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,l9tel1 p4 #ai--,! ,ar*1 p4 #bj--;,egyptian ,art1 p4 #bb--;,*aldean ,art1 p4 #be--;,greek ,art1 p4 #bh--,roman ,art1 p4 #ce--,vault+1 p4 #cf--;,greek ,influ5ce1 p4 #cg--,roman ,developm5t ( ,ornam5t1 p4 #ch--;,grco-,roman ,pa9t$ ,decoration1 p4 #ci--;,byzant9e ,dome1 p4 #dc--;,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art1 p4 #df--;,byzant9e ,metal ,"w1 & ,enamel1 p4 #dg--,roman ,influ5ce ,abroad--,romanesque ,/yle1 p4 #di--;,*ur* ,developm5t1 p4 #ej--;,d>k ,ages1 p4 #ec--;,crusades1 p4 #ef--,orig9 ( ! ,po9t$ ,ar*1 p4 #eh--;,go?ic ,/yle1 p4 #ei--,phases ( ,go?ic--,e>ly ,po9t$1 p4 #fj--;,decorat$ ,go?ic1 p4 #fd--,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic--,glass ,w9d[s1 p4 #fg--;,civic ,influ5ces1 p4 #gj--;,effect ( ,comm]ce--,classic ,tradition 9 ,italy1 p4 #ga--;,=eign ,influ5ce 9 ,engl&--,! ,dwell+ ,h\se1 p4 #gb--,! ,re=mation1 p4 #gd--,! ,r5aissance1 p4 #ge--;,e>ly ,flor5t9e ,expon5ts1 p4 #gf--,rome1 p4 #gh--,v5ice1 p4 #hj--,v5etian ,influ5ce1 p4 #ha--,pa9t$ ,decoration1 p4 #hb--;,grco-,roman ,influ5ce1 p4 #hc--;,e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 p4 #he--,native ,exploitation1 p4 #hg--;,engli% ,r5aissance1 p4 #hh--;,italians 9 ,engl&1 p4 #hi--,/udy ( ,classic ,/yle--,?omas ,?orpe1 p4 #ia--;,flemi% ,influ5ce1 p4 #ib--;,jacobean ,"w1 p4 #ic--;,developm5t 9 ,dwell+s1 p4 #ih--;,evolution ( ,pr(essional ,design]1 p4 #aja--;,inigo ,jones1 p4 #ajb--,l\is ,,xiii1 p4 #ajc--,l\is ,,xiv1 p4 #ajf--8;,b\le0 ,"w--,mirrors1 p4 #aji--,l\is ,,xv1 p4 #aaj--,rg5ce--,rococo1 p4 #aaa--,lacqu] 8,v]nis ,m>t90--,lat] ,engli% ,r5aissance1 p4 #aac--,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 p4 #aad--;,classic ,treatm5t ( ! ,spire1 p4 #aaf--;,dut* & ,fr5* ,influ5ces1 p4 #aah--,que5 ,anne ,p]iod--,e>ly ,georgian1 p4 #abj--;,furniture ,design1 ,*ipp5dale1 p4 #aba--,mayhew--,rob]t ,adam1 p4 #abc--;,hepple:ite1 p4 #abf--,%]aton--,l\is ,,xvi1 p4 #abg--,ries5] & ,g\?ire1 p4 #acc--;,empire--,empire 9 ,engl&--,lat] ,engli% ,ar*itecture1 p4 #ace--;,fr5* ,influ5ce on ,europe1 p4 #acf4 ,,iii ,m\ld+s44444#ach ,purpose--,! ,fillet--,%elt]+ ,m\ld+s--,! ,cavetto1 p4 #aci--;,cyma ,recta--,bracket+ ,m\ld+s--,! ,ovolo1 p4 #adj--;,cyma ,rev]sa--,b9d+ ,m\ld+s1 p4 #ada--,! ,torus--,! ,scotia--,! ,facia1 p4 #adb--;,decoration ( ,m\ld+s1 p4 #adc--,or?odox ,details--,angle ,leaf1 p4 #ade--;,d5tils1 p4 #adf--;,employm5t ( ,m\ld+s1 p4 #adg--;,attitude1 p4 #adh--,panel ,m\ld+s--,woodwork1 p4 #adi--;,appli$ ,m\ld+s1 p4 #aea--;,bolection ,m\ld+1 p4 #aeb--,m\ld+s 9 ,pla/] ,"w--,wood ,turn+1 p4 #aec--,metal ,turn+--,pott]y1 p4 #aed--,me*anically produc$ ,metal ,m\ld+s--,wr\ght ,iron1 p4 #aee--,silv] ,"w1 p4 #aef--,%eet ,metal1 ,sp9n+1 & ,rep\ss1 p4 #aeg4 ,,iv ,ar*itectural ,proportions44444#aeh ,introduction1 p4 #aeh--,sy/em ( ,proportion1 p4 #aei--,! ,ord]1 p4 #afj--;,doric ,ord]1 p4 #afa--;,ionic ,ord]--,cor9?ian ,ord]1 p4 #afc--;,doric ,entablatures--,mutules1 p4 #afd--;,ionic ,entablature1 p4 #afi--;,cor9?ian ,entablature1 p4 #aga--,! ,column1 p4 #agb--,! ,capital--,doric ,capital1 p4 #agc--;,ionic ,capital--,ionic ,volute1 p4 #age--;,cor9?ian ,capital1 p4 #agh--,! ,base1 p4 #ahj--;,doric ,base1 p4 #aha--;,ionic ,base1 p4 #ahb--;,cor9?ian ,base--,! ,ar*1 p4 #ahd--;,doric ,impo/1 p4 #ahe--;,doric ,ar*ivolt--,ionic ,impo/1 p4 #ahf--;,ionic ,ar*ivolt--,cor9?ian ,impo/--,cor9?ian ,ar*ivolt--,! ,key/one1 p4 #ahg--,! ,p$e/al1 p4 #ahh--;,doric ,p$e/al1 p4 #ahi--;,ionic ,p$e/al--,cor9?ian ,p$e/al1 p4 #aij--,! ,balu/]1 p4 #aia--,spac+ ( ,balu/]s--,balu/rad+1 p4 #aic--,use ( ,columns1 p4 #aid--;,disposition & ,spac+ 9 ,colonnades1 p4 #aie--,ord]s above ,ord]s1 p4 #aig--,! ,pila/]1 p4 #aii--;,arcades1 p4 #bjj--,! ,subsidi>y ,ord]1 p4 #bjb--,treatm5t ( ,sup]impos$ ,ord]s1 p4 #bjd--,ru/ication1 p4 #bje--,! ,basem5t1 p4 #bjg--,! ,attic1 p4 #bjh--,! 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,fates--,propitiation & ,sacrifice1 p4 #cbj--;,e>ly ,burial ,cu/oms--,taboo--,roman ,l>es1 p4 #cbb--,m$ival ,leg5d--,e>ly ,spiritual ,belief1 p4 #cbc--,prehi/oric ,treatm5t ( ,epileptics--,prohibition1 p4 #cbd--;,belief 9 ,magical ,qualities1 p4 #cbe--,! ,%irt ( ,nessus--,swords1 p4 #cbf--;,invuln]ability1 p4 #cbg--;,belief 9 ,numb]s--,! ,muses1 p4 #cbh--,sacr$ ,trees & ,fl[]s1 p4 #cbi--,sacr$ ,animals--,evangeli/ ,symbols1 p4 #cca--,! ,s]p5t--,! ,dragon1 p4 #ccb--,poetic ,lic5se 9 ,tradition1 p4 #ccc--;,animals 9 ,*ri/ian ,art1 p4 #ccd--;,association ( ,human & ,animal ,qualities--,totemism--,cannibalism1 p4 #ccf--,! ,sph9x--,assyrian ,w+$ ,mon/]s1 p4 #ccg--,pegasus--,! ,h>py--,sir5s1 p4 #cch--,pan--,! ,nymphs--,! ,c5taur1 p4 #cci--,symbolism ( ! ,circle1 p4 #cdj--,symbols ( ! ,tr9ity--,! ,w&1 a ,symbol ( ,au?ority--,! ,h&1 p4 #cda--,! ,caduceus--,! ,?yrsus1 p4 #cdb--,! ,trid5t--,! ,cross1 p4 #cdc--,! ,pa/oral ,/aff1 p4 #cdd--,symbols ( ,m>tyrdom--,symbolism ( ,gems & ,col\rs1 p4 #cde--,masks--,symbols ( ,"t1 p4 #cdf--,secul> ,symbols--,trophies1 p4 #cdg--;,h]aldry--,int]e/ & ,mean+ 9 ,mod]n ,art1 p4 #cdh4 ,,ix ,ways & ,means44444#cej ,p]ception1 p4 #cej--;,accept$ ,conv5tions1 p4 #cea--;,influ5ce ( ,fa%ion--,h>moni\s ,consi/5cy1 p4 #ceb--,natural ,sugge/ion--,col\r ,s*eme1 p4 #cec--;,e>ly ,tra9+--,nature ,/udy1 p4 #cee--;,aspect & ,attitude1 p4 #cef--,treatm5t ( ,/udies1 p4 #ceh--;,draw+s = ,reproduction1 p4 #cei--,opaque ,col\r--,me?od ( ,enl>g+ or ,r$uc+ ,draw+s1 p4 #cfj--,textile ,designs1 p4 #cfa--,wall ,pap]s1 p4 #cfb--;,ar*itectural ,draw+s--,/ructural ,design1 p4 #cfc--,lucid ,arrangem5t ( ,details1 p4 #cfd--,ma!matical ,equipm5t1 p4 #cfe--,use ( ! ,rul+ ,p5--,proportional ,compasses1 p4 #cfg--,trac+s--,conclusion1 p4 #cfh4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,sket* ,design = ,eque/rian ,/atue1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,,rick>ds1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,frontispiece ,,ar*itecture1 ,,hi/oric ,no4 ,page ,egyptian ,temple1 ,section & ,plan ( #aj #bc ,temple1 ,entrance ,faade #aa #bd ,capital f ,phil #ab #bd ,p]sian ,capitals f ,p]sepolis #af #bg ,greek ,doric ,temple1 ,! ,p>!non #ba #cj ,ionic1 ,! ,erec!um #bb #ca ,cor9?ian1 ,! ,*oragic ,monum5t #bc #cb ,vase pa9t+s ( ,doric & ,ionic ,ord]s #ai #bi ,h\se ab\t #ajj ,a4,d4 ,bas-relief 9 ,briti% ,museum #bj #bi ,roman1 ,! ,pan!on1 ,rome #bf #cf ,! ,coliseum1 ,rome #bg #cg ,! ,ar* ( ,titus1 ,rome #bh #ch ,byzant9e ,/4 ,vitali ,rav5na1 ,section & ,plan #ce #dd ,capitals #cf 7,plate7 ,int]ior1 ,rav5na #ci 7,plate7 ,romanesque ,capitals #db #ej ,t[] #dc #ej ,plan1 ,ca!dral at ,worms #dd #ea ,bay ( ,ca!dral at ,worms #de #eb ,w9d[1 ,/4 ,alban's ,abbey #df #eb ,*ur* ,int]ior ) ,tri=ium #dg #eb ,doorway1 ,kilpeck ,*ur* #di #ed ,go?ic ,buttresses #ec #eh ,e>ly ,po9t$ ,pi] #ed #fj ,e>ly ,po9t$ ,bay ( ,*ur* #ee #fa ,e>ly ,lancet ,w9d[s #ef #fb ,e>ly ,po9t$ ,w9d[s1 ,plate ,trac]y #eg #fb ,e>ly ,po9t$ ,ar* ,m\ld+s #eh #fb ,e>ly ,po9t$ ,capital #ei #fc ,e>ly ,po9t$ ,trac]y ,w9d[s #fj #fc ,e>ly ,po9t$ ,spire #fa #fd ,decorat$1 ,trac]y ,w9d[s #fb #fd ,decorat$1 ,c>v+ #fc #fe ,decorat$1 ,ar* ,m\ld+s #fd #fe ,decorat$1 ,capital #fe #ff ,decorat$1 ,capital #ff #ff ,decorat$1 ,spire #fg #ff ,p]p5dicul>1 ,bay ( ,*ur* %[+ ,developm5t ( ,cl]e/ory #fh #fg ,p]p5dicul>1 ,w9d[s #fi #fh ,p]p5dicul>1 ,fan ,vault+ #gj #fi ,p]p5dicul>1 ,t[] #ga #fi ,dome/ic ,tudor1 ,w9d[ #ge #gd ,r5aissance1 ,italian1 ,/rozzi ,palace #gf #gf ,italian1 ,p&olf9i ,palace #gg #gg ,italian1 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome #gh #gi ,italian1 ,f>nese ,palace #gi #hj ,italian1 ,v5dram9i ,palace #hj #ha ,italian1 ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k #ha #hb ,engli%1 ,banquet+ ,h\se1 ,:itehall #je #ajca ,fr5*1 ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,luxemb\rg #jf #ajda ,fr5*1 ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,b>occo ,detail1 ,/e4 ,m>ie1 ,nev]s #jg #ajea ,fr5*1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,l\vre #ji #ajfa ,fr5*1 ,l\is ,,xv4 ,pan!on #ab #aaja ,engli%1 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral #ah #aaea ,engli%1 ,spire1 ,/4 ,m>y le ,/r& #ai #aafa ,tomb ( ,tantalus 9 ,lydia #e #ai ,tomb ( ,b5i ,hassan #ag #bh ,tomb at ,kyanea-,jaghu #ah #bh ,,ar*itectural ,,features ,ar*1 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ! #f #bj ,balu/]s1 ,details ( #agj #aib ,cornice1 ,treatm5t :]e ,ord] is n employ$ #ahj #bji ,doors1 ,g5]al ,proportion ( #ahb #baa ,treatm5t ( #ahc #bab ,frieze1 ,roman #aih #bbf ,frieze1 ,roman #aii #bbg ,go?ic ,vault1 ,section ( #g #bj ,vault+ #i #ba ,cross ,vault+ #dh #ec ,l9tel1 ,! #d #ai ,l9tel1 ,!1 ,joggl$ ,jo9ts #h #ba ,ord]s1 ,g5]al ,proportions ( ! #aed #afb ,ord]1 ,! ,doric #aec #afj ,! ,doric ,entablature1 ,vignola #aee #afe ,! ,doric ,entablature1 ,mutul> #aef #aff ,ord]1 ,! ,doric ,capital #aei #agc ,! ,doric ,base #afe #aha ,! ,doric ,p$e/al #afi #ahi ,! ,doric ,ar*ivolt #afh #ahf ,! ,doric ,impo/ #afh #ahf ,! ,doric ,arcad+ #agd #bja ,! ,doric ,arcad+ ) ,p$e/al #age #bjb ,! ,doric ,column & ,pila/] #agc #bjj ,! ,ionic ,entablature #aeg #afh ,! ,ionic ,capital #afj #agd ,! ,ionic ,capital 7,angul> ,volutes7 #afa #agf ,! ,ionic1 ,detail ( ,angul> ,volute #afb #agg ,! ,ionic ,base #aff #ahb ,! ,ionic ,p$e/al #afi #ahi ,! ,ionic ,ar*ivolt #afh #ahf ,! ,ionic ,impo/ #afh #ahf ,! ,cor9?ian ,entablature #aeh #agj ,! ,cor9?ian ,capital #afc #agi ,! ,cor9?ian ,capital #afd #ahj ,! ,cor9?ian ,base #afg #ahc ,! ,cor9?ian ,p$e/al #afi #ahi ,! ,cor9?ian ,ar*ivolt #afh #ahf ,! ,cor9?ian ,impo/ #afh #ahf ,! ,sup]impos$ #agb #aih ,! ,subsidi>y #agf #bjc ,! ,subsidi>y1 ,detail ( ,entablature #ahj #bji ,p$im5t1 ,! #aha #baj ,pila/] ,!1 ,capital #bji #bcf ,!1 ,fr5* ,r5aissance #bjh #bcf ,ru/ication1 ,types ( #agh #bjf ,9 ,arcades #agi #bjg ,spac+ ( ,columns #aga #aif ,w9d[s #ahd #bad ,?ree-,light #ahe #bae ,,decorative ,,features ,acan?us ,leaf1 ,bru% ,"w #bce #bfd ,developm5t #bea #bha ,developm5t #beb #bhb ,con/ruction ( #bec #bhg ,an!mion1 ,greek1 ,relief ,treatm5t #bcb #bfb ,greek1 ,vase ,pa9t+ #bca #bfa ,bord]1 ,! ,geometric1 ,key or ,labyr9? #bjj #bbh ,bord]1 ,! ,geometric1 ,int]lac+ #bja #bbi ,! ,scroll #bjd #bcb ,! ,evolute ,scroll #bjg #bcd ,! ,v]tebrate #bdd #bgd ,bran*+1 ,types ( #bdc #bgd ,inlay1 ,wood1 ,geometric #bfj #big ,wood ,bord]s #bfa #big ,wood ,panel #bfb #big ,wood ,panel #bfc #bih ,wood1 ,italian ,int>sia #bfd #bih ,metal 8,b\le0 ,"w #bff #bii ,metal 8,b\le0 ,"w #bfg #bii ,inlaid ,floor1 ,italian ,r5aissance #ahh #bai ,lace #bei 7,plate7 ,m>quetry #bfe 7,plate7 ,mosaic ,"w1 ,sp&ril1 ,byzant9e #dj 7,plate7 ,bord]s #bfh 7,plate7 ,bord]1 ,roman #bfi 7,plate7 ,bord]1 ,roman #bgj 7,plate7 ,panel1 ,roman #bga 7,plate7 ,ne$lework #beg 7,plate7 ,appliqu #beh 7,plate7 ,relief ,ornam5t1 ,prehi/oric #b 7,plate7 ,greek ,/one ,c>v+ #bah 7,plate7 ,roman ,/one ,c>v+ #bcg 7,plate7 ,roman ,/one ,c>v+ #bi #ci ,byzant9e ,/one ,c>v+ #cg #df ,byzant9e ,/one ,c>v+ #ch #dg ,byzant9e ,/one ,c>v+ #baf #bdd ,romanesque ,/one ,c>v+ #bag #bdd ,go?ic ,/one ,c>v+ #bch #bfh ,go?ic ,/one ,c>v+ #bci #bfi ,go?ic ,/one ,c>v+ #bai 7,plate7 ,r5aissance1 ,italian #bdh #bgh ,r5aissance1 ,italian #bdi #bgi ,r5aissance1 ,fr5* #hh #hf ,r5aissance1 ,fr5* #bej #bhj ,r5aissance1 ,fr5* #ij #hh ,jacobean ,g\ge ,"w #bgf #cjb ,jacobean ,wood ,c>v+ #bgg #cjc ,jacobean ,wood ,c>v+ #ie #id ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,wood ,c>v+ #bge 7,plate7 ,engli% ,wood ,c>v+ #bgd 7,plate7 ,relief ,ornam5t1 ,fr5* ,wood ,c>v+ #aac #aaa ,fr5* ,wood ,c>v+ #bgi #cjf ,fr5* ,wood ,c>v+ #bab #bci ,fr5* ,wood ,c>v+ #baa #bch ,fr5*1 ,"p ( ,ceil+ #baj #bcg ,fr5* ,wood ,c>v+ #acc #acd ,icel&ic ,wood ,c>v+ #bhj #cjf ,engli% #ah? ,c5tury #bgc 7,plate7 ,engli%1 ,mod]n #bac #bdj ,analysis ( ,compos+ ,l9es #bad #bda ,rosettes1 ,types ( #bda #bgj ,scroll1 ,!1 ,greek ,/one ,c>v+ #bcc #bfb ,! ,evolute1 ,ar*aic #bbi #bei ,! ,evolute1 ,savage ,art #bcj #bfj ,scroll1 ,!1 ,wr\ght ,iron #bcd #bfc ,bru% ,"w #bcf #bfe ,z a ,gr[? ,l9e #bjb #bcj ,italian ,r5aissance #bdj #bgj ,/>t1 ,!1 ,ne/ or ,cup ,leaf #bdf #bgg ,half ,figure #bdg #bgg ,t5dril1 ,roman #bdb #bgb ,t]m9als1 ,bran* & ,scroll #bde #bge ,textiles1 #ad? ,c5tury ,wov5 ,fabric #c #ac #ad? ,c5tury ,wov5 ,fabric #ea #ef ,sicilian ,tape/ry #eb #eg #ad? ,c5tury ,tape/ry #bje #bcb ,turki% ,brocade #bjc #bca ,fr5* ,brocade #bjf #bcc ,details ( ,inhabit$ ,patt]n #bef #bie ,tool$ ,book ,b9d+ #bgb 7,plate7 ,,furniture ,egyptian #ac #be ,egyptian #ad #bf ,assyrian ,seat #ae #bg ,greek #bd #cc ,roman ,c\* #cj #ci ,roman ,sella or ,seat #ca #ci ,romanesque ,*air #ej #ee ,go?ic ,*air #gb #gj ,go?ic ,b$/ead #gc #ga ,italian ,r5aissance #hf #hd ,italian ,r5aissance #hg #he ,italian ,r5aissance #ib #hi ,fr5* ,r5aissance #ia #hh ,engli% #ag? ,c5tury #ii #ih ,engli% #ag? ,c5tury #ajj #ii ,engli% #ag? ,c5tury #aja #ajj ,engli% #ag? ,c5tury #ajb #ajj ,engli% #ag? ,c5tury4 ,balu/] #bba #bdf ,fr5* ,l\is ,,xiii #ajh #aje ,fr5* ,l\is ,,xiv #aaa #ajh ,fr5* ,l\is ,,xv #bfe 7,plate7 ,engli% late #ag? ,c5tury #aaf #aac ,engli% late #ag? ,c5tury #aag #aad ,dut* & ,que5 ,anne ,*airs #aba #aai ,engli% #ah? ,c5tury #abb #abb ,fr5* ,l\is ,,xvi #acb #acc ,,int]ior ,,features ,ceil+s1 ,italian ,r5aissance #ahg #bah ,italian1 ,g5]al ,plan #ahi #bbj ,italian ,r5aissance1 ,pa9t$1 #hc 7,plate7 ,italian ,r5aissance1 ,pa9t$1 #he 7,plate7 ,tudor #aij #bba ,jacobean #aia #bbb ,jacobean #aib #bbc ,c>olean #aic #bbd ,rob]t ,adam #aid #bbe ,*imney ,pieces1 ,go?ic #ac? ,c5tury #gd #ga ,italian ,r5aissance #ic #ij ,fr5* ,r5aissance #hi #hg ,jacobean #if #ie ,domes & ,vaults1 ,italian ,r5aissance3 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome #aig 7,plate7 ,villa ,madama #aif 7,plate7 ,ducal ,palace1 ,v5ice #aie 7,plate7 ,doors1 ,jacobean #ig #if ,jacobean #ih #ig ,fr5* ,r5aissance #bgh #cje ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 ,l\is ,,xv #aad #aab ,engli% ,r5aissance #abj #aag ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 ,l\is ,,xvi #acj #acb ,frieze1 ,! ,jacobean1 ,c>v$ ,wood #id #ic ,fr5*1 ,l\is ,,xvi #aca #acc ,int]ior ,decoration1 ,grco-,roman #cb #dj ,int]ior ,decoration1 ,wall ,division #ahf #bag ,italian ,r5aissance #hd 7,plate7 ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 ,l\is ,,xiv #aaj #ajg ,engli% 8,adam0 #abc #abd ,engli% 8,adam0 #abd #abe ,fr5* ,l\is ,,xvi #abf #abh ,fr5* ,l\is ,,xvi #abg #abi ,fr5* ,l\is ,,xvi #abh #acj ,fr5* ,l\is ,,xvi #abi #aca ,,metal ,,"w ,grco-,roman #cc #da ,grco-,roman #cd #db ,byzant9e ,tradition #da #dh ,wr\ght ,iron #bhb #cjg ,wr\ght ,iron1 ,v5etian #bhc #cjg ,rep\ss #ajc #aja ,rep\ss #bha 7,plate7 ,ca/ #ajd #ajb ,ca/1 ,l\is ,,xv #aae #aac ,%effield ,plate #abe #abf ,filagree ,jewell]y #bbh #beg ,ca/ ,iron 7,mod]n7 #bbb #bdg ,surface ,decoration ( #bhd #cjh ,,me?od ,( ,enl>g+ & ,r$uc+ ,draw+s #bhf #cfa ,,m\ld+s ,pr(iles ( #acd #ach ,enri*m5t ( #ace #add ,detail ( ! ,d5til #acf #adg ,aspect ( #acg #adh ,/one1 ,panel ,effect #ach #adi ,wood ,panels #aci #aej ,wood ,panels1 ,appli$ #adj #aea ,wood ,panels1 ,appli$ #ada #aeb ,! ,bolection #adb #aeb ,table ,top #adc #aec ,turn$ ,wood #add #aec ,pott]y #ade #aed ,pott]y #adf #aed ,roll$ ,metal #adg #aee ,drawn ,metal #adh #aee ,wr\ght ,iron1 ,swag$ #adi #aef ,wr\ght ,iron1 ,built up #aej #aef ,wr\ght ,iron1 ,built up #aea #aef ,spun ,metal #aeb #aeg ,,vase ,,=ms ,primitive ,pott]y #a 7,plate7 ,greek ,pott]y #be #cd ,greek ,pott]y1 ,pa9t$ ,details #ai #bi ,effect ( ,p]spective #bbj #bde ,segm5ts ( ,cont\r$ ,surfaces #bbf #bea ,segm5ts ( ,cont\r$ ,surfaces #bbg #beb ,/ret*-out ( ! ,cyl9d] #bbd #bdi ,/ret*-out ( ! ,cone #bbe #bej ,types ( ,vase ,decoration #bbc #bdh ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,x is an article ( fai? t to design entails ! possession ( ! creative faculty1 :i* may be tak5 = grant$ ) ! proviso1 t ! creative faculty is conc]n$ r ) ! association ( elem5ts common to all ?an ) inv5tion pure & simple4 ,human ,limitations ,to be m explicit1 ! human imag9ation is limit$ to p]sonal or acquir$ exp]i5ce4 ,at no p]iod has any =m be5 creat$ t is n traceable to "s process ( production1 or natural sugge/ion2 = in/ance1 ! arti/ic conception ( an angel is m]ely a comb9ation ( human & bird =m1 & is 9 no s5se an orig9al creation4 ,! t]m orig9ality is inde$ g5]ally misund]/ood1 & = ! reasons already advanc$ x is impossible to be orig9al4 ,! real int]e/ 9 arti/ic production ( any k9d is ! expression ( p]sonality1 9 o!r words1 ! individual po9t ( view ( ! arti/2 :i* is m or less int]e/+1 z x is m or less p]sonal 9 idea & expression4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( ! design] x is ess5tial t ! imag9ation be c>efully cultivat$ & tra9$ to accept sugge/ion f any possible s\rce4 ,design is di/9ct f any phase ( reali/ic expression inasmu* z ! subject does n exi/ 9 any concrete =m1 b has to be m5tally visualis$4 8,inspiration0 ,too mu* importance is atta*$ to :at is believ$ to be inspiration1 b obvi\sly if inspir$1 design is r 9 ! nature ( an accid5t ?an ( ! delib]ate int5tion x %\ld be & _c be cr$it$ to ! individual expon5t4 ,:at at fir/ sight sugge/s inspir$ ?\ght may be acc\nt$ = by sub-consci\sness1 :i* is really responsible = ! evolution ( an idea or ! solution ( "s problem4 ,x w\ld be b5eficial to reject once & = all ! idea ( inspiration ) its t5d5cy to enc\rage ! 8arti/ic temp]am5t0 9 ! belief t x 8does n feel l x40 ,! design] mu/ be ready to respond at any "t1 & ?is implies a logical & balanc$ m9d1 capable ( grasp+ ess5tials1 & conditions1 & ( evolv+ "s desirable solution4 ,ano!r sup]/ition is t a design is a draw+1 & x only requires a facility 9 ?is =m ( expression to produce a design4 ,?is is a fallacy1 z ?\gh _m designs are = conv5i5ce express$ ?r\gh ?is m$ium1 any su* draw+ mu/ be made ) a k ( ! te*nical details ( ! f9al me?od ( production1 to be a practical design4 ,process & ,mat]ial ,design is !re=e insep>able f consid]ation ( mat]ial & process1 ) :i* ! design] mu/ be acqua9t$2 )\t ?is te*nical k x is impossible to take full advantage ( ! me?od ( production ei!r 9 ! direction ( economy or effect4 ,o!r consid]ations are utilit>ian & /hetic1 ! =m] hav+ reg>d to purpose1 ! latt] to appe>ance4 ,t m]e utility is n 9 itself suffici5t is evid5t2 ! common enamell$ saucepan & ! m$ic9e bottle are c]ta9ly utilit>ian1 b no "o w\ld ass]t t !y are satisfy+ f ! /hetic po9t ( view4 ,an important consid]ation 9 design is ! 8m>ket0 :i* is gov]n$ by popul> or individual dem&4 ,^? :o pay ! pip] call ! tune1 & ! design] has (t5 to "w to prescrib$ conditions4 ,?is app>5tly implies re/riction ( individuality1 b ! design] :o refuses to con=m w probably f9d ! m>ket ev5 m re/rict$4 ,x also implies t he mu/ be well v]s$ 9 ! v>i\s /yles or hi/oric tradition1 s t 8 "w1 if desirable1 may be 9 h>mony ) exi/+ environm5t2 b 9 ^! circum/ances x is q possible to produce "w t is individual & di/9ctive4 ,design]s1 craftsm5 & manufactur]s are all dep5d5t ^u public dem&1 :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 & _! bus9ess is z f> z possible to raise ! g5]al /&>d ( ta/e1 by produc+ ( _! be/4 ,any attempt on _! "p to insi/ on :at %all or %all n be done w\ld und\bt$ly result 9 failure4 ,to sum up1 ! design] mu/ n only be an accompli%$ draughtsman well v]s$ 9 traditional ornam5t & /yle1 b x is necess>y t he %\ld cultivate ! imag9ative & p]ceptive faculties2 &1 9 addition1 ! comm]cial qualities ( promptness & bus9ess insight4 ,e>ly ,tra9+ ,! "q is (t5 rais$1 c design be taught8 ,if by ?is x is und]/ood1 c ! design+ faculty be creat$ 9 ! ord9>y /ud5t1 ! answ] is di/9ctly 9 ! negative2 b und\bt$ly /ud5ts c be direct$ ?r\gh a c\rse ( tra9+ t w enable !m to produce at lea/ "w t is good1 ?\gh x may n be p]sonally di/9ctive4 ,an intellig5t /udy ( ! elem5ts & basis ( patt]n & ( traditional /yles %\ld result 9 ! ability to produce "w on safe traditional l9es t w be 9 h>mony ) environm5t4 ,su* "w x may be claim$ w\ld only atta9 ! level ( m$iocrity2 h[ mu* f>!r ! /ud5t w g dep5ds l>gely ^u application & natural faculty4 ,natural faculty is fairly common1 :ile g5ius is r>e & c look aft] itself4 ,! tea*] is conc]n$ ) ! rank & file1 & ! tra9+ & developm5t ( ! natural faculty %\ld be ! aim4 ,:]e ?is exi/s x %\ld be c>efully nurs$1 involv+ great responsibility 9 ! *oice & direction ( ! c\rses ( /udy4 ,! able expon5t does n always make ! be/ tea*]1 z /ud5ts are apt to be influ5c$ by a /rong p]sonality & to be imitative4 ,influ5ce 9 ! e>ly /ages is q natural1 & to "s ext5t b5eficial1 b if p]man5t1 ! /ud5t becomes "o ( ! cr[d 9 fail+ to develop ! p]sonality1 :i* is ! sole int]e/1 & is ! tea*]'s responsibility to pres]ve z f> z possible4 ,negative criticism is n tea*+1 & 9 any sugge/$ modifications reasons %\ld be giv51 s t ! tea*+ be con/ructive2 to :i* end x is desirable t ! tea*] be capable ( analysis & possess$ ( me?od4 ,popul> ta/e z a factor t has to be consid]$ has already be5 sugge/$1 b x is evid5t t ! av]age memb] ( ! public has little k ( ,art1 & /ill less ( design4 ,art & ,exi/5ce ,t ,art is necess>y to exi/5ce may be que/ion$1 z life w\ld be possible--if n v int]e/+--if regulat$ only by consid]ations ( utility4 ,9 a less cultivat$ /ate we are satisfi$ ) ! gratification ( m]ely physical wants2 s 9 a m cultivat$ /ate ,art becomes "o ( ! m9d's necessities4 ,! diction>y def9ition ( ,art is 8practical skill guid$ by rules10 & t ( an arti/ z 8"o :o practises an ,art40 ,possibly ! =m] might be bett] express$ by ! /atem5t t 8,art is an appeal to ! emotions by col\r1 =m1 rhy?m & s\nd40 ,art exi/s n only 9 t :i* appeals to ! vision1 b also 9 t :i* is transmitt$ to ! aural s5se1 z 9 declamation1 oratory & music4 ,! diction>y p>ticul>ises ! f9e arts ( ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture & ,ar*itecture1 b to :at ext5t is ! possession ( examples ( ^! possible to ! public at l>ge except 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se8 ,:at is inv>iably lo/ sight ( is t ! p]sonal environm5t1 ! furniture & dome/ic surr\nd+s ( ! individual con/itute ! actual field = arti/ic expression4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r our pres5t sy/em ( ,art in/ruction is suffici5tly f>-rea*+1 devot$ to ! tra9+ ( w\ld-be arti/ic expon5ts r ?an 9 ! cultivation ( ! public at l>ge4 8,natural ,ta/e0 ,!re is /ill a sup]/iti\s belief 9 8natural ta/e10 & :]eas ! individual memb] ( ! public w\ld imm$iately1 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 consult a speciali/1 yet 9 a matt] ( arti/ic selection !re is pr(\nd confid5ce 9 p]sonal ex]cise ( judgm5t4 ,x is n cont5d$ t ta/e may n be inh]it$1 b ta/e may be good or bad4 ,good ta/e is inv>iably our own2 bad1 ! selection ( o!rs1 b x is surely irrational to assume t we all naturally possess a k :i* indisputably takes _m ye>s to acquire & cultivate4 ,comm]cial ,production ,x is (t5 /at$ t ! common in>ti/ic environm5t is ! result ( comm]cial output1 & x is true t ! ord9>y memb] ( ! public is re/rict$ 9 *oice to :at is on ! m>ket2 b x c be urg$ t ! object ( ! manufactur] is to sell1 & t he makes x 8 bus9ess to /udy & supply exi/+ dem&4 ,! manufactur]'s /&>d is !re=e regulat$ by ! evid5ce ( public ta/e1 & z ?is is improv$ s w ! arti/ic quality ( production be rais$4 ,! buy+ public is influ5c$ by :at x believes to be ! fa%ion ( ! mom5t r ?an any consci\s appreciation ( fitness & purpose1 or p]ception bas$ on arti/ic education4 8,ornam5ts0 ,?is is evid5c$ by a casual survey ( ! cont5ts ( %op w9d[s 9 any neighb\rhood1 & x w be notic$ t prepond]ance is giv5 to ! class ( objects g5]ally kn[n z ornam5ts2 objects t h no possible utility & int5d$ solely = display4 ,x is conc$$ t _m objects fall into ?is category1 & ! display ( old brass c&le/icks & ,italian drug pots1 = in/ance1 may be excus$ z examples ( a p]iod :5 su* ut5sils1 /rictly utilit>ian1 7 incid5tally made beautiful4 ,mod]n furniture frequ5tly (f5ds--be+ too (t5 con/ruct$ ) less reg>d to utility ?an to ext]nal effect4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy is to hide 9 cupbo>ds & remote regions ! actual ?+s we use1 & to display objects t are only mov$ at ! p]5nial spr+-clean+2 "o hone/ piece ( furniture rema9s 9 ! mod]n h\se--! kit*5 dress]1 ( :i* we are app>5tly a%am$1 z also ( ! d9n] s]vice ) :i* x is occupi$4 ,to "s ext5t ! reason may be f\nd 9 %ort t5ancies1 & ! ?ree ye>s' lease may h mu* to answ] =4 ,x is usually felt to be m conv5i5t to move ?an to put up ) ! nuisance ( re-decorat+2 & consequ5t on frequ5t *ange ( environm5t1 is a lack ( int]e/ 9 furniture & o!r p]sonal belong+s4 ,mod]n ,developm5t ,! adv5t ( ! motor c> is also to "s ext5t a factor1 result+ 9 ! t[n flat & c\ntry cottage1 :i* means ! ab&onm5t ( ! l>ge h\se & its int]e/s & responsibilities2 br++ ab\t a *ange 9 dome/ic life1 ) ! gr[+ t5d5cy to ent]ta9 at hotels & re/aurants4 ,?is t5d5cy to m public life naturally results 9 ev5 less int]e/ 9 p]sonal possession & environm5t2 /ill fur!r fo/]$ by ! hire-furni% sy/em :i* enables its patrons to indulge 9 frequ5t *ange ( /yle & locality4 ,public ,apa?y ,lam5table z x may seem f ! arti/ic po9t ( view1 x c]ta9ly appe>s t ! g5]al public are at lea/ apa!tic1 & t ,art appeals less to !m ?an ! facilities = *ange & p]sonal indulg5ce2 /ill !re is pl5ty ( scope = ! design] & produc] if !y adapt !mselves to ! ev]*ang+ conditions & requirem5ts4 ,! e>lie/ design 0 probably due to mat]iali/ic causes1 imp]fect implem5ts & difficulties & accid5ts turn$ to acc\nt4 ,x is conceivable t primitive man 9 8 e>ly essays 9 pott]y f\nd extreme difficulty 9 obta9+ a smoo? surface1 :i*1 not)/&+ all endeav\rs1 w\ld be1 9 ! unbak$ /ate1 s5sitive to scrat*es & o!r damage4 ,?is difficulty may h sugge/$ int5tionally cov]+ ! surface ) su* scrat*es1 etc41 m or less arrang$1 ?us mak+ a virtue ( necessity4 ,elem5t>y ,patt]n ,exam9ation ( e>ly pott]y w reveal simple patt]ns scrat*$ or incis$1 consi/+ ma9ly ( /raight l9es arrang$ 9 zigzag or h]r+bone =m2 9 "s in/ances ! patt]n is app>5tly ! result ( pressure ( "s simple implem5t1 resembl+ :at is kn[n 9 pla/]+ z tr[el po9t4 ,su* details are simply ^? t c\ld be produc$ by means ( "s =m ( po9t1 /one1 /ick or f+] nail1 & are n repres5tative ( any kn[n =m2 & x is n till a mu* lat] p]iod t any indication occurs sugge/ive ( a gr[? l9e or natural type4 ,curves seldom occur1 c]ta9ly n 9 ! scroll =m1 ?\gh r+s s+ly or conc5tric are among ! e>ly details2 b ^! c\ld easily be ! result ( pressure by ! ends ( holl[ re$s4 ,! evolute wave & scroll t figures s l>gely 9 lat] ornam5t 0 presumably 9 imitation ( wire-"w1 =ms :i* ! mat]ial w\ld readily sugge/1 p>ticul>ly ! cont9u\s l9e ( ! evolute4 ,developm5t 9 ! direction ( relief ornam5t 9 primitive pott]y is indicat$ 9 ! decoration consi/+ ( incru/$ pellets & sli!rs ( clay4 ,!re is ample evid5ce t human appreciation & desire = expression 9 art is natural & in/9ctive1 z is demon/rat$ by ! m>vell\s "w ( ! ,paleoli?ic et*]s & bone c>v]s1 :o may well be consid]$ ! fir/ impressioni/s4 ,e>ly ,impressionism ,!y c\ld h only /udi$ _m ( _! subjects at a respectful di/ance1 & ?is adds to ! m]it ( ! successful embodim5t ( *>act]i/ics4 ,! "w is inv>iably reali/ic1 t is1 imitative ( natural =m1 & is evid5ce ( insight & appreciation t = ! "t & work+ condition is q extraord9>y1 & is 9 di/9ct contra/ ) ! e>li] ornam5t1 :i* is n 9 any way imitative (1 or traceable to1 any natural sugge/ion4 ,on inve/igation x w be f\nd t arti/ic expression has g5]ally ?ree phases2 ! fir/ :]e purely inorganic details are employ$ su* z directly arise f ! process & mat]ial involv$4 ,! second phase is reali/ic or imitative ( natural =m1 & ! ?ird--conv5tional1 :]e ! details are probably d]iv$ f natural sugge/ion b are treat$ ) re/ra9t2 ! la/ be+ ! result ( cultur$ appreciation ( process & /hetic consid]ations4 ,p]sonal ,production ,x is ess5tial to assume t orig9ally x 0 cu/om>y to p]sonally produce :atev] 0 consid]$ necess>y 9 ! way ( pott]y or weapons1 b t ev5tually c]ta9 work]s w\ld devote !mselves m or less exclusively to produc+ = ! community1 be+ comp5sat$ by immunity f o!r lab\r1 & t ?is develop$ 9 c\rse ( "t into patronage1 & ! produc] be+ entirely support$ by 8 craft4 ,appreciation f w\ld-be possessors /imulat$ ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,pott]y ,no4 #a4 ,a4 ,cup1 ,b>r[1 ,d5zell1 ,cornwall4 ,b4 ,c9]>y ,urn1 ,b>r[1 ,/anlake1 ,oxon4 ,c4 ,sepul*ral rema9s1 ,nilgiri ,hills1 ,/h4 ,india4 ,d4 ,jug1 ,g]man sepul*ral m\nds1 ,bronze ,age4 ,e4 ,sepul*ral rema9s1 ,nilgiri ,hills1 ,/h4 ,india4 ,f4 ,e>ly ,engli% puzzle jug4 ,g4 ,c9]>y ,urn1 ,b>r[1 ,bloxwor? ,d[n1 ,dorset4 ,h4 ,food ,vessel1 sepul*ral m\nds1 e>lie/ ,bronze ,age1 ,irel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b4 ,a4 ,b4 ,palaeoli?ic ,bone ,c>v+s4 ,c4 ,et*+ on ,bone4 ! primitive craftsm5 :o1 9 proportion to _! individual skill1 w\ld be rew>d$1 & ?is naturally l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr(essional work] & arti/4 ,to appreciate ! evolution ( art x is necess>y to consid] ! e>ly social conditions4 ,! primitive life 0 insul> & nomadic1 ! family or tribe /ay+ 9 any locality only s long z food 0 available = !mselves & h]ds2 su* communities 7 necess>ily pa/oral & pr$atory4 ,! simple requirem5ts "u ^! conditions w\ld be vessels = /orage1 conveyance1 or cook+1 probably pott]y2 weapons1 & d\btless jewell]y or objects ( p]sonal adornm5t4 ,lat] by necessity & "u fav\rable conditions !y w\ld develop agriculture1 :i* w\ld result 9 fixity ( abode2 & ?is w\ld entail precaution>y measures = protection f pr$atory tribes4 ,! orig9al camp or /ockade = ?is purpose 9 "t l$ to ! =tress or ca/le = ! protection ( ! t[n1 & ! m sub/antial nature ( ^! gave rise to ar*itecture4 ,) comp>ative security m pacific conditions w\ld prevail1 & ! simple communal life develop into m complex social di/9ctions4 ,e>ly ,social ,conditions ,! milit>y class e/abli%$ = protective reasons w\ld be dep5d5t ^u ! g5]al community = _! upkeep1 ?us impos+ taxation on ! v>i\s work]s1 & necessitat+ a sy/em ( gov]nm5t & ( (ficials = effective collection & di/ribution4 ,social di/9ctions w\ld be drawn betwe5 ! v>i\s classes1 gov]n+1 adm9i/rative1 milit>y1 & non-combatant2 ! latt] w\ld furni% ! bulk ( ! work]s & be fur!r divid$ into craftsm51 agriculturi/s & trad]s4 ,9 process ( "t f ! executive class w\ld develop ! nobility1 prie/ly & legal classes4 ,influ5ce ,art 0 orig9ally local1 t is1 conf9$ to ! community1 b lat] 0 subject$ to v>i\s influ5ces--,political1 ,religi\s1 & ,comm]cial4 ,political1 by treaty or int]m>riage1 :5 import$ ta/e or int]*ange w\ld result1 or by conque/4 ,judg+ by ! pa/1 ! conqu]$ h inv>iably impos$ _! ta/e on _! conqu]ors1 z in/anc$ 9 ! ,greek conque/ ( ,p]sia2 t ( ! ,romans ( ! ,greeks1 & lat] ! p]petuation ( ! ,roman influ5ce aft] _! subjugation at ! h&s ( ! ,go?s4 ,! ,crusades result$ 9 ! importation ( fabrics ( ,ea/]n & ,sicilian orig91 & may be class$ z a religi\s influ5ce2 an e>li] example ( :i* may be cit$ 9 ! edict ( ,pope ,leo ,,iii 9 ,a4,d4 #gbf 9 response to ! iconocla/ic movem5t1 by reason ( :i* ! ,byzant9e art work]s1 depriv$ ( _! liv+1 emigrat$ to ! ,rh9e di/rict4 ,comm]cial ,int]c\rse4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( comm]cial int]c\rse _h great influ5ce on ! arts1 & did mu* to modify local "*1 z x 0 f\nd necess>y to /udy m>ket conditions 9 ord] to secure sales2 & goods 7 !re=e made to suit =eign requirem5ts & ta/e1 !reby result+ 9 confusion & difficulty 9 def9+ ! orig9al s\rce4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #c4 #ad? ,c5tury ,textile %[+ ,h]aldic influ5ce4 ,notable1 = in/ance1 7 ! ,sicilian weav]s1 :o1 contr>y to _! local traditions1 introduc$ h]aldry into ! patt]ns ( _! fabrics1 s z to con=m to ! ta/e ( ! crusad]s4 ,! ,phnicians 7 ! e>ly m]*ant adv5tur]s1 & trad$ 9 "w ( ,tyrian & ,sidonian production ) remote p>ts ( ,europe1 tak+ back local produce 9 ex*ange4 ,lat] on1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,hanseatic league1 brass "w f ,fl&]s & ca/-iron fire-backs f ,sussex 7 di/ribut$ ?r\gh-out ! area ( _! op]ations2 ( :i* surviv+ examples demon/rate t local ta/e & requirem5t 7 consid]$ & embodi$4 ,effect on ,design ,ap>t f ?is cause ( loss 9 local "*1 ,art production 0 fur!r influ5c$ by ! rise 9 social position ( ! work]4 ,:5 ! craftsman rema9$ ! sole factor1 8 design & "w 0 inv>iably true to mat]iali/ic conditions2 b ) increas+ emolum5t incid5tal to appreciation & patronage1 ! design] em]g$ z a pr(essional4 ,9 ! e>ly times ! craftsman 0 indep5d5t to a great ext5t ( ar*itectural influ5ce1 b lat] he 0 compell$ to /udy ! ar*itectural environm5t & adapt 8 designs 9 accordance4 ,ev5 !n he 0 true to 8 craft conditions until ! design+ 0 tak5 out ( 8 h&s by ! newly evolv$ pr(essional :o1 9 _m in/ances _h little k (1 or 0 indiff]5t to ! te*nical side ( ! craft4 ,possibly ! greate/ (f5d] 9 ?is respect 0 ! ,fr5* design] ( ! ,rococo p]iod1 ^: woodwork design is reg>dless ( con/ructive detail1 & x is to ! ev]la/+ cr$it ( ! workm5 t !y ov]came ! difficulties ?r[n 9 _! way1 & t s mu* ( ?is "w is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,e?ical ,side ( ,art ,art is also reflective ( ! e?ics & morals ( ! "t2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! robu/ "* ( ,go?ic "w ) ! lack ( mean+ & ins9c]ity ( ! lat] ,r5aissance1 deg5]at+ into ! lic5se ( ! ,rococo4 ,mu* t is commonly reg>d$ z ornam5t 9 traditional "w 0 orig9ally inve/$ ) symbolic mean+1 9 lat] times lo/ sight (1 ) resultant loss ( "* & int]e/4 ,! /udy ( traditional "w is ess5tial to ! design]1 n m]ely = reproduction b on acc\nt ( its value z reflective ( ! exp]i5ce & po9t ( view ( pa/ exploit]s4 ,desire = ,novelty ,! pres5t is m>k$ by a fev]i% anxiety to be new1 b ! old work] _h a m humble _s & 0 cont5t to c>ry on a tradition a little fur!r if possible4 ,mu* t appe>s to be new w on inve/igation prove to be an old fri5d 9 disguise1 & 9 v5tur+ on :at is app>5tly a new idea x may be well to reflect z to :e!r x may n h occurr$ to o!rs1 & :e!r x is wor? do+4 8,novelty10 a dete/able ^w1 %\ld h no place 9 arti/ic consid]ations4 ,t :i* is really good %\ld be good = all "t2 b ! sporadic outbreaks t occur f "t to "t 9 s-call$ new phases1 h _! little day & relapse into ! limbo ( ! =gott54 ,9 ! meantime tradition /ill goes on1 sometimes progress+1 n[ & !n retrogress+1 b at all times unbrok54 ,hi/ory z writt5 is mislead+1 deal+ z x does ) p]sonalities & conque/s2 ! real hi/ory ( ! _w c be read 9 its arti/ic developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hi/oric ,,review ,"s ( ! factors 9 ! evolution ( ,art h already be5 briefly sugge/$1 b to ?or\ghly appreciate arti/ic production a pass+ acqua9tance1 at lea/1 ) ! v>i\s phases ( hi/oric developm5ts is ess5tial4 ,! scope ( ! pres5t "w obvi\sly r5d]s x impossible to deal ) ! subject 9 detail1 b libr>ies are accessible to ^? :o are desir\s ( ext5d+ _! k4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! e>li] crafts 7 indep5d5t ( any influ5ce o!r ?an t ( mat]ial & process1 & ?is has cont9u$ 9 "s ( ! crafts to ! pres5t "t2 b ^? m closely alli$ to build+1 p>ticul>ly ^? associat$ ) furniture & decoration1 ev5tually became subject to ! ar*itectural phase or /yle ( ! p]iod1 :i* dom9at$ =m & detail4 ,/yle4 ,/yle may be describ$ z mann] ( expression1 ei!r individual or local1 & = conv5i5ce is def9$ by nationality & p]iod4 ,x is usual to speak ( ,greek1 ,roman1 ,go?ic1 etc41 ( su* a c5tury2 9 ! case ( ! ,r5aissance1 x is cu/om>y to p>ticul>ise ! v>iants1 z ,italian1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 etc41 also ) ! p]iod or c5tury4 ,! developm5t ( /yle1 intimately involv$ z x is 9 ! social1 religi\s & political hi/ory ( nations1 mu/ ev] be p[]ful 9 its int]e/ & f>-rea*+ 9 its appeal4 ,! fir/ idea 9 ! m9d ( man is und\bt$ly t ( utility1 b 9 succe$+ /ages ( culture !re comes a natural crav+ = some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,& s ) ! progress ( a race we c trace ! progress ( its decorative art4 ,int]-,communication ,!n !re is ! consid]ation ( ! effect t "o race or community inevitably has on ano!r ) :i* x comes 9 contact--ei!r ?r\gh conque/ or ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( comm]cial relations4 ,naturally ! m>ket is captur$ by ! workman%ip display+ ! f9e/ qualities1 /hetic & practical1 & ^! qualities advance ) ! developm5t ( society & ) progress 9 me*anical skill4 ,z a result ( conque/ ! civilisation ( ei!r conqu]or or conqu]$ mu/ become ! dom9ant influ5ce1 & ! possible fusion & int]*ange ( ideas may modify /yle to a consid]able ext5t4 ,climate & ,mat]ial ,locality has always be5 a det]m9+ factor1 p>ticul>ly 9 ar*itecture :]e ! mat]ial available is ( necessity utilis$1 & 9 mo/ cases is ! "o be/ suit$ to ! climatic conditions2 = in/ance1 :]e wood ab\nds we f9d x successfully employ$4 ,climate is also l>gely responsible = ar*itectural =m4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 ow+ to heavy sn[s1 ! ro(s are high-pit*$4 ,! e>ly ,egyptian build+s 7 ( mud & wattle1 ! readie/ mat]ial to h&1 & =m ample protection f ! sun 9 a practically ra9less di/rict4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! "* ( ^! /ructures 0 imp>t$ to _! lat] "w 9 /one4 ,?is 0 us$ 9 ! mo/ important build+s1 & 0 readily obta9able f ! ,nubian qu>ries & transport$ d[n ! ,nile on rafts4 ,phases 9 ,/yle ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t al?\gh broad classifications c be made 9 /yles1 yet !re are int]m$iate /ages :i* are transitional1 & :i* are usually due to ! importation ( "s =eign influ5ce4 ,! phases ( a transitional p]iod c usually be def9$2 at fir/ ! new /yle is slavi%ly imitat$ or else execut$ by ! =eign work] exploit+ x4 ,?is is foll[$ by its be+ us$ 9 conjunction ) ! native con/ruction1 & la/ly1 ! native int]pretation ( ! =eign /yle is possibly graft$ on to old] =ms4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t at no "t 0 !re any great imm$iate *ange 9 /yle1 b t !re are phases :i* c be describ$ z typical1 connect$ by p]iods ( gradual *ange or transition2 due1 d\btless1 to individual expression ( ta/e1 ei!r on ! "p ( expon5t or patron1 or z previ\sly sugge/$1 by influ5ces political1 religi\s or comm]cial4 ,c>eful /udy w %[ t ! *ange 9 ! majority ( in/ances 0 due to reaction f a florid to a m sev]e treatm5t1 :i* 9 its turn became r$undant 9 "* & detail4 ,ap>t f ! arti/ic po9t ( view1 ^! *anges are int]e/+ z reflective ( ! "* ( ! times4 ,f ! con/ructive po9t ( view !re are two di/9ct pr9ciples to be appreciat$1 ! ,l9tel & ! ,ar*4 ,! ,l9tel1 :i* is ! e>li]1 may be describ$ z a l>ge /one /yle1 & consi/s ( ! bridg+ ( ap]tures by means ( horizontal slabs1 support$ by v]tical columns or pi]s4 ,?is is a me?od ( con/ruction ) di/9ct limitations1 z x 0 impossible to bridge l>ge areas or spaces )\t frequ5t support4 ,! ,l9tel ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #d4 ,! ,l9tel4 ,! jo9ts ( ! ,l9tel necess>ily occur ov] ! c5tres ( ! support+ columns1 & ! space betwe5 0 controll$ by ! size ( ! obta9able mat]ial & ! impos$ weight x c\ld be>2 ! result be+1 z 9 ! great hall at ,k>nak1 a =e/ ( closely spac$ columns4 ,x 0 n until ! pr9ciple ( ! ,ar* 0 develop$ into vault+ t int]iors ( any consid]able dim5sion ) cle> floor spaces 7 possible4 ,l9tel con/ruction 0 employ$ 9 ! ,egyptian1 ,*aldean & ,greek /yles4 ,! ,ar*1 z a con/ructive =m1 did n appe> until a lat] p]iod1 & possibly 0 due to "s ext5t to ! employm5t ( brick & /ones ( small size4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #e4 ,tomb ( ,tantalus 9 ,lydia4 ,vault =m1 b n vault con/ruction4 ,=m or %ape is n involv$1 z x is q possible to s %ape ! ,l9tel z to give ! appe>ance ( ! ,ar* by cutt+ ! und]side to ! requir$ curve4 ,9 ! e>ly ,greek ar*itecture examples h be5 f\nd ( bo? ,ar* & vault appe>ance1 b ^! are ! result ( horizontal c\rses1 successively project+2 t is1 built 9 ! =m ( inv]t$ /eps1 ! und]side be+ cut to ! ar* curve1 & is a =m ( con/ruction re/rict$ to bridg+ relatively small areas4 ,! ,ar* ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #f4 ,a4 ,/ructural ,ar*4 ,b4 ,ar* appe>ance1 result ( cutt+ away4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,ar* dep5ds ^u ! sep>ate pieces ( mat]ial be+ =m$ to a w$ge %ape1 ! jo9ts correspond+ to radial l9es drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre f :i* ! ,ar* curve is /ruck4 ,! weak "p ( ! ,l9tel is ! c5tre ( ! span :i* may h a t5d5cy to give way "u pressure1 b ! w$g$ con/ruction ( ! ,ar* r5d]s ! c5tre /rong en\gh to be> ! impos$ weight4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ,l9tel1 mat]ial ( small size c\ld be employ$1 n only /one1 b brick be+ us$ 9 ,ar* con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #g4 ,section ( ,go?ic ,vault %[+ c\rses ( /one & c5t]+4 ,! ,l9tel1 9 relatively small spans1 is sometimes compos$ ( sep>ate small /ones1 %ap$ to fit ea* o!r 9 ! =m ( ,joggl$ jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #h4 ,a4 ,l9tel 9 "o piece4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ,joggl$ jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #i4 ,go?ic ,vault+ %[+ int]sect+ ribs =m+ framework ( /ructure4 ,! outw>d & manife/ appe>ance sugge/s to ! lay obs]v] a /rik+ div]g5ce 9 ! /yle kn[n z ,go?ic f ! ,roman mann] ( build+2 b ! ma9 diff]5ce is 9 proportion & treatm5t ( detail1 ! und]ly+ pr9ciple be+ mu* ! same4 ,! use ( ! ,ar* & vault+ 0 common to bo?1 b 9 ! ,go?ic developm5t great] /r5g? 0 obta9$1 ) ev5 great] economy ( mat]ial4 ,! ar*ivolts & int]sect+ ribs ( vaults1 ) _! supports1 lit]ally =m$ ! bones ( ! build+1 con/itut+ a framework to :i* ! bays ( walls & ro(+ 7 only a matt] ( fill+ 94 ,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,moore1 9 8 "w on 8,developm5t & ,"* ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture0--8! ,go?ic /yle develop$ into a sy/em :]e /ability dep5ds n ^u any in]t massiv5ess except 9 ! out]mo/ abutm5ts1 b ^u a logical adju/m5t ( active p>ts ^: oppos+ =ces produce a p]fect equilibrium4 ,x is ?us a sy/em ( balanc$ ?ru/s1 z oppos$ to ! =m] sy/em ( in]t /ability40 ,egyptian ,! ,egyptian build+s1 9 common ) ^? ( ,pale/9e1 7 frequ5tly ( mud1 /r5g!n$ by wattle or re$s int]wov51 evid5ce ( :i* is app>5t 9 lat] incis$ decoration4 ,build+s 7 also ( sun-bak$ bricks1 ^? ( an important "* be+ fac$ ) /one2 ! ext]iors ( ^! latt] 7 simple & sev]e1 ! walls be+ slightly tap]$ & surm\nt$ by a simple cove cornice1 ) gateways & entrances ( massive =m4 ,! int]nal effect 0 ( my/]y1 d\btless due to ! comp>ative abs5ce ( light1 & to ! _m columns necess>y to c>ry ! ro(+s4 ,! columns :i* 7 mo/ly employ$ 9 ! int]iors1 7 squat & /unt$ 9 proportion1 be+ f f\r to sev5 diamet]s 9 height1 ) capitals ( ! ,lotus1 ,papyrus or ,ha?or v>iety4 ,m\ld+s 7 ( ! simple/ "* & sp>sely us$1 & ! decoration includ$ r5d]+s ( ! ,lotus & ,papyrus plants1 ei!r pa9t$ or incis$ 9 /one ) ! addition ( col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aj4 ,longitud9al section & half plan ( ,egyptian ,temple4 ,egyptian ar*itecture may be g5]ally describ$ z monum5tal1 :ile ! ornam5t 0 app>5tly inspir$ by religi\s feel+ & desire = symbolic expression1 r ?an by m /hetic consid]ations4 ,9 ,egyptian ,art ornam5t is subord9at$ to ! ar*itecture1 & ! employm5t ( wall pictures & ( inscriptions 9 ! hi]oglyphic "*1 add$ consid]ably to ! decorative effect4 ,9 ! wall pictures ! figures 7 depict$ 9 silh\ette1 9 conv5tional attitudes1 ! head & limbs be+ display$ 9 sev]e pr(ile1 :ile ! torso is repres5t$ 9 full front view4 ,! me?ods ( expression 7 pa9t+1 or incis$ 9 outl9e on /one1 inv>iably fill$ 9 ) col\r1 ! effect 9 bo? be+ ( flatness1 ) little sugge/ion ( modell+ or rotundity1 ! v>i\s features be+ def9$ by local col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aa4 ,entrance ,faade ( ,egyptian ,temple4 ,?\gh mu* ( ! ,egyptian "w 0 9 ! r\nd1 & evid5t ( great sculptural ability & appreciation ( =m1 yet g5]ally _! decorative "w may be describ$ z a col\r /yle1 r ?an "o 9 :i* light & %ade 7 important factors4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ab4 ,egyptian ,capital f ,philae4 ,) reg>d to ! dome/ic life1 ! examples ( furniture 9 ! ,briti% ,museum convey "s idea1 & ^! be> a rem>kable simil>ity to =ms ) :i* we are famili> at ! pres5t day1 bo? 9 detail & con/ruction1 :i* is simple & direct1 ) mortise & t5on jo9ts4 ,turn+ 0 frequ5tly employ$1 &1 9 ! decoration ( furniture1 inlays ( ivory1 ebony & glass1 ! ,egyptians be+ exp]t work]s 9 bo? glass & enamels4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ac4 ,egyptian ,furniture4 ,a4 ,/& ,inlaid4 ,b4 ,ebony seat inlaid ) ivory4 ,c4 ,fold+ /ool4 ,d4 ,ebony box inlaid ) porcela9 & ivory4 ,illu/rations tak5 f bas reliefs & wall pa9t+ give a good idea ( ! furniture1 :i* is (t5 depict$ z gild$4 ,! ,egyptian c\* 0 /raight l an ottoman4 ,sometimes ! c\* took ! =m ( an animal ) ! head & tail at ei!r end1 & ! legs & feet c>v$ to complete ! effect4 ,*aldean ,*aldean art 9 "* _h mu* 9 common ) t ( ,egypt1 ! diff]5ce be+ m t ( expression ?an 9 idea1 probably due to int]c\rse & mutual influ5ce4 ,! build+s1 :i* 7 mo/ly 9 brick1 (t5 fac$ ) a =m ( t]ra-cotta1 /amp$ ) relief or ornam5t1 7 pyramidal 9 g5]al =m1 rais$ on t]races =m+ a succession ( plat=ms1 approa*$ by /eps or incl9$ planes4 ,columns 7 employ$1 b ! capitals 7 di/9ctive 9 ! use ( volutes culm9at+ 9 ! ,p]sian r5d]+s at ,p]sepolis4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ad4 ,egyptian ,*airs4 ,a4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ,briti% ,museum1 ,b4,c4 #aejj-adjj4 ,b4 at ,!bes4 ,comp\nd animal & human =ms1 analag\s to ! ,egyptian sph9x1 7 employ$1 su* z ! w+$ lion & bull ) human heads1 g5]ally to flank ! gateways4 ,wall pictures 9 l[ relief =m$ "p ( ! int]ior decoration1 ^! be+ arrang$ 9 successive r[s & repres5t+ hi/oric episodes 71 l ! ,egyptian decoration1 probably col\r$4 ,a prom95t detail 9 ! decoration is t ( ! date palm :i*1 symbolical 9 mean+1 0 ! prototype ( ! ,greek an!mion2 ! volute also occurs 9 mu* ( ! decoration 9 ! =m ( ! evolute scroll4 ,our conclusions reg>d+ ,assyrian woodwork are drawn f ! sculptur$ bas-reliefs ( /one or alaba/] ) :i* ! ,assyrians fac$ _! brick /ructures int]nally & ext]nally4 ,! examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are ab\t #hhh ,b4,c4 ,furniture1 su* z tables1 ?rones & c\*es1 0 evid5tly made ( wood1 & 0 probably inlaid ) ivory & o!r preci\s mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ae4 ,assyrian ,seat4 ,on ! monum5ts ( ,khorsabad repres5tations h be5 discov]$ ( *airs1 support$ by animals & human figures4 ,! int5tion 9 ! use ( figures 0 probably to depict prison]s tak5 9 w>4 ,*airs1 ?rones1 /ools & tables 7 squ>e 9 %ape4 ,! ends ( ! rails & legs 7 c>v$1 & ! ornam5tation employ$ = ^! & simil> positions includ$ ! heads ( lions1 bulls & rams1 ! sacr$ palm & p9e cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #af4 ,capitals f ,p]sepolis4 ,! seats ( *airs & ?rones 7 mu* high] ?an is n[ cu/om>y1 & necessitat$ ! use ( foot-/ools4 ,9 "s cases bo? *airs & tables 7 made to fold on a c5tral pivot4 ,9 "s cases metal 0 us$ ei!r = "p or = ! complete /ructure4 ,exact *ronology is a matt] ( surmise1 b at an e>ly p]iod1 ab\t #djjj ,b4,c41 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile & 9 ,mesopotamia1 civilization _h atta9$ a v high level1 extremely fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ar*itecture & ! arti/ic crafts4 ,! e>ly ,greeks1 z a result ( ! peculi> =mation ( _! coa/ l9e1 l ! lat] ,sc&9avians1 7 adv5tur]s on ! sea1 piratical & trad+1 & 7 ?us br\ght into communication )1 & influ5c$ by1 ! arts ( ,egypt & ,*aldea4 ,greek ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ag4 ,e>ly ,treatm5t ( ,doric ,ord]4 ,tomb ( ,b5i ,hassan4 ,?\gh1 9 _! ar*itecture1 ! ,greeks progress$ no fur!r ?an ! ,l9tel1 yet !y mu/ be cr$it$ ) ! developm5t ( ! sy/em ( ! ord]s1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( subsequ5t /yles4 ,! two prom95t ord]s 7 ! ,doric & ! ,ionic2 ! =m] has its prototype 9 ! tomb ( ,b5i ,hasan1 ! date ( :i* is #agdj ,b4,c41 :ile ! latt] is evid5tly d]iv$ z to ! volut$ =m ( ! capital1 f ,assyrian & ,p]sian orig9als4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ah4 ,e>ly anticipation ( ,ionic ,ord]4 ,tomb at ,kyanea-,jaghu4 ,! capital ( ! ,cor9?ian ord] may be consid]$ to be a developm5t ( ! ,egyptian ,papyrus =m1 ! e>lie/ features ( bo? consi/+ ( an inv]t$ bell-%ape decorat$ ) leaf-l detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ai4 ,greek ,vase ,pa9t+s4 ,a4 ,doric columns4 ,b4 ,wall f\nta94 ,c4 ,ionic columns ) p$im5t4 ,*>act]i/ic ,greek details1 su* z ! ,an!mion & wave scroll1 are traceable to ! same s\rces4 ,_! ar*itectural "w1 :i* 0 monum5tal 9 "*1 0 mo/ly manife/$ 9 ! temples1 ! dome/ic build+s be+ relatively unimportant4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bj4 ,greek h\se ab\t #ajj ,a4,d4 ,bas-relief 9 ,briti% ,museum1 ,bac*us visit+ ,ic>ius4 ,"s idea z to ^! may be ga!r$ f ! vase pa9t+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 on :i* !y appe> simple 9 =m1 mo/ly ,doric 9 "*1 & probably ( wood con/ruction1 ! metopes 9 ! frieze be+ op5 spaces = purpose ( int]ior light+4 ,?\gh ! ,greeks inve/$ _m ( _! creations ) ,epic & ,symbolic mean+1 mu* ( _! ornam5t 0 purely /hetic4 ,! sculptur$ metopes ( ! ,p>!non1 repres5t+ ! conflict betwe5 ! ,lapi?ae & ! ,c5taurs1 are an example ( ! ,epic treatm5t4 ,! ,sph9x1 borr[$ f ,egyptian art1 01 h[ev]1 inve/$ ) a diff]5t mean+1 & is an example ( ! ,symbolic class1 :i* =m$ s l>ge a "p 9 ,greek art4 ,greek ar*itecture diff]s f prec$+ /yles 9 ! developm5t ( m\ld+s1 & ! ext]ior column> effect4 ,! m\ld+s 9 ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian phases 7 enri*$ ) c>v$ details1 probably develop$ f or sugge/$ by e>li] pa9t$ decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ba4 ,front elevation & plan ( ,p>!non1 ,a!ns ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bb4 ,greek ,ionic ,erec!um1 ,a!ns4 ,! ,doric /yle 0 presumably s decorat$1 ) pa9t$ details on ! ovolo & abacus ( ! capital1 & ! corona & o!r memb]s ( ! cornice4 ,col\r 0 employ$ on ! backgr\nds ( ! metopes1 mo/ly blue & r$1 result+ 9 an alt]nation ( col\r ) pla9 /one areas2 ! col\r decoration =m+ horizontal b&s4 ,"o important developm5t1 due to climatic conditions1 0 ! pit*$ ro(1 :i* entail$ ! end walls be+ c>ri$ up 9 triangul> =m 7lit]ally gables71 :i* 7 fram$ by ! upp] memb]s ( ! entablature4 ,?is feature1 te*nically kn[n z ! ,p$im5t1 0 9 build+s ( importance inv>iably fill$ by sculpture1 ,my?ological or ,epic 9 subject1 design$ to occupy ! %ape4 ,! /yles mo/ly employ$ 7 ! ,doric & ,ionic1 & ^! 7 exploit$ contemporane\sly1 ! ,p>!non1 #dcj ,b4,c41 repres5t+ ! culm9ation ( ! =m]4 ,( ! ,cor9?ian /yle--comp>atively little us$ by ! ,greeks1 ?\gh mu* employ$ & develop$ lat]--! ,*oragic monum5t at ,a!ns1 #ccj ,b4,c41 is ! mo/ complete example1 ?\gh ! leaf capital 0 anticipat$ 9 a simpl] =m 9 ! e>li] ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds4 ,! e>lie/ repres5tations ( ,greek furniture are to be f\nd 9 ! ,syrian ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! are ! *airs dat$ ab\t #f ,b4,c41 9 :i* ! antique figures are seat$4 ,! backs are p]p5dicul>1 & ! frame pieces ( ! seats are mortis$ into ! legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bc4 ,greek ,cor9?ian1 ,*oragic ,monum5t1 ,a!ns4 ,! ,greek c\* 0 n unlike ! mod]n s(a4 ,x 0 us$ = sleep+ & re/+4 ,*airs & /ools 7 sometimes made ( metal1 & 7 (t5 ( a fold+ type4 ,tables 7 con/ruct$ 9 v>i\s %apes--sometimes ! supports 7 fa%ion$ z heads & legs ( lions & leop>ds1 & sometimes z sph9xes ) lift$ w+s4 ,9 common ) o!r pieces ( furniture1 !y 7 made 9 wood1 metal & m>ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bd4 ,greek ,furniture4 ,a4 ,c\* or b$1 ,ar*aic ,etruscan4 ,b4 8 8 ,vase pa9t+4 ,c4 ,ar*aic *air1 #ehj-ebj ,b4,c4 ,d4 ,*air f ,hydria4 ,e4 ,f4 ,ar*aic *airs1 ,h>py ,tomb1 #ejj ,b4,c4 ,! vase rooms ( ! ,briti% ,museum provide consid]able matt] = /udy ) reg>d to ! details ( ,greek furniture1 c\*es especially are frequ5tly depict$4 ,! ,greeks 7 exp]t work]s 9 ca/ bronze1 z is evid5c$1 n only by _! /atu>y1 b 9 _m ut5sils ( dome/ic life1 notably ! oil lamps1 :i* 7 also 9 _m in/ances modell$ 9 t]ra cotta4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #be4 ,greek ,pott]y4 ,a4 ,kelebe 7mix+ b[l71 #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b4 ,leky?os 7oil bottle71 ,a!nian 7ab\t7 #dej ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,ma/os1 col\r$ black1 r$ & :ite4 ,d4 ,hydria 7pit*]71 #cej-bej ,b4,c4 ,e4 ,kylix 7goblet71 #ebj ,b4,c4 ,soon aft] ! sack ( ,cor9? 9 #adj ,b4,c41 ,greece became a ,roman prov9ce1 & ! ,greek art work]s ev5tually f\nd m enc\ragem5t f ,roman patronage ?an 9 local requirem5t4 ,!y !re=e w5t :]e _! "w 0 appreciat$ & rew>d$1 !reby effect+ a pot5tial influ5ce 9 ! art & "w ( _! conqu]ors4 ,roman ,orig9ally !re 7 no special native *>act]i/ics by :i* ,roman "w c\ld be di/+ui%$1 z ! ,romans absorb$ v>i\s influ5ces f ! races t !y conqu]$4 ,_! conque/s ext5d$ ,ea/ & ,we/1 & f ^! widely diff]+ outside influ5ces ! ,roman /yle develop$4 ,! ,romans1 :o by temp]am5t1 7 great soldi]s1 organis]s & eng9e]s1 r ?an arti/ic1 9 _! e>ly essays 9 ar*itecture 7 influ5c$ by ,etruscan "w4 ,etruria 7n[ ,tuscany7 is presum$ to h be5 a ,greek colony1 & ! local /yle1 a =m ( debas$ ,doric1 0 adopt$ by ! fir/ ,t>qu9 7:o 0 ( ,etruscan orig97 & introduc$ to ,rome ab\t #faj ,b4,c4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & its consequ5t weal? & developm5t ( luxury1 great impetus 0 giv5 to build+ & ! arts g5]ally4 ,! ord]s bas$ on ! ,greek orig9als 7 develop$ 9 detail & proportion1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! latt] respect4 ,:]eas 9 ! ,greek ,doric ! height ( ! column v>i$ f ab\t f\r1 to six & a half diamet]s1 ! ,roman v]sion became m sl5d]1 be+ ab\t eight diamet]s 9 height4 ,! ,cor9?ian ord]1 p]haps1 und]w5t ! greate/ *ange1 a *ange t has practically rema9$ unalt]$ to ! pres5t day4 ,vault+ ,! mo/ significant developm5t 9 build+ 0 ! ,ar* & subsequ5t vault+1 by means ( :i* ext5sive cov]$ areas 7 r5d]$ possible4 ,! ,pan!on at ,rome is cov]$ ) a hemisph]ical vault or dome #aci feet 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bf4 ,section & int]ior elevation ( ,pan!on1 ,rome4 ,! dome1 :i* is int]iorally occupi$ by radiat+ & horizontal ribs1 result+ 9 five horizontal r[s ( cassons1 or c(f]s1 is really a ca/+ 9 cem5t2 & 9 pr9ciple is id5tical ) ! pres5t me?od ( build+1 9 :i* concrete or cem5t =ms a consid]able "p 9 con/ruction4 ,ap>t f o!r reasons1 ! ,ar* 0 necessitat$ by small mat]ial1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! ,l9tel1 c\ld n be employ$ )\t ! device ( joggell$ jo9ts4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( suitable mat]ial to cov] spans1 x became necess>y to devise "s means to ! desir$ result4 ,?is 0 a*iev$ by bridg+ ! span ) sep>ate pieces ( mat]ial cut to ! necess>y w$ge =m4 ,! ,ar* 0 fir/ appli$ to su* useful & necess>y build+s z ! ,cloaca ,maxima1 to aqu$ucts1 bridges1 & viaducts1 f :i* its firm con/ruction & p[] ( resi/ance 7 f\nd to be applicable to build+s ( _m /oreys4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bg4 ,coliseum1 ,rome4 ,section & "p elevation %[+ ar* & vault con/ruction4 ,greek ,influ5ce ,ap>t f ! e>ly employm5t & developm5t ( ! ,ar*1 ! ,romans 7 cont5t to borr[ _! ar*itecture f outside s\rces1 & also 7 indebt$ to ! ,greeks = _! ideal expressions 9 poetry1 art1 ev5 to religion1 ^: gods !y inve/$ ) diff]5t names4 ,not)/&+1 ! ,roman developm5t 9 ar*itecture 0 und\bt$ly dignifi$ & gr& 9 mann]1 p>ticul>ly 9 _! treatm5t ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]4 ,) reg>d to detail1 mu* ( ! delicacy & ref9em5t ( ! ,greek "* 0 lo/1 yet ?is 0 comp5sat$ by great] v>iety & fre$om ( treatm5t1 especially 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,acan?us type ( foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bh4 ,ar* ( ,titus1 ,rome4 ,developm5t ( ,ornam5t ,decoration 0 m g5]ally us$1 pila/] & o!r panels be+ occupi$ ) ornam5t arrang$ on gr[? l9es1 mo/ly compos$ ( undulate /ems1 ) scroll+ bran*es1 clo!d ) conv5tional leaves & fl[]s4 ,!re 0 also a t5d5cy to employ occasionally natural types 9 foliage1 & fur!r v>iety 0 obta9$ by ! introduction ( human & animal =m1 :i*1 ?\gh orig9ally significant1 7 us$ = _! /hetic value4 ,! ,roman dome/ic life 0 mat]ially diff]5t f ! ,greek1 & :ile !y _h _! ,temples1 !y also _h _! palaces1 public halls & ba?s1 besides ! amphi!atre & ! circus4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bi4 ,typical ,roman ,ornam5t4 ,excavations at ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii h ?r[n consid]able light on ! dome/ic life ( ! ,romans--_! dwell+s1 decorations & furniture4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cj4 ,roman c\*4 ,sepul*ral urn1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ca4 ,roman ,sella4 ,grco-,roman ,pa9t$ ,decoration ,9 ! luxuri\s life ( ! ,romans col\r ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cb4 ,graeco-,roman ,hall 9 h\se ( ,sallu/1 ,pompeii4 decoration play$ a conspicu\s "p1 z is evid5c$ 9 ! pa9t$ "w ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,9 ?is1 :i* is g5]ally kn[n z ! ,grco-,roman p]iod1 ! int]iors 7 decorat$ ) pa9t+s1 ! g5]al s*eme be+ bas$ on an ar*itectural sett+1 ! wall areas be+ divid$ into bays by sl5d] columns1 sometimes by pila/] panels1 ) pl9?1 or dado1 frieze1 & cornice1 ! prevail+ col\rs be+ r$1 buff & black4 ,illu/ration3 ,grco-,roman ,hang+ ,lamp ,bronze ,no4 #cc4 ,! decoration ( ! frieze 9 _m in/ances sugge/$ op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* di/ant vi/as c\ld be se54 ,! bays or spaces betwe5 ! app>5t divid+ supports 7 fur!r decorat$ ) small panel pictures ) frames2 g5]ally ! supports 7 unit$ by fe/oons or scroll+ detail1 ! :ole express$ by pa9t+ 9 col\r )\t actual relief4 ,! use ( glass = glaz+ w9d[s 0 employ$ 9 ! lat] p]iod2 t ! ,romans 7 exp]t work]s 9 glass c be v]ifi$ by ! examples 9 ! ,national collections4 ,illu/ration3 ,grco-,roman ,h& ,lamp & ,/&4 ,bronze ,no4 #cd4 ,= artificial light+ ( int]iors oil lamps 7 cu/om>y1 :i* 7 boat %ape 9 =m1 sometimes us$ 9 gr\ps or clu/]s susp5d$ f bran*+ /ems or support$ on tripod /&>ds4 ,^! 7 inv>iably 9 ca/ bronze1 ?\gh t]ra-cotta 0 also us$1 b 9 ei!r mat]ial 7 extremely beautiful 9 =m & detail4 ,9 any attempt to review ! pa/1 x is difficult to visualise ! actual life at ! back ( ! pageantry1 ) :i* we are naturally prone to be obsess$1 9 hi/ory z writt52 b ! exhibits ( ! v>i\s dome/ic appliances ( ! ,roman p]iod at ! ,briti% ,museum are ( consid]able int]e/1 & a scrut9y ( ^! _c fail to br+ ! individual to a clos] und]/&+ ( ! times & p4 ,at ,byzantium or ,con/ant9ople1 ! capital ( ! ,ea/]n ,roman ,empire1 a di/9ct /yle develop$ out ( a curi\s m+l+ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,ea/ & ,we/2 & x 0 m>k$ p>ticul>ly by a graft+ ( e>li] ,greek detail on to simplifi$ ,roman =ms4 ,! e/abli%m5t 9 #ccj ,a4,d4 ( ,byzantium or ,con/ant9ople z ! ,ea/]n capital ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! recognition by ! /ate ( ,*ri/ianity result$ 9 a great *ange 9 ar*itecture & ! associat$ crafts4 ,prior to ?is ! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h be5 compell$ to hold _! meet+s secretly1 & :5 ?is 0 no long] necess>y !y at fir/ utilis$ = _! public wor%ip ! exi/+ ,basilicas or public halls4 ,lat] on *ur*es 7 built1 ! plan be+ arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a ,greek cross 7e4g41 ) equal arms71 surm\nt$ by a c5tral dome4 ,domes ,! dome 0 support$ on f\r pi]s1 unit$ by ar*es1 & ! *ange 9 plan f ^! pi]s to ! dome necessitat$ vault+s f ! inn] angles to reconcile ! diagonal dim5sion to ! diamet] ( ! impos$ circle4 ,^! vault+s spread+ f ! angles are te*nically kn[n z ,p5d5tives4 ,! ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ce4 ,byzant9e4 ,section & plan ( ,/4 ,vitali1 ,rav5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cf4 ,byzant9e ,capitals f ,rav5na4 f\r arms ( ! cross con/itut+ transepts1 nave & *ancel 7 also surm\nt$ by ei!r complete or semi-domes4 ,! ,byzant9e dome diff]s f ! ,roman type 9 matt]s ( detail1 ?us ! int]ior surface is pla9 in/ead ( ! int]sect+ ribs ) result+ c(f]s z 9 t ( ! ,pan!on4 ,9 ?is latt] ! light+ ( ! int]ior is accompli%$ by a c5tral op5+ or eye1 b 9 "s ,byzant9e examples1 notably ,/4 ,sophia 7built = ,ju/9ian by ,an!mius7 ! light+ is ! result ( w9d[s rang$ r\nd ! base1 con/itut+ :at is kn[n z ! ariel type ( dome4 ,! dome ( ,/4 ,sophia is segm5tal in/ead ( hemisph]ical z 9 ! ,pan!on1 be+ only "o-six? ( ! diamet] 9 height1 ! diamet] be+ #ajf ft4 #g ins4 ,! ar*itectural features g5]ally 7 consid]ably modifi$1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to m\ld+s1 :i* 7 almo/ elim9at$4 ,! entablature 0 also at times disp5s$ )1 & ar*es spr++ direct f ! capitals ( support+ columns 7 g5]al2 a feature :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] ,romanesque4 ,! capitals became simple 9 =m1 be+ mo/ly inv]t$ pyramidal or cu%ion %apes1 9 :i* ! abacus is consid]ably enl>g$ & z a rule unm\ld$4 ,! c>v$ details reveal simplicity ( execution1 be+ m]ely cut back f ! surface1 ! relief be+ uni=m & greatly 9 contra/ to ! pla/ic feel+ ( ! ,roman "w4 ,?\gh ! leaves employ$ 7 ( ! acan?us type1 !y 7 q devoid ( modell+1 be+ m]ely *annell$ ) ,v-%ap$ grooves2 ! eyes betwe5 ! lobes be+ r\nd & sugge/ive ( ! use ( ! drill1 ! execution be+ a rev]sion to ! ar*aic ,greek4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cg4 ,byzant9e ,panels4 ,/4 ,appoll9>e1 ,nuovo1 ,rav5na4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art ,a notable feature 9 ! ,byzant9e detail is ! preval5ce ( ! circle1 frequ5tly gr\p$ 9 ?ree1 f\r & five1 ) ! respective significance ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,evangeli/s & ! ,cross1 or ,five ,w\nds4 ,! grotesques ( ! ,pagan detail are conspicu\sly abs5t1 giv+ place to =ms m 9 keep+ ) ! new religion1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! cross & ! v9e4 ,x is que/ionable if ! poly!ism ( ! av]age cultur$ ,roman 0 tak5 v s]i\sly1 b incid5tal to ! religi\s obs]vances 7 c]ta9 rites & symbolic =ms1 ) :i* ! ,*ri/ians 7 famili>1 & ! e>ly prea*]s evid5tly f\nd x a matt] ( policy to inve/ "s ( ^! ) a new mean+4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( intol]ance & p]secution1 signs & symbols grew 9 importance z a ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ci4 ,byzant9e ,int]ior1 ,rav5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dj4 #e? ,c5tury ,mosaic ,"w 9 ! ,bapti/]y at ,rav5na4 ,f a ,draw+ by ,miss ,dora ,b>d4 means ( secret communication2 & 9 ! lat] p]iod :5 secrecy 0 no long] necess>y1 ^! became a corporate "p ( ! ornam5t & decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ch4 ,byzant9e ,panel f ! s>cophagus ( ,/4 ,!odore4 ,/4 ,appoll9>e 9 ,classe1 ,rav5na4 ,9 contra/ to ! ,roman ornam5t1 9 :i* ! effect dep5d$ mo/ly on light & %ade1 ! ,byzant9e 0 a col\r /yle1 & x became cu/om>y to l9e ! walls ( ! pr9cipal build+s ) m>ble slabs qu>t]$ & plac$ reciprocally1 s t ! figur+s =m$ symmetrical patt]ns4 ,mosaic "w1 ei!r ( m>ble or glass1 con/itut$ ! decoration 9 su* suitable positions z ! floors1 sp&rils1 lunettes & domes1 gold be+ l>gely employ$ 9 ! backgr\nds4 ,w9d[s1 at times l>ge 9 area1 7 glaz$ z 9 ,roman times ) ca/ slabs ( glass1 set 9 metal frames1 usually bronze2 & ?9 slabs ( transluc5t m>ble & onyx 7 also us$ = glaz+ purposes4 ,metal ,"w & ,enamel ,! ,byzant9es 7 also exp]t c>v]s ( ivory & work]s 9 metal1 decorat$ 9 rep\ss & ) wire filigree2 ! metal "w 0 inv>iably set ) jewels & preci\s /ones1 9 conjunction ) *ampleve enamel1 ! :ole be+ gilt4 ,z a result ( ! ,iconocla/ic movem5t1 & ! decree ( ,pope ,leo ,,iii 9 #gbf ,a4,d41 ! art work]s1 depriv$ ( local patronage & compell$ to pursue _! crafts else:]e1 migrat$ to ! ,rh9e di/rict1 :]e = "s c5turies ! ,byzant9e traditions 7 pres]v$ & l>gely influ5c$ ,we/]n art1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! work+ 9 metal & enamels4 ,! attraction ( ! c5tre ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire = nor!rn adv5tur]s _h its effect 9 ! introduction ( ! ,byzant9e /yle into ! detail ( ! diff]5t phases ( ! ,romanesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #da4 ,*ampleve enamel ,byzant9e tradition4 ,! tradition ?us becom+ widely kn[n 0 f9ally absorb$ by local craftsm5 & modifi$ accord+ to local conditions1 ) ! result t bo? 9 expression & 9 execution1 ! /yle t5d$ to become m & m crude1 until ! orig9al =ms & details 7 almo/ entirely lo/4 ,b 9 spite ( *anges ! classic feel+ nev] completely di$ out4 ,roman ,influ5ce ,abroad ,"u ! ,roman sy/em1 9 coloniz+1 _! ar*itecture1 cu/oms & laws 7 impos$ on ! conqu]$ population4 ,:5 lat]1 "u /ress ( ev5ts1 ! gov]n+ bodies & milit>y =ces _h to be )drawn1 ^! left beh9d !m univ]sal traces ( _! occupation & influ5ce4 ,! inhabitants ( ! prov9ces ?us ab&on$ & ?r[n on _! own res\rces1 7 imm$iately m5ac$ by invasions1 :i* _h be5 hi!rto kept 9 *eck by ! armies ( occupation1 & = "s protract$ p]iod ensu$ a condition ( unre/ & conflict1 "u :i* ! arts naturally suff]$4 ,ev5tually1 f ! *aos em]g$ a native mann] ( build+1 :i*1 ?\gh rude & co>se 9 execution1 0 bas$ on ! ,roman tradition4 ,romanesque ,/yle ,! transition ?us br\ght ab\t is kn[n = conv5i5ce z ,romanesque4 ,its mo/ typical expon5ts 7 possibly ! ,sc&9avians1 ^: ,*ri/ianis$ desc5dants1 ! ,normans1 pres]v$ ! same tradition4 ,! "w ( ! ,saxons 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh /imulat$ by ! same influ5ces1 0 mu* crud] 9 execution4 ,?is p]iod 0 n rem>kable = great arti/ic developm5t1 & luxury 9 any =m 0 practically non-exi/5t4 ,not)/&+ local "*1 ! prevail+ features are simil>1 9 t ! r\nd ar* is employ$1 support$ by columns or pi]s1 f :i* ! ar*es spr+ direct1 ! entablature be+ elim9at$4 ,! columns are squat 9 proportion1 & surm\nt$ by capitals ( truncat$ cone or cu%ion %ape1 ! abacus be+ deep & squ>e 9 plan4 ,m\ld+s 7 little us$1 & ! ar*ivolts 7 =m$ 9 a s]ies ( recess$ b&s1 ei!r pla9 or decorat$4 ,di/9ct f ! ,byzant9e /yle1 ! ,romanesque dep5d$ = effect ^u contra/ ( light & %ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #db4 ,romanesque ,capitals f ,cloi/]1 ,/4 ,guillem du ,des]t1 ,h]ault4 ,rem9isc5t ( ,roman ,cor9?ian4 ,details 7 c>v$1 & rude 9 execution1 pres]v+ to "s ext5t ! ,byzant9e feel+1 ! prevail+ ornam5t be+ ! undulate /em1 ) scroll bran*es1 clo!d ) leafage1 simply *annell$ or groov$1 b less spikey 9 =m4 ,*ur* ,developm5t ,( ! build+s ( importance ( ?is p]iod ! *ur*es =m ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( developm5t4 ,! usual plan consi/$ ( an oblong nave ) side aisles half its wid? & height4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dc4 ,romanesque ,t[]1 ,?aon1 ,norm&y4 ,at ! end ( ! nave1 project+ transepts sep>at$ x f ! *ancel 7:i* is g5]ally rais$ 9 level71 cont9u+ ! l9e ( nave1 ! :ole tak+ ! %ape ( ! ,lat9 cross 9 contra/ to ! ,byzant9e plan2 ! *ancel end fac+ ,ea/1 ! nave ,we/1 & ! transepts respectively ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,a feature ( ?is p]iod is ! ,apse1 a semi-circul> ext5sion ( ! *oir or *ancel2 :5 ! side aisles 7 ext5d$ to ! latt] !y =m$ :at is kn[n z an ambulatory1 or passage way1 r\nd ! *oir1 )9 :i* 0 ! alt>1 & ! /alls = monks & cl]gy4 ,! ,n>!x or atrium1 ( ! basilicas1 utilis$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians = _! public wor%ip 7to :i* 7 admitt$ ^? outside ! community7 0 ab&on$1 its place be+ tak5 by ! ,we/ entrance or por*1 enclos$ betwe5 two t[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dd4 ,romanesque plan ( ,ca!dral1 ,worms4 ,! upp] walls ( ! nave 7 c>ri$ on ar*es support$ by columns1 :i* con/itut$ ! division ( ! side aisles2 ^! latt] be+ =m$ by vault+s f ! nave columns to ! out] walls1 ! vault+ be+ ro($ ov]4 ,! upp] "p ( ! nave 0 pi]c$ by w9d[s1 small & comp>atively n>r[1 ) semi-circul> heads =m+ ! ,cl]e/ory4 ,simil> w9d[s 9 "s in/ances occur 9 ! aisles1 ! jambs ( ^! w9d[s be+ bevell$ bo? inside & out = ! fre] admission ( light4 ,! nave 0 ro($ 9 ) timb]1 b z ! result ( frequ5t de/ruction by fire1 ! ro( 0 ev5tually vault$2 9 e>ly examples by ! b>rel or tunnel vault1 b lat] ?is develop$ into cross-vault+1 :i* 0 also introduc$ into ! side aisles4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #de4 ,romanesque1 bay ( int]ior1 ,worms ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dg4 ,romanesque ,*ur* int]ior ) ,tri=ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #df4 ,romanesque ,w9d[1 ,/4 ,alban's ,abbey4 ,9 ! e>ly *ur*es ( ?is p]iod ! walls ( ! nave 7 unbrok5 except = ! upp] w9d[s4 ,) ! developm5t ( vault+1 ! space above ! aisle vaults & ! cov]+ ro( 0 us$ z a gall]y kn[n z ! ,tri=ium4 ,?is 0 n light$ f )\t1 & 0 a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,romanesque & e>ly ,go?ic /yles4 ,! introduction ( vault+ 9 ! ro( ( ! nave entail$ supports = ! ar* b&s or vault+ ribs1 :i* 7 c>ri$ on pila/]s or half columns1 divid+ ! int]ior faade into bays4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dh4 ,con/ruction ( int]sect+ vaults4 ,d>k ,ages ,! unsettl$ condition ( ,europe1 bo? be=e & aft] ! f9al subjugation ( ! ,roman ,empire by ,*>lemagne 9 #ggd ,a4,d41 0 necess>ily detrim5tal to arti/ic progress1 & ! p]iod to ! fifte5? c5tury may be truly describ$ z ! d>k ages z reg>ds ! arts & culture 9 g5]al4 ,su* lit]>y k z surviv$ 0 mo/ly conf9$ to ! prie/s1 & "u ! mona/ic & feudal sy/ems t prevail$ ! bulk ( ! p 7 kept 9 ignorance & subjection4 ,build+ 0 devot$ almo/ exclusively to =tresses & *ur*es1 ! dome/ic conditions be+ extremely crude z comp>$ ) e>li] p]iods1 ?\gh ,ea/]n luxury mu/ h be5 kn[n & exp]i5c$ by ! ali5 adv5tur]s to ! ,byzant9e c\rts4 ,?is 0 a p]iod ( rev]sion to comp>ative b>b>ic ta/e by p indiff]5t to ref9em5t & luxuri\s environm5t1 to :om1 h[ev]1 p]sonal adornm5t w\ld appeal 9 ! =m ( jewell]y & sumptu\s attire4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #di4 ,romanesque1 s\? door ,kilpeck ,*ur*1 ,h]e=d%ire4 ,dome/ic arrangem5ts 7 simple 9 ! extreme4 ,! dwell+s ( ! well-to-d 9 ,engl&1 simil>ly to ^? ( ! ,sc&9avians1 consi/$ pr9cipally ( a b>n-l hall4 ,! c5tre ( ! hall 0 occupi$ by a long table1 & at "o end rais$ on a plat=m or dais ano!r table 0 plac$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,at ! latt] sat ! mo/ important memb]s ( ! h\sehold1 :ile ! l[] "p 0 res]v$ = reta9]s & s]vants4 ,heavy *airs & settles 7 us$ at ! upp] table1 & b5*es or =ms at ! l[]4 ,walls1 :5 cov]$ at all1 7 adorn$ ) hang+s1 b !n only at ! dais end ( ! hall4 ,fireplaces 9 ! mod]n s5se 7 n kn[n4 ,! fire 0 built on ! floor1 & ! smoke all[$ to escape z be/ x might4 ,arrangem5ts = sleep+ 7 no m complex ?an ^? = d9+4 ,b$s 7 provid$ only = p]sons ( di/9ction1 & 7 plac$ 9 recesses scre5$ (f f ! hall by curta9s or %utt]s4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 little m ?an wood5 boxes1 ) sacks ( /raw to s]ve z mattresses4 ,lat]1 b$/eads 7 us$ ( massive con/ruction1 :i* on occasions ( j\rney+ 7 plac$ on :eels1 =m+ a sort ( coa* or c>riage ironically t]m$ :irlicots1 9 :i* ! ag$ & infirm 7 transport$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ej4 ,*air ( ,dagob]t1 ,fr5* #g? c5tury1 bronze4 ,= "s "t aft] ! ,norman ,conque/ ! unsettl$ /ate ( ! c\ntry r5d]$ x necess>y t h\sehold effects & valuables %\ld be few 9 numb] & ( su* a nature z to be easily transportable4 ,?us *e/s 9 :i* belong+s c\ld be /or$ came into g5]al use4 ,!y 7 simple 9 con/ruction1 & )\t c>v+1 b 7 /r5g!n$ & decorat$ by h+es & scroll /rapp+s 9 iron4 ,su* *e/s s]v$ a d\ble purpose1 z !y c\ld be us$ z tables & seats4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ea4 #ad? ,c5tury ,textile ,sicilian tradition4 ,= conv5i5ce ( transport1 *airs & /ools 7 made ) project+ t5ons secur$ by p9s or w$ges s z to be easily tak5 ap>t4 ,crusades ,t ! ,crusades 7 incid5tal to ! importation ( examples ( ,ea/]n art1 is evid5c$ by ! celebrat$ cup ( ,ed5 ,hall1 on ! safe pres]vation ( :i* dep5d$ ! worldly welf>e ( ! own]s1 accord+ to ! c\plet3 8,if t cup ei!r break or fall1 ,f>ewell ! luck ( ,ed5 ,hall40 ,?is cup is ( ,s>ac5ic orig91 & is ( glass1 pa9t$ 9 enamels1 simil> 9 "* to ! mosque lamps 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,tape/ries ( ,sicilian manufacture 7 also introduc$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,crusades1 & l$ to ! employm5t ( pa9t$ wall decoration1 evid5tly 9 imitation1 ev5 9 "s in/ances to indicat+ ! folds ( ! mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #eb4 ,sicilian ,textile4 ,a precept exi/s 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii direct+ 8t ! ,k+'s great *amb] at ,we/m9/] be pa9t$ a good gre5 col\r l a curta910 & 8t ! ,k+'s little w>drobe %\ld also be pa9t$ ( a gre5 col\r to imitate a curta940 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly sugge/$ by ! cu/om abroad ( drap+ ! walls ) tape/ries1 ?\gh c>pets 7 unkn[n4 ,probably ! fir/ "t ^! 7 se5 9 ,engl& 0 9 ! ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,temple occupi$ by ! suite ( ! infant ,don ,san*o1 ar*bi%op elect ( ,tol$o1 :o ) ,don ,g>cias ,mad9ez1 (ficiat$ z avant-c\rri]s to ,eleanor ( ,ca/ile 9 ! autumn ( #abee4 ,po9t$ ,ar* ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ec4 ,types ( ,buttress4 ,! orig9 ( ! po9t$ ,ar*1 :i* is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! ,go?ic /yle1 is mu* disput$1 b !re is ample evid5ce t ! new dep>ture appe>$ almo/ simultane\sly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe soon aft] ! ,fir/ ,crusade4 ,x is reasonable to assume t ?is p>ticul> =m 0 sugge/$ by examples 9 ,syria1 :]e ar*es elliptic & ev5 ogival 9 %ape 7 employ$4 ,?\gh n common 9 ,roman "w1 ! po9t$ ,ar* 0 employ$ 9 ! ,aqu$uct built to supply ,con/ant9ople ) wat]1 complet$ "u ,val5s1 #cfd-cgh ,a4,d41 by :i* x is probable t ! ,s>ac5ic "w 0 inspir$4 ,:atev] ! orig91 ! innovation 0 f\nd to be economic1 & m s\nd 9 con/ruction ?an ! old] prevail+ me?od4 ,x 0 also m flexible 9 design1 z ap]tures ( v>y+ dim5sions c\ld be spann$ ) ar*es equal 9 height1 :i* is n possible ) ! semi-circul> =m1 except by ! exp$i5t ( /epp+4 ,fur!r /r5g? 0 imp>t$ by ! employm5t ( buttresses on ! out] walls1 z well z at ! angles ( ! build+4 ,go?ic ,/yle ,9 ,france1 ,engl& & ,g]many ! ,go?ic /yle sup]s$$ ! ,romanesque ) v>y+ phases ( transition1 & ) local developm5t ( "*4 ,9 ,spa9 ! ,moors _h e/abli%$ a sy/em ( ar*itecture ?or\ghly ,ea/]n t 0 b little affect$ by ! ,go?ic /yle1 ! influ5ce ( :i* is app>5t 9 ! lat] ,spani% r5d]+ ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,italy ! ,go?ic atta9$ b slight developm5t 9 comp>ison ) m nor!rn & we/]n treatm5ts1 at lea/ f a /ructural po9t ( view4 ,! ,italian phase kn[n z ,lomb>dic is conspicu\s = ! evid5ce ( ,ea/]n & ,byzant9e traditions4 ,phases ( ,go?ic ,! phases & dates ( ! ,go?ic /yle 9 ,engl& are z foll[1 & la/$ well into ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) p]iods ( transition3 ,e>ly ,engli% or ,po9t$1 #aahi to #abgb4 ,transition #abgb to #acjg4 ,middle p]iod or ,decorat$1 #acjg to #acgg4 ,transition #acgg to #adjg4 ,late or 444 ,p]p5dicul>1 #adjg to #aedg4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ed4 ,e>ly po9t$ ,go?ic ,pi]1 elevation & plan4 ,9 *ur* ar*itecture ! g5]al plan & ess5tial features ( ! ,romanesque /yle 7 pres]v$2 b !re 0 a complete *ange 9 ! details1 z well z a g5]al light5+ ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,! heavy columns or pi]s gave place to clu/]s ( sl5d] %afts1 :i* support$ ! ar*ivolts & vault+ ribs1 ^! %afts be+ b\nd toge!r at bases & capitals4 ,! ,tri=ium 0 reta9$1 ! op5+s be+ ar*$ & simil> 9 detail to ! w9d[s4 ,e>ly ,po9t$ ,9 ! e>ly v>iety ( ! ,po9t$ ,go?ic ! ar*es 7 acutely po9t$1 te*nically kn[n z 8lancet10 b lat] became m equilat]al4 ,! w9d[s 7 n>r[ 9 proportion1 & 7 s+le1 or 9 gr\ps4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ee4 ,e>ly po9t$ bay ) ,tri=ium4 ,w9d[ ( ,aisle is ( lat] date4 ,lat] !y 7 divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 & ! triangul> head fill$ 9 ) /onework1 pi]c$ ) simple geometrical op5+s1 kn[n z plate trac]y1 ?us =m+ a transition betwe5 ! simple op5 lancet & ! int]sect+ ribs1 :i* con/itut$ ! true trac]y ( ! lat] p]iods4 ,commonly %afts ( circul> section1 ) caps & bases1 7 employ$ 9 ! w9d[s1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally4 ,ro(s 7 high pit*$1 & ! ceil+s vault$1 ! vault+ ribs be+ m\ld$ & decorat$ at ! int]sections ) c>v$ bosses4 ,m\ld+s 7 ri* 9 effect1 be+ compos$ ( a succession ( holl[s or flut+s1 contra/$ & divid$ by r\nd$ ribs 9 relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ef4 ,e>ly ,lancet ,w9d[s4 ,a4 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,b4 ,l9coln ,ca!dral4 ,c4 ,salisbury ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #eg4 ,e>ly po9t$ ,go?ic ,w9d[s4 ,plate trac]y4 ,c>v$ detail occurs 9 ! capitals ( %afts1 sometimes 9 leaf-l =ms 9 ! bases & 9 ! m\ld+s1 also 9 ! crockets1 & f9ials ( ! gables1 & p9nacles ( ! buttresses4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #eh4 ,e>ly po9t$ ,ar* ,m\ld+s4 ,! ornam5t 0 extremely conv5tional1 t on capitals1 crockets & o!r free positions consi/+ ( crisply curl+ trefoil or c9quefoil gr\ps ( lobes hav+ little resemblance to natural type4 ,! lat] w9d[s became m elaborate 9 ! trac]y1 :i* 0 ess5tially geometric1 & fur!r elaborat$ by cusp+4 ,tri=ium ar*es & canopy heads be+ simil> 9 design4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ei4 ,e>ly po9t$ ,go?ic ,capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fj4 ,po9t$ ,go?ic trac]y ,w9d[s4 ,a4 ,ely ,ca!dral4 ,b4 ,meophan ,*ur*1 ,k5t4 ,! c5tral t[]1 :i* 0 common 9 ! ,romanesque1 develop$ into ! spire1 :i* 0 c>ri$ to a great height2 ! l[] "p occasionally pi]c$ ) op5+s = purpose ( int]ior light+1 =m+ ! lant]n4 ,decorat$ ,go?ic ,! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod are ! =m ( ! ,ar*1 ! elim9ation ( deta*$ %afts & ! enl>g$ cl]e/ory ) increas$ light+ area4 ,! ,ar*1 :5 us$ /ructurally1 0 /ill ( ! simple po9t$ =m1 b 9 small w9d[s1 ni*es & canopies1 ! %ape at ! head became ogival & ! trac]y displays consid]able lic5se z comp>$ ) t ( ! prec$+ phase4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fa4 ,e>ly po9t$ ,go?ic ,spire1 ,w>m+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fb4 ,decorat$ ,go?ic ,w9d[s4 ,a4 ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,b4 ,ca!dral1 ,ox=d4 ,m\ld+s 7 %all[] z contra/$ ) ! und]cut holl[s ( ! e>li] p]iod2 9 _m in/ances ! ar* m\ld+s 7 m]ely a cont9uation ( ^? ( ! support+ pi]s1 :i* took ! place ( ! e>li] deta*$ %afts4 ,! greate/ innovation occurs 9 ! foliage1 9 :i* natural sugge/ion is evid5t1 adapt$ ) consid]able fre$om1 & skilful 9 execution4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fc4 ,decorat$ ,go?ic ,c>v+1 ,*ancel scre51 ,s\?well ,m9/]4 ,9 ! prec$+ /yle ! foliage ( ! capitals inv>iably sprung f ! neck+1 9 simple firm curves1 reveal+ ! und]ly+ bell-%ape4 ,9 ! ,decorat$ p]iod ! foliage g5]ally wrea?s r\nd ! /ructural =m1 ! detail be+ frequ5tly deeply pi]c$ & cut away at ! back till x 0 almo/ deta*$1 giv+ an extremely ri* effect4 ,diap] detail ( pat]1 or foliage arrang$ 9 squ>es1 occurs 9 ! sp&rils betwe5 ar*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fd4 ,decorat$ ,go?ic ,m\ld+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,nos4 #fe #ff4 ,decorat$ ,go?ic ,capitals1 leaves deeply und]cut & wrea!d r\nd bell4 ,a di/9ct feature ( ?is p]iod & ( ! succe$+ ,p]p5dicul> /yle1 is ! battlem5t1 :i* 0 us$ 9 all suitable positions ei!r z a p>apet or z a cre/+4 ,! ,decorat$ v>iety diff]s f ! lat]1 9 t ! m\ld$ edges only appe> horizontally1 :]eas 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod ! m\ld$ edge is cont9u\s1 be+ c>ri$ r\nd ! angles ( ! battlem5t4 ,ext]nally ! spire gave place to ! t[] ) culm9at+ lant]n4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! /yle kn[n z ,decorat$ ,go?ic1 furniture 0 fram$ & panell$1 & ! details closely resembl$ ^? us$ 9 ar*itectural decoration 9 /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fg4 ,decorat$ ,go?ic ,spire1 ,:ittlesea4 ,! g5]al effect ( ,decorat$ is a t5d5cy to horizontal b&+1 9 contra/ to ! v]tical effect ( ! e>li] p]iod1 to :i* ev5tually ! lat] ,p]p5dicul> rev]t$4 ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic ,9 ! succe$+ phase ! ,tri=ium :i* _h gradually become less important1 entirely disappe>$ & ! cl]e/ory w9d[s enl>g$1 to ! ext5t t ?is "p ( ! /ructure became m]ely a frame = ! increas$ glass areas4 ,x w be app>5t f ! =ego+ t :]eas 9 ! e>ly *ur*es ( ! ,romanesque p]iod ! int]ior effect 0 my/]i\s ow+ to inadequate op5+s = light1 ! lat] & gr[+ t5d5cy 0 to increase ! light+ capacity by enl>g+ ! w9d[s ( ! cl]e/ory4 ,glass ,w9d[s ,d\btless ! developm5t 9 ! size ( w9d[s 0 due to "s ext5t to ! gr[+ use ( glass1 :i*1 ?\gh r>e1 0 employ$ dur+ ! lat] ,romanesque ?r\gh ,byzant9e tradition4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fh4 ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic ,bay %ew+ developm5t ( ,cl]e/ory4 ,^! e>ly w9d[s 7 geometric 9 design1 consi/+ ( m$allions1 oval1 circul> or quatrefoil 9 %ape1 conta9+ figure subjects set 9 a diap]$ backgr\nd1 ! :ole be+ execut$ 9 small pieces ( col\r$ glass unit$ by lead fram+s4 ,:ile ! w9d[s 7 s+le op5+s1 ?is =m ( glaz+ necess>ily re/rict$ ! size1 ?\gh m adequate light+ 0 a*iev$ by gr\p+ two or m w9d[s toge!r4 ,) ! developm5t ( trac]y ! te*nical difficulties 7 to "s ext5t ov]come2 a w9d[ divid$ into comp>atively small comp>tm5ts c\ld be m easily glaz$ ?an s+le op5+s ( l>ge size2 ?us glaz$ w9d[s ( great] dim5sions 7 r5d]$ possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fi4 ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic ,w9d[s4 ,a4 ,ayl%am ,*ur*1 ,norfolk4 ,b4 ,k+'s ,college ,*apel1 ,cambridge4 ,9 ! ,decorat$ w9d[s ! l[] lights 7 devot$ to ! subject1 :i* 9 _m in/ances 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! area1 reg>dless ( ! divid+ b>s or mullions4 ,9 ! ,p]p5dicul> ea* light or op5+ _h usually its own subject or figure1 surm\nt$ by canopies1 ! upp] spaces =m$ by int]section ( ! trac]y b>s 7 occupi$ by v>i\s details suitable to ! diff]5t %apes4 ,! ,ar* ( ! ,p]p5dicul> /yle is mat]ially diff]5t1 be+ compos$ ( elliptic curves /ruck f f\r c5tres4 ,m\ld+s became ev5 m %all[ 9 section1 & ! trac]y less florid ?an =m]ly1 ?\gh extremely ri* 9 appe>ance :5 us$ 9 ! pr(usion t develop$ 9 ! fan vault+ ( ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gj4 ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic ,fan ,vault+4 ,/4 ,m>y1 ,ald]m>y4 ,! foliation rev]t$ to a m conv5tional "*1 & became lifeless & monoton\s 9 comp>ison ) ! ,decorat$ "w4 ,x mu/ n be assum$ t examples 9 e in/ance w be f\nd complete 9 any ( ^! phases2 on ! contr>y1 ! v>i\s /yles are to be f\nd side by side 9 ! same build+1 ! result ( lat] additions or rebuild+4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ga4 ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic ,t[]1 ,all ,sa9ts1 ,d]by4 ,pa9t$ decoration & sculpture 7 also employ$ dur+ ! v>i\s p]iods2 wood-"w :]e necess>y 0 us$1 & 9 detail 0 9 h>mony ) ! ar*itectural "* ( ! p]iod4 ,civic ,influ5ces ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gb4 ,coronation ,*air1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #ac? c5tury4 ,! feudal p]iod 0 n fav\rable to ! developm5t ( dome/ic conditions1 ?\gh consid]able advance _h be5 made by ! f\rte5? c5tury1 *iefly by ! ,italian /ates & 9 ! pr9cipal cities4 ,! importance ( ! latt] is evid5c$ p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,city ( ,london1 ) its m]*ant class & civic au?orities1 :o1 by reason ( _! weal?1 atta9$ pot5tial political influ5ce1 ! prevail+ cont5ti\s conditions necessitat+ ! cont9ual rais+ ( l>ge sums ( money4 ,su* conditions 7 fav\rable to ! m]*ants1 :o1 act+ z bank]s1 suppli$ ! means1 & ?us a class 0 e/abli%$ & app>5tly liv$ 9 pr(usion & "s pret5tion to sumptu\s environm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gc4 ,b$/ead & ,cradle f ,m4,s4 9 ,bodleian ,libr>y1 #ad? c5tury4 ,effect ( ,comm]ce ,simil> conditions to ^? 9 ,engl& prevail$ on ! ,cont95t ) c]ta9 local v>iations4 ,a big /ride 0 made ) ! developm5t ( comm]ce1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,v5etian & ,flemi% m]*ants4 ,! effect ( increas+ opul5ce z signalis$ by ! appe>ance 9 ! home ( su* com=t & ref9em5t z _h =m]ly be5 possible only = pr9ces & great nobles4 ,among ! luxuries import$ 7 ,ori5tal silks1 c>pets & pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gd4 ,fireplace1 #ac? c5tury4 ,italy ,:]eas1 ?r\gh\t ,europe g5]ally1 ! ,go?ic "* 9 furniture & woodwork develop$ on simil> l9es1 9 ,italy alone its appeal to ! national sympa?ies 0 n /rong en\gh = x to become ?or\ghly assimilat$1 & !re ! ,byzant9e /yle p]si/$4 ,! woods mo/ 9 use 7 oak & *e/nut4 ,9 ,italy walnut & cypress 7 us$--! latt] be+ consid]$ especially valuable = *e/s4 ,e>ly examples ( ,italian *e/s are decorat$ ) closely spac$ incis$ ornam5t1 fill$ 9 ) col\r4 ,! ,v5etians d]iv$ f ,p]sia & ,india a =m ( m>quetry or inlay ( ivory1 metal & v>i\s woods1 g5]ally geometric 9 design4 ,! wood us$ 0 /a9$ 9 ord] to v>y ! col\r4 ,=eign ,influ5ce 9 ,engl& ,?r\gh ! policy ( seek+ =eign pr9cesses z brides = ! ,engli% k+s1 =eign influ5ces crept 91 & _h a m>k$ effect on ! developm5t ( /yle4 ,moreov]1 increas+ comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! ,cont95t pav$ ! way = ! introduction ( ! new ideas ( ! ,r5aissance !n beg9n+ to dawn 9 ,italy4 ,! ,w>s ( ! ,roses *eck$ progress 9 _m ways1 b ?is 0 b ! m rapid :5 peace 0 re/or$ ) ! adv5t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,! ,h\se ,!re 0 a great *ange 9 ! "* ( ! dwell+-h\se1 :i* ?\gh /ill built on def5sive l9es1 0 also arrang$ ) a view to dome/ic com=t & conv5i5ce4 ,! commone/ =m ( plan 0 t 9 :i* ! build+s 7 gr\p$ r\nd a c5tral c\rt & surr\nd$ by a moat4 ,^! build+s consi/$ ( hall1 p>l\r1 kit*5 & dome/ic (fices4 ,! hall itself 0 l(ty1 _h an op5-timb]$ ro(1 & 0 usually light$ f bo? sides4 ,"o end ( ! hall 0 inv>iably scre5$ (f1 & z ! scre5 did n rea* to ! ro( ! musicians' gall]y 0 plac$ above x4 ,! fireplace 0 set 9 "o ( ! side walls4 ,! w9d[s1 z a rule1 _h few lights1 & ^! _h po9t$ & cusp$ heads4 ,! upp] rooms 7 accessible by /aircases4 ,a n uncommon feature on ! upp] floor 0 ! long gall]y1 :i* g5]ally trav]s$ ! :ole l5g? ( ! build+ imm$iately "u ! ro(4 ,! rooms 7 panell$ mo/ (t5 to ab\t two-?irds ! height ( ! wall1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ird 0 ( pla/]4 ,! ceil+ also 0 ( pla/]1 :i* 0 m\ld$ into int]sect+ ribs arrang$ geometrically1 sometimes ) /alactite p5dants at ! int]sections4 ,fireplaces 7 made ( /one1 & *imney-pieces sometimes ( wood4 ,furniture 0 beg9n+ to assume "s ( its mod]n =ms1 z %[n by ! *airs1 :i* 7 rail$1 & copi$ f ,italian models4 ,buffets or sidebo>ds ) clos$ cupbo>ds 7 9 use4 ,table legs 7 c>v$ or turn$1 & connect$ by /ret*]s4 ,w9d[s 7 n[ glaz$ ) lead$ panes1 & :5 made to op5 7 ( ! casem5t type1 ) iron frames :i* 7 h+$ & furni%$ ) turnbuckle fa/5+s4 ,doors seldom _h locks1 b usually %ut ) lat*es ( wr\ght iron4 ,! h+es also 7 ( wr\ght iron1 & ?\gh simple 9 =m 7 (t5 q ornam5tal4 ,h5ry ,,vii & 8 successor 7 responsible = v>i\s c\ntry resid5ces1 an example :i* 0 foll[$ by ! nobility4 ,dur+ ! latt] mon>*'s reign x became ! fa%ion to arrange ! plan ( ! mansion 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,h2 t is1 9 two p>allel w+s connect$ at a "r angle4 ,9 ! reign ( ,elizabe? ?is 0 modifi$ into a plan resembl+ ! lett] ,e1 o!rwise a faade1 ) w+s b5t at "r angles1 ) a c5tral projection =m+ ! ma9 entrance4 ,9 ! dome/ic ,tudor /yle ! ,ar* 0 9 vogue = w9d[ op5+s1 etc41 b mu* flatt5$ 9 =m4 ,! w9d[s 7 divid$ into a numb] ( lights1 by v]tical mullions1 ) ar* head+s1 occasionally cusp$4 ,if ( tall proportions1 !y 7 fur!r divid$ by horizontal b>s or transoms1 & 7 glaz$ ) small panes ( glass set 9 lead frames1 arrang$ 9 "s cases to op5 9 iron casem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ge4 ,tudor ,w9d[ ) lead$ lights4 ,! ,re=mation ,an important factor 9 ! developm5t ( ?is p]iod 0 ! ,re=mation1 ) ! resultant lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,be=e ?is1 ar*itecture & ! associat$ arts 7 entirely dom9at$ by ! ,*ur*1 at ! sacrifice ( ! individuality ( ! arti/ & craftsman1 :o aft] ?is emancipation 7 enabl$ to exploit _! "w untrammell$ by cl]ical re/riction4 ,9 "s respects ?is 0 n productive ( ! be/ results1 z x remov$ ! v>i\s co-ord9at$ bran*es ( "w f ! re/ra9t ( ar*itectural dom9ance1 ) "s loss to ! unities4 ,x also op5$ ! way to ! pr(essional design] z di/9ct f ! craftsman 7:o hi!rto _h be5 responsible = 8 %>e ( ! "w7 result+ 9 occasional loss ( "*4 ,r5aissance ,! ,r5aissance1 :i* _h its orig9 x ,italy1 0 ! next factor 9 ! evolution ( ar*itecture & ! arts4 ,z e>ly z #adbb !re 7 indications ( ! com+ *ange1 ?\gh ! m$ieval sy/em ( con/ruction 0 /ill adh]$ to4 ,impetus 0 giv5 to ?is revival by ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks 9 #adec ,a4,d41 result+ 9 ! disp]sion ( ! ,greek s*ol>s1 :o f\nd refuge 9 ,italy4 ,go?ic1 ess5tially a ,nor!rn /yle1 sc>cely affect$ ,italy1 :]e ,byzant9e tradition p]si/$ until ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury br\ght a fre% impulse into all bran*es ( ,art & ,lit]ature4 ,an awak5$ int]e/ 9 classical rema9s 0 an integral "p ( ! vitality ) :i* ! great *ange kn[n 9 its culm9ation z ! ,r5aissance 0 imbu$2 & ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( ! times 0 fav\rable to its enc\ragem5t & developm5t4 ,e>ly ,expon5ts ,an active ag5t 9 ?is revival 0 ,brunelles*i1 a native ( ,flor5ce1 :o 9 company ) ,donatello1 visit$ ,rome to /udy ! rema9s ( classical antiquity4 ,8 pr9cipal successor1 ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 contribut$ l>gely to ! new /yle4 ,ultimately ! ,roman ,ord]s & _! details 7 appropriat$ & adapt$ to local requirem5ts4 ,! mo/ prom95t arti/s ( ! day turn$ _! att5tion to ! design+ & mak+ ( wood-"w1 & ! decoration ( rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gf4 ,/rozzi ,palace1 ,flor5ce4 ,! e>li] "w is sev]ely ar*itectural 9 "*1 be+ closely bas$ on ! antique1 ) all ! usual features ( columns1 pila/]s1 cornices & p$im5ts4 ,! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! ar*itects ( ! ,r5aissance 0 p]haps _! adaptation ( ! antique ,roman /yle to ! modifi$ ne$s ( secul> build+s1 ( :i* ! ,palazzo ,pitti at ,flor5ce by ,brunelles*i is an e>ly & notable example4 ,?is creat+ a =m ( ar*itecture :i* p]haps rea*$ its noble/ expression 9 ! ,palazzo ,/rozzi1 begun 9 #adhi ,a4,d4 by ,b5$etto da ,majano4 ,z previ\sly sugge/$1 climate & local mat]ial are ess5tial ag5ts 9 ! =mation ( /yle1 & f ,tuscany /one ( l>ge size 0 easily obta9able4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gg4 ,p&olf9i ,palace1 ,flor5ce4 ,! cont5ti\s conditions exi/+ 9 _m ( ! ,italian cities1 entail+ necessity = def5ce1 mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt1 & 9 connection ) ! =ego+ 7 responsible = ! massive & =tress-l con/ruction ( ! pr9cipal dwell+s ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! be/ examples ( ^!1 ?\gh columns & pila/]s 7 n employ$ 9 ! faade1 ! /ories are proportion$ z if ! ord]s 7 us$4 ,! cr[n+ cornice1 h[ev]1 is proportion$ to ! :ole1 v>y+ 9 height betwe5 "o f\rte5? to "o fifte5?4 ,f ,flor5ce ! movem5t spread to ,rome & o!r cities1 b ,v5etian ,r5aissance indicates und\bt$ evid5ce ( ,lomb>dic influ5ce4 ,until ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! p]iod 0 "o ( exp]im5t1 b f #aejj to ab\t #aefj ! /yle may be said to h atta9$ a phase di/9ct & local4 ,at fir/ ! v>i\s features1 /ructural & decorative1 7 frank reproductions f ! antique1 :i* 7 /udi$ & measur$1 & f :i* sy/ems ( proportion 7 d$uc$ by v>i\s expon5ts1 among :om ! names ( ,vignola1 ,palladio & ,s]lio are conspicu\s4 ,rome ,! ,roman v]sion ( ! ,r5aissance1 z di/9ct f t ( ,flor5ce1 0 less massive1 ,rome be+ comp>atively free f insurrection>y tr\bles4 ,columns & pila/]s 7 us$ to divide ! faade into bays1 or 9 ! inn] c\rts1 :i* 7 frequ5tly arcad$1 & ! pr9cipal entrance became a prom95t feature4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,roman s*ool 0 ,bramante1 born 9 #addd ,a4,d41 orig9ally a pa9t]1 :o 0 responsible = ! orig9al design ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 at ! in/igation ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 ,! p>tly execut$ "w 0 f\nd to be too weak to be> ! sup]/ructure1 & ,bramante 9 ! mean:ile dy+1 ,raffaelle1 ,giocondo & ,giuliano di ,san ,gallo1 & aft]w>ds ,baldazz>e ,p]uzzi & ,antonio ,san ,gallo 7 engag$ on ! edifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gh4 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome4 ,f9ally ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 entru/$ ) ! sole conduct1 & ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 its pres5t =m mu/ be cr$it$ to him1 ) ! exception ( ! nave1 :i* 0 add$ by ,c>lo ,mad]no4 ,( ! secul> build+s1 ! ,f>nese ,palace1 ! "w ( ,san ,gallo1 is typical ( ! ,roman adaptation ( ! antique ar*itecture to ! alt]$ conditions4 ,to ! above li/ ( ar*itects ( ! ,roman ,r5aissance may be add$ ! names ( ,sansov9o1 ,vignola & ,b]n9i1 ! la/-nam$ be+ ! au?or ( designs = ! ,l\vre at ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gi4 ,f>nese ,palace1 ,rome4 ,v5ice ,! ,v5etian ,/ates1 s9ce ! twelf? c5tury1 _h be5 gr[+ 9 p[]1 & ! ,republic's rise 9 importance 0 fav\rable to ! arts1 p>ticul>ly to ar*itecture4 ,local influ5ce is evid5t 9 ! comp>atively re/rict$ gr\nd areas1 entail+ ! maximum accommodation possible4 ,! ,v5etian s*ool is di/+ui%$ by ! pr(use use ( columns & arcad+2 also = ! employm5t ( circul>-head$ w9d[s1 frequ5tly subdivid$ by trac]y ( small] ar*$ & circul> =ms1 & by g5]al lightness ( effect4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,v5etian s*ool 0 ,san ,mi*eli1 born 9 #adhd ,a4,d41 :o sp5t _m ye>s /udy+ ! anci5t ,roman monum5ts1 & :o 0 responsible = ! ,grimani ,palace4 ,jacopo ,tatti1 a ,flor5t9e1 m usually kn[n z ,sansov9o1 ?\gh m5tion$ 9 ! ,roman gr\p ( ar*itects1 0 h[ev] m associat$ ) ,v5ice1 8 adopt$ city4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hj4 ,v5dram9i ,palace1 ,v5ice4 ,prom95t among 8 works is ! ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k1 :i* consi/s ( two ord]s1 an upp] ( ! ,ionic1 support$ by an arcade 9 :i* ! ,doric is employ$1 ! :ole surm\nt$ by a balu/rade ) /atues on ! pi]s4 ,v5etian ,influ5ce ,9 ! ,v5etian s*ool mu/ be includ$ ! "n ( ,&rea ,palladio1 :o possibly _h a great] influ5ce on ! ar*itecture ( ! "t ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies2 an influ5ce t may be trac$ 9 ! "w ( ,inigo ,jones1 & 9 t ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 & 8 imm$iate s*ool4 ,v9c5zo ,scamozzi1 :o di$ 9 #afaf ,a4,d41 l ,palladio & o!rs1 0 influ5c$ by ! antique1 & 0 p]haps ! la/ ar*itect ( ! ,v5etian s*ool to atta9 celebrity4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ha4 ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k by ,sansov9o1 ,v5ice4 ,pa9t$ ,decoration ,a conspicu\s feature ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance 0 ! developm5t ( pa9t$ decoration1 :i* _h 9 ,italy succe$$ ! ,byzant9e mosaic4 ,z 9 ?is me?od ( decoration1 m\ld+s 9 relief 7 ineffective1 & 7 replac$ by decorative b&s or bord]s1 s 9 ! succe$+ pa9t$ "w simil> fram+s 7 adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hb4 ,pa9t$ ,decoration4 ,palazzo ,publico1 ,si5na1 f a draw+ by ,c4 ,e4 ,b]n>d1 ,goldsmi?s' ,college ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hc4 ,pa9t$ ,ceil+ 9 ! ,ca/ello ,san ,angelo1 ,rome1 by ,giulio ,romano1 f a draw+ by ,miss ,dora ,b>d1 ,goldsmi?s' ,college ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hd4 ,pa9t$ ,decoration 9 ! collonade ( ! ,villa ,papa ,giulio1 ,rome1 %[+ ,pompeian influ5ce1 f a draw+ by ,c4 ,e4 ,b]n>d1 ,goldsmi?s' ,college ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #he4 ,ceil+-,pa9t+ f ! ,ca/ello ,san ,angelo1 ,rome1 rem9isc5t ( ,graeco-,roman "w1 f a draw+ by ,c4 ,e4 ,b]n>d1 ,goldsmi?s' ,college ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,mosaics 7 9 vogue 9 ,italy to ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 pa9t$ decoration came into fav\r1 & notable 9 ! exploitation ( ?is latt] phase 0 ! s*ool ( ,giotto 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,vault+s & sp&rils 7 cov]$ ) pa9t$ subjects1 /rongly fram$ by ornam5tal bord]s1 :i* s]v$ to /r5g!n ! s5se ( con/ruction 9 re9=c+ ! divid+ ribs4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ,r5aissance1 ^! divisional b&s became m ar*itectural 9 treatm5t1 & l>ge areas1 su* z ceil+s1 7 subdivid$1 ! sub-divisions be+ bas$ on a logical s5se ( con/ruction4 ,! "n ( ,p9turri*io is associat$ ) ! ,r5aissance1 among 8 works be+ ! decorations ( ! ,app>tam5ti ,borgia 9 ! ,vatican1 ! ,*oir 9 ,santa ,m>ia del ,popolo1 ,rome1 & 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore at ,spello2 contemporane\s 0 ,p]ug9o2 ano!r celebrat$ "n is t ( ,gian ,antonio ,bazzi ( ,si5na1 g5]ally kn[n z ,sodoma4 ,grco-,roman ,influ5ce ,lat] exploit]s ( pa9t$ decoration1 ,raffaelle at ! ,vatican1 ,giulio ,romano1 ,pi]9o del ,vaga & ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 7 evid5tly influ5c$ by ! !n rec5t discov]y ( late ,grco-,roman decorations 9 ! rema9s ( ! ,ba?s ( ,titus4 ,! same influ5ce is f\nd also 9 m9or details--9 ! decoration ( rooms & 9 ! v>i\s pieces ( furniture4 ,walls 7 panell$1 sometimes enri*$ ) c>v+1 ) inlaid patt]ns 9 int>sia1 or ) inlay ( diff]5t woods 9 imitation ( m>ble mosaic4 ,hang+s ( ,g5oese velvet or /amp$ & gild$ lea!r 7 (t5 us$4 ,*airs 7 at fir/ simple 9 =m1 hav+ /raight backs & legs1 ) broad1 elaborately c>v$ rails at ! head ( ! back & betwe5 ! front legs4 ,*e/s or cassone1 call$ also m>riage c(f]s1 because x 0 cu/om>y to give !m z w$d+ pres5ts1 g5]ally took ! =m ( ! s>cophagus1 support$ on claw feet4 ,9 _m in/ances !y 7 decorat$ ) gilt gesso1 or 7 cov]$ ) exub]ant c>v+4 ,) ! developm5t ( inlay1 :i* deg5]at$ into picture mak+1 "s lat] examples %[ attempts at p]spectives1 9 :i* ar*es1 doors1 balu/rades & pav$ floors 7 depict$4 ,cab9ets 7 inv>iably rais$ on op5 supports & furni%$ ) doors enclos+ comp>tm5ts & sets ( draw]s1 ! fronts ( :i* 7 frequ5tly decorat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hf4 ,v5etian ,table4 ,tables 7 inlaid1 c>v$ & gild$4 ,! prevail+ =m 0 a rectangul> top1 sometimes ( m>ble1 ) wide1 ri*ly c>v$ supports consi/+ ( human & animal =ms at ei!r end2 ^! 7 connect$ by a c5tral /ret*] at ! base1 f :i* sprang a s]ies ( ar*$ =ms rea*+ to ! und]side ( ! top4 ,walnut 0 commonly employ$ = con/ructive purposes1 & ebony & _m o!r woods 7 us$ bo? = v5e]s & inlay1 z also 7 su* mat]ials z ivory1 tortoise%ell & "m-(-pe>l4 ,x is n easy to =m an idea ( ! furniture 9 ord9>y use1 z ! examples :i* survive & :i* c g5]ally be se5 9 museums are mislead+1 be+ typical r ( t belong+ to ! nobility & weal?y classes4 ,probably ow+ to ! r\gh] usage to :i* x 0 subject$1 & possibly also to its be+ b little e/eem$ by its own]s1 & consequ5tly no ef=t be+ made to pres]ve x1 ! dome/ic furniture ( ! middle classes seems to h disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hg4 ,c>v$ ,walnut ,*air4 ,italian1 #af? c5tury4 ,e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance ,france _h be5 br\ght into contact ) ! new ar*itecture ?r\gh ! ,italian w>s "u ,*>les ,,viii1 ,l\is ,,xii1 & ,francis ,i4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance is t ! details ( ! new s*ool 7 impos$ on /ructures :i* 7 ,go?ic 9 g5]al =m4 ,italian ar*itects 7 employ$ by ,francis ,i1 & al?\gh 9 ! _m important build+s erect$ = him he pref]r$ native workm51 ,italians 7 reta9$ to furni% designs & lead ! new /yle4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,&rea del ,s>to 7 bo? employ$ 9 ! decoration ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hh4 ,wood ,panell+4 ,e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,fonta9ebleau1 ,*ateau de ,*ambord1 ,*5onceaux sur ,loire1 ,*ateau de ,madrid & ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,l\vre 7 all due to ,francis ,i1 & ! ,italian influ5ce 0 /r5g!n$ by ! m>riage ( ,h5ry ,,ii ) ,ca?>9e di ,m$ici4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hi4 ,/one ,*imney-piece1 ,fonta9bleau1 ,h5ry ,,ii ,salon4 ,native ,exploitation ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,vignola & ,s]lio1 ! ,italian /yle became m popul>1 & f9ally ext+ui%$ ! l+]+ ,go?ic tradition2 & ev5tually ! assimilat$ /yle became local1 ! fir/ prom95t native exploit] be+ ,philib]t ,delorme1 ! ar*itect ( ! ,tuil]ies1 = ,que5 ,ca?>9e ( ,m$icis4 ,/rapwork 0 a pron\nc$ feature ( ?is p]iod1 c>v$ panels be+ subdivid$ by fram+s ( /raight & curv$ =ms int]lac$ ) cornucop & scroll "w4 ,scroll+ /raps ) ,i %ap$ incisions 7 also us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ij4 ,wood ,panel4 ,e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,masks are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & sometimes =m scroll c5tres4 ,m$allions 7 (t5 employ$1 & 7 occupi$ by pr(ile heads1 & surr\nd$ by foliat$ wrea?s4 ,pila/]s 7 n>r[1 & _h sunk & m\ld$ panels1 loz5ge %ap$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,9 ,engl& great impetus 0 giv5 to build+1 consequ5t on ! suppression ( ! religi\s h\ses dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 & mansions 7 erect$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ) "s pret5sion to bo? ext]nal effect & dome/ic com=t1 n m]ely by ! nobility1 b also by ! weal?y m]*ant class4 ,engli% ,r5aissance ,f ! rise ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance a c5tury elaps$ be=e ! new /yle began to affect ,engli% "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ia4 ,fr5* ,*air4 ,p]iod ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,9 ,italy classic tradition _h nev] di$1 & consequ5tly ,go?ic ga9$ no real hold !re1 ! be/ examples ( ,italian ,go?ic be+ inf]ior to ^? ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1 :5 int]e/ 9 ar*itecture 0 at its height1 ,italians set out to emulate ! /yle ( build+ & decoration :i* prevail$ 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,gradually ! same _s spread to o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,/ud5ts 7 attract$ to ! bir?-place ( ! ,revival1 & work]s & design]s f ,italy 7 eag]ly welcom$ by h] neighb\rs4 ,naturally en\gh ea* c\ntry int]pret$ ! new /yle 9 a diff]5t way1 & z x rea*$ ,engl& *iefly ?r\gh ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! ,fr5* & ,flemi% int]pretations 9 turn influ5c$ ! developm5t ( ! ,engli% /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ib4 ,walnut ,*air uphol/]$ 9 ,appliqu4 ,italian1 ab\t #afjj4 ,italians 9 ,engl& ,be=e ei!r ,fr5* or ,flemi% influ5ce _h be5 felt1 h[ev]1 !re 7 ,italian work]s settl$ 9 ,engl& c>ry+ out designs purely ,italian 9 "*4 ,! e>lie/ example is ! tomb ( ,h5ry ,,vii 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 by ,torrigiano4 ,_m tombs & monum5ts 7 made entirely by ,italians4 ,holbe91 :o 0 employ$ by ,h5ry ,,viii1 0 di/9ctly a ,r5aissance pa9t] & design] & enc\rag$ ! new movem5t4 ,z ! /yle became m widely dissem9at$ x lo/ mu* ( its orig9al purity1 & classical details 7 us$ 9 conjunction ) ,go?ic =ms & me?ods ( con/ruction1 due1 d\btless1 to ! app>5t difficulty ) :i* ! native work]s grasp$ ! ess5tials ( ! new /yle2 inde$1 !re is m int]mix+ ( /yles 9 ,engl& ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,europe ) ! exception ( ,fl&]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ic4 ,/one ,*imney-piece4 ,sala ,borgia1 ,rome4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,! purely ,italian phase 0 foll[$ by a r5d]+ :i* 0 l>gely borr[$ f ,fr5* "w1 & ?is 9 turn 0 supplant$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,flemi% int]pretation4 ,! delicately modell$ foliage1 dolph9s1 c&elabra1 vases & *]ubs1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,italian & ,fr5* "w1 7 replac$ by su* typically ,flemi% details z int]lac+ /rapwork ) curv$ & scroll$ ends1 frequ5tly c>t\*e-l 9 =m1 fe/oons ( fruit & foliage1 & t]m9al figures us$ z pila/]s4 ,/udy ( ,classic ,/yle ,9 ! late ,jacobean & succe$+ phases ! classic mann] 0 m ?or\ghly und]/ood1 & a m s*ol>ly h&l+ 0 ! result1 until ! culm9ation 0 rea*$ 9 ! "w ( ,inigo ,jones & ,wr54 ,! ,elizabe?an phase indicates an imp]fectly und]/ood1 & 9 _m in/ances mean+less1 employm5t & adaptation ( ,italian =ms to ! requirem5ts ( ! times4 ,a notable example if ?is is ! c5tral feature ( ! ,public ,s*ools at ,ox=d1 ! "w ( ,?omas ,holt1 a native ( ,york1 9 :i* ! ord]s appe> rang$ "o above ! o!r4 ,?omas ,?orpe ,! mo/ prom95t "n associat$ ) ! ar*itecture ( ! p]iod is ,?omas ,?orpe1 :o 0 conc]n$ 9 _m ( ! pr9cipal edifices erect$ dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe? & ( h] successor1 ,james ,i4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( woodwork consi/$ ( ar*itectural faades1 & ! ord]s & p$im5ts 7 utilis$ :]ev] possible4 ,doorways & *imney-pieces (f]$ ! pr9cipal opportunities = display 9 int]ior "w4 ,panell+ 0 reta9$ = ! l>ge halls & mo/ ( ! rooms4 ,! walls 7 frequ5tly divid$ into bays by means ( pila/]s & surm\nt$ by friezes & cornices m or less det]m9$ by traditional =ms4 ,flemi% ,influ5ce ,! /yle deg5]at$ 9 ! same reign into a co>s] r5d]+1 & 0 foll[$ by a p]iod ( /rong ,flemi% influ5ce4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 su* a m>k$ simil>ity betwe5 ! lat] ,elizabe?an & ,flemi% furniture & wood-"w t x is n easy to di/+ui% ! nationality ( examples ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 cases :]e figure sculpture is employ$1 h[ev]1 x is n difficult to decide1 z a consid]ably high] /&>d 0 atta9$ by ! ,flemi% s*ool ( figure c>v]s ?an is f\nd 9 ,engli% "w4 ,tap]$ pila/]-l supports1 surm\nt$ by half figures or ,ionic caps1 7 (t5 employ$ 9 ! fram+ ( doors & *imney-pieces1 & sometimes on furniture4 ,table supports & newels ( /airs increas$ 9 size4 ,! heavy acorn-%ap$ balu/] is a feature4 ,inlay came into use = panell+ z well z = furniture4 ,syn*ron\sly ) ! *anges 9 detail1 !re 0 a m classical t5d5cy display$ 9 m\ld$ features su* z /r+s & cornices4 ,9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury ! scale ( ! details ( ,flemi% "w increas$4 ,diamond-%ap$ panels 7 sup]impos$ on squ>e ones2 turn$ "w 0 split & ! two halves appli$2 drop ornam5ts 7 us$ bel[ tables & f ! c5tres ( panels "u ar*es--all ^! be+ additions to ! g5]al /ructure4 ,jacobean ,engli% "w develop$ 9 mu* ! same way z ,flemi%1 probably ow+ to ! comm]ce 9 wood-"w betwe5 ,engl& & ,fl&]s at ?is "t4 ,9 ! e>li] "w1 :]e ! ord]s 7 employ$1 !re 0 "s reg>d to proportion & detail1 probably direct translation ( ,italian designs1 b 9 ! lat] ,jacobean "w !re 0 consid]able fall+-(f1 presumably due to native exploitation & exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #id4 ,jacobean ,wood ,c>v+4 ,palace ( ,bromley-by-,b[4 ,ar*itectural feel+ 0 prom95t 9 ! treatm5t ( int]iors1 :i* 7 inv>iably panell$ z 9 ! e>li] p]iod4 ,! *>act]i/ic 8l95 fold0 v>iety ( ! late ,tudor giv+ place to pla9 panell+1 fram$ by /iles & rails closely spac$4 ,walls 7 occasionally divid$ into bays by means ( pila/]s1 (t5 support$ on p$e/als4 ,! panels 9 ! lat] developm5t 7 inv>iably pla91 b a decorat$ frieze1 c>v$ 9 relief1 0 c>ri$ r\nd imm$iately "u ! cornice4 ,coats ( arms at int]vals sometimes suppli$ ! decoration4 ,! c>v$ frieze gave place to a simple =m ( patt]n+1 :i* 0 produc$ by s9k+ ! gr\nd to practically "o level & leav+ ! ornam5t :i* _h little or no modell+1 flu% ) ! face ( ! panel4 ,?is l$ to frett+ out ! patt]n & apply+ x to ! surface4 ,! idea ( plant+ ornam5t evid5tly spread1 & may be se5 9 su* obvi\sly appli$ details z /uds & half-balu/]s4 ,a typical room ( ! p]iod w\ld be treat$ ) pla9 panell+1 p]haps divid$ into bays by pila/]s1 & all elaboration 0 conf9$ to ! doorways & *imney-piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ie4 ,jacobean ,wood ,c>v+4 ,palace ( ,bromley-by-,b[4 ,! *imney-piece might be 9 wood1 /one or m>ble1 & :ile !re 7 _m v>ieties ( treatm5t1 ! designs readily fall "u "o g5]al type4 ,columns or pila/]s flank$ ! op5+1 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #if4 ,jacobean ,*imney-piece4 ,palace ( ,bromley-by-,b[4 c>ry+ an entablature consi/+ ( ar*itrave frieze & cornice1 ! latt] =m+ a %elf4 ,above ?is !re 0 a simil> arrangem5t1 b on a small] scale & ) f9] proportions4 ,! space betwe5 ! columns above ! %elf 0 usually fill$ ) c>v+1 :i* sometimes took ! =m ( armorial be>+s4 ,9 _m examples ! upp] "p is divid$ into two panels1 :i* 7 g5]ally fill$ ) c>v$ ornam5t su* z /rapwork or %ields *>g$ ) h]aldic devices4 ,:]e ! *imney-piece 0 ( wood1 ! fireplace op5+ 0 surr\nd$ by a /one l9+1 :i* _h m\ld$ splays on ! upright jambs4 ,9 e>li] examples ! jambs 7 connect$ by a flatt5$ ar* ) c>v$ sp&rils4 ,9 lat] "w a horizontal panel 0 employ$ or a frieze ( c>v$ detail4 ,! op5+ itself 0 wide1 & 0 l9$ ) brick or /one4 ,! int]ior 0 occupi$ by a fire-back ( ca/-iron & a movable grate or basket support$ on dogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ig4 ,jacobean ,door1 %ew+ abs5se ( ar*itrave4 ,doors 7 at fir/ m]ely a "p ( ! panell+ )\t hang+ frames1 b lat] !y 7 treat$ z important features ( ! rooms4 ,!y 7 (t5 fram$ ) columns & pila/]s1 surm\nt$ by entablatures1 ) or )\t p$im5ts4 ,obelisks 7 sometimes plac$ ov] ! pila/]s4 ,! frieze 0 flut$ or c>v$4 ,9 _m cases ! tympanum ( ! p$im5t or ev5 "o ( ! door panels bore ! own]'s coat ( arms4 ,9 ! e>li] phases ! m\ld+s fram+ ! panels 7 simple 9 =m1 & work$ on ! /iles & rails4 ,b lat] !y 7 appli$1 be+ wid] 9 display & m elaborate 9 section4 ,^! appli$ m\ld+s1 evid5tly ! result ( me*anical appliances1 lat] l$ to extreme lic5se 9 brok5 angles & panell+s ( complicat$ =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ih4 ,jacobean ,doors4 ,ceil+s1 & occasionally ! frieze1 7 9 pla/]1 decorat$ ) int]sect+ ribs1 or b&s divid+ ! surface into comp>tm5ts geometric 9 %ape1 & fur!r enri*$ ) /amp$ or modell$ ornam5t4 ,w9d[s 7 relatively small z to individual op5+s1 l>ge light+ areas be+ obta9$ by gr\p+ a numb] ( ^! side by side1 & also 9 ti]s1 ! divid+ b>s or mullions be+ ei!r 9 wood or /one4 ,glaz+ took ! =m ( small pieces ( glass unit$ by lead frames1 commonly arrang$ 9 trellis =m1 result+ 9 diamond-%ap$ pieces4 ,occasionally pa9t$ or col\r$ glass 0 us$1 g5]ally 9 h]aldic devices 9 ! upp] portions ( ! w9d[s4 ,! w9d[s !mselves 7 frequ5tly deeply embay$4 ,developm5t 9 ,dwell+s ,! gr[+ appreciation ( dome/ic com=t1 evid5t 9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! build+s ( ?is p]iod1 is also app>5t 9 ! furniture1 :i* f ?is "t approximates some:at to ! mod]n =ms1 ?\gh /ill crude1 & leav+ mu* to be desir$ 9 ! way ( p]sonal com=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ii4 ,oak ,table1 ,engli%4 #ag? c5tury4 ,tables1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 m]e portable bo>ds laid on tre/les1 or1 if fix$1 7 on heavy legs ) rails bel[1 develop$ into m useful =ms4 ,^! 7 ! draw-+e table :i* c\ld be ext5d$ by draw+ out two flaps work$ on runn]s f b5ea? ! normal top1 & ! gate-leg table1 :i* 9 pr9ciple resembl$ ! mod]n fold+ type4 ,l>ge tables 7 =m$ by putt+ a numb] ( gate-leg tables toge!r1 & :5 n s 9 use !y c\ld be plac$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajj4 ,engli% ,*airs1 e>ly #ag? c5tury4 ,legs & ! "u rails ( *airs & tables 7 turn$ 9 ! la!1 & ! c>v$ details 7 inv>iably simple & direct 9 execution1 simil> 9 "* to mu* ( ! "w 9 ! e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 9 contra/ to ! ,italian c>v+1 :i* 0 9 high relief & pla/ic 9 "*4 ,! majority ( examples 9 our national collection ( ?is p]iod are ( ,c\rt furniture1 & _c be tak5 z typical ( :at 0 9 common use4 ,! ov]-ornam5t$ ,italian "w comp>es unfav\rably ) ! ,engli% ,jacobean furniture1 9 :i* utility is obvi\s & ! decoration subord9ate & to ! purpose4 ,oak 0 *iefly employ$ 9 ,engl&1 b 9 ,italy1 & lat] 9 ,france1 walnut 0 mu* us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aja4 ,engli% ,*air1 middle ( #ag? c5tury1 influ5c$ by ,italian design4 ,panell+ 0 preval5t = int]iors 9 ! ,italian & ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,italy1 :]e ! art ( weav+ _h be5 pres]v$ at ,lucca1 & o!r places1 tape/ry 0 also frequ5tly employ$ z wall hang+s1 also z cov]+s = uphol/]$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajb4 ,oak ,*air1 ,engli%1 #ag? c5tury4 ,comp>$ ) ! e>li] p]iod1 ?is 0 a "t ( luxury & display1 fav\rable to ! arts g5]ally4 ,pa9t+1 fre$ f ! re/rictions ( ! *ur*1 broke away f ! ,byzant9e traditions1 & revell+ 9 realism1 lo/ to "s ext5t its decorative "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,dut* ,wall sconce #ag? ,c5ty ,brass ,no4 #ajc4 ,evolution ( ,pr(essional ,design] ,"u patronage1 ! individual arti/ & craftsman 0 all[$ to develop on 8 own l9es1 & no long] work$ "u ! dom9ance ( ! ar*itect4 ,dem&1 ow+ to gr[+ appreciation ( arti/ic production1 ev5tuat$ 9 ! evolution ( ! pr(essional design]4 ,inigo ,jones ,illu/ration3 ,dut* ,wall ,bracket #ag? ,c5ty ,brass4 ,no4 #ajd4 ,al?\gh ! ,r5aissance _h come to /ay1 ! mann] ( its int]pretation 9 ,engl& by ! native work]s 0 v f> remov$ f ! ,italian s*ool :i* _h suppli$ ! fir/ impulse1 until ! adv5t ( ,inigo ,jones 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i4 ,?is arti/1 :o _h visit$ ,italy & /udi$ pr9cipally ! ar*itecture ( ,palladio & 8 s*ool1 0 appo9t$ ,k+'s ,surveyor ( ,works4 ,"u 8 influ5ce proportions & details 7 us$1 :i* con=m$ m ne>ly to classic types4 ,born ab\t #aegb ,a4,d41 he /udi$ 9 ,italy1 :]e he became acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,palladio1 & 0 a foll[] ( ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,dy+ 9 #afeb1 he left a tradition :i* w\ld h _h a m imm$iate effect b = ! int]nec9e tr\bles ( ! lat] p]iod ( 8 life4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aje4 ,banquet+ ,h\se1 ,:itehall4 ,inigo ,jones4 ,a typical example ( 8 "w 9 ,london is ! ,banquet+ ,h\se 9 ,:itehall1 ! only "p built ( ! project$ palace = ,james ,i1 n[ us$ z a museum by ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution4 ,also ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,l\is ,,xiii ,by ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiii ! pr9ciples ( ! ,r5aissance _h become ?or\ghly assimilat$ 9 ,france1 & a native s*ool ( ar*itecture _h aris5 ( m>k$ di/9ction4 ,france f !n onw>d took ! initiative1 ?\gh /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,v5etian s*ool4 ,! ord]s 7 us$ consi/5tly z to proportion & detail1 b 9 ! decoration consid]able developm5t 9 "* is manife/4 ,! g5]al con/ruction & details develop$ on ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajf4 ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,luxemb\rg ,pavilion ,entrance1 by ,salamon de ,brose1 #afae-bd4 m ar*itectural l9es1 & %ew a bett] appreciation ( ! ,italian orig9als4 ,pila/]s 7 us$ to divide ! wall surfaces1 ^! & ! entablatures closely foll[+ 9 detail ! classic types4 ,panels 7 mu* wid] ?an 9 ! prec$+ /yle1 g5]ally occupy+ ! :ole space betwe5 ! pila/]s4 ,! usual arrangem5t = ^! panels 0 to h !m 9 two ti]s--! %all[ ones conf9$ to ! l[] portions ( walls & ^? ( deep] proportions above4 ,fireplaces & doors 7 surr\nd$ by boldly m\ld$ ar*itraves1 & surm\nt$ by panels occupi$ by c>v$ details ( scroll-"w & foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajg4 ,/e4 ,m>ie1 ,nev]s4 ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,example ( ,b>occo 7,flemi% influ5ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajh4 ,uphol/]$ ,*air4 ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,ceil+s 7 modell$ 9 /ucco & sub-divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 :i* 7 ri*ly m\ld$1 & 9 "s cases decorat$ ) pa9t+s4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii1 *airs 7 made m com=table by be+ uphol/]$ 9 velvet1 tape/ry or ne$lework1 in/ead ( be+ smo!r$ ) c>v+4 ,! frames 7 cov]$ by velvet or o!r mat]ial1 leav+ only ! legs & arms visible1 & ^! 7 b slightly c>v$4 ,l\is ,,xiv ,9 ,france ! ,r5aissance rea*$ its highe/ degree ( spl5d\r 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aji4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,l\vre1 ,p>is1 by ,p]rault4 ,! palace ( ,v]sailles1 design$ by ,jules ,h>d\9 ,mans>t1 0 complet$1 & ,fr5* design]s 7 _m & fam\s4 ,among/ ! mo/ prom95t 7 ,lebrun1 :o 0 responsible = mu* ( ! int]ior "w at ,v]sailles1 ,jean & ,claude ,b]a91 ,lepautre1 ,daniel ,m>ot & ,&r ,*>les ,b\le1 ! inv5tor ( ! p>ticul> class ( inlay :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,! /yle ( ,l\is ,,xiv is *>act]i/ic ( its "t4 ,love ( display 0 manife/$ 9 e direction1 b n[h]e did x give rise to great] magnific5ce ?an 9 furniture & decoration4 ,! employm5t ( ar*itectural features1 ) a close approximation to accept$ proportions1 _h be5 ! keynote ( ! prec$+ /yle1 b ! "w ( ?is p]iod broke away f all tradition4 ,z a dep>ture x 0 q orig9al1 & con/itut$ a phase 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,r5aissance t 0 purely & typically ,fr5*1 & ?is p>ticul>ly 9 its massiv5ess & gr&eur4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aaj4 ,! ,k+'s ,b$*amb]1 ,v]sailles4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,panell+ became m v>i$ 9 proportion1 & heavily fram$ ) m\ld+s ( ! ,bolection type4 ,glass 0 also us$ 9 panels z at ,v]sailles 9 ! ,hall ( ,mirrors1 :]e ! w9d[s on "o side ( ! gall]y are repeat$ 9 =m by mirrors 9 reciprocal positions4 ,important rooms 7 panell$ & divid$ by pila/]s1 surm\nt$ by entablatures4 ,! ,cor9?ian ord] 0 ! "o mo/ frequ5tly us$4 ,panel m\ld+s 7 heavily & ri*ly c>v$4 ,curv$ sections & facias 7 flut$1 or c>v$ ) guillo*e or leaf detail4 ,figures & amor9i1 heavy fe/oons1 wrea?s1 c>t\*es & %ields 7 among ! decorative motifs4 ,/rapwork1 a survival ( ! prec$+ /yles1 0 m\ld$ & clo!d ) foliage ( ! acan?us v>iety4 ,ceil+s 7 modell$ 9 /ucco & 7 divid$ into bold geometrical comp>tm5ts by /rongly m\ld$ ribs4 ,! comp>tm5ts 7 sometimes occupi$ by pa9t+s4 ,9 "s cases ! cornice 0 n tak5 up to ! height ( ! ceil+1 b ! ceil+ l9e 0 cont9u$ 9 =m ( a curve to meet ! top ( ! cornice1 =m+ :at is kn[n z a cove4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aaa4 ,uphol/]$ ,*air4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,*airs 7 massive1 ! frames 7 c>v$ & gilt1 & ! seats & backs uphol/]$ 9 tape/ry4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv metal 0 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( furniture 9 ! =m ( m\nts--z fram+ & protect+ pieces to angles1 & 0 gilt by ! m]cury process4 ,! introduction ( v5e] probably l$ to ?is use ( metal4 ,b\le0 ,"w ,a me?od ( decorat+ furniture ) inlays ( brass or t9 & tortoise%ell orig9at$ by ,&r ,*>les ,b\le1 came into vogue4 ,! %eets ( metal & %ell 7 plac$ toge!r & cut simultane\sly1 ) ! result t ! patt]ns produc$ 7 int]*angeable--?us ! metal patt]n c\ld be fitt$ ) a tortoise%ell backgr\nd & vice v]sa4 ,!re 0 a t5d5cy = ?is /yle ( "w to become m ornate & %[y1 & lat]1 in/ead ( ! transp>5t %ell be+ us$ 9 its natural col\r1 ei!r v]milion or gold leaf 0 plac$ und]nea?4 ,mirrors ,mirrors1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h be5 import$ f ,italy1 & ^? ( consid]able size 7 fir/ made 9 ,v5ice4 ,lat] glass manufactories 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&--ne> ,batt]sea--& 9 ,france1 :]e l>g] mirrors & plates ( glass 7 produc$ ?an hi!rto4 ,rooms l9$ ) mirrors became popul>1 9 "s cases ev5 ! ceil+ be+ made ( glass4 ,console tables1 :i* 7 frequ5tly gilt1 7 (t5 plac$ "u ! l>ge wall mirrors4 ,hang+ b&s ( mat]ial 7 employ$ to drape ! heads ( w9d[s & ! tops ( b$/eads4 ,b$s 7 important pieces ( furniture1 & _h elaborately c>v$ head & foot bo>ds4 ,! ov]hang+ ,te/] 0 also ornam5t$1 & besides ! valances already m5tion$1 0 surm\nt$ by gr\ps ( plumes4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aab4 ,pan!on1 ,p>is4 ,s\fflet4 ,l\is ,,xv4 ,l\is ,,xv ,little advance 0 made 9 ar*itecture dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv1 to :i* p]iod belongs ! ,pan!on at ,p>is1 orig9ally ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,g5evive1 ! "w ( ,s\fflet1 born 9 #agac4 ,rg5ce ,! /yle pass$ ?r\gh two /ages4 ,! e>li]1 kn[n z ! ,rg5ce--! pr9cipal expon5ts ( :i* 7 ,*>les ,cress5t1 ,gilles ,m>ie ,opp5ord1 & ,ni*olas ,p9eau--is di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 res]ve & mod]ation :i* 7 entirely ab&on$ 9 ! lat] ,rococo p]iod4 ,rococo ,! t]m 8,rococo0 is d]iv$ f a ,fr5* ^w mean+ rockwork1 & is appli$ to ! /yle 9 :i* rock & %ell =ms are us$ z details4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aac4 ,detail ( ,wood-c>v+1 ,reg5cy ,p]iod4 ,ornam5t became extravagant & mean+less1 & 0 wrongly us$ to s]ve ! purpose ( con/ruction1 ! actual con/ructive elem5ts be+ at times completely ignor$4 ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t p[]ful draughtsman%ip & inv5tiv5ess 7 display$1 b )\t ! consid]ation ( practical execution1 :i* is ess5tial to all good design4 ,evid5tly ! arti/ or design] dom9at$ ! craftsman1 :o1 h[ev]1 grappl$ ) difficulties 9 an admirable mann]1 (t5 a*iev+ results :i* w\ld appe> f ! con/ructional po9t ( view almo/ impossible ( atta9m5t4 ,! "w ( ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod expresses ! en]vat$ & frivol\s _s ( ! "t4 ,walls 7 panell$ & (t5 divid$ by pila/]s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 lo/ all /ructural significance4 ,cornices & friezes 7 disp5s$ )1 ! frieze be+ replac$ by a cove curv+ into ! ceil+4 ,m\ld+s 7 brok5 at angles & int]sections into curves1 scrolls & foliage4 ,c>v$ details ( ! curi\sly twi/$ leafage peculi> to ! /yle 7 employ$ :]ev] possible4 ,pa9t$ panels 7 fa%ionable1 & 7 us$ p>ticul>ly ov] doorheads4 ,!y 7 surr\nd$ or fram$ by curv$ & enri*$ m\ld+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aad4 ,c>v$ ,wood ,door4 ,l\is ,,xv4 ,int]iors ( ?is lat] p]iod 7 inv>iably pa9t$ :ite1 & p>tly gilt1 ! wall panels decorat$ ) tape/ry or pa9t+s ) :i* are associat$ ! names ( ,b\*i]1 ,watteau1 & ,fragon>d4 ,ceil+s 7 also pa9t$1 wall mirrors 7 employ$ & furniture 7at ?is p]iod at times extremely co/ly7 0 v5e]$ & decorat$ ) metal m\nts 9 gilt ormolu4 ,*air & table legs 7 ( ! cabriole type4 ,bureaux fronts 7 swell$ into curves bo? horizontally & v]tically4 ,v5e] & m>quet]ie 7 mu* us$4 ,*as$ & gilt brass 0 employ$ to protect angles1 z feet1 h&les1 escut*eons & o!r ornam5tal details4 ,illu/ration3 ,fr5* ,l\is ,,xv ,no4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aaf4 ,*air ) cane back ,engli%1 lat] half #ag? c5tury4 ,lacqu] 8,v]nis ,m>t9 ,furniture 0 also decorat$ 9 imitation ( ,*9ese lacqu]4 ,! pr9cipal work] 9 x 0 ,rob]t ,m>t91 :o introduc$ a v>ni% ( f9e transp>5t quality4 ,lat] ,engli% ,r5aissances ,arti/ic progress 0 h9d]$ 9 ,engl& by ! di/urb$ conditions at ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & 9 consequ5ce little *ange 9 /yle took place 9 ?is & ! ,commonweal? p]iod4 ,) ! ,re/oration came ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 & =eign furniture 0 import$1 ?us giv+ fre% models = ! ,engli% work]s4 ,"o result ( ! ,great ,fire 9 #afff 0 t a great impetus 0 giv5 to ar*itecture & to ! crafts associat$ ) x1 & ! influ5ce ( ,wr5 & ,gr9l+ ,gibbons produc$ a s*ool ( mo/ effici5t c>v]s & craftsm54 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 ,wr5 0 a wor?y successor to ,inigo ,jones1 & ! g5]al de/ruction wr\ght by ! fire 9 ! city gave him a f9e field = 8 activity4 ,he 0 employ$ n only to rebuild ! *ur*es1 eighty-n9e ( :i* _h be5 burnt1 b also _m ( ! city halls2 & 0 commission$ by ,william & ,m>y to build ! /ate-rooms at ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aag4 ,engli% ,*air1 p]iod ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,! /yle ( ,wr51 :i*1 l t ( ,inigo ,jones1 0 bas$ r ^u ! ,v5etian s*ool1 0 p]petuat$ & f\nd individual expon5ts 9 ! works ( 8 pupils & imm$iate successors4 ,among :om may be m5tion$ ,james ,gibbs 7#agbj to #aged71 ar*itect ( ,/4 ,m>t9's 9 ! ,fields 7#agbf7 & ,/4 ,m>y le ,/r&1 & ,ni*olas ,hawksmoor1 :o 0 responsible = ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,george's1 ,bloomsbury1 & ,/4 ,m>y1 ,woolno?1 ! latt] comm5c$ 9 #agaf 0 f9i%$ 9 #agah4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aah4 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,wr54 ,notable among ,wr5's *ur*es is t ( ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,walbrook1 9 ! ,city ( ,london2 ( 8 secul> "w an example may be cit$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,classic ,spires ,a *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod 9 ! *ur*es ( ,wr5 & 8 s*ool is ! spire1 :i*1 ?\gh tap]+ l ! ,go?ic v>iety1 is inve/$ ) features q ,r5aissance 9 =m1 arrang$ 9 successive ti]s4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! p]iod is 9 excell5t proportion1 & all ! details ( m\ld+s1 capitals1 etc41 7 execut$ 9 a ma/]ly mann]4 ,panell+ 0 /ill employ$1 mo/ly 9 oak1 & 0 n[ c>ri$ up to ! ceil+4 ,! panels 7 v wide1 frequ5tly bevell$ at ! edges--! /iles & rails =m+ ! fram+s be+ mu* wid] ?an hi!rto4 ,! fram+ m\ld+s 7 sometimes c>v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aai4 ,spire ( ,/4 ,m>y le ,/r&4 ,doorways & *imneypieces 7 surr\nd$ by well-design$ ar*itraves1 ) c>v$ m\ld+s1 & 7 surm\nt$ by p$im5ts1 above :i* x 0 n unusual to h c>v$ fe/oons & p5dants ( fruit & foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abj4 ,engli% ,int]ior ,wood-"w4 ,late #ag? & e>ly #ah? c5tury4 ,pila/]s 7 decorat$ ) *]ubs' heads us$ z caps1 & p5dant drops ( ! usual type4 ,c>v+ 0 pr(usely us$1 ! details consi/$ ma9ly ( int]lac+ scrollwork ( acan?us-l foliage1 heavy fruit & fl[] fe/oons & drops1 trophies & *]ubs' heads4 ,! relief 0 high1 ! "w occasionally be+ deta*$1 & ! mann] ( execution 0 %>p & crisp1 imply+ no hesitation on ! "p ( ! c>v]4 ,! high relief necessitat$ build+ up ?icknesses ( wood1 & =m$ a great contra/ to ! e>li] "w 9 :i* ! gr\nd 0 slightly set back1 leav+ ! orig9al panel face z ! highe/ "p ( ! patt]n4 ,! woods commonly us$ 7 oak = wa9scott+ & c$> = doors4 ,:]e x 0 int5d$ t ! woodwork %\ld be pa9t$ or gilt x 0 made 9 deal4 ,"s ( ! c>v+ 0 9 oak1 b ! favorite mat]ial 0 limewood1 & pe>2 c$> or lime 0 us$ :5 small f9e detail 0 requir$4 ,elm 0 employ$ = v>i\s articles su* z dress]s3 a%1 bee*1 bir*1 popl>1 sycamore1 ,engli% & ,italian walnut 7 also us$4 ,dut* & ,fr5* ,influ5ces ,) ,william ,,iii & 8 ,dut* c\rt ! influ5ce ( ! ,ne!rl&s became once m app>5t4 ,x 0 col\r$ by ! ,fr5* /yle ( ! ,l\is ,,xiv p]iod1 probably ?r\gh an immigration ( ,fr5* workm5 aft] ! ,edict ( ,nantes 9 #afhe4 ,?is influ5ce c be trac$ 9 "s ( ! furniture at ,hampton ,c\rt1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c>v$ & gilt tables ( ,fr5* design & ,engli% workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aba4 ,a4 ,walnut ,*air1 p]iod ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,b4 ,dut* ,*air1 #ag? c5tury4 ,c4 ,inlaid ,*air1 p]iod ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,d4 ,c>v$ ,*air1 p]iod ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,! *airs & settees ( ! p]iod h %ap$ backs1 g5]ally ) delicately c>v$ c5tral v]tical panels ( vase-l =m2 & cabriole legs ) a c>v$ %ell ornam5t on ! knee4 ,bureaux & corn] cupbo>ds 7 introduc$4 ,!y 7 decorat$ ) m>quet]ie or ) inlay ( boxwood or holly on a walnut gr\nd4 ,que5 ,anne ,p]iod ,flemi% or ,dut* influ5ce prevail$ dur+ ! p]iod kn[n z ,que5 ,anne4 ,! typical ,que5 ,anne *air 9 common ) all ! furniture ( ! p]iod 0 made ( walnut4 ,! seat 0 wide1 ! front legs cabriole %ap$1 end+1 z a rule1 9 club or claw-&-ball feet4 ,! back 0 high & curv$ at ! top1 & ?is 0 connect$ c5trally ) ! seat by a long vase or fiddle-%ap$ splat4 ,c>v+ 0 n mu* us$1 b ! splat 0 sometimes ornam5t$ ) floral & o!r designs 9 m>quet]ie aft] ! ,dut* fa%ion4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod an appreciation = ,ori5tal *9a & lacqu] "w _h an important effect on furniture & decoration4 ,! lat] fa%ion ( inlay & m>quetry "w ( ,%]aton 0 p]haps z mu* ! outcome ( ! ,dut* practice ( ?is =m ( decoration1 z x 0 due to ! discov]y ( ! possibilities ( mahogany z a suitable wood = furniture4 ,e>ly ,georgian ,! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,engl& 0 ! age ( ! connoisseur & dilettante1 & ! /ruggl+ pr(essional1 lit]>y or arti/ic1 _h little opportunity except by ! fav\r ( a patron4 ,z = in/ance1 ,"l ,burl+ton1 :o is report$ to h practis$ ar*itecture 9 conjunction ) 8 protg ,k5t4 ,william ,k5t1 born 9 #afhe1 di$ #agdh1 a pa9t] z well z an ar*itect1 0 responsible = _m designs1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,horse ,gu>ds 9 ,:itehall1 & ,holkham 9 ,norfolk = ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]4 ,georgian "w %[s m evid5ce ( ,fr5* influ5ce1 b is inv>iably /iff & heavy 9 feel+4 ,9 panell+ rooms a surbase or dado 0 employ$4 ,! bolection m\ld+ 0 univ]sally us$ r\nd panels4 ,doorways & *imneypieces 7 made up ( ar*itraves1 surm\nt$ by p$im5ts1 & 7 =mal 9 design & detail4 ,! ,greek key 0 (t5 mo/ unsatisfactorily us$ 9 _! decoration4 ,*ipp5dale ,among o!rs1 ,*ipp5dale's "n is associat$ ) ! furniture ( ?is p]iod1 & 8 book ( designs1 publi%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 conta9$1 besides furniture1 sugge/ions = ! complete decoration ( rooms4 ,*ipp5dale 0 und\bt$ly influ5c$ by ! ,l\is ,,xv /yle1 & at "o p]iod he attempt$ to exploit ,*9ese =ms & details4 ,! *airs design$ by him 7 bas$ on ! e>li] ,que5 ,anne type1 b ! vase-%ap$ back 0 replac$ by pi]c$ & c>v$ int]lac+ b&s & ribbons4 ,= a "t ! cabriole leg 0 reta9$1 b ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abb4 ,a4 ,transitional ,*air1 #ah? c5tury4 ,b4 ,mahogany ,%]aton4 ,c4 8 ,*ipp5dale4 ,d4 ,walnut ,hepple:ite4 lat] examples h /raight squ>e legs4 ,! *airs 7 fitt$ ) loose uphol/]$ seats cov]$ ) morocco lea!r4 ,furniture 0 g5]ally 9 mahogany1 :i* _h be5 introduc$ a little e>li] f ! ,we/ ,indies1 & _h become popul> on acc\nt ( ! col\r & figure develop$ by poli%+4 ,mahogany l5ds itself to f9e m\ld+s & detail1 & ?is 0 evid5tly appreciat$1 z relief decoration on furniture 9 ?is wood receiv$ a m re/ra9$ treatm5t1 :ile pla9 surfaces 7 made m ext5sive4 ,mayhew ,contempor>y work]s 7 ,ma9w>+ & ,mayhew4 ,mayhew 0 responsible = a =m ( fretwork decoration :i* is (t5 ascrib$ to ,*ipp5dale4 ,adam ,/yle ,prom95t among 8 contempor>ies1 m p]haps = 8 influ5ce on int]ior decoration1 0 ,rob]t ,adam1 :o di$ at ! age ( n9ety-f\r 9 #agib4 ,a /ud5t ( ! lat] antique ,roman "w1 & inspir$ by ! rema9s ( ,diocletian's ,palace at ,spalatro1 he evolv$ a /yle :i* be>s 8 "n1 t 0 p]sonal & di/9ctive4 ,a /yle t _h _m foll[]s1 & :i* l>gely influ5c$ ! "w ( ,%]aton4 ,simple z to /ructural =m1 & delicate 9 detail1 x c>ri$ on ! tradition ( ! lat] ,graeco-,roman "w on :i* x 0 f\nd$1 avoid+ absolute reproduction4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abc4 ,int]ior ,decoration4 8,adam40 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abd4 ,int]ior ,decoration4 8,adam40 ,! ,adam influ5ce is evid5t also 9 ! pott]y ( ?is p]iod1 & 9 ! details ( ,%effield plate4 ,examples ( ,rob]t ,adam's ar*itectural design may be se5 9 ,london at ! ,adelphi1 :i* 0 built z a speculation1 9 ! ,admiralty scre5 9 ,:itehall1 & h\ses 9 ,portl& ,place1 ,w4 ,illu/ration3 ,%effield ,plate #ah? ,c5ty ,no4 #abe4 ,adam influ5ce4 ,hepple:ite ,hepple:ite also 0 design+ & manufactur+ ab\t ?is "t1 & is not$ pr9cipally = 8 japann$ or pa9t$ furniture4 ,9 ?is process ! wood 0 fir/ coat$ ) a prep>ation aft] ! mann] ( ,*9ese or ,japanese lacqu]1 & !n decorat$ ) fruit & fl[]s 9 gold on a backgr\nd4 ,subsequ5tly1 furniture ( ?is "*1 in/ead ( be+ japann$1 0 m]ely pa9t$ :ite4 ,hepple:ite's *air-backs diff] 9 =m f ,*ipp5dale's1 be+ %ield or oval %ap$4 ,sat9wood came into use1 & mu* ( ! "w ascrib$ to ,%]aton 0 made ( x4 ,pa9t$ decoration ( a delicate "*1 ! details includ+ ribbons1 bord]s & m$allions1 0 appli$ to table-tops1 h>psi*ord cases1 *air-backs & o!r objects4 ,! names ( ,angelica ,kauffmann & ,cipriani are associat$ ) ?is =m ( decoration4 ,hepple:ite & ,%]aton 7 app>5tly influ5c$ by ! "w ( ! bro!rs ,adam1 :i* 0 a di/9ct dep>ture f ! e>li] /yle4 ,! cabriole leg 0 r>ely us$1 its place be+ tak5 by gracefully tap]$ =ms4 ,%]aton ,al?\gh "s ( ,%]aton's furniture _h pa9t$ detail1 he m (t5 us$ m>quet]ie & inlay ( f9e design4 ,panels 7 treat$ 9 m>quet]ie1 ) ovals or o!r simple %apes surr\nd$ by n>r[ b&s or l9es ( contra/+ col\r4 ,%]aton sidebo>ds 7 usually )\t backs1 & 7 sometimes furni%$ ) brass rails on top4 ,bookcases _h glass doors ) well design$ & f9ely work$ sa% b>s4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy 0 t[>ds elegance & ref9em5t1 & l$ to simplicity ( treatm5t r ?an ov] enri*m5t4 ,inde$ ?is may be tak5 z ! culm9at+ p]iod = ! f9e/ production ( furniture1 n only ) reg>d to design & exquisite workman%ip1 b 9 c>efully /udi$ utility4 ,?is consid]ation may be se5 9 ! dress+-tables & secretaires1 :i* 7 full ( +5i\s devices1 & secret draw]s & contrivances = hid+ pap]s & valuables 7 q a feature ( ! "w4 ,l\is ,,xvi ,t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv !re 0 a di/9ct *ange 9 ta/e1 & consequ5tly 9 /yle4 ,?is 0 manife/$ by a return to simplicity ( l9e1 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abf4 ,pa9t$ ,int]ior ,decoration4 ,m>ie ,anto9ette ,b\doir4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abg4 ,int]ior ,treatm5t4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abh4 ,*imney-piece ) ,mirror4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abi4 ,libr>y ) fitt$ ,book-cases4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 a m sp>+ use ( enri*m5ts & great] ref9em5t ( detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acj4 ,door ,treatm5t4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,probably ! same influ5ce t inspir$ ,adam 0 at "w 9 ,france1 :5 ! lic5se t m>k$ ! ,rococo gave place to a m sev]e & re/ra9$ expression 9 ! succe$+ ,l\is ,,xvi /yle1 9 :i* ! curvil9e> & pla/ic =ms became once m /ructural 9 feel+ & ref9$ 9 detail4 ,associat$ ) ?is *ange 0 ,jacques ,gond\91 :o di$ at ,p>is 9 #ahah at ! age ( eighty-"o1 ^: mo/ celebrat$ "w is ! ,ecole de ,mdc9e4 ,he 0 also entru/$ ) ! erection ( ! column 9 ! ,place ,v5dme4 ,ries5] & ,g\?ire ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aca4 ,detail ( ,cornice4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,! mo/ famili> names associat$ ) ! wood-"w at ! ,l\is ,,xvi p]iod are ,ries5] & ,g\?ire4 ,ries5] is fam\s = 8 furniture1 & ,g\?ire = ! highly f9i%$ *as$ m\nts ) :i* ?is furniture 0 decorat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acb4 ,arm-*air cov]$ ) ,beauvais ,tape/ry4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,int]ior woodwork 0 g5]ally ( oak1 pa9t$ :ite4 ,pila/]s 7 us$1 & 7 ei!r c>v$ or pa9t$ 9 col\rs4 ,m\ld+s 7 frequ5tly gilt4 ,*airs & s(as 71 9 _m in/ances1 pa9t$ :ite & p>tly gilt4 ,!y 7 uphol/]$ 9 silk or ,beauvais tape/ry1 ! designs ( :i* 7 9 panel =m specially made = ! purpose4 ,cab9ets1 tables & o!r pieces ( furniture 7 (t5 exquisitely inlaid ) v>i\s woods1 tulip1 rosewood1 pe>1 holly & ebony 7 ! mo/ common1 & ,svres porcela9 placques & gilt metal m\nts 7 also us$ to embelli% !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acc4 ,c>v$ ,oak ,panel4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,furniture supports1 su* z table & *air legs1 7 /raight1 tap]$ & flut$1 ) husks 9 ! holl[s ( ! flutes4 ,among ! decorative details 7 tor*es1 quiv]s & o!r emblems1 trophies1 musical in/rum5ts1 b\quets & fe/oons ( fl[]s1 & ribbons ) peculi>ly squ>e & crisp folds4 ,! laurel leaf 0 mu* us$ 9 bord]s1 fe/oons & wrea?s4 ,! /yle ( ! ,l\is ,,xvi p]iod 0 m sev]e ?an ! prec$+ "o1 & 01 9 fact1 a reaction f ! flippancy :i* *>act]is$ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,!re 0 a t5d5cy to return to m classic =ms1 :i* prep>$ ! way = ! /ill m au/]e ,empire phase :i* 0 delib]ately bas$ on ! ,roman & ,greek /yles4 ,empire ,furniture 0 made 9 mahogany1 rosewood & ebony1 & 0 decorat$ ) brass m\nts or ) c>v$ ornam5ts1 :i* 7 gild$4 ,furniture legs & supports 7 fa%ion$ aft] ,greek & ,roman =ms1 human figures & sph9xes be+ (t5 employ$4 ,inlay 0 us$ ( ivory & metal1 & ?is class ( "w atta9$ a v high degree ( excell5ce4 ,metal-"w 0 unque/ionably good1 except t ! details 7 some:at h>d 9 "*4 ,! mo/ /rik+ decorative features 7 sph9xes1 w+$ figures ( ,lib]ty1 masks1 ! ?yrsus ( ,bac*us1 laurel wrea?s & fe/oons1 :i* 7 all sev]e 9 treatm5t & delicate 9 execution4 ,empire 9 ,engl& ,! ,empire /yle spread to o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 & 0 closely imitat$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e x 0 *iefly rem>kable = ! extreme nicety & f9i% ( ! metal-"w1 metal be+ ext5sively us$ = ! enri*m5t ( furniture1 = clocks1 vases1 c&le/icks1 ink/&s & o!r objects4 ,lat] ,engli% ,ar*itecture ,probably ! mo/ important "n associat$ ) ,engli% ar*itecture t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury is t ( ,sir ,william ,*amb]s1 :o di$ 9 #agif4 ,*amb]s1 :o at "o "t held ! position ( ,surveyor ,g5]al 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,works1 0 "o ( ^? conc]n$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,arts 9 #agfh4 ,dur+ 8 pr(essional c>e] he execut$ commissions 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 8 pr9cipal "w be+ ,som]set ,h\se1 :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 #aggf4 ,ano!r "n associat$ ) ?is p]iod is t ( ,george ,dance1 :o design$ ! ,mansion ,h\se ( ! ,city ( ,london1 :i* 0 built dur+ ! ye>s #agci-ec4 ,dance di$ 9 #agfh1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 :o 0 ! ar*itect ( ,newgate ,prison1 ! site ( :i* is n[ occupi$ by a mod]n build+4 ,a pupil ( ,sir ,william ,*amb]s1 ,james ,g&on1 _h ! di/9ction ( c>ry+ (f ! fir/ gold m$al giv5 = ar*itecture by ! newly-f\nd$ ,royal ,academy ( ,arts 9 #agfh4 ,he design$1 among o!r works1 ! ,cu/oms ,h\se1 ! ,f\r ,c\rts1 & ! build+ :i* is n[ ! ,bank ( ,irel&1 all at ,dubl94 ,fr5* ,influ5ce on ,europe ,?r\gh\t ?is necess>ily brief summ>y x w be not$ t att5tion is ma9ly giv5 to ! ar*itectural developm5t 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! re/ ( ,europe 0 simil>ly affect$ m or less1 bo? 9 ! ,go?ic p]iod & 9 ! revival kn[n z ! ,r5aissance1 9 :i* ! initiative 0 tak5 by ,france e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,f :i* p]iod may be dat$ ! decl9e 9 ,italian ta/e4 ,fr5* feel+1 bo? z to =m & detail1 is app>5t 9 n only ,dut* & ,flemi% "w1 b 9 ! m s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 p>ticul>ly ! phase kn[n z ,rococo4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh ! ar*itectural traditions ( ,inigo ,jones & ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 became national 9 "*1 ,fr5* feel+ is evid5t 9 mu* ( ! decorative "w1 z 9 ! designs ( ,*ipp5dale & 8 contempor>ies2 ) ! exception ( ! brilliant p]iod ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 ^: di/9ctive mann] & robu/ treatm5t surviv$1 & con/itut$ a s*ool ( c>v+ typically ,engli% & unique 9 its arti/ry & craftsman%ip4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,m\ld+s ,9 ,ar*itecture ! edges ( project+ c\rses are s(t5$ into curv$ pr(iles1 sometimes enri*$ ) details1 :i* are te*nically kn[n z m\ld+s4 ,^! are inv>iably a /umbl+-block to ! beg9n]1 presumably due to want ( appreciation ( _! purpose1 :i* prop]ly und]/ood1 is indicative ( _! desirable employm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acd4 ,=ms ( ,m\ld+s4 ,m\ld+s are an important factor 9 effect1 n only 9 ,ar*itecture1 b 9 /ructural =m g5]ally4 ,9 flat decoration !y h to "s ext5t _! coroll>y 9 bord]s1 ! proportionate wid?s ( :i* are gov]n$ by simil> rules4 ,( m\ld+s ) curv$ pr(iles !re are only six di/9ct =ms1 ?\gh ! individual "* ( ^! curves is subject to great v>iation 9 treatm5t4 ,purpose ,z sugge/$1 m\ld+s h a di/9ct purpose1 are1 9 fact1 functional features1 & may be def9$ z ,%elt]+ or ,cr[n+1 ,bracket+ or ,support+1 & ,b9d+4 ,9 any composition :]e !y may be necess>y ^! functions %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! pr(iles %\ld always be concise :e!r ! "* ( ! curve be ref9$ or robu/4 ,9 classic ar*itecture ! relative proportions ( ! m\ld+s to ! o!r features are def9$1 & ^! proportions w be f\nd useful 9 o!r ?an purely ar*itectural design4 ,! ,fillet ,m\ld+s are divid$ f ea* o!r by n>r[ v]tical b&s or ,fillets1 ! employm5t ( :i* is univ]sal4 ,! ,fillet 9 projection is equal to its height1 & ?\gh /rictly divisional 9 its employm5t1 is %[n 9 conjunction ) ! curv$ pr(iles to indicate relative proportion4 ,%elt]+ ,m\ld+s ,!re are two m\ld+s ( curv$ pr(ile 9 ea* category1 ! ,%elt]+ be+ ! ,cavetto & ! ,cyma ,recta4 ,! ,cavetto ,! ,cavetto is ! culm9at+ m\ld+ ( ! ,italian ,doric cornice1 & is a concave curve1 :i* may be ! result ( a qu>t] circle4 ,! ,cavetto pr(ile is us$ 9 o!r positions1 :i* w\ld appe> to *all5ge ! previ\s /atem5t1 b reflection w confirm ! cont5tion4 ,= in/ance1 ! v]tical face ( ! ,frieze 9 "s in/ances t]m9ates ) a cavetto curve :i*1 ?\gh surm\nt$ by ! cornice1 is yet at ! top ( ! frieze4 ,! upp] extremity ( ! column %aft is simil>ly treat$1 &1 x may be urg$1 s is ! l[]1 b ?is1 ?\gh an exception to ! rule1 is at lea/ an /hetic necessity4 ,! projection ( ! ,cavetto is equal to ! height ( ! curve1 & ! cr[n+ ,fillet may be f "o-?ird to "o-f\r? ! total height1 pref]ably ! latt]4 ,cyma ,recta ,! o!r %elt]+ m\ld+1 ! ,cyma ,recta1 is a curve ( d\ble flexure ) upp] fillet4 ,its prop] employm5t is z ! cr[n+ memb] ( ! cornice1 ?\gh1 l ! ,cavetto1 x is employ$ 9 o!r positions1 notably z a pl9? m\ld+1 :5 x appe>s 9 a rev]s$ position4 ,! projection is ab\t equal to ! height ( ! curv$ pr(ile1 ! height ( ! cr[n+ fillet be+ f "o-f\r? to "o-fif? ( ! :ole4 ,bracket+ ,m\ld+s ,! support+ m\ld+s are ! ,ovolo & ! ,cyma ,rev]sa4 ,! ,ovolo ,! ,ovolo is compos$ ( a full convex curve1 ei!r a qu>t] circle or slightly elliptic1 :i* 9 height is equal to projection2 & a fillet at base "o-fif? ! total height4 ,frequ5tly ?is l[] memb] is 9 ! =m ( a half r\nd bead ( ! same dim5sion z ! fillet4 ,z a ,bracket+ m\ld+ ! ,ovolo occurs 9 ! capital ( ! ,doric column1 & 9 ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian cornices "u ! corona or facia1 & is employ$ 9 o!r positions1 :]e ! s5se ( support is ju/ifi$4 ,cyma ,rev]sa ,! ,cyma ,rev]sa1 l ! ,cyma ,recta1 is a curve ( d\ble flexure1 & is head$ ) a fillet "o-?ird to "o-f\r? ! total height4 ,! projection is equal to ! height ( curv$ pr(ile4 ,! ,cyma ,rev]sa is employ$ 9 ! cornice ( ! ,doric ord] z a support+ m\ld+ to ! d5til c\rse & bel[ ! culm9at+ ,cavetto4 ,x also occurs 9 ! ,capital ( ! column1 :]e x =ms ! upp] memb] ( ! abacus4 ,an app>5t contradiction ( ! !ory ( employm5t1 :i* h[ev] is ju/ifi$ by ! circum/ance t ! column =ms ! support = ! entablature4 ,x also occurs z a support+ m\ld+ "u ! capp+ ( ! p$e/al1 & is us$ 9 simil> positions 9 ! o!r ord]s4 ,b9d+ ,m\ld+s ,! ,b9d+ m\ld+s1 ! ,torus & ! ,scotia1 appe> *iefly on columns & pila/]s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,scotia1 :i* is ess5tially a base m\ld+4 ,! ,torus ,! ,torus is a convex curve compos$ ( a full half circle1 ) upp] fillet "o-fif? to "o-six? ! total height4 ,! projection is decid$ by ! curvature1 :i* is bas$ on a semi-circle ) c5tre slightly 9 advance ( ! v]tical l9e ( fillet4 ,! ,torus v>ies 9 size accord+ to position4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! base ( ! ,ionic column two are employ$1 ! l[] be+ ! l>g]4 ,x is also inv>iably us$ on a small] scale z a neck+ m\ld+ b5ea? ! ,capitals2 9 ! small =m x is commonly kn[n z a bead or a/ragal4 ,?is employm5t ( ! ,torus is di/9ctly appropriate & sugge/ive 9 ! s5se ( imp>t+ /r5g? by b9d+4 ,:5 us$ 9 o!r positions its purpose %\ld be equally evid5t4 ,! ,scotia ,! ,scotia 9 section is a deeply recess$ concave curve ) upp] fillet1 & is g5]ally us$ betwe5 ! upp] & l[] ,torii ( ! base4 ,! upp] fillet is ( less projection ?an ! l[] extremity ( curv$ pr(ile4 ,! extreme projection be+ m]ely equal to ! height ( curve & t ( ! upp] fillet ab\t "o-half1 ! fillet be+ ab\t "o-fif? ! total height4 ,! ,facia ,! =ego+ con/itute ! range ( m\ld+s ) curv$ pr(iles1 b !re is ano!r memb]1 ! ,facia1 t is an important feature 9 composition4 ,! ,facia1 :i* is rectil9e> 9 =m ) ext]nal face v]tical or slightly incl9$1 may be class$ ) ! b9d+ m\ld+s4 ,) reg>d to proportion1 ! height ( ! ,facia %\ld ei!r exce$ or be less ?an t ( ! curv$ m\ld+ ) :i* x is inv>iably surm\nt$4 ,! projection be+ ei!r consid]ably less or m ?an its height4 ,:5 us$ 9 ! cornice or 9 ! capp+ ( p$e/als its "u face is g5]ally recess$1 ?is recess be+ equal to ! height ( ! top fillet ( support+ m\ld+4 ,only occasionally ! ,facia is furni%$ ) an upp] fillet 7= in/ance1 :5 x occurs imm$iately bel[ ! ,cyma ,recta7 to :i* x is reconcil$ by a ,cavetto curve4 ,! ,facia is a divisional feature betwe5 ! m\ld+s ( curv$ pr(ile to :i* x is 9 valuable contra/4 ,decoration ( ,m\ld+s ,m\ld+s may be pla9 or decorat$1 usually by c>v+1 ! details probably be+ d]iv$ f ! pa9t$ decoration ( an e>ly p]iod4 ,:5 ?us enri*$ ! m\ld+ is =m$ z to its pr(ile1 & ! details c>v$ back f ! face1 leav+ ! highe/ p>ts 9 ! orig9al surface4 ,! c>v+ be+ deep] & m %>ply def9$ 9 ! case ( m\ld+s t are 9 %ad[4 ,su*1 = example1 z ! ,ovolo1 & 9 light] relief on ^? m expos$ to direct light4 ,! decoration ( m\ld+s ord9>ily consi/s ( ! repetition ( a unit1 compos$ on a c5tral axis1 9 :i* curves are contra/$ ) v]tical features4 ,illu/ration3 ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,cyma ,,recta ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,facia ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,ovolo ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,cyma ,,rev]sa ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,! ,,torus ,no4 #ace4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ is to base ! detail on ! sectional curvature or pr(ile l9e4 ,or?odox ,details ,?us ! or?odox detail ( ! ,ovolo1 te*nically kn[n z ! 8,egg & ,tongue10 consi/s ( a fram+ curve1 :i* is obta9$ by repeat+ ! pr(ile on a c5tre l9e enclos+ an ovoid %ape4 ,! angles betwe5 ! out] curves be+ occupi$ by a tongue or d>t4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ?is m\ld+ is deeply c>v$1 ! ovoid be+ bold & well-r\nd$2 ! edges ( ! fram+ curves 79 "s in/ances groov$ or *annell$7 be+ left %>p & precise4 ,frequ5tly ! 8,bead & ,reel0 enri*m5t occurs at ! base ( ! ,ovolo in/ead ( ! ,fillet1 ?is be+ ! *>act]i/ic detail ( ! ,bead or ,a/ragal4 ,! treatm5t ( ! ,cyma ,rev]sa is id5tical & results 9 ! detail kn[n z ! 8,leaf & ,d>t02 b ! c>v+ is n s deep & ! relief1 9 consequ5ce1 comp>atively slight4 ,angle ,leaf ,:5 m\ld+s meet at mitral angles x is cu/om>y to employ a cov]+ leaf ! midrib ( :i* =ms ! angle4 ,! same pr9ciple is applicable to ! ,cyma ,recta & ! ,cavetto1 ?\gh ^! m\ld+s are m (t5 left pla92 :5 decorat$ ! relief is comp>atively slight4 ,! ,scotia ne$s no decoration1 ! ca/ %ad[ result+ f its =m be+ suffici5tly effective4 ,! ,torus1 ?\gh frequ5tly left pla91 c be decorat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! ,guillo*e is p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 b z sugge/ive ( its function1 ! ,torus is at times c>v$ 9 ! =m ( a rope or cable4 ,leaves sugge/ive ( a wrea? are us$1 also a re$ b& cross$ at int]vals ) ribbons1 q 9 keep+ ) ! sugge/ion ( b9d+4 ,! ,facia is g5]ally pla91 b ! decoration1 if us$ %\ld1 foll[+ ! pr9ciple1 be rectil9e> 9 "*2 su* z v]tical flut+s1 or ! key detail1 bo? ( :i* are us$4 ,d5tils ,d5tils1 :i* =m a di/9ctive feature 9 cornices1 are a s]ies ( rectil9e> blocks1 atta*$ to a ,facia1 & may be plac$ 9 ! category ( support+ memb]s4 ,9 _! =mation !y are c>v$ back f a facia ( ! requisite projection4 ,9 proportion !y %\ld be f "o & a half to "o & ?ree qu>t]s _! wid? 9 height1 ! int]vals betwe5 be+ ab\t half ! wid?4 ,! fir/ ,d5til at ! angle1 l9es flu% ) ! return face ( support+ ,facia leav+ a "r angul> int]val betwe5 ! two end ,d5tils4 ,?is space is sometimes occupi$ by a p5dant knob1 acorn-l 9 %ape4 ,! heads ( int]vals are (t5 slop$ backw>ds & d[nw>ds1 or occupi$ by a n>r[ fillet set back f face4 ,bel[ ! ,d5tils ! support+ ,facia is display$ to ab\t ! height ( a fillet4 ,consid]able lic5se prevail$ 9 ! lat] developm5ts ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ! decoration ( m\ld+s1 lic5se :i* is p]missible provid+ ! g5]al pr9ciple be borne 9 m9d4 ,! conc5sus ( op9ion is 9 fav\r ( repetition ( a simple unit & abs5ce ( v>iety4 ,! v]tical t5d5cy result+ f ! bi-symmetrical "* ( ! unit is desirable1 & 9 happy contra/ to ! horizontal direction ( ! m\ld+1 :ile x also emphasises ! s5se ( /ructural support4 ,illu/ration3 ,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,d5til ,no4 #acf4 ,! pr(iles also are am5able to consid]able v>iation1 ! curves be+ ! direct result ( ,geometry1 or ,freeh&1 ei!r treatm5t be+ a matt] ( attitude & discretion4 ,employm5t ,:5 employ$ 9 ,ar*itecture ! =ms & proportions giv5 w be f\nd mo/ suitable4 ,9 int]ior decoration & /ructural "w1 z 9 furniture1 consid]able latitude is p]missible4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! pr(iles ( m\ld+s %\ld n be design$ m]ely = ! play ( l9e1 b = ! effect result+ f light & %ade4 ,9 ^? close to ! eye & 9 fair light1 elliptic curves w be m effective ?an m r\nd$ sections1 :i* are mo/ suitable to remote positions4 ,9 composition1 m\ld+s ( curv$ pr(ile %\ld always be sep>at$ by fillets or occasionally a facia1 & ! v>i\s memb]s associat$ ) reg>d to _! functional purpose4 ,obvi\s repetition ( ! same dim5sion is to be avoid$1 & contra/ %\ld exi/ n only 9 ! %apes ( pr(iles1 b also 9 _! respective heights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,modifi$ ,,proportion ,,due ,,to ,,p]spective ,no4 #acg4 ,attitude ,attitude mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 z1 = in/ance1 9 a cornice :i* is above ! eye level x is app>5t t ! m\ld+s w n appe> 9 elevation b 9 p]spective2 & n only ! respective heights w be visible1 b also ! projections4 ,:5 m\ld+s are decorat$ ! details rang+ above ea* o!r %\ld be s di/ribut$ z to fall 9 v]tical alignm5t4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly necess>y :5 ! ,ovolo enri*m5t occurs bel[ d5tils1 or :]e x is surm\nt$ by ,modillions z 9 ! ,cor9?ian cornice4 ,panel m\ld+s _c legitimately be consid]$ z functional 9 ! =ego+ s5se1 ?\gh 9 wood-"w !y are directly incid5tal to ! con/ruction4 ,reg>d$ z frames1 _! g5]al purpose may be consid]$ z to b9d or enclose4 ,9 /one-"w x may be at times desirable to introduce panel effects1 :i* may be obta9$ by boa/+ out or recess+ p>ts1 possible only on a l>ge scale4 ,a comp>atively simple & ju/ifiable treatm5t is to s9k *annels ( m\ld$ pr(iles fram+ ! enclos$ area1 :i* is left 9 ! orig9al plane4 ,a treatm5t t is effective & comp>atively economical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*annell$ ,,m\ld+ ,,9 ,,/one ,no4 #ach4 ,wood ,panell+ ,panell+ 9 wood-"w is n only legitimate1 b /ructurally necess>y1 z x is n practical to cov] l>ge areas except by "s me?od ( build+ up4 ,!re=e1 n only panell+1 b doors & /ructural wood-"w g5]ally are con/ruct$ ( /iles ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aci4 ,panel ,m\ld+s 9 ,wood4 ,a4 ,late ,l95-fold ,panel1 ) scrib$ m\ld+s on /iles & rails4 ,b4 ,c4 ,panels ( ,settleback & ,*e/1 ) fram+ ) simple m\ld$ edges4 ,d4 ,e>ly ,jacobean ,panell+1 ) /opp$ m\ld+s on /iles & rails4 ,e4 ,lat] ,jacobean ,panell+4 ,f4 ,lat] ,jacobean ,section ( appli$ m\ld+s ( ! ,bolection type4 & rails1 =m+ fram+s2 ! spaces enclos$ be+ occupi$ by ! panels4 ,! edges ( ! /iles & rails are m\ld$4 ,9 ! late ,go?ic & ,tudor p]iods ! m\ld+s 7 (t5 simply scrib$2 b lat] ! pr(iles became m di/9ct 9 cont\r4 ,^! e>ly m\ld+s 7 n>r[ & simple 9 =m1 arriv$ at ma9ly by s(t5+ or r\nd+ ! squ>e edges ( ! frame4 ,appli$ ,m\ld+s ,appli$ m\ld+s 7 app>5tly employ$ 9 ! ,jacobean p]iod1 & ! sections became m elaborate4 ,work$ indep5d5tly1 !y 7 frequ5tly high] 9 relief ?an ! fram+s4 ,! facility ) :i* !y c\ld be work$ & appli$ result$ at ?is p]iod 9 a fa%ion = complicat$ mitre+ h>dly ju/ifiable f a con/ructional po9t ( view1 ?\gh effective if n ov]done4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adj4 ,appli$ ,m\ld+s4 ,9 ! composition ( su* m\ld+s x is desirable t ! sizes & cont\rs employ$ %\ld be contra/+1 & t all curv$ sections be divid$ by fillets4 ,z ! wid? ( ! m\ld+ ?r\gh\t is uni=m1 x is obvi\s t mitral angles mu/ be p]fect bi-sections ( ! meet+ l9es4 ,) reg>d to proportion1 ! wid? ( m\ld+s may g5]ally be "o-f\r? to "o-eigh? t ( ! panel accord+ to desir$ effect1 robu/ or ref9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ada4 ,"p ( ,dress]4 ,appli$ m\ld+s on draw] fronts4 ,bolection ,m\ld+ ,:5 boldness 9 appe>ance is requir$ ! type kn[n z ! ,bolection ,m\ld+ may be us$4 ,?is1 9 its or?odox =m1 is a species ( inn] frame betwe5 ! ma9 fram+ ( ! /iles & rails1 & ! panels1 b 0 m commonly an appli$ m\ld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adb4 ,bolection ,m\ld+4 ,9 any case1 x is work$ indep5d5tly1 & its out] edges lap ! fram+1 on :i* x is 9 relief1 result+ 9 /rong effect ( light & %ade4 ,panel m\ld+s may be decorat$ by c>v+ ) ! or?odox enri*m5ts or v>iants bas$ on !m1 b %\ld always be 9 contra/ to ! panels !y enclose4 ,9 furniture1 m\ld+s play an important "p1 & 9 _m positions c be regulat$ by functional consid]ations4 ,9 horizontal positions1 su* z 9 tables & sidebo>ds1 :]e p]sonal contact is possible1 any m\ld$ edges %\ld be ( s(tly r\nd$ "* = obvi\s reasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,table ,,top ,,m\ld+s ,no4 #adc4 ,pla/] ,9 pla/]-"w m\ld+s may be ca/ 9 a m\ld or run by ! /rigil4 ,:5 decorat$1 ! =m] only is possible1 & z su* "w is orig9ally modell$1 x is p]missible to introduce details ( a pla/ic nature1 su* z int]rupt+ ! run by impos$ & envelop+ floral or o!r =ms4 ,me*anically produc$ m\ld+s _c be und]cut1 ?\gh ?is is practicable 9 pla/] :]e ! jelly m\ld is employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,turn$ ,,wood ,no4 #add4 ,m\ld+s are us$ = decorative & divisional purposes 9 v>i\s mat]ials1 & to "s ext5t _! "* is affect$ by ! =mative process involv$4 ,wood-turn+ ,?us 9 wood-turn+ ! g5]al pr(iles are kept fairly s(t1 tak+ usually1 z 9 ! case ( /air rails & furniture legs1 ! balu/] =m4 ,z a rule !re is little v>iation betwe5 ! maximum & m9imum diamet]s4 ,! balu/] %afts h bases & capitals ( curv$ pr(iles1 ) int]v5+ fillets1 :i* latt] may be fairly %>p1 z !y are by _! position protect$ f damage4 ,metal ,turn+ ,turn+ is also employ$ 9 metal "w1 ! /ems & bodies ( ,dut* c&elabra1 bo? /&>d & hang+1 be+ orig9ally ca/ z to g5]al =m & f9i%$ 9 ! la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?r[n ,,m\ld$ ,,?r[n ,,turn$ ,,pott]y ,no4 #ade4 ,! g5]al treatm5t is simil> to t ( wood-turn+1 except t ! mat]ial be+ mu* h>d]1 ! m\ld+s c be m %>ply def9$ & delicate 9 detail4 ,pott]y ,! ?r[+ ( pott]y is analag\s to turn+1 b by ?is me?od little m c be accompli%$ ?an ?ick5$ edges4 ,! ,greek vases %[ "s precision ( pr(ile1 ! result ( turn+ on a la! aft] ! vessel _h be5 =m$ on ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adf4 ,m\ld$ ,vase 9 ,t]ra-cotta4 ,9 m\ld$ pott]y m def9ition is possible ?an 9 ?r[n v>iety1 b ! pr(iles are comp>atively blunt & nev] atta9 ! precision due to turn+4 ,metal ,m\ld+s ,9 metal1 m\ld+s may be roll$ or drawn4 ,9 ! fir/ !y are =m$ 9 ! solid1 b drawn m\ld+s are =m$ 9 plate or %eet metal & are !re=e holl[ & ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roll$ ,,metal ,,m\ld+s ,no4 #adg4 ,by ei!r me?od m\ld+s ( any requir$ section are obta9able provid$ !y are n und]cut4 ,bo? v>ieties are ord9>ily obta9able 9 v>i\s sections & sizes 9 iron1 brass1 bronze1 & silv]4 ,:]e special sections are requir$1 ! co/ ( ! tools necess>y = _! production w\ld h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,metal ,,m\ld+s ,no4 #adh4 ,wr\ght ,iron ,?\gh ! employm5t ( roll$ or drawn m\ld+s is usual 9 wr\ght iron-"w1 ! effect is some:at me*anical & lack+ 9 "*4 ,pref]ably only su* =ms z are atta9$ by ei!r swag+ or build+ up %\ld be employ$ z be+ m *>act]i/ic ( ! mat]ial & me?od ( work+4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adi4 ,wr\ght ,iron ,swag$ ,m\ld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aej4 ,wr\ght ,iron ,built-up ,m\ld+s4 ,silv]-"w ,9 silv]-"w drawn m\ld+s are usually =m$ by h&1 ! necess>y draw plates be+ made by ! workman4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aea4 ,wr\ght ,iron ,built-up ,m\ld+s4 ,sp9n+ ,m\ld+s 9 metal are also =m$ by ! process ( sp9n+1 9 :i* und]cutt+ is n p]missible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spun ,,metal ,no4 #aeb4 ,rep\ss ,!y are also possible 9 ,rep\ss "w1 b are s(t 9 "*1 & lack ! precision t m>ks ! me*anical production4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,ar*itectural ,,proportions ,introduction ,9 ar*itectural draw+ concise draughtsman%ip is ess5tial1 ! pr(iles ( m\ld+s 9 p>ticul> %\ld be well def9$4 ,ar*itectural designs1 :i* %\ld always be drawn to scale1 are express$ geometrically1 t is 9 plan1 elevation & section4 ,! actual effect is !re=e a matt] ( conjecture only to be grasp$ by ^? famili> ) ! arbitr>y =m ( expression4 ,p]spectives are g5]ally made ) a view to depict+ ! appe>ance to ! un9itiat$1 b are practically useless z work+ draw+s4 ,! /ud5t is advis$ to take advantage ( e opportunity ( /udy+ exi/+ examples 9 museums & else:]e4 ,?is /udy %\ld n be conf9$ to geometric draw+s1 b ^! %\ld be supplem5t$ by sket*es & c>eful obs]vation4 ,att5tion %\ld also be paid to ! pr(iles ( m\ld+s4 ,a practice %\ld be made also ( mak+ freeh& sket*es ( ! v>i\s features1 indicat+ broadly ! effects ( light & %ade4 ,! /udy ( ar*itectural proportions %\ld be me?odical1 & ! g5]al divisions giv5 "h might advantage\sly be committ$ to memory4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ att5tion may be devot$ to individual features4 ,sy/em ( ,proportion ,x is cu/om>y1 :5 any ( ! ord]s ( ,ar*itecture are employ$1 to adopt a sy/em ( proportions :i* has be5 evolv$ f ! be/ traditions ( ! pa/1 & is g5]ally accept$ z ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,naturally ^! proportions are subject to modification to suit special conditions or p]sonal treatm5t4 ,accord+ to ! academic me?od1 ! diamet] ( ! column is divid$ into two p>ts1 :i* are call$ ,modules1 & ea* ( ^! is aga9 subdivid$ into ?irty divisions call$ p>ts4 ,?is gives a scale by means ( :i* all dim5sions ( height & projection are obta9$4 ,s9ce ! diamet] ( ! column =ms ! /&>d ( measurem5t1 ! proportions ( ! relative p>ts are con/ant & 9 no way influ5c$ by ! size ( ! /ructure4 ,?is me?od1 al?\gh v complete1 is--ow+ to its multiplicity ( dim5sions--some:at labori\s 9 practice1 & ! me?od "h propos$ 9 its /ead1 ?\gh n claim$ to be exact1 w yet be f\nd to be suffici5tly accurate = ord9>y requirem5ts4 ,x is propos$ to deal "h ) ! ord]s commonly employ$ 9 ,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,^! 7 bas$ by ! e>ly expon5ts ( ! /yle on ,roman examples4 ,! ,doric select$ is t ( ,vignola1 & is a ref9$ v]sion ( ! ord] us$ 9 ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus at ,rome4 ,! ,ionic closely resembles ! ,roman ,ionic ord] 9 ! same build+4 ,! ,cor9?ian is ! ,roman example f ! ,pan!on4 ,! ,ord] ,an ,ord] consi/s ( a v]tical column & a horizontal entablature1 :ile 9 "s in/ances ! column re/s on a p$e/al4 ,x is desirable be=e deal+ ) proportions to enum]ate ! v>i\s p>ts ( :i* an ord] is compos$4 ,! column consi/s ( a %aft1 base & capital4 ,! %aft is circul> on plan & inv>iably tap]$4 ,! base is compos$ ( m\ld+s1 :i* are circul> on plan1 & a rectangul> block or pl9?4 ,! capital is circul> on plan1 & 9 ! ,doric & ,cor9?ian ord]s is divid$ f ! %aft by a neck+ m\ld+4 ,! capital is surm\nt$ by a feature kn[n z ! abacus1 :i* is rectangul> on plan1 b v>ies 9 detail 9 ! diff]5t ord]s4 ,columns may be isolat$ or engag$1 t is1 built into walls s t !y =m projections f ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aec4 ,doric ,ord] ) ,p$e/al4 ,! pila/] is always engag$1 & is rectangul> on plan1 b o!rwise x has ! same g5]al features & proportions z ! column4 ,! entablature is ! sup]/ructure support$ by ! columns4 ,x consi/s ( an ar*itrave1 :i* is ! l[e/ "p1 a frieze1 ! int]m$iate "p1 & a s]ies ( project+ m\ld+s kn[n z ! cornice4 ,! p$e/al1 :i* occasionally =ms a support = ! columns1 consi/s ( a pl9?1 die & capp+4 ,! l[] "p or pl9? is sep>at$ f ! die by m\ld+s1 & ! capp+ is a project+ c\rse ( m\ld+s =m+ a simple cornice4 ,to sum up a simple classification1 :i* may be t]m$ ! triology ( ! ord]s1 w be f\nd to assi/ ! memory4 ,! ,ord]s commonly employ$ are ?ree--! ,doric1 ,ionic & ,cor9?ian4 7,!re are two o!rs :i* are less us$1 & are really d]iv$ f ! o!r ?ree3 !y are ! ,tuscan1 :i* is a =m ( debas$ ,doric1 & ! ,composite1 :i* is made up ( ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian74 ,! ,ord] may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 ,p$e/al1 ,column & ,entablature4 ,^! may aga9 be sub-divid$4 ,! ,p$e/al into ,pl9?1 ,die & ,capp+4 ,! ,column into ,base1 ,%aft & ,capital4 ,! ,entablature into ,ar*itrave1 ,frieze & ,cornice4 ,! me?od ( arriv+ at ! proportions ( ! ord] is z foll[s4 ,9 ?is division ! p$e/al is n tak5 into acc\nt1 b is res]v$ = lat] consid]ation4 ,doric ,ord] ,divide ! total height into five equal p>ts4 ,!n ! upp] fif? w give ! height ( ! entablature & an eigh? ( ! rema9+ f\r-fif?s ! diamet] ( ! column4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! column is eight diamet]s high & ! entablature two diamet]s4 ,9 us+ ! t]m diamet] x mu/ be und]/ood t x is always ! l[] diamet] ( ! column t is ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aed4 ,g5]al ,proportions ( ! ,ord]s4 ,! capital is half a diamet] high exclusive ( ! neck+ m\ld+1 & ! base also is half a diamet]4 ,9 all ! ord]s ! column is tap]$2 ! upp] diamet] is 9 ea* case five-six?s ( ! l[] or major diamet]4 ,! tap] is n 9 a /raight l9e1 b a slight curve1 :i* is kn[n z entasis4 ,x is obta9$ by draw+ ! l[] ?ird ( ! %aft v]tical & f ^! l9es spr++ a curve to ! upp] diamet]1 :i* may readily be done by slightly alt]+ ! angle ( ! p5cil 9 rul+ !m4 ,! entablature is divid$ z foll[s3 ! ar*itrave is half a diamet]1 ! frieze & cornice ea* ?ree-qu>t]s ( a diamet]4 ,ionic ,ord] ,! total height %\ld be divid$ into six p>ts4 ,!n ! upp] six? w be ! entablature1 & "o n9? ( ! rema9d] ! diamet] ( ! column1 h5ce ! column w be n9e diamet]s high4 ,! capital is half a diamet] high2 ! base also is half a diamet]4 ,! total height ( ! entablature is divid$ into t5 p>ts1 ?ree ( ^! %\ld be tak5 z ! height ( ! ar*itrave1 ?ree t ( ! frieze & ! rema9+ f\r t ( ! cornice4 ,cor9?ian ,ord] ,! total height %\ld be divid$ into six p>ts4 ,!n ! upp] six? is ! height ( ! entablature4 ,a t5? ( ! rema9d] w be ! diamet] ( ! column4 ,! capital is "o diamet] & "o-six? 9 height exclusive ( ! neck+ m\ld+1 & ! base is half a diamet] high1 exclusive ( ! top fillet4 ,! division ( ! entablature is ! same z t ( ! ,ionic1 & ! m\ld+s1 al?\gh m elaborate1 are simil> 9 "*4 ,! ar*itrave & frieze are ea* ?ree-t5?s ( ! height & ! cornice f\r-t5?s4 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ t ! diamet]s ( ! ?ree ord]s are respectively "o-eigh?1 "o-n9? & "o-t5? ! heights ( ! columns1 & t ! entablature is1 9 ! ,doric1 two diamet]s high or "o f\r? ! height ( ! column2 9 ! ,cor9?ian also two diamet]s or "o-fif? ! height ( ! column4 ,! ,ionic is int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,doric ,entablatures ,! ,doric cornice is ?ree-qu>t]s ( a diamet] 9 height & "o diamet] 9 projection f ! face ( ! frieze1 :i* %\ld always be 9 v]tical alignm5t ) ! ar*itrave4 ,x is conv5i5t to divide ! cornice height into ?ree4 ,! upp] ?ird consi/s ( a cr[n+ cavetto m\ld+1 support$ by a cyma rev]sa1 "u :i* is a facia or corona1 9 turn support$ by a d5til c\rse4 ,! l[] ?ird %\ld be tak5 z ! c5tre ( ! d5til c\rse1 & if ! height f ! top ( ! cavetto to ! und]side ( ! corona be bisect$1 ! po9t ( bisection %\ld fall 9 ! c5tre ( ! int]v5+ rev]sa4 ,mutules ,9 or?odox examples ( ! ord] ! und]side or s(fit ( ! corona is decorat$ ) a s]ies ( sunk panels4 ,^? imm$iately ov] ! triglyphs ( ! frieze are occupi$ by r[s ( conical drops4 ,a v>iation ( ?is & a treatm5t frequ5tly employ$ is a s]ies ( brackets kn[n z mutules4 ,!y consi/ ( a facia & a rev]sa1 :i* is c>ri$ r\nd ! upp] edge to support ! corona4 ,:5 mutules are us$ ! d5til c\rse is omitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aee4 ,doric ,entablature1 ,vignola4 ,! d5tils are rectil9e> blocks on a flat project+ b&1 & !y are support$ by a cyma rev]sa m\ld+4 ,a fillet b5ea? ?is m\ld+ completes ! cornice4 ,! rev]sa is ab\t ! same height z ! fillet1 & ! d5til c\rse is ab\t twice ?is height1 b ow+ to ! s(fit ( ! corona slop+ slightly upw>d & inw>ds ! full height ( ! d5til facia is n app>5t :5 drawn 9 elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aef4 ,doric ,entablature1 ) ,mutules4 ,above ! d5til facia is a small cavetto m\ld+ & a fillet4 ,^! are directly b5ea? ! corona1 & are c>ri$ r\nd to =m ! panels on its s(fit4 ,! ,doric frieze is ?ree-qu>t]s ( a diamet] high4 ,x is divid$ into panels te*nically kn[n z metopes1 by project+ features half a diamet] 9 wid? :i* are call$ triglyphs4 ,! metopes %\ld be squ>e1 & "o ( ! triglyphs is always plac$ imm$iately ov] ea* column1 hav+ ! same c5tral axis1 h5ce ! spac+ ( ! columns ap>t is regulat$ by ! triglyphs & metopes4 ,examples ( v>i\s spac+s ( columns w be giv5 lat]4 ,! frieze is b\nd$ above & bel[ by rectil9e> project+ b&s or fillets2 t at ! top breaks r\nd or foll[s ! projection ( ! triglyphs4 ,! triglyphs are s nam$ because !y are *annell$ v]tically ) grooves or glyphs1 ,v %ap$ 9 section1 ) int]v5+ spaces or int]-glyphs4 ,! wid? ( ! triglyph %\ld be divid$ into twelve p>ts--!n ! half glyphs :i* are plac$ at ! angles w ea* be "o ( ^! p>ts1 & ! rema9+ two glyphs & ?ree int]-glyphs are ea* two ( !m4 ,! glyphs t]m9ate at ! base on ! fillet b&1 b at ! top are cut (f a little bel[ ! upp] fillet1 inv>iably 9 a /raight l9e1 ?us =m+ a triangul> head+ ) ! apex ( ! triangle slop+ backw>ds & d[nw>ds 9 con=mity ) ! ,v %ap$ section ( ! glyphs4 ,"u ! l[] fillet b&1 & imm$iately bel[ ! triglyph1 is a small fillet & six p5dant drops ( conical =m kn[n z guttae4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aeg4 ,ionic ,entablature4 ,! ar*itrave is half a diamet] high1 inclusive ( ! fillet b&1 :i* is r\ghly a six? ( ?is height4 ,! small fillet & guttae are toge!r equal 9 height to ! fillet b&4 ,x may be tak5 z an inv>iable rule t :atev] ord] is us$1 ! face ( ! ar*itrave mu/ be 9 v]tical alignm5t ) ! upp] "p ( ! %aft ( ! column4 ,ionic ,entablature ,! total height ( ! entablature is divid$ into t5 p>ts2 ?ree ( ^! %\ld be tak5 z ! height ( ! ar*itrave1 ?ree t ( ! frieze1 & ! rema9+ f\r t ( ! cornice4 ,to f9d ! projection ( ! cornice a l9e %\ld be drawn at an angle ( #de degrees f ! top ( ! frieze1 & ! pr(iles ( ! m\ld+s compos+ ! cornice w fall )9 ?is l9e4 ,! l[e/ memb] is a small rev]sa m\ld+1 ) a fillet support+ a d5til c\rse1 above :i* is an ovolo2 ^! occupy half ! height ( ! cornice4 ,! rema9+ half is compos$ ( ! facia1 surm\nt$ by a rev]sa & ! cr[n+ cyma m\ld+1 r m ?an half ( ! height be+ allott$ to ^! two4 ,! frieze ( ! ,ionic ord] has no *>act]i/ic detail z ! ,doric1 & may be pla9 or decorat$ accord+ to conditions1 & %\ld be 9 v]tical alignm5t ) ! l[e/ memb] ( ! ar*itrave4 ,9 "s ( ! lat] ,r5aissance examples ! pr(ile ( ! ,ionic frieze is a segm5tal curve ( ab\t a ?ird ( a circle4 ,! ar*itrave is usually =m$ ( ?ree facias1 :i* may be ei!r v]tical or slightly incl9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aeh4 ,cor9?ian ,entablature4 ,a fif? ( ! total height is tak5 = ! upp] m\ld+1 :i* is a rev]sa ) its accompany+ fillet4 ,a po9t bisect+ ! und]side ( ! fillet & bottom ( ar*itrave w give ! l9e ( ! l[] edge ( ! top facia4 ,! o!r two facias %\ld be tak5 9 a decreas+ ratio1 ! l[] be+ ! %ort]4 ,cor9?ian ,entablature ,! division ( ! entablature is ! same z t ( ! ,ionic4 ,! total height is divid$ into t54 ,?ree ( ^! p>ts =m ! ar*itrave1 ?ree ! frieze & f\r ! cornice4 ,an angle ( #de degrees set (f f ! top ( ! frieze w det]m9e ! g5]al cont\r & projection ( ! cornice4 ,! cornice is m complex ?an 9 ! o!r /yles1 b a division ( elev5 w help to det]m9e1 ?ree be+ ! height to und]side ( bead m\ld+ & sev5 t ( ! ma9 facia4 ,! l[e/ m\ld+ ( ! cornice is a cyma rev]sa support+ a d5til c\rse ) a bead m\ld+ above x4 ,above ! bead !re is an ovolo1 :i* =ms ! b$ ( a s]ies ( brackets kn[n z modillions4 ,! height ( ! modillions is ab\t "o-fif? includ+ ! rev]sa m\ld+1 :i*1 besides complet+ ! modillions1 is c>ri$ r\nd betwe5 !m z a support = ! upp] facia4 ,! modillions h a pr(ile ( ogee =m4 ,!y are ab\t a six? ( a diamet] 9 wid? & project ab\t twice _! wid?1 & are s spac$ z to leave squ>es betwe5 !m on ! s(fit or und]side ( ! corona4 ,! frieze1 :i* may or may n be decorat$1 is 9 v]tical alignm5t ) ! l[e/ memb] ( ! ar*itrave4 ,! ar*itrave is made up ( ?ree facias ) int]v5+ m\ld+s4 ,if ! height be divid$ into two1 ! upp] half is devot$ to ! fir/ facia & rev]sa m\ld+1 :i* latt] occupies r m ?an "o-?ird2 ! rema9+ half is tak5 up by ! o!r two facias 9 a dim9i%+ ratio4 ,! ,column--,! ,%aft ,! g5]al proportions ( ! column h already be5 giv54 ,! %aft is inv>iably tap]$ = two-?irds ( its height1 ! l[] ?ird be+ cyl9drical1 & ! tap] t]m9ates at ! neck+ m\ld+4 ,9 all ?ree ord]s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! upp] & l[] diamet]s is ! same1 t is1 ! upp] is five-six?s ( ! l[]1 b al?\gh ! am\nt ( tap] is num]ically ! same1 ! diff]5t ratios ( ! diamet]s to ! heights produce naturally v diff]5t results4 ,! %aft ( ! ,doric column may be pla9 or *annell$ ) v]tical grooves call$ flutes4 ,!re are tw5ty ( ^! flutes r\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,on plan !y are %all[1 & may be =m$ ( arcs ( a ?ird ( a circle4 ,! curves meet )\t int]v5+ fillets4 ,! flutes are f9i%$ (f 9 segm5tal curves at ! top & bottom1 leav+ a small pla9 space bel[ ! neck+ & above ! base4 ,! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian columns may h pla9 or decorat$ %afts4 ,if decorat$ !y h tw5ty-f\r flutes r\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,^! are semi-circul> on plan1 & are spac$ ) fillets betwe5 !m4 ,! ,capital ,! ,capital is ! culm9at+ feature ( ! column 9 :i* horizontal l9es pr$om9ate 9 /hetic contra/ to ! v]tical l9es ( ! %aft4 ,9 all ! ord]s !re is "s =m ( cr[n+ block or m\ld+ kn[n z ! abacus4,a ,a ,?\gh ! proportions giv5 are approximately accurate = g5]al division1 x w be f\nd necess>y 9 detail+ to adopt a m intimate sy/em ( measurem5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ diagrams ! diamet] is divid$ into #cf p>ts1 :i* are express$ 9 figures1 giv+ heights1 etc41 ( ! v>i\s features4 ,doric ,capital ,! ,doric abacus consi/s ( a rectangul> slab1 squ>e on plan1 :i* 9 detail consi/s ( a fillet & rev]sa m\ld+ surm\nt+ a facia4 ,its extreme wid? is "o & a half times ! upp] diamet]4 ,! squ>e abacus is support$ by an ovolo1 :i* is circul> on plan1 & is connect$ ) ! neck+ by ?ree small fillets4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aei4 ,doric ,capital4 ,! capital is half a diamet] 9 height1 exclusive ( ! m\ld+s betwe5 ! neck+ & ! %aft1 & ! upp] "p to ! und]side ( ! ovolo occupies r m ?an half4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afj4 ,ionic ,capital4 ,! neck+ is a v]tical ext5sion ( ! upp] diamet] ( ! column1 & is sep>at$ f ! %aft by a boldly project+ m\ld+1 :i* 9 height %\ld be ab\t equal to ! ?ree small fillets bel[ ! ovolo4 ,! m\ld+ consi/s ( a torus & a fillet1 & a cavetto curve is c>ri$ f ! und]side ( ! fillet & dies into ! l9e ( ! %aft ( ! column4 ,sometimes ! ovolo is decorat$ ) its *>act]i/ic egg & tongue detail1 & occasionally ! rev]sa ( ! abacus is also enri*$4 ,! neck+ is sometimes ornam5t$ ) f\r rosettes1 :i* are plac$ c5trally "u ! squ>e faces ( ! abacus4 ,ionic ,capital ,! ,ionic capital is half a diamet] high1 & is readily di/+ui%$ by its bol/]-l =m ) volut$ ends4 ,?is bol/] is rectangul> on plan1 & measures lat]ally r m ?an "o & a half diamet]s1 :ile f back to front x is slightly less ?an a diamet]4 ,! %aft t]m9ates 9 a cavetto curve1 & is surm\nt$ by a fillet1 a small torus & an ovolo m\ld+1 :i* is inv>iably decorat$ ) egg & tongue detail4 ,^! m\ld+s all con=m to ! circul> plan ( ! %aft4 ,on ! ovolo re/s ! volut$ bol/]4 ,! abacus1 :i* is squ>e on plan1 consi/s ( a rev]sa m\ld+ & fillet4 ,f ! top ( ! abacus to ! base ( ! ovolo ! height is ab\t a ?ird ( a diamet]1 & "o-f\r? ( ?is height w give ! height ( ! abacus4 ,! c5tre or eye ( ! volute c readily be f\nd by dropp+ a p]p5dicul> f ! l[] edge ( ! rev]sa to int]sect ! horizontal l9e def9+ ! base ( ! ovolo4 ,?is po9t ( int]section is ! requir$ c5tre4 ,to ,draw ! ,volute ,f ?is z c5tre & "o "p z radius describe a circle4 ,)9 ?is circle draw a squ>e1 hav+ = a diagonal ! diamet] ( ! circle4 ,bisect ! sides ( ! squ>e & draw ! diamet]s by jo9+ ! po9ts ( bi-section4 ,divide ^! diamet]s ( ! squ>e into six & ^! po9ts w be ! c5tres = ! segm5ts ( circles :i* =m ! volute4 ,v]tical & horizontal l9es drawn f ! c5tres w def9e ! ext5t ( ea* segm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afa4 ,ionic ,capital1 ) angul> volutes4 ,= small scale draw+s ! volutes are drawn free-h&1 b = l>g] work+ draw+s x is necess>y to use "s me?od su* z t giv5 "h4 ,! angle =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! ovolo & ! volute is mask$ by a detail ( an!mion =m4 ,! ends ( ! bol/] betwe5 ! volutes consi/ ( concave or ogee curves1 :i* are symmetrically arrang$ f a c5tre l9e2 m\ld$ ridges or conv5tional leaf detail decorate ! c5tre4 ,! =m ( ! ,ionic capital1 :ile suitable = a faade1 requires "s modification if x is to be c>ri$ r\nd ! side ( a build+1 ow+ to ! great dissimil>ity 9 ! front & side views4 ,9 ?is case ! end volute ( ! capital at ! angle ( ! build+ is project$ =w>d at an angle ( #de degrees1 & ! side is !n treat$ 9 ! same way z ! front4 ,9 late ,r5aissance build+s ?is difficulty 0 ov]come by mak+ all ! volutes project at angles ( #de degrees1 s t ! f\r faces ( ! capital 7 uni=m4 ,?is entails ! bol/] be+ disp5s$ )1 & ! volutes1 no long] connect$ lat]ally1 spr+ directly f ! top ( ! ovolo m\ld+1 & ! space betwe5 ! spr++ l9es is occupi$ by a husk4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afb4 ,ionic ,capital4 ,detail ( ,angul> ,volute4 ,z ! volutes make equal angles !y con=m m or less to a squ>e plan4 ,! plan ( ! abacus is compos$ ( f\r concave curves ) small /raight int]vals at ! meet+ angles4 ,! g5]al proportions = ?is =m ( capital are ! same z = ! bol/] type4 ,cor9?ian ,capital ,! ,cor9?ian capital diff]s widely f ^? ( ! prec$+ ord]s 9 proportion & detail4 ,its g5]al =m may be describ$ z a bell1 :i* is circul> on plan4 ,x spr+s f ! upp] extremity ( ! %aft1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a neck+ m\ld+4 ,"u ! abacus x t]m9ates 9 a fillet4 ,! bell is "o diamet] high4 ,! height ( ! abacus is "o-six? ( a diamet] 9 addition2 on plan ! abacus falls )9 a squ>e1 hav+ f\r concave faces ) %ort /raight l9es at ! angles4 ,! di/ance across ! diagonal is two diamet]s4 ,! bell is clo!d ) leaves ( acan?us type1 :i* are arrang$ 9 two ti]s ( eight leaves ea*4 ,betwe5 ! upp] leaves are eight /ems ) husks & bran*+ scrolls1 :i* t]m9ate 9 volutes at ! angles & c5tres4 ,! neck+ m\ld+ consi/s ( a small torus & fillet4 ,al?\gh ! arrangem5t ( ! pr9cipal features ( ! ,cor9?ian capital is horizontal1 yet ow+ to ! *annell+ ( ! leaves & ! firmly spr++ scrolls ! v]tical direction appe>s to pr$om9ate4 ,?is v]ticality emphasises ! function ( ! capital z a support+ feature1 & is /hetically satisfactory1 be+ 9 h>mony ) ! flut+s ( ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afc4 ,cor9?ian ,capital4 ,! effect produc$ by ! capitals ( ! o!r two ord]s is horizontal1 & sugge/s ! idea ( b9d+4 ,!y are equally satisfactory z giv+ contra/ ( direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afd4 ,cor9?ian ,capital4 ,detail giv+ divisions ( height1 & pr(iles4 ,! ,base ,9 all ! ord]s a squ>e pl9? is ! l[e/ memb] ( ! base ( ! column4 ,on ?is pl9? re/s a s]ies ( m\ld+s :i* foll[ ! circul> plan ( ! %aft4 ,! %aft inv>iably t]m9ates 9 a fillet1 ! diamet] ( :i* exce$s t ( ! column1 & on to :i* ! l9e ( ! %aft is c>ri$ by means ( a curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afe4 ,doric ,base4 ,doric ,base ,! ,doric base is extremely simple4 ,x consi/s ( ! squ>e pl9? on :i* re/s a torus m\ld+ surm\nt$ by a small] m\ld+ ( ! same section & a fillet above4 ,! wid? ( ! pl9? is "o & a ?ird ! diamet] ( ! column1 & its height a qu>t] diamet] or half ! total height ( ! base4 ,! o!r half is made up ( ! l>ge torus1 ! small torus & fillet4 ,! torus m\ld+ %\ld be bold 9 projection1 practically semi-circul> & at ! fulle/ "p ( its curvature 9 v]tical alignm5t ) ! c5tres ( ! horizontal faces ( ! pl9? block4 ,! small torus & fillet are ab\t equal 9 height4 ,ionic ,base ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aff4 ,ionic ,base4 ,! ,ionic base diff]s f ! ,doric 9 ! introduction ( a holl[ or scotia m\ld+ betwe5 ! two torus m\ld+s4 /hetically x may be consid]$ m satisfactory 9 t ! /rong %ad[ obta9$ by ! use ( ! scotia produces an effect ( b9d+ :i* adds to ! impression ( /r5g?4 ,! type is te*nically kn[n z ! ,attic base4 ,! total wid? is "o & a ?ird diamet]4 ,! height ( half a diamet] may be divid$ into ?ree4 ,"o ( ^! divisions w give ! height ( ! pl9?1 "o ! l>ge torus & ! fillet above x1 & ! o!r ! scotia & small torus ) ! fillets above & bel[4 ,! fillets ei!r side ( ! upp] torus may be 9 ! same v]tical alignm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afg4 ,cor9?ian ,base4 ,! smalle/ diamet] ( ! base1 :i* w be 9 ! holl[ ( ! scotia1 %\ld exce$ ! diamet] ( ! %aft1 or an effect ( weakness w be imp>t$4 ,z 9 ! ,doric base a curve ( a qu>t] circle connects ! %aft ) ! upp] fillet4 ,cor9?ian ,base ,! or?odox base ( ! ,cor9?ian ord] is simil> to t ( ! ,ionic1 ) an additional scotia & small torus ) its accompany+ fillets4 ,! wid? ( ! pl9? is "o & a ?ird diamet]4 ,! height ( half a diamet] does n include ! top fillet4 ,! proportions may be approximat$ by divid+ ! height into f\r4 ,"o ( ^! p>ts w be ! height ( ! pl9?1 ano!r t ( ! l>ge torus & its fillet1 ! ?ird--! upp] edge ( fillet ( top scotia1 & ! f\r? t ( ! upp] scotia & torus ) ! int]v5+ fillet4 ,v]tically ! upp]mo/ fillet is 9 alignm5t ) t ( ! upp] scotia1 & ! extremity ( ! upp] torus ) ! small bead m\ld+s divid+ ?is f ! l[] scotia4 ,al?\gh ?is is ! or?odox ,cor9?ian base1 x is n us$ z frequ5tly z ! ,ionic type1 b :5 ! ord] is on a l>ge scale ! m elaborate v]sion is ju/ifi$4 ,! ,ar* ,:5 ! ar* is us$ 9 conjunction ) ! column x is support$ on pila/]s :i* are atta*$ to ! columns4 ,! columns & pila/]s ?us =m pi]s4 ,9 ! ,doric ord] ! columns are plac$ five diamet]s ap>t f c5tre to c5tre1 9 ! ,ionic five & a qu>t]1 & 9 ! ,cor9?ian five & a half4 ,! neck+ m\ld+ ( ! capital is g5]ally c>ri$ ?r\gh above ! ar*1 ! out] l9e ( :i* is /ruck s z to ne>ly t\* ! und]side4 ,! projection ( ! pila/]s :i* c>ry ! ar* is half a diamet] f ! out] l9es ( ! column1 & is measur$ on ! same level z ! spr++ po9t ( ! ar*4 ,! c5tre f :i* ! ar* is /ruck is sometimes 9 ! same horizontal l9e z ! spr++ po9ts1 b m frequ5tly a little above ! l9e & !reby a r bett] effect is produc$4 ,! ar*-b& or ar*ivolt is ! same wid? z ! pila/] support+ x1 & a s]ies ( m\ld+s kn[n z ! impo/ is plac$ at ! top ( ! pila/]4 ,! base ( ! pila/] consi/s ( a pla9 pl9? ( slight projection equal 9 height to ! base ( ! column4 ,f ! spac+ ( ! columns & ! proportions "h giv5 x w be se5 t ! height & wid? ( ! ap]ture made by ! ar* & pila/]s are arriv$ at automatically1 b if measur$1 ! height w be f\nd to be ab\t twice ! wid? & ! top ( ! impo/ ab\t two-?irds ! height ( ! column4 ,^! proportions may be accept$ z giv+ satisfactory results "u ord9>y conditions4 ,z a g5]al rule1 9 all ! ord]s ! impo/ is half a diamet] high1 & s is ! same z ! projection ( ! pila/] & ! wid? ( ! ar*ivolt4 ,?is rule is n always adh]$ to1 h[ev]1 b 9 any case ! wid? ( ! ar*ivolt %\ld nev] be m ?an "o-eigh? or less ?an "o-t5? ( ! diamet] ( ! ar*1 & %\ld always be ! same z ! wid? ( ! pila/]4 ,doric ,impo/ ,! m\ld+s ( ! ,doric ,impo/ are z foll[s3 ,at ! top !re is a fillet & a bold ovolo1 bel[ :i* !re is a bead-m\ld+ or small torus ) fillet & two facias4 ,! l[] facia1 :i* is ( slight projection is "o-f\r? ( ! total height4 ,! upp] facia & fillet are half ! rema9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afh4 ,detail ( ,ar*ivolts & ,impo/s4 ,ar*ivolt ,! ar*ivolt m\ld+s are 9 ! ,doric ord]1 ! same z ^? ( ! impo/4 ,ionic ,impo/ ,! total height ( half a diamet] may be divid$ into two1 & ! upp] half sub-divid$ into ?ree4 ,!n ! upp] division w be ! height ( ! top fillet & a rev]sa m\ld+2 ! second ! height ( a facia & ! ?ird an ovolo & small torus4 ,! l[] half ( ! impo/ consi/s ( two facias1 ! upp] ( :i* is broad] ?an ! l[]4 ,ionic ,ar*ivolt ,! ar*ivolt1 comm5c+ at ! out] rim1 consi/s ( a fillet & bold rev]sa m\ld+ :i* occupies r less ?an a f\r? ( ! total wid?1 & two facias ( unequal wid?s4 ,! wid? ( ! inn] facia is ne>ly "o-?ird m ?an t ( ! rev]sa m\ld+4 ,cor9?ian ,impo/ ,! ,cor9?ian impo/ diff]s f ^? ( ! o!r two ord]s 9 hav+ a neck+ & neck+ m\ld+ 9 place ( ! two unequal facias4 ,! total height %\ld be divid$ into two1 & ! upp] half divid$ into f\r4 ,!n ! top fillet & rev]sa m\ld+ w be "o ( ^! divisions1 ! facia two1 & ! support+ ovolo w occupy ! rema9+ "o4 ,! l[] half ( ! impo/ consi/s ( a small torus & fillet b5ea? ! ovolo1 ! neck+1 & ! torus & fillet :i* =m ! neck+ m\ld+4 ,cor9?ian ,ar*ivolt ,! ar*ivolt1 comm5c+ at ! out] rim1 consi/s ( a fillet & rev]sa & ?ree unequal facias4 ,if ! total wid? is divid$ into two1 ! po9t ( bisection w be ! c5tre ( a small rev]sa m\ld+ betwe5 ! two out] facias4 ,! out] rev]sa & ! inn] facia are ea* ab\t "o-six? ( ! total wid? & ! small rev]sa is ab\t two-?irds ( ! inn] facia4 ,! ,key/one ,a project+ block1 or key/one1 is sometimes us$ at ! c5tre ( ! ar*4 ,! face wid? ( its l[e/ edge %\ld n be less ?an ! wid? ( ! ar*ivolt4 ,its height is n (t5 less ?an "o & a half times or m ?an twice ?is wid?4 ,x may be decorat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & is frequ5tly 9 ! %ape ( a console4 ,?is =m is especially suitable :5 ! key/one comes 9 contact ) ! ar*itrave ( ! entablature1 9 :i* case x is capp$ ) a m\ld$ abacus4 ,! ,p$e/al ,! height ( ! p$e/al is a f\r? t ( ! column & entablature toge!r1 ?\gh ?is proportion may be v>i$ to suit diff]5t conditions4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! p$e/al =ms "p ( ! /ructure ( a balcony or balu/rad+ ! height mu/ be modifi$ to suit ! special requirem5ts ( ! position4 ,! p$e/al is compos$ ( pl9?1 die & capp+4 ,! wid? ( ! die is ! same z ! pl9? ( ! base ( ! column above x1 t is1 "o & "o-?ird diamet]4 ,! projection ( ! capp+1 :i* is ! same = all ?ree ord]s is obta9$ by draw+ a l9e at an angle ( #cj degrees ) ! v]tical f ! top ( ! die4 ,! wid? ( ! pl9? corresponds to ! projection ( ! capp+1 & is det]m9$ by dropp+ p]p5dicul>s f ! top fillet4 ,! height ( ! m\ld+s betwe5 ! die & pl9? is det]m9$ by a l9e drawn f ! bottom ( ! die at an angle ( #de degrees to int]sect ! v]tical face ( ! pl9?4 ,! angle is ! same = all ! ord]s4 ,doric ,p$e/al ,9 ! ,doric ord] ! height ( ! capp+ is "o-?ird diamet]4 ,! face ( ! die is squ>e1 & ?is det]m9es ! height ( ! pl9?4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afi4 ,detail ( ,p$e/als4 ,! capp+ m\ld+s consi/ ( a fillet1 facia1 ovolo1 fillet & cavetto4 ,! facia is c>ri$ to ! und]side ( ! fillet 9 a curve1 & its height is half ! total height ( ! capp+4 ,! facia is support$ by ! ovolo1 & a fillet & cavetto complete ! capp+4 ,! height ( ! c\rse ( m\ld+s at ! top ( ! pl9? %\ld be divid$ into ?ree1 !n ! upp] ?ird w conta9 a cavetto m\ld+ & fillet1 & ! rema9+ two-?irds an ogee & f9al fillet4 ,ionic ,p$e/al ,9 ! ,ionic p$e/al ! pl9? ) its m\ld+s %\ld occupy "o-?ird ! height & ! capp+ "o-fif? ! rema9d]4 ,! m\ld+s are simil> to ^? ( ! ,doric p$e/al1 b a little m elaborate4 ,9 ! capp+ a rev]sa is us$ "u ! top fillet & a small torus or bead is plac$ betwe5 ! ovolo & ! cavetto4 ,9 ! m\ld+s ( ! pl9? a simil> bead is introduc$ above ! ogee m\ld+4 ,cor9?ian ,p$e/al ,! same g5]al divisions z ! ,ionic w give ! proportions ( ! ,cor9?ian p$e/al1 ! diff]5ce be+ t ( ! scale & ! detail ( ! m\ld+s4 ,! capp+ may be divid$ into two4 ,! top half consi/s ( a fillet1 rev]sa & facia1 & ! l[] half a support+ cyma recta1 a bead & a cavetto curve4 ,! pl9? m\ld+s are ! same z ^? ( ! ,ionic p$e/al ) ! addition ( a torus b5ea? ! ogee4 ,! height ( ?is torus is "o-f\r? ! total height & is ab\t equal to t ( ! cavetto & bead toge!r4 ,:5 ! p$e/al is employ$ ! ar* becomes proportionately l>g]4 ,9 ! ,doric ord] ! columns are !n spac$ sev5 & a half diamet]s ap>t2 9 ! ,ionic sev5 & ?ree qu>t]s1 & 9 ! ,cor9?ian eight diamet]s c5tre to c5tre4 ,! ar*ivolt1 ! radius ( :i* is det]m9$ by ! above spac+1 is support$ z be=e by an impo/ & pila/]4 ,! base ( ! pila/] consi/s ( a slightly project+ block equal 9 height to ! pl9? block ( ! p$e/al4 ,! height ( ! ar* v>ies slightly1 inasmu* z ! inn] curve may be ab\t a diamet] f ! ar*itrave1 b 9 ! ,cor9?ian ord] %\ld n fall bel[ ! level ( ! neck+ m\ld+ ( ! capital4 ,! ,balu/] ,z already /at$1 ! p$e/al may be us$ z a "p ( a balu/rad+ associat$ ) balu/]s1 & mu/ con=m to ! proportions necessitat$ by ! conditions4 ,! usual height = balu/rad+s1 :e!r to /eps1 balconies1 or be=e w9d[s1 is ?ree feet two in*es1 ?\gh 9 special cases x may be slightly m4 ,! balu/] is a species ( small column4 ,its usual =m is bulb\s or vase-%ap$1 & x is furni%$ ) a capital & base4 ,a s]ies ( balu/]s is te*nically kn[n z a balu/rade4 ,! balu/]s are rais$ on a pl9?1 :i* corresponds to ! pl9? ( ! p$e/al1 & surm\nt$ by a rail ( horizontal m\ld+s1 :i* correspond to ! capp+ ( ! p$e/al2 h5ce ! balu/] is ( ! same height z ! die4 ,! height ( ! balu/] %\ld be divid$ into five1 !n "o-fif? w be ! height ( ! base1 & ! capital exclusive ( ! neck+ w be ano!r fif?4 ,! extreme diamet] ( ! bulb\s %aft is "o-?ird ! total height ( ! balu/]1 & ! diamet] ( ! neck+ & ! top ( ! %aft is ab\t "o-six?4 ,! capital has a squ>e abacus slightly less 9 wid? ?an ! pl9? ( ! base4 ,bel[ ! abacus is ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agj4 ,detail ( ,balu/]s4 an ovolo & fillet1 :i* are circul> on plan4 ,! neck+ is sep>at$ f ! %aft by a small torus & fillet4 ,! base has = its l[e/ memb] a squ>e pl9?1 :i* occupies r less ?an half ! height & is equal 9 wid? to ! extreme diamet] ( ! bulb\s %aft4 ,above ! pl9? is a scotia & a neck+ m\ld+1 :i* are circul> on plan4 ,spac+ ( ,balu/]s ,! balu/]s %\ld be spac$ ) n m ?an half _! diamet]s or less ?an a ?ird betwe5 _! bases1 except :5 employ$ on ! rake ( /eps1 :5 !y may be slightly clos]4 ,balu/rad+ ,9 a balu/rad+ an unequal numb] ( balu/]s %\ld always be us$1 & n less ?an five 9 "o gr\p exclusive ( ! half balu/]s :i* are atta*$ to ! flank+ or divid+ dies4 ,sev5 & n9e =m v satisfactory gr\ps1 b if m ?an n9e are necess>y = ! space to be fill$1 int]m$iate dies mu/ be int]pos$1 & ^! may v>y f two-?irds to ?ree-qu>t]s ! wid? ( ! pr9cipal dies4 ,9 "s cases1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( balu/]s are to be gr\p$1 ! dies are flank$ by half dies1 :i* are less 9 projection ?an ! dies !mselves4 ,balu/rades are sometimes us$ above ! cornice ( a build+1 & _! height %\ld n be m ?an f\r-fif?s or less ?an two-?irds ! height ( ! entablature4 ,?is height w\ld be exclusive ( ! pl9? on :i* ! balu/]s are rais$4 ,! height ( ! pl9? is det]m9$ by ! height ( ! build+1 & ! projection ( ! cornice1 z its purpose is to raise ! balu/]s s t !y may be se5 f ! ord9>y po9t ( view4 ,! pr9cipal dies may be plac$ ov] columns or pila/]s & %\ld be equal 9 wid? to ! upp] diamet]s ( ^!1 ?\gh flank+ half dies may be us$ 9 addition to avoid an appe>ance ( ?9ness4 ,! pl9? & capp+ m\ld+s always foll[ ! plan ( ! pr9cipal dies1 & are c>ri$ 9 unbrok5 l9es across ea* int]val4 ,:5 ! height ( ! balu/rade does n con=m to ! or?odox proportions ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! relative proportions is z foll[s3--,! height is divid$ into sev5 p>ts2 ( ^! "o "p gives ! height ( ! capp+1 f\r ! balu/] & two ! pl9?4 ,! m\ld+s 9 "* & detail are ! same z ^? ( ! p$e/al1 & %\ld be 9 h>mony ) ! ord] us$4 ,:5 balu/rad+ =ms "p ( a /air1 ! height on l&+s %\ld be ?ree feet two in*es4 ,on ! rake two feet t5 in*es f ! /ep at a l9e v]tical ) ! face ( ! ris]4 ,! pl9? is inv>iably us$ z a /r+ enclos+ ! ends ( ! /eps & foll[+ ! rake or angle 9 a /raight l9e1 & c>ri$ to ! levels by means ( curv+ ramps4 ,9 int]ior "w ! bulb\s %afts ( balu/]s are (t5 decorat$ ) c>v$ detail1 & ! m\ld+s also may be enri*$4 ,use ( ,columns ,columns 7 orig9ally us$ 9 ! porticos & c\rts ( temples & o!r build+s1 & sometimes to =m supports = vault$ ro(s4 ,:]ev] employ$ _! function 0 directly /ructural1 b ?is 0 n ! case at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! requirem5ts dem&$ by widely diff]5t social conditions l$ to _! be+ us$ m z decorative ?an /ructural features4 ,! use ( engag$ columns & pila/]s 9 a faade c be ju/ifi$ to "s ext5t4 ,al?\gh su* columns & pila/]s may n be absolutely ess5tial = support1 yet !y act z buttresses & add to ! /r5g? ( ! /ructure ) a c]ta9 economy ( mat]ial4 ,also !y are /hetically satisfactory 9 _! effect ( light & %ade4 ,disposition & ,spac+ 9 ,colonnades ,! disposition ( columns ei!r 9 a faade or a colonnade is controll$ by proportions :i* h be5 f\nd to be desirable or are necessitat$ by special features ( ! ord] itself4 ,! latt] is ! case ) ! ,doric ord]1 ! spac+ be+ det]m9$ by ! trigylphs & metopes4 ,if ! triglyphs are plac$ c5trally ov] ! columns or pila/]s ! spac+ ( ^! ap>t w be two & a half diamet]s c5tre to c5tre1 ?ree & ?ree-qu>t]s1 or five diamet]s1 ) two1 ?ree or f\r metopes respectively betwe5 !m 9 ! frieze4 ,) ! wid] spac+ ( five diamet]s x is usual to employ c\pl$ columns to add to ! appe>ance ( /r5g?4 ,z ! triglyphs are "o & a qu>t] diamet]s ap>t c5tre to c5tre1 ! c\pl$ columns are br\ght v close toge!r1 entail+ a slight modification ( ! bases4 ,s9ce ! ord9>y projection ( ! pl9? ( a six? ( a diamet] beyond ! l9e ( ! %aft is n possible betwe5 ! two columns1 ! pl9?-blocks are unit$1 & ! torus m\ld+ made slightly less 9 projection4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aga4 ,spac+ ( ,columns4 ,! capitals be+ less 9 wid? are n affect$1 a small int]val is left betwe5 ! cr[n+ rev]sa m\ld+s4 ,9 ! ,ionic ord] ! columns are spac$ ?ree & a qu>t]1 ?ree & ?ree-qu>t]s & f\r & a qu>t] diamet]s c5tre to c5tre4 ,! c\pl$ columns us$ ) ! wide spac+ are "o & a half diamet]s c5tre to c5tre or half a diamet] ap>t at ! l[] extremity ( ! %afts4 ,! ,cor9?ian spac+ is slightly wid]1 ?ree & a half diamet]s1 f\r diamet]s1 or ) c\pl$ columns f\r & a half diamet]s c5tre to c5tre4 ,! c\pl$ columns are plac$ z 9 ! ,ionic ord] "o & a half diamet]s c5tre to c5tre4 ,x is desirable t att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! v]tical alignm5t ( ! pr9cipal features4 ,d5tils & modillions & inde$ all /rongly m>k$ features %\ld c5tre ) ! columns1 & be equally spac$ 9 ! int]vals4 ,ord]s ,above ,ord]s ,occasionally 9 faades ord]s are us$ above "o ano!r4 ,! ,colosseum is an antique ,roman example ( ?is1 & x 0 a treatm5t (t5 adopt$ by ! ar*itects ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,x is desirable t ! simpl] ord] %\ld be ! l[] "o4 ,ionic may be us$ ov] ,doric1 or ,cor9?ian ov] ,ionic4 ,x is obvi\s t ! c5tral axes ( ! columns or pila/]s ( ea* ord] us$ %\ld be 9 v]tical alignm5t1 n only :5 se5 f ! front1 b 9 ! case ( deta*$ columns1 f ! side view also4 ,:5 engag$ columns or pila/]s are employ$1 ! upp] ti] may be set back slightly f ! face ( ! l[] ord] :i* supports x2 an example ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus at ,rome4 ,! proportions ( ! upp] ord] are obta9$ by mak+ ! l[] diamet] ( ! upp] ti] ( columns or pila/]s equal to ! upp] diamet] ( ^? ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agb4 ,ord] above ,ord]4 ( ! support+ ord]1 & an effect ( cont9u\s tap]+ is produc$4 ,x is usual to place above ! entablature ( ! l[] ord] a pl9? on :i* ! bases ( ! upp] columns re/4 ,! height ( ! pl9? is regulat$ by ! po9t ( view1 z its purpose is to display ! bases ( ! impos$ ord] above ! project+ cornice4 ,g5]ally ?is height w be ab\t half a diamet]4 ,9 _m hi/orical examples ! upp] columns are plac$ on p$e/als1 b ?is treatm5t1 al?\gh useful :5 a balcony is desir$1 is n to be recomm5d$ z ! extra wid? & projection :i* ! use ( ! p$e/al entails1 gives an appe>ance ( undue weight to be borne by ! support+ columns4 ,if balconies are necess>y !y may t]m9ate ) _! own p$e/als1 :i* c be kept cle> ( ! columns & %\ld n exce$ !m 9 projection4 ,! ,pila/] ,x may be z well to deal "h ) ! treatm5t ( pila/]s1 :i* may be def9$ z columns 9 bas-relief4 ,_! projection may v>y f "o-half to ab\t "o-six? _! face wid?1 ?\gh 9 antique examples x is sometimes mu* less ?an ?is4 ,9 ! pila/]s ( ! ,pan!on at ,rome x is "o-t5?4 ,! projection is1 h[ev]1 p>tly det]m9$ by ! ord] ) :i* ! pila/] is us$1 z an appe>ance ( mutilation might easily be produc$ 9 ! capitals ( ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian ord]s4 ,! ,doric capital1 be+ compos$ ( m\ld$ pr(iles1 is n 9 any way affect$ by ! am\nt ( projection4 ,nor does ! ,ionic capital suff] :5 ! volutes are 9 "o plane except :5 us$ on an angle4 ,b if ! lat] ,r5aissance type ) ! volutes arrang$ at angles ( #de degrees is employ$1 ! projection ( ! pila/] mu/ n be less ?an half its upp] diamet]1 s t ! volute on ! return face may be complete4 ,! ,cor9?ian capital w\ld be affect$ 9 ! same way1 & %\ld also be n less ?an half a diamet] 9 projection 9 ord] to obta9 a satisfactory result4 ,! pila/] is usually tap]$1 & :5 associat$ ) columns & support+ ! same entablature x is ess5tial to pres]ve univ]sal alignm5t 9 ! upp] extremities & ! ar*itrave1 b :5 us$ by itself ! pila/] is (t5 n tap]$4 ,at ! angle ( build+s1 :]e bo? faces are display$1 x is an inv>iable rule t pila/]s %\ld be /raight4 ,! details ( capitals & bases are ! same z ^? ( ! columns4 ,:5 flut+ is employ$ an odd numb] ( *annels %\ld be us$1 usually sev5 on ! front face4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agc4 ,doric ,ord]4 ,treatm5t ( c\pl$ ,column & ,pila/]4 ,arcades ,arcades1 z already sugge/$1 may be compos$ ( a s]ies ( ar*es1 support$ on pila/]s :i* flank ! columns4 ,! backs ( ! pi]s ?us =m$ may be treat$ ) pila/]s1 :i* c be repeat$ on ! opposite wall1 ) ! ar*itrave frieze & cornice above4 ,!re are sev]al alt]native treatm5ts = ! ceil+s ( arcades4 ,!y may be flat & panell$ by beams c>ri$ across 9 a l9e ) ! pila/]s & ) a cornice m\ld+ c>ri$ r\nd ! sides ( ! beams4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agd4 ,doric ,arcad+4 ,! int]ior c also be vault$ by means ( ar*ivolts spr++ f ! l9e ( ! impo/s4 ,! ar*ivolts %\ld be support$ by pila/]s at ! back ( ! pi]s & on ! opposite wall1 & a cornice may be c>ri$ r\nd betwe5 ! vaults4 ,cross vault+ also may be employ$1 & 9 ?is case ! entablature is no long] necess>y4 ,! proportions already giv5 det]m9e ! wid? ( pi]s :5 an ord] is us$1 b :5 an ord] is n us$ "s fur!r g5]al rules = proportions are necess>y4 ,! height ( ! op5+ =m$ by ar*es1 :i* may spr+ f pi]s--) or )\t an impo/--%\ld be ab\t twice ! wid?4 ,! support+ pi]s %\ld n be less ?an a ?ird or m ?an two-?irds ! wid? ( ! ap]ture4 ,9 any =m ( arcad+1 pi]s mu/ be employ$ at ! angles1 & ^! %\ld be wid] ?an ! int]m$iate ones by a half1 a ?ird1 or a f\r?4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #age4 ,doric ,ar*1 ) p$e/al4 ,subsidi>y ,ord] ,a second>y or subsidi>y ord] is sometimes us$ 9 an arcad+4 ,! height ( ! ar* %\ld !n be twice its wid?1 & ! height ( ! small ord] two-?irds ! height ( ! column ( ! pr9cipal ord]4 ,?is height ( two-?irds ! column %\ld be sub-divid$ into n9e p>ts1 ( :i* eight w give ! height ( ! column & ! rema9+ "o t ( ! entablature4 ,! entablature consi/s ( ar*itrave & cornice1 ! frieze be+ omitt$1 & a division into five w give ! relative proportions4 ,two-fif?s may be tak5 z ! height ( ! ar*itrave & ?ree t ( ! cornice4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agf4 ,employm5t ( ! ,subsidi>y ,ord]4 ,pila/]s are us$ ) ! columns ( ! subsidi>y ord] ) a space ( half a diamet] betwe5 !m & ! columns4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agg4 ,subsidi>y ,ord]4 ,division ( ,entablature4 ,! ar*ivolt %\ld be equal 9 wid? to ! upp] diamet] ( ! column1 & ! wid? ( ! l[] edge ( ! key/one %\ld also be ( ! same dim5sion4 ,! subsidi>y ord] may be ! same z ! pr9cipal ord]1 b m (t5 ! ,ionic is us$ 9 conjunction ) ! ,doric1 or ! ,cor9?ian ) ! ,ionic4 ,z reg>ds ! treatm5t ( ! bases1 ! horizontal alignm5t mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,x is obvi\s t if ! height ( ! base ( ! l>ge column is adopt$ = ! subsidi>y "o x w be v mu* out ( proportion4 ,?is c be obviat$ by c>ry+ ?r\gh ! pl9? ( ! l>g] column to =m a /ep on :i* ! base ( ! small] re/s1 & always ! top l9e ( ! small] bases %\ld agree ) t ( ! l>g]4 ,sup]impos$ ,ord]s ,:5 arcades are us$ "o above ! o!r1 ! l[] ord] is usually m\nt$ on a pl9?1 & ! upp] furni%$ ) a p$e/al4 ,! height ( ! p$e/al is det]m9$ by ! balu/rad+ or balcony1 ! height ( :i* is gov]n$ by its use4 ,if ! ,doric is tak5 z ! l[] ord] ! c5tres ( ! columns are six & a qu>t] diamet]s ap>t1 :i* gives a frieze ( five metopes ) int]v5+ triglyphs4 ,! pl9? on :i* ! ord] /&s is ?ree-qu>t]s ( a diamet] high4 ,! pila/] support+ ! ar*ivolt projects half a diamet]1 & ! height ( ! ar* is det]m9$ by ! impo/1 :i* is two-?irds ! height ( ! column inclusive ( ! pl9?4 ,! base ( ! pila/] may be m\ld$1 b ! top l9e %\ld co9cide ) ! top ( ! pl9?4 ,above ! ,doric an ,ionic ord] might be plac$1 & ! die & pl9? ( ! sup]impos$ ord] %\ld be kept z n>r[ z possible s z to r$uce ! impression ( weight4 ,! pila/]s c>ry+ ! ar* re/ on ! pl9? ( ! p$e/al1 & ! pl9? m\ld+s are c>ri$ r\nd ! bases4 ,! pl9? & rail ( ! balu/rad+ %\ld n project b be kept betwe5 ! pila/]s4 ,! c5tres ( ! ar*es ( bo? ti]s are 9 a l9e ) ! tops ( ! impo/s1 & ! out] edges ( ! ar*ivolts may ne>ly rea* ! l[] l9es ( ! ar*itraves4 ,:5 ! ,ionic is us$ z ! l[] ord] x may be surm\nt$ by ! ,cor9?ian4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! l[] columns %\ld !n be six & a half diamet]s4 ,! o!r proportions c be obta9$ 9 ! same way z ! prec$+4 ,if a subsidi>y ord] is employ$ ! columns ( ! pr9cipal ord] are plac$ fur!r ap>t4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,doric ! di/ance is sev5 & a half diamet]s1 & ! o!r ord]s are increas$ 9 proportion4 ,ru/ication ,! jo9ts ( ! mat]ial us$ mu/ necess>ily be consid]$1 & :5 pla9 pi]s or pla9 wall surfaces occur ! jo9ts may readily be acc5tuat$ & s turn$ to decorative acc\nt4 ,! edges ( ! /ones =m+ ! sep>ate c\rses may be *amf]$ or m\ld$4 ,! jo9ts may also be work$ s z to =m a squ>e recess4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agh4 ,ru/ication4 ,! surface ( ! /one is sometimes r\ghly tool$ or fro/$1 or work$ 9 an arbitr>y patt]n1 :i* is t]m$ 8v]miculat$40 ,?is treatm5t probably gave rise to ! ^w ru/ication4 ,:5 ru/icat$ "w is us$ ) an ord] ! height ( ea* c\rse ( /one %\ld n be less ?an half a diamet]1 & :5 squ>e recess$ jo9ts are us$ !y c be "o-eigh? or "o-t5? ! height ( ! c\rse4 ,occasionally only ! horizontal c\rses are ?us m>k$1 & ?is has be5 object$ to z produc+ a bo>d$ appe>ance1 ?\gh und\bt$ly ! horizontal effect is at times agreeably 9 contra/ to ! v]tical features4 ,a mu* m usual treatm5t 9 ,r5aissance examples 0 to emphasise ! v]tical jo9ts also4 ,! l5g? ( ea* /one %\ld be f "o & a half to ?ree times ! height4 ,ru/ication may be us$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ar*1 :i* frequ5tly has at its spr++ l9e a slightly project+ c\rse1 9 :i* ! v]tical jo9ts are n emphasis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agi4 ,ru/icat$ ,arcade4 ,ru/ication is also us$ 9 columns1 ei!r squ>e on plan or con=m+ to ! plan ( ! column4 ,its mo/ legitimate employm5t is 9 basem5ts & to emphasise ! angles ( build+s4 ,basem5t ,a basem5t is really a cont9u\s p$e/al on :i* an ord] re/s4 ,x necess>ily v>ies 9 height accord+ to conditions1 ?us if its purpose is m]ely to raise ! gr\nd floor x may be no m ?an ?ree to six feet high1 b if x is requir$ to =m a /orey1 x %\ld n exce$ ! height ( ! ord] employ$ or be less ?an "o half4 ,! jo9ts ( ! "w 9 basem5ts are g5]ally acc5tuat$ by "s =m ( ru/ication1 & ! heights ( ! horizontal c\rses %\ld n be less ?an half a diamet] ( ! column ( ! ord] above4 ,:5 a high basem5t is us$ x is sometimes cr[n$ ) a cornice1 or m frequ5tly ) a slightly project+ facia te*nically kn[n z a plat-b&4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! height %\ld be equal to t ( ! c\rses exclusive ( m\ld$ edges or *amf]s4 ,also a pl9? is plac$ at ! base ( ! same height z ! plat-b& or a little m4 ,:5 a cornice is us$ ! pl9? %\ld be m\ld$ & may !n exce$ ! height ( ! c\rses4 ,attic ,an attic /orey is sometimes us$ in/ead ( a second ord]1 & ?is may v>y f "o-?ird to "o-t5? ! height ( ! ord] b5ea? x4 ,! attic may be q pla91 b x (t5 has break+s or projections on its face correspond+ to ! v]tical features ( ! support+ ord]4 ,x usually =ms a /orey 9 a build+1 & !n is ( necessity pi]c$ ) w9d[s4 ,9 ar*itectural design ! "* & requirem5ts ( ! build+ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ! fir/ consid]ation1 b ! basem5t may con/itute ! gr\nd floor1 ! height occupi$ by ! ord] may conta9 two /ories & ! attic may be an upp] floor4 ,:5 an ord] is n employ$ ! divisions & proportions already /at$ may /ill be appli$1 ! heights & wid?s %\ld gov]n ea* o!r z w\ld be ! case if ! faade 7 divid$ into bays by columns or pila/]s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! ord] a cornice is sub/itut$ = ! entablature1 & ?is1 accord+ to diff]5t au?orities1 may be f "o-twelf? to "o-sixte5? ! total height f ! gr\nd1 b "o-f\rte5? or "o-fifte5? w be f\nd a safe mean4 ,! ,p$im5t ,! p$im5t 9 its orig9al & or?odox employm5t 0 a gable con=m+ to ! pit* ( ! ro(4 ,x is fram$ ) m\ld+s1 & ! enclos$ space is te*nically kn[n z ! tympanum4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahj4 ,cornice :]e ord] is n employ$4 ,! use made ( ! p$im5t by ! ar*itects ( ! ,r5aissance 0 n always ju/ifi$ 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,x 0 (t5 us$ to v>y ! sky l9e1 & to =m door & w9d[ heads4 ,al?\gh ! latt] use c be to "s ext5t ju/ifi$ 9 ext]ior "w1 a simil> employm5t 9 int]iors may be op5 to "q4 ,! slop+ l9es ( ! p$im5t are n always /raight1 sometimes !y are 9 ! =m ( a curve compos$ ( a segm5t ( a circle4 ,! triangul> & curv$ =ms are (t5 us$ alt]nately 9 a r[ ( w9d[s ) good effect4 ,! l9es ( ! p$im5t m\ld+s are n always cont9u\s2 sometimes ! slop+ or ! horizontal l9es or bo? are brok54 ,?is is a treatm5t t _c readily be ju/ifi$ z ! p$im5t is a feature t implies %elt]4 ,sometimes ogee curves take ! place ( ! /raight slop+ l9es1 & ^! t]m9ate t[>ds ! c5tre1 ) scroll ends1 leav+ an int]val betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,detail ,,( ,,p$im5t ,no4 #aha4 ,! m\ld+s ( ! p$im5t are ! same z ^? ( ! cornice1 ! cr[n+ m\ld+ ( :i* is c>ri$ r\nd & omitt$ 9 ! horizontal c\rse =m+ ! base ( ! p$im5t4 ,b5ea? ! cyma ! m\ld+s ( ! cornice are repeat$ 9 _! prop] ord]1 detail+ at ! l[] angles on ! top ( ! horizontal cornice1 :i* t]m9ates ) ! fillet above ! facia4 ,:5 d5tils & modillions are introduc$ 9 ! cornice !y are inv>iably repeat$ 9 ! m\ld+s ( ! p$im5t4 ,! tympanum or face ( ! p$im5t %\ld be 9 v]tical alignm5t ) ! face ( ! frieze4 ,:5 ?is space is small x is be/ left pla91 b on a l>ge scale ! tympanum af=ds a v suitable position 9 :i* to place sculpture4 ,! height ( ! p$im5t v>ies accord+ to ! wid?4 ,?us :]e ! base is %ort1 z 9 door & w9d[ heads1 x w be comp>atively high] ?an :5 us$ 9 a faade4 ,! height may v>y f a f\r? to a fif? ( ! wid? ( ! base4 ,doors ,obvi\sly door op5+s %\ld be ( suffici5t size to admit ! free passage ( a tall p]son4 ,! m9imum height = ord9>y doors 9 dome/ic build+s %\ld be six feet n9e in*es1 & ! wid? two feet n9e in*es4 ,= entrance doors "u simil> conditions ! wid? may be ?ree feet six1 b :5 x is m ?an ?is ! door %\ld be 9 two halves4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahb4 ,g5]al proportions ( doors & w9d[s4 ,! size ( doors %\ld be proportion$ to ! build+1 & %\ld be design$ to meet probable requirem5ts1 ?us 9 public build+s door op5+s %\ld n be less ?an six feet wide4 ,g5]ally a satisfactory proportion may be obta9$ by mak+ ! height twice ! wid?1 & ! fram+ ar*itrave "o-six? ! wid? ( ! op5+4 ,if a frieze & cornice are c>ri$ ov] ! door ! height inclusive ( ar*itrave %\ld be half ! wid? ( ! op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahc4 ,door ,treatm5t4 ,a4 ,ar*itrave ) simple pila/]s & consoles4 ,b4 ,ionic ord] ru/icat$1 ) p$im5t4 ,c4 ,doric ord] ) p$im5t4 ,d4 ,doric ord] ru/icat$4 ,9 addition to ! fram+ ar*itrave n>r[ pila/]s be>+ consoles support+ ! cornice are sometimes us$4 ,! total wid? ( ar*itrave & pila/] may be ab\t "o-?ird ! wid?1 & ! entire entablature "o-?ird ! height ( ! op5+4 ,! m\ld+s & decorations us$ %\ld be 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al /ructure & 9 "* ) ! ord] if "o is us$4 ,occasionally columns or pila/]s are introduc$1 ) or )\t ! ar*1 b ! same g5]al proportions apply1 ! ap]ture be+ two squ>es4 ,:5 doors are plac$ "u ar*es ! top l9e ( ! entablature %\ld agree ) t ( ! impo/4 ,:5 a p$im5t is us$1 ! height %\ld be "o-f\r? ! wid? ( ! base4 ,w9d[s ,! g5]al proportions & treatm5ts ( doors apply also to w9d[s1 & if doors & w9d[s are plac$ 9 ! same l9e ! heads ( ! op5+s %\ld be 9 horizontal alignm5t4 ,if ?is is n possible ! top ( ! cornice may agree ) ! inn] l9e ( ! w9d[ op5+s4 ,w9d[s t]m9ate bel[ 9 a sill1 or sometimes 9 a balcony1 & z a g5]al rule ^? on ! same level %\ld be simil> 9 treatm5t1 b an alt]nation su* z already sugge/$ ) curv$ & /raight l9$ p$im5ts is q satisfactory4 ,! frieze & consoles ( doors & w9d[s are (t5 decorat$ ) relief ornam5t4 ,:5 a faade is divid$ by columns or pila/]s ! bays are pi]c$ ) w9d[s rang$ above ea* ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahd4 ,w9d[s4 ,a4 ,ru/icat$ ,ar*itrave4 ,b4 ,ru/icat$ ,ionic ,columns4 ,c4 ,d4 ,ru/ication ) ,horizontal & ,v]tical ,jo9ts ,def9$4 o!r1 ! heights v>y+ ) ! diff]5t floors4 ,^? on ! fir/ /orey are usually ( full height1 & ^? above less 9 height & simpl] 9 treatm5t4 ,! wid? ( ap]tures %\ld be ! same = ! diff]5t levels1 except 9 ! case ( basem5ts1 :]e !y may be n>r[]4 ,:5 an ord] is n employ$ 9 a faade v>iety may be obta9$ by gr\p+ ! w9d[s2 or ?ree-light w9d[s may be introduc$4 ,! c5tre light1 :i* may be treat$ ) an ar*$ head1 %\ld be twice ! wid? ( ! side lights4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahe4 ,?ree-,light ,w9d[4 ,! numb] ( w9d[s 9 a faade %\ld be odd1 s t !re may be a c5tre "o1 & ! end w9d[s ( a range %\ld be kept well cle> ( ! angles ( ! build+4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,division ,,( ,,surface ,9 int]ior decoration surfaces su* z walls & ceil+s may be divid$ into panels ( v>i\s %apes by a sy/em ( fram+4 ,! =m ( ! fram+ may be rectangul>1 squ>e1 polygonal1 circul> or oval2 & ! panel is g5]ally recess$ f ! divid+ /iles & rails or ribs1 :ile ! latt] are frequ5tly supplem5t$ by m\ld+s4 ,wall ,treatm5t ,9 deal+ ) walls ! division c be plann$ 9 accordance ) ar*itectural proportions1 b ! or?odox features are n necess>ily employ$4 ,9 "s phases ( traditional decoration mu* use has be5 made ( pila/]s--! spac+ & di/ribution ( :i*1 :ile con=m+ to ! conditions ( ! int]ior1 are simil> to ! usual employm5t ( pila/]s 9 ext]ior ar*itecture1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! spaces betwe5 !m are occupi$ by panels or o!r features4 ,except 9 ap>tm5ts ( unusual height1 pila/]s %\ld n be m\nt$ on a p$e/al2 ?\gh a p$e/al-l feature is (t5 introduc$ 9 ! =m ( a ,dado or surbase4 ,9 su* a s*eme ! entablature also %\ld be us$ s t ! cornice =ms a b$ m\ld+ = ! ceil+4 ,c\pl$ pila/]s may also be employ$1 & 9 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahf4 ,wall ,division4 ,a4 ,b4 ,pila/] ,treatm5t4 ,c4 ,d4 ,alt]nation ( wide & n>r[ panels4 "s well-kn[n in/ances are plac$ wid] ap>t ?an is ord9>ily ! case1 & ! space betwe5 is !n occupi$ by a n>r[ panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahg4 ,detail ( ,ceil+4 ,libr>y ( ,s4 ,lor5zo1 ,flor5ce4 ,m4 ,angelo4 ,9 small] ap>tm5ts ! pila/] may be disp5s$ )1 b ! division ( ! wall surface c con=m to ! same g5]al plan bo? v]tically & horizontally4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( pila/]s ! spaces may be divid$ into panels alt]nately n>r[ & wide4 ,ceil+s ,:5 ! ceil+ is divid$ ! divid+ ribs or beams %\ld be> "s relation to ! g5]al con/ruction1 ?\gh 9 ! pa/ ?is rule has n always be5 /rictly adh]$ to4 ,= example1 ! ceil+ may v desirably be divid$ into equal squ>es or rectangles by means ( wood5 or pla/] m\ld+s1 leav+ ! enclos$ spaces pla9 or decorat$4 ,:5 m\ld+s are us$ ^! may be enri*$1 b contra/ %\ld be ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! fram+ ribs & ! panels4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahh4 ,detail ( ,inlaid ,floor4 ,libr>y ( ,s4 ,lor5zo1 ,flor5ce4 ,repeat+ g5]al patt]n ( ceil+4 ,! ,late ,tudor decorat$ ceil+ (t5 _h n>r[ m\ld$ ribs geometrically arrang$ ) pat] 9 betwe5 & fleur-de-lys details on ! out] angles :]e ! ribs met4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahi4 ,ceil+ ( ,libr>y ( ,s4 ,lor5zo1 ,flor5ce4 ,plan ( g5]al arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aij4 ,late ,tudor ,ceil+4 ,littlecotes ,hall1 ,wilts4 ,jacobean ,9 ! lat] ,jacobean /yle ! rib 0 replac$ by floral b&s project+ comp>atively slightly & enclos$ by n>r[ bord]s4 ,^! b&s 7 dispos$ 9 v>i\s ways--sometimes int]sect+ at "r angles & enclos+ rectangul> or squ>e panels1 sometimes =m+ geometric curves occasionally int]rupt$ by /raight l9es4 ,if any ( ^! me?ods ( break+ up ! surface be employ$1 x is obvi\s t ! g5]al proportions mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,c>olean & ,georgian ,9 ! ,c>olean & ,georgian p]iods x 0 cu/om>y to decorate ! ceil+ ) a heavily modell$ b& ( foliat$ detail1 circul> or oval 9 =m--! :ole 9 h>mony ) ! plan ( ! room4 ,sometimes ! angles 7 occupi$ by o!r detail1 b ! c5tre 0 inv>iably left pla94 ,adam ,ceil+s ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aia4 ,jacobean ,ceil+4 ,siz]gh ,hall1 ,we/morl&4 ,! ceil+s ( ! ,adam p]iod 7 simil>ly treat$4 ,! oval or circul> b& w\ld sometimes consi/ ( a s]ies ( fe/oons--an arrangem5t :i*1 ?\gh graceful en\gh 9 effect1 _c be def5d$ ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aib4 ,jacobean ,ceil+4 ,re9de] ,inn1 ,banbury4 z consi/5t4 ,! angles ( ! ,adam ceil+ 7 g5]ally decorat$ ) ! *>act]i/ic fan detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aic4 ,c>olean ,ceil+4 ,vaults & ,domes ,9 vault$ ceil+s or domes ! division may be effect$ by horizontal or v]tical b&s1 9 :i* case ! spaces betwe5 dim9i% 9 size t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,if ! division ( ! dome is v]tical1 or m prop]ly speak+1 by radial l9es1 x is desirable to divide fur!r ! spaces ?us =m$ by introduc+ int]m$iate %apes1 su* z circles1 unless ! diamet] be relatively small4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aid4 ,adam ,ceil+4 ,! ,cove ,9 "s cases ! walls meet ! ceil+ 9 an ar*1 :i* is te*nically kn[n z a ,cove4 ,! ar* g5]ally spr+s f ! top ( ! cornice & =ms a vault$ frieze1 :i* may or may n be decorat$4 ,:5 ! ceil+ is divid$ by means ( heavy beams !re %\ld be obvi\s support = ^!1 su* z brackets or consoles1 :i* are !mselves to be support$ by pila/]s4 ,! brackets 9 ?is case make a break 9 ! frieze or cove4 ,x may be object$ t ar*itectural features s]ve no purpose 9 int]ior decoration1 b on ! o!r h&1 9 ext5uation ( _! use x may be urg$ t1 ?\gh consid]ations ( actual weight & /ructure are n involv$1 yet ! appe>ance ( support has to be ma9ta9$1 & x is ess5tial t ! s*eme z a :ole %\ld realise ! effect ( /ability4 ,! ,frieze ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aih4 ,fe/oon ,frieze4 ,cont9u\s treatm5t ) v]tical contra/4 ,temple ( ,ve/a1 ,tivoli ,9 consid]+ ! decoration ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 ! two pr9cipal que/ions to be ask$ are--:at is ! purpose8 &1 :at is ! attitude8 ,! purpose ( ! ,frieze may be said to be to b9d1 & ! attitude ( ! ,frieze is c]ta9ly a horizontal "o--!re=e ! usual cont9u\s treatm5t is ju/ifi$4 ,?is is n ! only way 9 :i* ! ,frieze c be treat$1 h[ev]1 = ! cont9u\s horizontal treatm5t may be v>i$ by v]tical effects su* z occur 9 ! ,doric ord]4 ,! employm5t ( ,fe/oons ) int]m$iate ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,no4 #aie4 ,vault ,treatm5t4 ,ducal ,palace1 ,v5ice1 ,sansov9o4 ,al9>i ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,no4 #aif4 ,dome ,treatm5t4 ,v]tical & horizontal division1 result+ 9 panels4 ,villa ,madama1 ,rome4 ,al9>i ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,no4 #aig4 ,dome1 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome4 ,example ( radial division4 ,al9>i p5dants is really a cont9u\s horizontal treatm5t 9 :i* ! v]tical direction is emphasis$ by way ( contra/4 ,! same pr9ciple is involv$ 9 ! decoration ( m\ld+s4 ,v]tical features %\ld be 9 alignm5t ) adjac5t & dom9ant details4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aii4 ,frieze4 ,temple ( ,anton9us & ,fau/9a1 ,rome4 ,horizontal direction sugge/$ by ,gryffons1 ) v]tical contra/ by ,c&elabra4 ,all k9ds ( elem5ts c be employ$ 9 ,frieze decoration1 & z mu* int]e/ & livel9ess imp>t$ z is compatible ) ! necess>y repetition4 ,bord]s ,bord]s1 ) or )\t m\ld+s1 may be consid]$ z frames to ! spaces !y sep>ate or enclose2 9 ! latt] case !y are inv>iably uni=m 9 wid? 7except :5 us$ 9 ,typography & illum9ations1 :]e "s lic5se is p]missible74 ,z bord]s are /ructural 9 sugge/ion1 ! elem5ts employ$ %\ld be simple & )\t t int]e/ :i* is desirable 9 o!r positions4 ,! detail to be us$ is l>gely det]m9$ by scale & position4 ,:5 on a small scale1 bord]s may be ma9ly compos$ ( a s]ies ( l9es spac$ s z to sugge/ ! v>i\s features ( a m\ld$ b&1 9 :i* case x is ess5tial t ! same wid? be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g?1 :ile ! l9es are return$ at ! corn]s at mitral angles4 ,?is treatm5t c be elaborat$ by ! introduction ( o!r l9es betwe5 ^? mo/ widely spac$ at "r angles ) ! direction1 & ^! c aga9 be brok5 at int]vals by rosettes or o!r simple =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjj4 ,key-,patt]n ,bord]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bja4 ,int]lac+ ,bord]s4 ,! well-kn[n key-bord] is a cont9u\s n>r[ b& or l9e :i* traces out a labyr9? patt]n by b5d+ inw>ds at "r angles & !n return+ to ! orig9al direction4 ,?is1 9 its simple/ =m1 is an elaboration ( adjac5t squ>es 9 :i* a top & bottom l9e is alt]nately disp5s$ )4 ,geometric ,elem5ts ,! simple/ elem5ts 9 bord] decoration are geometric 9 "*4 ,! bord] may be divid$ by /raight l9es int]sect+ at v>i\s angles1 or by curves /ruck f equidi/ant c5tres1 or by a comb9ation ( /raight l9es & curves4 ,! ,undulate ,l9e ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjb4 ,gr[? ,l9e bas$ on ,geometric ,curves4 ,int]sect+ /raight l9es =m ! basis ( ! diff]5t *equ]$ patt]ns 9 conjunction ) ! simple device ( alt]nat+ light & d>k masses4 ,int]lac+ patt]ns are also bas$ on int]sect+ /raight l9es4 ,:5 segm5tal curves are employ$ ei!r ! *equ]$ or int]lac+ effect may be obta9$4 ,su* patt]ns are ess5tially geometric & me*anical1 b "s idea ( ! gr[? l9e is sugge/$ by ! undulat+ /ems =m$ out ( ! arcs ( circles /ruck f ei!r side ( ! bord]4 ,?is effect may be us$ ) purely artificial detail1 su* z arises naturally f ! spaces left1 or ) ! introduction ( floral detail4 ,x is evid5t t ! curve ( ! undulat+ /em w v>y accord+ to ! position ( ! c5tres f :i* ! arcs are /ruck4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjc4 ,brocade compos$ ( ,undulate ,bord]s4 ,a full] effect1 giv+ m space = bran*+ & o!r detail1 w be obta9$ by bas+ ! /em ^u ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjd4 ,scroll ,bord] bas$ on ,adjac5t ,circles4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bje4 #ad? ,c5tury ,textile compos$ ( ,undulate ,bord]s arrang$ obliquely4 a s]ies ( complete adjac5t circles /ruck )9 ! bord]4 ,! latt] device is ! basis ( ! wave l9e1 :i*1 aft] all1 is only ! key or labyr9? ) ! squ>e angles r\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjf4 ,fr5* ,brocade1 #ah? ,c5tury1 compos$ ( ,bord]s4 ,bord] decoration c also consi/ ( leaves or o!r details symmetrically arrang$ on a c5tral axis1 ) p]haps occasional fl[]s or rosettes to break ! monotony4 ,repetition & ,alt]nation ,g5]ally speak+1 ! detail %\ld pref]ably be ( a =mal "*1 & %\ld consi/ ( ! repetition ( units ) no int]e/ beyond t imp>t$ by alt]nation4 ,! detail mu/1 moreov]1 be design$ ) due reg>d to ! space to be fill$1 &1 9 any bord] :i* encloses any space1 a common divisor ( height & wid? %\ld be f\nd 9 accordance ) :i* ! unit c be design$4 ,treatm5t ( ,angles ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjg4 ,! ,evolute ,scroll z a ,bord]4 ,a4 ,cont9u\s4 ,b4 ,reciprocal ,! meet+ angles or corn]s ( bord]s inv>iably require special treatm5t1 & 9 ^? positions ! detail %\ld be compact & /rong] 9 appe>ance ?an ! g5]al patt]n4 ,! simple/ exp$i5t is "s =m ( pat]a or rosette1 b1 :atev] ! detail1 x %\ld always be 9 /rong contra/ to t ( ! run ( ! bord]4 ,! only =ms t c be cont9u\s )\t any m>k$ *ange 9 ! angles1 are ! undulat+ /em1 ! wave1 & its squ>e =m ! key or labyr9?2 b ev5 ) ^! ! proportion ( wid? to height at times ne$s modification4 ,if a common divisor is n possible1 ! difficulty c to "s ext5t be ov]come by mak+ ! =m reciprocal & lett+ ! two sides meet 9 ! c5tre ( ! bord]1 s t any slight disp>ity 9 treatm5t & dim5sions w n be noticeable4 ,pila/] ,treatm5t ,z ! ,pila/] is us$ /ructurally 9 ord] to give support1 s its treatm5t 9 int]ior decoration mu/ con=m to ar*itectural requirem5ts1 & ! decoration %\ld be symmetrical on a c5tral axis & v]tical 9 direction4 ,:5 flutes are employ$ to decorate ! pila/]s1 !y %\ld be unequal 9 numb]--sev5 be+ a fav\rite numb]4 ,! flutes may be fur!r decorat$ by cabl+1 ?\gh ?is %\ld ext5d to only "o-?ird ( ! height4 ,! cabl+ c be elaborat$ into a s]ies ( husks :i* may arise f ! base or be p5dant f ! top ( ! pila/]4 ,9 ei!r case ! g5]al rule mu/ be obs]v$ t ! cabl+ %all occupy only a ?ird ( ! total height4 ,panell$ ,pila/]s ,sunk panels are also us$ = decorat+ pila/]s4 ,!y cov] ab\t half ! wid?1 & are m\ld$ at ! edges4 ,9 "s in/ances1 notably 9 pila/]s ( ! ,e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 ! panel is brok5 9 ! c5tre by ! introduction ( a small] circul> or loz5ge-%ap$ panel4 ,sometimes ! panel is adorn$ ) floral or o!r detail1 & ?is %\ld be symmetrically arrang$ on a c5tral axis4 ,= ?is purpose ! undulate /em %\ld nev] be employ$4 ,su* detail requires a />t at ! base & a def9ite f9i% at ! top ( ! pila/]1 b = ! re/1 x may consi/ ( ! same unit repeat$1 or ( two alt]nat+ units4 ,9 ord] to emphasise ! /ructural "* ( ! pila/] x 0 cu/om>y to introduce features 9 ! =m ( m\ld+s1 vases & labels4 ,capitals & ,bases ,! capitals & bases ( pila/]s %\ld be 9 h>mony ) ! o!r decorations us$4 ,! usual capital ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance is a modifi$ ,cor9?ian type1 & ?is is q suitable :5 ! pila/] has pla9 or decorat$ panels1 b :5 flutes are employ$ on ! pila/] a m ornate capital is desirable4 ,9 ! latt] case a composite =m 9 :i* ! ,doric abacus & enri*$ ovolo figure toge!r ) a r[ ( /iffly-arrang$ v]tical leaves1 c\ld fitly be us$4 ,! ,ionic type w\ld also be suitable2 :5 ! base ( ! pila/] is decorat$1 ! l[e/ detail ( re$s ( ! pr9cipal torus may be b\nd ) cross ribbons4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjh4 ,pila/] ,treatm5t4 ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bji4 ,treatm5t ( ,pila/] ,capital1 ) ,v]tical ,emphasis4 ,treatm5t ( ,panels ,panels & enclos$ spaces h no /ructural significance1 & !re=e 9 ! treatm5t ( !m attitude alone has to be consid]$--t is to say1 ! only "q is1 z to :e!r ! surface to be decorat$ is 9 a v]tical or a horizontal plane4 ,9 ! decoration ( a panel 9 a horizontal plane1 s9ce x is n desirable to m>k any "o direction1 ! detail may radiate diagonally or diametrically f a c5tre4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( a ceil+1 details are employ$ 9 ! angles =m$ by ! walls1 ^! %\ld gr[ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! ceil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #baj4 ,ceil+ ,decoration4 ,gr[? f ,angle4 ,:5 panels or enclos$ spaces are us$ on walls or on furniture ( any height ! v]tical direction %\ld be emphasis$ z a g5]al rule2 b if ! height is less ?an ! wid?1 ! decoration1 ?\gh x %\ld rema9 v]tical 9 t5d5cy1 %\ld also spread s z to con=m to ! wid?4 ,! design ( a panel or enclos$ space1 :atev] ! %ape or attitude1 %\ld be complete 9 itself1 hav+ its prop] />t & appropriate t]m9als4 ,if ! enclos+ bord] 7 remov$ ! detail %\ld1 by its g5]al disposition ma9ta9 ! %ape1 ev5 ?\gh ! :ole surface may n be occupi$4 ,ri* ornam5tation is ?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) ! nature ( ! panel--c]ta9ly m int]e/ %\ld be c5tr$ on panel decoration ?an on adornm5t 9 m subord9ate positions4 ,! decoration may ei!r completely fill ! space or only p>tially d s4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! %apes ( ! unoccupi$ p>ts mu/ be c>efully consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #baa4 ,semi-,lunette ,panel4 ,c5tral ,feature bas$ on ,circle4 ,:e!r ! design is a unit repeat$ on a c5tral axis or is a balanc$ "o1 is l>gely a matt] to be settl$ by individual ta/e & ! position ( ! panel4 ,bo? treatm5ts are admissible 9 a range ( panels2 great] v>iety c be obta9$ by symmetrically dispos$ designs be+ flank$ on ei!r side by balanc$ designs4 ,juxtaposition ,:5 panels occur toge!r1 ei!r side by side or rang$ "o above ! o!r1 !y may ex]t influ5ce on "o ano!r4 ,= example1 v]tical features close to ! fram+ /iles %\ld be repeat$ 9 ! adjac5t panel ev5 ?\gh ! wid? ( ea* panel may diff]4 ,:5 ! panels are "o above ! o!r1 c5tral features %\ld be avoid$ & ! int]e/ %\ld be kept close to ! oppos+ m>g9s2 o!rwise ! effect w be spotty & lack+ 9 repose4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bab4 ,panels 9 ,juxtaposition4 ,z panels pres5t ! be/ opportunity = display1 on acc\nt ( _! treatm5t be+ comp>atively untrammell$ by ! consid]ations to :i* ! m /ructural features mu/ submit1 !re is op5 to !m ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bac4 ,design = ,panel bas$ on ,treatm5t ( ,cel]y4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,%eehan1 ,bri/ol4 a proportionately l>ge field ( possible decoration4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! panel may be treat$ pictorially1 ) due reg>d to ! requirem5ts ( surface & reciprocal effect :i* mu/ be insi/$ on 9 mural decoration4 ,if n treat$ pictorially1 ornam5t ( a traditional "*1 or designs d]iv$ m directly f natural =ms c be made use (4 ,9 ei!r case ! ornam5t mu/ complete itself )9 ! giv5 area4 ,! ,gr[? ,l9e ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bad4 ,analysis ( ,compos+ ,l9es ( ,panel4 ,9 traditional ornam5t1 compos+ or /rongly m>k$ l9es are us$1 b 9 types m ne>ly alli$ to natural =ms1 x is necess>y = ! l9es to be> "s relation to ! "* ( ! select$ gr[?4 ,! disposition ( leaves & o!r elem5ts mu/ also be *>act]i/ic1 & natural t]m9als mu/ be tak5 advantage ( ne> enclos+ l9es s z to avoid any appe>ance ( mutilation4 ,:5 su* =ms z bran*es or leaves approa* or cross1 !y %\ld always d s at decid$ angles2 _! po9ts or extremities %\ld nev] be directly oppos$ to o!r details or to m>g9s4 ,! ma9 gr[? %\ld be cle>ly disc]nible1 & ! direction ( ! /em l9es evid5t ev5 :5 clo!d ) foliage4 ,gr\p+ & ,mass+ ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d :5 designs are bas$ on natural =ms t ! m]e r5d]+ ( a natural attitude does n 9 itself con/itute a design4 ,9 ! case ( plant =ms1 fl[]s & leaves %\ld be gr\p$ & mass$1 prim>ily ) a view to ! composition ( a h>moni\s :ole4 ,sometimes int]e/ may be add$ by introduc+ animal =ms 9 keep+ ) ! g5]al environm5t4 ,int]e/ 9 design dep5ds on ! mass+ & emphasis ( detail1 because1 if a pla9 or uni=m surface be completely cov]$ ) detail equally di/ribut$1 ) no reg>d to mass or emphasis ( p>ts1 x is obvi\s t ! result w aga9 be uni=m--! only diff]5ce be+ t a c]ta9 texture is imp>t$ to ! surface1 & ?is1 ?\gh n undesirable 9 a wallpap]1 is n consonant ) ! nature ( a panel4 ,division ( ,area ,! mass+ ( detail %\ld be z simple z possible & to "s ext5t %\ld be guid$ by ! scale4 ,"o exp$i5t 9 panel design+ is to draw )9 ! area1 :e!r x be squ>e1 rectangul> or any o!r %ape1 a circle or oval to control ! pr$om9ant detail 9 contra/ to t :i* is to be less conspicu\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bae4 ,phases ( ,elaboration ( ,simple ,%ape4 ,l>ge areas may be sub-divid$ into sev]al masses1 b ! gr\p+ ( ^! mu/ be controll$ by ! g5]al %ape4 ,:5 deal+ ) bord]s a sugge/ion 0 made t ! undulate /em c\ld foll[ ! l9es ( adjac5t circles1 & ?is device is ! basis ( mo/ ( ! scroll+ gr[? l9es t are *>act]i/ic ( ,r5aissance ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #baf4 ,byzant9e ,panel4 ,composition bas$ on ,circles4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bag4 ,romanesque ,lunette ,panel4 ,composition bas$ on ,circul> ,%apes4 ,human & ,animal ,life ,decoration1 :5 ! human figure or any =m ( animal life is employ$1 is b\nd$ ) ! same conditions ) reg>d to composition1 inasmu* t !y ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bah4 ,figure ,composition4 ,recognition ( ,fram+ ,l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bai4 ,figure ,composition4 ,sp&ril ,treatm5t4 mu/ be s arrang$ z to occupy ! area & be 9 h>mony ) ! b\nd>ies or fram+ l9es4 ,! lic5se t is p]missible 9 ornam5t1 p>ticul>ly ( ! purely conv5tional type1 :5 x may be compell$ 9 any direction & fitt$ into any space t is desirable f a decorative po9t ( view1 is n possible :]e ! human or animal =m is conc]n$4 ,?is adds to ! consid]ation1 z natural attitude & proportions are obligatory if consi/5cy has to be obs]v$4 ,! problem 9 c]ta9 %ap$ areas af=ds little latitude1 9 p>ticul> ! triangul> sp&ril :]e ! inv>iable device ( w+s or float+ drap]y is z insi/5t z ! head ( ,k+ ,*>les 9 ! memorial ( ,mr4 ,dick4 ,=ms 9 ! ,r\nd ,=ms 9 ! r\nd--su* t c be se5 f any po9t ( view--ne$ special treatm5t4 ,height may appe> normal1 b ! details r\nd ! surface w be mat]ially affect$ by ! rotundity4 ,?us a vase ( v>y+ cont\r might h its surface divid$ by a s]ies ( v]tical l9es1 any "o ( :i*1 se5 f a po9t ( view exactly opposite1 w\ld appe> /raight1 :]eas ^? approa*+ ! pr(iles w\ld appe> curv$ proportionately to ! sectional curvature4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbj4 ,effect ( ,p]spective ( ,v]tical ,division4 ,p]spective also affects ! v]tical appe>ance m or less accord+ to ! pr(ile curvature1 & 9 decoration1 = bodies t are bulb\s 9 =m1 ! =e%ort5+ & its effect on details mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation s z to avoid undesirable di/ortion4 ,supports & ,balu/]s ,o!r =ms 9 ! r\nd t may be consid]$ are supports = furniture1 balu/]s & lamp-po/ /&>ds4 ,furniture supports & balu/]s are inv>iably 9 ! =m ( tap]$ or vase-%ap$ %afts1 & ! divisions may be 9 accordance ) ! proportions previ\sly sugge/$4 ,appropriate m\ld+s are us$ to decorate ! %aft4 ,:5 9 wood1 ^! =ms are ei!r p>tly or :olly turn$1 & 9 ?is case may be fur!r decorat$ by c>v$ "w4 ,9 supports1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! details %\ld be 9 ! v]tical direction s z to enhance ! /ructural sugge/ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bba4 ,jacobean ,balu/]1 ,c>v$ ,wood1 %[+ ,v]tical & ,horizontal ,contra/4 ,/&>ds ,9 ! treatm5t ( /&>ds x is n s necess>y to emphasise ! elem5t ( support1 & ! diamet] or lat]al dim5sions c v>y to a great] degree4 ,:e!r ! /&>ds are fixtures or movable1 z 9 int]ior fitt+s1 !re mu/ be a base t w n only be adequate b w convey ! idea ( /ability4 ,9 ! case ( portable /&>ds ! tripod =m ( base is possibly ! mo/ suitable1 b :5 ! /&>d is small ! base c be circul>1 squ>e or polygonal4 ,! commone/ =m is a %aft1 :i* is frequ5tly tap]$4 ,?is is support$ on a bulb\s or vase-%ap$ =m aris+ out ( ! base4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! %aft is a capital ( "s k9d4 ,^! diff]5t p>ts are held toge!r by appropriate m\ld+s4 ,! decoration ( a /&>d1 :i* is l>gely dep5d5t on its size1 %\ld1 g5]ally speak+1 be appli$ 9 ! v]tical direction ) occasional horizontal features by way ( contra/4 ,! treatm5t mu/ also v>y accord+ to mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbb4 ,ca/ ,iron ,lamp ,/&>d4 ,proportion ,ap>t f consid]ations ( use & mat]ial1 ! design ( ?is k9d ( r\nd =m is bas$ on inequalities ( proportion 9 height & diamet]4 ,obvi\s repetitions ( ! same dim5sion are to be avoid$4 ,! pr(iles %\ld be c>efully compos$ ) a view to effect+ h>mony or contra/--! curves ei!r approa*+ "o ano!r 9 a flexible l9e or be+ delib]ately contra/+4 ,m\ld+s may be us$ at int]vals to m>k ! v>i\s /ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbc4 ,types ( ,vase ,decoration4 ,a4 ,horizontal ,b&+ ) v]tical ,contra/4 ,b4 ,oblique or ,spiral ,treatm5t4 ,c4 ,panel ,treatm5t4 ,vase =ms v>y consid]ably4 ,:5 ! pr(ile is =m$ by /raight l9es !y may be cyl9drical or cone-%ap$4 ,( c\rse pr(iles may take o!r =ms--!y may be ovoid or trace an ogee curve4 ,:5 ! diamet] v>ies ! bulk %\ld prepond]ate at "s "o po9t4 ,:5 unity ( l9e is desir$1 ! curves ( ! pr(ile %\ld fl[ easily into ea* o!r1 ev5 if brok5 at int]vals by m\ld+s4 ,9 contra/+ curves ! l9es %\ld int]sect at "r angles 9 ord] to avoid indecision ( =m4 ,positions = ,decoration ,! areas capable ( be+ decorat$ on vase =ms are ^? b\nd$ by m\ld+s4 ,! nature & direction ( ! decoration w be det]m9$ by ! pr(ile curves on ! sectional =m4 ,! direction ( ! ornam5t may be horizontal z 9 ! =m ( a b&1 b to avoid di/ortion su* detail %\ld only be appli$ to surfaces ( uni=m curvature4 ,if ! v]tical direction be *os5 ! decoration may take ! =m ( flutes1 ( leaves or ( panels decorat$ ) detail4 ,a v>iation ( ! v]tical treatm5t is obta9$ by employ+ simil> details 9 an oblique direction1 ?us giv+ ! appe>ance ( ornam5t twi/+ or tw9+ r\nd ! %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbd4 ,/ret* ,out & ,segm5ts ( ! ,cyl9d]4 ,9 ! v]tical panel treatm5t1 z 9 m\ld+s1 ! sectional or pr(ile curve may be us$ to det]m9e ! g5]al fram+ l9es1 ) contra/+ details betwe5 ! panels4 ,9 ord] to give v>iety x may be desirable to comb9e two treatm5ts--= in/ance1 ! horizontal b& may be contra/$ ) v]tical flutes & leaves4 ,work+ ,draw+s ,= a practical draw+ ! =m mu/ be %[n 9 elevation & n 9 p]spective4 ,all ! horizontal divisions mu/ be drawn 9 p>allel l9es4 ,x is obvi\s t except = pr(iles & g5]al height1 fur!r details mu/ be giv5 = a work+ draw+4 ,! ,segm5t or ,/ret* ,out ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbe4 ,/ret* ,out ( ! ,cone4 ,9 design+ = =ms 9 ! r\nd x is necess>y to detail ! ornam5t on a segm5t or a /ret*+-out ( ! area4 ,?is is easily done 9 ! case ( a cyl9d] ( :i* ! height is evid5t1 & ! extreme wid? & circumf]5ce easily obta9able4 ,if ! object is n 9 exi/5ce = direct measurem5t ! wid? c be det]m9$ f ! diamet] z express$ 9 ! draw+4 ,z ?is diamet] is ab\t "o-?ird ( ! circumf]5ce a p>allelogram ?ree times ! wid? ( ! diamet] w provide1 9 ! flat1 ! complete area on :i* detail has to be drawn4 ,%\ld ! %ape ( ! object be t ( a truncat$ cone--t is1 ) /raight incl9$ sides & a circul> plan1 ! proc$ure mu/ necess>ily be diff]5t4 ,9 ?is case ! l9es ( ! sides %\ld be ext5d$ till !y int]sect4 ,?is int]section =ms a c5tre f :i* arcs may be /ruck co9cid+ ) ! l9es ( top & base4 ,! greate/ diamet] %\ld be set (f on ea* side ( ! elevation on ! l>g] radius & ! po9ts jo9$ up ) ! c5tres f :i* ! arcs 7 /ruck4 ,! result is a fan-%ap$ figure b\nd$ by ^! out] l9es & ! two arcs4 ,?is figure gives ! entire area ( ! surface ( ! truncat$ cone4 ,9 ei!r ( ! figures ?us obta9$ = design+ detail on1 ! surfaces c be sub-divid$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! decoration consi/s ( a unit repeat$ ?ree or six times r\nd ! =m1 x w n be necess>y to reproduce ! :ole area1 provid$ always t ! pr(iles are /raight or tap]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbf4 ,me?od ( obta9+ a ,segm5t ( "o-six? ( ,vase4 ,z ! diamet] is ab\t "o-?ird ( ! circumf]5ce ! elevational draw+ ( ! cyl9d] gives "o-?ird ( ! area & half a diamet] gives "o-six?4 ,9 ! truncat$ cone %ape ! wid?s are simil>ly det]m9$1 b x w be f\nd t ! height1 :5 measur$ on ! c5tre l9e1 is less ?an ! l5g?s ( ! pr(ile l9es :i* con/itute ! actual height4 ,:5 ! pr(iles are curv$1 ! proc$ure is m complicat$4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! cone %ape1 !re is naturally "s discrepancy betwe5 ! height ( ! elevation & ! pr(ile1 ! actual dim5sion ( :i* is affect$ by p]spective 7z also 9 plan curvature74 ,to obta9 ! actual height ( ! area ! pr(ile mu/ be measur$ v]tically ) "s flexible mat]ial1 su* z ?9 lead wire1 :i* w readily embrace ! curvature4 ,if a division ( a ?ird or a six? is requir$ ! diamet] or half diamet] c be tak51 b ! segm5t ( ! area %\ld be set (f on a fre% c5tre l9e q indep5d5t ( ! elevational draw+4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! true %ape ( ! segm5t ! elevation %\ld be divid$ by horizontal l9es drawn at ! po9ts ( m>k$ *ange 9 curvature1 & ^! c be lett]$ or numb]$ = id5tification4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ea* ( ^! l9es %\ld be measur$ & set (f on ! new c5tre l9e1 & !n ^! c be us$ = draw+ ! p>allels ?r\gh4 ,! v>i\s diamet]s c be det]m9$ f ! correspond+ l9es on ! elevation4 ,l9es drawn ?r\gh ! po9ts ?us obta9$ w give ! requir$ segm5t or area on ! flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbg4 ,me?od ( obta9+ a ,segm5t ( "o-fif? ( ,vase4 ,if o!r divisions ?an ^? d$ucible f ?ree or six are requir$1 x w be necess>y to draw also ! plan curves f :i* ! division c be obta9$4 ,assum+ t ! elevation has be5 v]tically divid$ z be=e1 & ! plan to be circul>1 a circle %\ld be /ruck :i* is to repres5t ! l>ge/ diamet] & its circumf]5ce divid$ into ! requir$ numb] ( p>ts4 ,l9es are !n drawn ?r\gh to ! c5tre4 ,on ! same c5tre o!r circles are /ruck ) radii equal to ! rema9+ horizontals1 & ea* id5tifi$ ) ! correspond+ numb] or lett]4 ,! heights are obta9$ z be=e1 & ! diamet]s ( ! v>iations 9 ! curvature c be asc]ta9$ by measur+ r\nd ea* ( ! plan curves 9 succession4 ,9 ! case ( ! plan be+ o!r ?an circul>1 ! same rules apply1 b ! diff]5t plans w\ld h to be drawn 9 ea* individual example4 ,ow+ to ! effect ( p]spective on r\nd$ %apes1 x is undesirable to employ ! human figure1 unless 9 bold relief1 & !n only on /raight or slightly curv$ pr(iles4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,developm5t ,,( ,,conv5tional ,,ornam5t ,! t]m ,conv5tion is appli$ to decoration 9 :i* !re is di/9ct evid5ce ( arti/ic re/ra9t1 :i* may be purely /hetic or due to te*nical conditions4 ,outl9e ,draw+ ,! r5d]+ ( any =m 9 outl9e is probably ! simple/ =m ( conv5tion1 :i* is g5]ally accept$ ?r\gh tradition z repres5tation4 ,?\gh ! objects s depict$ really dep5d on light1 %ade1 & local col\r = _! appe>ance4 ,su* outl9e draw+s may be 9 o!r respects reali/ic1 b a fur!r degree ( conv5tion is ! desirable elim9ation ( p]spective :]e x is unsuitable to ! effect desir$4 ,= in/ance1 9 silh\ette1 pr(ile r5d]+s only are intelligible1 & 9 delicate bas-relief modell+ any =e%ort5+ %\ld be avoid$ if confus+ to ! effect4 ,9 direct p]sonal "w1 su* z draw+ or pa9t+1 :5 craft conditions o!r ?an t ( ! m$ium employ$ are n involv$1 conv5tion is purely a matt] ( discretion & consid]ation ( ! nature & object ( ! "w2 b x is ess5tial 9 design :5 ! mat]ial & me?od ( production h to be consid]$4 ,9 pa9t+ ! arti/ may employ ! full res\rces ( 8 palette & be z reali/ic 9 8 effect z is 9 8 p[]1 b if ! purpose be mural decoration re/ra9t is at once impos$4 ,undesirable ,realism ,"u c]ta9 conditions realism w\ld be out ( place1 & any attempt at illusion w\ld fail to conv9ce4 ,! "o "t fa%ion ( pa9t+ ceil+s ) sprawl+ deities ( ei!r sex1 :i* _c be se5 )\t a pa9ful crick 9 ! neck1 or worse /ill to sugge/ sky ) float+ amor9i1 occasionally fram$ by m>ble balu/rad+ 9 wond]ful p]spective is deplorable4 ,su* decoration1 if x c be s t]m$1 is n only /agey b is =$oom$ to failure 9 effect1 z ! ord9>y int]ior light+ is n adequate4 ,fur!rmore1 x displays a lack ( appreciation ( fitness1 & t ! purpose ( a ceil+ is to convey a s5se ( %elt]4 ,realism1 ?\gh desirable 9 portraiture1 ei!r ( individuals1 places or ev5ts1 is n necess>ily ( ! greate/ int]e/ except to ^? conc]n$4 ,9 mural decoration realism %\ld give place to conv5tion1 & ! :ole consid]$ z a design ) reg>d to balance ( =m & col\r1 & recognition ( ! surface to :i* ! decoration is appli$4 ,! fir/ attempts at decoration 7 ! direct results ( mat]ial & ! mann] ( work+1 9 :i* !re 0 no attempt at repres5tation4 ,?is 0 succe$$ :5 ! e>ly arti/s atta9$ m skill by a phase ( realism1 lat] /ill ) acquir$ culture !re 0 a delib]ate return to conv5tion4 ,! dignifi$ conception ( ! ,egyptian r5d]+ ( ! ,lion1 ?\gh ?or\ghly conv5tional1 reveals te*nical skill & anatomical k ( a high ord]2 also appreciation = desirable treatm5t1 & may be contra/$ fav\rably ) ^? by ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se] r\nd ! p$e/al ( ! ,nelson ,column 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 9 :i* realism is n subord9at$ to ! decorative & symbolic conditions4 ,craft ,re/rictions ,:5 any craft process is involv$ ! design is only a means to ! end1 & conv5tion is !n impos$ by ! te*nical conditions ( ! craft 9 "q4 ,! design] has to keep ^! conditions 9 view1 ! desirable object be+ to make ! greate/ economic use ( ! process compatible ) a good result4 ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( bo? "t & en]gy to depict effects t c\ld n be realis$4 ,9 wov5 or pr9t$ fabrics x is impossible to produce natural effects2 ev5 if t 7 possible ! inevitable repetition ( ! unit w\ld be n m]ely unnatural b a gross absurdity4 ,! great bulk ( ! public d n und]/& conv5tion1 h5ce ! popul>ity ( textiles & wall-pap]s 9 :i* ! designs consi/ ( fl[]s treat$ 7h[ev] inconsi/5tly7 9 natural aspect z f> z possible2 9 p>ticul> ! ,rose :i*1 l ! poor1 is ev] ) u4 ,traditional ornam5t at its be/ has g5]ally be5 conv5tional1 ! v>i\s details ( foliage be+ /hetic creations1 ) at times1 p]haps1 "s sugge/ion d]iv$ f natural types4 ,! scroll 9 ! =m ( volutes z employ$ 9 ! ,ionic capital may h be5 sugge/$ by ! fossil kn[n z ! ,ammonite ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbh4 ,filagree ,jewell]y4 ,a4 ,hook = ,jacket 9 ,silv]4 ,sw$i%1 ,mid4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,b4 ,p5dant ,cross4 ,gold set ) ,g>nets4 ,mod]n ,italian4 ,c4 ,e>-r+4 ,gold4 ,mod]n ,fr5*4 ,d4 ,e>-r+4 ,gold4 ,mod]n ,italian4 ,e4 ,e>-r+4 ,gold4 ,mod]n ,italian4 ,f4 ,p5dant4 ,nor!rn ,portuguese4 #ag? or e>ly #ah? ,c5tury4 ,g4 ,e>-r+4 ,gold4 ,mod]n ,italian4 ,h4 ,p5dant4 ,gold4 ,z worn by peasants 9 ,etruria4 %ell1 s call$ because x resembles ! ram's horn ( ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,its traditional employm5t 9 conjunction ) ! undulate /em1 is c]ta9ly f> f any natural sugge/ion 9 ! way ( gr[?1 :ile ! v>iety kn[n z ! evolute scroll is di/9ctly artificial4 ,mat]iali/ic ,influ5ce ,x is probable t x _h its orig9 9 ! facility ) :i* wire c\ld be b5t1 & 9 e>ly jewell]y su* scroll =ms are conspicu\s4 ,a reasonable conjecture is t ! simil> =ms 9 e>ly rep\ss "w1 su* z t ( ! gold ornam5ts f\nd at ,enkomi1 ,cyprus & ! pa9t$ decoration ( ! ,greek vases1 7 inspir$ by ! treatm5t :i* 0 ! outcome ( ! use ( metal 9 ! =m ( ?9 wire4 ,simil> details occur 9 ,p]uvian & ,new ,gu9ea "w1 :i* is c]ta9ly co9cid5tal z x is difficult to imag9e ^! p hav+ any communication ) ! ,old ,_w4 ,sc&9avian & ,keltic art 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t influ5c$ by ,ea/]n tradition ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,phnician m]*ant adv5tur]s2 b no su* conjecture is feasible 9 ! ,maori incis$ "w & tattoo+ 9 :i* simil> details occur4 ,! scroll+ l9e alone may be us$1 g5]ally 9 decoration ( small scale1 z 9 ! ,greek vases4 ,9 ?is =m x frequ5tly occurs 9 pott]y1 ei!r incis$ or pa9t$1 & 9 filagree jewell]y4 ,wr\ght iron p>takes l>gely ( ! scroll+ "*1 b ?is1 z 9 filagree1 is ! direct result ( ! mat]ial employ$4 ,sc&9avian & ,keltic ornam5t consi/$ ma9ly ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbi4 ,! ,evolute ,scroll4 ,a4 ,pott]y 7pa9t$7 ,ar*aic ,greek4 ,b4 ,pott]y 7pa9t$7 ,cyprus1 #hjj ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,d4 ,f4 ,gold ,ornam5ts f ,tombs at ,enkomi1 ,cyprus4 ,e4 ,pott]y 7pa9t$7 ,anci5t ,mexico4 ,g4 ,e>ly ,greek ,/one ,c>v+4 ,treasury ( ,m9yas at ,or*om5os1 ,boeotia4 ,h4 ,assyrian ,/one ,c>v+4 ,sacr$ ,hom or ,palm4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcj4 ,! ,evolute ,scroll 9 ,savage ,art4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,spatula ,h&les1 ,c>v$ ,wood1 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,d4 ,detail on ,paddle1 ,c>v$ ,wood1 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,e4 ,maori ,*ief's ,/aff ,h&le1 ,c>v$ ,wood4 ,f4 ,detail f ,tattoo$ ,maori ,head4 ,g4 ,engrav$ ,bamboo1 ,borneo4 ,h4 ,c>v$ ,wood ,detail1 ,new ,gu9ea4 ( a s]ies ( scroll+ =ms1 z also did mu* ( ! ornam5t ( ! illum9at$ ,go?ic "w & mural decoration4 ,! desire = v>iety & mass lead ev5tually to ! employm5t ( div]se elem5ts1 aris+ 9 _m in/ances f diff]5t treatm5t ( exi/+ details2 ?us1 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 ! side view ( a poppy-l fl[] sugge/$ & became a pr(ile mask1 & ! husk leaf 0 frequ5tly elaborat$ into ! =m ( a dolph94 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bca4 ,scroll ,an!mion ,ornam5t f ,greek ,vase ,pa9t+s4 ,e>ly ,r5d]+s ,! evolute scroll :i* plays s conspicu\s a "p 9 ,greek art1 0 employ$ at e>li] p]iods by ! ,egyptians & ,*aldeans1 & ! widespread appreciation & use ( ?is =m ( detail is pla9ly indicative t x 0 n dissem9at$ f any "o c5tre4 ,9 ! e>ly employm5t ( ^! curv$ =ms !re is no evid5ce ( natural sugge/ion1 b lat]1 leaves & floral details 7 add$ convey+ ! idea ( gr[?4 ,9 ,egyptian & ,assyrian art c]ta9 natural types occur1 su* z ! ,lotus1 ,papyrus & ! ,palm1 b ^! 7 utt]ly d5aturalis$1 all realism be+ elim9at$4 ,^! conv5tions1 ?\gh incid5tally decorative1 7 inve/$ ) symbolic mean+ ) :i* _! employm5t 0 conc]n$ r ?an ) ! imitation ( natural =m4 ,! ,an!mion ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcb4 ,greek ,an!mion4 ,relief ,treatm5t4 ,! ,an!mion alone or 9 conjunction ) ! scroll or evolute l9e1 appe>s 9 a pa9t$ =m 9 ! ,greek vase decoration4 ,exam9ation ( ^! w reveal evid5ce ( bru%-"w1 ! sep>ate details be+ ! result ( direct flexion4 ,9 sculptur$ =m x appe>s 9 ! ,antefixe1 also z a cre/+ or f9ial to ! /ele heads1 ! sep>ate radial features be+ *annell$ ) sunk5 grooves or ) ridges 9 relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcc4 ,greek ,scroll f ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysikrates1 ,a!ns4 ,c>v$ ,/one4 ,x is conceivable t ! att5uat$ effect ( ! m]e scroll+ l9e sugge/$ ! desirability ( ! occasional mass & v>iety t w\ld be obta9$ by employ+ leaves4 ,greek ,sculptur$ ,ornam5t ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcd4 ,wr\ght ,iron ,scroll4 ,detail ( ,h+e1 ,notre ,dame1 ,p>is4 ,e>ly ,fr5* ,go?ic4 ,greek sculptural ornam5t is comp>atively devoid ( natural sugge/ion1 ! bran*+ scrolls ) %ea? leaves be+ /hetic r ?an imitative4 ,! leaves employ$ be> little resemblance to ^? ( ! lat] ,roman p]iod1 & consi/ g5]ally ( a succession ( radial grooves ) undulat+ or prickly edges1 & are obvi\sly adapt$ f ! an!mion detail4 ,9 ! scrolls employ$ on ! ,*oragic monum5t at ,a!ns ! desire 0 evid5tly play ( l9e & silh\ette4 ,! flexible & op5 =m1 ?\gh possible 9 b5t metal or 9 pa9t$ "w1 is unsuitable to c>v+ 9 /one4 ,adequate support be+ ess5tial1 ! scrolls _h to be unit$ by ! leaves1 :i* 7 necess>ily mass$ 9 =m & decorat$ by *annell+s or grooves to give fur!r detail & int]e/4 ,a developm5t ( ! leaf treatm5t 0 ! division into lobes1 ea* lobe be+ *annell$ ) a gr\p ( radial grooves end+ 9 s]rations4 ,! lobes 7 divid$ by holes1 or1 z !y are g5]ally t]m$1 eyes1 m or less circul> 9 %ape1 & ^! 7 connect$ ) ! base ( ! leaf by pipes or ,t9es 9 relief1 con=m+ ) ! g5]al radial di/ribution4 ,acan?us ,leaf ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bce4 ,acan?us ,leaf4 ,compos$ ( gr\ps ( ,an!mions4 ,bru%-"w4 ,leaves ( ?is type are kn[n z ,acan?us1 & x is a tradition t ! leaf 9 its orig9al employm5t 0 d]iv$ f a natural s\rce4 ,! an!mion1 too1 is (t5 mis-call$ ! honeysuckle ow+ to ! suppos$ resemblance2 b x is mu* m probable t bo? 7 purely arti/ic creations develop+ z previ\sly sugge/$ f ! pa9t$ an!mion details4 ,elaboration & relief expression 7 ! natural outcome ( mat]ial1 & desire = surface int]e/4 ,! honeysuckle orig9 is completely confut$ by comp>ison ( ! ,greek an!mion ) ! ,assyrian treatm5t ( ! ,palm1 by :i* x 0 evid5tly inspir$4 ,9 ,greek ornam5t su* fl[]s z occur are mo/ly ( ! rosette type1 q conv5tional 9 "*1 ?\gh 9 ! pa9t$ decoration su* natural =ms z ! ivy & v9e are evid5t2 b ^! 7 always conv5tional 9 treatm5t & symbolic 9 int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcf4 ,acan?us ,scroll4 ,bru%-"w4 ,! ,greeks 7 n creative 9 art ei!r 9 _! ar*itecture or ornam5t1 & 7 evid5tly indebt$ to ! e>li] culture ( ,mesopotamia = _m ( _! details4 ,z !y bas$ ! an!mion on ! ,assyrian treatm5t ( ! ,palm1 s !y borr[$ ! ,ionic capital f ,p]sia & ! ,cor9?ian v>iety _h its prototype 9 ! ,egyptian ,papyrus capital4 ,ev5 _! ar*itecture 0 no advance 9 pr9ciple on t :i* previ\sly exi/$4 ,_! treatm5t1 h[ev]1 0 extremely arti/ic1 & !y inve/$ all _! "w ) great ref9em5t & delicacy ( detail4 ,at a lat] p]iod "u subjugation ! ,roman art developm5t 0 practically 9 ! h&s ( ,greek design]s & craftsm51 & acquir$ great fre$om ( expression m>k$ by exquisite workman%ip 9 ! ,grco-,roman p]iod4 ,roman ,developm5t ,! details & treatm5t ( ornam5t develop$ rapidly 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 9 ! v>iety & =ms ( ! elem5ts employ$4 ,! pr9cipal expon5ts 7 ,greek1 b ! orig9al au/]e "* ( expression und]w5t consid]able modification4 ,! ,scroll ,9 ,roman art ! scroll1 :i* con/itut$ ! *ief decoration ( ! friezes & panels1 0 greatly develop$ & r5d]$ ) m fre$om & v>iety ( treatm5t2 assum+ ! =m ( a gr[+ or climb+ /em1 be>+ fl[]s & clo!d ) leaves4 ,a treatm5t :i* is fairly consi/5t ) su* types z ! ,v9e & o!r climb+ gr[?s 9 nature4 ,! undulat+ /em ) bran*+ scrolls is prom95t1 bo? 9 friezes & panels2 ! "* ( ! foliage became m v>i$1 ! /iff & =mal acan?us leaf be+ only us$ 9 ! capitals ( columns & 9 /ructural features4 ,! v]sion employ$ 9 m decorative positions ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,no4 #bcg4 ,detail ( ,roman ,frieze1 9 ,c>v$ ,/one4 ,e4 ,ri*t]4 exhibit$ great] fre$om 9 =m1 attitude & section4 ,natural types = ! sake ( v>iety 7 us$1 g5]ally 9 subord9at$ positions1 & !re is occasional evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ^! 9 ! treatm5t ( ! acan?us detail4 ,grco-,roman ,! developm5t ( art dur+ ?is p]iod _c be attribut$ to native tal5t1 ! ,romans be+ cont5t to borr[ _! art z !y did _! religion4 ,x 0 r due to ! opul5ce ( ! times1 ?\gh ! practical "* ( ! race result$ 9 a great advance 9 ar*itecture4 ,! lat] ,roman1 g5]ally t]m$ ,grco-,roman1 v>i$ f ! m robu/ treatm5t & rev]t$ some:at to ! e>li] ,greek mann]2 t5d+ to delicacy & ref9em5t1 b reta9+ ! v>iety ( "* & detail4 ,byzant9e ,! ,/ate recognition ( ,*ri/ianity _h a great influ5ce on art 9 t !re 0 a return to symbolism4 ,v>i\s pagan elem5ts associat$ ) ! e>li] decoration t 7 unsuitable to ! feel+ ( ! "t 7 elim9at$4 ,ea/]n influ5ce is evid5t1 9 n only ! ar*itecture b 9 ! treatm5t :i* is kn[n z ,byzant9e1 ( ! foliage1 :i* resembles t ( ! ar*aic ,greek1 ! leaves be+ m /iffly lob$1 & sev]ely *annell$ ) ,v-%ap$ grooves1 9 place ( ! subtle modell+ ( ^? ( ! ,roman p]iod4 ,! /em or gr[? l9e is comp>atively abs5t1 & ! preval5ce ( ! circle z a %ape or 9 ! arrangem5t ( details is evid5t4 ,decoration displays m reg>d to pr(ile ?an to v>iety ( relief1 :i* 0 practically uni=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bch4 ,go?ic ,sp&ril4 ,c>v$ ,/one4 ,geometric basis obvi\s 9 c5tral circle unit+ angul> %ape ) m9or circul> =ms occupy+ angles4 ,! ,byzant9e influ5ce is evid5t 9 ! succe$+ ,romanesque4 ,romanesque ,e>ly ,go?ic detail1 ! closely curl$ foliage ( :i* is sugge/ive ( lobes ?\gh )\t s]rations1 is rem9isc5t ( debas$ ,roman tradition1 evid5t also 9 ! g5]al %ape & disposition ( leaves 9 ! capitals ( columns4 ,! floral ornam5t ( ! ,middle or ,decorat$ p]iod1 ?\gh freely adapt$ f natural types1 %[s traces at times ( ! e>li] tradition 9 ! treatm5t ( lob$ & s]rat$ leaves4 ,italian ,r5aissance ,! ,italian ,r5aissance 0 n m]ely a revival ( ,classic ar*itecture adapt$ to m mod]n conditions1 b 0 9 its e>li] /ages a frank reproduction ( ! ,roman ornam5t 9 design & r5d]+4 ,9 lat] developm5t 9 ,italy & o!r p>ts ( ,europe x acquir$ local "* diff]+ mat]ially f ! orig9al4 ,fre% elem5ts 7 adopt$ & details orig9ally significant 7 introduc$ = purely decorative reasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bci4 ,e>ly ,po9t$ ,go?ic ,/one ,c>v+4 ,ely ,ca!dral4 ,! ,husk ,leaf ,a feature ( ! foliat$ scroll is ! ,husk ,leaf1 ei!r ,acan?us1 t is--lob$ & s]rat$1 or comp\nd$ ( wat] leaves ) smoo? & undulat+ edges some:at simil> to ! h>t's tongue f]n4 ,! ,husk ei!r gr[s tang5tially f ! /em :i* x sometimes envelopes 9 ! %ea? =m1 or has at its base a floral-l feature kn[n z ! ,bract2 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 seldom employ$ 9 ,greek ornam5t1 a boss-l annulet be+ m g5]al4 ,! ,husk is l>gely employ$ to mask or cov] bran*+1 & ei!r1 z previ\sly /at$1 gr[s tang5tially f ! /em1 or takes a bulb\s =m ) a broad & r\nd$ base :5 x appe>s to be ?read$ on1 r ?an articulat$ to1 ! /em4 ,! ,rosette ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bdj4 ,italian ,r5aissance ,scroll1 %ew+ ,acan?us husks ) bracts1 %ea? leaves & floral t]m9als4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bda4 ,types ( ,rosettes4 ,su* fl[]s z 7 employ$ 9 ! e>li] ornam5t display$ little reg>d to nature1 be+ mo/ly ( ! rosette =m ) petals radiat+ f ! c5tre2 z a rule ^! 7 compos$ ( simple leaf-%ap$ petals 9 "o1 two or m ti]s arrang$ conc5trically2 9 ?is =m ( rosette ! petals are symmetrical 9 %ape4 ,! numb] ( petals is a matt] ( scale & ta/e1 b an unequal numb] w inv>iably be f\nd m int]e/+4 ,arrangem5ts ( five or sev5 9 pref]5ce to f\r1 six & eight4 ,frequ5tly ! spaces betwe5 ! out] ti] are occupi$ by n>r[ leaves sugge/ive ( ! sepals 9 natural fl[]s1 & ^! s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( giv+ v>iety & pres]v+ ! circul> %ape4 ,fur!r v>iety c be imp>t$ by ! arrangem5ts ( ! petals on a revolv+ in/ead ( a /raight axis1 ei!r consi/5tly 9 "o direction or symmetrically dispos$ f a c5tre 9 a palmate =m4 ,! ,rosette 9 ornam5t is useful z a pause po9t1 giv+ repose1 b :]e x is desirable to cont9ue ! fl[ ( l9e1 o!r floral =ms c be employ$1 su* z ! tulip or ! lily1 :i* are display$ to ! be/ advantage 9 pr(ile or p]spective4 ,9 conv5tional ornam5t ! fl[] petals %\ld be 9 contra/ to ! leaves employ$ on ! scroll+ /em4 ,! ,pi/il 9 nature is reflect$ 9 ! v>i\s spr\t+ =ms :i* em]ge f ! conv5tional fl[]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 & at times develop into fur!r /em gr[?4 ,on /hetic gr\nds ?is may be excus$ 9 cases :]e fl[ ( l9e is ( great] importance ?an consi/5cy4 ,! ,pi/il takes _m =ms1 be+ frequ5tly compos$ ( a s]ies ( dim9utive husks4 ,fl[] buds ( simil> husk =m occur1 ! petals be+ simil> to ^? ( ! fl[]s employ$4 ,t5drils ,t5drils s]ve a useful purpose 9 giv+ unity to ! design1 = :i* !re is ample sugge/ion 9 su* natural gr[?s z ! ,v9e1 ,pea1 etc4 ,too (t5 9 traditional ornam5t !y are employ$ to m]ely occupy obvi\sly awkw>d spaces4 ,9 ,roman ornam5t fl[]s articulat$ on t5dril-l /ems 7 (t5 us$ app>5tly to occupy ! sp&ril-l spaces result+ f ! bran*+ scrolls4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bdb4 ,ornam5tal ,treatm5t ( ,t5dril f ,roman ,frieze4 ,nature ,influ5ce ,dur+ ! ,roman developm5t great] v>iety 0 introduc$ 9 ! treatm5t ( leaves & fl[]s :i* 9 _m in/ances display evid5ce ( natural sugge/ion4 ,! ma9 /ems are sometimes twi/$1 a *>act]i/ic ( "s /rongly gr[+ natural types1 b ?is 0 only a v>iant ( ! e>li] treatm5t ( decorat+ ! scroll+ /em ) *annels or holl[ flutes4 ,birds & animals 7 also us$ 9 antique ornam5t--grotesque comb9ations ( foliage ) human & animal =ms1 & su* symbolic mon/]s z ! ,gryphon & ! ,sph9x1 7 employ$ ) little reg>d to ! orig9al significance4 ,o!r symbolic elem5ts1 su* z wrea?s1 g>l&s1 fe/oons1 alt>s1 tripods1 & urns 7 also introduc$ m]ely = _! decorative value & to af=d v>iety4 ,symbolic ,employm5t ,! mod]n m9d is naturally out ( sympa?y ) =ms t h no direct appeal1 b x %\ld be consid]$ t ^! elem5ts 7 orig9ally n m]ely ! expression ( ! art ( ! p]iod1 b 7 also inve/$ 9 _m in/ances ) symbolic mean+4 ,! ,roman citiz5 saw no?+ incongru\s 9 decorat+ a triumphal ar* ) ! *aplet ( ! victor & trophies ( arms4 ,! lat] misuse ( symbolic elem5ts c only be def5d$ on /hetic gr\nds1 & is probably undesirable4 ,)\t ^! !re is /ill left suffici5t mat]ial = beautiful effects4 ,dull slavi% reproduction is n only )\t int]e/1 b displays lack ( inv5tiv5ess4 ,x is possible 9 good h&s to utilise ! pa/ tradition s z to appeal to mod]n appreciation4 ,consi/5cy 9 ,gr[? ,h[ev] arbitr>y traditional ornam5t may appe>1 !re is consi/5cy 9 ! be/ examples1 :i* display 9 _m details "s g5]al obs]vance ( ! pr9ciple ( natural gr[?4 ,!re may be no attempt to exploit any kn[n type1 ! creation be+ purely artificial2 /ill ! association ( /em1 leaves & fl[]s is sugge/ive ( natural gr[?4 ,! arrangem5t is g5]ally progressive1 z 9 nature a plant develops outw>ds & onw>ds f ! root1 & ! or?odox scroll ornam5t may be consid]$ z a /em ( undulate =m 7con/itut+ ! gr[? l9e7 ) bran*es1 elaborat$ ) leaves & fl[]s :i* are arrang$ successively4 ,bran*+ ,9 traditional ornam5t ! mo/ g5]al =m ( bran*+ is tang5tial1 ! scrolls & leaves em]g+ radially f ! ma9 /em1 ) slight div]g5ce2 b 9 nature _m v>ieties ( bran*+ may be obs]v$ & appli$ ) advantage 9 design4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bdc4 ,types ( ,bran*+4 ,a4 ,tang5tial4 ,b4 ,acute-angul>4 ,c4 ,"r-angul>4 ,g5]ally natural bran*+ may be classifi$ into ,tang5tial1 typical ( grass gr[? & wat]-plants2 ,acute & ,"r-angul>4 ,! latt] is sometimes usefully employ$ 9 ornam5t1 z x conveys a s5se ( /r5g? & vig\r1 ?\gh z a concession to ! rhy?mic fl[ ( l9e x %\ld foll[ = a %ort di/ance ! curve ( ! ma9 /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bdd4 ,=mal ,opposite ,bran*+ suitable = ,v]tical ,bord]s ,pila/]s4 ,indep5d5t ( ! angle1 bran*es may occur opposite1 t is1 gr[ simultane\sly ea* side ( ! /em1 ,alt]nate1 or spirally r\nd ! /em4 ,! di/ances betwe5 ! bran*es may be equal1 or1 z 9 "s in/ances1 9 alt]nate long & %ort di/ances4 ,! opposite arrangem5t ( bran*es is mo/ suitable :]e rigidity ( effect is requir$1 b ! alt]nate bran*+ is susceptible ( great] fre$om & lic5se4 ,! /em1 z x ?r[s out ea* bran*1 may gradually dim9i% 9 diamet]1 ea* bran* be+ less ?an ! p>5t /em2 ! l5g? ( ea* successive bran* may also dim9i% & ! leaves on ^! be subord9ate 9 size to ^? ( ! ma9 /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bde4 ,bran* & ,scroll ,t]m9ations4 ,leaves ,! detail ( ^! small] leaves may be less complex z !y approa* ! t]m9als1 a *>act]i/ic 9 natural gr[? :]e ! necess>y en]gy to produce ! fl[]s results 9 re/rict$ developm5t ( ! leaves on ! fl[] /alk4 ,equally consi/5t f ! nature po9t ( view is ! employm5t ( ! l>ge husk leaves :i* g5]ally cov] ! po9ts ( bran* em]g5ce4 ,z already /at$1 ^! are n articulat$1 b ei!r spr+ tang5tially f or are ?read$ on ! ma9 /em 9 contra/ to ! small] leaves1 :i* are (t5 provid$ ) individual /ems4 ,occasionally ! scroll t]m9als are n furni%$ ) fl[]s b develop into sprays ( small leaves radially dispos$4 ,! ,/>t ,an ess5tial condition 9 panel ornam5t is ! ,/>t or comm5cem5t1 :i* %\ld at lea/ be consi/5t4 ,! natural root is n 9 e case suffici5t1 ?\gh at times x may be employ$ ) effect4 ,! />t po9t ( ! gr[? l9e or l9es v>ies 9 position accord+ to attitude4 ,9 panels 9 a horizontal plane1 ! />t is frequ5tly c5tral & ! traditional treatm5t is usually "s =m ( rosette f :i* ! o!r details radiate4 ,9 "s positions1 p>ticul>ly pila/] panels1 ! ornam5t is susp5d$1 :i* is consi/5tly r5d]$ by ! employm5t ( knobs & ribbons4 ,ribbons are n only logical1 b int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! v>iety af=d$ & are also ( s]vice 9 giv+ unity to a composition4 ,extremely am5able to h>moni\s arrangem5t & susceptible ( great v>iation1 ! ribbon c be twi/$1 fold$ or arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( pleat+s1 ! ends be+ occasionally scroll$ or split4 ,! />t mo/ly 9 evid5ce 9 ornam5t is t kn[n z ! ,cup or ,ne/1 :i* is compos$ ( leaves arrang$ some:at 9 ! =m ( a tulip1 ) g5]ally an inv]t$ cup leaf bel[4 ,x is compos$ ( leaves ei!r ( ! ,acan?us or wat] type1 b = ! sake ( v>iety "o ( ^! may appe> 9 ! upp] "p ( ! cup & ! contra/+ =m 9 ! l[]4 ,! proportion betwe5 ! two p>ts z to height & wid? %\ld also be v>i$1 & :5 ! cup leaf is us$ 9 pila/] panels x g5]ally occupies ! :ole wid? ( ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bdf4 ,! ,ne/ or ,cup-leaf ,/>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bdg4 ,italian ,r5aissance ,foliat$ ,figure ,/>t4 ,su* artificial objects z vases & baskets =m fairly consi/5t base />ts = floral detail1 o!rs z ,alt>s & ,tripods are n q s logical1 ?\gh useful 9 convey+ a s5se ( support4 ,%ields & ,labels1 g5]ally employ$ c5trally 9 wide panels :]e ! ornam5t is display$ lat]ally1 are effective 9 ! contra/ !y af=d to ! floral details4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bdh4 ,italian ,r5aissance ,panel1 ,*oir ,/alls1 ,/4 ,pietro1 ,p]ugia4 ,/efano ,m>telli1 #aece4 ,! employm5t ( half figures z />ts _c be def5d$2 ! illogical association ( life1 ei!r human or animal1 ) foliage z employ$ by ! design]s ( ! lat] ,italian ,r5aissance1 is too incongru\s to be excus$ on /hetic gr\nds4 ,su* 7 due to *ange 9 ta/e & desire = v>iety1 & probably 7 sugge/$ by ! mu* e>li] employm5t ( comp\nd animal =ms z furniture supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bdi4 ,italian ,r5aissance ,panel1 ,*oir ,/alls1 ,/4 ,pietro1 ,p]ugia4 ,/efano ,m>telli1 #aece4 ,! ,acan?us leaf prom95t 9 ,r5aissance detail1 0 at fir/ delib]ately reproduc$ f ,roman examples1 & its ar*itectural employm5t z 9 ! capitals ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 has surviv$ to mod]n times z ! mo/ suitable r5d]+ = su* /ructural features4 ,9 m decorative positions m>k$ *anges are evid5t 9 ! lat] phases1 ! ,c9que ,c5to r5d]+s be+ p]haps ! high wat] m>k ( ! ,italian design]4 ,9 ^! ! lobes 7 angul> 9 g5]al outl9e1 ) beautifully balanc$ m9or lobations & ! surface cont\rs delicate & subtle 9 modell+4 ,r5aissance ,influ5ce ,! e>ly examples ( ,italian ,r5aissance 9 ,france & ,engl& are g5]ally pure 9 /yle1 be+ 9 mo/ in/ances ( ,italian design & execution4 ,lat] "w by native exploit]s 9 emulation ( ! /yle is inv>iably q diff]5t1 until ! new /yle 0 bett] und]/ood & assimilat$2 ev5tuat+ 9 v]sions t 7 di/9ctive & local4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bej4 ,e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance ,c>v+4 ,francis ,i4 ,9 ! e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance ! acan?us leaf 0 g5]ally display$ 9 pr(ile1 ! lobe be+ elliptic & po9t$ 9 %ape1 ) cle>ly def9$ m9or divisions2 ! sectional =m 0 comp>atively simple4 ,simil> treatm5t1 )\t ! precision & grace ( l9e *>act]is$ ! ,jacobean "w 9 ,engl&2 ! relief "w ( :i*1 be+ r 9 ! category ( flat c>v+1 consi/+ ma9ly ( incis$ l9es & grooves by :i* leaf =m 0 express$ 9 pr(ile or silh\ette4 ,^! 7 inv>iably ar*aic & crude1 ?\gh 9 view ( ! direct & simple execution n )\t individuality & int]e/4 ,jacobean4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,jacobean /yle is ! ornam5tal int]lac+ /rapwork1 ) foliat$ or ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bea4 ,developm5t ( ! ,acan?us ,leaf4 ,a4 ,greek4 ,b4 ,roman4 ,c4 ,byzant9e4 ,d4 ,romanesque4 ,e4 ,decorat$ ,go?ic4 ,f4 ,g4 ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,h4 ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 ,p]iod ( ,francis ,i4 scroll+ ends4 ,?is d\btless 0 9 emulation ( ! ,fr5* "w ( ! p]iod ( ,h5ry ,,ii1 :5 /rapp+ compos$ ( /raight & curv$ l9es ent]$ l>gely into ornam5tal detail4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xiii ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #beb4 ,developm5t ( ! ,acan?us ,leaf4 ,i4 ,fr5*1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,j4 ,engli%1 ,gr9l+ ,gibbons4 ,k4 ,fr5*1 ,l\is ,,xv4 ,l4 ,engli%1 ,adam4 ,m4 ,fr5*1 ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,n4 ,l\is ,,xvi 7,salombi]74 ,o4 ,engli%1 ,late #ah? ,c5tury4 %ield & c>t\*e %apes 7 mu* 9 vogue1 on acc\nt probably ( _! mass value & ! contra/ af=d$ ) ! subord9ate detail1 :i* develop$ into ! foliat$ /rap frame ( ! ,l\is ,,xiv /yle4 ,! details ( ?is latt] p]iod 7 express$ 9 bold relief1 ! decorat$ areas be+ well fill$1 9 contra/ to ! e>li] ,italian /yle 9 :i* ! backgr\nd frequ5tly pr$om9at$ ov] ! ornam5t4 ,! section+ or modell+ ( ! leaves1 :i* by ?is "t 7 typically ,fr5*1 0 elaborate b well consid]$ z to h>moni\s play ( l9e4 ,%ell =ms 7 employ$ & 7 effective1 bo? z mass %apes & = ! radial elaboration ( _! surfaces4 ,9 conjunction ) artificial details1 natural foliage 0 employ$ 9 ! =m ( wrea?s & fe/oons1 compos$ ( leaves & appropriate fl[]s2 ! conv5tional /em 0 little us$1 ! foliat$ /rap be+ m (t5 evid5t4 ,rg5ce ,! imm$iate successor ( ! /yle ( ! ,gr& ,mon>* 0 ! phase kn[n z ,rg5ce1 9 :i* ! /rap frame 0 m\ld$ 9 section1 & ! :ole detail became mu* light]1 result+ 9 m op5 or pla9 spaces4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xv re/ra9t 0 ?r[n ov]bo>d1 panels & enclos$ areas 7 fram$ ) m\ld+s irresponsible 9 curvature1 & )\t reg>d to /ructural conditions4 ,! gr[? l9e disappe>$1 ! leafage & o!r details be+ arbitr>ily dispos$ on ! fram+ m\ld+s1 :i* 7 g5]ally 9 flatt5$ & elongat$ curves oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 flexur$ l9es4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! prec$+ ,l\is ,,xiv /yle ! ornam5t is ?9 & l9ey 9 "*1 ! leaf1 /ill ( ! acan?us type1 is greatly modifi$ bo? 9 =m & detail1 ! ends ( ! lobes be+ curl$ & twi/$ spirally4 ,rococo ,9 m9or floral details natural types 7 employ$1 also su* artificial features z canopies or hamm]clo?s2 rock & %ell =ms1 & /alactite details sugge/ive ( icicles are compris$ 9 ! lat] phase to :i* ! t]m ,rococo is appli$4 ,l\is ,,xvi ,z a natural revulsion f ! lic5se ( ?is p]iod 9 ! succe$+ ,l\is ,,xvi /yle !re 0 a di/9ct rev]sion4 ,! curv$ fram+s 7 ab&on$ & panels & o!r areas 7 enclos$ by m\ld+s ) reg>d bo? to /ructural & mat]iali/ic conditions4 ,great ref9em5t is evid5t1 n only 9 ! m\ld+s b 9 ! details ?r\gh\t4 ,9 contra/ to ^? ( ! ,l\is ,,xiv p]iod1 panels 7 occupi$ r ?an fill$1 ! dom9ant details be+ plac$ at ! upp] & l[] extremities & connect$ by v]tical features ei!r c5trally or at ! sides1 /eadily arrang$ z to alignm5t bo? horizontal & v]tical4 ,famili> details ?us employ$ are su* amor\s emblems z quiv]s1 tor*es1 trophies ( musical in/rum5ts & b\quets & fe/oons ( natural fl[]s4 ,! artificial leaf rev]t$ some:at to ! e>li] ,italian type1 & 0 mo/ly display$ 9 pr(ile ) ! lobes & s]rations c>efully compos$4 ,! detail ?\gh comp>atively l[ 9 relief1 0 boldly modell$1 & ! direction & emphasis ( ! lobes & ve9+s ( ! leaves consid]$ ) reg>d to ! compos+ l9es4 ,gr9l+ ,gibbons ,s*ool ( ,c>v+ ,9 ,engl& ! "w ( ! s*ool ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons 0 productive ( a phase ( ornam5tal expression di/9ctive = its arti/ry & te*nical skill4 ,conv5tional details 7 comb9$ ) natural =ms ( all k9ds1 ! conspicu\s arrangem5t be+ int]lac+ scrolls1 & fe/oons & p5dant swags4 ,9 ! artificial leaf1 ) its boldly groov$ surface & acc5tuat$ lobes1 ! evid5ce ( ! tool is manife/ ?r\gh\t4 ,! tradition e/abli%$ by ! ,gr9l+ ,gibbons s*ool _h a la/+ effect ^u ! native c>v+1 :i* endur$ ?r\gh\t ! ,georgian p]iod1 ?\gh l>gely influ5c$ 9 detail by ,fr5* ta/e--,rococo 9 p>ticul>4 ,adam ,/yle ,! designs ( ! bro!rs ,adam1 :i* 7 9 vogue 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,iii1 ?\gh peculi>ly individual & di/9ctive1 7 bas$ ^u ! /udy ( ,grco-,roman details4 ,9 ! ,adam /yle ! ornam5t is delicate 9 relief1 & mo/ly display$ 9 pr(ile4 ,panels & enclos$ spaces are occupi$1 ! decorative elem5ts be+ c>efully dispos$ ) reg>d to balance & /ability1 ) l>ge areas ( pla9 surface4 ,! *>act]i/ic & prevail+ details are ! fan & delicate fe/oons ( leaves or husks1 at times ( beads4 ,! an!mion is mu* us$ on friezes & bord]s1 & comp\nd animal =ms1 su* z ! ,sph9x1 7 borr[$ f ! antique1 ! same s\rce d\btless inspir+ ! employm5t ( vases1 alt>s1 & tripods4 ,m$allions occur occupi$ by figures aft] ! mann] ( ! ,greek vases4 ,9 "s in/ances ^! 7 9 pott]y1 ! "w ( ,w$gwood4 ,! g5]al /ructural =m 0 ar*itectural1 ! m\ld+s slight 9 projection & ref9$ 9 _! pr(iles be+ decorat$ by or?odox enri*m5ts4 ,! foliage is mo/ly artificial 9 "*1 ! leaf lobes 9 ^? ( ! acan?us type be+ ord]ly 9 arrangem5t ) reg>d to pr(ile & radial display1 ) comp>atively little modell+4 ,empire ,a simil> revival ( ! ,antique succe$$ ! ,revolution 9 ,france1 9 ! ,empire /yle1 :i*1 m lit]al 9 reproduction ?an ! ,adam "w1 is *>act]is$ )1 at times1 undesirable sev]ity & precision ( detail1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! treatm5t ( ! human figure4 ,sy/em ( ! ,acan?us ,leaf ,! sy/em ( ! acan?us leaf is bas$ entirely on radiation1 ! t9es & ve9+s be+ arrang$ 9 consi/5tly div]g+ directions f a common base or />t-po9t4 ,:e!r ! :ole leaf be display$ or m]ely ! half leaf us$1 ! %ape %\ld be b\nd$ by g5]al l9es controll+ ! lobes & _! s]rations--! mass %ape =m+ a satisfactory silh\ette4 ,! l5g? ( ! lobes %\ld be relative to ! bread? ( ! leaf1 ! maximum l5g? agree+ ) ! maximum wid?1 & ! o!rs 9 proportion4 ,! edges or outl9es ( s]rations & lobes %\ld also be controll$ by radial l9es f ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bec4 ,con/ruction ( ! ,acan?us ,leaf4 ,9 turn-ov]s & curl+ or twi/+ lobes ! silh\ette %ape & compos+ l9e mu/ be consid]$4 ,! apex ( leaf t]m9ates ) a c5tral lobe balanc$ by side lobes repeat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,9 treatm5t ^! may be display$ cle> ( ea* o!r1 or !y may ov]lap1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid confusion 9 effect4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,treatm5t ,,9 ,,design ,appreciation ( design by ! individual is l>gely a matt] ( temp]am5t1 ?\gh x may be due to "s ext5t to acquir$ k4 ,g5]ally1 few are consci\s ( any guid+ pr9ciple1 & selection 9 _! case is mo/ly ! result ( fa%ion or cu/om4 ,to o!rs c]ta9 col\rs & =ms h an appeal1 ?\gh !y may be q unconsci\s (1 or unable to expla9 ! attraction o!r ?an x suits _! ta/e4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s x has be5 recognis$ t col\r may be employ$ b5eficially 9 curative treatm5t1 b ! normal heal?y individual is (t5 indiff]5t to environm5t o!r ?an t ( mat]ial gratification4 ,:5 any arti/ic "w creates pleasurable emotion1 x is purely a matt] ( cause & effect4 ,to design successfully involves "s und]/&+ ( ! causes or factors :i* con/itute ! appeal4 ,natural ,attraction ,! attraction ( col\r & =m is und\bt$ly univ]sal1 & may be g5]ally und]/ood1 ?\gh !re are delicate degrees ( proportion & association 9 bo? t may only be appreciat$ by ! cultivat$ eye4 ,e>ly essays 9 draw+ g5]ally exhibit an undesirable r$undancy 9 curves1 & 9 _m in/ances ! /ud5t is sl[ to realise t ^? t approximate to ! elliptic =m are proportionately ( m int]e/ ?an ^? obvi\sly compos$ ( segm5ts ( circles4 ,und\bt$ly ?is subtlety ( l9e is "o ( ! pr$om9ant factors 9 appreciation ( =m4 ,a factor 9 patt]n t is l>gely responsible = ! *>m is ! pres5ce ( small detail 9 juxtaposition ) l>g] =ms4 ,?is is entail$ 9 in/ances by te*nical conditions1 su*1 = in/ance1 z 9 "s tape/ries :]e inhabit$ patt]n is ess5tial to ! process ( production4 ,decorative ,mat]ials ,"s mat]ials are employ$ p>tly = _! decorative effect1 su* z naturally figur$ woods & c]ta9 v>ieties ( /one2 & design ma9ly consi/s ( judici\s selection1 use & treatm5t4 ,oak & walnut be+ woods extremely suitable = /ructural "w & furniture h always be5 9 reque/ :5 obta9able4 ,poli%+ is to "s ext5t a pres]vative1 b "w 9 oak or walnut1 especially :5 c>v$1 %\ld be kept comp>atively dull1 o!rwise confusion betwe5 ! relief & ! natural figur+ w\ld result4 ,9 mahogany or sat9wood1 :]e ! *ief int]e/ exi/s 9 ! figur+ & col\r1 c>v+ is undesirable & ! be/ effects are obta9$ by high poli%4 ,x may be urg$ t 9 ! ,*ipp5dale p]iod ! "w 0 inv>iably c>v$1 b ! detail 0 always 9 v l[ relief1 & ! f9i%+ d>k 9 col\r1 9 :i* ! figur+ 0 subdu$4 ,mahogany 9 its m g5]al employm5t owes its *ief beauty to ! developm5t ( figur+ & col\r4 ,c]ta9 m>bles are us$ = _! decorative effect1 & ! natural col\r & figur+ develop$ by poli%4 ,/atu>y m>ble t is sometimes employ$1 is m suitable = c>v$ details1 & appe>s at its be/ :5 unpoli%$1 ?\gh 9 ?is /ate x is extremely subject to discol\ration ow+ to its absorb5t nature4 ,granite1 s popul> 9 our cemet]ies1 is (t5 poli%$1 :5 ! natural figur+ is unpleasantly aggressive4 ,an extremely h>d /one & labori\s to "w1 x is n suitable = c>v+1 & is be/ left r\ghly tool$ or fro/$1 :5 ! natural *ry/al9e =mation appe>s to ! be/ advantage4 ,ju/ification ( ,treatm5t ,! s(t] woods us$ 9 int]ior /ructural "w are g5]ally pa9t$1 p>tly z a pres]vative & l>gely because !y d n possess any figur+ ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,gra9+ 9 imitation ( m preci\s woods is (t5 condemn$ z in>ti/ic1 b x may be urg$ 9 ext5uation t x is ! mo/ economic treatm5t1 z x helps to m9imise ! effect ( we> & incid5tal damage4 ,! use ( patt]n wall-pap]s & floor cov]+s c be ju/ifi$ on ! same gr\nds1 z 9 ^? ) pla9 surfaces any disfigurem5t is readily se54 ,wallpap]1 h[ev]1 is q a legitimate =m ( decoration & n necess>ily imitative1 ?\gh to "s ext5t x is rem9isc5t ( ! e>ly cu/om ( employ+ tape/ries z wall cov]+s4 ,a m durable & arti/ic treatm5t ( int]iors is t ( ! wa9scott+ ( ! ,georgian p]iod1 b ! initial co/ is proportionately great1 ?\gh probably :5 ma9t5ance is tak5 into consid]ation x w\ld be *eap] 9 ! long run4 ,ap>t f ! "q ( co/1 ! mod]n t5d5cy is fav\rable to *ange ( effect & environm5t1 due p>tly to ! facility af=d$ by ! comp>ative *eapness ( wall-pap]1 b ev5 m to ! preval5t %ort t5ancies4 ,undesirable ,imitation ,_m excell5t designs are produc$ 9 wall-pap]s1 ?\gh !re is a t5d5cy at times to reproduce textural effects :i* c only be ju/ifi$ on /hetic gr\nds4 ,^? ( ! frankly imitative k9d _c be condon$4 ,x is /ill possible to h ! hall & /airs pap]$ & v>ni%$ to resemble slabs ( preci\s m>ble1 or patt]ns 9 mosaic1 :i* 7 undreamt ( 9 ,byzant9e times2 & ! or?odox design = ! ba?room is /ill t ( tiles ) ! jo9ts neatly pr9t$4 ,simil> imitation is also app>5t 9 l9oleum1 :5 ! patt]n simulates ! appe>ance ( ei!r wood p>quet or mosaic1 or ev5 worse--t ( a ,turkey or ,axm9/] c>pet4 ,!re is an elem5t ( priggi%ness 9 su* *eap art 9 :i*1 z ?\gh a%am$ ( pov]ty ( mat]ial1 !re is an assumption ( some?+ bett]2 & x is lam5table t !re is n m]ely a m>ket = ^! %ams & imitations b curi\sly en\gh !y also f9d appreciation4 ,!re are phases ( "w :]e simulation may to "s ext5t be ju/ifi$1 = in/ance1 silv] is sometimes gilt4 ,= ?is !re is ! excuse t silv]1 al?\gh a beautiful metal1 is subject to oxidation & requires con/ant att5tion to keep bright4 ,gild+ acts z a pres]vative1 & is !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 c]ta9 =ms ( silv] "w1 :i* x is n conv5i5t to clean 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,te*nical ,consid]ations ,x has already be5 sugge/$ t ,design is n m]ely a "q ( idea & draughtsman%ip1 b is also dep5d5t ^u mat]iali/ic conditions1 :i*1 9 practical "w1 mu/ be und]/ood & prop]ly consid]$4 ,:e!r ! int5d$ design be = "s =m ( flat patt]n1 su* z weav+1 etc41 or = any p>ticul> craft expression1 x is ess5tial t ! limitations ( ! process & mat]ial involv$ be cle>ly kept 9 view1 & t suitable elem5ts = expression be *os54 ,conv5tion1 to a l>ge ext5t1 exi/s 9 ! adaptation ( =ms1 natural or o!rwise1 to ! exig5cies ( production1 a prop] und]/&+ ( :i* w n only t5d to economy 9 co/1 b also to m effective results1 if full advantage be tak5 ( ! craft or me*anical conditions1 :i* %\ld always be =ese5 9 design4 ,me?ods ( ,expression ,me?ods ( expression v>y1 accord+ to position & mat]ial1 & may be ,flat--ei!r silh\ette1 or ) appe>ance ( relief1 or 9 actual relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bed4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,flat ,treatm5t1 ,silh\ette important4 ,d4 ,relief ,treatm5t ( ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bee4 ,a4 ,flat ,treatm5t4 ,b4 ,relief ( ,husk ,leaf4 ,contra/ exi/s always1 ?us 9 ! ,flat ) or )\t outl9e ! contra/ is 9 ,light & ,d>k1 :e!r col\r is involv$ or n4 ,9 ,relief ! contra/ is 9 ,light & ,%ade4 ,contra/ exi/s also 9 bo? treatm5ts 9 l9es /raight & curv$--9 ! v>iety ( ! latt]1 9 l9es ) mass =ms1 & 9 dom9ant =ms ) small] detail4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ,flat ,ornam5t ! mo/ important consid]ations are play ( l9e & silh\ette1 & =ms %\ld be display$ 9 int]e/+ pr(ile2 p]spective & =e%ort5+ be+ elim9at$ :5ev] !y w\ld result 9 di/ort$ or inh>moni\s %apes4 ,9 ,relief treatm5t ! design] is conc]n$ ) ! effect ( ,light & ,%ade 9 h>moni\s arrangem5t ( mass & l9e4 ,p]spective & =e%ort5+ are p]missible to "s ext5t1 b are l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! "w1 great] lic5se be+ all[able 9 high ?an 9 l[ relief4 ,treatm5t ( ,leaves ,9 ,flat ornam5t1 leaves are inv>iably 9 pr(ile1 b 9 ,relief expression !y may be fold$1 t is1 wrapp$ r\nd ! /em4 ,great] fre$om is possible 9 ! turn-ov]s4 ,relief ornam5t %\ld recognise gr\nd by details be+ occasionally display$ 9 l[] relief4 ,:e!r express$ 9 ,flat or ,relief1 ! compos+ l9es %\ld always be emphatic1 & _! direction traceable ?r\gh ! details1 floral or o!rwise4 ,surface ,int]e/ ,9 addition to ! =ego+1 a fur!r consid]ation is t ( int]e/ ( surface1 :i* may consi/ ( contra/ 9 textures ( r\gh surface ) smoo?1 ( patt]n+ on =m1 ve9+ & /riation ( leaves & fl[]s1 & ( ! employm5t ( trellis or imbricat$ patt]n4 ,! latt] 9 conjunction ) o!r details1 occur 9 ! decorative "w ( ! lat] ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,pa9t$ ,decoration ,! te*nical means ( obta9+ ! int]e/ ( surfaces is1 ( c\rse1 incid5tal to ! process involv$4 ,if ! decoration be ! result ( pa9t+1 ! design is free & untrammell$ by any o!r ?an purely /hetic conditions4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 z ! desirable recognition ( surface1 & ! patt]n s5se sugge/$ by recurr5ce1 if a decorative r ?an a pictorial effect is desir$4 ,:5 ! decorations consi/ ( ornam5t1 :olly or p>tly1 !y are occasionally r5d]$ 9 a conv5tional mann]1 bas$ ^u ! appe>ance ( ,relief1 z 9 ! ,pompeian wall decorations & ! pa9t$ "w ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,!re is ample prec$5t = ?is treatm5t 9 traditional pa9t$ decoration1 b delib]ate attempts at reali/ic effects are n only undesirable b to be deplor$4 ,! int]e/ 9 ,pa9t$ ,decoration1 ap>t f col\r1 design or subject1 w\ld be t ( ! individual manife/ation ( ! design] & pa9t]4 ,/5cill$ ,"w ,/5cill$ decoration is a compromise betwe5 pa9t+ & me*anical pr9t+1 & is re/rict$ by ! unit4 ,! repetition ( ?is is practically me*anical1 ?\gh consid]able lic5se is possible 9 ! treatm5t ( col\r1 :i* has to be p]sonally appli$ & is !re=e am5able to controll$ v>iation4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bef4 ,inhabit$ ,details f ,wov5 ,fabrics4 ,int]e/ imp>t$ by patt]n+ on =ms4 ,! design 9 /5cill$ "w is n limit$ to "o unit1 & is n subject to h>d & fa/ rules1 ! plates be+ ( a size conv5i5t to h&le4 ,alt]nate units1 or a s]ies c be employ$1 ! int]e/1 ap>t f col\r & subject consi/+ ma9ly ( contra/ 9 detail1 & 9 ! individualism express$4 ,me*anical ,production1 ,pr9t$ & ,wov5 ,9 textiles1 :]e su* me*anical processes z pr9t+ & weav+ are involv$1 ! design is re/rict$ to ! unit1 ! repetition ( :i* is infallible bo? z to =m & col\r4 ,ap>t f col\r1 ! surface int]e/ consi/s ( sugge/$ or actual contra/s ( texture1 ! result ( ve9+ & /riat+ leaves & fl[]s or ( patt]n+ =ms or backgr\nds ) small] details4 ,ne$lework ,ne$lework1 be+ a p]sonal p]=mance1 has no su* me*anical re/riction2 ! design c1 & %\ld be1 complete )9 ! area1 & ! expression p]fectly free4 ,beside ,design & ,col\r1 ! surface int]e/ is t ( contra/ 9 ! diff]5t textures result+ f ! v>i\s /it*es1 & ! employm5t ( d>n+1 knots1 laid-"w1 etc4 ,appliqu ,9 ,appliqu "w1 int]e/ is imp>t$ by ! mass effects enri*$ by embroid]y1 ! l>ge %apes entail+ detail ( ! inhabit$ v>iety to keep !m f puck]+4 ,9 all ne$lework ! effect is due to "s ext5t to light & %ade1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,appliqu1 :]e a cord$ edge is employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #beg4 ,ne$lework1 contra/+ effect ( v>i\s /it*es4 7,photo3 ,v ,a ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #beh4 ,ne$lework ,appliqu4 ,int]e/ due to contra/ ( mat]ial1 effect ( relief imp>t$ by cord$ edges1 & to embroid]y on appli$ details4 7,photo3 ,v ,a ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bei4 ,lace4 ,surface int]e/ due to contra/ ( v>i\s fill+s4 7,photo3 ,v ,a ,museum74 ,lace ,9 ,lace1 ! int]e/ consi/s solely ( textural contra/1 n only 9 ! treatm5t ( ! v>i\s details1 b 9 ! patt]n+ ( int]vals due to ! necess>y fill+s4 ,design may be complete1 or a repeat$ unit1 accord+ to ! purpose & v>iety ( lace4 ,wood ,inlay ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bfj4 ,wood ,inlay4 ,geometric arrangem5t4 ,design = ,inlays 9 ,wood-"w may be free 9 expression1 or a unit1 at discretion4 ,! latt] v>iety frequ5tly takes ! =m ( l9es spac$ ) reg>d to good proportion1 =m+ bord]s1 *equ]s & geometric %apes ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,floral or o!r =ms simple 9 "* & pr(ile may be us$1 ! design be+ express$ 9 silh\ette4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bfa4 ,wood ,inlay4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bfb4 ,wood ,inlay4 ,simple silh\ette dep5d+ on natural col\r4 ,int>sia ,9 ! ,int>sia detail ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ! inlaid =ms 7 elaborat$ by surface m>k+s & graduat$ effects 7 obta9$ by means ( hot s&2 b ! natural contra/ 9 ! v>i$ col\r & fibres ( ! mat]ial employ$ probably =m ! m legitimate int]e/ 9 all inlaid "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bfc4 ,wood ,inlay4 ,simple silh\ette4 ,v5e]1 ,m>quetry ,9 ,v5e] "w & 9 ,m>quetry1 :]e ! "w is qu>t]$ & juxtapos$1 ! int]e/ consi/s 9 ! patt]n+ ( ! figur$ woods1 p>ticul>ly :5 ^! are arrang$ to =m reciprocal %apes4 ,b\le ,"w ,! int]e/ ( ,buhl or ,b\le "w1 an inlay ( metal employ$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance 9 ! decoration ( furniture1 (t5 9 conjunction ) tortoise%ell1 is t ( contra/ ( texture4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bfd4 ,italian ,int>sia4 ,=ms elaborat$ by incis$ l9es4 ,9 ! design1 pr(ile or silh\ette is ! prim>y consid]ation1 be+ us$3 #a4 ,z a =m ( fram+1 #b4 ,9 angles or c5tres on table-tops1 #c4 ,9 panels 9 furniture3 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bfe4 ,l\is ,,xv ,cab9et ) ,ormolu ,m\nts4 ,m>quetry1 v5e] qu>t]$ & inlaid ) floral detail4 7,photo3 ,v ,a ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bff4 ,b\le ,"w4 ,p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,! design c inv>iably be complete )9 ! area4 ,col\r$ gr\nds are employ$ z well z tortoise%ell4 ,mosaic ,mosaic designs may be complete 9 !mselves or be ! result ( repetition1 accord+ to attitude & purpose1 & ) reg>d to v>iety & col\r1 only re/rict$ by /hetic consid]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bfg4 ,b\le ,"w4 ,p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,ow+ to te*nical limitations1 modell+ c only be broadly sugge/$2 !re=e =ms %\ld be g5]ally 9 silh\ette except :5 on a l>ge scale4 ,:5 employ$ on walls & vaults1 gold is frequ5tly us$ 9 ! backgr\nds4 ,?is n only s]ves to def9e detail1 b af=ds contra/ to ! g5]al surface1 ! inevitable jo9ts 9 ! tess> add+ also to ! int]e/4 ,byzant9e ,use ( ,m>ble ,associat$ ) ,mosaic decoration 9 ! ,byzant9e ,p]iod 0 ! employm5t ( m>ble 9 %afts ( columns & = l9+ walls by b&+ or slabb+1 frequ5tly qu>t]$1 s z to display ! m>k+s 9 reciprocal =ms4 ,su* m>bles 7 *os5 = figur+ & col\r1 ! =m] 9 its v>iety be+ an important factor 9 ! surface int]e/4 ,simil> employm5t ( slabs occurs 9 ! treatm5t ( floors1 :]e contra/ 9 col\r is ! *ief consid]ation4 ,x is sometimes associat$ ) ,mosaic ( small tess]1 also 9 m>ble1 :]eas t us$ on walls & 9 vaults 0 frequ5tly ( glass4 ,! =ego+ is a broad summ>y ( ornam5tal expression 9 ! ,flat1 ) ! exception ( ,book ,decoration4 ,book ,decoration ,9 ,black & ,:ite1 :i* is *iefly employ$1 ! designs may be 9 tone or l9e ) sugge/ion ( rotundity or relief2 or l9e decoratively employ$1 accord+ to subject1 or purely decorative4 ,! same applies to r5d]+s 9 col\r4 ,designs = cov]s are controll$ by ! processes involv$1 :e!r pr9t$1 /amp$ or tool$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bfh4 ,mosaic ,bord]s4 ,a4 ,f ,c>?age4 ,b4 ,c4 ,)+ton1 ,gl\ce/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bfi4 ,mosaic ,bord]1 ,roman4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bgj4 ,roman ,mosaic4 ,wood*e/]1 ,gl\ce/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bga4 ,roman ,mosaic4 ,treatm5t 9 ,light & ,%ade sugge/ive ( relief4 7,photo3 ,v ,a ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bgb4 ,tool$ ,bookb9d+ 9 ,lea!r4 ,repetition due to tools or /amps4 7,photo3 ,v ,a ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bgc4 ,modell$ ,pla/]1 %ew+ relatively l>ge gr\nd area4 7,photo3 ,v ,a ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bgd4 ,wood ,c>v+4 ,gr9l+ ,gibbons4 ,att5tion devot$ to detail ) elim9ation ( gr\nd4 7,photo3 ,v ,a ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bge4 ,wood ,c>v+4 ,fr5*1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 7,photo3 ,v ,a ,museum74 ,b9d+s ,9 ! two latt] ! ornam5t %\ld be 9 pr(ile or silh\ette4 ,9 tool$ b9d+s1 repetition ( unit or motif is ess5tial1 ! design be+ ! direct result ( available tools4 ,9 su* b9d+s fur!r int]e/ may be imp>t$ by gild+ ei!r ! detail or by introduc+ gold z p[d]+ on %apes or backgr\nds1 or by ! s-call$ inlay+ ( o!r col\rs4 ,relief--,economic ,result ( ,me?od ,9 ,relief ornam5t1 design & "* %\ld be ! result ( te*nical expression4 ,if consid]$ f an economic po9t ( view1 ! t5d5cy w\ld naturally be to obta9 ! maximum effect ) ! m9imum ( lab\r2 & ?is w\ld inv>iably result1 :5 ! decoration is built up or appli$ to an exi/+ gr\nd z 9 modell$ "w1 9 slight occupation1 ) comp>atively l>ge int]vals4 ,9 c>v+1 :]e ! orig9al surface =ms ! highe/ relief1 & has to be cut back to =m ! gr\nd1 ! result w\ld be rev]s$1 ! individual work] be+ m attract$ to ! treatm5t ( detail ?an to cle>+ away un9t]e/+ spaces4 ,c>v+1 :e!r 9 wood or /one1 is employ$ 9 v>i\s decorative positions1 & except 9 ! enri*m5t ( friezes or m\ld+s--:5 ! repeat+ unit is desirable--! design %\ld be complete 9 itself4 ,desirable ,treatm5t 9 ,c>v+ ,! treatm5t %\ld evid5ce ! direct employm5t ( ! tool1 any attempt to efface or s(t5 w result 9 loss ( "* & sugge/ ! pla/ic effect incid5tal to modell+4 ,= conv5i5ce1 & possibly 9 ! abs5ce ( m desirable examples1 /ud5ts are (t5 all[$ 9 _! e>ly attempts at c>v+ to reproduce ca/s ( pla/ic orig94 ,?is is und\bt$ly p]nici\s1 z ! model is probably unsuitable1 & ! /ud5t is !reby biass$4 ,examples %\ld be select$ 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic treatm5t is suffici5tly evid5t if a true & ?or\gh appreciation ( ! craft is to be in/ill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bgf4 ,simple ,jacobean ,wood ,c>v+4 ,direct g\ge "w4 ,9 ! design--:i* may occupy or fill ! %ape & c be symmetrically arrang$ on a c5tral axis1 or balanc$--! effect is due ma9ly to ,light & ,%ade4 ,fur!r int]e/ may be imp>t$ by ! sectional =m or modell+ ( ! details1 groov+s1 /riations or o!r textural sugge/ions4 ,backgr\nds ,! employm5t ( pun*$ gr\nds 9 c>v$ "w is to be deprecat$ z me*anical 9 effect4 ,suffici5t int]e/ is obta9able by ! process ( cutt+ back1 9 ! p]fect levell+ ( :i* ! c>v] ne$ n be too conc]n$4 ,suspici\sly uni=m gr\nds are sugge/ive ( "w fret-saw$ & appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bgg4 ,wood ,c>v+4 ,engli%4 ,late ,elizabe?an or ,e>ly ,jacobean4 ,:5 c>v+ 9 wood is 9 v high relief1 x is occasionally1 z 9 ! ,gr9l+ ,gibbons "w1 built up4 ,?is may n be a matt] ( great objection if prop]ly atta*$1 & ! gra9 ( fibre mat*$1 b is1 h[ev]1 bett] avoid$4 ,reproduction ,processes ,modell$ ornam5t is g5]ally employ$ 9 reproduction processes1 su* z m\ld+ ( ,t]ra-cotta1 pla/]1 etc4 ,! design c be free 9 expression1 or a unit ( repetition accord+ to requirem5t4 ,! detail :i* is appli$ to an exi/+ surface is inv>iably m op51 ) a result+ display 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! surface int]e/ consi/s ( contra/s 9 texture1 ! result ( ve9+1 /riat+ & patt]n+ =ms4 ,! relief is n1 z 9 c>v$ "w1 controll$ by an orig9al surface1 b1 be+ built up1 is susceptible to great] v>iation4 ,m\ld+s may be brok5 by lapp+ & ov]lapp+ details1 & ?\gh 9 "s traditional "w simil> treatm5t occurs 9 wood-c>v+1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t su* details are too sugge/ive (1 & m prop] to1 pla/ic r5d]+s4 ,9 economic m\ld$ "w und]cutt+ ( details %\ld be avoid$ z ?is is only possible 9 piece or ela/ic m\lds4 ,9 wood-c>v+1 h[ev]1 !re is no re/riction4 ,metal ,rep\ss ,fre$om & v>iety 9 detail are possible 9 ,metal ,rep\ss1 b z ! light & %ade is consid]ably modifi$ by ! nature ( ! surface1 ! design :i* is pla/ic 9 "* incid5tal to me?od ( work+1 %\ld h reg>d = silh\ette or pr(ile display1 & n be dep5d5t ^u surface modell+4 ,! pr9cipal factor 9 effect is ,light1 bo? direct & reflect$4 ,surface int]e/ is ! result ( imp>t+ by *as+ v>i\s textures 9 /riations or matt4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bgh4 ,wood ,c>v+ f ,fonta9bleau4 ,e>ly ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,excell5t effect c be obta9$ by outl9+ ) ! trac+ tool1 leav+ ! surface ( detail pla9 & uni=m 9 height1 & imp>t+ texture ) ! matt tools 9 ! int]vals = ! sake ( contra/4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bgi4 ,economic ,wood ,c>v+4 ,! me?od ( work+ is simple1 entail+ manipulation f ! face ( ! metal only1 & ! detail is left 9 slight relief by ! gr\nd be+ set back 9 ! textur+4 ,?is treatm5t is only suitable :]e ! ornam5t$ area is enclos$4 ,:5 ! design is freely display$ on a gr\nd )\t enclos+ l9es1 x %\ld appe> 9 relief1 ! result ( rais+ f ! back2 & textur+ %\ld be employ$ only on ! details 9 contra/ to ! smoo? gr\nd4 ,z 9 all appli$ "w1 ! economic result is slight occupation4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bhj4 ,oak ,box decorat$ ) flat c>v+4 ,icel&ic4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,metal1 ,ca/ ,ca/ metal is produc$ 9 s& m\lds1 a model or patt]n be+ employ$ ( :i* ! ca/+ is a reproduction4 ,! ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bha4 ,rep\ss ,"w4 ,a4 ,patt]n def9$ by trac+ tool & int]e/ imp>t$ by diff]5t textures ( gr\nd4 ,b4 ,patt]n rais$ f back1 & def9$ & enri*$ by trac+ & matt tools on face1 af=d+ textural contra/ ) pla9 gr\nd4 7,photo ( ,a4 ,v ,a ,museum74 patt]n may be orig9ally modell$ or c>v$1 & ?is det]m9es ! "* ( ! metal result1 ?\gh x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :5 ! necess>y f9i%+ is by turn+ or fil+4 ,ca/+s 9 iron are left z !y leave ! m\ld1 b 9 bronze1 except 9 ,cire ,p]du ca/+1 ! surface has to be entirely work$ d[n4 ,9 common "w1 h[ev]1 ?is is accompli%$ by means ( small files or riffles & by *as+ ! m elaborate details4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bhb4 ,wr\ght ,iron1 simple =m enri*$ by use ( pun*es4 ,"* ( ,ca/ ,"w ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bhc4 ,gondola ,pr[4 ,wr\ght ,iron1 comp>ative flat surface enri*$ by *isell$ "w4 ,z a matt] ( op9ion x is consi/5t t ! ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bhd4 ,surface ,int]e/ 9 ,metal4 ,a4 ,blade ( ,/ate ,battle-axe1 damasc5$ ) silv]1 ,indian4 ,b4 ,blade ( ,khyb] ,knife1 engrav$1 ,indian4 ,c4 ,hilt ( ,tulw>1 damasc5$ ) gold1 ,indian4 ,d4 ,vase1 ,bidri ,w>e1 pewt] inlaid ) silv]1 ,indian4 ,e4 ,scabb>d ,end1 gold inlay1 ,indian4 ,f4 ,ornam5t on ,gauntl$ ,sword1 damasc5$ ) gold1 ,indian4 "* ( ca/ "w %\ld be pla/ic1 & if ! orig9al patt]n is ! result ( c>v+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to imp>t ! desir$ feel+1 ! patt]n be+ m]ely a means to ! end4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! f9al f9i%2 if ?is is to be bright1 surface modell+ %\ld be a second>y consid]ation to surface int]e/ result+ f contra/ ( textures4 ,x1 h[ev]1 becomes ( proportionate importance z ! "w is dull or ton$1 & !re=e is subject to ! ord9>y conditions ( ,light & ,%ade4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,my?ology ,,& ,,symbolism ,traditional ornam5t is replete ) =ms & details t 7 orig9ally inve/$ ) mean+1 ?\gh 9 ! lat] employm5t ?is 0 disreg>d$1 be+ us$ = ! sake ( v>iety & _! /hetic value4 ,su* details z ! fe/oons1 wrea?s1 tripods & alt>s z appe> 9 ! ,r5aissance ornam5t 7 orig9ally associat$ ) victory1 sacrifice & religi\s obs]vance4 ,e>ly ,symbolic ,ornam5t ,x has previ\sly be5 sugge/$ t ! e>ly employm5t ( natural types 0 symbolic 9 ! ,egyptian treatm5t ( ! ,lotus & ,papyrus1 :i*1 provid+ mat]ial = wov5 fabrics & = manuscripts1 7 !re=e e/eem$4 ,^! details associat$ z !y frequ5tly are ) ! zigzag l9e1 are symbolic ( ! f]tiliz+ ( ! l& result+ f ! p]iodical inundation ( ! ,nile4 ,! date-palm on acc\nt ( its value z food 0 symbolis$ by ! ,assyrians z ! tree ( life 9 ! frond+ ,an!mion =m1 :i* und\bt$ly influ5c$ ! lat] ornam5t4 ,! ,palm-tree 0 said to gr[ fa/] = be+ weight$ d[n1 h5ce x 0 ! symbol ( ,resolution ov]com+ ,calamity4 ,! ori5tal belief 0 t x sprang f ! residue clay f :i* ,adam 0 =m$4 ,symbolism1 univ]sally und]/ood z x und\bt$ly 0 9 e>ly times1 impli$ a univ]sal int]e/ on ! "p ( ! individual & ! g5]al community4 ,! abs5ce ( ?is int]e/ 9 m mod]n "w is to be deplor$4 ,a common example ( ! employm5t ( su* symbols1 :i* h[ev] is fa/ disappe>+1 is ! b>b]'s pole1 ! gilt knob ( :i* repres5ts ! bas91 & ! pole ! /aff held by ! pati5ts 9 ! op]ation ( v5esection4 ,! pa9t$ spiral /ripes are to indicate ! respective b&ages1 "o = twi/+ r\nd ! arm previ\s to blood-lett+1 ! o!r = f9al b9d+s4 ,cu/oms ,! mod]n cu/om 9 salutation ( %ak+ h&s or rais+ ! hat is a survival--! =m] ( ! anci5t cu/om ( adv]s>ies 9 treat+ ( a truce tak+ hold ( ! weapon h& to ensure aga9/ trea*]y--! latt] ( ! removal ( ! helmet :5 no dang] is nigh1 to %[ t "o c /& unprotect$4 ,! cu/om 9 ,c\rts-m>tial ( plac+ ! sword hilt or po9t t[>ds ! accus$1 accord+ to judgm5t1 is also a survival4 ,9 anci5t times1 if a /rang] on arrival held ! po9t ( a spe> =w>d1 x d5ot$ a decl>ation ( w>2 b if c>ri$ ) ! po9t beh9d1 he came 9 fri5d%ip & peace4 ,!re are opportunities :]e ! decorative elem5t c\ld be su* z to1 embody or v9dicate local "* or purpose1 b ) ! decad5ce ( symbolism mu* ( our mod]n ornam5t fails to int]e/1 because x has no mean+ t is und]/ood or c be appreciat$4 ,orig9 ( ,my?ology ,my?ology _h its orig9 9 ! sup]/itions ( primitive man1 to :om ! gods 7 =ces ( ,nature improp]ly und]/ood1 & to :om ,light & ,d>kness w\ld appeal z b5efic5t or malignant =ces accord+ to h[ !y affect$ 8 p]sonal com=t4 ,! uncontrollable nature & effects ( ^! 9 ! abs5ce ( m mod]n conditions w\ld naturally t5d t[>d belief 9 ,fatalism & ,de/9y1 :i* ev5tuat$ 9 my?ological expression4 ,nature ,my?s ,e>ly my?s _h _! orig9 9 processes ( ,nature1 or aspects ( natural ph5om5a :i*1 to ! primitive m9d1 appe>$ sup]natural4 ,induc+ a belief 9 p[]s invisible1 inf9ite & div9e1 & 9 future exi/5ce4 ,) ?is belief ^! aspects 7 ev5tually inve/$ ) p]sonality4 ,an example is ! ,greek tradition ( ,kronos1 a native my? acc\nt+ = ! sep>ation ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,uranus 7,heav57 husb& to ,ga 7,e>?7 kept 8 prog5y ,oceanus 7sea7 ,hyp]ion 7,sun7 & ,kronos 7,light & ,d>k1 or ,"t7 9 ! holl[s ( ! e>?1 9 d>kness4 ,kronos revolt$1 & =c+ ,uranus away1 kept him = ev] at a di/ance4 ,a ,new ,zeal& p>allel is ! ,maori ,tree or ,=e/ god ,tani1 :o effect$ a simil> sev]ance by ly+ d[n on ! e>? & pu%+ ! ,heav5s away ) 8 feet4 ,! native belief be+ t man 0 a tree upside d[n1 8 hair =m+ ! roots & 8 legs ! bran*es4 ,light & ,d>kness ,"s my?s appe> 9 _m =ms1 associat$ ) ris+ & sett+4 ,! ,greek r5d]+ is t ,kronos 7,"t7 m>ri$ ,rhea & dev\r$ all 8 *ildr5 at bir? except ,zeus 7,air71 ,poseidon 7,wat]71 & ,hades 7! ,grave71 :i* ?ree ,"t _c consume4 ,an e>li] tradition is t ,kronos dev\r$ all 8 prog5y except ,zeus1 = :om a /one wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s 0 sub/itut$ & promptly swall[$1 ! *ild ,zeus be+ secret$4 ,on arriv+ at adult age1 ,zeus compell$ ,kronos to disgorge1 fir/ ! /one1 !n ! o!r *ildr5 9 succession4 ,! lit]al mean+ be+ t ( night cov]+ up or swall[+ ! _w1 ! disgorg+ be+ ! sunrise4 ,melanesian ,my? ,an int]e/+ v>iant is ! tradition ( ! ,melanesian h]o ,qat & 8 bro!rs1 :o liv$ 9 p]petual day4 ,qat he>d ( ,night1 & sett+ =? 9 se>*1 0 successful 9 8 que/4 ,on 8 return he told 8 bro!rs to sit q /ill1 & :5 !y felt some?+ 9 _! eyes to take no notice b keep quiet2 !reon !y fell asleep4 ,:5 ,night _h la/$ long en\gh1 ,qat took a slab ( r$ obsidian & cut ! d>kness & ,dawn came out4 ,a tradition rem9isc5t ( ! 8du/man0 or ! 8s&-man0 ( ! nurs]y1 ?\gh ! slab ( r$ obsidian is a t\* bo? poetic & symbolic 9 its sugge/ion4 ,d>kness z a ,dev\r+ ,mon/] ,9 ! e>ly my?s1 ,night or ,d>kness is inv>iably a malignant influ5ce or a dev\r+ mon/] ?reat5+ ! e>? or ! sun1 e4g41 ! ,sc&9avian ,wolf ,f5rir or ,f5ris1 ! ,py?on sla9 by ,apollo1 & 9 ,oannes ! ,*aldean sea-god dev\r$ or de/roy$ by d>kness4 ,oannes1 :o is repres5t$ 9 composite fi% & man =m1 accord+ to tradition liv$ ) mank9d dur+ ! day to in/ruct !m 9 ! ,arts & ,sci5ces2 be+ immolat$ at night & re-inc>nat$ at dawn4 ,season ,my?s ,9 ! ,sc&9avian tradition ( ,baldur1 ! god ( ,peace1 :i* be>s "s resemblance 9 respect to immolation & re-inc>nation1 ! god 0 kill$ by ! bl9d ,hod] at ! in/igation ( ,loki4 ,by ord] ( ,od91 ev]y?+ t sprung f e>?1 air1 fire & wat] 0 =bidd5 to injure ,baldur1 b ! mi/letoe1 n be+ includ$1 0 made into an arr[ & %ot at r&om4 ,x effect$ 8 dea?1 b by g5]al reque/ ( ! gods1 he 0 re/or$ to life4 ,baldur is really a season my?1 symboliz+ ! dea? ( ! sun at ! end ( ! ye>1 ) ! resuscitation 9 ! ,spr+4 ,s also is ! tradition ( ,p]sephone abduct$ by ,pluto1 & all[$ to revisit h] "m1 ,demet]1 at ! dawn ( ,summ]4 ,ano!r p>allel is ! /ory ( ,orpheus & ,eurydice4 ,sun ,my?s ,( my?s associat$ ) ! ,dawn !re is ! tradition ( ,apollo & ,daphne1 :]e ! /ory ( ! nymph be+ *as$ by ! god & trans=m$ into ! tree symbolis$ ! e>ly dawn disp]s$ by ! ,sun1 or ! effect ( ! gr[+ p[] ( ! ,sun on vegetation4 ,simil> 9 idea is ! tradition ( ,wabun1 son ( ,mudjekee-,wee1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian ,apollo1 :o *as$ ,d>kness ) 8 arr[s ov] hill & valley1 wak+ ! villag]s1 call+ ! ,?und] & br++ ! morn+4 ,he m>ri$ ,wabung ,annung1 :om he transplant$ to ! ,heav5s1 :]e %e became ! ,morn+ ,/>4 ,associat$ also ) ! sun is ! my? ( ,clytie1 a wat] nymph1 :o = unrequit$ love ( ,apollo1 0 *ang$ into a sun-fl[]1 :i* traditionally /ill turns t[>ds ! sun1 foll[+ him ?r\gh 8 daily c\rse4 ,belief 9 ,natural ,ph5om5a ,x has already be5 sugge/$ t 9 primitive times int5tional & consci\s life 0 ascrib$ to a ho/ ( natural objects & ph5om5a1 indications ( :i* survive 9 ! common spee* ( ! pres5t day4 ,?us we speak ( inanimate ?+s z if !y _h consci\sness & intellig5ce4 ,we say ! ,wea!r is good or bad1 ! ,w9d furi\s1 ! ,sea trea*]\s1 ! ,seasons incon/ant or ! ,e>? ?ir/y4 ,x is also cu/om>y to speak ( ! 8head0 or 8foot0 ( a m\nta91 & 8arm0 ( ! sea & ! 8m\?0 ( a riv] or a cave4 ,consci\s action is sugge/$ by su* /atem5t z ! w9d 8:i/les10 8h[ls0 or 8moans02 ! torr5t or riv] 8murmurs02 ! fields 8smile0 or ! sky 8?reat5s40 ,^! af=d und\bt$ evid5ce ( e>ly belief 9 p]sonality & consci\sness--a belief orig9ally simple1 b lat] becom+ m complex1 mono!i/ic 9 ! e>li] =m1 develop+ into poly!ism 9 assign+ diff]5t deities to ! v>i\s elem5ts4 ,greek & ,roman ,deities ,9 ,greek & ,roman my?ology !re are twelve deities1 six gods & six goddesses4 ,greek4 ,gods4 ,roman4 ,zeus4 ,! air or ! ,jupit]4 liv+ "o 7k+7 ,apllon4 ,sun ,god4 ,apollo4 ,ares4 ,w> ,m>s4 ,h]mes4 ,mess5g]4 ,m]cury4 ,poseidon4 ,sea ,god4 ,neptune4 ,hephai/os4 ,smi?4 ,vulcan4 ,goddesses4 ,h]a4 ,que54 ,juno4 ,demet]4 ,tillage4 ,c]es4 ,artemis4 ,moon-,hunt+4 ,diana4 ,a!n4 ,wisdom4 ,m9]va4 ,aphrodite4 ,love & ,beauty4 ,v5us4 ,he/a4 ,home life4 ,ve/a4 ,^! are ! orig9al twelve1 b f\r o!rs are ref]r$ to z foll[s3 ,dionsus4 ,! ,god ( ,w9e4 ,bac*us4 ,eros4 ,! love lad4 ,cupid4 ,plutn4 ,god ( ! ,inf]no4 ,pluto4 ,kronos4 ,"t4 ,saturn4 ,sc&9avian ,my?ology ,9 ! ,sc&9avian my?ology ,ymir ! p]sonification ( ,*aos or fir/ creat$ be+1 0 produc$ by ! antagonism ( heat & cold1 n\ri%$ by ! f\r milky /reams f ! c[ ,audhumla4 ,:ile he slept a man & woman grew out ( 8 left arm1 & sons f 8 feet1 f :om 0 =m$ ! race ( ,fro/ ,giants4 ,od9 & 8 two bro!rs slew ,ymir & ?rew ! c>case into ! ,g9nungagap1 or abyss ( abysses4 ,! blood =m$ ! wat]s ( ! ,e>?2 ! bones ! ,m\nta9s1 ! skull ! ,heav5s2 ! tee?1 ,rocks2 ! bra9s1 ,cl\ds2 ! hair1 plants ( e k9d2 & ! eyebr[s1 a wall ( def5ce aga9/ ! ,giants4 ,z 9 ! ,greek & ,roman my?ology1 ! ,cele/ials or sir ( ! ,sc&9avians 7 twelve 9 numb]1 ! *ief be+ ,od94 ,ea* god dwelt 9 8 mansion 9 ,asg>d 7,god's ,w>d71 situat$ on ! heav5ly hills betwe5 ! ,e>? & ! ,ra9b[4 ,! o!r gods or ,asa 73 ,?or4 ,god ( ,?und] & ,w>4 ,tyr4 ,wisdom4 ,baldur4 ,sun4 ,bragi4 ,eloqu5ce4 ,vid>4 ,sil5ce4 ,hod>4 ,! ,bl9d4 ,h>nod4 ,! ,mess5g] 7div9e intellig5ce7 ,odur4 ,loki4 ,god ( ,mis*ief4 ,all ^! 7 sons ( ,od9--! y\nge/ be+ ,vale4 ,! mansion ( ,od9 0 ,glad%eim--t ( ,frigga1 8 wife ,f5salir4 ,baldur's 0 ,broadbl9k or 8,va/ ,spl5d\r40 ,! ,refectory1 or ,hall ( ! sir1 0 ,valhalla1 9 :i* ! spirits ( w>riors 7 ent]ta9$ by ! twelve ,valkyries 7arm$ & m\nt$ nymphs71 :o 9 battle select$ ^? de/9$ = dea?4 ,supreme 7 ! 8,my/]i\s ,?ree0 call$ ,h> ! ,mighty1 ! ,l ,mighty & ! ?ird p]son1 :o sat on ! ?rone above ! ,ra9b[4 ,! ,sc&9avian ,fates or ,nornir1 repres5t+ ! ,pa/1 ,pres5t & ,future1 sat sp9n+ ! web ( ev5ts ( human life b5ea? ! a% tree ,yggdrasil1 ^: roots ran 9 ?ree directions1 "o to ,asg>d1 "o to ! ,fro/ ,giants1 & ! ?ird to ! und]world4 ,b5ea? ea* 0 a f\nta9 ( wond]ful virtue4 ,9 ! tree f :i* drops honey sit an eagle1 a squirrel & f\r /ags2 ly+ at & gnaw+ ! root is ! s]p5t ,ni?hggr1 :ile ! squirrel ,ratatsk] runs up & d[n endeav\r+ to cause /rife betwe5 ! s]p5t & ! eagle at ! top4 ,ris+ & ,sett+ ,symbolis$ ,! ,egyptian ,horus1 ! hawk-head$ son ( ,osiris & ,isis1 symbolis$ ! sun's pa?1 or ! ris+ sun2 ,ra ! noon-day & ,osiris ! sett+4 ,osiris1 ! husb& ( ,isis1 is repres5t$ by ! moon1 & by an eye at ! top ( f\rte5 /eps & symbolises any wan+ lum9>y1 z ! sett+ sun or wan+ moon4 ,isis1 to ^: wor%ip ! sacr$ c[ 0 d$icat$1 symbolises ris+1 becom+ visible1 & is repres5t$ ) two horns on a /em ris+ f h] head4 ,! anci5t ,egyptian indulg$ 9 ! supposition t ! swell+ ( ! ,nile at ! annual innundation occurr$ on ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ,osiris1 & 0 due to ! te>s ( ! lam5t+ ,isis4 ,endymion 9 ! ,greek tradition is ! sett+ sun1 ) :om ! moon is 9 love4 ,he 0 visit$ & kiss$ e night by ,sel5e on ! ,latmian ,hills1 :]e he 0 condemn$ to sleep1 & et]nal y\?4 ,w9ds ,p]sonifi$ ,t ! ,w9ds z natural =ces %\ld become p]sonifi$ is easy to imag9e1 z 9 ! ,roman olus1 fa!r ( ,zephyr1 ! ,we/ w9d4 ,aquilo or ,boreas1 son ( ,a/ru a ,titan1 & ,eos 7morn+7 0 ! ,nor? ,w9d1 & liv$ 9 a cave on ,m\nt ,h]mus 9 ,?race4 ,! o!r w9ds 7 ,notus1 7,s\?71 ,eurus 7,ea/71 ,corus 7,nor?-,we/71 ,arge/s 7,nor?-,ea/71 ,volturnus 7,s\?-,ea/71 & ,af]v5tus 7,s\?-,we/74 ,! natural ph5om5on ( ! ,e*o is embodi$ 9 ! poetic tradition ( a nymph1 :o1 on acc\nt ( unrequit$ love = ,n>cissus1 p9$ away till only h] voice rema9$4 ,pr$e/9ation ,to ! primitive m9d disa/] or affliction f q natural causes w\ld be attribut$ to ! wra? ( "s deity1 ev5 ?\gh !re 0 no p]sonal (f5ce4 ,?is sup]/ition w\ld f9d expression 9 a belief 9 pr$e/9ation or fatalism1 z is evid5c$ 9 ! trag$ies ( ,ore/es & dipus1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! protract$ return ( ,ulysses f ,troy4 ,! ,fates ,! ,greeks & ,romans believ$ t bir?1 ev5ts & dea? 7 arbitr>ily controll$ by ! ,p>c or ,fates1 ( :i* !re 7 ?ree--,clo?o1 :o held ! di/aff--,la*esis1 :o spun ! ?read ( life & ,atropos :o bore ! %e>s & cut ! ?read :5 life 0 end$4 ,?us ,clo?o presid$ ov] bir? & drew ! ?read ( life f ! di/aff1 :ile ,atropos presid$ ov] dea?1 ,la*esis sp9n+ ! ?read betwe5 life & dea?4 ,! ,h>pies & ,furies 7 also responsible ag5ts 9 disa/]4 ,! =m] 7 vultures ) female heads & brea/s1 liv+ 9 an atmosph]e ( fil? & /5* & contam9at+ ev]y?+ !y came ne>4 ,_! names ,ocypeta 7rapid71 ,cel5o 7blackness71 & ,aello 7/orm7 indicate t !y 7 ! p]sonification ( tumult & :irlw9d4 ,equally arbitr>y 7 ! reput$ acts ( ! ,furies1 ( :om !re 7 likewise ?ree1 _! names be+ ,tisiphone 7av5g] ( blood71 ,alectro 7implacable71 & ,megra 7disputati\s74 ,propitiation & ,sacrifice ,propitiation & sacrifice1 to avoid su* visitation w\ld be ! natural outcome1 & ! v>i\s traditions are probably records ( actual occurr5ces1 embroid]$ by poetic imag]y & miracul\s conditions4 ,9 lat] tradition1 cause or ju/ification is indicat$ z 9 ! /ory ( ,iphig5ia1 daught] ( ,clytemne/ra & ,agamemnon4 ,! latt] hav+ (f5d$ ,artemis by kill+ h] fav\rite /ag1 v[$ to sacrifice ! mo/ beautiful ?+ t came into 8 possession dur+ ! next twelve mon?s4 ,?is 0 an infant daught]1 b ! sacrifice 0 def]r$ till %e rea*$ womanhood1 :5 ! comb9$ ,greek fleet arriv$ at ,aulis on its way to ,troy4 ,cal*as decl>$ ?is w\ld be w9d-b\nd z long z ! v[ rema9$ unfulfill$1 b ,artemis int]pos$ at ! la/ mom5t by spirit+ ,iphig5ia away f ! alt> & leav+ a h9d to suff] 9 h] /ead4 ,a simil> /ory is t ( ,&rom$a1 rescu$ by ,p]seus f ! sea mon/] s5t by ,poseidon to deva/ate ! l&4 ,! reput$ cause 0 ,cassiopeia1 "m ( ,&rom$a1 boa/+ ( h] daught]'s beauty1 & on appeal to ! oracle ! sacrifice 0 decl>$ necess>y to save ! c\ntry & to appease ! (f5d$ deity4 ,simil> in/ances 9 ,bible hi/ory are ! v[s ( sacrifice made by ,abraham & ,jeph?ah4 ,! latt] has a p>allel 9 ! ,greek tradition ( ,idom5eus1 ,k+ ( ,crete1 :o v[$ to sacrifice ! fir/ be+ he enc\nt]$ if ! gods grant$ him a safe return aft] ! burn+ ( ,troy4 ,! fir/ p]son met on l&+ 0 8 son1 :o 0 sacrific$1 & 9 consequ5ce ,idom5eus 0 bani%$ z a murd]]4 ,e>ly ,burial ,cu/oms ,! anci5t burial cu/oms are evid5ce ( an e>ly belief 9 future exi/5ce1 & t n only human be+s b inanimate objects h s\ls4 ,x 0 consid]$ necess>y t ! dep>t$ %\ld be accompani$ n only by 8 weapons & p]sonal belong+s1 b also by att5dants or slaves1 :o 7 immolat$ s t !y c\ld cont9ue _! m9i/rations 9 ! future life4 ,taboo ,! rev]5ce ) :i* burial places 7 reg>d$ gave rise to ! belief 9 ! spirits ( ! dead z gu>dians1 & ?is survives at ! pres5t day 9 ! my/]i\s cu/om ( 8,taboo10 a ,polynesian t]m :i* means 8consecrat$0 or 8set ap>t40 ,x really has a d\ble mean+3 to consecrate1 & to insure p5alty1 :]eby dwell+s are ab&on$ aft] ! dea? ( _! own]s 9 ! supposition t !y are sacr$ to ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4 ,roman ,l>es ,! ,l>es ( ! ,romans 7 dome/ic or public1 ! dome/ic ,l>es 7 ! s\ls ( ! virtu\s ance/ors exalt$ to ! rank ( protectors4 ,!y took ! =m ( images l dogs set beh9d ! ,entrance1 or 9 ! ,l>>ium or %r9e4 ,!re 7 also public ,l>es1 ^: prov9ce 0 ! protection ( /reets & roads4 ,?is belief 9 ! dead z gu>dian spirits acc\nts = a =m ( sacrifice 9 :i* ! victims 7 buri$ "u f\ndations1 a cu/om modifi$ 9 lat] times to ! sacrifice ( animals4 ,x survives at ! pres5t day 9 bury+ curr5t co9s at ! c]emony ( lay+ ! f\ndation-/one 9 public build+s4 ,typical ,leg5d ,_m ( ! leg5ds ( ! ,middle ,ages associat$ ) ,ar*itecture are rem9isc5t ( ! e>ly cu/oms ( sacrifice 9 ! (t-repeat$ traditions ( demoniacal aid4 ,! /ory g5]ally deals ) "s difficult problem 9 design or con/ruction = ! solution ( :i* ! ar*itect or build] ent]s into ! usual compact ) ! evil "o1 ! t]ms be+ t ! latt] p>ty to ! contract %all take possession ( ! fir/ liv+ be+ t ent]s into or crosses ! /ructure4 ,inv>iably ! enemy ( mank9d is outwitt$1 a dog or "s o!r animal be+ ! fir/ to ent]1 ! build]'s s5se ( caution be+ 9 e in/ance great] ?an 8 vanity4 ,simil> 9 idea 0 ! ,hebrew cu/om ( ! scapegoat1 :i* also anticipat$ & symbolis$ ! ,atonem5t4 ,) ! ,greeks ! cock 0 n sacrific$1 x be+ sacr$ to ! ,sun & ,moon1 z x ann\nc$ ! h\rs4 ,! cock 0 also sacr$ to ! ,goddess ( ,wisdom & to sculapius4 ,!re=e x repres5t$ ,"t1 ,wisdom & ,heal?1 none ( :i* %\ld be sacrific$4 ,e>ly ,spiritual ,belief ,exp]i5ce due to ! involunt>y action ( ! bra9 9 dream+1 :5 ! ord9>y laws ( "t & space are modifi$ c\ld h>dly fail to impress ! primitive imag9ation & sugge/ ! duality ( be+--physical & spiritual4 ,9 "s savage communities at ! pres5t day !re is a belief t ! s\l or _s is abs5t dur+ sleep & t x w\ld be dang]\s to wake ! sleep]1 z1 %\ld he close 8 m\?1 ! s\l w\ld be unable to return4 ,?is belief t ! s\l %\ld be free to g & come is evid5c$ 9 ! ap]ture t has be5 f\nd 9 ,ki/-va5s & o!r =ms ( tombs4 ,prehi/oric ,treatm5t ( ,epileptics ,prehi/oric skulls h be5 f\nd be>+ evid5ce ( ! op]ation ( trepann+1 aris+ f ! belief t ! pati5t 0 possess$ by devils :i* w\ld be releas$ by mak+ a hole 9 ! head4 ,?is treatm5t 0 app>5tly appli$ to epileptics4 ,) ! primitive in/rum5ts & ignorance ( an/hetics 9 t remote p]iod x c\ld h>dly h be5 a pleasant exp]i5ce4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans believ$ t ! s\ls escap$ ) life ?r\gh ! ap]ture ( ! dea? w\nd1 & ! ,moslems _h a sup]/ition t x 0 necess>y 9 /rangl+ a victim to relax ! cord be=e dea? occurr$1 s z to all[ ! s\l to escape4 ,ev5 to mod]n times x is cu/om>y to op5 a w9d[ ( a dea? *amb]4 ,prohibition ,a =m ( taboo 9 leg5d & tradition is prohibition ei!r z to act or "q4 ,! ,biblical in/ance ( ,lot's wife has its p>allel 9 ,eurydice1 wife ( ,orpheus1 :o1 kill$ on h] w$d+ night1 0 r$eem$ on condition t ,orpheus %\ld n look back till %e _h rea*$ ! upp] _w4 ,=gett+ ! prohibition1 he turn$ to see if %e 7 foll[+1 & ,eurydice 0 in/antly caught back into ,hades4 ,! /ory is a poetical r5d]+ ( ! capture ( ,eurydice by ,adonius1 ,k+ ( ,?resprotia1 call$ ,pluto1 on acc\nt ( 8 cruelty4 ,orpheus obta9$ h] return on conditions t 7 n fulfill$2 !re=e he lo/ h] a second "t4 ,! prohibition ( ,p]sephone to ,psy*e to look at ! casket ( ,div9e beauty until %e rea*$ ! upp] _w & ! consequ5ce1 is simil> 9 idea1 ?\gh ! sequel is ! result ( fem99e curiosity & devotion4 ,z examples ( ! =bidd5 "q1 ! /ories ( ,cupid & ,psy*e & ,loh5gr9 may be quot$2 9 bo? in/ances curiosity z to "n & orig9 0 int]dict$4 ,disreg>d ( ! comm& result$ 9 ab&onm5t4 ,a m mod]n tradition is t ( ,melus9a1 :o = h] s9s 0 condemn$ to become e ,saturday a s]p5t f h] wai/ d[nw>ds4 ,%e m>ri$ ,raymond1 ,c\nt ( ,lusignan1 & made him v[ nev] to visit h] on t day4 ,excit$ by jeal\sy1 he hid himself on "o ( ! prohibit$ days & saw h] 9 h] trans=m$ /ate1 :]eupon %e 0 oblig$ to quit1 & w&] ab\t z a _s till ! day ( doom4 ,belief 9 ,magical ,qualities4 ,! anci5t belief 9 ! sup]natural 0 n conf9$ to ! spiritual _w1 b also ext5d$ to inanimate objects :i* 7 sometimes inve/$ ) magical qualities1 z = in/ance1 ! ,helms ( ,p]seus & ,pluto1 :i* r5d]$ _! we>]s invisible4 ,! same virtue 0 possess$ by ,albric's cloak1 ,t>nkappe1 :i* also inve/$ ! we>] ) ! /r5g? ( twelve m52 by means ( :i*1 & ! invisibility conf]r$1 ,siegfri$ 0 able to ov]come ,brunhild1 ! m>tial que5 ( ,icel&4 ,! ,%irt ( ,nessus ,m malignant 9 "* 0 ! ,%irt ( ,nessus z ! s\rce ( mis=tune f :i* !re 0 no escape4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ,nessus ! ,c5taur1 :ile convey+ ,dejanira across a riv]1 0 %ot by ,h]cules = 8 rud5ess4 ,! dy+ ,c5taur bequea!d 8 tunic to ,dejanira1 assur+ h] t to :omsoev] %e gave x1 !y w\ld love h] exclusively4 ,believ+ ?is1 %e pres5t$ x to ,h]cules1 :o on we>+ x 0 subject$ to su* torture t1 be+ unable to remove ! g>m5t1 he immolat$ himself on a fun]al pyre4 ,simil>ly malignant 0 ! poison-cloak s5t z a pres5t to ,ar?ur by ,que5 ,morgan la ,fay4 ,swords ,swords at all times h be5 possess$ ( magical qualities1 b ! belief possibly indicates /ages ( developm5t4 ,! description ( ! sword ( ,p]seus z a =m ( diamond1 sugge/s t ! /ory _h its orig9 9 ! ,/one ,age4 ,x is reasonable to presume t ! lat] improvem5ts 7 su* an advance t !y sugge/$ sup]natural orig92 e4g41 ! sword ( ,siegfri$1 ! "n ( :i* 0 ,balmung or ,gram 7lit]ally 8grief074 ,! sword 0 reput$ to be made by ,wiel& ,smi?1 ! ,vulcan ( ! ,sc&9avians4 ,to te/ ! blade he tri$ x on ,amilias1 a bro!r smi?1 cleav+ him ?r\gh helm & arm\r d[n to ! wai/1 b ! cut 0 s f9e t ,amilias 0 n aw>e t he 0 w\nd$ until he attempt$ to move1 :5 he fell 9 two pieces4 ,ar?ur's sword ,excalibur 7lib]at$ f ! /one7 is a lat] developm5t1 z ! magical prop]ty 0 9 ! %ea?1 :i* r5d]$ ! we>] immune f injury4 ,ar?ur's undo+ 0 ! result ( los+ ! %ea?1 ?\gh he reta9$ ! sword4 ,invuln]ability ,associat$ ) ?is is invuln]ability1 v>i\sly be/[$ or acquir$4 ,9 ! tradition ( ,a*illes1 he 0 imm]s$ 9 ! riv] ,/yx by 8 "m ,!tis1 b ! imm]sion did n ext5d to 8 heel1 9 :i* he receiv$ 8 mortal w\nd f ! arr[ ( ,p>is4 ,jason 0 r5d]$ invuln]able 9 8 battle ) ! giants t sprang f ! s[+ ( ! ,cadmean tee? by be+ ano9t$ by ,m$a ) ! ,prome!an ungu5t4 ,siegfri$1 ! horny1 made himself simil>ly pro( f injury by ba?+ 9 ! dragon's blood1 b "o spot on 8 back1 :]e a l9d5 leaf _h /uck1 escap$4 ,?r\gh ?is only vuln]able spot he met 8 dea?1 be+ kill$ by ,hagan ! ,dane :ile dr9k+ 9 a pool4 ,?is probably is a poetic allusion to e>ly employm5t ( def5sive arm\r1 9 :i* ! back1 z comp>$ to ! front1 w\ld be unprotect$4 ,belief 9 ,numb]s ,c]ta9 numb]s h at all times be5 inve/$ ) my/ic significance1 e4g41 8,?ree0 ! 8p]fect0 numb]1 expressive ( ,beg9n+1 ,middle & ,end2 also symbol ( ,deity4 ,an e>li] t]m ( ,tr9ity is ,triad1 & almo/ e my?ology has a ?ree-fold deity4 ,t ( ! anci5t ,greeks consi/$ ( ,zeus1 ,apollo & ,aphrodite1 ! ,egyptian be+ ,osiris1 ,isis & ,horus4 ,! ,romans believ$ ! _w to be "u ! rule ( ?ree gods--,jupit] 7,heav571 ,neptune 7,ocean71 & ,pluto 7,hades74 ,! fir/ has ?ree ?und]bolts--,neptune1 ! ,trid5t1 & ,pluto1 ,c]b]us1 ! triple-head$ dog4 ,?ree 9 numb] also 7 ! ,fates1 ,furies1 ,graces1 ,h>pies & ,sibyll9e ,books4 ,9 ! und]world ! ?ree judges ( hell 7 ,rhadaman?os1 ,m9os & acos4 ,muses ,! ,muses 7 ?ree times ?ree z foll[s3 ,calliope4 ,epic ,poetry4 ,clio4 ,hi/ory4 ,melpom5e4 ,trag$y4 ,eut]pe4 ,lyric ,poetry4 ,urania4 ,a/ronomy4 ,t]psi*ore4 ,danc+4 ,polyhegmnia4 ,religi\s s]vice4 ,erato4 ,erotic ,poetry--,geometry4 ,?alia4 ,com$y4 ,! _w is comp\nd$ ( ?ree elem5ts--,e>?1 ,wat] & ,air4 ,man also is ?ree--,body1 ,s\l & ,_s2 & ! k+dom ( ,nature--,m9]al1 ,animal & ,vegetable4 ,!re are ?ree ,*ri/ian ,graces--,fai?1 ,hope & ,*>ity1 & ?ree enemies ( mank9d1 ! ,_w1 ,fle% & ,devil4 ,! numb] 8,f\r0 symbolises ! qu>t]s ( ! ,_w--! ,w9ds--! ,gospels--! ,evangeli/s & ! f\r sacr$ ,riv]s4 8,five0 signifies ! ,cross & ! ,five ,w\nds4 8,sev50 has also be5 reg>d$ z a my/ic numb]1 z 9 ! ,days ( ,creation1 ! days ( ! week1 ! ,spirits be=e ! ,?rone1 ! ,ages 9 ! life ( man1 ! sev5-arm$ c&le/icks ( ! ,hebrews2 ! sleep]s ( ,ephesus2 ! *ampions ( ,*ri/5dom & ! ,wond]s ( ! _w4 ,sacr$ ,trees & ,fl[]s1 etc4 ,c]ta9 fl[]s & trees 7 9 anci5t times d$icat$ to ! ,deities4 ,! cornel *]ry tree & ! laurel 7 sacr$ to ,apollo2 ! ,cypress & ,maid5hair to ,pluto2 ! ,dittany to ! ,moon2 ! ,lily to ,juno2 ! ,myrtle to ,v5us2 ! ,n>cissus & ,poppy to ,c]es2 ! ,oak to ,jupit]2 ! ,olive to ,m9]va2 & ! ,v9e to ,bac*us4 ,! ,laurel wrea? 0 giv5 to ! victor 9 ! ,py?ian games4 ,! victor 9 ! ,olympic games _h a wrea? ( wild olive--( gre5 p>sley 9 ! ,nemean games1 & ( dri$ p>sley or gre5 p9e 9 ! ,i/hmian games4 ,! ,anci5ts believ$ t ! laurel communicat$ ! _s ( prophecy & poetry2 h5ce ! cu/om ( cr[n+ ! ,py?oness & poets4 ,9 mod]n times ! laurel is a symbol ( ,victory & ,peace4 ,! ,olive1 sacr$ to ,pallas ,a!n1 0 anci5tly a symbol ( peace1 an olive twig 9 ! h&s ( k+s1 z repres5t$ on m$als indicat+ a peaceful reign4 ,! ,palm also symbolis$ ,victory1 & 9 ,*ri/ian ,art is g5]ally borne by ! m>tyr--indicat+ victory ov] ,dea?4 ,! ,lily--:i*1 accord+ to tradition1 sprang f ! rep5tant te>s ( ,eve z %e w5t =? f ,p>adise--is ! emblem ( ,*a/ity1 ,innoc5ce & ,purity & is associat$ ) repres5tations ( ! ,virg94 ,! ,daffodil or ,l5t5 ,lily1 :i* x 0 cu/om>y to plant on graves1 0 once :ite1 ! tradition be+ t ,p]sephone1 daught] ( ,demet]1 delight$ to w&] ab\t ! fl[]+ meads ( ,sicily4 ,"o spr+time %e tripp$ ov] ! mead[s1 wrea!d h] head ) wild lilies &1 ?r[+ h]self on ! leaves1 fell asleep4 ,pluto1 god ( ! inf]nal regions1 fell 9 love ) h] & c>ri$ h] to ! ne!r _w4 ,at 8 t\* ! :ite fl[]s *ang$ to a gold5 yell[4 ,9 ,*ri/ian ,art ! apple is symbolical ( ! fall ( man1 & repres5ts orig9al s92 ! rose symbolises ,*ri/ian ec/acy1 ! ,pomegranate 7g5]ally bur/ op5 ) ! se$s display$7 is ! symbol ( ! future life & immortality4 ,! v9e & e>s ( corn are symbols ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,w9e-press an emblem ( ! ,passion4 ,! ,passion-fl[] is emblematical ( ! ,crucifixion--! leaf symbolis+ ! spe>2 ! an!rs1 ! five w\nds2 ! t5drils1 cords or :ips2 ! column or ovi>y1 ! hamm]2 ! ?ree /yles1 nails2 ! fle%y ?reads )9 ! fl[] ! cr[n ( ?orns1 & ! calyx1 ! nimbus4 ,! :ite t9t indicates 8purity10 ! blue 8,heav510 & ! fl[] keep+ op5 ?ree days symbolises ! ?ree ye>s' m9i/ry4 ,sacr$ ,animals ,animals 7 also d$icat$ to special deities1 ! wolf1 gryffon & cr[ be+ sacr$ to ,apollo2 ! dragon & pan!r to ,bac*us2 ! /ag to ,diana2 ! s]p5t to sculapius2 ! de] to ,h]cules2 ! heif] to ,isis2 ! eagle to ,jupit]2 ! peacock & lamb to ,juno2 ! dog to ! ,l>es2 ! horse & vulture to ,m>s2 ! cock to ,m]cury2 ! owl to ,m9]va2 ! bull to ,neptune2 ! dove1 swan & sp>r[ to ,v5us2 & ! lion to ,vulcan4 ,! lion also is ! emblem ( ! tribe ( ,judah & is symbolical ( ! ,resurrection4 ,accord+ to tradition ! lion :elp is born dead1 & s rema9s = ?ree days1 :5 ! fa!r brea!s on x & x receives life4 ,evangeli/ ,symbols ,m>k1 ! ,evangeli/1 is symbolis$ by a lion1 because he beg9s 8 gospel ) ! sc5e ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus 9 ! ,wild]ness4 ,mat!w1 ^: gospel comm5ces ) ! humanity ( ,jesus z a desc5dant ( ,david1 is ! only "o ( ! ,evangeli/s repres5t$ z a man4 ,luke is symbolis$ by a bull or calf1 & ,john by an eagle--! =m] because 8 gospel op5s ) ! prie/s sacrific+ 9 ! ,temple1 & ! latt] because he so>s high & beg9s 8 gospel ) ! div9ity ( ! ,logos4 ,9 ,greek & ,roman art ! lion's head is us$ p>ticul>ly on f\nta9s4 ,! ,egyptians employ$ ! lion1 to symbolise ! annual inundations ( ! ,nile1 :i* happ5s :5 ! sun is 9 ,leo4 ,! ,s]p5t ,! s]p5t 9 anci5t times 0 symbolical ( wisdom & subtlety1 &1 consid]$ z a gu>dian _s1 is depict$ on alt>s4 ,x 0 also ! symbol ( ,hygeia1 ! goddess ( ,heal?1 f ! tradition t sculapius assum$ ! =m ( a s]p5t dur+ a pe/il5ce 9 ,rome4 ,9 lat] art ! s]p5t appe>s z a tempt]4 ,! ,braz5 ,s]p5t ( ! ,hebrews t gave newness ( life to ^? :o1 bitt5 by ! fi]y dragon1 rais$ _! eyes to x1 is an anticipation ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,! ,dragon ,! my?ical dragon is a ,middle ,age symbol ( s9 9 g5]al & ,paganism 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ,celtic use ( ! ^w = 8a *ief0 is ! s\rce ( ! leg5d>y dragon slay]1 z a knight kill+ a *ief !reby slew a dragon4 ,! dragon1 :i* appe>s z a gu>dian1 z 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides1 wat*+ ! tree be>+ ! gold5 apples ( ,h]a1 is also a poetic allusion to flood or inundation4 ,! tradition ( ! ,py?on & ,apollo is an in/ance ( poetic allusion to ! p[] ( ! sun dry+ up ! ov]fl[1 z also ! deliv]ance ( ! city ( ,r\5 by ,/4 ,romanus f ! dragon ,g>g\ille 7wat]sp\t7 :i* liv$ 9 ! ,se9e4 ,poetic ,lic5se 9 ,tradition ,9 ,art & ,lit]ature traditions & leg5ds deal+ ) probable occurr5ces h be5 h&$ d[n--9 _m cases completely trans=m$--by reason ( ?is poetic lic5se2 e4g41 ! leg5d ( ,m>syas ! ,phrygian flute-play]1 :o1 *all5g+ ,apollo to a conte/ ( skill & be+ beat51 0 flay$ alive = 8 presumption4 ,! /ory is n )\t its moral1 z ! flute on :i* he play$ 0 "o ?r[n away by ,a!n1 &1 fill$ ) ! brea? ( t goddess1 /ill disc\rs$ sweet music4 ,! /ory is bas$ ^u ! respective sup]iority ( ! in/rum5ts--! ,dorian mode 9 ! wor%ip ( ,apollo employ+ ! lute or lyre1 & ! ,phrygian mode 9 ! wor%ip ( ,cebele ! flute1 ! re$s ( :i* grew on ! banks ( ! riv] ,m>syas4 ,ano!r example is ! tradition ( ! ,danaides1 daught]s ( ,danaos1 ,k+ ( ,argos1 :o1 fifty 9 numb]1 m>ri$ ! fifty sons ( gytos4 ,all b "o murd]$ _! husb&s on ! w$d+ night1 & 7 puni%$ 9 ! inf]nal regions by hav+ to draw wat] ev]la/+ly 9 sieves f a deep well4 ,! lit]al explanation is t ! foll[]s ( ,danaos taught ! ,argives to dig wells & irrigate ! l& 9 ! ,egyptian mann]4 ,! soil ( ,argos1 be+ dry & por\s1 resembl+ a sieve4 ,! extreme ( poetic lic5se is p]haps rea*$ 9 ! tradition ( ,g]yon1 a human mon/] ) ?ree bodies & ?ree heads1 ^: ox5 f$ on human fle% & 7 gu>d$ by a two-head$ dog--bo? sla9 by ,h]cules4 ,?is is a fanciful acc\nt ( ! defeat ( ,g]yon1 :o reign$ ov] ?ree k+doms & _h an ally :o 0 at ! head ( two tribes4 ,ano!r fanta/ic tradition relates t ,x]xes inflict$ ?ree hundr$ la%es on ! sea1 & b\nd x 9 *a9s--a ,greek my? bas$ on ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! second pontoon ,x]xes employ$ to cross ! ,d>danelles4 ,?is consi/$ ( ?ree hundr$ boats1 secur$ by *a9s to two %ips :i* act$ z support]s4 ,a m mod]n in/ance is ,cleopatra's pe>l1 :i* %e is reput$ to h dissolv$ 9 w9e at ! banquet1 ! co/l9ess ( :i* excit$ ! wond] ( ,antony4 ,x is probable t ! pe>l 0 sold ei!r to defray ! co/ or to provide a bribe = ,antony4 ,animals 9 ,*ri/ian ,art ,! ,dog 9 ,m$ival ,art symbolises ,fidelity & appe>s on monum5ts at ! feet ( wom51 signify+ affection & fai?fulness2 & at ! feet ( m51 signify+ c\rage & magnanimity4 ,:5 ! dog appe>s on ! tombs ( ,crusad]s1 x is to indicate t !y foll[$ ! /&>d ( ! ,"l z a dog foll[s its ma/]4 ,o!r animals 9 ,*ri/ian ,art symbolise respectively3 ,! ,ant4 ,prud5ce4 8 ,ape4 ,malice1 lu/ & cunn+4 8 ,ass4 ,sobriety4 8 ,asp4 ,*ri/1 or ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 8 ,bee4 ,indu/ry4 8 ,camel4 ,submission4 8 ,cock4 ,vigilance4 8 ,fox4 ,fraud & cunn+4 8 ,hog4 ,impurity4 8 ,lamb4 ,innoc5ce4 8 ,leop>d4 ,s94 8 ,ox4 ,pride4 8 ,dragon1 ,s]p5t1 ,satan & 8 crew4 8 ,sw9e4 8 ,lamb4 8 ,pelican4 ,symbols ( ,*ri/4 8 ,unicorn4 ,! ,lamb1 :i* is rem9isc5t ( ! ,pas*al ,lamb ( ! ,exodus1 appe>s on ,*ur* plate & decorations1 & is usually depict$ c>ry+ a bann] be>+ ! ,cross1 sometimes ) blood issu+ f its brea/ caught 9 a *alice4 ,! ,pelican is ! symbol ( ,*>ity & ! emblem ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,x is g5]ally repres5t$ on ! ne/ fe$+ its "y f ! fle% ( its brea/4 ,! ,phnix1 ow+ to its traditional rejuv5ation e hundr$ ye>s1 is ! symbol ( ! ,resurrection4 ,! ,dove is an emblem ( ,peace1 ,fidelity & ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! ,fi% 0 adopt$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians z ! symbol ( ,purity & ,fai?4 ,x conveys a comp>ison ( ! ,*ri/ian passage ?r\gh life ) ! fi% pass+ ?r\gh salt wat] /ill rema9+ fre%1 & is occasionally sugge/$ 9 ! ,vesica ,piscis1 :i* x resembles 9 g5]al %ape4 ,association ( ,human & ,animal ,qualities ,su* arbitr>y creatures z ! ,sph9x1 ! ,w+$ & ,man-head$ ,bull & ,lion1 & ! ,griff91 7 inve/$ ) symbolic mean+ 9 ! association ( qualities--animal & human2 & probably _h _! orig9 9 an e>ly belief 9 ,totemism4 ,totemism ,mo/ primitive communities h sup]/iti\s reg>d = c]ta9 animals1 z ! my?ical orig9 ( p]sonal or tribal desc5t1 & appreciation = animal qualities is evid5c$1 = example1 9 ! belief t to eat h>e or any timor\s animal w\ld be disa/r\s1 result+ 9 ! transf]5ce ( timidity to ! consum]4 ,cannibalism ,! und]ly+ idea ( ,cannibalism is ! belief t 9 consum+ "p ( an adv]s>y 8 virtues w also be acquir$4 ,! practice 91 t s5se is really a tribute to 8 sup]ior c\rage or m5tality4 ,! ,lion & ,bull 7 associat$ ) c\rage & /r5g?1 ei!r = protection or m5ace4 ,! ,s]p5t1 ) wisdom1 subtilty & cunn+4 ,! ,eagle typifies al]tness & wat*fulness z well z spe$4 ,w+s may symbolise rapidity & mobility1 or ev]-pres5t1 z hov]+1 ! bat's w+ be+ pot5tial 9 d>kness4 ,! human elem5t d5otes ,intellig5ce1 & bird claws--,f]ocity4 ,! ,sph9x ,! ,sph9x 9 ,egyptian ,art1 always repres5t$ 9 a cr\*+ position1 is a comb9ation ( ,lion body ) human head & bu/ 7g5]ally female7 & symbolises ,intellig5ce & ,p[]4 ,! ,greek ,sph9x1 borr[$ f ! ,egyptian1 is g5]ally repres5t$ 9 a seat$ attitude1 & inve/$ ) w+s4 ,x _h a diff]5t mean+1 t ( ,malignity & ,my/]y4 ,probably 9 allusion to ! tradition ( ! ,!ban sph9x t m5ac$ ! t[n1 until h] de/ruction 0 accompli%$ by dipus1 :o solv$ ! riddle t _h result$ fatally = 8 pr$ecessors4 ,assyrian ,w+$ ,mon/]s ,! ,assyrian comb9ation ( ,w+$ ,lion or ,bull ) human head1 is symbolic ( association ( /r5g? ) c\rage & intellig5ce1 ! w+s sugge/+ mobility or ev]-pres5t4 ,! ,gryffon1 a ,greek creation1 0 compos$ ( a lion body1 ) eagle head & w+s1 typify+ n only swiftness1 /r5g? & c\rage1 b al]tness or wat*fulness4 ,x 0 employ$ on ! ,acrot]ia ( ! p$im5ts2 al]tness be+ indicat$ by ! =w>d position ( ! e>s4 ,! ,*im] z an emblem ( t]ror & deva/ation1 is 9 ! =m ( a lion body1 ! tail be+ a s]p5t1 ! lion m\? bel*+ =? flames4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! back protrudes a goat's head4 ,! :ole is presum$ to embody ! idea ( a volcanic m\nta91 ! head be+ ! crat]1 ! goat repres5t+ ! m\nta9 slopes1 & ! snake tail ! morass at ! foot4 ,! ,dragon1 comp\nd$ ( a liz>d head & body1 bat w+s & s]p5t tail1 is a product ( m$ival times1 probably sugge/$ by ! my?ological ,gryffon4 ,sometimes ! dragon is inve/$ ) ! legs ( a lion1 & to te/ify to its pot5cy = evil1 flames are depict$ issu+ f ! m\?4 ,pegasus ,pegasus1 ! w+$ horse on :i* ,bell]ophon rode aga9/ ! ,*im]1 also us$ by ,p]seus 9 ! rescue ( ,&rom$a1 is typical ( poetic inspiration4 ,ano!r =m ( horse is ,hippocampus1 associat$ ) ! *>iot ( ,poseidon or ,neptune1 9 :i* ! =e-legs develop into f9s & ! h9d] "p into a fi%-tail 9 h>mony ) its elem5t4 ,! ,h>py ,9 all su* associations ! "* is indicat$ by ! v>i\s p>ts employ$4 ,! ,h>py ( ! ,greeks be+ a comb9ation ( female head1 ) bird body1 w+s1 & claws1 0 sugge/ive ( swiftness & f]ocity1 & 0 ! p]sonification ( sudd5 ev5ts4 ,sir5s ,equally disa/r\s1 b m allur+1 7 ! ,sir5s 7or entangl]s7 ( :om !re 7 ?ree1 ,p>!nope1 ,ligea1 & ,leucosia4 ,!y symbolis$ ! dang]s ( trea*]\s coa/s1 & 7 reput$ to lure _! victims by _! beauty & wond]ful s++4 ,fail+ to entrance ,ulysses1 !y 7 doom$ to de/roy !mselves4 ,! sir5 is repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a beautiful woman1 b ! l[] limbs t]m9ate ) bird claws1 typical ( _! f]ocity4 ,9 allusion to _! musical attraction1 !y are occasionally depict$ z be>+ h>ps or lutes4 ,! repres5tation ( ,triton1 ! son & trumpet] ( ,neptune 79 :i* capacity he be>s ! con* or %ell trumpet7 z a man ) ! l[] extremities t]m9at+ into fi% tails1 is to embody ! idea ( ocean4 ,! ,dolph9 has ! same significance4 ,pan ,a simil> comb9ation ( human & animal1 t ( ,pan1 depict$ z a man ) ! horns & legs ( a goat1 is ! p]sonification ( ,deity display$ 9 creation & p]vad+ all ?+s4 ,flocks & h]ds1 be+ ! *ief prop]ty ( ! pa/oral age1 7 "u 8 div9e protection2 !re=e ,pan 0 a rural or ru/ic god4 ,! ,nymphs ,to ! pa/oral age also belong ! ,hamadryads1 ! nymphs ( ! =e/ trees1 9 :i* !y liv$1 dy+ :5 ! tree di$4 ,! leop>d sk9 ) :i* !y are (t5 p>tly drap$1 is poetically sugge/ive ( su* *equ]$ sunlight z w\ld p5etrate woodl& gr[?4 ,c5taur ,! ,c5taur1 a comb9ation ( male bu/ ) ,horse body & legs1 0 an embodim5t ( ! ,!ssalonian horsem54 ,! ,epic sculptures ( ! ,metopes ( ! ,p>!non are illu/rative ( ! conflict betwe5 ! ,c5taurs1 & ! ,lapi?1 caus$ by ! rud5ess ( ! =m] :5 ent]ta9$ z gue/s4 ,! ,circle ,! ,circle1 orig9ally a sun sign1 has be5 inve/$ ) symbolic mean+ f ! e>lie/ antiquity1 ! g5]al significance be+ t ( ,p[]1 or ,sov]eignty2 a significance :i* also applies to its employm5t z ! cr[n1 orb & nimbus4 ,9 ,egyptian art1 ! circul> disc1 orb or globe1 is accompani$ by two asps1 & spread w+s z a symbol ( ev]-pres5t sov]eignty ) ! p[] ( life & dea?4 ,! same mean+ be+ express$ 9 ! ,assyrian v]sion1 :i* is simil> 9 =m1 b ) ! b[-/r+ sub/itut$ = ! asps4 ,! ,nimbus1 ,aureole1 or ,halo orig9ally symbolis$ ,p[] & ,au?ority1 n ,sanctity1 & its employm5t 9 ,*ri/ian art 0 anticipat$ 9 pagan times4 ,x 0 adopt$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to express ,div9ity1 or z an indication ( hol9ess1 & is usually 9 ! =m ( a disc4 ,t ( ! ?ree p]sons ( ! ,deity has ?ree rays issu+ f ! c5tre1 & sometimes is triangul> 9 =m4 ,! ,nimbus ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y is circul>1 ne>ly always elaborat$1 b n tri-radiat$4 ,^? ( sa9ts & apo/les are circul>1 m or less ornam5t$4 ,! ,aureole 9 ! =m ( ! ,vesica ,piscis is sometimes us$ to envelop ! :ole figure4 ,symbols ( ! ,tr9ity ,?ree circles int]lac+ or 9 ! =m ( a trefoil are employ$ z emblems ( ! ,tr9ity1 z is also ! equilat]al triangle4 ,! circle is also ! symbol ( ,et]nity1 z hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end2 9 ,sc&9avian art x is repres5t$ z a s]p5t4 ,! orb z a symbol ( p[] may possibly h its orig9 9 ! /one or weight1 :i* 9 anci5t times 0 kept by ! tribal *ief4 ,to lift ?is 0 ! te/ ( ! y\? aspir+ to manhood1 a cu/om :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,highl& games :5 8putt+ ! /one0 is "o ( ! te/s ( /r5g?4 ,! ,w& a ,symbol ( ,au?ority ,ano!r symbol ( au?ority is ! w& 9 its v>i\s =ms ( sceptre1 mace or baton4 ,?is probably _h its orig9 9 ! /rong man's club1 a =m :i* is /ill reta9$ 9 ! (ficial mace4 ,! sceptre has v>i\s =ms ( t]m9als1 z ! ,dove1 & ! op5 h&1 ! significance ( ! latt] be+ au?ority ) p[] to rew>d or puni%4 ,! ,h& ,! h& 0 a symbol ( =titude 9 ,egypt & ( fidelity 9 ,rome--two jo9$ h&s signify+ concord4 ,previ\s to ! twelf? c5tury ! supreme be+ 0 (t5 repres5t$ by a h& ext5d$ f ! cl\ds1 sometimes op5 ) rays ext5d+ f ! f+]s 9 tok5 ( div9e ,grace4 ,! r$ h& is g5]ally connect$ ) "s traditional tale ( viol5ce1 & is s express$ on ! %ield ( ,ul/]4 ,an allusion to ! tradition t ! adv5tur] ,o',neile v[$ to be ! fir/ to l& 9 ,irel&1 & f9d+ 8 boat out/ripp$1 cut (f 8 h& & flung x a%ore4 ,! ,h& is also an emblem ( h&icraft1 :5 g5]ally an eye is repres5t$ 9 ! palm1 z significant ( eye & h& be+ 9 h>moni\s accord4 ,! ,caduceus ,! ,caduceus 0 orig9ally an (ficial w&1 &1 adorn$ by ! ,egyptians ) two s]p5ts1 became ! symbol ( eloqu5ce4 ,9 ,greek my?ology w+s 7 add$1 & x became ! attribute ( ,h]mes or ,m]cury4 ,! tradition be+ t ! god "o day came ^u two s]p5ts qu>rell+1 :]eon he ?rew d[n ! /aff ( au?ority1 r\nd :i* ! s]p5ts tw9$ 9 peaceful amity4 ,! symbolism ( ! caduceus is !re=e p[]1 associat$ ) wisdom1 ! w+s mean+ rapidity or dispat*1 &1 z su*1 is employ$ z an emblem ( comm]ce4 ,?yrsus ,a v>iant ( ! w& or /aff is ! ,?yrsus ( ,bac*us1 :i* takes diff]5t =ms1 ! e>ly examples be+ a pla9 /aff entw9$ ) ivy leaves1 ?\gh lat] v9e leaves 7 sub/itut$4 ,x also appe>s 9 ! =m ( a p9e cone impal$ on a spe>1 :i* may be 9 allusion to ! ,greek cu/om ( mix+ ! juice ( ! p9e or fir 7turp5t9e7 ) ! new w9e to make x keep4 ,x has also be5 attribut$ to a /rategy ( w>1 :5 ,bac*us made a successful advance by ! ruse ( conceal+ 8 foll[]s ) bran*es1 z 9 ! example ( ,%akespe>e's ,macduff4 ,! p9e cone be+ sugge/ive ( a night attack or t ! ,bac*analian fe/ivities took place at night4 ,! ,trid5t ,! ,trid5t ( ,neptune1 & ! ,paddle or ,rudd] ( ,triton are also v>iants ( ! w& z symbols ( au?ority1 & 9 _! sep>ate use1 are suffici5t to indicate ,sea or ,ocean4 ,! ,cross ,?\gh ! ,cross 0 adopt$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 l ! nimbus x 0 employ$ 9 m remote times4 ,9 ,c>?age x 0 us$ = ornam5tal purposes1 b ) ! ,egyptians1 x 0 reg>d$ z a sacr$ symbol4 ,x also occurr$ 9 ,greek sculpture on a circle1 :5 x symbolis$ ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,surm\nt$ by a circle 9 ! =m kn[n z ! ,crux ,ansata1 x 0 sacr$ to ,isis1 & /ood z an emblem ( immortality & life g5]ally4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( ! cross 9 ,*ri/ian art1 ! ,greek cross ) f\r equal arms1 signifies ! bless+ :i* ! great ,sacrifice ext5ds equally ov] ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,! ,lat9 cross1 9 :i* ! %aft is long] ?an ! upp] arm1 sometimes has ?ree /eps :i* signify ! triple f\ndations ( ,fai?1 ,hope & ,*>ity2 ! la/ be+ ! l[e/ z ! f\ndation ( all ,*ri/ian virtues4 ,! ,lat9 cross is sometimes furni%$ ) two transv]se arms1 :5 x is kn[n z ! ,ecclesia/ical cross1 us$ by ,c>d9als & ,bi%ops at ,rome4 ,! cross ( ! ,pope has ?ree transv]se arms4 ,! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew1 or cross saltire1 is 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,x1 & is us$ z a symbol ( m>tyrdom4 ,! ,tau ,cross 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,t--frequ5tly us$ 9 ,byzant9e repres5tations ( ! ,crucifixion1 is t on :i* ! ,braz5 ,s]p5t 0 uplift$2 & 0 also ! sign m>k$ on ! door-po/s at ! sacrifice ( ! ,pas*al ,lamb ( ! ,exodus4 ,! ,cross ) ! arms be>+ leaves or blossom1 is symbolical ( ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ov] s9 & p]secution4 ,occasionally x takes ! =m ( a spread+ tree4 ,:5 five r$ m>ks or jewels are plac$ 9 ! c5tre & extremities !y are emblematic ( ! five w\nds4 ,9 ,*ri/ian art ! cross is ! symbol ( ,*ri/1 ei!r 9 ! simple =m1 or z a crucifix1 :i* 9 ! e>ly r5d]+s 0 m sugge/ive ( volunt>y sacrifice4 ,! reali/ic treatm5t ( physical suff]+ belongs to a lat] p]iod4 ,x is also 9 its v>i\s =ms an emblem ( m>tyrdom t ( ,/4 ,pet]'s be+ 9 a rev]s$ position 9 ref]5ce to ! mann] ( 8 execution4 ,! ,pa/oral ,/aff ,! cross1 inv>iably ) foliat$ ends1 m\nt$ on a /aff1 is ! ,crozi] ( an ,ar*bi%op4 ,! /aff ( a ,bi%op t]m9ates ) a curv+ head 9 ! =m ( a %eph]d's crook :i* x symbolises2 bo? be+ indicative ( au?ority4 ,symbols ( ,m>tyrdom ,m>tyrdom is symbolis$ n only by ! palm1 & ! cr[n1 z indicative ( ,victory ov] dea? & rew>d1 b by ! bann] ( ,triumph ov] dea? & p]secution4 ,also by ! sword1 z a symbol ( viol5t dea?1 or by o!r implem5ts ( execution4 ,^! are repres5t$ 9 conjunction ) ! individual m>tyr or sa9t1 z attributes & z a means ( id5tification4 ,z symbols p]sonal to ,*ri/1 ! emblems ( ! ,passion & ,crucifixion are prop] to ! ,cross & *alice4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 z ! cr[n ( ?orns1 ! nails1 sc\rge1 :ipp+-po/1 ladd]1 spe>1 lant]n1 ?irty pieces ( silv]1 etc4 ,symbolism ( ,gems1 etc4 ,9 ,*ri/ian art1 gems1 metals & col\rs are inve/$ ) symbolic mean+4 ,! ame?y/ signifies humility1 ! ,diamond--,invuln]able ,fai?1 ! ,s>donyx--,p[]1 ! ,sapphire--,hope1 ,gold repres5ts ,p[] or ,glory1 & ,silv]--,purity4 ,black repres5ts ,grief or ,dea?1 ,blue--,hope & ,div9e ,contemplation1 pale blue--,peace1 ,*ri/ian ,prud5ce or a s]5e consci5ce1 ,gre5--,fai?1 ,gladness1 pale gre5--,baptism1 ,grey--,tribulation1 ,purple--,ju/ice or ,royalty1 ,r$--,m>tyrdom = ,fai?1 ,sc>let--,f]v\r1 & glory ( witnesses to ! ,*ur*1 ,violet--,p5it5ce1 & ,:ite--,purity1 ,temp]ance & ,innoc5ce4 ,%ells on tomb/ones are allusive to ! e>?ly body left beh9d1 a m]e %ell ( ! immortal s\l4 ,!y are also us$ to indicate a pilgrim1 by :om !y 7 c>ri$1 probably z a dr9k+ vessel or =m ( spoon4 ,tor*es1 ei!r upright or inv]t$1 symbolis$ respectively ,life & ,dea?4 ,:5 9 ! latt] position ! flame is repres5t$ z asc5d+1 ! significance is ,dea? ) hope ( ! ,resurrection4 ,an e>li] signification 9 ,pagan art is ! bridal tor* ( ,hym54 ,masks ,masks1 :i* frequ5tly appe> 9 ,r5aissance ornam5t1 are traceable to ! ,greek employm5t to symbolise ,com$y & ,trag$y4 ,! ,m$usa head1 :i* occurs on %ields & on ! gis ( ,a!n1 0 ! emblem ( ,t]ror4 ,! tradition be+ t ,m$usa1 "o ( ! ?ree ,gorgons1 fam\s = h] hair1 set h] beauty aga9/ t ( ,a!n4 ,z a puni%m5t1 h] hair 0 conv]t$ into s]p5ts1 ! aspect ( :i* 0 s t]rible t any :o look$ !reon 7 *ang$ to /one4 ,a fate to :i* ! ,gorgon h]self succumb$ on see+ h] reflection 9 ! burni%$ %ield ( ,p]seus4 ,! ,cornucopia1 or horn ( pl5ty1 ano!r in/ance ( ,pagan survival1 0 giv5 by ! infant ,zeus to ,alma? 9 gratitude1 ) ! promise t ! possessor %\ld always h abundance 9 ev]y?+ desir$4 ,! horn be+ t ( a goat f :om ! god 0 f$1 inv>iably accompanies ! repres5tations ( ,c]es4 ,symbols ( ,"t ,"t is symbolis$ by ! h\r-glass & by ! scy!4 ,! latt] implem5t1 ?\gh g5]ally accept$ is m /rictly ! emblem ( ,dea?1 :i* cuts d[n prematurely4 ,:]eas ,"t only g>n]s :5 ripe ! sickle w\ld be m appropriate4 ,secul> ,symbols ,besides ^? enum]at$1 emblems are us$ = ! arts1 sci5ces1 & crafts1 & z devices = ,guilds & ,corporations4 ,! arts ( ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture & ,ar*itecture are symbolis$ by ! v>i\s implem5ts employ$1 z are ! crafts4 ,music by ! ,lyre & o!r in/rum5ts1 ,lit]ature by ! ,lamp1 ,books1 & ! ,owl z ! ,bird ( ,wisdom4 ,sci5ce & me*anics are simil>ly indicat$4 ,means ( transit1 by a w+$ :eel1 sugge/ive ( ,spe$ & ,progress2 trade & comm]ce by bales ( goods & by ! ,caduceus1 & ,agriculture by implem5ts1 %eaves ( corn & fruit4 ,trophies ,gr\ps ( weapons us$ 9 w> & hunt+ h be5 employ$ 9 a decorative mann]4 ,?is c be trac$ to ! ,greek cu/om ( hang+ ! weapons ab&on$ by a flee+ enemy on trees1 & to ! spoils ( victory c>ri$ 9 ! ,roman triumphal processions4 ,su* trophies ( arms & arm\r appe> 9 sculptur$ =m z decoration to ! ,roman ar*es & milit>y monum5ts4 ,a cu/om :i* 0 emulat$ 9 lat] times 9 ars5als1 public build+s & tombs4 ,h]aldry ,h]aldry1 :i* probably _h its orig9 9 ,totemism1 0 practis$ *iefly = purposes ( id5tification1 & 0 ess5tial 9 ! p]iod ( complete arm\r1 :i* r5d]$ recognition 9 ! ord9>y way difficult4 ,orig9ally express$ on %ields1 surcoats & bann]s1 x 0 employ$ lat] on tombs1 & became a feature 9 decorative "w4 ,inde$ ! display ( h]aldic devices on gates & entrances1 & 9 *imney-pieces1 is q ju/ifi$ z indicative ( own]%ip4 ,su* details 7 ev5tually introduc$ into ornam5t = ! sake ( mass effect & v>iety4 ,h]aldry 9 ,design ,a v e>ly example ( ?is decorative employm5t is t ( ! ,lion gate at ,myc54 ,h]aldic designs also appe> 9 ! lat] ,byzant9e & ,sicilian tape/ries & ent]$ l>gely into ,r5aissance ornam5t4 ,! %ield is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s1 ) its developm5t into ! /rapwork frame & c>t\*e =ms ( ! ,jacobean & ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,x w be ga!r$ f ! =ego+ t ! latt] day design]s1 especially ^? ( ! ,r5aissance1 borr[$ freely f ! pa/1 to :i* !re c\ld be little objection if ! employm5t ( su* details 7 ju/ifi$ by conditions4 ,symbolism 9 ,mod]n ,art ,un9tellig5t reproduction is n only retrogressive b a confession ( incapacity1 & x is desirable to create an int]e/ 9 ! pres5t & to inve/ mod]n art--:]ev] possible--) mean+4 ,pres5t ,apa?y ,9 ?is ! co-op]ation ( ! g5]al public is ess5tial4 ,9 ! pa/1 z is evid5t 9 ! simple/ ut5sils1 beauty 0 univ]sally appreciat$1 b at ! pres5t "t ! l>ge majority are apa!tic to /hetic environm5t2 reg>d+ art vaguely z ! production & display ( pictures & sculpture4 ,! pres5t %[s a consid]able advance on ! deplorable ta/e ( ! mid-,victorian p]iod1 b we h /ill f> to g4 ,! incongruity ( dome/ic decoration & furniture :i*1 unhappily1 is too g5]al1 is ! result ( individual selection :i* is inv>iably un$ucat$4 ,! manufactur] c d mu*1 & ! design] may be prep>$ to d m1 b until arti/ic appreciation is m g5]ally diffus$1 any progress mu/ necess>ily be v sl[4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ways ,,& ,,means ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( sight1 int]e/ & emotion are excit$ by phases ( col\r & =m1 v>y+ 9 individuals accord+ to temp]am5t4 ,! arti/ic p]ception & appreciation ( ^! are inv>iably due to natural faculty1 ?\gh mu* may be acquir$ by intellig5t /udy4 ,p]ception ,9 mo/ =ms ( arti/ic expression ! h& is ! auxili>y ( ! eye4 ,?\gh s5sitiv5ess ( t\* & dext]\s manipulation are ess5tial1 ^! c be acquir$ by practice4 ,p]ception1 is ( p>am\nt importance1 & x may be assum$ t ! arti/'s vision is m s5sitive to appe>ance & subsequ5t sugge/ion ?an t ( ! layman4 ,! int]e/ ( ! av]age individual 9 art is g5]ally t ( subject & s5tim5t4 ,?is is probably a m natural & logical attitude ?an t ( ! arti/1 to :om--z a craftsman--! int]e/ is (t5 m]ely t ( te*nique4 ,^! possibly repres5t ! two extremes2 ! cultur$ individual is capable ( appreciation ( ! ideal )\t consid]ation ( s*ools & isms4 ,_m /ud5ts 9 _! e>ly essays draw r f an imag9$ k ?an f ! actual visual aspect--are apt to take =ms = grant$1 to assume1 = example1 t an object is r\nd :5 x is really subtilely polygonal4 ,!oretically a curve has no exi/5ce1 be+ really a comb9ation ( /raight l9es v>y+ 9 l5g? & direction4 ,_m beg9n]s are unable to approximate ev5 s obvi\s a =m z a "r angle1 & until _! vision & judgm5t is tra9$1 x is improbable t !y c successfully r5d] m subtile comb9ations4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] to tra9 ! vision s t ! p]ceptive faculties are develop$1 & in/il 9 ! m9d ( ! /ud5t t art is only conc]n$ ) appe>ance4 ,any fact n visually app>5t %\ld be ignor$4 ,accept$ ,conv5tions ,! :ole subject is complicat$ by conv5tion2 ?us = conv5i5ce1 =ms are drawn 9 outl9e1 b ^! draw+s are n repres5tations1 & are only recognisable & accept$ z su* ?r\gh education & tradition4 ,draw+ 9 outl9e is m]ely to seque/rate a portion ( ! surface by a l9e or l9es1 & c only def9e at mo/ two dim5sions4 ,:5 %ade & %ad[ are add$ !re is "s approximation to ! solid 9 ! sugge/ion ( ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,?\gh ^! t5d to a m lucid explanation1 ! "w rema9s a conv5tion if col\r & atmosph]e are r5d]$ 9 mono*rome4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t appreciation = col\r is inh]5t4 ,t ?is to "s ext5t is true is evid5t 9 ! attraction ( bright col\r to ! *ild & ! savage4 ,subtle quantities & comb9ations are only appreciat$ by comp>atively few1 ! faculty = col\r be+ extremely r>e4 ,influ5ce ( ,fa%ion ,! av]age individual is guid$ z a rule 9 col\r selection by vogue or fa%ion1 ?\gh x is ! polite cu/om to conc$e t ! av]age woman is naturally end[$ ) ta/e4 ,?is is delicate gr\nd1 b ! awful & impossible associations evid5t at times 9 fem99e co/ume c]ta9ly d n ju/ify ! c\rtesy4 ,!re are sup]/itions 9 col\r selection evid5tly ! result ( tradition1 su*1 = in/ance1 z r$ & yell[ be+ suitable = a sall[ complexion4 ,! actual effect ( ^! col\rs be+ to excite ! complem5t>ies1 is h>dly fav\rable to ! misguid$ we>]4 ,! av]age man is g5]ally m discreet 9 selection :5 s>torially conc]n$4 ,n t he necess>ily possesses m ta/e1 b because he is obs]vant ( cu/om1 & moreov]1 has g5]ally an in/9ctive dislike to any?+ pron\nc$4 ,at times1 h[ev]1 ! wom5-folk take ! initiative1 & two ( ! greate/ inflictions t m5 suff] are ! selection ( _! ties & cig>s by "o ( ! opposite sex4 ,9 dome/ic environm5t ! selection is inv>iably imitative or guid$ by fa%ion1 & if ! prevail+ vogue prescribes br[n pap] z a l9+ = walls1 x is probably adopt$4 ,b ! *oice1 h[ev] x may be influ5c$1 is made possibly )\t ?\ght ( ! furniture & uphol/]y t is associat$4 ,h>moni\s ,consi/5cy ,! col\r s*eme %\ld be det]m9$ by aspect & by ! use ( ! p>ticul> ap>tm5t4 ,a sunny room %\ld be treat$ diff]5tly to "o ) a nor?-ea/ aspect1 9 :i* an appe>ance ( w>m? is desirable4 ,furniture1 too1 mu/ be consid]$1 r$s be+ an unsuitable sett+ = oak z a rule1 :ile mahogany is be/ associat$ ) delicate gre5s & greys4 ,x is a reasonable assumption t ! tra9+ ( ! /ud5t %\ld result 9 great] discrim9ation1 & :5 ! ex]cise consi/s ( repres5t+1 x is a matt] ( c>eful approximation ( col\rs & values4 ,9 orig9al design ! h>moni\s effect dep5ds on ! individual1 :o1 9 e>ly attempts 9 col\r1 jumps at x1 be+ unconsci\s ( any guid+ pr9ciple4 ,natural ,sugge/ion ,x w\ld seem t ! weal? ( col\r comb9ation 9 ! v>i\s natural aspects app>5t to all1 w\ld surely influ5ce selection2 t x g5]ally fails to d s is te/imony to lack ( obs]vation4 ,nature left alone nev] makes mi/akes1 & ! col\r+ 9 fl[]s1 l&1 sky1 & wat]1 ! plumage ( birds & o!r natural ph5om5a1 is always h>moni\s if se5 9 orig9al environm5t4 ,:5 ! balance & correct association is di/urb$ x is due to human int]f]5ce1 z is evid5t too (t5 9 ! "w ( ! l&scape g>d5] & horticulturi/4 ,col\r ,s*eme ,9 decoration ! s*eme may consi/ ( t9ts or tones ( any "o col\r1 & ! contra/ is m]ely t ( tone2 9 o!r words1 ( light] & d>k] phases4 ,?is me?od ( col\r+1 :i* is q suitable 9 "s in/ances1 is fairly safe1 z ! latitude = error is greatly r$uc$1 b c]ta9ly is n c\rage\s4 ,! problem arises1 :5 ! s*eme involves ! use ( m ?an "o col\r1 & ! successful effect dep5ds on judici\s association & balance4 ,! simple rule is nev] to display two only ( ! prim>y col\rs 9 juxtaposition1 ! pres5ce ( ! ?ird be+ ess5tial to h>moni\s & satisfactory effect4 ,?is1 z a pr9ciple1 =ms ! basis ( mu* ( ! ,moresque decoration1 9 :i* ! details 7 pick$ out 9 blue & r$ ( positive hues1 & sep>at$ or outl9$ ) gold4 ,m consid]ation is requir$ :5 positive or pure col\r is n 9 reque/1 & ! proportions ( juxtapos$ t9ts h to be relative4 ,z any t9t dep>ts f ! full /r5g? ( its p>ticul> category1 s ^? associat$ %\ld be proportionately remote4 ,respective quantities may v>y & "o col\r occupy relatively a small "p ( ! surface1 :5 to pres]ve ! balance x may be /rong] 9 hue ?an o!rs occupy+ adjac5t & l>g] areas4 ,= su* cont+5cies x is impossible to give exact =mul1 z ! pigm5ts employ$ are n always con/ant4 ,9 ! case ( manufactur]s ( mix$ pa9ts1 x is cu/om>y to issue samples ( col\rs = ! ye> or season1 & !y _c gu>antee repeat+ exactly any col\r or t9t 9 subsequ5t mix+4 ,! same applies :]e col\r$ pap]s & textiles are conc]n$2 !re=e judgm5t bas$ on pr9ciple & exp]i5ce c be ! only guide4 ,! ,prim>y col\rs are ,r$1 ,yell[ & ,blue2 admixture ( any two ( ^! result 9 ! ,second>y col\rs :i* =m ! complem5t>ies ( ! ,prim>ies n involv$4 ,?us blue & yell[ comb9$ result 9 gre51 :i* is ! complem5t>y ( r$1 ! complem5t>y ( yell[ be+ purple1 & t ( blue1 orange4 ,int5sity ( hue ( any col\r employ$ may v>y consid]ably1 & ?is v>iation %\ld be proportional 9 o!r t9ts associat$4 ,"p ( ! *>m ( col\r (t5 dep5ds on its complexity1 9 natural aspects due to atmosph]e & v>i$ phases ( light4 ,pure col\rs %\ld at times be avoid$1 t is1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y are obta9able z pigm5ts4 ,e>ly ,tra9+ ,/ud5ts %\ld h atta9$ "s consid]able facility 9 draw+ be=e tak+ ! /udy ( design s]i\sly1 ?\gh probably "p ( ! e>ly tra9+ has dealt ) extremely elem5t>y =ms lead+ 9 t direction4 ,und\bt$ly1 too1 _m ent] on ?is phase ( /udy )\t adequate prep>ation1 hav+ little appreciation ( ! und]ly+ geometric con/ruction1 n only 9 design b 9 all =m4 ,?is1 on inve/igation1 c always be f\nd1 & ei!r ! g5]al mass or sub-divisions id5tifi$ ) "s simple geometric %ape enclos+ ! m intimate details4 ,correct approximation & plac+ are ess5tial to ! accuracy & success ( ! draw+4 ,too (t5 ?r\gh lack ( tra9+ ! t5d5cy is to draw detail "r away1 )\t ! necess>y prelim9>y ( det]m9+ ! mass %apes4 ,nature ,/udy ,! /udy ( natural =m is ( p>am\nt importance to prospective design]s4 ,subjects %\ld be select$ z season or opportunity p]mit1 n m]ely f plant & floral gr[?1 b any =m available1 animate or inanimate t is sugge/ive ( patt]n or susceptible ( ornam5tal treatm5t4 ,/ud5ts 9 _! e>ly attempts 9 design inv>iably f9d conv5tion a /umbl+-block1 & 9 mak+ _! /udies f nature _c at fir/ grasp ! idea t selection %\ld be ex]cis$1 & t only ^? phases :i* are fav\rable to decorative results %\ld be record$4 ,design is n conc]n$ ) facts or exact portraiture s mu* z patt]n1 & only ^? features & attitudes t are suitable %\ld be dealt )4 ,to p]petuate ! ugly & unsuitable is wa/e ( bo? "t & en]gy4 ,aspect & ,attitude ,9 too _m in/ances ! fir/ aspect ( ! subject ( /udy is record$1 ev5 )\t any reg>d to natural attitude4 ,x may be a spray ( blossom tak5 by ! /ud5t f ! p>5t tree or %rub1 :i* is fix$ up 9 any position t comes h&y4 ,= ?is !re is no excuse2 ! spray %\ld n only be plac$ consi/5tly1 b to ! be/ advantage1 ! object be+ to record aspects t are sugge/ive ( decorative developm5t4 ,9 design x is conditional t ea* individual detail %\ld be prim>ily effective z a silh\ette1 surface int]e/ be+ ( second>y consid]ation4 ,any leaf or fl[] t does n con=m %\ld be s arrang$ z to satisfactorily comply ) ?is condition1 & ?is c easily be a*iev$ by slightly %ift+ ! po9t ( view1 z x is g5]ally due to extreme =e%ort5+1 or p]spective t is confus+ 9 appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bhe4 ,natural ,aspect ( ,v>i\s ,leaves4 ,^? 9 outl9e unsuitable )\t adaptation = ornam5t4 ,! silh\ette v]sions %ew natural aspects t readily l5d to decorative purposes4 ,po9ts ( /udy to be not$ are ! /em gr[?1 junctions & angles ( bran*+ & articulation ( leaves1 ! diff]5ce 9 developm5t ( leaves on ma9 /em & ^? on fl[] /alk1 & phases ( ! fl[]s4 ,! draw+ %\ld be explanatory z f> z possible1 & any detail n q cle> %\ld be express$ 9 sep>ate lucid diagrams4 ,:5 readily accessible1 a s]ies ( /udies %\ld be made ( ! same plant or gr[? at diff]+ /ages1 s z to =m a record ( ! life hi/ory & developm5t4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to arrange ! /udy ) its explanatory details on ! pap] s z to satisfactorily occupy ! area1 n necess>ily symmetrically1 b ) a view to desirable balance4 ,^? ) a natural faculty = design w probably d ?is in/9ctively1 b ! obs]vance is important 9 develop+ ! s5se ( arrangem5t4 ,treatm5t ,! draw+s1 :i* %\ld be c>efully detail$ z to =m1 & intimate detail--9 fact diagrammatic--c be 9 p5cil or ink outl9e1 light & %ade is g5]ally unimportant1 ?\gh x may be lightly sugge/$4 ,) reg>d to col\r1 except 9 examples ( special sugge/ion1 little "t ne$ be wa/$ 9 /ill life r5d]+s1 ?\gh sugge/ive col\r s*emes may well be not$1 b ! draw+ %\ld at lea/ be lightly t9t$1 ?is s]v+ ! d\ble purpose ( fix+ ! p5cil l9es1 & def9+ ! silh\ette %apes4 ,^! /udies %\ld =m mat]ial = designs1 n at fir/ ambiti\s1 b deal+ ) s+le leaves or fl[]s1 & d]iv+ f !m details suitable to "s =m ( decorative expression4 ,^! c be express$ 9 flat col\r1 ) or )\t outl9e1 or fur!r ornam5t$ by treatm5ts sugge/ive ( ve9+ or /riation4 ,! blot*+ ( "s leaves dur+ autumnal *anges or any natural m>k+s c (t5 be turn$ to decorative acc\nt4 ,draw+s = ,reproduction ,designs 9 "s in/ances are 9 ! =m ( p]spective sket*es1 :5 x is desirable to convey an idea ( _! f9al appe>ance1 b z a rule !y are express$ z work+ draw+s4 ,?is is imp]ative :5 ! f9al production is ! result ( "s me*anical production1 z 9 book decoration & adv]tisem5t ei!r black & :ite or 9 col\r4 ,draw+s = ^! are g5]ally made l>g] & r$uc$ to ! requir$ size by photography1 & ! blocks = pr9t+ made f ! photograph4 ,!re is no fix$ rule z to size ( draw+ or r$uction1 b if ! designs are drawn = "o-?ird r$uction !re w be no mat]ial alt]ation 9 values :5 produc$4 ,b z ! r$uction is increas$ !re is a proportionate risk 9 alt]ation ( values4 ,x is desirable to be> ! propos$ r$uction 9 m9d & to "w m boldly or ) ?ick] l9es1 o!rwise ! f9al effect may be ?9 & weak4 ,9 p5 draw+1 ! l9es %\ld be cle> & di/9ct :atev] _! ?ickness4 ,= designs 9 black & :ite1 hot-press$ pap]1 ,bri/ol bo>d or smoo? c>d are mo/ suitable4 ,! ink %\ld be wat]pro(1 z1 if necess>y1 corrections ) ,*9ese :ite c be m neatly made4 ,f9e p5s1 except = v m9ute "w1 are n desirable1 a ,gillott's ladies' f9e writ+ nib yield+ z f9e a l9e z is ord9>ily requir$4 ,= "s classes ( "w a bru% w be f\nd m suitable1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 t all l9es--:e!r ?ick or ?9--are equally black4 ,designs 9 col\r = illu/ration or adv]tisem5t1 :i* are to be reproduc$ by li?ography or ! ?ree-col\r process1 c be on c>d or ,:atman pap]4 ,! col\rs employ$ be+ transp>5t or opaque1 :i*ev] is m suitable to work+ & effect4 ,l>g] designs = adv]tisem5t1 su* z po/]s1 are usually pa9t$ 9 temp]a or opaque col\r1 & ^! %\ld be appli$ z f> z possible edge to edge1 ov]pa9t+ be+ avoid$4 ,opaque ,col\r ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 mix+ ! col\r to ! requir$ t9t or %ade4 ,?is requires "s exp]i5ce1 z :5 :ite =ms "p ( ! mixture1 ! effect :5 dry is always light] & cold] ?an :5 ! pa9t is 9 ! fluid /ate2 !re=e all[ance = ?is %\ld be made4 ,opaque & temp]a col\rs are n us$ s fluid z ord9>y transp>5t wat] col\rs1 & if appli$ too ?9 w fail to cov] ! surface solidly1 or dry blot*y4 ,c>tridge pap] is n only good en\gh b m suitable = opaque col\r ?an pap]s ( bett] quality4 ,n m]ely is !re no advantage 9 ^!1 b ! texture is an unnecess>y emb>rassm5t2 moreov] c>tridge pap] c be obta9$ 9 cont9u\s =m ( good wid?4 ,enl>g+ & ,r$uc+ ,:5 draw+s are enl>g$ or r$uc$1 ! l9e> dim5sions & n ^? ( ! area are impli$2 ?us "o half means "o half ( bo? wid? & height--really "o-f\r? ( ! area4 ,x is obvi\s t half ! area w\ld be a diff]5t proportion1 & x is ! proportion t is conc]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bhf4 ,diagonal ,me?od ( ,enl>g+ or ,r$uc+4 ,solid l9e %ews giv5 size4 ,divisional measurem5t is r5d]$ unnecess>y by ! diagonal me?od ( proportion4 ,giv5 a rectangul> %ape1 :i* has to be r$uc$ or enl>g$1 a diagonal l9e %\ld be drawn1 & prolong$ if ! latt]1 ?r\gh opposite angles4 ,a l9e p>allel to ei!r ! v]tical or horizontal c be drawn & return$ at a "r angle :]e x int]sects ! diagonal1 & reg>dless ( any dim5sions1 ?is w ensure ! exact proportion ( ! orig9al rectangle4 ,x is obvi\s t su* designs z ! =ego+ %\ld be complete1 & bo? 9 draw+ & col\r a p]fect anticipation ( ! pa9t$ result1 ow+ no?+ ( _! effect to me*anical reproduction4 ,textiles ,9 designs = pr9t$ & wov5 fabrics1 ?\gh ! process ( production v>ies1 x is /ill necess>y t ! draw+ be complete 9 ! te*nical indications4 ,o!rwise ! reproduc$ v]sion may suff]1 or at lea/ n fulfil ! int5tion ( ! design]1 & x foll[s t ! draw+s %\ld be concise 9 e detail1 ev5 to ! col\r effect desir$4 ,! draw+s are usually to ! full size 9 mo/ pr9t$ fabrics4 ,! design is n reproduc$ by any me*anical process1 ! blocks or roll]s us$ 9 pr9t+ be+ cut by h& f a transf]r$ trac+ made f ! orig9al4 ,h5ce ! importance ( exactitude 9 jo9+ & dim5sions4 ,9 "s in/ances ! :ole ( ! patt]n is cut 9 relief 9 ! wood1 b 9 o!rs1 l9es are ! result ( n>r[ /rips ( ribbon-l brass emb$d$ 9 ! surface ( ! block or roll]4 ,^! h _! influ5ce on ! design1 z 9 ! =m] me?od ( production ! l9es c v>y 9 ?ickness & c be inve/$ ) great] int]e/ ?an ! employm5t ( ! wire c give4 ,! metal results 9 a h>d l9e ( unv>y+ ?9ness4 ,draw+s = pr9t$ & wov5 fabrics are usually 9 opaque col\r1 & ea* t9t employ$ %\ld display a def9$ edge1 graduat$ effects be+ only te*nically possible by means ( tap]+ l9es or /ipple4 ,ea* di/9ct col\r or t9t involves sep>ate pr9t+2 !re=e z x is economically desirable to atta9 ! be/ effect ) ! m9imum co/1 ! utmo/ %\ld be made ( ! col\rs employ$4 ,wallpap]s ,wallpap]s z a rule are pr9t$ 9 opaque col\r1 b 9 textiles1 :5 ! col\r is transp>5t1 m elaborate effects are possible by ov]pr9t+ or sup]-impos+ "o col\r on ano!r4 ,9 wov5 fabrics simil> effects c be obta9$ by judici\s manipulation ( ! %uttles1 b 9 all cases x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t a work+ draw+ is necess>y 9 :i* ! details are cle>ly indicative ( ! f9al result4 ,designs t h to be realis$ by "s =m ( h&icraft require ! same c>e & concise reg>d to detail1 ?\gh ! draw+s ne$ n be s complete z to appe>ance1 & may be to scale or drawn full size accord+ to condition4 ,ar*itectural ,draw+s ,ar*itectural draw+s are drawn to scale1 t ( eight feet to "o in* be+ g5]al1 ) work+ draw+s to a scale ( half an in* to ! foot accompani$ by full-size details & pr(iles ( m\ld+s4 ,! draw+s are geometric1 t is 9 plan1 elevation1 & section1 express$ 9 l9e & g5]ally t9t$4 ,on plans & sections arbitr>y col\rs are employ$ to indicate mat]ial1 = in/ance1 r$ d5otes brick1 purple-grey1 /one1 w>m grey1 cem5t1 ,prussian blue1 iron or /eel1 & burnt si5na or ,v&yke br[n1 wood4 ,^! draw+s convey little idea ( ! int5d$ effect to ! lay m9d1 & x is cu/om>y to sugge/ ! ev5tual appe>ance by p]spective views1 b = practical reasons !y con/itute ! mo/ conv5i5t =m f :i* dim5sions c be tak5 = work+ purposes4 ,/ructural ,design ,9 all /ructural design simil> draw+s are necess>y1 al?\gh sket* designs 9 p]spective may be made to sugge/ effect1 work+ draw+s are imp]ative to ! execution ( ! "w4 ,^!1 :5 r$uc$ to ! ess5tial conditions ( r5d]+1 ) explanatory details & sections1 assume a v diff]5t aspect to ! orig9al sket*4 ,! success ( ! complet$ "w dep5ds ^u skilful detail+1 :i* mu/ be ?or\ghly explicit to be ( real value4 ,= conv5i5ce su* work+ draw+s are g5]ally made on detail pap]1 :i* is usually obta9able 9 rolls sixty in*es wide by tw5ty-five or fifty y>ds4 ,?is is suffici5tly transp>5t to be employ$ = trac+s1 a great conv5i5ce :5 copies are 9 reque/1 & is a good surface = p51 p5cil or *alk1 ?\gh some:at ?9 = col\r4 ,designs c be sket*$ 9 *>coal1 & ! desir$ l9es drawn 9 ink4 ,:5 dry ! *>coal l9es c be oblit]at$ by rubb+ ) a lea!r or s(t clo?1 by :i* ! *>coal is di/ribut$1 =m+ a tone ov] ! :ole surface4 ,?is is easily removable by india-rubb]1 & excell5t relief effects c be obta9$ by judici\sly tak+ out lights & /r5g!n+ %ad[s1 ?\gh to avoid any possible misund]/&+ x is usual to also indicate ! relief by sections drawn ?r\gh ! details4 ,lucid ,arrangem5t ,9 geometric & work+ draw+s :5 plans & sections are incid5tal to lucid explanation1 ^! latt] %\ld appe> relatively2 t is1 ! plan %\ld be 9 alignm5t ) ! elevation1 etc4 ,/atem5ts & directions z to proc$ure are (t5 necess>y1 & ^!1 plac$ ) judgm5t & 9 good lett]+1 are valuable 9 balanc+ ! draw+4 ,n t ?is has any effect on ! "w1 b because x has a good influ5ce on ! design]4 ,possibly ! /ory ( ,giotto & ! circle t figur$ 9 ! e>ly s*ool prim]s is responsible = ! v g5]al impression t ! use ( me*anical in/rum5ts is in>ti/ic4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! "y beg9n] is a total disreg>d = any?+ 9 ! nature ( exact dim5sion4 ,no useful purpose is s]v$1 & mu* valuable "t is wa/$1 9 attempts to accompli% freeh&1 =ms t may be p]fectly a*iev$ by prop] implem5ts4 ,famili>ity ) ! use ( ^! w be f\nd ( great assi/ance 9 all design 9 :i* geometric con/ruction1 app>5t or n1 plays s l>ge a "p4 ,( ?is ! av]age beg9n] has little conception1 & ?\gh ,geometry has be5 a subject ( _! e>ly tra9+1 !y seldom h any cle> idea z to its employm5t 9 design4 ,except 9 few in/ances1 !y are unpractis$ 9 ! use ( geometrical in/rum5ts1 & at times oblivi\s t ^! s]ve any practical purpose4 ,ma!matical ,equipm5t ,9 design1 :]e accuracy is ( p>am\nt importance1 a reasonable equipm5t is imp]ative4 ,draw+ bo>ds v>y 9 size1 b = mo/ ord9>y "w ! antiqu>ian w suffice2 ! be/ type be+ t commonly us$ 9 eng9e]+ & ar*itectural (fices1 ) batt5s = adju/m5t & inv>iably a /eel guide = ! ,t squ>e4 ,l>ge ,t squ>es are m reliable on acc\nt ( ! wid] head1 ! bett] sort be+ 9 mahogany ) bevell$ ebony edge4 ,:5 accuracy is ess5tial1 ! ,t squ>e %\ld only be employ$ = horizontal l9es1 ^? 9 a v]tical direction be+ atta9$ by ! use ( ! set squ>e1 :5 ! "r angle c be assur$ by contact ( ! base ( ! latt] on ! edge ( ! ,t squ>e4 ,set squ>es indisp5sable = ord9>y "w are ^? ( ! angles ( #de degrees & #fj degrees4 ,!y %\ld be l>ge1 ab\t twelve in*1 & 9 celluloid1 :i*1 be+ transluc5t1 t5ds to great] accuracy4 ,bevell$ set squ>es1 usually 9 mahogany ) ebony edge1 are desirable :5 ! rul+ p5 is us$1 & %\ld be plac$ ) ! bevell$ side to ! surface ( draw+ z a precaution aga9/ blott+ ?r\gh ! ink runn+ (f ! edge f ! p54 ,= ! same reason ! edge ( ! ,t squ>e %\ld be slightly tilt$1 s z n to be 9 contact ) ! draw+ :5 rul+ l9es ) ! p54 ,! ma!matical in/rum5ts 9 common reque/ are divid]s1 indisp5sable 9 scale draw+4 ,= delicate "w spr+ divid]s ) ne$le po9ts ensure great] accuracy4 ,! b[ or p5cil compass1 l>ge ) ext5d+ b>1 & small2 ) spr+ b[s1 = m9ute "w4 ,= v l>ge circles ! beam compass is employ$1 consi/+ ( a wood b> ) two slid+ clamps fitt$ respectively ) po9t1 & ei!r p5cil or p5 :i* c be adju/$ to ! requir$ radius4 ,= ink draw+s ! b[ or p5 compass is employ$ = circul> curves2 spr+ b[s = extremely small details1 m$ium = g5]al purposes4 ,! l>ge compass 9 ! ord9>y set is provid$ ) bo? p5 & p5cil jo9ts1 :i* c be adju/$ z requir$4 ,use ( ! ,rul+ ,p5 ,= /raight l9es ! rul+ p5 %\ld be employ$4 ,9 ?is implem5t1 ! nibs1 z 9 ! p5 compasses are provid$ ) a screw1 by means ( :i* ! p5 c be adju/$ to =m ?ick or ?9 l9es z requir$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! adju/m5t2 = ! ?9ne/ l9e ! po9ts %\ld only be 9 contact4 ,if screw$ too tightly ! nibs may be b5t & w\ld h to be re-set4 ,!re is a limit to ! ?ickness ( l9e 9 individual rul+ p5s1 :i* are made 9 v>y+ sizes = f9e or bold "w4 ,b[ & rul+ p5s %\ld nev] be fill$ to ! full capacity1 z !y are !n liable to flood & blot ! "w4 ,x is bett] also to *>ge ! p5 ) ! fill]1 :i* is usually provid$ ) ! ord9>y liquid ink1 or a bru%2 o!rwise blott+ may result4 ,if ! p5 is fill$ by dipp+1 ! nibs %\ld be wip$ dry on ea* occasion on ! ext]nal faces4 ,9 use ! rul+ p5 %\ld be held z v]tical z possible1 ) ! nibs p]fectly p>allel to ! edge ( ,t or set squ>e1 any div]g5ce f ! v]tical might result 9 a curve in/ead ( ! /raight l9e requir$4 ,if ! nibs are at an angle ) ! rul+ edge1 ! ink w n fl[ freely1 & !re is also a t5d5cy to cut ! surface4 ,proportional ,compass ,ano!r in/rum5t ( great use1 ?\gh n s commonly 9 reque/1 is ! proportional compass1 by means ( :i* draw+s are enl>g$ or r$uc$4 ,x consi/s ( two %anks furni%$ ) po9ts at ea* end1 ! %anks be+ slott$ out c5trally to =m a slide4 ,! adju/m5t is accompli%$ by a set screw :i* also =ms a pivot1 :i*1 set at any ( ! m>k$ divisions1 assures ! giv5 proportion4 ,trac+s ,trac+ pap] is l>gely 9 reque/1 n only z a means ( repeat+ details & units by transf]r+1 b :5 copies ( a draw+ are requir$4 ,x c be obta9$ 9 rolls v>y+ 9 wid?1 =ty in* be+ g5]ally useful1 & 9 diff]5t surfaces1 r\gh & smoo?1 ! =m] be+ good = p5cil "w--! smoo? be+ m suitable = ink trac+s4 ,:5 trac+s ( a m durable "* are requir$ !y are made on l951 :i* = ?is purpose has a highly glaz$ surface on :i* ! ink w n always run equally4 ,?is c be rectifi$ by lightly rubb+ ! surface ) ,fr5* *alk & by add+ a little ox gall to ! ink4 ,! latt] is a useful ag5t 9 c\nt]act+ any greas9ess ( surface & is (t5 necess>y 9 col\r "w4 ,conclusion ,! /imulus ( competition is always heal?y1 & ! necessity to attract has result$ g5]ally 9 rais+ ! /&>d1 notably 9 =ms ( adv]tisem5t4 ,! design] has n only to keep pace ) mod]n conditions1 b 9 "s phases ( "w has also to anticipate future dem&4 ,/ud5ts are too (t5 infect$ ) ! phase ( ! mom5t1 or by ! "w ( "s di/+ui%$ expon5t4 ,?is is q natural1 & to "s ext5t su* emulation may be condon$1 b if x becomes an obsession x is fatal to ! developm5t ( individualism4 ,x is desirable1 inde$ comm5dable1 = /ud5ts to be int]e/$ 9 contemporane\s "w2 b !y %\ld realise t p]sonality w nev] be a*iev$ by imitation1 ?\gh emulation & exp]im5t are legitimate me?ods ( tra9+4 ,art tra9+ is l>gely 9 t ( te*nique1 consi/+ *iefly ( ! h&l+ ( ! tools & m$iums involv$4 ,x is obvi\s t :5 ?is te*nique is successfully acquir$ x implies a high /&>d ( craftsman%ip4 ,?is is ess5tial1 b p]sonality is ( great] importance & its developm5t dep5ds ^u ! individual4 ,"s :o h no?+ p]sonal to express may be capable ( atta9+ great facility 9 v>i\s m$iums1 b /op at ! imitative1 & ?\gh ?is may be lucrative1 no great arti/ic di/9ction is possible4 ,if p]sonality is lat5t x w develop q unconsci\sly1 & ! endeav\r ( ! /ud5t %\ld be to see1 und]/& & express ! subject ( /udy or idea ) s9c]ity1 reg>dless ( any curr5t phase h[ev] int]e/+4 ,9 ?is way only c be atta9$ ! p]sonal attitude & expression t really con/itutes ! int]e/ 9 all =ms ( art4 ,,index ,acan?us ,foliage1 #ch1 #bfc 8 ,leaf 7,greek7 #bfd 8 8 7,roman7 #bff 8 8 7,byzant9e7 #bfg ,romanesque1 #bfh ,go?ic1 #bfh ,italian ,r5aissance1 #bgi ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 #bhj ,jacobean1 #bhj ,l\is ,,xiv1 #bhc ,l\is ,,xv1 #bhd ,l\is ,,xvi1 #bhd ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 #bhe ,adam1 #bhf ,sy/em ( !1 #bhf ,adam1 ,rob]t1 #abc ,alb]ti1 ,leo ,batti/a1 #gf ,anci5t ,pott]y1 #h ,animals 9 ,art1 #cca1 #ccd 8 8 ,comp\nd1 #ccf ,angelo1 ,m41 #gi ,an!mion1 ,!1 #bfb ,an!mius1 #de ,apa?y1 ,public1 #h ,appliqu1 #bif ,appreciation ( ,design1 #bhh ,ar*itecture1 ,egyptian1 #bb ,*aldean1 #be ,greek1 #bh ,roman1 #ce ,byzant9e1 #dc ,romanesque1 #di ,go?ic1 #ei ,r5aissance1 ,italian1 #ge 8 ,flor5t9e1 #gf 8 ,roman1 #gh 8 ,v5etian1 #hj 8 ,fr5*1 #he 8 9 ,engl&1 #hh 8 ,elizabe?an1 #ia 8 ,jacobean1 #ic 8 ,engli%1 #ajb 8 ,l\is ,,xiii1 #ajc 8 ,l\is ,,xiv1 #ajf 8 ,l\is ,,xv1 #aaj 8 ,lat] ,engli%1 #aac ,ar*itectural ,draw+1 #aeh1 #cfc ,ar*itectural ,features1 ,abacus1 ,!1 #agc1 #age1 #agh ,ar*1 #bj 8 ,po9t$1 #eh 8 ,decorat$1 #fd 8 ,p]p5dicul>1 #fh 8 #ahd ,arcades1 #bjj 8 ,vault$1 #bja ,ar*itrave1 #afa1 #afd1 #afi1 #agb1 #baa ,ar*ivolt1 ,!1 #ahf1 #ahg ,attic1 ,!1 #bjh ,balu/]1 ,!1 #aia ,balu/rad+1 #aic ,battlem5t1 ,!1 #ff ,base1 ,! 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,doric1 #aha ,base1 ,! ,ionic1 #ahb 8 ,! ,cor9?ian1 #ahc ,basem5t1 ,!1 #bjg ,battlem5t1 ,!1 #ff ,bazzi ,gian ,antonio 7,sodoma71 #hc ,b]a91 ,claude1 #ajf 8 ,jean1 #ajf ,b]n9i1 #hj ,book ,decoration1 #cjj ,bord]s1 #bbg 8 ,treatm5t1 #bcc ,b\le1 ,&r ,*>les1 #ajf1 #aji 8 ,"w1 #bih ,bramante1 #gh ,bran*+1 ,types (1 #bgc ,brunelles*i1 #gf ,buttress1 ,!1 #ei ,byzant9e1 ,art1 #de ,caduceus1 ,!1 #cdb4 ,cannibalism1 #ccf ,capital1 ,!1 #bb1 #ej ,capital1 ,doric1 #agc ,ionic1 #age ,cor9?ian1 #agh ,c>v$ ,"w1 #cja ,design =1 #cjb ,ceil+s1 ,jacobean1 #ig ,l\is ,,xiii1 #aje ,l\is ,,xiv1 #ajh ,l\is ,,xv1 #aab ,treatm5t (1 #bah ,c5taur1 ,!1 #cci ,*aldean ,art1 #be ,*amb]s1 ,sir ,william1 #acf ,*ambord1 ,*ateau de1 #hf ,*ampleve ,enamel1 #dg ,*5onceaux1 sur ,loire1 #hf ,*imney-piece1 ,jacobean1 #id ,*ipp5dale1 #aba ,*oragic ,monum5t1 #cb ,*ri/ian ,art1 ,e>ly1 #df ,circle1 ,symbolic mean+ (1 #cdj ,cipriani1 #abf ,cl]e/ory1 ,!1 #ea1 #fg ,col\r1 ,symbolism (1 #cde ,use (1 #cec ,opaque1 #cfj ,column1 ,!1 #agb ,employm5t (1 #aid ,disposition & ,spac+ (1 #aie ,comm]cial ,production1 #f ,int]c\rse1 #ab ,conv5tion1 #bib ,accept$1 #cea ,cornucopia1 ,!1 #cdf ,cor9?ian1 ,ord]1 #afc ,entablature1 #aga ,capital1 #agh ,base1 #ahd ,p$e/al1 #aij ,impo/1 #ahg ,craft ,re/riction1 #bef ,cress5t1 ,*>les1 #aaa ,cross1 ,!1 #cdc ,crozi]1 ,!1 #cdd ,crux ,ansata1 #cdc ,cu/oms1 ,survival (1 #caa ,e>ly ,burial1 #cbb ,dance1 ,george1 #acf ,decorative1 ,mat]ials1 #bhi ,deities1 ,egyptian1 #cah ,deities1 ,greek & ,roman1 #caf ,sc&9avian1 #cag ,pan1 #cci ,delorme1 ,philib]t1 #hg ,d5tils1 #adf ,design1 ,m5tal vision 91 #a ,inspir$1 #b ,process & mat]ial 91 #b1 #h ,consid]ations 91 #c ,public dem&1 #c ,tra9+ 91 #d ,influ5ce 91 #d1 #h1 #ab1 #ah ,ar*itectural influ5ce 91 #ad ,appreciation (1 #bhh ,/ructural1 #cfc ,domes1 ,byzant9e1 #dc ,treatm5t (1 #bbd ,dome/ic ,conditions1 #ed1 #gb1 #gd ,donatello1 #gf ,doors1 ,jacobean1 #if ,proportions & ,treatm5t1 #baa ,doric ,ord]1 #bh1 #afa ,entablature1 #afd ,capital1 #agc ,base1 #aha ,p$e/al1 #ahi ,impo/1 #ahe ,ecole de ,mdc9e1 #acb ,e*o1 #cai ,egyptian ,art1 #bb ,enamel1 ,byzant9e1 #dg ,endymion1 #cai ,enl>g+ ,draw+s1 #cfj ,equipm5t1 ,ma!matical1 #cfe ,eurydice1 #cbd ,evangeli/s1 #cca ,evolute ,scroll1 ,!1 #bcd1 #bfa ,f>nese ,palace1 #gi ,fates1 #cah1 #cbj ,figure ,composition1 #bdd ,filagree ,jewell]y1 #beh ,fl[]s1 9 ,ornam5t #bgj ,fonta9ebleau1 ,palace (1 #hf ,=ms 9 ! 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