,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy1 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,au?ority ,,( ,,! ,,college ,,( ,,ph>macy ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york1 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,b5jam9 ,w4 ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica ,,& ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,! ,,college ,,( ,,ph>macy1 ,,assi/$ ,,by ,a ,,publi%+ ,,committee1 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,john ,h4 ,,currie1 ,,?omas ,b4 ,,m]rick1 ,,eug5e ,,dupuy1 ,,wm4 ,,hegeman1 ,,george ,d4 ,,cogge%all4 ,,volume ,i4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,joseph ,w4 ,,h>rison1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,no4 #aig ,,c5tre1 ,,ne> ,,canal ,,/reet4 #aheb4 #a ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,janu>y1 #aheb4 ,,to ,,our ,,read]s4 ,! ,college ( ,ph>macy 0 f\nd$ ) a view to ! elevation ( ! pr(essional /&+ & sci5tific atta9m5ts ( ,apo!c>ies1 z well z to gu>d _! mat]ial int]e/s by rais+ a b>ri] aga9/ ignorance & impo/ure4 ,:at !y h accompli%$ & h[ f> !y h be5 successful x does n become ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees to /ate2 if ! results h n1 9 all respects1 be5 :at might be desir$1 x has n aris5 f want ( e>ne/ ef=t & hone/ int5tion on _! "p4 ,z a fur!r means ( b5efit+ _! pr(ession1 ( keep+ its memb]s acqua9t$ ) ! progress x is mak+ at home & abroad1 & ( inspir+ among !m a _s ( sci5tific inquiry1 !y believe t ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,j\rnal1 devot$ to ! pursuits & ! int]e/s ( ,apo!c>ies1 w\ld be ( ! highe/ utility4 ,by f> ! weal?ie/ & mo/ popul\s city 9 ! ,union1 ,new ,york1 ) its environs1 conta9s sev]al hundr$ ,apo!c>ies1 among :om are _m ( great exp]i5ce & em95t ability2 x conta9s num]\s ,laboratories :]e *emicals are manufactur$ on a l>ge scale1 & :]e ! appliances & ref9em5ts ( mod]n sci5ce are compell$ into ! s]vice ( comm]ce2 x conta9s )9 itself all ! means ( sci5tific progress1 & yet ^! means lie1 = ! mo/ "p1 wa/e & idle2 ! obs]vations t are made & ! processes t are inv5t$ pr(it only ! obs]v] & ! inv5tor4 ,bo? !y & _! consequ5ces--= ev5 app>5tly trivial obs]vations may conta9 9 !mselves ! g]m ( important discov]ies1 & no man c tell :at fruit !y may produce 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs--are lo/ to ! _w4 ,new ,york is ! comm]cial c5tre ( ! ,union1 ! po9t to :i* our products are br\ght = exportation1 & f :i* v>i\s goods1 #b obta9$ f abroad1 are di/ribut$ to ! rema9d] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is ! *ief drug m>t ( ! ,union2 ! s\rce f :i* ! l>ge/ "p ( our c\ntry draws its supplies ( all m$ic9es t are n ! products ( _! own imm$iate vic9ities4 ,x is ?us connect$ m intimately ) ! ,druggi/s ( a l>ge portion ( our c\ntry ?an any o!r city2 _m visit x annually or (t5]2 mo/ h bus9ess relations ) x4 ,is ! _s ( trade incompatible ) t ( sci5ce8 ,is money-gett+ to absorb all our faculties to ! exclusion ( any?+ nobl] or high]8 ,are we ev] to rema9 m]ely ! comm]cial metropolis ( our ,union1 b to p]mit sci5ce & art to c5tre 9 m cong5ial & less busy abodes8 ,%all we n r attempt to pr(it by our _m advantages1 to use ! facilities ?r[n 9 our way by ! *annels ( trade = ! diffusion ( sci5tific k1 & 9 return avail ourselves ( ! in=mation :i* may fl[ into u f ! int]ior8 ,b x is n alone1 we hope1 by ! in=mation x w\ld imp>t t a ,j\rnal su* z is contemplat$ w\ld be useful4 ,a high] & no less useful object w\ld be t x w\ld excite a _s ( inquiry & emulation among ! pr(ession itself2 x w\ld enc\rage obs]vation & exp]im5t2 x w\ld tra9 our "y m5 to m exact habits ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,9 diffus+ in=mation x w\ld create x1 & w\ld be d\bly happy 9 be+ ! means ( mak+ discov]ies x 0 int5d$ to promulgate4 ,su* are ! views :i* h det]m9$ ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,college to publi% a ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy4 ,x w appe> on ! fir/ day ( e mon?1 ea* numb] conta9+ ?irty-two octavo pages4 ,x w be devot$ exclusively to ! int]e/s & pursuits ( ! ,druggi/ & ,apo!c>y4 ,:ile x is hop$ t its pages w pres5t ev]y?+ t is important relat+ to ! sci5tific progress ( ,ph>macy1 x is int5d$ to be ma9ly practical 9 its "*1 subs]v+ ! daily wants ( ! ,apo!c>y1 & pres5t+1 z f> z possible1 t k9d ( in=mation :i* c be turn$ to imm$iate acc\nt1 :e!r x relates to new drugs & =mul1 or improv$ processes1 manipulations1 & app>atus4 ,su* are ! aims & ends ( ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy2 & ! ,druggi/s ( ,new ,york are m p>ticul>ly appeal$ to to su/a9 x1 n only by _! subscriptions1 b by contributions f _! p5s4 ,?is la/1 inde$1 is urg5tly press$ ^u !m2 =1 unless x receives su* aid1 h[ev] successful o!rwise1 x w fail 9 "o great object = :i* x 0 orig9at$4 ,:5 special in=mation is want$ on any #c p>ticul> subject1 ! conductors ( ! ,j\rnal1 if 9 _! p[]1 w always be happy to af=d x4 ,x is no "p ( ! int5tion ( ! ,college to d]ive an income f ! ,j\rnal4 ,z soon z ! /ate ( ! subscription li/ w>rants x1 x is int5d$ to increase its size s t ea* numb] %all conta9 =ty-eight in/ead ( ?irty-two pages4 ,,report ,,( ,,committee ,,( ,,college ,,( ,,ph>macy ,,z ,,am5d$4 ,! ,committee to :om 0 ref]r$ ! subject ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 h giv5 _! att5tion to ! subject1 & beg leave to report z foll[s3 #a4 ,t 9 _! op9ion x is all important t a ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 ?is city z soon z practicable1 = reasons well kn[n1 & !re=e unnecess>y "h to enum]ate4 #b4 ,!y recomm5d t ! fir/ numb] ( a ,j\rnal ( ?irty-two octavo pages be issu$ on ! #a/ day ( ,janu>y next1 & "o numb] ea* mon? !reaft]1 to be call$ ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy4 #c4 ,! g5]al control ( ! ,j\rnal %all be ve/$ 9 a committee ( five1 :i* %all review e article int5d$ = publication1 f\r ( :om %all be elect$ annually by ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees at ! fir/ /at$ meet+ succe$+ ! annual election ( (fic]s2 & a committee ( ! same numb] %all be n[ elect$1 :o %all act until ! next annual election1 to be d5om9at$ ! ,publi%+ ,committee4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,ph>macy %all be 8ex (ficio0 a memb] ( ?is ,committee1 & ! :ole numb] ( ?is ,committee %all be five1 two ( :om may act4 #d4 ,t an ,editor be appo9t$ by ! ,publi%+ ,committee :o %all att5d to all ! duties ( its publication1 & cause to be prep>$ all articles = ! ,j\rnal1 & to h ! entire managem5t ( x "u ! control & direction ( ! ,publi%+ ,committee4 #e4 ,! comp5sation = ! s]vices ( ! ,editor1 toge!r ) all f9ancial matt]s connect$ ) ! ,j\rnal1 %all be subject to ! control ( ! ,publi%+ ,committee4 #d #f4 ,! matt] to be publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal %all be orig9al communications1 extracts f =eign & dome/ic j\rnals1 & editorials4 ,no matt] %all be publi%$ except :at may relate directly or indirectly to ! subject ( ,ph>macy1 & ! legitimate bus9ess ( ,druggi/s & ,apo!c>ies4 ,no adv]tisem5ts ( no/rums %all be admitt$4 #g4 ,! subscription li/ %all be kept 9 ! h&s ( ! ,publi%]s1 subject to ! disposal ( ! ,publi%+ ,committee4 7,sign$7 ,t4 ,b4 ,,m]rick1 ,*airman4 ,! ,bo>d !n ballot$ = memb]s ( ! ,publi%+ ,committee1 :5 ! foll[+ 7 f\nd to be elect$4 ,,messrs4 ,,jno4 ,h4 ,,currie1 ,,?os4 ,b4 ,,m]rick1 ,c4 ,b4 ,,gu?rie1 ,,eug5e ,,dupuy1 ) ,ex ,(ficio1 ,,geo4 ,d4 ,,cogge%all1 ,presid5t ( ! ,college4 ,,on ,,two ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,false ,,jalap4 ,,by ,,john ,h4 ,,currie4 ,two diff]5t roots h = "s "t back be5 br\ght to ! ,new ,york m>ket1 = ! purpose ( adult]at+ or c\nt]feit+ ! v>i\s prep>ations ( ,jalap4 ,!y diff] mat]ially f ! ,me*oacan & o!r v>ieties ( false ,jalap :i* =m]ly exi/$ 9 our m>kets1 z describ$ by ,wood & ,ba*e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory1 :ile "s ( ! pieces be> no slight resemblance to ! true root4 ,! specim5s ,i h be5 able to procure are s imp]fect1 & s alt]$ by ! process ( dry+1 t ! botani/s ,i h consult$ are unable to give any in=mation ev5 z to ! ord] to :i* !y belong4 ,i h n be5 able ei!r to trace _! comm]cial hi/ory1 nor d ,i "k h[1 "u ! pres5t able adm9i/ration ( ! law = ! inspection ( drugs1 !y h obta9$ admission to our port4 ,! article or articles1 s9ce #e !re are at lea/ two ( !m1 come done up 9 bales l ^? ( ! true ,jalap1 & are probably br\ght f ! same port1 ,v]a ,cruz4 ,no4 #a appe>s to be ! rhizome or und]gr\nd /em ( an exog5\s p]5nial h]b1 ?r[+ up at "o end ea* ye> "o or m %oots1 :i* aft] fl[]+ die d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,x comes 9 pieces v>y+ 9 l5g? f two to five in*es1 & 9 ?ickness f ! ?ird ( an in* to ?ree in*es4 ,9 "s ( ! pieces ! root has app>5tly be5 split or cut l5g?wise2 9 o!rs1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! l>ge pieces1 x has be5 slic$ transv]sely l ,colombo root4 ,! pieces are some:at twi/$ or contort$1 corrugat$ longitud9ally & ext]nally1 v>y+ 9 color f a yell[i% to a d>k br[n4 ,! transv]se sections appe> z if ! rhizome may h be5 brok5 9 pieces at nodes f two to f\r in*es di/ant f ea* o!r1 & at :i* ! /em 0 enl>g$4 ,or ! same appe>ance may h be5 caus$ by ! rhizome hav+ be5 cut into sections ( v>i\s l5g?2 & ! res9\s juice exud+ on ! cut surfaces1 has h9d]$ !m f contract+ to ! same ext5t z ! int]v5+ "p ( ! root4 ,on ! cut or brok5 surfaces are se5 conc5tric circles ( woody fibres1 ! int]v5+ p>5*yma be+ contract$ & depress$4 ,! fre% brok5 surfaces ( ^! pieces exhibit 9 a m>k$ mann] ! conc5tric lay]s ( woody fibres4 ,! pieces t are cut longitud9ally1 on ! o!r h&1 are heavi] ?an ^? j describ$1 ?\gh _! specific gravity is /ill n ne> s great z t ( g5u9e ,jalap4 ,_! fracture is m uni=m1 ( a greyi% br[n color1 & highly res9\s4 ,?is v>iety ( false ,jalap1 :5 exhau/$ ) alcohol1 ! t9cture ?us obta9$ evaporat$1 & ! residuum wa%$ ) wat]1 yield$ f #i #a_/b to #ae #a_/b p] c5t4 ( res91 ! av]age ( t5 exp]im5ts be+ #ac p] c5t4 ,its appe>ance 0 /rik+ly l t ( ,jalap res94 ,x _h a slightly sweeti% mucilag9\s ta/e1 leav+ a little acridity1 & ! odor 0 fa9tly jalap9e4 ,x resembl$ ,jalap res9 9 be+ sl[ly soluble 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 b unlike ,jalap res9 x 0 :olly soluble 9 e!r4 ,9 a dose ( t5 gra9s x prov$ feebly purgative1 caus+ two or ?ree mod]ate liquid /ools4 ,its op]ation 0 unatt5d$ ) grip+ or o!r unpleasant effect1 except a slight feel+ ( nausea felt ab\t half an h\r aft] ! extract _h be5 swall[$1 & cont9u+ = "s "t4 ,?is v>iety ( false ,jalap is probably us$1 :5 gr\nd1 = ! purpose ( mix+ ) & adult]at+ ! p[d] ( true ,jalap1 or is sold #f = x1 or = ! purpose ( obta9+ f x its res9 or extract1 :i* is sold z g5u9e res9 or extract ( ,jalap4 ,! p[d] /rik+ly resembles t ( true ,jalap1 has a fa9t odor ( ,jalap1 b is de/itute1 to a great ext5t1 ( its flavor4 ,! du/1 too1 aris+ f x1 is mu* less irritat+ to ! air passages4 ,! second v>iety is a tub] possibly ( an or*idate plant1 a good deal resembl+ 9 %ape1 color & size1 a butt]nut1 7,juglans c9]ea47 ,ext]nally x is black or ne>ly s1 9 "s places %9+ z if v>ni%$ by "s res9\s exudation1 b g5]ally dull1 m>k$ by deep longitud9al cuts ext5d+ almo/ to ! c5tre ( ! tub]s2 int]nally x is yell[ or yell[i% :ite1 hav+ a some:at horny fracture1 & m>k$ 9 its transv]se sections ) dots z if f sp>se1 delicate fibres4 ,:5 fir/ import$ ! root is comp>atively s(t1 b becomes dry & brittle by keep+4 ,its odor resembles t ( ,jalap1 & its ta/e is nause\s1 sweeti%1 & mucilag9\s4 ,?is root conta9s no res9 :atev]4 ,treat$ ) boil+ wat] x yields a l>ge am\nt 7#ge p] c5t47 ( extract4 ,?is is soluble1 to a great ext5t1 likewise 9 alcohol4 ,) iod9e no blue color is produc$4 ,! extract obta9$ f ?is drug appe>s1 9 ord9>y doses1 p]fectly in]t1 five or t5 gra9s produc+1 :5 swall[$1 no effect :atev]4 ,is ?is root employ$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ its extract1 & is ?is latt] sold z g5u9e extract ( ,jalap8 ,( ! effect :i* frauds ( ?is k9d _c fail to h on ! practice ( m$ic9e x does n fall )9 my prov9ce to speak1 b comm]cially its work+ is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( ,jalap at ! m>ket price1 #fj c5ts p] p\nd1 w co/ #fj4 ,9 extract+ ?is !re w be employ$ ab\t #e wor? ( alcohol1 mak+ 9 all #fe4 ,!re w be obta9$ =ty p\nds ( extract1 co/+ ?us #a #fb #a_/b p] p\nd4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( false ,jalap1 ,no4 #a1 may be obta9$ = #bj2 admitt+ ! alcohol to co/ #e1 x w make 9 all #be4 ,?is w produce ?irty-six p\nds ( extract1 co/+ r less ?an #gj c5ts p] p\nd4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( v>iety ,no4 #b may be _h = #bj1 & no alcohol is necess>y 9 obta9+ ! extract4 ,! yield be+ sev5ty-five p\nds1 ! extract w co/ r less ?an tw5ty-sev5 c5ts p] p\nd4 #g ,,virg9 ,,scammony1 ,,) ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,^u ,,! ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,scammony ,,res94 ,,by ,b4 ,w4 ,,bull4 ,! m ext5d$ use 9 m$ic9e :i* ?is sub/ance has acquir$ )9 a few ye>s1 & its consequ5t great] consumption1 r5d] ! k ( its peculi>ities & ! modes ( asc]ta9+ its purity d\bly important to ! druggi/ & apo!c>y4 ,an in/ance occurr$ a few weeks s9ce1 %[+ ! necessity ( c>eful & ?or\gh exam9ation ( e p>cel ( ?is drug1 & possess+ "s int]e/1 f ! fact t no description ( any simil> attempt at falsification has1 ,i believe1 be5 be=e publi%$4 ,! comm]cial h\se ) :i* ,i am connect$1 pur*as$ a p>cel ( :at purport$ to be virg9 scammony f ! import]1 :o obta9$ x direct f ,smyrna4 ,a sample ( x 0 exam9$ & f\nd to conta9 sev5ty p] c5t4 ( res9\s matt]1 b :5 ! :ole lot 0 receiv$1 x 0 f\nd to consi/ evid5tly ( two diff]5t grades ( ! article4 ,! :ole ( x 0 compos$ ( amorph\s pieces1 possess+ ext]nally a simil> appe>ance4 ,^u break+ !m1 h[ev]1 a manife/ diff]5ce 0 obs]vable4 ,"s ( ! pieces possess$ ! res9\s fracture1 & ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( virg9 scammony1 :ile ! rema9d]1 :i* con/itut$ ab\t five eigh?s ( ! :ole1 expos$ a dull1 non-res9\s surface :5 fre%ly brok54 ,i select$ two samples1 ea* possess+ 9 ! highe/ degree ! *>act]i/ics ( ! two v>ieties1 & subject$ !m to ! action ( sulphuric e!r ) ! foll[+ results1 designat+ ! res9\s or be/ ,no4 #a1 & ! o!r specim5 ,no4 #b3 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,specific gravity #a1adc #a1cice ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,res9\s matt] & wat] #id4ce #di4hf ,vegetable sub/ance insoluble 9 e!r #c4bj #de4af ,inorganic matt] #b4de #d4ih #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #h ,! vegetable sub/ance 9 ,no4 #b 0 pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 f>9ace\s or />*y matt]1 ( :i* ! o!r conta9$ n a trace4 ,! result %[s t ?is p>cel ( scammony 0 compos$ p>tly ( true virg9 scammony mix$ ) t ( an inf]ior quality2 & also indicates ! necessity ( exam9+ ! :ole ( e p>cel1 & ( n tru/+ to ! favorable result ( ! exam9ation ( a m]e sample4 ,! p[d] 9 ! two specim5s 0 v simil> 9 %ade1 & !y possess$ 9 ab\t ! same degree ! odor peculi> to ! sub/ance1 %[+ ! fallacy ( rely+ ^u ?is z a means ( judg+ ( ! comp>ative goodness ( diff]5t samples4 ,?is fact may appe> anomal\s1 b on diff]5t occasions ! p[d] ( ,no4 #b 0 select$ z hav+ ! mo/ decid$ scammony odor4 ,s9ce exam9+ ! above1 ,i h _h an opportunity ( exp]im5t+ ^u a portion ( scammony import$ f ,trie/e z ! true ,aleppo scammony1 ( :i* !re are export$ f ,aleppo n m ?an f two hundr$ & fifty to ?ree hundr$ p\nds annually4 ,! p>cel consi/$ ( a sample ( "o p\nd only1 :i* 0 obta9$ f a druggi/ ( respectability 9 t place by "o ( my p>tn]s1 :o 0 assur$ t ! sample 9 "q 0 f ! above s\rce1 & ! k9d above allud$ to4 ,?is scammony 0 9 some:at flatti% pieces1 cov]$ ext]nally ) a ?9 coat+ ( *alk 9 :i* x _h be5 roll$1 ! /ructure 0 uni=mly compact1 ! color ( ! fracture gre5i%1 & x possess$ 9 a high degree ! case\s odor4 ,! fracture 0 unusually s5sitive to ! action ( moi/ure4 ,by m]ely brea?+ ^u a fre%ly expos$ surface1 a film resembl+ ! bloom ^u fruit 0 at once p]ceiv$4 ,its specific gravity 0 #a1bji1 :i*1 x w be obs]v$1 approximates ) unusual accuracy to t giv5 by ,p]eira z ! specific gravity ( true scammony1 viz4 #a1baj4 ,x conta9$ ,res9\s matt] & wat] #hi4ec p] c5t4 ,vegetable sub/ance insoluble 9 e!r #g4ee p] c5t4 ,inorganic matt] #b4ib p] c5t4 ,!re 0 no />*y matt] pres5t 9 ! portion exam9$4 ,! mode ( decid+ ^u ! value or goodness ( diff]5t samples ( scammony1 by asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( matt] soluble 9 sulphuric e!r1 has seem$ to me productive ( a negative result 9 %[+ #i h[ mu* non-res9\s matt] 0 pres5t1 r ?an a c]ta9 me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! actual am\nt ( scammony res9 pres5t2 b "s exp]im5ts ^u ! res9\s residuum lead to a m favorable conclusion4 ,! results ( ! analyses made by ,john/on1 :o seems to be ! only *emi/ :o has paid any att5tion to its ultimate composition1 %[ t x v>ies 9 composition mat]ially f _m o!r res9s4 ,accord+ to 8 analyses1 z conta9$ 9 ,lwig1 x has ! =mula ,c#dj ,h#cc ,o#h ,:ile t ( ,guaiac res9 is ,c#dj ,h#bc ,o#aj ,( ,colophony ,c#dj ,h#cj ,o#d ,or express$ 9 p] c5ts3 ,scammony4 ,guaiac4 ,colophony4 ,c>bon #ef4jh #gj4cg #gi4ha ,hydrog5 #g4ic #f4fj #i4gg ,oxyg5 #ce4ii #bc4jc #aj4db #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! res9 analys$ by ,john/on 0 obta9$ by evaporat+ ! alcoholic solution1 & he describes x z opaque1 pale yell[1 h>d1 & brittle2 :5 obta9$1 h[ev]1 by evaporat+ ! e!real solution ,i h f\nd x transp>5t4 ,x might be inf]r$ t1 ) a composition s diff]5t f t ( ! sub/ances above adduc$1 its behavior ) re-ag5ts w\ld be diff]5t f !irs2 & its action ) /rong acids confirms ! supposition1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! app5d$ pap]s f a late numb] ( ! ,p>is ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,ph>macopia has an extract ( scammony among its (fic9al prep>ations1 prep>$ by treat+ scammony ) pro( _s1 & evaporat+ ! solution4 ,x is describ$ z ( a dirty gre5i% br[n color4 ,?is color1 h[ev]1 is n a necess>y accompanim5t1 b is ow+ ei!r to "s color+ matt] be+ dissolv$ 9 ! m5/ruum or to ! p>tial oxydation ( ! dissolv$ sub/ance "u ! influ5ce ( ! air & ! heat ( ! op]ation4 ,! e!real solution ( scammony res91 :5 gradually evaporat$1 & )\t exposure to heat1 leaves a colorless or amb]-color$ res91 p]fectly transp>5t & soluble 9 alcohol2 :5 heat$1 h[ev]1 #aj dur+ ! op]ation1 m or less insoluble matt] ( a d>k color is f\nd4 ,sometimes ! e!real solution1 :5 spontane\sly evaporat$1 leaves a d>k residuum1 b a second solution & evaporation leave x z above describ$4 ,?is product1 obta9$ f sev]al diff]5t p>cels ( virg9 scammony1 ,i h consid]$ free f admixture ) any ( ! sub/ances ) :i* scammony is said to be adult]at$1 & f ! simil>ity ( _! behavior1 &1 z ! circum/ances "u :i* ! sample f ,trie/e above allud$ to 0 obta9$ are su* z to make its g5u95ess v c]ta91 feel w>rant$ 9 s do+4 ,sulphuric acid does n imm$iately decompose x1 b produces ! effect describ$ by ,m4 ,?orel4 ,nitric acid produces no discoloration1 nor does hydro*loric acid imm$iately4 ,if scammony %\ld be adult]at$ ) colophony1 sulphuric acid w\ld be a v ready me?od ( detection1 ?\gh x w\ld seem t ?is sub/ance w\ld h>dly be resort$ to1 unless an entirely new mode ( sophi/icat+ ! article %\ld be adopt$ abroad4 ,! introduction ( f>9ace\s sub/ances & *alk is effect$ :ile ! scammony is 9 a s(t condition1 9 :i* /ate x w\ld be difficult to incorporate colophony completely ) ! mass4 ,an admixture ( res9 ( guaiac is also detect$ by ! same ag5t1 a fact :i* seems to h escap$ obs]vation4 ,:5 br\ght 9 contact ) sulphuric acid1 res9 ( guaiac imm$iately assumes a deep crimson hue1 & ?is reaction is s di/9ct t a proportion ( n m ?an f\r or five p] c5t4 is readily detect$4 ,! deep r$ mixture ( sulphuric acid ) res9 ( guaiac becomes gre5 :5 dilut$ ) wat]1 a rem>kable *ange1 :i* adds to ! efficacy ( ! te/4 ,scammony res91 on ! contr>y1 suff]s no alt]ation by dilution4 ,9 addition1 nitric acid af=ds a ready mode ( asc]ta9+ ! pres5ce ( res9 ( guaiac4 ,x is well kn[n t nitric acid1 :5 mix$ ) an alcoholic solution ( guaiac1 causes a deep gre5 color1 :i* soon passes into br[n1 or if ! solution is dilute1 into yell[4 ,?is reaction is manife/ :5 scammony res9 is mix$ ) guaiac res9 9 ! proportion above m5tion$1 ?\gh ! gre5i% blue t+e is !n v transi5t1 & sometimes n readily p]ceiv$4 ,*loride ( soda is a delicate te/ = ! pres5ce ( guaiac res94 #aa ,add$ to an alcoholic solution1 a beautiful gre5 color appe>s1 :ile x produces no effect on scammony res94 ,?is reaction is v evid5t1 ?\gh transi5t1 :5 a v small proportion ( guaiac is pres5t4 ,nitrate ( silv] causes a blue color 9 a solution ( guaiac res91 z does also sesqui-*loride ( iron1 nei!r ( :i* ag5ts affects ! color ( a solution ( scammony res94 ,9 fact1 ! evid5ces ( ! pres5ce ( guaiac are s num]\s & di/9ct t !re c be no possibility ( an undetect$ adult]ation ) ?is sub/ance4 ,! high price ( res9 ( jalap w\ld seem to be suffici5t to prev5t its be+ resort$ to z a means ( sophi/icat+ scammony2 b 9 case ?is sub/ance %\ld be made use (1 ! me?od propos$ = detect+ x by means ( e!r is defective1 s9ce1 accord+ to au?orities1 res9 ( jalap is p>tially soluble 9 t sub/ance4 ,x becomes ( int]e/ to "k :e!r 9 ! prep>ation ( scammony ! juice ( ! plant f :i* x is obta9$ is ev] mix$ ) t ( o!r plants ( simil> prop]ties1 or ) t ( plants de/itute ( efficacy4 ,?is in=mation c1 ( c\rse1 only be furni%$ by ^? famili> ) ! localities & ) ! mode ( its prep>ation4 #a8;,9 advanc+ ! op9ion t scammony %\ld only be employ$ = !rapeutic purposes 9 ! /ate ( res91 ,i mean t ?is res9 %\ld only be prep>$ by ! apo!c>y himself4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is impossible = ! apo!c>y to d s1 & ! comm]cial article is 9 consequ5ce resort$ to1 !re arises a liability to deception4 ,we mu/ !n be enabl$ to recognise its purity4 ,to avoid detection ( ! fraud1 ! admixture mu/ ei!r be 9 small quantity1 or x mu/ possess ne>ly ! same action4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 res9 ( jalap w\ld be employ$ z be+ less 9 price & ne>ly z active4 ,! me?od ,i propose = detect+ an adult]ation ( ?is nature1 9 case x %\ld be attempt$1 is bas$ on ! "o side ^u ! entire insolubility ( res9 ( jalap 9 rectifi$ sulphuric e!r1 & on ! o!r1 ^u ! solubility ( scammony res9 9 ?is liquid4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an ! detection ( a mixture ( ^! two res9s1 s9ce eight grammes ( e!r dissolve completely t5 c5tigrammes ( scammony res94 #ab ,?us by agitat+ = a %ort "t a mixture ( tw5ty c5tigrammes ( suspect$ res9 ) sixte5 grammes ( sulphuric e!r1 we %all be c]ta9 ( ! pres5ce ( res9 ( jalap1 provid$ !re is no o!r admixture1 if a portion rema9s undissolv$4 ,?is undissolv$ portion1 dri$ & weigh$1 gives ! proportion ( ! two res9s4 ,o!r m culpable sophi/ications may be attempt$1 ei!r by ! addition ( res9 ( guaiac1 or by t ( colophony or o!r sub/ances4 ,! res9 ( guaiac may easily be detect$ by means ( ! solution ( gum1 :i* ,i h specifi$ z "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9 re-ag5ts 7,rep]toire du ,ph>maci51 vol4 iv41 #ahdh71 or by ! means ( nitr\s gas1 or bi*loride ( m]cury4 ,_m re-ag5ts disclose ! pres5ce ( common res9 or ( pit* 9 ! res9 ( scammony4 ,fir/1 spirits ( turp5t9e1 :i* dissolves ! common res9 at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & :i* leaves scammony res9 almo/ unt\*$4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 re-ag5t1 h[ev]1 9 my op9ion1 is sulphuric acid4 ,?is acid possesses ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ _m res9s--modify+ _! composition m or less4 ,?us1 if a small quantity is p\r$ on common res91 an int5se r$ color is produc$ by contact2 p\r$ on scammony res91 on ! contr>y1 x does n produce an imm$iate *ange2 only aft] "s m9utes1 & ) exposure to ! air1 does x become color$1 & !n b feebly1 ) ! production ( a color resembl+ ! lees ( w9e1 :ile 9 ! fir/ case ! color is a v deep sc>let4 ,by ?is me?od "o tw5tie? "p ( colophony may be detect$ 9 scammony res94 ,x is suffici5t to p\r ^u tw5ty-five or ?irty c5tigrammes ( res91 plac$ 9 a glass or porcela9 mort>1 f\r or five grammes ( comm]cial sulphuric acid1 & to give "o or two turns ( ! pe/le2 if colophony is pres5t1 ! mixture w r$d5 imm$iately ^u contact2 if1 on ! contr>y1 x is pure1 ! liquid w only become color$ aft] ! lapse ( "s "t4 ,colophony be+ m soluble 9 sulphuric acid is act$ ^u ) m rapidity40 #b8,scammony res9 obta9$ by alcohol ( #hf degrees occurs 9 =m ( p[d] or 9 ?9 transp>5t scales1 if ! alcoholic solution has be5 evaporat$ on a /ove ^u plates1 or ^u %eets ( t94 #ac ,x is *>act]iz$ by ! peculi> odor ( ! sub/ance f :i* x is obta9$1 ! odeur de brio*e1 or ( rancid butt]4 ,if scammony res9 has be5 mix$ ) "o tw5tie? ( common res91 trituration 9 a mort> developes ! odor ( ! latt] to a suffici5t degree to cause detection ( ! fraud4 ,heat$ 9 a tube1 a peculi> odor manife/s itself ) suffici5t di/9ctness to indicate its purity4 ,?is pure res9 is soluble 9 all proportions 9 e!r ( #ef degrees 7#geb74 ,?is prop]ty af=ds a means ( purify+ x1 by means ( :i* x is obta9$ 9 ?9 flakes1 by exposure to ! air on plates4 ,solution ( ammonia at #bd degrees 7#iaj7 dissolves scammony res9 completely4 ,! solution has a m or less gre5 color4 ,^! diff]5t prop]ties1 :i* ! res9 ( scammony1 obta9$ by alcohol1 possesses1 are suffici5tly di/9ct to assi/ 9 di/+ui%+ x f o!r res9s or to e/abli% its purity40 ,decemb]1 #ahea4 #a ,me?ods = detect+ ,res9 ( ,jalap1 ,res9 ( ,guaiac1 & ,colophony1 9 ,res9 ( ,scammony4 ,by ,,mr4 ,,?orel4--,f ! ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie1 = ,nov4 #ahea4 #b ,note by ,,mr4 ,,dublanc4--,f ! ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie1 ,nov4 #ahea4 ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,/ramonium ,,o9tm5t4 ,,by ,,eug5e ,,dupuy1 ,,ph>maceuti/1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,! p[]ful n>cotic & s$ative prop]ties ( ! ,datura /ramonium2 add$ to ! fact ( its luxuriant gr[? 9 ! vacant gr\nds ( ! inhabit$ di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has made its use popul> ) mo/ ( our practis+ physicians4 ,besides its use smok$ z tobacco 9 a/hmatic cases1 its prop]ties analog\s to ^? ( hyosciamus & belladonna1 h enabl$ practition]s to use x ) success = produc+ dilatation ( ! pupil & 9 anodyne fom5tations4 ,9 fact1 ! consequ5ce ( its demon/rat$ effici5t activity z a rem$ial ag5t1 has prompt$ its adoption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 :]e ! leaves & se$s are recognis$1 & ! ,t9cture1 ,extract1 & ,o9tm5t are (fic9al4 ,accord+ to our ,ph>macopia1 la/ edition1 to prep>e ! o9tm5t1 "o dra*m ( ! extract ( /ramonium is mix$ to ! proportion ( "o ounce ( l>d4 ,su* a mixture1 ?\gh possibly z effectual z ne$ be1 lacks ! gre5 color & homog5eity to :i* bo? pati5ts & physicians h be5 accu/om$4 ,to rem$y ^! objections1 ,i h f\nd ! #ad foll[+ process to give a good prep>ation bo? 9 quality & appe>ance4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! objections :i* h be5 made to ! =m] (fic9al o9tm5t are *iefly ascribable to ! difficulty ( obta9+ readily an o9tm5t :i* w\ld keep "o ye>1 t is free f wat] ( vegetation or n impair$ by a too protract$ ebullition1 & consequ5t decomposition1 :i* deprives x ( its prop]ties1 spoil+ its appe>ance1 & giv+ x an unpleasant pyrog5\s odor1 :i* %[s ! ext5t ( ! alt]ation x has und]gone1 mak+ ( x an irritat+ r ?an a soo?+ ungu5t4 ,9 ! process ,i n[ submit to ! op9ion ( ! pr(ession1 ,i _h 9 view1 #a/4 ,to obta9 at all seasons an o9tm5t fulfill+ ! reasonable expectations ( practition]s2 #b;d4 ,:i* c\ld be easily prep>$ by compet5t ,ph>maceuti/s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,/ramonium ,leaves1 half a p\nd4 ,alcohol at #ie1 a suffici5t quantity4 ,prep>$ l>d1 f\rte5 ounces4 ,moi/5 ! leaves1 previ\sly r$uc$ to a co>se p[d]1 ) suffici5t alcohol1 9 a tight vessel hav+ a suitable cov]2 melt ! l>d 9 a pan ?ree times 9 capacity to ! bulk ( ! l>d1 & /ir 9 x gradually ! prep>$ /ramonium2 keep ! mixture 9 a w>m place = five h\rs1 /irr+ occasionally1 till ! alcohol has disappe>$ f ! o9tm5t1 :i* may be asc]ta9$ by plac+ a light$ mat* on ! surface ( ! w>m o9tm5t j /irr$4 ,filt] ! mixture ?r\gh flannel1 9 an appropriate vessel4 ,! /ramonium o9tm5t ?us prep>$ is a reliable prep>ation1 possess$ ( a h&some gre5 color1 a r pleasant h]bace\s odor1 & =ms a homog5e\s mass conta9+ all ! valuable con/itu5ts ( ! ,datura /ramonium1 if ! leaves h be5 ga!r$ :ile ! plant is 9 bud1 & prop]ly pres]v$4 ,= ! w>m days ( summ] ! sub/itution ( two ounces ( beeswax = ! same quantity ( l>d gives x ! consi/5ce :i* x has at ! l[ temp]ature ( ! rema9+ seasons4 #ae ,,comp\nd ,,fluid ,,extract ,,( ,,s5na ,,& ,,d&elion4 ,,by ,,eug5e ,,dupuy1 ,,ph>maceuti/1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,s5na 7(fic9al71 two p\nds4 ,torrefi$ ,d&elion ,root1 "o p\nd4 ,*amomile1 qu>t] ( a p\nd4 ,sug>1 tw5ty ounces4 ,c>bonate ( ,pota% or ,soda1 "o ounce4 ,oil ( ,gaul!ria1 half a dra*m4 ,alcohol1 two ounces4 ,wat]1 half a gallon4 ,mix ! dry plants1 previ\sly r$uc$ to a co>se p[d]1 ) ! wat] hold+ ! alkal9e c>bonate 9 solution2 let ! mixture /& twelve h\rs2 introduce x 9 a p]colator1 & gradually p\r 9 wat] until a gallon ( liquid %all h pass$2 evaporate x to tw5ty ounces by means ( a wat] ba?1 !n add ! sug>1 filt]1 & make ! addition ( ! alcoholic solution ( gaul!ria :5 cold4 ,by foll[+ ?is process1 ,i believe t a k9d ( saponification takes place1 :i* all[s ( ! m ready solution ( ! active pr9ciple ( ! s5na 9 ! aque\s vehicle1 probably because *lorophylle be+ unit$ to a dri$ ess5tial oil1 p>ticipat+ 9 ! prop]ties ( res9s1 is r5d]$ soluble1 & ! extractive portion be+ d5ud$ ( its res9oid cov]+1 is m readily extract$ by ! p]colat+ liquid4 ,i make use ( a p]colator possess$ ( a conv5i5t hydraulic p[]2 x has r5d]$ readily1 )9 ?irty h\rs1 a highly saturat$ liquid1 conta9+ 9 a gallon all ! soluble pr9ciples ( ?is extract4 ,ord9>y p]colators w answ] also2 b ! +r$i5ts ne$+ to be m loosely pack$1 d n yield s fully or s readily4 ,! addition ( torrefi$ d&elion root is int5d$ to give to ?is fluid extract "s great] value on acc\nt ( its peculi> action on ! hepatic sy/em4 ,i employ 9 pref]5ce ! ,g]man *amomile 7,camomila vulg>is#c71 because ( its pleasant aroma & its c>m9ative prop]ties1 jo9$ to a bitt] pr9ciple1 :i* seems to increase ! purgative effect ( ! s5na4 #c ,matric>ia4 ,?is extract has become a favorite anti-bili\s purgative ) _m ( #af our practition]s1 :o1 "s ( !m at lea/1 h us$ x ) success ) *ildr51 :o c take x readily1 z well z = adults1 :]e an anti-bili\s purgative is desirable1 seldom produc+ pa9 or nausea1 & n liable to induce con/ipation4 ,,accid5ts ,,caus$ ,,by ,a ,,v ,,small ,,dose ,,( ,,santon9e ,,giv5 ,,to ,a ,,*ild4 ,santon9e1 be+ a ta/eless v]mifuge1 is easily giv5 to *ildr51 consequ5tly its employm5t becomes daily m & m frequ5t2 we !re=e ?9k x useful to expose ! accid5ts :i* may foll[ ! use ( ?is m$ic9e1 :5 giv5 9 too l>ge a dose4 ,we ref] to a case giv5 9 ! ,bullet9 de ,?rapeutique1 by ,dr4 ,sp5gl] 7d',h]born74 ,! pati5t1 a *ild ( f\r ye>s old1 :o _h be5 suff]+ = sev]al mon?s f inte/9al worms1 _h tak5 at diff]5t times1 & ) success1 a dose ( a gra9 & a half4 ,"o day !y gave him ?ree gra9s 9 two doses2 aft] ! fir/ dose he became tr\bl$ ) pa9s 9 ! epiga/rium1 colic1 & vomit+4 ,he _h frequ5t /ools1 9 :i* 7 f\nd a numb] ( asc>ides4 ,not)/&+ ^! num]\s evacuations1 ! bad symptoms cont9u$ to increase2 8 body became cold1 8 face livid1 8 eyes _h a blue circle r\nd !m1 a cold sweat broke out1 8 respiration became emb>rass$1 & 8 extremities convuls$4 ,besides ^! symptoms1 ,m4 ,sp5gl] m5tions t !re 7 dilatation ( ! pupils & great pa9 9 ! abdom5 7n1 h[ev]1 increas$ by pressure74 ,he prescrib$ milk 9 abundance1 & aft] sev]al evacuations1 ! potion ( ,rivire 9 an oily emulsion4 ,! little pati5t 0 plac$ 9 a v w>m b$2 dur+ ! night he 0 mu* di/urb$2 ! foll[+ day he took "s doses ( calomel1 aft] :i* sev]al worms 7 evacuat$1 & f t "t he became convalesc5t4 ,we h relat$ ?is fact z a caution aga9/ ! accid5ts :i* may result f ! use ( santon9e1 al?\gh ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms & ! smallness ( ! dose may make u d\bt :e!r ! santon9e 0 pure1 or :e!r "s o!r cause might n h produc$ ! t]rible results attribut$ to x4--,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et ,*imie4 #ag ,,on ,,poison+ ,,by ,,nicot9e4 ,read be=e ! ,national ,academy ( ,m$ic9e4 ,,by ,m4 ,,orfila4 ,,g5tlem51--,9 lay+ be=e ! ,academy a memoir on ,nicot9e1 on ! #bj? ( la/ mon?1 ,i /at$ t ,i did n ?9k ,i ought to read x1 fe>+ t x might ex]cise "s influ5ce on ! proce$+s :i* 7 to take place at ,mons1 eight days aft]w>ds4 ,my scruples are n[ entirely remov$1 because ,i 0 pres5t at ! ?ree fir/ sitt+s ( ! ,c\rt ( ,assizes at ,ha9ault1 & h he>d ! exam9ation ( ! accus$ p]sons1 & ! depositions ( "s ( ! witnesses4 ,my memoir1 suppos+ x to be publi%$ to-morr[1 & consequ5tly mu* be=e ! s5t5ce w h be5 pron\nc$1 w n aggravate ! situation ( ! accus$1 nor increase ! p[] ( ! m9i/]s ( ju/ice4 ,y w see1 9 fact1 t aft] describ+ nicot9e1 ,i came to ! conclusion1 t x may be easily detect$ 9 ! dige/ive canal1 ! liv]1 ! lungs1 & all ^? organs into :i* x has be5 c>ri$ aft] its absorption4 ,n[1 ,m4 de ,boc>m confesses t he prep>$ "s nicot9e1 t ,gu/ave ,f\gnies took an appreciable dose ( x1 & di$ v %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,consequ5tly1 he _c dispute ! fact ( ,m4 ,/as hav+ f\nd ?is alkaloid 9 ! body ( 8 bro!r-9-law4 ,x is ( little importance to u t ,madame de ,boc>m accuses h] husb& ( be+ ! au?or ( ! crime1 :il/ he1 on ! o!r h&1 attributes ! dea? ( ,gu/ave to a mi/ake ( 8 wife's1 :o might inadv]t5tly h p\r$ ! nicot9e into a glass in/ead ( w9e4 ,x w be = ! jury to decide :at tru? !re is 9 ^! ass]tions2 z sci5tific m51 we ought to conf9e ourselves 9 ?is case to ! solution ( ! *emical & m$ical problems relat+ to ?is subject4 ,i ?9k ,i ought to read to ! ,academy ! textual memoir1 )\t ! preamble1 :i* ,i compos$ a =tnight ago1 :5 ! pr9cipal circum/ances1 :i* h s9ce be5 develop$1 7 b imp]fectly kn[n4 ,! pr9cipal object ( ?is pap] is to %[3 #a4 ,t we may *>act]ize pure nicot9e z easily z we c a poison d]iv$ f ! m9]al k+dom4 #b4 ,t we may detect ?is alkali 9 ! dige/ive canal1 & ass]t its exi/5ce !re1 al?\gh x is pres5t only to ! ext5t ( a few drops4 #ah #c4 ,t x is suffici5tly easy to prove its pres5ce 9 ! liv] & ! o!r organs1 aft] x has be5 absorb$4 #a4 ,pure ,nicot9e may be *>act]is$ z easily z a ,poison d]iv$ f ! ,m9]al ,k+dom4--,nicot9e1 discov]$ 9 #ahji by ! illu/ri\s ,vauquel91 0 /udi$ 9 #ahbh by ,messrs4 ,posselt & ,reimann1 :o f\nd x 9 diff]5t species ( nicotiana1 9 macrophylla ru/ica1 & glut9osa4 ,messrs4 ,b\tron1 ,*>l>d1 & ,h5ry describ$ "s ( its prop]ties 9 #ahcf4 ,havanna tobacco conta9s two p] c5t41 t ( ,m>yl& #bc1 t ( ,virg9ia #fi1 t ( ,alsace #cb1 t ( ,pas-de-,calais #di1 t ( ! ,nord #ff1 & t ( ,lot #h4 ,x is class$ among ! natural volatile vegetable alkalies1 :i* are only ?ree 9 numb]1 namely1 conic9e1 !obrom9e1 & nicot9e4 ,?is la/ is entirely compos$ ( hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog54 ,x may be repres5t$ z a comp\nd ( "o equival5t ( ammonia 7,h#c,n71 & ( "o ( a hydro-c>bon conta9+ f\r equival5ts ( hydrog5 & t5 ( c>bon 7,h#d;,c#aj74 ,x is n[ obta9$ by a mu* m simple process ?an 0 =m]ly adopt$1 :i* consi/s 9 pass+ ! vapor ( tobacco into wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,sulphate ( nicot9e is ?us spe$ily produc$1 & ?is has to be decompos$ by a /rong alkali4 ,x is !n only necess>y to apply suffici5t heat to volatilize ! nicot9e4 ,?is mode ( prep>ation indicates t smok]s 9 respir+ ! smoke ( tobacco introduce into _! bodies a c]ta9 quantity ( ! vapor ( nicot9e4 ,*>act]s ( pure ,nicot9e4--,x is 9 ! =m ( an oleag9\s1 transp>5t1 colorless1 tol]ably fluid1 anhydr\s liquid1 ( ! d5sity ( #ajdh1 becom+ slightly yell[ ) keep+1 & t5d+ to become br[n & ?ick f contact ) ! air f :i* x absorbs oxyg52 its acrid odor resembles b slightly t ( tobacco2 its ta/e is v burn+4 ,x volatilizes at #gg ,f41 & leaves a c>bonace\s residue4 ,! vapor :i* rises pres5ts su* a p[]ful smell ( tobacco1 & is s irritat+1 t x is difficult to brea! 9 a room 9 :i* "o drop ( x has be5 spilt4 ,if ?is vapor be approa*$ ) a light$ tap]1 x burns ) a :ite smoky flame1 & leaves a c>bonace\s residue z an ess5tial oil w\ld d4 ,x /rongly blues r$d5$ litmus pap]4 ,x is v soluble 9 wat]1 9 alcohols1 & 9 fat oils1 z also 9 e!r1 :i* easily sep>ates x f an aque\s solution4 ,! great solubility ( nicot9e 9 bo? wat] & e!r =ms an important fact 9 its *emical hi/ory1 z ! great] numb] ( vegetable alkalies1 n to say all1 if !y dissolve easily 9 "o ( ^! liquids1 are n readily soluble 9 ! o!r4 #ai ,nicot9e comb9es directly ) acids1 dis5gag+ heat4 ,conc5trat$ pure sulphuric acid1 )\t heat1 produces ) x a w9e-r$ color2 on ! application ( heat to ?is x becomes ?ick1 & acquires ! color ( ! dregs ( w9e2 if x be boil$ x black5s & dis5gages sulphur\s acid4 ,) cold hydro*loric acid x dis5gages :ite vapors z ammonia does2 if ! mixture be heat$ x acquires a violet color1 ! int5sity ( :i* increases ) prolong$ ebullition4 ,nitric acid1 aid$ ) a little heat1 imp>ts to x an orange-yell[ color1 & :ite vapors ( nitric acid are fir/ giv5 (f1 !n r$ vapors ( hyponitr\s acid4 ,if x be fur!r heat$ ! liquor becomes yell[1 & by ebullition x acquires a r$ color resembl+ t ( *loride ( plat9um4 ,prolong$ ebullition gives a black mass4 ,heat$ ) /e>ic acid x dissolves & =ms a soap1 :i* congeals on cool+1 & is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 & v soluble 9 heat$ e!r4 ,! simple salts ( nicot9e are deliquesc5t1 & difficultly cry/allizable4 ,! d\ble salts :i* x yields ) ! diff]5t metallic oxides cry/allize bett]4 ,! aque\s solution ( nicot9e is colorless1 transp>5t1 & /rongly alkal9e4 ,x acts l ammonia on sev]al reag5ts2 ?us1 x gives a :ite precipitate ) bi*loride ( m]cury1 acetate ( lead1 proto*loride & bi*loride ( t92 a can>y yell[ precipitate ) *loride ( plat9um1 :i* precipitate is soluble 9 wat]2 a :ite precipitate ) salts ( z9c1 :i* is soluble 9 excess ( nicot9e2 a blue precipitate ) acetate ( copp]4 ,?is precipitate is gelat9\s & soluble 9 excess ( nicot9e1 =m+ a blue d\ble acetate1 simil> to t =m$ by ammonia ) ! same salt4 ,x gives an o*re-yell[ precipitate ) salts ( ! sesqui-oxide ( iron1 insoluble 9 excess ( nicot9e4 ,) sulphate ( protoxide ( manganese x gives a :ite precipitate ( oxide1 :i* spe$ily becomes br[n by contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,x sep>ates ! gre5 sesqui-oxide f ! salts ( *romium4 ,! r$ p]manganate ( pota% is in/antly decoloriz$ by nicot9e1 z by ammonia1 al?\gh ?is latt] alkali acts m sl[ly & mu/ be us$ 9 l>g] proportion4 ,! foll[+ reactions may s]ve to di/+ui% ! aque\s solutions ( nicot9e f ammonia4 ,*loride ( gold yields a r$di%-yell[ precipitate1 v soluble 9 an excess ( nicot9e4 ,*loride ( cobalt yields a blue precipitate1 :i* *anges to gre52 ! oxide ?us =m$ does n readily dissolve 9 excess ( nicot9e1 :il/ ammonia dissolves ! gre5 precipitate & =ms a r$ solution4 ,aque\s solution ( iod9e gives a yell[ precipitate ) solution ( nicot9e1 z *loride ( plat9um w\ld #bj d2 ) an excess ( nicot9e x acquires a /raw color1 & x is decoloriz$ by ! action ( heat4 ,ammonia1 on ! contr>y1 imm$iately decolorizes ! aque\s solution ( iod9e )\t r5d]+ x turbid4 ,pure tannic acid gives ) nicot9e an abundant :ite precipitate4 ,ammonia gives no precipitate1 b imp>ts a r$ color4#d #d ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( nicot9e ) ^? ( conic9e4 ,conic9e is yell[2 its smell resembles t ( ! ur9e ( ! m\se1 & diff]s entirely f t ( nicot9e2 x /rongly blues r$d5$ litmus pap]4 ,add$ to wat] & %ak5 ) x1 x floats on ! surface & is n readily dissolv$4 ,e!r dissolves x easily4 ,:5 heat$ 9 a capsule x =ms :ite vapors1 hav+ a /rong smell ( cel]y mix$ ) t ( ! ur9e ( ! m\se4 ,weak t9cture ( ! iod9e yields a :ite precipitate1 :i* acquires an olive color ) excess ( ! t9cture4 ,pure & conc5trat$ sulphuric acid does n alt] x2 :5 ! mixture is heat$ x acquires a gre5i% br[n color1 & if ! heat be cont9u$ x becomes blood-r$ & aft]w>ds black4 ,nitric acid imp>ts to x a topaz color1 :i* is n *ang$ by ! action ( heat4 ,hydro*loric acid yields :ite vapors z ammonia does1 & r5d]s x violet1 especially :5 heat$4 ,tannic acid gives a :ite precipitate1 & *loride ( plat9um a yell[ precipitate4 ,! r$ p]manganate ( pota% is imm$iately decoloriz$4 ,corrosive sublimate yields a :ite precipitate4 ,acetate ( copp] gives a gelat9\s blue precipitate1 less soluble 9 an excess ( conic9e ?an is t =m$ ) nicot9e4 ,*loride ( cobalt behaves ) x z x does ) nicot9e4 ,*loride ( gold gives a light yell[ precipitate4 ,neutral acetate ( lead does n give any precipitate2 nei!r does ! subacetate4 ,*loride ( z9c gives a :ite gelat9\s precipitate soluble 9 excess ( ! conic9e4 ,sulphate ( sesquioxide ( iron gives a yell[ precipitate4 ,! words 9 italics indicate ! means ( di/+ui%+ conic9e f nicot9e4 ,if to ^! *emical *>act]s :i* p]mit "o s easily to di/+ui% nicot9e1 we add ^? result+ f ! action :i* x ex]cises on ! animal economy1 x w no long] be possible to conf\nd x ) any o!r body4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ,i und]took 9 #ahdb on ?is alkali1 & :i* ,i publi%$ 9 #ahdc4 7,see ! #d? edition ( my "w on ,toxicology47 ,fir/ ,exp]im5t4--,i appli$ ?ree drops ( nicot9e on ! tongue ( a small b suffici5tly robu/ dog2 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ! animal became giddy1 & void$ ur9e2 at ! end ( a m9ute1 its brea?+ 0 quick & pant+4 ,?is /ate la/$ = =ty seconds1 & !n ! animal fell on its "r side1 & appe>$ intoxicat$4 ,f> f %[+ any /iffness or convulsions1 x 0 feeble & flabby1 al?\gh ! =e paws slightly trembl$4 ,five m9utes aft] ! adm9i/ration ( ! #ba poison1 he utt]$ pla9tive cries1 & slightly /iff5$ 8 neck1 c>ry+ 8 head slightly backw>ds4 ,! pupils 7 excessively dilat$2 ! respiration 0 calm1 & 9 no way accel]at$4 ,?is /ate la/$ t5 m9utes1 dur+ :i* ! animal 0 n able to /&4 ,f ?is "t ! effects appe>$ to dim9i%1 & soon aft] x might h be5 pr$ict$ t !y w\ld spe$ily disappe> entirely4 ,next day1 ! animal 0 q well4 ,! nicot9e ,i us$ 0 evid5tly n anhydr\s4 ,second ,exp]im5t4--,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) five drops ( nicot9e on a dog ( ! same description4 ,! animal %[$ ! same effects1 & di$ at ! end ( t5 m9utes1 al?\gh dur+ f\r m9utes he %[$ slight convulsive movem5ts4 ,op5+ ( ! ,body ! day foll[+4--,! membranes ( ! bra9 7 slightly inject$1 & ! sup]ficial vessels 7 gorg$ ) blood2 ?is injection 0 especially obs]v$ on ! left side1 & 9 ! l[] "p ( ! bra94 ,! bra9 itself ( ! ord9>y consi/5ce1 _h ! two sub/ances ( :i* x is compos$1 slightly dis9tegrat$1 ! /riat$ sub/ance 0 mu* inject$1 z well z ! pons v>olii4 ,! membranes :i* envelope ! c]ebellum 7 /ill m inject$ ?an ! o!r p>ts4 ,betwe5 ! fir/ & second c]vical v]tebr on ! "r side1 t is1 on ! side on :i* ! animal fell1 !re 0 a r consid]able effusion ( blood4 ,! lungs appe>$ to be 9 _! natural /ate4 ,! he>t1 ! vessels ( :i* 7 gorg$ ) blood1 0 greatly di/5d$1 especially on ! "r side1 ) clots ( blood2 ! auricles & ! "r v5tricle conta9+ mu*1 & ! left v5tricle none4 ,! sup]ior & inf]ior v5a cava1 & ! aorta1 7 equally di/5d$ ) clots ( semi-fluid blood4 ,! tongue 0 corrod$ along ! middle l9e1 & t[>ds ! po/]ior "p1 :]e ! epi!lium sep>at$ ) facility4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! /oma* !re 7 f\nd a black pit*y matt] & a bloody liquid1 :i* appe>$ to h result$ f an exudation ( blood4 ,! duod5um 0 inflam$ 9 pat*es2 ! re/ ( ! inte/9al canal appe>$ 9 a heal?y /ate4 ,s9ce ! above p]iod ,i h made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i h frequ5tly repeat$ ) ! same results1 only t 9 "s cases ,i h f\nd ! blood conta9$ 9 ! cavities ( ! he>t 9 a fluid /ate1 ev5 :5 proce$+ to dissection imm$iately aft] dea?2 nev]!less ! blood spe$ily coagulat$4 ,?ird ,exp]im5t4--,at elev5 o'clock ,i adm9i/]$1 to a dog ( mod]ate size1 twelve drops ( nicot9e4 ,a few in/ants aft]w>ds #bb gidd9ess came on1 & he fell on ! "r side2 he soon manife/$ convulsive movem5ts1 slightly at fir/1 !n suffici5tly /rong to con/itute a tetanic fit ) opi/hotonos2 he 0 9 a rem>kable /ate ( dr[s9ess1 & utt]$ no cry4 ,8 pupils 7 dilat$2 !re 0 no action ( ! b[els1 nor vomit+4 ,he di$ at two m9utes aft] elev54 ,! body 0 imm$iately op5$4 ,! abdom5 & ?orax1 on be+ cut op51 sometimes emitt$ a v decid$ smell ( tobacco4 ,! he>t conta9$ a consid]able quantity ( black coagulat$ blood4 ,!re 0 m 9 ! "r auricle & v5tricle ?an 9 ! left4 ,! lungs appe>$ 9 a normal /ate4 ,! /oma* conta9$ ab\t =ty grammes ( a ?ick1 yell[1 slimy liquid2 & "h & !re p>ts ( ! muc\s membrane 7 inflam$4 ,! sophagus1 ! inte/9es1 ! liv]1 ! sple51 & ! kidneys1 7 9 a normal /ate4 ,! epi!lium 0 easily deta*$ f ! tongue2 ! base ( ?is organ 0 r$ & slightly excoriat$4 ,! bra9 0 m inject$ ?an its envelop+ membranes2 ! pons v>olii 0 ! same z 9 ! second exp]im5t4 ,f\r? ,exp]im5t4--,i appli$ on ! eye ( a dog ( mod]ate size "o drop ( nicot9e2 ! animal in/antly became giddy & weak 9 its limbs2 a m9ute aft]w>ds he fell on 8 "r side & manife/$ convulsive fits1 :i* became m & m p[]ful2 ! head 0 ?r[n back4 ,at ! end ( two m9utes ! convulsions ceas$1 & extreme weakness ensu$4 ,five m9utes aft]w>ds ! animal c\ld /&1 b 0 unable to walk4 ,t5 m9utes lat] he 0 9 ! same /ate )\t hav+ vomit$ or _h any action ( ! b[els4 ,urg$ to walk1 he made a few undecid$ /eps1 !n vomit$ ab\t "o hundr$ grammes ( a greyi% alim5t>y pa/e4 ,at ! end ( half an h\r he 0 9 ! same /ate4 ,x 0 evid5t t he 0 recov]+4 ,! conjunctiva 0 s5sibly inflam$1 & ! transp>5t cornea 01 to a great ext5t1 opaque4 #b4 ,we may detect nicot9e 9 ! dige/ive canal1 & affirm its exi/5ce !re1 al?\gh x may be only pres5t to ! ext5t ( a few drops4 ,i w\ld call ! p>ticul> att5tion ( ! ,academy to ?is p>agraph2 ,i h nev]1 9 ! c\rse ( my num]\s exp]im5ts1 se5 animals ^: dea? has be5 almo/ in/antane\s1 ei!r vomit or h any action ( ! b[els4#e ,if x be ! same ) man1 z ev]y?+ t5ds to prove x is1 ! ,*emi/ w1 "u su* circum/ances1 be 9 ! mo/ favorable #bc condition = detect+ ! poison1 z !re w mo/ frequ5tly be a suffici5t quantity 9 ! canal to det]m9e its pres5ce4 #e ,if life is prolong$ ! animals vomit4 ,be=e describ+ ! two processes to :i* ,i _h rec\rse = ! det]m9+ ! exi/5ce ( nicot9e 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es1 z well z 9 ! sophagus1 x may be obs]v$ t ,i act$ sep>ately on ! liquid & solid matt]s conta9$ 9 ^! organs1 & on ! organs !mselves4 ,fir/ ,process4--,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 or ! organs !mselves1 are plac$ 9 a consid]able proportion ( sulphuric e!r2 aft] twelve h\rs ( mac]ation1 x is to be filt]$2 ! e!r passes ?r\gh1 hold+ nicot9e 9 solution2 mo/ frequ5tly :5 ! matt]s on :i* ! e!r has act$ are fatty1 ! e!r holds 9 solution a soap compos$ ( nicot9e & "o or sev]al fatty acids2 x may also happ5 t x conta9s non-saponifi$ nicot9e4 ,! e!real liquid is evaporat$ almo/ to dryness by v g5tle heat4 ,! greasy & soapy product obta9$ r>ely %[s any alkal9e reaction4 ,x is to be agitat$1 )\t heat1 ) cau/ic soda dissolv$ 9 wat]1 to decompose ! soap & set free ! nicot9e4 ,! :ole is !n to be put into a retort furni%$ ) a receiv] plung$ 9 cold wat]1 & heat appli$ to ! retort until no m liquid rema9s 9 x4 ,! liquid cond5s$ 9 ! receiv] conta9s ei!r all1 or at lea/ a l>ge proportion ( ! nicot9e4 ,x is well to "k t1 #a/1 :5 heat is appli$ to ! retort1 ! matt] fro?s1 augm5ts 9 volume1 & w\ld c]ta9ly pass into ! receiv]1 if ! retort 0 n v l>ge 9 relation to ! quantity ( liquid op]at$ ^u2 #bndly1 ev5 at a temp]ature ( #bab ,fahr41 ! vapor ( wat] c>ries ) x a c]ta9 quantity ( nicot9e1 !re=e ! op]ation %\ld be c>ri$ on z mu* z possible 9 close vessels4 ,if ^! precautions be obs]v$1 ! di/ill$ liquid w be limpid & colorless2 x suffices !n to conc5trate x ov] a wat]-ba?1 to ab\t a six? ( its volume1 to obta9 ) x all ! reactions ( nicot9e4 ,second ,process4--,! me?od ( :i* ,i am n[ go+ to speak is evid5tly sup]ior to ! prec$+4 ,! matt]s conta9$ 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es1 or ! organs !mselves1 z well z ! sophagus1 are mac]at$ 9 wat] acidulat$ by pure & conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 tak+1 = in/ance1 f\r or five drops ( acid to "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ grammes ( wat]4 ,at ! end ( twelve h\rs x is to be filt]$2 ! liquid1 :i* is g5]ally ( a yell[ color1 conta9s sulphate ( nicot9e & a c]ta9 quantity ( organic matt]4 ,x is !n to be #bd evaporat$ almo/ to dryness 9 close vessels ov] a wat]-ba?2 !n treat$ ) a few grammes ( di/ill$ wat] :i* dissolves ! sulphate ( nicot9e1 leav+ ! great] "p ( ! organic matt] undissolv$2 x is n[ to be filt]$2 ! filt]$ liquor is to be saturat$ ) a little pure hydrate ( soda or pota%1 9 ord] to take ! sulphuric acid1 & set free ! nicot9e4 ,! mixture ( nicot9e & ( sulphate ( soda or pota% is to be put into a retort1 & heat$ z describ$ 9 ! fir/ process2 ! di/ill$ liquid is to be evaporat$ ov] a wat]-ba? 9 ord] to conc5trate ! solution ( nicot9e4 ,in/ead ( di/ill+ ! liquor by heat1 ,i h (t5 treat$ x ) e!r2 ?is latt] decant$ & submitt$ to spontane\s evaporation leaves ! nicot9e4 ,ev]y?+ t5ds to %[ t nicot9e may be detect$ by o!r processes4 ,?us by treat+ ! dige/ive canal ) absolute alcohol1 ) ! addition ( a little soda1 x w\ld be dissolv$1 & by ! reaction ( ! soda1 a soap w\ld be =m$ ) ! fatty matt]1 :i* w\ld set free ! nicot9e2 x w\ld !n only rema9 to di/il x by heat1 aft] hav+ evaporat$ to dryness4 ,p]haps1 also1 x might be sep>at$ by act+ on ! tissues ) pure soda or pota%1 !n evaporat+ to dryness & heat+ x 9 clos$ vessels4 #c4 ,x is suffici5tly easy to prove ! pres5ce ( nicot9e 9 ! liv] & o!r organs aft] x has be5 absorb$4--,9 #ahci :5 ,i _h %[n t poisons aft] hav+ be5 absorb$ might be extract$ f ! organs :]e !y _h be5 c>ri$ ) ! blood1 ,i insi/$ s /rongly on ! necessity ( exam9+ ^! organs ) a view to ! detection ( poisons1 t x has n[ become ! cu/om to proce$ 9 ?is way4 ,h[ (t5 does x happ51 t1 9 consequ5ce ( repeat$ vomit+ & action ( ! b[els1 & also f complete absorption hav+ tak5 place1 !re rema9s no trace ( ! poison 9 ! dige/ive canal8 ,moreov]1 x is evid5t1 t1 9 gett+ ! poison f ! organs to :i* x has be5 c>ri$ by absorption1 we obta91 9 reality1 t portion ( ! poison :i* has be5 ! cause ( dea?1 unless x be %[n t x 0 c>ri$ to ^? organs aft] dea? by absorption4 ,m4 ,/as has con=m$1 mo/ wisely1 to ?is precept4 ,= my "p1 ,i c\ld n1 9 my rese>*es1 neglect ?is important bran* ( ! inve/igation4 ,! liv]s ( ^? animals :i* ,i _h poison$ ) twelve or fifte5 drops ( nicot9e1 :5 submitt$ to "o or o!r ( ! processes ,i h describ$1 furni%$ me ) appreciable quantities ( ?is alkali4 ,i sc>cely obta9$ any f #be ! blood conta9$ 9 ! he>t1 b ,i _h only op]at$ ^u a few grammes4 ,moreov]1 exp]i5ce tea*es t a great numb] ( poisons absorb$ rapidly pass f ! blood into ! organs1 & mo/ especially into ! liv]4 ,x may be readily conceiv$ t ! rese>* = absorb$ nicot9e might be fruitless 9 ^? cases :]e dea? 0 occasion$ by only a few drops ( ?is body2 b !n ! pres5ce ( ! alkali may be detect$ 9 ! dige/ive canal4 ,g5tlem51 aft] results su* z ^? obta9$ by ,m4 ,/as & myself1 society may feel satisfi$4 ,)\t d\bt intellig5t & skilful crim9als1 int5t on puzzl+ ! ,*emi/s1 w sometimes h rec\rse to v active poisons1 b little kn[n to ! community at l>ge1 & difficult to detect2 b sci5ce is on ! al]t to surm\nt all difficulties4 ,p5etrat+ to ! recesses ( our organs1 %e extracts evid5ce ( ! crime1 & furni%es "o ( ! great elem5ts ( conviction aga9/ ! guilty4 ,d we n "k t at ! pres5t "t poison+s by morph9e1 bruc9e1 /ry*n9e1 nicot9e1 conic9e1 hydrocyanic acid1 & _m o!r vegetable sub/ances :i* 7 =m]ly believ$ to be inaccessible to our means ( inve/igation1 may be discov]$ & recognis$ 9 a mann] to be p]fectly *>act]i/ic8 ,dur+ my /ay at ,mons1 & consequ5tly s9ce ! deposit ( ?is memoir1 ,i h _h at my disposal ! complete & rem>kable ,report ( ,m4 ,/as1 & ,i h satisfi$ myself3 #a/4 ,t ?is ,*emi/ has obta9$ nicot9e f ! tongue1 f ! /oma*1 & liquids conta9$ 9 x1 & also f ! liv] & lungs ( ,gu/ave ,f\gnies4 #bndly4 ,t he also obta9$ nicot9e by prop]ly treat+ ! bo>ds ( ! d9+-room :]e ,gu/ave di$1 al?\gh ^! bo>ds _h be5 wa%$ ) w>m wat]1 ) oil1 & ) soap4--,rep]toire de ,ph>macie4 ,! ,c\nt ,hippolyte ,vis>te de ,boc>m confess$ 8 guilt1 & 0 execut$ at ,mons4 #bf ,,on ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,m$ic9al ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid1 ,,( ,,bitt] ,,almond ,,wat]1 ,,& ,,( ,,*]ry ,,laurel ,,wat]4 ,,by ,j4 ,,liebig4 ,liquids :i* conta9 prussic acid1 & are mix$ ) cau/ic pota% ley until !y h a /rong alkal9e reaction1 yield1 on ! gradual addition ( a dilut$ solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 a precipitate1 :i*1 on be+ %ak51 disappe>s to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,alkal9e liquids conta9+ prussic acid1 may also be mix$ ) a few drops ( a solution ( common salt )\t ! production ( any p]man5t precipitate1 until at la/1 on an increas$ addition1 *loride ( silv] falls d[n4 ,?is ph5om5on dep5ds on ! fact t oxide ( silv] & *loride ( silv] are soluble 9 ! g5]at$ cyanide ( potassium1 until !re is f\nd a d\ble salt1 compos$ ( equal equival5ts ( cyanide ( potassium & cyanide ( silv]1 :i* is n decompos$ by an excess ( alkali4 ,liebig's me?od ( e/imat+ ! prussic acid consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( silv] :i* mu/ be add$ to an alkal9e liquid1 conta9+ prussic acid1 until a precipitate appe>s4 ,ea* equival5t ( silv] corresponds to two equival5ts ( prussic acid4 ,hav+ caus$ sev]al exp]im5ts to be made1 :i* prove ! efficacy ( ?is me?od2 & hav+ c>efully obs]v$ t ! pres5ce ( =mic acid & muriatic acid 9 ! prussic acid1 does n int]f]e ) ! correctness ( ?is me?od1 ! au?or gives ! foll[+ directions = exam9+ diff]5t liquids conta9+ prussic acid3--,! aqua amygdal>um am>um be+ turbid1 mu/ be cl>ifi$ by ! addition ( a kn[n quantity ( wat]3 #fc grs4 ( fus$ nitrate ( silv] are dissolv$ 9 #eicg grs4 ( wat]2 #cjj grs4 ( ?is liquid corresponds to #a gr4 ( anhydr\s prussic acid4 ,be=e apply+ ! te/1 ! vessel ) ! solution ( silv] is to be weigh$1 & ( ! latt] s mu* is add$ to a weigh$ quantity 7e4g4 #fj grs47 ( prussic acid1 mix$ ) a small portion ( pota% ley & a few drops ( a solution ( common salt1 %ak+ x 9 a common :ite m$ic9e glass until a p]ceptible turbidness takes place1 & does n disappe> on %ak+4 ,! solution ( silv] is n[ aga9 to be weigh$2 & suppos+ #cfj grs4 are f\nd to h be5 employ$ = ! te/1 ! #fj grs4 ( ! te/$ prussic acid conta9 #a1bj grs4 anhydr\s prussic acid1 or #ajj grs4 conta9 two gra9s4 #bg ,aqua lauroc]asi1 :i* ! au?or exam9$1 conta9$ 9 "o litre1 "o decigram1 & ! same quantity ( aqua amygdal4 am>4 #ge decigrammes ( anhydr\s prussic acid4--7,9 ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 f ,ann4 de ,*em4 ,u4 ,ph>m4 ,bd4 lxxvii47 ,,! ,,ph>macop,,ia ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,by au?ority ( ! ,national ,conv5tion1 held at ,wa%+ton ,a4 ,d4 #ahej4 ,philadelphia3 ,lipp9cott1 ,grambo ,co4 #ahea4 ,! appe>ance ( a new edition ( ! ,ph>macopia is to ! apo!c>y always a matt] ( high int]e/2 to x he looks = ! recogniz$ improvem5ts 9 ! v>i\s processes :i* he has con/antly to p]=m2 by x ess5tially he is to be guid$ 9 all ! (fic9al prep>ations :i* he makes2 & f x he le>ns :at new articles1 by _! intr9sic m]its & ?r\gh ! vogue !y h obta9$1 are deem$ ( suffici5t importance to be recogniz$ (fic9ally z additions to ! mat]ia m$ica4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! new ,ph>macopia is ! same z t ( #ahdj4 ,ow+ to ! wise pr9ciples :i* gov]n$ ! e>li] fram]s ( ! ,ph>macopia--?\gh1 f ! progress ( botanical sci5ce1 ! sci5tific names ( ! plants to :i* _m ( ! articles ( ! vegetable mat]ia m$ics are ref]r$1 h be5 *ang$1 & ) improvem5ts 9 *emi/ry1 ! nom5clature ( sev]al salts has be5 alt]$--?is has l$ to little alt]ation 9 ! designations employ$ 9 ! ,ph>macopia4 ,assaftida is n[ ref]r$ to ,n>!x ,assafetida1 in/ead ( ,f]ula ,a42 ,diosma is1 aft] ! ,ed9burgh ,ph>macopia1 t]m$ ,b>osma2 ,camphor to ,camphora (fic9>um2 ,c>damom to ,elett>ia ,c>damomum2 ,c9*ona flava to ,c4 calisaya2 ,c9*ona pallida to ,c4 condam9ea & ,c4 micran?a1 :ile ! s\rce ( ,c9*ona rubra is n yet indicat$4 ,colocyn? is n[ t]m$ ! fruit ( ,citrullus colocyn?is2 k9o is said to be ! inspissat$ juice ( ,pt]oc>pus m>supium1 & ( o!r plants2 quassia is ref]r$ to ,sim>uba excelsa1 & uva ursi to ,arto/aphylos uva-ursi4 ,( ! names ( ! articles ( ! mat]ia m$ica1 z 0 be=e /at$1 v few are *ang$4 ,myroxylon1 ( ! old ,ph>macopia1 is n[ ,balsamum ,p]uvianum1 ,tolutanum1 ,balsamum ,tolutanum2 ,diosma1 #bh aft] ! ,ed9burgh ,ph>macopia1 is n[ ,bu*u2 ,z9ci c>bonas is *ang$ to ! old "n1 calam9a2 iod9um1 foll[+ ! ,briti% ,ph>macopias1 is iod9ium1 & brom9um1 brom9ium4 ,port w9e has be5 introduc$1 & consequ5tly1 in/ead ( ! ,v9um ( #ahdj1 we h n[ ,v9um ,album1 ,%]ry1 & ,v9um ,rubrum1 ,port ,w9e4 ,! second>y li/ ( ! mat]ia m$ica1 a peculi>ity ( our national ph>macopia1 is /ill reta9$1 to :at good purpose x is h>d to und]/&4 ,! fram]s ( ! book /ate t 8x has ! advantage ( p]mitt+ a discrim9ation betwe5 m$ic9es ( ackn[l$g$ value & o!rs ( less e/imation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may /ill h claims to notice40 ,! advantage is n a v evid5t "o4 ,! di/9ction t is attempt$ is v difficult to make satisfactorily2 x w v>y ) individuals1 &1 we fancy1 too1 ) ! place at :i* x is made4 ,c]ta9ly few 9 ,new ,york w\ld put ,ango/ura b>k ) ,horsem9t 7,mon>da71 & ,que5's root 7,/ill+ia7 9 ! prim>y li/2 :ile ,apocynum cannab9um1 "o ( ! mo/ active ( our diuretics1 & ,malef]n1 9 tape-worm1 "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9 an!lm9tics1 are exil$ to ! second>y4 ,if popul>1 in/ead ( pr(essional reputation1 is to be ! crit]ion1 are n ,arnica1 & ,matric>ia1 & ,b5ne leaves1 & horeh\nd1 q z well entitl$ to a place 9 ! prim>y li/ z _m ( ! articles t n[ figure !re8 ,& are !re n tw5ty simples 9 use among ! old wom5 ( ! c\ntry t des]ve a place 9 ! national ,ph>macopia z well z may we$1 & fro/ wort1 & fev] root8 ,?\gh1 too1 new articles %\ld n readily be admitt$ until "t has fix$ _! value1 we %\ld l to h se5 "s notice ( ,matico & ( ! salts ( ,val]ianic acid4 ,we are sorry1 too1 to see ! old def9ition ( rhub>b /ill adh]$ to2 8! root ( ,rheum palmatum & ( o!r species ( ,rheum20 t ( ! ,ed9burgh ,ph>macopia1 8! root ( an unkn[n species ( ,rheum10 ?us r5d]+ ! ,russian or ,*9ese rhub>b alone (fic9al1 is v mu* pref]able4 ,( ! sub/ances introduc$ into ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 ! *ief are ,aconite root 7aconiti radix71 ,extractum cannabis 7extract ( hemp71 ,oleum morrhu 7cod liv] oil71 ,oleum amygdal am> 7oil ( bitt] almonds71 & ,potass *loras 7*lorate ( potassa74 ,by ,arnica 9 ! la/ ,ph>macopia 0 und]/ood ! root & h]b ( ,arnica montana2 = ^!1 9 ! pres5t--! "n rema9+ un*ang$--! fl[]s are sub/itut$4 ,! additions to ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica h be5 made ) judgm5t1 & c]ta9ly no?+ has be5 admitt$ ) ! exception p]haps ( #bi ,helian!mum 7,fro/wort71 ( d\btful utility1 or t has n = "s "t be5 submitt$ to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,! prep>ations introduc$ are all famili> to ! ph>maceuti/1 & h = a long "t be5 kept 9 mo/ good %ops4 ,x is s+ul> t 9 ! la/ ,ph>macopia1 by nitrate ( silv] 0 und]/ood ! fus$ nitrate4 ,?is ov]sight has be5 correct$1 & by ,arg5ti nitras n[ is und]/ood ! salt 9 cry/als1 :ile ! common lun> cau/ic is ,arg5ti nitras fusa4 ,among ! new prep>ations are ! active pr9ciples ( ,aconitum ,napellus 7,aconitia71 ,oxide ( ,silv]1 ,iodide ( ,ars5ic1 ,*lor(orm1 ,collodion1 a numb] ( fluid extracts1 ,citrate ( ,iron1 ,glyc]9e1 ,solution ( ,citrate ( ,magnesia1 ! oils ( ,copaiba1 ,tobacco1 & ,val]ian1 ,iodide ( ,lead1 ,potassa cum calce1 ,bromide ( ,potassium1 ,syrup ( ,wild ,*]ry b>k--( gum--& ,t9ctures ( ,aconite root1 ,k9o1 & ,nux ,vomica1 & comp\nd t9cture ( ,c>damom4 ,! ,iron by hydrog51 z x has be5 sometimes r awkw>dly t]m$1 ! ,f] rduit ( ! ,fr5*1 aft] ! ,briti% ,ph>macopias1 is t]m$ ,f]ri pulvis1 p[d] ( iron4 ,s\beiran's =mula = ! prep>ation ( ,donovan's ,liquor 7,liquor ,ars5ici et ,hydr>gyri ,iodidi7 is giv5 z mu* simpl] & ( easi] prep>ation ?an ! orig9al =mula ( ,donovan2 !re is1 too1 a good =mula = ! extemporane\s prep>ations ( pills ( iodide ( iron4 ,! solution ( ! ,p]sesqu9itrate ( ,iron1 z x has be5 sometimes t]m$1 appe>s z solution ( ,nitrate ( ,iron2 x is a prep>ation t soon becomes alt]$ by keep+4 ,t9cture ( ,aconite root is direct$ to be made by mac]at+ a p\nd ( bruis$ ,aconite root = f\rte5 days ) two p9ts ( alcohol1 express+ & filt]+4 ,a process by p]colation is also giv54 ,?is is weak] ?an ! t9cture ( ei!r ( ! ,briti% ,ph>macopias1 & weak]1 we believe1 ?an ! t9cture ord9>ily employ$ "h4 ,z an ext]nal application1 = :i* x is *iefly us$1 ?is is a great disadvantage1 & :5 adm9i/]$ int]nally1 ! v>y+ /r5g? ( a m$ic9e s p[]ful w be att5d$ ) s]i\s evils4 ,! old =mul = ! prep>ation ( ! alcoholic extract ( aconite & ( ! extractum aconiti 7express$ juice71 are reta9$1 bo? be+ made f ! leaves4 ,! extracts :5 ?us made1 ev5 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 are = ! mo/ "p in]t4 ,no =mula is giv5 = ! prep>ation ( an alcoholic extract f ! root4 ,!re are ?ree new prep>ations among ! o9tm5ts3--,ungu5tum ,belladonn1 ,potassii ,iodidi1 & ,sulphuris ,iodidi4 ,! o9tm5t ( ,iodide #cj ( ,potassium is direct$ to be made by dissolv+ a dra*m ( ! iodide 9 a dra*m ( boil+ wat]1 & aft]w>ds incorporat+ ! solution ) ! l>d4 ,on ! :ole1 !re is mu* m to praise ?an to f9d fault ) 9 ! ,ph>macopia4 ,^u "s ( ! prep>ations we w h]eaft] f9d fur!r occasion p]haps to comm5t4 ,,ph>maceutical ,,conv5tion4 ,9 pursuance ( a call issu$ by ! ,college ( ,ph>macy ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 a ,committee ( ,delegates f ! diff]5t ,colleges ( ,ph>macy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates assembl$ at ! ,college ,rooms 9 ,new ,york at #e o'clock ,p4 ,m4 on ,w$nesday1 ! #ae? ( ,octob]4 ,delegates f ,philadelphia & ,bo/on 7 9 att5dance4 ,! ,m>yl& ,college 7at ,baltimore7 & ! ,c9c9nati ,college 7 n repres5t$1 al?\gh ,delegates f ea* _h be5 previ\sly report$ to ! ,committee ( ,arrangem5ts 9 ,new ,york4 ,a communication ( "s l5g? 0 receiv$ f ! ,c9c9nati ,delegation4 ,! ,conv5tion 0 organiz$ by ! appo9tm5t ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,ellis ( ,philadelphia z ,*airman1 & ,dr4 ,samuel ,r4 ,philbrick ( ,bo/on z ,secret>y1 pro tem4 ,a ,committee 0 !n appo9t$ by ! nom9ation ( ea* delegation1 consi/+ ( ,messrs4 ,samuel ,m4 ,colcord ( ,bo/on1 ,alfr$ ,b4 ,taylor ( ,philadelphia1 & ,george ,d4 ,cogge%all ( ,new ,york1 to exam9e cr$5tials & nom9ate (fic]s = ! ,conv5tion4 ,! ,committee retir$1 & on _! return report$ ! cr$5tials satisfactory1 & propos$ ,dr4 ,b4 ,gu?rie ( ,new ,york z ,presid5t1 & ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,b4 ,taylor ( ,philadelphia z ,secret>y1 :o 7 unanim\sly confirm$4 ,dr4 ,gu?rie1 on tak+ ! *air1 made a few rem>ks expressive ( 8 s5se ( ! honor conf]r$ by appo9t+ him presid+ (fic] ( ! fir/ ,conv5tion ( ! k9d ev] held 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & explanatory ( ! objects ( ! ,conv5tion1 :i* 7 9 accordance ) ! gr[+ feel+ among/ druggi/s & ph>maceuti/s ( its necessity to e/abli% /&>ds ( ! qualities ( import$ ,drugs & ,m$ic9es = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,inspectors at ! diff]5t ports1 & 9 addition to act ^u su* matt]s ( g5]al int]e/ to ! ,pr(ession z may be pres5t$ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,reports 7 pres5t$ by ! majority 7,messrs4 ,gu?rie & ,cogge%all7 & ! m9ority 7,mr4 ,m]rick7 ( ! ,new ,york delegates1 embody+ _! views ^u ! subject ( /&>ds1 & also 9 reg>d to false drugs :i* %\ld be exclud$4 ,a communication f ! ,c9c9nati ,delegates 0 read1 & ,mr4 ,re/ieaux ( ,bo/on read an int]e/+ /atem5t ( ! work+ ( ! ,drug ,law 9 t city4 #ca ,a g5]al discussion ensu$ ^u v>i\s topics connect$ ) ! bus9ess ( ! ,conv5tion1 & result$ 9 ! appo9tm5t ( a committee1 consi/+ ( ,messrs4 ,proctor ( ,philadelphia1 ,re/ieaux ( ,bo/on1 & ,cogge%all ( ,new ,york1 to consid] ! sev]al communications1 & to arrange ! g5]al plan ( bus9ess1 & report at ! next sitt+4 ,! ,conv5tion !n adj\rn$ to ,?ursday1 at #ab o'clock4 ,second sitt+1 ,oct4 #af?4--,! ,conv5tion met at #ab o'clock4 ,! ,committee appo9t$ ye/]day made a report1 review+ ! num]\s propositions pres5t$ by ! diff]5t ,colleges1 & submitt+ a g5]al sy/em = regulat+ /&>ds1 :i*1 9 _! judgm5t1 %\ld prevail uni=mly at ! ports ( entry1 ) num]\s specifications ( prom95t articles to :i* _! att5tion 0 call$ by _! importance1 & ! difficulty t has be5 sometimes f\nd 9 decid+ ^u !m4 ,! report 0 consid]$ 9 sections 9 a l5g?y & v int]e/+ discussion1 9 :i* ! memb]s g5]ally p>ticipat$4 ,) "s am5dm5ts x 0 adopt$4 ,! ,committee also (f]$ ! foll[+ preamble & resolutions1 :i* 7 adopt$1 viz4 ,,:]eas1 ,! advancem5t ( ! true int]e/s ( ! great body ( ,ph>maceutical practition]s 9 all sections ( our c\ntry is a subject wor?y e>ne/ consid]ation2 & :]eas ,ph>maceuti/s1 9 _! int]c\rse among !mselves1 ) physicians & ! public1 %\ld be gov]n$ by a code ( e?ics calculat$ to elevate ! /&>d & improve ! practice ( _! art2 & :]eas1 ! means ( a regul> ph>maceutical education %\ld be (f]$ to ! ris+ ,ph>maceuti/s by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,s*ools ( ,ph>macy 9 suitable locations2 & :]eas1 x is greatly to be desir$ t ! unit$ action ( ! pr(ession %\ld be direct$ to ! accompli%m5t ( ^! objects2 !re=e1 ,resolv$1 ,t1 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,conv5tion1 mu* good w result f a m ext5d$ int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,ph>maceuti/s ( ! sev]al sections ( ! ,union1 by :i* _! cu/oms & practice may be assimilat$2 t ,ph>maceuti/s w\ld promote _! individual int]e/s & advance _! pr(essional /&+ by =m+ associations = mutual protection1 & ! education ( _! assi/ants1 :5 su* associations h become suffici5tly matur$2 & t1 9 view ( ^! important ends1 x is fur!r ,resolv$1 ,t a ,conv5tion be call$1 consi/+ ( ?ree delegates ea* f incorporat$ & un9corporat$ ,ph>maceutical ,societies1 to meet at ,philadelphia on ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,octob]1 #aheb1 :5 all ! important que/ions be>+ on ! pr(ession may be consid]$1 & measures adopt$ = ! organization ( a ,national ,association1 to meet e ye>4 ,on motion1 x 0 resolv$ t ! ,new ,york ,delegation be appo9t$ a ,committee to lay ! proce$+s ( ?is ,conv5tion be=e ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & aft]w>ds h !m publi%$ 9 pamphlet =m4 ,dr4 ,philbrick ( ,bo/on (f]$ ! foll[+ preamble & resolution1 :i* 7 adopt$3 #cb ,,:]eas1 ,to secure ! full b5efits ( ! prohibition ( sophi/icat$ drugs & *emicals f abroad1 x is necess>y to prev5t home adult]ation2 !re=e1 ,resolv$1 ,t ?is ,conv5tion recomm5d to ! sev]al ,colleges to adopt su* measures z 9 _! respective /ates may be be/ calculat$ to secure t object4 ,on motion ( ,mr4 ,colcord ( ,bo/on1 x 0 ,resolv$1 ,t a committee ( ?ree be appo9t$ by ?is ,conv5tion to act z a ,/&+ ,committee to collect & receive su* in=mation z may be valuable1 & memorials & sugge/ions f any ,m$ical & ,ph>maceutical ,association1 to be pres5t$ at ! next ,conv5tion4 ,! ,presid5t appo9t$ ,g4 ,d4 ,cogge%all ( ,new ,york1 ,s4 ,m4 ,colcord ( ,bo/on1 & ,w4 ,proctor1 ,jr41 ( ,philadelphia1 z ! ,committee4 ,a vote ( ?anks to ! (fic]s 0 pass$1 & !n ! ,conv5tion adj\rn$1 to meet 9 ,philadelphia on ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,octob]1 #aheb4 ,! foll[+ circul> lett] has s9ce be5 issu$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,conv5tion1 & address$ to ! lead+ ,ph>maceuti/s ?r\gh\t ! ,union3 ,,new ,,york1 ,novemb] #be1 #ahea4 ,,sir3--,at a meet+ ( ,delegates f ! ,colleges ( ,ph>macy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 held 9 ?is city on ! #ae? ( ,octob]1 #ahea1 ! foll[+ preamble & resolutions1 explanatory ( !mselves1 0 (f]$1 &1 aft] a free & full discussion1 unanim\sly adopt$3 ,"h foll[ ! preamble & resolutions introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,proctor1 ,re/ieaux1 & ,cogge%all4 ,! objects set =? 9 ! above1 ,i tru/1 w meet ! he>ty approbation ( y\rself & ! apo!c>ies ( y\r place1 & lead to ! =mation 7if n already 9 exi/5ce7 ( su* an ,association z w co-op]ate 9 ! fur!rance ( ! propos$ association4 ,our m$ical bre?r5 h1 z y are d\btless aw>e1 an organization1 simil> 9 "*1 hold+ its sessions annually1 9 :i* all matt]s p]ta9+ to _! pr(ession are fully discuss$--! b5eficial effects ( :i* are already app>5t1 ?\gh ! association has be5 9 exi/5ce b a few ye>s4 ,!y _c give to ! subject ( ,ph>macy ! att5tion x requires & des]ves1 nei!r is x a matt] legitimately fall+ "u _! cognizance1 b belongs to ,ph>maceuti/s !mselves4 ,! m$ical pr(ession & ! community at l>ge rightfully look to u = ! correction ( any exi/+ abuses1 ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ce1 & ! elevation ( ! bus9ess ( an apo!c>y to ! dignity & /&+ ( a pr(ession4 ,to ?is end we invite y to ! =mation ( su* ,associations1 9 view ( ! ,conv5tion1 to be held 9 ,philadelphia1 on ! fir/ ,w$nesday ( ,octob]1 #aheb4 ,communications int5d$ = said ,conv5tion may be address$ to ,william ,proctor1 ,jr41 ,philadelphia1 ,george ,d4 ,cogge%all1 ,new ,york1 or ,s4 ,m4 ,colcord1 ,bo/on4 ,any communication t\*+ ! subject ( ! above lett] w be *e]fully respond$ to by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,gu?rie1 ,m4 ,d41 ,presid5t ,conv5tion ( ,colleges ( ,ph>macy4 #cc ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,febru>y1 #aheb4 ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,pure ,,hydrate ,,( ,,pota% ,,& ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,pota%4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,wurtz1 ,a4 ,m4 ,9 prep>+ pure pota% comp\nds1 x is highly necess>y1 especially 9 ord] to avoid ! possibility ( ! pres5ce ( soda1 to select1 z a />t+ po9t1 "s comp\nd ( pota% :i* diff]s consid]ably 9 solubility f ! correspond+ soda comp\nd4 ,ei!r ! bit>trate or ! sulphate1 !re=e1 is usually pref]r$4 ,! bit>trate is ignit$2 ! c>bonace\s mass1 wa%$ ) wat]1 & ! solution ( c>bonate ( pota%1 ?us obta9$1 dilut$ & boil$ ) slack lime1 9 ! usual way1 9 an iron kettle2 ! solution ( hydrate ( pota%1 ?us obta9$1 is boil$ to dryness1 & ! alcoholic solution ( ! residue evaporat$ 9 silv] di%es1 to obta9 :at is d5om9at$ alcoholic pota%4 ,?is product %\ld be1 & mo/ usually is1 entirely free f sulphate ( pota% & *loride ( potassium1 s9ce x is easy to cry/allize ! bit>trate free f ^! salts4 ,b an almo/ inv>iable accompanim5t ( ?is alcoholic pota% is a trace ( silicate ( pota%4 ,! solution may assume no cl\d9ess on ! addition ( solution ( *lorohydrate ( ammonia1 or ^u addition ( an excess ( *lorohydric acid1 & aft]w>ds an excess ( ammonia2 b on add+ excess ( *lorohydric acid1 & evaporation to dryness 9 a plat9um #cd capsule1 ! aque\s solution ( ! residue w be f\nd to h flakes ( silica float+ 9 x4 ,v few specim5s t ,i h met ) h /ood ?is te/4 ,x is to be inf]r$ t ! soluble silicates ( pota% are n :olly insoluble 9 alcohol2 b a "q arises conc]n+ ! s\rce f :5ce ! silica is s frequ5tly d]iv$4 ,x may be f ! lime us$1 9 "s cases1 or f silicium conta9$ 9 ! iron ( ! kettles employ$4 ,i am enabl$ to /ate1 9 addition1 t ( _m specim5s ( comm]cial c>bonate ( pota% :i* ,i h exam9$1 "s ( :i* purport$ to h be5 prep>$ f cream ( t>t> by ! me?od above allud$ to1 none h be5 f\nd entirely free f silica4 ,i h ev5 f\nd traces ( ?is impurity 9 cry/als ( comm]cial bic>bonate ( pota%4 ,?is con/ant contam9ation ( pota%1 & c>bonate ( pota% ) silica1 be+ a v important matt] 9 consid]ation ( ! frequ5t use ( ^! two sub/ances 9 *emical analysis1 ,i h be5 induc$ to devise a means ( sep>at+ ! silica f ! c>bonate4 ,?is ,i h accompli%$ by ! use ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,an aque\s solution ( ! c>bonate :i* is to be fre$ f silica is evaporat$ to dryness on ! s& ba? 7be/ 9 a %eet iron di%71 add+ f "t to "t lumps ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,! silicate is ?us conv]t$ into c>bonate1 & on dissolv+ ! residue ( ! evaporation 9 wat]1 ! silica appe>s 9 ! =m ( flakes float+ 9 ! liquid1 & may be sep>at$ by filtration4 ,?is solution ( c>bonate ( pota%1 free f silica1 may n[ be us$ = ! prep>ation ( pure hydrate ( pota%1 tak+ c>e to use lime :i* is also free f silica4 ,i may "h introduce a few words ) reg>d to ! pres]vation ( hydrate ( pota% = use 9 analysis4 ,its pres]vation 9 ! solid =m is evid5tly no difficult matt]2 b :5 we attempt to keep ! solution 9 glass bottles = ! sake ( conv5i5ce 9 us+ x z a re-ag5t1 we g5]ally f9d t x v soon takes up silica f ! glass4 ,i h f\nd1 h[ev]1 t fl9t glass bottles w pres]ve su* a solution mu* #ce long] ?an any o!r1 lead glass n be+ easily act$ ^u1 probably because x conta9s v mu* less silica4 ,x might n be useless to make a trial ( bottles made ( ?9 s(t iron1 or %eet iron1 = ?is purpose2 b x is probable t pure silv] is ! true mat]ial = bottles1 9 :i* solution ( pota% is to be pres]v$4 ,a v ?9 %ell ( silv] might fir/ be made1 & aft]w>ds /r5g!n$ by coat+ x ?ickly ) galvanic copp]4 ,! ease ) :i* sulphate ( pota% c be obta9$1 9 a /ate ( purity1 has long ago sugge/$ its use z a mat]ial f :i* to prep>e pure pota%4 ,s*ub]t#f propos$ to treat pulv]iz$ pure sulphate ( pota% ) a conc5trat$ solution ( pure b>yta1 ! latt] some:at 9 excess1 & dur+ ! evaporation ( ! solution ( hydrate ( pota%1 ?us obta9$1 ! excess ( ! b>yta is precipitat$ by ! c>bonic acid ( ! air4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be v exp5sive process4 ,i h devis$ ano!r me?od ( treat+ pure sulphate ( pota% s z to obta9 pure hydrate ( pota% !refrom2 x consi/s m]ely 9 op]at+ ^u ! sulphate ( pota% 9 a mann] simil> to t 9 :i* sulphate ( b>yta is op]at$ ^u to procure hydrate ( b>yta1 t is 9 conv]t+ ! sulphate into sulphide by ! conjo9$ application ( a r$uc+ ag5t & a r$ heat1 & to decompose ! aque\s solution ( ! sulphide by ! action ( an oxide ( a metal ^: sulphide is insoluble1 su* z oxide ( iron 7871 oxide ( copp] or deutoxide ( manganese4 ,i use z a r$uc+ ag5t1 in/ead ( *>coal1 oil1 ros91 etc41 coal gas4 ,?is application ( coal gas 0 propos$ by ,dr4 ,wolcott ,gibbs4 ,if x is f\nd t ! decomposition is n p]fect1 & t ! solution ( sulphide ( potassium conta9s "s sulphate ( pota%1 or if a little sulphate is =m$ 9 ! solution by oxidation1 x is remov$ by ! introduction ( a little solution ( b>yta1 accord+ to ! me?od ( ,s*ub]t4 ,i am n yet prep>$1 h[ev]1 to give ! details ( ?is me?od4 #f ,erd4 und ,m>4 ,j\r4 #bf1 #aag4 #cf ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,*emically ,,pure ,,hydrate ,,& ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,soda4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,wurtz1 ,a4 ,m4 ,! rem>ks made 9 ! la/ article ) ref]5ce to ! pres5ce ( silica 9 alcoholic pota%1 apply also1 ?\gh n s g5]ally1 to comm]cial alcoholic soda4 ,few specim5s ( ?is product are met ) :i* are s free f silica t x _c be detect$ by saturation ) *lorohydric acid1 evaporation to dryness 9 a plat9um vessel1 & r$issolution 9 wat]4 ,:atev] may be ! orig9 ( ! silica 9 ?is case1 x is v (t5 pres5t4 ,i h select$1 z ! mo/ conv5i5t sub/ance f :i* to prep>e pure hydrate & c>bonate ( soda1 a product :i* occurs v abundantly 9 comm]ce "u ! "n ( 8c>bonate ( soda40 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a v f9e :ite p[d]1 & on exam9ation turns out to be ! ord9>y monohydrat$ bic>bonate ( soda4 ,na,o1 #b ,c4,o#b ,h4,o4 ,=1 ^u ignition1 #g4gef grns4 lo/1 #b4geie grns4 ( c>bonic acid & wat]1 :i* is equal to #ce4fj p] c5t42 bic>bonate ( soda %\ld lose #cf4hh p] c5t4 ,x may be m5tion$1 9 ?is connection1 t a prep>ation s5t ov] "h by ,button1 a ,london ,ph>maceuti/1 "u ! appellation ( 8,*emically ,pure ,c>bonate ( ,soda10 ^u exam9ation turn$ out to be also bic>bonate4 #b4cbd grns4 lo/ by ignition2 #j4hde grn4 #cf4de p] c5t4 ,! comm]cial bic>bonate above m5tion$1 conta9s1 ( c\rse1 all ! impurities ( ! c>bonate f :i* x is made1 ?is be+ an inevitable consequ5ce ( ! me?od by :i* x is manufactur$1 :i*1 z describ$ 9 ,knapp's ,*emical ,te*nology1 is simply to expose comm]cial cry/als ( c>bonate ( soda to ! action ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* x takes up to ! ext5t ( "o equival5t1 fall+ into a f9e p[d]1 ) evolution ( heat & loss ( wat] ( cry/allization4 ,^! impurities1 9 ! case ( ! specim5 op]at$ ^u by #cg me1 71 besides consid]able silica1 sulphate ( soda1 *loride ( sodium1 a trace ( phosphoric acid detect$ by monohydrate ( ammonia1 & a little organic matt] :i* imp>t$ to ! mass a soapy smell4 ,! sulphate1 phosphate & *loride are easily remov$ by wa%+ ) wat] by decantation1 ) a loss1 h[ev]1 ( at lea/ "o half ( ! mat]ial4 ,:5 ! wa%+s1 aft] addition ( excess ( nitric acid1 no long] react ) nitrate ( silv]1 or ) *loride ( b>ium1 ! mass is introduc$ into porcela9 di%es1 & dri$ on ! s& ba?2 :5 dry x is expos$ to a high s& ba? heat1 ?\gh n to a r$ heat1 = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,by ?is treatm5t1 n only are "o equival5t ( c>bonic acid1 & "o equival5t ( wat] expell$1 b ! great] "p or ! :ole ( ! silicate is decompos$ & conv]t$ into c>bonate1 s t a solution ( ! mass 9 wat] w n[ be f\nd full ( flakes ( silica4 ,! filt]$ solution %\ld n[ be te/$ = silica1 & if n yet entirely free f x1 mu/ be evaporat$ aga9 to dryness1 ) addition ( lumps ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 exactly z propos$ by me1 9 ! la/ article1 to sep>ate silica f c>bonate ( pota%4 ,! residue ( ?is la/ evaporation1 on solution 9 wat]1 filtration & evaporation 9 plat9um1 silv]1 or ev5 clean %eet iron 7nev] 9 glass or porcela97 di%es1 w give pure c>bonate ( soda1 f :i* may be prep>$ ! pure hydrate ( soda1 obs]v+ ! precaution ( us+ lime :i* is free f silica4 #ch ,,rem>ks ,,^u ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,prep>ations ,,( ,,! ,,ph>macop,,ia ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahea4 ,,by ,,george ,d4 ,,cogge%all4 ,! ,ph>macopia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is1 or %\ld be1 to ! ,ph>maceuti/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 8 text book & /&>d4 ,9 mak+ its prep>ations he %\ld n v>y f ! lett] ( its directions1 unless a *ange ( process effects a quick]1 m uni=m1 or m elegant result2 9 reg>d to /r5g? he %\ld n v>y at all1 except ^u di/9ct und]/&+ ) ! physician prescrib+1 or ) 8 cu/om]4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t p]fect con=mity ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) our ,national ,ph>macopia %\ld n prevail1 s t our citiz5s1 travel+ or remov+ ) prescriptions1 or copies ( !m1 might n be subject$ to inconv5i5t1 & ev5 9 "s cases to dang]\s alt]ations1 impair+ confid5ce 9 ! m$ic9e reli$ ^u1 or involv+ ! safety ( ! pati5t 9 us+ x4 ,) ^! important consid]ations 9 view1 ! apo!c>y %\ld1 z f> z circum/ances p]mit1 con=m /rictly to ! ackn[l$g$ /&>d1 giv+ up 8 own op9ions1 if ne$ be1 = ! g5]al good4 ,b /rict adh]5ce to ! =mul ( our ,ph>macopia seems n to be practicable 9 all cases1 9 all localities4 ,:5 !re is su* div]sity ( practice 9 ! ,city ( ,philadelphia & 9 ,new ,york1 )9 five h\rs ( ea* o!r1 ) int]communication five times a day1 9 ea* ( :i* ! =mation & subsequ5t revisions ( ! ,ph>macopia h be5 ( su* especial int]e/ & att5tion1 h[ c x be expect$ t 9 our widely ext5d$ c\ntry1 9 communities div]sifi$ almo/ z mu* z ^? ( diff]5t nations1 ) _m local habits1 set by "t & _m prejudices1 a full & uni=m compliance ) ! (ficial /&>d %\ld prevail4 ,9 ,new ,york x w\ld disappo9t ! physician to put ss ( ! (fic9al ,solution ( ,sulphate ( ,morphia into a #ci prescription ( iv c\gh mixture1 z mu*1 if n z unpleasantly1 z x w\ld ! ,philadelphia physician = "o ( our bre?r5 9 t city to put j ( ,maj5die's /r5g? into a mixture ( ! same bulk4 ,9 ,new ,york ! orig9al /r5g? ( ?is solution has ev] be5 pres]v$1 not)/&+ ! *ange made (fic9al 9 ?ree editions ( our ,ph>macopia1 & x is g5]ally und]/ood & us$ accord+ly4 ,) u ! *ange has be5 remon/rat$ aga9/1 z unnecess>y1 because ! dose c be z easily regulat$ z t ( ,f[l]'s1 or ,donovan's1 or ,lugol's solution1 ! t9ctures ( aconite root1 belladonna1 iod9e1 & _m o!r pot5t prep>ations2 x may j z easily be pres]v$ f do+ mis*ief1 & has (t5 ! advantage 9 mixtures ( n displac+ desirable adjuncts ) sup]flu\s wat]4 ,x is true1 t ow+ to ! great diff]5ce 9 /r5g? ( ! solution commonly und]/ood "h1 & t ( ! ,ph>macopia1 our ,college has felt x incumb5t to reque/ physicians to designate ! int5d$ "o1 by affix+ a t]m 79 brackets or o!rwise7 z 8,maj10 or 8,ph4 ,u4,s10 to avoid ! possibility ( miscon/ruction1 except 9 cle> cases z t ( ! mixture above m5tion$2 & t we %\ld n feel ju/ifi$ 9 disp5s+ an ounce ( ,maj5die's solution alone1 7especially if ! prescription 0 = 8,liquor ,morphi1 ,sulphatis0--! (fic9al t]m7 unless ) an und]/&+ ( ! /r5g? want$1 or ( ! use to be made ( x4 ,?is great discrepancy betwe5 :at is ( orig9al & cont9u$ use & :at is (fic9al1 requires wat*fulness1 on our "p1 aga9/ occasional exceptions to ! g5]al prescription ( our physicians1 & 9 putt+ up prescriptions writt5 9 o!r places1 ,philadelphia p>ticul>ly4 ,we mu/ judge ( ! solution requir$1 f ! context4 ,our ,ph>macopia1 9 mo/ ( its =mul1 is und\bt$ly entitl$ to our full respect & adh]5ce1 exhibit+ on ! "p ( ! ,revis+ ,committee1 labori\s rese>* & pati5t adju/m5t ( details4 ,b "s ( !m1 ,i ?9k1 are fairly op5 to criticism & susceptible ( improvem5t4 ,! =mula giv5 = prep>+ 8,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,wat]10 is "o by :i* x #dj may safely be said1 no practical man ev] has made1 or ev] c make1 ! article commonly kn[n z m9]al1 or soda wat]1 ! latt] "n giv5 to x 9 its e>ly manufacture2 :5 a portion ( c>bonate ( soda ent]$ into its composition1 :i* is n[ g5]ally omitt$1 ?\gh ! "n is reta9$ 9 _m places4 ,9 ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 #ahbj1 ! =mula giv5 is z foll[s3 8,take ( wat] any quantity4 ,impregnate x ) ab\t t5 times its volume ( c>bonic acid gas by means ( a =c+ pump40 ,t 01 probably1 ab\t ! /r5g? x 0 usually made at t "t4 ,x is n[1 g5]ally made ab\t "o fif? or "o f\r? /rong]4 ,9 ! revision ( #ahcj1 ! =mula 0 *ang$ z foll[s3 8,by means ( a =c+ pump1 ?r[ into a suitable receiv]1 ne>ly fill$ ) ,wat]1 a quantity ( ,c>bonic ,acid equal to five times ! bulk ( ! ,wat]40 8,c>bonic ,acid is obta9$ f ! ,h>d ,c>bonate ( ,lime by means ( dilute ,sulphuric ,acid40 ,! latt] =mula is repeat$ 9 ! revisions ( #ahdj & #ahej1 sub/itut+ ! t]m 8,m>ble10 = 8,h>d ,c>bonate ( ,lime40 ,! /r5g? 0 alt]$ f 8t5 times0 ( ! fir/ edition to 8five times10 9 #ahcj1 & reit]at$ 9 #ahdj & #ahej4 ,:y8 8,t5 times0 01 p]haps1 suffici5t 9 ! e>ly use ( ?is bev]age1 b 0 h>dly consid]$ /rong en\gh 9 #ahcj1 c]ta9ly 0 n 9 #ahdj1 & has n be5 s9ce4 ,x is difficult to conceive a reason = su* *ange4 ,surely1 x c\ld n h be5 recomm5d$ by practical m52 on ! contr>y x 0 suppos$ to h be5 made by mi/ake or inadv]tance4 ,x is /ill m difficult to f9d a good reason = repeat+ ?is =mula 9 ! revisions ( #ahdj & #ahej4 ,^u ea* ( ! latt] occasions ! ,college ( ,ph>macy1 9 ,new ,york1 remon/rat$ aga9/ x & po9t$ out fully its absurdity4 ,c>bonic ,acid ,wat] ( t /r5g?1 x 0 /at$1 w\ld n be acceptable z a dr9k to any "o famili> ) x1 #da nor refre%+ to ! sick4 ,! =mula 0 also %[n to be defective 9 sev]al ess5tial p>ticul>s1 & :]e x 0 n defective x 0 wrong4 ,b our remon/rance seems n to h be5 v\*saf$ 8ev5 ! cold respect ( a pass+ glance40 ,! =mula is defective 9 n describ+ ! vessel 9 :i* ! prep>ation is to be made4 ,9 o!r processes1 n s mu* involv+ ! safety ( ^? engag$ 9 !m1 ! vessels are specifi$1 z 8glass10 8e>!n10 8iron10 c4 ,9 ?is case x is indisp5sable t ! vessel %\ld be expressly & well adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,x %\ld be ( und\bt$ /r5g? to su/a9 ! pressure1 & x %\ld be ( mat]ial n act$ ^u by ! acid or wat]4 ,^! requisites %\ld n be neglect$4 ,we ne$ n conc]n ourselves mu*1 to be sure1 ab\t 8five times ! bulk10 b to make c>bonic acid wat] ( good quality1 ! 8receiv]0 %\ld be ( suffici5t /r5g? to ensure safety1 & ( int]nal mat]ial to avoid unpleasant or injuri\s contam9ation4 ,copp] f\nta9s1 l9$ ) t91 are mo/ly us$4 ,ca/ iron1 l9$ ) t91 is also us$1 to "s ext5t4 ,s f> ! =mula is defective1--9 ! proportion bo? ( wat] & c>bonic acid x is wrong4 ,! 8suitable receiv]0 %\ld n be 8ne>ly fill$ ) wat]40 ,h[ ne> full t is1 is left to ! *ance ( diff]5t judgm5t 9 diff]5t p]sons2 b if 8ne>ly fill$0 %\ld be und]/ood to mean )9 a p9t1 & =ce en\gh c\ld be appli$1 8! receiv]0 w\ld bur/ be=e ! 8five times0 c\ld be got into x1 ?\gh ! break+ 9 ?is case w\ld n1 probably1 be att5d$ ) dang] to ! op]ator1 because x w\ld be m]ely a dead /ra9 )\t mu* expansive =ce4 ,i d n propose to detail ! process ( mak+ soda or m9]al wat]1 8,c>bonic ,acid ,wat]10 z x is prop]ly call$ 9 ! ,ph>macopia4 ,! m9uti ( its prep>ation may well be left to ! exp]i5ce & practice ( ! op]ator4 ,b ! =mula giv5 9 our /&>d book %\ld n be defective or wrong 9 prom95t pr9ciples1 x %\ld accord ) exp]i5ce & ! improvem5t ( ! times4 ,!re does n appe> to #db be any good reason = alt]+ ! =mula ( #ahbj1 :i* 0 comp>atively 8well en\gh0 to t ( #ahcj1 '#dj & '#ej1 :i* is ( no value4 ,aft] designat+ ! description ( f\nta9 requir$1 s f>1 at lea/1 z reg>ds /r5g? 7:i* ought to be equal to ! pressure ( tw5ty atmosph]es71 & mat]ial1 x %\ld direct x to be suppli$ ) wat] to ! ext5t ( ab\t five sev5?s ( its capacity1 9 ord] to all[ ( due admixture ( gas & wat]1 & ( agitation :i* greatly facilitates x1 & ! =c+ c>bonic acid into x to ! ext5t ( at lea/ twelve times ! bulk ( ! wat]4 ,?irte5 or f\rte5 times is (t5 employ$ = draught1 & sev5te5 or eighte5 times = bottl+4 ,x may be1 z x has be51 said t 8a =mula = ?is prep>ation is n ( great mom5t40 ,x may be s2 x may1 p]haps1 z safely be left to ! skill ( ! manufactur] & ! ta/e ( ! consum]1 z 8,mi/ura ,spiritus ,v9i ,gallici20 b 8if x be wor? do+ at all1 x is wor? do+ well20 if plac$ 9 ! ,ph>macopia1 x %\ld be 9 accordance ) k1 & ! exp]i5ce ( practical m54 ,,! ,,solution ,,( ,,ars5ite ,,( ,,potassa has be5 made by "s ,apo!c>ies1 ) myself1 = sev]al ye>s1 by sub/itut+ #ib grs4 ( bic>bonate ( potassa1 z ! equival5t ( #fd grs4 ( ! c>bonate1 by :i* we feel m confid5t ( obta9+ a def9ite comp\nd ?an by ! employm5t ( ! ,c>bonate1 z g5]ally procur$1 :i* mo/ly conta9s silica & o!r contam9ations4 ,! result+ comp\nd is q satisfactory1 & keeps well4 ,we also omit ! comp\nd _s ( lav5d]1 mak+ up ! measure ( a p9t ) wat]4 ,our object 9 ?is is two-fold4 ,! solution is m p]man5t1 accord+ to our obs]vation1 & ! comp\nd _s ( lav5d] only r5d]s x 7if any?+7 m attractive 9 ta/e & smell1 to *ildr5 & ignorant p]sons4 ,9 mak+ ,,mi/ura ,,f]ri ,,composita1 x is peculi>ly necess>y to proce$ exactly accord+ to rule1 bo? 9 ! ord] ( its compon5ts & 9 ! me?od ( add+ !m1 to produce a correct result4 ,9 ! ,ph>macopia ! six +r$i5ts are set d[n ?us3 #dc 8,take ( ,myrrh a dra*m4 ,c>bonate ( ,potassa tw5ty-five gra9s4 ,sulphate ( ,iron1 9 p[d]1 a scruple4 ,_s ( ,lav5d] half a fluid ounce4 ,sug> a dra*m4 ,rose ,wat] sev5 fluid ounces & a half40 ,we are direct$ to rub ! fir/ ) ! la/1 8& !n mix ) ^!0 ! f\r?1 ! fif?1 ! second1 & 8la/ly10 ! ?ird4 ,9 ! writt5 process = mak+ a mixture1 :i* m ?an mo/ o!rs1 requires exact me?od1 & ! add+ ( ea* ( its num]\s compon5ts 9 its "r ord]1 x w\ld seem to be desirable1 = ! sake ( p]spicuity1 to set !m d[n 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are to be us$4 ,"h we h to *ase ab\t1 =w>ds & backw>ds1 = ! "o want$ next1 & to read ov] & ov] ! directions1 to make sure ( gett+ !m "r2 = few ( u make ?is mixture s (t5 z to be p]fectly famili> ) ! process1 )\t ref]r+ to ! text4 ,x is n less awkw>d 9 ?is case f ! directions *anc+ to be ov] leaf4 ,b ! =mula is o!rwise defective1 ,i ?9k1 n be+ q equal to t ( #ahcj1 9 :i* ! rose wat] & _s ( lav5d] are direct$ to be add$ toge!r4 ,n only %\ld ^! be mix$ be=e us+1 b ! myrrh1 c>bonate ( potassa & sug> %\ld be triturat$ well toge!r1 & rubb$ ) successive portions ( ! mix$ liquids1 effect+ !reby a bett] solution ( ! myrrh4 ,! mixture1 !n complete1 except ! sulphate ( iron1 %\ld be put into ! vial1 & ! salt %\ld1 by all means1 be direct$ to be select$ 9 cle> cry/als1 to avoid any p] salt ( iron2 x %\ld be quickly p[d]$ 9 a clean mort>1 & add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! vial4 ,! result is a blui% color$ mixture1 soon *ang+ to olive gre54 ,if ! sulphate ( iron be n prop]ly select$1 or if x be rubb$ 9 ! mort>1 z inf]r$ f ! =mula1 ! mixture is m or less br[n & proportionably det]iorat$4 ,( c\rse1 we %\ld n 8take sulphate ( iron 9 p[d]40 #dd ,9 giv+ directions = mak+ a comp\nd1 some?+1 c]ta9ly1 is to be expect$ f ! k & skill ( ! manipulator4 ,b ess5tial po9ts %\ld n be left to him1 & a =mula = a mixture1 probably n v (t5 made by ,apo!c>ies ?r\gh\t our c\ntry t[ns1 %\ld be set d[n s cle>ly1 t a p]son compet5t to put up mixtures g5]ally1 c\ld make ?is "o ! fir/ "t he 0 call$ ^u = x1 )\t ne$less p]plexity1 & ) suffici5t detail ( ess5tials to ensure its be+ made correctly4 ,i h be5 frequ5tly told by physicians t1 ev5 "h1 ?is mixture1 requir+ s mu* nicety ( manipulation1 does n appe> to be made "r "o "t 9 t54 ,?is may n be s mu* ! fault ( ! ,apo!c>y z ( 8 guide4 ,he makes ! mixture b seldom1 & if he make x by 8 ,ph>macopia he does n make x z well z x c be made4 ,= conv5i5t use 9 ! %op1 ,i h ! foll[+ process writt5 out3 8,take ( ,myrrh1 ,sug> ea* "o dra*m1 ,c>bonate ( ,potassa tw5ty-five gra9s1 ,triturate toge!r1 & add gradually3 ,rose ,wat] sev5 ounces & a half1 ,_s ( ,lav5d] half an ounce1 mix$4 ,rub ea* portion well toge!r1 p\r into ! vial & add3 ,sulphate ( ,iron "o scruple1 ,to be select$ 9 cle> cry/als1 p[d]$ 9 a clean dry mort>1 & ?r[n 9 p[d] into ! vial2 !n cork1 %ake well1 & cov] ! vial ) buff color$ pap]40 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t if our =mul1 especially ^? t are complicat$1 7 giv5 9 prop] rotation1 plac+ ! compon5t fir/ to be us$1 fir/ 9 ! li/1 ! second next1 & s on1 ) int]m$iate l9es ( direction1 :i* might be 9 small] type or italics1 x w\ld d]ogate no?+ f ! dignity ( ! book1 :ile x w\ld facilitate ! process1 & might sometimes obviate miscon/ruction1 or neglect ( p>ticul>s ess5tial to ! be/ result4 ,! consid]ation ( "s few o!r prep>ations1 ,i mu/ def] to ano!r numb]4 #de ,,lett] ,,on ,,opium1 c4 ,,! foll[+ lett]1 address$ to a ,comm]cial ,h\se 9 ?is ,city1 w be f\nd to communicate "s int]e/+ in=mation4 ,we pr9t x z x is writt54 ,p]haps our read]s may d]ive "s in=mation f ! prices giv52 we c make no?+ ( !m4 ,,con/ant9ople1 ,may #aj1 #ahea4 ,to -------- ,,trie/e1 ,we receiv$ y\r honor$ lett]1 dat$ ,mess9a1 ) great pleasure1 & ha/5 to give y ! in=mation y desire1 hop+ & wi%+ t bo? an agreeable & useful connection may arise f x1 = :i* purpose we %all n fail to give y\r ,h\se direct in=mation1 respect+ ! articles y m5tion4 ,opium is f\nd "h 9 diff]5t qualities1 ! goodness ( :i* *iefly dep5ds on ! consci5ti\sness ( ^? :o prep>e x4 ,! be/ quality com+ f "s di/ricts ( ,asia consi/s ( ! pure juice1 :i* fl[s spontane\sly f ! incisions made 9 ! poppy heads1 is inspissat$ & =m$ into little balls4 ,x has em95tly all ! qualities :i* are requisite 9 good opium1 & conta9s f #h to #aj p] c5t1 & m1 ( morphia4 ,?is sort is ! mo/ 9 reque/ among ! druggi/s 9 ,g]many & ,france1 to be sold by retail to ! apo!c>ies1 b sc>cely =ms ! #h? or #aj? "p ( all ! ,turki% opium :i* comes to ! m>ket4 ,next to ?is is ! ord9>y quality1 com+ f ! o!r prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or2 :]e 9 prep>+ x1 !y are less cauti\s1 p>tly press+ ! poppy heads1 9 ord] to get z mu* juice z possible1 p>tly scrap+ ! juice t has ooz$ out too h>d1 by :i* c]ta9 mucilag9\s p>ts ( ! plant1 & %av+s ( ! r9d get mix$ up ) x2 9 ?is way t k9d ( opium is produc$1 :i* is s (t5 sold1 & at ,trie/e be>s ! "n ( ,t>5se opium4 ,by ?is proce$+1 ( c\rse1 ! morphia is less5$1 & (t5 9 a great degree2 b 9 ! ,*9ese m>ket1 9 proportion to :i*1 ! consumption ( ! article 9 all o!r c\ntries is sc>cely to be reckon$1 little or no reg>d is paid to #df ?is1 :i* expla9s :y ! latt] inf]ior article always br+s ne>ly z high a price z ! =m] pure quality4 ,besides ^!1 sev]al sorts ( adult]at$ opium are sold1 "s ( :i* are prep>$1 7pr9cipally = ! ,nor? ,am]ican m>ket17 by mix+ 9 ! juice ( ! :ole plant1 or o!r sub/ances4--,! diff]5ce ( ! qualities w\ld be be/ p]ceiv$ by a collection ( samples1 :i* we %\ld be glad to s5d y1 if y w\ld tell u :]e to direct !m4 ,! price ( ! a=em5tion$ prime quality1 :i* we call 8,geve10 f ! di/rict :i* *iefly produces x1 is n[ #aj #b_/c;c4 = ! ,engli% p\nd1 free on bo>d4 ,! curr5t second quality1 #aj #a_/c;c4 ,! price ( ! adult]at$ is mu* l[]1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( ! adult]ation2 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ cases1 is n disc]nible by ! ext]ior4 ,! prices are1 ( c\rse1 pr9cipally regulat$ by ! ,*9ese m>ket2 yet ! m or less consid]able crop produc$ is n )\t influ5ce4 ,s especially n[1 ! gr[]s %[ little incl9ation to sell1 z ! new plantations are endang]$ by a cont9ual want ( ra94--,nev]!less1 probably aft] two mon?s1 :5 ! new crop beg9s to come to m>ket1 we may be able to buy *eap] ?an n[1 if ! news f ,*9a %\ld n cause ! price to rise4 ,z reg>ds scammony1 almo/ ev]y?+ t has be5 said respect+ opium is lit]ally applicable4 ,! diff]5ce 9 quality dep5ds ^u ! way ( prep>+ x1 :ile ! plant f :i* x is tak5 is always ! same4 ,! be/ sort is ! pure dri$ juice1 :i* spontane\sly fl[s f ! incisions made 9 ! root ( ! plant2 ! next quality is produc$ by a /rong pressure ( ! root4 ,^! two qualities g 9 comm]ce by ! "n ( ! #a/ & #bnd scammony d',aleppo1 :i* "n1 h[ev]1 is wrong1 z ,aleppo produces ! #a/ quality1 b only 9 a v small quantity1 :il/ ! great] "p comes f sev]al di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,!n foll[s ! s call$ quality ( ,skilip1 a di/rict t produces mu*1 b :]e !y h ! bad habit ( try+ to ga9 9 ! weight1 by adult]at+ ! pure sub/ance4 ,! adult]ation is made 9 sev]al ways2 ! lea/ injuri\s ( :i* p]haps is1 #dg t !y add 7z 9 opium71 ! press$ or boil$ out juice ( ! :ole plant2 ! n inconsid]able quantities ( ?is sort1 :i* are ye>ly br\ght f ! int]ior1 f9d a good sale 9 ,europe1 :i* w\ld h>dly la/1 if a suffici5t quantity ( ! be=e m5tion$ f9] qualities 7 to be _h4 ,besides ^!1 a numb] ( o!r sorts are sold 9 ,europe1 "u ! "n ( ,smyrna scammony1 :i* consi/ ( a h>d & heavy mass1 b conta9 only a v small "p ( ! real scammony4 ,) ?is article x w\ld also be necess>y1 z we said ) ! opium1 to expla9 our /atem5ts by s5d+ y samples1 :i* we w d if y desire x4 ,! f9e/ prime sort is seldom f\nd1 & is n[ entirely want+4 ,x w\ld sell readily at ! rate ( #ba #a_/b;c4 p] p\nd1 ,engli%4 ,! good second quality br+s accord+ to ! sort1 f #ah;c4 to #ae #c_/d;c4 a p\nd1 free on bo>d1 b is also n[ v sc>ce1 & w1 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree mon?s1 be m abundant 9 fre% quality4 ,( ! ,skilip sort1 !re are sev]al quantities 9 ! m>ket1 accord+ to ! quality1 at ! price ( #ac to #ajs4 #aj;d4 an ,engli% p\nd1 free on bo>d4 ,( ! oil ( roses1 !re is1 prop]ly speak+1 only "o g5u9e quality1 ) only little diff]5ce 9 odor1 b ) rem>kable v>iation 9 ! facility ) :i* x congeals1 :i* prop]ty is almo/ g5]ally consid]$ an ess5tial pro( ( its be+ g5u9e1 b )\t reason2 z we h asc]ta9$ by mu* exp]i5ce1 dur+ a long soj\rn 9 ! c\ntry :]e x is produc$4 ,sev]al reasons may contribute to ?is diff]5ce 9 congeal+1 b ! *ief "o may be consid]$1 ! diff]5ce ( soil1 & me?od ( prep>ation4 ,we give our pr9cipal att5tion to ! article1 & h f\nd$ an e/abli%m5t at ,kissanlik1 :]e x is *iefly produc$1 ?r\gh :i* alone we make our pur*ases1 & mu/ d s1 9 ord] to h ! att> g5u9e1 z we h exp]i5c$1 t all ! ess5ce )\t exception t is sold "h1 second h&1 is f> f pure4 ,! common me?od & ! "o n[ almo/ exclusively adopt$ ( adult]at+ x1 ) g]anium ess5ce1 may be kn[n #dh to y1 & t x really is ! mo/ 9 use1 y may conclude1 f ! price ( ! g5u9e article hav+ be5 = a long "t mu* high] at ! places ( production1 ?an ! price ( t :i* is sold z prime 9 ,europe4 ,?is fact has only lately be5 notic$ 9 ,europe1 !re=e 9 ! price curr5t ( ,trie/e1 = in/ance1 y w f9d ! g5u9e article not$1 beside ! prime article1 ) a consid]able diff]5ce ( price4 ,:at at ,london is designat$ z prime quality1 is only a mixture ( #fj to #gj p] c5t4 ess5ce ( rose1 ) #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ess5ce ( g]anium4 ,samples w also prove ?is to y1 m cle>ly4 ,! price ( ! g5u9e att> is1 to-day1 #bb #c_/d;c4 = an ounce1 at #aj dra*ms1 accord+ to :i* ! ,engli% price curr5t may be und]/ood2 9 six or eight weeks aft] ! prep>ation ( ! new crop1 we hope to buy *eap]1 b at :at rate we _c yet judge1 z ?is dep5ds on ! produce ( ! crop4 ,!re is "s *eap] & adult]at$1 & :i* is only b\ght by ignorant p]sons4 ,?is oil comes by c>avans f ! int]ior ( ,asia1 & 9 spite ( all our inquiries1 we c\ld n succe$ 9 gett+ any sure in=mation1 ab\t ! plant :i* produces x1 or ! me?od ( prep>ation4 ,,on ,,*lor(orm ,,z ,a ,,solv5t4 ,,by ,m4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,lepage1 ,,( ,,gisors4 ,hi!rto1 att5tion has be5 ma9ly direct$ to ! manufacture ( *lor(orm1 & ! /udy ( its ane/hetic prop]ties4 ,_m *emi/s1 h[ev]1 h casually notic$ ! p[] x possesses ( dissolv+ ess5tial oils1 fix$ fatty matt]s1 camphor res9s1 7ev5 ^? :i* dissolve ) difficulty 9 alcohol & e!r1 su* z copal res91 = example17 iod9e1 brom9e1 vegetable alkalies1 india rubb] insoluble 9 alcohol1 & b slightly soluble 9 e!r1 &1 f9ally1 gutta p]*a1 insoluble accord+ to ,m4 ,vogel1 9 bo? ^! m5/rua4 #di ,hav+ lately _h occasion to exp]im5t ) *lor(orm1 ^u a v>iety ( sub/ances1 ,i h ?\ght x might be useful1 ) a view to its fur!r application1 to make kn[n ! results obta9$4 #a4 ,res9\s sub/ances1 gum ma/ic1 colophony1 elemi1 balsam ( tolu1 b5zo91 are v soluble cold1 9 all proportions ( *lor(orm & _! solutions 9 ?is liquid =m v>ni%es1 "s ( :i* might1 ,i ?9k1 be usefully appli$1 :5 ! price ( *lor(orm %all be dim9i%$4 ,gum copal & ca\t*\c dissolve equally & almo/ entirely 9 ?is liquid1 b m easily hot ?an cold4 ,amb]1 s&>ac1 & %ellac1 are only p>tially soluble 9 *lor(orm1 :e!r hot or cold4 ,! mixture ( s&>ac & *lor(orm sep>ates into two lay]s2 ! l[] "o :i* holds 9 solution a c]ta9 quantity ( res91 is fluid1 :il/ ! upp] "o is ( a gelat9\s consi/5ce4 ,olibanum dissolves ) difficulty 9 x1 ei!r hot or cold4 ,gum guaiac & scammony res91 dissolve v easily 9 x2 :il/ on ! contr>y1 pure jalap res9 is insoluble2 x becomes s(t by contact ) ! liquid1 & !n floats on ! top1 z a pit* l mass4 ,:5 ! res9 is v pure1 ! l[] lay] ( *lor(orm has an amb] color4 ,gamboge & gum dragon's blood1 also yield "s ( _! sub/ance to *lor(orm4 ,! solution ( gamboge be+ ( a magnific5t gold5 yell[1 & t ( ! dragon's blood ( a beautiful r$1 ^! two sub/ances might be advantage\sly us$ z v>ni%es4 #b4 ,fix$ ,fats4 ,oils ( olive1 illettes1 almond1 ric9us1 cod1 rape1 euphorbia1 la?yris1 croton tiglium1 l>d1 tall[1 ! concrete oils ( palm & cocoa1 sp]maceti1 & probably all ! fix$ fats1 dissolve rem>kably & 9 all proportions 9 *lor(orm4 ,z to wax1 accord+ to ,m4 ,vogel1 six or eight p>ts ( *lor(orm add$ to "o "p ( ?is sub/ance :5 pure1 dissolve only 4#be1 :5ce ?is *emi/ supposes1 t :5ev] wax treat$ ) ?is liquid 9 ! above #ej nam$ proportions1 leaves less ?an 4#ge1 x may be consid]$ z hav+ be5 mix$ ) tall[ or /e>ic acid4 ,i plac$ 9 a small tube1 sev5 grammes ( *lor(orm1 & "o gramme ( pure :ite wax1 %ak+ ! mixture viol5tly1 at ! end ( six or eight h\rs ! piece ( wax _h entirely disappe>$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! tube resembl$ an emulsion4 ,! :ole 0 pass$ ?r\gh a filt] ( ! weight ( "o gramme4 ,a transp>5t liquid pass$1 :i*1 expos$ to spontane\s evaporation1 left a residuum ( pillul> consi/5ce weigh+ tw5ty-five c5tigrammes2 :il/ ! filt] :i* reta9$ ! portion ( undissolv$ wax1 left to ! action ( ! air1 until x no long] lo/ weight1 0 f\nd to weigh "o gramme1 sev5ty-five c5tigrammes4 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t !re=e1 confirms ! /atem5t ( ! le>n$ *emi/ ( ,muni*4 #c4 ,volatile oils4 ,all are soluble 9 *lor(orm4 #d4 ,simple metalloid bodies4 ,we already "k t iod9e & brom9e are soluble 9 *lor(orm1 ,i h fur!r asc]ta9$ t phosphorus & sulphur are slightly s4 #e4 ,imm$iate neutral pr9ciples4 ,/ryac9e1 pip]9e1 naphtal9e1 *ole/]9e1 are v soluble 9 *lor(orm4 ,pricrotox9e1 slightly s4 ,p>af9e w only dissolve :5 w>m1 & on cool+1 aga9 floats on ! top ( ! liquid4 ,amygdal9e1 phloridz9e1 salic9e1 digital9e1 cynis91 urea1 hemat91 glut51 sug>1 c41 are insoluble 9 x4 #f4 ,organic acids4 ,b5zoic & hippuric acids are v soluble 9 *lor(orm4 ,tann9 is b slightly soluble1 t>t>ic1 citric1 oxalic & gallic acids are insoluble 9 x4 #g4 ,organic alkalies4 ,qu99e1 pure v]atr9e1 emet9e & n>cot9e are easily soluble 9 *lor(orm4 ,/ry*n9e dissolves pretty well 9 x1 & ! solution1 ev5 :5 n saturat$ 7"o dcigramme to two grammes ( *lor(orm1 = in/ance17 deposits1 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a numb] ( little tub]culi=m cry/als1 :i* may p]haps be a modification ( ?is alkaloid 7an isom]ic /ate71 = _! solution 9 dilute acids has appe>$ to me less bitt]1 & less easily precipitable by #ea ammonia ?an t ( ord9>y /ry*n9e4 ,bruc9e is also q soluble 9 *lor(orm4 ,morph9e & c9*on9e are insoluble4 #h4 ,salts ( organic acids4 ,t>t> emetic1 ! acetates ( pota% & soda1 lactate ( iron1 citrate ( iron1 val]ianate ( z9c1 & acetate ( lead d n dissolve 9 *lor(orm4 #i4 ,salts ) organic bases4 ,sulphate & hydro*lorate ( /ry*n9e1 are tol]ably soluble 9 *lor(orm1 :il/ sulphate ( qu99e1 hydro*lorate & sulphate ( morph9e are insoluble4 #aj4 ,haloid salts4 ,iodide & bromide ( potassium1 ! *lorides ( sodium1 potassium & ammonia1 ! iodides ( m]cury & lead1 ! yell[ prussiate ( pota%1 ! cyanides ( m]cury & potassium d n dissolve 9 *lor(orm4 ,*loride ( m]cury is v soluble4 #aa4 ,oxysalts4 ,! iodates1 *lorates1 nitrates1 phosphates1 sulphates1 *romates1 borates1 ars5iates & alkal9e hyposulphates are completely insoluble 9 *lor(orm4 ,! same may be said ( nitrate ( silv]1 sulphate ( copp]1 & probably ( all ! metallic oxysalts4 ,! above facts prove3 #a/ ,t *lor(orm dissolves1 ) a v few exceptions1 all bodies soluble 9 e!r2 b z x dissolves copal1 ca\t*\c1 c41 mu* bett] ?an ?is latt] sub/ance1 ?is prop]ty w become s]viceable :5 ! price ( *lor(orm %all be l[]$4 #bnd4 ,t contr>y to :at 0 =m]ly believ$1 x dissolves %ellac mu* less easily ?an alcohol4 #crd4 ,t x may be employ$ in/ead ( e!r1 to sep>ate qu99e f c9*on9e1 n>cot9e f morph9e1 guaiac res9 f jalap res91 :i* sub/ances are (t5 f\nd mix$ toge!r 9 comm]ce4 #d?4 ,t x dissolves 9 l>ge proportions /ry*n9e1 bruc9e1 & emet9e1 alkaloids1 :i* are almo/ insoluble 9 e!r4 #e?4 ,f9ally1 t x does n dissolve t>t>ic1 citric1 oxalic & gallic acids1 amygdal9e1 phloridz9e1 salic9e1 digital9e1 hemat9e1 glut51 c41 all :i* bodies are soluble 9 alcohol1 #eb nor ! *lorides1 bromides1 iodides1 or nitrates1 salts1 all soluble 9 ! same vehicle4 ,i ?9k x "r also to add ! foll[+ obs]vation1 because x t5ds to corroborate a fact rec5tly /at$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,*imie ,mdicale1 by my fri5d & =m] colleague1 ,m4 ,auj5dre1 assay] at ! m9t ( ,con/ant9ople1 namely t *lor(orm possesses antiseptic prop]ties4 ,hav+ accid5tally left 9 a half fill$1 b cork$ bottle1 dur+ a mon? 7f ,april #aj1 to ,may #ab71 9 my laboratory1 :]e ! v>iations ( temp]ature are v frequ5t1 "s milk mix$ ) ab\t a hundr$? "p ( *lor(orm1 ,i 0 r surpris$1 on exam9+ ! milk1 to f9d t x _h pres]v$ ! fluidity & homog5eity ( ! liquid :5 fre%ly drawn1 & t x c\ld ev5 be boil$ )\t turn+4--,j\rnal de ,*imie ,mdicale 9 ,l',abeille ,mdicale4 ,,note4--,*lor(orm w pres]ve ,anatomical & ,pa?ological ,specim5s )\t *ang+ _! color1 or app>5tly _! texture4--,,ed4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,report ,,( ,a ,,jo9t ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,philadelphia ,,c\nty ,,m$ical ,,society ,,& ,,! ,,philadelphia ,,college ,,( ,,ph>macy1 ,,relative ,,to ,,physicians' ,,prescriptions4 7,publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! ,philadelphia ,coll4 ( ,ph>m47 ,! jo9t ,committees ( ! ,philadelphia ,c\nty ,m$ical ,society1 & ( ! ,philadelphia ,college ( ,ph>macy1 appo9t$ = ! purpose ( consid]+ ! means be/ adapt$ to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( mi/akes 9 ! comp\nd+ ( ! prescriptions ( ,physicians by ,apo!c>ies1 beg leave to report t !y h giv5 to ! subject all ! att5tion t its importance dem&s1 & pres5t ! foll[+ h9ts z ! results ( _! jo9t delib]ations4 ,!y h tak5 ! lib]ty ( add+1 also1 a few g5]al h9ts on ! relations t %\ld exi/ betwe5 physicians & ph>maceuti/s4 #ec ,a4 ,9 ,respect to ,physicians4 #a4 ,physicians %\ld write _! prescriptions c>efully & legibly1 mak+ use ( good pap]1 &1 :5ev] possible1 ( p5 & ink4 ,:5 oblig$ to write ) a p5cil1 !y %\ld take ! precaution to fold ! prescription twice1 s z to prev5t its be+ defac$4 #b4 ,! nom5clature ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia is becom+ annually m 9 favor ) ph>maceuti/s2 a /atem5t atte/$ by ! fact t #aejj copies ( ! book ( ,lat9 ,labels = %op furniture1 publi%$ by ! ,philadelphia ,college ( ,ph>macy1 h be5 dispos$ ( )9 ?ree ye>s4 ,physicians are also becom+ m alive to ! m]its ( our national ,codex1 & !y are respectfully urg$ to famili>ize !mselves ) its nom5clature1 & to adh]e to x /rictly 9 _! prescriptions4 #c4 ,! num]\s treatises on ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 ,ph>macy & ! ,practice ( ,m$ic9e1 ( ,engli% orig91 t are repr9t$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 not)/&+ !y are g5]ally int]l>d$ ) ! =mul ( our own ,ph>macopia1 t5d1 nev]!less1 v mu* to confuse ! physician & apo!c>y1 9 ! use & exact mean+ ( t]ms 9 prescriptions4 ,to obviate ! difficulties ?us occasion$1 ! physician %\ld1 :5 he prescribes a m$ic9e1 :i* is n (fic9al1 nor 9 common use1 /ate on 8 prescription1 ei!r 9 a note at ! bottom1 or )9 p>5!sis1 foll[+ ! article1 ! au?ority or "w f :5ce x is d]iv$1 z 8,griffi?'s ,=mul>y10--8,ellis' ,=mul>y10--8,brai?waite's ,retrospect10 etc4 #d4 ,physicians w\ld less5 ! risk ( errors 9 _! prescriptions1 & increase ! *ances ( _! detection %\ld !y be made1 by obs]v+ ! foll[+ h9ts4 #a/4 ,write ! "n ( ! pati5t at ! top ( ! prescription1 unless a good reason prev5ts ?is be+ done2 9 :i* case1 x %\ld be express$ z = ,mr4 ,g--1 ,mrs4 ,r--1 or ,mrs4 ,s4's *ild1 or = ,ma/] ,t--1 s z to convey to ! apo!c>y "s idea ( ! age ( ! pati5t4 #ed #b;d4 ,! date & "n ( ! physician or 8 initials1 %\ld always be app5d$1 &1 :5ev] practical1 ! dose & mode ( adm9i/]+ ! m$ic9e direct$4 #c;d4 ,:5 an unusually l>ge dose ( an active m$ic9e is prescrib$1 z opium1 morphia1 elat]ium1 /ry*nia1 etc41 let su* names be put 9 italics1 & ! quantity or quantities repeat$ 9 writ+ enclos$ )9 a p>5!sis2 ?us3--,r ,morphi ,sulphatis grs4 vj4 7six gra9s47 ,div4 9 *>t4 vj4 #d?4 ,:5 an active sub/ance is to be us$ ext]nally1 x %\ld be s /at$ on ! prescription2 ?us1 8,= ext]nal application0--8,to be appli$ to ! "p z direct$10 etc4 #e?4 ,! quantities ( ea* article %\ld be plac$ 9 a l9e ) ! "n1 & n bel[ x & 9 us+ ! ,roman num]als1 ! i's %\ld be dott$ correctly4 #f?4 ,! occasional practice ( writ+ ! directions int5d$ = ! pati5t 9 lat91 & especially 9 abbreviat$ lat91 is uncall$ =1 & att5d$ ) "s risk2 x is f> saf] to write !m 9 ,engli%1 & )\t abbreviation or ! use ( figures1 unless ^! are well & di/9ctly =m$4 ,b4 ,9 ,respect to ! ,apo!c>y4 #a/4 ,! apo!c>y %\ld hesitate to disp5se a prescription1 ! h&writ+ ( :i* is s imp]fect z to r5d] ! writ]'s mean+ d\btful--especially if x involves ag5ts ( a poison\s or irritat+ "*--unless he is able1 f collat]al circum/ances1 to satisfy himself ( ! int5t ( ! prescrib]4 ,9 su* a case he %\ld delay ! deliv]y ( ! m$ic9e to ! pati5t until he c see ! physician1 & 9 do+ s he %\ld avoid committ+ ! latt]1 by agree+ to s5d ! m$ic9e :5 x is ready4 #b;d4 ,! apo!c>y is ju/ifi$ 9 ! same means ( delay1 if he1 aft] delib]ate consid]ation1 believes t ! physician has inadv]t5tly made a mi/ake 9 ! quantity or dose ( ! article or articles prescrib$2 always keep+ 9 view ! physician's reputation z well z 8 own4 ,e respectful application1 9 su* cases1 to a physician1 %\ld be met 9 good fai? #ee & ) k9d feel+1 ev5 ?\gh no error %\ld prove to exi/4 #c;d4 ,9 8 demeanor & language1 ! apo!c>y %\ld cauti\sly avoid compromis+ ! physician1 unless x be unavoidable1 9 :i* case hone/y is ! be/ policy1 & ! pati5t or 8 mess5g] %\ld be told t x w be necess>y to h an int]view ) ! physician previ\sly to comp\nd+ 8 prescription4 #d?4 ,! apo!c>y is n ju/ifiable 9 mak+ inquiries relative to ! pati5t or 8 disease1 or rem>ks relative to ! "* or prop]ties ( ! m$ic9es prescrib$1 t are uncall$ =1 or likely to convey a wrong impression1 ?r\gh an ignorant mess5g]1 to ! pati5t1 except+ x be done 9 a case :]e he has d\bts 9 reg>d to ! prescription1 & wi%es to satisfy himself1 & "h he %\ld act ) great discreetness4 #e?4 ,:5 an apo!c>y is ask$ 8 op9ion ( a physician's prescription 9 a mann] t indicates want ( fai? 9 ! prescrib]1 he %\ld waive ! "q1 unless by a direct answ] he %\ld be able to re/ore t confid5ce4 ,:5 ask$ ! nature ( ! +r$i5ts1 he %\ld be guid$ 9 8 answ] by circum/ances1 avoid+ to give ! desir$ in=mation1 :5 he believes x w\ld be contr>y to ! wi% ( ! physician1 or att5d$ ) injuri\s consequ5ces4 ,9 o!r cases he %\ld use 8 own judgm5t4 #f?4 ,physicians be+ (t5 unacqua9t$ ) practical ph>macy1 pay little att5tion to ! ord] 9 :i* ! sev]al articles ent]+ into a prescription are arrang$1 ) ! view to facilitate ! op]ations ( disp5s+4 ,x h5ce becomes ! fir/ duty ( ! apo!c>y c>efully to read ! prescription & fix ! prop] ord] 9 8 m9d4 ,he %\ld1 at ! same "t1 acquire ! habit ( consid]+ ! quantities ord]$ 9 relation to ! usual doses1 &1 also1 ! g5]al be>+ ( ! prescription2 & a con/ant resort to ?is practice1 bas$ on due k1 mu/ almo/ inevitably detect mi/akes1 if any h be5 made4 #ef #g?4 ,apo!c>ies %\ld accu/om _! assi/ants to /udy prescriptions 9 ?is light1 & to acquire su* a k ( ! doses & !rapeutical uses ( m$ic9es z %all s]ve to guide !m 9 avoid+ errors4 #h?4 ,! apo!c>y1 :5 engag$ 9 disp5s+ a prescription1 %\ld1 z f> z possible1 avoid m5tal preoccupation1 & give 8 att5tion fully to 8 task4 ,he %\ld acquire ! habit ( always exam9+ ! label ( ! bottle be=e us+ its cont5ts1 & he %\ld satisfy himself t he has read ! prescrib$ quantity correctly1 by ref]r+ to ! prescription anew be=e weigh+ out ea* article4 ,x is also1 a useful precaution to h bottles conta9+ m9]al or vegetable poisons1 di/+ui%$ by "s prom95t m>k4 #i?4 ,z ! consci5ti\s dis*>ge ( 8 duty %\ld be ! aim ( e apo!c>y1 see+ t on 8 correct action dep5ds1 9 no slight degree1 ! usefulness ( ! physician1 no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ to secure ! effici5cy ( ! m$ic9es disp5s$1 :e!r !y be drugs or prep>ations4 ,! latt] %\ld always be prep>$ ( full /r5g?1 & accord+ to ! =mul recogniz$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 unless :5 o!rwise specially ord]$4 #aj?4 ,! apo!c>y %\ld always label1 & numb] correctly1 all m$ic9e disp5s$ by him on ! prescription ( a physician2 he %\ld1 also1 inv>iably1 transcribe on ! label1 9 a pla9 legible h& writ+1 ! "n ( ! pati5t1 ! date ( ! prescription1 ! directions int5d$ = ! pati5t1 & ! "n or ! initials ( ! prescrib]4 #aa?4 ,! orig9al prescription %\ld always be reta9$ by ! apo!c>y1 ^: w>rantee x is1 9 case ( error on ! "p ( ! prescrib]4 ,:5 a copy is reque/$1 if1 z 9 _m in/ances1 no objection c be urg$1 x %\ld be a fac simile 9 language & symbols1 & n a translation4 #ab?4 ,9 no in/ance is an apo!c>y ju/ifiable 9 leav+ 8 bus9ess 9 *>ge ( boys1 or incompet5t assi/ants--or 9 all[+ su* to comp\nd prescriptions1 except+ "u 8 imm$iate & c>eful sup]vision4 #eg #ac?4 ,9 ju/ice to 8 s5se ( ! prop] limits ( 8 vocation1 to ! m$ical pr(ession1 & to 8 cu/om]s1 ! apo!c>y %\ld ab/a9 f prescrib+ = diseases1 except+ 9 ^? em]g5cies1 :i* occasionally occur1 dem&+ imm$iate action1 or1 9 ^? e day unimportant cases :]e to refuse c\ncil w\ld be con/ru$ z a confession ( ignorance1 calculat$ to injure ! reputation ( ! apo!c>y1 & w\ld be att5d$ ) no advantage to ei!r physician or pati5t4 #ad?4 ,! sale ( quack or secret m$ic9es1 prop]ly s call$1 con/itutes a consid]able item 9 ! bus9ess ( "s apo!c>ies4 ,_m ( ! p are favorably impress$ t[>ds t class ( m$ic9es1 & naturally g to _! apo!c>ies = !m4 ,x is ?is :i* has caus$ _m apo!c>ies to keep c]ta9 ( ^! no/rums1 :o are ready & will+ to rel9qui% ! traffic 9 !m1 b = ! (f5ce t a refusal to supply !m to _! cu/om]s w\ld create4 ,at pres5t all t ! be/ dispos$ apo!c>y c be expect$ to d1 is to refra9 f ! manufacture himself1 ( quack & secret m$ic9es2 to ab/a9 f recomm5d+ !m1 ei!r v]bally or by exhibit+ %[ bills1 ann\nc+ !m = sale1 9 8 %op or w9d[s2 & to disc\rage _! use1 :5 appeal$ to4 #ae?4 ,hav+ 9 view ! welf>e ( ! community & ! advancem5t ( ph>maceutic sci5ce & int]e/1 x is all important t ! (fices ( prescrib+ & comp\nd+ m$ic9es %\ld be kept di/9ct1 9 ?is city & surr\nd+ di/ricts4 ,all connection )1 or money$ int]e/ 9 apo!c>y /ores1 on ! "p ( physicians1 %\ld1 !re=e1 be disc\nt5anc$4 ,) respect to ! pecuni>y und]/&+ said to exi/1 9 "s in/ances1 betwe5 apo!c>ies & physicians1 we hold1 t no well dispos$ apo!c>y or physician w\ld be a p>ty to su* contract1 & consid] ! code ( ,e?ics ( ! ,college ( ,ph>macy & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,philadelphia ,c\nty ,m$ical ,society z suffici5tly explicit on ?is subject4 #eh #af?4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! patronage on ! "p ( ,physicians ( p>ticul> apo!c>ies1 we are ( op9ion1 z a g5]al rule1 t ,graduates 9 ,ph>macy %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 pref]5ce to o!rs ( ! same date ( bus9ess1 & :il/ admitt+ ! ab/ract "r ( ! physician to s5d 8 prescription :]e he pleases1 we ?9k t ju/ice %\ld dictate ! propriety ( 8 enc\rag+ ! ne>e/ apo!c>y des]v+ ( 8 confid5ce & t ( ! pati5t4 ,committee ( ,c\nty ,m$ical ,society3 ,d4 ,,frances ,,condie1 ,,wm4 ,,maybury1 ,g4 ,,em]son4 ,committee ( ,phila4 ,college ( ,ph>macy3 ,,william ,,proct]1 ,,jr41 ,h4 ,c4 ,,blair1 ,,john ,h4 ,,ecky4 ,we republi% ! above ,report f ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 z its 8h9ts0 are1 9 ! ma91 practical & judici\s4 ,on "o or two po9ts1 h[ev]1 we diff] f ! au?or ( ! report4 ,we d n ?9k 7,b4 ,article #d?17 t ! apo!c>y is ev] ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ inquiries relative to ! disease ( a pati5t4 ,if 8 v inquiries may 8convey a wrong impression to ! pati5t1 ?r\gh an ignorant mess5g]10 h[ c t ignorant mess5g] give in=mation reg>d+ ! disease ( a pati5t1 :i* c guide ! apo!c>y1 himself n suppos$ to be v]s$ 9 !rapeutics1 9 judg+ ( ! correctness ( a prescription8 ,! apo!c>y1 :]e he is 9 d\bt1 may inquire ! dose & ! age ( ! pati5t1 & !n1 if he deems necess>y1 may h rec\rse to ! physician himself4 ,& 9 reg>d to ! next article1 :5 ! apo!c>y is ask$ ! 8nature ( ! +r$i5ts0 9 a prescription1 x is wise/ to ref] ! pati5t1 z a rule1 to ! prescrib]4--,,ed4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,gum ,,res9s ,,9 ,,potions1 ,,& ,,9 ,,dia*ylon ,,plai/]4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,ph>macy1 ,m4 ,p\l5c1 submitt$ a me?od :i* he has employ$ = eight ye>s 9 8 laboratory1 = susp5d+ gum res9s 9 m$ical prescriptions4 ,x is well kn[n h[ mu* difficulty !re is 9 susp5d+ ei!r 9 a mixture1 or lotion1 "o or m grammes ( gum ammoniac1 assaftida1 myrrh1 c4 ,9 divid+ ! #ei assaftida ) yolk ( egg alone1 ! manipulation is long2 b if in/ead ( ! egg1 we employ #f or #h drops ( oil ( sweet almonds p] gramme1 ! gum res91 ev5 :5 entire1 is easily r$uc$2 :5 ! oil is well mix$1 & ! pa/e z homog5e\s z possible1 a little wat] is fir/ add$1 !n gradually ! quantity ( ! prescrib$ vehicle1 z = ! mucilage ( a l9ctus2 ! product ( ?is op]ation w be a spe$y & v p]fect emulsion4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ?is modus faci5di1 is1 t ! product c be w>m$ )\t dang] ( coagulation1 besides :i*1 x is g5]ally m easy to obta9 a few drops ( oil ( sweet almonds1 or any o!r k9d ( oil ?an ! yolk ( an egg4 ,m4 ,p\l5c has rec5tly appli$ ! same me?od to ! manufacture ( dia*ylon plai/]1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 take "s entire pieces ( gum res91 & triturate !m briskly 9 an iron mort>1 aft] :i* 9 a m>ble1 or porcela9 mort>1 mix 9 ! oil1 & add a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to obta9 an emulsion ab\t z ?ick z liquid honey2 /ra9 ?is ?r\gh a co>se clo?2 !re w be h>dly any?+ left on ! clo?1 & ! /ra9$ sub/ance w be p]fectly homog5e\s4 ,evaporate 9 an e>!n vessel1 by ! wat]-ba?1 ! wat] :i* _h be5 mix$ 91 & :5 ! mass pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a s(t extract1 ! o!r +r$i5ts ( ! plai/] may be mix$ 9 ) ! greate/ ease4 ,?is plai/] pres5ts a v beautiful appe>ance1 & exhales a v decid$ od\r ( ! gum res9s employ$ 9 its composition4 ,%\ld x be fe>$ t ! small quantity ( oil1 might weak5 ! consi/5ce ( ! plai/]1 ,m4 ,p\l5c ?9ks t ! quantity ( turp5t9e might1 )\t inconv5i5ce1 be slightly dim9i%$4 ,we h tri$ ) success ! me?od ( ,m4 ,p\l5c = emulsions ) gum res9s2 z to its fur!r use 9 ! prep>ation ( dia*ylon plai/]1 we _c speak ) c]ta9ty4--,!re is a *emical "q1 :i*1 9 all cases gov]ns ! prep>ation ( ph>maceutical ag5ts4--,/an4 ,m>t91 ,l',abeille ,m$icale4 #fj ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,j>gonelle ,,pe>4 ,,by ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,ph>maceutical ,,j\rnal4 ,! liquid sold "u ?is "n1 & :i* has be5 = "s "t 9 use by confection]s1 is ! acetate ( ! oxide ( amyle4 ,x is prep>$ ) great facility by submitt+ to di/illation a mixture ( "o "p ( amylic alcohol 7bett] kn[n by ! "n ( oil ( gra917 two p>ts ( acetate ( pota%1 & "o "p ( oil ( vitriol4 ,! di/ill$ liquid is to be wa%$ ) alkal9e wat]1 dehydrat$ by *loride ( calcium1 & aft]w>ds rectifi$ by di/illation f protoxide ( lead4 ,its prop]ties are ?us /at$ by ,dumas3--,9 ! /ate ( purity x is a colorless1 v limpid1 volatile liquor1 :i* boils at #beg ,f4 ,x possesses an e!real aromatic odor1 some:at resembl+ acetic e!r2 its sp4 gr4 is less ?an t ( wat]4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 oil ( gra91 c4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid does n color x 9 ! cold2 b by heat+ ! mixture1 x becomes r$di%-yell[1 & :5 ! temp]ature is elevat$1 de/ructive reaction takes place1 ! mixture black5s & evolves sulphur\s acid4 ,plac$ 9 contact ) a wat]y solution ( pota% x is v sl[ly alt]$2 b an alcoholic solution ( ?is base rapidly decomposes1 an alkal9e acetate is =m$1 & ! oil ( gra9 reg5]at$4 ,its ultimate composition is #ad equival5ts ( c>bon1 #hd #ad equival5ts ( hydrog51 #ad #d equival5ts ( oxyg51 #cb #acj ,b its proximate composition is amyle1 7an hypo!tical radical7 oxyg51 & acetic acid4 #a equival5t amyle 7,c#aj ,h#aa7 #ga #a equival5t oxyg51 #h #a equival5t acetic acid1 7,c#d ,h#c ,o#c7 #ea #acj ,its =mula is ?us /at$ by ,br&e1 ,ayl,o1 ,ac,o#c2 by ,f[nes1 ,ayl,o1 ,c#d ,h#c ,o#c4 ,amylic alcohol1 or oil ( gra91 call$ by ! ,g]mans fuselol2 is ! hydrat$ oxide ( amyle1 ,ayl,o1 ,,ho4 ,x is #fa l>gely produc$ 9 ! di/illation ( _s f corn4 ,x is (fic9al 9 ! ,dubl9 ,ph>macopia1 :]e x is t]m$ 8,alcohol amylicum--,fusel oil10 & is employ$ to yield val]ianic acid 9 ! process = mak+ 8,sod ,val]ianas40 ,f in=mation :i* we h receiv$1 we h reason to believe t ! use1 by v "y *ildr51 ( articles ( confection]y1 flavor$ ) ess5ce ( pe>1 is n )\t dang]4 ,a *ild on two occasions became p>tially comatose1 ) livid lips & feeble pulse1 aft] eat+ "s confection]y :i* x 0 calculat$ conta9$ ab\t "o drop ( ! ess5ce4--,london ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 ,novemb]1 '#ea4 ,on ! ,gr[? ( ,plants 9 ,v>i\s ,gases1 ,especially sub/itut+ ,c>bonic ,oxide1 ,hydrog51 & light ,c>burett$ ,hydrog5 = ! ,nitrog5 ( ! ,air4 ,by ,,messrs4 ,,glad/ones4 ,,dr4 ,,glad/one gave ! results ( exp]im5ts made & /ill 9 progress1 ) 8 bro!r1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,glad/one4 ,aft] describ+ ! effect on "s fl[]s1 z ! pansy1 ! crocus1 c4--a discussion ensu$--,mr4 ,r4 ,w>r+ton sugge/+ t 9 su* exp]im5ts ! plants be all[$ to take root well be=e imm]s+ !m 9 ! gases2 next1 t ! comb9$ atmosph]es 7 too mu* saturat$ ) moi/ure1 (t5 caus+ rapid gr[? & decay2 & t ^! fl[]s & roots %\ld be comp>$ ) o!rs gr[n 9 simil> volumes ( conf9$ common air4 ,pr(4 ,dumas spoke ( ! great1 &1 inde$1 almo/ unsuspect$ influ5ce ( c>bonic oxide gas4 ,! judicial inve/igations 9 ,france _h disclos$ ! fatal effects ( ?is gas z be+ s mu* great] ?an c>bonic acid gas4 ,9 ! atmosph]e produc$ by ! burn+ ( *>coal1 #a-bjj? "p ( c>bonic oxide 0 fatal1 :ile ) "o-?ird ! volume ( c>bonic acid ! animal 0 asphyxiat$1 b aft]w>ds reviv$4 ,! ,*airman said t he _h reason to believe t 9 ! combu/ion ( an?racite1 mu* c>bonic oxide gas is produc$4--,ph>maceutic ,j\rnal1 f ,report ( ,briti% ,association 9 ! ,a!num4 #fb ,,editorial4 8,,an ,,act ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,sale ,,( ,,drugs ,,& ,,m$ic9es40--,we w\ld call ! att5tion ( our read]s to ! foll[+ /range bill1 :i* has be5 introduc$ into ! ,legislature ( ?is ,/ate3 8,! ,p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 repres5t$ 9 ,s5ate & ,assembly1 d enact z foll[s3 ,,section #a/4 ,x %all n be lawful = any ,physician1 ,druggi/1 ,apo!c>y1 or any p]son or p]sons deal+ 9 ,drugs or ,m$ic9es1 or engag$ 9 prep>+ any comp\nd to be giv5 or adm9i/]$ z a m$ic9e1 to (f] ! same = sale )\t fir/ affix+ or atta*+ !reto1 9 a conspicu\s mann]1 a writt5 or pr9t$ recipe 9 ! ,engli% language1 /at+ ! drug or drugs1 m$ic9e or m$ic9es1 or +r$i5ts ( :i* x is compos$1 toge!r ) ! proportions ( ea*4 ,,section #b4 ,any p]son or p]sons violat+ ! prec$+ section ( ?is ,act1 %all be consid]$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & on conviction !re( %all be f9$ = ea* (f5ce 9 a sum n less ?an t5 doll>s1 nor exce$+ "o hundr$ doll>s1 or be imprison$ = a t]m n exce$+ six mon?s4 ,,section #c4 ,?is ,act %all n take effect until ! fir/ day ( ,july1 #aheb4 ,albany1 ,febru>y #f?1 #aheb40 ,on read+ ?is bill1 c>elessly1 we ?\ght t x 0 int5d$ to be levell$ at no/roms & quack m$ic9es4 ,if x 7 s1 h[ev] laudable ! motives ( its orig9ators1 its policy is mu* to be d\bt$4 ,! public are n prep>$ = x2 x w\ld1 at once1 raise a clam\r ab\t selfi% motives & private int]e/s2 x w\ld nev] be en=c$3 & w\ld t5d to br+ m mod]ate & judici\s legislation into contempt4 ,b a c>eful p]usal ( ! bill %[s t x applies to ,apo!c>ies & v5d]s ( m$ic9es 9 ! ord9>y prosecution ( _! bus9ess4 ,%\ld x become a law1 no ,apo!c>y c\ld sell six c5ts wor? ( p>egoric1 or an ounce ( spic$ syrup ( rhub>b1 unless he accompanies ! article sold ) a detail$ enum]ation ( ! sub/ances compos+ x1 ) ! proportions ( ea* 8writt5 or pr9t$ 9 ! ,engli% language10 )\t r5d]+ himself liable to f9e & imprisonm5t6 ,x is n necess>y to *>act]ize su* a law to ,druggi/s4 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 h[ev]1 z an in/ance ( t _s ( pseudo re=m :i* is at pres5t s rampant4 ,z a g5]al rule1 we believe1 ,physicians h no objection to _! pati5ts kn[+ ! rem$ies !y prescribe1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! pati5ts !mselves are p ( s5se & in=mation1 b 9 _m in/ances1 ( :at use w\ld x be to ! sick man & 8 conclave ( fri5ds to be able to spell #fc out ! +r$i5ts ( a prescription8 ,w\ld x help !m to a k ( its effects8 ,are !y ! be/ judges ( its propriety8 ,& if s1 _h n ! law bett] proscribe educat$ ,physicians altoge!r8 ,& !n 8writt5 or pr9t$ 9 ! ,engli% language06 ,! fram]s ( su* a law c\ld n be expect$ to recognize a ,national or any o!r ,ph>macopia2 :i* ( ! tw5ty trivial names1 t 9 diff]5t times & diff]5t places h be5 be/[$ ^u ! same article1 %\ld we *oose8 ,%\ld we foll[ /rictly ! mod]n *emical nom5clature1 or %\ld we take t ( a few ye>s back or %\ld we g to ! f\nta9 head & return to ! names ( ! old ,al*emi/s8 ,! :ole matt] is unwor?y s]i\s comm5t4 ,,c(f9ism4--,engl& = a long "t suppli$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates to a great ext5t ) quacks & quack m$ic9es4 ,we n[ beg9 to produce ^! articles n only 9 quantity suffici5t to supply ! home m>ket1 b are enabl$ to sp>e "s ( our surplus = ! "m c\ntry4 ,?omsonianism has be5 transplant$ to ,great ,brita91 :]e x fl\ri%es "u ! auspices ( a man nam$ ,c(f91 & is !nce t]m$ ,c(f9ism4 ,c(f9 has already num]\s disciples among ! illit]ate classes ( ! community4 ,he gives in/ruction 9 8 physic made easy1 & furni%es 8 foll[]s ) c]tificates ( _! acqua9tance ) ! my/]ies ( /eam1 hot drops & lobelia4 ,ea* ( 8 graduates1 too1 pays a c]ta9 sum into a fund creat$ to def5d ^? ( ! associates1 :o may fall )9 ! grasp ( ! law4 ,already sev]al ( !m h be5 tri$ = manslaught]1 b ! 8,anglo ,saxon race10 among its o!r peculi>ities1 is det]m9$ to be quack$ :5 x *ooses1 & ! ,c(f9ites hi!rto h got (f scot free4 ,,camphor ,,z ,a ,,/imulant4--,a lady :o = a long "t _h suff]$ f occasional attacks ( hemoptysis1 & o!r signs ( consumption1 & :o likewise f r$uc$ circum/ances1 0 subject to great moral depression1 appli$ = advice conc]n+ an epileptic seizure f :i* %e _h suff]$ = ! fir/ "t on ! prec$+ night4 ,on inquiry x came out t %e _h = a long "t be5 9 ! habit ( tak+ l>ge quantities ( ,camphor4 ,%e _h begun ! practice a numb] ( ye>s previ\sly1 by tak+ ! camphor mixture :i* _h be5 ord]$ = h] invalid husb&4 ,gradually %e acquir$ a fondness = x1 & con/antly increas+ ! dose1 %e1 at ! "t ( h] seizure1 took daily f two dra*ms to half an ounce4 ,%e 0 9 ! habit ( tak+ x crude1 gradually nibbl+ h] all[ance 9 ! c\rse ( ! day4 ,%e describ$ its effects z exce$+ly agreeable1 r5ovat+ h] /r5g?1 inspir+ h] ) hope & confid5ce1 & enabl+ h] to get ?r\gh ) ! fatigues ( ! day4--,:5 n "u its influ5ce %e 0 languid1 feeble & depress$4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! condition ( h] lungs1 h] g5]al heal? did n seem to h be5 affect$ by ! habit4 #fd ,,cav5di% ,,society4--,we give place will+ly to ! foll[+ circul> ( ,mr4 ,proct]1 conv9c$ t 9 s do+ we are subs]v+ ! be/ int]e/s ( our read]s4 ,! names ( ! (fic]s & c\ncil ( ! society1 give ample assurance ( ! value ( ! works select$ = publication4 ,,cav5di% ,,society1 ,,london4--,,presid5t--,pr(4 ,?omas ,graham4 ,,vice ,,presid5ts--,dr4 ,f>aday1 ,pr(4 ,br&e1 ,sir ,rob]t ,kane1 ,ar?ur ,aik51 & o!rs4 ,,c\ncil--,jabob ,bell1 ,dr4 ,p]eira1 ,dr4 ,gold+ ,bird1 ,rob]t ,w>r+ton1 ,alfr$ ,s4 ,taylor1 & o!rs4 ,,treasur]--,dr4 ,h5ry ,beaumont ,leeson4 ,,secret>y--,!ophilus ,r$wood4 ,! ,cav5di% ,society 0 in/itut$ = ! promotion ( ,*emi/ry1 & its alli$ sci5ces1 by ! diffusion ( ! lit]ature ( ^! subjects4 ,! society effects its object by ! translation ( rec5t works & pap]s ( m]it2 by ! publication ( valuable orig9al works :i* w\ld n o!rwise be pr9t$1 f ! sl5d] *ance ( _! meet+ ) a remun]ative sale1 & by ! occasional republication or translation ( su* anci5t or e>li] mod]n works1 z may be consid]$ int]e/+ or useful to ! memb]s ( ! ,society4 ,h]et(ore p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry 7 admitt$ to memb]%ip on application to ,mr4 ,r$wood ! g5]al ,secret>y ( ! ,society1 at ,london4 ,to facilitate communication betwe5 ! ,society & its ,am]ican memb]s1 ! und]sign$ has be5 appo9t$ ,local ,secret>y1 at ,philadelphia1 & to :om application %\ld be made4 ,! paym5t ( five doll>s ,u4 ,s4 ,curr5cy or its equival5t1 annually1 entitles ea* memb] to a copy ( e "w publi%$ by ! ,society = ! p]iod dur+ :i* _! memb]%ip cont9ues4 ,no memb] %all be entitl$ to ! ,society's publications unless 8 annual subscription %all h be5 duly paid1 & x is to be und]/ood t ! *>ges = duty & freight on ! books aris+ f _! %ipm5t to ?is c\ntry are to be paid to ! ,secret>y on deliv]y4 ,! numb] ( ,works publi%$ w necess>ily dep5d on ! numb] ( annual subscrib]s2 h5ce x is ( great importance to ! individual int]e/ ( ! memb]s t _! aggregate numb] %\ld be l>ge4 ,! ,society n[ issue two or ?ree volumes ye>ly4 ,! books are h&somely pr9t$ on a uni=m plan1 = memb]s only1 _! publication be+ conduct$ by ! ,c\ncil :o are elect$ annually by ,ballot f among ! memb]s2 e memb] hav+ a vote4 ,memb]s by subscrib+ = all or any ( ! pa/ ye>s1 may get ! works issu$ dur+ ^? ye>s except ! fir/ volume1 publi%$ by ! ,society 9 #ahdh1 entitl$ 8,*emical reports & ,memoirs by ,?omas ,graham1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s40 :i* is n[ out ( pr9t4 ,! o!r volume ( t ye> :i* is ! #a/ volume ( ,gmel9's ,h&book ( ,*emi/ry1 c be obta9$ by pay+ half ! subscription4 ,! subscrib]s = #ahdi are entitl$ to ! #b;d & #c;d volumes ( ,gmel9's ,*emi/ry--& ! ,life ( ,cav5di% by ,dr4 ,george ,wilson ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! subscrib]s = #ahej receive ! #d? & #e? volumes ( ,gmel9's "w1 & ^? ( ! ,curr5t ye> w receive ! #a/ volume ( ,lehmann's ,physiological ,*emi/ry translat$ by ,dr4 ,day1 & ! #f? volume ( ,gmel94 ,z ! sole object ( ! ,cav5di% ,society is ! enc\ragem5t ( an important bran* ( sci5tific lit]ature1 all :o feel int]e/$ 9 ,*emi/ry %\ld assi/ 9 t object by subscrib+1 or us+ _! influ5ce ) o!rs to ext5d ! li/ ( memb]s1 :i* n[ am\nts to m ?an #hej4 ,all ^? :o may desire to become memb]s1 to exam9e ! works already issu$1 or to ga9 fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ! ,society1 are reque/$ to apply to ! und]sign$4 ,,william ,,proct]1 ,,jr4 ,octob]1 #ahea4 #aff ,s\? #i? ,/reet1 ,philadelphia4 #fe ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,m>*1 #aheb4 ,,on ,,! ,,heavy ,,oil ,,( ,,w9e4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,n4 ,,k5t4 ,hav+ occasion to use a little ( ! (fic9al oil ( w9e1 ,i appli$ to "o ( our :olesale ,druggi/s1 :o furni%$ me ) an article1 :i* ,i f\nd to be useless4 ,on te/+ a sample1 x mix$ ) wat] & produc$ a slight milk9ess4 ,x 0 evid5tly alcohol1 conta9+ a trace only ( oil4 ,! price ( ?is 0 #d p] p\nd4 ,samples 7 !n obta9$ f all ( ! :olesale ,druggi/s f :om x c\ld be procur$1 & ea* ( ^! 0 prov$ to be equally wor?less1 z ! results ( ! foll[+ te/s w %[4 ,! second sample1 :5 agitat$ ) wat]1 sep>at$ into two portions1 "o ( :i* 0 aque\s & ! o!r e!real4 ,! latt] expos$ to ! air1 to sep>ate ! e!r by spontane\s evaporation1 left a residue :i* 0 completely soluble 9 wat]1 & prov$ to be alcohol4 ,! price ( ?is mixture ( alcohol & e!r 0 #d1ej p] p\nd4 ,! ?ird sample :5 agitat$ ) wat]1 became slightly turbid1 & 0 dissolv$4 ,x _h a pale yell[ color1 e!real odor1 & ! sp4 gr4 0 4#iji4 ,a portion ( x1 expos$ twelve h\rs to spontane\s evaporation 9 a graduat$ measure1 lo/ "o-eigh? ( its bulk1 & on ! application ( a tap]1 burn$ ) a blue flame4 ,x is q evid5t t ?is also 0 alcohol ) a small portion ( e!r1 & a trace ( oil4 ,! price #ff ( ?is 0 #d1ej p] p\nd1 & x 0 labell$ 8,ol4 ,ae!rii40 ,x bore also ! "n ( ! import]s4 ,! f\r? sample1 :5 agitat$ ) wat]1 became slightly turbid1 & dissolv$4 ,x 0 colorless1 _h an e!real odor1 & ! sp4 gr4 0 4#hdd4 ,?is also burn$ ) a blue flame4 ,! price ( ?is wor?less article 0 #f1ej p] p\nd4 ,x 0 labell$ 8,ol4 ,v9i ,pur10 & bore also ! "n ( ! ,london manufactur]4 ,x may be well to rem>k1 t ! (fic9al oil ( w9e1 :5 agitat$ ) wat]1 sep>ates & falls to ! bottom1 be+ heavi] ?an wat]1 :5ce its "n4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! pure oil is n less ?an #a4je1 & x has a yell[ color4 ,! labels on ! ?ird & f\r? samples above m5tion$1 are alone n suffici5t evid5ce to prove t !y 7 import$1 b1 9 addition to ! label1 ,i 0 in=m$ t "o ( !m 0 rec5tly import$1 & also t ! manufactur+ ,*emi/s 9 ?is c\ntry d n make or sell ! oil ( w9e4--,9 view ( ?is /atem5t 7if true7 ! "q naturally arises3 ,h[ did ! above wor?less articles pass ! ,cu/om ,h\se "u ! exi/+ law = 8! prev5tion ( ! importation ( spuri\s & adult]at$ drugs80 ,i h exam9$ ano!r sample :i* is n (f]$ = sale z oil ( w9e1 b z x has prop]ties resembl+ m ne>ly ! (fic9al oil ?an ei!r ( ! f\r samples above m5tion$1 x might possibly be conf\nd$ ) ! oil ( w9e4 ,?is sample _h an agreeable v9\s odor1 & a yell[ color4--,:5 agitat$ ) wat] a consid]able quantity ( oil sep>at$1 :i* 0 light] ?an wat]4 ,a portion ( ! orig9al oil1 di/ill$ 9 a glass retort ) a !rmomet] pass$ ?r\gh a cork1 ins]t$ into ! tubul>e1 gave ab\t half its bulk ( a colorless liquid bel[ #ahj ,f41 :i* prov$ to be alcohol conta9+ a small quantity ( acetic e!r & nan?ic e!r4--,! residue left 9 ! retort _h ! prop]ties ( a mixture ( nan?ic e!r & nan?ic acid4 ,! above article has be51 ext5sively us$ 79 connection ) acetic e!r7 = ! #fg manufacture ( factiti\s br&y1 & is sold = ab\t #a1ej p] ounce4 ,aft] hav+ te/$ samples ( all ! diff]5t articles (f]$ = sale "u ! "n ( 8oil ( w9e0 by ! :olesale ,druggi/s 9 ,new ,york1 )\t be+ able to f9d ei!r ( !m wor?y ( ! "n1 ,i prep>$ a little = my own use1 by ! foll[+ process1 :i* is t ( ! ,london ,ph>macopia3 #b lbs4 oil ( vitriol 7 c>efully mix$ ) #a lb4 comm]cial alcohol1 & di/ill$ v sl[ly 9 a glass retort4 ,! product consi/$ ( two portions1 ! lighte/ ( :i* 0 an e!real solution ( oil ( w9e measur+ #f oz4 ,?is 0 expos$ to ! air = tw5ty-f\r h\rs to remove ! e!r by spontane\s evaporation4 ,! residue1 wa%$ ) a little dilute solution ( pota% & dri$1 0 pure 8,heavy ,oil ( ,w9e10 & weigh$ half an ounce4 ,! quantity obta9$1 ?\gh small1 corresponds exactly ) ! proportion obta9$ by ,h5nell at ! ,apo!c>ies' ,hall1 ,london1 viz3 #ag oz4 oil ( w9e f #cd lbs4 alcohol1 & #fh lbs4 oil ( vitriol4 ,by a simple calculation ( ! co/ ( manufacture1 & exp5se ( importation1 x w be se5 t pure oil ( w9e c\ld n be import$ & sold at ! prices ask$ = ! samples above m5tion$4 ,9 mak+ ?is calculation x w be necess>y to obs]ve t "u ! exi/+ excise law1 ! price ( alcohol 9 ,engl& is mu* high] ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is n[1 ,i am in=m$1 f #ag to #ah %ill+s /]l+ p] gallon4 ,! foll[+ calculation 7bas$ on ! results ( ,h5nell's process7 gives ! co/ ( pure oil ( w9e1 manufactur$ 9 ,engl& & import$ into ?is c\ntry1 at #ce p] p\nd2 b ! spuri\s articles n[ sold = oil ( w9e1 are (f]$ at prices v>y+ f #d to #f1ej p] p\nd4 #cd lbs4 alcohol 7ab\t #e gallons7 at #ag %ill+s /]l+ p] gallon1 #ah #gj #fh lbs4 oil ( vitriol1 at #b #a_/b c5ts p] p\nd1 #a #gj ,labor1 fire1 pack+1 bottle1 c4 #a #ej #fh ,co/ ( #ag oz4 oil1 to ! ,engli% manufactur]1 #ba #ij ,or p] p\nd1 ,co/ ( mak+ #a lb4 pure oil 9 ,engl&1 #bj #fa ,manufactur]'s pr(it1 say #aj p] c5t41 #b #jf ,:olesale price 9 ,engl&1 #bb #fg ,duties paid by import]1 #cj p] c5t4 #f #hj ,*>ges paid by import]1 #aj p] c5t4 #b #bf ,co/ ( importation1 #ca #gc ,pr(it on importation1 #c #bg ,:olesale price ( ! import$ oil1 #ce #jj ,i regret t ,i h be5 unable to f9d ! price ( pure oil ( w9e quot$ 9 ! li/s ( any ( ! manufactur+ *emi/s1 b ?9k x fair to inf] t if ! article is (f]$ = sale1 ( ,engli% manufacture1 at less ?an #b p] ounce1 t impurity or adult]ation may be suspect$1 & 9 ?is case1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! foll[+ process = te/+ its purity4 ,agitate a small portion ( ! oil 9 a te/ tube1 ) an equal measure ( wat]4 ,if x dissolves1 reject ! sample z impure1 b if ! mixture sep>ates into two portions1 aft] /&+ at re/ = a few mom5ts1 put x on a pap] filt]1 previ\sly well moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,! wat] 9 ! mixture w pass ?r\gh ! moi/5$ filt]1 leav+ e!r or oil ^u x4 ,if ?is is colorless or v pale yell[1 x %\ld be expos$ a few h\rs to spontane\s evaporation1 to asc]ta9 if x conta9s oil4 ,b if x is yell[ & heavi] ?an wat]1 ?is portion may consi/ ( oil ( w9e2 ?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld be v]ifi$ by obs]v+ ! odor & sp4 gr4 ( ! oil4 ,by c>efully op]at+ ^u a kn[n quantity 9 ! above mann]1 ! proportion ( alcohol or e!r 7if pres5t7 may be easily det]m9$4 ,z ! efficacy ( ,h(fman's ,anodyne is due to ! heavy oil ( w9e conta9$ 9 x1 & z ! proportion ( ?is oil to ! o!r con/itu5ts is small1 x is p>ticul>ly necess>y t #fi ! oil %\ld be pure4 ,! high price ( alcohol 9 ,engl&1 & a defect 9 ! directions =m]ly giv5 = its prep>ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory1 are ! probable causes ( ! abs5ce ( pure oil ( w9e 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 rec5t editions ( ! above "w1 ! defective proportions h be5 sub/itut$ by ^? ( ! ,london college1 & !re is n[ no reason :y pure oil ( w9e %\ld n be made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e alcohol is *eap]1 probably1 ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,i hope t our manufactur+ *emi/s w turn _! att5tion to ?is subject1 & displace all wor?less *emical & ph>maceutical prep>ations by su* z w be useful to ! public1 & cr$itable to ! manufactur]s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia directs two p9ts ( alcohol 7sp4 gr4 4#hce7 to be mix$ ) ?ree p9ts ( sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4hde72 by weight r bett] ?an #c4c ( ! acid1 to "o "p ( alcohol1 & gives #a4jif z ! sp4 gr4 ( ! oil4--,,ed4 ,,practical ,,h9ts1 ,,by ,a ,,:olesale ,,druggi/4 ,! prosecution ( ! bus9ess ( prep>+ & v5d+ m$ic9es1 has be5 & /ill is too exclusively conf9$ to ! doll> & c5t dep>tm5t4 ,buy]s take too mu* = grant$4 ,ipecac is ,ipecac all ! _w ov]1 & he :o c sell ,ipecac at ! l[e/ price is likely to sell ! mo/ & make ! mo/ money4 ,to ! cr$it ( ! craft1 9 "p h[ev]1 a manife/ improvem5t 9 ?is respect1 has tak5 place )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 to _! cr$it 9 "p1 ,i say1 because ! dem& = good m$ic9es has ( late increas$1 compell+ "s druggi/s to furni% bett] qualities ?an !y o!rwise w\ld4 ,x is a common rem>k t ! late law1 pass$ by ,congress1 relat+ to ! introduction or importation ( adult]at$ & inf]ior drugs1 has produc$ a m desirable /ate ( ?+s 9 #gj our community1 by op5+ ! eyes ( consum]s to ! fact t inf]ior drugs are import$ & are consum$4 ,?is is only 9 "p true4 ,an improv$ /ate ( public op9ion fir/ caus$ ! law to be pass$2 ?is1 9 connection ) ! law :5 pass$1 caus$ a fur!r progress4 ,! /one1 ?us set 9 motion1 w no d\bt roll on till an entire revolution takes place bo? ) v5d]s & consum]s4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! p]son :o swall[s a dose ( m$ic9e dreams t x is n ( good quality1 or t he w\ld hesitate 9 ! value ( six c5ts :5 pur*as+ 8 dose1 betwe5 ! be/ ( its k9d & t :i* is comp>atively in]t4 ,! root ( ?is great evil1 viz3 ! pur*as+1 sell+1 & adm9i/]+ inf]ior m$ic9es is ignorance4 ,! pati5t c h little or no k ( ! efficacy ( :at is giv5 to him to take1 & to ! %ame ( a l>ge portion ( ! m$ical pr(ession be x spok51 ! doctor kn[s b little m4 ,i speak ) confid5ce :5 ,i say t ! k ( ! s5sible prop]ties ( drugs is almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ! druggi/ & apo!c>y4 ,h5ce 9 ! pur*ase ( 8 supplies ( m$ic9es ( ! apo!c>y1 ! only guide ! physician has1 is ! price & ! ^w ( ! sell]1--?is ought n s to be4 ,at ?is "t ,i d n pr(ess to (f] a rem$y4 ,! object ( ! pres5t communication is to (f] a few practical h9ts to ! druggi/1 connect$ ) ! pur*ase ( 8 /ock2 _m1 if n all1 desire to pur*ase reliable m$ic9es1 b f want ( k betwe5 good & bad h only ! price1 & ! reputation ( ! sell] to guide !m4 ,i n[ propose to take up articles ( g5]al use1 & sugge/ a few simple te/s ( _! quality & condition1 :i* any "o c apply ) su* means z an ord9>y drug /ore furni%es4 ,be=e proce$+ ) ?is subject1 h[ev]1 ,i beg leave to urge ^u e druggi/ & apo!c>y1 ! great importance ( hav+1 at 8 disposal1 a set ( reliable hydromet]s = liquids heavi] & light] ?an wat]1 & a prop]ly con/ruct$ !rmomet] = det]m9+ ! temp]ature ( liquids4 ,he w f9d !m 8 "r h& helps1 n only = #ga detect+ adult]ations1 b = det]m9+ ! /r5g? or quality ( ne>ly all ! liquids :i* come "u 8 inspection4 ,c]ta9 arbitr>y t]ms h be5 appli$ to solutions ( ammonia & e!rs1 su* z ,f42 ,f4 ,f42 ,f4 ,f4 ,f42 & s on4 ,^! t]ms 7 orig9ally int5d$ to indicate ! exact /r5g? ( ^? liquids to :i* !y 7 appli$2 b1 un=tunately1 e manufactur] has a /&>d ( 8 own1 indicat+ ! value ( an ,f1 or 9 o!r words ^! t]ms mean no?+1 & %\ld be bani%$ f ! books ( e intellig5t deal]4 ,! hydromet] w det]m9e ! /r5g? accurately & beyond all "q1 ! deal] !re=e %\ld make 8 pur*ases1 e/imat+ ! /r5g? by ! specific gravity ei!r 9 decimals or degrees4 ,9 detect+ adult]ations ( ess5tial oils1 ! ,hydromet] is invaluable4 ,if ! specific gravity ( an oil does n accord ) ! /&>d1 x is pro( positive t ! oil is n pure2 ! rev]se1 h[ev]1 is n s cle>4 ,if ! specific gravity does accord ) ! /&>d1 x is n a positive pro( t x is pure1 = ! reason t ! adult]ation may be ( ! same specific gravity z ! oil itself4 ,! /r5g? ( acids su* z muriatic1 nitric1 sulphuric1 aqua =tis1 & ! l1 is accurately det]m9$ by ?is means4 ,a set ( ^! in/rum5ts1 on :i* dep5d5ce may be plac$1 c be obta9$ at a price v>y+ f #e to #ab4 ,let ! deal] apply ^! in/rum5ts 7:]e applicable7 to all 8 pur*ases1 & he w soon f9d out :at he sells & :o deals hone/ly by him4 ,,magnesia 7,,calc9$74 ,ne>ly all t is us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is import$ f ,engl&4 ,! quality1 not)/&+ ! drug law1 is usually q inf]ior4 ,! impurities g5]ally are c>b4 magnesia1 lime1 alum9a & silica4 ,to detect c>b4 magnesia1 put into a vial a small portion1 & add two or ?ree times its bulk ( wat]2 aft] mix+ !m well1 add a small portion ( sulphuric acid--eff]ves5ce w indicate ! pres5ce ( a c>bonate4 ,on ! addition ( an #gb excess ( acid1 ! solution %\ld be p]fectly cle>2 :atev] is deposit$ is impurity ( "s k9d2 if lime is pres5t an insoluble sulphate is =m$4 ,! pres5ce ( moi/ure is indicat$ by ! magnesia be+ lumpy1 & :5 %ak51 ! p>ticles d n fl[ among !mselves easily4 ,good magnesia has a light1 lively appe>ance1 & is pe>ly :ite4--7,,to ,,be ,,cont9u$47 ,,on ,,bli/]+ ,,c]ate4 ,,by ,,eug5e ,,dupuy1 ,,p>maceuti/1 ,,new ,,york4 ,! successful rese>*es ( ,robiquet 9 8 labors on ! ,can?>is ,vesicatoria1 h demon/rat$ t ! cri/allisable neutral sub/ance to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,can?>id9e1 is ! proximate epispa/ic pr9ciple ( ! bli/]+ c]ate on :i* ! physician dep5ds 9 mo/ cases1 :]e an ext5d$ & yet deep revulsive action is necess>y1 :e!r x is d]iv$ f ! can?>is vesicatoria or f o!r memb]s ( ! tra*elid family4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,mess4 ,lav9i ,sobr]o ( ,tur91 h confirm$ ! supposition made by analogy1 ( ! ind5tity :i* exi/s 9 ! vesicat+ pr9ciple ( all ^! coleopt]s1 & !re is a /rong presumption t our comm]ce w soon be enri*$ ) ! beautiful can?>is1 7,c4 nutalli17 ab\nd+ 9 ! mid/ ( our ris+ ,s\? ,we/]n ,/ates1 & t x w ev5tually sup]s$e ! can?>is vesicatoria we obta9 f abroad4 ,if adult]ation w\ld n de/roy1 by its baneful influ5ce1 ! advantage\s =m ( complex extracts1 we c\ld obta9 a desirable amelioration ( our (fic9al c]ate1 by sub/itut+ = ! p[d]$ can?>ides an equival5t proportion ( ! oleag9\s liquid1 ) :i* !y are saturat$ 9 ! fre% /ate1 & :i* is possess$ ( all ! vesicat+ prop]ties ( ! insect4 ,t liquid is prep>$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,s>d9ian k+dom1 especially at ,v]ceil1 :]e x is ext5sively us$ by vet]9>y surgeons 9 pref]5ce to ! prep>ations f ! p[d]$ insect1 x #gc produc+ deep] revulsion4 ,x is also us$1 dilut$ 9 bl& oleag9\s sub/ances = /imulat+ ! activity ( feeble s]\s exudations4 ,z = ! pres5t we h n g5]ally access to t natural product ( ! can?>is1 we mu/ select ^? insects 9 ! be/ possible conditions1 & endeavor to fix _! active pr9ciple 9 su* a mann] z w dim9i% ! liability to spontane\s volatilisation ( :i* x is susceptible1 ev5 at ord9>y temp]ature4 ,i h be5 = _m ye>s 9 ! habit ( prep>+ a bli/]+ pla/] :i*1 ,i ?9k1 has "s advantages ov] our (fic9al c]ate1 because x fixes ! volatilisable pr9ciple1 & at ! same "t r increases ?an dim9i%es its en]gy4 ,to ! (fic9al pla/ic mixture 9 :i* ! p[d]$ can?>ides h be5 gradually incorporat$1 ,i add ab\t #e p] c5t ( a mixture conta9+ equal p>ts ( /rong acetic acid 7prep>$ by di/illation ( ! acetates ( copp] or lead71 & pulv]is$ camphor4 ,! acetic acid trans=ms ! can?>id9e into an acetate ( ! same :i* is n volatiliz$ at ord9>y temp]atures1 & ! camphor dim9i%es ! symptoms ( /rangury :i* "s pati5ts h to endure :5 ! application ( a bli/]+ pla/] is resort$ to4 ,i also usually spread ! bli/] on adhesive pla/] on acc\nt ( ! conv5i5t adhesion ( t mat]ial4 ,,on ,,! ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,drugs ,,& ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,detect+ ,,said ,,adult]ations4 ,,by ,c4 ,,t[ns5d ,,h>ris1 ,demon/rator ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,college4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,(fice ( ,inspector ( drugs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cu/om h\ses1 a va/ am\nt ( spuri\s & adult]at$ articles has be5 prev5t$ f f9d+ its way into our m>ket4 ,by ref]5ce to ! report ( ! #gd inspector ( drugs = ! port ( ,new ,york1 ?r\gh :i* is receiv$ ! great bulk ( m$ic9als import$ into ?is c\ntry1 "s idea may be =m$ ( ! enorm\s quantity ( spuri\s opium1 jalap root1 scammony1 iod9e1 iodide ( potassium1 etc4 annually introduc$ f abroad4 ,we f9d t 9 t5 mon?s1 f ,july #ahdh to ,april #ahdi1 inclusive1 #ij1jjj p\nds ( adult]at$ drugs 7 reject$ at ! above nam$ (fice4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahdh & '#ej1 num]\s specim5s ( adult]at$ articles 7 submitt$ to me = exam9ation by ,dr4 ,baily ! inspector ( drugs4 ,f a long li/ ,i may select "o z an in/ance ( ! impud5ce exhibit$ by =eign manufactur]s1 9 attempt+ to ?ru/ ^u u _! villa9\s comp\nds1 8z /&>d articles40 ,i f\nd a specim5 ( iod9e1 purport+ to be pure1 to conta9 #b p] c5t4 ( non-volatile matt] & #dj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,! solid mat]ials may be pass$ ov] z accid5tal1 b ! wat] is und\bt$ly a fraudul5t addition4 ,b5eficial z ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is (fice may be 9 prev5t+ ! admission ( any b g5u9e articles f abroad1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ph>maceutical regulations1 x m]ely s]ves z a /imulus to ! ex]cise ( +5uity at home1 = produc+ ^? adult]ations no long] suppli$ f ! o!r side ( ! wat]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t rogues are to be f\nd 9 e nation & 9 e clime1 b ,i am ju/ifi$ 7z ,i believe7 9 ass]t+ t ! spuri\s articles1 at pres5t met ) 9 our m>ket1 are manufactur$ by =eign]s ^: mti] has be5 de/roy$ by ! passage ( ! drug bill4 ,x is positively c]ta9 t p>ties :o "s ye>s s9ce conduct$ a factory 9 ,brussels1 f :i* spuri\s sulphate ( qu99e1 sulphate ( morph9e1 n>cot9e1 c41 7 palm$ ^u ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z g5u9e1 are n[ at "w 9 a city n "o hundr$ miles di/ant4 ,h[ is ?is home adult]ation to be met8 ,! appo9tm5t ( a home inspector ( drugs1 ^: duty x %\ld be to visit1 f "t to "t1 our apo!c>ies' e/abli%m5ts1 & to inspect ! quality ( ! drugs !re91 w\ld be at v>iance #ge ) republican ideas2 too mu* l ! excise law ( ,engl& s obnoxi\s to ! semi-republican inhabitants ( ,great ,britta94 ,?is "q1 h[ev]1 has be5 suffici5tly discuss$ by o!rs m able ?an myself4 ,! rem$y = ^! abuses re/s ) ! druggi/s !mselves4 ,legislative enactm5ts are useless4 ,! pres5t college ( ph>macy :i* includes 9 its li/ ( tru/ees1 "s ( ! lead+ ph>maceuti/s ( ! c\ntry1 has done mu* t[>ds elevat+ ! pr(ession4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! laws "u :i* !y act w be ext5d$ to o!r /ates1 & t no apo!c>y1 unless duly lic5s$ by ! society1 %all h any "r to pursue 8 pr(ession )\t ! diploma ( ! college4 ,x is a matt] ( congratulation t "s h\ses 9 ?is city1 & ^? do+ an ext5sive bus9ess1 & ( ! highe/ reputation1 h associat$ ) !mselves p>tn]s possess+ a compet5t k ( *emi/ry4 ,f ^! h\ses no?+ c be obta9$ :i* is n up to ! /&>d4 ,our apo!c>ies w f9d x to _! advantage 9 ! end1 to employ p]sons possess+ suffici5t k to enable !m to detect adult]ations 9 drugs1 & n only t1 b to be able to prep>e ! mo/ difficult articles4 ,i %all relate 9 ?is pap] "s in/ances ( home adult]ations :i* h rec5tly come "u my notice4 ,i h be5 furni%$ by retail druggi/s 9 ! city ) sev]al specim5s ( ! bit>trate ( potassa4 ,! results ( ! exam9ation ( five diff]5t specim5s are "h giv53 ,no4 #a4 ,bit>trate ( ,potassa1 #ej p] c5t4 ,sulphate ( ,lime1 #ej p] c5t4 #ajj ,no4 #b4 ,bit>trate ( ,potassa1 #fe p] c5t4 ,sulphate ( ,lime1 #ce p] c5t4 #ajj ,no4 #c4 ,bit>trate ( ,potassa1 #gj p] c5t4 ,sulphate ( ,lime1 #cj p] c5t4 #ajj #gf ,no4 #d4 ,bit>trate ( ,potassa1 #ge p] c5t4 ,sulphate ( ,lime1 #be p] c5t4 #ajj ,no4 #e conta9s a small p] c5tage ( c>bonate ( potassa & a consid]able am\nt ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,no weigh+s 7 made1 b ! am\nt ( adult]ation 0 app>5tly mu* less ?an 9 ! o!r cases4 ,i h also _h occasion to exam9e "s specim5s ( iodide ( potassium1 procur$ f "s ( ! fir/ druggi/s 9 ! city4 ,specim5 ,no4 #a1 conta9$3 ,iodide ( ,potassium1 #fd p] c5t4 ,*loride ( ,potassium1 #cf p] c5t4 #ajj ,no4 #b4 ,iodide ( ,potassium1 #gj p] c5t4 ,*loride ( ,potassium & ,c>bonate ( ,potassium1 #cj p] c5t4 #ajj ,no4 #c4 ,iodide ( ,potassium1 #ce p] c5t4 ,*loride ( ,potassium & ,*loride ( ,sodium1 #fe p] c5t4 #ajj ,9 num]\s exam9ations made ( ! bit>trate ( potassa & ( ! iodide ( potassium f =eign s\rces1 ,i h nev] detect$ 9 ! iodide ( potassium m ?an #ae p] c5t ( impurities1 nor 9 ! bitrate ( potassa1 z import$ f ,france1 m ?an #h p] c5t4 ,( c\rse ! crude comm]cial argol always conta9s a small am\nt ( t>trate ( lime4 ,9 a sample ( s call$ 8cod liv] oil10 submitt$ to me = exam9ation by ,pr(essor ,davis1 ( ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,college1 ,i am unable to detect a s+le trace ( iod9e4 ,! #gg oil is rank1 almo/ black1 & is evid5tly a mixture ( :ale oil & l9se$ oil2 9 fact x conta9s no cod liv] oil :atev]4 ,?is article has be5 sold by a fell[ pr(ess+ to be a druggi/ & physician4 ,x is c]ta9ly mo/ important t druggi/s & _! employ]s %\ld possess a suffici5t k ( *emical te/s to enable !m to detect sophi/ications4 ,i propose to give h]eaft] ! details ( exam9ations ( adult]at$ m$ic9es & ! simple/ me?ods ,i c devise = ! detection ( su* adult]ations1 & ,i tru/ o!rs beside myself w turn _! att5tion t[>d a subject s fraught ) int]e/ to ! ,ph>maceuti/4 ,,on ,,woor>a4 ,a ,,note ,,read ,,to ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces1 ,,by ,m4 ,u4 ,,b]n>d1 ,,9 ,,8 ,,own ,,"n1 ,,& ,,t ,,( ,m4 ,,pel\ze4 ,woor>a is a viol5t poison1 prep>$ by "s ( ! tribes inhabit+ ! =e/s bord]+ ! ,upp] ,oronoco1 ! ,rio ,negro1 & ! ,amazon4 ,al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( ?is poison has be5 long kn[n1 v vague notions are /ill ent]ta9$ reg>d+ its compon5t p>ts4 ,among/ ! savages :o sell or b>t] x1 its prep>ation rema9s secret2 & has only be5 made kn[n ?r\gh _! prie/s or sorc]]s4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt1 woor>a is simply a wat]y extract ( a creep]1 belong+ to ! g5us ,/ry*nia4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,m4 ,b\ss+ault & ,r\l91 x conta9s a poison\s sub/ance1 analag\s to a vegetable alkali1 woor>9e4 ,! in=mation giv5 u by ,m4 ,h\det1 diff]s f t ( ,m4 ,humboldt only 9 ?is respect1 t he obs]ves1 be=e ! extract is q dry1 ! ,indians ( ,messaya p\r on x a few drops ( ! v5om ga!r$ f ! gl&s ( ! mo/ v5om\s s]p5ts4 ,?is la/ circum/ance is important1 z we %all see t ! physiological effects ( woor>a mu/ #gh cause u to reg>d its mode ( action z entirely analog\s to t ( v5oms4 ,woor>a is a solid extract1 black1 res9\s look+1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,we %all h occasion h]eaft] to adv]t to its *emical prop]ties4 ,our att5tion w n[ be direct$ to its physiological effects :5 ex]t$ on liv+ animals4 ,woor>a resembles v5om 9 ?is1 t x c be eat51 t is1 tak5 into ! dige/ive canal ( man & o!r animals ) impunity1 :il/ :5 introduc$ by puncture "u ! sk91 or 9 any o!r "p ( ! body1 its absorption is inv>iably att5d$ ) fatal results 9 all animals4 ,?is fact we h repeat$ly te/$4 ,! action ( ?is poison is in/antane\s1 :5 x is inject$ directly into ! blood vessels4 ,a weak1 wat]y solution ?r[n into ! jugul> ve9 ( a dog or a rabbit1 has always produc$ sudd5 dea?1 ! animal utt]+ no cry1 nor manife/+ any convulsive agitation4 ,! effect on ! :ole organization is electric1 & ! vital functions are arre/$ z by lightn+4 ,:5 introduc$ "u ! sk9 9 solution or 9 solid fragm5ts1 its poison\s action manife/s itself m sl[ly1 & ! "t is v>i$ by ! dose1 ! size ( ! animal1 & its species4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 birds die soone/1 !n ! mammalia1 & !n reptiles2 ?us1 ) ! same specim51 birds & mammalia die 9 a few m9utes1 :il/ a reptile w survive = sev]al h\rs4 ,b dea? is inv>iably accompani$ by simil>1 & v rem>kable symptoms2 9 ! fir/ place1 :5 prick$1 ! animal app>5tly feels no?+4 ,if a bird1 = example1 x flies z usual1 & at ! end ( a few seconds1 :5 ! woor>a is v active1 x drops dead )\t utt]+ a cry1 or appe>+ to suff]2 if x be a rabbit or a dog1 x runs ab\t z usual aft] ! puncture1 )\t any abnormal symptom1 !n1 aft] "s seconds1 z if fatigu$1 x lies d[n1 appe>s to sleep1 its respiration /ops1 & life is t]m9at$1 )\t a groan or sign ( pa94 ,r>ely d we see ev5 slight contraction ( ! sub-cutane\s muscles ( ! face & body4 ,on exam9+ imm$iately aft] dea?1 ! bodies ( #gi animals ?us poison$1 we h always obs]v$ ph5om5a :i* indicate a complete annihilation ( all ! prop]ties ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd t :5 dea? has be5 sudd51 ! n]ves reta9 = "s "t ! p[] ( reaction "u ! influ5ce ( me*anical or *emical excitem5t2 if a n]ve ( motion be excit$1 convulsions sup]v5e 9 ! muscles to :i* x leads2 if ! sk9 be p9*$1 x causes reflex motion4 ,b none ( ^! are obs]v$ aft] dea? by woor>a4 ,! n]ves ( ! /ill w>m animal1 9 :om life has be5 ext9ct b a m9ute1 are in]t z if x _h be5 dead & cold = sev]al h\rs4 ,aga91 9 animals poison$ by woor>a1 ! blood is inv>iably black1 & frequ5tly s *ang$ z to coagulate ) difficulty1 & n to become bright on re-exposure to air4 ,if we comp>e ?is effect ( woor>a ) t ( ! vip]1 we %all obs]ve a great analogy betwe5 !m1 v>y+ only 9 int5sity4 ,we may fur!r rem>k1 t woor>a1 l ! poison ( ! vip]1 may be introduc$ ) impunity into ! inte/9al canal4 ,we might be l$ to suppose f its p]fect innocu\sness :5 introduc$ into ! /oma*1 t x became modifi$1 or 9 a ^w1 dige/$ by ! ga/ric juice1 s z to de/roy its delet]i\s prop]ties4 ,to v]ify ?is supposition1 we caus$ "s woor>a to be dige/$ 9 ! ga/ric juice ( a dog1 at a temp]ature ( betwe5 #ch & #dj ( c5tigrade4 ,aft] leav+ x = =ty-eight h\rs1 we introduc$ x by puncture into ! ve9s ( "s animals1 :o di$ ) ! be=e-nam$ symptoms2 e/abli%+ ! fact1 t a prolong$ contact ) ! ga/ric juice 9 no way modifi$ its delet]i\s prop]ties4 ,?is exp]im5t has be5 repeat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & on ! sep>ate p>ts1 z well z on ! liv+ animal4 ,we made a dog1 9 ^: /oma* we _h =m$ a fi/ul\s op5+1 swall[ "s fragm5ts ( woor>a mix$ ) 8 food2 aft] a little "t we obta9$ "s ( 8 ga/ric juice1 & on analysis f\nd x to resemble 9 e respect a solution ( woor>a4 ,?us we h ! s+ul> ph5om5on ( an animal1 c>ry+ 9 its /oma*1 h>mless to itself1 a liquid #hj :i* w\ld cause in/ant dea? to any o!rs :o %\ld be inoculat$ ) x4 ,n only did ! dog :i* swall[$ ! poison exp]i5ce no fatal result f x1 b its dige/ion 0 n ev5 affect$ by x2 ! ga/ric juice ?us mix$ reta9+ all its dige/ive prop]ties4 ,^! facts prove t ! innocu\sness ( woor>a :5 introduc$ into ! /oma*1 is n attributable to ! action ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,! o!r inte/9al liquids1 saliva1 bile1 pancreatic juice1 7 att5d$ ) simil> results1 none ( !m produc+ by contact ! lea/ diff]5ce 9 ! poison\s effect ( woor>a4 ,! explanation ( ^! facts appe>s to be simply ?is3 !re is a want ( absorption ( ! v5om\s sub/ance ?r\gh ! ga/ro-inte/9al muc\s membrane4 ,?is c be %[n by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--,take ! fre% ga/ric muc\s membrane ( a dog or rabbit1 rec5tly kill$2 adapt x to an endosmomet] 9 su* a mann] t ! muc\s surface rema9s outw>ds2 !n plunge ! endosmomet] conta9+ sweet5$ wat] into a wat]y solution ( woor>a1 & we %all f9d1 aft] two or ?ree h\rs1 t ! endosmosis w be complete4 ,! level w h ris5 9 ! endosmomet]1 & yet ! liquid conta9$ 9 x w %ew no trace ( ! poison1 z c be prov$ by inoculat+ o!r animals ) x4 ,if ! exp]im5t 7 to la/ long]1 ! endosmose ( ! poison might take place1 b we %\ld !n f9d t ! epi!lium :i* cov]s its surface1 _h become *ang$1 & _h p]mitt$ ! imbibition & endosmosis ( ! poison\s pr9ciple4 ,?is is s true1 t if a p>tially decompos$ membrane %\ld be us$ in/ead ( a fre% "o1 ! endosmose ( ! poison\s pr9ciple takes place imm$iately4 ,on ! liv+ animal1 we c e/abli% ?is prop]ty ( ! inte/9al muc\s membrane1 & c demon/rate t among/ sub/ances p]fectly soluble 9 appe>ance !re are "s :i* :5 lodg$ on ! surface ( ! inte/9al membrane1 may rema9 !re )\t be+ absorb$1 or )\t affect+ ! sy/em4 ,! active pr9ciple ( woor>a is ( ?is k9d4 #ha ,x 0 necess>y to asc]ta9 :e!r o!r muc\s membranes1 besides ^? ( ! dige/ive organs1 7 possess$ ( ?is same prop]ty ) reg>d to woor>a4 ,we h tri$ x successively on ^? ( ! bladd]1 ! nasal foss & ! eyes1 & 9 all we h f\nd an equal resi/ance to ! absorption ( ! poison\s pr9ciple4 ,an injection ( ?is poison into ! bladd] ( a dog1 0 reta9$ six or eight h\rs1 ) no bad effects2 b ! ur9e void$ aft] t "t _h all ! poison\s prop]ties ( woor>a4 ,"o muc\s membrane alone (f]s a rem>kable exception2 x is ! pulmon>y4 ,?is acts1 9 reg>d to ! absorption ( woor>a1 precisely l ! sub-cutane\s cellul> tissue2 & on ! introduction ( "s drops ( ! poison\s solution into ! air passages1 :5 e precaution is tak51 dea? takes place z rapidly z :5 ! sk9 has be5 punctur$4 ,we readily p]ceive t ?is membrane1 de/9$ solely = ! passage ( ! air to accompli% ! ph5om5a ( respiration1 possesses a peculi> /ructure1 & is unprovid$ ) t protect+ muc\s :i* lubricates ! o!r membranes communicat+ ) ! ext]ior4 ,?is simil>ity betwe5 ! pulmon>y muc\s membrane & cellul> tissue1 supports ! ideas :i* ,m4 ,maj5die1 long ago1 promulgat$ on ! /ructure ( ! lungs4 ,we %all n expatiate1 at pres5t1 on ! rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! absorb5t prop]ties ( ! v>i\s muc\s membranes ( ! body4 ,we %all h occasion aga9 to rev]t to ! subject1 & %all only /ate t ?is fact1 9 relation to ! absorption ( woor>a1 is n isolat$1 & t 9 ! inte/9es1 = example1 _m active pr9ciples1 al?\gh soluble1 _c be absorb$1 & are consequ5tly =c$ to act locally1 or z if %ut up 9 a clos$ vessel4 ,= ! pres5t we w cont5t ourselves ) ^! conclusions3 #a/4 ,t woor>a acts ^u animals 9 ! same mann] z v5om4 #bnd4 ,t its h>mlessness1 :5 inject$ into ! inte/9al #hb canal1 _c be expla9$ by any *ange :i* ! poison\s pr9ciple und]goes1 b r by a special prop]ty ( ! ga/ro-inte/9al muc\s membrane :i* resi/s its absorption4--,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et ,*imie4 ,,sumbul1 ,,or ,,yatamansi4 ,sumbul1 ! "n & !rapeutical prop]ties ( :i* are almo/ unkn[n to ,fr5* physicians1 appe>s to h be5 employ$ 9 ,india f a v remote p]iod4 ,pietro ,della ,valle1 :o travell$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,asia1 9 #afbc1 #afbd & #afbe1 m5tions t sumbul is a root1 & n a /em1 al?\gh ! ,arabic ^w1 sumbul1 he obs]ves1 ref]s to ! :ole plant4 ,x appe>s t ! ^w sumbul is appli$ 9 ,india to a plant & portions ( a plant1 us$ z a p]fume1 z an inc5se 9 religi\s c]emonies1 & aga91 z a m$ic9al sub/ance4 ,sir ,william ,jones ?\ght t ! true sumbul 0 a species ( val]ian1 kn[n bo? to ! ,h9doos & ,brahm9s1 "u ! "n ( yatamansi4 ,b1 accord+ to ,m4 ,granville1 x appe>s to be an aquatic umbellif]\s plant1 f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( riv]s4 ,x is errone\sly ass]t$ t x gr[s 9 ,h9do/an4 ,x is n f\nd 9 any "p ( ! ,indian t]ritory1 occupi$ by ! ,engli%4 ,! plant gr[s 9 ,bootan & ! m\nta9s ( ,nepaul2 & al?\gh l>ge quantities ( ! dri$ plant h be5 export$1 no botani/ has yet be5 able to describe its *>act]i/ics f a liv+ specim54 ,x is said t ! native laws =bid ! exportation ( a liv+ plant1 )\t an ord] f ! sov]eign4 ,sumbul has be5 describ$ z a mass ( roots & leaves ( a gre5i% color1 crumpl$ & press$ "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,?is is an error1 & arises f ! fact ( "s hav+ be5 fir/ %[n at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :i* _h be5 mix$ ) a #hc /rong decoction ( ?is sub/ance ( a gre5i% color4 ,sumbul appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 "u ! =m ( a root1 ?ick1 homog5e\s1 ( two1 ?ree1 & ev5 f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 cut 9 pieces ( an in* to an in* & a half long1 & ^: section pres5ts a fibr\s aspect1 & a :ite & yell[i% t9t4 ,x is br\ght f ! c5tre ( ,asia1 to ,mosc[1 via ,kiat*a4 ,9 all ! good specim5s ( sumbul1 ! epid]mis1 or ext]nal cov]+1 is ( a d>k %ade1 approa*+ to br[n2 if ! color be /rongly m>k$1 x indicates t ! plant 0 old4 ,! epid]mis is v ?91 & mu* wr9kl$4 ,! int]ior sub/ance is compos$ ( ?ick1 irregul> fibres1 :i* may be sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 aft] ! out] cov]+ is deta*$1 & :i* indicate a por\s /ructure1 common to aquatic plants4 ,if1 aft] tak+ (f ! out] cov]+1 we make a transv]se cut1 we %all p]ceive an ext]nal lay]1 :ite & m>bl$1 & an int]nal lay]1 ?ick] & yell[i%4 ,) a p[]ful l5s we c di/+ui% transp>5t po9ts1 :i* look l gra9s ( fecula4 ,two v rem>kable physical *>act]i/ics dem& our att5tion :5 we exam9e ?is root3 fir/1 its p]fume1 resembl+ ! pure/ musk2 !n ! p[]ful aroma :i* x exhales :5 "u ma/ication4 ,?is odor ( musk is s m>k$1 t "s _h ?\ght x ow$ ?is quality to its contact ) musk1 9 ! transportation ( drugs f ,asia to ,europe2 b su* an idea is negativ$ by ! fact t sumbul reta9s ?is odor1 ev5 :5 v old2 t ev5 :5 ! ext]nal p>ts h lo/ x1 x cont9ues 9 ! int]ior2 t ?is odorif]\s pr9ciple may be extract$ f x by *emical manipulation2 & aga91 t x has receiv$ f botani/s ! "n ( mos*us-wurzel or musk-root4 ,its aromatic ta/e is also a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic4 ,! fir/ impression on ! palate is slightly sweet1 ?is is rapidly replac$ by a balsamic flavor1 & !n by a bitt]1 b n unpleasant ta/e4--,z ma/ication proce$s1 ! m\? & ?roat exp]i5ce a /rong aromatic & pung5t ta/e1 & ! brea? becomes impregnat$ ) ! p5etrat+ odor ( ! #hd sub/ance4--,?is flavor is /ill m decid$ 9 ! alcoholic t9cture ?an 9 ! root4 ,! *emical analysis ( sumbul has occupi$ sev]al ,g]man *emi/s1 ,re9s*1 ,s*nitzle91 ,fri*+]1 & ,kal?ov]4 ,accord+ to ,re9s*1 ! root ( sumbul conta9s1 besides wat]1 traces ( an e!real oil1 two balsamic comp\nds1 7res9s7 "o soluble 9 e!r1 ! o!r 9 alcohol1 wax1 aromatic _s1 & a bitt] sub/ance1 soluble 9 wat] or alcohol4 ,! solution ( ?is bitt] sub/ance1 treat$ ) lime1 & *loride ( sodium1 gives a s$im5t compos$ ( gum1 />* & sal9e mat]ials4 ,! p]fume appe>s to be conta9$ 9 ! balsams1 & its int5sity is increas$ by be+ dilut$ ) wat]4 ,f9ally1 sumbul conta9s an acid1 :i* ,re9s* proposes call+ sumbulic acid4 ,kal?ov] direct$ 8 att5tion fur!r to its ph>maceutical uses1 & obta9$ an alcoholic t9cture ( a yell[i% color1 musky odor1 & bitt] ta/e2 an e!real t9cture1 yell[i%1 musky1 & ( a %>p ta/e2 & a sub/ance resembl+ wax1 precipitat$ aft] repeat$ decoctions 9 wat]4 ,x appe>s !n1 t we may obta9 f sumbul = m$ical purposes1 two t9ctures1 "o alcoholic1 ! o!r e!real1 :i* seem to diff] 9 _! pr9ciples1 & :i* may be giv5 9 drops alone1 or comb9$ ) o!r m$ic9es2 & a bitt] extract1 soluble 9 wat]1 :i* may be adm9i/]$ 9 pills4 ,! p[d]$ root may also be giv5 crude1 or 9 pills4--7,union ,mdicale7 9 ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie4 ,sumbul has be5 us$ z an anti spasmodic & a n]v9e2 fur!r inve/igation is ne$$ h[ev] to asc]ta9 its true place 9 ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,9 ! mean "t x has be5 import$ by "o ( our apo!c>ies1 ,mr4 ,delluc1 & we may soon hope to le>n some?+ m conc]n+ its effects ^u ! sy/em4 ,,ed4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 #he ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,t9cture ,,( ,,opium4 ,,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,g>rod1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica at ,univ]sity ,college1 & ,physician to ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital4 ,z _m discrepant /atem5ts are to be f\nd 9 works on ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 9 v>i\s disp5satories1 c4 conc]n+ ! /r5g? ( ! t9cture ( opium ( ! ,london ,ph>macopia1 x may n be ei!r un9/ructive or un9t]e/+ at lea/ to ! m$ical pr(ession1 to h ! subject br\ght "u notice & discussion at ?is society1 9 ord] t !y may arrive at "s def9ite conclusion conc]n+ ! /r5g? ( a prep>ation !y are 9 ! daily habit ( prescrib+4 ,if we ref] to ! ,london ,ph>macopia ( #ahcf1 we f9d ! foll[+ directions = mak+ ! t9cture ( opium3 ,take ( h>d opium p[d]$1 #c ounces1 ,pro( _s1 #b p9ts1 ,mac]ate = f\rte5 days1 & /ra94 ,9 ! ,ph>macopia ( #ahea1 we are ord]$ to ,take ( opium p[d]$1 #c ounces1 ,pro( _s1 #b p9ts1 ,mac]ate = sev5 days1 press out1 & /ra94 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! directions be+ t p[d]$ h>d opium1 & dige/ion = f\rte5 days1 are ord]$ 9 ! "o case1 & simply p[d]$ opium & sev5 days dige/ion 9 ! o!r4 ,if we look at ! au?oris$ edition ( ! ,ph>macopia by ,mr4 ,philips ( #ahcf1 7& also at ! pres5t edition7 we f9d /at$1 t ! prep>ation has a deep br[ni% r$ color1 possesses ! peculi> odor & ta/e ( opium1 has sp4 gr4 #j4ieb1 & ab\t #ai m9ims conta9 #a gra9 ( opium1 :i* is said to be prov$ by ! foll[+ data3 #a/1 by evaporat+ ! t9cture1 & f9d+ ! am\nt ( solid extract left2 #b;d1 by asc]ta9+ ! quantity ( opium rema9+ undissolv$4 ,! conclusion at :i* ,mr4 ,phillips arriv$1 viz3 t #a gra9 ( opium 0 conta9$ 9 #ai m9ims ( ! ,ph>macopia t9cture1 has be5 copi$ into mo/ ,engli% works on ,mat]ia #hf ,m$ica1 & mo/ m$ical m5 h be5 & are /ill 9 ! habit ( prescrib+ ! t9cture consid]+ x to be ( ! above /r5g?4 ,7 ,mr4 ,phillip's conclusions correct8 ,) reg>d to ! am\nt ( solid extract left on evaporation ( ! t9cture1 x appe>s f ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,all*91 :i* are also confirm$ by ^? :i* ,i h myself made1 t #ai m9ims yield ab\t #a gra9 ( extract2 b 9 ^! cases ! ,turkey opium ( comm]ce mu/ be fir/ exsiccat$2 & ! t9ctures ( comm]ce yield quantities v>y+ f #a 9 #ai to #a 9 #bh m9ims ( ! t9cture4 ,t9cture ( opium made ) ,turkey opium 9 small masses n previ\sly dri$1 fl4 j4 gave on dry+ #b4g ( solid residue1 or #a gra9 9 ab\t #bb4b m9ims4 ,t9cture ( opium made ) good ,turkey opium1 previ\sly dri$ & r$uc$ to p[d] 7,ph>macopia directions7 fl4 j4 gave on dry+--?ree exp]im5ts--#c4a1 or #a gra9 ( residue 9 #ai4c m9ims4 ,if made ) opium capable ( be+ r$uc$ to a /ate ( p[d]1 ! av]age quantity ( extract w\ld be ab\t #a gra9 9 #bj m9ims2 ?is proportion w\ld indicate t "o-?ird ( ! solid +r$i5t 7opium7 is left undissolv$1 :i* 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,phillips to be ! case4 ,i believe all good specim5s ( ,turkey opium yield ab\t ?is am\nt ( residue4 ,an exp]im5t made )9 ! la/ week at ,mr4 ,bell's e/abli%m5t gave ?is result4 ,if !n ! /r5g? ( t9cture ( opium be consid]$ to be t indicat$ by ,mr4 ,phillips1 we mu/ assume t ! undissolv$ portion possesses ! same !rapeutic effects z ! dissolv$ portion4 ,is ?is correct8 ,x has be5 /at$ by "s t morphia c be extract$ f ! residuum1 & 9 ,dr4 ,p]eira's ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 we f9d ! foll[+ obs]vations3 8,pro( _s dissolves ! same con/itu5ts z wat] does1 b x takes up a l>g] proportion ( n>cot9e1 res91 oil4 ,i h repeat$ly prep>$ morphia f ! insoluble residue left beh9d 9 ! prep>ation ( ! t9cture40 ,aga91 9 ,dr4 ,?omson's ,disp5satory x is /at$ t ,mr4 ,br&e f9ds t ! :ole ( ! morphia is n tak5 up2 b is f\nd 9 no inconsid]able quantity 9 ! filt]4 #hg ,we suspect occasionally n>cot9e has be5 tak5 = morphia1#g & 9 ! cases :]e morphia has really be5 f\nd1 unless ! residue _h be5 previ\sly wa%$1 an error may h aris5 f ! alkaloid be+ conta9$ 9 ! t9cture ( opium adh]+ to ! dregs1 & n f any conta9$ 9 ! residue itself4 ,i h rec5tly endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! true /ate ( ! case1 & *iefly by means ( a !rapeutic inquiry into ! /r5g? ( ! residuum4 ,! residue ( t9cture ( opium prep>$ 9 ! ord9>y way at ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital1 0 tak5 = exp]im5t2 x 0 fir/ wa%$ ) a little cold wat] to remove any adh]+ t9cture1 & aft]w>ds dri$ 9 a wat]-ba?4 ,by dige/ion ) e!r1 x 0 f\nd to yield abundance ( n>cot9e1 & 0 also f\nd to conta9 meconic acid suffici5t to /rike a cl>et color ) ! p]salts ( iron2 b at ! same "t nitric acid gave no evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( morphia4 ,x 0 f\nd also by exp]im5t t pro( _s at ! ord9>y temp]ature dissolv$ b a v small portion ( n>cot9e2 ! bulk ( ! n>cot9e !re=e rema9s 9 ! residuum f ! t9cture ( opium1 p]haps unit$ ) meconic acid2 = :5 treat$ ) wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 bo? n>cot9e & meconic acid 7 dissolv$4 #g ,9 ! six? edition ( ,dr4 ,?omson's ,disp5satory1 page #ajfa1 ! foll[+ me?od is giv5 = obta9+ 8meconate ( morphia10 extract$ f ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xx41 f :i* x w be at once obs]v$1 t n>cot9e 0 mi/ak5 = cry/alliz$ meconate ( morphia4 8,r$uce good opium to p[d]1 put x into a pap] filt]1 add di/ill$ wat] to x1 & slightly agitate x2 & 9 ?is way wa% x till ! wat] passes ?r\gh colorless1 aft] :i*1 pass a little dilut$ alcohol ?r\gh x2 dry ! insoluble portion 7n[ dim9i%$ to "o-half17 9 a d>k place2 dige/ x1 :5 dry1 9 /rong alcohol = a few m9utes1 apply+ heat2 sep>ate ?is solution1 :i* by boil+1 & aft] evaporation1 w yield cry/alliz$ meconate ( morphia ( a pale /raw color40 ,a portion ( ! residue 0 giv5 int]nally2 "o gra9 to a heal?y adult produc$ no effect2 two gra9s 7 giv5 ) no result2 ! dose 0 !n successively increas$ to f\r gra9s !n to six gra9s1 aft]w>ds to ?irte51 & la/ly to ?irty gra9s1 )\t caus+ ! slighte/ effect on ! individuals to :om x 0 adm9i/]$2 ! only limitation to ! quantity giv5 be+ ! unpleasantness ( tak+ s l>ge an #hh am\nt ( s bulky a matt]4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! residue is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 in]t4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts1 x is evid5t t ev5 %\ld traces ( morphia be conta9$ 9 ! dregs1 /ill ! quantity mu/ be su* 7:5 ! t9cture is prep>$ accord+ to ! ,london ,ph>macopia7 z to make no appreciable dim9ution ( ! /r5g? ( ! prep>ation1 & t ! t9ctura opii conta9s ! active matt] ( ! :ole ( ! drug us$ 9 its =mation1 & !re=e ab\t #ab m9ims ( t9cture ( opium possesses all ! activity ( #a gra9 ( crude opium1 assum+ t x loses only #ab p] c5t4 9 ! dry+4 ,if dry opium is tak5 = comp>ison1 #a gra9 is conta9$ 9 ab\t #ac #a_/b m9ims2 &1 !re=e1 "o fluid dra*m ( t9ctura opii conta9s ab\t #e gra9s ( ! drug1 or #d #a_/b gra9s 7accord+ z x is comp>$ ) ! dry or moi/ opium71 9 place ( #c gra9s2 or #a fluid ounce conta9s #dj or #cf gra9s 9 place ( #bd gra9s usually assum$ to be conta9$ 9 x3 a diff]5ce ( /r5g? ( ! highe/ importance :5 we consid] ! highly poison\s & p[]ful !rapeutic action ( ! drug4 ,9 ! ,ed9burgh prep>ation ! am\nt ( t9cture conta9+ a gra9 ( opium is ab\t #ac #a_/b m9ims1 = ! opium is ord]$ 9 ! same proportion b n previ\sly r$uc$ to p[d] or dri$4 ,9 ! ,dubl9 prep>ation ! opium is ord]$ to be co>sely p[d]$1 b avoirdupois weight is us$ 9 place ( apo!c>ies1 :i* makes ! /r5g? ( ! t9cture su* t #ab4ge m9ims conta9 "o gra94 ,! error z to ! /r5g? ( ! t9cture ( opium1 :i* is f\nd 9 s _m works1 has be5 rec5tly comm5t$ on4 ,?us ,dr4 ,*ri/ison objects to ,mr4 ,phillip's /atem5ts2 ,dr4 ,royle also alludes to x1 & s does ,mr4 ,squire1 9 8 rec5t "w on ! ,ph>macopias2 & ev5 ^? writ]s :o h copi$ ! /atem5t mu/ h done s )\t mu* ?\ght on ! subject1 z !y h calculat$ ! /r5g? ( o!r prep>ations ( opium1 z t ( ! t9ctura opii ammoniata1 t9ctura camphor composita1 assum+ t all ! active prop]ties ( ! opium us$ 9 ! prep>ation _h be5 tak5 up #hi by ! m5/rua4 ,& ?is is ! case ev5 ) ,mr4 ,phillips himself1 9 ! case ( ! comp\nd t9cture ( camphor1 :5 he /ates t ne>ly two gra9s ( opium are conta9$ 9 ! ounce1 ! ,ph>macopia proportions ( opium be+ #a4f gra9s only4 ,i h br\ght ! "q be=e ! ,society m = ! purpose ( elicit+ ! op9ions ( ! memb]s on ! po9t1 ?an ) ! idea ( br++ =w>d mu* t is novel on ! subject2 if ! conclusion to :i* we h arriv$1 namely1 t #ab m9ims ( t9cture ( opium conta9 all ! m$ical prop]ties ( #a gra9 ( ! crude drug1 ,i ?9k x v important t ! memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession %\ld be made fully aw>e ( ! delusion "u :i* !y h labor$ = s _m ye>s ) reg>d to ! /r5g? ( ?is important prep>ation4 ,,notice ,,( ,,"s ,,vegetable ,,& ,,animal ,,sub/ances1 ,,natural ,,products ,,( ,,new ,,granada4 ,,by ,m4 ,j4 ,,raf4 ,,monzon1 ,m4 ,d4 7,9 a ,lett] to ,dr4 ,p]eira47 ,s&i is a res9\s gummy sub/ance1 produc$ 9 abundance by a tree kn[n by ?is "n1 on mak+ an incision 9 its b>k4 ,at fir/ x pres5ts itself :ite1 or liquid l milk1 & x is call$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b>bacoas1 8milk ( s&i40 ,9 a few days x acquires ! consi/5cy ( res9\s gum4 ,9 ?is /ate x is appli$ to v>i\s m$ic9al uses 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,new ,granada1 especially 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b>bacoas1 a w>m & damp c\ntry ne> ! ,ecuador1 f :5ce ! pres5t sample comes4 ,its pr9cipal !rapeutic prop]ty is resolutive2 appli$ z a pla/] ^u lupus1 fle%y excresc5cies ( ! sk91 cold & indol5t tumors1 c4 x produces _! resolution2 & ?is result is frequ5tly confirm$ by ! #ij inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries4 ,i h obta9$ x almo/ always :5 ,i h made use ( ! milk 9 simil> cases4 ,at pres5t my fa!r has appli$ ?is gum 9 ! valley ( ,cauca1 & ) extraord9>y success1 = ! cure ( 8bocios10 or ob/ructions ( ! ?yroid gl&4 ,he has be5 able to purify x1 tak+ away ! "p ( potass :i* x conta9s 9 its orig9al /ate1 & has be5 able to give x ! consi/5ce & color ( gum ,arabic2 ) ?is sub/ance he makes a pla/]1 :i* de/roys ! 8bocios10 :i* s mu* ab\nd 9 ,new ,granada2 & its g5]al b5efits are felt & ackn[l$g$4 ,x is likewise us$ z an ag5t aga9/ /]ility 9 wom51 apply+ x z a pla/] ^u ! hypoga/ric region4 ,9 ulc]s ( a good "* ,i h obta9$ frequ5t & quick cicatrisation by apply+ x 9 ! same mann]2 ,i h also us$ x z a vehicle = prep>+ & apply+ bli/]s4 ,,aceite ,,de ,,palo 7oil ( wood7 is produc$ by a tree call$ 8manteco10 9 ! same prov9ce4 ,its pr9cipal !rapeutic qualities are topical & bli/]+4 ,by us+ x z an embrocation ,i h de/roy$ ! epid]mis1 & h ?us be5 able to get rid ( freckles & sup]ficial /a9s on ! face & o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,appli$ 9 l>g] quantities x produces ! effect ( a /rong bli/]1 excoriat+ & inflam+ ! sk94 ,?is oil is us$ 9 its natural /ate z an o9tm5t1 on arms & in/rum5ts ( /eel3 x de/roys _! temp] & s(t5s !m4 ,by decoction x loses ^! qualities1 & might be us$ z an o9tm5t )\t any risk4 ,x _c be us$ z a lamp-oil1 because x exhales a v ?ick smoke & ! mo/ disagreeable smell4 ,x has no kn[n int]nal m$ic9al qualities2 x may be class$ among/ ! corrosive poisons2 its color is purple1 its ta/e sui g5]is4 ,,le*e ,,de ,,popa 7milk ( ! c[-tree74--,?is sub/ance1 9 its natural /ate1 possesses ! physical prop]ties ( animal milk4 ,x is obta9$ by incision 9 ! b>k ( ! tree1 :i* is v abundant 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b>bacoas4 ,! ,indians & ! ,african race take x in/ead ( c[ milk2 x is v nutritive1 b has no kn[n m$ic9al qualities4 ,x is us$ also #ia = :itewa%+ h\ses1 comb9+ x ) e>?y sub/ances1 because1 be+ glut9\s1 x makes ! :itewa%+ la/ long]1 & prev5ts its /a9+ or rubb+ (f4 ,,miel ,,de ,,abeja ,,de ,,brea 7honey ( ! pit* bee74--,?is honey is extract$ f ! hive ( a bee1 v diff]5t f ! "o kn[n 9 ,europe1 & v mu* small]4 ,x is acid4 ,its m$ic9al qualities are = int]ior refrig]ation4 ,i h appli$ x ext]nally = contusions & ec*ymosis1 caus$ by bl[s or falls1 & ,i h always obta9$ a good result4 ,! pit* is a res9\s sub/ance1 ( a d>k yell[ color1 & con/itutes ! hive made by ?is bee4 ,x has a peculi> ta/e & smell1 is v combu/ible1 & is us$ by ! common p = tor*es4 ,x is soluble 9 alcohol4 ,i h appli$ x z a pla/] = n]v\s rheumatic pa9s1 & x has always reliev$ ! pa9s & swell+s4 ,,can$illo4--,?is is ! "n ( a cane ) a bitt] & aromatic b>k1 &1 9 my op9ion1 x belongs to ! family ( ,w9t]'s b>k4 ,x has _m !rapeutic qualities2 among/ o!rs x has p>ticul>ly attract$ my att5tion z an antidote aga9/ ! bite ( snakes & ( o!r v5om\s animals4 ,i consid] x ! be/ & safe/ ( all ! antidotes kn[n4 ,put two ounces ( ?is b>k 9 a bottle ( alcohol1 all[ x to mac]ate = ?ree or f\r h\rs1 to obta9 a t9cture4 ,use two p>ts ( ?is mixture ) common wat]2 a w9eglass e two h\rs until y allay ! heada*e ( ! bitt5 p]son--an infallible consequ5ce ( ! bite1 cupp+ at ! same "t1 & extract+ ! too?1 :i* (t5 rema9s 9 ! "p1 :i* is !n to be wa%$ & cov]$ ) l9t wett$ ) ! t9cture4 ,by ?is simple me?od ,i h cur$ hundr$s1 )\t ! loss ( a s+le life4 ,?is antidote is n[ g5]ally kept by all ! own]s ( m9es1 z a c]ta9 cure = bites ( snakes1 9 pref]5ce to o!r antidotes =m]ly us$4 ,x has ?is advantage ov] !m1 t x may be tak5 9 any quantity )\t dang]4 ,x is1 besides1 a tonic & anti-spasmodic4 ,i h us$ x also z a febrifuge2 9 rheumatism 7by friction72 & 9 ! w9dy colic1 tak5 9 ! same way z = bites by snakes4 #ib ,= indige/ion caus$ by weakness1 & = am5orrha1 f ! same cause1 x is also us$4 ,,s&alo4--,?is is ! b>k ( a tree :i* gr[s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,esm]aldas1 9 ! republic ( ! ,ecuador4 ,:5 burn$1 x produces a balsamic smell2 by boil+ ! b>k :5 fre%1 x produces a v aromatic balsam1 :i*1 l ! balsam ( tolu is us$ 9 cat>rh1 spasmodic c\gh1 ulc]s1 c4 ,,note4--,all ^! sub/ances are indig5\s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b>bacoas4 ,popa & s&i are f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,manteca de palo 7oil1 or lit]ally butt] ( wood71 is obta9$ only f "y trees :i* gr[ 9 ! pla9s4 ,,on ,,! ,,soda-,,pyrophosphate ,,( ,,iron4 ,,by ,,alex&] ,,ure1 ,,esq41 ,,surgeon ,,to ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,hospital4 ,my att5tion 0 attract$ "s "t back by an +5i\s pap] ( ,mons4 ,p]soz on ! d\ble pyrophosphoric salts1 publi%$ 9 ! ,annal5 d] ,*emie und ,ph>macie = #ahdh4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( t pap]1 ! au?or expresses an op9ion t ! pyrophosphoric salts are likely to prove ( importance z m$ic9al ag5ts4 ,x is well kn[n t iron is r5d]$ v eligible = int]nal use1 if adm9i/]$ 9 ! =m ( a triple salt1 z :5 comb9$1 = example1 ) t>t>ic acid & pota%2 because ! iron !n is no long] precipitable by ! alkal9e hydrate4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev] t ! soda pyrophosphate ( iron is 9 _m respects sup]ior z a m$ic9e to ! triple salts into :i* ! vegetable acids ent]4--,?us1 ! pyrophosphoric salt1 f be+ saturat$ ) oxyg51 _c 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! sy/em absorb m1 :]eas ! latt] salts "u l circum/ances1 are con/antly und]go+ a process ( combu/ion1 accord+ to ,millon2 & by )draw+ oxyg5 9 ?is mann]1 mu/ necess>ily impair ! efficacy ( ! oxide ( iron z an oxydiz+ ag5t4 ,x des]ves notice1 moreov]1 t ! con/itu5t +r$i5ts ( ! soda-pyrophosphate ( iron are to be f\nd 9 ! organism4 #ic ,i h prescrib$ ?is salt to v>i\s pati5ts1 & f\nd x to act z a mild b effici5t *alybeate4 ,"o little scr(ul\s girl1 n[ "u my c>e 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital1 = disease ( ! hip-jo9t1 has tak5 x 9 solution dur+ sev]al mon?s ) ! be/ effect4 ,! rem$y 0 accurately prep>$ by ,mr4 ,bly?1 disp5s] to ! hospital1 accord+ to ! subjo9$ directions ( ,mons4 ,p]soz3 #cb4e grammes ( gre5 sulphate ( iron 9 cry/als are to be mix$ 9 a porcela9 capsule ) #e grammes ( sulphuric acid1 #cj grammes ( wat]1 & z mu* nitro-muriatic acid z w suffice to effect ! oxidation ( ! protoxide ( iron4 ,! above mixture is to be evaporat$ to dryness 9 ord] to get rid ( ! free acid1 & !n treat$ ) wat] to ! am\nt ( "o litre4 ,f #ajg to #aaj grammes ( cry/alliz$ pyrophosphate ( soda are to be dissolv$ likewise 9 a litre ( wat]1 ( c\rse 9 a sep>ate vessel4 ,! two solutions are next to be mix$ toge!r1 & provid$ ! iron solution has be5 rightly prep>$ !re w be no precipitate :atev]4 ,ea* litre ( liquid w conta9 z mu* iron z #af4e ( ! gre5 sulphate4 ,?is solution is n affect$ by dilution ) ra9 or di/ill$ wat]1 b f be+ fa9tly alkal9e1 is r5d]$ slightly turbid on ! addition ( wat] impregnat$ ) lime4 ,,on ,,! ,,simaba ,,c$ron4 ,,by ,m4 ,,b]?old ,,seemann4 ,a tree1 :i* has atta9$ great celebrity1 is t call$ ,c$ron 7,simaba ,c$ron1 ,plan*474 ,! mo/ anci5t record ( x :i* ,i c f9d is 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,buccane]s1 an old "w publi%$ 9 ,london 9 ! ye> #afii4 ,its use z an antidote = ! bite ( snakes1 & its place ( gr[?1 are !re di/9ctly /at$2 b :e!r on ! au?ority ( ! natives1 or accid5tally discov]$ by ! pirates1 does n appe>4 ,if #id ! =m] 0 ! case1 !y mu/ h le>n$ x :ile on "s ( _! cruises on ! ,magdal5a1 = 9 ! ,i/hmus ! v exi/5ce ( ! tree 0 unsuspect$ until ab\t #ahde1 :5 ,don ,juan de ,ansoatigui1 asc]ta9$1 by comp>ison1 t ! ,c$ron ( ,panama & ,d>i5 0 id5tical ) t ( ,c>?ag5a4 ,! virtues ( its se$s1 h[ev]1 7 kn[n1 ye>s ago1 f ^? fruits import$ f ! ,magdal5a1 :]e1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,william ,purdie1 ! plant gr[s 9 pr(usion ab\t ! village ( ,san ,pablo4 ,9 ! ,i/hmus x is g5]ally f\nd on ! outskirts ( =e/s 9 almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry1 b 9 great] abundance 9 ,d>i5 & ,v]aguas ?an 9 ,panama4 ,! natives hold x 9 high e/eem1 & always c>ry a piece ( ! se$ ab\t ) !m4 ,:5 a p]son is bitt51 a little1 mix$ ) wat]1 is appli$ to ! w\nd1 & ab\t two gra9s scrap$ into br&y1 or1 9 ! abs5ce ( x1 into wat]1 is adm9i/]$ int]nally4 ,by foll[+ ?is treatm5t ! bites ( ! mo/ v5om\s snakes1 scorpions1 c5tip$es1 & o!r noxi\s animals1 h be5 unatt5d$ ) dang]\s consequ5ces4 ,doses ( x h also prov$ highly b5eficial 9 cases ( int]mitt5t fev]4 ,! ,c$ron is a tree1 f twelve to sixte5 feet high2 its simple trunk is ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & clo!d on ! top ) long p9nat$ leaves1 :i* give x ! appe>ance ( a palm4 ,its fl[]s are gre5i%1 & ! fruit resembles v mu* an unripe pea*4 ,ea* se$1 or cotyl$on ,i %\ld r say1 is sold 9 ! *emi/'s %ops 9 ,panama = two or ?ree reals 7ab\t #as4 or #as4 #f;d4 ,engli%71 & sometimes a mu* l>g] price is giv5 = !m4--,hook]'s ,j\rnal ( ,botany4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! ,c$ron se$s h lately be5 receiv$ 9 ,new ,york1 probably f a section ( ! c\ntry :]e !y are *eap] ?an ^u ! ,i/hmus4 ,z a rem$y = ! bites ( v5om\s reptiles1 l all o!rs ( ! same class1 x is ( little value1 b f its int5se bitt]ness1 x may be expect$ to possess great tonic p[]s1 & if1 9 addition to ^!1 fur!r exp]i5ce %all confirm ! report ( its virtues z an antip]iodic1 x w prove a rem$y ( great value4--,,ed4 ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 #ie ,,editorial4 ,,col*icum ,,autumnale4--,9 ! ,decemb] numb] ( ! ,ed9burgh ,mon?ly ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,mc,grigor ,maclagan1 has publi%$ an article on ,col*icum ,autumnale1 :i* conta9s little t is new1 b is ( int]e/ z confirm+ ! /atem5ts ( o!r obs]v]s4 ,! ord9>y mode ( propagation ( ! plant by ! =mation ( a s+le new bulb is ?us describ$4 ,9 ,june1 8! bulb is z l>ge z an apricot1 firm1 amylace\s1 & extremely bitt]1 & hav+ atta*$ to x ! %rivell$ rema9s ( ! old bulb1 & ! leaves n[ yell[ & decay$4 ,at ! end ( ,june or comm5cem5t ( ,july1 a small bulb w be obs]v$ to h become develop$ ^u ! side ( ! corm at its l[] "p4 ,at ?is "t x is a little l>g] ?an a gra9 ( :eat1 & lies 9 a little fissure on ! side ( ! p>5t bulb1 a little above ! orig9 ( ! radicles4 ,x increases sl[ly & gradually 9 size till ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/1 :5 x appe>s z a dilatation ( ! fl[] /alk1 :i* x !n comm5ces to put up4 ,9 ,septemb] ! fl[] is 9 full p]fection1 ! long tube ( ! p]ian? ( :i* has rais$ ! six p>tite limb to ! height ( f six to eight in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,! fl[] rema9s = two or ?ree weeks1 & !n dies d[n2 & no?+ ( ! plant is se5 above ! surface till ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y1 :5 ! leaf /alk comm5ces to rise4 ,if at ?is "t ! plant be tak5 up1 ! old & new bulb w /ill be f\nd to be unit$1 b ! new "o w be obs]v$ to h increas$ little 9 size s9ce autumn1 be+ /ill h>dly l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! leaf /alk4 ,! bulb ?us gr[s little dur+ ! autumn1 b 9 w9t] x increases rapidly 9 size2 9 ,april x is l a l>ge hazel nut1 & f t "t x increases /ill m till ! end ( ,june or ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 :5 x is1 z ,dr4 ,*ri/ison /ates1 z l>ge z an apricot4 ,9 ,april ! leaf /alk is f\nd p]fect$ by a f9e gr\p ( d>k gre5 leaves1 g5]ally ?ree 9 numb]1 & hav+ )9 _! %ea? ! capsules :i* ought to rip5 _! fruit 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ]4 ,9 ,may ! old bulb w be f\nd dry & )]$1 & conta9+ v little />*2 & 9 ,july if ! plant be tak5 up1 ?ree bulbs w be f\nd1 ! fir/ n[ r$uc$ to ! =m ( a membrane1 be>+ no resemblance to a bulb at all2 ! second1 arriv$ at full gr[?2 & a ?ird ! prog5y ( ! second4 ,9 ,febru>y & ,augu/1 in/ead ( "o leaf /alk & fl[] /alk mak+ _! appe>ance at _! respective p]iods1 ,i h (t5 rem>k$ t two h occurr$1 "o on ei!r side ( ! p>5t bulb4 ,i believe ?is to be "o ( ! effects ( cultivation1 z ,i h no :]e se5 x rem>k$ 9 descriptions ( ! plant by botanical au?ors4 ,dr4 ,*ri/ison has m5tion$ t ! full size ( a ,col*icum bulb is t ( a small apricot4 ,:]e ! plant has be5 cultivat$ h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,maclagan1 frequ5tly met ) !m z big z l>ge apples1 & on "o occasion procur$ "o 9 ,octob] weigh+ n9e & a half ounces4 #if ,he ?9ks t ! cormus %\ld be tak5 = m$ic9al use ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 at :i* "t x has atta9$ its greate/ size1 & is firm1 amylace\s & exce$+ly bitt]4 ,! bitt]ness is ! be/ crit]ion ( its m$ic9al activity4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson1 propos$ ! t9cture ( ,guaiacum z a te/ = ! goodness ( ,col*icum4 ,t5 gra9s ( ! bulb 7 rubb$ 9 a mort>1 ) sixte5 m9ims ( di/ill$ v9eg>1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds sixte5 m9ims ( ! t9cture ( guaiacum 7 add$4 ,:5 ! bulb 0 good1 a beautiful c]ulean color1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,?omson1 0 produc$4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t sev]al specim5s :i* he knew to be good fail$ 9 giv+ ?is *>act]i/ic color1 ,dr4 ,m4 proce$$ to inve/igate ! causes on :i* x dep5d$4 ,he express$ sev]al bulbs & filt]$ ! juice to sep>ate ! />*2 a beautiful blue color 0 n[ imm$iately produc$ by ! te/4 ,! blue liquid 0 !n heat$ till ! album5 0 coagulat$2 ! color rema9$ ) ! coagulum1 :ile ! liquid 0 colorless4 ,on rais+ ! heat to #bab ! blue color disappe>$4 ,! te/ produc$ no *ange 9 ! />* collect$ on ! filt]4 ,:5 ! fluid 0 boil$ previ\sly to ! application ( ! te/1 no blue color 0 produc$ by x ei!r ) ! filt]$ fluid or ! coagulum4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts ,dr4 ,m4 concludes1 8#a/4 ,t album5 is ! pr9ciple act$ on4 #bnd4 ,t a heat above #ahj de/roys ?is action4 #crd4 ,t ! value ( ! te/ is to prove t ! bulbs h be5 dri$ at a temp]ature n high] ?an #ahj40 ,dr4 ,maclagan 0 unable to procure col*icia1 ! alkaloid ann\nc$ by ,geig] ,hesse1 9 ! cry/all9e =m1 ?\gh he foll[$ ! process !y give v exactly1 & consequ5tly he d\bts its cry/all9e nature4 ,:at he obta9$ 0 9 ! =m ( a br[n res9\s look+ mass )\t smell1 & ( a bitt] ta/e1 ! bitt]ness be+ foll[$ by a slight s5se ( irritation 9 ! ?roat b by no?+ l ! int5se acrimony ( v]atria4 ,9 reg>d to ! physiological action ( ,col*icum1 ,dr4 ,m4 confirms ! /atem5t ( previ\s obs]v]s1 t x m>k$ly increases ! am\nt ( urea 9 ! ur9e2 & contr>y to :at has be5 ma9ta9$ by "s1 f\nd x likewise to increase ! quantity ( uric add4 ,9 an exp]im5t relat$ 9 detail1 aft] ! col*icum _h be5 employ$ = six days1 ! am\nt ( urea 9 ! ur9e 0 f\nd to be increas$ by ne>ly "o half1 & ! uric acid 0 m ?an d\bl$4 ,,errata ,,9 ,,! ,,febru>y ,,numb]4 ,page #cc1 #ac? l9e f ! bottom--= 8slack0 read 8slack$40 #cf1 #ag? l9e f ! bottom--= 8grns40 read 8grms40 #cf1 #aa? l9e f ! bottom--= 8grns40 read 8grms40 #cf1 #aa? l9e f ! bottom--= 8#j4hde grn40 read 8#j4hde grm40 #cg1 #bnd l9e f ! top--= 8monohydrate0 read 8molybdate40 #ig ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,april1 #aheb4 ,,rem>ks ,,^u ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,prep>ations ,,( ,,! ,,ph>macop,,ia ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahea4 ,,by ,,george ,d4 ,,cogge%all4 7,cont9u$ f page #dd47 ,9 giv+ =mul x is to be suppos$ t ! purpose ( a ,ph>macopia is to be practical1 respond+ to ! e day wants ( ! associat$ pr(essions ( m$ic9e & ph>macy4 ,x w\ld seem to be 9 no case ( practical utility to reta9 a =mula t is n us$1 & ( ?is "* ,i ?9k is ! "o = 8,,mucilage ,,( ,,gum ,,arabic40 ,x does n appe> to be employ$ ( ! consi/5ce direct$ except z a pa/e4 ,nor is ?is consi/5ce und]/ood :5 mucilage ( gum arabic is prescrib$ by physicians1 b by "s apo!c>ies a solution ( only "o eigh?1 & by o!rs1 "o f\r? ! /r5g? is put up4 ,if physicians are expect$ to prescribe1 & apo!c>ies to comp\nd accord+ to ! lett] ( ! ,ph>macopia1 ?is is c]ta9ly a daily & un=tunately1 ow+ to ! want ( a /&>d1 a v>iable exception4 ,! =mula 9 our ,ph>macopia is sub/antially ! same z 9 ^? ( ,london & ,ed9burgh1 :ile t ( ,dubl9 is "o half /rong]4 ,9 ! latt] ?ree x ent]s into o!r (fic9al prep>ations1 b 9 e case x is comb9$ ) wat]1 :i* appe>s to be a ne$less multiplication ( ! process1 z ! prop] proportions ( gum & wat] = ! :ole might z well be direct$ at once4 ,nor1 is x probably us$ 9 #ih extemporane\s prescription )\t simil> addition ( wat]1 unless x may be to =m pills1 = :i* x is r>ely1 if ev]1 well adapt$1 or employ$ by ! apo!c>y :5 x is prescrib$1 z x makes1 ) mo/ sub/ances1 an intractable mass4 ,i h be5 told by a highly intellig5t & well educat$ ,engli% apo!c>y1 t 8x 0 =m]ly ! practice ( ,engli% physicians to prescribe "o ounce ( mucilage ( gum arabic ) sev5 ounces ( wat]1 7or 9 t proportion17 mak+ a solution ( ! /r5g? n[ commonly us$ "h1 & t x _h become gradually ! practice to direct ! :ole quantity requir$1 "u ! t]m ( #8mucilage ( gum arabic1' ) ! g5]al und]/&+ t ! dilut$ /r5g? 0 int5d$40 ,z ?is seems to be n[ ! univ]sal practice 9 prescrib+ & putt+ up mixtures1 ! (fic9al directions are practically useless1 & lead to ! adoption ( v>i\s proportions by diff]5t apo!c>ies1 to produce ! mucilage to complete mixtures4 ,ano!r circum/ance may be notic$4 ,! ,ph>macopia directs ! use ( p[d]$ gum & ( boil+ wat]1 :]eas gum1 9 its ord9>y condition or co>sely brok51 & cold wat] make a cle>] solution4 ,cold wat] is direct$ = ! solution ( ! gum by ! ,ed9burgh process1 & 9 our pres5t =mula = 8,syrup ( ,gum ,arabic20--if appropriate = ! latt]1 x is q z mu* s = ! =m+ ( mucilage4 ,:5 ! gum has be5 gr\nd 9 a mill x appe>s to h be5 a little *>r$ & =ms a some:at turbid solution2 if p[d]$ by h&1 & r m co>sely1 its solution is cle>]4 ,^u ! :ole x seems desirable t !re %\ld be a uni=m /r5g? = ! mucilage ( gum arabic1 prescrib$ by physicians 9 mixtures1 :i* ! (fic9al prep>ation evid5tly is n4 ,our mucilage does n ent] into any o!r (fic9al prep>ations1 & if x did1 ! comb9ation ( gum & wat] _h bett] be made 9 ! g5]al process1 z 9 our almond mixture4 8,,comp\nd ,,_s ,,( ,,lav5d]0 appe>s to be b seldom #ii made accord+ to ! (fic9al directions1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( procur+ ! simple _s ( lav5d]4 ,on ?is acc\nt mo/ apo!c>ies use a proportion ( ! oil ( lav5d] & ( _s1 v>iable no d\bt 9 diff]5t private recipes4 ,! oil makes a decid$ly inf]ior prep>ation1 sep>at+ ^u admixture ) wat]1 & ev5 ! be/ ,engli% oil--:i* is probably nev] us$--is less cong5ial to ! /oma* ?an ! di/ill$ _s4 ,b ! difficulty may be ov]come1 & an excell5t prep>ation1 ess5tially ! same & p]haps q equal 9 quality & flavor to t ( ! ,ph>macopia1 may be made by ! employm5t ( rec5tly dri$ fl[]s4 ,! foll[+ is ! =mula ,i h us$ = sev]al ye>s1 ) an entirely satisfactory result3 ,take ( ,lav5d] fl[]s twelve ounces1 ,rosem>y leaves1 ,c9namon1 bruis$1 ea* f\r ounces & a half1 ,nutmegs1 bruis$1 ,cloves1 bruis$1 ea* six dra*ms1 ,cori&] se$1 bruis$1 ,r$ ,s&]s ea* ?ree ounces1 ,p[d]$ ,turm]ic "o dra*m1 ,alcohol six p9ts1 ,wat] five p9ts & a qu>t]4 ,mix1 dige/ = f\rte5 days1 express & filt]4 ,,! 8,,syrup ,,( ,,gum ,,arabic10 unacc\ntably )drawn f ! ,ph>macopia 9 #ahdj1 :5 x _h become a famili> favorite1 comes to u aga9 9 ! new revision1 n at all improv$ by seclusion4 ,x is *ang$ 9 its proportions1 b n = ! bett]1 z x n[ has too little gum & too mu* sug> 9 its composition4 ,( num]\s =mul by :i* ,i h made ?is syrup1 ,i h always f\nd t f our ,ph>macopia ( #ahcj1 ! be/ 9 proportions1 consi/5ce & flavor4 ,x is defective h[ev]1 9 "o po9t ( con/ruction1 & incorrect 9 ! use ( boil+ wat] to make ! solution ( gum4 ,! syrup is probably n bett] 9 any ess5tial p>ticul>1 b x is cle>]1 & !re=e m pleas+ 9 #ajj appe>ance1 :5 x is con/ruct$ by mak+ ! solutions ( gum & sug> sep>ately1 t ( ! gum 9 half ! wat] cold1 & t ( ! sug> 9 ! rema9d] ( ! wat] boil+1 !n imm$iately comb9+ ! two & br++ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,x may !n be easily filt]$ ?r\gh flannel4 ,9 prep>+ 8,,syrup ,,( ,,citric ,,acid10 x w\ld be pref]able to use1 9 place ( ! oil ( lemon1 a t9cture made f ! outside yell[ "p ( ! r9d ( ! fre% fruit1 made by cov]+ x ) pure alcohol4 ,two dra*ms ( ?is t9cture are ab\t equival5t to f\r m9ims ( ! oil ( lemon4 ,! =mula = 8,,syrup ,,( ,,ipecacuanha0 is "o ( ! mo/ objectionable we h to notice1 & ! lea/ calculat$ to answ] m$ical wants 9 reg>d to its importance4 ,!re is a v]bal error1 ei!r 9 ! li/ ( compon5ts or 9 ! directions1 :i* leads to "s confusion4 ,among/ ! =m] we f9d 8dilut$ alcohol10 & 9 ! latt]1 we are told to 8mac]ate ! ipecacuanha 9 ! alcohol1 c40 ,! same error occurs 9 ! edition ( #ahdj4 ,?is =mula is unnecess>ily complex1 & yields an ineffici5t prep>ation ( ab\t half ! /r5g? ( ! w9e ( ipecac1 :i* x 0 int5d$ to equal at its orig91 ab\t twelve ye>s be=e its introduction into our ,ph>macopia4 ,previ\sly to ?is x _h1 = six or eight ye>s1 be5 made "h ( ab\t d\ble ! /r5g? ( ! w9e1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al plan ( =m+ m$ic9al syrups1 by comb9+ z l>ge a proportion ( ! rem$ial ag5t 9 !m z c readily be done1 to obviate at once ! necessity ( bulky doses1 & ! exhibition ( undue quantities ( sug>4 ,i _c discov] ! advantage ( mak+ a p9t ( t9cture ) an ounce ( ! root1 evaporat+ ! filt]$ t9cture to six fluid ounces1 filt]+ aga91 & !n add+ wat] to br+ back ! measure ( a p9t4 ,if ! object be to get rid ( ! alcohol1 x is an unnecess>y exposure ( ! soluble pr9ciples ( ! ipecac to heat1 = half a p9t ( dilut$ alcohol1 especially ) f\r ounces ( wat] add$ by way ( displacem5t1 w\ld exhau/ ! root equally well2 s t ! evaporation ne$ n #aja be c>ri$ s f>4 ,!re is no m5tion ( a wat] ba?1 :i* %\ld be us$ by all means4 ,we %\ld pref]1 if we c\ld1 to make all prep>ations :i* ! ,ph>macopia conta9s1 9 accordance ) x4 ,b :5 a prep>ation has be5 9 su* g5]al & favorite use1 = sev]al ye>s1 z to be consid]$ indisp5sable be=e x becomes (fic9al2 & 9 su* =m is r$uc$ to a ?ird or a f\r? ( :at is felt to be an eligible /r5g?1 n only )\t any comp5sat+ advantage1 b ) ! positive disadvantages ( greatly dilut+ its rem$ial influ5ce1 & increas+ ! quantity requir$ to be tak5 ( a nause\s m$ic9e1 !re is naturally an unwill+ness to yield well settl$ convictions ( utility1 & replace an important rem$y1 t has prov$ q satisfactory1 ) a prep>ation believ$ to be ( comp>atively little value4 ,x is n probable t1 9 ,new ,york1 ! pres5t (fic9al syrup ( ipecacuanha1 c ev] sup]s$e ! effici5t & reliable "o we h s long be5 accu/om$ to1 nor answ] ! wi%es & expectations ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,i app5d ! =mula propos$ 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees 9 #ahce1 sev5 ye>s be=e "o = ?is syrup appe>$ 9 our ,ph>macopia4 ,i h n f\nd cause to *ange x 9 any respect4 ,x af=ds ab\t ?ree p9ts ( syrup1 :i* keeps well = ye>s at ! ord9>y temp]atures ( ! %op1 & ( dwell+s2 ! proportion ( sug> proves to be j :at is want$ = a prop] consi/5ce )\t cry/allization1 &1 z a m$ic9e1 x gives entire satisfaction to ! prescrib]4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,take ( ,ipecacuanha1 bruis$1 six ounces1 ,alcohol "o p9t & a half1 ,wat] "o p9t1 ,mix1 to =m a t9cture4 ,dige/ = t5 days1 filt]1 & add "o p9t ( wat]1 by way ( displacem5t1 evaporate 9 a wat] ba? to two p9ts1 add imm$iately3 ,ref9$ sug> ?ree p\nds & a qu>t]4 ,& br+ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! 8,,comp\nd ,,syrup ,,( ,,squill0 is pres5t$ 9 ! #ajb ,ph>macopia ) two processes = its prep>ation4 ,! fir/ is liable1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 to ! same objection :i* has r5d]$ ! orig9al =m1 giv5 by ,dr4 ,coxe1 obsolete1 t x produces a turbid syrup1 & "o t w n keep4 ,! second process is bett]1 b sc>cely adequate1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 to extract ! full /r5g? ( ! roots s well z by ! employm5t ( a great] proportion ( alcohol1 & long] dige/ion4 ,! foll[+ produces ?ree & a half p9ts ( syrup f ! same mat]ials1 app>5tly /rong] ?an if ! boil+1 :i* is only = a few m9utes1 7 cont9u$ d[n to ?ree p9ts1 reta9+ a portion ( honey1 = ! sake ( ! flavor1 & ) z l>ge an addition ( sug> z ! syrup w be> )\t cry/allization4 ,! proportion ( t>t> emetic is1 ( c\rse1 ! same3 ,take ( ,s5eka1 bruis$1 ,squills1 bruis$1 ea* f\r ounces4 ,alcohol1 ,wat] ea* two p9ts4 ,mix1 to =m a t9cture4 ,dige/ t5 days1 filt]1 & add twelve ounces ( wat]1 by way ( displacem5t1 evaporate by wat] ba? to two p9ts1 add3 ,sug> fifte5 ounces1 ,honey eighte5 ounces1 ,boil to ?ree p9ts & a half1 9 :i* dissolve :ile hot3 ,t>t> emetic fifty-six gra9s4 8,,syrup ,,( ,,tolu10 made aft] ! ,london =mula1 is a m elegant & bett] flavor$ prep>ation ?an c be made by any comb9ation ( ! t9cture4 ,s decid$ is ! sup]iority ( ! ,london process1 t x is r surpris+ ! o!r ,ph>macopias %\ld n adopt x4 ,an apo!c>y :o does1 w h>dly be satisfi$ ) ! t9cture-made syrup aft]w>ds4 ,! 8,,t9cture ,,( ,,aconite ,,root0 is desir$ by our physicians ( full saturation4 ,! 8/rong t9cture10 to :i* we h be5 accu/om$ = sev]al ye>s1 is t ( ,flem+'s process1 viz3 sixte5 ounces ( ! root to a p9t & a half ( alcohol4 #ajc ,! 8,,comp\nd ,,t9cture ,,( ,,c>damom0 is n[ fir/ introduc$ into our ,ph>macopia1 ) a *ange f ! pleasant t9cture we h be5 9 ! habit ( mak+ aft] ! ,london or ,ed9burgh =mula1 by increas+ ! proportion ( c>damom1 f two dra*ms & a half to six dra*ms1 & r$uc+ ! c>away "o fif?1 :i* makes a t9cture n ne> s pleasant to ! ta/e1 ow+ to ! /rong pr$om9ance ( ! c>damom flavor1 :i* is r h>% :5 9 too great excess4 ,z ?is t9cture is ( little m$ical importance by itself1 & *iefly us$ z an agreeable adjunct to mixtures1 ! proportions :i* h be5 f\nd to answ] s well may /ill be consid]$ pref]able4 ,!re are o!r cases1 no d\bt1 9 :i* apo!c>ies w f9d x exp$i5t to v>y ! processes ( c>ry+ out =mul1 n ) a view ( alt]+ ! /r5g? ( prep>ations1 b arriv+ at sub/antially ! same results or bett] ones1 f ! same mat]ials1 by improv$ application ( skill4 ,:oev] c1 by sup]ior me?od1 m fully develope ! qualities ( a sub/ance to be act$ ^u1 ?an has hi!rto be5 done1 or *ange ! "* ( a prep>ation f p]i%able to p]man5t1 f unc]ta9 to def9ite1 f slov5ly to elegant1 c accompli% some?+ = ! b5efit ( 8 art1 & r5d] x s mu* ! m useful to ! community4 ,mo/ ( ! improvem5ts 9 ph>macy h be5 effect$ by ! practical apo!c>y1 & r5d]$ available by him1 9 advance ( ! ,ph>macopia4 ,,notes ,,9 ,,ph>macy4 ,,by ,,b5jam9 ,,canavan4 ,! fact 9 ! natural k+dom1 t 8no?+ is de/roy$10 sugge/s an equally true axiom1 z appli$ to ! moral _w1 t 8no?+ is useless20 &1 ) ?is impression1 ,i am induc$ to s5d ! foll[+ trifles to ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 :i*1 if n unacceptable1 x w give me pleasure to repeat 8pro re nat40 #ajd ,,pil4 ,,f]ri ,,comp4--,?is v mu* neglect$ pill1 :i* is ! prototype & %\ld h preclud$ ! necessity ( ,vallet's prep>ation1 ,i w\ld beg leave to introduce1 = ! purpose ( recomm5d+1 or r v]ify+ an improvem5t :i* ,i h sometimes adopt$1 9 ! mode ( comp\nd+ x1 diff]+ f ! (fic9al directions = s do+4 ,we are told to 8rub ! myrrh ) ! c>b4 sod2 !n add ! sulph4 f]ri1 & aga9 rub !m2 la/ly1 beat !m ) ! syrup s z to =m a mass40 ,i d n hesitate to say t no am\nt ( trituration or skill1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 w enable ! manipulator by ?is means to make ! mass prop]ly1 ei!r 9 a *emical or ph>maceutical po9t ( view4--,9 a note ! editor ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory in=ms u3 8,x is said ! salt ( iron w be bett] pres]v$1 if ! op]ator %\ld dissolve ! sulphate ( iron 9 ! syrup ) a mod]ate heat & !n add ! c>b4 sod1 /irr+6 till eff]vesc5ce ceases20 ?is is correct 9 pr9ciple2 b ! same object is atta9$1 & ! only way by :i* ! pill ought or c be prop]ly prep>$1 is by triturat+ sep>ately1 & to solution ! two salts 9 ! necess>y quantity ( syrup1 mix+1 & aga9 triturat+ until p]fect decomposition is induc$1 & by incorporat+ ! myrrh1 =m into a mass )\t delay4 ,9 ?is way y insure ! exi/5ce ( ! int5d$ proto c>b4 f]ri 9 ! pill1 :i* is n1 or only p>tially ! case :5 prep>$ by any o!r process4 ,i w\ld rem>k1 en passant1 t ?is pill pres5ts u ) ! v p]i%able proto c>b4 9 ! mo/ p]man5t =m1 reta9+1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 its *emical integrity unimpair$1 indef9itely1 & is !re=e sup]ior 9 ?is important respect to ! quickly *angeable mi/4 f]ri comp41 ! pres5ce also ( a l>g] proportion ( myrrh be+ (t5 a decid$ advantage4 ,,extracta ,,liquida ,,opii4--,x has be5 sugge/$1 & ,i believe attempt$1 to introduce c]ta9 prep>ations ) ! above titles1 z sub/itutes = ! demi-no/rum1 kn[n z 8,mc,munn's ,elixir ( ,opium10 :i* has be5 v ext5sively us$1 & enjoy$ high favor1 b ( :i* ! exact nature #aje & mode ( prep>ation are n g5]ally und]/ood1 & :i*1 ei!r f hav+ become too antiquat$ = ?is novelty hunt+ age1 or its success hav+ tempt$ ! cupidity ( av>ici\s p]sons1 or f :atev] cause1 has be5 = "s "t dim9i%+ 9 popul>ity1 & subject$ to _m compla9ts4 ,9 all prep>ations ( ?is pot5t drug1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 anci5t or mod]n1 ! great object has be51 to get rid ( ! n>cot9e1 :i* has be5 m or less accompli%$ by v>i\s processes4 ,at pres5t an aque\s fluid extract is said to supply ! desid]atum4 ,?is is m]ely a modification ( ! wat]y extract ( all ! ,ph>macopias1 & is no d\bt z good1 b no bett] prep>ation4 ,! d5>cotis$ t9cture is sup]ior to all ( !m1 & ! v small quantity ( _s conta9$ 9 an ord9>y dose1 is sc>cely an objection1 & is only little m ?an is necess>y to pres]ve ! extract2 b if deem$ o!rwise1 a fluid extract may be prep>$ f d5>cotis$ opium1 entirely free f ! peccant alkaloid1 & possibly ! evaporation necess>y to ! process1 may dissipate "s noxi\s volatile prop]ty1 :i* w\ld exi/ 9 a t9cture1 & :i* x is mo/ probable ! opium possesses1 f ! fact1 among o!rs1 t old opium is mu* less prone ?an new to cause disagreeable aft] effects4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t meconic acid has be5 ! evict$ pr9ciple2 b ?is is d\btful4 ,h[ev]1 ! action ( heat is useful1 & ,i ?9k a 8fluid extract ( d5>cotis$ opium10 w\ld p]haps be f\nd to be z free z possible f objectionable effects4 ,,e!r ,,hydro*loric2 ,,*lor9at3 or e!r hydro*lorique *lor1 z ! ,fr5* h x1 is ano!r *ange1 rung by ,m4 ,mialhe ( ,p>is1 ) ! transc5d5tal comp\nds ( c>bon & *lor9e4 ,x is a mongrel prep>ation1 int]m$iate betwe5 hydro*loric3 e!r & *lor(orm1 pr(ess+ to h ! advantage ( n irritat+ ! sk9 l ! latt]4 ,if ?is be s1 exp]i5ce w tell1 & also :e!r ! irritation is n proportionable to ! effect4 ,) reg>d to su* a ref9em5t ( an already inf9itesimally delicate class ( prep>ations1 ,i %\ld suppose x w\ld be #ajf desirable to effect ! object aim$ at by !m1 by if possible "s m palpable me?od1 z = in/ance dilut+ *lor(orm ei!r ) hydro*loric e!r or alcohol1 to ! necess>y mildness1 or by int]pos+ betwe5 x & ! sk91 a ?9 moi/ lay] ( "s sub/ance1 z bibul\s pap]1 :i* w\ld n int]f]e ) ! rigefaci5t effect ( evaporation1 & w\ld prev5t any injury aris+ f actual contact4 ,,indelible ,,ink4 ,,by ,m4 ,,guill]1 ,,( ,,p>is4 ,hi!rto ! v>i\s inks prep>$ = m>k+ l951 h b imp]fectly answ]$ ! end propos$4 ,"s produc$ yell[i% m>ks2 o!rs ?\gh black] at fir/1 disappe>$ ei!r p>tially or entirely aft] sev]al wa%+s4 ,aga91 o!rs1 9 sep>ate bottles1 necessitat$ two di/9ct op]ations1 & 7 ?us att5d$ ) inconv5i5ce1 f ! possibility ( mi/akes or =getfulness1 f ! c>e requir$1 & also f ! "t tak5 up 9 ! op]ation4 ,9 view ( ^! difficulties1 & to meet a dem& con/antly occurr+ 9 comm]ce1 & 9 all k9ds ( manufactures1 z well z 9 hospitals1 & civil & milit>y adm9i/rations1 we h appli$ ourselves to ! composition ( an ink free f all ^! objections1 & p]fectly easy & c]ta9 9 its application4 ,we %all subjo9 "s =mul = ! manufacture ( m>k+ inks1 :i* repres5t p>ticul> improvem5ts1 z c be v]ifi$ by try+ !m4 ,=mula1 ,no4 #a1 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #aa grammes1 ,di/ill$ wat]1 #he grammes1 ,p[d]$ gum arabic1 #bj grammes1 ,sub-c>bonate ( soda1 #bb grammes1 ,solution ( ,ammoni1 #bj grammes4 ,dissolve ! #bb p>ts ( sub-c>bonate ( soda 9 ! #he p>ts ( wat]2 put into a m>ble mort> ! gum1 & p\r on #ajg x v gradually ! solution ( ! sub-c>bonate1 /irr+ x ) ! pe/le to cause x to dissolve4 ,9 ! mean "t1 y w h dissolv$ ! #aa p>ts ( nitrate 9 ! #bj p>ts ( liquid ammonia4 ,mix ! two solutions2 put ! :ole 9 a matrass & expose x to heat4 ,! mass :i* 0 ( a dirty grey color1 & half coagulat$1 becomes cle> & br[n1 & :5 arriv$ at ! boil+ po9t1 x becomes v d>k1 & suffici5tly limpid to fl[ readily 9 ! p54 ,?is ink1 made )\t heat l ! two foll[+ =ms no s$im5t1 ! ebullition ?ick5+ x1 & besides giv+ ! ink a v d>k color1 dis5gages ! ammoniacal vapors1 :i* att5uate ! odor ( ! ammonia 9 x4 ,=mula ,no4 #b1 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #e grammes1 ,wat]1 #ab grammes1 ,gum1 #e grammes1 ,sub-c>bonate ( soda1 #g grammes1 ,solution ( ,ammoni1 #aj grammes4 ,mix z 9 ,no4 #a2 put ! :ole into a matrass & evaporate until ! liquor has acquir$ a v d>k br[n t9t1 :i* w take place :5 x has lo/ ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( its bulk2 a m complete evaporation w\ld =m a precipitate1 z ! vapors w\ld draw (f too mu* ( ! ammonia4 ,?is ink w be f\nd excell5t = m>k+1 ! "* w be v black1 & x w be f\nd especially useful = apply+ ) ! /amp4 ,=mula ,no4 #c1 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #ag grammes1 ,wat]1 #he grammes1 ,gum1 #bj grammes1 ,sub-c>bonate ( soda1 #bb grammes1 ,solution ( ,ammoni1 #db grammes1 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #cc grammes4 ,fir/ dissolve ! #bb p>ts ( sub-c>bonate 9 ! #be p>ts ( wat]1 & ! #ae ( nitrate 9 ! #db ( ammonia4 ,?is done1 put into ! m>ble mort> ! #bj p>ts ( gum ) ! sixty p>ts ( wat] :i* rema91 /ir x #ajh ) ! pe/le1 & p\r on x ! solution ( sub-c>bonate1 aft] :i*1 p\r ! :ole into ! solution ( ! nitrate2 f9i% by add+ ! #cc p>ts ( ! solution ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,! great] quantity ( ammonia is expla9$ by ! pres5ce ( ! sulphate to be dissolv$4 ,?is composition diff]s f ! o!rs 9 hav+ a blue t+e1 due to ! solution ( copp]4 ,x w be readily se5 t ^! relative qualities1 giv5 z =mul = ! production ( suitable inks1 may v>y accord+ z x is desirable to produce a ?ick] or ?9] ink1 or accord+ to ! mat]ial on :i* x is to be us$1 obs]v+ t if1 on ! "o h&1 ! ammonia acts z a solv5t1 & facilitates ! composition ( an ink :i* c be us$ )\t a previ\s prep>ation2 on ! o!r h&1 ! evaporation ( a "p ( ! ammonia by heat1 gives to ! liquid a d>k color :i* r5d]s ! writ+ imm$iately black2 aga91 ! boil$ liquid greases less1 & ?us p5etrates & spreads bett] on ! l95 )\t mak+ a blot4 ,z to ! mode ( us+1 :e!r ) a p5 or a /amp proce$ z usual1 namely3 pass a hot iron ov] ! writ+1 to cause x m completely to p5etrate ! mat]ial4 ,,on ,,val]ianic ,,acid ,,& ,,its ,,salts4 ,,by ,,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,b>nes4 ,consid]able att5tion hav+ ( late be5 direct$ to ?is class ( comp\nds1 p]haps a few practical obs]vations relat+ to _! manufacture1 c4 might be ( int]e/ to ! read]s ( ,! ,annals ( ,ph>macy4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! comb9ations ( val]ianic acid ) bases1 & ! prop]ties ( ^? salts1 h be5 describ$ 9 ! books on *emi/ry1 yet ,i believe ,i may lay claim to ! priority ( ! prep>ation ( an ext5sive s]ies ( ! comb9ation ( val]ianic acid ) bases4 #aji ,val]ianic acid1 x is well kn[n1 occurs pre=m$ 9 c]ta9 plants2 & x is equally well kn[n1 t x c be produc$ 9 ! laboratory by artificial means4 ,?is v fact is ( great int]e/ to ! inve/igat+ *emi/1 z x enc\rages him 9 ! belief t he w1 soon] or lat]1 be able to produce artificially1 n only acids1 :i* are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms2 b t he w s f> imitate ,nature 9 h] wond]ful processes1 z to produce ! vegetable alkaloids1 morphia1 qu9a1 c41 by ! comb9ation ( _! elem5ts4 ,! acid employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is s]ies1 = :i* ,i h _h ! honor ( be+ aw>d$ a ,prize ,m$al by ! ,jurors ( ! ,great ,exhibition1 0 prep>$1 9 pr9ciple1 ! same z t direct$ to be us$ by ! ,dubl9 ,ph>macopia 9 ! prep>ation ( val]ianate ( soda1 namely1 ! oxidation ( ,fusel oil by means ( *romic acid4 ,! =mula ,i employ$ is z foll[s3 ,take ( ,bi*romate ( pota%1 #b p>ts4 ,oil ( vitriol1 #c p>ts4 ,wat]1 #d p>ts4 ,pure ,fusel oil1 #a p>ts4 ,! bi*romate ( pota% is to be f9ely p[d]$ & dissolv$ 9 ! wat]2 ! solution be+ put into a glass retort1 ! oil ( vitriol is gradually add$1 &1 :5 q cold1 ! fusel oil is c>efully add$2 ! cont5ts ( ! vessel mu/ be con/antly agitat$1 & at ! same "t kept imm]s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,! deep gre5 liquid is n[ di/ill$ f a s& ba?2 ! di/illate is mix$ ) cau/ic soda1 or pota%1 & sep>at$ f ! oily fluid float+ on ! surface2 ! val]ianate ( soda is evaporat$ to a conv5i5t degree ( conc5tration1 introduc$ into a retort1 decompos$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & di/ill$2 ! lib]at$ val]ianic acid is f9ally dri$ ov] *loride ( calcium4 ,x is also obta9$ by ! oxidation ( oil ( val]ian1 by means ( an alkali4 ,x is =m$ f fats1 by treat+ !m #aaj ) fum+ nitric acid2 f animal nitrog5\s matt]s1 bo? by putrefaction & on decompos+ !m ) /rong nitric acid2 & also if leuc9e be treat$ ) cau/ic pota%1 or all[$ to putrefy1 x becomes conv]t$ into val]ianic acid 7no o!r acid be+ =m$71 ammonia & hydrog5 be+ evolv$4 ,x is mo/ easily obta9$ 9 a /ate ( absolute purity by ! action ( spongy plat9um & atmosph]ic air ^u potatoe ,fusel oil4 ,val]ianic acid is compos$ ( ,c#aj ,h#i ,o#c1 ,h ,o4 ,x possesses a well kn[n *>act]i/ic od\r1 an acrid burn+ ta/e1 & produces a :ite spot on ! tongue4 ,x boils at #cdh ,fahr41 & dissolves 9 #bf p>ts wat]2 x also =ms a second hydrate4#h #h ,lehmann's ,physiological ,*emi/ry4 ,comb9ations ) ! ,alkalies4 ,! pota% salt 0 prep>$ by saturat+ ! acid ) liquor potass1 & evaporat+ c>efully until aque\s vap\r ceas$ to be giv5 (f3 x %\ld be1 :ile /ill w>m1 cut up & pres]v$ 9 well /opp]$ bottles4 ,x does n cry/allize1 b =ms a semi-transp>5t colorless mass1 v mu* resembl+ phosphorus 9 appe>ance4 ,x 7probably f its compactness7 produces :5 %>ply /ruck ) any h>d body a metallic s\nd1 some:at l t occasion$ :5 a bell ( camphor is /ruck 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x is deliquesc5t1 & v soluble4 ,! soda salt 0 prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! pota% salt1 cut up into pieces :ile w>m1 & pres]v$ 9 /opp]$ bottles3 x is 9 sn[-:ite masses compos$ ( m9ute cry/als2 x is deliquesc5t1 & v soluble4 ,! ammonia salt 0 prep>$ by saturat+ ! acid ) /rong liquor ammoni1 & evaporat+ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ajj ,fahr41 until cry/als appe>$ on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,:5 x 0 set aside = fur!r cry/allization1 ! "m liquor 0 all[$ to dra9 (f1 ! cry/als 7 plac$ ^u bibul\s pap]1 & f9ally dri$ 9 vacuo1 ov] oil ( vitriol4 ,!y are #aaa ( a tabul> =m2 :5 held betwe5 ! f+]s = a mom5t1 !y become liquid4 ,!y are deliquesc5t & dissolve readily 9 wat]4 ,comb9ations ) ! ,alkal9e ,e>?s4 ,! b>yta salt 0 prep>$ by add+ ! acid to c>bonate ( b>yta 9 excess1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly mix$ ) wat]2 a g5tle heat 0 appli$1 &1 :5 ! dis5gagem5t ( c>bonic acid _h ceas$1 ! excess ( c>bonate 0 filt]$ (f2 ! filtrate 0 evaporat$ v c>efully1 until aque\s vap\r ceas$ to be giv5 (f1 x rema9$ a transp>5t gummy mass1 readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,! /rontia1 lime1 & magnesia salts 7 prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! b>yta salt4 ,! two =m] are cry/all9e1 & d n deliquesce by exposure to ! atmosph]e2 !y are soluble4 ,! lime salt cry/allizes 9 nacre\s plates2 x effloresces :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e2 x is beautifully :ite4 ,! magnesia salt w\ld n cry/allize1 !re=e x 0 evaporat$ to dryness1 at a temp]ature n exce$+ #abj ,fahr4 ,x =ms a light :ite soluble p[d]1 sweet to ! ta/e1 & /rong 9 ! *>act]i/ic od\r ( val]ianic acid4 ,comb9ations ) ,metallic ,oxides4 ,! alum9a1 *romium1 & nickel salts 7 prep>$ by ! direct comb9ation ( ! hydrates ( ^? bases ) ! acid4 ,! alum9a & *romium salts are 9 p[d]1 & are soluble4 ,! nickel salt is 9 cry/all9e masses1 ( an apple-gre5 color1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,! cobalt salt 0 also prep>$ by ! direct way2 ! floccul5t blue precipitate1 obta9$ by precipitation f nitrate ( cobalt1 by means ( cau/ic pota%1 aft] be+ well wa%$1 0 dissolv$ 9 val]ianic acid1 filt]$ & v c>efully evaporat$ to dryness2 x occurs 9 masses ( a rose color1 & is soluble4 ,! manganese salt 0 also prep>$ 9 ! direct way by #aab mix+ an excess ( ! hydrat$ oxide ) wat] & ! acid1 all[+ !m to rema9 9 contact = "s "t1 filt]+ & evaporat+ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #abj ,fahr41 until cry/als appe>$ on ! surface ( ! fluids2 x 0 set aside1 & aft] a :ile1 ! cry/als 7 sep>at$ f ! "m liquor4 ,! latt] be+ aga9 evaporat$1 ano!r crop ( cry/als 0 obta9$2 x occurs 9 gli/5+ scales ( a fle% color1 & dissolves v readily 9 wat]4 ,! val]ianate ( protoxide ( iron 0 prep>$ by ! d\ble decomposition ( val]ianate ( b>yta & proto-sulphate ( iron2 x c only be kept 9 a /ate ( solution1 z lea/ ! heat & exposure to ! air conv]ts x imm$iately into ! p]oxide salt4 ,! val]ianate ( p]oxide ( iron1 0 prep>$ by br++ toge!r neutral cold solutions ( p]*loride ( iron & val]ianate ( soda1 ! precipitat$ val]ianate 0 ?r[n ^u a filt]1 well wa%$1 to sep>ate ! *loride ( sodium1 & dri$ )\t heat on a por\s tile2 x occurs z a bright r$ loose p[d]1 p]fectly soluble 9 alcohol4 ,! val]ianate ( z9c 0 prep>$ accord+ to ! directions 9 ! ,dubl9 ,ph>macopia2 x occurs 9 small smoo? cry/als1 some:at l boracic acid2 x is soluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,! lead salt 0 prep>$ by decompos+ fre%ly precipitat$ c>bonate ( lead ) ! acid1 filt]+ & evaporat+ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,9 due "t1 cry/als made _! appe>ance 9 ! fluid2 b 7probably f ! temp]ature be+ too high7 !y subsequ5tly disappe>$2 &1 ^u fur!r evaporation1 x rema9$ 9 ! =m ( a syrup4 ,! silv] salt 0 produc$ by ! d\ble decomposition ( nitrate ( silv]1 & val]ianate ( soda4 ,! val]ianate ( silv] be+ v insoluble1 0 precipitat$ z a :ite p[d]2 aft] wa%+ ) cold wat]1 x 0 dri$ 9 ! d>k on a por\s tile4 ,by exposure to ! light1 x becomes black4 ,! salt ( ! suboxide ( m]cury 0 also prep>$ by d\ble decomposition4 ,x is a loose1 yell[i% :ite p[d]4 #aac ,! salt ( oxide ( m]cury 0 prep>$ by agitat+ toge!r1 ! yell[ hydrate ( ! oxide ) wat] & val]ianic acid4 ,aft] "s "t1 ,i obta9$ a colorless liquid1 :i*1 ^u evaporation at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ajj ,fahr41 yield$ cry/als :i*1 h[ev]1 spe$ily fell into a r$ p[d]4 ,i !re=e aga9 repeat$ ! op]ation1 omitt+ ! application ( heat2 ! solution 0 set aside1 :5 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree weeks1 ,i obta9$ ?is salt 9 prismatic :ite cry/als4 ,! bismu? salt 0 obta9$ by ! addition ( val]ianate ( soda1 to a solution ( bismu? 9 nitric acid1 :i* 0 ne>ly saturat$ ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,x occurs z a loose :ite p[d]4 ,! copp] salt 0 obta9$ by d\ble decomposition1 & occurs z a beautiful gre5 p[d]4 ,! cadmium salt 0 prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! z9c salt4 ,x occurs 9 cry/all9e scales1 resembl+ 9 =m t ( z9c1 b l>g]4 ,comb9ations ) ,organic ,bases4 ,! val]ianate ( oxide ( e?yle 7val]ianic e!r7 0 obta9$ by di/ill+1 toge!r1 alcohol1 oil ( vitriol1 & val]ianic acid2 x 0 well wa%$1 dri$ ov] *loride ( calcium1 & re-di/ill$4 ,x is an oily liquid1 ) a p5etrat+ smell ( fruit1 & ( val]ian2 ( specific gravity1 #j1hid4 7,otto74 ,x is miscible ) alcohol & e!r3 x has an agreeable1 cool1 & aromatic ta/e4 ,i prep>$ ! val]ianate ( qu9a1 bo? by d\ble decomposition1 & by direct comb9ation ( ! base ) ! acid4 ,t by d\ble decomposition1 0 prep>$ by add+ to a w>m solution ( neutral sulphate ( qu99e1 a w>m solution ( val]ianate ( b>yta2 ! mixture 0 all[$ to /& = a :ile1 & filt]$ to sep>ate ! insoluble sulphate ( b>yta2 ! filtrate 0 evaporat$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj1 until cry/als made _! appe>ance1 :5 x 0 set aside = #aad fur!r cry/allization4 ,! cry/als obta9$ by ?is process are 9 silky tufts & p]fectly :ite4 ,! val]ianate ( qu9a1 made by ! direct comb9ation ( ! acid ) ! base1 0 effect$ by triturat+1 9 a mort>1 fre%ly precipitat$ qu9a1 ) wat] & val]ianic acid1 until ! qu9a _h disappe>$4 ,x 0 !n expos$ 9 %all[ di%es1 to a curr5t ( air2 :5 suffici5tly evaporat$1 octoh$ral cry/als 7 =m$4 ,val]ianate ( qu9a 9 bo? =ms dissolves readily 9 wat]4 ,:5 a solution ( val]ianate ( qu9a is evaporat$ at a temp]ature ( #acj1 x does n cry/allize1 b has ! appe>ance ( an oil4 ,f ! diff]5t appe>ances ( ?is salt1 x is highly probable t !y ea* diff] 9 composition4 ,?is ph5om5a is wor?y ( a ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,! morphia salt 0 prep>$ 9 ! direct way4 ,x cry/allizes 9 silky tufts2 x dissolves readily 9 wat]4 ,al?\gh b ?ree ( ! salts ( val]ianic acid are employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 namely1 ^? ( p]oxide ( iron1 oxide ( z9c1 & qu99e1 !re appe>s to me no reason :y ^? ( pota%1 soda1 ammonia1 t]oxide ( bismu?1 & oxide ( e?yle1 7val]ianic e!r71 %\ld n be employ$ by ! physician4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i mu/ express my s9c]e ?anks to ,mr4 ,savory1 = 8 k9dness 9 hav+ plac$ at my disposal ! mat]ials necess>y = ! prep>ation ( ?is s]ies4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,p9e ,,apple4 ,! above ess5ce is1 z already kn[n1 butyric e!r1 m or less dilut$ ) alcohol2 to obta9 :i* pure1 on ! l>ge scale & economically1 ! foll[+ process is recomm5d$3 ,dissolve #f s4 ( sug> & half an ounce ( t>t>ic acid1 9 #bf s4 ( boil+ wat]4 ,let ! solution /& = sev]al days2 !n add #h ounces ( putrid *eese brok5 up ) #c s4 #aae ( skimm$ & curdl$ s\r milk1 & #c s4 ( levigat$ *alk4 ,! mixture %\ld be kept & /irr$ daily 9 a w>m place1 at ! temp]ature ( ab\t #ib ,fahr41 z long z gas is evolv$1 :i* is g5]ally ! case = five or six weeks4 ,! liquid ?us obta9$1 is mix$ ) an equal volume ( cold wat]1 & #h s4 ( cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( soda1 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 wat]1 add$4 ,x is !n filt]$ f ! precipitat$ c>bonate ( lime2 ! filtrate is to be evaporat$ d[n to #aj s41 :5 #e #a_/b lbs4 ( sulphuric acid1 previ\sly dilut$ ) an equal weight ( wat]1 are to be c>efully add$4 ,! butyric acid1 :i* sep>ates on ! surface ( ! liquid z a d>k-color$ oil1 is to be remov$1 & ! re/ ( ! liquid di/ill$2 ! di/illate is n[ neutraliz$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 & ! butyric acid sep>at$ z be=e1 ) sulphuric acid4 ,! :ole ( ! crude acid is to be rectifi$ ) ! addition ( an ounce ( sulphuric acid to e p\nd4 ,! di/illate is !n saturat$ ) fus$ *loride ( calcium1 & re-di/ill$4 ,! product w be ab\t #bh ounces ( pure butyric acid4 ,to prep>e ! butyric acid1 or ess5ce ( p9e apple1 f ?is acid1 proce$ z foll[s3--,mix1 by weight1 ?ree p>ts ( butyric acid ) six p>ts ( alcohol1 & two p>ts ( sulphuric acid 9 a retort1 & submit ! :ole1 ) a suffici5t heat1 to a g5tle di/illation1 until ! fluid :i* passes ov] ceases to emit a fruity odor4 ,by treat+ ! di/illate ) *loride ( calcium1 & by its re-di/illation1 ! pure e!r may be obta9$4 ,! boil+ po9t ( butyric e!r is #bch ,fahr4 ,its specific gravity1 #j1ijd1 & its =mula ,c#ab ,h#ab ,o#d1 or ,c#d ,h#e ,o ,c#h ,h#g ,o#c4 ,b5s*'s process1 above describ$1 = ! production ( butyric acid1 af=ds a rem>kable exemplification ( ! extraord9>y trans=mations t organic bodies und]go 9 contact ) f]m5t1 or by catalytic action4 ,:5 cane sug> is treat$ ) t>t>ic acid1 especially "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 x is conv]t$ into grape sug>4 ,?is grape sug>1 9 ! #aaf pres5ce ( decompos+ nitrog5\s sub/ances1 su* z *eese1 is trans=m$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance into lactic acid1 :i* comb9es ) ! lime ( ! *alk4 ,! acid ( ! lactate ( lime1 ?us produc$1 is by ! fur!r influ5ce ( ! f]m5t *ang$ into butyric acid4 ,h5ce1 butyrate ( lime is ! f9al result ( ! catalytic action 9 ! process we "h h recomm5d$4 ,,on ,a ,,rem>kable ,,specim5 ,,( ,,decompos$ ,,*lor(orm4 ,,by ,,jona?an ,,p]eira1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,physician to ! ,london ,hospital4 ,9 ,july ( ! pres5t ye> ,i receiv$ f ,mr4 ,grattan1 apo!c>y ( ,belfa/1 a specim5 ( *lor(orm1 accompani$ ) a note1 f :i* ! foll[+ is an extract3 8,"s weeks prior to ,octob] #be1 #ahea1 ,i receiv$ f my fri5d ,dr4 ,m',kill5 a small bottle ( *lor(orm :i* he _h _h ( me two or ?ree mon?s previ\sly1 & :i* he /at$ 0 subject to v s+ul> *anges ( color1 despite ! /opp] nev] hav+ be5 remov$4 ,at ! "t he h&$ x to me ! fluid exhibit$ a delicate p9k t9t1 z ?\gh color$ ) co*9eal1 & 0 put aside 9 a glass case 9 my %op1 ( :i* ,i kept ! key myself4 ,! case 0 expos$ to ! diffus$ light ( a l>ge %op w9d[ b n to ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,conceiv+ t ! *lor(orm _h by "s unobs]v$ means or o!r become accid5tally color$1 ,i took v little int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 & 0 n surpris$ to f9d x fade gradually1 & 9 a %ort "t become p]fectly colorless--& ,i made a note to t effect ^u ! #be? ( ,octob]1 #aag conclud+ t !re mu/ h be5 "s error ( obs]vation on ! "p ( ,dr4 ,m',kill54 ,on ! #af? ( ,novemb]1 h[ev]1 x aga9 began to *ange1 & ! enclos$ notes 7 made1 f "t to "t1 z ,i happ5$ to h opportunity ( notic+ x4 ,i tri$ x "u diff]5t conditions ( light & temp]ature1 )\t _! ex]t+ app>5t influ5ce ^u x1 & be+ unable to =m ! slighte/ conjecture z to ! cause or nature ( ! molecul> di/urbance :i* produces ^! *romatic *anges1 h tak5 ! lib]ty ( =w>d+ x to y1 %\ld y consid] x wor?y ( att5tion4 ,x is at pres5t colorless1 & ! /opp] fa/ 92 & ,i w\ld only sugge/ t1 be=e remov+ ! /opp]1 x might be well to obs]ve = y\rself :e!r *anges simil> to ^? ,i h notic$ may n occur aga94 #ahej4 ,oct4 #be4 ,p]fectly colorless4 ,nov4 #af4 ,fa9t ,p9k4 #ah4 ,fad+4 #be4 ,fa9t p9k1 z on ! #af?4 #bf4 ,dirty-look+1 neutral t9t1 )\t any p9k4 ,dec4 #ag4 ,p9k aga94 #ba4 ,ditto1 & deep]4 #bg4 ,p]fectly colorless1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s %ades ( p9k4 #ahea4 ,jan4 #aj4 ,aga9 p9k4 #aa4 ,fa9t neutral t9t4 ,feb4 #ai4 ,p]fectly colorless4 ,on %ak+ ! vial1 obs]v$ a deposit on its sides1 l small cry/als1 b _c say t !y 7 n !re be=e4 #ba4 ,p9k & deep] ?an ev]4 ,m>* #aj4 ,deep p9k4 #ab4 ,fa9t p9k4 #ac4 ,colorless4 #bh4 ,colorless4 ,may #af4 ,colorless4 ,no *ange hav+ occurr$ betwe5 ! #ac? ,m>* & #af? ,may1 conclud$ too ha/ily t ! prop]ty ( *ang+ its color1 ^u :atev] cause dep5d5t1 _h be5 lo/1 = on #ag4 ,x aga9 became fa9tly p9k$4 #ai4 ,deep] p9k4 #bb4 ,fad+4 #bd4 ,fad+4 #ca4 ,colorless4 ,june #ac4 ,aga9 p9k4 #af4 ,ditto4 #ag4 ,colorless4 ,july #b4 ,ditto1 up to pres5t date1 :5 x aga9 became p9k4 #c4 ,deep]4 #e4 ,/ill v deep4 #g4 ,fad+ #ac4 ,p]fectly colorless4 ,! =ego+ *anges ( color 7 n influ5c$ by any *ange ( temp]ature betwe5 #bg & #hf ,fahr41 nor by exposure to1 nor seclusion f light4 ,! /opp] be+ fa/1 atmosph]ic pressure _c h be5 connect$ !re)4 ,:e!r x may h be5 influ5c$ by electrical *anges1 am n prep>$ to say40 #aah ,! specim5 ( *lor(orm s5t me by ,mr4 ,grattan 01 9 ,july1 q colorless1 & on ! sides ( ! bottle a few m9ute cry/als 7 obs]v$4 ,! /opp] ( ! bottle 01 h[ev]1 s firmly fix$ 9 t ,i c\ld n remove x1 & ,i1 !re=e1 plac$ ! bottle on ! mantel-%elf 9 my libr>y expos$ to diffus$ light1 = ! purpose ( obs]v+ ! *anges :i* its cont5ts w\ld und]go4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks x began to acquire a p9ki% or ame?y/9e t9t1 z describ$ by ,mr4 ,grattan4 ,?is slightly augm5t$ 9 int5sity = a few days1 & !n became some:at pal]4 ,b = sev]al weeks1 dur+ :i* x rema9$ 9 ! same situation1 x nev] became colorless1 ?\gh ! int5sity ( ! color 0 frequ5tly *ang+4 ,! color ( ! liquid 0 precisely t ( a weak solution ( p]manganate ( pota%4 ,"s weeks ago ,i plac$ ! bottle 9 a d>k cupbo>d1 & at ! expiration ( ab\t ?ree weeks f\nd t ! liquid _h become q colorless4 ,z ! /opp] 0 /ill immovable1 ,i 0 oblig$ to cut (f ! neck ( ! bottle to get at ! cont5ts4 ,i f\nd t ! *lor(orm _h und]gone decomposition1 & _h acquir$ a p[]ful & irritat+ odor1 some:at alli$ to1 b di/9ct f1 t ( hypo*lor\s acid4 ,! vapor yield$ :ite fumes :5 a rod moi/5$ ) solution ( ammonia 0 br\ght 9 contact ) x1 blue litmus pap] 0 r$d5$ b n blea*$ by x4 ,a few drops ( ! liquid 7 plac$ on a wat* glass & volatiliz$ by a _s lamp2 !y left sc>cely any appreciable residue4 ,! cry/als :i* l9$ ! bottle 7 !n exam9$4 ,!y 7 few 9 numb]1 & n l>g] ?an p9s' po9ts4 ,!y 7 :ite1 & :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 7 f\nd to be six-sid$ pyramids1 l ! cry/als ( sulphate ( pota%4 ,"s ( !m 7 heat$ to dull r$ness 9 a te/ tube1 )\t und]go+ any appreciable *ange4 ,:5 heat$ on ! po9t ( a moi/5$ ?read 9 ! out] cone ( ! flame ( a c&le1 !y communicat$ a violet-:ite t+e to ! flame1 *>act]i/ic ( a pota%-salt4 ,!y readily #aai dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution did n yield any precipitate on ! addition ( a solution ( nitrate ( b>yta1 %[+ t ! salt 0 n a sulphate4 ,! solution 0 boil$ ) nitric acid1 & !n treat$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( b>yta1 b no precipitate 0 obs]v$4 ,nitrate ( silv] produc$ 9 ! aque\s solution ( ! cry/als a :ite precipitate1 soluble 9 ammonia1 b insoluble 9 nitric acid4 ,:e!r ^! cry/als 7 9 any way connect$ ) ! *ange ( color :i* ?is sample ( *lor(orm und]w5t1 ,i am unable to det]m9e2 b ,i suspect n4 ,i am anxi\s1 h[ev]1 to draw ! att5tion ( o!rs to ! subject1 9 ! hope t l>g] specim5s ( ! salt may be obta9$ = exam9ation4 ,= at pres5t ! circum/ances "u :i* *lor(orm frequ5tly und]goes decomposition are v obscure4 ,except 9 ?is in/ance1 ,i h nev] met )1 nor he>d (1 any sample ( *lor(orm :i* und]w5t ^! rem>kable *anges ( color4 ,! *lor(orm 0 transf]r$ into ano!r bottle1 on ! sides ( :i* a few m9ute cry/als are n[ =m$4 ,b s9ce ! removal ( ! /opp] ! p9k color has n re-appe>$4 ,i h writt5 to ,mr4 ,grattan to obta91 if possible1 fur!r in=mation respect+ ?is specim5 ( *lor(orm4 ,b he tells me he has n any m ( ! sample1 & has no means ( asc]ta9+ by :om x 0 made1 z ab\t ! "t x 0 pur*as$ ( him he _h 9 8 %op p>cels f ,london1 ,ed9burgh & ,dubl91 z well z a small quantity prep>$ 9 ,belfa/1 & he is q unprep>$ to say f :i* ( !m x 0 tak54 ,i suspect t ! p9k color ( ! *lor(orm mu/ h be5 due to ! pres5ce ( manganese4 ,if s1 0 ?is metal d]iv$ f ! *loride ( lime us$ 9 ! manufacture ( *lor(orm8 ,mr4 ,squire in=ms me t he has occasionally f\nd ! solution ( *lor9at$ soda to become ( a p9ki% hue aft] be+ prep>$ a few days 7n imm$iately71 & t he has attribut$ x to "s manganese c>ri$ ov] ) ! #abj *lor9e gas1 z he does n rememb] hav+ obs]v$ ?is *ange :5 ! gas _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh wat] be=e ent]+ ! solution ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,if ?is suspicion %\ld prove well f\nd$1 x is obvi\s t ! purity ( ! *loride ( lime employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( *lor(orm des]ves ! att5tion ( ! manufactur]4 ,po/script4--,subsequ5tly to ! read+ ( ?is pap] be=e ! ,ph>maceutical ,society1 ,i h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,william ,huskisson1 jun41 a specim5 ( p9k *lor(orm1 :i*1 he in=ms me1 owes its rem>kable color to ! pres5ce ( manganese1 d]iv$ f p]oxide ( manganese employ$ 9 ! purification ( *lor(orm1 z recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,gregory1 7see ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 vol4 ix41 p4 #ehj47 ,mr4 ,w4 ,huskisson1 jun41 tells me1 t he has obs]v$ 9 8 specim5 nei!r ! alt]ations ( color nor ! cry/als met ) 9 ! specim5 s5t me by ,mr4 ,grattan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! *airman /at$1 t he _h nev]1 9 ! v>i\s specim5s ( *lor(orm1 ( :i* 8 firm _h always a l>ge quantity 9 /ock1 obs]v$ ! p9k color describ$ by ,dr4 ,p]eira1 nor _h he ev] se5 any cry/als deposit$ 9 ! bottles1 b he w\ld h a m m9ute exam9ation made ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r su* exi/$4 ,:5 ! *lor(orm 0 fir/ drawn ov]1 & be=e x 0 purifi$1 x frequ5tly possess$ m or less ( a br[n color1 b ?is 0 q di/9ct f ! "* describ$ 9 ! pap] :i* _h j be5 read4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,hanbury obs]v$1 t ! use ( manganese _h be5 sugge/$ 9 ! process = purify+ *lor(orm1 & its pres5ce might 9 ?is way be acc\nt$ =4 ,mr4 ,b>nes ?\ght x desirable t ! decompos$ *lor(orm %\ld be exam9$ = =mic acid4 ,al?\gh con/antly subject to decomposition1 no satisfactory explanation ( ! nature ( ! *ange _h yet be5 af=d$4 #aba ,,report ,,pres5t$ ,,to ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,( ,,p>is1 ,,on ,,! ,,sub/itution ,,( ,,an ,,artificial ,,iodurett$ ,,oil ,,= ,,cod ,,liv] ,,oil4 ,by a ,commission compos$ ( ,messrs4 ,gib]t1 ,ricord1 ,s\beir5 & ,guib\rt4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,augu/1 #ahej1 ! ,academy appo9t$ a commission1 compos$ z above1 to :om 0 submitt$ a memoir1 by ,m4 ,p]sonne1 entitl$1 8,rese>*es on ! ,cod-liv] & ,skate ,oils2 & on ! prep>ation ( an iodurett$ oil1 by :i* !y may be replac$ z ,m$ic9al ,ag5ts40 ,a note 0 also submitt$ to u on ! same subject1 f ,m4 ,des*amps1 & ano!r f ,m4 ,m>*all1 ! latt] ( :i* claim$ = ! au?or priority 9 ! employm5t ( iodurett$ oil ( almonds1 z a sub/itute = cod-liv] oil4 ,we proce$ n[ to report ! results ( our exam9ations ( ^! communications1 & ( ! inve/igations to :i* ! enquiry has l$4 ,cod-liv] oil has long be5 ! object ( a consid]able comm]ce aris+ pr9cipally f ! decid$ sup]iority :i* x possesses ov] o!r animal oils1 = ! prep>ation ( *amois lea!r2 b x has only be5 )9 ab\t tw5ty ye>s t x has be5 us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,x 0 fir/ employ$ z a rem$y = rheumatic pa9s1 !n = bron*ial affections1 & subsequ5tly z a rem$y = scr(ula & consumption4 ,x n[ con/itutes "o ( ! m$ic9al ag5ts mo/ ext5sively us$1 & "o ( ^?1 on ! action ( :i* m$ical m5 place ! greate/ reliance1 z a rem$y capable ei!r ( cur+ v =midable diseases1 or ( ret>d+ _! fatal t]m9ation4 ,! mo/ important memoir :i* has be5 publi%$ on cod-liv] oil is t ( ,dr4 ,jongh1 9 :i* ?ree k9ds ( oil are describ$ z met ) 9 comm]ce1 :i* are call$ ! black1 ! br[n1 & ! :ite cod-liv] oil4 ,^! oils are repres5t$ to consi/1 pr9cipally1 ( oleic & m>g>ic acids1 & glyc]9e1 &1 z accessory bodies1 ( butyric acid1 acetic #abb acid2 "s pr9ciples app]ta9+ to ! bile1 a non-azotis$ yell[ or br[n color+ matt]1 call$ gadu9e1 iod9e1 phosphorus1 & "s inorganic salts4 ,9 ,france1 ,messrs4 ,gir>d9 & ,preiss] h be5 engag$ 9 comp>+ ! effects ( ! oil obta9$ f ! cod ) t obta9$ f ! ray2 & !y advocate ! sup]iority ( ! latt] = m$ic9al use4 ,b ?is sup]iority seems to dep5d1 9 "p1 on ! circum/ance1 t ! oil obta9$ f ! liv]s ( ! ray1 be+ c>efully prep>$ by ! ph>maci5s1 & be+ transp>5t1 & ( a light yell[ color1 proves less (f5sive to ! pati5ts ?an ! cod-liv] oil ( comm]ce1 :i* is g5]ally ?ick1 ( a d>k color1 & has a disagreeable flavor4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is sc>cely admitt$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s f rec5t obs]vations1 t ! above *>act]s _c be mu* dep5d$ ^u = di/+ui%+ ! two k9ds ( oil1 9 consequ5ce ( _! be+ s v>iable4 ,accord+ to ,messrs4 ,gir>d9 & ,preiss]1 ^! two oils conta9 iod9e 9 ! /ate ( iodide ( potassium1 & 9 quantity mu* less ?an _h be5 indicat$ by ,dr4 ,jongh4 ,! latt] au?or gives1 z foll[s1 ! quantity ( iod9e 9 #a1jjj p>ts ( oil3 ,black cod-liv] oil #j1bie p>ts ( iod9e4 ,br[n cod-liv] oil #j1djf p>ts ( iod9e4 ,:ite cod-liv] oil #j1cgd p>ts ( iod9e4 ,messrs4 ,gir>d9 & ,preiss] h f\nd 9 a litre 7?irty-five fluid ounces71 ,( ray-liv] oil #j1ahj gramme ( iod9e4 ,( cod-liv] oil #j1aej gramme ( iod9e4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,gobley1 a litre ( ray-liv] oil1 prep>$ by direct action ( ! fire1 conta9s tw5ty-five c5tigrammes ( iodide ( potassium4 ,m4 ,goodley 0 unable to f9d phosphorus 9 ?is oil4 ,su* 7 ! pr9cipal analytical results kn[n :5 ,m4 ,p]sonne pres5t$ 8 memoir to ! ,academy4 ,! unc]ta9ty :i* appe>$ to atta* to ! subject1 & ! #abc v>iations 9 ! /atem5ts ( *emi/s1 induc$ him to put to himself ! foll[+ que/ions3 #a/4 ,d ! oils ( cod & ray-liv] conta9 iodide ( potassium or iod9e8 #bnd4 ,d ! diff]5t sorts ( ^! oils conta9 ! same proportion ( iod9e8 #crd4 ,d ^! oils conta9 phosphorus1 to :i* _! effects may be p>tly attribut$8 ,= detect+ ! pres5ce ( ! iod9e1 ,m4 ,p]sonne saponifi$ ! oil ) an excess ( cau/ic potassa1 inc9]at$ ! soap1 & treat$ ! product ( inc9]ation ) /rong alcohol4 ,! alcohol 0 evaporat$1 ! residue dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & to ?is1 solution ( />* & sulphuric acid 7 add$4 ,! quantity ( iod9e 0 e/imat$ by ! int5sity ( ! color2 x is too small to be e/imat$ by ! balance4 ,mr4 ,p]sonne exam9$ 9 ?is way ! d>k br[n & ?ick cod-liv] oil1 su* z is employ$ 9 ! hospitals ( ,p>is2 ! transp>5t & ne>ly colorless oil ( ,engli% comm]ce2 & ! ray-liv] oil prep>$ by ! direct action ( a mod]ate heat1 & subsequ5t filtration4 ,! foll[+ are ! results3 #a/4 ,! br[n cod-liv] oil ( ! hospitals ( ,p>is conta9s m iod9e ?an ! f9e :ite oil ( ,engli% comm]ce4 #bnd4 ,x also conta9s m iod9e ?an ! ray-liv] oil1 &1 moreov]1 ! quantity pres5t is c]ta9ly less ?an a decigramme ( iod9e 9 a kilogramme ( oil 7#a 9 #aj1jjj47 #crd4 ,! residue ( ! liv]1 left aft] ! prep>ation ( ! oil1 conta9s mu* m iod9e ?an ! oil itself4 ,) reg>d to ! "q z to :e!r ! iod9e exi/s 9 cod-liv] oil 9 ! /ate ( iodide ( potassium1 or directly comb9$ ) ! oil1 ,m4 ,p]sonne1 :ile he admits ! difficulty ( satisfactorily det]m9+ ! po9t1 incl9es to favor ! op9ion t ! iod9e is directly comb9$ ) ! elem5ts ( ! oil4 ,! diff]5t me?ods :i* h be5 sugge/$ = ! prep>ation ( ! iodurett$ oil propos$ z a sub/itute = #abd cod-liv] oil are describ$4 ,a discussion foll[s ( ! claims ( ! au?ors1 ^: communications 7 submitt$ to ! commission]s1 = hav+ fir/ introduc$ ! artificial iodurett$ oil1 :i* discussion is also omitt$ "h z be+ un9t]e/+ to our read]s4 ,! commission]s next proce$ to /ate ! result ( ! evid5ce obta9$1 by ! m$ical memb]s ( ! commission1 ( ! !rapeutical action ( ! artificial iodurett$ oil4 ,m4 ,gib]t adm9i/]$ ! iodurett$ oil = p]iods v>y+ f sev]al weeks to sev]al mon?s1 to pati5ts suff]+ ) eruptive compla9ts & scr(ul\s tumors2 &1 9 "s in/ances1 f\nd ! b5efit to be great] ?an f ! use ( cod-liv] oil1 "u simil> circum/ances4 ,he /ates1 t he does n ?9k he has tri$ x 9 a suffici5t numb] ( cases1 & = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 to enable him to /ate decid$ly :at its absolute value is z a specific = eruptive & scr(ul\s compla9ts2 b ! results he has obta9$ are suffici5t to prove1 t x is easy ( adm9i/ration & devoid ( any injuri\s quality1 & t x possesses a resolutive action1 :i* r5d]s x a valuable rem$y = c]ta9 *ronic eruptions & gl&ul> swell+s4 ,m4 ,ricord has employ$ ! iodurett$ oil = twelve mon?s1 9 a great numb] ( cases ( scr(ula1 "s ( :i* 7 consid]$ to be ( v5]eal orig94 ,he ?us obta9$ excell5t results 9 ! treatm5t ( /rum\s bubo1 tub]cul> epididymis1 & 9 "s cases ( scr(ul\s enl>gem5t ( ! jo9ts1 etc41 & o!r ?+s be+ equal1 curable cases 7 cur$1 or relief af=d$1 mu* m quickly by ! use ( ! artificial iodurett$ oil ?an by ! natural cod-liv] oil4 ,! av]age dose 9 :i* ! iodurett$ oil 0 adm9i/]$ 0 sixty grammes 7ij471 :i* 0 sometimes rais$ to #ajj grammes 7iiiss47 ,! pati5t g5]ally took x )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,x 0 only 9 a few in/ances1 :]e ! dose _h be5 rais$1 t vomit+1 colic1 & di>rha 7 produc$4 ,if ! precautions :i* are necess>y 9 ! adm9i/ration ( e rem$y be obs]v$1 & ! degrees ( #abe susceptibility ( ! pati5ts1 toge!r ) all special conditions1 prop]ly /udi$1 x may be affirm$ t ! iodurett$ oil is a m$ic9e ( great value & t x pres5ts consid]able advantage ov] ! cod-liv] oil4--,j\rnal de ,ph>macie1 9 ,ph>maceutic ,j\rnal4 ,,editorial4 ,,int]nal ,,use ,,( ,,atrop9e4 ,,abridg$ ,,f ,,! ,,janu>y ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,london ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,m$ic9e4 ,9 ! practice ( ,engli% & ,am]ican physicians1 atrop9e 7atropia7 has be5 hi!rto us$ *iefly z an ext]nal application1 to dilate ! pupil1 b1 z f> z we "k1 has nev] be5 adm9i/]$ int]nally4 ,9 ,france1 ! p[d]$ belladonna root has be5 /rongly recomm5d$ z af=d+ a reliable & effici5t prep>ation2 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! leaves & ! extracts & t9cture d]iv$ f !m are alone (fic9al4 ,dr4 ,lusanna1 an ,italian physician1 has v5tur$ ^u ! int]nal use ( atropia1 &1 accord+ to our notions1 9 v l>ge doses4 ,he comm5ces its adm9i/ration 9 doses ( "o-?irtie? ( a gra9 e ?ree or f\r h\rs1 gradually increas+ ! dose accord+ to ! effect produc$4 ,9 "s in/ances he w5t s f> z to give "o-?ird ( a gra9 five times a day4 ,x may be giv51 accord+ to ,dr4 ,l1 9 solution 9 alcohol1 or 9 acetic or "s o!r mild acid4 ,pills & p[d]s1 f ! difficulty ( apportion+ ! dose he deems unadvisable4 ,! alcoholic solution has a ta/e some:at l t ( qu99e1 b feebl]1 & n p>ticul>ly disagreeable4 ,! pati5t soon becomes habituat$ to ! rem$y1 & ! dose has to be increas$4 ,9 cases ( neuralgia he recomm5ds ! application ( "o-f\rte5? to "o six? ( a gra9 to a bli/]$ surface1 9 ! =m ( pomade4 ,dr4 ,l4 c>ries ! adm9i/ration ( atropia s f> z to produce :at we w\ld call its toxicological effects4 #a/4 ,dilatation & immobility ( ! pupil4 ,betwe5 f\rte5 & fifte5 m9utes aft] ! exhibition ( f "o-tw5ty-f\r? to "o-?irtie? ( a gra9 ( atropia1 ! pupil becomes enorm\sly dilat$4 ,if ! rem$y be p]sev]$ 9 ! dilatation passes (1 b ! iris becomes immoveable1 & ! pupil no long] contracts on exposure to light4 ,:5 ! rem$y is /opp$1 z ! o!r ph5om5a produc$ by its exhibition subside1 ! pupil aga9 becomes extremely dilat$4 ,previ\s to ?is x comm5ces to oscillate1 contract+ slightly :5 expos$ to /rong light1 & dilat+ aga9 9 ! %ade4 ,?is indicates t ! #abf effects ( ! rem$y are disappe>+4 ,! dilatation ( ! pupil is ! la/ ( ! ph5om5a to subside1 be+ sometimes met ) eight days1 or m aft] ! susp5sion ( ! atropia4 #b4 ,di/urbance ( vision4 ,objects at fir/ seem hazy & ill-def9$1 p]sons are n recogniz$1 & x is impossible to read or write4 ,if ! dose be increas$1 objects seem cov]$ ) a d>k %ade1 & vision may be :olly lo/4 ,e fre% dose has a sudd5 & m>k$ effect 9 dim9i%+ vision1 & on its susp5sion ! di/urbance ( vision disappe>s ) equal rapidity4 ,9 "o or two days ! sight is p]fectly re/or$4 #c4 ,di/urbance ( ,intellect4 ,at fir/ ! pati5t appe>s dull & /upid1 !n !re is v]tigo & confusion ( ideas4 #d4 ,halluc9ations ( sight & he>+4 ,objects are se5 d\ble or greatly magnifi$2 motes & insects flit be=e ! eyes2 well kn[n objects assume /range & mon/r\s =ms1 or horrible phantoms are se54 ,! he>+ is m r>ely affect$4 ,buzz+1 t9kl+1 hiss+ & :i/l+ are sometimes he>d4 #e4 ,anae/hesia4 ,t\* rema9s app>5tly p]fect1 b pa9 is reliev$ or blunt$4 ,! pati5t does n seem to suff] f pa9ful tactile impressions4 #f4 ,dryness ( ! m\? & ?roat 7 inv>iably felt4 ,at fir/ ?is seem$ a purely n]v\s ph5om5on1 b if ! m$ication 0 cont9u$1 f ! dim9ution ( ! saliv>y secretion x became real4 #g4 ,! appetite is e>ly lo/1 & !re is no ?ir/2 b on ! cessation ( ! rem$y x returns %>p] ?an ev]4 ,spee* is e>ly emb>rass$1 & ! p[] ( swall[+ e>ly dim9i%$1 becomes f9ally lo/4 #h4 ,delirium alt]nat+ ) /upor or succe$$ by x1 is produc$ by "o-t5? ( a gra9 ( atropia at ! comm5cem5t ( ! treatm5t1 or by "o-f\r? ( a gra9 lat]1 or by any sudd5 increase ( ! dose4 ,! delirium is commonly gay & ridicul\s2 9 "o in/ance only 0 x m\rnful4 ,:5 ^! ph5om5a are at all int5se1 !y subside sl[ly4 ,= sev]al days aft] ! cessation ( ! m$ic9e1 !re is confusion & sl[ness ( ?\ght4 #i4 ,r$ness ( ! sk9 0 obs]v$ 9 b a s+le case4 #aj4 ,torpor & p>alytic trembl+s4 ,z ! pati5t gets "u ! influ5ce ( ! atropia1 ! legs become weak & trembl+1 gradually lose _! /r5g?1 & he is conf9$ to b$4 ,!y may be /ill agitat$ by twit*+1 & convulsive movem5ts4 #aa4 ,p>alysis ( ! sph9ct]s ( ! rectum & bladd]4 ,?is is ! highe/ po9t to :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,l41 ! m$icative action ( atropia c atta94 ,9 "o case1 only1 ! fces & ur9e 7 pass$ involunt>ily4 ,! functions ( respiration1 circulation1 & calorification1 7 nev] affect$ by atropia4 ,aft] ?is long catalogue ( s]i\s symptoms1 ,dr4 ,lusanna r naively obs]ves1 he has nev] se5 any truly al>m+ results arise f ! use ( atropia6 ,%\ld !y occur1 he recomm5ds w9e z ! be/ antidote4 #abg ,,cultivation ,,( ,,opium4--,9 a late numb] ( ! ,ar*ives ,g5]ales de ,m$ic9e1 w be f\nd a %ort notice ( a pap]1 read by ,m4 ,aub]gi]1 to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce ^u ! cultivation ( native opium4 ,:5 ! juice is obta9$ accord+ to ! me?ods describ$ by ,m4 ,a41 ! se$s cont9ue to rip51 & ! oil !y yield pays ! exp5se ( cultivation4 ,if ! opium !n m ?an repays ! exp5se ( ! labor necess>y to procure x1 its production w be a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,n[ ,m4 ,a41 by successive improvem5ts 9 8 processes1 has be5 enabl$ to raise ! am\nt obta9$ by ea* labor] f a maximum ( #ge to #ij grammes 7#aaeg #a_/b grs4 to #achi grs47 to five times t quantity4 ,! comm]cial value ( ! opium w always1 !re=e1 m ?an repay ! co/ ( manufacture4 ,he f>!r f9ds t ! proportion ( morphia conta9$ 9 ! opium v>ies4 #a/1 ) ! maturity ( ! capsules f :i* x is collect$1 opium collect$ f capsules ne>ly ripe yield+ less morphia ?an t obta9$ f ^? t are n s ne> _! maturity4 #b;d1 diff]5t v>ieties ( ! poppy yield an opium v>y+ 9 ! quantity ( conta9$ morphia f #ae to #ag4hcc p] c5t4 ,tw5ty specim5s ( =eign opium exam9$ by ,m4 ,a4 yield$ quantities v>y+ f #b4fd to #ac p] c5t4 ,! sup]iority ( "s specim5s ( ,european opium has be5 notic$ by previ\s obs]v]s1 & dep5ds probably on ! great] c>e be/[$ on its prep>ation & on ! cultivation ( ! plant4 ,,*romic ,,acid ,,z ,,an ,,es*>otic4 ,*romic acid has lately be5 employ$ 9 ,g]many1 bo? 9 conc5trat$ solution & 9 sub/ance1 z an es*>otic4 ,! advantages x possesses are1 t x is effici5t1 manageable1 & less pa9ful ?an ! m ord9>y applications4 ,! conc5trat$ solution is appli$ by means ( a glass rod1 a p5cil made ( asbe/os1 or if necess>y1 an ord9>y hair p5cil1 :i*1 if wa%$ imm$iately1 c be us$ a second "t4 ,! solid *romic acid on acc\nt ( its p5etrat+ action has to be employ$ ) mu* c>e4 ,all organic comp\nds are fir/ oxydis$ & !n dissolv$ 9 an excess ( ! acid1 & ?is *ange is accel]at$ by an elevat$ temp]ature4 ,small] animals1 birds1 mice1 c41 7 s completely dissolv$ by ! acid )9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 t no trace ( _! bones1 sk91 hair1 claws1 or tee? c\ld be discov]$4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> to be n only a g5tle & gradual es*>otic1 b also a complete & rapid solv5t4 ,dubl9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\r4 ( ,m$4 ,sci5ce1 f ,wi5] ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahea1 ,no4 viii4 ,,public ,,hyge9e4 ,m4 ,m4 ,bic\rt ,a4 ,*evali] h pres5t$ a memorial on ! diseases :i* attack workm5 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( *romsate ( pota%4 ,! result ( ! facts pres5t$ 9 _! memorial1 proves1 #a/4 ,t workm5 engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( bi-*romsate ( pota%1 are subject to peculi> diseases4 #b;d4 ,^! diseases attack workm5 :o d n take snuff1 & ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose is de/roy$4 #c;d4 ,workm5 :o take snuff d n exp]i5ce ! same diseases4 #d?4 ,workm5 ^: sk9 is brok5 #abh 9 any "p1 suff] sev]ely :5 ! bi-*romsate comes 9 contact ) ! abrad$ surface1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 c>efully pres]ve ! abrasions f contact ) ! solution ( bi-*romsate4 #e?4 ,workm5 lightly clo!d are expos$ to "s inconv5i5ces1 b ^! may be easily avoid$4 #f?4 ,animals are1 l m51 expos$ to maladies caus$ by ! bi-*romsate ( pota%4--,ar*ives ,g5]ales de ,m$ic9e4 ,,*emical ,,te*nology2 or ,*emi/ry appli$ to ,arts & to ,manufactures1 by ,dr4 ,t4 ,knapp1 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,gies52 ,dr4 ,edmund ,ronalds1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,que5's ,college1 ,galway2 & ,dr4 ,?omas ,ri*>dson1 ( ,new ,ca/le on ,tyne4 ,illu/rat$ ) n9e engrav+s & "o hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e wood cuts4 ,vol4 iii4 ,london3 ,,hyppolyte ,,bailli]e1 #bai ,reg5t /reet1 & #bji ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,knapp's ,te*nology belongs to a class ( books *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t day1 & ( ! highe/ & mo/ ext5d$ usefulness4 ,giv+ ! practical details ( ! arts 9 connection ) ! sci5tific pr9ciples on :i* !y are f\nd$1 x ext5ds ! views ( ! manufactur] & ! economi/1 & places him on ! "r pa? = fur!r improvem5t4 ,to ! ,am]ican x pres5ts ! fur!r advantage ( ample & precise details ( :at is be+ done 9 ,great ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,all engag$ 9 pursuits ) :i* *emi/ry has any connection 7& ) :at is x n n[ connect$87 w f9d 9 ! v>i\s volumes ( ! ,te*nology1 valuable in=mation 9 reg>d to _! own peculi> avocations1 :ile ! v>iety ( its in=mation & ! copi\sness ( its illu/rations1 gives x a high int]e/ to ! g5]al read]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,college ( ,ph>macy ( ! city ( ,new ,york1 held on ,?ursday1 #be? ( ,m>*1 ! foll[+ g5tlem5 7 elect$ (fic]s = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,,geo4 ,d4 ,,cogge%all1 ,presid5t4 ,,john ,h4 ,,currie1 #a/ ,vice ,presid5t4 ,,william ,l4 ,,ru%ton1 #b;d ,vice ,presid5t4 ,,oliv] ,,hull1 #c;d ,vice ,presid5t4 ,,james ,s4 ,,asp9wall1 ,treasur]4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,bull1 ,secret>y4 ,,tru/ees4 ,,wm4 ,j ,,olliffe1 ,,john ,,meak91 ,,?omas ,b4 ,,m]rick1 ,,eug5e ,,duprey1 ,r4 ,j4 ,,davies1 ,,junius ,,gridley1 ,,wm4 ,,hegeman1 ,,george ,,wilson1 ,,?omas ,t4 ,,gre54 #abi ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,may1 #aheb4 ,,notes ,,9 ,,ph>macy1 ,no4 #b4 ,,by ,,b5jam9 ,,canavan4 ,,t9ct4 ,,f]ri ,,ae!rea4--,at ! in/ance ( "o ( our physicians1 ,i made "s ( ! above prep>ation = a lady pati5t ( 81 :o1 aft] hav+ us$ ! o!r prep>ations ( ,iron 8ad nauseam10 _h tak5 x ) b5efit 9 ,europe "u ! "n ( 8,be/u*eff's t9cture10 z :i*1 x at "o "t enjoy$ great popul>ity1 s t a v l>ge sum 0 giv5 to ! au?or 9 pur*ase ( x by ! ,cz>9a ,ca?>9e4 ,aft] ! composition became kn[n x fell into disuse1 almo/ ju/ify+ u 9 rev]s+ ! quotation f ,celsus1 8,morbos autem1 non rem$iis1 s$ v]bis cur>i40 ,x pres5ts ! metal 9 a diff]5t *emical /ate f :at x is 9 ! muriat$ t9cture1 viz3 a v soluble deuto *loride2 no acid is pres5t & !re are besides ! anodyne & anti-spasmodic prop]ties ( ! e!real _s1 r5d]+ x peculi>ly appropriate 9 hy/]ical affections2 & be+ pleasant to ! ta/e & miscible ) wat]1 x is n at all repulsive4--,suppos+ x may prove useful else:]e & to o!rs1 ,i subjo9 ! =mula ,i h us$1 & to :i* ,i give ! pref]5ce1 z be+ ! mo/ complete4 ,x is orig9al 9 ! ,au/rian ,ph>macopia ( #ahbj1 :5ce x has be5 copi$ into _m ,fr5* =mul>ies1 "u ! "n ( 8te9ture !re de #acj *lorure de f]10 & may be f\nd ) a numb] ( o!r =mul = ! same prep>ation 9 ! 8,ph>mocope ,unv]selle0 ( ,j\rdan4 ,acidi hydro *lorici iv4 ,acidi hydro nitrici i4 ,limatura4 ,f]riqs4 satur>e acida4 ,add ! iron fil+s v gradually1 & 9 small quantity at a "t to ! acids mix$ toge!r1 9 a porcela9 mort> ( t5 or twelve in* diamet]1 & all[ ea* portion to be dissolv$ be=e ano!r is add$1 & s proce$ until saturation is complete4 ,decant2 evaporate to dryness 9 a s& ba?2 dissolve ! residue 9 a quantity ( wat] equal 9 weight to itself1 & to ea* ounce ( ?is solution add six ounces ( sulphuric e!r1 agitate !m well toge!r & sep>ate ! sup]natant e!real solution1 to :i* add f\r times its bulk ( alcohol2 f9ally1 expose x to ! action ( ! sun's rays until ! color is altoge!r dis*>g$4 ,! dose is tw5ty to ?irty drops4 ,,mucilago 7,,gummi7 ,,acacl4--,among ! _m useful h9ts :i* h appe>$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 9 relation to sev]al =mul ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,p41 ,i p]ceive ! prep>ation mucilage ( gum arabic has be5 deem$ wor?y ( a sup]visory notice1 & hav+ exp]i5c$ "s annoyance ) reg>d to x1 aris+ simply f ! fact t ! (fic9al prep>ation has be5 h]et(ore entirely ov]look$ by apo!c>ies g5]ally1 ea* "o in/itut+ a =mula = himself1 ,i h be5 v mu* gratifi$ by ! result ( adh]+ /rictly to ! =mula ( ! ,ph>macopia1 & w\ld take ! lib]ty to say t z ! =mul ( all ! ,ph>macopias ( c\ntries :]e9 our language is spok5 are alike1 x surely w\ld n be productive ( any advantage to introduce an exception to ?is con=mity1 to suit a local peculi>ity1 aris+1 to say ! lea/1 f inadv]t5ce4 ,besides ! ?ickness ( ! (fic9al mucilage is n mu* great] ?an t ( syrup ( gum1 & is ev5 absolutely necess>y = ! *ief proposes = :i* x is int5d$ or prescrib$1 viz3 ! susp5sion ( weighty metallic #aca oxydes1 c41 & ! hold+ balsams1 oils1 c41 9 mixtures1--mu* b5efit !n w\ld1 s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 accrue f ! apo!c>y conf9+ himself /rictly to ! (fic9al mucilage1 & z individual =mul are bas$ ^u x1 ! re-comp\nd+ !m f transcrib$ v]sions w\ld be r5d]$ m accurate4 ,?is 8:ittl+0 away ( /&>ds1 to make !m correspond to ! %ortcom+s ( neglig5ce or p>simony1 has only ! effect ( r5d]+ 8confusion worse conf\nd$40 ,,mi/ura ,,amygdal>um4--,be+ a "w ( "s h\r or s's duration to prep>e ! almond emulsion ab initio1 x has be5 usual to keep ! +r$i5ts 9 ! =m ( pa/e1 f a proportionate quantity ( :i* ! mixture is made :5 requir$4 ,! pa/e does n keep1 becom+ mu/y & sometimes exce$+ly h>d4 ,i h !re=e adopt$ ! plan ( keep+ ! almonds already blea*$ & well dri$1 9 :i* /ate !y d n und]go any *ange & ?us is made all ! prep>ation t c be1 to exp$ite ! process4 ,,liq4 ,,ars5it4 ,,potass4--,on tak+ up1 ! o!r day1 a %op bottle 9 :i* ,f[l]'s solution _h be5 kept = "s half a score or doz5 ( ye>s1 ,i p]ceiv$ x to exhale a /rong g>licky odor *>act]i/ic ( free metallic ars5ic4 ,on exam9+ ! bottle :i* is ( ! ord9>y fl9t glass1 ! inn] surface pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( be+ coat$ or r corrod$1 & hav+ a metallic lu/re s f> up z ! bottle 0 g5]ally occupi$ by ! solution1 & 9 ! upp] "p sev]al specks 7 visible1 ( ! same "*1 z if !y _h be5 produc$ by ! sublimation ( ! corrosive ag5t4 ,! coat+ 0 n affect$ by any am\nt ( friction nor by alkalies b 0 sl[ly dissolv$ by acetic acid1 f :i* iodide ( potassium ?rew d[n a precipitate ( iodide ( lead4--,deem+1 !re=e1 ! decomposition to h aris5 f ! lead conta9$ 9 ! fl9t glass ,i h s9ce !n kept ! solution 9 gre5 glass bottles4 #acb ,,liquor ,,magnesi ,,citratis4 ,,?os4 ,s4 ,,wieg&1 ,,philadelphia4 ,! att5tion :i* has be5 giv5 to ?is article by ph>maceuti/s1 bo? on acc\nt ( its pleasantness & its great t5d5cy to *ange1 has induc$ me to (f] ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,! advantage ( ! plan propos$ is t a p]fectly satisfactory article c be furni%$ 9 five or eight m9utes1 ?us r5d]+ unnecess>y any attempt to make ! prep>ation p]man5t at ! exp5se ( its rem$ial value4 ,t ?is is ! mann] 9 :i* ! public are suppli$1 save at /ores :]e l>ge quantities are sold1 !re c be b little d\bt1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,proctor ( ,philadelphia1 detail$ 9 ! #bcrd volume ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 p4p4 #bad & #baf1 :i* %[ conclusively t a p]man5t solution ( citrate ( magnesia mu/ be a decid$ly acid "o4 ,ano!r me?od = mak+ a soluble citrate has be5 devis$ by ,dorvault1 :i* is publi%$ 9 8 treatise1 entitl$ 8,l'(fic9e20 b f c]ta9 difficulties 9 manipulation 8 process _c come into v g5]al use4 ,! =mula (f]$ is ,take1 ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 9 p[d]1 five dra*ms1 boil+ wat] five fluid ounces1 ?r[ ! magnesia ^u ! wat] 9 a %all[ vessel1 :5 ?or\ghly mix$1 p\r five six?s ( ! pulp into a /rong qu>t bottle1 fitt$ ) cork & /r+ = ty+ d[n2 !n make a solution ( sev5 & a half dra*ms ( citric acid 9 two fluid ounces ( wat]1 p\r x into ! magnesia mixture1 cork & tie d[n imm$iately2 :5 ! solution has be5 effect$ 7:i* w require b a m9ute & a half1 or two m9utes17 empty x into a bottle capable ( hold+ twelve fluid ounces1 conta9+ two fluid ounces ( syrup ( citric acid1 add ! rema9+ pulp ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 ne>ly fill ! bottle ) wat]1 & cork in/antly1 #acc secur+ x ) tw9e or wire2 if ! c>bonate be ( good quality x w be entirely dissolv$ 9 sev5 m9utes4 ,( c\rse x is n int5d$ t ! c>bonate ( magnesia c be rubb$ to p[d]1 ! wat] boil$1 ! bottles wa%$ & fitt$ ) /r+s & corks 9 ! "t above m5tion$4 ,my plan is to h ! bottles prep>$ ) _! corks1 /r+s1 & syrup 9 advance1 & to keep ! c>bonate ( magnesia 9 a /ate ( p[d] = ?is purpose4 ,cont9u$ f ! ,m>* numb]4 ,,practical ,,h9ts4 ,,by ,a ,,:olesale ,,druggi/4 ,,balsam ,,p]u4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ a factiti\s balsam ,p]u has be5 manufactur$ 9 a neighbor+ city 9 v consid]able quantities1 & has ent]$ l>gely into consumption2 x is made by dissolv+ balsam tolu 9 alcohol4 ,x closely resembles ! true balsam1 & is calculat$ to deceive unless subject$ to a close exam9ation4 ,if "o's att5tion is p>ticul>ly call$ to x1 a smell ( alcohol is p]ceptible4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easily te/$ by burn+ 9 a spoon or small cup4 ,! factiti\s balsam readily ignites on ! application ( flame & burns1 z may be suppos$1 ) a blue flame4 ,! true balsam ignites ) mu* m difficulty & emits a d5se black smoke1 & on ! application ( consid]able heat1 ! air becomes fill$ ) small fea!ry flakes ( lamp black4 ,?is te/1 toge!r ) ! s5sible prop]ties ( appe>ance1 ta/e & smell1 w enable "o to det]m9e )\t d\bt z to its g5u95ess4 ,,lac ,,sulphuris4 ,,sulphur ,,precipitatum4 ,,milk ,,( ,,sulphur4 ,?is prep>ation ( sulphur is made by boil+ sulphur & lime 9 wat]1 & aft] filt]+1 precipitat+ ! sulphur ) muriatic acid4 ,x diff]s f ! ord9>y sulphur 9 be+ 9 a /ate ( m m9ute division & be+ s(t] & less brittle aft] hav+ be5 melt$4 #acd ,:5 sulphuric acid is us$ to precipitate ! sulphur1 sulphate ( lime is =m$ & _c be sep>at$ f ! precipitat$ sulphur by ! ord9>y process ( wa%+1 t salt be+ insoluble 9 wat]2 = ?is reason muriatic acid %\ld be us$1 z ! salt ?us =m$1 ! muriate ( lime or *loride ( calcium is p]fectly soluble & c be readily sep>at$ f ! sulphur by wa%+4 ,! ord9>y lac sulphuris ( comm]ce1 is prep>$ by ! use ( sulphuric acid1 & 9 consequ5ce is f\nd to conta9 a v l>ge proportion ( sulphate ( lime1 or pla/] ( ,p>is4--,sev]al specim5s exam9$ 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ne>ly equal p>ts ( sulphate ( lime & sulphur4 ,! te/ = ! above impurity is by burn+ 9 a small cup or spoon4 ,! sulphur burns out entirely1 leav+ ! impurity unalt]$4 ,! exact am\nt ( impurity may be det]m9$ by weigh+ ! sub/ance be=e & aft] burn+1 & d$uct+ ! "o weight f ! o!r4 ,,precipitat$ ,,*alk ,,or ,,c>b4 ,,lime4 ,x is v important t physicians %\ld be able to obta9 ?is prep>ation ( a reliable quality4 ,a prep>ation purport+ to be ! above1 b 9 fact no?+ m nor less ?an sulph4 lime or pla/] ( ,p>is1 has1 9 v consid]able quantities ent]$ into consumption )9 a ye> or two pa/4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e betwe5 ! two f _! appe>ance4 ,! te/1 h[ev]1 is v simple & consi/s 9 treat+ ! suspect$ article ) muriatic acid4 ,x %\ld dissolve p]fectly ) brisk eff]vesc5ce1 if x be 9 reality pure c>bonate ( lime4 ,if x consi/s1 :olly or 9 "p1 ( sulphate ( lime1 ! :ole or su* "p rema9s unaffect$ by ! acid4 ,pure muriatic acid %\ld be us$1 z ! comm]cial acid frequ5tly conta9s sulphuric acid1 9 :i* case a portion ( sulphate ( lime is =m$ & rema9s undissolv$4 ,magnesia is sometimes f\nd 9 ?is prep>ation1 b by accid5t g5]ally & n by design1 z ! price ( ! magnesia (f]s no inducem5t = ! adult]ation4 #ace ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4#i 8,una fides1 pondus1 m5sura1 moneta sit una1 ,et /atus illsus totius orbis erit40--,,budeus4 8,"o fai?1 "o weight1 "o measure & "o co91 ,w\ld soon ! j>r+ _w 9 fri5d%ip jo940 ,! confusion ( ,babel is felt mo/ sev]ely 9 ! matt] ( weights & measures4 ,:e!r we consid] ! numb] ( names ( weights & measures1 ! simil>ity ( names1 ! discrepancy 9 am\nt betwe5 ^? ( ! same "n1 or ! irregul> relations ( ^? ( ! same d5om9ation1 we f9d a maze1 ! intricacies ( :i* we _c reta9 9 our memory an h\r aft] we h committ$ !m to x4 ,sometimes1 too1 we f9d a f>!r discrepancy ( a surpris+ nature2 z if ! au?oris$ p9t %\ld n be ! exact eigh? ( ! au?oris$ gallon1 & s !re %\ld be two diff]5t qu>ts1 "o ( two exact p9ts1 & "o ( a f\r? ( a gallon1 z well z a false gallon ( eight exact p9ts1 & a false p9t ( an eigh? ( an exact gallon4 #i ,univ]sal ,diction>y ( ,weights & ,measures4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,alex&]4 ,baltimore4 ,w4 ,m5efie ,co4 #aeh pp4 #hvo4 ,we _c "h trace ! g5ealogy ( ?is multitude2 ,*aos & old night are ! ance/ors ( !m all1 except ^? n[ prevail+ 9 ,france4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m are ( vegetable orig91 f gra9s ( :eat1 c>ob beans1 c>at se$s1 c4 ,! ,acc9o1 ! ,akey1 & innum]able o!rs seem to h _h a simil> orig94 ,mo/ measures ( l5g? h be5 d]iv$ f ! human =m1 z foot1 span1 fa?om1 nail1 c4 ,to orig9ate a new measure or weight has prov$ mu* easi] ?an to pres]ve _! uni=mity :5 e/abli%$4 ,"h legislation has be5 resort$ to4 ,! arm ( ,h5ry ,i4 0 measur$1 & a y>d ( ! same l5g? 0 deposit$ 9 ! ex*equ] z a /&>d4 8,?irty-two 7aft]w>ds tw5ty-f\r7 gra9s ( well dri$ :eat f ! middle ( a good e>0 7 to weigh a p5ny1 tw5ty p5ce "o ounce1 & twelve ounces a p\nd4 ,sci5ce f9ally c>ri$ ! matt] "o /ep fur!r1 & a y>d is n[ #cf_/ci4acibi "p ( ! l5g? ( 8a p5dulum t #acf 9 a vacuum & at ! level ( mid-tide1 "u ! latitude ( ,london1 %all vibrate seconds ( mean "t40 ,! metre1 a measure e/abli%$ by sci5ce1 is #a_/aj1jjj1jjj "p ( ! di/ance f ! equator to ! nor? pole4 ,measures ( capacity h be5 /ill m difficult to v]ify1 & weights1 :5 dep5d+ ^u ^! la/1 h be5 involv$ 9 fur!r difficulties4--,william ! ,conqu]]1 enact$ t #h p\nds good :eat1 #fa1ddj gra9s1 make a gallon4 ,9 ,engl& n[1 #aj p\nds ( wat]1 #gj1jjj gra9s1 at #fj ,fahr41 make a gallon4 ,9 ,france a cubic decimetre ( wat]1 at maximum d5sity1 #ci4b ,fahr41 weighs a kilogramme4 ,b ! impot5cy ( law is n[h]e %[n m /rik+ly ?an 9 its attempts to de/roy spuri\s & useless weights & measures4 ,?irty ( ^! are said to be preval5t 9 ,scotl& at ?is day2 & al?\gh ,magna ,*>ta requir$ t !re %\ld be b "o weight 9 all ,engl&1 ! assize ( bread is /ill regulat$ by a p\nd1 #af ( :i* #ag #f oz4 avoirdupois4 ,/ill fur!r1 x may n always occur to u t ,engli% measures1 dry & liquid1 ne$ translat+ :5 _! works are repr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z mu* z ! ,fr5* measures2 = ! imp]ial gallon1 us$ = bo? dry & liquid measures1 diff]s f bo? our gallons4 ,x conta9s #a4bjjf ( our liquid gallons2 our dry gallon conta9s #a4afca ( our liquid gallons4 ,b x is 9 ! weights ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t we are m p>ticul>ly int]e/$4 ,we w1 !re=e1 take our leave ( ! re/ ( #e1djj & m weights & measures :i* ,mr4 ,alex&] has rang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 f ,"n4 ,locality4 ,"*4 ,value4 8,aam2 = w9e1 ,am/]dam1 ,liquid capacity1 #da4jjjda gall40 to 8,zuoja piccola1 ,ud9o1 ,sup]ficial1 #j4heec acres40 ,let u enquire :at are ! weights ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,we f9d b "o unambigu\s t]m to measure ! re/ by1 ! gra94 ,we h !n3 #a4 ,! long ton1 #ae1fhj1jjj gra9s4 #b4 ,! ton1 #ad1jjj1jjj gra9s4 #acg #c4 ,! qu9tal1 #ghd1jjj gra9s1 #d4 ,! hundr$ weight1 #gjj1jjj gra9s1 #e4 ,qu>t]1 #aif1jjj gra9s1 #f4 ,p\nd avoirdupois1 #g1jjj gra9s1 #g4 ,p\nd ,troy1 #e1gfj gra9s1 #h4 ,p\nd ,apo!c>ies'1 #e1gfj gra9s1 #i4 ,ounce ,troy1 #dhj gra9s1 #aj4 ,ounce ,apo!c>ies'1 #dhj gra9s1 #aa4 ,ounce ,avoirdupois1 #dcg4e gra9s1 #ab4 ,dra*m ,apo!c>ies'1 #fj gra9s1 #ac4 ,dra*m ,avoirdupois1 #ed4fhge gra9s1 #ad4 ,dram ( ! ari?metic1 #bg4cdcge gra9s1 #ae4 ,p5nyweight1 #bd gra9s1 #af4 ,scruple1 #bj gra9s1 #ag4 ,gra91 #a gra9s4 ,a =midable array truly6 ,f ?is we see t :ile an ounce ( cork is light] ?an an ounce ( gold1 a p\nd ( cork is heavi] ?an a p\nd ( gold6 ,nay1 fur!r1 let ! apo!c>y g to ! druggi/ = a dra*m ( opium1 & he w receive & pay = a dra*m avoirdupois1 a weight unkn[n ev5 to ,mr4 ,alex&]1 al?\gh 9 con/ant use 9 ?is city4 ,b ! mom5t he puts x into 8 mort> !re is n a dra*m ( x6 ,if he wi%es to use a dra*m 9 pills or t9cture1 he mu/ add m ?an five gra9s to x4 ,c\ld any?+ be m inconv5i5t or m prolific 9 mi/akes8 ,to prev5t butt] f becom+ rancid1 we are told to mix ) x ! b>k ( slipp]y elm1 9 ! 8proportion ( a dra*m 7or dram7 to ! p\nd40 ,:o c tell :at x means8 ,six diff]5t proportions might accord ) ?is ,delphic response2 ! mo/ probable is #fjgjjj4 ,b ! grievance to :i* ! apo!c>y is subject does n all consi/ 9 8 buy+ by light] ounces1 & sell+ by heavi]4 ,! subdivisions by :i* he comp\nds h no ref]5ce to 8 conv5i5ce4 ,long habit alone c save him f ei!r labori\s calculation or risk ( error4 ,b /ill ano!r *ance ( error comes into ! acc\nt4 ,two *>act]s1 & 1 are jo9$ to num]als1 to indicate #ach quantities2 a mi/ake ( ^!1 by ei!r prescrib] or apo!c>y1 may prove fatal4 ,a case 9 po9t occurr$ a few ye>s s9ce1 well kn[n to _m ( our read]s4 ,a physician1 prescrib$ cyanide ( potassium1 by a =mula 9 :i* _h be5 pr9t$1 by mi/ake1 = 4 ,! apo!c>y1 in/ead ( s5d+ him ! prescription = correction1 z he ought to h done1 put x up & s5t x ) ! fe>ful monition t ! dose w\ld prove fatal--& s x did--to ! prescrib] himself1 :o took ! dose 8 pati5t d>$ n t\*4 ,he di$ 9 five m9utes1 a victim to a pr9t]'s error1 to 8 own self confid5ce1 to want ( etiquette 9 ! apo!c>y1 & la/1 n lea/1 to an ill-contriv$ sy/em ( weights4 ,?is br+s u to ! practical "q1 ,:at is to be done8 ,all agree t !re ought to be a re=m4 ,on ?is po9t we c d no bett] ?an quote ! close ( ,mr4 ,alex&]'s preface4--8,f9ally10 says he 7page vii47 8if ,i may be all[$1 9 connection ) ?is "w & its appropriate applications1 to allude to c]ta9 dreams ( my own1 7z !y may be2 al?\gh ,i consid] !m capable1 )\t undue ef=t1 ( a m prompt & ?or\gh realisation ?an seems to be ord9>ily anticipat$17 z to ! preval5ce1 "s day1 ( an univ]sal con=mity ( weights & measures1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t su* a result 0 "o ( ! ends ,i _h 9 view 9 ! orig9al collection ( mat]ials4 ,n t su* a "w 0 go+ to %[ m emphatically ?an bus9ess m5 feel1 & reflect+ m5 "k1 ! importance ( su* an univ]sal con=mity2 or t a book ^: pages deal 9 discords1 c\ld1 ( itself1 produce unison2 b ! fir/ /ep to any h>moni\s settlem5t is1 to see cle>ly1 & at a glance1 :]e ! diff]5ces lie1 & :at !y are4--,if a mill5nial p]iod = ?is _w is ev] to come1 z _m wise h deem$1 & pi\s pray$1 x mu/ be prec$$ by "o common language1 & "o common sy/em ( weights & measures1 z ! basis ( int]c\rse4 ,& ! way to t is to be built1 n by ! viol5t absorption ( o!r & div]se sy/ems into "o1 b r by a compromise into :i* all may bl5d4 ,:5 ! ,e>?1 9 h] hi/orical orbit1 %all #aci h rea*$ t po9t1 7z x /ood ere mank9d 7 scatt]$ f ! pla9 ( ,%9>7 & n till !n1 may we beg9 to hope t h] revolutions w be /ill$1 & t be=e long ! weights & measures ( fleet+ ,"t w be m]g$ & lo/ 9 ! inf9ite scales & illimitable quantities ( ,et]nity40 ,we are n sure t we precisely und]/& ! la/ s5t5ce1 & we are sure we diss5t entirely f ! "o t prec$es x4 ,no compromise c be ( s]vice 9 br++ ab\t a uni=mity 9 weights & measures4 ,we mu/ ei!r make a bett] sy/em ?an ! be/ extant1 & ask all m5 to adopt x1 or if ! be/ t human +5uity & sci5ce c devise is already 9 use1 s mu* ! bett]2 let u adopt x ) all our he>t4 ,is ! ,fr5* sy/em ?is be/ "o8 ,we believe x is1 nor h we ev] he>d x call$ 9 "q4--,:y !n speak ( a new "o z desirable8 ,we fe> ! sugge/ion is ! (fspr+ ( a national vanity1 :i* ought to be b5ea? u4 ,we w\ld n oppose su* a motive ev5 to ! introduction ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]1 :i* is mu* m inconv5i5t ?an ,fahr5heit's1 & has no "o advantage ov] x 9 any respect2 /ill less %\ld x b> ! progress ( a sy/em aga9/ :i* no fault c be alleg$1 b t x is =eign4 ,we agree ) our au?or t ! introduction ( a new sy/em is mu* easi] ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,x w n be l ! *ange ( a monet>y sy/em1 :]e ! old co9s rema91 m+l$ ) ! new1 to p]petuate ! old names4--,! *ange c\ld be1 by law1 effect$ next ,new ,ye>'s day1 & all inconv5i5ce f x w\ld be ov] 9 a mon?1 save "s awkw>dness f habit1 & two m s]i\s difficulties4 ,"o is f ! human prop5sity to bisection4 ,?us ! old hundr$weight ( #aab p\nds is bisect$ d[n to #g p\nds1 & ! groc] w sell half ?is quantity1 #c #a_/b p\nds1 at a *eap] rate ?an he w sell #c p\nds or #d4 ,un=tunately 9 bisect+ #ajj we run d[n too soon to ! fractions #ab #a_/b & #f #a_/d4 ,! ,fr5* h be5 oblig$ to give way to ?is prop5sity1 & divide ! kilogramme 9 a b9>y mann]1 #adj ) an unavoidable irregul>ity1 reckon+ #ca #a_/d gra9s z #cb4 ,w\ld t #cb #cb #ajjj6 ,our only rem$y is to *ange ! radix ( num]ation f #aj to #af1 a ?+ impossible b to a univ]sal dictator4 ,! o!r difficulty is 9 our measure = l&4 ,?is mu/ rema9 9 all survey$ tracts 9 su* a %ape t #dj acres1 & also #e acres1 %all be "s multiple ( unity4 ,b %all ! apo!c>y wait ! action ( gov]nm5t8--,?is is nei!r necess>y nor desirable4 ,"s relief he ought to h spe$ily4 ,if he d>e n make s great an advance z to adopt ! ,fr5* sy/em1 78 true/ & mo/ honorable policy17 let all subdivisions ( ! avoirdupois p\nd be disc>d$1 except ! gra94 ,introduce ! *emi/s' weights ( #ajjj1 #ejj1 #cjj1 #ajj1 #ej1 c4 gra9s1 & let all prescriptions be writt5 9 gra9s alone4 ,?is1 p]haps1 is ! only feasible c\rse4 ,we mu/ return once m to our au?or be=e tak+ leave ( our read]s4 ,! motive = mak+ ! collection 0 "o t /rikes u z new4 ,x 0 = e?nological & hi/orical purposes4 ,z ! c>at po9ts to ,india z ! orig9 ( ! diamond trade1 s we f9d 9 ! names1 mode ( subdivision1 & am\nt ( weights & measures evid5ces ( ! migrations ( races1 & ( ! anci5t & obsolete *annels 9 :i* trade once fl[$4 ,! c>e ) :i* ,mr4 ,alex&] seems to h correct$ ^! tables1 & adju/$ ! discordant elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 & correct$ ! discrepancies betwe5 !m1 makes !m m wor?y ( reliance ?an any?+ t has prec$$ !m1 & leaves little to be desir$ t is )9 ! rea* ( human atta9m5t4 ,aft] ! alphabetical arrangem5t1 are giv5 ! weight & measure sy/ems ( ! 8pr9cipal c\ntries ( ! _w10 beg9n+ ) ,abyss9ia & end+ ) ,wrtemb]g4 ,& we h only to add t ! me*anical execution ( ! volume is wor?y ( ! c>e & labor ! au?or has sp5t ^u x1 unsurpass$1 9 fact1 by any book made = use we h ev] se54 #ada ,,qu9id9e4 ,,by ,,mr4 ,,rob]t ,,h[>d4 ,?is alkaloid1 :i* ga9$ a prize 9 ! ,great ,exhibition1 has sc>cely yet attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,"s ( ! *eap] b>ks n[ l>gely import$ f ,new ,gr5ada conta9s s mu* ( x t x is1 p]haps1 z well t x %\ld be m /udi$4 ,! ,c9*ona cordifolia1 f ?is "p ( ! cont95t1 is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conta9$ 9 l>g] or small] quantities 9 ! ,bolivian & ,p]uvian b>ks--! ,c9*ona ,calisaya1 ,boliviana1 ruf9]vis1 & especially ovata4 ,ref]r+ y\r read]s to a v able pap] 9 y\r ,j\rnal1#aj ,i beg to add a few facts f my own obs]vations4 ,! sulphate ( qu9id9e1 or qu99e z x is call$ by "s1 7,van ,heijn+] & o!rs17 is s l ! sulphate ( qu99e1 t ! eye or ! ta/e c ) difficulty di/+ui% !m4 ,x =ms ! same light fibr\s cry/allization1 & occupies z l>ge a bulk4 ,x corresponds 9 appe>ance ) ! description giv5 by ,w9ckl]1 ( 8*9id9e40 7,see ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 = ,april1 #ahde1 vol4 iv41 p4 #dfh47 ,he notices t x has 8a rem>kably :ite color & a peculi>ly fa9t lu/re40 ,its mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic is its extreme solubility4 ,pure sulphate ( qu99e requires ne>ly ?irty times its weight ( boil+ wat] = solution1 :il/ ! sulphate ( qu9id9e dissolves 9 f\r p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h& ! pure alkaloid cry/allizes readily out ( pro( _s & out ( e!r1 :il/ qu99e does n cry/allize out ( ei!r4 ,a v good te/ = ! pres5ce ( c9*on9e 9 sulphate ( qu99e is also capable ( be+ appli$ to detect ! pres5ce ( qu99e4 ,on ?is po9t ,i w\ld ref] = v int]e/+ details to a pap] by ,m4 ,guib\rt1 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie = ,janu>y 9 ?is ye>4 #aj ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 vol4 ix41 p4 #cbb1 ,janu>y1 #ahej4 ,9 y\r ,j\rnal ( ,april1 #ahdc1 ,i gave a te/ = sulphate ( qu99e1 to :i* ,i w\ld aga9 adv]t1 because subsequ5t #adb exp]i5ce has prov$ x to be a tol]able easy1 & at ! same "t exact means ( asc]ta9+ its purity4 ,put #ajj gra9s 9 a ,flor5ce flask ) five ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 heat ?is to brisk ebullition2 ! sulphate ( qu99e ought n to be entirely dissolv$2 add two ounces m wat]1 & aga9 heat x to ebullition2 ought to make a p]fectly cle> solution4 ,if ?is be all[$ to cool = six h\rs1 & ! cry/als c>efully dri$ 9 ! op5 air on blott+ pap]1 !y w be f\nd to weigh ab\t n9ety gra9s1 ! "m-liquor may be evaporat$ & te/$ ) e!r1 :5 any c9*on9e or qu99e w be easily detect$4 ,on exam9+ sulphate ( qu99e ( comm]ce f sev]al lead+ manufactur]s1 ,i h f\nd all ( !m give1 )9 a gra9 or two1 ! same result1 &1 9 ea*1 indications ( a qu99e1 ?\gh to an unimportant ext5t4 ,! above quantity ( wat] 7sev5 ounces7 readily dissolves #hjj gra9s ( sulphate ( qu99e2 & if #ajj gra9s ( ?is salt are dissolv$ 9 sev5 ounces ( wat]1 ! cry/als z above weigh only fifty-f\r gra9s1 ?us leav+ =ty-six gra9s 9 solution in/ead ( ab\t t5 gra9s4 ,! m$ical effects ( qu99e des]ve inve/igation1 ! *emical con/itution & ! ta/e appe> to indicate a great simil>ity if n id5tity4 ,,on ,,! ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,sulphate ,,( ,,qu99e1 ,,& ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,detection4 ,mr4 ,zimm]1 manufactur] ( sulphate ( qu99e 9 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e1 has publi%$ ! foll[+ circul> & pap] to 8 correspond5ts abroad3 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e1 ,feb4 #f?1 #aheb4 ,y are d\btless1 aw>e t v>i\s & p>tly spuri\s k9ds ( sulphate ( qu99e h = "s "t pa/ f\nd _! way into ! m>ket4 ,! sub/ance n[ frequ5tly #adc mix$ ) qu99e is qu9id9e4 ,b little positive is z yet kn[n ( ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( ?is alkaloid1 & :atev] may be ! result ( future exp]im5ts1 its arbitr>y sub/itution is1 "u any circum/ances1 unw>rantable1 & r5d]s all fair & hone/ competition almo/ impossible4 ,! importance ( ! subject has induc$ me to address a few words to y1 t ,i may submit a simple exp]im5t by means ( :i* ! mo/ usual adult]ations ( qu99e may readily be detect$4 ,i h ! honor to be1 ) mu* respect1 c4 ,c4 ,,zimm]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! high price ( g5u9e ,bolivian ,c9*ona ,calisaya1 ?r\gh ! monopoly ( its export1 has giv5 occasion to imports1 f o!r di/ricts1 ( ,c9*onas1 ! quality ( :i* widely diff]s f t ( ! ,calisaya1 inasmu* z !y conta9 pr9cipally qu9id9e4 ,! l[] prices ( ^! b>ks1 reg>dless ( _! diff]5t con/itu5ts1 h br\ght !m quickly into use 9 _m factories ( qu99e1 :]eby a l>ge quantity ( qu99e1 conta9+ qu9id9e1 has got into ! m>ket1 caus+ an undue depreciation 9 ! price ( qu99e4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is ?ird c9*ona-alkaloid is n[ e/abli%$ beyond a d\bt by ultimate analysis1 by ! peculi>ity ( its salts1 & by important di/9ctive te/s2 & !re c be no fur!r "q1 t qu9id9e mu/1 equally ) c9*on9e1 be di/+ui%$ f qu99e4 ,! ext]nal *>act]s ( sulphate ( qu9id9e diff] f ^? ( sulphate ( qu99e2 x has a great] specific gravity & less floccul5t cry/allization4 ,9 dry w>m air x p>ts ) its wat] ( cry/allization1 )\t deliquesc+ or los+ its cry/alliz$ aspect2 la/ly1 x is f> m soluble ?an sulphate ( qu99e 9 cold wat] & 9 alcohol4 ,"o ( ! di/9ctive prop]ties ( ! ?ree alkaloids 9 "q1 viz41 _! behavior ) e!r--places 9 our h&s a ready means ( detect+ ! mixture ( c9*on9e & #add qu9id9e1 ) qu99e4 ,s*weitz] 7,lond4 ,m$4 ,gazette1 vol4 xxi41 p4 #age7 has already employ$ e!r = ! detection ( c9*on9e ) complete success1 & 8 process has1 ) ju/ice1 be5 subsequ5tly quot$ 9 mo/ manuals1 z x answ]s its purpose completely2 c9*on9e is kn[n to be entirely insoluble 9 e!r1 :atev] may be ! quantity ( e!r employ$4 ,! solubility ( qu9id9e 9 e!r1 z comp>$ ) t ( qu99e1 is b slight2 t5 gra9s ( pure sulphate ( qu99e dissolve 9 sixty drops ( e!r1 & tw5ty drops ( _s ( ammonia1 :ile only "o gra9 ( sulphate ( qu9id9e is soluble 9 ! same quantity ( ! fluid2 & 9 proportion qu99e conta9+ qu9id9e w always be less soluble ?an pure sulphate ( qu99e4 ,guid$ by ?is fact ,i c recomm5d ! foll[+ simple & v conv5i5t process = ! detection ( qu9id9e & qu99e3 ,t5 gra9s ( ! salt to be exam9$ is to put into a /rong te/ tube1 furni%$ ) a tight-fitt+ cork1 to ?is are to be add$ t5 drops ( dilut$ sulphuric acid1 7"o acid & five wat]7 ) fifte5 drops ( wat]1 & a g5tle heat appli$ to accel]ate ! solution4 ,?is hav+ be5 affect$1 & ! solution entirely cool$1 sixty drops ( (fic9al sulphuric e!r ) tw5ty drops ( spirits ( ammonia1 mu/ be add$1 & ! :ole well %ak5 :ile ! top is clos$ by ! ?umb4 ,! tube is !n to be closely /opp$ & %ak5 g5tly f "t to "t1 s t ! bubbles ( air may m readily ent] ! lay] ( e!r4 ,if ! salt exam9$ be free f c9*on9e & qu9id9e1 or conta9 ! latt] 9 no great] proportion ?an t5 p] c5t41 x w be completely dissolv$2 :ile on ! surface1 :]e contact ( ! two lay]s ( cle> fluid takes place1 ! me*anical impurities only w be sep>at$ 79 :i* respect ! v>i\s sorts ( comm]cial qu99e diff]47 ,aft] sometime long] ! lay] ( e!r becomes h>d & gelat9\s1 aft] :i* no fur!r obs]vation is possible4 ,f ! above /atem5t respect+ ! solubility ( #ade qu9id9e 9 e!r1 x appe>s t ! t5 gra9s ( ! salt to be exam9$1 may conta9 "o gra9 ( qu9id9e1 & /ill a complete solution ) e!r & ammonia may foll[2 b 9 ?is case ! qu9id9e w %ortly beg9 to cry/allize 9 ! lay] ( e!r4 ,! la/ trace ( qu9id9e may be yet m def9itely detect$ by employ+1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y e!r1 "s o!r1 previ\sly saturat$ ) qu9id9e1 by :i* means all ( ! qu9id9e conta9$ 9 ! qu99e mu/ rema9 undissolv$4 ,x is p>ticul>ly requisite 9 p]=m+ ?is la/ exp]im5t to obs]ve1 aft] ! %ak+1 :e!r all has dissolv$1 = ow+ to ! great t5d5cy ( qu9id9e to cry/allization1 x may become aga9 sep>at$ 9 a cry/all9e =m1 & be a s\rce ( error4 ,if m ?an a t5? ( qu9id9e or c9*on9e be pres5t1 !re w be f\nd an insoluble precipitate at ! limits ( ! two lay]s ( fluids4 ,if ?is be qu9id9e1 x w be dissolv$ on ! addition ( proportionately m e!r1 :ile c9*on9e w be unaffect$4 ,x is expressly to be rem>k$1 t ! necessity = te/+ sulphate ( qu99e1 9 se>* ( o!r fraudul5t adult]ations is n sup]s$$ by ! above describ$ process4 ,we h p>ticul>ly to det]m9e ^u ! abs5ce ( inorganic sub/ances1 :i* may be effect$ by subject+ to r$ heat on a plat9um di%1 or simply by solution 9 alcohol4 ,gypsum1 *alk1 magnesia1 c41 w be left undissolv$4 ,boracic acid w be dissolv$ by alcohol1 b its gre5 flame w indicate its pres5ce 9 ! alcoholic solution :5 ignit$4 ,! abs5ce ( organic sub/ances1 su* z salic9e1 sug>1 /e>ic acid1 c41 may be inf]r$ f ! =mation ( a colorless solution ) pure conc5trat$ cold sulphuric acid2 x is z well to leave ! sulphuric acid to act = "s h\rs4 ,! pres5ce ( sal-ammoniac may be detect$ by ! addition ( cau/ic pota% to ! suspect$ salt1 :51 if pres5t1 x w be kn[n by ! diffusion ( ! ammoniacal od\r4--,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 ,m>*1 #aheb4 #adf ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,envelopem5t ,,( ,,pills4 ,,by ,,dorvault4 ,! envelopem5t ( pills is a m9ute "q1 an accessory 9 ?is =m ( adm9i/]+ m$ic9es1 b z x is a frequ5t cause ( tr\ble to practition]s1 & z _! successful op]ation is (t5 due to _! peculi> mode ( exhibition1 we %all p]haps be p>don$ = devot+ a %ort space to ! subject4 ,9 ord] t pills may n adh]e to "o ano!r1 !y are roll$ 9 an in]t p[d]1 su* z m>%-mall[1 liquorice1 & above all1 lycopodium4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia is n[ p>ticul>ly us$ = pills ( turp5t9e & copaiba4 ,to disguise ! peculi> od\r ( ! pill mass1 ,g]man practition]s use iris p[d]1 or c9namon4 ,to r5d] pills m pleas+ to ! eye1 z well z to disguise _! ta/e1 in/ead ( roll+ !m 9 ! be=e nam$ p[d]s1 !y are frequ5tly cov]$ ) gold or silv] leaf4 ,! mode ( do+ ?is is too well kn[n to ne$ repetition4 ,we w only rem>k t ^? pills :i* conta9 iod9e1 brom9e1 sulphur1 iodides1 bromides1 sulphides1 salts ( m]cury1 gold1 plat9a1 c41 _c be silv]$4 ,^! me?ods conceal b imp]fectly ! unpleasant ta/e & smell ( c]ta9 pillul> comp\nds4 ,m4 ,g>ot1 to obviate ?is inconv5i5ce1 has propos$ to cov] pills ) a lay] ( gelat9e1 by means ( a process :i* he has made public1 & into ! details ( :i* we ?9k x ne$less to ent]4 ,! gelat9\s lay] conceals ! bad ta/e & smell p]fectly1 b x is att5d$ ) "o inconv5i5ce2 9 "t x %r9ks1 cracks1 & ! pill mass exudes4 ,besides1 mu* skill is requir$ 9 its manipulation4 ,aft] gelat9ization comes sug>+4 ,?is is frequ5tly pref]able to ! =m] modes1 & c be equally well appli$ to pills ( a repulsive ta/e & smell1 7copaiba1 turp5t9e1 musk1 assaftida1 c417 or to ^? :i* are *ang$ by air or light1 7proto salts ( iron17 or deliquesc5t1 7iod-hydr>gyrate ( iodide ( potassium17 or cau/ic1 7croton oil47 ,x c extemporane\sly be p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,put ! pills into a vase ) a r\nd bottom1 #adg or into a box l9$ ) silv]1 moi/5 !m ) a little syrup ( sug>1 cle> mucilage1 or :ite ( eggs1 agitate !m s z to moi/5 !m uni=mly2 add a mixture ( equal p>ts ( gum1 sug> & />*2 aga9 rotate !m1 s z equally to enclose all ! pills4 ,if a fir/ lay] be n suffici5t1 add a second & ?ird 9 ! same mann]4 ,dry !m 9 ! air or 9 a /ove4 ,9 damp wea!r1 ^! pills %\ld be enclos$ 9 cork$ bottles4 ,gelat9e ( c>raghe5 or case9e dri$ & p[d]$ may be sub/itut$ = ! above p[d]$ mixture4 ,?is me?od is m exp$iti\s ?an gelat9isation1 & x has besides ! advantage ( ! mat]ial be+ always p]fectly soluble4 ,collodion has be5 propos$ = envelop+ pills1 b seems nev] to h be5 us$4 ,! la/ me?od we %all call toluisation4 ,x appe>s to possess _m decid$ advantages ov] ! o!rs4 ,m4 ,blanc>d1 its orig9ator1 employs x p>ticul>ly = pills ( proto iodide ( iron4 ,x is to induce its m g5]al use t we make ^! rem>ks4 ,! foll[+ is ! mode ( proce$+1 :i* c be modifi$ to suit ! daily wants ( practice3 ,dissolve "o "p ( balsam ( tolu1 9 ?ree p>ts ( e!r1 7! balsam :i* has be5 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( syrup ( tolu w answ] p]fectly27 p\r "s ( ?is t9cture into a capsule conta9+ ! pills1 to favor ! evaporation ( ! e!r4 ,:5 ! pills beg9 to /ick toge!r1 ?r[ !m on a m\ld ( t9 pass$ ?r\gh m]cury1 or simply on a plate1 tak+ c>e to sep>ate ^? :i* /ick toge!r4 ,set !m 9 ! air to dry4 ,! dry+ may be complet$ 9 a /ove ( mod]ate heat1 especially if sev]al lay]s h be5 f\nd necess>y4 ,?is mode ( envelop+ may take ! place1 or ne>ly s1 ( all ! o!rs4 ,an important po9t 9 x1 is1 t x resi/s ! effects bo? ( damp & dryness on ! pill mass4 ,its balsamic od\r is g5]ally agreeable2 b %\ld x n be s1 ! tolu might be replac$ by "s in]t res9 soluble 9 e!r1 z ma/ic te>s = example4 ,! lay] ( res9\s matt] is s ?91 t we appreh5d no ob/acle 9 its influ5ce on ! m$ic9e4 #adh ,we w1 h[ev]1 make "o g5]al rem>k1 namely3 t z ea* me?od possesses "s peculi> advantages1 we ?\ght x "r to give !m all4--,bullet9 ,g54 ,!r4 ,m$4 et ,*ir4 ,janu>y1 #aheb4 ,,on ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,organic ,,*emi/ry ,,to ,,p]fum]y4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,h(fman4 ,pr(essor to ! ,royal ,college ( ,*emi/ry1 ,london4 ,cah\rs' excell5t rese>*es conc]n+ ! ess5tial oil ( gaul!ria procumb5s 7a ,nor? ,am]ican plant ( ! natural ord] ( ! ,eric9 ( ,jussieu17 :i* admits ( s _m applications 9 p]fum]y1 h op5$ a new field 9 ?is bran* ( indu/ry4 ,! introduction ( ?is oil among comp\nd e!rs mu/ necess>ily direct ! att5tion ( p]fum]s t[>ds ?is important bran* ( comp\nds1 ! numb] ( :i* is daily increas+ by ! labors ( ^? :o apply !mselves to organic *emi/ry4 ,! /rik+ simil>ity ( ! smell ( ^! e!rs to t ( fruit has n escap$ ! obs]vation ( *emi/s2 h[ev]1 x 0 res]v$ to practical m5 to discov] by :i* *oice & comb9ations x might be possible to imitate ! sc5t ( peculi> fruits to su* a nicety1 z to make x probable t ! sc5t ( ! fruit is ow+ to a natural comb9ation id5tical to t produc$ by art2 s mu* s1 z to enable ! *emi/ to produce f fruits ! said comb9ations1 provid$ he c\ld h at 8 disposal a suffici5t quantity to op]ate ^u4 ,! manufacture ( artificial aromatic oils = ! purpose ( p]fum]y is1 ( c\rse1 a rec5t bran* ( indu/ry2 nev]!less1 x has already fall5 into ! h&s ( sev]al di/ill]s1 :o produce suffici5t quantity to supply ! trade2 a fact1 :i* has n escap$ ! obs]vation ( ! ,jury at ! ,london ,exhibition4 ,9 visit+ ! /alls ( ,engli% & ,fr5* p]fum]s at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 we f\nd a great v>iety ( ^! *emical p]fumes1 #adi ! applications ( :i* 7 at ! same "t practically illu/rat$ by confection]y flavor$ by !m4 ,h[ev]1 z mo/ ( ! samples ( ! oils s5t to ! ,exhibition 7 b small1 ,i 0 prev5t$1 9 _m cases1 f mak+ an accurate analysis ( !m4 ,! l>ge/ samples 7 ^? ( a comp\nd labell$ 8,pe> oil10 :i*1 by analysis1 ,i discov]$ to be an alcoholic solution ( pure acetate ( amyloxide4 ,n hav+ suffici5t quantity to purify x = combu/ion1 ,i dissolv$ x ) pota%1 by :i* free fusel oil 0 sep>at$1 & det]m9$ ! acetic acid 9 ! =m ( a silv] salt4 #j1cjhj gram4 ( silv] salt #j1aiig gram4 ( silv]4 ,! p] c5tage ( silv] 9 acetate ( silv] is1 accord+ to ,!ory4 ,exp]im5t4 #fd1fh #fd1ee4 ,! acetate ( amyloxide :i*1 accord+ to ! usual way ( prep>+ x1 repres5ts "o "p sulphuric acid1 "o "p fusel oil1 & two p>ts ( acetate ( pota%1 _h a /rik+ smell ( fruit1 b x acquir$ ! pleasant flavor ( ! j>gonelle pe> only aft] hav+ be5 dilut$ ) six times its volume ( spirits ( w9e4 ,^u fur!r inquiry ,i le>n$ t consid]able quantities ( ?is oil are manufactur$ by "s di/ill]s1 f fifte5 to tw5ty p\nds weekly1 & sold to confection]s1 :o employ x *iefly x flavor+ pe>-drops1 :i* are no?+ else b b>ley-sug>1 flavor$ ) ?is oil4 ,i f\nd1 besides ! pe>-oil1 also an apple-oil1 :i*1 accord+ to my analysis1 is no?+ b val]ianate ( amyloxide4 ,e "o mu/ recollect ! insupportable smell ( rott5 apples :i* fills ! laboratory :il/ mak+ val]ianic acid4 ,by op]at+ ^u ?is new di/illate produc$ ) dilut$ pota%1 val]ianic acid is remov$1 & an e!r rema9s beh9d :i*1 dilut$ 9 five or six times its volume ( spirits ( w9e1 is possess$ ( ! mo/ pleasant flavor ( apples4 ,! ess5tial oil mo/ abundant 9 ! ,exhibition 0 ! p9e-apple oil1 :i*1 z y well "k1 is no?+ else b ! butyrate ( e?yloxide4 ,ev5 9 ?is comb9ation1 z 9 #aej ! =m]1 ! pleasant flavor or sc5t is only atta9$ by dilut+ ! e!r ) alcohol4 ,! butyric e!r :i* is employ$ 9 ,g]many to flavor bad rum1 is employ$ 9 ,engl& to flavor an acidulat$ dr9k call$ p9e-apple ale4 ,= ?is purpose !y g5]ally d n employ pure butyric acid1 b a product obta9$ by saponification ( butt]1 & subsequ5t di/illation ( ! soap ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & alcohol2 :i* product conta9s1 besides ! butyric e!r1 o!r e!rs1 b nev]!less c be us$ = flavor+ spirits4 ,! sample ,i analyz$ 0 pur]1 & appe>$ to h be5 made ) pure butyric e!r4 ,decompos$ ) pota% & *ang$ into silv] salt1 x gave #j1ddjd gram4 ( silv] salt #j1bdcg gram4 ( silv]4 ,! p] c5tage ( silv] 9 ! butyrate ( silv] is accord+ to ,!ory4 ,exp]im5t4 #ee1ch #ee1cc4 ,bo? ,engli% & ,fr5* exhibitors h also s5t samples ( cognac-oil & grape-oil1 :i* are employ$ to flavor ! common sorts ( br&y4 ,z ^! samples 7 v small1 ,i 0 prev5t$ f mak+ an accurate analysis4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am c]ta9 t ! grape-oil is a comb9ation ( amyl1 dilut$ ) mu* alcohol2 s9ce1 :5 act$ ^u ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & ! oil fre$ f alcohol by wa%+ x ) wat]1 x gave amylsulphuric acid1 :i* 0 id5tifi$ by ! analysis ( ! salt ( b>ytes4 #a1bfij gram4 ( amylsulphate ( b>ytes gave #j1ehbe gram4 ( sulphate ( b>ytes4 ,?is corresponds to #de1hb p] c5t4 ( sulphate ( b>ytes4 ,amylsulphate ( b>ytes1 cry/alliz$ ) two equival5ts ( wat]1 conta9s1 accord+ to ! analysis ( ,cah\rs & ,kekule1 #de1ie p] c5t4 ( sulphate ( b>ytes4 ,x is curi\s to f9d "h a body1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its noxi\s smell1 is remov$ ) great c>e f spiritu\s liquors1 to be appli$ "u a diff]5t =m = ! purpose ( imp>t+ to !m a pleasant flavor4 #aea ,i mu/ ne$s "h also m5tion ! artificial oil ( bitt] almonds4 ,:5 ,mits*]li*1 9 ! ye> #ahcd1 discov]$ ! nitrob5zol1 he w\ld n h dream$ t ?is product w\ld be manufactur$ = ! purpose ( p]fum]y1 &1 aft] tw5ty ye>s1 appe> 9 f9e labell$ samples at ! ,london ,exhibition4 ,x is true t1 ev5 at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( nitrob5zol1 he po9t$ out ! /rik+ simil>ity ( its smell to t ( ! oil ( bitt] almonds4 ,h[ev]1 at t "t1 ! only kn[n s\rces = obta9+ ?is body 7 ! compress$ gases & ! di/illation ( b5zoic acid1 consequ5tly ! enormity ( its price bani%$ any idea ( employ+ b5zol z a sub/itute = oil ( bitt] almonds4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ye> #ahde1 ,i succe$$ by means ( ! anil9-reaction 9 asc]ta9+ ! exi/5ce ( b5zol 9 common coal-t>-oil4 ,9 8 essay1 :i* conta9s _m int]e/+ details ab\t ! practical use ( b5zol1 he speaks likewise ( ! possibility ( soon obta9+ sweet sc5t$ nitrob5zol 9 great quantity4 ,! ,exhibition has prov$ t ?is obs]vation has n be5 left unnotic$ by ! p]fum]s4 ,among ,fr5* p]fum]ies we h f\nd1 "u ! "n ( artificial oil ( bitt] almonds1 & "u ! /ill m poetical "n ( 8ess5ce de mirbane10 sev]al samples ( ess5tial oils1 :i* are no m nor less ?an nitrob5zol4 ,i 0 n able to obta9 accurate details ab\t ! ext5t ( ?is bran* ( manufacture1 :i* seems to be ( "s importance4 ,9 ,london1 ?is article is manufactur$ ) success4 ,! app>atus employ$ is t ( ,mansfield1 :i* is v simple2 x consi/s ( a l>ge glass worm1 ! upp] extremity ( :i* divides 9 two bran*es or tubes1 :i* are provid$ ) funnels4 ,?r\gh "o ( ^! funnels passes a /ream ( conc5trat$ nitric acid2 ! o!r is de/9$ z a receiv] ( b5zol1 :i*1 = ?is purpose1 requires n to be q pure2 at ! angle f :]e ! two tubes bran* out1 ! two bodies meet toge!r1 & in/antly ! *emical comb9ation takes place1 :i* cools suffici5tly by pass+ ?r\gh ! glass worm4 ,! product is aft]w>ds wa%$ ) wat]1 & "s dilut$ solution ( c>bonate ( #aeb soda2 x is !n ready = use4 ,not)/&+ ! great physical simil>ity betwe5 nitrob5zol & oil ( bitt] almonds1 !re is yet a slight diff]5ce 9 smell :i* c be detect$ by an exp]i5c$ nose4 ,h[ev]1 nitrob5zol is v useful 9 sc5t+ soap1 & might be employ$ ) great advantage by confection]s & cooks1 p>ticul>ly on acc\nt ( its safety1 be+ entirely free f prussic acid4 ,!re 71 besides ! above1 sev]al o!r artificial oils2 !y all1 h[ev]1 7 m or less complicat$1 & 9 su* small quantities1 t x 0 impossible to asc]ta9 _! exact nature1 & x 0 d\btful :e!r !y _h ! same orig9 z ! =m]4 ,! application ( organic *emi/ry to p]fum]y is q new2 x is probable t ! /udy ( all ! e!rs or e!real comb9ations already kn[n1 & ( ^? :i* ! +5uity ( ! *emi/ is daily discov]+1 w enl>ge ! sph]e ( _! practical applications4 ,! capryle!rs lately discov]$ by ,b\ris are rem>kable = _! aromatic smells 7! acetate ( capryloxide is possess$ ( ! mo/ int5se & pleasant smell17 & !y promise a l>ge h>ve/ to ! manufactur]s ( p]fumes4--,annal5 d] ,*emie4--,9 ,an4 ( ,ph>macy4 ,,on ,,te/s ,,= ,,! ,,impurities ,,( ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,pure acetic acid is colorless1 possesses /rong acid prop]ties & ta/e1 & no empyreumatic flavor4 ,x %\ld h1 accord+ to ! new ,london ,ph>macopia1 a specific gravity ( #a4jdh1 & "o hundr$ gra9s %\ld saturate eighty-sev5 gra9s ( cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( soda2 consequ5tly ! ph>macopial acid consi/s ( ?irty-"o p] c5t4 ( ! anhydr\s acid1 & sixty-n9e p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,x %\ld leave no residuum by evaporation4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 nitrate ( b>ytes1 f]rocyanuret ( pota%1 & nitrate ( silv]1 %\ld produce no precipitate 9 x4 ,:5 x conta9s empyreumatic #aec matt]1 :i* besides be+ evid5t to ! smell1 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid causes its color to d>k54 ,sug>1 9 a m or less *ang$ condition1 is frequ5tly "o ( ! impurities ( ! ,g]man dilut$ comm]cial acid1 & may be recogniz$ by ! ta/e ( ! residuum left ^u its evaporation4 ,:5 sulphurett$ hydrog5 produces 9 acetic acid a milky turbidity1 x %[s t sulphur\s acid is pres5t1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is due to ! decomposition ( color+ & o!r organic matt]s1 conta9$ z impurities 9 ! acetates1 f :i* ! acetic 0 prep>$1 :5 treat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! turbidity is caus$ by ! sep>ation ( sulphur f ! sulphurett$ hydrog51 & f ! sulphur\s acid by reason ( ! hydrog5 ( ! =m] comb9+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! latt]1 & =m+ wat] 7,witt/e947 ,if ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 produces a black precipitate1 ei!r lead or copp] may be pres5t4 ,! lead may be recogniz$ by sulphuric acid giv+ a precipitate ( sulphate ( lead2 & ! copp]1 by ! blue reaction :i* ensues1 ) an excess ( ammonia4 ,sulphuric acid c be readily kn[n :5 pres5t by nitrate ( b>ytes produc+ a :ite precipitate1 insoluble 9 m9]al acids4 ,nitrate ( silv] detects muriatic acid by ?r[+ d[n a :ite precipitate1 :i* *anges1 "u ! influ5ce ( light1 to a violet color1 & is insoluble 9 nitric acid1 b soluble 9 ammonia4 ,f]rocyanuret ( potassium w indicate ! pres5ce ( salt ( iron :5 by its addition1 a blue precipitate results4 ,! above te/s are n applicable to ! same ext5t to detect ! impurities ( ! br[n v9eg> ( comm]ce1 because manufactur]s are all[$ by law to add to x a small p] c5tage ( sulphuric acid1 & !re are always sulphates & *lorides & o!r salts pres5t 9 x1 d]iv$ f ! wat] us$ 9 its manufacture2 !re=e1 9 te/+ = its impurities1 an all[ance mu/ be made = ^? :i* arise f ! necess>y process ( ! manufacture1 & ^? consid]$ only z adult]ations :i* are ov] & above su* fair all[ance4 ,to detect su* impurities z cay5ne pepp]1 #aed c41 x is m]ely necess>y to neutralize ! v9eg> ) c>bonate ( soda1 :5 _! pres5ce w be palpably evid5t to ! ta/e4 ,acetic acid may be purifi$ by di/illation f ^? sub/ances :i* are n volatile4 ,by add+ acetate ( lead previ\sly to its di/illation1 sulphuric & muriatic acids c be sep>at$ f x2 & sulphur\s acid c be remov$ by p]oxide ( manganese1 :i* conv]ts x into sulphuric acid4 ,x c be fre$ f empyreumatic impurities by agitation ) *>coal1 subsequ5t filtration & di/illation4 ,! /r5g? ( acetic acid & v9eg> _c be det]m9$ by ! specific gravity4 ,! p[] ( saturat+ an alkal9e c>bonate is ! be/ crit]ion ( ! quantity ( anhydr\s acid pres5t 9 any giv5 sample4 ,?is me?od w only give correct results :5 ! acid is pure1 or :5 ! quantities ( free m9]al acids h be5 e/imat$ previ\sly by precipitation1 s z to make ! necess>y d$uctions = _! saturat+ p[] :5 ! acid is neutraliz$ ) an alkal9e c>bonate4 ,x w\ld be well if ph>maceuti/s 7 m frequ5tly to try ! /r5g? ( _! acetic acid1 :i* is con/antly sold ) v plausible labels1 ab\t "o "p ( ! acid to sev5 p>ts ( wat]1 mak+ ! di/ill$ v9eg> ( ! ,ph>macopia1 :i* /atem5t we h (t5times prov$ to be a v pretty fiction4--,an4 ( ,ph>macy1 ,m>*1 #aheb4 ,a ,,te/ ,,= ,,alcohol ,,9 ,,ess5tial ,,oils4 ,j4 ,j4 ,b]n\lli recomm5ds = ?is purpose acetate ( pota%4 ,:5 to an e!rial oil1 contam9at$ ) alcohol1 dry acetate ( pota% is add$1 ?is salt dissolves 9 ! alcohol1 & =ms a solution f :i* ! volatile oil sep>ates4 ,if ! oil be free f alcohol1 ?is salt rema9s dry !re94 ,witt/e91 :o speaks highly ( ?is te/1 has sugge/$ ! foll[+ me?od ( apply+ x z ! be/3--,9 a dry te/ #aee tube1 ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 & five or six in*es long1 put n m ?an eight gra9s ( p[d]$ dry acetate ( pota%2 !n fill ! tube two-?irds full ) ! ess5tial oil to be exam9$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! tube mu/ be well /irr$ ) a glass rod1 tak+ c>e n to all[ ! salt to rise above ! oil2 aft]w>ds set aside = a %ort "t4 ,if ! salt be f\nd at ! bottom ( ! tube dry1 x is evid5t t ! oil conta9s no _s4 ,(t5times1 in/ead ( ! dry salt1 b5ea? ! oil is f\nd a cle> syrupy fluid1 :i* is a solution ( ! salt 9 ! _s1 ) :i* ! oil 0 mix$4 ,:5 ! oil conta9s only a little _s1 a small portion ( ! solid salt w be f\nd "u ! syrupy solution4 ,_m ess5tial oils frequ5tly conta9 a trace ( wat]1 :i* does n mat]ially int]f]e ) ?is te/1 because1 al?\gh ! acetate ( pota% becomes moi/ !reby1 x /ill reta9s its pulv]5t =m4 ,a /ill m c]ta9 result may be obta9$ by di/illation 9 a wat] ba?4 ,all ! ess5tial oils :i* h a high] boil+ po9t ?an _s1 rema9 9 ! retort1 :il/ ! _s passes into ! receiv] ) only a trace ( ! oil1 :]e ! alcohol may be recogniz$ by ! smell & ta/e4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 a d\bt exi/1 add to ! di/illate a little acetate ( pota% & /rong sulphuric acid1 & heat ! mixture 9 a te/ tube to ! boil+ po9t1 :5 ! *>act]i/ic odor ( acetic e!r w be manife/1 if any alcohol be pres5t4 ,,*emical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,res9 ,,( ,,jalap4 ,,by ,b4 ,,s&rock4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t :5 res9 ( jalap is treat$ ) e!r1 we obta9 two k9ds ( res91 "o soluble1 & ! o!r insoluble 9 e!r4 ,dr4 ,kays] *ose fir/ = 8 analysis t "p ( ! res9 :i* is insoluble 9 e!r4 ,?is res91 purifi$ by means ( *>coal1 0 friable1 almo/ colorless1 )\t smell or ta/e1 insoluble 9 e!r & wat]1 b easily #aef dissolv$ by _s ( w9e2 ! alcoholic solution r$d5s litmus slightly4 ,! res91 aga9 precipitat$ by wat]1 0 p]fectly soluble 9 solution ( cau/ic ammonia & acetic acid4 ,?is res9 0 dissolv$ ) difficultly 9 cold solutions ( cau/ic pota% & soda1 b 0 p]fectly soluble :5 hot1 & c\ld aga9 be readily precipitat$ f ! alkal9e solutions by acids4 ,! solution ( ?is res91 9 ammonia 0 ( a bright br[n color1 & became neutral by volatiz+ ! sup]flu\s ammonia4 ,x is consequ5tly a res9\s acid1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f o!r res9\s acids1 by ! facts t x does n precipitate ! bases f metalic salts1 su* z nitrate ( silv]1 sulphate ( copp]2 x af=d$ only a precipitate :5 act$ ^u by basic-acetate ( lead4 ,a "q arose1 :e!r ! res9 ( jalap1 dissolv$ 9 alkal9e fluids1 und]goes any *anges 9 its con/itution4 ,to answ] ?is "q1 ,kays] und]took sev]al analyses1 ! results ( :i* 7 z foll[s3 ,! uncomb9$ res9 ( jalap gave ,c #db1 ,h #ce1 ,o #bj4--,! res91 precipitat$ by oxide ( lead1 gave ,c #db1 ,h #cf1 ,o #ba4 ,x is evid5t t res9 ( jalap1 comb9$ ) ! bases ( salts1 acquires ! elem5ts ( "o equival5t ( wat]4 ,dr4 ,kays]1 has nam$ ! un*ang$ res9 ( jalap1 rhodeoret91 & t modifi$ by bases ( salts1 hydro-rhodeoret94 ,by dissolv+ rhodeoret9 9 absolute alcohol & submitt+ ! solution to ! action ( *lor9e1 & subsequ5tly add+ wat] to x1 ,kays] obta9$ an oily fluid1 d>k yell[1 possess+ a pleasant smell1 easy to be volatiliz$ by heat1 soluble 9 wat]1 :i* he call$ rhodeoret9 oil4 ,! "p ( ! res9 soluble 9 e!r1 possesses em95tly ! disagreeable smell ( jalap1 a prickly ta/e2 its solution r$d5s litmus1 & 9 dry+ leaves a greasy spot on pap]2 x is soluble 9 alkal9e fluids4 ,if ! alcoholic solution is all[$ to /&1 mix$ ) wat]1 = a l5g!n$ p]iod1 prismatic cry/all9e ne$les are precipitat$4 ,accord+ to ^! prop]ties1 ,kays] includes ! soluble jalap res9 among ! fatty acids4 ,s&rock 9 g5]al agrees ) ,kays]2 b1 accord+ to 8 analysis1 ! jalap c be resolv$ 9 ?ree #aeg diff]5t res9s1 "o soluble 9 e!r1 ! second obta9$ by precipitat+ ! alcoholic solution by oxides ( lead2 ! ?ird rema9s unprecipitat$ 9 ?is solution4 ,t "p ( ! res9 :i* is insoluble 9 e!r1 b is precipitat$ f ! alcoholic solution by oxide ( lead1 ,s&rock calls alpha res92 t :i* is n precipitat$1 beta res92 t "p :i* is soluble 9 e!r he calls gamma res94 ,! alpha res9 agrees 9 its prop]ties ) ,bu*n]'s & ,h]b]g]'s jalap9e4 ,s&rock calls ipomic acid1 ! produce ( ?is res9 :5 treat$ by boil+ c>bonat$ alkal9e solution2 & ! "o obta9$ 9 ! same way f beta res91 jalapic acid4 ,! gamma res9 =ms 9 e!r a yell[ solution1 & a purple "o 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4--,ar*iv5 d] ,ph>macie4 ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,*lor(orm ,,f ,,! ,,ess5ces ,,( ,,lemon1 ,,copaiba1 ,,pepp]m9t ,,& ,,b]gamotte4 ,,by ,m4 ,,*aut>d1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,lyceum ( ,v5dome4 ,m4 ,*aut>d1 aft] hav+ complet$ 8 exp]im5ts = ! production ( *lor(orm by means ( oil ( turp5t9e in/ead ( alcohol1 l$ by analogy1 proce$$ to try by a simil> me?od to prep>e x by means ( ! ess5ces ( lemon1 b]gamotte1 copaiba & pepp]m9t1 & succe$$4 ,h[ev]1 ! quantity ( ess5ces ^u :i* he act$ 0 too small to c>ry on a m9ute analysis4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 8 rese>*es l$ him to discov] =mic acid 9 ! calc>e\s residuum ( ! op]ation4 ,x 0 already kn[n1 ,m4 ,*aut>d obs]ves1 t oil ( turp5t9e1 :5 old & expos$ a long "t to ! action ( ! air1 0 trans=m$ into =mic acid1 :i* obs]vations is due to ,m4 ,wapp54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,m4 ,s*neid]1 by collect+ ! volatile products ( ! oxidation #aeh ( turp5t9e1 by means ( nitric acid1 detect$ !re9 ! pres5ce ( acetic1 metacetic1 & butyric acids4 ,f9ally1 a few ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,william ,ba/ick#aa %[$ t hypo-*lorite ( lime1 by react+ ^u neutral unazotis$ bodies1 su* z sug>1 />*1 c41 gave rise to ! =mation ( a c]ta9 quantity ( =mate ( lime2 h5ce1 turn+ to advantage ! details giv5 by ?is *emi/1 ,m4 ,*aut>d cont9ues--,i ?us h c>ri$ on my op]ation3 #aa 8,j\rnal de ,ph>macie10 #c;e s]ie1 #a4 #ad4 ,aft] hav+ asc]ta9$1 by means ( ! solution ( indigo1 t ! residuum conta9$ 9 ! alembic did n conta9 any hypo*lorite ( lime1 ! pres5ce ( :i* w\ld h prev5t$ ! extraction ( =mic acid1 ,i ?rew ! :ole ^u a clo?1 & add$ sulphuric acid to ! filt]$ liquor to precipitate ! lime reta9$ 9 a /ate ( *loride or =mate4--,?is liquor1 aft] hav+ be5 filt]$ anew1 0 di/ill$1 & ! product 0 a mixture ( =mic & hydro*loric acids1 :i* ,i saturat$ by means ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,by subsequ5t evaporation to dryness1 ,i succe$$1 by add+ aft]w>ds a little wat]1 9 sep>at+ ! =mate ( soda f ! *loride4 ,by means ( ! =mate ( soda1 ,i prov$ ! pr9cipal prop]ties ( =mic acid1 & besides1 produc$ f x ! =mate ( silv]1 :i* is decompos$ by a boil+ heat1 leav+ a precipitate ( metalic silv]4 ,9 f9i%+ ?is communication1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t fix$ oils1 treat$ 9 ! same way by hypo*lorite ( lime1 d n produce *lor(orm2 h[ev]1 ! reaction :i* occurs is s /rong1 & indicative ( int]e/+ results1 t x induces me to cont9ue my exp]im5ts4--,j\rnal de ,ph>macie4 ,,on ,,dry ,,extracts4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,mohr4 ,e "o is aw>e ( ! utility ( possess+ dry extracts1 p>ticul>ly ( n>cotic plants1 s z to be able to adm9i/] !m z p[d]s4 ,?is able ph>maceuti/ gives ! foll[+ #aei =mula = _! prep>ation2 & z x seems to answ] all purposes1 & is adopt$ 9 ,b]l91 & o!r cont95tal t[ns1 x des]ves to be made public4 ,take ( any extract1 & ( p[d] ( licorice equal p>ts1 mix !m well 9 a mort>2 :5 well mix$1 put ! pa/e 9 an e>!nw>e evaporat+ di%1 & !n put ?is vessel ov] an iron pan1 :i* has be5 fill$ ) *loride ( calcium1 previ\sly dri$ 9 ! vessel by a /rong fire )\t melt+2 ! iron vessel mu/ h a cov] to enclose bo? vessels1 s t ! *loride ( calcium c absorb ! vapor f ! extract )\t communication ) ! air1 & mu/ be put on z soon z ! extract has be5 plac$ on ! *loride ( calcium4 ,let x /& = "s days4 ,remove ! extract1 & add an equal weight ( licorice p[d] to x 9 a mort>1 mix well1 & pres]ve x 9 bottles4 ,,editorial4 ,,ph>maceutical ,,conv5tion4 ,! apo!c>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 9 an anomal\s & exceptional position4 ,ex]cis+ functions :i* conc]n ! life & heal? ( ^? :o require _! s]vices1 ! public expects !m to possess ! exp]i5ce1 ! v>i$ requirem5t1 ! high moral qualities :i* ! prop] ex]cise ( _! pr(ession dem&s2 yet ?is same public1 itself incapable ( discrim9at+ betwe5 k & ignorance1 furni%es !m no aid 9 ! pursuits ( _! /udies1 & yields !m no protection aga9/ quack]y & impo/ure4 ,ev]y?+ is left to ! _s ( trade1 & to ! laws ( supply & dem&4 ,! advances t h be5 made 9 ph>macy h come f )9 itself1 unaid$ by any assi/ance f ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 & look$ ^u (t5 ) coldness or di/ru/ by ! public4 ,9 ?is way1 9 "s ( ! l>ge cities1 ) ! influ5ce ( ! si/] pr(ession ( m$ic9e1 some?+ has be5 done2 b1 ev5 !re1 h[ mu* rema9s to be accompli%$ be=e ph>macy c assume ! rank x holds 9 ,france & ,g]many6 ,z h]et(ore1 s n[1 ! be/ & ! only prospect ( progress 9 ! pr(ession lies 9 itself4 ,x be/ kn[s its necessities & requirm5ts1 & x c be/ devise ! rem$ies t w meet !m4 ,x is 9 ! union ( its memb]s1 9 mutual association & int]c\rse1 9 ! =mation ( a public op9ion ( its own1 :i*1 #afj op]at+ fir/ ^u ! memb]s ( ! pr(ession1 w necess>ily h its weight ^u ! public op9ion ( ! community1 t lie our be/ hopes4 ,ph>macy is at once a lib]al art1 & a trade4 ,9 individuals1 p>ticul>ly 9 a community l ours1 ! _s ( trade is apt to be 9 ! asc5dant4 ,sci5ce is e/imat$ at its money value1 = :at x br+s 91 r ?an = :at x is4 ,b :5 ! be/ m5 ( a pr(ession meet toge!r1 sci5ce resumes its prop] position2 !y are enc\rag$ 9 _! noble/ aims1 & t enc\ragem5t is spread widely among _! fell[s4 ,individuals /ruggl+1 isolat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 feel t !re is a tribunal to :i* !y c appeal1 & by :i* !y w be judg$1 & its influ5ce w be felt too by ano!r class1 z a re/ra9t1 if n an enc\ragem5t4 ,success1 obta9$ by wor?y means1 loses mu* ( its value1 :5 x co/s ! e/eem ( ^? ) :om we are mo/ intimately connect$4 ,x is f su* consid]ations t we look ^u ! approa*+ conv5tion at ,philadelphia1 z a /ep 9 a v important movem5t4 ,a great deal dep5ds ^u its success1 & e "o :o has ! int]e/ ( ph>maceutical sci5ce at he>t1 %\ld d all he c to promote x4 ,to prove all t is hop$ = by its fri5ds1 ! conv5tion %\ld be a national "o1 n only 9 "n1 b 9 reality4 ,e in/itution & society entitl$ "u ! requisitions ( ! call1 %\ld appo9t delegates1 & above all1 !y %\ld appo9t delegates :o w att5d4 ,b !re are _m apo!c>ies scatt]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 9 places n entitl$ to appo9t delegates1 :o may be enabl$ to be pres5t at ! meet+ ( ! conv5tion1 & we are glad to see t our ,philadelphia bre?r5 are prep>$ to welcome !m 9 a lib]al & cordial _s4 ,!y w bo? receive & communicate b5efit4 ,_! pres5ce w add weight & au?ority to ! conv5tion2 :ile1 indep5d5t ( its (ficial proce$+s1 !y _c b d]ive advantages f acqua9tance & int]c\rse ) ! num]\s able memb]s ( ! pr(ession :o w1 z delegates1 att5d ! meet+4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( delegates2 !y %\ld n only1 above all1 be m5 :o w att5d1 b m5 :o h at he>t ! position & advancem5t ( ph>maceuti/s4 ,we hope t _! election w take place z e>ly z possible1 t !y may h "t fully to consid] ! objects ( ! conv5tion1 & ! wants & wi%es ( ! in/itutions !y repres5t4 ,x w\ld be well1 too1 if e>ly notice ( _! election %\ld be communicat$ to ,mr4 ,proctor1 or "s o!r ( ! memb]s resid+ at ,philadelphia1 & _! names %\ld be publi%$4 ,! conv5tion w h mu* to discuss & det]m9e ^u1 :ile its duration w necess>ily be limit$4 ,7 ! names ( its memb]s e>ly ann\nc$1 an int]*ange ( op9ion might take place betwe51 n to =/all ! active ( ! conv5tion1 b to promote & exp$ite x4 ,= ?is purpose1 if deem$ desirable our own columns are freely t5d]$4 #afa ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,june1 #aheb4 ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,pure ,,b>ium ,,comp\nds4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,wurtz4 ,! prep>ation ( ! comp\nds ( b>ium 9 a /ate ( absolute purity is a subject :i* has n g5]ally receiv$ mu* att5tion f ,ph>maceutical *emi/s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! hi!rto limit$ application ( ^! comp\nds1 except 9 *emical analysis4 ,! "t1 h[ev]1 is und\bt$ly close at h&1 :5 new developm5ts 9 ! arts1 w create a dem& = pure b>ium comp\nds1 z well z = v _m o!r products n[ consid]$ z p]ta9+ exclusively to ! laboratory4 ,inde$1 ef=ts h already be5 made to introduce ! *lorate ( b>ytes to ! notice ( pyrote*ni/s z a means ( produc+ a gre5 fire unequall$ 9 beauty1 & ! pure c>bonate has be5 = "s "t 9 use 9 ,engl&1 9 ! manufacture ( sup]ior v>ieties ( plate & fl9t glass4 ,! precipitat$ or purifi$ native sulphate is also pref]r$ z a wat] color pigm5t to :ite lead1 be+ f> m durable ?an ! latt]4 ,i may "h be p]mitt$ to m5tion a practical application ( ! c>bonate :i* has occurr$ to myself4 ,i h f\nd t sulphate ( lime is totally precipitat$ f its solution by mix+ !re) an equival5t quantity ( ! precipitat$ or f9ely pulv]iz$ natural c>bonate ( b>ytes1 #afb ( c\rse ) ! =mation ( sulphate ( b>ytes & c>bonate ( lime4 ,x is by no means improbable t ?is prop]ty may be made available 9 remov+ sulphate ( lime f spr+ or sea wat] :i* is to be us$ 9 /eam boil]s1 ?us prev5t+ ! =mation ( ! tr\blesome incru/ation :i* s (t5 occurs1 especially :5 x is consid]$ t ! sulphate ( b>ytes :i* w\ld be =m$1 might easily be reconv]t$ into c>bonate & us$ ov] aga94 ,aga91 sulphate ( lime might be remov$ 9 ! same way f ! br9e 9 salt works1 ?us contribut+ to ! purity ( ! salt produc$4 ,rec5t improvem5ts 9 *emical analysis h greatly increas$ ! usefulness ( b>ium comp\nds 9 ! laboratory1 especially ( ! c>bonate1 to :i* ! late inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,h4 ,rose1 & ( ,ebelm5 h giv5 a place 9 ! v fir/ rank among ! reag5ts valuable to ! *emi/4 ,any sugge/ion1 !re=e1 conc]n+ ! prep>ation ( b>ium comp\nds 9 a pure /ate1 _c be consid]$ z useless4 ,! sulphate ( b>yta is ! only comp\nd :i* occurs 9 suffici5t abundance to be an economical s\rce ( ! o!r b>ium comp\nds1 & ! enorm\s ?\gh illegitimate use ( ?is sub/ance 9 ! adult]ation ( :ite lead1 is s f> =tunate z to r5d] x an easy matt] to obta9 x 9 any requir$ quantity1 already 9 a /ate ( f9e p[d] :i* is s desirable 9 *emical op]ations4 ,! sulphate ( b>yta is always r$uc$ to ! /ate ( sulphide ( b>ium1 by expos+ x to a r$ heat 9 intimate admixture ) "s c>bonace\s sub/ance1 su* z p[d]$ *>coal1 ros91 oil or fl\r4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult1 h[ev]1 if n impossible1 to effect 9 ?is mann] a complete decomposition ( ! sulphate4 ,inde$1 x is probable t 9 mo/ cases ! quantity ( sulphide obta9$1 is n m ?an half t :i* is equival5t to ! sulphate employ$4 ,a modification :i* promises to be f> m economical 0 propos$ by ,dr4 ,wolcott ,gibbs4 ,8 proposal 0 to submit ! sulphate to ! action ( a curr5t ( common coal gas at a r$ heat4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is way a p]fect decomposition #afc may readily be accompli%$1 especially if ! p[d]$ sulphate is /irr$ dur+ ! op]ation1 s z to expose fre% surfaces to ! action ( ! gas4 ,! mass obta9$ aft] ! r$uction ( ! sulphate is submitt$ to ! action ( boil+ wat]1 & a solution obta9$1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,h4 ,rose1#ab conta9s pr9cipally hydrate ( b>yta & sulphohydrate ( sulphide ( b>ium ,ba,s4 ,,hs4 =m$ by ! reaction ( equal equival5ts ( wat] & proto-sulphide ( b>ium4 ,x almo/ inv>iably conta9s also a quantity ( lime1 probably 9 ! =m ( sulpho-hydrate ( sulphide ( calcium1 or ( hydrate ( lime1 proce$+ f ! almo/ con/ant concurr5ce ( sulphate ( lime ) native sulphate ( b>yta4 ,f ! pres5ce ( ?is lime orig9ates ! pr9cipal difficulty 9 prep>+ pure b>ium comp\nds f ?is sub/ance4 ,?us :5 ! c>bonate is prep>$ f ! solution by precipitation1 ) c>bonate ( soda1 or a curr5t ( c>bonic acid gas1 x is f\nd contam9at$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 :i* is fatal to its use z a reag5t 9 analysis4 ,also 9 exam9+ _m specim5s ( comm]cial *loride ( b>ium1 :i* is prep>$ f ?is solution by ! addition ( *loro-hydric acid1 boil+ to sep>ate sulpho-hydric acid gas :i* is evolv$1 filtration to sep>ate ! sulphur :i* is precipitat$ & cry/allization1 ,i h always f\nd x to conta9 a small quantity ( *loride ( calcium1 :i* ,i h f\nd x impossible to sep>ate entirely by repeat$ recry/allizations4 ,x has be5 propos$#ac to sep>ate ! *loride ( calcium f *loride ( b>ium by ! use ( v /rong alcohol1 9 :i* ! latt] :5 anhydr\s1 is insoluble4 ,?is me?od is r exp5sive & tr\blesome z x involves ! evaporation to dryness ( ! *loride ( b>ium solution1 ! r$uction ( ! previ\sly ignit$ residue to a v f9e p[d] & dige/ion 9 /rong alcohol4 ,attempts 7 made aft] "s previ\s exp]im5tation1 9 :i* x 0 f\nd t an #afd aque\s solution ( oxalate ( b>yta precipitat$ *loride ( calcium1 b n *loride ( b>ium1 to sep>ate ! lime f a *loride ( b>ium solution by addition ( oxalate ( b>yta1 or simply ( a little oxalic acid1 b x 0 soon f\nd t oxalate ( lime 0 some:at soluble 9 a solution ( *loride ( b>ium1 s t a solution ( oxalate ( b>yta1 gave no precipitate 9 a mixture ( solutions ( *loride ( b>ium & *loride ( calcium4 ,x 0 f\nd also t ! precipitate =m$ by a little oxalic acid 9 a lime solution1 c\ld be re-dissolv$ by addition ( *loride ( b>ium4 ,x may also be m5tion$1 ?\gh irrelevant to ! subject1 t x 0 f\nd t oxalate ( lime 0 soluble 9 solutions ( *loride ( calcium1 ( ammonia1 & ( *loro-hydrate ( ammonia4 #ab ,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 #ee1daf4 #ac ,gmel9's ,h&bu*1 #b1aeh4 ,! well kn[n prop]ty ( c>bonate ( b>yta :i* ! rec5t inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,h4 ,rose h r5d]$ s important 9 ! analysis ( phosphates1 ( completely precipitat+ lime f its solution by a suffici5tly long contact !re)1 furni%es u1 h[ev]1 ) a p]fectly easy & *eap me?od ( purify+ ! *loride ( b>ium solution4 ,9 fact a solution ( *loride ( b>ium to :i* *loride ( calcium has be5 add$1 hav+ be5 treat$ ) a little c>bonate ( b>yta1 & all[$ to /& 9 contact ) x = two days1 ) occasional agitation1 0 f\nd on filtration to be free f lime4 ,! only objection to ?is me?od1 is ! consid]able l5g? ( "t requir$2 b ,i mu/ "h describe an elegant modification :i* 0 communicat$ to me by ,dr4 ,wolcott ,gibbs1 & te/$ by him 9 8 laboratory2 t is to add fir/ to ! solution ( *loride ( b>ium conta9+ lime1 a little solution ( hydrate ( b>yta & !n to pass ?r\gh x a curr5t ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,! precipitate imm$iately =m$ conta9s ( c\rse all ! lime4 ,! only impurity :i* is preval5t 9 comm]cial *loride ( b>ium besides lime1 is /rangely en\gh1 a trace ( lead :i* is almo/ always pres5t & sometimes 9 su* quantity t ! solution is imm$iately black5$ by sulphuric #afe acid4#ad ,?is is1 h[ev]1 v easily remov$1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! sep>ation ( ! lime by ! process ( ,dr4 ,gibbs1 by pass+ a little sulpho-hydric acid gas into ! solution1 g5tly heat+ = a %ort "t & filt]+4 ,comm]cial *loride ( b>ium ?us purifi$ is probably ! mo/ conv5i5t s\rce ( ! o!r comp\nds ( b>ium :5 requir$ pure4 ,?us pure c>bonate ( b>yta may be prep>$ f x by precipitation ) c>bonate ( ammonia1 or ) c>bonate ( soda1 :i* is free f silica1 sulphuric acid & phosphoric acid4#ae #ad ,x may be t lead5 pans are us$ = ! evaporation or cry/allization ( ! comm]cial *loride ( b>ium1 :i* w\ld suffici5tly acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! product4 #ae ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 #acf4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,sev]al ,,p>cels ,,( ,,aleppo ,,scammony4 ,,by ,b4 ,w4 ,,bull4 ,s9ce ! publication ( an article ^u ,virg9 ,scammony 9 a previ\s numb] ( ?is ,j\rnal1 ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+ f\r diff]5t v>ieties ( scammony receiv$ f ,con/ant9ople1 "u ! names1 ,aleppo ,scammony1 fir/2 ,aleppo ,scammony1 second2 ,ts*ang>i ,scammony & ,skilip ,scammony4 ,no4 #a4 ,aleppo ,scammony1 fir/4 ,?is occurs 9 l>ge amorph\s pieces weigh+ "o or m p\nds2 is n cov]$ ) any calc>e\s p[d]4 ,! fractur$ surface pres5ts a d>k gre5i% res9\s appe>ance4 ,! specific gravity w be f\nd bel[4 ,! case\s odor is n s decid$ 9 ?is #aff specim5 z 9 "s ( ! o!r v>ieties1 confirm+1 z w be se5 f its composition1 z adduc$ f>!r on1 ! rem>k made 9 ! article above allud$ to1 9 reg>d to ! insecurity ( rely+ ^u ! odor z a means ( judg+ ( ! quality ( scammony4 ,no4 #b4 ,aleppo ,scammony1 second4 ,( ?is a sample ( ab\t "o p\nd 0 receiv$4 ,?is is 9 amorph\s pieces2 x diff]s f ! previ\s specim5 9 its fracture :i* is non-res9\s & horny1 x is ( a mu* light] color1 & has a grayi% t+e4 ,! scammony odor is m decid$4 ,?is v>iety receives ! prefix ,aleppo improp]ly1 z x does n come f t locality1 & is said to be made by press+ ! root1 ?\gh ! quantity ( insoluble organic matt] :i* x conta9s1 seems to indicate "s o!r impurity1 int5tionally add$4 ,no4 #c4 ,ts*ang>i ,scammony1 d]ives its "n f ! place ( production4 ,x appe>s to be a v>iety n f\nd 9 m>ket "h4 ,x resembles 9 fracture ! la/ m5tion$1 & is l t1 9 amorph\s pieces4 ,its odor is m decid$ ?an t ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,no4 #d4 ,skilip ,scammony4 ,?is specim5 appe>s to h und]gone "s det]ioration1 & ev9ces a disposition to m\ld4 ,"s ( ! pieces are m>k$ ext]iorly1 z if plac$ 9 a bag :5 s(t1 & dri$ 9 ?is way4 ,x is de/itute ( ! case\s odor1 & has a m\ldy smell4 ,fracture1 non-res9\s1 & grayi%1 l ! la/ m5tion$ v>ieties4 ,^! ?ree latt] v>ieties are always to be obta9$ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 we are in=m$1 :ile ! fir/ quality ,aleppo1 is only produc$ 9 small quantity1 & is soon out ( m>ket4 ,! diff]5ce 9 composition ( ! diff]5t v>ieties w be f\nd annex$1 ! numb]s ref]r+ to ^? giv5 above4 ,all ( !m indicate ! pres5ce ( />* by ! te/ ) iod9e4 #afg ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #d4 ,specific gravity1 #a4aej #a4cbe #a4cci #a4caa ,res9\s matt]1 wat]1 & loss4 ,p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 #hf4hh #ee4db #fd4aj #cd4jj ,vegetable sub/ance1 insoluble 9 e!r1 #h4aj #ch4jj #bc4ag #ei4dc ,inorganic matt]1 #e4jb #f4eh #ab4gc #f4eg #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj ,new ,york1 ,may1 #aheb4 ,,:at ,,is ,,monesia8 ,,by ,e4 ,,dupuy1 ,,ph>maceuti/1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,dorvault 9 ! ,(fic9e gives x 8z ! product ( a =eign b>k nev] f\nd 9 comm]ce1 b describ$ by ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,d]osne1 7:o1 accord+ to ! same au?ority is ! only possessor ( x17 z be+ f\nd 9 volum9\s ?ick pieces1 fill$ ) extractive4 ,! color is d>k br[n1 except+ ! epid]mis :i* is grayi%4 ,x conta9s tann9 & a r$ color+ matt]1 analogu\s to c9*onic r$1 also an acrid "o & salts40 ,virey attribut$ x to a ,*rysophi lum42 ,m>t5s says x is ! ,mohica ( ! ,brazilians2 accord+ to ,mr4 ,con/ant ,b]ri]1 x be>s 9 t c\ntry sundry o!r names3 furanhem1 gu>anhem1 buran*1 etc4 ,du*esne 9 8 ,rp]toire des ,plantes utiles et ,vnncuses du ,globe1 & ,desc\rtils 9 8 ,flore mdicale des ,antilles m5tions ! ,ca9ito ,*rysophillum ! b>k ( :i* is tonic1 a/r+5t & febrifuge4 ,9 #afh exam9+ "s extract ( ,monesia ,i 0 /ruck ) ! /rik+ resemblance 9 its prop]ties ) ! extract ( logwood1 7,hematoxylon ,campe*ianum7 bo? possess+ ! same a/r+5t sweeti% ta/e1 precipitat+ salts ( iron1 etc4 ,desc\rtils1 :o practic$ m$ic9e = a long "t 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 says 8x is recomm5dable 9 dys5t]y & di>rhea aft] ! inflammatory p]iod40 & to t effect prescribes ! decoction ( "o ounce ( ! wood or a dra*m ( ! extract add$ to an infusion ( orange tree leaves1 or ,casc>illa b>k1 p] diem4 ,besides1 ,dr4 ,wood 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,disp5satory1 m5tions its frequ5t use 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 89 t relax$ condition ( ! b[els1 :i* is apt to succe$ to *ol]a infantum10 & also 9 ! same compla9ts z m5tion$ by ,desc\rtils4 ,?\gh bo? ! decoction ( ! wood & ! solution ( ! extract are (fic9al 9 our national ,ph>macopeia1 s f> z my means ( obs]vation g1 !y are seldom1 if ev]1 prescrib$ 9 ,new ,york1 & yet ,i h repeat$ly prep>$ solutions ( ! ,monesia1 prescrib$ by our city practition]s4 ,! extract ( log-wood be+ s simil> 9 its m$ic9al action1 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to ?9k t x is ! same sub/ance1 ?\gh p]haps obta9$ f o!r s\rces2 & z ! price ( x is s mu* high] ?an t ( ! o!r1 x w\ld be desirable to obta9 ! results ( comp>ative exp]im5ts made to te/ _! relative value1 & :e!r ! extract ( ,hematoxylon ,campe*ianum %\ld n be prescrib$ z answ]+ = all !rapeutical purposes1 ! my/]i\s ,monesia ( ,d]osne8 #afi ,,! ,,ph>macology ,,( ,,matico3 ,,) ,,=mula ,,= ,,its ,,prep>ation4 ,,by ,,dorvault4 ,z matico is daily attract+ m & m ! att5tion ( practition]s1 its ph>macology dem&s consid]ation4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is new ,p]uvian plant has be5 laud$ z an efficaci\s rem$y 9 leucorrhea & gonorrhea1 z a vuln]>y1 & above all z an excell5t hemo/atic1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal4 ,we %all1 9 ! pres5t pap]1 cont5t ourselves ) mak+ kn[n ! pr9cipal ph>maceutical =ms :i* ?is sub/ance is capable ( assum+1 res]v+ all o!r consid]ations = a lat] p]iod4 ,a long & c>eful exp]i5ce w be ne$$ to e/abli% ! relative value ( ea* ( ! subjo9$ =ms4 ,,p[d] ,,( ,,matico4 ,matico c be easily r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is ( a yell[i% gre51 & its odor1 :5 fre% is m fragrant ?an t ( ! plant itself4 ,to pres]ve x well1 x %\ld be kept 9 well /opp$ bottles4 ,matico p[d] c be advantage\sly us$ ext]nally 9 spr9kl+ ov] ble$+ p>ts1 9 plugg+ ! nasal foss & 9 epi!ms = contusions4 ,int]nally x may be us$ moi/5$ ) a little sweet5$ wat] "u ! =m ( electu>y or 9 pills4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,matico4 ,bruis$ matico1 #aj to #bj grammes4 ,boil+ wat]1 #a1jjj grammes4 ,let x infuse until cold & /ra9 x4 ,?is infusion is amb]-color$1 & possesses ! aromatic odor ( ! plant4 ,x is n unpleasant to take1 b may be r5d]$ m agreeable by ! addition ( sug>1 or an appropriate syrup4 ,= ext]nal use1 lotions1 embrocations1 lavem5ts & injections1 #cj1 #dj or ev5 #ej grammes ( matico may be us$ to ! #agj same quantity ( wat]1 & x may be submitt$ to a slight decoction4 ,if1 9 ?is mode ( op]ation1 x p>ts ) "s volatile oil1 x ga9s a small portion ( res94 ,,di/ill$ ,,wat]1 ,,or ,,hydrolate ,,( ,,matico4 ,bruis$ matico1 #ajj p>ts4 ,wat]1 #a1jjj p>ts4 ,draw (f by di/illation1 #ejj p>ts ( hydrolate4 ,! product is colorless ?r\gh\t ! di/illation1 except ! fir/ few drops1 :i* are milky4 ,hydrolate ( matico has an odor ( turp5t9e /rong] ?an ! plant itself4 ,x is cov]$ ) globules1 or a light lay] ( a volatile oil1 almo/ colorless1 & ( ! consi/5ce ( ca/or oil4 ,if ! volatile oil be1 z au?ors h advanc$1 "o ( ! active pr9ciples ( matico1 !n ! hydrolate mu/ be to a c]ta9 ext5t efficaci\s4 ,! hemo/atic wat]s ( ,b9elli1 ,broe*i]i1 ,tiss]aud1 c41 ov] _! prop]ty to ! volatile oil ( turp5t9e4 ,! hydrolate may be employ$ bo? ext]nally & int]nally4 ,,extract ,,( ,,matico4 ,! "o :i* appe>s to u ! pref]able is ! hydro-alcoholic4 ,introduce "s r co>se matico p[d] into ! app>atus = lixiviation1 p\r on x ! alcohol at #ef s z to imbibe all ! p[d]1 leave x #bd h\rs1 op5 ! l[] cock1 p\r ! same alcohol ov] ! same matico1 until ! latt] is exhau/$1 & !n evaporate ! liquid 9 ! vap\r ba?1 till x is br\ght to ! consi/5ce ( an extract4 ,! product is black1 ) a m>k$ odor ( matico1 & a bitt] ta/e4 ,x is only p>tially soluble1 ei!r 9 alcohol or wat]4 ,! extract ( matico may be us$ int]nally 9 ! =m ( pills1 loz5ges1 syrup & electu>y1 & ext]nally1 dissolv$ or s(t5$ 9 ! =m ( pla/]s1 embrocations1 plugs1 lavem5ts & injections4 ,matico furni%es ab\t #a_/d ( its weight ( ! hydro-alcoholic extract4 #aga ,,syrup ,,( ,,matico4 ,bruis$ matico1 #ajj p>ts4 ,wat]1 #a1jjj p>ts4 ,di/il till y obta9 #ajj p>ts4 ,draw (f ! residue f ! retort1 press ! matico1 add to ! product #gjj p>ts ( sug>2 mix x s z to h by ! addition ( ! hydrolate a syrup ( ord9>y consi/5ce2 filt] x by ,dem>e/'s me?od4 ,?us prep>$1 matico syrup is br[ni%1 limpid & ( an aromatic ta/e1 :i* is n disagreeable2 x conta9s all ! pr9ciples1 active1 volatile or fix$1 ( ! sub/ance4 ,x may be adm9i/]$ pure1 or dilut$ ) wat]4 ,x is "o ( ! easie/ & mo/ efficaci\s modes ( adm9i/]+ matico 9 cases ( int]nal hemorrhage or ( fl\r albus4 ,x repres5ts #a-aj ( its weight ( matico4 ,! spoonful be+ #cj grammes1 w\ld repres5t #b grammes2 ! tea-spoonful be+ #e grammes1 w\ld repres5t #a_/b gramme4 ,,matico ,,pills4 ,p[d]$ matico1 #bj grammes4 ,p[d]$ m>% mall[ #b grammes4 ,syrup ( gum1 ,q4 ,s4 ,make secundum artem #ajj pills roll$ 9 lycopodium4 ,!y are ( a d>k gre54 ,! weight ( ea* pill f #dj to #ej c5tigrammes1 ea* conta9+ #bj c5tigrammes ( matico1 give f #b to #be daily4 ,,extract ,,( ,,matico ,,pills4 ,hydro-alcoholic extract ( matico1 #aj grammes4 ,divide secundum artem into #ajj pills1 :i* w ea* conta9 #aj c5tigrammes4 ,!y are blacki%4 ,be+ small] !y possess ! advantage ( be+ m easily swall[$4 ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,extract ,,( ,,matico4 ,extract ( matico1 #e grammes4 ,weak alcohol1 #e grammes4 ,l>d1 #bj grammes4 ,make an o9tm5t1 secundum artem4 #agb ,,t9cture ,,( ,,matico4 ,bruis$ matico1 #ajj p>ts4 ,alcohol at #he1 #djj p>ts4 ,mac]ate = #aj days1 express & filt]4 ,! t9cture may also be obta9$ by lixiviation f ! p[d]4 ,x is us$ bo? int]nally & ext]nally z a vuln]>y2 x mu/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance be dilut$ ) wat]4 ,matico n be+ poison\s1 practition]s c trace its application ?r\gh ! wide/ range4 ,we w aga9 repeat t we only give ^! =mul t !y may be exp]im5t$ on2 we %all h]eaft] give fur!r comm5ts on ! *oice to be made among/ !m4--,bullet9 ,?r3 #cj? ,janu>y1 #aheb4 ,,*emical ,,rese>* ,,on ,,croton ,,oil4 ,,by ,m4 ,,dublanc4 ,director ( ! ,laboratory ( ! ,c5tral ,ph>macy ( ! ,p>isian ,hospitals4 ,"s int]e/+ rese>*es h be5 in/itut$ to asc]ta91 a4 ,:e!r ! croton oil conta9s )9 itself an acid volatile at a l[ temp]ature8 b4 ,is ?is acid ! pr9ciple ( its action1 & c x be pres]v$ if x be sep>at$ f ! oil1 & dim9i%$ if x be all[$ to evaporate8 ,9 ord] to answ] bo? que/ions1 ! foll[+ op]ations h be5 in/itut$ by ?is *emi/4 ,! se$s ( croton1 depriv$ ( _! husks1 gr\nd at ! mill1 & subject to pressure1 yield a c]ta9 quantity ( oil4--,if ! residuum be mix$ ) d\ble its quantity ( alcohol & press$ aga91 x yields a liquid :i* is a mixture ( oil #agc & alcohol4 ,?is liquid1 :5 di/ill$1 w yield m oil4 ,bo? oils are filt]$1 aft] hav+ be5 all[$ to settle4 ,! produce ( ?is fir/ op]ation is ! natural croton oil1 su* z x exi/s 9 ! se$s1 :i* is ( a br[n amb] color1 viscid1 hav+ a peculi> smell1 & possess$ ( great acidity1 by :i* if appli$ to ! sk91 x produces an irritation v>y+ 9 int5sity accord+ to its quantity1 & ! duration ( "t dur+ :i* x has be5 appli$4 ,"o drop1 = in/ance1 causes a bli/] 9 twelve h\rs4 ,if a piece ( litmus pap] be dipp$ 9 ?is oil1 x turns r$1 & re acts acid2 & ! r$ color1 ?\gh n deep1 resi/s ! action ( ! air & ( a hot furnace4 ,! oil obta9$ by di/illation f a solution 9 alcohol is r m d>k1 viscid1 & acid1 ?an t obta9$ by simple expression4 ,! blue pap] dipp$ 9 ! oil obta9$ by di/illation1 r$d5s1 & reta9s ! color "u ! same circum/ances z ! =m]4 ,! second op]ation1 h[ev]1 (f]s already a fact :i* is ( great value 9 decid+ ! "q ab\t ! acidity ( ! croton oil4 ,if y dip ! litmus pap] 9 ! fluid :i* is ga9$ by di/illation1 no traces ( a *ange ( color is visible2 :51 on ! o!r h&1 if y dip x 9 ! oil :i* rema9s 9 ! di/ill+ app>atus1 x *anges ! color z quickly z if dipp$ 9 ! oil previ\s to di/illation4 ,! same is ! case if ! residuum is aga9 act$ ^u ) wat] or alcohol1 ! di/ill$ fluid has no traces ( acidity4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! contr>y op9ion is ent]ta9$ by good au?orities1 we mu/ add o!r facts 9 corroboration ( our own4 ,croton oil 0 extract$ by ! action ( e!r ^u ! se$s4 ,! e!real solution conta9+ croton oil 9 susp5sion 0 acid3 x 0 plac$ 9 a glass vessel ) two op5+s4 ,"o ( !m admitt$ a /raight tube1 & rea*$ to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 admitt+ ! introduction ( ext]nal air3 ! o!r communicat$ ) ,w\lfe's app>atus1 compos$1 #agd #a4 ,( ! globul> tube aft] ,liebig1 conta9+ blue solution ( litmus4 #b4 ,ano!r globul> tube fill$ ) alcohol4 #c4 ,an angul> tube 9 connection ) a l>ge vessel full ( wat]1 giv+ an inf]ior runn+ to ! liquid1 & caus+ ! air to pass across ! ?ick lay] ( e!real oil1 to lead ! volatile pr9ciples 9 contact ) ! liquor de/9$ to reta9 !m4 ,! app>atus be+ arrang$1 x 0 put 9 action by caus+ ! wat] to run :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! l>ge vessel4 ,! vacuum hav+ begun1 air 0 introduc$ to ! bottom ( ! e!real liquid1 keep+ up ?is action till ! e!r 0 totally evaporat$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! air has agitat$ ! liquid long en\gh to remove 9 a /ate ( vap\r all ! e!r :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! mixture4 ,nev]!less1 ! t9cture ( ,turnesol1 :i* oppos$ ! passage ( ! vap\rs ( e!r & wat]1 did n *ange into r$1 :i* w\ld h happ5$ if ! volatile pr9ciples %\ld h conta9$ any acid4 ,nei!r did ! alcohol :i* 0 act$ ^u by ! same curr5t exhibit any sign ( acid4 ,! air saturat$ ) e!r arriv$ 9 ! vessel to replace ! wat] _h no acid prop]ty2 its action ^u ! eye-lids & no/rils 0 pung5t & irritat+1 b n t ( an acid4 ,ano!r exp]im5t 0 made ) ! same app>atus1 hav+ always 9 view to cause a great quantity ( air to pass ?r\gh croton oil4 ,b ?is "t1 in/ead ( caus+ ! curr5t to pass ?r\gh a mass ( e!real solution1 x 0 caus$ to pass ?r\gh pure croton oil4 ,! l>ge vessel 0 ?is "t n q fill$ ) wat]1 all[+ space to introduce on its upp] "p two sponges1 "o fill$ ) oil1 ! o!r ) e!r4 ,?+s be+ ?us arrang$1 ! liquid 0 set runn+1 & ! air ru%$ ?r\gh ! oil1 com+ 9 at ! bottom ( ! liquid & spread+ ?r\gh ! surface1 caus+ a l5g!n$ ebullition4 ,! mass ( air employ$ 9 ?is op]ation 0 n bel[ two c5timetres4 ,! t9cture ( litmus conta9$ 9 ! globul> tubes 0 n alt]$2 ! oil conta9$ 9 ! sponge 0 nei!r acid1 pung5t1 or corrosive4 ,! e!r act$ ^u by too mu* air _h disappe>$1 ! #age sponge 0 dry4 ,^! two pro(s appe> to be conclusive1 & to %[ t ! croton oil does n conta9 an active volatile acid1 o!rwise x w\ld h be5 made manife/ by be+ c>ri$ away by ! e!r 9 ! fir/ case1 or by its prop] volatility 9 ! second4 ,is x1 h[ev]1 possible to sep>ate ! active volatile pr9ciple f ! m]e neutral oil8 ,x has be5 said by sev]al au?ors t ! croton oil 0 compos$ ( two diff]5t oils1 b ?is 0 a m]e /atem5t :i* requir$ to be prov$ by facts4 ,to solve ?is problem1 ! oil employ$ 9 ! exp]im5ts 0 obta9$ by means ( e!r4 ,! se$s ( croton yield by expression #ce p] c5t42 treat$ by e!r1 !y yield f #eb to #ee p] c5t4 ,if treat$ by e!r1 ! e!r obta9$ by di/illation is free f acid1 all ! acid rema9+ 9 ! oil4 ,:5 a c]ta9 fix$ quantity ( ?is oil is put 9 contact ) t5 times its weight ( /rong alcohol1 ! alcohol dissolves #f p] c5t4 ( its own weight1 & ! oil #ej p] c5t4 ,! portion ( ! insoluble oil has lo/ its color1 its smell1 a "p ( its pung5cy1 & all its acidity4 ,! portion ( oil :i* has be5 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 :5 sep>at$ f ?is m5/ruum by evaporation1 is m viscid1 m color$1 m pung5t1 & acid4 ,! oil :i* is n dissolv$1 c be act$ ^u aga9 by alcohol2 by ?is second op]ation1 x yields "s p>ts to ! alcohol1 & ! rema9d] loses all its specific qualities4 ,! action ( alcohol ^u oil 9 successive op]ation1 c be foll[$ up to its la/ limits4 ,tw5ty volumes ( oil mix$ ) #ajj volumes ( alcohol1 w be foll[$ by ! r$uction ( five volumes ( oil4 ,9 ! next op]ation1 :5 ! alcohol is r5ew$1 ! volume ( ! columns ( oil l[]s only ?ree volumes in/ead ( five4 ,by a f\r? op]ation1 ! oil loses n a s+le volume4 ,:5 r$uc$ to ?is /ate1 ! croton oil is slightly amb]-color$1 )\t smell1 ta/e1 or acidity2 x c be tak5 9 ! m\? )\t caus+ any s5sation4 ,x is soluble 9 all proportions 9 e!r4 ,its specific gravity is1 #ib comp>$ ) t ( wat]4 #agf ,?us we f9d by exp]im5ts an evid5t pro( ( ! co-exi/5ce ( a sweet oil ) ! pung5t croton oil4 ,all ! specific prop]ties ( ! croton oil are c>ri$ ov] 9 t dissolv$ by alcohol4 ,is x possible by fur!r processes to sep>ate ^! active pr9ciples f ! oily matt] t conta9s !m8 ,to solve ?is "q we resort$ to ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,we took two kilogrammes ( croton oil1 & = sev]al days we left x 9 contact ) half a kilogramme ( alcohol4 ,a di/9ct sep>ation took place4 ,! upp] "p1 compos$ ( oil & alcohol1 did n repres5t ! exact quantity employ$2 :i* is expla9$ by ! p[] :i* ! oil has to dissolve #aj p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,! upp] "p be+ decant$1 x 0 necess>y to remove ! alcohol1 to avoid ! inconv5i5ce :i* might h aris5 by employ+ heat = ?is purpose4 ,wat] 0 add$ to ?is liquid1 :i* hav+ become turbid1 e!r 0 add$4 ,?us ! oil came ) ! e!r to ! surface4 ,! e!r 0 remov$ by free evaporation4 ,dur+ ?is l5g!n$ process1 ! effluvia 0 s pung5t z to affect ! eyes & no/rils ( ! op]ator1 & cause bli/]s to rise on 8 face4 ,! oil ?us obta9$ is d>k-br[n1 opaque1 ?ick1 possess$ ( a /rong smell & acidity4 ,appli$ to ! sk91 x causes almo/ in/antane\s pa91 foll[$ by a bli/]4 ,x is soluble 9 all proportions 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,mix$ ) n9e p>ts ( its volume ( olive oil1 x =ms a liquid possess+ specific qualities /rong] ?an ^? ( common croton oil4 ,^! facts prove ! mobility ( ! active pr9ciples ( croton oil1 & ! possibility ( succe$+ 9 obta9+ !m free f all fatty matt] by *emical +5uity1 a task :i* w be ! object ( fur!r exp]im5ts4 ,! results f ! above exp]im5ts are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,t ! croton oil does n conta9 a volatile acid4 #b4 ,t ! s5sible acid 9 croton oil is fix$ or reta9$ 9 ! oil1 & _c be sep>at$ f x by a heat at #bab ,fahr41 or ev5 by di/illation4 #agg #c4 ,t ! acrid volatile pr9ciple1 :i* exi/s 9 ?is oil1 possesses n ! qualities ( an acid1 & has hi!rto )/ood ! *emical op]ations :i* 7 in/itut$ to extract x4 #d4 ,t ! active pr9ciples ( croton oil are capable ( be+ sep>at$ f "o "p ( ! oil1 & conc5trat$ 9 ! o!r4 #e4 ,t croton oil is n homog5e\s 9 its composition1 b is =m$ ( two p>ts1 "o in]t1 ( :i* alcohol is unable to dissolve m ?an "o-t5?1 & a m soluble "p1 :i* c>ries ) x all ! active pr9ciples4 #f4 ,t ! greate/ degree ( conc5tration ( ! active pr9ciples1 is by act+ ^u a l>ge quantity ( oil ) a small quantity ( alcohol4 #g4 ,t ei!r may be usefully employ$ 9 manufactur+ croton oil4--,rep]toire de ,ph>macie4--,f ! ,annals ,ph>macy1 #aheb4 ,,on ,,alo9e1 ,,! ,,cry/all9e ,,ca?>tic ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,b>badoes ,,aloes4 ,,by ,,john ,,/5h\se1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,l41 ,e4 ,ab\t two mon?s ago ,i receiv$ f my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,smi?1 apo!c>y1 ,ed9burgh1 a quantity ( a br[ni% yell[ cry/all9e sub/ance :i* he _h obta9$ f ,b>badoes aloes4 ,mr4 ,smi?'s process consi/$ 9 p\nd+ ! previ\sly dri$ aloes ) a quantity ( s&1 s z to prev5t its agglut9at+1 mac]at+ ! mass repeat$ly ) cold wat]1 & !n conc5trat+ ! liquors 9 vacuo to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup4 ,on rema9+ at re/ 9 a cool place = two or ?ree days1 ! conc5trat$ extract became fill$ ) a mass ( small granul> cry/als ( a br[ni% yell[ #agh color4 ,?is is ! crude sub/ance to :i* ,mr4 ,smi? has giv5 ! "n ( ,alo9e1 & :i* appe>s to con/itute ! ca?>tic pr9ciple ( aloes4 ,! br[ni% yell[ cry/als obta9$ 9 ?is way are contam9at$ ) a gre5i% br[n sub/ance1 :i* *anges to br[ni% black on exposure to ! air1 & /ill m rapidly :5 x is boil$4 ,9 ord] to purify ! cry/als ( alo9e1 !re=e1 !y mu/ fir/ be dri$ by pressure betwe5 folds ( blott+-pap]1 & !n repeat$ly cry/alliz$ out ( hot wat] till !y h only a pale sulphur yell[ color4 ,! aque\s solutions ( alo9e mu/ on no acc\nt be boil$1 b simply heat$ to ab\t #aej ,f41 z at #bab ,f4 alo9e is rapidly oxidiz$ & decompos$4 ,by dissolv+ ! purifi$ cry/als ( alo9e 9 hot spirits ( w9e1 !y are deposit$1 on ! cool+ ( ! solution1 9 small prismatic ne$les arrang$ 9 />s4 ,:5 ^! cry/als h a pale yell[ color1 :i* does n *ange :5 !y are dri$ 9 ! air !y may be reg>d$ z pure alo9e4 ,alo9e is q neutral to te/-pap]4 ,its ta/e is at fir/ sweeti%1 b soon becomes int5sely bitt]4 ,alo9e is n v soluble ei!r 9 cold wat] or 9 cold spirits ( w9e2 b if ! wat] or ! spirits ( w9e are ev5 slightly w>m$1 ! solubility ( ! alo9e is exce$+ly increas$3 ! color ( ^! solutions is pale yell[4 ,alo9e is also v readily dissolv$ by ! c>bonat$ & cau/ic fix$ alkalies 9 ! cold1 =m+ a deep orange yell[ solution1 :i* rapidly gr[s d>k]1 ow+ to ! oxidation :i* ensues4 ,! effects ( ammonia & its c>bonate are precisely simil>4 ,:5 alo9e is boil$ ei!r ) alkalies or /rong acids1 x is rapidly *ang$ into d>k br[n res9s4 ,a solution ( blea*+ p[d] likewise gives alo9e a deep orange color1 :i* soon *anges to d>k br[n4 ,alo9e produces no precipitate 9 solutions ei!r ( corrosive sublimate1 nitrate ( silv]1 or neutral acetate ( lead4 ,x also yields no precipitate ) a dilute solution ( subacetate ( lead2 b 9 a conc5trat$ solution x ?r[s d[n a deep yell[ precipitate1 :i* is pretty soluble 9 cold wat]1 & is !re=e difficult to wa%4 ,?is precipitate is by no means #agi v /able2 & :5 x is expos$ ev5 = a %ort "t to ! air1 x becomes br[n4 ,:5 p[d]$ alo9e is ?r[n1 9 small quantities at a "t1 into cold fum+ nitric acid1 x dissolves )\t evolv+ any nitr\s fumes1 & =ms a br[ni%-r$ solution4 ,on add+ a l>ge quantity ( sulphuric acid1 a yell[ precipitate falls1 :i*1 :5 x is wa%$ ) wat] to remove all adh]+ acid & !n dri$1 explodes :5 x is heat$4 ,x pla9ly1 !re=e1 conta9s comb9$ nitric acid4 ,i c\ld n1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 obta9+ ?is comp\nd 9 a cry/all9e /ate1 z :5 x 0 dissolv$ 9 spirits1 x appe>$ to be decompos$4 ,:5 alo9e is dige/$ = "s "t ) /rong nitric acid1 mu* nitr\s gas is evolv$1 & x is conv]t$ into *rysammic acid1 b )\t ! =mation ( any nitro-picric acid1 z is always ! case :5 crude aloes is subject$ to a simil> treatm5t4 ,a quantity ( alo9e 0 boil$ ) a mixture ( *lorate ( pota% & muriatic acid4 ,! acid solution 0 evaporat$ to dryness1 & dige/$ ) /rong spirits ( w9e4 ,! great] portion ( ! spirits 0 remov$ by di/illation2 & ! rema9d]1 :5 left to spontane\s evaporation2 yield$ a syrup :i* c\ld n be made to cry/allize4 ,n a trace ( *loranil 0 produc$4 ,:5 alo9e is de/ructively di/ill$1 x yields a volatile oil ( a some:at aromatic odor1 & also a good deal ( res9\s matt]4 ,:5 alo9e is heat$ on plat9um foil x melts1 & !n cat*es fire1 burn+ ) a bright yell[ flame1 & emitt+ mu* smoke4 ,x leaves a some:at difficultly combu/ible *>coal1 :i*1 :5 /rongly heat$1 entirely disappe>s1 n a trace ( a%es be+ left4 ,a quantity ( alo9e dri$ 9 vacuo 0 analyz$ ) *romate ( lead 9 ! usual way4 ,i4 #j4bfae grm4 alo9e gave #j4efie c>bonic acid & #j4ad wat]4 ,,ii4 #j4bdae grm4 alo9e gave #j4ebej c>bonic acid & #j4abf wat]4 #ahj ,hydrat$ alo9e4 ,f\nd numb]s4 ,calculat$ numb]s4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #cd ,c #beej4j #ei4dg #ei4ci #ei4bd #ai ,h #bcg4e #e4ed #e4ig #e4gi #ae ,o #aejj4j #ce4ji #cd4fd #cd4ig #dbhg4e #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! =mula d]ivable f ^! analyses is ,c#cd ,h#ai ,o#ae1 :i*1 z we %all pres5tly see1 is ,c#cd ,h#ah ,o#ad ,,ho1 or alo9e ) "o equival5t ( wat]4 ,! alo9e :i* _h be5 dri$ 9 vacuo 0 next heat$ 9 ! wat]-ba? = five or six h\rs1 & 0 also subject$ to analysis4 ,i4 #j4bea grm4 alo9e dri$ at #bab ,f4 gave #j4eej c>bonic acid & #j4abh wat]4 ,,ii4 #j4bece grm4 alo9e dri$ at #bab ,f4 gave #j4efd c>bonic acid & #j4abi wat]4 ,,iii4 #j4bcd grm4 alo9e dri$ at #bab ,f4 gave #j4eba c>bonic acid & #j4aad wat]4 ,calculat$ numb]s4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 #cd ,c #beej #fa4jg #fj4ea #fj4fg #fj4gb #ah ,h #bbe #e4ci #e4ff #e4fe #e4db #ad ,o #adjj #cc4ed #cc4hc #cc4fh #cc4hf #dage #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! alo9e employ$ 9 ^! analyses 0 prep>$ at ?ree diff]5t times4 ,^! results give ,c#cd ,h#ah ,o#ad z ! =mula ( anhydr\s alo9e1 t dri$ 9 vacuo be+ a hydrate ) "o equival5t ( wat]4 ,:5 ! alo9e 0 all[$ to rema9 9 ! wat]-ba? = m ?an six h\rs1 x cont9u$ sl[ly to lose weight1 app>5tly ow+ to its und]go+ p>tial decomposition by ! =mation ( a br[ni% res94 ,! loss ( weight gradually cont9u$ = a week or m1 b became v rapid :5 ! alo9e 0 heat$ to #cjb ,f41 :5 x melt$1 =m+ a d>k br[ni% mass1 :i* :5 cool$ became z h>d & brittle #aha z colophonium4 ,x /ill1 h[ev]1 conta9$ a good deal ( unalt]$ alo9e1 z ,i asc]ta9$ by cry/alliz+ x out ) hot spirits & analyz+ x4 ,mu* ( ! alo9e1 h[ev]1 _h be5 *ang$1 mo/ probably by oxidation1 into a d>k br[n uncry/allizable res94 ,,brom-,,alo9e4--,:5 an excess ( brom9e is p\r$ into a cold aque\s solution ( alo9e1 a bright yell[ precipitate is imm$iately produc$1 ! am\nt ( :i* increases on /&+1 :ile at ! same "t ! sup]natant liquid becomes v acid f conta9+ free hydrobromic acid4 ,! precipitate1 aft] x has be5 wa%$ ) cold wat] to remove adh]+ acid1 is dissolv$ 9 hot spirits ( w9e2 & on ! cool+ ( ! solution x is deposit$ 9 bright yell[ ne$les radiat+ f c5tres1 :i* atta* !mselves to ! bottom & sides ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,! cry/als ( brom-alo9e are consid]ably broad] ?an ^? ( alo9e1 & h a ri*] yell[ color & a high] lu/re4 ,brom-alo9e is q neutral to te/-pap]1 is n s soluble 9 ei!r cold wat] or cold spirits ( w9e z alo9e1 b dissolves v readily 9 hot spirits ( w9e4 ,i4 #j4dba grm4 sub/ance dri$ 9 vacuo gave #j4edg c>bonic acid & #j4ajc wat]4 #j4hef grm4 gave #j4hdh bromide ( silv] #db4af ,br4 ,,ii4 #j4cjj grm4 sub/ance gave #j4cia c>bonic acid & #j4jgh wat]4 #j4ffa grm4 sub/ance gave #j4fdi bromide ( silv] #j4bgfb ,br4 #da4gh p] c5t4 ,calculat$ numb]s4 ,i4 ,,ii4 #cd ,c #beej4jj #ce4gc #ce4dc #ce4ec #ae ,h #ahg4ej #b4fb #b4ga #b4hf #ad ,o #adjj4jj #ai4fc #ai4gj #ai4hc #c ,br #biih4hi #db4jb #db4af #da4gh #gacf4ci #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! brom-alo9e employ$ 9 ^! analyses 0 prep>$ at two diff]5t times4 ,x is pla9 !re=e f ^! results1 #ahb t ?is brom9e comp\nd is alo9e1 ,c#cd ,h#ah ,o#ad 9 :i* #c equivs4 ( hydrog5 are replac$ by #c equivs4 ( brom9e4--,! =mula ( brom-alo9e !re=e is ,c#cd ,h#ae ,o#ad ,br#c4 ,:5 a /ream ( *lor9e gas 0 s5t = a consid]able "t ?r\gh a cold aque\s solution ( alo9e1 a deep yell[ precipitate 0 produc$4 ,x conta9$ a great deal ( comb9$ *lor9e2 b z x c\ld n be made to cry/allize1 x 0 n subject$ to analysis4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 & 9 ^? ( sev]al o!r feeble organic pr9ciples1 su* z orc9e1 *lor9e appe>s to act "s :at too /rongly1 s t ! con/itution ( ! sub/ance is de/roy$1 & m]ely uncry/allizable res9s are produc$4 ,brom9e1 on ! o!r h&1 is mu* m g5tle 9 its op]ations1 & usually simply replaces a mod]ate am\nt ( ! hydrog5 9 ! sub/ance1 s t1 z 9 ! case ( orc9e & alo9e1 cry/all9e comp\nds are produc$4 ,x has long be5 kn[n to m$ical practition]s1 t ! aque\s extract ( aloes is by f> ! mo/ active prep>ation ( t drug4 ,! reason ( ?is is n[ v pla91 z ! conc5trat$ extract ( aloes obta9$ by exhau/+ aloes ) cold wat] consi/s *iefly ( alo9e1 by mu* ! l>g] portion ( ! res9 be+ left undissolv$4 ,mr4 ,smi? in=ms me1 t f a s]ies ( pretty ext5sive trials1 f #b to #d grs4 ( alo9e h be5 f\nd m effective ?an f #aj to #ae grs4 ( ord9>y aloes4 ,alo9e is1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 !re=e1 likely ere long1 to sup]s$e1 at lea/ to a consid]able ext5t1 ! adm9i/ration ( crude aloes4 ,i endeavor$ to obta9 alo9e by op]at+ on consid]able quantities ( ,b>badoes1 ,cape & ,socotr9e aloes4 ,^! 7 mac]at$ 9 cold wat]1 & ! aque\s solutions obta9$ 7 conc5trat$ to ! /ate ( ?9 extracts on ! wat]-ba?4 ,i 0 q unsuccessful 9 e in/ance4 ,! impurities conta9$ 9 ! extracts 9 ^! diff]5t k9ds ( aloes appe>1 :5 9 contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 to act ^u ! alo9e s z effectually to prev5t x f cry/alliz+4 ,alo9e c only1 !re=e1 be obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e /ate by #ahc conc5trat+ ! cold aque\s solution ( aloes 9 vacuo2 ?\gh1 aft] ! alo9e has once be5 cry/alliz$1 & x is fre$ f ! pres5ce ( ^? impurities :i* appe> to act s injuri\sly ^u x1 ! alo9e may be q readily cry/alliz$ out ( its aque\s solutions 9 ! op5 air4 ,?\gh alo9e has z yet only be5 obta9$ f ,b>badoes aloes1 ,i h sc>cely any d\bt t x also exi/s bo? 9 ,cape & ,socotr9e aloes4 ,! am\nt ( alo9e 9 ,cape aloes1 is1 h[ev]1 9 all probability1 mu* small] ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r two species2 = ,cape aloes is well kn[n to be a mu* feebl] ca?>tic1 & to conta9 a mass ( impurities4 ,9 corroboration ( ?is op9ion1 ,i w\ld ref] to ! fact already m5tion$ 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is pap]1 viz4 t :5 alo9e is dige/$ ) nitric acid1 x is conv]t$ into ,dr4 ,s*unck's *rysammic acid4 ,n[ x has be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$ t all ! ?ree species ( aloes yield *rysammic acid1 ( :i* 9 fact !y are ! only kn[n s\rces4 ,cape aloes1 z might h be5 expect$1 yields by f> ! smalle/ am\nt ( *rysammic acid toge!r ) mu* oxalic & "s nitro-picric acids4 ,!re appe>s1 !re=e1 great reason to believe t all ! ?ree k9ds ( aloes conta9 alo9e4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ,i h le>n$ f ,mr4 ,smi? t he has n succe$$ 9 obta9+ cry/alliz$ alo9e f ei!r ,cape or ,socotr9e aloes4 ,mr4 ,smi? does n d\bt t bo? ( ^! species ( aloes also conta9 alo9e1 ?\gh1 mo/ probably contam9at$ ) s mu* res91 or "s o!r sub/ances1 z prev5ts x f cry/alliz+4 ,:at t5ds to confirm ,mr4 ,smi? 9 ?is op9ion is ! obs]vation he has made1 t :5 ! crude cry/als ( alo9e are all[$ to rema9 9 contact ) ! "m liquor ( ! ,b>badoes aloes1 !y disappe> & become uncry/allizable4 ,i h also obs]v$ a simil> occurr5ce 9 ! "m-liquors ( tol]ably pure alo9e4 ,^! become always d>k] & d>k]2 s t if we cont9ue to dissolve new quantities ( alo9e 9 !m1 at l5g? sc>cely any ( x cry/allizes out1 & ! :ole becomes *ang$ into a d>k-color$ magma4 #ahd ,9 ! ye> #ahdf1 ,m4 ,e4 ,robiquet publi%$ an acc\nt ( an exam9ation he _h made ( ,socotr9e aloes4 ,by treat+ ! conc5trat$ aque\s solution ( ?is species ( aloes ) basic acetate ( lead1 he obta9$ a br[ni% yell[ precipitate1 :i* 0 collect$ on a filt] & wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,on decompos+ ?is lead comp\nd ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 & evaporat+ ! solution to dryness1 he obta9$ an almo/ colorless v>ni%1 consi/+ ( a scaly mass1 :i* 0 n 9 ! lea/ degree cry/all9e4 ,m4 ,e4 ,robiquet subject$ 8 sub/ance1 :i* he call$ aloet9e1 to analysis1 & obta9$ ! foll[+ result3 #h ,c #bg4g p] c5t4 #ad ,h #aj4h p] c5t4 #aj ,o #fa4e p] c5t4 #ajj4j ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t ,m4 ,e4 ,robiquet's aloet9e1 if x really is a def9ite organic pr9ciple1 :i* ,i v mu* "q1 is c]ta9ly a v diff]5t sub/ance f ! alo9e :i* has =m$ ! subject ( ! pres5t notice4--,london & ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,magaz9e4 ,,on ,,h5ry',s ,,magnesia4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,mohr4 ,9 ,engl&1 "u ?is "n is sold a calc9$ magnesia1 at a v high price1 :i* is n to be obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,_m ,engli% travel]s1 z well z mo/ ( _! c\ntrym51 believe t !y possess a v l>ge k ( m$ic9es1 because su* ?+s z blue pills1 calomel1 sweet spirits ( nitre1 & laudanum !y adm9i/] )\t m$ical advice1 & #ahe br+ ?is magnesia ) !m to our %ops :5 !y wi% a recipe to be disp5s$1 :i* conta9s calc9$ magnesia z "o ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,by su* opportunities1 ,i became acqua9t$ ) ! purity & beauty ( ?is prep>ation1 & its peculi> silky gloss & :it5ess4 ,) a view to discov] its me?od ( prep>ation1 ,i made ! foll[+ rese>*3 ,by heat+ to r$ness ! ord9>y c>bonate ( magnesia1 x is n to be obta9$4 ,! ord9>y magnesia ( comm]ce1 :i* produces by a r$ heat a f9e calc9$ magnesia1 ,i expos$ 9 a crucible1 to a /rong :ite heat4 ,x solidifi$1 & 0 ( a yell[ color1 & _h become s h>d t x 0 only ) ! greate/ labor t x c\ld be p[d]$ & sift$4 ,prep>$ 9 ?is way1 x _c be us$4 ,i n[ prep>$ "s c>bonate ( magnesia1 obs]v+ t ,h5ry's 0 v d5se1 )\t ref]5ce to t result1 :i* 0 v f9e1 by precipitation 9 ! heat4 ,! process by :i* ! floccul5t magnesia ( comm]ce is obta9$1 is n expla9$ 9 any *emical works4 ,pure sulphate ( magnesia1 free f iron1 0 dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & a solution ( c>bonate ( soda add$ to x z long z any?+ 0 precipitat$ by a boil+ heat4 ,! ebullition 0 cont9u$ until ! mixture ceas$ to evolve c>bonic acid1 & set aside = decantation4 ,:5 decant$1 fre% di/ill$ wat] 0 add$ to ! precipitate1 & ! :ole aga9 boil$1 & aft]w>ds plac$ on a filt] & wa%$ ) hot di/ill$ wat]1 until ! liquid pass+ f ! filt] gave no trace ( sulphuric acid4 ,! precipitate1 :5 press$ & dri$1 0 v :ite & d5se4 ,x 0 expos$ to an int5se :ite heat 9 a closely-cov]$ ,hessian crucible = "o h\r4 ,:5 ! crucible 0 op5$1 ,i f\nd a beautifully :ite magnesia1 f9ely granulat$4 ,:]e x _h come 9 contact ) ! crucible1 x _h acquir$ a yell[ color1 f ! p]oxide ( iron conta9$ 9 ! crucible4 ,! yell[ portion alone adh]$ firmly to ! crucible & ! re/ 0 p]fectly :ite1 & readily remov$4 ,9 acids1 ?is magnesia 0 ) difficulty dissolv$1 al?\gh ultimately completely soluble !re94 ,by a repetition ( ?is #ahf process1 an id5tical result 0 obta9$4 ,! magnesia ?us produc$ 9 small lumps exhibit$ by transmitt$ light a slight rosy t9t1 & by reflect$ light1 a v :ite color4 ,9 ^! respects1 x agrees p]fectly ) ,h5ry's4 ,to det]m9e its comp>ative d5sity1 a cubic in* measure 0 fill$ ) its p[d]1 & weigh$4 ,z ! results ( ?ree trials1 x conta9$ respectively #aj1gd1 #aa1ai1 & #aa1ah grammes ( ! p[d]4 ,two exp]im5ts ) ,h5ry's magnesia gave #g1 & #g1b grammes4 ,?ree ( ! c>bonate ( magnesia1 prep>$ by heat1 gave #ab1fh1 #ab1i1 & #ab1e grm4 ,"o ( ! ord9>y calc9$ magnesia gave #a1ihe grm42 & "o ( ! ord9>y c>bonate ( magnesia1 #a1d grm4 ,! calc9$ magnesia1 z above prep>$1 conta9s "s h>d p>ticles1 :i* are v difficult to pulv]ize4 ,9 attempt+ to p[d] !m1 ,i rem>k$ t ?is magnesia1 :i* 0 wa%$ be=e be+ burnt until no traces ( sulphuric acid c\ld be detect$1 n[ af=d$ an evid5ce ( a small portion /ill be+ pres5t4 ,?is same obs]vation ,i h previ\sly made 9 ! prep>ation ( oxide ( z9c4 ,to remove ?is contam9ation1 ,i recomm5d t c>bonate ( magnesia %\ld fir/ be lightly burnt1 & !n well wa%$ ) hot wat]1 & aga9 burnt ) a v /rong heat4 ,! above det]m9ations ( ! d5sity ( ! magnesias mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) _! specific gravity4 ,to asc]ta9 ! latt] is a task ( great difficulty1 = ,rose1 9 attempt+ x1 obta9$ su* discrepant results1 t he has )held !m4 ,! specific gravity ( ,h5ry's magnesia1 z ne> z x c\ld be asc]ta9$1 is f #b1ej to #b1fg4 ,! magnesia prep>$ accord+ to my process1 gave #c1adh z its specific weight4--,bu*n]'s ,rep]torium1 9 ,annals ( ,ph>macy4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,brazil4 ,9 ! entire ,brazilian empire1 !re are two national faculties ( m$ic9e1 t]m$ ,escola ,imp]ial de ,m$ec9a1 "o e/abli%$ at ,rio de ,janeiro1 ! o!r at ,bahia--! pres5t #ahg & =m] capitals ( ,brazil4 ,bo? are con/itut$ exactly alike 9 laws1 =ms1 numb] ( pr(essors1 modell$1 ) v trifl+ diff]5ce1 aft] ! con/itution ( ! ,ecole de ,mdec9e ( ,p>is4 ,ea* college consi/s ( f\rte5 pr(essors1 & six sub/itute pr(essors1 ) a director & a vice-director1 answ]+ to our own dean & vice-dean ( ! faculty4 ,! latt] are nam$ by ,gov]nm5t1 f a triple li/ s5t up by ! pr(essors e ?ird ye>1 & dis*>ge ! ord9>y duties ( _! *airs1 be+ only exempt f att5d+ ! exam9ations4 ,!y possess a limit$ control+ p[] ov] _! college1 & con/itute ! (ficial *annel ( communication ) ,gov]nm5t & public bodies1 on all matt]s relat+ to public heal?1 prisons1 c4 ,! duties ( pr(essor-sub/itute are expla9$ 9 ! "n4 ,:5 illness1 or public employm5t--! latt] n unusual 9 ,brazil--int]f]es ) ! duties ( ! pr(essor1 8 *air is suppli$ by ! sub/itute3 bo? are appo9t$1 z 9 ,france1 by conc\rs4 ,mo/ ( ! old] memb]s h graduat$ 9 ,portugal1 ,scotl&1 ,france1 or ,italy4 ,bo? classes receive a fix$ income f ! ,/ate1 & d]ive no emolum5t :atev] f pupils & exam9ation fees1 c4 :i* are appli$ to public purposes connect$ ) ! college4 ,! income ( ! pr(essor 0 fix$ at twelve hundr$ mil-reis p] annum--7ab\t ?ree hundr$ p\nds7 :5 fir/ e/abli%$2 & t ( ! pr(essor-sub/itute at eight hundr$ mil-reis4 ,bo? enjoy ! "r ( retirem5t on _! full sal>y1 aft] tw5ty ye>s' s]vice1 or :5 incapacitat$ by age or infirmities4 ,a travell+ pr(essor is elect$ by conc\rs by ! faculty1 e f\r ye>s1 = ! purpose ( inve/igat+1 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe1 ! late/ improvem5ts & discov]ies 9 m$ic9e & ! collat]al sci5ces1 an acc\nt ( :i* he regul>ly transmits1 9 =mal reports1 to 8 college4 ,8 exp5ses are defray$ by ! ,/ate4 ,! m$ical faculty consi/s ( ! foll[+ *airs3--#a1 physics2 #b1 botany2 #c1 *emi/ry2 #d1 anatomy2 #e1 physiology2 #f1 ext]nal pa?ology2 #g1 int]nal pa?ology2 #h1 mat]ia #ahh m$ica2 #i1 hygi5e2 #aj1 op]ations2 #ab1 midwif]y2 #ac1 cl9ical m$ic9e2 #ad1 cl9ical surg]y4 ,9 addition to ! pr(essors1 !re is a secret>y 7m$ical71 treasur]1 libr>ian1 & *emical assi/ant--all elect$ by ! faculty4 ,! ord] ( /udy is z foll[s3--fir/ ye>1 m$ical physics & m$ical botany2 second ye>1 *emi/ry & g5]al & descriptive anatomy2 ?ird ye>1 anatomy & physiology2 f\r? ye>1 ext]nal pa?ology1 int]nal pa?ology1 ph>macy & mat]ia m$ica2 fif? ye>1 op]ative m$ic9e & midwif]y2 six? ye>1 hygi5e1 hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 & legal m$ic9e4 ,all exam9ations are public1 & ! subjects are drawn by lot4 ,! titles conf]r$ by ! faculty1 are only ?ree1 viz41 ,doctor 9 ,m$ic9e1 ,apo!c>y1 & ,midwife4 ,! latt] is specially educat$ & exam9$4 ,9 ea* *ief city !re are commonly ?ree or f\r l>ge hospitals--! ,mis]icordia1 or ,civil ,hospital1 possess$ ( ample funds f end[m5ts1 legacies1 & c]ta9 taxes2 ! ,milit>y & ,naval ,hopitals2 & 9 ,rio1 ,bahia1 & ,p]nambuco1 ,lep] ,hospitals4 ,!re are also infirm>ies atta*$ to conv5ts4 ,private subscriptions to in/itutions are utt]ly unkn[n4 ,! academical session la/s = eight mon?s--f #a/ ,m>* to #cj? ,octob]--lectures be+ deliv]$ daily 7) "s exceptions7 by ! pr(essors or _! sub/itutes4 ,! pr(essors ( cl9ical m$ic9e & surg]y h ! "r ( select+ _! cases f ! ,mis]icordia ,hospital4 ,! /ud5t1 previ\s to matriculation1 mu/ take 8 degree 9 arts2 & ! curiculum is ! same = all1 viz41 six ye>s to obta9 ! degree ( ,doctor 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,! exam9ations are conduct$ z 9 ,p>is4 ,= ! degree ( ,doctor 9 ,surg]y--:i*1 h[ev]1 is n ess5tial--a subsequ5t & special exam9ation mu/ be und]gone1 z 9 ,france4 ,all /ud5ts are classifi$1 on ent]+ college1 into m$ical #ahi & ph>maceutical2 & bo? are oblig$ to obta9 ! degree 9 arts be=e !y c be matriculat$1 & to h complet$ _! sixte5? ye>4 ,! ph>maceutical /ud5t obta9s 8 diploma ( ph>macy aft] ?ree ye>s /udy2 :ile t ( m$ic9e c only be obta9$ aft] six ye>s4 ,! /ud5t ( ph>macy is oblig$ to repeat ! c\rses ( m$ical physics1 botany1 *emi/ry1 ph>macy & mat]ia m$ica2 :ile "o c\rse only ( ea* is requir$ f ! m$ical pupil4 ,! ph>maceutical /ud5t is oblig$ to att5d = ?ree ye>s 9 a ph>macy1 aft] ! conclusion ( 8 academical /udies4 ,he !n und]goes an exam9ation by ! faculty1 & publicly def5ds a !sis to obta9 8 diploma4 ,8 duty aft]w>ds1 z apo!c>y1 is /rictly limit$ to ! sale ( drugs1 & ! comp\nd+ ( prescriptions4 ,he is nev] consult$ pr(essionally2 &1 did he attempt to apply a rem$y = ! cure ( any disease1 he w\ld be imm$iately f9$ fifty mil-reis by ! municipality1 = ! fir/1 & an increas+ f9e = e subsequ5t (f5ce2 &1 did he /ill p]si/1 8 lic5ce w\ld be )drawn4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m$ical praction] is /rictly prohibit$ f ! comp\nd+ or sale ( m$ic9es1 9 any %ape or =m4--,dundas's ,sket*es ( ,brazil4 ,,*emical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,broom4 7,,cytisus ,,scop>ius ,d4 ,c47 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,/5h\se4 ,! broom plants exam9$ by ,dr4 ,/5h\se1 _h an uncommonly bitt] ta/e4 ,! wat]y decoction1 evaporat$ d[n to a t5? "p1 leaves a gelat9\s residue1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( scop>94 ,?is is a yell[ color$ sub/ance1 :i*1 :5 purifi$1 c be got 9 /ellate cry/als1 & is easily soluble 9 boil+ wat] & _s ( w9e4 ,dr4 ,/5h\se1 f five ultimate analyses1 assigns x to ! con/itution ,c#ba ,h#aa ,o#aj4 ,scop>9 is1 accord+ to an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts by ,dr4 ,/5h\se1 ! diuretic pr9ciple ( broom1 :i* has be5 recognis$ by ,mead1 ,cull51 ,pe>son1 ,p]eira1 & o!rs1 #aij z "o ( ! mo/ efficaci\s rem$ies 9 dropsy4 ,! dose = an adult is #e or #f gra9s4 ,its diuretic action beg9s 9 #ab h\rs1 & ! ur9e "u its use is m ?an d\bl$ 9 quantity4 ,f ! "m liquor ( ! crude scop>91 ,dr4 ,s4 obta9$1 by di/illation1 a colorless oily liquid1 :i*1 :5 purifi$1 0 f\nd to be a new volatile organic base sp>te94 ,?is has a peculi>ly bitt] ta/e1 & possesses p[]ful n>cotic prop]ties4 ,a s+le drop dissolv$ by means ( acetic acid1 affect$ a rabbit s mu*1 t x lay /upifi$ = #e or #f h\rs4 ,ano!r rabbit1 :i* took f\r gra9s1 fir/ w5t into a /ate ( viol5t excitem5t1 !n fell into sopor & di$ 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,! au?or obs]ves t %eph]ds h long be5 acqua9t$ ) ! excitant & n>cotic action ( broom4 ,! proportion ( ,scop>9 & sp>te91 v>ies v mu* 9 plants gr[n 9 diff]5t localities1 :i* probably expla9s ! v diff]5t acc\nts giv5 by practition]s ( its activity z a drug4 ,! au?or sugge/s t x w\ld be bett] to employ pure scop>9 free f admixture ( sp>te94--,ed94 ,mon?ly ,j\r4 ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce4 ,,editorial4 ,,poison+ ,,by ,,t9cture ,,( ,,aconite4--,! frequ5t use ( ! /rong t9cture ( aconite root1 z an ext]nal application1 has1 z might h be5 expect$1 giv5 rise to repeat$ accid5ts1 f ! accid5tal or c>eless int]nal adm9i/ration ( t p[]ful sub/ance 9 an ov]dose4 ,an in/ance has occurr$ )9 a day or two1 :]e an att5dant adm9i/]$ a tea-spoonful ( ! t9cture1 :i* _h be5 direct$ to be us$ z a l9im5t = a rheumatic affection4 ,an emetic ( sulphate ( z9c 0 adm9i/]$ by ! physician1 & )9 five m9utes aft] ! poison _h be5 swall[$1 free vomit+ 0 produc$4 ,?is cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs1 ?\gh ! ext]nal application ( mu/>d p\ltices to #aia ! pit ( ! /oma*1 & ! adm9i/ration ( /rong c(fee1 ) small doses ( laudanum1 7 employ$ to *eck x4 ,! man 0 naturally v /upid1 & c\ld give no cle> acc\nt ( 8 s5sations4 ,he made no compla9t ( 8 ?roat1 until 8 att5tion 0 direct$ to x1 :5 he said x 0 sore & t he _h difficulty 9 swall[+4 ,he _h a /range1 z he t]m$ x1 bur/+ s5sation 9 8 limbs1 ) con/ant sickness & ret*+1 & great debility4 ,he look$ al>m$ & anxi\s1 & 0 re/less4 ,! pupils 7 at fir/ dilat$1 !n ne>ly natural1 & aft]w>ds aga9 dilat$4 ,! extremities 7 cold & moi/1 ! pulse e>ly int]mitt+ & weak1 became ext9ct at ! wri/1 & ! action ( ! he>t 0 feeble & irregul>4 ,/imulants 7 adm9i/]$ int]nally1 b c\ld n be reta9$1 br&y & wat] ) c>bonate ( ammonia 0 aft]w>ds giv5 9 injections1 p] anum4 & ! temp]ature ( ! extremities ma9ta9$ by mu/>d p\ltices1 & ! application ( heat4 ,aft] an int]val ( sev5 or eight h\rs ! pulse aga9 became p]ceptible1 & ! man gradually recov]$4 ,! *>act]i/ic symptoms produc$ by poison+ ) aconite1 are a peculi> numb t+l+ s5sation produc$ 9 ! tongue & lips1 a s5sation 9 ! ?roat1 z if ! palate 7 enl>g$ & elongat$1 & re/+ ^u ! root ( ! tongue1 irritability ( ! /oma*1 a numb creep+ or t+l+ s5sation felt 9 ! limbs1 or ov] ! :ole surface1 & depress$ action ( ! he>t1 & consequ5t pro/ration & coldness ( ! extremities4 ,dea? :5 x occurs1 seems to dep5d on ! depress+ effect produc$ ^u ! he>t4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t ! prop] treatm5t w\ld be1 #a/1 to promote ! evacuation ( ! poison by mild means4 #bnd1 to ma9ta9 ! circulation1 by keep+ ! pati5t z quiet z possible 9 a horizontal po/ure1 by ! application ( s9apisms & ext]nal w>m? to ! extremities1 & by ! adm9i/ration ( /imulants by ! m\? or :5 !y _c be reta9$1 by ! rectum1 & #c;d1 to control1 if possible1 ! vomit+4 ,p]eira /ates t aconite1 :5 dropp$ 9 ! eye1 or :5 tak5 int]nally 9 poison\s doses1 produces contraction ( ! pupils1 & t ) ! exception ( opium1 x is ! only article :i* does s4 ,9 ! above case1 & 9 "o o!r1 :i* 0 likewise se5 by ! writ]1 ! pupils 7 dilat$1 & ! same condition 0 obs]v$ 9 sev]al cases :i* h be5 communicat$ to him4 ,! above case is note-wor?y f ! great sev]ity ( ! symptoms endang]+ ! pati5ts life1 :i* foll[$ ! adm9i/ration ( a s+le tea-spoonful ( ! poison4 ,x mu/ h be5 absorb$ too1 ) great promptness1 s9ce ! vomit+1 :i* took place 9 five m9utes af=d$ no relief4 ,?is probably dep5d$ on ! /oma* be+ empty at ! "t4 ,mu* ( ! diff]5ce obs]v$ 9 ! effects produc$ by ! same dose1 too1 d\btless dep5ds on ! v>iation ( ! /r5g? ( ! t9cture1 caus$ ei!r by ! employm5t ( diff]5t =mul 9 its prep>ation1 or by ! occasional use ( decay$ & inf]ior roots 9 mak+ x4 #aib ,,spuri\s ,,sulphate ,,( ,,qu99e4--,we und]/& t ! article ref]r$ to 9 ! subjo9$ note1 has likewise be5 (f]$ = sale 9 ?is city4 ,x be>s ! label ( ,pelleti]1 ,delondres ,levaillant4 ,we hope our ,we/]n fri5ds w be on _! gu>d aga9/ ?is atroci\s sw9dle4 ,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy3 ,de> ,sir1--,i w\ld direct ! att5tion ( druggi/s & apo!c>ies to an article sold 9 ,new ,york1 purport+ to be qu99e1 put up s z to resemble ! ,fr5*4 ,x has some:at ! appe>ance ( t article1 b ^u exam9ation w be f\nd to be totally devoid ( bitt]ness1 c4 ,i %\ld suppose x to be mannite4 ,i am l$ to believe t #ejj ounces h already be5 %ipp$ to ! ,we/1 & "s has be5 sold 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,i hope t y\r num]\s subscrib]s may pr(it by ?is h9t1 & t ! p>ties sell+ ! same z qu99e1 may be fru/rat$ 9 _! nef>i\s traffic4 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,r4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,brooklyn1 ,may #bh1 #aheb4 ,,maganese4--,"s att5tion has lately be5 giv51 9 ,france1 to a v>iety ( prep>ations ( maganese4 ,maganese is commonly f\nd associat$ ) iron 9 m9ute quantities4 ,x appe>s to be an inv>iable con/itu5t ( ! blood1 & 9 c]ta9 diseases1 9 :i* ! iron1 normally conta9$ 9 t fluid1 is defici5t1 ! maganese w\ld seem to be defici5t 9 simil> proportion4 ,x is said t ! prep>ations ( maganese1 giv5 9 connection ) ^? ( iron1 9 su* diseases1 produce effects :i* _c be obta9$ f iron alone4 ,v>i\s =mul h be5 (f]$ = its adm9i/ration4 ,commonly simil> salts ( ! two articles1 z ! sulphate1 lactate1 c>bonate1 c41 are giv5 toge!r1 ! manganese be+ to ! iron 9 ! proportion ( f #a_/b to #a_/c4 ,! subject w\ld seem to des]ve fur!r inquiry4 ,,our ,,ex*anges4--,ow+ to a v>iety ( circum/ances1 ! ,j\rnal has n be5 =w>d$ ) prop] regul>ity to ! ,editors ( ! ,j\rnals 9 our own ,c\ntry1 ) :om we w\ld desire to ex*ange4 ,ex*anges & books int5d$ = u %\ld be direct$ 8,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy10 c>e ( ,,george ,d4 ,,cogge%all1 #hji ,broadway1 or ( ,t4 ,b4 ,,m]rick1 ,no4 #aj ,gold ,/reet4 ,=eign ,ex*anges may be s5t ?r\gh ! h\se ( ,h4 ,,bailli]e1 ,london1 or ,j4 ,b4 ,,baill]e1 ,p>is4 #aic ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,july1 #aheb4 ,,notes ,,9 ,,ph>macy1 ,no4 #c4 ,,extr4 ,,liq4 ,,cubeb4--,! =mula = ?is prep>ation1 made (fic9al 9 ! lately revis$ ,u4 ,s4 ,ph>macopia1 appe>+ to me to af=d r an e!real oil1 ?an :at may be prop]ly call$ a fluid extract1 ,i am induc$ to make kn[n ! process :i* ,i h be5 accu/om$ to adopt1 dur+ "s ye>s1 to obta9 :at ,i conceive to be a true extract1 conta9+1 9 an agreeably adm9i/rable =m1 all & ! :ole ( ! prop]ties belong+ to ! b]ry1 & :i* has giv5 mu* satisfaction 9 practice1 p>ticul>ly to pati5ts1 "s ( :om :o h _h ext5sive exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( anti-gonnorrhl comp\nds1 ,i h he>d /ate t x is ! only ?+ ( ! k9d !y _h ev] tak5 :i* 0 n disagreeable to ! /oma*4 ,i take ( ,pulv4 ,cubeb4 crud4 i ,e!r4 ,sulph4 ,sp4 ,v9 ,rect4 ,aqu ,pur q4 s4 ,! co>sely p[d]$ cubebs1 be+ lightly pack$ 9 a displacem5t funnel1 ,i p\r ^u x z mu* ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( e!r & _s ( w9e1 z x w imbibe1 &1 hav+ cov]$ closely ! top ( ! app>atus ) moi/5$ bladd]1 & cork$ ! l[] ap]ture1 all[ x to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,i !n uncork x1 & aft] x has ceas$ #aid dropp+1 displace ! rema9d] ) ,sp4 ,v94 ,rect4 until ! orig9al quantity 7g5]ally a p9t17 be obta9$2 ?is ,i set aside 9 an op5 & %all[ vessel to evaporate spontane\sly1 until all ! e!r1 & mo/ ( ! _s has pass$ (f1 r$uc+ ! quantity to ab\t "o half4 ,i !n obta91 by displacem5t ) dilut$ alcohol1 ano!r p9t ( ! liquid1 expos+ x 9 ! same mann]1 until ?ree-f\r?s ( ! quantity is evaporat$ spontane\sly z be=e2 aga9 ano!r p9t is obta9$ by displacem5t ) wat]1 7?is w be a pro( _s t9cture17 :i* is add$ to ! =m]1 & all[$ to lose by ! same means1 ab\t "o-f\r?1 or suffici5t to leave a result+ quantity ( "o & a half p9ts1 :i* w conta9 ab\t eight ounces ( alcohol4 ,! displacem5t ) wat] is cont9u$ to exhau/ion1 :5 en\gh fluid w be obta9$ to raise ! quantity1 :5 add$ to t already prep>$1 to two & a half p9ts1 :i* is transf]r$ to a prop] bottle1 & !re is dissolv$ 9 x sixte5 ounces ( :ite sug>1 yield+1 9 toto1 ?ree p9ts ( fluid extract1 equal to "o p\nd ( ! b]ries1 "o fi ( :i* repres5ts j ( ! dry p[d]4 ,! dregs1 :5 dri$1 are de/itute ( s5sible prop]ties1 appe>+ to be m]ely ligne\s rema9s1 & ! loss 9 weight1 :5 "t is _h1 may be easily calculat$ & comp>$ ) ! record$ analyses4 ,! extract has ! appe>ance ( a some:at ?ick1 br[ni% color$ liquid1 possess+ ! peculi> ta/e & smell ( ! cubebs 9 a rem>kable degree1 rema9+ homog5e\s = "s "t aft] agitation1 & %[+ aft] settl+ a l>ge proportion ( ! oleag9\s con/itu5ts ( ! b]ry4 ,hav+ aim$ m at effici5cy ?an beauty 9 ?is prep>ation1 ,i claim = x ! =m] r ?an ! latt]1 & if x %\ld n invite ! eye1 x w be f\nd v agreeable to ! palate4 ,fluid extract ( val]ian may be prep>$ by ! same process1 &1 inde$1 all ^? ( a volatile nature1 ^: active pr9ciples are soluble 9 any ( ! above m5/rua4 ,,ung4 ,,aqu ,,ros4--,! great tr\ble ) ?is prep>ation is1 t ! wat] w sep>ate f x aft] a "t1 giv+ x a #aie la*rymose & unh&some appe>ance4 ,?is defect is completely rem$i$ by us+ only "o half ! quantity ( ,aq4 ,ros1 by :i* a bett] consi/5ce & mu* nic] prep>ation is obta9$1 & "o m1 9 accordance ) ! s\briquet 8,cold ,cream10 :i* is giv5 to x by ! fair sex1 = ^: use1 z a cosmetic1 x is f> sup]ior to ! highly sc5t$1 & irritat+ fancy article ( ! same "n4 ,x is also an admirable unirritat+1 cool+1 dress+ = surgical use2 b ,i w\ld rem>k1 en passant1 t x is a v unfit m$ium = ! composition ( o9tm5ts1 = :i* purpose x is sometimes prescrib$ to ! annoyance ( ! apo!c>y4 ,9 su* cases ! physician %\ld be appris$ t ! addition ( a drop ( oil ( rose to simple c]ate w\ld answ] 8 purpose mu* bett]1 z ! odor only is ! quality desir$4 ,i ?9k ! above note might n be undes]v+ ! att5tion ( ! next revis]s ( ! ,ph>macopias4 ,,ung4 ,,p]uvian4 ,x is sometimes difficult to make ?is o9tm5t smoo?1 z1 ?\gh readily miscible at fir/1 cont9u$ trituration causes ! balsam to sep>ate1 & l ! color$ p]son :o 8! m he 0 call$1 ! m he w\ld n come10 ! m x is rubb$1 ! m x sep>ates4 ,?is ho/ility to union is readily ov]come by ! addition ( t5 drops or s ( alcohol = ea* dra*m ( ! balsam4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to /ate t ?is difficulty w n be _h :5 ! balsam is adult]at$ ) alcohol--a good practical te/ ( ! purity ( ! article4 ,,ph>maceutical ,,e?ics4--,morality be+ at pres5t 9 ! asc5dant1 z x %\ld always be1 x may n be inappropriate1 ?\gh m important ?an practical1 to 8make a note0 ( "s fa%ionable practices preval5t among/ ! m o/5tati\s ph>maceuti/s ( ! day1 savor+ mu* m /rongly ( 8,quack]y10 to use a vulg> phrase1 ?an ,art ,unions1 c4 are pron\nc$ by legal wisdom to d ( ! 8,lott]y40 ,i allude1 = example1 to ! sy/em ( gett+ up1 "u "s my/ifi$ appellation1 c]ta9 prep>ations1 z 8,br[n's ,elixir10 8,:ite's ,ess5ce10 or 8,black's ,comp\nd10--some?+ or #aif o!r1 :i* are m]ely ! ord9>y prep>ations ( ! %op1 or c\ld easily be prep>$ if !y 7 wor? ! tr\ble1 b "u assum$ names1 are h]ald$ =? at ! ne plus ultra ( ph>maceutical p]fectibility4 ,i d n envy a reputation s acquir$1 nor d ,i wi% to speak ( x 9 t _s1 b to po9t out its inconsi/5cy ) correct pr9ciples1 & designate x z unwor?y ( honorable ambition4 ,su* prep>ations g5]ally 8hail0 f "s obscure place or p]son1 b are occasionally dabbl$ ) by o!rs :o %\ld give !mselves to bett] ?+s4 ,x is self evid5t1 f ! nature ( 8 call+1 t ! exclusive duty ( ! apo!c>y p] se1 is to make1 z fai?fully or skilfully z he may1 ! v>i\s prep>ations ( ! ,ph>macopia1 z !re9 set d[n1 :5 he is call$ ^u to d s1 & to comp\nd accurately ! prescriptions ( ! physician4 ,if1 by long exp]i5ce or increas$ skill1 he may h be5 l$ to any real discov]y or improvem5t1 ! m9uti ( :i* he does n *oose to divulge1 7! rev]se ( :i* w\ld be ! m g5]\s17 its nature %\ld be /at$1 :5 relat+ to a prep>ation1 9 t]ms di/9ct en\gh at lea/1 to convey an idea ( its real composition & m$ical prop]ties3 ?us t9ctures %\ld n be misnam$ ,ess5ces or ,extracts2 ,fluid ,extracts1 or ,conc5trat$ ,infusions1 ,elixirs2 ,syrups1 ,panaceas1 c4 ?us avoid+ ! inconsi/5cy ( condemn+1 if n morally1 at lea/ con/itutionally1 ! m op5 m\ntebank :o plund]s y\r pockets1 :ile ! beam is 9 y\r own eye4 ,x is also p]haps wor?y ( rem>k t ! necessity does n appe> any long] to exi/ ( reta9+ ^? prescriptively excell5t prep>ations made by "s1 no d\bt1 v respectable apo!c>y 9 ,london1 claim+1 ) a doz5 o!rs1 to be ! sole possessor ( ! orig9al receipt4 ,!y are import$ at a v high price1 & z ! composition ( mo/1 p]haps all1 is1 or c be kn[n1 might be made by any apo!c>y "h z well z 9 ,london4 ,"s ( !m might be des]v+ ( adoption into ! ,ph>macopia1 z h be5 ,dov]'s ,p[d]1 ,daffy's ,elixir1 c4 already4 ,x is said by connoisseurs 9 w9es1 t madeira is v mu* improv$ by #aig cross+ ! l9e2 b ,i am n aw>e t ph>maceutical prep>ations are at all b5efitt$ by cross+ ! ocean4 ,_! g5u95ess1 too1 has become a by-^w4 ,by ! way1 ,i 0 gravely in=m$ by a c]ta9 import]1 ! o!r day1 ( :om ,i enquir$ conc]n+ "o ( ^! g5u9e articles1 t x 0 obta9$ directly f ! inv5tor4 ,i 0 at a loss to imag9e ! 8modus transits10 nor _h ,i ! h>dihood to enquire1 ! good man hav+ be5 ga!r$ to 8 fa!rs scores ( ye>s ago4 ,v>i\s are ! unwor?y practices1 "o or two ( :i* are ?us curtly allud$ to1 des]v+ ( a m /udi$ notice & sev]e c5sure1 ?an ,i am able or will+ to give !m4 ,su* matt]s1 ?\gh n exactly 8putt+ money 9 ! purse10 %\ld be att5d$ to4 ,! purg+ ( our pr(ession--= x is "o--( !m1 w\ld be a highly m]itori\s s]vice4 ,,*loric ,,e!r4 ,,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,holton1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,botany ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,college ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 "s *emi/s 9 ,holl& f\nd a peculi> oily fluid ( v fragrant smell1 result$ f ! action ( *lor9e on ,olefiant gas4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n z ! ,dut* liquid2 x has be5 call$ also *loric e!r & bi*loric e!r4 ,its composition is ,c#d ,h#b ,o#b4 ,9 #ahca1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,gu?rie ( ,sackets ,h>bor1 9 ?is ,/ate1 di/ill$ alcohol f ! s call$ *loride ( lime1 & obta9$ a product s closely resembl+ ! ,dut* liquid t he ?\gh x id5tical4 ,f "s relations to =mic acid1 x 0 aft]w>ds call$ ,*lor(orm1 & *lor(ormid4 ,its composition is ,c#d ,,ho#c4 ,9 #ahdg1 ana/hetic prop]ties br\ght #aih *lor(orm prom95tly be=e ! public4 ,we f9d an article by ,pr(4 ,b4 ,silliman1 ,jr41 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 new s]ies1 vol41 #e1 p4 #bdj1 9 :i* x is /at$ t 8! t]ms *loric e!r1 bi*loric e!r1 p]*loride ( =myle1 ,dut* oil & oil ( ,dut* *emi/s1 are all synonyms ( *lor(orm40 ,9 a rec5t visit ( ! writ] at ,new ,hav5 he saw a prescription ( 8*loric e!r40 ,be+ rem9d$ ( ! s+ul> error 9 ! ,j\rnal pr9t$ !re1 he inquir$ into ! nature ( ! article disp5s$4 ,x prov$ to be a solution ( *lor(orm 9 alcohol1 & on 8 return to ?is city he f\nd ! same practice "h to a small ext5t4 ,! proportions 9 ! article be>+ ?is "n v>y greatly2 (t5 x seems t ! m]e cont5ts ( ! wa%-bottle are 9 ?is way dispos$ (1 conta9+ ( c\rse a l>ge proportion ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,currie1 "o ( our mo/ c>eful & consci5ci\s *emi/s1 usually prep>es x s z to conta9 #aj p] c5t4 9 bulk ( *lor(orm4 ,a m conv5i5t =mula w\ld be1 *lor(orm #a "p1 alcohol #aj p>ts4 ,"s su* article "u ! "n ( ,t9ctura ,*lor(ormi ought to h place 9 our ph>macopia4 ,b to our confusion ! t]m *loric e!r is appli$ to yet ano!r1 & entirely a diff]5t body1 =m$ by ! di/illation ( alcohol & hydro*loric acid1 ! composition ( :i* is ,c#d ,h#e ,o4 ,?is is also call$ hydro*loric e!r & muriatic e!r4 ,b to nei!r ( ^! f\r sub/ances does ! "n *loric e!r prop]ly belong4 ,7 !re su* a ?+1 x w\ld be obta9$ f ! action ( *loric acid on alcohol1 a reaction :i* is prev5t$ by ! decomposition ( ! *loric acid by ! alcohol1 to :i* x gives "p ( its oxyg51 =m+ acetic acid4 ,?is subject is n ( s mu* importance intr9sically z x is by way ( illu/rat+ ! extreme importance ( rigid adhesion to sy/ematic nom5clature z ! only means ( sav+ u f dang]\s errors & inextricable confusion4 #aii ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,pure ,,magnesia4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,wurtz1 ,m4 ,a4 ,! prep>ation ( few sub/ances pres5ts su* difficulties z t ( ,pure ,magnesia4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 at fir/ glance1 t ! *eapness & g5]al purity ( ! sulphate :i* occurs 9 comm]ce1 w\ld r5d] ?is an easy task4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 no simple process has yet be5 propos$ = obta9+ pure magnesia f ! sulphate4 ,! usual c\rse is to precipitate f ! boil+ solution ) c>bonate ( soda1 & to expel ! c>bonic acid f ! magnesia alba ?us obta9$1 by ignition4 ,on try+ ?is process1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t ! c>bonate ( magnesia ?us precipitat$ c\ld n be fre$ f soda by wa%+4 ,aft] an enorm\s quantity ( hot di/ill$ wat] _h pass$ ?r\gh x on ! filt]1 ! slight residue left by evaporation ( ! wa%+s1 /ill gave ! soda t+e to flame4 ,x is true t ! trace ( ! soda comp\nd ?us reta9$ might probably be wa%$ out ( ! magnesia aft] its ignition1 b ! difficulty & t$ium ( ! op]ation ( wa%+ ! v volum9\s precipitate1 toge!r ) ! exp5se att5dant ^u ! necessity ( us+ pure c>bonate ( soda1 to avoid ! pres5ce ( silica1 phosphoric acid1 & o!r impurities1 :i*1 if pres5t1 w\ld inevitably contam9ate ! magnesia1 induc$ me to reject ?is me?od4 ,9 fact ?is me?od1 :i* 0 =m]ly almo/ us$ univ]sally by analy/s = ! det]m9ation ( magnesia is n[ reject$ by !m1 except 9 "s unavoidable cases4#af #af ,h4 ,ross's ,h&bu*1 la/ edition1 #b1 #cc4 ,! sub/itution ( c>bonate ( ammonia = c>bonate ( soda is inadmissible ) any reg>d to economy1 on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( ! soluble d\ble sulphates ( ammonia & magnesia4 ,a trial 0 made to decompose sulphate ( magnesia by mix+ its anhydr\s p[d] ) a l>ge quantity ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 & ignit+1 b ! only trace ( #bjj decomposition :i* appe>$ 0 a slight alkal9e re-action ( ! aque\s solution ( ! mass4 ,i mu/ "h m5tion an impurity :i* ,i h met ) 9 comm]cial sulphate ( magnesia1 & ?is is a d\ble sulphate ( magnesia & pota%1 :i* occurs 9 small cry/als1 app>5tly rhomboh$rons1 among ! rectangul> prisms ( ! ,epsom salt4 ,x may probably be sep>able by recry/allization1 ?\gh ?is1 ) sulphate ( magnesia1 is r a difficult affair4 ,! me?od :i* ,i adopt$ = prep>+ pure magnesia 0 ! ignition ( ! nitrate prep>$ f ! comm]cial magnesia alba4 ,! impurities 9 ! comm]cial c>bonate :i* ,i made use ( 7 sulphate & *loride1 a surpris+ly l>ge quantity ( silica1 a trace ( phosphoric acid easily detectable by molybdate ( ammonia1 oxide ( iron1 alum9a1 lime1 alkalies & "s organic matt]4 ,a small excess ( ?is impure article 0 add$ to comm]cial nitric acid & ! :ole boil$2 ! silica1 oxide ( iron1 alum9a & phosphoric acid 7 ?us sep>at$ by ! excess ( magnesia & ! filt]$ solution conta9$ no trace ( ei!r ( !m2 ! solution 0 slightly color$ by organic matt]4 ,ei!r ( two me?ods may n[ be adopt$ = sep>at+ ! lime4 ,"o is to add a late excess ( ammonia1 !n a little oxalic acid1 & filt]4 ,to ?is me?od1 besides ! exp5se ( s l>ge a quantity ( pure ammonia ! necessity ( ! subsequ5t decomposition & expulsion by heat ( ! v l>ge quantity ( nitrate ( ammonia =m$ is a s]i\s objection4 ,unsuccessful attempts 7 made to sep>ate ! lime by add+ oxalic acid imm$iately to ! neutral solution ( nitrate ( magnesia4 ,x 0 f\nd ^u exp]im5t t oxalate ( lime is some:at soluble 9 a solution ( nitrate ( magnesia4 ,! o!r me?od1 :i* is pref]able1 consi/s 9 add+ to ! solution a little sulphate ( magnesia1 & !n a quantity ( alcohol1 b n en\gh ( ! latt] to produce any imm$iate precipitation4 ,if a precipitate is =m$ imm$iately1 #bja wat] is add$1 =1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 x 0 f\nd t ! liquid filt]$ f ?is fir/ precipitate /ill conta9$ lime4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! sulphate ( lime sep>ates 9 ! =m ( small cry/als4 ,! filt]$ liquid is n[ evaporat$ 9 porcela9 di%es1 & ! residue transf]r$ to porcela9 crucibles1 or /ill bett]1 to plat9um di%es1 & ! nitric acid expell$ by a g5tle heat4 ,by a slight modification ,i h succe$$ 9 %ort5+ ?is op]ation v mu*1 t is by add+1 f "t to "t1 p[d]$ c>bonate ( ammonia to ! mass1 & /irr+ ) a glass rod1 or a plat9um spatula4 ,:5 no m r$ gases are evolv$ ! heat is rais$ to r$ness = a few m9utes4 ,! mass ?us obta9$ requires wa%+ ) pure wat] to sep>ate alkal9e salts & "s sulphate ( magnesia :i* x /ill conta9s4 ,magnesia ?us prep>$ 0 f\nd1 by a mo/ rigid qualitative analysis1 to be p]fectly pure4 ,i am aw>e1 h[ev]1 t ! process is a tr\blesome "o1 & x is v mu* to be desir$ t "s "o w\ld pres5t u ) a simple & direct process ( obta9+ pure magnesia f ! sulphate4 ,,on ,,t9cture ,,( ,,ipecacuanha4 ,,by ,g4 ,f4 ,,l]oy1 ,,( ,,brussels4 ,(fic9al prep>ations dur+ reposition or pres]vation1 :5 plac$ 9 situations prop] to pres]ve !m f all *anges1 yet und]go su* important modifications1 t ! ph>maceuti/ is frequ5tly oblig$ to reject !m z wor?less4 ,we are accu/om$ to consid] alcoholic t9ctures1 by reason ( ! vehicle us$ 9 _! prep>ation1 z among/ ! mo/ /able ( (fic9al prep>ations2 & !re=e v few #bjb ph>macologi/s h obs]v$ ! *anges !y und]go4 ,among/ ^? ^: att5tion has be5 drawn to ! subject1 ,i may p>ticul>ly cite3 #a/1 ,baum1 :o has rem>k$ t t9cture ( saffron deposits a sub/ance analag\s to amb]4--7,elem5ts ( ,ph>macy1 #b;d ed4 #aghi47 #bnd4 ,guib\rt1 :o pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e at ,p>is1 "s obs]vations on ! *anges 9 its composition :i* t9cture ( iod9e und]goes accord+ to ! "t :5 x 0 prep>$1 7ye> #ahdf47 #crd4 ,ba/ick1 ) ! desire ( asc]ta9+ ! nature ( ! *anges to :i* alcoholic prep>ations are subject1 plac$ v>i\s t9ctures1 dur+ sev]al mon?s1 9 situations simil> to ^? ( a ph>macy1 t is to say1 expos$ to a temp]ature v>y+ f #fj to #hj ,fahr5heit1 9 bottles half fill$1 & to :i* air 01 f "t to "t1 admitt$4 ,on exam9+ !m1 "s "t aft]w>ds1 he f\nd t mo/ ( !m _h und]gone active f]m5tation 9 a great] or less degree1 & t ! alcohol _h gradually become conv]t$ into acetic acid4 ,! t9ctures _h g5]ally lo/ _! color & ta/e1 & conta9$ a precipitate :i* 0 p>tially re-soluble 9 a proportion ( alcohol correspond+ to t :i* _h be5 decompos$4--7,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal & ,transactions1 #ahdh47 ,! t9ctures prep>$ ) weak alcohol are ! mo/ subject to ?is species ( *ange4 #d?4 ,t9cture ( k9o *anges s ) "t1 t x passes f ! liquid to ! gelat9iz$ /ate4 ,?is *ange ev5 af=ds an excell5t te/ :5 x is suspect$ t cate*u may h be5 sub/itut$ = k9o 9 ?is prep>ation4--7,dorvault1 ,(fic9e1 #ahej1 #c;d4 ed47 ,9 g5]al1 ph>macologi/s consid] t t9ctures only det]iorate by ! evaporation ( ! alcohol us$ 9 _! prep>ation1 & t ?is evaporation has ! effect ( conc5trat+ !m too mu*1 & ( giv+ rise to ! precipitation ( a "p ( ! pr9ciples :i* 7 held 9 solution4 ,i d n entirely concur 9 ?is op9ion2 on ! contr>y1 ,i #bjc believe t1 9 _m cases1 ! precipitates :i* are =m$ 9 ! t9ctures1 d n arise f ! evaporation ( a "p ( ! vehicle1 b f a modification :i* takes place 9 a "p ( ! pr9ciples held 9 solution1 & :i*1 becom+ less soluble1 or ev5 insoluble1 are precipitat$4 ,among/ ^! precipitates ,i %all place t :i* is almo/ uni=mly f\nd 9 t9cture ( ipecacuanha4 ,druggi/s g5]ally are aw>e t ?is t9cture1 %ortly aft] its prep>ation1 ?r[s d[n a deposite ( a yell[i% :ite color1 v light1 & increas+ daily2 t :5 sep>at$ by filtration a new deposit imm$iately comm5ces1 & rec\rse mu/ aga9 be _h to filt]+4 ,x is only aft] ?ree or f\r filt]+s1 at int]vals ( five or six weeks1 t ! =mation ( ?is deposit c be arre/$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ,july ( ?is ye>1 ,i prep>$ f ! ,belgian ,ph>macopia1 "s t9cture ( ipecacuanha1 to be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( "s syrup ( ! same4 ,desir+ to foll[ ! diff]5t phases :i* x pres5ts1 & to /udy1 z f> z possible1 ! nature ( ! precipitate =m$ 9 x1 7= z yet ,i believe t no rese>* has be5 direct$ to ?is subject47 ,i took advantage ( ! opportunity :i* ?is prep>ation af=d$ me4 ,ab\t six weeks aft] its prep>ation1 ?is t9cture conta9$ a deposit :i* 0 yell[i% :ite1 tol]ably abundant1 v light1 & ris+ on be+ %ak54 ,i aga9 suff]$ ! precipitate to =m1 & aft] "s days1 ,i decant$ ! cle> liquor1 & ?rew ! deposit on a filt]4 ,i aft]w>ds mix$ ! decant$ liquors & t :i* 0 filt]$1 9 a bottle4 ,! precipitate rema9+ on ! filt]1 ,i repeat$ly wa%$4 ,i put x to dry spontane\sly1 b p]ceiv+1 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 t x 0 becom+ ! prey ( a numb] ( little cryptogami1 =m$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 animal gelat9e :i* dries sl[ly 9 ! air1 ,i ha/5$ ! desication by c>ry+ ! filt] into a m$ium ( f #cj to #ce c5tigrade4 #bjd ,?is deposit1 dur+ ! process ( dry+1 loses its hydrog51 *anges color1 becom+ r$di% br[n1 & is slightly translucid1 :5 v dry x is friable4 ,! quantity obta9$ 9 ?is fir/ filt]+1 weigh$ #e gra9s ( ! ,ne!rl& weights1 or #j1cbej milligrammes2 f an ounce or #cb grammes ( roots1 employ$ t[>ds ! end ( ,octob]1 ,i aga9 sav$ ! deposit :i* 0 =m$3 x weigh$ #a gra91 ,ne!rl&1 or #j1jfe milligrammes4 ,at pres5t1 at ! end ( ,novemb]1 a ?ird deposition is tak+ place1 & w be collect$ to be add$ to ! o!rs4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ! t9cture _h no effect ei!r ^u blue or r$ litmus pap]4 ,physical prop]ties4 ,! precipitate is solid1 friable1 ( a r$di% color1 slightly transluc5t1 )\t ta/e4 ,*emical prop]ties4 ,e!r1 alcohol1 wat]1 cold or boil+1 h no action ^u x2 dilute hydro*loric1 sulphuric & nitric acids1 h no action :5 cold4 ,conc5trat$ nitric acid1 :5 cold1 produces no effect ^u x1 b if heat$ to ebullition x attacks x actively1 becom+ ( a br[ni% r$ color4 ,put 9 a glass tube clos$ by "o only ( its extremities1 ! o!r be+ furni%$ ) two pieces ( litmus pap]1 ! "o becomes blue1 ! o!r r$4 ,if ! tube is plac$ 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp1 9 a few in/ants ! matt] swells & ! r$d5$ pap] becomes aga9 blue4 ,plac$ on a slip ( plat9a1 & expos$ to ! flame ( a _s lamp1 x swells1 giv+ out a /rong odor ( burnt animal matt]2 x burns )\t flame & leaves a :ite a%4 ,?is a% treat$ by reag5ts1 has ! *>act]i/ics ( lime4 ,z may be se5 by ?is %ort exposition1 ! deposit is by no means a product result+ f ! evaporation ( a "p ( ! alcohol1 :i* holds 9 solution ! pr9ciples t are deposit$1 b a p>ticul> organic matt] unit$ to lime1 :i* is =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! azotiz$ pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ! roots ( ! ipecac4 ,:at is ! azotis$ pr9ciple :i* concurs 9 ! =mation ( ?is sub/ance8 ,c]ta9ly x is n "o #bje ( ^? :i* are commonly met ) 9 vegetables1 o!rwise ! ph5om5on :i* is obs]v$ 9 ! t9cture ( ipecac w\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! t9ctures made ) ! o!r roots4 ,is x ! emet9e :i* is decompos$8 ,if t be ! case1 ! t9cture ( ipecac w\ld be consid]$ rightly an unc]ta9 prep>ation4 ,f ! "* assign$ by ,m4 ,willigh to 8 ipecacuan acid1 z well z to ! tribasic salt ( lead1 7,j\rnal de ,*imie et de ,ph>macie1 ,octobre1 #ahea17 x w be readily und]/ood1 h[ ,i at fir/ ?\ght1 )\t1 h[ev]1 hav+ made any s]i\s rese>*es1 t x might be ?is acid unit$ ) ! lime1 to :i* ! precipitate 0 ow+4 ,b ! analysis made by t *emi/1 :i* d5otes ! abs5ce ( nitrog5 9 its composition1 does n p]mit u to ent]ta9 ?is idea4 ,z w readily be p]ceiv$1 my rese>*es are f> f complete1 z ,i _h n a suffici5t quantity ( ! precipitate at my disposition4 ,b :ile wait+ to complete !m1 ,i did n wi% to delay acqua9t+ ! le>n$ _w ) a fact :i* appe>s to me extraord9>y & until n[ unique1 & at ! same "t to call to x ! att5tion ( ^? bett] situat$ ?an myself to pursue su* rese>*es4--,presse ,m$icale ,belge4 ,,on ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,purity ,,( ,,ess5tial ,,oil ,,( ,,bitt] ,,almonds4 ,mr4 ,r$wood laid be=e ! meet+ "s samples ( oil ( bitt] almonds1 prep>$ by diff]5t mak]s1 toge!r ) ! results ( exp]im5ts he _h made ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r or n !y _h be5 subject$ to adult]ation4 ,he /at$1 t 8 att5tion _h be5 direct$ to ! subject by m ?an "o ( ! deal]s 9 ?is article1 9 consequ5ce ( its hav+ be5 repres5t$ t "s ( ! samples _h #bjf be5 adult]at$ ) alcohol1 an inf]5ce :i* _h be5 drawn f ! fact t ! suspect$ samples _h a mu* l[] specific gravity ?an o!rs met ) 9 comm]ce4 ,he _h be5 furni%$ ) five samples f diff]5t mak]s1 ! specific gravities ( :i* 7 z foll[s3 #a4 #ajeb4d #b4 #ajee4b #c4 #ajfg4 #d4 #ajha4 #e4 #ajhb4b ,! m]*ants hav+ no bett] mode ( te/+ ! quality ( ?is oil ?an by its flavor1 its specific gravity1 & o!r physical *>act]s1 x 0 important to asc]ta9 :at reliance c\ld be plac$ on ?is class ( obs]vations4 ,x 0 well kn[n t _s 0 sometimes mix$ ) x1 ! effect ( :i* w\ld be to r$uce its specific gravity1 & ?is addition1 to ! ext5t to :i* x w\ld be likely to be made1 w\ld n impair ! flavor ( ! oil1 or alt] its s5sible *>act]s 9 any o!r way ?an is above /at$4 ,! light oils 71 !re=e1 v naturally suspect$ to h be5 r$uc$ ) alcohol4 ,! exp]im5ts he _h made 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject _h fully satisfi$ him t ! specific gravity ( ess5tial oil ( bitt] almonds1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 c\ld n be reli$ on z af=d+ evid5ce ( purity or adult]ation4 ,! specim5s on ! table1 to :i* he _h already ref]r$1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 specific gravity to ! ext5t ( ne>ly ?irty gra9s 9 ! ?\s& gra9-measures1 he believ$ to be all free f adult]ation4 ,be=e describ+ ! te/s :i* he _h f\nd to af=d ! mo/ satisfactory indications1 he describ$ ! proximate con/itu5ts ( ! crude oil1 :i* v>y consid]ably 9 proportion 9 diff]5t samples1 & h5ce ! diff]5ces 9 d5sity & 9 "s ( ! prop]ties ( ! oil4 ,accord+ to ,liebig & ,gregory1 crude oil ( bitt] almonds consi/s ( hyduret ( b5zoyle1 hydrocyanic acid1 b5zoic acid1 & b5zo9e1 & ^! probably are n its only con/itu5ts4 ,( ^! ! two fir/ may be said to be ess5tial con/itu5ts1 & ! o!rs accid5tal1 be+ ! result ( *anges :i* #bjg ! hyduret ( b5zoyle1 or true oil ( bitt] almonds1 und]goes4 ,! hyduret ( b5zoyle has ! ord9>y *>act]s ( an ess5tial oil4 ,:5 pure x is a colorless1 transp>5t liquid1 ! specific gravity ( :i* is #ajdc4 ,x possesses ! peculi> almond flavor1 & is n poison\s4 ,?is1 :i* is ! true oil ( bitt] almonds1 ought to con/itute ab\t eighty-five or n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! crude oil4 ,:5 oil ( vitriol is add$ to pure hyduret ( b5zoyle ! mixture acquires a d>k r$di% br[n color1 b no o!r visible *ange takes place4 ,if ! hyduret ( b5zoyle be expos$ to ! air x spe$ily becomes oxidiz$1 & by ! sub/itution ( an atom ( oxyg5 = "o ( hydrog5 x is conv]t$ into b5zoic acid4 ,! b5zoic acid pres5t 9 oil ( bitt] almonds is ! result ( ?is trans=mation1 & sometimes x occurs to su* an ext5t t x is deposit$ f ! oil 9 cry/als4 ,b5zoic acid is n color$ by ! action ( oil ( vitriol4 ,b5zo9e is also a product ( a rem>kable *ange :i* hyduret ( b5zoyle1 :5 mix$ ) hydrocyanic acid1 is liable to und]go4 ,l b5zoic acid1 x is a solid cry/all9e body1 b unlike b5zoic acid1 :5 mix$ ) oil ( vitriol1 x =ms a violet color$ comp\nd4 ,! *>act]s & prop]ties ( hydrocyanic acid are too well kn[n to require notice4 ,x is ?is con/itu5t1 :i* is sometimes pres5t to ! ext5t ( eight or t5 p] c5t41 t gives to oil ( bitt] almonds its poison\s prop]ties4 ,9 exam9+ oil ( bitt] almonds1 ) ! view ( det]m9+ :e!r x be pure or n1 x is necess>y to consid] ! influ5ce on ! action ( ! reag5ts employ$1 ( v>iations 9 ! numb] & proportions ( ! sev]al con/itu5ts pres5t4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ref]5ce to ! use ( oil ( vitriol z a te/4 ,on add+ oil ( vitriol to ! samples ( oil "u notice1 x 0 f\nd t x =m$ ) all ( !m a cle> b v d>k color$ mature1 f :i* no sep>ation took place4 ,! color ( ! mixture ?us produc$1 h[ev]1 diff]$ to a #bjh great] or less ext5t 9 ea* case4 ,! lighte/ ( ! oils produc$ a r$di%-br[n color1 simil> to t af=d$ by pure hyduret ( b5zoyle1 :ile ! heavie/ oil =m$ a bright r$ mixture1 hav+ a %ade ( violet1 & ^? ( int]m$iate d5sity gave int]m$iate %ades ( color4 ,^! results1 view$ 9 connection ) ! diff]5ces ( d5sity 9 ! diff]5t specim5s1 7 at fir/ ?\ght to indicate t ! light specim5s _h "s admixture =eign to ! oil1 b on exam9+ ! action ( ! te/ on pure hyduret ( b5zoyle & ! o!r legitimate con/itu5ts ( ! crude oil1 x 0 evid5t t su* an inf]5ce c\ld n be ju/ly drawn1 &1 inde$1 suspicion n[ seem$ r to atta* to ! heavy oil4 ,subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 %[$ t ! light oil di/ils at a l[] temp]ature ?an ! heavy1 & t if ! heavie/ specim5s 7 di/ill$ ) wat]1 ! fir/ portions t pass$ ov] produc$ precisely ! same reaction z ! light specim5s above ref]r$ to1 :ile ! la/ portions t pass$ ov]1 & especially ! oil obta9$ f ! wat] by di/ill+ x1 aft] saturat+ x ) common salt1 produc$ ) oil ( vitriol a spl5did crimson color1 ! purity & int5sity ( :i* c\ld h>dly be surpass$4 ,x ?us became pretty evid5t t ! diff]5ces 9 ! reaction ( oil ( vitriol ) ! diff]5t specim5s ( oil "u notice1 arose f v>iations 9 ! circum/ances "u :i* ! oils 7 di/ill$1 & x seem$ probable t ! heavy oil _h be5 obta9$ by di/ill+ ! almond cake ) wat]1 to :i* a l>ge quantity ( salt _h be5 add$1 s z to raise ! po9t ( ebullition1 :ile ! light oil ei!r 0 ! product ( a process 9 :i* less salt _h be5 add$ to ! wat]1 or consi/$ ( ! fir/ portions di/ill$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 m satisfactory evid5ce ( ! abs5ce ( _s1 or o!r =eign sub/ance1 f ^! samples ( oil1 nitric acid 0 us$ z a te/4 ,if oil ( bitt] almonds be mix$ ) ab\t twice its volume ( nitric acid1 ( specific gravity #a4dbj1 no imm$iate action occurs4 ,! great] "p ( ! oil floats ov] ! surface ( ! acid1 &1 if ! =m] be free #bji f adult]ation1 no *ange ( color takes place )9 sev]al h\rs 9 ei!r2 b aft] ! lapse ( ?ree or f\r days cry/als ( b5zoic acid w beg9 to be =m$ f ! oxidation ( ! hyduret ( b5zoyle by ! nitric acid1 & ^! w increase 9 quantity until ! :ole becomes a solid mass ( cry/als1 :i* w gradually assume a bright em]ald gre5 color4 ,?is reaction is v *>act]i/ic4 ,if _s be pres5t 9 ! oil to ! ext5t ( eight or t5 p] c5t41 ! acid1 aft] a few m9utes1 w beg9 to react ^u ?is1 & a viol5t eff]vesc5ce w %ortly ensue1 accompani$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( nitr\s vapors4 ,by us+ /rong nitric acid1 ( specific gravity n less ?an #a4e1 ! pres5ce ( a v m9ute quantity ( _s may be detect$4 ,! pure oil1 :5 mix$ ) an equal volume ( ?is /rong acid1 =ms a cle> & uni=m mixture1 f :i* no?+ sep>ates1 & :i* und]goes b a v slight *ange ( color & no o!r visible alt]ation4 ,! pres5ce ( two or ?ree p] c5t4 ( _s1 h[ev]1 is suffici5t to cause a viol5t reaction & ! dis5gagem5t ( nitr\s vapors4 ,aft] try+ sev]al o!r reag5ts1 ! =ego+ 7 ^? :i* 7 f\nd to af=d ! mo/ satisfactory results1 & appe>$ to be conclusive ) reg>d to ^? adult]ations1 likely to be practis$4--,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 ,london4 ,,on ,,h(fman',s ,,anodyne ,,liquor4 ,,by ,,william ,,proct]1 ,,jr4 ,p]haps 9 no prep>ation 9 g5]al use does ! practice ( manufactur]s1 & ! requirem5ts ( ph>macopial au?orities1 m widely diff] ?an 9 ! comp\nd _s ( #baj e!r1 univ]sally kn[n z ,h(fman's ,anodyne ,liquor4 ,accord+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,london ,ph>macopias x consi/s ( ?ree fluid dra*ms ( heavy oil ( w9e 7,oleum ,e!reum1 ,u4 ,s4 ,p47 dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( eight fluid ounces ( e!r & sixte5 fluid ounces ( alcohol4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,ph>macopia has only ! simple _s ( e!r1 )\t ! oil ( w9e1 :il/ ! ,dubl9 ,ph>macopia ( #ahej "u ! "n ( ,spiritus !reus ,oleosus1 gives ! foll[+ =mula1 :i* includes ! prep>ation ( ! oil ( w9e & its subsequ5t solution1 to make ! anodyne3--,mix a p9t ( alcohol & a p9t & a half ( oil ( vitriol 9 a glass matrass1 adapt a ,liebig's cond5s]1 & by heat di/il until a black fro? rises4 ,sep>ate ! light] e!rial liquid 9 ! receiv]1 expose x = #bd h\rs 9 a capsule1 wa% ! residual oil ) wat]1 & dissolve x 9 a mixture ( five fluid ounces ( e!r1 & t5 fluid ounces ( alcohol4 ,9 ,france1 ,h(fman's anodyne consi/s ( equal p>ts ( e!r & alcohol1 )\t oil ( w9e4 ,ow+ to ! c>eless or int5tionally my/ifi$ mann] ( express+ himself1 x is impossible n[ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! orig9al prep>ation ( ,h(fman 7publi%$ 9 #agcb7 0 con/ant 9 its /r5g?1 z n[ recomm5d$ by ! ,ph>macopia4 ,beaum1 7z quot$ 9 ,macqu]'s ,*em4 ,dict41 ,london1 #agga17 says1 9 speak+ ( ! rectification ( sulphuric e!r1 8,by di/ill+ ! liquor 9 ! fir/ receiv]1 toge!r ) a v small quantity ( oil ( t>t>1 by a v g5tle heat ( a lamp furnace1 ab\t two p\nds & f\r ounces ( pure e!r may be obta9$2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 a new receiv] is adapt$1 & a /rong] heat appli$1 f eight to t5 ounces ( aromatic liquor1 :i* makes a good anodyne m9]al liquor ( ,h(fman1 w be di/ill$40 ,! ?ird edition ( ,lewis' ,disp5satory1 publi%$ at ,dubl91 #agfh1 has ! foll[+ =mula = ?is prep>ation1 :i* appe>s to be :at ! apo!c>ies ( t day employ$3 8,h(fman's ,m9]al ,anodyne ,liquor40 ,into half a p\nd ( conc5trat$ oil ( vitriol1 plac$ 9 a #baa l>ge glass retort1 p\r by little & little1 ?r\gh a long /emm$ funnel1 "o p9t & a half ( highly rectifi$ _s ( w9e4 ,/op ! m\? ( ! retort1 dige/ = "s days1 & !n di/il ) a v g5tle heat4 ,at fir/ a fragrant _s ( w9e w arise2 & aft] x a m fragrant volatile _s1 to be caught 9 a fre% receiv]4 ,! receiv] be+ aga9 *ang$1 a sulphur\s1 volatile1 acid phlegm comes ov]1 & at l5g? a sweet oil ( vitriol1 :i* %\ld be imm$iately sep>at$1 le/ x be absorb$ by ! phlegm4 ,mix ! fir/ & second spirits toge!r1 & 9 e two ounces ( ?is mixture dissolve twelve drops ( ! sweet oil4 ,if ! liquor has any sulphur\s smell1 re-di/il x f a little salt ( t>t>4 8,:e!r ?is is ! exact prep>ation1 s mu* recomm5d$ & s (t5 prescrib$ by ,h(fman z an anodyne & anti-spasmodic1 we _c det]m9e4 ,we le>n f 8 own writ+s t 8 anodyne liquor 0 compos$ ( ! dulcifi$ _s ( vitriol1 crude e!r & ! aromatic oil :i* rises aft] x2 b n 9 :at proportions he mix$ !m toge!r4 ,! ,college ( ,wirtemburg seems to ?9k t all ! oil 0 mix$ ) all ! _s obta9$ 9 "o op]ation )\t reg>d to ! precise quantities40 ,! product ( ?is recipe mu/ h be5 analog\s to ! pres5t (fic9al _s1 ! =mula = :i* is evid5tly model$ aft] x4 ,! great excess ( alcohol di/ills ov] fir/1 until ! boil+ po9t rises to ! e!r produc+ temp]ature1 :5 e!r is obta9$1 & f9ally ! sulphur\s oily product4 ,! recipe gives no direction to isolate ! oil ( w9e be=e measur+ x1 :i* is p]haps less necess>y1 z ! e!real "p ( ! di/illate is remov$ previ\sly to ! production ( ! oil :i* is f\nd 9 ! receiv] 9 globules1 & n 9 solution4 ,! process n[ adopt$ by ! manufactur]s 9 ?is city1 avoids ! isolation ( ! oil ( w9e1 & f ! nature ( ! conditions ! product is liable to v>y 9 ! proportions ( its +r$i5ts1 n only 9 diff]5t laboratories1 b at diff]5t op]ations 9 ! same laboratory4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( e!r x is usual 9 ?is city to pu% ! process z f> z #bab possible1 z long z ! residue is n s conc5trat$ z to elim9ate mu* p]man5t gas4 ,9 ! rectification ( ?is fir/ crude product1 ! di/illate is res]v$ z rectifi$ e!r z long z its specific gravity m>ks #ed ,beaum1 or !re ab\t4 ,by cont9u+ ! process ! product is f\nd to consi/ ( e!r1 alcohol & wat]1 impregnat$ ) oil ( w9e4 ,e "o :o has made e!r1 kn[s h[ v liable ! product is to v>y ) an ill regulat$ heat2 on ! "o h& unalt]$ alcohol w pass ov]1 if ! temp]ature is too l[1 :il/ too great a heat1 especially t[>ds ! la/ ( ! process1 w favor ! =mation ( oil ( w9e & sulphur\s acid4 ,?is la/ di/illate1 !re=e1 w v>y 9 composition1 & x is f ?is t ,h(fman's anodyne is made 9 "s ( ! be/ ( our laboratories4 ,!re is no kn[n practicable me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! p] c5tage ( heavy oil ( w9e 9 ?is liquid4 ,! means us$ by ! manufactur] are f\nd$ on ! s5sible prop]ties ( an arbitr>y /&>d specim5 ( ,h(fman's anodyne previ\sly made1 & on ! degree ( opales5ce or milk9ess x produces :5 add$ to a c]ta9 measure ( wat]4--,?is milk9ess is occasion$ by ! oil ( w9e pres5t2 b exp]i5ce has %[n t ! degree ( milk9ess is n /rictly 9 proportion to ! quantity ( oil pres5t1 ! relative proportion ( e!r & alcohol1 & p]haps wat] pres5t 9 ! anodyne liquid has a m>k$ influ5ce on ! ph5om5on2 if too mu* alcohol1 ! milk9ess is n produc$1 or b p>tially2 if too mu* e!r1 oily globules sep>ate & float ) b mod]ate opalesc5ce4 ,9 conv]t+ ?is second e!rial di/illate into comm]cial ,h(fman's anodyne1 ! op]ator has to make sev]al essays1 sometimes add+ wat]1 sometimes alcohol or e!r1 until ! ta/e1 ! smell1 & ! opalesc5ce agree1 z ne>ly z c be approa*$1 ) 8 /&>d specim54 ,9 ! process ( rectification x is probable t at lea/ a "p ( ! heavy oil ( w9e is decompos$1 ) ! production ( ! light oil or e!role1 & t ! comm]cial ,h(fman's anodyne diff]s 9 ?is respect1 z well z 9 conta9+ a mu* small] proportion ( oil ( w9e1 f t ( ! ,ph>macopia4 #bac ,to get a bett] idea ( ! prep>ation 9 use "h1 au!ntic specim5s 7 obta9$ f f\r ( our l>ge/ manufactur+ *emi/s1 & comp>$ ) comp\nd _s ( e!r made = ! occasion /rictly accord+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia4 ,_! d5sity 0 c>efully tak5 ) ! #ajjj grs4 bottle4 specific gravity at #fj ,f4 ,a1 ,we!rill ,bro!rs1 4#hibe ,b1 ,smi?1 ,pemb]ton ,co4 4#hgbc ,c1 ,ros5g>t5 ,d5nis1 4#hdie ,d1 ,p[]s ,weightman1 4#hcid ,e1 ,u4 ,s4 ,ph>macopia 4#haea ,equal measures ( ea* specim5 & di/ill$ wat] 7 mix$ toge!r2 !y all produc$ opaque milky liquids2 globules ( oil ( w9e soon sep>at$ f ! mixture ) ,e1 & float$ on ! surface1 :ile ! liquid gradually lo/ its opacity z m ( ! oil arose4 ,! mixture ) ,d became less opaque by /&+1 a small portion ( oil ris+ to ! surface4 ,! mixture ) ,a1 ,b & ,c reta9$ _! opacity )\t app>5t sep>ation ( oil ( w9e1 ,a be+ ! mo/ s4 ,a 0 ! milde/ & lea/ repulsive to ! ta/e1 because lea/ e!real4 ,c 0 ! next lea/ e!real1 b _h pung5cy n aris+ f e!r4 ,b 0 m e!real ?an ! prec$+1 not)/&+ its great] specific gravity4 ,d 0 yet m *>g$ ) e!r4 ,e pres5t$ s5sible prop]ties diff]+ f all ! o!rs1 be+ m e!rial & aromatic1 b )\t a peculi> ta/e noticeable 9 ! o!r specim5s1 m especially 9 ,c4 ,:5 #b #a_/b fluid dra*ms ( ea* specim5 0 %ak5 9 graduat$ tubes ) #fj gra9s ( c>bonate ( potassa1 !y 7 de-hydrat$ some:at 9 ! ratio ( _! specific gravities4 ,a & ,b dissolv$ ! salt readily by a few m9utes' agitation1 & ! sep>at$ aque\s alkal9e solution equall$ a ?ird ( ! bulk ( ! mixture4 ,9 ,c & ,d only ab\t half ( ! salt 0 dissolv$1 :il/ 9 ,e ! salt 0 m]ely r5d]$ pa/y4 ,to get an idea ( ! proportion ( e!r pres5t 9 ^! #bad specim5s1 a solution ( dry *loride ( calcium 9 an equal weight ( wat]1 0 made4 ,five p>ts ( ?is solution 0 mix$ ) ?ree p>ts ( ea* ( specim5s ( ,h(fman's anodyne1 9 tall tubul> vials1 cork$1 well agitat$ & all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs4 ,9 ,a1 ,b & ,c1 no sep>ation ( e!r occurr$1 b 9 ea* ( !m a few globules arose to ! surface1 consi/+ *iefly ( light oil ( w9e4 ,9 ,d a /ratum ( e!r hold+ oil ( w9e 9 solution1 equal to "o sev5? ( ! bulk ( ! _s us$1 or ne>ly half a "p4 ,:il/ 9 ,e ! sup]-/ratum ( e!r equall$ "o-?ird ( ! _s us$1 & _h a light yell[ color1 due to ! oil ( w9e4 ,^! data w give an approximative idea ( _! compositions2 x w\ld appe> t ,a 0 *iefly alcohol & wat]1 ) b little e!r2 t ,b conta9$ almo/ z mu* wat] z ,a1 b less alcohol & m e!r2 t ,c conta9$ mu* less wat] ?an ,a or ,b1 b less e!r & m alcohol ?an ,b1 & m e!r & less alcohol ?an ,a2 t ,d conta9$ r m wat] ?an ,c1 b m e!r & less alcohol ?an ei!r ( ! prec$+2 & la/ly t ,e conta9s m e!r1 & less alcohol & wat] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,9 reg>d to ! proportion ( e!real oil1 ! exp]im5ts give no positive clue4 ,x w\ld appe> t ,b & ,d conta9$ ! mo/ among ! comm]cial specim5s1 & t ,d approa*es ne>e/ ! composition ( ! (fic9al _s1 yet all ( !m :5 comp>$ ) ! (fic9al are defici5t 9 ?is +r$i5t4 ,x mu/ be app>5t f ^! results1 t ! opacity ( a mixture ( ,h(fman's anodyne & wat]1 is no index ( ! proportion ( oil ( w9e ! =m] conta9s1 t prop]ty be+ dep5d5t app>5tly on ! /ate ( comb9ation 9 :i* ! oil exi/s1 nor w\ld we pron\nce on ! m$ic9al value ( ! specim5s1 a task belong+ to ! physician4 ,:atev] curative reputation ! comp\nd _s ( e!r may h e>n$1 c]ta9ly belongs to ! comm]cial _s1 & n to t ( ! ,ph>macopia1 :i* is n to be _h 9 ! %ops4 ,! exact nature ( ! liquid left aft] ! rectification ( #bae e!r is an inquiry well wor?y ( fur!r inve/igation4 ,! alcohol ( comm]ce is n a homog5\s sub/ance4 ,besides wat]1 x conta9s odorif]\s oily matt]1 produc$ 9 ! orig9al f]m5tation1 & :i* is n :olly remov$ 9 ! rectification ( :iskey4 ,?is matt]1 modifi$ by ! action ( sulphuric acid & heat1 ) ! volatile sub/ances g5]at$ dur+ ! e!r process1 are conta9$ 9 x4 ,x may also be t ! e!r 9 ?is residue is m intimately comb9$ ) wat] ?an 9 a m]e mixture ( wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r ( ! same /r5g?1 z sugge/$ to me by ,mr4 ,pemb]ton4 ,! "q v naturally arises1 :y d n ! manufactur]s prep>e ! (fic9al ,h(fman's anodyne1 or :y d !y n furni% ! e!real oil ( ! ,ph>macopia1 t ! apo!c>y may make x himself by simple mix+8 ,!re are sev]al reasons4 #a/1 ! apo!c>y1 ! physician1 & to a l>ge ext5t ! consum]1 h become accu/om$ to ! pres5t comm]cial prep>ation1 & ! majority1 bo? ( apo!c>ies & physicians1 w\ld reject ! true (fic9al _s1 if pres5t$ to !m1 z n correctly made2 #b;d1 druggi/s1 z a g5]al rule1 w\ld refuse to pay ! greatly increas$ price1 absolutely requir$ to remun]ate ! manufactur]1 = ! great] consumption ( "t & mat]ials1 & increas$ skill & risk 9 manipulation4 ,hav+1 on sev]al occasions1 prep>$ ! (fic9al oil ( w9e & ,h(fman's anodyne1 ,i c corroborate ! /atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,k5t1 at p4 #bee1 relative to ! small yield1 & consequ5t co/l9ess ( (fic9al heavy oil ( w9e4 ,! s-call$ oil ( w9e1 :i* is import$ into ?is city f ,engl&1 & :i* is sometimes employ$ = mak+ ! (fic9al _s1 is an e!real solution ( e!role1 "o specim5 yield+ only sev5 p] c5t4 ( x4 ,& #c;d1 9 ! prep>ation ( e!r1 ! residue left 9 ! /ill aft] ! rectification ( ! e!r above #ed ,beaum1 mu/ ei!r be ?r[n away1 or conv]t$ to ! only use to :i* x c be appli$ ) advantage1 viz41 ,h(fman's anodyne4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! price ( ! comm]cial 8anodyne0 is s l[1 be+ ab\t fifte5 c5ts p] p\nd4 #baf ,x may become a "q 9 ! next revision ( ! ,ph>macopia1 :e!r x w\ld n be bett] to recon/ruct ! =mula = comp\nd _s ( e!r1 some:at on ! plan ( ! manufactur]s1 or t quot$ at page #bac1 f ,lewis's ,disp5satory1 s z to r5d] x m practicable & likely to be foll[$4 ,( c\rse x %\ld be done ) due consid]ation ( ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! production ( a _s ( uni=m /r5g?4--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy4 ,,on ,,gutta ,,taban4 ,,by ,,b]?old ,,seemann4 ,! ,taban 7,ison&ra ,gutta1 ,hook471 :i* 0 =m]ly s pl5tiful 9 ,s+apore1 has long s9ce be5 ext9ct4 ,a few isolat$ trees may "h & !re occur1 b !y are v sc>ce1 & ,i h n be5 able to obta9 ev5 ! sight ( "o4 ,sev]al ( ! :ite resid5ts keep 9 _! g>d5s z a curiosity1 a plant or two1 b !y gr[ v sl[ly4 ,x mu/ ev] be an object ( regret1 t on ! fir/ introduction ( ! ,taban gum1 its prop] "n 0 n promulgat$4 ,n[ ev]ybody 9 ,europe & ,am]ica speaks ( ,gutta ,p]*a1 :51 9 fact1 all ! "t !y mean ! ,gutta ,taban4 ,! sub/ance t]m$ by ! ,malays 8,gutta ,p]*a0 is n ! produce ( ! ,ison&ra ,gutta1 ,hook41 b t ( a botanically unkn[n tree1 a species ( ,ficus1 ,i am told4 ,! confusion ( ^! two names has become a popul> error--an error :i* sci5ce w h to rectify4 ,! exportation ( ! indig5\s ,gutta ,taban f ,s+apore comm5c$ 9 #ahdd1 b z e>ly z ! end ( #ahdg1 all1 #bag or at lea/ mo/1 ( ! trees _h be5 ext]m9at$4 ,t at pres5t %ipp$ f ! place1 is br\ght 9 coa/+ vessels f ! diff]5t ports ( ,borneo1 ,sumatra1 ! ,malayan p59sula1 & ,jahore ,ar*ipelago4#ag ,! diff]5ce exi/+ 9 its appe>ance & prop]ty is ow+ to ! int]mixture ( ,gutta ,p]*a1 ,jelotong1 ,gegrek1 ,lit*u1 & o!r inf]ior ,guttas1 made by ! natives 9 ord] to increase ! weight4--,?\gh f> f be+ ext9ct 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,gutta ,taban w e ye> be m difficult to obta91 z ! coa/ region is said to be pretty well cle>$1 & a long transport f ! int]ior mu/1 by augm5t+ ! labor1 increase ! value ( ! article4 #ag 8,! total export ( ,gutta ,taban f ,s+apore has be53 ,9 #ahdd #a picul ,9 #ahde #afi picul ,9 #ahdf #e1cfd picul ,9 #ahdg #i1bif picul ,9 #ahdh to ! #a/ ( ,july #f1gfh picul ,total #ba1eih piculs4 valu$ at #bgd1aij ,spani% doll>s4 ,ab\t #bgj1jjj trees h probably be5 fell$ dur+ ! ?ree & a half ye>s t ! trade has exi/$1 & ! value ( ea* tree has ?us on an av]age1 be5 ab\t a doll>40--,j4 ,r4 ,logan1 8,on ! ,range ( ! ,gutta ,taban ,collectors1 & pres5t ,am\nt ( ,import into ,s+apore40 ,mr4 ,logan has promis$ an article on ! v>i\s sub/ances int]mix$ ) ! ,taban1 a subject ( ! highe/ int]e/2 b he has hi!rto disappo9t$ 8 read]s4 ,a few mon?s aft] ! publication ( y\r fir/ acc\nt ( ! plant1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahdg1 an article on ! same subject appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 by "o ( its mo/ able contributors1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,oxley4 ,z t article conta9s _m /atem5ts n conta9$ 9 y\rs1 & z x may possibly h escap$ y\r notice1 ,i %all make a few extracts f x4 8,! ,gutta ,taban tree belongs to ! natural ord] ,sapotace1 b diff]s s mu* f all describ$ g5]a1 t ,i am incl9$ to consid] x a new "o4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 endeavor to give its g5]al "*1 leav+ ! honor ( nam+ x to a m compet5t botani/1 especially z1 f want ( #bah complete specim5s1 ,i h n q satisfi$ myself reg>d+ ! /am5s & fruit4 8,! tree is f sixty to sev5ty feet high1 f two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,9 its g5]al aspect x resembles ! ,durian 7,durio ,zibe?9us1 ,l9n471 s mu* s z to /rike ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 obovate-lanceolate1 entire1 coriace\s1 _! upp] surface is ( a pale gre51 & _! "u surface cov]$ ) a close1 %ort1 r$di%-br[n hair4 ,! fl[]s are axill>y1 f "o to ?ree 9 ! axils1 support$ on %ort curv$ p$icels1 & num]\s along ! extremities ( ! bran*es4 ,! calyx is inf]ior1 p]si/5t coriace\s1 divid$ into six sepals1 :i* are arrang$ 9 d\ble s]ies4 ,! corolla is monopetal\s1 hypog5\s1 & divid$1 l ! calyx1 into six acum9ate segm5ts4 ,! /am5s1 ins]t$ into ! ?roat ( ! corolla1 are 9 a s+le s]ies1 & v>iable 9 numb]1 b to ! be/ ( my obs]vation1 _! normal numb] is twelve2 !y are mo/ g5]ally all f]tile4 ,! an!rs are support$ on sl5d] b5t filam5ts1 & op5 by two lat]al pores4 ,! ov>y is sup]ior1 t]m9at$ by a long s+le /yle1 & six-cell$2 ! cells are monosp]m\s4 ,! fruit is unkn[n to me4 8,only a %ort "t ago ! ,taban tree 0 tol]ably abundant on ! ,isl& ( ,s+apore1 b already1 7middle ( #ahdg7 all ! l>ge timb] has be5 fell$4 ,its geographical range1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be consid]able1 x be+ f\nd all up ! ,malayan p59sula1 z f> z ,p5ang1 :]e ,i h asc]ta9$ x to be pl5tiful4 ,its favorite localities are ! alluvial tracts on ! foot ( hills1 :]e x =ms ! pr9cipal portion ( ! jungle4 8,! quantity ( solid gutta obta9$ f ea* tree v>ies f five to tw5ty catties1 s t1 tak+ ! av]age ( t5 catties1 :i* is a tol]ably lib]al "o1 x w require ! de/ruction ( t5 trees to produce "o picul4 ,n[1 ! quantity export$ f ,s+apore to ,europe1 f ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahde1 to ! middle ( #ahdg1 am\nt$ to #f1iah piculs1 to obta9 #bai :i*1 #fi1ahj trees mu/ h be5 sacrific$6 ,h[ mu* bett] w\ld x be to adopt ! me?od ( tapp+ ! tree practis$ by ! ,burmese1 9 obta9+ ! ca\t*\c1 ?an to cont9ue ! pres5t process ( ext]m9ation40#ah #ah ,t4 ,oxley1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 i1 p4 #bb-cj4 ,a m]cantile h\se 9 ,s+apore lately receiv$ f ,manilla a gum :i* 0 suppos$ by ^? :o s5t x to be ,gutta ,taban1 b prov$ a diff]5t sub/ance4 ,x 0 accompani$ by specim5s ( ! tree produc+ x1 & a note /at+ t ! gum ab\nd$ 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,z x w probably make its appe>ance 9 ,engl&1 & p]haps become ( "s importance1 ,i may add t ^? specim5s pres5t$ to me by ! m]*ant1 belong to ! g5us ,ficus2 b :e!r to a new or an already describ$ species1 want ( books prev5t$ me f det]m9+4--,hook]'s ,j\r4 ( ,botany4 ,,on ,,gambir4 ,,by ,,b]?old ,,seeman4 ,black pepp] 7,pip] ,nigrum1 ,l9n47 & ,gambir 7,unc>ia ,gambir1 ,roxb47 are gr[n 9 great quantities 9 ,s+apore1 & exclusively by ! ,*9ese1 = bo? ^! articles are s exce$+ly *eap1 t ,europeans h n deem$ x wor? _! :ile to engage 9 ! speculation4 ,pepp] & ,gambir plantations are always comb9$1 because ! refuse ( ! gambir leaves s]ve z an excell5t manure = ! pepp]2 & moreov]1 :at is ( equal1 if n great] importance1 kills ! ,lalang1 7,&ropogon c>icosus1 ,l9n471 a plant :i*1 l ! c\*-grass 7,triticum rep5s1 ,l9n471 spreads ) a/oni%+ rapidity ov] ! fields1 gr[+ s close toge!r & s high1 t )9 a %ort spate ( "t valuable plantations #bbj are r5d]$ useless1 & _m h to be giv5 up f ! utt] impossibility ( free+ ! gr\nd f ?is we$4 ,! process by :i* gambir is extract$ & prep>$ is simple4 ,! leaves are boil$ 9 wat]1 until all _! a/r+5t prop]ty is extract$4 ,! decoction is !n p\r$ into ano!r vessel1 9 :i* x becomes inspissat$1 &1 :5 ne>ly dry1 is cut 9 small squ>e pieces1 & ?us br\ght into ! m>ket4 ,m',cullo* /ates t sago is us$ 9 ?ick5+ x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 at lea/ 9 ,s+apore1 is n ! case2 b1 in/ead ( sago1 a piece ( wood is dipp$ into ! vessel1 by :i* ! desir$ effect is produc$4 ,x mu/1 inde$1 be an extraord9>y sub/ance1 ! m]e dipp+ ( :i* into ! fluid c cause x to become a ?ick5$ mass4 ,i 0 v eag] to obta9 a piece ( ?is wood2 unluckily1 ! ,*9aman ^: laboratory ,i visit$1 c\ld n be p]suad$ to "p ) 81 & a fri5d ( m9e1 :o 0 ex]t+ himself to procure a sample1 _h n succe$$ at ! "t ( ! ,h]ald's dep>ture3 he promis$1 h[ev]1 to s5d x to ,engl&1 accompani$ by ! ,malayan "n1 & specim5s ( ! tree4--,hook]'s ,j\rnal ( ,botany4 ,,on ,,! ,,galbanum ,,plant4 ,,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,bu%e4 ,! au?or /ates1 t 9 8 travels 9 ,p]sia he discov]$ ! plant :i* yields galbanum4 ,9 ,june1 #ahdh1 he f\nd x on ! declivities ( ! ,demaw5d4 ,x is a f]ula1 f ! /alks ( :i* a liquid issues abundantly1 by ! odor & nature ( :i* he imm$iately recognis$ galbanum1 & 8 guides assur$ him1 moreov]1 t galbanum is ga!r$ f ?is plant4 ,! au?or has n yet di/9ctly det]m9$ #bba ! plant4 ,x appe>s to diff] f ,f]ula erubesc5s 7,annales des ,sci5ces1 iii41 ,sr4 #ahdd1 p4 #caf17 only by ! abs5ce ( commissural vit2 b z nei!r ,au*]-,eloy1 nor ,kots*y1 :o h bo? collect$ ! ,f]ula erubesc5s1 make any m5tion ( its yield+ galbanum1 ! au?or is 9 d\bt :e!r 8 plant be ! same1 or a v>iety ( x4 ,don's g5us galbanum 7,trib4 ,sibr97 & ,l9dley's ,opadia 7,trib4 ,smyrne7 d n agree ) ! plant se5 by ,bu%e1 unless t bo? ( ^! au?ors h made _! descriptions f imp]fect fruits1 or t !re exi/ o!r plants :i* yield galbanum4--,! plant :i* ,bu%e describes is call$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,p]sia1 ,khassu*1 7n ,kasneh1 :i* means ,ci*or intybus1 nor ,g%nis1 :i* is ,cori&4 sativum71 & appe>s to be conf9$ to c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,p]sia4 ,9 ! :ole l>ge di/rict ( ! ,elburs-*a91 f ! s\?-ea/ angle to ! s\?-we/ angle ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 x is only f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,demaw5d2 b "h at an elevation ( f #djjj to #hjjj feet1 & ev5 on ! declivity ( ! top ( ! ,demaw5d4 ,x exi/s nei!r on ! m\nta9s ( ,talys*1 nor 9 ! di/ricts ( ,k>adagh & ,tabris4 ,x is said to re-appe> on ! ,m\nt ,alw5d1 ne> ,hamadan1 & 9 ! neighborhood ( ! great salt des]t4 ,ne> ,hamadan ,au*]-,eloy has ga!r$ 8 ,f]ula erubesc5e1 & ?is supports ! supposition t ! au?or's plant is ! same4 ,9 ! salt des]t itself ,bu%e did n meet ) x aga94 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,demaw5d collect ! gum res91 :i* issues spontane\sly f ! l[] "p ( ! /alk2 !y d n make incisions 9 ! plant2 b x is n at ?is place t ! galbanum is collect$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,:5 fre%1 ! gum res9 is :ite l milk1 liquid1 & some:at glut9\s4 ,9 ! air x soon becomes yell[1 ela/ic1 & f9ally solid4 ,! odor is r /rong1 unpleasant1 & simil> to t ( our comm]cial galbanum4--,c5tral ,blatt1 fr #aheb1 ,no4 xiii4 #bbb ,,editorial4 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,& ,,cure ,,( ,,_m ,,*ronic ,,diseases ,,by ,,movem5ts4 ,an exposition ( ! pr9ciples & practice ( ^! movem5ts1 = ! correction ( ! t5d5cies to disease 9 infancy1 *ildhood & y\?1 & = ! cure ( _m morbid affections ( adults4 ,,by ,m4 ,,ro?1 ,m4 ,d41 ,london1 #ahea4 ,op5 quack]y 0 at "o "t cont5t$ ) ! m>ket-place & ! /age2 its m]its & a*ievem5ts 7 ann\nc$ only by ! lungs ( its pr(essors & _! assi/ants4 ,we h *ang$ all t4 ,quack]y has improv$ ) ! age4 ,x has got possession ( ! newspap]s1 & =ces its way 9 ! pulpit2 x has its colleges & graduates1 x edits j\rnals & writes books2 b x has *ang$ its =m1 n its _s2 at bottom x is z %ameless1 & ly+ & r$icul\s z ev]4 ,:ile its ess5ce is et]nal its =m is con/antly *ang+4 ,a v>iety spr+s up1 fl\ri%es1 atta9s its maturity1 !n dies away1 to be replac$ by ano!r1 or to be reviv$ 9 a di/ant c\ntry or a future g5]ation4 ,! facilities ( int]communication af=d$ by railroad & /eam vessels yield ! same advantage to impo/ure & cr$ulity1 t !y give to sci5ce & tru?4 ,we import nons5se & humbug z well z silks & dry goods4 ,b z 0 obs]v$ on ano!r occasion1 home manufacture has sprung up1 & we h become export]s z well z import]s4 ,spiritual knock+ are set (f aga9/ ,mesm]ism2 ,?ompsonianism is s5t 9 ex*ange = ,hygeia2 native ,s>sap>illas h driv5 ! =eign f ! m>ket2 ,mormonism goes a long way to balance ,homeopa?y1 :ile ! 8,great ,h>monican10 9 size1 9 pret5sion & 9 absurdity1 is sc>cely to be rivall$ any :]e 9 ! pres5t age4 ,! newe/ delusion t pret5ds to be a sy/em1 ,k9esipa?y1 is1 9 ! c\ntry ( its orig91 already sev]al ye>s old4 ,x comes to u f ,sw$51 & recomm5ds ! treatm5t ( diseases by means ( v>i\s ex]cises1 & above all1 bl[s on diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,all ^! are set =? ) ! greate/ gravity1 & def9$ & comm5t$ on ) z mu* precision z if ! au?or 0 br++ =w>d a ,national ,ph>macopia4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( disease ! motives1 positions1 & bl[s1 are v>i$ 9 ! /range/1 & (t5 mo/ ludicr\s mann]4 ,witness ! foll[+ prescription = gonorrhea1 :i* is complete except z ! au?or /ates 8"s movem5ts dep5d+ on p>ticul> circum/ances40 #a4 8,p]cussion on ! sacrum 9 ! /ride /&+ position4 #b4 8,transv]sal *opp+ on ! neck 9 ! sitt+ position4 #c4 8,pressure above ! os pubis 9 ! ly+ position1 ) elevat$ back1 :ile ! sep>at$ & b5t legs are drawn t[>ds ! abdom54 ,vibration ( ! p]9eum1 9 ! same position40 8,! treatm5t beg9s ) p]cuss+ ! sacrum1 9 ! /ride /&+ position1 :i* 9 ! fir/ day or two n only allays & relieves ! m viol5t inflammation & copi\s secretion1 b also *anges ! :ole /ate ( ! disease 9 su* a mann]1 t ! foll[+ treatm5t by movem5ts1 7diff]5t #bbc accord+ to ! /ate ( ! pati5t17 produces an increas$ fl[ ( art]ial blood 9 ! upp] extremities1 & ! cure is v mu* accel]at$4 ,9 ! fir/ /age1 dur+ :i* only mod]ate /it*+ pa9s1 t5sion1 & little secretion appe>s2 ! p]cussion on ! sacrum alone is suffici5t1 if repeat$ ?ree or f\r times daily4 ,if ! symptoms become m viol5t1 & accompani$ by *ordee & pa9 dur+ ur9at+1 c41 !n o!r movem5ts are necess>y1 !n make use ( ! transv]sal *opp+ ( ! neck1 :i* acts /rongly aga9/ ! *ordee1 & ( ! pressure above ! os pubis 9 ! above m5tion$ ly+ position1 :i* increases ! v5\s absorption ( ! bladd] & sexual organs1 by its effect on ! excit$ n]ves ( ^! p>ts4 ,9 ! second p]iod if ! ur9at+ is v difficult1 ! p]9eum swoll5 & pa9ful1 ! dis*>ge mix$ ) blood1 & fev] is pres5t1 !n a m g5]al treatm5t is necess>y4 ,to increase ! m local absorption 9 ! ure?ra1 vibrations along ! :ole tract ( ! p]9eum f be=e backw>d are employ$40 ,t p]cussion on ! sacrum has long be5 kn[n z a rem$ial measure 9 moral compla9ts we are p]fectly aw>e1 b t x 0 to become an article ( mat]ia m$ica is some?+ new "u ! sun6 ,k9esipa?y has n yet1 we believe1 be5 =mally introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b we he> t a new set ( quacks1 :o call !mselves ,psy*ologi/s1 h adopt$ some?+ f its rules1 & are employ+ 8p]cussions & flagellations0 z "o ( _! means = ! cure ( ! v>i\s ills t fle% is heir too4 ,aft] all "s p>tial tru?1 long well kn[n & act$ on by ! pr(ession1 z is ! case 9 mo/ successful quack]ies1 und]lies ,k9esipa?y4 ,ex]cise & /imulation ( ! ext]nal surface1 are 9 !mselves exce$+ly b5eficial1 & "u ! influ5ce ( a *>latan1 pati5ts w submit to a discipl9e1 :i* if direct$ by a physician w\ld nev] receive m ?an mom5t>y att5tion4 ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,ri*mond4--,we are glad to see ! foll[+ call to ! ,apo!c>ies ( ,ri*mond1 9 ! ,july numb] ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 & we hope t ! example w be imitat$ 9 all our t[ns1 9 :i* ! numb] ( ph>maceuti/s is suffici5t to =m a society4 ,mutual association is ! be/ means ( promot+ ! true int]e/s & /&+ ( ! pr(ession4 8,! und]sign$1 believ+ t by fri5dly co-op]ation among !mselves1 _! respectability w be increas$2 _! /&+ 9 ! community w become m elevat$1 faults 9 _! pr(ession be rem$i$1 evils to :i* !y are n[ subject$ be remov$2 t _! art may be m sy/ematiz$1 & bett] regulat$2 a m fri5dly feel+ t[>ds ea* o!r be excit$ among/ !m1 _! mutual int]e/s advanc$1 & ! public good promot$2 d mo/ e>ne/ly call ^u _! bre?r51 engag$ 9 ,ph>maceutical pursuits1 to meet at ! ,g5tlem5's ,p>lor1 ,ex*ange ,hotel1 on ,friday ev5+1 #aa? in/41 at #h o'clock1 = ! purpose ( consid]+ ! advantages t w\ld result to all ( !m1 f ! =mation ( "s organiz$ ,association1 t w\ld h = its #bbd object ! above nam$ desirable ends2 z well z to enc\rage among !mselves mutual improvem5t 9 ! k s necess>y to a prop] dis*>ge ( ^? duties1 7bo? to !mselves & ! public17 :i* _! situations z m5 occupy+ positions among ! mo/ responsible 9 life1 impose ^u !m4 ,z ! organization :i* x is n[ propos$ to =m1 w\ld contemplate ! good ( all its ,memb]s1 x is mo/ e>ne/ly hop$ t all ! ,druggi/s & ,apo!c>ies :o feel any int]e/ 9 ?is important subject1 w cordially unite _! intellig5ce & tal5ts 9 an ef=t to accompli% ! above nam$ ends1 & t ! prop] prelim9>y /eps w be tak5 = ! =mation ( a society ( ! ,apo!c>ies 9 ?is city1 :i* w prove b5eficial to its memb]s1 an honor to _! pr(ession1 & a cr$it to ! city ( ,ri*mond40 ,,&rew ,,leslie1 ,s4 ,m4 ,,za*risson1 ,,purcell1 ,,ladd ,,co41 ,,seabrook ,,reeve1 ,,adie ,,gray1 ,,peyton1 ,,john/on ,,bro41 ,h4 ,,blair1 ,,*as4 ,,millspaugh1 ,,alex4 ,,duval4 ,ri*mond1 ,june #h?1 #aheb4 ,,suppositories ,,( ,,butt] ,,( ,,cacao4--,butt] ( cacao has ( late be5 l>gely employ$ 9 ! =mation ( suppositories1 = :i* x is admirably adapt$1 by its consi/5ce1 & by ! facility ) :i* x becomes liquid at ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,"s times a good deal ( difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 incorporat+ x ) laudanum1 *lor(orm1 extracts & solutions4 ,9 su* cases ,m4 ,/anislas ,m>t9 recomm5ds t ! butt] be fir/ m\ld$ 9 ! desir$ =m1 & t !n a cavity be =m$ 9 x1 by means ( an iron wire slightly w>m$1 suffici5tly l>ge to conta9 ! prescrib$ m$ic9e4 ,! orifice c !n be clos$ ) a ?9 lay] ( ! butt] ( cacao1 =m$ by rubb+ a morsel ( x ^u an iron spatula1 or ! blade ( a knife slightly w>m$ 9 a _s lamp4 ,a numb] ( ! suppositories ?us prep>$ be=eh&1 c be pres]v$ 9 envelopes :i* s]ve !m = a m\ld1 ^! be+ remov$ only :5 !y are ab\t to be us$4 ,,delegates ,,to ,,! ,,conv5tion ,,= #aheb4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,college ( ,ph>macy ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 held ,june #bh?1 ,messrs4 ,george ,d4 ,cogges%all1 ,william ,hegeman & ,l4 ,s4 ,haskell1 7 elect$ ,delegates f ?is ,college to ! ,national ,ph>maceutical ,conv5tion1 to meet at ,philadelphia1 on ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,octob] next4 ,x 0 resolv$ t 9 case ( any disability ( ei!r ( _! numb] to att5d1 ! rema9+ delegates %\ld be au?oris$ to fill ! vacancy4 ,! re-issue ( ,presid5t ,gu?rie's (ficial call = ! meet+ ( ! ,conv5tion 0 expect$ 9 "t = ?is numb] ( ! ,j\rnal1 b has n be5 receiv$4 ,x w d\btless appe> 9 our next ) a fur!r notice ( ?is important subject4 #bbe ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,augu/1 #aheb4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,loss ,,9 ,,p[d]+ ,,v>i\s ,,drugs4 ,! foll[+ results are f ! mill returns ( a drug h\se 9 ?is city4 ,!y %[ ! actual loss incurr$ 9 p[d]+ ^! diff]5t articles1 & are1 s f>1 ( s]vice by indicat+ ! practical loss aris+ f ! process4 ,z ! p] c5tage ( loss v>ies v mu* ) ! quantity subject$ to ! process1 cet]is p>ibus1 ! quantities ( ea* p>cel are also giv54 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,salts1 ,,cry/al9e ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ,,sub/ances1 c4 ,quantity ( ,loss ,quantity ( ,loss ,quantity ( ,loss ,quantity ( ,loss ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,acid4 ,t>t>ic4 #eef #a4jh #adbf #a4fa #gbc #a4ch #bef #d4ie #eed #a4dd ,cobalt 7,ars5ic71 #abb #a4fc ,alum9 ,potass ,sulph4 #gd #e4dj #di #f4ab ,ammoni ,muriat4 #bjb #h4da ,potass ,nitrat4 #ejj #c4ih #aij #b4cf #ejj #a4hj #ij #c4jf #cjj #h4ag ------ ,sulphat4 #fc #a4ei #ih #c4jf ------ ,bit>trat4 #aaff 4#dc #baba 4#dg #ajjg 4#di #aaae 4#dd #aaae 4#da #aafj 4#eb #aaaf 4#dd #bfej 4#cg #ajfh 4#dg #aafc 4#dc #aaee 4#dc ,sod ,biborat4 #aaj #bj4ia #ej #aj4jj ,soap1 ,olive ,oil1 :ite1 #fb #cc4cc ,,vegetable ,,sub- ,,/ances1 ,,b>ks4 ,canella ,alba1 #fg #d4dh #ej #d4jd ,cassia1 #cj #e4jj #gd #e4dj ,c9*ona ,m>acaibo1 #afe #c4id #agd #d4be #iba #d4ef #bbf ,c9*ona ,flava1 7,calisaya7 #cj #e4jj #dg #d4be #dj #e4jj ------ ,rubra1 #dd #d4ed #afj #d4je #ei #e4jh #if #d4ff ,mez]ion1 #cb #g4ha ,myrica ,c]if]a1 #he #c4ec #ib #d4cd ,pr9os v]ticill4 #bd #d4af ,prunus ,virg9ian4 #ej #d4jj ,,b]ries4 ,capsicum1 #aff #c4fg #ie #c4ae #fd #d4fi #hj #c4ge ,cubeba1 #fh #d4cb #ej #d4jj #gi #c4gg #ed #c4gj #ib #c4bf ,,gums ,,& ,,res9s4 ,aloes ,soct1 #bbj #g4bg #cbj #e4bc ,acacia1 #bbe #d4jj #bag #c4fd #aba #d4ac #ge #d4fi #fd #c4ab #ic #c4gf #fd #c4ab ,cate*u1 #gj #d4bh #ga #d4hi ,euphorbium1 #eb #c4hd ,gambogia1 #ca #d4hd #ch #c4hi ,k9o1 #ej #d4jj #dd #c4da #dd #c4dj ,ma/i*e1 #ae #h4dg ,myrrha1 #aag #d4bg #ce #e4ga #e4fi ,opium1 #gj #g4ad #ge #f4ff #ajj #e4jj #ej #f4jj #fa #h4id #be #f4jj #ie #h4db #ha #d4ic #fc #f4gb #ajj #g4be #ge #f4jj #aca #f4df #fb #f4gh #bg #h4be #aee #e4fc ,sanguis ,draconis1 #aj #e4jj ,scammonium ,la*rym1 #bi #f4hi #i #h4cc #ad #c4eg #de #d4dd #ce #b4hf ,tragacan?a1 #cj #e4jj #ce #d4bh ,,h]bs4 ,aconite1 #ch #e4bf ,cicuta1 #ce #e4ga ,digitalis1 #dg #d4be #cb #d4cd #bh #c4eg ,lobelia1 #bh #d4ch #cd #d4fa ,hyoscyamus1 #dj #h4ge ,,fl[]s4 ,arnica1 #ag #e4hh ,c>yophyllus1 #bh #e4cf #ee #b4gb #ej #d4jj ,humulus1 #bfh #d4aj #aie #e4ab #bbb #c4hj #beb #c4eg #bah #d4aa #aic #d4ad ,,fruit4 ,colocyn?4#ai #bf #fe4ch #ee #fi4ji ,,leaves4 ,bu*u1 #ajd 4#if ,s5na ,alex4 #da #c4fa #bf #e4ff ,s5na ,indic4 #ej #c4if ,uva ,ursi1 #db #d4gj #ej #d4jj ,,roots4 ,calamus1 #bg #g4da #bbg ,cimicifuga ,racemosa1 #fi #d4cd ,colomba1 #aid #d4ac #ie #b4eb #gi #c4gi #id #d4be ,cucuma1 gr\nd1 #fej #c4jh ,g5tiana1 gr\nd1 #bbg #b4bj #bhj #b4ej #adi #b4fh ------ p[d]$1 #gb #d4ag #ga #d4bb ,glyyrrh4 #aef #c4hd #ade #d4ac #gj #d4aa #cac #d4ae ,helleborus1 #eh #d4ca ,hydra/is canad4 #cg #e4dj #ej #e4jj ,ictodes ,ftidus1 #be #d4jj ,inula1 #ej #d4jj ,ipecac4 #ii #d4dd #hj #c4ge #aji #d4ac #gc #d4gf #if #d4ag #cba #c4db ,iris ,flor4 #bcb #c4jb #ach #c4fb ,jalap1 #ada #d4eb #cca #c4gf #aic #d4ci #bja #d4bc #bga #c4ac ,rheum ,indic4 #if #d4af #gh #c4hd #ge #d4jj #dj #c4ge #if #d4ad #hg #c4dd #ih #c4eg #cad #d4df ------ ,russicum1 #bh #c4eg #fc #d4gf #cj #d4ag ,sangu9>ia1 #ej #c4if ,salep1 #fg #f4ff #be #d4jj ,scilla1 #bg #aa4aa #ha #f4ag #ee #h4ah #dj #ac4ab #cj #af4ff ,s5ega1 #ei #e4jh ,s]p5t>a1 #de #d4dd ,spigelia ,m>ilan4 #eb #d4gf ,val]iana1 #dg #d4bd ,z+ib4 ,jam4 #aad #d4cg #eh #e4ag #aae #d4jj ,,se$s4 ,anisum1 #eh #d4bg #ajb #b4id ,c>damomum1#bj #ej #bf4jj #fa #d4ib ,col*icum1 #fa #d4ji #cg #d4jj ,cori&rum1 #ii #b4jb ,l9um1 gr\nd1 #ecc 4#ic 4#ha ,lobelia1 #fg #g4df ,nux ,vomica1 #ajj #c4jj #eb #c4hd #ff #d4ed ,,sundries4 ,can?>is1 #fh #d4da #fh #d4da #fe #c4hb #aab #c4eg #ci #c4gi #da #d4hh #ec #f4jj #db #c4eg ,ext4 ,colocyn?4 ,comp4 #cc #d4eg ,ext4 ,glyyrrh4 #ej #d4jh #bjj #c4ej ,ext4 ,jalap1 #bj #d4hf ,galla1 #gj #d4ba #gc #d4aa #bh #e4bf #ef #c4ed ,secale ,cornut4 #ca #d4gi #bi #e4jh #cj #c4cc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #ai ,?is includes loss ( ,se$s4 #bj ,( ?is #ba4jj is loss 9 ,hulls4 ,f ! above results ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! av]age loss on ea* article1 has be5 calculat$3 ---------------------------------------- #bbh ,av]age p] c5tage ( ,loss4 ------------- ,,salts1 ,,cry/al9e ,,sub/ances1 c4 ,acid1 ,t>t>ic #a4ej ,cobalt 7,ars5ic7 #a4fc ,alum9 et ,potass1 #e4gf sulphat4 7calc9$7 ,ammoni ,muriat4 #h4da ,potass ,nitrat4 #b4hj ------ ,sulphat4 #b4cg ------ ,bi-t>trat4 4#de ,sod ,bi-,borat4 #ae4de ,soap1 ,olive ,oil1 :ite #cc4cc ,,vegetable ,,sub/ances4 ,,b>ks4 ,cannella ,alba #d4bf ,cassia #e4bj ,c9*ona ,m>acaibo #d4be ------ ,flava 7,calisaya7 #d4ge ------ ,rubra #d4eh ,mez]ion #g4ha ,myrica ,c]if]a #c4ih ,pr9os ,v]ticill4 #d4af ,prunus ,virg9ian4 #d4jj ,,b]ries4 ,capsicum #c4ha ,cubeba #c4ha ,,gums ,,& ,,res9s4 ,aloes ,soct4 #f4be ,acacia #c4gh ,cate*u #d4eh ,euphorbium #c4hd ,gambogia #d4cf ,k9o #c4fj ,ma/i*e #h4dg ,myrrha #c4ae ,opium #f4fa ,sanguis ,draconis #e4jj ,scammonium ,la*rym #e4bb ,tragacan?a #d4fd ,spegelia ,m>il&4 #d4gf ,,h]bs4 ,aconite #e4bf ,cicuta #e4ga ,digitalis #d4jd ,lobelia #d4di ,hyosciamus #h4ge ,,fl[]s4 ,arnica #e4hh ,c>yoph4 #d4jc ,humulus #d4ad ,,fruit4 ,colocyn?4 #fg4bc ,,leaves4 ,bu*u 4#if ,s5na ,alex4 #d4fc ------ ,ind4 #c4if ,uva ,ursi #d4ce ,,roots4 ,calamus #g4da ,cimicituga ,racemosa #d4cd ,colomba #c4dg ,curcuma gr\nd1 #c4jh ,g5tian4 gr\nd1 #b4df ------ p[d]$ #b4bj ,glyyrrh4 #d4jf ,helleborus #d4ca ,hydra/is ,canad4 #e4bj ,iclodes ,ftidus #d4jj ,inula #d4jj ,ipecacuanha #d4aj ,iris ,flor4 #c4cd ,jalap #d4jj ,rheum ,indicum #c4ia ------ ,russic4 #d4ag ,sangu9>ia #c4if ,salep #c4hd ,scilla #i4dc ,s5ega #e4jh ,s]p5t>ia #d4dd ,lobelia #g4df #bbi ,val]ian4 #d4bd ,z+ib4 ,jam4 #d4ea ,,se$s4 ,anisum #c4fj ,c>damom4 #d4ib ,col*icum #d4je ,cori&rum #b4jb ,l9um 7gr\nd17 4#hg ,nux ,vomica #c4gi ,,sundries4 ,can?>is4 #d4ca ,ext4 ,coloc4 comp4 #d4ed ,ext4 ,glyyrrh4 #f4be ,ext4 ,jalap #d4hg ,galla #d4cd ,secale ,cornutum #d4ci ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ations ,,( ,,iron ,,us$ ,,9 ,,m$ic9e4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,wurtz4 ,! prep>ations ( iron be+ among ! mo/ important articles ( ! ,ph>macopia1 x is surpris+ t s little att5tion is paid by _m druggi/s & ph>maceuti/s to ! prep>ation & pres]vation ( ^! articles 9 a pure /ate4 ,! great] "p ( ! prep>ations ( iron to be f\nd 9 ! %ops are f> f hav+ ! *emical composition indicat$ by _! labels1 & 9 fact1 few ( ! =mulas giv5 9 any ( ! ,ph>macopias = prep>ations ( iron1 are capable ( giv+ ev5 tol]ably pure products4 ,if !re is any diff]5ce 9 a !rapeutical po9t ( view1 betwe5 comp\nds ( ! protoxide & comp\nds ( ! p]oxide ( iron1 & if any value is to be atta*$ to def9ite composition 9 m$ic9es1 enabl+ physicians to adm9i/] kn[n quantities to _! pati5ts1 ?is /ate ( affairs %\ld n exi/4 ,p]sons :o h&le ! comp\nds ( protoxide ( iron1 %\ld be aw>e ( ! fact t few sub/ances are m spe$ily & completely de/roy$ ?an ^! by ! action ( #bcj moi/ air2 ?us1 "o hundr$ p>ts ( ! c>bonate ( iron1 require less ?an sev5 p>ts ( oxyg5 = complete conv]sion into sesquioxide ( iron1 & "o hundr$ p>ts ( pure copp]as require less ?an ?ree p>ts ( ! same elem5t to effect a l *ange 9 all ! protoxide ( iron :i* x conta9s4 ,z ^! protoxide ( iron comp\nds1 h[ev]1 oxydate !mselves only 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]1 ! mode ( pres]vation :i* ,i w\ld propose1 is v simple3 ,x is only necess>y to dry !m p]fectly & to introduce into ! vessels 9 :i* !y are to be pres]v$1 a few small lumps ( quicklime1 :i* w keep ! air 9 ! int]ior ( ! vessel cont9ually dry4 ,to prev5t any contam9ation ( ! prep>ation by direct contact ) ! lime1 ! latt] mu/ be securely fold$ 9 "o or two ?icknesses ( filt]+ pap]4 ,! iodide ( iron & ! c>bonate1 phosphate1 ars5iate1 lactate & citrate ( protoxide ( iron may be pres]v$ 9 ?is way1 also ! anhydr\s sulphate 7,f]ri ,sulphas ,siccatum71 b x is evid5t t cry/alliz$ copp]as w\ld n reta9 a def9ite composition "u ^! circum/ances1 because x w\ld soon lose its cry/al wat]4 ,to pres]ve cry/alliz$ copp]as1 x is be/ to pulv]ize ! cry/als r f9ely & dry ! p[d] by repeat$ly press+ /rongly betwe5 folds ( filt]+ pap]1 be=e putt+ up4 ,"s h attempt$ to pres]ve ! cry/als "u ! surface ( /rong alcohol1 b hav+ tri$ ?is plan ,i mu/ report unfavorably1 = al?\gh ! copp]as rema9$ = a :ile intact1 yet1 on exam9ation aft] a consid]able lapse ( "t1 a l>ge proportion ( sesquioxide ( iron 0 f\nd4 ,9 fact1 ?is result 0 to be anticipat$ 9 consid]ation ( ! well-kn[n fact t /rong alcohol has itself an attraction = oxyg51 & always absorbs a c]ta9 am\nt ( x :5 expos$ to ! air1 s]v+ ?us m]ely z a m$ium = transmitt+ oxyg5 to any copp]as :i* may be imm]s$ 9 x4 ,i ?9k x may be confid5tly /at$ t none ( ! protoxide comp\nds ( iron %\ld be kept 9 solution1 ei!r 9 wat] or alcohol1 = m$ical purposes1 unless 9 vessels #bca h]metically clos$4 ,"s say1 not)/&+1 t iodide ( iron 9 solution may be pres]v$ by keep+ 9 x a piece ( metallic iron1 a deposite be+ =m$1 h[ev]1 9 ! liquid :i* is suppos$ to be no?+ m ?an sesquioxide ( iron1 b 9 :i* ,i /rongly suspect ! pres5ce ( a subiodide ( iron1 & consequ5t ab/raction ( iod9e f ! solution4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev]1 ?is "q c only be settl$ by a *emical exam9ation ( ! deposit allud$ to4 ,! sulphate ( iron is ! />t+ po9t 9 prep>+ all ! comp\nds ( iron :i* are us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & x is important !re=e1 to "k h[ to sep>ate easily ! impurities :i* are cont+5t to ?is extremely *eap article ( comm]ce4 ,! impurities :i* comm]cial copp]as mo/ frequ5tly conta9s are m or less sulphate ( sesquioxide1 toge!r ) a little sesqui*loride ( iron1 & m r>ely1 traces ( ! sulphate ( copp]as1 manganese1 alum9a & lime4 ,a small addition ( oxide ( silv] to ! solution w precipitate all *lor9e pres5t1 & subsequ5t dige/ion = a few m9utes ) c>bonate ( b>yta w remove e trace ( sulphate ( sesquioxide ( iron1 & ( alum9a4 ,copp] may1 ( c\rse1 be remov$ by imm]sion ( metallic iron4 ,traces ( lime may be sep>at$ by recry/allization1 b if traces ( manganese are pres5t1 z is sometimes ! case1 ,i1 "k no way by :i* x c be sep>at$4 ,i am n aw>e1 h[ev]1 t ! pres5ce ( su* a trace ( manganese 9 a prep>ation ( iron w\ld impair its !rapeutical value4 ,ano!r me?od ( gett+ rid ( ! sulphate ( sesquioxide is to acidulate ! solution ) sulphuric acid &1 agitate ) "s pulv]iz$ protosulphide ( iron1 :i* w r$uce ! sesquioxide to protoxide4 ,:5 a solution ( pure sulphate ( protoxide ( iron1 free f sesquioxide1 m]ely is requir$ = prep>+ ! c>bonate or o!r insoluble protocomp\nd1 ! me?od ) c>bonate ( b>yta is to be pref]r$1 & 9 "s r>e cases :5 ! pres5ce ( sulphate ( lime 9 ! solution ( copp]as obta9$ is ( no importance1 c>bonate ( lime may be #bcb sub/itut$ = c>bonate ( b>yta1 & w accompli% ! same object4 ,:5 a solution ( pure protosulphate ( iron ?us obta9$ is us$ = ! prep>ation ( c>bonate ( iron1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to use = precipitat+1 a solution ( c>bonate ( soda :i* is free f silica1 phosphoric acid1 etc41 :i* if pres5t w\ld surely g d[n ) ! precipitate4 ,! precipitat$ c>bonate %\ld be wa%$ ) wat] :i* has be5 fre$ f air by previ\s boil+ & bett] ) wat] :i* is /ill boil+ hot1 dri$ z quickly z possible1 fir/ by pressure betwe5 folds ( pap] & !n 9 a wat] ba?1 & pres]v$ 9 well clos$ vessels conta9+ lumps ( quicklime z recomm5d$ above4 ,! =mulas giv5 9 ! ,ph>macopias = ! prep>ation ( ! sesquioxide ( iron1 :i* besides be+ employ$ z a rem$y itself1 is us$ 9 prep>+ all ! o!r sesquicomp\nds ( iron us$ 9 ,ph>macy1 appe> to be op5 to great objection on ! gr\nd ( af=d+1 in/ead ( a pure sesquioxide ( iron1 an indef9ite mixture ( sesquioxide ) c>bonate ( ! protoxide4 ,no necessity :atev] exi/s = ?is2 ! foll[+ modus op]&i1 besides be+ mu* less tr\blesome 9 its execution ?an ^? giv5 by ! ,ph>macopias1 w furni% a product ( con/ant composition1 be+ an anhydr\s sesquioxide ( iron free f protoxide1 & ei!r *emically pure or v ne>ly s4 ,! mat]ials requir$ are1 five p>ts ( comm]cial copp]as :i* has be5 recry/alliz$ once or twice1 six p>ts ( cry/alliz$ pure c>bonate ( soda1 7,na ,o1 ,c ,o#b #aj ,,ho7 or two p>ts ( dry c>bonate ( soda1 & "o "p ( nitrate ( soda4 7,*ili saltpetre74 ,! c>bonate & nitrate ( soda are dissolv$ toge!r 9 "o portion ( hot wat] & ! copp]as 9 ano!r portion1 & ! two solutions1 aft] filtrat+ mix$ toge!r1 evaporat$ to dryness & ! dry mass expos$ to ! l[e/ possible r$ heat = a few m9utes4 ,on p\r+ wat] ^u ! mass ?us obta9$1 sulphate ( soda & nitrate ( soda dissolve & sesquioxide ( iron sep>ates z a heavy p[d] v easily wa%$ #bcc by decantation4 ,:5 ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$ x appe>s z a d>k r$di% br[n p]fectly impalpable p[d]1 :i* is p]fectly & easily soluble 9 dilute acids1 & ev5 9 acetic acid & ! composition ( :i* is ,fe#b ,o#c4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is process1 is an avoidance ( ! imm5se t$ium ( wa%+ ! precipitates obta9$ 9 ! ord9>y processes4 ,i h b "o m sugge/ion to make ) reg>d to prep>ations ( iron1 & t is 9 ! prep>ation ( ,f]ri ,pulvis or p[d] ( iron by r$uction ( ! sesquioxide--to propose ! sub/itution ( common coal gas z a r$uc+ ag5t = ! hydrog5 gas direct$ by all ! =mulas1 ! =m] be+ obvi\sly s va/ly m conv5i5t & f> less exp5sive4 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,be/u*eff',s ,,t9cture4 ,,by ,,fr4 ,,ma,,er4 ,pure sesqui-*loride & poto-*loride ( iron are unkn[n to ! ,ph>macopia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a fact :i* seems /range to a ,g]man ph>maceuti/1 s9ce !y are met ) 9 e ,g]man disp5satory1 & require great c>e = _! prop] prep>ation4 ,! ,am]ican ,ph>macopia inde$ recognizes a t9cture ( *loride ( iron1 prep>$ by dissolv+ ! sub-c>bonate 7sesqui oxide7 ( iron 9 hydro*loric acid1 & add+ alcohol4 ,?is t9cture w\ld be reject$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 s9ce !y endeavor !re to obta9 ! prep>ations ( p]*loride ( iron free f any traces ( sesqui-*loride1 :ile ^? ( ! sesqui-*loride %\ld conta9 no admixture ( ! proto salt4 ,?is %[s ! practical "* ( ! ,am]ican #bcd ,ph>macopia1 :i* does n dem& ( ! apo!c>y a purity ( prep>ation :i* x is next to impossible to meet4 ,:ile mak+ ?is ackn[l$gm5t1 a good =mula = ! prep>ation ( sesqui-*loride ( iron /ill rema9s desirable4--,?is drug too1 is sometimes us$ 9 ,am]ican practice1 z may be se5 f ! 8,notes on ,ph>macy10 by ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,canavan1 9 ! ,may numb] ( ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy4 ,mr4 ,canavan has giv5 "o ( ! olde/ =mul f ! ,au/rian ,ph>macopia ( #ahbj1 z f\nd 9 ! ,ph>macopie ,univ]selle by ,j\rdan4 ,?is =mula directs u to dissolve ! iron 9 a k9d ( aqua regia1 & !n to evaporate ! sup]flu\s acid by means ( a s& ba?4 ,! sesqui-*loride ?us obta9$ is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( 8,be/u*eff's t9cture10 by dissolv+ "o ounce ( x 9 an ounce ( wat]1 add+ twelve ounces ( e!r & agitat+1 !n decant+ ! e!real solution1 & f9ally mix+ x ) f\r times its bulk ( alcohol4 ,hav+ _h frequ5t occasion to prep>e ?is t9cture z well 9 ,g]many z 9 ?is city1 x may n be unsuitable if ,i give "h ! =mula = its prep>ation1 :i* seems to me ! mo/ conv5i5t1 z well z my reasons = ?9k+ s4 ,! sesqui-*loride ( iron may be obta9$ 9 a pure & neutral /ate1 by pass+ a curr5t ( *lor9e gas ?r\gh a solution ( proto-*loride ( iron1 until a solution ( ! r$ f]rocyanide ( potassium ( ,gmel9 no long] produces a blue precipitate1 & !n evaporat+ ! solution by means ( a wat] ba?4 ,9 ?is mann] ! salt c readily be obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e =m4 ,"o ounce ( ! cry/als ?us obta9$ is to be dissolv$ 9 twelve ounces ( e!r1 if we reta9 ! alleg$ proportions1 mix$ ) f\r times its bulk ( alcohol1 & f9ally blea*$ by expos+ x to ! direct light ( ! sun4 ,! ,prussian ,ph>macopia ( #ahdf gives ! foll[+ proportions3--,"o dra*m ( ! sesqui-*loride ( iron1 or two dra*ms ( ! aque\s solution1 "o fluid ounce ( e!r1 & ?ree fluid ounces ( alcohol4 #bce ,"h we h to notice1--#a/1 ,t x is pref]able to take e!r & alcohol by weight r ?an by measure1 s9ce _! volume is v mu* influ5c$ by ! temp]ature1 :i* may range f #cb to #fj or #hj4 #bnd1 ,t ! sesqui-*loride1 prep>$ ) nitro-nuriatic acid1 is n s easy to obta9 9 cry/als1 9 consequ5ce ( ! adh]+ nitro-nuriatic acid1 :i* is always reta9$ 9 small quantities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by dry+ ! salt y w1 9 almo/ e case1 spoil a quantity ( x by driv+ (f too mu* ( ! acid4 #crd1 ,t ! sesqui-*loride ( iron1 if 9 cry/als1 is easily & :olly soluble 9 e!r1 :ile ! aque\s solution ( x is b p>tially s1 a portion be+ decompos$1 z is evid5c$ by ! solution becom+ muddy4 ,! e!real solution1 if prep>$ 9 ! la/ m5tion$ mann]1 mu/ be ( unc]ta9 /r5g?1 :i* is avoid$ by ! fir/4 ,9 ,europe ,be/u*eff's t9cture is mu* us$ by physicians4 ,x sometimes agrees bett] 9 ! blea*$ /ate1 sometimes :5 color$4 ,:5 fir/ prep>$ ! t9cture has a yell[ hue1 :i* x loses by exposure to ! light ( ! sun4 ,if1 aft] x has ?us be5 blea*$1 x is plac$ 9 a d>k closet1 x aga9 becomes yell[i%1 ?\gh ! color is n s deep z at fir/4 ,,on ,,socotr9e ,,aloe ,,juice1 ,,or ,,liquid ,,socotr9e ,,aloes4 ,,by ,,jona?an ,,p]eira1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 7,physician to ! ,london ,hospital47 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! ,socotr9e aloes import$ into ,engl& v>ies consid]ably 9 its consi/5cy1 & is sometimes met ) 9 a s(t or semi-fluid /ate4 ,frequ5tly1 on op5+ a package ( ?is sort ( aloes1 ! int]ior is f\nd to #bcf be q s(t1 :ile ! ext]ior is firm & h>d4 ,9 g5]al ?is arises f insuffici5t evaporation ( ! aloe juice4 ,9 ! ?ird edition ( my ,elem5ts ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 7vol4 ii41 "p #a1 p4 #ajgg1 publi%$ 9 #ahej17 ,i h briefly ref]r$ to a s(t or semi-liquid ,socotr9e aloes1 :i* _h a bright or palm-oil yell[ color & odor4 ,at t "t ,i _h b little opportunity ( inve/igat+ ?is v int]e/+ drug2 b a l>ge importation ( x hav+ rec5tly tak5 place1 ,i h m fully exam9$ x1 &1 z x appe>s to me to be ! raw or unboil$ juice ( ! plant yield+ :at is kn[n 9 comm]ce z ,socotr9e aloes1 ,i propose to di/+ui% x f ! ord9>y s(t ,socotr9e aloes by ! "n ( 8,socotr9e ,aloe ,juice40 ,messrs4 ,horn]1 ! hold]s ( ! :ole ( ! pres5t importation ( ?is juice1 in=m me t x 0 pur*as$ ( ! ,arabs up ! ,r$ ,sea1 by a m]*ant1 :o 0 assur$ by ! v5d]s t x 0 v f9e aloe juice1 & _h n be5 boil$ or o!rwise alt]$4 ,x 0 import$ into ,london by way ( ,madras1 9 casks ea* conta9+ six cwt4 ,i am in=m$ t ! cont5ts ( "s ( ! packages h und]gone decomposition dur+ ! voyage4 ,its consi/5ce is t ( treacle or v ?9 honey2 its color deep orange or palm oil yell[2 its odor p[]ful1 fragrant1 & resembl+ t ( f9e ,socotr9e aloes4 ,by /&+ x sep>ates into two p>ts1--an inf]ior1 pal] color$1 opaque1 f9ely granul> portion1 & a sup]ior1 d>k] color$1 transp>5t liquid4 ,! latt] =ms1 h[ev]1 a v small portion ( ! :ole mass4 ,:5 ! granul> portion is submitt$ to microscopic exam9ation1 x is f\nd t ! opacity & granul> appe>ance arise f myriads ( beautiful prismatic cry/als4 ,if a temp]ature ( #acb ,fah4 be appli$ to ! juice ^! cry/als melt or dissolve1 & ! juice becomes deep r$ & transp>5t2 & :5 ! liquid becomes cold x reta9s its transp>5cy1 & does n deposit any cry/als4 ,by evaporation ! juice yields a solid1 transp>5t extract1 hav+ all ! #bcg *>act]s ( f9e ,socotr9e aloes1 9 :i* no traces ( cry/all9e texture c be discov]$4 ,mr4 ,jacob ,bell has asc]ta9$ t #ad lbs4 ( ! juice yield #hlbs4 #abozs4 ( solid extract1 or #fb #a_/b p] c5t4 :5 ! juice is mix$ ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 x becomes opaque yell[1 & r5d]s ! wat] turbid1 b is n miscible ) x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 heat be appli$1 ! juice dissolves 9 ! wat]1 =m+ an almo/ cle>1 ri* r$ liquid4 ,z ! solution cools1 x at fir/ becomes turbid1 ow+ to ! sep>ation ( an opaque yell[ precipitate1 :i*1 app>5tly1 is ! cry/all9e pr9ciple 9 an amorph\s =m4 ,?is gradually sep>ates f ! liquid & collects z a cle> res9i=m mass 7commonly call$ ! res9 ( aloes7 at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 leav+ ! sup]natant liquid tol]ably cle>4 ,if ! juice be %ak5 up ) rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 an uni=m cle> mixture is obta9$1 f :i* num]\s yell[ cry/als rapidly fall to ! bottom ( ! liquid4 ,simil> results are obta9$ :5 we mix ! juice ) equal p>ts ( rectifi$ _s ( w9e & wat]4 ,?is cry/all9e con/itu5t ( ,socotr9e aloes is d\btless1 ei!r ! alo9#ba describ$ by ,messrs4 ,t4 ,h4 ,smi?1 ( ,ed9burgh1 & by ,dr4 ,/5h\se1 or a pr9ciple closely alli$ to x4 ,dr4 ,/5h\se1 to :om ,i h giv5 a sample ( x1 is n[ engag$ 9 its inve/igation2 & 9 a lett] :i* ,i h receiv$ f him1 he says1 t ?\gh he has n be5 able to get ! alo9 ready = analysis1 yet f ! exp]im5ts he has already made ) x1 he has sc>cely a d\bt t x w be f\nd id5tical ) t =m]ly obta9$ f ,b>bados aloes4 ,x =ms1 he adds1 a precisely simil> comb9ation ) brom9e1 &1 9 %ort1 agrees ) x 9 e p>ticul>2 ,i %all1 !re=e1 provisionally t]m ?is cry/all9e pr9ciple ! alo9 ( ,socotr9e aloes4 ,on comp>+ x ) a f9e specim5 ( alo91 k9dly pres5t$ to me by ,messrs4 ,smi?1 ,i f9d its cry/als small] & m tap]+--! summits ( ! cry/als be+ m acute4 #ba ,see ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 ,no4 vi4 page #agg4 ,9 dry+1 ! cry/als ( ! ,socotr9e alo9 h a /rong #bch t5d5cy to break up2 s t cry/als :i* 9 ! moi/ /ate are mod]ately l>ge & regul>1 become small & pulv]ul5t :5 dry4 ,l ! alo9 cry/als ( ,messrs4 ,smi?1 ! alo9 cry/als ( ,socotr9e aloes1 /rongly d\bly refract & depol>ize light1 & are1 !re=e1 beautiful objects :5 view$ by ! pol>iz+ microscope4 ,! cry/als ( alo9 conta9$ 9 ,socotr9e aloe juice _c be conf\nd$ ) ! cry/als ( oxalate & phosphate ( lime f\nd 9 ! juices ( v>i\s plants1 & :i* are call$ by botani/s raphides4 ,! appe>ance "u ! microscope ( ! =m] is v diff]5t f t ( ! latt]4 ,moreov]1 ! ready fusibility1 solubility1 & complete combu/ibility ( alo9 cry/als easily di/+ui% !m f ! calc>e\s salts j ref]r$ to4 ,on plat9um foil ! alo9 burns )\t leav+ any residue1 except su* z may arise f ! pres5ce ( traces ( "s =eign matt]4 ,alo9 may be readily obta9$ f ! juice by mix+ ! latt] ) _s 7ei!r rectifi$ or pro(17 & collect+ & dry+ ! precipitate4 ,:5 procur$ 9 ?is way x appe>s to ! nak$ eye l a yell[ p[d]2 b :5 exam9$ by ! microscope x is f\nd to consi/ ( m9ute fragm5ts ( cry/als4 ,! t9cture f :i* ! alo9 has be5 sep>at$1 yields by di/illation a _s hav+ ! fragrant odor ( ! juice2 %[+ t ! latt] conta9s "s volatile odor\s pr9ciple4 ,by evaporation ! t9cture yields a res9i=m extract4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( my ,elem5ts ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 publi%$ #ahdj1 ,i h /at$1 t by dige/+ hepatic aloes 9 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 a yell[i% granul> p[d] is obta9$ :i* is insoluble 9 cold wat]1 alcohol1 e!r1 & dilute sulphuric acid1 b is readily soluble 9 a solution ( cau/ic pota%1 =m+ a r$ color$ liquid4 ,! p[d] l residue "h ref]r$ to1 is id5tical ) ! alo9 ( ,socotr9e aloes4 ,:5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 x is p]ceiv$ to consi/ ( v m9ute prismatic cry/als1 :i* depol>ize pol>iz$ light l ! l>g] cry/als ( alo9 above ref]r$ to4 ,i #bci ?9k1 !re=e1 t x may be safely inf]r$ t hepatic aloes has be5 prep>$ )\t ! employm5t ( artificial heat1 & t its opacity is due to ! pres5ce ( m9ute cry/als ( alo94 ,:5 ,socotr9e aloes is dige/$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 an insoluble portion is also obta9$2 b its color1 in/ead ( be+ yell[1 z 9 hepatic aloes1 is d>k br[n4 ,on submitt+ ?is d>k br[n insoluble portion to microscopic exam9ation1 ,i f9d t x conta9s depol>iz+ cry/als4 ,artificial ,socotr9e aloes 7prep>$ by evaporat+ ?is aloe juice7 also yields1 :5 dige/$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 a d>k br[n insoluble portion4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ,socotr9e aloes diff]s f hepatic aloes 9 ! circum/ance ( its hav+ be5 prep>$ by ! aid ( artificial heat2 by :i* its alo9 con/itu5t has become alt]$4 ,?is inf]5ce is fur!r sub/antiat$ by ! fact1 t aft] x has be5 melt$1 hepatic aloes is f\nd to h acquir$ ! cle>ness & transp>5cy ( ! ,socotr9e sort4 ,! cle> sup]natant portion ( aloe juice1 f :i* ! above cry/als h subsid$1 w\ld probably also yield1 by spontane\s evaporation1 an extract resembl+1 or id5tical )1 ,socotr9e aloes4 ,t ,socotr9e & hepatic aloes 7 obta9$ f ! same plant1 & 7 n diff]5t species ( aloes1 ,i h long suspect$2 & 9 ! fir/ edition ( my "w on ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 ,i h obs]v$ t 8! simil>ity ( ! odor ( ,socotr9e & hepatic aloes leads to ! suspicion t !y are obta9$ f ! same plant2 & :i* is fur!r confirm$ by ! two be+ sometimes br\ght ov] int]mix$1 ! ,socotr9e occasionally =m+ a ve9 9 a cask ( ! hepatic aloes40 ,! int]mixture ( ! two sorts ( aloes 9 ! same cask might be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! consolidation ( ! cle> portion ( ! juice has produc$ ! s-call$ ,socotr9e aloes2 :ile ! opaque alo9 conta9+ portion ( juice has yield$ :at is t]m$ hepatic aloes4 #bdj ,9 ! ?ird edition ( my "w above allud$ to1 ,i h /at$ t ! "n ( opaque liv]-color$ ,socotr9e aloes might ) propriety be appli$ to hepatic aloes4 ,b until ! pres5t "t ,i h be5 unable to (f] a plausible explanation ( ! cause ( ! diff]5ce 9 ^! two comm]cial k9ds ( aloes4 ,f ! prec$+ rem>ks ,i ?9k we may inf]3 #a4 ,t alo9 pre-exi/s 9 a cry/all9e =m 9 ! juice ( ,socotr9e aloes4 #b4 ,t ! sub/ance :i* deposits z a decoction ( ,socotr9e aloes cools1 & :i* is usually t]m$ ! res9 or ! res9oid ( ,socotr9e aloes1 is ! alo9 9 a modifi$ /ate4 #c4 ,t hepatic aloes#bb is ! juice ( ! ,socotr9e aloes plant :i* has be5 solifi$ )\t ! aid ( artificial heat4 #d4 ,t hepatic aloes owes its opacity to ! pres5ce ( m9ute cry/als ( alo94 #e4 ,t ! juice ( ,socotr9e aloes yields1 :5 evaporat$ by artificial heat1 an extract possess+ all ! prop]ties ( comm]cial ,socotr9e aloes4--,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 ,april1 #aheb4 #bb ,by ! t]m 8hepatic aloes0 ,i mean ! opaque liv]-color$ aloes import$ into ,engl& f ! ,ea/ ,indies 7usually f ,bombay74 ,?is sort ( aloes is v diff]5t f ! hepatic ,b>badoes aloes1 :i* =m]ly appe>s to h be5 exclusively call$ 8hepatic aloes40 ,,! ,,*emical ,,composition ,,( ,,cod-,,liv] ,,oil4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,w9ckl]4 ,( all ! drugs :i* h be5 introduc$ into m$ical practice )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 none has excit$ s mu* att5tion1 & has met ) s favorable a reception1 z cod-liv] oil4 ,to :at pr9ciples its peculi> prop]ties are to be ref]r$1 has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,by "s !y h be5 attribut$ #bda to ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( iod9e2 b ?is has n prov$ a satisfactory explanation4 ,_m *emi/s h endeav\r$ to solve ?is problem1 b )\t success4--,among/ o!rs1 ,dr4 de ,jongh1 :o attribut$ its virtue to gadu9--a new pr9ciple :i* he _h discov]$ 9 ! oil1 ) ! usual fatty acids1 & "s ( ! con/itu5ts ( bile1 & traces ( iod9e & brom9e4 ,! results ( my rese>*es are diff]5t1 9 an important degree4 ,accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 cod-liv] oil is an organic :ole ( a peculi> "*1 diff]+ 9 its *emical composition f any ( ! fat oils :i* h be5 h]et(ore appli$ to m$ical purposes4 ,! evid5ces = ?is conclusion are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,:5 ! cle>1 pale cod-liv] oil is saponifi$ ) pota%1 & ! result+ soap treat$ ) t>t>ic acid1 oleic & m>g>ic acids are obta9$4 #b4 ,:5 a mixture ( six p>ts ( cau/ic pota%1 tw5ty-f\r p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 & tw5ty-f\r p>ts ( cod-liv] oil1 aft] be+ all[$ to rema9 at an ord9>y temp]ature1 & (t5 %ak51 & f9ally dilut$ ) tw5ty-f\r p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 is di/ill$1 a di/illate is obta9$1 :i* possesses an int5se odor ( cod-liv] oil1 & conta9s an appreciable quantity ( a peculi> organic comp\nd1 namely1 oxide ( propyl4 #c4 ,:5 n9e p>ts ( cod-liv] oil are saponifi$ ) five p>ts ( oxide ( lead1 ) ! necess>y quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 9 a porcela9 vessel1 by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 ! oil is decompos$ into oleic & m>g>ic acids1 & a new acid propylic acid4 ,! *ief "p ( ?is acid comb9es1 l ! oleic & m>g>ic acids1 ) ! oxide ( lead1 z x appe>s1 to =m a basic comp\nd2 & ano!r lead salt1 probably an acid "o1 c be wa%$ out ( ! plai/] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t no glyc]9e is =m$ 9 ?is process4 ,! plai/] smells ( tra9 oil & h]r+s2 & :5 x is expos$ 9 a ?9 lay] to ! action ( ! atmosph]e 9 a wat] ba?1 x becomes color$ d>k br[n1 aft] ! #bdb evaporation ( ! wat]2 & by ! same means x loses its p5etrat+ odor4 ,! cause ( ! color+ is due to ! /rong disposition :i* ! salts ( propylic acid possess to oxidize1 & consequ5tly1 to become br[n4 ,:5 ! solution ( ! acid propylate ( lead is treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 aft] ! sep>ation ( ! sulphuret ( lead1 is obta9$ an entirely colorless & /rongly acid react+ solution1 :i* by evaporation 9 a wat] ba?1 becomes by degrees color$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ "p ( ! op]ation x loses its p5etrat+ odor1 & at la/ leaves a d>k br[n residue4 ,exactly 9 ! same mann]1 ! wat]y solutions ( neutral propylates ( b>ytes & ammonia behave !mselves4 ,! neutral1 colorless1 & undecompos$ ammoniacal salt smells ( h]r+s2 & ! b>yta salt1 z conc5trat$ decoction ( meat4 #d4 ,:5 ! be=e-describ$ 7,no4 #b7 solution ( cod-liv] oil soap is ?r[n into a capaci\s di/ill]y app>atus1 ) ! addition ( cau/ic lime & *loride ( ammonium1 79 ! proportion ( six dra*ms ( cau/ic pota%1 ?ree ounces ( cod-liv] oil1 six ounces ( wat]1 six ounces ( fre% burnt lime1 & "o dra*m ( *loride ( ammonium17 ) ! precaution1 t ! mixture ( lime & *loride ( ammonium be n add$ until ! soap is =m$ 9 ! retort1 s t x may p5etrate ?or\ghly ! mass1 & ! di/illation proce$$ ) by means ( a g5tle heat1 z ! =mation ( hydrate ( lime evolves consid]able heat1 !re di/ils r quickly a cle>1 wat]y fluid1 ov] :i* is a conc5trat$ solution ( propylam9 free f ammonia4 ,by saturat+ ?is solution ) dilut$ sulphuric acid1 & add+ alcohol1 sulphate ( propylam9 readily cry/allizes out ( x4 ,?is simple exp]im5t s]ves to prove1 ) c]ta9ty1 t cod-liv] oil conta9s oxide ( propyl4 ,! propylam9 ?us obta9$ possesses all ! prop]ties ( t obta9$ f ! pickle ( h]r+s1 or ergot ( rye4 ,cod-liv] oil by saponification ) pota%1 is sep>at$ into oleic & m>g>ic acids1 & oxide ( propyl2 & ) oxide #bdc ( lead1 into oleic & m>g>ic acids1 & propylic acid--a high] result ( ! oxidation ( propyl--& gives by ei!r process ( saponification no hydrate ( ! oxide ( glycyl4 ,! glycyl 7,c#f ,h#c7 is 9 ?is oil replac$ by propyl 7,c#f ,h#g74 ,only 9 cod-liv] oil are ! conditions (f]$ = ! =mation ( propylam9 7,n ,h#b ,c#f ,h#g71 by ! pres5ce ( ammonia1 z all ! fat oils employ$ 9 m$ic9e are free f ?is sub/ance2 !re=e none ( ^! oils c be sub/itut$ = cod-liv] oil4 ,%\ld ?is rese>* ( ,w9ckl]1 z to ! exi/5ce ( ! hydrate ( ! oxide ( propyl 9 comb9ation ) ! fatty acids 9 cod-liv] oil1 be confirm$1 x w e/abli% an important fact 9 *emi/ry1 & may expla9 ! !rapeutic action ( t rem$y :i* has h]et(ore puzzl$ bo? *emi/s & physicians4 ,! comb9ations ( ! radical propyl h be5 previ\sly only kn[n z artificial productions2 !re=e ,w9ckl]s's exp]im5ts1 if true1 %[ t !y exi/ 9 nature1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !y are educts1 & n products1 f cod-liv] oil4 ,moreov]1 ! pres5ce ( oxide ( propyl1 & ! abs5ce ( oxide ( glycyl 9 cod-liv] oil1 w enable *emi/s to di/+ui% by te/s1 ) c]ta9ty1 ?is oil f o!r fatty oils4--,annals ( ,ph>macy1 ,june1 #aheb4 ,,gu>ana4 ,,communicat$ ,,by ,d4 ,,rit*ie1 ,,surgeon1 ,r4 ,n4 ,a m$ic9al sub/ance nam$ gu>an 0 pres5t$ to me ab\t two ye>s ago by a ,brazilian4 ,! virtues :i* he ass]t$ t x possess$ induc$ me to employ x z a rem$y 9 sev]al tr\blesome & ob/9ate cases ( disease4 ,! consequ5t b5efit 0 s decid$1 t ,i 0 conv9c$ ( ! #bdd great value x possess$ z a rem$ial ag5t4 ,?is conviction1 ) ! belief t x 0 /ill unkn[n1 impell$ me to br+ ! subject "u ! notice ( ! pr(ession 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( x 0 !re=e transmitt$ to ! editor ( ! 8,ed9burgh ,mon?ly ,m$ical ,j\rnal10 :o =?) submitt$ x to ,pr(essor ,*ri/ison4 ,to ! k9dness & ext5sive acquirem5ts ( ?is g5tleman ,i am indebt$ = ! in=mation1 t ! subject _h already engag$ ! att5tion1 ( ! bro!rs ,m>tius 9 ,g]many1 & sev]al ,fr5* writ]s4 ,x 0 a matt] ( satisfaction to me to f9d t ! op9ions ,i _h express$ reg>d+ ! great prospective importance ( ?is sub/ance 7 fully borne out by all ^? :o h dilig5tly exam9$ x4 ,z a k ( ! prop]ties & uses ( gu>an appe>s to be /ill little diffus$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i %all consid] t ,i am p]=m+ an acceptable s]vice to ! m$ical pr(ession 9 plac+ be=e x an ab/ract ( ! m important facts t are kn[n reg>d+ ?is sub/ance4 ,public att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to x by ,m4 ,gassic\rt 9 #ahag1 7,j\rnal de ,ph>mac41 tom4 iii41 p4 #bei72 b ! m]it ( discov]+ ! s\rce :5ce x is d]iv$1 & ( furni%+ a m complete description ( x1 belongs to ,von ,m>tius1 9 ! ye> #ahbf1 7,reise1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ajfa1 et seq47 ,! t]m gu>an is d]iv$ f ! "n ( a tribe ( ,indians1 :o are disp]s$ betwe5 ! riv]s ,p>ama & ,uruguay1 by :om x is v commonly us$ z a condim5t or m$ic9e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m ext5sively prep>$ = comm]cial purposes by ! ,mauhs1 an ,indian tribe 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tapajoz4 ,x is1 accord+ to ,m>tius1 prep>$ f ! se$s ( ! ,paull9ia sorbilis1 a species belong+ to ! natural family ,sap9dace4 ,! *>act]s ( ! species are3--,glabra1 caule erecto angulato1 foliis p9natis bijugis1 foliolis oblongis1 remote s9uato-obtuse-d5tatis1 lat]alibus basi rotundatis1 extimo basi cuneato1 petiolo nudo angnlato1 racemis pubesc5tibuserectis1 capsulis pyri=mibus apt]is ro/ratis1 valvulis intus villosis4 ,! se$s1 :i* rip5 9 ! mon? ( #bde ,octob] & ,novemb]1 are collect$1 tak5 out ( _! capsules1 & expos$ to ! sun1 s z to dry ! arillus 9 :i* !y are envelop$1 t x may be m readily rubb$ (f by ! f+]s4 ,!y are n[ ?r[n ^u a /one1 or into a /one mort>1 & r$uc$ to p[d]1 to :i* a little wat] is add$1 or :i* is expos$ to ! night dew1 & !n =m$ by knead+ into a d\gh4 ,9 ?is condition x is mix$ ) a few ( ! se$s entire or contus$1 & divid$ into masses1 weigh+ ea* ab\t a p\nd1 :i* are roll$ into cyl9drical or sph]ical =ms4 ,^! are dri$ by ! sun or by ! fire1 & become s h>d z to be brok5 ) difficulty4 ,_! surface is unev51 br[n1 or sometimes black1 f ! smoke to :i* !y h be5 subject$2 _! fractur$ surface is con*oidal1 unequal1 & res9oid2 color r$di% br[n1 resembl+ *ocolate4 ,?is is ! gu>an1 & 9 ?is condition1 or r$uc$ to p[d]1 x is kept = use or c>ri$ to m>ket4 ,! ,museum ( ! ,ed9burgh ,college ( ,physicians conta9s a specim5 ( x 9 ea* ( ^! =ms4 ,z x is liable to be adult]at$ ) cocoa or m&ioca fl\r1 x is ( great importance to be aw>e t ! g5u9e article is di/+ui%$ by its great] h>dness & d5sity1 & t1 :5 p[d]$1 x does n assume a :ite color1 b a grayi%-r$ t9t4 ,a *emical analysis ( ?is sub/ance 0 fir/ made by ,!odore ,m>tius1 9 #ahbf1 7,bu*n]'s ,rep]t4 de ,ph>m4 xxxi41 #ahbi1 p4 #cgj74 ,he f\nd x to consi/ ( a matt] 7tann987 :i* iron precipitat$ gre51 res91 a fat gre5 oil1 gum1 />*1 vegetable fibre1 & a :ite1 bitt]1 cry/all9e product1 to :i* ! efficacy ( ! m$ic9e 0 pr9cipally ow+1 & :i* he call$ gu>an9e4 ,?is he believ$ to be di/9ct f1 b alli$ to1 !9e & caffe9e1 & to possess ! foll[+ elem5t>y con/itu5ts3--,c#h1 ,h#aj1 ,o#b1 ,n#d4 ,ano!r v c>eful analysis ( gu>an 0 made 9 ! ye> #ahdj1 by ,,mm4 ,b]!mot & ,de*a/lus1 7,j\rnal de ,ph>macie1 tom4 xxvi41 p4 #eah1 et seq471 :i* v>ies 9 "s degree f ! prec$+4 ,!y f\nd ! matt]1 :i* #bdf 0 consid]$ to be res9 by ,m>tius1 a comb9ation ( tann9 ) gu>an9e1 exi/+ 9 a =m insoluble 9 wat] or e!r4 ,!y also det]m9$ ! p]fect id5tity ( ! cry/all9e matt] ) caffe9e4 ,x is f\nd to exi/ 9 a mu* l>g] proportion 9 ! fruits ( ! ,paull9ia ?an 9 any ( ! plants f :i* x has hi!rto be5 extract$4 ,alcohol is ! only ag5t :i* completely removes x f ! gu>an4 ,to ?is solution ! addition ( lime or hydrat$ oxide ( lead gives1 on ! "o h&1 ! insoluble tannates1 & on ! o!r1 ! cry/all9e matt]4 ,! m$ic9al virtues ( ?is sub/ance h be5 att5tively exam9$ by ,!odore ,m>tius1 7,op4 cit471 & m p>ticul>ly by ,dr4 ,gavrelle 7sur une n\velle sub/ance mdic9ale1 etc43 ,p>is1 #ahdj71 :o employ$ x v (t5 :ile 9 ,brazil1 z physician to ,don ,p$ro1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,france4 ,by bo? x is consid]$ a valuable rem$y1 & an important addition to ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,by ! vulg> x is held to be /oma*ic1 antifebrile1 & aphrodisiac2 is us$ 9 dys5t]y1 di>rha1 ret5tion ( ur9e1 & v>i\s o!r affections4 ,x /imulates1 & at ! same "t soo!s1 ! ga/ric sy/em ( n]ves4 ,x r$uces ! excit$ s5sibility ( ! cliac plexus1 !reby dim9i%+ febrile action1 & /r5g!n+ ! /oma* & inte/9es1 p>ticul>ly re/ra9+ excessive muc\s dis*>ges1 increas+ ! action ( ! he>t & ! art]ies1 & promot+ diaphoresis4 ,x is !re=e indicat$ z a valuable rem$y 9 fev]s1 or r$uc$ vital p[] result+ f cold or prolong$ wetness1 grief1 to great muscul> ex]tion1 depression ( spirits1 long wat*+1 & also 9 colic1 flatul5ce1 anorexia1 n]v\s hemicrania1 or 9 a dry condition ( ! sk94 ,x is contra-indicat$ 9 a ple?oric or load$ condition ( ! abdom9al visc]a1 & :5 !re exi/s det]m9ation ( blood to ! head4 ,x is said to increase ! v5]eal appetite1 b to dim9i% ! fecundat+ p[]4 ,9 cases :]e irritation ( ! ure?ra or ur9>y bladd] succe$ v5]eal or att5d organic disease1 x ex]ts a mo/ salut>y effect 9 soo?+ ! irritability ( ! muc\s #bdg membrane1 reliev+ ! n]v\s pro/ration :i* accompanies ^! affections1 & exalt+ vital p[]4 ,unlike ! disagreeable rem$ies :i* are g5]ally1 & (t5 )\t success1 employ$ 9 ^! affections1 x is tak5 ) pleasure1 & ) an am\nt ( success :i*1 z f> z my exp]i5ce ext5ds1 is univ]sal4 ,if we exam9e gu>an accord+ to its *emical *>act]s1 x mu/ be gu>d$ z a mo/ valuable sub/ance1 f its possess+ 9 s great a proportion t important nitrog5\s pr9ciple gu>an9e4 ,?is1 if n id5tical ) caffe9e1 is at lea/ analag\s to x1 & to !9e1 & !obrom9e1--all important elem5ts ( food & grateful /imul5ts4 ,f its *emical con/itution1 !n1 we may pr$ict ) great c]ta9ty its physiological action be+ p[]fully tonic2 b 9 ! comb9ation 9 :i* x is f\nd1 exp]i5ce indicates t x possesses conjo9$ m valuable prop]ties ?an belong to ! simple tonics4 ,its p[] ( correct+ g5]ally ! dis*>ges1 & re/or+ ! normal vitality ( ! muc\s membranes1 mu/ be view$ z "o ( ^!4 ,gu>ana1 9 ! /ate ( p[d]1 is exhibit$ 9 doses ( j1 ?ree or f\r times daily1 mix$ ) wat] & sug>1 or ) syrup & mucilage1 conjo9$ ) an aromatic1 z c9namon1 vanilla1 or *ocolate4 ,a conv5i5t =m is t ( extract1 obta9$ by treat+ ! gu>an ) alcohol1 & evaporat+ to ! consi/5ce ( pills4 ,?is may be exhibit$ 9 ! =m ( solution or pills4 ,! ,brazilians1 h[ev]1 use ! p[d] ) sug> & wat] alone1 & consid] ?is draught grateful & refre%+4--,mon?ly ,j\r4 ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 ,may1 #aheb4 #bdh ,,color$ ,,fires ,,= ,,pyrote*nical ,,purposes4 ,erdmann1 9 ! la/ numb] ( 8 j\rnal1 gives ! foll[+ =mul = prep>+ color$ fires1 :i* he has prov$ & f\nd to answ] ! purpose int5d$ admirably4 ,he p>ticul>ly enjo9s ! caution t ! +r$i5ts1 aft] be+ p[d]$ 9 a mort> sep>ately1 %\ld be mix$ ) ! h&1 z dang]\s explosions w\ld inevitably foll[ f ! +r$i5ts be+ rubb$ toge!r ) any h>d sub/ance4 ,r$4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #fa p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts4 ,c>bonate ( /rontia1 #bc p>ts4 ,rose ,r$4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #fa p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts4 ,*loride ( calcium1 #bc p>ts4 ,yell[1 ,no4 #a4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #fa p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts4 ,dri$ soda1 #bc p>ts4 ,yell[1 ,no4 #c4 ,saltpetre1 #fa p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #ag #a_/b p>ts4 ,dri$ soda1 #bj p>ts4 ,*>coal1 #a #a_/b p>ts4 ,d>k ,blue4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #fj p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts4 ,c>bonate ( copp]1 #ab p>ts4 ,burnt alum1 #ab p>ts4 ,sulphate ( pota% & ammonio-sul- phate ( copp] may be add$ to r5d] ! color m int5se4 ,purple ,r$4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #fa p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts4 ,*alk1 #bc p>ts4 ,orange ,r$4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #eb p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #ad p>ts4 ,*alk1 #cd p>ts4 ,yell[1 ,no4 #b4 ,saltpetre1 #ej p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts4 ,dri$ soda1 #bj p>ts4 ,gunp[d]1 #ad p>ts4 ,light ,blue4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #fa p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts4 ,burnt alum1 #bc p>ts4 ,d>k ,violet4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #fj p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts4 ,c>bonate ( pota%1 #ab p>ts4 ,burnt alum1 #ab p>ts4 ,light ,violet4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #ed p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #ad p>ts4 ,c>bonate ( pota%1 #af p>ts4 ,burnt alum1 #af p>ts4 #bdi ,gre54 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #gc p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #ag p>ts4 ,boracic acid1 #ai p>ts4 ,light ,gre54 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #fj p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts4 ,c>bonate ( b>ytes1 #bd p>ts4 ,= ,!atrical ,purposes4 ,:ite1 ,no4 #a4 ,saltpetre1 #fd p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #ba p>ts4 ,gunp[d]1 #ae p>ts4 ,:ite1 ,no4 #b4 ,saltpetre1 #fd p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #bb p>ts4 ,*>coal1 #b p>ts4 ,r$4 ,nitrate ( /rontia1 #ef p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #bd p>ts4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #bj p>ts4 ,gre54 ,nitrate ( b>ytes1 #fj p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #bb p>ts4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #ah p>ts4 ,rose4 ,sulphur1 #bj p>ts4 ,saltpetre1 #cb p>ts4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #bg p>ts4 ,*alk1 #bj p>ts4 ,*>coal1 #a p>ts4 ,blue4 ,saltpetre1 #bg p>ts4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #bh p>ts4 ,sulphur1 #ae p>ts4 ,sulphate ( pota%1 #ae p>ts4 ,ammonio-sulphate ( copp]1 #ae p>ts4 ,,extractum ,,lobeli ,,fluidum4 ,,by ,,william ,,proct]1 ,,jr4 ,hav+ _h occasion to prep>e a fluid extract ( lobelia at ! solicitation ( a druggi/1 ! foll[+ process 0 employ$1 :i* is bas$ on ! fact1 t 9 ! pres5ce ( an excess ( acid1 ! lobel9a ( ! natural salt :i* gives activity to ! drug1 is n decompos$ & de/roy$ by ! heat us$1 z expla9$ on a =m] occasion1 7vol4 xix4 page #ajh ( ?is ,j\rnal47 ,take ( ,lobelia 7! plant17 f9ely bruis$1 eight ounces1 7troy7 ,acetic acid "o fluid ounce4 ,dilut$ ,alcohol ?ree p9ts4 ,alcohol six fluid ounces4 #bej ,mac]ate ! lobelia 9 a p9t & a half ( ! dilut$ alcohol1 previ\sly mix$ ) ! acetic acid1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 introduce ! mixture into an e>!n displac]1 p\r on sl[ly ! rema9d] ( ! dilut$ alcohol1 & aft]w>ds wat] until ?ree p9ts ( t9cture are obta9$2 evaporate ?is 9 a wat] ba? to t5 fluid ounces1 /ra91 add ! alcohol &1 :5 mix$1 filt] ?r\gh pap]4 ,ea* teaspoonful ( ?is prep>ation is equal to half a fluid ounce ( ! t9cture4 ,x may be employ$ advantage\sly to make a syrup ( lobelia1 by add+ two fluid ounces ( ! fluid extract1 to t5 fluid ounces ( simple syrup1 & mix+4 ,syrup ( lobelia is an eligible prep>ation = prescription use1 9 cases :]e lobelia is indicat$ z an expectorant4--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy4 ,,new ,,me?od ,,= ,,prep>+ ,,& ,,exhibit+ ,,protiodide ,,( ,,iron4 ,,by ,m4 ,h4 ,,bonnewyn4 ,sev]al me?ods h be5 propos$ = ! prep>ation & exhibition ( protiodide ( iron1 all ( :i* are1 z f> z ,i am acqua9t$ ) !m1 subject to _m inconv5i5ces & objections4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ,i (f] to my fell[-labor]s a new me?od1 :i* bo? on acc\nt ( its uni=mity ( action & facility ( adm9i/ration1 des]ves to be adopt$ univ]sally4 ,e practical man kn[s t all prep>ations ( protiodide ( iron are bad1 = in/ance1 syrupus f]ri iodidi is a m$ic9e :i* is g5]ally dislik$1 & 9 "s individuals causes nausea & ev5 vomit+4 ,! pilul f]ri iodidi #bea likewise disagree ) "s con/itutions1 & :5 !y seem to agree1 !y nev] produce ! same regul> effects ev5 if prep>$ at ! same labratory4 ,accord+ to trials made by an exp]i5c$ physician1 :o has adm9i/]$ ! protiodide1 prep>$ accord+ to my me?od1 ,i am assur$ t ?is rem$y prep>$ by a d\ble decomposition 9 ! /oma*s ( ! pati5ts1 has always agre$ ) !m1 & produc$ m con/ant & salut>y effects4 ,x is already a well-kn[n fact1 t ! iodide ( iron 9 its incipi5t /ate is bett] assimilat$ by ! organs4 ,no4 #a4 ,dissolve "o gramme ( iodide potassium 9 #cjj grammes ( wat]4 ,no4 #b4 ,take sulphate ( iron #a #a_/b grammes2 make a p[d] & divide into eighte5 equal p>ts4 ,dissolve "o ( ! p[d]s 9 a l>ge table-spoonful ( sug>$ wat] be=e swall[+ x2 take imm$iately aft]w>s1 "o table-spoonful ( ! solution4 ,x is evid5t t by ?is op]ation1 ea* "t _! is produc$ 9 ! /oma* "o gra91 or ab\t five c5tigrammes ( iodide ( iron 9 its incipi5t /ate4 ,al?\gh ^! proportions d n correspond absolutely1 b only approximately ) _! *emical equival5ts1 nev]!less1 _! effects answ] fully ! purposes bo? ( ! *emi/1 & ,physician4--,annals ( ,ph>macy & ,practical ,*emi/ry4 ,,tannate ,,( ,,z9c4--,! prep>ation ann\nc$ ( late1 "u ! "n ( ! ,salt ( ,b>nit1 z infallible aga9/ gonorrhra :5 us$ z an injection1 is1 accord+ to ! analysis ( ,m4 ,*evali]1 a tannate ( z9c4 ,?is salt :i* is soluble1 may be prep>$ by saturat+ a solution ( tannic acid ) fre%ly precipitat$ & moi/ oxide ( z9c1 filt]+ & evaporat+ 9 a wat] ba?4 #beb ,,editorial4 ,,! ,,conv5tion4--,we *e]fully give place to ! foll[+ notice f ,dr4 ,gu?rie1 9 reg>d to ! approa*+ meet+ ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,conv5tion4 ,we regret to le>n t ! "t appo9t$1 is n ! mo/ conv5i5t "o = _m ( ! delegates :om we may expect f ! s\?4 ,x is too late1 h[ev]1 to *ange ! "t ( meet+1 7 !re any au?ority by :i* su* *ange c\ld be made4 ,9 view ( ! importance ( ! object1 we hope t !re may be a full att5dance on ! "p ( ! delegates1 ev5 at ! co/ ( "s p]sonal sacrifice4 ,if ! :ole c\ntry be repres5t$1 a "t c !n be *os5 = a future meet+ :i* w suit a majority ( ^? pres5t3 8,,notice4--,! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,ph>maceutical ,conv5tion1 w take place 9 ,philadelphia1 on ,w$nesday1 ! #f? ( ,octob] next4 ,x be+ a matt] ( mu* importance t ?is meet+ %\ld numb] z _m ( our ,druggi/s & ,*emi/s z possible1 ,i deem x prop] to sugge/ t n only all regul>ly incorporat$ & un9corporat$ associations ( ?is k9d %\ld see t !y are fully repres5t$1 b t :]e no associations exi/ z yet1 ! apo!c>ies %\ld s5d "o or m ( _! numb] z delegates to ! conv5tion1--su* w1 no d\bt1 be *e]fully admitt$ to seats 9 ! conv5tion4 ,?is meet+ x is to be hop$1 w ei!r take ! necess>y /eps to ! =mation ( a regul> & p]man5t national organization1 or possibly effect su* organization dur+ its sitt+s4 ,we tru/ all :o feel an int]e/ 9 ?is important subject1 w rememb] ! "t & place1 & give u _! assi/ance 9 p]son or by delegate4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,gu?rie1 ,presid5t ( ,conv5tion40 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4--,! editor ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 has done mu* to raise ! /&>d ( ,am]ican ,ph>macy4 ,he has a solid reputation f\nd$ on l>ge k & great indu/ry4 ,x is ) pleasure !n t we obs]ve ! att5tion he be/[s ^u our ,j\rnal4 ,he has tak51 h[ev]1 r an unusual c\rse1 9 animadv]t+ sep>ately ^u mo/ ( ! directly practical articles t h appe>$ 9 our pages1 & 8 criticisms h giv5 rise to "s reclamations on ! "p ( our contributors1 :i* we subjo93 ,,comm5ts ,,on 8,,comm5ts40--,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy 7,philadelphia71 = ,july1 conta9s 8,ph>maceutical notices1 be+ extracts f v>i\s articles 9 ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 ) comm5ts by ! editor10 9 :i* #bec our fri5d ,proct]1 criticises1 r sev]ely1 "s ( ! ph>maceutical =mul & sugge/ions t h be5 (f]$ 9 ?is ,j\rnal4 ,) full respect = ! great acquirem5ts & high "* z a practical ph>maceuti/1 to :i* my fri5d ,proct] is ju/ly entitl$1 ,i %\ld h be5 glad if ! articles1 ^u :i* he comm5ts1 _h met 8 approval2 & ,i "k ( no "o t ,i w\ld r %\ld set me "r1 if any?+ t ,i h (f]$ does n f9d acceptance ) him4 ,) ! great] "p ( 8 comm5ts1 ,i d n ?9k !re is occasion = controv]sy1--matt]s ( fact read]s c judge = !mselves1 & x c]ta9ly is ( little consequ5ce1 :o may be f\nd 9 error1 comp>$ ) ! elucidation ( tru?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 respect to ! consi/5ce ( ,syrup ( ,gum ,arabic1 he is probably ne>] "r1 7dur+ ?is hot wea!r1 at any rate7 ?an ,i 01 & /ill1 ,i ?9k he is n "r4 ,my exp]i5ce ) ! pres5t (fic9al =mula1 _h be5 9 ! cold season1 :5 ,i f\nd ! syrup decid$ly too ?ick = conv5i5t use1 especially by itself2 a l>ge proportion ( x cry/alliz$ 9 ! temp]ature ( ! %op1 & ! m\? & neck ( ! bottle *ok$ up ) c&i$ syrup e two or ?ree times x 0 us$4 ,i _h f\nd ! =m] syrup to answ] v well 9 reg>d to consi/5ce & flavor1 ?\gh1 x c]ta9ly c\ld n be consid]$ p]man5t2 x _h to be made 9 small quantities & frequ5tly2 inde$1 ,i d n suppose t any liquid comb9ation ( gum1 sug> & wat] only1 c be made ( a p]man5t "*4 ,s9ce read+ ,mr4 ,proct]'s comm5ts1 ,i h made ?is syrup aga9 by ! pres5t =mula1 & x does keep decid$ly bett] at ?is season1 ?an t made 9 ! o!r proportions1 yet n p]fectly2 & !re is consid]able cry/allization1 ev5 9 ! v hot wea!r we h _h lately4 ,i inf] t syrup :i* cry/allizes at ?is season1 has an excess ( sug> 9 x1 ! cry/als =m$ t5d+ fur!r to r$uce ! rema9+ syrup1 & ?us soon] promote acidity ?an if a proportion ( sug> _h be5 us$ :i* c\ld rema9 9 solution4 ,p]haps1 a m$ium betwe5 ! two =mul c\ld be hit ^u1 9 :i* ! prop] balance might be bett] atta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! =mula (f]$ = ,comp\nd ,syrup ( ,squill1 9 our ,j\rnal = ,april1 !re is an error ( f\r ounces 9 ! quantity ( honey1 :i* %\ld h be5 tw5ty-two ounces4 ,:e!r x 0 made by ! pr9t] or n _c be asc]ta9$1 z 8! copy has be5 de/roy$40 ,i _h n notic$ x until my att5tion 0 call$ to x by ,mr4 ,proct]'s comm5ts4 ,! quantity ( sug> us$ by me 9 mak+ ?is syrup 01 = conv5i5ce1 "o p\nd avoirdupois weight2 t ( honey1 "o p\nd & a half1 same weight4 ,9 transcrib+ ! =mula = a m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,i ?\ght ,i mu/1 p] cu/om1 r5d] x 9 troy weights2 s z #ae oz4 troy are #bjj grs4 m ?an "o p\nd av41 ,i set d[n #ae oz41 & int5d$ to set d[n #bb oz4 ( honey1 z be+ only #fj grs4 m ?an "o p\nd & a half av4 ,i ?9k ?is addition ( #d oz4 ( honey w make ! :ole come up to ,mr4 ,proct]'s measure ( 8#ef fluid ounces be=e ! ebullition10 c41 & a little ov]4 ,! boil+ c be cont9u$ only = a few m9utes4 ,i 0 =m]ly 9 ! practice ( boil+ to ?ree p9ts1 & add+ #dh grs4 t>t> emetic1 b f9d+ t ,i _h to evaporate m ?an half a p9t1 & judg+ t #bed ! /r5g? ( ! result+ prep>ation 0 r less5$ ?an increas$ !reby1 ,i conclud$ to /op at ?ree & a half p9ts4 ,z to ! proportion ( sug> & honey1 !y am\nt toge!r to #b #a_/b p\nds av41 :i* ) two p9ts ( an evaporat$ m5/ruum1 conta9+ ! extractive matt] soluble 9 dilut$ alcohol ( #h oz4 ( ! roots1 furni%es a syrup ( good consi/5ce4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t solution ( sug> 9 a m5/ruum s *>g$1 is q diff]5t f t 9 wat]4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 an equal am\nt ( sug> ) t ( ! honey1 w\ld be pref]able4 ,i c only say1 t ,i employ$ ! same quantity a numb] ( times1 b r$uc$ x sev]al ye>s s9ce1 because x appe>$ to be too mu* = "s reason1 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* ,i d n recollect4 ,& z ?is =mula has always giv5 me a satisfactory prep>ation1 ,i h ?\ght no m ab\t x1 until n[4 ,or p]haps1 x w\ld be bett] to cont9ue ! evaporation to ?ree p9ts1 ) ! advantage ( produc+ a m symmetrical result1 correspond+1 at ! same "t1 ) ! quantity ( ! ,ph>macopia4 ,b1 is n ! (fic9al =mula 8almo/ z f> out ( ! way0 ! o!r way8 ,=ty-two oz4 ( sug> 9 =ty-eight fluid oz4 ( syrup6 ,c su* an am\nt rema9 9 solution tw5ty-f\r h\rs at any ord9>y temp]ature8 ,if m9e is an 8anomaly10 is n ?is an impossibility1 89 po9t ( consi/5ce08 ,9 ref]5ce to ! alcoholic objection1 x may be rem>k$1 t ! evaporation 9 ! case comm5t$ ^u1 is n 8f #d p9ts ( t9cture to #b p9ts10 b f #d #c_/d p9ts to #b p9ts4 ,! small portion ( alcohol1 t may rema9 aft] ?is evaporation & ! cont9u$ heat to ! end ( ! process1 c sc>cely be ( s]i\s consequ5ce 9 ! doses 9 :i* x is prescrib$2 x may h "s influ5ce 9 pres]v+ ! syrup1 & also 9 promot+ its m$ical action4 ,be all ?is z x may1 s f> z ta/e is a crit]ion1 ?is prep>ation appe>s to be ( at lea/ d\ble /r5g? 9 ! qualities ( bo? roots1 ( ! (fic9al syrup c>efully made by ! second process giv51--! fir/ be+1 z ,i suppose1 ) all apo!c>ies ( ! pres5t day1 8an obsolete idea40 ,g4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,comm5ts ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,philadelphia ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy1 ,,on ,,"s ,,extracts ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,orig9al ,,articles1 ,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy3--,aft] giv+ ! =mula = prep>+ ,/ramonium ,o9tm5t1 z modifi$ by ,e4 ,dupuy1 ! editor ( our contempor>y adds1 8! objection to ! (fic9al =mula on ! score ( color1 is h>dly valid1 & if x 0 s1 x w\ld be bett] to color x ) extract ( grass1 ?an to sub/itute a prep>ation :i* w con/antly v>y 9 /r5g? & appe>ance or ) ! age ( ! leaves4 ,! (fic9al extract ( /ramonium1 is easily incorporat$ ) l>d1 & produces a br[n color$ o9tm5t ( comp>atively uni=m /r5g?40 ,we d n pret5d to h furni%$ a =mula va/ly sup]ior to t receiv$ 9 our (fic9al guide4 ,b z we 7 writ+ = our locality *iefly1 & kn[+ ! g5]al expectation #bee & usage ( furni%+ /ramonium o9tm5t ( a gre5 color1 we h giv5 a =mula :i* does furni% an o9tm5t hav+ a prop] /r5g?1 requisite color1 )\t ! loss ( "t & mat]ial necess>ily incurr$ 9 manufactur+ a color ad hoc z sugge/$ by ,w4 ,proct]1 ,jr41 :i* f ! contam9ation ( ! decompos$ *lorophylle ( ! extract1 w\ld nev] comp>e favorably 7not)/&+ all t useless wa/e ( tr\ble17 s f> z its appe>ance is conc]n$1 ) ! f> readi] mode propos$ = trans=m+ at once by a few %ort manipulations ! dry /ramonium into an alcoholic extract & o9tm5t )\t liability to alt]ation dur+ ! process4 ,respect+ ! keep+ ( bo? o9tm5ts1 we c affirm t ! "o prep>$ by ! modifi$ =mula1 w keep z well if n bett] & long]1 ?an ! o!r1 & z ! color is a po9t ( "s importance = our public & practition]s1 we are satisfi$ t x w be pref]r$ on ! score ( economy ( "t z well z = its color1 :i* is desirable at lea/ )9 our circle ( cu/om4 ,,empla/rum ,,epispa/icum ,,) ,,camphor ,,& ,,acetic ,,acid4--,mr4 ,proct]1 objects to ! addition ( acetic acid to ! (fic9al bli/]+ c]ate1 & seems to smile at ! idea ( fix+ by x ! volatile pr9ciple ( ! can?>is1 :i*1 by ! way1 he gratuit\sly makes ! au?or to say is a neutral sub/ance1 :5 he says n a ^w ab\t x4 ,he quotes ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,r$wood1 :o 9 ! ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #ahda1 speaks ( acetic acid z n be+ a good solv5t = can?>id9e4 ,! reason is1 9 all probability1 f ! fact ( 8 us+ ! ,london /&>d /r5g?1 :i* is b #a4dh4 ,= ,messrs4 ,lav9i & ,sobr]o1 7,memoire lu a l'academie des sci5ces de ,tur91 #i ,m>s1 #ahde17 /ate t 8conc5trat$ acetic acid11 dissolves can?>id9e1 b m readily "u ! influ5ce ( heat40 ,respect+ ! volatility ( can?>id9e1 ^! same *emi/s h /at$ 9 ! same pap] 8t :ile manipulat+ ) b #eb grammes ( flies1 = ! rese>*es !y 7 mak+ on can?>id9e1 "o ( !m suff]$ f bli/]s produc$ on ! face & lips1 by ! emanations f ^! insects40 ,besides _! au?ority1 ,s\beiran1 9 8 ,traite de ,ph>macie1 & ,dorvault 9 ! ,(fic9e1 bo? /ate t can?>id9e is a v volatile sub/ance1 ev5 at ord9>y temp]ature1 & if t is1 z x appe>s to be1 ! ease1 :at reliable in=mation h we t only #a-cj? ( a gra9 0 volatiliz$ 9 ! exp]im5t m5tion$ by ,w4 ,proct]1 ,jr41 made ) #ajj grs4 ( p[d]$ can?>ides8 ,is x n v probable1 t 9 remov+ ! hygrometric wat]1 mu* m 0 lo/8 ,:atev] may be ! *anges :i* take place by ! addition ( acetic acid 9 a conc5trat$ /ate1 x is a fact1 prov$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! bli/]+ pla/] ?us prep>$1 keeps bett]--t is1 reta9s its p[] long] ?an ! (fic9al "o ev5 expos$ to ! air 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,z an example ( ! /ability ( ?is comb9ation1 we h ,br[n's ,can?>id9e :i*1 to all appe>ance1 is made f an e!rial extract ( can?>ides addition$ ) conc5trat$ acetic acid & incorporat$ 9 melt$ wax4 ,we f9d su* a mixture1 al?\gh spread on pap] & b imp]fectly protect$ f ! air1 reta9+ = a long p]iod its vesicat+ prop]ties4 ,is ?is advantage produc$ by a simple acid #bef saponification ( ! c]ate1 )\t reaction on ! active pr9ciple1 b t ( protect+ x f atmosph]ic influ5ces8 ,we ?9k x probable t !re is a modification tak+ place1 bo? on ! can?>is & o!r compon5ts ( ! c]ate4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,! ,,ri*mond ,,ph>maceutical ,,society4--,a l>ge numb] ( ! ,druggi/s & ,apo!c>ies ( ! city ( ,ri*mond1 held a meet+ on ! #aa? ( ,june = ! purpose ( =m+ a ,ph>maceutical ,society1 &1 hav+ appo9t$ a committee to draft a con/itution & bye-laws1 & to report to an adj\rn$ meet+1 on ! #bh? ( ! same mon?1 assembl$ on t day1 & adopt$ ! con/itution & bye-laws report$ by ! committee4 ,! election ( (fic]s 0 po/pon$ until ! #f? ( ,july4 ,at a full meet+ ( ^? :o _h sign$ ! con/itution1 ! foll[+ g5tlem5 7 elect$ (fic]s ( ! society1 = ! next twelve mon?s1 viz3 ,presid5t1 ,,alex&] ,,duval4 #a/ ,vice ,presid5t1 ,,james ,p4 ,,purcell4 #bnd ,vice ,presid5t1 ,j4 ,b4 ,,wood4 ,record+ ,secret>y1 ,,*as4 ,,millspaugh4 ,correspond+ ,secret>y1 ,s4 ,m4 ,,za*risson4 ,treasur]1 ,w4 ,s4 ,,be]s4 ,libr>ian1 ,,john ,t4 ,,gray4 ,aft] :i*1 sev]al nom9ations = memb]s & associate memb]s hav+ be5 made1 ! society adj\rn$ to ,monday1 #ac? in/ant1 t ! ,presid5t might1 dur+ ! recess1 appo9t ! /&+ committees1 z requir$ by ! con/itution4 ,! ,society hav+ assembl$ on ! #ac? in/ant1 ! foll[+ committees 7 report$3 ,committee on ,admission--,j4 ,bum1 ,john ,t4 ,gray1 ,e4 ,j4 ,pecot4 ,committee on ,ph>maceutical ,e?ics--,o4 ,a4 ,/reck]1 ,s4 ,w4 ,za*risson1 ,a4 ,bodek]4 ,committee ( ,f9ance--,peyton ,john/on1 ,b5jam9 ,f4 ,ladd1 ,edw>d ,mc,carthy4 ,committee on ,libr>y--,&rew ,leslie1 ,james ,p4 ,purcell1 ,william ,m4 ,dade4 ,executive ,committee--,john ,purcell1 ,w4 ,s4 ,bum1 ,r4 ,r4 ,duval3 ,aft] :i*1 sev]al nom9ations 7 made4 ,appropriations 7 plac$ at ! disposal ( ! libr>y committee = subscriptions to v>i\s p]iodicals1 & = ! pur*ase ( books1 aft] :i*1 ! meet+ adj\rn$4 #beg ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,septemb]1 #aheb4 ,,on ,,! ,,oil ,,( ,,gra9 ,,_s1 ,,or ,,fusel ,,oil4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,n4 ,,k5t4 ,! oil ( gra9 _s1 has rec5tly attract$ consid]able att5tion f ! fact ( its be+ ! basis ( a numb] ( artificial p]fumes or ess5ces1 "o ( :i* has be5 ext5sively us$ "u ! "n ( banana or pe> ess5ce4 ,! crude oil1 z is well kn[n1 consi/s pr9cipally ( hydrat$ oxide ( amyl1 mix$ ) m or less alcohol1 & small quantities ( o!r sub/ances1 ! nature ( :i* is n g5]ally kn[n1 ?\gh x has be5 ass]t$ t nan?ic e!r & nan?ic acid may be f\nd among !m4 ,to obta9 ! latt] articles 0 a desir$ object1 & t :i* l$ to ! subject ( ?is pap]4 ,crude fusel oil1 7or oil ( gra9 _s7 :5 di/ill$ 9 a glass retort1 comm5ces to pass ov] at ab\t #aij ,fahr5heit1 & a consid]able portion is obta9$ bel[ #bab2 :i* consi/s mo/ly ( alcohol & wat]1 ) a small quantity ( ! hydrat$ oxide ( amyl4 ,by *ang+ ! receiv] & cont9u+ ! op]ation to ab\t #bhj1 a l>ge product is obta9$1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( hydrat$ oxide ( amyl1 b contam9at$ ) a little alcohol & wat]1 & a trace ( less volatile oil1 :i* may be f\nd 9 l>g] quantity 9 ! residue rema9+ 9 ! retort4 ,?is residue is small1 ( an agreeable odor1 & consi/s ( sev]al sub/ances among #beh :i* may be f\nd1 an oil hav+ ! intoxicat+ smell1 b n ! *emical prop]ties ( nan?ic e!r1 o!r ?an a simil>ity 9 its boil+ po9t4 ,to obta9 a m p]fect sep>ation ( ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! crude oil1 a small copp] /ill 0 con/ruct$1 on ! pr9cipal :i* is n[ s successfully us$ 9 ! manufacture ( high pro( alcohol1 & :i* prov$ highly useful = ! above purpose4 ,?is /ill is s arrang$1 t ! vapor :i* is evolv$ by ! boil+ liquid1 passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( b5t tubes1 ea* ( :i* is connect$ ) a return pipe = return+ vapors less volatile ?an boil+ wat]1 back to ! /ill4 ,^! tubes are enclos$ 9 a copp] funnel fill$ ) cold wat]1 :i* becomes heat$ z ! op]ation proce$s1 & f9ally boils2 ! less volatile vapors are ?us prev5t$ f pass+ ov]1 & ! alcohol & wat] are almo/ p]fectly sep>at$ f ! oil rema9+ 9 ! /ill4--,if ! wat] is !n drawn (f f ! vessel conta9+ ! s]p5t9e tube1 ! di/illation may be cont9u$ till x ceases spontane\sly4 ,! product ?us obta9$1 :5 rectifi$ f a little dry cau/ic pota% to remove color+ matt] & acetic & val]ianic acid1 & aga9 rectifi$ f dry quick lime to remove wat]1 gives pure hydrat$ oxide ( amyl4 ,! residue left 9 ! copp] /ill is mo/ easily obta9$ by di/illation ) wat]1 conta9+ a little c>bonate ( soda to neutralise ! free acids conta9$ 9 x4 ,a small quantity ( a yell[ oil is ?us obta9$1 hav+ an agreeable v9\s odor simil> to nan?ic e!r1 b unlike t e!r x yields fusel oil1 in/ead ( alcohol1 :5 di/ill$ repeat$ly f cau/ic pota%4 ,x is consequ5tly an amyl comp\nd1 :ile nan?ic e!r is kn[n to be ! nan?ate ( oxide ( e?yle4 ,! residue rema9+ 9 ! /ill aft] ! above di/illation ) wat]1 consi/s ( acetic & val]ianic acids 9 comb9ation ) ! soda1 & ! solution holds 9 susp5sion a consid]able quantity ( byrat$ oxide ( iron1 :i* =m]ly exi/$ 9 comb9ation ) ! acids4 #bei ,f ! above /atem5t x appe>s t crude fusel oil conta9s ! foll[+ sub/ances1 viz3 ,alcohol1 ,wat]1 ,hydrat$ oxide ( amyl1 ,acetic acid1 ,val]ianic acid1 ,oxide ( iron4 ,& an amyl comp\nd1 analag\s to nan?ic e!r4 ,,easy ,,me?od ,,to ,,make ,,hyposulphite ,,( ,,soda4 ,,by ,,john ,c4 ,,tallon4 ,happ5+ to inquire ! price ( hyposulphite ( soda ( a :olesale druggi/1 x appe>$ to me t ! co/ ( its production is greatly "u ! :olesale price1 ,i !re=e sugge/ to apo!c>ies :o may wi% to make x pure1 = _! own consumption1 ! foll[+3 ,?r\gh a saturat$ solution ( sal soda 7asc]ta9$ to be free f sulphate7 pass sulphur\s acid gas until a small quantity1 tak5 out ( ! solution aft] agitation1 on ! end ( a glass rod1 gives a :ite precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]2 !n put ! solution into a beak] glass1 & boil x ) sulphur 7ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( ! weight ( ! soda 9 solution7 until a little ( ! liquid1 put into a te/ glass1 gives1 ) a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 a precipitate ( sulphur1 & ano!r portion ) nitrate ( silv] a :ite precipitate1 imm$iately turn+ yell[ & !n black1 :5 ! liquid is to be filt]$ & evaporat$ quickly1 until ! salt be cry/alliz$ q dry4 ,! cry/als are to be put into a closely /opp$ bottle1 & kept well secur$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,! advantage ( ?is process ov] ! common "o is t x c be made 9 ! /ore )\t any annoyance f ! /5* ( melt$ sulphur2 x co/s b little & does n require ! cont9u$ att5tion ( ! op]ator4 #gji ,gre5wi* ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ,augu/ #ab1 #aheb4 #bfj ,,notes ,,9 ,,ph>macy1 ,no4 #d4 ,,by ,,b5jam9 ,,canavan4 ,,t9ctura ,,be/us*effi4--,9 ! la/ numb] 7#h7 ( ?is ,j\rnal1 ,mr4 ,may]1 speak+ ( ?is prep>ation1 says t ! =mula giv5 by me 9 ! ,may numb]1 is ! 8olde/0 f 8! ,au/rian ,ph>macopia ( #ahbj10 & sugge/s1 z an improvem5t1 prep>+ ! salt by pass+ ?r\gh a solution ( proto*lor4 f]ri1 a curr5t ( *lor9e1 to ! prop] po9t ( saturation4 ,! =mula ,i gave is ! 8olde/0 & ! orig9al1 = :i* reason ,i select$ x1 af=d+ z x does ! 8,be/us*eff's t9cture10 at "o "t s highly valu$1 & ?\gh ,i did n consid] x v cr$itable to ! sci5tific accuracy ( its 8fa!rl&10 x is ! "o :i* 8did ! good40 ,! advantages1 seem+ly1 claim$ by ,mr4 ,may] = 8 process1 is its af=d+ a m c]ta9 prep>ation4 ,?is does n appe> evid5t1 z ! result+ t9cture w be ! same1 respectively1 by :atev] process1 suppos+ equal c>e to be us$ 9 conduct+ x4 ,x may be possible t a /rong] solution is obta9$1 b t is n ass]t$1 nor is x important1 z t w\ld conc]n ! dose1 n ! effect ( ! m$ic9e4 ,! diff]5ce1 aside f ! id5tity ( ! prep>ation1 appe>s to me to be t1 9 "o case exp]im5t w be necess>y to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! t9cture1 :il/ 9 ! o!r x c be det]m9$ m quickly by calculation1 b ! extra labor requir$ 9 ! process 9 ! lat] case1 m ?an c\nt]balances any sup]iority !re may be 9 ?is respect4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 no objection to make to ,mr4 ,may]'s process1 :i* is a v neat way ( mak+ 8,e!real ,t9cture ( ,sesqui*loride ( ,iron02 b1 ,i ?9k1 ^? :o desire to make 8,be/us*eff's ,t9cture10 w consid] x m /rictly accurate to adh]e to ! 8olde/ =mula40 ,,decompos$ ,,*lor(orm4--,a specim5 ( ?is article lately came into my possession1 to :i*1 ,i ?9k x "r to direct ! att5tion ( apo!c>ies1 al?\gh1 its villa9\s odor 0 s #bfa disagreeable & suffocat+1 z to r5d] x almo/ impossible t x c\ld be adm9i/]$1 /ill x may s]ve to tea* ! necessity ( all ^? hav+ to d ) ! article1 ex]cis+ su* increas$ c>e t s bad an article c\ld n pass ?r\gh _! h&s unnotic$2 = :at might be ! consequ5ces 9 su* a case if ! s5sible prop]ties ( ! article did n happ5 to be s repugnant8 ,& z x is desirable1 9 a sci5tific po9t ( view1 to "k ev]y?+ ab\t s important an ag5t1 x is prop] & necess>y t any?+ unusual 9 its reg>d %\ld be record$4 ,! article 9 "q1 0 conta9$ 9 a badly /opp$ bottle1 & _h leak$ "o-eigh? ( its quantity4 ,on remov+ ! cupp+1 an effloresc5t cru/ 0 obs]v$ coat+ ! upp] surface ( ! lip ( ! bottle & contigu\s /opp]1 ( a :iti%1 p>tly yell[i%-gre5 appe>ance1 hav+ a cau/ic ta/e1 & wa%+ (f readily ) wat] b n ) *lor(orm1 & precipitat+ nitrate ( silv]2 ! precipitate be+ soluble 9 ammonia & n 9 nitric acid1 lead+ me to inf] f ?is & o!r circum/ances1 t ?is sub/ance 01 probably a hydro*lorate ( ammonia4 ,! neck ( ! bottle be=e ! /opp] 0 remov$1 pres5t$ a yell[i% appe>ance f "s color$ sub/ance be+ int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! /opp]1 a pretty con/ant accompanim5t ( ?is k9d ( decomposition1 :i* %\ld always be not$4 ,on remov+ ! /opp]1 fumes escap$ hav+ a mo/ suffocat+ odor1 caus+ ! bottle to be )drawn quickly f ! no/ril & giv+ ) ammonia1 ! :ite fumes *>act]i/ic ( hydro*loric acid gas4 ,by exposure ! peculi> odor disappe>$1 & ! :ole ( ! liquid pass$ (f )\t leav+ any residue1 except a slight greasy appe>ance on ! sides ( ! glass f :i* x 0 evaporat$1 :i* 0 n ow+ to sulphuric acid4 ,! specific gravity 0 t ( good *lor(orm1 & sulphuric acid acquir$ no color :5 agitat$ ) a portion1 & ! reaction ) litmus 0 /rongly acid4 ,! bottle hav+ be5 empti$1 ! small portion :i* adh]$ to ! glass1 collect+ 9 ! bottom1 assum$ a yell[i% appe>ance resembl+ common muriatic acid4 ,n hav+ leisure or #bfb means to make an elaborate exam9ation1 ,i h&$ "s to "o ( our pr(essors ( *emi/ry1 :o w make an accurate analysis4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i deem$ x prud5t to note ^! p>ticul>s4 ,a l>ge quantity ( ! article1 made at ! same "t & by ! same process1 ,i h s9ce le>n$1 has be5 f\nd to h und]gone a simil> *ange4 ,! manufactur]1 supposes ! decomposition to h aris5 9 "s way f ! sulphuric acid us$ 9 ! process aft] ! mann] ( ,pr(essor ,gregory1 al?\gh e means 0 us$ to sep>ate x & none c\ld be detect$ 9 x :5 rec5tly made2 "s1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 ?us suppos$ to be free f acid1 ,i f\nd to slightly r$d5 litmus1 al?\gh ! smell 0 rem>kably f9e2 b x has be5 f\nd ,i le>n1 t ( two specim5s ( ! article tak5 f ! same bottle & expos$ to ! light1 "o und]w5t decomposition & ! o!r n4 ,x has occurr$ to me1 t ! sure/ way ( sep>at+ ! acid w\ld be to di/il ! *lor(orm f x2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! process ( ,gregory1 0 int5d$ to be adopt$ = small] quantities = imm$iate use1 & n = its manufacture on a l>ge scale1 to be kept4 ,,suppositoria4--,9 ! numb] ( ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,times = ,decemb]1 #ahea1 ,i took occasion to m5tion ! sup]iority ( cacao butt]1 to ! o!r excipi5ts = ! =mation ( suppositories1 a means ( m$ication :i* _h become almo/ obsolete2 n unlikely f ! circum/ance ( _! hav+ be5 prep>$ ) iritat+ sub/ances :i* c\nt]act$ _! int5d$ effect4 ,9 ! la/ 7,july7 numb] ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 7,philadelphia17 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,taylor1 7:o has n1 app>5tly1 se5 my little note17 gives sev]al =mulas = ^!1 :i* require ! cacao butt] to be melt$1 9 :i* /ate ! m$icam5t is incorporat$ ) x1 c4 ,i recur to ! subject = ! purpose ( /at+ t ,i h n f\nd x necess>y to adopt ?is v tr\blesome & t$i\s1 n to say inaccurate me?od4 ,! article1 at all seasons1 becomes suffici5tly pla/ic :5 8work$0 9 ! mort>1 or 9 v cold wea!r1 ) ! addition ( a drop or s ( almond or #bfc o!r prop] oil1 to admit ( be+ roll$ ) ! spatula into =m1 ! mo/ conv5i5t "o = :i* ,i h f\nd to be t ( a cyl9d] ab\t an in* long1 weigh+ tw5ty gra9s1 & fitt+ exactly ! calibre ( ! in/rum5t us$ = introduc+ !m1 :i* ,i g5]ally use z a m\ld4 ,! active +r$i5ts us$ are mo/ly sulph4 morph4 & extr4 opii aquos4 ! latt] ( :i* is sup]ior to opium1 ( c\rse1 be+ ne>ly free f n>cot9e4 ,vag9al suppositories w\ld be equally applicable & useful z anal ones4 ,,editor ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4--,pr(essor ,proctor has done me ! honor to notice1 favorably1 "s trifles :i* ,i h f\nd "t to contribute to our ,j\rnal1 among o!rs an obs]vation conc]n+ ! suppos$ decomposition ( ,f[l]'s solution1 ) respect to :i* he says he 8does n und]/& :]e ! g>licky odor came f1 z x is only ! vapor ( metallic ars5ic t possesses ?is peculi>ity40 ,i beg to assure ! ,pr(essor t ! odor came f ! bottle4 ,! imm$iate cause ( x is c]ta9ly mi/-eri\s1 ?\gh x is n impossible t among ! intricacies ( *emical action suffici5t heat may h be5 evolv$ to act on h[ small soev] a portion ( ! metal 9 a nasc5t /ate z to cause ! peculi> odor4 ,spontane\s combu/ion tak+ place 9 a mass ( ! common m9]al kn[n z 8cobalt10 produces1 unmi/akeably1 bo? vapor & ! odor ( ars5ic1 & ,i h he>d ( a %ips' crew hav+ be5 salivat$ by ! vapor aris+ f a c>go ( quicksilv] 9 a high latitude4 ,a v mu* l[] degree ( heat is requir$ to produce vapor ?an might be suppos$ f ! po9t ( volatility ( ! sub/ance :5ce x emanates1 an in/ance 9 po9t be+ ! famili> process ( boil+ wat]2 b ?is is r a cl\dy po9t :i* w\ld require ! acum5 ( a c]ta9 celebrat$ jury to elucidate1 & to _! t5d] m]cies x is p]haps ! bett] "p to consign x4 #bfd ,,g5]al ,,report ,,^u ,,! ,,results ,,& ,,effects ,,( ,,! 8,,drug ,,law10 ,,made ,,to ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,treasury4 ,,by ,c4 ,b4 ,,gu?rie1 ,m4 ,d4 ,! act ( ,congress1 approv$ #bf? ( ,june1 #ahdh1 entitl$ 8an ,act to prev5t ! importation ( spuri\s & adult]at$ drugs & m$ic9es10 hav+ n[ be5 9 exi/5ce & en=cem5t almo/ ?ree ye>s1 ! work+ ( ! law & its effects1 imm$iate & remote1 h become necess>ily matt]s ( fact1 & are no long] left to conjecture & speculation4 ,at ! "t ( ! passage ( ?is law by congress1 no inconsid]able fe>s 7 ent]ta9$ by its fri5ds1 & great hopes by its enemies1 t x w\ld be f\nd impracticable to c>ry out its requisite provisions )\t great injury to t portion ( our citiz5s engag$ 9 ! importation ( ?is class ( m]*&ize1 9 :i* ev5t its repeal w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 urg5tly solicit$4#bc #bc ,/rong prima facie evid5ce ( ! popul>ity ( ?is law may be f\nd 9 ?is significant fact t n a petition = its repeal has ev] be5 pres5t$ to ,congress4 ,9 ent]+ ^u ! duties ( ! commission1 :i* ,i _h ! honor to recieve f ! dep>tm5t1 ,i 0 fully impress$ ) ! importance ( ! in=mation s\ght =1 & ! necessity ( a c&id1 imp>tial & unbiass$ exam9ation ( facts be>+ ^u ! subject1 & 9 mak+1 to ! dep>tm5t1 ?is report1 ,i h divid$ my results & facts into imm$iate & remote2 ! reasons = :i*1 w appe> 9 ! detail4 ,"u ! g5]al t]ms drugs & m$ic9es1 are embrac$ all articles int5d$ = ! treatm5t ( ! diseases ( ! human sy/em1 & ?\gh !y admit ( _m subdivisions1 ^! t]ms1 includ$ "u ! two heads ( *emicals & comp\nds1 & crude drugs1 are all t is necess>y = my #bfe purpose 9 speak+ ( ! effects & applications ( ! law4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! effect ^u *emicals & comp\nd m$ic9es43 ,previ\s to ! passage ( ?is law1 no re/riction 0 laid ^u any class ( m$ic9es com+ 9 "u ?is head4 ,if ! import] paid ! requisite duty1 no que/ions 7 ask$1 no limit 0 fix$ z to quality or condition4 ,x ne$s no argum5t1 b m]ely a m5tion ( ! fact1 to %[ t any comp\nd m$ic9e or *emical prep>ation may be s made z to deceive ! unsuspect+ & un$ucat$1 & ev5 v (t5 ! druggi/1 apo!c>y1 physician1 & all1 because !y 7 n 9 ! habit ( analys+ _! articles1 & 7 deceiv$ by _! ext]nal1 (t5 times v f9e appe>ance4 ,"u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( competition & av>ice--two /rong temptations1 ! manufacture ( articles ( ?is class _h become sy/ematis$1 & on purpose to supply ! ,unit$ ,/ates m>ket4 ,! imm$iate & positive b5eficial results ( ! law may be se5 9 ! fact t n[ v few1 if inde$ any1 spuri\s or sophi/icat$ *emical prep>ations1 = ph>maceutical purposes1 are ev5 (f]$ at our ports1 or by any possibility f9d _! way into our m>kets4 ,manufactur+ *emi/s & import]s ( ?is description ( m$ic9es1 f9d+ x impossible to get su* goods ?r\gh our cu/om h\ses1 w1 ( c\rse1 n risk ! loss ( br++ !m "h1 b 9 _! /ead w import su* z are kn[n to come up to our requir$ /&>ds4 ,"u ?is g5]al head ( *emicals1 may be includ$ a l>ge majority ( ! manufactur$ & comp\nd m$ic9es us$ 9 practice by ! m$ical faculty1 & all ! mo/ important usually pur*as$ by o!rs = dome/ic uses1 m especially 9 ! great we/ & s\?1 :]e e man1 almo/1 is oblig$ to le>n ! uses & doses ( calomel1 blue mass & qu99e1 c4 ,! c]ta9ty ( purity 9 ^! articles alone1 is a matt] ( no small mom5t to ! community at l>ge2 ( ! probabilities ( _! home adult]ation ,i %all also ref] to else:]e4 ,a few articles ( ?is class may n[ & !n1 ei!r ?r\gh #bff culpable neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! inspector1 or by be+ ent]$ "u a false "n1 be import$1 b !y mu/ be few1 & are daily gr[+ less4 ,an in/ance ( ?is k9d has occurr$ 9 ,new ,york1 :]e a l>ge lot ( sulphate ( lime 0 (f]$ 9 m>ket1 "u ! "n ( precipitat$ *alk4 ,! ,new ,york ,college ( ,ph>macy1 /&+ v prop]ly z ! gu>dians ( ! public heal?1 & protectors ( ?is act1 = :i* !y _h petition$ & :i* !y _h agre$ to support1 by committee1 report$ ! fact1 & w>n$ ! hold]s ( ! consequ5ces ( cont9u+ to sell ! article z a m$ic9al prep>ation1 ^u :i* !y v readily )drew x4 ,h[ x came into ! city t committee h nev] be5 able to asc]ta91 :e!r import$ "u ! head ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 & ?us escap+ ! eye ( ! inspector1 or :e!r pass$ by him1 or at "s o!r port1 )\t due te/ & exam9ation1 ,i am n able to say4 ,t x 0 import$ "u a false "n1 is1 to my m9d1 ! mo/ likely ( all4 ,if our ,colleges ( ,ph>macy 9 ! diff]5t cities1 z ,i h no d\bt !y w1 cont9ue to ?us wat* ! articles (f]$ !m & ! public1 & act ) ! indep5d5ce t has *>act]is$ !m ?us f>1 no deception ( ?is k9d w g long unexpos$1 & x w soon cease altoge!r4 ,no manufactur$ article1 susceptible ( adult]ation1 ought ev] to be suff]$ to pass by ! ,exam9] ( drugs )\t be+ sampl$ & te/$ by analysis1 & no matt] :at its appe>ances1 or :at its label2 nei!r ! "o or ! o!r are gu>antees ( its purity1 = bo? may alike be c\nt]feits4 ,! m popul> ! mak]1 ! high] 8 "n & reputation1 ! m likely 8 "n1 label1 bottle & article to be c\nt]feit$1 z has ,pelleti]'s "n to ! article qu99e1 o!rs to iodide ( potassium1 c4 c4 ,secondly4 ,! effects ( ! law ^u crude drugs & m$ic9es1 su* z leaves1 b>ks1 roots1 gums1 gum res9s1 c4 ,^u ^! articles1 ! effect has be5 ! same z ^u *emicals & comp\nd goods4 ,great] v>iations mu/ (1 c\rse occur 9 _! qualities1 z _m ( !m _c be #bfg te/$ ) accuracy2 & ( ! re/1 v imp]fect /&>ds are to be f\nd 9 any ( ! works on ph>macy or mat]ia m$ica n[ extant4 ,?is 0 h]et(ore left entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! exam9] at ea* port1 :o has be5 oblig$ to fix 8 own /&>ds :5 !re 7 none laid d[n 9 ! works ref]r$ to 9 ! in/ructions ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,su* has be5 ! case ) _m ( our mo/ valuable & important articles ( crude drugs1 gums1 & gum res9s1--su* z opium1 scammony1 c4 ,su* also has be5 ! case ) _m ( ! roots & b>ks1 z rhub>b & ! c9*ona & all its v>ieties4 ,"o may h fix$ ^u five p] c5t4 ( morph9e1 & ano!r ^u eight1 ano!r t51 z ! /&>d = opium4 ,aga91 ! same might occur 9 admitt+ or reject+ scammony4 ,"o requir+ sixty or sev5ty p] c5t4 ( res91 ano!r admitt+ or reject+1 m]ely f ! physical appe>ance ( ! article4 ,s aga9 ) reg>d to b>ks1 especially ! c9*onas--"o refus+ to admit any except ! true m$ic9al article2 ano!r admitt+ ,m>icaibo & o!r false b>ks usually sold 9 m>ket z pale b>k1 or us$ to adult]ate t article4--,b1 ^u ! :ole class ( crude drugs1 ! effect has be5 highly b5eficial4 ,great] c>e is tak5 9 _! selection & prep>ation = m>ket1 & a va/ quantity ( _m k9ds ( b>ks & roots h]et(ore f9d+ daily _! way into m>ket ei!r 9 _! simple wor?lessness or mix$ ) pur] & diff]5t articles1 are n[ sc>cely1 if ev] f\nd2 & if se51 !y are ab\t ! la/ ( _! k9d4--,n[ & !n1 an article may get ?r\gh our ports1 by "s adroit means ( deception1 or be slipp$ 9 at a port :]e !re is no exam9]1 b ?is mu/ be b seldom4--,b rec5tly1 9 ,new ,york1 ,i saw sev]al casks ( gum guaic1 ! heads ( :i*1 = ab\t six in*es1 7 fill$ ) a fair article1 :ile ! rema9+ portion ( ! cask 0 made up ( ! vile/ tra% imag9able4 ,?is is b a %all[ trick t c\ld n be (t5 repeat$1 = ?\gh x might decieve ! exam9] 7z x did n71 x w\ld meet detection 9 #bfh ! h&s ( ! jobb]1 :o w\ld n fail to claim damages f ! import] at once4 ,ano!r mode ( evad+ ! law1 is by s5d+ sample packages to ! exam9+ (fice1 or su* cases z are kn[n to be all "r1 & gett+ ! :ole invoice pass$ by !m4 ,?is c only be gu>d$ aga9/ by ! exam9] be+ always ^u ! al]t1 & :]e !re is ! lea/ d\bt1 refus+ to pass any?+ except :at he sees & kn[s to be correct z to quality4 ,! facility ) :i* ?is fraud may be practis$1 l$ ! conv5tion ( ! ,colleges ( ,ph>macy to recomm5d t e package %\ld be exam9$2 an op9ion1 ,i !n & n[ fully concur 94 ,_m simil> in/ances1 bo? 9 reg>d to *emicals1 *emical prep>ations & all sorts ( crude drugs1 might be giv51 b !y h no be>+ ^u ! object ( ?is report1 only z !y po9t to a necessity = ! law's cont9uance4 ,ano!r imm$iate result ( ! law is ! exclusion ( damag$ drugs4 ,h]et(ore no /ate ( damage or decay1 :e!r little or mu*1 prev5t$ an article1 ei!r manufactur$ or crude1 be+ ?r[n into m>ket & sold = :atev] x purport$ to be1 :e!r calomel half oxydyz$1 iodide ( potassium "o-?ird deliquesc$1 rhub>b "o-half rott51 s5na 9 a simil> or worse condition f be+ soak$ ) salt wat]--!y ea* sold "u _! orig9al names1 & f\nd _! way into ! b&s ( ! buy]s ( *eap goods1 ei!r 9 t /ate or p[d]$ or re-bottl$1 re-labell$1 & done up good z new4 ,! import] got 8 drawback ( tw5ty-five1 fifty1 & sev5ty p] c5t4 ( duty4 ,! insurance company sold ! goods & paid ! diff]5ce2 b>ga9 gett]s pur*as$2 ! physician prescrib$2 ! apo!c>y dealt out1 & ! pati5t1 suff]+ "u ! pa9s & ills ( l+]+ disease1 swall[$2 all b ! la/ got _! pay1 :ile ! poor man :o bore ! unrighte\s accumulation ( ! :ole1 curs$ 8 physician = n und]/&+ 8 compla9t1 & p]*ance turn$ 8 face to ! wall & di$4 ,?is is no fancy sket*1 b true1 e ^w ( x1 & m ?an once act$ out 9 ! dream ( e-day life4 #bfi ,"u ! prop] con/ruction & adm9i/ration ( ! law1 all ?is w & is n[ mo/ly prev5t$4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t any article ( m$ic9e ess5tially damag$1 is n fit to be giv5 to ! sick z a rem$y4 ,?is is a v important po9t1 & all exam9]s %\ld be c>eful to en=ce x /rictly1 reg>dless ( ! speci\s plea ( int]e/$ insurance companies or individuals1 = any o!r con/ruction = _! g5]al or especial b5efit or relief4 ,9 few words !n1 may be summ$ up ! imm$iate effects ( ?is law3 ,a pur] & bett] class ( *emicals & comp\nd prep>ations1 a mat]ial improvem5t 9 ! quality ( crude drugs import$1 su* z gums1 b>ks1 roots1 leaves1 & an almo/ entire exclusion ( damag$ & decay$ drugs f our m>kets4 ,^! results are1 9 !mselves1 suffici5t to m>k ! law z "o ( great value1 & to entitle x to a sure claim = p]petuity1 & its provisions to a /eady en=cem5t4 ,b !y are by no means all t x has accompli%$4 ,its remote or second>y effects1 :i* ,i propose to po9t out1 are equally important1 & !y are f\nd 9 ! influ5ce ^u our home manufactures & trade4 ,x has (t5 be5 claim$ t ! law 0 a t>iff = protection to home adult]ation1 & :ile we %ut out ! evil 9 "o way1 we 7 equally expos$ to x 9 ! %ape ( home prep>ations2 7 ?is ev5 true1 x is no argum5t aga9/ ! law = keep+ out =eign adult]ation1 z x is v evid5t t if bo? are equally bad1 no pure m$ic9e c be _h by ^? :o require !m1 :ile if we are c]ta9 ! =eign are pure1 we h a *oice betwe5 ! pure & ! sophi/icat$4 ,b ,i am satisfi$ t ! am\nt ( home adult]ations h be5 ov] e/imat$1 & t "u ! effect ( ?is law !y are decreas+ daily1 & p]haps ma9ly because ! dem& is decreas+4 ,i h nev] believ$1 ?\gh x has be5 aga9 & aga9 ass]t$1 t our m$ical g5tleman to any great ext5t1 :o buy & use mo/ l>gely ( ?is class ( goods1 h desir$ #bgj to buy & use inf]ior m$ic9es1 because !y 7 *eap1 & my own direct int]c\rse & obs]vation1 z a druggi/ = five ye>s1 aside f a six ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ! pr(ession1 has satisfi$ me ( ! correctness ( my views4 ,i speak ( ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,:]ev] x has be5 ! case1 x has be5 ! result ( ignorance1 z to ! appe>ance & physical prop]ties ( drugs t has l$ !m into ?is error1 an error 9 :i*1 f a l ignorance1 !y h be5 kept by _! druggi/1 :o has be5 impos$ ^u by ! bl& assurance ( ! import] or jobb]1 :i* l$ him to take all ?+s ( a l "n z ( ! same quality4 ,!re are ^? :o buy because *eap1 & prescribe1 & p]*ance hope = success 9 ! use ( su* rem$ies1 b !y are n f\nd among our m$ical g5tlem5 ( education & "* & entitl$ to ! respect & confid5ce ( ! community at l>ge4 ,! flood ( light ?r[n ^u ?is subject ( adult]ations ( m$ic9es by ! reports to ,congress2 by ! report ( ,dr4 ,bailey1 special exam9] = ! port ( ,new ,york2 reports to ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 & by v>i\s o!r writ]s 9 our ph>maceutical & m$ical j\rnals1 ?r\gh ! newspap]s ( ! day1 & v>i\s o!r means to ! p1 has work$1 & is work+ a revolution 9 ! drug trade at l>ge4 ,by a desire & gr[+ necessity = a prop] education ( ph>maceuti/s & druggi/s1 a man is no long] consid]$ compet5t to sell1 dispose & deal out m$ic9al articles affect+ ! heal?1 life & happ9ess ( 8 fell[-be+s1 simply because he c calculate a p] c5tage1 or make a pr(it4 ,! re=m 9 ?is dep>tm5t is1 ,i "k1 b j beg9n+1 ?\gh long ne$$1 b x w progress1 = public op9ion dem&s1 & w cont9ue to dem& x4 ,physicians1 pr(essors ( mat]ia m$ica1 & tea*]s ( practical ph>macy & *emi/ry are feel+ x1 & ! :ole c\rse ( tea*+ ^u ?is & k9dr$ bran*es1 has receiv$ m att5tion f bo? pr(essor & pupil )9 ! two pa/ ye>s1 ?an ev] be=e 9 ! same l5g? ( "t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f ^! comb9$ s\rces w cont9ue to #bga fl[ a light t mu/ %9e ^u & enlight5 t ignorance :i* 0 p]mitt+ m5 to tamp] ) ! life & heal? ( ! community4 ,?is has also _h ! effect to create a dem& = pure m$ic9es4 ,rhub>b is no long] rhub>b unless ! quality is su* z to comm5d x to ! un=tunate consum]1 & call+ a ?+ by a good "n is no long] suffici5t to r$eem x f its lack ( curative prop]ties & consequ5t wor?lessness4 ,aga91 ! endeavor to come up to ! law's /&>d = *emicals1 ! competition ) ! import$ article1 ! increas+ dem& = good m$ic9es1 toge!r ) a comm5dable emulation among our *emi/s1 has produc$ an improvem5t 9 ?is class ( goods1 suffici5tly visible to refute all *>ges ( home adult]ation because protect$ f =eign competition2 besides ?is1 !y are our fell[ citiz5s1 )9 rea* ( our compla9ts1 ) no int]m$iate deal] to %ift ! blame ( impurity to ! o!r side ( ! ocean1 & ?us wa% 8 innoc5t h&s at our co/4 ,) ?is & ! _s ( inquiry z to :at we are sell+1 :at we are buy+1 :at we are adm9i/]+1 :at we are swall[+ ) hopes ( relief1 t is abroad1 no man c long escape detection1 exposure & consequ5t loss ( bus9ess1 if engag$ 9 ! manufacture or sale ( spuri\s goods4 ,^! op9ions are ! result ( ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! diff]5t exam9]s1 ( v>i\s deal]s 9 drugs ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 f :om ,i _h be=e & s9ce my appo9tm5t to ?is commission be5 9 receipt ( in=mation1 & are fully borne out by my own ext5sive obs]vation 9 almo/ e /ate 9 ! union4 ,)\t inquir+ or po9t+ out ! cause1 ! te/imony to ?is effect1 t ! quality ,( drugs 9 g5]al has improv$ mu* )9 ! two pa/ ye>s1 is almo/ univ]sal2 & a /yle ( drugs & *emicals1 & ( m$ic9al prep>ations1 may n[ be f\nd on sale 9 our great comm]cial emporiums1 ( a quality & purity nev] be=e f\nd1 c]ta9ly n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,i "q if any :]else4 #bgb ,^! are ! results ( my obs]vations1 bo? z to ! remote & imm$iate1 or special & g5]al effects ( ! law4 ,& ,i feel t ! fri5ds ( ! law h great reason to congratulate !mselves & ! community at l>ge1 ^u ! fulle/ realizations ( _! hopes z to ! good accru+ f ?is sanit>y measure4 ,^? :o 7 reap+ an iniquit\s h>ve/ ei!r ?r\gh a desire to d evil = ! purposes ( ga9 7if any su* !re c\ld h be571 or ?r\gh ignorance ( ! ext5t ( su* evil1 mu/ !mselves feel t ! law has work$ no wrong to !m ev5 ?\gh x may h =c$ !m into a diff]5t *annel ( trade4 ,! only ones f :om we %all he> any compla9ts :ile ! law is c>efully & judici\sly execut$1 or f :om we %all he> ! plea = 8unre/rict$ comm]ce10 & ! pot5cy ( ! great laws ( trade z 9 !mselves suffici5t = ! protection ( life & heal?1 are ^? ^: prototypes a=etime cri$ out 8,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians40 ,! value ( _! op9ions may be measur$ by ! s9c]ity ( _! pr(essions1 & ! weight ( _! te/imony calculat$ by ! p] c5tage ( _! ga9s4 ,i h pursu$ my enquiries among drug import]s & jobb]s1 meet+ bo? fri5ds & enemies ( ! law1 among retail apo!c>ies1 pr(essional m5 & _! pati5ts1 & my conclusions are t no m popul> act1 /&s ^u our congressional record4 ,i h only to add my s9c]e wi%1 t x may long /& z a m>k ( ! enlight$ wisdom ( ! age & nation4 ,! above report is b ! g5]al report ^u ! work+ ( ! law4--,x 01 we und]/&1 accompani$ by a second private & detail$ "o1 reg>d+ ! mann] 9 :i*1 at diff]5t localities1 ! law has be5 c>ri$ out4--,,editor4 #bgc ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,nitrate ,,( ,,pota% 7,,saltpetre47 ,previ\s to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! *ief "p ( ! saltpetre consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 obta9$ f refuse animal matt]s1 z is evid5t f ! foll[+ edict1 issu$ by ,james ,i41 = ! regulation ( ! 8mynes ( salt pet]40--8,! ,k+1 tak+ into 8 consid]ation ! mo/ necess>y & important use ( gunp[d]1 z well = supply ( 8 own royall navie1 & ! %ipp+e ( 8 lov+e subjects1 z o!rwise = ! /r5g?1 safety1 & def5ce ( 8 p & k+doms1 & h[ greate a bless+e x is ( ,almighty ,god to ?is realm1 t x naturally yielde? suffici5t mynes ( salt pet] = mak+ ( gunp[d] = def5ce ( ittself1 )\t anie necessitie to dep5d uppon ! dang]\s *>geable & casuall supply !re( f =raigne p>ts1 ha? sett d[ne c]t5 ord]s & con/itutions to be f h5ce=? inviolably kept & obs]v$1 = ! bett] maynteyn+ ( ! bre$ & increase ( salt pet]1 & ! true mak+ ( gunp[d]4 8,noe p]son doe f h5ce=? pave ) /one or bricke1 or flo>e ) bo>de1 anie dove-h\se or dove-cote1 or laie ! same ) lyme1 s&1 gravel1 or o!r ?+1 :]eby ! gr[! & increase ( ! myne ( salt pet] maie be h9d]$ or ympair$1 b %all suff] ! fl\re or gr\nde !re( to lye op5 ) goode & mell[e e>?1 apt to bre$e increase ( ! myne & salt pet]1 & s contynue & keep ! same4 8,t no innkeep]s1 or o!rs t keep /ables = travell]s & pass5g]s1 doe use anie deceiptful meanes or devices :]eby to de/roy or h9d] ! gr[! ( salt pet] 9 ^? /ables4 ,& t no /ables at all be pit*$1 pav$1 or gravell$ :]e ! horse feete us$ to /&1 b plank$ only1 nor be pav$1 pit*$1 or gravell$ be=e ! plankes next ! mang]s1 b t bo? places be kept & maynteyn$ ) goode & mell[e e>?1 fitt & apt to bre$e & increase ! myne ( salt pet]1 & laide ) no?+e :i* may hurte ! same4 #bgd 8,t all & e su* p]son & p]sons z hav+ _h h]et(ore _h anie dove-h\se1 dove-cote1 or /able 7:i* 7 !n good nurs]ies = ! myne ( salt pet]7 h si!nce c>ri$ out ! goode m\lde f !nce1 & fill$ ! place agayne ) lyme1 s&1 gravel1 rubbi%1 or o!r l /uff1 or pav$ or floor$ ! same1 :]eby ! gr[! ( salt pet] myne !re ha? be5 decay$ & de/roy$1 %all & doe )9 ?ree mon?s next contryve to take up ! pavem5ts & bo>ds agayne1 & c>rie out ! said gravel1 lyme1 & (f5sive /uff f !nce1 & fill ! place agayne ) goode & mell[e e>? fitt = ! increase ( salt pet]1 ?ree foote deepe at ! lea/1 & s contynue & keepe ! same = ! bre$e ( salt pet] myne4 ,no p]son1 ( anie degree :atsoev]1 0 to d5ie or h9d] ! salt pet] man work+e any e>?2 nor 0 anie con/able to neglect or to =be>e to furni% him ) conv5i5t c>riages necess>ie = 8 worke2 & e ju/ice to :om ! salt pet] man %\ld address himself = assi/ance 0 at 8 p]il to fail to r5d] x1 t 8 maje/ies s]vice might n suff] by 8 default4 ,& no "o 0 to give any gratuity or bribe to ! salt pet] man = =be>+e or sp>+e ( anie gr\nd or place :i* may be digg$ or wr\ght = salt pet]40 ,to less5 ! annoyance to ! own]s ( ^! dove-cotes & /able b$s ( saltpetre1 & to promote ! com=t ( ! pigeons1 ! saltpetre man 0 8to dig & c>rie away ! e>? 9 su* conv5i5t "t ( ! daie1 & "w x 9 su*e mann] z maie give lea/ di/urbance & hurte to ! pigeons1 & encrease ( _! bre$e1 & 9 ! *ief tyme ( bre$+1 t x be n done above two h[]s 9 anie "o daie1 & t ab\t ! midde/ ( ! daie1 :5 ! pigeons use to be abroade4 ,& %all 9 l seasonable tyme c>rie 9 ! saide e>? aft] x %all be wr\ght1 & spreade itt !re1 & make flatt ! fl\re ( ! dove-h\se1 & leave itt well & ord]lie40 ,9 ano!r proclamation1 issu$ two ye>s aft] ?is1 x 0 ord]$ t :5soev] anie ould build+ or h\se 9 ,london #bge )9 ?ree miles1 is to be pull$ d[n & remov$1 notice is to be giv5 at ! k+'s /oreh\se 9 ,s\?w>k1 t ! deputy may fir/ take z mu* ( ! e>? & rubbi% z 9 8 judgem5t & exp]i5ce is fitt$ = salt pet] = ! ,k+'s s]vice40 ,soon aft]1 we f9d t ?is enactm5t :i* caus$ mu* compla9t1 0 repeal$4 8,! manufacture ( salt pet]10 says ! k+1 8_h hi!rto produc$ mu* tr\ble & grievance to ! lieges1 by occasion+ ! digg+ up ! floors ( _! dove-cotes1 dwell+-h\ses1 & out-h\ses1 & _h also occasion$ great *>ge to ! salt pet] m5 = remov+ _! liquors1 tubbes1 & o!r in/rum5ts1 & c>ry+ !m f place to place1 b n[1 div]s comp\nds ( salt pet] c be extract$ by o!r me?ods1 = :i* ,sir ,john ,brooke & ,?omas ,russell1 ,esq41 h receiv$ lett]s pat5t4 8,to enc\rage s laudable a project1 all our lov+ subjects10 cont9ues 8 maje/y1 8inhabit+ )9 e city1 t[n1 or village1 aft] notice giv5 to !m respectively1 %all c>efully & con/antly keep & pres]ve 9 "s conv5i5t vessels or receptacles fit = t purpose1 all ! ur9e ( man dur+ ! :ole ye>1 & all ! /ale ( bea/s :i* !y c save & ga!r toge!r :il/ _! bea/s are 9 _! /ables & /alls1 & t !y be c>eful to use ! be/ means ( ga!r+ toge!r & pres]v+ ! ur9e & /ale1 )\t any mixture ( wat] or o!r ?+ put !re94 ,:i* our comm&m5t & royal pleasure be+ s easy to be obs]v$1 & s necess>y = ! public s]vice ( u & our p1 t if any p]son be remiss !re(1 we %all e/eem all su* p]sons contemptu\s & ill affect$ bo? to our p]son & /ate1 & are resolv$ to proce$ to ! puni%m5t ( t (f5d] ) t sev]ity we may40 ,sir ,john agre$ to remove ! liquid accumulations f ! h\ses once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 summ] "t1 & e =ty-eight h\rs 9 w9t] "t4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afgj1 ! importation ( saltpetre f ! ,ea/ ,indies 7:]e x is obta9$ z a natural product1 be+ #bgf dis5gag$ by a k9d ( effloresc5ce f ! surface ( ! soil7 _h s increas$ z to affect ! home manufacture1 :i* has s9ce gradually decl9$ & become ext9ct4 ,! manufacture ( saltpetre f s\rces ( ! k9d above m5tion$1 is n foll[$ 9 ?is c\ntry at ! pres5t day1 & x w be unnecess>y to indicate "h ! process employ$ 9 ,france1 ,sw$51 ,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries = obta9+ x by ! decomposition ( animal refuse1 ! m especially z full acc\nts are giv5 9 ,knapp's ,te*nology1 ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,manufactures1 & o!r /&>d *emical works2 we %all !re=e conf9e our att5tion to an acc\nt ( ! processes :i* h be5 propos$ = obta9+ nitrate ( pota% by ! decomposition ( nitrate ( soda & o!r s\rces4 ,! fir/ ( ^! processes is t ( add+ nitrate ( lime to a solution ( sulphate ( pota%2 sulphate ( lime is precipitat$1 & nitrate ( pota% obta9$ 9 solution1 :i*1 on evaporation yields cry/als ( t salt4 ,mr4 ,hill's me?od ( manufactur+ nitrate ( pota% is by decompos+ nitrate ( soda by means ( muriate ( pota%4 ,= ?is purpose ! nitrate ( soda is put into a suitable vessel1 made ( wr\ght or ca/ iron1 & dissolv$ 9 z mu* wat] z is requir$1 & !n ! equival5t quantity ( muriate ( pota% is add$2 decomposition ensues1 ) ! =mation ( nitrate ( pota% & muriate ( soda2 ! great] portion ( ! latt] is sep>at$ dur+ evaporation1 z x is equally soluble at all temp]atures4 ,! nitrate cry/allizes on ! cool+ ( ! solution4 ,specim5s ( ?is nitre 7 %[n at ! ,great ,indu/rial ,exhibition4 ,mr4 ,rot*'s processes = conv]t+ nitrate ( soda into nitrate ( pota% are z foll[s3 ,fir/ process ) ,am]ican pota%es1 7cau/ic74--,9 a suitable r\nd-bottom$ iron boil]1 he dissolves #bjjj lbs4 ( ! a%es 9 #ajjj qu>ts ( wat]1 & !n applies heat = ?ree h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! solution ought to be ( a d5sity ( #de ,baum1 7sp4 gr4 #a4dec74 ,9 a simil> boil] he dissolves #acjj lbs4 ( nitrate ( soda 9 #abjj qu>ts ( wat]1 #bgg apply+ ! heat z be=e1 until ! solution becomes ( ! d5sity ( #de ,baum4 ,bo? solutions are !n all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs to cool & settle4 ,!y %\ld be heat$ to f #age to #bjj ,fah41 & !n bo? p\r$ into a ?ird vessel or cry/alliz+ pan1 :5 ! d\ble decomposition w take place1 & ! cry/als ( nitrate ( pota% be deposit$1 ?is fir/ deposition giv+ f #gjj to #ijj lbs4 ( good m]*antable saltpetre4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to let ! heat fall bel[ #he1 at :i* ! cry/als =m2 & ! bett] & m regul>ly ! heat is kept up1 ! spe$i] w be ! deposition ( ! cry/als4 ,! "m-liquor %\ld !n be p\r$ (f1 & ! cry/als collect$ & ?r[n into ! c5trifugal dry+ ma*9es1 :]e !y may be wa%$ ) weak "m-liquors4 ,! portion ( nitrate ( pota% t is left 9 ! "m-liquor may be obta9$ by cry/allization z be=e4 ,second process ) c>bonate ( pota% 7,pe>la%74--,! pe>la% is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution br\ght to a d5sity ( #dj ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #a4chd74 ,?is w cause :atev] sulphate ( pota% may be conta9$ 9 x to be deposit$4 ,! solution %\ld !n be left to /& = five or six days1 aft] :i* x %\ld be p\r$ (f1 & dilut$ ) wat]1 until its d5sity becomes #ae ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #a1aaf74 ,cau/ic lime %\ld !n be add$ 9 ! proportion ( "o-f\r? ( ! weight ( ! orig9al quantity ( c>bonate employ$4 ,x %\ld !n be p\r$ (f f ! c>bonate ( lime =m$1 heat$ & mix$ ) ! solution ( nitrate ( soda1 z above describ$4 ,! precise proportions t ! cau/ic alkali %\ld be> to ! nitrate ( soda1 are =ty-eight p>ts ( ! =m] to eighty-six p>ts ( ! latt]4 ,! mat]ials to be us$ %\ld be te/$1 s z to enable ! j proportions to be arrang$ accord+ to ! =mula j giv54 ,! pat5tee /ates t by ?is means a nitre is produc$ :i* is equal to ! ,b5gal saltpetre1 aft] ! latt] has gone ?r\gh ! exp5sive process ( ref9+4 ,a ,/ockholm manufactur] says3--8,on dissolv+ nitrate ( #bgh soda 9 excess ( cau/ic pota% solution1 & evaporat+ to #bh or #cb ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #a4bda or #a4bhe71 ! *ief "p ( ! saltpetre cry/allizes1 contam9at$ by ! magnesia :i* is precipitat$1 & a small quantity ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! :ole ( ! saltpetre1 ! solution mu/ be conc5trat$ to #de or #ej ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #a4dec or #a4ecj74 ,"h h[ev]1 a difficulty arises2 ! ca/ iron cry/alliz+ vessels are n imp]meable to ! liquor1 :i*1 :atev] ! ?ickness ( ! vessels1 oozes ?r\gh !m1 ?us occasion+ great loss4 ,! saltpetre :i* /ill rema9s 9 solution aft] cry/allization 9 ! cau/ic solution at #cj ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #a4bfc71 _c be collect$1 & if x be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( soap1 ?is w be f\nd to conta9 s l>ge a proportion ( saltpetre1 t x deliquesces & falls to pieces 9 a few days40 8,a me?od employ$ 9 ! ,russian manufactories is fir/ to dissolve ! f9e pe>la%1 & ! nitrate ( soda 9 ! relative proportions ( wat] requir$ = _! mutual decomposition1 or r ) an excess ( pota% 9 su* a quantity ( wat] t ! result+ product rema9s dissolv$ at #ej ,reaumur4 ,! solution is !n all[$ to settle1 :]eby ! c>bonates ( lime & magnesia are deposit$1 aft] :i* ! liquor is run (f into wood5 cry/alliz+ vessels4 ,z soon z ! temp]ature is l[] ?an #ej ,reaumur1 ! pr9cipal "p ( ! nitrate ( pota% cry/allizes4 ,! cry/allization mu/ n[ be v att5tively wat*$1 = z soon z ! soda beg9s also to cry/allize1 ! "m-liquors %\ld be run (f into o!r vessels1 :]e a small quantity ( nitrate ( pota% w cry/allize1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal "p w be soda4 ,! nitrate ( pota% & ! soda mu/ !n be purifi$ by new cry/allizations4 ,! salts =m$ f ! "m-liquors mu/ be r$issolv$ ) ! nitrate ( pota% or ! soda1 accord+ to :i* ( ! two mo/ pr$om9ates40 ,messrs4 ,crane & ,jullion pat5t$ 9 #ahdh ! foll[+ me?od ( manufactur+ ! nitrates ( pota% & soda3--,! oxides ( nitrog5 evolv$ 9 ! process ( manufactur+ oxalic acid1 are mix$ ) oxyg5 gas or atmosph]ic air1 & #bgi made to pass sl[ly ?r\gh a *amb] or o!r app>atus conta9+ an alkali plac$ on trays 7simil> to ! lime 9 a dry lime purifi]71 ! mix$ gases comb9e ) ! alkali1 =m+ a nitrate ( pota% or soda1 :i*ev] alkali may h be5 employ$4 ,de ,sussex's process = ! manufacture ( nitrate ( pota% is z foll[s3--,a solution is made ( #aff p\nds ( nitrate ( lead1 & ano!r ( #gf p\nds ( *loride ( potassium4 ,! two solutions are !n mix$1 :5 d\ble decomposition takes place1 *loride ( lead be+ precipitat$1 & nitrate ( pota% obta9$ 9 solution4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! nitrate ( pota%1 a small portion ( cau/ic or c>bonat$ lime or magnesia is add$1 by :i* means any portion ( ! *loride ( lead rema9+ 9 solution is precipitat$4 ,! solution ( nitrate ( pota% is !n evaporat$ & cry/alliz$4 ,nitrate ( soda is obta9$ 9 ! same way1 by sub/itut+ sixty-six p\nds ( *loride ( sodium = ! *loride ( potassium above m5tion$4--,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal & ,transactions1 ,july #a1 #aheb4 ,,on ,,t9cture ,,( ,,opium4 ,! ,ph>maceutical ,society ( ,antw]p has employ$ a commission compos$ ( its memb]s to det]m9e ! be/ m5/ruum = ! prep>ation ( t9cture ( opium4 ,x has arriv$ at ! foll[+ results3 #a4 ,good opium gives1 :5 treat$ ) wat]1 less extract ?an bad or adult]at$4 #b4 ,by w>m dige/ion1 a /rong] solution is obta9$ ?an by cold infusion4 #c4 ,alcohol mu/ be pref]r$ to w9e 9 ! prep>ation ( t9cture ( opium4 #d4 ,n>cot9e1 al?\gh alone insoluble 9 wat]1 becomes p>tially extract$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts ( opium4 ,:5 x is advisable to avoid ! removal ( n>cot9e1 proce$ #bhj z foll[s3--,treat c>efully prep>$ aque\s extract ( opium )1 boil+ alcohol2 ?is dissolves out ! n>cot9e & morph9e1 f :i* solution1 :5 cold1 ! n>cot9e sep>ates4 ,aft] ! precipitation1 :atev] +r$i5ts are necess>y to =m ! t9cture are to be add$ to ! alcoholic solution4 ,by ?is opportunity1 ! commission recomm5d ano!r process by :i* morph9e may be m readily sep>at$ f n>cot9e4 ,"o "p ( ! opium is to be treat$ ) f\r p>ts ( alcohol4 ,aft] ! alcohol has be5 sep>at$ by filtration1 ! residue is aga9 to be mac]at$ ) ?ree p>ts ( alcohol4 ,! result+ t9ctures1 aft] be+ mix$1 are to be set aside = tw5ty-f\r h\rs to all[ ! n>cot9e to sep>ate2 aft]w>ds ! morph9e is to be precipitat$ ) ammonia4 ,to remove ! la/ traces ( morph9e1 ! fluid1 f :i* ! precipitat$ morph9e has be5 filt]$1 is to be kept 9 a w>m place = two days1 a little wat] hav+ be5 previ\sly add$1 :5 a fre% quantity ( morph9e w fall d[n4 ,by ?is me?od1 #a_/ab ( ! weight ( ! opium employ$1 c be obta9$ z morph9e4--,annals ( ,ph>macy & ,practical ,*emi/ry4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,propylam9e ,,f ,,ergot9e4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,,w9ckl]4 ,! read]s ( ! ,new ,rep]tory = ,ph>macy1 "p i41 p4 #bb already "k t ,i h be5 = "s "t occupi$ ) ! inve/igation ( ergot1 & t ,i obta9$1 by ! di/illation ( ergot9e ) pota%1 besides ammonia1 a sub/ance hav+ a v unpleasant odor1 :i* conduct$ itself z a volatile alkali1 & possess$ a n>cotic & highly diuretic prop]ty4 ,?is confirmation ( a result :i* ,i _h obta9$ "s ye>s be=e1 induc$ me to cont9ue my exp]im5ts1 & ,i h n[ arriv$ at ! conviction t ! volatile alkali #bha :i* is extract$ f ergot9e by di/illation ) pota% is propylam9e 7,n ,h#b ,c#f ,h#g1 or ,n ,h#c ,c#f ,h#f7 consequ5tly ! same :i*1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts1 is prov$ to be ! product ( decomposition ( n>cot9e by pota%1 & ! +r$i5t ( h]r+-pickle4 ,! smell itself made me imag9e1 long be=e ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) ,w]!im's exp]im5ts1 t h]r+-pickle mu/ likewise conta9 propylam9e1 & my exp]im5ts h fully confirm$ ?is supposition1 = 9 di/ill+ h]r+-pickle ) pota% ,i obta9$ ! same propylam9e z t extract$ f a conc5trat$ aque\s solution ( ergot9e4 ,! prop]ties 9 :i* !y agree are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,propylam9e saturates acids completely1 & ?us =ms salts soluble 9 wat]1 & = ! mo/ "p 9 _s ( w9e1 ) ! exception ( sulphate ( propylam9e1 :i* does n dissolve 9 ! latt]4 ,beautiful :ite cry/als may1 h[ev]1 be produc$ f ! conc5trat$ aque\s solution by ! admixture ( alcohol ( eighty p] c5t4 ( /r5g?4 ,! salts ( propylam9e dissolv$ 9 wat] & treat$ ) tannic acid produce a :ite 7floccul5t7 precipitate2 ) *loride ( m]cury likewise1 a :ite b pulv]ul5t precipitate2 ) nitrate ( silv] a :ite 7floccul5t7 precipitate2 & ) *loride ( plat9um a yell[ precipitate 7a cry/all9e p[d]74 ,! salts ( propylam9e h a /rong odor ( fre% ergot1 mu* less ( h]r+-pickle1 & are easily decompos$ by pota%4 #b4 ,! conc5trat$ aque\s solution be+ mix$ ) a f\r? ( its volume ( t9cture ( iod9e1 a consid]able d>k yell[i%-br[n s$im5t is precipitat$1 & ! sup]natant fluid appe>s d>k br[ni%-r$4 ,b 9 a v %ort "t ?is s$im5t dim9i%es consid]ably1 ! fluid gradually *anges color1 s t 9 ab\t twelve h\rs' "t !re w be left b v little orange-color$ s$im5t1 :il/ ! fluid itself w appe> almo/ colorless4 ,imm$iately aft] ! addition ( iod9e ! v disagreeable odor ( propylam9e disappe>s1 & ! mixture acquires ! odor ( iod9e4 #c4 ,:5 ! neutral aque\s solution ( sulphate ( #bhb propylam9e is evaporat$ 9 a wat]-ba? x exhales a v disagreeable odor ( h]r+1 ! solution becomes v acid1 has only a weak odor ( ergot1 & all ! re-actions cease4 ,if ?is conc5trat$ solution be dige/$ ) cau/ic lime 9 a /ill1 !re comes ov]1 )\t ! aid ( artificial heat1 almo/ pure propylam9e1 :i* has ! odor ( an ammoniacal liquid1 & produces all ! re-actions ( pure propylam9e4 ,n[ ! propylam9e ( ergot pres5ts ! v same results1 & x is on ?is acc\nt t until lately1 x has always be5 mi/ak5 = ammonia4 ,i am conv9c$ t x con/itutes ! odor\s pr9ciple ( ur9e1 p]spiration1 & 9 ! blood1 & is (t5 ! cause ( ! odor :i* we obs]ve 9 ! action ( alkal9e leys ^u nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,propylam9e belongs to ! organic bases1 & may be consid]$ z ! adjunct ,pa>l+ ( ammonia4 ,i ?9k ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 f ! results ( my exp]im5ts1 t propylam9e1 comb9$ ) an acid1 pre-exi/s 9 ergot z well z 9 h]r+-pickle1 & is n produc$ by ! pota%1 z is ! case ) n>cot9e4 ,i h previ\sly demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( =mic acid 9 ergot1 & x is ) t acid t ! propylam9e seems to be unit$4 ,i h n yet made any exp]im5ts ) h]r+-pickle4 ,x w n[ be difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! m$ic9al activity ( ergot dep5ds on propylam9e or n1 = ! neutral salts ( propylam9e dissolv$ 9 wat] are easily absorb$1 & ,i hope to be able to induce physicians to make ph>macological & !rapeutical exp]im5ts4 ,i h reasons to suppose t propylam9e is likewise an +r$i5t ( cod-liv] oil1 & be+ easily comb9$ ) iod9e1 x may soon be asc]ta9$ by practical application :e!r x ought n to be consid]$ z ! be>] 7trg]7 ( iod9e4 ,i propose to beg9 ! necess>y exp]im5ts 9 ?is respect z soon z my app>atus is entirely free f ! odor ( propylam9e1 9 ord] to avoid all error4 ,f9ally1 ,i _h ! idea ( try+ an exp]im5t ) reg>d to propylam9e ^u my own ur9e1 :i* ,i made aft] a #bhc supp] consi/+ ( roa/ veal1 potato-salad1 & a glass ( wat]1 & :i* 0 nei!r acid nor alkal9e4 ,i p\r$ ?ree ounces ( ! ur9e1 fre% made & /ill q w>m1 ^u f\r ounces ( burn$ lime1 & submitt$ x to di/illation4 ,! di/ill$ product _h inde$ ! odor ( pure propylam9e1 & re-act$ /rongly alkal9e2 b act$ 9 a rem>kable mann] on t9cture ( iod9e 9 ! same way z liquid ammonia4 ,aft] hav+ neutraliz$ x ) sulphuric acid1 ! liquid %[$ :5 te/$ ) tannic acid & nitrate ( silv]1 an unmi/akable proportion ( propylam9e4 ,might ?is be =m$ out ( ! urea8 ,my exp]im5t confirms1 at all ev5ts1 ! op9ion /at$ above2 ! beg9n+ is made1 & ,i may n[ pass f exp]im5t to sci5tific d$uctions4 ,rem>ks by ,dr4 ,bu*n]3--,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,w9ckl]1 9 communicat+ ! above pap]1 v agreeably surpris$ me by transmitt+ at ! same "t specim5s ( 8 prep>ation ( propylam9e1 & t too 9 quantities v>y+ f "o to two dra*ms1 = :i* ,i h]eby beg to express to him publicly my be/ ?anks4 ,i receiv$ f him1 namely3 #a4 ,! r\gh product ( di/illation ( h]r+-pickle4 #b4 ,! aque\s solution ( ! sulphate produc$ f x4 #c4 ,! pure cry/alliz$1 & by _s ( w9e1 precipitat$ sulphate ( propylam9e4 #d4 ,! conc5trat$ solution ( pure propylam9e4 #e4 ,! aque\s solution ( ! sulphate prep>$ ) ,no4 #d4 ,hi!rto ,i h only exp]im5t$ ) ! prep>ations ,no4 #b1 #d & #e1 9 ord] to v]ify & complete ! /atem5ts ( ! above pap]4 ,all ^! solutions are q colorless & cle>1 l wat]2 !y diffuse already at "s di/ance a /rong odor ( h]r+2 b ! pure aque\s propylam9e1 :5 smelt at closely1 has a pung5t odor1 v simil> to t ( liquid ammonia1 :i*1 h[ev]1 at a di/ance1 assumes1 z x has be5 said1 ! smell ( h]r+4 ,?is odor is s peculi>ly *>act]i/ic1 t ,i d n d\bt1 t ev5 9 wat]-closets1 9 consequ5ce ( f]m5tation1 propylam9e is develop$1 p>ticul>ly z wooll5 clo!s easily acquire !re ! odor ( #bhd h]r+4 ,all ! conditions at lea/ necess>y = ! =mation ( propylam9e ammonia1 & c>bo-hydrog51 are to be f\nd 9 wat]-closets4 ,9 a small close room its odor becomes insupportable1 & affects /rongly ! head4 ,dr4 ,w9ckl]1 _h !re=e1 good reasons to w>n me aga9/ x4 ,a "y *emi/1 ^u ^: h& ,i dropp$ a v m9ute quantity ( aque\s propylam9e1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ its ta/e1 not)/&+ t he _h be5 walk+ aft] t a consid]able di/ance1 & _h be5 expos$ to ! air1 smelt /ill1 aft] "s h\rs1 s /rongly ( h]r+1 t happ5+ to to ent] a company1 he 0 spok5 to ab\t x by sev]al p]sons4 ,i m5tion ?is m]ely z a caution4 ,! ta/e ( pure aque\s propylam9e is pung5tly alkal9e1 & h>dly di/+ui%able f t ( cau/ic ammonia4 ,! *emical re-actions ( propylam9e are well expla9$ by ,w9ckl]4 ,turm]ic pap] turns br[n ) x1 b be+ expos$ to ! air1 9 :i* propylam9e quickly evaporates1 x resumes aga9 its primitive yell[ color4 ,sulphate ( propylam9e 7,no4 #c17 appe>s 9 small spl5did :ite prisms1 expos$ to ! air x evolves a di/9ct smell ( h]r+1 & has a pung5t sal9e ta/e1 l sulphate ( ammonia2 x is entirely neutral1 & :5 moi/5$ ) wat]1 x does n alt] ! color ei!r ( blue or r$ litmus-pap]1 or ( turm]ic-pap]4 ,we h 9 solutions ( silv] & iod9e1 :i* are n precipitat$ by ammonia1 v appropriate re-ag5ts = di/+ui%+ propylam9e f ammonia4 ,propylam9e1 h[ev]1 treat$ ) sulphate ( silv]1 gave me n a :ite1 b a yell[i%-br[n precipitate2 & ?is result sugge/$ to me ! idea1 t =miate ( propylam9e might be pres5t4 ,?is precipitate 0 easily & p]fectly dissolv$ 9 cau/ic liquid ammonia4 ,) an aque\s solution ( iod9e ,i acquir$ at "o "t1 accord+ to ! quantitative proportion a br[n1 & at ano!r "t a beautiful yell[ precipitate1 :i* dissolv$ 9 an excess ( iodide ( potassium4 ,i usually employ an aque\s solution ( iod9e 9 iodide ( potassium #bhe in/ead ( ! t9cture ( iod9e made ) _s ( w9e4 ,! precipitate produc$ by iodide ( potassium is1 z ,i h j /at$1 ei!r br[n or yell[1 provid$ t no excess ( iodide ( potassium be employ$4--,bu*n]'s ,neues ,rep]torium1 ,bd4 #a4 ,,editorial4 ,we _h int5d$ once m to call ! att5tion ( our read]s to ! approa*+ meet+ ( ! ,national ,conv5tion1 b h be5 anticipat$ by "o ( our colleagues 9 ! communication :i* is subjo9$1 giv+ an acc\nt ( bo? its orig9 & its objects4 ,x is to be hop$ t1 z ! conv5tion w probably assume a p]man5t organization1 its proce$+s w take on a sci5tific "*4 ,indep5d5t ( ! subjects :i* ph>macy1 e :]e1 pres5ts1 su* a body w\ld be a fit "o to assi/ 9 asc]ta9+ & develop+ ! res\rces ( our indig5\s mat]ia m$ica4 ,our c\ntry is ri* 9 m$ic9al articles1 b ! prop]ties ( _m ( !m are b imp]fectly kn[n1 & comp>atively little att5tion has be5 paid to _! ph>maceutical prep>ation4 ,inquiries ( ?is k9d1 c>ri$ on ) ! aid ( physicians1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? atta*$ to hospitals1 c\ld n fail to produce important results1 & !y seem peculi>ly adapt$ to ! wants ( ! community & to ! position ( ! conv5tion4 ,,! ,,national ,,ph>maceutical ,,conv5tion4 ,! second meet+ ( ,ph>maceuti/s1 ! fir/ z a ,national ,conv5tion1 to :i* ! ,conv5tion ( ,delegates f ! sev]al ,colleges ( ,ph>macy1 held 9 ,new ,york la/ ,octob]1 may be consid]$ ! prelim9>y movem5t1 w take place 9 ,philadelphia1 on ,w$nesday ! #f? ( ,octob] ensu+4 ,! conv5tion ( la/ fall 0 held *iefly = ! purpose ( consid]+ ! important subject ( /&>ds ( quality & purity :i* import$ drugs ought to possess 9 ord] to regulate & r5d] uni=m ! "* requir$ ( !m by ! gov]nm5t ,inspectors1 at ! v>i\s ports ( entry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,un(ficially & (ficially ! duty ( affix+ /&>ds = import$ drugs 01 ) propriety1 assign$ to ! ,colleges ( ,ph>macy4 ,= ?is object !y 7 call$ 9 conv5tion = t "t only1 & p]man5t organization 0 n !n anticipat$4 ,b on ! meet+ ( ! ,colleges1 & _! unit$ action ^u ! "o subject ( su* g5]al importance1 x 0 a natural consequ5ce t a spontane\s & g5]al feel+ %\ld arise 9 favor ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,national ,ph>maceutical ,organization1 ) an ,annual ,conv5tion = ! #bhf advancem5t ( sci5ce & = ! promotion ( int]c\rse & good w among ph>maceuti/s g5]ally4 ,accord+ly ! preamble & resolutions br\ght =w>d by ! committee1 subsequ5t to _! report on ! special bus9ess ( t conv5tion & its action ^u x1 7 receiv$ ) he>ty favor4 ,we ?9k x w\ld be well to recapitulate !m3 8,,:]eas1 ,! advancem5t ( ! true int]e/s ( ! great body ( ,ph>macutical practition]s 9 all sections ( our c\ntry is a subject wor?y ( e>ne/ consid]ation2 & :]eas ,ph>maceuti/s1 9 _! int]c\rse among !mselves1 ) physicians & ! public1 %\ld be gov]n$ by a code ( e?ics calculat$ to elevate ! /&>d & improve ! practice ( _! art2 & :]eas1 ! means ( a regul> ph>maceutical education %\ld be (f]$ to ! ris+ ,ph>maceuti/s by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,s*ools ( ,ph>macy 9 suitable locations2 & :]eas1 x is greatly to be desir$ t ! unit$ action ( ! pr(ession %\ld be direct$ to ! accompli%m5t ( ^! objects2 !re=e1 ,resolv$1 ,t 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,conv5tion1 mu* good w result f a m ext5d$ int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,ph>maceuti/s ( ! sev]al sections ( ! ,union1 by :i* _! cu/oms & practice may be assimilat$2 t ,ph>maceuti/s w\ld promote _! individual int]e/s & advance _! pr(essional /&+ by =m+ associations = mutual protection1 & ! education ( _! assi/ants1 :5 su* associations h become suffici5tly matur$2 & t1 9 view ( ^! important ends1 x is fur!r ,resolv$1 ,t a ,conv5tion be call$1 consi/+ ( ?ree delegates ea* f incorporat$ & un9corporat$ ,ph>maceutical ,societies1 to meet at ,philadelphia1 on ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,octob]1 #aheb1 :5 all ! import5t que/ions be>+ on ! pr(ession may be consid]$1 & measures adopt$ = ! organization ( a ,national ,association1 to meet e ye>4 ,9 accordance ) ^! resolutions1 x 0 resolv$ t ! ,presid5t ( ! ,conv5tion be reque/$ to transmit an invitation to ! au?oriz$ bodies1 at lea/ ?ree mon?s previ\s to ! "t ( meet+1 desir+ su* bodies to acqua9t him ) ! names ( ! delegates !y may appo9t4 ,on motion1 x 0 resolv$ t ! ,new ,york ,delegation be appo9t$ a ,committee to lay ! proce$+s ( ?is ,conv5tion be=e ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & aft]w>ds h !m publi%$ 9 pamphlet =m4 ,dr4 ,philbrick ( ,bo/on1 (f]$ ! foll[+ preamble & resolution1 :i* 7 adopt$3 ,,:]eas1 ,to secure ! full b5efits ( ! prohibition ( sophi/icat$ drugs & *emicals f abroad1 x is necess>y to prev5t home adult]ation2 !re=e1 ,resolv$1 ,t ?is ,conv5tion recomm5d to ! sev]al ,colleges to adopt su* measures z 9 _! respective /ates may be be/ calculat$ to secure t object4 ,on motion ( ,mr4 ,colcord ( ,bo/on1 x 0 ,resolv$1 ,t a committee ( ?ree be appo9t$ by ?is ,conv5tion to act z a ,/&+ ,committee to collect & receive su* in=mation z may be valuable1 #bhg & memorials & sugge/ions f any ,m$ical & ,ph>maceutical ,associations1 to be pres5t$ at ! next ,conv5tion4 ,! ,presid5t appo9t$ ,g4 ,d4 ,cogge%all ( ,new ,york1 ,s4 ,m4 ,colcord ( ,bo/on1 & ,w4 ,proct]1 ,jr41 ( ,philadelphia1 z ! ,committee4 ,a vote ( ?anks to ! (fic]s 0 pass$1 & !n ! ,conv5tion adj\rn$1 to meet 9 ,philadelphia1 on ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,octob]1 #aheb40 ,we hope t ! consid]ations embrac$ 9 ! preamble & resolutions ( ! committee w engage ! ?\ghtful & e>ne/ att5tion ( e apo!c>y e :]e ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o has a j s5se ( ! prop] dignity ( 8 pr(ession & an hone/ desire = its advancem5t1 & t all w feel ! importance ( a g5]al ga!r+ at ! approa*+ conv5tion1--"o t %all comprise a full repres5tation ( remote z well z adjac5t di/ricts ( our ext5d$ c\ntry4 ,9 ! words ( ! resolution1 8?ree delegates1 ea*1 f incorporat$ & un9corporat$ ph>maceutical societies10 are invit$1 b a feel+ has be5 increas+ly manife/$ s9ce ! la/ conv5tion1 to solicit repres5tation f all di/ricts1 small z well z l>ge1 t 9 places :]e b few apo!c>ies are locat$--too few z !y may ?9k = effici5t organization1--!y %\ld yet feel _! individual responsibility1 & be enc\rag$ to depute "o or m ( _! numb] to repres5t !m4 ,all1 :o come 9 ! "r _s ( reg>d = ! cause1 may be sure ( be+ welcome4--,a ,national ,ph>maceutical ,association w und\bt$ly be organiz$ on a simil> plan to t ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 & 9 x individuals may be admitt$ to memb]%ip t are acceptable z wor?y praction]s ( _! art4 ,! conv5tion w h _m subjects ( g5]al int]e/ to discuss & to arrange = future consid]ation4 ,prom95t among/ ^! w be1 a ,code ( ,e?ics :i* %\ld gov]n ph>maceuti/s 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties1 & 9 _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r & ) physicians2 ! importance ( g5]al con=mity 9 practice ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia2 ! suppression ( home z well z ! exclusion ( =eign adult]ation2 & ! driv+ out ( quack]y into its own mean company4 ,t all ^! ends c at once be atta9$ is sc>cely to be hop$ =2 b we tru/ ! conv5tion w be compos$ ( m5 :o appreciate ! di/9ctness ( ! honorable practice ( our pr(ession f all malpractice & quack]y1 & :o are fully dispos$ to m>k ! division cle>ly & broadly2 s t p]sons gov]n$ by su* opposite pr9ciples may take _! sep>ate places1 & be e/eem$ accord+ly4 ,we are au?oriz$ by ,dr4 ,gu?rie1 :o1 s9ce ! ,conv5tion ( #ahea1 has remov$ to ,memphis1 ,t5nessee1 to reque/ t ! names ( delegates may be report$ to ,pr(4 ,william ,proct]1 ,philadelphia1--a conv5i5t arrangem5t1 z ,mr4 ,proct] is "o ( ! delegates to ! next ,conv5tion1 resid+ 9 ! city :]e x is to be held4 ,we w\ld also invite ! att5tion ( ,ph>maceuti/s to ! resolution introduc$ by ,mr4 ,colcord1 ( ,bo/on1 & hope t any sugge/ions !y may wi% to (f]1 w be pres5t$ at an e>ly day to "o ( ! committee appo9t$1 to rceive !m4 #bhh ,,poison+ ,,by ,,adult]at$ ,,cid]4 ,a numb] ( cases ( lead poison+1 two ( :i* t]m9at$ fatally1 h lately occurr$ at ,p>is1 :i* h be5 trac$ to ! use ( cid]1 cl>ifi$ by a mixture ( acetate ( lead & c>bonate ( potassa4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is matt] %[s ! efficacy ( ! ,fr5* law reg>d+ ! use ( poison\s sub/ances1 & ! rigor ) :i* x is en=c$3 ,sev]al manufactur]s1 7 accus$ ( hav+ sold cid] adult]at$ & conta9+ sub/ances injuri\s to heal?2 o!rs 9 addition to ?is1 ( hav+ caus$ v>i\s int]nal injuries to diff]5t individuals1 & "o ,m4 ,h5on1 fur!r ( hav+ ?us caus$ ! dea? ( two individuals4 ,"o ( ! witnesses te/ifi$1 t he _h pur*as$ cid] at ! e/abli%m5t ( ! def5dant1 t "s days aft] dr9k+ x he _h be5 attack$ ) colic1 & con/ant trembl+s2 by ! advice ( 8 physician1 he s5t a quantity ( ! suspect$ cid] to ! prefect ( police = analysis4 ,a numb] ( o!r witnesses :o _h be5 poison$1 made /atem5ts to ! same effect4 ,m4 ,*evalli] depos$1 t he _h receiv$ a lett] f ! prefect ( ! police1 enclos+ "o f ! physician ( ! pla9tiff1 :o /at$ t a numb] ( 8 pati5ts _h be5 r5d]$ ill by ! use ( ?is cid]2 t he _h1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 inspect$ ! v>i\s e/abli%m5ts 9 :i* ! manufacture ( cid] 0 c>ri$ on1 & t he has asc]ta9$ ! pres5ce ( lead 9 ! cid] obta9$ at e/abli%m5ts ( ! accus$4 ,sev]al physicians te/ifi$1 t ! symptoms "u :i* _! pati5ts 7! witnesses7 _h labor$1 7 due to lead poison+4 ,m4 ,dubail1 a ,ph>maci51 te/ifi$ t he _h furni%$ ,m4 ,h5on1 7"o ( ! accus$71 ) a mixture ( acetate ( lead & c>bonate ( potassa1 :i* ,m4 ,h4 /at$1 t by ! advice ( "o ( 8 cl]ks1 he int5d$ to use 9 ! cl>ification ( cid]4 ,t he _h caution$ ,m4 ,h4 reg>d+ its employm5t1 & _h furni%$ him ) a re-ag5t = ! purpose ( detect+ any lead :i* might n be precipitat$ 9 ! cid] ?us cl>ifi$4 ,! trial 0 comm5c$ on ! #i? ( ,may1 cont9u$ ^u ! #aa?1 & judgm5t r5d]$ on ! #ah?4 ,h5on1 ! use ( ^: cid] _h caus$ two dea?s1 0 condemn$ to #ah mon?s imprisonm5t & to pay a f9e ( #hjj francs2 a second1 to #h mon?s imprisonm5t & a f9e ( #ejj francs2 a ?ird1 to #f mon?s imprisonm5t & #ejj francs2 :ile a f\r? p>ty1 accus$ only ( sell+ adult]at$ cid]1 b to ! employm5t ( :i* no injury _h be5 trac$1 0 imprison$ #c mon?s & f9$ #ajj francs4 ,m4 ,h5on 0 condemn$ to pay #bd1jej francs 9 addition z damages2 ano!r ( ! accus$1 ! sum ( #aejj francs4 ,truly1 if ! ,pr9ce ,presid5t has be5 r free 9 ! employm5t ( lead 9 ! /reets ( ,p>is1 ! gov]nm5t takes good c>e t its citiz5s %all n be poison$ by x ) impunity4 ,,erratum4--,9 ! ,july ,no4 page #bbd1 article ann\nc+ delegates to ! ,conv5tion = #aheb1 f\r? l9e1 = ,monday read ,w$nesday4 #bhi ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,octob]1 #aheb4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,cu/oms4 ,,new ,,york1 ,septemb] #be1 #aheb4 ,,mr4 ,,george ,d4 ,,cogge%all4 ,de> ,sir1--,y\r k9d & c\rte\s favor ( ! #af? in/ant1 on behalf ( ! ,publi%+ ,committee ( ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 ask+ 8in=mation respect+ ! "* ( import$ drugs & m$ic9es com+ "u my sup]vision2 & also1 in=mation 9 ref]5ce to ! g5]al work+ & effect ( ! drug law ( #ahdh10 has be5 be=e me = sev]al days1 wait+ su* response1 9 ! %ape ( a full & l5g?y communication 9 detail1 z x 0 my wi% to furni%2 b press+ & increas+ (ficial duties compel me1 f want ( "t 7n mat]ial71 to =ego t pleasure & conf9e myself to a brief /atem5t ( facts & data1 :i*1 toge!r ) "s g5]al obs]vations1 ,i am 9 hopes may1 nev]!less1 be f\nd int]e/+ to y\r read]s4 ,z an evid5ce ( ! b5eficial effects ( ! wise sanit>y measure1 9 ! success ( :i*1 we h all tak5 s mu* int]e/1 ,i am pleas$ to say t ! "* & quality ( ! m important articles ( drugs1 m$ic9es & *emical prep>ations1 connect$ ) m$ic9e at pres5t pres5t$ = entry f abroad1 is greatly improv$1 & ( a f> high] /&>d ( /r5g? & purity ?an =m]ly2 not)/&+1 z w be se51 ,i /ill h occasion to apply ! 8veto p[]0--a labor ( love1 :i* mu/1 ( necessity1 be #bij p]=m$ 9 ord] to arre/ ! unhall[$ /rides ( deception & fraud :i* w ev] be practis$1 to a great] or less ext5t1 z long z we h ^? among u1 engag$ 9 any dep>tm5t ( ! drug trade1 :o1 to put money 9 _! purse1 w\ld endang]1 if n sacrifice ! lives ( _! fell[ m54 ,! law 9 "q has n[ be5 9 op]ation at ?is port some?+ m ?an f\r ye>s2 &1 ) ! exception ( "s elev5 mon?s1 ! duties & responsibilities ( its adm9i/ration h devolv$ ^u me4 ,on ! #ba/ day ( ,april1 #ahdi1 ,i made a report to ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 on ! practical op]ation ( ?is law1 & /at$ !re9 ! m important articles ( drugs & m$ic9es1 ) ! quantities annex$1 reject$ by me up to t date2 b z t report is d\btless famili> to mo/ ( y\r read]s1 ,i h n deem$ x necess>y to repeat !m "h4 ,! foll[+ are ! m important articles1 ) ! quantities annex$1 t ,i h s9ce reject$ & condemn$ z n ( ! requisite /r5g? & purity to be safely & prop]ly us$ = m$ic9al purposes1 viz3 ,s5na1 #ca1hch lbs4 ,jalap root1 #cg1aba lbs4 ,rhub>b root1 #e1ghb lbs4 ,s>sap>illa1 #fe1cgd lbs4 ,mez]eon b>k1 #a1cec lbs4 ,opium1 #c1afd lbs4 ,k9o1 #bcj lbs4 ,scammony1 #a1dhc lbs4 ,aloes1 #ab1cge lbs4 ,squills1 #a1fbf lbs4 ,spuri\s ,p]uvian b>k1 #cjd1ace lbs4 ,spani% ,saffron1 #cfj lbs4 ,ergot1 #dge lbs4 ,*amomile fl[]s1 #a1hif lbs4 ,assaftida1 #c1gjj lbs4 ,worm se$1 #bcj lbs4 ,col*icum se$1 #b1bdf lbs4 #bia ,val]ian root1 #fej lbs4 ,guaiacum1 #i1cjj lbs4 ,cream ( ,t>t>1 #g1fgc lbs4 ,magnesia 7c>b471 #b1hfg lbs4 ,magnesia 7calc'd471 #a1efj lbs4 ,al!a root1 #a1aag lbs4 ,liquorice root1 #i1dcj lbs4 ,bi/ort root1 #adj lbs4 ,g5tian root1 #g1egb lbs4 ,g5tian root1 9 p[d]1 #dcj lbs4 ,lav5d] fl[]s1 #c1jdb lbs4 ,poppy fl[]s1 #aij lbs4 ,hellebore root 7:ite71 #dfj lbs4 ,p>eira ,brava root1 #gcj lbs4 ,can?>ides1 #a1bgf lbs4 ,creosote1 #adj ozs4 ,brom9e1 #dcj ozs4 ,sulphate ( ,qu99e1 #c1bjj ozs4 ,iod9e1 #f1hfd ozs4 ,hydriodate ( ,potass1 #c1gbj ozs4 ,mak+ altoge!r "s five hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& p\nds1 to say no?+ ( v>i\s articles 9 small quantities reject$ f "t to "t1 :i* ,i h n consid]$ ( suffici5t importance to note d[n4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! n9ety ?\s& p\nds previ\sly reject$1 z /at$ 9 an e>ly report above allud$ to1 makes "s six hundr$ & t5 ?\s& p\nds ( v>i\s articles ( drugs & m$ic9es condemn$ by me z unfit = m$ic9al purposes s9ce ! law took effect at ?is port4 ,:at articles & 9 :at quantities1 7 reject$ dur+ ! elev5 mon?s t ,i 0 abs5t f ! (fice1 ,i am n advis$1 nei!r am ,i at ?is "t able to say :at has be5 done "u ! requirem5ts ( ?is act at ! o!r ports ( entry4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 t ! special exam9]s c give a good acc\nt ( _! /ew>d%ip1 & t !y w n hesitate to d s1 :5ev] ! in=mation is desirable z a means ( pu%+ on ! column ( m$ical & ph>maceutical re=m4 #bib ,x w be se5 by ! above /atem5t1 t by f> ! l>ge/ quantity ( any "o article reject$1 is t ( spuri\s ,p]uvian b>k1 or z x is g5]ally kn[n 9 comm]ce1 ,c>?ag5a & ,m>acaibo b>k2 & t too1 z a g5]al ?+ ( ! poore/ & mo/ wor?less quality4 ,! be/ ( ?is b>k af=ds on analysis only an exce$+ly small p]c5tage ( qu99e1 n unfrequ5tly1 b a m]e trace2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x yields z high z two1 & occasionally ) *oice samples1 two & a half p] c5t ( a peculi> alkaloid :i* has be5 nam$ qu9id9e1 9 contra-di/9ction to qu99e1 c9*on9e1 & aric9e1 7! ?ree alkaloids h]et(ore obta9$ f ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! c9*ona tribe ( plants17 f :i* x diff]s ess5tially 9 sev]al respects4 ,:at is qu9id9e1 m$ic9ally und]/ood8 ,h[ does sulphate ( qu9id9e comp>e ) sulphate ( qu99e 7f :i* x is v difficult to di/+ui% x by ! nak$ eye17 m$ic9ally1 z a rem$ial ag5t 9 cases :]e ! use ( ! latt] salt is p>ticul>ly indicat$8 ,^! are important que/ions1 & ! subject is "o v prop]ly at ! pres5t "t call+ = prompt1 pati5t1 & p]sev]+ inve/igation by all ^? ^: mission x is to prep>e1 disp5se or prescribe ! mo/ effici5t means :]e) to combat disease2 ! m s = ! reason1 t ,i h detect$ 9 mo/ ( ! sulphate ( qu99e lately import$ f abroad1 m or less ( ?is non-(fic9al1 & 79 my op9ion7 z comp>$ ) qu99e1 non-effici5t sub/ance yclept qu9id9e2 a fact readily acc\nt$ =1 :5 x is kn[n t = ! la/ ye> or two imm5se quantities ( ! b>k 9 "q1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1 h be5 export$ f ,new ,gr5ada1 7z well z mu* f ?is port t _h be5 reject$7 & pur*as$ by =eign manufactur+ *emi/s1 = ! purpose1 z ,i h reason to believe1 ( mix+ x ) ! true b>k 9 ! manufacture ( sulphate ( qu99e2 h5ce ! hybrid salt n[ too frequ5tly pres5t$ to entry2 a practice t1 if n spe$ily ab&on$1 w ru9 z f> z ?is c\ntry is conc]n$1 ! =m]ly well des]v$ reputation ( m ?an "o ( ! #bic =eign manufactur]s ( sulphate ( qu99e ,i c\ld "n4 ,! argum5t ma9ta9$ by "s ( !m t ! article is us$ 9 _! hospitals & f\nd equal to pure qu99e1 w n answ] on ?is side ( ! wat]2 x smacks too mu* ( ! almighty doll>1 ev5 z ,i mu/ believe 7until fur!r advis$7 at ! exp5se ( tru?4 ,?is comp>atively in]t sub/ance1 qu9id9e1 is readily detect$ by us+ ! me?od adopt$ by ,zimm]1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,m>* numb] ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal 7,london71 &1 z ,i 0 happy to see1 transf]$ to ! columns ( ! ,may numb] ( y\r valuable ,j\rnal4 ,x is a te/ s p]fect1 s sci5tifically practical1 & s simple )al1 t any "o possess+ only a mod]ate %>e ( *emical & analytical acum5 c successfully apply x1 ev5 ?\gh p]*ance he may n be able to boa/ ( we>+ ! mantle ( ! dep>t$ ,b]zel9s1 or ( hav+ be5 a favorite pupil ( ,liebig4 ,! law w5t into op]ation at ?is port on ! #ab? day ( ,july1 #ahdh1 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 z a cause ( gratulation1 on ! "p ( ! e>ly fri5ds ( ! measure1 t ! importation ( inf]ior & wor?less qualities ( _m important drugs & m$ic9es1 has s9ce gradually & greatly decreas$ 9 quantity4 ,= in/ance1 ,i reject$ dur+ ! fir/ sev5 mon?s ( ! work+ ( ! law #ai1ihi p\nds ( ,rhub>b root2 b ,i h s9ce reject$ only #e1ghb p\nds1 be+ b a fraction ov] "o ?ird ( ! quantity4 ,= ! pa/ eighte5 mon?s1 ,i h n _h occasion to reject a s+le p\nd4 ,i reject$ dur+ ! fir/ n9e mon?s #c1cdg p\nds ( opium2 b h s9ce1 dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an two ye>s & a half ( my adm9i/ration ( ! law1 z w be se5 by ! above /atem5t1 reject$ only #c1afd p\nds4 ,= ! pa/ ?irte5 mon?s ,i h reject$ only n9e hundr$ & fifty two p\nds1 :ile ,i h pass$ dur+ t p]iod n less ?an #gj1jjj p\nds4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two mon?s ( ! op]ation ( ! law1 ,i reject$ #a1dad p\nds ( gamboge1 b h s9ce met ) t only :i* ,i 0 ready #bid to pass )\t any hesitation4 ,dur+ ! fir/ n9e mon?s ,i reject$ #b1igg p\nds ( gum myrrh1 b all t has s9ce be5 pres5t$ to entry at ?is port1 ,i h f\nd satisfactory4 ,?us might ,i cont9ue1 b "t & space w n p]mit4 ,en\gh ,i op9e1 has be5 said & %[n to satisfy ev5 ! mo/ prejudic$ & sceptical oppon5t ( ?is wise measure1 t if fai?fully & judici\sly adm9i/]$1 & second$ ) becom+ zeal & hone/y ( purpose by ! m$ical pr(ession1 ! ph>maceuti/ & disp5s+ apo!c>y1 x is calculat$ & de/9$ to effect mo/ b5eficial & la/+ sanit>y re=ms ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( our va/ & glori\s l&4 ,9 a ^w1 ! law has op]at$ ?us f> rem>kably well consid]+ ! ha/y mann] 9 :i* x 0 fram$ & pass$ ?r\gh ,congress4 ,x is1 9 "s respects imp]fect1 z mu/ ev] be ! case ) all new measures ( legislation until _! utility is te/$ by practical op]ation2 b ^! imp]fections 71 "s "t s9ce1 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 :o1 ) 8 accu/om$ promptitude soon aft] in/ruct$ me to report to ! ,dep>tm5t su* manife/ations & sugge/ions z my exp]i5ce 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! law %\ld dictate z mo/ desirable1 practicable1 & judici\s2 &1 not)/&+ ?is important & responsible tru/ has necess>ily be5 made ! subject ( ! few occasional leisure mom5ts ,i c\ld f "t to "t comm&1 ap>t f o!r (ficial duties1 x is ne>ly complet$1 &1 9 a mann] too1 z ,i h reason to believe1 t w r5d] ! law1 :5 am5d$ z propos$1 satisfactory to all honorable deal]s1 import]s1 own]s1 & consignees1 &1 at ! same "t d away ) ! n unreasonable objections ent]ta9$ by our m>9e insurance companies2 :ile its effici5cy in/ead ( be+ 9 any mann] impair$ by ! am5dm5ts1 w be m p]fectly gu>d$ & ess5tially /r5g!n$4 ,! p>ticul>s & details connect$ ) ?is duty ,i mu/ def] until ano!r "t2 b ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ be=e clos+ ?is communication to say1 t to ! pres5t able & di/+ui%$ #bie head ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 ,hon4 ,?omas ,corw91 is due a debt ( gratitude1 f all true fri5ds ( ?is important measure1 n easily cancell$4 ,soon aft] he 0 call$ to take ^u himself ! responsibilities ( "o ( ! mo/ important1 & by f> ! mo/ ardu\s (fices "u ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ! d[nw>d & fatal t5d5cy ( a maladm9i/ration ( ! law 0 br\ght to 8 notice2 :51 ris+ above all m9or consid]ations1 he rescu$ x f imp5d+ dang]1 & plac$ x ^u :at he deem$ a safe basis2 & has s9ce1 on all occasions1 l5t a will+ e> to e sugge/ion calculat$ to r5d] x m p]fect1 to add to its effici5cy1 or p]petuate its usefulness4 ,a noble example truly1 & "o well wor?y ( ! man4 ,to conclude1 ,i beg to say1 t al?\gh ,i h n ! honor ( belong+ to any ,ph>maceutical ,association1 ,i nev]!less take great int]e/ 9 ev]y?+ calculat$ to advance ! good cause & noble call+ 9 :i* y h s long be5 engag$2 &1 ,i hope ! day is n f> di/ant1 :5 e city & t[n ( importance ?r\gh\t ?is wide ext5d$ c\ntry1 w be favor$ ) an organization ( ! k9d1 radiat+ f a ,national ,ph>maceutical ,association z a common c5t]4 ,x w\ld be ( va/ b5efit to ! community at l>ge1 z well z em95tly useful to ! m$ical pr(ession2 = z all mu/ admit1 x is ( ! mo/ vital importance to ! success ( ! physician1 t 8 rem$ial ag5ts are prop]ly prep>$ by a well-br$ & p]fectly educat$ *emi/ & ph>maceuti/2 &1 ,i may add my conviction1 t m$ical & ph>maceutical *emi/ry1 a "p ( m$ical education t has ?us f> be5 mo/ unp>donably neglect$1 %\ld be univ]sally & effici5tly taught 9 our ,s*ools ( ,m$ic9e4 ,i am1 de> ,sir1 ,v respectfully1 y\r obd't4 s]v't41 ,m4 ,j4 ,,bailey1 ,m4 ,d41 ,special ,exam9] ( ,drugs1 ,m$ic9es1 ,*emical ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations1 c4 #bif ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,coal ,,gas ,,z ,a ,,s\rce ,,( ,,heat ,,= ,,! ,,laboratory4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,n4 ,,k5t4 ,hav+ rec5tly fitt$ up a new laboratory 9 :i* ,i h introduc$ coal gas z a s\rce ( heat1 ,i h ?\ght a description ( ! app>atus & mann] ( us+ x1 w\ld be int]e/+ to *emi/s & ph>maceuti/s1 z x has n be5 v g5]ally appli$ to ?is purpose z yet 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh 9 ,engl&1 :]e alcohol is de>1 x has long be5 us$ z a sub/itute4 ,9 ! use ( coal gas z a s\rce ( heat1 ! pr9cipal difficulty to be avoid$1 is its t5d5cy to smoke2 ?is ,i h accompli%$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! ord9>y arg& gas burn]1 fix$ p]man5tly ^u a bran* pipe pass+ up ?r\gh ! table1 is "o ( ! *eape/1 & a conv5i5t arrangem5t = _m purposes1 & to prev5t smoke1 a tall glass *imney1 or a %ort %eet iron *imney1 ) e o!r hole 9 ! burn] plugg$1 s z to make sep>ate & di/9ct jets = ! air to pass ?r\gh1 is all t is necess>y4 ,a tripod or %eet iron cyl9d]1 = support+ vessels ov] ! flame1 is an indisp5sable addition to ?is burn]4 ,!re is "o objection to ?is =m ( app>atus1 :i* is1 t x is fix$1 & _c be mov$ ab\t l a lamp4 ,to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 ,i h _h a numb] ( burn]s con/ruct$ 9 diff]5t ways1 & connect$ ) flexible tubes1 s z to admit ( a *ange ( position1 to any place )9 ! l5g? ( ! tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,figure #a1 is a gas burn] design$ z a sub/itute = ! ,rose ,lamp1 & :5 connect$ to ! gas pipe by means ( a flexible tube1 answ]s e purpose ( t excell5t lamp )\t be+ liable to ! dang] ( cat*+ fire1 or to ! necessity ( repl5i%+ dur+ an op]ation1 z is ! case ) mo/ alcohol lamps4 ,! above arrangem5t consi/s ( an ord9>y arg& gas burn]1 ) e o!r hole plugg$1 fix$ to an arm ) a socket & #big ?umb screw1 by means ( :i* x c be rais$ to any height on ! rod atta*$ to a moveable wood5 foot4 ,! l[] "p ( ! burn] is provid$ ) a screw to :i* ! flexible tube is atta*$1 by means ( a ,h>e's gall[s screw connector4 ,! o!r end ( ! flexible tube %\ld be provid$ ) a /opcock1 at its union ) ! fix$ gas pipes = regulat+ ! supply ( ! gas4 ,above ! burn] is a moveable r+1 ) socket & ?umb screw1 = support+ retorts1 flasks1 etc41 at any desir$ height4 ,a glass *imney is repres5t$ 9 ! figure1 b ?is may be replac$ ) a %ort %eet iron *imney1 :5 "p ( ! holes 9 ! burn] h be5 plugg$ z be=e m5tion$4 ,! above burn] is well adapt$ = use ) ! wire gauze *imney1 z ! moveable r+ ) ! addition ( a wire tripod1 answ]s z a support = a plat9a crucible4 ,to insure a p]fect combu/ion ( ! mixture ( gas & air1 ,i f9d t ! %eet iron cyl9d] %\ld be ab\t t5 in*es high & two in*es diamet]4 ,ov] su* a cyl9d]1 ) ! upp] end cov]$ ) wire gauze1 x is an easy matt] to fuse c>bonate ( soda1 or o!r sub/ance requir+ a bright r$ heat4 ,:5 ! combu/ion is p]fect ) ! above cyl9d]1 ! flame is ( a pale bluei% :ite color1 l t ( a solid flame f alcohol b mu* hott]4 ,) ! addition ( a small conical *imney ( %eet iron1 plac$ ov] ! mix$ gas-burn]1 s z to br+ ! blue flame to a small] compass1 ,i f9d x a v conv5i5t & p[]ful flame = b5d+ glass tubes1 by :i* tubes ( any diamet]1 or ! neck ( a retort1 may be easily s(t5$ & b5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,figure #b1 is an arg& burn]1 ) e o!r hole plugg$1 atta*$ to a heavy brass foot1 & ) an arm & /opcock1 to :i* a long flexible tube is atta*$1 ! o!r end ( :i* is connect$ to a p5dant above ! table4 ,?is burn] is well adapt$ = use on any "p ( ! table1 & may be us$ ) an ord9>y retort #bih /&1 or ) a %eet iron cyl9d]1 = support+ vessels ov] ! flame4 ,x has all ! conv5i5ces )\t ! disadvantages ( a ,b]zelius' ,lamp1 z x requires no wicks or repl5i%+1 & _c take fire2 & ! /opcock is n liable to get out ( ord]1 z is ! case ) ! rack & p9ion ( ! alcoholic lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,figure #c1 is a l>ge burn]1 six in*es 9 diamet]1 ) ! holes plac$ f> en\gh ap>t to =m di/9ct jets ( ! burn+ gas1 by :i* means smoke is entirely prev5t$ )\t ! use ( any *imney4 ,?is burn]1 l ! prec$+1 is atta*$ to a heavy brass foot1 & ) an arm & /opcock1 to :i* a long flexible tube is atta*$1 by means ( :i* x c be mov$ to any "p ( ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,?is burn] is provid$ ) a l>ge %eet iron cyl9d]1 7figure #d7 ) air holes at ! top & bottom1 a slit at ! side1 to g ov] ! arm ( ! burn]1 & a door 9 front = conv5i5ce 9 light+ ! gas1 & ?us =ms a p[]ful & conv5i5t gas furnace1 by means ( :i* a gallon ( wat] c be easily boil$4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! conf9$ heat is s great1 t x is necess>y to protect ! table f burn+1 by means ( %eet iron1 or o!r suitable mat]ial4 ,9 po9t ( economy1 coal gas is *eap] ?an alcohol = fuel1 ev5 9 ,am]ica :]e ! latt] is s *eap1 & ! price ( gas is comp>atively high2 &1 x is to be hop$1 t ! price ( ! latt] w be r$uc$1 s t coal gas may yet be us$ ) economy1 z a s\rce ( heat = dome/ic z well z = *emical & ph>maceutical purposes4 ,! pres5t price %\ld be no detrim5t to its free use1 z x is1 #bii und\bt$ly1 ! mo/ cleanly & conv5i5t fuel :i* c be us$ 9 ! laboratory2 &1 z su*1 ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d x to ^?1 = :om ! above description has be5 prep>$4 ,,note ,,^u ,,cicuta 7,,conium ,,maculatum7 ,,& ,,conic9e4 ,s9ce ,/o]ck1 :o fir/ extoll$ ! virtues ( ,hemlock1 ?is plant has und]gone num]\s alt]ations ( cr$it & neglect :i* may be expla9$ by ! want ( c]ta9ty1 or r by ! irregul>ity1 ( its action4 ,an important "w has j appe>$ on ?is subject1 execut$ conjo9tly by a physician & ph>maci5 ( ,lyons1 ,,mm4 ,devay & ,guill]mond4 ,?is "w1 :i* developes & completes :at has be5 said ^u ! m$ic9al virtues ( hemlock1 furni%es a new elem5t :i* w fix1 we believe1 ! !rapeutic value ( t sub/ance4 ,x is ! sub/itution ( ! se$ l fruits = ! o!r p>ts ( ! plant4 ,we w briefly expla9 ! motive ( t pref]5ce4 ,! pr9ciple to :i* cicuta owes bo? its toxicological & !rapeutic p[]s has receiv$ ! names ( cicuta1 cone9e & conic9e1 ! la/ ( :i* is n[ g5]ally adopt$4 ,x is a volatile alkaloid1 ( a %>p p5etrat+1 disagreeable smell1 some:at l t ( mice4 ,x is ( an oily consi/5ce1 & easily decompos$ by heat4 ,9 ^! respects x resembles nicot9e4 ,b1 a *>act]i/ic readily recogniz$ & :i* di/+ui%es x f ! latt]1 :5 %ak5 ) wat] x aga9 floats ^u ! surface1 :ile nicot9e is imm$iately dissolv$ by t liquid4 ,! volatility ( conic9e1 ! read9ess ) :i* x is #cjj decompos$ by heat or "t alone1 are su* t ! ,lyonese exp]im5t]s d n hesitate to propose ! ab&onm5t bo? ( ! h]b itself1 & ( all ! ph>maceutic =ms prep>$ by ! aid ( heat1 or 9 :i* ! conic9e is susceptible ( und]go+ decomposition4 ,we ?9k ?is is go+ r too f>4 ,! extracts ( cicuta prep>$ ) c>e1 & p>ticul>ly ^? prep>$ 9 vacuo1 are ( daily s]vice4 ,we h be5 able to v]ify by trituration ) potassa1 ! pres5ce ( conic9e 9 a hydro-alcoholic extract1 a numb] ( ye>s old4 ,b1 not)/&+1 recogniz+ ! fact t ! prep>ations ( cicuta ( ?is k9d are (t5 in]t1 we agree ) ! exp]im5t]s t x is ( consequ5ce to escape f su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,! t9cture ( cicuta prep>$ ) ! fre% plant1 is a v beautiful product1 b made f p>ts ( ! plant conta9+ b a small proportion ( conic9e1 or at all ev5ts conta9+ x 9 v v>iable proportions1 may be in]t or irregul> 9 its action4 ,:at !n is to be done8 employ conic9e itself8 ,b ! prep>ation ( ! alkaloid is difficult2 x is promptly decompos$ by contact ) ! air & light1 & ! apportionm5t ( its dose1 (f]s s]i\s inconv5i5ces4 ,!re is a organ ( ! plant 9 :i* its active pr9ciple is f\nd 9 l>g] & m con/ant proportion1 & "u conditions 9 :i* x is bett] pres]v$ ?an 9 any o!r2 t organ is ! fruit4 ,x is at ! mom5t ( its mo/ p]fect developm5t1 :5 ! plant comm5ces to fl[]1 t x conta9s ! l>ge/ proportion ( conic9e1 & t ! pr9ciple is mo/ p]fectly elaborat$4 ,at a lat] p]iod x disappe>s & is fix$ 9 ! fruit1 9 :i* x is conc5trat$ 9 great quantity4 ,x is 9 ! fruit t we seek x :5 we wi% to extract x4 ,x is 9 ! fruit we %\ld seek x = m$ical use4 ,,ph>maceutical ,,prep>ations4 ,,=mul4--8,hav+ %[n by exp]im5t z well z by reason+1 t ! fruit ( ! cicuta 7akne7 %\ld h5ce=? replace all ! prep>ations ( ! plant employ$ 9 m$ic9e3 we h to make kn[n ! use we h made ( ?is fact4 ,x is important 9 ! fir/ #cja place1 t ! fruit employ$ %\ld be t ( ! great cicuta1 & t x %\ld n be m+l$ ) se$s ( ! o!r umbellif]4 ,!y may be kn[n by be+ almo/ globul> ) five cr5elat$ sides4 ,:5 ! fruit is divid$1 ! sides fold 9 ! =m ( a cresc5t4 ,!y d n possess l mo/ ( ! o!r umbellif]1 a peculi> aromatic odor4 ,?is appe>s to be cov]$ by t ( conic9e4 ,! fool's p>sley1 7?usa cynapium17 ! phell&rium aquaticum1 ! anise1 be> fruits :i*1 physically1 h mu* resemblance to t ( ! cicuta2 b1 :5 ! latt] is pulv]iz$1 ! *>act]i/ic odor :i* is develop$ is suffici5t to enable u readily to recognize x4 ,ano!r precaution to be tak5 is 9 relation to ! "t at :i* ! fruit %\ld be collect$4 ,^? :i* 7 employ$ 9 our exp]im5ts & prep>ations _h rea*$ ! p]fection ( _! maturity4 ,x is !n x %\ld be collect$ = m$ical use1 because !n x is isolat$1 s to speak1 f ! plant :i* produces x2 ! active pr9ciple exi/s !n 9 !m 9 a true /ate ( conc5tration & p]man5ce4 #a/4 ,,=mul ,,= ,,int]nal ,,use4--8,! fruit ( ! cicuta does n ne$ any complicat$ ph>maceutic prep>ation4 ,x is active en\gh ( itself to be employ$ 9 its natural condition4 ,a v simple manipulation only seems necess>y to facilitate its use4 ,x is to r$uce x to p[d] & to =m x into pills1 :i*1 coat$ ) sug>1 may be pres]v$ an indef9ite "t4 ,we h ?\ght be/ to give ! pills two degrees ( /r5g? accord+ to ! foll[+ =mul4 8,pills ( ,cicuta1 ,no4 #a4--,take "o gramme ( ! fruit ( ! cicuta rec5tly pulv]iz$2 make ) a suffici5t quantity ( sug> & ( syrup a mass1 to be divid$ into #ajj pills4 ,^! are to be cov]$ ) sug>2 ea* pill w weigh ab\t #aj c5tigrammes4 ,^! are suit$ to p]sons :o are n yet habituat$ to ! use ( ! drug1 & :o are ( a delicate con/itution4 ,we comm5ce ) two pills ! fir/ day1 & ! dose is augm5t$ day by day to #aj1 #ae1 or #bj4 ,x is !n mo/ conv5i5t to employ pills ,no4 #b4 #cjb ,pills ,no4 #b4--,take #e grammes ( ! rec5tly p[d]$ fruit ( ! cicuta2 incorporate !m ) a suffici5t quantity ( gum & sug>2 divide z be=e into #ajj pills1 :i* are to be envelop$ ) sug>1 ea* pill w weigh ab\t #be c5tigrammes4 8,we w f9i% ! s]ies ( int]nal m$ic9es by ! =mula ( a syrup ( conic9e1 :i* w be ( ! greate/ utility to practition]s4 8,exhau/ #aj grammes ( ! fruit ( ! cicuta1 ) alcohol at #bh ,c4 7#hb ,f47 s z to obta9 #fj grammes1 to :i* #cjjj grammes ( syrup1 aromatis$1 ad libitum1 are to be add$4 8,?irty grammes ( ?is syrup repres5t #a decigramme ( ! fruit or a milligramme ( conic9e4 ,a teaspoonful be+ ! equival5t ( #cj grammes ( syrup1 ! pati5t :o takes "o pill ( ,no4 #b4 w be able to take half a teaspoonful ( ! syrup4 ,,=mula ,,= ,,ext]nal ,,use4--,balm ( ,conic9e4--,! process :i* we employ to prep>e ! balm ( conic9e au?orizes u to give x t "n4 ,x is 9 effect1 a true solution 9 l>d fre$ f ! pr9ciples :i* reta9 x 9 comb9ation1 & z pure z ! processes we h propos$ = its extraction w p]mit4 ,?us1 aft] hav+ exhau/$ ! fruit by alcohol1 & aft] hav+ sep>at$ z completely z possible ! conic9e by means ( e!r & cau/ic pota%1 conf9+ ourselves to ! precautions indicat$ bel[1 we take3 ! e!r ( cicuta1 obta9$ by ! exhau/ion ( #ajj grammes ( ! fruit1 & #cjj grammes ( rec5tly wa%$ l>d4 ,we beg9 by evaporat+ ! e!r 9 ! op5 air1 t is1 by p\r+ x little by little 9 a plate1 & z soon z ! great] "p ( x has be5 elim9at$1 & ! conic9e comm5ces to appe> ^u ! plate 9 ! =m ( little yell[ drops1 sep>at+ !mselves f ! vehicle1 ! l>d is to be incorporat$ ) x by degrees1 ! :ole be+ con/antly /irr$ to facilitate ! evaporation ( ! e!r4 ,a balm ( conic9e is ?us obta9$1 exce$+ly active & conv5i5t = use4 #cjc ,! foll[+ is ! mode ( prep>+ ! e!r ( cicuta3 8,! alcoholic t9cture obta9$ by ! complete exhau/ion ( #ajj grammes ( ! fruit1 is to be evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & ! alcohol is to be replac$ by a small quantity ( wat]4 ,?is leaves undissolv$ a ?ick gre5 oil1 entirely soluble 9 e!r1 & ( :i* ! quantity rea*es ! weight ( #cj grammes4 ,aft] hav+ sep>at$ ?is gre5 oil1 we wa% ) e!r ! product ( ! alcoholic evaporation & obta9 a yell[i% res9\s sub/ance1 :i* has no action on litmus pap] & :i* has a /rong odor1 sui g5]is1 diff]5t f t ( conic9e4 ,aft] hav+ submitt$ ! "m wat]s ( ! alcoholic extract to ?is prelim9>y treatm5t1 we h introduc$ !m into a flask hav+ a capacity ?ree times z great z _! volume1 & treat$ !m successively ) a conc5trat$ solution ( cau/ic pota% & rectifi$ sulphuric e!r4 ,imm$iately aft] ! addition ( ! pota%1 a well m>k$ odor ( conic9e 0 manife/ 9 ! mixture1 & ! e!r became /rongly alkal9e4 ,we left ! same e!r1 7ab\t #bj grammes7 ^u ! mixture = twelve h\rs1 (t5 agitat+ x4 ,x 0 !n decant$ & replac$ by fre% e!r1 & ?is 0 replac$ until ! e!r became ne>ly ins5sible to litmus pap]4 ,we rem>k$ t ! fir/ #bj grammes ( e!r took up ne>ly all ! alkaloid4 ,"o hundr$ grammes ( well rectifi$ e!r 0 suffici5t to remove almo/ completely ! alkaloid f ! extractive & alkal9e mixture d]iv$ f #ajj grammes ( ! fruit ( ! cicuta4 ,,solution ,,( ,,conic9e ,,= ,,injections4 ,t9cture ( ! fruit1 #ajj grammes4 ,lime wat]1 #ijj grammes4 ,filt] at ! end ( a few m9utes4 8,9 ?is prep>ation we h ?\ght be/ to employ lime wat] in/ead ( simple wat]4 ,we h rem>k$ previ\sly t ! t9cture ( cicuta possess$ no smell ( conic9e1 b :5 lime wat] 0 add$1 ! odor 0 in/antly develop$ 9 a high dagree4 ,! conic9e is dis5gag$ by ! lime #cjd f its sal9e comb9ation1 & rema9s free1 dissolv$ 9 ! wat]40 ,,mm4 ,devay & ,guill]mond1 :o1 9 _! "w1 h be5 s j 9 _! d$uctions1 fail "h1 we ?9k1 9 d5om9at+ syrup1 injection1 c41 ( conic9e1 ! v>i\s prep>ations ( ! fruits ( ! cicuta4 ,x is only p]haps a matt] ( =m1 b x is important to avoid 9 mat]ia m$ica a matt] ( =m :i* may give rise to a false idea ( ?+s1 :i* may 9 a ^w1 induce error4 ,we h only occupi$ ourselves ) ! ph>macological "p ( ! "w ( ,,mm4 ,devay & ,guill]mond4 ,! ,bullet9 de ,!rapeutique w soon (f] an appreciation ( its !rapeutical portion4--,dorvault4--,bullet9 de ,!rapeutique4 ,! facts on :i* ! pref]5ce ( ! se$s ( conium to ! prep>ations 9 ord9>y use are f\nd$1 are by no means new4 ,!y h be5 long kn[n & frequ5tly comm5t$ on4 ,f six lbs4 ( ! fre% & n9e ( ! dri$ fruit1 ,geig] obta9$ an ounce ( conia1 or1 z ! ,fr5* *emi/s pref] to call x1 conic9e2 :ile f #ajj lbs4 ( ! fre% h]b1 he procur$ only a dra*m4 ,! fre% dri$ h]b exhibit$ only traces ( x4 ,! extract prep>$ f ! h]b p>takes necess>ily ( its unc]ta9ty & inactivity4 ,mo/ ( :at is f\nd 9 ! %op is entirely in]t2 :ile ! be/1 t ( ,tild5 or ( ,currie1 :i* are sup]ior to ! be/ ,engli% extract we h se51 possess comp>atively little p[]4 ,if conium is to be reta9$ 9 ! mat]ia m$ia1 x is evid5t t we %\ld employ t "p ( ! plant 9 :i* ! active pr9ciple is conta9$ 9 ! greate/ quantity1 & 9 a condition lea/ liable to alt]ation4 ,we are z yet1 h[ev]1 v imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties1 ei!r m$ic9al or poison\s ( conium2 &1 z ! cont9uation ( ! memoir ( ,,mm4 ,devay & ,guill]mond promises u a solution ( ! "q1 we await x ) mu* int]e/4--,,ed4 ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 #cje ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,writ+ ,,inks4 ,9 ! manufacture ( good writ+ ink1 m nicety is requir$ 9 ! *oice ( mat]ials1 z well z great] skill 9 manipulation1 ?an is g5]ally be/[$ ^u x4 ,! proportion ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts us$ is a matt] ( consid]able importance1 affect+ 9 a great degree ! durability ( ! ink4 ,,dr4 ,,lewis',s ,,writ+ ,,ink4--,dr4 ,lewis1 :o in/itut$ a s]ies ( v c>eful exp]im5ts on ! manufacture ( writ+ ink1 f\nd t equal p>ts ( sulphate ( iron & ( galls gave an ink1 :i*1 al?\gh ( a good color :5 fir/ us$1 became yell[i%-br[n :5 ! writ+ 0 kept = a mod]ate l5g? ( "t1 & t 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ! sulphate1 ! inks 7 less durable 9 color1 & t ^? 9 :i* ! galls 7 9 excess1 7 mo/ durable4 ,he1 !re=e1 recomm5d$ ! foll[+ proportions z be/ suit$ = ! manufacture ( good writ+ ink3--,p[d]$ sulphate ( iron1 #a oz42 p[d]$ logwood1 #a oz42 p[d]$ galls1 #c oz42 gum arabic1 #a oz42 :ite w9e or v9eg>1 #a qu>t4 ,wat] w answ] = common purposes1 b :ite w9e =m$ a black] ink ?an wat]1 & v9eg> =m$ "o /ill black] ?an w9e4 ,! addition ( _s injur$ ! color1 & occasion$ a precipitation ( color+ matt]--a decoction ( logwood1 in/ead ( wat]1 improv$ bo? ! beauty & deepness ( ! black4 ,! +r$i5ts are to be put 9 a glass or o!r conv5i5t vessel1 n metallic1 & ! mixture %ak5 f\r or five times a day4 ,9 t5 or twelve days x w be fit = use1 & soon] if 9 a w>m situation2 b x cont9ues = a long "t to improve if left )\t decantation4 ,:5 x is sep>at$ f ! p[d]y residue1 x w be kept 9 a good /ate ) great] c]ta9ty1 if "s brok5 galls fre$ f ! p[d] & "s pieces ( iron are put into x4 ,iron1 h[ev]1 is ! only metal :i* x is safe to reta9 9 contact ) ! ink4 ,dr4 ,lewis gave ! pref]5ce to di/ill$ or ra9 wat] 9 #cjf ! manufacture ( ink1 b x seems probable t a wat] conta9+ a c]ta9 proportion ( c>bonate ( lime is m suitable4 ,9 dye+ a black color by means ( galls or suma* & copp]as1 h>d spr+ wat] is pref]r$ by "s dy]s4 ,to produce 9 a liquid a giv5 dep? ( color1 di/ill$ wat] requires m dye/uff ?an common spr+ wat]4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 devis$ by ,mr4 ,phillips3 into two glass j>s ( ! same size1 ea* half-fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 introduce equal quantities ( infusion or t9cture ( galls or suma*1 & an equal numb] ( drops 7only ?ree or f\r7 ( a solution ( copp]as2 a fa9t purpli% color w be develop$ 9 bo? j>s1 b if "o is fill$ ) spr+ wat]1 ! color 9 t rapidly becomes d>k r$di%-black1 & "o-half m wat] is requir$ to r$uce x to ! same %ade ( color z ! o!r4 ,! wat] :i* is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be be/ adapt$ = dye+ ) galls & sulphate ( iron1 diff]s f di/ill$ wat] 9 conta9+ sulphate ( lime1 c>bonate ( lime held 9 solution by free c>bonic acid1 & *loride ( calcium4 ,! b5eficial +r$i5t seems to be ! c>bonate ( lime1 :i* possesses slight alkal9e prop]ties1 = if ! smalle/ quantity ( ammonia or ( bic>bonate ( pota% is add$ to ! di/ill$ wat] 9 ! above exp]im5ts1 ! purple color is /ruck z rapidly & z deeply z 9 ! spr+ wat]2 *loride ( calcium & sulphate ( lime1 on ! contr>y1 produce no s5sible *ange ei!r 9 ! dep? ( color or ! t9t4 ,! effect is no d\bt ref]able to ! action ( ! alkali or lime on ! proto-sulphate ( iron1 by :i* ! sulphuric acid ( ! latt] is )drawn1 & hydrat$ protoxide ( iron set free1 = protoxide ( iron is mu* m easily p]oxidiz$ & act$ ^u by tannic & gallic acids 7! dye+ pr9ciples ( galls7 :5 9 ! free & hydrat$ /ate1 ?an :5 9 comb9ation ) sulphuric acid4 ,nei!r ! cau/ic fix$ alkalies 7pota% & soda7 nor _! c>bonates c be well introduc$ 9 ! above exp]im5ts1 z ! slighte/ excess reacts on ! purple color1 conv]t+ x into a r$di%-br[n4 ,ammonia1 lime-wat]1 & ! alkal9e #cjg bic>bonates also produce a r$d5+1 & if appli$ 9 consid]able quantity a br[ni% t+e4 ,x is v probable t ! above-m5tion$ pr9ciple is applicable to ! prep>ation ( writ+ ink4 ,,ribanc\rt',s ,,writ+ ,,ink4--,m4 ,ribanc\rt1 :o paid mu* att5tion to ! prep>ation ( inks1 /at$ t none ( ! +r$i5ts %\ld be 9 excess4 8,if !re be a want ( ! matt] ( galls1 "p ( ! vitriol w n be decompos$2 if1 on ! contr>y1 !re be too mu*1 ! vitriol w take z mu* z x c decompose1 & ! rema9d] w be ne>ly 9 ! /ate ( ! decoction ( galls1 subject to *ange by becom+ m\ldy1 or to und]go an alt]ation aft] writ+ :i* de/roys its legibility mu* m completely ?an ! *ange und]gone by ink conta9+ too small a portion ( ! galls4 8,x is d\btful :e!r ! pr9ciples ( ! galls are well extract$ by cold mac]ation1 & x is c]ta9 t inks made 9 ?is way fl[ pale f ! p51 & are n ( s deep a black z ^? :]e9 /rong boil+ is recurr$ to40 ,f all ! =ego+ consid]tions1 ,m4 ,ribanc\rt gives ! foll[+ directions = ! composition ( good ink3 8,take #h oz4 ( ,aleppo galls 79 co>se p[d]72 #d oz4 ( logwood 79 ?9 *ips72 #d oz4 ( vitriol ( iron2 #c oz4 ( gum arabic 79 p[d]72 #a oz4 ( vitriol ( copp]2 & #a oz4 ( sug>-c&y4 ,boil ! galls & logwood toge!r 9 #ab lb ( wat] = "o h\r1 or till half ! liquid has evaporat$4 ,/ra9 ! decoction ?r\gh a hair sieve or l95 clo?1 & !n add ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,/ir ! mixture till ! :ole is dissolv$ 7m especially ! gum71 aft] :i* leave x to subside = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!n decant ! ink1 & pres]ve x 9 bottles ( glass or /onew>e well cork$40 ,! sulphate ( copp] mu/ be omitt$ 9 ! prep>ation ( an ink requir$ = /eel p5s4 ,,dr4 ,,bo/ock',s ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,ink4--,a few ye>s s9ce1 ,dr4 ,bo/ock pres5t$ to ! ,society ( ,arts ! foll[+1 valuable communication 8,on ! ,prop]ties ( ,writ+ ,inks10 :i* w be read ) int]e/4 #cjh 8,:5 ! sulphate ( iron & ! infusion ( galls are add$ toge!r1 = ! purpose ( =m+ ink1 we may presume t ! metallic salt or oxide ent]s into comb9ation ) at lea/ f\r proximate vegetable pr9ciples1 viz3 gallic acid1 tan1 mucilage1 & extractive matt]1 all ( :i* appe> to ent] into ! composition ( ! soluble "p ( ! gall-nut4 ,x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t two ( ^!1 ! gallic acid & ! tan1 are m especially necess>y to ! con/itution ( ink2 & h5ce x is consid]$1 by our be/ sy/ematic writ]s1 to be ess5tially a tannogallate ( iron4 ,x has be5 also suppos$ t ! p]oxide ( iron alone possesses ! prop]ty ( =m+ ! black comp\nd :i* con/itutes ink1 & t ! sub/ance ( ink is r me*anically susp5d$ 9 ! fluid ?an dissolv$ 9 x4 8,ink1 z x is usually prep>$1 is dispos$ to und]go c]ta9 *anges1 :i* consid]ably impair its value2 ( ^!1 ! ?ree foll[+ are ! mo/ important3--,its t5d5cy to m\ld+2 ! liability ( ! black matt] to sep>ate f ! fluid1 ! ink !n becom+ :at is t]m$ ropy2 & loss ( color1 ! black fir/ *ang+ to br[n1 & at l5g? almo/ entirely disappe>+4 8,besides ^!1 !re are objects ( m9or importance to be att5d$ to 9 ! =mation ( ink4 ,its consi/5ce %\ld be su* z to enable x to fl[ easily f ! p51 )\t1 on ! "o h&1 its be+ s liquid z to blur ! pap]1 or on ! o!r1 s adhesive z to clog ! p5 & be long 9 dry+4 ,! %ade ( color is n to be disreg>d$2 a black approa*+ to blue is m agreeable to ! eye ?an br[n] ink2 & a degree ( lu/re or gloss9ess1 if compatible ) due consi/5ce ( ! fluid1 t5ds to r5d] ! *>act]s m legible & beautiful4 8,) respect to ! *emical con/itution ( ink1 ,i may rem>k t1 al?\gh z usually prep>$ x is a comb9ation ( ! metallic salt or oxide ) all ! f\r vegetable pr9ciples m5tion$ above1 yet ,i am induc$ to believe t ! la/ ?ree ( !m1 s f> f be+ ess5tial1 are ! pr9cipal #cji cause ( ! difficulty t we meet ) 9 ! =mation ( a p]fect & durable ink4 8,i endeavor$ to prove ?is po9t by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a brief extract4 8,hav+ prep>$ a cold infusion ( galls1 ,i all[$ a portion ( x to rema9 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 9 a %all[ capsule1 ,until x 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick /ratum ( m\ld1 ! m\ld 0 remov$ by filtration1 & ! prop] proportion ( sulphate ( iron be+ add$ to ! cle> fluid1 a comp\nd 0 =m$ ( a deep black color1 :i* %[$ no fur!r t5d5cy to m\ld1 & :i* rema9$ = a long "t )\t exp]i5c+ any fur!r alt]ation4 ,ano!r portion ( ! same infusion ( galls _h solution ( is+lass add$ to x1 until x no long] produc$ a precipitate2 by employ+ ! sulphate ( iron1 a black comp\nd 0 produc$1 :i*1 al?\gh pal] ?an t =m$ f ! entire fluid1 appe>$ to be a p]fect & durable ink4 8,la/ly1 a portion ( ! infusion ( galls1 0 kept = "s "t at ! boil+ temp]ature1 by :i* means a "p ( its cont5ts became insoluble2 ?is 0 remov$ by filtration1 :51 by addition ( sulphate ( iron1 a v p]fect & durable ink 0 produc$4 8,9 ! above ?ree processes1 ,i conceive t a consid]able "p ( ! mucilage1 ( ! tan1 & ! extract1 7 respectively remov$ f ! infusion1 :il/ ! greate/ "p ( ! gallic acid w\ld be left 9 solution4 8,! ?ree causes ( det]ioration 9 ink1 ! m\ld+1 ! precipitation ( black matt]1 & loss ( color1 z !y are di/9ct op]ations1 s we may presume t !y dep5d on ! op]ation ( diff]5t proximate pr9ciples4 8,x is probable t ! m\ld+ m p>ticul>ly dep5ds n ! mucilage1 & ! precipitation on ! extract1 f ! prop]ty1 :i* extractive matt] possesses ( =m+ insoluble comp\nds ) metallic oxides4 8,z to ! op]ation ( ! tan1 f its aff9ity = metallic salt we may conjecture t1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x =ms a #caj triple comp\nd ) ! gallic acid & ! iron1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition ( ! tan1 ?is comp\nd is aft]w>ds de/roy$4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty1 if n impossibility1 ( entirely depriv+ ! infusion ( galls ( any "o ( its +r$i5ts )\t 9 "s degree affect+ ! o!rs1 ,i 0 n able to obta9 any results :i* c be reg>d$ z decisive2 b ! g5]al result ( my exp]im5ts favors ! above op9ion1 & leads me to conclude t1 9 proportion z ink consi/s m]ely ( ! gallate ( iron x is less liable to decomposition or to exp]i5ce any k9d ( *ange4 ,! exp]im5ts to :i* ,i h allud$ above1 consi/$ 9 =m+ a /&>d solution by mac]at+ ! p[d] ( galls 9 five times its weight ( wat]1 & comp>+ ?is ) o!r infusions1 :i* _h ei!r be5 suff]$ to m\ld1 f :i* ! tan _h be5 extract$ by jelly1 or :i* _h be5 kept = "s "t at ! boil+ temp]ature1 & by add+ to ea* ( ^! respectively bo? ! rec5t solution ( ! sulphate ( iron1 & a solution :i* _h be5 expos$ = "s "t to ! atmosph]e4 8,! nature ( ! black comp\nd produc$ 0 exam9$1 by putt+ portions ( x into cyl9drical j>s & obs]v+ ! *anges :i* !y exp]i5c$ ) respect ei!r to ! =mation ( m\ld1 ! deposition ( _! cont5ts1 or any *ange ( color4 ,! fluids 7 also comp>$ by dropp+ portions ( !m ^u :ite tissue pap]1 9 :i* way bo? _! color & _! consi/5ce might be m9utely asc]ta9$4 ,a ?ird me?od 0 to add toge!r ! respective infusions1 & ! solutions ( ! sulphate ( iron1 9 a v dilut$ /ate1 by :i* ,i 0 enabl$ to =m a m correct comp>ison ( ! quantity & ( ! %ade ( ! color+ matt]1 & ( ! degree ( its solubility4 8,! practical conclusions :i* ,i ?9k myself w>rant$ 9 draw+ f ^! exp]im5ts are z foll[s3--,9 ord] to procure an ink :i* may be little dispos$ ei!r to m\ld or to deposit its cont5ts1 & :i* at ! same "t may possess a deep black color n liable to fade1 ! galls %\ld be #caa mac]at$ = "s h\rs 9 hot wat]1 & ! fluid filt]$2 x %\ld !n be expos$ = ab\t f\rte5 days to a w>m atmosph]e1 :5 any m\ld :i* may h be5 produc$ mu/ be remov$4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( iron is to be employ$ :i* has be5 expos$ = "s "t to ! atmosph]e1 & :i* consequ5tly conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( ! r$ oxide diffus$ ?r\gh x4 ,i %\ld recomm5d ! infusion ( galls to be made ( consid]ably great] /r5g? ?an is g5]ally direct$1 & ,i believe t an ink =m$ 9 ?is mann] w n necess>ily require ! addition ( any mucilag9\s sub/ance to r5d] x ( a prop] consi/5ce4 8,i h only f>!r to add1 t "o ( ! be/ sub/ances = dilut+ ink1 if x be 9 ! fir/ in/ance too ?ick = use1 or aft]w>ds become s by evaporation1 is a /rong decoction ( c(fee1 :i* appe>s 9 no respect to promote ! decomposition ( ! ink1 :ile x improves its color & gives x an additional lu/re40 ,dr4 ,ure recomm5ds ! foll[+ =mula = ! manufacture ( writ+ ink4 ,to make twelve gallons take3 #ablb ( nutgalls2 #elb ( gre5 sulphate ( iron2 #elb ( gum ,s5egal2 #ab gallons ( wat]4 ,! bruis$ nutgalls are to be put into a cyl9drical copp]1 ( a dep? equal to its diamet]1 & boil$ dur+ ?ree h\rs1 ) ?ree-f\r?s ( ! above quantity ( wat]1 tak+ c>e to add fre% wat] to replace :at is lo/ by evaporation4 ,! decoction is to be empti$ into a tub1 all[$ to settle1 & ! cle> liquor be+ drawn (f1 ! lees are to be dra9$4 ,! gum is to be dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( hot wat]1 & ! mucilage ?us =m$1 be+ filt]$1 x is add$ to ! cle> decoction4 ,! sulphate ( iron mu/ likewise be sep>ately dissolv$ & well mix$ ) ! above4 ,! color d>k5s by degrees1 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]oxidizem5t ( ! iron1 on expos+ ! ink to ! action ( ! air4 ,b ink af=ds a m durable writ+ :5 us$ 9 ! pale /ate1 because its p>ticles are !n f9] & p5etrate ! pap] m intimately4 ,:5 ink consi/s *iefly ( tannate #cab ( p]oxide ( iron1 h[ev] black1 x is m]ely sup]ficial1 & is easily eras$ or effac$4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] ! liquid made by ! above prescription has acquir$ a mod]ately deep t9t1 x %\ld be drawn (f cle> into bottles & well cork$ up4 ,"s ink-mak]s all[ x to m\ld a little 9 ! casks be=e bottl+1 & suppose t x w !reby be n s liable to become m\ldy 9 ! bottles4 ,a few bruis$ cloves or o!r aromatic p]fume1 add$ to ink1 is said to prev5t ! =mation ( m\ld9ess1 :i* is produc$ by ! ova ( infusoria animalcules4 ,! ink made by ?is prescription is mu* m ri* & p[]ful ?an _m ( ! inks commonly sold4 ,to br+ x to ! common /&>d a half m wat] may safely be add$4 ,ev5 tw5ty gallons ( tol]able ink may be made f ! above weight ( mat]ials4 ,,scott',s ,,writ+ ,,ink4--,mr4 ,scott's me?od ( manufactur+ writ+ ink1 z pat5t$ by him 9 #ahdj1 is z foll[s3--,take #dhlb ( logwood *ips1 & let !m be saturat$ two days 9 s(t wat]1 !n put ! same into a close cov]$ iron cauldron1 & add #hj gallons ( s(t wat]2 let ^! be boil$ "o h\r & a half1 :5 ! wood mu/ be tak5 out & ! fluid left1 to :i* add #dhlb ( ! be/ pick$ ,aleppo galls 9 co>se p[d]2 boil ^! half an h\r long]1 !n draw (f ! fire1 & let x rema9 9 ! cauldron tw5ty-f\r h\rs infus+1 dur+ :i* x is to be v frequ5tly agitat$2 :5 ! prop]ties ( ! galls are suffici5tly extract$1 draw (f ! cle> fluid into a vat1 & add #djlb ( pulv]iz$ sulphate ( iron2 let ^! +r$i5ts rema9 a week 7/irr+ daily71 aft] :i* add f\r gallons ( v9eg>4 ,next take #g #a_/blb ( ! be/ pick$ gum arabic1 & dissolve x 9 suffici5t wat] to =m a good mucilage1 :i* mu/ be well /ra9$1 & !n add$ to ! fluid by degrees2 let ^! /& a few days long]1 :5 p\r into ! same #bj ounces ( ! conc5trat$ nitrate ( iron2 let ! :ole /& by aga9 until x has arriv$ at its height ( blackness2 next p\r ! cle> fluid (f f ! s$im5t1 & add to x ! foll[+ sub/ances1 ea* prep>$ & gr\nd sep>ately3 #cac ,fir/1 take half a p\nd ( ,spani% indigo1 :i* gr9d v f9e betwe5 a mull] & /one1 add+ by degrees portions ( ! ink until x is made into an easy soluble pa/e2 next take well-wa%$ & purifi$ ,prussian blue five p\nds1 :i* prep>e z ! =m]1 except gr9d+ x 9 di/ill$ wat] 9 lieu ( ! fluid1 until x is =m$ into a soluble pa/e2 also next take f\r ounces ( gas black :i* results f ! smoke ( gas burn]s receiv$ on surfaces ( glass1 z is well kn[n1 :i* gr9d 9 "o ounce ( ! nitrate ( iron2 :5 ea* is suffici5tly f9e1 let !m rema9 a few h\rs unmix$1 :5 ! :ole may be incorporat$ ) ! fluid1 & kept agitat$ daily = a week4 ,! cle> may !n be p\r$ (f = use4 ,! above w make eighty gallons ( ink4 ,,dr4 ,,norm&y',s ,,black ,,ink4--,9 ord] to sup]s$e ! use ( nutgalls1 ,dr4 ,norm&y pat5t$ ! foll[+ process = mak+ black ink3 ,take ei!r suma*1 elm wood1 eld]1 *e/nut1 bee*1 will[1 oak1 plum1 sycamore1 *]ry1 popl> wood1 cate*u1 or any o!r wood or b]ry1 or extract ( vegetable sub/ances1 conta9+ gallic acid & tann91 or ei!r1 & put ?is1 previ\sly r$uc$ to p[d]1 into a copp] full ( common wat]1 & boil x until a suffici5tly /rong decoction be obta9$4 ,! quantity ( wat] mu/ ( c\rse v>y accord+ to ! sort ( vegetable sub/ance employ$2 cate*u1 = example1 requir+ less wat] ?an suma*1 on acc\nt ( ! =m] be+ almo/ totally soluble4 ,to ?is add a c]ta9 quantity ( ,campea*y wood1 ( acetate & hydrate ( deutoxide ( copp]1 ( sulphate ( alum9a & pota%1 ( sulphate ( protoxide ( iron1 9 quantities :i* v>y also accord+ to ! vegetable mat]ial fir/ employ$1 & gum arabic1 or ! be/ sort ( gum ,s5egal1 9 ! proportion ( eighty p\nds or !reab\ts = #cdj gallons ( liquid2 also a v>iable quantity ( sulphate ( indigo2 ! :ole ( ^! la/ +r$i5ts1 dep5d+ on ! %ade ( ! color int5d$ to be produc$1 x is impossible to indicate absolutely ! proportions 9 :i* !y are to be us$1 z ! ta/e & fancy ( ! op]ator mu/ #cad decide4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 a blue black to be ! color desir$1 & suma*1 = example1 ! vegetable +r$i5t select$ = ! purpose1 ! proportions %\ld be = #bdj gallons3 suma*1 f #ab to #ae sacks1 ( f\r bu%els ea*2 ,campea*y logwood1 #b cwt4 or !reab\ts1 accord+ z new or old *ip is us$2 gum arabic1 #hj lb4 to #a cwt42 sulphate ( protoxide ( iron1 #a cwt42 acetate & hydrate ( deutoxide ( copp]1 #dlb2 sulphate ( alum9a & pota%1 #cglb2 sulphate ( indigo1 #flb1 or ev5 m1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! blue ca/ desir$4 ,if cate*u 7 to be us$ in/ead ( suma*1 #a cwt4 w\ld be requir$1 ! proportions ( ! o!r mat]ials rema9+ ! same4 ,! v>i\sly color$ precipitates :i* salts ( iron =m 9 ! solutions ( ! above-cit$ vegetable a/r+5t sub/ances1 all ( :i* precipitates v>y f ! gre5 to ! br[n 7! decoction ( nutgalls yeild+ ) salts ( iron only a d>k purple17 are ! ob/acles :i* h hi!rto prev5t$ ! use ( ^! vegetable sub/ances1 ) a view to sup]s$e nutgalls2 b by means ( ! sulphate ( indigo 9 v>i\s proportions1 f ! above-cit$ sub/ances a liquid may be obta9$1 ( diff]5t %ades ( color1 f d>k blue to mo/ int5se black1 applicable to dye+1 /a9+1 or writ+1 & :i* may be us$ ) e description ( p54 ,,dr4 ,,norm&y',s ,,purple ,,ink4--,to produce a purple-color$ ink call$ ! 8,k+ ( ,purples10 ,dr4 ,norm&y recomm5ds ! foll[+ proportions to be obs]v$3--,to twelve p\nds ( ,campea*y wood add z _m gallons ( boil+ wat]2 p\r ! solution ?r\gh a funnel ) a /ra9] made ( co>se flannel1 on "o p\nd ( hydrate or acetate ( deutoxide ( copp] f9ely pulv]iz$ 7at ! bottom ( ! funnel a piece ( sponge is plac$71 !n add imm$iately #adlbs4 ( sulphate ( alum9a & pota%1 & = e #cdj gallons ( liquid add eighty p\nds ( gum arabic or gum ,s5egal4 ,let ^! rema9 = ?ree or f\r days1 & a beautiful purple color w be produc$4 ,,dr4 ,,norm&y',s ,,blue ,,ink4--,dr4 ,norm&y's blue ink is made by op]at+ ^u ,*9ese blue or cyan(]ruret ( #cae iron4 ,! cyan(]ruret ( iron is to be gr\nd 9 wat] ) oxalic acid or b9-oxalate ( pota%1 add+ gum arabic 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 to sev5 ounces ( wat] add ?ree dra*ms ( ,*9ese blue1 #a dra*m ( b9-oxalate ( pota%1 & #a dra*m ( gum arabic2 to ^! +r$i5ts a solution ( t9 may be add$4 ,,girond',s ,,sub/itute ,,= ,,galls4--,! sub/itute = gallnuts1 pat5t$ by ,m4 ,girond1 ( ,lyons1 9 #ahbe1 is an extract f ! %ell ( ! *e/nut1 & also f ! wood & sap ( ! *e/nut-tree4 ,! extract is d5om9at$ ,damajavag1 & ! mode ( prep>+ x is by r$uc+ ! *e/nut-%ell into small pieces1 & boil+ !m 9 wat]4 ,"o hundr$-weight ( ! %ells ( *e/nuts brok5 into small pieces is to be imm]s$ 9 ab\t #ahj or #bjj qu>ts ( wat]1 9 a vessel ( copp] or any o!r mat]ial1 except iron1 & aft] hav+ be5 all[$ to soak 9 ?is wat] = ab\t #ab h\rs1 ! mat]ial is !n to be boil$ = ab\t ?ree h\rs1 9 ord] to obta9 ! extract4 ,! wood ( ! *e/nut tree may be cut into small pieces or %av$ ?91 & treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! extract is n[ to be drawn (f f ! boil]1 & filt]$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve or clo?1 aft] :i* ! wat] mu/ be evaporat$ f x until ! extract is r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( pa/e4 ,x may n[ be cut into cakes ( any conv5i5t size1 & dri$ 9 an ov5 ( l[ temp]ature1 & :5 h>d1 may be pack$ = sale1 & us$ = any ( ! purposes 9 ! arts to :i* gallnuts h be5 h]et(ore appli$4 ,! quantity ( damajavag obta9$ f ! above w be ab\t #h or #aj lbs4 ,9 us+ ?is damajavag1 x is only necess>y to p\nd or o!rwise r$uce x to p[d] :5 x may be mix$ ) o!r +r$i5ts z pulv]iz$ gall nuts4 ,! same *emical prop]ties belong to ! sap ( ! *e/nut-tree1 :i* may be extract$ by tapp+ ! trunk1 & :5 s obta9$1 may be us$ = ! same purpose z gallnuts4 ,,/eph5s' ,,blue ,,ink4--,/eph5s' blue ink is prep>$ z foll[s3--,take ,prussian blue1 :e!r produc$ f a comb9ation ( prussiate ( pota% & salts ( iron1 or ! ,prussian #caf blue ( comm]ce1 z commonly manufactur$1 & put ?is into an e>!n vessel1 & p\r ov] x a quantity ( /rong acid1 suffici5t to cov] ! ,prussian blue4 ,muriatic acid1 sulphuric acid1 or any o!r acid :i* has a suffici5t action ^u iron w d4 ,if sulphuric acid is us$ x %\ld be dilut$ a little1 t is1 ) a quantity ( wat] equal to ab\t its bulk4 ,! ,prussian blue is all[$ to rema9 9 ! acid f tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs or long]1 & !n ! mixture is dilut$ ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 /irr+ x up at ! "t1 = ! purpose ( wa%+ f x ! salts ( iron4 ,:5 9 ?is /ate ( dilution1 x is all[$ to /& until ! color has subsid$1 :5 ! sup]natant liquor is drawn (f ) a syphon & m wat] add$ to x4 ,?is process is repeat$ until ! acid1 ) ! iron1 has be5 completely wa%$ away1 :i* is kn[n by te/+ x ) prussiate ( pota%1 :i* w %[ if x yields any blue precipitate2 if n1 x is suffici5tly wa%$4 ,! product is !n plac$ ^u a filt]1 & suff]$ to rema9 until ! liquid has all dra9$ away4 ,! ,prussian blue1 ?us prep>$1 is r$uc$ to a /ate conta9+ less iron ?an ! ,prussian blue ( comm]ce1 9 :i* /ate x is m readily act$ ^u1 & r5d]$ soluble ?an 9 any o!r condition4 ,?is ,prussian blue may !n be plac$ 9 evaporat+ di%es1 & g5tly dri$4 ,to =m ! ,prussian blue1 s op]at$ ^u1 into a solution1 oxalic acid is add$1 & c>efully mix$ ) x1 aft] :i* cold wat] is add$ 7cold di/ill$ wat] is be/7 a little at a "t1 mak+ x into a d5se or dilute solution1 accord+ to ! color requir$4 ,! quantity ( oxalic acid may v>y accord+ to ! quantity ( wat] us$4 ,x w be f\nd t ! ,prussian blue t has und]gone ! process ( dige/ion1 z describ$1 requires b a small quantity ( oxalic acid to dissolve x3 ab\t "o "p ( oxalic acid w dissolve six p>ts ( ,prussian blue1 ! weight tak5 be=e dige/+ 9 ! acid4 ,?is w answ] = a conc5trat$ solution1 b = a dilute solution m acid w be requir$4 7,,to ,,be ,,cont9u$47 #cag ,,v>ia--,,editorial4 ,,qu9id9e4--,sulphate ( qu9id9e is adv]tis$1 8eo nom9e10 = sale 9 ! ,london ,j\rnals4 ,:at we get1 z yet1 occurs only z an adult]ation ( ! sulphate ( qu99e4 ,! same virtues1 & to an equal ext5t1 are ascrib$ by ! adv]tis]s to ! new article1 t are possess$ by qu99e4 ,we d n "k :at au?ority !re is = ?is /atem5t1 b x is exce$+ly desirable t c>eful & well conduct$ exp]im5ts %\ld be made to det]m9e ! prop]ties & relative value ( qu9id9e1 qu9oid9e1 & c9*on9e4 ,! great importance ( qu99e & its imm5se & con/antly increas+ consumption1 long ago creat$ a well f\nd$ anxiety le/ ! s\rces :5ce we obta9 x %\ld become exhau/$ or mat]ially dim9i%$4 ,if ! alli$ alkaloids w 9 any degree replace x1 x is a fact ( ! highe/ value4 ,qu9id9e1 9 p>ticul>1 is conta9$ 9 "s v>ieties ( b>k 9 :i* little or no qu99e is f\nd1 & if ! /atem5ts :i* h be5 made ( ! id5tity ( its effects ) qu99e1 probably )\t any bett] f\ndation ?an ! clos5ess ( resemblance ( ! two sub/ances1 %\ld prove correct1 ! de/ruction ( ! c9*ona ,calisaya :i* is go+ on1 may be 9 "s measure /ay$4 ,,extract ,,( ,,b>k4--,a new article has appe>$ 9 our m>kets "u ! "n ( ,extract ( ,b>k4 ,! specim5 t came "u our obs]vation 0 a d>k br[n sub/ance1 homog5\s1 & ab\t ! consi/5ce ( dry opium4 ,x 0 v little soluble 9 wat]1 mu* m s 9 alcohol1 & completely s 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,f *emical exam9ation x w\ld appe> to conta9 ab\t #df p] c5t ( qu99e1 ) p]haps traces ( qu9id9e & c9*on9e4 ,at ! price at :i* we he> x is (f]$ x w be s\ght = by ! manufactur]s ( sulphate ( qu99e4 ,,syrup ,,( ,,turp5t9e4--,m4 ,tr\sseau (t5 uses ! syrup ( turp5t9e 9 *ronic cat>rh ( ! bladd] & ! lungs1 9 old copi\s suppurations1 etc41 b z ! /&>d works conta9 no =mula1 ! prep>ation int5d$ is n always obta9$4 #cah ,! foll[+ is ! =mula :i* has be5 publi%$ by ,m4 ,dorvault1 accord+ to ! indications furni%$ by ,m4 ,tr\sseau1 z be+ at once ! mo/ rational1 & z furni%+ a product pref]able 9 all respects to t ( ! two =mul giv5 9 ! (fic9e4 ,turp5t9e1#bd #ajj grammes4 ,wat]1 #cge grammes4 ,dige/ dur+ two days1 tak+ c>e to agitate frequ5tly2 aft]w>ds make a syrup aft] ! mann] ( ! balsam ( ,tolu1 by add+ ,:ite sug>1 #gej grammes4 ,?is syrup conta9s besides ! res9\s pr9ciples1 ! nature ( :i* is n well asc]ta9$1 f #a-dj to #a-ajj ( its weight ( ! ess5ce ( ,turp5t9e4 ,x is limpid1 ( an aromatic odor--v sweet1 & ( an agreeable ta/e2 x may be employ$ pure1 or us$ to sweet5 appropriate dr9ks4 ,dose3 f "o to a numb] ( tablespoonsful p] day4--,bullet9 de ,!rap4 #bd ,! turp5t9e recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,dorvault is a v>iety ( ! ,/rasburg turp5t9e1 hav+ an agreeable odor ( lemon4 ,,alo9e4--,our read]s w recollect t ,dr4 ,p]eira has f\nd ,alo9e1 ! *ry/all9e neutral pr9ciple rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,b>badoes aloes1 by ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,ed9burgh1 9 ,socotor9e aloe juice1 7,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 ,no4 #f1 p4 #agg47 ,s9ce !n ,mr4 ,smi? has succe$$ 9 procur+ x f ,socotor9e aloes4 ,x 0 mu* long] 9 cry/alliz+ ?an :5 obta9$ f ,b>badoes aloes1 b did s at la/4 ,:5 ! impure product is recry/alliz$ f rectifi$ spirits x pres5ts ! same appe>ance z ! purifi$ cry/al ( ,b>badoes aloes 7! cry/als obta9$ by ,dr4 ,p]eira :i* 7 spontane\sly deposit$ f ! juice1 7 mu* small]7 & seems id5tical ) t sub/ance4 ,x has n yet be5 obta9$ f ,cape aloes1 b und\bt$ly exi/s 9 t sub/ance1 ?\gh probably f its inf]ior activity 9 mu* small] quantity4 ,alo9e has be5 introduc$ into ! practice ( m$ic9e 9 ,ed9burgh1 & ! ,messrs4 ,smi? h already 7,june7 sold a qu>t] ( a hundr$ weight ( x4 ,x is five times m active ?an good aloes--a s+le gra9 produc+ all ! effect ( a l>ge aloetic pill2 ! ,ed9burgh physicians describe x z act+ 8tuto1 cito1 et jucunde10 safely1 spe$ily1 & pleasantly4 ,if ?is is meant altoge!r s]i\sly1 9 ! second ( ! *>act]i/ics x pres5ts a m>k$ contra/ ) ! crude drug4 ,f ! conv5i5ce ) :i* x may be exhibit$1 x bids fair to come into g5]al & ext5sive use4 ,action ( ,sulphuric ,acid on ! insoluble residue left by ,opium1 exhau/$ by wat]4 ,=mation ( a new ,alkaloid1 by ,m4 ,,/anislas ,,m>t94--,! smalle/ object add$ to a kaleidoscope produces new %ades & diff]5t images2 s x is #cai ) vegetable *emi/ry2 e practical man kn[s t a =eign body1 an h\rs delay 9 execut+ a "w already comm5c$1 *anges ! nature ( ! products4 ,two exp]im5ts on ! in]t residue ( opium1 exhau/$ by wat] give ano!r illu/ration ( ?is tru?4 ,! residue ( opium submitt$ to f]m5tation1 af=ds u a sub/ance :i* has a great analogy to p>amorphia2 ?is sub/ance has s9ce be5 /udi$ by ,m4 ,a4 ,gu]gy4 ,! acc\nt ( ! labor ( t *emi/ has be5 reproduc$ 9 ! review ( ! ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie1 #ahdi4 ,our second op]ation consi/s 9 treat+ ! residue ( opium exhau/$ by wat]1 ) wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! result is ! =mation ( an alkali :i* has _m ( ! *emical prop]ties ( n>cot9e1 b :i* diff]s f x completely by its insolubility 9 e!r4 ,?is alkali has no relation ) code9e or n>ce9e2 besides we obta9 an extractive matt]1 soluble 9 all proportions 9 wat]1 to :i* x communicates ! prop]ty ( fro?+ l soap4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( proce$+4 ,! residue ( opium1 exhau/$ ) wat]1 is boil$ 9 di/ill$ wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 aft] t5 m9utes ebullition x has ! appe>ance ( a ?ick magma2 x is /ra9$ ) /rong expression2 :5 ! colature is cold x is filt]$ ?r\gh pap]4 ,! colature is highly color$2 its odor is simil> to t ( opium1 its ta/e is exce$+ly bitt]4 ,ammonia is add$ until litmus pap] is no long] alt]$2 ! liquid is filt]$1 ! precipitate wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & p]mitt$ to dry2 aft]w>ds x is boil$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( rectifi$ alcohol & aga9 filt]$4 ,! alcoholic solution deposits on cool+1 num]\s ne$le l cry/als1 color$ by a br[ni% bitt] res94 ,x is purifi$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,:at are ! !rapeutic prop]ties ( ?is alkaloid1 ( ! extractive saponace\s matt]1 & ( ! br[n bitt] res96 ,d !y p>take ( ! prop]ties ( opium8 ,we "k n2 ! physician alone c det]m9e _! value4--,bullet9 de ,!rapeutique4 ,,gelat9ization ,,( ,,! ,,t9cture ,,( ,,rhatany4--,mr4 ,editor1--,"s ye>s ago hav+ occasion to prep>e "s saturat$ ,t9cture ( ,rhatany1 ab\t eighte51 ounces 7 put aside 9 a glass /opp]$ bottle4 ,! t9cture be+ exam9$ b a %ort "t s9ce1 0 f\nd to be gelat9iz$1 z is g5]ally ! case ) old t9cture ( k9o4 ,hav+ nev] se5 su* a *ange be=e1 ,i s\ght in=mation1 & asc]ta9$ ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory t a ,fr5* ,ph>maceuti/ 9 ,p>is has rem>k$ ! same ph5om5on1 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is rem>kable *ange1 att5d$ z x is1 ) ! loss ( a/r+5cy8 ,is x n1 p]haps1 caus$ by ! same action :i* produces peculi> exudation f ! b>k ( c]ta9 trees possess$ ( tann91 reta9+ x = a #cbj :ile & aft]w>ds1 :5 cut up 9 logs1 los+ _! tann+ prop]ties & exud+ a species ( ulm9e8 ,is x n ! same process :i* takes place 9 ! decomposition ( ! k9o & rhatany8 ,b :y is cate*u exempt f su* a decomposition8 ,if y c enlight5 me1 & especially c expla9 h[ to prev5t ?is *ange1 y w mu* oblige myself & num]\s read]s4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,delegates ,,to ,,! ,,conv5tion4--,on ! ,six? ( ?is mon? ! ,national ,conv5tion w meet 9 ,philadelphia1 & we see t our ,philadelphia fri5ds1 ) a ref]5ce to ! conv5i5ce ( ! ,delegates1 h fix$ ^u #d o'clock 9 ! aft]noon z ! h\r = assembl+4 ,! meet+ w be held 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,college ( ,ph>macy1 9 ,zane ,/reet1 above ,sev5?1 :i* has be5 plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,z f> z he>d f1 ! foll[+ is a li/ ( ,delegates3 ,philadelphia ,college ( ,ph>macy1 ,,daniel ,b4 ,,smi?1 ,,*>les ,,ellis1 ,,william ,,proct]1 ,,jr41 ,massa*usetts ,college ( ,ph>macy1 ,,joseph ,,burnett1 ,,samuel ,,colcord1 ,,samuel ,r4 ,,philbrick1 ,ri*mond ,ph>maceutical ,society1 ,,alex&] ,,duval1 ,,john ,,purcel1 ,,joseph ,,laidley1 ,m>yl& ,college ( ,ph>macy1 ,,george ,w4 ,,&rews1 ,,david ,,/ew>t1 ,m4 ,d4 ,c9c9natti ,college ( ,ph>macy1 ,,william ,b4 ,,*apman1 ,,edw>d ,s4 ,,wayne1 ,,*>les ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,college ( ,ph>macy ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 ,,george ,d4 ,,cogge%all1 ,l4 ,s4 ,,haskell1 ,,john ,,meakim4 #cba ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,novemb]1 #aheb4 ,,accid5tal ,,sub/itution ,,( ,,extract ,,( ,,belladonna ,,= ,,extract ,,( ,,d&elion4 ,,prosecution ,,( ,,! ,,manufactur]4 ,9 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 ,,samuel ,,?omas1 ,,jr4 ,,& ,,m>y ,,ann ,,?omas1 ,,8 ,,wife1 ,aga9/ ,,hosea ,,w9*e/]4 ,,ruggles1 ,*ief ,judge4 ,?is action 0 br\ght to recov] damages f ! def5dant = neglig5tly putt+ up1 labell+ & sell+ z & = ! extract ( d&elion1 :i* is a simple & h>mless m$ic9e1 a j> ( ! extract ( belladonna1 :i* is a deadly poison2 by means ( :i* ! pla9tiff1 ,m>y ,ann ,?omas1 to :om1 be+ sick1 a dose ( d&elion 0 prescrib$ by a physician1 & a portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! j> 0 adm9i/]$ z & = ! extract ( d&elion1 0 greatly injur$1 c4 ,! facts prov$ 7 briefly ^!3 ,mrs4 ,?omas be+ 9 ill heal?1 h] physician prescrib$ = h] a dose ( d&elion4 ,h] husb& pur*as$ :at 0 believ$ to be ! m$ic9e prescrib$1 at ! /ore ( ,dr4 ,foord1 a physician & druggi/ 9 ,caz5ovia1 ,madison ,c\nty1 :]e ! pla9tiffs reside4 ,a small quantity ( ! m$ic9e ?us pur*as$1 0 adm9i/]$ to ,mrs4 ,?omas1 on :om x produc$ v al>m+ effects2 su* z coldness ( ! surface & extremities1 feebl5ess ( circulation1 spasms ( ! muscles1 gidd9ess ( ! head1 dilation ( ! pupils ( ! eyes1 & d]angem5t ( m9d4 ,%e recov]$1 h[ev]1 aft] "s "t1 f its effects1 al?\gh1 = a %ort "t1 h] life 0 ?\ght to be 9 #cbb great dang]4 ,! m$ic9e adm9i/]$ 0 belladonna1 & n d&elion4 ,! j> f :i* x 0 tak5 0 labell$ 8#a_/blb4 ,d&elion1 prep>$ by ,a4 ,gilb]t1 ,no4 #ajh ,john ,/reet1 ,n4 ,y4 ,j> #h4jb40 ,x 0 sold =1 & deliv]$ by ,dr4 ,foord1 to be ! extract ( d&elion z labell$4 ,dr4 ,foord pur*as$ ! article z ! extract ( d&elion1 f ,james ,s4 ,asp9wall1 a druggi/ at ,new ,york4 ,asp9wall b\ght x ( ! def5dant z extract ( d&elion1 believ+ x to be su*4 ,! def5dant 0 engag$ at ,no4 #ajh ,john ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 9 ! manufacture & sale ( c]ta9 vegetable extracts = m$ic9al purposes1 & 9 ! pur*ase & sale ( o!rs4 ,! extracts manufactur$ by him 7 put up 9 j>s = sale1 & ^? :i* he pur*as$1 7 put up by him 9 l mann]4 ,! j>s conta9+ extracts manufactur$ by himself1 & ^? conta9+ extracts pur*as$ by him f o!rs1 7 labell$ alike4 ,bo? 7 labell$ l ! j> 9 "q1 z 8prep>$ by ,a4 ,gilb]t40 ,gilb]t 0 a p]son employ$ by ! def5dant1 at a sal>y1 z an assi/ant 9 8 bus9ess4 ,! j>s 7 labell$ 9 ,gilb]t's "n because he _h be5 previ\sly engag$ 9 ! same bus9ess1 on 8 own acc\nt1 at ,no4 #ajh ,john ,/reet1 & probably because ,gilb]t's labels r5d]$ ! articles m saleable4 ,! extract conta9$ 9 ! j> sold to ,asp9wall1 & by him to ,foord1 0 n manufactur$ by ! def5dant1 b 0 pur*as$ by him f ano!r manufactur] or deal]4 ,! extract ( d&elion & ! extract ( belladonna resemble ea* o!r 9 color1 consi/5ce1 smell & ta/e1 b may1 on c>eful exam9ation1 be di/+ui%$1 ! "o f ! o!r1 by ^? :o are well acqua9t$ ) ^! articles4 ,gilb]t's labels 7 paid = by ,w9*e/]1 & us$ 9 8 bus9ess1 ) 8 k & ass5t4 ,! def5dant's c\nsel mov$ = a nonsuit on ! foll[+ gr\nds3 #a4 ,t ! action c\ld n be su/a9$1 z ! def5dant 0 ! remote v5d] ( ! article 9 "q1 & !re 0 #cbc no connexion1 transaction1 or privity betwe5 him & ! pla9tiffs1 or ei!r ( !m4 #b4 ,t ?is action s\ght to *>ge ! def5dant ) ! consequ5ces ( ! neglig5ce ( ,asp9wall & ,foord4 #c4 ,t ! pla9tiffs 7 liable to1 & *>geable ) ! neglig5ce ( ,asp9wall & ,foord1 & !re=e c\ld n ma9ta9 ?is action4 #d4 ,t accord+ to ! te/imony ,foord 0 *>geable ) neglig5ce1 & t ! pla9tiffs !re=e c\ld n su/a9 ?is suit aga9/ ! def5dant2 if !y c\ld su/a9 a suit at all1 x w\ld be aga9/ ,foord only4 #e4 ,t ?is suit1 be+ br\ght = ! b5efit ( ! wife1 & alleg+ h] z ! m]itori\s cause ( action1 _c be su/a9$4 #f4 ,t !re 0 n suffici5t evid5ce ( neglig5ce 9 ! def5dant to g to ! jury4 ,! ,judge ov]rul$ ! motion = a nonsuit1 & ! def5dant's c\nsel except$4 ,! ,judge1 among o!r ?+s1 *>g$ ! jury t if !y %\ld f9d f ! evid5ce t ei!r ,asp9wall or ,foord 7 guilty ( neglig5ce 9 v5d+ z & = d&elion ! extract tak5 by ,mrs4 ,?omas1 or t ! pla9tiff ,?omas1 or ^? :o adm9i/]$ x to ,mrs4 ,?omas1 7 *>geable ) neglig5ce 9 adm9i/]+ x1 ! pla9tiffs 7 n entitl$ to recov]2 b if !y 7 free f neglig5ce1 & if ! def5dant ,w9*e/] 0 guilty ( neglig5ce 9 putt+ up & v5d+ ! extracts 9 "q1 ! pla9tiffs 7 entitl$ to recov]1 provid$ ! extract adm9i/]$ to ,mrs4 ,?omas 0 ! same :i* 0 put up by ! def5dant & sold by him to ,asp9wall1 & by ,asp9wall to ,foord4 ,t if !y %\ld f9d ! def5dant liable1 ! pla9tiffs 9 ?is action 7 entitl$ to recov] damages only = ! p]sonal injury & suff]+ ( ! wife1 & n = loss ( s]vice1 m$ical treatm5t1 or exp5se to ! husb&1 & t ! recov]y %\ld be conf9$ to ! actual damages suff]$ by ! wife4 #cbd ,! action 0 prop]ly br\ght 9 ! "n ( ! husb& & wife1 = ! p]sonal injury & suff]+ ( ! wife1 & ! case 0 left to ! jury1 ) ! prop] directions on t po9t4 #a ,*itty on ,plead+s4 #fb ed4 ( #ahbh4 ,! case dep5ds on ! fir/ po9t tak5 by ! def5dant on 8 motion = a nonsuit2 & ! "q is :e!r ! def5dant1 be+ a remote v5d] ( ! m$ic9e1 & !re be+ no privity or connexion betwe5 him & ! pla9tiffs1 ! action c be ma9ta9$4 ,if 9 labell+ a poison\s drug ) ! "n ( a h>mless m$ic9e = public m>ket1 no duty 0 violat$ by ! def5dant1 except+ t :i* he ow$ to ,asp9wall1 8 imm$iate v5d]1 9 virtue ( 8 contract ( sale1 ?is action _c be ma9ta9$4 ,if ,a build a wagon & sell x to ,b1 :o sells x to ,c1 & ,c hires x to ,d1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ! gross neglig5ce ( ,a 9 build+ ! wagon1 is ov]turn$ & injur$4 ,d _c recov] damages aga9/ ,a1 ! build]4--,a's obligation to build ! wagon fai?fully1 arises solely out ( 8 contract ) ,b4 ,! public h no?+ to d ) x4 ,mis=tune to ?ird p]sons1 n p>ties to ! contract1 w\ld n be a natural & necess>y consequ5ce ( ! build]'s neglig5ce2 & su* neglig5ce is n an act imm$iately dang]\s to human life4 ,s = ! same reason1 if a horse be defectively %od by a smi?1 & a p]son hir+ ! horse f ! own] is ?r[n & injur$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! smi?'s neglig5ce 9 %oe+1 ! smi? is n liable = ! injury4 ,! smi?'s duty 9 su* case gr[s exclusively out ( 8 contract ) ! own] ( ! horse2 x 0 a duty :i* ! smi? ow$ him alone1 & to no "o else4 ,&1 al?\gh ! injury to ! rid] may h happ5$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! neglig5ce ( ! smi?1 ! latt] 0 n b\nd1 ei!r by 8 contract or by any consid]ations ( public policy or safety1 to respond = 8 brea* ( duty to any "o except ! p]son he contract$ )4 ,?is 0 ! gr\nd on :i* ! case ( ,w9t]bo?am vs4 ,wright4 #aj ,mees & ,wellsby1 #aji1 0 decid$4 ,a #cbe contract$ ) ! ,po/ ,ma/] ,g5]al to provide a coa* to convey ! mail bags along a c]ta9 l9e ( road1 & ,b & o!rs also contract$ to horse ! coa* along ! same l9e4 ,b & 8 co-contractors hir$ ,c1 :o 0 ! pla9tiff1 to drive ! coa*4 ,! coa*1 9 consequ5ce ( "s lat5t defect1 broke d[n2 ! pla9tiff 0 ?r[n f 8 seat1 & lam$4 ,x 0 held t ,c c\ld n ma9ta9 an action aga9/ ,a = ! injury ?us su/a9$4 ,! reason ( ! decision is be/ /at$ by ,b>on ,rolfe4 ,a's duty to keep ! coa* 9 good condition 0 a duty to ! ,po/ ,ma/] ,g5]al1 ) :om he made 8 contract1 & n a duty to ! driv] employ$ by ! own]s ( ! horses4 ,b ! case 9 h& /&s on a diff]5t gr\nd4 ,! def5dant 0 a deal] 9 poison\s drugs4 ,gilb]t 0 8 ag5t 9 prep>+ !m = m>ket2 ! dea?1 or great bodily h>m ( "s p]son 0 ! natural & almo/ inevitable consequ5ce ( ! sale ( belladonna by means ( ! false label4--,gilb]t1 ! def5dant's ag5t1 w\ld h be5 puni%able = manslaught] if ,mrs4 ,?omas _h di$ 9 consequ5ce ( tak+ ! falsely labell$ m$ic9e4 ,e man :o1 by 8 culpable neglig5ce1 causes ! dea? ( ano!r1 al?\gh )\t int5t to kill1 is guilty ( manslaught]4 #b ,r4 ,s4 #ffb4 #ai4 ,a *emi/ :o neglig5tly sells laudanum 9 a phial labell$ z p>egoric1 & !reby causes ! dea? ( a p]son to :om x is adm9i/]$1 is guilty ( manslaught]4 ,tessymond's case1 #a ,lew9s' cr[n cases1 #afi4 8,s highly does ! law value human life t x admits ( no ju/ification :]ev] life has be5 lo/1 & ! c>elessness or neglig5ce ( "o p]son has contribut$ to ! dea? ( ano!r40 ,reg9a vs4 ,sw9dall1 #b ,c>4 & ,kir4 #bcb-c4 ,& ?is rule applies n only :]e ! dea? ( "o is occasion$ by ! neglig5t act ( ano!r1 b :]e x is caus$ by ! neglig5t omission ( a duty ( t o!r4 #b ,c>4 & ,kir4 #cfh-cga4 ,al?\gh ! def5dant ,w9*e/] may n be answ]able1 crim9ally1 = ! neglig5ce ( 8 ag5t1 !re c be no d\bt ( 8 liability 9 a civil action1 9 :i* ! act ( ! ag5t is to be reg>d$ #cbf z ! act ( ! pr9cipal4 ,9 respect to ! wrongful & crim9al "* ( ! neglig5ce compla9$ (1 ?is case diff]s widely f ^? put by ! def5dant's c\nsel4 ,no su* imm95t dang] exi/$ 9 ^? cases4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! sale ( ! poison\s article 0 made to a deal] 9 drugs1 & n to a consum]4 ,! injury1 !re=e1 0 n likely to fall on him1 or on 8 v5dee :o 0 also a deal]2 b mu* m likely to be visit$ on a remote pur*as]1 z actually happ5$4 ,! def5dant's neglig5ce put human life 9 imm95t dang]4 ,c x be said t !re 0 no duty on ! "p ( ! def5dant to avoid ! creation ( t dang] by ! ex]cise ( great] caution4 ,or1 t ! ex]cise ( t caution 0 a duty only to 8 imm$iate v5dee1 ^: life 0 n endang]$8 ,! def5dant's duty arose out ( ! nature ( 8 bus9ess1 & ! dang] to o!rs incid5t to its mismanagem5t4 ,no?+ b mis*ief l t :i* actually happ5$ c\ld h be5 expect$ f s5d+ ! poison falsely labell$ into ! m>ket2 & ! def5dant is ju/ly responsible = ! propable consequ5ces ( ! act4 ,! duty ( ex]cis+ caution 9 ?is respect did n arise out ( ! def5dant's contract ( sale to ,asp9wall4 ,! wrong done by ! def5dant 0 9 putt+ ! poison mislabell$ into ! h&s ( ,asp9wall1 z an article ( m]*&ize to be sold & aft]w>ds us$ z ! extract ( d&elion by "s p]son !n unkn[n4 ,! own] ( a horse & c>t1 :o leaves !m unatt5d$ 9 ! /reet1 is liable = any damage :i* may result f 8 neglig5ce4 ,lyn* vs4 ,mordon1 #a ad4 & ,ellis1 ,u4 ,s4 #bi1 #e ,c>4 & ,payne #aij4 ,illidge vs4 ,goodw94 ,! own] ( a load$ gun1 :o puts x into ! h&s ( a *ild by ^: indiscretion x is dis*>g$1 is liable = ! damage occasion$ by ! dis*>ge4 #e ,maule & ,sel4 #aih4 ,! def5dant's contract ( sale to ,asp9wall does n excuse ! wrong done to pla9tiffs4 ,x 0 a "p ( ! means by :i* ! wrong 0 effect$4 ,! pla9tiffs injury & _! rem$y w\ld h /ood on ! same #cbg pr9ciple1 if ! def5dant _h giv5 ! belladonna to ,dr4 ,foord )\t price2 or1 if he _h put x 9 8 %op )\t 8 k1 "u circum/ances :i* w\ld propably h l$ to its sale1 on ! fai? ( ! label4 ,9 ,longmead vs4 ,holliday1 #f ,law & ,eq4 ,rep4 #efb1 ! di/9ction is recogniz$ betwe5 an act ( neglig5ce imm95tly dang]\s to ! lives ( o!rs1 & "o t is n s4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! p>ty guilty ( ! neglig5ce is liable to ! p>ty injur$1 :e!r !re be a contract betwe5 !m or n2 9 ! latt]1 ! neglig5t p>ty is liable only to ! p>ty ) :om he contract$1 & on ! gr\nd t neglig5ce is a brea* ( ! contract4 ,! def5dant on ! trial insi/$ t ,asp9wall & ,foord 7 guilty ( neglig5ce 9 sell+ ! article 9 "q = :at x 0 repres5t$ to be 9 ! label2 & t ! suit if x c\ld be su/a9$ at all1 %\ld h be5 br\ght aga9/ ,foord4 ,! judge *>g$ ! jury t if !y or ei!r ( !m 7 guilty ( neglig5ce 9 sell+ ! belladonna = d&elion1 ! v]dict mu/ be = ! def5dant1 & left ! "q ( _! neglig5ce to ! jury1 :o f\nd on t po9t = ! pla9tiff4 ,if ! case really dep5d$ on ! po9t ?us rais$1 ! "q 0 prop]ly left to ! jury4 ,b1 ,i ?9k x did n4 ,! def5dant by affix+ ! label to ! j> repres5t$ its cont5ts to be d&elion1 & to h be5 8prep>$0 by 8 ag5t ,gilb]t4 ,! ^w 8prep>$0 on ! label mu/ be und]/ood to mean t ! article 0 manufactur$ by him1 or t x _h pass$ ?r\gh "s process "u 8 h&1 :i* w\ld give him p]sonal k ( its true "n & quality4 ,:e!r ,foord 0 ju/ifi$ 9 sell+ ! article ^u ! fai? ( ! def5dant's label1 w\ld h be5 an op5 "q 9 an action by ! pla9tiffs aga9/ him2 & ,i wi% to be und]/ood z giv+ no op9ion on t po9t4 ,b x seems to me to be cle>1 t ! def5dant _c 9 ?is case set up z a def5ce t ,foord sold ! cont5ts ( ! j> z & = :at ! def5dant repres5t$ x to be4 ,! label convey$ ! idea di/9ctly to ,foord t ! cont5ts ( ! #cbh j> 0 ! extract ( d&elion1 & t ! def5dant knew x to be su*4 ,s f> z ! def5dant is conc]n$1 ,foord 0 "u no obligation to te/ ! tru? ( ! repres5tation4 ,! *>ge ( ! judge 9 submitt+ to ! jury ! "q 9 relation to ! neglig5ce ( ,foord & ,asp9wall1 _c be compla9$ ( by ! def5dant4 ,judgm5t ,affirm$4 ,a ,copy4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,seld51 ,/ate ,report]4 ,,mem4--,! orig9al v]dict aga9/ ,w9*e/] 0 #hjj2 ! co/s ( appeal1 c4 swell$ ! am\nt to ne> #a1djj1 :i* 0 paid by ,w9*e/]4 ,,notes ,,9 ,,ph>macy1 ,no4 #e4 ,,by ,,b5jam9 ,,canavan4 ,,succi ,,inspissati ,,p] ,,a]e ,,sicco4--,i take occasion aga9 to notice ^! prep>ations1 = ! reason1 t ,i p]ceive f a note1 by ! ,editor ( ?is ,j\rnal1 app5d$ to an article on 8,cicuta10 c41 9 ! la/ 7,septemb]7 numb]3 t he consid]s ! extracts ( ,messrs4 ,tild5 or ,currie1 sup]ior to ! be/ ,engli% extracts he has se54 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t on reflection1 he w agree ) me t ^? prep>$ by means ( a curr5t ( dri$ air--"s ( :i* s made h be5 import$ & us$ "h--mu/ p>ticul>ly1 :5 !re is any?+ volatile ab\t !m1--be sup]ior to all o!rs2 inde$1 s favorably am ,i incl9$ to reg>d ?is process1 t ,i ?9k ! pr(ession1 m$ical & ph>maceutical1 %\ld dem& its adoption by ^? engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( prep>+ extracts2 until :i* is ! case1 ,i %all feel x incumb5t ^u me to use ! import$ article1 z ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( do+4 ,moreov]1 ! relative virosity ( ! n>cotic plants ( ! #cbi ,am]ican & ,european cont95ts are /ill 9 favor ( ! latt]1 al?\gh1 if rec5t rese>*es are to be dep5d$ ^u1 ! diff]5ce is n s great z 0 suppos$4 ,mr4 ,currie1 ,i believe1 prep>es "s at lea/1 if n all 8 extracts ) import$ h]bs1 & 9 vacuo1 & !y are !re=e ! be/ made "h2 b ^! are ! dri$ h]bs1 & _c af=d z good an extract1 cet]is p>ibus1 z :5 ! fre% plant is us$4 ,! ,engli% extracts ( indig5\s plants are1 /rictly speak+1 inspissat$ juices1 accord+ to ! ,london ,ph>macopia4 ,! juice ( a plant inspissat$ by air alone1 & t quickly too1 mu/ be tantam\nt 9 its prop]ties to ! fre% plant :5ce obta9$1 s f> z we are at pres5t aw>e1 or at lea/ to ! same1 dri$ 9 ! same equally safe mann]2 :]e=e1 ,i consid] !m pref]able to all o!r prep>ations ( ! family ( ,extracts4#be #be ,mr4 ,canavan mi/akes--! ass]tion 0 t ! ,extract ( ,conium1 prep>$ by ,tild5 or by ,currie1 0 sup]ior to ! be/ ,engli% ,extract ( t article we h se51 & a comp>ison ( ! odor ( ! two articles1 "u ! influ5ce ( a little liquor potassae1 w readily conv9ce ! obs]v] ( its correctness4 ,! "q z to ! o!r ,extracts is "o ( great int]e/1 & we /ill believe x awaits a satisfactory solution4--,,ed4 ,,sangu9>9a4--,hav+ be5 call$ ^u to prep>e "s ( ?is article1 ,i und]took to d s by ! process said to h be5 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,dana1 viz43 displac+ ! root ) dilute acetic acid2 precipitat+ by ammonica2 boil+ ) purifi$ animal *>coal2 treat+ ) alcohol1 & f9ally evaporat+ ! alcoholic solution1 by :i* ,i obta9$ f two ounces ( ! root1 ab\t tw5ty gra9s only1 hav+ ! s5sible prop]ties ( ! article v /rongly1 & be+ ( a r$di% br[n color1 assum+1 :5 f9ely pulv]iz$1 an o*rei% hue4 ,x has be5 describ$ z a 8:ite1 pe>ly sub/ance10 :i* x might h become by m p]fect discoloration1 or ! use ( a diff]5t acid4 ,! liquor f :i* x 0 precipitat$1 lo/ its peculi> ta/e1 b n all its color1 %[+ t ! color ( ! root does n dep5d altoge!r on ?is pr9ciple1 z 0 suppos$4 ,! article 9 "q has be5 us$ by "o practition]1 :o /at$ x to h met 8 expectations1 adm9i/]$ 9 doses ( "o six? ( a gra94 ,! prep>ation 9 "q is a v desirable "o1 z ! objectionable ta/e ( ! ord9>y prep>ations is a frequ5t b> to _! use4 ,,alo9e4--,on ?is subject x may be well to m>k ! fact1 #ccj t ! (fic9al 8ext4 aloe purificat10 pres5ts ! active prop]ty ( ! aloes1 fre$ f its grip+ quality1 7?\gh ?is is d\bt$2 b ! same d\bt w\ld seem to apply to alo9e47 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ab\t twice ! /r5g? ( ! crude extract1 & is g5]ally us$ :5 ! 8tuto cito et jucunde0 effect is desir$4 ,! *ange :i* is suppos$ to take place 9 ! alo9e1 f ! heat us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! purifi$ extract1 w\ld only--accord+ to ! ,messrs4 ,smi? ( ,ed9burg--prev5t its cry/allization1 & !re=e ! extract %\ld be equally advantage\s1 except1 p]haps1 9 reg>d ( bulk1 :i* is n a v great object4 ,,zimm] ,,te/ ,,= ,,qu9id9e4--,9 employ+ ?is te/1 "s modification ( ! orig9al directions is necess>y1 9 ord] to success4 ,! ^w drop is us$1 b x is d\btful :e!r m9im may n be meant1 & if n1 ! diff]5ce 9 d5sity ( ! liquids us$ w\ld prev5t our gett+1 by dropp+1 ! correct quantities4 ,?is ,i f\nd to be ! case1 & to save future tr\ble ,i give ! m9uti ( ! exp]im5t z ,i p]=m$ x1 ) success2 no evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( qu9id9e be+ %[n1 z 0 expect$3 ,aquae gtt4 xxiij4 ,acid4 ,sulph4 ,c4 ,p4 gtt4 vi4 ,ae!r ,sulph4 conc5tr4 gtt4 lx4 ,aquae ,ammonia ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 gtt4 xx4 ,et agita b5e4 ,9 ea* in/ance1 ! drops 7 all[$ to fall f ! lip ( an ord9>y qu>t t9cture bottle1 except ! sulphuric acid1 :i* 0 conta9$ 9 a small p9t t9cture bottle1 & ( :i* ,i us$ ?ree times ! numb] ( drops direct$2 ! drops be+ ab\t "o ?ird ! size ( a drop ( di/ill$ wat]1 :i* 0 %[n to be correct1 by ! necessity = t quantity to effect a solution :i* took place )\t ! aid ( ext]nal heat4 ,) reg>d to ?is matt] ( drops1 x is a consid]able eyesore4 ,i w\ld recomm5d to apo!c>ies1 7p]haps x might be deem$ wor?y ( ! action ( ! conv5tion71 to agree ^u "s /&>d size = ! #cca drop1--say t ( a drop ( di/ill$ wat]1 "u def9ite circum/ances4 ,x is true1 we h a measure2 b x is = m9ims n = drops1 :il/ 9 ?is way1 by a little practice1 ! eye might be accu/om$ to ! prop] size ( ! drop1 s t !re w\ld be little or no difficulty 9 obta9+ an exact result1 by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! numb] ( drops1 accord+ to ! proportional size ( its drop1 to ! /&>d "o4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,i speak ( 8keep+ ! drop 9 ! eye10 ,i d n mean to imply any?+ incompatible ) ! ,ma9e ,liquor ,law4 ,i speak aquatically1 n spiritually4 ,,national ,,ph>maceutical ,,conv5tion4 ,accord+ to ! arrangem5t :i* _h previ\sly be5 ann\nc$1 ! ,national ,conv5tion met 9 ,philadelphia1 on ,w$nesday ! #f? ( ,octob]1 at #d ,p4 ,m4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ,dr4 ,gu?rie1 ! ,presid5t1 ! ,conv5tion 0 organiz$ by ! appo9tm5t ( ,mr4 ,cogge%all1 ( ,new ,york1 z ,presid5t pro tempore2 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,taylor1 ( ,philadelphia1 z act+ ,secret>y4 ,a committee 0 !n appo9t$ by ! ,*air1 consi/+ ( ,messrs4 ,ellis1 ( ,philadelphia1 ,colcord1 ( ,bo/on1 & ,laidley1 ( ,ri*mond1 to exam9e ! cr$5tials ( ! delegates pres5t2 & to report a resolution 9 reg>d to ! admission ( su* apo!c>ies z might be pres5t1 :o1 ?\gh n #ccb delegat$ by any incorporat$ in/itution1 desir$ to att5d ! ,conv5tion4 ,! committee report$ t satisfactory cr$5tials _h be5 pres5t$ by ! foll[+ g5tlem53 ,f ! ,massa*usetts ,college ( ,ph>macy--,joseph ,burnett1 ,samuel ,m4 ,colcord1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,r4 ,philbrick4 ,f ! ,college ( ,ph>macy1 ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york--,george ,d4 ,cogge%all1 ,l4 ,s4 ,haskell1 ,john ,meakim4 ,f ! ,ri*mond ,ph>maceutical ,society--,alex&] ,duvall1 ,john ,purcell1 ,joseph ,laidley4 ,f ! ,c9c9natti ,college ( ,ph>macy--,william ,b4 ,*apman1 ,*>les ,augu/us ,smi?1 ,edw>d ,s4 ,wayne4 ,f ! ,philadelphia ,college ( ,ph>macy--,daniel ,b4 ,smi?1 ,*>les ,ellis1 ,william ,proct]1 ,jr4 ,f ! ,m>yl& ,college ( ,ph>macy--,dr4 ,david ,/ew>t1 ,george ,w4 ,&rews4 ,h5ry ,f4 ,fi%1 ( ,wat]bury1 ,connecticut1 z ! repres5tative ( ! apo!c>ies & druggi/s ( ,h>t=d c\nty1 ,connecticut4 ,! foll[+ resolution 0 also (f]$ by ! committee3 ,resolv$1 ,t ^? g5tlem5 ^: int]e/ 9 ! object ( ! ,conv5tion has induc$ !m to meet ) u on ?is occasion1 be invit$ to take seats 9 ! ,conv5tion1 & fully p>ticipate 9 its proce$+s4 ,! report & resolutions 7 adopt$1 & ! committee cont9u$ to act on claims ( delegates1 & o!rs n yet arriv$4 ,aft] ! roll _h be5 call$1 ! foll[+ g5tlem5 7 invit$ to seats 9 ! conv5tion1 viz43 ,,*>les ,l4 ,,ba*e1 ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia4 ,,eug5e ,,dupuy1 ( ,new ,york4 ,,edw>d ,,p>ri% & ,,alfr$ ,b4 ,,taylor1 ,( ,philadelphia4 ,a committee1 consi/+ ( "o f ea* delegation1 0 #ccc !n *os5 to nom9ate (fic]s = ! ,conv5tion1 & on _! nom9ation1 ! foll[+ g5tlem5 7 duly elect$3 ,,daniel ,b4 ,,smi?1 ( ,philadelphia1 ,,presid5t4 ,,george ,w4 ,,&rews1 ( ,baltimore1 ,,samuel ,m4 ,,colcord1 ( ,bo/on1 ,c4 ,,augu/us ,,smi?1 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,,vice ,,presid5ts4 ,,george ,d4 ,,cogge%all1 ( ,new ,york1 ,,record+ ,,secret>y4 ,,william ,,proct]1 ,,jr41 ( ,philadelphia1 ,,correspond+ ,,secret>y4 ,aft] ! (fic]s _h tak5 _! seats1 ! foll[+ report 0 pres5t$ by ! committee appo9t$ at ! ,conv5tion1 held ! previ\s ye> at ,new ,york1 8,to act z a /&+ committee1 to collect su* in=mation z maybe deem$ valuable1 toge!r ) memorials & sugge/ions f ,m$ical & ,ph>maceutical ,associations to be pres5t$ to ! next ,conv5tion40 8,! und]sign$1 a committee appo9t$ at ! ,conv5tion1 held la/ ye> 9 ,new ,york1 & in/ruct$ 8,to collect & receive su* in=mation z may be valuable1 & memorials & sugge/ions f ,m$ical & ,ph>maceutical ,associations1 to be pres5t$ to ! next ,conv5tion10 respectfully report3 ,t 9 ! p]iod t has elaps$ s9ce _! appo9tm5t--not)/&+ ! fact ( _! read9ess to receive any communications1 hav+ be5 duly ann\nc$--!y h receiv$ no contributions t[>ds ! end or object ( _! appo9tm5t1 except ^? relat+ to ! inspection ( drugs4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 n be5 unm9dful ( ! duty impos$ ^u !m1 & n[ (f] ! foll[+ sugge/ions1 z t5d+ to aid ! bus9ess ( ! ,conv5tion1 9 s f> z !y exhibit "s ( ! m prom95t subjects1 wor?y ( its s]i\s delib]ation & action4 #a/1 ,! numb] ( ph>maceuti/s con/itut+ ! pr(essional body 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is l>ge1 compreh5ds all grades ( qualifications1 & ext5ds to e city & t[n 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! pr(ess$ object ( ! pres5t ,conv5tion be+ to adopt measures calculat$ to b5efit ?is l>ge body ( citiz5s1 9 a pr(essional po9t ( view1 by %[+ t !re exi/ _m gr\nds ( sympa?y betwe5 !m1 not)/&+ ! pres5t want ( unit$ action2 we believe1 t ! in/itution ( a national association1 ^: memb]s may come f all sections ( ! body1 is calculat$ to enli/ ?is feel+ ( #ccd bro!rhood1 & direct its p[]1 z a re=m+ =ce1 t[>ds ! elevation ( ! av]age /&>d ( qualification n[ exi/+4 ,9 view ( ?is1 x is sugge/$1 :e!r ! passage ( a resolution by ?is ,conv5tion1 resolv+ itself into a ,national ,association1 %\ld n prop]ly engage its att5tion at its comm5cem5t1 s t ! important details ( =m+ a ,con/itution--expla9+ ! nature ( its organization1 c4 c41 might receive ! delib]ate consid]ation !y m]it1 be=e be+ adopt$4 ,z ! basis ^u :i* ! ,association w re/1 w be ! decision z to :at %all con/itute a memb]1 we believe its ultimate usefulness w v mu* dep5d on ! "* ( ?is decision1 & we _c refra9 f pres5t+ "s reflections on ! subject4 ,! ineffici5cy or inadequacy ( ! pres5t basis1 viz43--,delegates f incorporat$ & un9corporat$ societies is "h demon/rat$1 by ! small numb] :o h be5 appo9t$ 9 answ] to ! call2 at lea/1 ?is mu/ be true1 s long z ! process ( local organization is s dilatory4 ,! aim %\ld be1 to enli/ z mu* z possible ( ! tal5t n[ engag$ 9 ! ph>maceutical ranks4 ,we ?9k1 !re=e1 t memb]%ip 9 ! propos$ association %\ld be ( a repres5tative "*1 to z full an ext5t z practicable4 ,colleges & societies ( ph>macy %\ld1 ( c\rse1 s5d delegates4 ,!n1 provision %\ld be made = ! apo!c>ies1 9 cities & t[ns :]e no society exi/s1 :]eby !y may s5d repres5tatives1 to ! ext5t ( "o = e t5 apo!c>ies1 9 su* places2 ea* repres5tative to br+ ) him a c]tificate f 8 con/itu5ts4 ,f9ally1 to provide = ! admission ( isolat$ individuals1 :o may n h neighbors suffici5t to entitle !m to act z repres5tatives1 b :o feel an int]e/ 9 ! association4 ,p[] %\ld be giv5 to ! committee1 on cr$5tials1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,! =mation ( ! con/itution1 & ! prep>ation ( a code ( e?ics applicable to ! pres5t condition ( ! pr(ession2 suffici5tly /r+5t to elevate ! memb]s above _m ?+s n[ too preval5t1 & yet n s b9d+ z to exclude a l>ge numb]1 :o1 ?\gh well dispos$1 are unable to free !mselves f p>ticipation 9 acts contr>y to ! highe/ /&>d1 )\t a sacrifice great] ?an c\ld be expect$ ( !m1 %\ld engage ! wise/ action ( ! ,conv5tion1 to r5d] !m practicable 9 _! work+4 #cce #bnd1 ,! subject ( ,ph>maceutical ,education is1 9 ! op9ion ( ?is committee1 "o ( great importance1 & des]v+ ( ! consid]ation ( ! committee1 9 sev]al po9ts ( view4 ,inde$1 ! prim>y object ( ! ,conv5tion be+ call$1 0 9 ref]5ce to ! improvem5t ( ! /&>d practice ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 & ?is _c be effect$ )\t ext5d+ ! pres5t means ( education1 ei!r by s*ools1 or by an increase ( facilities1 (f]$ by proprietors to _! appr5tices & assi/ants4 ,9 too _m in/ances ! proprietors are illy fitt$ to ext5d to ^? :om !y h engag$ to tea* ! bus9ess ( a ,ph>maceuti/ ! tuition t ( "r belongs to !m4 ,z s*ools ( ph>macy are ( gradual gr[?1 & _c be expect$ to exi/1 except 9 l>ge cities1 ! ,conv5tion w\ld d well to consid] :at subsidi>y means may be enli/$ to rea* ^? ( our bre?r5 :o reside 9 small t[ns4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( ^! collat]al aids w be f\nd 9 local organizations1 embrac+ ! proprietors 9 su* t[ns :]e1 by a union ( _! ex]tions & contributions !y may enc\rage ph>maceutical lit]ature1 by =m+ libr>ies1 & uphold among !mselves correct practice1--! employm5t only ( good drugs1 & ! receipt ( fair prices4 ,9 ,france1 :]e b ?ree ph>maceutical s*ools exi/1 !re are su* societies 9 all l>ge t[ns1 :i* h halls & libr>ies1 :]e _! "y m5 & appr5tices h opportunities = ga9+ k2 & laboratories :]e9 !y occasionally p]=m op]ations n easily execut$ ) ! in/rum5ts & ut5sils mo/ usually f\nd 9 %op laboratories4 ,if su* associations c be =m$ by ! proprietors1 !y w soon influ5ce ! appr5tices1 & ?us effect ! object aim$ at1 to a great ext5t4 ,! sup]ior advantages ( tuition 9 well conduct$ s*ools ( ph>macy w n be d\bt$1 especially1 :5 x is prec$$ by sev]al ye>s %op practice4 ,access to ^!1 by "y m5 at a di/ance1 c always be _h1 :5 _! circum/ances enable !m to att5d1 & ?us f9i% _! ph>maceutical education4 ,! p]fection ( a s*ool ( ph>macy is atta9$ by atta*+ to x a practical laboratory1 :]e9 ! advanc$ pupils c h an opportunity to become famili> ) ! m difficult manipulations ( ph>maceutical *emi/ry1 & ( extemporane\s ph>macy4 ,z yet1 nei!r ( ! s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry h t addition1 :i* arises f ! fact1 t ! exp5se ( conduct+ !m1 r5d]s _! support by ! fees #ccf ( ! pupils almo/ impossible4 ,we ?9k ! voice ( ! ,conv5tion %\ld be rais$ to enc\rage ! =mation ( su* s*ools1 & also1 to advocate ! practice ( prep>+ *emicals 9 ! %op laboratory4 #crd1 ,! appr5tice%ip sy/em1 :i* obta9s1 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is a subject wor?y ! consid]ation ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,! conditions1 conduc+ to mutual advantage1 betwe5 ! employ] & ! employ$1 are n suffici5tly att5d$ to 9 g5]al4 ,proprietors (t5 d n consid] ! fitness ( applicants1 bo? z reg>ds natural end[m5ts & prelim9>y education1 ) t c>e & att5tion t a due reg>d to su* applicants dem&s2 & consequ5tly1 a l>ge numb] ( ineffici5t apo!c>ies are entail$ ^u ! c\ntry--ineffici5t f lack ( tal5t1 or f disgu/ at a bus9ess = :i* !y h no incl9ation4 ,m att5tion to ! claims ( appr5tices1 on ! tea*+ ( _! employ]s1 %\ld be advocat$ by ! ,conv5tion z due to ! =m]1 z advantage\s to ! latt]1 & ev5tually to ! pr(ession4 #d?1 ,! committee believe t ! subject ( secret m$ic9es1 or quack]y1 z appli$ to ,ph>macy1 toge!r ) ! c\rse usually foll[$ by quacks1 9 br++ _! no/rums into notice1 is becom+ ye>ly m fraught ) ill consequ5ces1 bo? to ! consum]s & ! apo!c>ies1 & m]its ! consid]ation ( ! ,conv5tion1 z to :e!r ! ref]5ce ( ! subject to a committee to inve/igate1 w\ld n result 9 "s advantage4 #e?1 ,! subject ( ! inspection ( import$ drugs1 z reg>ds ! actual work+ ( ! law1 is ( deep int]e/ to all4 ,! possibility ( br++ ! influ5ce ( ?is ,conv5tion to be>1 9 reg>d to ! cont9uance 9 (fice ( able m51 solely on ! gr\nd ( fitness1 is wor? consid]ation4 ,! usefulness ( ?is law re/s absolutely on ! ability & consci5ti\sness ( ! inspector1 & if incumb5ts1 p]fectly satisfactory to ^? conc]n$1 are remov$ on political gr\nds1 & replac$ by inexp]i5c$ & unqualifi$ p]sons1 x is app>5t t ! good results ( ! law w cease4 ,:atev] may be ! effici5cy ( ! law aga9/ ! importation ( inf]ior drugs1 x w n rea* ^? at home1 :o are dispos$ to resort to adult]ation z a means ( increas+ _! pr(its4 ,! p[] ( ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t ceases ) ! ,cu/om ,h\se4 ,x w be necess>y 9 ord] to rea* ?is evil effectually1 z f> z x c be #ccg done by legislation2 to induce our ,/ate ,legislatures & ,municipal ,au?orities to au?orize "s =m ( inspection by :i* ! del9qu5ts c be rea*$2 n ! drug adult]ator m]ely1 b ! m$ic9e adult]ator--! apo!c>y :o scruples n to r$uce ! /r5g? ( /&>d m$ic9es1 t he may r$uce 8 prices4 ,:atev] may be ! prop] c\rse ( ?is ,conv5tion1 we believe t ev5tually ! ,national ,association %\ld urge1 ) all ! =ce ( its influ5ce1 ! enactm5t ( ,/ate laws t5d+ to ! re=mation ( ^! evils4 #f?1 ,! g5]al adoption ( our ,national ,ph>macopia z a guide 9 ! prep>ation ( (fic9al m$ic9es1 is mu* to be desir$4 ,we believe t ?is ,conv5tion %\ld enc\rage its adoption1 & %\ld reque/ ! publi%]s ( t "w to issue a small siz$ *eap edition1 s t e physician & apo!c>y %all h a copy4 ,we also believe t a fruitful s\rce ( v>iation 9 ! prep>ations ( ! %ops1 is ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( =mul = ! same prep>ation1 z f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopias p>allel ) t ( our own code1 9 ! comm5t>ies 9 g5]al use4 #g?1 ,! indiscrim9ate sale ( poisons by druggi/s & apo!c>ies1 z at pres5t conduct$1 is a s]i\s evil 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,any views :i* may orig9ate 9 ! ,conv5tion1 t5d+ to abate ?is evil1 w\ld no d\bt h "s influ5ce1 if circulat$ by its au?ority4 #h?1 ,! sep>ation ( ,ph>macy f ! practice ( ,m$ic9e1 has long be5 effect$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 by ! direct int]f]5ce ( ! gov]nm5t1 ea* pr(ession be+ 9 ! h&s ( a di/9ct class ( m54 ,inh]it+1 z we d1 our m$ical in/itutions f ,great ,brita91 ! confusion ( int]e/s :i* has long prevail$ !re has 9 "s measure desc5d$ to u2 & _m in/ances ( m$ical practition]s conduct+ apo!c>y %ops1 l ! s-call$ apo!c>ies ( ,engl&1 exi/ among u4 ,! increase ( ?is class 9 "s localities has be5 m>k$ ( late ye>s--a fact attributable to ! 8undue multiplication ( graduates 9 m$ic9e1 :o1 f9d+ ! ranks ( _! pr(ession s full z to r5d] prospect ( imm$iate success d\btful1 turn _! att5tion t[>ds ,ph>macy1 z a subsidi>y means ( support4 ,z ^! mongrel apo!c>ies too frequ5tly use _! %ops m]ely z /epp+-/ones to bus9ess1 !y t5d directly to depreciate ! /&>d ( practice on ! "o h&1 & tempt #cch "y apo!c>ies1 :o are /ruggl+ aga9/ ! difficulties ( an already excessive competition1 to turn _! att5tion to m$ical practice ) or )\t a diploma1 z may suit _! circum/ances or fancy1 on ! o!r1 & ?us complicate ! confusion4 ,z ph>macy nev] w advance z x %\ld1 :il/ ?is amalgamation exi/s 9 cities & t[ns to any l>ge ext5t1 we e>ne/ly recomm5d to ?is ,conv5tion1 t a voice may g =? at its pres5t session1 call+ att5tion to ?is gr[+ evil4 #i?1 ,believ+1 t if ! ,ph>maceuti/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are true to !mselves1 ! ,meet+s ( ! ,association1 ( :i* ! pres5t may be consid]$ ! beg9n+1 w annually increase 9 int]e/ & importance1 we w\ld sugge/--:at mu/ h occurr$ to _m pres5t--t !y %\ld be p>tially devot$ to ! advancem5t ( ,ph>macy1 z well z to ! sci5ces on :i* x is bas$1 by invit+ contributions ( orig9al pap]s1 & by committ+ subjects requir+ inve/igation to suitable committees1 :o %\ld report ! results ( _! rese>*es at ! ensu+ ,annual ,meet+1 :51 if !y meet ! approbation ( ! ,association1 x might direct _! publication4 ,p>ticipation 9 ! proce$+s ( su* a ga!r+ ( _! bre?r51 w\ld prove a p[]ful inc5tive to _m ph>maceuti/s1 ^: ta/es lead !m into sci5tific pa?s1 to cultivate _! tal5ts by ! pursuit ( inve/igations fraught ) usefulness to _! pr(ession at home1 & ) honor to x abroad4 ,& la/ly1 :atev] may be ! ultimate action ( ! ,conv5tion1 9 relation to ! subjects br\ght =w>d 9 ?is ,report1 we w\ld respectfully sugge/ t a full dige/ ( its proce$+s be direct$ to be publi%$1 & l>gely circulat$ among ! ,ph>maceuti/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z calculat$ to d mu* good4 7,,sign$17 ,,william ,,proct]1 ,,jr41 ,,samuel ,m4 ,,colcord1 ,,geo4 ,d4 ,,cogge%all4 ,,committee4 ,! ,second ,meet+ ( ?is ,association 0 ma9ly occupi$ 9 read+ & discuss+ a draft ( a ,con/itution & code ( ,e?ics4 ,,?ird ,,sitt+1 ,octob] #g?1 #d o'clock1 ,p4 ,m4 ,presid5t 9 ! *air4 ,on ! roll be+ call$1 ! delegates g5]ally 7 pres5t4 #cci ,! m9utes ( ! prec$+ sitt+ 7 read & adopt$4 ,! ,presid5t in=m$ ! ,conv5tion1 t ! ,bus9ess ,committee n be+ ready to report1 x 0 und]/ood t ,dr4 ,/ew>t1 ,exam9] ( ,drugs1 c41 at ! port ( ,baltimore1 _h "s /atem5ts to (f] 9 reg>d to ! work+ ( ! ,drug ,law at t port1 & ! ,conv5tion ass5t+1 reque/$ him to proce$4 ,dr4 ,/ew>t /at$1 t z !re _h be5 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! ,drug ,exam9]s1 z to ! int5tion ( ! law 9 c]ta9 cases1 he desir$ ! op9ion ( ! ,conv5tion reg>d+ ! inf]ior class ( ,c9*ona ,b>ks t came f ,m>acaibo1 ,c>?ag5a1 c41 & o!r articles ab\t :i* !re is diff]5ce ( op9ion among druggi/s4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! difficulties ( ! subject1 he rem>k$ t "o invoice ( b>k1 t 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view 0 n e/eem$1 & :i* came invoic$ at t5 c5ts p] p\nd1 _h yield$1 on analysis1 two & a half p] c5t ( c9*on9e2 :il/ ,loxa b>k1 invoic$ at ?irty c5ts p] p\nd1 _h af=d$ b a fraction ( "o p] c5t4 ,he consid]$ ! admission ( ! b>ks 9 "q z q diff]5t f det]iorat$ or adult]at$ drugs1 9 z mu* z !y possess$ a range ( p[] :i*1 ?\gh inf]ior to ! be/ ,p]uvian b>ks1 0 yet useful1 & capable ( application 9 m$ic9e4 ,he !re=e (f]$ ! foll[+ resolution3 8,resolv$1 t x is ! op9ion ( ?is ,conv5tion1 t all v>ieties ( drugs1 t are good ( _! k9d1 %\ld be admitt$ by ! ,special ,exam9]s ( drugs & m$ic9es40 ,p5d+ ! consid]ation ( ?is resolution1 ,mr4 ,cogge%all in=m$ ! ,conv5tion t ,dr4 ,bailey1 ! ,special ,exam9] ( ,drugs = ! port ( ,new ,york1 _h furni%$1 at 8 reque/1 a report on ! "* ( import$ drugs1 com+ "u 8 sup]vision1 & on ! g5]al work+ ( ! laws1 :i*1 by reque/1 0 read4 7,publi%$ 9 our la/47 ,a simil> report f ,mr4 ,edw>d ,hamilton1 late ,drug ,exam9] at ! port ( ,bo/on1 communicat$ to ,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,colcord1 at 8 reque/1 ) a view to its be+ pres5t$ to #cdj ?is ,conv5tion1 0 also read4 7,to be publi%$ 9 our next47 ,dr4 ,/ew>t !n op5$ ! debate on ! subject1 argu+ t drugs1 ( :atev] virtue or v>iety1 s t !y are good ( _! k9d1 %\ld be admitt$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ,b>ks he c\ld say1 t p]haps a l>g] am\nt ( ! v>ieties ( t drug came to ! port ( ,baltimore ?an any o!r4 ,t ! m]*ants 9 t trade 7 s desir\s ( gett+ ! be/ k9ds1 t x 0 q usual = !m to import specim5s by way ( ! ,i/hmus1 & h !m exam9$ be=e ord]+ _! invoices1 to asc]ta9 :e!r !y w\ld pass ! ,cu/om-h\se1 t he _h1 7z ,exam9] at t port17 *emically exam9$ a l>ge numb] ( samples ( ! b>ks1 bo? ,p]uvian & ,c>?ag5a1 & t ! latt] _h inv>iably conta9$ m or less ( alkaloids1 & 7 g5]ally ( good quality1 ( _! k9d4 ,he !re=e consid]$ ! fact t a drug is1 or may be us$ z an adult]ation = o!r drugs1 %\ld n exclude x if x is us$ to any ext5t on its own m]its4 ,9 illu/ration1 ,dr4 ,/ew>t rem>k$ t ! ,exam9] might g on a vessel & obs]ve1 side by side1 two casks ( oil1 consign$ to ! same individual1 "o invoic$ 8cod liv] oil10 & ! o!r 8sp]m oil40 ,on exam9ation he f9ds t !y are :at !y purport to be2 ! suspicion w\ld arise v naturally1 t ! latt] 0 to be us$ = adult]at+ ! =m]1 yet1 %\ld sp]m oil be exclud$1 because c]ta9 p>ties use x = an adult]ation8 ,he ?\ght n1 & on ! same gr\nds he consid]$ t ! inf]ior b>ks & rhub>b %\ld be admitt$1 al?\gh "s p]sons may use !m = adult]ation4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,presid5t1 ,pr(essor ,c>son1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 address$ ! ,conv5tion on ! subject be=e x4 ,he co9cid$ g5]ally ) ! views ( ,dr4 ,/ew>t1 z reg>d$ ! value ( ! drugs 9 "q4 ,he express$ ! op9ion t num]\s v>ieties ( ! s-call$ ,c>?ag5a & ,m>acaibo b>ks1 7 possess$ ( decid$ m$ic9al virtue2 t sev]al k9ds ( ,european rhub>b #cda 7 ( mu* value 9 m$ic9e1 especially 9 times :5 ! (fic9al v>ieties are sc>ce1 & t ^! drugs %\ld all be admitt$1 :5 n det]iorat$ or adult]at$4 ,mr4 ,haskell1 ( ,new ,york1 advocat$ ! same views1 m especially1 z relat$ to ,engli% rhub>b1 br++ =w>d ! te/imony ( ,dr4 ,p]eira1 to ! effect1 t "s specim5s ( ,banbury rhub>b 7 almo/1 if n fully equal to ! ,*9ese drug1 & !y 7 "h ev5 ( r high] price4 ,he also /at$1 t a l>ge dem& exi/$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! yell[ ,c>?ag5a b>ks1 t ! ,h\se1 ( :i* he ,0 a memb]1 sold l>ge quantities 9 p[d]1 & t ! p>ties pur*as+ x did s1 kn[+ its orig94 ,he 0 n aw>e ( ! use to :i* x 0 put1 b presum$ t x 0 employ$ legitimately4 ,mr4 ,fisk1 ( ,connecticut1 /at$1 t ?r\gh ! "p ( ,new ,engl& t he repres5t$1 consid]able quantities ( ! b>ks 9 "q 7 us$ legitimately1 z tonics2 & t no in/ance ( _! be+ us$ z an adult]ation ( ! ,p]uvian b>ks _h come to 8 k4 ,mr4 ,cogge%all on ! o!r side ( ! "q1 call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,conv5tion to ! item 9 ,dr4 ,bailey's ,report1 %[+ t ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( ^! b>ks _h be5 reject$ at ! port ( ,new ,york1 9 ab\t two ye>s & a half4 ,he argu$ t ?is b>k 0 n consum$ !re2 t x 0 n us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! alkaloids2 t ! allegation t x 0 us$ = mak+ too? p[d]s w\ld h>dly acc\nt = ! great consumption ( x1 & ! "q naturally arose = :at purpose 0 x import$8 ,he believ$ t x 0 us$ ext5sively to gr9d ) ! ,p]uvian b>ks1 z an adult]ation1 & to make an inf]ior extract1 :i* c\ld be done *eaply & pr(itably1 & x 0 l>gely sold z an (fic9al prep>ation1 t _m ( ! p]sons :o came to our cities to buy drugs1 7 n able to judge ( _! purity1 & b\ght !m )\t ask+ any que/ions1 save1 z reg>d$ price1--& s conv9c$ 0 he ( ! application ( ^! false b>ks to ^! false purposes1 #cdb t z a protective measure1 9 8 op9ion1 !y %\ld be exclud$4 ,& also1 9 reg>d to ,engli% & o!r ,european rhub>b1 t ! argum5t ( ,pr(essor ,c>son w\ld n hold good :ile ! m>kets 7 s well suppli$ ) ! ,russian & ,*9ese v>ieties1 to :i* ! ,banbury1 reg>d$ z ! be/ ( ! ,european1 0 s v inf]ior4 ,x might be us$ z a d]ni] resort1 b %\ld only be s us$4 ,entirely indep5d5t ( ?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,cogge%all consid]$ t ,european rhub>b %\ld be exclud$1 because ( its peculi> adaptation & g5]al use z an adult]ation1 ow+ to its f9e color1 :i* enables ! adult]ator to improve ! appe>ance ( ! inf]ior ,*9ese v>iety1 to mix x ) ! ,russian article 9 p[d]1 )\t depreciat+ its appe>ance2 or1 z x is notori\sly done1 to a great ext5t1 sub/itute x entirely = ! true article4 ,mr4 ,colcord1 ( ,bo/on1 advocat$ ! latt] view1 & hop$ t ! ,resolution w\ld n pass4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! ,conv5tion jo9$ 9 ! debate1 aft] :i*1 ! "q 0 tak5 on ! ,resolution ( ,dr4 ,/ew>t1 & x 0 lo/4 ,z ! importance ( ! subject introduc$ by ,dr4 ,/ew>t1 0 fully appreciat$ by ! ,conv5tion1 at ! same "t t no direct c\rse ( action seem$ prop] = x to pursue1 ! foll[+ ,resolution 0 (f]$ by ,mr4 ,smi?1 ( ,c9c9nati1 viz43 8,resolv$1 t ! :ole subject ( ! ,inspection ( ,drugs %all be ref]r$ to a ,committee1 :o %all be in/ruct$ to conf] ) ! ,exam9]s1 & endeavor to arrive at "s practicable means ( fix+ /&>ds = import$ drugs40 ,! resolution 0 unanim\sly adopt$1 & ,mr4 ,taylor1 ( ,philadelphia1 ,mr4 ,meakim1 ( ,new ,york1 & ,mr4 ,burnett1 ( ,bo/on1 7 appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 to c>ry x into effect4 ,on motion ( ,mr4 ,proct]1 ,dr4 ,/ew>t1 ( ,baltimore1 0 add$ to ! ,committee4 ,?is ,report is made up f ! ,report ( ! ,executive ,committee1 publi%$ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,! conclusion ( ! proce$+s w be giv5 9 our next4 #cdc ,,obs]vations ,,^u ,a ,,g5]al ,,me?od ,,= ,,detect+ ,,! ,,organic ,,alkaloids ,,9 ,,cases ,,( ,,poison+4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,/as1 ,,( ,,brussels4 ,:atev] c]ta9 au?ors may h said on ! subject1 x is possible to discov] 9 a suspect$ liquid all ! alkaloids1 9 :atev] /ate !y may be4 ,i am q conv9c$ t e ,*emi/ :o has kept up 8 k z to analysis1 w n only succe$ 9 detect+ _! pres5ce1 b ev5 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( t :i* he has discov]$1 provid$ t ! alkaloid 9 "q is "o ( t class ( bodies1 ! prop]ties ( :i* h be5 suitably /udi$4 ,?us he w be able to discov] conia1 nicot9e1 anil9e1 picol9e1 pet99e1 morph9e1 code9e1 n>cot9e1 /ry*n9e1 bruc9e1 v]atr9e1 col*ic9e1 delph9e1 emet9e1 solan9e1 aconit9e1 atrop9e1 hyoscyam9e4 ,i d n pret5d to say t ! *emical /udy ( all ^! alkaloids has be5 suffici5tly well made to enable ! exp]im5t] :o detects "o ( !m to "k x imm$iately1 & affirm t x is su* an alkaloid1 & n su* ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 9 ^? ev5 :i* he _c positively det]m9e or specify1 he may be able to say t x belongs to su* a family ( vegetables--! ,solanace1 = example4 ,9 a case ( poison+ by su* ag5ts1 ev5 ?is w be ( mu* importance4 ,! me?od :i* ,i n[ propose = detect+ ! alkaloids 9 suspect$ matt]s1 is ne>ly ! same z t employ$ = extract+ ^? bodies f ! vegetables :i* conta9 !m4 ,! only diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! mann] ( sett+ !m free1 & ( pres5t+ !m to ! action ( solv5ts4 ,we "k t ! alkaloids =m acid salts1 :i* are equally soluble 9 wat] & alcohol2 we "k also t a solution ( ^! acid salts c be decompos$ s t ! base set at lib]ty rema9s ei!r mom5t>ily or p]man5tly 9 solution 9 ! liquid4 ,i h obs]v$ t all ! solid & fix$ alkaloids above enum]at$1 :5 ma9ta9$ 9 a free /ate #cdd & 9 solution 9 a liquid1 c be tak5 up by e!r :5 ?is solv5t is 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,?us1 to extract an alkaloid f a suspect$ sub/ance1 ! only problem to resolve consi/s 9 sep>at+1 by ! aid ( simple means1 ! =eign matt]s1 & !n to f9d a base :i*1 9 r5d]+ ! alkaloid free1 reta9s x 9 solution1 9 ord] t ! e!r may extract x f ! liquid4 ,successive treatm5t by wat] & alcohol ( diff]5t degrees ( conc5tration1 suffices = sep>at+ ! =eign matt]s1 & obta9+ 9 a small bulk a solution 9 :i* ! alkaloid c be f\nd4 ,! bic>bonates ( pota% or soda1 or ^! alkalies 9 a cau/ic /ate1 are conv5i5t bases = sett+ ! alkaloids at lib]ty1 at ! same "t keep+ !m :olly 9 solution1 especially if ! alkaloids h be5 comb9$ ) an excess ( t>t>ic or ( oxalic acid4 ,to sep>ate =eign sub/ances1 animal or o!rwise1 f ! suspect$ matt]s1 rec\rse is commonly _h to ! tribasic acetate ( lead1 & precipitat+ ! lead aft]w>ds by a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,z ,i h sev]al times witness$1 ?is proc$ure has _m & v s]i\s inconv5i5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! tribasic acetate ( lead1 ev5 :5 us$ 9 l>ge excess1 comes f> %ort ( precipitat+ all ! =eign matt]s2 secondly1 ! sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* is us$ to precipitate ! lead1 rema9s 9 comb9ation ) c]ta9 organic matt]s :i* und]go great *anges by ! action ( ! air & ( ev5 a mod]ate heat2 s t animal liquids :i* h be5 precipitat$ by ! tribasic acetate ( lead1 & f :i* ! lead has be5 sep>at$ aft]w>ds by hydrosulphuric acid1 color rapidly on exposure to ! air1 & exhale at ! same "t a putrid odor1 :i* adh]es firmly to ! matt]s :i* we extract aft]w>ds f ^! liquids4 ,! use ( a salt ( lead pres5ts ano!r inconv5i5ce1 viz43 ! introduction ( =eign metals into ! suspect$ matt]s1 s t t portion ( ! suspect$ sub/ance is r5d]$ unfit = te/+ = m9]al sub/ances4 ,! successive & comb9$ use ( wat] & alcohol at diff]5t /ates ( conc5tration1 #cde p]mits u to se>* = m9]al sub/ances1 :atev] be _! nature1 s t 9 ?is way no?+ is compromis$1 :i* is ( imm5se advantage :5 ! analy/ does n "k :at poison he is to look =4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say1 t 9 m$ico-legal rese>*es = ! alkaloids1 we ought nev] to use animal *>coal = decoloriz+ ! liquids1 because we may lose all ! alkaloid 9 ! suspect$ matt]s4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t animal *>coal absorbs ^! sub/ances at ! same "t t x fixes ! color+ & odorif]\s matt]s4 ,?is is no d\bt true2 we mu/ n use animal *>coal to decolorize1 & !n look = ! alkaloid 9 ! liquid1 b we may use x1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( /ry*nia & "s ( ! non-volatile alkaloids1 to sep>ate !m1 & !n we look = !m 9 ! *>coal4 ,see notice ( ,graham & ,h(mann's ,process = ,detect+ ,/ry*nia3 ,mon?ly ,j\rnal1 ,aug41 #aheb1 p4 #adj2 ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xi41 p4 #ejd1 ,may1 #aheb4 ,! above obs]vations d n proce$ f speculative ideas only1 b are ! result ( a pretty long s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* ,i h sev]al times employ$ = discov]+ ^! organic alkaloids4 ,to put 9 practice ! pr9ciples :i* ,i h ?us expla9$1 ! foll[+ is ! me?od 9 :i* ,i propose to set ab\t su* an analysis3--,i suppose t we wi% to look = an alkaloid 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* or inte/9es2 we comm5ce by add+ to ^! matt]s twice _! weight ( pure & v /rong alcohol2#bf we add aft]w>ds1 accord+ to ! quantity & nature ( ! suspect$ matt]1 f t5 to ?irty gra9s ( t>t>ic or oxalic acid--9 pref]5ce t>t>ic2 we introduce ! mixture into a flask1 & heat x to #afj or #agj ,fahr5heit4 ,aft] x has completely cool$ x is to be filt]$1 ! insoluble residue wa%$ ) /rong alcohol1 & ! #cdf filt]$ liquid evaporat$ 9 vacuo4 ,if ! op]ator has n an air-pump1 ! liquid is to be expos$ to a /rong curr5t ( air at a temp]ature ( n m ?an #ij ,fahr5heit4 ,if1 aft] ! volatilization ( ! alcohol1 ! residue conta9s fatty or o!r insoluble matt]s1 ! liquid is to be filt]$ a second "t1 & !n ! filtrate & wa%+s ( ! filt] evaporat$ 9 ! air-pump till ne>ly dry4 ,if we h no air pump1 x is to be plac$ "u a bell-j> ov] a vessel conta9+ conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,we are !n to treat ! residue ) cold anhydr\s alcohol1 tak+ c>e to exhau/ ! sub/ance ?or\ghly2 we evaporate ! alcohol 9 ! op5 air at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 or /ill bett]1 9 vacuo2 we n[ dissolve ! acid residue 9 ! smalle/ possible quantity ( wat]1 & introduce ! solution into a small te/-tube1 & add little by little pure p[d]$ bic>bonate ( soda or pota%1 till a fre% quantity produces no fur!r eff]vesc5ce ( c>bonic acid4 ,we !n agitate ! :ole ) f\r or five times its bulk ( pure e!r1 & leave x to settle4 ,:5 ! e!r swimm+ on ! top is p]fectly cle>1 !n decant "s ( x into a capsule1 & leave x 9 a v dry place to spontane\s evaporation4 #bf ,:5 we wi% to look = an alkaloid 9 ! tissue ( an organ1 z ! liv]1 he>t1 or lungs1 we mu/ fir/ divide ! organ into v small fragm5ts1 moi/5 ! mass ) pure /rong alcohol1 !n express /rongly1 & by fur!r treatm5t ) alcohol exhau/ ! tissue ( ev]y?+ soluble4 ,! liquid s obta9$1 is to be treat$ 9 ! same way z a mixture ( suspect$ matt] & alcohol4 ,n[1 two ord]s ( ?+s may pres5t !mselves2 ei!r ! alkaloid conta9$ 9 ! suspect$ matt] is liquid & volatile1 or solid & fix$4 ,i %all n[ consid] ^! two hypo!ses4 ,,exam9ation ,,= ,a ,,liquid ,,& ,,volatile ,,alkali4 ,we suppose !re exi/s a liquid & volatile alkaloid4 ,9 su* a case1 by ! evaporation ( ! e!r1 !re rema9s 9 ! inside ( ! capsule "s small liquid /ri :i* fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,9 ?is case1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! heat ( ! h&1 ! cont5ts ( ! capsule exhale an odor m or less disagreeable1 :i* becomes1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! alkaloid1 m or less pung5t1 suffocat+1 irritant2 x pres5ts1 9 %ort1 a smell l t ( a volatile alkali mask$ by an animal odor4 ,if we discov] any traces ( ! pres5ce ( a volatile alkaloid1 we add !n to ! cont5ts #cdg ( ! vessel1 f :i* we h decant$ a small quantity ( e!r1 "o or two fluid dra*ms ( a /rong solution ( cau/ic pota% or soda1 & agitate ! mixture4 ,aft] a suffici5t "t1 we draw (f ! e!r into a te/-tube2 we exhau/ ! mixture by two or ?ree treatm5ts ) e!r1 & unite all ! e!real fluids4 ,we p\r aft]w>ds into ?is e!r1 hold+ ! alkaloid 9 solution1 "o or two dra*ms ( wat]1 acidulat$ ) a fif? "p ( its weight ( pure sulphuric acid1 agitate x = "s "t1 leave x to settle1 p\r (f ! e!r swimm+ on ! top1 & wa% ! acid liquid at ! bottom ) a new quantity ( e!r4 ,z ! sulphates ( ammonia1 ( nicot9e1 anil9e1 qu9ole9e1 picol9e1 & pet99e1 are entirely insoluble 9 e!r1 ! wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid conta9s ! alkaloid 9 a small bulk1 & 9 ! /ate ( a pure sulphate2 b z ! sulphate ( conia is soluble 9 e!r1 ! e!r may conta9 a small quantity ( ?is alkali1 b ! great] "p rema9s 9 ! acidulat$ wat]y solution4 ,! e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 reta9s all ! animal matt]s :i* x has tak5 f ! alkal9e solutions4 ,if x on spontane\s evaporation leaves a small quantity ( a feebly-color$ yell[i% residue1 ( a repulsive animal odor1 mix$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( sulphate ( con9e1 ?is alkaloid exi/s 9 ! suspect$ matt] "u analysis4 ,to extract ! alkaloid f ! solution ( ! acid sulphate1 we add to ! latt] an aque\s & conc5trat$ solution ( pota% or cau/ic soda1 we agitate & exhau/ ! mixture ) pure e!r2 ! e!r dissolves ammonia1 & ! alkaloid is n[ free4 ,we expose ! e!real solution at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature to spontane\s evaporation2 almo/ all ! ammonia volatilizes ) ! e!r1 :il/ ! alkaloid rema9s z residue4 ,to elim9ate ! la/ traces ( ammonia1 we place = a few m9utes ! vessel conta9+ ! alkaloid 9 a vacuum ov] sulphuric acid1 & obta9 ! organic alkaloid ) ! *emical & physical *>act]s :i* belong to x1 & :i* x is n[ ! ,*emi/'s duty to det]m9e positively4 ,i appli$1 on ! #c;d ,m>*1 #ahea1 ! process :i* ,i h #cdh describ$1 to ! detection ( nicot9e 9 ! blood f ! he>t ( a dog poison$ by two cubic c5timetres #j4gh ,c4,i4 ( nicot9e introduc$ into ! sophagus1 & ,i 0 able 9 a mo/ positive mann] to det]m9e ! pres5ce ( nicot9e 9 ! blood4 ,i 0 able to det]m9e its physical *>act]s1 its odor1 ta/e1 & alkal9ity4 ,i succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! *loroplat9ate ( ! base p]fectly cry/alliz$ 9 quadrilat]al rhomboidal prisms ( a r d>k yell[ color1 & to asc]ta9 _! insolubility 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,i h appli$ ! same process = ! detection ( conia 9 a v old t9cture ( hemlock1 :i* my fri5d & colleague ,m4 de ,hempt9ne 0 s k9d z to put at my disposal2 & ,i 0 equally successful 9 extract+ f ! liquid colorless conia1 pres5t+ all ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( ?is alkali4 ,i 0 also able to prove t ! e!r :i* holds conia 9 solution1 c>ries (f a notable portion ( ?is alkaloid :5 ! solv5t is expos$ to spontane\s evaporation4 ,,exam9ation ,,= ,a ,,solid ,,& ,,fix$ ,,alkaloid4 ,let u n[ suppose t ! alkali is solid & fix$2 9 t case1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! alkali1 x may happ5 t ! evaporation ( ! e!r result+ f ! treatm5t ( ! acid matt]1 to :i* we h add$ bic>bonate ( soda1 may leave or n a residue1 conta9+ an alkaloid4 ,if x does1 we add a solution ( cau/ic pota% or soda to ! liquid1 & agitate x briskly ) e!r4 ,?is dissolves ! vegetable alkaloid1 n[ free & rema9+ 9 ! solution ( pota% or soda4 ,9 ei!r case1 we exhau/ ! matt] ) e!r4 ,:atev] be ! ag5t :i* has set ! alkaloid free1 :e!r x be ! bic>bonate ( soda or pota%1 or cau/ic soda or pota%1 x rema9s1 by ! evaporation ( ! e!r1 on ! side ( ! capsule z a solid body1 b m commonly a colorless milky liquid1 hold+ solid matt]s 9 susp5sion4 ,! odor ( ! sub/ance is animal1 disagreeable1 b n pung5t4 ,x turns litmus pap] p]man5tly blue4 ,:5 we ?us discov] a solid alkaloid1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to try & obta9 x 9 a cry/all9e /ate1 s z to be able to #cdi det]m9e its =m4 ,put "s drops ( alcohol 9 ! capsule :i* conta9s ! alkaloid1 & leave ! solution to spontane\s evaporation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v r>e t ! alkaloid obta9$ by ! above process is pure en\gh to cry/allize4 ,almo/ always x is soil$ by =eign matt]s4 ,to isolate ^! sub/ances1 "s drops ( wat]1 feebly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 are p\r$ into ! capsule1 & !n mov$ ov] its surface1 s z to br+ x 9 contact ) ! matt] 9 ! capsule4 ,g5]ally we obs]ve t ! acid wat] does n moi/5 ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,! matt] :i* is conta9$ 9 x sep>ates into two p>ts1 "o =m$ ( greasy matt]1 :i* rema9s adh]5t to ! sides--! o!r alkal9e1 :i* dissolves & =ms an acid sulphate4 ,we cauti\sly decant ! acid liquid1 :i* ought to be limpid & colorless1 if ! process has be5 well execut$2 ! capsule is well wa%$ ) "s drops ( acidulat$ wat]1 add$ to ! fir/ liquid1 & ! :ole is evaporat$ to ?ree-f\r?s 9 vacuo1 or "u a bell-j> ov] sulphuric acid4 ,we put into ! residue a v conc5trat$ solution ( pure c>bonate ( pota%1 & treat ! :ole liquid ) absolute alcohol4 ,?is dissolves ! alkaloid1 :ile x leaves unt\*$ ! sulphate ( pota% & excess ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,! evaporation ( ! alcoholic solution gives u ! alkaloid 9 cry/als4 ,x is n[ ! ,*emi/'s bus9ess to det]m9e its prop]ties1 to be able to prove its individuality4 ,i h appli$ ! pr9ciples :i* ,i h j exp\nd$ to ! detection ( morph9e1 iod9e1 /ry*n9e1 bruc9e1 v]atr9e1 emet9e1 col*ic9e1 aconit9e1 atrop9e1 hyoscyam9e--& ,i h succe$$ 9 isolat+1 )\t ! lea/ difficulty1 ^! diff]5t alkalies1 previ\sly mix$ ) =eign matt]s4 ,i h ?us be5 able to extract1 by ?is process1 morph9e f opium1 /ry*n9e & bruc9e f nux vomica1 v]atr9e f extract ( v]atram1 emet9e f extract ( ipecacuanha1 col*ic9e f t9cture ( col*icum1 aconit9e f an aque\s extract ( aconite1 hyoscyam9e f a v old extract ( h5bane1 & atrop9e f an equally old t9cture ( #cej belladonna4 ,?us x is 9 all confid5ce t ,i submit ?is process to ! consid]ation ( ,*emi/s :o und]take m$ico-legal rese>*es4--,bullet9 de l' ,acadmie ,royale de ,mdec9e de ,belgique1 tom4 vi41 ,no4 #b2 & ,ed9burgh ,mon?ly ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce4 ,,v>ia--,,editorial4 ,,o9tm5t ,,( ,,/avesacre ,,9 ,,it*4--,x has long be5 kn[n t ! it* is caus$ by ! attack ( a m9ute insect1 ! ac>us scabiei1 ! male ( :i* has only be5 lately detect$1 by ! microscope4 ,! ord9>y sulphur o9tm5t1 ?\gh successful aft] repeat$ applications1 9 de/roy+ ! insect1 (t5 causes a good deal ( irritation ( ! sk91 & leaves ! pati5t ) an eruption z tr\blesome if n z p]man5t z ! it* itself4 ,m4 ,b\rguignon1 a ,fr5* physician1 f9ds t ! infusion ( ! se$s ( ! /avesacre1 7,delph9ium ,/aphisagria7 or a solution ( ! extract1 n only spe$ily kills ! insects & de/roys _! eggs1 b t x has no irritat+ influ5ce :atev] ^u ! sk9 itself4 ,he aft]w>ds adopt$ an o9tm5t1 prep>$ by dige/+ ov] a vapor ba?1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ?ree p>ts ( /avesacre se$s 9 five p>ts ( l>d1 & /ra9+ ! product :ile /ill liquid4 ,he f\nd t friction ) ?is o9tm5t cur$ ! pati5t 9 f\r days1 :ile sev5 days 7 requir$ :5 sulphur o9tm5t 0 us$4 ,,poison\s ,,honey4--,! family ( "o ( our mo/ respectable :olesale druggi/s has lately suff]$ sev]ely f symptoms ( poison+1 caus$ by "s honey :i* !y _h eat54 ,! family ( "o ( 8 neighbors likewise1 to :om1 induc$ by its p>ticul>ly f9e appe>ance1 he _h s5t "s ( ! honey1 7 affect$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o p>took ( ! suspect$ article1 all ( :om 7 affect$1 ?\gh n to ! same degree1 r5d]s x c]ta9 t ! symptoms 7 n caus$ by any idiosyncracy1 b 7 produc$ by "s poison\s pr9ciple1 probably d]iv$ f "s n>cotico-acrid plant on :i* ! bees _h f$4 ,on eat+ x !re 0 an unpleasant s5se ( prick+ & burn+ 9 ! ?roat1 nausea1 & a burn+ s5sation ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em1 toge!r ) an imm$iate effect ^u vision1 approa*+ to bl9dness4 ,sev]al ( ^? :o #cea ate ( ! honey vomit$ viol5tly & 7 9 great di/ress4 ,"o 0 r5d]$ entirely bl9d & ins5sible1 & x 0 fe>$ = "s "t might n recov]4 ,9 ! o!r cases ! effect pass$ (f 9 "s t5 or twelve h\rs4 ,9 "o case a s+le drop ( ! honey1 tak5 on ! end ( ! f+] f ! box :]e x _h leak$ ?r\gh a crevice1 _h su* an effect on ! sight t ! p]son c\ld n see to read a newspap]1 b x pass$ (f )9 an h\r4 8,we are n aw>e10 cont9ues our in=mant1 8( any poison\s plants 9 ! vic9ity :]e ! honey 0 made1 except :at is call$ kill-calf1 7,&rom$a ,m>iana7 :i* is f\nd 9 abundance on ,hemp/ead ,pla9s1 at a di/ance ( ab\t a mile40 ,if1 z is suppos$1 ! poison 0 d]iv$ f "s plant 9 :i* ! bees _h f$1 x mu/ h be5 elaborat$ or conc5trat$ 9 ! economy ( ! insect1 or be5 ! product ( "s reaction ( ! honey itself ^u ! poison\s pr9ciple1 s9ce no poison\s vegetable is kn[n :i* w\ld produce su* effects1 9 su* m9ute quantity4 ,,new ,,rem$ies4--,dr4 ,j4 ,y4 ,simpson1 ( ,ed9burg1 ! discov]] ( ! anae/hetic prop]ties ( ,*lor(orm1 has lately be5 exp]im5t+ on ! physiological & !rapeutical prop]ties ( a v>itey ( sub/ances :i* h n previ\sly be5 us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,he f9ds t ! alkaloid furfur9e 9 poison\s doses1 produces ^u animals _m ( ! symptoms ( poison+ by qu99e1 & t 9 small] doses on ! human subject x acts z a tonic1 if n an anti-p]iodic4 ,he has likewise us$ nickel1 g5]ally 9 ! =m ( sulphate1 & f9ds t x is exce$+ly analag\s 9 its !rapeutic effects to ! salts ( iron4 ,9 "o in/ance1 h[ev]1 a case ( sev]e p]iodic heada*e1 x prov$ completely successful1 aft] iron ) qu99e1 & a great _m o!r rem$ies _h be5 tri$ 9 va94 ,,! ,,conv5tion4--,! ev5t = ,ph>maceuti/s 9 ! pa/ mon?1 0 ! ,meet+ ( ! ,conv5tion at ,philadelphia4 ,! numb] pres5t 0 small] ?an c\ld h be5 wi%$1 yet great z c\ld reasonably h be5 anticipat$4 ,eight /ates 7 repres5t$1 includ+ ,mr4 ,ba*e1 ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 & !re 7 delegates pres5t f five ,colleges4 ,we h devot$1 p]haps1 an undue portion ( our space to a p>tial record ( its proce$+s4 ,?\gh on p>ticul> po9ts !re 7 diff]5ces ( op9ion1 yet on ! :ole ! meet+s 7 *>act]iz$ by great unanimity ( s5tim5t1 z well z cordiality ( feel+4 ,our great hope = ! ,conv5tion is1 t x w =m a bond ( union among ! scatt]$ & divid$ memb]s ( ! pr(ession 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 t x w t5d to br+ !m into "o great body1 unit$ by common int]e/s & common pursuits1 t x w t5d to s(t5 comm]cial jeal\sies betwe5 individuals1 z well z betwe5 /ates & cities2 t x w enable ! pr(ession :5 unit$1 to ex]cise its rightful & legitimate influ5ce ^u #ceb public op9ion2 t 9 ! pr(ession itself x w promote a m ext5d$ c\rse ( education1 a high] /&>d ( atta9m5t & nobl] pr9ciples ( conduct4 ,^! are great aims & wor?y ( /r5u\s ef=ts1 & x is to be hop$ t no p]sonal or sectional jeal\sies may be p]mitt$ to /& 9 ! way ( _! atta9m5t4 ,! ,conv5tion has made a good beg9n+1 8,e/o p]petua40 ,,college ,,( ,,ph>macy ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,! regul> ,w9t] ,c\rse ( ,lectures 9 ?is ,in/itution1 w comm5ce on ,monday1 #a/ in/ant1 at #g o'clock1 ,p4 ,m41 & be cont9u$ f\r mon?s1 on ,monday1 ,w$nesday & ,friday ev5+s ( ea* week1 at ! ,college ,rooms4 ,on ,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,ph>macy1 f #g to #h o'clock1 by ,pr(4 ,b4,w4 ,,mccready1 ,m4,d4 ,on ,*emi/ry1 f #h to #i o'clock1 by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,o4 ,,doremus1 ,m4,d4 ,on ,botany1 by ,pr(essor ,i4 ,f4 ,,holton1 ( :i* fur!r notice w be giv54 ,! ,*emical ,lectures w comprise in/ruction 9 ! ,sci5ce z ext5sively connect$ ) _m ( ! useful & ornam5tal arts1 r5d]+ !m ( great advantage to ! community at l>ge z well z to ! ,apo!c>y4 ,9 call+ public att5tion to ! pres5t ,c\rse1 ! ,tru/ees w\ld m especially call ^u ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession & ,druggi/s & ,apo!c>ies g5]ally1 to enc\rage !m 9 c>ry+ out1 9 ! mo/ effectual mann]1 ! important design ( provid+1 at a nom9al exp5se1 = a k ( ,*emi/ry1 ,ph>macy1 & ! collat]al ,sci5ces1 to our future ,apo!c>ies1 & to all o!rs :o w avail !mselves ( ! facilities (f]$4 ,9 urg+ ^!1 ! ,tru/ees h no selfi% ends to atta9 beyond ! gratification ( m9i/]+ to ! public good 9 ! elevation ( _! pr(ession2 !y desire to see _! ef=ts appreciat$ & su/a9$ by full classes1 & w\ld e>ne/ly ask ( _! bre?r5 to make suffici5t sacrifice ( "t & conv5i5ce to enable _! ,assi/ants & ,pupils to pr(it by ! opportunity (f]$ = _! in/ruction4 ,! advantages w recur directly to ! employ] 9 ! improv$ capacity & usefulness ( 8 ,assi/ants4 ,! ,tru/ees solicit ! influ5ce ( ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession to aid !m 9 cultivat+ a desire to improve ?is important ,auxilli>y ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,pr(ession1 z ! successful treatm5t ( disease is greatly dep5d5t on ! integrity & intellig5ce ( ! apo!c>y4 ,tickets = ! ,c\rse on ,*emi/ry1 at #g1 & on ,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,ph>macy1 at #g1 may be procur$ f ,,mr4 ,,george ,d4 ,,cogge%all1 ,no4 #hji ,,broadway4 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,asp9wall1 ,no4 #hf ,,william ,,/reet4 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,olliffe1 ,no4 #f ,,b[]y4 ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,college ,,rooms1 ,no4 #eaa ,,broadway4 ,octob]1 #aheb4 ,,erratum4--,9 ! ,octob] ,no4 on page #bid1 tw5tie? l9e f ! top1 = manife/ations1 read modifications4 #cec ,,new ,,york ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,,decemb]1 #aheb4 ,,on ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,iodide ,,( ,,iron4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,wurtz4 ,!re c be no d\bt t imp]fections exi/ 9 _m ( ! me?ods at pres5t 9 use = ! pres]vation ( v>i\s articles ( ! mat]ia m$ica4 ,:]ev] ! fault may be 9 ^! cases1 ! evil is g5]ally %>$ betwe5 ! physicians & ! pati5ts1 mu* ! l>g] %>e ( c\rse1 fall+ to ! latt]4 ,! iodide ( iron is "o ( ^! articles1 & x w appe> probable f ! sequel t1 9 a multitude ( cases1 ?is rem$y is adm9i/]$ to ! pati5t 9 quantities :i* are incon/ant & mu* too small to produce ! effect contemplat$ by ! physician 9 8 prescription4 ,"o me?od1 ext5sively employ$1 ( pres]v+ iodide ( iron1 = use 9 m$ic9e1 is 9 ! =m ( an aque\s solution 9 :i* a coil ( iron wire is kept imm]s$4 ,?is me?od is giv5 by ,p]eira1#bg z propos$ by ,hem+way4 ,p]eira also rem>ks 9 ano!r place t 8x is important to "k1 t by keep+ a coil ( iron wire 9 a solution ( ! protiodide1 z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,squire1 no free iod9e or sesquiodide ( iron is =m$ al?\gh ! liquid may be fully expos$ to air & light2 sesquioxide ( iron is =m$1 b if ! solution be filt]$ x is f\nd to conta9 protiodide only40 #bg ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 #crd ,am4 ,ed4 #a1 #gde4 ,9 a pap] previ\sly publi%$ 9 ?is j\rnal1 ,i h rem>k$ ) ref]5ce to ?is matt]1 t ,i %\ld /rongly #ced suspect 9 ?is case a =mation ( a subiodide ( iron & consequ5t ab/raction ( iod9e f ! solution4#bh ,s9ce t "t ,i h be5 enabl$ to confirm ?is supposition by exp]im5t4 ,pieces ( iron wire plac$ 9 contact ) a colorless solution ( iodide ( iron caus$1 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs1 ! deposition ( a precipitate1 :i* _h a d>k orange color q di/9ct f ! d>k br[n color ( hydrat$ sesquioxide ( iron precipitat$ f a solution ( ! proto*loride ( iron by metallic iron4 ,?is precipitate1 be+ wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] until ! wa%+s gave no indication ( ! pres5ce ( iron1 0 /ill f\nd to conta9 mu* iod9e4 ,no quantitative analysis ( ! precipitate1 h[ev]1 0 attempt$1 = x 0 f\nd t ! wa%+s :i* no long] conta9$ a trace ( iron /ill gave ) nitric acid & />*1 a /rong iod9e reaction1 ?us indicat+ t ! subiodide ( iron ^u ! filt]1 :atev] its composition1 0 decompos$ by ! action ( wat] & oxyg5 z soon z ! neutral iodide ( iron 0 wa%$ out4 ,?is is probably ! reason :y previ\s obs]v]s h mi/ak5 ?is precipitate = pure sesquioxide ( iron1 hav+ cont9u$ wa%+ ! precipitate until ! wa%+ no long] gave an iod9e reaction1 in/ead ( an iron reaction z 9 ! plan adopt$ by me1 & consequ5tly until all ! subiodide ( iron 0 decompos$ & no?+ b sesquioxide ( iron 0 actually left ^u ! filt]4 #bh ,new-,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 ,augu/1 #aheb4 ,! wa%+s1 h[ev]1 aft] ! removal ( ! iodide ( iron1 gave no iod9e reaction ) />* until aft] ! addition ( nitric acid2 iod9e1 !re=e1 c\ld only h be5 pres5t 9 ! =m ( hydriodic acid & ! reaction by :i* ! unkn[n subiodide ( iron 0 decompos$ may be repres5t$ z foll[s3--#b ,fe ,i#ax #ax,h ,o 7#cax7,o ,fe #b,o#c #ax,,hi4 ,s9ce ! above exp]im5ts 7 made1 ,i h f\nd t ,i h1 aft] all1 m]ely be5 9 a measure confirm+ an obs]vation ( ! illu/ri\s ,b]zelius4 ,gmel9's ,h&bu* "u ! head ( ,e9fa*iodeis51 has ! foll[+1 8,na* ,b]zelius i/ das braune ,pulv] wel*es si* beim ,aussetz5 des #cee wssrig5 ,e9fa*iodeis5s an die ,luft absetzt1 ni*t re9es ,eis5oxyd1 sond]n e9 basis*es salz40#bi ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! me?od ( pres]v+ iodide ( iron 9 solution1 9 contact ) metallic iron is p]fectly fallaci\s4 ,?is rem$y1 if pres]v$ 9 solution at all1 %\ld be kept 9 bottles h]metically clos$4 #bi ,accord+ to ,b]zelius1 ! br[n p[d]1 :i* is deposit$ ^u exposure ( aque\s protiodide ( iron to ! air1 is n pure sesquioxide ( iron1 b a basic salt4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,volatility ,,& ,,solubility ,,( ,,can?>d9 ,,9 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,elegible ,,ph>maceutical ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,spani% ,,flies4 ,,by ,,william ,,proct]1 ,,jr4 ,can?>ides h be5 us$ 9 ,ph>macy s9ce ! days ( ,hippocrates4 ,x 0 n till #ahaj1 h[ev]1 t ! pr9ciple giv+ !m activity 0 isolat$ by ,robiquet 7,annal4 de ,*imie lxxvi4 #cjb17 & subsequ5tly nam$ ,can?>id9 by ,dr4 ,?omas ,?ompson4 ,s9ce !n v>i\s exp]im5t]s h be5 engag$ 9 ! *emical inve/igation ( ^! flies1 & 9 ! m rec5t treatises !y are /at$ to consi/ ( can?>id91 yell[ fix$ oil1 gre5 fix$ oil1 a yell[ visc\s sub/ance1 a black matt]1 ozmazome1 uric acid1 acetic acid1 phosphoric acid1 & ! phosphate ( lime & magnesia4 ,x is prov]bial among apo!c>ies & physicians1 t ! ph>maceutical prep>ations design$ to produce vesication1 v>y v mu* 9 _! p[] z prep>$ by diff]5t individuals1 & f diff]5t samples ( can?>ides by ! same recipes4 ,is ?is v>iabl5ess ( p[] due to ! inequality ( /r5g? ( ! comm]cial drug8 or1 are we to attribute x to ! treatm5t employ$ by ! apo!c>y8 ,! real importance ( ^! qu]ies dem&s an answ]4 ,to proce$ #cef prop]ly1 ! inve/igator %\ld exam9e can?>id9 9 a pure /ate1 asc]ta9 h[ f> ! /atem5ts ( writ]s are correct1 !n by a s]ies ( analyses1 quantitative z reg>ds t pr9ciple1 det]m9e :e!r its proportion v>ies1 & to :at ext5t1 9 diff]5t specim5s ( can?>ides ( fair quality2 & f9ally to te/ ! prep>ations d]iv$ f ! same samples & see h[ f> !y correspond ) ! inf]5ces drawn f ! asc]ta9$ prop]ties & proportion ( ! active pr9ciple4 ,i h at pres5t und]tak5 to resolve b a "p ( ^! qu]ies--yet by f> ! mo/ important ones--z w be se54 ,can?>id9 is a :ite1 neutral sub/ance1 ( :i* ! =mula accord+ to ,regnault is ,c#aj;,h ,o#d4 ,gmel9 consid]s x ( ! nature ( a solid volatile oil4 ,z usually se5 x has ! =m ( m9ute flatt$ f\r-sid$ prisms 7c17 mu* brok5 up1 s z to appe> l scales4 ,:5 deposit$ f an e!real solution ( can?>ides by sl[ evaporation1 or f its solution 9 hot acetic acid by cool+1 x assumes ! =m ( flatt5$ oblique f\r-sid$ prisms ) dih$ral summits1 d]iv$ f ! rectangul> prism by ! bevelm5t ( its edges 7see fig4 a & b f c47 ,! cry/als by sl[ sublimation are f\r-sid$ rectangul> prisms ( great brilliance & sometimes iridesc5t1 c & d4 ,illu/ration ,,solubility4--,pure can?>id9 is insoluble 9 wat]1 hot or cold4 ,x is slightly soluble 9 cold alcohol1 readily s :5 hot4 ,e!r dissolves x to a great] ext5t1 yet mu* m easily hot ?an cold4 ,*lor(orm is its be/ solv5t1 cold or hot1 z %[n 9 a =m] essay 7,am4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 vol4 xxiii4 #abd17 & w remove x f ! aque\s infusion ( ! flies4 ,acetic e!r dissolves can?>id91 especially :5 hot1 b does n reta9 mu* on cool+4 ,:5 "o "p ( can?>ides is mix$ ) #bj p>ts ( olive oil & heat$ to #bej ,fahr4 x is completely dissolv$4 ,z ! solution cools1 ! can?>id9 rapidly sep>ates 9 %9+ ne$les 9 su* quantity z #ceg at fir/ to give ! oil a pulpy consi/5ce4 ,! cle> cold oil reta9s suffici5t to act z an effici5t rubefaci5t b n z an epispa/ic4 ,"o "p ( can?>id9 requires #gj p>ts ( oil ( turp5t9e to dissolve x at ! boil+ temp]ature1 ! great] "p sep>at+1 z ! solution cools1 9 long asbe/os-l ne$les4 ,a piece ( pap] saturat$ ) ! cold solution & appli$ to ! sk9 "u adhesive pla/] did n vesicate4 ,acetone 7f ! di/illation ( acetate ( lime7 dissolves can?>id9 ) great read9ess & ranks next to *lor(orm 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! solution deposits ! sub/ance 9 cry/als by evaporation4 ,! comm]cial me?ylic alcohol or wood naph?a also dissolves can?>id91 b to a mu* less ext5t ?an acetone4 ,:5 acetic acid sp4 gr4 #a4da 7,u4 ,s4 ,p47 is add$ to can?>id91 x b slightly acts on x 9 ! cold2 heat mu* increases its solv5t p[]1 :i* is lo/ on cool+ & ! sub/ance deposit$ by /&+1 ?\gh n imm$iately4 ,"o "p ( can?>id9 0 mix$ ) #dj p>ts ( cry/allizable acetic acid & agitat$ toge!r dur+ five h\rs1 b a small p]c5tage 0 dissolv$2 b on apply+ heat ! cry/als 7 dissolv$ quickly4 ,on /&+1 ne>ly all ( ! can?>id9 0 sl[ly deposit$ 9 regul> cry/als4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r1 z has be5 ass]t$1#cj a comb9ation 0 effect$1 & an acetate ( can?>id9 produc$1 an acetic solution ( can?>id9 0 evaporat$ to dryness & ! cry/als mix$ ) /rong sulphuric acid & heat$ till dissolv$1 :ile ! nose 0 held ne>1 )\t ! slighte/ evid5ce ( acetic odor2 "o tw5tie? ( a gra9 ( acetate ( potassa 0 !n add$1 :i* in/antly evolv$ ! well m>k$ smell ( acetic acid4 ,=mic acid dissolves b a trace ( can?>id91 cold or hot2 & muriatic acid sp4 gr4 #a4ah h>dly c be said to act on x 9 ! cold1 b :5 boil+ a m9ute portion is tak5 up4 ,! same is true ( phosphoric acid dissolv$ 9 five p>ts wat]4 ,sulphuric acid sp4 gr4 #a4hdj1 :5 heat$ readily dissolves pure can?>id9 )\t be+ discolor$1 #ceh & deposits x 9 cry/als un*ang$ by cool+4 ,hot nitric acid sp4 gr4 #a4ch1 dissolves can?>id9 readily1 & deposits ! great] "p ( x on cool+ 9 brilliant cry/als1 un*ang$4 ,a conc5trat$ solution ( ammonia sl[ly dissolves can?>id9 to a small ext5t1 & yields x up on evaporation 9 cry/als4 ,solutions ( pottassa & ( soda also dissolve ?is pr9ciple4 #cj ,new ,york ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 vol4 #a4 p4 #gb4 ,,its ,,volatility4--,ab\t t5 gra9s ( pure & p]fectly dry can?>id9 0 spread on ! pan ( an ,o]tl+'s balance1 7s5sitive to #a-aej? ( a gra917 & ! equilibrium c>efully adju/$ ) plat9a weights4 ,aft] exposure = a week to ! action ( ! air1 a vessel ( lime be+ pres5t to keep ! air dry1 no *ange 9 ! adju/m5t _h occurr$4 ,to fur!r te/ ! volatility ( can?>id91 a portion ( x 0 put at ! bottom ( a dry te/ tube1 ?r\gh a pap] funnel s z n to soil ! sides1 :i* 0 !n fix$ s z to dip half an in* 9 a m]curial ba? hav+ a !rmomet] susp5d$ 9 x4 ,x lo/ no?+ appreciable aft] be+ kept at #bab ,f4 = half an h\r1 no sublimate be+ visible ) a l5s4 ,at #bbj ,f4 no visible effect 0 produc$4 ,kept at #bej ,f4 = tw5ty m9utes1 a v sl[ sublimation comm5c$4 ,at #cjj ,f4 ! vaporization 0 b slightly increas$4 ,! heat 0 !n rais$ to #cfj ,f41 :5 ! sublimation became m decid$1 yet /ill sl[4 ,betwe5 #djb ,f4 & #daj ,f4 x fus$1 & rapidly sublim$ at a few degrees high]4 ,can?>id9 at ?is temp]ature volatilizes ) great ease & cond5ses 9 beautiful well def9$ cry/als l salicylic acid4 ,! specific gravity ( can?>id9 is consid]able1 z x s9ks 9 nitric acid sp4 gr4 #a4ch2 x is exce$+ly acrid2 its p[d] appli$ to ! sk9 ) a little oil1 produces spe$y vesication1 & tak5 int]nally x is an irritant poison ( ! mo/ virul5t k9d4 ,su* are "s ( ! m prom95t *>act]s ( ?is rem>kable sub/ance1 :i* exhibits a p]man5ce & want ( aff9ity extraord9>y 9 an animal pr9ciple4 ,let u n[ see h[ f> exp]im5ts ) can?>id9 z x exi/s 9 ! flies 9 sub/ance1 correspond ) its behavi\r 9 an isolat$ /ate4 #cei #a/4 ,is can?>id91 z x exi/s 9 ,spani% flies1 volatile at common temp]atures1 or at ! temp]ature usually employ$ 9 mak+ ! c]ate2 & if s to :at ext5t8 a4 ,six hundr$ gra9s ( p[d]$ can?>ides 7 put into a qu>t flask1 a p9t ( wat] p\r$ on1 & mac]at$ two h\rs4 ,! flask 0 !n adapt$ to a glass tubulat$ receiv] by means ( a long glass tube1 ! jo9ts made tight1 & ! tube refrig]at$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? by a curr5t ( cool wat]1 ! receiv] itself be+ surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,a s&-ba? heat 0 !n appli$ & ! mat]ials 9 ! flask kept boil+ dur+ sev]al h\rs1 until half a p9t liquid _h di/ill$4 ,! product 9 ! receiv] 0 opalesc5t1 ) :ite p>ticles float+ ?r\gh x1 & _h a /rong odor ( spani% flies4 ,x 0 decant$ into a bottle1 & agitat$ repeat$ly ) half an ounce ( *lor(orm1 :i* dissolv$ ! p>ticles & remov$ ! opalesc5ce4 ,! *lor(orm1 :5 sep>at$ ) a funnel1 & evaporat$ spontane\sly1 yield$ a colorless semi-cry/all9e residue1 hav+ a waxy consi/5ce & a /rong odor diff]5t f t ( ! flies4 ,x fus$ at #abj ,fahr41 0 volatile p] se1 b 0 p>tially decompos$ & cond5s$ 9 drops :i* subsequ5tly solidifi$4 ,?is sub/ance is soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r & *lor(orm1 is decompos$ & dissolv$ by sulphuric acid1 produces no signs ( vesication aft] =ty-eight h\rs' contact ) ! sk9 "u adhesive pla/]1 & is mo/ probably ! same volatile pr9ciple t has be5 notic$ by ,orfila4 ,! long glass tube 0 !n exam9$ = a sublimate1 by r9s+ x ?or\ghly ) *lor(orm1 :i*1 on evaporation1 af=d$ m ( ! same sub/ance obta9$ f ! di/ill$ wat]1 & l x did n produce vesication4 ,?is exp]im5t %[s conclusively t can?>id9 does n volatilize to an appreciable ext5t ) wat] evaporat+ f can?>ides4 b4 ,m wat] 0 add$ to ! residue 9 ! flask1 aga9 boil$ = fifte5 m9utes & ?r[n on a displac+ filt]1 & wat] add$ to ! solid residue1 aft] ! decoction _h #cfj ceas$ to pass1 until ! absorb$ liquid 0 displac$4 ,! decoction 0 mu* less odor\s ?an ! di/ill$ wat]1 & _h a deep r$di%-br[n color4 ,half ( ?is 0 agitat$ repeat$ly ) *lor(orm4 ,! latt] decant$ & evaporat$ yield$ a crop ( cry/als int]mix$ ) "s color+ matt]4 ,a "p ( ^! heat$ 9 a tube ov] a lamp1 gave imm$iately ! brilliant cry/al9e sublimate ( can?>id9 well m>k$2 ano!r portion appli$ to ! sk9 produc$ vesication 9 a few h\rs4 ,! o!r half ( ! decoction 0 evaporat$ to a s(t extract by direct heat4 ,?is produc$ spe$y & deep vesication1 m effectual ?an t ( pure can?>id91 z 9 ! extract t pr9ciple 0 9 a soluble /ate by virtue ( ! yell[ matt] ( ! flies4 c4 ,! residual flies 7 !n dri$ c>efully & exhau/$ ) e!r1 :i* assum$ a deep gre5 color4 ,a gre5 semi-fluid fatty oil 0 obta9$ by evaporation1 f :i* a fluid yell[ oil sep>at$ by /&+1 :i* produc$ a t>dy vesication1 n comp>able ) ! aque\s extract4 d4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( flies 9 p[d] 7 introduc$ into a te/ tube s z n to soil ! sides4 ,?is 0 !n kept at ! temp]ature ( #bab ,f4 dur+ six h\rs1 by caus+ x to dip into a vessel ( boil+ wat] ?r\gh a t9 plate4 ,! hygrometric wat] 0 remov$ z x cond5s$ above4 ,at ! end ( ! exp]im5t a m9ute deposit ( microscopic cry/als less ?an "o ?irtie? ( a gra91 0 obs]v$ above ! flies on ! side ( ! tube4 e4 ,two hundr$ gra9s ( flies 7 introduc$ into a two ounce retort1 :i* !y half fill$1 adapt$ to a two ounce receiv]1 & ?is aga9 connect$ ) a ?ird vessel4 ,! retort heat$ by a m]curial ba?1 0 kept at #bbe ,f41 = two h\rs1 )\t any product except a little odor\s hygrometric wat]4 ,! heat 0 !n rais$ to #dab ,f41 :5 a colorless oily matt] fl[$ sl[ly into ! receiv]1 mix$ ) wat]1 :il/ a cry/all9e matt] mix$ ) oil collect$ 9 ! neck4 ,?is cry/all9e matt] mix$ ) ! oil produc$ #cfa vesication :5 appli$ to ! sk94 ,! heat 0 n[ rapidly increas$ s z to produce br[n vapors1 f :i* 0 cond5s$ a d>k color$ empyreumatic oil1 abundant cry/als ( an ammonical salt collect$ 9 ! tubes & on ! sides ( ! receiv]1 :il/ ! aque\s liquor 9 ! receiv] 0 /rongly ammonical4 ,nei!r ! d>k oil nor ! cry/als produc$ vesication1 ! high temp]ature hav+ probably decompos$ ! can?>id94 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x mu/ be admitt$ t can?>id9 is less volatile ?an has be5 ass]t$4 ,! effect produc$ on ! eye ( ! pupil ( ,robiquet :o 0 wat*+ ! cry/allization ( can?>id9 dur+ ! evaporation ( an e!real solution1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! me*anical action ( ! d5se e!real vapor escap+ ne> 8 eye1 z he wat*$ ! process ) a l5s1 c>ry+ (f "s p>ticles ( can?>id92 & ! read9ess ) :i* ?is pr9ciple may be br\ght me*anically 9 contact ) ! sk9 ( ! face1 dur+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 by want ( c>e1 w easily acc\nt = ! occasional te/imony ( writ]s 9 favor ( its volatility at l[ temp]atures bas$ on t k9d ( evid5ce4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ?is pap]1 ! au?or has n exp]i5c$ any inconv5i5ce to 8 eyes or face except 9 two in/ances1 once :5 decompos+ can?>ides by de/ructive di/illation1 dur+ :i* "s ( ! vapors escap$ ne> 8 p]son1 & aga9 :]e a small capsule conta9+ aque\s extract ( can?>ides 0 accid5tally expos$ to high temp]ature ov] a lamp s z to p>tially decompose x2 he suff]$ slight pa9 = a few h\rs 9 ! conjunctiva ( bo? eyes4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t ! heat ord9>ily employ$ 9 mak+ ! bli/]+ c]ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 does n injure ! prep>ation by volatiliz+ ! can?>id91 & t ! recomm5dation to dige/ ! flies 9 ! melt$ vehicle on a wat] ba? is n only n injuri\s1 b decid$ly advantage\s1 z x increases1 _m fold1 ! solv5t p[] ( ! fatty matt]4 #cfb #b;d4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! solv5t p[]s ( olive oil1 oil ( turp5t9e & acetic acid1 on pure can?>id91 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made ) ^? m5/rua1 & ) wat]1 on ! flies 9 sub/ance3 a4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( p[d]$ can?>ides 7 mix$ ) two hundr$ gra9s ( olive oil 9 a l>ge te/ tube1 :i* 0 cork$1 & ! mixture heat$ 9 a boil+ wat] ba? dur+ f\r h\rs1 ) occasional agitation4 ,! cont5ts ( ! tube 7 !n p\r$ into a small glass displacem5t app>atus1 surr\nd$ ) wat] kept hot by a lamp1 & ! saturat$ oil gradually displac$1 )\t cool+1 by ! addition ( fre% portions ( oil4 ,! oily liquid ?us obta9$ _h a deep gre5 color1 smell$ /rongly ( ! flies1 & :5 appli$ to ! sk9 produc$ full vesication 9 ab\t twelve h\rs contact4 ,aft] /&+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs %9+ ne$les ( can?>id9 gradually sep>at$1 b n 9 quantity4 b4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( p[d]$ flies 7 mix$ ) two hundr$ gra9s ( pure oil ( turp5t9e 9 a clos$ tube1 heat$ 9 a boil+ wat] ba? f\r h\rs1 & displac$ :ile hot z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,! t]eb9?9ate solution _h a dull yell[ color1 & 0 p]fectly transp>5t z x pass$1 b 9 a %ort "t num]\s m9ute /ellat$ cry/als comm5c$ =m+1 :i* increas$ 9 quantity by /&+4 ,! saturat$ cold solution1 sep>at$ f ! cry/als aft] /&+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 did n bli/] :5 appli$ to ! sk94 c4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( p[d]$ flies 7 dige/$ 9 a close vessel1 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 9 ?ree hundr$ gra9s ( acetic acid sp4 gr4 #a4jda1 = six h\rs1 & !n subject$ to displacem5t 9 ! hot filt] above notic$4 ,a d>k r$di%-br[n transp>5t liquid pass$1 :i* _h v little odor ( flies1 ev5 :5 a portion 0 expos$ until ! acetic acid _h ne>ly all evaporat$4 ,a portion ( ?is liquid appli$ to ! sk9 produc$ complete vesication 9 ab\t t5 h\rs4 ,aft] /&+ a few h\rs1 num]\s m9ute #cfc granul> cry/als 7 deposit$1 :i* gradually increas$ 9 am\nt & size4 ,^! ?ree exp]im5ts prove t hot fatty matt] is a good solv5t = can?>id9 z x exi/s 9 ! flies1 & t x reta9s m on cool+ ?an ei!r turp5t9e or acetic acid4 ,t hot oil ( turp5t9e is a good solv5t = extract+ can?>id91 al?\gh x does n reta9 mu* on cool+1 & t (fic9al acetic acid at ! temp]ature ( #bab ,f4 w remove can?>id9 readily f ,spani% flies1 b reta9s b a "p on cool+4 d4 ,five hundr$ gra9s ( rec5tly p[d]$ flies1 conta9$ 9 a flask1 7 boil$ 9 a p9t ( wat]1 = an h\r1 & ! cle> decoction decant$1 ! residue aga9 treat$ ) half a p9t ( wat]1 s z to remove all matt] soluble 9 t liquid4 ,! decoctions 7 mix$1 filt]$1 & evaporat$ c>efully to dryness4 ,! extract 0 exhau/$ by repeat$ treatm5t ) boil+ alcohol1 :i* left a d>k color$ pulpy matt]1 v soluble 9 wat]1 f :i* x is precipitat$ by subacetate ( lead4 ,! alcoholic solution 0 n[ evaporat$ to a syrup1 & on cool+ yield$ a yell[ extract l mass1 int]sp]s$ ) num]\s m9ute f\r-sid$ prisms4 ,by wa%+ a portion ) wat]1 ! yell[ matt] 0 remov$1 leav+ ! cry/als :ite & pure4 ,! aque\s wa%+s yield$ by evaporation a residue ( cry/als1 & does n vesicate4 ,:5 ! alcoholic extract 0 treat$ ) *lor(orm ! cry/als 7 dissolv$1 & ! yell[ matt] left4 ,on evaporat+ ! *lor(orm solution ! cry/als 7 re-obta9$ ) all ! *>act]s ( can?>id94 ,! matt] left by *lor(orm 0 n[ treat$ ) wat]1 9 :i* x dissolv$1 except a trace ( d>k sub/ance1 & 0 aga9 evaporat$ c>efully4 ,x af=d$ a yell[ honey-l residue1 ?ickly int]sp]s$ ) cry/als & /rongly acid to litmus1 )\t vesicat+ p[]4 ,a portion ( ! yell[ matt] sep>at$ f ! alcoholic extract by wat] 0 boil$ ) "s can?>id91 filt]$ & evaporat$4 ,! residue treat$ ) *lor(orm af=d$ no #cfd can?>id92 h5ce x w\ld appe> t al?\gh ! yell[ matt] enables ! can?>id9 to dissolve 9 wat] & cold alcohol1 :5 once sep>at$ its solv5t p[] ceases4 ,hav+ n[ /udi$ ! effects ( ! ord9>y solv5ts on can?>id9 9 a free /ate1 & 9 ! condition 9 :i* x exi/s 9 ! insect1 we are prep>$ to consid] ) "s cle>ness1 ! ph>maceutical prep>ations ( ! ,spani% fly1 & _! action z vesicants4 a4 ,if #a-cj? ( a gra9 ( pure can?>id91 9 f9e p[d]1 be plac$ on ! sk9 ( ! arm & cov]$ ) a piece ( w>m$ adhesive pla/]1 active vesication occurs 9 eight h\rs1 ) pa94 ,if ! same quantity ( can?>id9 be put on ! o!r arm1 a small piece ( pap] be laid ov] x1 & !n a piece ( adhesive pla/] ) a circul> hole 9 x be appli$1 s z to hold on ! pap]1 no vesication occurs 9 sixte5 h\rs1 ! p[d] rema9+ dry4 ,if !n a l>ge piece ( pla/] be put ov] ! :ole1 at ! end ( eight h\rs m no bli/]+ action w h tak5 place4 ,if n[ a trace ( olive oil be appli$ to ! back ( ! pap] cov]+ ! can?>id91 & ! pla/] replac$1 spe$y vesication w occur4 ,^! exp]im5ts prove t can?>id9 mu/ be 9 solution to h its vesicat+ action1 & t oily matt] is a prop] m$ium4 b4 ,:5 p[d]$ flies are /irr$ into ! ord9>y vehicle ( res91 wax1 & l>d1 s z to *ill x almo/ imm$iately z 0 =m]ly direct$1 b little ( ! can?>id9 is dissolv$ by ! fatty matt]1 & :5 appli$ to ! sk9 ! process ( vesication is ret>d$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! c]ate be kept fluid = a l5g? ( "t1 say = half an h\r1 by a wat]-ba? or o!r regul> heat1 no loss ( can?>id9 occurs by ! heat1 ! active pr9ciple is 9 a great measure dissolv$ by ! fat1 & e "p is impregnat$ & active4 ,9 ! =ego+ exp]im5ts x has be5 %[n t tw5ty p>ts ( olive oil w dissolve "o ( can?>id9 :5 hot4 ,if we admit ) ,?i]ry t can?>ides conta9 b f\r ?\s&?s ( _! weight ( can?>id91 ! quantity conta9$ 9 a #cfe p\nd ( c]ate is ab\t eight gra9s1 :il/ ! l>d 9 ! same weight ( c]ate is #afjj gra9s1 or two hundr$ times ! weight ( t pr9ciple1 n to speak ( ! influ5ce ( ! wax & res91 :i*1 9 union1 ) ! melt$ l>d1 act z solv5ts4 ,h5ce ! :ole ( ! can?>id9 may be dissolv$ by ! vehicle4 ,ano!r advantage ( employ+ a cont9u$ heat 9 dige/ion is ! removal ( ! hygrometric wat] f ! flies1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! m\ld9ess to :i* ! c]ate is prone 9 c]ta9 conditions4 ,9 a =m] essay 7,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,ph>m41 vol4 xiii1 p4 #cjb17 ,i h advocat$ dige/ion 9 mak+ ?is c]ate1 7a recomm5dation also made by ,mr4 ,donovan1 ( ,dubl91 ab\t ! same "t17 & also ! use ( a portion ( ! oil ( turp5t9e to facilitate ! solution ( ! can?>id91 b ! =ego+ exp]im5ts prove t fatty matt] is q z good1 if n a bett] solv5t alone ?an ) turp5t9e4 c4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ long ago by ,beaupoil1 ,robiquet & o!rs1 t wat] w p]fectly extract ! active matt] f ,spani% flies1 :i* ^! exp]im5ts corroborate4 ,h5ce x is easy to und]/& h[ ! cond5s$ p]spiration may facilitate ! action ( a bli/]1 especially :51 z 0 =m]ly mu* ! case1 its surface is coat$ ) ! du/ ( ! flies1 & ! sk9 moi/5$4 ,x is also cle> :y ! ,ungu5tum ,can?>idis ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia is active al?\gh made ) a decoction ( flies1 yet1 9 ?is prep>ation1 c>e %\ld be obs]v$ n to evaporate all ! wat]1 z on ! exi/5ce ( ! aque\s extract 9 a s(t /ate dep5ds mu* ( ! effici5cy ( ! prep>ation z an irritant dress+4 d4 ,9 ! ,l9im5tum ,can?>idis1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>m41 9 :i* an ounce ( flies is dige/$ 9 eight fluid ounces ( oil ( turp5t9e1 ! can?>id9 is to be ! m5/ruum z #a to #aejj1 a proportion probably q suffici5t to reta9 x 9 solution4 ,! importance ( ! (fic9al direction to dige/ is evid5t4 ,x is q d\btful :e!r ?is l9im5t1 z made by ! process ( ,dr4 ,joseph ,h>t%orne1 "o "p ( flies to #cff ?ree p>ts ( oil1 w reta9 all ! can?>id9 aft] /&+ a:ile4 e4 ,! ,acetum ,can?>idis1 7,lond4 ,ph47 made by mac]at+ an ounce ( flies 9 t5 fluid ounces ( acetic acid1 #a4dh1 has be5 criticis$ by ,mr4 ,r$wood1 7,ph>m4 ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #ahda17 :o arriv$ at ! conclusion t x ow$ its vesicat+ p[] almo/ solely to ! acid1 he n be+ able to discov] can?>id9 9 x4 ,! ineffici5cy ( cold acetic acid z a solv5t = pure can?>id9 has be5 prov5 by ! above exp]im5ts1 & its effici5cy :5 hot equally %[n4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! ,london prep>ation w\ld be mu* improv$ by dige/+ ! flies 9 ! acid = an h\r 9 a close glass vessel at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 f4 ,! can?>idal collodion ( ,m4 ,ilis* has be5 consid]ably us$ z a vesicant 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,e!r be+ a good solv5t = can?>id9 readily keeps t pr9ciple 9 solution4 ,:5 appli$ to ! sk91 ! escape ( ! e!r leaves a coat+ ( e!real extract ( can?>ides1 admix$ ) collodion4 ,?is prep>ation sometimes fails f a defici5cy ( can?>id91 at o!r times f want ( a suffici5t body 9 ! collodion excipi5t1 & x has be5 f\nd m advantage\s to treat ! can?>ides ) e!r till exhau/$1 di/ill (f ! e!r1 & add ! oily residue to collodion ( ! prop] consi/5ce4 ,! addition ( a little olive oil1 & ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 z recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,r&1 w give m activity to ! prep>ation1 especially if a piece ( oil$ silk or adhesive pla/] be appli$ ov] ! "p4 g4 ,besides ^!1 _m o!r epispa/ic prep>ations are made 9 ,france & o!r c\ntries4 ,! acetic alcoholic extract ( can?>ides ( ,f]r>i is made by dige/+ f\r p>ts ( can?>ides 9 sixte5 p>ts ( alcohol #cf ,b4 mix$ ) "o "p ( acetic acid #aj ,b4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 ! acetic acid t5ds to prev5t ! cry/allization ( ! can?>id91 a /atem5t r5d]$ d\btful by ! above exp]im5ts1 z t pr9ciple sep>ates 9 cry/als f an acetic solution ( can?>ides4 ,! alcohol dissolves ! gre5 oil #cfg :i* gives to ! extract a butyrace\s consi/5ce4 ,?is is und\bt$ly an effici5t prep>ation1 & is us$ by spread+ x on pap] ) a bru%1 & apply+ to ! sk94 ,ne>ly all ! ,fr5* prep>ations direct dige/ion ( f #b to #f h\rs1 %[+ evid5tly t ! exp]i5ce ( ph>maceuti/s is oppos$ to ! op9ion t can?>ides is 8a v volatile sub/ance1 ev5 at common temp]atures40 ,! vesicat+ tafeta ( ! ,codex1 is t propos$ by ,messrs4 ,h5ry ,guib\rt1 & is made by fus+ toge!r "o "p ( ! e!real extract ( can?>ides & two ( wax1 & spread+ x on wax$ pap] or l95 9 ! mann] ( adhesive pla/]4 ,?is prep>ation is said to lose its effici5cy by exposure to ! air4 ,h[ c ?is occur 9 view ( ! results :i* h be5 detail$ above8 admitt+ ! fact1 x is n probable t ! *ange lies 9 ! /rong t5d5cy ( ! can?>id9 to sep>ate 9 cry/als8 a *ange easily obs]vable 9 ! e!real extract4 ,?is is ! *ief objection to "s o!rwise excell5t prep>ations ( can?>ides = vesication1 & x is f> m probably ! true explanation1 ?an1 t volatility %\ld be ! cause4 ,! rec5tly prep>$ & s(t aque\s extract ( can?>ides has be5 %[n to be a p[]ful epispa/ic4 ,w ?is extract ( ! consi/5ce ( honey1 associat$ ) suffici5t acetic acid1 alcohol1 or acetone1 to pres]ve x1 keep )\t ! gradual sep>ation ( ! can?>id98 ,if s1 x w und\bt$ly prove "o ( ! v be/ bli/]+ ag5ts1 z by simply apply+ a cov]+ ( x ov] ! surface ( wax$ pap]1 or adhesive pla/]1 ) a camel's-hair bru%1 a p]fect bli/]+ pla/] c be made quickly & neatly1 & all t5d5cy to *ange ( aggregation by ! action ( ! air on ! m5/ruum avoid$4 ,?is is a "q n[ "u trial1 & %\ld x result favorably1 a =mula w be publi%$4 ,! extraord9>y t5d5cy ( can?>id9 to cry/allize1 ev5 "u ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances1 tak5 9 connection ) its insolubility1 p] se1 has h>dly receiv$ suffici5t att5tion f ph>maceuti/s z a cause ( ! det]ioration ( #cfh can?>idal prep>ations1 & ! discov]y ( a m5/ruum1 t w reta9 t pr9ciple 9 solution = an indef9ite p]iod1 is a problem yet to be solv$1 & wor?y ! att5tion ( ph>maceutical inve/igators4 ,philadelphia1 ,septemb]1 #aheb4 ,,on ,,gelsem9um ,,semp]vir5s ,,or ,,yell[ ,,jassam94 ,,by ,,william ,,proct]1 ,,jr4 ,consid]able att5tion has rec5tly be5 turn$ to ! ,yell[ ,jassam9 ( our ,s\!rn ,/ates1 f ! accid5tal discov]y ( c]ta9 rem>kable effects produc$ by x :5 tak5 int]nally4 ,a plant] ( ,mississippi hav+ suff]$ mu* f a t$i\s attack ( bili\s fev]1 :i* resi/$ ! usual m$ic9es employ$ 9 su* cases1 reque/$ "o ( 8 s]vants to obta9 f ! g>d5 a c]ta9 root1 f :i* he int5d$ to prep>e an infusion = dr9k+4 ,by mi/ake1 ! p]son s5t collect$ a diff]5t root1 & adm9i/]$ ! tea to 8 ma/]1 :o1 soon aft] tak+ x1 0 seiz$ ) a complete loss ( muscul> p[]1 be+1 9 fact1 s completely pro/rat$ z to be unable to move a limb or to raise ! eyelids1 yet he c\ld he>1 & c\ld appreciate :at 0 occurr+ ar\nd him4 ,aft] "s h\rs1 dur+ :i* 8 fri5ds 7 wat*+ him ) mu* anxiety & little hope1 he gradually recov]$ 8 muscul> control1 & 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t ! fev] _h left him4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ f 8 s]vant :at plant he _h collect$1 he subsequ5tly employ$ x successfully on 8 own plantation z well z among 8 neighbors4 ,! hi/ory becom+ kn[n to a quacki% physician1 he prep>$ f x a no/rum call$ ! 8,electrical ,febrifuge10 9 #cfi :i*1 x 0 disguis$ by oil ( w9t]-gre51 7,eclectic ,disp5satory1 page #ahf47 ,! ,gelsem9um is n notic$ by ,dr4 ,griffi? 9 8 ,m$ical ,botany1 nor 9 ! rec5t edition ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory1 & s f> appe>s to h be5 us$ *iefly by ! 8,eclectic0 practition]s ( ,c9c9nati & o!r p>ts ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,! accompany+ description ( ! plant is tak5 p>tly f a specim5 s5t f ,memphis1 ,t5nessee1 :]e1 9 common ) o!r p>ts ( ! s\?-we/]n ,/ates1 x is cultivat$ z an ornam5tal g>d5 plant4 ,! ,gelsem9um belongs to ! natural ord] ,apocyne1 s rem>kable = ! great activity ( _m ( its g5]a1 & ! "n ( ! g5us1 giv5 by ,jussieu1 is "o ( ! anci5t names ( ! jessam9e1 & t ( ! species arises f its ev]gre5 foliage4 ,,gelsem9um belongs to ,p5t&ria ,digynia ( ,l9nu1 & to ! natural ord] ,apocyne ( ,jussieu4 ,g5]ic *>act]s4--,regul>1 calyx five p>t$1 7! sepals ( ?is species be+ furni%$ ) bract-l app5dages7 c>olla funnel-=m1 bord] spread+1 five lob$1 ne>ly equal1 capsule compress$1 flat1 two p>tible1 two-cell$1 se$s flat & atta*$ to ! m>g9s ( ! valves1 7,eaton47 ,specific *>act]s4--,! ,g4 semp]vir5s is kn[n at ! ,s\? "u ! names yell[ jasm9e1 wild jasm9e1 & woodb9e4 ,9 ,florida x fl[]s 9 ,m>*1 & 9 ,mississippi & ,t5nessee 9 ,may & ,june4 ,its /em is tw9+1 smoo? & glabr\s2 its leaves are opposite1 p]5nial1 lanceolate1 entire1 d>k gre5 above1 pal] b5ea?2 ) %ort petioles4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* are e/eem$ poison\s1 are yell[1 ab\t an in* long & half an in* wide at ! top1 ( a f9e yell[ color1 & h an agreeable odor1 :i* p]fumes ! air :5 !y bloom4 ,x gr[s luxuriantly1 climb+ f tree to tree1 =m+ a delightful %ade4 ,accord+ to ,eaton1 f ^: botany we glean "p ( ! above botanical notice1 !re is a v>iety call$ inodorum :i* has sc5tless fl[]s4 ,! ,gelsem9um is indig5\s to ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & its beauty has caus$ its introduction into ! g>d5s4 #cgj ,m$ical prop]ties & uses4--,! root is ! "p us$1 & ! t9cture is ! prep>ation mo/ usually employ$1 &1 z made1 mu/ be a saturat$ t9cture4 ,! roots1 9 a gre5 /ate1 well bruis$1 are introduc$ into a suitable vessel1 & cov]$ ) :iskey1 or dilut$ alcohol4 ,aft] /&+ two weeks1 ! t9cture is sep>at$ by expression & filt]$4 ,x has a d>k r$ color1 & a pleasant bitt] ta/e4 ,! dose is f t5 to fifty drops4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( its m$ical prop]ties & effects is tak5 f a pap] 9 ! 8,eclectic ,m$ical ,j\rnal10 ,augu/1 #aheb1 page #cec1 by ,f4 ,d4 ,hill ( ,c9c9nati3 8,gelsem9um is /imulant1 tonic1 & anti-spasmodic4 ,by its relax+ effect x produces g5tle diaphoresis1 & is said to be n>cotic4 ,its effect 9 l>ge doses1 or doses too frequ5tly repeat$1 is extreme relaxation1 & g5]al pro/ration ( ! :ole muscul> & n]v\s sy/em4 ,x w susp5d & hold 9 *eck muscul> irritability & n]v\s excitem5t ) m =ce & p[] ?an any kn[n rem$y4 ,x is ( a pleasant bitt] ta/e1 & p]=ms its wond]-work+ cures1 9 all febrile diseases1 )\t excit+ ei!r nausea1 vomit+1 or purg+4 ,:5 en\gh has be5 giv5 to produce its specific effect1 ! eye is dimm$1 ! vision cl\d$ & d\ble1 ! head light & dizzy4 ,:5 ^! effects foll[ ! adm9i/ration ( ?is rem$y1 no m %\ld be giv5 until ! pati5t has entirely recov]$ f its influ5ce4 #8,x maybe us$ 9 all species ( fev]s1 n]v\s & bili\s heada*e1 colds1 pneumonia1 hemorrhages1 leucorrhea1 *orea1 ague-cake1 a/hma1 & _m o!r diseases3 b its efficacy has be5 mo/ admir$ 9 all =ms & grades ( fev]s4' ,x %\ld always be us$ ) great c>e & caution4 ,! root is said to possess a res9\s pr9ciple1 :i*1 :5 extract$ by pure alcohol1 w produce dea? 9 v small doses4 ,b no su* effect ne$ be expect$ f ! prop] dose ( ! common t9cture4 ,!re is dang] ( c>ry+ x to su* an ext5t z to susp5d involunt>y muscul> action1 & :5 ?is is ! case1 dea? mu/ ensue4 #8,x is incompatible ) no kn[n sub/ance1 & may foll[ any prece$+ treatm5t ) p]fect safety4' ,! dose is =ty drops = an adult1 & *ildr5 9 proportion to age & temp]am5t4 ,x is giv5 ei!r ) or )\t qu99e4 ,x has be5 us$ alone = *ronic rheumatism1 9 doses ( =ty drops1 ?ree times a day1 ) m>k$ effects4 ,?ree or f\r doses1 ) a mild ca?>tic1 w remove ! r$ness & swell+ att5d+ inflam$ sore eyes4 ,special att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! g5]al heal? & con/itution ( ! pati5t be=e giv+ gelsem9um4 ,if ! b[els be con/ipat$ !y %\ld be mov$ by a g5tle ap]i5t1 & kept 9 a relax$ condition4 ,x requires d\ble ! quantity to produce ! effect on "s t x does on o!rs2 & %\ld ! practition] ev] produce too great a degree ( relaxation1 he %\ld lose no "t 9 /imulat+ & ton+ up 8 pati5t40 #cga ,! alleg$ effects ( ?is plant on ! human sy/em1 tak5 9 connection ) its m$ico-botanical relations1 m>k x out z be+ probably "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( our indig5\s rem$ial ag5ts1 & r5d] x well wor?y ( ! inve/igation ( regul> physicians4 ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,writ+ ,,inks4 7,conclud$ f page #caf47 ,prussian blue1 t has n und]gone dige/ion 9 acid 9 ! way above po9t$ out1 w require a mu* l>g] proportion ( oxalic acid1 f twice to ?ree times its weight2 & ev5 !n x w be greatly liable to precipitation aft] /&+2 b :5 treat$ 9 ! way describ$1 x is n liable to precipitate1 b rema9s a p]man5t solution4 ,,/eph5s' ,,r$ ,,ink4--,/eph5s' r$ ink is prep>$ z foll[s3--,take a quantity ( common soda1 pota% or c>bonate ( ammonia1 to :i* is to be add$1 at int]vals1 twice its weight ( crude argol 9 p[d]4 ,:5 ! eff]vesc5ce1 aris+ f ?is comb9ation1 has ceas$1 p\r (f ! solution1 or filt] x f ! insoluble matt]2 to ?is1 add by measure half ! quantity ( oxalate ( alum9a1 or oxalo-phosphate ( alum9a1 prep>$ by add+ to precipitat$ alum9a or phosphate ( alum9a1 9 a damp /ate1 z mu* oxalic acid z w dissolve4 ,into ?is mixture1 put1 :5 cold1 z mu* co*9eal1 fir/ bruis$ or p[d]$1 z w give x a f9e r$ color1 v>y+ ! quantity accord+ to ! %ade ( color requir$2 & aft] lett+ x /& = ! space ( =ty eight h\rs1 /ra9 x (f = use4 ,,pr(essor ,,runge',s ,,writ+ ,,fluid4--,"o ( ! lea/ exp5sive =mulas = ! manufacture ( a writ+ ink1 is t giv5 by ,pr(essor ,runge1 :o says3 8,i h = "s "t #cgb endeavor$ to f9d a black fluid possess+ ! prop]ties ( =m+ no deposit1 ( adh]+ /rongly to ! pap]1 ( be+ unaffect$ by acids1 & la/ly1 :at is ( great importance1 n act$ ^u by /eel p5s4 8,aft] _m exp]im5ts1 ,i h succe$$ 9 obta9+ a composition ( ! k9d requir$1 v simple 9 its prep>ation1 conta9+ no?+ b logwood1 *romate ( pota%1 & wat]1 & free f v9eg>1 gum1 copp]as1 blue vitriol1 & ev5 nutgalls4 ,! l[ price ( ?is writ+ fluid is also 9 its favor4 ,x is prep>$ by simply add+ "o "p ( *romate ( pota% to #ajjj p>ts ( decoction ( logwood1 made by boil+ tw5ty-two p\nds ( logwood 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to give f\rte5 gallons ( decoction2 to ?is decoction1 :5 cold1 ! *romic salt is gradually add$1 & ! mixture well /irr$4 ,! addition ( gum is injuri\s4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is ink1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! yell[ *romate & n ! bi-c>bonate ( pota% is employ$1 & great c>e is requir$ to ensure due adju/m5t ( ! relative proportions ( ! +r$i5ts us$4 ,! be/ way is to make a decoction ( logwood1 & gradually add to x1 well /irr+ ! mixture1 z mu* solution ( *romate z w give ! %ade requir$4 8,x appe>s a/oni%+ :at a small quantity ( ! *rome salt is requir$ to conv]t a l>ge quantity ( decoction ( logwood into a black writ+ fluid2 ! fact is h[ev] c]ta91 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to all[ ! proportion ( *rome salt to exce$ half a "p = ea* #ejj p>ts ( decoction ( logwood1 z a l>g] quantity ex]cises a prejudicial effect 9 de/roy+ ! color+ matt] ( ! liquid1 :il/ 9 ! proportion above m5tion$1 a deep blue black writ+ ink is =m$1 :i*1 unlike ! ink made ) tannogallate ( iron1 is p]fectly fluid1 =m+ no deposit4 ,?is writ+ fluid possesses ano!r advantage2 ! pap] :i* has be5 writt5 ^u ) x may be wa%$ ) a sponge1 or be left tw5ty-f\r h\rs "u wat]1 )\t ! writ+ be+ effac$4 ,weak acids d n de/roy ! writ+1 nor d !y ev5 *ange ! #cgc %ade1 :il/ t made ) gallnuts is effac$1 & ! ink prep>$ ) logwood & copp]as is turn$ r$4 8,new /eel p5s are coat$ ) a greasy sub/ance1 :i* prev5ts ! ready fl[ ( ! ink2 ?is %\ld1 !re=e1 be remov$ previ\s to use by moi/5+ ! p5s ) saliva1 & !n wa%+ !m 9 wat]4 ,! application ( an alkal9e solution is /ill pref]able to remove ?is greasy matt]4 ,! cleans+ ( ! /eel p5s is absolutely ess5tial 9 ! case ( us+ ! ink above m5tion$4 ,i h us$ ?is ink upw>ds ( two ye>s1 & my /eel p5s are n 9 ! lea/ degree affect$4 ,no ru/ is =m$ on ! p5s1 s t aft] ye>s ( s]vice ! only we> exp]i5c$ is t f con/ant use on ! pap]1 ?us r5d]+ unnecess>y ! use ( p5s tipp$ ) iridium & o!r h>d sub/ances40 ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,m\ld ,,9 ,,syrup4 ,pr(essor ,balf\r1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 has read a valuable pap] on ?is subject1 at ! ,botanical ,society 9 t city1 9 :i* he /ates t m\ld ( v>i\s k9ds1 :5 plac$ 9 syrup1 has a t5d5cy to spread out & =m a flat1 gelat9\s1 & lea!ry expansion4 ,?is he %[s by exp]im5ts1 z foll[s3--,m\ld t _h gr[n ^u an apple 0 put into syrup2 & 9 ! c\rse ( two mon?s !re 0 =m$ ^u ! syrup a cellul>1 flat1 exp&$ mass1 :ile ! syrup 0 conv]t$ into v9eg>4 ,m\ld t _h gr[n ^u a pe> 0 also put into syrup1 & ! same result 0 produc$4 ,he also exp]im5t$ 9 ! same mann] ) v>i\s m\lds t 7 gr[+ ^u bread1 tea1 & "s o!r vegetable sub/ances2 ! effect #cgd produc$1 9 mo/ cases1 0 to cause a f]m5tation1 result+ 9 ! production ( v9eg>4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 a quantity ( raw sug>1 treacle1 & wat]1 7 put into a j>1 )\t any m\ld be+ introduc$4 ,:5 exam9$1 aft] a lapse ( f\r or five mon?s1 a gr[? l t ( ! v9eg> plant 0 visible1 & v9eg> 0 =m$4 ,?is plant 0 remov$1 & put into fre% syrup1 :i* 0 foll[$ aga9 by ! production ( v9eg>4 ,x appe>s t1 :5 purifi$ :ite sug> only is us$ to make syrup1 ! plant1 :5 plac$ 9 x1 does n produce v9eg> s spe$ily2 ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! *anges v>y+ f f\r to six mon?s4 ,dr4 ,balf\r ?9ks ?is may possibly be ow+1 to ! pres5ce ( "s +r$i5t 9 ! raw sug> & treacle1 :i* may t5d to promote ! production ( v9eg>4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject1 ,i may ref] to ! ,v9eg> ,plant1 :i* is consid]$ by "s em95t botani/s to be an unnatural & peculi> =m ( "s fungus4 ,?is plant1 :i* has a t\gh gelat9\s consi/5ce1 :5 put into a mixture ( treacle1 sug> & wat]1 gives rise to an acet\s f]m5tation4 ,! v9eg>1 :i* is ! result ( ?is acet\s f]m5tation1 is ( a syrupy nature2 & :5 evaporat$ to dryness1 a l>ge quantity ( sac*>9e matt] is left4 ,v>i\s conjectures h be5 haz>d$ z to ! orig9 ( ?is v9eg> plant2 "s /at+ t x came f ,s\? ,am]ica1 or o!r di/ant regions2 & o!rs t x is a spontane\s production4 ,dr4 ,l9dley is ( op9ion t x is a peculi> =m ( p5icillum glaucum1 or common blue-m\ld4 ,! g5]al op9ion appe>s to be1 t x is 9 an anomal\s /ate ( m\ld1 or ( "s fungus3 & ! peculi> =m & consi/5ce x assumes on diff]5t occasions1 seems to dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! mat]ial 91 or ^u :i*1 x makes its appe>ance4 #cge ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,ph>maceutical ,,association4 ,:]eas1 ,! advancem5t ( ph>maceutical k & ! elevation ( ! pr(essional "* ( apo!c>ies & druggi/s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates are objects t are de> to u 9 common ) all well dispos$ ph>maceuti/s2 &1 :]eas1 a l>ge portion ( ^? 9 ^: h&s ! practice ( ph>macy n[ exi/s1 are n prop]ly qualifi$ = ! responsible (fices x involves1 *iefly by reason ( ! _m difficulties t imp$e ! acquirem5t ( a correct k ( _! bus9ess2 ,!re=e1 ,we1 ! memb]s ( a ,conv5tion n[ met at ,philadelphia1 compos$ ( apo!c>ies & druggi/s f diff]5t sections ( ! ,union1 & f all ! ,colleges & ,societies !re9 exi/+1 ) ! object ( delib]at+ on ! condition ( our pr(ession1 d h]eby resolve & con/itute ourselves into a p]man5t asociation1 to meet annually at su* times & places z may h]eaft] be det]m9$1 = m effectually accompli%+ ! objects = :i* we are n[ assembl$2 & d n[ adopt ! foll[+ ,,con/itution3 ,,section #a4 ,?is association %all be call$ 8,! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association40 ,,section #b4 ,( ! ,memb]s4 ,article ,i4 ,all ph>maceuti/s & druggi/s :o %all h atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 ^: "*1 morally & pr(essionally1 is fair1 & :o1 aft] duly consid]+ ! obligations ( ! ,con/itution & ,code ( ,e?ics ( ?is ,association are will+ to subscribe to !m1 %all be eligible = memb]%ip4 ,article ,,ii4 ,! memb]s %all consi/ ( delegates f regul>ly con/itut$ ,colleges ( ,ph>macy1 & ,ph>maceutical ,societies1 :o %all pres5t prop]ly au?oriz$ cr$5tials1 & ( o!r reputable ,ph>maceuti/s feel+ an int]e/ 9 ! objects ( ! ,association1 :o may n be s delegat$1 ! latt] be+ requir$ to pres5t a c]tificate sign$ by a majority ( ! delegates f ! places :5ce !y come4 ,if no su* delegates are pres5t at ! ,association1 !y may1 on obta9+ ! c]tificates ( any ?ree memb]s ( ! #cgf ,association1 be admitt$1 provid$ !y be introduc$ by ! committee on cr$5tials4 ,article ,,iii4 ,all p]sons :o become memb]s ( ?is ,association %all be consid]$ z p]man5t memb]s1 b may be expell$ = improp] conduct by a vote ( two ?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+4 ,article ,,iv4 ,e memb] 9 att5dance at ! annual meet+s %all pay into ! h&s ( ! ,treasur] ! sum ( two doll>s z 8 ye>ly contribution4 ,article ,v4 ,e local ,ph>maceutical ,association %all be entitl$ to five delegates4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ! ,(fic]s4 ,! (fic]s ( ?is association %all be a ,presid5t1 ?ree ,vice ,presid5ts1 a ,record+ ,secret>y1 a ,correspond+ ,secret>y1 a ,treasur]1 & an ,executive ,committee ( ?ree1 :i* may include any ( ! memb]s except ! ,presid5t1 all ( :om %all be elect$ annually4 ,article ,i4 ,! ,presid5t %all preside at ! meet+s & pres]ve ord]4 ,he %all nom9ate all committees1 except a majority ( ! memb]s pres5t direct a resort to ballot+ or o!r means4 ,he %all sign all c]tificates ( memb]%ip1 approve ( all =eign correspond5ce1 & c\nt]sign all ord]s on ! ,treasur] drawn by ! ,executive ,committee4 ,& he %all1 at lea/ ?ree mon?s previ\sly to ! annual meet+ publi% a call 9 all ! ph>maceutical & 9 su* m$ical & o!r ,j\rnals z he may select1 /at+ !re9 ! objects ( ! ,association1 & ! conditions ( memb]%ip4 ,article ,,ii4 ,9 case ( ! tempor>y abs5ce1 or inability ( ! ,presid5t1 8 duties %all devolve on "o ( ! ,vice ,presid5ts4 ,article ,,iii4 ,! ,record+ ,secret>y %all keep fair & correct m9utes ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,association4 ,he %all keep a roll book ( ! memb]s1 & see t x is correct$ annually1 & he %all furni% to ! ,executive ,committee a correct transcript ( ! m9utes ( ! meet+ = publication 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,association4 ,article ,,iv4 ,! ,correspond+ ,secret>y %all att5d to ! (ficial correspond5ce direct$ by ! association ) o!r bodies1 or ) its memb]s1 all ( :i* correspond5ce %all be approv$ by ! ,presid5t4 #cgg ,article ,v4 ,! ,treasur] %all receive & take c>e ( ! funds ( ! ,association2 %all pay its money only on ! ord] ( ! ,executive ,committee1 c\nt]sign$ by ! ,presid5t2 & %all pres5t a /atem5t ( 8 acc\nts annually t !y may be audit$4 ,article ,,vi4 ,! ,executive ,committee %all take *>ge ( ! publication ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,association1 includ+ su* pap]s on sci5tific subjects z x may direct to be publi%$2 att5d to _! di/ribution2 pay ! exp5ses incurr$ on behalf ( ! ,association at its meet+s or 9 ! int]im1 & report a /atem5t ( _! transactions to ! next meet+4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,( ! ,meet+s4 ,article ,i4 ,! meet+s %all be held annually1 at su* "t & place z %all be det]m9$ at ! adj\rnm5t ( ! previ\s meet+1 obs]v+ t no two meet+s %all be held consecutively at ! same place4 ,article ,,ii4 ,! meet+s %all be organiz$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! previ\s ye>1 or1 9 8 abs5ce1 by ei!r ( ! ,vice ,presid5ts 9 ! ord] ( _! election1 or1 9 _! abs5ce1 by ! ,record+ ,secret>y1 :o %all act pro tempore until ! nom9ation & election ( (fic]s = ! session4 ,article ,,iii4 ,imm$iately aft] ! tempor>y organization ( ! ,association ! roll %all be call$1 :5 a committee on cr$5tials %all be appo9t$ f ! memb]s pres5t1 to :om ! c]tificates ( delegates %all be submitt$1 & :o %all exam9e ! claims ( all o!r applicants = memb]%ip be=e !y are submitt$ to ! ,association4 ,,section ,v4 ,?is ,con/itution may be alt]$ or am5d$ by a vote ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! memb]s pres5t at any regul> meet+1 & notice to alt] or am5d ! same %all be giv5 at lea/ "o sitt+ be=e a vote !reupon4 #cgh ,,code ,,( ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,ph>maceutical ,,association4 ,! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association1 compos$ ( ,ph>maceuti/s & ,druggi/s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 feel+ a /rong int]e/ 9 ! success & advancem5t ( _! pr(ession 9 its practical & sci5tific relations1 & also impress$ ) ! belief t no am\nt ( k & skill w protect !mselves & ! public f ! ill effects ( an undue competition1 & ! temptations to ga9 at ! exp5se ( quality1 unless !y are upheld by high moral obligations 9 ! pa? ( duty1 h subscrib$ to ! foll[+ ,code ( ,e?ics = ! gov]nm5t ( _! pr(essional conduct4 ,,art4 ,i4 ,z ! practice ( ph>macy c only become uni=m by an op5 & c&id int]c\rse be+ kept up betwe5 apo!c>ies & druggi/s among !mselves & ea* o!r1 by ! adoption ( ! ,national ,ph>macopia z a guide 9 ! prep>ation ( (fic9al m$ic9es1 by ! discont9uance ( secret =mul & ! practices aris+ f a quacki% _s1 & by an enc\ragem5t ( t esprit du corps :i* w prev5t a resort to ^? disreputable practices aris+ out ( an injuri\s & wick$ competition2--,!re=e1 ! memb]s ( ?is ,association agree to uphold ! use ( ! ,ph>macopia 9 _! practice2 to cultivate bro!rly feel+ among ! memb]s1 & to disc\nt5ance quack]y & di%onorable competition 9 _! bus9ess4 ,,art4 ,,ii4 ,z labor %\ld h its j rew>d1 & z ! skill1 k & responsibility requir$ 9 ! practice ( ph>macy are great1 ! remun]ation ( ! ph>maceuti/'s s]vices %\ld be proportion$ to ^!1 r ?an to ! m>ket value ( prep>ations v5d$4 ,! rate ( *>ges w necess>ily v>y ) geographical position1 municipal location1 & o!r circum/ances ( a p]man5t "*1 b a resort to int5tional & unnecess>y r$uction 9 ! rate ( *>ges among apo!c>ies1 ) a view to ga9+ at ! exp5se ( _! bre?r51 is /rongly disc\nt5anc$ by ?is ,association z productive ( evil results4 ,,art4 ,,iii4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! apo!c>y1 aft] duly prep>+ himself = 8 pr(ession1 be+ to procure good drugs & prep>tions1 7= )\t ^! 8 skill & k are ( small avail17 he frequ5tly has to rely on ! good fai? ( ! druggi/s = _! selection4 #cgi ,^? druggi/s ^: k1 skill & integrity enable !m to conduct _! bus9ess fai?fully1 %\ld be enc\rag$1 r ?an ^? :o base _! claims to patronage on ! *eapness ( _! articles solely4 ,:5 accid5tally or o!rwise1 a det]iorat$1 or adult]at$ drug or m$ic9e is s5t to ! apo!c>y1 he %\ld inv>iably return x to ! druggi/1 ) a /atem5t ( its defects4 ,:at is too frequ5tly consid]$ z a m]e error ( trade on ! "p ( ! druggi/ becomes a highly culpable act :5 c\nt5anc$ by ! apo!c>y2 h5ce1 :5 repetitions ( su* frauds occur1 !y %\ld be expos$ = ! b5efit ( ! pr(ession4 ,a c>eful b firm pursuit ( ?is c\rse w\ld r5d] well-dispos$ druggi/s m c>eful1 & det] ! fraudul5tly incl9$ f a resort to _! disreputable practices4 ,,art4 ,,iv4 ,z ! practice ( ph>macy is q di/9ct f ! practice ( m$ic9e1 & has be5 f\nd to fl\ri% 9 proportion z its practition]s h conf9$ _! att5tion to its requirem5ts2 & z ! conduct+ ( ! bus9ess ( bo? pr(essions by ! same individual involves pecuni>y temptations :i* are (t5 n compatible ) a consci5ti\s dis*>ge ( duty2 we consid] t ! memb]s ( ?is ,association %\ld disc\nt5ance all su* pr(essional amalgamation2 & 9 conduct+ bus9ess at ! c\nt]1 %\ld avoid prescrib+ = diseases :5 practicable1 ref]r+ applicants = m$ical advice to ! physician4 ,we hold x z unpr(essional & highly repreh5sible = apo!c>ies to all[ any p] c5tage or commission to physicians on _! prescriptions1 z unju/ to ! public1 & hurtful to ! indep5d5ce & self-respect ( bo? p>ties conc]n$4 ,we also consid] t ! practice ( "s physicians1 79 places :]e good apo!c>ies are num]\s7 ( obta9+ m$ic9es at l[ prices f ! latt]1 & sell+ !m to _! pati5ts1 is n only unju/ & unpr(essional1 b des]v+ ! c5sure ( all high-m9d$ m$ical m54 ,,art4 ,v4 ,! important influ5ce ex]t$ on ! practice ( ph>macy by ! l>ge proportion ( physicians :o h resign$ its duties & emolum5ts to ! apo!c>y1 are reasons :y he %\ld seek _! favorable op9ion & cultivate _! fri5d%ip1 by e>ne/ endeavors to furni% _! pati5ts ) pure & well-prep>$ m$ic9es4 ,z physicians are liable to commit errors 9 writ+ _! prescriptions1 involv+ s]i\s consequ5ces to heal? & reputation if #chj p]mitt$ to leave ! %op1 ! apo!c>y %\ld always1 :5 he deems an error has be5 made1 consult ! physician be=e proce$+2 yet 9 ! delay :i* mu/ necess>ily occur1 x is 8 duty1 :5 possible1 to accompli% ! int]view )\t compromis+ ! reputation ( ! physician4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 apo!c>ies commit errors involv+ ill consequ5ces1 ! physician1 kn[+ ! con/ant liability to error1 %\ld feel b\nd to scre5 !m f undue c5sure1 unless ! result ( a culpable neglig5ce4 ,,art4 ,,vi4 ,z we owe a debt ( gratitude to our pr$ecessors = ! rese>*es & obs]vations :i* h s f> advanc$ our sci5tific art1 we hold t e apo!c>y & druggi/ is b\nd to contribute 8 mite t[>ds ! same fund1 by not+ ! new ideas & ph5om5a :i* may occur 9 ! c\rse ( 8 bus9ess1 & publi%+ !m1 :5 ( suffici5t consequ5ce1 = ! b5efit ( ! pr(ession4 ,,v>ia--,,editorial4 ,,! ,,j\rnal4--,) ! pres5t numb]1 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,j\rnal is complet$4 ,9 a pecuni>y po9t ( view its success has fully equall$ ! expectations ( its orig9ators2 x is no long] an exp]im5t1 b is e/abli%$ on a firm basis1 & w be cont9u$ ) increas$ en]gy & a l>g] exp]i5ce 9 ! art ( j\rnalism4 ,we h tri$ to keep fai?fully 9 view ! objects ) :i* ! ,j\rnal 0 comm5c$2 :ile we h endeavor$ to pres5t to our read]s :atev] ( g5]al int]e/ or importance has be5 publi%$ abroad1 we h ! gratification to believe t "s contributions to ! g5]al /ock h fir/ appe>$ 9 our pages :i* w\ld o!rwise nev] h se5 ! light4 ,b ^? :o conf9e ! b5efit ( a j\rnal solely to ! in=mation x imp>ts h b a limit$ view ( its usefulness2 an acc\nt ( :at is done abroad excites b little emulation comp>$ ) f> humbl] ef=ts made by our own fri5ds1 & 9 our own neighborhood1 & ! enc\ragem5t & promotion ( su* ef=ts is a l>ge good1 q indep5d5t ( ! results t may be atta9$4 ,! m]e attempt to write on a subject l sci5tific ph>macy leads to a close scann+ ( ! f\ndation ( our op9ions1 to r5ew$ exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 _! ju/ness1 to m enlight5$ views ( ! connection & be>+ ( our sci5ce4 ,9 ?is way we hope to see ! good done by ! #cha ,j\rnal greatly increas$4 ,! contributors to its pages h hi!rto be5 b few 9 numb]1 b its columns are op5 to all4 ,!y are controll$ by no clique1 are subs]vi5t to no views ( m]ely p]sonal advancem5t1 & we w gladly1 welcome communications f all qu>t]s1 judg+ ( !m only by _! m]it & usefulness4 ,,! ,,drug ,,inspection ,,law4 ,we _h int5d$ to h made "s rem>ks on ! debate :i* took place 9 ! ,conv5tion reg>d+ ! admission ( c]ta9 articles1 "u ! law = ! inspection ( import$ drugs1 :i*1 ?\gh possess+ m$ic9al prop]ties are1 we believe1 m]ely us$ = ! purpose ( adult]at+ o!r & bett] articles1 b will+ly give place to ! subjo9$ communication f ,dr4 ,gu?rie1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 advocates views simil> to our own4 ,) reg>d to ! ,c>?ag5a b>ks1 z !y are t]m$1 we confess to a desire = fur!r in=mation4 ,^? b>ks v>y v mu* f ea* o!r4 ,?\gh n ri* 9 qu9ia1 "s ( !m conta9 a l>ge p] c5tage ( alkaloids1 :i* are closely alli$ to x4 ,we hope t ! committee to :om ! subject 0 ref]r$ by ! ,conv5tion w n only cause prop] analyses to be made ( ! comm]cial v>ieties ( ^! b>ks1 b w h exp]im5ts in/itut$ reg>d+ _! comp>ative !rapeutic value4 ,! ,hospitals ( our c\ntry af=d abundant cases ( mal>i\s disease1 &1 we h no d\bt1 ! physicians atta*$ to !m w\ld be ready to in/itute trials :i* w\ld af=d a satisfactory solution to ?is important "q4 ,,geo4 ,d4 ,,gogge%all1 ,my ,de> ,sir1--,! proce$+s ( ! ,national ,ph>maceutical ,conv5tion h j come to h&1 & be5 p]us$ by me1 ) no ord9>y degree ( int]e/4 ,y h kn[n some:at ( my anxiety conc]n+ ^! prelim9>y & =m+ /ages ( an ,association ( ?is "*1 & w readily believe t ,i h await$ ! results ( ! late ,conv5tion1 f :i*1 mo/ un=tunately = myself1 ,i 0 compell$ to be abs5t1 ) great solicitude4 ,t solicitude has be5 reliev$1 & 9 its /ead ,i h ! assurance t a good f\ndation to a ,national /ructure has be5 laid1 t[>ds :i* hope po9ts & expectation looks ) joy\s anticipations ( future good4 ,i may be p]mitt$ to congratulate y ^u ! successful labors ( ! conv5tion1 & m especially ^u ! fact t y h avoid$ any unt5able false gr\nd bo? 9 ! conv5tion & organization ( ! ,association4 ,t old /umbl+ block ( 8all drugs good ( _! k9d10 9 ref]5ce to our ,drug ,law1 ,i see made its appe>ance aga91 b ?is "t f a qu>t] ,i #chb little expect$4 ,b x _h1 not)/&+ its new pat]nity & em95t godfa!r%ip1 only1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! same lame1 diffuse & weak conclusions to back x4 ,i 0 ! m surpris$ at see+ ! resolution 9 ! =m (f]$ z com+ f my fri5d ,dr4 ,/ew>t1 ( ,baltimore1 because ,i _h consid]$ him z "o :o held entirely opposite op9ions1 & f ?is fact1 t 9 a communication made to me 9 ,janu>y la/1 z special ag5t ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 *>g$ ) ! exam9ation ( ! practical work+s ( ! ,drug ,law1 he says1 8,i h inspect$ sev]al hundr$ ?\s& doll>s wor? ( "o drug :i* requires "s p>ticul> notice1 z ,i und]/& y\r views & m9e correspond ) reg>d to x1 & y h succe$$ 9 arrang+ a uni=m sy/em ( exam9ation at ! diff]5t ports4 ,! prom95t pr9ciples ^u :i* its value is bas$ v>y f ab\t "o to f\r p] c5t4 ,! comm]cial article ( ! be/ v>ieties is graduat$ by ! quantity ( valuable elem5t above ref]r$ to1 b ) reg>d to ! inf]ior k9ds ?is is n ! case1 z ,i h f\nd ^u repeat$ analyses t :at are call$ ba/>d v>ieties 7:i* are n us$ = extract+ ! valuable pr9ciples above ref]r$ to7 sell at high] prices 9 proportion to _! resemblance to ! (fic9al k9ds4 ,ev5 9 cases :]e !y conta9 no valuable m$ic9al con/itu5ts !y are invoic$ at #c to #d times ! price ( ! o!r v>ieties on bo>d ! same vessel conta9+ #c p] c5t4 ,n[ if our object 9 ?is law is to disc\rage ! introduction ( ^? articles t are us$ = ! purpose ( adult]at+ m$ic9es1 x is manife/ t ! true int]e/ ( all w be s]v$ by admitt+ ^? only ( ! ba/>d v>ieties t are equal to ! inf]ior (fic9al v>ieties1 p>ticul>ly z !y happ5 to be at a l[] co/ & are v abundant40 ,?is is ,dr4 ,/ew>t1 ,jan4 #i1 #aheb4 ,! :ole ( 8 report to me1 a v int]e/+ & able docum5t1 ,i int5d publi%+1 & h delay$ x = ! purpose ( accompany+ x ) "s o!r matt] ( ! same nature1 n yet 9 h&4 ,if ,i und]/& him correctly1 he took entirely opposite gr\nd 9 ! ,conv5tion1 & ,i c]ta9ly %all look ) no ord9>y int]e/ = "s explanation ( a *ange s entire1 9 "o ^: position & well e>n$ reputation give him importance & great influ5ce 9 ! f9al settlem5t ( ?is matt]4 ,:at new light has %one ^u 8 pa?8 ,:at new facts has he to (f]8 ,i say f9al settlem5t1 because ,i see by ! appo9tm5t ( a committee to :om ! matt] 0 ref]r$1 t ! :ole subject is b laid ov]4 ,al?\gh ! conv5tion negativ$ ! resolution1 z x did a simil> "o a ye> ago 9 ,new ,york1 !y seem dispos$ to end[ ! "q ) z _m lives z are fabl$ ( ! cat4 ,not)/&+ all ! reason+ ( ! au?or ( ! resolution1 back$ by ! em95t pr(essor1 & aid$ by o!r reasons1 ?ick no d\bt z blackb]ries1 y practical m5 :o buy & sell ^! articles1 7 n conv9c$ & nev] w be4 ,!y may cry out = 8too? p[d]10 until ! dem& = d5trifice %all quadruple1 & tell u ( ! legitimate use ( ,c>?ag5a or ,m>acaibo b>ks2 7:at is its legitimate use87 all 9 va91 = x is too well #chc kn[n t ! ma9 use ( ! article is to adult]ate ! g5u9e b>ks4 ,:y does ! ,drug exam9] at ,baltimore1 ,dr4 ,/ew>t1 say t ! 8ba/>d v>ieties sell at high] prices 9 proportion to _! resemblance to ! (fic9al k9ds80 ,:y ?is dem& = su* z resemble ! g5u9e1 b to supply x to ! buy]s ( ,p]uvian b>k = ! g5u9e & (fic9al4 ,!re c be no o!r conclusion4 ,if m pro( is want+ ,i take ! rem>k ( ! g5tleman f ,new-,york1 t ! 8h\se he 0 connect$ ) sold l>ge quantities 9 p[d]1 & ! p>ties pur*as+ did s kn[+ its orig940 ,no "o c\ld d\bt ?is /atem5t1 at lea/ z to ! quantity annually pur*as$1 :o w g ?r\gh half-a-doz5 drug /ores 9 any ( ! c\ntry villages or small t[ns any :]e 9 our c\ntry f ,ma9e to ,l\isiana4 ,he w h (f]$ prime1 be/ quality c9*ona b>k = #dj to #ajj c5ts almo/ any :]e1 & 9 "o half ! cases ! v5d]s believe !y are sell+ :at !y (f]1 = !y b\ght x = t4 ,is ?is n s1 or is x all b\ght = 8too? p[d]80 ,"o half ! druggi/s :o g to our l>ge cities1 buy 8pale yell[0 & r$ b>k1 & nev] ?9k to enquire = ! inf]ior b>ks1 & once drive ^! la/ f our seabo>d cities1 & we %all h done ) !m4 ,y are aw>e t ,i h _h "s opportunity ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! drug trade ( our c\ntry1 & ,i assure y t ?r\gh\t its l5g? & bread? !re is m wor?less ,p]uvian b>k sold & consum$ by f> ?an ( ! g5u9e1 mo/ly1 ,i hope ?r\gh ignorance1 b _m times kn[+ly on ! "p ( ! deal]4 ,! same t has be5 said ( ^! false b>ks1 may be said ( ,engli% rhub>b2 :5 x is n sold = & 9 ! place ( ,turkey1 x is us$ to make p[d]$ ,turkey out (4 ,b ! resolution does n /op %ort at ^! two articles1 z ! discussion seem$ to4 ,!re is 8false jalap0 und\bt$ly good ( its k9d1 b un=tunately = ! buy] ! k9d is good = no?+1 al?\gh x makes extract ( jalap1 t 9 looks _c be told f ! g5u9e4 ,!re is also ,egyptian opium1 & a false ,s>sap>illa & _m o!r important drugs1 t %\ld h receiv$ ! att5tion ( ! fri5ds ( ?is resolution1 all ( :i*1 ,i beg to assure !m1 are und\bt$ly good ( _! k9d4 ,b ,i h writt5 m ?an ,i design$ by f>1 z ! subject gr[s ^u my h&s1 ?\gh ,i reg>d x a v important "o1 & vitally s to ! drug law :i* lies at ! v f\ndation ( all b5eficial results to gr[ out ( ?is association1 & ! position ( ! association z to ! :ole subject is equally important1 = if we un=tunately commit ourselves to a wrong pr9ciple 9 ! />t1 & especially ^u ?is /&>d ( purity z applicable to our ,drug exam9]s1 :i* is n[ reg>d$ z a te/ "q by ! community at l>ge1 we lose all hold ^u _! confid5ce1 & ) x all hope ( effect+ any good ei!r to ourselves z a pr(ession or to ! community 9 g5]al4 ,my *ief object 9 address+ y ?is communication 7int5d$ = ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 if y *oose s to use x7 is to record my exp]i5ce z diff]+ 9 toto f ^? ( ,dr4 ,/ew>t & ,pr(4 ,c>son1 & to elicit a full discussion ( ! :ole matt]4 ,let u h light6 light6 light en\gh to #chd settle ?is "q1 especially ab\t ! b>ks1 = !y are ! s\rce ( ?is :ole cont5tion aft] all4 ,!re mu/ be data en\gh to be _h1 ^u :i* to =m an op9ion1 & a correct "o z to ! m$ic9al virtues ( ,m>acaibo1 & ,c>?ag5a b>ks1 z well z ( ,engli% rhub>b1 false jalap1 ,egyptian opium etc41 etc4 ,i %all be p]fectly satisfi$ if ! labors ( ?is committee result 9 fix+ a def9ite /&>d ( /r5g?1 or am\nt ( alkaloids requir$ to be f\nd 9 b>ks be=e consum$ = m$ic9e1 & !re=e admissible "u ! act1 b satisfi$ at no?+ %ort ( ?is1 = till t is done !re w nev] be any uni=mity 9 ! action ( ! law4 ,i _h design$ to make "s rem>ks ^u ! requirem5ts ( ! law & its ne$$ em5dation :i* ,i mu/ def] to m leisure4 ,y\rs1 etc41 ,c4 ,b4 ,,gu?rie4 ,memphis1 ,t5n41 ,novemb] #b1 #aheb4 ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,,times1 ,,"* ,,& ,,writ+s ,,( ,,hippocrates1 ,,read ,,be=e ,,! ,,tru/ees1 ,,faculty ,,& ,,m$ical ,,class ,,( ,,! ,,college ,,( ,,physicians ,,& ,,surgeons1 ,,at ,,! ,,op5+ ,,( ,,! ,,t]m1 #aheb1 ,,by ,,eli%a ,,b>tlett1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica1 ,,& ,,m$ical ,,jurisprud5ce4 ,publi%$ by ! ,class4 ,introductory lectures are g5]ally v common-place affairs4 ,cu/om has prescrib$ t e ye> ! diff]5t m$ical s*ools %all be op5$ ) !m2 & cu/om1 too1 has prescrib$ = !m a c]ta9 limit$ range ( topics4 ,ye> aft] ye>1 9 a hundr$ places1 ! same r\nd is gone ov]1 & ! same good advice is li/5$ to1 & neglect$4 ,dr4 ,b>tlett has brok5 ?r\gh all ?is4 ,he has *os5 = ! subject ( 8 disc\rse ! ,"* & ,writ+s ( ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e1 & he has illu/rat$ !m well & ?or\ghly4 ,?is is n ! place = a detail$ notice ( ! lecture4 ,yet we _c b call att5tion to ! playful hum\r1 ! k9dly & g5ial _s :i* set (f & enliv5 its details1 & :i*1 brea?+ f ! :ole air & features ( ! man1 r5d] him "o ( ! mo/ agreeable lectur]s to :om we h ev] li/5$4 ,,ex*anges4--,hi!rto ! ex*anges ( ?is j\rnal h n be5 conduct$ ) prop] regul>ity4 ,x has nei!r be5 transmitt$ punctually to o!r j\rnals1 nor h !y be5 receiv$ regul>ly 9 return4 ,= ! future ?is w be correct$2 ! j\rnal w be =w>d$ imm$iately on its publication2 & we hope our contempor>ies w obs]ve a l regul>ity ) u4 #che ,,cont5ts4 ,accid5ts caus$ by a v small dose ( ,santon9e giv5 to a *ild1 4 4 4 #af ,act relative to ! sale ( drugs1 4 4 4 #fb ,action ( ,sulphuric ,acid on ! insoluble residue left by opium1 exhau/$ by wat]4 ,=mation ( a new alkaloid1 4 4 4 #cah ,adult]ation ( c]ta9 drugs1 & ! me?ods ( detect+ said adult]ation1 4 4 4 #gc ,adult]ation ( sulphate ( qu99e1 4 4 4 #adb ,aleppo ,scammony1 results ( ! exam9ation ( sev]al p>cels (1 4 4 4 #afe ,alcohol 9 ess5tial oils1 a te/ =1 4 4 4 #aed ,aloe ,juice1 ,socotr9e1 4 4 4 #bce ,alo9e1 ! cry/all9e ca?>tic pr9ciple ( ,b>badoes aloes1 4 4 4 #agg ,alo9e1 4 4 4 #cah ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 4 4 4 #beb ,am\nt ( loss 9 p[d]+ drugs1 4 4 4 #bbe ,anodyne liquor1 ,h(fman's1 4 4 4 #bji ,application ( ,organic ,*emi/ry to p]fum]y1 4 4 4 #adh ,b>badoes ,aloes1 ,alo9e1 ! ca?>tic pr9ciple (1 4 4 4 #agg ,b>ium ,comp\nds1 4 4 4 #afa ,b>k1 extract (1 4 4 4 #cag ,belladonna1 accid5tal sub/itution (1 = extract ( d&elion1 4 4 4 #cba ,be/u*eff's t9cture1 4 4 4 #bcc ,bli/]+ c]ate1 4 4 4 #gb ,broom1 ,*emical exam9ation (1 4 4 4 #ahi ,butt] ( ,cacao1 4 4 4 #bbd ,camphor1 z a /imulant1 4 4 4 #fc ,c>bonate ( pota%1 prep>ation ( pure1 4 4 4 #cc ,c>bonate ( ,soda1 prep>ation ( pure1 4 4 4 #cf ,cav5di% ,society1 4 4 4 #fd ,c]ate1 bli/]+1 4 4 4 #gb ,cicuta1 4 4 4 #bii ,cid]1 poison+ by adult]at$1 4 4 4 #bhg ,*emical te*nology1 4 4 4 #abh ,*]ry laurel wat]1 /r5g? (1 4 4 4 #bf ,*loric e!r1 4 4 4 #dh ,*lor(orm1 z a solv5t1 4 4 4 #aig ,*lor(orm1 rem>kable specim5 ( decompos$1 4 4 4 #aaf ,*lor(orm1 prep>$ f ess5ces ( lemon1 copaiba1 pepp]m9t & b]gamotte1 4 4 4 #aeg ,*romic acid1 an es*>otic1 4 4 4 #abg ,*ronic diseases1 cure ( by movem5t1 4 4 4 #bba ,coal gas1 us$ z a s\rce ( heat 9 laboratories1 4 4 4 #bif ,cod liv] oil1 *emical composition (1 4 4 4 #bdj #chf ,code ( e?ics ( ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association1 4 4 4 #cgh ,c(f9ism1 4 4 4 #fc ,col*icum ,autumnale1 4 4 4 #ie ,college ( ,ph>macy1 4 4 4 #abh1 #ceb ,color$ fires = pyrote*nical purposes1 4 4 4 #bdh ,committee ( ,college ( ,ph>macy1 4 4 4 #c ,comm5ts on comm5ts1 4 4 4 #beb ,con/itution ( ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association1 4 4 4 #cge ,conv5tion ( ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association1 4 4 4 #aei1 #beb1 #bhe1 #cca1 #ceb ,conv5tion delegates to1 4 4 4 #bbd ,croton oil1 ,*emical exam9ation (1 4 4 4 #agb ,d&elion1 comp\nd fluid extract ( ,s5na &1 4 4 4 #ae ,delegates to ! ,conv5tion1 4 4 4 #bbd ,delegates to ! ,national ,ph>maceutical ,conv5tion1 4 4 4 #cbj ,division ( gum res9s 9 potions & 9 dia*ylon pla/]1 4 4 4 #eh ,drugs1 adult]ation (1 4 4 4 #gc ,drugs1 law1 report on1 4 4 4 #bfd ,drugs1 am\nt ( loss 9 p[d]+1 4 4 4 #bbe ,dry ,extracts1 4 4 4 #aeh ,envelopm5t ( pills1 4 4 4 #adf ,empla/rum epispa/icum1 4 4 4 #bee ,ergot9e1 prep>ation ( propylam9e f1 4 4 4 #bhj ,es*>otic1 *romic acid z an1 4 4 4 #abg ,ess5tial oil ( bitt] almonds1 4 4 4 #bje ,ess5tial oils1 te/ = alcohol 91 4 4 4 #aed ,ess5ce ( j>gonelle pe>1 4 4 4 #fj ,ess5ce ( p9e apple1 4 4 4 #aad ,e/imation ( /r5g? ( ,m$ic9al ,hydrocianic acid1 ( bitt] almond wat]1 & ( *]ry laurel wat]1 4 4 4 #bf ,e!r1 *loric1 4 4 4 #aig ,extract ( b>k1 4 4 4 #cag ,extract ( belladonna1 accid5tal sub/itution (1 = extract ( d&elion1 4 4 4 #cba ,extract ( ,s5na & d&elion1 4 4 4 #ae ,extractum lobeli fluidum1 4 4 4 #bdi ,extracts1 dry1 4 4 4 #aeh ,facts & discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 4 4 4 #cgc ,false jalap1 4 4 4 #d ,fires1 color$ = pyrote*nical purposes1 4 4 4 #bdh ,fluid extract ( s5na & d&elion1 4 4 4 #ae ,fusel oil1 4 4 4 #beg ,galbanum plant1 4 4 4 #bbj ,gambir1 4 4 4 #bai ,gas1 coal1 use ( z a means ( heat 9 ! laboratory1 4 4 4 #bif ,g5]al me?od = detect+ alkaloids 9 cases ( poison+1 4 4 4 #cdc ,g5]al report on ! drug law1 4 4 4 #bfd #chg ,gelat9ization ( t9cture ( rhatany1 4 4 4 #cai ,gelsem9um semp]vir5s1 4 4 4 #cfh ,gr[? ( plants 9 v>i\s gases1 4 4 4 #fa ,gu>ana1 4 4 4 #bdc ,gum res9s1 division ( 9 potions & 9 dia*ylon pla/]1 4 4 4 #eh ,gutta ,taban1 4 4 4 #baf ,heavy oil ( w9e1 4 4 4 #fa ,heat1 coal gas us$ z a means (1 9 ! laboratory1 4 4 4 #bif ,h5ry's magnesia1 4 4 4 #abg ,h9ts1 practical1 4 4 4 #fi1 #acc ,h(fman's anodyne liquor1 4 4 4 #ahd ,honey1 poison\s1 4 4 4 #cej ,hydrate ( pota%1 prep>ation ( pure1 4 4 4 #cc ,hydrate ( soda1 4 4 4 #cf ,hydrocyanic acid & bitt] almond wat]1 /r5g? (1 4 4 4 #bf ,hyge9e1 public1 4 4 4 #abg ,hyposulphite ( soda1 easy me?od to make1 4 4 4 #bei ,impurities1 te/ =1 9 acetic acid1 4 4 4 #aeb ,indelible ink1 4 4 4 #ajf ,inks1 writ+1 4 4 4 #cje1 #cga ,inspection ( ! drug law1 4 4 4 #cha ,int]nal use ( ,atrop9e1 4 4 4 #abe ,iodurett$ oil1 artificial1 a sub/itute = cod liv] oil1 4 4 4 #aba ,ipecacuanha1 t9cture (1 4 4 4 #bja ,iron1 us$ 9 ,m$ic9e1 notes on ! prep>ations (1 4 4 4 #bbi ,iron1 protiodide (1 new me?od ( prep>+ & exhibit+1 4 4 4 #bej ,iron1 soda1 pyrophosphate (1 4 4 4 #ib ,it*1 o9tm5t ( /avesacre 91 4 4 4 #cej ,jalap1 two v>ieties ( false1 4 4 4 #d ,jalap1 res9 (1 4 4 4 #aee ,j>gonelle pe>1 ess5ce (1 4 4 4 #fj ,lemon1 ess5ce (1 prep>ation ( *lor(orm f1 4 4 4 #aeg ,liquid socotr9e aloes1 4 4 4 #bce ,liquor magnesi citratis1 4 4 4 #acb ,lobeli extractum fluidum1 4 4 4 #bdi ,loss 9 p[d]+ drugs1 4 4 4 #bbe ,magnesi citratis1 liquor1 4 4 4 #acb ,magnesia1 prep>ation ( pure1 4 4 4 #aii ,magnesia1 ,h5ry's1 4 4 4 #ahd ,manganese1 4 4 4 #aib ,manufacture ( nitrate ( pota%1 7saltpetre71 4 4 4 #bgc ,manufacture ( writ+ inks1 4 4 4 #cje1 #cga ,matico1 ph>macology (1 4 4 4 #afi ,means ( detect+ adult]ations 9 sulphate ( qu99e1 4 4 4 #adb ,measures1 weights &1 4 4 4 #ace #chh ,m$ic9e & ph>macy 9 ,brazil1 4 4 4 #ahf ,m$ic9es1 act relat+ to1 4 4 4 #fb ,m$ic9e1 prep>ations ( iron us$ 91 4 4 4 #bbi ,m$ical hydrocyanic acid1 e/imation ( /r5g? (1 4 4 4 #bf ,me?od ( prep>+ & exhibit+ protiodide ( iron1 4 4 4 #bej ,me?od ( detect+ organic alkaloids 9 cases ( poison+1 4 4 4 #cdc ,me?od ( easy to make hyposulphite ( soda1 4 4 4 #bei ,mode ( asc]ta9+ ! purity ( ess5tial oil ( bitt] almonds1 4 4 4 #bje ,monesia1 :at is1 4 4 4 #afg ,movem5ts z a cure 9 *ronic diseases1 4 4 4 #bba ,national ,ph>maceutical ,conv5tion1 4 4 4 #bhe1 #cca ,national ,ph>maceutical ,conv5tion1 delegates to1 4 4 4 #cbj ,new alkaloid1 discov]y (1 4 4 4 #cah ,new rem$ies1 4 4 4 #cea ,new me?od ( prep>+ protiodide ( iron1 4 4 4 #bej ,nicot9e1 poison+ by1 4 4 4 #ag ,nitrog5 ( ! air1 o!r gases sub/itut$ =1 4 4 4 #fa ,nitrate ( pota%1 manufacture (1 4 4 4 #bgc ,notes 9 ph>macy1 4 4 4 #ajc1 #abi1 #aic1 #bfj1 #cbh ,notes on ! division ( gum res9s 9 potions1 4 4 4 #eh ,notice ( "s vegetable & animal sub/ances1 products ( ,new ,granada1 4 4 4 #hi ,obs]vations on a me?od ( detect+ organic alkaloids 9 cases ( poison+1 4 4 4 #cdc ,obs]vations on ! volatility & solubility ( can?>id91 4 4 4 #cee ,(fic]s ( ! ,college ( ,ph>macy1 4 4 4 #abh ,oil1 cod liv]1 4 4 4 #bdj ,oil1 ,croton1 4 4 4 #agb ,oil1 fusel1 4 4 4 #beg ,oil1 iodurett$1 4 4 4 #aba ,oil1 ( bitt] almonds1 4 4 4 #bje ,oil1 heavy w9e1 4 4 4 #fe ,oil1 te/ = alcohol 9 ess5tial1 4 4 4 #aed ,o9tm5t1 /avesacre1 4 4 4 #cej ,o9tm5t1 /ramonium1 4 4 4 #ac ,opium1 cultivation (1 4 4 4 #abg ,opium1 residue left by1 4 4 4 #cah ,opium1 lett] on1 4 4 4 #de ,opium1 obs]vations on /r5g? ( t9cture (1 4 4 4 #he ,opium1 t9cture (1 4 4 4 #bgi ,pe>1 ess5ce ( j>gonelle1 4 4 4 #fj ,p]fum]y1 application ( organic *emi/ry to1 4 4 4 #adh ,ph>macopia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 4 4 4 #bg ,ph>maceutical ,conv5tion1 4 4 4 #cj1 #aeg1 #aic1 #cca ,ph>macy1 4 4 4 #aai1 #cbh ,ph>macy1 ,college (1 4 4 4 #ceb ,ph>macy1 ,j\rnal (1 4 4 4 #c1 #beb #chi ,ph>macology ( ,matico1 4 4 4 #afi ,ph>macy 9 ,brazil1 4 4 4 #ahf ,ph>macy 9 ,ri*mond1 4 4 4 #bbc ,pills1 on ! envelopm5t (1 4 4 4 #adf ,p9e apple1 ess5ce (1 4 4 4 #aad ,poison+ by dr9k+ adult]at$ cid]1 4 4 4 #bhg ,poison+1 by t9cture ( aconite1 4 4 4 #aij ,poison+1 ,nicot9e1 4 4 4 #ag ,pota%1 nitrate (1 4 4 4 #bgc ,potions1 division ( gum res9s 91 4 4 4 #eh ,poison\s honey1 4 4 4 #cej ,p[d]+ drugs1 loss 91 4 4 4 #bbe ,prep>ations ( iron us$ 9 m$ic9e1 4 4 4 #bbi ,prep>ations ( ! ph>macopia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 4 4 4 #ch ,pres]vation ( iodide ( iron1 4 4 4 #cee ,practical h9ts1 4 4 4 #fi ,propylam9e1 prep>$ f ergot9e1 4 4 4 #bhj ,protiodide ( iron1 new me?od ( prep>+1 4 4 4 #bej ,prosecution ( a manufactur] ( extract ( d&elion1 4 4 4 #cba ,pure magnesia1 4 4 4 #aii ,pure ,hydrate ( pota%1 4 4 4 #cc ,pure ,hydrate ( ,soda1 4 4 4 #cf ,qu99e1 spuri\s sulphate (1 4 4 4 #aib ,qu9id9e1 4 4 4 #ada1 #cag ,santon9e1 4 4 4 #af ,scammony res91 4 4 4 #g ,scammony1 ,aleppo1 4 4 4 #afe ,s5na & d&elion1 comp\nd fluid extract (1 4 4 4 #ae ,simaba ,c$ron1 4 4 4 #ic ,socotor9e aloes juice1 4 4 4 #bce ,/avesacre o9tm5t1 4 4 4 #cej ,/ramonium o9tm5t1 4 4 4 #ac ,sulphate ( qu99e1 spuri\s1 4 4 4 #aib ,sulphate ( qu99e1 adult]ation (1 4 4 4 #adb ,sulphuric acid1 action ( on ! residue left by opium1 4 4 4 #cah ,suppositories ( butt] ( cacao1 4 4 4 #bbd ,tannate ( z9c1 4 4 4 #bea ,te*nology1 ,*emical1 4 4 4 #cag ,te/ = alcohol 9 ess5tial oils1 4 4 4 #aed ,t9cture ( aconite1 poison+ by1 4 4 4 #aij ,t9cture1 ,be/u*eff's1 4 4 4 #bcc ,t9cture1 ,ipecacuanha1 4 4 4 #bja ,t9cture1 opium1 4 4 4 #bgi ,t9cture ( rhatany1 4 4 4 #cai ,unit$ ,/ates ,cu/oms1 4 4 4 #bhi #cij ,use ( coal gas z a means ( heat 9 laboratories1 4 4 4 #bif ,val]ianic acid1 4 4 4 #ajh ,virg9 ,scammony1 4 4 4 #g ,weights & ,measures1 4 4 4 #ace ,woor>a1 4 4 4 #gg ,writ+ inks1 4 4 4 #cje1 #cga ,yatamansi1 4 4 4 #hb ,yell[ jessam9e1 4 4 4 #cfh ,z9c1 tannate (1 4 4 4 #bea ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors4 ,,bailey1 ,,dr4 ,m4 ,j4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,cu/oms1 4 4 4 #bhi ,,b>nes1 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,val]ianic ,acid1 & its salts1 4 4 4 #ajh ,,b]n>d1 ,m4 ,u4 ,on ,woor>a1 4 4 4 #gg ,,b]n\illi1 ,j4 ,j4 ,a te/ = alcohol 9 ess5tial oils1 4 4 4 #aed ,,b\nwyn1 ,m4 ,h4 ,new me?od ( prep>+ & exhibit+ protiodide ( iron1 4 4 4 #bej ,,bull1 ,b4 ,w4 ,virg9 scammony1 ) "s rem>ks ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( scammony res91 4 4 4 #g ,results ( ! exam9ation ( sev]al p>cels ( ,aleppo scammony1 4 4 4 #afe ,,bu%e1 ,t4 ,a4 ,on ! ,galbanum plant1 4 4 4 #bbj ,,canavan1 ,,b5j4 ,notes 9 ,ph>macy1 ,no4 #a1 4 4 4 #ajc ,notes 9 ,ph>macy1 ,no4 #b1 4 4 4 #abi ,notes 9 ,ph>macy1 ,no4 #c1 4 4 4 #aih ,notes 9 ,ph>macy1 ,no4 #d1 4 4 4 #bfj ,notes 9 ,ph>macy1 ,no4 #e1 4 4 4 #cbh ,,*ant>d1 ,m4 ,on ! prep>ation ( *lor(orm f ! ess5ces ( lemon1 copaiba1 pepp]m9t1 & b]gamotte1 4 4 4 #aeg ,,cogge%all1 ,,george ,d4 ,rem>ks ^u "s ( ! prep>ations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 #ahea1 4 4 4 #ch ,! same cont9u$1 4 4 4 #ig ,,currie1 ,,john ,h4 ,on two v>ieties ( false jalap1 4 4 4 #d ,,dorvault1 ,rem>ks on ! envelopm5t ( pills1 4 4 4 #adf ,ph>macology ( ,matico1 ) =mul = its prep>ation1 4 4 4 #afi ,,dublane1 ,m4 ,*emical rese>* on croton oil1 4 4 4 #agb ,,dupuy1 ,,eug5e ,on ! prep>ation ( /ramonium o9tm5t1 4 4 4 #ac ,comp\nd fluid extract ( s5na & d&elion1 4 4 4 #ae ,on bli/]+ c]ate1 4 4 4 #gb ,:at is ,monesia8 4 4 4 #afg #cia ,,g>rod1 ,,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,obs]vations on ! /r5g? ( t9cture ( opium1 4 4 4 #he ,,gib]t1 ,m4 ,report pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is1 on ! sub/itution ( an artificial iodurett$ oil = cod liv] oil1 4 4 4 #aba ,,glad/ones1 ,,messrs4 ,on ! gr[? ( plants 9 v>i\s gases1 especially sub/itut+ c>bonic oxide1 hydrog5 & light c>burett$ hydrog51 = ! nitrog5 ( ! air1 4 4 4 #fa ,,guill]1 ,m4 ,indelible ink1 4 4 4 #ajf ,,gu?rie1 ,,dr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,g5]al report ^u ! results & effects ( ! drug law1 4 4 4 #bfd ,,h>ris1 ,c4 ,t4 ,on ! adult]ation ( c]ta9 drugs & ! me?ods ( detect+ said adult]ations1 4 4 4 #gc ,,h(fman1 ,,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,on ! application ( organic *emi/ry to p]fum]y1 4 4 4 #adh ,,holton1 ,i4 ,f4 ,*loric e!r1 4 4 4 #aig ,,h[>d1 ,,mr4 ,,robt4 ,qu9id9e1 4 4 4 #ada ,,k5t1 ,,edwd4 ,h4 ,on ! heavy oil ( w9e1 4 4 4 #fe ,on ! oil ( gra9 _s1 or fusel oil1 4 4 4 #beg ,on ! use ( coal gas z a s\rce ( heat = ! laboratory1 4 4 4 #bif ,,lepage1 ,m4 ,p4 ,h4 ,on *lor(orm z a solv5t1 4 4 4 #dh ,,l]oy1 ,g4 ,f4 ,on t9cture ( ,ipecacuanha1 4 4 4 #bja ,,liebig1 ,j4 ,on ! e/imation ( ! /r5g? ( m$ic9al hydrocianic acid ( bitt] almond wat]1 & ( *]ry laurel wat]1 4 4 4 #bf ,,may]1 ,,fr4 ,note on ! prep>ation ( ,be/u*eff's t9cture1 4 4 4 #bcc ,,mohr1 ,,dr4 ,on dry extracts1 4 4 4 #aeh ,on ,h5ry's ,magnesia1 4 4 4 #ahd ,,monzon1 ,,dr4 ,m4 ,j4 ,,raf4 ,notice ( "s vegetable & animal sub/ances natural products ( ,new ,granada1 4 4 4 #hi ,,orfila1 ,m4 ,on poison+ by nicot9e1 4 4 4 #ag ,,p]eira1 ,,jona?an ,on a rem>kable specim5 ( decompos$ *lor(orm1 4 4 4 #aaf ,on socotr9e aloe juice1 4 4 4 #bce ,,proct]1 ,w4 ,,jr4 ,on ,h(fman's anodyne liquor1 4 4 4 #bji ,extractum ,lobeli ,fluidum1 4 4 4 #bdi ,on ! volatility & solubility ( can?>id91 4 4 4 #cee ,on ,gelsem9um ,semp]vir5s1 4 4 4 #cfh ,,rit*ie1 ,d4 ,gu>ana1 4 4 4 #bdc ,,s&rock1 ,b4 ,*emical exam9ation ( res9 ( jalap1 4 4 4 #aee ,,seeman1 ,m4 ,b4 ,on ! simaba c$ron1 4 4 4 #ic ,on ,gutta ,taban1 4 4 4 #baf ,on gambir1 4 4 4 #bai ,,/as1 ,pr(4 ,obs]vations ^u a g5]al me?od = detect+ ! organic alkaloids 9 cases ( poison+1 4 4 4 #cdc ,on alo9e1 4 4 4 #agg ,,/5h\be1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,*emical exam9ation ( ,broom1 4 4 4 #ahi ,,tallon1 ,,john ,c4 ,easy me?od to make hyposulphite ( soda1 4 4 4 #bei ,,ure1 ,,alex4 ,on ! soda pyrophosphate ( iron1 4 4 4 #ib ,,wieg&1 ,,?os4 ,s4 ,liquor ,magnesi citratis1 4 4 4 #acb #cib ,,w9ckl]1 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,*emical composition ( cod liv] oil1 4 4 4 #bdj ,prep>ation ( propylam9e f ergot9e1 4 4 4 #bhj ,,wurtz1 ,h4 ,on ! prep>ation ( pure hydrate ( pota% & c>bonate ( pota%1 4 4 4 #cc ,on ! prep>ation ( *emically pure hydrate & c>bonate ( soda1 4 4 4 #cf ,prep>ation ( b>ium comp\nds1 4 4 4 #afa ,prep>ation ( pure magnesia1 4 4 4 #aii ,on ! prep>ations ( iron us$ 9 m$ic9e1 4 4 4 #bbi ,on ! pres]vation ( iodide ( iron1 4 4 4 #cec ,,zimm]1 ,,mr4 ,on ! adult]ation ( sulphate ( qu99e1 & ! means ( its detection1 4 4 4 #adb ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h be5 g5]ally reta9$1 ) "s exceptions not$ bel[4 ,errata m5tion$ 9 ! endmatt] ( mon?ly issues h be5 ignor$--left un*ang$4 ,orig9al pr9t$ page numb]s are %[n l ?is3 8#eb04 ,orig9al small caps are n[ upp]case4 ,italics look l ?is4 ,footnotes h be5 relabel$ #a-cj4 ,! commas us$ to end sev]al p>agraphs by mi/ake1 e4g4 on page #agf1 7 *ang$ to full /ops4 ,sup]script x looks l ?is3 8x0 or 8x04 ,subscript x looks l 8x04 ,! transcrib] produc$ ! cov] image & h]eby assigns x to ! public doma94 ,orig9al page images are available f ar*ive4org--se>* = 8newyorkj\rnal(#aahebnewy04 ,ditto m>ks1 includ+ 8,d0 or 8d01 h be5 elim9at$1 replac$ by repeat$ text4 ,9 a table on page #acj1 :ite space 0 employ$ z a ditto m>k4 ,9 ?is table1 ! :ite space ditto & 8,nitrici0 h be5 replac$ ) 8,acidi hydro nitrici04 ,page #cf4 ,! =mula = ord9>y monohydrat$ bic>bonate ( soda is reta9$4 ,! phrase 8lo/ by ignition2 ,o4 #hde grn40 0 *ang$ to 8lo/ by ignition2 #j4hde grn40 ,page #dd4 ,l>ge curly brackets 80 employ$ z graphic devices to indicate comb9ation ( in=mation ov] two or m l9es ( text 7 elim9at$4 ,!re 7 examples ( ?is on pages #dd & #eh4 ,! text 0 re/ructur$ z necess>y to reta9 ! evid5t mean+ ( ! orig9al brackets4 ,page #fc2 8suffici5t t supply0 to 8suffici5t to supply04 ,page #gj2 add$ a full /op aft] 8! doctor kn[s b little m04 ,page #ha2 8#cnd0 to 8#bnd04 ,page #hf2 8con/itut5ts0 to 8con/itu5ts04 ,page #ij2 8exeoriat+0 to 8excoriat+04 ,page #ajj2 8) fonr ounces0 to 8) f\r ounces04 ,page #aaj4 ,! =mula = val]ianic acid is reta9$4 ,page #abb2 8phrosphorus0 to 8phosphorus04 ,page #abd2 8a r5ecess>y0 to 8are necess>y04 ,page #abf2 8,anae!sia0 to 8,anae/hesia04 ,page #abg2 8engagag$0 to 8engag$04 ,page #adb2 8#hjj ga9s0 to 8#hjj gra9s04 ,page #afg2 8,*rysophi lum20 to 8,*rysophi lum4204 ,page #afi2 8foss01 reta9$1 possibly %\ld be 8foss04 ,page #agj2 8ov] _! prop]ty0 is reta9$1 b maybe %\ld be 8owe _! prop]ty04 ,page #aga2 8repres5ts #a-aj ( its weight ( matico0 is reta9$4 ,page #bji2 8gavity0 to 8gravity04 ,page #bbe4 ,9 ! table r[ 8,potass ,nitrat401 8#c #ih0 0 *ang$ to 8#c4ih04 ,page #bbh4 ,9 table r[ 8------ ,bi-t>trat401 8 #de0 0 *ang$ to 84#de04 ,9 r[ 8,bu*u01 8 #if0 0 *ang$ to 84#if04 ,page #bdc2 8hyrate0 to 8hydrate04 ,! words 8gu>ana0 & 8gu>an01 9 v>i\s /ates ( capitalization1 h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$ ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,page #bdd2 8im=mation0 0 *ang$ to 8in=mation01 & 8kn[lege0 to 8k04 ,! ^w 8angnlato0 is reta9$1 b possibly %\ld be 8angulato04 ,page #bdi2 8,salpetre0 to 8,saltpetre04 ,page #bej2 8incov5i5ces0 to 8inconv5i5ces04 ,page #bed2 8ev>at$0 to 8evaporat$04 ,page #bei2 8preciptate0 to 8precipitate04 ,page #bfa2 8qnantity0 to 8quantity04 ,page #bgh2 8mannfacture0 to 8manufacture04 ,page #bhj2 unmat*$ "r p>5!sis 0 remov$ f 8"p i41 p4 #bb704 ,page #bhg2 8rceive0 to 8receive04 ,page #big2 8attt*$0 to 8atta*$04 ,page #cjb4 ,! orig9al quotation punctuation is reta9$1 al?\gh x appe>s wrong4 ,! fir/ p>agraph has no left quotation m>k1 & ! f\r? p>agraph has no end quotation m>k4 ,simil>ly1 ! orig9al quotation m>ks are reta9$ on page #cjc4 ,page #cbf1 #cbg2 8propable0 & 8propably0 reta9$4 ,page #ccj4 ,a "r p>5!sis is add$ aft] 87p]haps x might be deem$ wor?y ( ! action ( ! conv5tion0 to close ! left p>5!sis4 ,page #ceg2 8ca?>id90 to 8can?>id904 ,page #cfi2 8commom0 to 8common04 ,page #cha2 8satisfacfactory0 to 8satisfactory04 ,also1 !re is a lett] to 8,geo4 ,d4 ,gogge%all04 ,! "n has be5 reta9$ on page #cha1 al?\gh ! only o!r ref]5ce to 8,gogge%all0 0 on page #cij--see bel[--:]e x 0 evid5tly wrong1 & ref]s to 8,cogge%all04 ,page #chc4 ,a mat*+ "r quotation m>k 0 add$ to #8say t ! 8ba/>d v>ieties sell at high] prices 9 proportion to _! resemblance to ! (fic9al k9ds8'4 ,page #cij4 ,! "n 8,gogge%all0 has be5 *ang$ to 8,cogge%all0 on page #cij 7,index ( ,au?ors7 to con=m ) its position 9 ! alphabetical li/1 & to agree ) ! names f\nd on ! ref]5c$ pages #ch & #ig4