circum/ance :i* ,david jo9s ) t ( erect+
 !  horn4 ,balaam1 a prie/ ( ,midian1 & 
s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( !  haunts ( !      
rh9oc]os1 & intimately connect$ )       
,e?iopia1 =  !y !mselves 7 %eph]ds ( t  
c\ntry1 9 a transport1 f  contemplat+ ! 
/r5g? ( ,israel1 :om he 0 br\ght to     

curse1  says1 t !y _h z x 7 ! /r5g? ( ! 
reem1 ,num4 xxiii1 #bb4  ,job1 xxxix1   
#i1 #aj1 makes frequ5t allusion to 8    
great /r5g?1  f]ocity1 & indocility4    
,isaiah1 xxxiv1 #g1 :o ( all ! prophets 
seems to h kn[n ,egypt & ,e?iopia ! be/1
 :5 prophesy+ ab\t  ! de/ruction (      
,idumea1 says1 t ! reem %all come d[n ) 
!  fat cattle3 a pro( t he knew 8       
habitation 0 9 !  neighb\rhood4 ,9 !    
same mann] z :5 =etell+ ! desolation (  
,egypt1 he m5tions1 z "o mann] ( effect+
 x1 ! br++ d[n !  fly f ,e?iopia1 ,isa4 
vii1 #ah1 #ai1 to meet ! cattle 9 !     
des]t  & among ! bu%es1 & de/roy !m !re1
 :]e t insect did n  ord9>ily come b on 
comm&1 ,exodus viii1 #bb1 & :]e ! cattle
  fl$ e ye>1 to save !mselves f t       
insect4    8,! rh9oc]os 9 ,geez is call$
 arw h>i%1 & 9 ! ,amh>ic  aur>is1 bo?   
:i* names signify ! l>ge wild bea/ ) !  
horn4  ,?is w\ld seem z if appli$ to !  
species t _h b "o horn4 ,!  ,e?iopic    
text r5d]s ! ^w reem1 arwe h>i%1 & ?is !
  ,septuag9t translates 1 or unicorn4   

,if ! ,abyss9ian  rh9oc]os _h inv>iably 
two horns1 x seems to me improbable !   
,septuag9t w\ld call him 1 especially z 
!y mu/ h se5  an animal ( ?is k9d expos$
 at ,alex&ria 9 _! "t1 :5 fir/  m5tion$ 
9 hi/ory1 at an exhibition giv5 to      
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 at  8 accession 
to ! cr[n1 be=e ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,!     
pr9cipal reason = translat+ ! ^w reem   
unicorn1 & n  rh9oc]os1 is f a prejudice
 t he mu/ h b "o horn4 ,b ?is  is by no 
means s well f\nd$1 z to be admitt$ z ! 
only argum5t  = e/abli%+ ! exi/5ce ( an 
animal1 :i* nev] has appe>$  aft] ! se>*
 ( s _m ages4 ,scripture speaks ( !     
horns ( !  unicorn1 ,deut4 xxxiii1 #ag2 
,psalm xxii1 #ba2 s t ev5 f ?is         
circum/ance ! reem may be ! rh9oc]os z !
 rh9oc]os may be !  unicorn40    ,9 !   
book ( ,job1 xxxix1 #i1 #aj1 ! reem is  
repres5t$ z an  unmanageable animal1    
:i*1 al?\gh possess$ ( suffici5t /r5g?  
to  lab\r1 /]nly & p]t9aci\sly refus$ to
 b5d 8 neck to ! yoke4            ,w !  
reem submit to s]ve !e8          ,w he1 

inde$1 abide at ?y crib8          ,can/ 
?\ make 8 h>ness b9d ! reem to ! furr[8 
,w he1 =soo?1 pl\gh up ! valleys = !e8  
,wilt ?\ rely on him = 8 great /r5g?1   
,& commit ?y lab\r unto him8            
,wilt ?\ tru/ him t he may br+ home ?y  
gra91          ,& ga!r 9 ?y h>ve/8    ,!
 rh9oc]os1 9 size1 is only exce$$ by !  
elephant2 & 9  /r5g? & p[] is inf]ior to
 no o!r creature4 ,he is at lea/  twelve
 feet 9 l5g?1 f ! extremity ( ! sn\t to 
! ins]tion  ( ! tail2 six or sev5 feet 9
 height1 & ! circumf]5ce ( !  body is   
ne>ly equal to its l5g?4 ,he is         
p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$  f ! elephant & all 
o!r animals by ! rem>kable & (f5sive    
weapon he c>ries ^u 8 nose4 ,?is is a v 
h>d horn1 solid  ?r\gh\t1 direct$ =w>d1 
& has be5 se5 f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,mr4     
,br[ne1 9 8 ,travels1 says1 t !         
,arabians call ! rh9oc]os  abu-kurn1    
8fa!r ( ! "o horn40 ,! rh9oc]os is v    
hurtful1 by  ! prodigi\s deva/ation :i* 
he makes 9 ! fields4 ,?is  circum/ance  
peculi>ly illu/rates ! passage f ,job4  

,in/ead (  tru/+ him to br+ home ! gra91
 ! husb&man w endeav\r to  prev5t 8     
entry into ! fields1 & h9d] 8 de/ructive
 ravages4  ,9 a note ^u ?is passage1    
,mr4 ,good says1 8,! orig9al reem1 by   
all  ! old] translators r5d]$ rh9oc]os1 
or unicorn1 is by "s mod]n  writ]s      
suppos$ to be ! bubalus1 bison1 or wild 
ox4 ,!re c be no  d\bt t rh9oc]os is !  
prop] t]m2 = ?is animal is univ]sally   
kn[n 9 ,arabia1 by ! "n ( reem1 to !    
pres5t day40 ,!  rh9oc]os1 ?\gh next 9  
size1 yet 9 docility & +5uity greatly   
inf]ior1 to ! elephant1 has nev] yet be5
 tam$1 s z to assi/ !  lab\rs ( mank9d1 
or to appe> 9 ! ranks ( w>4 ,! rh9oc]os 
is  p]fectly indocile & untractable1    
?\gh nei!r f]oci\s nor  c>nivor\s4 ,he  
is among l>ge animals :at ! hog is among
 small]  ones1 brutal & ins5sible2 fond 
( wall[+ 9 ! mire1 &  delight+ 9 moi/ & 
m>%y situations ne> ! banks ( riv]s4 ,he
  is1 h[ev]1 ( a pacific disposition2 &1
 z he fe$s on vegetables1  has few      
occasions = conflict4 ,he nei!r di/urbs 

! less1 nor fe>s  ! great]1 bea/s ( !   
=e/1 b lives amicably ) all4 ,he        
subsi/s pr9cipally on l>ge succul5t     
plants1 prickly %rubs1 & !  bran*es (   
trees2 & lives to ! age ( sev5ty or     
eighty ye>s4    ,,unit>ians1 a          
compreh5sive t]m1 includ+ all :o believe
 ! ,deity to  subsi/ 9 "o p]son only4 ,!
 *ief article 9 ! religi\s sy/em (  !   
,unit>ians is1 t ,*ri/ 0 a m]e man4 ,b  
!y consid] him z  ! great in/rum5t 9 !  
h&s ( ,god ( rev]s+ all ! effects (  !  
fall2 z ! object ( all ! prophecies f   
,moses to 8 own  "t2 z ! great bond (   
union to virtu\s & good m51 :o1 z       
,*ri/ians1 make "o body 9 a peculi>     
s5se4 ,! ,soc9ian cre$ 0  r$uc$ to :at  
,dr4 ,prie/ley calls ,humanit>ianism1 by
 d5y+ !  miracul\s conception1 !        
infallibility1 & ! impeccability ( !    
,savi\r2 &1 consequ5tly1 8 "r to any    
div9e hon\rs or religi\s  wor%ip4 ,z to 
^? texts :i* decl>e t ,jesus ,*ri/ 8knew
 no  s910 c1 8 foll[]s expla9 !m 9 !    
s5se 9 :i* x is said (  believ]s1       

8,:osoev] is born ( ,god do? n commit   
s910 #a ,john iii1  #i4 ,or1 if ?is be n
 satisfactory1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley ref]s u to
 !  8,!ological ,repository10 89 :i*10  
he says1 8,i ?9k ,i h %[n  t ! ,apo/le  
,paul (t5 reasons inconclusively2 &1    
!re=e1 t  he wrote z any o!r p]son ( 8  
turn ( m9d or ?9k+1 & 9 8  situation1   
w\ld h writt51 )\t any p>ticul>         
inspiration4  ,facts1 su* z ,i ?9k ,i h 
!re alleg$1 are /ubborn ?+s1 &  all     
hypo!ses mu/ be accommodat$ to !m40 ,nor
 is ?is s5tim5t  peculi> to ,dr4        
,prie/ley4 ,mr4 ,bel%am says1 8,!       
,unit>ian doctr9e is1  t ,jesus (       
,naz>e? 0 a man con/itut$ 9 all respects
 l o!r  m51 subject to ! same           
infirmities1 ! same ignorance1          
prejudices1  & frailties2 desc5d$ f !   
family ( ,david1 ! son ( ,joseph &      
,m>y1 ?\gh "s inde$ /ill adh]e to !     
popul> op9ion ( !  miracul\s conception2
 t he 0 born 9 l[ circum/ances1 hav+ no 
peculi> advantages ( education or le>n+1
 b t he 0 a man (  exempl>y "*2 & t1 9  

con=mity to anci5t prophecy1 he 0  *os5 
& appo9t$ by ,god to introduce a new    
moral disp5sation into  ! _w1 ! design (
 :i* 0 to aboli% ! ,jewi% economy1 & to 
place believ+ ,g5tiles ^u an equal gr\nd
 ( privilege & fav\r  ) ! po/]ity (     
,abraham2 9 o!r words1 he 0 au?oriz$ to 
reveal to all mank9d1 )\t di/9ction1 !  
great doctr9e ( a  future life1 9 :i* m5
 %all be rew>d$ accord+ to _! works40   
,mr4 ,bel%am goes on to /ate ! ,unit>ian
 op9ion to be1 t ,jesus 0  n consci\s ( 
8 high "* till aft] 8 baptism2 t he     
aft]w>d sp5t "s "t 9 ! wild]ness1 :]e he
 0 inve/$ )  miracul\s p[]s1 & fav\r$ ) 
heav5ly visions1 l ,/4 ,paul1 #b  ,cor4 
xii1 9 :i* he suppos$ himself tak5 up   
into heav51 & 9  consequ5ce ( :i* he    
speaks ( 8 desc5t f heav52 t he  ex]cis$
 8 m9i/ry on e>? = ! space ( a ye> or m1
 &  !n suff]$ dea? ^u ! cross1 n to     
exhibit ! evil ( s91 or  9 any s5se to  
make atonem5t = x1 b z a m>tyr to !     
tru?1 &  z a necess>y prelim9>y to 8    
resurrection1 :i* !y consid] z a  pl$ge 

( ! resurrection ( mank9d4 ,_m also     
believe t ,jesus  ma9ta9$ "s p]sonal &  
s5sible connection ) ! *ur* dur+  !     
apo/olic age1 & ! cont9uance ( miracul\s
 p[]s 9 !  *ur*4 ,!y f>!r believe t he  
is appo9t$ to revisit ! e>?1  & to judge
 ! _w1--a difficult task "o w\ld        
suppose1 if 8he be  con/itut$10 z said  
above1 89 all respects l o!r m51 subject
 to  ! same ignorance1 prejudices       
frailties10 c6 ,s ?is blasphem\s  sy/em 
conta9s1 9 ?is respect1 & 9 almo/ e o!r1
 its own  refutation4 ,see ,,soc9ians4  
,! cre$ :i* ! celebrat$ c\ncil ( ,nice  
e/abli%$1 says ,gri]1  9 8 8,epitome (  
,g5]al ,c\ncils10 is t :i* ,*ri/ians n[ 
pr(ess2 ! errors & impieties :i* x      
condemn$ are ^? :i*1  accord+ to !      
ref9em5ts ( ,soc9us1 8 foll[]s ( !      
pres5t  day h m\ld$ into _! anti*ri/ian 
sy/em4 ,arius1 a presbyt] 9  ! *ur* (   
,alex&ria1 a man ( consummate tal5t &   
address1 b (  a cold & speculative m9d1 
impi\sly ma9ta9$ t !re _h be5 a  "t :5 !
 ,son ( ,god 0 n2 t he 0 capable (      

virtue &  vice2 & t he 0 a creature1 &  
mutable z creatures are6 ,x is  true t  
,arius held a qualifi$ prexi/5ce1 :5 he 
said t ,god  creat$ ! ,son f no?+ be=e  
he creat$ ! _w2 9 o!r  words1 t ! ,son 0
 ! fir/ ( creat$ be+s2 b su*  prexi/5ce 
does n imply coxi/5ce or cot]nity ) !   
,fa!r4  ,aft] ?is mann] did he d5y !    
div9ity ( ! ,son1 & 8  cot]nity ) !     
,fa!r4 ,s$uc$ by ! pride ( reason+1 no  
less  ?an by 8 fondness = novelty1 did  
he likewise reject ! 1  z x is call$1 or
 ! t5et ( ! ,son be+ ( ! same sub/ance  
) ! ,fa!r4 ,! blasphemies ( ,arius      
consi/$ 9 ! d5ial (  ,*ri/'s be+ ei!r   
co-et]nal or consub/antial ) ,god4 ,aft]
 a  lapse ( twelve c5turies1 ,soc9us    
l[]$ him ano!r /ep by decl>+  8         
inf]iority to ! ,fa!r2 = t he1 z well z 
all o!r ?+s1  0 subject to ! supreme    
,creator ( ! univ]se2 & al?\gh he held  
8 m]e humanity1 yet1 inconsi/5tly en\gh1
 he w\ld (f] him div9e  wor%ip6         
,inconsi/5tly x may be said1 because !  
,soc9ian1 on 8 own  pr9ciples1 !reby    

incurs ! guilt ( idolatry z mu* z !     
,roman  ,ca?olic :o wor%ips ! ,virg9    
,m>y1 a m]e creat$ be+4 ,!  ,unit>ian1  
or ,humanit>ian1 s9ks ! "* ( ! ,savi\r  
/ill  l[]1 by )hold+ all wor%ip f him2 &
 :ile he consid]s him  z a m]e man1 &   
!re=e z n possess+ ! attributes ( !     
,deity1 ) an inconsi/5cy z s+ul> z t (  
,soc9us1 he  ackn[l$ges 8 div9ity s z to
 call him ,god2 z if ! t]ms ,deity  &   
,div9ity bore diff]5t significations1 or
 z if ! pr9ciple :i*  con/itut$ ! ess5ce
 ( ! ,godhead 7 sep>able f ! ,godhead   
itself6 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t ! l[e/     
d5om9ation (  unbeliev]s 9 ! desc5d+    
scale1 namely1 ! mod]n ,unit>ian1       
comb9es ) 8 own peculi> errors &        
impieties all ! errors &  impieties (   
bo? ,arius & ,soc9us1 toge!r ) an       
absolute d5ial (  ! ,holy ,gho/ be+ a   
div9e ,p]son4 ,hav+ t\*$ on ! %ades (   
diff]5ce :i* exi/ betwe5 ! foll[]s (    
,arius & ,soc9us1 a  m m9ute detail ( ! 
division & subdivision ( ! classes into 
:i* !y may be rang$ may n be            

unacceptable to ! read]3 ,arians  &     
,semi-,arians con/itut$ ! orig9al       
di/9ction2 t ( a  subsequ5t day 0 high &
 l[ ,arians4 ,! high ,arians ent]ta9 !  
highe/ views ( ! m$iatorial influ5ce (  
,*ri/1 & believe 9 !  entire            
,scriptures2 ! l[ ,arians run into !    
opposite extreme1 yet  nei!r high nor l[
 ,arians consid] ,*ri/ to be truly ,god4
 ,! old  ,soc9ians admitt$ ! miracul\s  
conception1 & ! wor%ip ( !  ,son2 !     
mod]n ,soc9ians d n2 a circum/ance t    
id5tifies !  mod]n ,soc9ian ) !         
,unit>ian4 ,"s high ,arians1 su* z ,dr4 
,samuel  ,cl>ke1 c1 ?\ght t ,*ri/ might 
be wor%ipp$2 o!rs ( !m  affect to h no  
di/9ct notion ( :at ! ,holy ,gho/ meant1
 & to  believe t wor%ip is n to be      
address$ to ,*ri/1 b ?r\gh  ,*ri/6 ,^!  
v>iations 9 ! ,unit>ian cre$ h be5 d$uc$
 f  ! evid5ce ( ,unit>ians !mselves1    
giv5 be=e ! ,commission]s (  ,education 
,inquiry 9 ,irel& 9 #ahbf1 z detail$ 9  
_! ,report to  ,p>liam5t2 a circum/ance 
t r5d]s !m ! m valuable1 z x  imp>ts to 

!m a liv+1 speak+ au?ority4 ,x mu/1     
h[ev]1 be  obs]v$1 t motley z !y are1 !y
 all t]m9ate 9 "o po9t1 !  rejection (  
,*ri/'s div9ity2 & t1 div]sifi$ z !     
di/9ctions appe> to be1 !y all w be     
ultimately f\nd to be  )\t a %ad[ (     
diff]5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ,arians1 ,soc9ians1  
,unit>ians1  c1 n only agree ) ea* o!r 9
 _! anti*ri/ian s*eme2 b  c sc>cely be  
said to diff] f ! infidel ,musselmans1  
:o are  taught by _! ,koran to reg>d    
,*ri/ z a great prophet1 & !  =]unn] (  
_! own4 ,) ,deism d\btless ,unit>ianism 
has an  intimate alliance4 ,= ,dei/s    
reject all ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian      
revelation1 :ile ,unit>ians reject all  
its peculi> doctr9es3 #a4 ,!  ,tr9ity ( 
,p]sons 9 ! ,godhead4 #b4 ,! div9ity (  
,*ri/4 #c4 ,!  p]sonality ( ! ,holy ,_s4
 #d4 ,! miracul\s bir? ( ,*ri/4 #e4  ,! 
atonem5t ( ,*ri/4 #f4 ,! sanctification 
( ! ,_s4 #g4 ,!  exi/5ce ( angels &     
spirits2 #h4 ,&1 !re=e1 ( ! devil & 8   
angels4 8,9 :at1 !n10 says ! le>n$ ,dr4 
,burgess1 bi%op (  ,salisbury1 aft] ?is 

enum]ation ( ! peculi> doctr9es (       
,*ri/ianity1 8does ,unit>ianism diff] f 
,deism8 ,dei/s d5y !  ess5tial doctr9es 
( ,*ri/ianity by reject+ ! :ole ( !     
,*ri/ian revelation2 ,unit>ians reject !
 ,*ri/ian revelation by  d5y+ all its   
peculi> & ess5tial doctr9es40           
,,univ]sali/s4 ,^? :o believe t ,*ri/ s 
di$ = all1 t1  be=e he %all h deliv]$ up
 8 m$iatorial k+dom1 all fall5          
creatures %all be br\ght to a           
p>ticipation ( ! b5efits ( 8  dea?1 9 _!
 re/oration to hol9ess & happ9ess4 ,!y  
are call$  also ,univ]sal               
,re/orationi/s1 & _! doctr9e1 ! doctr9e 
(  univ]sal re/oration4 ,"s ( its fri5ds
 h ma9ta9$ x1 also1  "u ! "n ( univ]sal 
salvation2 b p]haps ! =m] "n is  t by   
:i* x %\ld be di/+ui%$2 = ! ,univ]sali/s
 d n  hold any univ]sal exemption f     
future puni%m5t1 b m]ely !  recov]y (   
all ^? t %all h be5 expos$ to x4,a ,!y h
  likewise a j claim to ?is title on o!r
 gr\nds2 = _!  doctr9e1 :i* includes !  
re/oration1 or 8re/itution ( all !      

intellig5t (fspr+ ( ,god10 or ( all     
,footnote ,a3 ,?is may be true 9 respect
 to ! ,univ]sali/s 9 ,europe2  b 9      
,am]ica !re are ^? :o d5y any future    
puni%m5t :atev]4  ,9 ?is c\ntry also !y 
h =m$ !mselves into sep>ate &  di/9ct   
societies4 ,,am4 ,,ed4 8laps$           
intellig5ces10 seems to embrace  ev5 !  
fall5 angels4 ,!y admit ! reality &     
equity ( future  puni%m5t2 b !y cont5d t
 x w be corrective 9 its nature1  &     
limit$ 9 its duration4 ,!y tea* !       
doctr9e ( election1 b  n 9 ! exclusive  
,calv9i/ic s5se ( x4 ,!y suppose t ,god 
has  *os5 "s = ! good ( all2 & t 8 f9al 
purpose t[>d all  is intimat$ by 8 call+
 8 elect ! fir/-born & !  fir/-fruits ( 
8 creatures1 :i*1 say !y1 implies o!r   
bran*es  ( 8 family1 & a future +a!r+ ( 
! h>ve/ ( mank9d4 ,!y  tea*1 also1 t !  
righte\s %all h "p 9 ! fir/             
resurrection1 %all be bless$ & happy1 & 
be made prie/s & k+s  to ,god & to ,*ri/
 9 ! mill5nial k+dom1 & t ov] !m !      
second dea? %all h no p[]2 t ! wick$ w  

receive a  puni%m5t apportion$ to _!    
crimes2 t puni%m5t itself is a          
m$iatorial "w1 & f\nd$ ^u m]cy1 &1      
consequ5tly1 t x is  a means ( humbl+1  
subdu+1 & f9ally reconcil+ ! s9n] to    
,god4 ,!y add1 t ! words r5d]$ 8et]nal10
 8ev]la/+10 8=  ev]10 & 8= ev] & ev]10 9
 ! ,scriptures1 are frequ5tly us$  to   
express ! duration ( ?+s t h end$ or mu/
 end2 & if x  is cont5d$ t ^! words are 
sometimes us$ to express prop]  et]nity1
 !y answ]1 t !n ! subject ) :i* ! words 
are  connect$ mu/ det]m9e ! s5se ( !m2 &
 z !re is no?+ 9  ! nature ( future     
puni%m5t :i* c be (f]$ z a reason :y x  
%\ld be endless1 !y inf] t ! above words
 ought always to be  tak5 9 a limit$    
s5se :5 connect$ ) ! infliction ( mis]y4
    ,^? :o d5y ! et]nity ( future       
puni%m5ts h n =m$  !mselves into any    
sep>ate body or di/9ct society2 b are to
 be  f\nd 9 mo/ ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 &    
among sev]al d5om9ations4  ,_! doctr9es 
=m "p ( ! cre$ ( "s ,arians1 z ( ,mr4   
,:i/on2 ( _m ,dei/s1 z ( ,mr4 ,hobbes1  

,mr4 ,t9dal1 c2 & ( mo/  ,soc9ians4 ,nor
 ne$ we be surpris$ t lib]t9es & a!i/s  
hold  x1 & t !y /rive to br+ o!rs ov] to
 _! op9ion4 8,!  tyranny ( prie/s10 said
 ,dupont ! a!i/1 9 ! national           
conv5tion1 ,decemb]1 #agib1 8ext5ds _!  
op9ion to ano!r life1 (  :i* !y h no o!r
 idea ?an t ( et]nal puni%m5t2 a        
doctr9e :i* "s m5 h hi!rto _h ! good    
nature to believe4  ,b ^! prejudices mu/
 n[ fall3 we mu/ de/roy !m1 or !y w     
de/roy u40 ,! ,m5nonites 9 ,holl& h long
 held ! doctr9e (  ! ,univ]sali/s2 ! p  
call$ ,dunk]s1 or ,tunk]s1 9 ,am]ica1   
desc5d$ f ! ,g]man ,bapti/s1 hold x2 &  
also ! ,%ak]s4  ,excell5t refutations ( 
?is speci\s sy/em h be5 publi%$ by !    
,rev4 ,s4 ,j]ram1 & ! ,rev4 ,daniel     
,isaac4    ,! ,arm9ians are sometimes   
call$ 8,univ]sali/s10 on acc\nt ( _!    
hold+ ! t5et ( g5]al r$emption2 9       
opposition to !  ,calv9i/s1 :o1 f _!    
specifically re/rict+ ! sav+ grace (    
,god to c]ta9 =e orda9$ individuals1    
receive ! d5om9ation (  8,p>ticul>i/s40 

,by ! epi!t 8,hypo!tical ,univ]sali/s10 
are  designat$ on ! cont95t ^? :o h     
adopt$ ! !ological  sy/em ( ,amyraut &  
,cam]on1 b :o are bett] ,,kn[n 9 ?is    
c\ntry  z 8,baxt]ians40 ,see ,,amyraut1 
,,baxt]ianism1 & ,,cam]on4    ,,upp]    
,,room4 ,! pr9cipal rooms anci5tly 9    
,judea 7 ^? above1 z  !y are to ?is day 
at ,aleppo2 ! gr\nd floor be+ *iefly    
made use  ( = _! horses & s]vants4 8,!  
h\se 9 :i* ,i am at pres5t  liv+10 says1
 ,j[ett1 8gives :at seems to be a       
correct idea ( !  sc5e ( ,euty*us' fall+
 f ! upp] l(t :ile ,/4 ,paul 0  prea*+1 
,acts xx1 #f-ab4 ,accord+ to our idea ( 
h\ses1 ! sc5e is  v f> f intelligible2  
&1 beside ?is1 ! circum/ance (  prea*+  
g5]ally leaves on ! m9d ( cursory read]s
 ! notion (  a *ur*4 ,to describe ?is   
h\se1 :i* is n _m miles di/ant f  !     
,troad1 & p]haps1 f ! un*ang+ "* (      
ori5tal  cu/oms1 ne>ly resembles ! h\ses
 !n built1 w fully illu/rate  !         
n>rative4 ,on ent]+ my ho/'s door1 we   
f9d ! fir/ floor  entirely us$ z a /ore3

 x is fill$ ) l>ge b>rels ( oil1 !      
produce ( ! ri* c\ntry = _m miles r\nd3 
?is space1 s f>  f be+ habitable1 is    
sometimes s dirty ) ! dripp+ ( !  oil1 t
 x is difficult to pick out a clean     
foot+ f ! door to  ! fir/ /ep ( !       
/aircase4 ,on asc5d+1 we f9d ! fir/     
floor1  consi/+ ( an humble suit (      
rooms1 n v high2 ^! are occupi$  by !   
family = _! daily use4 ,x is on ! next  
/ory t all  _! exp5se is lavi%$3 "h my  
c\rte\s ho/ has appo9t$ my  lodg+3      
beautiful curta9s & mats1 & cu%ions to !
 divan1 display  ! respect ) :i* !y mean
 to receive _! gue/4 ,"h1 likewise1  _! 
spl5d\r1 be+ at ! top ( ! h\se1 is      
enjoy$ by ! poor  ,greeks ) m retirem5t1
 & less *ance ( mole/ation f !          
intrusion ( ,turks3 "h1 :5 ! pr(essors (
 ! college wait$ ^u  me to pay _!       
respects1 !y 7 receiv$ 9 c]emony1 & sat 
at !  w9d[4 ,! room is bo? high] & also 
l>g] ?an ^? bel[2 x has  two project+   
w9d[s2 & ! :ole floor is s mu* ext5d$ 9 
front  beyond ! l[] "p ( ! build+1 t !  

project+ w9d[s  consid]ably ov]hang !   
/reet4 ,9 su* an upp] room1 seclud$1    
spaci\s1 & commodi\s1 ,/4 ,paul 0 invit$
 to prea* 8 p>t+  disc\rse4 ,! divan1 or
 rais$ seat1 ) mats or cu%ions1         
encircles  ! int]ior ( ea* project+     
w9d[2 & ,i h rem>k$ t :5  ! company is  
num]\s1 !y sometimes place l>ge cu%ions 
beh9d !  company seat$ on ! divan2 s t a
 second ti] ( company1 )  _! feet ^u !  
seat ( ! divan1 are sitt+ beh9d1 high]  
?an  ! front r[4 ,euty*us1 ?us sitt+1   
w\ld be on a level ) ! op5  w9d[2 &1 be+
 ov]come ) sleep1 he w\ld easily fall   
out f  ! ?ird l(t ( ! h\se into ! /reet1
 & be almo/ c]ta91 f  su* a height1 to  
lose 8 life4 ,?i!r ,/4 ,paul w5t d[n1 & 
com=t$ ! al>m$ company by br++ up       
,euty*us alive4 ,x is not$  t #8!re 7 _m
 lights 9 ! upp] *amb]4' ,! v great     
pl5ty ( oil 9 ?is neighb\rhood w\ld     
enable !m to af=d _m  lamps2 ! heat ( ^!
 & s mu* company w\ld cause ! dr[s9ess  
( ,euty*us1 at t late h\r1 & be !       
occasion1 likewise1 ( !  w9d[s be+ op540

    ,,urim ,,& ,,?ummim4 ,! high prie/s 
( ! ,jews1 we are told1 consult$  ,god 9
 ! mo/ important affairs ( _!           
commonweal?1 & receiv$  answ]s by !     
,urim & ,?ummim4 ,:at ^! 71 is disput$  
among !  critics4 ,josephus1 & "s o!rs1 
imag9e ! answ] 0 return$ by  ! /ones ( !
 brea/plate appe>+ ) an unusual lu/re :5
 x  0 fav\rable1 or 9 ! contr>y case    
dim4 ,o!rs suppose1 t !  ,urim & ,?ummim
 7 some?+ enclos$ betwe5 ! fold+ ( !    
brea/plate2 ?is "s w h to be !          
tetragrammaton1 or ! ^w   ,jehovah4     
,*ri/ophorus de ,ca/ro1 & aft] him ,dr4 
,sp5c]1  ma9ta9 !m to be two little     
images %ut up 9 ! d\bl+ ( !  brea/plate1
 :i* gave ! oracul> answ] f !nce by an  
articulate  voice4 ,accord+ly1 !y d]ive 
!m f ! ,egyptians1 :o consult$  _! l>es1
 & _h an oracle1 or t]aphim1 :i* !y     
call$ ,tru?4  ,?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 has   
be5 suffici5tly confut$ by ! le>n$ ,dr4 
,pococke & by ,witsius4 ,! m common     
op9ion among ,*ri/ians  conc]n+ ! oracle
 by ,urim & ,?ummim1 & :i* ,dr4         

,prideaux  esp\ses1 is1 t :5 ! high     
prie/ appe>$ be=e ! veil1  clo!d ) 8    
ephod & brea/plate1 to ask c\nsel (     
,god1 !  answ] 0 giv5 ) an audible voice
 f ! m]cy seat1 )9 !  veil2 b1 x has be5
 obs]v$1 t ?is acc\nt w by no means     
agree ) ! hi/ory ( ,david's consult+ !  
oracle by ,abia?>1 #a  ,sam4 xxiii1 #i1 
#aa2 xxx1 #g1 #h2 because ! ark1 on :i* 
0 ! m]cy  seat1 0 !n at ,kirja?je>im2   
:]eas ,david 0 9 ! "o case at  ,ziklag1 
& 9 ! o!r 9 ! =e/ ( ,h>e?4 ,braunius &  
,hott+]  h adopt$ ano!r op9ion3 !y      
suppose1 t1 :5 ,moses is  comm&$ to put 
9 ! brea/plate ! ,urim & ,?ummim1       
signify+  lights & p]fections 9 ! plural
 numb]1 x 0 meant t he  %\ld make *oice 
( ! mo/ p]fect set ( /ones1 & h !m s    
poli%$ z to give ! brighte/ lu/re2 &1 on
 ?is hypo!sis1 !  use ( ! ,urim &       
,?ummim1 or ( ^! exquisitely poli%$     
jewels1  0 only to be a symbol ( ! div9e
 pres5ce1 & ( ! light &  p]fection ( !  
prophetic inspiration2 &1 z su*1        
con/antly to be  worn by ! high prie/ 9 

! ex]cise ( 8 sacr$ function1           
especially 9 consult+ ! oracle4         
,mi*alis obs]ves3 ,t 9 mak+ di/ributions
 ( prop]ty1 & 9  cases ( disputes       
relative to meum m9e & tuum1 ?9e1       
rec\rse 0 _h to ! lot1 9 default ( any  
o!r means ( decision1  w naturally be   
suppos$4 ,! :ole l& 0 p>tition$ by lot2 
&  t1 9 aft] times1 ! lot cont9u$ to be 
us$1 ev5 9 c\rts (  ju/ice1 we see f    
,prov4 xvi1 #cc2 xviii1 #ah2 :]e we are 
expressly  taught to rememb]1 t x is    
,provid5ce :i* make? ! *oice1 &  t !re=e
 we ought to be satisfi$ ) ! decision ( 
! lot1 z  ! w ( ,god4 ,x 0 = judicial   
purposes1 9 a p>ticul> mann]1  t ! sacr$
 lot call$ ,urim & ,?ummim 0 employ$2 & 
on ?is  acc\nt ! co/ly embroid]$ p\*1 9 
:i* ! prie/ c>ri$ ?is  sacr$ lot on 8   
brea/1 0 call$ ! judicial ornam5t4 8,b 0
  ?is sacr$ lot us$ likewise 9 crim9al  
trials80 ,yes1 says ,mi*alis1  only to  
discov] ! guilty1 to convict !m2 = 9 !  
only two  in/ances ( its use 9 su* cases
 :i* occur 9 ! :ole ,bible1  namely1 9  

,jo%ua vii1 #ad-ah1 #a ,sam4 xiv1       
#cg-de1 we f9d ! confessions  ( ! two   
del9qu5ts1 ,a*an & ,jona?an1 annex$4 ,x 
appe>s also to  h be5 us$ only 9 ! case 
( an oa? be+ transgress$ :i* !  :ole p  
_h tak51 or ! lead] ( ! ho/ 9 _! "n1 b n
  9 ! case ( o!r crimes2 = an unkn[n    
murd]1 = example1 0 n  to be discov]$ by
 rec\rse to ! sacr$ lot4    ,! inn]     
sanctu>y1 )9 ! veil ( ! tab]nacle1      
obs]ves ,dr4  ,hales1 or mo/ holy place1
 0 call$ ! oracle1 #a ,k+s vi1 #af1     
because !re ! ,"l commun$ ) ,moses1 face
 to face1 & gave him  in/ructions 9     
cases ( legal difficulty or sudd5       
em]g5cy1 ,exod4  xxv1 #bb2 ,num4 vii1   
#hi2 ix1 #h2 ,exod4 xxxiii1 #aa2 a high 
privilege grant$  to none ( 8           
successors4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,moses a     
diff]5t mode 0  appo9t$ = consult+ !    
oracle by ! high prie/1 :o put on 8!    
brea/plate ( judgm5t10 a pr9cipal "p ( !
 pontifical dress1 on  :i* 7 inscrib$ ! 
words ,urim & ,?ummim1 emblematical (   
div9e  illum9ation2 z ! inscription on 8

 mitre1 8,hol9ess to ! ,"l10  0 (       
sanctification1 ,exod4 xxviii1 #cj-cg2  
,lev4 viii1 #h4 ,?us prep>$1  he pres5t$
 himself be=e ! ,"l to ask c\nsel on    
public matt]s1  n 9 ! inn] sanctu>y1 :i*
 he presum$ n to ent]1 except on  !     
great day ( national atonem5t1 b )\t !  
veil1 ) 8 face  t[>d ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 
inside2 & beh9d him1 at "s  di/ance1 )\t
 ! sanctu>y1 /ood ,jo%ua1 ! judge1 or   
p]son :o  want$ ! response1 :i* seems to
 h be5 giv5 ) an audible  voice f )9 !  
veil1 ,num4 xxvii1 #ba1 z 9 ! case (    
,jo%ua1  vi1 #f-ae2 ( ! ,israelites dur+
 ! civil w> ) ,b5jam91 ,judges  xx1 #bg1
 #bh2 on ! appo9tm5t ( ,saul to be k+1  
:5 he hid himself1  #a ,sam4 x1 #bb-bd2 
( ,david1 #a ,sam4 xxii1 #aj2 xxiii1    
#b-ab2 xxx1 #h2 #b ,sam4  v1 #bc1 #bd2 (
 ,saul1 #a ,sam4 xxviii1 #f4 ,?is mode (
 consultation  subsi/$ "u ! tab]nacle   
erect$ by ,moses 9 ! wild]ness1 &  until
 ! build+ ( ,solomon's temple2 aft] :i* 
we f9d no in/ances  ( x4 ,! oracles ( ! 
,"l 7 !nce=? deliv]$ by !  prophets2 z  

by ,ahijah to ,j]oboam1 #a ,k+s xi1 #bi2
 by ,%emaiah to  ,rehoboam1 #a ,k+s xii1
 #bb2 by ,elijah to ,ahab1 #a ,k+s xvii1
 #a2 xxi1  #ag-bi2 by ,mi*aiah to ,ahab 
& ,jeho%aphat1 #a ,k+s xxii1 #g2 by     
,eli%a  to ,jeho%aphat & ,jehoram1 #b   
,k+s iii1 #aa-ad2 by ,isaiah to         
,hezekiah1 #b  ,k+s xix1 #f-cd2 xx1     
#a-aa2 by ,huldah to ,josiah1 #b ,k+s   
xxii1 #ac-bj2 by  ,j]emiah to ,z$ekiah1 
,j]4 xxxii1 #c-e1 c4 ,aft] ! ,babyloni% 
captivity1 & ! la/ ( ! prophets1        
,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i1  ! oracle 
ceas$2 b its revival 0 =etold by ,ezra1 
ii1 #fc1 &  accompli%$ by ,*ri/1 :o 0   
himself ! oracle1 "u ! old &  new       
cov5ants1 ,g54 xv1 #a2 ,john i1 #a4 ,see
 ,,brea/plate4    ,,usury1 pr(it or ga9 
f l5d+ money or goods4 ,moses enact$ a  
law  to ! effect t int]e/ %\ld n be tak5
 f a poor p]son1  nei!r = borr[$ money1 
nor = articles ( consumption1 =         
in/ance1 gra91 :i* 0 borr[$ ) !         
expectation ( be+  return$1 ,exod4 xxii1
 #be2 ,lev4 xxv1 #ce-cg4 ,a difficulty  

arose 9  det]m9+ :o 0 to be consid]$ a  
poor p]son 9 a case ( ?is  k9d2 & ! law 
0 accord+ly alt]$ 9 ,deut4 xxiii1 #bj1  
#ba1 &  ext5d$ 9 its op]ation to all !  
,hebrews1 :e!r !y _h m or  less prop]ty2
 s t int]e/ c\ld be lawfully tak5 only (
  =eign]s4 ,z ! sy/em ( ! ,jews w5t to  
secure e man's  pat]nal inh]itance to 8 
own family1 !y c\ld n exact x f  _!     
bre?r51 b only f /rang]s4 ,z ! law (    
nature does n  =bid ! receipt ( mod]ate 
int]e/ 9 ! %ape ( r5t1 = !  use ( l&s or
 h\ses1 nei!r does x prohibit x = ! loan
 (  money or goods4 ,:5 "o man trades ) 
! capital ( ano!r1 &  obta9s a pr(it f  
x1 he is b\nd 9 ju/ice to return a "p ( 
x  to 8 b5efactor1 :o1 9 ! h&s ( ,god1  
has be5 a second cause (  8giv+ him p[] 
to get weal?40 ,b %\ld ,div9e ,provid5ce
 n  fav\r ! endeav\rs ( "s :o h borr[$  
money1 ! duty ( !  l5d]s is to deal     
g5tly ) !m1 & to be cont5t ) %>+ 9  _!  
losses1 z !y h be5 %>]s 9 _! ga9s4 ,!   
,hebrews 7  !re=e exhort$ to l5d money1 
c1 z a de$ ( m]cy & bro!rly  k9dness1   

,deut4 xv1 #g-aa2 xxiv1 #ac4 ,& h5ce x  
happ5s t we f9d  encomiums e :]e be/[$  
^u ^? :o 7 will+ to l5d  )\t insi/+ ^u  
int]e/ = ! use ( ! ?+ l5t1 ,psalm xv1   
#ae2 xxxvii1 #ba1 #bf2 cxii1 #e2 ,prov4 
xix1 #ag2 ,ezek4 xviii1 #h4 ,?is        
regulation 9 reg>d to tak+ int]e/ 0 v   
well suit$ to !  condition ( a /ate t _h
 be5 rec5tly f\nd$1 & :i* _h b  v little
 m]cantile deal+s2 & its pr9ciple1 ?\gh 
n capable  ( be+ g5]ally introduc$ into 
communities t are mu* engag$ 9  comm]ce1
 may /ill be ex]cis$ t[>d ^? :o /& t[>d 
u 9 !  relation ( bre?r54    ,,uz1 ,,l& 
,,(1 ! c\ntry ( ,job4 ,z !re 7 ?ree     
p]sons ( ?is  "n1 namely1 ! son ( ,aram1
 ! son ( ,nahor1 & ! gr&son (  ,seir !  
,horite1 comm5tators are divid$ 9 _!    
op9ion z to !  situation ( ! c\ntry     
meant by ! l& ( ,uz4 ,bo*>t1 ,spanheim1 
,calmet1 ,wells1 & o!rs1 place x 9      
,arabia ,des]ta4 ,mi*alis places  x 9 ! 
valley ( ,damascus2 :i* city 01 9 fact1 
built by ,uz1 !  gr&son ( ,%em4         
,ar*bi%op ,magee1 ,bi%op ,l[?1 ,dr4     

,hales1 ,dr4 ,good1  & o!rs1 ) m reason1
 fix ! sc5e ( ! hi/ory ( ,job 9         
,idumea4 ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,mr4   
,horne1 :o ref]s = a  confirmation ( x  
to ,lam4 iv1 #ba1 :]e ,uz is expressly  
said to be 9  ,edom2 & to ,j]4 xlix1 #g1
 #h1 #bj2 ,ezek4 xxv1 #ac2 ,amos i1 #aa1
 #ab2 ,obad4  #h1 #i1 :]e bo? ,teman &  
,d$an are describ$ z inhabitants (      
,edom4  ,9 effect1 says ,mr4 ,horne1    
no?+ is cle>] ?an t ! hi/ory (  an      
inhabitant ( ,idumea is ! subject ( !   
poem :i* be>s ! "n  ( ,job1 & t all !   
p]sons introduc$ into x 7 ,idumeans1    
dwell+ 9 ,idumea2 9 o!r words1 ,edomite 
,arabs4      ,,veil4 ,wom5 7 wont to    
cov] _! faces ) veils 9 tok5 (  mode/y1 
( rev]5ce1 & subjection to _! husb&s1   
,g54 xxiv1 #fe2  #a ,cor4 xi1 #c1 c4 ,9 
mod]n times1 ! wom5 ( ,syria nev] appe> 
9  ! /reets )\t _! veils4 ,^! are ( two 
k9ds1 ! furragi &  ! common ,aleppo     
veil2 ! =m] be+ worn by "s ( ! ,turki%  
wom5 only1 ! latt] indiscrim9ately by   
all4 ,! fir/ is 9 ! =m  ( a l>ge cloak1 

) long /raight sleeves1 & a squ>e hood  
hang+  flat on ! back2 x is sometimes   
made ( l951 sometimes ( a %awl or  clo?4
 ,?is veil1 rea*+ to ! heels1 conceals !
 :ole ( !  dress1 f ! neck d[nw>d2 :ile 
! head & face are cov]$ by a  l>ge :ite 
h&k]*ief ov] ! head dress & =ehead1 & a 
small]  "o ti$ transv]sely ov] ! l[] "p 
( ! face1 hang+ d[n on  ! neck4 ,_m ( ! 
,turki% wom51 in/ead ( ! small]         
h&k]*ief1 use a long piece ( black crape
 /iff5$1 :i*1 slop+  a little f !       
=ehead1 leaves room to brea! m freely4  
,9 ?is  la/ way1 ! ladies are completely
 disguis$2 9 ! =m]1 ! eyes  & nose      
rema9+ visible1 !y are easily kn[n by _!
  acqua9tances4 ,! radid is a species ( 
veil1 :i* ,calmet supposes  is worn by  
m>ri$ wom51 z a tok5 ( _! submission &  
dep5d5ce1  & desc5ds l[ d[n on ! p]son4 
,to lift up ! veil ( a virg9 is  reckon$
 a gross insult2 b to take away ! veil (
 a m>ri$ woman is  "o ( ! greate/       
indignities t %e c receive1 because x   
deprives h] ( ! badge :i* di/+ui%es &   

dignifies h] 9 t  "*1 & betok5s h]      
alliance to h] husb&1 & h] int]e/ 9  8  
affections4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! sp\se 
s feel+ly  compla9s3 8,!y took away my  
veil1 1 f me10 ,cant4 v1 #g4 ,:5 x  is  
=cibly tak5 away by ! husb&1 x is       
equival5t to divorce1 &  ju/ly reckon$ a
 mo/ sev]e calamity2 !re=e1 ,god ?reat5$
 to  take away ! ornam5tal dresses ( !  
daught]s ( ,zion1 includ+ !  radidim1 ! 
l[ desc5d+ veils3 8,9 t day ! ,"l w take
  away ! *angeable suits ( app>el1 & !  
mantles1 & ! f9e  l951 & ! hoods1 & !   
veils10 ,isaiah iii1 #ah1 c4    ,!      
ord9>y ,aleppo veil is a l95 %eet1 l>ge 
en\gh to cov] !  :ole habit f head to   
foot1 & is br\ght ov] ! face 9 a mann]  
to conceal all b "o eye4 ,?is is p]haps 
allud$ to by ! bridegroom  9 ^! words3  
8,?\ ha/ ravi%$ my he>t ) "o ( ?9e      
eyes10  ,cant4 iv1 #i4 ,9 ,b>b>y1 :5 !  
ladies appe> 9 public1 !y always  fold  
!mselves up s closely 9 _! hykes1 t1 ev5
 )\t _!  veils1 "o c discov] v little ( 
_! faces4 ,b1 9 ! summ]  mon?s1 :5 !y   

retire to _! c\ntry seats1 !y walk      
abroad )  less caution2 ?\gh1 ev5 !n1 on
 ! approa* ( a /rang]1 !y  always drop  
_! veils1 z ,rebekah did on ! approa* ( 
,isaac4 ,b1  al?\gh !y are s closely    
wrapp$ up1 t ^? :o look at !m  _c see   
ev5 _! h&s1 /ill less _! face1 yet x is 
reckon$  indec5t 9 a man to fix 8 eyes  
^u !m2 he mu/ let !m pass  )\t seem+ at 
all to obs]ve !m4 ,:5 a lady (          
di/9ction1 says  ,hanway1 travels on    
horseback1 %e is n only veil$1 b has    
g5]ally  a s]vant1 :o runs or rides be=e
 h] to cle> ! way2 & on su*  occasions !
 m51 ev5 9 ! m>ket places1 always turn  
_! backs  till ! wom5 are pa/1 x be+    
?\ght ! highe/ ill mann]s to  look at   
!m4 ,a lady 9 ! ea/ consid]s h]self     
degrad$ :5 %e is  expos$ to ! gaze ( !  
o!r sex1 :i* acc\nts = ! conduct (      
,va%ti 9 refus+ to obey ! comm& ( ! k+4 
,_! ideas (  dec5cy1 on ! o!r h&1 =bid a
 virtu\s woman to lay aside or ev5  to  
lift up h] veil 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r sex4
 ,%e :o v5tures  to disreg>d ?is        

prohibition inevitably ru9s h] "*4 ,f t 
mom5t %e is not$ z a woman ( easy       
virtue1 & h] act is reg>d$  z a signal =
 intrigue4 ,pitts in=ms u t 9 ,b>b>y !  
c\rtezan  appe>s 9 public )\t h] veil2  
&1 9 ,prov4 vii1 #ac1 #ad1 !  h>lot     
exposes h]self 9 ! same indec5t mann]3  
8,s %e caught him1  & kiss$ him1 & ) an 
impud5t face10 a face uncov]$ &         
%ameless1 8said unto him1 ,i h          
peace-(f]+s ) me1 ?is day h  ,i paid my 
v[s40 ,b x mu/ nev]!less be rem>k$1 t1  
at  diff]5t times1 & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! 
ea/1 ! use1 or p>tial  use ( ! veil has 
greatly v>i$4    ,,v9e1 1 ,g54 xl1 #i2 1
 ,matt4 xxvi1 #bi2 ,m>k xiv1 #be2 ,luke 
xxii1  #ah2 ,john xv1 #d1 #e2 ,james    
iii1 #ab2 ,rev4 xiv1 #ai2 a noble plant 
( !  creep+ k9d1 fam\s = its fruit1 or  
grapes1 & ! liquor !y  af=d4 ,! v9e is a
 common "n or g5us1 includ+ sev]al      
species  "u x2 & ,moses1 to di/+ui% !   
true v9e1 or t f :i*  w9e is made1 f !  
re/1 calls x1 ! w9e v9e1 ,num4 vi1 #d4  
,"s  ( ! o!r sorts 7 ( a poison\s       

quality1 z appe>s f !  /ory relat$ among
 ! miracul\s acts ( ,eli%a1 #b ,k+s iv1 
#ci1 #da4  7,see ,grapes47 ,! expression
 ( 8sitt+ e man "u 8 own  v9e10 probably
 alludes to ! delightful ea/]n arb\rs1  
:i* 7  p>tly compos$ ( v9es4 ,capt4     
,nord51 9 l mann]1 speaks ( v9e  arb\rs 
z common 9 ! ,egyptian g>d5s2 & !       
,prne/9e pavem5t  9 ,dr4 ,%aw gives u ! 
figure ( an anci5t "o4 ,plantations (   
trees  ab\t h\ses are f\nd v useful 9   
hot c\ntries1 to give !m an  agreeable  
coolness4 ,! anci5t ,israelites seem to 
h made use ( !  same means1 & probably  
plant$ fruit trees1 r ?an o!r k9ds1  to 
produce t effect4 8,x is _! mann] 9 _m  
places10 says ,sir  ,?omas ,r[e's       
*apla91 speak+ ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,great    
,mogul1 8to  plant ab\t & among _!      
build+s1 trees :i* gr[ high & broad1  ! 
%ad[ :]e( keeps _! h\ses by f> m cool3  
?is ,i obs]v$  9 a special mann]1 :5 we 
7 ready to ent] ,amadav>2 = x  appe>$ to
 u z if we _h be5 ent]+ a wood r ?an a  
city40  8,imm$iately on ent]+10 says    

,turn]1 8,i 0 u%]$ into ! c\rt  y>d ( ! 
aga1 :om ,i f\nd smok+ "u a v9e1        
surr\nd$ by  horses1 s]vants1 & dogs1   
among :i* ,i di/+ui%$ an ,engli%        
po9t]40 ,!re 7 9 ,pale/9e _m excell5t   
v9ey>ds4 ,scripture  celebrates ! v9es (
 ,sorek1 ( ,sebamah1 ( ,jaz]1 ( ,abel4  
,pr(ane  au?ors m5tion ! excell5t w9es (
 ,gaza1 ,s>epta1 ,libanus1 ,s>on1       
,ascalon1 & ,tyre4 ,jacob1 9 ! bless+   
:i* he gave ,judah1 8,b9d+  8 foal unto 
! v9e1 & 8 ass's colt unto ! *oice v9e1 
he  wa%$ 8 g>m5ts 9 w9e1 & 8 clo!s 9 !  
blood ( grapes10  ,g54 xlix1 #aa2 he %[$
 ! abundance ( v9es t %\ld fall to 8    
lot4 8,joseph is a fruitful b\gh1 ev5 a 
fruitful b\gh by a well1 ^:  bran*es    
hang ov] ! wall10 ,g54 xlix1 #bb4 8,to !
 nor?w>d &  we/w>d10 says ,mori]1 8are  
sev]al villages1 int]sp]s$ )  ext5sive  
or*>ds & v9ey>ds1 ! latt] ( :i* are     
g5]ally  enclos$ by high walls4 ,!      
,p]sian v9e dress]s d all 9 _! p[]  to  
make ! v9e run up ! wall1 & curl ov] on 
! o!r side1 :i*  !y d by ty+ /ones to ! 

extremity ( ! t5dril4 ,! v9e1           
p>ticul>ly 9 ,turkey & ,greece1 is      
frequ5tly made to entw9e on  trellises  
ar\nd a well1 :]e1 9 ! heat ( ! day1    
:ole families  collect !mselves1 & sit  
"u ! %ade40    ,noah plant$ ! v9e aft] !
 deluge1 & is suppos$ to h be5 !  fir/  
:o cultivat$ x1 ,g54 ix1 #bj4 ,_m are ( 
op9ion t w9e 0  n unkn[n be=e ! deluge2 
& t ?is patri>* only cont9u$ to         
cultivate ! v9e aft] t ev5t1 z he _h    
done be=e x3 b !  fa!rs ?9k t he knew n 
! =ce ( w9e1 hav+ nev] us$ x  be=e1 nor 
hav+ ev] se5 any "o use x4 ,he 0 ! fir/ 
t  ga!r$ ! juice ( ! grape1 & pres]v$ x 
till by f]m5tation  x became a potable  
liquor4 ,be=e him m5 only ate ! grapes l
  o!r fruit4 ,! law ( ,moses did n all[ 
! plant]s ( v9ey>ds to  eat ! fruit be=e
 ! fif? ye>1 ,lev4 xix1 #bd1 #be4 ,!    
,israelites  7 also requir$ to indulge !
 poor1 ! orphan1 & ! /rang]1  ) ! use ( 
! grapes on ! sev5? ye>4 ,a travell] 0  
all[$  to ga!r & eat ! grapes 9 a v9ey>d
 z he pass$ along1 b he  0 n p]mitt$ to 

c>ry any away1 ,deut4 xxiii1 #bd4 ,!    
sc>city (  fuel1 especially wood1 9 mo/ 
p>ts ( ! ea/1 is s great1 t !y  supply x
 ) e ?+ capable ( burn+2 c[ dung dri$1  
roots1  p>+s ( fruits1 )]$ /alks ( h]bs 
& fl[]s1 ,mat!w vi1 #cj4  ,v9e twigs are
 p>ticul>ly m5tion$ z us$ = fuel 9      
dress+ _!  food1 by ,d',arvieux1 ,la    
,roque1 & o!rs3 ,ezekiel says1 9 8      
p>able  ( ! v9e1 us$ figuratively = ! p 
( ,god1 8,%all wood be  tak5 !re( to d  
any "w8 ,or w m5 take a p9 ( x to hang  
any  vessel !reon8 ,behold1 x is ca/    
into ! fire = fuel10 ,ezekiel xv1  #c1  
#d4 8,if a man abide n 9 me10 sai? our  
,"l1 8he is ca/ =? z a  bran*0 ( ! v9e1 
8& is )]$2 & m5 ga!r !m1 & ca/  !m into 
! fire1 & !y are burn$10 ,john xv1 #f4  
,,v9eg>1 1 ,num4 vi1 #c2 ,ru? ii1 #ad2  
,psalm lxix1 #ba2 ,prov4 x1 #bf2 xxv1   
#bj2 1 ,matt4 xxvii1 #dh2 ,m>k xv1 #cf2 
,john xix1 #bi1 #cj2 an acid  produc$ by
 a second f]m5tation ( v9\s liquors4 ,! 
law ( !  ,naz>ite 0 t he %\ld 8sep>ate  
himself f w9e & /rong  dr9k1 & %\ld dr9k

 no v9eg> ( w9e1 nor v9eg> ( /rong dr9k1
  nor any liquor ( grapes40 ,?is is     
exactly ! same prohibition t 0  giv5 9 !
 case ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,luke i1 #ae1  
1 w9e & sik]a he %all n dr9k4 ,any      
inebriat+ liquor1  says ,j]om1 is call$ 
sic]a1 :e!r made ( corn1 apples1 honey1 
dates1 or o!r fruits4 ,"o ( ! f\r       
prohibit$ dr9ks among !  ,mohamm$ans 9  
,india is call$ sak>1 :i* signifies     
inebriat+  dr9k 9 g5]al1 b especially   
date w9e4 ,f ! orig9al ^w1  probably1 we
 h our t]m cid] or sid]1 :i* among u1   
exclusively  means ! f]m5t$ juice (     
apples4 ,v9eg> 0 us$ by h>ve/]s =  _!   
refre%m5t4 ,boaz told ,ru? t %e might   
come & dip h] bread  9 v9eg> ) 8 p4     
,pl9y says1 0,aceto summa vis 9         
refrig]&o40 ,!re is ! greate/ p[] 9     
v9eg>1 9 cool+4 ,x  made a v cool+      
bev]age4 ,x 0 g5]ally dilut$ ) wat]4 ,:5
  v /rong1 x affect$ ! tee?             
disagreeably1 ,prov4 x1 #bf4 ,9         
,prov]bs xxv1 #bj1 ! s++ ( songs to a   
heavy he>t is f9ely  comp>$ to !        

contr>iety or colluctation betwe5 v9eg> 
& nitre2  untimely mir? to "o 9 anxiety 
s]ves only to exasp]ate1 & z x  7 put   
into a f]m5t by ! intrusion4    ,!      
,emp]or ,pesc5nius ,nig] gave ord]s t 8 
soldi]s %\ld dr9k  no?+ b v9eg> on _!   
m>*es4 ,t :i* ! ,roman soldi]s  (f]$ to 
our ,savi\r at 8 crucifixion1 01        
probably1 ! v9eg>  !y made use ( = _!   
own dr9k+4 ,con/ant9e ! ,great all[$  !m
 w9e & v9eg> alt]nately1 e day4 ,?is    
v9eg> 0 n (  t sort :i* we use = salads 
& sauces2 b x 0 a t>t w9e  call$ pesca1 
or s]a4 ,!y make great use ( x 9 ,spa9 &
 ,italy1  9 h>ve/ "t4 ,!y use x also 9  
,holl&1 & on %ipbo>d1 to  correct ! ill 
ta/e ( ! wat]4    ,,vip]1 1 ,job xx1    
#af2 ,isaiah xxx1 #f2 lix1 #e2 1 ,matt4 
iii1 #g2  xii1 #cd2 xxiii1 #cc2 ,luke   
iii1 #g2 ,acts xxviii1 #c2 a s]p5t fam$ 
= !  v5om\sness ( its bite1 :i* is "o ( 
! mo/ dang]\s poisons 9  ! animal k+dom4
 ,s rem>kable1 says ,dr4 ,mead1 has !   
vip] be5 =  its v5om1 t ! remote/       
antiquity made x an emblem ( :at is     

hurtful & de/ructive4 ,nay1 s t]rible 0 
! nature ( ^!  creatures1 t !y 7 v      
commonly ?\ght to be s5t z  execution]s 
( div9e v5geance ^u mank9d1 = enorm\s   
crimes :i*  _h escap$ ! c\rse ( ju/ice4 
,an in/ance ( su* an op9ion z  ?is we h 
9 ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,acts xxviii1   
:om ! p (  ,melita1 :5 !y saw ! vip]    
leap ^u 8 h&1 pres5tly conclud$  to be a
 murd]]2 & z readily made a god ( him   
:51 in/ead (  hav+ 8 h& inflam$1 or     
fall+ d[n dead1 "o or o!r ( :i* is      
usually ! effect ( ^! bites1 he )\t any 
h>m %ook ! reptile  into ! fire3 x be+  
obvi\s en\gh to imag9e t he mu/ /& 9  a 
ne> relation at lea/ to ! gods !mselves1
 :o c\ld ?us comm&  ! mess5g]s ( _!     
v5geance1 & c\nt]work ! effects ( su*   
p[]ful ag5ts4    ,,vision1 ! act ( see+2
 b1 9 ,scripture1 x g5]ally signifies a 
sup]natural appe>ance1 ei!r by dream or 
9 reality1 by :i* ,god  made kn[n 8 w & 
pleasure to ^? to :om x 0 v\*saf$1      
,acts ix1 #aj1 #ab2 xvi1 #i1 xxvi1 #ac2 
#b ,cor4 xii1 #a4 ,?us1 9 ! e>lie/      

times1 to patri>*s1 prophets1 & holy m5 
,god s5t angels1 he  appe>$ to !m       
himself by night 9 dreams1 he illum9at$ 
_! m9ds1  he made 8 voice to be he>d by 
!m1 he s5t !m ec/asies1 &  transport$ !m
 beyond !mselves1 & made !m he> ?+s t   
eye  _h n se51 e> _h n he>d1 & :i* _h n 
ent]$ into !  he>t ( man4 ,! ,"l %[$    
himself to ,moses1 & spoke to him :5 he 
0 at ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,jesus ,*ri/       
manife/$ himself to 8  ,apo/les1 9 8    
transfiguration ^u ! m\nt1 & on sev]al  
o!r  occasions aft] 8 resurrection4 ,god
 appe>$ to ,abraham "u ! =m  ( ?ree     
travell]s2 he %[$ himself to ,isaiah &  
,ezekiel1 9 !  spl5d\r ( 8 glory4       
,vision is also us$ = ! prophecies      
writt5  by ! prophets4 ,! beatific      
vision d5otes ! act ( angels &  glorifi$
 spirits behold+ 9 heav5 ! unveil$      
spl5d\rs ( !  ,"l ,jehovah1 & privileg$ 
to contemplate 8 p]fections & plans 9  &
 by himself4    ,,vocation1 or ,,call+1 
is a graci\s act ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 by :i*1
  ?r\gh 8 ^w & ,_s1 he calls =? s9ful   

m51 :o are liable  to condemnation &    
plac$ "u ! dom9ion ( s91 f ! condition  
( ! animal life1 & f ! pollutions &     
corruptions ( ?is  _w1 #b ,tim4 i1 #i2  
,matt4 xi1 #bh2 #a ,pet] ii1 #i1 #aj2   
,gal4 i1 #d2 #b ,pet]  ii1 #bj2 ,romans 
x1 #ac-ae2 #a ,pet] iii1 #ai2 ,g54 vi1  
#c1 unto 8!  fell[%ip ( ,jesus ,*ri/10 &
 ( 8 k+dom & its b5efits2 t1  be+ unit$ 
unto him z _! head1 !y may d]ive f him  
life1  s5sation1 motion1 & a pl5itude ( 
e spiritual bless+1 to !  glory ( ,god &
 _! own salvation1 #a ,cor4 i1 #i2 ,gal4
 ii1 #bj2 ,eph4 i1  #c1 #f2 #b ,!ss4 ii1
 #ac1 #ad4 ,! end int5d$ is1 t !y :o h  
be5  call$ answ] by fai? to ,god & to   
,*ri/ :o give ! call1 & t  !y ?us become
 ! cov5ant$ p ( ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/ !      
,m$iator ( ! new cov5ant2 &1 aft] hav+  
become believ]s &  p>ties to ! cov5ant1 
t !y love1 fe>1 hon\r1 & wor%ip ,god  & 
,*ri/1 r5d] 9 all ?+s ob$i5ce to ! div9e
 precepts 89  righte\sness & true       
hol9ess10 & t by ?is means !y 8make  _! 
call+ & election sure10 ,prov4 i1 #bd2  

,heb4 iii1 #g2 ,rev4 iii1  #bj2 ,eph4   
ii1 #aa-af2 ,titus iii1 #h2 ,deut4 vi1  
#d1 #e2 ,j]4 xxxii1 #ch1 #ci2  ,luke i1 
#gd1 #ge2 #b ,pet] i1 #a1 #aj4 ,! glory 
( ,god1 :o is supremely  wise1 good1    
m]ciful1 j1 & p[]ful1 is s lum9\sly     
display$ 9  ?is communication bo? ( 8   
grace & glory1 z des]v$ly to raise  into
 raptur\s admiration ! m9ds ( angels & (
 m51 & to employ  _! loos5$ tongues 9   
celebrat+ ! praises ( ,jehovah1 ,rev4   
iv1  #h-aa2 v1 #h-aj4 ,see ,,call+4     
,,v[1 a promise made to ,god1 ( do+ "s  
good ?+ h]eaft]4 ,! use  ( v[s is       
obs]vable ?r\gh\t ,scripture4 ,:5 ,jacob
 w5t into  ,mesopotamia1 he v[$ to ,god 
! t5? ( 8 e/ate1 & promis$ to  (f] x at 
,be!l1 to ! hon\r ( ,god1 ,g54 xxviii1  
#bb4 ,moses enacts  sev]al laws = !     
regulation & execution ( v[s4 ,a man    
might  devote himself1 or 8 *ildr51 to !
 ,"l4 ,jeph?ah devot$ 8  daught]1       
,judges xi1 #cj1 #ca4 ,samuel 0 v[$ or  
consecrat$ to !  s]vice ( ! ,"l be=e 8  
bir?1 by 8 pi\s "m ,hannah2 &  0 really 

(f]$ to him1 to s]ve 9 ! tab]nacle1 #a  
,sam4 i1 #ba1 c4  ,if a man & woman v[$ 
!mselves to ! ,"l1 !y 7 oblig$ to  adh]e
 /rictly to 8 s]vice1 accord+ to !      
conditions ( ! v[2  b 9 "s cases !y     
might be r$eem$4 ,a man f tw5ty ye>s (  
age  till sixty1 gave fifty %ekels (    
silv]2 & a woman ?irty1 ,lev4  xxvii1   
#c4 ,f ! age ( five ye>s to tw5ty1 a man
 gave tw5ty  %ekels1 & a woman t52 f a  
mon? old to five ye>s1 !y gave =  a boy 
five %ekels1 & = a girl ?ree4 ,a man (  
sixty ye>s old1 or  upw>d1 gave fifte5  
%ekels1 & a woman ( ! same age gave t54 
,if  ! p]son 0 poor1 & c\ld n procure   
?is sum1 ! prie/ impos$  a ransom ^u    
him1 accord+ to 8 abilities4 ,if any "o 
_h v[$ an  animal t 0 clean1 he _h n !  
lib]ty ( r$eem+ x1 or (  ex*ang+ x1 b 0 
oblig$ to sacrifice x to ! ,"l4 ,if x 0 
an  unclean animal1 & su* z 0 n all[$ to
 be sacrific$1 ! prie/  made a valuation
 ( x2 & if ! proprietor w\ld r$eem x1 he
 add$  a fif? "p to ! value1 by way (   
=feit4 ,!y did ! same 9  proportion1 :5 

! ?+ v[$ 0 a h\se or a field4 ,!y c\ld n
  devote ! fir/ born1 because 9 _! own  
nature !y belong$ to !  ,"l1 ,lev4      
xxvii1 #bh1 #bi4 ,:atev] 0 devot$ by way
 ( ana!ma1 c\ld  n be r$eem$1 ( :atev]  
nature or quality x 04 ,an animal 0 put 
to dea?1 & o!r ?+s 7 devot$ = ev] to !  
,"l4 ,!  consecration ( ,naz>ites 0 a   
p>ticul> k9d ( v[4 ,! v[s &  promises ( 
*ildr5 7 void1 ( c\rse1 except !y 7     
ratifi$  ei!r by ! express or tacit     
cons5t ( _! p>5ts4 ,x 0 ! same  ) ! v[s 
( a m>ri$ woman2 !y 7 ( no validity1    
except  confirm$ by ! express or tacit  
cons5t ( h] husb&1 ,num4 xxx4 ,b  wid[s1
 or lib]at$ wives1 7 b\nd by _! v[s1    
:atev] !y  74    ,:osoev] invokes !     
awful "n ( ,god to witness any untru?1  
kn[+  x to be su*1 is guilty ( tak+ x 9 
va94 ,our ,"l did n mean to  preclude   
solemn appeals to heav51 :e!r oa?s or   
v[s1 9 c\rts (  ju/ice1 or 9 important  
compacts4 ,= an oa?1 or appeal to !     
greate/ ( all be+s1 z ! ,se>*] ( he>ts1 
to witness a  transaction1 & to puni%   

falsehood or p]jury1 is necess>y1 =     
putt+ an end to all /rife or controv]sy 
among m51 to promote  confirmation or   
security ( prop]ty1 ,heb4 vi1 #af4 ,& x 
0 sanction$  by ! example ( ,god1 swe>+ 
by himself1 ,g5esis xxii1 #ae2 ,heb4 vi1
  #ag1 #ah2 & by ! example ( ! patri>*s 
& sa9ts ( old2 ?us  ,abraham swore by ! 
mo/ high ,god1 ,creator ( heav5 & e>?1  
,g54  xiv1 #bb2 ! transjordanite tribes1
 by ! ,god ( gods1 ! ,"l1 ,jo%ua  xxii1 
#bb4 ,& ! law prescrib$1 8,?\ %alt fe> !
 ,"l ?y ,god1 &  s]ve him1 & %alt swe>  
by 8 "n10 ,deut4 vi1 #ac4 ,& aft]w>d1   
8,all ,judah rejoic$ at ! oa?1 = !y _h  
sworn unto ! ,"l ) a  l\d voice1 ) all  
_! he>t1 & s\ght him ) _! :ole  desire3 
& he 0 f\nd ( !m2 & ! ,"l gave !m re/   
r\nd  ab\t10 #b ,*ron4 xv1 #ad1 #ae4 ,& 
a highly gift$ ,apo/le uses !  foll[+   
mo/ solemn assev]ation1 8,! ,god & ,fa!r
 ( our ,"l  ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o is bless$ =
 ev]more1 kn[e? t ,i lie n10 #b  ,cor4  
xi1 #ca4 ,see ! v[s ( ! prie/s &        
,levites1 to put away  /range wives1    

,ezra x1 #e2 & to take no usury f _!    
bre?r51 ,neh4  x1 #bi4 ,/4 ,paul also   
v[$ a v[1 :i* he p]=m$1 ,acts xviii1    
#ah2  xxi1 #bc4 ,our ,"l1 !re=e1 renact$
 ! law1 :ile he gu>d$  aga9/ ! abuse (  
x1 by prohibit+ all oa?s 9 common       
conv]sation1 z a pr(anation ei!r (      
,god's "n1 :]e t 0  irrev]5tly us$1 or  
:]e any ( 8 works 0 sub/itut$ in/ead (  
! awful & t]rible "n ( ! ,"l1 :i* !     
,jews1 ?r\gh  sup]/iti\s dread1 at l5g? 
ceas$ to use1 f mis9t]pretation (       
,deut4 xxviii1 #eh3 8,b ,i say unto y1  
,swe> n at all10 9 common  conv]sation1 
by any ( y\r usual oa?s1 8nei!r by      
heav51 = x is  ,god's ?rone2 nor by !   
e>?1 = x is 8 foot/ool10 c4 ,=1 by  !   
dete/able casui/ry ( ! scribes &        
,ph>isees1 "s oa?s 7  reckon$ b9d+1 o!rs
 n1 z we le>n f ! sequel2 ?us1 to  swe> 
by ! temple1 ! alt>1 heav51 c1 !y       
consid]$ z n  b9d+3 b to swe> by ! gold 
( ! temple1 by ! gift on !  alt>1 c1 !y 
consid]$ z b9d+2 ! absurdity & impiety (
  :i* practice is well expos$ by our ,"l

 9 ,matt4 xxiii1 #af-bb4    ,,vulgate1 a
 v anci5t ,lat9 translation ( ! ,bible2 
& ! only "o  ! *ur* ( ,rome ackn[l$ges  
to be au!ntic4 ,! anci5t ,vulgate (  !  
,old ,te/am5t 0 translat$ almo/ ^w = ^w1
 f ! ,greek (  ! ,septuag9t4 ,! au?or ( 
! v]sion is n kn[n4 ,x 0 a long  "t kn[n
 by ! "n ( ! ,italic1 or old v]sion2 z  
be+ ( v  great antiquity 9 ! ,lat9 *ur*4
 ,x 0 ! common1 or vulg>  v]sion1 be=e  
,/4 ,j]om made a new "o f ! ,hebrew     
orig9al1 )  occasional ref]5ces to !    
,septuag9t2 :5ce x has its "n ,vulgate4 
,nobilius1 9 #aeeh1 & ,f4 ,mor91 9      
#afbh1 gave new editions ( x2  pret5d+  
to h re/or$ & re-collat$ x f ! anci5ts  
:o _h  cit$ x4 ,x has s9ce be5 ret\*$ f 
! correction ( ,/4 ,j]om2  & x is ?is   
mixture ( ! anci5t ,italic v]sion1 & "s 
corrections ( ,/4 ,j]om1 t is n[ call$ !
 ,vulgate1 & :i* !  c\ncil ( ,tr5t has  
decl>$ to be au!ntic4 ,x is ?is ,vulgate
 alone  t is us$ 9 ! ,romi% *ur*1       
except+ "s passages ( !  anci5t         
,vulgate1 :i* 7 left 9 ! ,missal & !    

,psalms1 & :i*  are /ill sung accord+ to
 ! old ,italic v]sion4 ,/4 ,j]om decl>es
  t1 9 8 revisal ( ! ,italic v]sion1 he 
us$ great c>e &  circumspection1 nev]   
v>y+ f t v]sion b :5 he ?\ght x         
misrepres5t$ ! s5se4 ,b z ! ,greek      
copies to :i* he _h access  7 n s anci5t
 z ^? f :i* ! ,italic v]sion _h be5     
made1 "s le>n$ au?ors h be5 ( op9ion t x
 w\ld h be5  mu* bett] if he _h collect$
 all ! copies1 &1 by comp>+ !m1  h      
re/or$ t translation to its orig9al     
purity4 ,x is pla9 t  he nev] complet$  
?is "w1 & t he ev5 left "s faults 9 x1  
= fe> ( v>y+ too mu* f ! anci5t v]sion1 
s9ce he r5d]s  9 8 comm5t>ies "s words  
o!rwise ?an he has done 9 8             
translation4 ,?is v]sion 0 n introduc$  
into ! *ur* b by  degrees1 = fe> ( (f5d+
 weak p]sons4 ,ruf9us1 not)/&+  8 enmity
 to ,/4 ,j]om1 & 8 hav+ exclaim$ mu*    
aga9/ ?is  p]=mance1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to   
pref] x to ! vulg> or ,italian4  ,?is   
translation ga9$ at la/ s great an      
au?ority1 by !  approbation ( ,pope     

,gregory ,i41 & 8 decl>$ pref]5ce ( x to
  e o!r1 t x 0 subsequ5tly br\ght into  
public use ?r\gh  all ! we/]n *ur*es4   
,al?\gh x 0 n reg>d$ z au!ntic1  except 
by ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 x is c]ta9ly ( "s  
use1 z s]v+  to illu/rate sev]al        
passages bo? ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4  
,! two pr9cipal popi% editions ( !      
,vulgate are ^? ( pope  ,sixtus ,v4 &   
,clem5t ,,viii43 ! =m] 0 pr9t$ 9 #aeij1 
aft] ,pope  ,sixtus _h collect$ ! mo/   
anci5t ,,mss4 & be/ pr9t$ copies1       
summon$ ! mo/ le>n$ m5 out ( all !      
nations ( ! ,*ri/ian  _w1 assembl$ a    
congregation ( c>d9als = _! assi/ance & 
c\nsel1 & presid$ ov] ! :ole himself4   
,?is edition 0 decl>$  to be correct$ 9 
! v be/ mann] possible1 & publi%$ ) a   
trem5d\s excommunication aga9/ e p]son  
:o %\ld presume ev]  aft]w>d to alt] !  
lea/ p>ticle ( ! edition ?us au!ntically
  promulgat$ by 8 hol9ess1 sitt+ 9 t    
*air1 9 qu ,petri vivit  pote/as1 et    
excellit auctoritas1 9 :i* ! p[] ( ,pet]
 liv$1  & 8 au?ority excell$4 ,! o!r    

edition 0 publi%$ 9 #aeib1 by  ,pope    
,clem5t ,,viii42 :i* 0 s diff]5t f t (  
,sixtus1 z to  conta9 two ?\s&          
v>iations1 "s ( :ole v]ses1 & _m o!rs   
cle>ly & design$ly contradictory 9 s5se2
 & yet ?is edition is  also1 ex ca!dr1 f
 ! *air1 pron\nc$ z ! only au!ntic  "o1 
& en=c$ by ! same s5t5ce (              
excommunication ) !  =m]4 ,clem5t       
suppress$ ! edition ( 8 pr$ecessor2 s t 
copies ( ! ,sixt9e ,vulgate are n[ v    
sc>ce1 & h long be5  reckon$ among      
lit]>y r>ities4 ,our le>n$ c\ntryman1   
,dr4 ,james1 !  celebrat$ correspond5t &
 able coadjutor ( ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1       
relates1 ) all ! ard\r ( a h>d /ud5t1 ! 
delight :i* he  exp]i5c$ on unexpect$ly 
obta9+ a ,sixt9e copy2 & he us$ x to    
good & effective purpose 9 8 v clev]    
book1 entitl$ 8,bellum  ,papale10 9 :i* 
he has po9t$ out num]\s additions1      
omissions1  contradictions1 & gl>+      
diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,sixt9e &  ,clem5t9e 
editions4 ,all ! popi% *ampions are     
exce$+ly %y ab\t  recogniz+ ?is         

irreconcilable conflict betwe5 !        
productions ( two  su* infallible       
p]sonages2 & ! bolde/ ( !m wi% to       
repres5t x  z a ?+ ( n\ght4 ,b x is no  
light matt] ?us to tamp] ) !  ^w ( ,god4
    ,! ,romani/s g5]ally hold ! ,vulgate
 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t pref]able  to !      
common ,greek text2 because x is ?is    
alone1 & n ! ,greek  text1 t ! c\ncil ( 
,tr5t has decl>$ au!ntic3 accord+ly t   
*ur* has1 z x 71 adopt$ ?is edition1 & !
 prie/s read no  o!r at ! alt>1 !       
prea*]s quote no o!r 9 ! pulpit1 nor !  
div9es 9 ! s*ools4 ,yet "s ( _! be/     
au?ors1 ,f4 ,b\h\rs =  in/ance1 own1 t  
among ! diff]5ces t are f\nd betwe5 !   
common ,greek & ! ,vulgate1 !re are "s 9
 :i* ! ,greek read+  appe>s m cle> &    
natural ?an t ( ! ,lat92 s t !  second  
might be correct$ f ! fir/1 if ! holy   
see %\ld ?9k  fit4 ,b ^? diff]5ces1 tak5
 9 g5]al1 only consi/ 9 a few  syllables
 or words2 !y r>ely conc]n ! s5se4      
,beside1 9 "s (  ! mo/ consid]able1 !   
,vulgate is au?oriz$ by sev]al anci5t   

manuscripts4 ,b\h\rs sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8
 life 9 giv+ a  ,fr5* translation ( !   
,new ,te/am5t accord+ to ! ,vulgate4 ,x 
is  probable t at ! "t ! anci5t ,italic 
or ,vulgate v]sion ( !  ,new ,te/am5t 0 
made1 & at ! "t x 0 aft]w>d comp>$ )  ! 
,greek manuscripts by ,/4 ,j]om1 z !y 7 
!n ne>] ! times  ( ! ,apo/les1 !y _h m  
accurate ,greek copies1 & ^? bett]      
kept1 ?an any ( ^? us$ :5 pr9t+ 0       
inv5t$4    8,highly z ! ,lat9 ,vulgate  
is extoll$ by ! *ur* ( ,rome10 says     
,mi*alis1 8x 0 depreciat$ beyond measure
 at ! beg9n+ ( !  sixte5? c5tury by     
sev]al le>n$ ,prote/ants1 ^: example has
 be5  foll[$ by m5 ( inf]ior abilities4 
,at ! re/oration ( le>n+1  :5 ! faculty 
( writ+ elegant ,lat9 0 ! highe/        
accompli%m5t  ( a s*ol>1 ! ,vulgate 0   
reg>d$ ) contempt1 z n writt5  )        
classical purity4 ,b aft] ! ,greek      
manuscripts 7 discov]$1  _! read+s 7    
pref]r$ to ^? ( ! ,lat91 because ! ,new 
,te/am5t 0 writt5 9 ,greek1 & ! ,lat9 0 
only a v]sion2 b x  0 n consid]$ t ^!   

,greek manuscripts 7 mod]n 9  comp>ison 
( ^? orig9als f :i* ! ,lat9 0 tak52 nor 
0 x  kn[n at t "t1 t ! m anci5t ! ,greek
 manuscripts & !  o!r v]sions 71 ! clos]
 0 _! agreem5t ) ! ,vulgate4  ,our able/
 writ]s1 su* z ,mill & ,b5gel1 h be5    
induc$ by ,f4  ,simon's treatise to     
ab&on ! op9ion ( _! pr$ecessors1 & h    
ascrib$ to ! ,lat9 ,vulgate a value     
p]haps great] ?an x des]ves40           
,,vulture1 1 & 1 ,lev4 xi1 #ad2 ,isa4   
xxxiv1 #ae2 a l>ge bird (  prey1 some:at
 resembl+ ! eagle4 ,!re are sev]al birds
 ( !  vultur9e k9d1 :i*1 ?\gh !y diff]  
mu* 9 respect to col\r &  dim5sions1 yet
 are all easily di/+ui%$ by _! nak$     
heads1 &  beaks p>tly /raight & p>tly   
crook$4 ,!y are frequ5t 9 ,arabia1      
,egypt1 & _m p>ts ( ,africa & ,asia4 ,!y
 h a mo/ indelicate  voracity1 prey+ m  
^u c>rion ?an live animals4 ,!y 7       
decl>$ unclean 9 ! ,levitical           
con/itution4      ,,wald5ses1           
,,wall5ses1 or ,,albig5ses1 ! ,vaudois1 
or inhabitants ( !  beautiful valleys ( 

! ,alps1 betwe5 ,italy & ,prov5ce4 ,_m h
  suppos$ t !y d]iv$ _! "n f ,pet]      
,waldo1 or ,valdo1 a  m]*ant ( ,lyons1 9
 ! twelf? c5tury1 & "o ( _! lead]s &    
patrons2 b _! hi/ory has be5 trac$      
consid]ably f>!r back1  :i* has l$ o!rs 
to suppose t1 on ! contr>y1 he d]iv$ 8  
"n f !m1 z ,pet] ! ,wald5sian1 or ,pet] 
( ! ,valleys4 ,!  le>n$ ,dr4 ,allix1 9 8
 8,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,pi$mont10 gives
  ?is acc\nt3 ,= ?ree hundr$ ye>s or m1 
! bi%op ( ,rome  attempt$ to subjugate !
 *ur* ( ,milan "u 8 jurisdiction2 &  at 
la/ ! int]e/ ( ,rome grew too pot5t = ! 
*ur* ( ,milan1  plant$ by "o ( !        
disciples2 insomu* t ! bi%op & !  p1 r  
?an own _! jurisdiction1 retir$ to !    
valleys (  ,luc]ne & ,angrogne1 & !nce 7
 call$ ,vall5ses1 ,wall5ses1 or1  ,! ,p 
9 ! ,valleys4 ,f a confession ( _! fai?1
 ( !  e>ly date1 ,a4 ,d4 #aabj1 we      
extract ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 #a4 ,t  !   
,scriptures tea* t !re is "o ,god1      
almighty1 all-wise1 &  all-good1 :o made
 all ?+s by 8 goodness2 = he =m$ ,adam 9

 8  own image & lik5ess2 b t by ! envy (
 ! devil s9 ent]$  into ! _w1 & t we are
 s9n]s 9 & by ,adam4 #b4 ,t ,*ri/  0    
promis$ to our fa!rs1 :o receiv$ ! law2 
t s kn[+ by  ! law _! unrighte\sness &  
insuffici5cy1 !y might desire !  com+ ( 
,*ri/1 to satisfy = _! s9s1 & accompli% 
! law by  himself4 #c4 ,t ,*ri/ 0 born 9
 ! "t appo9t$ by ,god !  ,fa!r2 t is to 
say1 9 ! "t :5 all iniquity ab\nd$1 t he
  might %[ u grace & m]cy1 z be+        
fai?ful4 #d4 ,t ,*ri/ is our  life1     
tru?1 peace1 & righte\sness2 z also our 
pa/or1 advocate1 &  prie/1 :o di$ = !   
salvation ( all :o believe1 & is ris5 = 
our ju/ification4 #e4 ,t !re is no      
m$iator & advocate ) ,god  ! ,fa!r1 save
 ,jesus ,*ri/4 #f4 ,t aft] ?is life !re 
are only  two places1 ! "o = ! sav$1 & !
 o!r = ! damn$4 #g4 ,t  ! fea/s1 !      
vigils ( sa9ts1 ! wat] :i* !y call holy1
 z  also to ab/a9 f fle% on c]ta9 days1 
& ! l1 b especially  ! masses1 are !    
inv5tions ( m51 & ought to be reject$4  
#h4 ,t  ! sacram5ts are signs ( ! holy  

?+1 visible =ms ( !  invisible grace2 & 
t x is good = ! fai?ful to use ^? signs 
or visible =ms2 b t !y are n ess5tial to
 salvation4 #i4 ,t  !re are no o!r      
sacram5ts b baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]4   
#aj4  ,t we ought to hon\r ! secul> p[]s
 by subjection1 ready  ob$i5ce1 & pay+ (
 tribute4 ,on ! subject ( infant        
baptism1 !y  held diff]5t op9ions1 z    
,*ri/ians d 9 ! pres5t day4    ,= be>+  
?is noble te/imony aga9/ ! *ur* ( ,rome1
 ^! pi\s  p 7 = _m c5turies ! subjects (
 a mo/ cruel p]secution2  & 9 ! ?irte5? 
c5tury ! pope in/itut$ a crusade aga9/  
!m1 & !y 7 pursu$ ) a fury p]fectly     
diabolical4 ,_!  pr9ciples1 h[ev]1      
cont9u$ unsubdu$1 & at ! ,re=mation _!  
desc5dants 7 reckon$ among !            
,prote/ants1 ) :om !y 7 9  doctr9e s    
cong5ial2 b 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! flames
 (  p]secution 7 aga9 rek9dl$ aga9/ !m  
by ! cruelty ( ,l\is  ,,xiv4 ,at !      
revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantz1 ab\t     
fifte5 ?\s&  p]i%$ 9 ! prisons (        
,pign]ol1 beside great numb]s :o p]i%$  

among ! m\nta9s4 ,!y receiv$1 h[ev]1 !  
p[]ful protection &  support ( ,engl& "u
 ,william ,,iii4 ,b /ill ! h\se (       
,saxony  cont9u$ to treat !m z h]etics1 
& !y 7 oppress$ by a  v>iety ( cruel    
edicts4    ,:5 ,pi$mont 0 subject$ to   
,france 9 #ahjj1 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1      
,buonap>te be+ fir/ consul1 plac$ !m on 
! same plan (  tol]ation ) ! re/ (      
,france2 b on ! return ( ! k+ (  ,s>d9ia
 to ,g5oa1 not)/&+ ! int]cession ( ,"l  
,william  ,b5t9ck1 ! old p]secut+ edicts
 7 reviv$ 9 ! end ( #ahad2  & ?\gh !y h 
n be5 subject$ to fire & faggot z       
a=etime1  _! wor%ip has be5 re/ra9$1 &  
!y 7 n only /ripp$ (  all employm5ts1 b1
 by a mo/ provid5tial circum/ance only1 
sav$  f a g5]al massacre4 ,s9ce !n !y h 
be5 visit$ by "s pi\s  & b5evol5t       
,engli%m52 & ! numb] ( ,wald5ses1 or    
,vaudois1 has  be5 tak5 at n9ete5 ?\s&  
sev5 hundr$ & t51 beside ab\t  fifty    
families resid+ at ,tur94    ,mr4 ,miln]
 v prop]ly connects ?is p ) ! ,ca?>i1 or
  ,paulicians1 ( ! sev5? c5tury1 :o     

resid$ *iefly 9 ! valleys  ( ,pi$mont1 &
 :o1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 accord+ to ?is  
valuable  hi/orian1 receiv$ a great     
accession ( memb]s f ! le>n$  lab\rs &  
godly zeal ( ,pet] ,waldo1 a pi\s man ( 
unusual le>n+  = a layman at t p]iod4 ,8
 ?\ghts be+ turn$ to div9e ?+s  by !    
sudd5 dea? ( a fri5d1 he appli$ himself 
to ! /udy ( !  ,scriptures1 & 01 accord+
 to ,mr4 ,miln]1 ! fir/ :o1 9 ! we/  (  
,europe1 translat$ ! ,bible into a mod]n
 language4 ,waldo 0 ri*1  & di/ribut$ 8 
weal? among ! poor1 & ) x ! bread (     
life1 :i* ende>$ him to ! l[] classes2 &
 x 0 probably !  great increase ( ^!    
pi\s p1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 ex]tions1  :i* 
br\ght ^u !m ! horrible crusade 9 ! next
 c5tury4 ,?is  01 h[ev]1 :olly on acc\nt
 ( _! pret5d$ h]esies1--_!  bitt]e/     
enemies be>+ te/imony to ! purity ( _!  
life &  mann]s4 ,?us a pontifical       
inquisitor1 quot$ by ,u%]1 says1 8,^!   
h]etics are kn[n by _! mann]s &         
conv]sation2 = !y are  ord]ly & mode/ 9 
_! behavi\r & deportm5t2 !y avoid all   

appe>ance ( pride 9 _! dress2 !y are    
*a/e1 temp]ate1 &  sob]2 !y seek n to   
amass ri*es2 !y ab/a9 f ang]2 &1 ev5    
:ile at "w1 are ei!r le>n+ or tea*+40   
,seysillius1 ano!r  popi% writ]1 says ( 
!m1 8,_! h]esy except$1 !y g5]ally live 
a pur] life ?an o!r ,*ri/ians40         
,licl5/5ius1 a ,dom9ican1 says1  8,9    
morals & life !y are good2 true 9 words2
 unanim\s 9 bro!rly  love2 b _! fai? is 
incorrigible & vile1 z ,i h %[n y 9  my 
treatise40 ,b mo/ rem>kable is !        
te/imony ( ,re9]us1 an  inquisitor ( !  
?irte5? c5tury3 8,( all ! sects :i* h   
be51  or n[ exi/1 none is m injuri\s to 
! *ur*1 7t is1 ( ,rome17  = ?ree        
reasons3 #a4 ,because x is m anci5t4 ,"s
 say x has  cont9u$ f ! "t ( ,silve/]2  
o!rs f ! "t ( !  ,apo/les4 #b4 ,because 
x is m g5]al4 ,!re is sc>cely any c\ntry
  into :i* ?is sect has n crept4 #c4    
,because all o!r h]etics excite  horror 
by ! greatness ( _! blasphemies aga9/   
,god2 b ^! h  a great appe>ance ( piety1
 z !y live ju/ly be=e m51 & believe     

rightly all ?+s conc]n+ ,god1 & all !   
articles :i* are  conta9$ 9 ! cre$40    
,,w>1 or ,,w>f>e1 ! attempt to decide a 
conte/ or diff]5ce betwe5  pr9ces1      
/ates1 or l>ge bodies ( p1 by resort+ to
 ext5sive  acts ( viol5ce1 or1 z !      
phrase is1 by an appeal to arms4 ,!     
,hebrews 7 =m]ly a v w>like nation4 ,!  
books t in=m u (  _! w>s display nei!r  
ignorance nor flatt]y2 b are writ+s     
inspir$ by ! ,_s ( tru? & wisdom4 ,_!   
w>riors 7 none (  ^? fabul\s h]oes or   
pr(ess$ conqu]ors1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to    
ravage cities & prov9ces1 & to r$uce    
=eign nations "u _!  dom9ion1 m]ely = ! 
sake ( gov]n+1 or pur*as+ a "n =        
!mselves4 ,!y 7 commonly wise & valiant 
g5]als1 rais$ up by  ,god 8to fight !   
battles ( ! ,"l10 & to ext]m9ate 8      
enemies4  ,su* 7 ,jo%ua1 ,caleb1        
,gideon1 ,jeph?ah1 ,samson1 ,david1     
,josiah1 &  ! ,maccabees1 ^: names alone
 are _! own suffici5t encomiums4  ,_!   
w>s 7 n und]tak5 ^u slight occasions1 or
 p]=m$ )  a h&ful ( p4 ,"u ,jo%ua !     

affair 0 ( no less importance  ?an to   
make himself ma/] ( a va/ c\ntry :i*    
,god _h giv5 up to  him2 & to root out  
sev]al p[]ful nations t ,god _h devot$  
to an  ana!ma2 & to v9dicate an (f5d$   
,deity1 & human nature :i* _h  be5      
debas$ by a wick$ & corrupt p1 :o _h    
fill$ up !  measure ( _! iniquities4 ,"u
 ! ,judges1 ! matt] 0 to ass]t  _!      
lib]ty1 by %ak+ (f ! yoke ( p[]ful      
tyrants1 :o kept  !m 9 subjection4 ,"u  
,saul & ,david ! same motives prevail$  
to  und]take w>2 & to ^! 7 add$ a f>!r  
motive1 ( mak+ a  conque/ ( su* prov9ces
 z ,god _h promis$ to 8 p4 ,f> 0 x  f _!
 int5tion m]ely to r$uce ! p[] ( !      
,phili/9es1 !  ,ammonites1 ! ,moabites1 
! ,idumeans1 ! ,arabians1 ! ,syrians1 & 
! sev]al pr9ces t 7 9 possession ( ^?   
c\ntries4 ,9 !  lat] times ( ! k+doms ( 
,israel & ,judah1 we obs]ve _! k+s  be>+
 ! %ock ( ! greate/ p[]s ( ,asia1 ( !   
k+s (  ,assyria & ,*aldea1 ,%almanes]1  
,s5na*]ib1 ,es>haddon1 &  ,nebu*adnezz>1
 :o made ! :ole ea/ tremble4 ,"u !      

,maccabees a  h&ful ( m5 oppos$ ! :ole  
p[] ( ! k+s ( ,syria1 &  aga9/ !m       
ma9ta9$ ! religion ( _! fa!rs1 & %ook (f
 !  yoke ( _! oppressors1 :o _h a design
 bo? aga9/ _! religion  & lib]ty4 ,9    
/ill lat] times1 ) :at c\rage1          
intrepidity1 &  con/ancy1 did !y su/a9 !
 w> aga9/ ! ,romans1 :o 7 !n  ma/]s ( ! 
_w6    ,we may di/+ui% two k9ds ( w>s   
among ! ,hebrews3 "s 7 (  obligation1 z 
be+ expressly comm&$ by ! ,"l2 b o!rs 7 
free & volunt>y4 ,! fir/ 7 su* z ,god   
appo9t$ !m to  und]take3 = example1     
aga9/ ! ,amalekites & ! ,canaanites1 :i*
  7 nations devot$ to an ana!ma4 ,! o!rs
 7 und]tak5 by !  capta9s ( ! p1 to     
rev5ge "s injuries (f]$ to ! nation1  to
 puni% "s insults or (f5ces1 or to def5d
 _! allies4 ,su* 0  t :i* ! ,hebrews    
made aga9/ ! city ( ,gibeah1 & aga9/ !  
tribe ( ,b5jam91 :i* w\ld support !m 9  
_! fault2 t :i*  ,david made aga9/ !    
,ammonites1 ^: k+ _h affront$ 8         
ambassadors2 & t ( ,jo%ua aga9/ ! k+s ( 
! ,canaanites1 to  protect !            

,gibeonites4 ,:atev] reasons au?orize a 
nation or a pr9ce  to make w> aga9/     
ano!r1 obta9$1 likewise1 among !        
,hebrews2 =  all ! laws ( ,moses suppose
 t ! ,israelites might make w>1 &  might
 def5d !mselves1 aga9/ _! enemies4 ,:5 a
 w> 0 resolv$  ^u1 all ! p t 7 capable (
 be>+ arms 7 collect$  toge!r1 or only  
"p ( !m1 accord+ z ! exig5ce ( !  exi/+ 
case & ! necessity & importance ( !     
ent]prise  requir$4 ,= x does n appe> t1
 be=e ! reign ( ,k+ ,david1  !re 7 any  
regul> troops or magaz9es 9 ,israel4 ,a 
g5]al  r5dezv\s 0 appo9t$1 a review 0   
made ( ! p by tribes &  by families1 &  
!n !y m>*$ aga9/ ! enemy4 ,:5 ,saul1 at 
!  beg9n+ ( 8 reign1 0 in=m$ ( ! cruel  
proposal t !  ,ammonites _h made to ! m5
 ( ! city ( ,jabe%-,gilead1 he cut 9    
pieces ! ox5 belong+ to 8 pl\gh1 & s5t  
!m ?r\gh !  c\ntry1 say+1 8,:osoev]     
come? n =? aft] ,saul & ,samuel1 to  !  
relief ( ,jabe%-,gilead1 s %all x be    
done unto 8 ox510 #a ,sam4  xi1 #g4 ,9  
anci5t times1 ^? t w5t to w> g5]ally    

c>ri$ _!  own provisions along ) !m1 or 
!y took !m f ! enemy4 ,h5ce  ^! w>s 7   
g5]ally ( %ort cont9uance2 because x 0  
h>dly  possible to subsi/ a l>ge body ( 
troops = a long "t ) su*  provisions z e
 "o c>ri$ along ) him4 ,:5 ,david1      
,jesse's  y\ng] son1 /ay$ beh9d to look 
aft] 8 fa!r's flocks :ile 8  eld] bro!rs
 w5t to ! w>s along ) ,saul1 ,jesse s5t 
,david to  c>ry provisions to 8 bro!rs1 
#a ,sam4 xvii1 #ac4 ,we suppose t ?is   
way ( mak+ w> prevail$ also "u ,jo%ua1 !
 ,judges1 ,saul1 ,david  at ! beg9n+ ( 8
 reign1 ! k+s ( ,judah & ,israel :o 7   
successors to ,rehoboam & ,j]oboam1 & "u
 ! ,maccabees1 till !  "t ( ,simon      
,maccabu1 pr9ce & high prie/ ( ! ,jews1 
:o _h  m]c5>y troops1 t is1 soldi]s :o  
receiv$ pay1 #a ,mac4 xiv1 #cb4  ,e "o  
also provid$ 8 own arms = ! w>4 ,! k+s (
 !  ,hebrews w5t to ! w>s 9 p]son1 &1 9 
e>li] times1 f\ght on  foot1 z well z ! 
meane/ ( _! soldi]s2 no horses be+ us$ 9
  ! armies ( ,israel be=e ,david4 ,!    
(fic]s ( w> among ! ,hebrews  7 ! g5]al 

( ! army1 & ! pr9ces ( ! tribes or ( !  
families ( ,israel1 beside o!r pr9ces or
 capta9s1 "s ( a  ?\s&1 "s ( a hundr$1  
"s ( fifty1 & "s ( t51 m54 ,!y  _h also 
_! scribes1 :o 7 a k9d ( commiss>ies t  
kept !  mu/] roll ( ! troops2 & ^! _h   
o!rs "u !m :o act$ by  _! direction4    
,milit>y =tifications 7 at fir/ no?+ m  
?an a tr5* or  dit*1 dug r\nd a few     
cottages on a hill or m\nta91 toge!r ) !
  m\nd1 :i* 0 =m$ by ! s& dug out ( x2  
except1 p]haps1  !re might h sometimes  
be5 an elevat$ scaffold+ = ! purpose  ( 
?r[+ /ones ) ! great] effect aga9/ !    
enemy4 ,9 ! age  ( ,moses & ,jo%ua1 !   
walls :i* surr\nd$ cities 7 elevat$ to  
no inconsid]able height1 & 7 furni%$ )  
t[]s4 ,! art (  =tification 0 enc\rag$ &
 patroniz$ by ! ,hebrew k+s1 &          
,j]usalem 0 always well def5d$1         
especially ,m\nt ,zion4 ,9 lat]  times !
 temple itself 0 us$ z a ca/le4 ,!      
pr9cipal p>ts ( a  =tification 71 #a4 ,!
 wall1 :i*1 9 "s in/ances1 0 triple  &  
d\ble1 #b ,*ron4 xxxii1 #e4 ,walls 7    

commonly made l(ty & broad1  s z to be  
nei!r readily pass$ ov] nor brok5 ?r\gh1
 ,j]4 li1 #eh4  ,! ma9 wall t]m9at$ at !
 top 9 a p>apet = ! accommodation  ( !  
soldi]s1 :i* op5$ at int]vals 9 a sort (
 embrasures1 s  z to give !m an         
opportunity ( fight+ ) missile weapons4 
#b4  ,t[]s1 :i* 7 erect$ at c]ta9       
di/ances f ea* o!r on !  top ( walls1 & 
asc5d$ to a great height1 t]m9at$ at !  
top 9 a  flat ro(1 & 7 surr\nd$ ) a     
p>apet1 :i* exhibit$ op5+s  simil> to ^?
 9 ! p>apet ( ! walls4 ,t[]s ( ?is k9d 7
  erect$1 likewise1 ov] ! gates (       
cities4 ,9 ^! t[]s gu>ds 7  kept        
con/antly /ation$2 at lea/1 ?is 0 ! case
 9 ! "t (  ! k+s4 ,x 0 _! bus9ess to    
make kn[n any ?+ t !y  discov]$ at a    
di/ance2 & :5ev] !y notic$ an irruption 
f an  enemy1 !y blew ! trumpet1 to ar\se
 ! citiz5s1 #b ,sam4 xiii1 #cd2  xviii1 
#bf1 #bg2 #b ,k+s ix1 #ag-ai2 ,nahum ii1
 #a2 #b ,*ron4 xvii1 #b4 ,t[]s1         
likewise1 :i* 7 some:at l>g] 9 size1 7  
erect$ 9 diff]5t  p>ts ( ! c\ntry1      

p>ticul>ly on places :i* 7 elevat$2 &   
^! 7 gu>d$ by a milit>y =ce1 ,judges    
viii1 #i1ag2 ix1 #df1 #di1  #ea2 ,isaiah
 xxi1 #f2 ,hab4 ii1 #a2 ,hosea v1 #h2   
,j]4 xxxi1 #f4 ,we f9d1 ev5  to ?is day1
 t ! circul> edifices ( ?is sort1 :i*   
are /ill  erect$ 9 ! solitudes ( ,arabia
 ,felix1 be> _! anci5t "n (  ca/les or  
t[]s4 #c4 ,! walls 7 erect$ 9 su* a way 
z to curve  inw>d2 ! extremities ( !m1  
consequ5tly1 project$ outw>d1 &  =m$ a  
k9d ( ba/ions4 ,! object ( =m+ ! walls s
 z to  pres5t su* projections1 0 to     
enable ! inhabitants ( ! besieg$  city  
to attack ! assailants 9 flank4 ,we le>n
 f ! hi/ory (  ,tacitus1 t ! walls (    
,j]usalem1 at ! "t ( its be+ attack$  by
 ! ,romans1 7 built 9 ?is mann]4 ,^!    
projections 7  introduc$ by ,k+ ,uzziah1
 ,b4,c4 #haj1 & are subsequ5tly m5tion$ 
9  ,zeph4 i1 #af4 #d4 ,! digg+ ( a fosse
 put x 9 ! p[] ( !  inhabitants ( a city
 to increase ! elevation ( ! walls1 & ( 
itself ?rew a s]i\s difficulty 9 ! way (
 an enemy's approa*1 #b  ,sam4 xx1 #ae2 

,isaiah xxvi1 #a2 ,neh4 iii1 #h2 ,psalm 
xlviii1 #ac4 ,! fosse1  if ! situation (
 ! place admitt$ x1 0 fill$ ) wat]4 ,?is
  0 ! case at ,babylon4 #e4 ,! gates 7  
at fir/ made ( wood1 &  7 small 9 size4 
,!y 7 con/ruct$ 9 ! mann] ( valve doors1
  & 7 secur$ by means ( wood5 b>s4      
,subsequ5tly1 !y 7 made  l>g] & /rong]2 
&1 9 ord] to prev5t _! be+ burn$1 7     
cov]$ ) plates ( brass or iron4 ,! b>s 7
 cov]$ 9 ! same  mann]1 9 ord] to prev5t
 _! be+ cut asund]2 b x 0  sometimes !  
case t !y 7 made :olly ( iron4 ,! b>s 7 
secur$ by a sort ( lock1 ,psalm cvii1   
#af2 ,isaiah xlv1 #b4    ,previ\sly to  
comm5c+ w>1 ! ,hea!n nations consult$   
oracles1  soo?say]s1 necromanc]s1 & also
 ! lot1 :i* 0 asc]ta9$ by  %oot+ arr[s (
 diff]5t col\rs1 #a ,sam4 xxviii1 #a-aj2
 ,isaiah xli1  #ba-bd2 ,ezek4 xxv1 #aa4 
,! ,hebrews1 to :om ?+s ( ?is k9d 7     
int]dict$1 7 9 ! habit1 9 ! e>ly "p ( _!
 hi/ory1 (  inquir+ ( ,god by means (   
,urim & ,?ummim1 ,judges i1 #a2 xx1 #bg1
 #bh2  #a ,sam4 xxiii1 #b2 xxviii1 #f2  

xxx1 #h4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,david1 ! k+s  :o 
reign$ 9 ,pale/9e consult$1 accord+ to !
 diff]5t  *>act]s :i* !y su/a9$1 & !    
feel+s :i* !y ex]cis$1  sometimes true  
prophets1 & sometimes false1 9 respect  
to ! issue (  w>1 #a ,k+s xxii1 #f-ac2  
#b ,k+s xix1 #b1 c4 ,sacrifices 7 also  
(f]$1 9 ref]5ce to :i* ! soldi]s 7 said 
to consecrate  !mselves to ! w>1 ,isaiah
 xiii1 #c2 ,j]4 vi1 #d2 li1 #bg2 ,joel  
iii1 #i2  ,obad4 #a4 ,!re are in/ances (
 =mal decl>ations ( w>1 &  sometimes (  
previ\s negotiations1 #b ,k+s xiv1 #h2  
#b ,*ron4 xxv1 #bg2  ,judges xi1 #ab-bh2
 b c]emonies ( ?is k9d 7 n always       
obs]v$1  #b ,sam4 x1 #a-ab4 ,:5 ! enemy 
made a sudd5 incursion1 or :5 ! w>  0   
unexpect$ly comm5c$1 ! al>m 0 giv5 to ! 
p by  mess5g]s rapidly s5t =?1 by ! s\nd
 ( w>like trumpets1 by  /&>ds float+ on 
! l(tie/ places1 by ! clam\r ( _m voices
  on ! m\nta9s1 t e*o$ f summit to      
summit1 ,judges iii1 #bg2 vi1  #cd2 vii1
 #bb2 xix1 #bi1 #cj2 #a ,sam4 xi1 #g1   
#h2 ,isaiah v1 #bf2 xiii1 #b2 xviii1    

#c2 xxx1 #ag2 xlix1 #b2 lxii1 #aj4      
,milit>y exp$itions commonly comm5c$  9 
! spr+1 #b ,sam4 xi1 #a1 & 7 cont9u$ 9 !
 summ]1 b 9  ! w9t] ! soldi]s w5t into  
qu>t]s4 ,! firm p]suasion t ,god  fights
 = ! good aga9/ ! wick$1 discov]s itself
 9 ! ,old  ,te/am5t1 & acc\nts = ! fact1
 t1 n only 9 ! ,hebrew1 b  also 9 !     
,arabic1 ,syriac1 & ,*aldaic languages1 
words1 :i*  orig9ally signify ju/ice1   
innoc5ce1 or uprightness1 signify       
likewise  victory2 & t words1 ^: usual  
mean+ is inju/ice or wick$ness1  also   
mean defeat or ov]?r[4 ,! same may be   
said 9 respect to words  :i* signify    
help or aid1 inasmu* z ! nation :i*     
conqu]$  receiv$ aid f ,god1 & ,god 0   
its help]1 ,psalm vii1 #i2 ix1 #i2 xx1  
#f2 xxvi1 #a2 xxxv1 #bd2 xliii1 #a2     
xliv1 #e2 lxxv1 #c2 lxxvi1 #ac2 lxxviii1
 #i2  lxxxii1 #h2 #a ,sam4 xiv1 #de2 #b 
,k+s v1 #a2 ,isa4 lix1 #ag2 ,hab4 iii1  
#h4    ,! attack ( ! ori5tals 9 battle  
has always be51 & is to ?is  day1       
*>act]iz$ by vehem5ce & impetuosity4 ,9 

case ! enemy  su/a9 an unalt]$ front1 !y
 retreat1 b x is n long be=e !y  return 
aga9 ) r5ew$ ard\r4 ,x 0 ! practice ( ! 
,roman  armies to /& /ill 9 ! ord] (    
battle1 & to receive ! %ock  ( _!       
oppos]s4 ,to ?is practice !re are       
allusions 9 ! foll[+  passages3 #a ,cor4
 xvi1 #ac2 ,gal4 v1 #a2 ,eph4 vi1 #ad2  
,phil4 i1 #bg2 #a ,!ss4  iii1 #h2 #b    
,!ss4 ii1 #ae4 ,! ,greeks1 :ile !y 7 yet
 ?ree or f\r  furlongs di/ant f ! enemy1
 comm5c$ ! song ( w>2 some?+  resembl+  
:i* occurs 9 #b ,*ron4 xx1 #ba4 ,!y !n  
rais$ a %\t1  :i* 0 also done among !   
,hebrews1 #a ,sam4 xvii1 #eb2 ,jo%ua vi1
 #f2  ,isa4 v1 #bi1 #cj2 xvii1 #ab2 ,j]4
 iv1 #ai2 xxv1 #cj4 ,! w> %\t 9 ,judges 
vii1 #bj1 0 z foll[s1 8,! sword ( ! ,"l 
& ( ,gideon40 ,9 "s  in/ances x seems to
 h be5 a m]e yell or in>ticulate cry4 ,!
  m]e m>* ( armies ) _! weapons1 *>iots1
 & trampl+  c\rs]s1 occasion$ a great & 
confus$ noise1 :i* is comp>$ by  !      
prophets to ! ro>+ ( ! ocean1 & ! da%+ (
 !  m\nta9 torr5ts1 ,isa4 xvii1 #ab1    

#ac2 xxvii1 #b4 ,! descriptions (       
battles 9 ! ,bible are v brief2 b al?\gh
 !re is no?+  especially said1 9 respect
 to ! ord] 9 :i* ! battle comm5c$  & 0  
conduct$1 !re is h>dly a d\bt t !       
light-arm$ troops1  z 0 ! case 9 o!r    
nations1 7 ! fir/ 9 ! engagem5t4 ,!  ma9
 body foll[$ !m1 &1 ) _! spe>s ext5d$1  
made a rapid  & impetu\s movem5t ^u !   
enemy4 ,h5ce swiftness ( foot 9 a       
soldi] is m5tion$ z a gr\nd ( great     
comm5dation1 n only 9  ,hom]1 b 9 !     
,bible1 #b ,sam4 ii1 #ai-bd2 #a ,*ron4  
xii1 #h2 ,psalm xviii1  #cc4 ,^? :o     
obta9$ ! victory 7 intoxicat$ ) joy2 !  
%\t  ( triumph res\nd$ f m\nta9 to      
m\nta91 ,isa4 xlii1 #aa2 lii1 #g1  #h2  
,j]4 #a1 #b2 ,ezek4 vii1 #g2 ,nahum i1  
#ae4 ,! :ole ( ! p1 n  except+ ! wom51  
w5t out to meet ! return+ conqu]ors )   
s++ & ) danc+1 ,judges xi1 #cd-cg2 #a   
,sam4 xviii1 #f1 #g4  ,triumphal songs 7
 utt]$ = ! liv+1 & elegies = ! dead1 #b 
,sam4 i1 #ag1 #ah2 #b ,*ron4 xxxv1 #be2 
,judges v1 #a-ca2 ,exod4 xv1 #a-ba4     

,monum5ts 9 hon\r ( ! victory 7 erect$1 
#b ,sam4 viii1 #ac2 ,psalm  lx1 #a2 & ! 
arms ( ! enemy 7 hung up z trophies 9 ! 
tab]nacle1 #a ,sam4 xxxi1 #aj2 #b ,k+s  
xi1 #aj4 ,! soldi]s :o conduct$         
!mselves m]itori\sly 7 hon\r$ ) pres5ts1
 & _h !  opportunity ( ent]+ into       
hon\rable matrimonial connections1      
,jo%ua  xiv2 #a ,sam4 xvii1 #be2 xxviii1
 #ag2 #b ,sam4 xviii1 #aa4 ,see         
,,armies1 &  ,,arms4    ,,wat]4 ,9 !    
sacr$ ,scriptures1 bread & wat] are     
commonly m5tion$  z ! *ief supports (   
human life2 & to provide a suffici5t    
quantity ( wat]1 to prep>e x = use1 & to
 deal x out to !  ?ir/y1 are among !    
pr9cipal c>es ( an ori5tal h\sehold]4 ,!
  ,moabites & ,ammonites are reproa*$ = 
n meet+ ! ,israelites  ) bread & wat]2 t
 is1 ) prop] refre%m5ts1 ,deut4 xxxiii1 
#d4 ,nabal says 9 an insult+ mann] to   
,david's mess5g]s1 8,%all ,i  !n take my
 bread & my wat]1 & my fle% t ,i h kill$
 = my  %e>]s1 & give x unto m5 :om ,i "k
 n :5ce !y be80 #a ,sam4  xxv1 #aa4 ,to 

furni% travell]s ) wat] is1 ev5 9 pres5t
 times1  reckon$ ( s great importance1 t
 _m ( ! ea/]n  philan?ropi/s h be5 at   
consid]able exp5se to procure !m t      
enjoym5t4 ,! nature ( ! climate1 & !    
g5]al aspect ( !  ori5tal regions1      
require num]\s f\nta9s to excite & su/a9
 !  languid p[]s ( vegetation2 & ! sun1 
burn+ ) int5se heat 9  a cl\dless sky1  
dem&s = ! fa9t+ inhabitants ! v]dure1   
%ade1 & coolness :i* vegetation         
produces4 ,h5ce f\nta9s ( liv+  wat] are
 met ) 9 ! t[ns & villages1 9 ! fields &
 g>d5s1  & by ! sides ( ! roads & ( !   
beat5 tracks on ! m\nta9s2  & a cup (   
cold wat] f ^! wells is no contemptible 
pres5t4  8,fatigu$ ) heat & ?ir/10 says 
,c>ne1 8we came to a few cottages  9 a  
palm wood1 & /opp$ to dr9k ( a f\nta9 ( 
delici\s wat]4  ,9 ?is nor!rn climate no
 idea c be =m$ ( ! luxury ( dr9k+  9    
,egypt3 little appetite = food is felt2 
b :51 aft] cross+ !  burn+ s&s1 y rea* !
 ri* l9e ( woods on ! br9k ( !  ,nile1 &
 pluck ! fre% limes1 &1 mix+ _! juice ) 

,egyptian  sug> & ! s(t riv] wat]1 dr9k 
repeat$ b[ls ( lemonade1 y  feel t e o!r
 pleasure ( ! s5ses mu/ yield to ?is4   
,"o  !n p]ceives ! beauty & =ce ( ^?    
similes 9 ,scripture1 :]e  ! sweete/    
emotions ( ! he>t are comp>$ to !       
assuag+ (  ?ir/ 9 a ?ir/y l&40 ,9       
,arabia1 equal att5tion is paid1 by !   
weal?y & b5evol5t1 to ! refre%m5t ( !   
travell]4 ,on "o (  ! m\nta9s ( ,arabia1
 ,niebuhr f\nd ?ree little res]voirs1   
:i*  are always kept full ( f9e wat] = !
 use ( pass5g]s4 ,^!  res]voirs1 :i* are
 ab\t two feet & a half squ>e1 & f five 
to  sev5 feet high1 are r\nd1 or po9t$  
at ! top1 ( mason's "w1  hav+ only a    
small op5+ 9 "o ( ! sides1 by :i* !y p\r
  wat] into !m4 ,sometimes he f\nd1 ne> 
^! places ( ,arab  refre%m5t1 a piece ( 
a gr\nd %ell1 or a little scoop ( wood1 
=  lift+ ! wat]4 ,! same att5tion to !  
com=t ( travell]s is  manife/$ 9 ,egypt1
 :]e public build+s are set ap>t 9 "s ( 
_! cities1 ! bus9ess ( ^: inhabitants is
 to supply !  pass5g]s ) wat] free (    

exp5se4 ,"s ( ^! h\ses make a v  h&some 
appe>ance2 & ! p]sons appo9t$ to wait on
 ! pass5g]s  are requir$ to h "s vessels
 ( copp]1 curi\sly t9n$ & fill$  ) wat]1
 always ready on ! w9d[ next ! /reet4   
,"s ( !  ,mohamm$an villages 9 ,pale/9e1
 n f> f ,naz>e?1 br\ght ,mr4  ,buck+ham 
& 8 p>ty bread & wat]1 :ile on          
horseback1 )\t  ev5 be+ solicit$ to d s2
 & :5 !y halt$ to accept x1 bo?         
complim5ts & bless+s 7 mutually         
int]*ang$4 8,"h1 z 9 e  o!r "p (        
,nubia10 says ,burckh>dt1 8! ?ir/y      
travell] f9ds1 at  %ort di/ances1 wat]  
j>s plac$ by ! road side "u a l[ ro(4   
,e village pays a small mon?ly /ip5d to 
"s p]son to fill ^!  j>s 9 ! morn+1 &   
aga9 t[>d ev5+4 ,! same cu/om prevails  
9 ,upp] ,egypt1 b on a l>g] scale3 & !re
 are c>avans]ais (t5  f\nd ne> ! wells  
:i* supply travell]s ) wat]40 ,9 ,india 
!  ,h9doos g sometimes a great way to   
fet* wat]1 & !n boil x1 t  x may n be   
hurtful to travell]s t are hot2 & aft]  
?is /&  f morn+ till night 9 "s great   

road1 :]e !re is nei!r pit  nor rivulet1
 & (f] x 9 hon\r ( _! gods1 to be drunk 
by !  pass5g]s4 ,?is necess>y "w ( *>ity
 9 ^! hot c\ntries seems  to h be5      
practis$ among ! m pi\s & humane ,jews2 
& our  ,"l assures !m1 t if !y d ?is 9 8
 "n1 !y %all n lose  _! rew>d4 ,h5ce a  
cup ( wat] is a pres5t 9 ! ea/ ( great  
value1 ?\gh !re are "s o!r refre%m5ts ( 
a sup]ior quality4  ,x is /ill ! prop]  
bus9ess ( ! females to supply ! family )
  wat]4 ,f ?is drudg]y1 h[ev]1 ! m>ri$  
wom5 are exempt$1  unless :5 s+le wom5  
are want+4 ,! prop] "t = draw+ wat]  9  
^? burn+ climates is 9 ! morn+1 or :5 ! 
sun is go+  d[n2 !n !y g =? to p]=m t   
humble (fice adorn$ )  _! tr9kets1 "s ( 
:i* are (t5 ( great value4 ,agreeably to
  ?is cu/om ,rebecca w5t in/ead ( h] "m 
to fet* wat] f !  well1 & ! s]vant (    
,abraham expect$ to meet an unm>ri$     
female  !re :o might prove a suitable   
mat* = 8 ma/]'s son4 ,9 ! ,ea/  ,indies1
 ! wom5 also draw wat] at ! public      
wells1 z ,rebecca did1  on t occasion1 =

 travell]s1 _! s]vants & _! cattle2 &   
wom5 ( no mean rank lit]ally illu/rate !
 conduct ( an un=tunate  pr9cess 9 !    
,jewi% hi/ory1 by p]=m+ ! s]vices ( a   
m5ial1  #b ,sam4 xiii1 #h4 ,! "y wom5 ( 
,guz]at daily draw wat] f !  wells1 &   
c>ry ! j>s ^u ! head2 b ^? ( high rank  
c>ry  !m ^u ! %\ld]4 ,9 ! same way      
,rebecca c>ri$ h] pit*]2 &  probably = !
 same reason1 because %e 0 ! daught] (  
an ea/]n  pr9ce1 ,g54 xxiv1 #de4        
,wat] sometimes signifies ! elem5t (    
wat]1 ,g54 i1 #aj2 &  metaphorically1   
tr\ble & afflictions1 ,psalm lxix1 #a4  
,9 ! language  ( ! prophets1 wat]s (t5  
d5ote a great multitude ( p1 ,isa4      
viii1 #g2 ,rev4 xvii1 #ae4 ,wat] is put 
= *ildr5 or po/]ity1 ,num4  xxiv1 #g2   
,isa4 xlviii1 #a2 = ! cl\ds1 ,psalm civ1
 #c4 ,wat]s sometimes  /& = te>s1 ,j]4  
ix1 #a1 #g2 = ! ord9ances ( ! ,gospel1  
,isa4  xii1 #c2 xxxv1 #f1 #g2 lv1 #a2   
,john vii1 #cg1 #ch4 8,/ol5 wat]s0 d5ote
  unlawful pleasures ) /range wom51     
,prov4 ix1 #ag4 ,! ,israelites are      

reproa*$ ) hav+ =sak5 ! f\nta9 ( liv+   
wat]1 to qu5*  _! ?ir/ at brok5 ci/]ns1 
,j]4 ii1 #ac2 t is1 ) hav+  quitt$ !    
wor%ip ( ,god = ! wor%ip ( false &      
ridicul\s  deities4 ,wat]s ( ,m]ibah1 or
 ! wat]s ( /rife1 7 s call$  because ( !
 qu>rell+ or cont5tion & murmur+ ( !    
,israelites  aga9/ ,moses & aga9/ ,god4 
,:5 !y came to ,kade%1 & !re  happ5$ to 
be 9 want ( wat]1 !y made a s$ition     
aga9/ him &  8 bro!r ,a>on1 ,numb]s xx1 
#a1 c4 ,^u ?is occasion ,moses committ$ 
t great s9 ) :i* ,god 0 s mu* displeas$1
 t he depriv$  him ( ! hon\r ( introduc+
 8 p into ! l& ( promise4    ,,wax1 1   
,psalm xxii1 #ad2 lxviii1 #b2 xcvii1 #e2
 ,micah i1 #d4 ,?us !  ,,lxx4 ?r\gh\t1 1
 & vulgate c]a2 s !re is no room to d\bt
  b ?is is ! true mean+ ( ! ^w3 & ! idea
 ( ! root  appe>s to be s(t1 melt+1     
yield+1 or ! l1 :i* prop]ties are  n    
only well kn[n to belong to wax1 b are  
also intimat$ 9 all !  passages (       
,scripture 9 :i* ?is ^w occurs4         
,,wayf>+ ,,m54 ,9 ! primitive ages ( !  

_w !re 7 no public  inns or tav]ns4 ,9  
^? days ! volunt>y exhibition (         
hospitality  to "o :o /ood 9 ne$ ( x 0  
highly hon\rable4 ,! glory ( an         
op5-he>t$ & g5]\s hospitality cont9u$   
ev5 aft] public inns  or c>avans]ais 7  
erect$1 & cont9ues to ?is day 9 ! ea/1  
,job xxii1 #g2 xxxi1 #ag2 ,g54 xviii1   
#c-i2 xix1 #b-aj2 ,exodus ii1 #bj2      
,judges  xix1 #b-aj2 ,acts xvi1 #ae2    
xvii1 #g2 xxviii1 #g2 ,matt4 xxv1 #ce2  
,m>k ix1 #da2  ,rom4 xii1 #ac2 #a ,tim4 
iii1 #b2 v1 #aj2 ,heb4 xiii1 #b4        
,buck+ham 9 8  8,travels among ! ,arab  
,tribes10 says1 8,a foot pass5g] c\ld   
make 8  way at little or no exp5se1 z   
travell]s & wayf>]s ( e  description    
halt at ! %eikh's dwell+1 :]e1 :atev]   
may be !  rank or condition ( ! /rang]1 
be=e any que/ions are ask$ him z  to :]e
 he comes f1 or :i!r he is go+1 c(fee is
 s]v$ to him  f a l>ge pot always on !  
fire2 & a meal ( bread1 milk1 oil1      
honey1 or butt]1 is set be=e him1 = :i* 
no paym5t is ev]  dem&$ or ev5 expect$  

by ! ho/1 :o1 9 ?is mann]1 fe$s at  lea/
 tw5ty p]sons on an av]age e day 9 ! ye>
 f 8 own  purse2 at lea/1 ,i c\ld n le>n
 t he 0 remun]at$ 9 any mann]  = ?is    
exp5diture1 ?\gh x is consid]$ z a      
necess>y consequ5ce  ( 8 situation1 z   
*ief ( ! community1 t he %\ld ma9ta9    
?is anci5t practice ( hospitality to    
/rang]s4--,we _h be5 direct$  to ! h\se 
( ,eesa1 or ,jesus4 ,our horses 7 tak5  
into ! c\rt  y>d ( ! h\se1 & unburd5$ ( 
_! saddles1 )\t a s+le  "q be+ ask$ on  
ei!r side2 & x 0 n until we _h seat$    
ourselves t our int5tion to rema9 "h = !
 night 0  communicat$ to ! ma/] ( !     
h\se3 s mu* is x reg>d$ a matt]  (      
c\rse1 t ^? :o h a h\se to %elt]        
!mselves 91 &  food to p>take (1 %\ld   
%>e ^? com=ts ) wayf>]s40 ,!  passage 9 
,isa4 xxxv1 #h1 8,! wayf>+ m51 ?\gh     
fools1 %all n err  !re910 receives      
elucidation f "s ( ! acc\nts ( mod]n    
travell]s4 ,irw91 speak+ ( 8 pass+ ?r\gh
 ! des]ts on !  ea/]n side ( ! ,nile1 9 
8 go+ f ,upp] ,egypt to ,cairo1 tells   

u1 t1 aft] leav+ a c]ta9 valley1 :i* he 
m5tions1 _! road  lay ov] level gr\nd4  
8,z x w\ld be next to an impossibility  
to f9d  ! way ov] ^! /ony flats1 :]e !  
heavy foot ( a camel leaves  no         
impression1 ! diff]5t b&s ( robb]s10    
wild ,arabs1 he means1  :o frequ5t t    
des]t1 8h heap$ up /ones at unequal     
di/ances  = _! direction ?r\gh ?is      
des]t4 ,we h d]iv$ great  assi/ance f ! 
robb]s 9 ?is respect1 :o are our guides 
:5 !  m>ks ei!r fail1 or are            
un9telligible to u40 8,x 0 on ! #bd? (  
,m>*10 says ,ho/e1 8t ,i dep>t$ f       
,alex&ria = ,rosetta3 x 0  a good day's 
j\rney ?i!r1 ov] a level c\ntry1 b a    
p]fect  des]t1 s t ! w9d plays ) ! s&1 &
 !re is no trace ( a  road4 ,we travel  
fir/ six leagues along ! sea coa/2 b :5 
we leave  ?is1 x is ab\t six leagues m  
to ,rosetta1 & f !nce to !  t[n !re are 
high /one or b>k pill>s1 9 a l9e1       
accord+ to :i*  travell]s direct _!     
j\rney40    ,,ways1 9 ,scripture1 means 
conduct3 = example3 8,make y\r pa?s     

/raight40 ,! pa?s ( ! wick$ are crook$4 
,to =sake ! ways (  ! ,"l1 is to =sake 8
 laws4 ,ways also signifies cu/om1      
mann]s1  & way ( life3 8,all fle% _h    
corrupt$ 8 way ^u ! e>?10 ,g54  vi1 #ab2
 xix1 #ca2 ,j]4 xxxii1 #ai4 ,! way ( !  
,"l expresses 8  conduct to u3 8,my     
?\ghts are n y\r ?\ghts1 nei!r are y\r  
ways  my ways1 sai? ! ,"l10 ,isa4 lv1   
#h4 ,we f9d ?r\gh ! :ole (  ,scripture  
?is k9d ( expressions3 ,! way ( peace1 (
 ju/ice1 (  iniquity1 ( tru?1 ( d>kness4
 ,to g ! way ( all ! e>?1 ,jo%ua  xxiii1
 #ad1 signifies dy+ & ! grave4 ,a h>d   
way repres5ts ! way  ( s9n]s1 a way (   
impiety1 ,judges ii1 #ai4 ,jesus ,*ri/  
is call$ !  ,way1 ,john xiv1 #f1 because
 x is by him alone t believ]s obta9     
et]nal life1 & an entrance into heav54  
,! psalmi/ says1 8,?\ wilt  %[ me ! pa? 
( life10 ,psalm xvi1 #aa2 t is1 ,?\ wilt
 raise my  body f dea? to life1 &       
conduct me to ! place & /ate (  ev]la/+ 
happ9ess4 ,:5 a great pr9ce 9 ! ea/ sets
 out on a  j\rney1 x is usual to s5d a  

p>ty ( m5 be=e him1 to cle> !  way4 ,!  
/ate ( ^? c\ntries 9 e age1 :]e roads   
are almo/  unkn[n1 &1 f ! want (        
cultivation1 9 _m p>ts ov]gr[n )        
brambles1 & o!r ?orny plants1 :i* r5d]s 
travell+1 especially  ) a l>ge ret9ue1 v
 incommodi\s1 requires ?is precaution4  
,!  emp]or ( ,h9do/an1 9 8 progress     
?r\gh 8 dom9ions1 z  describ$ 9 !       
n>rative ( ,sir ,?omas ,roe's embassy to
 ! c\rt (  ,delhi1 0 prec$$ by a v great
 company1 s5t be=e him to cut up  !     
trees & bu%es1 to level & smoo? ! road1 
& prep>e _!  place ( encampm5t4 ,bal91  
:o sway$ ! imp]ial sceptre ( ,india1  _h
 five hundr$ *os5 m51 9 ri* liv]y1 ) _! 
drawn sabres1  :o ran be=e him1         
proclaim+ 8 approa*1 & cle>+ ! way4 ,nor
  0 ?is hon\r res]v$ exclusively = !    
reign+ emp]or2 x 0  (t5 %[n to p]sons ( 
royal bir?4 ,:5 an ,indian pr9cess made 
a  visit to h] fa!r1 ! roads 7 direct$  
to be repair$1 & made  cle> = h] j\rney2
 fruit trees 7 plant$1 wat] vessels     
plac$ 9  ! road side1 & great           

illum9ations prep>$ = ! occasion4 ,mr4  
,bruce gives ne>ly ! same acc\nt ( a    
j\rney1 :i* ! k+ (  ,abyss9ia made ?r\gh
 a "p ( 8 dom9ions4 ,! *ief magi/rate ( 
e di/rict ?r\gh :i* he _h to pass 01 by 
8 (fice1 oblig$  to h ! roads cle>$1    
levell$1 & smoo!d2 & he m5tions1 t  a   
magi/rate ( "o ( ! di/ricts1 hav+ fail$ 
9 ?is "p ( 8  duty1 01 toge!r ) 8 son1  
imm$iately put to dea? on ! spot1  :]e a
 ?orn happ5$ to cat* ! g>m5t1 & int]rupt
 = a mom5t  ! progress ( 8 maje/y4 ,?is 
cu/om is easily recogniz$ 9 t  beautiful
 pr$iction3 8,! voice ( him t crie? 9 ! 
wild]ness1  ,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1   
make /raight 9 ! des]t a highway  = our 
,god4 ,e valley %all be exalt$1 & e     
m\nta9 & hill  %all be br\ght l[2 & !   
crook$ %all be made /raight1 & !  r\gh  
places pla92 & ! glory ( ! ,"l %all be  
reveal$1 & all  fle% %all see x toge!r1 
= ! m\? ( ! ,"l ha? spok5 x10  ,isa4 xl1
 #c-e4 ,we %all be able1 p]haps1 to =m a
 m cle> &  precise idea1 f ! acc\nt :i* 
,diodorus gives ( ! m>*es (  ,semiramis1

 ! celebrat$ que5 ( ,babylon1 into ,m$ia
 & ,p]sia4 ,9  h] m>* to ,ecbatane1 says
 ! hi/orian1 %e came to ! ,z>cean       
m\nta91 :i*1 ext5d+ _m furlongs1 & be+  
full ( craggy  precipices & deep holl[s1
 c\ld n be pass$ )\t tak+ a great       
compass4 ,be+ !re=e desir\s ( leav+ an  
ev]la/+ memorial (  h]self1 z well z (  
%ort5+ ! way1 %e ord]$ ! precipices to  
be digg$ d[n1 & ! holl[s to be fill$ up2
 & at great exp5se  %e made a %ort] & m 
exp$iti\s road2 :i* to ?is day is       
call$1 f h]1 ! road ( ,semiramis4       
,aft]w>d %e w5t into ,p]sia1  & all !   
o!r c\ntries ( ,asia subject to h]      
dom9ion2 &  :]ev] %e w5t1 %e ord]$ !    
m\nta9s & ! precipices to be  levell$1 &
 rais$ causeways 9 ! pla9 c\ntry1 & at a
 great  exp5se made ! ways passable4    
,:atev] may be 9 ?is /ory1 !  foll[+    
/atem5t is entitl$ to ! fulle/ cr$it3   
8,all ea/]n  pot5tates h _! precursors &
 a numb] ( pione]s to cle> !  road1 by  
remov+ ob/acles1 & fill+ up ! rav9es & !
 holl[  ways 9 _! r\te4 ,9 ! days (     

,mogul spl5d\r1 ! emp]or caus$  ! hills 
& m\nta9s to be levell$1 & ! valleys to 
be fill$ up  = 8 conv5i5ce4 ,?is        
beautifully illu/rates ! figurative     
language 9 ! approa* ( ! ,pr9ce (       
,peace1 :5 e valley %all  be exalt$1 & e
 m\nta9 & hill %all be made l[1 & !     
crook$ %all be made /raight1 & ! r\gh   
places pla940    ,,weav+4 ,! comb9$ arts
 ( sp9n+ & weav+ are among ! fir/       
ess5tials ( civiliz$ society1 & we f9d  
bo? to be ( v anci5t  orig94 ,! fabul\s 
/ory ( ,p5elope's web1 &1 /ill m1 !     
frequ5t allusions to ?is art 9 ! sacr$  
writ+s1 t5d to %[ t  ! fabrication (    
clo? f ?reads1 hair1 c1 is a v anci5t   
inv5tion4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 l o!r useful   
arts1 und]gone a va/  succession (      
improvem5ts1 bo? z to ! prep>ation ( !  
mat]ials  ( :i* clo? is made1 & !       
app>atus necess>y 9 its con/ruction1  z 
well z 9 ! p>ticul> modes ( op]ation by 
! arti/4 ,weav+1  :5 r$uc$ to its       
orig9al pr9ciple1 is no?+ m ?an !       
int]lac+ ( ! weft or cross ?reads into !

 p>allel ?reads (  ! w>p1 s z to tie !m 
toge!r1 & =m a web or piece ( clo?4     
,?is art is d\btless m anci5t ?an t (   
sp9n+2 & ! fir/  clo? 0 :at we n[ call  
matt+1 t is1 made by weav+ toge!r  !    
%r$s ( ! b>k1 or fibr\s p>ts ( plants1  
or ! /alks1 su*  z ru%es & /raws4 ,?is  
is /ill ! sub/itute = clo? among mo/    
rude & savage nations4 ,:5 !y h advanc$ 
a /ep f>!r 9  civilization ?an ! /ate ( 
hunt]s1 ! sk9s ( animals become  sc>ce1 
& !y require "s m artificial sub/ance = 
clo?+1  & :i* !y c procure 9 great]     
quantities4 ,:5 x 0 discov]$  t !       
delicate & %ort fibres :i* animals &    
vegetables af=d  c\ld be s firmly unit$ 
toge!r by twi/+1 z to =m ?reads (  any  
requir$ l5g? & /r5g?1 ! weav+ art 0     
plac$ on a v  p]man5t f\ndation4 ,by !  
process ( sp9n+1 :i* 0 v simple  9 !    
orig91 ! weav] is furni%$ ) ?reads f>   
sup]ior to any  natural vegetable fibres
 9 lightness1 /r5g?1 & flexibility2 & he
  has only to comb9e !m toge!r 9 ! mo/  
advantage\s mann]4 ,9  ! beautiful      

description :i* is giv51 9 ! la/ *apt] (
  ,solomon's ,prov]bs1 ( ! dome/ic      
economy ( ! virtu\s woman1 x is  said1  
8,%e seeke? wool & flax1 & worke?       
will+ly ) h] h&s3  %e laye? h] h&s to ! 
sp9dle1 & h] h&s hold ! di/aff4 ,%e     
make? h]self cov]+s ( tape/ry10 c4 ,su* 
is ! occupation (  females 9 ! ea/ 9 !  
pres5t day4 ,n only d !y employ         
!mselves 9 work+ ri* embroid]ies1 b 9   
mak+ c>pets fill$  ) fl[]s & o!r pleas+ 
figures4 ,dr4 ,%aw gives u an acc\nt (  
! la/3 8,c>pets1 :i* are mu* co>s] ?an  
^? f ,turkey1 are  made "h 9 great      
numb]s1 & ( all sizes4 ,b ! *ief bran* (
  _! manufactories is ! mak+ ( hykes1 or
 blankets1 z we %\ld  call !m4 ,! wom5  
alone are employ$ 9 ?is "w1 7z ,&roma*e 
&  ,p5elope 7 ( old17 :o d n use !      
%uttle1 b conduct e  ?read ( ! wo( ) _! 
f+]s40 ,hezekiah says1 8,i h cut (f  l a
 weav] my life10 ,isa4 xxxviii1 #ab4    
,mr4 ,h>m] sugge/s :e!r  ! simile "h us$
 may n ref] to ! weav+ ( a c>pet fill$  
) fl[]s & o!r +5i\s devices2 & t ! mean+

 may be1  t1 j z a weav]1 aft] hav+     
wr\ght _m decorations into a  piece (   
c>pet+1 sudd5ly cuts x (f1 :ile !       
figures 7 ris+  into view fre% &        
beautiful1 & ! spectator expect+ he w\ld
  proce$ 9 8 "w2 s1 aft] a v>iety (     
pleas+ transactions 9 !  c\rse ( life1 x
 sudd5ly & unexpect$ly comes to its end4
    ,,weeks4 ,a p]iod ( sev5 days1 "u ! 
usual "n ( a week1 1 is  m5tion$ z f>   
back z ! "t ( ! deluge1 ,g54 vii1 #d1   
#aj2 viii1  #aj1 #ab2 xxix1 #bg1 #bh4 ,x
 mu/1 !re=e1 be consid]$ a v anci5t     
division ( "t1 especially z ! v>i\s     
nations among :om x has  be5 notic$1 =  
in/ance1 ! ,nigri 9 ,africa1 appe> to h 
receiv$  x f ! sons ( ,noah4 ,!         
enum]ation ( ! days ( ! week  comm5c$ at
 ,sunday4 ,saturday 0 ! la/ or sev5?1 & 
0 !  ,hebrew ,sabba?1 or day ( re/4 ,!  
,egyptians gave to ! days ( !  week !   
same names t !y assign$ to ! planets4 ,f
 !  circum/ance t ! ,sabba? 0 ! pr9cipal
 day ( ! week1 !  :ole p]iod ( sev5 days
 0 likewise call$ 1 9 ,syriac 1 9  !    

,new ,te/am5t  & 4 ,! ,jews1 accord+ly1 
9  designat+ ! successive days ( ! week1
 7 accu/om$ to say1 !  fir/ day ( !     
,sabba?1 t is1 ( ! week2 ! second day ( 
!  ,sabba?1 t is1 ,sunday1 ,monday1 c1  
,m>k xvi1 #b1 #i2 ,luke xxiv1 #a2 ,john 
xx1 i1 #ai4 ,9 addition to ! week (     
days1 ! ,jews _h ?ree o!r  seasons1     
d5om9at$ weeks1 ,lev4 xxv1 #a-ag2 ,deut4
 xvi1 #i-aj3 #a4 ,! week  ( weeks4 ,x 0 
a p]iod ( sev5 weeks or =ty-n9e days1   
:i* 0  succe$$ on ! fiftie? day by !    
fea/ ( p5teco/1 1  8fifty10 ,deut4 xvi1 
#i1 #aj4 #b4 ,! week ( ye>s4 ,?is 0 a   
p]iod (  sev5 ye>s1 dur+ ! la/ ( :i* !  
l& rema9$ untill$1 &  ! p enjoy$ a      
,sabba? or season ( re/4 #c4 ,! week (  
sev5  sabbatical ye>s4 ,x 0 a p]iod (   
=ty-n9e ye>s1 & 0 succe$$  by ! ye> (   
jubilee1 ,lev4 xxv1 #a-bb2 xxvi1 #cd4   
,see ,,ye>4    ,,weights4 ,see 8,table (
 ,weights & ,measures0 at ! end ( !     
volume4    ,,wells4 ,:5 ! pool1 !       
f\nta91 & ! riv] fail1 ! ori5tal  %eph]d
 is r$uc$ to ! necessity ( digg+ wells2 

&1 9 !  patri>*al age1 ! discov]y ( wat]
 0 reckon$ ( suffici5t  importance to be
 ! subject ( a =mal report to ! ma/] ( !
  flock1 :o commonly di/+ui%$ ! spot by 
an appropriate "n4 ,a  rem>kable in/ance
 ( ?is k9d is record$ by ,moses 9 ^!    
t]ms3  8,& ,isaac dep>t$ !nce1 & pit*$ 8
 t5t 9 ! valley ( ,g]>1  & dwelt !re4 ,&
 ,isaac digg$ aga9 ! wells ( wat] :i* !y
  _h digg$ 9 ! days ( ,abraham 8 fa!r2 =
 ! ,phili/9es _h  /opp$ !m aft] ! dea? (
 ,abraham2 & he call$ _! names aft]  !  
names by :i* 8 fa!r _h call$ !m4 ,&     
,isaac's s]vants  digg$ 9 ! valley1 &   
f\nd !re a well ( spr++ wat]4 ,& !      
h]dm5 ( ,g]> did /rive ) ,isaac's h]dm51
 say+1 ,! wat] is  ours2 & he call$ ! "n
 ( ! well ,ezek1 because !y /rove )     
him4 ,& !y digg$ ano!r well2 & !y /rove 
= t also1 & he  call$ ! "n ( x ,sitnah1 
7opposition27 & he remov$ f !nce  &     
digg$ ano!r well3 & = t !y /rove n2 & he
 call$ !  "n ( x ,rehobo?1 7room27 & he 
said1 ,= n[ ! ,"l ha? made  room = u1 & 
we %all be fruitful 9 ! l&10 ,g54 xxvi1 

#ag1 c4  8,/rife10 says ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 
8betwe5 ! diff]5t villag]s & !  diff]5t 
h]dsm5 "h1 exi/s /ill1 z x did 9 ! days 
( ,abraham  & ,lot3 ! c\ntry has (t5    
*ang$ ma/]s2 b ! habits ( !  natives1   
bo? 9 ?is & o!r respects1 h be5 ne>ly   
/ation>y40  ,s important 0 ! successful 
op]ation ( s9k+ a well 9 ,canaan1  t !  
sacr$ hi/orian rem>ks 9 ano!r passage3  
8,& x came to  pass ! same day1 7t      
,isaac & ,abimele* _h conclud$ _!       
treaty17 t ,isaac's s]vants came & told 
him conc]n+ ! well  :i* !y _h digg$1 &  
said unto him1 ,we h f\nd wat]2 & he    
call$ x ,%ebah1 7! oa?17 !re=e ! "n ( ! 
city is  ,be]%ebah unto ?is day10 ,g54  
xxvi1 #cc4 ,to prev5t ! s&1 :i* is      
rais$ f ! p>*$ surface ( ! gr\nd by !   
w9ds1 f fill+  up _! wells1 !y 7 oblig$ 
to cov] !m ) a /one4 ,9 ?is  mann] !    
well 0 cov]$1 f :i* ! flocks ( ,laban 7 
commonly wat]$3 & ! %eph]ds1 c>eful n to
 leave !m op5 at  any "t1 pati5tly wait$
 till all ! flocks 7 ga!r$ toge!r1  be=e
 !y remov$ ! cov]+1 & !n1 hav+ drawn a  

suffici5t  quantity ( wat]1 !y replac$ !
 /one imm$iately4 ,! extreme  sc>city ( 
wat] 9 ^! arid regions1 entirely        
ju/ifies su*  vigilant & p>simoni\s c>e 
9 ! managem5t ( ?is preci\s fluid2  &   
acc\nts = ! fi]ce cont5tions ab\t !     
possession ( a well1  :i* s frequ5tly   
happ5$ betwe5 ! %eph]ds ( diff]5t ma/]s4
  ,b aft] ! "q ( "r1 or ( possession1 0 
decid$1 x w\ld  seem ! %eph]ds 7 (t5    
detect$ 9 fraudul5tly wat]+ _!  flocks &
 h]ds f _! neighb\r's well4 ,to prev5t  
?is1 !y  secur$ ! cov] ) a lock1 :i*    
cont9u$ 9 use s late z !  days ( ,*>d91 
:o frequ5tly saw su* precautions us$ 9  
diff]5t  p>ts ( ,asia1 on acc\nt ( !    
real sc>city ( wat] !re4 ,accord+  to t 
intellig5t travell]1 :5 ! wells & ci/]ns
 7 n  lock$ up1 "s p]son 0 s f> !       
proprietor t no "o d>$ to  op5 a well or
 ci/]n b 9 8 pres5ce4 ,?is 0 probably ! 
reason  t ! %eph]ds ( ,padan>am decl9$ !
 invitation ( ,jacob to  wat] ! flocks1 
be=e !y 7 all assembl$2 ei!r !y _h n  ! 
key ( ! lock :i* secur$ ! /one1 or1 if  

!y _h1 !y dur/  n op5 x b 9 ! pres5ce ( 
,ra*el1 to ^: fa!r ! well  belong$4 ,x  
is ridicul\s to suppose ! /one 0 s heavy
 t !  unit$ /r5g? ( sev]al ,mesopotamian
 %eph]ds c\ld n roll x f  ! m\? ( !     
well1 :5 ,jacob _h /r5g? or address to  
remove x  alone2 or t1 ?\gh a /rang]1 he
 v5tur$ to break a /&+ rule  = wat]+ !  
flocks1 :i* ! natives did n d>e to d1 & 
t  )\t opposition4 ,! ori5tal %eph]ds 7 
n on o!r occasions  s passive1 z !      
viol5t conduct ( ! m5 ( ,g]> suffici5tly
  proves4    ,twice 9 ! day !y l$ _!    
flocks to ! wells2 at noon1 & :5  ! sun 
0 go+ d[n4 ,to wat] ! flocks 0 an       
op]ation ( mu*  lab\r1 & occupi$ a      
consid]able space ( "t4 ,x 01 !re=e1 an 
(fice ( great k9dness ) :i* ,jacob      
introduc$ himself to !  notice ( 8      
relations1 to roll back ! /one :i* lay  
^u ! m\?  ( ! well1 & draw wat] = !     
flocks :i* ,ra*el t5d$4 ,"s (  ^! wells 
are furni%$ ) tr\ghs & flights ( /eps   
d[n to !  wat]1 & o!r contrivances to   
facilitate ! lab\r ( wat]+ !  cattle4 ,x

 is evid5t ! well to :i* ,rebekah w5t to
 draw wat]1 ne>  ! city ( ,nahor1 _h "s 
conv5i5ce ( ?is k9d2 = x is writt51     
8,rebekah ha/$ & empti$ h] pit*] into ! 
tr\gh1 & ran aga9  unto ! well to draw  
wat]1 & drew = all 8 camels10 ,g54 xxiv1
  #bj4 ,a tr\gh 0 also plac$ by ! well1 
f :i* ! daught]s (  ,je?ro wat]$ 8      
flocks1 ,exod4 ii1 #af2 &1 if we may    
judge f  circum/ances1 0 a usual        
contrivance 9 e "p ( ! ea/4 ,9  mod]n   
times1 ,mr4 ,p>k f\nd a tr\gh ne> !     
well1 f :i* !  ,moors wat]$ _! cattle1 9
 ! s&y des]ts ( ,sah>a4 ,dr4 ,%aw1      
speak+ ( ! occupation ( ! ,moori% wom5 9
 ,b>b>y1 says1 8,to  f9i% ! day1 at ! "t
 ( ! ev5+1 ev5 at ! "t t !  wom5 g out  
to draw wat]1 !y are /ill to fit        
!mselves ) a  pit*] or goat sk91 & ty+  
_! suck+ *ildr5 beh9d !m1  trudge x 9   
?is mann] two or ?ree miles to fet*     
wat]40 8,! wom5  9 ,p]sia10 says ,mori]1
 8g 9 troops to draw wat] = ! place4 ,i 
h se5 ! eld] ones sitt+ & *att+ at !    
well1 & sp9n+  ! co>se cotton ( !       

c\ntry1 :ile ! "y girls fill$ ! sk9s    
:i* conta9 ! wat]1 & :i* !y all c>ry on 
_! backs into  ! t[n40 8,a public well10
 says ,=bes1 8)\t ! gate ( ,diamonds1  9
 ! city ,dhuboy1 0 a place ( great      
resort3 !re1 mo/ travell]s  halt$ = %ade
 & refre%m5t3 ! wom5 frequ5t$ ! f\nta9s 
&  res]voirs morn+ & ev5+1 to draw wat]4
 ,_m ( ! ,gwz]at wells  h /eps lead+ d[n
 to ! surface ( ! wat]2 o!rs h n1  nor d
 ,i recollect any furni%$ ) buckets &   
ropes = !  conv5i5ce ( a /rang]2 mo/    
travell]s are !re=e provid$ )  !m1 &    
halc>ras & religi\s pilgrims frequ5tly  
c>ry a small  brass pot affix$ to a long
 /r+ = ?is purpose40    ,,:ale1  & 1    
,g54 i1 #ba2 ,job vii1 #ab2 ,ezek4      
xxxii1 #b2 1  ,matt4 xii1 #dj2 ! l>ge/ (
 all ! inhabitants ( ! wat]4 ,a late    
au?or1 9 a diss]tation expressly = !    
purpose1 has prov$ t !  crocodile1 & n !
 :ale1 is spok5 ( 9 ,g54 i1 #ba4 ,! ^w 9
  ,job vii1 #ab1 mu/ also be tak5 = !   
crocodile4 ,x mu/ mean "s  t]rible      
animal1 :i*1 b = ! wat*ful c>e ( ,div9e 

,provid5ce1  w\ld be v de/ructive4 ,our 
translators r5d] x by dragon 9  ,isaiah 
xxvii1 #a1 :]e ! prophet gives ?is "n to
 ! k+ ( ,egypt3  8,he %all slay ! dragon
 t is 9 ! sea40 ,! sea !re is !  riv]   
,nile1 & ! dragon ! crocodile1 ,ezek4   
xxxii1 #b4 ,on ?is  passage ,bo*>t      
rem>ks1 0,!  is n a :ale1 z p imag9e2  =
 a :ale has nei!r feet nor scales1 nei!r
 is x to be f\nd 9  ! riv]s ( ,egypt2   
nei!r does x asc5d !refrom ^u ! l&2     
nei!r is x tak5 9 ! me%es ( a net2 all (
 :i* prop]ties are  ascrib$ by ,ezekiel 
to !  ( ,egypt4 ,:5ce x is pla9 t x is  
n a :ale t is "h spok5 (1 b ! crocodile4
 ,m]rick supposes  ,david1 9 ,psalm     
lxxiv1 #ac1 to speak ( ! tunnie1 a k9d (
 :ale1  ) :i* he 0 probably acqua9t$2 & 
,bo*>t ?9ks x has its  ,greek "n ?unnos 
f ! ,hebrew ?anot4 ,! la/-m5tion$ fi%   
is und\bt$ly t spok5 ( 9 ,psalm civ1    
#bf4 ,we are told1 t1 9  ord] to pres]ve
 ! ,prophet ,jonah :5 he 0 ?r[n ov]bo>d 
by !  m>9]s1 8! ,"l prep>$ a great fi%  
to swall[ him up40 ,:at k9d  ( fi% x 01 

is n specifi$2 b ! ,greek translators   
take !  lib]ty to give u ! ^w 1 :ale2 & 
?\gh ,/4 ,mat!w1 xii1  #dj1 makes use ( 
! same ^w1 we may probably conclude t he
 did s  9 a g5]al s5se2 & t we are n to 
und]/& x z an  appropriat$ t]m1 to po9t 
out ! p>ticul> species ( fi%4 ,x is     
notori\s t %>ks are common 9 !          
,m$it]ranean4    ,,:eat1 1 ,g54 xxx1    
#ad2 ,deut4 viii1 #h2 1 ,matt4 xiii1    
#be2 ,luke  xvi1 #g2 #a ,cor4 xv1 #cg2 !
 pr9cipal & ! mo/ valuable k9d ( gra9  =
 ! s]vice ( man4 7,see ,b>ley1 &        
,fit*es47 ,9 ,lev4 ii1  directions are  
giv5 = oblations1 :i* 9 our translation 
are call$  meat-(f]+s2 b z meat means   
fle%1 & all k9ds ( (f]+s  !re specifi$1 
7 made ( :eat1 x _h be5 bett] to r5d] x 
8:eat5 (f]+s40 ,calmet has obs]v$1 t !re
 7 five k9ds (  ^!1 simple fl\r1 ov5    
cakes1 cakes ( ! fire plate1 cakes ( !  
fry+ pan1 & gre5 e>s ( corn4 ,! ^w 1    
translat$ corn1 ,g54  xli1 #ce1 & :eat 9
 ,j]4 xxiii1 #bh2 ,joel ii1 #bd2 ,amos  
v1 #aa1 c1 is  und\bt$ly ! burr1 or wild

 corn ( ! ,arabs1 m5tion$ by ,=skal4    
,,:irlw9d1 a w9d :i* rises sudd5ly f    
almo/ e po9t1 is  exce$+ly impetu\s &   
rapid1 & imp>ts a :irl+ motion to du/1  
s&1 wat]1 & occasionally to bodies (    
great weight & bulk1  c>ry+ !m ei!r     
upw>d or d[nw>d1 & scatt]+ !m ab\t 9    
diff]5t directions4 ,:irlw9ds & wat]    
sp\ts are suppos$ to  proce$ f ! same   
cause2 _! only diff]5ce be+1 t !  latt] 
pass ov] ! wat]1 & ! =m] ov] ! l&4 ,bo? 
( !m  h a progressive z well z a circul>
 motion1 g5]ally rise aft]  calms &     
great heats1 & occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 w>m
 latitudes4 ,!  w9d bl[s 9 e direction f
 a l>ge surr\nd+ space1 bo?  t[>d ! wat]
 sp\t & ! :irlw9d2 & a wat] sp\t has be5
  kn[n to pass1 9 its progressive       
motion1 f sea to l&1 &1 :5 x  has rea*$ 
! latt]1 to produce all ! ph5om5a &     
effects ( a  :irlw9d4 ,!re is no d\bt1  
!re=e1 ( _! aris+ f a simil>  cause1 z  
!y are bo? explicable on ! same g5]al   
pr9ciples4 ,9  ! imag]y employ$ by !    
sacr$ writ]s1 ^! frightful hurricanes   

are introduc$ z ! imm$iate in/rum5ts ( !
 div9e indignation3  8,he %all take !m  
away z ) a :irlw9d1 bo? liv+ & 9 8      
wra?10 ,psalm lviii1 #i4 8,god %all     
rebuke !m1 & !y %all flee f>  (f1 & %all
 be *as$ z ! *aff ( ! m\nta9s be=e !    
w9d1  & l a roll+ ?+ be=e ! :irlw9d10   
,isaiah xvii1 #ac4 8,!  ,"l ha? 8 way 9 
! :irlw9d & 9 ! /orm1 & ! cl\ds are  !  
du/ ( 8 feet10 ,nahum i1 #c4 ,all ^! are
 famili> images to !  inhabitants (     
ea/]n c\ntries1 & receive "s elucidation
 f !  subjo9$ descriptions ( ,engli%    
travell]s4 8,on ! #be?10 says ,bruce1   
8at f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 we set out
 f ! villages ( !  ,nuba1 int5d+ to     
arrive at ,basbock1 :]e is ! f]ry ov] ! 
,nile2  b we _h sc>cely advanc$ two     
miles into ! pla91 :5 we 7  enclos$ 9 a 
viol5t :irlw9d1 or :at is call$ at sea !
 wat]  sp\t4 ,! pla9 0 r$ e>?1 :i* _h   
be5 pl5tifully moi/5$ by  a %[] 9 !     
night "t4 ,! un=tunate camel t _h be5   
tak5 by  ,cohala seem$ to be ne>ly 9 !  
c5tre ( its vortex2 x 0 lift$  & ?r[n   

d[n at a consid]able di/ance1 & sev]al (
 its ribs  brok52 al?\gh1 z f> z ,i c\ld
 guess1 ,i 0 n ne> ! c5tre1 x  :irl$ me 
(f my feet1 & ?rew me d[n ^u my face1 s 
z to make my  nose gu% out ) blood3 two 
( ! s]vants1 likewise1 _h ! same  fate4 
,x pla/]$ u all ov] ) mud1 almo/ z      
smoo?ly z c\ld  h be5 done ) a tr[el4 ,x
 took away my s5se & brea?+ = an        
in/ant2 & my m\? & nose 7 full ( mud :5 
,i recov]$4 ,i  guess ! sph]e ( its     
action to be ab\t two hundr$ feet4 ,x   
demoli%$ "o half ( a small hut1 z if x  
_h be5 cut ?r\gh ) a  knife1 & disp]s$ !
 mat]ials all ov] ! pla91 leav+ ! o!r   
half /&+40 8,:5 !re 0 a p]fect calm10   
obs]ves ,mori]1  8p>tial & /rong curr5ts
 ( air w\ld arise1 & =m :irlw9ds1  :i*  
produc$ high columns ( s& all ov] !     
pla94 ,^? t we  saw at ,%iraz 7 =m$ &   
dissipat$ 9 a few m9utes3 nor is x !    
nature ( ?is ph5om5on to travel f>2 x   
be+ a curr5t ( air t  takes its way 9 a 
caprici\s & sudd5 mann]1 & is dissolv$  
by !  v nature ( its =mation4 ,:5ev] "o 

( !m took our t5ts1 x  g5]ally di/urb$  
!m v mat]ially1 & frequ5tly ?rew !m     
d[n4 ,_! appe>ance 0 t ( wat] sp\ts at  
sea1 & p]haps !y  are produc$ 9 ! same  
mann]40 ,& ,bur*ell rem>ks3 8,! hotte/  
days are (t5 ! mo/ calm2 & at su* times 
! /illness ( !  atmosph]e 0 sometimes   
sudd5ly di/urb$ 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 
,:irlw9ds1 rais+ up columns ( du/ to a  
great height 9 ! air1 &  sweep+ ov] !   
pla9s ) mom5t>y fury1 7 no unusual      
occurr5ce4 ,z !y 7 always h>mless1 x 0  
an amus+ sight to  wat* ^! tall pill>s (
 du/ z !y rapidly pass$ by1 c>ry+ up  e 
light sub/ance to ! height ( f "o to ev5
 ?ree or f\r  hundr$ feet4 ,! rate at   
:i* !y travell$ v>i$ f five to t5  miles
 9 ! h\r3 _! =m 0 seldom /raight1 nor 7 
!y q  p]p5dicul>1 b unc]ta9 & *ang+4    
,:5ev] !y happ5$ to  pass ov] our fire1 
all ! a%es 7 scatt]$ 9 an in/ant1 &     
no?+ rema9$ b ! heavi] /icks & logs4    
,sometimes !y 7  obs]v$ to disappe>1 & 9
 a m9ute or two aft]w>d to make _!      
re-appe>ance at a di/ance f>!r on4 ,?is 

occurr$ :5ev] !y  pass$ ov] rocky gr\nd1
 or a surface on :i* !re 0 no du/1 nor  
o!r sub/ances suffici5tly light to be   
c>ri$ up 9 ! vortex4  ,sometimes !y     
*ang$ _! col\r1 accord+ to t ( ! soil or
  du/ :i* lay 9 _! m>*2 & :5 !y cross$ a
 tract ( c\ntry  :]e ! grass _h lately  
be5 burn$1 !y assum$ a correspond+      
blackness4 ,b to-day ! calm & heat ( !  
air 0 only ! prelude  to a viol5t w9d1  
:i* comm5c$ z soon z ! sun _h sunk1 &   
cont9u$ dur+ ! great] "p ( ! night4 ,!  
great heat &  long-protract$ dr\ght ( ! 
season _h evaporat$ all moi/ure f  !    
e>?1 & r5d]$ ! s&y soil excessively     
light & du/y4  ,a/oni%+ quantities ( !  
f9] p>ticles ( ?is s& 7 c>ri$  up by !  
w9d1 & fill$ ! :ole atmosph]e1 :]e1 at a
 great  height1 !y 7 borne along by !   
tempe/1 & seem$ to be real  cl\ds1      
al?\gh ( a r$di% hue2 :ile ! heavi]     
p>ticles1  desc5d+ aga91 pres5t$1 at a  
di/ance1 ! appe>ance ( mi/ or  driv+    
ra9s40    ,,:ite1 a fav\rite &          
emblematical col\r 9 ,pale/9e4 ,see     

,,habits4    ,,wid[4 ,among ! ,hebrews1 
ev5 be=e ! law1 a wid[ :o _h no  *ildr5 
by h] husb& 0 to m>ry ! bro!r ( h]      
deceas$ sp\se1  9 ord] to raise up      
*ildr5 :o might inh]it 8 goods &        
p]petuate  8 "n & family4 ,we f9d !     
practice ( ?is cu/om be=e ! law  9 !    
p]son ( ,tam>1 :o m>ri$ successively ,er
 & ,onan1 ! sons  ( ,judah1 & :o 0      
likewise to h m>ri$ ,selah1 ! ?ird son (
  ?is patri>*1 aft] ! two =m] 7 dead )\t
 issue1 ,g54  xxxviii1 #f-aa4 ,! law t  
appo9ts ^! m>riages is ,deut4 xxv1 #e1  
c4 ,two motives prevail$ to ! enact+ (  
?is law4 ,! fir/ 01  ! cont9uation (    
e/ates 9 ! same family2 & ! o!r 0 to    
p]petuate a man's "n 9 ,israel4 ,x 0    
look$ ^u z a great  mis=tune = a man to 
die )\t an heir1 or to see 8 inh]itance 
pass into ano!r family4 ,?is law 0 n    
conf9$ to bro!rs-9-law  only1 b 0 ext5d$
 to m di/ant relations ( ! same k9d2 z  
we  see 9 ! example ( ,ru?1 :o m>ri$    
,boaz aft] %e _h be5 refus$  by a ne>]  
k9sman4 ,see ,,s&als4    ,,w4 8,9 8     

primitive condition z he came out ( !   
h&s ( 8  ,creator1 man 0 end[$ ) su* a  
portion ( k1 hol9ess1 &  p[]1 z enabl$  
him to und]/&1 e/eem1 consid]1 w1 & to  
p]=m ! true good1 accord+ to ! comm&m5t 
deliv]$ to him3  yet none ( ^! acts c\ld
 he d1 except ?r\gh ! assi/ance (  div9e
 grace4 ,b 9 8 laps$ & s9ful /ate1 man  
is n capable1 (  & by himself1 ei!r to  
?9k1 to w1 or to d t :i* is really      
good2 b x is necess>y = him to be       
reg5]at$ & r5ew$ 9 8  intellect1        
affections or w1 & 9 all 8 p[]s1 by ,god
 9 ,*ri/  ?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s1 t he may be
 qualifi$ rightly to und]/&1  e/eem1    
consid]1 w1 & p]=m :atev] is truly good4
 ,:5 he is  made a p>tak] ( ?is         
reg5]ation1 or r5ovation1 s9ce he is    
deliv]$ f s91 he is capable ( ?9k+1     
will+1 & do+ t  :i* is good1 b yet n )\t
 ! cont9u$ aids ( div9e grace40  ,su* 7 
! s5tim5ts ( ! (t5 misrepres5t$ ,arm9ius
 on ?is  subject2 to :i* is only to be  
add$1 to complete ! ,scriptural view1  t
 a degree ( grace to consid] 8 ways1 &  

to return to ,god1 is  ?r\gh ! m]it (   
,*ri/ v\*saf$ to e man4 ,e "o mu/ be    
consci\s t he possesses free w1 & t he  
is a free ag5t2 t  is1 t he is capable (
 consid]+ & reflect+ ^u ! objects  :i*  
are pres5t$ to 8 m9d1 & ( act+1 9 su*   
cases z are  possible1 accord+ to !     
det]m9ation ( 8 w4 ,&1 inde$1  )\t ?is  
free ag5cy1 actions _c be morally good  
or bad2 nor c  ! ag5ts be responsible = 
_! conduct4 ,b ! corruption  introduc$  
into our nature by ! fall ( ,adam has s 
weak5$ our  m5tal p[]s1 has giv5 su* =ce
 to our passions1 & su*  p]v]s5ess to   
our wills1 t a man 8_c turn & prep>e    
himself  by 8 own natural /r5g? & good  
works to fai? & call+ ^u  ,god40 ,! mo/ 
pi\s ( ^? :o liv$ "u ! ,mosaic          
disp5sation  (t5 ackn[l$g$ ! necessity (
 extraord9>y assi/ance f ,god3  ,david  
prays to ,god to op5 8 eyes1 to guide & 
direct him2 to create  9 him a clean    
he>t1 & r5ew a "r _s )9 him1 ,psalm li1 
#aj2  cxix1 #ah1 #cc1 #ce4 ,ev5 we1 ^:  
m9ds are enlight5$ by ! pure  precepts (

 ! ,gospel1 & urg$ by ! motives :i* x   
sugge/s1 mu/  /ill be conv9c$ ( our     
weakness & depravity1 & confess1 9 !    
words ( ! t5? article1 t 8we h no p[] to
 d good works  pleasant & acceptable to 
,god1 )\t ! grace ( ,god prev5t+ u1  t  
we may h a good w1 & work+ ) u :5 we h t
 good  w40 ,! necessity ( div9e grace to
 /r5g!n & regulate our  wills1 & to     
cop]ate ) our endeav\rs aft]            
righte\sness1 is  cle>ly ass]t$ 9 ! ,new
 ,te/am5t3 8,!y t are 9 ! fle%  _c      
please ,god10 ,rom4 viii1 #h4 8,abide 9 
me10 says our ,savi\r1 8&  ,i 9 y4 ,z ! 
bran* _c be> fruit ( itself1 except x   
abide 9  ! v9e1 no m c ye1 except ye    
abide 9 me4 ,i am ! v9e1 & ye  are !    
bran*es3 he t abide? 9 me1 & ,i 9 him1 !
 same br+e?  =? mu* fruit2 = )\t me ye c
 d no?+10 ,john xv1 #d1 #e4 8,no  man c 
come to me1 except ! ,fa!r1 :i* ha? s5t 
me1 draw him40  8,x is ,god t worke? 9  
y1 bo? to w & to d ( 8 good  pleasure10 
,phil4 ii1 #ac4 8,n t we are suffici5t (
 ourselves to  ?9k any ?+ z ( ourselves1

 b our suffici5cy is ( ,god10 #b ,cor4  
iii1 #e4 8,we "k n :at to pray = z we   
ought1 b ! ,_s  helpe? our infirmities10
 ,rom4 viii1 #bf4 ,we are said to be 8l$
 by !  ,_s10 & to 8walk 9 ! ,_s10 ,rom4 
viii1 #ad2 ,gal4 v1 #af1 #be4  ,^! texts
 suffici5tly prove t we /& 9 ne$ bo? ( a
  prev5i5t & ( a cop]at+ grace4 ,?is    
doctr9e we f9d ass]t$ 9  _m ( ! anci5t  
fa!rs1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,ambrose1 :o1 9   
speak+ ( ! effects ( ! fall1 uses ^!    
words3 8,!nce 0  d]iv$ mortality1 & no  
less a multitude ( mis]ies ?an ( crimes4
  ,fai? be+ lo/1 hope be+ ab&on$1 !     
und]/&+ bl9d$1 &  ! w made captive1 no  
"o f\nd 9 himself ! means ( repair+  ^! 
?+s4 ,)\t ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 ev5 t 
:i* seems  to be virtue is s92 nor c any
 "o please ,god )\t ,god4 ,b :om  does  
he please :o does n please ,god1 except 
himself & ,satan8 ,!  nature !re=e1 :i* 
0 good is made bad by habit3 man w\ld n 
return unless ,god turn$ him40 ,&       
,cyprian says1 8,we pray day & night  t 
! sanctification & enliv5+1 :i* spr+s f 

! grace (  ,god1 may be pres]v$ by 8    
protection40 ,dr4 ,ni*olls1 aft] quot+  
_m au?orities to %[ t ! doctr9e ( div9e 
grace always  prevail$ 9 ! ca?olic *ur*1
 adds1 8,i h sp5t1 p]haps1 m  "t 9 ^!   
te/imonies ?an 0 absolutely necess>y2 b 
:atev] ,i  h done is to %[ t ! doctr9e (
 div9e grace is s ess5tial a  doctr9e ( 
,*ri/ianity1 t n only ! ,holy           
,scriptures & !  primitive fa!rs ass]t  
x1 b likewise t ! ,*ri/ians c\ld n  9   
any age ma9ta9 _! religion )\t x1--x be+
 necess>y1 n  only = ! dis*>ge (        
,*ri/ian duties1 b = ! p]=mance (  our  
ord9>y devotions40 ,& ?is seems to h be5
 ! op9ion ( !  compil]s ( our excell5t  
liturgy1 9 _m p>ts ( :i* bo? a  prev5i5t
 & a cop]at+ grace is unequivocally     
ackn[l$g$2  p>ticul>ly 9 ! second       
collect = ! ev5+ s]vice2 9 !  f\r?      
collect at ! end ( ! communion s]vice2 9
 ! collect =  ,ea/] day2 9 ! collect = !
 fif? ,sunday aft] ,ea/]2 9 !  collects 
= ! ?ird1 n9?1 sev5te5?1 n9ete5?1 &     
tw5ty-fif?  ,sundays aft] ,tr9ity4 ,?is 

assi/ance ( div9e grace is n  inconsi/5t
 ) ! free ag5cy ( m53 x does n place !m 
"u  an irresi/ible re/ra9t1 or compel !m
 to act contr>y to _! w4  ,our own      
ex]tions are necess>y to enable u to "w 
out our salvation2  b our suffici5cy = t
 purpose is f ,god4 ,x is1 h[ev]1       
impossible to asc]ta9 ! precise b\nd>y  
betwe5 our natural ef=ts  & ! div9e     
assi/ance1 :e!r t assi/ance be consid]$ 
z a  cop]at+ or a prev5i5t grace4 ,)\t  
de/roy+ our "* z  free & acc\ntable     
be+s1 ,god may be m]cifully pleas$ to   
c\nt]act  ! depravity ( our he>ts by !  
sugge/ions ( 8 ,_s2 b /ill  x rema9s ) u
 to *oose :e!r we w li/5 to ^?          
sugge/ions1 or obey ! lu/s ( ! fle%4 ,we
 may re/ assur$ t he  w1 by !           
communication ( 8 grace1 v>i$ (t5 z to  
p[] &  di/9ctness1 help our infirmities1
 invigorate our resolutions1 &  supply  
our defects4 ,! promises t if we draw   
nigh to ,god1 ,god w  draw nigh to u1 & 
p\r out 8 ,_s ^u u1 ,james iv1 #h2 ,acts
 ii1  #ag1 & t he w give 8 ,holy ,_s to 

e "o t aske? him1  ,luke xi1 #ac1 imply 
t ,god is ev] ready to "w ^u our he>ts1 
&  to aid our well-do+ ?r\gh ! p[]ful1  
?\gh invisible1 op]ation  ( 8 ,_s3 8,!  
w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?1 & ?\ he>e/ !     
s\nd !re(1 b can/ n tell :5ce x come? & 
:i!r x goe?2  s is e "o t is born ( !   
,_s10 ,john iii1 #h4 ,! jo9t  ag5cy (   
,god & man1 9 ! "w ( human salvation1 is
 po9t$ out 9  ! foll[+ passage3 8,"w out
 y\r own salvation ) fe> &  trembl+2 = x
 is ,god t worke? 9 y bo? to w & to d ( 
8 good pleasure10 ,phil1 ii1 #ab1 #ac2 &
 !re=e we may assure  ourselves t free w
 & grace are n incompatible1 ?\gh ! mode
  & degree ( _! cop]ation be utt]ly     
inexplicable1 & ?\gh at  diff]5t times  
"o may appe> = a season to ov]:elm !    
o!r4 ,?is  doctr9e has1 h[ev]1 be5 !    
subject ( mu* dispute among  ,*ri/ians3 
"s sects cont5d = ! irresi/ible impulses
 ( grace1  & o!rs reject ! idea ( any   
influ5ce ( ! div9e ,_s ^u  ! human m9d4 
,! =m] op9ion seems irreconcilable ) !  
free  ag5cy ( man1 if held z ! con/ant  

unv>y+ mode 9 :i* he  c>ries on 8 "w 9 !
 s\l ( man1 & ! latt] contradicts !     
au?ority ( ,scripture2 8& !re=e10 says  
,v5e]1 8let u nei!r  ascribe no?+ to    
free w1 nor too mu*2 let u n1 ) !       
def5d]s ( irresi/ible grace1 d5y free w1
 or make x ( no  effect1 n only be=e1 b 
ev5 "u1 grace2 nor let u suff] !        
efficacy ( sav+ grace1 on ! o!r h&1 to  
be swall[$ up 9 !  /r5g? & fre$om ( our 
wills2 b1 all[+ ! gov]nm5t or           
sup]iority to ! grace ( ,god1 let ! w ( 
man be admitt$ to be  its h&maid1 b su* 
a "o z is free1 & freely obeys2 by :i*1 
:5 x is freely excit$ by ! admonitions (
 prev5i5t grace1 :5  x is prep>$ z to   
its affections1 /r5g!n$ & assi/$ z to   
its  p[]s & faculties1 a man freely &   
will+ly cop]ates ) ,god1  t ! grace (   
,god be n receiv$ 9 va940 8,all m5 are  
also to be  admoni%$10 obs]ves ,cranm]1 
9 8 8,necess>y ,doctr9e10 8& *iefly     
prea*]s1 t 9 ?is high matt] !y1 look+ on
 bo? sides1 s  temp] & mod]ate !mselves1
 t !y nei!r s prea* ! grace (  ,god t !y

 take away !reby free w1 nor on ! o!r   
side s  extol free w1 t injury be done  
to ! grace ( ,god40 ,& ,jort9  rem>ks3  
8,?us d ! doctr9e ( div9e grace & !     
doctr9e ( free  w or human lib]ty unite 
& conspire1 9 a fri5dly mann]1 to our   
ev]la/+ good4 ,! fir/ is adapt$ to      
excite 9 u gratitude1 fai?1  & humility2
 ! second1 to awak5 our caution & quick5
 our  dilig5ce40    ,_m1 inde$1 rely+ on
 m]e ab/ract argum5ts1 d5y free w1 9 !  
/rict mean+ ( ! t]m1 altoge!r1 & def9e !
 m5tal faculties  ( man accord+ to _!   
v>i\s fancies4 ,b ! exi/5ce & nature  ( 
our moral & rational p[]s are & ought to
 be1 9 true  philosophy1 ! subject (    
m5tal obs]vation1 n ! sport (  hypo!sis4
 ,^? :o love metaphysical ab/ractions   
may p !  worlds ( _! imag9ation ) be+s (
 :atsoev] "* !y  pref]2 b ! nature &    
capabilities ( man1 z he really is1 mu/ 
be  det]m9$ n by speculation b by       
exp]i5ce4 ,x is true t ?is  exp]i5ce is 
! object ( consci\sness1 n ( ! s5ses2 &1
  accord+ly1 ea* man is1 9 "s respect1 !

 judge 9 8 own case1  & may1 if he      
*ooses1 d5y 8 own fre$om & 8 p[] ( self 
control1 or ( us+ ^? means :i* ,god ha? 
appo9t$ to lead to  ?is result4 ,b ?is  
is seldom done 9 ord9>y life1 except by 
^?  ab&on$ individuals :o seek1 9 su* a 
/atem5t1 an excuse =  caprici\s or      
unpr9cipl$ conduct1--an excuse :i* is   
nev] admitt$  by ! majority ( reason+   
p]sons1 mu* less by ! truly pi\s4 ,!    
latt]1 inde$1 w always be f\nd attribut+
 any ?+ good !y  a*ieve to ! cop]at+    
efficacy ( sup]ior assi/ance4 ,b !y  w1 
) equal s9c]ity1 blame !mselves = :at !y
 h done  amiss2 or1 9 o!r words1        
ackn[l$ge t !y %\ld & might h  will$ &  
act$ o!rwise2 & ?is is exactly !        
practical "q1  ! v turn+ po9t1 on :i* ! 
:ole controv]sy h+es4 ,! only  compet5t 
judges 9 su* a "q1 says ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4    
,graves1 are ^?  :o h made x ! subject (
 m5tal obs]vation1 ex]tion1 &  pursuit2 
or1 9 o!r words1 ^? :o h s\ght aft]     
righte\sness1  "u :atev] disp5sation1   
,acts x1 #ce2 ,romans ii1 #g1 #aj4 ,&   

surely  ! confessions1 ! pray]s1 !      
rep5tance1 & ! sacrifices1 ( !  humble &
 pi\s ( all ages %[ t !y felt1 n only t 
!y  7 !mselves to blame = _! actions1 & 
!re=e t !y  might h done o!rwise1 t is1 
!y _h a free w1 b t1 to  make ?is w     
op]ative 9 spiritual matt]s1 !y requir$ 
an aid  beyond ! rea* ( m]e human       
atta9m5t4 ,"s may fancy ?is /atem5t     
inconsi/5t 9 itself2 & ,i all[ t x _c   
satisfy ! m]e  speculative support]s    
ei!r ( free w or its oppon5ts4 ,b to me 
x seems ! te/imony ( consci5ce &        
exp]i5ce1 :i*1 9 natural  religion1 mu/1
 z ,i conceive1 be pref]r$ to ab/ract   
hypo!sis4 ,!  inquiry is n h[ ! m9d may 
be1 b h[ x is actually1  con/itut$4 ,?is
 surely is a "q ( fact1 n ( conjecture1 
&  mu/ !re=e be decid$ by an appeal to  
common s5se & exp]i5ce1  n by r&om      
speculation4 ,aga93 ev5 ^? :o 9 !ory    
cont5d =  ! doctr9e ( necessity1 yet 9  
all ! affairs ( life :]e _!  int]e/s1   
com=ts1 or gratifications are conc]n$1  
bo? speak & act  z if !y disbeliev$ x1 &

 z if !y really imag9$ !mselves  capable
 ( su* self det]m9ation & self control1 
z to improve _!  tal5ts1 _!             
opportunities1 & _! acquirem5ts1 & s to 
ex]cise  a mat]ial influ5ce on _!       
worldly =tunes4 ,b suppose !  ass]tions 
( individuals1 z to _! consci\sness 9   
?is p>ticul>1  to disagree4 ,x is !n    
evid5t1 t1 ! "q be+ z to !  nature ( man
 9 g5]al1 x mu/ be det]m9$ by ! voice ( 
prepond]at+ te/imony4 ,b h[1 x may be   
ask$1 are ! suffrages to  be collect$8  
,s9ce ! judgm5t ( ea* individual mu/ 9  
?is s*eme  be consid]$ z a sep>ate fact1
 h[ is a suffici5tly ext5sive  induction
 to be made8 ,9 answ]1 x may be ass]t$1 
t 9 e  civiliz$ nation ! induction has  
be5 already made1 ! suffrages h  be5    
tak51 ! case has be5 tri$1 & ! decision 
is on record4 ,&  ! v]dict is ! mo/     
imp>tial t c be look$ = 9 su* a case1   
because giv5 )\t any ref]5ce to !       
controv]sy 9 dispute4 ,all  human laws1 
=bidd+1 condemn+1 & puni%+ vici\s       
actions1 are  gr\nd$ on ! ackn[l$g$     

supposition t man is possess$ ( a self  
control1 a self det]m9+ p[]1 by :i* he  
c\ld1 bo? 9 w &  9 de$1 h avoid$ ! v    
actions = :i* he is condemn$1 & 9  ! v  
circum/ances 9 :i* he has committ$ !m4  
,nor w\ld x be  easy to f9d a case :]e !
 crim9al has deceiv$ himself1 or hop$ to
  deceive 8 judges1 by plead+ t he      
lab\r$ "u a fatal  necessity1 :i* r5d]$ 
8 crimes unavoidable1 & !re=e           
excusable4 ,! ju/ice ( all legislative  
enactm5ts evid5tly &  ess5tially dep5ds 
on ! pr9ciple1 t ! ?+s prohibit$ c be   
avoid$1 or1 9 o!r words1 might h be5    
done o!rwise ?an !y  7 done2 & ?is is ! 
v turn+ po9t ( ! controv]sy4            
,accord+ly1 9 :atev] in/ances su* fre$om
 ( w is n  presuppos$1 7z 9 ! cases (   
idiots & madm517 ! op]ation (  su*      
enactm5ts is susp5d$4 ,all nations1     
!re=e1 :o cons5t to  frame & abide by   
su* laws1 d !reby te/ify _! delib]ate & 
solemn ass5t to ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple1  
&1 consequ5tly1 to !  exi/5ce ( free w 9
 man2 & d c]tify ! s9c]ity ( _!         

conviction by /ak+ ^u x _! prop]ties1 _!
 lib]ties1 &  _! lives4 ,numb]less o!r  
in/ances might be adduc$ 9 :i* !        
practice ( mank9d implies _! belief 9   
?is pr9ciple4 ,& s  consci\s ( ?is are !
 oppon5ts ( free w1 t !y g5]ally        
deprecate appeals to common s5se &      
exp]i5ce1 & resort to  metaphysical     
argum5ts to exam9e :at is 9 tru? a matt]
 ( tru?1  n ( conjecture2 or1 9 o!r     
words1 to det]m9e1 n :at man is1  b :at 
!y imag9e he mu/ be4 ,9 _! reason+s !y  
diff]1 z  might h be5 expect$1 z mu* f  
ea* o!r z !y d f tru?  & reality4 ,b !  
exp]i5ce ( common s5se & consci5ce w    
always decide1 t no man c consci5ti\sly 
make ?is excuse = 8  crimes1 t he c\ld n
 h will$ or act$ o!rwise ?an he did4  ,!
 exi/5ce ( ! above faculties 9 ! human  
m9d once ackn[l$g$  leads1 by necess>y  
inf]5ce1 to ! admission1 t !re exi/s 9  
! great ,fir/ ,cause a p[] to create !m4
 ,n1 inde$1 t ^!  faculties !mselves    
exi/ 9 him 9 ! same mann] z 9 u1 b !    
p[] ( orig9at+ & produc+ !m 9 all       

possible v>iety4 ,we c  inde$ conclude1 
t hav+ creat$ all ^! 9 u1 8 nature mu/  
be  s p]fect t we _c attribute to him   
any l9e ( conduct  inconsi/5t ) :atev]  
is excell5t 9 ! ex]cise ( ^!  faculties 
9 ourselves4 ,& !re=e we _c ascribe to  
him1 z 8  special act1 any ?+ we %\ld   
p]ceive to be unwor?y ( any j or        
m]ciful1 any wise or upright1 be+4 ,b   
?is furni%es no clue  :atev] to a k ( ! 
real con/itution ( 8 nature1 or (  !    
mann] 9 :i* 8 div9e attributes exi/     
toge!r4 ,9 tru?1 we  no m compreh5d h[  
he wills ?an h[ he acts1 & !re=e we h   
no bett] "r to ass]t t he wills evil ?an
 t he does evil4  ,aga93 we z little    
und]/& h[ he kn[s z h[ he sees1 &  !re=e
 might z well argue t all ?+s exi/ 9    
consequ5ce (  8 behold+ !m1 z t all     
ev5ts arise 9 consequ5ce ( 8  =ekn[+ !m4
 ,9 %ort1 all t c be inf]r$ by reason   
conc]n+ ! intr9sic nature ( ! invisible1
 unse>*able ,deity1  mu/ be admitt$ by !
 c&id inquir] to be no bett] ?an        
conjecture4  ,& he :o %\ld hope f su*   

d\btful support z 8 fanci$ insight  into
 ! unkn[n op]ations ( ! div9e m9d to    
susp5d a sy/em (  irrespective decrees1 
embrac+ ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 w\ld  b
 too mu* resemble him :o %\ld imag9e !  
mat]ial globe  adequately su/a9$ if     
upheld by a *a9 ^: highe/ l9ks 7  wrapp$
 9 cl\ds & d>kness4 ,?us our affirmative
 k ( !  ,deity1 z d]iv$ f ?is "p ( our  
inquiry1 consi/s 9 !  c]ta9ty1 7?\gh 8  
nature is unkn[n to u17 t he is !       
creative  s\rce ( all t is great1       
glori\s1 & good 9 heav5 or 9 e>?2  :ile 
we may negatively conclude1 t 8 moral   
gov]nm5t %all1 on  ! :ole1 be conduct$ 9
 a mann] n inconsi/5t ) :atev] is       
excell5t 9 ! ex]cise ( p[] & wisdom1    
ju/ice & m]cy1  goodness & tru?4 ,nor is
 x a little important1 z connect$ ) !   
pres5t inquiry1 to keep 9 m9d ?is       
di/9ction betwe5 our  affirmative &     
negative k 9 ?is matt]4 ,= x %[s u t  z1
 on ! "o side1 we _c pret5d to su* an   
insight into !  nature & "* ( ! div9e k 
z to d$uce !refrom a  sy/em ( et]nal &  

irrespective decrees2 s nei!r1 on ! o!r1
  c ?is sy/em ( moral gov]nm5t be       
ascrib$ to ! ,deity1 because x  w\ld be 
manife/ly unwor?y1 n m]ely ( him :o has 
creat$ all  moral excell5ce1 b ( any (  
^? be+s on :om he has conf]r$  ! mo/    
ord9>y degrees ( m]cy & ju/ice4 ,!      
natural b5efits or  evils aris+ out (   
moral or immoral practices are1 9 fact1 
s _m  rew>ds or puni%m5ts1 exhibit+ !   
,be+ :o has s con/itut$ our  nature z a 
moral gov]nor4 ,?is "p ( 8 gov]nm5t may 
n be s  cle>ly disc]nible 9 individual  
in/ances1 because mu* ( !  happ9ess &   
unhapp9ess att5d+ virtue & vice is m5tal
 &  invisible4 ,9 ! case ( nations1     
h[ev]1 consid]$ m]ely z bodies  politic1
 ! int]nal sanction ( an approv+ or     
reproa*+  consci5ce1 ( subdu$ or        
di/ract+ passions1 c h no exi/5ce2  &   
!re=e ! ext]nal sanctions are m uni=mly 
en=c$4 ,h5ce1  :oev] c>efully exam9es ! 
deal+s ( ,provid5ce ) ! human  race w   
admit1 t national prosp]ity has ev] kept
 pace )  national wisdom & integrity2   

:]eas1 ! greate/ empires1 :5 once       
corrupt$1 h soon become ! prey ( int]nal
 /rife or =eign  dom9ation4 ,aga93 man  
is made = society1 & _c exi/ )\t x3     
consequ5tly1 all ! regulations :i* are  
really conducive to !  ma9t5ance ( civil
 policy & social ord] mu/ be reg>d$ z   
evid5t  consequ5ces ( our nature1 :5    
enlight5$ to ! rational pursuit (  its  
own advantage2 & !re=e %\ld be consid]$ 
z intimations (  a moral gov]nm5t1 c>ri$
 on ?r\gh _! int]v5tion4 ,9 addition  to
 :i*1 x ought to be obs]v$1 t ^! laws   
may be reg>d$ 9  ano!r po9t ( view1--z a
 mo/ important class ( moral ph5om5a2   
inasmu* z !y virtually exhibit ! mo/    
unexceptionable decl>ations  ( reason on
 ?is subject1 because !y are collect$ f 
! common  cons5t ( mank9d1 & !re=e      
r5d]$1 9 a great measure1  indep5d5t ( !
 obliquities ( individual intellect1 !  
errors (  private judgm5t1 & ! p>tial   
views ( self int]e/1 prejudice1 or      
passion4 ,b all ! laws ( civiliz$       
nations1 bo? 9 _! enactm5t  &           

adm9i/ration1 n only presuppose c]ta9   
notions conc]n+ !  fre$om &             
acc\ntabl5ess ( man1 ! m]it & dem]it (  
human  actions1 & ! insep>able          
connection ( virtue & vice ) rew>ds  &  
puni%m5ts1 b greatly contribute to fix &
 p]petuate ^!  notions4 ,x is !re=e     
evid5tly ! int5tion ( t "p ( !  moral   
gov]nm5t ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 to      
impress ^!  pr9ciples deeply on ! human 
m9d1 & to induce ! human race to        
regulate _! conduct accord+ly4 ,! laws1 
!n1 ( ?is moral  gov]nm5t "u :i* we f9d 
ourselves plac$1 & f :i* we  _c escape1 
correspond ) & corroborate ! conclusions
 d$uc$  f ! obs]vation ( m5tal ph5om5a4 
,& f bo? we conclude t  simil> pr9ciples
 ( gov]nm5t w be adopt$1 7s f>1 at lea/1
 z  man is conc]n$17 9 o!r worlds & 9   
future ages2 only m  develop$1 & !re=e m
 evid5tly free f its pres5t app>5t      
imp]fections4 ,^u ?is acc\nt we look1 9 
ano!r life1 = "s su*  g5]al disclosure &
 consummation ( ! ways & wisdom (       
,provid5ce  z %all v9dicate1 ev5 9 !    

m9or details1 ! gr& pr9ciples ^u  :i*1  
g5]ally speak+1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,god is at 
pres5t obvi\sly  conduct$4 ,h[ ?is may  
be done1 ) _m que/ions connect$  !re)1  
reason )\t revelation c\ld1 z ,i        
conceive1 d little  m ?an =m plausible  
conjectures4 ,?\gh n[ t x has pleas$    
,god  9 ,*ri/ to br+ 8life & immortality
 to light ?r\gh ! ,gospel10  x is       
possible = reason to e/imate ! beauty & 
! m]cy & !  wisdom ( ! disp5sation by   
:i* x has be5 effect$4    ,,w9d4 ,!     
,hebrews1 l u1 ackn[l$ge f\r pr9cipal   
w9ds1 ,ezek4  xiii1 #af-ah3 ! ea/ w9d1 !
 nor? w9d1 ! s\? w9d1 & ! we/  w9d1 or t
 f ! ,m$it]ranean sea4 ,see ,,:irlw9d4  
,,w9d[s4 ,! me?od ( build+ bo? 9 ,b>b>y 
& ! ,levant seems to  h cont9u$ ! same f
 ! e>lie/ ages4 ,all ! w9d[s op5  into  
private c\rts1 if we except sometimes a 
lattic$ w9d[ or balcony  t[>d ! /reet4  
,x is only dur+ ! celebration ( "s      
ze5ah1  or public fe/ival1 t ^! h\ses & 
_! lattic$ w9d[s are  left op52 = ?is   
be+ a "t ( great lib]ty1 revell+1 &     

extravagance1 ea* family is ambiti\s (  
adorn+ bo? ! inside &  outside ( _!     
h\ses ) ! ri*e/ "p ( _! furniture2 :ile 
cr[ds ( bo? sexes1 dress$ out 9 _! be/  
app>el1 & lay+  aside all c]emony &     
re/ra9t1 g 9 & out :]e !y please4 ,!    
acc\nt we h1 #b ,k+s ix1 #cj1 (         
,jezebel's pa9t+ h] face1 tir+  h] head1
 & look+ out at a w9d[ ^u ,jehu's public
 entry into  ,jezreel1 gives u a lively 
idea ( an ea/]n lady at "o ( ^?         
solemnities4    ,,w9e1 1 ,g54 xix1 #cb1 
1 ,matt4 ix1 #ag1 a liquor express$ f   
grapes4 ,! art ( ref9+ w9e ^u ! lees 0  
kn[n to ! ,jews4  ,! p>ticul> process1 z
 x is n[ practis$ 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus1   
is describ$ 9 ,m>iti's ,travels4 ,! w9e 
is put imm$iately f !  vat into l>ge    
vases ( pott]s' w>e1 po9t$ at ! bottom1 
till !y  are ne>ly full1 :5 !y are cov]$
 tight & buri$4 ,at ! end ( a  ye> :at  
is design$ = sale is drawn into wood5   
casks4 ,! dregs 9  ! vases are put into 
wood5 casks de/9$ to receive w9e1 ) z   
mu* ( ! liquor z is necess>y to prev5t  

!m f becom+ dry  be=e use4 ,casks ?us   
prep>$ are v valuable4 ,:5 ! w9e a ye>  
old is put 91 ! dregs rise1 & make x    
appe> muddy1 b aft]w>d  !y subside &    
c>ry d[n all ! o!r fecul5ces4 ,! dregs  
are s  mu* valu$ t !y are n sold ) ! w9e
 9 ! vase1 unless  p>ticul>ly m5tion$4  
,! 8new w9e10 or 8mu/10 is m5tion$1     
,isa4 xlix1 #bf2 ,joel i1 #e2 iii1  #ah2
 & ,amos ix1 #ac1 "u ! "n 4 ,! 8mix$    
w9e10 1 ,prov4  xxiii1 #cj1 & 9 ,isaiah 
lxv1 #aa r5d]$ 8dr9k-(f]+10 may mean    
w9e made /rong] & m inebriat+ by !      
addition ( high] &  m p[]ful +r$i5ts1   
su* z honey1 spices1 defrutum1 or w9e   
inspissat$ by boil+ x d[n1 myrrh1       
m&ragora1 & o!r /rong  drugs4 ,?us !    
drunk>d is prop]ly describ$ z "o t      
seeke?  8mix$ w9e10 ,prov4 xxiii1 #cj1 &
 is mighty to 8m+le /rong dr9k10  ,isa4 
v1 #bb2 & h5ce ! psalmi/ took t highly  
poetical & sublime  image ( ! cup (     
,god's wra?1 call$ by ,isaiah1 li1 #ag1 
8! cup (  trembl+10 conta9+1 z ,/4 ,john
 expresses x1 ,rev4 xiv1 #aj1 pure  w9e 

made yet /rong] by a mixture ( p[]ful   
+r$i5ts3 8,9 !  h& ( ,jehovah is a cup1 
& ! w9e is turbid2 x is full ( a mix$   
liquor1 & he p\re? out ( x10 or r1 8he  
p\re? x out ( "o  vessel into ano!r10 to
 mix x p]fectly2 8v]ily ! dregs !re(10  
! ?icke/ s$im5t ( ! /rong +r$i5ts m+l$ )
 x1 8all  ! ungodly ( ! e>? %all wr+ !m 
out1 & dr9k !m40 8,spic$  w9e10 ,cant4  
viii1 #b1 0 w9e r5d]$ m palatable &     
fragrant )  aromatics4 ,?is 0 consid]$ z
 a great delicacy4 ,spic$ w9es 7  n     
peculi> to ! ,jews2 ,hafiz speaks ( w9es
 8ri*ly bitt]1 ri*ly  sweet40 ,! ,romans
 l9$ _! vessels1 amphor1 ) odor\s gums1 
to  give ! w9e a w>m bitt] flav\r3 & !  
ori5tals n[ use !  admixture ( spices to
 give _! w9es a fav\rite reli%4 ,! 8w9e 
(  ,helbon10 ,ezek4 xxvii1 #ah1 0 an    
excell5t k9d ( w9e1 kn[n to !  anci5ts  
by ! "n ( *alibonium v9um4 ,x 0 made at 
,damascus2  ! ,p]sians _h plant$ v9ey>ds
 !re on purpose1 says ,posidosius1      
quot$ by ,a!nu4 ,?is au?or says t ! k+s 
( ,p]sia us$ no  o!r w9e4 ,hosea1 xiv1  

#g1 m5tions ! w9e ( ,lebanon4 ,! w9es f 
! v9ey>ds on t m\nt are ev5 to ?is day 9
 repute2 b "s  ?9k t ?is may mean a     
sweet-sc5t$ w9e1 or w9e flav\r$ )       
fragrant gums4    ,,w9e ,,press4 ,!     
v9tage 9 ,syria comm5ces ab\t ! middle (
  ,septemb]1 & cont9ues till ! middle ( 
,novemb]4 ,b grapes 9  ,pale/9e1 we are 
in=m$1 7 ripe sometimes ev5 9 ,june or  
,july1  :i* arose p]haps f a triple     
prun+1 9 :i* case !re 0 also  a ?ird    
v9tage4 ,! fir/ v9tage 0 9 ,augu/1 !    
second 9  ,septemb]1 & ! ?ird 9 ,octob]4
 ,! grapes :5 n ga!r$ 7  sometimes f\nd 
on ! v9es until ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,! 
,hebrews  7 requir$ to leave glean+s = !
 poor1 ,lev4 xix1 #aj4 ,! season  (     
v9tage 0 a mo/ joyful "o1 ,judges ix1   
#bg2 ,isaiah xvi1 #aj2 ,j]4  xxv1 #cj2  
xlviii1 #cc4 ,) %\t+s on all sides1 !   
grapes 7  pluck$ (f & c>ri$ to ! w9e    
press1 1 1 1 :i* 0  9 ! v9ey>d1 ,isa4   
liii1 #c2 ,ze*4 xiv1 #aj2 ,haggai ii1   
#af2 ,matt4 xxi1  #cc2 ,rev4 xiv1 #ai1  
#bj4 ,! presses consi/$ ( two           

receptacles1 :i*  7 ei!r built ( /ones &
 cov]$ ) pla/]1 or hewn out ( a  l>ge   
rock4 ,! upp] receptacle1 call$ 1 z x is
 con/ruct$ at !  pres5t "t 9 ,p]sia1 is 
ne>ly eight feet squ>e & f\r feet high4 
,into ?is ! grapes are ?r[n & trodd5 out
 by five m54 ,! juice  fl[s out into !  
l[] receptacle1 ?r\gh a grat$ ap]ture1  
:i* is  made 9 ! side ne> ! bottom ( !  
upp] "o4 ,! tread+ ( !  w9e press 0     
labori\s1 & n v fav\rable to cleanl9ess2
 !  g>m5ts ( ! p]sons ?us employ$ 7 /a9$
 ) ! r$ juice1  & yet ! employm5t 0 a   
joyful "o4 ,x 0 p]=m$ ) s++1  accompani$
 ) musical in/rum5ts2 & ! tread]s1 z !y 
jump$1  exclaim$1 1 ,isa4 xvi1 #i1 #aj2 
,j]4 xxv1 #cj2 xlviii1 #cb1 #cc4        
,figuratively1 v9tage1 glean+1 & tread+ 
! w9e press1 signifi$  battles & great  
slaught]s1 ,isa4 xvii1 #f2 lxiii1 #a-c2 
,j]4 xlix1 #i2  ,lam4 i1 #ae4 ,! mu/1 z 
is cu/om>y 9 ! ea/ at ! pres5t day1  0  
pres]v$ 9 l>ge firk9s1 :i* 7 buri$ 9 !  
e>?4 ,! w9e  cell>s 7 n subt]ranean1 b  
built ^u ! e>?4 ,:5 deposit$  9 ^!1 !   

firk9s1 z is done at ! pres5t "t 9      
,p]sia1 7  sometimes buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & 
sometimes left /&+ ^u x4  ,=m]ly1 also1 
new w9e or mu/ 0 pres]v$ 9 lea!rn       
bottles2 &1  le/ !y %\ld be brok5 by    
f]m5tation1 ! p 7 v c>eful  t ! bottles 
%\ld be new1 ,job xxxii1 #ai2 ,matt4 ix1
 #ag2 ,m>k ii1  #bb4 ,sometimes ! mu/ 0 
boil$ & made into syrup1 :i* is         
compreh5d$ "u ! t]m 1 al?\gh x is       
commonly r5d]$  8honey10 ,g54 xliii1    
#aa2 #b ,*ron4 xxxi1 #e4 ,sometimes !   
grapes 7  dri$ 9 ! sun & pres]v$ 9      
masses1 :i* 7 call$ 8bun*es or  clu/]s (
 rais9s10 #a ,sam4 xxv1 #ah2 #b ,sam4   
xvi1 #a2 #a ,*ron4 xii1 #dj2  ,hosea    
iii1 #a4 ,f ^! dri$ grapes1 :5 soak$ 9  
w9e & press$ a  second "t1 0 manufactur$
 sweet w9e1 :i* is also call$ new w9e1  
1 ,acts ii1 #ac4    ,,wisdom is put = t 
prud5ce & discretion :i* enables a man  
to  p]ceive t :i* is fit to be done1    
accord+ to ! circum/ances (  "t1 place1 
p]sons1 mann]s1 & end ( do+1 ,eccles4   
ii1 #ac1 #ad4 ,x  0 ?is sort ( wisdom t 

,solomon intreat$ ( ,god ) s mu*        
e>ne/ness1 & :i* ,god grant$ him ) su*  
div9e lib]ality1 #a  ,k+s iii1 #i1 #ab1 
#bh4 ,x also signifies quickness (      
inv5tion1 &  dext]ity 9 ! execution (   
sev]al works1 :i* require n s mu*  /r5g?
 ( body1 z indu/ry1 & lab\r ( ! m9d4 ,= 
example1 ,god  told ,moses1 ,exod4 xxxi1
 #c1 t he _h fill$ ,bezaleel & ,aholiab 
)  wisdom1 & und]/&+1 & k1 to inv5t &   
p]=m sev]al  sorts ( "w = complet+ !    
tab]nacle4 ,x is us$ = craft1  cunn+1 & 
/ratagem1 & t :e!r good or evil4 ,?us x 
is said  by ,moses1 t ,ph>aoh dealt     
wisely ) ! ,israelites1 :5 he oppos$  !m
 9 ,egypt1 ,exodus i1 #aj3 x is obs]v$ (
 ,jonadab1 ! fri5d (  ,ammon1 & nephew (
 ,david1 t he 0 v wise1 t is1 v subtle  
& crafty1 #b ,sam4 xiii1 #c2 & ,job1 v1 
#ac1 says1 t ,god 8take? !  wise 9 _!   
own craft9ess40 ,wisdom means also      
doctr9e1 le>n+1 &  exp]i5ce3 8,) !      
anci5t is wisdom1 & 9 l5g? ( days       
und]/&+10 ,job xii1 #ab4 ,x is put =    
true piety1 or ! fe> (  ,god1 :i* is    

spiritual wisdom3 8,s tea* u to numb]   
our days1 t we  may apply our he>ts unto
 wisdom10 ,psalm xc1 #ab2 8,! fe> ( !   
,"l  t is wisdom10 ,job xxvii1 #bh4     
,wisdom is put = ! et]nal ,wisdom1  !   
,^w ( ,god4 ,x 0 by wisdom t ,god       
e/abli%$ ! heav5s1 &  f\nd$ ! e>?1      
,prov4 iii1 #ai4 ,h[ magnific5tly does  
,solomon  describe ! primeval bir? ( !  
et]nal ,son ( ,god1 "u !  "* ( ,wisdom  
p]sonifi$2 to :i* s _m ref]5ces &       
allusions are to be f\nd 9 ! ,old & ,new
 ,te/am5t6 8,! ,"l  possess$ me 9 !     
beg9n+ ( 8 way1 be=e 8 works ( old4 ,i 0
  set up f ev]la/+1 f ! beg9n+1 or ev] !
 e>? 04 ,:5  !re 7 no dep?s1 ,i 0 br\ght
 =?2 :5 !re 7 no f\nta9s  ab\nd+ ) wat]4
 ,be=e ! m\nta9s 7 settl$1 be=e !  hills
 0 ,i br\ght =?10 ,prov4 viii1 #bb-be4  
,! apocryphal book (  ,wisdom           
introduces1 by a ref]5ce to ?is passage1
 ! foll[+  admirable invocation1 ,wisdom
 ix1 #i1 #aj3--               8,o s5d =?
 wisdom1 out ( ?y holy heav5s1          
,ev5 f ! ?rone ( ?y glory2              

,t be+ pres5t %e may lab\r ) me1        
,t ,i may "k :at is pleas+ 9 ?y sight60 
,& our ,"l assumes ! title ( ,wisdom1   
,luke xi1 #di2 ,matt4 xxiii1 #cd2  &    
decl>es t 8wisdom %all be ju/ifi$ ( all 
h] *ildr510 ,matt4  xi1 #ai2 ,luke vii1 
#ce4    ,,wisdom1 ,,book ,,(1 an        
apocryphal book ( ,scripture1 s call$ on
 acc\nt  ( ! wise maxims conta9$ 9 x4   
,?is book has be5 commonly ascrib$  to  
,solomon1 ei!r because ! au?or imitat$ t
 k+'s mann] (  writ+1 or because he     
sometimes speaks 9 8 "n4 ,b x is c]ta9  
,solomon 0 n ! au?or ( x2 = x 0 n writt5
 9 ,hebrew1 nor  0 x ins]t$ 9 ! ,jewi%  
canon1 nor is ! /yle l t (  ,solomon2 & 
!re=e ,/4 ,j]om obs]ves ju/ly t x smells
 /rong  ( ! ,grecian eloqu5ce2 t x is   
compos$ ) art & me?od1 aft]  ! mann] ( !
 ,greek philosoph]s1 v diff]5t f t noble
  simplicity s full ( life & en]gy to be
 f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew books4  ,x has be5    
ascrib$ by _m ( ! anci5ts to ,philo4    
,,wolf1 1 9 ,arabic1 zeeb1 ,g54 xlix1   
#bg2 ,isa4 xi1 #f2 lxv1 #be2 ,j]4  v1   

#f2 ,ezek4 xxii1 #bg2 ,zeph4 iii1 #c2   
,hab4 i1 #h2 1 ,matt4 vii1 #ae2 x1  #af2
 ,luke x1 #c2 ,john x1 #ab2 ,acts xx1   
#bi2 ,eccles4 xiii1 #ag4 ,m4 ,majus     
d]ives x f ! ,arabic ^w zaab or daaba1  
8to fright520 &  h5ce1 p]haps1 ! ,g]man 
^w dieb1 8a ?ief40 ,! wolf is a fi]ce1  
/rong1 cunn+1 mis*iev\s1 & c>nivor\s    
quadrup$2 ext]nally &  int]nally s ne>ly
 resembl+ ! dog1 t !y seem modell$      
alike1  yet h a p]fect antipa?y to ea*  
o!r4 ,! ,scripture obs]ves (  ! wolf1 t 
x lives ^u rap9e2 is viol5t1 bloody1    
cruel1  voraci\s1 & gre$y2 goes abroad  
by night to seek its prey1 & is a  great
 enemy to flocks ( %eep4 ,inde$1 ?is    
animal is fi]ce )\t  cause1 kills )\t   
remorse1 & by its indiscrim9ate slaught]
 seems  to satisfy its malignity r ?an  
its hung]4 ,! wolf is weak] ?an  ! lion 
or ! be>1 & less c\rage\s ?an ! leop>d2 
b he  sc>cely yields to !m 9 cruelty &  
rapaci\sness4 ,8 rav5\s  temp] prompts  
him to de/ructive & sangu9>y            
depr$ations2 & ^!  are p]petrat$        

pr9cipally 9 ! night4 ,?is circum/ance  
is expressly  m5tion$ 9 sev]al passages 
( ,scripture4 8,! great m5 h  altoge!r  
brok5 ! yoke & bur/ ! bonds2 :]e=e1 a   
lion out (  ! =e/ %all slay !m1 & a wolf
 ( ! ev5+s %all spoil  !m10 ,j]4 v1 #f4 
,! rapaci\s & cruel conduct ( ! pr9ces (
  ,israel is comp>$ by ,ezekiel1 xxii1  
#bg1 to ! mis*iev\s inroads (  ! same   
animal3 8,h] pr9ces 9 ! mid/ !re( are l 
wolves  rav5+ ! prey1 to %$ blood1 to   
de/roy lives1 to get di%one/  ga920 &   
,zephaniah1 iii1 #c1 says1 8,h] pr9ces  
)9 h] are ro>+  lions1 h] judges are    
ev5+ wolves3 !y gnaw n ! bones till !   
morr[40 ,in/ead ( protect+ ! innoc5t &  
re/ra9+ ! evil  do]1 or puni%+ him      
accord+ to ! dem]it ( 8 crimes1 !y      
delight 9 viol5ce & oppression1 9 blood 
& rap9e2 & s  insatiable is _! cupidity1
 t1 l ! ev5+ wolf1 !y de/roy  m ?an !y  
are able to possess4 ,! dispositions ( !
 wolf to  attack ! weak] animals1       
especially ^? :i* are "u !  protection (
 man1 is allud$ to by our ,savi\r 9 !   

p>able ( !  hirel+ %eph]d3 8,! wolf     
cat*e? !m1 & scatt]e? ! flock10  ,matt4 
vii1 #ae4 ,& ! ,apo/le ,paul1 9 8       
address to ! eld]s (  ,ephesus1 gives ! 
"n ( ?is insidi\s & cruel animal to !   
false  tea*]s :o di/urb$ ! peace &      
p]v]t$ ! fai? ( _!  p3 8,i "k ?is1 t    
aft] my dep>t+ %all griev\s wolves  ent]
 9 among y1 n sp>+ ! flock10 ,acts xx1  
#bi4    ,,^w4 ,sometimes ! ,scripture   
ascribes to ! ^w ( ,god c]ta9           
sup]natural effects1 & (t5 repres5ts x z
 animat$ & active3  8,he s5t 8 ^w &     
heal$ !m10 ,psalm cvii1 #bj4 ,x also    
signifies  :at is writt5 9 ! sacr$ books
 ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 ,luke  xi1   
#bh2 ,james i1 #bb2 ! div9e law :i*     
tea*es & comm&s good  ?+s1 & =bids evil1
 ,psalm cxix1 #aja2 & is us$ to express 
e  promise ( ,god1 ,psalm cxix1 #be1 c1 
& prophecy or vision1 ,isaiah1 ii1  #a4 
,?is t]m is likewise consecrat$ &       
appropriat$ to signify !  only ,son ( ! 
,fa!r1 ! uncreat$ ,wisdom1 ! second     
,p]son ( !  mo/ holy ,tr9ity1 equal to &

 consub/antial ) ! ,fa!r4 ,/4 ,john  !  
evangeli/1 m expressly ?an any o!r1 has 
op5$ to u !  my/]y ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 :5 he
 tells u1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 !  ,^w1 & ! ,^w
 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,! same 0 9  
! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,all ?+s 7 made by him1
 & )\t him 0  n any ?+ made t 0 made10  
,john i1 #a-c4 ,! ,*aldee p>aphra/s1  ! 
mo/ anci5t ,jewi% writ]s extant1 g5]ally
 make use ( ! ^w  memra1 :i* signifies  
8! ,^w10 9 ^? places :]e ,moses puts  ! 
"n ,jehovah4 ,!y say1 = example1 t x 0 !
 ,memra1 or !  ,^w1 :i* creat$ ! _w1 :i*
 appe>$ to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai1  :i*  
gave him ! law1 :i* spoke to him face to
 face1 :i* br\ght  ,israel out ( ,egypt1
 :i* m>*$ be=e ! p1 & :i* wr\ght  all ^?
 miracles t are record$ 9 ,exodus4 ,x 0 
! same ,^w  t appe>$ to ,abraham 9 !    
pla9 ( ,mamre1 t 0 se5 ( ,jacob  at     
,be!l1 to :om ,jacob made 8 v[1 &       
ackn[l$g$ z ,god1 say+1  8,if ,god w be 
) me1 & w keep me 9 ?is way t ,i g1 !n  
%all ! ,"l be my ,god10 ,g54 xxviii1    
#bj1 #ba4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,/4  ,john     

comm5ces 8 ,gospel is /rik+ly diff]5t f 
! introductions  to ! hi/ories ( ,*ri/  
by ! o!r evangeli/s2 & no less  /rik+ & 
peculi> is ! title "u :i* he ann\nces   
him--8!  ,^w40 ,x has !re=e be5 a       
subject ( mu* inquiry & discussion1  f  
:5ce ?is evangeli/ drew ! use ( ?is     
appellation1 & :at  reasons l$ him1 z   
?\gh int5d+ to solicit p>ticul>         
att5tion1 to  place x at ! v head ( 8   
,gospel4 ,t x 0 = ! purpose (  e/abli%+ 
an express op9ion1 z to ! p]sonal "* (  
him x  is us$ to designate1 is made m   
?an probable f ! pr$om9ant  "* ( ! :ole 
,gospel1 :i* is m copi\sly doctr9al1 &  
conta9s a record m full ( :at ,jesus    
8said0 ?an ! o!rs4 ,z  to ! s\rce f :i* 
! t]m ,logos 0 drawn by ! ,apo/le1 "s  h
 held x to be tak5 f ! ,jewi%           
,scriptures2 o!rs1 f !  ,*aldee         
p>aphrases2 o!rs1 f ,philo & ! ,hell5iz+
 ,jews4 ,!  mo/ natural conclusion      
c]ta9ly appe>s to be1 t1 z ,/4 ,john 0 a
  pla91 8unle>n$0 man1 *iefly conv]sant 
9 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 he  d]iv$ ?is t]m

 f ! sacr$ books ( 8 own nation1 9 :i* !
  ,hebrew phrase1 ,dab> ,jehovah1 8! ,^w
 ( ,jehovah10 frequ5tly occurs  9       
passages :i* mu/ be und]/ood to speak ( 
a p]sonal ,^w1 &  :i* phrase is r5d]$   
! ^w ( ! ,"l by !  ,septuag9t           
int]pret]s4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re is n ! lea/   
evid5ce 9  8 writ+s1 or 9 8 traditional 
hi/ory1 t he ev] acqua9t$  himself )    
,philo or ) ,plato2 & none1 !re=e1 t he 
borr[$  ! t]m f !m1 or us$ x 9 any s5se 
approa*+ to or sugge/$  by ^!           
ref9em5ts3--9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul !re  
are allusions  to poets & philosoph]s2 9
 ^? ( ,/4 ,john1 none1 except to !  ris+
 sects aft]w>d kn[n "u ! appellation (  
,gno/ics4 ,!  ,hebrew ,scriptures conta9
 frequ5t intimations ( a di/9ction (    
,p]sons 9 ! ,godhead2 "o ( ^! ,div9e    
,p]sons is call$ ,jehovah2  &1 ?\gh     
manife/ly repres5t$ z exi/+ di/9ct f !  
,fa!r1  is yet array$ ) attributes (    
div9ity1 & 0 ackn[l$g$ by !  anci5t     
,jews to be1 9 ! highe/ s5se1 8_! ,god10
 ! ,god )  :om1 ?r\gh all _! hi/ory1 !y 

*iefly 8_h to d40 ,?is ,div9e  ,p]son is
 prov$ to h be5 spok5 ( by ! prophets z 
! future  ,*ri/2 ! evangeli/s & ,apo/les
 repres5t ,jesus z t ,div9e  ,p]son ( ! 
prophets2 & if1 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,old     
,te/am5t1 he  is also call$ ! ,^w1 !    
application ( ?is t]m to our ,"l is     
naturally acc\nt$ =4 ,x w !n appe> to be
 a !ological1 n a  philosophic          
appellation1 & "o :i*1 previ\sly ev5 to 
! "t (  ! ,apo/le1 _h be5 /amp$ ) !     
au?ority ( inspiration4    ,celebrat$ z 
?is title ( ! ,logos 0 9 ! ,jewi%       
!ology1 x is  n1 h[ev]1 ! appellation by
 :i* ! ,_s ( inspiration has  *os5 t our
 ,savi\r %\ld be pr9cipally designat$4  
,x occurs b  a v few times1 & pr9cipally
 & emphatically 9 ! introduction  to ,/4
 ,john's ,gospel4 ,a cog5t reason c be  
giv5 :y ?is ,apo/le  adopts x2 & we are 
n )\t a probable reason :y1 9 ! ,new    
,te/am5t1 ! title 8,son ( ,god0 %\ld h  
be5 pref]r$1 :i* is a  frequ5t title ( !
 ,logos 9 ! writ+s also ( ,philo4       
,orig9at+  f ! spiritual pr9ciple (     

connection1 betwe5 ! fir/ & !  second   
,be+ 9 ! ,godhead2 m>k+ ?is1 by a       
spiritual idea (  connection2 & consid]+
 x to be z close & z necess>y z !  ,^w  
is to ! en]getic m9d ( ,god1 :i* _c bury
 its intellectual  en]gies 9 sil5ce1 b  
mu/ put !m =? 9 spee*2 x is too         
spiritual 9 itself1 to be address$ to ! 
fai? ( ! multitude4 ,if  ) s full a     
ref]5ce to our bodily ideas1 & s        
positive a  filiation ( ! second ,be+ to
 ! fir/1 we h se5 ! attempts (  ,arian  
criticism endeav\r+ to resolve ! doctr9e
 into ! m]e du/  ( a figure2 h[ mu* m   
ready w\ld x h be5 to d s1 if we _h     
only su* a spiritual d5om9ation z ?is = 
! second6 ,?is w\ld  c]ta9ly h be5      
consid]$ by x z too unsub/antial =      
di/9ct  p]sonality1 & !re=e too         
evanesc5t = equal div9ity4 ,"o ( !  fir/
 tea*]s ( ?is sy/em 0 ,c]9?us4 ,we h n  
any p>ticul>  acc\nt ( all ! bran*es ( 8
 sy/em2 & x is possible t we  may       
ascribe to him "s ( ^? t5ets by :i* lat]
 sects ( ,gno/ics  7 discrim9at$4 ,b we 

h au?ority = say+1 t ! g5]al  pr9ciple (
 ! ,gno/ic s*eme 0 op5ly taught by      
,c]9?us be=e  ! publication ( ! ,gospel 
( ,/4 ,john4 ,! au?ority is t (  ,ir5u1 
a bi%op :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury1 :o 9 
8 y\? _h  he>d ,polyc>p1 ! disciple ( ! 
,apo/le ,john1 & :o reta9$ !  disc\rses 
( ,polyc>p 9 8 memory till 8 dea?4 ,!re 
are yet  extant ( ! works ( ,ir5u1 five 
books :i* he wrote aga9/  h]esies1 "o ( 
! mo/ au!ntic & valuable monum5ts (     
!ological erudition4 ,9 "o place ( t "w 
he says1 t ,c]9?us  taught 9 ,asia t !  
_w 0 n made by ! ,supreme ,god1 b by a  
c]ta9 p[] v sep>ate & f> remov$ f !     
,sov]eign ( !  univ]se1 & ignorant ( 8  
nature4 ,9 ano!r place1 he says t  ,john
 ! ,apo/le wi%$1 by 8 ,gospel1 to       
extirpate ! error :i* _h  be5 spread    
among m5 by ,c]9?us2 & ,j]om1 :o liv$ 9 
! f\r?  c5tury1 says t ,/4 ,john wrote 8
 ,gospel1 at ! desire ( !  bi%ops (     
,asia1 aga9/ ,c]9?us & o!r h]etics1 &   
*iefly  aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ! ,ebionites1
 !n spr++ up1 :o said t  ,*ri/ did n    

exi/ be=e he 0 born ( ,m>y4    8,x      
appe>s10 says ,dr4 ,hill1 8to h be5 !   
tradition ( !  ,*ri/ian *ur*1 t ,/4     
,john1 :o liv$ to a great age1 & :o     
resid$ at ,ephesus1 9 ,proconsul> ,asia1
 0 mov$ by ! gr[? ( !  ,gno/ic h]esies1 
& by ! solicitations ( ! ,*ri/ian       
tea*]s1 to  be> 8 te/imony to ! tru? 9  
writ+1 & p>ticul>ly to  recollect ^?    
disc\rses & actions ( our ,"l1 :i* might
 furni%  ! cle>e/ refutation ( ! p]sons 
:o d5i$ 8 prexi/5ce4 ,?is  tradition is 
a key to a great "p ( 8 ,gospel4 ,mat!w1
 ,m>k1 &  ,luke _h giv5 a detail ( ^?   
actions ( ,jesus :i* are !  evid5ces ( 8
 div9e mission2 ( ^? ev5ts 9 8 life ^u  
e>?  :i* are mo/ int]e/+ to ! human     
race2 & ( ^? moral  disc\rses 9 :i* !   
wisdom1 ! grace1 & ! sanctity ( !       
,tea*] %9e ) unit$ lu/re4 ,_! :ole      
n>ration implies t  ,jesus 0 m ?an man4 
,b z x is di/+ui%$ by a beautiful       
simplicity1 :i* adds v mu* to _! cr$it z
 hi/orians1 !y  h n1 ) ! exception ( a  
few incid5tal expressions1 =mally  /at$ 

! conclusion t ,jesus 0 m ?an man2 b h  
left !  ,*ri/ian _w to draw x = !mselves
 f ! facts n>rat$1 or to  receive x by !
 tea*+ & ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les4 ,/4     
,john1  :o 0 pres]v$ by ,god to see ?is 
conclusion1 :i* _h be5 drawn by  ! great
 body ( ,*ri/ians1 & _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 !
 epi/les1  d5i$ by diff]5t h]etics1 br+s
 =w>d1 9 ! =m ( a hi/ory  ( ,jesus1 a   
view ( 8 exalt$ "*1 & draws our att5tion
  p>ticul>ly to ! tru? ( t :i* _h be5   
d5i$4 ,:5 y come  to analyze ! ,gospel (
 ,/4 ,john1 y w f9d t ! fir/ eighte5    
v]ses conta9 ! positions laid d[n by !  
,apo/le1 9 ord] to meet  ! errors (     
,c]9?us2 t ^! positions1 :i* are m]ely  
affirm$  9 ! introduction1 are prov$ 9 !
 progress ( ! ,gospel1 by !  te/imony ( 
,john ! ,bapti/1 & by ! words & !       
actions ( our  ,"l2 & t aft] ! pro( is  
conclud$ by ! decl>ation (  ,?omas1 :o1 
^u be+ conv9c$ t ,jesus _h ris51 said to
 him1 #8,my  ,"l1 & my ,god1' ,/4 ,john 
sums up ! am\nt ( 8 ,gospel 9 ^!  few   
words3 #8,^! are writt5 t ye might      

believe t ,jesus is !  ,*ri/1 ! ,son (  
,god2' t is1 t ,jesus & ! ,*ri/ are n   
di/9ct p]sons1 & t ,jesus ,*ri/ is !    
,son ( ,god4 ,! ,apo/le  does n         
condesc5d to m5tion ! "n ( ,c]9?us1     
because t w\ld  h pres]v$1 z long z ! _w
 la/s1 ! memory ( a "n :i*  might       
o!rwise be =gott54 ,b1 al?\gh !re is    
dignity &  propriety 9 omitt+ ! m5tion (
 8 "n1 x 0 necess>y1 9  lay+ d[n !      
positions t 7 to meet 8 errors1 to adopt
 "s (  8 words1 because ! ,*ri/ians ( ^?
 days w\ld n s readily  h appli$ !      
doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le to ! refutation ( ^?
  h]esies :i* ,c]9?us 0 spread+ among   
!m1 if !y _h n f\nd  9 ! exposition ( t 
doctr9e "s ( ! t]ms 9 :i* ! h]esy  0    
deliv]$2 & z ! *ief ( ^! t]ms1 ,logos1  
:i* ,c]9?us  appli$ to an inf]ior _s1 0 
equival5t to a phrase 9 common use      
among ! ,jews1 #8! ,^w ( ,jehovah1' & 0 
probably borr[$ f  !nce1 ,john by 8 use 
( ,logos rescues x f ! degrad$ use (    
,c]9?us1 & re/ores x to a s5se          
correspond+ to ! dignity (  ! ,jewi%    

phrase40    ,! ,logos 0 no fanciful t]m1
 m]ely inv5t$ by ,/4 ,john1 pro re  nat1
 accord+ to circum/ances1 or ev5 sugge/$
 by ! ,holy  ,_s1 z a suitable title = a
 prophet by :om ,god *ose to reveal     
himself or 8 ,^w4 ,x 0 a t]m div]sely   
und]/ood 9 ! _w  be=e ,/4 ,john began 8 
,gospel4 ,is x possible1 !re=e1 t he    
%\ld h us$ ! t]m )\t "s express allusion
 to ^!  prevail+ op9ions8 ,_h he        
contradict$ !m all1 x w\ld1 ( c\rse1  h 
be5 a pla9 pro(1 t !y 7 all equally     
fabul\s &  fanciful2 b by adopt+ ! t]m1 
he c]ta9ly meant to %[1 t !  error did n
 consi/ 9 believ+ t !re 0 a ,logos1 or  
,^w (  ,god1 b 9 ?9k+ amiss ( x4 ,we    
might1 inde$1 h wond]$ mu*  _h he       
decid$ly adopt$ ! ,platonic or ,gno/ic  
notions1 9 pref]5ce  to ! ,jewi%2 b t he
 %\ld h>monize ) ! latt]1 is by no      
means surpris+2 fir/1 because he 0 a    
,jew himself2 &1 secondly1  because     
,*ri/ianity 0 pla9ly to be %[n to be    
connect$ )1 &1  z x 71 regul>ly to h    
sprung out (1 ,judaism4 ,x is c]ta9ly1  

!n1 9 ! highe/ degree consi/5t ) all we 
c\ld reasonably  expect1 to f9d ,/4     
,john & o!rs ( ! sacr$ writ]s express+  
!mselves 9 t]ms n only famili> to !     
,jews "u ! old  cov5ant1 b1 9 su* z     
might t5d1 by a p]fect revelation ( !   
tru?1 to give in/ruction to all p>ties2 
correct+ ! errors ( !  ,platonic &      
ori5tal sy/ems1 & confirm+1 9 ! cle>e/  
mann]1  ! hopes & expectations ( !      
,jews4    ,:ile ! reasons = ! use ( ?is 
t]m by ,/4 ,john are obvi\s1 !  argum5t 
f x is irresi/ible2 =1 fir/1 ! ,logos ( 
!  evangeli/ is a p]son1 n an attribute1
 z _m ,soc9ians h  said1 :o h1 !re=e1   
sometimes *os5 to r5d] x wisdom4 ,=  if 
x be an attribute1 x 7 a m]e truism to  
say1 t 8x 0 9 !  beg9n+ ) ,god20 because
 ,god c\ld nev] be )\t 8 attributes4  ,!
 ,apo/le also decl>es1 t ! ,logos 0 !   
,light2 b t ,john  ,bapti/ 0 n ! light4 
,"h is a k9d ( p>allel suppos$1 & x     
presumes1 also1 t x 0 possible t ! same 
"* might be  errone\sly ascrib$ to bo?4 
,betwe5 p]son & p]son ?is may1          

und\bt$ly1 be ! case2 b :at species (   
p>allel c exi/ betwe5  man & an         
attribute8 ,nor w ! difficulty be       
obviat$ by sugge/+1  t wisdom "h means n
 ! attribute itself1 b him :om t        
attribute inspir$1 ! man ,jesus ,*ri/1  
because ! "n ( our  ,savi\r has n yet   
be5 m5tion$2 because t rule (           
int]pretation  mu/ be inadmissible1 :i* 
at "o "t w\ld expla9 ! t]m ,logos by  an
 attribute1 at ano!r by a man1 z be/    
suits ! conv5i5ce (  hypo!sis2 &        
because1 if x be1 9 ?is in/ance1        
conceiv$ to  indicate our ,savi\r1 x mu/
 foll[1 t our ,savi\r creat$ !  _w1 7:i*
 ! ,unit>ians w by no means admit17 = ! 
,logos1 :o  0 t :i* ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 n1
 ! true ,light1 is expressly  decl>$ to 
h made ! _w4 ,aga93 ! ,logos 0 made     
fle%1 t  is1 became man2 b 9 :at        
possible s5se c\ld an attribute become  
man8 ,! ,logos is 8! only begott5 ( !   
,fa!r20 b x w\ld be  unc\? to say ( any 
attribute1 t x is begott52 &1 if t 7    
pass$ ov]1 x w\ld foll[1 f ?is notion1  

ei!r t ,god has only  "o attribute1 or t
 wisdom is n 8 only begott5 attribute4  
,f>!r3 ,/4 ,john uses t]ms decisively   
p]sonal1 z t he is ,god1 n  div9e z an  
attribute1 b ,god p]sonally2 n t he 0 9 
,god1  :i* w\ld prop]ly h be5 said ( an 
attribute1 b ) ,god1  :i* he c\ld only  
say ( a p]son2 t 8all ?+s 7 made by     
him20  t he 0 89 ! _w20 t 8he came to 8 
own20 t he 0 89  ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r20 & t
 8he ha? decl>$ ! ,fa!r40 ,!  absurdity 
( repres5t+ ! ,logos ( ,/4 ,john z an   
attribute seems1  at l5g?1 to h be5     
p]ceiv$ by ! ,soc9ians !mselves1 & _!   
new v]sion accord+ly reg>ds x z a       
p]sonal t]m4    ,if ! ,logos be a p]son1
 !n is he ,div9e2 =1 fir/1 et]nity is   
ascrib$ to him3 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w40  
,! ,unit>ian comm5t  is1 8f ! beg9n+ ( 8
 m9i/ry10 or 8! comm5cem5t ( !  ,gospel 
disp5sation20 :i* makes ,/4 ,john use   
ano!r trifl+ truism1  & solemnly tell 8 
read]s1 t our ,savi\r1 :5 he began 8    
m9i/ry1 0 9 exi/5ce6 89 ! beg9n+ ( 8    
m9i/ry ! ,^w  060 ,x is true1 t 1 8!    

beg9n+10 is us$ = !  beg9n+ ( ,*ri/'s   
m9i/ry1 :5 he says t ! ,apo/les _h be5  
) him f ! beg9n+2 & x may be us$ = !    
beg9n+ ( any  ?+ :atev]4 ,x is a t]m :i*
 mu/ be det]m9$ 9 its mean+ by  !       
context2 & ! "q1 !re=e1 is1 h[ !        
connection "h  det]m9es x4 ,almo/       
imm$iately x is add$1 8,all ?+s 7 made  
by  him20 :i* c only mean ! creation (  
univ]sal nature4 ,he1 !n1  :o made all  
?+s 0 prior to all creat$ ?+s2 he 0 :5  
!y  began to be1 & be=e !y began to be2 
&1 if he exi/$ be=e  all creat$ ?+s1 he 
0 n himself creat$1 & 01 !re=e1  et]nal4
 ,secondly1 he is expressly call$ ,god2 
&1 ?irdly1 he is z  explicitly said to  
be ! ,creator ( all ?+s4 ,! two la/     
p>ticul>s h (t5 be5 l>gely e/abli%$1 &  
no?+ ne$ be  add$1 except1 z ano!r pro( 
t ! ,scriptures c only be fairly        
expla9$ by ! doctr9e ( a di/9ction (    
div9e ,p]sons 9 !  ,godhead1 !          
decl>ation ( ,/4 ,john may be adduc$1 t 
8! ,^w 0  ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god40 ,:at 
hypo!sis b ?is goes a  s+le /ep to      

expla9 ?is wond]ful language8 ,arianism1
 :i* all[s  ! prexi/5ce ( ,*ri/ ) ,god1 
accords ) ! fir/ clause1  b contradicts 
! second4 ,sabellianism1 :i* r$uces !   
p]sonal to  an (ficial1 & !re=e a       
temporal1 di/9ction1 accords ) !  second
 clause1 b contradicts ! fir/2 = ,*ri/1 
accord+ to ?is  !ory1 0 n ) ,god 9 !    
beg9n+1 t is 9 et]nity4  ,soc9ianism    
contradicts bo? clauses2 = on t s*eme   
,*ri/ 0  nei!r ) ,god 9 ! beg9n+1 nor 0 
he ,god4 8,! fai? ( ,god's  elect0      
agrees ) bo? clauses1 & by bo? x is     
e/abli%$3 8,!  ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0  
,god40 ,see ,,unit>ians4    ,,worm1 !   
g5]al "n 9 ,scripture = little creep+   
insects4 ,sev]al  k9ds are spok5 (3 #a4 
,^? t bre$ 9 putrefi$ bodies1 1 ,exod4  
xvi1 #bj1 #bd2 ,job vii1 #e2 xvii1 #ad2 
xxi1 #bf2 xxiv1 #bj2 xxv1 #f2 ,isa4 xiv1
  #aa2 1 ,ecclus4 vii1 #ag2 x1 #aa2 #a  
,mac4 ii1 #fb2 #b ,mac4 ix1 #i2 ,judi?  
xvi1 #ag2 ,m>k ix1 #dd1 #df1 #dh2 ,acts 
xii1 #bc4 #b4 ,t :i* eats wooll5        
g>m5ts1 1 ,isa4 li1 #h2 1 ,matt4 vi1    

#ai1 #bj2 ,luke xii1 #cc4 #c4 ,t  :i*1  
p]=at+ ! leaves & b>k ( trees1 causes ! 
little  excresc5ces call$ k]mes1 :5ce is
 made a crimson dye1 1 ,deut4  xxviii1  
#ci2 ,job xxv1 #f2 ,psalm xxii1 #f2     
,isa4 xiv1 #aa2 xii1 #ad2 lxvi1 #bd2    
,exod4 xvi1 #bj2 ,jonah iv1 #g4 #d4 ,!  
worm de/ructive ( ! v9es1  ref]r$ to 9  
,deut4 xxviii1 #ci2 :i* 0 ! pyralis     
vitan1 or  pyralis fasciana1 ( ,=skal1 !
 v9e weevil1 a small insect  extremely  
hurtful to ! v9es4    ,,wormwood1 1     
,deut4 xxix1 #ah2 ,prov4 v1 #d2 ,j]4 ix1
 #ae2 xxiii1 #ae2 ,lam4  iii1 #ae1 #ai2 
,amos v1 #g2 vi1 #ab2 1 ,rev4 viii1 #aa4
 ,9 !  ,septuag9t ! orig9al ^w is       
v>i\sly r5d]$1 & g5]ally by  t]ms       
expressive ( its figurative s5se1 = :at 
is (f5sive1 odi\s1  or delet]i\s2 b 9 ! 
,syriac & ,arabic v]sions1 & 9 ! ,lat9  
,vulgate1 x is r5d]$ 8wormwood20 & ?is  
is adopt$ by ,celsius1 :o  names x !    
abs9?ium santonicum ,judaicum1 bitt]    
wormwood (  ,judea4 ,f ! passages (     
,scripture1 h[ev]1 :]e ?is plant is     

m5tion$1 some?+ m ?an ! bitt]ness ( its 
qualities seems to  be intimat$1 &      
effects are attribut$ to x great] ?an c 
be  produc$ by ! wormwood ( ,europe4 ,! 
,*aldee p>aphrase gives x ev5  ! "* ( 8!
 wormwood ( dea?40 ,x may !re=e mean a  
plant  alli$1 p]haps1 to ! abs9?ium 9   
appe>ance & 9 ta/e1 b  possess+ m       
nause\s1 hurtful1 & =midable prop]ties4 
,,wor%ip4 ,! ,scriptural obligation (   
public wor%ip is p>tly f\nd$  ^u        
example1 & p>tly ^u precept2 s t no     
p]son :o admits t  au?ority1 c "q ?is   
great duty )\t manife/ & crim9al        
inconsi/5cy4 ,! in/itution ( public     
wor%ip "u ! law1 & !  practice (        
synagogue wor%ip among ! ,jews1 f at    
lea/ ! "t (  ,ezra1 _c be que/ion$2 bo? 
( :i* 7 sanction$ by !  practice ( our  
,"l & 8 ,apo/les4 ,! preceptive au?ority
 = our  regul> att5dance ^u public      
wor%ip1 is ei!r inf]5tial or direct4  ,!
 comm& to publi% ! ,gospel includes !   
obligation ( assembl+  to he> x2 ! "n by
 :i* a ,*ri/ian society is designat$ 9  

,scripture is a *ur*2 :i* signifies an  
assembly = ! transaction  ( bus9ess2 &1 
9 ! case ( a ,*ri/ian assembly1 t       
bus9ess  mu/ necess>ily be spiritual1 & 
include ! sacr$ ex]cises (  pray]1      
praise1 & he>+ ! ,scriptures4 ,b we h m 
direct  precepts1 al?\gh ! practice 0   
obvi\sly cont9u$ f ,judaism1  & 0 !re=e 
consuetud9>y4 ,"s ( ! epi/les ( ,/4     
,paul are  comm&$ to be read 9 ! *ur*es4
 ,! s++ ( psalms1 hymns1 &  spiritual   
songs is enjo9$ z an act ( solemn wor%ip
 to ! ,"l2 &  ,/4 ,paul cautions !      
,hebrews t !y 8=sake n ! assembl+ (     
!mselves toge!r40 ,! practice ( !       
primitive age is also manife/  f !      
epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,"l's ,supp] 0  
celebrat$ by !  body ( believ]s         
collectively2 & ?is ,apo/le prescribes  
to !  ,cor9?ians regulations = !        
ex]cises ( pray] & prophesy+s1  8:5 !y  
came toge!r 9 ! *ur*10--! assembly4 ,!  
/at$ness  & ord] ( ^! holy (fices 9 !   
primitive *ur*1 appe> also  f !         
apo/olical epi/le ( ,/4 ,clem5t3 8,we   

ought also1 look+  into ! dep?s ( !     
div9e k1 to d all ?+s 9 ord]1  :atsoev] 
! ,"l ha? comm&$ to be done4 ,we ought  
to make our  oblations1 & p]=m our holy 
(fices1 at _! appo9t$ seasons2 =  ^! he 
ha? comm&$ to be done1 n irregul>ly or  
by *ance1 b at  det]m9ate times & h\rs2 
z he ha? likewise orda9$ by 8 supreme   
w1 :]e1 & by :at p]sons1 !y %all be     
p]=m$2 t s all  ?+s be+ done accord+ to 
8 pleasure1 may be acceptable 9 8       
sight40 ,?is passage is rem>kable = urg+
 a div9e au?ority = !  public s]vices ( 
! *ur*1 by :i* ,/4 ,clem5t1 no d\bt1    
means !  au?ority ( ! inspir$ directions
 ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! ends ( !  in/itution (
 public wor%ip are ( su* obvi\s         
importance1 t x  mu/ ev] be consid]$ z  
"o ( ! mo/ condesc5d+ & graci\s         
disp5sations ( ,god to man4 ,by ?is 8   
*ur* confesses 8 "n  be=e ! _w2 by ?is !
 public tea*+ ( 8 ^w is associat$  )    
acts calculat$ to affect ! m9d ) t      
solemnity :i* is !  be/ prep>ation =    
he>+ x to edification4 ,x is ?us t !    

ignorant & ! vici\s are collect$ toge!r1
 & in/ruct$ &  w>n$2 ! invitations (    
m]cy are publi%$ to ! guilty1 & !       
sorr[ful & afflict$ are com=t$4 ,9 ^!   
assemblies ,god1 by 8  ,holy ,_s1       
diffuses 8 vital & sanctify+ influ5ce1 &
 takes !  dev\t into a fell[%ip )       
himself1 f :i* !y d]ive /r5g?  to d & to
 suff] 8 w 9 ! v>i\s sc5es ( life1 :ile 
he  !re af=ds !m a =eta/e ( ! deep &    
hall[$ pleasures :i*  are res]v$ = !m at
 8 "r h& = ev]more4 ,pray]s &           
int]cessions are (f]$ = national &      
public int]e/s2 & :ile  ! b5efit ( ^!   
ex]cises desc5ds ^u a c\ntry1 all are   
kept  s5sible ( ! dep5d5ce ( e public & 
p]sonal int]e/ ^u  ,god4 ,praise calls  
=? ! grateful emotions1 & gives         
*e]fulness to  piety2 & t in/ruction 9  
righte\sness :i* is s p]petually        
repeat$1 diffuses ! pr9ciples ( morality
 & religion ?r\gh\t  society2 enlight5s 
& gives activity to consci5ce2 raises ! 
/&>d ( morals2 atta*es %ame to vice1 &  
praise to virtue2 &  ?us ex]ts a        

p[]fully purify+ influ5ce ^u mank9d4    
,laws ?us  receive a =ce1 :i*1 9 o!r    
circum/ances1 !y c\ld n acquire1  ev5 7 
!y enact$ 9 z great p]fection2 & !      
adm9i/ration (  ju/ice is aid$ by !     
/ronge/ possible obligation & sanction  
be+  giv5 to legal oa?s4 ,! dome/ic     
relations are r5d]$ m /rong  & int]e/+  
by ! v habit ( ! att5dance ( families ^u
 !  sacr$ s]vices ( ! sanctu>y ( ! ,"l2 
& ! ri* & ! poor  meet+ toge!r1 & /&+ on
 ! same common gr\nd z s9n]s  be=e ,god1
 equally dep5d5t ^u him1 & equally su+ =
 8 m]cy1  has a p[]ful1 ?\gh (t5 an     
ins5sible1 influ5ce 9 humbl+ !  pride   
:i* is n\ri%$ by sup]ior rank1 & 9 rais+
 ! l[]  classes above abjectness ( _s1  
)\t injur+ _! humility4  ,piety1        
b5evol5ce1 & patriotism are equally     
dep5d5t = _!  purity & vig\r ^u ! regul>
 & dev\t wor%ip ( ,god 9 !  simplicity (
 ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation4    ,! foll[+ is
 an abridgm5t ( ,dr4 ,ne&]'s acc\nt ( ! 
mode (  conduct+ public wor%ip among !  
primitive ,*ri/ians1 :i*1 ?\gh          

que/ionable on "s po9ts1 is ^u ! :ole j 
&  int]e/+3--,s9ce ! religion ( ! ,new  
,te/am5t did n admit (  any peculi>     
outw>d prie/hood1 simil> to t ( ! ,old1 
! same  outw>d k9d ( wor%ip1 dep5d5t on 
c]ta9 places1 times1 & outw>d  actions &
 demean\rs1 w\ld also h no place 9 its  
composition4 ,!  k+dom ( ,god1 ! temple 
( ! ,"l1 7 to be pres5t1 n 9 ?is  or t  
place1 b 9 e place :]e ,*ri/ himself is 
active 9 !  ,_s1 & :]e ?r\gh him !      
wor%ip ( ,god 9 _s & 9 tru?  is         
e/abli%$4 ,e ,*ri/ian 9 p>ticul>1 & e   
*ur* 9  g5]al1 7 to repres5t a spiritual
 temple ( ! ,"l2 ! true  wor%ip ( ,god 0
 to be only 9 ! inw>d he>t1 & ! :ole    
life  proce$+ f su* inw>d disposition1  
sanctifi$ by fai?1 0 to be  a cont9u$   
spiritual s]vice2 ?is is ! great        
fundam5tal idea ( !  ,gospel1 :i*       
prevails ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 by :i*
 ! :ole  outw>d appe>ance ( religion 0  
to assume a diff]5t =m1 & all  t once 0 
c>nal 0 to be conv]t$ into spiritual1 & 
ennobl$4  ,?is notion came =w>d mo/     

/rongly 9 ! orig9al inw>d life (  ! fir/
 ,*ri/ians1 p>ticul>ly :5 contra/$ )    
,judaism1 &  /ill m s :5 contra/$ )     
,hea!nism2 a contra/ :i* taught  !      
,*ri/ians to avoid all pomp t caught !  
eye1 & all  multiplication ( means (    
devotion address$ to ! s5ses1 :ile x    
made !m hold fa/ ! simple1 spiritual "* 
( ! ,*ri/ian  wor%ip ( ,god4 ,x 0 ?is   
:i* always /ruck ! ,hea!n s mu* 9  !    
,*ri/ian wor%ip2 namely1 t no?+ 0 f\nd  
among !m ( !  outw>d pomp ( all o!r     
religions2 no temples1 no alt>s1 no     
images4  ,?is reproa* 0 made to !       
,*ri/ians by ,celsus1 & answ]$ ?us by   
,orig53 8,9 ! highe/ s5se ! temple &    
image ( ,god are 9 !  human nature (    
,*ri/2 & h5ce1 also1 9 all ! fai?ful1 :o
 are  animat$ by ! ,_s ( ,*ri/1--liv+   
images6 ) :i* no /atue  ( ,jove by      
,phidias is fit to be comp>$40          
,*ri/ianity impell$ m5  frequ5tly to    
seek = ! /illness ( ! inw>d sanctu>y1 & 
"h  to p\r =? _! he>t to ,god1 :o dwells
 9 su* temples2 b !n  ! flames ( love 7 

also light$ 9 _! he>ts1 :i* s\ght       
communion 9 ord] to /r5g!n ea* o!r      
mutually1 & to unite  !mselves into "o  
holy flame :i* po9t$ t[>d heav54 ,!     
communion ( pray] & devotion 0 ?\ght a  
s\rce ( sanctification1  inasmu* z m5   
knew t ! ,"l 0 pres5t by 8 ,_s among ^? 
:o 7 ga!r$ toge!r 9 8 "n2 b !n !y 7 f> f
  ascrib+ any peculi> sacr$ness &       
sanctity to ! place ( assembly4  ,su* an
 idea w\ld appe> to p>take ( ,hea!nism2 
& m5 7 at  fir/ 9 less dang] ( be+ s$uc$
 into su* an idea1 because !  fir/ g5]al
 places ( assembly ( ! ,*ri/ians 7 only 
common  rooms 9 private h\ses1 j accord+
 z x happ5$ t any memb]  ( ! *ur* _h    
suffici5t accommodation = ! purpose4    
,?us ,gaius  ( ,cor9?1 ,rom4 xvi1 is    
call$ ! ho/ ( ! *ur*1 because !  *ur* 0 
9 ! habit ( assembl+ 9 a room ( 8 h\se4 
,orig5  says1 8,! place :]e believ]s    
come toge!r to pray has some?+          
agreeable & useful ab\t x20 b !n he only
 says ?is 9 respect to  t spiritual     
communion4 ,man1 we mu/ av[1 is v easily

 l$ to fall  away f ! wor%ip ( ,god 9 _s
 & 9 tru?1 & to connect !  religion ( ! 
,_s ) outw>d & e>?ly ?+s2 z ! ,apo/le   
says1 8,hav+ begun 9 ! ,_s1 to wi% to   
end 9 ! fle%40  ,wat*fulness on ?is po9t
 0 con/antly ne$$1 le/ ! ,jewi% or !    
,hea!n notions %\ld "h intrude !mselves 
on ^? ( ! ,gospel1  :i* 0 likely en\gh  
to happ5 z soon z ! ,old & ! ,new       
,te/am5t notions ( ! prie/hood _h be5   
confus$4 ,ev5 9 ! "t  ( ,clem5s (       
,alex&ria he f\nd himself oblig$ to     
combat ! notion1  :i* all[$ ! ess5tials 
( a ,*ri/ian life to be ( "o k9d 91  & (
 ano!r out (1 ! *ur*4 8,! disciples (   
,*ri/10 he says1  8mu/ =m ! :ole c\rse (
 _! life & conduct on ! model :i*  !y   
assume 9 ! *ur*es1 = ! sake ( propriety2
 !y mu/ be  su*1 & n m]ely seem s2 z    
mild1 z pi\s1 & z *>itable4 ,b  n[1 ,i  
"k n h[ x is1 !y *ange _! habits & _!   
mann]s  ) ! *ange ( place1 z ! polypus1 
!y say1 *anges its col\r1  & becomes l !
 rock on :i* x hangs4 ,!y lay aside !   
spiritual habit :i* !y _h assum$ 9 !    

*ur*1 z soon z !y  h left ! *ur*1 &     
assimilate !mselves to ! multitude among
  :om !y live4 ,i %\ld r say1 t !y      
convict !mselves (  hypocrisy1 & %[ :at 
!y really are 9 _! inw>d nature1 by     
lay+ aside ! mask ( piety :i* !y _h     
assum$2 & :ile !y  hon\r ! ^w ( ,god1 !y
 leave x beh9d !m 9 ! place :]e  !y he>d
 x40    ,! ,*ri/ian places ( assembly 71
 at fir/1 9 ! rooms ( private  h\ses2 x 
may p]haps be ! case1 t 9 l>ge t[ns1 :]e
 !  numb] ( ,*ri/ians 0 soon            
consid]able1 & no memb] ( ! *ur*  _h any
 room 9 8 h\se suffici5t to conta9 all 8
 bre?r51 or 9  places :]e m5 did n fe>  
any prejudicial consequ5ces f l>ge      
assemblies1 ! *ur* divid$ itself into   
diff]5t sections1 accord+  to !         
habitations ( its memb]s1 ( :i* ea*     
section held its  assemblies 9 "o       
p>ticul> *amb] ( ! h\se ( "s weal?y     
memb]  ( ! *ur*2 or1 p]haps1 :ile x 0   
usual to unite on ,sundays 9  "o g5]al  
assembly1 yet ea* individual "p ( ! *ur*
 met  toge!r daily 9 ! rooms :i* lay !  

mo/ conv5i5t to x4 ,p]haps  ! passages 9
 ,/4 ,paul's epi/les1 :i* speak ( *ur*es
 9 !  h\ses ( p>ticul> p]sons1 are ?us  
to be und]/ood4 ,! answ] (  ,ju/9 ,m>tyr
 to ! "q ( ! prefect1 8,:]e d y         
assemble80  exactly corresponds to !    
g5u9e ,*ri/ian _s on ?is po9t4 ,?is     
answ] 01 8,:]e ea* "o c & w4 ,y believe1
 no d\bt1 t we  all meet toge!r 9 "o    
place2 b x is n s1 = ! ,god ( !         
,*ri/ians is n %ut up 9 a room1 b1 be+  
invisible1 he fills bo?  heav5 & e>?1 & 
is hon\r$ e :]e by ! fai?ful40 ,ju/9    
adds1 t :5 he came to ,rome1 he 0       
accu/om$ to dwell 9 "o  p>ticul> spot1 &
 t ^? ,*ri/ians :o 7 in/ruct$ by him1  &
 wi%$ to he> 8 disc\rses1 assembl$ at 8 
h\se4 ,he _h n  visit$ any o!r          
congregations ( ! *ur*4 ,! arrangem5ts  
:i*  ! peculi>ities ( ! ,*ri/ian wor%ip 
requir$1 7 gradually made  9 ^! places (
 assembly1 su* z an elevat$ seat = !    
purpose (  read+ ! ,scriptures & prea*+1
 a table = ! di/ribution (  ! sacram5t1 
to :i* z e>ly z ! "t ( ,t]tullian ! "n (

  alt>1 ara or alt>e1 0 giv51 & p]haps n
 )\t "s  mixture ( ! unevangelical ,old 
,te/am5t notion ( a sacrifice2 or at    
lea/ ?is idea might easily atta* itself 
to ?is "n4 ,:5 !  *ur*es increas$1 & _! 
circum/ances improv$1 !re 71 dur+  !    
c\rse ( ! ?ird c5tury1 already sep>ate  
*ur* build+s =  ! ,*ri/ians1 z ! "n  1  
religi\s places1 (  ! ,*ri/ians occurs 9
 ! edict ( ,galli5us4 ,9 ! "t ( !       
ext]nal prosp]ity ( ! *ur*1 dur+ ! reign
 ( ,diocletian1 _m  h&some *ur*es arose 
9 ! great t[ns4 ,! use ( images 0       
orig9ally q =eign to ! ,*ri/ian wor%ip &
 *ur*es1 & x  rema9$ s dur+ ?is :ole    
p]iod4 ,! int]mixture ( art &  religion1
 & ! use ( images = ! latt]1 appe>$ to !
 fir/  ,*ri/ians a ,hea!ni% practice4 ,z
 9 ,hea!nism ! div9e becomes  desecrat$ 
& t>ni%$ by int]mixture ) ! natural2 & z
 m5  h (t5 paid homage to ! beauties (  
nature1 ) injury to !  cause ( hol9ess1 
! fir/ w>m? ( ,*ri/ian zeal1 :i* oppos$ 
!  idolatry ( nature1 s common to       
,hea!nism1 & s\ght to ma9ta9 !  div9e 9 

all its purity & elevation1 0 incl9$ r  
to set  hol9ess 9 ! /ronge/ contra/ )   
:at is beautiful by nature1  ?an to     
endeav\r to grace x by l5d+ x a         
beautiful =m4 ,m5 7  m incl9$ 9 g5]al to
 c>ry into extremes ! idea ( !          
appe>ance ( ! ,div9ity 9 ! =m ( a       
s]vant1 :i* suit$ !  oppress$ condition 
( ! *ur* 9 ^! c5turies ?an to ?r[ x     
into ! back gr\nd1 & ov]:elm x "u !     
pr$om9ance ( _!  /hetic dispositions1 & 
_! love ( art4 ,?is is peculi>ly %[n  by
 ! g5]al belief ( ! e>ly *ur*1 t ,*ri/  
_h clo!d 8  inw>d div9e glory 9 a mean  
outw>d =m1 :i* 0 9 direct  contradiction
 to x2 a conclusion :i* 0 drawn f       
int]pret+ !  prophecy ( ! ,messiah 9    
,isa4 liii1 #b1 too lit]ally4 ,?us1     
,clem5s (  ,alex&ria w>ns ! ,*ri/ians1 f
 ! example ( ,*ri/1 n to  attribute too 
mu* value to outw>d beauty3 8,! ,"l     
himself 0 mean  9 outw>d =m2 & :o is    
bett] ?an ! ,"l8 ,b he reveal$  himself 
n 9 ! beauty ( ! body1 p]ceptible to our
 s5ses1 b 9  ! true beauty ( ! s\l z    

well z ( ! body2 ! beauty ( !  s\l      
consi/+ 9 b5evol5ce1 & t ( ! body 9     
immortality60  ,fa!rs ( entirely        
opposite habits ( m9d1 ! adh]5ts ( two  
diff]5t sy/ems ( conceiv+ div9e ?+s1 7  
nev]!less unit$  on ?is po9t by _!      
common opposition to ! mixture ( !      
natural  & ! div9e 9 ,hea!nism1 & by !  
endeav\r to ma9ta9 !  devotion to ,god1 
9 _s & 9 tru?1 pure & undefil$4 ,clem5s 
(  ,alex&ria is z little fav\rable z    
,t]tullian to ! use ( images4  ,hea!ns1 
:o1 l ,alex&] ,sev]us1 saw some?+ div9e 
9 ,*ri/'s  p]sonal =m1 & sects :i* mix$ 
,hea!nism & ,*ri/ianity  toge!r1 7 !    
fir/ :o made use ( images ( ,*ri/2 z1 = 
in/ance1 ! ,gno/ic sect ( ! foll[]s (   
,c>pocratian1 :o put 8  image beside ^? 
( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! use ( religi\s 
images  among ! ,*ri/ians did n proce$ f
 _! ecclesia/ical b f  _! dome/ic life4 
,9 ! int]c\rse ( daily life1 ! ,*ri/ians
  saw !mselves e :]e surr\nd$ by objects
 ( ,hea!n my?ology1  or by su* z %ock$  
_! moral & ,*ri/ian feel+s4 ,simil>     

objects adorn$ ! walls ( *amb]s1 ! dr9k+
 vessels1 & !  signet r+s1 7on :i* !    
,hea!n _h con/antly idolatr\s images17  
to :i*1 :5ev] !y pleas$1 !y c\ld address
 _! devotions2 &  ! ,*ri/ians naturally 
felt !mselves oblig$ to replace ^!      
objects1 :i* w\nd$ _! moral & religi\s  
feel+s1 ) o!rs  m suit$ to ^? feel+s4   
,!re=e1 !y gladly put ! lik5ess  ( a    
%eph]d c>ry+ a lamb ^u 8 %\ld]s1 on _!  
cups1 z a  symbol ( ! ,r$eem]1 :o saves 
! s9n]s t return to him1  accord+ to !  
p>able 9 ! ,gospel4 ,& ,clem5s (        
,alex&ria says1  9 ref]5ce to ! signet  
r+s ( ! ,*ri/ians1 8,let our signet  r+s
 consi/ ( a dove10 ! emblem ( ! ,holy   
,gho/1 8or a fi%1 or a  %ip sail+ t[>d  
heav510 ! emblem ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 or (
  individual ,*ri/ian s\ls1 8or a lyre10
 ! emblem ( ,*ri/ian joy1  8or an       
an*or10 ! emblem ( ,*ri/ian hope2 8& he 
:o is a  fi%]man1 let him rememb] !     
,apo/le1 & ! *ildr5 :o 7  dragg$ out f !
 wat]2 = ^? m5 ought n to engrave       
idolatr\s =ms1 to :om ! use ( !m is     

=bidd52 ^? c  engrave no sword & no b[1 
:o seek = peace2 ! fri5ds (  temp]ance  
_c engrave dr9k+ cups40 ,& yet1 p]haps1 
religi\s  images made _! way f dome/ic  
life into ! *ur*es z e>ly z  ! end ( !  
?ird c5tury1 & ! walls ( ! *ur*es 7     
pa9t$  9 ! same way4 ,! c\ncil ( ,elvira
 set itself aga9/ ?is  innovation z an  
abuse1 = x made ! foll[+ ord]3 8,objects
 (  rev]5ce & wor%ip %all n be pa9t$ on 
! walls40 ,x is probable  t ! visible   
repres5tation ( ! cross f\nd its way v  
e>ly  into dome/ic & ecclesia/ical life4
 ,?is tok5 0 rem>kably common  among !m2
 x 0 us$ to consecrate _! ris+ & _! go+ 
to  b$1 _! go+ out & _! com+ 91 & all ! 
actions ( daily  life2 x 0 ! sign :i*   
,*ri/ians made involunt>ily :5ev] any   
?+ ( a fe>ful nature surpris$ !m4 ,?is 0
 a mode ( express+1  by means p]ceptible
 to ! s5ses1 ! purely ,*ri/ian idea1 t  
all  ! actions ( ,*ri/ians1 z well z !  
:ole c\rse ( _! life1  mu/ be sanctifi$ 
by fai? 9 ! crucifi$ ,jesus1 & by       
dep5d5ce  ^u him2 & t ?is fai? is ! mo/ 

p[]ful means ( conqu]+  all evil1 &     
pres]v+ oneself aga9/ x4 ,b "h also1    
aga91 m5  7 too apt to confuse ! idea & 
! tok5 :i* repres5t$ x2 &  !y attribut$ 
! effects ( fai? 9 ! crucifi$ ,r$eem] to
 !  outw>d sign1 to :i* !y ascrib$ a    
sup]natural1 sanctify+1 &  pres]vative  
p[]2 an error ( :i* we f9d traces z e>ly
 z !  ?ird c5tury4    ,we n[ pass f !   
consid]ation ( ! places ( public wor%ip1
 to  t ( ! seasons ( wor%ip1 & !        
fe/ivals ( ! e>ly  ,*ri/ians4 ,x is "h  
%[n aga91 t ! ,gospel1 z x remodell$  ! 
=m] conceptions ( ! prie/hood1 ( wor%ip 
9 g5]al1 & (  holy places1 also entirely
 *ang$ ! !n views ( sacr$ seasons4 ,&   
"h aga91 also1 ! "* ( ! !ocracy ( ! ,new
 ,te/am5t  reveal$ itself1 a !ocracy    
spiritualiz$1 ennobl$1 & fre$ f its     
outw>d g>b ( s5se1 & f ! limits :i*     
b\nd$ its  g5]alization4 ,! ,jewi% laws 
relat+ to _! fe/ivals 7 n  m]ely        
abrogat$ by ! ,gospel1 9 su* a mann] z  
to transf] ^!  fe/ivals to diff]5t      
seasons2 b !y 7 entirely aboli%$1 z f>  

z fix+ religi\s wor%ip to p>ticul> times
 is conc]n$4 ,/4 ,paul  expressly       
decl>es all sanctify+ ( c]ta9 seasons1 z
 f> z m5  d$uc$ ?is f ! div9e comm&1 to 
be ,jewi% & unevangelical1  & to be l   
return+ to ! slav]y ( ! law1 & to       
captivity to  outw>d precepts4 ,su* 0 ! 
op9ion ( ! e>ly *ur*4 ,at fir/ !  *ur*es
 assembl$ e day2 z1 = in/ance1 ! fir/   
*ur* (  ,j]usalem1 :i* assembl$ daily = 
pray] 9 common1 & = !  public           
consid]ation ( ! div9e ^w1 = ! common   
celebration (  ! ,"l's ,supp] & ! agap1 
z well z to ma9ta9 ! connection  betwe5 
! common head ( ! spiritual body ( !    
*ur* &  !mselves1 & betwe5 "o ano!r z   
memb]s ( ?is body4 ,traces (  ?is are   
also f\nd 9 lat] times 9 ! daily        
assembl+ ( !  *ur*es = ! purpose ( he>+ 
! ,scriptures read1 & (  celebrat+ !    
communion4 ,al?\gh1 9 ord] to meet !    
wants ( human  nature g5]ally1 consi/+ z
 x does ( s5se z well z s\l1 &  ^? ( a  
l>ge body ( ,*ri/ians 9 p>ticul>1 :o 7  
only 9 a  /ate ( education1 & 7 to be   

br\ght up to ! rip5ess (  ,*ri/ian      
manhood1 m5 soon select$ def9ite times  
beside !  au?oriz$ ,*ri/ian ,sabba?1 !  
fir/ day ( ! week = religi\s            
admonitions1 & to consecrate !m to a    
full] occupation )  religi\s ?+s1 z well
 z to public devotion1 ) ! int5tion1  t 
! influ5ce ( ^! def9ite times %\ld      
animate & sanctify  ! re/ ( _! lives1 & 
t ,*ri/ians :o )drew !mselves  f !      
di/ractions ( bus9ess on ^! days1 &     
collect$ _!  he>ts be=e ,god 9 !        
/illness ( solitude1 z well z 9 public  
devotion1 might make ^! seasons ( s]vice
 to ! o!r p>ts (  _! life2 yet ?is 0 9  
itself1 & ( itself1 no?+  unevangelical4
 ,x 0 only a dropp+ d[n f ! purely      
spiritual  po9t ( view1 on :i* ev5 !    
,*ri/ian1 z he /ill c>ries ab\t  two    
natures 9 himself1 _c always ma9ta9     
himself1 to ! c>nal2 a  dropp+ d[n :i*  
became con/antly m necess>y1 ! m ! fire 
( ! fir/ animation & ! w>m? ( ! fir/    
love ( !  ,*ri/ians di$ away4 ,x 0 no m 
unevangelic ?an ! gradual  limitation ( 

! ex]cise ( _m rights1 belong+ to !     
common  prie/hood ( all ,*ri/ians1 to a 
c]ta9 class 9 ! *ur*1 :i*  circum/ances 
r5d]$ necess>y4 ,b j z ! unevangelic    
made its  appe>ance1 m5 suppos$ c]ta9   
days di/+ui%$ f o!rs1 &  hall[$ by div9e
 "r1 :5 !y introduc$ a di/9ction betwe5 
holy & common days into ! life ( !      
,*ri/ian1 & 9 ?is  di/9ction =got 8     
call+ to sanctify all days alike4 ,:5 ! 
,montani/s wi%$ to introduce & make     
imp]ative new fa/s1 :i* 7  fix$ to c]ta9
 days1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians 0 v    
prop]ly  br\ght to oppose !m2 b         
,t]tullian1 :o /ood on ! b\nd>y  betwe5 
! orig9al pure evangelic times & ^? :5 !
  int]mixture ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian       
notions fir/ took place1 confuses  "h ! 
views ( ! two religions1 because he     
makes ! evangelical to  consi/1 n 9 a   
:olly diff]5t me?od ( consid]+ fe/ivals 
altoge!r1 b 9 ! celebration ( diff]5t   
p>ticul> fe/ivals2  & he makes !        
,judaiz+1 :i* ! ,apo/le condemns1 to    
consi/ only  9 ! obs]vation ( ! ,jewi%  

in/ead ( ! peculi>ly ,*ri/ian  fe/ivals4
 ,! weekly & ! ye>ly fe/ivals orig9ally 
arose f !  self-same fundam5tal idea1   
:i* 0 ! c5tre po9t ( ! :ole  ,*ri/ian   
life2 ! idea ( imitat+ ,*ri/1 ! crucifi$
 & !  ris52 to foll[ him 9 8 dea?1 by   
appropriat+ to ourselves1 9  p5it5ce &  
fai?1 ! effects ( 8 dea?1 by dy+ to     
ourselves &  to ! _w2 to foll[ him 9 8  
resurrection1 by ris+ aga9 )  him1 by   
fai? 9 him & by 8 p[]1 to a new & holy  
life1 devot$  to ,god1 :i*1 beg9n+ "h   
bel[ 9 ! se$1 is matur$ 9 heav54  ,h5ce 
! fe/ival ( joy 0 ! fe/ival ( !         
resurrection2 & !  prep>ation = x1 !    
remembrance ( ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 )      
mortification & crucifixion ( ! fle%1 0 
! day ( fa/+ &  p5it5ce4 ,?us 9 ! week !
 ,sunday 0 ! joyful fe/ival2 & !        
prep>ation = x 0 a day ( p5it5ce &      
pray]1 consecrat$ to  remembrance ( !   
suff]+s ( ,*ri/ & ! prep>ations = !m1  &
 ?is 0 celebrat$ on ! ,friday2 & ?us    
also ! ye>ly  fe/ivals 7 to celebrate ! 
resurrection ( ,*ri/1 & !  op]ations ( !

 ,r$eem] aft] he _h ris5 aga92 !        
prep>ation =  ?is day 0 9 commemoration 
( ! suff]+s & fa/+s ( our  ,savi\r4     
,allusion is made to ,sunday "u ! "* ( a
 fe/ival1  z a symbol ( a new life1     
consecrat$ to ! ,"l 9 opposition to !   
old ,sabba?1 9 ! epi/le ( ,ignatius to !
 ,magnesians3 8,if !y :o  7 br\ght up "u
 ! ,old ,te/am5t h atta9$ to a new hope1
 &  no long] keep ,jewi% ,sabba?s holy1 
b h consecrat$ _! life  to ! day ( !    
,"l1 on :i* also our life rose up 9 him1
 h[ %all  we be able to live )\t him80  
,sunday 0 di/+ui%$ z a day (  joy by !  
circum/ances1 t m5 did n fa/ ^u x1 & t  
!y  pray$ /&+ up & n kneel+1 z ,*ri/ _h 
rais$ up fall5 man  to heav5 aga9 ?r\gh 
8 resurrection4 ,& f>!r3 two o!r days 9 
! week1 ,friday & ,w$nesday1 p>ticul>ly 
! =m]1 7  consecrat$ to ! remembrance ( 
! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 & ( !  circum/ances  
prep>atory to !m2 congregations 7 held  
on !m1 &  a fa/ till ?ree o'clock 9 !   
aft]noon1 b no?+ 0 positively  appo9t$  
conc]n+ !m2 9 respect to jo9+ 9 ^!      

solemnities  e "o consult$ 8 own        
conv5i5ce or incl9ation4 ,su* fa/s1     
jo9$ ) pray]1 7 consid]$ z ! wat*es ( ! 
milites  ,*ri/i soldi]s ( ,*ri/ on _!   
po/ by ! ,*ri/ians1 :o  comp>$ _! call+ 
to a w>f>e1 ! militia ,*ri/i1 & !y  7   
/ationes1 & ! days on :i* !y took place 
7 call$  dies /ationum1 day ( _!        
/ations4 ,! *ur*es1 :i* 7 a  graft ( a  
,*ri/ian on a ,jewi% _s1 al?\gh !y      
receiv$ !  ,sunday1 reta9$ also t ( !   
,sabba?2 & f !m ! cu/om  spread abroad 9
 ! ori5tal *ur*1 ( di/+ui%+ ?is day1 z  
well z ! ,sunday1 by n fa/+ & by pray+ 9
 an erect po/ure2  9 ! we/]n *ur*es1    
p>ticul>ly ! ,roman1 :]e opposition to  
,judaism 0 ! prevail+ t5d5cy1 ?is v     
opposition produc$ !  cu/om ( celebrat+ 
! ,saturday 9 p>ticul> z a fa/ day4 ,?is
  diff]5ce 9 cu/oms w\ld ( c\rse be     
/rik+1 :]e memb]s ( !  ori5tal *ur* sp5t
 _! ,sabba? day 9 ! we/]n *ur*4 ,x 0    
only too soon t m5 lo/ sight ( !        
pr9ciple ( ! apo/olic  *ur*1 :i* reta9$ 
! unity ( fai? & _s 9 ! bond (  love1 b 

all[$ all k9ds ( diff]5ce 9 ext]nal ?+s2
 & !n  !y began to require uni=mity 9 ^!
 ?+s4 ,! fir/ ye>ly  fe/ivals ( !       
,*ri/ians proce$$ f simil> views2 & at  
fir/  ! contra/ :i* _h 9 e>ly times !   
mo/ p[]ful influ5ce on !  developem5t z 
well ( ! *ur*ly life1 z ( ! doctr9es (  
,*ri/ianity1 is peculi>ly prom95t2 ,i   
mean ! contra/ betwe5 !  ,jewi% *ur*es &
 ^? ( ! ,g5tile conv]ts4 ,! =m] reta9$  
all ! ,jewi% fe/ivals z well z ! :ole   
c]emonial law2 al?\gh  by degrees !y    
introduc$ into !m a ,*ri/ian mean+ :i*  
spontane\sly (f]$ itself4 ,on ! contr>y1
 !re 0 probably no  ye>ly fe/ival at    
all1 f ! beg9n+1 among ! ,hea!n conv]ts2
  = no trace ( any ?+ ( ! sort is f\nd 9
 ! :ole ( ! ,new  ,te/am5t4 ,! passov] (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 easily ennobl$ &     
conv]t$ to a passov] :i* suit$ ! ,new   
,te/am5t1 by m]ely  sub/itut+ ! idea (  
deliv]ance f spiritual bondage1 t is1  f
 ! slav]y ( s91 = t ( deliv]ance f e>?ly
 bondage4  ,! pas*al lamb 0 a type (    
,*ri/1 by :om t deliv]ance 0  wr\ght4   

,^! repres5tations w5t on ! supposition1
 t ,*ri/ _h  p>tak5 8 la/ meal ) 8      
disciples1 z a prop] passov]1 at !  v "t
 t ! ,jews 7 celebrat+ !irs4 ,?is       
passov] 01  !re=e1 always celebrat$ on !
 night betwe5 ! f\rte5? &  fifte5? ( !  
,jewi% mon? ,nisan1 z a remembrance at !
 same "t  ( ! la/ supp] ( ,*ri/4 ,?is 0 
! fundam5tal notion ( !  :ole ,jewi%    
,*ri/ian passov]1 on :i* all ! re/ 0    
built4 ,!  day foll[+ ?is passov] 0     
consecrat$ to ! remembrance ( !  suff]+s
 ( ,*ri/1 & ! ?ird day f x to !         
remembrance (  8 resurrection4 ,on !    
contr>y1 9 ! great] numb] ( ,hea!n      
*ur*es1 z soon z m5 began to celebrate  
ye>ly fe/ivals1 7a "t  :i* _c be det]m9$
 v precisely17 !y foll[$ ! me?od  obs]v$
 9 ! weekly fe/ivals4 ,!y appo9t$ "o    
,sunday 9 ! ye>  = ! fe/ival ( !        
resurrection1 & "o ,friday z a day (    
p5it5ce & fa/+ prep>atory to ?is        
,sunday1 9 remembrance ( !  suff]+s (   
,*ri/2 & !y gradually l5g!n$ ?is "t (   
p5it5ce & fa/+1 z a prep>ation = t high 

& joyful  fe/ival4 ,9 ^! *ur*es !y 7 m  
incl9$ to take up a k9d (  anti!tical   
turn aga9/ ! ,jewi% fe/ivals1 ?an to    
graft ,*ri/ian  ones ^u !m4 ,x 0 f> f _!
 notions to ?9k ( obs]v+ a  ye>ly       
passov] ) ! ,jews4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! view   
:i* !y  took ( ! matt]3 8,e typical fea/
 has lo/ its true mean+ by  !           
realization ( t :i* is typifi$2 9 !     
sacrifice ( ,*ri/1  ! ,"l's ,supp]1 z ! 
new cov5ant1 has tak5 ! place ( t (  !  
old cov5ant40 ,?is diff]5ce ( outw>d    
cu/oms betwe5 ! ,jewi%  ,*ri/ian *ur*es 
& ! *ur*es alli$ to !m on ! "o h&1 &  ! 
,hea!n ,*ri/ian *ur*es f\nd$ by ,/4     
,paul on ! o!r1 exi/$  at fir/ )\t its  
be+ suppos$ t ext]nal ?+s ( ?is nature  
7 ( importance en\gh to lead to a       
controv]sy4 ,a fa/ =m$ !  introduction  
to ! passov]2 & ?is 0 ! only fa/ =mally 
e/abli%$ by ! *ur*4 ,! necessity ( ?is  
fa/ 0 d$uc$ f  ,mat!w ix1 #ae2 b x 0 by 
a c>nal int]pretation ( ! passage1  & an
 application ( x q contr>y to its real  
s5se4 ,= x does  n relate to ! "t (     

,*ri/'s suff]+1 b to ! "t :5 he  %\ld be
 ) 8 disciples no m4 ,z long z !y enjoy$
 8  society !y 7 to give !mselves up to 
joy1 & to be di/urb$ 9  x by no =c$     
asceticism4 ,b a "t ( sorr[ 0 to foll[  
?is "t  ( joy1 al?\gh only = a season1  
aft] :i* a "t ( high] &  imp]i%able joy1
 9 invisible communion ) him1 0 to      
foll[1 ,john  xvi1 #bb4 ,! duration (   
?is fa/1 h[ev]1 0 n det]m9$2 !          
imitation ( ! temptation ( our ,"l = =ty
 days introduc$ !  cu/om ( fa/+ =ty h\rs
 9 "s places1 :i* aft]w>d 0  ext5d$ to  
=ty days2 & ?us ! fa/ ( =ty days1 !     
quadrigesimal fa/1 arose4 ,! fe/ival (  
p5teco/1 ,:itsuntide1 0  closely        
connect$ ) t ( ! resurrection2 & ?is 0  
d$icat$  to commemorat+ ! fir/ visible  
effects ( ! op]ations ( !  glorifi$     
,*ri/ ^u human nature1 n[ also ennobl$  
by him1 ! lively  pro(s ( 8 resurrection
 & reception into glory2 & !re=e  ,orig5
 jo9s ! fe/ivals ( ! resurrection & (   
p5teco/ toge!r  z "o :ole4 ,! means (   
transition f an ,old ,te/am5t fe/ival to

  "o befitt+ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7 "h ne>  
at h&4 ,! fir/  fruits ( h>ve/ 9 ! k+dom
 ( nature2 ! fir/ fruits ( h>ve/  9 !   
k+dom ( grace2 ! law ( ! lett] f ,m\nt  
,s9ai--! law  ( ! ,_s f ! heav5ly       
,j]usalem4 ,?is fe/ival orig9ally       
embrac$ ! :ole season ( fifty days f    
,ea/]1 & 0 celebrat$  l a ,sunday1 t is 
to say1 no fa/s 7 kept dur+ ! :ole (  x1
 & m5 pray$ /&+1 & n kneel+2 & p]haps   
also 9 "s  places assemblies ( ! *ur* 7 
held1 & ! communion 0  celebrat$ e day4 
,aft]w>d1 two peculi> po9ts ( "t1 !     
asc5sion ( ,*ri/ & ! effusion ( ! ,holy 
,_s1 7 select$  f ?is :ole int]val4 ,^! 
7 ! only fe/ivals g5]ally  celebrat$ at 
t "t1 z ! passage cit$ f ,orig5 proves4 
,!  fundam5tal notion ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian 
life1 :i* ref]r$ e  ?+ to ! suff]+1 !   
resurrection1 & ! glorification (       
,*ri/1 z well z ! adh]5ce1 or1 on ! o!r 
h&1 ! opposition1  to ! ,jewi%          
celebration ( fe/ivals1 7 ! cause t ^! 7
  ! only g5]al fe/ivals4 ,! notion ( a  
bir?-day fe/ival 0 f>  f ! ideas ( !    

,*ri/ians ( ?is p]iod 9 g5]al2 !y look$ 
^u ! second bir? z ! true bir? ( m54 ,! 
case mu/ h be5  some:at diff]5t ) ! bir?
 ( ! ,r$eem]2 human nature 0 to  be     
sanctifi$ by him f its fir/ developem5t2
 b !n ?is la/  notion c\ld n at fir/    
come s prom95tly =w>d among ! e>ly      
,*ri/ians1 because s _m ( !m 7 fir/     
conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity  :5 well advanc$ 
9 ye>s1 aft] "s decisive excitem5t ( _! 
life2 b !n x may h ent]$ g5]ally into   
dome/ic life1 ?\gh  at fir/ gradually4  
,nev]!less1 we f9d 9 ?is p]iod app>5tly 
"o  trace ( ,*ri/mas z a fe/ival4 ,its  
hi/ory is intimately connect$  ) !      
hi/ory ( a k9dr$ fe/ival2 ! fe/ival ( ! 
manife/ation ( ,jesus 9 8 "* ( ,messiah1
 8 consecration to  ! (fice ( ,messiah  
by ! baptism ( ,john1 & ! beg9n+ ( 8    
public m9i/ry z ! ,messiah1 :i* 0       
aft]w>d call$ ,epiphany1 !    1 or    1 
! fe/ival (  ,epiphany1 or ( ! appe>ance
 ( ,*ri/4 ,we f9d 9 lat] times t  ^!    
fe/ivals ext5d$ !mselves 9 opposite     
directions1 t (  ,*ri/mas spread+ f we/ 

to ea/1 & ! o!r f ea/ to we/4  ,clem5s (
 ,alex&ria m]ely relates1 t ! ,gno/ic   
sect ( !  ,basilidians celebrat$ !      
fe/ival ( ! ,epiphany at ,alex&ria 9 8  
"t4 ,we c h>dly suppose t ?is sect      
inv5t$ ! fe/ival1  al?\gh !y may h _h "s
 dogmatical reason = celebrat+ x2  = x  
is highly improbable t ! ca?olic *ur*   
%\ld h  aft]w>d receiv$ a fe/ival f !   
,gno/ics2 & ^! ,gno/ics mo/  probably   
receiv$ x f ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian *ur*es 9  
,pale/9e or  ,syria4 ,= ?is "t ( our    
,savi\r's life w\ld appe> ! mo/         
important to ! notions ( ! ,jewi%       
,*ri/ians2 & ! ,gno/ics  w\ld aft]w>d   
expla9 x accord+ to _! own ideas4    ,! 
"* ( a spiritual wor%ip ( ,god di/+ui%$ 
! ,*ri/ian  wor%ip f t ( o!r religions1 
:i* consi/$ 9 symbolical  pageantry &   
lifeless c]emonies4 ,z a g5]al elevation
 ( _s &  sanctification ( he>t 0 !      
object ( e ?+ 9 ?is religion1           
in/ruction & edification1 ?r\gh a common
 /udy ( ! div9e ^w1  & ?r\gh pray] 9    
common1 7 ! lead+ features 9 ! ,*ri/ian 

wor%ip4 ,& 9 ?is respect x might 9 its  
=m adh]e to !  arrangem5ts made ab\t !  
congregations 9 ! ,jewi% synagogues1 9  
:i* also ! elem5t ( a spiritual religi\s
 wor%ip 0 !  prevail+ +r$i5t4 ,z ! read+
 ( portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t  _h =m$ ! 
gr\nd "w ( religi\s in/ruction 9 !      
,jewi%  synagogues1 ?is cu/om also pass$
 into ! ,*ri/ian congregations4  ,fir/ !
 ,old ,te/am5t1 & especially ! prophetic
 p>ts ( x1 7  read z ?+s t po9t$ to !   
,messiah2 !n foll[$ ! ,gospels1  & aft] 
t ! epi/les ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! read+ ( !  
,scriptures 0 ( /ill great] consequ5ce  
!n1 because x 0  desirable t e ,*ri/ian 
%\ld be acqua9t$ ) !m2 & yet1  by reason
 ( ! r>ity & de>ness ( manuscripts1 & ! 
pov]ty (  a great proportion ( !        
,*ri/ians1 or p]haps also because all 7 
n able to read1 ! ,bible itself c\ld n  
be put into ! h&s (  all4 ,frequ5t he>+ 
0 !re=e ) _m to supply ! place (  _! own
 read+4 ,! ,scriptures 7 !re=e read 9 ! 
language  :i* all c\ld und]/&1 & t 01 9 
mo/ p>ts ( ! ,roman  empire1 ! ,greek or

 ! ,lat94 ,9 v e>ly times diff]5t       
translations ( ! ,bible into ,lat9 7 9  
exi/5ce2 z e "o :o  knew a little (     
,greek1 f\nd x ne$ful to h 8 own ,bible 
9 8  own "m tongue4 ,9 places :]e !     
,greek or ! ,lat9 language 0  und]/ood  
only by a "p ( ! *ur*1 t is to say1 by !
 educat$  classes1 :ile ! re/ und]/ood  
only _! native language1 z 0  ! case 9  
_m ,egyptian & ,syrian t[ns1 *ur*       
int]pret]s 7  appo9t$1 z 9 ! ,jewi%     
synagogues1 & !y imm$iately translat$   
:at _h be5 read into ! language ( !     
c\ntry1 s t x might be  intelligible to 
all4 ,aft] ! read+ ( ! ,scripture !re   
foll[$1  z !re _h previ\sly 9 ! ,jewi%  
synagogues1 %ort1 & at fir/  v simple1  
addresses 9 famili> language1 ! mom5t>y 
effusions (  ! he>t1 :i* conta9$ an     
explanation & application ( :at _h  j   
be5 read4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr expresses himself
 ?us on ! subject3  8,aft] ! read+ ( !  
,scriptures1 ! presid5t in/ructs ! p  9 
a disc\rse1 & incites !m to ! imitation 
( ^! good  examples40 ,among ! ,greeks1 

:]e ! ta/e 0 m rhetorical1 !  s]mon f ! 
v e>lie/ times 0 ( a m l5g!n$ k9d1 &    
=m$ a v important "p ( ! s]vice4 ,s++   
also pass$ f  ! ,jewi% s]vice into t ( !
 ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,/4 ,paul exhorts  !    
e>ly *ur*es to s+ spiritual songs4 ,:at 
0 us$ = ?is  purpose 7 p>tly ! ,psalms (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & p>tly songs  compos$
 ) ?is v object1 especially songs (     
praise & ?anks to  ,god & ,*ri/2 & ^!1  
we "k1 ,pl9y f\nd to be cu/om>y among  !
 ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! controv]sies ) !       
,unit>ians1 ab\t ! end  ( ! second      
c5tury1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird1 ! hymns1 9 
:i* f e>ly times ,*ri/ _h be5 hon\r$ z a
 ,god1 7 appeal$  to4 ,! p[] ( *ur* s++ 
ov] ! he>t 0 soon recogniz$2 &  h5ce ^? 
:o wi%$ to propagate any peculi>        
op9ions1 l  ,b>dasanes1 or ,paul (      
,samosata1 endeav\r$ to spread !m by    
means (  hymns4 ,9 compliance ) !       
infirmities ( human nature1 compos$ z  x
 is ( s5se & _s1 ! div9e ,f\nd] ( !     
*ur*1 beside 8  ^w1 orda9$ two outw>d   
signs1 z symbols ( ! invisible communion

  :i* exi/$ betwe5 him1 ! ,head ( !     
spiritual body1 & !  fai?ful1 its       
memb]s2 & also ( ! connection ( ^!      
memb]s1 z  ) him1 s also ) "o ano!r4 ,^!
 7 visible means to  repres5t !         
invisible1 heav5ly b5efits to be be/[$  
on ! memb]s  ( ?is body ?r\gh him2 &    
:ile man receiv$ 9 fai? ! sign  pres5t$ 
to 8 s5ses1 ! enjoym5t ( t heav5ly      
communion &  ^? heav5ly advantages 0 to 
gladd5 8 inw>d he>t4 ,z no?+ 9  all     
,*ri/ianity & 9 ! :ole ,*ri/ian life /&s
 isolat$1 b  all =ms "o :ole1 proce$+ f 
"o c5tre1 !re=e1 also1 t  :i* ?is outw>d
 sign repres5t$ mu/ be some?+ :i* %\ld  
cont9ue ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! inw>d ,*ri/ian 
life1 some?+  :i*1 spread+ itself =? f  
?is "o mom5t ov] ! :ole  ,*ri/ian life1 
%\ld be capable ( be+ especially excit$ 
aga9 &  promot$ 9 return1 by ! influ5ce 
( isolat$ mom5ts4 ,?us1 baptism  0 to be
 ! sign ( a fir/ entrance into communion
 ) ! ,r$eem]1  & ) ! *ur*1 ! fir/       
appropriation ( ^? advantages :i*  ,*ri/
 has be/[$ on man1 namely1 ( ! =giv5ess 

( s9s & !  inw>d union ( life1 :i*      
proce$s f x1 z well z ( !  p>ticipation 
9 a sanctify+ div9e ,_s ( life4 ,& !    
,"l's  ,supp] 0 to be ! sign ( a con/ant
 cont9uance 9 ?is communion1  9 !       
appropriation & enjoym5t ( ^!           
advantages2 & ?us 7  repres5t$ !        
ess5tials ( ! :ole inw>d ,*ri/ian life1 
9 its  e>lie/ rise & its cont9u$        
progress4 ,! :ole peculi> _s (          
,*ri/ianity 0 p>ticul>ly /amp$ 9 ! mode 
9 :i* ^!  ext]nal ?+s 7 adm9i/]$2 & !   
mode ( _! adm9i/ration  9 return ex]t$ a
 p[]ful influ5ce on ! :ole nature ( !   
,*ri/ian wor%ip4 ,! connection ( !      
mom5ts1 repres5t$ by ^!  signs1 ) ! :ole
 ,*ri/ian life1 ! connection ( inw>d &  
div9e ?+s ) ! outw>d act 0 pres5t to !  
lively ,*ri/ian  feel+s ( ! fir/        
,*ri/ians4    ,,writ+4 ,9 reg>d to      
alphabetic writ+1 all ! anci5t writ]s   
attribute ! inv5tion ( x to "s v e>ly   
age1 & "s c\ntry  ( ! ea/2 b !y d n     
pret5d to designate precisely ei!r !  "t
 or ! place4 ,!y say1 f>!r1 t ,cadmus   

introduc$ lett]s  f ,ph5icia into       
,greece1 if we may cr$it ! ,p>isian     
,*ronicle1 ,b4  ,c4 #aeai1 t is1        
=ty-five ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,moses4     
,anticlides  ass]ts1 & attempts to      
prove1 t lett]s 7 inv5t$ 9 ,egypt       
fifte5 ye>s be=e ,phoroneus1 ! mo/      
anci5t k+ ( ,greece2 t  is1 f\r hundr$ &
 n9e ye>s aft] ! deluge1 & 9 ! "o hundr$
  & sev5te5? ye> ( ,abraham4 ,on ?is x  
may be rem>k$ t !y  might h be5         
introduc$ into ,egypt at ?is "t1 b !y _h
 be5  previ\sly inv5t$ by ! ,ph5icians4 
,epig5es1 :o1 9 ! e/imation  ( ,pl9y1 is
 weighty au?ority1 in=ms u t            
obs]vations1 made ^u  ! heav5ly bodies =
 sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s at ,babylon1 7
  writt5 d[n ^u bak$ tiles2 b ,b]osus & 
,critodemus1 also ref]r$  to by ,pl9y1  
make ! numb] ( ye>s f\r hundr$ & eighty4
 ,pl9y  f ^! /atem5ts draws ! conclusion
 t ! use ( lett]s1 z  he expresses x1   
mu/ h be5 et]nal1 t is1 beyond all      
records4  ,simplicius1 :o liv$ 9 ! fif? 
c5tury1 /ates1 on ! au?ority (          

,porphyry1 an acute hi/orian1 t         
,calli/h5es1 ! companion (  ,alex&]1    
f\nd at ,babylon a record ( obs]vations 
on ! heav5ly  bodies = "o ?\s& n9e      
hundr$ & ?ree ye>s4 ,( c\rse !  record  
mu/ h be5 begun ,b4 ,c4 #bbcd1 t is1 !  
eighty-n9? ye>  ( ,abraham4 ,?is /atem5t
 receives "s confirmation f ! fact t  ! 
mon? ( ,m>* is call$ ,ad> 9 ! ,*aldaic  
dialect2 & at !  "t m5tion$1 namely1 !  
eighty-n9? ye> ( ,abraham1 ! sun1  dur+ 
! :ole mon? ( ,m>*1 0 9 ! sign ( !      
zodiac call$  ,aries1 or ! ,ram4 ,! ^w  
,ad> means ! same ) ,aries4 ,b1 z       
lett]s w\ld be unque/ionably fir/ us$ = 
! purposes ( g5]al  int]c\rse1 !y mu/ h 
be5 kn[n long be=e !y 7 employ$ to      
transmit ! motions ( ! />s4 ,( ?is we h 
an evid5ce 9 !  bill ( sale1 :i*1 z we h
 reason to suppose f ! expressions  us$ 
9 ,g54 xxiii1 #bj1 0 giv5 to ,abraham by
 ! sons ( ,he?4 ,h5ce  x is n at all    
wond]ful t books & writ+s are spok5 ( 9 
!  "t ( ,moses1 z if well kn[n1 ,exodus 
xvii1 #ad2 xxiv1 #d2 xxviii1 #i-aa2     

xxxii1 #cb2 xxxiv1 #bg1 #bh2 ,numb]s    
xxxiii1 #b2 ,deut4 xxvii1 #h4 ,nor is x 
a  matt] ( surprise t long be=e 8 "t !re
 _h be5 public  scribes1 :o kept writt5 
g5ealogies3 !y 7 call$ by ! ,hebrews  1 
,exod4 v1 #ad2 ,deut4 xx1 #e-i4 ,ev5 9 !
 "t ( ,jacob1 seals1  ^u :i* names are  
engrav$ 9 ! ea/1 7 9 use1 ,g54 xxxviii1 
#ah2 xii1 #db2 :i* is ano!r probable    
te/imony to ! great antiquity  ( lett]s4
    ,lett]s1 :i* _h ?us become kn[n at !
 e>lie/ p]iod1 7  communicat$ by means (
 ! ,ph5ician m]*ants & colonies1 &      
subsequ5tly by ,egyptian emigrants1     
?r\gh all ! ea/ & ! we/4 ,a  /rong      
evid5ce ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! diff]5t 
alphabets  !mselves1 :i* betray by _!   
resemblance a common orig94 ,t !        
po/]ity ( ! ,hebrew patri>*s pres]v$ a k
 ( alphabetical  writ+ dur+ _! abode 9  
,egypt1 :]e ess5tially ! same alphabet  
0 9 use1 is evid5t f ! fact1 t !        
,hebrews :ile rema9+  !re always _h     
public g5ealogi/s4 ,! law1 also1 0 ord]$
 to be  inscrib$ on /ones2 a fact :i*   

implies a k ( alphabetical  writ+4 ,!   
writ+ ?us engrav5 ^u /ones is designat$ 
by its  appropriate "n1 namely1 1       
,exodus xxxii1 #af1 #cb4 ,n a few ( !   
,hebrews might be unable to read &      
write1 ,judges viii1 #ad2 b ^?  :o 7    
capable ( writ+ wrote = o!rs1 :5        
necess>y4 ,su*  p]sons 7 commonly       
prie/s1 :o1 z !y d to ?is day 9 ! ea/1  
be> an inkhorn 9 _! girdle1 ,ezek4 x1   
#b1 #c1 #aa4 ,9 ! inkhorn 7  ! mat]ials 
= writ+1 & a knife = %>p5+ ! p51 ,j]4   
xxxvi1 #bc4 ,! ri* & noble _h scribes ( 
_! own1 & read]s  also2 :5ce !re is m   
frequ5t m5tion made ( he>+ ?an (  read+1
 #a ,k+s iv1 #c2 #b ,k+s xii1 #aj2 ,isa4
 xxix1 #ah2 ,j]4 xxxvi1 #d2  ,rom4 ii1  
#ac2 ,james v1 #aa2 ,rev4 i1 #c4 ,!     
scribes took y\? "u _!  c>e1 :o le>n$ f 
!m ! art ( writ+4 ,"s ( ! scribes seem  
to h held public s*ools = in/ruction2 "s
 ( :i*1 "u !  c>e ( ,samuel & o!r       
prophets1 became 9 "t q illu/ri\s1 &  7 
call$ ! s*ools ( ! prophets1 #a ,sam4   
xix1 #af1 c2 #b ,k+s ii1  #c1 #e2 iv1   

#ch2 vi1 #a4 ,! disciples 9 ^! s*ools 7 
n *ildr5 or  boys1 b "y m51 :o inhabit$ 
sep>ate edifices1 z is ! case 9  !      
,p]sian academies4 ,!y 7 taught music & 
s++1 & )\t  d\bt writ+ also1 ! ,mosaic  
law & poetry4 ,!y 7 d5om9at$1 9  ref]5ce
 to _! in/ruct]s1 ! sons ( ! prophets2  
tea*]s &  prophets be+ sometimes call$  
fa!rs4 ,aft] ! captivity !re 7  s*ools =
 in/ruction ei!r ne> ! synagogues or 9  
!m4    ,! mat]ials & in/rum5ts ( writ+  
71 #a4 ,! leaves ( trees4  #b4 ,! b>k ( 
trees1 f :i*1 9 ! process ( "t1 a sort (
  pap] 0 manufactur$4 #c4 ,a table (    
wood1 1 1 ,deut4 ix1 #i2  ,ezek4 xxxvii1
 #e2 ,luke i1 #fc4 ,9 ! ea/1 ^! tables 7
 n cov]$  ) wax z !y 7 9 ! we/2 or at   
any rate v r>ely s4 #d4  ,l95 0 fir/ us$
 = ! object 9 "q at ,rome4 ,l95 books   
are  m5tion$ by ,livy4 ,cotton clo?     
also1 :i* 0 us$ = ! b&ages (  ,egyptian 
mummies1 & inscrib$ ) hi]oglyphics1 0 "o
 ( !  mat]ials = writ+ ^u4 #e4 ,! pap]  
made f ! re$ papyrus1  :i*1 z ,pl9y has 
%[n1 0 us$ be=e ! ,trojan w>4 #f4 ,!    

sk9s  ( v>i\s animals2 b !y 7 poorly    
prep>$ = ! purpose1 until  "s improv$   
me?ods ( manufacture 7 inv5t$ at        
,p]gamus1 dur+  ! reign ( ,eum5es1 ab\t 
,b4 ,c4 #cjj4 ,h5ce ! sk9s ( animals1   
prep>$ = writ+1 are call$ 9 ,lat9       
p]gam5a1 9 ,engli%  p>*m5t1 to ?is day1 
f ! city ,p]gamus4 ,!y are sometimes    
d5om9at$ 9 ,greek1 1 #b ,tim4 iv1 #ac4  
#g4 ,tables ( lead1 1  ,job xix1 #bd4   
#h4 ,tables ( brass1  4 ,( all !        
mat]ials1  brass 0 consid]$ among ! mo/ 
durable1 & 0 employ$ = ^?  inscriptions 
:i* 7 design$ to la/ ! longe/1 #a ,macc4
 viii1 #bb2  xiv1 #bj-bg4 #i4 ,/ones or 
rocks1 ^u :i* public laws1 c1 7  writt54
 ,sometimes ! lett]s engrav$ 7 fill$ up 
) lime1 ,exod4  xxiv1 #ab2 xxxi1 #ah2   
xxxii1 #ai2 xxxiv1 #a2 ,deut4 xxvii1    
#a-i2 ,jo%ua viii1  #cb2 ,job xix1 #bd4 
#aj4 ,tiles4 ,! inscriptions 7 made ^u !
 tiles  fir/1 & aft]w>d !y 7 bak$ 9 !   
fire4 ,!y are yet to be  f\nd 9 ! ru9s (
 ,babylon2 o!rs ( lat] orig9 are to be  
f\nd 9  _m c\ntries 9 ! ea/4 #aa4 ,! s& 

( ! e>?1 9 :i* !  *ildr5 9 ,india to ?is
 day le>n ! art ( writ+1 & 9 :i*        
,ar*im$es himself del9eat$ 8 ma!matical 
figures1 ,john viii1 #a-h4  ,if 9       
,ezekiel iii1 #a1 & 9 ,revelation x1 #i1
 we are in=m$ t books  7 eat51 we mu/   
rememb] t ! descriptions are figurative1
 &  t !y 7 eat5 9 vision2 & consequ5tly 
we are n at lib]ty  to draw ! conclusion
 f ^! passages1 t any sub/ance 0 us$  z 
mat]ials = writ+ ^u1 :i* 0 at ! same "t 
us$ = food4  ,! repres5tations allud$ to
 are symbolic1 introduc$ to d5ote a     
communication or revelation f ,god4     
,z to ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 writ+1 :5 x 0   
necess>y to write  ^u h>d mat]ials1 z   
tables ( /one & brass1 ! /yle 0 made (  
iron1 & sometimes tipp$ ) diamond1 ,j]4 
xvii4 #a4 ,! lett]s 7  =m$ ^u tablets ( 
wood1 7:5 !y 7 cov]$ ) wax17 ) a  /yle  
%>p5$ at "o end1 broad & smoo? at ! o!r2
 by means (  :i* ! lett]s1 :5 badly     
writt51 might be rubb$ out & ! wax      
smoo!d d[n4 #b4 ,wax1 h[ev]1 0 b r>ely  
us$ = ! purpose (  cov]+ writ+ tables 9 

w>m regions4 ,:5 ?is 0 n ! case1 !      
lett]s 7 pa9t$ on ! wood ) black t9cture
 or ink4 #c4 ,on  l951 cotton clo?1     
pap]1 sk9s1 & p>*m5t1 ! lett]s 7  pa9t$ 
) a v small bru%1 aft]w>d ) a re$1 :i* 0
 split4  ,! ori5tals use ?is elegant    
in/rum5t to ! pres5t day in/ead (  a p54
 ,ink1 call$ 1 is spok5 ( 9 ,num4 v1    
#bc1 z well kn[n &  common1 ,j]4 xxxvi1 
#ah1 & 0 prep>$ 9 v>i\s ways1 :i* are   
relat$ by ,pl9y4 ,! mo/ simple1 &       
consequ5tly ! mo/ anci5t1  me?od (      
prep>ation 0 a mixture ( wat] ) coals   
brok5 to  pieces1 or ) soot1 ) an       
addition ( gum4 ,! anci5ts us$ o!r      
t9ctures also2 p>ticul>ly1 if we may    
cr$it ,cic]o & ,p]sius1 !  ink extract$ 
f ! cuttle fi%1 al?\gh _! ass]tion is 9 
opposition to ,pl9y4 ,! ,hebrews w5t s  
f> z to write _! sacr$  books 9 gold1 z 
we may le>n f ,josephus comp>$ ) ,pl9y4 
,hi]oglyphics1 t is1 sacr$ sculptures or
 engrav+s1 receiv$ t  appellation1      
because x 0 once1 & inde$ till v lately1
 ?\ght1  t !y 7 us$ only to express1 9 a

 mann] hidd5 f ! vulg>1  :at 0          
exclusively religi\s2 & :i* x 0 ?\ght   
prop] to  conceal f all b ! le>n$4 ,!   
fact1 h[ev]1 is1 t !  hi]oglyphic 0 a   
k9d ( picture writ+1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh    
v>i\s  modifications1 & 0 appli$ alike  
to sacr$ & to civil purposes2 to  !     
emblazonm5t ( ! attributes ( idols1 !   
exploits ( w>riors1  & ! ev5ts (        
illu/ri\s hi/ory4 ,rudim5ts ( ! same art
 h  be5 f\nd among almo/ all savages4   
,among ! semi-civiliz$ ,mexicans  hi/ory
 0 pictorial3 & 9 ,ceylon & ,cont95tal  
,india ! same  vehicle ( in/ruction is  
made use ( on ! walls ( _! temples1 to  
convey moral lessons1 or to indicate !  
"* & exploits ( _!  deities4 ,9 ,egypt1 
h[ev]1 ! art 0 c>ri$ into a m p]fect    
sy/em1 & 0 m o/5sibly set be=e ! public 
eye on ! massive  & almo/ et]nal        
monum5ts :i* cov] ! c\ntry4 ,!re1 too1 x
  asc5ds to ages ( ! _w ) :i* !         
,scriptures h made u  famili>1 & /&s    
associat$ ) royal dyna/ies1 &           
vicissitudes  ( conque/1 m intimately   

bl5d$ ) t /ream ( civil hi/ory1  along !
 m>g9 ( :i* ,european education conducts
 u4 ,^! my/ic  *>act]s h acquir$ an     
adv5titi\s int]e/ also1 f !  circum/ance
 t ! key to !m 0 = s _m ages lo/4 ,?is  
k p]i%$ among t p !mselves1 ! records ( 
^:  k+s & conque/s lay hid "u !         
inexplicable symbol1 or !  fanciful     
repres5tation ( lett]s & s\nds :i* 7    
/ill famili>  to ! lips ( ^? to :om !   
signs _h become :olly unmean+4 ,age     
aft] age !y 7 gaz$ at by ! curi\s2      
conjectures respect+  _! nature & use 7 
(f]$ by ! le>n$1 "s absurd & "s         
approa*+ ! tru?1 b all fail+ to ?r[     
light ^u a my/]y1  :i* at l5g? 0        
surr5d]$1 by common cons5t1 to !        
receptacle (  lo/ & irrecov]able k4     
,:e!r ! hi]oglyphics 7 symbols  only1 or
 words1 or picturesque alphabetical     
*>act]s1 or express$ !  popul> tongue1  
or "o kn[n only to ! prie/s1 7 que/ions 
answ]$ at r&om by ! prompt & dogmatic2 &
 ev5 ! m mode/  & probable solutions ( !
 cauti\s _h s little collat]al evid5ce  

to support !m1 t !y l$ to no result4 ,z 
to _! int5t1 "o  ?\ght t !y involv$ !   
my/]ies ( magic2 ano!r1 t !y  7 a =m ( !
 ,*9ese language2 a ?ird1 t !y veil$ !  
doctr9es ( ! true patri>*al religion2 a 
f\r?1 t !y  envelop$ ! dogmatic arcana (
 ! ,egyptian prie/hood4 ,! great  po9t1 
h[ev]1 to be det]m9$ 01 :e!r !          
hi]oglyphics 7 !  signs ( a language2 t 
is1 ( ! s\nds ( any language2 &1 if s1  
:e!r ! language 0 n[ kn[n1 or kn[able1 f
 books /ill  extant4 ,ea* ( ^! po9ts 0 (
 equal importance2 = 9 va9 w\ld  x h be5
 asc]ta9$ t ^! signs repres5t$ ! s\nds (
 a  tongue once spok51 if t tongue _h   
p]i%$ f ! e>?4 ,clem5t  ( ,alex&ria1 :o 
liv$ ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury1      
ass]t$  t ! ,egyptians _h ?ree modes (  
writ+1--! epi/olographic1 or  common    
*>act]s2 ! hi]atic1 or sac]dotal1       
employ$ *iefly by !  prie/hood 9 writ+  
books2 & ! hi]oglyphic1 us$ on public   
monum5ts4 ,! symbolical he aga9         
di/ributes into imitative1 :i*  repres5t
 ! pla9 figure ( an object1 z a circle  

to express ! sun1  & a half circle !    
moon2 tropical1--:i* h rec\rse to       
analogy  = ! repres5tation ( ! object2 &
 enigmatical1--z 8a s]p5t1  to signify !
 oblique c\rse ( ! />s40 ,?is writ] c\ld
 n s  accurately h express$ ! tru? ( !  
case1 unless he _h kn[n  mu* m ?an he   
has writt52 & we may presume1 t if he _h
 be5  m lib]al 9 8 communications1 !    
pres5t age w\ld n h _h  ! hon\r ( ?r[+  
op5 ! gate to ?is bran* ( anci5t le>n+4 
,! notion :i* has g5]ally prevail$1 t by
 :atev] rule !  hi]oglyphics 7 compos$1 
!y 7 inv5t$ by ! ,egyptian prie/s  to   
conceal _! wisdom f ! vulg>1 0 combat$  
by ,bi%op  ,w>burton1 ) 8 usual         
acut5ess4 ,accord+ to him1 ! fir/ k9d ( 
hi]oglyphics 7 m]e pictures2 because !  
mo/ natural way (  communicat+ our      
conceptions by m>ks or figures 01 to    
trace out !  images ( ?+s4 ,b !         
hi]oglyphics inv5t$ by ! ,egyptians 7   
an improvem5t on ?is rude & inconv5i5t  
essay t[>d writ+2 =  !y contriv$ to make
 !m bo? pictures & *>act]s4 ,he proce$s 

to  o!r obs]vations1 :i* h lo/ _! int]e/
 9 consequ5ce ( !  rec5t discov]ies2 b  
he argues conclusively1 t hi]oglyphics  
c\ld  n1 9 a va/ numb] ( cases1 h be5   
resort$ to = purposes (  secrecy1 s9ce  
!y 7 employ$ to record op5ly & pla9ly _!
  laws1 hi/ory1 & all k9ds ( civil      
matt]s4 ,?is1 z a g5]al view1  has be5  
prov$ to be correct2 b /ill no key to ! 
read+ ( ^!  *>act]s 0 f\nd4 ,! figures (
 deities might1 9 _m in/ances1  be      
deciph]$ by _! attributes2 o!r symbols 7
 n difficult to  expla91 z !y spoke a   
univ]sal language4 ,?us two h&s1 "o     
hold+  a b[1 & ano!r a %ield1 sugge/$ a 
battle2 an eye & a sceptre1 a  mon>* (  
intellig5ce & vigilance2 a %ip & a      
pilot1 ! gov]nor  ( a /ate if associat$ 
) a man1 ! rul] ( ! univ]se if          
associat$ ) a deity4 ,a lion 0 a natural
 emblem ( /r5g? &  c\rage2 a bullock1 ( 
agriculture2 a horse1 ( lib]ty2 a       
sphynx1 (  subtlety4 ,b /ill ^?         
hi]oglyphics 7 9 ! greate/ numb]  :i*   
appe>$ to repres5t lett]s2 & _m might   

prove1 at ! same  "t1 bo? emblematic &  
alphabetical4 ,approa*es to ! tru? ( !  
case _h be51 inde$1 made4 ,w>burton1 f  
an att5tive p]usal (  :at ,clem5s       
,alex&r9us _h said on ! subject1 _h1 9  
fact1  conclud$1 9 a way highly         
cr$itable to 8 acut5ess1 t  hi]oglyphics
 7 a real writt5 language1 applicable to
 ! purposes  ( hi/ory & common life1 z  
well z to ^? ( religion2 & t1  among !  
diff]5t sorts ( hi]oglyphics1 !         
,egyptians possess$  ^? :i* 7 us$       
phonetically1 or alphabetically1 z      
lett]s2 b1  till rec5tly1 ! means (     
foll[+ out ?is +5i\s & correct          
conjecture 7 want+ to ! le>n$4 ,! fir/  
effectual /ep 0  tak5 by ,m4 ,quatt]m]e1
 :o prov$1 9 8 "w ,sur la ,langue et    
,littrature de l',egypte1 ,conc]n+ !    
,language & ,lit]ature (  ,egypt1 t !   
,coptic1 a language ( easy atta9m5t1 at 
lea/ to a  consid]able ext5t1 0 !       
language ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,!      
second fav\r+ circum/ance ( mod]n times 
01 ! publication (  ! rese>*es made z to

 ! monum5ts ( ,egypt by ! lit]>y m5 &   
arti/s :o accompani$ ! ,fr5* exp$ition  
to t c\ntry4 ,previ\s  to ?is1 !        
specim5s :i* _h be5 br\ght to ,europe 7 
few1 &  ! impressions & ! fac similes ( 
!m incorrect4 ,"s1 too1 7  imitations1 &
 o!rs spuri\s4 ,9 ! works publi%$ 9     
,france aft]  ?is exp$ition1 !          
repres5tations ( ,egyptian monum5ts 7   
num]\s2 & ! inscriptions 7 giv5 ) p]fect
 exactness &  fidelity4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ^?
 w\ld h rema9$ z un9telligible z  !     
orig9als b = ! discov]y ( ! ,rosetta    
/one1 n[ among !  ,egyptian antiquities 
9 ! gall]y ( ! ,briti% museum4 ,?is /one
  0 dug up by ! ,fr5*1 ne> ,rosetta1 &  
conta9$ an inscription 9  ?ree sets (   
*>act]s3 "o 9 hi]oglyphics2 a second 9 a
 sort (  runn+ h&1 call$ en*orial1 t is1
 9 ! common *>act]s ( !  c\ntry2 & a    
?ird 9 ,greek4 ,! latt] appe>+1 f !     
disposition ( ! :ole1 to be a           
translation ( ! en*orial  inscription1 z
 t 0 ( ! hi]oglyphic1 ! importance ( ?is
  /one 0 at once se5 by ! ,fr5* savans2 

b by ! =tune ( w>1  x 0 tak51 ) o!r     
valuables1 by ! ,briti% troops1 & 0 s5t 
to ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,antiqu>ian ,society  
_h x imm$iately engrav$2  & ! fac       
similes1 :i* 7 circulat$ ?r\gh ,europe  
attract$  great att5tion4 ,dr4 ,"y has1 
h[ev]1 ! hon\r ( be+ !  discov]] ( !    
nature & use ( ! hi]oglyphical          
inscription4 ,m4  de ,sacy1 & m         
especially ,mr4 ,ack]blad1 a ,dani%     
g5tleman1 made  "s progress 9 id5tify+ !
 s5se ( sev]al p>ts ( ! second          
inscription1 or t 9 demotic or en*orial 
*>act]s1 b made no  progress 9 !        
hi]oglyphics2 & x 0 left = ,briti%      
indu/ry to  conv]t to p]man5t pr(it a   
monum5t :i* _h be5 a useless1 ?\gh  a   
glori\s1 monum5t ( ,briti% val\r4 ,!    
inscription ^u ?is  celebrat$ /one prov$
 to be a decree ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1   
solemnly  assembl$ 9 ! temple1 to record
 ^u a monum5t1 z a public  expression ( 
_! gratitude1 all ! ev5ts ( ! reign (   
,ptolemy  ,epiphanes2 8 lib]ality to !  
temples & to ! gods2 8 success  aga9/ 8 

rebelli\s subjects2 8 clem5cy t[>d "s ( 
!  traitors2 8 measures aga9/ ! fatal   
consequ5ces ( excessive  inundations ( !
 ,nile2 & 8 munific5ce t[>d ! college ( 
!  prie/s1 by remitt+ ! arre>s ( sev]al 
ye>s' paym5t ( taxes4 ,x  0 an important
 circum/ance1 t ! :ole concludes by     
ord]+ t  ?is decree 8%all be engrav$ on 
a h>d /one 9 sacr$ *>act]s1 9  common   
*>act]s1 & 9 ,greek40 ,by ?is x 0       
asc]ta9$ t !  second & ?ird inscriptions
 7 translations ( ! fir/2 & t  ! second 
inscription 0 9 ! common "* ( ! c\ntry4 
,x  0 ?is t l$ ,ack]blad to !           
inve/igation ( ! en*orial text1  9 ord] 
to discov] its alphabet2 9 :i* he       
p>tially succe$$4 ,8  lab\rs 71 h[ev]1 =
 "s "t unnotic$2 b 9 #ahad1 ,dr4 ,"y    
publi%$1 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 an improvem5t  
on ! alphabet (  ,ack]blad1 & a         
translation ( ! ,egyptian inscription4  
,difficulties  ( no ord9>y k9d1 beside  
^? aris+ f ! mutilat$ /ate (  ! /one1   
pres5t$ !mselves to all :o _h appli$ to 
make out ev5  ! second1 or en*orial     

inscription4    8,! me?od10 says !      
,m>quis ,sp9eto1 8pursu$ by our le>n$ m5
 9  ?is ,h]culean task ( deciph]+ !     
,rosetta /one1 des]ves to be  notic$2 x 
may s]ve to give y a prop] idea ( !     
inf9ite lab\r  to :i* !y h be5 oblig$ to
 submit2 a lab\r :i* at fir/  seem$     
calculat$ to det] ! mo/ indefatigable   
s*ol>4 ,figure to  y\rself1 = a mom5t1 !
 fa%ion introduc$ ( writ+ ! ,engli%     
language ) ! omission ( mo/ ( its v[els1
 & !n suppose our  alphabet to be       
entirely lo/ or =gott51 a new mode (    
writ+  introduc$1 lett]s totally diff]5t
 f ^? we use1 & !n  conceive :at our    
lab\r w\ld be1 if1 aft] ! lapse ( fifte5
  hundr$ ye>s1 :5 ! ,engli% language1 by
 ! op]ation ( ages1 &  ! int]c\rse )    
=eign]s1 0 mu* alt]$ f :at x n[ is1  we 
%\ld be requir$1 by ! help ( a ,greek   
translation1 to deciph] a  bill (       
p>liam5t writt5 9 ?is old1 =gott51 &    
p]secut$  alphabet1 9 e ^w ( :i* we %\ld
 f9d1 & ev5 ?is n  always1 ! regul>     
numb] ( consonants1 b mo/ ( ! v[els left

  out4 ,& yet ?is is precisely :at our  
le>n$ antiqu>ians h be5  oblig$ to d4 ,!
 ,egyptians1 l mo/ ( ! ori5tals1 left   
out _m  ( ! v[els 9 writ+4 ,! en*orial1 
or demotic alphabet1 :i* !y  us$1 has   
be5 laid aside s9ce ! second or ?ird    
c5tury ( our era4  ,f t "t to ?is1 t is1
 = ne>ly sixte5 hundr$ ye>s1 !  ,coptic 
alphabet has be5 us$2 & yet 9 ?is       
,coptic language1 & 9  ^! v en*orial or 
demotic *>act]s1 0 engrav$ on ! ,rosetta
  /one ! inscription :i* !y h deciph]$40
    ,! /eps ( ?is int]e/+ process are   
giv5 by ,dr4 ,"y1 9 !  ,supplem5t to !  
,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,! sub/ance is
 z foll[s3  8,z ! demotic *>act]s %[$   
some?+ l ! %ape ( lett]s1  x 0 %rewdly  
suspect$ t !y might h be5 us$ z an      
alphabet4  ,by comp>+1 !re=e1 its       
diff]5t p>ts ) ea* o!r1 & )  ! ,greek1 x
 0 obs]v$ t ! two gr\ps 9 ! f\r? &      
sev5te5? l9es ( ! ,greek inscription1 9 
:i* ,alex&] &  ,alex&ria occur1         
correspond$ ) two o!r gr\ps 9 ! second &
  ! t5? l9e ( ! demotic inscription4 ,^!

 two gr\ps1 !re=e1  7 consid]$ z        
repres5t+ ^! two names1 & ?us n less ?an
  sev5 *>act]s1 or lett]s1 7 asc]ta9$4  
,aga93 x 0 obs]v$  t a small gr\p ( "*  
occurs v (t5 9 almo/ e l9e4  ,at fir/ x 
0 suppos$ t ?is gr\p 0 ei!r a t]m9ation1
 or  "s v common p>ticle2 & aft] "s     
words _h be5 id5tifi$1 x  0 f\nd to mean
 ! conjunction &4 ,x 0 !n obs]v$1 t !   
next rem>kable collection ( *>act]s 0   
repeat$ tw5ty-n9e or  ?irty times 9 !   
en*orial inscription2 & no?+ f\nd to    
occur s  (t5 9 ! ,greek1 except ! ^w k+1
 :i* ) its comp\nds1 is  repeat$ ab\t   
?irty-sev5 times4 ,a f\r? assemblage (  
*>act]s 0  f\nd f\rte5 times 9 !        
en*orial inscription1 agree+ suffici5tly
  well 9 frequ5cy ) ! "n ( ,ptolemy1 :i*
 occurs elev5 times 9  ! ,greek1 &      
g5]ally 9 passages correspond+ to ^? ( !
  en*orial text1 9 _! relative          
situation2 &1 by a simil>  comp>ison1 ! 
"n ( ,egypt 0 id5tifi$4 ,hav+ ?us obta9$
 a  suffici5t numb] ( common po9ts (    
subdivision1 ! next /ep 0 to  write !   

,greek text ov] ! en*orial1 9 su* a     
mann] t !  passages asc]ta9$ %\ld       
co9cide z ne>ly z possible2 tak+1       
h[ev]1 a prop] c>e to obs]ve t ! l9es ( 
! demotic or  en*orial inscription are  
writt5 f "r to left1 :ile ^? ( !  ,greek
 run 9 a contr>y direction f left to "r4
 ,at fir/ sight  ?is difficulty seem$ v 
great2 b x 0 conqu]$ by prop]  att5tion 
& practice2 because1 aft] "s tr\ble1 !  
division ( !  sev]al words & phrases    
pla9ly indicat$ ! direction 9 :i* !y  7 
to be read4 ,?us x 0 obvi\s t !         
int]m$iate p>ts ( ea*  inscription /ood 
!n v ne> to ! correspond+ passages ( !  
o!r40    ,by means ( ! process above    
m5tion$1 ,ack]blad1 ,de ,sacy1 & ,dr4   
,"y1 among :om a correspond5ce _h be5   
c>ri$ on1 obta9$ a sort  ( alphabet f ! 
en*orial *>act]s1 :i* might aid !m 9    
future rese>*es4 ,?is result 0 publi%$  
by ,dr4 ,"y 9 #ahad4 ,!  exam9ation (   
ano!r /one at ,m5\p1 conta9+ an         
inscription 9  en*orial & 9 ,greek      
*>act]s1 enabl$ ,dr4 ,"y to confirm !   

accuracy ( =m] discov]ies1 & to add     
sev]al new *>act]s to !  en*orial or    
demotic alphabet4 ,dr4 ,"y next turn$ 8 
att5tion to  ! hi]oglyphics2 &1 ?\gh n )
 equal success1 yet s z to  demon/rate t
 !y 7 phonetic or alphabetical1 & to    
spell  sev]al prop] names4 ,! difficulty
 "h1 inde$1 0 h[ to beg92 b  8 success  
op5$ a c]ta9 way to future progress2 & x
 0 ^u ,dr4  ,"y's discov]y t ,*ampollion
 aft]w>d engraft$ 8 sy/em1 &  0 enabl$  
to c>ry 8 rese>*es into ,egyptian       
antiquities &  ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1  
to an ext5t :i* is n[ deeply engag+ !   
att5tion ( ! lit]>y _w4    ,two         
practical ends appe> to h be5 answ]$    
already by !  deciph]+ ( ! my/ic        
monum5ts ( ,egypt4 ,! fir/ is1 t !      
inscriptions :i* h be5 read by          
,*ampollion1 af=d assi/ance 9  settl+ "s
 que/ions ( anci5t *ronology2 ! o!r is1 
t  important collat]al pro( has be5     
af=d$ ( ! hi/orical accuracy  ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t1 & ! antiquity ( its books4 ,x 
is presumptive  9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess &  

antiquity ( ! writ+s ( ,moses1  t su*   
prop] ,egyptian names z are f\nd 9 no   
o!r anci5t  writ+s beside 8 own1 su* z  
,on1 & ,rameses1 & ,potiph]ah1 &        
,as5a?1 %\ld n[ be read 9 hi]oglyphic   
*>act]s on monum5ts  /ill /&+ 9 ! same  
c\ntry4 ,b ! confirmatory evid5ce goes  
/ill f>!r4 ,9 "o inscription ! names (  
two ( ! ,ph>aohs1  ,osorgon & ,s*es*onk1
 are exhibit$4 ,( ! *>act]s :i* compose 
?is leg5d "s are phonetic1 "s           
figurative1 & "s symbolic4 ,!  :ole     
read+ 9 ,coptic1 is1 8,ouab an ,amon-re 
sot5 ann5\te ,osor*on  pri 7or pre7 ce  
or ci an ouab an ,amon-re ,s\t5         
,s*es*onk-re  ,sot5 ,nebto1 7,amonmai   
,osor*on170 c4 ,! mean+ ( :i* is1 8,!   
pure by ,amon-re1 k+ ( ! gods1 ,osor*on 
deceas$1 son ( ! pure1  by ,amon-re1 k+ 
( ! gods1 ,s*es*onk deceas$1 son ( k+ ( 
!  _w1 7belov$ by ,amon-re1 ,osor*on17  
imp>t+ life1 l ! sun1 =  ev]40 ,?is     
,osor*on seems to h be5 ! ,z>ah1 or     
,z>a*1 ! k+  ( ,e?iopia1 record$ 9 !    
,second ,book ( ,*ronicles1 :o1 ) a ho/ 

( a ?\s& ?\s& & ?ree hundr$ *>iots1 came
 to make w>  aga9/ ,asa1 ! gr&son (     
,j]oboam1 & 0 defeat$ at ,m>e%ah4       
,al?\gh ! ,greek hi/orians h nev]       
m5tion$ ei!r ! "n or  exploits (        
,osor*on1 ?is fact is atte/$ by an      
hi]oglyphical  manuscript1 publi%$ by   
,d5on4 ,x is a fun]al leg5d1 load$ )    
figures1 on & r\nd :i* !re are sev]al   
hi]oglyphical  inscriptions4 ,) respect 
to ! o!r ,ph>aoh1 ,*ampollion1 speak+  (
 ! temple ( ,k>nac1 says1 8,9 ?is       
m>vell\s place ,i saw !  portraits ( mo/
 ( ! anci5t ,ph>aohs1 kn[n by _! great  
actions4  ,!y are real portraits1       
repres5t$ a hundr$ times on !           
basso-relievos ( ! out] & inn] walls4   
,ea* ( !m has 8  peculi> physiognomy1   
diff]5t f t ( 8 pr$ecessors &           
successors4 ,?us1 9 colossal            
repres5tations1 ! sculpture ( :i* is    
lively1 gr&1 & h]oic1 m p]fect ?an c be 
believ$ 9 ,europe1  we see ! ,ph>aoh    
,m&\ei combat+ ! nations ho/ile to      
,egypt1 &  return+ triumphant to 8      

c\ntry4 ,f>!r on1 ! campaigns (         
,rhamses ,seso/ris2 else:]e ,seson*is1  
or ,%i%ak1 dragg+ to ! feet  ( ! ,!ban  
,tr9ity1 ,ammon1 ,m\?1 & ,kh\s1 ! *iefs 
( ?irty  conqu]$ nations1 among :i* is  
f\nd1 writt5 9 lett]s at full  l5g?1 !  
^w ,j\dahamalek1 t is1 ! k+dom ( !      
,jews1 or  ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,?is is a  
comm5t>y on ! f\rte5? *apt] (  ! ,fir/  
,book ( ,k+s1 :i* relates ! arrival (   
,%i%ak at  ,j]usalem1 & 8 success !re4  
,?us ! id5tity betwe5 ! ,egyptian       
,%es*onk1 ! ,seson*is ( ,mane?o1 & !    
,sesac1 or ,s*is*ak ( !  ,bible1 is     
confirm$ 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]40   
,,ye>4 ,! ,hebrews _h always ye>s1 (    
twelve mon?s ea*4 ,b at !  beg9n+1 & 9 !
 "t ( ,moses1 ^! 7 sol> ye>s1 ( twelve  
mon?s2 ea* hav+ ?irty days1 except !    
twelf? :i* _h  ?irty-five4 ,we see1 by !
 reckon+ t ,moses gives u ( ! days (  ! 
deluge1 ,g54 vii1 t ! ,hebrew ye>       
consi/$ ( ?ree hundr$  & sixty-five     
days4 ,x is suppos$ t !y _h an int]cal>y
 mon?  at ! end ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty     

ye>s2 at :i* "t ! beg9n+  ( _! ye> w\ld 
be out ( its place full ?irty days4 ,b x
 mu/ be  own$1 t no m5tion is made 9    
,scripture ( ! ?irte5? mon?1 or  ( any  
int]calation4 ,x is n improbable t      
,moses reta9$ ! ord]  ( ! ,egyptian ye>1
 s9ce he himself came out ( ,egypt1 0   
born 9  t c\ntry1 _h be5 in/ruct$ &     
br\ght up !re1 & s9ce !  p ( ,israel1 ^:
 *ief he 01 _h be5 = a long "t  accu/om$
 to ?is k9d ( ye>4 ,b ! ,egyptian ye> 0 
sol>1 &  consi/$ ( twelve mon?s ( ?irty 
days ea*1 & t = a v long  "t be=e4 ,aft]
 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ! reign ( ! 
,grecians 9 ,asia1 ! ,jews reckon$ by   
lun> mon?s1 *iefly 9 :at  relat$ to     
religion1 & ! ord] ( ! fe/ivals4 ,/4    
,john1 9 8  ,revelation1 xi1 #b1 #c2    
xii1 #f1 #ad2 xiii1 #e1 assigns b twelve
 hundr$  & sixty days to ?ree ye>s & a  
half1 & consequ5tly j ?irty  days to e  
mon?1 & j ?ree hundr$ & sixty days to e 
ye>4 ,maimonides tells u1 t ! ye>s ( !  
,jews 7 sol>1 &  _! mon?s lun>4 ,s9ce ! 
complet+ ( ! ,talmud1 !y h made  use (  

ye>s t are purely lun>1 hav+ alt]nately 
a full mon? (  ?irty days1 & !n a       
defective mon? ( tw5ty-n9e days4 ,& to  
accommodate ?is lun> ye> to ! c\rse ( ! 
sun1 at ! end (  ?ree ye>s !y int]calate
 a :ole mon? aft] ,ad>2 :i*  int]calat$ 
mon? !y call ,ve-ad>1 or ! second ,ad>4 
,! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 0 v>i\s among diff]5t 
nations3 !  anci5t ,*aldeans1           
,babylonians1 ,m$es1 ,p]sians1          
,arm5ians1 & ,syrians1  began _! ye>    
ab\t ! v]nal equ9ox2 & ! ,*9ese 9 ! ea/1
  & ,lat9s & ,romans 9 ! we/1 orig9ally 
foll[$ ! same usage4  ,! ,egyptians1 & f
 !m ! ,jews1 began _! civil ye> ab\t !  
autumnal equ9ox4 ,! ,a!nians & ,greeks 9
 g5]al began !irs ab\t  ! summ] sol/ice2
 & ! ,*9ese1 & ! ,romans aft] ,numa's   
correction1 ab\t ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,at :i*
 ( ^! ! primeval  ye>1 in/itut$ at !    
creation1 began1 has be5 long conte/$   
among  a/ronom]s & *ronolog]s4 ,philo1  
,eusebius1 ,cyril1 ,augu/9e1            
,abulf>agi1 ,kepl]1 ,capellus1 ,simpson1
 ,lange1 & ,jackson1 cont5d =  ! v]nal  

equ9ox2 & ,josephus1 ,scalig]1          
,petavius1 ,u%]1 ,b$=d1  ,k5n$y1 c1 = ! 
autumnal4 ,! weight ( anci5t au?orities1
 &  also ( argum5t1 seems to prepond]ate
 9 fav\r ( ! =m] op9ion4  #a4 ,all !    
anci5t nations1 except ! ,egyptians1    
began _! civil ye>  ab\t ! v]nal equ9ox3
 b ! deviation ( ! ,egyptians f !  g5]al
 usage may easily be acc\nt$ =1 f a     
local circum/ance  peculi> to _! c\ntry2
 namely1 t ! annual inundation ( !      
,nile rises to its greate/ height at !  
autumnal equ9ox4 #b4 ,josephus1  ! only 
anci5t au?ority ( any weight on ! o!r   
side seems to be  inconsi/5t ) himself1 
9 suppos+ t ! deluge began 9 !  second  
civil mon?1 ,dius1 or ,m>he%van1 r ?an 9
 ! second  sacr$ mon?2 because ,moses1  
?r\gh\t ! ,p5tateu*1 uni=mly adopts  !  
sacr$ ye>2 & fixes its fir/ mon? by an  
indelible &  unequivocal "*1 call+ x    
,abib1 z u%]+ 9 ! season (  gre5 corn4  
,& z ,josephus calls ! second mon?      
else:]e  ,artemisius1 or ,i>1 9 con=mity
 ) ,scripture1 !re is no reason  :y he  

%\ld deviate f ! same usage 9 ! case ( !
 deluge4 #c4  ,to ! au?ority (          
,josephus1 we may oppose t ( ! great    
,jewi%  antiqu>y1 ,philo1 9 ! g5]ation  
be=e him2 :o ?us acc\nts =  ! in/itution
 ( ! sacr$ ye> by ,moses3--8,?is mon?1  
,abib1 be+  ! sev5? 9 numb] & ord]      
accord+ to ! sun's c\rse1 or civil  ye>1
 reckon$ f ! autumnal equ9ox1 is        
virtually ! fir/1 & is  !re=e call$ #8! 
fir/ mon?' 9 ! sacr$ books4 ,& ! reason1
  ,i ?9k1 is ?is3 because ! v]nal equ9ox
 is ! image &  repres5tative ( ! orig9al
 epo* ( ! creation ( ! _w4  ,!reby ,god 
notifi$ ! spr+1 9 :i* all ?+s bloom &   
blossom1  to be an annual memorial ( !  
_w's creation4 ,:]e=e ?is mon?  is      
prop]ly call$ ! fir/ 9 ! law1 z be+ !   
image ( ! fir/  orig9al mon?1 /amp$ ^u  
x1 z x 71 by t ar*etypal seal40  #d4 ,! 
fir/ sacrifice on record seems to decide
 ! "q4 ,! "t  ( ! sacrifice ( ,ca9 &    
,abel appe>s to h be5 spr+2 :5  ,ca91 :o
 0 a 8till] ( ! gr\nd10 br\ght ! fir/   
fruits ( 8  tillage1 or a %eaf ( new    

corn2 & ,abel1 :o 0 8a fe$] ( %eep10  8!
 fir/l+s ( 8 flock10 lambs3 & ?is 0 done
 8at ! end (  days10 or 8at ! end ( !   
ye>20 :i* is ! correct mean+ ( !  phrase
  1 & n ! indef9ite expression1 89      
process ( "t10  ,g54 iv1 #c4 ,x is a    
rem>kable pro( ( ! accuracy ( ,moses1 & 
a  confirmation ( ?is expression1 t he  
expresses ! end ( ! civil  ye>1 or      
8+a!r+ ( ! h>ve/10 by diff]5t phrases1  
1  8at ! go+ out ( ! ye>10 ,exod4 xxiii1
 #af2 &  1 8at !  revolution ( ! ye>10  
,exod4 xxxiv1 #bb2 z ^? phrases may m   
critically be r5d]$4 ,b1 9 process ( "t1
 x 0 f\nd t !  primeval ye> ( ?ree      
hundr$ & sixty days 0 %ort] ?an !       
tropical ye>2 & ! fir/ discov]y 01 t x 0
 defici5t five  entire days1 :i* !re=e x
 0 necess>y to int]calate1 9 ord]  to   
keep up ! correspond5ce ( ! civil ye> to
 ! /at$ seasons (  ! pr9cipal fe/ivals4 
,h[ e>ly ?is discov]y & int]calation 0  
made1 is n[h]e record$4 ,x might h be5  
kn[n & practis$ be=e  ! deluge4 ,!      
apocryphal book ( ,eno*1 :i* probably 0 

z old z  ! ,septuag9t translation ( !   
,p5tateu*1 /at$ t 8! ar*angel  ,ariel1  
presid5t ( ! />s1 discov]$ ! nature ( ! 
mon? & (  ! ye> to ,eno*1 9 ! "o hundr$ 
& sixty-fif? ye> ( 8 age1  & ,a4 ,m4    
#abhf40 ,& x is rem>kable1 t ,eno*'s age
 at 8  translation1 ?ree hundr$ &       
sixty-five ye>s1 express$ ! numb] (     
entire days 9 a tropical ye>4 ,?is k    
might h be5 h&$  d[n to ,noah & 8       
desc5dants2 & t x 0 e>ly communicat$    
inde$ to ! primitive ,egyptians1        
,*aldeans1 & ,*9ese1 we le>n f  anci5t  
tradition4    ,?is article w\ld be r5d]$
 too prolix 7 we to notice ! v>i\s      
inv5tions ( em95t m5 9 diff]5t ages to  
rectify ! cal5d> by  adju/+ ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 lun> & tropical ye>s2 :i* at     
l5g? 0 effect$ by ,gregory ,,xiii4 9    
#aehc4 ,?is ,gregorian1 or  re=m$       
,julian ye>1 0 n adopt$ 9 ,engl& until  
,a4 ,d4 #agea1 :51  ! defici5cy f ! "t (
 ! c\ncil ( ,nice !n am\nt+ to  elev5   
days1 ?is numb] 0 /ruck out ( ! mon? (  
,septemb]1 by  act ( p>liam5t2 & ! ?ird 

day 0 c\nt$ ! f\rte5?1 9 t  ye> (       
confusion4 ,! next ye>1 ,a4 ,d4 #ageb1 0
 ! fir/ ( ! new  /yle4 ,russia is ! only
 c\ntry 9 ,europe :i* reta9s ! old /yle4
    ,! civil ye> ( ! ,hebrews has always
 begun at autumn1 at ! mon?  !y n[ call 
,tisri1 :i* answ]s to our ,septemb]1 &  
sometimes  ent]s into ,octob]1 accord+ z
 ! lunations happ54 ,b _! sacr$  ye>s1  
by :i* ! fe/ivals1 assemblies1 & all o!r
 religi\s acts1  7 regulat$1 beg9 9 !   
spr+1 at ! mon? ,nisan1 :i* answ]s  to  
,m>*1 & sometimes takes up a "p (       
,april1 accord+ to !  c\rse ( ! moon4   
,see ,,mon?s4    ,no?+ is m equivocal   
among ! anci5ts1 ?an ! t]m ye>4 ,x      
always has be51 & /ill is1 a s\rce (    
disputes among ! le>n$1  :e!r on acc\nt 
( its duration1 its beg9n+1 or its end4 
,"s  p h]et(ore made _! ye> consi/ only 
( "o mon?1 o!rs (  f\r1 o!rs ( six1 o!rs
 ( t51 & o!rs ( twelve4 ,"s h  divid$ "o
 ( our ye>s into two1 & h made "o ye> ( 
w9t]1  ano!r ( summ]4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 
0 fix$ sometimes at  autumn1 sometimes  

at ! spr+1 & sometimes at midw9t]4 ,"s p
  h us$ lun> mon?s1 o!rs sol>4 ,ev5 !   
days h be5  diff]5tly divid$3 "s p      
beg9n+ !m at ev5+1 o!rs at  morn+1 o!rs 
at noon1 & o!rs at midnight4 ,) "s !    
h\rs  7 equal1 bo? 9 w9t] & summ]2 )    
o!rs1 !y 7 unequal4  ,!y c\nt$ twelve   
h\rs to ! day1 & z _m to ! night4 ,9    
summ] ! h\rs ( ! day 7 long] ?an ^? ( ! 
night2 b1 on  ! contr>y1 9 w9t] ! h\rs (
 ! night 7 long] ?an ^? (  ! day4       
,:ile ! ,jews cont9u$ 9 ! l& ( ,canaan1 
! beg9n+s ( _!  mon?s & ye>s 7 n settl$ 
by any a/ronomical rules or             
calculations1 b by ! phasis1 or actual  
appe>ance ( ! new moon4  ,:5 !y saw !   
new moon1 !y began ! mon?4 ,p]sons 7    
!re=e  appo9t$ to wat* on ! tops ( !    
m\nta9 = ! fir/ appe>ance  ( ! moon aft]
 ! *ange4 ,z soon z !y saw x1 !y in=m$ !
  sanh$rim1 & public notice 0 giv5 by   
light+ beacons ?r\gh\t  ! l&2 ?\gh aft] 
!y _h be5 (t5 deceiv$ by ! ,sam>itans1  
:o k9dl$ false fires1 !y us$1 say !     
,mi%nical rabb9s1 to  proclaim its      

appe>ance by s5d+ mess5g]s4 ,yet z !y _h
 no mon?s  long] ?an ?irty days1 if !y  
did n see ! new moon ! night  foll[+ !  
?irtie? day1 !y conclud$ ! appe>ance 0  
ob/ruct$ by ! cl\ds1 &1 )\t wat*+ any   
long]1 made !  next day ! fir/ ( !      
foll[+ mon?4 ,b aft] ! ,jews became     
disp]s$ ?r\gh all nations1 :]e !y _h no 
opportunity ( be+  in=m$ ( ! fir/       
appe>ance ( ! new moon1 z !y =m]ly _h1  
!y 7 =c$ to make use ( a/ronomical      
calculations & cycles =  fix+ ! beg9n+ (
 _! mon?s & ye>s4 ,! fir/ cycle !y  made
 use ( = ?is purpose 0 ( eighty-f\r     
ye>s4 ,b t be+  discov]$ to be faulty1  
!y came aft]w>d into ! use ( ,meto's    
cycle ( n9ete5 ye>s1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ by !
 au?ority ( ,rabbi  ,hillel ,hannasi1 or
 pr9ce ( ! sanh$rim1 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #cfj4 
,?is !y  /ill use1 & say x is to be     
obs]v$ till ! com+ ( ! ,messiah4  ,9 !  
compass ( ?is cycle !re are twelve      
common ye>s1 consi/+  ( twelve mon?s1 & 
sev5 int]cal>y ye>s1 consi/+ ( ?irte5   
mon?s4 ,we f9d ! ,jews & _! ance/ors    

comput+ _! ye>s f  diff]5t eras1 9      
diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 z f !   
bir? ( ! patri>*s1 = in/ance1 ( ,noah1  
,g54 vii1 #aa2 viii1 #ac2  aft]w>d f _! 
exit out ( ,egypt1 ,num4 xxxiii1 #ch2 #a
 ,k+s vi1 #a2  !n f ! build+ (          
,solomon's temple1 #b ,*ron4 viii1 #a2 &
 f  ! reigns ( ! k+s ( ,judah & ,israel4
 ,9 latt] times !  ,babyloni% captivity 
furni%$ !m ) a new epo*a1 f :5ce !y     
comput$ _! ye>s1 ,ezek4 xxxiii1 #ba2 xl1
 #a4 ,b s9ce ! times (  ! ,talmudical   
rabb9s1 !y h con/antly us$ ! era ( !    
creation4    ,!re is n a m prolific     
s\rce ( confusion & emb>rassm5t 9       
anci5t *ronology1 ?an ! sub/itution ( ! 
c>d9al numb]s1 "o1  two1 ?ree1 = !      
ord9als1 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 c1 :i*     
frequ5tly  occurs 9 ! sacr$ & pr(ane    
hi/orians4 ,?us ,noah 0 six hundr$  ye>s
 old :5 ! deluge began1 ,g54 vii1 #f2 & 
pres5tly aft]1 9  8 six hundr$? ye>3    
conf\nd+ complete & curr5t ye>s4 ,& !   
dispute :e!r ,a4 ,d4 #ahjj1 or ,a4 ,d4  
#ahja1 0 ! fir/ ( !  n9ete5? c5tury1    

%\ld be decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt]2 !  =m]
 be+ 9 reality ! la/ ( ! eighte5?       
c5tury2 :i* is  usually1 b improp]ly1   
call$ ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$1       
complete2 :]eas x is really ! "o ?\s&?1 
eight hundr$?2 z  9 ,lat9 we say1 ,anno 
,dom9i millesimo oct+5tesimo4 ,!re is   
also  ano!r & a prevail+ error1 aris+ f 
mi/ranslation ( !  curr5t phrases1 '  1 
1 c1 usually  r5d]$1 8aft] eight days10 
8aft] ?ree days10 c2 b :i* ought to  be 
r5d]$ 8eight days aft]10 8?ree days     
aft]10 z 9 o!r places1    1 '   1 :i*   
are correctly r5d]$  8"s days aft]10 8n 
_m days aft]10 9 our ,engli% ,bible1    
,acts xv1  #cf2 ,luke xv1 #ac1 ! extreme
 days be+ includ$4 ,su* phrases seem to 
be elliptical1 & ! ellipsis is suppli$1 
,luke ix1 #bh1 speak+ (  our ,"l's      
transfiguration1    1   3  8,aft] ^!    
say+s1 ab\t eight days10 or r ab\t !    
eigh? day1  c\nt$ inclusively2 = 9 !    
p>allel passages1 ,matt4 xvii1 #a1 ,m>k 
ix1 #b1 !re are only 8six days10 c\nt$  
exclusively1 or omitt+ !  extremes4     

,?us1 circumcision is prescrib$1 ,g54   
xvii1 #aa1 :5 !  *ild is 8eight days    
old20 b 9 ,lev4 xii1 #c1 8on ! eigh?    
day40 ,&  ,jesus accord+ly 0 circumcis$1
    1 8:5  eight days 7 accompli%$10    
,luke ii1 #ba2 :]eas ,john ! ,bapti/1   
1 8on ! eigh? day40 ,! la/1 :i* 0 !     
con/ant  usage1 expla9s ! mean+ ( ! =m]4
 ,?is critically reconciles  our ,"l's  
resurrection1   1 8?ree days aft]10     
accord+ to ,matt4 xxvii1 #fc2 ,m>k viii1
 #ca2 ) 8 resurrection1    h1 8on ! ?ird
 day10 accord+ to ,matt4 xvi1 #ba2 ,luke
 ix1  #bb2 & accord+ to fact3 = our ,"l 
0 crucifi$ on ,good ,friday1  ab\t !    
?ird h\r2 & he arose be=e sunrise1 1    
8e>ly10 on  ,sunday2 s t ! int]val1 ?\gh
 ext5d+ ?r\gh ?ree cal5d>  days curr5t1 
did n 9 reality am\nt to two entire     
days1 or  =ty-eight h\rs4 ,?is          
phraseology is frequ5t among ! mo/      
correct  classic writ]s4 ,"s le>n$      
comm5tators1 ,beza1 ,grotius1 ,campbell1
  ,newcome1 r5d] su* phrases1 8)9 eight 
days10 8)9 ?ree days20  :i* c]ta9ly     

conveys ! mean+1 b n ! lit]al           
translation1 (  ! preposition 1 8aft]40 
,9 memory ( ! primeval week (  creation1
 reviv$ among ! ,jews1 aft] _! dep>ture 
f ,egypt1  _! pr9cipal fe/ivals1 !      
passov]1 p5teco/1 & tab]nacles1  la/$ a 
week ea*4 ,!y _h weeks ( sev5 ye>s a    
piece1 at ! t]m  ( :i* 0 ! sabbatical   
ye>2 z also weeks ( sev5 times sev5     
ye>s1 t 7 t]m9at$ by ! ye> ( jubilee2 & 
f9ally weeks (  sev5 days4 ,& x is      
rem>kable t1 f ! e>lie/ times1          
sacrifices 7 (f]$ by sev5s4 ,?us1 9 !   
patri>* ,job's days1  8sev5 bullocks &  
sev5 rams 7 (f]$ up = a burnt (f]+0 (   
atonem5t1 by ! div9e comm&1 ,job xiii1  
#h4 ,! ,*aldean div9]1  ,balaam1 built  
sev5 alt>s1 & prep>$ sev5 bullocks &    
sev5 rams1  ,num4 xxiii1 #a4 ,& ! ,cuman
 sibyl1 :o came f ,*aldea1 or           
,babylonia1 gives ! same directions to  
neas1 t ,balaam did to ,balak3          
,nunc grege de intacto septem mact>e    
juv5cos            ,pr/it]it1 totidem   
lectas1 de m1 bid5tes4                  

8,sev5 bullocks1 yet unyok$1 = ,phbus   
*oose1            ,& = ,diana sev5      
unspott$ ewes40                         
,,dryd54    ,& :5 ! ark 0 br\ght home by
 ,david1 ! ,levites (f]$ sev5  bullocks 
& sev5 rams1 #a ,*ronicles xv1 #bf4 ,&  
h5ce we may acc\nt  = ! peculi> sanctity
 ( ! sev5? day1 among ! old] ,hea!n     
writ]s1 ev5 aft] ! in/itution ( !       
,sabba? fell into disuse1 &  0 lo/ among
 !m4    ,,! ,,fall[ ,,or ,,sabbatic     
,,ye>4 ,agricultural lab\r among ! ,jews
 ceas$  e sev5? ye>4 ,no?+ 0 s[n & no?+ 
reap$2 ! v9es &  ! olives 7 n prun$2 !re
 0 no v9tage & no ga!r+ (  fruits1 ev5 (
 :at grew wild2 b :atev] spontane\s     
productions  !re 71 7 left to ! poor1 ! 
travell]1 & ! wild bea/1  ,lev4 xxv1    
#a-g2 ,deut4 xv1 #a-aj4 ,! object ( ?is 
regulation seems to  h be51 among o!rs1 
to let ! gr\nd recov] its /r5g?1 & to   
tea* ! ,hebrews to be provid5t ( _!     
income & to look out =  ! future4 ,x is 
true1 t extraord9>y fruitfulness 0      
promis$ on  ! six? ye>1 b 9 su* a way z 

n to exclude c>e & =esight1  ,lev4 xxv1 
#bj-bd4 ,we are n to suppose1 h[ev]1 t !
 ,hebrews sp5t  ! sev5? ye> 9 absolute  
idl5ess3 !y c\ld fi%1 hunt1 take c>e  ( 
_! bees & flocks1 repair _! build+s &   
furniture1  manufacture clo?s ( wool1   
l951 & ( ! hair ( goats & camels1  &    
c>ry on comm]ce4 ,f9ally1 !y 7 oblig$ to
 rema9 long] 9  ! tab]nacle or temple   
?is ye>1 dur+ :i* ! :ole ,mosaic law  0 
read1 9 ord] to be in/ruct$ 9 religi\s &
 moral duties1 &  ! hi/ory ( _! nation1 
& ! wond]ful works & bless+s (  ,god1   
,deut4 xxxi1 #aj-ac4 ,?is sev5? ye>'s   
re/1 z ,moses pr$ict$1  ,lev4 xxvi1 #cd1
 #ce1 0 = a long "t neglect$1 #b ,*ron4 
xxxvi1 #ba2  aft] ! captivity x 0 m     
scrupul\sly obs]v$4    ,z a p]iod ( sev5
 days 0 e week complet$ by ! ,sabba?1 s 
0 a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s complet$ by !     
sabbatic ye>4 ,x seems to  h be5 !      
design ( ?is in/itution1 to af=d a long]
 opportunity  ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5    
enjoy$ = impress+ on ! memory !  great  
tru?1 t ,god ! ,creator is alone to be  

wor%ipp$4 ,!  comm5cem5t ( ?is ye> 0 on 
! fir/ day ( ! sev5? mon?  ,ti%ri1 or   
,octob]4 ,dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! fea/ (  
tab]nacles  ?is ye>1 ! law 0 to be      
publicly read = eight days toge!r1  ei!r
 9 ! tab]nacle or temple1 ,deut4 xxxi1  
#aj-ac4 ,debts1 on acc\nt  ( !re be+ no 
income f ! soil1 7 n collect$1 ,deut4   
xv1 #a1  #b2 !y 7 n1 h[ev]1 cancell$1 z 
0 imag9$ by ! ,talmudi/s1  = we f9d 9   
,deut4 xv1 #i1 t ! ,hebrews are admoni%$
 n to d5y  money to ! poor on acc\nt ( !
 approa* ( ! sabbatical ye>1  dur+ :i* x
 c\ld n be exact$2 b no?+ f>!r ?an ?is c
  be educ$ f t passage4 ,nor 7 s]vants  
manumitt$ on ?is ye>1  b on ! sev5? ye> 
( _! s]vice1 ,exodus xxi1 #b2 ,deut4 xv1
 #ab2  ,j]4 xxxiv1 #ad4    ,,! ,,ye> ,,(
 ,,jubilee foll[$ sev5 sabbatic ye>s2 x 
0 on !  fiftie? ye>1 ,lev4 xxv1 #h-aa4  
,to ?is /atem5t agree ! ,jews  g5]ally1 
_! rabb9s1 & ! ,c>aites2 & say f>!r1 t !
  argum5t ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t x 0 on !     
=ty-n9?1 = !  reason t ! omission to    
till ! gr\nd = two ye>s 9 succession1   

namely1 ! =ty-n9? & fiftie?1 w\ld       
produce a fam9e1 is n to  be att5d$ to4 
,x is n to be att5d$ to1 simply because 
^! ye>s  ( re/ be+ kn[n long be=eh&1 ! p
 w\ld ( c\rse lay up  provision = !m4 ,x
 may be rem>k$ f>!r 9 ref]5ce to ?is    
po9t1 t c]ta9 trees produc$ _! fruits   
spontane\sly1  p>ticul>ly ! fig &       
sycamore1 :i* yield half ! ye> r\nd1 &  
t ^? fruits c\ld be pres]v$ = "s mon?s2 
:i* expla9s at  once h[ a consid]able   
numb] ( ! p might h obta9$ no           
inconsid]able portion ( _! support4 ,!  
return ( ! ye> (  jubilee 0 ann\nc$ on !
 t5? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 or ,ti%ri1     
,octob]1 be+ ! day ( propitiation or    
atonem5t1 by ! s\nd (  trumpet1 ,lev4   
xxv1 #h-ac2 xxvii1 #bd2 ,num4 xxxvi1 #d2
 ,isa4 lxi1 #a1 #b4  ,beside !          
regulations :i* obta9$ on ! sabbatic    
ye>1 !re 7  o!rs :i* conc]n$ ! ye> (    
jubilee exclusively3 #a4 ,all !  s]vants
 ( ,hebrew orig9 on ! ye> ( jubilee     
obta9$ _! fre$om1  ,lev4 xxv1 #ci-df2   
,j]4 xxxiv1 #g1 c4 #b4 ,all ! fields    

?r\gh\t !  c\ntry1 & ! h\ses 9 ! cities 
& villages ( ! ,levites &  prie/s :i* _h
 be5 sold on ! prec$+ ye>s1 7 return$ on
 !  ye> ( jubilee to ! sell]s1 ) !      
exception ( ^? :i* _h  be5 consecrat$ to
 ,god1 & _h n be5 r$eem$ be=e ! return (
  ! said ye>1 ,lev4 xxv1 #aj1 #ac-ag1   
#bd-bh2 xxvii1 #af-ba4 #c4 ,debtors1 =  
! mo/ "p1 pl$g$ or mortgag$ _! l&s to ! 
cr$itor1 &  left x to 8 use till ! "t ( 
paym5t1 s t x 0 9 effect  sold to !     
cr$itor1 & 01 accord+ly1 re/or$ to !    
debtor on  ! ye> ( jubilee4 ,9 o!r      
words1 ! debts = :i* l& 0  pl$g$ 7      
cancell$2 ! same z ^? ( p]sons :o _h    
recov]$  _! fre$om aft] hav+ be5 sold   
into slav]y1 on acc\nt ( n  be+ able to 
pay4 ,h5ce x usually happ5$ 9 ! lat]    
p]iods (  ,jewi% hi/ory1 z we le>n f    
,josephus1 t1 at ! return (  jubilee1   
!re 0 a g5]al cancell+ ( debts4         
,,zabii1 or ,,zab,,ans1 or ,,zabians1 or
 ,,sabians4 ,! ,sabians m5tion$ 9       
,scripture 7 evid5tly a nation1 or      
p]haps a w&]+ horde1 su* z  fell ^u     

,job's cattle1 ,job i1 #ae2 m5 ( /ature1
 ,isa4 xiv1 #ad2 a  p af> (f1 ,joel iii1
 #h4 ,b we speak "h ( ! ,zabians z a    
sect1 probably ! fir/ corrupt]s ( !     
patri>*al religion2 & s  call$1 z is    
believ$1 f tsabiim1 ! 8ho/s10 t is1 (   
heav52  namely1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 to  
:om !y r5d]$ wor%ip2 fir/  imm$iately1 &
 aft]w>d ?r\gh ! m$ium ( images2 ?is    
p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ !m f ! magi1 ^:     
idolatry 0  conf9$ to ! sol> orb1 & its 
e>?ly repres5tative1 ! fire4 ,if  !     
above d]ivation be "r1 ! ,zabians 7     
orig9ally ,*aldeans1  ?\gh aft]w>d !    
same sect arose 9 ,arabia4 ,_! /udy ( ! 
heav5ly bodies l$ !m1 n only to         
a/ronomy1 b to a/rology1 its  deg5]ate  
daught]1 :i* 0 = _m ages ! fav\rite     
pursuit (  ! ori5tal nations4    ,!     
foll[+ acc\nt is abridg$ f ,dr4         
,t[nley's 8,essays20--,!  ,zabii1 or    
,zabians1 7 a sect ( idolat]s :o fl\ri%$
 9 ! e>ly  ages ( ! _w1 consid]able 9 _!
 numb]s1 & ext5sive 9 _!  influ5ce4 ,!  
d5om9ation ( ,zabii1 giv5 to ^!         

idolat]s1 appe>s  to h be5 d]iv$ f !    
,hebrew 1 a ho/2 ) ref]5ce to  !   or1  
ho/ ( heav51 :i* !y wor%ipp$2 ?\gh o!rs 
h d]iv$ x f ! ,arabic tsaba 8to         
apo/atize10 8to turn f  "o religion to  
ano!r20 or f 1 or ! ,arabic ,tsab91     
8,*aldeans10 or 8inhabitants ( ! ea/40  
,lactantius consid]s ,ham1 !  son (     
,noah1 z ! fir/ sec$] f ! true religion 
aft] !  flood2 & supposes ,egypt1 :i* 0 
peopl$ by 8 desc5dants1 to h  be5 !     
c\ntry 9 :i* ,zabaism1 or ! wor%ip ( !  
/>s1 fir/  prevail$4 ,t ! wor%ip ( !    
heav5ly bodies prevail$ 9 ! ea/  at a v 
e>ly p]iod1 is c]ta9 f ! words ( ,job1  
:o ?us  exculpates himself f ! *>ge (   
idolatry3 8,if ,i beheld ! sun  :5 x    
%9$1 or ! moon walk+ 9 brightness1 & my 
he>t ha?  be5 secretly entic$1 or my m\?
 ha? kiss$ my h&2 ?is also 7  an        
iniquity to be puni%$ by ! judge3 = ,i  
%\ld h d5i$ !  ,god t is above10 ,job   
xxii1 #bf-bh4 ,x w\ld appe> t !         
idolatr\s  op9ions ( ! ,zabii orig9at$ )
 ! po/]ity ( ,ham1 at a v  e>ly p]iod   

aft] ! flood1 9 ,egypt or ,*aldea2 b    
spread s rapidly  & ext5sively1 t 9 a v 
%ort "t ne>ly ! :ole ( !  desc5dants (  
,noah 7 infect$ ) _! pe/if]\s s5tim5ts &
  practices4 ,maimonides says1 8,?is p10
 t is1 ! ,zabii1 8_h  fill$ ! :ole _w40 
,_! fir/ & pr9cipal adoration 0  direct$
 to ! ho/ ( heav51 or ! />s4 ,!y 7      
ignicol1 or  8wor%ipp]s ( fire40 ,! city
 ( ,ur1 9 ,*aldea1 seems to h _h its  "n
 f ! inhabitants be+ devot$ to ! wor%ip 
( fire4 ,!y  d$icat$ images to ! sun & !
 o!r cele/ial orbs1 suppos+  t1 by a    
=mal consecration ( !m to ^? lum9>ies1 a
 div9e  virtue 0 infus$ into !m1 by :i* 
!y acquir$ ! faculty (  und]/&+1 & ! p[]
 ( conf]r+ prophecy & o!r gifts ^u  _!  
wor%ipp]s4 ,^! images 7 =m$ ( v>i\s     
metals1 accord+  to ! p>ticul> /> to :i*
 any ( !m 0 d$icat$4 ,!y also  reg>d$   
c]ta9 trees z be+ appropriat$ to        
p>ticul> />s1 &1  :5 idolatr\sly        
d$icat$1 z be+ possess$ ( v s+ul>       
virtues4 ,f ^! op9ions sprang ! adoption
 ( a/rology by !m1  9 all its v>i\s =ms4

 ,!y ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( ! et]nity  ( ! 
_w4 8,all ! ,zabii10 says ,maimonides1  
8believe 9 ! et]nity  ( ! _w2 =1 accord+
 to !m1 ! heav5s are ,god40 ,hold+ !    
et]nity ( ! _w1 !y easily became        
,pre-,adamites1 affirm+ t  ,adam 0 n !  
fir/ man4 ,!y also fabl$ conc]n+ him1 t 
he 0  ! apo/le ( ! moon1 & ! au?or (    
sev]al works on husb&ry4  ,( ,noah1 !y  
taught1 t he 0 a husb&man1 & 0 imprison$
 =  diss5t+ f _! op9ions4 ,!y add1 t    
,se? 0 ano!r ( ^?  :o =sook ! wor%ip ( !
 moon4 ,!y held agriculture 9 !  highe/ 
e/imation1 reg>d+ x z intimately        
connect$ ) !  wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies4
 ,on ?is acc\nt1 x 0 deem$ crim9al1  by 
! major "p ( !m1 to slay or fe$ ^u      
cattle4 ,goats 7 also  reput$ to be     
sacr$ animals1 because ! demons :om !y  
wor%ipp$  7 said to appe> 9 ! woods &   
des]ts 9 ! =ms ( goats or (  satyrs4 ,( 
_! sup]/iti\s practices1 "s 7 dang]\s1 z
 !  sacrifices ( lions1 tig]s1 & o!r    
wild bea/s4 ,c]ta9 ( _!  rites 7 cruel1 
z ! pass+ ( _! *ildr5 ?r\gh ! fire1 &   

br&+ !mselves also ) fire4 ,"s ( _!     
practices 7  loa?some & disgu/ful2 su* z
 eat+ blood1 believ+ x to be !  food (  
demons1 c4 ,o!rs 7 frivol\s & t$i\s2 z  
(f]+ bats  & mice to ! sun1 v>i\s &     
frequ5t ablutions1 lu/rations1 c4  ,"s (
 !m 7 obsc5e & bea/ly1 z ! rites        
practis$ on  engraft+ a tree1 or to     
obta9 ra94 ,_m ( ! rites 7 magical4  ,^!
 ,maimonides divides into ?ree          
k9ds3--8,! fir/ is t :i*  respects      
plants1 animals1 & metals4 ,! second    
consi/s 9 !  limitation & det]m9ation ( 
! times 9 :i* c]ta9 works ought  to be  
p]=m$4 ,! ?ird consi/s 9 human ge/ures &
 actions1 z  leap+1 clapp+ ! h&s1 %\t+1 
laugh+1 ly+ d[n1 or  /ret*+ at full l5g?
 ^u ! gr\nd1 burn+ p>ticul> ?+s1  rais+ 
a smoke1 &1 la/ly1 repeat+ c]ta9        
intelligible or  un9telligible words4   
,"s ?+s _c be complet$ )\t ! use (  all 
^! rites40 ,x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t "s 
traces (  ,zabianism are /ill to be f\nd
 bo? among ! ,h9doos & ,*9ese 9  ! ea/1 
& ! ,mexicans & o!r nations 9 ! s\?4 ,! 

,guebres1  or ,p>sees1 :o inhabit       
,p]sia1 & are scatt]$ ?r\gh v>i\s p>ts  
( ,h9do/an1 are ! ackn[l$g$ wor%ipp]s ( 
fire1 or ! supreme  ,deity "u t symbol4 
8,t ! ,p]sians10 says ,hyde1 87 =m]ly   
,sabians or ,zabii1 is r5d]$ probable by
 ,ibn ,phacr$d9 ,angj\1 a  ,p]sian1 :o1 
9 8 book #8,ph>hangh ,gjihanghiri1'     
treat+ ( !  ,p]sians desc5d$ f ,%em1    
says 9 ! preface1 #8,_! religion1 at  t 
"t1 0 ,zabianism2 b at l5g? !y became   
magi1 & built fire  temples4' ,& ! au?or
 ( ! book #8,mu'gjizat ,ph>si1' adopts !
  same op9ion3 #8,9 anci5t times1 !     
,p]sians 7 ( ! ,zabian  religion1       
wor%ipp+ ! />s1 until ! "t ( ,gu%tasp1  
son (  ,lohrasp4' ,= !n ,zoroa/] re=m$  
_! religion40 ,! mod]n  ,sabians1 :o    
inhabit ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t ,m\nt        
,libanus1 believe !  unity ( ,god1 b pay
 an adoration to ! />s1 or ! angels &   
intellig5ces :i* !y suppose reside 9 !m1
 & gov]n ! _w  "u ! supreme ,deity4 ,!y 
are oblig$ to pray ?ree times a day1 &  
!y fa/ ?ree times a ye>4 ,!y (f] _m     

sacrifices1 b eat no  "p ( !m2 & ab/a9 f
 beans1 g>lic1 & "s o!r pulse &         
vegetables4 ,!y greatly respect ! temple
 ( ,mecca & ! pyramids (  ,egypt1 fancy+
 ^! la/ to be ! sepul*res ( ,se?1 & (   
,eno*  & ,sabi1 8 two sons1 :om !y look 
on z ! fir/ propagators (  _! religion4 
,at ^! /ructures1 !y sacrifice a cock & 
a black  calf1 & (f] up inc5se4 ,_!     
pr9cipal pilgrimage1 h[ev]1 is to       
,h>an1 ! suppos$ bir? place ( ,abraham4 
,su* is ! acc\nt ( ?is  sect giv5 by    
,sale1 ,d',h]belot1 & ,hyde4            
,,zac*eus1 *ief ( ! publicans2 t is1    
f>m] g5]al ( !  rev5ues1 ,luke xix1 #a1 
c4 ,?is is all t is kn[n conc]n+ ?is    
p]son4 ,see ,,publicans & ,,sycamore4   
,,zadok1 son ( ,ahitub1 high prie/ ( !  
,jews1 ( ! race ( ,eleaz>4  ,at ! dea? (
 ,ahimele*1 or ,abia?>1 he came to !    
pontificate1 ,a4  ,m4 #bidd4 ,= "s "t   
!re 7 two high prie/s 9 ,israel1 #b     
,sam4  viii1 #ag2 xv1 #bd1 c2 xix1 #aa1 
#ab2 #a ,k+s i1 #h1 c4 ,aft] ! dea? (   
,david1 #a ,k+s ii1 #ce1 ,solomon       

exclud$ ,abia?> f ! high  prie/hood1    
because he esp\s$ ! p>ty ( ,adonijah1 & 
made ,zadok  high prie/ alone4          
,,zamzummim1 or ,,zuzim1 a gigantic race
 ( p1 :o1 toge!r ) !  ,rephaim & ,emim1 
m5 ( l /ature1 occupi$1 9 ! "t (        
,abraham1  ! c\ntry ea/ ( ,jordan & !   
,dead ,sea1 :]e !y 7 r\t$ by            
,*$orlaom]1 & f :i* !y 7 aft]w>d expell$
 by !  ,ammonites1 ,deut4 ii1 #bj1 #ba4 
,^!1 toge!r ) ! ,anakim1 ano!r  family (
 giants1 7 all evid5tly ( a race =eign  
to ! orig9al  inhabitants ( ! c\ntries  
:]e !y 7 f\nd2 !y 7 probably  tribes (  
invad+ ,cu%ites4 ,! ,vulgate & !        
,septuag9t say1 !y  7 conqu]$ ) !       
,rephaim 9 ,a%t]o?-,k>naim4 ,! ,*aldee  
int]pret]s h tak5 ,zuzim 9 ! s5se ( an  
appellative1 = /\t  & valiant m52 & !   
,septuag9t h r5d]$ ! ^w ,zuzim1   1     
robu/ nations4 ,we meet ) ! ^w ,zuzim   
only 9 ,g54 xiv1  #e4    ,,zeal4 ,!     
orig9al ^w1 9 its prim>y signification1 
means heat2 su*  z ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 
,:5 x is figuratively appli$ to !  m9d1 

x means any w>m emotion or affection4   
,sometimes x is tak5 =  envy3 s we r5d] 
x1 ,acts v1 #ag1 :]e we read1 8,! high  
prie/1 &  all t 7 ) him1 7 fill$ )      
envy10  3  al?\gh x might z well be     
r5d]$1 87 fill$ ) zeal40  ,sometimes x  
is tak5 = ang] & indignation2 sometimes1
 = vehem5t  desire4 ,& :5 any ( our     
passions are /rongly mov$ on a religi\s 
acc\nt1 :e!r = any ?+ good1 or aga9/ any
 ?+ :i* we  conceive to be evil1 ?is we 
t]m religi\s zeal4 ,b x is n all t  is  
call$ religi\s zeal :i* is wor?y ( t "n4
 ,x is n  prop]ly religi\s or ,*ri/ian  
zeal1 if x be n jo9$ ) *>ity4  ,a f9e   
writ] 7,bi%op ,sprat7 c>ries ! matt]    
f>!r /ill4 8,x has  be5 affirm$10 says  
he1 8no zeal is "r1 :i* is n *>itable1 b
  is mo/ly s4 ,*>ity1 or love1 is n only
 "o +r$i5t1 b !  *ief +r$i5t1 9 its     
composition40 ,may we n g f>!r /ill8    
,may  we n say1 t true zeal is n mo/ly  
*>itable1 b :olly s8 t  is1 if we take  
*>ity1 9 ,/4 ,paul's s5se1 = love2 !    
love ( ,god  & our neighb\r4 ,= x is a  

c]ta9 tru?1 al?\gh little und]/ood  9 ! 
_w1 t ,*ri/ian zeal is all love4 ,x is  
no?+ else4 ,!  love ( ,god & man fills  
up its :ole nature4 ,yet x is n e       
degree ( t love to :i* ?is appellation  
is giv54 ,!re may be  "s love1 a small  
degree ( x1 :]e !re is no zeal4 ,b x is1
  prop]ly1 love 9 a high] degree4 ,x is 
f]v5t love4 ,true ,*ri/ian  zeal is no  
o!r ?an ! flame ( love4 ,?is is !       
nature1 ! inmo/  ess5ce ( x4 ,ph9ehas is
 comm5d$ = hav+ express$ mu* zeal  aga9/
 ^? wick$ p]sons t violat$ ! law ( !    
,"l1 ,num4  xxv1 #aa1 #ac2 & 9 ,psalm   
lxix1 #i1 ! psalmi/ says1 8,! zeal ( ?9e
  h\se ha? eat5 me up20 my e>ne/ desire 
to h all ?+s duly  ord]$ ab\t ?y wor%ip1
 & my j displeasure & indignation at    
all abuses 9 x1 h wa/$ my natural       
moi/ure & vital spirits4    ,,zeboim1 "o
 ( ! f\r cities ( ! ,p5tapolis1 consum$ 
by fire f  heav51 ,g54 xiv1 #b2 xix1    
#bd4 ,eusebius & ,/4 ,j]om speak (      
,zeboim z  ( a city rema9+ 9 _! "t1 ^u !
 we/]n %ores ( ! ,dead  ,sea4           

,consequ5tly1 aft] ! "t ( ,lot ?is city 
mu/ h be5  rebuilt ne> ! place :]e x _h 
/ood be=e4 ,m5tion is made ( !  valley (
 ,zeboim1 #a ,sam4 xiii1 #ah1 & ( a city
 ( ! same "n 9 !  tribe ( ,b5jam91 ,neh4
 xi1 #cd4    ,,zebulun1 ! six? son (    
,jacob & ,leah1 ,g54 xxx1 #bj4 ,he 0    
born 9  ,mesopotamia1 ab\t ,a4 ,m4      
#bbef4 ,8 sons 7 ,s]$1 ,elon1 &         
,jahleel1  ,g54 xlvi1 #ad4 ,moses       
acqua9ts u ) no p>ticul>s ( 8 life2 b   
,jacob1 9 8 la/ bless+1 said ( ,zebulun1
 8,zebulun %all dwell at  ! hav5 ( !    
sea2 & he %all be = a hav5 ( %ips2 & 8  
bord] %all be unto ,zidon10 ,g54 xlix1  
#ac4 ,8 portion ext5d$ along  ! coa/ ( !
 ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 "o end ( x bord]+ on
 ?is sea1  & ! o!r on ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 
,jo%ua xix1 #aj1 c4 ,9 ! la/  words (   
,moses1 he jo9s ,zebulun & ,issa*>      
toge!r1 say+1 8,rejoice  ,zebulun1 9 ?y 
go+ out1 & ,issa*> 9 ?y t5ts4 ,!y %all  
call  ! p unto ! m\nta91 !re %all !y (f]
 sacrifices (  righte\sness4 ,= !y %all 
suck ( ! abundance ( ! seas1 & (        

treasures hid 9 ! s&10 ,deut4 xxxiii1   
#ah2 mean+1 t ^! two  tribes be+ at !   
greate/ di/ance nor?1 %\ld come toge!r  
to !  temple at ,j]usalem1 to ! holy    
m\nta91 & %\ld br+ ) !m  su* ( ! o!r    
tribes z dwelt 9 _! way2 & t be+ situat$
  on ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 !y   
%\ld apply !mselves to  trade &         
navigation1 & to ! melt+ ( metals &     
glass1 d5ot$ by  ^? words1 8treasures   
hid 9 ! s&40 ,! riv] ,belus1 ^: s&  0 v 
fit = mak+ glass1 0 9 ?is tribe4 ,:5 !  
tribe (  ,zebulun left ,egypt1 x _h =   
its *ief ,eliab ! son ( ,elon1 &        
compreh5d$ fifty-sev5 ?\s& f\r hundr$ m5
 able to be> arms1  ,num4 i1 #i-cj4 ,9  
ano!r review ?irty-n9e ye>s aft]w>d1 ?is
 tribe  am\nt$ to sixty ?\s& five hundr$
 m5 ( age to be> arms1 ,num4  xxvi1 #bf1
 #bg4 ,! tribes ( ,zebulun & ,naphtali  
di/+ui%$  !mselves 9 ! w> ( ,b>ak &     
,deborah aga9/ ,sis]a1 ! g5]al  ( !     
armies ( ,jab91 ,judges iv1 #e1 #f1 #aj2
 v1 #ad1 #ah4 ,x is ?\ght  ^! tribes 7 !
 fir/ c>ri$ into captivity beyond !     

,euphrates  by ,pul & ,tigla? ,piles]1  
k+s ( ,assyria1 #a ,*ron4 v1 #bf4 ,!y _h
  also ! advantage ( he>+ & see+ ,jesus 
,*ri/ 9 _! c\ntry1  (t5] & long] ?an any
 o!r ( ! twelve tribes1 ,isa4 ix1 #a2   
,mat!w iv1 #ac1 #ae4    ,,ze*>iah1 k+ ( 
,israel1 #b ,k+s xiv1 #bi4 ,he succe$$ 8
 fa!r  ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ,a4 ,m4 #cbbj4 ,he
 reign$ b six mon?s1 & 0 murd]$4    #b4 
,,ze*>iah1 son ( ,jehoiada1 high prie/ (
 ! ,jews2 probably !  same z ,az>iah1 #a
 ,*ron4 vi1 #aj1 #aa4 ,he 0 put to dea? 
by ! ord]  ( ,joa%1 ,a4 ,m4 #cafd1 #b   
,*ron4 xxiv1 #bj-bb4 ,"s ?9k ?is is !   
,za*>ias m5tion$ ,matt4 xxiii1 #ce4     
#c4 ,,ze*>iah1 ! elev5? ( ! twelve less]
 prophets1 0 ! son (  ,b>a*iah1 & !     
gr&son ( ,iddo4 ,he 0 born dur+ !       
captivity1  & came to ,j]usalem :5 !    
,jews 7 p]mitt$ by ,cyrus to return to  
_! own c\ntry4 ,he began to prophesy two
 mon?s lat] ?an ,haggai1  & cont9u$ to  
ex]cise 8 (fice ab\t two ye>s4 ,l 8     
contempor>y ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah beg9s )   
exhort+ ! ,jews to proce$  9 ! rebuild+ 

( ! temple2 he promises !m ! aid &      
protection  ( ,god1 & assures !m ( !    
spe$y increase & prosp]ity (  ,j]usalem2
 he !n emblematically describes ! f\r   
great empires1 &  =etels ! glory ( !    
,*ri/ian *ur* :5 ,jews & ,g5tiles %all  
be unit$ "u _! great ,high ,prie/ &     
,gov]nor1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 (  :om ,jo%ua ! 
high prie/1 & ,z]ubbabel ! gov]nor1 7   
types2 he  pr$icts _m p>ticul>s relative
 to our ,savi\r & 8 k+dom1 &  to !      
future condition ( ! ,jews4 ,_m moral   
in/ructions &  admonitions are int]sp]s$
 ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,sev]al le>n$ m5  h be5 (
 op9ion t ! la/ six *apt]s 7 n writt5 by
  ,ze*>iah2 b :oev] wrote !m1 _! inspir$
 au?ority is  e/abli%$ by _! be+ quot$ 9
 ?ree ( ! ,gospels1 ,matt4 xxvi1  #ca2  
,m>k xiv1 #bg2 ,john xix1 #cg4 ,! /yle (
 ,ze*>iah is s rem>kably  simil> to t ( 
,j]emiah1 t ! ,jews 7 accu/om$ to       
obs]ve1  t ! _s ( ,j]emiah _h pass$ into
 him4 ,by f> ! great] "p  ( ?is book is 
prosaic2 b t[>d ! conclusion !re are "s 
poetical passages :i* are highly        

ornam5t$4 ,! diction is 9 g5]al         
p]spicu\s1 & ! transitions to ! diff]5t 
subjects are easily  disc]n$4           
,,z$ekiah1 or ,,mattaniah1 0 ! la/ k+ ( 
,judah be=e ! captivity  ( ,babylon4 ,he
 0 ! son ( ,josiah1 & uncle to ,jehoia*9
 8  pr$ecessor1 #b ,k+s xxiv1 #ag1 #ai4 
,:5 ,nebu*adnezz> took ,j]usalem1  he   
c>ri$ ,jehoia*9 to ,babylon1 ) 8 wives1 
*ildr51 (fic]s1  & ! be/ artific]s 9    
,judea1 & put 9 8 place 8 uncle         
,mattaniah1 ^: "n he *ang$ into         
,z$ekiah1 & made him promise1  ) an oa?1
 t he w\ld cont9ue 9 fidelity to him1   
,a4 ,m4 #cdje1 #b  ,*ron4 xxxvi1 #ac2   
,ezek4 xvii1 #ab1 #ad1 #ah4 ,he 0       
tw5ty-"o ye>s old  :5 he began to reign 
at ,j]usalem1 & he reign$ !re elev5     
ye>s4  ,he did evil 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1  
committ+ ! same crimes z  ,jehoiakim1 #b
 ,k+s xxiv1 #ah-bj2 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi1    
#aa-ac2 & reg>d$ n  ! m5aces ( !        
,prophet ,j]emiah1 f ! ,"l2 b h>d5$ 8   
he>t4 ,! pr9ces ( ! p1 & ! inhabitants (
 ,j]usalem1  imitat$ 8 impiety1 & ab&on$

 !mselves to all ! abom9ations  ( !     
,g5tiles4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign1      
,z$ekiah s5t to  ,babylon ,elasah1 ! son
 ( ,%aphan1 & ,gem>iah1 ! son (         
,hilkiah1  probably to c>ry 8 tribute to
 ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,by ^! mess5g]s         
,j]emiah s5t a lett] to ! captives at   
,babylon1 ,j]4 xxix1 #a-bc4 ,f\r  ye>s  
aft]w>d1 ei!r ,z$ekiah w5t ?i!r himself1
 or at lea/ he  s5t ?i!r2 = ! ,hebrew   
text may admit ei!r ( ^!                
int]pretations1 ,j]4 li1 #ei2 ,b>u* i1  
#a2 ,j]4 xxxii1 #ab4 ,! *ief  design (  
?is deputation 0 to entreat             
,nebu*adnezz> to return !  sacr$ vessels
 ( ! temple1 ,b>u* i1 #h4 ,9 ! n9? ye> (
 8  reign1 he revolt$ aga9/             
,nebu*adnezz>1 #b ,k+s xxv4 ,x 0 a      
sabbatical ye>1 9 :i* ! p %\ld set _!   
slaves at lib]ty1  accord+ to ! law1    
,exod4 xxi1 #b2 ,deut4 xv1 #a1 #b1 #ab2 
,j]4 xxxiv1  #h-aj4 ,!n ,k+             
,nebu*adnezz> m>*$ 8 army aga9/         
,z$ekiah1 &  took all ! =tifi$ places ( 
8 k+dom1 except ,la*i%1 ,azekah1  &     

,j]usalem4 ,he sat d[n be=e !           
la/-m5tion$ city on ! t5?  day ( ! t5?  
mon? ( ! holy ye>1 :i* answ]s to our    
,janu>y4  ,"s "t aft]w>d1 ,ph>aoh       
,hophrah1 k+ ( ,egypt1 m>*$ to assi/    
,z$ekiah1 ,j]4 xxxvii1 #c-e1 #aj4       
,nebu*adnezz> left ,j]usalem1 & w5t  to 
meet him1 defeat$ him1 & oblig$ him to  
return into ,egypt2 aft]  :i* he resum$ 
! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! mean :ile1 ! p
  ( ,j]usalem1 z if fre$ f ! fe> (      
,nebu*adnezz>1 retook !  slaves :om !y  
_h set at lib]ty1 :i* drew ^u !m great  
reproa*es & ?reat5+s f ,j]emiah1 xxxiv1 
#aa1 #bb4 ,dur+ !  siege ,z$ekiah (t5   
consult$ ,j]emiah1 :o advis$ him to     
surr5d]1  & pron\nc$ ! greate/ woes     
aga9/ him if he %\ld p]si/ 9 8          
rebellion1 ,j]4 xxxvii1 #c1 #aj2 xxi4 ,b
 ?is un=tunate pr9ce _h  nei!r pati5ce  
to he>1 nor resolution to foll[1 good   
c\nsels4 ,9  ! elev5? ye> ( ,z$ekiah1 on
 ! n9? day ( ! f\r? mon?1  7,july17     
,j]usalem 0 tak51 #b ,k+s xxv1 #b-d2    
,j]4 xxxix1 #b1 #c2 lii1  #e-g4 ,z$ekiah

 & 8 p endeav\r$ to escape by fav\r ( ! 
night2 b ! ,*aldean troops pursu+ !m1 !y
 7 ov]tak5 9 !  pla9s ( ,j]i*o4 ,he 0   
seiz$ & c>ri$ to ,nebu*adnezz>1 !n at   
,riblah1 a city ( ,syria4 ,! k+ (       
,*aldea1 reproa*+ him ) 8  p]fidy1 caus$
 all 8 *ildr5 to be sla9 be=e 8 face1 & 
8  eyes to be put out2 !n load+ him )   
*a9s ( brass1 he ord]$  him to be s5t to
 ,babylon1 #b ,k+s xxv1 #d-g2 ,j]4      
xxxii1 #d-g2 lii1 #d-aa4  ,?us 7        
accompli%$ two prophecies :i* seem$     
contradictory3 "o (  ,j]emiah1 :o said t
 ,z$ekiah %\ld see & yet n see1         
,nebu*adnezz> ) 8 eyes1 ,j]4 xxxii1 #d1 
#e2 xxxiv1 #c2 & ! o!r  ( ,ezek4 xii1   
#ac1 :i* intimat$ t he %\ld n see       
,babylon1 ?\gh  he %\ld die !re4 ,! ye> 
( 8 dea? is n kn[n4 ,j]emiah _h  assur$ 
him t he %\ld die 9 peace2 t 8 body %\ld
 be burn$1  z ^? ( ! k+s ( ,judah       
usually 72 & t !y %\ld m\rn  = him1     
say+1 8,ah1 "l60 ,j]4 xxxiv1 #d1 #e4    
,,zephaniah 0 ! son ( ,cu%i1 & 0        
probably ( a noble family (  ! tribe (  

,simeon4 ,he prophesi$ 9 ! reign (      
,josiah1 ab\t ,b4 ,c4  #fcj4 ,he d5\nces
 ! judgm5ts ( ,god aga9/ ! idolatry &   
s9s (  8 c\ntrym51 & exhorts !m to      
rep5tance2 he pr$icts !  puni%m5t ( !   
,phili/9es1 ,moabites1 ,ammonites1 &    
,e?iopians1 &  =etels ! de/ruction (    
,n9eveh2 he aga9 inveighs aga9/ !       
corruptions ( ,j]usalem1 & ) 8 ?reats   
mixes promises ( future  fav\r &        
prosp]ity to 8 p2 ^: recall f _!        
disp]sion  %all glorify ! "n ( ,god     
?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! /yle (  ,zephaniah is  
poetical2 b x is n di/+ui%$ by any      
peculi>  elegance or beauty1 ?\gh       
g5]ally animat$ & impressive4           
,,z]ubbabel1 or ,,z]obabel1 0 son (     
,sala?iel1 ( ! royal race (  ,david4 ,/4
 ,mat!w1 i1 #ab1 & #a ,*ron4 iii1 #ag1  
#ai1 make ,jeconiah k+  ( ,judah to be  
fa!r to ,sala?iel2 b !y d n agree z to !
  fa!r ( ,z]ubbabel4 ,! ,*ronicles say  
,p$aiah 0 fa!r (  ,z]ubbabel2 b ,/4     
,mat!w1 ,/4 ,luke1 ,ezra1 & ,haggai1    
con/antly make  ,sala?iel 8 fa!r4 ,we   

mu/ !re=e take ! "n ( son 9 !  s5se (   
gr&son1 & say t ,sala?iel hav+ educat$  
,z]ubbabel1 he  0 always aft]w>d look$  
^u z 8 fa!r4 ,"s ?9k t  ,z]ubbabel _h   
also ! "n ( ,%e%bazz>1 & t he has ?is "n
  9 ,ezra i1 #h4 ,z]ubbabel return$ to  
,j]usalem long be=e ! reign (  ,d>ius1  
son ( ,hy/aspes4 ,he return$ at ! beg9n+
 ( ! reign (  ,cyrus1 ,a4 ,m4 #cdfh1    
fifte5 ye>s be=e ,d>ius4 ,cyrus committ$
 to 8  c>e ! sacr$ vessels ( ! temple ) 
:i* he return$ to  ,j]usalem1 ,ezra i1  
#aa4 ,he is always nam$ fir/1 z be+ !   
*ief (  ! ,jews t return$ to _! own     
c\ntry1 ,ezra ii1 #b2 iii1 #h2 v1 #b2   
he laid ! f\ndations ( ! temple1 ,ezra  
iii1 #h1 #i2 ,ze*4 iv1 #i1 c2  & re/or$ 
! wor%ip ( ! ,"l1 & ! usual sacrifices4 
,:5 !  ,sam>itans (f]$ to assi/ 9       
rebuild+ ! temple1 ,z]ubbabel &  !      
pr9cipal m5 ( ,judah refus$ !m ?is      
hon\r1 s9ce ,cyrus _h  grant$ 8         
commission to ! ,jews only1 ,ezra iv1   
#b1 #c4    ,,ziklag1 a city ( !         
,phili/9es1 fir/ assign$ to ! tribe (   

,judah1  & aft]w>d to t ( ,simeon1      
,jo%ua xv1 #ca2 xix1 #e2 b x does n     
appe> t ! ,phili/9es 7 ev] driv5 out2 z1
 :5 ,david fl$  into _! c\ntry f ,saul1 
,a*i% gave ! city to him1 #a ,sam4      
xxvii1  #e1 #f4 ,x 0 aft]w>d burn$ by ! 
,amalekites1 #a ,sam4 xxx1 #a4 ,b x     
appe>s to h be5 rebuilt1 z ! au?or ( !  
,fir/ ,book ( ,samuel1  :5 relat+ its   
be+ giv5 to ,david1 adds1 t x p]ta9$ to 
!  k+s ( ,judah 9 8 "t4    ,,zion4 ,see 
,,sion4    ,,zuzim4 ,see ,,zamzummim4   
,,an ,,alphabetical                     
,,table ,,( ,,! ,,prop] ,,names         
,,9                          ,,! ,,old  
,,& ,,new ,,te/am5ts2                   
,,)                              ,,_!   
,,pronunciation1                        
,,&           ,,! ,,*ief ,,mean+ ,,or   
,,lead+ ,,signification ,,( ,,ea* ,,^w  
,,9                           ,,its     
,,orig9al ,,language4       ,,a>on1     
,ay-ron1 l(ty1 m\nta9\s4   ,,abad,,don1 
! de/roy]4   ,,abag?a1 ,ab-ag-?a1 fa!r (
 ! w9e press4   ,,abana1 ,ab-ay-nah1    

/ony4   ,,ab>im1 ,ab-a-rim1 passages4   
,,ab,,aron1 /r5g?4   ,,ab,,ba1 fa!r4    
,,ab,,da1 a s]vant4   ,,ab,,di1 my      
s]vant4   ,,abdiel1 ,ab-de-el1 a s]vant 
( ,god4   ,,ab,,don1 a s]vant4          
,,ab$-,,nego1 ,a-b$-ne-g1 s]vant (      
light4   ,a,,bel1 vanity1 vap\r1 m\rn+4 
,,abel-,,be?-,,maa*ah1                  
,ay-bel-be?-ma-ay-kah1 m\rn+ ( ! h\se ( 
,maa*ah4   ,a,,bel-,,ma,,im1 ! m\rn+ ( !
 wat]s4   ,,abel-,,meholah1             
,ay-bel-me-ho-lah1 m\rn+ ( weakness1 (  
sickness4   ,,abel-,,mizraim1           
,ay-bel-miz-ra-im1 ! m\rn+ ( !          
,egyptians4   ,a,,bel-,,%it,,tim1 m\rn+ 
( ! ?orns4   ,a,,bez1 an egg1 muddy4    
,,abi1 ,a-be1 my fa!r4   ,,abiah1       
,ab-i-ah1 ! ,"l is my fa!r4             
,,abi,,ahil1 ! fa!r ( light or praise4  
,,abi-,,albon1 ,ab-e-al-bon1 intellig5t 
fa!r4   ,,ab,,iam1 ! fa!r ( ! sea4      
,,abi-,,z,,aph1 a ga!r+ or consum+ fa!r4
   ,,abia?>1 ,ab-i-a-?>1 excell5t fa!r4 
,a,,bib1 gre5 fruits1 e>s ( corn4       
,,abi,,dah1 fa!r ( k4   ,,abi,,dan1 fa!r

 ( judgm5t4   ,,abiel1 ,ab-e-el1 ,god my
 fa!r4   ,,abiez]1 ,ab-e-e-z]1 fa!r (   
help4   ,,abi-,,ezrite1 ,ab-e-ez-rite4  
,,abigail1 ,ab-e-gal1 ! joy ( ! fa!r4   
,,abi-,,gibeon1 ! fa!r ( ! cup1 fa!r (  
,gibeon4   ,,abihail1 ,ab-e-hay-il1 !   
fa!r ( /r5g?4   ,,abi,,hu1 he is my     
fa!r1 or 8 fa!r4   ,,abi,,hud1 ! fa!r ( 
praise or confession4   ,,abijah1       
,ab-i-jah1 ! w ( ! ,"l4   ,,abi,,jam1   
fa!r ( ! sea4   ,,abil5e1 ,ab-e-le-ne1 !
 fa!r ( ! ap>tm5t1 or ( m\rn+4          
,,abimael1 ,ab-be-may-el1 a fa!r s5t f  
,god1 my fa!r comes f      ,god4        
,,abimele*1 ,ab-im-me-lek1 fa!r ( ! k+4 
,,ab9adab1 ,ab-9-na-dab1 fa!r (         
will+ness1 my fa!r is a      pr9ce4     
,,ab9oam1 ,ab-9-no-am1 fa!r ( beauty or 
comel9ess1 my fa!r is      beautiful4   
,,abiram1 ,ab-i-ram1 a high fa!r1 fa!r (
   fraud4   ,,abi%ag1 ,ab-be-%ag1       
ignorance ( ! fa!r4   ,,abi%ai1         
,ab-bi%-a-i1 ! pres5t ( my fa!r1 ! fa!r 
( !      sacrifice4   ,,abi%alom1       
,ab-bi%-a-lom1 ! fa!r ( peace1 !        

recomp5ce ( !      fa!r4   ,,abi%ua1    
,ab-bi%-u-a1 fa!r ( salvation or (      
magnific5ce4   ,,abi%ur1 ,ab-be-%ur1 !  
fa!r ( ! wall or ( uprightness4         
,,abital1 ,ab-be-tal1 ! fa!r ( ! dew4   
,,abitub1 ,ab-be-tub1 fa!r ( goodness4  
,,abiud1 ,ab-be-ud1 fa!r ( praise4      
,,ab,,n]1 fa!r ( light1 ! son ( ! fa!r4 
,a,,braham1 ! fa!r ( a great multitude4 
,a,,bram1 a high fa!r1 ! fa!r (         
elevation4   ,,ab,,salom1 fa!r ( peace4 
,,accad1 ,ak-ad1 a pit*]1 a sp>kle4     
,,ac*o1 ,ak-ko1 close1 press$ toge!r4   
,,aceldama1 ,a-kel-da-mah1 ! field (    
blood4   ,,a*aia1 ,a-kay-yah1 grief1    
tr\ble4   ,,a*aicus1 ,a-kay-e-kus1 a    
native ( ,a*aia4   ,,a*an1 ,,a*>1       
,a-kan1 ,a-k>1 he t tr\bles & bruises4  
,,a*bor1 ,ak-bor1 a rat1 bruis+4        
,,a*im1 ,a-kim1 prep>+1 confirm+1       
rev5g+4   ,,a*ir1 ,a-k]1 ! bro!r's      
light4   ,,a*i%1 ,a-ki%1 ?us x is1 h[ is
 ?is8   ,,a*me?a1 ,ak-me-?ah4   ,,a*or1 
,a-kor1 tr\ble4   ,,a*sah1 ,ak-sah1     
adorn$1 bur/+ ( ! veil4   ,,a*%aph1     

,ak-%aph1 poison1 tricks1 "o t breaks1 !
 brim ( any      ?+4   ,,a*zib1 ,ak-zib1
 li>1 "o t runs4   ,,adadah1 ,ad-a-dah1 
! te/imony ( ! assembly4   ,,adah1      
,ay-dah1 an assembly4   ,,adaiah1       
,ad-a-yah1 ! witness ( ! ,"l4           
,,adaliah1 ,ad-a-ly-ah1 "o t draws wat]1
 pov]ty1 cl\d1 dea?4   ,,ad,,am1 e>?y1  
tak5 out ( r$ e>?4   ,,adamah1          
,ad-da-mah1 r$ e>?4   ,,adami1          
,ad-da-my1 my man1 r$1 e>?y4   ,a,,d>1  
high1 em95t4   ,,adbeel1 ,ad-be-el1 a   
vap\r1 a cl\d ( ,god1 a vex] ( ,god4    
,,ad,,di1 my witness1 adorn$1 passage1  
prey4   ,,ad,,don1 basis1 f\ndation1 !  
,"l4   ,,adiel1 ,ad-i-el1 ! witness ( ! 
,"l4   ,,ad91 ,ad-d91 adorn$1 da9ty4    
,,adi?aim1 ,ad-e-?ay-im1 assemblies1    
te/imonies4   ,,adlai1 ,ad-lay-i1 my    
witness1 my ornam5t4   ,,ad,,mah1 e>?y1 
r$ e>?4   ,,adma?a1 ,ad-ma-?ah1 a cl\d (
 dea?1 a mortal vap\r4   ,,ad,,nah1 re/1
 te/imony1 et]nal4   ,,adona,i1 my ,"l4 
,,adoni-,,bezek1 ,ad-o-ne-bee-zek1 !    
lightn+ ( ! ,"l1 ! ,"l      ( ,bezek4   

,,adonijah1 ,ad-o-ny-jah1 ! ,"l is my   
ma/]4   ,,adonikam1 ,ad-o-ny-kam1 ! ,"l 
is rais$1 my ,"l ha? rais$ me4          
,,adoniram1 ,ad-o-ny-ram1 my ,"l is mo/ 
high1 ! ,"l ( might &      elevation4   
,,adoni-,,z$ek1 ,ad-o-ne-zee-dek1 ju/ice
 ( ! ,"l4   ,,adoraim1 ,ad-o-ray-im1    
/r5g? or p[] ( ! sea4   ,,adoram1       
,ad-o-ram1 _! beauty1 _! p[]1 _! praise4
   ,,adrammele*1 ,ad-ram-me-lek1 ! cloak
 or glory ( ! k+4   ,,adramyttium1      
,ad-ra-mit-te-um1 ! c\rt ( dea?4        
,,adria1 ,ay-dre-ah1 ! "n ( a city1 :i* 
gives "n to !      ,adriatic ,sea1 n[ ! 
,gulf ( ,v5ice4   ,a,,driel1 ! flock (  
,god4   ,,adullam1 ,ad-ul-lam1 _!       
te/imony1 _! prey1 _! ornam5t4          
,,adum,,mim1 e>?ly or bloody ?+s4       
,,neas1 prais$4   ,,agabus1 ,ag-ga-bus1 
a locu/1 ! fea/ ( ! fa!r4   ,,agag1     
,ay-gag1 ro(1 floor4   ,a,,gagite1 ( !  
race ( ,agag4   ,,aga,p1 love fea/s4    
,,ag>1 see ,hag>4   ,,agi,e1 a valley1  
deepness4   ,,agrippa1 ,a-grip-pah1 "o  
:o at 8 bir? causes great pa94          

,a,,gur1 a /rang]1 ga!r+4   ,a,,hab1 !  
bro!r ( ! fa!r4   ,,aha,,rah1 a sweet   
bro!r1 an odorif]\s mead[4   ,,ah>,,hel1
 ano!r ho/1 ano!r sorr[1 ! sleep ( !    
bro!r4   ,,ahasba,i1 tru/+ 9 me1 bro!r  
compass+4 ,9 ,syriac1 a bro!r (         
age4   ,,ahasu]us1 ,a-has-u-e-rus1      
pr9ce1 *ief4   ,,ahava1 ,a-hay-vah1     
ess5ce1 g5]ation4   ,a,,haz1 "o t takes 
& possesses4   ,,ahaziah1 ,a-ha-zy-ah1  
possession1 vision ( ! ,"l4   ,,ahi1 my 
bro!r1 my bre?r54   ,,ahiah1 ,a-hy-ah1  
bro!r ( ! ,"l4   ,,ahiam1 ,a-hyam1 bro!r
 ( ! "m1 bro!r ( ! nation4   ,,ahian1   
,a-hy-an1 bro!r ( w9e4   ,,ahie,,z]1    
bro!r ( assi/ance4   ,,ahi,,hud1 bro!r (
 vanity1 a bro!r ( praise4   ,,ahijah1 !
 same z ,ahiah4   ,,ahikam1 ,a-hy-kam1 a
 bro!r t raises up4   ,,ahi,,lud1 a     
bro!r born4   ,,ahim,,aaz1 bro!r ( !    
c\ncil4   ,,ahi,,man1 a bro!r prep>$4   
,,ahimele*1 ,a-him-me-lek1 my bro!r is a
 k+4   ,,ahimo?1 ,a-he-mo?1 bro!r (     
dea?4   ,,ah9,,adab1 a will+ bro!r1 a   
bro!r ( a v[1 bro!r ( !      pr9ce4     

,,ah9oam1 ,a-h9-no-am1 ! beauty &       
comel9ess ( ! bro!r4   ,,ahi,o1 8 bro!r1
 8 bre?r54   ,,ahior4 ,see ,a*ior4      
,,ahira1 ,a-hy-rah1 bro!r ( iniquity or 
( ! %eph]d4   ,,ahiram1 ,a-hy-ram1 bro!r
 ( craft1 protection4   ,,ahisama*1     
,a-8-sa-mak1 bro!r ( /r5g? or ( support4
   ,,ahi%ab>1 ,a-8-sa-b>1 bro!r ( !     
morn+ or dew1 bro!r (      blackness4   
,,ahi,,%>1 bro!r ( a pr9ce4             
,,ahi?ophel1 ,a-hit-to-fel1 bro!r ( ru9 
or folly4   ,,ahi,,tub1 bro!r (         
goodness4   ,,ah,,lab1 :i* is ( milk1 is
 fat4   ,,ah,,lai1 besee*+1 sorr[+1     
beg9n+1 bro!r to me4   ,,aho,,ah1 a     
?i/le1 a ?orn1 a fi% hook1 bro!rhood4   
,,aho,,hi1 a liv+ bro!r1 my ?i/le or    
?orn4   ,,aho,,lah1 8 tab]nacle1 8 t5t4 
,,aholiab1 ,a-ho-le-ab1 ! t5t or        
tab]nacle ( ! fa!r4   ,,aholibah1       
,a-ho-le-bah1 my t5t & my tab]nacle 9   
h]4   ,,aholibamah1 ,a-ho-le-bay-mah1 my
 tab]nacle is exalt$4   ,,ahran4 ,see   
,*>an4   ,,ahu,,m>1 a mead[ ( wat]s1    
bro!r ( wat]s4   ,,ahu,,zam1 _! tak+    

possession1 vision4   ,,ahuz,,zah1      
possession1 appreh5sion1 vision4   ,,ai1
 or ,,hai1 ,ay-i1 mass1 heap4           
,,ai,,ah1 a rav51 a vulture1 alas1 :]e  
is x8   ,,ai,,a?1 an h\r4   ,,ai,n1 an  
eye1 a f\nta94   ,,aio?1 ! same z ,ai4  
,,ajalon1 ,ad-ja-lon1 a *a91 /r5g?1 a   
/ag4   ,,ak,,kub1 ! pr9t ( ! foot :]e   
any creature ha? gone1                  
supplantation4   ,,alammele*1           
,al-am-me-lek1 ,god is k+4              
,,al,,cimus1 /rong1 ( /r5g?4            
,,al,,eme?1 a hid+1 y\?1 worlds1 ^u !   
dead4   ,,al,,emis1 /r5g?4              
,,alexan,,d]1 "o t assi/s m51 "o t turns
 away evil4   ,,alex&ria1               
,al-ex-an-dre-a1 ! city ( ,alex&]4      
,,alleluia1 ,al-le-lu-yah1 praise ! ,"l4
   ,a,,lian1 high4   ,,al,,lon1 an oak4 
,,allon-,,ba*u?1 ,al-lon-bak-ku?1 ! oak 
( weep+4   ,,almo,,dad1 measure ( ,god4 
,,al,,mon1 hidd54                       
,,al,,mon-,,dib,,la?aim1 a hid+1 a heap 
( fig trees4   ,,alpha1 ,al-fah1 ! fir/ 
lett] ( ! ,greek alphabet1 m>k$ ,a4     

,,alpheus1 ,al-fe-u1 a ?\s&1 *ief4      
,a,,mad1 a p ( witness1 p ev]la/+4      
,,am,,alek1 a p t licks up or uses ill4 
,,amal,,ekites1 p desc5d$ f ,amalek4    
,a,,mam1 "m1 fe> ( !m1 p4   ,,amana1    
,am-ay-nah1 integrity & tru?4           
,,am>iah1 ,am-a-ry-ah1 ! ,"l says1 !    
excell5cy ( ! ,"l4   ,,amasa1           
,am-ay-sah1 a =giv+ p1 ! burd5 ( ! p4   
,,amaziah1 ,am-a-zy-ah1 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l4
   ,a,,mi4 ,see ,amam4   ,,am,,mah1 my  
p4   ,,ammi1 ! same z ,ammah4           
,,ammihud1 ,am-me-hud1 p ( praise4      
,,amm9adab1 ,am-m9-na-dab1 pr9ce ( ! p1 
a p t v[s4   ,,ammi%addai1              
,am-me-%ad-day-i1 ! p ( ! ,almighty4    
,,am,,mon1 ! son ( my p4                
,,am,,monites1 a p desc5d$ f ,b5ammi1   
son ( ,lot4   ,,am,,non1 fai?ful & true1
 fo/] fa!r4   ,,amon1 ,ay-mon1 fai?ful1 
true4   ,,am,,orite1 bitt]1 a rebel1 a  
babbl]4   ,,amos1 ,ay-mos1 load+1       
weighty4   ,,amoz1 ,ay-moz1 /rong1      
robu/4   ,,amphipolis1 ,am-fip-po-lis1 a
 city encompass$ by ! sea4   ,,amplias1 

,am-ple-z1 l>ge1 ext5sive4   ,,am,,ram1 
an exalt$ p1 h&fuls ( corn4             
,,amraphel1 ,am-ra-fel1 "o t speaks (   
hidd5 ?+s or ( ru94   ,,am,,zi1 /rong1  
mighty4   ,a,,nab1 a grape1 a knot4     
,,anah1 ,ay-nah1 "o :o answ]s or s+s1   
poor1 afflict$4   ,,anak1 ,ay-nak1 a    
coll>1 an ornam5t4   ,,anakims1         
,an-ak-ims4 ,see ,anak4   ,,anammele*1  
,an-am-me-lek1 answ]1 song ( ! k+4      
,a,,nan1 a cl\d1 a prophecy4            
,,ananias1 ,an-a-ny-z1 ! cl\d ( ! ,"l4  
,,ana?o?1 ,an-a-?o?1 answ]1 affliction4 
,,&rew1 ,andrue1 a /\t & /rong man4     
,,&ronicus1 ,an-dron-ne-kus1 a man      
excell+ o!rs4   ,,an]1 ,ay-n]1 answ]1   
song1 affliction4   ,,an,,na1 graci\s1  
m]ciful4   ,,an,,nas1 "o t answ]s1 t    
afflicts4   ,,an,,ti*ri/1 an adv]s>y to 
,*ri/4   ,,antio*1 ,an-te-ok1 in/ead ( a
 *>iot4   ,,an,,tipas1 aga9/ all4       
,,antipatris1 ,an-te-pay-tris1 aga9/ 8  
own fa!r4   ,,apelles1 ,a-pel-lees1 to  
exclude1 to sep>ate4   ,,aphek1 ,ay-fek1
 a /ream1 vig\r4   ,,apollonia1         

,ap-po-lo-ne-ah1 p]dition4              
,,apol,,los1 "o t de/roys & lays wa/e4  
,,apollyon1 ,a-pol-le-on1 "o t          
ext]m9ates or de/roys4   ,,apphia1      
,af-e-ah1 t is fruitful4                
,,appii-,,=um1 ,ap-pe-i-fo-rum1 a t[n s 
call$ f ,appius ,claudius1      ^: /atue
 0 erect$ !re4   ,,aquila1 ,ak-we-lah1  
an eagle4   ,,ar1 awak+1 uncov]+4       
,,ara,,bia1 ev5+1 a place wild & des]t2 
mixtures1 because ?is      c\ntry 0     
inhabit$ by diff]5t k9ds ( p4           
,,ara,,bian1 an inhabitant ( ,arabia4   
,a,,rad1 a wild ass1 a dragon4          
,a,,ram1 magnific5ce1 "o t deceives4    
,,ar>at1 ,ar-ra-rat1 ! curse ( trembl+4 
,,araunah1 ,a-raw-nah1 ark1 song1 curse4
   ,,ar,,ba1 ! city ( ! f\r4            
,,ar*elaus1 ,ar-ke-lay-u1 ! pr9ce ( ! p4
   ,,ar*ippus1 ,ar-kip-pus1 gov]nor (   
horses4   ,,arcturus1 ,ark-tew-rus1 a   
ga!r+ toge!r4   ,,ard1 "o t comm&s4     
,,areli1 ,ar-e-lie1 ! light or vision ( 
,god4   ,,areopagite1 ,a-re-op-a-gyte1  
belong+ to ! c\ncil call$               

,areopagus4   ,,areopagus1              
,a-re-op-a-gus1 ! hill ( ,m>s2 a place  
:]e !      magi/rates ( ,a!ns held _!   
supreme c\ncil2 f 1 8(      ,m>s10 & 1  
8a hill40   ,,aretas1 ,a-re-tas1 "o t is
 agreeable or virtu\s4   ,,ar,,gob1 a   
turf ( e>?1 curse ( ! well4   ,,ariel1  
,ay-re-el1 ! alt>1 light1 lion ( ,god4  
,,arima!a1 ,ar-re-ma-!-ah1 a lion dead  
to ! ,"l4 ,rama?1 or      ,ramah1 a city
 :]e ,samuel dwelt4   ,,ario*1 ,ar-e-ok1
 long1 y\r drunk5ness1 y\r lion4        
,,ari/>*us1 ,a-ris-t>-kus1 ! be/ pr9ce4 
,,ari/obulus1 ,a-ris-tob-bu-lus1 a good 
c\nsellor4   ,,armag$don1 ,ar-ma-g$-don1
 ! m\nta9 ( ,megiddo1 ( ! gospel1      (
 fruits4   ,,arm5ia1 ,ar-me-ne-ah1 a    
prov9ce :i* is suppos$ to take its "n   
f ,aram4   ,,ar,,non1 rejoic+1 _! ark4  
,,ar,,o]1 hea?1 tam>isk1 ! nak$ness ( ! 
sk9 or ( ! enemy4   ,,ar,,pad1 ! light (
 r$emption1 t lies d[n4   ,,arphaxad1   
,ar-faks-ad1 "o t heals or releases4    
,,artax]xes1 ,ar-taks-erks-es1 9        
,hebrew1 ,arta*sa/a1 ! sil5ce (         

light4   ,,artemas1 ,ar-te-mas1 :ole1   
s\nd4   ,,asa1 ,ay-sah1 physician1 cure4
   ,,asahel1 ,z-a-el1 ! "w or creature (
 ,god4   ,,asaiah1 ,z-a-i-ah1 ! ,"l ha? 
wr\ght4   ,,asaph1 ,ay-saf1 "o t        
assembles toge!r4   ,,as5a?1 ,z-e-na?1  
p]il1 mis=tune4   ,a,,%an1 vap\r1 smoke4
   ,,a%,,dod1 incl9ation1 a wild op5    
place4   ,,a%,,er1 bless$ness4          
,,z,,hiel1 ! "w ( ,god4   ,,a%ima1      
,a%-e-mah1 crime1 position1 fire ( !    
sea4   ,,a%k5az1 ,a%-ke-naz1 a fire t   
di/ils or spreads4   ,,a%t>o?1          
,a%-ta-ro?1 flocks1 ri*es4   ,,a%,,ur1  
"o t is happy4   ,,a%,,va?1 mak+        
ve/m5ts4   ,,asia1 ,ay-%e-a1 muddy1     
boggy4   ,,z,,kelon1 weight1 balance1   
fire ( infamy4   ,,asnap,,p]1           
unhapp9ess1 fruitless4   ,,assir1       
prison]1 fett]$4   ,,z,,sos1 approa*+4  
,,assyria1 ,z-sir-re-a4   ,,assyrian1   
,z-sir-re-an4   ,,asyncritus1           
,a-s9-kre-tus1 incomp>able4   ,a,,tad1 a
 ?orn4   ,,ata,,ro?1 cr[ns1 c\nsel (    
mak+ full4   ,,a?aliah1 ,a?-a-ly-ah1 !  

"t ( ! ,"l4   ,,a!nians1 ,a?-ee-ne-ans1 
inhabitants ( ,a!ns4   ,,a?,,ens1 s     
call$ f ,a!ne1 ,m9]va4   ,,attalia1     
,at-ta-ly-ah1 t increases or s5ds4      
,a,,v51 iniquity1 =ce1 ri*es4           
,,augus,,tus1 increas$1 maje/ic4        
,,az>iah1 ,az-a-ry-ah1 assi/ance1 he t  
he>s ! ,"l4   ,,azekah1 ,az-ee-kah1     
/r5g? ( walls4   ,,az,,gad1 a /rong     
army1 a gang ( robb]s4                  
,,azno?-,,tabor1 ,az-no?-tay-bor1 ! e>s 
( ,tabor1 ( *oice1      purity1         
contrition4   ,,azo,,tus1 ! same z      
,a%dod4   ,a,,zur1 he t assi/s1 t is    
assi/$4     ,,baal1 ,bay-al1 he t rules 
& subdues4   ,,baalah1 ,bay-al-ah1 h]   
idol1 a sp\se2 ! "n ( a city4           
,,baal-,,b]i?1 ,bay-al-be-ri?1 idol ( ! 
cov5ant4   ,,baal-,,gad1 ,bay-al-gad1 ! 
idol ( ! troop1 ! ,"l is ma/] (      !  
troop4   ,,baal-,,hamon1                
,bay-al-hay-mon1 "o t rules a multitude1
 a popul\s      place4   ,,baal-,,haz]1 
,bay-al-hay-z]1 "l ( c\rt1 possessor (  
grace4   ,,ba,,al-,,h],,mon1 ! possessor

 ( de/ruction1 ( a ?+ devot$ to ,god4   
,,ba,,ali1 my idol1 or ma/]4            
,,ba,,alim1 idols1 ma/]s4   ,,ba,,alis1 
a rejoic+1 pr\d "l4   ,,baal-,,meon1    
,bay-al-me-on1 ! idol1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se4 
,,baal-,,peor1 ,bay-al-pe-or1 ma/] ( !  
op5+4   ,,baal-,,p]azim1                
,bay-al-p]-a-zim1 ma/]1 or god (        
divisions4   ,,baal-,,%ali%a1           
,bay-al-%al-e-%ah1 ! ?ird idol1 ! ?ird  
husb&4   ,,baal-,,tam>1 ,bay-al-tay-m>1 
ma/] ( ! palm tree4   ,,baal-,,zebub1   
,bay-al-ze-bub1 ! ma/] ( flies4         
,,baal-,,zephon1 ,bay-al-ze-fon1 ! idol 
( ! nor?1 secret4   ,,baanah1           
,bay-a-nah1 9 ! answ]1 9 affliction4    
,,baa,,rah1 a flame1 purg+4   ,,baa%ah1 
,ba-ay-%ah1 9 ! "w1 he t dem&s1 :o lays 
wa/e4   ,,ba,,bel1 confusion1 mixture4  
,,babylon1 ,bab-be-lon4 ,see ,babel4    
,,babylonians1 ,bab-be-lo-ne-ans4       
,,babyloni%1 ,bab-be-lo-ni%4   ,,baca1  
,bay-kah1 mulb]ry tree4   ,,bahurim1    
,ba-hew-rim1 *oice1 w>like4   ,,ba,,ji?1
 a h\se4   ,,balaam1 ,bay-lam1 ! old age

 or anci5t ( ! p1 )\t !      p4         
,,bala,,dan1 "o )\t rule or judgm5t1    
anci5t 9 judgm5t4   ,,ba,,lak1 :o lays  
wa/e1 :o laps4   ,,ba,,mah1 an em95ce4  
,,b>abbas1 ,b>-ab-bas1 son ( ! fa!r or (
 confusion4   ,,b>a*el1 ,b>-a-kel1 :o   
blesses ,god4   ,,b>a*ias1 ,b>-a-ky-z1 !
 same z ,b>a*el4   ,,ba,,rak1 ?und]1 9  
va94   ,,b>-,,je,,sus1 son ( ,jesus4    
,,b>-,,jo,,na1 son ( ,jona or ( a dove4 
,,b>,,nabas1 ! son ( ! prophet or (     
consolation4   ,,b>,,sabas1 son (       
return1 ( re/1 ( swe>+4   ,,b>?ol,,omew1
 a son t susp5ds ! wat]s4   ,,b>timeus1 
,b>-te-me-u1 ! son ( ,timeus or ( !     
hon\rable4   ,,b>u*1 ,bay-ruk1 :o is    
bless$1 :o b5ds ! knee4   ,,b>zillai1   
,b>-zil-la-i1 made ( iron1 son (        
contempt4   ,,ba,,%an1 9 ! too?1 9 !    
*ange or sleep4   ,,ba%ema?1 ,ba%-e-ma?1
 p]fum$1 9 desolation4   ,,ba?-,,%eba1  
,ba?-%e-bah or ,ba?-%e-bah1 ! sev5?     
daught]1      ! daught] ( an oa?4       
,,ba?%u,a1 ! daught] ( salvation4       
,,be,,dad1 alone1 9 fri5d%ip4           

,,be,,dan1 only1 9 ! judgm5t4           
,,beel-,,zebub1 ,be-el-ze-bub4 ,see     
,baal-zebub4   ,,be]1 ,be-er1 a well1 ! 
"n ( a city4   ,,be]-,,lahai-,,roi1     
,be-er-la-hay-e-roy1 ! well ( him t     
live? &      see? me4   ,,be]-,,%eba1   
,be-er-%e-bah1 ! well ( an oa?1 (       
satiety1 !      sev5? well4   ,,be,,kah1
 half a %ekel4   ,,bel1 anci5t1 no?+1   
subject to *ange4   ,,belial1           
,bee-le-al1 wick$1 ! devil4             
,,bel%az,,z>1 ma/] ( ! treasure4        
,,belte%az,,z>1 :o lays up treasures 9  
secret1 secretly endures pa9      &     
pressure4   ,,b5aiah1 ,b5-ay-yah1 son ( 
! ,"l1 ! ,"l's build+4   ,,b5-,,am,,mi1 
! son ( my p4   ,,b5ha,,dad1 ! son (    
,hadad1 ( noise4   ,,b5,,jam91 ! son ( !
 "r h&4   ,,b5,,jamite1 a desc5dant (   
,b5jam94   ,,b5oni1 ,b5-o-ny1 son ( my  
grief4   ,,be,,or1 burn+1 mad1 bea/4    
,,b]a*ah1 ,b]-a-kah1 bless+4   ,,b],a1  
,be-ree-ah1 heavy1 f 4   ,,be,,ri?1     
cov5ant4   ,,b]nice1 ,b]-ny-se1 "o t    
br+s victory4   ,,be,,sor1 glad news1   

inc>nation4   ,,be,,tah1 confid5ce4     
,,be?ab>a1 ,be?-ab-ba-rah1 ! h\se (     
passage1 ( ang]4   ,,be?,,any1 ! h\se ( 
song1 ( affliction1 ( ob$i5ce1 ! grace (
      ! ,"l4   ,,be?-,a,,v51 ! h\se (   
vanity1 ( /r5g?4   ,,be?-,,birei1       
,be?-bir-re-i1 ! h\se ( my ,creator4    
,,be?-,,c>1 ! h\se ( ! lamb1 ( k4       
,,be?-,,da,,gon1 ! h\se ( corn1 ( ! fi%1
 ( ! god ,dagon4   ,,be?-,,dibla?aim1   
,be?-dib-la-?ay-im1 ! h\se ( dry figs4  
,,be?,,el1 ! h\se ( ,god4   ,,be!lite1  
,be?-el-ite1 an inhabitant ( ,be!l4     
,,be,,!r1 division1 9 ! turtle1 9 !     
trial4   ,,be!s,,da1 ! h\se ( effusion1 
( pity4   ,,be?-,e,,zel1 a neighb\r's   
h\se4   ,,be?-,,gamul1 ,be?-gay-mul1 !  
h\se ( recomp5se1 ( ! wean$1 (      !   
camel4   ,,be?-,,hacc]em1               
,be?-hak-ke-rem1 ! h\se ( ! v9ey>d4     
,,be?-,,ho,,ron1 ! h\se ( wra?1 ( !     
hole1 ( lib]ty4   ,,be?je%,,imo?1 ! h\se
 ( desolation4   ,,be?-,,lehem1 ! h\se (
 bread1 ( w>4                           
,,be?-,,lehem-,,ephratah1               

,be?-le-hem-eff-ray-tah or eff-ra-tah4  
,,be?-,,lehem-,,ju,,dah4                
,,be?-,,lehemite1 an inhabitant (       
,be?lehem4   ,,be?-,,pe,,or1 ! h\se (   
gap+4   ,,be?phage1 ,be?-fa-je1 ! h\se (
 ! m\?1 ( e>ly figs4   ,,be?saida1      
,be?-say-dah1 ! h\se ( fruits1 ( hunt]s4
   ,,be?-,,%an1 ! h\se ( ! too?1 (      
*ange1 ( sleep4   ,,be?-,,%e,,me%1 !    
h\se ( ! sun4   ,,be?uel1 ,be?-ew-el1   
filiation ( ,god4   ,,beulah1 ,bew-lah1 
m>ri$4   ,,bezaleel1 ,bez-a-lee-el1 9 ! 
%ad[ ( ,god4   ,,be,,zek1 lightn+1 9    
*a9s4   ,,bi*ri1 ,bick-ry1 fir/-born1 9 
! ram4   ,,bid,,k>1 9 compunction1 9 %>p
 pa94   ,,big,,?an1 giv+ meat4          
,,bil,,dad1 old fri5d%ip4   ,,bil,,hah1 
:o is old1 tr\bl$1 confus$4   ,,bir,,%a1
 9 evil1 son t beholds4   ,,bi?iah1     
,be-?y-ah1 daught] ( ! ,"l4             
,,bi?,,ron1 division1 9 8 exam9ation1   
daught] ( ! song1 ( ang]1      ( lib]ty4
   ,,bi?ynia1 ,be-?9-e-ah1 viol5t       
precipitation4   ,,blas,,tus1 "o t      
spr\ts & br+s =?4   ,,boan]ges1         

,bo-a-n]-jes1 ! sons ( ?und]2 ,james &  
,john1 !      sons ( ,zeb$ee4           
,,bo,,az1 or ,,bo,,oz1 9 /r5g?1 9 !     
goat4   ,,bo*im1 ,bo-kim1 ! place (     
weep+1 ( mulb]ry trees4   ,,bo,,zez1    
mud1 9 ! fl[]4   ,,boz,,rah1 9          
tribulation or di/ress4   ,,bul1        
*angeable1 p]i%+4   ,,buz1 despis$1     
plund]$4   ,,buzi1 ,bew-zye1 my         
contempt4   ,,buzite1 ,bew-zyte1 a      
desc5dant f ,buz4     ,,cabul1 ,kay-bul1
 displeas+1 dirt4   ,c,,s>1 ,see-s>1 "o 
cut out4   ,c,,s>ea1 ,ses-a-ree-a1 a bu%
 ( hair4   ,,caiaphas1 ,kay-a-fas1 a    
se>*]4   ,,ca91 ,kayn1 possession4      
,,ca9an1 ,kay-nan1 possessor1 "o t      
lam5ts4   ,,ca,,lah1 good opportunity1 z
 ! v]dure4   ,,ca,,leb1 a dog1 a cr[1 a 
basket4   ,,caleb-,,ephratah1           
,kay-leb-ef-ray-tah or ef-ra-tah1 a     
place s      call$ by a conjunction ( ! 
names ( ,caleb & 8 wife ,ephratah4      
,,calneh1 ,kal-nay1 our consummation1   
all we1 z murmur+4   ,,cal,,no1 our     
consummation1 q himself4   ,,cal,,v>y1 !

 place ( a skull4   ,,ca,,mon1 8        
resurrection4   ,,ca,,na1 zeal1         
possession1 ne/1 cane4   ,,canaan1      
,kay-nan1 a m]*ant1 a trad]4 ,! son (   
,ham1 :o gave "n      to ! l& ( ,canaan4
   ,,canaanite1 ,kay-nan-ite1 an        
inhabitant ( ,canaan4   ,,c&ace1        
,kan-day-se1 :o possesses contrition4   
,,cap]naum1 ,ka-p]-na-um1 ! field (     
rep5tance1 city ( com=t4   ,,caphtor1   
,kaf-tor1 a sph]e1 a buckle1 a h&1      
doves1 ^? t seek      & inquire4        
,,cappadocia1 ,kap-pa-d-%e-a1 9 ,hebrew1
 ,caphtor4   ,,c>cas1 ,k>-kas1 ! cov]+ (
 a lamb4   ,,c>*emi%1 ,k>-ke-mi%1 a     
lamb1 z tak5 away4   ,,c>,,mel1 a       
circumcis$ lamb1 h>ve/1 v9ey>d ( ,god4  
,,c>melite1 ,k>-me-lyte1 an inhabitant (
 ,m\nt ,c>mel4   ,,c>,,mi1 my v9ey>d1 ! 
k or ! lamb ( ! wat]s4   ,,c>,,pus1     
fruit1 fruitful4   ,,casiphia1          
,ka-se-fy-a1 money1 covet\sness4        
,,cas,,tor1 a beav]4   ,,c$ron1         
,see-dron or ,kee-dron1 black1 sad4     
,,c5*rea1 ,s5k-re-a1 millet1 small      

pulse4   ,,cephas1 ,see-fas or ,kee-fas1
 a rock or /one4   ,,ce,,s>4 ,see ,cs>4 
,,ces>ea1 ,ses-a-ree-a4 ,see ,cs>ea4    
,,*alcol1 ,kal-kol1 :o n\ri%es1 su/a9s !
 :ole4   ,,*aldea1 ,kal-dee-a1 z demons1
 z robb]s4   ,,*aldean1 ,kal-dee-an1 an 
inhabitant ( ,*aldea4   ,,*aldees1      
,kal-deez1 ! same z ,*aldeans4          
,,*>ran1 ,k>-ran1 a s++1 ! heat ( wra?4 
,,*eb>1 ,ke-b>1 /r5g? or p[]4           
,,*$orlaom]1 ,ke-dor-la-o-m]1 z a       
g5]ation ( s]vitude4   ,,*em>ims1       
,kem-a-rims1 ! "n ( ,baal's prie/s4     
,,*emo%1 ,ke-mo%1 z h&l+1 z tak+ away4  
,,*5ania1 ,ke-na-ny-ah1 prep>ation1     
rectitude ( ! ,"l4   ,,*]e?ims1         
,k]-e?-ims1 :o cuts1 te>s away4         
,,*]e?ites1 ,k]-e?-ites4 ,see ,*]e?ims4 
,,*]i?1 ,ke-ri?1 cutt+1 pi]c+1 slay+4   
,,*es$1 ,ke-s$1 z a devil1 a de/roy]4   
,,*ileab1 ,kil-le-ab1 totality or       
p]fection ( ! fa!r4   ,,*ilion1         
,kil-le-on1 f9i%$1 complete4   ,,*ilmad1
 ,kil-mad1 z tea*+ or le>n+4   ,,*imham1
 ,kim-ham1 z !y1 l to !m4   ,,*ios1     

,ky-os1 op51 op5+4   ,,*isleu1 ,kis-lu1 
ra%ness1 confid5ce4   ,,*ittim1         
,*it-tim1 ^? t bruise1 gold1 /a9+4      
,,*iun1 ,ky-un1 an ,egyptian god1 :om "s
 ?9k to be ,saturn4   ,,*loe1 ,klo-e1   
gre5 h]b4   ,,*oraz91 ,ko-ray-z91 !     
secret1 "h is a my/]y4                  
,,*u%an-,,ri%a?aim1                     
,kew-%an-ri%-a-?ay-im1 ,e?iopian1       
blackness      ( iniquities4   ,,*uza1  
,kew-zah1 ! prophet1 ,e?iopian4         
,,cilicia1 ,sil-i%-e-a1 :i* rolls or    
ov]turns4   ,,clauda1 ,klaw-dah1 a brok5
 voice1 a lam5table voice4   ,,claudia1 
,klaw-de-ah1 lame4   ,,cle,,m5t1 mild1  
good1 m]ciful4   ,,cleophas1            
,klee-o-fas1 ! :ole glory4   ,,colosse1 
,ko-los-see1 puni%m5t1 correction4      
,,coniah1 ,ko-ny-ah1 ! /r5g? or /ability
 ( ! ,"l4   ,,co,,r9?1 :i* is satisfi$1 
beauty4   ,,cor9,,?ians1 inhabitants (  
,cor9?4   ,,corne,,lius1 a horn4        
,,coz,,bi1 a li>1 z slid+ away4         
,,cresc5s1 ,kres-s5s1 gr[+1 increas+4   
,,crete1 ,kreet1 c>nal1 fle%ly4         

,,cretes1 ,kreets1 inhabitants ( ,crete4
   ,,cretians1 ,kree-%e-ans1 ! same z   
,cretes4   ,,crispus1 ,kris-pus1 curl$4 
,,cu%1 ,e?iopian1 black4   ,,cu%,,an1   
,e?iopia1 blackness1 heat4   ,,cu%,i1 ! 
same z ,cu%an4   ,,cyprus1 ,sy-prus1    
fair1 fairness4   ,,cyr5e1 ,sy-re-ne1 a 
wall1 coldness1 meet+1 a floor4         
,,cyr5eans1 ,sy-re-ne-ans1 p ( ,cyr5e4  
,,cyr5ius1 ,sy-re-ne-u1 :o gov]ns4      
,,cyrus1 ,sy-rus1 z mis]able1 z heir1 ! 
belly4     ,,dabba%e?1 ,dab-ba-%e?1 fl[+
 ) honey1 caus+ infamy4   ,,dab]a?1     
,dab-be-ra?1 ^w1 ?+1 bee1 submissive4   
,,da,,gon1 corn1 a fi%4   ,,dalmanu?a1  
,dal-ma-new-?ah1 a bucket1 leanness1    
bran*4   ,,dalmatia1 ,dal-may-%e-a1     
deceitful lamps1 va9 brightness4        
,,dam>is1 ,dam-a-ris1 a little woman4   
,,damas,,cus1 a sack full ( blood1      
similitude ( burn+4   ,,dan1 judgm5t1 he
 t judges4   ,,dan,,iel1 judgm5t ( ,god4
   ,,da,,ra1 g5]ation1 h\se ( ! %eph]d1 
companion1 race (      wick$ness4       
,,d>ius1 ,da-ry-u1 he t inquires & in=ms

 himself4   ,,da,,?an1 laws1 rites4     
,,da,,vid1 belov$1 de>4   ,,deb,,orah1 a
 ^w1 a bee4   ,,decapolis1              
,de-kap-po-lis1 a ,greek ^w comp\nd$ ( 1
 t51      & 1 a city1 because ?is c\ntry
 conta9$ t5 cities4   ,,de,,dan1 _!     
brea/s1 fri5d%ip1 uncle4   ,,d$anim1    
,d$-an-im1 desc5dants ( ,d$an4          
,,del,,ilah1 poor1 head ( hair1 bucket4 
,,de,,mas1 popul>4   ,,demetrius1       
,de-me-tre-u1 belong+ to ,c]es1 to corn4
   ,,d],,be1 a /+4   ,,deuel1 ,de-ew-el1
 ! k ( ,god4   ,,diana1 ,dy-ay-nah1     
lum9\s1 p]fect4   ,,di,,bon1 und]/&+1   
abundance ( build+4   ,,di,,bon-,,gad1  
abundance ( sons1 happy & p[]ful4       
,,didymus1 ,did-e-mus1 a tw94           
,,di,,mon1 :]e x is r$4   ,,di,,nah1    
judgm5t1 :o judges4   ,,d9,,habah1 %e   
gives judgm5t4   ,,dionysius1           
,dy-o-ni%-e-u1 div9ely t\*$2 f 1 div9e1 
& 1 ,i move4   ,,diotrephes1            
,di-ot-re-feez1 n\ri%$ by ,jupit]2 f 1 (
      ,jupit]1 & 1 a fo/]-*ild4         
,,d,,eg1 :o acts ) uneas9ess1 a fi%]man4

   ,,dor1 g5]ation1 habitation4         
,,dor,,cas1 ! female ( a roe-buck4      
,,d,,?an1 ! law1 cu/om4   ,,drusilla1   
,drew-sil-lah1 wat]$ by ! dew2 f 1 !    
dew4   ,,dumah1 ,dew-mah1 sil5ce1       
resemblance4   ,,dura1 ,dew-rah1        
g5]ation1 habitation4     ,,ea/]1       
,ees-t]1 ! passov]1 a fea/ ( ! ,jews4   
,e,,bal1 a heap1 collection ( old age4  
,e,,b$1 a s]vant or lab\r]4             
,,eb$-,,mele*1 ,ee-b$-me-lek1 ! k+'s    
s]vant4   ,,eb5-,,ez]1 ,eb-en-ee-z]1 !  
/one ( help4   ,e,,b]1 "o t passes1     
ang]1 wra?4   ,,ebiasaph1 ,e-by-a-saf1 a
 fa!r t ga!rs toge!r4   ,,ed1 witness4  
,e,,d51 pleasure1 delight4   ,e,,dom1   
r$1 e>?y1 r$ e>?4   ,e,,domite1 a       
desc5dant ( ,esau1 ( ,edom4   ,,edrei1  
,ed-re-i1 a v great mass1 cl\d1 dea? ( !
 wick$4   ,,eg,,lah1 heif]1 *>iot1 r\nd4
   ,,eglaim1 ,eg-lay-im1 drops ( ! sea4 
,,eg,,lon1 ! same z ,eglah4   ,e,,gypt1 
9 ,hebrew1 ,mizraim2 t b9ds or /rait5s1 
t tr\bles or      oppresses4            
,,egyp,,tian1 an inhabitant ( ,egypt4   

,e,,hud1 he t praises4   ,,ek,,ron1     
b>r5ness1 torn away4   ,,ek,,ronites1   
inhabitants ( ,ekron4   ,e,,lah1 an oak1
 oa?1 imprecation4   ,e,,lam1 a "y man1 
a virg91 secret1 an age4   ,e,,lamites1 
desc5dants ( ,elam4   ,e,,la?1 a h9d1   
/r5g?1 an oak4   ,,el-,,be?,,el1 ! ,god 
( ,be!l4   ,,el,,dad1 lov$ or fav\r$ (  
,god4   ,,elealeh1 ,el-e-ay-leh asc5sion
 or burnt-(f]+ ( ,god4   ,,eleaz>1      
,el-e-ay-z>1 ! help or c\rt ( ,god4     
,,el-,,elohe-,,israel1                  
,el-el-ho-he-is-ra-el1 ,god1 ! ,god (   
,israel4   ,,elha,,nan1 grace1 gift1 or 
m]cy ( ,god4   ,e,,li1 ,eli1 my ,god1 my
 ,god4   ,e,,li1 ! (f]+ or lift+ up4    
,,eli,,ab1 ,god my fa!r4   ,,eliada1    
,e-ly-a-da or ,e-le-ay-da1 ! k ( ,god4  
,,eliakim1 ,e-ly-a-kim1 ! resurrection (
 ,god1 ,god ! av5g]4   ,,eli,,am1 ! p ( 
,god4   ,,eli,,z4 ,see ,elijah4         
,,elia%ib1 ,e-ly-a-%ib1 ! ,god (        
conv]sion4   ,,elia?ah1 ,e-ly-a-?ah1 ?\ 
art my ,god1 my ,god comes4   ,,eliez]1 
,e-le-ee-z]1 help or c\rt ( my ,god4    

,,elihoreph1 ,e-le-ho-ref1 ! ,god (     
w9t]1 ( y\?4   ,,eli,,hu1 he is my ,god 
himself4   ,,eli,,jah1 ,god ! ,"l1 !    
/rong ,"l4   ,,eli,,ka1 pelican ( ,god4 
,e,,lim1 ! rams1 ! /rong1 ! /ags1 !     
valleys4   ,,elimele*1 ,e-lim-me-lek1 my
 ,god is k+4   ,,elio5ai1               
,el-e-o-en-a-i1 t[>d him are my eyes1 my
 f\nta9s1      t[>d him is my pov]ty or 
mis]y4   ,,eliphalet1 ,e-lif-fa-let1 !  
,god ( deliv]ance4   ,,eliphaz1         
,e-ly-faz1 ! endeav\r ( ,god4           
,,elisabe?1 ,e-liz-a-be?1 ,god ha?      
sworn1 ! fulness ( ,god4   ,,eli,,%a1   
salvation ( ,god4   ,,eli,,%ah1 son (   
,javan2 x is ,god1 ,god t gives help4   
,,eli%amah1 ,e-li%-a-mah1 ,god he>+4    
,,eli%eba1 ,e-li%-e-ba4 ,see ,elisabe?4 
,,eli%ua1 ,el-e-%ew-ah1 ,god is my      
salvation4   ,,eliud1 ,e-ly-ud1 ,god is 
my praise4   ,,eli,,zur1 ,god is my     
/r5g?1 my rock4   ,,elka,,nah1 ,god !   
jeal\s1 ! re$ ( ,god4   ,,elmo,,dam1 !  
,god ( measure1 ( ! g>m5t4              
,,elna,,?an1 ,god has giv54   ,e,,lon1  

oak1 grove1 /rong4   ,e,,lul1 cry1      
outcry4   ,,eluzai1 ,e-lu-za-i1 ,god is 
my /r5g?4   ,,elymas1 ,el-e-mas1 9      
,arabic1 a magician4   ,e,,mims1 fe>s ( 
t]rors1 p4   ,,emmaus1 ,em-may-u or     
,em-ma-u1 p despis$4   ,,em,,mor1 an    
ass4   ,e,,nam1 a f\nta9 or well1 ! eyes
 ( !m4   ,,en,,dor1 f\nta9 or eye (     
g5]ation4   ,,ene,,z1 laudable2 f 1 8,i 
praise40   ,,en-,,eglaim1 ,en-eg-lay-im1
 ! eye ( ! calves1 ( ! *>iots1 (        
r\ndness4   ,,en-,,g$i1 ,en-ge-dy1      
f\nta9 ( ! goat1 ( happ9ess4            
,,en-,,mi%,,pat1 f\nta9 ( judgm5t4      
,,eno*1 ,ee-nok1 d$icat$1 discipl9$1    
well regulat$4   ,,enon1 ,ee-non1 cl\d1 
8 f\nta94   ,,enos1 ,ee-nos1 fall5 man1 
subject to all k9d ( evil4              
,,ex-,,rogel1 ,en-ro-gel1 ! full]'s     
f\nta94   ,,en-,,%eme%1 ,en-%e-me%1     
f\nta9 ( ! sun4   ,,epaphras1           
,ep-pa-fras1 cov]$ ) foam4              
,,epaphroditus1 ,e-paf-ro-dy-tus1       
agreeable1 h&some4   ,,ep5etus1         
,e-pe-nee-tus1 laudable1 wor?y ( praise4

   ,,ephah1 ,ee-fah1 we>y1 to fly z a   
bird4   ,,ephes-,,dammim1               
,e-fez-dam-mim1 ! effusion or drop (    
blood4   ,,ephesians1 ,e-fee-se-ans1 ! p
 ( ,ephesus4   ,,ephesus1 ,ef-fe-sus1   
desirable2 *ief city ( ,asia ,m9or4     
,,ephpha?a1 ,ef-fa-?a1 be op5$4         
,,ephraim1 ,ee-fra-im1 t br+s =? fruit  
or gr[s4   ,e,,phraimite1 a desc5dant ( 
,ephraim4   ,,ephratah1 ,eff-ray-tah1   
abundance1 be>+ fruit4   ,,ephra?1      
,eff-ra?1 ,see ,ephratah4   ,,ephra?ite1
 ,eff-ra?-ite1 an inhabitant (          
,ephratah1 or a desc5dant      f        
,ephraim4   ,,ephron1 ,ef-ron1 du/4     
,,epicureans1 ,ep-e-kew-re-ans1 :o gives
 assi/ance2 f ! ,greek      1 ,i help4  
,,er1 wat*1 enemy4   ,,eras,,tus1       
lovely1 amiable4   ,e,,re*1 l5g?1 heal?4
   ,,esaias1 ,e-zay-e-z4 ,see ,isaia4   
,,es>-,,haddon1 ,e-s>-_h-don1 t b9ds1   
joy1 or closes ! po9t4   ,e,,sau1 he t  
does or f9i%es4   ,e,,sek1 cont5tion4   
,,e%-,,ba,,al1 ! fire ( ! idol4         
,,e%,,col1 a bun* ( grapes4   ,,e%taol1 

,e%-ta-ol1 /\t1 /rong woman4            
,,e%temoa1 ,e%-te-mo-a1 :i* is he>d1 !  
bosom ( a woman4   ,,es,,li1 ne> me1 he 
t sep>ates4   ,,es,,rom1 ! d>t ( joy1   
division ( ! song4   ,,e/h]1 ,ess-t]1   
secret1 hidd54   ,e,,tam1 _! bird or    
cov]+4   ,e,,?am1 _! /r5g? or sign4     
,e,,?an1 /rong1 ! gift ( ! isl&4        
,,e?anim1 ,e?-an-im1 /rong1 valiant4    
,,e?baal1 ,e?-bay-al1 t[>d ! idol1 he t 
rules4   ,,e?iopia1 ,ee-!-o-pe-a1 9     
,hebrew1 ,cu%1 blackness2 9 ,greek x    
signifies heat1 f 1 ,i burn1 & 1 face4  
,,e?iopians1 ,ee-!-o-pe-ans1 ,africans4 
,,eubulus1 ,yew-bu-lus1 a prud5t        
c\nsellor4   ,,eunice1 ,yew-ny-se1 good 
victory4   ,,euodias1 ,yew-o-de-z1 sweet
 sc5t4   ,,euphrates1 ,yew-fray-tes1 t  
makes fruitful4   ,,euroc,,lydon1 !     
nor?-ea/ w9d4   ,,euty*us1 ,yew-te-kus1 
happy1 =tunate4   ,,eve1 liv+1 enliv5+4 
,,evil-,,m]oda*1 ,ee-vil-me-ro-dak1 or  
m]-o-dak1 ! fool (      ,m]oda*1 despis+
 ! bitt]ness ( ! fool4   ,,ezekiel1     
,e-zee-ke-el1 ! /r5g? ( ,god4   ,e,,zel1

 go+ abroad1 di/illation4               
,,ezion-,,geb]1 ,e-ze-on-ge-b]1 ! wood (
 ! man1 c\nsel ( !      man1 ( ! /rong4 
,,ez,,ra1 a help]4     ,,fe,,lix1 happy1
 prosp]\s4   ,,fes,,tus1 fe/ival1       
joyful4   ,,=tuna,,tus1 happy1 prosp]\s4
     ,,gaal1 ,gayal1 contempt1          
abom9ation4   ,,gaa%1 ,gay-a%1 tempe/1  
ov]?r[4   ,,gabba?a1 ,gab-ba-?a1 high1  
elevat$4 ,9 ,greek1 li?o/rotos1         
pav$ ) /ones4   ,,ga,,briel1 ,god is my 
/r5g?4   ,,gad1 a b&1 happy1 arm$ &     
prep>$4   ,,gad>5es1 ,gad-a-reens1      
surr\nd$1 wall$4   ,,gad,,di1 my        
happ9ess1 my troop1 a kid4   ,,gaddiel1 
,gad-de-el1 goat ( ,god1 ! ,"l is my    
army4   ,,gadites1 ,gad-dites1          
desc5dants ( ,gad4   ,,gaius1 ,gay-e-u1 
"l1 an e>?ly man4   ,,galatia1          
,gal-ay-%e-a1 :ite1 ( ! col\r ( milk4   
,,galatians1 ,gal-ay-%e-ans1 born 9     
,galatia4   ,,galbanum1 ,gal-ba-num1 a  
gum1 sweet spice4   ,,gale$1 ,gal-e-ed1 
! heap ( witness4   ,,galilee1          
,gal-le-lee1 :eel1 revolution1 heap4    

,,galileans1 ,gal-le-lee-ans1           
inhabitants ( ,galilee4   ,,gal,,lim1 :o
 heap up1 cov]1 roll4   ,,gal,,lio1 he t
 sucks or lives ^u milk4   ,,gama,,liel1
 recomp5se1 camel1 wean$ ( ,god4        
,,gam,,madims1 soldi]s plac$ 9 ! t[]s ( 
,tyrus2 m5 :o came f      ,gammade1 a   
t[n ( ,ph5icia4   ,,ga,,tam1 _! l[+1 _! 
t\*4   ,,ga?1 a press4                  
,,ga?-,,rim,,mon1 ! press ( ! granite1  
exalt$ press4   ,,ga,,za1 /rong1 a goat4
   ,,ge,,ba1 a hill1 a cup4   ,,ge,,bal1
 b\nd1 limit4   ,,ge,,bim1 gras%opp]s1  
height4   ,,g$aliah1 ,g$-a-ly-ah1 ,god  
is my greatness1 fr+e ( ! ,"l4          
,,gehazi1 ,ge-hay-zye1 valley ( sight1 (
 ! brea/4   ,,gem>i,,ah1 accompli%m5t ( 
! ,"l4   ,,g5nes>et1 ,g5-ness-a-ret1 or 
,j5-ness-a-ret1 ! g>d5 or               
protection ( ! pr9ce4   ,,g5uba?1       
,g5-u-ba?1 !ft1 g>d5 or protection ( !  
daught]4   ,,ge,,ra1 pilgrimage1        
dispute4   ,,ge,,rah1 ! tw5tie? "p ( a  
%ekel4   ,,ge,,r>4 ,see ,g]a4           
,,g]ges5es1 ,g]-ge-se5s1 ^? :o come f   

pilgrimage or f      fight4   ,,g]izim1 
,g]-re-zim1 cutt]s4   ,,g],,%om1 a      
/rang] !re1 a travell] ( reputation4    
,,g],,%on1 8 bani%m5t1 ! *ange (        
pilgrimage4   ,,ge,,%ur1 ! sight ( !    
valley1 ! vale ( ! ox or ! wall4        
,,ge%urites1 ,ge%-u-rytes1 inhabitants (
 ,ge%ur4   ,,ge,,!r1 ! vale ( trial1 (  
se>*+1 ! press ( inquiry4   ,,ge?semane1
 ,ge?-sem-a-ne1 a v fat valley4         
,,giah1 ,gy-ah1 to guide1 draw out1 a   
sigh4   ,,gibeah1 ,gib-e-ah1 a hill4    
,,gib,,eon1 hill1 cup1 t :i* is )\t4    
,,gib,,eonites1 p ( ,gibeon4            
,,gid,,eon1 he t bruises1 cutt+ (f      
iniquity4   ,,gihon1 ,gy-hon1 valley (  
grace1 impetu\s4   ,,gilboah1           
,gil-bo-ah1 revolution ( inquiry4       
,,gilead1 ,gil-le-ad1 ! mass ( te/imony4
   ,,gileadites1 ,gil-le-ad-ites1 !     
inhabitants ( ,gilead4   ,,gil,,gal1    
:eel1 revolution1 heap4   ,,giloh1      
,gy-loh1 he t rejoices1 ov]turns1 or    
discov]s4   ,,gilonite1 ,gy-lo-nite4    
,,girga%ite1 ,gir-ga-%ite1 :o arrives f 

pilgrimage4   ,,gittite1 ,git-tite1 a   
w9e press4   ,,gob1 ci/]n1 gras%opp]1   
em95ce4   ,,gog1 ro(1 cov]+4   ,,g,,lan1
 passage1 revolution4   ,,gol,,go?a1 a  
heap ( skulls4   ,,goli,,a?1 revolution1
 discov]y1 heap4   ,,g,,m]1 to f9i%1    
accompli%1 a consum]4   ,,gomor,,rah1 a 
rebelli\s p4   ,,g,,%51 approa*+1 draw+ 
ne>4   ,,g,,zan1 fleece1 pa/ure1 n\ri%+ 
! body4   ,,grecia1 ,gree-%e-a1 ,greece1
 ! c\ntry ( ! ,greeks4   ,,grecians1    
,gree-%e-ans1 ,greeks1 ! inhabitants (  
,greece4   ,,gur1 ! "y ( a bea/1 dwell+1
 fe>4   ,,gurba,,al1 ! :elp ( ! gov]nor4
     ,,habakkuk1 ,hab-a-kuk1 he t       
embraces1 a wre/l]4   ,,ha*aliah1       
,hak-a-ly-ah1 :o waits = ! ,"l4         
,,ha*ilah1 ,hak-e-lah1 my tru/ is 9 h]4 
,,ha,,dad1 joy1 noise4   ,,hadadez]1    
,hay-dad-ee-z]1 ! beauty ( assi/ance4   
,,hadad-,,rimmon1 ,hay-dad-rim-mon1 !   
voice ( height1 ! invocation      (     
,rimmon1 a god ( ! ,syrians4            
,,hadas,,sah1 a myrtle1 joy4            
,,hado,,ram1 _! beauty1 p[]1 praise4    

,,hadra*1 ,hay-drak1 po9t1 joy (        
t5d]ness1 y\r *amb]4   ,,ha,,g>1 a      
/rang]1 t fe>s4   ,,hag>5es1            
,hay-g>-e5s1 ( ! family ( ,hag>4        
,,hag>ites1 ,hay-g>-ites4 ,see ,hag>5es4
   ,,haggai1 ,hag-ga-i1 fea/1 solemnity4
   ,,hag,,gi?1 rejoic+4   ,,hak,,katan1 
little4   ,,halleluiah1 ,hal-le-lu-yah1 
praise ! ,"l4   ,,ham1 hot1 br[n4       
,,ha,,man1 noise1 tumult1 he t prep>es4 
,,ha,,ma?1 ang]1 heat1 a wall4          
,,hamm$a?a1 ,ham-m$-a-?ah1 or           
,ham-me-day-?ah1 he t tr\bles      !    
law4   ,,ha,,mon-,,gog1 ! multitude (   
,gog4   ,,ha,,mor1 an ass1 clay1 w9e4   
,,ha,,mul1 godly1 m]ciful4              
,,hamu,,tal1 ! %ad[ ( 8 heat1 ! heat ( !
 dew4   ,,hanameel1 ,han-am-e-el1 or    
,han-am-ee-el1 grace or pity f ,god4    
,,hananeel1 ,han-an-ee-el1 m]cy ( ,god4 
,,hanani1 ,han-ay-ny1 my grace or m]cy4 
,,hanani,,ah1 grace or m]cy ( ! ,"l4    
,,han,,nah1 graci\s1 m]ciful1 tak+ re/4 
,,ha,,no*1 d$icat$4   ,,ha,,nun1        
graci\s1 m]ciful1 he t re/s4            

,,ha,,ran1 m\nta9\s c\ntry1 :i* is      
enclos$4   ,,h>bo,,nah1 8 de/ruction or 
dryness4   ,,ha,,rod1 a/oni%m5t1 fe>4   
,,h>o%e?1 ,h>-o-%e?1 agriculture1       
sil5ce1 vessel ( e>?1      =e/4         
,,ha%mo,,nah1 dilig5ce1 enum]ation1     
embassy1 pres5t4   ,,ha,,ta*1 he t      
/rikes4   ,,havilah1 ,hav-e-lah1 t      
suff]s pa91 br+s =?1 decl>es to      h]4
   ,,havo?-,,jair1 ,hay-vo?-jay-ir1     
villages t enlight54   ,,hazael1        
,haz-a-el1 t sees ,god4   ,,haz>mave?1  
,hay-z>-may-ve?1 c\rt or dwell+ ( dea?4 
,,hazelelponi1 ,hay-zel-el-po-ny1 %ade1 
sorr[ ( ! face4   ,,haz]o?1 ,haz-ee-ro?1
 villages1 c\rt4   ,,ha,,zor1 c\rt1 hay4
   ,,he,,b]1 "o t passes1 ang]4         
,,he,,brews1 desc5d$ f ,heb]4           
,,he,,bron1 society1 fri5d%ip1          
en*antm5t4   ,,hegai1 or ,,hege1        
,heg-a-i1 m$itation1 ^w1 sep>ation4     
,,he,,lam1 _! army1 tr\ble1 or          
expectation4   ,,hel,,bon1 milk1        
fatness4   ,,heldai1 ,hel-da-i1 or      
,hel-day-i1 ! _w4   ,,he,,li1 asc5d+1   

climb+ up4   ,,hel,,ka?-,,haz,,urim1 !  
field ( /rong m51 ( rocks4   ,,he,,man1 
_! tr\ble1 _! tumult1 mu*4   ,,h51      
grace1 quiet4   ,,heph]1 ,hee-f]1 a     
digg] or delv]4   ,,hephzi-,,bah1       
,hef-ze-bah1 my pleasure4   ,,h],,mes1  
,m]cury1 ga91 refuge4   ,,h]mog5es1     
,h]-moj-e-nes1 begott5 ( ,m]cury1 (     
lucre4   ,,h],,mon1 ana!ma1 de/ruction4 
,,h],,monites1 ! inhabitants ( ,h]mon4  
,,h]od1 ,h]-rod1 ! glory ( ! sk94       
,,h]odians1 ,he-ro-de-ans4              
,,h]o,,dias1 ! wife ( ,h]od4            
,,h]odion1 ,he-ro-de-on1 song ( ,juno4  
,,he%,,bon1 inv5tion1 indu/ry1 ?\ght1 he
 t ha/5s to und]/&4   ,,he?1 trembl+1   
fe>4   ,,he?,,lon1 fe>ful dwell+1 8     
cov]+4   ,,hezeki,,ah1 /rong 9 ! ,"l4   
,,hez,,ron1 ! d>t ( joy1 division ( !   
song4   ,,hiddai1 ,hid-da-i1 praise1    
cry4   ,,hiddekel1 ,hid-de-kel1 a %>p   
voice4   ,,hi,,el1 ! life ( ,god4       
,,hi]apolis1 ,hy-er-ap-po-lis1 holy     
city4   ,,higgaion1 ,hig-gay-e-on1      
m$itation4   ,,hilki,,ah1 ,god is my    

portion1 ! ,"l's g5tl5ess4   ,,hil,,lel1
 prais+ folly1 ,lucif]4   ,,h9,,nom1 !re
 !y are1 _! ri*es4   ,,hi,,ram1         
exaltation ( life1 _! :it5ess1 he t     
de/roys4   ,,hit,,tites1 :o are brok5 or
 fe>4   ,,hi,,vites1 wick$1 bad1        
wick$ness4   ,,ho,,bab1 fav\r$ & belov$4
   ,,ho,,bah1 love1 fri5d%ip1 secrecy4  
,,hog,,lah1 8 fe/ival1 8 dance4         
,,hophni1 ,h(f-ni1 he t cov]s1 my fi/4  
,,hor1 :o conceives1 %[s4   ,,ho,,reb1  
des]t1 de/ruction1 dryness4             
,,hor-,,hagidgad1 ,hor-ha-gidd-gad1 hill
 ( felicity4   ,,hor,,mah1 devot$ to    
,god1 de/ruction4   ,,horonaim1         
,hor-o-nay-im1 ang]1 rag+4   ,,horonite1
 ,hor-o-nyte1 ang]1 fury1 lib]ty4       
,,hosea1 & ,,ho%ea1 ,ho-zee-a1 &        
,ho-%ee-a1 ,savi\r4   ,,hul1 infirmity1 
br++ =? *ildr54   ,,hul,,dah1 ! _w1 a   
prophetess4   ,,hur1 lib]ty1 :it5ess1   
cav]n4   ,,hu%ai1 ,hew-%a-i1 _! ha/e1   
s5suality1 or sil5ce4   ,,huz,,zab1     
molt54   ,,hym5eus1 ,hy-m5-ee-u1        
nuptial1 m>riage4     ,,ib,,h>1         

election1 he t is *os54   ,,i*abod1     
,ik-a-bod1 :]e is ! glory8   ,,iconium1 
,i-ko-ne-um1 f 1 8,i come40   ,,id,,d1 8
 h&1 p[]1 praise1 witness4   ,,idumea1  
,id-ew-mee-a1 r$1 e>?y4   ,,igdali,a1 ! 
greatness ( ! ,"l4   ,i,,jon1 look1 eye1
 f\nta94   ,,illyricum1 ,il-lir-re-kum1 
joy1 rejoic+4   ,,im,,lah1 pl5itude1    
repletion1 circumcision4   ,,imman,,uel1
 a "n giv5 to our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1     
signify+1 ,god )      u4   ,,im,,rah1 a 
rebel1 *ang+4   ,,india1 ,9-de-a1       
praise1 law4   ,,iph$eiah1 ,if-fe-dy-ah1
 or ,if-fe-dee-ah1 ! r$emption ( !      
,"l4   ,i,,ra1 city1 wat*1 spoil1 heap (
 vision4   ,i,,rad1 wild ass1 heap (    
desc5ts1 ( empire4   ,,irijah1          
,i-ry-jah1 ! fe>1 vision1 or protection 
( ! ,"l4   ,,isaac1 ,i-zak1 laught]4    
,,isaiah1 ,i-zay-yah1 or ,i-zay-e-ah1 ! 
salvation ( ! ,"l4   ,,iscah1 ,is-kah1  
he t ano9ts1 or cov]s4   ,,isc>iot1     
,is-k>-re-ot1 is ?\ght to signify a     
native ( ! t[n      ( ,isc>io?4         
,,i%,,bak1 empty1 =sak51 ab&on$4        

,,i%bi-,,b5ob1 ,i%-by-bee-nob1 he t sits
 9 ! prophecy1      conv]sion4          
,,i%-,,bo%e?1 ,i%-bo-%e?1 a man ( %ame4 
,,i%mael1 ,i%-ma-el1 ,god :o he>s4      
,,i%maelites1 ,i%-ma-el-ites1 ! po/]ity 
( ,i%mael4   ,,israel1 ,is-ra-el1 a     
pr9ce ) ,god1 prevail+ ) ,god1 t        
wre/le? ) ,god4   ,,israelites1         
,is-ra-el-ites1 ! po/]ity ( ,israel1 or 
,jacob4   ,,issa*>1 ,is-sa-k>1 price1   
rew>d4   ,,italian1 ,i-tal-e-an1 belong+
 to ,italy4   ,,italy1 ,x-ta-le1 a ,lat9
 ^w t has its orig9al f vitulus1      or
 vitula1 8a calf10 or f a k+ call$      
,italus4   ,,i?,,am>1 isl& ( ! palm     
tree1 wo to ! palm or *ange4   ,,i?iel1 
,i?-e-el1 ,god ) me1 sign4   ,,i?ream1  
,i?-re-am1 excell5ce ( ! p4   ,,iturea1 
,x-u-ree-a1 :i* is gu>d$1 a c\ntry (    
m\nta9s4   ,i,,vah1 iniquity4           
,,jaalam1 ,ja-ay-lam1 hidd51 "y man1    
kids4   ,,jaazania1 ,ja-az-a-ny-ah1 :om 
! ,"l w he>1 ! balances1 !      arms4   
,,ja,,bal1 :i* glides away1 produces4   
,,jab,,bok1 evacuation1 dissipation4    

,,ja,,be%1 dryness1 confusion1 %ame4    
,,jabe%-,,gilead1 ,jay-be%-gil-e-ad4    
,,ja,,bez1 sorr[1 tr\ble4   ,,ja,,b91 he
 t und]/&s1 he t builds4   ,,jabneel1   
,jab-ne-el1 build+1 or und]/&+ ( ,god4  
,,ja*91 ,jay-k91 t /r5g!ns4   ,,ja,,cob1
 he t supplants1 ! heel4   ,,ja,,el1 he 
t asc5ds1 a kid4   ,,jah1 ! ev]la/+     
,god4   ,,ja,,haz1 dispute1 go+ out ( ! 
,"l4   ,,jahaza1 ,ja-hay-za1 ! same z   
,jahaz4   ,,jair1 ,jay-er1 my light1 :o 
diffuses light4   ,,jairus1 ,jay-e-rus  
or ,ja-i-rus1 is enlight5$4             
,,jam,,bres1 ! sea ) pov]ty4   ,,james1 
! same z ,jacob4   ,,jan,,na1 :o speaks1
 :o answ]s1 affliction4   ,,jannes1     
,jan-nez1 ! same z ,janna4   ,,japhe?1  
,jay-fe?1 p]suades1 h&some4   ,,japhia1 
,ja-fy-ah1 :i* enlight5s1 groans4       
,,ja,,reb1 a rev5g]4   ,,ja,,r$1 he t   
desc5ds or comm&s4   ,,ja,,%]1 righte\s4
   ,,ja,,son1 he t cures1 t gives       
m$ic9es4   ,,ja,,van1 t deceives1 clay4 
,,ja,,z]1 assi/ance1 he t helps4        
,,je,,bus1 treads "u foot1 contemns4    

,,jeb,,usites1 inhabitants ( ,jebus4    
,,jeconi,,ah1 prep>ation or /eadfa/ness 
( ! ,"l4   ,,j$di,,el1 ! k or joy (     
,god4   ,,j$idah1 ,j$-dy-dah1           
well-belov$1 amiable4   ,,j$idiah1      
,j$-e-dy-ah1 belov$ ( ! ,"l4   ,,j$u?un1
 ,j$-ew-?un or ,j$-ew-?un1 8 law1 :o    
gives praise4   ,,jeg>-,,sahadu?a1      
,je-g>-say-ha-dew-?a1 ! heap ( witness+4
   ,,jehoahaz1 ,je-ho-ay-haz1 ! prize or
 possession ( ! ,"l4   ,,jeho,,a%1 !    
fire or victim ( ! ,"l4   ,,jehoia*91   
,je-hoy-a-k91 prep>ation or /r5g? ( !   
,"l4   ,,jehoiada1 ,je-hoy-a-dah1 k ( ! 
,"l4   ,,jehoiakim1 ,je-hoy-a-kim1 !    
resurrection ( ! ,"l4   ,,jehon,,adab4  
,see ,jonadab4   ,,jeho,,ram1           
exaltation1 reject$ ( ! ,"l4            
,,jeho%,,aphat1 ,god judges4            
,,jeho,,vah1 ! incommunicable "n ( ,god1
 self-exi/+4   ,,jehovah-,,jireh1       
,je-ho-vah-jy-rey1 ! ,"l w see or       
provide1 w      be manife/$4            
,,jeho,,vah-,,nis,,si1 ! ,"l my bann]4  
,,jehovah-,,%alom1 ,je-ho-vah-%ay-lom or

 %al-lom1 ! ,"l s5d      peace4         
,,jeho,,vah-,,%am,,mah1 ! ,"l is !re4   
,,jeho,,vah-,,tsid,,k5u1 ! ,"l our      
righte\sness4   ,,jehu1 ,je-hew1 he t is
 or exi/s4   ,,jehudijah1               
,je-hew-di-jah1 praise ( ! ,"l4         
,,jemi,,ma1 h&some z ! day4   ,,jeph?ah1
 ,jef-?ah1 he t op5s4   ,,jephunneh1    
,je-fun-neh1 he t beholds4   ,,je,,rah1 
! moon1 to sc5t or smell4   ,,j]ahmeel1 
,je-ram-me-el1 m]cy or love ( ,god4     
,,j]emi,,ah1 gr&eur ( ! ,"l4   ,,j]i*o1 
,j]-re-ko1 8 moon1 sweet smell4         
,,j],,imo?1 em95ces1 he t fe>s or       
rejects dea?4   ,,j]obo,,am1 fight+     
aga9/1 increas+ ! p4   ,,j]ubbaal1      
,j]-uh-bay-al1 he t rev5ges ! idol1 let 
,baal def5d      8 cause4   ,,j]ubbe%e?1
 ,je-rub-be-%e?1 let ! idol ( confusion 
def5d      itself4   ,,j]u,,salem1 !    
vision or possession ( peace4           
,,j]u,,%a1 he t possesses ! inh]itance1 
exil$4   ,,je%imon1 ,je%-e-mon1         
solitude1 desolation4   ,,je%ua1        
,je%-u-a1 a ,savi\r4   ,,je%urun1       

,je%-ew-run1 upright4   ,,jes,,se1 to   
be1 my pres5t4   ,,jesui1 ,jes-u-i1 :o  
is equal1 flat c\ntry4   ,,jesuites1    
,jes-u-ites1 ! po/]ity ( ,jesui4        
,,je,,sus1 ! holy "n ,jesus1 ,savi\r1 :o
 save? 8 p f _!      s9s4   ,,je,,!r1 he
 t excels1 rema9s1 se>*es4   ,,je?,,ro1 
8 excell5ce or po/]ity4   ,,je,,tur1 he 
t keeps1 succession1 m\nta9\s4          
,,je,,u%1 dev\r$1 gnaw$ by ! mo?4       
,,jew1 ,jews1 s call$ f ,judah4         
,,jew,,ess1 ,,jew,,i%1 ,,jew,,ry4       
,,jez,,ebel1 isl& ( ! habitation1 wo to 
! habitation1 isle ( !      dunghill4   
,,jezrahiah1 ,jez-ra-hy-ah1 ! ,"l is !  
ea/1 ! ,"l arises1   ,,jezreel1         
,jez-re-el or ,jez-ree-el1 se$ ( ,god1  
dropp+ ( !      fri5d%ip ( ,god4        
,,jezreelite1 ,jez-re-el-ite or         
,jez-ree-el-ite1 an inhabitant (        
,jezreel4   ,,jidlaph1 ,jid-laf1 he t   
di/ils1 h&s jo9$4   ,,jo,,ab1 pat]nity1 
hav+ a fa!r1 volunt>y4   ,,jo,,ah1 :o   
has a bro!r1 bro!r ( ! ,"l4             
,,joan,,na1 ! grace or m]cy ( ! ,"l4    

,,jo,,a%1 :o despairs1 burns1 is on     
fire4   ,,job1 he t weeps1 cries1 or    
speaks out ( a holl[ place4   ,,jo*eb$1 
,jok-ke-b$1 glori\s1 hon\rable1 a p]son 
( m]it1 !      glory ( ! ,"l4           
,,jo,,el1 t wills1 comm&s1 or swe>s4    
,,joez]1 ,jo-ee-z]1 he t aids4          
,,jo,,ha1 :o enliv5s & gives life4      
,,joha,,nan1 :o is lib]al & grants      
fav\r4   ,,john1 ! gift or m]cy ( ! ,"l4
   ,,jok,,%an1 h>d1 difficult1 sc&al\s4 
,,jok,,tan1 small1 disgu/1 we>9ess1     
dispute4   ,,jon,,adab1 :o acts 9 good  
e>ne/4   ,,jo,,nah1 or ,,jo,,nas1 a     
dove1 he t oppresses4   ,,jon,,a?an1    
giv5 ( ,god4   ,,jop,,pa1 beauty1       
comel9ess4   ,,jo,,ram1 to ca/1 elevat$4
   ,,jor,,dan1 ! riv] ( judgm5t1 t      
rejects judgm5t1 desc5t4   ,,jo,,rim1 he
 t exalts ! ,"l4   ,,jo,,se1 rais$1 :o  
exi/s1 or p>dons1 ,savi\r4   ,,joseph1  
,jo-sef1 increase1 addition4   ,,joses1 
,jo-sez4 ,see ,jose4   ,,jo%,,ua1 ! ,"l1
 ! ,savi\r4   ,,josi,,ah1 ! fire ( !    
,"l4   ,,jo,,?am1 p]fection ( ! ,"l4    

,,jubal1 ,jew-bal1 he t runs1 he t      
produces1 a trumpet4   ,,jubilee1       
,jew-be-lee1 a fea/ ( ! ,jews1 e fiftie?
 ye>2 9      ,hebrew1 ,jobel1 a ram's   
horn1 or a trumpet by :i* ! jubilee     
ye> 0 proclaim$4   ,,ju,,dah1 ! praise (
 ! ,"l4   ,,ju,,das1 ! same z ,judah4   
,,judea1 ,jew-dee-a1 a c\ntry4          
,,ju,,lia1 d[ny2 f 1 8d[n40             
,,ju,,lius1 ! same z ,julia4            
,,ju,,nia1 f ,juno1 or f juv5tus1 y\?4  
,,jupit]1 ,jew-pe-t]1 z if x 7 juvans   
pat]1 ! fa!r t      helpe?4             
,,jus,,tus1 j1 upright4     ,,kabzeel1  
,kab-ze-el1 ! congregation ( ,god4      
,,ka,,de%1 hol9ess4   ,,kade%-,,b>nea1  
,kay-de%-b>-ne-a or b>-nee-ah1 hol9ess (
 an      incon/ant son1 ( ! corn1 (     
purity4   ,,kad,,miel1 ,god ( ris+4     
,,ke,,d>1 blackness1 sorr[4   ,,k$emah1 
,k$-de-mah1 ori5tal4   ,,k$emo?1        
,k$-de-mo?1 old age1 ori5tals4          
,,keilah1 ,ky-lah1 %e t divides or cuts4
   ,,kemuel1 ,kem-u-el1 ,god is ris54   
,,ke,,naz1 ?is ne/1 lam5tation1         

possession4   ,,ke,,nites1 possession1  
lam5tation1 ne/4   ,,k]5-,,happu*1      
,kee-r5-hap-puk1 ! horn or *ild (       
beauty4   ,,k]io?1 ,k]-re-o?1 ! cities1 
! call+s4   ,,keturah1 ,ke-tew-rah1 he t
 burns or makes ! inc5se to fume1       
odorif]\s4   ,,keziah1 ,ke-zy-ah1       
sup]ficies1 angle1 cassia4   ,,ke,,ziz1 
end1 extremity4   ,,kibro?-,,hattaavah1 
,kib-ro?-hat-tay-a-vah1 ! graves ( lu/4 
,,kid,,ron1 obscurity1 obscure4   ,,kir1
 a city1 a wall1 a meet+4               
,,kir-,,h>ase?1 ,kir-h>-ra-se?1 ! city (
 ! sun4   ,,kiria?aim1 ,kir-e-a?-ay-im1 
! two cities1 ! call+s4   ,,kir-,,ja?1  
city1 vocation1 lesson1 meet+4          
,,kir-,,ja?-,,ar,,ba1 ! city ( f\r4     
,,kir,,ja?-,a,,rim1 city ( cities1 !    
city ( ^? t wat*4   ,,kir,,ja?-,,ba,,al1
 ! city ( ,baal1 ( ^? t comm&1 ( ^? t   
possess4   ,,kirja?-,,je>im1            
,kir-ja?-je-a-rim1 ! city ( woods4      
,,kir,,ja?-,,san,,nah1 ! city ( ! bu%1 (
 enmity4   ,,kirja?-,,seph]1            
,kir-ja?-see-f]1 ! city ( lett]s1 ( !   

book4   ,,ki%1 h>d1 difficult1 /raw4    
,,kis,,ron1 mak+ sweet1 p]fum+4         
,,kit,,tim1 !y t bruise1 gold1 col\r+4  
,,ko,,ha?1 congregation1 ob$i5ce1 to    
make blunt4   ,,koha?ites1 ,ko-ha?-ites1
 ! po/]ity ( ,koha?4   ,,ko,,rah1 bald1 
froz54     ,,la,,ban1 :ite1 %9+1 g5tle4 
,,la*i%1 ,lay-ki%1 %e walks1 :o exi/s ( 
himself4   ,,la,,el1 to ,god1 to !      
,almighty4   ,,lah,,mi1 my bread1 my w>4
   ,,la,,i%1 a lion4   ,,la,,me*1 poor1 
made l[1 :o is /ruck4   ,,laodicea1     
,lay-o-de-see-a1 j p4   ,,laodiceans1   
,lay-o-de-see-ans1 inhabitants (        
,laodicea4   ,,lap$o?1 ,lap-pe-do?1     
enlight5$1 lamps4   ,,laz>us1           
,laz-za-rus1 ! help ( ,god4   ,,le,,ah1 
we>y1 tir$4   ,,leb,,anon1 :ite1 inc5se4
   ,,lebbeus1 ,leb-bee-u1 a man ( he>t4 
,,lehabim1 ,le-ha-bim or ,le-hay-bim1   
flames1 ! po9ts ( a sword4   ,,le,,hi1  
jaw bone4   ,,lem,,uel1 ,god ) !m4      
,,le,,vi1 :o is held & associat$4       
,,le,,vites1 ! po/]ity ( ,levi4         
,,lib,,nah1 ,,lib,,ni1 :ite1 :it5ess4   

,,libya1 ,lib-e-a1 9 ,hebrew1 ,lubim1 ! 
he>t ( ! sea4   ,,libyans1 ,lib-e-ans1 !
 p ( ,libya4   ,,li,,nus1 nets4         
,,lo-,,am,,mi1 n my p4   ,,lo,,is1      
bett]4   ,,lo-,,ruhamah1 ,lo-ru-hay-mah1
 n hav+ obta9$ m]cy1 n piti$4   ,,lot1  
wrapt up1 myrrh1 ros94   ,,lu,,cas1     
lum9\s4   ,,lu,,cif]1 ,lu-se-f]1 br++   
light4   ,,lucius1 ,lu-%e-u4 ,see       
,lucas4   ,,lud1 maturity1 g5]ation4    
,,luke4 ,see ,lucas4   ,,luz1 sep>ation1
 dep>ture4   ,,lycaonia1 ,ly-ka-o-ne-a1 
%e-wolf4   ,,lyd,,da1 ! "n ( a city4    
,,lysa,,nias1 t drives away sorr[4      
,,lys,,tra1 t dissolves or disp]ses4    
,,maa*ah1 ,may-a-kah1 to squeeze4       
,,maaseiah1 ,ma-a-sy-ah1 ! "w ( ! ,"l4  
,,mac$onia1 ,mas-se-d-ne-a1 adoration1  
pro/ration4   ,,ma*ir1 ,may-kir1 he t   
sells or kn[s4   ,,ma*pelah1            
,mak-pee-lah1 d\ble4   ,,magdala1       
,mag-da-lah1 t[]1 greatness4            
,,magdal5e1 ,mag-da-le-ne1 t[]1 gr&1    
elevat$4   ,,ma,,gog1 ro(1 t dissolves4 
,,magor-,,missabib1 ,may-gor-mis-sa-bib1

 fe>1 r\nd ab\t4   ,,mahalaleel1        
,ma-ha-la-lee-el1 he t praises ,god4    
,,mahala?1 ,ma-hay-la?1 melodi\s song1  
infirmity4   ,,mahanaim1 ,ma-ha-nay-im1 
! two fields or armies4                 
,,mah]-,,%alal-,,ha%-,,baz1             
,may-er-%al-al-ha%-baz1 mak+ spe$ to    
! spoil4   ,,mah,,lah1 ! same z         
,mahala?4   ,,mah,,lon1 song1 infirmity4
   ,,makk$ah1 ,mak-ke-dah1 adoration1   
pro/ration4   ,,mal*am1 ,mal-kam1 _! k+4
   ,,mal*i-,,%ua1 ,mal-ke-%ew-ah1 my k+ 
is a savi\r4   ,,mal*us1 ,mal-kus1 k+ or
 k+dom4   ,,mam,,mon1 ri*es4            
,,mam,,re1 rebelli\s1 bitt]1 t *anges4  
,,mana51 ,man-a-en1 or ,ma-nay-en1 a    
com=t]1 he t conducts      !m4          
,,manas,,seh1 =getfulness1 he t is      
=gott54   ,,maneh1 ,may-neh1 a species (
 money4   ,,manoah1 ,ma-no-ah1 re/1 a   
pres5t4   ,,ma,,on1 h\se1 crime4        
,,ma,,ra1 bitt]ness4   ,,ma,,rah1 ! same
 z ,m>a4   ,,m>,,cus1 polite1 %9+4      
,,m>k1 ! same z ,m>cus4   ,,m>s-,,hill1 
! place :]e ! judges ( ,a!ns held _!    

supreme      c\ncil4   ,,m>,,?a1 :o     
becomes bitt]4   ,,ma,,ry1 exalt$1      
bitt]ness ( ! sea1 mi/ress ( ! sea4     
,,masrekah1 ,mas-re-kah1 :i/l+1 hiss+4  
,,mas,,sah1 temptation4   ,,ma,,tri1    
ra91 prison4   ,,mat,,tan1 ! re9s1 !    
dea? ( !m4   ,,matta?ias1 ,mat-ta-?y-z1 
! gift ( ! ,"l4   ,,mat,,t1 gift1 he t  
gives4   ,,mat?,,ew1 giv51 a rew>d4     
,,mat?ias1 ,ma-?y-z4 ,see ,matta?ias4   
,,maz,,z>o?1 ! twelve signs4            
,,me,,dad1 he t measures1 ! wat] ( love4
   ,,me,,dan1 judgm5t1 process1 measure1
 cov]+4   ,,m$es1 ,meeds1 p ( ,m$ia4    
,,m$ia1 ,mee-de-a1 measure1 cov]+1      
abundance4   ,,megiddo1 ,me-gid-d1 t    
decl>es1 8 preci\s fruit4   ,,megiddon1 
,me-gid-don1 ! same z ,megiddo4         
,,mehetabel1 ,me-het-ta-ble1 h[ good is 
,god6   ,,mehujael1 ,me-hu-jay-el1 :o   
proclaims ,god1 ,god t blots out4       
,,mel*i1 ,mel-ky1 my k+1 my c\nsel4     
,,mel*iz$ek1 ,mel-kiz-ze-dek1 k+ (      
righte\sness4   ,,melita1 ,me-ly-ta or  
,me-lee-ta1 af=d+ honey4   ,,memphis1   

,mem-fis1 by ! m\?4   ,,memucan1        
,me-mew-kan1 impov]i%$1 to prep>e1      
c]ta91 true4   ,,m5ahem1 ,m5-na-hem1    
com=t]1 :o conducts !m4   ,,m5e1 ,meene1
 :o reckons1 :o is c\nt$4               
,,mephibo%e?1 ,me-fib-bo-%e?1 out ( my  
m\? proce$s reproa*4   ,,me,,rab1 he t  
fights1 he t multiplies4   ,,m]>i1      
,me-ray-ry1 bitt]1 to provoke4          
,,m]cu,,rius1 a false god2 f ! ,lat9 ^w 
m]c>i1 8to buy or sell10      because he
 presid$ ov] m]*&ise2 9 ,greek1 h]mes1  
8orator0      or 8int]pret]40           
,,m]ib-,,baal1 ,m]-ib-ba-al or          
,m]-ib-bay-al1 rebellion1 he t          
resi/s ,baal1 & /rives aga9/ ! idol4    
,,m]ibah1 ,m]-re-bah1 dispute1 qu>rel4  
,,m]oda*1 ,m]-ro-dak1 bitt]1 contrition2
 9 ,syriac1 ! little      "l4           
,,m]oda*-,,baladan1                     
,m]-ro-dak-bal-la-dan or ba-lay-dan1 :o 
creates contrition1 ! son ( dea?1 ( ?y  
vap\r4   ,,me,,rom1 em95ces1 elevations4
   ,,me,,roz1 secret1 leanness4         
,,me%a*1 ,mee-%ak1 t draws ) =ce1 t     

surr\nds ! wat]s4   ,,me%e*1 ,mee-%ek1  
:o is drawn by =ce1 %ut up1 surr\nd$4   
,,me%elemiah1 ,me%-el-e-my-ah1 peace1   
p]fection1 retribution ( !      ,"l4    
,,mesopotamia1 ,mes-o-po-tay-me-a1 9    
,hebrew1 ,aramnah>aim1 t is1            
8,syria ( ! two riv]s40 ,9 ,greek x also
 signifies 8betwe5 two      riv]s20 f 1 
8middle10 & 1 8riv]40   ,,messiah1      
,mes-sy-ah1 ano9t$4                     
,,me,,!g-,,am,,mah1 ! bridle ( bondage4 
,,me?usael1 ,me-!w-sa-el1 :o dem&s 8    
dea?4   ,,me?uselah1 ,me-!w-se-lah1 he  
has s5t 8 dea?4   ,,mi,,cah1 poor1      
humble1 :o /rikes1 is !re4   ,,micaiah1 
,my-kay-e-ah1 :o is l to ,god8 ! l[l9ess
 ( ,god4   ,,mi*aiah1 ,my-kay-e-ah1     
,,mi*ael1 ,my-ka-el1 ! same z ,micaiah4 
,,mi*al1 ,my-kal1 :o is x t has all8 :o 
is p]fect8   ,,mi*ma%1 ,mik-ma%1 he t   
/rikes1 ! poor tak5 away4   ,,midian1   
,mid-de-an1 judgm5t1 measure1 cov]+4    
,,midianites1 ,mid-de-an-ites1 p (      
,midian4   ,,mig,,dol1 a t[]1 greatness4
   ,,mig,,ron1 fe>1 a b>n1 f ! ?roat4   

,,mil,,cah1 que54   ,,mil,,com1 _! k+4  
,,miletum1 ,my-lee-tum1 r$1 sc>let4     
,,mil,,lo1 fulness1 repletion4          
,,m9,,ni1 dispos$1 reckon$4   ,,m9,,ni?1
 c\nt$1 prep>$4   ,,miriam1 ,mir-re-am1 
exalt$1 bitt]ness ( ! sea1 mi/ress ( !  
sea4   ,,mis,,gab1 ! high =t or rock4   
,,mi%ael1 ,mi%-a-el1 ask$ =1 l5t1 ,god  
takes away4   ,,misrepho?-,,maim1       
,mis-re-fo?-may-im1 ! burn+s ( ! wat]s1 
furnaces :]e metals are melt$4          
,,mityl5e1 ,mit-e-lee-ne1 purity1 press4
   ,,mi,,z>1 little4   ,,miz,,pah1 a    
s5t9el1 speculation1 t waits =4         
,,miz,,peh1 ! same z ,mizpah4           
,,mizraim1 ,miz-ray-im1 tribulations1 9 
/raits4   ,,mnason1 ,nay-son1 a dilig5t 
seek]1 betro?+1 an exhort]4   ,,mo,,ab1 
( ! fa!r4   ,,mo,,abites1 ,mo-ab-ites1 !
 desc5dants ( ,moab4   ,,moladah1       
,mol-a-dah1 or ,mo-lay-dah1 bir?1       
g5]ation4   ,,mole*1 ,mo-lek1 k+4       
,,molo*1 ,mo-lok1 ! same z ,mole*4      
,,mordecai1 ,mor-de-kay1 contrition1    
bitt] bruis+2 9 ,syriac1 pure           

myrrh4   ,,mori,,ah1 bitt]ness or fe> ( 
! ,"l4   ,,mos]a1 ,mo-see-ra1 ,,mos]o?1 
,mo-see-ro?1 erudition1 discipl9e1      
bond4   ,,mo,,ses1 tak5 out ( ! wat]4   
,,mu,,%i1 he t t\*es1 )draws himself4   
,,my,,ra1 f 1 ,i fl[1 p\r out1 weep4    
,,mysia1 ,mi%-e-a1 crim9al1 abom9able4  
,,naaman1 ,na-ay-man1 beautiful1        
agreeable1 t prep>es himself to         
motion4   ,,naama?ite1 ,na-ay-ma-?ite1 (
 ,naama?4   ,,naa%on1 ,na-a%-on1 t      
=etels1 s]p5t4   ,,na,,bal1 a fool1     
s5seless4   ,,na,,bo?1 words1           
prophecies1 fruits4   ,,na,,dab1 free & 
volunt>y gift1 pr9ce4   ,,nagge1        
,nag-gee1 brightness4   ,,nah>ai1       
,na-h>-ra-i or ,na-ha-ray-i1 my no/rils1
 ho>se1 hot4   ,,naha%1 ,nay-ha%1 snake1
 "o t =etels1 brass4   ,,na,,hor1 ho>se1
 hot1 angry4   ,,nah%on1 ,nay-%on4 ,see 
,naa%on4   ,,na,,hum1 com=t]1 p5it5t1 _!
 guide4   ,,na,,91 beauty1 pleasantness4
   ,,naio?1 ,nay-e-o?1 beauties1        
habitations4   ,,naomi1 ,na-o-my1       
beautiful1 agreeable4   ,,naphi%1       

,nay-fi%1 ! s\l1 he t refre%es himself1 
t      respires2 9 ,syriac1 t           
multiplies4   ,,naphtali1 ,naf-ta-ly1   
comp>ison1 lik5ess1 t fights4           
,,n>cissus1 ,n>-sis-sus1 a/oni%m5t4     
,,na,,?an1 :o gives1 or is giv54        
,,na?anael1 ,na-?an-yel1 ! gift ( ,god4 
,,na?an-,,mele*1 ,nay-?an-me-lek1 gift (
 ! k+4   ,,na,,um4 ,see ,nahum4         
,,naz>5e1 ,naz-a-reen1 kept1 fl[]4      
,,naz>e?1 ,naz-a-re?1 sep>at$1          
sanctifi$4   ,,neapolis1 ,ne-ap-po-lis1 
new city4   ,,nebaio?1 ,ne-bay-yo?1     
prophecies1 fruits4   ,,ne,,bat1 t      
beholds4   ,,ne,,bo1 t speaks1          
prophesies1 or fructifies4              
,,nebu*adnezz>1 ,neb-ew-kad-nez-z>1 te>s
 & groans ( judgm5t4   ,,nebuz>-,,adan1 
,neb-ew-z>-ra-dan1 fruits or prophecies 
( judgm5t1      w9n[$1 spread4   ,,ne*o1
 ,nee-ko1 lame1 :o 0 beat54             
,,nehelamite1 ,ne-hel-a-myte1 dream]1   
vale1 brook4   ,,nehemiah1 ,ne-he-my-ah1
 consolation1 rep5tance1 or re/ ( ! ,"l4
   ,,nehilo?1 ,ne-hee-lo?1 flute1       

hautboy1 cornet4   ,,nehu%ta1           
,ne-hu%-tah1 snake1 soo?say]4           
,,nehu%,,tan1 :i* is ( brass or copp]1 a
 trifle ( brass4   ,,n]1 lamp1          
brightness1 l& new till$4   ,,n]eus1    
,nee-re-u4 ,see ,n]4   ,,n]i1 ,nee-ry1  
my light4   ,,n]i,,ah1 light & lamp ( ! 
,"l4   ,,ne?aneel1 ,ne-?an-ne-el4 ,see  
,na?anael4   ,,ne?ania1 ,ne?-a-ny-ah1 ! 
gift ( ! ,"l4   ,,ne?9ims1 ,ne?-e-nims1 
giv51 (f]$4   ,,nib,,haz1 t fructifies1 
to prophesy1 to speak4   ,,nicanor1     
,ny-kay-nor1 a conqu]or1 victori\s4     
,,nicodemus1 ,nik-o-dee-mus1 innoc5t    
blood2 9 ,greek1 ! victory (      ! p4  
,,nicolaitans1 ,nik-o-lay-e-tanz1 !     
foll[]s ( ,nicolas4   ,,nicolas1        
,nik-o-las1 victor ( ! p2 f 1 ,i        
ov]come1      & 1 ! p4   ,,nicopolis1   
,ny-kop-po-lis1 ! city ( victory4       
,,nig]1 ,ny-j]1 black4   ,,nim,,rim1    
leop>d1 rebellion1 *ange4   ,,nim,,rod1 
rebelli\s1 sleep ( desc5t4   ,,nim,,%i1 
rescu$ f dang]1 t t\*es4   ,,n9eveh1    
,n9-ne-veh1 agreeable dwell+4           

,,n9evites1 ,n9-ne-vites1 p ( ,n9eveh4  
,,ni,,san1 bann]2 9 ,syriac1 a miracle4 
,,nis,,ro*1 flight1 /&>d1 pro(4   ,,no1 
/irr+ up1 a =bidd+4   ,,noadi,,ah1      
witness ( ! ,"l4   ,,no,,ah1 repose1    
re/1 consolation4   ,,nob1 disc\rse1    
prophecy4   ,,no,,bah1 t b>ks or yelps4 
,,nod1 vagabond4   ,,noph1 ,n(f1 honey  
comb1 a sieve1 t drops4   ,,nun1 son1   
po/]ity1 durable4   ,,nymphas1 ,nim-fas1
 sp\se1 bridegroom4     ,,obadi,,ah1    
s]vant ( ! ,"l4   ,o,,bal1 inconv5i5ce (
 old age1 ( ! flux4   ,o,,b$1 a s]vant4 
,o,,b$-,e,,dom1 ! s]vant ( ,edom1 !     
,idumean1 lab\r] ( ! man4   ,o,,bil1 t  
weeps1 des]ves to be bewail$1 anci5t4   
,,oc,,ran1 di/urb]4   ,o,,d$1 to su/a91 
to lift up4   ,,og1 a cake1 bread bak$ 9
 ! a%es4   ,o,,hel1 t5t1 tab]nacle1     
brightness4   ,,olympas1 ,o-lim-pas1    
heav5ly4   ,o,,m>1 he t speaks1 bitt]4  
,,omega1 ,o-mee-ga1 ! la/ lett] ( !     
,greek alphabet4   ,,om,,ri1 a %eaf (   
corn1 rebellion1 bitt]4   ,,on1 pa91    
=ce1 iniquity4   ,o,,nan1 pa91 /r5g?1   

iniquity4   ,,onesimus1 ,o-nes-se-mus1  
pr(itable1 useful4   ,,onesiphorus1     
,on-ne-sif-fo-rus1 :o br+s pr(it4       
,,ophel1 ,o-fel1 t[]1 obscurity4        
,,ophir1 ,o-fir1 a%es4   ,,ophrah1      
,(f-rah1 du/1 fawn1 lead4   ,o,,reb1 a  
rav51 caution1 ev5+4   ,,orion1         
,o-ry-on1 ! "n ( a con/ellation4        
,,or,,nan1 t rejoices1 _! b[ or ark4    
,,or,,pah1 ! neck1 skull1 nak$ness ( !  
m\?4   ,,o?,,ni1 my "t1 my h\r4         
,,o?niel1 ,o?-ne-el1 ! h\r ( ,god4      
,o,,zem1 t fa/s1 _! eag]ness4   ,,ozias1
 ,o-zy-z1 /r5g? f ! ,"l4     ,,pa>ai1   
,pay-a-ray or ,pay-a-ry1 op5+4          
,,padan-,,aram1 ,pay-dan-ay-ram1 ,padan 
( ! field1 & ,aram ,syria4   ,,pagiel1  
,pay-je-el1 prev5tion or pray] ( ,god4  
,,pale/9a1 ,pal-es-ty-na1 :i* is cov]$4 
,,pal,,ti1 deliv]ance1 flight4          
,,pamphylia1 ,pam-fil-le-a1 a nation    
made up ( e tribe2 f 1      all1 & 1 a  
tribe4   ,,paphos1 ,pay-fos1 :i* boils1 
is v hot4   ,,pa,,ran1 beauty1 glory1   
ornam5t4   ,,p>,,b>1 a gate or build+   

belong+ to ! temple4   ,,p>,,m5as1 t    
abides & is p]man5t4   ,,p>o%1 ,pay-ro%1
 a flea1 fruit ( ! mo?4   ,,p>%&a?a1    
,p>-%an-da-?a1 revelation ( corporeal   
impurities1      ( 8 tr\ble4            
,,p>?ians1 ,p>-!-ans1 horsem54          
,,p>uah1 ,pa-rew-ah1 fl\ri%+1 t flies   
away4   ,,p>va,,im1 suppos$ to be ,p]u  
or ,ceylon4   ,,pa%,,ur1 t ext5ds !     
hole1 :it5ess4   ,,pat>a1 ,pa-tay-rah1  
:i* is trodd5 "u foot2 f 1 ,i      tread
 "u foot4   ,,pa?ros1 ,pa?-ros or       
,pay-?ros1 m\?ful ( dew4   ,,pat,,mos1  
mortal4   ,,patrobas1 ,pat-ro-bas1      
pat]nal1 t pursues ! /eps ( 8      fa!r4
   ,,pau1 ,pay-ew1 t cries al\d1 appe>s4
   ,,paul1 ,,paul,,u1 a work]4 ,8 =m] "n
 0 ,,saul1 a sepul*re1 a      de/roy]4  
,,p$ahzur1 ,p$-ah-zur1 savi\r1 /rong &  
p[]ful1 /one (      r$emption4          
,,p$aiah1 ,p$-ay-e-ah1 r$emption ( !    
,"l4   ,,pe,,kah1 he t op5s1 or is at   
lib]ty4   ,,pekahiah1 ,pek-a-hy-ah1 x is
 ! ,"l t op5s4   ,,pe,,kod1 noble1      
rul]s4   ,,pelati,,ah1 let ! ,"l deliv]4

   ,,pe,,leg1 division4   ,,pele?ites1  
,pel-e?-ites1 judges1 de/roy]s4         
,,p5iel1 ,pe-ny-el1 face or vision (    
,god4   ,,p59,,nah1 preci\s /one1 8     
face4   ,,p5u,,el4 ,see ,p5iel4         
,,peor1 ,pee-or1 hold1 op5+4   ,,p],,ga1
 v e>?y4   ,,p],,gamos1 height1         
elevation4   ,,p]izzites1 ,p]-iz-zytes1 
! "n ( a p :o dwell 9      villages4    
,,p],,sia1 ,p]sis1 t cuts1 nail1        
horseman4   ,,pe,,t]1 a rock1 a /one4   
,,pe?u,,el1 m\? or p]suasion ( ,god4    
,,phalec1 ,fay-lek4 ,see ,peleg4        
,,phallu1 ,fal-lu1 admirable1 hidd54    
,,phalti1 ,fal-ty1 deliv]ance1 flight4  
,,phanuel1 ,fa-new-el1 face or vision ( 
,god4   ,,ph>aoh1 ,fay-ro1 t disp]ses1 t
 discov]s2 accord+ to !      ,syriac1 ! 
rev5g]1 ! k+1 ! crocodile4   ,,ph>ez1   
,fay-rez1 division1 rupture4   ,,ph>p>1 
,f>-p>1 t produces fruits1 fall ( !     
bull4   ,,phebe1 ,fee-be1 %9+1 pure4    
,,ph5ice1 ,fe-ny-se1 r$1 purple4        
,,phi*ol1 ,fy-kol1 ! m\? ( all1         
p]fection4   ,,philadelphia1            

,fil-a-del-fe-a1 ! love ( a bro!r2 f 1  
love1 & 1 a bro!r4   ,,philemon1        
,fil-ee-mon1 or ,fy-lee-mon1 t is       
affectionate4   ,,philetus1 ,fil-ee-tus 
or ,fy-lee-tus1 amiable1 belov$4        
,,phil,,ip1 w>like1 a lov] ( horses4    
,,philippi1 ,fil-lip-py1 ! same z       
,philip4   ,,phili/ia1 ,fil-lis-te-a or 
,fy-lis-te-a1 ! c\ntry ( !              
,phili/9es4   ,,phili/9es1 ,fil-lis-t9es
 or ,fil-lis-t9s1 ^? t dwell 9          
villages4   ,,philologus1               
,fil-lol-lo-gus1 lov] ( le>n+4          
,,ph9ehas1 ,f9-ne-has1 a bold c\nt5ance4
   ,,phlegon1 ,fle-gon1 zeal\s1 burn+4  
,,phrygia1 ,frij-e-a1 dry1 b>r54        
,,phurah1 ,few-rah1 t be>s fruit1 t     
gr[s4   ,,phygellus1 ,fy-jel-lus1       
fugitive4   ,,pi-,,be,,se?1 ! m\? (     
despite4   ,,pi-,,hahiro?1              
,py-ha-hy-ro?1 ! m\?1 ! pass ( ,hiro?1 !
      op5+ ( lib]ty4   ,,pi,,late1 :o is
 arm$ ) a d>t4   ,,pi,,non1 gem1 t      
beholds4   ,,pira?on1 ,pir-a-?on1 8     
dissipation1 deprivation2 9 ,syriac1 8  

v5geance4   ,,pis,,gah1 hill1 em95ce1   
=tress4   ,,pisidia1 ,py-sid-e-a1 pit*1 
pit*y4   ,,pi,,son1 *ang+1 d\bl+1       
ext5d$4   ,,pi,,?om1 _! m\?ful1 bit1    
consummation4   ,,pi,,?on1 8 m\?1 8     
p]suasion4   ,,pol,,lux1 a box]4        
,,pontius1 ,pon-%e-u1 m>9e1 belong+ to !
 sea4   ,,pon,,tus1 ! sea2 f 4          
,,pora?a1 ,por-a-?a1 fruitful4          
,,porcius1 ,por-%e-u4   ,,potiph>1      
,pot-te-f>1 bull ( ,africa1 fat bull4   
,,poti-,,ph]ah1 ,pot-if-fe-rah or       
,pot-e-fee-rah1 t scatt]s or            
demoli%es ! fat4   ,,prisca1 ,pris-kah1 
anci5t4   ,,priscilla1 ,pris-sil-lah1 ! 
same z ,prisca4   ,,pro*orus1           
,prok-o-rus1 he t presides ov] ! *oirs4 
,,publius1 ,pub-le-u1 common4   ,,pud5s1
 ,pew-d5s1 %amefac$4   ,,pul1 bean1     
de/ruction4   ,,pu,,non1 preci\s /one1 t
 beholds4   ,,pur1 lot4   ,,puteoli1    
,pew-tee-o-ly1 a city 9 ,campania4      
,,putiel1 ,pew-te-el1 ,god is my        
fatness4     ,,qu>,,tus1 ! f\r?4        
,,raamah1 ,ray-a-mah or ,ra-ay-mah1     

greatness1 ?und]1 evil1      bruis+4    
,,raamses1 ,ra-am-ses4 ,see ,rameses4   
,,rab,,bah1 p[]ful1 cont5ti\s4          
,,rab-,,mag1 :o ov]?r[s a multitude1    
*ief ( ! magicians4   ,,rab-,,s>is1 gr& 
ma/] ( ! eunu*s4   ,,rab-,,%akeh1       
cup-be>] ( ! pr9ce1 *amb]la94   ,,ra*ab1
 ,ray-kab1 pr\d1 /rong1 enl>g$4         
,,ra*al1 ,ray-kal1 injuri\s1 p]fum]4    
,,ra*el1 ,ray-t%el1 a %eep4   ,,ragau1  
,ray-gaw1 a fri5d1 a neighb\r4          
,,raguel1 ,rag-ew-el1 %eph]d or fri5d ( 
,god4   ,,ra,,hab1 pr\d1 /rong1         
qu>relsome4   ,,ra,,hab1 l>ge1 ext5d$1  
public place4   ,,rak,,ka?1 empty1      
spittle4   ,,rak,,kon1 va91 m\nta9 (    
lam5tations4   ,,ram1 elevat$1 :o       
rejects4   ,,ramah1 ,ray-mah1 ! same z  
,ram4   ,,rama?1 ,ray-ma?1 rais$1 l(ty4 
,,rama?aim-,,zophim1                    
,ra-ma?-ay-im-zo-fim1 ! same z ,ramah4  
,,ra,,ma?-,,le,,hi1 elevation ( ! jaw   
bone4   ,,rameses1 ,ram-e-ses1 ?und]1 he
 t de/roys evil4   ,,ramiah1 ,ram-i-ah1 
exaltation ( ! ,"l4   ,,ra,,mo?1 high   

places4   ,,rapha1 ,ray-fa1 relaxation1 
physic4   ,,raphael1 ,ray-fay-el4 ,see  
,rephael4   ,,raphu1 ,ray-few1 cur$1    
com=t$4   ,,re,,ba1 ! f\r?1 a squ>e1 t  
/oops4   ,,rebek,,ah1 fat1 qu>rel       
appeas$4   ,,re*ab1 ,re-kab1 squ>e1     
*>iot1 rid]4   ,,re*abites1             
,re-kab-ites1 ! po/]ity ( ,re*ab4       
,,re,,gem1 ,re-jem1 t /ones1 purple4    
,,regem-,,mele*1 ,re-jem-me-lek1 he t   
/ones ! k+1 ! purple (      ! k+4       
,,rehabi,,ah1 bread?1 place ( ! ,"l4    
,,re,,hob1 bread?1 ext5t4               
,,rehobo,,am1 :o sets ! p at lib]ty1    
space ( ! p4   ,,reho,,bo?1 spaces1     
places4   ,,re,,hum1 compassionate1     
fri5dly4   ,,re,i1 my %eph]d1 companion1
 my evil4   ,,remali,,ah1 ! exaltation (
 ! ,"l4   ,,rem,,mon1 greatness1 a      
pomegranate tree4   ,,remphan1 ,rem-fan1
 ! "n ( an idol1 :i* "s ?9k to be       
,saturn4   ,,rephael1 ,re-fa-el1 !      
m$ic9e ( ,god4   ,,rephaim1 ,,rephaims1 
,re-fay-im1 giant1 physician1 relax$4   
,,rephidim1 ,ref-e-dim1 b$s1 places (   

re/4   ,,res91 ,ree-s51 a bridle or bit4
   ,,reu1 ,ree-ew1 8 fri5d1 8 %eph]d4   
,,reub51 ,rew-b51 :o sees ! son1 vision 
( ! son4   ,,reu,,b5ites1 ! po/]ity (   
,reub54   ,,reuel1 ,re-yew-el1 %eph]d or
 fri5d ( ,god4   ,,reumah1 ,re-yew-mah1 
l(ty1 sublime4   ,,rezeph1 ,ree-zeff1 a 
pavem5t1 burn+ coal4   ,,re,,z91        
volunt>y1 runn]4   ,,re,,zon1 lean1     
secret1 pr9ce4   ,,rhegium1 ,ree-je-um1 
rupture1 fracture4   ,,rhesa1 ,ree-sah1 
w1 c\rse4   ,,rhoda1 ,ro-dah1 a rose4   
,,rhodes1 ,rodes1 ! same z ,rhoda4      
,,rib,,lah1 qu>rel t increases or       
spreads4   ,,rim,,mon1 exalt$1          
pomegranate4   ,,ripha?1 ,ry-fa?1 rem$y1
 release4   ,,ris,,sah1 wat]+1          
di/illation1 dew4   ,,riz,,pah1 b$1     
ext5sion1 coal4   ,,rogel1 ,ro-jel1 a   
foot2 9 ,syriac1 cu/om4                 
,,romamti-,,ez]1 ,ro-mam-te-ee-z]1      
exultation ( help4   ,,ro,,man1 /rong1  
p[]ful4   ,,rome1 /r5g?1 p[]2 f 4       
,,ro%1 ! head1 ! beg9n+4   ,,ru,,fus1   
r$4   ,,ruhamah1 ,ru-hay-mah1 hav+      

obta9$ m]cy4   ,,ru,,mah1 exalt$1       
reject$4   ,,ru?1 fill$1 satisfi$4      
,,sabe,,ans1 captivity1 conv]sion1 old  
age4   ,,sabte*a1 ,sab-te-kah1 t        
surr\nds4   ,,sa,,doc1 j1 ju/ifi$4      
,,sa,,lah1 mission1 d>t2 accord+ to !   
,syriac1 t spoils4   ,,salamis1         
,sal-la-mis1 %ak51 toss$1 beat54        
,,sala?iel1 ,sal-ay-!-el1 ,i h ask$ (   
,god4   ,,sa,,lem1 complete1 peace4     
,,sa,,lim4 ,see ,%alim4   ,,sal,,mon1   
peaceable1 p]fect1 t rew>ds4            
,,salmone1 ,sal-mo-ne1 peaceable4       
,,salome1 ,sa-lo-me4 ,see ,salmon4      
,,sam>ia1 ,sa-may-re-a1 8 gu>d1 prison1 
or diamond2 9 ,hebrew1      ,%om]on4    
,,sam>,,itans1 p ( ,sam>ia4             
,,sam,,lah1 raim5t1 8 left h&1 8 "n4    
,,sa,,mos1 full ( gravel4               
,,samo?racia1 ,sam-o-?ray-%e-a1 an isl& 
s call$ because x 0      peopl$ by      
,samians & ,?racians4   ,,sam,,son1 8   
sun2 accord+ to ! ,syriac1 8 s]vice1 "h 
! second      "t4   ,,sam,,uel1 he>d or 
ask$ ( ,god4   ,,sanbal,,lat1 bu% or    

enemy 9 secret4   ,,saph1 ,saff1 ru%es1 
end1 ?re%old4   ,,saphir1 ,saffir or    
,say-fir1 a city4   ,,sapphira1         
,saf-fy-rah1 t tells1 t writes books4   
,,sa,,rah1 lady1 pr9cess ( ! multitude4 
,,s>ai1 ,say-ray1 my lady1 my pr9cess4  
,,s>,,dis1 pr9ce or song ( joy1 :at     
rema9s2 9 ,syriac1 a pot or      kettle4
   ,,s>ep,,ta1 a goldsmi?'s %op1 :]e    
metals us$ to be melt$ & tri$4          
,,s>,,gon1 :o takes away protection1 :o 
takes away ! g>d52      accord+ to !    
,syriac1 nets1 sn>es4   ,,sa,,ron4 ,see 
,%>on4   ,,s>se*im1 ,s>-see-kim1 ma/] ( 
! w>drobe1 ( ! p]fumes4   ,,s>u*1       
,say-ruk1 bran*1 lay]1 tw9+4            
,,sa,,tan1 contr>y1 adv]s>y1 an accus]4 
,,saul1 dem&$1 sepul*re1 de/roy]4       
,,sceva1 ,see-vah1 dispos$1 prep>$4     
,,scy?ian1 ,si?-e-an1 tann]1            
lea!r-dress]4   ,,se,,ba1 drunk>d1 t    
surr\nds2 accord+ to ! ,syriac1 old man4
   ,,se,,bat1 twig1 sceptre1 tribe4     
,,se,,cundus1 ! second4   ,,se,,gub1    
=tifi$1 rais$4   ,,seir1 ,see-er1 hairy1

 demon1 tempe/1 b>ley4   ,,se,,lah1 a   
rock4   ,,seleucia1 ,se-lew-%e-a1 beat5 
by waves1 runs z a riv]4   ,,semei1     
,sem-me-i1 or ,se-mee-i1 he>+1 obey+4   
,,se,,neh1 bu%4   ,,se,,nir1 a sleep+   
c&le1 a *ang+4   ,,s5na*]ib1            
,s5-nak-ke-rib1 bu% ( ! de/ruction ( !  
sword1      ( dr\ght4   ,,seph>1        
,see-f>1 a book1 scribe2 9 ,syriac1 a   
hav54   ,,seph>ad1 ,see-fay-rad1 a book1
 desc5d+1 rul+4   ,,seph>vaim1          
,sef-ar-vay-im1 two books1 two scribes4 
,,se,,rah1 lady ( sc5t1 song1 ! morn+4  
,,s]aiah1 ,se-ra-i-ah or ,se-ray-yah1   
pr9ce ( ! ,"l4   ,,s]gius1 ,s]-je-u1 a  
net4   ,,se,,rug4 ,see ,s>u*4   ,,se?1  
put1 :o puts4   ,,%aalbim1 ,%ay-alb-im1 
t beholds ! he>t4   ,,%a>aim1           
,%ay-a-ray-im1 gates1 valuation1 hairs1 
b>ley1 tempe/s1      demons4            
,,%aa%gaz1 ,%ay-a%-gaz1 he t presses !  
fleece4   ,,%adra*1 ,%ay-drak1 t5d]     
nipple1 t5d] field4   ,,%a,,lim1 fox1   
fi/1 pa?4   ,,%ali%a1 ,%al-e-%ah1 ?ree1 
! ?ird1 pr9ce4   ,,%al,,le*e?1 a ca/+   

out4   ,,%al,,lum1 p]fect1 peaceable4   
,,%al,,man1 peaceable1 p]fect1 t rew>ds4
   ,,%almanez]1 ,%al-ma-nee-z]1 peace   
ti$1 p]fection &      retribution4      
,,%am,,g>1 nam$ a /rang]1 he is "h a    
/rang]1 surprise ( !      /rang]4       
,,%am,,hu?1 desolation1 a/oni%m5t4      
,,%a,,mir1 prison1 bu%1 lees4           
,,%am,,mah1 loss1 desolation1 a/oni%m5t4
   ,,%ammuah1 ,%am-mew-ah1 t is he>d or 
obey$4   ,,%aphan1 ,%ay-fan1 a rabbit1  
wild rat1 _! lip4   ,,%aphat1 ,%ay-fat1 
a judge4   ,,%>ai1 ,%>-a-i or ,%a-ray-i1
 my "l1 my song4   ,,%>ez]1 ,%>-ee-z]1  
ov]se] ( ! treasury4   ,,%a,,ron1 8     
pla91 field1 song4   ,,%a,,%ak1 a bag ( 
l951 ! six? bag4   ,,%a,,veh1 ! pla91 t 
makes equality4   ,,%ealtiel1           
,%e-al-te-el1 ,i h ask$ ( ,god4         
,,%e>iah1 ,%e-a-ry-ah1 gate or tempe/ ( 
! ,"l4   ,,%e,,ar-,,ja,,%ub1 ! remnant  
%all return4   ,,%e,,ba1 captivity1     
compass+ ab\t1 repose1 old age4         
,,%ebaniah1 ,%eb-a-ny-ah1 ! ,"l t       
conv]ts1 t recals f      captivity1 t   

und]/&s4   ,,%eb,,na1 :o re/s himself1  
:o is n[ captive4   ,,%e*em1 ,%ee-kem1  
portion1 ! back1 %\ld]s4   ,,%$eur1     
,%ee-de-ur or ,%$-e-ur1 field1 de/roy] (
 fire4   ,,%e,,lah1 t breaks1 t         
undresses4   ,,%elemiah1 ,%el-le-my-ah1 
,god is my p]fection1 my happ9ess4      
,,%eleph1 ,%ee-lef1 :o draws out4       
,,%el,,omi?1 my happ9ess1 my recomp5se4 
,,%elumiel1 ,%el-ew-my-el1 happ9ess1    
retribution ( ,god4   ,,%em1 "n1 r5[n1  
he t places4   ,,%emaiah1 ,%e-ma-i-ah or
 ,%em-ay-yah1 t obeys ! ,"l4            
,,%em>iah1 ,%em-a-ry-ah1 ,god is my     
gu>d1 diamond4   ,,%emeb]1 ,%em-me-b]1  
"n ( =ce1 fame ( ! /rong4   ,,%em]1     
,%ee-m]1 gu>dian1 ?orn4   ,,%emida1     
,%e-my-dah1 "n ( k1 t puts k1 !         
sci5ce ( ! heav5s4   ,,%em9i?1          
,%em-me-ni?1 ! eigh?4   ,,%emiramo?1    
,%e-mir-ra-mo?1 ! height ( ! heav5s1 !  
elevation ( ! "n4   ,,%51 too?1 *ange1  
he t sleeps4   ,,%5ir1 ,%ee-nir1 lant]n1
 light t sleeps1 he t %[s4              
,,%ephatiah1 ,%ef-a-ty-ah1 ! ,"l t      

judges4   ,,%e%a*1 ,%ee-%ak1 bag ( flax1
 ! six? bag4   ,,%e%bazz>1 ,%e%-baz-z>1 
joy 9 tribulation1 or ( v9tage4   ,,%e?4
 ,see ,se?4   ,,%e!r-,,boznai1          
,%ee-!r-boz-na-i1 t makes to rot &      
corrupt4   ,,%e,,va1 vanity1 elevation1 
fame1 tumult4   ,,%ibbole?1 ,%ib-bo-le?1
 burd51 e> ( corn4   ,,%icron1 ,%y-kron1
 drunk5ness1 8 wages4   ,,%iggaion1     
,%ig-gay-yon1 a song ( tr\ble4          
,,%igiono?1 ,%ig-gy-on-o?1 m\rnful      
music4   ,,%iloah1 ,%y-lo-ah4 ,see      
,siloah4   ,,%i,,loh1 s5t1 ! ,apo/le4   
,,%i,,loh1 peace1 abundance4            
,,%ilonite1 ,%y-lo-nyte1 ( ! city (     
,%iloh4   ,,%imeah1 ,%im-me-ah1 t he>s1 
t obeys4   ,,%imei1 ,%im-me-i1 t he>s1  
"n ( ! heap1 my reputation4   ,,%im%ai1 
,%im-%ay1 my sun4   ,,%9>1 ,%y-n>1 !    
wat*+ ( him t sleeps1 *ange ( !         
city4   ,,%iphrah1 ,%if-rah1 h&some1    
trumpet1 t does good4   ,,%i,,%ak1      
pres5t ( ! bag1 ( ! pot1 ( ! ?igh4      
,,%it,,tim1 t turn away1 sc\rges1 rods4 
,,%o,a1 tyrants4   ,,%o,,bab1 return$1  

turn$ back4   ,,%o,,ba*1 y\r bonds1 y\r 
nets1 8 captivity2 accord+ to !         
,syriac1 a dove h\se4   ,,%o*oh1        
,%o-koh1 def5ce1 a b\gh4   ,,%o%an,,nim1
 lilies ( ! te/imony4   ,,%u,,ah1 pit1  
humiliation1 m$itation4   ,,%u,,al1 fox1
 h&1 fi/1 traces1 way4   ,,%u,,hite1 a  
desc5dant ( ,%uah4   ,,%u,,lamite1      
peaceable1 p]fect1 t recomp5ses4        
,,%u,,namite1 a native ( ,%unem4        
,,%u,,nem1 _! *ange1 _! sleep4   ,,%ur1 
wall1 ox4   ,,%u,,%an1 lily1 rose1 joy4 
,,%u,,!lah1 plant1 v]dure1 moi/ pot4    
,,sib,,mah1 conv]sion1 captivity1 old   
age1 re/4   ,,si*em1 ,sy-kem4 ,see      
,%e*em4   ,,si,,don1 hunt+1 fi%+1       
v5ison4   ,,sigiono?1 ,sig-gy-o-no?1    
accord+ to v>iable tunes4   ,,si,,hon1  
root+ out1 conclusion4   ,,si,,hor1     
black1 tr\ble1 e>ly 9 ! morn4           
,,si,,las1 ?ree1 ! ?ird4   ,,siloas1    
,sil-o-z or ,sy-lo-z1 ,,siloam1         
,sil-o-am or ,sy-lo-am1      s5t1 d>t1  
bran*4   ,,siloe1 ,sil-o-e or ,sy-lo-e1 
! same z ,siloas4   ,,silva,,nus1 "o :o 

loves ! woods4   ,,sim,,eon1 t he>s or  
obeys4   ,,si,,mon1 t he>s or obeys4    
,,s91 bu%4   ,,s9ai1 ,sy-nay or         
,sy-nay-i1 bu%1 accord+ to ! ,syriac1   
enmity4   ,,si,,nim1 ! s\? c\ntry4      
,,si,,on1 noise1 tumult4   ,,si,,rah1   
turn+ aside1 rebellion4   ,,sirion1     
,sir-re-on1 a brea/plate1 deliv]ance4   
,,sis]a1 ,sis-se-rah1 t sees a horse or 
swall[4   ,,si,,van1 bu%1 ?orn4         
,,smyr,,na1 myrrh4   ,,s1 a measure =   
gra9 or dry matt]s4   ,,s,,coh1 t5ts1   
tab]nacles4   ,,s,,di1 my secret4       
,,sodom1 ,sod-dom1 _! secret1 _! lime1  
_! cem5t4   ,,sodomites1 ,sod-dom-ites1 
inhabitants ( ,sodom4   ,,sol,,omon1    
peaceable1 p]fect1 "o :o recomp5ses4    
,,sopat]1 ,s-pay-t]1 :o def5ds or saves 
8 fa!r4   ,,s,,rek1 hiss+1 a col\r      
incl9+ to yell[4   ,,sosipat]1          
,s-se-pay-t]4 ,see ,sopat]4   ,,so/h5es1
 ,sos-!-nes1 a /rong & p[]ful savi\r4   
,,spa91 r>e1 preci\s4   ,,/a*ys1        
,/ay-kis1 spike2 f 4   ,,/ephanas1      
,/ef-fa-nas1 a cr[n1 cr[n$4   ,,/e,,ph51

 ! same z ,/ephanas4   ,,suc,,co?1 t5ts1
 tab]nacles4   ,,suc,,co?-,,be,,no?1 !  
tab]nacles ( "y wom54   ,,suk,,kiims1   
cov]$1 %ad[$4   ,,sur1 t )draws or      
dep>ts4   ,,susan,,na1 a lily1 a rose1  
joy4   ,,susi1 ,su-sy1 horse1 swall[1   
mo?4   ,,sy*>1 ,sy-k>1 ! "n ( a city4   
,,sy5e1 ,sy-ee-ne1 bu%2 accord+ to !    
,syriac1 enmity4   ,,synty*e1 ,s9-te-ke1
 t speaks or disc\rses4   ,,syracuse1   
,sir-ra-kewse1 t draws viol5tly4        
,,syria1 ,sir-re-a1 9 ,hebrew1 ,aram1   
sublime1 deceiv+4   ,,syriac1 ,,syrian1 
,sir-re-ak1 ,sir-re-an1 ( ,syria4       
,,syrians1 ,sir-re-ans1 inhabitants (   
,syria4   ,,syro-,,ph5ician1            
,sy-ro-fe-ni%-e-an1 purple1 drawn to2 f 
1 ,i      draw1 & 1 r$ palm tree4       
,,taana*1 ,tay-a-nak1 or ,ta-ay-nak1 :o 
humbles or answ]s !e4   ,,tab,,ba?1     
good1 goodness4   ,,tabeal1 ,tay-be-al  
or ,tab-ee-al1 good ,god4   ,,tabeel1   
,tay-be-el or ,tab-ee-el1 ! same z      
,tabeal4   ,,tab]ah1 ,tab-e-rah or      
,tab-ee-rah1 burn+4   ,,tabi?a1         

,tab-e-?a1 9 ,syriac1 cle> sight$2 %e is
 also call$      ,dorcas1 wild goat4    
,,ta,,bor1 *oice2 9 ,syriac1 contrition4
   ,,tabrimon1 ,tab-re-mon1 good        
promegranate4   ,,tad,,mor1 palm tree1  
*ange4   ,,tahapanes1 ,ta-hap-pa-nes1   
secret temptation4   ,,tahp5es1         
,tah-pe-nes1 /&>d1 flight4              
,,tali?a-,,cumi1 ,tal-le-?a-kew-my1 "y  
woman1 arise4   ,,talmai1 ,tal-may1 my  
furr[1 heap ( wat]s4   ,,ta,,m>1 a palm1
 palm tree4   ,,tam,,muz1 ab/ruse1      
conceal$4   ,,tanhume?1 ,tan-hew-me? or 
,tan-hu-me?1 consolation1 rep5tance4    
,,tapha?1 ,tay-fa?1 little girl4        
,,t>,,pelites1 ravi%]s1 we>i$4          
,,t>,,%i%1 contemplation ( ! m>ble4     
,,t>,,sus1 w+$1 fea!r$4   ,,t>,,tak1    
*a9$1 b\nd1 %ut up4   ,,t>,,tan1 t      
se>*es ! gift ( ! turtle4   ,,tatnai1   
,tat-nay1 t gives4   ,,te,,bah1 murd]1 a
 cook4   ,,te,,be?1 ! ,babyloni% "n ( ! 
t5? mon? ( ! ,hebrews4   ,,te,,kel1     
weight4   ,,tekoa1 ,te-ko-ah1 s\nd ( !  
trumpet4   ,,tel,,abid1 a heap ( new    

gra94   ,,tel-,,h>sa1 ,tel-h>-sah1 heap1
 susp5sion ( ! pl\gh or ( !      head4  
,,te,,lie?1 goodness4   ,,tel-,,melah1  
,tel-me-lah or ,tel-mee-lah1 heap ( salt
 or (      m>9]s4   ,,te,,ma1           
admiration1 p]fection4   ,,te,,man1 !   
s\?1 ,africa4   ,,te,,manite1 an        
inhabitant ( ,teman4   ,,te,,rah1 to    
brea!1 to sc5t1 to bl[4   ,,t]aphim1    
,t]-ra-fim1 an image1 an idol4          
,,t]tius1 ,t]-%e-u1 ! ?ird4             
,,t]tul,,lus1 a li>1 an impo/or4        
,,tetr>*1 ,tet-r>k or ,tee-tr>ck1       
gov]nor ( a f\r? "p ( a      k+dom4     
,,?addeus1 ,?ad-dee-u1 t praises4       
,,?a,,ha%1 t makes ha/e1 or keeps       
sil5ce4   ,,?a,,mah1 t blots out or     
suppresses4   ,,?a,,m>4 ,see ,tam>4     
,,?am,,muz4 ,see ,tammuz4   ,,!,,bez1   
muddy1 silk4   ,,!las>1 ,!-lass-ar1 t   
unb9ds & grants ! susp5sion or          
heap4   ,,!ophilus1 ,!-(-fe-las1 a fri5d
 ( ,god4   ,,!ssalonica1                
,!s-sa-lo-ny-kah1 victory aga9/ !       
,!ssalians4   ,,!udas1 ,!w-das1 a false 

tea*]4   ,,?omas1 ,tom-mas1 a tw94      
,,?um,,mim1 tru?1 p]fection4            
,,?yatira1 ,?y-a-ty-rah1 a sweet sav\r (
 lab\r or sacrifice (      contrition4  
,,tib]ias1 ,ti-bee-re-z1 good vision4   
,,tib]ius1 ,ti-bee-re-u1 son ( ,tib]4   
,,tib,,ni1 /raw1 und]/&+4   ,,ti,,dal1 t
 breaks ! yoke4   ,,tigla?-,,piles]1    
,tig-la?-pi-lee-z]1 t takes away        
captivity1      miracul\s4   ,,tik,,vah1
 hope1 a congregation4   ,,timeus1      
,ti-mee-u1 9 ,greek1 p]fect1 hon\rable2 
9 ,hebrew1      admirable4              
,,tim-,,na?1 image1 enum]ation4         
,,timna?-,,h]es1 ,tim-na?-hee-res1 image
 ( ! dumb4   ,,ti,,mon1 hon\rable4      
,,timo,,!us1 hon\r ( ,god1 valu$ ( ,god4
   ,,tiphsah1 ,tif-sah1 passage1        
passov]4   ,,tirhakah1 ,tir-hay-kah or  
,tir-ha-kah1 inquir]1 law made dull4    
,,tir%a?a1 ,tir-%ay-?a1 t ov]turns !    
f\ndation2 9 ,syriac1      t beholds !  
"t4   ,,tir,,zah1 b5evol5t1 pleasant4   
,,ti%,,bite1 t makes captives1 t dwells4
   ,,ti,,tus1 hon\rable2 f 1 ,i hon\r4  

,,to,,ah1 a weapon4   ,,tob1 good1      
goodness4   ,,tob-,,adonijah1           
,tob-ad-o-ny-jah1 my good ,god4         
,,tobi,,ah1 ! ,"l is good4              
,,tog>,,mah1 :i* is all bone1 /rong4    
,,to,,hu1 t lives or decl>es4   ,,toi1  
,to-i1 :o w&]s4   ,,to,,la1 worm1       
sc>let4   ,,to,,lad1 nativity4          
,,tophel1 ,to-fel1 ru91 folly1 insipid4 
,,tophet1 ,to-fet1 a drum1 betray+4     
,,tro,,z1 p5etrat$4   ,,trogyllium1     
,tro-jil-le-um1 a city 9 ! isle (       
,samos4   ,,trophimus1 ,tr(-fe-mus1 well
 educat$4   ,,tryph5a1 ,try-fee-nah1    
delicate4   ,,trypho,,sa1 ?rice %9+4    
,,tu,,bal1 ! e>?1 confusion4            
,,tu,,bal-,,cai,n1 worldly possession1  
jeal\s ( confusion4   ,,ty*icus1        
,tik-e-kus1 casual1 happ5+4             
,,tyran,,nus1 a pr9ce1 "o t reigns4     
,,tyre1 ,,ty,,rus1 9 ,hebrew1 ,sor or   
,tzur1 /r5g?4     ,,ucal1 ,yew-kal1 p[]1
 preval5cy4   ,,ulai1 ,yew-la-i or      
,yew-lay1 /r5g?4   ,,ulam1 ,yew-lam1 !  
por*1 _! /r5g?4   ,,ul,,la1 elevation1  

holocau/1 leaf4   ,,un,,ni1 poor1       
afflict$4   ,,uphaz1 ,yew-faz1 gold (   
,phasis or ,pison4   ,,ur1 fire1 light4 
,,urba,,nus1 civil1 c\rte\s4   ,,uri1   
,yew-ry1 my light or fire4   ,,uriah1   
,,urijah1 ,yew-ry-ah1 ,yew-ry-jah1 ! ,"l
 is my light or      fire4   ,,uri,,el1 
,god is my light or fire4   ,,urim &    
,,?ummim1 ,yew-rim & ,?um-mim1 lights & 
p]fection4   ,,uz1 c\nsel2 9 ,syriac1 to
 fix4   ,,uz,,zah1 /r5g?1 a goat4       
,,uzz5-,,%]ah1 ,uz-z5-%ee-rah1 e> ( !   
fle% or ( ! p>5t4   ,,uz,,zi1 my /r5g?1 
my kid4   ,,uzzi,,ah1 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l4  
,,uzzi,,el1 ! /r5g? ( ,god4             
,,uzzielites1 ,uz-zy-el-ites1 ! po/]ity 
( ,uzziel4     ,,va%,,ni1 ! second4     
,,va%,,ti1 t dr9ks1 ?read4   ,,vophsi1  
,v(-sy1 fragm5t1 dim9ution4             
,,zaana,,nim1 mov+s4   ,,za,,bad1 a     
d[ry4   ,,zab,,di1 portion1 d[ry4       
,,zac*eus1 ,zak-kee-u1 pure1 ju/ifi$4   
,,za*>i,,ah1 memory ( ! ,"l4            
,,za,,dok1 j1 ju/ifi$4   ,,za,,ham1     
crime1 impurity4   ,,zair1 ,zay-ir1     

little1 afflict$4   ,,zal,,mon1 8 %ade1 
obscurity4   ,,zalmo,,nah1 ! %ade1 y\r  
image4   ,,zalmun,,na1 %ad[1 image4     
,,zamzum,,mims1 ?9k+1 wick$ness4        
,,zano,,ah1 =getfulness1 ?is re/4       
,,zaphna?-,,paaneah1                    
,zaf-na?-pay-a-nee-ah1 "o t discov]s    
hidd5      ?+s2 9 ! ,egyptian tongue1 a 
savi\r ( ! _w4   ,,za,,rah1 ea/1        
brightness4   ,,z>epha?1 ,z>-re-fa?1    
ambu% ( ! m\?4   ,,z>e,,tan1            
tribulation1 p]plexity4   ,,za,,za1     
belong+ to all2 9 ,syriac1 go+ back4    
,,zebadi,,ah1 portion ( ! ,"l4          
,,ze,,bah1 victim1 immolation4          
,,zeb,,edee1 abundant portion4          
,,zebo,,im1 de]1 goats4   ,,ze,,bul1 a  
habitation4   ,,zeb,,ulun1 dwell+1      
habitation4   ,,ze*>i,,ah4 ,see         
,za*>iah4   ,,ze,,dad1 8 side1 8 hunt+4 
,,z$eki,,ah1 ! ,"l is my ju/ice4        
,,zeeb1 ,zee-eb1 wolf4   ,,ze,,lek1 !   
noise ( him t licks or laps4            
,,zelophehad1 ,ze-lo-fe-ad1 ! %ade or   
t+l+ ( fe>4   ,,zelotes1 ,ze-lo-tes1    

jeal\s1 full ( zeal4   ,,zel,,zah1      
noontide4   ,,ze,,nas1 liv+4            
,,zephani,,ah1 ! ,"l is my secret1 ! m\?
 ( ! ,"l4   ,,zepha?1 ,zee-fa?1 :i*     
beholds1 att5ds4   ,,ze,,pho1 t sees &  
obs]ves4   ,,z]1 p]plexity1 tribulation1
 a rock4   ,,ze,,rah4 ,see ,z>ah4       
,,z]$ah1 ,z]-e-dah or ,ze-ree-dah1      
ambu%4   ,,ze,,re%1 mis]y1 /rang]4      
,,ze,,ror1 root1 t /rait5s1 a /one4     
,,z]u,,ah1 lepr\s1 hornet4              
,,z]ubbabel1 ,ze-rub-ba-bel1 bani%$1 a  
/rang] at ,babylon1      disp]sion (    
confusion4   ,,z]uiah1 ,z]-ew-i-ah1 pa91
 tribulation4   ,,ze,,?an1 _! olive4    
,,ze,,?>1 he t exam9es or beholds4      
,,zi,,ba1 army1 fight1 /r5g?1 /ag4      
,,zib,,eon1 iniquity t dwells1 ! sev5?4 
,,zib,,iah1 de]1 goat1 hon\rable & f9e4 
,,zi*ri1 ,zic-ry1 t rememb]s1 a male4   
,,zid,,dim1 hunt+s2 9 ,syriac1          
de/ructions4   ,,zi,,don1 hunt+1 fi%+1  
v5ison4   ,,zido,,nians1 inhabitants (  
,zidon4   ,,zif1 ?is1 t2 accord+ to !   
,syriac1 brightness4   ,,zik,,lag1      

measure press$ d[n4   ,,zil,,lah1 %ad[1 
:i* is roa/$1 ! t+l+ ( ! e>4            
,,zil,,pah1 di/illation1 contempt ( !   
m\?4   ,,zim,,ran1 song1 s+]1 v9e4      
,,zim,,ri1 my field1 my v9e1 my bran*4  
,,z91 buckl]1 coldness4   ,,zi,,on1 a   
monum5t1 sepul*re1 turret4   ,,zi,,or1  
%ip ( him t wat*es1 %ip ( ! enemy4      
,,ziph1 ,ziff1 ?is m\?1 m\?ful4         
,,zip,,por1 bird1 cr[n2 accord+ to !    
,syriac1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1      goat4     
,,zip,,porah1 beauty1 trumpet4          
,,zi?,,ri1 to hide1 ov]turn$4   ,,ziz1  
fl[]1 a lock ( hair2 accord+ to !       
,syriac1 w+1 fea!r4   ,,zi,,za4 ,see    
,zaza4   ,,zo,,an1 motion4   ,,zo,,ar1  
little1 small4   ,,zo,,bah1 an army1 a  
swell+4   ,,zo,,h>1 :ite1 %9+1 dryness4 
,,zohe,,le?1 t creeps or draws4         
,,zoph>1 ,zo-f>1 ris+ e>ly1 cr[n2 9     
,syriac1 sp>r[1 goat4   ,,zo,,rah1      
leprosy1 scab4   ,,zorobabel1           
,zo-rob-ba-bel4 ,see ,z]ubbabel4        
,,zu>1 ,zew-ar1 small4   ,,zuph1 t      
obs]ves1 ro(4   ,,zur1 /one1 plan1 =m4  

,,zuri,,el1 ! rock or /r5g? ( ,god4     
,,zuri%addai1 ,zew-ry-%ad-da-i1 !       
,almighty is my rock1 spl5d\r1          
beauty4   ,,zu,,zims1 ! po/s ( a door1  
spl5d\r2 9 ,syriac1 dep>t+1 money2      
9 ,*aldee1 /rong4                       
,,tables                                
,,(                     ,,! ,,weights1  
,,measures1 ,,& ,,money1                
,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,! ,,bible4              
,,jewi% ,,weights1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,engli%
 ,,troy ,,weight4                       
lbs4   ozs4   p54    gr4     ,! ,g]ah1 !
 tw5tie? "p ( a ,%ekel           #j     
#j      #j     #ab     ,! ,bekah1 half a
 ,%ekel                            #j   
#j      #e      #j     ,! ,%ekel        
#j      #j     #aj      #j     ,!       
,maneh1 sixty ,%ekels                   
#b      #f      #j      #j     ,!       
,tal5t1 fifty ,maneh1 or ?ree ?\s&      
#abe      #j      #j      #j   ,%ekels  
,accord+ to ! bi%op ( ,pet]bor\gh's     
calculations1 ! ,g]ah is  ne>ly equal to
 #aa gra9s ,troy2 ! ,bekah1 to ab\t #d  

p5nyweights2 &  ! ,%ekel1 to ab\t #i    
p5nyweights4                 ,,tables   
,,( ,,scripture ,,measures ,,( ,,l5g?1  
,,r$uc$ ,,to                            
,,engli% ,,measure4                     
,,%ort ,,measures4                      
,engli% ,in*es4                         
feet4     ,digit                        
#j  #j4iab         #d ,palm             
#j  #c4fhd        #ab     #c ,span      
#j #aj4idd        #bd     #f     #c     
,cubit                                  
#a  #i4hhh        #if    #bd     #f     
#b ,fa?om                               
#g  #c4eeb       #add    #cf    #ab     
#f   #a4e ,ezekiel's re$                
#aj #aa4cbh       #aib    #dh    #af    
#h     #b   #a4c ,arabian pole          
#ad  #g4ajd      #aibj   #dhj   #afj    
#hj    #bj  #ac4c    #aj ,s*nus's       
#ade  #aa4jd                            
meas'ng l9e                             
,,long ,,measures4                      
,engli% ,paces4  ,feet4                 
miles4     ,cubit                       

#j      #j  #a4hbd        #djj ,/adium  
or ,furlong                             
#j    #ade    #d4f       #bjjj     #e   
,sabba? day's j\rney                    
#j    #gbi    #c4j       #djjj    #aj   
#b ,ea/]n mile                        #a
    #djc    #a4j      #abjjj    #cj     
#f     #c ,p>asang                      
#d    #aec    #c4j      #ifjjj   #bdj   
#dh    #bd     #h ,a day's j\rney       
#cc    #agb    #d4j                     
#e ,feet#a ,pace2 #ajefa mile4          
,accord+ to ! bi%op ( ,pet]bor\gh1 a    
,p>asang is equal to #d                 
miles1 #aaf paces4           ,,=        
,,tables ,,( ,,"t ,,see ,,! ,,articles  
8,,mon?s0 ,,& 8,,day40                  
,,tables ,,( ,,scripture ,,measures ,,( 
,,capacity4           ,,measures ,,=    
,,liquids1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,engli% ,,w9e  
,,measure4                              
,gallons4 ,p9ts4       ,caph            
#j  #j4fbe         #a4c ,log            
#j  #j4hcc         #e4c     #d ,cab     
#j  #c4ccc          #af    #ab     #c   

,h9                                     
#a      #b          #cb    #bd     #f   
#b ,seah                             #b 
#d          #if    #gb    #ah     #f    
#c ,ba? or ,epha               #g       
#d         #ifj   #gbj   #ahj    #fj    
#bj    #aj ,*om]1 ,hom]1      #ge       
#e                                      
,kor1 or ,coros    ,! ,om] 0 "o-t5? ( an
 ,epha1 & conta9$ #f p9ts2 ! ,metretes  
( ,syria1 translat$ 9 ,john ii1 #f1     
8firk9s10 #g p9ts2 & !      ea/]n       
,cotyla1 half a p9t4 ,?is ,cotyla1 says 
! bi%op (      ,pet]bor\gh1 conta9s j   
#aj ounces ,av]dupois ( ra9 wat]2 !     
,om]1 #ajj ounces2 ! ,epha1 #ajjj2 & !  
,*om]1 #aj1jjj ounces4 ,s      by ^!    
weights all ^! measures ( capacity may  
be exp$iti\sly      recov]$ to a ne>    
exactness4           ,,measures ,,=     
,,?+s ,,dry1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,engli%      
,,corn ,,measure4                       
,pecks4  ,gals4 ,p9ts4   ,ga*al         
#j      #j #j4adaf      #bj ,cab        
#j      #j #b4hccc      #cf   #a4h ,om] 

or ,gom]                                
#j      #j    #e4a     #abj     #f      
#c4c ,seah                              
#a      #j      #a     #cfj    #ah      
#aj     #c ,epha                        
#c      #j      #c    #ahjj    #ij      
#ej    #ae     #e ,lete*                
#af      #j      #j    #cfjj   #ahj     
#ajj    #cj    #aj     #b ,*om] ,hom]1  
c4        #cb      #j      #j           
,,tables ,,( ,,money4                   
,,jewi% ,,money1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,!       
,,engli% ,,/&>d4                        
4    s4    d4                           
,g]ah                          #j     #j
 #a4cfhg          #aj                   
,bekah                      #j     #a   
#a4fhge          #bj     #b             
,%ekel                  #j     #b #c4cge
        #abjj   #abj    #ej  ,maneh1 or 
,m9a ,hebraica       #e    #ad  #j4ge   
#fj1jjj  #fjjj  #cjjj    #fj            
,tal5t          #cdb     #c     #i      
,solidus ,aureus1 or ,sextula1 0 wor?   
#j    #ab   #j4e      ,siclus ,aureus1  

or ,gold ,%ekel                      #a 
#af     #f      ,tal5t ( ,gold          
#edge     #j     #j    ,! bi%op (       
,pet]bor\gh makes ! ,m9a ,hebraica to   
conta9 #fj      ,%ekels1 & to weigh #bg 
oz4 #g dwts42 :i*1 at #es4 p] ounce1    
w am\nt to #fl4 #afs4 #aj;d42 & ! ,tal5t
 ( ,silv] to      conta9 #ej ,m91 :i*1  
at #es41 w equal ! am\nt 9 ?is          
table1 #cdbl4 #cs4 #i;d4                
,,roman ,,money1 ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,! ,,new
 ,,te/am5t1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,!            
,,engli% ,,/&>d4                        
4     s4     d4   f>4   ,mite 7,ass>ium7
                                     #j 
#j      #j         ,f>?+1 7,quadrans17  
ab\t                         #j      #j 
#j     #a   ,p5ny1 or ,d5>ius 7,silv]7  
#j      #j      #g      #c   ,p\nd1 or  
,m9a                                    
#c      #b      #f      #j              
,accord+ to ! bi%op ( ,pet]bor\gh1 !    
,roman ,mite is "o-?ird      ( our f>?+2
 ,quadrans1 ?ree-f\r?s ( a f>?+2 !      
,ass>ium1 a f>?+ & a half2 & ! ,assis   

?ree f>?+s4         ,9 ! prec$+ ,tables1
 ,silv] is valu$ at #es41 & ,gold at #d4
                                  p]    
ounce4      ,,s9ce ! publication1 9     
#agbg1 ( ,dr4 ,arbu?not's 8,tables (    
,anci5t      ,co9s1 ,weights1 &         
,measures10 t celebrat$ "w has be5      
reg>d$ by ! be/ div9es z ! g5]al /&>d on
 ^!      difficult subjects4 ,m rec5tly 
! bi%op ( ,pet]bor\gh has      r5d]$    
good s]vice to ?is "p ( ,biblical       
antiquity by ent]+      into sev]al nice
 & ext5sive calculations on ! weights & 
measures m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 :i* h1 ) v 
few      exceptions1 confirm$ ! previ\s 
inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,arbu?not3      & z
 ! axiom1 8,:at is new 9 !ology is      
false10 holds good      only 9 reg>d to 
! doctr9es ( ,scripture1 & n to its     
/atics & numismatics1 no hesitation has 
be5 felt 9      pres5t+ ! read]1 "u ea* 
( ! prec$+ ,tables1 ) "s      ( ! mo/   
important ( ! results :i* ! bi%op has   
?us      obta9$4    ,9 ! ab/ruse        
dep>tm5t ( m5suration ( sup]ficies1 !   

same      le>n$ prelate has also ably   
demon/rat$1 t ! alt> (      inc5se1     
describ$ 9 ,exodus xxx1 #b1 z consi/+ ( 
a cubit 9      l5g?1 & a cubit 9 bread?1
 & yet 8f\r-squ>e10 conta9$      exactly
 "o squ>e cubit1 t is1 ?ree ,engli%     
squ>e feet1 &      ab\t =ty-sev5 squ>e  
in*es2--t ! table ( %ew bread1          
describ$ 9 ,exodus xxv1 #bc1 z be+ two  
cubits long & "o broad1      &          
rectangul>1 conta9$ above six ,engli%   
squ>e feet2--t !      bo>ds ( !         
tab]nacle1 describ$ 9 ,exodus xxvi1 #af1
 z t5      cubits 9 l5g? & a cubit & a  
half 9 bread?1 & rectangul>1            
conta9$ ne>ly fifty squ>e feet ( ,engli%
 measure2--t !      m]cy seat1 :i*      
,moses is direct$ to make 8two cubits & 
a half      ! l5g? !re(1 & a cubit & a  
half ! bread? !re(10      ,exodus xxv1  
#ag1 conta9$ twelve & a half squ>e      
feet2--t !      alt> ( inc5se1 :i* 0    
direct$ to be 8a cubit ! l5g?      !re( 
& a cubit ! bread? !re(1 & f\r squ>e10  
,exodus      xxx1 #b1 conta9$ upw>d (   

?ree squ>e feet2--t ! c\rt (      !     
tab]nacle1 ! ord]s conc]n+ :i* 71 8,!   
l5g? (      ! c\rt %all be a hundr$     
cubits1 & ! bread? fifty e      :]e10   
,exodus xxvii1 #ah1 compris$ upw>d (    
sixte5 ?\s& six      hundr$ & ?irty-f\r 
squ>e feet1 or 9 ,engli% l& measure "o  
rood1 tw5ty-"o p]*es1 & tw5ty-sev5 & a  
half feet2--&      t ! ,levites' glebe1 
:i* is ?us describ$ 9 ,numb]s xxxv1     
#c-e3 8,! cities !y %all h to dwell 93 &
 ! suburbs (      !m %all be = _!       
cattle1 & = _! goods1 & = all      _!   
bea/s4 ,& ! suburbs ( ! cities1 :i* ye  
%all give      unto ! ,levites1 %all    
rea* f ! wall ( ! city & outw>d      a  
?\s& cubits r\nd ab\t4 ,& ye %all       
measure f )\t !      city on ! ea/ side 
two ?\s& cubits1 & on ! s\? side two    
?\s& cubits10 c2 8& ! city %all be 9 !  
mid/20      conta9$ ?ree hundr$ & five  
acres1 two roods1 & "o p]*1      :i* 01 
= ea* ( ! f\r sides1 sev5ty-six acres1  
"o rood1      tw5ty p]*es1 & eighty     
squ>e feet4    ,respect+ ! ,egyptian    

ar\ra1 :i* is sometimes mi/ranslat$     
8acre10 ! bi%op rem>ks1 8,reflect+ ^u   
,moses' measure by      cubits1 &10 9 ! 
case ( ! c\rt ( ! tab]nacle1 8f9d+      
!m to be precisely five ?\s& squ>e      
cubits1 ,i obs]v$ t      !y 7 j half t5 
?\s&1 :i* ,i _h obs]v$ f      ,h]odotus 
to be ! area ( ! ,egyptian ar\ra1 by :i*
 _!      l& 0 z g5]ally measur$ z ours  
is by acres & roods4 ,i      call$ also 
to m9d a passage 9 ,mane?o1 an ,egyptian
 prie/1 cit$      by ,josephus1 9 8 fir/
 book aga9/ ,apion1 :]e he affirms1 t   
,mane?o1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! reign1 w>s1 &   
expulsion ( !      ,pa/ors1 7:om        
,africanus affirms to be ,ph5icians or  
,canaanites1 &      ,josephus va9ly     
believ$ to be ,jews17 wrote out ( !     
public      records ( ,egypt1 t ^!      
,pa/ors made at ,ab>is a v l>ge &       
/rong encampm5t1 t encompass$ t5 ?\s&   
ar\r1      suffici5t to conta9 two      
hundr$ & =ty ?\s& m51 & long      to    
ma9ta9 _! cattle4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t n   
only !      ,egyptians1 b also !        

,ph5icians or ,canaanites1 t _h dwelt   
among !m1 & _h reign$ !re dur+ ! "t (   
six k+s      successively1 us$ ?is      
measure ( l& call$ ar\ra4 ,n[ ?is      0
 long be=e ! "t ( ,moses2 = ! beg9n+ (  
,amosis or      ,te?mosis1 :o expell$ !m
 out ( ,egypt1 0 v ne> ! "t (           
,abraham's dea?4 ,:]e=e ,i believe t    
,moses1 :o 0 skill$ 9      all ,egyptian
 le>n+1 especially 9 survey+1 did (     
*oice make      ! c\rt ( ! tab]nacle to 
be j half an ar\ra1 :i* 0      a kn[n   
measure to him & 8 p1 & t div9e au?ority
      direct$ him s to d40 ,9 ano!r "p (
 8 "w he r$uces !      ,egyptian ar\ra  
into ,engli% measure1 & f9ds x to be    
?ree      roods1 two p]*es1 & fifty-five
 & a qu>t] squ>e feet4                  
,,! ,,end4     ,,"u ,,! ,,article       
,,apo/les' ,,cre$1 = ,cre$1         read
 ,confessions ( ,fai?4                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcrib]'s ,note    ,m9or lapses 9   
punctuation1 includ+ miss+ full /ops &  

end-(-l9e hyph5s1 h be5 correct$ ) no   
fur!r notice4 ,9 a  "w ?is l>ge1 x is   
inevitable t "s inconsi/5cies 9 =mat  w 
occur1 :i* h be5 set "r4    ,!re are "s 
v>iants ( spell+ :i* h1 9 g5]al1 be5    
reta9$1 giv5 ! wide range ( s\rces      
employ$ by ! au?or4 ,!  use ( ! dia]esis
 9 words l #8cop]ate' or #8re/abli%m5t' 
0  n foll[$ :]e ! prefix appe>$ hyph5at$
 on a l9e break 7e4g4                   
#8re-e/abli%m5t'74 ,^! h be5 r5d]$ "h   
us+ ! dia]esis4    ,a passage f ,*>d91  
cit$ on p4 #bej1 has an un-op5$         
quotation1 !  beg9n+ ( :i* has be5 plac$
 z not$ bel[1 bas$ on o!r  comm5t>ies   
cit+ ,*>d9 on ,psalms #ij4d4    ,mo/    
int]nal ref]5ces ref] to ! ma9 topics1  
:i* are typically  9 ,,upp]case *>act]s1
 b on occasion ref] to subtopics 9 mix$ 
,,smallcap font1 or1 r>ely1 to keywords 
9 p>agraphs 7e4g41 allegory74    ,! ma9 
entry = ,,moab 0 pr9t$ 9 a normal font1 
& s c\ld be  easily miss$4 ,t has be5   
correct$ "h to foll[ ! conv5tional      
pr9t+4    ,! ,alphabetical ,table (     

,prop] ,names1 at ! end ( ! text1 also  
conta9s a numb] ( int]nal ref]5ces4 ,^! 
ref] to o!r entries  9 t table4    ,9 ! 
article = ,,crane1 ! ,hebrew  7m>ble7 is
 giv5 = #8crane'1  f ,j]4 viii1 #g4 ,!  
^w 1 or #8swift' w\ld seem to h be5     
meant4 ,9 ! alphabetical index ( names1 
a ref]5ce to #8,siloah' has  no obvi\s  
ref]5t4    ,! article = ,,re$ directs ! 
read] to an article = ,,cane1 :i* is  n 
9 ! text4    ,! foll[+ issues %\ld be   
not$1 along ) ! resolutions4 ,!         
ref]5ces 9 ! fir/ column are to ! page1 
column1 & l9e 9 !  orig9al text4        
#g4b4ci   :o gave ,goliath's sword      
,add$4      #dg4a4eh                    
,replac$4             _/       #ij4b4fi 
has be5 mu* misrepres5t$4               
,add$4      #ic4b4bi  x is necess>y1 9  
ord]  to 8 salvation  sic3              
obta98      #id4b4dg  z x does   ?is day
                        sic3 to8        
#aja4a4i  are und\btedly m5tion$        
,add$4      #aaa4a4eb 9 ! habit ( ref]r+
 ) approbation   ,add$4      #aac4b4bj !

 argum5ts ( ,/4 ,augu/9e                
,add$4      #aaf4b    obs]v$1 "s rema9s 
( ^! enclosures   ,remov$4              
#acg4b4fj ! ,prophet says4_/1 #8,( !    
oaks ( ,ba%an   ,replac$4      #aci4a4bj
 ! r5d]+ ( an equival5t37'              
,p>5!sis                                
add$4      #adj4b4cb ,! foll[+          
obs]vations4_/1 f           ,replac$4   
#adc4a4db expos$ 9 ! amphi!atre to fight
         ,add$4      #aga4b4af ,! ^w1 is
 =m$ f ! ,go?ic          ,remov$4       
#afj4a4be ! tru? ( ! pr9cipal facts     
,add$4      #ahe4a4h  8! ,memphian0 or  
,egyptian 8boat is made     ,remov$4    
#ahh4a4cg esor_/tetic1 or conceal$      
doctr9e            ,replac$4            
#bja4b4cb became p]man5tly settl$ at !  
diet (      ,add$4             ,augsburg
      #bjb4a4dh & ^? :o are n1 accept$4'
            ,probable4      #bjg4a4ei is
 direct$ aga9st ,canaan                 
,add$4      #bjg4b4i  9 8 desc5dants    
,add$4      #bad4a4ca ) hair /&+ a_/on  
end on x            ,replac$4           

#bag4b4bc = _! p]usal40                 
,remov$4      #bbd4a4bj l t ( ! p9e40   
,add$4      #bcf4a4g  :o holds h]       
balance1_/4                             
,replac$4      #bcf4b4ab m sub/antial   
_wly b5efits            ,add$4          
#bcf4b4dh ,"h ! ,*ri/ai_/ian            
,transpos$4      #bda4b4d  :i* 0 to be  
per=m$                    ,add$4        
#bdd4a4ac :i* h no spu_/upport f !      
magi/racy ,transpos$4      #bej4a4cf t  
8z ! p ( ! ea/ h no      ,add$4         
clocks      #bei4b4ed z x occurs 9 !    
,t_/,new ,te/am5t          ,replac$4    
#bfh4b4i  :e!r !y 7 gold or brass40     
,add$4      #bgd4b4ed two birds are     
m5tion$1 ! _/        ,replac$4          
#bgh4b4ch increases ! pio_/oi ( ! suff]+
        ,transpos$4      #bhe4a4ai ,:o  
call !e by ?y "n1 am ,,! ,,god ,,(      
,add$4             ,,israel40           
#cjc4b4cb #8all sick p1' t 7 tak5 )     
,remov$4             div]s diseases     
#cjg4b4ed :i* occurs "u ! ^w1 _/1       
,lev4 xiii1 #f-h1 #bi4                  

transpos$4      #cah4b4dg 8,! e>? is !  
,"l's1 & ! fulness      ,add$4          
!re(01 ,psalm xxiv1 #a2      #cbe4a4bj 9
 8 8,in/itututes10 he confirm$          
,remov$4      #cca4a4af ,volney's acc\nt
 is sufficiently descriptive ,add$4     
#ccc4b4be plac$ by ! ,egyptian          
task-ma/]s          ,add$4              
#ccf4a4bd z consi/+ 9 outw>d worldly    
,add$4             in/itutions          
#ccg4b4ab all visible acknowl$gm5t ( !m 
,add$4      #cdc4b4ca reckon ! dog a    
filthy creature             ,add$4      
#cdh4b4bd ,i am ) y always              
,add$4      #cej4b4bi ,!y h elev5       
diocesses                   ,remov$4    
#ceb4a4eh & !y 7 punni%$ = _!           
,remov$4             presumption        
#cef4b4ca answ]s to ! artificial        
conception         ,add$4      #cgb4a4ae
 c consi/5tly refuse to admit           
,add$4      #cgc4b4df :ile !            
bride4_/-groom is ) !m8        ,replac$4
      #chb4b4ch ,if1 !n1 su* 0 s_/the   
sup]/iti\s       ,replac$4              

homage      #chb4b4de 8is ,arabic1 &    
signifies ! fly 9         ,add$4        
g5]al40      #cid4a4ag 9 ! amphi!atre at
 ,tib]ias              ,add$4           
#cid4a4cj 8,!y gave me  to eat02        
,add$4      #dae4a4ej ! ,egyptians1     
,prussians1 ,li?uanians1       ,add$4   
,samogitians1 c4      #daf4a4ch to kill 
8 bro!r ,jacob                    ,add$4
      #dbd4b4ca n a bun* ( grapes left  
(_/= ^? :o  ,replac$_/             came 
to glean4      #dch4b4ca *ur* ( !-fir/  
_/ fir/-born             ,transpos$4    
#dch4b4ee to make a tpy_/ypical atonem5t
               ,transpos$4              
#ddb4b4bc ! gifts ( ! ,holy ,c_/,gho/   
,replac$4      #dde4b4a  ,hebron is n[  
call$ ,el ,h_/,khalil2                  
,replac$4      #dej4b4c  _/             
,replac$4      #deb4b4ci ! only surviv+ 
male                      ,add$4        
#dfb4b4da ,b_/by ! #8te/imony ( ! ,_s1' 
,i mean1  ,replac$4      #dfi4b4be ,a   
spaci\s b[l ?e' admir+ patri>*          
,remov$4             fills              

#dgd4a4dg 8c\nt]feit10  signifies also a
 pr(ane     ,add$4             wick$ man
      #dha4a4dg accord+ to _! orig9ial  
in/itution     ,remov$4      #dhg4b4df  
are built ^u ! f\ndatia_/on ( !         
,replac$4             ,apo/les          
#dic4b4fe 0 buri$ ) ,abraham by 8 sons  
,esau &   ,miss+1             ,jacob1   
,g54 xxxv1 #bi4                         
provid$4      #dih4a4dj :5 8! ,edomites 
revolt$                  ,add$4         
#eja4a4ef admitt$ till aft] ! f\r?1     
c5tury      ,remov$4      #ebd4a4db     
simply z a prediction prior to ! ev5t   
,add$4      #eca4a4ai :o occasionally   
s5t (fic]s               ,add$4         
#ech4a4ce ! total abs5ce ( every_/n !   
slighte/   ,replac$4                    
allusion      #eci4b4cc b inf]ior to !  
second40                 ,add$4         
#edg4a4bd to visit ! tomb ( ,?omas-a    
_/-,becket       ,replac$4      #efg4b4g
  :5 !  puu_/ni%m5t ( _! iniquity       
,inv]t$4             %all be accompli%$ 
#egg4a4ch ,,lead1 1 ,exod4 xv1 #aj2     

sic3       #ehd4b4fa if any animalcule (
 ?is sort 7 conceal$  ,add$4            
9 _! g>m5ts40      #eic4b4cf ,,lucian1 a
 philosopher & wit                ,add$4
      #eid4a4fe !y are t_/jo9$ by       
,isaiah1 lxvi1 #ai1 )  ,replac$4        
,pul      #fia4b4ae ,?us1 x 0 infallibly
 c]ta9              ,add$4      #fcj4a4i
  ! fancy f> m vive_/id1 9 ! dream+     
,replac$4      #fcg4a4ac utterly av]se  
to oa?s                     ,add$4      
#ffj4b4ad ,moab_/,,moab 0 ! son ( ,lot  
,replac$4      #fhd4b4bd bore ! "* (    
rem>kable simplicity  ,add$4            
#fgb4a4bi s t he 8he>ken$ n unto !m1 z !
 ,add$4             ,"l _h said10       
#fib4a4a  !y acccompli%$ ! great designs
 (      ,remov$4             ,heav5     
#fig4b4fg to impugn 8 doctrine          
,add$4      #gdc4b4a  popul> sect among 
! ,jews !_/,jews4 ,!    ,replac$4       
"t :5      #gea4b4fg means lit]ally     
8bran*es ( oily or       ,add$4         
gummy plants40      #ghh4a4de ! op9ions 
( all sob] p]sons            ,add$4     

#ghi4a4cj or  _/ 1 also d5otes a /rang] 
,replac$4      #gia4a4ej diff]1 9 ?is   
respect1 f _!          ,add$4           
ance/ors      #gif4b4fi & ! sweet       
psalmi/ ( ,israel1 said1        ,add$4  
#8,! ,_s ( ,jehovah      #hbg4b4fa 8,!  
ori5tals hold10 says ,d',h]belot1       
,add$4      #hdc4b4ef !re %\ld be "o    
hundr$ s_/and tw5ty     ,replac$4       
inhabitants      #hdd4b4ah p[] & malice 
are re/ra9$              ,add$4         
#hdd4b4ea t c dignifiy human nature     
,remov$4      #hde4a4d  & ) :i* !       
anci5ts 7               ,add$4          
enraptur$40      #hde4b4df w b_/he (f]  
him a scorpion8              ,replac$4  
#heh4a4ac t ! sk_/hekel 0 wor? tw5ty    
g]ahs   ,replac$4      #hfe4b4ea ,unto  
him t blaspheme? aga9st ! ,holy   ,add$4
             ,gho/      #hff4b4eb has   
?ree tops ( a marvell\s height          
,add$4      #hgb4a4fj appe>+ to 8       
disciples                   ,add$4      
#hgb4b4ei ( all subsequ5t m>tyrs        
,add$4      #hhb4a4ba t ( ,alexanandria 

,remov$4      #ije4a4bg t sacr$         
o_/edifice                              
,replac$4      #ijg4a4fi ! t]aphim 7    
humna_/an heads           ,transpos$4   
#ibe4b4ci aga9/ ! doctrine itself       
,add$4      #icf4b4a  l ! horn ( a      
reem1' ,psalm xcii1 #aj4    ,add$4      
#ide4b4eh z !y 7 !n ne>] ! times e_/of !
  ,replac$4             ,apo/les        
#idf4b4cf among ! ,prote/tants          
,remov$4      #iei4b4fa m palatable &   
fragrant ) aromatics   ,add$4           
#igc4a4dg = purposes ( secres_/cy       
,replac$4      #igg4b4ca _/h            
,replac$4