,transcrib]'s ,notes4 ,! spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation f ! orig9al has be5 reta9$ except = app>5t typographical errors4 ,italic text is m>k$ ?us4 ,bold text is m>k$ ?us4 ,9 ,*apt] #8,,=mulas ,,& ,,tables'1 #8#g4 ,,weights ,,& ,,areas ,,( ,,squ>e ,,& ,,r\nd ,,b>s4444' squ>e repres5ts a squ>e symbol 9 ! orig9al & r\nd repres5ts a circul> symbol4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,=ge ,,%op ,,=ge ,,"w ,,by ,,william ,l4 ,,ilg5 ,,=g+ ,,in/ructor1 ,,crane ,,te*nical ,,high ,,s*ool ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,,) ,,editorial ,,revision ,,by ,,*>les ,f4 ,,moore ,,head ,,( ,,me*anical ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,c5tral ,,high ,,s*ool1 ,,new>k1 ,,new ,,j]sey ,,new ,,york ,,c9c9nati ,,*icago ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiab1 ,,by ,,william ,l4 ,,ilg54 ,,=ge ,,"w4 ,w4 ,p4 ,i ,,preface ,tea*]s ( =ge "w g5]ally supply _! own c\rse ( in/ruction & arrange ! ex]cises = practice4 ,! necess>y explanations & in=mation are giv5 orally1 & h5ce (t5 ) v unsatisfactory results1 z ! av]age /ud5t is n able to reta9 all ! ess5tial po9ts ( ! c\rse4 ,x 0 ! desire to put ?is in/ruction 9 "s p]man5t =m = ! use ( =ge /ud5ts t l$ ! au?or to und]take ?is "w4 ,! au?or wi%es to express 8 ?anks = ! advice & enc\ragem5t ( 8 fell[-tea*]s1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,pet]son1 ,mr4 ,frank ,a4 ,fucik1 & ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h>t5b]g4 ,special obligations are due to ,mr4 ,*>les ,f4 ,moore1 ,head ( ! ,me*anical ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,c5tral ,comm]cial & ,manual ,tra9+ ,high ,s*ool ( ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 = 8 valuable editorial s]vice4 ,figures #adf1 #adg1 #aej1 #aec1 #aeg1 & #aeh h be5 reproduc$1 by p]mission ( ! publi%]s1 f 8,manufacture ( ,iron0 & 8,manufacture ( ,/eel10 copyright$ #aijb1 by ! ,int]national ,textbook ,company4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are due also to ! ,inl& ,/eel ,company = ! privilege ( us+ ,figures #ade1 #adh1 #adi1 #aei-afc1 #aff2 & to ! ,columbia ,tool ,/eel ,company = ! use ( ,figures #aea1 #aeb1 #aed-aef4 ,,william ,l4 ,,ilg54 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,tools ,,& ,,appliances4--#a4 ,! ,=ge2 #b4 ,fire ,tools2 #c4 ,fuels2 #d4 ,! ,anvil2 #e4 ,! ,hamm]s2 #f4 ,! ball pe5 hamm]2 #g4 ,! cross pe5 hamm]2 #h4 ,! /raight pe5 hamm]2 #i4 ,! sl$ges2 #aj4 ,! ,tongs2 #aa4 ,! flat-jaw$ tongs2 #ab4 ,! holl[ bit tongs2 #ac4 ,! pick-up tongs2 #ad4 ,! side tongs2 #ae4 ,! *isel tongs2 #af4 ,! l9k tongs2 #ag4 ,! tool or box tongs2 #ah4 ,anvil & ,=g+ ,tools2 #ai4 ,! h>dy2 #bj4 ,! cold & hot cutt]s2 #ba4 ,! hot cutt]2 #bb4 ,! flatt]2 #bc4 ,! squ>e- & r\nd-edg$ set hamm]s2 #bd4 ,! pun*es2 #be4 ,! top & bottom swages2 #bf4 ,! top & bottom full]s2 #bg4 ,! button head set or snap2 #bh4 ,! head+ tool2 #bi4 ,! swage block2 #cj4 ,! surface plate2 #ca4 ,! tap]$ m&rels2 #cb4 ,b5* & ,measur+ ,tools2 #cc4 ,! b5* or box vise2 #cd4 ,! *isels2 #ce4 ,! c5t] pun*2 #cf4 ,! rule2 #cg4 ,! divid]s2 #ch4 ,! calip]s2 #ci4 ,! scrib] or scrat* awl2 #dj4 ,! squ>e2 #da4 ,! bevel2 #db4 ,! hack saw2 #dc4 ,! files #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,=g+ ,,op]ations4--#dd4 ,! ,hamm] ,bl[s2 #de4 ,! upright bl[2 #df4 ,! edge-to-edge bl[2 #dg4 ,! ov]hang+ bl[2 #dh4 ,! bevel+ or angle bl[s2 #di4 ,! lev]age bl[s2 #ej4 ,! back+-up bl[s2 #ea4 ,! %e>+ bl[2 #eb4 ,=g+2 #ec4 ,draw+2 #ed4 ,b5d+2 #ee4 ,upsett+2 #ef4 ,=m+2 #eg4 ,/raight5+2 #eh4 ,twi/+2 #ei4 ,weld+2 #fj4 ,! ,mat]ial = ,weld+2 #fa4 ,heat+2 #fb4 ,sc>f+2 #fc4 ,! lap weld2 #fd4 ,! cleft weld2 #fe4 ,! butt weld2 #ff4 ,! jump weld2 #fg4 ,! ,v weld #cj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,practice ,,ex]cises4--#fh4 ,/aple2 #fi4 ,draw ,spike2 #gj4 ,s ,hook2 #ga4 ,pipe ,hook2 #gb4 ,gate ,hook2 #gc4 ,door ,hasp2 #gd4 ,hexagonal ,head ,bolt2 #ge4 ,squ>e-corn]$ ,angle2 #gf4 ,fagot ,weld+2 #gg4 ,r\nd ,weld2 #gh4 ,flat ,"r-angl$ ,weld2 #gi4 ,t ,weld2 #hj4 ,*a9 ,mak+2 #ha4 ,weld$ ,r+2 #hb4 ,*a9 ,swivel2 #hc4 ,*a9 ,swivel2 #hd4 ,*a9 ,grabhook #eh ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,tool ,,/eel4--#he4 ,select+ & ,work+ ,/eel2 #hf4 ,uses ( ,diff]5t ,grades ( ,/eel2 #hg4 ,injuries2 #hh4 ,anneal+2 #hi4 ,h>d5+ & ,temp]+2 #ij4 ,caseh>d5+ #hc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,tool ,,mak+ ,,& ,,/ock ,,calculation4--#ia4 ,tongs2 #ib4 ,heavy ,flat ,tongs2 #ic4 ,light ,*a9 ,tongs2 #id4 ,la! ,tools2 #ie4 ,brass ,tool2 #if4 ,cutt+-(f or ,p>t+ ,tool2 #ig4 ,heavy ,bor+ ,tool2 #ih4 ,light ,bor+ or ,?read+ ,tool2 #ii4 ,diamond ,po9t ,tool2 #ajj4 ,"r ,side ,tool2 #aja4 ,=g+ ,tools2 #ajb4 ,cold ,*isel2 #ajc4 ,hot ,cutt]2 #ajd4 ,cold ,cutt]2 #aje4 ,squ>e-edg$ ,set2 #ajf4 ,h>dy2 #ajg4 ,flatt]2 #ajh4 ,small ,cr[b>2 #aji4 ,eye or ,r+ ,bolts2 #aaj4 ,calip]s2 #aaa4 ,/ock ,calculation = ,b5d+ #if ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,/eam ,,hamm]1 ,,tools1 ,,& ,,ex]cises4--#aab4 ,a ,=g+2 #aac4 ,! ,drop ,hamm]2 #aad4 ,presses2 #aae4 ,! ,/eam ,hamm]2 #aaf4 ,/eam ,hamm] ,tools2 #aag4 ,! hack or cutt]2 #aah4 ,! circul> cutt]2 #aai4 ,! trimm+ *isel2 #abj4 ,! cold cutt]2 #aba4 ,! *eck+ tool or side full]2 #abb4 ,! full]2 #abc4 ,! comb9$ spr+ full]s2 #abd4 ,! comb9ation full] & set2 #abe4 ,! comb9$ top & bottom swages2 #abf4 ,! top & bottom swages2 #abg4 ,! bevel or tap] tool2 #abh4 ,! ,v block2 #abi4 ,! yoke or saddle2 #acj4 ,bol/]s or coll>s2 #aca4 ,pun*es2 #acb4 ,/eam ,hamm] ,"w2 #acc4 ,crank ,%aft2 #acd4 ,connect+ ,rod2 #ace4 ,rod ,/rap2 #acf4 ,ecc5tric ,jaw2 #acg4 ,h& ,lev]2 #ach4 ,connect+ ,lev]2 #aci4 ,solid ,=g$ ,r+2 #adj4 ,d\ble & ,s+le ,(fsets #abc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,art ,,smi?+ ,,& ,,scroll ,,"w4--#ada4 ,art ,smi?+2 #adb4 ,scroll ,fa/5+s2 #adc4 ,scroll ,=m]2 #add4 ,b5d+ or ,twi/+ ,=k2 #ade4 ,b5d+ or ,twi/+ ,wr5*2 #adf4 ,clip ,=m]2 #adg4 ,clip ,hold]2 #adh4 ,clip ,tight5] or ,cl9*]2 #adi4 ,j>d9ire ,/& or ,taboret2 #aej4 ,umbrella ,/&2 #aea4 ,read+ ,lamp2 #aeb4 ,&irons & ,b>2 #aec4 ,fire ,set2 #aed4 ,fire ,set ,sep>at$ #adf ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,iron ,,ore1 ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,smelt+4--#aee4 ,iron ,ore2 #aef4 ,magnetite2 #aeg4 ,r$ hematite2 #aeh4 ,limonite or br[n hematite2 #aei4 ,f]r\s c>bonate2 #afj4 ,! ,value ( ,ores2 #afa4 ,prep>ation ( ,ores2 #afb4 ,wea!r+2 #afc4 ,wa%+2 #afd4 ,cru%+2 #afe4 ,roa/+ or calc9ation2 #aff4 ,fuels2 #afg4 ,fluxes2 #afh4 ,! ,bla/2 #afi4 ,! ,r$uction or ,bla/ ,furnace2 #agj4 ,classification ( ,pig ,iron2 #aga4 ,bessem] iron2 #agb4 ,basic iron2 #agc4 ,mill iron2 #agd4 ,malleable iron2 #age4 ,*>coal iron2 #agf4 ,f\ndry iron2 #agg4 ,grad+ ,iron #afa ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4--#agh4 ,ref9+ ,pig ,iron2 #agi4 ,! ,op5-he>? or ,f9]y ,process2 #ahj4 ,! ,puddl+ ,process2 #aha4 ,/eel2 #ahb4 ,! ,crucible ,process2 #ahc4 ,! ,bessem] ,process2 #ahd4 ,! ,op5-he>? ,process #agg ,,=mulas ,,& ,,tables #aig ,,index #bjg ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,mr4 ,,david ,,gorrie ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,=ge4 ,,=ge ,,"w ,,*apt] ,i ,,tools ,,& ,,appliances #a4 ,! ,=ge4--,! =ge is an op5 he>? or fireplace us$ by ! blacksmi? = heat+ 8 metals4 ,! k9d mo/ commonly us$ by ! g5]al smi?s is su* z c be se5 9 small villages or :]e ! ord9>y class ( blacksmi?+ is done4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,=ges are usually built ( brick2 9 =m !y are squ>e or rectangul>1 & g5]ally ext5d out f a side wall ( ! %op4 ,! *imney is built up f ! middle ( ! left side & is provid$ ) a hood ,b1 :i* projects ov] ! fire suffici5tly to cat* ! smoke & convey x to ! flue4 ,! fire is k9dl$ on ! he>? ,a "u ! hood & ov] ! tuyre iron4 ,?is iron1 ! t]m9al ( ! bla/ pipe t leads f ! bell[s ,e1 is made 9 v>i\s =ms & ( ca/ iron2 sometimes x has a l>ge op5+ at ! bottom1 b (t5 x has none4 ,! bell[s are op]at$ by ! lev] ,f1 :i* exp&s ! sides & =ces air ?r\gh ! tuyre iron1 !reby caus+ ! fire to burn freely & creat+ a temp]ature suffici5t = heat+ ! metals4 ,! coal box ,c is to ! "r1 :]e x is conv5i5t4 ,! coal %\ld always be damp5$ ) wat] to prev5t ! fire f spread+4 ,?is w produce a m int5se & m conc5trat$ heat1 s t a c]ta9 "p ( ! metal c be heat$ )\t dang] ( affect+ ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,a ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,=ge4 ,! wat] tub1 or slack tub ,d1 z x is m prop]ly call$1 /&s at ! "r ( ! =ge ne> ! coal box1 :]e ! wat] = damp5+ ! coal c be mo/ readily obta9$4 ,x is us$ = cool+ ! iron or tongs & = temp]+ tools4 ,mod]n =ges are made ( ca/ iron or %eet /eel4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds design$ mo/ly = special purposes4 ,!y are g5]ally us$ ) ! fan bla/ in/ead ( ! bell[s & h a suction fan = )draw+ ! smoke4 ,! =ge illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b 0 design$ = manual tra9+ use & is excell5t = su* a purpose4 ,! bottom or base has six draw]s :i* provide conv5i5t places = keep+ ex]cises & individual tools4 ,z ea* draw] is provid$ ) a special lock1 mu* ( ! tr\ble result+ f hav+ ! tools or ! "w mislaid or lo/ is prev5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,=ge ,,%[n ,,9 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! he>? ,a :]e ! fire is built is provid$ ) a ca/-iron fire pot or tuyre4 ,?is is con/ruct$ ) an op5+ at ! bottom :]e !re is a triangul> tumbl] :i* is ca/ ^u a rod project+ ?r\gh ! front ( ! =ge2 by revolv+ ! rod & tumbl] ! c9d]s or a%es c be dropp$ into ! a% draw] at ! bottom ( ! =ge )\t di/urb+ ! fire4 ,a sectional view ( ^! p>ts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 also ! valve :i* regulates ! bla/4 ,susp5d$ on ! upp] edge surr\nd+ ! he>?1 & locat$ to ! "r & left ( ! op]ator1 two boxes ,c & ,d are locat$1 :i* are us$ = /or+ an adequate supply ( coal & wat]1 :]e !y may be conv5i5tly obta9$4 ,9 front are two h&les2 ! upp] "o op]ates ! cl9k] or a% valve1 ! l[] "o regulates ! bla/4 ,! front & back edges surr\nd+ ! he>? are cut out1 s t long pieces ( metal c be laid d[n 9 ! fire4 ,^! op5+s c be clos$1 :5 desir$1 ) ! h+$ slides %[n at ,g4 ,! hood ,b projects ov] ! fire suffici5tly to cat* ! smoke & convey x to ! op5+ ( ! d[n-draft pipe ,e4 ,:5 necess>y ! hood c be rais$ out ( ! way ) ! lev] ,f1 :i* is con/ruct$ ) cogs & provid$ ) a lock+ p9 to keep ! hood 9 position4 #b4 ,fire ,tools4--,! necess>y tools requir$ = ma9ta9+ ! fire & keep+ x 9 good work+ condition are %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,a is ! pok] ) :i* ! coke c be brok5 loose f ! sides4 ,b is ! rake ) :i* ! coke c be mov$ ov] ! fire on top ( ! metal to prev5t ! air f ret>d+ ! heat+4 ,! %ovel ,c is us$ = add+ fre% coal1 :i* %\ld always be plac$ ar\nd ! fire & n on top4 ,9 ?is way unnecess>y smoke w be prev5t$1 & ! coal w sl[ly =m into coke4 ,! dipp] ,d is us$ = cool+ p>ts ( ! "w t _c be cool$ 9 ! wat] box4 ,! spr9kl] ,e is us$ = apply+ wat] to ! coal1 or ar\nd ! fire to prev5t its spread+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,fire ,,tools4 ,a1 pok]2 ,b1 rake2 ,c1 %ovel2 ,d1 dipp]2 ,e1 spr9kl]4 #c4 ,fuels4--,! fuels us$ = blacksmi?+ are coal1 coke1 & *>coal4 ,mo/ commonly a bitum9\s coal ( sup]ior quality is us$4 ,x %\ld be free f sulphur & phosphorus1 because ! metals w absorb a c]ta9 am\nt ( ^! impurities if !y are 9 ! fuel4 ,! be/ grade ( bitum9\s coal has a v glossy appe>ance :5 brok54 ,coke is us$ mo/ly 9 furnaces or :5 heavy pieces ( metal are to be heat$4 ,x is a solid fuel made by subject+ bitum9\s coal to heat 9 an ov5 until ! gases are all driv5 out4 ,*>coal is ! be/ fuel1 because x is almo/ free f impurities4 ,! mo/ satisfactory *>coal = =g+ purposes is made f maple or o!r h>d woods4 ,x is a v desirable fuel = heat+ c>bon /eel1 because x has a t5d5cy to imp>t c>bon in/ead ( )draw+ x z ! o!r fuels d to a small ext5t4 ,x is ! mo/ exp5sive fuel1 & on t acc\nt1 & because ! heat+ progresses mu* m sl[ly1 x is n us$ s g5]ally z x %\ld be = heat+ c>bon /eel4 #d4 ,! ,anvil4--,! anvil 7,fig4 #e7 is indisp5sable to ! smi?1 = ^u x ! v>i\s %apes & =ms ( metal c be =g$ or b5t by ! skill$ workman4 ,except = a few t h be5 design$ = special purposes1 x has a peculi> %ape :i* has rema9$ un*ang$ = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,t ! anci5t smi?s %\ld h design$ "o to meet all requirem5ts is int]e/+ to note1 especially z mo/ o!r tools h und]gone ext5sive improvem5ts4 ,anvils are made ( wr\ght iron or a special quality ( ca/ iron4 ,9 ! latt] case ! face is sometimes *ill$ to h>d5 x1 or is made ( /eel :i* is secur$ to ! base :5 ! anvil is ca/4 ,^? t are made ( wr\ght iron are compos$ ( ?ree pieces3 ! fir/ is ! base ,b :i* is =g$ to ! requir$ dim5sions2 ! second is ! top :i* includes ! horn ,c & ! heel2 ! ?ird is ! face ,a ( tool /eel :i* is weld$ to ! top at ! place %[n by ! upp] brok5 l9e4 ,! top & base are !n weld$ toge!r at ! l[] brok5 l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,! ,,anvil4 ,aft] ! anvil has be5 f9i%$1 ! face is h>d5$ ) a con/ant fl[ ( wat]1 !n x is gr\nd true & smoo? & p]fectly /raight l5g?wise1 b slightly convex crosswise1 & bo? edges = ab\t f\r in*es t[>d ! horn are gr\nd to a qu>t] r\nd1 ?us provid+ a conv5i5t place = b5d+ "r angles4 ,?is r\nd edge prev5ts gall+1 :i* is liable to occur 9 mat]ial b5t ov] a p]fectly squ>e corn]4 ,! r\nd hole 9 ! face is call$ ! prit*el hole1 ov] :i* small holes c be pun*$ 9 ! mat]ial4 ,:5 l>g] ones are to be pun*$1 !y c be made on a nut or coll> plac$ ov] ! squ>e hole or h>dy hole4 ,?is h>dy hole is us$ mo/ly = hold+ all bottom tools1 :i* are made ) a squ>e %ank fitt$ loosely to prev5t _! becom+ lodg$4 ,! flat portion ,d at ! base ( ! horn1 & a little bel[ ! level ( ! face1 is n /eel1 consequ5tly n h>d5$1 & is !re=e a suitable place = cutt+ or splitt+1 because !re is n mu* liability ( injur+ ! cutt] if ! latt] comes 9 contact ) ! anvil4 ,! horn ,c is drawn to a po9t & provides a suitable place = b5d+ & =m+1 also = weld+ r+s1 l9ks1 or b&s4 ,! anvil is usually m\nt$ on a wood5 block & is securely held by b&s ( iron z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 or x may be fa/5$ by iron p9s driv5 ar\nd ! concave sides ( ! base4 ,x is sometimes m\nt$ on a ca/-iron base made ) a project+ flange :i* holds ! anvil 9 place4 ,a conv5i5t height = ! m\nt+ is ) ! top ( ! face j high en\gh to t\* ! f+] jo9ts ( ! cl5*$ h& :5 "o /&s erect4 ,x is g5]ally tipp$ =w>d slightly1 b ! angle dep5ds consid]ably ^u ! op9ion ( ! workman :o arranges x 9 position4 ,= "s "t mo/ ( ! anvils 7 made 9 ,europe1 b at pres5t ! majority t are pur*as$ "h are made by ,am]ican manufactur]s4 #e4 ,! ,hamm]s4--,( ! multitude ( tools us$ by me*anics1 ! hamm] is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important "o4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 man _h only 8 h&s to "w )1 & f !m he mu/ h receiv$ 8 ideas = tools4 ,?ree prom95t ones :i* are us$ ext5sively at pres5t 7 mo/ probably imitations ( ! human h&4 ,f ! act ( grasp+1 man c\ld easily h orig9at$ ! vise or tongs = hold+ mat]ials t he c\ld n hold ) ! h&4 ,scrat*+ ) ! f+] nails und\bt$ly impress$ him ) ! ne$ ( some?+ t w\ld be effective on h>d sub/ances1 & s he devis$ su* tools z picks1 *isels1 & num]\s o!r cutt+ in/rum5ts4 ,! cl5*$ fi/ mu/ h sugge/$ ! ne$ ( a hamm]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be sub/itut$ = ! fi/ 0 a /one held 9 ! h&4 ,next a ?ong ( fib] or lea!r 0 w\nd ar\nd ! /one1 & us$ z a h&le4 ,f ^! beg9n+s we h progress$ until we h hamm]s ( all sizes & %apes1 f ! t9y hamm] ( ! jewel] to ! pond]\s sl$ge4 ,workm5 h adapt$ v>i\s %apes ( hamm]s to _! individual ne$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,h& ,,hamm]s4 ,a1 ball pe5 hamm]2 ,b1 cross pe5 hamm]2 ,c1 /raight pe5 hamm]4 #f4 ,! ball pe5 hamm] 7,a1 ,fig4 #f71 sometimes call$ a ma*9i/'s hamm]1 is v conv5i5tly %ap$ = =g+1 z ! ball end is h&y = draw+ out po9ts ( sc>fs or smoo?+ concave surfaces4 ,a suitable weight ( ?is k9d ( hamm] is "o & a half p\nds1 b light] ones c be us$ to good advantage = fa/5+ small rivets4 #g4 ,! cross pe5 hamm] 7,b1 ,fig4 #f7 is "o ( ! old] /yles & is mo/ly employ$ 9 r\gh1 heavy "w or = spread+ metal4 #h4 ,! /raight pe5 hamm] 7,c1 ,fig4 #f7 is %ap$ simil>ly to ! ball pe5 hamm]1 except t ! pe5 is flatt5$ /raight ) ! eye4 ,x is conv5i5t = draw+ metal l5g?wise rapidly4 #i4 ,! sl$ges 7,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 ,fig4 #g7 are us$ = /rik+ on cutt]s1 swages1 full]s1 or o!r top tools2 :5 !y are us$ by ! help]1 ! blacksmi? c be assi/$ 9 rapidly draw+ out metal4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two sl$ges is 9 ! pe5--"o is crosswise ) ! eye & ! o!r l5g?wise4 ,! d\ble-fac$ sl$ge ,c is sometimes call$ a sw+ sl$ge1 because x is us$ mo/ly = a full sw+ bl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,sl$ges4 #aj4 ,! ,tongs4--,!re is an old say+ t 8a good me*anic c d good "w ) poor tools10 :i* may be true2 b e me*anic surely %\ld h good tools1 on :i* he c rely & !reby h m confid5ce 9 himself4 ,among ! good tools t are ess5tial = acceptable smi? "w are ! tongs4 ,v few %ops h a suffici5t v>iety ( tongs to meet all requirem5ts1 & x is (t5 necess>y to fit a pair to ! "w to be h&l$4 ,sometimes q s]i\s accid5ts happ5 because ! tongs are n prop]ly fitt$4 ,!y %\ld always hold ! iron securely &1 if necess>y1 a l9k %\ld be slipp$ ov] ! h&les z %[n 9 ,b1 ,fig4 #h4 ,! workman is ?us reliev$ f gripp+ ! tongs tightly & is all[$ consid]able fre$om 9 h&l+ 8 "w4 #aa4 ,! flat-jaw$ tongs are %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #h4 ,!y are made 9 v>i\s sizes to hold diff]5t ?icknesses ( mat]ial4 ,tongs ( ?is k9d hold ! "w m securely if !re is a groove l5g?wise on ! inside ( ! jaw2 ! full l5g? ( ! jaw always %\ld grip ! iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,! ,,tongs4 ,a1 flat-jaw$ tongs2 ,b1 holl[ bit tongs2 ,c1 pick-up tongs2 ,d1 side tongs2 ,e1 *isel tongs2 ,f1 l9k tongs2 ,g1 tool or box tongs4 #ab4 ,! holl[ bit tongs1 %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #h1 are v h&y = hold+ r\nd iron or octagonal /eel4 ,!y c be us$ also = hold+ squ>e mat]ial1 9 :i* case ! depressions 9 ! jaws %\ld be ,v-%ap$4 #ac4 ,! pick-up tongs 7,c1 ,fig4 #h7 are useful = pick+ up l>ge or small pieces1 z ! po9ts ( ! jaws are fitt$ closely toge!r1 & ! two circul> op5+s back ( ! po9t w securely grip l>g] pieces :5 seiz$ f ! side4 #ad4 ,! side tongs 7,d1 ,fig4 #h7 are us$ = hold+ flat iron f ! side4 ,tongs = hold+ r\nd iron f ! side c be made 9 ?is =m ) circul> jaws4 #ae4 ,! *isel tongs are %[n at ,e1 ,fig4 #h4 ,"o or m pairs ( ^! are necess>y 9 all =ge %ops4 ,z ! hot & cold cutt]s frequ5tly get dull or brok51 x w be necess>y to draw !m out & retemp] !m2 &1 z ! heads ( ^! cutt]s become batt]$ consid]ably1 !y are difficult to hold )\t *isel tongs4 ,! two project+ lugs at ! ends ( ! jaws fit into ! eye1 & ! circul> b[s back ( !m surr\nd ! batt]$ head ( ! cutt]1 s t x c be held )\t any difficulty4 #af4 ,! l9k tongs 7,f1 ,fig4 #h7 are z ess5tial z any?+ else requir$ 9 mak+ *a9s or r+s ( r\nd mat]ial4 ,!y c be made to fit any size ( /ock4 #ag4 ,! tool or box tongs 7,g1 ,fig4 #h7 %\ld be made to fit ! v>i\s sizes ( la! tool /ock t are us$4 ,!y %\ld be made sub/antially & fit ! /eel p]fectly s t x c be held securely & )\t dang] ( /++ ! h&1 :ile ! tool is be+ =g$4 ,ano!r /yle ( tool tongs is made ) "o jaw p]fectly flat2 on ! o!r jaw1 lugs are provid$ to hold ! /eel firmly4 ,^! are n illu/rat$4 ,almo/ an unlimit$ numb] ( diff]5t tongs c\ld be expla9$ & illu/rat$1 b1 f ^? giv51 any "o %\ld be able to add to or *ange ! tongs he has s t 8 mat]ial c be securely held4 #ah4 ,anvil & ,=g+ ,tools4--,if a complete set ( ^! tools 7 to be illu/rat$ & expla9$1 a volume w\ld be requir$4 ,ev5 !n1 ! work] w\ld v (t5 be compell$ to devise "s new tool to suit ! p>ticul> "w at h&4 ,"o advantage t ! blacksmi? has ov] all o!r me*anics is t :5 a special tool is requir$1 if he is a ?or\gh me*anic he c make x4 ,an almo/ unlimit$ numb] ( tools might be requir$ 9 a g5]al smi? %op2 b only su* tools z are ess5tial 9 manual tra9+ or elem5t>y smi? "w w be consid]$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,a1 h>dy2 ,b1 cold cutt]2 ,c1 hot cutt]4 #ai4 ,! h>dy 7,a1 ,fig4 #i7 %\ld fit ! h>dy hole ( ! anvil loosely en\gh s t x w n /ick or w$ge fa/4 ,x is made ( ca/ /eel & %\ld be temp]$ s t x w n *ip or batt] f sev]e use4 ,x is an indisp5sable tool1 especially to "o :o has to "w )\t a help]1 = ) x iron c be cut ei!r hot or cold1 & /eel :5 x is heat$4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be held on ! cutt+ edge ( ! h>dy1 !n /ruck ) ! hamm]4 ,a deep cut %\ld be made entirely ar\nd ! mat]ial1 r\nd1 squ>e1 or flat1 s t x c be brok5 (f by be+ held ov] ! out] edge ( ! anvil & /ruck a few d[nw>d bl[s ) ! hamm]4 ,mat]ial %\ld n be cut ?r\gh f "o side1 = ! cut w\ld !n be angul> in/ead ( squ>e2 fur!rmore1 !re w\ld be ! effect ( dull+ ! h>dy if ! hamm] %\ld come 9 contact ) x4 ,! h>dy is frequ5tly us$ to m>k iron :]e x is to be b5t or =g$1 b x is n advisable to use x = su* purposes1 unless ! subsequ5t op]ations w\ld entirely remove ! m>ks1 = !y might be made deep en\gh to weak5 ! metal1 especially at a b5d+ po9t4 #bj4 ,! cold & hot cutt]s 7,b & ,c1 ,fig4 #i7 are made1 z are all o!r top tools1 ) an eye = ins]t+ a h&le1 & %\ld be held by ! workman :ile "s "o act+ z 8 help] /rikes on !m ) ! sl$ge4 ,! h&les c be ( any conv5i5t l5g? f eighte5 in*es to two feet4 ,ca/ /eel %\ld be us$ = mak+ bo? ^! cutt]s1 b _! %apes diff] some:at4 ,! cold cutt] ,b is =g$ consid]ably heavi] on ! cutt+ end ?an is ! hot cutt]1 9 ord] to give x pl5ty ( back+ to )/& ! heavy bl[s t x receives4 ,! cutt+ edge is gr\nd convex to prev5t ! possibility ( ! corn]s break+ (f easily1 & is gr\nd m blunt ?an ! hot cutt]4 ,x %\ld be us$ only to nick ! metal1 :i* %\ld !n be brok5 (f ) ! hamm] or sl$ge1 z describ$ 9 cutt+ iron ) ! h>dy4 #ba4 ,! hot cutt] 7,c1 ,fig4 #i7 is drawn d[n1 tap]+ f two depressions or %\ld]s ne> ! eye to an edge ab\t #a_/h in* ?ick1 :i* is gr\nd equally f bo? sides to =m a cutt+ edge p>allel ) ! eye4 ,x %\ld be us$ exclusively = cutt+ hot metal1 because ! %ape & temp] w n /& ! cutt+ ( cold iron4 ,9 ord] to avoid dull+ ! cutt] & ! possibility ( injur+ "s "o ) ! piece ( hot metal t is be+ cut (f1 ! cut %\ld be held ov] ! outside edge ( ! anvil :5 ! f9al bl[s are be+ /ruck2 ! op]ation w !n h a %e>+ action1 & ! piece ( metal w drop d[nw>d in/ead ( fly+ upw>d4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 h>d5+ & temp]+ ea* ( ^! cutt]s to prev5t possible injury f small p>ticles ( /eel t might fly f !m if !y 7 temp]$ too h>d4 ,! cold cutt] %\ld be h>d en\gh to cut /eel or iron )\t be+ brok5 or batt]$ on its cutt+ edge4 ,! hot cutt] %\ld n be q s h>d & %\ld be dipp$ 9 wat] frequ5tly :5 x is be+ us$ to prev5t ! temp] f be+ drawn4 #bb4 ,! flatt] 7,a1 ,fig4 #aj7 is z useful & z ess5tial = ! production ( smoo? & nicely f9i%$ "w z ! f9i%+ coat ( v>ni% on a beautiful piece ( furniture4 ,any "w t is wor? do+ is c]ta9ly wor? do+ well1 & 9 ord] to make =ge "w pres5t a f9i%$ appe>ance ! smi? %\ld use ! flatt] freely4 ,) x ! r\gh m>k+s ( ! v>i\s =g+ tools or hamm] c be entirely remov$4 ,by us+ x :ile ! "w is at a dull r$ heat1 & by occasionally dipp+ ! flatt] 9 wat] be=e x is appli$1 all ! r\gh scale c be remov$1 ?us leav+ ! "w ) a smoo?1 f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,!re are v>i\s sizes ( ?is tool1 b "o ) a #b-;in* face is conv5i5t = use on light =g+s4 ,! edges ( ! face may be made slightly r\nd1 s t m>k+s w n be left on ! "w1 b frequ5tly ! edges are left p]fectly squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,a1 flatt]2 ,b1 squ>e-edg$ set hamm]2 ,c1 r\nd-edg$ set hamm]4 ,x is n necess>y to temp] ?is tool2 9 fact1 ! con/ant hamm]+ on x has a t5d5cy to cry/allize ! /eel1 (t5 caus+ x to break (f at ! eye4 ,z ! con/ant hamm]+ on ! head ( ! flatt] w also cause ! head to become batt]$1 x is good practice frequ5tly to draw out ! head & lay ! flatt] aside to cool4 ,?is w anneal ! /eel & prev5t cry/allization1 at lea/ = "s "t4 #bc4 ,! squ>e-& r\nd-edg$ set hamm]s 7,b & ,c1 ,fig4 #aj7 are employ$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,! =m] is us$ = mak+ squ>e %\ld]s or depressions su* z c\ld n be produc$ ) ! h& hamm] alone1 or = draw+ metal betwe5 two %\ld]s or projections4 ,! latt] is us$ = ! same purposes1 ) ! exception t x produces a r\nd$ fillet in/ead ( a squ>e corn]4 ,x is also conv5i5t = use 9 small places :]e ! flatt] _c be employ$4 ,! sizes ( ^! tools v>y accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! "w1 b x is advisable to h ab\t ?ree sizes ( ! squ>e-edg$ "o4 ,a good outfit ( set hamm]s consi/s ( "o #e_/h-;in*1 "o #c_/d-;in*1 "o #a-;in*1 all squ>e-edg$2 & "o r\nd-edg$ set ) a #a-a_/d-;in* face4 ,^! f\r %\ld fulfill all requirem5ts = light =g+s4 ,^! tools ne$ n be temp]$1 = ! reason expla9$ 9 connection ) ! flatt]4 #bd4 ,! pun*es 7,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 ,fig4 #aa7 are m]ely samples ( ! multitude ( su* tools t may be requir$4 ,!y may be ( v>i\s sizes1 dep5d+ ^u ! requirem5ts ( ! "w1 & ei!r r\nd1 squ>e1 or oval 9 %ape at ! end4 ,! h& pun* ,a is held ) "o h& :ile bl[s are deliv]$ ) ! o!r4 ,x is conv5i5t = pun*+ holes 9 light pieces2 b :5 ! "w is heavy ! int5se heat f ! metal makes x impossible to hold a pun* ( ?is k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,! ,,pun*es4 ,9 su* cases ! h&le pun*es ,b & ,c are employ$4 ,!y elim9ate ! dang] ( burn+ ! h&1 b x is necess>y to h "s "o act z help] & d ! /rik+4 ,! prop] way to use a pun* on hot metal is to drive x p>tly ?r\gh1 or until an impression c be se5 on ! opposite side aft] ! pun* has be5 remov$2 !n ! pun* is plac$ on ! impression & driv5 ?r\gh ! metal :ile x is held ov] ! prit*el hole1 ! h>dy hole1 or any?+ t w all[ ! pun* to project ?r\gh )\t caus+ ! end to be batt]$4 ,if heavy pieces ( metal are to be pun*$1 x is a great advantage to )draw ! tool1 drop a small piece ( coal into ! hole1 & cool ! pun* be=e aga9 ins]t+ x4 ,! coal prev5ts ! tool f /ick+ fa/1 & ! op]ation c be repeat$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,pun*es ne$ n be temp]$1 because ! /r5g? ( ! /eel f :i* !y %\ld be made w )/& ! =ce ( ! bl[s1 & also because ! metal is g5]ally hot :5 ! pun*es are us$2 !re=e ! temp] w\ld be quickly drawn out ( !m4 ,if %eet metal or light mat]ial is to be pun*$ cold1 x is advisable to h>d5 ! pun* slightly2 !n ! hole may be pun*$ ?r\gh f "o side1 :ile ! metal is held on some?+ conta9+ a hole slightly l>g] ?an ! pun*4 ,?is me?od has ! effect ( produc+ a smoo?ly cut hole1 provid$ ! metal is prop]ly plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,! ,,top ,,& ,,bottom ,,swages4 #be4 ,! top & bottom swages 7,fig4 #ab7 are made ) semicircul> grooves ( diff]5t sizes to fit ! v>i\s diamet]s ( r\nd mat]ial4 ,! =m] has an eye = ! ins]tion ( a h&le by :i* x is held :5 9 use4 ,! eye %\ld be crosswise to ! groove 9 ! face4 ,! bottom swage is made ) a squ>e project+ %ank to fit loosely into ! h>dy hole ( ! anvil4 ,x %\ld be plac$ 9 position = use ) ! groove crosswise to ! l5g? ( ! anvil1 unless ! =m ( ! =g+ %\ld require o!rwise4 ,swages are conv5i5tly us$ = smoo?+ r\nd mat]ial aft] x has be5 weld$1 or = swag+ p>ts ( a =g+ aft] !y h be5 r\ghly hamm]$ out4 ,by dipp+ ! top swage 9 wat] occasionally :ile 9 use1 ! "w c be made mu* smoo!r & ! scale ( oxide remov$2 ?is is call$ wat] swag+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,! ,,top ,,& ,,bottom ,,full]s4 #bf4 ,! top & bottom full]s 7,fig4 #ac7 are made 9 pairs ) convex semicircul> projections or work+ faces1 ^: diamet]s %\ld correspond1 if int5d$ to be us$ toge!r4 ,z ! =m] is q frequ5tly us$ alone1 x may be made ( any desir$ size4 ,! top full]1 l ! top swage1 is made to be us$ ) a h&le2 ! bottom full]1 fitt$ to ! anvil l a bottom swage1 g5]ally is plac$ = use ) ! l5g? ( its face p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! anvil4 ,!y are us$ toge!r = =m+ depressions or %\ld]s on opposite sides ( ! mat]ial2 f ! %\ld]s ?us =m$1 ! metal may be =g$ )\t di/urb+ !m4 ,!y are us$ also = rapidly draw+ out metal betwe5 %\ld]s or projections :i* may h be5 previ\sly made & are to be left undi/urb$4 ,! top full] is us$ s+ly 9 mak+ sc>fs = weld+1 9 =m+ grooves1 9 smoo?+ fillets & semicircul> depressions1 or 9 =m+ %\ld]s on only "o side ( metal4 #bg4 ,! button head set or snap 7,a1 ,fig4 #ad7 z x is sometimes call$1 has a hemisph]ical depression on its face4 ,x is us$ = mak+ heads ( rivets or f9i%+ ! heads ( bolts4 ,only a few diff]5t sizes are requir$1 unless consid]able rivet+ or bolt mak+ is to be done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,a1 ! button head set2 ,b1 ! head+ tool4 #bh4 ,! head+ tool 7,b1 ,fig4 #ad7 is us$ exclusively = =m+ ! heads ( bolts or rivets4 ,=m]ly a v l>ge assortm5t ( ^! tools 0 requir$ 9 a g5]al %op2 b z bolts c n[ be made s *eaply by mod]n ma*9]y1 !re are n _m made by h&4 ,x w\ld be advisable to h a few g5]al sizes1 h[ev]1 because !y are sometimes conv5i5t 9 mak+ o!r =g+s1 & bolt mak+ af=ds an in/ructive ex]cise4 #bi4 ,! swage block 7,a1 ,fig4 #ae7 re/s on a ca/-iron base ,b4 ,x is a v useful tool 9 any smi? %op & does away ) ! necessity ( hav+ a l>ge assortm5t ( bottom swages1 z only top swages w be requir$ = l>ge-siz$ mat]ial4 ,! block is made ( ca/ iron & ( diff]5t ?icknesses4 ,! depressions on ! edges include a graduat$ s]ies ( semicircul> grooves t c be us$ 9 place ( bottom swages2 a l>ge segm5t ( a circle1 :i* is h&y 9 b5d+ hoops or b&s2 graduat$ grooves = =m+ hexagonal bol!ads or nuts2 & sometimes a ,v-%ap$ & a "r-angl$ space us$ = =m+ =g+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,! ,,swage ,,block4 ,! holes ?r\gh ! blocks are r\nd1 squ>e1 or oblong4 ,! r\nd ones c be us$ 9 place ( head+ tools = l>ge siz$ bolts1 or 9 break+ (f octagon or r\nd /eel aft] x has be5 nick$ ) ! cold cutt]4 ,! squ>e holes may be us$ ei!r = mak+ & %ap+ ! face ( a flatt] or a r\nd-edg$ set hamm]1 or 9 place ( a head+ tool1 :5 a squ>e %\ld] is requir$ "u ! head4 ,!y may be us$1 also1 = break+ squ>e /eel4 ,! oblong holes are conv5i5t = break+ la! tool mat]ial4 ,"s swage blocks h 9 addition a hemisph]ical depression on ! side1 conv5i5t = =m+ dipp]s or melt+ ladles4 ,! base ^u :i* ! swage block re/s is con/ruct$ ) lugs on ! inn] side1 z indicat$ by ! brok5 l9es on ! sket*4 ,^u ^! x is support$1 ei!r flat or on any ( its f\r edges4 ,^! lugs prev5t ! swage block f tipp+ sidewise4 #cj4 ,! surface plate 7,c1 ,fig4 #af7 is g5]ally made ( ca/ iron ab\t #a-a_/b to #b in*es ?ick1 f #bj to #bd in*es wide1 & f #c to #d feet long4 ,x %\ld be plan$ p]fectly smoo? & /raight on its face1 ! edges slightly r\nd4 ,x %\ld be support$ on a /rong wood5 b5* ,d & plac$ some:]e 9 ! middle ( ! %op s t x is accessible to all ! workm54 ,on x "w is te/$ to see :e!r x is /raight1 p]p5dicul>1 or if projections are p>allel4 ,! anvil is sometimes us$ = ?is purpose1 b z x is subject$ to su* sev]e use1 ! face becomes untrue & !re=e _c be dep5d$ ^u4 ,a true surface plate is always reliable & conv5i5t = te/+ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,! ,,surface ,,plate4 #ca4 ,! tap]$ m&rels 7,fig4 #ag7 are made ( ca/ iron1 & are us$ = tru+ r+s1 hoops1 b&s1 or any?+ t is suppos$ to h a p]fectly circul> =m4 ,! height ranges f #b-a_/b to #e feet2 ! l>ge/ diamet] v>ies f #h to #ah in*es4 ,!y are cone-%ap$ ) a smoo? surface1 & %\ld be us$ ) caution4 ,! bl[s %\ld be deliv]$ on ! metal :]e x does n come 9 contact ) ! m&rel2 :5 b&s ( flat mat]ial are to be tru$1 ! be/ me?od is to place !m on ! m&rel f ea* side alt]nately4 ,unless ?is precaution is obs]v$1 ! b& w be f\nd tap]$ ! same z ! m&rel4 ,alt]nat+ is n s necess>y :5 b&s or r+s ( r\nd mat]ial are h&l$4 ,m&rels are sometimes made 9 two sections1 z %[n at ,b & ,c4 ,z ,b is made to fit into ! top ( ,c1 ! two p>ts become cont9u\s2 ! small] "o c also be held 9 ! vise or swage block & ?us us$ sep>ately4 ,!y are frequ5tly made ) a groove runn+ l5g?wise1 :i* all[s "w to be held ) tongs & provides a recess = any eyebolt or *a9 t may be atta*$ to ! r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,! ,,tap]$ ,,m&rels4 ,x %\ld n be suppos$ t all m&rels are ( ?is p>ticul> =m2 any %ape ( b>1 block1 or rod ( iron t is us$ = ! purpose ( =m+ or weld+ a special %ape is call$ a m&rel4 #cb4 ,b5* & ,measur+ ,tools4--,ano!r set ( blacksmi? appliances includes ! b5* vise1 *isels1 c5t] pun*1 rule1 divid]s1 calip]s1 scrib]1 squ>e1 bevel1 hack saw1 & files4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,! ,,b5* ,,vise4 #cc4 ,! b5* or box vise 7,fig4 #ah7 is n ord9>ily us$ 9 g5]al blacksmi?+4 ,! back jaw ( a g5]al smi?'s vise ext5ds to ! floor1 =m+ a leg1 & is held 9 position on ! floor by a gudgeon on its end4 ,?is vise is n illu/rat$1 because ! b5* or box vise is pref]able = manual tra9+ "w4 ,! vise %\ld be set s t ! tops ( ! jaws are at ! height ( ! elb[s1--a position conv5i5t 9 fil+4 ,x is us$ = hold+ ! "w = fil+1 *ipp+1 twi/+1 & sometimes = b5d+4 ,b :5 x is us$ = b5d+1 especially :5 b5d+ a "r angle1 ! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ cauti\sly1 = ! %>p edges ( ! jaws are v liable to cut ! inn] corn] ( ! angle & cause a gall :i* w weak5 ! metal at ! b5d4 #cd4 ,! *isels 7,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #ai7 are v famili>1 yet1 ?\gh !y are s common1 !y are ! mo/ abus$ tools us$ by bo? skill$ & unskill$ workm54 ,! m]e "n 8cold *isel0 seems to convey ! impression to mo/ p t ) x !y ought to be able to cut any?+4 ,b t impression is wrong2 *isels ought to be made ( a c]ta9 grade ( /eel & drawn = ei!r r\gh or smoo? "w1 z may be requir$4 ,!n !y %\ld be prop]ly temp]$ to cut ! mat]ial = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,a *isel = r\gh1 heavy "w %\ld n be drawn too ?9 or too broad at ! cutt+ edge4 ,if x is flatt5$ out into a fan-%ap$ cutt+ edge1 !re %\ld be no surprise if x breaks1 =1 9 ord] to make a *isel /& r\gh usage1 x %\ld h suffici5t metal to back up ! corn]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a *isel = smoo? f9i%+ "w c safely be drawn ?9 b n fan-%ap$1 z ! cuts t ought to be requir$ ( su* a *isel %\ld n be heavy4 ,a *isel = ord9>y "w ought to be gr\nd s t ! two faces =m an angle ( #fj degrees2 if ! "w is heavy1 x %\ld be gr\nd ev5 m blunt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,a1 cold *isel2 ,b1 cape *isel2 ,c1 c5t] pun*2 ,d1 rule4 ,! *isel illu/rat$ at ,a repres5ts a common cold *isel1 :i* c be us$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,! *isel ,b is call$ a cape *isel & is us$ = cutt+ & trimm+ n>r[ grooves & slots4 ,x is indisp5sable = cutt+ key seats 9 %aft+ or "w ( t k9d4 ,on acc\nt ( its be+ us$ 9 su* n>r[ places x is necess>y to make ! cutt+ edge some:at fan-%ap$ to prev5t ! *isel f /ick+ fa/2 b = additional /r5g? ! metal is all[$ to spread1 z %[n4 ,:5 us+ ! cape *isel1 x is a good practice occasionally to dip ! cutt+ edge 9 "s oily wa/e1 :i* w t5d to prev5t its we>+ away or /ick+4 #ce4 ,! c5t] pun* 7,c1 ,fig4 #ai7 %\ld be made ( ! same quality ( mat]ial z ! cold *isel4 ,x c be made ( /eel f #a_/d to #e_/h ( an in* 9 diamet]2 octagon /eel is pref]able4 ,aft] x has be5 r\ghly drawn out1 x is gr\nd to a smoo? r\nd po9t1 !n x is temp]$ z h>d z x w /& )\t break+4 ,x is us$ = m>k+ c5t]s ( holes to be drill$1 or = m>k+ metal :]e x is to be b5t1 twi/$1 or =g$4 ,:5 us$ = m>k+ hot metal1 x is frequ5tly made ) an eyehole 9 ! body1 s t a small h&le c be ins]t$2 ?is w prev5t burn+ ! h&s4 #cf4 ,! rule 7,d1 ,fig4 #ai7 %\ld be ( good quality4 ,! "o be/ adapt$ = =ge "w is ! #b-;foot rule1 :i* is jo9t$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,x is #c_/d in* wide & is made ( ei!r temp]$ spr+ /eel or h>d roll$ brass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,a1 divid]s2 ,b1 calip]s2 ,c1 scrib]2 ,d1 squ>e2 ,e1 bevel4 #cg4 ,! divid]s 7,a1 ,fig4 #bj7 are us$ = measur+ di/ances & = describ+ circles4 ,! po9ts are clamp$ 9 a rigid position ) ! small ?umbscrew1 :i* comes 9 contact ) ! segm5tal arc4 ,close adju/m5ts c be made ) ! mill$-edge nut on ! end ( ! segm5tal arc4 ,:5 metal is to be b5t to a circul> =m1 a good me?od is to rub *alk on ! surface plate & describe ! desir$ curve on ?is *alk4 ,z ! m>k+s ?us made are n easily remov$1 ?is plan is mu* bett] ?an draw+ ^u a bo>d4 #ch4 ,! calip]s 7,b1 ,fig4 #bj7 are us$ = measur+ diamet]s1 wid?s1 & ?icknesses4 ,^? illu/rat$ are ! k9d g5]ally us$ 9 =ge "w4 ,!y are call$ d\ble calip]s & are ! mo/ conv5i5t because two dim5sions c be det]m9$ by !m4 ,z ! accuracy ( ! "w dep5ds on !m1 !y %\ld be well made4 ,9 ! illu/ration "h giv51 ea* b[ is held securely by an individual rivet4 ,sometimes !y are secur$ ) "o2 if s1 ! rivet %\ld be squ>e 9 ! /raight c5tral "p & tightly fitt$4 ,! project+ ends ( ! rivet %\ld be fil$ r\nd1 & ! holes 9 ! b[$ sides %\ld be made to fit ! r\nd ends ( ! rivet2 !n ! sides %\ld be rivet$ on tight s t ea* b[ may be mov$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 #ci4 ,! scrib] or scrat* awl 7,c1 ,fig4 #bj7 is us$ 9 m>k+ holes1 saw+1 *ipp+1 or 9 lay+ out di/ances1 :i* c aft]w>d be m>k$ ) a c5t] pun* if requir$4 ,x %\ld be made ( a good quality ( /eel1 & ! po9t %\ld be well h>d5$ s t x w cut ?r\gh ! surface scale ( ! metal4 ,a suitable-siz$ /eel = mak+ a scrib] is #c_/af in* r\nd & ! l5g? ov] all ab\t #f in*es4 #dj4 ,! squ>e 7,d1 ,fig4 #bj7 is ano!r indisp5sable tool :5 accurate "w is to be produc$4 ,conv5i5t sizes = manual tra9+ "w are ! #h #ab-;in*1 ) a #af #bd-;in* = g5]al use4 #da4 ,! bevel 7,e1 ,fig4 #bj7 %\ld be us$ :5 b5d+ & lay+ out angles ( v>i\s degrees4 ,:5 metal is to be b5t to a giv5 angle1 ! pupil %\ld set & use ! bevel4 #db4 ,! hack saw 7,fig4 #ba7 is at pres5t consid]$ a necess>y "p ( any =ge %op equipm5t4 ,x is us$ = saw+ iron or untemp]$ /eel1 & :5 a p[] %e> is n includ$ 9 ! equipm5t1 consid]able fil+ c be sav$ by saw+4 ,! frame illu/rat$ is adju/able s t ! blades c be made ( diff]5t l5g?s & be set at "r angles to ! frame1 :i* is sometimes conv5i5t4 ,:5 us+ ! hack saw1 make sl[1 full-sw+ /rokes2 :5 draw+ back = ano!r /roke1 x w prolong ! effici5cy ( ! blades if ! saw is rais$ up to prev5t ! tee? f be>+ on ! metal1 z ! backw>d /roke is m de/ructive to ! tee? ?an ! =w>d or cutt+ /roke4 ,! blades are made f #h to #ab in*es 9 l5g?1 #a_/b in* 9 wid?1 & ) f #ad to #be tee? to ! in*4 ,!y are temp]$ s h>d t !y _c be fil$1 b are s inexp5sive t :5 !y cease to be effici5t !y may be ?r[n away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,! ,,hack ,,saw ,,& ,,files4 #dc4 ,! files 7,fig4 #ba7 are illu/rat$ m]ely to %[ t !y are to be us$ = special purposes4 ,z f9i%+ or fil+ is almo/ a trade 9 itself1 ! file %\ld n be us$ 9 blacksmi?+1 unless x is especially necess>y4 ,a piece ( smi?'s "w t has be5 r\ghly =g$ is mu* m admirable ?an a highly poli%$ piece t has be5 fil$ into elegance4 ,files are r\nd1 flat1 squ>e1 half r\nd1 & ( num]\s o!r %apes1 & v>y 9 l5g?s & cuts = r\gh or smoo? fil+4 ,any ( !m may be us$ z requir$1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t fil+ is n blacksmi?+4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,review ,:at is ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! old type ( smi?+ =ge & a mod]n "o8 ,h[ is ! air suppli$ = ea*8 ,:at is a tuyre iron8 ,describe ! he>?4 ,:at k9d ( coal is us$ = =g+8 ,is coal ! be/ fuel = heat+ all metals8 ,:y is *>coal ! be/ fuel = heat+ c>bon /eel8 ,h[ %\ld ! fire be built to prev5t mak+ excess smoke8 ,:at o!r fuel is us$ 9 =g+8 ,:at k9d ( "w is x us$ =8 ,describe ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! anvil4 ,h[ is a ca/-iron anvil h>d5$8 ,h[ is a wr\ght-iron anvil h>d5$8 ,"n & describe ! diff]5t k9ds ( hamm]s4 ,:y %\ld ! tongs fit prop]ly ! iron to be h&l$8 ,"n & describe ! diff]5t tongs y h be5 made famili> )4 ,h[ w\ld y secure ! tongs to relieve ! h&8 ,:at is a h>dy8 ,:at is x us$ =8 ,expla9 ! prop] me?od ( us+ x4 ,is x always good practice to use a h>dy = m>k+ ! iron8 ,:y8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a cold & a hot cutt]8 ,:at is ! g5]al use = a flatt]8 ,%\ld x be temp]$8 ,:y8 ,:at are set hamm]s8 ,:at is a pun* us$ =8 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a h& pun* & a h&le pun*4 ,:5 pun*+ a heavy piece ( metal1 h[ is ! tool prev5t$ f /ick+ fa/8 ,are all pun*es temp]$8 ,:y8 ,describe & expla9 ! use ( top & bottom swages4 ,h[ %\ld ! bottom swage be plac$ = use8 ,:at is meant by wat] swag+8 ,/ate ! effect x has on ! iron4 ,:at are top & bottom full]s us$ =8 ,are !y always us$ 9 pairs8 ,h[ is ! bottom "o plac$ = use8 ,:at are ! button head set & head+ tool us$ =8 ,:at is ! special advantage ( hav+ a swage block8 ,expla9 "s ( ! diff]5t uses ( t tool4 ,:at is ! special use ( ! surface plate8 ,:at is ! tap]$ m&rel us$ =8 ,are all m&rels ( ?is p>ticul> k9d8 ,expla9 o!rs4 ,is x good practice to use ! vise = b5d+8 ,:y8 ,describe ! cold *isel4 ,%\ld all cold *isels be made alike8 ,:at is ! c5t] pun* us$ =8 ,describe ! o!r b5* & measur+ tools m5tion$4 ,:at is ! special objection to us+ ! files8 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,=g+ ,,op]ations #dd4 ,! ,hamm] ,bl[s4--,metal c be =c$ into desir$ %apes or =ms by deliv]+ ! hamm] bl[s 9 diff]5t ways4 ,all hamm] bl[s are n alike2 "s w h "o effect & o!rs w produce an entirely diff]5t result4 #de4 ,! upright bl[ is deliv]$ s t ! hamm] /rikes ! metal 9 an upright position & fully on ! anvil4 ,su* bl[s =ce ! metal equally 9 all directions1 provid+ ! surr\nd+ dim5sions are equal4 ,!y w also r$uce ! ?ickness ( ! metal 9 ! direction 9 :i* !y are deliv]$1 ! r$uction dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( =ce put into ! bl[s4 ,!y are us$ = draw+ :]e ! metal is suppos$ to spread equally 9 all directions & = mak+ smoo? surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,! ,,upright ,,bl[4 ,figure #bb %[s an upright bl[ z deliv]$ on a piece ( flat mat]ial4 ,if ! mat]ial is z wide z ! face ( ! hamm]1 or wid]1 ! =ce ( ! bl[ w spread ! metal equally1 b if x is n>r[]1 ! bl[ w l5g!n ! mat]ial m rapidly1 because ! hamm] w cov] m 9 l5g? ?an 9 wid?4 #df4 ,! edge-to-edge bl[ is deliv]$ s t ! edge or side ( ! hamm] face w be directly above ! edge or side ( ! anvil4 ,:5 bl[s are deliv]$ 9 ?is mann] 7a1 ,fig4 #bc71 ! hamm] =ms a depression on ! upp] side ( ! metal & ! anvil =ms "o on ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,! ,,edge-,,to-,,edge ,,bl[4 ,:5 a piece ( metal is to be drawn to a small] dim5sion1 ) %\ld]s opposite ea* o!r1 on ei!r two or f\r sides1 ^! bl[s w produce ! requir$ result to ! be/ advantage4 ,!y are m effective if ! metal is held at a slight angle across ! edge ( ! anvil face1 b !n ! hamm] bl[s mu/ be deliv]$ a little beyond ! anvil edge1 s t ! upp] & l[] depressions 9 ! metal w be =m$ exactly opposite ea* o!r1 z %[n at b1 :]e ! depressions are indicat$ by ! brok5 l9es4 ,9 =m+ %\ld]s su* z are requir$ on ! hasp ex]cise 7page #fd7 ! fir/ pair may be =m$ z %[n at b & ! second pair z %[n at c4 ,9 ! latt] case ! metal is held across ! ne>] edge ( ! anvil face & ! bl[s deliv]$ 9 a mann] simil> to t describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,hamm] bl[s ( ?is class may be us$ on any edge ( ! anvil z requir$4 #dg4 ,! ov]hang+ bl[ is deliv]$ s t half ! wid? ( ! hamm] face ext5ds ov] ! edge ( ! anvil4 7,see ,fig4 #bd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,! ,,ov]hang+ ,,bl[4 ,x is us$ = =m+ %\ld]s on "o side ( ! metal & = drawl+ out po9ts ( sc>fs4 ,:5 bl[s are deliv]$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! anvil w =m a depression or %\ld] on ! l[] side ( ! metal1 & ! hamm] w keep ! metal /raight on ! upp] side4 ,?is bl[ also w be m effective if ! metal is held at a slight angle across ! edge ( ! anvil face1 b ! bl[s mu/ always be deliv]$ squ>ely on ! upp] side ( ! metal to keep x /raight4 #dh4 ,! bevel+ or angle bl[s are deliv]$ at any angle t ! =m ( ! "w may require4 ,:5 ! metal is to be drawn ) a tap] on "o side1 x mu/ be held level on ! anvil & ! bl[s deliv]$ at an angle det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( tap] requir$4 ,figure #be %[s ! mann] ( hold+ ! metal & ! way ! bl[s are to be deliv]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,! ,,bevel+ ,,or ,,angle ,,bl[4 ,:5 ! metal is to be drawn tap]+ on two opposite sides1 x %\ld be held to ! prop] angle on ! anvil to e/abli% ! tap] desir$ on ! bottom1 :ile ! hamm] bl[s are deliv]$ s z to =m a simil> tap] on ! upp] side4 7,see ,fig4 #be47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,draw+ ,,metal ,,to ,a ,,po9t ,,by ,,bevel+ ,,or ,,angle ,,bl[s4 ,a1 correct position2 ,b1 incorrect position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,! ,,lev]age ,,bl[4 ,bl[s ( ?is k9d are us$ = *amf]+ corn]s or edges1 & may be deliv]$ at any requir$ angle4 ,!y are also us$ :5 draw+ metal to a po9t1 ei!r squ>e1 r\nd1 hexagonal1 or octagonal1 b ! metal %\ld be held on ! anvil1 z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,!n ! hamm] w n come 9 contact ) ! face ( ! anvil1 z %[n at ,b4 ,if ! hamm] /rikes ! anvil1 small *ips ( /eel are liable to break (f f ! hamm] at ! place indicat$ by c1 & cause s]i\s injury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,b5d+ ,,by ,,lev]age ,,bl[s4 #di4 ,! lev]age bl[s are us$ mo/ly = b5d+1 z !y w n leave m>ks :]e ! b5d+ occurs4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a r+ is to be =m$1 ! metal is fir/ held 9 ! tongs & re/$ on ! horn ( ! anvil1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,note t ! metal w b5d at a1 provid+ ! heat is uni=m4 ,if1 !re=e1 b5d+ is requir$ at a c]ta9 place1 t place %\ld re/ on ! anvil & ! bl[s %\ld be deliv]$ beyond x4 ,aft] ! fir/ end has be5 b5t to ! requir$ radius1 ! o!r %\ld be b5t by hold+ x 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh1 because ! jo9t ( ! tongs w prev5t its be+ /ruck out ( !m :ile ! bl[ is be+ deliv]$4 ,:5 bo? ends h be5 b5t to ! prop] radius1 ! r+ %\ld be f9i%$ z describ$ 9 ! r+ ex]cise 7page #gd71 :]e upright bl[s are us$ ) a lev]age effect4 #ej4 ,! back+-up bl[s are us$ to upset metal :5 x is impossible to upset x 9 ! usual mann]1 & 9 back+ up ! heel ( a sc>f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,! ,,back+-,,up ,,bl[1 ,,= ,,upsett+4 ,upsett+ ) back+-up bl[s is done 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! metal %\ld be ext5d$ ov] ! anvil & ?ru/ =w>d z ! bl[ is be+ deliv]$1 to get ! be/ results4 ,?is w also prev5t j>r+ ! h&4 ,! metal %\ld be z hot z possible :5 be+ upset 9 ?is mann]4 ,! heel ( a sc>f is =m$ ) back+-up bl[s aft] ! metal has be5 upset 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! bl[s %\ld be direct$ s t !y w h an upsett+ effect1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cj1 & n a draw+ "o4 ,aft] a few bl[s h be5 deliv]$ ) ! face ( ! hamm]1 !y %\ld !n be deliv]$ ) ! ball to =m ! heel bett] & m rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,back+-,,up ,,bl[s ,,us$ ,,= ,,sc>f+4 #ea4 ,! %e>+ bl[ 7see ,fig4 #ca7 is conv5i5tly us$ = cutt+ (f small portions ( metal in/ead ( employ+ ! h>dy4 ,x is deliv]$ s t ! side or edge ( ! hamm] w pass by & ne>ly aga9/ ! side or edge ( ! anvil4 ,a bl[ s deliv]$ w h a %e>+ effect & cut ! metal4 ,x is p]fectly prop] to use ?is bl[ = its int5d$ purpose1 b x %\ld n be us$ :5 ! edge-to-edge bl[ is ! "o really requir$4 #eb4 ,=g+4--,=g+ is ! op]ation ( hamm]+ or compress+ metals into a desir$ %ape4 ,sev5 specific op]ations are us$4 ,sometimes a piece ( "w or =g+ requires two1 ?ree1 or ev5 all ( !m to complete x4 ,^! op]ations are designat$ by ! foll[+ names3 draw+1 b5d+1 upsett+1 =m+1 /raight5+1 twi/+1 & weld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,! ,,%e>+ ,,bl[4 #ec4 ,draw+1 ! process ( spread+ or ext5d+ metal 9 a desir$ direction1 is accompli%$ by hamm]+ or by press+ ! metal betwe5 su* tools z ! swages & full]s1 or by hold+ x on ! anvil & us+ ei!r ( ! set hamm]s1 ! flatt]1 or ! full]4 ,:5 us+ any ( ^! press+ tools = draw+1 a help] is suppos$ to use ! sl$ge to deliv] ! bl[s ^u !m4 ,x is always be/ to draw r\nd metal ) ! swages1 z x w be smoo!r :5 f9i%$ ?an if x 7 done ) ! hamm]2 x %\ld be roll$ 9 ! swage a little aft] ea* bl[ ( ! sl$ge1 & aft] a complete revolution 9 "o direction x %\ld be turn$ 9 ! opposite direction1 & s alt]nately cont9u$ until f9i%$4 ,especially if iron is be+ drawn1 ?is w prev5t twi/+ ( ! fib]1 :i*1 if prolong$1 w\ld cause ! metal to crack4 ,figure #cb %[s ! me?od ( draw+ ) ! swages4 ,:5 draw+ any %ape or size ( metal to a small] r\nd diamet]1 x is be/ fir/ to draw x squ>e to ab\t ! requir$ size1 deliv]+ ! bl[s by turns on all f\r sides1 !n to make x octagonal1 & f9ally r\nd4 ,! f9i%+ %\ld be done ) ! swages1 if ^? ( prop] size are at h&2 if n1 light bl[s %\ld be us$1 & ! metal revolv$ con/antly 9 alt]nate directions1 to make an acceptable %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,,draw+ ,,) ,,! ,,swages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,,draw+ ,,) ,,! ,,flatt]4 ,draw+ ) ! top & bottom full]s1 9 ! mann] %[n ) ! swages 7,fig4 #cb71 ought to be done cauti\sly1 z ! metal decreases 9 size s rapidly t !re is dang] ( its becom+ too small at ! full]$ place be=e ! op]ator is aw>e ( x4 ,:5 us+ ! top full] alone1 9 ! same mann] z ! flatt] 7,fig4 #cc71 simil> precautions %\ld be obs]v$4 ,if ! metal is to be decreas$ betwe5 two %\ld]s1 ! top full] may be us$ to r\gh x out2 b ! full] m>ks %\ld be di/ribut$ betwe5 ! %\ld]s1 until "o ( ! set hamm]s or ! flatt] c be us$4 ,if ! metal is be+ drawn & is held crosswise on ! anvil1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #cd1 x w increase 9 l5g? m rapidly ?an x w 9 wid?1 & if held l5g?wise z at b1 x w increase m 9 wid? ?an 9 l5g?4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! anvil is slightly convex on its face1 s t x has ! effect ( a l>ge full]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,,draw+ ,,) ,,! ,,h& ,,hamm]4 ,! mo/ difficult draw+ = ! beg9n] is to =m metal into a squ>e or hexagonal %ape4 ,to draw x into a squ>e =m1 ! metal mu/ always be turn$ ei!r "o qu>t] or "o half ( a revolution to prev5t its becom+ diamond-%ap$1 & ! bl[s mu/ be deliv]$ equally on ! f\r sides to prev5t its becom+ oblong4 ,if x does become diamond-%ap$1 x c be made squ>e by deliv]+ bl[s at a slight angle on ! corn]s & sides ( its long diagonal z %[n at ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,if x is b slightly diamond-%ap$1 ! me?od %[n at ,b w prove satisfactory1 b if badly out ( squ>e1 ! me?od at ,a w be ! be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,squ>+ ,,up ,a ,,diamond-,,%ap$ ,,piece4 ,9 draw+ ! hexagonal =m1 ! metal %\ld be turn$ by six?s ( a revolution4 ,if x becomes di/ort$1 x may be =g$ ) su* bl[s z are %[n at ,b & ,c2 if held z at ,a1 x w\ld be m>r$ by ! edge e4 #ed4 ,b5d+ is ! op]ation ( deflect+ metal f a /raight l9e or *ang+ its =m by increas+ ! deflection already pres5t4 ,iron ( any cross-sectional %ape c be b5t1 b "s %apes are mu* m difficult ?an o!rs4 ,! easie/ to b5d is ! r\nd1 ! only difficulty be+ to prev5t ! hamm] bl[s f %[+4 ,if ! metal is to be r\nd 9 section :5 f9i%$1 ! "w w n h a good appe>ance if ! cross section is oval at "s places & r\nd at o!rs1 & unless ! hamm] bl[s are cauti\sly deliv]$ ?is w be ! result4 ,b5d+ metal ( a squ>e section at "r angles ) ! sides is n v difficult1 b b5d+ su* a section 9 l9e ) ! diagonal is q difficult1 because ! edges are liable to be m>r$ :]e !y re/ on ! anvil & :]e ! bl[s are deliv]$4 ,! be/ me?od ( mak+ b5ds ( ?is k9d is to heat ! metal only :]e ! b5d is to be1 & !n to b5d x by pressure or pull+1 :ile ! "w is held securely 9 ! vise1 h>dy hole1 or swage block4 ,if ! heat+ _c be conf9$ to ! desir$ space1 all excessively heat$ p>ts %\ld be cool$4 ,oval sections are easily b5t ?r\gh _! %ort diamet]s1 b 9 b5d+ ?r\gh ! long diamet]s1 ! same me?od %\ld be pursu$ z describ$ above = b5d+ ! squ>e section 9 ! plane ( its diagonal4 ,fur!r explanations = b5d+ are giv5 on pages #aah-aba4 #ee4 ,upsett+ is ! op]ation ( enl>g+ metal at "s desir$ po9t or place4 ,x is done by hamm]+1 ramm+1 or j>r+4 ,:5 a piece ( metal is too long x c be %ort5$ by upsett+1 or :5 x is too ?9 at a c]ta9 place x c be ?ick5$ by ! same me?od4 ,?is is done by hav+ ! metal hot only at ! po9t or place :]e ! upsett+ is requir$4 ,x is frequ5tly necess>y to cool ! metal :]e ! heat is n ne$$ 9 ord] to conf9e ! upsett+ to ! desir$ place4 ,upsett+ is n a v difficult op]ation z long z ! metal is kept p]fectly /raight2 o!rwise ! task w prove t$i\s & ! metal may break f ! con/ant b5d+ back & =?4 ,b5d+ w always take place1 b break+ g5]ally c be prev5t$ by hav+ ! metal hot :5 x is /raight5$4 ,! greate/ difficulty 9 ?is respect w be exp]i5c$ :5 op]at+ on common wr\ght iron4 ,upsett+ by hamm]+ is done by hold+ ! metal p]p5dicul>ly on ! anvil or some?+ solid en\gh to )/& ! bl[s :i* w be deliv]$ ^u x4 ,figure #cf %[s ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,upsett+ ,,by ,,hamm]+4 ,if ! end ( a b> is be+ upset1 & ! upsett+ is suppos$ to ext5d up ?r\gh ! b> = "s di/ance1 ! heat$ end %\ld be plac$ on ! anvil z %[n 9 ! figure1 because ! anvil w slightly *ill ! end ( ! b>1 & ! upsett+ w cont9ue mu* f>!r ?an if ! bl[s 7 deliv]$ on ! hot end4 ,/rik+ ! hot end ) ! hamm] increases ! diamet] ( ! end excessively1 because ! contact ( ! hamm] does n h a t5d5cy to cool ! metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--8;,,back+ ,,up0 ,,metal4 ,ano!r me?od ( upsett+ ) ! hamm]1 :i* is call$ 8back+ up0 ! metal1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,?is me?od does n upset ! metal s rapidly1 because ! =ce ( ! hamm] bl[s j>s ! h& & arm :i* hold ! b>4 ,upsett+ by ramm+ or j>r+ is ?ru/+ ! metal =cibly aga9/ "s heavy object l ! surface plate1 ! swage block1 or ! anvil4 ,figure #ch %[s upsett+ by ?is process4 ,?is me?od is v effective & is us$ mo/ly :5 ! metal is long en\gh to be held ) ! h&s1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,upsett+ ,,by ,,ramm+4 #ef4 ,=m+ is a t]m g5]ally appli$ to ! mak+ ( a =g+ ) special tools1 dies1 or =ms4 ,?is process may include b5d+1 pun*+1 & o!r op]ations4 ,swages are us$ = =m+4 ,a block ( /eel ) a depression ( a special design is kn[n z a =m+ die2 a numb] ( o!r tools & appliances may be us$ = =m+1 b x is ne$less to m5tion !m "h4 #eg4 ,/raight5+ is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t op]ations4 ,:5 metal is be+ =g$1 ! v>i\s bl[s h a t5d5cy to make x crook$1 & if ! "w is suppos$ to be /raight :5 f9i%$1 x %\ld be s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,a1 ,,/raight5+ ,,) ,,! ,,hamm]2 ,b1 ,,/raight5+ ,,) ,,! ,,swage4 ,!re is z mu* skill requir$ to /raight5 prop]ly a piece ( metal z !re is to b5d x4 ,! mo/ common me?od 7,a1 ,fig4 #ci7 is to hold ! metal l5g?wise on ! anvil ) ! b[$ side or edge upw>ds1 !n to deliv] ! bl[s at ! highe/ po9t ( ! b[4 ,! bl[s w be mo/ effective at ! po9t :]e !y are deliv]$1 s !y %\ld be di/ribut$ 9 ord] to get ! object p]fectly /raight & to avoid mak+ unsightly hamm] m>ks4 ,if ! metal to be /raight5$ is r\nd1 or if x is flat ) r\nd edges1 x is be/ to use a top swage ( ! prop] size & deliv] ! bl[s on ! swage z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #ci4 ,!n ! surface ( ! r\nd or ! edges ( ! flat /ock w n %[ any m>ks4 ,! flatt] or r\nd-edg$ set hamm] may be us$ 9 ! same mann] on flat or squ>e mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,/raight5+ ,,wide ,,metal4 ,:5 wide pieces ( flat metal are to be /raight5$ edgewise1 & su* bl[s z are %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ci1 are n effective1 !n ! bl[s %\ld be deliv]$ along ! concave edge z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj1 & di/ribut$ z indicat$ by ! dott$ circul> l9es4 ,bl[s deliv]$ 9 ?is mann] w /ret* or l5g!n ! metal on ! concave edge & /raight5 x4 #eh4 ,twi/+ is ! op]ation ( rotat+ metal to give x a spiral appe>ance4 ,x may be done ei!r hot or cold1 z ! dim5sions ( ! mat]ial may require4 ,x is done by hold+ ! mat]ial 9 ! vise1 ! h>dy hole1 or ! swage block1 & turn+ "o end ( x ) a pair ( tongs or a monkey wr5* z _m times z may be requir$4 ,! twi/+ w be conf9$ betwe5 ! places :]e x is held ) ! vise1 & :]e x is seiz$ by ! tongs or wr5*4 ,if ! mat]ial to be twi/$ is heavy en\gh to require heat+1 a uni=m heat is necess>y or ! twi/ w be irregul>1 &1 z an arti/ic appe>ance is usually desir$1 ?is op]ation %\ld be c>ri$ out ) t result 9 view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,a1 ,,metal ,,twi/$ ,,:ile ,,hot2 ,b1 ,,metal ,,twi/$ ,,:ile ,,cold4 ,a1 ,fig4 #da1 illu/rates a piece ( #a_/b-;in* squ>e /ock t has be5 twi/$ :ile hot4 ,b %[s a piece ( #a_/b #a_/h-;in* mat]ial t has be5 twi/$ cold4 ,ano!r difficulty met ) 9 twi/+ a piece ( metal is t ( its becom+ crook$4 ,x c be /raight5$ by lay+ ! twi/$ portion on a wood5 block & /rik+ x ) a wood5 mallet4 ,?is w prev5t ! corn]s f becom+ m>r$4 ,a good me?od ( avoid+ ?is tr\ble is to twi/ ! metal inside ( a piece ( pipe ^: inside diamet] is equal to ! diamet] ( ! metal4 #ei4 ,weld+1 ! mo/ difficult op]ation 9 ! art ( =g+1 is ! process ( jo9+ two or m pieces ( metal into "o solid mass4 ,all ! previ\s op]ations all[ "s "t = ?\ght2 9 weld+1 ! work] mu/ det]m9e in/antly :]e ea* bl[ is to be deliv]$1 z ! weld+ heat ( ! metal vani%es rapidly2 !re=e1 he is compell$ to ?9k & act v quickly4 ,a sci5tific analysis ( a p]fect weld %[s t x consi/s ( sev]al processes1 & t ea* "o mu/ be p]fectly execut$4 ,if any ( ^! op]ations are improp]ly done1 ! result w be a p>tial failure2 if !y are ess5tial ones1 ! weld may readily be consid]$ z totally unfit4 #fj4 ,! ,mat]ial = ,weld+4--,?is mu/ be consid]$1 because !re are diff]5t qualities 9 ea* metal to be op]at$ ^u1 & "s metals c be work$ m easily ?an o!rs4 ,a cross section ( a b> ( iron view$ ?r\gh ! microscope is se5 to be made up ( a great numb] ( lay]s or fib]s1 call$ lam91 resembl+ ! gra9 or fib] 9 wood4 ,^! 7 cem5t$ toge!r 9 ! process ( roll+ or weld+ 9 ! mill :]e ! iron 0 manufactur$1 & are cont9u\s ?r\gh its l5g?4 ,?is makes ! b> ( uni=m quality ?r\gh\t4 ,9 weld+1 ^! fib]s are jo9$ diagonally at ! ends1 consequ5tly ! /r5g? ( ! weld dep5ds entirely on h[ closely or p]fectly ?is cohesion is made4 ,c>eful hamm]+ at ! prop] heat br+s ! fib]s 9 z close contact z possible1 squeezes out ! slag & scale1 & !re=e greatly assi/s 9 /r5g!n+ ! weld4 ,iron is an easy metal to weld4 ,to prove ?is1 place two pieces ( iron 9 a clean1 non-oxidiz+ fire1 all[+ !m to atta9 a :ite or weld+ heat2 !n place !m 9 contact & notice h[ readily !y /ick toge!r1 prov+ t iron is easily weld$ at ! prop] temp]ature4 ,b 9 ord] to make ! contact ?or\gh1 ! pieces mu/ be hamm]$4 ,?is %[s t hamm]+ is a second>y op]ation1 & t iron _c be jo9$ by ei!r heat+ or hamm]+ alone4 ,by a simil> exp]im5t ) s(t /eel1 y w notice t ! pieces d n adh]e l iron4 ,if borax is appli$ :ile !y are heat+1 !n slight indications ( adhesion w be noticeable4 ,?is %[s t borax1 s&1 or some?+ ( a l nature mu/ be us$ 9 weld+ /eel4 ,9 ?is case hamm]+ is n a second>y op]ation1 b an ess5tial "o4 ,a high] c>bon or tool /eel may be exp]im5t$ ^u1 ) ne>ly ! same result4 ,! noticeable diff]5ce betwe5 ! l[] & high] qualities ( /eel proves t ! great] ! quantity ( c>bon1 ! h>d] w be ! weld+1 & if ! exp]im5ts 7 ext5d$ to /ill high] c>bon /eels1 x w\ld be discov]$ t !y c\ld n be jo9$ except by ! use ( a specially prep>$ flux4 ,!re are inde$ "s high c>bon /eels t _c be weld$4 ,if a =g+ is to be made ( a special quality ( mat]ial1 x is frequ5tly advisable to avoid welds1 because two pieces t are weld$ c h>dly be consid]$ s /rong z a piece ( ! same mat]ial t has n be5 weld$4 ,! weld+s :i* are allud$ to "h are su* z are us$ by practical blacksmi?s 9 _! g5]al "w )\t any special appliances or app>atus :atev]4 ,! majority ( ! ex]cises on weld+ 9 ?is book require ! use ( iron2 = ?is reason ?is prelim9>y consid]ation ( metals ne$ n h any fur!r special att5tion4 #fa4 ,heat+4--,:5 ! ^w 8fuel0 is us$ "h1 ei!r coal or coke may be meant4 ,coal is ! orig9al 9 ei!r case1 = coke is =m$ f x by ! removal ( gase\s sub/ances4 ,x is bett] t ! coal fir/ be conv]t$ into coke1 & t only ! coke %\ld come 9 direct contact ) ! heat+ metals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,a ,,blacksmi?+ ,,fire4 ,figure #db %[s a sectional view ( a blacksmi?+ fire3 d is ! b$ ( hot coke2 c is ! damp5$ & unburn$ coal :i* surr\nds ! fire1 cont9ually =m+ m coke z x is ne$$ & also hold+ ! fire 9 a compact =m2 a %[s ! prop] way ( plac+ ! metal 9 ! fire1 b1 ! improp] way because ! metal is too ne> ! entrance ( ! bla/4 ,z heat+ is su* an important op]ation1 a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( :at causes imp]fect heats1 z well z h[ to prev5t !m1 is necess>y4 ,! be/ fire = p]fect heat+ is a r$uc+ "o1 t is1 "o 9 :i* ! combu/ion ( ! fuel is rapid en\gh to use entirely ! oxyg5 9 ! air :i* is suppli$4 ,an oxidiz+ fire is "o t does n use all ! oxyg5 9 ! bla/ = ! combu/ion ( ! fuel4 ,! surplus oxyg5 w produce1 on ! surface ( ! metal1 oxide ( iron1 or a black scale1 :i* is extremely injuri\s4 ,?is scale w prev5t weld+1 s all possible precautions %\ld be tak5 to avoid its =m+4 ,a r$uc+ fire c be ma9ta9$1 & an oxidiz+ "o avoid$1 by hav+ pl5ty ( fuel surr\nd+ ! metal1 equally1 & all[+ ! entrance ( only suffici5t air or bla/ to provide ! necess>y heat+4 ,if a piece ( metal is left 9 a fix$ position :ile heat+1 ! l[] side w become ! hotte/4 ,= t reason1 all metals to be weld$ are plac$ ) sc>fs d[nw>d4 ,if ! requir$ heat is to be a p5etrat+ & ?or\gh "o1 ! metal is turn$ frequ5tly to br+ all surfaces 9 contact ) ! mo/ int5se po9t ( heat4 ,ev5 ?\gh e possible precaution is tak5 9 all o!r /eps ( ! weld+1 ! pieces _c be jo9$ p]fectly if ! heat+ is c>elessly done4 #fb4 ,sc>f+4--,?is is ! op]ation ( prep>+ or %ap+ metal = weld+4 ,!re are five g5]al k9ds ( welds1 ! di/9ct =m ( ea* dep5d+ ei!r on ! quality ( ! mat]ial or on ! %ape ( ! desir$ =g+4 ,!y are call$ ! lap weld1 ! cleft weld1 ! butt weld1 ! jump weld1 & ! ,v weld4 #fc4 ,! lap weld 7,fig4 #dc7 is s call$ because ! pieces lap ov] ea* o!r :5 plac$ 9 contact4 ,x is mo/ commonly us$ 9 g5]al practice1 & all welds =m$ 9 a simil> mann] belong to ?is class1 reg>dless ( ! sectional =m ( ! mat]ial or ! %ape ( ! complet$ weld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,lap ,,weld ,,sc>fs4 ,! pieces %\ld always be upset :]e ! sc>fs are to be =m$1 to provide excess metal = weld+4 ,!y %\ld be =m$ ) _! end surfaces convex1 & at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees1 :i* w\ld n make ! jo9+ surfaces too long4 ,:5 ! fire & all tools are ready1 place bo? sc>fs face d[n 9 ! fire2 :5 !y are remov$ to ! anvil1 ! piece held 9 ! "r h& %\ld be turn$ face up & re/ on ! anvil1 9 ord] t ! o!r may be plac$ 9 position on top ( x4 ,! left-h& sc>f %\ld be plac$ c>efully1 ) its po9t meet+ ! heel ( ! o!r4 ,if plac$ too high & ov]lapp+1 x w increase ! surface to be weld$ & p]haps decrease ! dim5sions ( ! mat]ial :]e ! po9ts are weld$ d[n ^u ! ext]ior4 ,if plac$ too l[1 9 all probability ! surplus metal provid$ by upsett+ w n be suffici5t to =m ! weld to a uni=m dim5sion4 ,a little practice ) ! sc>fs be=e heat+ is advisable to prev5t ?is difficulty4 ,! h& hamm] %\ld be plac$ conv5i5tly on ! anvil1 ) ! h&le project+ suffici5tly ov] ! heel s t x c be grasp$ quickly ) ! "r h& z soon z ! two pieces are 9 position4 ,if ?is precaution is n tak51 ! weld+ heat may disappe> be=e any bl[s c be /ruck4 ,! fir/ bl[s aft] ! pieces are plac$ %\ld be direct$ t[>d ! c5t] ( ! sc>fs2 :5 ! c5t] has be5 ?or\ghly unit$1 ! bl[s %\ld be direct$ t[>d ! po9ts to complete ! op]ation1 if ?is c possibly be done 9 "o heat+4 ,x is impossible to give an inv>iable r\t9e ( bl[s2 ^? giv5 are suffici5t = ! beg9n+1 ! re/ mu/ be left to ! obs]vation & skill ( ! op]ator4 ,practice & judgm5t w det]m9e :]e ! bl[s %\ld be deliv]$1 & :5 !y %\ld cease4 ,z ! weld+ heat vani%es v rapidly1 x requires c>eful judgm5t to det]m9e :5 ! pieces cease to unite4 ,all bl[s deliv]$ aft] ?is w r$uce ! dim5sions ( ! metal2 if reheat+ is necess>y1 !re %\ld be no metal sacrific$ by unnecess>y hamm]+4 ,welds are g5]ally weak] ?an ! metal f :i* !y are made2 consequ5tly if ! /ock is made small] at ! weld1 its /r5g? is greatly decreas$4 ,! old adage 8,ha/e makes wa/e0 does n always apply4 ,if y ha/5 ! op]ation ( weld+ :ile ! pieces are suffici5tly hot1 y w n wa/e ! metal4 ,if ?r\gh want ( ha/e y are compell$ to reheat1 y w wa/e metal1 = e "t a piece is heat$ x loses a fractional "p ( its area1 reg>dless ( any hamm]+4 ,welds made ) sc>fs ( ?is k9d are consid]$ to be ne>ly z /rong z ! metal itself1 because !y all[ ( a m ?or\gh lam9ation by hamm]+ ?an o!r welds1 consequ5tly !y are frequ5tly us$ on v>i\s qualities ( metal :5 /r5g? is consid]$ a *ief requirem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,a1 ,,cleft ,,weld ,,sc>fs2 ,b1 ,,butt ,,weld ,,sc>fs4 #fd4 ,! cleft weld 7,a1 ,fig4 #dd7 is s call$ because "o piece ( metal is split to receive ! o!r4 ,x is us$ = weld+ iron to iron or /eel to iron 7! ins]t$ portion be+ ! /eel74 ,:atev] ! metal1 ! ins]t$ portion is usually r\gh5$ ) a hot cutt] on ! po9t$ surfaces & ! cleft hamm]$ d[n & securely fitt$ be=e ! :ole is heat$4 ,! pieces %\ld n be plac$ 9 ! fire sep>ately1 b toge!r1 z !y h be5 fitt$4 ,:5 a weld+ heat appe>s1 if possible1 light bl[s %\ld be deliv]$ on ! end ( ! ins]t$ portion :ile ! two are 9 ! fire2 ^! bl[s w p>tly jo9 ! pieces & make !m secure be=e removal4 ,if ?is _c be done1 ! fir/ bl[s aft] removal f ! fire %\ld be on ! end4 ,:5 a f9al & ?or\gh weld+ heat has be5 atta9$1 !y %\ld be remov$ to ! anvil & securely jo9$4 ,if heavy pieces are be+ op]at$ ^u1 !y may be weld$ ) ! /eam hamm]4 #fe4 ,! butt weld 7,b1 ,fig4 #dd7 is s call$ because ! pieces are butt$ toge!r & almo/ ?or\ghly jo9$ by ramm+ or back+-up bl[s be=e any bl[s are deliv]$ on ! ext]ior surface4 ,! sc>fs are easily =m$4 ,! out] edges ( ! pieces are back$ up to =m a r\nd$ or convex end to insure _! be+ jo9$ at ! c5t] fir/4 ,z ! bl[s are deliv]$ on ! end1 ! metal w upset & ! pieces w be jo9$ f ! c5t] to ! out] edges4 ,aft] !y h be5 q ?or\ghly jo9$ ) ^! bl[s1 !y %\ld be hamm]$ on _! ext]ior to weld !m securely4 ,:5 sc>f$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! pieces are frequ5tly plac$ 9 ! fire = heat+ ) ! ends 9 contact1 !n p>tly jo9$ :ile 9 ! fire & remov$ to ! anvil or ! /eam hamm] = f9al weld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,,jump ,,weld ,,sc>fs4 #ff4 ,! jump weld is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,! sc>fs require p]fect =m+1 because ! opportunity = hamm]+ is limit$1 z bl[s c be deliv]$ only at c]ta9 places3 on ! end ( ! sc>f #a driv+ x into ! concave groove #c2 on a full] :i* is held 9 ! fillet #d2 & on bo? ! edges indicat$ at #c4 ,! groove at #c %\ld be =m$ ) suffici5t metal at po9ts #j1 to meet ! projections ,x1 & =m a fillet4 ,! convex sc>f #a %\ld fir/ come 9 contact at #c1 s t weld+ w proce$ f t place4 ,welds made 9 ?is way are consid]$ ! weake/ ( ^? "h describ$1 on acc\nt ( ! limit$ assi/ance :i* c be provid$ by hamm]+4 ,/ill !y are frequ5tly us$ to avoid ! labori\s op]ations requir$ to make su* =g+s out ( solid metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,v ,,weld ,,sc>fs4 #fg4 ,! ,v weld 7,fig4 #df7 is a v important b difficult "o4 ,x is g5]ally us$ on extremely heavy "w1 su* z locomotive frames 7,fig4 #dg71 beam /raps1 rudd] /ems1 & all cumb]some =g+s4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,pieces #e & #f are to be weld$4 ,!y are held 9 a rigid position ) heavy /raps & bolts1 z %[n on ! locomotive frame 9 ,fig4 #dg1 sometimes :ile ! ,v-%ap$ op5+ is be+ =m$2 h[ev]1 !y mu/ always be held secure :ile ! weld+ heat is be+ obta9$4 ,! ,v-%ap$ op5+ =m$ by ! sc>fs on #e & #f %\ld p5etrate ab\t two ?irds ( _! ?ickness & =m an angle ( ab\t #ej degrees1 ) suffici5t metal at #i to provide = ! wa/e :i* w occur :ile a weld+ heat is be+ procur$4 ,! w$ge #g is =m$ ) "s surplus metal = fill+ ! ,v-%ap$ op5+4 ,x is h&l$ by a b> :i* is weld$ to x4 ,! angle ( ! w$ge %\ld be n less ?an #e degrees small] ?an ! angle ( ! op5+4 ,?is w insure t ! weld+ proce$s f ! apex or po9t ( ! w$ge outw>d4 ,two fires are requir$2 #e & #f1 securely /rapp$ & bolt$ toge!r1 are plac$ 9 "o ) ! ,v-%ap$ op5+ turn$ d[nw>d4 ,pl5ty ( coke is plac$ ar\nd ?is op5+1 completely cov]$ ) moi/5$ coal1 & securely pack$ ) a %ovel2 !n two op5+s or v5ts are made ?r\gh ! coal ) a pok]1 "o on ea* side ( ! metal & lead+ to ! sc>fs4 ,?is is call$ a cov]$ fire4 ,! bla/ is n[ turn$ on & sl[ly increas$ until ! prop] heat is atta9$4 ,! progress ( heat+ c be obs]v$ ?r\gh ! op5+s ?us made1 & ! fire repl5i%$ ) coke :5 necess>y4 ,^! op]ations are sup]vis$ by ! smi? :o has ! "w 9 *>ge1 ) two or m help]s or assi/ants1 accord+ to ! size ( ! =g+4 ,! w$ge #g also is heat$ 9 a cov]$ fire ) only "o op5+ on ! workman's side ( ! =ge2 ! w$ge is ins]t$ 9 t op5+1 & is att5d$ & h&l$ by ano!r smi?1 :o wat*es its progress 9 heat+4 ,:5 ! sup]vis+ & att5d+ smi?s h signal$ to ea* o!r t ! heats are ready1 #e & #f are remov$1 turn$ ov]1 & plac$ on ! anvil or on ! /eam hamm] die to receive ! w$ge :i* is plac$ 9 position by ! att5d+ smi?4 ,aft] ! w$ge has be5 ?or\ghly weld$ into place ) ei!r sl$ges or /eam hamm]1 ! h&le & all surplus metal surr\nd+ ! op5+s are remov$ by ! aid ( hot cutt]s & sl$ges4 ,?is proc$ure mu/ n[ be repeat$ & ano!r w$ge weld$ into place on ! opposite side indicat$ by ! brok5 l9es4 ,) ^! two w$ges #e & #f w be securely jo9$4 ,to insure a p]fect weld1 a good quality ( mat]ial %\ld be select$ = ! w$ges4 ,x %\ld be ?or\ghly hamm]$ to produce good texture1 & if iron is op]at$ ^u1 ! fib] ( ! w$ges %\ld run p>allel to ! fib] ( ! piece to be weld$4 ,z ?is is n g5]ally obs]v$1 welds ( ?is "* (t5 break ?r\gh ! c5t]s ( ! two w$ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,a ,,brok5 ,,locomotive ,,frame4 ,! brok5 locomotive frame %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg w\ld be repair$ by ! above me?od4 ,! irregul> l9e at ,a %[s :]e ! break has occurr$4 ,! /raps & bolts at ,b indicate ! me?od ( hold+ ! p>ts 9 alignm5t4 ,two tie rods at ,c prev5t ! p>ts f sep>at+4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,review ,:at effect is produc$ by ! upright bl[8 ,by ! edge-to-edge bl[8 ,by ! ov]hang+ bl[8 ,by ! bevel+ or angle bl[8 ,by ! lev]age bl[s8 ,:at are ! back+-up bl[s us$ =8 ,! %e>+ bl[s8 ,:at is meant by =g+8 ,h[ _m diff]5t op]ations are us$ 9 =g+8 ,"n !m4 ,:at is meant by draw+8 ,:at tools may be employ$ 9 draw+ metal8 ,if y desire to increase ! l5g? m ?an ! wid?1 h[ %\ld y hold ! metal on ! anvil8 ,:y8 ,:at precaution %\ld be obs]v$ 9 revolv+ metal :5 x is be+ drawn into a r\nd =m8 ,:at is meant by b5d+8 ,c iron ( any sectional %ape be b5t8 ,:i* is ! easie/ to b5d8 ,:at %apes are difficult to b5d8 ,h[ are ^! difficulties ov]come8 ,:at is meant by upsett+8 ,expla9 h[ x is done4 ,:at difficulty is (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 upsett+8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 effect betwe5 re/+ ! heat$ end on ! anvil1 & /rik+ on ! heat$ end :ile upsett+8 ,:at is meant by =m+8 ,:at o!r op]ations may be involv$8 ,:at special tools or appliances are sometimes us$ = =m+8 ,/ate :at has be5 said ab\t /raight5+8 ,does x require mu* skill8 ,w\ld x be z easy to /raight5 a wide flat piece ( metal1 z x w\ld a r\nd "o8 ,:y8 ,expla9 ! op]ation ( twi/+4 ,:y is x g5]ally done8 ,h[ c twi/+ be done & keep ! "w p]fectly /raight8 ,expla9 ! ess5tial p>ts ( a weld4 ,is a weld z /rong z ! orig9al unweld$ b>8 ,c all iron & /eel be weld$8 ,:at k9d ( fire is be/ = heat+8 ,:at is meant by an oxidiz+ fire8 ,:at effect does x h on ! metal8 ,h[ c an oxidiz+ fire be prev5t$8 ,h[ %\ld sc>fs be plac$ 9 ! fire8 ,:y8 ,if a p5etrat+ & ?or\gh heat is desir$ on a piece ( metal1 h[ c x be obta9$8 ,:at is meant by sc>f+8 ,are all sc>fs =m$ alike8 ,"n & describe ! diff]5t k9ds ( sc>fs & welds4 ,:i* "o is consid]$ ! weake/8 ,:y8 ,on :at k9d ( "w is ! ,v weld us$8 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,practice ,,ex]cises #fh4 ,/aple4--,fig4 #dh4 ,draw+ & b5d+4 ,mat]ial requir$3 #e in*es ( #a_/d-;in* r\nd iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,/aple4 ,draw #a in* ( ea* end to a flat *isel-%ap$ po9t #a_/d in* wide2 ^! drawn ends %\ld be #a-c_/d in*es long1 leav+ #c in*es ( r\nd /ock betwe5 !m4 ,heat ! c5t] & b5d x1 ) po9ts edgewise1 to a semicircle ( #c_/d in* inside diamet]4 ,^! ends %\ld be ( equal l5g?1 p>allel & /raight4 ,:5 draw+ ! ends1 heat ! metal to a :ite heat to prev5t ! fib]s f splitt+ or sep>at+4 ,heat only to a *]ry r$ = b5d+1 to prev5t heavy scal+1 :i* is "o cause ( r\gh-appe>+ "w4 ,r\gh "w may also be caus$ by improp] use ( ! hamm] 9 /rik+ too h>d or frequ5tly at "o place4 7,see ,fig4 #dh = dim5sions & /ages47 #fi4 ,draw ,spike4--,fig4 #di4 ,b5d+ & draw+4 ,mat]ial requir$3 #g in*es ( #a_/d-;in* r\nd iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,draw ,,spike4 ,b5d #c-a_/d in*es ( "o end ne>ly to a "r angle2 h ! inn] corn] almo/ %>p & squ>e1 ! out] portion circul> at ! corn]4 ,!n =m a p]fectly circul> eye ( ! #c-a_/d-;in* end1 hav+ ! c5t] ( ! eye 9 l9e ) ! c5tral portion ( ! /em4 ,:5 draw+ ! po9t1 fir/ draw x squ>e1 !n octagonal1 & !n f9i% x to a r\nd4 7,see ,fig4 #di = dim5sions & /ages47 #gj4 ,s ,hook4--,fig4 #ej4 ,draw+ & b5d+4 ,mat]ial requir$3 #e in*es ( #a_/d-;in* r\nd iron4 ,draw #a_/b in* ( ea* end to a smoo?1 r\nd po9t2 ?is %\ld make ! l5g? f po9t to po9t #f-a_/d in*es1 & ! c5tral portion = #d in*es %\ld be full-siz$ #a_/d-;in* r\nd4 ,us+ half ( ! entire l5g?1 b5d ! fir/ hook to an inside diamet] ( #g_/h in*1 !n b5d ! rema9+ half 9 ! opposite direction to ! same diamet]1 br++ bo? po9ts directly t[>d ea* o!r1 z %[n4 ,:5 heat+ = b5d+1 be c>eful to avoid burn+ ! po9ts4 7,see ,fig4 #ej = dim5sions & /ages47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,an ,s ,,hook4 #ga4 ,pipe ,hook4--,fig4 #ea4 ,upsett+1 =g+1 & b5d+4 ,mat]ial requir$3 #i in*es ( #a_/b-;in* squ>e4 ,norway iron or s(t /eel is be/ = ?is ex]cise4 7,caution4 ,to avoid injur+ ! fib] ( ! metal & to upset x rapidly ) ! lea/ am\nt ( labor1 always h ! metal p]fectly /raight1 & heat x only :]e ! upsett+ is requir$47 ,br+ #d in*es ( ! c5tral portion ( ! mat]ial to a :ite heat2 if ! heat ext5ds beyond t di/ance1 cool #b-a_/b in*es ( ea* end1 !n ! upsett+ w be conf9$ to ! desir$ place4 ,cool ! ends quickly & ?or\ghly1 s t ! upsett+ bl[s may be deliv]$ be=e ! heat has vani%$4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be held v]tically ) ! l[] end re/+ on ! anvil1 :ile heavy bl[s are deliv]$ on ! top end1 ?us upsett+ ! heat$ metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,pipe ,,hook4 ,^! op]ations %\ld be repeat$ until ! c5t] is #g_/h in* ?ick "o way1 ) all excess metal =g$ on "o side1 z at a1 & ! ?ree o!rs p]fectly /raight4 ,n[ =m a %\ld] b1 ) ov]hang+ bl[s1 ab\t #a_/h ( an in* f ! c5t] or ?icke/ portion1 b draw x no small] ?an #e_/af ( an in* at ! bottom4 ,!n draw ! metal m>k$ c to an approximate dim5sion ( #a_/b #e_/af in*4 ,=m ?is %\ld] p]fectly squ>e1 by hold+ x ov] a squ>e corn] ( ! anvil & deliv]+ back+-up bl[s on ! heavy end1 :ile ! drawn "p re/s flat on ! anvil2 ! metal %\ld be hot at ! %\ld] & cold on ! end :]e ! bl[s are to be deliv]$4 ,!n use ! flatt] on ! drawn end to smoo? & draw x to ! f9i%$ dim5sions ( #a_/b #a_/d in*1 mak+ x p]fectly smoo? & /raight on all sides4 ,cut (f ?is drawn end #f in*es f ! %\ld]1 z %[n at d4 ,draw ! heavy end to a %>p1 squ>e po9t1 mak+ x /raight on ! side opposite to ! %\ld] & tap]+ f a po9t ab\t #b-a_/d in*es f ! %\ld]2 ?is %\ld also be made smoo? ) ! flatt]4 ,sket* e %[s ?is s f> complet$4 ,beg9n+ #a_/b in* f ! %\ld]1 b5d ! #f-;in* end backw>d ?r\gh its smalle/ dim5sion1 to a semicircle ( #c in*es inside diamet]4 ,an outl9e ( ! requir$ semicircle %\ld be inscrib$ on a plate1 or models may be made to v]ify x4 ,sket* ,f %[s ! complet$ hook4 #gb4 ,gate ,hook4--,fig4 #eb4 ,draw+1 b5d+1 & twi/+4 ,mat]ial requir$3 #g-a_/d in*es ( #c_/h-;in* squ>e mild /eel4 ,m>k lightly ) ! h>dy on two edges #a-a_/b in*es f "o end1 z %[n at a4 ,=m %\ld]s at ^! m>ks on ?ree sides ( ! metal2 d n make !m too deep1 z surplus metal w be requir$ = b5d+ "h4 ,draw ! metal at ! %\ld]s j made1 cont9u+ to ! end to #e_/af in* r\nd & #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,sket* b %[s ! "w complet$ to ?is po9t4 ,m>k ! opposite end on ! same edges & 9 a l mann] #d-a_/b in*es f :]e ! fir/ %\ld]s h be5 =m$2 =m %\ld]s at ^! m>ks & also draw d[n to #e_/af in* r\nd1 mak+ ! extreme end a smoo?1 r\nd po9t1 #b-a_/b in*es long f ! %\ld]s1 z at c4 ,bo? ( ^! ends %\ld be r\nd & smoo?ly drawn ) ! h& hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,gate ,,hook4 ,b5d ! /raight1 r\nd end f ! side e to a "r angle1 proce$+ z foll[s3 ,:5 plac+ ! "w on ! anvil1 h ! side e upp]mo/ & ! %\ld] project+ ov] ! edge ( ! anvil ! ?ickness ( ! r\nd1 or #e_/af in*2 !n :5 ! metal is b5t1 ! inside corn] w be =m$ at ! prop] place & ! %\ld] w readily =m into a "r angle on ! out] side4 ,light upright & back+-up bl[s w aid 9 =m+ ! "r angle aft] x has be5 b5t1 provid$ ! piece is held ) ! r\nd end v]tical & re/+ on ! face ( ! anvil4 ,if su* bl[s are us$ :ile x is be+ held ov] ! edge ( ! anvil1 !y w r$uce ! sectional dim5sions & n mat]ially aid 9 =m+ ! angle4 ,sket* d %[s ?is angle 9 solid l9es4 ,n[ =m ! r\nd portion ( ?is angle into a circul> eye1 mak+ ! inside diamet] #a_/b in*1 ) ! c5t] on a l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! ma9 /em4 ,sket* d %[s ?is eye 9 brok5 l9es4 ,b5d ! po9t$ end 9 ! same mann] & 9 ! same direction z ! eye1 hav+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! eye & ! angle #d in*es1 z %[n 9 sket* ,f4 ,n[ heat ?is end & cool ! extreme corn] ( ! angle to prev5t its /raight5+1 !n =m ! hook to ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! sket*4 ,heat ! c5tral portion ( ! squ>e metal to an ev5 *]ry r$2 hold ! hook & #a in* ( ! squ>e portion securely 9 ! vise2 !n grasp ! o!r end ) ! tongs or wr5* #b in*es f ! vise1 & revolve x once1 ?us =m+ a twi/ ( ! prop] l5g?4 ,be=e cool+ ?is "w1 see t ! eye & hook are p>allel & ! body ( ! hook is p]fectly /raight4 #gc4 ,door ,hasp4--,fig4 #ec4 ,draw+1 =g+1 pun*+1 cutt+1 & b5d+4 ,mat]ial requir$3 #g in*es ( #a #c_/af-;in* mild /eel4 ,m>k lightly ) ! h>dy on ! edges #a in* & #c-a_/d in*es f "o end1 z at a4 ,=m %\ld]s at ^! m>ks ) edge-to-edge bl[s1 z %[n at b1 s t ! metal betwe5 !m may be drawn to small] dim5sions4 ,! %\ld]s %\ld be =m$ n deep] ?an #a_/h in* at fir/1 & ! metal betwe5 !m %\ld be drawn to a correspond+ dim5sion4 ,!n =ge ! #a-;in* end into a r\nd eye1 z at c1 & pun* a #e_/af-;in* hole 9 its c5t]1 z %[n at d4 ,n[ draw ! metal betwe5 ! eye & ! %\ld]s to exact dim5sions1 #c in*es long1 #e_/h in* wide1 & #c_/af in* ?ick1 z %[n at d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,door ,,hasp4 ,m>k ! o!r end 9 ! same mann] #b-a_/b in*es f ! %\ld]s1 & =m new %\ld]s at ^! m>ks ) edge-to-edge bl[s4 ,draw ! metal to a l5g? ( #b-a_/h in*es1 mak+ x #e_/h #c_/af in* at ! %\ld]s & #a_/b #a_/h in* at ! end2 ! extreme end %\ld be =g$ r\nd4 ,sket* ,e %[s ^! op]ations complet$4 ,locate ! c5t] ( ! #b-a_/b-;in* l5g?2 f t po9t place a c5t]-pun* m>k #g_/h in* ea* side ( ! c5t] & pun* a #e_/af-;in* hole at ea* m>k ) a h& pun*1 by plac+ ! out] edge ( ! pun* at ! c5t]-pun* m>k4 ,deliv] no bl[s on ! edges ( ?is metal aft] ! holes are pun*$4 ,us+ a %>p1 hot cutt]1 remove ! metal betwe5 ! holes1 by cutt+ x equally f bo? sides1 ?us =m+ ! slot z indicat$ by ! brok5 l9es 9 sket* ,e4 ,by plac+ x ov] ! h>dy1 /raight5 ! metal :i* =ms ! sides ( ?is slot1 & all o!r portions1 s t all edges w be /raight & p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,smoo? all flat surfaces ) a flatt]1 us+ wat] to remove ! scale ( oxide4 ,if ! m>k+ & pun*+ ( ! holes h be5 c>efully done1 ! inside l5g? ( ! slot w n[ be #b in*es4 ,b5d ! #b-a_/h-;in* end to a "r angle at ! %\ld]s1 hav+ ! l5g? f ! inside ( ! angle to ! outside ( ! eye ab\t #g in*es4 ,heat ?is entire end & quickly cool ! extreme corn] ( ! angle to prev5t its /raight5+ !re1 !n =m ! hook to ! dim5sions giv5 9 sket* ,f4 ,! inn] edges ( ! slot may be fil$ /raight & p>allel to ! outside edges1 b ! semicircul> ends :i* h be5 =m$ by ! pun* %\ld n be di/urb$4 #gd4 ,hexagonal ,head ,bolt4--,fig #ed4 ,upsett+ & =g+ to a hexagonal cross section4 ,mat]ial requir$3 #g in*es ( #a_/b-;in* r\nd iron4 ,heat "o end to a :ite heat1 !n cool (f #d-a_/b in*es ( ! opposite end1 ?us conf9+ ! upsett+ to ! requir$ area2 upset ! hot end until its diamet] is #c_/d in*1 & ! l5g? ov] all is ab\t #e-a_/b in*es4 ,x is important t ! #d-a_/b in*es be kept p]fectly cold1 to prev5t upsett+ !re1 also to prev5t its /ick+ fa/ 9 ! head+ tool1 or possibly us+ m metal ?an is requir$ = =m+ ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,,hexagonal ,,head ,,bolt4 ,! upset metal %\ld ext5d equally ar\nd ! bolt4 ,?is w t5d to prev5t ! head f =m+ unequally :5 ! metal is be+ =g$ d[n on ! head+ tool4 ,! head c be prev5t$ f =m+ on "o side by direct+ ! bl[s t[>d ! opposite side4 ,=m ! head by heat+ ! upset end to a :ite heat1 by ins]t+ ! opposite end 9 ! head+ tool1 & by deliv]+ upright bl[s on ! heat$ end1 unless o!rs are requir$1 ?us =g+ d[n ! upset metal to #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,remove x f ! head+ tool & =ge ! head into a hexagonal =m4 ,x w be necess>y to ins]t ! bolt 9 ! head+ tool sev]al times to obta9 ! exact dim5sions ( ! head1 :i* %\ld be #g_/h in* ?r\gh its %ort diamet] & #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,! *amf]$ f9i% on ! top ( ! head is produc$ by us+ a button head set :ile ! bolt is held 9 ! head+ tool4 #ge4 ,squ>e-corn]$ ,angle4--,fig4 #ee4 ,upsett+1 *amf]+1 & =g+ a squ>e corn]4 ,mat]ial requir$3 #aj in*es ( #a #a_/b-;in* iron4 ,upset ! c5t] by cool+ #c-a_/b in*es ( ea* end to conf9e ! op]ation to ! requir$ place4 ,! c5t] %\ld be #g_/h in* ?ick1 & all upset metal %\ld be =g$ to "o side2 ! opposite side & bo? edges %\ld be /raight4 ,draw bo? ends tap]+ f :]e ! upsett+ ceases to #c_/d #a_/d in* at ! ends2 *amf] ! edges ( ! drawn ends on ! /raight1 flat side1 beg9n+ ab\t #b in*es f ! c5t] & cont9u+ to ! ends4 ,if ! draw+ & *amf]+ are prop]ly done1 ea* end w be #e-a_/b in*es f ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,upsett+ ,,= ,a ,,squ>e ,,corn]4 ,heat & b5d ! /ock at ! upset c5t] to a "r angle1 ) ! upset metal on ! out] side to provide = ! squ>e corn]4 ,! b5d+ %\ld be done ov] ! horn ( ! anvil to produce ! qu>t]-r\nd fillet on ! inn] side1 & may be conf9$ to ! c5t] by cool+ bo? ends to :]e ! upsett+ beg9s4 ,z b5ds ( ?is k9d are some:at difficult to make correctly1 x w\ld be a great advantage to provide a =m :i* may be made to fit into ! vise2 !n "o end ( ! angle c be held securely ) ! =m :ile ! opposite end is b5t ov] x4 ,by any simple =m x is impossible to make ! outside corn] p]fectly %>p & squ>e ) "o op]ation2 x is !re=e necess>y to =ge ! outside corn] %>p & squ>e by deliv]+ bl[s on bo? sides1 some:at 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 b good judgm5t mu/ be us$ 9 do+ ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,squ>e-,,corn]$ ,,angle4 ,! *amf]+ may be m>r$ or entirely remov$ 9 =g+ ! corn]2 if s1 re*amf]1 & if ! ends are ( unequal l5g?s1 ! long] "o %\ld be cut (f equal ) ! o!r4 ,!n all surfaces %\ld be made /raight & smoo? ) ! flatt] & ! scale remov$ by occasionally dipp+ ! flatt] 9 wat]4 #gf4 ,fagot ,weld+4--,weld+ & =g+ to dim5sions4 ,mat]ial requir$3 conv5i5t pieces ( scrap iron & a b> ( #e_/h-;in* r\nd /ock f #bd to #cj in*es long4 ,tempor>ily weld sev]al sep>ate pieces ( scrap on to ! b> until suffici5t metal is provid$ = a ?or\gh weld+ & =g+ ( a solid piece ( squ>e iron #c-a_/b in*es long & #aa_/af in* squ>e4 ,! weld+ %\ld be done s z n to %[ :]e ! pieces 7 jo9$4 ,=ge x p]fectly squ>e & smoo? ) ! flatt]4 ,cut "o end (f squ>e ) a %>p hot cutt]1 !n cut x to ! requir$ l5g?4 #gg4 ,r\nd ,weld4--,fig4 #eg4 ,sc>f+1 weld+1 & swag+4 ,mat]ial requir$3 two pieces ( #g_/af-;in* r\nd iron1 #d-a_/b in*es long4 ,upset "o end to #i_/af in*1 z %[n at a4 ,to =m ! sc>f1 deliv] back+-up bl[s ) ! face ( ! hamm]1 z %[n at b1 & f9i% ) bl[s deliv]$ simil>ly ) ! ball4 ,^! back+-up bl[s w =m ! heel ( ! sc>f4 ,draw out ! po9t ( ! sc>f ) ov]hang+ bl[s1 z %[n at c4 ,! jo9+ surface %\ld be convex s t weld+ w proce$ f ! c5t]4 ,sc>f bo? pieces 9 ! same mann]1 z at d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,sc>f+ ,,= ,a ,,r\nd ,,weld4 ,heat & weld accord+ to in/ructions on weld+ & f9i% ! "w smoo?ly ) swages2 !n cut to a l5g? ( #f in*es1 hav+ ! weld 9 ! c5t]4 ,prop]ly =m$ sc>fs w produce p]fect welds provid$ !y are heat$ to ! weld+ temp]ature :5 !y are jo9$1 b ^? improp]ly =m$ g5]ally produce imp]fect welds1 al?\gh ! heat is "r4 #gh4 ,flat ,"r-angl$ ,weld4--,fig4 #eh4 ,mat]ial requir$3 two pieces ( iron #c_/d #c_/h1 #d-a_/b in*es long4 ,upset "o end #a_/h in* l>g] ?an its diamet]s1 z at a4 ,by us+ back+-up bl[s z 9 ! previ\s ex]cise1 =m a heel on "o side1 z %[n at b1 !n re/+ ! /raight side on ! anvil1 draw out ! po9t ) ! ball ( ! hamm]1 z at c4 ,9 draw+ ?is po9t1 ! metal w spread & =m a wide fan-%ap$ end1 b by re/+ ! "r side d on ! horn ( ! anvil & deliv]+ bl[s on ! left1 ! latt] edge w be /raight5$1 leav+ all project+ metal on ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,sc>f+ ,,= ,a ,,corn] ,,weld4 ,upset "o end ( ! o!r piece to ! same dim5sions1 all[+ ?is upsett+ to cont9ue along ! metal ab\t #a in*4 ,=m a sc>f on ! left edge at e1 ) ! ball ( hamm]1 us+ bl[s simil> to ^? %[n at c & leav+ ! end squ>e4 ,place !m toge!r to see if ! po9ts meet ! heels2 if n1 make necess>y alt]ations s !y w4 ,place ! pieces 9 ! fire1 s t ! side sc>f w be remov$ ) ! left h& & ! end sc>f ) ! "r4 ,:5 plac+ = weld+1 ! "r-h& piece %\ld be laid on ! anvil & ! left-h& "o plac$ 9 its prop] position on top ( x4 ,! inside corn] %\ld =m a qu>t]-r\nd fillet1 ! outside %\ld be %>p & squ>e1 & ! long] end cut (f to make !m bo? equal4 ,smoo? all surfaces ) a flatt]4 ,sket* ,f %[s ! weld complet$2 ! dott$ l9es indicate ! location ( ! sc>fs be=e weld+4 #gi4 ,t ,weld4--,fig4 #ei4 ,sc>f+ & weld+4 ,mat]ial requir$3 two pieces ( #c_/d #c_/h-;in* iron1 #h & #d-a_/b in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,sc>f+ ,,= ,a ,t ,,weld4 ,upset "o end ( ! %ort] piece #a_/h in* l>g] ?an its diamet]s1 & =m a sc>f simil> to ! fir/ "o = ! "r-angl$ weld1 b "h all[ x to =m fan-%ap$ & project equally ov] ea* edge1 z %[n at a4 ,upset ! c5t] ( ! long piece to #a_/h in* or m l>g] ?an its diamet]s1 ) ! upset portion fully #a in* long1 z at b4 ,=m a sc>f at ?is place ) ! ball ( ! hamm]1 all[+ ! metal to b5d edgewise1 z at c4 ,d n make ?is sc>f q s wide z ! fir/ "o1 z its edges %\ld be entirely cov]$ by sc>f a )\t leav+ any op5+s4 ,see t !y fit prop]ly be=e heat+ = weld+4 ,especial c>e %\ld be tak5 to h a good fire4 ,! long piece %\ld be plac$ 9 ! fire s z to be remov$ ) ! left h&1 & ! %ort "o ) ! "r4 ,place ! %ort piece on ! anvil1 ) ! long piece1 held 9 ! left h&1 on top ( & ov]lapp+ x suffici5tly to prev5t any op5+s4 ,:5 weld$1 ! long piece %\ld be p]fectly /raight1 ) ! %ort "o at a "r angle to x4 ,f9i% ! weld ) ! flatt] :ile x is at a dull r$ heat4 ,sket* ,d %[s ! ,t complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,*a9 ,,mak+4 #hj4 ,*a9 ,mak+4--,fig4 #fj4 ,b5d+1 sc>f+1 & weld+ l9ks4 ,mat]ial requir$3 #h pieces ( #c_/h-;in* r\nd iron1 #f in*es long4 ,heat & b5d ! c5t] ( ea* piece to a semicircle #c_/d in* inside diamet]2 make ! ends ( equal l5g? & p>allel f ! semicircle1 z at a4 ,take "o ( ^! b5t pieces & =m a sc>f on "o end by hold+ x on ! edge ( ! anvil at an angle ( #de degrees1 z %[n at b1 & deliv]+ ov]hang+ bl[s1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ circle1 :i* repres5ts ! hamm]4 ,turn ! l9k ov]1 plac+ ! o!r end 9 ! same position z ! fir/1 & sc>f4 ,b5d bo? sc>fs t[>d ea* o!r equally until !y ov]lap suffici5tly to prev5t any op5+ be+ =m$1 z at c2 ?is is call$ clos+ ! sc>f4 ,heat & weld ! l9k by deliv]+ ! fir/ few bl[s on its sides :ile x is re/+ on ! face ( ! anvil1 !n by deliv]+ light] ones1 :ile x is hung on ! horn4 ,:ile /rik+ ! light bl[s1 d n hold ! l9k 9 a fix$ position1 b move x to receive ! bl[s ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,! f9i%$ dim5sions are #b #c_/d in*es inside2 a slight v>iation 9 l5g? does n make any diff]5ce1 b _! ends & wid?s %\ld be uni=m4 ,proce$ ) ano!r piece 9 l mann]1 b aft] sc>f+ x ins]t ! f9i%$ l9k & cont9ue add+ new ones1 until !re are five l9ks all toge!r4 ,! ?ree extra pieces are = use 9 ! next ?ree ex]cises4 #ha4 ,weld$ ,r+4--,fig4 #fa4 ,b5d+1 sc>f+1 & weld+ a r+ ( r\nd iron4 ,mat]ial requir$3 "o piece ( #g_/af-;in* r\nd iron1 #h in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,r+4 ,heat1 & b5d ov] ! horn ( ! anvil ab\t #a-a_/b in*es ( ea* end to an inside radius ( no less ?an #a in*1 z at ,a4 ,!n heat ! /raight portion to a uni=m temp]ature & b5d x by hold+ ! piece 9 a v]tical position on ! anvil1 & deliv]+ upright bl[s1 z %[n at ,b2 ?is %\ld produce a =m simil> to t %[n at ,c4 ,cont9ue ! b5d+ by hold+ ! "w z at ,d4 ,by c>efully obs]v+ ! effect ( ^! bl[s1 y w be able to det]m9e h[ ! "w ought to be held to produce ! complete r+4 ,^! bl[s are us$ "h to give ! same effect z lev]age bl[s4 ,if ! position ( ! metal is *ang$ :5 & :]e x %\ld be1 almo/ a p]fect r+ may be produc$ )\t hold+ x on ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,x is n ! be/ me?od to hold ! "w on ! horn1 because bl[s deliv]$ 9 ?is way h a t5d5cy to produce oval sections :]e !y hit4 ,9 =m+ ?is r+ ! ends %\ld be left op5 ab\t #a in*4 ,! directions = sc>f+ & weld+ are some:at simil> to ^? giv5 = l9ks1 except t ! angle ( ! sc>f %\ld be ne>ly a "r angle4 ,aft] ! weld+ is complet$1 ! r+ %\ld be made p]fectly r\nd by plac+ x ov] a m&rel or ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,:5 ! r+ is weld$ & complete1 connect x to ! *a9 ) "o ( ! extra l9ks4 #hb4 ,*a9 ,swivel4--,fig4 #fb4 ,b5d+1 sc>f+1 weld+1 & rivet+4 ,mat]ial3 ab\t #b feet ( #g_/af-;in* r\nd iron4 ,norway iron is ! be/1 & ?is l5g? is ! mo/ conv5i5t = ! fir/ op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,*a9 ,,swivel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,,tool ,,= ,,weld+ ,a ,,swivel4 ,= mak+ ?is swivel1 a special m&rel 7,fig4 #fc7 %\ld be provid$1 made ( #c_/d-;in* r\nd1 mild or tool /eel1 ) a %ort (fset ( #c_/d in*2 ! gudgeon or p9 :i* is %[n at a %\ld be #a-a_/d in*es long1 #g_/af in* 9 diamet] at ! %\ld]1 & tap]+ to #e_/af in* at ! end4 ,any conv5i5t l5g? ( h&le t w prev5t burn+ ! h& :5 weld+1 w d4 ,b5d ab\t #b-a_/b in*es ( ! #g_/af-;in* r\nd /ock to a "r angle1 z at a1 ,fig4 #fd2 make ! corn] z squ>e z possible1 by upsett+ x be=e b5d+2 or aft] b5d+1 by us+ upright & back+-up bl[s4 ,flatt5 ! b5t portion b p>allel ) ! b>1 by fir/ deliv]+ ! bl[s ) ! ball ( ! hamm] to increase ! wid? z mu* z possible1 !n f9i% x to #c_/af in* ?ick ) ! face ( ! hamm]4 ,! corn] %\ld be sc>f$ ) ! ball ( ! hamm] & ! rib work$ out1 z %[n at c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,swivel4 ,cut (f ! flat portion #b in*es f ! b>1 & =m a ?9 sc>f at ! end ( b4 ,notice t ?is %\ld be =m$ on ! same side ) c4 ,beg9n+ ) ! sc>f at ! end1 ! flat portion %\ld be b5t or roll$ up s t ! sc>fs w ov]lap consid]ably1 z indicat$ 9 ! end view d4 ,! special m&rel %\ld n[ be ins]t$ 9 ! op5+ %[n "h1 & all plac$ 9 a #c_/d-;in* bottom swage1 :ile ! sc>fs are hamm]$ into close contact4 ,! long b> %\ld n[ be cut (f #d-a_/b in*es f ! inside ( ! b5d1 & a fan-%ap$ sc>f =m$ ) ! ball ( ! hamm]1 z at e4 ,?is %\ld be drawn ?9 on ! end & sides4 ,! c5t] ( ! #d-a_/b-;in* l5g? is next b5t & ! la/ sc>f plac$ 9 position at f by aga9 ins]t+ ! m&rel1 plac+ x 9 ! swage1 & clos+ d[n ! edges ar\nd ! portions at f4 ,x is !n ready = weld+4 ,figure #fb %[s ?is 9 solid l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,mak+ ,,an ,,eye ,,= ,a ,,swivel4 ,a good clean heat %\ld be procur$ = weld+2 ! m&rel %\ld be quickly ins]t$1 plac$ 9 ! swage1 & ! weld+ done4 ,?is be+ complet$1 a small eye is to be made ( #c_/h-;in* r\nd iron3 fir/1 by b5d+ x 9 ! =m %[n at a1 ,fig4 #fe2 second1 by ins]t+ a pun* 9 ! op5+ & hamm]+ ! ends toge!r1 =m+ ! eye1 z %[n at b2 ?ird1 by weld+ ^! ends solidly toge!r1 z at c1 & =g+ ! :ole to fit loosely 9 ! swivel4 ,! fitt$ end is n[ cut (f squ>e #c_/h in* long] ?an ! dep? ( ! hole 9 ! swivel1 heat$1 &1 :ile ! eye is held 9 ! vise1 x is quickly rivet$ into place ) a small /raight or ball pe5 hamm]4 ,! eye is %[n 9 place by ! brok5 l9es 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,connect ?is swivel to ! *a9 ) "o ( ! extra l9ks4 #hc4 ,*a9 ,swivel4--,figs4 #ff & #fg4 ,full]+1 =g+1 b5d+1 weld+1 & rivet+4 ,mat]ial3 a piece ( #a #a_/b-;in* iron1 #d or m in*es long4 ,us+ top & bottom full]s1 =m two sets ( depressions n deep] ?an #a_/d in*1 on ea* edge & opposite to ea* o!r1 ! fir/ pair to be #a in* f ! end1 ! second pair #a in* f ! fir/1 z at a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,swivel4 ,draw ! #a-;in* end to #g_/af in* r\nd1 leav+ x slightly heavi] :]e x 0 full]$ to provide excess metal = fur!r b5d+4 ,! opposite end %\ld n[ be cut (f #a in* f ! full]$ place & drawn to ! same dim5sions z ! fir/ end4 ,=ge ! c5tral portion into a circul> =m & pun* a #c_/h-;in* hole 9 its c5t]4 ,cut (f all surplus mat]ial1 mak+ ! ends #c-a_/b in*es long f ! c5t] ( ! hole1 z at b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,,! ,,complet$ ,,swivel4 ,b5d ea* end to a "r angle close up to ! eye & make ! arms p>allel & "o in* ap>t1 z at c4 ,drift ! hole by driv+ ! pun* ?r\gh betwe5 ! p>allel ends1 !reby =m+ a slightly tap]$ hole4 ,sc>f & weld ! ends z y w\ld a l9k4 ,make a small eye ( #c_/h-;in* r\nd /ock1 proce$+ 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 ! previ\s ex]cise1 also foll[+ ! same in/ructions z to fitt+1 cutt+1 & rivet+4 ,connect ! l9k end ( ?is swivel to ! *a9 ) "o ( ! extra l9ks4 7,see ,fig4 #fg47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,*a9 ,,grabhook4 #hd4 ,*a9 ,grabhook4--,fig4 #fh4 ,=g+1 pun*+1 & b5d+4 ,mat]ial3 "o piece ( #c_/d #c_/h-;in* iron1 #d-a_/b in*es long4 ,=m a depression z at a1 #a_/d in* deep & #c_/d in* f "o end ) ov]hang+ bl[s4 7,! opposite edge %\ld be kept p]fectly /raight dur+ ?is & ! foll[+ op]ations47 ,=ge ! #c_/d-;in* end into a circul>-%ap$ eye #c_/h in* ?ick1 & pun* a #a_/d-;in* hole1 9 ! c5t]1 z at b4 ,?is hole %\ld be drift$ or exp&$ ) a pun* driv5 ?r\gh f bo? sides alt]nately until ! diamet] becomes #a_/b in*4 ,by hang+ ?is eye ov] ! horn ( ! anvil s t ! inn] corn]s ( ! eye re/ on ! horn1 by deliv]+ bl[s opposite to ^? corn]s1 & by *ang+ its location s t bl[s w be deliv]$ on all outside corn]s1 ! sectional =m w be *ang$ f squ>e to octagon2 by simil> op]ations ! =m may be *ang$ f octagon to r\nd4 ,dur+ ?is *ange1 light bl[s %\ld be us$ 9 ord] to make ! eye smoo?4 ,?is /age is %[n at c ) a sectional view ( ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,! ,,complet$ ,,*a9 ,,grabhook4 ,proce$+ f ! eye t[>d ! opposite end1 =ge bo? edges r\nd to correspond ) ! eye1 leav+ ! metal #c_/d in* wide1 #c in*es f ! eye1 z %[n at d4 ,draw ! rema9+ section tap]+ f ?is extreme wid? to #a_/d in*1 & =ge ! edges r\nd z be=e4 ,! hook %\ld be #c_/af in* r\nd at ! end & #c in*es long f ! wide/ po9t1 z %[n at ,e4 ,heat ! middle portion2 cool ! po9t & ! eye1 & b5d ! hook edgewise ov] ! horn ( ! anvil t[>d ! /raight side1 until ! po9t is opposite ! depression fir/ =m$4 ,! inside semicircle =m$ by b5d+ %\ld be #a_/b in* 9 diamet]1 ! o!r inside l9es /raight & p>allel4 ,! extreme po9t %\ld be slightly curv$ away f ! eye1 & all flat surfaces hamm]$ smoo? ) light bl[s :ile ! hook is at a dull r$ heat4 ,figure #fi %[s ! hook complet$4 ,us+ ! rema9+ extra l9k1 connect ! hook to ! swivel4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,review ,:at =g+ op]ations are employ$ 9 mak+ ! /aple & ! draw spike8 ,:at hamm] bl[s are us$ on !m8 ,:at caution %\ld be obs]v$ 9 heat+ ! ,s hook = b5d+8 ,:at op]ations are employ$ 9 mak+ ! pipe hook8 ,:i* is ! mo/ difficult8 ,:]e 0 ! mo/ difficult =g+ enc\nt]$8 ,h[ 0 ! po9t drawn8 ,:at op]ations are employ$ 9 mak+ ! gate hook8 ,expla9 h[ ! angle %\ld be b5t1 & h[ ! bl[s %\ld be deliv]$ to make x squ>e4 ,:y %\ld ! extreme corn] ( ! angle be cool$ (f be=e b5d+ ! hook8 ,:at op]ations are employ$ 9 mak+ ! hasp8 ,:i* "o is us$ fir/8 ,into :at =m is ! metal to be =g$ 9 mak+ ! bolt8 ,:at is meant by *amf]+8 ,:at k9d ( hamm] bl[s %\ld be us$ 9 *amf]+8 ,:y %\ld ! metal be upset = ! r\nd weld8 ,:at special hamm] bl[s are to be us$ 9 =m+ ! sc>fs8 ,expla9 h[ ! sc>fs are =m$ = ! "r-angl$ weld4 ,h[ %\ld sc>fs be plac$ 9 ! fire8 ,h[ %\ld !y be plac$ on ! anvil8 ,expla9 h[ ! sc>fs are =m$ = ! ,t weld4 ,describe ! sc>f+ ( a l9k4 ,describe ! weld+ ( a l9k4 ,:at is ! effect ( b5d+ ! r+ ov] ! horn ( ! anvil8 ,:at op]ations are us$ 9 mak+ ! *a9 swivel8 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,tool ,,/eel #he4 ,select+ & ,work+ ,/eel4--,9 mak+ a tool1 ! diff]5ces 9 quality ( /eel %\ld be consid]$1 because /eel suitable = a razor w\ld n d = a cold *isel or any batt]+ tool4 7,see sec4 #aha47 ,if ! /eel at h& is n exactly suitable1 b ! selection mu/ be made f x1 !n t %\ld be *os5 :i* w mo/ ne>ly meet ! requirem5ts1 & temp]+ mu/ be reli$ ^u to make up ! defici5cy4 ,9 mo/ l>ge factories all grades ( /eel are kept on h& & are assort$ 9 ! /ock room s t !re ne$ be no difficulty 9 mak+ ! prop] selection4 ,! p]c5tage ( c>bon 9 /eel repres5ts ! am\nt ( c>bon x conta9s4 ,a /eel t is call$ a #ge-po9t c>bon /eel is "o t conta9s 74#ge7 sev5ty-five "o hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t1 ea* po9t repres5t+ 74#ja7 "o "o hundr$? ( "o p] c5t4 ,"s /eel mak]s use ! ^w 8temp]0 to indicate ! am\nt ( c>bon1 expect+ ! us] ( ! /eel to be famili> ) ! am\nts ( c>bon ea* diff]5t temp] repres5ts4 ,= in/ance1 a razor-temp] /eel repres5ts "o t conta9s #a4ej p] c5t c>bon & a tool-temp] /eel repres5ts "o conta9+ ab\t #a4be p] c5t4 ,! ^w 8temp]0 z us$ 9 ?is connection %\ld n be confus$ ) ! ^w z x is us$ 9 ! art ( temp]+1 :]e x indicates ! op]ation ( r$uc+ ! h>dness ( ! metal 9 ord] to make x less brittle & m suitable = "s p>ticul> use4 #hf4 ,uses ( ,diff]5t ,grades ( ,/eel4--,z ! p]c5tage ( c>bon1 & consequ5tly ! quality ( /eel1 w v>y some:at ) diff]5t makes1 x is r difficult to give a rule t w apply g5]ally1 b ! foll[+ li/ ( diff]5t grades ( c>bon w give a g5]al idea ( h[ /eel %\ld be select$1 =g$1 & h>d5$4 ,/eel ( #j4g to #j4h p] c5t c>bon %\ld be us$ = snaps1 rivet sets1 cupp+ tools1 etc4 ,?is grade ( /eel %\ld be =g$ at a light r$ heat4 ,x c be weld$ easily & w h>d5 at a light r$ heat4 ,/eel f #j4h to #j4i p] c5t c>bon %\ld be us$ = drop-=g+ dies1 hamm]s1 cold sets1 track *isels1 blacksmi?'s tools1 well drills1 etc4 ,x %\ld be =g$ at a light r$ heat2 x welds easily & h>d5s at a light r$ heat4 ,/eel f #j4i to #a p] c5t c>bon %\ld be us$ = l>ge h& *isels1 l>ge pun*es1 %e> blades1 dies1 etc4 ,=g+ %\ld be done at a light r$ heat4 ,x welds readily & h>d5s at a bright r$ heat4 ,/eel f #a to #a4a p] c5t c>bon %\ld be us$ = h& *isels1 pun*es1 pun* dies1 small %e> blades1 etc4 ,=g+ %\ld be done at a light r$ heat4 ,x welds readily & h>d5s at a bright r$ heat4 ,/eel f #a4a to #a4b p] c5t c>bon %\ld be us$ = screw-cutt+ dies1 l>ge cutt+ & trimm+ dies1 small pun*es1 small h& *isels1 l>ge mill+ cutt]s1 cups1 cones1 etc4 ,=g+ %\ld be done at a light r$ heat4 ,x welds readily :5 c>e is tak5 9 heat+1 & h>d5s at a bright r$ heat4 ,/eel f #a4b to #a4c p] c5t c>bon %\ld be us$ = drills1 taps1 ream]s1 mill+ cutt]s1 circul> cutt]s1 cutt+ & trimm+ dies1 mill picks1 engrav+ tools1 twi/ drills1 etc4 ,=g+ %\ld be done at a bright r$ heat4 ,weld+ c be done :5 precaution is tak5 aga9/ ov]heat+ & burn+4 ,x h>d5s at a dull r$ heat4 ,/eel f #a4c to #a4d p] c5t c>bon %\ld be us$ = small drills1 taps1 cutt]s1 bor+ tools1 etc4 ,=g+ %\ld be done at a bright r$ heat2 weld+ c be done ) c>e aga9/ ov]heat+4 ,x h>d5s at a dull r$ heat4 ,?is /eel %\ld be h&l$ c>efully4 ,/eel f #a4d to #a4e p] c5t c>bon %\ld be us$ = tools = work+ *ill$ ca/+s or locomotive :eel tires1 la! & plan] tools1 razors1 or any tools requir$ to cut h>d mat]ials4 ,=g+ %\ld be done at a dull r$ heat4 ,weld+ c sc>cely be accompli%$ ) ?is grade ( /ock4 ,h>d5+ %\ld be done at a d>k r$ heat4 #hg4 ,injuries4--,"o ( ! mo/ common injuries to /eel comes f c>elessness 9 ! heat+ = =g+4 ,x is "o ( ! important op]ations1 = unless ! metal is uni=mly heat$1 viol5t /ra9s are liable to occur1 &1 :5 h>d5$1 ! /eel w %[ ^! /ra9s by crack+4 ,^! defects are kn[n z fire cracks4 ,! smi? %\ld always h pl5ty ( fuel surr\nd+ ! metal :ile x is 9 ! fire s t ! cold-air bla/ w n come 9 direct contact ) ! metal4 ,! air %\ld be heat$ by pass+ ?r\gh a b$ ( hot coals be=e x /rikes ! /eel4 ,x is always necess>y to heat /eel ?or\ghly to make x pla/ic1 be+ c>eful n to ov]heat or burn any "p ( ! metal4 ,if x is ov]heat$ or burn$1 x _c be completely re/or$ to its =m] /ate2 ! gra9 becomes co>se & ! /ructure weak4 ,nev] let /eel lie 9 ! fire to soak up heat aft] x is hot en\gh to "w4 ,if = any cause x _c be work$ :5 x is ready1 x %\ld be tak5 f ! fire & left to cool1 !n reheat$ :5 x c be work$4 ,by ?is precaution injury to ! /eel w be prev5t$4 ,if /eel is heat$ s t ! out] p>ts are hott] ?an ! c5t]1 ! metal w =ge unev5ly4 ,! out] portion w be =g$ by ! hamm] bl[s1 :ile ! c5t] rema9s almo/ 9 ! orig9al =m4 ,?is w also cause an unev5 gra91 sure to produce cracks :5 ! tool is h>d5$4 ,=g+ at too l[ a heat w injure ! /eel 9 ! same mann] z unev5 heat+4 ,aft] ! /eel has be5 prop]ly heat$1 & =g+ has begun1 ! fir/ bl[s %\ld be /ruck r heavily & foll[$ by light] ones z ! heat vani%es4 ,! =g+ %\ld cease :5 ! /eel gets too cold1 b x may be reheat$ z (t5 z necess>y to complete ! "w4 #hh4 ,anneal+4--,aft] ! /eel has be5 =g$ to ! desir$ %ape1 x usually is necess>y to d "s f9i%+ ^u x be=e x c be h>d5$ & temp]$2 9 ord] to d ?is1 x mu/ be anneal$ or s(t5$ s t x c be ma*9$ or fil$ into %ape4 ,anneal+ is ! process ( s(t5+ /eel4 ,x is done by heat+ ! /eel sl[ly to an ev5 l[ r$ heat & plac+ x 9 an iron box conta9+ unslak$ lime or f9e *>coal & leav+ x !re until p]fectly cold4 ,! object ( ?is process is to reta9 ! heat & prolong ! cool+4 ,! box is usually ( ca/ iron1 b %eet /eel is equally good4 ,x %\ld be plac$ 9 a p]fectly dry place & re/ on bricks1 if necess>y1 to avoid any dampness4 ,if an anneal+ box is n at h&1 small /eel =g+s c be s(t5$ v satisfactorily by plac+ !m betwe5 two bo>ds1 !n completely cov]+ all ) dry a%es & leav+ !m !re until entirely cold4 ,precaution %\ld be tak5 "h1 also1 to leave !m 9 a dry place4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* is sometimes us$1 is call$ wat] anneal+4 ,"s me*anics claim to h _h good results ) x1 :ile o!rs condemn x entirely4 ,by ?is me?od ! article is heat$ to a dull r$ & all[$ to cool p>tly1 out ( any direct curr5t ( air4 ,:5 all r$ness has disappe>$ z x is held 9 a d>k place1 x is plung$ into wat] & left !re until p]fectly cold4 ,! fir/ me?od m5tion$ above is always ! be/2 ! second is ne>ly z good2 & only :5 !re is n suffici5t "t to all[ ! metal to cool sl[ly1 %\ld wat] anneal+ be attempt$4 ,su* tools z cold *isels & la! tools may be heat$ & laid 9 or on w>m a%es until ne>ly cold1 :5 !y may be gr\nd1 h>d5$1 & temp]$4 ,q frequ5tly1 if n g5]ally1 ^! tools are n treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 b x is no d\bt ! c\rse to pursue to get ! be/ results4 #hi4 ,h>d5+ & ,temp]+4--,:5 /eel has be5 prop]ly heat$1 =g$1 f9i%$1 or gr\nd1 ! next two /eps are h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,^! two processes are (t5 und]/ood z "o1 b !y are entirely diff]5t 9 _! results4 ,! confusion arises because ! two op]ations are sometimes p]=m$ ) "o heat+ ( ! /eel z 9 h>d5+ & temp]+ a cold *isel1 or o!r simil> tools4 ,z ! /eel has be5 subject$ to sev]e /ra9s dur+ ! heat+ & =g+ op]ations1 its /ructure may h be5 some:at alt]$4 ,x c be re/or$ to ! prop] cry/all9e /ructure by ! h>d5+1 sci5tifically kn[n z ref9+4 ,! h>d5+ or ref9+ heat is always l[] ?an ! =g+ heat1 & %\ld be only z high z is necess>y to h>d5 ! /eel to ! requir$ d5sity by sudd5 cool+4 ,!n ?is fir/ op]ation ( cool+ w h>d5 & ref9e ! /eel at ! same "t4 ,extreme h>dness is always accompani$ by extreme brittl5ess1 a quality undesirable 9 any cutt+ tool1 & especially s 9 a tool requir$ to )/& sudd5 %ocks4 ,z ! h>dness is r$uc$ by subsequ5t heat+1 ! t\ghness increases4 ,?is modification1 call$ temp]+1 is accompli%$ by reheat+ ! h>d5$ portion ( ! tool until a suffici5t t\ghness has be5 obta9$1 :5 ! process is /opp$ by aga9 plung+ ! tool into cold wat]4 ,! heat = temp]+ may be suppli$ f ! uncool$ portion ( ! tool z 9 temp]+ a cold *isel1 f ! =ge fire1 f ano!r hot piece ( metal1 or f a c>efully heat$ furnace4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! color$ oxides =m$ on ! surface ( a piece ( poli%$ /eel or iron repres5t a def9ite temp]ature 9 t metal4 ,^! colors h be5 us$1 !re=e1 to det]m9e ! desir$ temp]ature 9 temp]+ a tool4 ,:5 we say 8temp] a tool to a light /raw10 we mean t ! h>d5$ tool is to be heat$ aga9 to a degree :i* w produce t color2 namely1 ab\t #dcj degrees ,fahr4 ,! colors z !y appe> are light /raw1 d>k /raw1 bronze1 bronze ) purple spots1 purple1 d>k blue4 ,! light color appe>s fir/4 ,d n all[ ! colors to pass too quickly1 z w happ5 if ! heat appli$ is too int5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,,h>d5+ ,a ,,*isel4 ,!re are two di/9ct me?ods ( h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,! "o g5]ally foll[$ 9 temp]+ cold *isels1 la! & v>i\s o!r tools1 requires only "o heat+4 ,! tool is heat$ to a prop] h>d5+ temp]ature at ! end1 :]e h>dness is desir$1 & also ov] an excess area to supply ! heat = temp]+4 ,ab\t #b in*es ( ! cutt+ end is heat$2 ab\t #a in* ( ?is is plung$ p]p5dicul>ly into wat]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj2 x is !n kept 9 motion p]p5dicul>ly betwe5 ! places indicat$ at a & b1 :ile ! end is cool+4 ,?is w prev5t a fix$ cool+ po9t & prev5t a fracture t might possibly occur if x 7 held 9 "o position :ile cool+4 ,! portion betwe5 b & c %\ld reta9 suffici5t heat to produce ! necess>y temp]4 ,:5 ! end is p]fectly cold x %\ld be remov$ & imm$iately poli%$ ) s&/one or em]y clo? to remove ! scale ( oxide s t ! diff]5t colors may be m readily se5 z !y move f b t[>d ! po9t4 ,! heat 9 ! portion betwe5 b & c fl[s t[>d ! po9t1 caus+ ! colors to appe> z ! heat ext5ds4 ,:5 ! desir$ color cov]s ! po9t1 x %\ld aga9 be plung$ into ! wat] & left !re until entirely cold4 ,9 ?is me?od ! fir/ cool+ is ! h>d5+1 & ! second ! temp]+4 ,a comp>ative color *>t is app5d$ to ?is *apt] = guidance 9 obta9+ ! temp]s = v>i\s tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,,h>d5+ ,a ,,ream]4 ,by ! second me?od ! /eel is heat$ z 9 ! fir/ me?od1 !n x is cool$ (f entirely by imm]s+ ! tool exactly p]p5dicul>ly1 z %[n 9 h>d5+ a ream] 9 ,fig4 #ga2 aft] ?is x is poli%$4 ,! temp] is !n drawn by hold+ ! tool 9 contact ) a piece ( heat$ metal1 ca/ iron pref]ably4 ,9 ,fig4 #gb ! ream] is %[n inside ( a heat$ bu%+1 :i* is a m practical way ?an lay+ x on top ( a heat$ flat plate4 ,! bu%+ w imp>t suffici5t heat to ! tool to produce ! desir$ color1 :5 x %\ld be aga9 cool$4 ,?is me?od is us$ mo/ly = temp]+ plane bits1 wood *isels1 mill+ cutt]s1 taps1 ream]s1 & v>i\s o!r tools ( a l nature4 ,sometimes tools hav+ %>p protrud+ edges1 z mill+ cutt]s1 taps1 ream]s1 etc41 are v liable to crack by ! sudd5 cool+ 9 wat]2 ?is difficulty is avoid$ by us+ oil = h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,any s treat$ are call$ oil-temp]$ tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,,temp]+ ,a ,,ream]4 ,! above me?ods ( temp]+ are su* z are ord9>ily us$ :5 only a common %op equipm5t is at h&1 & ! op]ator mu/ dep5d entirely ^u 8 judgm5t ( ! colors :i* repres5t ! prop] =g+1 anneal+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+ heats4 ,! degree ( accuracy t has be5 atta9$ 9 ?is practice is mo/ surpris+4 ,9 l>ge manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts :]e _m duplicate pieces are to be temp]$1 a m mod]n z well z sci5tific app>atus is employ$ to relieve ! op]ator ( dep5d5ce ^u 8 disc]nm5t ( colors4 ,"h ! /eel is heat$ 9 a furnace1 to :i* is atta*$ a pyromet] t regi/]s ! exact degree ( temp]ature4 ,9 ?is mann] all pieces c be heat$ uni=mly = any ( ! f\r requir$ heats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,,sectional ,,views ,,( ,,tool ,,/eel1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,prop] ,,& ,,improp] ,,treatm5t4 ,a4 ,natural ,b>4 ,b4 ,ref9$4 ,c4 ,too hot4 ,d4 ,burn$4 ,! views 9 ,fig4 #gc 7 photograph$ f ! same grade or b> ( /eel to %[ ! v>i\s granul> /ructures produc$ by diff]5t heat treatm5ts4 ,a %[s ! condition ( ! natural b>1 :i* 0 brok5 to be photograph$ j z x 0 receiv$ f ! /eel mak]s4 ,! l[] left side %[s :]e x 0 nick$ ) ! cutt] to be brok54 ,b %[s ! /ructure :5 prop] conditions ( heat+ & h>d5+ h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,notice h[ mu* f9] ! /ructure "h appe>s to be2 ?is effect 0 caus$ by1 & previ\sly ref]r$ to z1 ! ref9+ heat ( /eel4 ,a simil> condition %\ld be produc$ ) any tool /eel "u correct treatm5t4 ,c %[s a mu* co>s] /ructure2 x 0 heat$ too hot & h>d5$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,if a tool 7 made ?us1 its weakness w\ld be h>dly noticeable at ! "t1 b ! /ructure %[s t x is consid]ably weak]4 ,d %[s ! condition ( ! /ock aft] be+ burn$4 ,x has produc$ f a quality ( /eel t 0 valuable1 a metal wor?less = any k9d ( tool4 #ij4 ,caseh>d5+4--,ano!r me?od ( h>d5+1 call$ caseh>d5+1 is us$ = wr\ght iron & l[ c>bon or s(t /eel p>ts :i* are to be subject$ to consid]able friction4 ,nei!r ( ^! metals c\ld be h>d5$ by ! o!r me?ods m5tion$4 ,?is process adds c>bon to ! ext]ior surfaces only1 & = t reason is call$ caseh>d5+1 z ! outside is made extremely h>d1 :ile ! inn] portion or core rema9s 9 a condition l t produc$ by sudd5 cool+1 ?us provid+ a h>d we>+ surface & great /r5g? at ! same "t4 ,x is simil> to ! old cem5tation process ( /eel mak+1 b is n prolong$ suffici5tly to all[ ! h>d5+ to cont9ue ?r\gh ! entire /ructure4 ,! articles to be h>d5$ are pack$ 9 a box some:at simil> to an anneal+ box4 ,?is %\ld be p>tly fill$ ) *>r$ lea!r1 gr\nd bone1 or wood or bone *>coal1 all ( :i* are highly c>bonace\s mat]ials2 !n ! articles are plac$ 9 & entirely surr\nd$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( cyanide ( potassium1 especially if iron is be+ h>d5$4 ,! rema9+ space 9 ! box is fill$ ) ! lea!r1 bone1 or pieces ( *>coal4 ,! box %\ld be provid$ ) a lid t w drop loosely betwe5 ! out] project+ rims4 ,! out] edges ( ?is lid %\ld be lut$ ) clay to keep x z air-tight z possible4 ,if a few small holes are provid$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! lid1 te/ wires c be ins]t$2 by remov+ a wire & cool+ x1 ! progress ( ! op]ation may be kn[n4 ,^! wires %\ld be ins]t$ be=e ! box is plac$ 9 ! furnace4 ,! box & its cont5ts are !n plac$ 9 a suitable furnace & kept ?or\ghly heat$ f #f to #ae h\rs1 dep5d+ ^u ! dep? ( h>dness requir$4 ,!n x is )drawn1 ! lid remov$1 & ! articles quickly plung$ into a l>ge tank ( wat]4 ,?is w complete ! h>d5+4 ,:5 a numb] ( v small articles are to be h>d5$1 x is advisable to connect !m ) /rong bail+ wire be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! box s t !y c all be remov$ at once4 ,beside hold+ ! articles toge!r1 ! wire w provide a means ( te/+ ! dep? & quality ( ! process4 ,if only a ?9 coat+ ( h>dness is ne$$1 or ! labor & exp5se are excessive1 ! foll[+ me?od may be us$3 ,! article is heat$ ?or\ghly & ev5ly to ab\t a bright r$ & ?or\ghly spr9kl$ )1 or roll$ 91 cyanide ( potassium4 ,!n x is reheat$ s t ! cyanide may p5etrate z deeply z possible1 aft] :i* x is quickly *ill$ 9 cold wat]4 ,?is is a good me?od ( h>d5+ small tack hamm]s made ( s(t /eel1 set screws1 nuts1 & v small tools4 ,,temp]ature ,,& ,,color ,,*>t ,,to ,,be ,,us$ ,,9 ,,temp]+ ,tools ,temp]ature 7,fahr47 ,color ,degrees ,scrap]s = brass #dcj ,v pale yell[ ,light turn+ tools #dcj ,v pale yell[ ,la! & plan] tools = /eel #dcj ,v pale yell[ ,/eel engrav+ tools #dcj ,v pale yell[ ,mill+ & bor+ cutt]s #dfj ,/raw yell[ ,screw-cutt+ dies #dfj ,/raw yell[ ,taps & ream]s #dfj ,/raw yell[ ,pun*es & dies #dhj ,d>k /raw ,p5knives #dhj ,d>k /raw ,twi/ drills #ejj ,bronze ,plane irons #ejj ,bronze ,surgical in/rum5ts #ecj ,d>k purple ,cold *isels = /eel #edj ,d>k purple ,cold *isels = ca/ iron #eej ,d>k blue ,cold *isels = wr\ght iron #eej ,d>k blue ,spr+s #egj ,v d>k blue ,,suitable ,,temp]ature 7,,fahr47 ,,=3 ,degrees ,anneal+ tool /eel #ijj ,=g+ tool /eel #abjj to #aejj ,h>d5+ tool /eel #abjj to #adjj ,caseh>d5+ iron or s(t /eel #acjj to #aejj ,,colors ,,& ,,correspond+ ,,temp]atures 7,,fahr47 ,,= ,,iron ,bright r$ 9 d>k #gej to #gfj ,r$ hot 9 twilight #hhj to #hij ,d>k r$ h>dly visible 9 daylight #igj ,r$ visible by daylight #ajgj ,bright] r$ by daylight #acjj ,*]ry r$ by daylight #adej ,bright *]ry r$ by daylight #afej ,light *]ry r$ by daylight #ahjj ,orange #bjjj ,yell[ #baej ,:ite heat #bcej ,:ite weld+ heat #bfjj ,:ite weld+ & dazzl+ #bhjj ,,que/ions ,,= ,,review ,:at is meant by ! c>bon cont5ts ( /eel8 ,:y is /eel grad$ accord+ to its c>bon cont5t8 ,expla9 ! cause ( fire cracks4 ,h[ c !y be prev5t$8 ,:y %\ld /eel be ?or\ghly heal$8 ,if /eel is ov]heat$ or burn$1 :at is ! effect8 ,:y %\ld /eel nev] be left 9 ! fire to soak up heat8 ,h[ does /eel =ge if x is unev5ly heat$8 ,h[ %\ld ! bl[s be deliv]$ 9 =g+ /eel8 ,:at is anneal+8 ,describe ?ree me?ods ( anneal+4 ,is x be/ to anneal cold *isels & la! tools8 ,expla9 ! process ( h>d5+ /eel4 ,:at effects does h>d5+ h8 ,are ! =g+ & ! h>d5+ heats ! same8 ,:y is /eel poli%$ aft] x is h>d5$8 ,expla9 ! process ( temp]+4 ,:at is ! effect ( temp]+8 ,h[ may ! heat be suppli$ = temp]+8 ,"n ! colors 9 ord] z !y appe> 9 heat+ /eel4 ,expla9 ! me?ods ( h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,:y %\ld a cold *isel be kept 9 motion :5 x is be+ h>d5$8 ,:at is meant by oil-temp]+8 ,:at is meant by caseh>d5+8 ,expla9 diff]5t me?ods ( caseh>d5+4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,tool ,,mak+ ,,& ,,/ock ,,calculation #ia4 ,tongs4--,z tongs are among ! mo/ important tools & q difficult to make1 !y w be tak5 up 9 ?is *apt] on tool mak+4 ,! weake/ places 9 a pair ( tongs are :]e ! %\ld]s or (fsets are =m$ = ! jaws & h&les4 ,^! places %\ld be ren=c$ by fillets z l>ge z ! usefulness & appe>ance ( ! tongs w p]mit2 !y %\ld nev] be made %>p & squ>e1 unless _! con/ruction dem&s x4 ,all tongs = g5]al blacksmi?+ c be =g$ prop]ly ) ! h& hamm] & ! use ( su* tools z ! top full]1 ! swages1 & ! r\nd-edg$ set hamm]4 ,"s assi/ance ) a light sl$ge w be necess>y4 ,! use ( su* tools z a squ>e-edg$ set or ! file = =m+ %\ld]s or fillets is v objectionable1 especially 9 ! h&s ( unskill$ workm54 ,if ! two p>ts d n seem to fit z !y %\ld1 due to ! fillets :i* are pres5t1 !y w g5]ally adju/ !mselves :5 !y are rivet$ toge!r1 heat$1 & work$ freely4 #ib4 ,heavy ,flat ,tongs4--,fig4 #gd4 ,full]+1 =g+1 swag+1 pun*+1 & rivet+4 ,mat]ial3 #ae in*es ( #g_/h-;in* squ>e mild /eel4 ,m>k ! c5t] ( ! #ae-;in* l5g? ) a h>dy or cold *isel4 ,=m two depressions #c_/h in* deep1 ) a top full]1 "o #b in*es f ! end at a1 ! o!r #c in*es f ! same end b on ! opposite side4 ,=m a ?ird depression to ! same dep?1 b at an angle ( #de degrees1 />t+ f ! bottom ( ! fir/ "o1 & on ! side indicat$ by ! brok5 l9e1 z at b4 ,draw ! #b-;in* end to #a #a_/b in* f a1 tap]+ to #a #c_/h in* at ! end4 ,?is portion =ms "o jaw1 z %[n at c4 ,n[ flatt5 out ab\t #b in*es ( ! metal f ! bevel$ depression b t[>d ! c5t] m>k1 to #i_/af in* ?ick1 all[+ ! metal to spread z wide z possible4 ,?is %\ld !n be =g$ & =m$ into %ape = ! jo9t d1 & ! full] aga9 plac$ 9 ! second depression to make ! dim5sion !re #e_/h in*1 z %[n at d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,heavy ,,flat ,,tongs4 ,=ge ! o!r end 9 ! same mann]1 ex]t+ due c>e to h all dim5sions correspond2 cut ! /ock 9 two at ! c5t]4 ,draw out ! heavy ends = ! h&les ) ! p[] hamm] or ) "s assi/ance f a sl$ge4 ,!y %\ld be r\ghly =g$ at fir/ ) an all[ance = f9i%+ z foll[s3 ,beg9n+ at ! jo9t1 use ! top & bottom swages on ! out] edges ?r\gh ! greate/ wid?1 & swage to #e_/h #a_/b in*4 ,?is swag+ %\ld be cont9u$ t[>d ! end to =m ! h&le4 ,by us+ ! flatt] dur+ ! swag+1 ! sides may be kept /raight1 smoo?1 & slightly tap]+ to a r\nd section4 ,make ! end #c_/h in* 9 diamet] = a l5g? ( #c in*es4 ,sket* ,f %[s "o side ( a pair ( tongs drawn & swag$4 ,place ! p>ts toge!r to see if !y fit prop]ly2 if !y d n1 make ! necess>y alt]ations4 ,use a top full] to =m a groove e ab\t #a_/h in* deep1 l5g?wise on ! inside ( ! jaws1 & smoo? ! sides & edges ) a flatt]4 ,!n pun* a #c_/h-;in* hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! jo9t1 z %[n 9 sket* ,f4 ,?is %\ld be done on bo? p>ts4 ,heat ?or\ghly ! end ( a #c_/h-;in* rivet1 #a-c_/d in*es long1 & ) x rivet ! two portions tightly toge!r4 ,heat ! tongs1 make !m "w freely1 & adju/ !m to hold #c_/h-;in* flat iron1 ) ! entire l5g? ( ! jaws 9 contact & ) ! ends ( ! h&les #a in* ap>t4 ,! jaws & h&les %\ld be adju/$ s t a l9e ext5d$ l5g?wise across ! c5t] ( ! rivet w\ld pass midway betwe5 !m4 #ic4 ,light ,*a9 ,tongs4--,fig4 #ge4 ,=g+1 swag+1 pun*+1 full]+1 & rivet+4 ,mat]ial3 #ac in*es ( #c_/d-;in* squ>e mild /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,light ,,*a9 ,,tongs4 ,m>k ! c5t] ( ?is l5g? ) a h>dy or cold *isel4 ,=m a %\ld] #a-a_/d in*es f ! end1 & draw ?is end to #g_/h #a_/b in* at ! bottom ( ! %\ld]1 tap]+ to #c_/d #c_/h in* at ! end1 z at a4 ,=m a second %\ld] at an angle ( #de degrees1 />t+ f ! bottom ( ! fir/ "o1 by hold+ ! "w on ! anvil1 z %[n at b4 ,! bl[s %\ld be direct$ a little t[>d ! c5t] m>k1 to flatt5 & spread ! metal = =m+ ! jo9t ( ! tongs4 ,=m a ?ird %\ld] at c1 #a in* f & on ! opposite side to ! fir/ & t[>d ! c5t] m>k1 ! ?ickness "h be+ #a_/b in*4 ,note t ^! %\ld]s %\ld be made ) ov]hang+ bl[s & n by us+ ! full]4 ,! metal betwe5 ! %\ld]s c & a %\ld n[ be =g$ into %ape = ! jo9t4 ,=ge ! o!r end 9 a simil> mann]1 be+ c>eful to h all dim5sions correspond2 !n cut ! /ock 9 two at ! c5t]4 ,draw out ! heavy ends = ! h&les ) a p[] hamm] or ) "s assi/ance f a sl$ge4 ,r\ghly =ge !m f #a_/b #g_/af at c1 d[n to #e_/af in* r\nd1 #c in*es f ! end4 ,f9i% ! edges by us+ ! top & bottom swages4 ,by us+ ! flatt] on ! sides dur+ ! swag+1 ! h&le may be kept /raight1 smoo?1 & slightly tap]$ to :]e x t]m9ates into r\nd4 ,sket* ,f 9 ,fig4 #gd %[s ! h&le drawn out & swag$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,! ,,complet$ ,,light ,,tongs4 ,place ! two p>ts toge!r to see if !y fit prop]ly2 if !y d n1 make ! necess>y alt]ations4 ,tak+ ea* piece sep>ately1 p]=m ! foll[+ op]ations3 ,full] a groove #a_/h in* deep1 l5g?wise on ! inside ( ! jaw1 & ano!r crosswise ab\t #a_/d in* f ! end z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #gf4 ,!n pun* a #e_/af-;in* hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! jo9t4 ,a #e_/af-;in* rivet #a-a_/b in*es long %\ld be obta9$1 its end %\ld be ?or\ghly heat$1 & ! two p>ts rivet$ tightly toge!r4 ,heat ! tongs & make !m "w freely2 adju/ !m to hold #c_/af-;in* flat iron ) ! full l5g? ( ! jaws 9 contact1 also to hold #c_/h-;in* r\nd mat]ial 9 ! cross groove :5 ! h&les are #a in* ap>t4 ,!y %\ld be adju/$1 s t if a l9e 7 ext5d$ l5g?wise ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! rivet1 x w\ld pass midway betwe5 ! jaws & h&les4 ,:5 complete ^! tongs w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #gf4 #id4 ,la! ,tools4--,a complete description ( la! tools w\ld require too mu* space 9 ?is book1 !re=e only six common ones w be expla9$2 by apply+ ! k receiv$ f mak+ ^!1 ! op]ator %\ld be able to =ge _m o!rs4 ,^! ) ! o!r tool /eel ex]cises %\ld supply suffici5t practice 9 =g+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+ tool /eel4 ,if ^! tools are to be put into practical use1 a good quality ( tool /eel %\ld be provid$1 cut ab\t #h in*es long = ea* "o1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! heat+1 =g+1 & temp]+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are to be made = practice alone1 !n mu* %ort] pieces may be conv5i5tly us$1 also an inf]ior grade ( /eel2 mild or s(t /eel w\ld be suffici5tly good to provide ! ne$$ practice 9 heat+1 =g+1 & temp]+4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! mat]ial is inf]ior1 ! op]ations %\ld receive ! mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,! mat]ial may be #a #a_/b-;in*1 #g_/h #c_/h-;in*1 or any suitable /ock size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,brass ,,tool4 #ie4 ,brass ,tool4--,fig4 #gg4 ,=g+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+4 ,mat]ial3 #f to #h in*es ( #a_/b #a-;in* tool /eel4 ,/>t+ ab\t #c_/d in* f "o end1 draw to a uni=m tap] on bo? sides & on "o edge only1 s t ! metal is #a_/d in* ?ick & #a_/b in* wide at ! end4 ,! l[] or bevel$ edge also %\ld be drawn ?9n] ?an ! upp] to provide ! necess>y cle>ance am\nt+ to ab\t #e degrees on ea* side1 z %[n 9 ! sectional view4 ,! end %\ld be cut (f at an angle ( #gj degrees & gr\nd semicircul> 9 =m ) ! necess>y cle>ance4 ,heat ab\t #b in*es ( ?is end & h>d5 9 ! mann] describ$ = ! cold *isel1 b 9 ?is case ! color = temp]+ is a v pale yell[4 #if4 ,cutt+-(f or ,p>t+ ,tool4--,fig4 #gh4 ,full]+1 =g+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+4 ,mat]ial3 #g in*es ( #a_/b #a-;in* tool /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,,cutt+-,,(f ,,or ,,p>t+ ,,tool4 ,) a top full] =m a depression across "o side #e_/h in* f ! end1 full]+ ! metal to #c_/af in* ?ick4 ,draw ?is end d[n to #a #c_/af in*4 ,! ?ickness ( ! metal :]e x 0 full]$ %\ld also be decreas$ to #a_/h in*1 gradually increas+ to #c_/af in* at ! end1 tak+ extreme c>e to h suffici5t cle>ance f front to back & f top to bottom4 ,! cutt+ edge is g5]ally all[$ to project ab\t #a_/h in* above ! /ock2 ! end is trimm$ (f at an angle ( #ge to #hj degrees & gr\nd1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh1 aft] :i* x is h>d5$ & temp]$ to a pale yell[4 #ig4 ,heavy ,bor+ ,tool4--,fig4 #gi4 ,draw+1 b5d+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+4 ,mat]ial3 #g in*es ( #a_/b #a-;in* tool /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,,heavy ,,bor+ ,,tool4 ,draw ab\t #b-a_/b in*es tap]+ to #a_/b in* squ>e at ! end2 ! tap] on ! top edge %\ld be only #a_/h in*1 :ile t on ! bottom %\ld be #c_/h in*1 z %[n at a4 ,) ! metal re/+ flat on ! anvil & ! top edge to ! left1 b5d d[n #c_/d in* ( ! end to an angle ( ab\t #hj degrees1 !n =ge d[n ! corn]s f ! po9t back to ! heel1 to a slight octagonal =m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,gr9d ! project+ end ( ! angle semicircul> ) a cle>ance ( #ae degrees1 !n h>d5 & temp] to a pale yell[4 #ih4 ,light ,bor+ or ,?read+ ,tool4--,full]+1 draw+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+4 ,mat]ial3 #e in*es ( #a_/b #a-;in* tool /eel4 ,us+ a top full]1 =m a depression #g_/af in* deep on "o edge & #b in*es f ! end4 ,draw ?is metal slightly tap]+ to #g_/af in* squ>e at ! end1 keep+ x /raight on ! top4 ,) ! metal re/+ flat on ! anvil & ! /raight edge to ! left1 b5d d[n #c_/d in* ( ! end to an angle ( #hj degrees1 !n =ge ! corn]s betwe5 ! angle & :]e ! depression 0 =m$ to a slight octagonal =m4 ,= a bor+ tool1 gr9d ! project+ end ( ! angle semicircul> 9 =m1 ) suffici5t cle>ance = bor+ a hole ( ! desir$ size2 = a ?read+ tool gr9d x to ! prop] angle ( ! ?read ) suffici5t cle>ance1 !n h>d5 & temp] x to a pale yell[4 #ii4 ,diamond ,po9t ,tool4--,fig4 #hj4 ,=g+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+4 ,mat]ial3 #g in*es ( #a_/b #a-;in* tool /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,diamond ,,po9t ,,tool4 ,us+ a top full]1 =m a depression #c_/h in* deep on "o edge #c_/d in* f ! end1 z at a4 ,!n hold+ ! depression ov] a r\nd edge ( ! anvil & deliv]+ bl[s on ! end1 z indicat$ at b1 =ge ! #c_/d-;in* end into a squ>e =m1 at an angle ( #gj degrees to ! l[] edge ( ! /ock1 z %[n at c4 ,by re/+ ! inn] corn]s ( ?is end on ! face ( ! anvil & deliv]+ bl[s on ! opposite outside corn]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha1 its =m %\ld be *ang$ to #g_/af in* squ>e1 project+ diagonally f ! /ock1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,,*ang+ ,,! ,,=m ,,( c1 ,,fig4 #hj1 ,,to ,,t ,,( a1 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,diamond ,,po9t ,,tool1 ,,f9i%$4 ,by us+ a %>p1 hot cutt] & cutt+ entirely f ! "r inside surface 7a1 ,fig4 #hb71 & by hold+ ! po9t ov] ! edge ( ! anvil1 s t ! op]ation w h a %e>+ effect1 ! excess metal :i* ext5ds m ?an #c_/h in* above ! upp] l9e ( ! /ock may be remov$4 ,= a "r-h& tool ! po9t %\ld be set #a_/h in* to ! left1 z %[n at b1 ! two outside surfaces be+ gr\nd smoo? & =m+ an acute angle2 ! inside portion ( ! end on ! side indicat$ by a %\ld be gr\nd some:at %ort]1 produc+ a diamond-%ap$ appe>ance4 ,h>d5 & temp] to a v pale yell[4 ,rev]se ! op]ations ( cutt+1 sett+1 & gr9d+ = a left-h& tool4 #ajj4 ,"r ,side ,tool4--,fig4 #hc4 ,=g+1 (fsett+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+4 ,mat]ial3 #g in*es ( #a_/b #a-;in* tool /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,side ,,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,,side ,,tool4 ,heat & cut (f ab\t #e_/h in* ( "o corn]1 z at a1 ,fig4 #hc1 & =m a depression ) ! top full] #a-a_/b in*es f ! end on ! side indicat$ at b1 #a_/d in* deep at ! upp] edge1 leav+ ! metal full ?ickness at ! l[] edge4 ,!n ! metal %\ld be r\ghly spread out f ! upp] edge ( ! /ock by hold+ ! full] l5g?wise1 z %[n at ,c1 leav+ ! l[] edge ! full ?ickness1 & smoo!d ) a flatt]1 draw+ ! upp] edge to #a_/h in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! above op]ations c\ld be done ) a h& hamm]1 b n )\t consid]able h>d "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,,(fsett+ ,,! ,,side ,,tool ,,= ,,cle>ance4 ,trim ?is end to ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd1 by us+ a %>p1 hot cutt] & cutt+ entirely f ! side indicat$ by d4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done correctly remove all metal ext5d+ m ?an #a_/d in* above ! upp] edge ( ! /ock4 ,:5 ?is has be5 =g$ to ! correct %ape1 heat & place ! tool s t ! full]$ %\ld] is j beyond ! edge ( ! anvil1 !n =m ! (fset ) a r\nd-edg$ set hamm]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #he4 ,gr9d ! upp] edge p>allel ) ! /ock b at a slight angle1 to produce a cutt+ edge1 & gr9d ! face side /raight & smoo?4 ,9 cool+ ?is tool = h>d5+ x %\ld be plac$ 9 ! wat]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf1 to insure h>d5+ ! :ole cutt+ edge4 ,leave suffici5t heat 9 ! heel or bottom ( ! tool to draw ! temp] uni=mly to a pale yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,,h>d5+ ,,! ,,side ,,tool4 #aja4 ,=g+ ,tools4--,! foll[+ =g+ tools are some:at small] ?an ^? us$ 9 g5]al smi? "w1 b !y are p]fectly s]viceable & suffici5tly heavy = manual tra9+ or consid]able ord9>y "w4 ,! mat]ial = _! con/ruction %\ld be tool /eel ( #j4hj to #j4ij p] c5t c>bon1 #a-a_/d in*es squ>e1 unless o!rwise specifi$4 ,! holes or eyes %\ld be pun*$ /raight1 & ! precautions =m]ly giv5 "u ! head ( pun*es %\ld be obs]v$4 ,a tap]$ drift p9 ( an oval section #g_/h #e_/h in* at ! l>ge/ end1 also a small] oval-%ap$ h&le pun*1 %\ld fir/ be provid$4 #ajb4 ,cold ,*isel4--,fig4 #hg4 ,=g+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+ tool /eel4 ,mat]ial3 #f-a_/b in*es ( #c_/d-;in* octagonal tool /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,,cold ,,*isel4 ,fir/ draw #a_/b in* ( "o end to a smoo?1 r\nd tap] ab\t #c_/h in* 9 diamet] at ! extreme end1 !n gr9d (f ! r\gh project+ edges until x is #a_/b in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is end %\ld n be cool$ quickly1 because x might h>d5 some:at1 :i* w\ld cause x to break easily4 ,/>t+ #b in*es f ! opposite end1 draw ! tool tap]+ to #a_/h in* ?ick & #a in* wide1 us+ ! flatt] on ^! tap]$ sides & edges4 ,!y %\ld be made /raight & smoo?1 ) ! edges p]fectly p>allel4 ,two views ) dim5sions are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,gr9d ! cutt+ edge ( ! *isel to ! desir$ angle1 !n h>d5 & temp] x z foll[s3 ,heat ab\t #b in*es ( ! cutt+ end to a dull *]ry r$ & plunge ab\t #a in* ( ?is p]p5dicul>ly into wat]2 )draw x ab\t #a_/b in*1 & keep x 9 motion betwe5 ! fir/ & second cool+ places until ! end is p]fectly cold4 ,remove ! tool & quickly poli% "o side ) em]y clo? or s&/one1 wat*+ ! v>y+ colors z !y make _! appe>ance & move t[>d ! edge2 :5 ! d>k purple or blue color entirely cov]s ! po9t1 ?ru/ x into ! wat] aga9 & leave x !re until ?or\ghly cool$4 ,regr9d cauti\sly1 protect+ ! temp]1 & te/ its cutt+ qualities on a piece ( ca/ iron or s(t /eel4 #ajc4 ,hot ,cutt]4--,figs4 #hh & #hi4 ,pun*+1 full]+1 =g+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+4 ,mat]ial3 #d in*es ( #a-a_/d-;in* squ>e tool /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,hot ,,cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,,hot ,,cutt]4 ,pun* & drift an eyehole #a-c_/d in*es f ! end1 mak+ all sides /raight & smoo?1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #hh4 ,) a pair ( #c_/d-;in* full]s1 =m two depressions on opposite sides #a_/d in* f ! eye1 z at b1 full]+ ! metal to #e_/h in* ?ick4 ,f ?is place draw ! end tap]+ to #a-a_/b #a_/h in*1 & trim x (f at a "r angle to ! /ock1 z at c4 ,us+ a hot cutt] & work+ equally f all sides1 cut ! tool f ! b> #a-a_/d in*es f ! edge ( ! eye4 ,draw ! head end tap]+ to ab\t #g_/h in* f ! eye1 draw ! corn]s to =m a slightly octagonal section4 ,remove all project+ metal s z to produce a convex head4 7,see ,fig4 #hi47 ,?is w be ref]r$ to lat] z =m+ ! head4 ,gr9d bo? sides ( ! cutt+ end equally to =m an angle ( #fj degrees1 ) ! cutt+ edge p>allel to ! eye4 ,h>d51 & temp] to a d>k purple or blue4 #ajd4 ,cold ,cutt]4--,figs4 #ij & #ia4 ,pun*+1 =g+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+4 ,mat]ial3 #d in*es ( #a-a_/d-;in* squ>e tool /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,cold ,,cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,,cold ,,cutt]4 ,pun* & drift an eye #b in*es f ! end a1 ,fig4 #ij4 ,draw ?is end tap]+ on ! sides p>allel ) ! eye1 =m+ convex surfaces & t]m9at+ 9 #a #c_/af in*4 7,see sket*es b & c47 ,cut ! tool (f at c1 #a-a_/d in*es f ! eye1 & =m ! head4 ,gr9d ! cutt+ end equally f bo? sides to =m an angle ( #fj degrees1 & a convex cutt+ edge simil> to t %[n at d4 ,h>d51 & temp] to a d>k purple or light blue4 ,! f9i%$ tool is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,,squ>e-,,edg$ ,,set ,,hamm]4 #aje4 ,squ>e-edg$ ,set4--,fig4 #ib4 ,pun*+ & =g+4 ,mat]ial3 #c-a_/b in*es ( #a-;in* squ>e tool /eel4 ,heavi] or light] /ock may be us$ if desir$4 ,pun* & drift an eye #a-a_/d in*es f ! end1 !n1 us+ a pair ( #c_/h-;in* full]s1 =m depressions ab\t #a_/h in* deep across ! corn]s1 z at a1 ,fig4 #ib4 ,cut ! tool (f #a-a_/b in*es f ! eye1 & =m ! head to #c_/d in* at ! end4 ,heat & anneal 9 w>m a%es2 :5 x is cold1 gr9d ! face smoo?1 /raight1 & at "r angles to ! /ock4 #ajf4 ,h>dy4--,fig4 #ic4 ,full]+1 =g+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+4 ,mat]ial3 #c in*es ( #b #g_/h-;in* tool /eel4 ,us+ /eel #b in*es wide ) a ?ickness equal to ! dim5sion ( ! h>dy hole1 full] & draw a slightly tap]$ %ank #a-c_/d or #b in*es long1 to fit loosely into ! anvil4 ,! brok5 l9es at a1 ,fig4 #ic1 indicate ! drawn %ank4 ,cut (f ! /ock #a-a_/b in*es f ! %\ld]s at b4 ,heat & drive ! drawn end into ! h>dy hole s z to squ>e up ! %\ld]s & fit !m to ! anvil4 ,!n draw ! heavy end tap]+ gradually f ! sides1 t]m9at+ #a_/h in* ?ick & #b in*es wide4 ,gr9d ?is tool simil> to ! hot cutt]2 h>d51 & temp] to a purple or blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,,h>dy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--;,,flatt] ,,or ,,r\nd-,,edg$ ,,set ,,hamm]4 #ajg4 ,flatt]4--,fig4 #id4 ,upsett+1 =g+1 & pun*+4 ,mat]ial3 #d-c_/d in*es ( #a-a_/b-;in* squ>e tool /eel4 ,9 =m+ ! face ( a flatt]1 ! metal %\ld be upset4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by ramm+1 b :5 s done1 excess metal is =m$ j above ! wide portion1 caus+ consid]able full]+ & =g+4 ,if a piece ( /eel #d-c_/d in*es long & #a-a_/b in*es squ>e is cut (f1 & "o end is drawn slightly tap]+1 x may1 :5 heat$1 be plac$ 9 a squ>e hole ( ! "r size 9 ! swage block1 ) ! drawn end support$ on some?+ solid1 leav+ #a-a_/b in*es project+4 ,! hot /eel c !n be hamm]$ d[n ) a c\ple ( sl$ges1 until ! face is =m$ to #c_/h in* ?ick or ab\t #b in*es squ>e1 z at a1 ,fig4 #id4 ,pun* & drift an eyehole #a-a_/d in*es f ! face1 !n draw & =m ! head4 ,anneal 9 w>m a%es4 ,:5 x is cold1 ! face %\ld be gr\nd p]fectly /raight1 smoo?1 & at a "r angle to ! body1 ) ! surr\nd+ edges slightly r\nd1 z %[n1 or !y may be left %>p & squ>e if desir$4 ,a r\nd-edg$ set hamm] may be made 9 ?is mann]1 b z ! face %\ld n be s l>ge1 less metal is requir$4 #ajh4 ,small ,cr[b>4--,fig4 #ie4 ,draw+1 swag+1 weld+1 & temp]+ /eel4 ,mat]ial3 #af in*es ( #c_/d-;in* squ>e mild /eel1 also a small piece ( tool /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,,/eel-,,fac$ ,,cr[b>4 ,draw #aa in*es to ! foll[+ dim5sions3 ! fir/ #d in*es to #c_/d-;in* octagon1 !n beg9n+ ) #c_/d-;in* r\nd gradually r$uce to #a_/b-;in* r\nd at ! end4 ,?is %\ld be smoo?ly =g$ & swag$4 ,=m a depression #a_/d in* deep on "o side ( ! squ>e portion #b in*es f ! end2 f ?is1 draw ! metal to #a_/b #c_/d in*2 by us+ a hot cutt] :]e ! depression 0 made1 split & raise up a sc>f fully #c_/d in* long1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,prep>e a piece ( tool /eel #b-a_/b #c_/d #a_/b in*es2 on "o end ( ?is draw a long1 ?9 sc>f & r\gh5 x ) a hot cutt]1 s x c be held 9 place securely4 7,see ,fig4 #ie47 ,heat ! b> cauti\sly :]e ! sc>f 0 rais$1 to avoid burn+ x2 slightly cool ! tool /eel & put x into place4 ,by hold+ ! piece ( /eel aga9/ a h>dy1 swage1 or full]1 ! sc>f c be hamm]$ d[n tightly ov] ! tool /eel1 :i* %\ld hold x securely = heat+4 ,place ! pieces 9 ! fire & heat !m to a r$2 remove & ?or\ghly cov] !m ) borax2 replace !m & raise ! heat to a bright yell[ or weld+ heat4 ,:ile ! fir/ light bl[s = ! weld+ are be+ deliv]$1 ! end %\ld be held aga9/ some?+ to prev5t ! /eel f be+ displac$2 :5 positive t weld+ is proce$+1 make ! bl[s heavi] & complete ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! pieces are securely jo9$1 cut (f ! corn] opposite to ! /eel face1 & draw ! b> tap]+ f ?is side1 to a %>p1 flat edge #a in* wide4 ,b5d ?is ?r\gh its smalle/ dim5sions to an inside radius ( ab\t #c-a_/b or #d in*es & ) ! edge ext5d+ #a_/b in* to "o side ( ! b>1 z 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,file or gr9d ! outside surface & edge ( ?is2 !n h>d51 & temp] to a blue4 #aji4 ,eye or ,r+ ,bolts4--,an assortm5t ( eyes is %[n 9 ,figs4 #if1 #ig1 & #ih4 ,all eyes %\ld possess two ess5tials3 ! necess>y /r5g? & a good appe>ance2 !re=e ! me?od ( mak+ %\ld be *os5 to fulfill ^? requirem5ts4 ,g5]ally ! eyes t h ! mo/ /r5g? require ! greate/ am\nt ( labor4 ,a1 ,fig4 #if1 is an op5 eye :i* is v easily made1 because b5d+ is ! only op]ation requir$4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ?is =m ( eye has already be5 expla9$ 9 section #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,,eye ,,or ,,r+ ,,bolts4 ,a1 an op5 eye2 ,b1 a weld$ eye4 ,b is a weld$ eye4 ,x is made by =m+ fir/ a flat1 po9t$ sc>f on ! end ( ! b> & b5d+ x ?r\gh its smalle/ diamet] :]e ! draw+ 0 begun4 ,?is b5d %\ld be no less ?an #gj degrees on ! out] side4 ,det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! mat]ial ne$$ = =m+ a r+ ( ! requir$ diamet]1 !n subtract ! diamet] ( ! mat]ial f ! det]m9$ l5g?4 ,us+ ?is result1 place a c5t]-pun* m>k f t di/ance f e1 & b5d ! piece at f 9 ! same direction z e4 ,=m ! metal betwe5 ! b5ds into a circle1 & place ! sc>f 9 position = weld+1 z at ,b4 ,dur+ ! heat+ = weld+1 if ! circle heats m rapidly ?an desir$1 x %\ld be cool$ (f & ! heat+ !n cont9u$4 ,! weld+ %\ld be done z quickly z possible & swag$ if requir$4 ,! eye bolt1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig1 is simil> to a solid =g$ eye4 ,x is =m$ & weld$ ) a specially =g$ sc>f call$ a butt]fly sc>f4 ,det]m9e ! am\nt ( mat]ial ne$$ to =m a r+ ( ! requir$ diamet]1 & add to t a suffici5t all[ance = upsett+ & weld+1 :i* w\ld be approximately equal to ! diamet] ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,an inv>iable rule = t all[ance _c be giv51 because ! results ( ! upsett+ are seldom ! same4 ,place a c5t]-pun* m>k ! e/imat$ di/ance f "o end ( ! b>2 !n upset ! end #a_/h in* l>g] ?an its orig9al diamet]1 next upset x at ! m>k to a simil> dim5sion1 & b5d x !re to an angle ( no less ?an #gj degrees4 ,n[ ) ! b5d ly+ flat on ! face ( ! anvil1 draw out a ?91 n>r[ sc>f ) a small ball pe5 hamm]1 n any wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! metal4 ,! sc>f may be drawn also by hold+ ! out] portion ( ! b5d on a %>p corn] ( ! anvil & by draw+ ) ov]hang+ bl[s4 ,?is sc>f is %[n 9 ! upp] view ( ,fig4 #ig z x %\ld appe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,,eye ,,bolt ,,made ,,) ,a ,,butt]fly ,,sc>f4 ,! butt]fly sc>f %\ld n[ be =m$ on ! opposite side f ! "o j f9i%$1 by hold+ ea* side ( ! end at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees on ! edge ( ! anvil2 ?is sc>f may be drawn ) ov]hang+ bl[s4 ,! extreme end %\ld also be drawn ?9 9 a simil> mann]1 :ile x is held at a "r angle ) ! edge ( ! anvil4 ,all out] edges ( ?is sc>f %\ld be ?9 & %>p4 ,b5d ! metal into a circle & place ! sc>fs 9 position1 z %[n at ,c1 hav+ all edges ov]lapp+ slightly & hamm]$ d[n into close contact4 ,heat ! "w = weld+1 obs]v+ ! precaution giv5 9 ! explanation ( ! =m] eye4 ,9 weld+1 deliv] ! fir/ few bl[s uprightly on ea* side1 !n weld ! edges ( ! sc>fs ) ! ball ( ! hamm]4 ,a few c>eful exp]im5ts ) ^! sc>fs w %[ :at is requir$1 & ) practice no m labor w be ne$$ ?an is requir$ = ! previ\s eye4 ,! f9i%$ product w be m sub/antial & pres5table4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #ih4--;,d1 ,a ,,%ip-,,smi? ,,eye2 ,e1 ,a ,,solid ,,=g$ ,,eye4 ,d1 ,fig4 #ih1 is g5]ally call$ a %ip-smi? eye1 because x is commonly us$ 9 %ip "w :]e /r5g? is ess5tial4 ,special swages1 convex l5g?wise1 are usually provid$ = %ap+ ! concave curves :]e !y are =m$ & weld$4 ,! eye %\ld be circul> betwe5 ! places indicat$ by f 9 sket* ,d1 & ! l9es f f to :]e x is weld$ %\ld be z ne>ly /raight z possible1 to increase ! /r5g?4 ,9 e/imat+ ! mat]ial1 take two ?irds ( ! l5g? = a r+ ( ! requir$ diamet]1 & add to t ! prop] all[ance = ! /ock :i* =ms ! portion f f to ! weld1 & also an am\nt suffici5t = ! sc>f4 ,?is sc>f is drawn simil> to ! "o = ! weld$ eye 9 ,fig4 #if1 b x %\ld be made convex ?r\gh its smalle/ dim5sion ) a top full]1 ^: diamet] is equal to t ( ! metal4 ,?is is done :ile ! metal is held 9 a bottom swage ( correspond+ size4 ,:5 ! sc>f is f9i%$1 b5d ! eye into %ape & br+ ! sc>f close up to ! /em ( ! eye4 ,heat & weld ) swages2 if convex swages are n obta9able1 o!rs may be us$ by tak+ c>e to prev5t m>r+ ! curves4 ,?is eye may also be weld$ ) a l>ge full] :ile x is held ov] ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,if ! curves are sev]ely m>r$1 ! /r5g? ( ! eye is less5$4 ,a solid =g$ eye is %[n at ,e4 ,:5 eyes l ?is are drop-=g$ 9 special dies1 z !y g5]ally are1 !y d n require mu* skill1 b :5 made entirely by h& !y require consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,9 =g+ an eye ( ?is k9d1 ! volume ( mat]ial ne$$ mu/ fir/ be det]m9$1 mak+ "s extra all[ance = ! usual wa/e4 ,a conv5i5t size ( mat]ial %\ld !n be select$ 7r\nd is pref]able7 & ! am\nt requir$ = ! eye m>k$ (f4 ,! r\nd /em %\ld be drawn d[n to size & ! "p = ! eye =g$ to a sph]ical %ape1 !n flatt5$1 pun*$1 & enl>g$ to correct dim5sions4 #aaj4 ,calip]s4--,! calip]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii may be easily made f ! dim5sions giv52 #c_/d #a_/h-;in* /ock %\ld be us$ = ! ma9 piece1 & #a_/b #a_/h-;in* /ock = ! legs4 #aaa4 ,/ock ,calculation = ,b5d+4--,9 ! expansion & contraction ( metals dur+ ! op]ation ( b5d+1 !re is a fix$ l9e1 :]e ! metal is left undi/urb$2 9 o!r words1 :]e x is n increas$ or decreas$ 9 l5g?4 ,s all measurem5ts tak5 to det]m9e ! l5g? ( mat]ial requir$ = produc+ any b5t %apes %\ld be tak5 f t fix$ or undi/urb$ location1 9 ord] to atta9 accurate results4 ,all mat]ials :i* h a symmetrical cross section1 su* z r\nd1 squ>e1 octagonal1 oval1 or oblong1 h ! above l9e at _! true c5t]s1 no matt] :i* way !y are b5t4 ,:ile ! metal rema9s undi/urb$ at ! c5t] ( any ( ! above sections1 ! re/ ( x und]goes a *ange2 ! inn] portion1 9 ! direction ( b5d+1 w contract & become ?ick]1 & ! out] portion w exp& & become ?9n]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,calip]s4 ,o!r conditions arise1 h[ev]1 to modify ^! rules4 ,if ! heat is unev5ly di/ribut$1 or if ! /ock is n ( a uni=m ?ickness1 ! results w n be exactly z e/imat$4 ,:5 a heavy r+ is =m$ ( oblong mat]ial & b5t ?r\gh its l>g] diamet]1 z %[n 9 sket* ,a1 ,fig4 #ajj1 & ! product is to be f9i%$ to a uni=m ?ickness1 ! expansion ( ! out] portion w make x necess>y to use some:at ?ick] mat]ial1 to provide = ! decrease ( metal :i* w take place4 ,! inn] half1 !n too ?ick1 c\ld be r$uc$ to ! requir$ size1 b ?is op]ation always alt]s natural conditions ( b5d+1 & *anges ! g5]al results4 ,^! conditions are n v noticeable & d n require special att5tion :5 small-siz$ mat]ials are op]at$ ^u1 b !y mu/ be obs]v$ :5 l>ge oblong or squ>e /ock is =m$ into a r+ requir+ exact dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--;,,calculations ,,( ,,l5g?s ,,= ,,r+s4 ,9 all cases ( ?is k9d1 ! requir$ l5g? mu/ be e/abli%$ f ! undi/urb$ c5t] & ! ends cut at an angle ( #he degrees4 ,if ! mat]ial is to be weld$1 x %\ld be sc>f$ on opposite sides & lapp$ :5 b5t4 ,:5 hoops or b&s ( flat or oblong mat]ial are b5t1 sc>f$1 & weld$ ?r\gh ! small diamet]1 !n bo? sc>fs %\ld be =m$ on ! same side :ile /raight1 & b5t z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #ajj2 ! sc>fs !n w fit m readily ?an if !y 7 =m$ on opposite sides4 ,sometimes1 9 in/ances ( ?is k9d1 only "o end is sc>f$1 & ! piece is b5t 9 a simil> mann]1 ) ! unsc>f$ end on ! outside & j lapp+ en\gh to cov] ! heel ( ! inn] sc>f4 ,ano!r =m ( r+ requir+ a calculation ( ! area z well z ( ! l5g? is "o ( a w$ge-%ap$ section1 z %[n at ,c1 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,"h ! area ( ! requir$ section is f\nd & ! mat]ial suppli$ ) ! prop] ?ickness & area4 ,! l5g? also mu/ be comput$1 !n cut1 sc>f$1 & weld$1 z previ\sly expla9$2 aft] ?is ! r+ may be drawn to ! =m desir$4 ,! circumf]5ce ( a circle may be f\nd by multiply+ its diamet] by #c4adaf 774 7,see tables1 pages #bje-bjf47 ,= r+s or b&s ! l5g? ( ! c5t] l9e1 c1 ,fig4 #ajj1 %\ld be f\nd4 ,example3 ,if a equals #e in*es & b equals #b in*es1 c w equal #g in*es1 & ! l5g? ( /ock = ! r+ w be #g #c4adaf #ba4iia in*es1--practically #bb in*es4 #c-a_/g may be us$ = ! value ( in/ead ( #c4adaf4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,review ,describe ! prop] con/ruction ( a pair ( tongs4 ,:at sort ( /eel %\ld be us$ 9 mak+ la! tools8 ,:at op]ations are employ$ 9 mak+ !m8 ,:at is ! color ( ! temp]8 ,if !y 7 temp]$ to a blue1 w\ld !y be temp]$ h>d] or s(t]8 ,are =g+ & h>d5+ heats ! same8 ,/ate ! diff]5ce 9 gr9d+ a bor+ & a ?read+ tool4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 mak+ a "r- & a left-h& diamond po9t tool4 ,h[ %\ld a side tool be h>d5$8 ,:y %\ldn't ! head ( a cold *isel be cool$ (f quickly :5 x is f9i%$8 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 temp]+ a cold *isel & temp]+ a la! tool4 ,describe ! %apes ( ! hot & ! cold cutt]4 ,h[ %\ld !y be temp]$8 ,h[ are ! squ>e-edg$ set & ! flatt] treat$ 9 place ( temp]+4 ,expla9 h[ x is done4 ,describe diff]5t me?ods ( mak+ eye or r+ bolts4 ,h[ %\ld measurem5ts be made on /ock to be b5t8 ,/ate :at has be5 said ab\t sc>f+ flat or oblong mat]ial = r+s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,/eam ,,hamm]1 ,,tools1 ,,& ,,ex]cises #aab4 ,a ,=g+4--,a =g+ is an article made ( metal1 g5]ally /eel or iron1 & produc$ by heat+ & hamm]+4 ,x may be us$ = ei!r practical or ornam5tal purposes4 ,! v>i\s =g+s already describ$ 7 made by me?ods su* z ! old] class ( smi?s practic$1 & are call$ h& =g+s4 ,f a practical /&po9t ^! smi?s 7 famili> ) ! *>act]i/ic composition ( metals & ) ! k ( h[ !y %\ld be work$4 ,_m =g+s are produc$ at pres5t by ma*9]y4 ,! product is satisfactory = mo/ practical purposes1 & is g5]ally equal to t made by h&4 ,! ma*9es us$ are ! drop hamm]s1 horizontal & v]tical presses1 /eam hamm]s1 & num]\s o!r devices4 ,! p[] us$ = op]at+ !m may be ei!r /eam1 air1 wat]1 or electricity4 #aac4 ,! ,drop ,hamm]4--,! drop hamm] is provid$ ) a pair ( dies made ( ca/ /eel1 "o upp] & "o l[]1 hav+ suitably %ap$ depressions made 9 !m = =m+ ! =g+s4 ,! l[] die is held /ation>y on a solid f\ndation block1 & ! upp] "o is secur$ to a heavy weight or hamm]4 ,?is is rais$ p]p5dicul>ly & all[$ to drop ^u ! metal1 :i* is held on ! fix$ die by ! smi?1 ?us =m+ ! =g+4 ,if ! "w is small & simple1 all depressions may be made 9 a s+le pair ( dies1 & ! =g+ c be complet$ ) "o hamm] & )\t *ang+ ! dies4 ,"w some:at complicat$ may require two or m pairs ( dies1 ) v>i\s %apes ( depressions4 ,! /ock is brok5 d[n or block$ out by ! fir/ pair & !n complet$ by ! /amp+ & f9i%+ dies4 ,l>g] pieces may require also a numb] ( pairs ( dies1 !n an equal numb] ( hamm]s may be us$1 ea* fitt$ ) a set ( dies4 ,! mat]ial is pass$ f "o to ! o!r1 & ! "w complet$ )\t *ang+ dies1 & possibly )\t reheat+ ! metal4 #aad4 ,presses4--,presses may be ei!r horizontal or v]tical & are g5]ally us$ = b5d+ or press+ ! metal into "s desir$ %ape or =m2 !y are q conv5i5t = produc+ duplicate & accurate %apes4 ,=m+-dies or blocks are also requir$ "h1 b !y are g5]ally made ( ca/ iron1 & _! con/ruction ne$ n be s accurate4 ,aft] ! presses h be5 prop]ly adju/$1 v little skill is requir$ 9 _! op]ation1--simply ! heat+ ( ! mat]ial & plac+ x aga9/ a gauge or betwe5 ! dies4 ,"o ?ru/ ( ! plung] w complete ! op]ation4 #aae4 ,! ,/eam ,hamm]4--,! /eam hamm] 0 fir/ record$ by ,mr4 ,james ,nasmy? 9 8 8s*eme book0 on ! #bd? ( ,novemb]1 #ahci4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 ! exact date ( its orig91 he fir/ saw x put into practical use by ! ,creuzot ,iron ,works ( ,france 9 #ahdb4 ,nasmy?'s inv5tion legally dates f ,june1 #ahdb1 :5 8 pat5t 0 procur$4 ,( ! v>i\s ma*9es t h be5 devis$ = ! smi?'s use1 to relieve him ( ! labori\sness ( p\nd+ metal into %ape1 !re is none t c\ld take ! place ( ?is inv5tion4 ,num]\s %apes & =ms c be produc$ m accurately & rapidly by ! employm5t ( ! /eam hamm] ?an by ! use ( h& me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,a ,,/eam ,,hamm] ,,equipp$ ,,) ,a ,,foot ,,lev]4 ,be=e proce$+ any fur!r1 a few words ( w>n+ & advice may n be out ( place4 ,al?\gh ?is inv5tion is a great b5efactor to ! smi?1 x is n possess$ ) human intellig5ce1 nor is x a respect] ( p]sons4 ,! p[] ( /eam w always ex]t its utmo/ =ce :5 lib]at$1 s d n let 9 too mu* /eam at fir/4 ,unless ! mat]ial is held horizontally & flat on ! die1 ! bl[ w j> ! h&s badly & w b5d ! mat]ial4 ,all tools su* z cutt]s & full]s %\ld be held firmly b lightly1 s t !y may adju/ !mselves to ! die & ! desc5d+ bl[4 ,aft] ! hamm] has be5 put into motion1 ! bl[s w fall 9 a p]fectly r\t9e mann]4 ,by 8 c>eful obs]vation & a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! necess>y requirem5ts1 & by signals f ! smi?1 ! hamm] op]ator %\ld regulate ! =ce ( ! bl[s to suit ! smi?'s conv5i5ce4 ,a caution p]ta9+ to ! tongs us$ = h&l+ ! mat]ial %\ld be c>efully obs]v$4 ,:5ev] "w is to be =g$ ) ! /eam hamm]1 ! mat]ial %\ld be held ) p]fect-fitt+ tongs secur$ by slipp+ a l9k ov] ! h&les2 a few light bl[s deliv]$ on ! l9k w tight5 _! grip4 #aaf4 ,/eam ,hamm] ,tools4--,fir/ "s necess>y tools w be expla9$1 !n ex]cises requir+ _! use w be giv51 foll[$ by a few op]ations :]e simple appliances are ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,,! ,,hack ,,or ,,cutt]4 #aag4 ,! hack or cutt] 7,fig4 #ajb7 is us$ = ne>ly ! same purposes z ! hot cutt] already describ$4 ,x %\ld be made ( tool /eel f #j4hj to #j4ij p] c5t c>bon4 ,! head or top is made convex1 z %[n1 & n m ?an #e_/h in* ?ick1 tap]+ equally on bo? sides to ! cutt+ edge1 :i* may be made ei!r #c_/af or #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,x %\ld be gr\nd /raight & p>allel to ! top & temp]$ to a d>k blue4 ,! blade is ab\t #b-a_/d or #b-a_/b in*es wide1 unless int5d$ = heavy =g+s1 :5 all dim5sions %\ld be increas$4 ,! wid? ( ! blade %\ld n be too great1 h[ev]1 = ! broad] ! cutt]1 ! great] its liability to glance sidewise or turn ov] :5 ! bl[s are deliv]$ ^u x4 ,! l5g? ( ?is cutt] may be f #c-c_/d to #d in*es4 ,! h&le may be ab\t #bh in*es long1 approximately #c_/d in* 9 diamet] at a & gradually tap]$ t[>ds ! end1 :]e x is ab\t #a_/b in*4 ,! portion indicat$ at b is flatt5$ to an oblong section1 z %[n1 to all[ spr++ :5 ! bl[s are deliv]$ & to prev5t bruis+ ! h&s4 #aah4 ,! circul> cutt] 7,fig4 #ajc7 is made ( ! same mat]ial & ) a h&le ( simil> dim5sions & =m z ! hack4 ,a section ( ! cutt+ portion on a-a is %[n1 & suitable dim5sions giv54 ,if convex ends are to be cut1 ! p]p5dicul> side ( ! blade %\ld always be on ! inn] side ( ! curve1 b on ! out] side = concave ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,,! ,,circul> ,,cutt]4 ,an assortm5t ( ^! cutt]s ) v>i\s-siz$ arcs may be provid$ to suit requirem5ts1 b q frequ5tly ! curv$ cutt+ portion is alt]$ to suit ! p>ticul> "w at h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,,! ,,trimm+ ,,*isel4 #aai4 ,! trimm+ *isel 7,fig4 #ajd7 is made q simil> to an ord9>y hot cutt] & likewise provid$ ) a wood5 h&le4 ,x %\ld be /rongly con/ruct$1 p]fectly /raight on "o side1 & n too long f ! cutt+ edge to ! top to avoid its be+ turn$ ov] :5 ! bl[s are deliv]$ ^u x4 ,! gr9d+ %\ld be done on ! tap]$ side only1 ) ! cutt+ edge temp]$ to a d>k blue4 #abj4 ,! cold cutt] 7,fig4 #aje7 is us$ = purposes simil> to ^? ( ! ord9>y cold cutt]4 ,x %\ld be /rongly made 9 a triangul> =m1 z %[n 9 ! end view1 also ) a spr+ h&le l t ( ! hack4 ,! top is made convex1 & ! sides tap] to ! cutt+ edge1 :i* %\ld be gr\nd equally f bo? sides4 ,x %\ld be c>efully temp]$ = cutt+ cold mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,,! ,,cold ,,cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--;,,break+ ,,cold ,,/ock4 ,9 cutt+ /ock ) ?is tool1 ! mat]ial %\ld be nick$ suffici5tly deep on ! ext]ior to all[ x to be brok54 ,by hold+ ! piece securely ) ! hamm]1 & ! nick$ portion ev5 ) ! edge ( ! dies1 x may be brok5 (f by a few bl[s f a sl$ge4 ,! /eam hamm] may also be us$ to break ! /ock :5 nick$ ) ! cold cutt]4 ,! piece %\ld be plac$ on ! l[] die ( ! hamm]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf1 & brok5 by "o or two %>p bl[s f ! hamm]4 ,a piece ( r\nd /ock c be us$ in/ead ( ! triangul> piece ( /eel1 ) ! same result4 ,:5 mat]ial is be+ brok5 9 ?is way1 see t no "o is /&+ 9 a direct l9e ) ! /ock1 z !re is "s liability ( "o or bo? pieces fly+ 9 ei!r direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,,cutt+ ,,/ock4 ,:5 us+ ! hack 7,fig4 #ajb7 = cutt+ squ>e /ock1 cut equally f all sides1 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,?is w produce smoo!r ends ?an if x 7 cut unequally & w prev5t ! %ort end f turn+ upw>d :5 ! f9al bl[s are deliv]$4 ,! f9 or core t is =m$ by ! hack1 %[n at b1 g5]ally adh]es to "o ( ! pieces1 b x c be remov$ by us+ ! trimm+ *isel 9 ! mann] %[n4 ,^! f9s are commonly remov$ by ! use ( an ord9>y hot cutt] & sl$ge4 ,! hack1 if held p]p5dicul>ly1 w n cut ! end ( ei!r piece squ>e4 ,if "o end is to be cut squ>e1 ! cutt] %\ld be held z %[n at c4 ,r\nd mat]ial may be cut simil>ly1 b to avoid m>r+ its circul> section x may be held 9 a swage fitt$ to ! hamm] die4 ,flat /ock may be cut equally f bo? sides1 or if x is cut ne>ly ?r\gh f "o side1 ! op]ation c be complet$ by plac+ a small piece ( squ>e untemp]$ /eel ov] ! cut1 z %[n at e4 ,a %>p bl[ ( ! hamm] w drive ! /eel ?r\gh into ! op5+ & produce a /raight1 smoo? cut4 ,:5 a semicircul> end is to be produc$1 simil> to t indicat$ by ! brok5 l9e at d1 ! circul> cutt] %\ld be us$4 ,"h1 also1 ! cutt+ %\ld be done equally f ea* side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,,! ,,*eck+ ,,tool ,,or ,,side ,,full]4 #aba4 ,! *eck+ tool or side full] 7,fig4 #ajh7 is made ( tool /eel ) a c>bon cont5t1 ! same z = ! cutt]s4 ,! h&le also is ! same1 ) ! exception ( "p a1 :i* provides ! spr+4 ,"h1 on acc\nt ( its be+ us$ 9 two diff]5t positions1 a twi/$ =m is mu* bett]1 because ! tool may spr+ 9 ei!r direction4 ,f ! end view y w notice t x has a triangul> section ) "o squ>e corn] & two curv$ ones4 ,a conv5i5t dim5sion = ?is tool is ab\t #b-a_/b in*es ov] all f ! squ>e to ! circul> corn]s4 ,x w\ld be conv5i5t to h a small] "o also1 ( ab\t #a-a_/b in*es4 ,! l5g? ( ?is tool %\ld correspond ) t ( ! cutt]s4 ,9 use1 "o ( ! circul> corn]s ( ! *eck+ tool is =c$ into ! metal1 =m+ a triangul>-%ap$ depression1 z %[n at b4 ,two depressions are %[n 9 ?is sket* 9 opposite directions to ea* o!r1 made by hold+ ! tool 9 diff]5t positions & us+ bo? ! circul> edges4 ,! object ( ?is op]ation is to set (f ! rectangul> portion b s t ! ends c-c c be drawn out )\t di/urb+ ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--,,! ,,full]4 #abb4 ,! full] 7,fig4 #aji7 is made ) a h&le l t ( ! *eck+ tool1 b ! portion us$ = full]+ is made circul> 9 section & ab\t #d in*es long4 ,an assortm5t ( sizes %\ld be provid$1 ) diamet]s ( #a1 #a-a_/b1 & #b in*es4 ,:5 small] sizes are ne$$1 a b> ( r\nd /eel may be conv5i5tly sub/itut$4 ,^! tools may be prop]ly t]m$ top full]s1 because !y are g5]ally held on top ( ! metal & ! bl[s are deliv]$ f above1 ?us =m+ depressions on "o side only4 ,sometimes d\ble depressions are requir$ directly opposite to ea* o!r4 ,9 su* cases a %ort piece ( r\nd metal1 ! same size z ! full]1 is plac$ on ! die directly "u ! top full]1 ) ! metal betwe5 ! two4 ,if ! depressions are to be only semicircul>1 a %ort piece ( half-r\nd mat]ial may be provid$ :i* is n liable to be dislocat$ or j>r$ out ( position on ! die4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,,! ,,spr+ ,,full]s4 #abc4 ,! comb9$ spr+ full]s 7,fig4 #aaj7 are v conv5i5t = mak+ d\ble depressions4 ,!y are simil> to ! s+le full]1 b are flatt5$ out at a & b1 s t !y may be op5$ = v>i\s sizes ( /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--,,! ,,comb9ation ,,full] ,,& ,,set4 #abd4 ,! comb9ation full] & set 7,fig4 #aaa7 may be made ) a /raight1 r\nd h&le1 b a twi/$ "o is m desirable1 because ! tool is frequ5tly us$ 9 diff]5t positions4 ,x %\ld be made ( a quality ( /eel t w )/& sev]e hamm]+ )\t becom+ batt]$4 ,! heavy end :i* =ms ! tool is made ab\t #a-a_/b by #b-a_/b in*es2 ! corn]s on "o side are left %>p & squ>e1 :ile ^? opposite are made qu>t]-r\nd4 ,"o side ( ?is tool may be made almo/ semicircul> if x is int5d$ to be us$ z a full]4 ,! l5g? may be ab\t #d in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--;,,draw+ ,,& ,,f9i%+ ,,) ,,! ,,comb9ation ,,full] ,,& ,,set4 ,?is tool is us$ z a full] or set 9 draw+ metal betwe5 projections :i* h be5 =m$ by us+ ! *eck+ tool4 ,9 ,fig4 #aab ! sections ( metal1 indicat$ by a & c1 are to be drawn to small] dim5sions4 ,?is _c be done ) ! hamm]1 because ^! places are n>r[] ?an ! wid? ( ! hamm] dies4 ,at c ! full] or set is be+ us$ flatwise1 :i* is ! bett] way1 because ! two r\nd corn]s w n cause gall+4 ,at a x is %[n 9 use edgewise2 b ?is %\ld n be cont9u$ aft] ! op5+ has be5 enl>g$ suffici5tly to use ! tool z at c1 unless p]fectly %>p corn]s are desir$4 ,ano!r conv5i5t use = ?is tool is = f9i%+ a r\ghly drawn tap]$ piece ( metal1 z at d4 ,"h are %[n ! r\gh5$ tap]$ surfaces1 z !y h be5 produc$ by ! hamm]1 also ! me?od ( us+ ! set4 ,if !re is mu* ( ?is k9d ( "w to be done1 x w\ld be advisable to provide a special tool ) a circul> side :i* c\ld be us$ solely z a flatt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--,,! ,,comb9$ ,,top ,,& ,,bottom ,,swages4 #abe4 ,! comb9$ top & bottom swages 7,fig4 #aac7 are also call$ spr+ swages1 because !y are some:at flexible at ! connect+ loop1 :i* keeps !m 9 adju/m5t4 ,! be/ mat]ial = ^! swages1 on acc\nt ( ! con/ant hamm]+ to :i* !y are subject$1 is a good quality ( mild or s(t /eel4 ,mu* hamm]+ has a t5d5cy to cry/allize ! metal & causes frequ5t breakage4 ,! heavy p>ts =m+ ! swages ought to be well proportion$ & made f suffici5tly heavy /ock4 ,! h&les are drawn out f ! same mat]ial & weld$1 or m]ely /ub ends may be drawn f ?is mat]ial1 & !n flat /ock weld$ on to =m ! h&les4 ,9 ei!r case ! edges %\ld be swag$ half-r\nd previ\s to weld+4 ,! top & bottom ( ! h&les are n p>allel ) ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( ! swages1 because ! heavy p>ts only %\ld receive hamm] bl[s4 ,! grooves %\ld be p]fect semicircles1 ) ! exception ( ! edges indicat$ at e1 :i* %\ld be slightly r\nd1 z %[n4 ,?is prev5ts metal f becom+ lodg$ 9 ! swages4 ,if ! metal /icks1 ! smi? w be unable to revolve x 9 ! swages1 & x w become oblong 9 section4 ,! corn]s on top ( ! upp] swage %\ld be remov$1 z %[n1 s t ! bl[s w be receiv$ m directly ?r\gh its c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--,,! ,,top ,,& ,,bottom ,,swages4 #abf4 ,! top & bottom swages 7,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #aad7 are made sep>ate1 b ( ! same quality ( mat]ial z ^? j describ$4 ,! h&le ( ! top swage ,a1 h[ev]1 %\ld be r\nd1 ) a small portion flatt5$1 z %[n4 ,! bottom swage ,b is con/ruct$ ) project+ lugs d1 z %[n4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! lugs %\ld be equal to ! wid? ( ! l[] hamm] die1 ov] :i* ! swage %\ld fit closely en\gh to prev5t its displacem5t4 ,! swages may be us$ toge!r or sep>ately1 z desir$1 ! l[] "o be+ conv5i5t = cutt+ r\nd mat]ial1 z x prev5ts m>r+ ! sectional =m ( ! /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--,,! ,,bevel ,,or ,,tap] ,,tool4 #abg4 ,! bevel or tap] tool 7,fig4 #aae7 is provid$ ) lugs & fits ! hamm] die4 ,:5 con/ruct$ = g5]al use1 ! pit* %\ld n be too great1 because x may be increas$ by plac+ a %ort piece ( metal "u "o end1 z %[n1 or decreas$ by ins]t+ metal "u ! opposite end4 ,! heavy end %\ld be made z ne>ly p]p5dicul> z possible1 ) ! out] edge ( ! die4 ,?is tool is v h&y = draw+ any tap]+ "w1 su* z cold *isels1 lev]s1 keys1 etc4 #abh4 ,! ,v block 7,fig4 #aaf7 0 introduc$ by ! inv5tor ( ! /eam hamm]1 & 0 us$ in/ead ( a bottom swage4 ,:5 l>ge1 r\nd sections are to be produc$1 & swages ( ! prop] size are n obta9able1 ?is tool may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--,,! ,v ,,block4 ,:5 r\nd /ock is drawn )\t a swage1 only two portions directly opposite to ea* o!r are act$ on by ! hamm]1 ?us caus+ "s liability ( produc+ an oblong section or a holl[ c5t]$ =g+4 ,^! difficulties are avoid$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! use ( ! ,v block1 because ! =ce ( ! bl[ acts 9 ?ree directions4 #abi4 ,! yoke or saddle 7,fig4 #aag7 %\ld be made ( heavy flat mat]ial b5t into ! =m ( a ,u1 ) ! ends p]fectly /raight & p>allel4 ,x %\ld be provid$ ) lugs fitt$ to ! l[] die s t bo? sides w /& erect & at "r angles to x1 z at ,a4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! sides may be ( any conv5i5t wid?1 #b-a_/b in*es or m1 dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! "w to be done4 ,semicircul> depressions %\ld be made on ! edges1 z %[n at e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--,,! ,,yoke ,,or ,,saddle4 ,ano!r view ( ! yoke is giv5 at ,b1 ) "o side remov$4 ,z se5 "h1 x is us$ to draw weldless or solid r+s aft] ! /ock has be5 block$ out & a suffici5tly l>ge hole has be5 pun*$ 9 x to all[ x to be hung ov] ! p9 p1 :i* re/s 9 ! depressions previ\sly m5tion$4 ,hamm] bl[s c be deliv]$ on ! ext]ior ( ! /ock1 ?us draw+ x & increas+ its diamet]4 ,z ?is is increas$1 l>g] p9s %\ld be us$1 to produce a smoo!r & m ev5ly drawn r+4 ,! yoke1 %[n at ,c1 is be+ us$ z a bridge = draw+ ! ends ( a solid =g$ jaw4 ,by us+ x = purposes l ?is1 consid]able h& labor may be sav$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--;,a1 ,,bol/]2 ,b1 ,a ,,plug ,,pun* ,,9 ,,position ,,= ,,use4 #acj4 ,bol/]s or coll>s 7a1 ,fig4 #aah7 are us$ = pun*+ holes1 upsett+ metal = bolt heads1 & simil> op]ations4 ,!y %\ld be made ( s(t /eel4 #aca4 ,pun*es4--,at b1 ,fig4 #aah1 a plug pun* is %[n 9 position on ! metal ov] a wa%] or bol/] ready = pun*+4 ,:5 prop]ly locat$1 a few bl[s ( ! hamm] w =ce ! pun* ?r\gh ! metal & produce a smoo?ly f9i%$ hole4 ,notice t ! pun* is made some:at tap]+1 & t ! heavi] portion is driv5 ?r\gh fir/4 ,precaution %\ld be tak5 n to h ! pun* fit ! bol/] too closely or be too long1 also to h x directly ov] ! hole 9 ! bol/] be=e attempt+ to drive x ?r\gh4 ,holes c be pun*$ ) ord9>y h&le pun*es1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to h !m too long2 ev5 !n a bol/] or some?+ mu/ be us$1 s t ! pun* c be driv5 cle> ?r\gh ! metal & n come 9 contact ) ! l[] hamm] die4 #acb4 ,/eam ,hamm] ,"w4--,! foll[+ ex]cises are kn[n z ma*9e =g+s4 ,!y w require ! use ( ! /eam or p[] hamm] & ! tools j describ$4 ,x w be necess>y to "k be=eh& :at p>ts ( ! "w are to be f9i%$1 s z to provide a prop] all[ance at ^? places4 ,! t]m 8f9i%$0 means t ! surface is to be remov$ by ! ma*9i/1 & ! "w made smoo? & to ! requir$ dim5sions4 ,all ma*9e draw+s %\ld designate ! p>ts t require f9i%+1 by ei!r ! entire ^w or j ! lett] 8,f40 ,! symbol is m conv5i5t to use = only c]ta9 p>ts1 b if ! entire =g+ is to be f9i%$1 x may be indicat$ by 8f9i%$ all ov]40 #acc4 ,crank ,%aft4--,fig4 #aai4 ,?is is %[n )\t dim5sions or f9i% m>ks4 ,select /ock suffici5tly heavy to produce a =g+ equal to t %[n at b4 ,make two depressions ) ! *eck+ tool1 z %[n1 ! di/ance c betwe5 !m correspond+ ) ! dim5sion a on ! crank4 ,draw ! ends squ>e & /raight on ! l[] side1 z %[n at d1 !n octagonal1 & !n r\nd4 ,9 ?is way ! fillets & %\ld]s w be equal1 z %[n at e4 ,! two ends %\ld be swag$ smoo? & r\nd1 !n made p]fectly /raight & at "r angles to ! crank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,crank ,,%aft4 #acd4 ,connect+ ,rod4--,fig4 #abj4 ,! volume ( ! mat]ial requir$ = section e mu/ fir/ be e/imat$4 ,!n asc]ta9 h[ _m in*es ( ! select$ mat]ial w be requir$ to give ?is volume4 ,?is w be ! di/ance b = ! full]+ %[n at a4 ,! sizes ( ! full]s to be us$ %\ld be ! same z ! requir$ radii r4 ,full] 9 ! depressions z %[n1 s t !y w correspond ) ! dim5sions g1 h1 & l ( ! f9i%$ rod4 ,! metal betwe5 g & h %\ld !n be drawn slightly tap]$1 z %[n 9 ! top view1 & to a uni=m ?ickness l4 ,! small end mu/ n[ be drawn to ! prop] size & trimm$ ) ! circul> cutt]4 ,make ! rod p]fectly /raight1 ) ! ends p>allel to ea* o!r & to ! rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,connect+ ,,rod4 #ace4 ,rod ,/rap4--,fig4 #aba4 ,?is =g+ is begun by block+ out1 z %[n at ,b1 ) e a little great] ?an h & pl5ty ( /ock at f4 ,! l5g? k mu/ equal l1 ) a slight all[ance ( surplus metal = ! b5d+ op]ation4 ,sket* ,c %[s ! me?od ( b5d+4 ,a =m+ block m %\ld be provid$ = ?is1 ! wid? ( :i* corresponds ne>ly ) ! dim5sion g1 & ! ?ickness is some:at great] ?an t at d4 ,! l5g? may be equal to ! inside l5g? ( ! f9i%$ /rap1 b x c\ld be us$ if %ort]4 ,by plac+ ?is block p]p5dicul>ly on ! bottom die1 ) ! =g+ re/+ on x & a small piece ( metal n = a block+ on top ( t1 ! upp] die may be br\ght d[n & a full head ( /eam turn$ on :ile ! /roke lev] is held d[n4 ,bo? ends c be b5t d[n simultane\sly ) sl$ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,rod ,,/rap4 ,aft] ! b5d+1 !re may be requir$ m or less labor ) ! flatt] & sl$ge to squ>e x up 9 prop] %ape4 ,!n ! ends c be cut (f to equal l5g?s ) ! hack or hot cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,an ,,ecc5tric ,,jaw4 #acf4 ,ecc5tric ,jaw4--,a1 ,fig4 #abb4 ,fir/ =m ! depression c ) ! *eck+ tool2 !n draw out ! end d to ! =m e & pun* a hole at f by us+ an oblong pun*4 ,!n us+ ! hack1 c>efully cut f bo? sides at ! places indicat$ by ! brok5 l9es at f4 ,any f9 rema9+ aft] ! cutt+ c be remov$ ) a hot cutt] or ! trimm+ *isel4 ,! ends =m+ ! jaw c be drawn to ! prop] size by ! use ( ! yoke4 ,! semicircul> ends c also be cut by us+ ! circul> cutt]1 b ^! ends w require "s trimm+ ) a hot cutt]1 because all ! "w mu/ be done f ext]ior sides4 #acg4 ,h& ,lev]4--,a1 ,fig4 #abc4 ,?is illu/rates & expla9s a simple me?od ( /amp+ :i* may be ext5d$ or adju/$ to suit a v>iety ( =g+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,h& ,,lev]4 ,9 ?is case two /amp+ r+s are made to suit ! "w at h&1 z foll[s3 ,if ! dim5sion h is #b in*es & ! ?ickness ( ! lev] i is #a_/b in*1 ! r+s mu/ be made ( #c_/d-;in* r\nd /ock1 & weld$ to an inside diamet] correspond+ ) ! dim5sion k4 ,fir/ draw ! mat]ial to correspond exactly ) ! dim5sion k 9 "o direction & some:at great] ?an t ( h 9 ! opposite4 ,! latt] dim5sion is made l>g]1 to provide "s excess metal = ! /amp+ op]ation1 :i* is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,place "o ( ! r+s c5trally on ! bottom die ( ! hamm]1 z %[n at ,b2 lay ! mat]ial on ?is1 ) ! dim5sion h p]p5dicul> & ! prop] di/ance f ! end to provide en\gh metal = =m+ ! lev] & h&le4 ,!n place ! o!r r+ on top ( ! mat]ial directly above ! l[] "o1 & deliv] bl[s on ^! r+s until ! entire ?ickness almo/ corresponds ) ! desir$ dim5sion h4 ,! r+s w be =c$ into ! metal & =m two depressions1 z %[n at ,c4 ,next ) a hot cutt] or trimm+ *isel remove ! metal =m+ ! corn]s e4 ,!n draw out ! lev] portion r\ghly1 at fir/2 by us+ ! tap] tool a uni=m tap] c be produc$ correctly4 ,cut (f ! extra /ock at ! boss1 & remove ! surplus metal :i* projects betwe5 ! bosses z indicat$ at d1 & f9i% ! end smoo?ly ) a common top swage4 ,! h&le portion c be =m$ at ! anvil ) top & bottom swages aft] ! end has be5 cut semicircul> & to ! desir$ l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,connect+ ,,lev]4 #ach4 ,connect+ ,lev]4--,a1 ,fig4 #abd4 ,aft] draw+ ! metal to an appropriate dim5sion1 full] two depressions b on opposite sides1 ! prop] di/ance f ! end1 to =m ! jaw4 ,a s+le boss c %\ld be /amp$ ) "o r+1 at ! requir$ di/ance f b to provide ! necess>y am\nt ( metal = ! l5g? d ( ! lev]4 ,!n remove ! corn]s1 z indicat$ by ! brok5 l9es4 ,beg9 draw+ ! lev] by us+ ! comb9ation set1 & f9i% ! flat side ) ! hamm]1 produc+ ! tap] edge ) ! tap] tool4 ,pun* a squ>e hole 9 ! jaw & remove ! metal indicat$ by ! brok5 l9es at e1 ) a hot cutt]4 ,f9i% ! jaw simil> to ! ecc5tric jaw & ! boss z 9 ! previ\s ex]cise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,,solid ,,=g$ ,,r+4 #aci4 ,solid ,=g$ ,r+4--,fig4 #abe4 ,?is %\ld be made ( s(t /eel1 ! dim5sions be+ suppli$ by ! in/ructor to suit ! /ock & equipm5t at h&4 ,! volume 7see calculat+ rules & tables1 pp4 #aig-bjf7 ( ! =g+ mu/ fir/ be det]m9$ & "s surplus all[ance = =g+ provid$4 ,! process ( mak+ ! r+ w be f\nd 9 ! explanation ( ! use ( ! yoke 9 section #abi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,,produc+ ,,d\ble ,,& ,,s+le ,,(fsets4 #adj4 ,d\ble & ,s+le ,(fsets4--,fig4 #abf4 ,! foll[+ ex]cises are giv5 to expla9 ! use ( simple appliances = produc+ "w accurately & rapidly4 ,examples simil> to ! f\r foll[+ ones w\ld require consid]able c>e & skill if !y 7 to be produc$ )\t ! use ( ! /eam hamm]4 ,at a is %[n a d\ble (fset b5d1 ! dep? ( :i*1 = illu/ration1 may be #a_/b in*4 ,to produce ?is1 place two pieces ( #a_/b-;in* flat mat]ial1 ) wid? correspond+ to t ( ! mat]ial to be b5t1 on ! l[] die1 & suffici5tly f> ap>t to all[ ! (fsets to =m betwe5 !m4 ,on ^! ! mat]ial is plac$1 & on top ( t also1 locat$ midway betwe5 ! #a_/b-;in* support+ pieces1 a ?ird piece ( #a_/b-;in* /ock is plac$4 ,! wid? ( ?is %\ld correspond ) ! requir$ dim5sion at a & %\ld be some:at long] ?an ! wid? ( ! mat]ial to be b5t4 ,?is arrangem5t is %[n at c4 ,by deliv]+ a suffici5tly heavy bl[ ^u !m1 ! two (fsets1 w be =m$ simultane\sly & accurately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,,simple ,,me?ods ,,= ,,b5d+ ,,clamps ,,) ,a ,,/eam ,,hamm]4 ,9 all op]ations ( ?is k9d ! ?ickness ( ! l[] =m+ pieces %\ld always correspond ) ! requir$ dep? ( ! (fset1 & ! corn]s %\ld be gr\nd r\nd to prev5t %e>+ or gall+4 ,at d is %[n a s+le (fset :i* c be produc$ 9 a simil> way1 ) ! exception t "h only two blocks are requir$4 ,b ! =m+ corn]s ( ^! %\ld also be gr\nd z previ\sly /at$1 & !y are plac$ 9 position z %[n at e4 ,figure #abg %[s ! me?od ( b5d+ a semicircul> pipe or rod clamp4 ,"h a piece ( r\nd /ock f is us$ above = /amp+1 b z ! l[] blocks are easily displac$1 x w\ld be advisable to make a /amp+ block l t %[n at g4 ,?is c\ld be us$ in/ead ( ! two l[] pieces4 ,if ! clamps 7 to be made squ>e1 !n ! /amp+ block %\ld be l ! "o %[n at h1 & ! upp] piece z at f %\ld be made squ>e4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,review ,:at is a =g+8 ,"n ! ma*9es us$ 9 mak+ =g+s4 ,:o inv5t$ ! /eam hamm]8 ,h[ %\ld mat]ial be held on ! dies8 ,:at tool is us$ 9 place ( a hot cutt] at ! hamm]8 ,h[ c a convex end be produc$8 ,describe ! special =m ( a trimm+ *isel4 ,h[ %\ld metal be brok5 aft] x has be5 nick$ ) ! cold cutt]8 ,describe ! correct way ( us+ a hack 9 cutt+ squ>e /ock4 ,expla9 ! use ( a *eck+ tool4 ,describe ! diff]5t full]s us$ at ! hamm]4 ,expla9 _! uses4 ,= :at is a comb9ation full] & set us$8 ,describe ! hamm] swages4 ,! bevel or tap] tool4 ,:at is x us$ =8 ,:at is ! advantage 9 ! use ( ! ,v block8 ,describe ! yoke4 ,expla9 its use4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a plug pun* & a h&le pun*8 ,h[ is a bol/] us$ = pun*+8 ,:at does ! ^w 8f9i%$0 mean on a draw+8 ,:at hamm] tools are br\ght into use 9 mak+ a crank %aft8 ,9 mak+ ! connect+ rod8 ,describe h[ ! hamm] is us$ 9 b5d+ a rod /rap4 ,:at tools are br\ght into use 9 mak+ ! ecc5tric jaw8 ,describe ! me?od ( =m+ ! bosses on ! h& lev]4 ,expla9 "s simple me?ods ( b5d+ "w ) ! /eam hamm]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,art ,,smi?+ ,,& ,,scroll ,,"w #ada4 ,art ,smi?+4--,?is subject might appropriately be consid]$ a sep>ate bran*1 because _m smi?s1 :o really des]ve ! cr$it ( be+ excell5t me*anics1 h nev] become pr(ici5t 9 ?is p>ticul> l9e ( "w4 ,art smi?+ is ! highe/ developm5t ( metal "w4 ,! be/ art smi?s are =eign]s1 z ,european c\ntries use mu* m ( ?is k9d ( "w = decoration ?an ?is c\ntry does4 ,! great] "p ( ?is "w is entirely too difficult = ! av]age /ud5t unless x is attempt$ ) ! assi/ance ( ma*9]y4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( scroll "w ) accuracy & make simple decorative pieces4 ,"o %\ld comm5ce ) ! design ( ! article to be made4 ,! h>moni\s comb9ations ( /raight & curv$ l9es & _! adaptation = diff]5t purposes %\ld be /udi$4 ,! /udy ( design w n be tak5 up "h1 b sev]al examples :i* w furni% a basis = fur!r "w along ?is l9e are giv5 = consid]ation4 ,design+ may be done on any conv5i5t mat]ial su* z pap]1 wood1 or blackbo>d4 ,! la/ is pref]able because confus+ m>ks c easily be eras$4 ,a sket* ?us made may be us$ z a work+ draw+4 ,if ! design is to be us$ _m times1 a v conv5i5t & sub/antial me?od is to reproduce x on a piece ( %ellack$ p9e bo>d1 & !n pa9t x on 9 solid =m4 ,:5 ?is is dry1 a few m coats ( %ellac %\ld be appli$ to pres]ve x4 ,if desir$1 ! l5g? ( ea* individual scroll may be indicat$4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( obta9+ ! diff]5t l5g?s3 by plac+ a /rong /r+ ov] ! scroll & !n measur+ ! /r+2 by us+ a piece ( s(t wire 9 ! same mann]1 lead wire be+ pref]r$2 or by ! foll[+ me?od3-- ,take a piece ( #a_/h-;in* mat]ial #c or #d feet long1 m>k x lightly on bo? edges into equal spaces ei!r #c or #f in*es long1 & /amp ! feet or in*es ^u x ) /eel figures4 ,aft] ?is is done1 a small roll+ curl1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abi1 %\ld be =m$1 & ! entire l5g? b5t on ! scroll =m] :ile ! mat]ial is cold4 ,?is is ! mann]1 m9us ! m>k+s m5tion$1 9 :i* all scrolls are to be =m$4 ,?is product ) ! m>k+s ^u x %\ld be kept = asc]ta9+ ! numb] ( in*es requir$ = ei!r l>ge or small scrolls4 ,always place ! curl$ end ( ?is measure 9 position on ! work+ draw+ & adju/ x until x con=ms to ! outl9e ( ! design4 ,!n place a crayon m>k on bo? ! draw+ & ! measure :]e !y cease to correspond2 ! l5g? ( t portion :i* corresponds c be asc]ta9$ f ! m>k+s on ! measure1 & all rema9+ irregul> curves c be measur$ by a /r+1 wire1 or rule4 ,?is measure w prove also to be q a satisfactory & accurate means ( arrang+ new designs4 #adb4 ,scroll ,fa/5+s4--,!re are ?ree diff]5t me?ods us$ = jo9+ scrolls3 weld+1 rivet+1 & b&+ ) clips4 ,! fir/ is ! mo/ difficult & ! mo/ arti/ic1 b unless "o is q exp]t at weld+1 especially 9 jo9+ light mat]ial su* z is g5]ally us$ = scroll "w1 x w\ld p]haps be bett] to disreg>d ?is me?od entirely4 ,rivet+ pres5ts a v neat appe>ance & makes ! product q /rong & sub/antial1 b unless ! m>k+ & drill+ ( holes is accurately done1 ! result pres5ts a di/ort$ & ill-%ap$ comb9ation1 :i* _c be rem$i$ )\t drill+ new holes4 ,x w\ld be advisable1 !n1 to adopt ! la/ me?od g5]ally1 resort+ to rivet+ :]ev] x is impossible to use clips or b&s1 or :]e /r5g? is an ess5tial requirem5t4 ,if a clip is misplac$1 x c be replac$ ) a new "o1 or x may be mov$ into ! prop] position )\t %[+ t an error has be5 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,,! ,,scroll ,,=m]4 #adc4 ,scroll ,=m]4--,fig4 #abh4 ,?is is a v h&y tool = produc+ scrolls 9 a rapid & uni=m mann]4 ,x %\ld be a p]fectly design$ v>iable spiral4 ,if sev]al are provid$1 !y %\ld be exactly alike1 o!rwise ! scrolls produc$ ) !m w be unequal & irregul> & w pres5t an in>ti/ic appe>ance4 ,! =m] illu/rat$ is made ( #a #a_/b-;in* s(t /eel4 ,draw ! end & =m ! c5tral portion1 gradually tap]+ to ab\t #c_/af ( an in* ?ick1 b leave x ( a uni=m wid?4 ,?is end %\ld be slightly bevel$ f "o side to =m a protrud+ edge1 ov] :i* ! small curl$ end ( ! mat]ial is securely held :ile ! scroll is be+ b5t4 ,a view ( ! =m] z x is us$ to />t a scroll is giv5 9 ,fig4 #abi %[+ ! metal 9 prop] position = =m+4 ,! end indicat$ at a1 ,fig4 #abh1 may be b5t d[nw>d & edgewise to a "r angle1 z %[n1 or1 if desir$1 x may be =g$ squ>e to fit ! h>dy hole ( ! anvil1 b z ?is tool is mo/ conv5i5tly us$ :5 held 9 ! vise1 ! me?od %[n at a is bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,,/>t+ ,a ,,scroll ,,on ,,! ,,=m]4 #add4 ,b5d+ or ,twi/+ ,=k4--,fig4 #acj4 ,?is =k is %[n ) dim5sions suitable = b5d+ mat]ial #a_/h or #c_/af in* 9 ?ickness4 ,= ?ick] mat]ial all dim5sions %\ld be proportionately increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--;,,b5d+ ,,or ,,twi/+ ,,=k4 ,?is tool is v s]viceable & q easily made ( r\nd tool /eel2 if su* /ock is n at h&1 octagonal tool /eel c be swag$ to ! desir$ dim5sion4 ,if x is made ( s(t /eel1 x w meet requirem5ts = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 #ade4 ,b5d+ or ,twi/+ ,wr5*4--,fig4 #aca4 ,?is %\ld be made f ! same quality ( /eel ( ! same dim5sions z ! prec$+ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--;,,b5d+ ,,or ,,twi/+ ,,wr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--,,scroll ,,b5d+4 ,! b5d+ wr5* is us$ 9 connection ) ! b5d+ =k = %ap+ a scroll1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acb4 ,:5 ! wr5* is plac$ ov] ! mat]ial s t its jaws w grip ! sides & ! h&le ( ! wr5* is pull$ 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[1 b5d+ w take place at e4 ,if ! /raight end ( ! scroll 7 pull$ 9 ! same direction1 b5d+ w\ld occur at f4 ,sometimes :5 scrolls are be+ connect$ ) ! b&1 !y are sprung out ( place4 ,by ! use ( ?is wr5* !y c be br\ght aga9 into position by b5d+ !m close to :]e ! b& 0 put on4 ,^! tools may be us$ toge!r = twi/+ light mat]ial1 :5 ! vise & monkey wr5* c\ld n readily be utiliz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--;,,clip ,,=m]4 #adf4 ,clip ,=m]4--,fig4 #acc4 ,?is & ! two foll[+ tools %\ld be made ( #j4hj to #j4ij p] c5t c>bon tool /eel4 ,a conv5i5t size ( mat]ial = ! "o %[n is #a #a_/b in*4 ,! portion =m+ ! connect+ loop mu/ be flatt5$ & =g$ to ab\t #a_/d in* ?ick to provide a spr+ = reta9+ its %ape4 ,! ends %\ld be =g$ to two diff]5t ?icknesses4 ,! #a_/d-;in* side is us$ 9 b5d+ clips = b&+ two pieces ( #a_/h-;in* mat]ial1 & ! #c_/h-;in* side = ?ree pieces4 ,:5 a diff]5t ?ickness ( mat]ial is to be us$1 ^! ends %\ld be made to correspond ) x4 ,! inn] & out] edges ( ^! ends %\ld be made slightly r\nd+ to prev5t cutt+ ! mat]ial f :i* ! clips are made4 ,mo/ ( ?is light scroll "w is made f /ock ) r\nd edges1 !re=e x is n necess>y to h ! clips b5t %>p & squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4--,,use ,,( ,,! ,,clip ,,=m]4 ,! =m] %\ld be s proportion$ t x c be plac$ betwe5 ! jaws ( ! vise1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acd4 ,"h ! loop is re/+ on ! box ( ! vise1 :i* supports x & prev5ts x f fall+ out ( position :5 ! pressure ( ! vise is releas$4 ,! ends ( ! clip =m] %\ld ext5d above ! jaws ( ! vise ab\t #b in*es1 s t ! clips c be b5t )\t /rik+ ! vise ) ! hamm]4 ,a view ( ^! ends1 ) a piece ( half-oval iron 9 position = b5d+1 is %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #acg4 ,"o end ( ! clip mat]ial %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! ends ( ! =m]1 "o half ! wid? ( ! scroll /ock1 #c_/af ( an in* if ! /ock is #c_/h in* wide4 ,by tight5+ ! jaws ( ! vise ^u ! sides ( ! =m]1 ! half-oval iron w be securely held1 :ile x is be+ b5t ov] ) ! h& hamm] to ! =m indicat$ by ! brok5 l9es4 ,! clip w !n be ready = fa/5+ ! scrolls toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--;,,clip ,,hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--,,use ,,( ,,! ,,clip ,,hold]4 #adg4 ,clip ,hold]4--,fig4 #ace4 ,/ock #c_/d in* squ>e is be/ suit$ = mak+ ?is tool4 ,! c5tral portion =m+ ! loop %\ld be drawn & =g$ to ab\t #a_/d in* ?ick1 gradually increas$ to #a_/b in* :]e ! %\ld]s are =m$4 ,! di/ance f ^! %\ld]s to ! outside end ( ! loop %\ld be less ?an ! di/ance f ! top ( ! vise jaws to ! vise box4 ,!n ! tool w be support$ entirely on ^! %\ld]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acf1 & ! tool may be plac$ ne> ! ends ( ! vise jaws1 :i* sometimes w prove to be q an advantage4 ,! l5g? f ! %\ld]s to ! ends may be ab\t #b in*es4 ,^! ends %\ld be drawn tap]+ f ! out] sides to ab\t #a_/b in* squ>e4 ,on ! inside a depression #c_/af in* deep %\ld be =m$ s t ! hold] w fit ov] ! b5t end ( a clip1 z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #acg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--;,,=m+ ,a ,,clip4 ,! clip & a sectional view ( ! two pieces ( mat]ial t are to be connect$ are %[n at ,b z !y are plac$ 9 ?is tool4 ,by tight5+ ! vise ^u ! hold]1 ! l[] portion ( ! clip w be clamp$ securely on ! pieces & held :ile ! upright end ( ! clip is b5t ov] & ar\nd ! upp] half ( ! mat]ial ) ! h& hamm]4 ,!n ! foll[+ tool w be br\ght into use4 #adh4 ,clip ,tight5] or ,cl9*]4--,fig4 #ach4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t /ock f :i* to make ?is tool is #c_/d-;in* octagon tool /eel4 ,x is made by upsett+ & =g+ ! end to ab\t #a-a_/d #a_/b in*es1 !n fil+ a depression n m ?an #c_/af in* deep & wide en\gh to fit tightly ov] ! out] portion ( ! b5t end ( a clip4 ,! corn]s indicat$ at e %\ld be made slightly r\nd to prev5t !m f m>r+ ! outside ( ! clips4 ,?is tool %\ld be ab\t #f-a_/b in*es long1 ) ! head end drawn z = a cold *isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--;,,clip ,,tight5] ,,or ,,cl9*]4 ,by hold+ ?is tool on top ( ! b5t-ov] clip1 z %[n at ,c1 ,fig4 #acg1 & deliv]+ a few heavy bl[s ^u x1 ! clip w be tight5$ & cl9*$ securely ov] & ar\nd ! pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--;,,j>d9i,,re ,,/& ,,or ,,taboret4 #adi4 ,j>d9ire ,/& or ,taboret4--,fig4 #aci4 ,! height f ! floor l9e to ! top ( ! circul> bo>d is #bf in*es2 ! height f ! floor l9e to ! upp] r+ ,e is #ai-a_/b in*es2 ! height f ! floor l9e to ! l[] r+ ,f is #g in*es2 ! extreme wid? is #ah-a_/b in*es4 ,! process ( mak+ ?is /& w be giv5 "h4 ,by foll[+ a simil> c\rse1 any ( ! o!r designs giv5 9 ?is *apt] may be made4 ,! mat]ial usually employ$ = mak+ ?is is #a_/b #a_/h-;in*1 & !re %\ld be f\r sections or legs1 z %[n at ! left1 also two b&s or r+s1 l ! "o %[n 9 ! upp] "r1 & "o top bo>d #g_/h in* ?ick & #h in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* is %[n "u ! r+4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! numb] & l5g?s ( ! v>i\s pieces requir$3-- #d pieces #de-a_/b in*es long4 #d pieces #bb-a_/b in*es long4 #d pieces #ae-a_/b in*es long4 #d pieces #ae in*es long4 #b pieces #ad-a_/b in*es long4 #d pieces #ac in*es long4 ,all pieces %\ld be /raight5$ imm$iately aft] be+ cut to l5g?4 ,! ma9 bran*1 #de-a_/b in*es long1 %\ld be m>k$ ) a c5t] pun* at all places :]e b5d+ or twi/+ is to be done4 ,f ! end ( ! /ock to ,a is #f in*es2 f ,a to ,b1 #i in*es2 ,b to ,c1 #d-a_/b in*es2 ! l5g? ( ! twi/$ portion is #b-a_/b in*es4 ,all ends t are to be scroll$1 %\ld be drawn1 curl$1 & fitt$ to ! c5tral portion ( ! =m]1 z previ\sly indicat$4 ,:5 bo? ends ( ! same piece are to be scroll$1 obs]ve c>efully :e!r !y revolve 9 ! same or 9 opposite directions4 ,^! ends %\ld n be cool$ aft] draw+ & fitt+1 because cool+ w h a t5d5cy to h>d5 !m slightly & prev5t uni=m b5d+4 ,all ends t are to be connect$ to ano!r piece by clips %\ld n[ be drawn out to a ?9 edge1 b ( a uni=m wid?4 ,n[ proce$ to =m ! ma9 bran* by mak+ ! twi/$ portion betwe5 ,b & ,c2 /raight5 if necess>y4 ,=m ! upp] angul> b5d ( #ij degrees at ,a :ile x is held 9 ! vise2 ?is c be done cold1 by c>efully avoid+ break+ or cutt+ ! mat]ial ) ! %>p edge ( ! vise4 ,n[ =m a scroll at ! top on ! =m]4 ,next b5d at ,b 9 ! same mann] & direction z be=e1 & make ! two qu>t] circles betwe5 ,a & ,b1 ) ! b5d+ =k alone or by comb9+ ! use ( x ) ! b5d+ wr5*4 ,ex]cise c>e 9 do+ ?is1 9 ord] to h ! correct space = scroll #b & r+ ,e1 :i* %\ld be #e in*es outside diamet]4 ,! l[] angul> b5d at ,c %\ld n[ be made1 foll[$ by =m+ z mu* ( ! scroll ,d z possible on ! =m]4 ,!n b5d ! irregul> curve betwe5 ,d & ,c4 ,! next memb] to be scroll$ & fitt$ into position is ! #ae-a_/b-;in* piece1 #d4 ,?is mu/ be c>efully made 9 ord] to h ! extreme height ( ! scroll at ! prop] di/ance f ! bottom l9e1 also at ! prop] di/ance f ! c5t] l9e1 to provide an exact dim5sion :]e ! l[] r+ ,f is to be connect$4 ,! outside diamet] ( r+ ,f %\ld be #e in*es4 ,!n scroll & fit ! #ae-;in* piece1 #c1 foll[$ by ! #ac-;in* piece1 #e1 & f9i% ?is leg by arrang+ ! #bb-a_/b-;in* piece1 #b1 la/1 s t x w n ext5d above ! bottom l9e ( ! circul> bo>d & w leave at lea/ a #a_/d-;in* space betwe5 ! c5t] l9e & ! sides ( ! curves4 ,all p>ts %\ld be assembl$ on ! draw+ aft] !y are fitt$1 & m>k$ ) crayon :]ev] ! clips are to be plac$ to secure !m4 ,! mat]ial = ! clips1 :i* %\ld be #c_/h-;in* half-oval ,norway iron1 %\ld be cut up 9 l5g?s equal to ! f\r outside dim5sions ( ! comb9$ mat]ials plus #a_/h ( an in* = b5d+1 or #a-e_/h in*es 9 ?is case4 ,aft] ^! pieces are b5t on ! clip =m]1 fa/5 ! scrolls toge!r ) ! clip hold] & ! cl9*]4 ,aft] ! f\r legs or p>ts h be5 assembl$1 lay ea* sep>ately on ! draw+1 to make sure t ! places1 :]e !y are to be connect$ ) ! r+s & ! circul> bo>d1 are prop]ly locat$4 ,if !y are correct1 m>k ^! places ) a c5t] pun*1 & drill #i_/fd-;in* holes :]e ! r+s are to be connect$ & #c_/af-;in* holes :]e ! top is to be secur$4 ,! two #ad-a_/b-;in* pieces are = ! r+s4 ,drill a #i_/fd-;in* hole #c_/h ( an in* f ea* end 9 bo? pieces1 c\nt]s9k "o side ( "o end ( ea* piece1 & gr9d a bevel$ edge on ?is end1 b on ! opposite side f ! c\nt]s9k4 ,=m !m into r+s hav+ ! c\nt]s9k inside4 ,connect ! ends ( ea* r+ ) a #a_/h #c_/h-;in* r\nd-head rivet1 ins]t+ x f ! outside ( ! r+ & rivet+ ! ends toge!r1 fill+ ! c\nt]s9k4 ,place ! r+s sep>ately on ! m&rel & make !m p]fectly r\nd on ! inside by =m+ a slight (fset on ! outside end :]e x beg9s to lap ov] ! bevel$ inside end4 ,draw a #e-;in* circle on a piece ( bo>d & divide x into qu>t]s4 ,place ! r+s on ?is outl9e ) ! outside end ab\t #a_/d in* f "o ( ! qu>t] l9es4 ,m>k :]e ea* qu>t] l9e crosses ! r+1 c5t]-pun* ^! places1 drill #i_/fd-;in* holes1 & c\nt]s9k !m on ! inside4 ,!n assemble ! legs by rivet+ ! upp] r+ to ! /&>d ) #a_/h #a_/b-;in* rivets1 ! l[] "o ) #a_/h #c_/h-;in* rivets1 _! heads t[>d ! ext]ior s t rivet+ w be done on ! inside ( ! r+s fill+ ! c\nt]s9k4 ,place ! circul> top bo>d 9 position & secure x ) #a-;in* #aj r\nd-head wood screws4 ,?is w complete ! con/ruction1 ) ! exception ( a coat ( black japann+1 if a glossy f9i% is desir$1 or a coat ( dead black lacqu] if a ri* dull black is desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4--,,umbrella ,,/&4 #aej4 ,umbrella ,/&4--,fig4 #adj4 ,extreme height1 #bg-a_/b in*es2 extreme wid?1 #ah-a_/b in*es2 upp] r+s1 #i-a_/d in*es inside diamet]2 l[] r+1 #e-a_/d in*es inside diamet]4 ,provide a small deep pan to re/ on top ( ?is r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4--,,read+ ,,lamp4 #aea4 ,read+ ,lamp4--,fig4 #ada4 ,extreme height1 #bc in*es2 height ( ! /&1 #ad in*es2 base1 #h-a_/d in*es wide2 %ade1 #ad #ad in*es wide1 #f-a_/d in*es high1 top op5+1 #d #d in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--;,,&irons ,,& ,,b>4 #aeb4 ,&irons & ,b>4--,fig4 #adb4 ,extreme height1 #bd in*es2 extreme wid? ( base1 #ah in*es2 height f ! floor l9e to ! top ( ! upp] scroll1 #aa-a_/b in*es2 l5g? ( b>1 #dj in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--;,,fire ,,set4 #aec4 ,fire ,set4--,fig4 #adc4 ,extreme height1 #cj in*es2 height to ! hold]s1 #bd in*es2 height to ! top ( ! upp] scroll1 #aa-a_/b in*es2 extreme wid? ( ! base1 #ad in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--;,,fire ,,set ,,sep>at$4 #aed4 ,fire ,set ,sep>at$4--,fig4 #add4 ,extreme l5g? ( implem5ts1 #bb in*es4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,review ,expla9 ?ree me?ods ( obta9+ ! l5g? ( a scroll4 ,%\ld scrolls be b5t hot or cold8 ,:y are ! ends ( ! clip =m] made to diff]5t ?icknesses8 ,:y is ! clip =m] made ?9n] at ! loop8 ,h[ is t tool plac$ 9 ! vise8 ,:y is ! clip hold] made ) %\ld]s on its out] sides8 ,give ! rule = cutt+ (f clip /ock4 ,aft] ! scroll mat]ial has be5 cut to l5g?1 :at %\ld be done8 ,:5 ready to draw & b5d ! curl = a scroll :at %\ld be obs]v$8 ,:y %\ldn't x be cool$ aft] draw+ & curl+8 ,:at is done ) ! ends ( a scroll if !y are to be fa/5$ ) clips8 ,expla9 h[ ! r+s are made = ! j>d9ire /&4 ,describe ! process ( mak+ ! umbrella /& 9 ,fig4 #adj4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,iron ,,ore1 ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,smelt+ #aee4 ,iron ,ore4--,an ore is a portion ( ! e>?'s sub/ance conta9+ metal = :i* x is m9$ & work$2 ! class to :i* x belongs dep5ds ^u ! am\nt & v>iety ( ! metal x conta9s4 ,any ore t is to be us$ = ! extraction ( a c]ta9 metal mu/ conta9 ! metal 9 suffici5t am\nts to make ! op]ation pr(itable4 ,iron1 ord9>ily1 does n occur 9 a native /ate or 9 a condition suitable = use 9 ! arts & manufactures4 ,! iron 9 meteors1 frequ5tly call$ native iron1 is ! ne>e/ possible approa* to x4 ,meteorites1 commonly kn[n z fall+ /ones or %oot+ />s1 are solid masses t h fall5 f high regions ( ! atmosph]e & are only occasionally f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y are consid]$ m valuable z a curiosity ?an z mat]ial = manufactur+ purposes4 ,! metallurgi/1 *emi/1 or geologi/ c readily di/+ui% !m f o!r masses1 because !y inv>iably conta9 consid]able nickel1 :i* seldom appe>s 9 any ( ! ord9>y iron ores4 ,!y are usually f\nd 9 a mass conta9+ cry/als & are ne>ly always cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( oxide1 :i* protects ! metal f fur!r oxidation4 ,sev]al l>ge meteors h be5 f\nd1 "o 9 ,g]many weigh+ #ccjj p\nds & a l>g] "o 9 ,gre5l& weigh+ #di1jjj p\nds4 ,! l>ge/ "o kn[n 0 discov]$ by ,lieut5ant ,pe>y 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,x weighs #ge1jjj p\nds4 ,he br\ght x to ,new ,york ,city1 :]e x c n[ be se5 at ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,pure iron is obta9able only z a *emical1 & z su* x is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( m$ic9es4 ,z a comm]cial product1 su* z is us$ 9 ! arts & manufactures & by ! smi?1 x is always comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances1 su* z c>bon1 silicon1 & phosphorus4 ,iron is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! e>? v widely1 b n always 9 suffici5t quantities to make its extraction f ! ore pr(itable2 consequ5tly ! ores us$ = ! extraction ( iron are some:at limit$4 ,!re are f\r g5]al grades ( iron ore1 :i* are kn[n by ! foll[+ names3 magnetite1 r$ hematite1 limonite1 & f]r\s c>bonate4 ,^! are subdivid$ & classifi$ accord+ to ! p>ticul> composition ( ea*4 #aef4 ,magnetite :5 pure conta9s ab\t #gb p] c5t ( iron1 & s is ! ri*e/ ore us$ 9 ! manufactures4 ,x is black1 brittle1 & g5]ally magnetic1 & leaves a black /reak :5 drawn across a piece ( unglaz$ porcela94 ,x sometimes occurs 9 cry/als or 9 a granul> condition l s&1 b g5]ally 9 a massive =m4 ,x is f\nd pr9cipally 9 a belt runn+ along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,lake ,*ampla9 to ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,!re are consid]able quantities ( x 9 ,new ,j]sey & ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 b ! greate/ deposits are f\nd 9 ,miss\ri & nor!rn ,mi*igan2 "s is m9$ also 9 ea/]n ,canada4 ,x is a valuable ore 9 ,sw$54 ,a m9]al kn[n z frankl9ite1 :i* is closely alli$ to magnetite1 is a mixture ( magnetite & oxides ( manganese & z9c4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles magnetite1 b is less magnetic4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e x is f\nd q abundantly1 x is treat$ = ! extraction ( ! z9c1 & ! residue ?us obta9$ is us$ = ! manufacture ( spiegeleis51 :i* is an iron conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( manganese1 usually f #h to #be p] c5t4 #aeg4 ,r$ hematite is f\nd 9 e>?y & compact =ms4 ,x v>ies 9 color f a deep r$ to a /eel gray1 b all v>ieties leave a r$ /reak on unglaz$ porcela94 ,x is f\nd also 9 a numb] ( %apes or v>ieties1 su* z cry/all9e1 column>1 fibr\s1 & masses ( irregul> =m4 ,special names h be5 giv5 to ^!4 ,! brilliant cry/all9e v>iety is kn[n z specul> ore1 ! scaly foliat$ k9d z micace\s ore1 & ! e>?y "o z r$ o*]4 ,ea* "o ( ?is class conta9s ab\t #gj p] c5t ( iron1 & on acc\nt ( ! abundance1 ! comp>ative fre$om f injuri\s +r$i5ts1 & ! quality ( iron x produces1 x is consid]$ ! mo/ important ( all ! ores 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,until ! discov]y ( l>ge deposits ( ?is ore 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict x 0 *iefly obta9$ f a belt ext5d+ along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates j we/ ( ! magnetite deposits & end+ 9 ,alabama4 ,"s ( ?is ore is f\nd 9 ,new ,york1 b !re is n a great am\nt ( x nor? ( ,danville1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,at pres5t ! greate/ quantities t are us$ come f ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict4 ,!re1 ore ( almo/ any desir$ composition may be obta9$1 & ! enorm\s quantities1 ! purity1 ! small co/ ( m9+1 & ! excell5t %ipp+ facilities h made x ! greate/ ore-produc+ section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aeh4 ,limonite or br[n hematite conta9s ab\t #fj p] c5t ( iron & is f\nd 9 bo? compact & e>?y v>ieties4 ,pipe or /alactitic & bog ore belong to ?is grade4 ,! color v>ies f br[ni% black to yell[i% br[n1 b !y all leave a yell[i% br[n /reak on unglaz$ porcela94 ,x is f\nd 9 a belt ly+ betwe5 ! r$ hematite & magnetite ores 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,=m]ly !re 0 consid]able ( ?is m9$ 9 c5tral ,p5nsylvania1 ,alabama1 & ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict4 #aei4 ,f]r\s c>bonate conta9s ab\t #ej p] c5t ( iron4 ,x also is f\nd 9 sev]al v>ieties1 call$ spa?ic ore1 clay iron/one1 & blackb&4 ,spa?ic ore :5 q pure has a pe>ly lu/] & v>ies 9 color f yell[ to br[n4 ,! cry/alliz$ v>iety is kn[n z sid]ite2 ?is ore frequ5tly conta9s consid]able manganese & 9 "s places is us$ = ! production ( spiegeleis54 ,:5 sid]ite is expos$ to ! action ( ! air & wat]1 br[n hematite is =m$4 ,clay iron/one is a v>iety t is f\nd 9 r\nd$ masses or irregul> %apes & sometimes 9 lay]s or lumps1 usually 9 ! coal measures4 ,x v>ies 9 color f light yell[ to br[n1 b ! light-color$ ore rapidly becomes br[n :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,l ! =m] x also conta9s consid]able manganese4 ,blackb& is also a clay iron/one1 b x is s d>k 9 color t x frequ5tly resembles coal2 h5ce ! "n4 ,! ore is n v abundant 9 ?is c\ntry nor ext5sively us$2 x is g5]ally f\nd ) bitum9\s coal or 9 ! coal measures1 !re=e x is m9$ to "s ext5t 9 we/]n ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio4 ,x is an important ore 9 ,engl&4 #afj4 ,! ,value ( ,ores4--,ores are valu$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( iron !y conta91 ! physical prop]ties1 ! co/ ( m9+1 ! co/ ( transportation to ! furnace1 & _! behavior dur+ r$uction4 ,! ores ( ! ,mesaba range 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict are v ri*1 & free f _m impurities2 !y are s(t & easily r$uc$1 & z !y are f\nd ne> ! surface1 !y c be m9$ ) /eam %ovels4 ,^! are great advantages1 b ! greate/ disadvantage is ! fact t ! ore is f9e & "s ( x bl[s out ( ! furnace ) ! escap+ gases2 ?is also f\ls ! heat+ /oves & clogs ! boil] flues4 #afa4 ,prep>ation ( ,ores4--,mo/ ( ! ores are us$ j z !y come f ! m9es1 b 9 "s cases !y are put ?r\gh a prelim9>y treatm5t4 ,?is is sometimes done z an advantage & at o!r times z a necessity4 ,?is treatm5t is v simple & consi/s ( wea!r+1 wa%+1 cru%+1 & roa/+4 #afb4 ,wea!r+ is a common process4 ,sometimes ores t h be5 obta9$ f ! coal measures & o!rs t may conta9 pyrites or simil> sub/ances are left expos$ to ! oxidiz+ influ5ce ( ! wea!r4 ,?is sep>ates ! %ale & ! pyrites4 ,! =m] c easily be remov$1 & ! latt] is p>tly oxidiz$ & wa%$ away by ! wat] or ra9 fall+ ^u x4 ,! ore piles %[n 9 ,fig4 #adi are expos$ to ! atmosph]e & p>tly wea!r$ be=e be+ us$4 #afc4 ,wa%+ is also done = ! purpose ( remov+ sub/ances t w\ld ret>d ! smelt+ process4 ,= in/ance1 ! limonite ores1 :i* are g5]ally mix$ ) consid]able clay or e>?y compositions1 are put ?r\gh an ore wa%] to remove ^? sub/ances be=e !y are *>g$ into ! smelt+ furnace4 #afd4 ,cru%+ is done ) ma*9]y to r$uce to a uni=m size su* refractory ores z are m9$ 9 r l>ge lumps4 ,if ! ore 7 *>g$ into ! furnace z m9$1 ! co>s5ess w\ld all[ ! gases to pass ?r\gh ! ore too readily )\t suffici5t action ^u x4 ,small] pieces w pack m closely toge!r1 ?us (f]+ great] resi/ance to ! bla/1 & ha/5+ ! r$uction4 #afe4 ,roa/+ or calc9ation is done to desulphurize ore :i* conta9s an excess ( sulphur4 ,x is done also to expel wat]1 c>bon dioxide1 or o!r volatile matt] :i* x may conta94 ,ore1 made m por\s by roa/+1 exposes a l>g] surface to ! r$uc+ gases4 ,9 ! case ( magnetic ores1 roa/+ conv]ts ! f]r\s oxide into f]ric oxide1 :i* less5s ! possibility ( ! iron becom+ mix$ ) ! slag1 !reby prev5t+ consid]able loss ( metal4 ,ore is frequ5tly calc9$ 9 op5 heaps1 b 9 m mod]n practice /alls or kilns are employ$4 ,:]e fuel is *eap & space is abundant1 ! fir/ process may be us$4 ,a lay] ( coal a few in*es ?ick is laid on ! gr\nd1 & a lay] ( ore is spread ^u x2 !n coal & ore are laid 9 alt]nate lay]s until ! pile is f #d to #i feet high4 ,! coal at ! bottom is !n ignit$1 & ! combu/ion ext5d$ ?r\gh ! entire mass4 ,if at any "t dur+ ! op]ation ! combu/ion proce$s too rapidly1 ! pile is damp5$ ) f9e ore & ! burn+ all[$ to proce$ until all ! coal is consum$4 ,blackb& ore frequ5tly conta9s en\gh c>bonace\s matt] to accompli% roa/+ )\t ! addition ( any fuel except ! fir/ lay] = />t+ ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! ore is calc9$ 9 /alls1 x is plac$ 9 a rectangul> inclosure ) walls on ?ree sides2 ^! are f #f to #ab feet high & are p]=at$ to all[ a ?or\gh circulation ( air4 ,?is me?od is v mu* l t ( roa/+ 9 op5 heaps1 b less fuel is necess>y1 = ! draft is "u bett] control & a m p]fect calc9ation is accompli%$4 ,:5 ! same op]ation is p]=m$ 9 kilns1 x is m economical 9 reg>d to fuel & labor ?an ei!r ( ! two me?ods expla9$ above4 ,! process is "u bett] control1 & a m uni=m product is obta9$4 ,! kilns are built 9 a circul> =m ( iron plates1 some:at l a smelt+ furnace & l9$ ) ab\t #ad in*es ( fire brick4 ,! mo/ common size ( ! kilns is ab\t #ad feet 9 diamet] at ! bottom1 #bj feet at ! wide/ "p1 & #ah feet at ! top2 ! entire height is ab\t #cj feet4 ,!y are capable ( receiv+ ab\t #fjjj cubic feet ( ore4 #aff4 ,fuels4--,a v>iety ( fuels may be us$ 9 ! bla/ furnace r$uction process1 b ! furnace %\ld be modifi$ to suit ! p>ticul> quality ( fuel4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! fuels mo/ us$ are coke1 *>coal1 & an?racite coal4 ,coke is ! mo/ satisfactory & is m g5]ally us$ ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,*>coal is us$ to a c]ta9 ext5t on acc\nt ( its fre$om f impurities & because x is g5]ally consid]$ t iron produc$ ) *>coal is bett] = "s purposes ?an t made by us+ o!r fuels4 ,an?racite coal is us$ pr9cipally 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania because ! coal m9es are ne> at h&1 & x is !re=e ! *eape/ fuel available4 ,9 "s in/ances a mixture ( an?racite & coke is us$4 #afg4 ,fluxes4--,! mat]ials t are *>g$ into ! furnace ) ! ore1 to assi/ 9 remov+ injuri\s elem5ts t x may conta91 are call$ fluxes4 ,!y collect ! impurities & =m a slag :i* floats on top ( ! molt5 iron & :i* is tapp$ (f be=e ! metal is all[$ to run out4 ,! fluxes also assi/ 9 protect+ ! l9+ ( ! furnace by ?us absorb+ ! impurities :i* w\ld o!rwise attack ! l9+ & de/roy x4 ,lime/one is almo/ univ]sally employ$ z a flux1 al?\gh dolomite is us$ also to "s ext5t4 ,! value ( lime/one z a flux dep5ds ^u its fre$om f impurities1 su* z silicon & sulphur4 ,sulphur & phosphorus are two elem5ts :i* mu/ be kept out ( ! product4 ,:5 !re is too mu* sulphur1 ! iron is exce$+ly brittle at a dull r$ heat1 al?\gh x c be work$ at a high] or l[] temp]ature4 ,x is call$ r$-%ort iron & makes weld+ difficult4 ,) /eel1 sulphur dim9i%es ! t5sile /r5g? & ductility4 ,if !re is too mu* phosphorus comb9$ ) iron1 ! metal w crack :5 hamm]$ cold4 ,iron ( ?is k9d is call$ cold-%ort iron4 ,?is metal c be work$1 h[ev]1 at a high] temp]ature ?an c ! r$-%ort iron j describ$4 #afh4 ,! ,bla/4--,! air bl[n into ! furnace to increase & ha/5 combu/ion is call$ ! bla/4 ,=m]ly :5 a cold bla/ 0 us$1 consid]able extra fuel 0 requir$ to heat ! air aft] x ent]$ ! furnace1 b a hot bla/ is us$ n[ almo/ exclusively4 ,! air is heat$ by pass+ ?r\gh l>ge /oves built = t purpose4 ,! /oves are heat$ by burn+ ! wa/e gases :i* are g5]at$ 9 ! furnace & :i* are conduct$ f ! top ( ! furnace ?r\gh a pipe lead+ into ! /oves4 ,f\r ( ^! /oves are %[n 9 ,fig4 #adi at ! left ( ! picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--,,runn+ ,,metal ,,f ,,! ,,bla/ ,,furnace ,,to ,,ladles ,,= ,,transport+ ,,to ,,ei!r ,,! ,,op5 ,,he>? ,,furnace ,,or ,,! ,,pig ,,mold]4 #afi4 ,! ,r$uction or ,bla/ ,furnace4--,fig4 #ade4 ,! r$uction or bla/ furnace is almo/ univ]sally us$ = ! r$uction ( iron ore4 ,x is a l>ge b>rel-%ap$ /ructure1 ! ext]ior ( :i* is =m$ ( iron plates ab\t #a_/b in* ?ick1 b5t & rivet$ toge!r l ! out] %ell ( a boil]4 ,?is is l9$ ) brickwork or masonry1 ! inn] portion be+ made ( fire brick to protect ! furnace f ! int5se heat4 ,figure #adf %[s a sectional view ( a furnace ( ?is k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,a ,,bla/ ,,furnace4 ,! /ack ,d is support$ on a ca/-iron r+1 :i* re/s on iron pill>s4 ,! he>? ,k & ! bo%es ,e are b5ea? ! /ack & are built indep5d5t ( x1 usually aft] ! /ack has be5 erect$4 ,?is is done s t ! he>? c be repair$ or rel9$ :5ev] x becomes injur$4 ,! he>? is also p]=at$ = ! introduction ( ! tuyres t1 ?r\gh :i* ! bla/ ent]s ! furnace f ! bla/ ma9 ,b4 ,! op5+ to ! d[ncom] or pipe lead+ to ! /oves is %[n at ,a4 ,figure #adg %[s ! me*anical arrangem5t at ! top ( ! furnace1 call$ ! bell & hopp]1 = receiv+ & admitt+ ! ore flux & fuel4 ,by l[]+ ! bell ,c ! mat]ial is all[$ to drop into ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,bell ,,& ,,hopp]4 ,! fuel1 ore1 & flux are *>g$ into ! furnace at ! top 9 alt]nate lay]s1 z previ\sly expla9$2 ! iron settles d[n ?r\gh ! bo%es1 is melt$1 & drops to ! bottom or he>?4 ,! slag is drawn (f at ! c9d] not* c1 ,fig4 #adf1 aft] :i* ! iron is tapp$ (f at ! iron not* g4 ,holl[ plates p = wat] circulation are ins]t$ 9 ! bo%es to protect ! l9+ f burn+ out too rapidly4 ,! melt$ iron runs f ! tapp+ not* into a l>ge groove made 9 s&4 ,?is groove is call$ ! 8s[40 ,x is connect$ ) small] grooves call$ ! 8pigs40 ,into ^! ! metal runs & =ms pig iron4 ,consid]able s& adh]es to pigs ?us =m$1 & z ! s& is objectionable = f\ndry1 ,bessem]1 & op5-he>? purposes1 & z an enorm\s am\nt ( h& labor is requir$ 9 break+ up & remov+ x1 pig mold+ ma*9es are us$4 ,figure #adh %[s "o ( ^! ma*9es ) a ladle p\r+ ! metal into x4 ,! only objection to ?is me?od is t ! metal is *ill$ r sudd5ly by ! wat] ?r\gh :i* ! molds are l$4 ,?is sudd5 *ill+ causes a /ructure diff]5t f t f\nd 9 ! same quality ( metal mold$ 9 ! s& & all[$ to cool (f gradually1 & mo/ f\ndrym5 z well z o!r us]s ( iron judge ! quality by ! appe>ance ( a fracture4 ,on ?is acc\nt ma*9e-mold$ pigs are objectionable4 ,x is claim$1 h[ev]1 t "s ma*9es 9 use at pres5t h ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,! approximate dim5sions ( a mod]n coke-burn+ furnace are z foll[s 7see ,fig4 #adf73 ,! he>? ,k is ab\t #ac feet 9 diamet] & ab\t #i feet high4 ,! diamet] ( ! portion above ! he>? increases = ab\t #ae feet to approximately #ba feet 9 diamet] at ! bo%es ,e4 ,f ! top ( ! bo%es ! diamet] gradually decreases until x is ab\t #ad feet 9 diamet] at ! /ock l9e4 ,! ?roat1 or top1 :]e ! fuel & ore are *>g$ 9 ?r\gh ! bell & hopp]1 is ab\t #gj feet above ! he>?4 ,on ! brackets :i* are connect$ to ! pill>s1 ! bla/ ma9 re/s1 completely surr\nd+ ! furnace1 & at num]\s places t]m9al pipes convey ! bla/ to ! tuyres4 ,aft] ! furnace has be5 *>g$1 or 8bl[n 910 z x is commonly call$1 x is kept go+ cont9ually night & day1 or until x becomes necess>y to %ut d[n = repairs4 ,a g5]al view ( a smelt+ plant is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,! f\r circul> /ructures to ! left ) a tall /ack betwe5 !m are ! /oves = heat+ ! bla/4 ,next to ^! 9 ! c5t] ( ! picture is ! bla/ furnace1 some:at ob/ruct$ by ! conveyor :i* c>ries ! ore & fuel to ! top = *>g+4 ,! /ructural "w to ! "r is ! unload]1 :i* takes ! ore f ! vessels & conveys x to ! /ock pile 9 ! =egr\nd1 :]e ! ore is all[$ to drop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--,,pig ,,mold+ ,,ma*9e4 #agj4 ,classification ( ,pig ,iron4--,! pig iron produc$ by ! bla/ furnace is grad$ z to quality1 & is kn[n by ! foll[+ names3 ,bessem]1 basic1 mill1 malleable1 *>coal1 & f\ndry iron4 ,?is classification indicates ! purpose = :i* ea* k9d is be/ suit$4 #aga4 ,bessem] iron is t us$ = mak+ ,bessem] /eel4 ,9 ?is grade ! am\nts ( sulphur & phosphorus %\ld be z l[ z possible4 ,bessem] iron is g5]ally und]/ood to conta9 less ?an #j4a p] c5t ( phosphorus & less ?an 4#je p] c5t ( sulphur4 #agb4 ,basic iron is t :i* is g5]ally us$ 9 ! basic process ( /eel manufacture4 ,x %\ld conta9 z little silicon z possible1 because ! silicon w attack ! basic l9+ ( ! furnace2 !re=e ! surface ( ! pig iron us$ = ?is purpose %\ld1 if possible1 be free f s&4 ,by ! basic process ( mak+ /eel1 mo/ ( ! phosphorus 9 ! pig iron is remov$1 consequ5tly basic iron may conta9 consid]ably m phosphorus ?an if x 7 to be us$ 9 ! ,bessem] process4 #agc4 ,mill iron is t :i* is us$ mo/ly 9 ! puddl+ mill = ! manufacture ( wr\ght iron4 ,x %\ld conta9 a l[ p]c5tage ( silicon4 ,!re=e pig iron t has be5 made :5 ! furnace 0 work+ badly = f\ndry iron is sometimes us$ = ?is purpose4 #agd4 ,malleable iron is t us$ = mak+ malleable ca/+s4 ,x usually conta9s m phosphorus ?an ,bessem] iron & less ?an f\ndry iron4 ,! p]c5tage ( silicon & graphitic c>bon is also v l[ 9 ?is class4 #age4 ,*>coal iron is simply t :i* has be5 made 9 a furnace :]e *>coal has be5 us$ z ! fuel4 ,x is g5]ally us$ z a f\ndry iron = special purposes4 #agf4 ,f\ndry iron is us$ = mak+ ca/+s by be+ melt$ & !n p\r$ into molds4 ,= ?is purpose an iron t w readily fill ! mold )\t mu* %r9kage 9 cool+ is desir$4 ,o!r prop]ties ( f\ndry iron w dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! ca/+s desir$4 #agg4 ,grad+ ,iron4--,iron is grad$ & classifi$ accord+ to its diff]5t prop]ties & qualities by two me?ods2 namely1 *emical analysis & exam9ation ( fracture4 ,grad+ by analysis1 al?\gh n univ]sally us$ at pres5t1 is no d\bt ! m p]fect me?od1 because ! =eign sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! metal c be accurately det]m9$4 ,grad+ by fracture is m g5]ally us$1 al?\gh x _c be consid]$ absolutely p]fect1 b :5 done by "o :o has _h ye>s ( exp]i5ce & has tra9$ 8 eye to discov] ! diff]5t granul> con/ructions & lu/] ( ! fractur$ p>ts1 x is v ne>ly correct2 unless ! prop]ties are to be kn[n to an absolute c]ta9ty1 grad+ by fracture is suffici5tly accurate = all practical purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--;,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,a ,,smelt+ ,,plant1 ,,%[+ ,,bla/ ,,furnace ,,/oves ,,& ,,! ,,ore ,,pile4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,review ,:at is ore8 ,"n f\r grades ( iron ore4 ,:at is native iron8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & o!r iron ores8 ,:at class ( ore conta9s ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( iron8 ,r$ hematite conta9s less1 s :y is x consid]$ m valuable ?an ! magnetite8 ,:at am\nt ( iron d ! limonite & f]r\s c>bonate ores conta98 ,:at det]m9es ! value ( an ore8 ,h[ is ore prep>$ = r$uction8 ,:at are ! results ( ^! prep>ations8 ,:at are fluxes us$ =8 ,:at flux is mo/ g5]ally us$8 ,:at effect does sulphur produce 9 wr\ght-iron8 ,:at is ! effect ( phosphorus 9 wr\ght-iron8 ,h[ is air heat$ be=e x ent]s ! bla/ furnace8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 s&-mold$ & ma*9e-mold$ pig iron8 ,:at is ! objection to ma*9e-mold$ pig iron8 ,"n ! diff]5t classes ( pig iron & /ate ! use ( ea*4 ,h[ is iron grad$8 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel #agh4 ,ref9+ ,pig ,iron4--,two di/9ct me?ods h be5 adopt$ = ! conv]sion ( pig iron into wr\ght iron1 ea* dep5d+ ^u ! k9d ( furnace us$4 ,!y are call$ ! op5-he>? or f9]y process1 & ! puddl+ process4 ,! *emical reactions are simil> 9 bo? processes1 be+ bas$ on ! oxidation ( ! impurities 9 ! metal4 ,?is is accompli%$ bo? by means ( ! oxyg5 9 ! air suppli$ & by ! oxide ( iron 9 ! fluxes t are add$ to assi/ ! op]ation4 #agi4 ,! ,op5-he>? or ,f9]y ,process4--,?is is c>ri$ on 9 :at is sometimes t]m$ a 8bloom]y0 f ! product :i* is call$ a bloom4 ,! pig iron is plac$ 9 direct contact ) ! fuel on ! he>? :i* is =m$ ( ca/-iron plates expos$ to a curr5t ( air to keep !m cool4 ,?is mixture ( ! iron ) ! fuel is objectionable1 because :ile ! fuel acts z a r$uc] ! excess air dec>bonizes ! product only p>tly1 besides prolong+ ! process consid]ably2 by ! addition ( hamm] scale & ri* slag1 ! op]ation is ha/5$ greatly4 ,h[ev]1 if "s c>bon is suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 ! product1 mak+ x ( a /eely nature1 !n ! op5-he>? process is consid]$ a good me?od ( ref9+4 ,fusion is all[$ to take place gradually1 s z to expose ! metal = a long p]iod to ! oxyg5 ( ! bla/4 ,at ! mom5t ( fusion ! =eign elem5ts are rapidly oxidiz$ & =m a fusible slag4 ,aft] ! slag becomes neutral & has be5 p>tly remov$1 fre% basic slag & hamm] scale are add$1 to ha/5 ! op]ation4 ,!n ! mass ( iron1 :i* is n[ ( a :ite spongy texture1 is lift$ up 9 ! furnace to a level ) ! tuyre1 9 ord] t ! comb9$ c>bon may be completely oxidiz$4 ,x is !n =m$ into balls ( ab\t #fj to #hj p\nds ea*1 aft] :i* x is remov$ & =m$ into a bloom by means ( a squeez] or hamm]4 ,?is furnace is n illu/rat$1 because mo/ ( ! wr\ght iron is produc$ by ! puddl+ process4 ,an op5-he>? furnace1 su* z is us$ 9 produc+ /eel1 is some:at simil> to ! "o "h describ$ & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afc4 #ahj4 ,! ,puddl+ ,process4--,! greate/ am\nt ( wr\ght iron is produc$ f pig iron by ?is process1 ow+ to ! sup]ior quality ( ! product4 ,! t]m 8puddl+0 0 orig9ally appli$ to ! process ( work+ iron t _h nev] be5 completely melt$1 b _h only rea*$ a puddl$ or pa/y /ate4 ,b lat]1 :5 ref9$ or pig iron 0 simil>ly treat$1 x 0 discov]$ t x w\ld melt p]fectly & boil up freely4 ,! process 0 !n t]m$ 8pig boil+40 ,! furnace us$ 9 ?is process is ( ! rev]b]atory type2 ! fuel does n come 9 contact ) ! iron4 7,see ,fig4 #aej47 ,x is built 9 a rectangul> =m2 ! fireplace ,a is locat$ at "o end1 next to x is ! he>? ,c :]e ! metal is plac$1 & beyond are ! flue ,b & ! *imney ,d4 ,f ! fireplace ! heat is suppli$ & direct$ ^u ! metal by ! top or ro(1 :i* is curv$ d[nw>d f ! fireplace t[>d ! flue & *imney4 ,! fireplace also is sep>at$ f ! he>? by a p>tial p>tition wall ,e1 call$ ! fire bridge1 :i* prev5ts ! fuel f com+ 9 contact ) ! metal4 ,ano!r simil> p>tition ,f1 locat$ betwe5 ! he>? & ! flue1 prev5ts ! metal f go+ into ! latt] & is call$ ! flue bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4--,,puddl+ ,,furnace ,,( ,a ,,rev]b]atory ,,type4 ,bo? ( ^! & all int]ior portions t come 9 contact ) ! heat & metal are con/ruct$ ( fire brick4 ,! bridges are built ov] holl[ iron ca/+s1 ?r\gh ! op5+s ( :i* !re is a circulation ( wat] provid$ to keep !m cool4 ,! bottom ( ! he>? is =m$ ( iron plates rabbet$ toge!r2 ?is & ! sides are sometimes provid$ also ) holl[ ca/+s = wat] circulation4 ,! he>? is l9$ ) blue billy & ! sides ) bulldog4 ,! =m] is a fusible silicate1 *iefly f]ric oxide1 & is produc$ f tap c9d]2 x does n readily unite ) silica :5 heat$4 ,bulldog is made f burnt pyrites1 a quality ( ore us$ = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid2 ! result+ oxide is sometimes call$ blue billy1 b m frequ5tly bulldog1 to di/+ui% x f ! =m] class ( oxides4 ,bo? ( ^! l9+s are kn[n z fettl+s4 ,! flue slopes d[n t[>d ! /ack2 ! draft is regulat$ ) a damp]1 locat$ 9 ! top & connect$ by a *a91 :i* hangs )9 rea* ( ! op]ators4 ,v>i\s =ms ( furnaces are us$1 su* z /ation>y & roll+ furnaces2 b :atev] ! /yle ( furnace1 ! process is bas$ on ! dec>bonization ( ! metal1 & ! *>ge ( pig iron does n come 9 direct contact ) ! fuel1 z 9 ! op5-he>? process4 ,an advantage ga9$ 9 us+ ! puddl+ furnace is t v>i\s k9ds ( fuel c be employ$ )\t injury to ! product ( iron1 also v>i\s labor-sav+ devices1 :i* h rec5tly be5 inv5t$1 c be bett] us$4 ,9 ! pig-boil+ process ! furnace is fir/ l9$ ) ! fettl+s & *>g$ ) ab\t #ejj p\nds ( :ite f\ndry or =ge pig iron4 ,! ref9+ process is divid$ into f\r di/9ct /ages kn[n z melt+ d[n1 mix+1 boil+1 & ball+4 ,a v high temp]ature is desir$ dur+ ! fir/ /age1 :i* usually la/s ab\t ?irty-five m9utes4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! melt+ d[n occurs1 & a p>tial removal ( ! silicon f ! pig iron is effect$4 ,9 ! second or mix+ /age1 :i* la/s ab\t sev5 m9utes1 a comp>atively l[ temp]ature is ma9ta9$ by l[]+ ! damp] 9 ! /ack1 :ile ! *>ge is be+ ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! oxidiz+ fluxes or c9d]s t are add$4 ,! puddl] draws d[n ! metal f ar\nd ! sides into ! c5t]1 :]e x w become m rapidly ref9$ & mix$4 ,dur+ ! ?ird or boil+ /age ! damp] is rais$ to increase ! temp]ature4 ,at ?is "t a viol5t reaction occurs1 caus$ by ! release ( c>bonic oxide1 :i* is =m$ :5 ! oxyg5 unites ) ! c>bon 9 ! pig iron4 ,! gas escapes ?r\gh ! slag on ! surface ( ! metal1 ?us caus+ x to appe> z ?\gh x 7 boil+1 f :i* action ! process d]ives its "n4 ,dur+ ?is /age1 :i* la/s f tw5ty to tw5ty-five m9utes1 a l>ge portion ( ! manganese1 sulphur1 & phosphorus conta9$ 9 ! pig iron is remov$4 ,! oxidation is assi/$ by ! con/ant /irr+ or rabbl+ ( ! metal by ! puddl]1 done = ! purpose ( br++ x "u ! oxidiz+ influ5ce ( ! air4 ,! boil+ gradually ceases1 & ! surface ( ! *>ge 8drops10 z x is call$1 & ! :ole mass lies 9 a pa/y /ate on ! b$ ( ! furnace1 :]e x is work$ by ! puddl] z ?or\ghly z possible s z to all[ ! flames to pass uni=mly ov] x4 ,! f\r? or ball+ /age requires f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,?is consi/s ( break+ up ! cont5ts into balls weigh+ f #fj to #hj p\nds ea*4 ,aft] !y h be5 =m$1 !y are roll$ ne> ! fire bridge to receive a f9al weld+ heat be=e !y are remov$ to ! squeez]1 or hamm]1 :]e ! slag is expell$ & ! bloom =m$4 ,! blooms f ei!r ! op5-he>? or puddl+ process are treat$ simil>ly 9 :at is t]m$ ! =ge2 ?is includes hamm]+1 roll+1 & %+l+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--,,roll+ ,,tool ,,/eel4 ,squeez]s or hamm]s are us$ = =m+ ! bloom & expell+ ! inclos$ slag4 ,! bloom is !n put ?r\gh ! l>ge/ groove ( ! r\gh+ rolls & pass$ back ?r\gh ! next small]1 & s on until x is roll$ d[n to ! desir$ size4 ,figure #aea %[s #ad-;in* rolls 9 use :i*1 al?\gh some:at simil> to ^? employ$ = roll+ iron1 are l>g] & g5]ally made ) m rolls4 ,! product ( ?is fir/ roll+ is n usually consid]$ ( sup]ior quality1 s1 9 ord] to ref9e x m ?or\ghly1 ! b>s are cut up into %ort l5g?s1 pil$ into bundles1 reheat$1 & aga9 weld$4 ,?is process is call$ %+l+ & is done two or ?ree times1 dep5d+ ^u ! desir$ quality ( iron4 ,?is %+l+ produces ! lam9 ( ! iron ref]r$ to 9 section #fj4 ,= ord9>y b> iron ! piles are made ab\t #b feet long by #d in*es squ>e1 & = l>g] sizes !y may be made #e or #f feet long by #aj or #ab in*es squ>e4 ,! rolls are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,all %apes & sizes ( b> iron us$ 9 blacksmi?+ may be produc$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,roll+ ma*9es are kn[n z two1 ?ree1 & f\r high1 mean+ t !y are provid$ ) t numb] ( rolls1 "o above ! o!r4 ,univ]sal roll+ ma*9es h two pairs ( rolls 9 "o ma*9e2 "o pair runs on horizontal axes & ! o!r on v]tical axes4 ,ea* pair c be op5$ or clos$ indep5d5tly1 ?us giv+ ! ma*9e a wide range4 #aha4 ,/eel4--,! ^w 8/eel0 means v little to ^? :o are un9=m$ z to its diff]5t qualities & ! causes ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 !m4 ,p are g5]ally famili> ) ! v>i\s purposes = :i* /eel is us$1 b "k v little ab\t its nature4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 great diff]5ces 9 ! qualities1 & def9ite reasons = !m4 ,=m]ly any comb9ation ( iron & c>bon t w\ld h>d5 by sudd5 cool+ or qu5*+ 0 consid]$ /eel4 ,b s9ce mod]n me?ods ( manufactur+ h be5 adopt$1 tons ( metal1 :i* w\ld h be5 class$ z iron if judg$ by ! cool+ te/1 are at pres5t kn[n z mild or s(t /eel4 ,/eel may prop]ly be def9$ z an alloy ( iron ) c>bon1 ! latt] n exce$+ #a4h p] c5t2 ! mat]ials are completely fus$ & p\r$ into molds1 all[$ to cool1 & !n roll$ into %ape4 ,9 ! processes ( mak+ wr\ght iron ! mat]ials are only p>tly fus$ & are n ca/ into molds1 b are tak5 out ( ! furnace 9 a s(t1 pa/y condition suitable = imm$iate work+4 ,! old] process ( produc+ 8bli/]0 or 8cem5tation0 /eel is n g5]ally employ$ n[4 ,by ?is me?od ! b>s ( iron 7 put ?r\gh a soak+ or prolong$ heat+1 :ile !y 7 pack$ 9 *>coal4 ,x 0 simil> to ! caseh>d5+ process1 expla9$ 9 section #ij4 ,we h at pres5t ?ree notable processes ( mak+ /eel2 namely1 ! crucible1 ,bessem]1 & op5-he>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--;,a ,,crucible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4--,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,a ,,f\r-,,hole ,,crucible ,,furnace4 #ahb4 ,! ,crucible ,process4--,crucible furnaces are flat /ructures conta9+ f two to tw5ty holes1 ea* "o capable ( receiv+ f\r or six crucibles4 ,! crucibles are e>!n vessels made ( fire clay1 mix$ ) refractory mat]ials = )/&+ int5se heat4 ,ea* "o is capable ( receiv+ f #gj to #hj p\nds ( metal4 7,see ,fig4 #aeb47 ,9 ?is furnace ! gas & air supply may be appli$ indep5d5tly to ea* hole1 practically mak+ ea* "o a sep>ate furnace1 b all ( ! holes are connect$ ) "o ma9 /ack or *imney4 ,a sectional view ( a f\r-hole furnace is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aec1 :]e ! crucibles are %[n 9 position4 ,?is process is ! mo/ simple4 ,x consi/s ( melt+ ! /ock 9 ! crucibles & p\r+ x1 :5 completely fus$1 into molds1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aed1 =m+ :at is kn[n z +ots or /eel ca/+s4 ,= t reason x is v frequ5tly call$ ca/ /eel4 ,! /ock is c>efully select$ & weigh$ s z to produce ! requir$ grade4 ,aft] ! +ots are cool$1 ! pip$ or holl[ ends caus$ by %r9kage are brok5 (f & grad$ by ! appe>ance ( ! granul> /ructure & lu/] ( ! fractur$ p>ts4 ,!y are !n m>k$ & pil$ away = future use4 ,on ! +ots %[n 9 ,fig4 #aee1 ! pip$ ends c be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4--,,p\r+ ,,/eel ,,into ,,+ot ,,molds4 ,! +ots are heat$ 9 an ord9>y heat+ furnace1 & roll$ or hamm]$ into suitable b>s1 ! sizes be+ fix$ bo? by ! am\nt ( c>bon conta9$ 9 ! +ots & by ! dim5sions requir$ = ! manufacture ( special tools4 ,figure #aea %[s ! workm5 9 ! act ( roll+ tool /eel2 9 ,fig4 #aef !y are se5 draw+ octagon tool /eel ) ! tilt+ hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4--,,/eel ,,+ots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4--;,,draw+ ,,octagon ,,tool ,,/eel ,,) ,,! ,,tilt+ ,,hamm]4 ,special alloys ( crucible /eel su* z ,mu%et1 blue *ip1 high spe$1 or o!r special br&s are made by ! same process1 ! secret ( ! diff]5ce ly+ entirely 9 ! selection ( ! /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4--;,,cross ,,section ,,( ,a ,,conv]t] ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,trunnions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4--;,,ano!r ,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,same4 #ahc4 ,! ,bessem] ,process4--,?is consi/s ( bl[+ air ?r\gh molt5 pig iron 9 a vessel call$ a conv]t]1 sectional views ( :i* are %[n 9 ,figs4 #aeg & #aeh4 ,a conv]t] is a pe>-%ap$ /ructure hung on trunnions ,a1 ,a1 s t x c be tipp$ =w>d4 ,! air is =c$ ?r\gh "o ( ! trunnions1 :i* is holl[1 & is connect$ ) a pipe :i* conveys ! air to ! air *amb] f at ! bottom ( ! conv]t]4 ,! bottom grate or tuyre plate is locat$ directly above ! air *amb]1 & ?r\gh ! op5+s j1 j1 9 ! tuyre plate1 ! air passes up ?r\gh ! metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--,,p\r+ ,,metal ,,into ,,molds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4--;,,+ot ,,/ripp]4 ,! conv]t] is tipp$ =w>d into a horizontal position :ile ! molt5 metal is p\r$ into x4 ,! air is !n turn$ on1 & ! conv]t] is rais$ to a p]p5dicul> position4 ,! air passes up ?r\gh ! entire *>ge ( iron2 consequ5tly ! metal is ?or\ghly act$ ^u1 :ile 9 ! op5-he>? process x is n4 ,! ,bessem] process is bas$ on oxidation2 x produces a v high temp]ature & keeps ! *>ge 9 a liquid /ate dur+ ! "t ( bl[+4 ,?is is cont9u$ until ! sulphur & phosphorus are remov$ or ! *>ge becomes dec>boniz$1--a condition t]m$ burn$ /eel1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( dissolv$ oxyg54 ,?is condition is !n *ang$ or rec>boniz$ by add+ manganese alloys1 su* z spiegeleis5 or f]romanganese1 :i* give ! necess>y am\nt ( c>bon4 ,by ^! additions ! iron is *ang$ into /eel4 ,! ,bessem] process requires a v %ort "t 9 comp>ison ) ! puddl+ process4 ,?ree tons ( pig iron c be ref9$ 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 :ile by ! puddl+ process ! same am\nt ( metal requires ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4--,,l[]+ ,,an ,,+ot ,,into ,,! ,,soak+ ,,pit4 ,consid]able excitem5t 0 caus$ at ! "t ! process 0 inv5t$1 n only on acc\nt ( ! "t sav$1 b also because !re 0 su* a great sav+ 9 fuel4 ,aft] ! metal has be5 p\r$ f ! conv]t] into molds simil> to ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei1 & has cool$ suffici5tly to become solid1 ! molds are /ripp$ (f1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afj1 & ! +ots ( metal plac$ 9 ! soak+ pits1 ,fig4 #afa4 ,^! pits are some:at simil> to a crucible furnace & are us$ = reheat+ +ots be=e !y are slabb$ or roll$4 ,su* a furnace is g5]ally made ( ! reg5]ative type & is divid$ into sev]al comp>tm5ts1 ea* "o capable ( receiv+ sev]al +ots :i* are ins]t$ on end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4--;,a ,,bloom+ ,,mill4 ,f ! pit furnace ! +ots are tak5 & roll$ into slabs1 rails1 blooms1 or o!r =ms suitable = use4 ,:5 ! plant is equipp$ ) bo? bla/ furnace & conv]t]1 ?is is all done )\t additional heat+1 b :5 ! plant is n s equipp$1 ! pig iron is melt$ 9 a cupola furnace be=e be+ put into ! conv]t]4 ,a bloom+ mill is %[n 9 op]ation 9 ,fig4 #afb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4--,,op5-,,he>? ,,furnace1 ,,f ,,! ,,*>g+ ,,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4--,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,an ,,op5-,,he>? ,,furnace4 #ahd4 ,! ,op5-he>? ,process4--,fig4 #afc4 ,"h aga9 ! process dep5ds on ! type ( furnace4 ,op5-he>? /eel is produc$ ) a rev]b]atory furnace1 & ! heat is suppli$ by reg5]ative gas & air4 ,! furnace is built mo/ly ( brickwork ) ! exception ( ! support+ beams1 doors1 tie rods1 & he>? ca/+s1 :i* are made ( ca/ iron1 wr\ght iron1 or /eel4 ,all brickwork t comes 9 contact ) ! int5se heat is made ( silica brick1 manufactur$ f rock cry/als1 fl9t1 or o!r v>ieties ( qu>tz rock ) ab\t two p] c5t ( quicklime4 ,! ro( ( ! furnace slopes t[>d ! c5t]1 s t :5 ! air & gas ent] !y are direct$ d[nw>d on ! *>ge ( metal4 ,! bottom or he>? is con/ruct$ ( heavy /eel plates rivet$ toge!r & support$ on ,i beams4 ,?is bottom is fir/ cov]$ ) a lay] ( brick1 !n s& is appli$ to ab\t ! ?ickness ( "o in* & well ramm$ d[n1 !n o!r lay]s ( brick & s& are add$ until ! ?ickness is ab\t #ad to #af in*es4 ,?is bottom requires repair+ ) m s& betwe5 successive heats4 ,figure #afd %[s a cross section ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! *>g+ & dis*>g+ op5+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--;,,ano!r ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,an ,,op5-,,he>? ,,furnace4 ,:5 ! furnace has be5 *>g$1 ! gas & air are all[$ to ent] at int]vals ( fifte5 m9utes1 fir/ f "o side1 !n f ! o!r4 ,:5 ! air & gas ent] "o side1 ! exhau/ or wa/e gases pass out ?r\gh ! o!r side4 ,! rev]s+ is done by means ( lev]s :i* op5 & close ! valves4 ,a sectional view is giv5 9 ,fig4 #afe1 %[+ ! air & gas *amb]s & ! brick *eck] "w ?r\gh :i* ! air & gas pass & are heat$4 ,! brok5 l9es repres5t ! passages lead+ to ^! *amb]s2 ! valves are also %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--,,op5-,,he>? ,,furnace ,,dis*>g+4 ,:5 ! metal has be5 fus$ suffici5tly1 a sample is dipp$ out & analyz$1 s t its composition may be kn[n & suffici5t c>boniz+ mat]ial add$ to produce ! desir$ quality4 ,?is is n possible ) ! ,bessem] process4 ,x is f9ally tapp$ into a l>ge ladle1 f :i* x is p\r$ into molds =m+ ! +ots1 :i* are treat$ 9 ! same way z describ$ 9 ! ,bessem] process4 ,! dis*>g+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aff4 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,review ,:at me?ods are us$ = conv]t+ pig iron into wr\ght iron8 ,describe 9 full ! two me?ods4 ,:at o!r "n is sometimes giv5 to ! puddl+ process8 ,:y is x s nam$8 ,expla9 ! process ( puddl+4 ,h[ is ! fir/ product ( ! puddl+ process treat$8 ,:at is ! object ( ?is treatm5t8 ,:at is /eel8 ,"n ! diff]5t qualities1 giv+ ! approximate c>bon cont5ts ( ea*4 ,:at is ! old te/ = iron & /eel8 ,h[ 0 8bli/]0 /eel produc$8 ,by :at process is ca/ or tool /eel made8 ,:at sort ( vessel is us$ 9 melt+ ! mat]ials8 ,/ate ! diff]5ces betwe5 mak+ tool & s(t /eel4 ,:at is an +ot8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 an +ot ( tool /eel & an +ot ( s(t /eel8 ,:at is meant by ! pip$ end ( a tool /eel +ot8 ,h[ are ^! +ots classifi$8 ,h[ is octagon tool /eel made8 ,:at processes are us$ 9 mak+ s(t /eel8 ,describe ea*4 ,:i* is ! mo/ satisfactory8 ,:i* is ! mo/ rapid8 ,:y is ! product ( ! op5-he>? process ! be/8 ,:at is ! purpose ( 8soak+0 ! +ots8 ,,=mulas ,,& ,,tables 7,f ! 8,pocket ,companion10 publi%$ by ! ,c>negie ,/eel ,co47 #a4 ,,weights ,! av]age weight ( wr\ght iron is #dhj p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,a b> #a in* squ>e & #c feet long weighs1 !re=e1 exactly #aj p\nds4 ,! weight ( /eel is #b p] c5t great] ?an ! weight ( wr\ght iron1 or #dhi4f p\nds4 ,ca/ iron weighs #dej p\nds to ! cubic foot4 #b4 ,,l5g?s ,circumf]5ce ( circle diamet] #c4adaf4 ,diamet] ( circle circumf]5ce #j4cahc4 ,side ( squ>e ( equal p]iph]y z circle diamet] #j4ghed4 ,diamet] ( circle ( equal p]iph]y z squ>e side #a4bgcb4 ,side ( an inscrib$ squ>e diamet] ( circle #j4gjga4 ,l5g? ( arc numb] ( degrees diamet] #j4jjhgbg4 #c4 ,,areas ,triangle base half altitude4 ,p>allelogram base altitude4 ,trapezoid half ! sum ( ! p>allel sides altitude4 ,trapezium1 f\nd by divid+ into two triangles4 ,circle squ>e ( diamet] #j4ghed2 or1 squ>e ( circumf]5ce #j4jgieh4 ,sector ( circle l5g? ( arc half radius4 #d4 ,,/&>d ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,nuts ,,& ,,bolts ,%ort diamet] ( r\gh nut #a-a_/b diamet] ( bolt #a_/h in*4 ,%ort diamet] ( f9i%$ nut #a-a_/b diamet] ( bolt #a_/af in*4 ,?ickness ( r\gh nut diamet] ( bolt4 ,?ickness ( f9i%$ nut diamet] ( bolt #a_/af in*4 ,%ort diamet] ( r\gh head #a-a_/b diamet] ( bolt #a_/h in*4 ,%ort diamet] ( f9i%$ head #a-a_/b diamet] ( bolt #a_/af in*4 ,?ickness ( r\gh head #a_/b %ort diamet] ( head4 ,?ickness ( f9i%$ head diamet] ( bolt #a_/af in*4 #e4 ,,decimals ,,( ,,an ,,in* ,,= ,,ea* #a_/fd,,? #a_/cb;ds4 #a_/fd?s4 ,decimal ,fraction -------------------------------------- #a 4#jaefbe #a #b 4#jcabe #c 4#jdfhge #b #d 4#jfbe #a_/af #e 4#jghabe #c #f 4#jicge #g 4#ajicge #d #h 4#abe #a_/h #i 4#adjfbe #e #aj 4#aefbe #aa 4#agahge #f #ab 4#ahge #c_/af #ac 4#bjcabe #g #ad 4#bahge #ae 4#bcdcge #h #af 4#be #a_/d #ag 4#bfefbe #i #ah 4#bhabe #ai 4#bifhge #aj #bj 4#cabe #e_/af #ba 4#cbhabe #aa #bb 4#cdcge #bc 4#ceicge #ab #bd 4#cge #c_/h #be 4#cijfbe #ac #bf 4#djfbe #bg 4#dbahge #ad #bh 4#dcge #g_/af #bi 4#decabe #ae #cj 4#dfhge #ca 4#dhdcge #af #cb 4#e #a_/b #cc 4#eaefbe #ag #cd 4#ecabe #ce 4#edfhge #ah #cf 4#efbe #i_/af #cg 4#eghabe #ai #ch 4#eicge #ci 4#fjicge #bj #dj 4#fbe #e_/h #da 4#fdjfbe #ba #db 4#fefbe #dc 4#fgahge #bb #dd 4#fhge #aa_/af #de 4#gjcabe #bc #df 4#gahge #dg 4#gcdcge #bd #dh 4#ge #c_/d #di 4#gfefbe #be #ej 4#ghabe #ea 4#gifhge #bf #eb 4#habe #ac_/af #ec 4#hbhabe #bg #ed 4#hdcge #ee 4#heicge #bh #ef 4#hge #g_/h #eg 4#hijfbe #bi #eh 4#ijfbe #ei 4#ibahge #cj #fj 4#icge #ae_/af #fa 4#iecabe #ca #fb 4#ifhge #fc 4#ihdcge #cb #fd #a4 #a #f4 ,,weights ,,( ,,flat ,,roll$ ,,/eel ,,p] ,,l9e> ,,foot ,"o cubic foot weigh+ #dhi4f p\nds ,?ick- #a- #a- #a- #b- #b- #b- ness 9 #a #a_/d #a_/b #c_/d #b #a_/d #a_/b #c_/d in*es ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #c_/af 4#fch 4#gig 4#ieg #a4aa #a4bh #a4dd #a4ei #a4ge #a_/d 4#hej #a4jf #a4bh #a4di #a4gj #a4ia #b4ab #b4cd #e_/af #a4jf #a4cc #a4ei #a4hf #b4ab #b4ci #b4fe #b4ib #c_/h #a4bh #a4ei #a4ib #b4bc #b4ee #b4hg #c4ai #c4ea #g_/af #a4di #a4hf #b4bc #b4fj #b4ih #c4ce #c4gb #d4ji #a_/b #a4gj #b4ab #b4ee #b4ih #c4dj #c4hc #d4be #d4fg #i_/af #a4ib #b4ci #b4hg #c4ce #c4hc #d4cj #d4gh #e4bf #e_/h #b4ab #b4fe #c4ai #c4gb #d4be #d4gh #e4ca #e4hd #aa_/af #b4cd #b4ib #c4ea #d4ji #d4fg #e4bf #e4hd #f4dc #c_/d #b4ee #c4ai #c4hc #d4dg #e4aj #e4ge #f4ch #g4jb #ac_/af #b4gf #c4de #d4ad #d4hd #e4ec #f4ba #f4ij #g4fj #g_/h #b4ih #c4gb #d4dg #e4bj #e4ie #f4fi #g4dd #h4ah #ae_/af #c4ai #c4ii #d4gh #e4eh #f4ch #g4ah #g4ig #h4gg #a #c4dj #d4be #e4aj #e4ie #f4hj #g4fe #h4ej #i4ce #a-a_/af #c4fa #d4eb #e4db #f4cb #g4bb #h4ac #i4jc #i4ic #a-a_/h #c4hc #d4gh #e4gd #f4gj #g4fe #h4fa #i4eg #aj4eb #a-c_/af #d4jd #e4je #f4jf #g4jg #h4jh #i4ji #aj4aj #aa4aa #a-a_/d #d4be #e4ca #f4ch #g4dd #h4ej #i4eg #aj4fc #aa4fi #a-e_/af #d4df #e4eh #f4fi #g4ha #h4ic #aj4jd #aa4af #ab4bg #a-c_/h #d4fg #e4hd #g4jb #h4ah #i4ce #aj4eb #aa4fi #ab4he #a-g_/af #d4hi #f4aa #g4cd #h4ef #i4gh #aa4jj #ab4bb #ac4dd #a-a_/b #e4aj #f4ch #g4fe #h4ic #aj4bj #aa4dh #ab4ge #ad4jc #a-i_/af #e4cb #f4fd #g4ig #i4cj #aj4fc #aa4ie #ac4bh #ad4fa #a-e_/h #e4eb #f4ij #h4bi #i4fg #aa4je #ab4dc #ac4ha #ae4ai #a-aa_/af #e4gd #g4ag #h4fa #aj4jd #aa4dg #ab4ia #ad4cd #ae4gh #a-c_/d #e4ie #g4dd #h4ic #aj4db #aa4ij #ac4dj #ad4hh #af4cg #a-ac_/af #f4af #g4gj #i4bd #aj4gi #ab4cc #ac4hf #ae4dj #af4ie #a-g_/h #f4ch #g4ig #i4eg #aa4ae #ab4ge #ad4cd #ae4id #ag4ec #a-ae_/af #f4ei #h4bd #i4hh #aa4ec #ac4ah #ad4hc #af4dg #ah4ab #b #f4hj #h4ej #aj4bj #aa4ij #ac4fj #ae4cj #ag4jj #ah4gj ,?ick- #c- #c- #c- #d- #d- #d- ness 9 #c #a_/d #a_/b #c_/d #d #a_/d #a_/b #c_/d in*es ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c_/af #a4ia #b4jg #b4bc #b4ci #b4ee #b4ga #b4hg #c4jc #a_/d #b4ee #b4gf #b4ih #c4ai #c4dj #c4fa #c4hc #d4jd #e_/af #c4ai #c4de #c4gb #c4ii #d4be #d4eb #d4gh #e4je #c_/h #c4hc #d4ae #d4dg #d4gh #e4aj #e4db #e4gd #f4jf #g_/af #d4df #d4hc #e4bj #e4eh #e4ie #f4cb #f4gj #g4jg #a_/b #e4aj #e4ec #e4ie #f4ch #f4hj #g4bb #g4fe #h4jh #i_/af #e4gd #f4bb #f4gj #g4ag #g4fe #h4ac #h4fa #i4ji #e_/h #f4ch #f4ia #g4dd #g4ig #h4ej #i4jc #i4eg #aj4aj #aa_/af #g4jb #g4fj #h4ah #h4gf #i4ce #i4ic #aj4eb #aa4aa #c_/d #g4fe #h4bi #h4ic #i4eg #aj4bj #aj4hd #aa4dh #ab4ab #ac_/af #h4bi #h4ih #i4fg #aj4cf #aa4je #aa4gd #ab4dc #ac4ab #g_/h #h4ic #i4fg #aj4da #aa4af #aa4ij #ab4fe #ac4ci #ad4ac #ae_/af #i4eg #aj4cf #aa4af #aa4ie #ab4ge #ac4ee #ad4cd #ae4ad #a #aj4bj #aa4je #aa4ij #ab4ge #ac4fj #ad4de #ae4cj #af4ae #a-a_/af #aj4hd #aa4gd #ab4fe #ac4ee #ad4de #ae4ce #af4bf #ag4af #a-a_/h #aa4dh #ab4dc #ac4ci #ad4cd #ae4cj #af4bf #ag4bb #ah4ag #a-c_/af #ab4ab #ac4ab #ad4ac #ae4ad #af4ae #ag4af #ah4ag #ai4ah #a-a_/d #ab4ge #ac4ha #ad4hg #ae4id #ag4jj #ah4jf #ai4ac #bj4ai #a-e_/af #ac4ci #ad4ej #ae4fb #af4gd #ag4he #ah4if #bj4jh #ba4bj #a-c_/h #ad4jc #ae4bj #af4cf #ag4ec #ah4gj #ai4hg #ba4jd #bb4ba #a-g_/af #ad4ff #ae4hh #ag4aj #ah4cc #ai4ee #bj4gg #ba4ii #bc4bb #a-a_/b #ae4cj #af4eh #ag4he #ai4ac #bj4dj #ba4fh #bb4ie #bd4bc #a-i_/af #ae4id #ag4bg #ah4fj #ai4ib #ba4be #bb4eh #bc4ia #be4bd #a-e_/h #af4eh #ag4if #ai4cd #bj4gb #bb4aj #bc4dh #bd4hg #bf4be #a-aa_/afag4bb #ah4fe #bj4jh #ba4ea #bb4ie #bd4ch #be4hb #bg4bf #a-c_/d #ag4he #ai4cd #bj4hc #bb4cb #bc4hj #be4bi #bf4gh #bh4bg #a-ac_/afah4di #bj4jc #ba4eg #bc4aa #bd4fe #bf4ai #bg4gc #bi4bg #a-g_/h #ai4ac #bj4gb #bb4ca #bc4ia #be4ej #bg4aj #bh4fi #cj4bh #a-ae_/afai4gg #ba4da #bc4jf #bd4gj #bf4ce #bh4jj #bi4fd #ca4bi #b #bj4dj #bb4aj #bc4hj #be4ej #bg4bj #bh4ij #cj4fj #cb4cj ,?ick- #e- #e- #e- ness 9 #e #a_/d #a_/b #c_/d #f #ab in*es ---------------------------------------- ----- #c_/af #c4ai #c4ce #c4ea #c4fg #c4hc #g4fe #a_/d #d4be #d4df #d4fg #d4hi #e4aj #aj4bj #e_/af #e4ca #e4eh #e4hd #f4aa #f4ch #ab4ge #c_/h #f4ch #f4fi #g4jb #g4cd #g4fe #ae4cj #g_/af #g4dd #g4ha #h4ah #h4ef #h4ic #ag4he #a_/b #h4ej #h4ic #i4ce #i4gg #aj4bj #bj4dj #i_/af #i4eg #aj4jd #aj4eb #aa4jj #aa4dh #bb4ie #e_/h #aj4fc #aa4af #aa4fi #ab4bb #ab4ge #be4ej #aa_/af #aa4fi #ab4bg #ab4he #ac4dd #ad4jc #bh4je #c_/d #ab4ge #ac4ci #ad4jc #ad4fg #ae4cj #cj4fj #ac_/af #ac4ha #ad4ej #ae4ai #ae4hh #af4eh #cc4ae #g_/h #ad4hg #ae4fb #af4cf #ag4aj #ag4he #ce4gj #ae_/af #ae4id #af4gd #ag4ec #ah4cc #ai4ac #ch4be #a #ag4jj #ag4he #ah4gj #ai4ee #bj4dj #dj4hj #a-a_/af #ah4jf #ah4if #ai4hg #bj4gg #ba4fh #dc4ce #a-a_/h #ai4ac #bj4jh #ba4jd #ba4ii #bb4ie #de4ij #a-c_/af #bj4ai #ba4bj #bb4ba #bc4bb #bd4bc #dh4de #a-a_/d #ba4be #bb4cb #bc4ch #bd4dd #be4ej #ea4jj #a-e_/af #bb4cb #bc4dc #bd4ed #be4ff #bf4gh #ec4ee #a-c_/h #bc4ch #bd4ed #be4ga #bf4hh #bh4je #ef4aj #a-g_/af #bd4dd #be4ff #bf4hh #bh4aj #bi4cc #eh4fe #a-a_/b #be4ej #bf4gh #bh4je #bi4cc #cj4fj #fa4bj #a-i_/af #bf4eg #bg4hi #bi4bb #cj4ee #ca4hh #fc4ge #a-e_/h #bg4fc #bi4ja #cj4ci #ca4gg #cc4ae #ff4cj #a-aa_/afbh4fi #cj4ab #ca4ee #cb4ii #cd4dc #fh4he #a-c_/d #bi4ge #ca4bd #cb4gc #cd4bb #ce4gj #ga4dj #a-ac_/afcj4ha #cb4ce #cc4hi #ce4dc #cf4ih #gc4ie #a-g_/h #ca4hg #cc4dg #ce4jf #cf4fe #ch4be #gf4ej #a-ae_/afcb4id #cd4ei #cf4bc #cg4hh #ci4ec #gi4je #b #cd4jj #ce4gj #cg4dj #ci4aj #dj4hj #ha4fj #g4 ,,weights ,,& ,,areas ,,( ,,squ>e ,,& ,,r\nd ,,b>s ,,& ,,circumf]5ces ,,( ,,r\nd ,,b>s ,?ickness,weight (,weight ( ,area ( ,area ( ,circumf]- or squ>e r\nd squ>e r\nd ence ( ,diamet] ,b> "o ,b> "o ,b> 9 ,b> 9 r\nd ,b> 9 in*esfoot longfoot longsq4 in*essq4 in*es9 in*es ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a_/af 4#jac 4#jaj 4#jjci 4#jjca 4#aifc #a_/h 4#jec 4#jdb 4#jaef 4#jabc 4#cibg #c_/af 4#aai 4#jid 4#jceb 4#jbgf 4#ehij #a_/d 4#bab 4#afg 4#jfbe 4#jdia 4#ghed #e_/af 4#ccc 4#bfa 4#jigg 4#jgfg 4#ihag #c_/h 4#dgh 4#cge 4#adjf 4#aajd #a4agha #g_/af 4#fea 4#eaa 4#aiad 4#aejc #a4cgdd #a_/b 4#hej 4#ffg 4#bejj 4#aifc #a4egjh #i_/af #a4jgf 4#hde 4#cafd 4#bdhe #a4gfga #e_/h #a4cbh #a4jdc 4#cijf 4#cjfh #a4ifce #aa_/af #a4fjh #a4bfb 4#dgbg 4#cgab #b4aeih #c_/d #a4iac #a4ejb 4#efbe 4#ddah #b4cefb #ac_/af #b4bde #a4gfc 4#ffjb 4#eahe #b4eebe #g_/h #b4fjc #b4jdd 4#gfef 4#fjac #b4gdhi #ae_/af #b4ihi #b4cdg 4#hghi 4#fijc #b4ideb #a #c4djj #b4fgj #a4jjjj 4#ghed #c4adaf #a_/af #c4hch #c4jad #a4abhi 4#hhff #c4ccgi #a_/h #d4cjc #c4cgi #a4bfef 4#iidj #c4ecdc #c_/af #d4gie #c4gff #a4dajb #a4ajge #c4gcjf #a_/d #e4cab #d4agc #a4efbe #a4bbgb #c4ibgj #e_/af #e4heg #d4fjj #a4gbbg #a4cecj #d4abcc #c_/h #f4dbh #e4jdi #a4hijf #a4dhdi #d4caig #g_/af #g4jbf #e4eah #b4jffd #a4fbcj #d4eafj #a_/b #g4fej #f4jjh #b4bejj #a4gfga #d4gabd #i_/af #h4cja #f4ebj #b4ddad #a4iage #d4ijhg #e_/h #h4igh #g4jea #b4fdjf #b4jgci #e4ajea #aa_/af #i4fhb #g4fjd #b4hdgg #b4bcfe #e4cjad #c_/d #aj4da #h4agh #c4jfbe #b4djec #e4digh #ac_/af #aa4ag #h4ggc #c4bheb #b4ehjb #e4fida #g_/h #aa4ie #i4chh #c4eaef #b4gfab #e4hije #ae_/af #ab4gf #aj4jb #c4geci #b4idhc #f4jhfh #b #ac4fj #aj4fh #d4jjjj #c4adaf #f4bhcb #a_/af #ad4df #aa4cf #d4beci #c4cdaj #f4dgie #a_/h #ae4ce #ab4jf #d4eaef #c4edff #f4fgei #c_/af #af4bg #ab4gh #d4gheb #c4gehc #f4hgbb #a_/d #ag4bb #ac4eb #e4jfbe #c4igfa #g4jfhf #e_/af #ah4ai #ad4bh #e4cdgg #d4bjjj #g4bfdi #c_/h #ai4ah #ae4jg #e4fdjf #d4dcja #g4dfac #g_/af #bj4bj #ae4hf #e4idad #d4fffd #g4fegf #a_/b #ba4be #af4fi #f4bejj #d4ijhg #g4hedj #i_/af #bb4cc #ag4ec #f4effd #e4aegb #h4jejc #e_/h #bc4dc #ah4dj #f4hijf #e4daai #h4bdfg #aa_/af #bd4ef #ai4bi #g4bbbg #e4fgbg #h4ddcj #c_/d #be4 #bj4bj #g4efbe #e4icif #h4fcid #ac_/af #bf4ij #ba4ab #g4iajb #f4babf #h4hceg #g_/h #bh4aj #bb4jg #h4bfef #f4diah #i4jcba #ae_/af #bi4cd #bc4jd #h4fbhi #f4ggga #i4bbhd #c #cj4fj #bd4jc #i4jjjj #g4jfhf #i4dbdh #a_/af #ca4hi #be4jd #i4cghi #g4cffb #i4fbaa #a_/h #cc4bj #bf4jh #i4gfef #g4ffii #i4hage #c_/af #cd4ee #bg4ac #aj4afj #g4igih #aj4jad #a_/d #ce4ib #bh4bj #aj4efc #h4bieh #aj4baj #e_/af #cg4ca #bi4cj #aj4igc #h4fagi #aj4djg #c_/h #ch4gc #cj4db #aa4cia #h4idfb #aj4fjc #g_/af #dj4ah #ca4ef #aa4haf #i4bhjf #aj4gii #a_/b #da4fe #cb4ga #ab4bej #i4fbaa #aj4iif #i_/af #dc4ad #cc4ij #ab4fia #i4ifgh #aa4aib #e_/h #dd4fh #ce4ji #ac4ada #aj4cba #aa4chh #aa_/af #df4bd #cf4ca #ac4eih #aj4fhj #aa4ehe #c_/d #dg4hb #cg4ef #ad4jfc #aa4jde #aa4gha #ac_/af #di4db #ch4ha #ad4ece #aa4daf #aa4igg #g_/h #ea4je #dj4aj #ae4jaf #aa4gic #ab4agd #ae_/af #eb4ga #da4dj #ae4ejd #ab4agg #ab4cgj #d #ed4dj #db4gc #af4jjj #ab4eff #ab4eff #a_/af #ef4aa #dd4jg #af4ejd #ab4ifb #ab4gfc #a_/h #eg4he #de4dd #ag4jaf #ac4cfd #ab4iei #c_/af #ei4fb #df4hc #ag4ece #ac4ggb #ac4aee #a_/d #fa4da #dh4bd #ah4jfc #ad4ahf #ac4ceb #e_/af #fc4bc #di4ff #ah4eih #ad4fjg #ac4edh #c_/h #fe4jh #ea4aa #ai4ada #ae4jcc #ac4gdd #g_/af #ff4ie #eb4eh #ai4fia #ae4dff #ac4ida #a_/b #fh4he #ed4jg #bj4bej #ae4ijd #ad4acg #i_/af #gj4gh #ee4ei #bj4haf #af4cdi #ad4ccd #e_/h #gb4gc #eg4ab #ba4cia #af4hjj #ad4ecj #aa_/af #gd4gj #eh4fg #ba4igc #ag4beg #ad4gbf #c_/d #gf4ga #fj4be #bb4efc #ag4gba #ad4ibc #ac_/af #gh4gd #fa4hd #bc4afj #ah4aij #ae4aai #g_/h #hj4ha #fc4df #bc4gff #ah4ffe #ae4cae #ae_/af #hb4hi #fe4aj #bd4cgi #ai4adg #ae4eab #e #he4jj #ff4gf #be4jjj #ai4fce #ae4gjh #a_/af #hg4ad #fh4dd #be4fbi #bj4abi #ae4ijd #a_/h #hi4cj #gj4ad #bf4bff #bj4fbi #af4aja #c_/af #ia4di #ga4hf #bf4iaj #ba4ace #af4big #a_/d #ic4gb #gc4fj #bg4efc #ba4fdh #af4dic #e_/af #ie4if #ge4cg #bh4bbc #bb4aff #af4fij #c_/h #ih4bc #gg4ae #bh4hia #bb4fia #af4hhf #g_/af #ajj4e #gh4ie #bi4eff #bc4bba #ag4jhb #a_/b #ajb4h #hj4gg #cj4bej #bc4geh #ag4bgi #i_/af #aje4b #hb4fb #cj4ida #bd4cja #ag4dge #e_/h #ajg4f #hd4di #ca4fda #bd4hej #ag4fga #aa_/af #aaj4j #hf4ch #cb4cdh #be4djf #ag4hfh #c_/d #aab4d #hh4bi #cc4jfc #be4ifg #ah4jfd #ac_/af #aad4i #ij4bb #cc4ghe #bf4ece #ah4bfa #g_/h #aag4d #ib4ag #cd4eaf #bg4aji #ah4deg #ae_/af #aai4i #id4ad #ce4bed #bg4fhh #ah4fec #h4 ,,circumf]5ces ,,& ,,circul> ,,areas ,,( ,,numb]s ,,f #a ,,to #ajj ,numb] ,diamet] ,no4 ---------------------------- ,circumf]5ce ,area -------------------------------- #a #c4adb #j4ghed #b #f4bhc #c4adaf #c #i4dbe #g4jfhf #d #ab4eff #ab4effd #e #ae4gjh #ai4fcej #f #ah4hej #bh4bgdc #g #ba4iia #ch4dhde #h #be4acc #ej4bfee #i #bh4bgd #fc4fagc #aj #ca4daf #gh4ecih #aa #cd4eeh #ie4jccb #ab #cg4fii #aac4jig #ac #dj4hda #acb4gcb #ad #dc4ihb #aec4ich #ae #dg4abd #agf4gae #af #ej4bfe #bja4jfb #ag #ec4djg #bbf4ihj #ah #ef4edi #bed4dfi #ai #ei4fij #bhc4ebi #bj #fb4hcb #cad4aei #ba #fe4igc #cdf4cfa #bb #fi4aae #chj4acc #bc #gb4beg #dae4dgf #bd #ge4cih #deb4chi #be #gh4edj #dij4hgd #bf #ha4fha #ecj4ibi #bg #hd4hbc #egb4eee #bh #hg4ife #fae4geb #bi #ia4ajf #ffj4ebj #cj #id4bdh #gjf4heh #ca #ig4chi #ged4gfh #cb #ajj4eca #hjd4bdh #cc #ajc4fgc #hee4bii #cd #ajf4had #ijg4ibj #ce #aji4ief #ifb4aac #cf #aac4jig #ajag4hh #cg #aaf4bci #ajge4ba #ch #aai4cha #aacd4aa #ci #abb4ebb #aaid4ei #dj #abe4ff #abef4fd #da #abh4ha #acbj4be #db #aca4ie #ache4dd #dc #ace4ji #adeb4bj #dd #ach4bc #aebj4ec #de #ada4cg #aeij4dc #df #add4ea #affa4ij #dg #adg4fe #agcd4id #dh #aej4hj #ahji4ef #di #aec4id #ahhe4gd #ej #aeg4jh #aifc4ej #ea #afj4bb #bjdb4hb #eb #afc4cf #babc4gb #ec #aff4ej #bbjf4ah #ed #afi4fe #bbij4bb #ee #agb4gi #bcge4hc #ef #age4ic #bdfc4ja #eg #agi4jg #beea4gf #eh #ahb4ba #bfdb4jh #ei #ahe4ce #bgcc4ig #fj #ahh4ej #bhbg4dc #fa #aia4fd #bibb4dg #fb #aid4gh #cjai4jg #fc #aig4ib #caag4be #fd #bja4jf #cbaf4ii #fe #bjd4bj #ccah4ca #ff #bjg4ce #cdba4ai #fg #baj4di #cebe4fe #fh #bac4fc #cfca4fh #fi #baf4gg #cgci4bh #gj #bai4ia #chdh4de #ga #bbc4je #ciei4ai #gb #bbf4ai #djga4ej #gc #bbi4cd #dahe4ci #gd #bcb4dh #dcjj4hd #ge #bce4fb #ddag4hf #gf #bch4gf #decf4df #gg #bda4ij #dfef4fc #gh #bde4jd #dggh4cf #gi #bdh4ai #dija4fg #hj #bea4cc #ejbf4ee #ha #bed4dg #eaec4jj #hb #beg4fa #ebha4jb #hc #bfj4ge #edaj4fa #hd #bfc4hi #eeda4gg #he #bfg4jd #efgd4ej #hf #bgj4ah #ehjh4hj #hg #bgc4cb #eidd4fh #hh #bgf4df #fjhb4ab #hi #bgi4fj #fbba4ad #ij #bhb4gd #fcfa4gc #ia #bhe4hh #fejc4hh #ib #bhi4jc #ffdg4fa #ic #bib4ag #fgib4ia #id #bie4ca #fici4gh #ie #bih4de #gjhh4bb #if #cja4ei #gbch4bc #ig #cjd4gc #gchi4ha #ih #cjg4hh #gedb4if #ii #caa4jb #gfig4fi #ajj #cad4af #ghec4ih ,,index ,figures 9 italics indicate pages ^u :i* illu/rations occur4 ,&irons & b>1 #aei4 ,angle bl[1 see bevel+ bl[4 ,anneal+1 #hf1 #hg4 ,anvil1 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,areas1 =mulas (1 #aig4 ,art smi?+1 #adf4 ,back+-up bl[1 #ce1 #cf4 8,back+-up0 metal1 #dc4 ,b&+ ) clips1 #adg4 ,basic iron1 #agd4 ,bell[s1 #a4 ,b5* & measur+ tools1 #bb-bh4 ,b5* vise1 #bb1 #bc4 ,b5d+1 #dj1 #da2 /ock calculation =1 #aah-aba4 ,b5d+ or twi/+ =k1 #adi2 wr5*1 #aej1 #aea4 ,bessem] iron1 #agc2 process1 #ahg-aic4 ,bevel1 #be1 #bf4 ,bevel+ bl[1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd4 ,bevel or tap] tool1 #ace4 ,blackb&1 #afd4 ,bla/1 #afh-agj4 ,bla/ furnace1 see r$uction furnace4 ,bli/] /eel1 #ahd4 ,block1 swage1 #ai1 #bj4 ,bloom]y1 #agg4 ,bloom+ mill1 #aia4 ,blue billy1 #ahj4 ,blue *ip1 #ahf4 ,bol/]s1 #acf4 ,bolt1 hexagonal head1 #ff1 #fg4 ,bor+ tools1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,box tongs1 see tool tongs4 ,brass tool1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,br[n hematite1 see limonite4 ,bulldog1 #ahj4 ,burn$ /eel1 #ahi4 ,butt]fly sc>f1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,button head set1 #ai4 ,butt weld1 #eb1 #ec4 ,calc9ation1 see roa/+4 ,calip]s1 #be1 #bf1 #aah1 #aai4 ,cape *isel1 #bd4 ,c>bon1 p]c5tage (1 9 tool /eel1 #hc-he4 ,caseh>d5+1 #ib1 #ic4 ,ca/ /eel1 #ahe4 ,cem5tation /eel1 see bli/] /eel4 ,c5t] pun*1 #bd1 #be4 ,*a9 grabhook1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb4 ,*a9 mak+1 #gc1 #gd4 ,*a9 swivel1 #gf-hj4 ,*>coal1 #e1 #afg4 ,*>coal iron1 #agd4 ,*eck+ tool or side full]1 #acj1 #aca4 ,*isel1 trimm+1 #abg1 #abh4 ,*isels1 #bc1 #bd1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,*isel tongs #aj1 #aa4 ,circul> cutt]1 #abg4 ,circumf]5ces & circul> areas ( numb]s f #a to #ajj3 #bje1 #bjf4 ,classification ( pig iron1 #agc4 ,clay iron/one1 #afd4 ,cleft weld1 #eb1 #ec4 ,cl9*]1 see clip tight5]4 ,clip1 #adh4 ,clip =m]1 #aea1 #aeb2 hold]1 #aeb1 #aec2 tight5] or cl9*]1 #aec1 #aed4 ,coal box1 #a4 ,coke1 #e1 #afg4 ,cold *isel1 #bc1 #bd1 #hi1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,cold cutt]s1 #ab1 #ac1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #abh-acj4 ,coll>s1 see bol/]s4 ,color$ oxides1 #hh1 #hi4 ,comb9ation full] & set1 #acb1 #acc4 ,comb9$ spr+ full]s1 #aca1 #acb2 top & bottom swages1 #acc1 #acd4 ,connect+ lev]1 #adb1 #adc2 rod1 #ach1 #aci4 ,conv]t]1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,crank %aft1 #acg1 #ach4 ,cr[b>1 /eel-fac$1 #aac1 #aad4 ,crucible1 #ahd4 ,crucible process1 #ahd-ahg4 ,crucible /eel1 alloys (1 #ahf4 ,cru%+1 #aff4 ,cutt]1 see hack4 circul>1 #abg2 cold1 #ab1 #ac1 #abh-acj2 h>d5+1 #ad2 hot1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,cutt+-(f or p>t+ tool1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,cutt+ /ock1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj4 ,decimals ( an in* = ea* #a_/fd?1 #aih4 ,design+1 #adf4 ,diamond po9t tool1 #ajd-ajf4 ,dies1 #dc1 #abc1 #abd4 ,dim5sions ( nuts & bolts1 #aig4 ,dipp]1 #d4 ,divid]s1 #be1 #bf4 ,dolomite z a flux1 #afh4 ,door hasp1 #fd-ff4 ,d\ble & s+le (fsets1 #adc-ade4 ,d\ble-fac$ sl$ge1 #i4 ,draw+1 #cg-dj4 ,draw spike1 #ei4 ,drop hamm]1 #abc1 #abd4 ,ecc5tric jaw1 #adj1 #ada4 ,edge-to-edge bl[1 #ca1 #cb4 ,eye or r+ bolts1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf-aah4 ,fagot weld+1 #fi4 ,f]romanganese1 #ahi4 ,f]r\s c>bonate1 #afd4 ,fettl+s1 #ahj4 ,files1 #bg1 #bh4 ,f9]y process1 see op5-he>? process4 8,f9i%$10 def9ition (1 #acg4 ,fire cracks1 #he4 ,fire set1 #aei1 #afj2 sep>at$1 #afj4 ,fire tools1 #d4 ,flat-jaw$ tongs1 #aj4 ,flat "r-angl$ weld1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb4 ,flatt]1 #ad1 #ae1 #aab1 #aac4 ,fluxes1 #afg1 #afh4 ,=ge1 ,,xii1 #a-c4 ,=g+1 def9ition (1 #cf-cg4 ,=g+1 op]ations us$ 91 #cf-dg4 ,=g+s1 #abc4 ,=g+ tools1 #ab-bh1 #ajg-aah4 ,=m+1 #dc1 #dd4 ,=mulas & tables1 #aig-bjf4 ,f\ndry iron1 #agd4 ,frankl9ite1 #afb4 ,fuels1 #d1 #e1 #dh1 #di1 #afg4 ,full]s1 comb9$ spr+1 #aca1 #acb2 top & bottom1 #ah1 #ai4 ,gate hook1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd4 ,grabhook1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb4 ,grad+ iron1 #agd1 #agf4 ,hack or cutt]1 #abf1 #abg4 ,hack saw1 #bg4 ,hamm] bl[s1 #cj-cf4 ,hamm]s1 #g1 #h2 ball pe51 #h2 cross pe51 #h2 drop1 #abc1 #abd2 h&1 #h2 r\nd & squ>e-edg$ set1 #ae1 #af1 #aaa2 /eam1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf2 /raight pe51 #h4 ,h&le pun*es1 #af1 #ag4 ,h& lev]1 #ada1 #adb4 ,h>d5+ tool /eel1 #hg-ib2 wr\ght iron & s(t /eel1 #ib1 #ic4 ,h>dy1 #ab1 #ac1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,hasp1 door1 #fd-ff4 ,head+ tool1 #ai4 ,heat+1 #dh-ej4 ,heat+ air = bla/ furnace1 #afh-agj2 tool /eel1 #he1 #hf4 ,heavy bor+ tool1 #ajc2 flat tongs1 #if1 #ig1 #ih4 ,holl[ bit tongs1 #aj1 #aa4 ,hot cutt]1 #ab-ad1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,+ots1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,+ot /ripp]1 #ahi4 ,injuries to /eel1 #he4 ,iron1 cold-%ort1 #afh2 colors & temp]atures =1 #id2 di/ribution (1 #afb2 native1 #afa2 r$-%ort1 #afh2 weld+1 #dg2 wr\ght1 #agh4 ,iron ore1 #afa-afb2 f]r\s c>bonate a =m (1 #afd2 limonite a =m (1 #afc1 #afd2 magnetite a =m (1 #afb1 #afc2 nickel 91 #afa2 r$ hematite a =m (1 #afc4 ,iron oxide 9 flux1 #agg4 ,j>d9ire /& or taboret1 #aed-aeg4 ,j>r+1 see upsett+ by j>r+4 ,jump weld1 #ec1 #ed4 ,kiln1 #afg4 ,lap weld1 #ej-eb4 ,la! tools1 #aja-ajg4 ,l5g?s1 =mulas (1 #aig4 ,lev]age bl[1 #cd1 #ce4 ,light bor+ tool1 #ajc1 #ajd2 *a9 tongs1 #ih-aja4 ,limonite1 #afc1 #afd4 ,l9k tongs1 #aj1 #aa4 ,ma*9e =g+s1 #acg-ade4 ,magnetite1 #afb1 #afc4 ,malleable iron1 #agd4 ,manual tra9+ =ge1 #b1 #c4 ,mat]ial = weld+1 #dg1 #dh4 ,meteorites1 #afa4 ,mild /eel1 #ahc4 ,mill iron1 #agd4 ,mu%et1 #ahf4 ,nasmy?1 ,james1 #abd4 ,native iron1 #afa4 ,(fsets1 #adc-ade4 ,op5 eye1 #aad1 #aae4 ,op5-he>? furnace1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid1 #aie4 ,op5-he>? process1 #agg1 #agh1 #aic-aif4 ,ore1 def9ition (1 #afa4 ,ores1 prep>ation (1 #afe2 value (1 #afd1 #afe4 ,ov]hang+ bl[1 #cb4 ,oxides1 color$1 #hh1 #hi4 ,oxidiz+ fire1 #di4 ,p>t+ tool1 see cutt+-(f tool4 ,phosphorus 9 iron1 #afh4 ,pick-up tongs1 #aj1 #aa4 ,pig boil+1 #agh4 ,pig iron1 classification (1 #agc4 ,pig mold+ ma*9e1 #aga-agc4 ,pigs1 ca/-iron1 #aga4 ,pipe hook1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb4 ,plug pun*1 use (1 #acf4 ,prep>ation ( ores1 #afe4 ,presses1 #abd4 ,puddl+ process1 #agh1 #agi-ahc4 ,pun*es1 #af1 #ag1 #bd1 #be1 #acf1 #acg4 ,pure iron1 #afb4 ,que/ions = review1 #bh1 #bi1 #eg1 #hb1 #ie1 #aba1 #abb1 #ade1 #afj1 #agf1 #aif4 ,ramm+1 see upsett+ by ramm+4 ,read+ lamp1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,r$ hematite1 #afc4 ,r$uc+ fire1 #di1 #ej4 ,r$uction furnace1 #agj-agc4 ,ref9+ pig iron1 #agg4 ,ref9+ process1 f\r /ages (1 #ahj1 #aha4 ,ref9+ /eel1 #hh4 ,rev]b]atory furnace1 description (1 #agi1 #aic1 #aid4 ,"r side tool1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,r+ bolts1 see eye bolts4 ,rivet+1 #adg1 #adh4 ,roa/+ ore1 #aff1 #afg4 ,rod /rap1 #aci1 #adj4 ,roll+ ma*9es1 #ahc4 ,roll+ tool /eel1 #ahb4 ,r\nd-edg$ set hamm]1 #ae1 #af1 #aab1 #aac4 ,r\nd weld1 #fi1 #gj4 ,rule1 #bd1 #be4 ,saddle1 see yoke4 ,sc>f+1 #ej4 ,scrib] or scrat* awl1 #be1 #bf4 ,scroll b5d+1 #aej2 fa/5+s1 #adg1 #adh2 =m]1 #adh1 #adi4 ,%e>+ bl[1 #cf1 #cg4 ,%+l+1 #ahb4 ,%ip-smi? eye1 #aag1 #aah4 ,s hook1 #ei1 #fj4 ,side full]1 see *eck+ tool4 ,side tongs1 #aj1 #aa2 tool1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,slag1 #afh4 ,sl$ges1 #i4 ,snap1 see button head set4 ,solid =g$1 eye1 #aag1 #aah2 r+1 #adc4 ,spa?ic ore1 #afd1 #afe4 ,spiegeleis51 #afc1 #afd1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,spr+ full]s1 #aca4 ,spr+ swages1 see comb9$ top & bottom swages4 ,squ>e1 #be1 #bf4 ,squ>e-corn]$ angle1 #fg-fi4 ,squ>e-edg$ set hamm]1 #ae1 #af1 #aaa4 ,/&>d dim5sions ( nuts & bolts1 #aig4 ,/aple1 #eh4 ,/eam hamm]1 #abd1 #abe4 ,/eam hamm] tools1 #abf-acg4 ,/eam hamm] "w1 ex]cises 91 #acg-ade4 ,/eel1 #ahc-aif4 ,/eel1 k9d (1 suitable = tools1 #hc4 ,/eel1 tool1 #hc-ie2 anneal+ (1 #hf1 #hg2 colors on surface (1 #hh1 #hi2 injuries to1 #he1 #hf3 h>d5+ & temp]+ (1 #hg-ib2 oil-temp]$1 #ij2 p]c5tage ( c>bon 91 #hc-he2 prop] & improp] heat+ (1 #he1 #hf2 prop] & improp] treatm5t (1 #ia1 #ib2 temp]ature & color *>ts =1 #id2 two me?ods ( h>d5+ & temp]+1 #hi1 #ij2 wat] anneal+ (1 #hg2 weld+ (1 #dh4 ,/eel1 uses ( diff]5t grades (1 #hd1 #he4 ,/ock calculation = bond+1 #aah-aba4 ,/raight5+1 #dd1 #de4 ,sulphur 9 iron & /eel1 #afh4 ,surface plate1 #bj1 #ba4 ,swage block1 #ai1 #bj4 ,swages1 comb9$ top & bottom1 #acc1 #acd2 top & bottom1 #ag1 #ah1 #acd4 ,sw+ sl$ge1 see d\ble-fac$ sl$ge4 ,swivels1 #gf-hj4 ,tap]$ m&rels1 #ba1 #bb4 ,tap] tool1 see bevel tool4 ,temp]+1 temp]ature & color *>t =1 #id4 ,temp]+ heat z det]m9$ by colors1 #hh-ia2 by sci5tific app>atus1 #ia1 #ib4 ,temp]+ tool /eel1 #hg-ib4 ,?read+ tool1 see light bor+ tool4 ,tilt+ hamm]1 #ahf4 ,tongs1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #if-aja2 *isel1 #aj1 #aa2 flat-jaw$1 #aj2 heavy flat1 #if1 #ig1 #ih2 holl[ bit1 #aj1 #aa2 light *a91 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja2 l9k1 #aj1 #aa2 pick-up1 #aj1 #aa3 side1 #aj1 #aa2 tool1 #aj1aa4 ,tool1 *eck+1 #acj1 #aca2 = weld+ a swivel1 #gf2 head+1 #ai4 ,tools1 b5* & measur+1 #bb-bh2 fire1 #d2 =g+1 #ab-bh1 #ajg-aah2 la!1 #aja-ajg4 ,tool tongs1 #aj1 #aa4 ,top & bottom1 full]s1 #ah1 #ai2 swages1 #acc1 #acd4 ,trimm+ *isel1 #abg1 #abh4 ,tuyre1 #c1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,t weld1 #gb1 #gc4 ,twi/+1 #de1 #df4 ,twi/+ wr5*1 see b5d+ wr5*4 ,umbrella /&1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,upright bl[1 #cj1 #ca4 ,upsett+1 #da-dc2 by 8back+-up10 #dc2 by hamm]+1 #db1 #dc2 by j>r+1 #dc2 by ramm+1 #dc4 ,value ( ores1 #afd-afe4 ,v block1 #ace4 ,vise1 b5*1 #bb1 #bc4 ,v weld1 #ed-ef4 ,wa%+ ore1 #afe4 ,wat] swag+1 #ah4 ,wea!r+ ore1 #afe4 ,weights & areas ( squ>e & r\nd b>s1 #bjb-bjd4 ,weights1 =mulas (1 #aig4 ,weights ( flat roll$ /eel p] l9e> foot1 #aii-bja4 ,weld$ r+1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf4 ,weld+1 #df1 #dg1 #adg2 fagot1 #fi2 heat1 #ea1 #eb2 mat]ial =1 #dg1 #dh4 ,welds1 #ej-ef1 #fi-gc2 butt1 #eb1 #ec2 cleft1 #eb1 #ec2 flat "r-angl$1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb2 jump1 #ec1 #ed2 lap1 #ej-eb2 r\nd1 #fi1 #gj2 ,t1 #gb1 #gc2 ,v1 #ed-ef4 ,yoke or saddle1 #ace1 #acf4