,+]soll ,lectures on ,immortality       
,,immortality ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,!odicy4   
,by ,george ,a4 ,gordon4 #ahif4         
,,human ,,immortality4 ,two suppos$     
,objections to ! ,doctr9e4 ,by          
,william ,james4 #ahig4                 
,,dionysos ,,& ,,immortality3 ,! ,greek 
,fai? 9 ,immortality z       affect$ by 
! rise ( ,individualism4 ,by ,b5jam9    
,ide ,:eel]4       #ahih4         ,,!   
,,conception ,,( ,,immortality4 ,by     
,josiah ,royce4 #ahii4         ,,life   
,,ev]la/+4 ,by ,john ,fiske4 #aijj4     
,,sci5ce ,,& ,,immortality4 ,by ,william
 ,osl]4 #aijd4         ,,! ,,endless    
,,life4 ,by ,samuel ,m4 ,cro!rs4 #aije4 
,,individuality ,,& ,,immortality4 ,by  
,wilhelm ,o/wald4 #aijf4         ,,!    
,,hope ,,( ,,immortality4 ,by ,*>les ,f4
 ,dole4 #aijg4         ,,buddhism ,,&   
,,immortality4 ,by ,william ,s4 ,bigel[4
 #aijh4         ,,is ,,immortality      
,,desirable8 ,by ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son4   
#aiji4         ,,egyptian ,,conceptions 
,,( ,,immortality4 ,by ,george ,a4      

,reisn]4 #aiaa4         ,,intimations   
,,( ,,immortality ,,9 ,,! ,,sonnets ,,( 
,,%akespe>e4 ,by ,george       ,h4      
,palm]4 #aiab4         ,,metempsy*osis4 
,by ,george ,foot ,moore4 #aiad4        
,,pagan ,,ideas ,,( ,,immortality ,,dur+
 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,roman ,,empire4 ,by       
,clif=d ,h]s*el ,moore4 #aiah4          
,,pagan ,,ideas ,,(                     
,,immortality ,,dur+ ,,!                
,,e>ly ,,roman ,,empire                 
,! ,+]soll ,lecture1 #aiah              
,pagan ,ideas (                         
,immortality ,dur+ !                    
,e>ly ,roman ,empire                    
,by                    ,clif=d ,h]s*el  
,moore1 ,ph4,d41 ,litt4,d4              
,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity   
,illu/ration3 colophon                  
,cambridge                              
,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,press                
,london3 ,humphrey ,mil=d               
,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press                 
#aiah                                   
,,copyright1 #aiah                      

,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,press             
,,! ,,+]soll ,,lecture%ip    ,extract f 
! w ( ,miss ,c>ol9e ,haskell ,+]soll1 :o
 di$ 9         ,ke5e1 ,c\nty ( ,*e%ire1 
,new ,hamp%ire1 ,jan4 #bf1 #ahic        
,fir/4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! wi%es ( my late   
belov$ fa!r1 ,george  ,gold?wait        
,+]soll1 z decl>$ by him 9 8 la/ w &    
te/am5t1  ,i give & bequea? to ,h>v>d   
,univ]sity 9 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 :]e my 
late fa!r 0 graduat$1 & :i* he always   
held 9 love & honor1  ! sum ( ,five ?\s&
 doll>s 7#e1jjj7 z a fund = !           
e/abli%m5t ( a ,lecture%ip on a plan    
some:at simil> to t ( !  ,dudleian      
lecture1 t is--"o lecture to be deliv]$ 
ea* ye>1 on any  conv5i5t day betwe5 !  
la/ day ( ,may & ! fir/ day (  ,decemb]1
 on ?is subject1 8! ,immortality (      
,man10 said lecture n to  =m a "p ( !   
usual college c\rse1 nor to be deliv]$  
by any  ,pr(essor or ,tutor z "p ( 8    
usual r\t9e ( in/ruction1 ?\gh  any su* 
,pr(essor or ,tutor may be appo9t$ to   
su* s]vice4 ,! *oice  ( said lectur] is 

n to be limit$ to any "o religi\s       
d5om9ation1  nor to any "o pr(ession1 b 
may be t ( ei!r cl]gyman or  layman1 !  
appo9tm5t to take place at lea/ six     
mon?s be=e !  deliv]y ( said lecture4 ,!
 above sum to be safely inve/$ & ?ree   
f\r?s ( ! annual int]e/ !re( to be paid 
to ! lectur] =  8 s]vices & ! rema9+    
f\r? to be exp5d$ 9 ! publi%m5t  &      
gratuit\s di/ribution ( ! lecture1 a    
copy ( :i* is always to  be furni%$ by !
 lectur] = su* purpose4 ,! same lecture 
to be  nam$ & kn[n z 8! ,+]soll lecture 
on ! ,immortality ( ,man40              
,,pagan ,,ideas ,,( ,,immortality ,,dur+
 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,roman ,,empire          ,i
      ,! invitation ( ! committee *>g$ )
 ! adm9i/ration ( !  ,+]soll lecture%ip 
& my own incl9ation h agre$ 9 indicat+  
t aspect ( ! g5]al subject (            
immortality1 :i* ,i %all try to  pres5t 
tonight4 ,i %all n v5ture on ?is        
occasion to advance  argum5ts = or aga9/
 belief 9 a life aft] dea?2 my pres5t   
task  is a humbl] "o3 ,i propose to ask 

y to review ) me "s ( !  m significant  
ideas conc]n+ an exi/5ce beyond ! grave1
 :i*  7 curr5t 9 ! ,greco-,roman _w 9 ! 
"t ( ,jesus & dur+  ! e>li] ,*ri/ian    
c5turies1 & to consid] briefly !        
relation  ( ^! pagan beliefs to ,*ri/ian
 ideas on ! same subject4 ,9  deal+ ) a 
topic s va/ z ?is 9 a s+le h\r1 we mu/  
select  ^? elem5ts :i* hi/orically %[$  
!mselves to be fundam5tal  & vital2 b   
ev5 !n we _c exam9e mu* detail4 ,x may  
prove1  h[ev]1 t a rapid survey ( ^?    
concepts ( ! future life1 ^:  influ5ce  
la/$ long dur+ ! ,*ri/ian c5turies1 &   
inde$ has  cont9u$ to ! pres5t day1 may 
n be )\t pr(it4    ,! mo/ important s+le
 religi\s docum5t f ! ,augu/an ,age is  
! six? book ( ,virgil's ,a5eid2 = al?\gh
 ! ,a5eid 0 writt5  prim>ily to glorify 
,roman imp]ial aims1 ! six? book gives  
full  expression to _m philosophic &    
popul> ideas ( ! o!r _w &  ( ! future   
life1 :i* 7 curr5t among bo? ,greeks &  
,romans4#a  ,x !re=e makes a fitt+ po9t 
( dep>ture = our consid]ations4  ,9 ?is 

book1 z y w rememb]1 ! poet's h]o1 hav+ 
rea*$  ,italian soil at la/1 is l$ d[n  
to ! l[] _w by ! ,cumaean  ,sybil4 ,?is 
desc5t to ,hades belongs hi/orically to 
t long s]ies (  apocalyptic writ+s :i*  
beg9s ) ! elev5? book ( ! ,odyssey  &   
closes ) ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y4 ,w>de  
,f[l] des]ves cr$it =  cle>ly po9t+ out 
t ?is visit ( ,a5eas to ! _w bel[ is !  
f9al ordeal = him1 a my/ic initiation1 9
 :i* he receives  8enlight5m5t = ! toil1
 p]il1 & triumph t await him 9 !        
accompli%m5t ( 8 div9e mission40 ,:5 !  
,trojan h]o has le>n$  f 8 fa!r's %ade !
 my/]ies ( life & dea?1 & has be5       
taught ! magnitude ( ! "w :i* lies be=e 
him1 & ! great  ?+s t are to be1 he ca/s
 (f ! timidity :i* he has hi!rto  %[n &1
 /r5g!n$ by 8 exp]i5ces1 advances to !  
p]fect  accompli%m5t ( 8 task4#b    ,b  
we are n conc]n$ s mu* ) ,virgil's      
purpose 9 writ+ ?is  apocalyptic book1 z
 ) its cont5ts & ) ! evid5ce x gives z  
to ! curr5t ideas ( ! o!r _w & ! fate ( 
! human s\l4  ,:at !n does ! poet tell u

 ( ^! great matt]s8 ,we c h>dly d  bett]
 ?an to foll[ ,a5eas & 8 guide on _!    
j\rney4 ,?is side  ( ,a*]on !y meet !   
s\ls ( ^? ^: bodies are unburi$1 &  :o  
!re=e mu/ t>ry a hundr$ ye>s--! maximum 
( human  life--be=e !y may be f]ri$ ov] 
! riv] :i* b\nds ,hades4 ,:5  ,*>on has 
set ! e>?ly visitors across t /ream1 !y 
f9d  !mselves 9 a place :]e are ga!r$   
spirits ( _m k9ds1 :o h  n yet be5      
admitt$ to ,t>t>us or ,elysium3 fir/ !  
s\ls ( infants  & ^? :o met _! end by   
viol5ce--m5 condemn$ to dea? ?\gh       
innoc5t1 suicides1 ^? :o di$ = love1 &  
w>riors--all ( :om  mu/ "h wait until ! 
span ( life allott$ !m has be5 complet$4
  ,^! spirits pass$1 ! mortal visitors  
come to ! walls ( ,t>t>us1  on ^:       
torm5ts ,a5eas is n all[$ to look1 =    
8,! feet ( innoc5ce may nev] pass       
,into ?is h\se ( s940    ,b ! ,sybil1   
h]self taught by ,hecate1 reveals to him
 ! et]nal  puni%m5ts !re inflict$ =     
mon/r\s crimes4 ,!n ! visitors pass  to 
,elysium1 :]e dwell ! s\ls ( ^? ^:      

des]ts on e>? h  won = !m a happy lot4  
,ne>by 9 a gre5 valley1 ,a5eas f9ds !   
%ade ( 8 own fa!r1 ,an*ises1 look+      
eag]ly at ! s\ls  :i* are wait+ to be   
born into ! upp] _w4 ,9 answ] to  8     
son's que/ions1 ! h]oic %ade discloses !
 doctr9e (  rebir?s--metempsy*osis--)   
its t5ets ( p5ance & (  purification4#c 
,f9ally1 to fulfill ! poet's purpose1   
,an*ises'  _s po9ts out ! s\ls ( ! h]oes
 :o are to come on e>? 9  due season2 ! 
spirits ( future ,romans pass be=e      
,a5eas 9 long  array2 & at ! climax he  
sees ! s\l ( ,augu/us1 t pr9ce :o  0    
de/9$ 9 ! fullness ( "t to br+ back !   
,gold5 ,age & to  impose peace on ! wide
 _w4 ,?is prophetic revelation end$1    
,a5eas  enlight5$ & /r5g!n$ = 8 task1   
returns to ! upp] _w4    ,?is book seems
 at fir/ a /range comp\nd inde$ ( popul>
 belief1  philosophy1 & !ology1 :i* is n
 )\t its contradictions4 ,on  ^!1 h[ev]1
 we ne$ n pause2 b = our pres5t int]e/  
we mu/  ask :at are ! ma9 ideas on :i*  
?is apocalypse is bas$4 ,fir/ (  all1 a 

future life is tak5 = grant$ by ! poet2 
o!rwise ! book  c\ld nev] h be5 writt54 
,secondly1 we notice t1 accord+ to      
anci5t popul> belief1 ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h 
n receiv$ !  prop] burial rites1 7 doom$
 to w&] on ?is side ( ,a*]on until  a   
hundr$ ye>s 7 complet$1 & also t s\ls   
:i* 7  disembodi$ by viol5ce or by e>ly 
dea?1 7 de/9$ to live out  _! allott$   
span ( e>?ly exi/5ce be=e !y c\ld ent] !
  inn] prec9cts ( ,hades4 ,aga9 ! poet  
repres5ts "s few z  suff]+ et]nal       
torm5ts = _! mon/r\s s9s or enjoy+      
immortal  bliss because ( _! great      
des]ts4 ,& f9ally1 he %[s t !  majority 
( s\ls mu/ pass ?r\gh successive lives &
 dea?s1 until1  purifi$ f ! s9 & dross (
 ! body by mill5nial soj\rns 9  ! _w    
bel[1 & by virtu\s lives on e>?1 !y at  
la/ f9d  repose & satisfaction4 ,!      
popul> beliefs :i* conc]n details (  !  
future life we %all leave "o side = !   
mom5t2 let u r  fir/ obs]ve t ,virgil's 
ideas z to rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 !  next 
_w1 z well z 8 doctr9e ( successive     

rebir?s & dea?s  ) _! accompany+        
purifications1 re/ on a moral basis1 s t
  ! o!r _w is conceiv$ to be a complem5t
 ( ?is3 life on e>?  & life bel[ are    
opportunities = moral advance )\t :i*   
f9al  happ9ess _c be atta9$4 ,:5ce came 
^! ideas ( ! future life  & h[ f> 7 !y  
curr5t 9 ! anci5t _w ( ,virgil's day8   
,naturally x does n foll[ t1 because    
,rome's greate/ poet *ose to  picture   
s\ls surviv+ _! corporeal homes1 !      
av]age man believ$  9 a future life1 b  
!re is abundant evid5ce t ! poet 0      
appeal+ to widespread beliefs1 :5 he    
wrote 8 apocalyptic book4#d  ,9 fact f !
 e>lie/ times kn[n to u1 bo? ,greeks &  
,romans held  to a belief 9 "s k9d (    
ext5d$ life = s\ls aft] ! dea? (  !     
body4#e ,bo? peoples _h _! cults ( !    
dead1 rites ( t5dance  & ( riddance1    
fe/ivals bo? public & private1 :i* leave
 no d\bt  t ! great majority ( m5 nev]  
que/ion$ t ! spirits ( !  dep>t$ exi/$  
aft] ?is life1 & t ^? spirits 7 end[$  )
 p[] to h>m or to bless ! liv+4#f ,b    

beyond ?is r  elem5t>y /age ( belief !  
,romans nev] w5t ( !mselves4 ,!         
,greeks1 h[ev]1 began e>ly to develop   
es*atological ideas :i* _h1  & :i* /ill 
h1 great importance4    ,! elev5? book (
 ! ,odyssey1 z ,i h already said1 is !  
olde/  8,desc5t to ,hades0 9 ,european  
lit]ature4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead are  !re    
repres5t$ z dwell+ 9 ! l& ( %ad[s1 hav+ 
no life1  b lead+ an insub/antial       
exi/5ce1 )\t puni%m5t or rew>d4  ,su* a 
future _w c\ld h no moral or o!r value2 
x c\ld only  hang ov] m5 z a gloomy     
prospect ( t :i* await$ !m :5 !  suns ( 
?is _w _h =ev] set4 ,b 9 ! sev5? & six? 
c5turies ,b4,c4 o!r ideas came to !     
front1 :i* 7 influ5tial  ?r\gh\t lat]   
hi/ory4 ,9 ^? two c5turies fall ! fir/  
p]iod  ( ,greek individualism & a       
religi\s revival--two ?+s n :olly       
disconnect$4 ,! ,orphic sect1 :i* appe>$
 9 ! six? c5tury1 0  made up ( religi\s 
devotees :o adopt$ a purifi$ =m ( !     
religion ( ,dionysus4#g ,! c5t] ( !     
,orphic fai? & my/ic  c]emonial 0 ! my? 

( ! bir?1 de/ruction1 & rebir? ( !  god4
 ,accord+ to ! /ory1 ,dionysus 0 pursu$ 
by ! ,titans1 p[]s  ho/ile to ,zeus4 ,9 
8 di/ress ! god *ang$ himself into v>i\s
  creatures1 f9ally tak+ on ! =m ( a    
bull1 :i* ! ,titans tore  9 pieces &    
dev\r$4 ,b ! goddess ,a!na sav$ ! he>t &
 gave  x to ,zeus :o swall[$ x4 ,h5ce   
sprang ! new ,dionysus4 ,! ,titans      
,zeus de/roy$ ) 8 ?und]bolt & _h ! a%es 
scatt]$ to !  w9ds4 ,f ^! a%es1 9 "o =m 
( ! my?1 man 0 made1 &  !re=e he 0 ?\ght
 to unite 9 8 p]son ! s9ful ,titanic    
nature & ! div9e ,dionysiac sp>k4 ,!    
p>allelism betwe5 ?is  /ory & ! my?s (  
,osiris1 ,attis1 & ,adonis is at once   
evid5t4  ,!y are all gods :o die & live 
aga91 & ?us become lords ( dea?  & life1
 ?r\gh :om man ga9s assurance ( 8 own   
immortality4    ,our *ief conc]n ) !    
,orphics "h is t !y seem to h  introduc$
 among ! ,greeks ! idea t ! s\l ( man 0 
div9e1  0 a ,greek3 daimn :i* _h fall51 
& = its puni%m5t 0  imprison$ 9 ! body z
 9 a tomb4 ,9 its corporeal cell x 0    

condemn$ to suff] defilem5t until       
releas$ by dea?1 :5 x pass$  to ,hades4 
,its lot !re dep5d$ on its life on e>?4 
,z an ,orphic  fragm5t says3 8,!y :o are
 righte\s b5ea? ! rays ( ! sun1 :5  !y  
die1 h a g5tl] lot 9 a fair mead[ by    
deep fl[+  ,a*]on4444 ,b !y :o h work$  
wrong & insol5ce "u ! rays  ( ! sun are 
l$ d[n b5ea? ,cocytus's wat]y pla9 into 
*ill  ,t>t>us40#h ,! s\l's soj\rn 9     
,hades !re=e 0 a "t (  puni%m5t & (     
purification1 ev5 z life itself 0 a     
p5ance =  s94 ,accord+ to a common      
belief1 at lea/ 9 ,plato's day1 aft] a  
?\s& ye>s ! s\l ent]$ a new inc>nation1 
& s on ?r\gh t5  r\nds ( e>? & ,hades1  
until at la/1 fre$ f s9 & e>?ly  dross  
by fai?ful obs]vance ( a holy life on   
e>? & by !  purification :i* x und]w5t  
bel[1 x return$ to its div9e abode2  b  
^? :o p]si/$ 9 s9 7 condemn$ to all !   
puni%m5ts  :i* man's imag9ation c\ld    
devise2 ! wick$ 7 doom$ to lie 9  mud & 
fil?1 :ile evil demons r5t _! vitals4   
,inde$ ! horrors  :i* ! m$ieval ,*ri/ian

 lov$ to depict 9 ord] to t]rify !      
wick$ & to rejoice ! fai?ful1 7 fir/    
devis$ by ! ,orphics  & _! heirs1 =     
exactly ! same purpose4    ,b :at bases 
did ! ,orphics f9d = _! belief 9 ! div9e
  nature ( ! s\l8 ,9 _! my?ology !y _h  
said t man 0  creat$ out ( ! a%es ( !   
,titans 9 :i* a sp>k ( ,dionysus  /ill  
rema9$4 ,b 9 fact !y seem to h re/$ on  
fai? or  intuition1 )\t work+ out cle>ly
 a philosophic answ]4 ,!y 7  inde$      
deeply consci\s ( man's dual nature2 !y 
p]ceiv$ t on !  "o h& he is pull$ by 8  
bas] in/9cts & desires1 :i* !y          
naturally attribut$ to ! body1 & t on ! 
o!r h& he is  prompt$ by nobl]          
aspirations1 :i* !y assign$ to 8 s\l4   
,?is  high] "p ( man's dual self 01 =   
!m1 ! ,dionysiac elem5t 9  him4 ,& man's
 moral obligation !y held to be to free 
?is div9e  elem5t f ! clogg+ weight ( ! 
body1 to cease to 8bl9d 8  s\l ) clay40 
,s f> z we are aw>e1 ! ,orphics 7 ! fir/
  among ! ,greeks to make ! div9ity ( ! 
s\l a motive = !  religi\s life1 &      

p]haps ! fir/ to see t1 if ! s\l is     
div9e1 x may naturally be reg>d$ z      
et]nally s1 & !re=e z  immortal4 ,:at m 
mom5t\s ?\ghts z to ! s\l's nature & its
  de/9y c\ld any sect h introduc$ ?an   
^!8 ,!y 7 %>$ by  _! contempor>ies1 !   
,py?agoreans2 9 fact x is h>d to say )  
c]ta9ty :i* sect develop$ ^! concepts   
fir/4#i    ,b ! ,orphic-,py?agorean     
confid5ce 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l  0 at 
! mo/ only an emotional belief4 ,x      
rema9$ = ,plato 9 !  e>ly f\r? c5tury to
 give t belief a philosophic basis &    
!reby  to trans=m x into a reasonable   
article ( religion4 ,?is he             
fundam5tally did1 :5 he br\ght 8 concept
 ( ! reason+ s\l  into connection ) 8   
doctr9e ( 8=ms0 or 8ideas40 ,he ma9ta9$ 
t beh9d ?is transi5t ph5om5al _w kn[n to
 u ?r\gh !  s5ses1 lies ano!r _w1 ! _w (
 ideas1 invisible1 p]man5t1  & real1 :i*
 c be grasp$ by ! reason only4 ,^!      
p]man5t  ideas1 he said1 are ( v>i\s    
grades & degrees1 ! supreme idea  be+ t 
( ! ,good & ! ,beautiful1 :i* is ! cause

 ( all  exi/5ce1 tru?1 & k2 x at once   
compreh5ds ^! ?+s  )9 itself & is       
sup]ior to !m2 x is ! ,absolute1        
,god4#aj    ,b all ! ideas1 includ+ !   
,absolute1 are1 z ,i h j said1          
appreh5d$ n by man's s5ses b by 8       
intellect4 ,!re=e1 argues  ,plato1 man's
 reason+ s\l mu/ h ! same nature z !    
ideas2 l  !m1 x mu/ belong to ! _w above
 ! s5ses & ) !m x mu/  p>take ( !       
,absolute4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! ideas are   
et]nal &  immortal1 x inevitably foll[s 
t man's reason+ s\l has exi/$  f et]nity
 & w exi/ =ev]4#aa    ,?is is n !       
occasion to discuss ! validity (        
,plato's doctr9e4  ,ari/otle /at$1 once 
= all1 ! fundam5tal objections to 8     
tea*]'s views4#ab ,b we %all readily    
grant t1 if we accept  ,plato's doctr9e1
 8 conclusions z to ! immortality ( !   
s\l may  logically foll[ & t no fur!r   
evid5ce is ne$$ to conv9ce u4  ,yet     
,plato 0 n cont5t to let ! matt] re/ on 
?is s+le  argum5t1 = 9 o!r dialogues he 
adduces pro(s :i* d n seem s  conv9c+ to

 u z to _! au?or4 ,he attempts to prove 
immortality  f ! self-motion ( ! s\l1   
aga9 f ! dim recollections out  ( an    
e>li] exi/5ce :i* enable "o to recall   
axiomatic tru?s or  to recognize        
relations1 z 9 ma!matics--?+s :i* "o has
 nev]  le>n$ 9 ?is pres5t life4 ,on     
ano!r occasion he argues f !  un*ang+   
nature ( ! s\l & f ! s\l's sup]iority to
 !  body4 ,b he seems to h ?\ght ! mo/  
conv9c+ pro( 0 !  fact t ! notion ( life
 is insep>able f our concept ( !  s\l2 t
 is1 a dead s\l is un?9kable4 ,= all ^! 
reasons1  !re=e1 he argu$ t ! s\l mu/ be
 immortal4#ac    ,:atev] we may ?9k (   
,plato's diff]5t pro(s1 !y h furni%$  ! 
armories ( apologi/s almo/ d[n to our   
own day4 ,9 antiquity !y  7 con/antly   
repeat$1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 n only by      
devot$  memb]s ( ! ,academy & lat] by ! 
,neoplatoni/s1 b by !  ,eclectics &     
o!rs1 l ,cic]o 9 ! fir/ book ( 8        
,tusculan  ,disputations1 & at ! close (
 ,scipio's ,dream2 !y 7 borr[$ by  !    
,/oics1 & "s eight hundr$ ye>s aft]     

,plato _h fir/  =mulat$ !m1 !y 7 employ$
 by ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 8 tract ,de          
,immortalitate ,animae4 ,! religi\s     
intuition ( ! ,orphic &  ,py?agorean !n 
0 giv5 a rational basis by ,plato1 & ?us
  support$1 prov$ s conv9c+ to antiquity
 t ,plato's views 7 !  mo/ important (  
all 9 support+ belief 9 ! s\l's         
immortality4  ,!y 7 9 l>ge measure tak5 
up by ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 &1 z has  be5 (t5
 %[n1 ! doctr9e ( a spiritual           
immortality ap>t & free  f ! body1 0 (  
imm5se s]vice to primitive ,*ri/ianity1 
:5  ! hope ( ! e>ly return ( ,*ri/ to   
f\nd a new k+dom on e>?  fad$ be=e !    
l5g!n+ ye>s4    ,to ,plato himself 8    
belief 9 immortality 0 ( ! greate/      
mom5t1  = ! :ole fabric ( 8 e?ical &    
political philosophy is built  aga9/ !  
backgr\nd ( t doctr9e4 ,& inde$ we %\ld 
all grant  mu* validity to ! argum5t t !
 human reason1 ?\gh weak &  limit$1 is  
"o ) ! div9e & inf9ite reason2 o!rwise !
 human  c\ld h no und]/&+ ( ! div9e4 ,b 
:5 x is fur!r argu$  t if ! human reason

 is ( ! same nature ) ! div9e1 x mu/  be
 et]nal & immortal1 we may reply t1 ev5 
s1 we are n  conv9c$ t ! individual s\l 
mu/ !re=e h a consci\s &  sep>ate       
exi/5ce ?r\gh all et]nity2 its id5tity  
may be lo/ by  absorption into !        
univ]sal reason1 ! supreme idea4 ,?is is
 a matt]  on :i* ,plato n[h]e deliv]s a 
cle> op9ion1 b 8 ?\ght is s  pla9ly     
c5t]$ on ! individual s\l t we c h>dly  
believe t  x 0 possible = him to        
conceive ( ! s\l's p]sonality ev] be+   
lo/ 9 ! ,absolute4    ,al?\gh ,plato & 8
 greate/ pupil1 ,ari/otle1 reg>d$ man's 
reason+ s\l z spiritual1 some?+ di/9ct f
 matt]1 few anci5t  ?9k]s 7 able to rise
 to ! concept ( ! immat]iality ( man's  
reason+ nature4 ,! ,/oics1 :o 9 _!      
eclectic sy/em borr[$ f  bo? ,plato &   
,ari/otle1 z well z f _m o!r            
pr$ecessors1 held  to a /rict mat]ialism
 :i* !y took f ,h]aclitus4 ,b to _!     
mat]ial pr9ciple !y appli$ a concept :i*
 !y took f  ,ari/otle1 = !y recogniz$ 9 
all ?+s ! exi/5ce ( an active  & a      

passive pr9ciple1 & !y said t by !      
action ( ! =m]  on ! latt]1 all ph5om5a 
7 produc$4 ,! active pr9ciple !y  call$ 
reason1 intellig5ce1 ! cause ( all ?+s4 
,x 0 !  _w-reason :i*1 accord+ to _!    
view1 p]meat$ e "p (  ! cosmos1 caus+ & 
direct+ all ?+s4 ,to express _! concept 
( its nature1 !y (t5 nam$ x ,fire1 ! mo/
 p[]ful & active (  ! elem5ts1 or r !   
primordial elem5t2 aga9 !y (t5 call$  x 
,god1 = !y did n hesitate to speak ( ?is
 imman5t pr9ciple z  a p]son4           
,fur!rmore1 s9ce man is a "p ( ! cosmos1
 !  _w-reason expresses itself 9 him4   
,inde$ man's reason1 ! direct+  elem5t (
 ! human s\l1 is itself a "p ( !        
_w-reason1 or 9  ,epictetus' /rik+      
phrase1 man is 8a fragm5t ( ,god40#ad   
,at ?is  po9t ! ,/oic & ! ,platoni/ 7 9 
accord1 al?\gh ! pa?s (  ?\ght :i* !y _h
 travell$ 7 v diff]5t4 ,yet ! ,/oic     
c\ld n agree ) ! ,platoni/ t !          
individual s\l surviv$  =ev]1 s9ce he   
held to a cyclical !ory ( ! cosmos1     
accord+ to  :i* ?is pres5t univ]se 0    

temporal4 ,x _h be5 creat$ by !  et]nal 
fire1 by ! _w-reason1 f itself1 & x 0   
de/9$ 9  due season to s9k back aga9    
into univ]sal fire4 ,meantime1 accord+  
to ! views ( mo/ ,/oics1 ! s\ls ( ! j   
w\ld survive ?is  body1 asc5d+ to !     
sph]es above ! _w1 :]e !y w\ld dwell    
until absorb$ once m into ! div9e elem5t
 f :i* !y sprang4  ,to ! s\ls ( ! wick$ 
only a %ort p]iod at mo/ ( po/-corporeal
  exi/5ce 0 grant$--brevity ( life or   
annihilation 0 _!  puni%m5t4#ae         
,/rictly speak+1 ! prospect ( ! limit$  
exi/5ce aft] dea?1  :i* ! ,/oics held   
out z virtue's rew>d1 %\ld h _h little  
value = ! philosophic m9d1 especially z 
_! philosophy (f]$  no w>rant t         
p]sonality w\ld survive at all4 ,b x    
w\ld seem t  m5 at e p]iod ( human      
hi/ory h _h immortal long+s 9 !m  s     
/rong t !y h eag]ly embrac$ ! assurance 
( ev5 a brief  respite f annihilation2  
c]ta9 x is t to _m ,greeks & ,romans  ! 
,/oic doctr9e ( a limit$ exi/5ce aft]   
dea? 0 a /rong  inc5tive to virtue & a  

consolation 9 ! mid/ ( ?is _w's  trials4
    ,b no doctr9e ( ! po/-corporeal     
exi/5ce ( ! s\l has ev] _h  ! field     
entirely to itself4 ,we "k t 9 antiquity
 ev5 ! ,/oic  conception ( ! s\l's      
limit$ survival1 to say no?+ ( ,platonic
  beliefs 9 actual immortality1 met )   
mu* opposition & d5ial among  !         
intellectual classes4 ,! ,epicureans1 ) 
_! ?or\gh-go+  atomi/ic mat]ialism1 w\ld
 n all[ t ! s\l _h any exi/5ce  ap>t f !
 body2 on ! contr>y1 !y held t ! s\l    
came into  be+ at ! mom5t ( conception1 
grew ) ! body1 &1 at !  body's dea?1 0  
once m dissolv$ into ! atoms f :i* x    
fir/ 0 =m$4 ,epicurean polemics 7       
direct$ aga9/ bo? popul>  sup]/itions & 
,platonic metaphysics2 ! attacks _h !   
advantage (  (f]+ rational1 & = ! day   
sci5tific1 explanations ( natural       
ph5om5a1 :i* f$ human curiosity z to !  
causes ( ?+s1 &  :i*1 if accept$1 might 
logically lead to t fre$om f ! s\l's    
p]turbation :i* 0 ! aim ( ! tea*+4      
,moreov]1 ! noble  resignation1 ! high  

moral & humane zeal1 :i* *>act]iz$ !    
,epicurean ,s*ool at its be/1 z well z  
its easy decl9e into  h$oni/ic appeals1 
made x popul>1 especially 9 ! la/ two   
c5turies be=e our era4 ,b ! v fire &    
passion ( ,lucretius1  its mo/ gift$    
,lat9 expon5t1 give u ! impression t    
aft] all  mo/ m5 7 n mov$ to f9d ! peace
 :i* ! poet promis$ !m1  if !y w\ld b   
accept ! doctr9e ( ! s\l's dissolution  
at !  mom5t ( dea?4    ,! ,sceptics     
also1 :o claim$ n an inconsid]able numb]
 (  intellectuals1 d\bt$ ! possibility (
 a future life1 or f\nd  !mselves unable
 to decide ! matt] at all4 ,l ,t5nyson's
 ,sage !y  w\ld decl>e3        8,?\ can/
 n prove t ?\ art body alone1      ,nor 
can/ ?\ prove t ?\ art _s alone1        
,nor can/ ?\ prove t ?\ art bo? 9 "o3   
,?\ can/ n prove t ?\ art immortal1 no1 
,nor yet t ?\ art mortal40    ,inde$ x  
is true t ( all ! philosophic sects at !
 beg9n+ (  our era1 only ^? :i* 7 imbu$ 
) ,platonic &  ,orphic-,py?agorean      
ideas1 _h confid5ce 9 ! s\l's           

immortality4 ,!  ,/oic position we h    
already discuss$4 ,"s s*ol>s1 foll[+    
,rohde1#af claim t !re 0 little belief 9
 any k9d ( a future  life among !       
educat$ classes at ! "t we are consid]+2
 ?is ,i  hold to be an error1 al?\gh x  
is c]ta9 t ! ,epicureans &  ,sceptics _h
 a l>ge foll[+4 ,9 any case we ne$ to   
rem9d ourselves  t ! intellectuals are  
always a small m9ority1 ^: views may n  
repres5t 9 any way popul> beliefs4      
,we are1 h[ev]1 n )\t evid5ce t !re 7   
d\bt]s among !  common p4 ,flippant     
epigrams & epitaphs %[ t m5 c\ld at     
lea/ assume a cynicism t[>d life & a    
light-he>t$ness t[>d dea?  :i* equal    
,lucian's4 ,m ?an once we c read fun]>y 
inscriptions  to ?is effect3 8,i 0 no?+1
 ,i am no?+4 ,d ?\ :o art /ill  alive1  
eat1 dr9k1 be m]ry1 come40#ag ,or       
s5tim5ts l ?is3 8,once ,i  _h no        
exi/5ce2 n[ ,i h none4 ,i am n aw>e ( x4
 ,x does n  conc]n me40#ah ,aga9 we f9d 
! d5ial3 8,9 ,hades !re is no boat1  no 
,*>on1 no ,aeacus :o holds ! keys1 no   

,c]b]us4 ,all ( u1 :om  dea? has tak5   
away are rott5 bones & a%es2 no?+ m40#ai
 ,!  s5tim5ts are p]haps z old z ?9k+   
man4 ,!y h at times  t\*es ( humor :i*  
call =? a smile1 z 9 ! anxi\s inquiries 
( ,callima*us' epigram3 8,*>idas1 :at is
 bel[80 8,deep d>kness40  8,b :at ( !   
pa?s upw>d80 8,all a lie40 8,& ,pluto80 
8,m]e talk40  8,!n we're lo/40#bj       
,su* expressions1 ( c\rse1 mu/ n be giv5
 too mu* weight 9 our  reckon+4 ,! long+
 = annihilation1 :i* appeals at times to
 mo/  we>y mortals1 also l$ to          
d$ications 8to et]nal re/0 or 8to et]nal
  sleep40#ba ,b aft] all ! numb] ( su*  
epitaphs is comp>atively  small4 ,9 !   
nature ( ! case _m fun]>y inscriptions  
give no  te/imony = or aga9/ a belief 9 
immortality2 b l>ge numb]s  %[          
confid5ce1 or a hope1 9 a future life4  
,,ii      ,! "t has n[ come = u to      
return f our r long hi/orical  survey to
 ,virgil's ,apocalypse1 & to li/5 to !  
words ) :i*  ,an*ises' %ade taught 8    
eag] son3        8,"k fir/ t heav5 & e>?

 & ocean's pla91      ,! moon's bright  
orb1 & />s ( ,titan bir?      ,are      
n\ri%$ by "o ,life2 "o primal ,m9d1     
,imm+l$ ) ! va/ & g5]al frame1          
,fills e "p & /irs ! mighty :ole4       
,!nce man & bea/1 !nce creatures ( !    
air1      ,& all ! sw>m+ mon/]s t be    
f\nd      ,b5ea? ! level ( ! m>bl$ sea2 
,a fi]y virtue1 a cele/ial p[]1      ,_!
 native se$s reta92 b bodies vile1      
,) limbs ( clay & memb]s born to die1   
,encumb] & o'ercl\d2 :5ce also spr+     
,t]rors & passions1 suff]+ & joy2       
,= f deep d>kness & captivity      ,all 
gaze b bl9dly on ! radiant _w4      ,nor
 :5 to life's la/ beam !y bid f>ewell   
,may suff]]s cease f pa91 nor q be fre$ 
,f all _! fle%ly plagues2 b by fix$ law1
      ,! /range1 invet]ate ta9t works   
deeply 94      ,= ?is1 ! *a/isem5t (    
evils pa/      ,is suff]$ "h1 & full    
requital paid4      ,"s hang on high1   
out/ret*$ to viewless w9ds2      ,= "s  
_! s9's contagion mu/ be purg$      ,9  
va/ ablution ( deep-roll+ seas1      ,or

 burn$ away 9 fire4 ,ea* man receives   
,8 gho/ly portion 9 ! _w ( d>k2      ,b 
!nce to realms ,elysian we g free1      
,:]e = a few ^! seats ( bliss abide1    
,till "t's long lapse a p]fect orb      
fulfills1      ,& takes all ta9t away1  
re/or+ s      ,! pure1 e!real s\l's fir/
 virg9 fire4      ,at la/1 :5 !         
mill5nial aeon /rikes1      ,god calls  
!m =? to yon ,le?aean /ream1      ,9    
num]\s ho/1 t !nce1 oblivi\s all1       
,!y may behold once m ! vault$ sky1     
,& will+ly to %apes ( fle% return40#bb  
,^! words express ! comm+l$ beliefs (   
,orphic1 ,py?agorean1  ,platoni/1 &     
,/oic4 ,h[ ext5sively su* beliefs 7 held
 by ,virgil's  contempor>ies we _c say )
 accuracy1 b c]ta9 x is t ?is  book &   
?is passage w\ld nev] h made ! religi\s 
appeal :i*  !y made 9 antiquity1 if !y  
_h n correspond$ to widespread          
convictions4    ,b ,virgil's six? book  
conta9s mu* m ?an ! es*atological views 
( philosophic s*ools2 x reflects to an  
extraord9>y degree popul>  ideas &      

practices4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! fact
 t x  repres5ts a my/ic initiation (    
,virgil's h]o z prep>ation = 8  holy    
task4 ,n[ we "k t at all times !        
convictions ( ! majority  ( m5 are f\nd$
 n on ! argum5ts :i* ?9k]s c supply1 b  
on hopes1 intuitions1 & emotional       
exp]i5ces4 ,su* 7 ! gr\nds  on :i* !    
,orphic built 8 hope ( ! purifi$ s\l's  
ultimate  happ9ess4 ,m popul> ?an       
,orphism 7 ! ,greek my/]ies1 ( :i*  !   
mo/ important 7 ^? celebrat$ annually at
 ,eleusis 9 ,attica4  ,!re ! /ory ( !   
rape ( ,pros]p9a1 ( ,demet]'s se>* = h] 
daught]1 & ( ! daught]'s recov]y1 =m$ ! 
c5t] ( a my/ic  c]emonial4 ,orig9ally ^!
 my/]ies 7 no d\bt agricultural rites   
int5d$ to call to life ! dead gra9 9 !  
spr+4 ,b be=e !  sev5? c5tury1 ,b4,c41 !
 fe/ival _h be5 trans=m$2 ! miracle (  !
 reviv+ vegetation1 ( ! gra9 :i* dies & 
lives aga91 "h1  z s _m times else:]e1  
_h become ! symbol & assurance ( human  
immortality4#bc    ,be=e admission to ! 
annual celebration ! w\ld-be initiate 0 

duly purifi$4 ,dur+ ! celebration !     
initiat$1 by _! own acts1  recall$      
,demet]'s hunt = h] daught]1 roam+ !    
%ore )  light$ tor*es2 l ! goddess1 !y  
fa/$ & !n broke _! fa/  by dr9k+ a holy 
potion ( meal & wat]2 9 ! great hall (  
initiation !y witness$ a my/ic drama1   
p]haps saw holy objects  exhibit$ &     
expla9$4 ,9 any case !y und]w5t an      
emotional  exp]i5ce :i* s confirm$ _!   
intuitional belief 9 immortality1  t !y 
7 confid5t ( peace & happ9ess 9 ?is life
 & (  bless$ness 9 ! life to come1 :]e  
!y w\ld jo9 9 ! sacr$  dance1 :ile !    
un9itiat$ w\ld be wret*$4 ,_m are !     
expressions  ( ?is ecclesia/ical        
confid5ce4 ,! ,hom]ic hymn ( ,demet]    
promis$3  8,bless$ is he among mortal m5
 :o has se5 ^! rites40#bd ,p9d>1  e>ly 9
 ! fif? c5tury1 wrote3 8,happy he :o has
 se5 ^! ?+s  & !n goes b5ea? ! e>?1 = he
 kn[s ! end ( life & its  ,zeus-giv5    
beg9n+40#be ,sophocles said3 8,?rice    
bless$ are !y :o  h se5 ^! rites1 & !n g
 to ! h\se ( ,hades1 = !y alone  h life 

!re1 b all o!rs h only woe40#bf ,at !   
close ( !  fif? c5tury ,ari/ophanes made
 8 *orus ( my/ae s+3 8,= we alone  h a  
sun & a holy light1 we :o h be5         
initiat$1 & :o live  honorably t[>d     
fri5ds & /rang]s1 rev]5c+ ! gods40#bg ,9
  ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 an    
(ficial ( ! my/]ies set  up an          
inscription :i* decl>es3 8,v]ily glori\s
 is t my/]y  v\*saf$ by ! bless$ gods1 =
 dea? is no ill = mortals1 b  r a       
good40#bh    ,x is difficult = u n[ to  
appreciate ! widespread influ5ce (  ^!  
,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,!y _h _m bran*es2  
at ,eleusis !y  cont9u$ to be celebrat$ 
until #cif ,a4,d41 :5 ,al>ic ! ,go?     
de/roy$ ,demet]'s anci5t %r9e4 ,o!r     
,greek my/]ies also  fl\ri%$ 9 !        
,m$it]ranean _w3 ^? ( ,samo?race2 !     
my/]ies ( ,bac*us1 ^: excesses br\ght   
d[n ! displeasure ( !  ,roman ,s5ate 9  
#ahf ,b4,c42 & 9 lat] times ! my/]ies ( 
,hecate or  ,diana4 ,all _h ?is 9       
common1 t !y gave ! initiate assurance (
  a happy immortality4    ,"u ! ,roman  

,empire ! long+ = religi\s satisfaction 
?r\gh  my/ic rites & revelations f\nd   
new & exotic s\rces (  gratification4   
,slaves1 trad]s1 & f9ally soldi]s f     
,hell5iz$  ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,asia      
,m9or1 c>ri$ _! gods ?r\gh\t !          
,m$it]ranean _w1 & ev5 beyond1 to !     
,atlantic ,ocean1 to  ,hadrian's ,wall 9
 ,brita91 to ! ,rh9e & ,danube1 & to !  
bord]s  ( ! ,african des]t4 ,! invasion 
( ! ,we/ by ^! ori5tal gods  began 9    
#bjd ,b4,c41 :51 9 answ] to ! ,roman    
,s5ate's invitation1 !  ,asiatic ,great 
,"m ( ! ,gods took up h] resid5ce 9     
,rome4 ,_m  o!r div9ities came dur+ !   
succe$+ c5turies2 b ?ree  rema9$ mo/    
prom95t3 ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods1 :om ,i 
h j  m5tion$1 ) h] att5dant ,attis2     
,egyptian ,isis & h] associate          
div9ities1 :o 7 wor%ipp$ 9 ,rome z e>ly 
z ,cic]o's day2 &  ! ,p]sian ,mi?ras1 ^:
 cult became influ5tial 9 ! ,we/ t[>d  !
 close ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4#bi ,^!
 religions add$ to  _! exotic *>m t     
spell :i* great age ca/s ov] m5's       

imag9ations4 ,osiris1 ! husb& ( ,isis1  
_h be5 "l ( ! dead 9  ,egypt = m ?an two
 ?\s& ye>s2 ,attis & ! ,great ,"m       
belong$ to an immemorial antiquity2 :ile
 ,mi?ras _h 8 orig9 9 !  remot] ,ea/1 at
 a p]iod to :i* nei!r ,greek nor ,roman 
k  ran4 ,moreov]1 ,attis & ,osiris1 l   
,dionysus & ,p]sephone among !  ,greeks1
 or ! ,semitic ,adonis & ,tammuz1 7 gods
 :o di$ & liv$  aga91 & :o !re=e became 
w>rants ( man's immortality4 ,mi?ras    
belong$ to ano!r class ( div9ities4 ,he 
0 held to be !  b5efactor & con/ant     
support] ( mank9d4 ,accord+ to ! sacr$  
leg5d1 he _h himself wre/l$ ) ! p[]s (  
d>kness & _h  e/abli%$ civilization on  
e>?1 be=e he asc5d$ to heav51 :5ce  he 0
 believ$ to aid 8 fai?ful foll[]s 9 _!  
con/ant /ruggle  aga9/ ! s]vants (      
,ahriman1 ! "l ( wick$ness4    ,!       
devotees ( ^! gods =m$ sacr$            
communities1 admission to :i*  0 obta9$ 
by secret initiation2 ! rituals 7       
my/]ies 9 :i*  ! devotee _h pictur$ to  
him1 or himself act$ out1 ! sacr$ drama1

  :]eby he receiv$ assurance ( div9e    
protection "h & ( a happy  immortality  
h]eaft]4 ,! initiate1 moreov]1 0 believ$
 to  exp]i5ce a new bir? & to ent] into 
union ) 8 god1 s t he  became           
,osiris-,s]apis1 or ,attis1 or ,mi?ras1 
ev5 z ! ,dionysiac  devotee became a    
,bac*us4    ,to ! "q h[ ! com=t+        
assurance ( pres5t safety & (  future   
immortality 0 giv5 ! initiate1 we c     
return no m  satisfactory answ] ?an we c
 make 9 ! case ( ! ,greek my/]ies2  yet 
we may get "s h9t f ! words :i* ! ,lat9 
writ]1  ,apuleius1 puts into ! m\? ( 8  
h]o1 ,lucius1 :o 0 initiat$  into !     
rites ( ,isis4 ,?is is all t he might   
tell3 8,i approa*$  ! b\nds ( dea?4 ,i  
trod ! ?re%old ( ,pros]p9a4 ,i 0 c>ri$  
?r\gh all ! elem5ts & return$ aga9 to ! 
upp] air4 ,at dead (  night ,i saw ! sun
 gl[+ ) a brilliant light4 ,! gods (    
heav5  & ( hell ,i approa*$ 9 v p]son & 
wor%ipp$ face to  face40#cj ,obscure z  
^! words are1 mu* is pla94 ,9 "s way !  
devotee 0 made to believe t he1 l       

,virgil's h]o1 _h pass$  ?r\gh ! _w ( ! 
dead & _h be5 born aga9 into a new life2
  he _h t\*$ ! elem5ts--e>?1 air1 wat]1 
& fire1 ! v  f\ndations ( ! visible     
cosmos2 he _h se5 ! sun :i* ev] %9es  on
 ! consecrat$2 & he _h be5 grant$ !     
beatific vision4  ,!re=e he knew t 8    
salvation 0 secure =ev]4    ,fur!rmore 9
 ^! my/]y religions prep>ation = !      
emotional  exp]i5ces ( initiation 0 made
 by means ( lu/ral ba?s1 fa/+1  ab/95ce1
 & p5ance2 once consecrat$1 ! devotee   
support$ 8  religi\s life by foll[+ a   
prescrib$ regim5 & by p>ticipat+ 9      
frequ5t holy (fices2 degrees (          
initiation & grades ( (fice m>k$  8     
advance 9 fai?ful pr(ici5cy2 :ile magic 
words & =mulae1  committ$ to memory1    
assur$ him a safe passage f ?is _w to ! 
next4    ,! ori5tal my/]ies enjoy$ a    
widespread popul>ity1 except 9  ,greece1
 "u ! ,roman ,empire d[n to ! latt] half
 ( ! ?ird  c5tury4 ,!n !y began to lose 
_! hold 9 ! ,roman prov9ces  be=e ! gr[+
 p[] ( ,*ri/ianity2 yet 9 ! city ( ,rome

 !y  /ubbornly held _! gr\nd until ! end
 ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,!  fir/ ,/4 ,pet]'s 0
 built h>d beside a %r9e ( ! ,great ,"m 
(  ! ,gods2 !re = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury
 ! old & ! new  my/]ies /rove 9 consci\s
 rivalry1 until at la/ ,cybele 0 =c$  to
 yield to ,*ri/4    ,! la/ c5turies be=e
 ! bir? ( ,jesus & ! op5+ c5turies  (   
our era 7 m>k$ by an increas+ religi\s  
long+ & unre/1  fir/ among ! ,greeks &  
!n among ! ,romans4 ,!re 0 a we>9ess  & 
a dissatisfaction ) ! inh]it$ =ms (     
religi\s expression2  & _m felt a s5se (
 sep>ation f ,god1 ( a gulf betwe5 !    
human & ! div9e1 :i* !y hop$ might be   
bridg$ by a direct  revelation1 by a    
vision1 :i* w\ld grant imm$iate k (     
,god4  ,^! eag] desires l$ 9 "p to an   
increase 9 sup]/ition &  cr$ulity1 ov]  
:i* we ne$ n n[ pause2 9 "p to ! resort 
to  ! ori5tal my/]ies ( :i* ,i h j      
spok52 & 9 "p to a  revival (           
,py?agorean my/icism & ( my/ic          
,platonism among !  intellectuals1 :o no
 long] felt t ! reason & ! w gave !m  ! 

assurance :i* !y requir$4    ,! lat]    
my/ic philosophies laid mu* /ress on an 
ascetic discipl9e  9 ?is life1 to secure
 ! s\l's purification1 & all taught t ! 
great end ( man 0 to atta9 to ! k (     
,god1 :]e9 lay  man's supreme happ9ess4 
,su* k1 x 0 ?\ght1 c\ld come only  ?r\gh
 a revelation4 ,"h ^! philosophies agre$
 ) ! tea*+  ( ! ori5tal my/]ies1 & inde$
 ) popul> belief z well4 ,on  ! "q ( !  
immortality ( ! s\l1 h[ev]1 ! lat]      
my/ics  br\ght =w>d no new argum5ts4    
,plot9us1 ! greate/ ( !  ,neoplatoni/s1 
virtually repeats ! pro(s adduc$ by !   
f\nd] (  ! ,academy4#ca ,und\bt$ly dur+ 
! op5+ c5turies ( !  ,*ri/ian era !re 0 
a gr[+ belief 9 ! s\l's immortality1 or 
at lea/ an increas+ hope ( a future     
life1 b su* hopes &  beliefs1 outside   
,*ri/ianity1 7 n bas$ on new argum5ts4  
,plato  _h once = all 9 antiquity1      
suppli$ ! philosophic gr\nds =          
confid5ce4 ,only 9 mod]n times h new    
argum5ts ( any weight be5  adduc$4      
99       99       99       99       99  

,let u n[ pause to summ>ize ! results ( 
! consid]ations :i*  h ?us f> occupi$ u4
 ,we may fairly say t1 9 spite ( popul> 
d\bt1 intellectual scepticism1 &        
philosophic d5ial1 beliefs 9 "s  k9d (  
exi/5ce beyond ! grave 7 widespread 9 ! 
,greco-,roman  _w at ! beg9n+ ( our era4
 ,= _m1 probably = mo/1 belief  did n   
advance beyond inh]it$ intuitions1 fe>s1
 or hopes1 :i* 7  fo/]$ by t5dance ( !  
dead1 prescrib$ by immemorial cu/om4    
,_m1  bo? ! simple & ! le>n$1 f\nd _!   
assurance 9 div]se =ms  ( ,greek        
my/]ies2 o!rs1 aga91 /r5g!n$ to endure !
 buffet+s  ( ?is life by ! resolute     
doctr9es ( ,/oicism1 7 satisfi$ )  !    
ext5d$1 ?\gh limit$1 future exi/5ce     
v\*saf$ ! virtu\s2  :ile ! lat]         
,platoni/s1 return+ to ! my/ic          
,orphic-,py?agorean  elem5ts :i* _h     
influ5c$ ! f\nd] ( _! s*ool1 (f]$  _!   
disciples argum5ts 9 favor ( a g5u9e    
immortality4 ,"u !  ,empire ! supports (
 fai? became m num]\s & appeal+4 ,at !  
l[e/ end ( ! scale 7 *>latans1 z !re _h 

be5 s9ce ,plato's  day1#cb :o impos$ on 
! fe>s & hopes ( _! victims = _!  own   
m]c5>y ends4 ,high] 7 ^? inspir+ ,ea/]n 
my/]ies :i*  7 c>ri$ to ! remote/       
prov9ces1 b9d+ _! devotees by           
initiation1 ritual s]vice1 & a prescrib$
 regim51 m con/antly to  a religi\s life
 ?an ,greek my/]ies _h ev] done2 & !    
great end  ( all 0 ! assurance t ! s\ls 
( ! fai?ful %\ld n die1  b %\ld m\nt to 
! upp] heav5s to be at "o ) ,god4    ,! 
la/ vital philosophy ( antiquity 0      
,neoplatonism1 on :i* we  h j t\*$2 !   
*ief aim ( ! ,neoplatoni/ also 0 to     
secure  union ) ! ,div9e1 & 8 greate/   
article ( fai? 0 ! s\l's  immortality4  
,if ?is !osophic philosophy seem to any 
( poor acc\nt1  ,i w\ld rem9d him t by  
,orig5 & ,augu/9e ,neoplatonism 0 br\ght
  into ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 :]e x has be5    
op]ative ev] s9ce4          ,,iii       
,9 view ( ! facts ) :i* we h be5 occupi$
 we %all n make  ! error ( ?9k+ t       
,*ri/ianity br\ght ! hope ( immortality 
among m51 =1 z we h se51 hope--nay1 sure

 confid5ce1 9 !  s\l's survival 0       
widespread ?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w :5 ,jesus
  began 8 m9i/ry4 ,:at c we say ( e>ly  
,*ri/ian tea*+1 & h[  0 x relat$ to its 
pagan environm5t8    ,*ri/ianity grew   
out ( ,judaism4 ,n[ x is a /rik+ fact t 
!  ,jews 7 lat] ?an mo/ ( ! peoples ab\t
 !m 9 conceiv+ (  individual            
immortality4#cc ,cl++ to mono!ism &     
absorb$ 9 !  life ( _! nation1 !y _h cut
 !mselves (f f "s ( ! ideas  develop$ by
 _! neighbors4 ,to foll[ out ! intricate
 & unc]ta9  hi/ory ( es*atological ideas
 among ! ,jews w\ld be too difficult    
"h4 ,we may simply say t :5 ,jesus began
 8 m9i/ry a  consid]able "p ( ! ,jews _h
 ab&on$ ! expectation ( a  mat]ial k+dom
 ( ,god & look$ =w>d to a spiritual     
k+dom on a  trans=m$ e>? or 9 heav54 ,9 
?is k+dom ^? w\ld %>e1 :o  ?r\gh ,god's 
grace & _! own righte\sness _h won a    
place !re92  b ! wick$ 7 ei!r to be     
puni%$ =ev] or to be utt]ly  de/roy$4   
,to ^! ideas ,jesus' tea*+ 0 closely    
relat$1 al?\gh  he gave a nobl] mean+ to

 ,jewi% doctr9e1 & he did n limit !     
hope ( a future exi/5ce s n>r[ly z "s   
w\ld d4 ,moreov]1 he  adopt$ f ! law !  
tea*+ :i* made salvation & future       
happ9ess dep5d on a love = ,god & = "o's
 fell[-m51 :i* w\ld  result 9 an        
unselfi% life ( righte\sness4           
,salvation1 he taught1 0  a pres5t      
exp]i5ce1 op5 to e man :o con=m$ to !   
requirem5t4    ,aft] ! crucifixion (    
,jesus1 ! ,apo/les & _! successors      
naturally made 8 p]son1 dea?1 &         
resurrection ! great means  ?r\gh :i* 8 
foll[]s secur$ salvation4 ,paul1        
moreov]1 taught  t ?r\gh fai?--us+ ! ^w 
9 a some:at unusual s5se--!  believ]    
secur$ ! actual pres5ce ( ,*ri/ )9 him1 
ent]$ into  a my/ic union ) ! div9e     
,savi\r1 by :i* ! man 0 fre$ f  s9 &    
reborn into a new spiritual life2 ?is   
new life 0 confirm$ by  ! indwell+ ,holy
 ,_s :i* complet$ ! man's moral         
reg5]ation4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel we f9d a 
simil> doctr9e ( a  my/ic union ) ,*ri/1
 secur$ by belief 9 ,him z ! inc>nate   

,^w--a belief :i* br\ght ab\t a         
spiritual rebir? & !re)  gave a pres5t  
w>rant ( et]nal life4#cd    ,x is       
unnecess>y = our pres5t purpose to      
exam9e ! beliefs ( !  e>lie/ ,*ri/ians z
 to ! resurrection or ! second com+ (   
,*ri/1 :i* !y expect$ to take place )9  
_! own "t--^!  beliefs & _m o!rs !      
,apo/olic ,*ur* d]iv$ naturally f  _!   
,jewi% tradition & f ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4 
,i %all ask y  r to focus y\r ?\ght on !
 fundam5tal ideas ( ?is e>ly            
,*ri/ianity3 t is to say1 on !          
revelation ( ,god1 ! puni%m5t  ( s9 by  
suff]+ or annihilation1 ! my/ic union ) 
! ,div9e1  & a happy immortality z a    
rew>d = fai? & righte\sness4 ,7  ^!     
ideas =eign to ! peoples ( !            
,m$it]ranean area8 ,no1 our  survey has 
rem9d$ u t on ! contr>y !y 7 famili> ov]
 wide  /ret*es ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4    
,d n misund]/& me "h4 ,( c\rse ,i am n  
mak+ ! elem5t>y  blund] ( say+ t because
 c]ta9 beliefs ( ! ,*ri/ians & !        
,pagans 7 simil>1 !y !re=e 7 id5tical1  

or t !y 7  d]iv$ f "o ano!r1 or t ! _m  
factors ( :i* !y 7  compos$ 7 ! same4   
,no "o ) any k ( ! hi/ory (  religi\s   
?\ght c\ld ma9ta9 t4 ,b ! po9t :i* ,i d 
wi% to  emphasize is ?is1 viz43 t !     
es*atological ideas widely curr5t 9  !  
,m$it]ranean _w 7 su* t ,*ri/ianity f\nd
 a favorable  environm5t :5 x began its 
proselyt+ "w4 ,?is seems to me "o (  !  
mo/ significant facts 9 ! relation (    
e>ly ,*ri/ianity to  paganism4 ,!       
,*ri/ian tea*+s z to ! means by :i* !   
assurance  ( a happy immortality 0 to be
 secur$ c\ld h>dly seem v /range  at    
fir/ he>+ to any "o :o 0 famili> ) my/]y
 religions or  ) mu* ( ! religi\s       
philosophy curr5t 9 ! pagan _w dur+  !  
e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,clos]          
exam9ation w\ld reveal  fundam5tal      
diff]5ces betwe5 ,*ri/ian belief & !    
pagan hope4 ,b  x is n insignificant t  
,*ri/ianity spread mo/ rapidly at fir/  
9 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 c\ntries long   
famili> ) ^? my/ic  religions1 :i* _h   
promis$ :at ! nobl] fai? suppli$4       

,,iv      ,al?\gh we n[ h exam9$ !      
conditions :i*1 to my m9d1 are !  mo/   
significant 9 ! relation ( pagan ideas (
 immortality to ^?  ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 
!re yet rema9 matt]s :i*1 if less       
important1 are /ill ( m ?an m]ely curi\s
 int]e/4 ,we %all n[  look at "s ( ^!   
que/ions4    ,:at notions ( heav5 & (   
hell did ! ,greeks & ,romans h8 ,?is    
inquiry is (t5 made4 ,! reply is easily 
giv54 ,man has always pa9t$  hell &     
p>adise aft] 8 own conception ( suff]+ &
 (  happ9ess1 j z truly z he has made   
,god aft] 8 own image4  ,consequ5tly !  
anci5t's ideas ( ! future life rang$ all
 ! way  f ! grosse/ mat]iali/ic concepts
 to highly spiritualiz$  beliefs4 ,plato
 9 ! ,republic makes ,adeimantus say t  
"s seem to  ?9k t an immortality (      
drunk5ness is virtue's highe/ me$4#ce   
,b ,socrates conceiv$ ! future /ate to  
be some?+ v diff]5t2  a place 9 :i* he  
c\ld hold high disc\rse ) ! great ones (
 !  pa/4#cf ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 puni%m5t & 
rew>ds 7 ( a mat]ial  sort1 = su* are   

mo/ easily imag9$ & und]/ood4 ,has x be5
  o!rwise ) ,*ri/ians8 ,! answ] is to be
 f\nd 9 ,*ri/ian  apocalypses1 m$ieval  
monum5ts1 r5aissance art1 & 9 our own   
m9ds4  ,( c\rse !re develop$ 9 ,greek   
?\ght :at we might call an  or?odox     
geography & s*eme = ! o!r _w1 ( :i*     
,virgil gives  u a j picture4 ,int]e/+ z
 x might prove to exam9e ! details  (   
?is picture1 we w r turn to o!r matt]s4 
,:5 ,*ri/ianity spread among ! ,g5tiles1
 x at once came "u  influ5ces :i*       
inevitably left _! m>ks 9 its ?\ght &   
practice4 ,let me (f] two illu/rations4 
,e>ly 9 ! h\r ,i spoke ( ,a5eas' j\rney 
?r\gh ! l[] _w z  an initiation by :i*  
he 0 enlight5$ & /r5g!n$ = ! great  task
 t lay be=e him2 & we h n[ se5 t 9 all !
  my/]ies1 bo? ,greek & ori5tal1 !re 7  
initiatory rites1 9  :i* ! novice       
symbolically di$ to ! old life & 0 born 
aga9  into a new exi/5ce4 ,moreov]1     
?r\gh 8 emotional exp]i5ce he  receiv$  
assurance t 8 salvation 0 secure =ev]4  
,! idea (  ! new bir? belongs to        

,*ri/ianity also f ! fir/4 ,paul held  t
 x 0 br\ght ab\t by fai?2 ! au?or ( !   
,f\r? ,gospel  taught t x 0 secur$ by   
love & belief4 ,baptism 9 primitive     
,*ri/ianity 0 at fir/ symbolical--an act
 ( ritual purification1  :i* 0 believ$  
to indicate ! remission ( s9s & ! be/[al
 (  ! ,holy ,_s4#cg ,b by ! second      
c5tury ,*ri/ianity _h become a  my/]y 9 
! ,greek s5se1 into :i* ! novice1 aft] a
 p]iod (  prep>ation1 0 duly initiat$ by
 baptism2 & inde$ ! act 0  believ$ to h 
a magic p[] to secure immortality1      
closely p>allel  to t ( ! pagan         
initiation4#ch ,we all "k t !           
ecclesia/ical confid5ce :i* su* belief  
inspires is f> f unkn[n  today4    ,aga9
 y w recall t :5 ,an*ises' %ade 0       
in/ruct+ ,a5eas  9 ! mean+ ( life &     
dea?1 he said3        8,nor :5 to life's
 la/ beam !y bid f>ewell      ,may      
suff]]s cease f pa91 nor q be fre$      
,f all _! fle%ly plagues2 b by fix$ law1
      ,! /range1 invet]ate ta9t works   
deeply 94      ,= ?is1 ! *a/isem5t (    

evils pa/      ,is suff]$ "h1 & full    
requital paid4      ,"s hang on high1   
out/ret*$ to viewless w9ds2      ,= "s  
_! s9's contagion mu/ be purg$      ,9  
va/ ablution ( deep-roll+ seas1      ,or
 burn$ away 9 fire4 ,ea* man receives   
,8 gho/ly portion 9 ! _w ( d>k40    ,?us
 ! soj\rn ( ! s\l 9 ! _w bel[ = ! ?\s&  
ye>s  :i* mu/ elapse be=e x c\ld be born
 aga91 0 a p]iod (  cleans+ f anci5t s94
 ,?is idea ( purification we h already  
se5 to be z old z ! ,orphics2 x 0 made  
an important elem5t by  ,plato2 & inde$ 
all :o held to ! doctr9e ( rebir?s      
reg>d$ !  p]iods betwe5 e>?ly exi/5ces z
 times ( moral puni%m5t &  cleans+4 ,!re
 7 c]ta9 analogies 9 ,mi?raism4 ,or?odox
  ,*ri/ianity c\ld n adopt ! doctr9e (  
metempsy*osis1 al?\gh  "s ,gno/ics f\nd 
?is possible1 by reject+ ! resurrection 
( !  body4 ,b beyond "q ! ,greek doctr9e
 ( po/-mortem purgation  f s91 comb9+ ) 
ideas inh]it$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 has    
be5 influ5tial 9 ! developm5t ( a       
,*ri/ian belief 9  purification1        

especially by fire1 9 an int]m$iate /ate
 betwe5 dea?  & p>adise4 ,! doctr9e (   
purgatory1 9 some:at diff]5t =ms1  has  
be5 held by bo? ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n     
,*ur*es4 ,al?\gh  ?is doctr9e did n     
become a def9ite "p ( ! !ology ( !      
,we/]n ,*ur* until ! "t ( ,gregory !    
,great 7#eij-fjd71  nev]!less traces ( x
 c be f\nd 9 ! e>li] ,*ur* writ]s4      
,orig5 held t ev5 ! p]fect mu/ pass     
?r\gh fire aft]  dea?2#ci ,/4 ,augu/9e 0
 less confid5t1 b he ?\ght x n pa/      
belief t imp]fect s\ls might be sav$ by 
cleans+ flames4#dj ,!  ,we/]n ,*ur*1 f  
,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 9 ! ?irte5? to       
,bell>m9o  9 ! sixte5? c5tury held !    
doctr9e t ! cleans+ fire 0  z mat]ial z 
t ( any ,/oic2 b today t view has 9 l>ge
 "p  be5 ab&on$4#da    ,^! two          
illu/rations mu/ suffice to sugge/ !    
ways 9 :i*  ,*ri/ian ?\ght 0 influ5c$ by
 its pagan environm5t4    ,f9ally we w  
consid] an example ( p>allelism betwe5  
pagan &  ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,x is evid5t t 
! ,greeks1 :o made su* l>ge use  (      

successive rebir?s1 foll[+ p]iods (     
puni%m5t &  purification bel[1 ?\ght (  
^! repeat$ lives & dea?s z  =m+ a moral 
s]ies1 s t moral progress1 or deg5]acy1 
at "o  /age 0 insep>ably connect$ ) bo? 
! prec$+ & !  foll[+ /ages4 ,to !m life 
"h & life 9 ! o!r _w 7  indissolubly    
b\nd toge!r4 ,?is 0 also z true (       
,/oicism ) its  limit$ rew>d =          
uprightness1 z x 0 ( ,platonism4 ,!     
,greek  my/]ies1 :i* did n conc]n       
!mselves ) metempsy*osis1 by !  fif?    
c5tury be=e our era likewise made future
 happ9ess dep5d 9  "p at lea/ on        
righte\sness 9 ?is life2 ! ori5tal      
my/]ies too  made ?is exi/5ce !         
condition ( ! next4 ,9 %ort1 we may say 
t  :]ev] m5 believ$ 9 any k9d ( a future
 exi/5ce1 !y almo/  univ]sally held to !
 common belief t future happ9ess 0 to be
  ! rew>d ( a virtu\s life on e>?4 ,b   
?is is "o ( !  fundam5tal pr9ciples (   
,*ri/ianity4 ,paganism1 !re=e1 0 9      
accord on ?is po9t ) its enemy1 & !reby 
favor$ ! propagation  ( ! new religion2 

moreov]1 ! sup]ior e?ical dem&s (       
,*ri/ianity & its humanit>ian pr9ciples 
no d\bt f\nd a ready  response1         
especially 9 enlight5$ circles4    ,s we
 h return$ to t :i* seems to me mo/     
important 9 !  relations ( paganism & ( 
e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 _m ways paganism   
provid$ an environm5t favorable = !     
spread ( ! religion :i*  ,jesus f\nd$4  
,! two 7 at _m po9ts irreconcilable1 & !
  =m] has n always b5efit$ ! latt] by   
its influ5ce2 b x is a  grave hi/orical 
error n to recognize ! areas 9 :i* !    
?\ght  ( ! two ran p>allel4 ,is ! nobl] 
fai? ! poor] because its  pa?s 7 made   
broad by ! pagan 9 8 se>* aft]          
,immortality8          ,,notes      #a4 
,edu>d ,nord51 ,a5eis1 ,bu* ,,vi1       
,leipzig1 #aijc1 is mo/ useful =  its   
comm5t>y1 especially on religi\s &      
philosophic matt]s4    #b4 ,w4 ,w>de    
,f[l]1 ,! ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman
 ,p1  ,macmillan ,co41 #aiaa1 pp4 #dai  
ff4    ,s ,dante's j\rney ?r\gh ,hell1  
,purgatory1 & ,p>adise secur$ 8         

conv]sion & salvation1 br++ him f9ally  
to fre$om & to  k4 ,p>adiso1 ,,xxxi1    
#he-hg & ,,xxxiii entire4    #c4        
,metempsy*osis 0 ! subject ( ! ,+]soll  
lecture by ,pr(essor  ,george ,foot     
,moore 9 #aiad4 ,!re=e t !me is n       
discuss$ "h4    #d4 ,cf4 ,fri$lnd]1     
,roman ,life & ,mann]s1 ,r\tl$ge1       
,london1 #aiaj1  iii1 *ap4 ,,ii4    #e4 
,on ! pre-,hell5ic p]iods1 see          
,s*u*h>dt1 ,s*liemann's  ,excavations1  
,new ,york1 #ahia1 passim2 ,lagrange1   
,la ,crte ,anci5ne1  ,p>is1 #aijh1 *ap4 
,,ii2 ,baikie1 ,! ,sea-,k+s ( ,crete1   
,london1 #aiaj1  *ap4 ,,xi4    #f4 ,cf4 
,fairbanks1 ,greek ,religion1 ,new      
,york1 #aiaj1 pp4 #afh-ahh2  ,/5gel1    
,grie*is*e ,kultusalt]tm]1 #b;d ed41    
,muni*1 #ahih1  #hj2  ,wiss[a1 ,religion
 und ,kultus d] ,rm]1 #b;d ed41 ,muni*1 
#aiab1  #cf2 ,w4  ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,religi\s
 ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p1 ,london1      
#aiaa1  passim2 & especially ,lecture   
,,xvii1 8,my/icism--,ideas ( ! ,future  
,life20 ,c4 ,pascal1 ,le ,cr$5ze        

d',oltretomba1 #b vols41 #aiab4    #g4  
,b4 ,i4 ,:eel]1 ,dionysos &             
,immortality1 ,+]soll ,lecture =        
#ahih-ii4 ,! classic "w on ,orphism is  
,rohde1 ,psy*e3 ,seel5cult und          
,un/]bli*keitsglaube d] ,grie*51 #c;d   
ed41 ,tb+51 #aijc1 vol4 ii4    #h4 ,frg4
 #aed ,abel4    #i4 ,app>5tly ,orphism 0
 already e/abli%$ at ,croton 9 s\!rn    
,italy :5 ,py?agoras arriv$ !re ab\t    
#ecj ,b4,c42 b ! matt] is  v unc]ta94 ,x
 is cle> t ,orphism & ,py?agoreanism    
soon  coalesc$1 ev5 if !y 7 orig9ally   
di/9ct4    #aj4 ,rep41 vi1 #ejh f4 ,x   
%\ld be said t ! id5tity ( ,plato's     
supreme idea ) ,god is d5i$ by "s       
,platoni/s2 b cf4 ,phil4 #bb;,c2  ,tim4 
#bh;,a-#bi;,e1 #eg;,a1 #ib;,c4    #aa4  
,! doctr9e ( ideas is develop$ 9 !      
,pha$o1 ,pha$rus1  ,m5o1 ,symposium1 &  
especially 9 ! ,republic4 ,9 ! ,sophi/  
& ! ,p>m5ides1 ,plato criticizes 8 own  
views acutely4    #ab4 ,metaphys41 i1   
#i2 vi1 #h2 xii1 #aj2 xiii1 #c4    #ac4 
,pha$rus1 #bde 7cf4 ,laws1 x1 #hid;,b   

ff41 xii1 #iff;,e72 ,pha$o1 #gb  ff41   
#hf1 #aje2 ,m5o1 #ha ff4    #ad4 ,diss41
 i1 #ad1 #f2 ii1 #h1 #aa4    #ae4 ,cf4  
,e4 ,v4 ,arnold1 ,roman ,/oicism1       
,univ]sity ,press1 ,cambridge  7,eng471 
#aiaa1 *ap4 ,,xi4    #af4 ,rohde1       
,psy*e1 ii#c1 #cgi ff4    #ag4 ,,cil41  
ii1 #adcd2 cf4 #ahgg1 #bbfb4    #ah4    
,,cil41 v1 #aici4    #ai4 ,,cil41 vi1   
#adfgb  ,ins4 ,graec41 xiv1 #agdf4      
#bj4 ,call41 ,epig41 #ac1 #c ff4    #ba4
 ,,cil41 iii1 #ehbe2 vi1 #ibhj1 #ajhdh2 
x1 #fgjf2 etc4    #bb4 ,a541 vi1        
#gbc-gea4 ,translation by ,!odore ,c4   
,williams1 ,h\ghton  ,miffl9 ,company1  
,bo/on1 #aijh4    #bc4 ,on ^! my/]ies1  
see ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 i#c1 pp4 #bgh ff42  
,f>nell1  ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii1
 #abf-bac2 ,a4 ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt  
,a!n1 pp4 #bjd-bgg1 #dje-dba4    #bd4   
#dhj f4    #be4 ,frg4 #acg4    #bf4     
,frg4 #gec4    #bg4 #ded ff4    #bh4    
,eph4 ,ar*41 iii 7#ahhc71 p4 #ha1 #h4   
#bi4 ,on ^! & o!r ori5tal gods1 see ,f4 
,cumont1 ,! ,ori5tal  ,religions 9      

,roman ,paganism1 ,*icago1 #aiaa2 also  
,g4 ,%[]man1 ,!  ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods1  
#aija2 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 #aijc2 ,w4       
,budge1  ,osiris & ! ,egyptian          
,resurrection1 #b vols41 #aiaa2 ,g4 ,a4 
,reisn]1  ,! ,egyptian ,conception (    
,immortality1 ,+]soll ,lecture = #aiaa2 
,f4  ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts      
relatifs aux ,my/res de ,mi?ra1 #b      
vols41  #ahid-aijj2 ,id41 ,les ,my/res  
de ,mi?ra1 #b ed41 #aijb2 ,engli%       
translation1 #aiaj4    #cj4 ,apuleius1  
,metamorphoses1 xi1 #bc4    #ca4 ,enn41 
iv1 #g4    #cb4 ,cf4 ,plato1 ,rep41 #cfd
 ,b ff42 ,demo/h41 xviii1 #bei2 ,apul41 
,met41  viii1 #bd ff4    #cc4 ,r4 ,h4   
,*>les1 ,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( !        
,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life  9 ,israel1 9
 ,judaism1 & 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,london1    
#ahii1 is a  conv5i5t book1 b "o :i* mu/
 be us$ ) caution4    #cd4 ,a4 ,h>nack1 
,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 i1 #d? ed41 
#aiji2  ,engli% translation f ! ?ird    
,g]man edition1 #aija2 ,g4 ,b4 ,/ev5s1  
,! ,!ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #aijc2 ,h4

 ,holtzmann1 ,lehrbu* d]  neute/am5tli*5
 ,!ologie1 #b vols41 #b;d ed41 #aiaa4   
#ce4 ,rep41 ii1 #cfc ,d4    #cf4 ,apol41
 #da4    #cg4 ,x %\ld be said t ev5 9 ! 
e>lie/ p]iod ,*ri/ian baptism  _h c]ta9 
magical notions atta*$ to x2 n1 h[ev]1 !
 belief  t x secur$ immortality4    #ch4
 ,cf4 ,hat*1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek      
,ideas & ,usages on ! ,*ri/ian  ,*ur*1  
,x1 ,b2 ,anri*1 ,das antike ,my/]i5wes5 
9 se9em ,e9fluss auf  das ,*ri/5tum1    
#ahid1 pp4 #afh ff41 especially #agi ff4
    #ci4 ,hom4 9 ,num41 xxv2 9 ,ps4     
xxxvi1 #c4    #dj4 ,c4 ,d41 xx1 #be2    
xxi1 #ac 7:]e ,virgil's v]ses giv5 above
 are  quot$71 #bf2 de octo ,dulcitii    
,quae/41 ,qu4 i1 #ac2 ,en*iridion1      
lxix4    #da4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,op]a 7,v5ice1
 #agei71 xii1 p4 #ege1 ,di/9ctio xxi1   
,quaes4 #a1 ,sol4 #c2 xiii1 p4 #cdg ff41
 ,di/9ctio xliv1 ,quaes4 #c1  ,art4 #d1 
,quae/iunc4 #c2 ,bell>m9o1 de           
,purgatorio1 ,,ii1 x-xii4