,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italiciz$ text is enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,n>r[ text )9 squ>e brackets are sid5otes2 numb]s )9 squ>e brackets ref] to footnotes at ! end ( ?is e,book4 8,ve0 9 ,footnote #c indicates t ! 8e0 is a sup]script4 ,o!r notes w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,! ,new ,univ]sal ,libr>y ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,positivism ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,positivism ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,augu/e ,,comte ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,bridges1 ,m4,b4 ,late ,fell[ ( ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d ,a ,new ,edition1 ) an ,introduction 7#aijh71 by ,,fr$]ic ,,h>rison ,& ! ,additional ,notes 9 ! la/ ,fr5* ,edition 7,p>is1 #aijg7 ,illu/ration ,,london ,,george ,,r\tl$ge ,,sons ,,limit$ ,,new ,,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,co4 ,publi%$ by ! k9d cons5t ( ,mrs4 ,bridges & ! ,positivi/ ,committee1 to :om ! copyright ( ?is translation belongs4 ,republic ( ! ,we/ ,ord] & ,progress ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,positivism ,or1 ,,summ>y ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,life ,adapt$ to ! ,great ,we/]n ,republic1 =m$ ( ! ,five ,advanc$ ,nations1 ! ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,briti% & ,g]man1 :i*1 s9ce ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 h always con/itut$ a ,political ,:ole ,rorganis]1 sans dieu ni roi1 p> le culte sy/matique de l',humanit4 ,nul n'a droit qu' faire son devoir4 ,l'esprit doit t\j\rs tre le m9i/re du coeur1 et jamais son esclave4 ,reorganisation1 irrespectively ( ,god or k+1 by ! wor%ip ( ,humanity1 sy/ematically adopt$4 ,man's only "r is to d 8 duty4 ,! ,intellect %\ld always be ! s]vant ( ! ,he>t1 & %\ld nev] be its slave4 ,by ,,augu/e ,,comte ,au?or ( #8,sy/em ( ,positive ,philosophy' ,,p>is1 #ahdh ,,introduction ,by ,,fr$]ic ,,h>rison ,al?\gh ,positivism has be5 pretty widely discuss$ ( late1 n only by ^? int]e/$ 9 philosophy & religion1 b by ! g5]al read] & ! public press1 p]haps b few ( !m1 :e!r read]s or critics1 h exactly grasp$ ! full mean+ ( x z a sy/em at once ( ?\ght & ( life4 ,! va/ range ( ! gr\nd x cov]s & ! te*nical1 allusive1 & close /yle ( ,comte's writ+s 9 ! orig9al h made x difficult to ma/] ! subject z a :ole4 ,x has accord+ly be5 ?\ght t ! "t has come to add to ! #8,new ,univ]sal ,libr>y' a translation ( ,! ,g5]al ,view ( ,positivism1 i4e41 ! c>eful summ>y ( ! ,positive ,polity :i* ,augu/e ,comte prefix$ to ! f\r volumes ( 8 pr9cipal "w4 ,! translation :i* 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,bridges 9 #ahfe is at ! same "t a mo/ accurate v]sion by "o ( ,comte's e>lie/ foll[]s1 & also x is turn$ 9 an easy & simpl] /yle1 ) ! ref]5ces & allusions expla9$1 m>g9al head+s to ! p>agraphs1 & a complete analysis ( ! cont5ts4 ,positivism is n simply a sy/em ( ,philosophy2 nor is x simply a new =m ( ,religion2 nor is x simply a s*eme ( social reg5]ation4 ,x p>takes ( all ( ^!1 & pr(esses to h>monize !m "u "o dom9ant conception t is equally philosophic & social4 #8,its prim>y object1' writes ,comte1 #8is tw(old3 to g5]alize our sci5tific conceptions & to sy/ematize ! art ( social life4' ,accord+ly ,comte's ideal embraces ! ?ree ma9 elem5ts ( :i* human life consi/s--,?\ghts1 ,feel+s & ,actions4 ,n[ x is cle> t no su* compreh5sive sy/em 0 ev] be=e (f]$ to ! _w4 ,nei!r ! ,gospel nor any kn[n type ( religion und]took to give a syn!tic gr\p+ ( ! ,sci5ces4 ,no syn!tic s*eme ( philosophy ev] attempt$ to correlate religion1 politics1 art1 & indu/ry4 ,no sy/em ( ,socialism1 anci5t or mod]n1 />t$ ) ma!matics & l$ up to an ideal ( a human devotion to duty1 ) a ritual ( wor%ip1 bo? public & private4 ,n[ ,comte's fam\s ,positive ,polity did attempt ?is gigantic task4 ,& ! novelty & ext5t ( su* a "w expla9s & acc\nts = ! extreme difficulty met ) by read]s ( ! orig9al ,fr5*1 & also = ! fasc9ation :i* x has ma9ta9$ m ?an fifty ye>s aft] ! au?or's dea?4 ,x has be5 talk$ ab\t1 criticiz$1 & ev5 ridicul$1 ) an ignorance ( its true "* :i* c only be excus$ by ! ab/ract & sev]e =m 9 :i* ,comte ?\ght "r to cond5se 8 ?\ghts4 ,comte 0 prim>ily a ma!matician1 & nei!r ,desc>tes nor ,newton tr\bl$ !mselves ab\t #8! g5]al read]'4 ,kepl]1 !y say1 decl>$ himself satisfi$ if he _h "o conv]t 9 a c5tury2 & philosoph]s h seldom _h ju/ice done !m until "s g5]ations h pass$4 ,! difficulties pres5t$ by ! sci5tific =m ( ,comte's works h be5 obviat$ = ,engli% read]s by ! v]sions ( 8 ,engli% foll[]s1 :i* are at once lit]al translations1 analyses1 & elucidations4 ,= ! #8g5]al read]' no?+ c\ld be m s]viceable ?an ,bridges' cle> pres5tation ( ,comte's own #8g5]al view'1 or summ>y ( 8 sy/em4 ,! translation itself is a lit]>y ma/]piece4 ,x r5d]s an extremely ab/ract & complex ,fr5* type ( philosophical dogmatism into easy & simple ,engli%1 :il/ at ! same "t pres]v+ & ev5 elucidat+ ! some:at cryptic allusions & nuances ( ! orig9al4 ,! ?\ght 9 ! ,fr5* is full1 pregnant1 & sugge/ive1 at once subtle & ab/ract1 & ri* ) words ( a new co9age--su* z altruism1 sociology1 dynamics 7i4e41 hi/ory71 & old words us$ 9 a special s5se4 ,?is difficulty ,dr4 ,bridges surm\nts by break+ up ! involv$ s5t5ces1 supply+ names & facts indirectly ref]r$ to1 & by transf]r+ te*nical language into popul> ,engli%4 ,! success ( ! translation has be5 prov$ by ! ?\s&s ( copies sold 9 ! orig9al #abmo edition ( #ahfe1 9 ! #hvo edition ( #ahge1 & 9 ! /]eotyp$ repr9t ( #ahha4 ,a pa!tic int]e/ atta*es to ! hi/ory ( ! translation4 ,9 #ahfj ,dr4 ,bridges1 j settl$ z a physician 9 ,melb\rne1 lo/ 8 "y wife by fev]4 ,he at once return$ to ,engl&1 br++ ! rema9s ( 8 wife = int]m5t 9 ! family gravey>d 9 ,suffolk4 ,9 ^? days ( sail+ vessels ! voyage home r\nd ,cape ,horn occupi$ at lea/ ?ree mon?s4 ,dr4 ,bridges resolv$ to conqu] 8 sorr[1 %ut himself 9 8 cab9 dur+ ! voyage home & complet$ ! translation 79 #dcj pages ( pr9t7 )9 ! "t at sea3-- ,! sad me*anic ex]cise1 ,l dull n>cotics1 numb+ pa94 ,augu/e ,comte always spoke ( ! ,positive ,polity z #88 pr9cipal "w'4 ,! ,disc\rs sur l',ensemble1 or ,g5]al ,view ( ,positivism1 =m$ ! introduction to ! f\r volumes4 ,x =ms a summ>y ( ! entire "w1 & x is inde$ a sy/ematic application ( ! doctr9e to ! actual condition ( society4 ,z ! ,polity1 tak5 z a :ole1 pr(esses to embody a set ( doctr9es = ! regulation ( ?\ght & life1 ! pres5t ,introduction is design$ to %[ ! ne$ ( su* a body ( doctr9e1 ! result t !y w\ld produce1 & ! mode 9 :i* !y are likely to "w4 ,?us1 "o :o desires to see 9 "o view ! social purpose :i* ,positivism proposes to effect w\ld f9d x 9 no s+le volume bett] ?an 9 ?is treatise4 ,! "w consi/s ( six *apt]s1 treat+ ,positivism respectively 9 its intellectual aspect1 its social aspect1 its influ5ce on ! work+ classes1 on wom51 on art1 & on religion4 ,9 o!r words x illu/rates ! application ( ! sy/em to ,philosophy1 ,politics1 ,indu/ry1 ,! ,family1 ,poetry & ,! ,future4 ,x op5s ) a comp>ison ( ,positivi/ doctr9es ) ^? ( ! lead+ extant philosophies4 ,x closes ) a picture ( society %\ld ^? doctr9es be realiz$4 ,x is ?us bo? a criticism ( curr5t !ories1 & an utopia ( a possible ,future4 ,( ! int]m$iate *apt]s1 ! fir/ deals ) ! pr9cipal *anges propos$ 9 our actual political sy/em3 ! next *apt] deals ) ! *anges propos$ 9 our pres5t social sy/em4 ,!n come ! la/ two *apt]s1 deal+ ) ! pr9cipal ag5ts1 ,art1 ,poetry & ,religion1 by :i* ^? *anges may be promot$4 ,! book is !re=e a practical introduction to ! subject z a :ole2 = x sets =? ! aim ( ,positivism z a sy/em1 & !n h[ x seeks to effect t aim4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,intellectual ,,"* ,,( ,,positivism #h ,! object ( ,philosophy is to pres5t a sy/ematic view ( human life z a basis = modify+ its imp]fections--,! ,!ological ,syn!sis fail$ to include ! practical side ( human nature--,b ! ,positive _s orig9at$ 9 practical life--,9 human nature1 & !re=e 9 ! ,positive sy/em1 ,affection is ! prepond]at+ elem5t--,! prop] function ( ,intellect is ! s]vice ( ! ,social ,sympa?ies--,"u ,!ology ! ,intellect 0 ! slave ( ! ,he>t2 "u ,positivism1 its s]vant--,! subord9ation ( ! ,intellect to ! ,he>t is ! subjective pr9ciple ( ,positivism--,objective basis ( ! sy/em3 ,ord] ( ! ext]nal ,_w1 z reveal$ by ,sci5ce--,by x ! selfi% affections are controll$2 ! unselfi% /r5g!n$--,our conception ( ?is ,ext]nal ,ord] has be5 gradually gr[+ f ! e>lie/ times1 & is b j complete--,ev5 :]e n modifiable1 its influ5ce on ! "* is ( ! greate/ value--,b 9 mo/ cases we c modify x2 & 9 ^! ! k ( x =ms ! sy/ematic basis ( human action--,! *ief difficulty ( ! ,positive ,syn!sis 0 to complete our conception ( ! ,ext]nal ,ord] by ext5d+ x to ,social ,ph5om5a--,by ! discov]y ( sociological laws social que/ions are made p>am\nt2 & ?us our subjective pr9ciple is satisfi$ )\t dang] to free ?\ght--,di/9ction betwe5 ,ab/ract & ,concrete laws4 ,x is ! =m] only t we require = ! purpose be=e u--,9 our ,!ory ( ,developm5t ! requir$ ,syn!sis ( ,ab/ract conceptions already exi/s--,!re=e we are 9 a position to proce$ at once ) ! "w ( social reg5]ation--,error ( id5tify+ ,positivism ) ,a!ism1 ,mat]ialism1 ,fatalism1 or ,optimism4 ,a!ism1 l ,!ology1 discusses insoluble my/]ies--,mat]ialism is due to ! encroa*m5t ( ! l[] sci5ces on ! doma9 ( ! high]1 an error :i* ,positivism rectifies--,nor is ,positivism fatali/1 s9ce x ass]ts ! ,ext]nal ,ord] to be modifiable--,! *>ge ( ,optimism applies to ,!ology r ?an to ,positivism4 ,! ,positivi/ judges ( all hi/orical actions relatively1 b does n ju/ify !m indiscrim9ately--,! ^w ,positive connotes all ! highe/ intellectual attributes1 & w ultimately h a moral significance4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,social ,,aspect ,,( ,,positivism #fd ,! relation ( ,positivism to ! ,fr5* ,revolution--,! negative or de/ructive phase ( ! ,revolution /imulat$ ! desire ( ,progress1 & consequ5tly ! /udy ( social ph5om5a--,! con/ructive phase ( ! ,revolution4 ,! fir/ attempts to con/ruct fail$1 be+ bas$ on de/ructive pr9ciples--,c\nt]-revolution f #agid to #ahcj--,political /agnation betwe5 #ahcj & #ahdh--,! pres5t position1 #ahdh-ahej4 ,republicanism involves ! great pr9ciple ( subord9at+ ,politics to ,morals--,x gives prom95ce to ! problem ( reconcil+ ,ord] & ,progress--,x br+s ! metaphysical revolution>y s*ools into discr$it--,& x proves to all ! necessity ( a true spiritual p[]2 a body ( ?9k]s ^: bus9ess is to /udy & to tea* pr9ciples1 hold+ alo( f political action--,! ne$ ( a spiritual p[] is common to ! :ole ,republic ( ,we/]n ,europe--,?is ,republic consi/s ( ! ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,briti%1 & ,g]man populations1 gr\p$ r\nd ,france z _! c5tre--,relation ( ,positivism to ! m$ival sy/em1 to :i* we owe ! fir/ attempt to sep>ate ,spiritual f ,temporal p[]--,b ! m$ival attempt 0 premature2 & ,positivism w r5ew & complete x--,! ,e?ical sy/em ( ,positivism--,subjection ( ,self-love to ,social love is ! great e?ical problem4 ,! ,social /ate ( itself fav\rs ?is result2 b x may be ha/5$ by organiz$ & consci\s ef=t--,int]m$iate betwe5 ,self-love & univ]sal ,b5evol5ce are ! dome/ic affections3 filial1 frat]nal1 conjugal1 pat]nal--,p]sonal virtues plac$ ^u a social basis--,moral education consi/s p>tly ( sci5tific demon/ration ( e?ical tru?1 b /ill m ( culture ( ! high] sympa?ies--,organization ( ,public ,op9ion--,commemoration ( great m5--,! political motto ( ,positivism3 ,ord] & ,progress--,progress1 ! developm5t ( ,ord]--,analysis ( ,progress3 mat]ial1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral--,application ( our pr9ciples to actual politics4 ,all gov]nm5t mu/ = ! pres5t be provisional--,dang] ( attempt+ political recon/ruction be=e spiritual--,politically :at is want$ is ,dictator%ip1 ) lib]ty ( spee* & discussion--,su* a dictator%ip w\ld be a /ep t[>ds ! sep>ation ( spiritual & temporal p[]--,! motto ( #ahcj1 ,lib]ty & ,public ,ord]--,lib]ty %\ld be ext5d$ to ,education--,ord] dem&s c5tralization--,intimate connexion ( ,lib]ty ) ,ord]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,positivism ,,^u ,,! ,,work+ ,,classes #adj ,positivism w n = ! pres5t recomm5d itself to ! gov]n+ classes1 s mu* z to ! ,p--,! work+ man :o accepts 8 position is fav\rably situat$ = ! reception ( compreh5sive pr9ciples & g5]\s sympa?ies--,?is ! ,conv5tion felt2 b !y enc\rag$ ! ,p to seek political supremacy1 = :i* !y are n fit--,x is only 9 exceptional cases t ! ,p c be really #8sov]eign'--,! tru? involv$ 9 ! expression is t ! well-be+ ( ! p %\ld be ! "o great object ( gov]nm5t--,! ,p's function is to assi/ ! spiritual p[] 9 modify+ ! action ( gov]nm5t--,_! comb9$ ef=ts result 9 ! =mation ( ,public ,op9ion--,public op9ion involves1 7#a7 pr9ciples ( social conduct1 7#b7 _! acceptance by society at l>ge1 7#c7 an organ ?r\gh :i* to enunciate !m--,work+ m5's clubs--,all ?ree conditions ( ,public ,op9ion exi/1 b h n yet be5 comb9$--,spontane\s t5d5cies ( ! p 9 a "r direction4 ,_! ,communism--,its new title ( ,socialism--,prop]ty is 9 its nature social1 & ne$s control--,b ,positivism rejects ! ,communi/ solution ( ! ,problem4 ,prop]ty is to be controll$ by moral n legal ag5cies--,individualization ( functions z necess>y z co-op]ation--,indu/ry requires its capta9s z well z ,w>--,communism is defici5t 9 ! hi/orical _s--,9 fact1 z a sy/em x is wor?less1 ?\gh prompt$ by noble feel+s--,prop]ty is a public tru/1 n to be int]f]$ ) legally--,inh]itance fav\rable to its "r employm5t--,intellect ne$s moral control z mu* z weal?--,action ( organiz$ public op9ion ^u ,capitali/s4 ,/rikes--,public ,op9ion mu/ be bas$ ^u a s\nd sy/em ( ,education--,education has two /ages2 f bir? to pub]ty1 f pub]ty to adolesc5ce4 ,! fir/1 consi/+ ( physical & e/hetic tra9+1 to be giv5 at home--,! second "p consi/s ( public lectures on ! ,sci5ces1 f ,ma!matics to ,sociology--,travels ( ,appr5tices--,conc5tration ( /udy--,gov]nm5tal assi/ance n requir$1 except = c]ta9 special in/itutions1 & ?is only z a provisional measure--,we are n ripe = ?is sy/em at pres5t2 & ,gov]nm5t mu/ n attempt to ha/5 its introduction--,intellectual attitude ( ! p4 ,emancipation f !ological belief--,f metaphysical doctr9es--,_! mi/ak5 pref]5ce ( lit]>y & rhetorical tal5t to real intellectual p[]--,moral attitude ( ! p4 ,! workman %\ld reg>d himself z a public function>y--,ambition ( p[] & weal? mu/ be ab&on$--,! work+ classes are ! be/ gu>antee = ,lib]ty & ,ord]--,x is f !m t we %all obta9 ! dictatorial p[] :i* is provisionally requir$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,positivism ,,^u ,,wom5 #bbg ,wom5 repres5t ! affective elem5t 9 our nature1 z philosoph]s & p repres5t ! intellectual & practical elem5ts--,wom5 h /ood alo( f ! mod]n movem5t1 because ( its anti-hi/oric & de/ructive "*--,b !y w sympa?ize ) con/ructive t5d5cies2 & w di/+ui% s\nd philosophy f sci5tific specialities--,wom5's position 9 society4 ,l philosoph]s & p1 _! "p is n to gov]n1 b to modify--,! unit$ action ( philosoph]s1 wom51 & prolet>ies con/itutes ,moral ,=ce--,sup]iority ( ! new spiritual p[] to ! old4 ,self-reg>d+ t5d5cies ( ,ca?olic doctr9e--,! _s ( ,positivism1 on ! contr>y1 is ess5tially social4 ,! ,he>t & ! ,intellect mutually /r5g!n ea* o!r--,intellectual & moral aff9ities ( wom5 ) ,positivism--,ca?olicism purifi$ love1 b did n directly /r5g!n x--,wom5's influ5ce ov] ! work+ classes & _! tea*]s--,_! social influ5ce 9 ! salon--,b ! ,family is _! pr9cipal sph]e ( action--,woman's mission z a wife4 ,conjugal love an education = univ]sal sympa?y--,conditions ( m>riage4 ,indissoluble monogamy--,p]petual wid[hood--,woman's mission z a "m--,education ( *ildr5 belongs to mo!rs4 ,!y only c guide ! developm5t ( "*--,mod]n sophisms ab\t ,woman's rights4 ,! dome/icity ( h] life foll[s f ! pr9ciple ( ,sep>ation ( ,p[]s--,! position ( ! sexes t5ds to diff]5tiation r ?an id5tity--,woman to be ma9ta9$ by ,man--,! education ( wom5 %\ld be id5tical ) t ( m5--,wom5's privileges4 ,_! mission is 9 itself a privilege--,!y w receive hon\r & wor%ip f m5--,developm5t ( m$ival *ivalry--,! practice ( ,pray]1 s f> f disappe>+1 is purifi$ & /r5g!n$ 9 ,positive religion--,! wor%ip ( ,woman a prep>ation = ! wor%ip ( ,humanity--,exceptional wom54 ,joan ( ,arc--,x is = wom5 to introduce ,positivism into ! ,s\!rn nations4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,positivism ,,to ,,art #cjd ,positivism :5 complete is z fav\rable to ,imag9ation1 z1 :5 incomplete1 x 0 unfav\rable to x--,e/hetic tal5t is = ! adornm5t ( life1 n = its gov]nm5t--,! political influ5ce ( lit]>y m5 a deplorable sign & s\rce ( an>*y--,!ory ( ,art--,art is ! idealiz$ repres5tation ( ,fact--,poetry is int]m$iate betwe5 ,philosophy & ,polity--,art calls ea* elem5t ( our nature into h>moni\s action--,?ree /ages 9 ! e/hetic process3 ,imitation1 ,idealization1 ,expression--,classification ( ! arts on ! pr9ciple ( decreas+ g5]ality1 & increas+ int5sity--,poetry--,music--,pa9t+4 ,sculpture4 ,ar*itecture--,! conditions fav\rable to ,art h nev] yet be5 comb9$--,nei!r 9 ,poly!ism--,nor "u ! ,m$ival sy/em--,mu* less 9 mod]n times--,"u ,positivism ! conditions w all be fav\rable4 ,!re w be fix$ pr9ciples1 & a nobl] moral culture--,pr$ispos+ influ5ce ( ,education--,relation ( ,art to ,religion--,idealization ( hi/orical types--,art requires ! highe/ education2 b little special in/ruction--,arti/s z a class w disappe>4 ,_! function w be appropriat$ by ! philosophic prie/hood--,id5tity ( e/hetic & sci5tific g5ius--,wom5's poetry--,p's poetry--,value ( ,art 9 ! pres5t crisis--,con/ruction ( normal types on ! basis furni%$ by philosophy--,pictures ( ! ,future ( ,man--,contra/s ) ! ,pa/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,conclusion4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,humanity #cee ,recapitulation ( ! results obta9$--,humanity is ! c5tre to :i* e aspect ( ,positivism conv]ges--,) ! discov]y ( sociological laws1 a syn!sis on ! basis ( ,sci5ce becomes possible1 sci5ce be+ n[ conc5trat$ on ! /udy ( ,humanity--,/atical aspects ( ,humanity--,dynamical aspects--,inorganic & organic sci5ces elevat$ by _! connexion ) ! supreme sci5ce ( ,humanity--,! new religion is ev5 m fav\rable to ,art ?an to ,sci5ce--,poetic portraiture ( ! new ,supreme ,be+1 & contra/ ) ! old--,organization ( fe/ivals1 repres5t+ /atical & dynamical aspects ( ,humanity--,wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,commemoration ( _! s]vice--,all ! arts may co-op]ate 9 ! s]vice ( religion--,positivism ! successor ( ,*ri/ianity1 & surpasses x--,sup]iority ( ,positive morality--,rise ( ! new ,spiritual p[]--,temporal p[] w always be necess>y1 b its action w be modifi$ by ! spiritual--,sub/itution ( duties = rights--,cons5sus ( ! ,social ,organism--,cont9uity ( ! pa/ ) ! pres5t--,necessity ( a spiritual p[] to /udy & tea* ^! tru?s1 & ?us to gov]n m5 by p]suasion1 in/ead ( by compulsion--,nutritive functions ( ,humanity1 p]=m$ by ,capitali/s1 z ! temporal p[]--,^! are modifi$ by ! c]ebral functions1 p]=m$ by ! spiritual p[]--,wom5 & prie/s to h _! mat]ial subsi/5ce gu>ante$--,normal relation ( prie/s1 p1 & capitali/s--,we are n yet ripe = ! normal /ate4 ,b ! revolution ( #ahdh is a /ep t[>ds x--,fir/ revolution>y motto2 ,lib]ty & ,equality--,second motto2 ,lib]ty & ,ord]--,?ird motto2 ,ord] & ,progress--,provisional policy = ! p]iod ( transition--,popul> dictator%ip ) fre$om ( spee*--,positive ,committee = ,we/]n ,europe--,occid5tal navy--,int]national co9age--,occid5tal s*ool--,flag = ! ,we/]n ,republic--,colonial & =eign ,associates ( ! ,committee1 ! action ( :i* w ultimately ext5d to ! :ole human race--,conclusion4 ,p]fection ( ! ,positivi/ ideal--,corruption ( ,mono!ism4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,positivism #8,we tire ( ?9k+ & ev5 ( act+2 we nev] tire ( lov+4' ,9 ! foll[+ s]ies ( sy/ematic essays ^u ,positivism ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! doctr9e are fir/ consid]$2 ,i !n po9t out ! ag5cies by :i* its propagation w be effect$2 & ,i conclude by describ+ c]ta9 additional features indisp5sable to its complet5ess4 ,my treatm5t ( ^! que/ions w ( c\rse be summ>y2 yet x w suffice1 ,i hope1 to ov]come sev]al excusable b unf\nd$ prejudices4 ,x w enable any compet5t read] to assure himself t ! new g5]al doctr9e aims at some?+ m ?an satisfy+ ! ,intellect2 t x is 9 reality q z fav\rable to ,feel+ & ev5 to ,imag9ation4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks ,positivism consi/s ess5tially ( a ,philosophy & a ,polity4 ,^! c nev] be dissev]$2 ! =m] be+ ! basis1 & ! latt] ! end ( "o compreh5sive sy/em1 9 :i* our intellectual faculties & our social sympa?ies are br\ght into close correlation ) ea* o!r4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! sci5ce ( ,society1 besides be+ m important ?an any o!r1 supplies ! only logical & sci5tific l9k by :i* all our v>i$ obs]vations ( ph5om5a c be br\ght into "o consi/5t :ole#a4 ,( ?is sci5ce x is ev5 m true ?an ( any ( ! prec$+ sci5ces1 t its real "* _c be und]/ood )\t expla9+ its exact relation 9 all g5]al features ) ! art correspond+ to x4 ,n[ "h we f9d a co9cid5ce :i* is assur$ly n =tuit\s4 ,at ! v "t :5 ! !ory ( society is be+ laid d[n1 an imm5se sph]e is op5$ = ! application ( t !ory2 ! direction1 namely1 ( ! social reg5]ation ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,=1 if we take ano!r po9t ( view1 & look at ! great crisis ( mod]n hi/ory1 z its "* is display$ 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 x becomes e day m evid5t h[ hopeless is ! task ( recon/ruct+ political in/itutions )\t ! previ\s remodell+ ( op9ion & ( life4 ,to =m !n a satisfactory syn!sis ( all human conceptions is ! mo/ urg5t ( our social wants3 & x is ne$$ equally = ! sake ( ,ord] & ( ,progress4 ,dur+ ! gradual accompli%m5t ( ?is great philosophical "w1 a new moral p[] w arise spontane\sly ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 :i*1 z its influ5ce increases1 w lay d[n a def9ite basis = ! reorganization ( society4 ,x w (f] a g5]al sy/em ( education = ! adoption ( all civiliz$ nations1 & by ?is means w supply 9 e dep>tm5t ( public & private life fix$ pr9ciples ( judgm5t & ( conduct4 ,?us ! intellectual movem5t & ! social crisis w be br\ght cont9ually into close connexion ) ea* o!r4 ,bo? w comb9e to prep>e ! advanc$ portion ( humanity = ! acceptance ( a true spiritual p[]1 a p[] m coh]5t1 z well z m progressive1 ?an ! noble b premature attempt ( m$iaeval ,ca?olicism4 ,! prim>y object1 !n1 ( ,positivism is two-fold3 to g5]alize our sci5tific conceptions1 & to sy/ematize ! art ( social life4 ,^! are b two aspects ( "o & ! same problem4 ,!y w =m ! subjects ( ! two fir/ *apt]s ( ?is "w4 ,i %all fir/ expla9 ! g5]al _s ( ! new philosophy4 ,i %all !n %[ its necess>y connexion ) ! :ole c\rse ( t va/ revolution :i* is n[ ab\t to t]m9ate "u its guidance 9 social recon/ruction4 ,?is w lead u naturally to ano!r "q4 ,! reg5]at+ doctr9e _c d its "w )\t adh]5ts2 9 :at qu>t] %\ld we hope to f9d !m8 ,n[1 ) individual exceptions ( great value1 we _c expect ! adhesion ( any ( ! upp] classes 9 society4 ,!y are all m or less "u ! influ5ce ( baseless metaphysical !ories1 & ( ari/ocratic self-seek+4 ,!y are absorb$ 9 bl9d political agitation & 9 disputes = ! possession ( ! useless remnants ( ! old !ological & milit>y sy/em4 ,_! action only t5ds to prolong ! revolution>y /ate indef9itely1 & c nev] result 9 true social r5ovation4 ,:e!r we reg>d its intellectual "* or its social objects1 x is c]ta9 t ,positivism mu/ look else:]e = support4 ,x w f9d a welcome 9 ^? classes only ^: good s5se has be5 left unimpair$ by our vici\s sy/em ( education1 & ^: g5]\s sympa?ies are all[$ to develop !mselves freely4 ,x is among wom51 !re=e1 & among ! work+ classes t ! he>tie/ support]s ( ! new doctr9e w be f\nd4 ,x is int5d$1 inde$1 ultimately = all classes ( society4 ,b x w nev] ga9 mu* real influ5ce ov] ! high] ranks till x is =c$ ^u _! notice by ^! p[]ful patrons4 ,:5 ! "w ( spiritual reorganization is complet$1 x is on !m t its ma9t5ance w pr9cipally dep5d2 & s too1 _! comb9$ aid is necess>y = its comm5cem5t4 ,hav+ b little influ5ce 9 political gov]nm5t1 !y are ! m likely to appreciate ! ne$ ( a moral gov]nm5t1 ! special object ( :i* x w be to protect !m aga9/ ! oppressive action ( ! temporal p[]4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt]1 !re=e1 ,i %all expla9 ! mode 9 :i* philosoph]s & work+ m5 w co-op]ate4 ,bo? h be5 prep>$ = ?is coalition by ! g5]al c\rse :i* mod]n hi/ory has tak51 & x (f]s n[ ! only hope we h ( really decisive action4 ,we %all f9d t ! ef=ts ( ,positivism to regulate & develop ! natural t5d5cies ( ! p1 make x1 ev5 f ! intellectual po9t ( view1 m coh]5t & complete4 ,b !re is ano!r & a m unexpect$ s\rce f :i* ,positivism w obta9 support2 & n till !n w its true "* & ! full ext5t ( its con/ructive p[] be appreciat$4 ,i %all %[ 9 ! f\r? *apt] h[ em95tly calculat$ is ! ,positive doctr9e to raise & regulate ! social condition ( wom54 ,x is f ! fem99e aspect only t human life1 :e!r individually or collectively consid]$1 c really be compreh5d$ z a :ole4 ,= ! only basis on :i* a sy/em really embrac+ all ! requirem5ts ( life c be =m$1 is ! subord9ation ( intellect to social feel+3 a subord9ation :i* we f9d directly repres5t$ 9 ! womanly type ( "*1 :e!r reg>d$ 9 its p]sonal or social relations4 ,al?\gh ^! que/ions _c be treat$ fully 9 ! pres5t "w1 ,i hope to conv9ce my read]s t ,positivism is m 9 accordance ) ! spontane\s t5d5cies ( ! p & ( wom5 ?an ,ca?olicism1 & is !re=e bett] qualifi$ to in/itute a spiritual p[]4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! gr\nd on :i* ! support ( bo? ^! classes is obta9$ is1 t ,positivism is ! only sy/em :i* c sup]s$e ! v>i\s subv]sive s*emes t are gr[+ e day m dang]\s to all ! relations ( dome/ic & social life4 ,yet ! t5d5cy ( ! doctr9e is to elevate ! "* ( bo? ( ^! classes2 & x gives a mo/ en]getic sanction to all _! legitimate aspirations4 ,?us x is t a philosophy orig9at+ 9 speculations ( ! mo/ ab/ract "*1 is f\nd applicable n m]ely to e dep>tm5t ( practical life1 b also to ! sph]e ( our moral nature4 ,b to complete ! pro( ( its univ]sality ,i h /ill to speak ( ano!r v ess5tial feature4 ,i %all %[1 9 spite ( prejudices :i* exi/ v naturally on ?is po9t1 t ,positivism is em95tly calculat$ to call ! ,imag9ative faculties into ex]cise4 ,x is by ^! faculties t ! unity ( human nature is mo/ di/9ctly repres5t$3 !y are !mselves intellectual1 b _! field lies pr9cipally 9 our moral nature1 & ! result ( _! op]ation is to influ5ce ! active p[]s4 ,! subject ( wom5 treat$ 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 w lead me by a natural transition to speak 9 ! fif? ( ! ,e/hetic aspects ( ,positivism4 ,i %all attempt to %[ t ! new doctr9e by ! v fact ( embrac+ ! :ole range ( human relations 9 ! _s ( reality1 discloses ! true !ory ( ,art1 :i* has hi!rto be5 s great a defici5cy 9 our speculative conceptions4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! !ory is t1 9 co-ord9at+ ! prim>y functions ( humanity1 ,positivism places ! ,idealities ( ! poet midway betwe5 ! ,ideas ( ! philosoph] & ! ,realities ( ! /atesman4 ,we see f ?is !ory h[ x is t ! poetical p[] ( ,positivism _c be manife/$ at pres5t4 ,we mu/ wait until moral & m5tal reg5]ation has advanc$ f> en\gh to awak5 ! sympa?ies :i* naturally belong to x1 & on :i* ,art 9 its r5ew$ /ate mu/ dep5d = ! future4 ,! fir/ m5tal & social %ock once pass$1 ,poetry w at la/ take h] prop] rank4 ,%e w lead ,humanity onw>d t[>ds a future :i* is n[ no long] vague & vision>y1 :ile at ! same "t %e enables u to pay due hon\r to all phases ( ! pa/4 ,! great object :i* ,positivism sets be=e u individually & socially1 is ! endeav\r to become m p]fect4 ,! highe/ importance is atta*$ !re=e to ! imag9ative faculties1 because 9 e sph]e ) :i* !y deal !y /imulate ! s5se ( p]fection4 ,limit$ z my explanations 9 ?is "w mu/ be1 ,i %all be able to %[ t ,positivism1 :ile op5+ out a new & wide field = art1 supplies 9 ! same spontane\s way new means ( expression4 ,i %all ?us h sket*$ ) "s detail ! true "* ( ! reg5]at+ doctr9e4 ,all its pr9cipal aspects w h be5 consid]$4 ,beg9n+ ) its philosophical basis1 ,i pass by natural transitions to its political purpose2 !nce to its action ^u ! p1 its influ5ce ) wom51 & la/ly1 to its e/hetic p[]4 ,9 conclud+ ?is "w1 :i* is b ! introduction to a l>g] treatise1 ,i h only to speak ( ! conception :i* unites all ^! v>i\s aspects4 ,z summ$ up 9 ! positivi/ motto1 ,love1 ,ord]1 ,progress1 !y lead u to ! conception ( ,humanity1 :i* implicitly involves & gives new =ce to ea* ( !m4 ,rightly int]pret+ ?is conception1 we view ,positivism at la/ z a complete & consi/5t :ole4 ,! subject w naturally lead u to speak 9 g5]al t]ms ( ! future progress ( social reg5]ation1 z f> z ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ enables u to =esee x4 ,! movem5t orig9ates 9 ,france1 & is limit$ at fir/ to ! great family ( ,we/]n nations4 ,i %all %[ t x w aft]w>ds ext5d1 9 accordance ) def9ite laws1 to ! re/ ( ! :ite race1 & f9ally to ! o!r two great races ( man4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,intellectual ,,"* ,,( ,,positivism ,! object ( ,philosophy is to pres5t a sy/ematic view ( human life1 z a basis = modify+ its imp]fections ,! object ( all true ,philosophy is to frame a sy/em :i* %all compreh5d human life "u e aspect1 social z well z individual4 ,x embraces1 !re=e1 ! ?ree k9ds ( ph5om5a ( :i* our life consi/s1 ,?\ghts1 ,feel+s1 & ,actions4 ,"u all ^! aspects1 ! gr[? ( ,humanity is prim>ily spontane\s2 & ! basis ^u :i* all wise attempts to modify x %\ld proce$1 c only be furni%$ by an exact acqua9tance ) ! natural process4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 able to modify ?is process sy/ematically2 & ! importance ( ?is is extreme1 s9ce we c !reby greatly dim9i% ! p>tial deviations1 ! disa/r\s delays1 & ! grave inconsi/5cies to :i* s complex a gr[? w\ld be liable 7 x left entirely to itself4 ,to effect ?is necess>y int]v5tion is ! prop] sph]e ( politics4 ,b a "r conception _c be =m$ ( x )\t ! aid ( ! philosoph]1 ^: bus9ess x is to def9e & am5d ! pr9ciples on :i* x is conduct$4 ,) ?is object 9 view ! philosoph] endeav\rs to co-ord9ate ! v>i\s elem5ts ( man's exi/5ce1 s t x may be conceiv$ ( !oretically z an integral :ole4 ,8 syn!sis c only be valid 9 s f> z x is an exact & complete repres5tation ( ! relations naturally exi/+4 ,! fir/ condition is !re=e t ^! relations be c>efully /udi$4 ,:5 ! philosoph]1 in/ead ( =m+ su* a syn!sis1 attempts to int]f]e m directly ) ! c\rse ( practical life1 he commits ! error ( usurp+ ! prov9ce ( ! /atesman1 to :om all practical measures exclusively belong4 ,philosophy & ,politics are ! two pr9cipal functions ( ! great social organism4 ,morality1 sy/ematically consid]$1 =ms ! connect+ l9k & at ! same "t ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m4 ,x is ! mo/ important application ( philosophy1 & x gives a g5]al direction to polity4 ,natural morality1 t is to say ! v>i\s emotions ( our moral nature1 w1 z ,i h %[n 9 my previ\s "w1 always gov]n ! speculations ( ! "o & ! op]ations ( ! o!r4 ,?is ,i %all expla9 m fully4 ,b ! syn!sis1 :i* x is ! social function ( ,philosophy to con/ruct1 w nei!r be real nor p]man5t1 unless x embraces e dep>tm5t ( human nature1 :e!r speculative1 effective1 or practical4 ,^! ?ree ord]s ( ph5om5a react ^u ea* o!r s intimately1 t any sy/em :i* does n include all ( !m mu/ inevitably be unreal & inadequate4 ,yet x is only 9 ! pres5t day1 :5 ,philosophy is rea*+ ! positive /age1 t ?is :i* is h] highe/ & mo/ ess5tial mission c be fully appreh5d$4 ,! ,!ological syn!sis fail$ to include ! practical side ( human nature ,! !ological syn!sis dep5d$ exclusively ^u our affective nature2 & ?is is ow+ its orig9al supremacy & its ultimate decl9e4 ,= a long "t its influ5ce ov] all our highe/ speculations 0 p>am\nt4 ,?is 0 especially ! case dur+ ! ,poly!i/ic p]iod1 :5 ,imag9ation & ,feel+ /ill reta9$ _! sway "u v slight re/ra9t f ! reason+ faculties4 ,yet ev5 dur+ ! "t ( its highe/ developm5t1 intellectually & socially1 !ology ex]cis$ no real control ov] practical life4 ,x react$1 ( c\rse1 ^u x to "s ext5t1 b ! effects ( ?is 7 9 mo/ cases f> m app>5t ?an real4 ,!re 0 a natural antagonism betwe5 !m1 :i* ?\gh at fir/ h>dly p]ceiv$1 w5t on increas+ till at la/ x br\ght ab\t ! entire de/ruction ( ! !ological fabric4 ,a sy/em s purely subjective c\ld n h>monize ) ! necess>ily objective t5d5cies & /ubborn realities ( practical life4 ,!ology ass]t$ all ph5om5a to be "u ! dom9ion ( ,wills m or less arbitr>y3 :]eas 9 practical life m5 7 l$ m & m cle>ly to ! conception ( inv>iable ,laws4 ,= )\t laws human action w\ld h admitt$ ( no rule or plan4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is utt] inability ( !ology to deal ) practical life1 its treatm5t ( speculative & ev5 ( moral problems 0 exce$+ly imp]fect1 su* problems be+ all m or less dep5d5t on ! practical necessities ( life4 ,to pres5t a p]fectly syn!tic view ( human nature 01 !n1 impossible z long z ! influ5ce ( !ology la/$2 because ! ,intellect 0 impell$ by ,feel+ & by ! ,active p[]s 9 two totally diff]5t directions4 ,! failure ( all metaphysical attempts to =m a syn!sis ne$ n be dwelt ^u "h4 ,metaphysicians1 9 spite ( _! claims to absolute tru? h nev] be5 able to sup]s$e !ology 9 que/ions ( feel+1 & h prov$ /ill m inadequate 9 practical que/ions4 ,ontology1 ev5 :5 x 0 mo/ triumphant 9 ! s*ools1 0 always limit$ to subjects ( a purely intellectual nature2 & ev5 "h its ab/ractions1 useless 9 !mselves1 dealt only ) ! case ( individual developm5t1 ! metaphysical _s be+ ?or\ghly incompatible ) ! social po9t ( view4 ,9 my "w on ,positive ,philosophy ,i h cle>ly prov$ t x con/itutes only a transitory phase ( m9d1 & is totally inadequate = any con/ructive purpose4 ,= a "t x 0 supreme2 b its utility lay simply 9 its revolution>y t5d5cies4 ,x aid$ ! prelim9>y developm5t ( ,humanity by its gradual inroads ^u ,!ology1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 anci5t times entru/$ ) ! sole direction ( society1 _h long s9ce become 9 e respect utt]ly retrograde4 ,b ! ,positive _s orig9at$ 9 practical life ,b all ,positive speculations owe _! fir/ orig9 to ! occupations ( practical life2 &1 consequ5tly1 !y h always giv5 "s indication ( _! capacity = regulat+ our active p[]s1 :i* _h be5 omitt$ f e =m] syn!sis4 ,_! value 9 ?is respect has be5 & /ill is mat]ially impair$ by _! want ( bread?1 & _! isolat$ & incoh]5t "*2 b x has always be5 in/9ctively felt4 ,! importance t we atta* to !ories :i* tea* ! laws ( ph5om5a1 & give u ! p[] ( prevision1 is *iefly due to ! fact t !y alone c regulate our o!rwise bl9d action ^u ! ext]nal _w4 ,h5ce x is t :ile ! ,positive _s has be5 gr[+ m & m !oretical1 & has gradually ext5d$ to e dep>tm5t ( speculation1 x has nev] lo/ ! practical t5d5cies :i* x d]iv$ f its s\rce2 & ?is ev5 9 ! case ( rese>*es useless 9 !mselves1 & only to be ju/ifi$ z logical ex]cises4 ,f its fir/ orig9 9 ma!matics & a/ronomy1 x has always %[n its t5d5cy to sy/ematize ! :ole ( our conceptions 9 e new subject :i* has be5 br\ght )9 ! scope ( its fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,x ex]cis$ = a long "t a modify+ influ5ce ^u !ological & metaphysical pr9ciples1 :i* has gone on increas+2 & s9ce ! "t ( ,desc>tes & ,bacon x has become evid5t t x is de/9$ to sup]s$e !m altoge!r4 ,positivism has gradually tak5 possession ( ! prelim9>y sci5ces ( ,physics & ,biology1 & 9 ^! ! old sy/em no long] prevails4 ,all t rema9$ 0 to complete ! range ( its influ5ce by includ+ ! /udy ( social ph5om5a4 ,= ?is /udy metaphysics _h prov$ incompet5t2 by !ological ?9k]s x _h only be5 pursu$ indirectly & empirically z a condition ( gov]nm5t4 ,i believe t my "w on ,positive ,philosophy has s f> suppli$ :at 0 want+4 ,i ?9k x mu/ n[ be cle> to all t ! ,positive _s c embrace ! entire range ( ?\ght )\t less5+1 or r ) ! effect ( /r5g!n+ its orig9al t5d5cy to regulate practical life4 ,& x is a fur!r gu>antee = ! /ability ( ! new intellectual syn!sis t ,social sci5ce1 :i* is ! f9al result ( our rese>*es1 gives !m t sy/ematic "* 9 :i* !y _h hi!rto be5 want+1 by supply+ ! only connect+ l9k ( :i* !y all admit4 ,?is conception is already adopt$ by all true ?9k]s4 ,all mu/ n[ ackn[l$ge t ! ,positive _s t5ds necess>ily t[>ds ! =mation ( a compreh5sive & durable sy/em1 9 :i* e practical z well z speculative subject %all be includ$4 ,b su* a sy/em w\ld /ill be f> f realiz+ t univ]sal "* )\t :i* ,positivism w\ld be incompet5t to sup]s$e ,!ology 9 ! spiritual gov]nm5t ( ,humanity4 ,= ! elem5t :i* really prepond]ates 9 e human be+1 t is to say1 ,affection1 w\ld /ill be left unt\*$4 ,?is elem5t x is1 & ?is only1 :i* gives a /imulus & direction to ! o!r two p>ts ( our nature3 )\t x ! "o w\ld wa/e its =ce 9 ill-conceiv$1 or1 at lea/1 useless /udies1 & ! o!r 9 b>r5 or ev5 dang]\s cont5tion4 ,) ?is imm5se defici5cy ! comb9ation ( our !oretical & active p[]s w\ld be fruitless1 because x w\ld lack ! only pr9ciple :i* c\ld ensure its real & p]man5t /ability4 ,! failure w\ld be ev5 great] ?an ! failure ( ,!ology 9 deal+ ) practical que/ions2 = ! unity ( human nature _c really be made to dep5d ei!r on ! rational or ! active faculties4 ,9 ! life ( ! individual1 &1 /ill m1 9 ! life ( ! race1 ! basis ( unity1 z ,i %all %[ 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 mu/ always be feel+4 ,x is to ! fact t !ology arose spontane\sly f feel+ t its influ5ce is = ! mo/ "p due4 ,& al?\gh !ology is n[ palpably on ! decl9e1 yet x w reta91 9 pr9ciple at lea/1 "s legitimate claims to ! direction ( society s long z ! new philosophy fails to occupy ?is important vantage-gr\nd4 ,we come !n to ! f9al conditions ) :i* ! mod]n syn!sis mu/ comply4 ,)\t neglect+ ! sph]es ( ,?\ght & ,action x mu/ also compreh5d ! moral sph]e2 & ! v pr9ciple on :i* its claim to univ]sality re/s mu/ be d]iv$ f ,feel+4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 c ! claims ( !ology be f9ally set aside4 ,= !n ! new sy/em w h surpass$ ! old 9 t :i* is ! "o ess5tial purpose ( all g5]al doctr9es4 ,x w h %[n itself able to effect :at no o!r doctr9e has done1 t is1 to br+ ! ?ree prim>y elem5ts ( our nature into h>mony4 ,if ,positivism 7 to prove incapable ( satisfy+ ?is condition1 we mu/ give up all hope ( sy/ematization ( any k9d4 ,= :ile ,positive pr9ciples are n[ suffici5tly develop$ to neutralize ^? ( ,!ology1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! influ5ce ( !ology w\ld cont9ue to be f> great]4 ,h5ce x is t _m consci5ti\s ?9k]s 9 ! pres5t day are s incl9$ to despair = ! future ( society4 ,!y see t ! old pr9ciples on :i* society has be5 gov]n$ mu/ f9ally become p[]less4 ,:at !y d n see is t a new basis = morality is be+ gradually laid d[n4 ,_! !ories are too imp]fect & incoh]5t to %[ !m ! direction t[>ds :i* ! pres5t "t is ultimately t5d+4 ,x mu/ be own$1 too1 t _! view seems borne out by ! pres5t "* ( ! ,positive me?od4 ,:ile all all[ its utility 9 ! treatm5t ( practical1 & ev5 ( speculative1 problems1 x seems to mo/ m51 & v naturally1 q unfit to deal ) que/ions ( morality4 ,9 human nature1 & !re=e 9 ! ,positive sy/em1 ,affection is ! prepond]at+ elem5t ,b on clos] exam9ation !y w see reason to rectify _! judgm5t4 ,!y w see t ! h>dness ) :i* ,positive sci5ce has be5 ju/ly reproa*$1 is due to ! speciality & want ( purpose ) :i* x has hi!rto be5 pursu$1 & is n at all inh]5t 9 its nature4 ,orig9at+ z x did 9 ! necessities ( our mat]ial nature1 :i* = a long "t re/rict$ x to ! /udy ( ! inorganic _w1 x has n till n[ become suffici5tly complete or sy/ematic to h>monize well ) our moral nature4 ,b n[ t x is br\ght to be> ^u social que/ions1 :i* = ! future w =m its mo/ important field1 x loses all ! defects peculi> to its long p]iod ( infancy4 ,! v attribute ( reality :i* is claim$ by ! new philosophy1 leads x to treat all subjects f ! moral /ill m ?an f ! intellectual side4 ,! necessity ( assign+ ) exact tru? ! place occupi$ by ! intellect & by ! he>t 9 ! organization ( human nature & ( society1 leads to ! decision t ,affection mu/ be ! c5tral po9t ( ! syn!sis4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( social que/ions ,positive sci5ce w be f\nd utt]ly to disc>d ^? pr\d illusions ( ! supremacy ( reason1 to :i* x _h be5 liable dur+ its prelim9>y /ages4 ,ratify+1 9 ?is respect1 ! common exp]i5ce ( m5 ev5 m =cibly ?an ,ca?olicism1 x tea*es u t individual happ9ess & public welf>e are f> m dep5d5t ^u ! he>t ?an ^u ! intellect4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( ?is1 ! "q ( co-ord9at+ ! faculties ( our nature w conv9ce u t ! only basis on :i* !y c be br\ght into h>moni\s union1 is ! prepond]ance ( ,affection ov] ,reason1 & ev5 ov] ,activity4 ,! fact t intellect1 z well z social sympa?y1 is a di/9ctive attribute ( our nature1 might lead u to suppose t ei!r ( ^! two might be supreme1 & !re=e t !re might be m ?an "o me?od ( e/abli%+ unity4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t !re is only "o2 because ^! two elem5ts are by no means equal 9 _! fitness = assum+ ! fir/ place4 ,:e!r we look at ! di/9ctive qualities ( ea*1 or at ! degree ( =ce :i* !y possess1 x is easy to see t ! only position = :i* ! intellect is p]man5tly adapt$ is to be ! s]vant ( ! social sympa?ies4 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ cont5t ) ?is hon\rable po/1 x aspires to become supreme1 its ambiti\s aims1 :i* are nev] realiz$1 result simply 9 ! mo/ deplorable disord]4 ,ev5 ) ! individual1 x is impossible to e/abli% p]man5t h>mony betwe5 our v>i\s impulses1 except by giv+ complete supremacy to ! feel+ :i* prompts ! s9c]e & habitual desire ( do+ good4 ,?is feel+ is1 no d\bt1 l ! re/1 9 itself bl9d2 x has to le>n f reason ! "r means ( obta9+ satisfaction2 & our active faculties are !n call$ into requisition to apply ^? means4 ,b common exp]i5ce proves t aft] all ! pr9cipal condition ( "r action is ! b5evol5t impulse2 ) ! ord9>y am\nt ( intellect & activity t is f\nd 9 m5 ?is /imulus1 if well su/a9$1 is en\gh to direct our ?\ghts & en]gies to a good result4 ,)\t ?is habitual spr+ ( action !y w\ld inevitably wa/e !mselves 9 b>r5 or incoh]5t ef=ts1 & spe$ily relapse into _! orig9al torpor4 ,unity 9 our moral nature is1 !n1 impossible1 except s f> z affection prepond]ates ov] intellect & activity4 ,! prop] function ( ,intellect is ! ,s]vice ( ! ,social ,sympa?ies ,true z ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple is = ! individual1 x is 9 public life t its necessity c be demon/rat$ mo/ irrefutably4 ,! problem is 9 reality ! same1 nor is any diff]5t solution ( x requir$2 only x assumes su* increas$ dim5sions1 t less unc]ta9ty is felt z to ! me?od to be adopt$4 ,! v>i\s be+s :om x is s\ght to h>monize h 9 ?is case ea* a sep>ate exi/5ce2 x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! fir/ condition ( co-op]ation mu/ be s\ght 9 _! own inh]5t t5d5cy to univ]sal love4 ,no calculations ( self-int]e/ c rival ?is social in/9ct1 :e!r 9 promptitude & bread? ( intuition1 or 9 boldness & t5acity ( purpose4 ,true x is t ! b5evol5t emotions h 9 mo/ cases less intr9sic en]gy ?an ! selfi%4 ,b !y h ?is beautiful quality1 t social life n only p]mits _! gr[?1 b /imulates x to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t1 :ile x holds _! antagoni/s 9 con/ant *eck4 ,inde$ ! increas+ t5d5cy 9 ! =m] to prevail ov] ! latt] is ! be/ measure by :i* to judge ( ! progress ( ,humanity4 ,b ! intellect may d mu* to confirm _! influ5ce4 ,x may /r5g!n social feel+ by diffus+ ju/] views ( ! relations 9 :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( society /& to ea* o!r2 or x may guide its application by dwell+ on ! lessons :i* ! pa/ (f]s to ! future4 ,x is to ?is hon\rable s]vice t ! new philosophy w\ld direct our intellectual p[]s4 ,"h ! highe/ sanction is giv5 to _! op]ations1 & an exhau/less field is op5$ out = !m1 f :i* f> deep] satisfaction may be ga9$ ?an f ! approbation ( ! le>n$ societies1 or f ! pu]ile specialities ) :i* !y are at pres5t occupi$4 ,9 fact1 ! ambiti\s claims :i*1 ev] s9ce ! hopeless decl9e ( ! !ological syn!sis1 h be5 advanc$ by ! intellect1 nev] 7 or c\ld be realiz$4 ,_! only value lay 9 _! solv5t action on ! !ological sy/em :5 x _h become ho/ile to progress4 ,! intellect is int5d$ = s]vice1 n = empire2 :5 x imag9es itself supreme1 x is really only obey+ ! p]sonal in/ead ( ! social in/9cts4 ,x nev] acts indep5d5tly ( feel+1 be t feel+ good or bad4 ,! fir/ condition ( comm& is =ce2 n[ reason has b light2 ! impulse t moves x mu/ come f else:]e4 ,! metaphysical ,utopias1 9 :i* a life ( pure contemplation is held out z ! highe/ ideal1 attract ! notice ( our m5 ( sci5ce2 b are really no?+ b illusions ( pride1 or veils = di%one/ s*emes4 ,true !re is a g5u9e satisfaction 9 ! act ( discov]+ tru?2 b x is n suffici5tly int5se to be an habitual guide ( conduct4 ,inde$1 s feeble is our intellect1 t ! impulse ( "s passion is necess>y to direct & su/a9 x 9 almo/ e ef=t4 ,:5 ! impulse comes f k9dly feel+ x attracts att5tion on acc\nt ( its r>ity or value2 :5 x spr+s f ! selfi% motives ( glory1 ambition1 or ga91 x is too common to be rem>k$4 ,?is is usually ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases4 ,x does inde$ occasionally happ5 t ! intellect is actuat$ by a sort ( passion = tru? 9 itself1 )\t any mixture ( pride or vanity4 ,yet1 9 ?is case1 z 9 e o!r1 !re is int5se egotism 9 ex]cis+ ! m5tal p[]s irrespectively ( all social objects4 ,positivism1 z ,i %all aft]w>ds expla91 is ev5 m sev]e ?an ,ca?olicism 9 its condemnation ( ?is type ( "*1 :e!r 9 metaphysicians or 9 m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! true philosoph] w\ld consid] x a mo/ culpable abuse ( ! opportunities :i* civilization af=ds him = ! sake ( ! welf>e ( society1 9 lead+ a speculative life4 ,we h trac$ ! ,positive pr9ciple f its orig9 9 ! pursuits ( active life1 & h se5 x ext5d+ successively to e dep>tm5t ( speculation4 ,we n[ f9d x1 9 its maturity1 & t z a simple result ( its /rict adh]5ce to fact1 embrac+ ! sph]e ( affection1 & mak+ t sph]e ! c5tral po9t ( its syn!sis4 ,x is h5ce=? a fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,positivism1 a doctr9e ( z great political z philosophical importance1 t ! ,he>t prepond]ates ov] ! ,intellect4 ,"u ,!ology ! intellect 0 ! slave ( ! he>t2 "u ,positivism1 its s]vant ,x is true t ?is doctr9e1 :i* is ! only basis = e/abli%+ h>mony 9 our nature1 _h be51 z ,i be=e rem>k$1 in/9ctively accept$ by !ological sy/ems4 ,b x 0 "o ( ! fatalities ( society 9 its prelim9>y phase1 t ! doctr9e 0 c\pl$ ) an error :i*1 aft] a "t1 de/roy$ all its value4 ,9 ackn[l$g+ ! sup]iority ( ! he>t ! intellect 0 r$uc$ to abject submission4 ,its only *ance ( gr[? lay 9 resi/ance to ! e/abli%$ sy/em4 ,?is c\rse x foll[$ ) increas+ effect1 till aft] tw5ty c5turies ( insurrection1 ! sy/em collaps$4 ,! natural result ( ! process 0 to /imulate metaphysical & sci5tific pride1 & to promote views subv]sive ( all social ord]4 ,b ,positivism1 :ile sy/ematically adopt+ ! pr9ciple "h spok5 ( z ! f\ndation ( individual & social discipl9e1 int]prets t pr9ciple 9 a diff]5t way4 ,x tea*es t :ile x is = ! he>t to sugge/ our problems1 x is = ! intellect to solve !m4 ,n[ ! intellect 0 at fir/ q inadequate to ?is task1 = :i* a long & labori\s tra9+ 0 ne$$4 ,! he>t1 !re=e1 _h to take its place1 & 9 default ( objective tru?1 to give free play to its subjective inspirations4 ,b = ^! inspirations1 all progress1 z ,i %[$ 9 my ,sy/em ( ,positive ,philosophy1 w\ld h be5 totally impossible4 ,= a long "t x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld be believ$ absolutely2 b z soon z our reason began to m\ld its conceptions ^u obs]vations1 m or less accurate1 ( ! ext]nal _w1 ^! sup]natural dogmas became inevitably an ob/acle to its gr[?4 ,"h lies ! *ief s\rce ( ! important modifications :i* !ological belief has successively und]gone4 ,no fur!r modifications are n[ possible )\t violat+ its ess5tial pr9ciples2 & s9ce1 meantime1 ,positive sci5ce is assum+ e day l>g] proportions1 ! conflict betwe5 !m is advanc+ ) increas+ vehem5ce & dang]4 ,! t5d5cy on ! "o side is becom+ m retrograde1 on ! o!r m revolution>y2 because ! impossibility ( reconcil+ ! two oppos+ =ces is felt m & m /rongly4 ,nev] 0 ?is position ( affairs m manife/ ?an n[4 ,! re/oration ( !ology to its orig9al p[]1 suppos+ su* a ?+ 7 possible1 w\ld h ! mo/ degrad+ influ5ce on ! intellect1 &1 consequ5tly1 on ! "* also2 s9ce x w\ld involve ! admission t our views ( sci5tific tru? 7 to be /ra9$ into accordance ) our wi%es & our wants4 ,!re=e no important /ep 9 ! progress ( ,humanity c n[ be made )\t totally ab&on+ ! !ological pr9ciple4 ,! only s]vice ( any real value :i* x /ill r5d]s1 is t ( =c+ ! att5tion ( ,we/]n ,europe1 by ! v fact ( its reaction>y t5d5cies1 ^u ! greate/ ( all social que/ions4 ,x is ow+ to its influ5ce t ! c5tral po9t ( ! new syn!sis is plac$ 9 our moral r ?an our intellectual nature2 & ?is1 9 spite ( e prejudice & habit ( ?\ght t has be5 =m$ dur+ ! revolution>y p]iod ( ! la/ five c5turies4 ,& :ile 9 ?is1 :i* is ! prim>y condition ( social organization1 ,positivism1 proves m effici5t ?an ,!ology1 x at ! same "t t]m9ates ! disunion :i* has exi/$ s long betwe5 ! intellect & ! he>t4 ,= x foll[s logically f its pr9ciples1 & also f ! :ole _s ( ! sy/em1 t ! intellect %all be free to ex]cise its full %>e ( influ5ce 9 e dep>tm5t ( human life4 ,:5 x is said t ! intellect %\ld be subord9ate to ! he>t1 :at is meant is1 t ! intellect %\ld devote itself exclusively to ! problems :i* ! he>t sugge/s1 ! ultimate object be+ to f9d prop] satisfaction = our v>i\s wants4 ,)\t ?is limitation1 exp]i5ce has %[n too cle>ly t x w\ld almo/ always foll[ its natural b5t = useless or insoluble que/ions1 :i* are ! mo/ pl5tiful & ! easie/ to deal )4 ,b :5 any problem ( a legitimate k9d has be5 once propos$1 x is ! sole judge ( ! me?od to be pursu$1 & ( ! utility ( ! results obta9$4 ,its prov9ce is to inquire into ! pres5t1 9 ord] to =esee ! future1 & to discov] ! means ( improv+ x4 ,9 ?is prov9ce x is n to be int]f]$ )4 ,9 a ^w ! intellect is to be ! s]vant ( ! he>t1 n its slave4 ,"u ^! two correlative conditions ! elem5ts ( our nature w at la/ be br\ght into h>mony4 ,! equilibrium ( ^! two elem5ts1 once e/abli%$1 is 9 little dang] ( be+ di/urb$4 ,= s9ce x is equally fav\rable to bo? ( !m1 bo? w be int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ x4 ,! fact t ,reason 9 mod]n times has become habituat$ to revolt1 is no gr\nd = suppos+ t x w always reta9 its revolution>y "*1 ev5 :5 its legitimate claims h be5 fully satisfi$4 ,suppos+ ! case to arise1 h[ev]1 society1 z ,i %all %[ aft]w>ds1 w\ld n be )\t ! means ( repress+ any pret5sions t 7 subv]sive ( ord]4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( view :i* may assure u t ! position giv5 to ! he>t "u ! new sy/em w involve no dang] to ! gr[? ( intellect4 ,love1 :5 real1 ev] desires light1 9 ord] to atta9 its ends4 ,! influ5ce ( true feel+ is z fav\rable to s\nd ?\ght z to wise activity4 ,! subord9ation ( ! intellect to ! he>t is ! ,subjective ,pr9ciple ( ,positivism ,our doctr9e1 !re=e1 is "o :i* r5d]s hypocrisy & oppression alike impossible4 ,& x n[ /&s =w>d z ! result ( all ! ef=ts ( ! pa/1 = ! reg5]ation ( ord]1 :i*1 :e!r consid]$ individually or socially1 is s deeply compromis$ by ! an>*y ( ! pres5t "t4 ,x e/abli%es a fundam5tal pr9ciple by :i* true philosophy & s\nd polity are br\ght into correlation2 a pr9ciple :i* c be felt z well z prov$1 & :i* is at once ! key/one ( a sy/em & a basis ( gov]nm5t4 ,i %all %[1 moreov]1 9 ! fif? *apt]1 t ! doctr9e is z ri* 9 e/hetic beauty z 9 philosophical p[] & 9 social influ5ce4 ,?is w complete ! pro( ( its efficacy z ! c5tre ( a univ]sal sy/em4 ,view$ f ! moral1 sci5tific1 or poetical aspect1 x is equally valuable2 & x is ! only pr9ciple :i* c br+ ,humanity safely ?r\gh ! mo/ =midable crisis t %e has ev] yet und]gone4 ,x w be n[ cle> to all t ! =ce ( demon/ration1 a =ce peculi> to mod]n times1 & :i* /ill reta9s mu* ( its de/ructive "*1 becomes matur$ & elevat$ by ,positivism4 ,x beg9s to develop con/ructive t5d5cies1 :i* w soon be develop$ m l>gely4 ,x is n too mu*1 !n1 to say t ,positivism1 not)/&+ its speculative orig91 (f]s z mu* to natures ( deep sympa?y z to m5 ( highly cultivat$ intellects1 or ( en]getic "*4 ,objective basis ( ! sy/em2 ,ext]nal ,ord] ( ! ,_w1 z reveal$ by ,sci5ce ,! _s & ! pr9ciple ( ! syn!sis :i* all true philosoph]s %\ld endeav\r to e/abli%1 h n[ be5 def9$4 ,i proce$ to expla9 ! me?od t %\ld be foll[$ 9 ! task1 & ! peculi> difficulty ) :i* x is att5d$4 ,! object ( ! syn!sis w n be secur$ until x embraces ! :ole ext5t ( its doma91 ! moral & practical dep>tm5ts z well z ! intellectual4 ,b ^! ?ree dep>tm5ts _c be dealt ) simultane\sly4 ,!y foll[ an ord] ( succession :i*1 s f> f dissev]+ !m f ! :ole to :i* !y belong1 is se5 :5 c>efully exam9$ to be a natural result ( _! mutual dep5d5ce4 ,! tru? is1 & x is a tru? ( great importance1 t ,?\ghts mu/ be sy/ematiz$ be=e ,feel+s1 ,feel+s be=e ,actions4 ,x is d\btless1 ow+ to a confus$ appreh5sion ( ?is tru?1 t philosoph]s hi!rto1 9 fram+ _! sy/ems ( human nature1 h dealt almo/ exclusively1 ) our intellectual faculties4 ,! necessity ( comm5c+ ) ! co-ord9ation ( ideas is n m]ely due to ! fact t ! relations ( ^!1 be+ m simple & m susceptible ( demon/ration1 =m a useful logical prep>ation = ! rema9d] ( ! task4 ,on clos] exam9ation we f9d a m important1 ?\gh less obvi\s reason4 ,if ?is fir/ portion ( ! "w be once effici5tly p]=m$1 x is ! f\ndation ( all ! re/4 ,9 :at rema9s no v s]i\s difficulty w occur1 provid$ always t we cont5t ourselves ) t degree ( complet5ess :i* ! ultimate purpose ( ! sy/em requires4 ,to give su* p>am\nt importance to ?is portion ( ! subject may seem at fir/ sight inconsi/5t ) ! proposition j laid d[n1 t ! /r5g? ( ! intellectual faculties is f> inf]ior to t ( ! o!r elem5ts ( our nature4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ,feel+ & ,activity h mu* m to d ) any practical /ep t we take ?an pure ,reason4 ,9 attempt+ to expla9 ?is p>adox1 we come at la/ to ! peculi> difficulty ( ?is great problem ( human ,unity4 ,! fir/ condition ( unity is a subjective pr9ciple2 & ?is pr9ciple 9 ! ,positive sy/em is ! subord9ation ( ! intellect to ! he>t3 ,)\t ?is ! unity t we seek c nev] be plac$ on a p]man5t basis1 :e!r individually or collectively4 ,x is ess5tial to h "s influ5ce suffici5tly p[]ful to produce conv]g5ce amid ! het]og5e\s & (t5 antagoni/ic t5d5cies ( s complex an organism z ours4 ,b ?is fir/ condition1 indisp5sable z x is1 w\ld be q insuffici5t = ! purpose1 )\t "s objective basis1 exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ourselves 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,t basis consi/s = u 9 ! laws or ,ord] ( ! ph5om5a by :i* ,humanity is regulat$4 ,! subjection ( human life to ?is ord] is inconte/able2 & z soon z ! intellect has enabl$ u to compreh5d x1 x becomes possible = ! feel+ ( love to ex]cise a controll+ influ5ce ov] our discordant t5d5cies4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! mission allott$ to ! intellect 9 ! ,positive syn!sis2 9 ?is s5se x is t x %\ld be consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! he>t4 ,i h said t our conception ( human unity mu/ be totally inadequate1 &1 inde$1 _c des]ve ! "n1 s long z x does n embrace e elem5t ( our nature4 ,b x w\ld be equally fatal to ! complet5ess ( ?is great conception to ?9k ( human nature irrespectively ( :at lies outside x4 ,a purely subjective unity1 )\t any objective basis1 w\ld be simply impossible4 ,9 ! fir/ place any attempt to co-ord9ate man's moral nature1 )\t reg>d to ! ext]nal _w1 suppos+ ! attempt feasible1 w\ld h v little p]man5t influ5ce on our happ9ess1 :e!r collectively or individually2 s9ce happ9ess dep5ds s l>gely ^u our relations to all t exi/s ar\nd u4 ,besides ?is1 we h to consid] ! exce$+ imp]fection ( our nature4 ,self-love is deeply implant$ 9 x1 & :5 left to itself is f> /rong] ?an ,social ,sympa?y4 ,! social in/9cts w\ld nev] ga9 ! ma/]y 7 !y n su/a9$ & call$ into con/ant ex]cise by ! economy ( ! ext]nal _w1 an influ5ce :i* at ! same "t *ecks ! p[] ( ! selfi% in/9cts4 ,by x ! selfi% affections are controll$2 ! unselfi% /r5g!n$ ,to und]/& ?is economy aright2 we mu/ rememb] t x embraces n m]ely ! inorganic _w1 b also ! ph5om5a ( our own exi/5ce4 ,! ph5om5a ( human life1 ?\gh m modifiable ?an any o!rs1 are yet equally subject to inv>iable laws2 laws :i* =m ! pr9cipal objects ( ,positive speculation4 ,n[ ! b5evol5t affections1 :i* !mselves act 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( social developm5t1 incl9e u to submit to all o!r laws1 z soon z ! intellect has discov]$ _! exi/5ce4 ,! possibility ( moral unity dep5ds1 !re=e1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! individual1 b /ill m 9 t ( society1 ^u ! necessity ( recogniz+ our subjection to an ext]nal p[]4 ,by ?is means our self-reg>d+ in/9cts are r5d]$ susceptible ( discipl9e4 ,9 !mselves !y are /rong en\gh to neutralize all sympa!tic t5d5cies1 7 x n = ! support t ! latt] f9d 9 ?is ,ext]nal ,ord]4 ,its discov]y is due to ! intellect2 :i* is ?us enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( feel+1 ) ! ultimate purpose ( regulat+ action4 ,?us x is t an intellectual syn!sis1 or sy/ematic /udy ( ! laws ( nature1 is ne$$ on f> high] gr\nds ?an ^? ( satisfy+ our !oretical faculties1 :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 v feeble1 ev5 9 m5 :o devote !mselves to a life ( ?\ght4 ,x is ne$$1 because x solves at once ! mo/ difficult problem ( ! moral syn!sis4 ,! high] impulses )9 u are br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( a p[]ful /imulus f )\t4 ,by its means !y are enabl$ to control our discordant impulses1 & to ma9ta9 a /ate ( h>mony t[>ds :i* !y h always t5d$1 b :i*1 )\t su* aid1 c\ld nev] be realiz$4 ,moreov]1 ?is conception ( ! ord] ( nature evid5tly supplies ! basis = a syn!sis ( human action2 = ! efficacy ( our action dep5ds entirely ^u _! con=mity to ?is ord]4 ,b ?is "p ( ! subject has be5 fully expla9$ 9 my previ\s "w1 & ,i ne$ n enl>ge ^u x fur!r4 ,z soon z ! syn!sis ( m5tal conceptions enables u to =m a syn!sis ( feel+s1 x is cle> t !re w be no v s]i\s difficulties 9 con/ruct+ a syn!sis ( actions4 ,unity ( action dep5ds ^u unity ( impulse1 & unity ( design2 & ?us we f9d t ! co-ord9ation ( human nature1 z a :ole1 dep5ds ultimately ^u ! co-ord9ation ( m5tal conceptions1 a subject :i* seem$ at fir/ ( comp>atively slight importance4 ,! subjective pr9ciple ( ,positivism1 t is1 ! subord9ation ( ! intellect to ! he>t is ?us =tifi$ by an objective basis1 ! immutable ,necessity ( ! ext]nal _w2 & by ?is means x becomes possible to br+ human life )9 ! influ5ce ( social sympa?y4 ,! sup]iority ( ! new syn!sis to ! old is ev5 m evid5t "u ?is second aspect ?an "u ! fir/4 ,9 !ological sy/ems ! objective basis 0 suppli$ by spontane\s belief 9 a sup]natural ,w4 ,n[1 :atev] ! degree ( reality attribut$ to ^! fictions1 !y all proce$$ f a subjective s\rce2 & !re=e _! influ5ce 9 mo/ cases mu/ h be5 v confus$ & fluctuat+4 ,9 respect ( moral discipl9e !y _c be comp>$ ei!r = precision1 = =ce1 or = /ability1 to ! conception ( an inv>iable ,ord]1 actually exi/+ )\t u1 & atte/$1 :e!r we w or no1 by e act ( our exi/5ce4 ,our conception ( ?is ,ext]nal ,ord] has be5 gradually gr[+ f ! e>lie/ times1 & is b j complete ,?is fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,positivism is n to be attribut$ 9 ! full bread? ( its mean+s to any s+le ?9k]4 ,x is ! sl[ result ( a va/ process c>ri$ out 9 sep>ate dep>tm5ts1 :i* began ) ! fir/ use ( our intellectual p[]s1 & :i* is only j complet$ 9 ^? :o exhibit ^? p[]s 9 _! highe/ =m4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( h] infancy ,humanity has be5 prep>+ ?is ! mo/ preci\s ( h] intellectual atta9m5ts1 z ! basis = ! only sy/em ( life :i* is p]man5tly adapt$ to our nature4 ,! doctr9e has to be demon/rat$ 9 all ! m ess5tial cases f obs]vation only1 except s f> z we admit argum5t f analogy4 ,d$uctive argum5t is n admissible1 except 9 su* cases z are evid5tly comp\nd$ ( o!rs 9 :i* ! pro( giv5 has be5 suffici5t4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we are au?oriz$ by s\nd logic to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( laws ( wea!r2 ?\gh mo/ ( ^! are /ill1 &1 p]haps1 always w be1 unkn[n4 ,= x is cle> t meteorological ph5om5a result f a comb9ation ( a/ronomical1 physical & *emical influ5ces1 ea* ( :i* has be5 prov$ to be subject to inv>iable laws4 ,b 9 all ph5om5a :i* are n ?us r$ucible1 we mu/ h rec\rse to inductive reason+2 = a pr9ciple :i* is ! basis ( all d$uction _c be itself d$uc$4 ,h5ce x is t ! doctr9e1 be+ s entirely =eign z x is to our primitive m5tal /ate1 requires su* a long c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,)\t su* prep>ation ev5 ! greate/ ?9k]s c\ld n anticipate x4 ,x is true t 9 "s cases metaphysical conceptions ( a law h be5 =m$ be=e ! pro( really requir$ _h be5 furni%$4 ,b !y 7 nev] ( mu* s]vice1 except s f> z !y g5]aliz$ 9 a m or less confus$ way ! analogies naturally sugge/$ by ! laws :i* _h actually be5 discov]$ 9 simpl] ph5om5a4 ,besides1 su* ass]tions always rema9$ v d\btful & v b>r5 9 result1 until !y 7 bas$ ^u "s outl9e ( a really ,positive !ory4 ,?us1 9 spite ( ! app>5t pot5cy ( ?is metaphysical me?od1 to :i* mod]n intellects are s addict$1 ! conception ( an ,ext]nal ,ord] is /ill extremely imp]fect 9 _m ( ! mo/ cultivat$ m9ds1 because !y h n v]ifi$ x suffici5tly 9 ! mo/ intricate & important class ( ph5om5a1 ! ph5om5a ( society4 ,i am n1 ( c\rse1 speak+ ( ! few ?9k]s :o accept my discov]y ( ! pr9cipal laws ( ,sociology4 ,su* unc]ta9ty 9 a subject s closely relat$ to all o!rs1 produces great confusion 9 m5's m9ds1 & affects _! p]ception ( an inv>iable ord]1 ev5 9 ! simple/ subjects4 ,a pro( ( ?is is ! utt] delusion into :i* mo/ geometricians ( ! pres5t day h fall5 ) respect to :at !y call ! ,calculus ( ,*ances2 a conception :i* presupposes t ! ph5om5a consid]$ are n subject to law4 ,! doctr9e1 !re=e1 _c be consid]$ z firmly e/abli%$ 9 any "o case1 until x has be5 v]ifi$ specially 9 e "o ( ! prim>y categories 9 :i* ph5om5a may be class$4 ,b n[ t ?is difficult condition has really be5 fulfill$ by ! few ?9k]s :o h ris5 to ! level ( _! age1 we h at la/ a firm objective basis on :i* to e/abli% ! h>mony ( our moral nature4 ,t basis is1 t all ev5ts :atev]1 ! ev5ts ( our own p]sonal & social life includ$1 are always subject to natural relations ( sequ5ce & similitude1 :i* 9 all ess5tial respects lie beyond ! rea* ( our int]f]5ce4 ,ev5 :]e n modifiable1 its influ5ce on ! "* is ( ! greate/ value ,?is1 !n1 is ! ext]nal basis ( our syn!sis1 :i* includes ! moral & practical faculties1 z well z ! speculative4 ,x re/s at e po9t ^u ! un*angeable ,ord] ( ! _w4 ,! "r und]/&+ ( ?is ord] is ! pr9cipal subject ( our ?\ghts2 its prepond]at+ influ5ce det]m9es ! g5]al c\rse ( our feel+s2 its gradual improvem5t is ! con/ant object ( our actions4 ,to =m a m precise notion ( its influ5ce1 let u imag9e t = a mom5t x 7 really to cease4 ,! result w\ld be t our intellectual faculties1 aft] wa/+ !mselves 9 wild extravagancies1 w\ld s9k rapidly into incurable slo?2 our nobl] feel+s w\ld be unable to prev5t ! asc5dancy ( ! l[] in/9cts2 & our active p[]s w\ld ab&on !mselves to purposeless agitation4 ,m5 h1 x is true1 be5 = a long "t ignorant ( ?is ,ord]4 ,nev]!less we h be5 always subject to x2 & its influ5ce has always t5d$1 ?\gh )\t our k1 to control our :ole be+2 our actions fir/1 & subsequ5tly our ?\ghts1 & ev5 our affections4 ,z we h advanc$ 9 our k ( x1 our ?\ghts h become less vague1 our desires less caprici\s1 our conduct less arbitr>y4 ,& n[ t we are able to grasp ! full mean+ ( ! conception1 its influ5ce ext5ds to e "p ( our conduct4 ,= x tea*es u t ! object to be aim$ at 9 ! economy devis$ by man1 is wise developm5t ( ! irresi/ible economy ( nature1 :i* _c be am5d$ till x is fir/ /udi$ & obey$4 ,9 "s dep>tm5ts x has ! "* ( fate2 t is1 x admits ( no modification4 ,b ev5 "h1 9 spite ( ! sup]ficial objections to x :i* h aris5 f intellectual pride1 x is necess>y = ! prop] regulation ( human life4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t man 7 exempt f ! necessity ( liv+ on ! e>?1 & 7 free to pass at w f "o planet to ano!r1 ! v notion ( society w\ld be r5d]$ impossible by ! lic5ce :i* ea* individual w\ld h to give way to :atev] unsettl+ & di/ract+ impulses 8 nature might incl9e him4 ,our prop5sities are s het]og5e\s & s defici5t 9 elevation1 t !re w\ld be no fixity or consi/5cy 9 our conduct1 b = ^! insurm\ntable conditions4 ,our feeble reason may fret at su* re/rictions1 b )\t !m all its delib]ations w\ld be confus$ & purposeless4 ,we are p[]less to create3 all t we c d 9 bett]+ our condition is to modify an ord] 9 :i* we c produce no radical *ange4 ,suppos+ u 9 possession ( t absolute indep5d5ce to :i* metaphysical pride aspires1 x is c]ta9 t s f> f improv+ our condition1 x w\ld be a b> to all developm5t1 :e!r social or individual4 ,! true pa? ( human progress lies 9 ! opposite direction2 9 dim9i%+ ! vacillation1 inconsi/5cy1 & discordance ( our designs by furni%+ ext]nal motives = ^? op]ations ( our intellectual1 moral & practical p[]s1 ( :i* ! orig9al s\rce 0 purely int]nal4 ,! ties by :i* our v>i\s div]g+ t5d5cies are held toge!r w\ld be q inadequate = _! purpose1 )\t a basis ( support 9 ! ext]nal _w1 :i* is unaffect$ by ! spontane\s v>iations ( our nature4 ,b1 h[ev] great ! value ( ,positive doctr9e 9 po9t+ out ! un*angeable aspects ( ! univ]sal ,ord]1 :at we h pr9cipally to consid] are ! num]\s dep>tm5ts 9 :i* t ord] admits ( artificial modifications4 ,"h lies ! mo/ important sph]e ( human activity4 ,! only ph5om5a1 inde$1 :i* we are :olly unable to modify are ! simple/ ( all1 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em :i* we inhabit4 ,x is true t n[ t we "k its laws we c easily conceive !m improv$ 9 c]ta9 respects2 b to :atev] degree our p[] ov] nature may ext5d1 we %all nev] be able to produce ! slighte/ *ange 9 !m4 ,:at we h to d is s to dispose our life z to submit to ^! resi/less fatalities 9 ! be/ way we c2 & ?is is comp>atively easy1 because _! great] simplicity enables u to =esee !m ) m precision & 9 a m di/9ct future4 ,_! int]pretation by ,positive sci5ce has _h a mo/ important influ5ce on ! gradual education ( ! human intellect3 & x w always cont9ue to be ! s\rce f :i* we obta9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ impressive s5se ( ,immutability4 ,too exclusively /udi$ !y might ev5 n[ lead to fatalism2 b controll$ z _! influ5ce w be h5ce=w>d by a m philosophic education1 !y may well become a means ( moral improvem5t1 by dispos+ u to submit ) resignation to all evils :i* are absolutely insurm\ntable4 ,b 9 mo/ cases we c modify x2 & 9 ^! ! k ( x =ms ! sy/ematic basis ( human action ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ext]nal economy1 inv>iability 9 all prim>y aspects is f\nd compatible ) modifications 9 po9ts ( second>y importance4 ,^! modifications become m num]\s & ext5sive z ! ph5om5a are m complex4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! causes f a comb9ation ( :i* ! effects proce$ be+ m v>i$ & m accessible1 (f] great] facilities to our feeble p[]s to int]f]e ) advantage4 ,b all ?is has be5 fully expla9$ 9 my ,sy/em ( ,positive ,philosophy4 ,! t5d5cy ( t "w 0 to %[ t our int]v5tion became m efficaci\s 9 proportion z ! ph5om5a ^u :i* we act$ _h a clos] relation to ! life ( man or society4 ,inde$ ! ext5sive modifications ( :i* society admits1 g f> to keep up ! common mi/ake t social ph5om5a are n subject to any con/ant law4 ,at ! same "t we h to rememb] t ?is increas$ possibility ( human int]v5tion 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,ext]nal ,ord] necess>ily coexi/s ) increas$ imp]fection1 = :i* x is a valuable b v inadequate comp5sation4 ,bo? features alike result f ! increase ( complexity4 ,ev5 ! laws ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em are v f> f p]fect1 not)/&+ _! great] simplicity1 :i* inde$ makes _! defects m p]ceptible4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! defects %\ld be tak5 into c>eful consid]ation2 n inde$ ) ! hope ( am5d+ !m1 b z a *eck ^u unreason+ admiration4 ,besides1 !y lead u to a cle>] conception ( ! true position ( ,humanity1 a position ( :i* ! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! necessity ( /ruggl+ aga9/ difficulties ( e k9d4 ,la/ly1 by obs]v+ ^! defects we are less likely to wa/e our "t 9 seek+ = absolute p]fection1 & s neglect+ ! wis] c\rse ( look+ = su* improvem5ts z are really possible4 ,9 all o!r ph5om5a1 ! increas+ imp]fection ( ! economy ( nature becomes a p[]ful /imulus to all our faculties1 :e!r moral1 intellectual or practical4 ,"h we f9d suff]+s :i* c really be alleviat$ to a l>ge ext5t by wise & well-su/a9$ comb9ation ( ef=ts4 ,?is consid]ation %\ld give a firmness & dignity ( be>+1 to :i* ,humanity c\ld nev] atta9 dur+ h] p]iod ( infancy4 ,^? :o look wisely into ! future ( society w feel t ! conception ( man becom+1 )\t fe> or boa/1 ! arbit]1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ( 8 own de/9y1 has 9 x some?+ f> m satisfy+ ?an ! old belief 9 ,provid5ce1 :i* impli$ our rema9+ passive4 ,social union w be /r5g!n$ by ! conception1 because e "o w see t union =ms our pr9cipal res\rce aga9/ ! mis]ies ( human life4 ,& :ile x calls out our noble/ sympa?ies1 x impresses u m /rongly ) ! importance ( high intellectual culture1 be+ itself ! object = :i* su* culture is requir$4 ,^! important results h be5 ev] on ! increase 9 mod]n times2 yet hi!rto !y h be5 too limit$ & casual to be appreciat$ rightly1 except s f> z we c\ld anticipate ! future ( society by ! light ( s\nd hi/orical pr9ciples4 ,art1 s f> z x is yet organiz$1 does n include t "p ( ! economy ( nature :i*1 be+ ! mo/ modifiable1 ! mo/ imp]fect1 & ! mo/ important ( all1 ought on e gr\nd to be reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal object ( human ex]tions4 ,ev5 ,m$ical ,art1 specially s call$1 is only j beg9n+ to free itself f its primitive r\t9e4 ,& ,social ,art1 :e!r moral or political1 is plung$ 9 r\t9e s deeply t few /atesm5 admit ! possibility ( %ak+ x (f4 ,yet ( all ! arts1 x is ! "o :i* be/ admits ( be+ r$uc$ to a sy/em2 & until ?is is done x w be impossible to place on a rational basis all ! re/ ( our practical life4 ,all ^! n>r[ views are due simply to insuffici5t recognition ( ! fact1 t ! highe/ ph5om5a are z mu* subject to laws z o!rs4 ,:5 ! conception ( ! ,ord] ( ,nature has become g5]ally accept$ 9 its full ext5t1 ! ord9>y def9ition ( ,art w become z compreh5sive & z homog5e\s z t ( ,sci5ce2 & x w !n become obvi\s to all s\nd ?9k]s t ! pr9cipal sph]e ( bo? ,art & ,sci5ce is ! social life ( man4 ,?us ! social s]vices ( ! ,intellect are n limit$ to reveal+ ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal ,economy1 & ! necessity ( submission to its sway4 ,if ! !ory is to h any influ5ce ^u our active p[]s1 x %\ld include an exact e/imate ( ! imp]fections ( ?is economy & ( ! limits )9 :i* x v>ies1 s z to indicate & def9e ! b\nd>ies ( human int]v5tion4 ,?us x w always be an important function ( philosophy to criticize nature 9 a ,positive _s1 al?\gh ! antipa?y to !ology by :i* su* criticism 0 =m]ly animat$ has ceas$ to h mu* int]e/1 f ! v fact ( hav+ done its "w s effectually4 ,! object ( ,positive criticism is n controv]sial4 ,x aims simply at putt+ ! great "q ( human life 9 a cle>] light4 ,x be>s closely on :at ,positivism tea*es to be ! great end ( life1 namely1 ! /ruggle to become m p]fect2 :i* implies previ\s imp]fection4 ,?is tru? is /rik+ly app>5t :5 appli$ to ! case ( our own nature1 = true morality requires a deep & habitual consci\sness ( our natural defects4 ,! *ief difficulty ( ! ,positive ,syn!sis 0 to complete our conception ( ! ,ext]nal ,ord]1 by ext5d+ x to ,social ph5om5a ,i h n[ describ$ ! fundam5tal condition ( ! ,positive ,syn!sis4 ,d]iv+ its subjective pr9ciple f ! affections1 x is dep5d5t ultimately on ! intellect = its objective basis4 ,?is basis connects x ) ! ,economy ( ! ext]nal _w1 ! dom9ion ( :i* ,humanity accepts1 & at ! same "t modifies4 ,i h left _m po9ts unexpla9$2 b en\gh has be5 said = ! purpose ( ?is "w1 :i* is only ! introduction to a l>g] treatise4 ,we n[ come to ! ess5tial difficulty t pres5t$ itself 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,syn!sis4 ,t difficulty 0 to discov] ! true ,!ory ( human & social ,developm5t4 ,! fir/ decisive /ep 9 ?is discov]y r5d]s ! conception ( ! ,ord] ( ,nature complete4 ,x /&s out !n z ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( an univ]sal sy/em1 = :i* ! :ole c\rse ( mod]n progress has be5 prep>+ ! way4 ,= ?ree c5turies m5 ( sci5ce h be5 unconsci\sly co-op]at+ 9 ! "w4 ,!y h left no gap ( any importance1 except 9 ! region ( ,moral & ,social ph5om5a4 ,& n[ t man's hi/ory has be5 = ! fir/ "t sy/ematically consid]$ z a :ole1 & has be5 f\nd to be1 l all o!r ph5om5a1 subject to inv>iable laws1 ! prep>atory lab\rs ( mod]n ,sci5ce are end$4 ,h] rema9+ task is to con/ruct t syn!sis :i* w place h] at ! only po9t ( view f :i* e dep>tm5t ( k c be embrac$4 ,9 my ,sy/em ( ,positive ,philosophy bo? ^! objects 7 aim$ at4 ,i attempt$1 & 9 ! op9ion ( ! pr9cipal ?9k]s ( our "t successfully1 to complete & at ! same "t co-ord9ate ,natural ,philosophy1 by e/abli%+ ! g5]al law ( human developm5t1 social z well z intellectual4 ,i %all n n[ ent] into ! discussion ( ?is law1 s9ce its tru? is no long] conte/$4 ,full] consid]ation ( x is res]v$ = ! ?ird volume ( my new treatise4 ,x lays d[n1 z is g5]ally kn[n1 t our speculations ^u all subjects :atsoev]1 pass necess>ily ?r\gh ?ree successive /ages3 a ,!ological /age1 9 :i* free play is giv5 to spontane\s fictions admitt+ ( no pro(2 ! ,metaphysical /age1 *>act]iz$ by ! preval5ce ( p]sonifi$ ab/ractions or entities2 la/ly1 ! ,positive /age1 bas$ ^u an exact view ( ! real facts ( ! case4 ,! fir/1 ?\gh purely provisional1 is inv>iably ! po9t f :i* we />t2 ! ?ird is ! only p]man5t or normal /ate2 ! second has b a modify+ or r a solv5t influ5ce1 :i* qualifies x = regulat+ ! transition f ! fir/ /age to ! ?ird4 ,we beg9 ) !ological ,imag9ation1 !nce we pass ?r\gh metaphysical ,discussion1 & we end at la/ ) positive ,demon/ration4 ,?us by means ( ?is "o g5]al law we are enabl$ to take a compreh5sive & simultane\s view ( ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future ( ,humanity4 ,9 my ,sy/em ( ,positive ,philosophy1 ?is law ( ,filiation has always be5 associat$ ) ! law ( ,classification1 ! application ( :i* to ,social ,dynamics furni%es ! second elem5t requisite = ! !ory ( developm5t4 ,x fixes ! ord] 9 :i* our diff]5t conceptions pass ?r\gh ea* ( ^! phases4 ,t ord]1 z is g5]ally kn[n1 is det]m9$ by ! decreas+ g5]ality1 or :at comes to ! same ?+1 by ! increas+ complexity ( ! ph5om5a2 ! m complex be+ naturally dep5d5t ^u ^? t are m simple & less special4 ,arrang+ ! sci5ces accord+ to ?is mutual relation1 we f9d !m gr\p$ naturally 9 six prim>y divisions#b2 ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,biology1 & ,sociology4 ,ea* passes ?r\gh ! ?ree phases ( developm5ts be=e ! "o succe$+ x4 ,)\t cont9u\s ref]5ce to ?is classification ! !ory ( developm5t w\ld be confus$ & vague4 ,! !ory ?us d]iv$ f ! comb9ation ( ?is second or /atical law ) ! dynamical law ( ! ?ree /ages1 seems at fir/ sight to include no?+ b ! intellectual movem5t4 ,b my previ\s rem>ks w h %[n t ?is is en\gh to gu>antee its applicability to social progress also2 s9ce social progress has inv>iably dep5d$ on ! gr[? ( our fundam5tal beliefs ) reg>d to ! economy t surr\nds u4 ,! hi/orical portion ( my ,positive ,philosophy has prov$ an unbrok5 connexion betwe5 ! developm5t ( ,activity & t ( ,speculation2 on ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ^! dep5ds ! developm5t ( ,affection4 ,! !ory !re=e requires no alt]ation3 :at is want$ is m]ely an additional /atem5t expla9+ ! phases ( active1 t is to say1 ( political developm5t4 ,human activity1 z ,i h long s9ce %[n1 passes successively ?r\gh ! /ages ( ,(f5sive w>f>e1 ,def5sive w>f>e1 & ,indu/ry4 ,! respective connexion ( ^! /ates ) ! prepond]ance ( ! !ological1 !n metaphysical1 or ! positive _s leads at once to a complete explanation ( hi/ory4 ,x reproduces 9 a sy/ematic =m ! only hi/orical conception :i* has become adopt$ by univ]sal cons5t2 ! division1 namely1 ( hi/ory into ,anci5t1 ,m$iaeval1 & ,mod]n4 ,?us ! f\ndation ( ,social sci5ce dep5ds simply ^u e/abli%+ ! tru? ( ?is !ory ( developm5t4 ,we d ?is by comb9+ ! dynamic law1 :i* is its di/9ctive feature1 ) ! /atical pr9ciple :i* r5d]s x coh]5t2 we !n complete ! !ory by ext5d+ x to practical life4 ,all k is n[ br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( ,natural ,philosophy2 & ! provisional di/9ction by :i*1 s9ce ,ari/otle & ,plato1 x has be5 s %>ply dem>cat$ f ,moral ,philosophy1 ceases to exi/4 ,! ,positive _s1 s long conf9$ to ! simpl] inorganic ph5om5a1 has n[ pass$ ?r\gh its difficult c\rse ( probation4 ,x ext5ds to a m important & m intricate class ( speculations1 & dis5gages !m = ev] f all !ological or metaphysical influ5ce4 ,all our notions ( tru? are ?us r5d]$ homog5e\s1 & beg9 at once to conv]ge t[>ds a c5tral pr9ciple4 ,a firm objective basis is consequ5tly laid d[n = t complete co-ord9ation ( human exi/5ce t[>ds :i* all s\nd ,philosophy has ev] t5d$1 b :i* ! want ( adequate mat]ials has hi!rto made impossible4 ,by ! discov]y ( ,sociological laws social que/ions are made p>am\nt2 & ?us our subjective pr9ciple is satisfi$ )\t dang] to free ?\ght ,x w be felt1 ,i ?9k1 t ! pr9cipal difficulty ( ! ,positive ,syn!sis 0 met by my discov]y ( ! laws ( developm5t1 if we be> 9 m9d t :ile t !ory completes & co-ord9ates ! objective basis ( ! sy/em1 x at ! same "t holds x 9 subord9ation to ! subjective pr9ciple4 ,x is "u ! influ5ce ( ?is moral pr9ciple t ! :ole philosophical con/ruction %\ld be c>ri$ on4 ,! inquiry into ! ,ord] ( ! ,univ]se is an indisp5sable task1 & x comes necess>ily )9 ! prov9ce ( ! intellect2 b ! intellect is too apt to aim 9 its pride at some?+ beyond its prop] function1 :i* consi/s 9 unremitt+ s]vice ( ! social sympa?ies4 ,x w\ld will+ly escape f all control & foll[ its own b5t t[>ds speculative digressions2 a t5d5cy :i* is at pres5t fav\r$ by ! undiscipl9$ habits ( ?\ght naturally due to ! fir/ rise ( ,positivism 9 its special dep>tm5ts4 ,! influ5ce ( ! moral pr9ciple is necess>y to recall x to its true function2 s9ce if its inve/igations 7 all[$ to assume an absolute "*1 & to recognize no limit1 we %\ld only be repeat+ 9 a sci5tific =m _m ( ! wor/ results ( !ological & metaphysical belief4 ,! ,univ]se is to be /udi$ n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( ,man or r ( ,humanity4 ,to /udy x 9 any o!r _s w\ld n only be immoral1 b also highly irrational4 ,=1 z /atem5ts ( pure objective tru?1 our sci5tific !ories c nev] be really satisfactory4 ,!y c only satisfy u f ! subjective po9t ( view2 t is1 by limit+ !mselves to ! treatm5t ( su* que/ions z h "s direct or indirect influ5ce ov] human life4 ,x is = social feel+ to det]m9e ^! limits2 outside :i* our k w always rema9 imp]fect z well z useless1 & ?is ev5 9 ! case ( ! simple/ ph5om5a2 z a/ronomy te/ifies4 ,7 ! influ5ce ( social feel+ to be slack5$1 ! ,positive _s w\ld soon fall back to ! subjects :i* 7 pref]r$ dur+ ! p]iod ( its infancy2 subjects ! mo/ remote f human int]e/1 & !re=e also ! easie/4 ,:ile its probation>y p]iod la/$1 x 0 natural to inve/igate all accessible problems )\t di/9ction2 & ?is 0 (t5 ju/ifi$ by ! logical value ( _m problems t1 sci5tifically speak+1 7 useless4 ,b n[ t ! ,positive me?od has be5 suffici5tly develop$ to be appli$ exclusively to ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$1 !re is no use :atev] 9 prolong+ ! p]iod ( probation by ^! idle ex]cises4 ,inde$ ! want ( purpose & discipl9e 9 our rese>*es is rapidly assum+ a retrograde "*4 ,its t5d5cy is to undo ! *ief results obta9$ by ! _s ( detail dur+ ! "t :5 t _s 0 really ess5tial to progress4 ,"h1 !n1 we are met by a s]i\s difficulty4 ,! con/ruction ( ! objective basis = ! ,positive syn!sis imposes two conditions :i* seem1 at fir/ sight1 incompatible4 ,on ! "o h& we mu/ all[ ! intellect to be free1 or else we %all n h ! full b5efit ( its s]vices2 &1 on ! o!r1 we mu/ control its natural t5d5cy to unlimit$ digressions4 ,! problem 0 insoluble1 s long z ! /udy ( ! natural economy did n include ,sociology4 ,b z soon z ! ,positive _s ext5ds to ! treatm5t ( social que/ions1 ^! at once take prec$5ce ( all o!rs1 & ?us ! moral po9t ( view becomes p>am\nt4 ,objective sci5ce1 proce$+ f )\t inw>ds1 falls at la/ into natural h>mony ) ! subjective or moral pr9ciple1 ! sup]iority ( :i* x _h = s long a "t resi/$4 ,z a m]e speculative "q x may be consid]$ z prov$ to ! satisfaction ( e true ?9k]1 t ! social po9t ( view is logically & sci5tifically supreme ov] all o!rs1 be+ ! only po9t f :i* all our sci5tific conceptions c be reg>d$ z a :ole4 ,yet its influ5ce c nev] be injuri\s to ! progress ( o!r ,positive /udies2 = ^!1 :e!r = ! sake ( _! me?od or ( _! subject matt]1 w always cont9ue to be necess>y z an introduction to ! f9al sci5ce4 ,inde$ ! ,positive sy/em gives ! highe/ sanction & ! mo/ p[]ful /imulus to all prelim9>y sci5ces1 by insi/+ on ! relation :i* ea* ( !m be>s to ! great :ole1 ,humanity4 ,?us ! f\ndation ( social sci5ce be>s out ! /atem5t made at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w1 t ! intellect w\ld1 "u ,positivism1 accept its prop] position ( subord9ation to ! he>t4 ,! recognition ( ?is1 :i* is ! subjective pr9ciple ( ,positivism1 r5d]s ! con/ruction ( a complete sy/em ( human life possible4 ,! antagonism :i*1 s9ce ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 has aris5 betwe5 ,reason & ,feel+1 0 an anomal\s ?\gh inevitable condition4 ,x is n[ = ev] at an end2 & ! only sy/em :i* c really satisfy ! wants ( our nature1 individually or collectively1 is !re=e ready = our acceptance4 ,z long z ! antagonism exi/$1 x 0 hopeless to expect t ,social ,sympa?y c\ld d mu* to modify ! prepond]ance ( self-love 9 ! affairs ( life4 ,b ! case is diff]5t z soon z reason & sympa?y are br\ght into active co-op]ation4 ,sep>ately1 _! influ5ce 9 our imp]fect organization is v feeble2 b comb9$ x may ext5d indef9itely4 ,x w nev]1 inde$1 be able to d away ) ! fact t practical life mu/1 to a l>ge ext5t1 be regulat$ by int]e/$ motives2 yet x may introduce a /&>d ( morality inconceivably high] ?an any t has exi/$ 9 ! pa/1 be=e ^! two modify+ =ces c\ld be made to comb9e _! action ^u our /rong] & l[] in/9cts4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,ab/ract & ,concrete laws4 ,x is ! =m] only t we require = ! purpose be=e u ,9 ord] to give a m precise conception ( ! intellectual basis on :i* ! sy/em ( ,positive ,polity %\ld re/1 ,i mu/ expla9 ! g5]al pr9ciple by :i* x %\ld be limit$4 ,x %\ld be conf9$ to :at is really indisp5sable to ! con/ruction ( t ,polity4 ,o!rwise ! intellect w be c>ri$ away1 z x has be5 be=e1 by its t5d5cy to useless digressions4 ,x w endeav\r to ext5d ! limits ( its prov9ce2 !reby escap+ f ! discipl9e impos$ by social motives1 & putt+ (f all attempts at moral & social reg5]ation = a long] "t ?an ! con/ruction ( ! philosophic basis = action really dem&s4 ,"h we %all f9d a fre% pro( ( ! importance ( my !ory ( developm5t4 ,by t discov]y ! intellectual syn!sis may be consid]$ z hav+ already rea*$ ! po9t f :i* ! syn!sis ( affections may be at once begun2 & ev5 t ( actions1 at lea/ 9 its highe/ & mo/ difficult "p1 morality prop]ly s call$4 ,) ! view ( re/rict+ ! con/ruction ( ! objective basis )9 reasonable limits1 !re is ?is di/9ction to be borne 9 m9d4 ,9 ! ,ord] ( ,nature1 !re are two classes ( laws2 ^? t are simple or ,ab/ract1 ^? t are comp\nd or ,concrete4 ,9 my "w on ,positive ,philosophy1 ! di/9ction has be5 ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 & frequ5t use has be5 made ( x4 ,x w be suffici5t "h to po9t out its orig9 & ! me?od ( apply+ x4 ,positive sci5ce may deal ei!r ) objects !mselves z !y exi/1 or ) ! sep>ate ph5om5a t ! objects exhibit4 ,( c\rse we c only judge ( an object by ! sum ( its ph5om5a2 b x is op5 to u ei!r to exam9e a special class ( ph5om5a ab/ract$ f all ! be+s t exhibit x1 or to take "s special object1 & exam9e ! :ole concrete gr\p ( ph5om5a4 ,9 ! latt] case we %all be /udy+ diff]5t sy/ems ( exi/5ce2 9 ! =m]1 diff]5t modes ( activity4 ,z good an example ( ! di/9ction z c be giv5 is t1 already m5tion$1 ( ,meteorology4 ,! facts ( wea!r are evid5tly comb9ations ( a/ronomical1 physical1 *emical1 biological1 & ev5 social ph5om5a2 ea* ( ^! classes requir+ its own sep>ate !ories4 ,7 ^! ab/ract laws suffici5tly well kn[n to u1 !n ! :ole difficulty ( ! concrete problem w\ld be s to comb9e !m1 z to d$uce ! ord] 9 :i* ea* composite effect w\ld foll[4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a process :i* seems to me s f> beyond our feeble p[]s ( d$uction1 t1 ev5 suppos+ our k ( ! ab/ract laws p]fect1 we %\ld /ill be oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! inductive me?od4 ,n[ ! inve/igation ( ! economy ( nature "h contemplat$ is evid5tly ( ! ab/ract k9d4 ,we decompose t economy into its prim>y ph5om5a1 t is to say1 into ^? :i* are n r$ucible to o!rs4 ,^! we range 9 classes1 ea* ( :i*1 not)/&+ ! connexion t exi/s betwe5 all1 requires a sep>ate inductive process2 = ! exi/5ce ( laws _c be prov$ 9 any "o ( !m by pure d$uction4 ,x is only ) ^! simpl] & m ab/ract relations t our syn!sis is directly conc]n$3 :5 ^! are e/abli%$1 !y af=d a rational gr\ndwork = ! m composite & concrete rese>*es4 ,! great complexity ( concrete relations makes x probable t we %all nev] be able to co-ord9ate !m p]fectly4 ,9 t case ! syn!sis w\ld always rema9 limit$ to ab/ract laws4 ,b its true object1 t ( supply+ an objective basis = ! great syn!sis ( human life1 w none ! less be atta9$4 ,= ?is gr\ndwork ( ab/ract k w\ld introduce h>mony betwe5 all our m5tal conceptions1 & !reby w\ld make x impossible to sy/ematize our feel+s & actions1 :i* is ! object ( all s\nd philosophy4 ,! ab/ract /udy ( nature is !re=e all t is absolutely indisp5sable = ! e/abli%m5t ( unity 9 human life4 ,x s]ves z ! f\ndation ( all wise action2 z ! philosophia prima1 ! necessity ( :i* 9 ! normal /ate ( humanity 0 dimly =ese5 by ,bacon4 ,:5 ! ab/ract laws exhibit+ ! v>i\s modes ( activity h be5 br\ght sy/ematically be=e u1 our practical k ( ea* special sy/em ( exi/5ce ceases to be purely empirical1 ?\gh ! great] numb] ( concrete laws may /ill be unkn[n4 ,we f9d ! be/ example ( ?is tru? 9 ! mo/ difficult & important subject ( all1 ,sociology4 ,k ( ! pr9cipal /atical & dynamical laws ( social exi/5ce is evid5tly suffici5t = ! purpose ( sy/ematiz+ ! v>i\s aspects ( private or public life1 & !reby ( r5d]+ our condition f> m p]fect4 ,%\ld ?is k be acquir$1 ( :i* !re is n[ no d\bt1 we ne$ n regret be+ unable to give a satisfactory explanation ( e /ate ( society t we f9d exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 all ages4 ,! discipl9e ( social feel+ w *eck any fooli% indulg5ce ( ! _s ( curiosity1 & prev5t ! und]/&+ f wa/+ its p[]s 9 useless speculations2 = feeble z ^! p[]s are1 x is f !m t ,humanity d]ives h] mo/ effici5t means ( cont5d+ aga9/ ! defects ( ! ,ext]nal ,ord]4 ,! discov]y ( ! pr9cipal concrete laws w\ld no d\bt be att5d$ by ! mo/ b5eficial results1 moral z well z physical2 & ?is is ! field 9 :i* ! sci5ce ( ! future w reap its ri*e/ h>ve/4 ,b su* k is n indisp5sable = our pres5t purpose1 :i* is to =m a complete syn!sis ( life1 effect+ = ! f9al /ate ( humanity :at ! !ological syn!sis effect$ = its primitive /ate4 ,= ?is purpose ,ab/ract philosophy is und\bt$ly suffici5t2 s t ev5 suppos+ t ,concrete philosophy %\ld nev] become s p]fect z we desire1 social reg5]ation w /ill be possible4 ,9 my ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 ! requir$ ,syn!sis ( ,ab/ract conceptions already exi/s ,reg>d$ "u ?is m simple aspect1 our sy/em ( sci5tific k is already s f> elaborat$1 t all ?9k]s ^: nature is suffici5tly sympa!tic may proce$ )\t delay to ! problem ( moral reg5]ation2 a problem :i* mu/ prep>e ! way = t ( political reorganization4 ,= we %all f9d t ! !ory ( developm5t ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 :5 look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view1 cond5ses & sy/ematizes all our ab/ract conceptions ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,?is w be und]/ood by reg>d+ all dep>tm5ts ( our k z be+ really compon5t p>ts ( "o & ! same sci5ce2 ! sci5ce ( ,humanity4 ,all o!r sci5ces are b ! prelude or ! developm5t ( ?is4 ,be=e we c ent] ^u x directly1 !re are two subjects :i* x is necess>y to inve/igate2 our ext]nal circum/ances1 & ! organization ( our own nature4 ,social life _c be und]/ood )\t fir/ und]/&+ ! m$ium 9 :i* x is develop$1 & ! be+s :o manife/ x4 ,we %all make no progress1 !re=e1 9 ! f9al sci5ce until we h suffici5t ab/ract k ( ! out] _w & ( individual life to def9e ! influ5ce ( ^! laws on ! special laws ( social ph5om5a4 ,& ?is is necess>y f ! logical z well z f ! sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,! feeble faculties ( our intellect require to be tra9$ = ! m difficult speculations by practice 9 ! easi]4 ,= ! same reasons1 ! /udy ( ! inorganic _w %\ld take prec$5ce ( ! organic4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! laws ( ! m univ]sal mode ( exi/5ce h a prepond]at+ influ5ce ov] ^? ( ! m special modes2 & 9 ! second place x is cle>ly incumb5t on u to beg9 ! /udy ( ! ,positive me?od ) its simple/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic applications4 ,i ne$ n dwell fur!r ^u pr9ciples s fully e/abli%$ 9 my =m] "w4 ,social ,philosophy1 !re=e1 ought on e gr\nd to be prec$$ by ,natural ,philosophy 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w2 t is to say by ! /udy ( inorganic & organic nature4 ,x is res]v$ = our own c5tury to take 9 ! :ole scope ( sci5ce2 b ! comm5cem5t ( ^! prep>atory /udies dates f ! fir/ a/ronomical discov]ies ( antiquity4 ,natural ,philosophy 0 complet$ by ! mod]n sci5ce ( ,biology1 ( :i* ! anci5ts possess$ no?+ b a few /atical pr9ciples4 ,! dep5d5ce ( biological conditions ^u a/ronomical is v c]ta94 ,b ^! two sci5ces diff] too mu* f ea* o!r & are too indirectly connect$ to give u an adequate conception ( ,natural ,philosophy z a :ole4 ,x w\ld be pu%+ ! pr9ciple ( cond5sation too f> to r$uce x to ^! two t]ms4 ,"o connect+ l9k 0 suppli$ by ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry :i* arose 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! natural succession ( ,a/ronomy1 ,*emi/ry1 & ,biology lead+ gradually up to ! f9al sci5ce1 ,sociology1 made x possible to conceive m or less imp]fectly ( an intellectual syn!sis4 ,b ! int]position ( ,*emi/ry 0 n en\gh3 because1 ?\gh its relation to ,biology 0 intimate1 x 0 too remote f ,a/ronomy4 ,= want ( und]/&+ ! mode 9 :i* a/ronomical conditions really affect$ u1 ! arbitr>y & *im]ical fancies ( a/rology 7 employ$1 ?\gh ( c\rse q valueless except = ?is tempor>y purpose4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! sci5ce ( ,physics specially s call$1 0 f\nd$2 & a satisfactory arrangem5t ( sci5tific conceptions began to be =m$4 ,physics includ$ a s]ies ( inorganic rese>*es1 ! m g5]al bran* ( :i* bord]$ on ,a/ronomy1 ! m special on ,*emi/ry4 ,to complete our view ( ! sci5tific hi]>*y we h n[ only to g back to its orig91 ,ma!matics2 a class ( speculations s simple & s g5]al1 t !y pass$ at once & )\t ef=t into ! ,positive /age4 ,)\t ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy 0 impossible3 & !y w always cont9ue to be ! />t+-po9t ( ,positive education = ! individual z !y h be5 = ! race4 ,ev5 "u ! mo/ absolute !ological influ5ce !y /imulate ! ,positive _s to a c]ta9 degree ( sy/ematic gr[?4 ,f !m x ext5ds /ep by /ep to ! subjects f :i* at fir/ x _h be5 mo/ rigidly exclud$4 ,we see f ^! brief rem>ks t ! s]ies ( ! ab/ract sci5ces naturally arranges itself accord+ to ! decrease 9 g5]ality & ! increase 9 complication4 ,we see ! reason = ! introduction ( ea* memb] ( ! s]ies1 & ! mutual connexion betwe5 !m4 ,! classification is evid5tly ! same z t be=e laid d[n 9 my !ory ( developm5t4 ,t !ory !re=e may be reg>d$1 f ! /atical po9t ( view1 z furni%+ a direct basis = ! co-ord9ation ( ,ab/ract conception1 on :i*1 z we h se51 ! :ole syn!sis ( human life dep5ds4 ,t co-ord9ation at once e/abli%es unity 9 our intellectual op]ations4 ,x realizes ! desire obscurely express$ by ,bacon = a scala intellects1 a ladd] ( ! und]/&+1 by ! aid ( :i* our ?\ghts may pass ) ease f ! l[e/ subjects to ! highe/1 or vice v]sa1 )\t weak5+ ! s5se ( _! cont9u\s connexion 9 nature4 ,ea* ( ! six t]ms ( :i* our s]ies is compos$ is 9 its c5tral portion q di/9ct f ! two adjo9+ l9ks2 b x is closely relat$ 9 its comm5cem5t to ! prec$+ t]m1 9 its conclusion to ! t]m :i* foll[s4 ,a fur!r pro( ( ! homog5e\sness & cont9uity ( ! sy/em is t ! same pr9ciple ( classification1 :5 appli$ m closely1 enables u to arrange ! v>i\s !ories ( :i* ea* sci5ce consi/s4 ,= example1 ! ?ree great ord]s ( ma!matical speculations1 ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 & ,me*anics1 foll[ ! same law ( classification z t by :i* ! entire scale is regulat$4 ,& ,i h %[n 9 my ,positive ,philosophy t ! same holds good ( ! o!r sci5ces4 ,z a :ole1 !re=e1 ! s]ies is ! mo/ concise summ>y t c be =m$ ( ! va/ range ( ,ab/ract tru?2 & conv]sely1 all rational rese>*es ( a special k9d result 9 "s p>tial developm5t ( ?is s]ies4 ,ea* t]m 9 x requires its own special processes ( induction2 yet 9 ea* we reason d$uctively f ! prec$+ t]m1 a me?od :i* w always be z necess>y = purposes ( in/ruction z x 0 orig9ally = ! purpose ( discov]y4 ,?us x is t all our o!r /udies are b a prep>ation = ! f9al sci5ce ( ,humanity4 ,by x _! mode ( culture w always be influ5c$ & w gradually be imbu$ ) ! true _s ( g5]ality1 :i* is s closely connect$ ) social sympa?y4 ,nor is !re any dang] ( su* influ5ce becom+ oppressive1 s9ce ! v pr9ciple ( our sy/em is to comb9e a due measure ( indep5d5ce ) practical conv]g5ce4 ,! fact t our !ory ( classification1 by ! v t]ms ( its composition1 subord9ates intellectual to social consid]ations1 is em95tly calculat$ to secure its popul> acceptance4 ,x br+s ! :ole speculative sy/em "u ! criticism1 & at ! same "t "u ! protection ( ! public1 :i* is usually n sl[ to *eck any abuse ( ^? habits ( ab/raction :i* are necess>y to ! philosoph]4 ,! same !ory !n :i* expla9s ! m5tal evolution ( ,humanity1 lays d[n ! true me?od by :i* our ab/ract conceptions %\ld be classifi$2 ?us reconcil+ ! conditions ( ,ord] & ,movem5t1 hi!rto m or less at v>iance4 ,its hi/orical cle>ness & its philosophical =ce /r5g!n ea* o!r1 = we _c und]/& ! connexion ( our conceptions except by /udy+ ! succession ( ! phases ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 b = ! exi/5ce ( su* a connexion1 x w\ld be impossible to expla9 ! hi/orical phases4 ,s we see t = all s\nd ?9k]s1 ,hi/ory & ,philosophy are insep>able4 ,!re=e we are 9 a position to proce$ at once ) ! "w ( social reg5]ation ,a !ory :i* embraces ! /atical z well z ! dynamical aspects ( ! subject1 & :i* fulfils ! conditions "h spok5 (1 may c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z e/abli%+ ! true objective basis on :i* unity c be e/abli%$ 9 our intellectual functions4 ,& ?is unity w be develop$ & consolidat$ z our k ( its basis becomes m satisfactory4 ,b ! social application ( ! sy/em w h f> m influ5ce on ! result ?an any ov]/ra9$ attempts at exact sci5tific accuracy4 ,! object ( our philosophy is to direct ! spiritual reorganization ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x is ) a view to ?is object t all attempts at fre% discov]y or at improv$ arrangem5t %\ld be conduct$4 ,moral & political requirem5ts w lead u to inve/igate new relations2 b ! se>* %\ld n be c>ri$ f>!r ?an is necess>y = _! application4 ,suffici5t = our purpose1 if ?is incipi5t classification ( our m5tal products be s f> work$ out t ! syn!sis ( ,affection & ( ,action may be at once attempt$2 t is1 t we may beg9 at once to con/ruct t sy/em ( morality "u :i* ! f9al reg5]ation ( ,humanity w proce$4 ,^? :o h read my ,positive ,philosophy w1 ,i ?9k1 be conv9c$ t ! "t = ?is attempt has arriv$4 ,h[ urg5tly x is ne$$ w appe> 9 e "p ( ! pres5t "w4 ,error ( id5tify+ ,positivism ) ,a!ism1 ,mat]ialism1 ,fatalism1 or ,optimism4 ,a!ism1 l ,!ology1 discusses insoluble my/]ies ,i h n[ describ$ ! g5]al _s ( ,positivism4 ,b !re are two or ?ree po9ts on :i* "s fur!r explanation is necess>y1 z !y are ! s\rce ( misappreh5sions too common & too s]i\s to be disreg>d$4 ,( c\rse ,i only conc]n myself ) su* objections z are made 9 good fai?4 ,! fact ( entire fre$om f !ological belief be+ necess>y be=e ! ,positive /ate c be p]fectly atta9$1 has induc$ sup]ficial obs]v]s to conf\nd ,positivism ) a /ate ( pure negation4 ,n[ ?is /ate 0 at "o "t1 & t ev5 s rec5tly z ! la/ c5tury1 fav\rable to progress2 b at pres5t 9 ^? :o un=tunately /ill rema9 9 x1 x is a radical ob/acle to all s\nd social & ev5 intellectual organization4 ,i h long ago repudiat$ all philosophical or hi/orical connexion betwe5 ,positivism & :at is call$ ,a!ism4 ,b x is desirable to expose ! error some:at m cle>ly4 ,a!ism1 ev5 f ! intellectual po9t ( view1 is a v imp]fect =m ( emancipation2 = its t5d5cy is to prolong ! metaphysical /age indef9itely1 by cont9u+ to seek = new solutions ( ,!ological problems1 in/ead ( sett+ aside all inaccessible rese>*es on ! gr\nd ( _! utt] inutility4 ,! true ,positive _s consi/s 9 sub/itut+ ! /udy ( ! inv>iable ,laws ( ph5om5a = t ( _! s-call$ ,causes1 :e!r proximate or prim>y2 9 a ^w1 9 /udy+ ! ,h[ in/ead ( ! ,:y4 ,n[ ?is is :olly incompatible ) ! ambiti\s & vision>y attempts ( ,a!ism to expla9 ! =mation ( ! ,univ]se1 ! orig9 ( animal life1 etc4 ,! ,positivi/ comp>+ ! v>i\s phases ( human speculation1 looks ^u ^! sci5tific *im]as z f> less valuable ev5 f ! intellectual po9t ( view ?an ! fir/ spontane\s inspirations ( primeval times4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,!ology is to expla9 ev]y?+ by sup]natural ,wills4 ,t pr9ciple c nev] be set aside until we ackn[l$ge ! se>* = ,causes to be beyond our rea*1 & limit ourselves to ! k ( ,laws4 ,z long z m5 p]si/ 9 attempt+ to answ] ! insoluble que/ions :i* occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! *ildhood ( our race1 by f> ! m rational plan is to d z 0 done !n1 t is1 simply to give free play to ! imag9ation4 ,^! spontane\s beliefs h gradually fall5 into disuse1 n because !y h be5 disprov$1 b because mank9d has become m enlight5$ z to its wants & ! scope ( its p[]s1 & has gradually giv5 an entirely new direction to its speculative ef=ts4 ,if we insi/ ^u p5etrat+ ! unatta9able my/]y ( ! ess5tial ,cause t produces ph5om5a1 !re is no hypo!sis m satisfactory ?an t !y proce$ f ,wills dwell+ 9 !m or outside !m2 an hypo!sis :i* assimilates !m to ! effect produc$ by ! desires :i* exi/ )9 ourselves4 ,7 x n = ! pride induc$ by metaphysical & sci5tific /udies1 x w\ld be inconceivable t any a!i/1 mod]n or anci5t1 %\ld h believ$ t 8 vague hypo!ses on su* a subject 7 pref]able to ?is direct mode ( explanation4 ,& x 0 ! only mode :i* really satisfi$ ! reason1 until m5 began to see ! utt] inanity & inutility ( all se>* = absolute tru?4 ,! ,ord] ( ,nature is d\btless v imp]fect 9 e respect2 b its production is f> m compatible ) ! hypo!sis ( an intellig5t ,w ?an ) t ( a bl9d me*anism4 ,p]si/5t a!i/s !re=e w\ld seem to be mo/ illogical ( !ologi/s3 because !y occupy !mselves ) !ological problems1 & yet reject ! only appropriate me?od ( h&l+ !m4 ,b ! fact is t pure ,a!ism ev5 9 ! pres5t day is v r>e4 ,:at is call$ ,a!ism is usually a phase ( ,pan!ism1 :i* is really no?+ b a relapse disguis$ "u le>n$ t]ms1 into a vague & ab/ract =m ( ,feti*ism4 ,& x is n impossible t x may lead to ! reproduction 9 "o =m or o!r ( e !ological phase z soon z ! *eck :i* mod]n society /ill imposes on metaphysical extravagance has become some:at weak5$4 ,! adoption ( su* !ories z a satisfactory sy/em ( belief1 indicates a v exagg]at$ or r false view ( intellectual requirem5ts1 & a v insuffici5t recognition ( moral & social wants4 ,x is g5]ally connect$ ) ! vision>y b mis*iev\s t5d5cies ( ambiti\s ?9k]s to uphold :at !y call ! empire ( ,reason4 ,9 ! moral sph]e x =ms a sort ( basis = ! degrad+ fallacies ( mod]n metaphysicians z to ! absolute prepond]ance ( self-int]e/4 ,politically1 its t5d5cy is to unlimit$ prolongation ( ! revolution>y position3 its _s is t ( bl9d hatr$ to ! pa/3 & x resi/s all attempts to expla9 x on ,positive pr9ciples1 ) a view ( disclos+ ! future4 ,a!ism1 !re=e1 is n likely to lead to ,positivism except 9 ^? :o pass ?r\gh x rapidly z ! la/ & mo/ %ort-liv$ ( metaphysical phases4 ,& ! wide diffusion ( ! sci5tific _s 9 ! pres5t day makes ?is passage s easy t to arrive at maturity )\t accompli%+ x1 is a symptom ( a c]ta9 m5tal weakness1 :i* is (t5 connect$ ) moral insuffici5cy1 & is v incompatible ) ,positivism4 ,negation (f]s b a feeble & prec>i\s basis = union3 & disbelief 9 ,mono!ism is ( itself no bett] pro( ( a m9d fit to grapple ) ! que/ions ( ! day ?an disbelief 9 ,poly!ism or ,feti*ism1 :i* no "o w\ld ma9ta9 to be an adequate gr\nd = claim+ intellectual sympa?y4 ,! a!i/ic phase inde$ 0 n really necess>y1 except = ! revolutioni/s ( ! la/ c5tury :o took ! lead 9 ! movem5t t[>ds radical reg5]ation ( society4 ,! necessity has already ceas$2 = ! decay$ condition ( ! old sy/em makes ! ne$ ( reg5]ation palpable to all4 ,p]si/5ce 9 an>*y1 & ,a!ism is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic symptom ( an>*y1 is a temp] ( m9d m unfav\rable to ! organic _s1 :i* ought by ?is "t to h e/abli%$ its influ5ce1 ?an s9c]e adhesion to ! old =ms4 ,?is latt] is ( c\rse ob/ructive3 b at lea/ x does n h9d] u f fix+ our att5tion ^u ! great social problem4 ,inde$ x helps u to d s3 because x =ces ! new philosophy to ?r[ aside e weapon ( attack aga9/ ! old] fai? except its own high] capacity ( satisfy+ our moral & social wants4 ,b 9 ! ,a!ism ma9ta9$ by _m metaphysicians & sci5tific m5 ( ! pres5t day1 ,positivism1 in/ead ( :olesome rivalry ( ?is k9d1 w meet ) no?+ b b>r5 resi/ance4 ,anti-!ological z su* m5 may be1 !y feel unmix$ repugnance = any attempts at social reg5]ation1 al?\gh _! ef=ts 9 ! la/ c5tury _h to "s ext5t prep>$ ! way = x4 ,f>1 !n1 f c\nt+ ^u _! support1 ,positivi/s mu/ expect to f9d !m ho/ile3 al?\gh f ! incoh]5ce ( _! op9ions x w n be difficult to reclaim ^? ( !m ^: errors are n ess5tially due to pride4 ,mat]ialism is due to ! encroa*m5t ( ! l[] sci5ces on ! doma9 ( ! high]3 an error :i* ,positivism rectifies ,! *>ge ( ,mat]ialism :i* is (t5 made aga9/ ,positive philosophy is ( m importance4 ,x orig9ates 9 ! c\rse ( sci5tific /udy ^u :i* ! ,positive sy/em is bas$4 ,9 answ]+ ! *>ge1 ,i ne$ n ent] into any discussion ( imp5etrable my/]ies4 ,our !ory ( developm5t w enable u to see di/9ctly ! real gr\nd ( ! confusion t exi/s ^u ! subject4 ,positive sci5ce 0 = a long "t limit$ to ! simple/ subjects3 x c\ld n rea* ! highe/ except by a natural s]ies ( int]m$iate /eps4 ,z ea* ( ^! /eps is tak51 ! /ud5t is apt to be influ5c$ too /rongly by ! me?ods & results ( ! prec$+ /age4 ,"h1 z x seems to me1 lies ! real s\rce ( t sci5tific error :i* m5 h in/9ctively blam$ z mat]ialism4 ,! "n is j1 because ! t5d5cy indicat$ is "o :i* degrades ! high] subjects ( ?\ght by conf\nd+ !m ) ! l[]4 ,x 0 h>dly possible t ?is usurpation by "o sci5ce ( ! doma9 ( ano!r %\ld h be5 :olly avoid$4 ,= s9ce ! m special ph5om5a d really dep5d ^u ! m g5]al1 x is p]fectly legitimate = ea* sci5ce to ex]cise a c]ta9 d$uctive influ5ce ^u t :i* foll[s x 9 ! scale4 ,by su* influ5ce ! special inductions ( t sci5ce 7 r5d]$ m coh]5t4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 is t ea* ( ! sci5ces has to und]go a long /ruggle aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! "o prec$+ x2 a /ruggle :i*1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! subjects :i* h be5 /udi$ longe/1 is n yet ov]4 ,nor c x entirely cease until ! controll+ influ5ce ( s\nd philosophy be e/abli%$ ov] ! :ole scale1 introduc+ ju/] views ( ! relations ( its sev]al p>ts1 ab\t :i* at pres5t !re is su* irrational confusion4 ,?us x appe>s t ,mat]ialism is a dang] inh]5t 9 ! mode 9 :i* ! sci5tific /udies necess>y z a prep>ation = ,positivism 7 pursu$4 ,ea* sci5ce t5d$ to absorb ! "o next to x1 on ! gr\nd ( hav+ rea*$ ! ,positive /age e>li] & m ?or\ghly4 ,! evil !n is really deep] & m ext5sive ?an is imag9$ by mo/ ( ^? :o deplore x4 ,x passes g5]ally unnotic$ except 9 ! highe/ class ( subjects4 ,^! d\btless are m s]i\sly affect$1 inasmu* z !y und]go ! encroa*+ process f all ! re/2 b we f9d ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t degrees1 9 e /ep ( ! sci5tific scale4 ,ev5 ! l[e/ /ep1 ,ma!matics1 is no exception1 ?\gh its position w\ld seem at fir/ sight to exempt x4 ,to a philosophic eye !re is ,mat]ialism 9 ! common t5d5cy ( ma!maticians at ! pres5t day to absorb ,geometry or ,me*anics into ! ,calculus1 z well z 9 ! m evid5t encroa*m5ts ( ,ma!matics ^u ,physics1 ( ,physics ^u ,*emi/ry1 ( ,*emi/ry1 :i* is m frequ5t1 ^u ,biology1 or la/ly 9 ! common t5d5cy ( ! be/ biologi/s to look ^u ,sociology z a m]e coroll>y ( _! own sci5ce4 ,9 all cases x is ! same fundam5tal error3 t is1 an exagg]at$ use ( d$uctive reason+2 & 9 all x is att5d$ ) ! same result2 t ! high] /udies are 9 con/ant dang] ( be+ disorganiz$ by ! indiscrim9ate application ( ! l[]4 ,all sci5tific speciali/s at ! pres5t "t are m or less mat]iali/s1 accord+ z ! ph5om5a /udi$ by !m are m or less simple & g5]al4 ,geometricians1 !re=e1 are m liable to ! error ?an any o!rs2 !y all aim consci\sly or o!rwise at a syn!sis 9 :i* ! mo/ elem5t>y /udies1 ^? ( ,numb]1 ,space1 & ,motion1 are made to regulate all ! re/4 ,b ! biologi/s :o resi/ ?is encroa*m5t mo/ en]getically1 are (t5 guilty ( ! same mi/ake4 ,!y n unfrequ5tly attempt1 = in/ance1 to expla9 all sociological facts by ! influ5ce ( climate & race1 :i* are purely second>y2 ?us %[+ _! ignorance ( ! fundam5tal laws ( ,sociology1 :i* c only be discov]$ by a s]ies ( direct inductions f hi/ory4 ,?is philosophical e/imate ( ,mat]ialism expla9s h[ x is t x has be5 br\ght z a *>ge aga9/ ,positivism1 & at ! same "t proves ! deep inju/ice ( ! *>ge4 ,positivism1 f> f c\nt5anc+ s dang]\s an error1 is1 z we h se51 ! only philosophy :i* c completely remove x4 ,! error arises f c]ta9 t5d5cies :i* are 9 !mselves legitimate1 b :i* h be5 c>ri$ too f>2 & ,positivism satisfies ^! t5d5cies 9 _! due measure4 ,hi!rto ! evil has rema9$ un*eck$1 except by ! !ologico-metaphysical _s1 :i*1 by giv+ rise to :at is call$ ,spiritualism1 has r5d]$ a v valuable s]vice4 ,b useful z x has be51 x c\ld n arre/ ! active gr[? ( ,mat]ialism1 :i* has assum$ 9 ! eyes ( mod]n ?9k]s some?+ ( a progressive "*1 f hav+ be5 s long connect$ ) ! cause ( resi/ance to a retrograde sy/em4 ,not)/&+ all ! prote/s ( ! spirituali/s1 ! l[] sci5ces h encroa*$ ^u ! high] to an ext5t t s]i\sly impairs _! indep5d5ce & _! value4 ,b ,positivism meets ! difficulty f> m effectually4 ,x satisfies & reconciles all t is really t5able 9 ! rival claims ( bo? ,mat]ialism & ,spiritualism2 &1 hav+ done ?is1 x disc>ds !m bo?4 ,x holds ! "o to be z dang]\s to ,ord] z ! o!r to ,progress4 ,?is result is an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! encyclopdic scale1 9 :i* ea* sci5ce reta9s its own prop] sph]e ( induction1 :ile d$uctively x rema9s subord9ate to ! sci5ce :i* prec$es x4 ,b :at really decides ! matt] is ! fact t su* p>am\nt importance1 bo? logically & sci5tifically1 is giv5 by ,positive ,philosophy to social que/ions4 ,= ^! are ! que/ions 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,mat]ialism is mo/ mis*iev\s1 & also 9 :i* x is mo/ easily introduc$4 ,a sy/em !re=e :i* gives !m ! prec$5ce ov] all o!r que/ions mu/ hold ,mat]ialism to be q z ob/ructive z ,spiritualism1 s9ce bo? are alike an ob/acle to ! progress ( t sci5ce = ! sake ( :i* all o!r sci5ces are /udi$4 ,fur!r advance 9 ! "w ( social reg5]ation implies ! elim9ation ( bo? ( !m1 because x _c proce$ )\t exact k ( ! laws ( moral & social ph5om5a4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i %all h to speak ( ! mis*iev\s effects ( ,mat]ialism ^u ! ,art or practice ( social life4 ,x leads to a misconception ( ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciple ( t ,art1 namely1 ! sy/ematic sep>ation ( spiritual & temporal p[]4 ,to ma9ta9 t sep>ation1 to c>ry out on a m satisfactory basis ! admirable attempt made 9 ! ,middle ,ages by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 is ! mo/ important ( political que/ions4 ,?us ! antagonism ( ,positivism to ,mat]ialism re/s ^u political no less ?an ^u philosophical gr\nds4 ,) ! view ( secur+ a dispassionate consid]ation ( ?is subject1 & ( avoid+ all confusion1 ,i h laid no /ress ^u ! *>ge ( immorality t is s (t5 br\ght aga9/ ,mat]ialism4 ,! reproa*1 ev5 :5 made s9c]ely1 is con/antly beli$ by exp]i5ce1 inde$ x is inconsi/5t ) all t we "k ( human nature4 ,our op9ions1 :e!r "r or wrong1 h n1 =tunately1 ! absolute p[] ov] our feel+s & conduct :i* is commonly attribut$ to !m4 ,mat]ialism has be5 provisionally connect$ ) ! :ole movem5t ( emancipation1 & x has !re=e (t5 be5 f\nd 9 common ) ! noble/ aspirations4 ,t connexion1 h[ev]1 has n[ ceas$2 & x mu/ be own$ t ev5 9 ! mo/ fav\rable cases ?is error1 purely intellectual ?\gh x be1 has to a c]ta9 ext5t always *eck$ ! free play ( our nobl] in/9cts1 by lead+ m5 to ignore or misconceive moral ph5om5a1 :i* 7 left unexpla9$ by its crude hypo!sis4 ,cabanis gave a /rik+ example ( ?is t5d5cy 9 8 un=tunate attack ^u m$iaeval *ivalry4#c ,cabanis 0 a philosoph] ^: moral nature 0 z pure & sympa!tic z 8 intellect 0 elevat$ & enl>g$4 ,yet ! mat]ialism ( 8 day _h entirely bl9d$ him to ! b5eficial results ( ! attempts made by ! mo/ en]getic ( our ance/ors to in/itute ! ,wor%ip ( ,woman4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ! two pr9cipal *>ges br\ght aga9/ ! ,positive sy/em1 & we h f\nd t !y apply m]ely to ! unsy/ematic /ate 9 :i* ,positive pr9ciples are fir/ introduc$4 ,b ! sy/em is also accus$ ( ,fatalism & ( ,optimism2 *>ges on :i* x w n be necess>y to dwell at great l5g?1 because1 ?\gh frequ5tly made1 !y are n difficult to refute4 ,nor is ,positivism fatali/1 s9ce x ass]ts ! ,ext]nal ,ord] to be modifiable ,! *>ge ( ,fatalism has accompani$ e fre% ext5sion ( ,positive sci5ce1 f its fir/ beg9n+s4 ,nor is ?is surpris+2 = :5 any s]ies ( ph5om5a passes f ! dom9ion ( ,wills1 :e!r modifi$ by metaphysical ab/ractions or n1 to ! dom9ion ( ,laws1 ! regul>ity ( ! latt] contra/s s /rongly ) ! in/ability ( ! =m]1 z to pres5t an appe>ance ( fatality1 :i* no?+ b a v c>eful exam9ation ( ! real "* ( sci5tific tru? c dissipate4 ,& ! error is ! m likely to occur f ! fact t our fir/ types ( natural laws are d]iv$ f ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,^!1 be+ :olly beyond our int]f]5ce1 always sugge/ ! notion ( absolute necessity1 a notion :i* x is difficult to prev5t f ext5d+ to m complex ph5om5a1 z soon z !y are br\ght )9 ! rea* ( ! ,positive me?od4 ,& x is q true t ,positivism holds ! ,ord] ( ,nature to be 9 its prim>y aspects /rictly inv>iable4 ,all v>iations1 :e!r spontane\s or artificial1 are only transi5t & ( second>y import4 ,! conception ( unlimit$ v>iations w\ld 9 fact be equival5t to ! rejection ( ,law altoge!r4 ,b :ile ?is acc\nts = ! fact t e new ,positive !ory is accus$ ( ,fatalism1 x is equally cle> t bl9d p]si/5ce 9 ! accusation %[s a v %all[ conception ( :at ,positivism really is4 ,=1 un*angeable z ! ,ord] ( ,nature is 9 its ma9 aspects1 yet all ph5om5a1 except ^? ( ,a/ronomy1 admit ( be+ modifi$ 9 _! second>y relations1 & ?is ! m z !y are m complicat$4 ,! ,positive _s1 :5 conf9$ to ! subjects ( ,ma!matics & ,a/ronomy1 0 inevitably fatali/2 b ?is ceas$ to be ! case :5 x ext5d$ to ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 & especially to ,biology1 :]e ! m>g9 ( v>iation is v consid]able4 ,n[ t x embraces ,social ph5om5a1 ! reproa*1 h[ev] x may h be5 once des]v$1 %\ld be he>d no long]1 s9ce ^! ph5om5a1 :i* w = ! future =m its pr9cipal field1 admit ( l>g] modification ?an any o!rs1 & t *iefly by our own int]v5tion4 ,x is obvi\s !n t ,positivism1 f> f enc\rag+ indol5ce1 /imulates u to action1 especially to social action1 f> m en]getically ?an any ,!ological doctr9e4 ,x removes all gr\ndless scruples1 & prev5ts u f hav+ rec\rse to *im]as4 ,x enc\rages our ef=ts ev]y:]e1 except :]e !y are manife/ly useless4 ,! *>ge ( ,optimism applies to ,!ology r ?an to ,positivism4 ,! positivi/ judges ( all hi/orical actions relatively1 b does n ju/ify !m indiscrim9ately ,= ! *>ge ( ,optimism !re is ev5 less gr\nd ?an = t ( ,fatalism4 ,! latt] 01 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 connect$ ) ! rise ( ! ,positive _s2 b ,optimism is simply a result ( ,!ology2 & its influ5ce has always be5 decreas+ ) ! gr[? ( ,positivism4 ,a/ronomical laws1 x is true1 sugge/ ! idea ( p]fection z naturally z t ( necessity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! great simplicity places ! defects ( ! ,ord] ( ,nature 9 s cle> a light1 t optimi/s w\ld nev] h s\ght _! argum5ts 9 a/ronomy1 7 x n t ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! sci5ce _h to be work$ out "u ! influ5ce ( ,mono!ism1 a sy/em :i* involv$ ! hypo!sis ( absolute wisdom4 ,b by ! !ory ( developm5t on :i* ! ,positive syn!sis is "h made to re/1 ,optimism is disc>d$ z well z ,fatalism1 9 ! direct proportion ( ! intricacy ( ! ph5om5a4 ,x is 9 ! mo/ intricate t ! defects ( ,nature1 z well z ! p[] ( modify+ !m1 become mo/ manife/4 ,) reg>d1 !re=e1 to social ph5om5a1 ! mo/ complex ( all1 bo? *>ges are utt]ly misplac$4 ,any optimi/ic t5d5cies t writ]s on social subjects may display1 mu/ be due to ! fact t _! education has n be5 su* z to tea* !m ! nature & conditions ( ! true sci5tific _s4 ,= want ( s\nd logical tra9+1 great misuse has be5 made 9 our own "t ( a prop]ty peculi> to social ph5om5a4 ,x is t we f9d 9 !m a great] am\nt ( spontane\s wisdom ?an might h be5 expect$ f _! complexity4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose ?is wisdom p]fect4 ,! ph5om5a 9 "q are ^? ( intellig5t be+s :o are always occupi$ 9 am5d+ ! defects ( _! economy4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t !y w %[ less imp]fection ?an if1 9 a case equally complicat$1 ! ag5ts c\ld h be5 bl9d4 ,! /&>d by :i* to judge ( action is always to be tak5 relatively to ! social /ate 9 :i* ! action takes place4 ,!re=e all hi/orical positions & *anges mu/ h at lea/ "s gr\nds ( ju/ification2 o!rwise !y w\ld be totally incompreh5sible1 because inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( ! ag5ts & ( ! actions p]=m$ by !m4 ,n[ ?is naturally fo/]s a dang]\s t5d5cy to ,optimism 9 all ?9k]s1 :o1 :atev] _! p[]s may be1 h n pass$ ?r\gh any /rict sci5tific tra9+1 & h consequ5tly nev] ca/ (f metaphysical & !ological modes ( ?\ght 9 ! high] subjects4 ,because e gov]nm5t %[s a c]ta9 adaptation to ! civilization ( its "t1 !y make ! loose ass]tion t ! adaptation is p]fect2 a conception :i* is ( c\rse *im]ical4 ,b x is unju/ to *>ge ,positivism ) errors :i* are evid5tly contr>y to its true _s1 & m]ely due to ! want ( logical & sci5tific tra9+ 9 ^? :o h hi!rto engag$ 9 ! /udy ( social que/ions4 ,! object ( ,sociology is to expla9 all hi/orical facts2 n to ju/ify !m indiscrim9ately1 z is done by ^? :o are unable to di/+ui% ! influ5ce ( ! ag5t f t ( surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,! ^w ,positive connotes all ! highe/ intellectual attributes1 & w ultimately h a moral significance ,on review+ ?is brief sket* ( ! intellectual "* ( ,positivism1 x w be se5 t all its ess5tial attributes are summ$ up 9 ! ^w ,positive1 :i* ,i appli$ to ! new philosophy at its outset4 ,all ! languages ( ,we/]n ,europe agree 9 und]/&+ by ?is ^w & its d]ivatives ! two qualities ( reality & usefulness4 ,comb9+ ^!1 we get at once an adequate def9ition ( ! true philosophic _s1 :i*1 aft] all1 is no?+ b good s5se g5]aliz$ & put into a sy/ematic =m4 ,! t]m also implies 9 all ,european languages1 c]ta9ty & precision1 qualities by :i* ! intellect ( mod]n nations is m>k$ly di/+ui%$ f t ( antiquity4 ,aga91 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m implies a directly organic t5d5cy4 ,n[ ! metaphysical _s is incapable ( organiz+2 x c only criticize4 ,?is di/+ui%es x f ! ,positive _s1 al?\gh = a "t !y _h a common sph]e ( action4 ,by speak+ ( ,positivism z organic1 we imply t x has a social purpose2 t purpose be+ to sup]s$e ,!ology 9 ! spiritual direction ( ! human race4 ,b ! ^w w be> yet a fur!r mean+4 ,! organic "* ( ! sy/em leads u naturally to ano!r ( its attributes1 namely its inv>iable relativity4 ,mod]n ?9k]s w nev] rise above t critical position :i* !y h hi!rto tak5 up t[>ds ! pa/1 except by repudiat+ all absolute pr9ciples4 ,?is la/ mean+ is m lat5t ?an ! o!rs1 b is really conta9$ 9 ! t]m4 ,x w soon become g5]ally accept$1 & ! ^w ,positive w be und]/ood to mean relative z mu* z x n[ means organic1 precise1 c]ta91 useful1 & real4 ,?us ! highe/ attributes ( human wisdom h1 ) "o exception1 be5 gradually cond5s$ into a s+le expressive t]m4 ,all t is n[ want+ is t ! ^w %\ld d5ote :at at fir/ c\ld =m no "p ( ! mean+1 ! union ( moral ) intellectual qualities4 ,at pres5t1 only ! latt] are includ$2 b ! c\rse ( mod]n progress makes x c]ta9 t ! conception impli$ by ! ^w ,positive1 w ultimately h a m direct ref]5ce to ! he>t ?an to ! und]/&+4 ,= x w soon be felt by all t ! t5d5cy ( ,positivism1 & t by virtue ( its prim>y *>act]i/ic1 reality1 is to make ,feel+ sy/ematically supreme ov] ,reason z well z ov] ,activity4 ,aft] all1 ! *ange consi/s simply 9 realiz+ ! full etymological value ( ! ^w ,philosophy#d4 ,= x 0 impossible to realize x until moral & m5tal conditions _h be5 reconcil$2 & ?is has be5 n[ done by ! f\ndation ( a ,positive sci5ce ( society4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,social ,,aspect ,,( ,,positivism1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,its ,,connexion ,,) ,,! ,,g5]al ,,revolution>y ,,movem5t ,,( ,,we/]n ,,europe ,z ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,positive ,philosophy is ! p>am\nt importance t is giv51 & t on speculative gr\nds1 to social consid]ations1 its effici5cy = ! purposes ( practical life is involv$ 9 ! v _s ( ! sy/em4 ,:5 ?is _s is rightly und]/ood1 we f9d t x leads at once to an object f> high] ?an t ( satisfy+ our sci5tific curiosity2 ! object1 namely1 ( organiz+ human life4 ,conv]sely1 ?is practical aspect ( ,positive ,philosophy ex]cises ! mo/ salut>y influ5ce ^u its speculative "*4 ,by keep+ con/antly be=e u ! necessity ( conc5trat+ all sci5tific ef=ts ^u ! social object :i* con/itutes _! value1 we take ! be/ possible means ( *eck+ ! t5d5cy inh]5t 9 all ab/ract inquiries to deg5]ate into useless digressions4 ,b ?is g5]al connexion betwe5 !ory & practice w\ld n by itself be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,x w\ld be impossible to secure ! acceptance ( a m5tal discipl9e1 s new & s difficult1 7 x n = consid]ations d]iv$ f ! g5]al conditions ( mod]n society2 consid]ations calculat$ to impress philosoph]s ) a m def9ite s5se ( obligation to d _! utmo/ t[>ds satisfy+ ! wants ( ! "t4 ,by ?us ar\s+ public sympa?ies & %[+ t ! success ( ,positivism is a matt] ( p]man5t & g5]al importance1 ! coh]5ce ( ! sy/em z well z ! elevation ( its aims w be plac$ beyond dispute4 ,we h hi!rto be5 reg>d+ ,positivism z ! issue 9 :i* intellectual developm5t necess>ily results4 ,we h n[ to view x f ! social side2 = until we h done ?is1 x is impossible to =m a true conception ( x4 ,! relation ( ,positivism to ! ,fr5* ,revolution ,& to d ?is1 all t is "h necess>y is to po9t out ! close relation 9 :i* ! new philosophy /&s to ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,?is revolution has n[ be5 agitat+ ,we/]n nations = sixty ye>s#e4 ,x is ! f9al issue ( ! va/ transition ?r\gh :i* we h be5 pass+ dur+ ! five previ\s c5turies4 ,9 ?is great crisis !re are naturally two pr9cipal phases2 ( :i* only ! fir/1 or negative1 phase has yet be5 accompli%$4 ,9 x we gave ! la/ bl[ to ! old sy/em1 b )\t arriv+ at any fix$ & di/9ct prospect ( ! new4 ,9 ! second or positive phase1 :i* is at la/ beg9n+1 a basis = ! new social /ate has to be con/ruct$4 ,! fir/ phase l$ z its ultimate result to ! =mation ( a s\nd philosophical sy/em2 & by ?is sy/em ! second phase w be direct$4 ,x is ?is tw(old connexion :i* we are n[ to consid]4 ,! negative or de/ructive phase ( ! ,revolution /imulat$ ! desire ( ,progress1 & consequ5tly ! /udy ( social ph5om5a ,! /rong reaction :i* 0 ex]cis$ ^u ! intellect by ! fir/ great %ock ( revolution 0 absolutely necess>y to r\se & su/a9 our m5tal ef=ts 9 ! se>* = a new sy/em4 ,= ! greate/ ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h be5 bl9d$ to ! true "* ( ! new /ate by ! effete remnants ( ! old4 ,& ! %ock 0 especially necess>y = ! f\ndation ( social sci5ce4 ,= ! basis ( t sci5ce is ! conception ( human ,progress1 a conception :i* no?+ b ! ,revolution c\ld h br\ght =w>d into suffici5t prom95ce4 ,social ,ord] 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z /ation>y3 & its !ory "u ?is provisional aspect 0 admirably sket*$ out by ! great ,ari/otle4 ,9 ?is respect ! case ( ,sociology resembles t ( ,biology4 ,9 ,biology /atical conceptions 7 atta9$ )\t ! lea/ k ( dynamical laws4 ,simil>ly1 ! social speculations ( antiquity are entirely devoid ( ! conception ( ,progress4 ,_! hi/orical field 0 too n>r[ to indicate any cont9u\s movem5t ( ,humanity4 ,x 0 n till ! ,middle ,ages t ?is movem5t became suffici5tly manife/ to inspire ! feel+ t we 7 t5d+ t[>ds a /ate ( increas$ p]fection4 ,x 0 !n se5 by all t ,ca?olicism 0 sup]ior to ,poly!ism & ,judaism2 & ?is 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ! correspond+ political improvem5t produc$ by ! sub/itution ( ,feudalism = ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,confus$ z ?is fir/ feel+ ( human ,progress 01 x 0 yet v int5se & v l>gely diffus$2 ?\gh x lo/ mu* ( its vitality 9 ! !ological & metaphysical discussions ( lat] c5turies4 ,x is "h t we mu/ look if we w\ld und]/& t ard\r 9 ! cause ( ,progress :i* is peculi> to ! ,we/]n family ( nations1 & :i* has be5 /rong en\gh to *eck _m sophi/ical delusions1 especially 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! noble aspirations ( ! ,middle ,ages h be5 lea/ impair$ by ! metaphysical !ories ( ,prote/antism or ,deism4 ,b :atev] ! importance ( ?is nasc5t feel+1 x 0 v f> f suffici5t to e/abli% ! conviction ( ,progress z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( human society4 ,to demon/rate any k9d ( progression1 at lea/ ?ree t]ms are requisite4 ,n[ ! absolute "* ( !ological philosophy1 by :i* ! comp>ison betwe5 ,poly!ism & ,ca?olicism 0 in/itut$1 prev5t$ m5 f conceiv+ ! b>e possibility ( any fur!r /age4 ,! limits ( p]fection 7 suppos$ to h be5 rea*$ by ! m$iaeval sy/em1 & beyond x !re 0 no?+ b ! ,*ri/ian ,utopia ( a future life4 ,! decl9e ( m$iaeval !ology soon set ! imag9ation free f any su* ob/acles2 b x l$ at ! same "t to a m5tal reaction :i* = a long "t 0 unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( ?is fir/ conception ( ,progress4 ,x br\ght a feel+ ( bl9d antipa?y to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,almo/ all ?9k]s 9 _! dislike ( ! ,ca?olic dogmas 7 seiz$ ) su* irrational admiration = ,antiquity z entirely to ignore ! social sup]iority ( ! m$iaeval sy/em2 & x 0 only among ! untaught masses1 especially 9 ! c\ntries pres]v$ f ,prote/antism1 t any real feel+ ( ?is sup]iority 0 reta9$4 ,x 0 n till ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t mod]n ?9k]s began to dwell on ! conception ( ,progress4 ,x re-appe>$ !n "u a new aspect4 ,conclusive evid5ce _h by t "t be5 furni%$ t ! m civiliz$ portion ( our race _h advanc$ 9 sci5ce & indu/ry1 & ev51 ?\gh n s unque/ionably1 9 ! f9e arts4 ,b ^! aspects 7 only p>tial3 & ?\gh !y 7 und\bt$ly ! s\rce ( ! m sy/ematic views held by our own c5tury ^u ! subject1 !y 7 n en\gh to demon/rate ! fact ( a progression4 ,& inde$1 f ! social po9t ( view1 s f> m important ?an any o!r1 ,progress seem$ m d\btful ?an x _h be5 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b ?is condition ( op9ion 0 *ang$ by ! revolution>y %ock :i* impell$ ,france1 ! normal c5tre ( ,we/]n ,europe1 to apply itself to ! task ( social reg5]ation4 ,a ?ird t]m ( comp>ison1 t is to say ! type on :i* mod]n society is be+ m\ld$1 n[ pres5t$ itself2 ?\gh x lay z yet 9 a di/ant & obscure future4 ,comp>$ ) ! m$iaeval sy/em x 0 se5 to be an advance z great z t :i* ju/ifi$ our ance/ors ( *ivalr\s times 9 ass]t+ sup]iority to _! pr$ecessors ( antiquity4 ,until ! de/ruction ( ,ca?olic ,feudalism became an ov]t fact1 its effete remnants _h conceal$ ! political future1 & ! fact ( cont9u\s progress 9 society _h always rema9$ unc]ta94 ,social ph5om5a h ?is peculi>ity1 t ! object obs]v$ und]goes a process ( developm5t z well z & simultane\sly ) ! obs]v]4 ,n[ up to ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 political developm5t1 on :i* ! pr9cipal argum5t = ! !ory ( ,progress mu/ always be bas$1 correspond$ 9 its imp]fection to ! incapacity ( ! sci5tific _s to frame ! !ory ( x4 ,a c5tury ago1 ?9k]s ( ! greate/ em95ce 7 unable to conceive ( a really cont9u\s progression2 & ,humanity1 z !y ?\ght1 0 de/9$ to move 9 circles or 9 oscillations4 ,b "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,revolution a real s5se ( human developm5t has aris5 spontane\sly & ) m or less result1 9 m9ds ( ! mo/ ord9>y ca/2 fir/ 9 ,france1 & subsequ5tly ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ?is respect ! crisis has be5 mo/ salut>y2 x has giv5 u t m5tal c\rage z well z =ce )\t :i* ! conception c\ld nev] h aris54 ,x is ! basis ( social sci5ce & !re=e ( all ,positive ,philosophy2 s9ce x is only f ! social aspect t ,positive ,philosophy admits ( be+ view$ z a connect$ :ole4 ,)\t ! !ory ( ,progress1 ! !ory ( ,ord]1 ev5 suppos+ t x c\ld be =m$1 w\ld be inadequate z a basis = ,sociology4 ,x is ess5tial t ! two %\ld be comb9$4 ,! v fact t ,progress1 h[ev] view$1 is no?+ b ! developm5t ( ,ord]1 %[s t ,ord] _c be fully manife/$ )\t ,progress4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ,positivism ^u ! ,fr5* ,revolution may n[ be und]/ood m cle>ly4 ,nor 0 x by a m]ely =tuit\s co9cid5ce t by ?is "t ! introductory c\rse ( sci5tific k by :i* ! m9d is prep>$ = ,positivism %\ld h be5 suffici5tly complet$4 ,b we mu/ "h obs]ve t1 b5eficial z ! intellectual reaction ( ?is great crisis und\bt$ly 01 its effects c\ld n be realiz$ until ! ard\r ( ! revolution>y _s _h be5 to "s ext5t weak5$4 ,! dazzl+ light ?r[n ^u ! ,future = "s "t obscur$ our vision ( ! ,pa/4 ,x disclos$1 ?\gh obscurely1 ! ?ird t]m ( ! social progression2 b x prev5t$ u f fairly appreciat+ ! second t]m4 ,x enc\rag$ t bl9d av]sion to ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* _h be5 inspir$ by ! emancipat+ process ( mod]n times2 a feel+ :i* _h once be5 necess>y to induce u to ab&on ! old sy/em4 ,! suppression ( ?is int]m$iate /ep w\ld be z fatal to ! conception ( ,progress z ! abs5ce ( ! la/2 because ?is la/ diff]s too widely f ! fir/ to admit ( any direct comp>ison ) x4 ,"r views ^u ! subject 7 impossible !re=e until full ju/ice _h be5 r5d]$ to ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* =m at once ! po9t ( union & ( sep>ation betwe5 anci5t & mod]n hi/ory4 ,n[ x 0 q impossible to d ?is z long z ! excitem5t ( ! fir/ ye>s ( ! revolution la/$4 ,9 ?is respect ! philosophical reaction1 organiz$ at ! beg9n+ ( our c5tury by ! great ,de ,mai/re1 0 ( mat]ial assi/ance 9 prep>+ ! true !ory ( ,progress4 ,8 s*ool 0 ( brief duration1 & x 0 no d\bt animat$ by a retrograde _s2 b x w always be rank$ among ! necess>y antec$5ts ( ! ,positive sy/em2 al?\gh its works are n[ entirely sup]s$$ by ! rise ( ! new philosophy1 :i* 9 a m p]fect =m has embodi$ all _! *ief results4 ,:at 0 requir$ !re=e = ! discov]y ( ,sociological laws1 & = ! e/abli%m5t ^u ^! laws ( a s\nd philosophical sy/em1 0 an intellect 9 ! vig\r ( y\?1 imbu$ ) all ! ard\r ( ! revolution>y _s1 & yet spontane\sly assimilat+ all t 0 valuable 9 ! attempts ( ! retrograde s*ool to appreciate ! hi/orical importance ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ?is way & 9 no o!r c\ld ! true _s ( hi/ory arise4 ,= t _s consi/s 9 ! s5se ( human cont9uity1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 felt by no "o1 n ev5 by my illu/ri\s & un=tunate pr$ecessor ,condorcet4 ,meantime ! g5ius ( ,gall 0 complet+ ! rec5t attempts to sy/ematize biology1 by comm5c+ ! /udy ( ! int]nal functions ( ! bra92 z f> at lea/ z ^! c\ld be und]/ood f ! ph5om5a ( individual z di/9ct f social developm5t4 ,& n[ ,i h expla9$ ! s]ies ( social & intellectual conditions by :i* ! discov]y ( sociological laws1 & consequ5tly ! f\ndation ( ,positivism1 0 fix$ = ! precise date at :i* ,i began my philosophical c>e]3 t is to say1 "o g5]ation aft] ! progressive dictator%ip ( ! ,conv5tion1 & almo/ imm$iately aft] ! fall ( ! retrograde tyranny ( ,bonap>te4 ,?us x appe>s t ! revolution>y movem5t1 & ! long p]iod ( reaction :i* succe$$ x1 7 alike necess>y1 be=e ! new g5]al doctr9e c\ld be di/9ctly conceiv$ ( z a :ole4 ,& if ?is prep>ation 0 ne$$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,positivism z a philosophical sy/em1 f> m ne$ful 0 x = ! recognition ( its social value4 ,= x gu>ante$ free exposition & discussion ( op9ion3 & x l$ ! public to look to ,positivism z ! sy/em :i* conta9$ 9 g]m ! ultimate solution ( social problems4 ,?is is a po9t s obvi\s t we ne$ n dwell ^u x fur!r4 ,hav+ satisfi$ ourselves ( ! dep5d5ce ( ,positivism ^u ! fir/ phase ( ! ,revolution1 we h n[ to consid] x z ! future guide ( ! second phase4 ,! con/ructive phase ( ! ,revolution4 ,! fir/ attempts to con/ruct fail$1 be+ bas$ on de/ructive pr9ciples ,x is (t5 suppos$ t ! de/ruction ( ! old regime 0 br\ght ab\t by ! ,revolution4 ,b hi/ory :5 c>efully exam9$ po9ts to a v diff]5t conclusion4 ,x %[s t ! ,revolution 0 n ! cause b ! consequ5ce ( ! utt] decomposition ( ! m$iaeval sy/em2 a process :i* _h be5 go+ on = five c5turies ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,europe1 & especially 9 ,france2 spontane\sly at fir/1 & aft]w>ds 9 a m sy/ematic way4 ,! ,revolution1 f> f protract+ ! negative movem5t ( previ\s c5turies1 0 a b> to its fur!r ext5sion4 ,x 0 a f9al outbreak 9 :i* m5 %[$ _! irrevocable purpose ( ab&on+ ! old sy/em altoge!r1 & ( proce$+ at once to ! task ( entire recon/ruction4 ,! mo/ conclusive pro( ( ?is int5tion 0 giv5 by ! abolition ( royalty2 :i* _h be5 ! rally+ po9t ( all ! decay+ remnants ( ! old ,fr5* con/itution4 ,b ) ?is exception1 :i* only occupi$ ! ,conv5tion dur+ its fir/ sitt+1 ! con/ructive t5d5cies ( ! movem5t 7 app>5t f its outset2 & !y %[$ !mselves /ill m cle>ly z soon z ! republican _s _h become pr$om9ant4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t /rong z ^! t5d5cies may h be51 ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,revolution produc$ results ( an extremely negative & de/ructive k9d4 ,9 fact ! movem5t 0 9 ?is respect a failure4 ,?is is p>tly to be attribut$ to ! press+ necessities ( ! h>d /ruggle = national indep5d5ce :i* ,france ma9ta9$ s glori\sly aga9/ ! comb9$ attacks ( ! retrograde nations ( ,europe4 ,b x is f> m l>gely ow+ to ! purely critical "* ( ! metaphysical doctr9es by :i* ! revolution>y _s 0 at t "t direct$4 ,! negative & ! positive movem5ts :i* h be5 go+ on 9 ,we/]n ,europe s9ce ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 h be5 ( c\rse connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,b ! =m] has necess>ily advanc$ ) great] rapidity ?an ! latt]4 ,! old sy/em _h s entirely decl9$1 t a desire = social reg5]ation _h become g5]al1 be=e ! gr\ndwork ( ! new sy/em _h be5 suffici5tly complet$ = its true "* to be und]/ood4 ,z we h j se51 ! doctr9e by :i* social reg5]ation is n[ to be direct$ c\ld n h aris5 previ\sly to ! ,revolution4 ,! impulse :i* ! ,revolution gave to ?\ght 0 indisp5sable to its =mation4 ,"h !n 0 an insurm\ntable fatality by :i* m5 7 =c$ to make use ( ! critical pr9ciples :i* _h be5 f\nd s]viceable 9 =m] /ruggles1 z ! only available in/rum5ts ( con/ruction4 ,z soon z ! old ord] _h once be5 fairly ab&on$1 !re 0 ( c\rse no utility :atev] 9 ! negative philosophy4 ,b its doctr9es _h become famili> to m5's m9ds1 & its motto ( #8,lib]ty & ,equality'1 0 at t "t ! "o mo/ compatible ) social progress4 ,?us ! fir/ /age ( ! revolution>y movem5t 0 accompli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( pr9ciples t _h become obsolete1 & t 7 q inadequate to ! new task requir$ ( !m4 ,= con/ructive purposes ! revolution>y philosophy 0 valueless2 except s f> z x put =w>d a vague programme ( ! political future f\nd$ on s5tim5t r ?an conviction1 & unaccompani$ by any explanation ( ! "r mode ( realiz+ x4 ,9 default ( organic pr9ciples ! doctr9es ( ! critical s*ool 7 employ$3 & ! result spe$ily %[$ _! inh]5t t5d5cy to an>*y2 a t5d5cy z p]il\s to ! g]ms ( ! new ord] z to ! ru9s ( ! old4 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$ once = all1 & x left su* ineffaceable memories t x is n probable t any s]i\s attempt w be made to repeat x4 ,! incapacity = con/ruction inh]5t 9 ! doctr9e 9 :i* ! revolution>y _s _h embodi$ itself 0 plac$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt4 ,! result 0 to impress e "o ) ! urg5t necessity = social r5ovation2 b ! pr9ciples ( t r5ovation 7 /ill left undet]m9$4 ,c\nt]-revolution f #agid to #ahcj ,9 ?is condition ( philosophical & political op9ion1 ! necessity ( ,ord] 0 felt to be p>am\nt1 & a long p]iod ( reaction ensu$4 ,dat+ f ! (ficial ,deism introduc$ by ,robespi]re1 x rea*$ its height "u ! aggressive sy/em ( ,bonap>te1 & x 0 feebly protract$1 9 spite ( ! peace ( #ahae1 by 8 insignificant successors4 ,! only p]man5t result ( ?is p]iod 0 ! hi/orical & doctr9al evid5ce br\ght =w>d by ,de ,mai/re & 8 s*ool1 ( ! social inutility ( mod]n metaphysics1 :ile at ! same "t _! intellectual weakness 0 be+ prov$ by ! successful attempts ( ,cabanis1 & /ill m ( ,gall1 to ext5d ! ,positive me?od to ! highe/ biological que/ions4 ,9 all o!r respects ?is elaborate attempt to prev5t ! f9al emancipation ( ,humanity prov$ a complete failure2 9 fact1 x l$ to a revival ( ! in/9ct ( ,progress4 ,/rong antipa?ies 7 r\s$ ev]y:]e by ^! fruitless ef=ts at recon/ruct+ a sy/em :i* _h become s entirely obsolete1 t ev5 ^? :o 7 lab\r+ to rebuild x no long] und]/ood its "* or ! conditions ( its exi/5ce4 ,a re-awak5+ ( ! revolution>y _s 0 ?us inevitable2 & x took place z soon z peace 0 e/abli%$1 & ! *ief uphold] ( ! retrograde sy/em _h be5 remov$4 ,! doctr9es ( negation 7 call$ back to life2 b v little illusion n[ rema9$ z to _! capacity = organiz+4 ,9 want ( some?+ bett]1 m5 accept$ !m z a means ( resi/+ retrograde pr9ciples1 j z ^! la/ _h ow$ _! app>5t success to ! necessity ( *eck+ ! t5d5cy to an>*y4 ,amid/ ^! fre% debates on worn-out subjects1 ! public soon became aw>e t a f9al solution ( ! "q _h n yet aris5 ev5 9 g]m4 ,x !re=e conc]n$ itself = little except ! ma9t5ance ( ,ord] & ,lib]ty2 conditions z indisp5sable = ! free action ( philosophy z = mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,! :ole position 0 mo/ fav\rable = ! con/ruction ( a def9ite solution2 & x 01 9 fact1 dur+ ! la/ phase ( ! retrograde movem5t t ! elem5t>y pr9ciple ( a solution 0 furni%$1 by my discov]y1 9 #ahbb1 ( ! two-fold law ( intellectual developm5t4 ,political /agnation betwe5 #ahcj & #ahdh ,! app>5t indiff]5ce ( ! public1 to :om all ! exi/+ p>ties seem$ equally devoid ( insight into ! political future1 0 at la/ mi/ak5 by a bl9d gov]nm5t = tacit cons5t to its unwise s*emes4 ,! cause ( ,progress 0 9 dang]4 ,!n came ! memorable crisis ( #ahcj1 by :i* ! sy/em ( reaction1 introduc$ ?irty-six ye>s previ\sly1 0 br\ght to an end4 ,! convictions :i* t sy/em inspir$ 7 inde$ s sup]ficial1 t its support]s came ( _! own accord to disav[ !m1 & to uphold 9 _! own fa%ion ! *ief revolution>y doctr9es4 ,^! aga9 7 ab&on$ by _! previ\s support]s on _! accession to p[]4 ,:5 ! hi/ory ( ^! times is writt51 no?+ w give a cle>] view ( ! revulsion ( feel+ on bo? sides1 ?an ! debates :i* took place on ,lib]ty ( ,education4 ,)9 a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 x 0 alt]nately dem&$ & refus$ by bo?2 & ?is 9 behalf ( ! same pr9ciples1 z !y 7 call$1 ?\gh x 0 9 reality a "q ( int]e/ r ?an pr9ciple on ei!r side4 ,all previ\s convictions be+ ?us ?or\ghly upset1 m room 0 left = ! in/9ctive feel+ ( ! public2 & ! "q ( reconcil+ ! _s ( ,ord] ) t ( ,progress n[ came into prom95ce4 ,x 0 ! mo/ important ( all problems1 & x 0 n[ plac$ 9 its true light4 ,b ?is only made ! abs5ce ( a solution m manife/2 & ! pr9ciple ( ! solution exi/$ n[h]e b 9 ,positivism1 :i* z yet 0 immature4 ,all ! op9ions ( ! day _h become alike utt]ly incompatible bo? ) ,ord] & ) ,progress4 ,! ,cons]vative s*ool und]took to reconcile ! two2 b x _h no con/ructive p[]2 & ! only result ( its doctr9e 0 to give equal enc\ragem5t to an>*y & to reaction1 s z to be able always to neutralize ! "o by ! o!r4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,con/itutional ,mon>*y 0 n[ put =w>d z ! ultimate issue ( ! great ,revolution4 ,b no "o c\ld s]i\sly place any real confid5ce 9 a sy/em s ali5 to ! :ole "* ( ,fr5* hi/ory1 (f]+ z x did no?+ b a sup]ficial & unwise imitation ( a political anomaly ess5tially peculi> to ,engl&4 ,! p]iod !n betwe5 #ahcj & #ahdh may be reg>d$ z a natural pause 9 ! political movem5t4 ,! reaction :i* succe$$ ! orig9al crisis _h exhau/$ itself2 b ! f9al or organic phase ( ! ,revolution 0 /ill delay$ = want ( def9ite pr9ciples to guide x4 ,no conception _h be5 =m$ ( x1 except by a small numb] ( philosophic m9ds :o _h tak5 _! /& ^u ! rec5tly e/abli%$ laws ( social sci5ce1 & _h f\nd !mselves able1 )\t rec\rse to any *im]ical views1 to ga9 "s g5]al insight into ! political future1 ( :i* ,condorcet1 my pr9cipal pr$ecessor1 knew s little4 ,b x 0 impossible = ! reg5]at+ doctr9e to spread m widely & to be accept$ z ! peaceful solution ( social problems1 until a di/9ct refutation _h be5 giv5 ( ! false ass]tion s au?oritatively made t ! p>liam5t>y sy/em 0 ! ultimate issue ( ! ,revolution4 ,?is notion once de/roy$1 ! "w ( spiritual reorganization %\ld be left entirely to ! free ef=ts ( indep5d5t ?9k]s4 ,9 ^! respects our la/ political *ange 7#ahdh7 w h accompli%$ all t is requir$4 ,! pres5t position1 #ahdh-ahej4 ,republicanism involves ! great pr9ciple ( subord9at+ ,politics to ,morals ,?anks to ! in/9ctive s5se & vig\r ( our work+ classes1 ! reactioni/ lean+s ( ! ,orleani/ gov]nm5t1 :i* _h become ho/ile to ! purpose = :i* x 0 orig9ally in/itut$1 h at la/ br\ght ab\t ! f9al abolition ( mon>*y 9 ,france4 ,! pre/ige ( mon>*y _h long be5 lo/1 & x n[ only imp$$ ,progress1 )\t be+ ( any real b5efit to ,ord]4 ,by its fictiti\s supremacy x directly h9d]$ ! "w ( spiritual re=mation1 :il/ ! measure ( real p[] :i* x possess$ 0 insuffici5t to control ! wret*$ political agitation ma9ta9$ by animosities ( a purely p]sonal "*4 ,view$ negatively1 ! pr9ciple ( ,republicanism sums up ! fir/ phase ( ! ,revolution4 ,x precludes ! possibility ( recurr5ce to ,royalism1 :i*1 ev] s9ce ! second half ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 has be5 ! rally+ po9t ( all reactioni/ t5d5cies4 ,int]pret+ ! pr9ciple 9 its positive s5se1 we may reg>d x z a direct /ep t[>ds ! f9al reg5]ation ( society4 ,by consecrat+ all human =ces ( :atev] k9d to ! g5]al s]vice ( ! community1 republicanism recognizes ! doctr9e ( subord9at+ ,politics to ,morals4 ,( c\rse x is z a feel+ r ?an z a pr9ciple t ?is doctr9e is at pres5t adopt$2 b x c\ld n obta9 acceptance 9 any o!r way2 & ev5 :5 put =w>d 9 a m sy/ematic %ape1 x is ^u ! aid ( feel+ t x w pr9cipally rely1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,9 ?is respect ,france has prov$ wor?y ( h] position z ! lead] ( ! great family ( ,we/]n nations1 & has 9 reality already ent]$ ^u ! normal /ate4 ,)\t ! int]v5tion ( any !ological sy/em1 %e has ass]t$ ! true pr9ciple on :i* society %\ld re/1 a pr9ciple :i* orig9at$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages "u ! impulse ( ,ca?olicism2 b = ! g5]al acceptance ( :i* a s\nd] philosophy & m suitable circum/ances 7 necess>y4 ,! direct t5d5cy1 !n1 ( ! ,fr5* ,republic is to sanction ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,positivism1 ! prepond]ance1 namely1 ( ,feel+ ov] ,intellect & ,activity4 ,/>t+ f ?is po9t1 public op9ion w soon be conv9c$ t ! "w ( organiz+ society on republican pr9ciples is "o :i* c only be p]=m$ by ! new philosophy4 ,x gives prom95ce to ! problem ( reconcil+ ,ord] & ,progress ,! :ole position br+s into full] prom95ce ! fundam5tal problem previ\sly propos$1 ( reconcil+ ,ord] & ,progress4 ,! urg5t necessity ( do+ s is ackn[l$g$ by all2 b ! utt] incapacity ( any ( ! exi/+ s*ools ( op9ion to realize x becomes increas+ly evid5t4 ,! abolition ( mon>*y removes ! mo/ important ob/acle to social ,progress3 b at ! same "t x deprives u ( ! only rema9+ gu>antee = public ,ord]4 ,?us ! "t is d\bly fav\rable to con/ructive t5d5cies2 yet at pres5t !re are no op9ions :i* possess m ?an ! purely negative value ( *eck+1 & t v imp]fectly1 ! error opposite to _! own4 ,9 a position :i* gu>antees ,progress & compromises ,ord]1 x is naturally = ! latt] t ! greate/ anxiety is felt2 & we are /ill )\t any organ capable ( sy/ematically def5d+ x4 ,yet exp]i5ce %\ld h taught u h[ extremely fragile e gov]nm5t mu/ be :i* is purely mat]ial1 t is1 :i* is bas$ solely ^u self-int]e/1 & is de/itute ( sympa?ies & convictions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 spiritual ord] is n to be hop$ = at pres5t 9 ! abs5ce ( any doctr9e :i* comm&s g5]al respect4 ,ev5 ! social in/9ct is a =ce on ! political value ( :i* we _c always rely3 = :5 n bas$ on "s def9ite pr9ciple1 x n unfrequ5tly becomes s\rce ( di/urbance4 ,h5ce we are driv5 back to ! cont9uance ( a mat]ial sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 al?\gh its inadequacy is ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,9 a republic1 h[ev]1 su* a gov]nm5t _c employ its mo/ effici5t in/rum5t1 corruption4 ,x has to resort in/ead to repressive measures ( a m or less transitory k9d1 e "t t ! dang] ( an>*y becomes too ?reat5+4 ,^! occasional measures1 h[ev]1 naturally proportion !mselves to ! necessities ( ! case4 ,?us1 ?\gh ,ord] is expos$ to great] p]ils ?an ,progress1 x c c\nt on m p[]ful res\rces = its def5ce4 ,%ortly aft] ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 ! extraord9>y outbreak ( ,june1 #ahdh1 prov$ t ! republic c\ld call into play1 &1 inde$1 c\ld pu% to excess1 9 ! cause ( public ,ord]1 =ces f> great] ?an ^? ( ! mon>*y4 ,?us royalty no long] possesses t monopoly ( pres]v+ ,ord]1 :i* has hi!rto induc$ a few s9c]e & ?9k+ m5 to cont9ue to support x2 & h5ce=? ! sole political *>act]i/ic :i* x reta9s is t ( ob/ruct+ ,progress4 ,& yet by ano!r reaction ( ?is contradictory position ( affairs1 ! mon>*ical p>ty seems at pres5t to h become ! organ ( resi/ance 9 behalf ( mat]ial ,ord]4 ,retrograde z its doctr9es are1 yet f _! /ill reta9+ a c]ta9 organic t5d5cy1 ! cons]vative in/9cts rally r\nd !m4 ,to ?is ! progressive in/9cts (f] no s]i\s ob/acle1 _! insuffici5cy = ! pres5t ne$s be+ m or less di/9ctly recogniz$4 ,x is n to ! mon>*ical p>ty1 h[ev]1 t we mu/ look = cons]vative pr9ciples2 = 9 ?is qu>t] !y are :olly ab&on$1 & unhesitat+ adoption ( e revolution>y pr9ciple is resort$ to z a means ( reta9+ p[]2 s t ! doctr9es ( ! ,revolution w\ld seem fat$ to close _! exi/5ce 9 ! retrograde camp4 ,s urg5t is ! ne$ ( ,ord] t we are driv5 to accept = ! mom5t a p>ty :i* has lo/ all its old convictions1 & :i* _h app>5tly become ext9ct be=e ! ,republic began4 ,positivism & ,positivism alone c dis5tangle & t]m9ate ?is anomal\s position4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* x dep5ds is manife/ly ?is3 ,z long z ,progress t5ds t[>ds an>*y1 s long w ,ord] cont9ue to be retrograde4 ,b ! retrograde movem5t nev] really atta9s its object3 inde$ its pr9ciples are always neutraliz$ by inconsi/5t concessions4 ,judg$ by ! boa/ful language ( its lead]s1 we might imag9e t x 0 de/roy+ republicanism2 :]eas ! movem5t w\ld n exi/ at all1 b = ! peculi> circum/ances 9 :i* we are plac$2 circum/ances :i* are =c$ into great] prom95ce by ! fooli% opposition ( mo/ ( ! au?orities4 ,z soon z ! in/9ct ( political improvem5t has plac$ itself "u sy/ematic guidance1 its gr[? w be> d[n all resi/ance2 & !n ! reason ( its pres5t /agnation w be pat5t to all4 ,x br+s ! metaphysical revolution>y s*ools into discr$it ,& = ?is ,!ologism is1 unaw>es1 prep>+ ! way4 ,its app>5t prepond]ance places ,positivism 9 precisely t position :i* ,i wi%$ = t5 ye>s ago4 ,! two organic pr9ciples c n[ be br\ght side by side1 & _! relative /r5g? te/$1 )\t ! complication ( any metaphysical consid]ations4 ,= ! incoh]5ce ( metaphysical sy/ems is n[ recogniz$1 & !y are f9ally decay+ "u ! v political sy/em :i* seem$ at "o "t likely to promote _! acceptance4 ,con/ruction is se5 by all to be ! ?+ want$3 & m5 are rapidly becom+ aw>e ( ! utt] holl[ness ( all s*ools :i* conf9e !mselves to prote/s aga9/ ! in/itutions ( !ologism1 :ile admitt+ its ess5tial pr9ciples4 ,s defunct1 inde$1 h ^! s*ools become1 t !y c no long] fulfil ev5 _! old (fice ( de/ruction4 ,?is has fall5 n[ z an accessory task ^u ,positivism1 :i* (f]s ! only sy/ematic gu>antee aga9/ retrogression z well z aga9/ an>*y4 ,psy*ologi/s1 /rictly s call$1 h already = ! mo/ "p disappe>$ ) ! fall ( con/itutional mon>*y2 s close is ! relation betwe5 ^! two importations f ,prote/antism4 ,x seem$ likely !re=e t ! ,ideologi/s1 _! natural rivals1 w\ld rega9 _! influ5ce ) ! p4 ,b ev5 !y _c w9 back ! confid5ce repos$ 9 !m dur+ ! great ,revolution1 because ! doctr9es 9 virtue ( :i* x 0 !n giv5 are n[ s utt]ly explod$4 ,! mo/ advanc$ ( _! numb]1 unwor?y successors ( ! s*ool ( ,voltaire & ,danton1 h %[n !mselves ?or\ghly incapable ei!r morally or intellectually ( direct+ ! second phase ( ! ,revolution1 :i* !y are h>dly able to di/+ui% f ! fir/ phase4 ,=m]ly ,i _h tak5 z _! type a man ( f> sup]ior m]it1 ! noble ,arm& ,c>rel1 ^: dea? 0 su* a griev\s loss to ! republican cause4 ,b he 0 a complete exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,true republican convictions 7 impossible ) m5 :o _h be5 s*ool$ 9 p>liam5t>y intrigues1 & :o _h direct$ or aid$ ! p]t9aci\s ef=ts ( ! ,fr5* press to rehabilitate ! "n ( ,bonap>te4 ,_! accession to p[] 0 futile2 = !y c\ld only ma9ta9 mat]ial ord] by call+ 9 ! retrograde p>ty2 & !y soon became m]e auxili>ies ( ?is p>ty1 disgracefully abjur+ all _! philosophical convictions4 ,!re is "o proce$+ :i*1 ?\gh x is b an episode 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 w always rema9 z a te/ ( ! true "* ( ?is unnatural alliance4 ,i allude to ! ,roman exp$ition ( #ahdi2 a dete/able & contemptible act1 = :i* j p5alties w spe$ily be impos$ on all :o 7 accessory to x2 n to speak ( ! damnatory v]dict ( hi/ory4 ,b precisely ! same hypocritical opposition to progress has be5 exhibit$ by ! o!r class ( ,dei/s1 ! disciples1 t is1 ( ,r\sseau1 :o pr(ess to adopt ,robespi]re's policy4 ,hav+ _h no %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 !y h n s entirely lo/ _! hold ^u ! p2 b !y are at ! pres5t "t totally devoid ( political coh]5ce4 ,_! wild an>*y is incompatible ) ! g5]al tone ( feel+ ma9ta9$ by ! indu/rial activity1 ! sci5tific _s1 & ! e/hetic culture ( mod]n life4 ,^! ,pr(essors ( ! ,guillot9e1 z !y may be call$1 ^: sup]ficial sophisms w\ld r$uce exceptional outbreaks ( popul> fury into a cold-blood$ sy/em1 soon f\nd !mselves =c$1 = ! sake ( popul>ity1 to sanction ! law :i* v prop]ly aboli%$ capital puni%m5t = political (f5ces4 ,9 ! same way !y are n[ oblig$ to dis[n ! only real mean+ ( ! r$ flag :i* s]ves to di/+ui% _! p>ty1 too vague z x is = any o!r "n4 ,equally wrong h !y %[n !mselves 9 int]pret+ ! t5d5cies ( ! work+ classes1 f be+ s entirely tak5 up ) que/ions ( ab/ract rights4 ,! p h all[$ ^! rights to be tak5 f !m )\t a /ruggle :5ev] ! cause ( ,ord] has seem$ to require x2 yet !y /ill p]si/1 me*anically1 9 ma9ta9+ t x is on que/ions ( ?is sort t ! solution ( all our difficulties dep5ds4 ,tak+ = _! political ideal a %ort & anomal\s p]iod ( our hi/ory :i* is nev] likely to recur1 !y are always attempt+ to suppress lib]ty = ! sake ( :at !y call progress4 ,9 a "t ( un*angeable peace !y are ! only real support]s ( w>4 ,_! conception ( ! organization ( lab\r is simply to de/roy ! indu/rial hi]>*y ( capitali/ & workman e/abli%$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 &1 9 fact1 9 e respect ^! sophi/ical an>*i/s are utt]ly out ( keep+ ) ! c5tury 9 :i* !y live4 ,!re are "s1 x is true1 :o /ill reta9 a measure ( influ5ce ) ! work+ classes1 incapable & unwor?y ?\gh !y be ( _! position4 ,b _! cr$it is rapidly decl9+2 & x is n likely to become dang]\s at a "t :5 political en?usiasm is no long] to be won by metaphysical prejudices4 ,! only effect really produc$ by ?is p>ty ( disord]1 is to s]ve z a bugbe> = ! b5efit ( ! retrograde p>ty1 :o ?us obta9 (ficial support f ! middle class1 9 a way :i* is q contr>y to all ! pr9ciples & habits ( t class4 ,x is v improbable t ^! fooli% levell]s w ev] succe$ to p[]4 ,%\ld !y d s1 h[ev]1 _! reign w be %ort1 & w soon result 9 _! f9al ext9ction2 because x w conv9ce ! p ( _! pr(\nd incapacity to direct ! reg5]ation ( ,europe4 ,! position ( affairs1 !re=e1 is n[ di/9ct & cle>2 & x is lead+ m5 to )draw _! confid5ce f all metaphysical s*ools1 z !y _h already )drawn x f !ology4 ,9 ?is g5]al discr$it ( all ! old sy/ems ! way becomes cle> = ,positivism1 ! only s*ool :i* h>monizes ) ! real t5d5cies z well z ) ! ess5tial ne$s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,& x proves to all ! necessity ( a true spiritual p[]2 a body ( ?9k]s ^: bus9ess is to /udy & to tea* pr9ciples1 hold+ alo( f political action ,9 ?is explanation ( ! rec5t position ( ,fr5* affairs "o po9t yet rema9s to be insi/$ on4 ,we h se5 f ! g5]al c\rse ( ! philosophical1 & yet m ( ! political1 movem5t1 ! urg5t necessity = a univ]sal doctr9e capable ( *eck+ errone\s action1 & ( avoid+ or mod]at+ popul> outbreaks4 ,b !re is ano!r ne$ equally manife/1 ! ne$ ( a spiritual p[]1 )\t :i* x w\ld be utt]ly impossible to br+ our philosophy to be> ^u practical life4 ,widely div]g5t z ! v>i\s metaphysical sects are1 !re is "o po9t 9 :i* !y all spontane\sly agree2 t is1 9 repudiat+ ! di/9ction betwe5 temporal & spiritual au?ority4 ,?is has be5 ! great revolution>y pr9ciple ev] s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & m especially s9ce ! rise ( ,prote/antism4 ,x orig9at$ 9 repugnance to ! m$iaeval sy/em4 ,! s-call$ philosoph]s ( our "t1 :e!r psy*ologi/s or ideologi/s1 h1 l _! ,greek pr$ecessors1 always aim$ at a complete conc5tration ( all social p[]s2 & !y h ev5 spread ?is delusion among ! /ud5ts ( special sci5ces4 ,at pres5t !re is no appreciation1 except 9 ! ,positive sy/em1 ( t in/9ctive sagacity :i* l$ all ! great m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages to in/itute1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! sep>ation ( moral f political au?ority4 ,x 0 a ma/]piece ( human wisdom2 b x 0 premature1 & c\ld n be p]man5tly successful at a "t :5 m5 7 /ill gov]n$ on !ological pr9ciples1 & practical life /ill reta9$ its milit>y "*4 ,?is sep>ation ( p[]s1 on :i* ! f9al organization ( society w pr9cipally dep5d1 is und]/ood & valu$ n[h]e b 9 ! new s*ool ( philosophy1 if we except ! unconsci\s & tacit admiration = x :i* /ill exi/s 9 ! c\ntries f :i* ,prote/antism has be5 exclud$4 ,f ! outset ( ! ,revolution1 ! pride ( !ori/s has always made !m wi% to become socially despotic2 a /ate ( ?+s to :i* !y h ev] look$ =w>d z _! political ideal4 ,public op9ion has by ?is "t gr[n f> too enlight5$ to all[ any practical realization ( a notion at once s *im]ical & s retrograde4 ,b public op9ion n be+ z yet suffici5tly organiz$1 ef=ts 9 ?is direction are con/antly be+ made4 ,! long+ among metaphysical re=m]s = practical z well z !oretical supremacy is n[ great] ?an ev]2 because1 f ! *ang$ /ate ( affairs1 _! ambition is no long] limit$ to m]e adm9i/rative functions4 ,_! v>i\s views div]ge s widely1 & all f9d s little sympa?y 9 ! public1 t !re is n mu* fe> ( _! ev] be+ able to *eck free discussion to any s]i\s ext5t1 by giv+ legal sanction to _! own p>ticul> doctr9e4 ,b q en\gh has be5 attempt$ to conv9ce e "o h[ ess5tially despotic e !ory ( society mu/ be :i* opposes ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( mod]n polity1 ! p]man5t sep>ation ( spiritual f temporal p[]4 ,! di/urbances caus$ by metaphysical ambition corroborate1 !n1 ! view urg$ s conclusively by ! adh]5ts ( ! new s*ool1 t ?is division ( p[]s is equally ess5tial to ,ord] & to ,progress4 ,if ,positivi/ ?9k]s cont9ue to )/& all temptations to mix actively 9 politics1 & g on quietly ) _! own "w amid/ ! unmean+ agitation ar\nd !m1 !y w ultimately make ! imp>tial portion ( ! public famili> ) ?is great conception4 ,x w h5ce=? be judg$ irrespectively ( ! religi\s doctr9es ) :i* x 0 orig9ally connect$4 ,m5 w involunt>ily contra/ x ) o!r sy/ems1 & w see m & m cle>ly t ,positive pr9ciples af=d ! only basis = true fre$om z well z = true union4 ,!y alone c tol]ate full discussion1 because !y alone re/ ^u solid pro(4 ,m5's practical wisdom1 guid$ by ! peculi> nature ( our political position1 w react /rongly ^u philosoph]s1 & keep !m /rictly to _! sph]e ( moral & intellectual influ5ce4 ,! slighte/ t5d5cy t[>ds ! assumption ( political p[] w be *eck$1 & ! desire = x w be consid]$ z a c]ta9 sign ( m5tal weakness1 & inde$ ( moral defici5cy4 ,n[ t royalty is aboli%$1 all true ?9k]s are secure ( p]fect fre$om ( ?\ght1 & ev5 ( expression1 z long z !y abide by ! necess>y conditions ( public ord]4 ,royalty 0 ! la/ remnant ( ! sy/em ( ca/es1 :i* gave ! monopoly ( decid+ on important social que/ions to a special family2 its abolition completes ! process ( !ological emancipation4 ,( c\rse ! magi/rates ( a republic may %[ despotic t5d5cies2 b !y c nev] become v dang]\s :]e p[] is held on s brief a t5ure1 & :]e1 ev5 :5 conc5trat$ 9 a s+le p]son1 x emanates f suffrage1 incompet5t z t may be4 ,x is easy = ! ,positivi/ to %[ t ^! function>ies "k v little m ?an _! con/itu5ts ( ! logical & sci5tific conditions necess>y = ! sy/ematic work+ out ( moral & social doctr9es4 ,su* au?orities1 ?\gh devoid ( any spiritual sanction1 may1 h[ev]1 comm& ob$i5ce 9 ! "n ( ,ord]4 ,b !y c nev] be really respect$1 unless !y adh]e scrupul\sly to _! temporal functions1 )\t claim+ ! lea/ au?ority ov] ?\ght4 ,ev5 be=e ! c5tral p[] falls into ! h&s ( m5 really fit to wield x1 ! republican "* ( our gov]nm5t w h =c$ ?is conviction ^u a nation t has n[ got rid ( all political fanaticism1 :e!r ( a retrograde or an>*ical k9d4 ,& ! conviction is ! m c]ta9 to arise1 because practical au?orities w become m & m absorb$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( mat]ial ord]1 & w !re=e leave ! "q ( spiritual ord] to ! unre/rict$ ef=ts ( ?9k]s4 ,x is nei!r by accid5t nor by p]sonal influ5ce t ,i h myself always enjoy$ s l>ge a measure ( fre$om 9 writ+1 & subsequ5tly 9 public lectures1 & ?is "u gov]nm5ts all ( :i* 7 m or less oppressive4 ,e true philosoph] w receive ! same lic5ce1 if1 l myself1 he (f]s ! intellectual & moral gu>antees :i* ! public & ! civil p[] are fairly entitl$ to expect f ! sy/ematic organs ( ,humanity4 ,! necessity ( controll+ levell]s may lead to occasional acts ( unwise viol5ce4 ,b ,i am conv9c$ t respect w always be %[n to con/ructive ?9k]s1 & t !y w soon be call$ 9 to ! assi/ance ( public ord]4 ,= ord] w n be able to exi/ mu* long] )\t ! sanction ( "s rational pr9ciple4 ,! ne$ ( a spiritual p[] is common to ! :ole ,republic ( ,we/]n ,europe ,! result1 !n1 ( ! important political *anges :i* h rec5tly tak5 place is ?is4 ,! second phase ( ! ,revolution1 :i* hi!rto has be5 re/rict$ to a few advanc$ m9ds1 is n[ ent]$ by ! public1 & m5 are rapidly =m+ ju/] views ( its true "*4 ,x is becom+ recogniz$ t ! only firm basis = a re=m ( our political in/itutions1 is a complete reorganization ( op9ion & ( life2 & ! way is op5 = ! new religi\s doctr9e to direct ?is "w4 ,i h ?us expla9$ ! way 9 :i* ! social mission ( ,positivism connects itself ) ! spontane\s *anges :i* are tak+ place 9 ,france1 ! c5tre ( ! revolution>y movem5t4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ,france w be ! only sc5e ( ^! reorganiz+ ef=ts4 ,judg+ on s\nd hi/orical pr9ciples1 we _c d\bt t !y w embrace ! :ole ext5t ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,dur+ ! five c5turies ( revolution>y transition :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 we h lo/ sight ( ! fact t 9 all fundam5tal que/ions ! ,we/]n nations =m "o political sy/em4 ,x 0 "u ,ca?olic ,feudalism t !y 7 fir/ unit$2 a union = :i* _! incorporation into ! ,roman empire _h prep>$ !m1 & :i* 0 f9ally organiz$ by ! incomp>able g5ius ( ,*>lemagne4 ,9 spite ( national diff]5ces1 embitt]$ z !y 7 aft]w>ds by !ological discord1 ?is great ,republic has 9 mod]n times %[n intellectual & social gr[? bo? 9 ! positive & negative direction1 to :i* o!r portions ( ! human race1 ev5 9 ,europe1 c %[ no p>allel4 ,! rupture ( ,ca?olicism1 & ! decl9e ( ,*ivalry1 at fir/ s]i\sly impair$ ?is feel+ ( relation%ip4 ,b x soon began to %[ itself aga9 "u new =ms4 ,x re/s n[1 ?\gh ! basis is inadequate1 ^u ! feel+ ( community 9 indu/rial developm5t1 9 e/hetic culture1 & 9 sci5tific discov]y4 ,amid/ ! disorganiz$ /ate ( political affairs1 :i* h obvi\sly be5 t5d+ t[>ds "s radical *ange1 ?is simil>ity 9 civilization has produc$ a gr[+ conviction t we are all p>ticipat+ 9 "o & ! same social movem5t2 a movem5t limit$ z yet to our own family ( nations4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! great crisis 0 necess>ily tak5 by ! ,fr5* nation1 because x 0 bett] prep>$ ?an any o!r4 ,x 0 !re t ! old ord] ( ?+s _h be5 mo/ ?or\ghly uproot$1 & t mo/ _h be5 done 9 work+ out ! mat]ials ( ! new4 ,b ! /rong sympa?ies :i* ! outbreak ( our revolution ar\s$ 9 e "p ( ,we/]n ,europe1 %[$ t our si/]-nations 7 only grant+ u ! hon\rable po/ ( dang] 9 a movem5t 9 :i* all ! nobl] portion ( ,humanity 0 to p>ticipate4 ,& ?is 0 ! feel+ proclaim$ by ! great republican assembly 9 ! mid/ ( _! w> ( def5ce4 ,! milit>y extravagances :i* foll[$1 & :i* =m ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! c\nt]-revolution1 ( c\rse *eck$ ! feel+ ( union on bo? sides4 ,b s deeply 0 x root$ 9 all ! antec$5ts ( mod]n hi/ory t peace soon re/or$ x to life1 9 spite ( ! p]t9aci\s ef=ts ( all p>ties int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ unnatural sep>ation betwe5 ,france & o!r c\ntries4 ,:at greatly facilitates ?is t5d5cy is ! decl9e ( e =m ( !ology1 :i* removes ! *ief s\rce ( =m] disagreem5t4 ,dur+ ! la/ phase ( ! c\nt]-revolution1 & /ill m dur+ ! long pause 9 ! political movem5t :i* foll[$1 ea* memb] ( ! gr\p ent]$ ^u a s]ies ( revolution>y ef=ts m or less resembl+ ^? ( ! c5tral nation4 ,& our rec5t political *anges _c b /r5g!n ?is t5d5cy2 ?\gh ( c\rse ) nations less fully prep>$ ! results ( ^! ef=ts h at pres5t be5 less important ?an 9 ,france4 ,mean:ile x is evid5t t ?is uni=m condition ( int]nal agitation gives increas$ security = peace1 by :i* its ext5sion _h be5 orig9ally facilitat$4 ,& ?us1 al?\gh !re is no organiz$ int]national union z 0 ! case 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 yet ! pacific habits & intellectual culture ( mod]n life h already be5 suffici5tly diffus$ to call out an in/9ct ( frat]nity /rong] ?an any t has ev] exi/$ be=e4 ,x is /rong en\gh to prev5t ! subject ( social reg5]ation f be+ ev] reg>d$ z a m]ely national "q4 ,& ?is is ! po9t ( view :i* displays ! "* ( ! second phase ( ! ,revolution 9 its true/ light4 ,! fir/ phase1 al?\gh 9 its results advantage\s to ! o!r nations1 0 necess>ily conduct$ z if peculi> to ,france1 because no o!r c\ntry 0 ripe = ! orig9al outbreak4 ,inde$ ,fr5* nationality 0 /imulat$ by ! necessity ( resi/+ ! c\nt]-revolution>y coalition4 ,b ! f9al & con/ructive phase :i* has begun n[ t ! national limits ( ! crisis h be5 rea*$1 %\ld always be reg>d$ z common to ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,= x consi/s ess5tially 9 spiritual reorganization2 & ! ne$ ( ?is 9 "o %ape or o!r presses already ) almo/ equal =ce ^u ea* ( ! five nations :o make up ! great ,we/]n family4 ,conv]sely1 ! m occid5tal ! "* ( ! re=m+ movem5t1 ! great] w be ! prom95ce giv5 to intellectual & moral reg5]ation z comp>$ ) m]e modifications ( gov]nm5t1 9 :i* ( c\rse !re mu/ be v consid]able national diff]5ces4 ,! fir/ social ne$ ( ,we/]n ,europe is community 9 belief & 9 habits ( life2 & ?is mu/ be bas$ ^u a uni=m sy/em ( education controll$ & appli$ by a spiritual p[] t %all be accept$ by all4 ,?is want satisfi$1 ! recon/ruction ( gov]nm5ts may be c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) ! special requirem5ts ( ea* nation4 ,diff]5ce 9 ?is respect is legitimate3 x w n affect ! ess5tial unity ( ! ,positivi/ ,republic1 :i* w be b\nd toge!r by m complete & durable ties ?an ! ,ca?olic ,republic ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,n only !n d we f9d f ! :ole condition ( ,we/]n ,europe t ! movem5t ( op9ion transc5ds 9 importance all political agitation2 b we f9d t ev]y?+ po9ts to ! necessity ( e/abli%+ a spiritual p[]1 z ! sole means ( direct+ ?is free yet sy/ematic re=m ( op9ion & ( life ) ! requisite consi/5cy & l>g5ess ( view4 ,we n[ see t ! old revolution>y prejudice ( conf\nd+ temporal & spiritual p[] is directly antagoni/ic to social reg5]ation1 al?\gh x once aid$ ! prep>ation = x4 ,9 ! fir/ place x /imulates ! s5se ( nationality :i* ought to be subord9ate to l>g] feel+s ( int]national frat]nity4 ,& at ! same "t1 ) ! view ( satisfy+ ! conditions ( uni=mity :i* are s obvi\sly requir$ = ! solution ( ! common problem1 x induces ef=ts at =cible incorporation ( all ! nations into "o1 ef=ts z dang]\s z !y are fruitless4 ,?is ,republic consi/s ( ! ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,briti%1 & ,g]man populations1 gr\p$ r\nd ,france z _! c5tre ,my "w on ,positive ,philosophy conta9s a detail$ hi/orical explanation ( :at ,i mean by ! expression1 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,b ! conception is "o ( su* importance 9 relation to ! que/ions ( our "t1 t ,i %all n[ proce$ to enum]ate & arrange 9 _! ord] ! elem5ts ( :i* ?is great family ( nations consi/s4 ,s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman empire1 & m especially f ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 ,france has always be5 ! c5tre1 socially z well z geographically1 ( ?is ,we/]n region :i* may be call$ ! nucleus ( ,humanity4 ,on ! "o great occasion ( unit$ political action on ! "p ( ,we/]n ,europe1 t is1 9 ! crusades ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5tury1 x 0 evid5tly ,france t took ! initiative4 ,x is true t :5 ! decomposition ( ,ca?olicism began to assume a sy/ematic =m1 ! c5tre ( ! movem5t = two c5turies %ift$ its position4 ,x 0 ,g]many t gave bir? to ! metaphysical pr9ciples ( negation4 ,_! fir/ political application 0 9 ! ,dut* & ,engli% revolutions1 :i*1 incomplete z !y 71 ow+ to insuffici5t intellectual prep>ation1 yet s]v$ z preludes to ! great f9al crisis4 ,^! preludes 7 mo/ important1 z %[+ ! real social t5d5cy ( ! critical doctr9es4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = ,france to co-ord9ate ^! doctr9es into a consi/5t sy/em & to propagate !m successfully4 ,france !n resum$ h] position z ! pr9cipal c5tre 9 :i* ! great moral & political que/ions 7 to be work$ out4 ,& ?is position %e w 9 all probability reta91 z 9 fact x is only a recurr5ce to ! normal organization ( ! ,we/]n ,republic1 :i* _h be5 tempor>ily modifi$ to meet special conditions4 ,a fre% displacem5t ( ! c5tre ( ! social movem5t is n to be expect$1 unless 9 a future too di/ant to engage our att5tion4 ,x c inde$ only be ! result ( wide ext5sion ( our advanc$ civilization beyond ,european limits1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! conclusion ( ?is "w4 ,nor? & s\? ( ?is natural c5tre1 we f9d two pairs ( nations1 betwe5 :i* ,france w always =m an int]m$iate l9k1 p>tly f h] geographical position1 & also f h] language & mann]s4 ,! fir/ pair is = ! mo/ "p ,prote/ant4 ,x comprises1 fir/1 ! great ,g]manic body1 ) ! num]\s nations t may be reg>d$ z its (f%oots2 especially ,holl&1 :i*1 s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 has be5 9 e respect ! mo/ advanc$ portion ( ,g]many4 ,secondly1 ,great ,brita91 ) :i* may be class$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 not)/&+ _! pres5t attitude ( rivalry4 ,! second pair is exclusively ,ca?olic4 ,x consi/s ( ! great ,italian nationality1 :i* 9 spite ( political divisions has always ma9ta9$ its di/9ct "*2 & ( ! population ( ! ,spani% ,p59sula 7= ,portugal1 sociologically consid]$1 is n to be sep>at$ f ,spa971 :i* has s l>gely increas$ ! ,we/]n family by its colonies4 ,to complete ! conception ( ?is gr\p ( advanc$ nations1 we mu/ add two accessory memb]s1 ,greece & ,pol&1 c\ntries :i*1 ?\gh situat$ 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 are connect$ ) ! ,we/1 ! "o by anci5t hi/ory1 ! o!r by mod]n4 ,besides ^!1 !re are v>i\s int]m$iate nationalities :i* ,i ne$ n n[ enum]ate1 connect+ or dem>cat+ ! m important bran*es ( ! family4 ,9 ?is va/ ,republic x is t ! new philosophy is to f9d its sph]e ( intellectual & moral action4 ,x w endeav\r s to modify ! initiative ( ! c5tral nation1 by ! react+ influ5ces ( ! o!r f\r1 z to give increas$ effici5cy to ! g5]al movem5t4 ,x is a task em95tly calculat$ to te/ ! social capabilities ( ,positivism1 & = :i* no o!r sy/em is qualifi$4 ,! metaphysical _s is z unfit = x z ! !ological4 ,! rupture ( ! m$iaeval sy/em is due to ! decad5ce ( !ology3 b ! direct ag5cy 9 ! rupture 0 ! solv5t =ce ( ! metaphysical _s4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r !n is likely to recomb9e elem5ts1 ! sep>ation ( :i* is pr9cipally due to _! own conceptions4 ,x is entirely to ! spontane\s action ( ! ,positive _s t we owe ^? new ?\gh insuffici5t l9ks ( union1 :e!r indu/rial1 arti/ic1 or sci5tific1 :i*1 s9ce ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 h be5 lead+ u m & m decid$ly to a recon/ruction ( ! ,we/]n alliance4 ,& n[ t ,positivism has assum$ its matur$ & sy/ematic =m1 its compet5ce = ! "w is ev5 m unque/ionable4 ,x alone c effectually remove ! national antipa?ies :i* /ill exi/4 ,b x w d ?is )\t impair+ ! natural qualities ( any ( !m4 ,its object is by a wise comb9ation ( ^! qualities1 to develop "u a new =m ! feel+ ( a common ,occid5tality4 ,relation ( ,positivism to ! m$iaeval sy/em1 to :i* we owe ! fir/ attempt to sep>ate spiritual f temporal p[] ,by ext5d+ ! social movem5t to its prop] limits1 we ?us exhibit on a l>g] scale ! same features t 7 notic$ :5 ,france alone 0 be+ consid]$4 ,abroad or at home1 e great social problem t arises proves t ! object ( ! second revolution>y phase is a reorganization ( pr9ciples & ( life4 ,by ?is means a body ( public op9ion w be =m$ ( suffici5t =ce to lead gradually to ! gr[? ( new political in/itutions4 ,^! w be adapt$ to ! special requirem5ts ( ea* nation1 "u ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( ! spiritual p[]1 f :om our fundam5tal pr9ciples w h proce$$4 ,! g5]al _s ( ^! pr9ciples is ess5tially hi/orical1 :]eas ! t5d5cy ( ! negative phase ( ! revolution 0 anti-hi/orical4 ,)\t bl9d hatr$ ( ! pa/1 m5 w\ld nev] h _h suffici5t en]gy to ab&on ! old sy/em4 ,b h5ce=? ! be/ evid5ce ( hav+ atta9$ complete emancipation w be ! r5d]+ full ju/ice to ! pa/ 9 all its phases4 ,?is is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( t relative _s :i* di/+ui%es ,positivism4 ,! sure/ sign ( sup]iority1 :e!r 9 p]sons or sy/ems1 is fair appreciation ( oppon5ts4 ,& ?is mu/ always be ! t5d5cy ( social sci5ce :5 rightly und]/ood1 s9ce its prevision ( ! future is av[$ly bas$ ^u sy/ematic exam9ation ( ! pa/4 ,x is ! only way 9 :i* ! free & yet univ]sal adoption ( g5]al pr9ciples ( social recon/ruction c ev] be possible4 ,su* recon/ruction1 view$ by ! light ( ,sociology1 w be reg>d$ z a necess>y l9k 9 ! s]ies ( human developm5t2 & ?us _m confus$ & incoh]5t notions sugge/$ by ! arbitr>y beliefs hi!rto preval5t w f9ally disappe>4 ,! gr[? ( public op9ion 9 ?is respect is aid$ by ! increas+ /r5g? ( social feel+4 ,bo? comb9e to enc\rage ! hi/orical _s :i* di/+ui%es ! second p]iod ( ! ,revolution1 z we see indicat$ already 9 s _m ( ! popul> sympa?ies ( ! day4 ,act+ on ?is pr9ciple1 ,positivi/s w always ackn[l$ge ! close relation betwe5 _! own sy/em & ! memorable ef=t ( m$iaeval ,ca?olicism4 ,9 (f]+ = ! acceptance ( ,humanity a new organization ( life1 we w\ld n dissociate x ) all t has gone be=e4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is our boa/ t we are b propos+ = h] maturity ! accompli%m5t ( ! noble ef=t ( h] y\?1 an ef=t made :5 intellectual & social conditions preclud$ ! possibility ( success4 ,we are too full ( ! future to fe> any s]i\s *>ge ( retrogression t[>ds ! pa/4 ,x w\ld be /range 7 su* a *>ge to proce$ f ^? ( our oppon5ts ^: political ideal is t amalgamation ( temporal & spiritual p[] :i* 0 adopt$ by ! !ocratic or milit>y sy/ems ( antiquity4 ,! sep>ation ( ^! p[]s 9 ! ,middle ,ages is ! greate/ advance ev] yet made 9 ! !ory ( social ,ord]4 ,x 0 imp]fectly effect$1 because ! "t 0 n ripe = x2 b en\gh 0 done to %[ ! object ( ! sep>ation1 & "s ( its pr9cipal results 7 p>tially arriv$ at4 ,x orig9at$ ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( mod]n social life1 ! subord9ation ( ,politics to ,morals2 a doctr9e :i* 9 spite ( ! mo/ ob/9ate resi/ance has surviv$ ! decl9e ( ! religion :i* fir/ proclaim$ x4 ,we see x n[ sanction$ by a republican gov]nm5t :i* has %ak5 (f ! fett]s ( t religion m completely ?an any o!r4 ,a fur!r result ( ! sep>ation is ! ke5 s5se ( p]sonal hon\r1 comb9$ ) g5]al frat]nity1 :i* di/+ui%es ,we/]n nations1 especially ^? :o h be5 pres]v$ f ,prote/antism4 ,to ! same s\rce is due ! g5]al feel+ t m5 %\ld be judg$ by _! intellectual & moral wor?1 irrespectively ( social position1 yet )\t upsett+ t subord9ation ( classes :i* is r5d]$ necess>y by ! requirem5ts ( practical life4 ,& ?is has accu/om$ all classes to free discussion ( moral & ev5 ( political que/ions2 s9ce e "o feels x a "r & a duty to judge actions & p]sons by ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* a common sy/em ( education has inculcat$ alike on all4 ,i ne$ n enl>ge on ! value ( ! m$iaeval *ur* 9 organiz+ ! political sy/em ( ,we/]n ,europe1 9 :i* !re 0 no o!r recogniz$ pr9ciple ( union4 ,all ^! social results are usually attribut$ to ! excell5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e2 b hi/ory :5 fairly exam9$ %[s t ! s\rce f :i* !y are pr9cipally d]iv$ is ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple ( sep>at+ ! two p[]s4 ,= ^! effects are n[h]e visible except 9 ! c\ntries :]e ?is sep>ation has be5 effect$1 al?\gh a simil> code ( morals & inde$ a fai? id5tically ! same h be5 receiv$ else:]e4 ,besides1 al?\gh sanction$ by ! g5]al tone ( mod]n life1 !y h be5 neutraliz$ to a consid]able ext5t by ! decl9e ( ! ,ca?olic organization1 & ?is especially 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! greate/ ef=ts h be5 made to re/ore ! doctr9e to its orig9al purity & p[]4 ,9 ^! respects ,positivism has already appreciat$ ,ca?olicism m fully ?an any ( its own def5d]s1 n ev5 except+ ,de ,mai/re himself1 z inde$ "s ( ! m c&id organs ( ! retrograde s*ool h all[$4 ,b ! m]it ( ,ca?olicism does n m]ely dep5d on ! fact t x =ms a mo/ important l9k 9 ! s]ies ( human developm5t4 ,:at adds to ! glory ( its ef=ts is t1 z hi/ory cle>ly proves1 !y 7 9 advance ( _! "t4 ,! political failure ( ,ca?olicism result$ f ! imp]fection ( its doctr9es1 & ! resi/ance ( ! social m$ium 9 :i* x work$4 ,x is true t ,mono!ism is f> m compatible ) ! sep>ation ( p[]s ?an ,poly!ism4 ,b f ! absolute "* ( e k9d ( !ology1 !re 0 always a t5d5cy 9 ! m$iaeval sy/em to deg5]ate into m]e !ocracy4 ,9 fact1 ! proximate cause ( its decl9e 0 ! increas$ developm5t ( ?is t5d5cy 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ! resi/ance :i* x provok$ among ! k+s1 :o /ood =w>d to repres5t ! g5]al voice ( condemnation4 ,aga91 ?\gh sep>ation ( p[]s 0 less difficult 9 ! def5sive sy/em ( m$iaeval w>f>e ?an 9 ! aggressive sy/em ( antiquity1 yet x is ?or\ghly repugnant to ! milit>y _s 9 all its phases1 because adv]se to t conc5tration ( au?ority :i* is requisite 9 w>4 ,& ?us x 0 nev] ?or\ghly realiz$1 except 9 ! conceptions ( a few lead+ m5 among bo? ! spiritual & temporal class4 ,its brief success 0 pr9cipally caus$ by a tempor>y comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,x 0 = ! mo/ "p a condition ( v un/able equilibrium1 oscillat+ betwe5 !ocracy & empire4 ,b ! m$iaeval attempt 0 premature2 & ,positivism w r5ew & complete x ,b ,positive civilization w accompli% :at 9 ! ,middle ,ages c\ld only be attempt$4 ,we are aid$1 n m]ely by ! example ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b by ! prep>atory lab\rs ( ! la/ five c5turies4 ,new modes ( ?\ght h aris51 & practical life has assum$ new phases2 & all are alike t5d+ t[>ds ! sep>ation ( p[]s4 ,:at 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 b dimly =ese5 by a few ard5t & aspir+ m9ds1 becomes n[ an inevitable & obvi\s result1 in/9ctively felt & =mally recogniz$ by all4 ,f ! intellectual po9t ( view x is no?+ m ?an ! di/9ction betwe5 !ory & practice2 a di/9ction :i* is already admitt$ m or less =mally ?r\gh\t civiliz$ ,europe 9 subjects ( less importance2 :i* !re=e x w\ld be unreasonable to ab&on 9 ! mo/ difficult ( all arts & sci5ces4 ,view$ socially1 x implies ! sep>ation ( education f action2 or ( morals f politics2 & few w\ld d5y t ! ma9t5ance ( ?is sep>ation is "o ( ! greate/ bless+s ( our progressive civilization4 ,! di/9ction is ( equal importance to morality & to lib]ty4 ,x is ! only way ( br++ op9ion & conduct "u ! control ( pr9ciple2 = ! mo/ obvi\s application ( a pr9ciple has little weight :5 x is m]ely an act ( ob$i5ce to a special comm&4 ,tak+ ! m g5]al "q ( br++ our political =ces into h>mony1 x seems cle> t !oretical & practical p[] are s totally di/9ct 9 orig9 & op]ation1 :e!r 9 relation to ! he>t1 or intellect1 or "*1 t ! functions ( c\nsel & ( comm& ought nev] to belong to ! same organs4 ,all attempts to unite !m are at once retrograde & vision>y1 & if successful w\ld lead to ! intol]able gov]nm5t ( m$iocrities equally unfit = ei!r k9d ( p[]4 ,b z ,i %all %[ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s ?is pr9ciple ( sep>ation w soon f9d increas+ support among wom5 & ! work+ classes2 ! two elem5ts ( society 9 :i* we f9d ! greate/ am\nt ( good s5se & "r feel+4 ,mod]n society is1 9 fact1 already ripe = ! adoption ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( polity2 & ! opposition to x proce$s almo/ entirely f its connexion ) ! doctr9es ( ! m$iaeval *ur* :i* h n[ become des]v$ly obsolete4 ,b !re w be an end ( ^! revolution>y prejudices among all imp>tial obs]v]s z soon z ! pr9ciple is se5 embodi$ 9 ,positivism1 ! only doctr9e :i* is :olly disconnect$ ) ,!ology4 ,all human conceptions1 all social improvem5ts orig9at$ "u !ological influ5ce1 z we see prov$ cle>ly 9 _m ( ! humble/ details ( life4 ,b ?is has nev] prev5t$ ,humanity f f9ally appropriat+ to h]self ! results ( ! cre$s :i* %e has outgr[n4 ,& s x w be ) ?is great political pr9ciple2 x has already become obsolete except = ! ,positive s*ool1 :i* has v]ifi$ inductively all ! m9or tru?s impli$ 9 x4 ,! only direct attacks aga9/ x come f ! metaphysicians1 ^: ambiti\s aspirations = absolute au?ority w\ld be ?w>t$ by x4 ,x is !y :o attempt to fa/5 on ,positivism ! /igma ( !ocracy3 a /range & 9 mo/ cases dis+5u\s reproa*1 see+ t ,positivi/s are di/+ui%$ f _! oppon5ts by disc>d+ all beliefs :i* sup]s$e ! necessity = discussion4 ,! fact is t s]i\s di/urbances w soon be caus$ by ! p]t9aci\s ef=ts ( ^! adh]5ts ( p$antocracy to regulate by law :at ought to be left to moral influ5ces2 & !n ! public w become m alive to ! necessity ( ! ,positivi/ doctr9e ( sy/ematically sep>at+ political f moral gov]nm5t4 ,! latt] %\ld be und]/ood to rely exclusively on ! =ces ( conviction & p]suasion2 its influ5ce on action be+ simply t ( c\nsel2 :]eas ! =m] employs direct compulsion1 bas$ ^u sup]iority ( physical =ce4 ,we n[ und]/& :at is meant by ! con/ructive "* ( ! second revolution>y phase4 ,x implies a union ( ! social aspirations ( ! ,middle ,ages ) ! wise political in/9cts ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,9 ! int]val ( ^! two p]iods ! m advanc$ nations 7 )\t any sy/ematic organization1 & 7 ab&on$ to ! two-fold process ( transition1 :i* 0 decompos+ ! old ord] & prep>+ ! new4 ,bo? ^! prelim9>y /eps are n[ suffici5tly accompli%$4 ,! desire = social reg5]ation has become too /rong to be resi/$1 & a philosophical sy/em capable ( direct+ x has already aris54 ,we may1 !re=e1 recomm5ce on a bett] intellectual & social basis ! great ef=t ( ,ca?olicism1 to br+ ,we/]n ,europe to a social sy/em ( peaceful activity & intellectual culture1 9 :i* ,?\ght & ,action %\ld be subord9at$ to univ]sal ,love4 ,recon/ruction w beg9 at ! po9ts :]e demolition began previ\sly4 ,! dissolution ( ! old organism began 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury by ! de/ruction ( its int]national "*4 ,conv]sely1 reorganization beg9s by satisfy+ ! intellectual & m5tal wants common to ! five ,we/]n nations4 ,! ,e?ical sy/em ( ,positivism ,& "h1 s9ce ! object ( ?is "* is to expla9 ! social value ( ,positivism1 ,i may %[ briefly t x leads necess>ily to ! =mation ( a def9ite sy/em ( univ]sal ,morality2 ?is be+ ! ultimate object ( all ,philosophy1 & ! />t+-po9t ( all ,polity4 ,s9ce x is by its moral code t e spiritual p[] mu/ be pr9cipally te/$1 ?is w be ! be/ mode ( judg+ ( ! relative m]its ( ,positivism & ,ca?olicism4 ,subjection ( ,self-love to ,social love is ! great e?ical problem4 ,! ,social /ate ( itself fav\rs ?is result2 b x may be ha/5$ by organiz$ & consci\s ef=t ,to ! ,positivi/ ! object ( ,morals is to make our sympa!tic in/9cts prepond]ate z f> z possible ov] ! selfi% in/9cts2 social feel+s ov] p]sonal feel+s4 ,?is way ( view+ ! subject is peculi> to ! new philosophy1 = no o!r sy/em has includ$ ! m rec5t additions to ! !ory ( human nature1 ( :i* ,ca?olicism gave s imp]fect a repres5tation4 ,x is "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,biology t organic life always prepond]ates ov] animal life4 ,by ?is pr9ciple ! ,sociologi/ expla9s ! sup]ior /r5g? ( ! self-reg>d+ in/9cts1 s9ce ^! are all connect$ m or less closely ) ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,b al?\gh !re is no evad+ ?is fact1 ,sociology %[s t x is compatible ) ! exi/5ce ( b5evol5t affections1 affections :i* ,ca?olicism _h ass]t$ to be altoge!r ali5 to our nature1 & to be entirely dep5d5t on sup]human ,grace d]iv$ f a sph]e beyond ! rea* ( ,law4 ,! great problem1 !n1 is to raise social feel+ by artificial ef=t to ! position :i*1 9 ! natural condition1 is held by selfi% feel+4 ,! solution is to be f\nd 9 ano!r biological pr9ciple1 namely1 t functions & organs are develop$ by con/ant ex]cise1 & atrophi$ by prolong$ inaction4 ,n[ ! effect ( ! ,social /ate is1 t :ile our sympa!tic in/9cts are con/antly /imulat$1 ! selfi% prop5sities are re/rict$2 s9ce1 if free play 7 giv5 to !m1 human int]c\rse w\ld v %ortly become impossible4 ,?us x comp5sates to "s ext5t ! natural weakness ( ! ,sympa?ies t !y are capable ( almo/ indef9ite ext5sion1 :ile ,self-love meets inevitably ) a m or less effici5t *eck4 ,bo? ^! t5d5cies naturally increase ) ! progress ( ,humanity1 & _! increase is ! be/ measure ( ! degree ( p]fection t we h atta9$4 ,_! gr[?1 ?\gh spontane\s1 may be mat]ially ha/5$ by organiz$ int]v5tion1 bo? ( individuals & ( society1 ! object be+ to increase all fav\rable influ5ces & dim9i% ! unfav\rable4 ,?is is ! object ( ! art ( ,morals4 ,l e o!r art1 x is re/rict$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,b 9 ?is case ! limits are less n>r[1 because ! ph5om5a1 be+ m complex1 are also m modifiable4 ,positive morality diff]s !re=e f t ( !ological z well z ( metaphysical sy/ems4 ,its prim>y pr9ciple is ! prepond]ance ( ,social ,sympa?y4 ,full & free expansion ( ! b5evol5t emotions is made ! fir/ condition ( individual & social well-be+1 s9ce ^! emotions are at once ! sweete/ to exp]i5ce1 & are ! only feel+s :i* c f9d expression simultane\sly 9 all4 ,! doctr9e is z deep & pure z x is simple & true4 ,x is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( a philosophy :i*1 by virtue ( its attribute ( reality1 subord9ates all sci5tific conceptions to ! social po9t ( view1 z ! sole po9t f :i* !y c be co-ord9at$ into a :ole4 ,! intuitive me?ods ( metaphysics c\ld nev] advance ) any consi/5cy beyond ! sph]e ( ! individual4 ,!ology1 especially ,*ri/ian !ology1 c\ld only rise to social conceptions by an indirect process1 =c$ ^u x1 n by its pr9ciples1 b by its practical functions4 ,intr9sically1 its _s 0 altoge!r p]sonal2 ! highe/ object plac$ be=e ea* individual 0 ! atta9m5t ( 8 own salvation1 & all human affections 7 made subord9ate to ! love ( ,god4 ,x is true t ! fir/ tra9+ ( our high] feel+s is due to !ological sy/ems2 b _! moral value dep5d$ ma9ly on ! wisdom ( ! prie/hood4 ,!y comp5sat$ ! defects ( _! doctr9e1 & at t "t no bett] doctr9e 0 available1 by tak+ advantage ( ! antagonism :i* naturally pres5t$ itself betwe5 ! int]e/s ( ! imag9>y & ^? ( ! real _w4 ,! moral value ( ,positivism on ! contr>y1 is inh]5t 9 its doctr9e1 & c be l>gely develop$1 indep5d5tly ( any spiritual discipl9e1 ?\gh n s f> z to disp5se ) ! necessity = su* discipl9e4 ,?us1 :ile ,morality z a sci5ce is made f> m consi/5t by be+ plac$ 9 its true connexion ) ! re/ ( our k1 ! sph]e ( natural morality is wid5$ by br++ human life1 individually & collectively1 "u ! direct & cont9u\s influ5ce ( ,social ,feel+4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 self-love & univ]sal b5evol5ce are ! dome/ic affections3 filial1 frat]nal1 conjugal1 pat]nal ,i h /at$ t ,positive morality is br\ght into a coh]5t & sy/ematic =m by its pr9ciple ( univ]sal love4 ,?is pr9ciple mu/ n[ be exam9$ fir/ 9 its application to ! sep>ate aspects ( ! subject1 & subsequ5tly z ! means by :i* ! v>i\s p>ts may be co-ord9at$4 ,!re are ?ree successive /ates ( morality answ]+ to ! ?ree pr9cipal /ages ( human life2 ! p]sonal1 ! dome/ic1 & ! social /age4 ,! succession repres5ts ! gradual tra9+ ( ! sympa!tic pr9ciple2 x is drawn out /ep by /ep by a s]ies ( affections :i*1 z x dim9i%es 9 int5sity1 increases 9 dignity4 ,?is s]ies =ms our be/ res\rce 9 attempt+ z f> z possible to rea* ! normal /ate2 subord9ation ( self-love to social feel+4 ,^! are ! two extremes 9 ! scale ( human affections2 b betwe5 !m !re is an int]m$iate degree1 namely1 dome/ic atta*m5t1 & x is on ?is t ! solution ( ! great moral problem dep5ds4 ,! love ( 8 family leads ,man out ( 8 orig9al /ate ( ,self-love & enables him to atta9 f9ally a suffici5t measure ( ,social love4 ,e attempt on ! "p ( ! moral educator to call ?is la/ into imm$iate action1 reg>dless ( ! int]m$iate /age1 is to be condemn$ z utt]ly *im]ical & pr(\ndly injuri\s4 ,su* attempts are reg>d$ 9 ! pres5t day ) f> too fav\rable an eye4 ,f> f be+ a sign ( social progress1 !y w\ld1 if successful1 be an imm5se /ep backw>ds2 s9ce ! feel+ :i* inspires !m is "o ( p]v]t$ admiration = antiquity4 ,s9ce ! importance ( dome/ic life is s great z a transition f selfi% to social feel+1 a sy/ematic view ( its relations w be ! be/ mode ( expla9+ ! _s ( ,positive morality1 :i* is 9 e respect bas$ ^u ! ord] f\nd 9 nature4 ,! fir/ g]m ( social feel+ is se5 9 ! affection ( ! *ild = its p>5ts4 ,filial love is ! />t+-po9t ( our moral education3 f x spr+s ! in/9ct ( ,cont9uity1 & consequ5tly ( rev]5ce = our ance/ors4 ,x is ! fir/ tie by :i* ! new be+ feels himself b\nd to ! :ole pa/ hi/ory ( ,man4 ,bro!rly love comes next1 implant+ ! in/9ct ( ,solid>ity1 t is to say ( union ) our contempor>ies2 & ?us we h already a sort ( outl9e ( social exi/5ce4 ,) maturity new phases ( feel+ are develop$4 ,relation%ips are =m$ ( an entirely volunt>y nature2 :i* h !re=e a /ill m social "* ?an ! involunt>y ties ( e>li] ye>s4 ,?is second /age 9 moral education beg9s ) conjugal affection1 ! mo/ important ( all1 9 :i* p]fect fullness ( devotion is secur$ by ! reciprocity & indissolubility ( ! bond4 ,x is ! highe/ type ( all sympa!tic in/9cts1 & has appropriat$ to itself 9 a special s5se ! "n ( ,love4 ,f ?is mo/ p]fect ( unions proce$s ! la/ 9 ! s]ies ( dome/ic sympa?ies1 p>5tal love4 ,x completes ! tra9+ by :i* ,nature prep>es u = univ]sal sympa?y3 = x tea*es u to c>e = our successors2 & ?us x b9ds u to ! ,future1 z filial love _h b\nd u to ! ,pa/4 ,i plac$ ! volunt>y class ( dome/ic sympa?ies aft] ! involunt>y1 because x 0 ! natural ord] ( individual developm5t1 & x ?us bore out my /atem5t ( ! necessity ( family life z an int]m$iate /age betwe5 p]sonal & social life4 ,b 9 treat+ m directly ( ! !ory ( ! ,family z ! con/itu5t elem5t ( ! body politic1 ! inv]se ord] %\ld be foll[$4 ,9 t case conjugal atta*m5t w\ld come fir/1 z be+ ! feel+ ?r\gh :i* ! family comes into exi/5ce z a new social unit1 :i* 9 _m cases consi/s simply ( ! orig9al pair4 ,dome/ic sympa?y1 :5 once =m$ by m>riage1 is p]petuat$ fir/ by p>5tal !n by filial affection2 x may aft]w>ds be develop$ by ! tie ( bro!rhood1 ! only relation by :i* diff]5t families c be br\ght into direct contact4 ,! ord] foll[$ "h is t ( decrease 9 int5sity1 & increase 9 ext5sion4 ,! feel+ ( frat]nity1 :i* ,i place la/1 because x is usually lea/ p[]ful1 w be se5 to be ( prim>y importance :5 reg>d$ z ! transition f dome/ic to social affections2 x is1 inde$1 ! natural type to :i* all social sympa?ies con=m4 ,b !re is yet ano!r int]m$iate relation1 )\t :i* ?is brief exposition ( ! !ory ( ! family w\ld be incomplete2 ,i mean ! relation ( h\sehold s]vitude1 :i* may be call$ indiff]5tly dome/ic or social4 ,x is a relation :i* at ! pres5t "t is n prop]ly appreciat$ on acc\nt ( our dislike to all subjection2 & yet ! ^w dome/ic is en\gh to rem9d u t 9 e normal /ate ( ,humanity1 x supplies :at w\ld o!rwise be a want 9 h\sehold relations4 ,its value lies 9 complet+ ! education ( ! social in/9ct1 by a special appr5tice%ip 9 ob$i5ce & comm&1 bo? be+ subord9at$ to ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( mutual sympa?y4 ,! object ( ! prec$+ rem>ks 0 to %[ ! efficacy ( ! ,positive me?od 9 moral que/ions by apply+ x to ! mo/ important ( all moral !ories1 ! !ory ( ! ,family4 ,= m detail$ pro(1 ,i mu/ ref] to my treatise on ,positive ,polity1 to :i* ?is "w is introductory4 ,i w\ld call att5tion1 h[ev]1 to ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ,positivism on p]sonal morality4 ,actions :i* hi!rto _h always be5 ref]r$ ev5 by ,ca?olic philosoph]s to p]sonal int]e/s1 are n[ br\ght "u ! great pr9ciple ( ,love on :i* ! :ole ,positive doctr9e is bas$4 ,p]sonal virtues plac$ ^u a social basis ,feel+s are only to be develop$ by con/ant ex]cise2 & ex]cise is mo/ necess>y :5 ! intr9sic en]gy ( ! feel+ is lea/4 ,x is !re=e q contr>y to ! true _s ( moral education to degrade duty 9 que/ions ( p]sonal morality to a m]e calculation ( self-int]e/4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?is elem5t>y "p ( ,e?ics1 x is easi] to e/imate ! consequ5ces ( actions1 & to %[ ! p]sonal utility ( ! rules enjo9$4 ,b ?is me?od ( proc$ure inevitably /imulates ! self-reg>d+ prop5sities1 :i* are already too prepond]ant1 & ! ex]cise ( :i* ought z f> z possible to be disc\rag$4 ,besides1 x (t5 results 9 practical failure4 ,to leave ! decision ( su* que/ions to ! judgm5t ( ! individual1 is to give a =mal sanction to all ! natural diff]5ce 9 m5's incl9ations4 ,:5 ! only motive urg$ is consid]ation = p]sonal consequ5ces1 e "o feels himself to be ! be/ judge ( ^!1 & modifies ! rule at 8 pleasure4 ,positivism1 guid$ by a tru] e/imate ( ! facts1 entirely remodels ?is elem5t>y "p ( ,e?ics4 ,its appeal is to social feel+1 & n to p]sonal1 s9ce ! actions 9 "q are ( a k9d 9 :i* ! individual is f> f be+ ! only p]son int]e/$4 ,= example1 su* virtues z temp]ance & *a/ity are inculcat$ by ! ,positivi/ on o!r gr\nds ?an ^? ( _! p]sonal advantages4 ,he w n ( c\rse be bl9d to _! individual value2 b ?is is an aspect on :i* he w n dwell too mu*1 = fe> ( conc5trat+ att5tion on self-int]e/4 ,at all ev5ts1 he w nev] make x ! basis ( 8 precepts1 b w inv>iably re/ !m ^u _! social value4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* m5 are pres]v$ by an unusually /rong con/itution f ! injuri\s effects ( intemp]ance or lib]t9age2 b su* m5 are b\nd to sobriety & cont95ce z vigor\sly z ! re/1 because )\t ^! virtues !y _c p]=m _! social duties rightly4 ,ev5 9 ! commone/ ( p]sonal virtues1 cleanl9ess1 ?is alt]ation 9 ! po9t ( view may be made ) advantage4 ,a simple sanit>y regulation is ?us ennobl$ by kn[+ t ! object ( x is to make ea* "o ( u m fit = ! s]vice ( o!rs4 ,9 ?is way & 9 no o!r1 c moral education assume its true "* at ! v outset4 ,we %all become habituat$ to ! feel+ ( subord9ation to ,humanity1 ev5 9 our smalle/ actions4 ,x is 9 ^! t we %\ld be tra9$ to ga9 ! ma/]y ov] ! l[] prop5sities2 & ! m s t1 9 ^! simple cases1 x is less difficult to appreciate _! consequ5ces4 ,! influ5ce ( ,positivism on p]sonal morality is 9 itself a pro( ( its sup]iority to o!r sy/ems4 ,its sup]iority 9 dome/ic morality we h already se51 & yet ?is 0 ! be/ aspect ( ,ca?olicism1 =m+ inde$ ! pr9cipal basis ( its admirable moral code4 ,on social morality /rictly s call$1 ,i ne$ n dwell at l5g?4 ,"h ! value ( ! new philosophy w be m direct & obvi\s1 ! fact ( its /&+ at ! social po9t ( view be+ ! v feature :i* di/+ui%es x f all o!r sy/ems4 ,9 def9+ ! mutual duties aris+ f ! v>i\s relations ( life1 or aga9 9 giv+ solidity & ext5sion to ! in/9ct ( our common frat]nity1 nei!r !ological nor metaphysical morality c be> comp>ison ) ,positivism4 ,its precepts are adapt$ )\t difficulty to ! special requirem5ts ( ea* case1 because !y are ev] 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al laws ( society & ( human nature4 ,b on ^! obvi\s *>act]i/ics ( ,positivism ,i ne$ n fur!r enl>ge1 z ,i %all h o!r occasions = ref]r+ to !m4 ,aft] ?is brief exposition ( ,positive morality ,i mu/ allude ) equal brevity to ! means by :i* x w be e/abli%$ & appli$4 ,^! are ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/ lay d[n ! f\ndations ( moral tra9+ = ea* individual3 !y furni% pr9ciples1 & !y regulate feel+s4 ,! second c>ry out ! "w begun1 & ensure ! application ( ! pr9ciples inculcat$ to practical life4 ,bo? ^! functions are 9 ! fir/ in/ance p]=m$ spontane\sly1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! doctr9e & ( ! sympa?ies evok$ by x4 ,b = _! adequate p]=mance a spiritual p[] specially devot$ to ! purpose is necess>y4 ,moral education consi/s p>tly ( sci5tific demon/ration ( e?ical tru?1 b /ill m ( culture ( ! highe/ sympa?ies ,! moral education ( ! ,positivi/ is bas$ bo? ^u ,reason & on ,feel+1 ! latt] hav+ always ! prepond]ance1 9 accordance ) ! prim>y pr9ciple ( ! sy/em4 ,! result ( ! rational basis is to br+ moral precepts to ! te/ ( rigor\s demon/ration1 & to secure !m aga9/ all dang] f discussion1 by %[+ t !y re/ ^u ! laws ( our individual & social nature4 ,by kn[+ ^! laws1 we are enabl$ to =m a judgm5t ( ! influ5ce ( ea* affection1 ?\ght1 action1 or habit1 be t influ5ce direct or indirect1 special or g5]al1 9 private life or 9 public4 ,convictions bas$ ^u su* k w be z deep z any t are =m$ 9 ! pres5t day f ! /ricte/ sci5tific evid5ce1 ) ! excess ( int5sity due to _! high] importance & _! close connexion ) our noble/ feel+s4 ,nor w su* convictions be limit$ to ^? :o are able to appreciate ! logical value ( ! argum5ts4 ,we see con/antly 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( ,positive sci5ce t m5 w adopt notions ^u tru/1 & c>ry !m out ) ! same zeal & confid5ce1 z if !y 7 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! gr\nds = _! belief4 ,all t is necess>y is1 t !y %\ld feel satisfi$ t _! confid5ce is well be/[$1 ! fact be+1 9 spite ( all t is said ( ! indep5d5ce ( mod]n ?\ght1 t x is (t5 giv5 too readily4 ,! mo/ will+ ass5t is yield$ e day to ! rules :i* ma!maticians1 a/ronom]s1 physici/s1 *emi/s1 or biologi/s1 h laid d[n 9 _! respective arts1 ev5 9 cases :]e ! greate/ int]e/s are at /ake4 ,& simil> ass5t w c]ta9ly be accord$ to moral rules :5 !y1 l ! re/1 %all be ackn[l$g$ to be susceptible ( sci5tific pro(4 ,b :ile us+ ! =ce ( demon/ration to an ext5t hi!rto impossible1 ,positivi/s w take c>e n to exagg]ate its importance4 ,moral education1 ev5 9 its m sy/ematic p>ts1 %\ld re/ pr9cipally ^u ,feel+1 z ! m]e /atem5t ( ! great human problem indicates4 ,! /udy ( moral que/ions1 intellectually speak+1 is mo/ valuable2 b ! effect x leaves is n directly moral1 s9ce ! analysis w ref]1 n to our own actions1 b to ^? ( o!rs2 = all sci5tific inve/igations1 to be imp>tial & free f confusion1 mu/ be objective1 n subjective4 ,n[ to judge o!rs )\t imm$iate ref]5ce to self1 is a process :i* may possibly result 9 /rong convictions1 b s f> f call+ out "r feel+s1 x w1 if c>ri$ too f>1 int]f]e ) or *eck _! natural developm5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! new s*ool ( morali/s is ! less likely to err 9 ?is direction1 t x w\ld be totally inconsi/5t ) t pr(\nd k ( human nature 9 :i* ,positivism has already %[n itself s f> sup]ior to ,ca?olicism4 ,no "o kn[s s well z ! ,positivi/ t ! pr9cipal s\rce ( real morality lies 9 direct ex]cise ( our social sympa?ies1 :e!r sy/ematic or spontane\s4 ,he w sp>e no ef=ts to develop ^! sympa?ies f ! e>lie/ ye>s by e me?od :i* s\nd philosophy c indicate4 ,x is 9 ?is t moral education1 :e!r private or public1 pr9cipally consi/s2 & to x m5tal education is always to be held subord9ate4 ,i %all rev]t to ^! rem>ks 9 ! next *apt]1 :5 ,i come to ! g5]al "q ( educat+ ! ,p4 ,organization ( ,public ,op9ion ,b h[ev] effici5t ! tra9+ receiv$ 9 y\?1 x w n be en\gh to regulate our conduct 9 aft] ye>s1 amid/ all ! di/ract+ influ5ces ( practical life1 unless ! same spiritual p[] :i* provides ! education prolong its influ5ce ov] our maturity4 ,"p ( its task w be to recall individuals1 classes1 & ev5 nations1 :5 ! case requires x1 to pr9ciples :i* !y h =gott5 or mis9t]pret$1 & to in/ruct !m 9 ! means ( apply+ !m wisely4 ,& "h1 ev5 m ?an 9 ! "w ( education /rictly s call$1 ! appeal w be to ,feel+ r ?an to pure ,reason4 ,its =ce w be d]iv$ f ,public ,op9ion /rongly organiz$4 ,if ! spiritual p[] aw>ds its praise & blame ju/ly1 public op9ion1 z ,i %all %[ 9 ! next *apt]1 w l5d x ! mo/ irresi/ible support4 ,?is moral action ( ,humanity ^u ea* ( h] memb]s has always exi/$ :5ev] !re 0 any real community ( pr9ciples & feel+s4 ,b its /r5g? w be f> great] "u ! ,positive sy/em4 ,! reality ( ! doctr9e & ! social "* ( mod]n civilization give advantages to ! new spiritual p[] :i* 7 d5i$ to ,ca?olicism4 ,commemoration ( great m5 ,& ^! advantages are br\ght =w>d v prom95tly by ! ,positive sy/em ( commemoration4 ,commemoration1 :5 regul>ly in/itut$1 is a mo/ valuable in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( a spiritual p[] = cont9u+ ! "w ( moral education4 ,x 0 ! absolute "* ( ,ca?olicism1 ev5 m ?an ! defective /ate ( m$iaeval society1 t caus$ ! failure ( its noble aspirations to become ! univ]sal religion4 ,9 spite ( all its ef=ts1 its sy/em ( commemoration has always be5 re/rict$ to v n>r[ limits1 bo? 9 "t & space4 ,outside ^! limits1 ,ca?olicism has always %[n ! same bl9dness & inju/ice t x n[ compla9s ( receiv+ f its own oppon5ts4 ,positivism1 on ! contr>y1 c yield ! full measure ( praise to all times & all c\ntries1 )\t ei!r weakness or inconsi/5cy4 ,possess+ ! true !ory ( human developm5t1 e mode & phase ( t developm5t w be celebrat$4 ,?us e moral precept w be support$ by ! influ5ce ( po/]ity2 & ?is 9 private life z well z 9 public1 = ! sy/em ( commemoration w be appli$ 9 ! same _s to ! humble/ s]vices z well z to ! highe/4 ,:ile res]v+ special details = ! treatise to :i* ?is "w is introductory1 ,i may yet give "o illu/ration ( ?is important aspect ( ,positivism2 an illu/ration :i* probably w be ! fir/ /ep 9 ! practical application ( ! sy/em4 ,i w\ld propose to in/itute 9 ,we/]n ,europe on any days t may be ?\ght suitable1 ! ye>ly celebration ( ! ?ree greate/ ( our pr$ecessors1 ,caes>1 ,/4 ,paul & ,*>lemagne1 :o are respectively ! highe/ types ( ,greco-,roman civilization1 ( ,m$iaeval ,feudalism1 & ( ,ca?olicism1 :i* =ms ! l9k betwe5 ! two p]iods4 ,! s]vices ( ^! illu/ri\s m5 h nev] yet be5 adequately recogniz$1 = want ( a s\nd hi/orical !ory enabl+ u to expla9 ! prom95t "p :i* !y play$ 9 ! developm5t ( our race4 ,ev5 9 ,/4 ,paul's case ! omission is noticeable4 ,positivism gives him a /ill high] place ?an has be5 giv5 him by ,!ology2 = x looks ^u him z hi/orically ! f\nd] ( ! religion :i* be>s ! inappropriate "n ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! o!r two cases ! influ5ce ( ,positive pr9ciples is ev5 m necess>y4 ,= ,caes> has be5 almo/ equally misjudg$ by !ological & by metaphysical writ]s2 & ,ca?olicism has done v little = ! appreciation ( ,*>lemagne4 ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ ! abs5ce ( any sy/ematic appreciation ( ^! great m51 yet f ! rev]5ce ) :i* !y are g5]ally reg>d$1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! celebration "h propos$ w\ld meet ) ready acceptance ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,europe4 ,to illu/rate my mean+ /ill fur!r1 ,i may obs]ve t hi/ory pres5ts cases :]e exactly ! opposite c\rse is call$ =1 & :i* %\ld be held up n = approbation b = infamy4 ,blame1 x is true1 %\ld n be c>ri$ to ! same ext5t z praise1 because x /imulates ! de/ructive in/9cts to a degree :i* is always pa9ful & sometimes injuri\s4 ,yet /rong condemnation is occasionally desirable4 ,x /r5g!ns social feel+s & pr9ciples1 if only by giv+ m significance to our approval4 ,?us ,i w\ld sugge/ t aft] do+ hon\r to ! ?ree great m5 :o h done s mu* to promote ! developm5t ( our race1 !re %\ld be a solemn reprobation ( ! two pr9cipal oppon5ts ( progress1 ,julian & ,bonap>te2 ! latt] be+ ! m crim9al ( ! two1 ! =m] ! m ins5sate4 ,_! influ5ce has be5 suffici5tly ext5sive to all[ ( all ! ,we/]n nations jo9+ 9 ?is damnatory v]dict4#f ,! pr9cipal function ( ! spiritual p[] is to direct ! future ( society by means ( education2 &1 z a supplem5t>y "p ( education1 to pron\nce judgm5t ^u ! pa/ 9 ! mode "h indicat$4 ,b !re are functions ( ano!r k9d1 relat+ m imm$iately to ! pres5t2 & ^! too result naturally f its position z an educat+ body4 ,if ! educators are m5 wor?y ( _! position1 x w give !m an influ5ce ov] ! :ole c\rse ( practical life1 :e!r private or public4 ,( c\rse x w m]ely be ! influ5ce ( c\nsel1 & practical m5 w be free to accept or reject x2 b its weight may be v consid]able :5 giv5 prud5tly1 & :5 ! au?ority f :i* x proce$s is recogniz$ z compet5t4 ,! que/ions on :i* its advice is mo/ ne$$ are ! relations betwe5 diff]5t classes4 ,its action w be coext5sive ) ! diffusion ( ,positive pr9ciples2 = nations pr(ess+ ! same fai?1 & %>+ 9 ! same education1 w naturally accept ! same intellectual & moral directors4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i %all treat ?is subject m 9 detail4 ,i m]ely m5tion x "h z "o among ! li/ ( functions belong+ to ! new spiritual p[]4 ,! political motto ( ,positivism3 ,ord] & ,progress ,x w n[ n be difficult to %[ all ! *>act]i/ics ( ,positivism are summ$ up 9 ! motto1 ,ord] & ,progress1 a motto :i* has a philosophical z well z political be>+1 & :i* ,i %all always feel glad to h put =w>d4 ,positivism is ! only s*ool :i* has giv5 a def9ite significance to ^! two conceptions1 :e!r reg>d$ f _! sci5tific or _! social aspect4 ,) reg>d to ,progress1 ! ass]tion w h>dly be disput$1 no def9ition ( x b ! ,positive ev] hav+ yet be5 giv54 ,9 ! case ( ,ord]1 x is less app>5t2 b1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 x is no less pr(\ndly true4 ,all previ\s philosophies _h reg>d$ ,ord] z /ation>y1 a conception :i* r5d]$ x :olly inapplicable to mod]n politics4 ,b ,positivism1 by reject+ ! absolute1 & yet n introduc+ ! arbitr>y1 repres5ts ,ord] 9 a totally new light1 & adapts x to our progressive civilization4 ,x places x on ! firme/ possible f\ndation1 t is1 on ! doctr9e ( ! inv>iability ( ! laws ( nature1 :i* def5ds x aga9/ all dang] f subjective *im]as4 ,! ,positivi/ reg>ds artificial ,ord] 9 ,social ph5om5a1 z 9 all o!rs1 z re/+ necess>ily ^u ! ,ord] ( nature1 9 o!r words1 ^u ! :ole s]ies ( natural laws4 ,progress1 ! developm5t ( ,ord] ,b ,ord] has to be reconcil$ ) ,progress3 & "h ,positivism is /ill m obvi\sly )\t a rival4 ,necess>y z ! reconciliation is1 no o!r sy/em has ev5 attempt$ x4 ,b ! facility ) :i* we are n[ enabl$1 by ! encyclopdic scale1 to pass f ! simple/ ma!matical ph5om5a to ! mo/ complicat$ ph5om5a ( political life1 leads at once to a solution ( ! problem4 ,view$ sci5tifically1 x is an in/ance ( t necess>y correlation ( exi/5ce & movem5t1 :i* we f9d indicat$ 9 ! inorganic _w1 & :i* becomes /ill m di/9ct 9 ,biology4 ,f9d+ x 9 all ! l[] sci5ces1 we are prep>$ = its appe>ance 9 a /ill m def9ite %ape 9 ,sociology4 ,"h its practical importance becomes m obvi\s1 ?\gh x _h be5 implicitly involv$ be=e4 ,9 ,sociology ! correlation assumes ?is =m3 ,ord] is ! condition ( all ,progress2 ,progress is always ! object ( ,ord]4 ,or1 to p5etrate ! "q /ill m deeply1 ,progress may be reg>d$ simply z ! developm5t ( ,ord]2 = ! ord] ( nature necess>ily conta9s )9 itself ! g]m ( all possible progress4 ,! rational view ( human affairs is to look on all _! *anges1 n z new ,creations1 b z new ,evolutions4 ,& we f9d ?is pr9ciple fully borne out 9 hi/ory4 ,e social innovation has its roots 9 ! pa/2 & ! rude/ phases ( savage life %[ ! primitive trace ( all subsequ5t improvem5t4 ,analysis ( ,progress3 mat]ial1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral ,progress !n is 9 its ess5ce id5tical ) ,ord]1 & may be look$ ^u z ,ord] made manife/4 ,!re=e1 9 expla9+ ?is d\ble conception on :i* ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( society dep5d1 we may at pres5t limit ourselves to ! analysis ( ,progress4 ,?us simplifi$ x is m easy to grasp1 especially n[ t ! novelty & importance ( ! "q ( ,progress are attract+ s mu* att5tion4 ,= ! public is becom+ in/9ctively alive to its real significance1 z ! basis on :i* all s\nd moral & political tea*+ mu/ h5ce=? re/4 ,tak+1 !n1 ?is po9t ( view1 we may say t ! "o great object ( life1 p]sonal & social1 is to become m p]fect 9 e way2 9 our ext]nal condition fir/1 b also1 & m especially1 9 our own nature4 ,! fir/ k9d ( ,progress we %>e 9 common ) ! high] animals2 all ( :i* make "s ef=ts to improve _! mat]ial position4 ,x is ( c\rse ! lea/ elevat$ /age ( progress2 b be+ ! easie/1 x is ! po9t f :i* we />t t[>ds ! high] /ages4 ,a nation t has made no ef=ts to improve itself mat]ially1 w take b little int]e/ 9 moral or m5tal improvem5t4 ,?is is ! only gr\nd on :i* enlight5$ m5 c feel mu* pleasure 9 ! mat]ial progress ( our own "t4 ,x /irs up influ5ces t t5d to ! nobl] k9ds ( ,progress2 influ5ces :i* w\ld meet ) ev5 great] opposition ?an !y d1 7 n ! temptations pres5t$ to ! co>s] natures by mat]ial prosp]ity s irresi/ible4 ,ow+ to ! m5tal & moral an>*y 9 :i* we live1 sy/ematic ef=ts to ga9 ! high] degrees ( ,progress are z yet impossible2 & ?is expla9s1 ?\gh x does n ju/ify1 ! exagg]at$ importance attribut$ n[adays to mat]ial improvem5ts4 ,b ! only k9ds ( improvem5t really *>act]i/ic ( ,humanity are ^? :i* conc]n our own nature2 & ev5 "h we are n q alone2 = sev]al ( ! high] animals %[ "s slight t5d5cies to improve !mselves physically4 ,progress 9 ! high] s5se includes improvem5ts ( ?ree sorts2 t is to say1 x may be ,physical1 ,intellectual1 or ,moral progress2 ! difficulty ( ea* class be+ 9 proportion to its value & ! ext5t ( its sph]e4 ,physical progress1 :i* aga9 might be divid$ on ! same pr9ciple1 seems "u "s ( its aspects almo/ ! same ?+ z mat]ial4 ,b reg>d$ z a :ole x is f> m important & f> m difficult3 its influ5ce on ! well-be+ ( ,man is also mu* great]4 ,we ga9 m1 = in/ance1 by ! smalle/ addition to l5g? ( life1 or by any increas$ security = heal?1 ?an by ! mo/ elaborate improvem5ts 9 our modes ( travell+ by l& or wat]1 9 :i* birds w probably always h a great advantage ov] u4 ,h[ev]1 z ,i said be=e1 physical progress is n exclusively conf9$ to ,man4 ,"s ( ! animals1 = in/ance1 advance z f> z cleanl9ess1 :i* is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! progressive scale4 ,intellectual & ,moral progress1 !n1 is ! only k9d really di/9ctive ( our race4 ,individual animals sometimes %[ x1 b nev] a :ole species1 except z a consequ5ce ( prolong$ int]v5tion on ! "p ( ,man4 ,betwe5 ^! two highe/ grades1 z betwe5 ! two l[]1 we %all f9d a diff]5ce ( value1 ext5t1 & difficulty2 always suppos+ ! /&>d to be ! mann] 9 :i* !y affect ,man's well-be+1 collectively or individually4 ,to /r5g!n ! intellectual p[]s1 :e!r = art or = sci5ce1 :e!r x be ! p[]s ( obs]vation or ^? ( induction & d$uction1 is1 :5 circum/ances all[ ( _! be+ made available = social purposes1 ( great] & m ext5sive importance1 ?an all physical1 &1 a =tiori ?an all mat]ial improvem5ts4 ,b we "k f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is "w1 t moral progress has ev5 m to d ) our well-be+ ?an intellectual progress4 ,! moral faculties are m modifiable1 al?\gh ! ef=t requir$ to modify !m is great]4 ,if ! b5evol5ce or c\rage ( ! human race 7 increas$1 x w\ld br+ m real happ9ess ?an any addition to our intellectual p[]s4 ,!re=e to ! "q1 ,:at is ! true object ( human life1 :e!r look$ at collectively or individually8 ! simple/ & mo/ precise answ] w\ld be1 ! p]fection ( our moral nature2 s9ce x has a m imm$iate & c]ta9 influ5ce on our well-be+ ?an p]fection ( any o!r k9d4 ,all ! o!r k9ds are necess>y1 if = no o!r reason ?an to prep>e ! way = ?is2 b f ! v fact ( ?is connexion x may be reg>d$ z _! repres5tative2 s9ce x involves !m all implicitly & /imulates !m to increas$ activity4 ,keep+ !n to ! "q ( moral p]fection1 we f9d two qualities /&+ above ! re/ 9 practical importance1 namely1 ,sympa?y & ,en]gy4 ,bo? ^! qualities are includ$ 9 ! ^w ,he>t1 :i* 9 all ,european languages has a diff]5t mean+ = ! two sexes4 ,bo? w be develop$ by ,positivism1 m directly1 m cont9u\sly1 & ) great] result1 ?an "u any =m] sy/em4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ,positivism is to enc\rage sympa?y2 s9ce x subord9ates e ?\ght1 desire1 & action to social feel+4 ,en]gy is also presuppos$1 & at ! same "t fo/]$1 by ! sy/em4 ,= x removes a heavy weight ( sup]/ition1 x reveals ! true dignity ( man1 & x supplies an unceas+ motive = individual & collective action4 ,! v acceptance ( ,positivism dem&s "s vig\r ( "*2 x implies ! brav+ ( spiritual t]rors1 :i* 7 once en\gh to intimidate ! firme/ m9ds4 ,progress1 !n1 may be reg>d$ "u f\r successive aspects3 ,mat]ial1 ,physical1 ,intellectual1 & ,moral4 ,ea* ( ^! might aga9 be divid$ on ! same pr9ciple1 & we %\ld !n discov] sev]al int]m$iate phases4 ,^! _c be inve/igat$ "h2 & ,i h only to note t ! philosophical pr9ciple ( ?is analysis is precisely ! same z t on :i* ,i h bas$ ! ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces4 ,9 bo? cases ! ord] foll[$ is t ( increas+ g5]ality & complexity 9 ! ph5om5a4 ,! only diff]5ce is 9 ! mode 9 :i* ! two arrangem5ts are develop$4 ,= sci5tific purposes ! l[] portion ( ! scale has to be exp&$ into great] detail2 :ile f ! social po9t ( view att5tion is conc5trat$ on ! high] p>ts4 ,b :e!r x be ! scale ( ! ,true or t ( ! ,good1 ! conclusion is ! same 9 bo?4 ,bo? alike indicate ! supremacy ( social consid]ations2 bo? po9t to univ]sal ,love z ! highe/ ideal4 ,i h n[ expla9$ ! pr9cipal purpose ( ,positive ,philosophy1 namely1 spiritual reorganization2 & ,i h %[n h[ t purpose is involv$ 9 ! ,positivi/ motto1 ,ord] & ,progress4 ,positivism1 !n1 realizes ! highe/ aspirations ( m$iaeval ,ca?olicism1 & at ! same "t fulfils ! conditions1 ! abs5ce ( :i* caus$ ! failure ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,x comb9es ! opposite m]its ( ! ,ca?olic & ! ,revolution>y _s1 & by s do+ sup]s$es !m bo?4 ,!ology & ,metaphysics may n[ disappe> )\t dang]1 because ! s]vice :i* ea* ( !m r5d]$ is n[ h>moniz$ ) t ( ! o!r1 & w be p]=m$ m p]fectly4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is result dep5ds is ! sep>ation ( spiritual f temporal p[]4 ,?is1 x w be rememb]$1 _h always be5 ! *ief subject ( cont5tion betwe5 ! two antagoni/ic p>ties4 ,application ( our pr9ciples to actual politics4 ,all gov]nm5t mu/ = ! pres5t be provisional ,i h spok5 ( ! moral & m5tal reorganization ( ,we/]n ,europe z *>act]iz+ ! second phase ( ! ,revolution4 ,let u n[ see :at are its relations ) ! pres5t /ate ( politics4 ,( c\rse ! developm5t ( ,positivism w n be mu* affect$ by ! retrograde t5d5cies ( ! day1 :e!r !ological or metaphysical4 ,/ill ! g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts w ex]cise an influ5ce ^u x1 ( :i* x is important to take acc\nt4 ,s too1 al?\gh ! new doctr9e _c at pres5t d mu* to modify its surr\nd+s1 !re are yet c]ta9 po9ts 9 :i* action may be tak5 at once4 ,9 ! f\r? volume ( ?is treatise ! "q ( a transitional policy w be c>efully consid]$1 ) ! view ( facilitat+ ! adv5t ( ! normal /ate :i* social sci5ce indicates 9 a m di/ant future4 ,i _c complete ?is *apt] )\t "s notice ( ?is provisional policy1 :i* mu/ be c>ri$ on until ,positivism has made its way to g5]al acceptance4 ,! pr9cipal feature ( ?is policy is t x is tempor>y4 ,to set up any p]man5t in/itution 9 a society :i* has no fix$ op9ions or pr9ciples ( life1 w\ld be hopeless4 ,until ! mo/ important que/ions are ?or\ghly settl$1 bo? 9 pr9ciple & practice1 ! only measures ( ! lea/ utility are ^? :i* facilitate ! process ( recon/ruction4 ,measures adopt$ ) a view to p]man5ce mu/ end1 z we h se5 !m end s (t51 9 disappo9tm5t & failure1 h[ev] en?usia/ically !y may h be5 receiv$ at fir/4 ,inevitable z ?is consequ5ce ( our revolution>y position is1 x has nev] be5 und]/ood1 except by ! great lead]s ( ! republican movem5t 9 #agic4 ,( ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts t we h _h dur+ ! la/ two g5]ations1 all1 except ! ,conv5tion1 h fall5 into ! va9 delusion ( attempt+ to f\nd p]man5t in/itutions1 )\t wait+ = any intellectual or moral basis4 ,& !re=e x is t none b ! ,conv5tion has left any deep traces 9 m5's ?\ghts or feel+s4 ,all its pr9cipal measures1 ev5 ^? :i* conc]n$ ! future m ?an ! pres5t1 7 av[$ly provisional2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t !y h>moniz$ well ) ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,! true philosoph] w always look ) respectful admiration on ^! m51 :o n only _h no rational !ory to guide !m1 b 7 encumb]$ ) false metaphysical notions2 & :o yet not)/&+ prov$ !mselves ! only real /atesm5 t ,we/]n ,europe c boa/ ( s9ce ! "t ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,inde$ ! wisdom ( _! policy w\ld be almo/ unacc\ntable1 only t ! v circum/ances :i* call$ = x s urg5tly1 7 to "s ext5t calculat$ to sugge/ x4 ,! /ate ( ?+s 0 su* z to make x impossible to settle ! gov]nm5t on any p]man5t basis4 ,aga91 amid/ all ! wild extravagance ( ! pr9ciples 9 vogue1 ! necessity ( a /rong gov]nm5t to resi/ =eign invasion c\nt]act$ _m ( _! wor/ effects4 ,on ! removal ( ?is salut>y pressure1 ! ,conv5tion fell into ! common error1 ?\gh to a less ext5t ?an ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly4 ,x set up a con/itution fram$ accord+ to "s ab/ract model1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be f9al1 b :i* did n la/ s long z ! p]iod orig9ally propos$ = its own provisional lab\rs4 ,x is on ?is fir/ p]iod ( its gov]nm5t t its fame re/s4 ,! plan orig9ally propos$ 0 t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,conv5tion %\ld la/ till ! end ( ! w>4 ,if ?is plan c\ld h be5 c>ri$ out1 x w\ld probably h be5 ext5d$ /ill fur!r1 z ! impossibility ( e/abli%+ any p]man5t sy/em w\ld h be5 g5]ally recogniz$4 ,! only av[$ motive = mak+ ! gov]nm5t provisional 0 ( c\rse ! urg5t necessity ( national def5ce4 ,b b5ea? ?is tempor>y motive1 :i* = ! "t sup]s$$ e o!r consid]ation1 !re 0 ano!r & a deep] motive = x1 :i* c\ld n h be5 und]/ood )\t s\nd] hi/orical pr9ciples ?an 7 at t "t possible4 ,t motive 0 ! utt]ly negative "* ( ! metaphysical doctr9es !n accept$1 & ! consequ5t abs5ce ( any intellectual or moral basis = political recon/ruction4 ,?is ( c\rse 0 n recogniz$1 b x 0 really ! pr9cipal reason :y ! e/abli%m5t ( any def9ite sy/em ( gov]nm5t 0 delay$4 ,_h ! w> be5 br\ght to an end1 cle>] views ( ! subject w\ld no d\bt h be5 =m$2 inde$ !y _h be5 =m$ already 9 ! opposite camp1 by m5 ( ! ,neo-ca?olic s*ool1 :o 7 n absorb$ by ! urg5t "q ( def5d+ ! ,republic4 ,:at bl9d$ m5 to ! tru? 0 ! fundam5tal yet inevitable error ( suppos+ ! critical doctr9es ( ! prec$+ g5]ation applicable to purposes ( con/ruction4 ,!y 7 undeceiv$ at la/ by ! utt] an>*y :i* ! triumph ( ^! pr9ciples occasion$2 & ! next g5]ation occupi$ itself ) ! c\nt]-revolution>y movem5t1 9 :i* simil> attempts at f9ality 7 made by ! v>i\s reactioni/ p>ties4 ,= ^! p>ties 7 q z de/itute z _! oppon5ts ( any pr9ciples suit$ to ! task ( recon/ruction2 & !y _h to fall back ^u ! old sy/em z ! only recogniz$ basis on :i* public ,ord] c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,dang] ( attempt+ political recon/ruction be=e spiritual ,& 9 ?is respect ! situation is /ill un*ang$4 ,x /ill reta9s its revolution>y "*2 & any imm$iate attempt to reorganize political adm9i/ration w\ld only be ! signal = fre% attempts at reaction1 attempts :i* n[ c h no o!r result ?an an>*y4 ,x is true t ,positivism has j suppli$ u ) a philosophical basis = political recon/ruction4 ,b its pr9ciples are /ill s new & undevelop$1 & besides are und]/ood by s few1 t !y _c ex]cise mu* influ5ce at pres5t on political life4 ,ultimately1 & by sl[ degrees1 !y w m\ld ! in/itutions ( ! future2 b mean:ile !y mu/ "w _! way freely into m5's m9ds & he>ts1 & = ?is at lea/ "o g5]ation w be necess>y4 ,spiritual organization is ! only po9t :]e an imm$iate beg9n+ c be made2 difficult z x is1 its possibility is at la/ z c]ta9 z its urg5cy4 ,:5 suffici5t progress has be5 made ) x1 x w cause a gradual reg5]ation ( political in/itutions4 ,b any attempt to modify ^! too rapidly w\ld only result 9 fre% di/urbances4 ,su* di/urbances1 x is true1 w nev] be z dang]\s z !y 7 =m]ly1 because ! an>*y ( op9ion is s pr(\nd t x is f> m difficult = m5 to agree 9 any fix$ pr9ciples ( action4 ,! absolute doctr9es ( ! la/ c5tury :i* inspir$ su* int5se conviction1 c nev] rega9 _! /r5g?1 because1 :5 br\ght to ! crucial te/ ( exp]i5ce z well z ( discussion1 _! uselessness = con/ructive purposes & _! subv]sive t5d5cy became evid5t to e "o4 ,!y h be5 weak5$1 too1 by !ological concessions :i* _! support]s1 9 ord] to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t at all1 7 oblig$ to make4 ,consequ5tly ! policy ) :i* !y are at pres5t connect$ is "o :i* oscillates betwe5 reaction & an>*y1 or r :i* is at once despotic & de/ructive1 f ! necessity ( controll+ a society :i* has become almo/ z div]se to metaphysical z to !ological rule4 ,9 ! utt] abs5ce1 !n1 ( any g5]al convictions1 ! wor/ =ms ( political commotion are n to be fe>$1 because x w\ld be impossible to r\se m5's passions suffici5tly4 ,b unwise ef=ts to set up a p]man5t sy/em ( gov]nm5t w\ld ev5 n[ lead1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to lam5table disord]1 & w\ld at all ev5ts be utt]ly useless4 ,quiet at home dep5ds n[1 l peace abroad1 simply on ! abs5ce ( di/urb+ =ces2 a mo/ insecure basis1 s9ce x is itself a symptom ( ! ext5t to :i* ! disorganiz+ movem5t has proce$$4 ,?is s+ul> condition mu/ necess>ily cont9ue until ! int]regnum :i* at pres5t exi/s 9 ! moral & intellectual region comes to an end4 ,z long z !re is su* an utt] want ( h>mony 9 feel+ z well z 9 op9ion1 !re c be no real security aga9/ w> or int]nal disord]4 ,! exi/+ equilibrium has aris5 s spontane\sly t x is no d\bt less un/able ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,/ill x is suffici5tly prec>i\s to excite cont9ual panics1 bo? at home & abroad1 :i* are n only v irritat+1 b (t5 ex]cise a mo/ injuri\s influ5ce ov] our policy4 ,n[ attempts at imm$iate recon/ruction ( political in/itutions1 in/ead ( improv+ ?is /ate ( ?+s1 make x v mu* worse1 by giv+ factiti\s life to ! old doctr9es1 :i*1 be+ ?or\ghly worn out1 ought to be left to ! natural process ( decay4 ,! inevitable result ( re/or+ !m to (ficial au?ority w be to det] ! public1 & ev5 ! ?9k+ portion ( x1 f t free ex]cise ( ! m5tal p[]s by :i*1 & by :i* only1 we may hope to arrive )\t di/urbance at fix$ pr9ciples ( action4 ,! cessation ( w> !re=e ju/ifies no *ange 9 republican policy4 ,z long z ! spiritual int]regnum la/s1 x mu/ reta9 its provisional "*4 ,inde$ ?is "* ought to be m /rongly impress$ ^u x ?an ev]4 ,= no "o n[ has any real belief 9 ! organic value ( ! receiv$ metaphysical doctr9es4 ,!y w\ld nev] h be5 reviv$ b = ! ne$ ( hav+ "s sort ( political =mula to "w )1 9 default ( any real social convictions4 ,b ! revival is only app>5t1 & x contra/s mo/ /rik+ly ) ! utt] abs5ce ( sy/ematic pr9ciples 9 mo/ active m9ds4 ,!re is no real dang] ( repeat+ ! error ( ! fir/ revolutioni/s & ( attempt+ to con/ruct ) negative doctr9es4 ,we h only to consid] ! va/ developm5t ( indu/ry1 ( e/hetic culture1 & ( sci5tific /udy1 to free ourselves f all anxiety on ?is head4 ,su* ?+s are incompatible ) any reg>d = ! metaphysical tea*+ ( ideologi/s or psy*ologi/s4 ,nor is !re mu* to fe> 9 ! natural en?usiasm :i* is c>ry+ u back to ! fir/ days ( ! ,revolution4 ,x w only revive ! old republican _s1 & make u =get ! long p]iod ( retrogression & /agnation :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ great outbreak2 = ?is is ! po9t on :i* ! att5tion ( po/]ity w be f9ally conc5trat$4 ,b :ile satisfy+ ^! v legitimate feel+s1 ! p w soon f9d t ! only aspect ( ?is great crisis :i* we h to imitate is ! wise insight ( ! ,conv5tion dur+ ! fir/ "p ( its adm9i/ration1 9 p]ceiv+ t its policy c\ld only be provisional1 & t def9ite recon/ruction mu/ be res]v$ = bett] times4 ,we may fairly hope t ! next =mal attempt to set up a con/itution accord+ to "s ab/ract ideal1 w conv9ce ! ,fr5* nation1 & ultimately ! :ole ,we/1 ( ! utt] futility ( su* s*emes4 ,besides1 ! free discussion :i* has n[ become habitual to u1 & ! temp] ( ! p1 :i* is z sceptical ( political entities z ( ,*ri/ian my/]ies1 w\ld make any su* attempts extremely difficult4 ,nev] 0 !re a "t s unfav\rable to doctr9es admitt+ ( no real demon/ration3 demon/ration be+ n[ ! only possible basis ( p]man5t belief4 ,suppos+ !n a new con/itution to be set on foot1 & ! usual "t to be sp5t 9 ! process ( elaborat+ x1 public op9ion w v possibly disc>d x be=e x is complet$2 n all[+ x ev5 ! %ort av]age duration ( =m] con/itutions4 ,any attempt to *eck free discussion on ! subject w\ld defeat its own object2 s9ce free discussion is ! natural consequ5ce ( our intellectual & social position4 ,politically :at is want$ is ,dictator%ip1 ) lib]ty ( spee* & discussion ,! same conditions :i* require our policy to be provisional :ile ! spiritual int]regnum la/s1 po9t also to ! mode 9 :i* ?is provisional policy %\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,_h ! revolution>y gov]nm5t ( ! ,conv5tion cont9u$ till ! end ( ! w>1 x w\ld probably h be5 prolong$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,b 9 "o mo/ important respect a modification w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,dur+ ! /ruggle = indep5d5ce :at 0 want$ 0 a vigor\s dictator%ip1 comb9+ spiritual ) temporal p[]s3 a dictator%ip ev5 /rong] ?an ! old mon>*y1 & only di/+ui%$ f despotism by its ard\r 9 ! cause ( progress4 ,)\t complete conc5tration ( political p[]1 ! republic c\ld nev] h be5 sav$4 ,b ) peace ! necessity = su* conc5tration 0 at an end4 ,! only motive = /ill cont9u+ ! provisional sy/em 0 ! abs5ce ( social convictions4 ,b ?is w\ld also be a motive = giv+ p]fect lib]ty ( spee* & discussion1 :i* till !n _h be5 impossible or dang]\s4 ,= lib]ty 0 a necess>y condition = elaborat+ & diffus+ a new sy/em ( univ]sal pr9ciples1 z ! only sure basis = ! future reg5]ation ( society4 ,?is hypo!tical view ( *anges :i* might h tak5 place 9 ! ,conv5tional gov]nm5t1 may be appli$ to ! exi/+ condition ( affairs4 ,x is ! policy be/ adapt$ = ! republican gov]nm5t :i* is n[ aris+ 9 all ! security ( a settl$ peace1 & yet amid/ ! mo/ entire an>*y ( op9ion4 ,! successors ( ! ,conv5tion1 m5 unwor?y ( _! task1 degrad$ ! progressive dictator%ip entru/$ to !m by ! circum/ances ( ! "t into a retrograde tyranny4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,x1 :i* 0 ! la/ phase ( ! reaction1 ! c5tral p[] 0 ?or\ghly und]m9$ by ! legal opposition ( ! p>liam5t>y or local p[]4 ,! c5tral gov]nm5t /ill refus$ to recognize any limits to its au?ority2 b ! gr[? ( free ?\ght made its claims to spiritual jurisdiction m & m unt5able1 leav+ x m]ely ! temporal au?ority requisite = public ord]4 ,dur+ ! neutral p]iod :i* foll[$ ! c\nt]-revolution1 ! dictator%ip 0 n m]ely re/rict$ to its prop] functions1 b 0 legally de/roy$2 t is ! local p[] z repres5t$ by p>liam5t took ! place ( ! c5tral p[]4 ,all pret5tions to spiritual influ5ce 7 ab&on$ by bo?2 _! ?\ghts be+ suffici5tly occupi$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( mat]ial ord]4 ,! intellectual an>*y ( ! "t made ?is task difficult en\gh2 b !y aggravat$ ! difficulty by unpr9cipl$ attempts to e/abli% _! gov]nm5t on ! basis ( pure self-int]e/1 irrespectively ( all moral consid]ations4 ,! re/oration ( ! republic & ! progressive _s ar\s$ by x has no d\bt giv5 to bo? legislative & executive a l>ge increase ( p[]3 to an ext5t inde$ :i* a few ye>s back w\ld h caus$ viol5t antipa?y4 ,b x w\ld be a griev\s error = ei!r ( !m to attempt to imitate ! dictatorial /yle ( ! ,conv5tional gov]nm5t4 ,unsuccessful 9 any true s5se z ! attempt w\ld be1 x might occasion v s]i\s di/urbances1 :i* l ! obsolete metaphysical pr9ciples 9 :i* !y orig9ate1 w\ld be equally dang]\s to ,ord] & to ,progress4 ,we see1 !n1 t 9 ! total abs5ce ( any fix$ pr9ciples on :i* m5 c unite1 ! policy requir$ is "o :i* %all be purely provisional1 & limit$ almo/ entirely to ! ma9t5ance ( mat]ial ord]4 ,if ord] be pres]v$1 ! situation is 9 all o!r respects mo/ fav\rable to ! "w ( m5tal & moral reg5]ation :i* w prep>e ! way = ! society ( ! future4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a republic 9 ,france disproves ! false claims set up by (ficial writ]s 9 behalf ( con/itutional gov]nm5t1 z if x 0 ! f9al issue ( ! ,revolution4 ,meantime !re is no?+ irrevocable 9 ! republic itself1 except ! moral pr9ciple involv$ 9 x1 ! absolute & p]man5t prepond]ance ( ,social ,feel+2 9 o!r words1 ! conc5tration ( all ! p[]s ( ,man ^u ! common welf>e4 ,?is is ! only maxim ( ! day :i* we c accept z f9al4 ,x ne$s no =mal sanction1 because x is m]ely ! expression ( feel+s g5]ally av[$1 all prejudices aga9/ x hav+ be5 entirely swept away4 ,b ) ! doctr9es & ! in/itutions result+ f !m1 ?r\gh :i* ?is dom9ion ( social feel+ is to become an organiz$ reality1 ! republic has no direct connexion2 x w\ld be compatible ) _m diff]5t solutions ( ! problem4 ,politically1 ! only irrevocable po9t is ! abolition ( mon>*y1 :i* = a long "t has be5 9 ,france & to a less ext5t ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 ! symbol ( retrogression4 ,t _s ( devotion to ! public welf>e1 :i* is ! noble/ feature ( republicanism1 is /rongly oppos$ to any imm$iate attempts at political f9ality1 z be+ incompatible ) consci5ti\s endeav\rs to f9d a real solution ( social problems4 ,= be=e ! practical solution c be hop$ =1 a sy/ematic basis = x mu/ exi/3 & ?is we c h>dly expect to f9d 9 ! remnants left to u ( ! old cre$s4 ,all t ! true philosoph] desires is simply t ! "q ( moral & intellectual reorganization %all be left to ! unre/rict$ ef=ts ( ?9k]s ( :atev] s*ool4 ,& 9 advocat+ ?is cause1 he w plead ! int]e/s ( ! republic1 = ! safety ( :i* x is ( ! utmo/ importance t no special set ( pr9ciples %\ld be plac$ "u (ficial patronage4 ,republicanism !n1 w d f> m to protect free ?\ght1 & resi/ political encroa*m5t1 ?an 0 done dur+ ! ,orleani/ gov]nm5t by ! retrograde in/9cts ( ,ca?olicism4 ,ca?olic resi/ance to political recon/ructions 0 /rong1 b bl9d3 its place w n[ be m ?an suppli$ by wise indiff]5ce on ! "p ( ! public1 :i* has le>nt by exp]i5ce ! inevitable failure ( ^! incoh]5t attempts to realize metaphysical ,utopias4 ,! only dang] ( ! position is le/ x div]t ! public1 ev5 ! m reflective portion ( x1 f deep & cont9u\s ?\ght1 to practical exp]im5ts bas$ on sup]ficial & ha/y consid]ations4 ,x mu/ be own$ t ! temp] ( m9d :i* n[ prevails w\ld h be5 mo/ unfav\rable = ! orig9al elaboration ( ,positivism4 ,t "w1 h[ev]1 _h already be5 accompli%$ "u ! ,con/itutional sy/em2 :i*1 :ile n s re/rictive z ! prec$+ gov]nm5t1 0 yet suffici5tly s to conc5trate our intellectual p[]s1 :i* ( !mselves w\ld h be5 too feeble1 ^u ! task4 ,! orig9al conception _h inde$ be5 =m$ dur+ ! prec$+ reign2 b its developm5t & diffusion took place "u ! p>liam5t>y sy/em4 ,positivism n[ (f]s itself = practical application to ! "q ( social progress1 :i* has become aga9 ! prom95t "q1 & w ev] rema9 s4 ,unfav\rable z ! pres5t political temp] w\ld h be5 to ! rise ( ,positivism1 x is n at all s to its diffusion2 always suppos+ its tea*]s to be m5 ( suffici5t dignity to avoid ! sn>e ( political ambition into :i* ?9k]s are n[ s apt to fall4 ,by expla9+1 z x alone c expla91 ! futility & dang] ( ! v>i\s ,utopian s*emes :i* are n[ compet+ ) ea* o!r = ! reorganization ( society1 ,positivism w soon be able to div]t public att5tion f ^! political *im]as1 to ! "q ( a total re=mation ( pr9ciples & ( life4 ,su* a dictator%ip w\ld be a /ep t[>ds ! sep>ation ( spiritual & temporal p[] ,republicanism1 !n1 w (f] no ob/acle to ! diffusion ( ,positivi/ pr9ciples4 ,inde$1 !re is "o po9t ( view f :i* we may reg>d x z ! comm5cem5t ( ! normal /ate4 ,x w gradually lead to ! recognition ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple t spiritual p[] mu/ be :olly indep5d5t ( e k9d ( temporal p[]1 :e!r c5tral or local4 ,x is n m]ely t /atesm5 w soon h to confess _! inability to decide on ! m]its ( a doctr9e :i* supposes an am\nt ( deep sci5tific k f :i* !y mu/ necess>ily be preclud$4 ,besides ?is1 ! di/urbance caus$ by ! ambition ( metaphysical s*em]s1 :o are incapable ( und]/&+ ! times 9 :i* !y live1 w induce ! public to )draw _! confid5ce f su* m51 & give x only to ^? :o are cont5t to ab&on all political prospects1 & to devote !mselves to _! prop] function z philosoph]s4 ,?us ,republicanism is1 on ! :ole1 fav\rable to ?is great pr9ciple ( ,positivism1 ! sep>ation ( temporal f spiritual p[]1 not)/&+ ! temptations (f]$ to m5 :o wi% to c>ry _! !ories into imm$iate application4 ,! pr9ciple seems1 no d\bt1 9 opposition to all our revolution>y prejudices4 ,b ! public1 z well z ! gov]nm5t1 w be br\ght to x by exp]i5ce4 ,!y w f9d x ! only means ( sav+ society f ! consequ5ces ( metaphysical ,utopias1 by :i* ,ord] & ,progress are alike ?reat5$4 ,?9k]s too1 ^? ( !m at lea/ :o are s9c]e1 w cease to reg>d x ) su* bl9d antipa?y1 :5 !y see t :ile x condemns _! aspirations to political influ5ce1 x op5s out to !m a noble & mo/ ext5sive sph]e ( moral influ5ce4 ,indep5d5tly ( social consid]ations1 x is ! only way 9 :i* ! philosoph] c ma9ta9 ! dignity to :i* 8 position entitles him1 & :i* is at pres5t s (t5 compromis$ by ! v success ( 8 political ambition4 ,! motto ( #ahcj1 ,lib]ty & ,public ,ord] ,! political attitude :i* ought = ! pres5t to be assum$ is s cle>ly indicat$ by all ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 t practical in/9ct has 9 ?is respect anticipat$ !ory4 ,! "r view is well express$ 9 ! motto1 ,lib]ty & ,public ,ord]1 :i* 0 adopt$ spontane\sly by ! middle class at ! comm5cem5t ( ! neutral p]iod 9 #ahcj4 ,x is n kn[n :o 0 ! au?or ( x2 b x is c]ta9ly f> too progressive to be consid]$ z repres5t+ ! feel+s ( ! mon>*y4 ,x is n ( c\rse ! expression ( any sy/ematic convictions2 b no metaphysical s*ool c\ld h po9t$ out s cle>ly ! two pr9cipal conditions requir$ by ! situation4 ,positivism1 :ile accept+ x z an inspiration ( popul> wisdom1 makes x m complete by add+ two po9ts :i* %\ld h be5 conta9$ 9 x at fir/1 only t !y 7 too mu* oppos$ to exi/+ prejudices to h be5 sanction$ by public op9ion4 ,bo? p>ts ( ! motto require "s expansion4 ,lib]ty ought to include p]fect fre$om ( tea*+2 ,public ,ord] %\ld involve ! prepond]ance ( ! c5tral p[] ov] ! local4 ,i subjo9 a few brief rem>ks on ^! two po9ts1 :i* w be consid]$ m fully 9 ! f\r? volume ( ?is treatise4 ,lib]ty %\ld be ext5d$ to ,education ,positivism is n[ ! only consi/5t advocate ( free spee* & free inquiry4 ,s*ools ( op9ion :i* d n re/ on demon/ration1 & w\ld consequ5tly be %ak5 by any argum5tative attacks1 c nev] be s9c]e 9 _! wi% = ,lib]ty1 9 ! ext5d$ s5se "h giv5 to x4 ,lib]ty ( writ+ we h n[ _h = a long "t4 ,b besides ?is we want lib]ty ( spee*2 & also lib]ty ( tea*+2 t is to say1 ! ab&onm5t by ! ,/ate ( all its educational monopolies4 ,fre$om ( tea*+1 ( :i* ,positivi/s are ! only g5u9e support]s1 has become a condition ( ! fir/ importance3 & ?is n m]ely z a provisional measure1 b z an indication ( ! normal /ate ( ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is ! only means by :i* any doctr9e t has ! p[] ( fix+ & h>moniz+ m5's convictions c become g5]ally kn[n4 ,to legalize any sy/em ( education w\ld imply t su* a doctr9e _h be5 already f\nd2 x mo/ assur$ly is n ! way to f9d x4 ,b aga91 fre$om ( tea*+ is a /ep t[>ds ! normal /ate2 x am\nts to an admission t ! problem ( education is "o :i* temporal au?orities are incompet5t to solve4 ,positivi/s w\ld be ! la/ to d5y t education ought to be regul>ly organiz$4 ,only !y ass]t1 fir/1 t z long z ! spiritual int]regnum la/s1 no organization is possible2 & secondly1 t :5ev] ! acceptance ( a new syn!sis makes x possible1 x w be effect$ by ! spiritual p[] to :i* t syn!sis gives rise4 ,9 ! meantime no g5]al sy/em ( ,/ate education %\ld be attempt$4 ,x w be well1 h[ev]1 to cont9ue ,/ate assi/ance to ^? bran*es ( in/ruction :i* are ! mo/ liable to be neglect$ by private ent]prise1 especially read+ & writ+4 ,moreov]1 !re are c]ta9 in/itutions ei!r e/abli%$ or reviv$ by ! ,conv5tion = high] tra9+ 9 special subjects2 ^! ought to be c>efully pres]v$1 & br\ght up to ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 = !y conta9 ! g]ms ( pr9ciples :i* w be mo/ valuable :5 ! problem ( reorganiz+ g5]al education comes be=e u4 ,b all ! in/itutions aboli%$ by ! ,conv5tion ought n[ to be f9ally suppress$4 ,ev5 ! ,academies %\ld =m no exception to ?is rule1 = ! h>m :i* !y h done1 bo? intellectually & morally1 s9ce _! re9/alm5t1 has fully ju/ifi$ ! wisdom ( ! m5 :o decid$ on _! abolition4 ,gov]nm5t %\ld no d\bt ex]cise con/ant vigilance ov] all private educational in/itutions2 b ?is %\ld h no?+ to d ) _! doctr9es1 b ) _! morality1 a po9t sc&al\sly neglect$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! law4 ,^! %\ld be ! limits ( /ate int]f]5ce 9 education4 ,) ^! exceptions x %\ld be left to ! unre/rict$ ef=ts ( private associations1 s z to give e opportunity = a def9itive educational sy/em to e/abli% itself4 ,= to pret5d t any satisfactory sy/em exi/s at pres5t w\ld only be a hypocritical subt]fuge on ! "p ( ! au?orities4 ,! mo/ important /ep t[>ds fre$om ( education w\ld be ! suppression ( all grants to !ological or metaphysical societies1 leav+ ea* man free to support ! religion & ! sy/em ( in/ruction :i* he pref]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 a j & lib]al _s wor?y ( ! cause1 & )\t ! lea/ ta9t ( p]sonal dislike or p>ty feel+4 ,full indemnity %\ld be giv5 to memb]s ( ,*ur*es or ,univ]sities1 ^u :om ^! *anges w\ld come unexpect$ly4 ,by act+ 9 ?is _s x w be f> less difficult to c>ry out measures :i* are obvi\sly indicat$ by ! position 9 :i* we /&4 ,z !re is n[ no doctr9e :i* comm&s g5]al ass5t1 x w\ld be an act ( retrogression to give legal sanction to any ( ! old cre$s1 :atev] _! =m] claim to spiritual asc5dancy4 ,x is q 9 accordance ) ! republican _s to refuse su* sanction1 not)/&+ ! t5d5cy t !re is to all[ ideologi/s to succe$ to ! ,academic (fices held "u ! con/itutional sy/em by psy*ologi/s4 ,ord] dem&s c5tralization ,b ,positivism w h z b5eficial an influ5ce on ,public ,ord] z on ,lib]ty4 ,x holds1 9 exact opposition to revolution>y prejudices1 t ! c5tral p[] %\ld prepond]ate ov] ! local4 ,! con/itutionali/ pr9ciple ( sep>at+ ! legislative f ! executive is only an empirical imitation ( ! l>g] pr9ciple ( sep>at+ temporal & spiritual p[]1 :i* 0 adopt$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re w always be a conte/ = political supremacy betwe5 ! c5tral & local au?orities2 & x is an error into :i*1 f v>i\s causes1 we h fall5 rec5tly1 to attempt to balance !m aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ,fr5* hi/ory has be5 to let ! c5tral p[] prepond]ate1 until x deg5]at$ & became retrograde t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,our pres5t pref]5ce = ! local p[] is !re=e an hi/orical anomaly1 :i* is sure to cease z soon z ! fe> ( reaction has pass$ away4 ,& z ,republicanism secures u aga9/ any dang]s ( ?is k9d1 our political sympa?ies w soon resume _! old c\rse4 ,! advantages ( ! c5tral p[] are1 fir/1 t x is m directly responsible ?an ! o!r2 &1 secondly1 t x is m practical & less likely to set up any claims to spiritual influ5ce4 ,?is la/ feature is ( ! highe/ importance1 & is likely to become e day m m>k$4 ,:]eas ! local or legislative p[]1 n hav+ its functions cle>ly def9$1 is v apt to int]f]e 9 !oretical que/ions )\t be+ 9 any s5se qualifi$ = do+ s4 ,its prepond]ance w\ld1 !n1 9 mo/ cases be injuri\s to intellectual fre$om1 :i*1 z x feels in/9ctively1 w ultimately result 9 ! rise ( a spiritual au?ority de/9$ to sup]s$e its own4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ^! t5d5cies1 :i* h nev] be=e be5 expla9$1 ,positivi/s h little hesitation 9 sid+ 9 almo/ all cases ) ! c5tral z aga9/ ! local p[]4 ,philosoph]s1 :om no "o c accuse ( reactioni/ or s]vile views1 :o h giv5 up all political prospects1 & :o are devot+ !mselves :olly to ! "w ( spiritual reorganization1 ne$ n be afraid to take ?is c\rse2 & !y ought to ex]t !mselves vigor\sly 9 mak+ ! c5tral p[] prepond]ant1 limit+ ! functions ( ! local p[] to :at is /rictly indisp5sable4 ,&1 not)/&+ all appe>ances to ! contr>y1 republicanism w help to modify ! revolution>y feel+ on ?is po9t4 ,x removes ! di/ru/ ( au?ority caus$ naturally by ! retrograde _s ( ! old mon>*y2 & x makes x easi] to repress any fur!r t5d5cies ( ! same k9d1 )\t necessitat+ an entire *ange 9 ! "* ( our policy = ! sake ( provid+ aga9/ a cont+5cy1 ( :i* !re is n[ s little fe>4 ,z soon z ! c5tral p[] has giv5 suffici5t pro( ( its progressive int5tions1 !re w be no unwill+ness on ! "p ( ! ,fr5* public to re/rict ! p[]s ( ! legislative body1 :e!r by r$uc+ x to "o-?ird ( its pres5t numb]s1 :i* are s f> too l>ge1 or ev5 by limit+ its functions to ! annual vote ( ! supplies4 ,dur+ ! la/ phase ( ! c\nt]-revolution1 & ! long p]iod ( p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t :i* foll[$1 a /ate ( feel+ has aris5 on ?is subject1 :i* is q exceptional1 & :i* s\nd philosophical tea*+1 & wise action on ! "p ( gov]nm5t1 w easily modify4 ,x is inconsi/5t ) ! :ole c\rse ( ,fr5* hi/ory2 & only leads u into ! mi/ake ( imitat+ ! ,engli% con/itution1 :i* is adapt$ to no o!r c\ntry4 ,! v ext5sion :i* has j be5 giv5 to ! repres5tative sy/em w br+ x into discr$it1 by %[+ x to be z futile & subv]sive 9 practice z philosophy _h repres5t$ x to be 9 !ory4 ,intimate connexion ( ,lib]ty ) ,ord] ,su*1 !n1 is ! way 9 :i* ,positivism w\ld int]pret ^! two prim>y conditions ( our pres5t policy1 ,lib]ty & ,public ,ord]4 ,b besides ?is1 x expla9s & confirms ! connexion :i* exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,x tea*es 9 ! fir/ place1 t true lib]ty is impossible at pres5t )\t ! vigor\s control ( a c5tral p[]1 progressive 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 wise en\gh to abdicate all spiritual influ5ce1 & keep to its own practical functions4 ,su* a p[] is ne$$ 9 ord] to *eck ! despotic _s ( ! v>i\s doctr9es n[ 9 vogue4 ,z all ( !m are m or less inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciple ( sep>ation ( p[]s1 !y w\ld all be will+ to employ =cible means ( secur+ uni=mity ( op9ion4 ,besides1 ! an>*y :i* is caus$ by our spiritual int]regnum1 might1 b = a /rong gov]nm5t1 v probably int]f]e ) ! philosophical fre$om :i* we n[ enjoy4 ,conv]sely1 unless ,lib]ty 9 ! s5se "h spok5 ( be grant$1 x w be impossible = ! c5tral p[] to ma9ta9 itself 9 ! position :i* public ord] requires4 ,! ob/acle to t position at pres5t is ! fe> ( reaction2 & a scrupul\s reg>d = fre$om is ! only means ( remov+ ^! feel+s :i*1 ?\gh p]haps unf\nd$1 are b too natural4 ,all fe>s w be allay$ at once :5 lib]ty ( in/ruction & association becomes "p ( ! law ( ! l&4 ,!re w !n be no hope1 & inde$ no wi%1 on ! "p ( gov]nm5t to regulate our social in/itutions 9 con=mity ) any p>ticul> doctr9e4 ,! object ( ?is *apt] has be5 to %[ ! social value ( ,positivism4 ,we h f\nd t n m]ely does x ?r[ light ^u our ,future policy1 b t x also tea*es u h[ to act ^u ! ,pres5t2 & ^! indications h 9 bo? cases be5 bas$ ^u c>eful exam9ation ( ! ,pa/1 9 accordance ) ! fundam5tal laws ( human developm5t4 ,x is ! only sy/em capable ( h&l+ ! problem n[ propos$ by ! m advanc$ portion ( our race to all :o w\ld claim to guide !m4 ,t problem is ?is2 to reorganize human life1 irrespectively ( god or k+2 recogniz+ ! obligation ( no motive1 :e!r public or private1 o!r ?an ,social ,feel+1 aid$ 9 due measure by ! positive sci5ce & practical en]gy ( ,man4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,positivism ,,^u ,,! ,,work+ ,,classes ,positivism w n = ! pres5t recomm5d itself to ! gov]n+ classes1 s mu* z to ! ,p ,positivism1 :e!r look$ at z a philosophical sy/em or z an in/rum5t ( social r5ovation1 _c c\nt ^u mu* support f any ( ! classes1 :e!r 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate1 by :om ! gov]nm5t ( mank9d has hi!rto be5 conduct$4 ,!re w be isolat$ exceptions ( great value1 & ^! w soon become m num]\s3 b ! prejudices & passions ( ^! classes w pres5t s]i\s ob/acles to ! "w ( moral & m5tal reorganization :i* con/itutes ! second phase ( ! great ,we/]n revolution4 ,_! faulty education & _! repugnance to sy/em prejudice !m aga9/ a philosophy :i* subord9ates specialities to g5]al pr9ciples4 ,_! ari/ocratic in/9cts make x v difficult = !m to recognize ! supremacy ( ,social ,feel+2 t doctr9e :i* lies at ! root ( social reg5]ation1 z conceiv$ by ,positivism4 ,t no support c be expect$ f ! classes :o 7 9 ! asc5dant be=e ! ,revolution1 is ( c\rse obvi\s2 & we %all probably meet ) opposition1 q z real ?\gh m c>efully conceal$1 f ! middle classes1 to :om t revolution transf]r$ ! au?ority & social influ5ce :i* !y _h long be5 covet+4 ,_! ?\ghts are entirely engross$ ) ! acquisition ( p[]2 & !y conc]n !mselves b little ) ! mode 9 :i* x is us$1 or ! objects to :i* x is direct$4 ,!y 7 q conv9c$ t ! ,revolution _h f\nd a satisfactory issue 9 ! p>liam5t>y sy/em in/itut$ dur+ ! rec5t p]iod ( political oscillation4 ,!y w long cont9ue to regret t /ation>y p]iod1 because x 0 peculi>ly fav\rable to _! re/less ambition4 ,a movem5t t5d+ to ! complete reg5]ation ( society is almo/ z mu* dread$ n[ by ! middle classes z x 0 =m]ly by ! high]4 ,& bo? w\ld at all ev5ts agree 9 prolong+ ! sy/em ( !ological hypocrisy1 z f> z republican in/itutions admitt$ ( x4 ,t policy is n[ ! only means by :i* retrogression is /ill possible4 ,ignoble z x is1 !re are two motives = adopt+ x2 x secures respect & submission on ! "p ( ! masses1 & x imposes no unpleasant duties on _! gov]nors4 ,all _! critical & metaphysical prejudices indispose !m to t]m9ate ! /ate ( spiritual an>*y :i* is ! greate/ ob/acle to social reg5]ation3 :ile at ! same "t _! ambition dreads ! e/abli%m5t ( a new moral au?ority1 ! re/rictive influ5ce ( :i* w\ld ( c\rse press mo/ heavily ^u !mselves4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 m5 ( rank1 & ev5 k+s1 accept$ ! purely negative philosophy t 0 !n 9 vogue2 x remov$ _m ob/acles1 x 0 an easy pa? to reputation1 & x impos$ no great sacrifice4 ,b we c h>dly hope f ?is prec$5t t ! weal?y & lit]>y classes ( our own "t w be equally will+ to accept ,positive philosophy2 ! av[$ purpose ( :i* is to discipl9e our intellectual p[]s1 9 ord] to reorganize our modes ( life4 ,! av[al ( su* a purpose is q suffici5t to prev5t ,positivism f ga9+ ! sympa?ies ( any "o ( ! gov]n+ classes4 ,! classes to :i* x mu/ appeal are ^? :o h be5 left untra9$ 9 ! pres5t wor?less me?ods ( in/ruction by words & entities1 :o are animat$ ) /rong social in/9cts1 & :o consequ5tly h ! l>ge/ /ock ( good s5se & good feel+4 ,9 a ^w x is among ! ,work+ ,classes t ! new philosoph]s w f9d _! mo/ en]getic allies4 ,!y are ! two extreme t]ms 9 ! social s]ies z f9ally con/itut$2 & x is only ?r\gh _! comb9$ action t social reg5]ation c become a practical possibility4 ,not)/&+ _! diff]5ce ( position1 a diff]5ce :i* inde$ is m app>5t ?an real1 !re are /rong aff9ities betwe5 !m1 bo? morally & intellectually4 ,bo? h ! same s5se ( ! real1 ! same pref]5ce = ! useful1 & ! same t5d5cy to subord9ate special po9ts to g5]al pr9ciples4 ,morally !y resemble ea* o!r 9 g5]osity ( feel+1 9 wise unconc]n = mat]ial prospects1 & 9 indiff]5ce to worldly gr&eur4 ,?is at lea/ w be ! case z soon z philosoph]s 9 ! true s5se ( t ^w h mix$ suffici5tly ) ! nobl] memb]s ( ! work+ classes to raise _! own "* to its prop] level4 ,:5 ! sympa?ies :i* unite !m ^u ^! ess5tial po9ts h _h "t to %[ !mselves1 x w be felt t ! philosoph] is1 "u c]ta9 aspects1 a memb] ( ! work+ class fully tra9$2 :ile ! work+ man is 9 _m respects a philosoph] )\t ! tra9+4 ,bo? too w look ) simil> feel+s ^u ! int]m$iate or capitali/ class4 ,z t class is necess>ily ! possessor ( mat]ial p[]1 ! pecuni>y exi/5ce ( bo? w z a rule be indep5d5t ^u x4 ,! work+ man :o accepts 8 position is fav\rably situat$ = ! reception ( compreh5sive pr9ciples & g5]\s sympa?ies ,^! aff9ities foll[ z a natural result f _! respective position & functions4 ,! reason ( _! n hav+ be5 recogniz$ m di/9ctly is1 t at pres5t we h no?+ t c be call$ a philosophic class1 or at lea/ x is only repres5t$ by a few isolat$ types4 ,workm5 wor?y ( _! position are happily f> less r>e2 b hi!rto x is only 9 ,france1 or r 9 ,p>is1 t !y h %[n !mselves 9 _! true light1 z m5 emancipat$ f *im]ical beliefs1 & c>eless ( ! empty pre/ige ( social position4 ,x is1 !n1 only 9 ,p>is t ! tru? ( ! prec$+ rem>ks c be fully v]ifi$4 ,! occupations ( work+ m5 are evid5tly f> m conducive to philosophical views ?an ^? ( ! middle classes2 s9ce !y are n s absorb+1 z to prev5t cont9u\s ?\ght1 ev5 dur+ ! h\rs ( lab\r4 ,& besides hav+ m "t = ?9k+1 !y h a moral advantage 9 ! abs5ce ( any responsibility :5 _! "w is ov]4 ,! workman is pres]v$ by 8 position f ! s*emes ( aggr&isem5t1 :i* are con/antly h>ass+ ! capitali/4 ,_! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect causes a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 _! modes ( ?\ght2 ! "o c>es m = g5]al pr9ciples1 ! o!r m = details4 ,to a s5sible workman1 ! sy/em ( disp]sive speciality n[ s mu* 9 vogue %[s itself 9 its true light4 ,he sees x1 t is1 to be brutaliz+1 because x w\ld condemn 8 intellect to ! mo/ paltry mode ( culture1 s mu* s t x w nev] be accept$ 9 ,france1 9 spite ( ! irrational endeav\rs ( our ,anglo-maniac economi/s4 ,to ! capitali/1 on ! contr>y1 & ev5 to ! man ( sci5ce1 t sy/em1 h[ev] rigidly & consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 w seem f> less degrad+2 or r x w be look$ ^u z mo/ desirable1 unless 8 education has be5 su* z to c\nt]act ^! t5d5cies1 & to give him ! desire & ! ability = ab/ract & g5]al ?\ght4 ,morally1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! position ( ! workman & ! capitali/ is ev5 m /rik+4 ,pr\d z mo/ m5 are ( worldly success1 ! degree ( moral or m5tal excell5ce impli$ 9 ! acquisition ( weal? or p[]1 ev5 :5 ! means us$ h be5 /rictly legitimate1 is h>dly su* z to ju/ify t pride4 ,look+ at intr9sic qualities r ?an at visible results1 x is obvi\s t practical success1 :e!r 9 indu/ry or 9 w>1 dep5ds f> m on "* ?an on intellect or affection4 ,! pr9cipal condition = x is ! comb9ation ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy ) great caution1 & a fair %>e ( p]sev]ance4 ,:5 a man has ^! qualities1 m$iocrity ( intellect & moral defici5cy w n prev5t 8 tak+ advantage ( fav\rable *ances2 *ance be+ usually a v important elem5t 9 worldly success4 ,inde$ x w\ld h>dly be an exagg]ation to say t pov]ty ( ?\ght & feel+ has (t5 some?+ to d ) =m+ & ma9ta9+ ! disposition requisite = ! purpose4 ,vigor\s ex]tion ( ! active p[]s is m frequ5tly induc$ by ! p]sonal prop5sities ( av>ice1 ambition1 or vanity1 ?an by ! high] in/9cts4 ,sup]iority ( position1 :5 legitimately obta9$1 des]ves respect2 b ! philosoph]1 l ! religioni/1 & ) /ill bett] gr\nds1 refuses to reg>d x z a pro( ( moral sup]iority1 a conclusion :i* w\ld be :olly at v>iance ) ! true !ory ( human nature4 ,! life ( ! workman1 on ! o!r h&1 is f> m fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! nobl] in/9cts4 ,9 practical qualities he is usually n want+1 except 9 caution1 a defici5cy :i* makes 8 en]gy & p]sev]ance less useful to himself1 ?\gh fully available = society4 ,b x is 9 ! ex]cise ( ! high] feel+s t ! moral sup]iority ( ! work+ class is mo/ obs]vable4 ,:5 our habits & op9ions h be5 br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( sy/ematic pr9ciples1 ! true "* ( ?is class1 :i* =ms ! basis ( mod]n society1 w become m di/9ct2 & we %all see t home affections are naturally /rong] ) !m ?an ) ! middle classes1 :o are too mu* engross$ ) p]sonal int]e/s = ! full enjoym5t ( dome/ic ties4 ,/ill m evid5t is _! sup]iority 9 social feel+s /rictly s call$1 = ^! ) !m are call$ into daily ex]cise f e>lie/ *ildhood4 ,"h x is t we f9d ! highe/ & mo/ g5u9e types ( fri5d%ip1 & ?is ev5 among/ ^? :o are plac$ 9 a dep5d5t position1 aggravat$ (t5 by ! ari/ocratic prejudices ( ^? above !m1 & :om we might imag9e on t acc\nt condemn$ to a l[] moral /&>d4 ,we f9d s9c]e & simple respect = sup]iors1 unta9t$ by s]vility1 n vitiat$ by ! pride ( le>n+1 n di/urb$ by ! jeal\sies ( competition4 ,_! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! mis]ies ( life is a con/ant /imulus to ! nobl] sympa?ies4 ,9 no class is !re s /rong an inc5tive to social feel+1 at lea/ to ! feel+ ( ,solid>ity betwe5 contempor>ies2 = all are consci\s ( ! support t !y d]ive f union1 support :i* is n at all incompatible ) /rong individuality ( "*4 ,! s5se ( ,cont9uity ) ! pa/ has n1 x is true1 be5 suffici5tly develop$2 b ?is is a want :i* c only be suppli$ by sy/ematic culture4 ,x w h>dly be disput$ t !re are m rem>kable in/ances ( prompt & uno/5tati\s self-sacrifice at ! call ( a great public necessity 9 ?is class ?an 9 any o!r4 ,note1 too1 t 9 ! utt] abs5ce ( any sy/ematic education1 all ^! moral excell5ces mu/ be look$ ^u z inh]5t 9 ! class4 ,x is impossible to attribute !m to !ological influ5ce1 n[ t !y h s entirely %ak5 (f ! old fai?4 ,! type ,i h describ$ w\ld be g5]ally consid]$ imag9>y2 & at pres5t x is only 9 ,p>is t x c be fully realiz$4 ,b ! fact ( its exi/5ce 9 ! c5tre ( ,we/]n ,europe is en\gh = all rational obs]v]s4 ,a type s fully 9 accordance ) :at we "k ( human nature _c fail ultimately to spread ev]y:]e1 especially :5 ^! spontane\s t5d5cies are plac$ "u ! sy/ematic guidance ( ,positivism4 ,?is ! ,conv5tion felt2 b !y enc\rag$ ! ,p to seek political supremacy1 = :i* !y are n fit ,^! rem>ks w prep>e u to appreciate ! wise & g5]\s in/9cts ( ! ,conv5tion 9 look+ to ! ,prolet>iate z ! ma9spr+ ( its policy2 & ?is is n m]ely on acc\nt ( ! incid5tal dang] ( =eign invasion1 b 9 deal+ ) ! l>g] "q ( social reg5]ation1 :i* x pursu$ s ard5tly1 ?\gh 9 su* ignorance ( its true pr9ciples4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! want ( a satisfactory sy/em1 & ! disord] produc$ by ! metaphysical !ories ( ! "t1 ! _s 9 :i* ?is alliance ) ! p 0 fram$ 0 incompatible ) ! real object 9 view4 ,x 0 consid]$ t gov]nm5t ought z a rule to be 9 ! h&s ( ! p4 ,n[ "u ! special circum/ances ( ! "t popul> gov]nm5t 0 und\bt$ly v useful4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! republic dep5d$ almo/ entirely ^u ! prolet>iate1 ! only class t /ood un%ak5 & true to its pr9ciples4 ,b 9 ! absolute _s ( ! receiv$ political !ories1 ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 reg>d$ z normal1 a view :i* is incompatible ) ! mo/ important conditions ( mod]n society4 ,x is ( c\rse always "r = ! p to assi/ gov]nm5t 9 c>ry+ out ! law1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( physical =ce1 %\ld ! case require x4 ,int]f]5ce ( ?is subord9ate k9d1 :e!r 9 =eign or int]nal que/ions1 s f> f lead+ to an>*y1 is obvi\sly a gu>antee = ord] :i* ought to exi/ 9 e prop]ly con/itut$ society4 ,inde$ 9 ?is respect our habits 9 ,france are /ill v defective2 m5 are too (t5 cont5t to rema9 m]e look]s on1 :ile ! police to :om !y owe _! daily protection is do+ its duty4 ,b = ! p to take a direct "p 9 gov]nm5t1 & to h ! f9al decision ( political measures1 is a /ate ( ?+s :i* 9 mod]n society is only adapt$ to times ( revolution4 ,to recognize x z f9al w\ld lead at once to an>*y1 7 x n s utt]ly impossible to realize4 ,x is only 9 exceptional cases t ! ,p c be really #8sov]eign' ,positivism rejects ! metaphysical doctr9e ( ! ,sov]eignty ( ! p4 ,b x appropriates all t is really s\nd 9 ! doctr9e1 & ?is ) ref]5ce n m]ely to exceptional cases b to ! normal /ate2 :ile at ! same "t x gu>ds aga9/ ! dang] involv$ 9 its application z an absolute tru?4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! revolution>y p>ty ! doctr9e is g5]ally us$ to ju/ify ! "r ( insurrection4 ,n[ 9 ,positive ,polity1 ?is "r is look$ ^u z an ultimate res\rce1 ) :i* no society %\ld all[ itself to disp5se4 ,absolute submission1 :i* is too /rongly inculcat$ by mod]n ,ca?olicism1 w\ld expose u to ! dang] ( tyranny4 ,insurrection may be reg>d$1 sci5tifically1 z a sort ( rep>ative crisis1 ( :i* societies /& 9 m ne$ ?an individuals 9 accordance ) ! well-kn[n biological law1 t ! high] & ! m complicat$ ! organism1 ! m frequ5t & also ! m dang]\s is ! pa?ological /ate4 ,!re=e1 ! fe> t ,positivism1 :5 g5]ally accept$1 w enc\rage passive ob$i5ce1 is p]fectly gr\ndless2 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly n fav\rable to ! pure revolution>y _s1 :i* w\ld fa9 take ! disease = ! normal type ( heal?4 ,its :ole "* is s ess5tially relative1 t x f9ds no difficulty 9 accept+ subord9ation z ! rule1 & yet all[+ = exceptional cases ( revolt2 a c\rse by :i* good ta/e & human dignity are alike satisfi$4 ,positivism looks ^u insurrection z a dang]\s rem$y t %\ld be res]v$ = extreme cases2 b x w\ld nev] scruple to sanction & ev5 to enc\rage x :5 x is really indisp5sable4 ,?is is q compatible ) refus+1 z a rule1 to submit ! decision ( political que/ions & ! *oice ( rul]s to judges :o are obvi\sly incompet5t2 & :o1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,positivism1 w ( _! own free w abdicate rights :i* are subv]sive ( ord]4 ,! tru? involv$ 9 ! expression is t ! well-be+ ( ! p %\ld be ! "o great object ( gov]nm5t ,! metaphysical doctr9e ( ! ,sov]eignty ( ! p1 conta9s1 h[ev]1 a tru? ( p]man5t value1 ?\gh 9 a v confus$ =m4 ,?is tru? ,positivism sep>ates v di/9ctly f its dang]\s alloy1 yet )\t weak5+1 on ! contr>y1 ) ! effect ( en=c+1 its social import4 ,!re are two di/9ct conceptions 9 ?is doctr9e1 :i* h hi!rto be5 conf\nd$2 a political conception applicable to c]ta9 special cases2 a moral conception applicable to all4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! "n ( ! :ole body politic ought to be invok$ 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( any special measure1 ( :i* ! motives are suffici5tly intelligible1 & :i* directly conc]n ! practical int]e/s ( ! :ole community4 ,"u ?is head w\ld be includ$ decisions ( law c\rts1 decl>ations ( w>1 etc4 ,:5 society has rea*$ ! ,positive /ate1 & ! s5se ( univ]sal solid>ity is m g5]ally diffus$1 !re w be ev5 m significance & dignity 9 su* expressions ?an !re is n[1 because ! "n invok$ w no long] be t ( a special nation1 b t ( ,humanity z a :ole4 ,x w\ld be absurd1 h[ev]1 to ext5d ?is practice to ^? /ill m num]\s cases :]e ! p is incompet5t to express any op9ion1 & has m]ely to adopt ! op9ion ( sup]ior (fic]s :o h obta9$ its confid5ce4 ,?is may be ow+ ei!r to ! difficulty ( ! "q or to ! fact ( its application be+ indirect or limit$4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 w\ld be enactm5ts1 v (t5 ( great importance1 :i* deal ) sci5tific pr9ciples2 or aga9 mo/ que/ions relat+ to special pr(essions or bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,9 all ^! cases popul> good s5se w\ld1 "u ,positivi/ influ5ce1 easily be kept cle> f political illusions4 ,x is only "u ! /imulus ( metaphysical pride t su* illusions become dang]\s2 & ! untaught masses h b little exp]i5ce ( ?is feel+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r tru? impli$ 9 ! expression1 ,sov]eignity ( ! p4 ,x implies t x is ! fir/ ( duties to conc5trate all ! ef=ts ( society ^u ! common good4 ,& 9 ?is !re is a m direct ref]5ce to ! work+ class ?an to any o!r2 fir/1 on acc\nt ( _! imm5se num]ical sup]iority1 &1 secondly1 because ! difficulties by :i* _! life is surr\nd$ require special int]f]5ce to a degree :i* = o!r classes w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is a pr9ciple :i* all true republicans may accept4 ,x is1 9 fact1 id5tical ) :at we h laid d[n z ! univ]sal basis ( morality1 ! direct & p]man5t prepond]ance ( social feel+ ov] all p]sonal int]e/s4 ,n m]ely1 !n1 is x incorporat$ by ,positivism1 b1 z 0 %[n 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 x =ms ! prim>y pr9ciple ( ! sy/em1 ev5 "u ! intellectual aspect4 ,s9ce ! decl9e ( ,ca?olicism ! metaphysical _s has be5 provisionally ! gu>dian ( ?is great social precept4 ,positivism n[ f9ally appropriates x1 & purifies x = ! future f all ta9t ( an>*y4 ,revolutioni/s1 z we %\ld expect f _! *>act]i/ic dislike to ! sep>ation ( ! two p[]s1 _h treat$ ! "q politically4 ,positivism avoids all dang] by %ift+ x to ! region ( morality4 ,i %all %[ pres5tly t ?is v salut>y *ange1 s f> f weak5+ ! =ce ( ! pr9ciple1 increases its p]man5t value1 & at ! same "t removes ! deceptive & subv]sive t5d5cies :i* are always involv$ 9 ! metaphysical mode ( reg>d+ x4 ,! ,p's function is to assi/ ! spiritual p[] 9 modify+ ! action ( gov]nm5t ,:at !n1 x w be ask$1 is ! "p assign$ to ! ,prolet>iate 9 ! f9al con/itution ( society8 ,?is simil>ity ( position :i* ,i po9t$ out betwe5 !mselves & ! philosophic class sugge/s ! answ]4 ,!y w be ( ! mo/ ess5tial s]vice to ! spiritual p[] 9 ea* ( its ?ree social functions1 judgm5t1 c\nsel1 & ev5 education4 ,all ! intellectual & moral qualities t we h j indicat$ 9 ?is class concur 9 fitt+ !m = ?is s]vice4 ,if we except ! philosophic body1 :i* is ! recogniz$ organ ( g5]al pr9ciples1 !re is no class :i* is s habitually incl9$ to take compreh5sive views ( any subject4 ,_! sup]iority 9 ,social ,feel+ is /ill m obvi\s4 ,9 ?is ev5 ! be/ philosoph]s are r>ely _! equals2 & x w\ld be a mo/ b5eficial corrective ( _! t5d5cy to ov]-ab/raction to come into daily contact ) ! noble & spontane\s in/9cts ( ! p4 ,! work+ class1 !n1 is bett] qualifi$ ?an any o!r = und]/&+1 & /ill m = sympa?iz+ ) ! highe/ tru?s ( morality1 ?\gh x may n be able to give !m a sy/ematic =m4 ,&1 z we h se51 x is 9 social morality1 ! mo/ important & ! highe/ ( ! ?ree bran*es ( ,e?ics1 t _! sup]iority is mo/ obs]vable4 ,besides1 indep5d5tly ( _! intr9sic m]its1 :e!r intellectual or moral1 ! necessities ( _! daily life s]ve to impress !m ) respect = ! great rules ( morality1 :i* 9 mo/ cases 7 fram$ = _! own protection4 ,to secure ! application ( ^! rules 9 daily life is a function ( ! spiritual p[] 9 ! p]=mance ( :i* !y w meet ) b slight assi/ance f ! middle classes4 ,x is ) !m t temporal p[] naturally resides1 & x is _! misuse ( p[] t has to be controll$ & set "r4 ,! work+ classes are ! *ief suff]]s f ! selfi%ness & dom9e]+ ( m5 ( weal? & p[]4 ,= ?is reason !y are ! likelie/ to come =w>d 9 def5ce ( public morality4 ,& !y w be all ! m dispos$ to give x _! he>ty support if !y h no?+ to d directly ) political adm9i/ration4 ,habitual p>ticipation 9 temporal p[]1 to say no?+ ( its unsettl+ influ5ce1 w\ld lead !m away f ! be/ rem$y = _! suff]+s ( :i* ! con/itution ( society admits4 ,popul> sagacity w soon detect ! utt] holl[ness ( ! (f-h& solutions t are n[ be+ obtrud$ ^u u4 ,! p w rapidly become conv9c$ t ! sure/ me?od ( satisfy+ all legitimate claims lies 9 ! moral ag5cies :i* ,positivism (f]s1 ?\gh x appe>s to !m at ! same "t to abdicate political p[] :i* ei!r yields !m no?+ or results 9 an>*y4 ,s natural is ?is t5d5cy ( ! p to rally r\nd ! spiritual p[] 9 def5ce ( morality1 t we f9d x to h be5 ! case ev5 9 m$iaeval times4 ,inde$ ?is x is :i* expla9s ! sympa?ies :i* ,ca?olicism /ill reta9s1 not)/&+ its g5]al decl9e1 9 ! c\ntries :]e ,prote/antism has fail$ to e/abli% itself4 ,sup]ficial obs]v]s (t5 mi/ake ^! sympa?ies = evid5ce ( s9c]e atta*m5t to ! old cre$s1 ?\gh 9 po9t ( fact !y are m ?or\ghly und]m9$ 9 ^? c\ntries ?an any:]e else4 ,x is an hi/orical error :i* w1 h[ev]1 soon be correct$ by ! reception :i* ^! nations1 s wrongly imag9$ to be 9 a backw>d /age ( political developm5t1 w give to ,positivism4 ,= !y w soon see its sup]iority to ,ca?olicism 9 satisfy+ ! prim>y necessity ) :i* _! social in/9cts are s ju/ly preoccupi$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 h[ev]1 ! relations betwe5 ! work+ classes & ! prie/hood 7 hamp]$ by ! in/itution ( s]fage1 :i* 0 n :olly aboli%$ until ,ca?olicism _h begun to decl9e4 ,9 fact a c>eful /udy ( hi/ory w %[ t "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( its decl9e 0 ! want ( popul> support4 ,! m$iaeval *ur* 0 a noble1 b premature attempt4 ,disbelief 9 its doctr9es1 & also retrograde t5d5cies 9 its directors1 _h virtually de/roy$ x1 be=e ! ,prolet>iate _h atta9$ suffici5t social importance to support x successfully1 suppos+ x c\ld h des]v$ _! support4 ,b we are n[ suffici5tly advanc$ = ! p]fect realization ( ! ,ca?olic ideal 9 ,positivism4 ,& ! pr9cipal means ( realiz+ x w be ! =mation ( an alliance betwe5 philosoph]s & ! work+ classes1 = :i* bo? are alike prep>$ by ! negative & positive progress ( ! la/ five c5turies4 ,_! comb9$ ef=ts result 9 ! =mation ( ,public ,op9ion ,! direct object ( _! comb9$ action w be to set 9 motion ! =ce ( ,public ,op9ion4 ,all views ( ! future condition ( society1 ! views ( practical m5 z well z ( philosophic ?9k]s1 agree 9 ! belief t ! pr9cipal feature ( ! /ate to :i* we are t5d+1 w be ! increas$ influ5ce :i* ,public ,op9ion is de/9$ to ex]cise4 ,x is 9 ?is b5eficial influ5ce t we %all f9d ! sure/ gu>antee = morality2 = dome/ic & ev5 = p]sonal morality1 z well z = social4 ,= z ! :ole t5d5cy ( ,positivism is to induce e "o to live z f> z possible )\t concealm5t1 ! public w be intru/$ ) a /rong *eck ^u ! life ( ! individual4 ,n[ t all !ological illusions h become s entirely obsolete1 ! ne$ ( su* a *eck is great] ?an x 0 be=e4 ,x comp5sates = ! insuffici5cy ( natural goodness :i* we f9d 9 mo/ m51 h[ev] wisely _! education has be5 conduct$4 ,except ! noble/ ( joys1 t :i* spr+s f social sympa?y :5 call$ into con/ant ex]cise1 !re is no rew>d = do+ "r s satisfactory z ! approval ( our fell[-be+s4 ,ev5 "u !ological sy/ems x has be5 "o ( our /ronge/ aspirations to live e/eem$ 9 ! memory ( o!rs4 ,& /ill m prom95ce w be giv5 to ?is noble =m ( ambition "u ,positivism1 because x is ! only way left u ( satisfy+ ! desire :i* all m5 feel ( prolong+ _! life into ! ,future4 ,& ! increas$ =ce ( ,public ,op9ion w correspond to ! increas$ necessity = x4 ,! peculi> reality ( ,positive doctr9e & its con/ant con=mity ) facts facilitate ! recognition ( its pr9ciples1 & remove all obscurity 9 _! application4 ,!y are n to be evad$ by subt]fuges l ^? to :i* metaphysical & !ological pr9ciples1 f _! vague & absolute "*1 h be5 always liable4 ,aga91 ! prim>y pr9ciple ( ,positivism1 :i* is to judge e "q by ! /&>d ( social int]e/s1 is 9 itself a direct appeal to ,public ,op9ion2 s9ce ! public is naturally ! judge ( ! good or bad effect ( action ^u ! common welf>e4 ,"u !ological & metaphysical sy/ems no appeal ( ?is sort 0 recogniz$2 because ! objects upheld z ! highe/ aims ( life 7 purely p]sonal4 ,9 political que/ions ! application ( our pr9ciple is /ill m obvi\s4 ,= political morality ,public ,op9ion is almo/ our only gu>antee4 ,we feel its =ce ev5 n[ 9 spite ( ! intellectual an>*y 9 :i* we live4 ,neutraliz$ z x is 9 mo/ cases by ! wide div]g5ces ( m5's convictions1 yet x %[s itself on ! occasion ( any great public excitem5t4 ,inde$1 we feel x to our co/ sometimes :5 ! popul> m9d has tak5 a wrong direction2 gov]nm5t 9 su* cases be+ v seldom able to (f] adequate resi/ance4 ,^! cases may conv9ce u h[ irresi/ible ?is p[] w prove :5 us$ legitimately1 & :5 x is =m$ by sy/ematic accordance 9 g5]al pr9ciples in/ead ( by a prec>i\s & mom5t>y co9cid5ce ( feel+4 ,& "h we see m cle>ly ?an ev] h[ impossible x is to effect any p]man5t recon/ruction ( ! in/itutions ( society1 )\t a previ\s reorganization ( op9ion & ( life4 ,! spiritual basis is necess>y n m]ely to det]m9e ! "* ( ! temporal recon/ruction1 b to supply ! pr9cipal motive =ce by :i* ! "w is to be c>ri$ out4 ,intellectual & moral h>mony w gradually be re/or$1 & "u its influ5ce ! new political sy/em w by degrees arise4 ,social improvem5ts ( ! highe/ importance may !re=e be realiz$ long be=e ! "w ( spiritual reorganization is complet$4 ,we f9d 9 m$iaeval hi/ory t ,ca?olicism ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on society dur+ its em]g5ce f b>b>ism1 be=e its own int]nal con/itution _h advanc$ f>4 ,& ?is w be ! case to a /ill great] degree ) ! reg5]ation :i* is n[ 9 progress4 ,public op9ion involves1 7#a7 pr9ciples ( social conduct1 7#b7 _! acceptance by society at l>ge1 7#c7 an organ ?r\gh :i* to enunciate !m ,hav+ def9$ ! sph]e )9 :i* ,public ,op9ion %\ld op]ate1 we %all f9d little difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! conditions requisite = its prop] organization4 ,^! are1 fir/1 ! e/abli%m5t ( fix$ pr9ciples ( social action2 secondly1 _! adoption by ! public1 & its cons5t to _! application 9 special cases2 &1 la/ly1 a recogniz$ organ to lay d[n ! pr9ciples1 & to apply !m to ! conduct ( daily life4 ,obvi\s z ^! ?ree conditions appe>1 !y are /ill s little und]/ood1 t x w be well to expla9 ea* ( !m some:at m fully4 ,! fir/ condition1 t ( lay+ d[n fix$ pr9ciples1 is1 9 fact1 ! ext5sion to social que/ions ( t sep>ation betwe5 !ory & practice1 :i* 9 subjects ( less importance is univ]sally recogniz$4 ,?is is ! aspect 9 :i* ! sup]iority ( ! new spiritual sy/em to ! old is mo/ p]ceptible4 ,! pr9ciples ( moral & political conduct t 7 accept$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 little bett] ?an empirical1 & ow$ _! /ability entirely to ! sanction ( religion4 ,9 ?is respect1 inde$1 ! sup]iority ( ,ca?olicism to ! sy/ems :i* prec$$ x1 consi/$ m]ely 9 ! fact ( sep>at+ its precepts f ! special application ( !m4 ,by mak+ its precepts ! di/9ct object ( prelim9>y /udy1 x secur$ !m aga9/ ! bias ( human passions4 ,yet important z ?is sep>ation 01 ! sy/em 0 s defective intellectually1 t ! successful application ( its pr9ciples dep5d$ simply on ! good s5se ( ! tea*]s2 = ! pr9ciples 9 !mselves 7 z vague & z absolute z ! cre$s f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,ca?olicism 0 due to its indirect action ^u social feel+ 9 ! only mode !n possible4 ,b ! claims ) :i* ,positivism pres5ts itself are f> m satisfactory4 ,x is bas$ on a complete syn!sis2 "o :i* embraces1 n ! out] _w only1 b ! inn] _w ( human nature4 ,?is1 :ile 9 no way detract+ f ! practical value ( social pr9ciples1 give !m ! impos+ weight ( !oretical tru?2 & ensures _! /ability & coh]5ce1 by connect+ !m ) ! :ole s]ies ( laws on :i* ! life ( man & ( society dep5d4 ,= ^! laws w corroborate ev5 ^? :i* are n imm$iately d$uc$ f !m4 ,by connect+ all our rules ( action ) ! fundam5tal conception ( social duty1 we r5d] _! int]pretation 9 ea* special case cle> & consi/5t1 & we secure x aga9/ ! sophisms ( passion4 ,pr9ciples su* z ^!1 bas$ on reason1 & r5d]+ our conduct indep5d5t ( ! impulses ( ! mom5t1 are ! only means ( su/a9+ ! vig\r ( ,social ,feel+1 & at ! same "t ( sav+ u f ! errors to :i* its unguid$ sugge/ions s (t5 lead4 ,direct & con/ant culture ( ,social ,feel+ 9 public z well z 9 private life is no d\bt ! fir/ condition ( morality4 ,b ! natural /r5g? ( ,self-love is su* t some?+ besides ?is is requir$ to control x4 ,! c\rse ( conduct mu/ be trac$ be=eh& 9 all important cases by ! aid ( demon/rable pr9ciples1 adopt$ at fir/ ^u tru/1 & aft]w>ds f conviction4 ,!re is no art :atev] 9 :i*1 h[ev] ard5t & s9c]e our desire to succe$1 we c disp5se ) k ( ! nature & conditions ( ! object aim$ at4 ,moral & political conduct is assur$ly n exempt f su* an obligation1 al?\gh we are m influ5c$ 9 ?is case by ! direct prompt+s ( feel+ ?an 9 any o!r ( ! arts ( life4 ,x has be5 %[n only too cle>ly by _m /rik+ in/ances h[ f> ,social ,feel+ may lead u a/ray :5 x is n direct$ by "r pr9ciples4 ,x 0 = want ( fix$ convictions t ! noble sympa?ies ent]ta9$ by ! ,fr5* nation = ! re/ ( ,europe at ! outset ( ! ,revolution s soon deg5]at$ into =cible oppression1 :5 h] retrograde lead] began 8 s$uctive appeal to selfi% passions4 ,inv]se cases are /ill m common2 & !y illu/rate ! connexion ( feel+ & op9ion z cle>ly z ! o!rs4 ,a false social doctr9e has (t5 fav\r$ ! natural asc5d5cy ( ,self-love by giv+ a p]v]t$ conception ( public well-be+4 ,?is has be5 too pla9ly exemplifi$ 9 our own "t by ! deplorable influ5ce :i* ,mal?us's sophi/ical !ory ( population obta9$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?is mis*iev\s error met ) v little acceptance 9 ! re/ ( ,europe1 & x has be5 already refut$ by ! nobl] ?9k]s ( 8 own c\ntry2 b x /ill gives ! %[ ( sci5tific sanction to ! crim9al antipa?y ( ! gov]n+ classes 9 ,great ,brita9 to all effectual measures ( re=m4 ,next to a sy/em ( pr9ciples1 ! mo/ important condition = ! ex]cise ( ,public ,op9ion is ! exi/5ce ( a /rong body ( support]s suffici5t to make ! weight ( ^! pr9ciples felt4 ,n[ x 0 "h t ,ca?olicism prov$ s weak2 & !re=e1 ev5 _h its doctr9e be5 less p]i%able1 its decl9e 0 unavoidable4 ,b ! defect is amply suppli$ 9 ! new spiritual ord]1 :i*1 z ,i h be=e %[n1 w receive ! influ5tial support ( ! work+ classes4 ,& ! ne$ ( su* assi/ance is z c]ta9 z ! read9ess ) :i* x w be yield$4 ,= ?\gh ! intr9sic efficacy ( ,positive tea*+ is f> great] ?an t ( any doctr9e :i* is n susceptible ( demon/ration1 yet ! convictions x inspires _c be expect$ to disp5se ) ! aid ( vigor\s popul> support4 ,human nature is imp]fectly organiz$2 & ! influ5ce :i* ,reason ex]cises ov] x is n by any means s great z ?is supposition w\ld imply4 ,ev5 ,social ,feel+1 ?\gh its influ5ce is f> great] ?an t ( ,reason1 w\ld n 9 g5]al be suffici5t = ! "r guidance ( practical life1 if ,public ,op9ion 7 n con/antly at h& to support ! good incl9ations ( individuals4 ,! ardu\s /ruggle ( ,social ,feel+ aga9/ ,self-love requires ! con/ant ass]tion ( true pr9ciples to remove unc]ta9ty z to ! prop] c\rse ( action 9 ea* case4 ,b x requires also some?+ m4 ,! /rong reaction ( ,all ^u ,ea* is ne$$1 :e!r to control selfi%ness or to /imulate sympa?y4 ,! t5d5cy ( our poor & weak nature to give way to ! l[] prop5sities is s great t1 b = ?is univ]sal co-op]ation1 ,feel+ & ,reason w\ld be almo/ inadequate to _! task4 ,9 ! work+ class we f9d ! requisite conditions4 ,!y w1 z we h se51 =m ! pr9cipal s\rce ( op9ion1 n m]ely f _! num]ical sup]iority1 b also f _! intellectual & moral qualities1 z well z f ! influ5ce directly due to _! social position4 ,?us x is t ,positivism views ! great problem ( human life1 & %[s u = ! fir/ "t t ! bases ( a solution already exi/ 9 ! v /ructure ( ! social organism4 ,work+ m5's clubs ,work+ m51 :e!r z individuals or1 :at is /ill m important1 collectively1 are n[ at lib]ty to criticize all ! details1 & ev5 ! g5]al pr9ciples1 ( ! social sy/em "u :i* !y live2 affect+1 z x necess>ily does1 !mselves m ne>ly ?an any o!r class4 ,! rem>kable eag]ness lately %[n by our p to =m clubs1 ?\gh !re 0 no special motive = x1 & no v m>k$ en?usiasm1 0 a pro( t ! *ecks :i* _h previ\sly prev5t$ ?is t5d5cy f %[+ itself 7 q unsuit$ to our times4 ,nor is ?is t5d5cy likely to pass away2 on ! contr>y1 x w take deep] root & ext5d m widely1 because x is ?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) ! habits1 feel+s1 & wants ( work+ m51 :o =m ! majority 9 ^! meet+s4 ,a consi/5t sy/em ( social tru? w l>gely increase _! influ5ce1 by giv+ !m a m settl$ "* & a m important aim4 ,s f> f be+ 9 any way de/ructive1 !y =m a natural ?\gh imp]fect model ( ! mode ( life :i* w ultimately be adopt$ 9 ! reg5]ate condition ( ,humanity4 ,9 ^! unions social sympa?ies are kept 9 con/ant action by a /imulus ( a mo/ b5eficial k9d4 ,!y (f] ! spe$ie/ & mo/ effectual means ( elaborat+ ,public ,op9ion3 ?is at lea/ is ! case :5 !re has be5 a fair measure ( individual tra9+4 ,no "o at pres5t has any idea ( ! ext5t ( ! advantages :i* w "o day spr+ f ^! spontane\s meet+s1 :5 !re is an adequate sy/em ( g5]al pr9ciples to direct !m4 ,spiritual reorganization w f9d !m its pr9cipal basis ( support1 = !y secure its acceptance by ! p2 & ?is w h ! great] weight1 because x w always be giv5 )\t compulsion or viol5ce4 ,! objection t meet+s ( ?is k9d may lead to dang]\s political agitation1 re/s ^u a mis9t]pretation ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,revolution4 ,s f> f _! /imulat+ a desire = :at are call$ political rights1 or enc\rag+ _! ex]cise 9 ^? :o possess !m1 _! t5d5cy is q 9 ! opposite direction4 ,!y w soon div]t work+ m5 entirely f all useless attempts to int]f]e ) exi/+ political in/itutions1 & br+ !m to _! true social function1 t ( assi/+ & c>ry+ out ! op]ations ( ! new spiritual p[]4 ,x is a noble prospect :i* is ?us held out to !m by ,positivism1 a prospect f> m invit+ ?an any ( ! metaphysical illusions ( ! day4 ,! real int5tion ( ! ,club is to =m a provisional sub/itute = ! ,*ur* ( old times1 or r to prep>e ! way = ! religi\s build+ ( ! new =m ( wor%ip1 ! wor%ip ( ,humanity2 :i*1 z ,i %all expla9 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 w be gradually introduc$ "u ! reg5]at+ influ5ce ( ,positive doctr9e4 ,"u our pres5t republican gov]nm5t all progressive t5d5cies are all[$ free scope1 & !re=e x w n be long be=e our p accept ?is new v5t = social sympa?ies1 :i* 9 =m] times c\ld f9d expression only 9 ,ca?olicism4 ,9 ?is !ory ( ,public ,op9ion "o condition yet rema9s to be describ$4 ,a philosophic organ is necess>y to int]pret ! doctr9e2 ! influ5ce ( :i* w\ld o!rwise 9 mo/ cases be v inadequate4 ,?is ?ird condition has be5 mu* disput$2 b x is c]ta9ly ev5 m indisp5sable ?an ! second4 ,& 9 fact x has nev] be5 really want+1 = e doctr9e mu/ h _h "s f\nd]1 & usually has a p]man5t body ( tea*]s4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conceive t a sy/em ( moral & political pr9ciples %\ld be possess$ ( great social influ5ce1 & yet at ! same "t t ! m5 :o orig9ate or inculcate ! sy/em %\ld ex]cise no spiritual au?ority4 ,x is true t ?is inconsi/5cy did = a "t exi/ "u ! negative & de/ructive influ5ce ( ,prote/antism & ,deism1 because m5's ?\ghts 7 = ! "t entirely tak5 up ) ! /ruggle to escape f ! retrograde t5d5cies ( ,ca?olicism4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod ( insurrection1 ea* individual became a sort ( prie/2 ea*1 t is1 foll[$ 8 own int]pretation ( a doctr9e :i* ne$$ no special tea*]s1 because its function 0 n to con/ruct b to criticize4 ,all ! con/itutions t h be5 rec5tly e/abli%$ on metaphysical pr9ciples give a direct sanction to ?is /ate ( ?+s1 9 ! preambles ) :i* !y comm5ce4 ,!y app>5tly reg>d ea* citiz5 z compet5t to =m a s\nd op9ion on all social que/ions1 ?us exempt+ him f ! necessity ( apply+ to any special int]pret]s4 ,?is ext5sion to ! normal /ate ( ?+s ( a phase ( m9d only suit$ to ! p]iod ( revolution>y transition1 is an error :i* ,i h already suffici5tly refut$4 ,9 ! m9or arts ( life1 x is obvi\s t g5]al pr9ciples _c be laid d[n )\t "s !oretical /udy2 & t ! application ( ^! rules to special cases is n to be entirely left to ! untaught in/9ct ( ! artisan4 ,& c x be o!rwise ) ! art ( ,social ,life1 s f> h>d] & m important ?an any o!r1 & 9 :i*1 f its pr9ciples be+ less simple & less precise1 a special explanation ( !m 9 ea* case is ev5 m necess>y8 ,h[ev] p]fect ! demon/ration ( social pr9ciples may become1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t k ( ,positive doctr9e1 ev5 :5 x has be5 taught 9 ! mo/ effici5t way1 w disp5se ) ! necessity ( frequ5tly appeal+ to ! philosoph] = advice 9 que/ions ( practical life1 :e!r private or public4 ,& ?is necessity ( an int]pret] to int]v5e occasionally betwe5 ! pr9ciple & its application1 is ev5 m evid5t f ! moral ?an x is f ! intellectual aspect4 ,c]ta9 z x is t no "o w be s well acqua9t$ ) ! true "* ( ! doctr9e z ! philosoph] :o tea*es x1 x is ev5 m c]ta9 t none is s likely z himself to possess ! moral qualifications ( purity1 ( exalt$ aims1 & ( fre$om f p>ty _s1 )\t :i* 8 c\nsels c\ld h b little weight 9 re=m+ individual or social conduct4 ,x is pr9cipally ?r\gh 8 ag5cy t we may hope 9 mo/ cases to br+ ab\t t reaction ( ,all ^u ,ea*1 :i*1 z we h se51 is ( su* indisp5sable importance to practical morality4 ,philosoph]s are n inde$ ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ,public ,op9ion1 z intellectual pride s (t5 leads !m to believe4 ,public ,op9ion proce$s ess5tially f ! free voice & spontane\s co-op]ation ( ! p4 ,b 9 ord] t ! full weight ( _! unanim\s judgm5t may be felt1 x mu/ be ann\nc$ by "s recogniz$ organ4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 r>e cases :]e ! direct expression ( popul> feel+ is en\gh1 b ^! are q exceptional4 ,?us work+ m5 & philosoph]s are mutually necess>y1 n m]ely 9 ! creation ( ,public ,op9ion1 b also 9 mo/ cases 9 ! manife/ation ( x4 ,)\t ! fir/1 ! doctr9e1 h[ev] well e/abli%$1 w\ld n h suffici5t =ce4 ,)\t ! second1 x w\ld usually be too incoh]5t to ov]come ^? ob/acles 9 ! con/itution ( man & ( society1 :i* make x s difficult to br+ practical life "u ! influ5ce ( fix$ pr9ciples4 ,9 fact ?is necessity = "s sy/ematic organ to direct & give effect to ,public ,op9ion1 has always be5 felt1 ev5 amid/ ! spiritual an>*y :i* at pres5t surr\nds u1 on e occasion 9 :i* su* op9ion has play$ any important "p4 ,= its effect on ^! occasions w\ld h be5 null & void b = "s individual to take ! initiative & p]sonal responsibility4 ,?is is frequ5tly v]ifi$ 9 private life by cases 9 :i* we see ! opposite /ate ( ?+s2 we see pr9ciples :i* no "o w\ld ?9k ( conte/+1 practically inadequate1 = want ( "s recogniz$ au?ority to apply !m4 ,x is a s]i\s defici5cy1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 comp5sat$1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 by ! great] facility ( arriv+ at ! tru? 9 su* cases1 & by ! great] /r5g? ( ! sympa?ies :i* !y call =?4 ,b 9 public life1 ) its m difficult conditions & m important claims1 su* entire abs5ce ( sy/ematic int]v5tion c\ld nev] be tol]at$4 ,9 all public transactions ev5 n[ we may p]ceive ! p>ticipation ( a spiritual au?ority ( "o k9d or o!r2 ! organs ( :i*1 ?\gh con/antly v>y+1 are 9 mo/ cases metaphysicians or lit]>y m5 writ+ = ! press4 ,?us ev5 9 ! pres5t an>*y ( feel+s & convictions1 ,public ,op9ion _c disp5se ) guides & int]pret]s4 ,only x has to be cont5t ) m5 :o at ! be/ c only (f] ! gu>antee ( p]sonal responsibility1 )\t any reliable security ei!r = ! /ability ( _! convictions or ! purity ( _! feel+s4 ,b n[ t ! problem ( organiz+ ,public ,op9ion has once be5 propos$ by ,positivism1 x _c rema9 long )\t a solution4 ,x pla9ly r$uces itself to ! pr9ciple ( sep>at+ ! two social p[]s2 j z we h se5 t ! necessity ( an e/abli%$ doctr9e re/$ on ! analog\s pr9ciple ( sep>at+ !ory f practice4 ,x is cle>1 on ! "o h&1 t s\nd int]pretation ( moral & political rules1 z 9 ! case ( any o!r art1 c only be furni%$ by philosoph]s engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ! natural laws on :i* !y re/4 ,on ! o!r h& ^! philosoph]s1 9 ord] to pres]ve t bread? & g5]ality ( view :i* is _! pr9cipal intellectual *>act]i/ic1 mu/ ab/a9 scrupul\sly f all regul> p>ticipation 9 practical affairs1 & especially f political life3 on ! gr\nd t its specializ+ influ5ce w\ld soon impair _! speculative capacity4 ,& su* a c\rse is equally necess>y on moral gr\nds4 ,x helps to pres]ve purity ( feel+ & imp>tiality ( "*2 qualities ess5tial to _! influ5ce ^u public z well z ^u private life4 ,su*1 9 outl9e1 is ! ,positive !ory ( ,public ,op9ion4 ,9 ea* ( its ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts1 ! ,doctr9e1 ! ,p[]1 & ! ,organ1 x is intimately connect$ ) ! :ole "q ( spiritual reorganization2 or r1 x =ms ! simple/ mode ( view+ t great subject4 ,all ! ess5tial p>ts ( x are closely relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,positive pr9ciples1 on ! "o h&1 _c c\nt on mu* mat]ial support1 except f ! work+ classes2 ^! 9 _! turn w = ! future reg>d ,positivism z ! only doctr9e ) :i* !y c sympa?ize4 ,s1 aga91 ) ! philosophic organs ( op9ion2 )\t ! ,p1 _! necess>y indep5d5ce _c be e/abli%$ or su/a9$4 ,to our lit]>y classes ! sep>ation ( ! two p[]s is in/9ctively repugnant1 because x w\ld lay d[n sy/ematic limits to ! unwise ambition :i* we n[ see 9 !m4 ,& x w be dislik$ z /rongly by ! ri* classes1 :o w look ) fe> ^u a new moral au?ority de/9$ to impose an irresi/ible *eck ^u _! selfi%ness4 ,at pres5t x w be g5]ally und]/ood & welcom$ only by ! prolet>y class1 :o h m aptitude = g5]al views & = social sympa?y4 ,9 ,france especially !y are less "u ! delusion ( metaphysical sophisms & ( ari/ocratic pre/ige ?an any o!r class2 & ! ,positivi/ view ( ?is prim>y condition ( social reg5]ation w f9d a ready entrance into _! m9ds & he>ts4 ,all ?ree conditions ( ,public ,op9ion exi/1 b h n yet be5 comb9$ ,our !ory ( ,public ,op9ion %[s u at once h[ f> we h already gone 9 organiz+ ?is great regulator ( mod]n society2 h[ f> we /ill fall %ort ( :at is want$4 ,! ,doctr9e has at la/ aris53 !re is no d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,p[]2 & ev5 ! ,organ is n want+4 ,b !y d n z yet /& 9 _! "r relation to ea* o!r4 ,! effective impulse t[>ds social reg5]ation dep5ds1 !n1 on "o ultimate condition2 ! =mation ( a firm alliance betwe5 philosoph]s & prolet>ies4 ,( ?is p[]ful coalition ,i h already spok54 ,i h n[ to expla9 ! advantages :i* x (f]s to ! p 9 ! way ( obta9+ suffici5t recognition ( all legitimate claims4 ,( ^! advantages1 ! pr9cipal1 & t by :i* ! re/ w spe$ily be develop$ & secur$1 is ! important social function :i* is h]eby conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,!y become auxili>ies ( ! new spiritual p[]2 auxili>ies indisp5sable to its action4 ,?is va/ prolet>y class1 :i* ev] s9ce its rise 9 ! ,middle ,ages has be5 %ut out f ! political sy/em1 w n[ assume ! position = :i* by nature x is be/ adapt$1 & :i* is mo/ conducive to ! g5]al well-be+ ( society4 ,its memb]s1 indep5d5tly ( _! special vocation1 w at la/ take a regul> & mo/ important "p 9 public life1 a "p :i* w comp5sate = ! h>d%ips insep>able f _! social position4 ,_! comb9$ action1 f> f di/urb+ ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s1 w be its mo/ solid gu>antee1 f ! fact ( be+ moral1 n political4 ,& "h we see def9itely ! alt]ation :i* ,positivism introduces 9 ! revolution>y conception ( ! action ( ! work+ classes ^u society4 ,= /ormy discussions ab\t rights1 x sub/itutes peaceable def9ition ( duties4 ,x sup]s$es useless disputes = ! possession ( p[]1 by inquir+ into ! rules t %\ld regulate its wise employm5t4 ,spontane\s t5d5cies 9 ! p ( a "r direction4 ,_! ,communism ,a sup]ficial obs]v] ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s might imag9e our work+ classes to be z yet v f> f ?is frame ( m9d4 ,b he :o looks deep] into ! "q w see t ! v exp]im5t :i* !y are n[ try+1 ( ext5d+ _! political rights1 w soon h ! effect ( %[+ !m ! holl[ness ( a rem$y :i* has s slight a be>+ ^u ! objects really important to !m4 ,)\t mak+ any =mal abdication ( rights1 :i* might seem inconsi/5t ) _! social dignity1 !re is little d\bt t _! in/9ctive sagacity w lead !m to ! /ill m efficaci\s plan ( indiff]5ce4 ,positivism w readily conv9ce !m t :]eas spiritual p[]1 9 ord] to d its "w1 mu/ ramify 9 e direction1 x is ess5tial to public ord] t political p[] %\ld be z a rule conc5trat$4 ,& ?is conviction w gr[ ^u !m1 z !y see m cle>ly t ! prim>y social problems :i* are v prop]ly absorb+ _! att5tion are ess5tially moral r ?an political4 ,"o /ep 9 ?is direction !y h already tak5 ( _! own accord1 ?\gh its importance has n be5 duly appreciat$4 ,! well-kn[n s*eme ( ,communism1 :i* has f\nd su* rapid acceptance ) !m1 s]ves1 9 ! abs5ce ( s\nd] doctr9e1 to express ! way 9 :i* !y are n[ look+ at ! great social problem4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! fir/ "p ( ! ,revolution has n yet :olly disabus$ !m ( political illusions1 b x has at lea/ br\ght !m to feel t ,prop]ty is ( m importance ?an ,p[] 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,s f> ,communism has giv5 a wid] mean+ to ! great social problem1 & has !reby r5d]$ an ess5tial s]vice1 :i* is n neutraliz$ by ! tempor>y dang]s involv$ 9 ! metaphysical =ms 9 :i* x comes be=e u4 ,communism %\ld !re=e be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! num]\s extravagant s*emes br\ght =w>d 9 ?is "t ( spiritual an>*y2 a "t :i* /imulates incompet5t & ill-tra9$ m9ds to ! mo/ difficult subjects ( ?\ght4 ,! fooli% s*emes ref]r$ to h s few def9ite features1 t we h to di/+ui% !m by ! names ( _! au?ors4 ,b ,communism be>s ! "n ( no s+le au?or1 & is some?+ m ?an an accid5tal product ( anomal\s circum/ances4 ,we %\ld look ^u x z ! natural progress 9 ! "r direction ( ! revolution>y _s2 progress ( a moral r ?an intellectual k9d4 ,x is a pro( t revolution>y t5d5cies are n[ conc5trat+ !mselves ^u moral que/ions1 leav+ all purely political que/ions 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,x is q true t ! solution ( ! problem :i* ,communi/s are n[ putt+ =w>d1 is /ill z ess5tially political z t ( _! pr$ecessors2 s9ce ! only mode by :i* !y propose to regulate ! employm5t ( prop]ty1 is by a *ange 9 ! mode ( its t5ure4 ,/ill x is ow+ to !m t ! "q ( prop]ty is at la/ br\ght =w>d = discussion3 & x is a "q :i* s evid5tly ne$s a moral solution1 ! solution ( x by political means is at once s inadequate & s de/ructive1 t x _c long cont9ue to be debat$1 )\t lead+ to ! m satisfactory result (f]$ by ,positivism4 ,m5 w see t x =ms a "p ( ! f9al reg5]ation ( op9ion & ( life1 :i* ,positivism is n[ inaugurat+4 ,to d ju/ice to ,communism1 we mu/ look at ! g5]\s sympa?ies by :i* x is inspir$1 n at ! %all[ !ories 9 :i* ^? sympa?ies f9d expression provisionally1 until circum/ances enable !m to take "s o!r %ape4 ,our work+ classes1 c>+ b v little = metaphysical pr9ciples1 d n atta* ne>ly ! same importance to ^! !ories z is done by m5 ( lit]>y education4 ,z soon z !y see a bett] way ( br++ =w>d ! po9ts on :i* !y h su* legitimate claims1 !y w v soon adopt ! cle> & practical conceptions ( ,positivism1 :i* c be c>ri$ out peaceably & p]man5tly1 9 pref]5ce to ^! vague & confus$ *im]as1 :i*1 z !y w in/9ctively feel1 lead only to an>*y4 ,till !n !y w naturally abide by ,communism1 z ! only me?od ( br++ =w>d ! mo/ fundam5tal ( social problems 9 a way :i* !re %all be no evad+4 ,! v al>m :i* _! pres5t solution ( ! problem ar\ses helps to /ir public att5tion1 & fix x on ?is great subject4 ,b = ?is con/ant appeal to _! fe>s1 ! metaphysical delusions & ari/ocratic self-seek+ ( ! gov]n+ classes w\ld %elve ! "q altoge!r1 or pass x by ) indiff]5ce4 ,! errors ( ,communism mu/ be rectifi$2 b !re is no necessity = giv+ up ! "n1 :i* is a simple ass]tion ( ! p>am\nt importance ( ,social ,feel+4 ,h[ev]1 n[ t we h happily pass$ f mon>*y to republicanism1 ! "n ( ,communi/ is no long] indisp5sable2 ! ^w ,republican expresses ! mean+ z well1 & )\t ! same dang]4 ,positivism1 !n1 has no?+ to fe> f ,communism2 on ! contr>y1 x w probably be accept$ by mo/ ,communi/s among ! work+ classes1 especially 9 ,france :]e ab/ractions h b little influ5ce on m9ds ?or\ghly emancipat$ f !ology4 ,! p w gradually f9d t ! solution ( ! great social problem :i* ,positivism (f]s is bett] ?an ! ,communi/ic solution4 ,its new title ( ,socialism ,a t5d5cy 9 ?is direction has already %[n itself s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w 0 publi%$4 ,! work+ classes h n[ adopt$ a new expression1 ,socialism1 ?us indicat+ t !y accept ! problem ( ! ,communi/s :ile reject+ _! solution4 ,inde$ t solution w\ld seem to be f9ally dispos$ ( by ! volunt>y exile ( _! lead]4 ,yet1 if ! ,sociali/s at pres5t keep cle> ( ,communism1 x is only because _! position is "o ( criticism or inaction4 ,if !y 7 to succe$ to p[]1 ) pr9ciples s f> bel[ ! level ( _! sympa?ies1 !y w\ld inevitably fall into ! same errors & extravagances :i* !y n[ in/9ctively feel to be wrong4 ,consequ5tly ! rapid spread ( ,socialism v naturally al>ms ! upp] classes2 & _! resi/ance1 bl9d ?\gh x be1 is at pres5t ! only legal gu>antee = mat]ial ord]4 ,9 fact1 ! problem br\ght =w>d by ! ,communi/s admits ( no solution b _! own1 s long z ! revolution>y confusion ( temporal & spiritual p[] cont9ues4 ,!re=e ! univ]sal blame t is lavi%$ on ^! utopian s*emes _c fail to inspire respect = ,positivism1 z ! only doctr9e :i* c pres]ve ,we/]n ,europe f "s s]i\s attempt to br+ ,communism into practical op]ation4 ,positivi/s /& =w>d n[ z ! p>ty ( con/ruction1 ) a def9ite basis = political action2 namely1 sy/ematic prosecution ( ! wise attempt ( m$iaeval /atesm5 to sep>ate ! two social p[]s4 ,on ?is basis !y are enabl$ to satisfy ! ,poor1 & at ! same "t to re/ore ! confid5ce ( ! ,ri*4 ,x is a f9al solution ( our difficulties :i* w make ! titles ( :i* we h be5 speak+ unnecess>y4 ,/ripp+ ! old ^w ,republican ( any false mean+ at pres5t atta*$ to x1 we may reta9 x z ! be/ expression ( ! social sympa?ies on :i* ! reg5]ation ( society dep5ds4 ,= ! op9ions1 mann]s1 & ev5 in/itutions ( future society1 ,positivi/ is ! only ^w suitable4 ,prop]ty is 9 its nature social1 & ne$s control ,! peculi> reality ( ,positivism1 & its inv>iable t5d5cy to conc5trate our intellectual p[]s ^u social que/ions1 are attributes1 bo? ( :i* involve its adoption ( ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ,communism2 t pr9ciple be+1 t ,prop]ty is 9 its nature social1 & t x ne$s control4 ,prop]ty has be5 errone\sly repres5t$ by mo/ mod]n juri/s z conf]r+ an absolute "r ^u ! possessor1 irrespectively ( ! good or bad use made ( x4 ,?is view is in/9ctively felt by ! work+ classes to be uns\nd1 & all true philosoph]s w agree ) !m4 ,x is an anti-social !ory1 due hi/orically to exagg]at$ reaction aga9/ previ\s legislation ( a peculi>ly oppressive k9d1 b x has no real f\ndation ei!r 9 ju/ice or 9 fact4 ,prop]ty c nei!r be creat$1 nor ev5 transmitt$ by ! sole ag5cy ( its possessor4 ,! co-op]ation ( ! public is always necess>y1 :e!r 9 ! ass]tion ( ! g5]al pr9ciple or 9 ! application ( x to ea* special case4 ,!re=e ! t5ure ( prop]ty is n to be reg>d$ z a purely individual "r4 ,9 e age & 9 e c\ntry ! /ate has int]v5$1 to a great] or less degree1 mak+ prop]ty subs]vi5t to social requirem5ts4 ,taxation evid5tly gives ! public an int]e/ 9 ! private =tune ( ea* individual2 an int]e/ :i*1 in/ead ( dim9i%+ ) ! progress ( civilization1 has be5 always on ! increase1 especially 9 mod]n times1 n[ t ! connexion ( ea* memb] ( society ) ! :ole is becom+ m app>5t4 ,! practice ( confiscation1 :i* also is 9 univ]sal use1 %[s t 9 c]ta9 extreme cases ! community consid]s itself au?oriz$ to assume entire possession ( private prop]ty4 ,confiscation has1 x is true1 be5 aboli%$ = a "t 9 ,france4 ,b ?is isolat$ exception is due only to ! abuses :i* rec5tly accompani$ ! ex]cise ( :at 0 9 itself an und\bt$ "r2 & x w h>dly survive :5 ! causes :i* l$ to x are =gott51 & ! p[] :i* introduc$ x has pass$ away4 ,9 _! ab/ract views ( prop]ty1 !n1 ,communi/s are p]fectly able to ma9ta9 _! gr\nd aga9/ ! juri/s4 ,!y are "r1 aga91 9 diss5t+ z deeply z !y d f ! ,economi/s1 :o lay x d[n z an absolute pr9ciple t ! application ( weal? %\ld be entirely unre/rict$ by society4 ,?is error1 l ! "o j spok5 (1 is attributable to in/ances ( unju/ifiable int]f]5ce4 ,b x is utt]ly oppos$ to all s\nd philosophical tea*+1 al?\gh x has a c]ta9 appe>ance ( tru?1 9 s f> z x recognizes ! subord9ation ( social ph5om5a to natural laws4 ,b ! ,economi/s seem to h adopt$ ?is important pr9ciple only to %[ h[ incapable !y are ( compreh5d+ x4 ,be=e !y appli$ ! conception ( ,law to ! high] ph5om5a ( nature1 !y ought to h made !mselves well acqua9t$ ) its mean+1 z appli$ to ! l[] & m simple ph5om5a4 ,n hav+ done s1 !y h be5 utt]ly bl9d to ! fact t ! ,ord] ( nature becomes m & m modifiable z x gr[s m complicat$4 ,?is conception lies at ! v root ( our :ole practical life2 !re=e no?+ c excuse ! metaphysical s*ool ( ,economi/s = sy/ematically resi/+ ! int]v5tion ( human wisdom 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( social action4 ,t ! movem5t ( society is subject to natural laws is c]ta92 b ?is tru?1 in/ead ( induc+ u to ab&on all ef=ts to modify society1 %\ld r lead to a wis] application ( su* ef=ts1 s9ce !y are at once m efficaci\s1 & m necess>y 9 social ph5om5a ?an 9 any o!r4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,communism is "o :i* ! ,positivi/ s*ool mu/ obvi\sly adopt4 ,positivism n only confirms ?is pr9ciple1 b wid5s its scope1 by %[+ its application to o!r dep>tm5ts ( human life2 by insi/+ t1 n weal? only1 b t all our p[]s %all be devot$ 9 ! true republican _s to ! cont9u\s s]vice ( ! community4 ,! long p]iod ( revolution :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! ,middle ,ages has enc\rag$ individualism 9 ! moral _w1 z 9 ! intellectual x has fo/]$ ! specializ+ t5d5cy4 ,b bo? are equally inconsi/5t ) ! f9al ord] ( mod]n society4 ,9 all heal?y conditions ( ,humanity1 ! citiz51 :atev] 8 position1 has be5 reg>d$ z a public function>y1 ^: duties & claims 7 det]m9$ m or less di/9ctly by 8 faculties4 ,! case ( prop]ty is c]ta9ly no exception to ?is g5]al pr9ciple4 ,proprietor%ip is reg>d$ by ! ,positivi/ z an important social function2 ! function1 namely1 ( creat+ & adm9i/]+ t capital by means ( :i* ea* g5]ation lays ! f\ndation = ! op]ations ( its successor4 ,?is is ! only t5able view ( prop]ty2 & wisely int]pret$1 x is "o :i*1 :ile ennobl+ to its possessor1 does n exclude a due measure ( fre$om4 ,x w 9 fact place 8 position on a firm] basis ?an ev]4 ,b ,positivism rejects ! ,communi/ solution ( ! problem4 ,prop]ty is to be controll$ by moral n legal ag5cies ,b ! agreem5t "h po9t$ out ! betwe5 sociological sci5ce & ! spontane\s inspirations ( popul> judgm5t1 goes no f>!r4 ,positivi/s accept1 & inde$ enl>ge1 ! programme ( ,communism2 b we reject its practical solution on ! gr\nd t x is at once inadequate & subv]sive4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 our own solution & !irs is t we sub/itute moral ag5cies = political4 ,?us we come aga9 to our lead+ pr9ciple ( sep>at+ spiritual f temporal p[]2 a pr9ciple :i*1 disreg>d$ z x has hi!rto be5 9 ! sy/em ( mod]n r5ovators1 w be f\nd 9 e "o ( ! important problems ( our "t to be ! sole possible issue4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 :ile ?r[+ su* light on ! fallacy ( ,communism1 x %\ld lead u to excuse ! fallacy1 by rem9d+ u t politicians ( e accr$it$ s*ool are equally guilty ( x4 ,at a "t :5 !re are s v few1 ev5 ( cultivat$ m9ds1 :o h a cle> conception ( ?is ! prim>y pr9ciple ( mod]n politics1 x w\ld be h>% to blame ! p = /ill accept+ a result ( revolution>y empiricism1 :i* is s univ]sally adopt$ by o!r classes4 ,i ne$ n ent] "h into any detail$ criticism ( ! utopian s*eme ( ,plato4 ,x 0 conclusively refut$ tw5ty-two c5turies ago1 by ! great ,ari/otle1 :o ?us exemplifi$ ! organic "*1 by :i*1 ev5 9 its e>lie/ manife/ations1 ! ,positive _s is di/+ui%$4 ,9 mod]n ,communism1 moreov]1 !re is "o fatal inconsi/5cy1 :i* :ile x proves ! utt] weakness ( ! sy/em1 te/ifies at ! same "t to ! hon\rable "* ( ! motives f :i* x arose4 ,mod]n ,communism diff]s f ! anci5t1 z exp\nd$ by ,plato1 9 n mak+ wom5 & *ildr5 common z well z prop]ty2 a result to :i* ! pr9ciple itself obvi\sly leads4 ,yet ?is1 ! only consi/5t view ( ,communism1 is adopt$ by none b a v few lit]>y m51 ^: affections1 9 !mselves too feeble1 h be5 p]v]t$ by vici\s intellectual tra9+4 ,our untaught prolet>ies1 :o are ! only ,communi/s wor?y our consid]ation1 are nobly inconsi/5t 9 ?is respect4 ,indivisible z _! errone\s sy/em is1 !y only adopt t side ( x :i* t\*es on _! social requirem5ts4 ,! o!r side is repugnant to all _! highe/ in/9cts1 & !y utt]ly repudiate x4 ,)\t discuss+ ^! *im]ical s*emes 9 detail1 x w be well to expose ! errors inh]5t 9 ! me?od ( reason+ :i* leads to !m1 because !y are common to all ! o!r progressive s*ools1 ! ,positivi/ s*ool except$4 ,! mi/ake consi/s 9 ! fir/ place1 9 disreg>d+ or ev5 d5y+ ! natural laws :i* regulate social ph5om5a2 & secondly1 9 resort+ to political ag5cies :]e moral ag5cy is ! real ?+ ne$$4 ,! inadequacy & ! dang] ( ! v>i\s utopian sy/ems :i* are n[ sett+ up _! rival claims to br+ ab\t ! reg5]ation ( society1 are all attributable 9 reality to ^! two closely-connect$ errors4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness1 ,i %all cont9ue to ref] specially to ,communism z ! mo/ prom95t ( ^! sy/ems4 ,b x w be easy to ext5d ! be>+ ( my rem>ks to all ! re/4 ,individualization ( functions z necess>y z co-op]ation ,! ignorance ( ! true laws ( social life "u :i* ,communi/s lab\r is evid5t 9 _! dang]\s t5d5cy to suppress individuality4 ,n only d !y ignore ! inh]5t prepond]ance 9 our nature ( ! p]sonal in/9cts2 b !y =get t1 9 ! collective ,organism1 ! sep>ation ( functions is a feature no less ess5tial ?an ! co-op]ation ( functions4 ,suppose = a mom5t t ! connexion betwe5 m5 c\ld be made su* t !y 7 physically insep>able1 z has be5 actually ! case ) tw9s 9 c]ta9 cases ( mon/rosity2 society w\ld obvi\sly be impossible4 ,extravagant z ?is supposition is1 x may illu/rate ! fact t 9 social life individuality _c be disp5s$ )4 ,x is necess>y 9 ord] to admit ( t v>iety ( simultane\s ef=ts :i* con/itutes ! imm5se sup]iority ( ! ,social ,organism ov] e individual life4 ,! great problem = man is to h>monize1 z f> z possible1 ! fre$om result+ f isolation1 ) ! equally urg5t necessity = conv]g5ce4 ,to dwell exclusively ^u ! necessity ( conv]g5ce w\ld t5d to und]m9e n m]ely our practical en]gy1 b our true dignity2 s9ce x w\ld d away ) ! s5se ( p]sonal responsibility4 ,9 exceptional cases :]e life is sp5t 9 =c$ subjection to dome/ic au?ority1 ! com=ts ( home are (t5 n en\gh to prev5t exi/5ce f becom+ an intol]able burd51 simply f ! want ( suffici5t indep5d5ce4 ,:at w\ld x be1 !n1 if ev]ybody /ood 9 a simil> position ( dep5d5ce t[>ds a community t 0 indiff]5t to 8 happ9ess8 ,yet no less a dang] ?an ?is w\ld be ! result ( adopt+ any ( ^? utopian s*emes :i* sacrifice true lib]ty to uncontroll$ equality1 or ev5 to an exagg]at$ s5se ( frat]nity4 ,wide z ! div]g5ce betwe5 ,positivism & ! ,economic s*ools is1 ,positivi/s adopt sub/antially ! /rictures :i* !y h pass$ ^u ,communism2 especially ^? ( ,dunoy]1 _! mo/ advanc$ writ]4 ,indu/ry requires its capta9s z well z ,w> ,!re is ano!r po9t 9 :i* ,communism is equally inconsi/5t ) ! laws ( ,sociology4 ,act+ "u false views ( ! con/itution ( our mod]n indu/rial sy/em1 x proposes to remove its directors1 :o =m s ess5tial a "p ( x4 ,an army c no m exi/ )\t (fic]s ?an )\t soldi]s2 & ?is elem5t>y tru? holds good ( ,indu/ry z well z ( ,w>4 ,! organization ( mod]n indu/ry has n be5 f\nd practicable z yet2 b ! g]m ( su* organization lies unque/ionably 9 ! division :i* has aris5 spontane\sly betwe5 ,capitali/ & ,workman4 ,no great works c\ld be und]tak5 if ea* work] 7 also to be a director1 or if ! managem5t1 in/ead ( be+ fix$1 7 entru/$ to a passive & irresponsible body4 ,x is evid5t t "u ! pres5t sy/em ( indu/ry !re is a t5d5cy to a con/ant enl>gem5t ( und]tak+s3 ea* fre% /ep leads at once to /ill fur!r ext5sion4 ,n[ ?is t5d5cy1 s f> f be+ oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( ! work+ classes1 is a condition :i* w mo/ s]i\sly facilitate ! real organization ( our mat]ial exi/5ce1 z soon z we h a moral au?ority compet5t to control x4 ,= x is only ! l>g] employ]s t ! spiritual p[] c hope to p5etrate ) a /rong & habitual s5se ( duty to _! subord9ates4 ,)\t a suffici5t conc5tration ( mat]ial p[]1 ! means ( satisfy+ ! claims ( morality w\ld be f\nd want+1 except at su* exorbitant sacrifices z w\ld be incompatible ) all indu/rial progress4 ,?is is ! weak po9t ( e plan ( re=m :i* limits itself to ! mode ( acquir+ p[]1 :e!r public p[] or private1 in/ead ( aim+ at controll+ its use 9 :osev] h&s x may be plac$4 ,x leads to a wa/e ( ^? =ces :i*1 :5 rightly us$1 =m our pr9cipal res\rce 9 deal+ ) grave social difficulties4 ,communism is defici5t 9 ! hi/orical _s ,! motives1 !re=e1 f :i* mod]n ,communism has aris51 h[ev] e/imable1 lead at pres5t1 9 ! want ( prop] sci5tific tea*+1 to a v wrong view bo? ( ! nature ( ! disease & ( its rem$y4 ,a heavi] reproa* aga9/ x is1 t 9 "o po9t x %[s a manife/ insuffici5cy ( social in/9ct4 ,communi/s boa/ ( _! _s ( social union2 b !y limit x to ! union ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 /opp+ %ort ( hi/orical cont9uity1 :i* yet is ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( ,humanity4 ,:5 !y h matur$ _! moral gr[?1 & h foll[$ out 9 ,"t t connexion :i* at pres5t !y only recognize 9 ,space1 !y w at once see ! necessity ( ^! g5]al conditions :i* at pres5t !y w\ld reject4 ,!y w und]/& ! importance ( inh]itance1 z ! natural means by :i* ea* g5]ation transmits to its successor ! result ( its own lab\rs & ! means ( improv+ !m4 ,! necessity ( inh]itance1 z f> z ! community is conc]n$1 is evid5t1 & its ext5sion to ! individual is an obvi\s consequ5ce4 ,b :atev] reproa*es ,communi/s may des]ve 9 ?is respect are equally applicable to all ! o!r progressive sects4 ,!y are all p]vad$ by an anti-hi/oric _s1 :i* leads !m to conceive ( ,society z ?\gh x _h no ance/ors2 & ?is1 al?\gh _! own ideas = ! mo/ "p c h no be>+ except ^u po/]ity4 ,9 fact1 z a sy/em1 x is wor?less1 ?\gh prompt$ by noble feel+s ,s]i\s z ^! errors are1 a philosophic m9d w treat ! ,communism ( our day1 s f> z x is adopt$ 9 good fai?1 ) indulg5ce1 :e!r he look at ! motives f :i* x arose1 or at ! practical results :i* w foll[ f x4 ,x is h>dly fair to criticize ! intr9sic m]its ( a doctr9e1 ! :ole mean+ & value ( :i* are relative to ! peculi> phase ( society 9 :i* x is propos$4 ,communism has 9 its own way dis*>g$ an important function4 ,x has br\ght prom95tly =w>d ! greate/ ( social problems2 &1 if we except ! rec5t ,positivi/ explanation1 its mode ( /at+ x has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,& let no "o suppose t x w\ld h be5 en\gh simply to /ate ! problem1 )\t haz>d+ any solution ( x4 ,^? :o ?9k s d n und]/& ! exig5cies ( man's feeble intellect4 ,9 f> easi] subjects ?an ?is1 x is impossible to give prolong$ att5tion to que/ions :i* are simply ask$1 )\t any attempt to answ] !m4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ,gall & ,br\ssais _h limit$ !mselves to a simple /atem5t ( _! great problems )\t v5tur+ on any solution2 _! pr9ciples1 h[ev] inconte/able1 w\ld h be5 b>r5 ( result1 = want ( t motive p[] ( r5ovation :i* no?+ c give b a sy/ematic solution ( "s k9d or o!r1 haz>d\s z ! attempt mu/ be at fir/4 ,n[ x is h>dly likely t we %\ld be able to evade ?is condition ( our m5tal faculties 9 subjects :i* are n only ( ! highe/ difficulty1 b also m expos$ ?an any o!rs to ! influ5ce ( passion4 ,besides1 :5 we comp>e ! errors ( ,communism ) ^? ( o!r social doctr9es :i* h rec5tly receiv$ (ficial sanction1 we %all feel m dispos$ to palliate !m4 ,are !y1 = in/ance1 m %all[ & m really dang]\s ?an ! absurd & *im]ical notion :i* 0 accept$ 9 ,france = a :ole g5]ation1 & is /ill upheld by s _m political tea*]s2 ! notion t ! great ,revolution has f\nd its f9al issue 9 ! con/itutional sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 a sy/em peculi> to ,engl& dur+ h] /age ( transition8 ,moreov]1 our s-call$ cons]vatives only escape ! errors ( ,communism by evad+ or ignor+ its problems1 ?\gh !y are becom+ e day m urg5t4 ,:5ev] !y are induc$ to deal ) !m1 !y r5d] !mselves liable to exactly ! same dang]s1 dang]s common to all s*ools :i* reject ! division ( ! two p[]s1 & :i* consequ5tly are = ev] try+ to make legislation d ! "w ( morality4 ,accord+ly we see ! gov]n+ classes n[adays uphold+ in/itutions ( a ?or\ghly ,communi/ "*1 su* z alms-h\ses1 f\ndl+ hospitals1 etc42 :ile popul> feel+ /rongly & rightly condemns su* in/itutions1 z be+ incompatible ) t heal?y gr[? ( home affection :i* %\ld be common to all ranks4 ,7 x n t ,communism is provisionally useful 9 antagoniz+ o!r doctr9es equally errone\s1 x w\ld h1 !n1 no real importance1 except t due to ! motives :i* orig9at$ x2 s9ce its practical solution is f> too *im]ical & subv]sive ev] to obta9 acceptance4 ,yet1 f ! high morality ( ^! motives1 x w probably ma9ta9 & increase its influ5ce until our work+ m5 f9d t _! wants c be m effectually satisfi$ by g5tl] & sur] means4 ,our republican sy/em seems at fir/ sight fav\rable to ! s*eme2 b x _c fail soon to h ! rev]se effect1 because1 :ile adopt+ ! social pr9ciple :i* con/itutes ! real m]it ( ,communism1 x repudiates its mis*iev\s illusions4 ,9 ,france1 at all ev5ts1 :]e prop]ty is s easy to acquire & is consequ5tly s g5]ally enjoy$1 ! doctr9e _c lead to mu* practical h>m2 r its reaction w be b5eficial1 because x w fix m5's m9ds m s]i\sly on ! j claims ( ! ,p4 ,! dang] is f> great] 9 o!r p>ts ( ,we/]n ,europe2 especially 9 ,engl&1 :]e ari/ocratic influ5ce is less und]m9$1 & :]e consequ5tly ! work+ classes are less advanc$ & m oppress$4 ,& ev5 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 :]e individualism & an>*y h be5 met by a tru] s5se ( frat]nity1 ,communi/ic di/urbances c only be avoid$ f9ally by a m rapid dissem9ation ( ,positivism1 :i* w ultimately dispel all social delusions1 by (f]+ ! true solution ( ! que/ions t gave rise to !m4 ,! nature ( ! evil %[s u at once t ! rem$y we seek mu/ be almo/ entirely ( a moral k9d4 ,?is tru?1 bas$ z x is on real k ( human nature1 ! p w soon come to feel in/9ctively4 ,& "h ,communi/s are1 )\t kn[+ x1 prep>+ ! way = ! asc5dancy ( ,positivism4 ,!y are =c+ ^u m5's notice 9 ! /ronge/ possible way a problem to :i* no peaceable & satisfactory solution c be giv51 except by ! new philosophy4 ,prop]ty is a public tru/1 n to be int]f]$ ) legally ,t philosophy1 ab&on+ all useless & irritat+ discussion z to ! orig9 ( weal? & ! ext5t ( its possession1 proce$s at once to ! moral rules :i* %\ld regulate x z a social function4 ,! di/ribution ( p[] among m51 ( mat]ial p[] especially1 lies s f> beyond our means ( int]v5tion1 t to set x be=e u z our ma9 object to rectify ! defects ( ! natural ord] 9 ?is respect1 w\ld be to wa/e our %ort life 9 b>r5 & int]m9able disputes4 ,! *ief conc]n ( ! public is t p[]1 9 :osev] h&s x may be plac$1 %\ld be ex]cis$ = _! b5efit2 & ?is is a po9t to :i* we may direct our ef=ts ) f> great] effect4 ,besides1 by regulat+ ! employm5t ( weal?1 we d1 indirectly1 modify its t5ure2 = ! mode 9 :i* weal? is held has "s second>y influ5ce ov] ! "r use ( x4 ,! regulations requir$ %\ld be moral1 n political 9 _! s\rce2 g5]al1 n special1 9 _! application4 ,^? :o accept !m w d s ( _! own free w1 "u ! influ5ce ( _! education4 ,?us _! ob$i5ce1 :ile /eadily ma9ta9$1 w h1 z ,ari/otle long ago obs]v$1 ! m]it ( volunt>y action4 ,by conv]t+ private prop]ty into a public function1 we w\ld subject x to no tyrannical int]f]5ce2 = ?is1 by ! de/ruction ( free impulse & responsibility1 w\ld prove mo/ deeply degrad+ to man's "*4 ,inde$1 ! comp>ison ( proprietors ) public function>ies w frequ5tly be appli$ 9 ! inv]se s5se2 ) ! view1 t is1 ( /r5g!n+ ! latt] r ?an ( weak5+ ! =m]4 ,! true pr9ciple ( republicanism is1 t all =ces %all "w toge!r = ! common good4 ,) ?is view we h on ! "o h&1 to det]m9e precisely :at x is t ! common good requires2 & on ! o!r1 to develop ! temp] ( m9d mo/ likely to satisfy ! requirem5t4 ,! conditions requisite = ^! two objects are1 a recogniz$ ,code ( pr9ciples1 an adequate ,education1 & a heal?y direction ( ,public ,op9ion4 ,= su* conditions we mu/ look pr9cipally to ! philosophic body :i* ,positivism proposes to e/abli% at ! apex ( mod]n society4 ,d\btless ?is purely moral influ5ce w\ld n be suffici5t ( itself4 ,human frailty is su* t ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 w h z be=e to repress by =ce ! m palpable & m dang]\s class ( del9qu5cies4 ,b ?is additional control1 ?\gh necess>y1 w n fill s important a place z x did 9 ! ,middle ,ages "u ! sway ( ,ca?olicism4 ,spiritual rew>ds & puni%m5ts w prepond]ate ov] temporal1 9 proportion z human developm5t evokes a /rong] s5se ( ! ties :i* unite ea* ) all1 by ! ?reefold bond ( ,feel+1 ,?\ght1 & ,action4 ,inh]itance fav\rable to its "r employm5t ,positivism1 be+ m pacific & m efficaci\s ?an ,communism1 because m true1 is also broad] & m complete 9 its solution ( great social problems4 ,! sup]ficial view ( prop]ty1 spr++ too (t5 f envi\s motives1 :i* condemns ,inh]itance because x admits ( possession )\t lab\r1 is n subv]sive m]ely1 b n>r[4 ,f ! moral po9t ( view we see at once ! radical weakness ( ^! empirical reproa*es4 ,!y %[ bl9dness to ! fact t ?is mode ( transmitt+ weal? is really t :i* is mo/ likely to call out ! temp] requisite = its "r employm5t4 ,x saves ! m9d & ! he>t f ! mean & sordid habits :i* are s (t5 eng5d]$ by sl[ accumulation ( capital4 ,! man :o is born to weal? is m likely to feel ! wi% to be respect$4 ,& ?us ^? :om we are incl9$ to condemn z idl]s may v easily become ! mo/ useful ( ! ri* classes1 "u a wise reorganization ( op9ions & habits4 ,( c\rse too1 s9ce ) ! advance ( ,civilization ! difficulty ( liv+ )\t indu/ry increases1 ! class t we are speak+ ( becomes m & m exceptional4 ,9 e way1 !n1 x is a mo/ s]i\s mi/ake to wi% to upset society on acc\nt ( abuses :i* are already 9 c\rse ( removal1 & :i* admit ( conv]sion to a mo/ b5eficial purpose4 ,intellect ne$s moral control z mu* z weal? ,aga91 ano!r feature 9 :i* ! ,positivi/ solution surpasses ! ,communi/1 is ! rem>kable complet5ess ( its application4 ,communism takes no acc\nt ( any?+ b weal?2 z if weal? 7 ! only p[] 9 mod]n society badly di/ribut$ & adm9i/]$4 ,9 reality !re are great] abuses connect$ ) almo/ e o!r p[] t man possesses2 & especially ) ! p[]s ( intellect2 yet ^! our vision>ies make n ! smalle/ attempt to rectify4 ,positivism be+ ! only doctr9e t embraces ! :ole sph]e ( human exi/5ce1 is !re=e ! only doctr9e t c elevate ,social ,feel+ to its prop] place1 by ext5d+ x to all dep>tm5ts ( human activity )\t exception4 ,id5tification1 9 a moral s5se1 ( private functions ) public duties is ev5 m necess>y 9 ! case ( ! sci5tific man or ! arti/1 ?an 9 t ( ! proprietor2 :e!r we look at ! s\rce f :i* 8 p[]s proce$1 or at ! object to :i* !y %\ld be direct$4 ,yet ! m5 :o wi% to make mat]ial weal? common1 ! only k9d ( weal? t c be held exclusively by an individual1 nev] ext5d _! utopian s*eme to intellectual weal?1 9 :i* x w\ld be f> m admissible4 ,9 fact ! apo/les ( ,communism (t5 come =w>d z zeal\s support]s ( :at !y call lit]>y prop]ty4 ,su* inconsi/5cies %[ ! %all[ness ( ! sy/em2 x proclaims its own failure 9 ! v cases t are mo/ fav\rable = ! application4 ,! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple "h sugge/$ w\ld expose at once ! inexp$i5cy ( political regulations on ! subject1 & ! necessity ( moral rules2 = ^! & ^! only c ensure ! "r use ( all our faculties )\t di/9ction4 ,intellectual ef=t1 to be ( any value1 mu/ be spontane\s2 & x is d\btless an in/9ctive s5se ( ?is tru? :i* prev5ts ,communi/s f subject+ intellectual faculties to _! utopian regulations4 ,b ,positivism c deal ) ^! faculties :i* /& 9 ! mo/ urg5t ne$ ( wise direction1 )\t inconsi/5cy & )\t di/urbance4 ,x leaves to !m _! fair measure ( free action2 & 9 ! case ( o!r faculties :i*1 ?\gh less em95t1 are h>dly less dang]\s to repress1 x /r5g!ns _! fre$om4 ,:5 a pure morality arises capable ( impress+ a social t5d5cy ^u e phase ( human activity1 ! fre] our action becomes ! m useful w x be to ! public4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n civilization1 f> f imp$+ private indu/ry1 is to entru/ x m & m ) functions1 especially ) ^? ( a mat]ial k9d1 :i* 7 orig9ally left to gov]nm5t4 ,un=tunately ?is t5d5cy1 :i* is v evid5t1 leads economi/s into ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t indu/ry may be left altoge!r )\t organization4 ,all t x really proves is t ! influ5ce ( moral pr9ciples is gradually prepond]at+ ov] t ( gov]nm5tal regulations4 ,action ( organiz$ public op9ion ^u ,capitali/s4 ,/rikes ,! me?od :i* is peculi> to ,positivism ( solv+ our great social problems by moral ag5cies1 w be f\nd applicable also to ! settlem5t ( indu/rial disputes1 s f> z ! popul> claims involv$ are well f\nd$4 ,^! claims w ?us become cle> f all t5d5cy to disord]1 & w consequ5tly ga9 imm5sely 9 =ce2 especially :5 !y are se5 to be consi/5t ) pr9ciples :i* are freely accept$ by all1 & :5 !y are support$ by a philosophic body ( kn[n imp>tiality & enlight5m5t4 ,?is spiritual p[]1 :ile impress+ on ! p ! duty ( respect+ _! temporal lead]s1 w impose duties ^u ^! latt]1 :i* !y w f9d impossible to evade4 ,z all classes w h receiv$ a common education1 !y w all alike be p5etrat$ ) ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ^! special obligations w re/4 ,& ^! weapons1 d]iv$ f no s\rce b t ( ,feel+ & ,reason1 & aid$ solely by ,public ,op9ion1 w wield an influ5ce ov] practical life1 ( :i* no?+ 9 ! pres5t day c give any conception4 ,we might comp>e x ) ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicism 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 only t m5 are too apt to attribute ! results ( ,ca?olicism to ! *im]ical hopes & fe>s :i* x inspir$1 r ?an to ! en]gy ) :i* praise & blame 7 di/ribut$4 ,) ! new spiritual p[] praise & blame w =m ! only res\rce2 b x w be develop$ & consolidat$ to a degree :i*1 z ,i h be=e %[n1 0 impossible = ,ca?olicism4 ,?is is ! only real solution ( ! disputes t are s con/antly aris+ betwe5 workm5 & _! employ]s4 ,bo? p>ties w look to ?is philosophic au?ority z a supreme c\rt ( arbitration4 ,9 e/imat+ its importance1 we mu/ n =get t ! antagonism ( employ] & employ$ has n yet be5 pu%$ to its full consequ5ces4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 weal? & numb]s w\ld h be5 f> m s]i\s1 b = ! fact t comb9ation1 )\t :i* !re c be no /ruggle wor? speak+ (1 has hi!rto only be5 p]mitt$ to ! capitali/4 ,x is true t 9 ,engl& comb9ations ( workm5 are n legally prohibit$4 ,b 9 t c\ntry !y are n yet suffici5tly emancipat$ ei!r intellectually or morally1 to make su* use ( ! p[] z w\ld be ! case 9 ,france4 ,:5 ,fr5* workm5 are all[$ to conc]t _! plans z freely z _! employ]s1 ! antagonism ( int]e/s t w !n arise w make bo? sides feel ! ne$ ( a moral p[] to arbitrate betwe5 !m4 ,n t ! conciliat+ influ5ce ( su* a p[] w ev] be su* z to d away entirely ) extreme measures2 b x w greatly re/rict _! application1 & 9 cases :]e !y are unavoidable1 w mitigate _! excesses4 ,su* measures %\ld be limit$ on bo? sides to refusal ( co-op]ation2 a p[] :i* e free ag5t ought to be all[$ to ex]cise1 on 8 own p]sonal responsibility1 ) ! object ( impress+ on ^? :o are tea*+ him unju/ly ! importance ( ! s]vices :i* he has be5 r5d]+4 ,! workman is n to be compell$ to "w any m ?an ! capitali/ to direct4 ,any abuse ( ?is extreme prote/ on ei!r side w ( c\rse be disapprov$ by ! moral p[]2 b ! option ( mak+ ! prote/ is always to be res]v$ to ea* elem5t 9 ! collective organism1 by virtue ( 8 natural indep5d5ce4 ,9 ! mo/ settl$ times function>ies h always be5 all[$ to susp5d _! s]vices on special occasions4 ,x 0 done frequ5tly 9 ! ,middle ,ages by prie/s1 pr(essors1 judges1 etc4 ,all we h to d is to regulate ?is privilege1 & embody x into ! indu/rial sy/em4 ,?is w be "o ( ! second>y duties ( ! philosophic body1 :o w naturally be consult$ on mo/ ( ^! occasions1 z on all o!rs ( public or private mom5t4 ,! =mal sanction :i* x may give to a susp5sion or positive prohibition ( "w w\ld r5d] su* a measure f> m effective ?an x is at pres5t4 ,! op]ation ( ! measure is b p>tial at pres5t1 b x might 9 ?is way ext5d1 fir/ to all :o belong to ! same trade1 !n to o!r bran*es ( indu/ry1 & ev5 ultimately to e ,we/]n nation t accepts ! same spiritual guides4 ,( c\rse p]sons :o ?9k !mselves aggriev$ may always resort to ?is extreme c\rse on _! own responsibility1 aga9/ ! advice ( ! philosophic body4 ,true spiritual p[] conf9es itself to giv+ c\nsel3 x nev] comm&s4 ,b 9 su* cases1 unless ! advice giv5 by ! philosoph]s has be5 wrong1 ! susp5sion ( "w is n likely to be suffici5tly g5]al to br+ ab\t any important result4 ,?is !ory ( trade-unions is1 9 fact1 9 ! indu/rial _w1 :at ! p[] ( insurrection is ) reg>d to ! high] social functions2 x is an ultimate res\rce :i* e collective organism mu/ res]ve4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same 9 ! simpl] & m ord9>y cases z 9 ! m unusual & important4 ,9 bo? ! int]v5tion ( ! philosophic body1 :e!r solicit$ or n1 :e!r its purpose be to organize popul> ef=t or to repress x1 w l>gely influ5ce ! result4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to /ate ) m precision ! ma9 practical diff]5ce betwe5 ! policy ( ,positivism1 & t ( ,communism or ( ,socialism4 ,all progressive political s*ools agree 9 conc5trat+ _! att5tion ^u ! problem1 ,h[ to give ! p _! prop] place z a compon5t elem5t ( mod]n ,society1 :i* ev] s9ce ! ,middle ,ages has be5 t5d+ m & m di/9ctly to its normal mode ( exi/5ce4 ,!y also agree t ! two great requirem5ts ( ! work+ classes are1 ! organization ( ,education1 & ! organization ( ,lab\r4 ,b "h _! agreem5t ends4 ,:5 ! means ( effect+ ^! two objects h to be consid]$1 ,positivi/s f9d !mselves at issue ) all o!r ,progressive s*ools4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! organization ( ,indu/ry mu/ be bas$ ^u ! organization ( ,education4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t bo? may be begun simultane\sly3 or inde$ t ,lab\r may be organiz$ irrespectively ( ,education4 ,x may seem z if we are mak+ too mu* ( a m]e "q ( arrangem5t2 yet ! diff]5ce is "o :i* affects ! :ole "* & me?od ( social recon/ruction4 ,! plan usually foll[$ is simply a repetition ( ! old attempt to recon/ruct politically )\t wait+ = spiritual recon/ruction2 9 o!r words1 to raise ! social edifice be=e its intellectual & moral f\ndations h be5 laid4 ,h5ce ! attempts made to satisfy popul> requirem5ts by measures ( a purely political k9d1 because !y appe> to meet ! evil directly2 a c\rse :i* is z useless z x is de/ructive4 ,positivism1 on ! contr>y1 sub/itutes = su* ag5cies1 an influ5ce :i* is sure & peaceful1 al?\gh x be gradual & indirect2 ! influ5ce ( a m enlight5$ morality1 support$ by a pur] /ate ( ,public ,op9ion2 su* op9ion be+ organiz$ by compet5t m9ds1 & diffus$ freely among/ ! p4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole "q1 :e!r ! solution ( ! tw(old problem be=e u is to be empirical1 revolution>y1 & !re=e conf9$ simply to ,france2 or :e!r x is to be consi/5t1 pacific1 & applicable to ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe1 dep5ds ^u ! pref]5ce or ! po/ponem5t ( ! organization ( ,lab\r to ! organization ( ,education4 ,public ,op9ion mu/ be bas$ ^u a s\nd sy/em ( ,education ,?is conclusion involves a brief explanation ( ! g5]al sy/em ( education :i* ,positivism w introduce4 ,?is ! new spiritual p[] reg>ds z its pr9cipal function1 & z its mo/ effici5t means ( satisfy+ ! work+ classes 9 all reasonable dem&s4 ,x 0 ! great social virtue ( ,ca?olicism1 t x introduc$ = ! fir/ "t1 z f> z circum/ances p]mitt$1 a sy/em ( education common to all classes )\t di/9ction1 n except+ ev5 ^? :o 7 /ill slaves4 ,x 0 a va/ und]tak+1 yet ess5tial to its purpose ( f\nd+ a spiritual p[] :i* 0 to be indep5d5t ( ! temporal p[]4 ,ap>t f its tempor>y value1 x has left u "o imp]i%able pr9ciple1 namely t 9 all education wor?y ( ! "n1 moral tra9+ %\ld be reg>d$ z ( great] importance ?an sci5tific tea*+4 ,ca?olic education1 h[ev]1 0 ( c\rse1 extremely defective2 ow+ p>tly to ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 & p>tly to ! weakness ( ! doctr9e on :i* x re/$4 ,hav+ ref]5ce almo/ exclusively to ! oppress$ masses1 ! pr9cipal lesson :i* x taught 0 ! duty ( almo/ passive resignation1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 obligations impos$ ^u rul]s4 ,intellectual culture 9 any true s5se !re 0 none4 ,all ?is 0 natural 9 a fai? :i* direct$ m5's highe/ ef=ts to an object unconnect$ ) social life1 & :i* taught t all ! ph5om5a ( nature 7 regulat$ by an imp5etrable ,w4 ,ca?olic ,education 0 consequ5tly q unsuit$ to any p]iod b ! ,middle ,ages2 a p]iod dur+ :i* ! advanc$ portion ( ,humanity 0 gradually ridd+ itself ( ! anci5t in/itution ( slav]y1 by commut+ x fir/ into s]fdom1 z a prelim9>y /ep to entire p]sonal fre$om4 ,9 ! anci5t _w ,ca?olic education w\ld h be5 too revolution>y2 at ! pres5t "t x w\ld be s]vile & inadequate4 ,its function 0 t ( direct+ ! long & difficult transition f ! social life ( ,antiquity to t ( ,mod]n times4 ,p]sonal emancipation once obta9$1 ! work+ classes began to develop _! p[]s & rise to _! true position z a class2 & !y soon became consci\s ( intellectual & social wants :i* ,ca?olicism 0 :olly incapable ( satisfy+4 ,& yet ?is is ! only real sy/em ( univ]sal education :i* ! _w has hi!rto se54 ,= we _c give t "n to ! s-call$ ,univ]sity sy/em :i* metaphysicians began to introduce into ,europe at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & :i* (f]$ little m ?an ! special in/ruction previ\sly giv5 to ! prie/hood2 t is1 ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 language1 ) ! dialectical tra9+ requir$ = ! def5ce ( _! doctr9es4 ,morals 7 untaught except z a "p ( ! tra9+ ( ! pr(ess$ !ologian4 ,all ?is metaphysical & lit]>y in/ruction 0 ( no great s]vice to social evolution1 except s f> z x develop$ ! critical p[]2 x _h1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 indirect influ5ce on ! con/ructive movem5t1 especially on ! developm5t ( ,art4 ,b its defects1 bo? practical & !oretical1 h be5 made m evid5t by its application to new classes ( society1 ^: occupations1 :e!r practical or speculative1 requir$ a v diff]5t k9d ( tra9+4 ,& ?us1 :ile claim+ ! title ( ,univ]sal1 x nev] rea*$ ! work+ classes1 ev5 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 :]e ea* believ] became to a c]ta9 ext5t 8 own prie/4 ,! !ological me?od be+ obsolete1 & ! metaphysical me?od inadequate1 ! task ( f\nd+ an effici5t sy/em ( popul> education belongs to ,positivism2 ! only doctr9e capable ( reconcil+ ^! two ord]s ( conditions1 ! intellectual & ! moral1 :i* are equally necess>y1 b :i* s9ce ! ,middle ,ages h always prov$ incompatible4 ,positivi/ education1 :ile secur+ ! supremacy ( ! he>t ov] ! und]/&+ m effici5tly ?an ,ca?olicism1 w yet put no ob/acle 9 ! way ( intellectual gr[?4 ,! function ( ,intellect1 9 education z 9 practical life1 w be to regulate ,feel+2 ! culture ( :i*1 beg9n+ at bir?1 w be ma9ta9$ by con/ant ex]cise ( ! ?ree classes ( duties relative to ,self1 to ! ,family1 & to ,society4 ,i h already expla9$ ! mode 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( univ]sal morality w be f9ally co-ord9at$2 a task :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 is connect$ ) ! pr9cipal function ( ! new spiritual p[]4 ,i h n[ only to po9t out ! p>am\nt influ5ce ( morality on e "p ( ,positive ,education4 ,x w be se5 to be connect$ at fir/ spontane\sly1 & aft]w>ds 9 a m sy/ematic =m1 ) ! entire sy/em ( human k4 ,positive ,education1 adapt+ itself to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,organism ) :i* x has to deal1 subord9ates intellectual conditions to social4 ,social conditions are consid]$ z ! ma9 object1 intellectual z b ! means ( atta9+ x4 ,its pr9cipal aim is to induce ! work+ classes to accept _! high social function ( support+ ! spiritual p[]1 :ile at ! same "t x w r5d] !m m effici5t 9 _! own special duties4 ,education has two /ages3 f bir? to pub]ty1 f pub]ty to adolesc5ce4 ,! fir/1 consi/+ ( physical & e/hetic tra9+ to be giv5 at home ,presum+ t ,education ext5ds f bir? to manhood1 we may divide x into two p]iods1 ! fir/ end+ ) pub]ty1 t is1 at ! beg9n+ ( indu/rial appr5tice%ip4 ,education "h %\ld be ess5tially spontane\s1 & %\ld be c>ri$ on z f> z possible 9 ! bosom ( ! family4 ,! only /udies requir$ %\ld be ( an e/hetic k9d4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 ,education takes a sy/ematic =m1 consi/+ *iefly ( a public c\rse ( sci5tific lectures1 expla9+ ! ess5tial laws ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( ph5om5a4 ,^! lectures w be ! gr\ndwork ( ,moral ,sci5ce1 :i* w co-ord9ate ! :ole1 & po9t out ! relation ( ea* "p to ! social purpose common to all4 ,?us1 at ab\t ! "t :i* long exp]i5ce has fix$ z t ( legal majority1 & :5 9 mo/ cases ! t]m ( appr5tice%ip closes1 ! workman w be prep>$ intellectually & morally = 8 public & private s]vice4 ,! fir/ ye>s ( life1 f infancy to ! end ( ! p]iod ( second d5tition1 %\ld be devot$ to education ( ! physical p[]s1 c>ri$ on "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! p>5ts1 especially ( ! "m4 ,physical education1 z usually practis$1 is no?+ b m]e muscul> ex]cise2 b a m important object is t ( tra9+ ! s5ses1 & giv+ manual skill1 s z to develop f ! v fir/ our p[]s ( obs]vation & action4 ,/udy1 9 ! ord9>y acceptation1 !re %\ld be none dur+ ?is p]iod1 n ev5 read+ or writ+4 ,an acqua9tance ) facts ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z may spontane\sly attract ! gr[+ p[]s ( att5tion1 w be ! only in/ruction receiv$4 ,! philosophic sy/em ( ! infant individual1 l t ( ! infant species1 consi/s 9 pure ,feti*ism1 & its natural developm5t %\ld n be di/urb$ by unwise int]f]5ce4 ,! only c>e ( ! p>5ts w be to impress ^? feel+s & habits = :i* a rational basis w be giv5 at a lat] p]iod4 ,by tak+ e opportunity ( call+ ! high] in/9cts into play1 !y w be lay+ d[n ! be/ f\ndation = true morality4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ab\t sev5 ye>s compris$ betwe5 ! second d5tition & pub]ty1 ,education w become some:at m sy/ematic2 b x w be limit$ to ! culture ( ! f9e arts2 & x w be /ill mo/ important1 especially on moral gr\nds1 to avoid sep>ation f ! family4 ,! /udy ( ,art %\ld simply consi/ 9 practis+ x m or less sy/ematically4 ,no =mal lectures are necess>y1 at lea/ = ! purposes ( g5]al education1 ?\gh ( c\rse = pr(essional purposes !y may /ill be requir$4 ,!re is no reason :y ^! /udies %\ld n be c>ri$ on at home by ! second g5]ation ( ,positivi/s1 :5 ! culture ( ! p>5ts w be suffici5tly advanc$ to all[ !m to sup]9t5d x4 ,!y w include ,poetry1 ! art on :i* all ! re/ are bas$2 & ! two mo/ important ( ! special arts1 music & draw+4 ,meantime ! pupil w become famili> ) ! pr9cipal ,we/]n languages1 :i* are includ$ 9 ! /udy ( ,poetry1 s9ce mod]n poetry _c be prop]ly appreciat$ )\t !m4 ,moreov]1 indep5d5tly ( e/hetic consid]ations1 a k ( !m is mo/ important morally1 z a means ( de/roy+ national prejudices1 & ( =m+ ! true ,positivi/ /&>d ( ,occid5tal feel+4 ,ea* nation w be taught to consid] x a duty to le>n ! language ( contigu\s c\ntries2 an obvi\s pr9ciple1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ,fr5*m51 w involve _! le>n+ all ! o!r f\r languages1 z a consequ5ce ( t c5tral position :i* gives !m s _m advantages4 ,:5 ?is rule becomes g5]al1 & ! natural aff9ities ( ! five advanc$ nations are br\ght fully into play1 a common ,occid5tal language w n be long 9 =m+ itself spontane\sly1 )\t ! aid ( any metaphysical s*eme = produc+ a language t %all be absolutely univ]sal4 ,dur+ ! latt] portion ( prim>y ,education1 :i* is devot$ to ! culture ( ! imag9ative p[]s1 ! philosophic developm5t ( ! individual1 correspond+ to t ( ! race1 w c>ry him f ! simple ,feti*ism ) :i* he began to ! /ate ( ,poly!ism4 ,?is resemblance betwe5 ! gr[? ( ! individual & t ( society has always %[n itself m or less1 9 spite ( ! irrational precautions ( ,*ri/ian tea*]s4 ,!y h nev] be5 able to give *ildr5 a di/a/e = ^? simple tales ( fairies & g5ii1 :i* are natural to ?is phase4 ,! ,positivi/ tea*] w let ?is t5d5cy take its own c\rse4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 involve any hypocrisy on ! "p ( ! p>5ts1 nor ne$ x lead to any subsequ5t contradiction4 ,! simple tru? is en\gh4 ,! *ild may be told t ^! spontane\s beliefs are b natural to 8 age1 b t !y w gradually lead him on to o!rs1 by ! fundam5tal law ( all human developm5t4 ,language ( ?is k9d w n only h ! advantage ( famili>iz+ him ) a great pr9ciple ( ,positivism1 b w /imulate ! nasc5t s5se ( sociability1 by lead+ him to sympa?ize ) ! v>i\s nations :o /ill rema9 at 8 own primitive /age ( intellectual developm5t4 ,! second "p consi/s ( public lectures on ! ,sci5ces1 f ,ma!matics to ,sociology ,! second "p ( ,positivi/ ,education _c be conduct$ altoge!r at home1 s9ce x involves public lectures1 9 :i* ( c\rse ! "p tak5 by ! p>5t c only be accessory4 ,b ?is is no reason = depriv+ ! pupil ( ! advantages ( family life2 x rema9s z indisp5sable z ev] to 8 moral developm5t1 :i* is always to be ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,x w be easy = him to foll[ ! be/ ma/]s )\t weak5+ 8 s5se ( p]sonal & dome/ic morality1 :i* is ! almo/ inevitable result ( ! mona/ic seclusion ( mod]n s*ools4 ,! public-s*ool sy/em is commonly ?\ght to comp5sate = ^! disadvantages1 by ! k ( ! _w :i* x gives2 b ?is is bett] obta9$ by free int]c\rse ) society1 :]e sympa?ies are f> m likely to be satisfi$4 ,recognition ( ?is tru? w\ld d mu* to facilitate & improve popul> education2 & x applies to all cases1 except p]haps to "s special pr(essions1 :]e seclusion ( ! pupils may /ill be necess>y1 ?\gh ev5 9 ^! cases probably x may be ultimately disp5s$ )4 ,! plan to be foll[$ 9 ?is p]iod ( education1 w obvi\sly be t indicat$ by ! encyclopdic law ( ,classification1 :i* =ms "p ( my ,!ory ( ,developm5t4 ,sci5tific /udy1 :e!r = ! work+ man or ! philosoph]1 %\ld beg9 ) ! inorganic _w ar\nd u1 & !n pass to ! subject ( ,man & ,society2 s9ce our ideas on ^! two subjects =m ! basis ( our practical action4 ,! fir/ class ( /udies1 z ,i h /at$ be=e1 includes f\r sci5ces :i* we may arrange 9 pairs3 ,ma!matics & ,a/ronomy =m+ ! fir/ pair2 ,physics & ,*emi/ry ! second4 ,to ea* ( ^! pairs1 two ye>s may be giv54 ,b z ! fir/ ranges ov] a wide field1 & is ( great] logical importance1 x w require two lectures weekly2 :]eas1 = all ! subsequ5t /udies "o lecture w be suffici5t4 ,besides1 dur+ ^! two ye>s1 ! necessities ( practical life w n press heavily1 & m "t may fairly be sp5t 9 m5tal occupation4 ,f ! /udy ( inorganic sci5ce1 ! pupil w proce$ to ,biology3 ?is subject may easily be cond5s$ 9 ! fif? ye> into a s]ies ( =ty lectures1 )\t really los+ ei!r its philosophic or its popul> "*4 ,?is concludes ! introductory "p ( ,education4 ,! /ud5t w n[ co-ord9ate all 8 previ\s k by ! direct /udy ( ,sociology1 /atically & dynamically view$4 ,on ?is subject also =ty lectures w be giv51 9 :i* ! /ructure & gr[? ( human societies1 especially ^? ( mod]n times1 w be cle>ly expla9$4 ,) ?is f\ndation we come to ! la/ ( ! sev5 ye>s ( pupillage1 9 :i* ! great social purpose ( ! s*eme is at la/ rea*$4 ,x w be devot$ to a sy/ematic exposition ( ,moral ,sci5ce1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* may be n[ fully und]/ood by ! light ( ! k previ\sly obta9$ ( ! ,_w1 ( ,life1 & ( ,humanity4 ,dur+ ?is c\rse ( /udy1 "p ( ! ?ree unoccupi$ mon?s ( ea* ye> w be sp5t 9 public exam9ations1 to te/ ! degree to :i* ! in/ruction has be5 assimilat$4 ,! pupils w ( _! own accord cont9ue _! e/hetic pursuits1 ev5 suppos+ _! natural ta/es 9 ?is direction n to be enc\rag$ z !y ought to be4 ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ! ,lat9 & ,greek languages might be acquir$1 z an accessory /udy1 :i* w\ld improve ! poetic culture ( ! /ud5t1 & be useful to him 9 ! hi/orical & moral que/ions ) :i* he w !n be occupi$4 ,= ! purposes ( ,art1 ,greek is ! m useful ( ! two2 b 9 ! second object1 t ( enabl+ u to realize our social ,filiation1 ,lat9 is ( ev5 great] importance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! sev5 ye>s ! philosophic developm5t ( ! individual1 pres]v+ its correspond5ce ) t ( ! race1 w pass ?r\gh its la/ phase4 ,z ! pupil pass$ be=e f ,feti*ism to ,poly!ism1 s he w n[ pass1 z spontane\sly1 into ,mono!ism1 induc$ by ! influ5ce on 8 imag9ative p[]s :i* hi!rto h be5 supreme1 ( ! _s ( discussion4 ,no int]f]5ce %\ld be (f]$ to ?is metaphysical transition1 :i* is ! homage t he pays to ! necess>y conditions "u :i* mank9d arrives at tru?4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ?is provisional phase :i* evid5tly h>monizes well ) ! ab/ract & indep5d5t "* ( ,ma!matics1 ) :i* ! two fir/ ye>s ( ! sev5 are occupi$4 ,z long z m att5tion is giv5 to d$uction ?an to induction1 ! m9d _c b reta9 a lean+ to metaphysical !ories4 ,"u _! influ5ce ! /ud5t w soon r$uce 8 primitive !ology to ,deism ( a m or less di/9ct k9d2 & ?is dur+ 8 physico-*emical /udies w mo/ likely deg5]ate into a species ( ,a!ism2 :i* la/ phase1 "u ! enlight5+ influ5ce ( biological & /ill m ( sociological k1 w be f9ally replac$ by ,positivism4 ,?us at ! "t fix$ = ! ultimate /udy ( moral sci5ce1 ea* new memb] ( ,humanity w h be5 /rongly impress$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ) a s5se ( hi/orical ,filiation1 & w be enabl$ to sympa?ize ) 8 ance/ors & contempor>ies1 :ile devot+ 8 practical en]gies to ! good ( 8 successors4 ,travels ( ,appr5tices ,!re is an excell5t cu/om preval5t among ! work+ m5 ( ,france & cr$itable to _! good s5se1 ) :i* our educational s*eme seems at fir/ sight incompatible4 ,i ref] to ! cu/om ( travell+ f place to place dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( appr5tice%ip2 :i* is z b5eficial to _! m9d & "*1 z ! purposeless excursions ( our weal?y & idle classes are 9 mo/ cases injuri\s4 ,b !re is no necessity = its int]f]+ ) /udy1 s9ce x always involves long resid5ce 9 ! *ief c5tres ( production1 :]e ! workman is sure to f9d annual c\rses ( lectures simil> to ^? :i* he w\ld o!rwise h be5 att5d+ at home4 ,z ! /ructure & di/ribution ( ! philosophic body w be ev]y:]e ! same1 !re ne$ be no great inconv5i5ce 9 ^! *anges4 ,= e c5tre n m ?an sev5 tea*]s w be requir$2 ea* ( :om w take ! :ole ,encyclopdic scale successively4 ,?us ! total numb] ( lectures w be s small z to admit ( a high /&>d ( m]it be+ ev]y:]e atta9$1 & ( f9d+ ev]y:]e a fair measure ( mat]ial support4 ,s f> f disc\rag+ ! travell+ sy/em1 ,positivism w give x a new "*1 intellectually & socially1 by ext5d+ ! range ( travel to ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe1 s9ce !re is no "p ( x 9 :i* ! workman w n be able to prosecute 8 education4 ,! diff]5ce ( language w !n be no ob/acle4 ,n only w\ld ! s5se ( frat]nity among ,we/]n nations be /r5g!n$ by su* a plan1 b great improvem5t w\ld result e/hetically4 ,! languages ( ,europe w\ld be le>nt m ?or\ghly1 & !re w\ld be a ke5] appreciation ( works ( art1 :e!r musical1 pictorial1 or ar*itectural2 = ^! c nev] be prop]ly appreciat$ b 9 ! c\ntry :i* gave !m bir?4 ,conc5tration ( /udy ,judg+ by our pres5t practice1 x w\ld seem impossible to include su* a mass ( important sci5tific /udies1 z are "h propos$1 9 ?ree hundr$ & sixty lectures4 ,b ! l5g? to :i* c\rses ( lectures on any subject ext5d at pres5t1 is ow+ p>tly to ! special or pr(essional object ) :i* ! c\rse is giv51 & /ill m to ! discursive & unphilosophical _s ( mo/ ( ! tea*]s1 consequ5t on ! mis]able mann] 9 :i* our sci5tific sy/em is organiz$4 ,su* a reg5]ation ( sci5tific /udies z ,positivism proposes1 w animate !m ) a social _s1 & ?us give !m a l>g] & m compreh5sive t5d5cy4 ,tea*]s w become m practis$ 9 ! art ( cond5s+1 & _! lectures w be f> m sub/antial4 ,!y w n inde$ be a sub/itute = volunt>y ef=t1 on :i* all ! real value ( tea*+ dep5ds4 ,_! aim w be r to direct su* ef=t4 ,a /rik+ example1 :i* is n s well rememb]$ z x %\ld be1 w help to expla9 my mean+4 ,at ! fir/ op5+ ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 c\rses ( lectures 7 giv51 v appropriately nam$ ,revolution>y ,c\rses1 :i* conc5trat$ ! tea*+ ( ?ree ye>s into ?ree mon?s4 ,:at 0 9 t case an extraord9>y anomaly1 due to republican en?usiasm1 may become ! normal /ate :5 a moral p[] arises n inf]ior 9 en]gy1 & yet bas$ ^u a consi/5t intellectual syn!sis1 ( :i* our great pr$ecessors ( ! ,revolution c\ld h no conception4 ,little att5tion has hi!rto be5 giv5 to ! didactic value ( ,feel+4 ,s9ce ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! he>t has be5 neglect$ 9 proportion z ! m9d has be5 cultivat$4 ,b x is ! *>act]i/ic pr9ciple ( ,positivism1 a pr9ciple z f]tile 9 intellectual z 9 moral results1 t ! ,intellect1 :e!r we look at its natural or at its normal position1 is subord9ate to ,social ,feel+4 ,?r\gh\t ?is c\rse ( popul> education1 p>5ts & ma/]s w seize e suitable occasion = call+ ,social ,feel+ into play2 & ! mo/ ab/ruse subjects w (t5 be vivifi$ by its influ5ce4 ,! (fice ( ! m9d is to /r5g!n & to cultivate ! he>t2 ! he>t aga9 %\ld animate & direct ! m5tal p[]s4 ,?is mutual influ5ce ( g5]al views & g5]\s feel+s w h great] effect ^u sci5tific /udy1 f ! e/hetic culture previ\sly giv51 9 :i* su* habits ( m9d w h be5 =m$1 z w give grace & beauty to ! :ole life4 ,gov]nm5tal assi/ance n requir$1 except = c]ta9 special in/itutions1 & ?is only z a provisional measure ,:5 ,i speak ( ?is education z specially de/9$ = ! p1 ,i am n m]ely us+ words to d5ote its compreh5siv5ess & philosophic "*4 ,x is1 9 my op9ion1 ! only education1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 special bran*es1 = :i* public organization is ne$$4 ,x %\ld be look$ on z a sacr$ debt :i* ! republic owes to ! work+ classes4 ,b ! claim does n ext5d to o!r classes1 :o c easily pay = any special in/ruction t !y may require4 ,besides su* in/ruction w be only a p>tial developm5t ( ! m g5]al tea*+1 or an application ( x to "s p>ticul> purpose4 ,!re=e if ! g5]al tra9+ be s\nd1 mo/ p w be able to prosecute accessory /udies by !mselves4 ,appr5tice%ip to any bus9ess involves v little1 except ! practice ( x4 ,ev5 9 ! highe/ arts1 no c\rse ( sy/ematic in/ruction is necess>y4 ,! false views n[ preval5t on ! subject are due to ! un=tunate abs5ce ( all g5]al education1 s9ce ! decay ( ,ca?olicism4 ,! special in/itutions f\nd$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 & c>efully remodell$ 9 ,france by ! ,conv5tion1 are only valuable z conta9+ c]ta9 g]ms ( tru?1 :i* w be f\nd indisp5sable :5 g5]al education is f9ally reorganiz$4 ,b important z !y may be f a sci5tific aspect1 _! practical utility1 :i* seems to h be5 ! motive = e/abli%+ !m1 is exce$+ly d\btful4 ,! arts :i* !y 7 int5d$ to promote c\ld h done p]fectly well )\t !m4 ,i include 9 ^! rem>ks su* in/itutions z ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 etc4 ,_! value1 l t ( all good in/itutions ( mod]n times1 is purely provisional4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 x may be wor? our :ile to reorganize !m4 ,positivi/ pr9ciples1 disc>d+ all attempts to make !m p]man5t1 w be all ! bett] able to adapt !m to _! important tempor>y purpose4 ,inde$ !re are "s new in/itutions :i* x might be advisable to =m2 su*1 = in/ance1 z a ,s*ool ( ,comp>ative ,philology1 ! object ( :i* w\ld be to range all human languages accord+ to _! true aff9ities4 ,?is w\ld comp5sate ! suppression ( ,greek & ,lat9 pr(essor%ips1 :i* is c]ta9ly an indisp5sable measure4 ,b ! :ole ( ?is provisional framework w\ld no d\bt disappe> be=e ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 a sy/em ( g5]al education w h be5 ?or\ghly organiz$4 ,! pres5t necessity = a provisional sy/em %\ld lead to no misconception ( its "* & purpose4 ,work+ m5 are ! only class :o h a real claim ^u ! ,/ate = in/ruction2 & ?is1 if wisely organiz$1 disp5ses ) ! necessity ( special in/itutions4 ,! adoption ( ^! views w\ld at once facilitate & ennoble popul> education4 ,nations1 prov9ces1 & t[ns w vie ) "o ano!r 9 invit+ ! be/ tea*]s t ! spiritual au?orities ( ,we/]n ,europe c supply4 ,& e true philosoph] w take pride 9 su* tea*+1 :5 x becomes g5]ally und]/ood t ! popul> "* ( 8 lectures implies t !y %all be at ! same "t sy/ematic4 ,memb]s ( ! new spiritual p[] w 9 mo/ cases reg>d tea*+ z _! pr9cipal occupation1 = at lea/ a consid]able portion ( _! public life4 ,we are n ripe = ?is sy/em at pres5t2 & ,gov]nm5t mu/ n attempt to ha/5 its introduction ,:at has be5 said makes x cle> t any organization ( su* education z ?is at ! pres5t "t w\ld be impossible4 ,h[ev] s9c]e ! int5tions ( gov]nm5ts to effect ?is great result might be1 any premature attempt to d x w\ld b injure ! "w1 especially if !y put 9 a claim to sup]9t5d x4 ,! tru? is t a sy/em ( education1 if x des]ve ! "n1 presupposes ! acceptance ( a def9ite philosophical & social cre$ to det]m9e its "* & purpose4 ,*ildr5 _c be br\ght up 9 convictions contr>y to ^? ( _! p>5ts2 inde$1 ! influ5ce ( ! p>5t is ess5tial to ! in/ructor4 ,op9ions & habits t h be5 already =m$ may subsequ5tly be /r5g!n$ by an educational sy/em2 b ! c>ry+ out ( any su* sy/em is impossible1 until ! pr9ciples ( comb9$ action & belief h be5 well e/abli%$4 ,till !n ! organization t we propose c only be effect$ 9 ! case ( individuals :o are ripe = x4 ,ea* ( ^! w endeav\r to repair ! faults & defici5cies ( 8 own education 9 ! be/ way he c1 by ! aid ( ! g5]al doctr9e :i* he accepts4 ,assum+ t ! doctr9e is de/9$ to triumph1 ! numb] ( su* m9ds gradually increases1 & !y sup]9t5d ! social progress ( ! next g5]ation4 ,?is is ! natural process1 & no artificial int]f]5ce c disp5se ) x4 ,s f>1 !n1 f invit+ gov]nm5t to organize education1 we ought r to exhort x to abdicate ! educational p[]s :i* x already holds1 & :i*1 ,i ref] m especially to ,france1 are ei!r useless or a s\rce ( discord4 ,!re are only two exceptions to ?is rem>k1 namely1 prim>y education1 & special in/ruction 9 c]ta9 high] bran*es4 ,( ^! ,i h already spok54 ,b ) ^! exceptions1 x is mo/ desirable t gov]nm5t1 :e!r municipal or c5tral1 %\ld surr5d] its unreasonable monopoly1 & e/abli% real lib]ty ( tea*+2 ! condition ( su* lib]ty be+1 z ,i said be=e1 ! suppression ( all annual grants :atsoev] = !ological or metaphysical purposes4 ,until "s univ]sal fai? has be5 accept$ on its own m]its1 all attempts made by ,gov]nm5t to re=m education mu/ necess>ily be reaction>y2 s9ce !y w always be bas$ on "s "o ( ! retrogressive cre$s :i* x is our object to sup]s$e altoge!r4 ,x is ) adults1 !n1 t we mu/ deal4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to dissem9ate sy/ematic convictions among !m1 & ?us op5 ! door to a real re=m ( education = ! next g5]ation4 ,! press & ! p[] ( free spee* (f] _m ways ( br++ ab\t ?is result4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! w\ld be a m or less connect$ s]ies ( popul> lectures on ! v>i\s positive sci5ces1 includ+ hi/ory1 :i* may n[ be rank$ among !m4 ,n[ = ^! lectures to produce _! full effect1 !y mu/ ev5 :5 treat+ ( ! mo/ elem5t>y po9t 9 ma!matics1 be ?or\ghly philosophic & consequ5tly animat$ by a social _s4 ,!y mu/ be entirely indep5d5t ( gov]nm5t1 s z n to be hamp]$ by any ( ! au?oriz$ views4 ,la/ly1 !re is a condition 9 :i* all ! re/ are summ$ up4 ,^! lectures %\ld be ,occid5tal1 n simply ,national4 ,:at we require is a free association ( philosoph]s ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,europe1 =m$ by ! volunt>y co-op]ation ( all :o c contribute effici5tly to ?is great prelim9>y "w2 _! s]vices be+ ess5tially gratuit\s4 ,x is a result :i* no sy/em b ,positivism is capable ( effect+4 ,by its ag5cy t coalition betwe5 philosoph]s & ! work+ classes1 on :i* s mu* dep5ds1 w spe$ily be e/abli%$4 ,:ile ! "w ( propagat+ ,positivi/ convictions is go+ on 9 ! free & unre/rict$ mann] "h describ$1 ! spiritual au?ority w at ! same "t be =m+ itself1 & w be prep>$ to make use ( ^! convictions z ! basis = social reg5]ation4 ,?us ! transitional /ate w be br\ght z ne>ly z possible into h>mony ) ! normal /ate2 & ?is ! m 9 proportion z ! natural aff9ity betwe5 philosoph]s & workm5 is br\ght out m di/9ctly4 ,! connexion betwe5 ,positivi/ lectures & ,positivi/ clubs w illu/rate my mean+4 ,:ile ! lectures prep>e ! way = ! ,future1 ! clubs "w 9 ! same direction by judg+ ! ,pa/1 & advis+ = ! ,pres5t2 s t we h at once a beg9n+ ( ! ?ree ess5tial functions ( ! new spiritual p[]4 ,we h n[ a cle> conception ( popul> education 9 its provisional1 & 9 its normal /ate4 ,long be=e ! normal /ate c be realiz$1 ! mutual action ( philosoph]s & workm5 w h done great s]vice to bo?4 ,meet+ ) su* p[]ful support f ! p1 ! ris+ spiritual p[] w w9 ! respect if n ! affection ( _! rul]s1 ev5 ( ^? among !m :o are n[ ! mo/ contemptu\s ( e influ5ce b t ( mat]ial p[]4 ,_! excess ( pride w (t5 be s f> humbl$ t !y w invite its m$iation 9 cases :]e ! p h be5 r\s$ to j indignation4 ,! =ce ( numb]s seems at fir/ s viol5t z to c>ry all be=e x2 b 9 ! end x usually proves f> inf]ior to t ( weal?4 ,x _c exi/ = any l5g? ( "t )\t complete conv]g5ce ( op9ion & feel+4 ,h5ce1 a spiritual p[] has v great weight 9 controll+ or direct+ its action4 ,philosoph]s w nev]1 inde$1 be able to manage ! work+ classes z !y please1 z "s unpr9cipl$ agitators h imag9$2 b :5 !y ex]cise _! au?ority rightly1 :e!r x be 9 ! cause ( ,ord] or t ( ,progress1 !y w h great p[] ov] _! passions & conduct4 ,su* influ5ce c only spr+ f long *]i%$ feel+s ( gratitude & tru/1 due n m]ely to presum$ capacity b to s]vices actually r5d]$4 ,no "o is a fit repres5tative ( 8 own claims2 b ! philosoph] may hon\rably repres5t ! cause ( work+ m5 be=e ! gov]n+ classes2 & ! p w 9 _! turn compel _! rul]s to respect ! new spiritual p[]4 ,by ?is habitual ex*ange ( s]vices ! aspirations ( ! p w be kept cle> ( all subv]sive t5d5cies1 & philosoph]s w be l$ to ab&on ! folly ( seek+ political p[]4 ,nei!r class w degrade itself by mak+ its own int]e/ ! *ief consid]ation3 ea* w f9d its own rew>d 9 keep+ to ! nobl] c\rse ( its own social duty4 ,intellectual attitude ( ! p4 ,emancipation f !ological belief ,to complete ?is view ( ! political attitude :i* ,positivism recomm5ds to ! work+ class1 ,i h n[ to speak ( ! intellectual & moral conditions :i* t attitude requires1 & on :i* ! "* ( _! spiritual lead]s dep5ds4 ,:at is want$ is only a m p]fect developm5t ( t5d5cies :i* already exi/ 9 ! p1 & :i* h already %[n !mselves /rong 9 ,p>is1 ! c5tre ( ! great ,we/]n movem5t4 ,intellectually ! pr9cipal conditions are two2 ,emancipation f obsolete beliefs1 & a suffici5t am\nt ( m5tal culture4 ,! emancipation ( ! work+ classes f !ology is complete1 at lea/ 9 ,p>is4 ,9 no o!r class has x s entirely lo/ its p[]4 ,! %all[ deism1 :i* satisfies s _m ( our lit]>y m51 f9ds little fav\r ) ! p4 ,!y are happily unv]s$ 9 /udies ( words & ab/ractions1 )\t :i* ?is la/ /age 9 ! process ( emancipation spe$ily comes to an end4 ,we only require a /rong] expression ( popul> feel+ on ?is po9t1 s z to avoid all deception & false /atem5t z to ! intellectual "* ( ! reorganization t is go+ on4 ,& ! fre$om t we are n[ enjoy+ w admit ( ^! feel+s be+ unmi/akably manife/$1 especially n[ t !y h ! new philosophy = _! expon5t4 ,a di/9ct decl>ation ( op9ion on ?is subject is urg5tly ne$$ on social gr\nds4 ,t hypocritical affectation ( !ological belief aga9/ :i* we h to fight1 is design$ to prev5t1 or at lea/ has ! effect ( prev5t+1 ! j en=cem5t ( popul> claims4 ,^! unscrupul\s attempts to my/ify ! p involve _! m5tal subjection4 ,! result is1 t _! legitimate aspirations = real progress are evad$1 by div]t+ _! ?\ghts t[>ds an imag9>y future /ate4 ,x is = ! work+ classes !mselves to break ?r\gh ?is conc]t$ s*eme1 :i* is ev5 m contemptible ?an x is odi\s4 ,!y h only to decl>e )\t disguise :at _! intellectual position really is2 & to d ?is s emphatically z to make any mi/ake on ! "p ( ! gov]n+ classes impossible4 ,!y w consequ5tly reject all tea*]s :o are insuffici5tly emancipat$1 or :o 9 any way support ! sy/em ( !ological hypocrisy1 :i*1 f ,robespi]re d[nw>ds1 has be5 ! refuge ( all reactioni/s1 :e!r democrat or royali/4 ,b !re are tea*]s ( ano!r k9d1 :o s9c]ely ma9ta9 t our life "h on e>? is a tempor>y bani%m5t1 & t we ought to take z little int]e/ 9 x z possible4 ,a prompt answ] may be giv5 to su* in/ructors z ^!4 ,!y %\ld be reque/$ to foll[ out _! pr9ciple consi/5tly1 & to cease to int]f]e 9 ! managem5t ( a _w :i* is s ali5 to :at1 9 _! ideas1 is ! sole aim ( life4 ,f metaphysical doctr9es ,metaphysical pr9ciples h m hold on our work+ classes ?an !ological2 yet _! ab&onm5t is equally necess>y4 ,! subtle extravagances by :i* ! ,g]man m9d has be5 s confus$1 f9d1 x is true1 little fav\r 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,b ev5 9 ,p>is ! p reta9s a prejudice 9 fav\r ( metaphysical in/ruction1 ?\gh happily x has n be5 able to obta9 x4 ,x is mo/ desirable t ?is la/ illusion ( our work+ classes %\ld be dissipat$1 z x =ms ! "o great ob/acle to _! social action4 ,"o reason = x is t !y fall into ! common error ( conf\nd+ k ) intellig5ce1 & imag9e 9 _! mode/y t none b in/ruct$ m5 are capable ( gov]n+4 ,n[ ?is error1 natural z x is1 (t5 leads !m to *oose incompet5t lead]s4 ,a tru] e/imate ( mod]n society w\ld tea* !m t x is n among our lit]>y1 or ev5 our sci5tific m51 pr\d z !y may be ( _! atta9m5ts1 t ! l>ge/ numb] ( really p[]ful intellects are to be f\nd4 ,!re are m ( !m among ! despis$ practical class1 & ev5 among/ ! mo/ un9/ruct$ work+ m54 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ?is tru? 0 bett] kn[n ?an x is n[4 ,education 0 ?\ght m ( ?an in/ruction4 ,a knight w\ld be appreciat$ = 8 sagacity & p5etration1 & appo9t$ to important po/s1 ?\gh he might be extremely ignorant4 ,cle>-sight$ness1 wisdom1 & ev5 consi/5cy ( ?\ght1 are qualities :i* are v indep5d5t ( le>n+2 &1 z matt]s n[ /&1 !y are f> bett] cultivat$ 9 practical life ?an 9 s*ola/ic /udy4 ,9 bread? ( view1 :i* lies at ! root ( all political capacity1 our lit]>y classes h c]ta9ly %[n !mselves f> bel[ ! av]age4 ,_! mi/ak5 pref]5ce ( lit]>y & rhetorical tal5t to real intellectual p[] ,& n[ we come to ano!r & a deep] reason = ! prejudice ( :i* ,i am speak+4 ,x is t !y make no di/9ction betwe5 "o k9d ( in/ruction & ano!r4 ,! un=tunate confid5ce :i* !y /ill be/[ on lit]>y m5 & lawy]s %[s t ! pre/ige ( p$antry l+]s among !m long] ?an ! pre/ige ( !ology or mon>*y4 ,b all ?is w soon be alt]$ "u ! influ5ce ( republican gov]nm5t1 & ! /rong discipl9e ( a s\nd philosophical sy/em4 ,popul> in/9ct w soon discov] t con/ant practice ( ! faculty ( expression1 :e!r 9 spee* or 9 writ+1 is no gu>antee = real p[] ( ?\ght2 inde$ t x has a t5d5cy to incapacitate m5 f =m+ a cle> & decid$ judgm5t on any "q4 ,! in/ruction :i* su* m5 receive is utt]ly defici5t 9 solid pr9ciples1 & x almo/ always ei!r presupposes or causes a total abs5ce ( fix$ convictions4 ,mo/ m9ds ?us tra9$1 :ile skill$ 9 putt+ o!r m5's ?\ghts into %ape1 become incapable ( di/+ui%+ true f false 9 ! commone/ subjects1 ev5 :5 _! own int]e/ requires x4 ,! p mu/ give up ! feel+ ( bl9d respect :i* leads !m to intru/ su* m5 ) _! high] int]e/s4 ,rev]5ce = sup]iors is d\btless indisp5sable to a well-ord]$ /ate2 only x ne$s to be bett] guid$ ?an x is n[4 ,:at !n1 work+ m5 may ask1 is ! prop] tra9+ = !mselves1 & consequ5tly = ^? :o claim to guide !m8 ,! answ] is1 sy/ematic cultivation ( ! ,positive _s4 ,x is already call$ into ex]cise by _! daily occupations2 & all t is want$ is to /r5g!n x by a c\rse ( sci5tific /udy4 ,_! daily "w involves a rudim5t>y application ( ! ,positive me?od3 x turns _! att5tion to _m mo/ important natural laws4 ,9 fact1 ! workm5 ( ,p>is1 :om ,i take z ! be/ type ( _! class1 h a cle>] s5se ( t union ( reality ) utility by :i* ! ,positive _s is *>act]iz$1 ?an mo/ ( our sci5tific m54 ,! speciality ( _! employm5t is no d\bt disadvantage\s ) respect to bread? & coh]5ce ( ideas4 ,b x leaves ! m9d free f responsibility1 & ?is is ! mo/ fav\rable condition = develop+ ^! qualities to :i* all vigor\s intellects are naturally dispos$4 ,b no?+ w s /rongly impress on ! p ! importance ( ext5d+ & organiz+ _! sci5tific k1 z _! int]e/ 9 social que/ions4 ,_! det]m9ation to rectify a faulty condition ( society w sugge/ to !m t !y mu/ fir/ "k :at ! laws ( ,social life really are2 k :i* is obvi\sly necess>y 9 e o!r subject4 ,!y w !n feel h[ impossible x is to und]/& ! pres5t /ate ( society1 )\t und]/&+ its relation on ! "o h& ) ! ,pa/1 & on ! o!r ) ! ,future4 ,_! desire to modify ! natural c\rse ( social ph5om5a w make !m anxi\s to "k ! antec$5ts & consequ5ces ( ^! ph5om5a1 s z to avoid all mis*iev\s or useless int]f]5ce4 ,!y w ?us discov] t ,political ,art is ev5 m dep5d5t ?an o!r arts1 ^u its correspond+ ,sci5ce4 ,& !n !y w soon see t ?is sci5ce is no isolat$ dep>tm5t ( k1 b t x involves prelim9>y /udy ( ,man & ( ! ,_w4 ,9 ?is way !y w pass d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! hi]>*ic scale ( ,positive conceptions1 until !y come back to ! inorganic _w1 ! sph]e m imm$iately connect$ ) _! own special avocations4 ,& ?us !y w rea* ! conclusion t ,positivism is ! only sy/em :i* c satisfy ei!r ! intellectual or mat]ial wants ( ! p1 s9ce its subject-matt] & its objects are id5tical ) _! own1 & s9ce1 l !mselves1 x subord9ates ev]y?+ to social consid]ations4 ,all t x claims is to pres5t 9 a sy/ematic =m pr9ciples :i* !y already hold in/9ctively4 ,by co-ord9at+ ^! pr9ciples ( morality & good s5se1 _! value1 :e!r 9 public or 9 private que/ions1 is l>gely increas$2 & ! union ( ! two =ms ( wisdom1 !oretical & practical wisdom1 is p]man5tly secur$4 ,:5 all ?is is und]/ood1 ! p w feel "s %ame at hav+ entru/$ que/ions ( ! greate/ complexity to m9ds t h nev] q compreh5d$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a cubic in* & a cubic foot4 ,z to m5 ( sci5ce1 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w1 :o are s respect$ by ! middle classes1 we ne$ n be afraid ( _! ga9+ mu* influ5ce ) ! p4 ,!y are ali5at$ f !m by _! utt] indiff]5ce to social que/ions2 & be=e ^! _! le>n$ pu]ilities fade into insignificance4 ,absorb$ 9 ! details ( _! own special sci5ce1 !y are q incapable ( satisfy+ unsophi/icat$ m9ds4 ,:at ! p want is to h cle> conceptions on all subjects1 des cl>ts de t\t1 z ,molire has x4 ,:5ev] ! savants ( our "t are drawn by _! fooli% ambition into politics1 ord9>y m5 f9d to _! surprise t1 except 9 a few que/ions ( limit$ ext5t & importance1 _! m9ds h become ?or\ghly n>r[ "u ! influ5ce ( ! specializ+ sy/em ( :i* !y are s pr\d4 ,positivism expla9s ! my/]y1 by %[+ t1 s9ce ! necessity = ! specializ+ sy/em n[ no long] exi/s1 x naturally results if prolong$1 9 a sort ( academic idiocy4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies x did real s]vice to society1 by lay+ d[n ! sci5tific gr\ndwork = ! r5ovation ( ,philosophy project$ by ,bacon & ,desc>tes4 ,b z soon z ! gr\ndwork 0 suffici5tly f9i%$ to admit ( ! =mation ( true ,sci5ce1 t is1 ( ,sci5ce view$ relatively to ,humanity1 ! specializ+ me?od became retrograde4 ,x ceas$ to be ( any assi/ance to ! mod]n _s2 & inde$ x is n[1 especially 9 ,france1 a s]i\s ob/acle to its diffusion & sy/ematic work+4 ,! wise revolutioni/s ( ! ,conv5tion 7 well aw>e ( ?is :5 !y took ! bold /ep ( suppress+ ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! b5eficial results ( ?is /atesman-l policy w soon be appreciat$ by our workm54 ,! dang] le/1 9 )draw+ _! confid5ce f metaphysicians or lit]>y m51 !y %\ld fall into ! bad sci5tific _s1 is n !re=e v great4 ,) ! social aims :i* !y h 9 view1 !y _c b see t g5]ality 9 _! conceptions is z necess>y z positivity4 ,! ,capitali/ class by :i* indu/ry is direct$1 be+ m conc5trat$ on special objects1 w always look on m5 ( pure sci5ce ) m respect4 ,b ! p w be drawn by _! political lean+s t[>ds philosoph]s 9 ! true s5se ( t ^w4 ,! numb] ( su* m5 is b v small at pres5t2 b x w soon increase at ! call ( ! work+ classes1 & w inde$ be recruit$ f _! ranks4 ,moral attitude ( ! p4 ,! workman %\ld reg>d himself z a public function>y ,?is1 !n1 %\ld be ! attitude ( ! work+ class1 intellectually4 ,morally1 :at is requir$ is1 t !y %\ld h a suffici5t s5se ( ! dignity ( lab\r1 & t !y %\ld be prep>$ = ! mission t n[ lies be=e !m4 ,! workman mu/ le>n to look ^u himself1 morally1 z a public s]vant1 ) functions ( a special & also ( a g5]al k9d4 ,n t he is to receive 8 wages = ! future f ! ,/ate in/ead ( f a private h&4 ,! pres5t plan is p]fectly well adapt$ to all s]vices :i* are s direct & def9ite1 t a common /&>d ( value c be at once appli$ to !m4 ,only let x be und]/ood t ! s]vice is n suffici5tly recomp5s$1 )\t ! social feel+ ( gratitude t[>ds ! ag5t t p]=ms x4 ,9 :at are call$ lib]al pr(essions1 ?is feel+ already obta9s4 ,! cli5t or pati5t is n disp5s$ f gratitude by paym5t ( 8 fee4 ,9 ?is respect ! republican in/9cts ( ! ,conv5tion h anticipat$ ! tea*+ ( philosophy4 ,!y valu$ ! workman's lab\r at its true wor?4 ,workm5 h only to imag9e lab\r suppress$ or ev5 susp5d$ 9 ! trade to :i* !y may belong1 to see its importance to ! :ole fabric ( mod]n society4 ,_! g5]al function z a class1 ! function ( =m+ public op9ion1 & ( support+ ! action ( ! spiritual p[]1 x is ( c\rse less easy = !m to und]/& at pres5t4 ,b1 z ,i h already %[n1 x foll[s s naturally f _! "* & position1 & corresponds s p]fectly ) _! requirem5ts z a class1 t !y _c fail to appreciate its importance1 :5 ! c\rse ( ev5ts all[s1 or r compels !m to br+ x into play4 ,! only dang] lies 9 _! insi/+ on ! possession ( :at metaphysicians call political rights1 & 9 engag+ 9 useless discussions ab\t ! di/ribution ( p[]1 in/ead ( fix+ _! att5tion on ! mann] 9 :i* x is us$4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is no great fe>1 at all ev5ts 9 ,france1 :]e ! metaphysical !ory ( ,"r has nev] rea*$ s fanatical a pit* ) ! work+ classes z else:]e4 ,ideologi/s may blame !m1 & may use _! (ficial influ5ce z !y w2 b ! p h too mu* good s5se to be p]man5tly misl$ z to _! true function 9 society4 ,delug$ z !y h be5 ) electoral votes1 !y w soon volunt>ily ab&on ?is useless qualification1 :i* n[ has n ev5 ! *>m ( a privilege4 ,que/ions ( pure politics h ceas$ to int]e/ ! p2 _! att5tion is fix$1 & w rema9 fix$1 on social que/ions1 :i* are to be solv$ = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh moral ag5cies4 ,t sub/itutions ( "o p]son or p>ty = ano!r1 or t m]e modifications ( any k9d 9 ! adm9i/ration %\ld be look$ on z ! f9al issue ( ! great ,revolution1 is a result 9 :i* !y w nev] acquiesce4 ,& if ?is is to be ! attitude ( ! p1 x mu/ be ! attitude no less ( ^? :o seek to ga9 _! confid5ce4 ,) !m1 z ) ! p1 political que/ions %\ld be subord9ate to social que/ions2 & ) !m ! conviction %\ld be ev5 m di/9ct1 t ! solution ( social problems dep5ds ess5tially on moral ag5cies4 ,!y mu/1 9 fact1 accept ! great pr9ciple ( sep>ation ( spiritual f temporal p[]1 z ! basis on :i* mod]n society is to be prom95tly organiz$4 ,s entirely does ! pr9ciple meet ! wants ( ! p1 t !y w soon insi/ on its adoption by _! tea*]s4 ,!y w accept none :o d n =mally ab&on any prospects !y may h ( temporal p[]1 p>liam5t>y z well z adm9i/rative4 ,& by ?us d$icat+ _! lives )\t res]vation to ! prie/hood ( ,humanity1 !y w ga9 confid5ce1 n m]ely f ! p1 b f ! gov]n+ classes4 ,gov]nm5ts w (f] no imp$im5t to social speculations :i* d n pr(ess to be susceptible ( imm$iate application2 & ?us ! normal /ate may be prep>$ = 9 ! future )\t di/urbance1 & yet )\t neglect+ ! pres5t4 ,practical /atesm5 mean:ile1 no long] int]f]$ ) by pret5ti\s sophi/s1 w give up _! retrograde t5d5cies1 & w gradually adapt _! policy to ! new ideas curr5t 9 ! public m9d1 :ile dis*>g+ ! indisp5sable function ( ma9ta9+ mat]ial ord]4 ,ambition ( p[] & weal? mu/ be ab&on$ ,= ! p to rise to ! true level ( _! position1 !y h only to develop & cultivate c]ta9 dispositions :i* already exi/ 9 !m spontane\sly4 ,& ! mo/ important ( ^! is1 abs5ce ( ambition = weal? or rank4 ,political metaphysicians w\ld say t ! sole object ( ! ,great ,revolution 0 to give ! work+ classes easi] access to political & civil p[]4 ,b ?is1 ?\gh x %\ld always be op5 to !m1 is v f> f meet+ _! true wants4 ,individuals among !m may be b5efit$ by x1 b ! mass is left unaffect$1 or r is plac$ (t5 9 a worse position1 by ! des]tion ( ! m en]getic memb]s4 ,! ,conv5tion is ! only gov]nm5t by :i* ?is result has be5 prop]ly appreciat$4 ,x is ! only gov]nm5t :i* has %[n due consid]ation = work+ m5 z su*2 :i* has recogniz$ ! value ( _! s]vices1 & enc\rag$ :at is ! *ief comp5sation = _! condition ( pov]ty1 _! p>ticipation 9 public life4 ,all subsequ5t gov]nm5ts1 :e!r retrograde or con/itutional1 h1 on ! contr>y1 done all !y c\ld to div]t ! p f _! true social function1 by af=d+ opportunity = individuals among !m to rise to high] positions4 ,! moni$ classes1 "u ! influ5ce ( bl9d r\t9e1 h l5t _! aid to ?is degrad+ policy1 by cont9ually prea*+ to ! p ! necessity ( sav+2 a precept :i* is inde$ incumb5t on _! own class1 b n on o!rs4 ,)\t sav+1 capital c\ld n be accumulat$ & adm9i/]$2 x is !re=e ( ! highe/ importance t ! moni$ classes %\ld be z economical z possible4 ,b 9 o!r classes1 & especially 9 ^? dep5d5t on fix$ wages1 p>simoni\s habits are uncall$ = & injuri\s2 !y l[] ! "* ( ! lab\r]1 :ile !y d little or no?+ to improve 8 physical condition2 & nei!r ! work+ classes nor _! tea*]s %\ld enc\rage !m4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r w f9d _! true/ happ9ess 9 keep+ cle> ( all s]i\s practical responsibility1 & 9 all[+ free play to _! m5tal & moral faculties 9 public z well z private life4 ,9 spite ( ! ,economi/s1 sav+s-banks are reg>d$ by ! work+ classes ) unmi/akable repugnance4 ,& ! repugnance is ju/ifiable2 !y d h>m morally1 by *eck+ ! ex]cise ( g5]\s feel+s4 ,aga91 x is ! fa%ion to declaim aga9/ w9e-%ops2 & yet aft] all !y are at pres5t ! only places :]e ! p c enjoy society4 ,social in/9cts are cultivat$ !re :i* des]ve our approval f> m ?an ! self-help+ _s :i* c>ries m5 to ! sav+s-bank4 ,no d\bt ?is unconc]n = money1 wise z x is1 involves real p]sonal risk2 b x is a dang] :i* civilization is con/antly t5d+ to dim9i%1 )\t effac+ qualities :i* d ! workman hon\r1 & :i* are ! s\rce ( 8 mo/ *]i%$ pleasures4 ,! dang] ceases :5 ! m5tal & moral faculties are call$ into /rong] ex]cise4 ,! int]e/ :i* ,positivism w ar\se among ! p 9 public que/ions1 w lead to ! sub/itution ( ! club = ! w9e-%op4 ,9 ^! que/ions1 ! g5]\s inspirations ( popul> in/9ct hold out a model :i* philosoph]s w d well to foll[ !mselves4 ,fondness = money is z mu* a disqualification = ! spiritual gov]nm5t ( ,humanity1 z political ambition4 ,x is a cle> pro( ( moral incompet5ce1 :i* is g5]ally connect$ 9 "o way or o!r ) intellectual feebl5ess4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal results ( ! spiritual p[] ex]cis$ by philosoph]s & ! work+ classes "u ! ,positivi/ sy/em1 w be to comp5sate by a j di/ribution ( blame & praise = ! imp]fect arrangem5ts ( social rank1 9 :i* weal? mu/ always prepond]ate4 ,leav+ ! pres5t subord9ation ( (fices unt\*$1 ea* function>y w be judg$ by ! intr9sic wor? ( 8 m9d & he>t1 )\t s]vility & yet )\t any enc\ragem5t to an>*y4 ,x mu/ always be obvi\s t ! political importance :i* high position gives1 is out ( all proportion to ! real m]it impli$ 9 ga9+ t position4 ,! p w come to see m & m cle>ly t real happ9ess1 s f> f dep5d+ on rank1 is f> m compatible ) _! own humble /ation4 ,exceptional m5 no d\bt !re are1 ^: "* impels !m to seek p[]2 a "* m dang]\s ?an useful1 unless !re be suffici5t wisdom 9 ! social body to turn x to good acc\nt4 ,! be/ workm51 l ! be/ philosoph]s1 w soon cease to feel envy = greatness1 lad51 z x always mu/ be1 ) heavy responsibilities4 ,at pres5t1 ! comp5sation :i* ,i hold out to !m has n be5 realiz$2 b :5 x exi/s1 ! p w feel t _! spiritual & temporal lead]s are comb9+ all ! en]gies ( society = ! satisfaction ( _! wants4 ,recogniz+ ?is1 !y w c>e b little = fame t mu/ be b\ght by long & t$i\s m$itation1 or = p[] burd5$ ) con/ant c>e4 ,!re are m5 ^: tal5ts call !m to ^! important duties1 & !y w be left free to p]=m !m2 b ! great mass ( society w be well satisfi$ t _! own lot is "o f> m 9 keep+ ) ! con/itution ( our nature2 m compatible ) t h>moni\s ex]cise ( ! faculties ( ,?\ght1 ,feel+1 & ,action1 :i* is mo/ conducive to happ9ess4 ,! imm$iate pressure ( pov]ty once remov$1 ! highe/ rew>d ( hon\rable conduct w be f\nd 9 ! p]man5t e/eem1 po/hum\s z x may be sometimes1 ( t portion ( ,humanity :i* has witness$ x4 ,9 a ^w ! title1 s]vus s]vorum1 :i* is /ill reta9$ by ! ,papacy f false humility1 b :i* orig9at$ 9 anticipation ( a social tru?1 is applicable to all function>ies 9 high position4 ,!y may be describ$ z ! involunt>y s]vants ( volunt>y subord9ates4 ,x is n *im]ical to conceive ,positivi/ society s organiz$ t its !oretical & practical directors1 ) all _! p]sonal advantages1 w (t5 regret t !y 7 n born1 or t !y did n rema91 9 ! condition ( workm54 ,! only solid satisfaction :i* great m9ds h hi!rto f\nd 9 political or spiritual p[] has be5 t1 be+ m occupi$ ) public int]e/s1 !y _h a wid] scope = ! ex]cise ( social feel+4 ,b ! excell5ce ( ! future condition ( society w be1 t ! possibility ( comb9+ public & private life w be op5 to all4 ,! humble/ citiz5 w be able to influ5ce n by comm& b by c\nsel1 9 proportion to 8 en]gy & wor?4 ,all ! views br\ght =w>d 9 ?is *apt] be> out ! /atem5t ) :i* x began1 t ! ,prolet>iate =ms ! pr9cipal basis ( ! social sy/em1 n m]ely z f9ally con/itut$1 b 9 its pres5t /ate ( transition2 & admitt+ ?is1 ! pres5t /ate w be se5 to h no ess5tial diff]5ce f ! normal future to :i* x t5ds4 ,! pr9cipal conditions ( our transitional policy 7 describ$ at ! conclusion ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,! security = ^! conditions is to be f\nd 9 ! natural t5d5cies ( ! p ( ,we/]n ,europe1 & especially ( ,france4 ,our gov]nors w d well to foll[ ^! t5d5cies in/ead ( attempt+ to lead !m2 = !y are 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! two great requirem5ts ( ! pres5t "t1 ,lib]ty & ,public ,ord]4 ,! work+ classes are ! be/ gu>antee = ,lib]ty & = ,ord] ,lib]ty ( ?\ght & spee* is enjoy$ 9 ,france1 & especially 9 ,p>is1 to an ext5t impossible 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & x is due pr9cipally to ! intellectual emancipation ( our workm54 ,!y h rid !mselves ( !ology 9 all its =ms1 & yet h n accept$ any metaphysical sy/em4 ,at ! same "t1 ?\gh totally devoid at pres5t ( sy/ematic convictions1 !re is 9 !m a submissiv5ess ( m9d :i* pr$isposes !m to receive convictions comb9+ reality ) utility4 ,9 all o!r classes !re is a t5d5cy to use =cible measures 9 spread+ _! doctr9es :5 discussion fails4 ,x is only to ! p t philosoph]s c look = ! support & ext5sion ( ,lib]ty1 :i* is s ess5tial to _! objects2 & f ?is !y d]ive moral confid5ce f> m reassur+ ?an any legal security4 ,h[ev] reaction>y or /ation>y ! views ( p>ticul> lead]s or sects may be1 ) su* a population z t ( ,p>is1 no real oppression is possible4 ,( all ! claims :i* ,france has to ! lead]%ip ( ,europe1 ?is is ! /ronge/4 ,! resi/ance :i* is /ill (f]$ to fre$om ( association & fre$om ( education w soon be ov]come by ! =ce ( its lib]al sympa?ies4 ,a population ( su* /rong social feel+ z ours w c]ta9ly n all[ itself to be p]man5tly depriv$ ( ! p[] ( meet+ toge!r freely 9 clubs2 in/itutions mo/ conducive bo? to its culture & to ! protection ( its int]e/s4 ,x w insi/ ) equal =ce ^u p]fect lib]ty ( tea*+1 feel+ deeply ! ne$ ( solid in/ruction1 & ! incapacity ( metaphysicians & !ologians to give x4 ,)\t popul> pressure1 ! ess5tial conditions ( educational lib]ty w always be evad$4 ,& if ,lib]ty dep5ds ^u popul> support1 ,public ,ord]1 :e!r at home or abroad1 dep5ds ^u x no less4 ,! incl9ations ( ! work+ classes are altoge!r on ! side ( peace4 ,_! /rong dislike ( w> is ! pr9cipal reason ( ! pres5t rem>kable tranquillity ( ,europe4 ,! fooli% regret express$ by all ! retrograde p>ties = ! decl9e ( ! milit>y _s is a suffici5t indication ( :at ! popul> feel+ is2 b ev5 m significant is ! necessity = compulsory enli/m5t1 :i* began 9 ,france & has ext5d$ to o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,!re has be5 mu* factiti\s indignation on ! subject1 b at lea/ x mu/ be all[$1 t 9 our armies ! (fic]s are ! only volunte]s4 ,aga91 ! work+ class is m free ?an any o!r f int]national prejudices1 :i* /ill disunite ! great family ( ,we/]n nations1 al?\gh !y are v mu* weak] ?an =m]ly4 ,!y are /ronge/ 9 ! middle classes1 a fact pr9cipally due to indu/rial competition4 ,b work+ m5 feel h[ simil> _! wants & _! conditions are 9 all c\ntries1 & ?is feel+ *ecks _! animosity4 ,& ! consci\sness ( union w become f> /rong]1 n[ t ! great social problem ( _! incorporation into mod]n society is be+ rais$ ev]y:]e4 ,no errors t /atesm5 c commit1 :e!r 9 matt]s ( w> or peace1 c prev5t ?is f becom+ ! prepond]at+ "q 9 e ,european c\ntry2 & ?us x t5ds to pres]ve _! mutual concord4 ,popul> sympa?ies ( ?is sort are1 x may be said1 less conducive to int]nal tranquillity ?an to pacific =eign relations4 ,b ! al>m :i* is naturally ar\s$ by ! spiritual an>*y ar\nd u mu/ n bl9d u to ! real gu>antees = ,ord] :i* popul> t5d5cies1 rightly int]pret$1 hold out4 ,x is to ! p t we mu/ look = ! asc5dancy ( c5tral ov] local p[]1 :i*1 z we h se51 is s indisp5sable to public ord]4 ,! executive au?ority1 provid$ only t x gives no cause to fe> reaction1 w always h _! support :5 oppos$ by an assembly ! preval5t t5d5cies ( :i* w usually be adv]se to _! int]e/s4 ,!y w always turn in/9ctively to ! dictatorial r ?an to ! p>liam5t>y bran* ( ! adm9i/ration2 feel+ t f its practical "* & ! directness ( its action1 x is m likely to meet _! wants4 ,useless discussions on con/itutional que/ions may suit ambiti\s memb]s ( ! middle classes1 by facilitat+ _! arrival to p[]4 ,b ! p take v little int]e/ 9 all ?is unmean+ agitation1 & (t5 treat x ) m]it$ contempt4 ,!y "k t x c be ( no use to !m1 & t its only result is to evade _! real wants by und]m9+ ! only au?ority t c d !m ju/ice4 ,consequ5tly ! p are c]ta9 to give _! support to e gov]nm5t t des]ves x2 especially 9 ,france1 :]e political passions h already yield$ to ! sup]ior & m p]man5t int]e/ ( social que/ions4 ,& :ile /r5g!n+ ! gov]nm5t !y may d mu* to elevate its "*2 by conf9+ x /rictly to its practical function1 & resi/+ any attempts t x may make to int]f]e ) op9ion4 ,9 all ^! respects ! spontane\s influ5ce ( ! work+ classes w be ( mat]ial assi/ance 9 c>ry+ out ! sy/ematic conceptions ( social philosophy4 ,x is f !m t we %all obta9 ! dictatorial p[] :i* is provisionally requir$ ,b a m /rik+ pro( ( ! political influ5ce to be ex]cis$ by ! p is ?is4 ,! dictator%ip :i* our transitional policy requires z long z ! spiritual int]regnum la/s mu/ arise 9 ! fir/ in/ance f _! ranks4 ,9 ! ^w ,p1 especially 9 ! ,fr5* language1 !re is a =tunate ambiguity1 :i* may s]ve to rem9d u t ! prolet>iate class is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a class at all1 b con/itutes ! body ( society4 ,f x proce$ ! v>i\s special classes1 :i* we may reg>d z organs necess>y to t body4 ,s9ce ! abolition ( royalty1 ! la/ remnant ( ca/e1 our political lead]s h be5 recruit$1 & w cont9ue to be s1 f ! work+ class4 ,9 ! normal /ate1 h[ev]1 x w be requir$ z a prelim9>y condition1 t ! hold] ( dictatorial p[] %all h fir/ receiv$ ! political tra9+ :i* is giv5 by ! ex]cise ( au?ority 9 8 own bus9ess4 ,9 a settl$ /ate ( society1 ,gov]nm5t1 /rictly s call$1 is a m]e ext5sion ( civil influ5ce4 ,ultimately1 !re=e1 political p[] w fall into ! h&s ( ! great lead]s ( indu/ry4 ,z spiritual reorganization proce$s1 !y w gradually become m wor?y ( x ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,besides1 ! t5ure ( p[] w become less burd5some1 because x w be conf9$ to duties ( a purely practical k9d4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ! case is v diff]5t2 & !re=e ! weal?y1 ?\gh ultimately !y w be ! adm9i/rators ( p[]1 are n ^? to :om x %\ld z a rule be entru/$ 9 our pres5t condition4 ,special dep>tm5ts may be giv5 to !m ) advantage1 z we h se5 prov$ rec5tly1 & t 9 cases :]e ! functions to be p]=m$ _h no relation :atev] to indu/rial skill4 ,b !y are n compet5t z yet = dictatorial p[]1 ! p[] :i* has to supply ! place ( royalty4 ,individual exceptions1 ( c\rse1 !re may be1 ?\gh none h appe>$ hi!rto1 & at lea/ !y are n en\gh = our provisional sy/em to rely on4 ,z yet ! weal?y classes h %[n !mselves too debas$ 9 ?\ght & feel+ = an (fice ( su* importance4 ,nor d we f9d great] aptitude = x outside ! indu/rial class4 ,sci5tific m5 are mo/ assur$ly unfit = x1 especially 9 ,france1 :]e ! sy/em ( ,academies has n>r[$ ! m9d1 )]$ ! feel+s1 & en]vat$ ! "* to su* an ext5t1 t mo/ ( !m fail 9 ! conduct ( common life1 & are utt]ly unwor?y ( ! smalle/ po/ ( au?ority1 ev5 9 _! own dep>tm5t4 ,all o!r classes fail+ u1 we h to look to ! work+ class1 :i* has be5 left m free to =m broad views1 & 9 :i* ! s5se ( duty has be5 bett] cultivat$4 ,on hi/orical gr\nds ,i feel conv9c$ t ! workm5 ( ,france are m likely ?an any o!r class to supply m5 compet5t = supreme p[]1 z long z ! spiritual int]regnum la/s2 t is1 = at lea/ "o g5]ation4 ,on look+ at ?is "q calmly & )\t s*ola/ic or ari/ocratic prejudice1 x w be se51 z ,i po9t$ out at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 t ! work+ class is bett] situat$ ?an any o!r ) respect to g5]ality ( views & g5]osity ( feel+4 ,9 k & exp]i5ce ( adm9i/ration !y w\ld ord9>ily be defici5t2 !y w\ld !re=e n be fit = ! "w ( any special dep>tm5t4 ,b ?is is no disqualification = ! supreme p[]1 or inde$ = any ( ! high] (fices = :i* bread? ( view r ?an special k is requir$4 ,^! may be fill$ by work+ m51 ^: good s5se & mode/y w at once lead !m to *oose _! ag5ts = special dep>tm5ts f ! classes :o h usually furni%$ !m be=e4 ,! practical "* & progressive _s ( su* a gov]nm5t be+ beyond suspicion1 special tal5t ( :atev] k9d may be made available1 ev5 9 ! case ( m5 :o1 if !y _h be5 plac$ 9 a high] position1 w\ld h prov$ ?or\ghly ho/ile to republican in/itutions4 ,( all ! div]sifi$ elem5ts ( mod]n society1 !re is n "o :i* may n be ( real s]vice 9 assi/+ ! transition4 ,among soldi]s & magi/rates1 = in/ance1 !re are _m :o w jo9 ! popul> movem5t1 & become s9c]e support]s ( republicanism4 ,a gov]nm5t ( ?is k9d w\ld tranquillize ! p1 w\ld obviate ! necessity = viol5t compressive measures1 & w\ld at ! same "t h a mo/ b5eficial influ5ce on ! capitali/ class4 ,x w\ld %[ !m ! necessity ( atta9+ to great] purity ( feel+ & great] bread? ( view1 if !y are to become wor?y ( ! position = :i* !y are ultimately de/9$4 ,?us1 :e!r we look at ! int]e/s ( ,public ,ord]1 or at ^? ( ,lib]ty1 x appe>s necess>y z a provisional measure1 dur+ ! cont9uance ( our spiritual int]regnum1 t ! hold]s ( dictatorial p[] %all be *os5 f ! work+ class4 ,! success ( a few work+ m5 9 ! pursuit ( weal? has ex]cis$ an unsettl+ influ5ce on ! re/2 b 9 ! pres5t in/ance we ne$ n fe> ?is result4 ,x w be obvi\s t ! c>e] ( a prolet>y gov]nor is a r>e exception1 & "o :i* requires peculi> end[m5ts4 ,9 exam9+ ! mode 9 :i* ?is anomal\s policy %\ld be c>ri$ out1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! object ) :i* x 0 in/itut$4 ,x is mo/ important to get rid ( ! cu/om1 bas$ on motives ( self-int]e/1 :i* has gr[n up dur+ ! la/ g5]ation1 ( insi/+ on p>liam5t>y exp]i5ce z an appr5tice%ip = executive p[]2 executive p[] be+ always ! real object ( ambition4 ,we h f\nd f exp]i5ce :at we might h anticipat$ on !oretical gr\nds1 t ?is plan excludes all except m]e talk]s ( ! ,girond9 type1 m5 totally devoid ( /atesman-l qualities4 ,to work+ m5 x (f]s almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acles2 & ev5 suppos+ ^! ob/acles to be ov]come1 we may be sure t !y w\ld lose ! /raight=w>dness & native vig\r :i* con/itute _! be/ claim to ! exceptional position propos$ = !m4 ,x is be/1 !n1 t !y %\ld rea* ! position assign$ to !m at once1 )\t ! circuit\s process ( a p>liam5t>y c>e]4 ,our transition t[>ds ! normal /ate w !n exhibit its true "*4 ,x w be tranquil & yet decisive2 = x w re/ on ! comb9$ action ( philosoph]s )\t political ambition1 & dictators adv]se to spiritual encroa*m5t4 ,! tea*] :o attempts to gov]n1 ! gov]nor :o attempts to educate1 w bo? incur sev]e public c5sure1 z enemies alike ( peace & progress4 ,! :ole result w be a *ange 9 our revolution>y condition id5tical ) t :i* ! ,conv5tion w\ld h realiz$1 if1 z its f\nd]s contemplat$1 x _h la/$ till ! ,peace4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! nature ( ! compact into :i* all true philosoph]s %\ld ent] ) ! lead+ memb]s ( ! prolet>y class4 ,_! object is to direct ! organic & f9al phase ?r\gh :i* ! ,great ,revolution is n[ pass+4 ,:at !y h to d is c>efully to prolong ! provisional sy/em adopt$ by ! ,conv5tion1 & to ignore1 z f> z possible1 ! traditions ( all succe$+ gov]nm5ts1 :e!r /ation>y or retrograde4 ,compreh5siv5ess ( view & social sympa?y pr$om9ate alike 9 bo? memb]s ( ?is great alliance2 & x is ?us a gu>antee = our pres5t /ate ( transition1 & a sure e>ne/ ( ! normal future4 ,! p are ! spontane\s repres5tatives ( ?is alliance2 ! philosoph]s its sy/ematic organ4 ,! intellectual defici5cies ( ! =m] w easily be rem$i$ by philosoph]s1 :o w %[ !m h[ ess5tial x is on social gr\nds t !y %\ld und]/& ! true mean+ ( hi/ory2 s9ce o!rwise _! conception ( ! union ( mank9d mu/ be limit$ to ! pres5t g5]ation1 ignor+ ! m important tru? ( ! cont9uity ( ! ,pres5t ) ! ,pa/ & ! ,future4 ,a f> great] ob/acle is ! moral defici5cy ( mo/ philosoph]s ( our "t4 ,b ! :olesome influ5ce ( ! p ^u !m1 comb9$ ) a deep philosophic conviction ( ! prepond]ance ( ,feel+ 9 e subject ( ?\ght1 w d mu* to ov]come ! ambiti\s in/9cts :i* weak5 & di/ract _! en]gies 9 ! common cause ( social r5ovation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,positivism ,,^u ,,wom5 ,wom5 repres5t ! affective elem5t 9 our nature1 z philosoph]s & p repres5t ! intellectual & practical elem5ts ,9 _! action1 !n1 ^u society1 philosoph]s may hope = ! en]getic support ( ! work+ classes4 ,b ! reg5]at+ movem5t requires /ill ! co-op]ation ( a ?ird elem5t1 an elem5t indicat$ by our analysis ( human nature1 & sugge/$ also by hi/orical /udy ( ! great crisis ( mod]n times4 ,! moral con/itution ( man consi/s ( some?+ m ?an ,intellect & ,activity4 ,^! are repres5t$ 9 ! con/itution ( society by ! philosophic body & ! prolet>iate4 ,b besides ^! !re is ,feel+1 :i*1 9 ! !ory put =w>d 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is "w1 0 %[n to be ! pr$om9at+ pr9ciple1 ! motive p[] ( our be+1 ! only basis on :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( our nature c be br\ght into unity4 ,n[ ! alliance betwe5 philosoph]s & work+ m51 :i* has be5 j describ$1 h[ev] p]fectly x may be realiz$1 does n repres5t ! elem5t ( ,feel+ ) suffici5t di/9ctness & prom95ce4 ,c]ta9ly )\t ,social ,feel+1 nei!r philosoph]s nor prolet>ies c ex]cise any real influ5ce4 ,b 9 _! case its s\rce is n suffici5tly pure nor deep to su/a9 !m 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duty4 ,a m spontane\s & m p]5nial spr+ ( inspiration mu/ be f\nd4 ,) ! philosoph] social sympa?ies w nev] be want+ 9 coh]5ce1 s9ce !y w be connect$ ) 8 :ole sy/em ( ?\ght2 b ?is v sci5tific "* w dead5 _! vig\r1 unless !y are reviv$ by impulses 9 :i* reflection has no %>e4 ,r\s$ z he w be by ! consci\sness ( public duty to a degree ( activity ( :i* ab/ract ?9k]s c =m no conception1 ! emotions ( private life w yet be n less necess>y = him ?an = o!rs4 ,int]c\rse ) ! work+ classes w be ( ! greate/ b5efit to him2 b ev5 ?is is n en\gh to comp5sate ! defects ( a life devot$ to speculation4 ,! sympa?ies ( ! p aga91 ?\gh /rong] & m spontane\s ?an ^? ( ! philosoph]1 are1 9 mo/ cases1 less pure & n s la/+4 ,f ! pressure ( daily necessities x is difficult = !m to ma9ta9 ! same consi/5t & dis9t]e/$ "*4 ,great z are ! moral advantages :i* w result f ! incorporation ( ! p 9 mod]n society1 !y are n en\gh by !mselves to outweigh ! =ce ( self-int]e/ ar\s$ by ! prec>i\s nature ( _! position4 ,emotions ( a g5tl] & less transi5t k9d mu/ be call$ into play4 ,philosoph]s may relieve ! work+ classes f ! necessity ( press+ _! own claims & grievances2 b ! fact /ill rema9s1 t ! in/9cts by :i* ^? claims are prompt$ are p]sonal r ?an social4 ,?us1 9 ! alliance :i* has be5 "h propos$ z necess>y = social reorganization1 ,feel+1 ! mo/ influ5tial "p ( human nature1 has n be5 adequately repres5t$4 ,an elem5t is want+ :i* %all h ! same relation to ! moral side ( our con/itution1 z ! philosophic body has ) ,intellect1 & ! p ) ,activity4 ,on ?is1 z well z on o!r gr\nds1 x is indisp5sable t ,wom5 be associat$ 9 ! "w ( reg5]ation z soon z its t5d5cies & conditions c be expla9$ to !m4 ,) ! addition ( ?is ?ird elem5t1 ! con/ructive movem5t at la/ assumes its true "*4 ,we may !n feel confid5t t our intellectual & practical faculties w be kept 9 due subord9ation to univ]sal ,love4 ,! digressions ( intellect1 & ! subv]sive t5d5cies ( our active p[]s w be z f> z possible prev5t$4 ,wom5 h /ood alo( f ! mod]n movem5t1 because ( its anti-hi/oric & de/ructive "* ,indisp5sable to ,positivism z ! co-op]ation ( wom5 is1 x involves "o ess5tial condition4 ,mod]n progress mu/ rise above its pres5t imp]fect "*1 be=e wom5 c ?or\ghly sympa?ize ) x4 ,at pres5t ! g5]al feel+ among/ !m is antipa?y to ! ,revolution4 ,!y dislike ! de/ructive "* :i* ! ,revolution necess>ily exhibit$ 9 its fir/ phase4 ,all _! social sympa?ies are giv5 to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& ?is is n m]ely due1 z is suppos$1 to ! regret :i* !y v naturally feel = ! decl9e ( *ivalry1 al?\gh !y _c b feel t ! ,middle ,ages are ! only p]iod 9 :i* ! feel+ ( rev]5ce = wom5 has be5 prop]ly cultivat$4 ,b ! real gr\nd ( _! pr$ilection is deep] & less int]e/$4 ,x is t1 be+ morally ! pure/ portion ( ,humanity1 !y v5]ate ,ca?olicism1 z ! only sy/em :i* has upheld ! pr9ciple ( subord9at+ ,politics to ,morals4 ,?is1 ,i _c d\bt1 is ! secret cause ( mo/ ( ! regret ) :i* wom5 /ill reg>d ! irrevocable decay ( m$iaeval society4 ,!y d n disreg>d ! progress :i* mod]n times h made 9 v>i\s special directions4 ,b our errone\s t5d5cies t[>ds br++ back ! old supremacy ( ,politics ov] ,morality1 are1 9 _! eyes1 a retrograde movem5t s compreh5sive 9 its "* t no p>tial improvem5ts c comp5sate = x4 ,true1 we are able to ju/ify ?is deviation provisionally1 s9ce ! decay ( ,ca?olicism r5d]s political dictator%ip necess>y4 ,b wom51 hav+ comp>atively little to d ) ! practical bus9ess ( life1 c h>dly appreciate ?is necessity )\t a m satisfactory !ory ( hi/ory ?an !y at pres5t possess4 ,x is a complete mi/ake to *>ge wom5 ) be+ retrograde on acc\nt ( ^! feel+s ( regret :i* are mo/ hon\rable to !m4 ,!y might retort ! *>ge ) f> bett] reason on ! revolutioni/s1 = _! bl9d admiration ( ,greek & ,roman society1 :i* !y /ill p]si/ 9 ass]t+ to be sup]ior to ,ca?olic ,feudalism2 a delusion1 ! cont9uance ( :i* is pr9cipally due to our absurd sy/em ( classical education1 f :i* wom5 are =tunately pres]v$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! feel+s ( wom5 ^u ^! subjects are a v pla9 & simple demon/ration ( ! fir/ condition ( social reg5]ation1 :i* is1 t ,politics mu/ aga9 be subord9at$ to ,morality2 & ?is ^u a m intelligible1 m compreh5sive1 & m p]man5t basis ?an ,ca?olicism c\ld supply4 ,a sy/em :i* suppli$ su* a basis w\ld naturally involve rev]5ce = wom5 z "o ( its *>act]i/ic results4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! t]ms on :i* wom5 w cordially co-op]ate 9 ! progressive movem5t4 ,no?+ b incapacity to satisfy ^! t]ms c\ld induce any ?9k]s to condemn ! conception z retrograde4 ,x is n1 !n1 to ! ,revolution itself t wom5 feel antipa?y1 b to ! anti-hi/oric _s :i* prevail$ 9 its fir/ phase4 ,! bl9d abuse lavi%$ on ! ,middle ,ages w\nds _! /ronge/ sympa?ies4 ,!y c>e little = metaphysical !ories ( society 9 :i* human happ9ess is made to consi/ 9 a cont9ual ex]cise ( political rights2 = political rights1 h[ev] attractively pres5t$1 w always fail to int]e/ !m4 ,b !y give _! cordial sympa?y to all reasonable claims ( ! p2 & ^! claims =m ! real object ( ! revolution>y crisis4 ,!y w wi% all success to philosoph]s & workm5 :5 !y see !m endeav\r+ to trans=m political disputes into social compacts1 & prov+ t !y h great] reg>d = duties ?an = rights4 ,if !y regret ! decl9e ( ! g5tle influ5ce :i* !y possess$ 9 =m] times1 x is pr9cipally because !y f9d x sup]s$$ by co>se & egoti/ic feel+s1 :i* are n[ no long] c\nt]balanc$ by revolution>y en?usiasm4 ,in/ead ( blam+ _! antipa?ies1 we %\ld le>n f !m ! urg5t necessity ( putt+ an end to ! moral & intellectual an>*y ( our times2 = ?is x is :i* gives a gr\nd ( real ju/ice to _! reproa*es4 ,b !y w sympa?ize ) con/ructive t5d5cies2 & w di/+ui% s\nd philosophy f sci5tific specialities ,wom5 w gladly associate !mselves ) ! ,revolution z soon z its "w ( recon/ruction is fairly begun4 ,its negative phase mu/ n be prolong$ too f>4 ,x is difficult en\gh = !m to und]/& h[ su* a phase c\ld ev] be necess>y2 !re=e !y _c be expect$ to excuse its ab]rations4 ,! true connexion ( ! ,revolution ) ! ,middle ,ages mu/ be fairly /at$4 ,hi/ory1 :5 rightly int]pret$1 w %[ !m t its real object is1 :ile lay+ d[n a sur] basis = ,morality1 to re/ore x to ! old position ( sup]iority ov] ,politics 9 :i* ! m$iaeval sy/em fir/ plac$ x4 ,wom5 w feel en?usiasm = ! second phase ( ! ,revolution1 :5 !y see republicanism 9 ! light 9 :i* ,positivism pres5ts x1 modifi$ by ! _s ( anci5t *ivalry4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 w ! movem5t ( social reg5]ation be fairly begun4 ,! movem5t c h no great =ce until wom5 give cordial support to x2 = x is !y :o are ! be/ repres5tatives ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* ,positivism re/s1 ! victory ( social ov] selfi% affections4 ,on philosoph]s re/s ! duty ( giv+ logical coh]5ce to ?is pr9ciple1 & sav+ x f sophi/ical attacks4 ,its practical work+ dep5ds ^u ! prolet>y class1 )\t ^: aid x w\ld almo/ always be evad$4 ,b to ma9ta9 x 9 all its purity1 z an inspiration t ne$s nei!r argum5t nor compulsion1 is ! "w ( wom5 only4 ,s con/itut$1 ! alliance ( ! ?ree classes w be ! =e%ad[$ image ( ! normal /ate to :i* ,humanity is t5d+4 ,x w be ! liv+ type ( p]fect human nature4 ,unless ! new philosophy c obta9 ! support ( wom51 ! attempt to sub/itute x = !ology 9 ! regulation ( social life _h bett] be ab&on$4 ,b if ! !ory /at$ 9 my fir/ *apt] be true1 ,positivism w h ev5 great] influ5ce ) wom5 ?an ) ! work+ classes4 ,9 ! pr9ciple :i* animates x1 9 its mann] ( reg>d+ & ( h&l+ ! great problem ( human life1 x is b a sy/ematic developm5t ( :at wom5 h always felt in/9ctively4 ,to !m1 z to ! p1 x (f]s a noble c>e] ( social usefulness1 & x holds out a sure prospect ( improvem5t 9 _! own p]sonal position4 ,nor is x surpris+ t ! new philosophy %\ld possess su* qualities4 ,!y foll[ naturally f ! reality :i* is "o ( its *ief claims to acceptance2 9 o!r words1 f ! exactness ) :i* x takes acc\nt ( ! facts ( e subject t x deals )4 ,/rong z ! prejudices ( wom5 are ^u religi\s que/ions1 x _c be long be=e !y f9d out t ,positivism satisfies1 n m]ely _! intellectual1 b _! moral & social wants bett] ?an ,ca?olicism4 ,!y w !n h no fur!r reason = cl++ to ! old sy/em1 ( ! decay$ condition ( :i* !y are p]fectly aw>e4 ,at pres5t !y n unnaturally conf\nd ,positivism ) ! sci5tific specialities on :i* x is bas$4 ,sci5tific /udies h1 z !y see1 a h>d5+ influ5ce1 :i* !y _c suppose t ! new s*ool ( philosoph]s1 :o insi/ s /rongly ^u ! necessity ( /udy+ sci5ce1 c h escap$4 ,clos] acqua9tance ) ! subject w %[ !m :]e _! error lies4 ,!y w see t ! moral dang] ( sci5tific /udies arises almo/ entirely f want ( purpose & f irrational speciality1 :i* always ali5ate !m f ! social po9t ( view4 ,b = ! ,positivi/ ?is dang] does n exi/2 s9ce1 h[ev] f> he may c>ry ^! prelim9>y /udies1 he does s simply 9 ord] to ga9 a /rong] grasp ( social que/ions4 ,8 "o object is to conc5trate all ! p[]s ( ,man ^u ! g5]al advancem5t ( ! race4 ,& s long z ?is object be kept 9 view1 wom5's good s5se w readily di/+ui% betwe5 ! tra9+ necess>y = x1 & ! pu]ilities ( ! le>n$ societies4 ,! g5]al _s ( ?is "w1 h[ev]1 makes fur!r explanation unnecess>y4 ,wom5's position 9 society4 ,l philosoph]s & p1 _! "p is n to gov]n1 b to modify ,! social mission ( woman 9 ! ,positive sy/em foll[s z a natural consequ5ce f ! qualities peculi> to h] nature4 ,9 ! mo/ ess5tial attribute ( ! human race1 ! t5d5cy to place social above p]sonal feel+1 %e is und\bt$ly sup]ior to man4 ,morally1 !re=e1 & ap>t f all mat]ial consid]ations1 %e m]its always our lov+ v5]ation1 z ! pure/ & simple/ imp]sonation ( ,humanity1 :o c nev] be adequately repres5t$ 9 any mascul9e =m4 ,b ^! qualities d n involve ! possession ( political p[]1 :i* "s vision>ies h claim$ = wom51 ?\gh )\t _! own cons5t4 ,9 t :i* is ! great object ( human life1 !y are sup]ior to m52 b 9 ! v>i\s means ( atta9+ t object !y are und\bt$ly inf]ior4 ,9 all k9ds ( =ce1 :e!r physical1 intellectual1 or practical1 x is c]ta9 t ,man surpasses ,woman1 9 accordance ) a g5]al law :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom4 ,n[ practical life is necess>ily gov]n$ by =ce r ?an by affection1 because x requires unremitt+ & labori\s activity4 ,if !re 7 no?+ else to d b to love1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ian utopia ( a future life 9 :i* !re are no mat]ial wants1 ,wom5 w\ld be supreme4 ,b life is surr\nd$ ) difficulties1 :i* x ne$s all our ?\ghts & en]gies to avoid2 !re=e ,man takes ! comm&1 not)/&+ 8 inf]iority 9 goodness4 ,success 9 all great ef=ts dep5ds m ^u en]gy & tal5t ?an ^u goodwill1 al?\gh ?is la/ condition reacts /rongly ^u ! o!rs4 ,?us ! ?ree elem5ts ( our moral con/itution d n act 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,=ce is naturally supreme1 & all t wom5 c d is to modify x by affection4 ,ju/ly consci\s ( _! sup]iority 9 /r5g? ( feel+1 !y endeav\r to ass]t _! influ5ce 9 a way :i* is (t5 attribut$ by sup]ficial obs]v]s to ! m]e love ( p[]4 ,b exp]i5ce always tea*es !m t 9 a _w :]e ! simple/ necess>ies ( life are sc>ce & difficult to procure1 p[] mu/ belong to ! /ronge/1 n to ! mo/ affectionate1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] may des]ve x be/4 ,) all _! ef=ts !y c nev] d m ?an modify ! h>%ness ) :i* m5 ex]cise _! au?ority4 ,& m5 submit m readily to ?is modify+ influ5ce1 f feel+ t 9 ! highe/ attributes ( ,humanity wom5 are _! sup]iors4 ,!y see t _! own supremacy is due pr9cipally to ! mat]ial necessities ( life1 provision = :i* calls into play ! self-reg>d+ r ?an ! social in/9cts4 ,h5ce we f9d x ! case 9 e phase ( human society t wom5's life is ess5tially dome/ic1 public life be+ conf9$ to m54 ,civilization1 s f> f effac+ ?is natural di/9ction1 t5ds1 z ,i %all aft]w>ds %[1 to develop x1 :ile rem$y+ its abuses4 ,?us ! social position ( wom5 is 9 ?is respect v simil> to t ( philosoph]s & ( ! work+ classes4 ,& we n[ see :y ^! ?ree elem5ts %\ld be unit$4 ,x is _! comb9$ action :i* con/itutes ! moral or modify+ =ce ( society4 ,philosoph]s are exclud$ f political p[] by ! same fatality z wom51 al?\gh !y are apt to ?9k t _! intellectual em95ce gives !m a claim to x4 ,7 our mat]ial wants m easily satisfi$1 ! influ5ce ( intellect w\ld be less imp$$ ?an x is by ! practical bus9ess ( life4 ,b1 on ?is hypo!sis1 wom5 w\ld h a bett] claim to gov]n ?an philosoph]s4 ,= ! reason+ faculties w\ld h rema9$ almo/ in]t _h !y n be5 ne$$ to guide our en]gies2 ! con/itution ( ! bra9 n be+ su* z to fav\r _! spontane\s developm5t4 ,:]eas ! affective pr9ciple is dep5d5t on no su* ext]nal /imulus = its activity4 ,a life ( ?\ght is a m evid5t disqualification = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w ev5 ?an a life ( feel+1 al?\gh ! pride ( philosoph]s is a great] ob/acle to submission ?an ! vanity ( wom54 ,) all its pret5sions1 intellectual =ce is n 9 itself m moral ?an mat]ial =ce4 ,ea* is b an in/rum5t2 ! m]it dep5ds entirely ^u its "r employm5t4 ,! only elem5t ( our nature :i* is 9 itself moral is ,love2 = ,love alone t5ds ( itself t[>ds ! prepond]ance ( social feel+ ov] self-int]e/4 ,& s9ce ev5 ,love _c gov]n1 :at c be ! claim ( ,intellect8 ,9 practical life prec$5ce mu/ always dep5d ^u sup]ior en]gy4 ,reason1 ev5 m ?an ,feel+1 mu/ be re/rict$ to ! task ( modify+4 ,philosoph]s !re=e mu/ be exclud$ f gov]nm5t1 at lea/ z rigidly z wom54 ,x is 9 va9 = intellect to attempt to comm&2 x nev] c d m ?an modify4 ,9 fact1 ! morality :i* x indirectly possesses is due to ?is impossibility ( ex]cis+ compulsory p[]1 & w\ld be ru9$ by ! atta9m5t ( x1 suppos+ x 7 possible4 ,intellect may d mu* to am5d ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 provid$ t x does n attempt to subv]t x4 ,:at x c d is by its p[] ( sy/ematic arrangem5t to effect ! union ( all ! classes :o are likely to ex]t a b5eficial influ5ce on mat]ial p[]4 ,x is ) ?is view t e spiritual p[] has avail$ itself ( ! aid ( wom51 z we see 0 ! case 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,proce$+ ) our sociological analysis ( moral =ce1 we %all f9d an equally /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! influ5ce ( ,wom5 & t ex]cis$ by ! ,p4 ,9 ! fir/ /age ( progress1 !re is no modify+ p[] except :at spr+s f ,feel+2 aft]w>ds ,intellect comb9es ) x1 f9d+ itself unable to gov]n4 ,! only elem5t n[ want+ is ,activity2 & ?is want1 :i* is indisp5sable1 is suppli$ by ! co-op]ation ( ! p4 ,! fact is1 t al?\gh ! p con/itute ! basis on :i* all political p[] re/s1 yet !y h z little to d directly ) ! adm9i/ration ( p[] z philosoph]s or wom54 ,p[]1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 p[]1 t is1 :i* controls action )\t p]suad+ ! w1 has two p]fectly di/9ct s\rces1 numb]s & weal?4 ,! =ce ( numb]s is usually consid]$ ! m mat]ial ( ! two2 b 9 reality x is ! m moral4 ,be+ creat$ by co-op]ation1 x involves "s conv]g5ce ( ideas & feel+s1 & !re=e x does n give su* free scope = ! self-reg>d+ in/9cts z ! m conc5trat$ p[] ( weal?4 ,b = ?is v reason1 x is too indirect & prec>i\s = ! ord9>y purposes ( gov]nm5t4 ,x c influ5ce gov]nm5t morally1 b _c take an active "p 9 x4 ,! same causes :i* exclude philosoph]s & wom5 apply 9 ! case ( ! p4 ,our mat]ial necessities are s urg5t1 t ^? :o h ! means ( provid+ = !m w always be ! possessors ( p[]4 ,n[ ! weal?y h ^! means2 !y hold 9 _! h&s ! products ( lab\r1 by :i* ea* g5]ation facilitates ! exi/5ce & prep>es ! op]ations ( its successor4 ,consequ5tly ! p[] ( ! capitali/ is "o ( s conc5trat$ a k9d1 t numb]s c v seldom resi/ x successfully4 ,ev5 9 milit>y nations we f9d ! same ?+2 ! influ5ce ( numb]s1 ?\gh m direct1 affects only ! mode ( acquir+ weal?1 n its t5ure4 ,b 9 indu/rial /ates1 :]e weal? is acquir$ by o!r ways ?an viol5ce1 ! law is evid5t4 ,& ) ! advance ( civilization x w op]ate n less1 b m /rongly4 ,capital is ev] on ! increase1 & consequ5tly is ev] creat+ means ( subsi/5ce = ^? :o possess no?+4 ,9 ?is s5se1 b 9 no o!r1 ! cynical maxim ( ,antiquity1 ,paucis nascitur humanum g5us1 w always be> a true mean+4 ,! few provide subsi/5ce = ! _m4 ,we come back1 !n1 to ! conclusion ( ! la/ *apt]2 t ! work+ classes are n de/9$ = political p[]1 b t !y t5d to become a mo/ important s\rce ( moral p[]4 ,! moral value ( _! influ5ce is ev5 m indirect ?an t ( philosoph]s1 & dep5ds ev5 m 9 _! case ^u subord9ation politically4 ,9 ! few cases :]e gov]nm5t passes = a "t into ! h&s ( ! masses1 weal? 9 its turn assumes a sort ( moral influ5ce =eign to its nature4 ,x mod]ates ! viol5ce ) :i* gov]nm5t is apt to be adm9i/]$ 9 su* cases4 ,! high intellectual & moral qualities belong+ to ! work+ classes are1 z we h se51 9 great "p due to _! social position4 ,!y w\ld be s]i\sly impair$ if ! political au?ority t belongs to weal? 7 habitually transf]r$ to numb]s4 ,! unit$ action ( philosoph]s1 wom51 & prolet>ies con/itutes ,moral ,=ce ,su*1 9 outl9e1 is ! ,positive !ory ( ,moral ,=ce4 ,by x ! despotism ( mat]ial =ce may be 9 "p controll$4 ,x re/s ^u ! union ( ! ?ree elem5ts 9 society :o are exclud$ f ! sph]e ( politics /rictly s call$4 ,9 _! comb9$ action lies our pr9cipal hope ( solv+1 s f> z x c be solv$1 ! great problem ( man's nature1 ! successful /ruggle ( ,social ,feel+ aga9/ ,self-love4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree elem5ts supplies a quality indisp5sable to ! task4 ,)\t wom5 ?is controll+ p[] w\ld be defici5t 9 purity & spontane\s impulse2 )\t philosoph]s1 9 wisdom & coh]5ce2 )\t ! p1 9 en]gy & activity4 ,! philosophic elem5t1 al?\gh nei!r ! mo/ direct nor ! mo/ effici5t1 is yet ! di/9ctive feature ( ?is p[]1 because its function is to organize its con/itution & direct its op]ations 9 accordance ) ! true laws ( social life4 ,z be+ ! sy/ematic organ ( ! spiritual p[] x has become id5tifi$ ) x 9 "n4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may lead to an errone\s conception4 ,! moral aspect ( ! spiritual p[] is m important ?an ! intellectual4 ,:ile reta9+ ! "n z an hi/orical tradition ( real value1 ,positivi/s atta* a some:at diff]5t mean+ to x4 ,x orig9at$ 9 a "t :5 !ories ( society 7 unkn[n1 & :5 ,intellect 0 consid]$ z ! c5tral pr9ciple ( human nature4 ,spiritual p[]1 z int]pret$ by ,positivism1 beg9s ) ! influ5ce ( wom5 9 ! family2 x is aft]w>ds m\ld$ into a sy/em by ?9k]s1 :ile ! p are ! gu>antees = its political effici5cy4 ,al?\gh x is ! intellectual class t in/itutes ! union1 yet its own "p 9 x1 z x %\ld nev] =get1 is less direct ?an t ( wom51 less practical ?an t ( ! p4 ,! ?9k] is socially p[]less except s f> z he is support$ by fem99e sympa?y & popul> en]gy4 ,?us ! necessity ( associat+ wom5 9 ! movem5t ( social reg5]ation creates no ob/acle :atev] to ! philosophy by :i* t movem5t is to be direct$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x aids its progress1 by %[+ ! true "* ( ! moral =ce :i* is de/9$ to control all ! o!r =ces ( man4 ,x involves z p]fect an inauguration ( ! normal /ate z our times ( transition admit4 ,= ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( t /ate w be a m complete & m h>moni\s union ( ! same ?ree classes to :om we are n[ look+ = ! fir/ impulse ( re=m4 ,already we c see h[ p]fectly adapt$ to ! con/itution ( man ?is f9al condition ( ,humanity w be4 ,feel+1 ,reason1 ,activity1 :e!r view$ sep>ately or 9 comb9ation1 correspond exactly to ! ?ree elem5ts ( ! reg5]ative movem5t1 ,wom51 ,philosoph]s1 & ,p4 ,v]ification ( ?is !ory may be f\nd m or less di/9ctly 9 e p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree classes ref]r$ to h always borne out ! biological law t ! life ( relation or animal life1 is subord9at$ to ! life ( nutrition4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! application to ?is case ( ano!r g5]al pr9ciple1 namely1 t ,progress is ! developm5t ( ,ord]2 a pr9ciple :i*1 z ,i %[$ 9 ! second *apt]1 connects e dynamical "q 9 ,sociology ) ! correspond+ /atical conception4 ,= ) ! gr[? ( society1 ! modify+ influ5ce ( moral =ce is always increas+1 bo? by l>g] scope be+ giv5 to ea* ( its ?ree elem5ts specially1 & also by ! m p]fect consolidation ( _! union4 ,rob]tson has made an important rem>k on ! gradual improvem5t 9 ! condition ( wom51 :i* is b a p>ticul> case ( ?is sociological law4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* progress 9 all ?ree classes dep5ds1 is ! biological law1 t ! prepond]ance ( vegetable life ov] animal life dim9i%es z ! organism is high] 9 ! scale & is m p]fectly develop$4 ,dur+ ! v>i\s phases ( anci5t ,poly!ism1 ! controll+ p[] consi/$ simply ( ! moral influ5ce ex]t$ by wom5 9 ! ,family4 ,9 public life ! influ5ce ( ?9k]s _h n made itself indep5d5t ( ! gov]nm5tal au?ority1 ( :i* x 0 sometimes ! s\rce1 sometimes ! in/rum5t4 ,m$iaeval ,ca?olicism w5t a /ep fur!r1 & took ! fir/ /ep 9 sy/ematiz+ moral =ce4 ,x creat$ an indep5d5t spiritual au?ority to :i* political gov]nm5ts 7 subord9at$1 & ?is au?ority 0 always support$ by wom54 ,b ! complete organization ( moral =ce 0 res]v$ = mod]n times4 ,x is only rec5tly t ! work+ classes h begun to int]f]e actively 9 social que/ions2 &1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 x is f _! co-op]ation t ! new spiritual p[] w d]ive its practical effici5cy4 ,limit$ orig9ally to ! sph]e ( ,feel+1 & subsequ5tly ext5d$ to ! intellectual sph]e1 x h5ce=w>d embraces ! sph]e ( ,activity2 & ?is )\t los+ its spiritual "*1 s9ce ! influ5ces ( :i* x consi/s are entirely di/9ct f ! doma9 ( practical politics4 ,ea* ( its ?ree elem5ts p]suades1 advises1 judges2 b except 9 isolat$ cases1 nev] comm&s4 ,! social mission ( ,positivism is to regulate & comb9e _! spontane\s action1 by direct+ ea* to ! objects = :i* x is be/ adapt$4 ,& ?is mission1 9 spite ( /rong prejudices to ! contr>y1 x w be f\nd well calculat$ to fulfil4 ,i h already %[n its adaptation to ! case ( ! p & ( ! philosophic body1 :e!r reg>d$ sep>ately or 9 comb9ation3 ,i h n[ to %[ t x is equally adapt$ to ! case ( wom54 ,9 pro( ( ?is ,i h b to ref] to ! pr9ciple on :i*1 z /at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! :ole sy/em ( ,positivism is bas$2 ! prepond]ance ( affection 9 our nature4 ,su* a pr9ciple is ( itself an appeal to wom5 to associate !mselves ) ! sy/em1 z "o ( its ess5tial elem5ts4 ,9 ,ca?olicism1 _! co-op]ation1 ?\gh valuable1 0 n ( prim>y importance1 because ,ca?olicism claim$ a div9e orig9 indep5d5t ( _! assi/ance4 ,b to ,positivism !y are indisp5sable1 z be+ ! pure/ & simple/ embodim5t ( its fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,x is n m]ely 9 ! ,family t _! influ5ce w be requir$4 ,_! duty w (t5 be to call philosoph]s & p back to t unity ( purpose :i* orig9at$ 9 ! fir/ place ) !mselves1 & :i* ea* ( ! o!r elem5ts is (t5 dispos$ to violate4 ,all true philosoph]s w no d\bt accept & be pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! conviction1 t 9 all subjects ( ?\ght ! social po9t ( view %\ld be logically & sci5tifically prepond]ant4 ,!y w consequ5tly admit ! tru? t ! ,he>t takes prec$5ce ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,/ill !y require "s m direct inc5tive to univ]sal ,love ?an ^! convictions c supply4 ,kn[+1 z !y d1 h[ slight is ! practical result ( purely intellectual consid]ations1 !y w welcome s preci\s an inc5tive1 7 x only 9 ! int]e/ ( _! own mission4 ,i recogniz$ its necessity myself1 :5 ,i wrote on ! #aa? ( ,m>*1 #ahdf1 to h] :o1 9 spite ( dea?1 w always rema9 my con/ant companion#g3 #8,i 0 incomplete z a philosoph]1 until ! exp]i5ce ( deep & pure passion has giv5 me full] insight into ! emotional side ( human nature'4 ,/rong affection ex]cises a m>vell\s influ5ce ^u m5tal ef=t4 ,x elevates ! intellect at once to ! only po9t ( view :i* is really univ]sal4 ,d\btless1 ! me?od ( pure sci5ce leads up to x also2 b only by a long & toilsome process1 :i* exhau/s ! p[] ( ?\ght1 & leaves little en]gy = foll[+ out ! new results to :i* ?is great pr9ciple gives rise4 ,! /imulation ( affection "u fem99e influ5ce is necess>y1 !re=e1 = ! acceptance ( ,positivism1 n m]ely 9 ^? classes = :om a long prelim9>y c\rse ( sci5tific /udy w\ld be impossible4 ,x is equally necess>y = ! sy/ematic tea*]s ( ,positivism1 9 :om x *ecks ! t5d5cy1 :i* is enc\rag$ by habits ( ab/ract speculation1 to deviate into useless digressions2 ^! be+ always easi] to prosecute ?an rese>*es ( real value4 ,sup]iority ( ! new spiritual p[] to ! old4 ,self-reg>d+ t5d5cies ( ,ca?olic doctr9e ,"u ?is aspect ! new spiritual sy/em is obvi\sly sup]ior to ! old4 ,by ! in/itution ( celibacy1 :i* 0 indisp5sable to ,ca?olicism1 its prie/s 7 entirely remov$ f ! b5eficial influ5ce ex]cis$ by wom54 ,only ^? c\ld pr(it f x :o did n belong to ! ecclesia/ical body2 ! memb]s ( t body1 z ,ario/o has rem>k$ 9 8 vigor\s satire1 7 exclud$4 ,nor c\ld ! evil be rem$i$1 except 9 v r>e cases1 by irregul> atta*m5t1 :i* inevitably corrupt$ ! prie/'s "* by involv+ ! necessity ( p]petual hypocrisy4 ,& :5 we look at ! diff]5ce ( ! _s by :i* ! two sy/ems are p]vad$1 we %all f9d /ill m /rik+ evid5ce t ! new sy/em (f]s a f> l>g] sph]e ( moral influ5ce to wom5 ?an ! old4 ,bo? are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( affection2 b 9 ,positivism ! affection inculcat$ is social1 9 ,ca?olicism x is ess5tially p]sonal4 ,! object ( ,ca?olic devotion is "o ( su* /up5d\s magnitude1 t feel+s :i* are unconnect$ ) x are 9 dang] ( be+ cru%$4 ,! prie/hood1 x is true1 wise int]pret]s 9 ?is respect ( a g5]al in/9ct1 br\ght all ! m important social obligations )9 ! compass ( religion1 & held !m out z necess>y = salvation4 ,indirectly1 ! nobl] feel+s 7 ?us call$ into action2 b at ! same "t !y 7 r5d]$ f> less spontane\s & pure4 ,!re c\ld be no p]fectly dis9t]e/$ affection "u a sy/em :i* promis$ et]nal rew>ds = all acts ( self-d5ial4 ,= x 0 impossible1 & inde$ x w\ld h be5 ?\ght s9ful1 to keep ! future out ( sight2 & ?us all spontane\s g5]osity 0 unavoidably ta9t$ by self-int]e/4 ,ca?olicism gave rise to an ignoble !ory ( morals :i* became v mis*iev\s :5 x 0 adopt$ by ! metaphysicians2 because1 :ile reta9+ ! vici\s pr9ciple1 !y swept away ! *ecks by :i* ! prie/hood _h controll$ x4 ,b ev5 :5 we look at ! pure/ =m 9 :i* ! love ( ,god 0 exhibit$1 we _c call x a social feel+1 except 9 s f> z ! same object ( wor%ip 0 held out simultane\sly to all4 ,intr9sically1 x is anti-social1 s9ce1 :5 atta9$ 9 absolute p]fection1 x implies ! entire sacrifice ( all o!r love4 ,& 9 ! be/ repres5tatives ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght & feel+1 ?is t5d5cy is v app>5t4 ,no "o has portray$ ! ,ca?olic ideal ) su* sublimity & pa?os z ! au?or ( ! ,imitation1 a "w :i* s well des]v$ ! beautiful translation ( ,corneille4 ,& yet1 read+ x z ,i d daily1 ,i _c help rem>k+ h[ griev\sly ! natural nobl5ess ( ,?omas ,a',kempis 0 impair$ by ! ,ca?olic sy/em1 al?\gh 9 spite ( all ob/acles he rises at times to ! pure/ ard\r4 ,c]ta9ly ^? ( our feel+s :i* are purely unselfi% mu/ be f> /rong] & m spontane\s ?an ev] has yet be5 suppos$1 s9ce ev5 ! oppressive discipl9e ( twelve c5turies c\ld n prev5t _! gr[?4 ,! _s ( ,positivism1 on ! contr>y1 is ess5tially social4 ,! ,he>t & ! ,intellect mutually /r5g!n ea* o!r ,positivism1 f ! fact ( its con=mity ) ! con/itution ( our nature1 is ! only sy/em calculat$ to develop1 bo? 9 public & 9 private life1 ^? high attributes ( ,humanity :i*1 = want ( adequate sy/ematic culture1 are /ill 9 _! rudim5t>y /age4 ,ca?olicism1 :ile appeal+ to ! ,he>t1 cru%$ ,intellect1 & ,intellect naturally /ruggl$ to ?r[ (f ! yoke4 ,positivism1 on ! contr>y1 br+s ,reason into complete h>mony ) ,feel+1 )\t impair+ ! activity ( ei!r4 ,sci5tific /udy ( ! relation :i* ea* individual be>s to ! :ole race is a cont9ual /imulus to social sympa?y4 ,)\t a !ory ( society1 x is impossible to keep ?is relation di/9ctly & con/antly 9 view4 ,x is only notic$ 9 a few exceptional cases1 & unconnect$ impressions are soon effac$ f ! memory4 ,b ! ,positivi/ tea*]1 tak+ ! social po9t ( view inv>iably1 w make ?is notion f> m famili> to u ?an x has ev] be5 be=e4 ,he w %[ u ! impossibility ( und]/&+ any individual or society ap>t f ! :ole life ( ! race4 ,no?+ b ! bewild]m5t caus$ by !ological & metaphysical doctr9es c acc\nt = ! %all[ explanations ( human affairs giv5 by our tea*]s1 attribut+ z !y d to ,man :at is really due to ,humanity4 ,b ) ! s\nd] !ory t we n[ possess1 we c see ! tru? z x really /&s4 ,we h b to look ea* ( u at our own life "u its physical1 intellectual1 or moral aspects1 to recognize :at x is t we owe to ! comb9$ action ( our pr$ecessors & contempor>ies4 ,! man :o d>es to ?9k himself indep5d5t ( o!rs1 ei!r 9 feel+s1 ?\ghts1 or actions1 _c ev5 put ! blasphem\s conception into words )\t imm$iate self-contradiction1 s9ce ! v language he uses is n 8 own4 ,! pr(\nde/ ?9k] _c by himself =m ! simple/ language2 x requires ! co-op]ation ( a community = sev]al g5]ations4 ,)\t fur!r illu/ration1 ! t5d5cy ( ,positive doctr9e is evid5t4 ,x appeals sy/ematically to our social in/9cts1 by con/antly impress+ ^u u t only ! ,:ole is real2 t ! ,p>ts exi/ only 9 ab/raction4 ,b indep5d5tly ( ! b5eficial influ5ce :i*1 9 ?is f9al /ate ( ,humanity1 ! m9d w ex]cise ^u ! he>t1 ! direct culture ( ! he>t itself w be m pure & m vigor\s ?an "u any =m] sy/em4 ,x (f]s u ! only means ( dis5gag+ our b5evol5t affections f all calculations ( self-int]e/4 ,z f> z ! imp]fection ( man's nature admits1 ^! affections w gradually become supreme1 s9ce !y give deep] satisfaction ?an all o!rs1 & are capable ( full] developm5t4 ,sett+ ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( !ology aside1 we %all atta9 at la/ to t :i* is ! real happ9ess ( man1 pure & dis9t]e/$ love4 ,?is is truly ! ,sov]eign ,good1 s\ght = s long by =m] sy/ems ( philosophy 9 va94 ,t x surpasses all o!r good "o fact w %[1 kn[n to ! t5d]-he>t$ f p]sonal exp]i5ce2 t x is ev5 bett] to love ?an to be lov$4 ,ov]/ra9$ z ?is may seem to _m1 x is yet 9 h>mony ) a g5]al tru?1 t our nature is 9 a heal?i] /ate :5 active ?an :5 passive4 ,9 ! happ9ess ( be+ lov$1 !re is always "s t+e ( self-love2 x is impossible n to feel pride 9 ! love ( "o :om we pref] to all o!rs4 ,s9ce1 !n1 lov+ gives pur] satisfaction ?an be+ lov$1 ! sup]iority ( p]fectly dis9t]e/$ affection is at once demon/rat$4 ,x is ! fundam5tal defect ( our nature1 t intr9sically ^! affections are f> weak] ?an ! selfi% prop5sities connect$ ) ! pres]vation ( our own exi/5ce4 ,b :5 !y h be5 once ar\s$1 ev5 ?\gh ! orig9al /imulus may h be5 p]sonal1 !y h great] capacity ( gr[?1 ow+ to ! peculi> *>m inh]5t 9 !m4 ,besides1 9 ! ex]cise ( ^! feel+s1 all ( u c co-op]ate ) & enc\rage "o ano!r1 :]eas ! rev]se is ! case ) ! selfi% in/9cts4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ unreasonable 9 suppos+ t ,positivism1 by regulat+ & comb9+ ^! natural t5d5cies1 may r\se our sympa!tic in/9cts to a condition ( p]man5t activity hi!rto unkn[n4 ,:5 ! he>t is no long] cru%$ by !ological dogmas1 or h>d5$ by metaphysical !ories1 we soon discov] t real happ9ess1 :e!r public or private1 consi/s 9 ! highe/ possible developm5t ( ! social in/9cts4 ,self-love comes to be reg>d$ z an incurable infirmity1 :i* is to be yield$ to only s f> z is absolutely necess>y4 ,"h lies ! univ]sal adaptability ( ,positivism to e type ( "* & to all circum/ances4 ,9 ! humble/ relations ( life1 z 9 ! highe/1 reg5]ate ,humanity w apply ! obvi\s tru?1 ,x is bett] to give ?an to receive4 ,! ,he>t ?us ar\s$ w 9 its turn react b5eficially ^u ! ,intellect2 & x is especially f wom5 t ?is reaction w proce$4 ,i h spok5 ( x s fully be=e1 t ,i ne$ n describe x fur!r4 ,x is 9 ,feel+ t ,i f9d ! basis on :i* ! :ole /ructure ( ,positivism1 intellectually z well z morally consid]$1 re/s4 ,! only rem>k ,i h n[ to add is1 t by foll[+ out ?is pr9ciple1 philosophical difficulties ( ! mo/ =midable k9d are at once surm\nt$4 ,f moral consid]ations1 ! intellect may be readily induc$ to submit to sci5tific re/rictions1 ! propriety ( :i* w\ld rema9 = a long "t matt] ( debate1 7 philosophical discussions ! only means ( indicat+ x4 ,attempt1 = in/ance1 to conv9ce a pure ma!matician1 h[ev] consci5ti\s & tal5t$1 t ,sociology is bo? logically & sci5tifically sup]ior to all o!r /udies4 ,he w\ld n readily admit ?is2 & sev]e ex]tion ( ! inductive & d$uctive faculties c alone conv9ce him ( x4 ,b by ! aid ( ,feel+1 an artisan or a woman c1 )\t education1 readily grasp ?is great encyclopdic pr9ciple1 & apply x practically to ! common affairs ( life4 ,b = ?is1 ! l>g] conceptions ( philosophy w\ld h b a limit$ range1 & v few w\ld be capable ( ! c\rse ( /udy :i* is yet s important on social gr\nds = all4 ,compreh5siv5ess ( m9d is no d\bt fav\rable to sympa?y1 b is itself m actively /imulat$ by x4 ,:5 ! ,positivi/ me?od ( education is accept$1 moral excell5ce w be v g5]ally reg>d$ z a gu>antee ( real intellectual capacity4 ,! revolutioni/ lead]s ( ! ,conv5tion %[$ _! s5se ( ?is connexion by all[+1 z !y did sometimes1 republican ard\r to outweigh sci5tific atta9m5t4 ,( c\rse1 s long z m5 rema9 )\t a sy/ematic !ory ( morals1 su* policy w\ld be likely to fail ( its object1 & inde$ w\ld become positively mis*iev\s4 ,b ! reproa* is usually t x 0 a retrograde policy1 a reproa* f> m applicable to ! pres5t sy/em1 9 :i* ! /&>d ( fitness = any (fice is regulat$ exclusively by intellectual consid]ations1 ! he>t be+ altoge!r disreg>d$4 ,hi/orically we c expla9 ?is practice by ! fact t ! religi\s fai? 9 :i* our moral nature has hi!rto be5 tra9$ has be5 ( a mo/ oppressive "*4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 ! intellect & ! he>t h be5 unavoidably at issue4 ,positivism is ! only sy/em :i* c put an end to _! antagonism1 because1 z ,i h be=e expla9$1 :ile subord9at+ ,reason to ,feel+1 x does s 9 su* a way z n to impair ! developm5t ( ei!r4 ,) its pres5t unt5able claims to supremacy1 ,intellect is 9 reality ! pr9cipal s\rce ( social discord4 ,until x abdicates 9 fav\r ( ! ,he>t1 x c nev] be ( real s]vice 9 recon/ruction4 ,b its abdication w be useless1 unless x is entirely volunt>y4 ,n[ ?is is precisely ! result :i* ,positivism atta9s1 because x takes up ! v gr\nd on :i* ! claims ( intellect are def5d$1 namely1 sci5tific demon/ration1 a gr\nd :i* ! def5d]s ( intellect _c repudiate )\t suspicion at once atta*+ to _! motives4 ,b !ological or metaphysical rem$ies c only exasp]ate ! disease4 ,by oppress+ ! intellect !y provoke x to fre% insurrection aga9/ ! he>t4 ,intellectual & moral aff9ities ( wom5 ) ,positivism ,= all ^! reasons1 wom51 :o are bett] judges ( moral que/ions ?an ourselves1 w admit t ,positivism1 inconte/ably sup]ior z x is to o!r sy/ems intellectually1 surpasses !m yet m 9 deal+ ) ! affections4 ,_! only objection arises f conf\nd+ ,positive ,philosophy itself ) its prelim9>y c\rse ( sci5tific /udy4 ,wom5's m9ds no d\bt are less capable ?an ours ( g5]aliz+ v widely1 or ( c>ry+ on long processes ( d$uction4 ,!y are1 t is1 less capable ?an m5 ( ab/ract intellectual ex]tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are g5]ally m alive to t comb9ation ( reality ) utility :i* is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,positive speculation4 ,9 ?is respect !y h mu* 9 common intellectually ) ! work+ classes2 & =tunately !y h also ! same advantage ( be+ untrammell$ by ! pres5t absurd sy/em ( education4 ,nor is _! position f> remov$ f :at x %\ld be normally2 be+ less engag$ ?an m5 9 ! bus9ess ( life1 _! contemplative faculties are call$ into activity m easily4 ,_! m9ds are nei!r preoccupi$ nor indiff]5t2 ! mo/ fav\rable condition = ! reception ( philosophical tru?4 ,!y h f> m aff9ity intellectually ) philosoph]s :o truly des]ve ! "n1 ?an we f9d 9 ! sci5tific m5 ( ! pres5t day4 ,compreh5siv5ess ( ?\ght !y consid] z important z positivity1 :]eas our savants c>e = no?+ b ! latt] quality1 & ev5 t !y und]/& imp]fectly4 ,molire's rem>kable expression1 des cl>ts de t\t1 :i* ,i appli$ 9 ! la/ *apt] to popul> education1 0 us$ by him 9 ref]5ce to wom54 ,accord+ly we f9d t wom5 took a vivid int]e/ 9 ! v fir/ attempt made to sy/ematize ,positive speculation1 ! ,c>tesian philosophy4 ,no m /rik+ pro( c\ld be giv5 ( _! philosophical aff9ities2 & ! m s t 9 ! ,c>tesian sy/em moral & social speculations 7 necess>ily exclud$4 ,surely1 !n1 we may expect !m to receive ,positivism f> m fav\rably1 a sy/em ( :i* ! pr9cipal subject ( speculation is ! moral problem 9 :i* bo? sexes are alike int]e/$4 ,wom51 !re=e1 may1 l ! p1 be c\nt$ among ! future support]s ( ! new philosophy4 ,)\t _! comb9$ aid x c\ld nev] hope to surm\nt ! /rong repugnance to x :i* is felt by our cultivat$ classes1 especially 9 ,france1 :]e ! "q ( its success has fir/ to be decid$4 ,ca?olicism purifi$ love1 b did n directly /r5g!n x ,b :5 wom5 h suffici5t acqua9tance ) ,positivism1 to see its sup]iority to ,ca?olicism 9 que/ions ( feel+1 !y w support x f moral sympa?y ev5 m ?an f intellectual adhesion4 ,x w be ! he>t ev5 m ?an ! m9d :i* w incl9e !m to ! only sy/em ( philosophy :i* has fully recogniz$ ! prepond]ance ( ,feel+4 ,!y _c fail to be drawn t[>ds a sy/em :i* reg>ds wom5 z ! embodim5t ( ?is pr9ciple2 ! unity ( human nature1 ( :i* ?is pr9ciple is ! basis1 be+ ?us entru/$ to _! special *>ge4 ,! only reason ( _! regret = ! pa/1 is t ! pres5t fails to satisfy _! noble/ social in/9cts4 ,n t ,ca?olicism ev] really satisfi$ !m2 inde$ 9 its g5]al "* x is ev5 less adapt$ to wom5 ?an to m51 s9ce ! dom9ant quality ( woman's nature is 9 direct contradiction ) x4 ,*ri/ianity1 not)/&+ its claims to moral p]fection1 has always conf\nd$ ! quality ( t5d]ness ) t ( purity4 ,& x is true t love _c be deep unless x is also pure4 ,b ,ca?olicism1 al?\gh x purifi$ love f ! animal prop5sities :i* _h be5 /imulat$ by ,poly!ism1 did no?+ o!rwise to /r5g!n x4 ,x has giv5 u inde$ too _m in/ances ( purity1 pu%$ to ! ext5t ( fanaticism1 )\t t5d]ness4 ,& ?is result is especially common n[1 because ! au/]ity ( ! ,*ri/ian _s is n correct$1 z x us$ to be1 by ! inspir+ influ5ces ( ,*ivalry4 ,poly!ism1 defici5t z x 0 9 purity1 0 really f> m conducive ?an ,*ri/ianity1 to t5d]ness4 ,love ( ,god1 ! supreme affection r\nd :i* ,ca?olicism endeav\r$ to conc5trate all o!r feel+s1 0 ess5tially a self-reg>d+ pr9ciple1 & z su* conflict$ ) woman's noble/ in/9cts4 ,n only did x enc\rage mona/ic isolation1 b if develop$ to ! full ext5t1 x became inconsi/5t ) love = our fell[ m54 ,x 0 impiety = ! knight to love 8 ,lady bett] ?an 8 ,god2 & ?us ! be/ feel+s ( 8 nature 7 repress$ by 8 religi\s fai?4 ,wom51 !re=e1 are n really int]e/$ 9 p]petuat+ ! old sy/em2 & ! v in/9cts by :i* _! nature is *>act]iz$1 w soon incl9e !m to ab&on x4 ,!y h only be5 wait+ until social life %\ld assume a less mat]ial "*2 s t morality1 = ! pres]vation ( :i* !y ju/ly consid] !mselves responsible1 may n be compromis$4 ,& on ?is head ,positivism satisfies _! he>t no less ?an _! und]/&+ ) all ! gu>antees t !y c require4 ,bas$ z x is ^u accurate k ( our nature1 x c comb9e ! simple affectionate _s ( ,poly!ism ) ! exquisite purity ( ,ca?olicism1 )\t fe> ( ta9t f ! subv]sive sophisms eng5d]$ by ! spiritual an>*y ( our times4 ,n h[ev] t purity is to be plac$ on ! same level ) t5d]ness4 ,t5d]ness is ! m ess5tial ( ! two qualities1 because m closely connect$ ) ! gr& object ( all human ef=t1 ! elevation ( ,social ,feel+ ov] ,self-love4 ,9 a woman )\t t5d]ness !re is some?+ ev5 m mon/r\s ?an 9 a man )\t c\rage4 ,:atev] h] tal5ts & ev5 h] en]gy may be1 !y w 9 mo/ cases prove mis*iev\s bo? to h]self & to o!rs1 unless inde$ !y %\ld be nullifi$ by ! re/ra9t ( !ological discipl9e4 ,if %e has =ce ( "* x w be wa/$ 9 a /ruggle aga9/ all legitimate au?ority2 :ile h] m5tal p[] w be employ$ only 9 de/ructive sophisms4 ,too _m cases ( ?is k9d pres5t !mselves 9 ! social an>*y ( ! pres5t "t4 ,su* is ! ,positivi/ !ory on ! subject ( ,wom54 ,x m>ks out = !m a noble field ( social usefulness4 ,x ext5ds ! scope ( _! influ5ce to public z well z private life1 & yet 9 a way ?or\ghly 9 h>mony ) _! nature4 ,)\t leav+ ! family1 !y w p>ticipate 9 ! controll+ p[] ex]cis$ by philosoph]s & workm51 seek+ ev5 9 _! own dome/ic sph]e r to modify ?an to gov]n4 ,9 a ^w1 z ,i %all %[ m fully 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ?is introductory "w1 ,woman is ! spontane\s prie/ess ( ,humanity4 ,%e p]sonifies 9 ! pure/ =m ! pr9ciple ( ,love ^u :i* ! unity ( our nature dep5ds2 & ! culture ( t pr9ciple 9 o!rs is h] special function4 ,wom5's influ5ce ov] ! work+ classes & _! tea*]s ,all classes1 !re=e1 mu/ be br\ght "u wom5's influ5ce2 = all require to be rem9d$ con/antly ( ! great tru? t ,reason & ,activity are subord9ate to ,feel+4 ,( _! influ5ce ^u philosoph]s ,i h spok54 ,if !y are m5 wor?y ( _! mission1 !y w be consci\s ( ! t5d5cy :i* _! life has to h>d5 !m & lead !m into useless speculation2 & !y w feel ! ne$ ( r5ew+ ! ard\r ( _! social sympa?y at its native s\rce4 ,feel+1 :5 x is pure & deep1 corrects its own errors1 because !y cla% ) ! good to :i* x is ev] t5d+4 ,b errone\s use ( ! intellectual or practical faculties1 _c be ev5 recogniz$1 mu* less correct$1 )\t ! aid ( ,affection1 :i* is ! only "p ( our nature t suff]s directly f su* errors4 ,!re=e :5ev] ei!r ! philosoph] or ! p deviate f duty1 x w be ! "p ( wom5 to remon/rate ) !m g5tly1 & recall !m to ! true social pr9ciples :i* are entru/$ to _! special *>ge4 ,) ! work+ classes1 ! special dang] to be cont5d$ aga9/ is _! t5d5cy to abuse _! /r5g?1 & to resort to =ce = ! atta9m5t ( _! objects1 in/ead ( p]suasion4 ,b ?is dang] is aft] all less ?an t ( ! misuse ( intellectual p[] to :i* philosoph]s are s liable4 ,?9k]s :o try to make reason+ d ! "w ( feel+ c v seldom be conv9c$ ( _! error4 ,popul> excitem5t1 on ! contr>y1 has (t5 yield$ to fem99e influ5ce1 ex]t$ ?\gh x has be5 hi!rto )\t any sy/ematic guidance4 ,! diff]5ce is no d\bt p>tly ow+ to ! fact t !re are n[ few or none :o des]ve ! "n ( philosoph]s4 ,= we _c give t "n to ! sup]ficial sophi/s & rhetoricians ( our "t1 :e!r psy*ologi/s or ideologi/s1 m5 :olly incapable ( deep ?\ght on any subject4 ,indep5d5tly ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce is expla9$ by ! "* ( ! two classes4 ,wom5 w always f9d x h>d] to deal ) intellectual pride ?an ) popul> viol5ce4 ,appeals to social feel+ are _! only weapons2 & ! social feel+s ( ! workman are /rong] ?an ^? ( ! philosoph]4 ,sophi/ry is f> m =midable to !m ?an passion4 ,9 fact1 7 x n t ! work+ classes are ev5 n[ s am5able to female influ5ce1 society w\ld be 9 extreme dang] f ! disord] caus$ by intellectual an>*y4 ,!re are _m sophisms :i* ma9ta9 !mselves 9 spite ( sci5tific refutation1 & :i* w\ld be de/ructive ( all ord]1 7 x n = our moral in/9cts4 ,( ?is ! ,communi/s (f] a /rik+ example1 9 avoid+1 ) t admirable inconsi/5cy to :i* ,i h already call$ att5tion1 ! ext5sion ( _! pr9ciple to ! ,family4 ,surr\nd$ by ! wilde/ !ories1 su* z1 if !y 7 put 9 practice1 w\ld utt]ly de/roy or p>alyse society1 we see l>ge numb]s ( work+ m5 %[+ 9 _! daily life a degree ( affection & respect = wom51 :i* is unequall$ by any o!r class4 ,x is well to reflect on facts l ^!1 n only because !y lead u to judge ! ,communi/ s*ool ) m ju/ice1 b because1 occurr+ z !y d 9 ! mid/ ( social an>*y1 !y %[ :at p[]ful ag5cies = good w be at our disposal 9 m settl$ times4 ,c]ta9ly !y _c be attribut$ to !ological tea*+1 :i* has r _h ! effect ( /r5g!n+ ! errors :i* x attacks by ! absurdity ( its refutations4 ,!y are simply ! result ( ! influ5ce :i* wom5 h spontane\sly ex]cis$ on ! nobl] feel+s ( ! p4 ,9 ,prote/ant c\ntries :]e _! influ5ce is less1 ! mis*iev\s effects ( ,communi/ic !ories h be5 f> great]4 ,we owe x to wom5 t ! ,family has be5 s little injur$ by ! retrograde _s ( ^? republican re=m]s1 ^: ideal ( mod]n society is to absorb ! ,family into ! ,/ate1 z 0 done by a few small tribes 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,! read9ess %[n by wom5 9 apply+ practical rem$ies to errone\s !ories ( morality is %[n 9 o!r cases :]e ! attractiv5ess ( ! error w\ld seem irresi/ible to ! co>s] nature ( m54 ,! evils consequ5t on divorce1 :i* has be5 au?oriz$ 9 ,g]many = ?ree c5turies1 h be5 mu* less5$ by wom5's in/9ctive repugnance to x4 ,! same may be said ( rec5t attacks ^u m>riage1 :i* are /ill m s]i\s because ! an>*y ( mod]n life revives all ! extravagances ( ! metaphysical _s 9 anci5t times4 ,9 no "o case has a s*eme ( society ho/ile to m>riage met ) any real fav\r f wom51 plausible z _m ( !m seem$4 ,unable 9 _! ignorance ( social sci5ce to see ! fallacy ( su* s*emes !mselves1 our revolution>y writ]s _c conceive t wom5 w n be conv9c$ by !m4 ,b happily wom51 l ! p1 judge 9 ^! matt]s by ! he>t r ?an by ! head4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any guid+ pr9ciple to direct ! und]/&+ & prev5t ! deviations to :i* x is always expos$1 ! he>t is a f> saf] guide4 ,!re is no ne$ at pres5t ( pursu+ ^! rem>ks f>!r4 ,x is abundantly cle> t wom5 are 9 e respect adapt$ = rectify+ ! moral deviations to :i* e elem5t 9 ! social organism is liable4 ,& if we already feel ! value ( _! influ5ce1 spr++ z x does f ! unaid$ inspirations ( ! he>t1 we may be sure x w become f> m consolidat$ & w be f> m widely felt1 :5 x re/s on ! basis ( a s\nd philosophical sy/em1 capable ( refut+ sophisms & expos+ fallacies f :i* _! unassi/$ in/9ct is insuffici5t to pres]ve u4 ,_! social influ5ce 9 ! salon ,?us ! "p to be play$ by wom5 9 public life is n m]ely passive4 ,n only w !y give _! sanction individually & collectively to ! v]dicts ( public op9ion z =m$ by philosoph]s & by ! p2 b !y w !mselves int]f]e actively 9 moral que/ions4 ,x w be _! "p to ma9ta9 ! prim>y pr9ciple ( ,positivism1 :i* orig9at$ ) !mselves1 & ( :i* !y w always be ! mo/ natural repres5tatives4 ,b1 h[1 x may be ask$1 c ?is be reconcil$ ) my previ\s rem>k t wom5's life %\ld /ill be ess5tially dome/ic8 ,= ! anci5ts1 & = ! great] "p ( ! human race at ! pres5t "t1 x w\ld be irreconcilable4 ,b 9 ,we/]n ,europe ! solution has long ago be5 f\nd4 ,f ! "t :5 wom5 acquir$1 z !y did 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a fair measure ( dome/ic fre$om1 opportunities = social int]c\rse arose1 :i* comb9$ mo/ happily ! advantages ( private & ( public life1 & 9 ^! wom5 presid$4 ,! practice aft]w>ds ext5d$1 especially 9 ,france1 & ^! meet+s became ! laboratories ( public op9ion4 ,x seems n[ z if !y _h di$ out1 or _h lo/ _! "*4 ,! intellectual & moral an>*y ( our times is mo/ unfav\rable to free int]*ange ( ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,b a cu/om s social1 & :i* did su* good s]vice 9 ! philosophical movem5t prec$+ ! ,revolution1 is assur$ly n de/9$ to p]i%4 ,9 ! m p]fect social /ate to :i* we are t5d+1 x w be develop$ m fully ?an ev]1 :5 m5's m9ds & he>ts h accept$ ! rally+ po9t (f]$ by ! new philosophy4 ,?is is1 !n1 ! mode 9 :i* wom5 c ) propriety p>ticipate 9 public life4 ,"h all classes w recognize _! au?ority z p>am\nt4 ,"u ! new sy/em ^! meet+s w entirely lose _! old ari/ocratic "*1 :i* is n[ simply ob/ructive4 ,! ,positivi/ salon w complete ! s]ies ( social meet+s1 9 :i* ! ?ree elem5ts ( ! spiritual p[] w be able to act 9 conc]t4 ,fir/1 !re is ! religi\s assemblage 9 ! ,temple ( ,humanity4 ,"h ! philosoph] w naturally preside1 ! o!r two classes tak+ on a second>y "p4 ,9 ! ,club aga9 x is ! p :o w take ! active "p2 wom5 & philosoph]s w\ld support !m by _! pres5ce1 b )\t jo9+ 9 ! debate4 ,la/ly1 wom5 9 _! salons w promote active & fri5dly int]c\rse betwe5 all ?ree classes2 & "h all :o may be qualifi$ to take a lead+ "p w f9d _! influ5ce cordially accept$4 ,g5tly & )\t ef=t a moral control w ?us be e/abli%$1 by :i* acts ( viol5ce or folly may be *eck$ 9 _! s\rce4 ,k9d advice1 giv5 indirectly b e>ne/ly1 w (t5 save ! philosoph] f be+ bl9d$ by ambition1 or f deviat+1 ?r\gh intellectual pride1 into useless digressions4 ,work+ m5 at ^! meet+s w le>n to repress ! _s ( viol5ce or envy t frequ5tly arises 9 !m1 recogniz+ ! sacr$ness ( ! c>e ?us manife/$ = _! int]e/s4 ,& ! great & ! weal?y w be taught f ! mann] 9 :i* praise & blame is giv5 by ^? ^: op9ion is mo/ valu$1 t ! only ju/ifiable use ( p[] or tal5t is to devote x to ! s]vice ( ! weak4 ,b ! ,family is _! pr9cipal sph]e ( action ,b1 h[ev] important ! public duties t wom5 w ultimately be call$ ^u to p]=m1 ! ,family is aft] all _! highe/ & mo/ di/9ctive sph]e ( "w4 ,x 0 9 allusion to _! dome/ic influ5ce t ,i spoke ( !m z ! orig9ators ( spiritual p[]4 ,n[ ! ,family1 al?\gh x is ! basis ( all human society1 has nev] be5 satisfactorily def5d$ by any receiv$ sy/em ( society4 ,all ! corrosive p[] ( metaphysical analysis has be5 employ$ ^u x2 & ( _m ( ! sophisms put =w>d no rational refutation has be5 giv54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! protection ( ! !ologians is no less injuri\s4 ,= !y /ill p]si/ 9 connect+ ! in/itutions ( ! ,family ) _! obsolete dogmas1 :i*1 h[ev] useful !y may h be5 =m]ly1 are n[ simply dang]\s4 ,f ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages ! prie/hood has be5 p[]less1 z ! lic5ti\s songs ( ! tr\bad\rs prove1 to protect ! sanctity ( m>riage aga9/ ! %all[ b mis*iev\s attacks :i* ev5 !n 7 made aga9/ x4 ,& aft]w>ds1 :5 ^! false pr9ciples became m g5]ally preval5t1 & ev5 royal c\rts disgrac$ !mselves by giv+ public approval to !m1 ! weakness ( ! prie/s became /ill m manife/4 ,?us no?+ c be m mon/r\s ?an ^! ignorant ass]tions t !ological doctr9es h be5 ! safegu>d ( ! ,family4 ,!y h done no?+ to pres]ve x f ! mo/ subv]sive attacks1 "u :i* x mu/ h succumb$1 b = ! bett] in/9cts ( society1 especially ( ! female portion ( x4 ,) ! exception ( a fooli% fiction ab\t ! orig9 ( ,woman1 !ology has put =w>d no sy/ematic def5ce ( m>riage2 & z soon z !ological au?ority itself fell into discr$it1 ! feeble sanction :i* x gave to dome/ic morality became utt]ly p[]less aga9/ sophi/ical attacks4 ,b n[ t ! ,family c be %[n on ,positive pr9ciples to re/ on sci5tific laws ( human nature or ( society1 ! dang] ( metaphysical controv]sy & !ological feebl5ess is pa/4 ,^! pr9ciples w be discuss$ sy/ematically 9 ! second volume ( ! l>g] ,treatise to :i* ?is "w is ! ,introduction4 ,b ! few rem>ks to :i* ,i mu/ at pres5t limit myself1 w1 ,i hope1 at lea/ satisfy ! read] z to ! capability ( ,positivism to re-e/abli% morality ^u a firm basis4 ,woman's mission z a wife4 ,conjugal love an education = univ]sal sympa?y ,accord+ to ! l[] views ( ! subject1 su* z ^? co>sely express$ by ! great h]o ( reaction1 ,napoleon1 procreation & mat]nity are ! only social functions ( ,woman4 ,inde$ _m !ori/s object ev5 to h] re>+ h] *ildr51 & ?9k x pref]able to leave !m to ! ab/ract b5evol5ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,b 9 ! ,positivi/ !ory ( m>riage1 ! pr9cipal function ( ,woman is "o q unconnect$ ) procreation4 ,x is a function dep5d5t on ! highe/ attributes ( our nature4 ,va/ z is ! moral importance ( mat]nity1 yet ! position ( wife has always be5 consid]$ ev5 m *>act]i/ic ( woman's nature2 z %[n by ! fact t ! words woman & wife are 9 _m languages synonym\s4 ,m>riage is n always foll[$ by *ildr52 & besides ?is1 a bad wife is v seldom inde$ a good "m4 ,! fir/ aspect !n1 "u :i* ,positivism consid]s ,woman1 is simply z ! companion ( ,man1 irrespective ( h] mat]nal duties4 ,view$ ?us1 ,m>riage is ! mo/ elem5t>y & yet ! mo/ p]fect mode ( social life4 ,x is ! only association 9 :i* entire id5tity ( int]e/s is possible4 ,9 ?is union1 to ! moral complet5ess ( :i* ! language ( all civiliz$ nations be>s te/imony1 ! noble/ aim ( human life is realiz$1 z f> z x ev] c be4 ,= ! object ( human exi/5ce1 z %[n 9 ! second *apt]1 is progress ( e k9d2 progress 9 morality1 t is to say 9 ! subjection ( ,self-int]e/ to ,social ,feel+1 hold+ ! fir/ rank4 ,n[ ?is unque/ionable pr9ciple leads u by a v sure & direct pa? to ! true !ory ( m>riage4 ,diff]5t z ! two sexes are by nature1 & increas$ z t diff]5ce is by ! div]sity :i* happily exi/s 9 _! social position1 ea* is consequ5tly necess>y to ! moral developm5t ( ! o!r4 ,9 practical en]gy & 9 ! m5tal capacity :i* usually accompanies x1 ,man is evid5tly sup]ior to ,woman4 ,woman's /r5g?1 on ! o!r h&1 lies 9 ,feel+4 ,%e excels ,man 9 love1 z ,man excels h] 9 =ce4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( a clos] union ?an t :i* b9ds ^! two be+s to ! mutual s]vice & p]fection ( ea* o!r1 sav+ !m f all dang] ( rivalry4 ,! volunt>y "* too ( ?is union gives x a /ill fur!r *>m1 :5 ! *oice has be5 on bo? sides a happy "o4 ,9 ! ,positive !ory1 !n1 ( m>riage1 its pr9cipal object is consid]$ to be t ( complet+ & confirm+ ! education ( ! he>t by call+ out ! pure/ & /ronge/ ( human sympa?ies4 ,x is true t sexual in/9ct1 :i*1 9 man's case at all ev5ts1 0 ! orig9 ( conjugal atta*m5t1 is a feel+ purely selfi%4 ,x is also true t its abs5ce w\ld 9 ! majority ( cases1 dim9i% ! en]gy ( affection4 ,b woman ) h] m lov+ he>t1 has usually f> less ne$ ( ?is co>se /imulus ?an man4 ,! influ5ce ( h] purity reacts on man1 & ennobles 8 affection4 ,& affection is 9 itself s sweet1 t :5 once x has be5 ar\s$ by :atev] ag5cy1 its own *>m is suffici5t to ma9ta9 x 9 activity4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 conjugal union becomes a p]fect ideal ( fri5d%ip2 yet /ill m beautiful ?an fri5d%ip1 because ea* possesses & is possess$ by ! o!r4 ,= p]fect fri5d%ip1 diff]5ce ( sex is ess5tial1 z exclud+ ! possibility ( rivalry4 ,no o!r volunt>y tie c admit ( su* full & unre/ra9$ confid5ce4 ,x is ! s\rce ( ! mo/ unalloy$ happ9ess t man c enjoy2 = !re c be no great] happ9ess ?an to live = ano!r4 ,b indep5d5tly ( ! intr9sic value ( ?is sacr$ union1 we h to consid] its importance f ! social po9t ( view4 ,x is ! fir/ /age 9 our progress t[>ds t :i* is ! f9al object ( moral education1 namely1 univ]sal love4 ,_m writ]s ( ! s-call$ sociali/ s*ool1 look ^u conjugal love & univ]sal b5evol5ce1 ! two extreme t]ms 9 ! scale ( affections1 z oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,9 ! second *apt]1 ,i po9t$ out ! fals5ess & dang] ( ?is view4 ,! man :o is incapable ( deep affection = "o :om he has *os5 z 8 p>tn] 9 ! mo/ intimate relations ( life1 c h>dly expect to be believ$ :5 he pr(esses devotion to a mass ( human be+s ( :om he kn[s no?+4 ,! he>t _c ?r[ (f its orig9al selfi%ness1 )\t ! aid ( "s complete & endur+ affection4 ,& conjugal love1 conc5trat$ z x is ^u "o object exclusively1 is m endur+ & complete ?an any o!r4 ,f p]sonal exp]i5ce ( /rong love we rise by degrees to s9c]e affection = all mank9d2 al?\gh1 z ! scope ( feel+ wid5s1 its en]gy mu/ decrease4 ,! connexion ( ^! two /ates ( feel+ is in/9ctively recogniz$ by all2 & x is cle>ly indicat$ by ! ,positive !ory ( human nature1 :i* has n[ plac$ x beyond ! rea* ( metaphysical attacks4 ,:5 ! moral empire ( ,woman has be5 m firmly e/abli%$ by ! diffusion ( ,positivi/ pr9ciples1 m5 w see t ! common practice ( look+ to ! private life ( a /atesman z ! be/ gu>antee ( 8 public conduct _h deep wisdom 9 x4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ symptoms ( ! g5]al laxity ( morals to :i* m5tal an>*y has br\ght u1 is t disgraceful law pass$ 9 ,france ?irty ye>s ago1 & n yet repeal$2 ! av[$ object ( :i* 0 to surr\nd m5's lives ) a #8wall' ( privacy2 a law introduc$ by psy*ologi/ politicians :o no d\bt ne$$ su* a wall4#h ,conditions ( m>riage4 ,indissoluble monogamy ,! purpose ( m>riage once cle>ly und]/ood1 x becomes easy to def9e its conditions4 ,! int]v5tion ( society is necess>y2 b its only object is to confirm & to develop ! ord] ( ?+s :i* exi/s naturally4 ,x is ess5tial 9 ! fir/ place to ! high purposes = :i* m>riage has be5 in/itut$1 t ! union %all be bo? exclusive & indissoluble4 ,s ess5tial inde$ are bo? conditions1 t we frequ5tly f9d !m ev5 :5 ! connexion is illegal4 ,t any "o %\ld h v5tur$ to prop\nd ! doctr9e t human happ9ess is to be secur$ by levity & inconsi/5cy 9 love1 is a fact :i* no?+ b ! utt] defici5cy ( social & moral pr9ciples c expla94 ,love _c be deep unless x rema9s con/ant to a fix$ object4 ,! v possibility ( *ange is a temptation to x4 ,s diff]5tly con/itut$ z man & woman are1 is _! %ort life too mu* = p]fect k & love ( "o ano!r8 ,yet ! v]satility to :i* mo/ human affection is liable makes ! int]v5tion ( society necess>y4 ,)\t "s *eck ^u indecision & caprice1 life might deg5]ate into a mis]able s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ea* end+ 9 failure & degradation4 ,sexual love may become a p[]ful eng9e = good3 b only on ! condition ( plac+ x "u rigor\s & p]man5t discipl9e4 ,^? :o d\bt ! necessity = ?is1 h only to ca/ a glance beyond ,we/]n ,europe at ! c\ntries :]e no su* discipl9e has be5 e/abli%$4 ,x has be5 said t ! adoption or rejection ( monogamy is a simple "q ( climate4 ,b = ?is hypo!sis !re is no gr\nd :atev]4 ,x is z contr>y to common obs]vation z to philosophic !ory4 ,m>riage1 l e o!r human in/itution1 has always be5 improv+4 ,beg9n+ 9 all c\ntries ) unre/rict$ polygamy1 x t5ds 9 all to ! pure/ monogamy4 ,trac+ back ! hi/ory ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 we f9d polygamy !re z well z 9 ! ,s\?2 & ,s\!rn nations1 l ,nor!rn1 adopt polygamy z _! social life advances4 ,we see ! t5d5cy to x 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,ea/ :i* come into contact ) ,we/]n civilization4 ,monogamy1 !n1 is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s gifts :i* ! ,middle ,ages h bequea!d to ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! /rik+ sup]iority ( social life 9 ! ,we/ is probably due to x m ?an to any o!r cause4 ,prote/ant c\ntries h s]i\sly impair$ its value by _! laws ( divorce4 ,b ?is ab]ration w h>dly be p]man5t4 ,x is ali5 to ! pur] feel+s ( wom5 & ( ! p1 & ! mis*ief done by x is limit$ to ! privileg$ classes4 ,france is n[ ?reat5$ ) a revival ( ! metaphysical delusions ( ! ,revolution1 & x is fe>$ by "s t ! disa/r\s example ( ,g]many 9 ?is respect w be imitat$4 ,b all su* t5d5cies1 be+ utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! habits ( mod]n life1 w soon be *eck$ by ! s\nd] philosophical pr9ciples :i* h n[ aris54 ,! mode ( resi/ance to ^! errors :i* ,positivism adopts w r5d] ! /ruggle mo/ useful 9 ha/5+ ! adoption ( ! true !ory ( m>riage4 ,! _s ( ,positivism be+ always relative1 concessions may be made to meet exceptional cases1 )\t weak5+ or contradict+ ! pr9ciple2 :]eas ! absolute "* ( !ological doctr9e 0 incompatible ) concession4 ,! rules ( morality %\ld be g5]al & compreh5sive2 b 9 _! practical application exceptions h (t5 to be made4 ,by no philosophy b ! ,positive c ^! two conditions be reconcil$4 ,p]petual wid[hood ,to ! _s ( an>*y1 h[ev]1 ,positivism yields no?+4 ,! unity ess5tial to m>riage1 x r5d]s m complete ?an ev]4 ,x develops ! pr9ciple ( monogamy1 by inculcat+1 n z a legal in/itution1 b z moral duty1 ! p]petuity ( wid[hood4 ,affection s firmly conc5trat$ has always be5 reg>d$ ) respect ev5 on man's side4 ,b hi!rto no religion has _h suffici5t purity or influ5ce to secure its adoption4 ,positivism1 h[ev]1 f ! complet5ess ( its syn!sis1 & f ! fact t its rules are inv>iably bas$ on ! laws ( nature1 w ga9 su* influ5ce1 & we f9d little difficulty 9 induc+ all natures ( delicate feel+ to accept ?is additional obligation4 ,x foll[s f ! v pr9ciple :i* to ! ,positivi/ is ! object ( all m>riage1 ! rais+ & purify+ ( ! he>t4 ,unity ( ! tie :i* is already recogniz$ z necess>y 9 life1 is n less s 9 dea?4 ,con/ancy 9 wid[hood 0 once common among wom52 & if its moral beauty is less appreciat$ n[1 x is because all sy/ematic morality has be5 =gott54 ,b x is none ! less1 z c>eful /udy ( human nature w %[1 a mo/ preci\s s\rce ( moral good1 & "o :i* is n beyond ! rea* ( nobl] natures1 ev5 9 _! y\?4 ,volunt>y wid[hood1 :ile x (f]s all ! advantages :i* *a/ity c conf] on ! intellectual & physical z well z on ! moral nature1 is yet free f ! moral dang]s ( celibacy4 ,con/ant adoration ( "o :om ,dea? has implant$ m visibly & deeply on ! memory1 leads all high natures1 & especially philosoph]s1 to give !mselves m unres]v$ly to ! s]vice ( ,humanity2 & ?us _! public life is animat$ by ! ennobl+ influ5ce ( _! inn]mo/ feel+s4 ,alike f a s5se ( _! own true/ happ9ess & f devotion to public duty1 !y w be l$ to ?is result4 ,deep z is ! satisfaction 9 ?is prolongation ( ! sacr$ness ( m>riage1 x may be c>ri$ by ^? :o recognize its value yet fur!r4 ,z ! dea? ( "o did n de/roy ! bond1 s nei!r %\ld ! dea? ( bo?4 ,let1 !n1 ^? :om dea? c\ld n divide be laid 9 ! same grave toge!r4 ,a promise ( ?is solemn act ( p]petuation might be giv5 be=eh&1 :5 ! organs ( public op9ion judg$ x m]it$4 ,a man w\ld f9d a new motive = public ex]tion1 if x 7 felt to be a pl$ge t ! memory ( h] :om he lov$ %\ld be = ev] c\pl$ ) 8 own4 ,we h a few in/ances :]e ?is union ( memories has tak5 place spontane\sly1 z 9 ! case ( ,laura & ,petr>*1 & ( ,dante & ,beatrice4 ,yet ^! in/ances are s exceptional1 t !y h>dly help u to realize ! full value ( ! in/itution propos$4 ,!re is no reason = limit+ x to cases ( extraord9>y g5ius4 ,9 ! m heal?y /ate ( society to :i* we are t5d+1 :]e private & public life w be f> m closely connect$ ?an !y h be5 hi!rto1 ?is recomp5se ( s]vice may be giv5 to all :o h des]v$ x1 by ^? :o h come )9 _! circle ( influ5ce4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! consolations :i* ,positivi/ sympa?y c give4 ,!y leave no cause to regret ! vision>y hopes held out by ,*ri/ianity1 hopes :i* n[ are z enfeebl+ to ! he>t z to ! intellect4 ,"h1 z 9 all o!r respects1 ! moral sup]iority ( ,positivism is %[n1 = ! com=t :i* x gives to ! b]eav$ implies a /r5g!n+ ( ! tie4 ,*ri/ian consolation1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 said1 r enc\rages a second union4 ,by s do+ x s]i\sly impairs ! value ( ! in/itution2 = a division ( affection arises1 :i* inde$ seems h>dly compatible ) ! vague utopia ( a future life4 ,! in/itutions ( p]petual wid[hood & ( union 9 ! tomb h f\nd no place 9 any previ\s sy/em1 ?\gh bo? 7 want+ to make monogamy complete4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! be/ reply :i* ! new philosophy c give to ignorant prejudice or malignant calumny1 is to take new /eps =w>d 9 ! moral advancem5t ( ,man4 ,?us ! !ory ( m>riage1 z set =w>d by ! ,positivi/1 becomes totally indep5d5t ( any physical motive4 ,x is reg>d$ by him z ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t ( moral education2 & !re=e z ! basis ( public or individual welf>e4 ,x is no ov]/ra9$ en?usiasm :i* leads u to elevate ! moral purity ( m>riage4 ,we d s f rigor\s exam9ation ( ! facts ( human nature4 ,all ! be/ results1 :e!r p]sonal or social1 ( m>riage may foll[1 :5 ! union1 ?\gh m impassion$1 is z *a/e z t ( bro!r & si/]4 ,! sexual in/9ct has no d\bt some?+ to d 9 mo/ cases ) ! fir/ =mation ( ! passion2 b x is n necess>y 9 all cases to gratify ! in/9ct4 ,ab/95ce1 9 cases :]e !re is real gr\nd = x on bo? sides1 w b s]ve to /r5g!n mutual affection4 ,woman's mission z a "m ,we h exam9$ ! position ( ,woman z a wife1 )\t suppos+ h] to be a "m4 ,we %all f9d t mat]nity1 :ile x ext5ds h] sph]e ( moral influ5ce1 does n alt] its nature4 ,z a "m1 no less ?an z a wife1 h] position w be improv$ by ,positivism4 ,%e w h1 almo/ exclusively1 ! direction ( h\sehold education4 ,public education giv5 subsequ5tly1 w be little b a sy/ematic developm5t ( t :i* has be5 previ\sly giv5 at home4 ,education ( *ildr5 belongs to mo!rs4 ,!y only c guide ! developm5t ( "* ,= x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple t education1 9 ! normal condition ( society1 mu/ be entru/$ to ! spiritual p[]2 & 9 ! family ! spiritual p[] is repres5t$ by ,woman4 ,!re are /rong prejudices aga9/ entru/+ ! education ( *ildr5 to mo!rs3 prejudices spr++ f ! revolution>y _s ( mod]n times4 ,s9ce ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! t5d5cy has be5 to place ! intellect above ! he>t4 ,we h neglect$ ! moral side ( education1 & ,i h giv5 undue importance to its intellectual side4 ,b ,positivism hav+ sup]s$$ ?is revolution>y phase by demon/rat+ ! prepond]ance ( ! he>t ov] ! intellect1 moral education w resume its prop] place4 ,c]ta9ly ! pres5t mode ( in/ruction is n adopt$ = ,woman's tea*+4 ,b _! influ5ce ov] ! education ( ! future w be ev5 great] ?an x 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 9 e "p ( x1 moral consid]ations w be p>am\nt2 & moreov]1 until pub]ty1 no?+ w be /udi$ cont9u\sly except ,art & ,poetry4 ,! knights ( old times 7 usually br\ght up 9 ?is way "u fem99e guidance1 & on !m mo/ assur$ly x _h no en]vat+ influ5ce4 ,! tra9+ c h>dly be suppos$ less adapt$ to a pacific ?an to a w>like /ate ( society4 ,= in/ruction1 !oretical & practical1 z di/+ui%$ f education1 ma/]s are no d\bt necess>y4 ,b moral education w be left entirely to wom51 until ! "t arrives = sy/ematic tea*+ ( moral sci5ce 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ majority4 ,"h ! philosoph] is necess>y4 ,b ! *ief duties ( ! philosoph] lie ) adults2 8 aim be+ to recall !m1 individually or collectively1 to pr9ciples impress$ on !m 9 *ildhood1 & to en=ce ! "r application ( ^! pr9ciples to special cases z !y may arise4 ,t "p ( education :i* has ! greate/ influ5ce on life1 :at may be call$ ! spontane\s tra9+ ( ! feel+s1 belongs entirely to ! "m4 ,h5ce x is1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 ( ! greate/ importance to all[ ! pupil to rema9 ) 8 family1 & to d away ) ! mona/ic seclusion ( our public s*ools4 ,! peculi> fitness ( wom5 = inculcat+ ^! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( morality is a tru? :i* e true philosoph] w fully recognize4 ,wom51 hav+ /rong] sympa?ies ?an m51 mu/ be bett] able to call out sympa?ies 9 o!rs4 ,m5 ( good s5se h always felt x m important to tra9 ! he>t ?an ! head2 & ?is is ! view adopt$ by ,positive ,philosophy4 ,!re is a dang] ( exagg]at+ ! importance ( sy/em & ( =gett+ ! conditions on :i* its utility dep5ds2 b ! ,positivi/ is pres]v$ f ?is dang] by ! peculi> reality ( 8 philosophy4 ,9 morals1 ev5 m ?an 9 o!r subjects1 we c only sy/ematize :at has exi/$ previ\sly )\t sy/em4 ,! feel+s mu/ fir/ be /imulat$ to free & direct action1 be=e we attempt to br+ !m "u philosophic discipl9e4 ,& ?is process1 :i* beg9s ) bir?1 & la/s dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( physical gr[?1 %\ld be left = wom5 to sup]9t5d4 ,s specially are !y adapt$ = x1 t fail+ ! "m1 a female fri5d1 if well *os51 & if %e c make h]self suffici5tly a memb] ( ! family1 w 9 mo/ cases d bett] ?an ! fa!r himself4 ,! importance ( ! subject c only be appreciat$ by m9ds dom9at$1 z wom5's m9ds are1 by feel+4 ,wom5 c see1 :at m5 c seldom see1 t mo/ actions1 & c]ta9ly ! actions ( y\? & *ildhood1 ought n to be judg$ 9 !mselves s mu* z by ! t5d5cies :i* !y %[ or by ! habits to :i* !y lead4 ,view$ ) ref]5ce to _! influ5ce on "*1 no actions are indiff]5t4 ,! simple/ ev5ts 9 a *ild's life may s]ve z an occasion = en=c+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple by :i* ! e>ly z well z lat] /ages ( ,positivi/ education %\ld be direct$2 ! /r5g!n+ ( ,social ,feel+1 ! weak5+ ( ,self-love4 ,9 fact1 actions ( an unimportant k9d are precisely ^? 9 :i* x is easie/ to appreciate ! feel+s :i* prompt$ !m2 s9ce ! m9d ( ! obs]v]1 n be+ occupi$ ) ! consequ5ces ( su* actions1 is m free to exam9e _! s\rce4 ,moreov]1 x is only by tea*+ ! *ild to d "r 9 small ?+s t he c be tra9$ = ! h>d inw>d /ruggle t lies be=e him 9 life2 ! /ruggle to br+ ! selfi% in/9cts m & m completely "u ! control ( 8 high] sympa?ies4 ,9 ^! respects ! be/ tutor1 h[ev] sympa!tic 8 nature1 w be always f> inf]ior to a good "m4 ,a "m may (t5 n be able to expla9 ! reason ( ! pr9ciple on :i* %e acts1 b ! wisdom ( h] plans w g5]ally %[ itself 9 ! end4 ,)\t =mal tea*+1 %e w take e opportunity ( %[+ h] *ildr51 z no o!r in/ructor c\ld %[ !m1 ! joy t spr+s f g5]\s feel+s1 & ! mis]y ( yield+ to selfi%ness4 ,f ! relation ( "m we return by a natural transition to ,woman's position z a wife4 ,! "m1 ?\gh h] au?ority ( c\rse t5ds to decrease1 cont9ues to sup]9t5d ! gr[? ( "* until ! ord9>y age ( m>riage4 ,up to t "t fem99e influ5ce ov] ,man has be5 involunt>y on 8 "p4 ,by m>riage he ent]s into a volunt>y engagem5t ( subord9ation to ,woman = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,?us he completes 8 moral education4 ,de/9$ himself = action1 he f9ds 8 highe/ happ9ess 9 hon\rable submission to "o 9 :om ! dom9ant pr9ciple is affection4 ,positivism holds out to woman a mo/ important sph]e ( public & private duty4 ,?is sph]e1 z we may n[ see1 is no?+ b a l>g] & m sy/ematic developm5t ( ! qualities by :i* %e is *>act]iz$4 ,h] mission is s uni=m 9 its nature & s cle>ly def9$1 t !re seems h>dly room = mu* unc]ta9ty z to h] prop] social position4 ,x is a /rik+ in/ance ( ! rule :i* applies univ]sally to all human ef=t2 namely1 t ! ord] ( ?+s in/itut$ by man ought to be simply a consolidation & improvem5t ( ! natural ord]4 ,mod]n sophisms ab\t ,wom5's rights4 ,! dome/icity ( h] life foll[s f ! pr9ciple ( ,sep>ation ( ,p[]s ,9 all ages ( transition1 z 9 our own1 !re h be5 false & sophi/ical views ( ! social position ( ,woman4 ,b we f9d x to be a natural law t ,woman %\ld pass ! great] "p ( h] life 9 ! family2 & ?is law has nev] be5 affect$ to any important ext5t4 ,x has always be5 accept$ in/9ctively1 ?\gh ! sophi/ical argum5ts aga9/ x h nev] yet be5 adequately refut$4 ,! in/itution ( ! family has surviv$ ! subtle attacks ( ,greek metaphysics1 :i* !n 7 9 all ! vig\r ( _! y\?1 & :i* 7 act+ on m9ds t _h no sy/ematic pr9ciples to oppose to !m4 ,!re=e1 pr(\nd z ! intellectual an>*y ( ! pres5t day may be1 we ne$ n be s]i\sly al>m$ :5 we see t no?+ worse comes ( x ?an %all[ plagi>isms f anci5t utopias1 aga9/ :i* ! vigor\s satire ( ,ari/ophanes 0 q en\gh to r\se g5]al indignation4 ,true1 !re is a m complete abs5ce ( social pr9ciples n[1 ?an :5 ! _w 0 pass+ f ,poly!ism to ,mono!ism2 b our intellectual p[]s are m develop$ ?an !y 7 !n1 & 9 moral culture our sup]iority is ev5 great]4 ,wom5 9 ^? times 7 too degrad$ to (f] ev5 ! opposition ( _! sil5ce to ! p$ants :o pr(ess$ to be tak+ up _! cause2 ! only resi/ance (f]$ 0 ( a purely intellectual k9d4 ,b happily 9 mod]n times ! wom5 ( ! ,we/ h be5 free2 & h consequ5tly be5 able to manife/ su* unmi/akable av]sion = ^! ideas1 & = ! want ( moral discipl9e :i* gives rise to !m1 t1 ?\gh /ill unrefut$ philosophically1 _! mis*iev\s effects h be5 neutraliz$4 ,no?+ b wom5's antipa?y has prev5t$ ! practical outrages :i* seem logically to foll[ f ^! subv]sive pr9ciples4 ,among our privileg$ classes ! dang] is aggravat$ by indol5ce2 moreov]1 ! possession ( weal? has a bad influ5ce on wom5's moral nature4 ,yet ev5 "h ! evil is n really v deep or widely spread4 ,m5 h nev] be5 s]i\sly p]v]t$1 & wom5 /ill less s1 by flatt]y ( _! bad prop5sities4 ,! really =midable temptations are ^? :i* act ^u our bett] in/9cts1 & give !m a wrong direction4 ,s*emes :i* are utt]ly (f5sive to female delicacy w nev] really be adopt$1 ev5 by ! weal?i] classes1 :o are less av]se to !m ?an o!rs4 ,! repugnance %[n to !m by ! p1 ) :om ! mis*ief t !y w\ld cause w\ld be irrep>able1 is f> m decid$4 ,! life :i* work+ p lead makes x v cle> to bo? sexes :at ! prop] position ( ea* %\ld be4 ,?us x w be 9 ! v class :]e ! pres]vation ( ! in/itution ( ! family is ( ! greate/ importance1 t ,positivi/s w f9d ! lea/ difficulty 9 e/abli%+ _! !ory ( ! social position ( wom51 z consequ5t on ! sph]e ( public & private duty :i* has be5 "h assign$ to !m4 ,look+ at ! relation ( ?is !ory to o!r p>ts ( ! ,positive sy/em1 we %all see t x foll[s f ! great pr9ciple :i* dom9ates e o!r social problem1 ! pr9ciple ( sep>at+ spiritual & temporal p[]4 ,t ,woman's life %\ld be conc5trat$ 9 h] family1 & t ev5 !re h] influ5ce %\ld be t ( p]suasion r ?an t ( comm&1 is b an ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple :i* excludes ! spiritual p[] f political adm9i/ration4 ,wom51 z ! pure/ & mo/ spontane\s ( ! moral =ces ( society1 are b\nd to fulfil ) rigor\s exactness all ! conditions :i* ! ex]cise ( moral =ce dem&s4 ,effectually to p]=m _! mission ( controll+ & guid+ our affections1 !y mu/ ab/a9 altoge!r f ! practical pursuits ( ! /rong] sex4 ,su* ab/95ce1 ev5 :5 ! arrangem5ts ( society may leave x optional1 is /ill m desirable 9 _! case ?an 9 ! case ( philosoph]s4 ,active life1 incompatible z x is ) ! cle>ness & bread? ( philosophic speculation1 is ev5 m injuri\s to delicacy ( feel+1 :i* is wom5's highe/ claim to our respect & ! true secret ( _! influ5ce4 ,! philosophic _s is incompatible ) a position ( practical au?ority1 because su* a position occupies ! m9d ) que/ions ( detail4 ,b to purity ( feel+ x is ev5 m dang]\s1 because x /r5g!ns ! in/9cts ( p[] & ( ga94 ,& = wom5 x w\ld be h>d] to avoid ! dang] ( su* a position ?an = m54 ,ab\nd+ z !y d 9 sympa?y1 !y are g5]ally defici5t 9 en]gy1 & are !re=e less able to )/& corrupt+ influ5ces4 ,! m we exam9e ?is important subject1 ! cle>] x becomes t ! pres5t condition ( wom5 does n hamp] !m 9 _! true "w2 t1 on ! contr>y1 x is well calculat$ to develop & ev5 improve _! highe/ qualities4 ,! natural arrangem5ts ( society 9 ?is z 9 o!r respects are f> less faulty ?an c]ta9 bl9d declaim]s w\ld h u believe4 ,b = ! exi/5ce ( /rong mat]ial =ces1 moral =ce w\ld soon det]iorate1 because its di/9ctive purpose w\ld be gone4 ,philosoph]s & prolet>ies w\ld soon lose _! intellectual & moral sup]iority by ! acquisition ( p[]4 ,on wom5 its effect w\ld be /ill m disa/r\s4 ,f in/ances 9 ! upp] classes ( society1 :]e weal? gives !m indep5d5ce1 & sometimes un=tunately ev5 p[]1 we see b too cle>ly :at ! consequ5ces w\ld be4 ,& ?is is :y we h to look to ! poor] classes = ! highe/ type ( womanly p]fection4 ,) ! p sympa?y is bett] cultivat$1 & has a great] influ5ce ^u life4 ,weal? has m to d ) ! moral degradation ( wom5 among ! privileg$ classes ?an ev5 idl5ess & dissipation4 ,! position ( ! sexes t5ds to diff]5tiation r ?an id5tity ,progress1 9 ?is respect z 9 e o!r1 is only a m complete developm5t ( ! pre-exi/+ ,ord]4 ,equality 9 ! position ( ! two sexes is contr>y to _! nature1 & no t5d5cy to x has at any "t be5 exhibit$4 ,all hi/ory assures u t ) ! gr[? ( society ! peculi> features ( ea* sex h become n less b m di/9ct4 ,by ,ca?olic ,feudalism ! social condition ( wom5 9 ,we/]n ,europe 0 rais$ to a f> high] level4 ,b x took away f !m ! prie/ly functions :i* !y _h held "u ,poly!ism2 a religion 9 :i* ! prie/hood 0 m occupi$ ) ,art ?an ) ,sci5ce4 ,s too ) ! gradual decl9e ( ! pr9ciple ( ,ca/e1 wom5 h be5 exclud$ m & m rigidly f royalty & f e o!r k9d ( political au?ority4 ,aga91 !re is a visible t5d5cy t[>ds ! removal ( wom5 f all indu/rial occupations1 ev5 f ^? :i* might seem be/ suit$ to !m4 ,& ?us female life1 in/ead ( becom+ indep5d5t ( ! ,family1 is be+ m & m conc5trat$ 9 x2 :ile at ! same "t _! prop] sph]e ( moral influ5ce is con/antly ext5d+4 ,! two t5d5cies s f> f be+ oppos$1 are insep>ably connect$4 ,)\t discuss+ ! absurd & retrograde s*emes :i* h be5 rec5tly put =w>d on ! subject1 !re is "o rem>k :i* may s]ve to illu/rate ! value ( ! ord] :i* n[ exi/s4 ,if wom5 7 to obta9 t equality 9 ! affairs ( life :i* _! s-call$ *ampions are claim+ = !m )\t _! wi%1 n only w\ld !y suff] morally1 b _! social position w\ld be endang]$4 ,!y w\ld be subject 9 almo/ e occupation to a degree ( competition :i* !y w\ld n be able to su/a94 ,moreov]1 by rivalry 9 ! pursuits ( life1 mutual affection betwe5 ! sexes w\ld be corrupt$ at its s\rce4 ,woman to be ma9ta9$ by ,man ,leav+ ^! subv]sive dreams1 we f9d a natural pr9ciple :i*1 by det]m9+ ! practical obligations ( ! ,active to ! ,sympa!tic sex1 av]ts ?is dang]4 ,x is a pr9ciple :i* no philosophy b ,positivism has be5 suffici5tly real & practical to br+ =w>d sy/ematically = g5]al acceptance4 ,x is no new inv5tion1 h[ev]1 b a univ]sal t5d5cy1 confirm$ by c>eful /udy ( ! :ole pa/ hi/ory ( ,man4 ,! pr9ciple is1 t ,man %\ld provide = ,woman4 ,x is a natural law ( ! human race2 a law connect$ ) ! ess5tially dome/ic "* ( female life4 ,we f9d x 9 ! rude/ =ms ( social life2 & ) e /ep 9 ! progress ( society its adoption becomes m ext5sive & complete4 ,a /ill l>g] application ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple w meet all ! mat]ial difficulties "u :i* wom5 are n[ lab\r+4 ,all social relations1 & especially ! "q ( wages1 w be affect$ by x4 ,! t5d5cy to x is spontane\s2 b x also foll[s f ! high position :i* ,positivism has assign$ to ,woman z ! sympa!tic elem5t 9 ! spiritual p[]4 ,! intellectual class1 9 ! same way1 has to be support$ by ! practical class1 9 ord] to h its :ole "t available = ! special duties impos$ ^u x4 ,b 9 ! case ( wom51 ! obligation ( ! o!r sex is /ill m sacr$1 because ! sph]e ( duty 9 :i* protection = !m is requir$1 is ! home4 ,! obligation to provide = ! intellectual class1 affects society z a :ole2 b ! ma9t5ance ( wom5 is1 ) few exceptions1 a p]sonal obligation4 ,ea* individual %\ld consid] himself b\nd to ma9ta9 ! woman he has *os5 to be 8 p>tn] 9 life4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* m5 %\ld be consid]$ collectively responsible = ! support ( ! o!r sex4 ,wom5 :o are )\t husb& or p>5ts %\ld h _! ma9t5ance gu>ante$ by society2 & ?is n m]ely f compassion = _! dep5d5t position1 b ) ! view ( enabl+ !m to r5d] public s]vice ( ! greate/ moral value4 ,! direction1 !n1 ( progress 9 ! social condition ( woman is ?is3 to r5d] h] life m & m dome/ic2 to dim9i% z f> z possible ! burd5 ( out-door lab\r2 & s to fit h] m completely = h] special (fice ( educat+ our moral nature4 ,among ! privileg$ classes x is already a recogniz$ rule t wom5 %\ld be sp>$ all labori\s ex]tion4 ,x is ! "o po9t 9 ! relations ( ! sexes 9 :i* ! work+ classes w\ld d well to imitate ! habits ( _! employ]s4 ,9 e o!r respect ! p ( ,we/]n ,europe h a high] s5se ( _! duties to wom5 ?an ! upp] classes4 ,inde$ !re are few ( !m :o w\ld n be a%am$ ( ! b>b>ity ( subject+ wom5 to _! pres5t burd5some occupations1 if ! pres5t /ate ( our indu/rial sy/em all[$ ( its abolition4 ,b x is *iefly among ! high] & weal?i] classes t we f9d ^? degrad+ & v (t5 fraudul5t b>ga9s1 connect$ ) unscrupul\s int]f]5ce ( p>5ts 9 ! "q ( m>riage1 :i* are s humiliat+ to "o sex & s corrupt+ to ! o!r4 ,among ! work+ classes ! practice ( giv+ d[ries is almo/ ext9ct2 & z wom5's true mission becomes m recogniz$1 & z *oice 9 m>riage becomes less re/rict$1 ?is relic ( b>b>ism1 ) all its debas+ results1 w rapidly die out4 ,) ?is view ! application ( our !ory %\ld be c>ri$ "o /ep fur!r4 ,wom5 %\ld n be all[$ to inh]it4 ,if inh]itance be all[$1 ! prohibition ( d[ries w\ld be evad$ 9 a v obvi\s mann] by disc\nt+ ! rev]sion>y int]e/4 ,s9ce wom5 are to be exempt f ! lab\r ( production1 capital1 t is to say1 ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r produc$ by ea* g5]ation = ! b5efit ( ! next1 %\ld rev]t to m54 ,?is view ( inh]itance1 s f> f mak+ m5 a privileg$ class1 places !m "u heavy responsibilities4 ,x is n f wom5 t any s]i\s opposition to x w proce$4 ,wise education w %[ !m its value to !mselves p]sonally1 z a safegu>d aga9/ unwor?y suitors4 ,b1 important z ! rule is1 x %\ld n be legally en=c$ until x has become e/abli%$ on its own m]its z a g5]al cu/om1 :i* e "o has felt to conduce to ! heal?y organization ( ! ,family z "h describ$4 ,! education ( wom5 %\ld be id5tical ) t ( m5 ,com+ n[ to ! subject ( female education1 we h only to make a fur!r application ( ! !ory :i* has guid$ u hi!rto4 ,s9ce ! vocation assign$ by our !ory to wom5 is t ( educat+ o!rs1 x is cle> t ! educational sy/em :i* we h propos$ 9 ! la/ *apt] = ! work+ classes1 applies to !m z well z to ! o!r sex ) v slight alt]ations4 ,un5cumb]$ z x is ) specialities1 x w be f\nd1 ev5 9 its m sci5tific p>ts1 z suitable to ! sympa!tic elem5t ( ! mod]at+ p[]1 z to ! syn]gic elem5t4 ,we h spok5 ( ! necessity ( diffus+ s\nd hi/orical views among ! work+ classes2 & ! same necessity applies to wom52 = social sympa?y c nev] be p]fectly develop$1 )\t a s5se ( ! cont9uity ( ! ,pa/1 z well z ( ! solid>ity ( ! ,pres5t4 ,s9ce1 !n1 bo? sexes alike ne$ hi/orical in/ruction z a basis = ! sy/ematization ( moral tru?1 bo? %\ld alike pass ?r\gh ! sci5tific tra9+ :i* prep>es ! way = social /udies1 & :i* moreov] has z intr9sic a value = wom5 z = m54 ,aga91 s9ce ! fir/ or spontane\s /age ( education is entirely to be left to wom51 x is mo/ desirable t !y %\ld !mselves h pass$ ?r\gh ! second or sy/ematic /age4 ,! only dep>tm5t ) :i* !y ne$ n conc]n !mselves1 is :at is call$ pr(essional education4 ,b ?is1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$1 is n susceptible ( regul> organization4 ,pr(essional skill c only be acquir$ by c>eful practice & exp]i5ce1 re/+ ^u a s\nd basis ( !ory4 ,9 all o!r respects wom51 philosoph]s1 & work+ m5 w receive ! same education4 ,b :ile ,i w\ld place ! sexes on a level 9 ?is respect1 ,i d n take ! view ( my em95t pr$ecessor ,condorcet1 t !y %\ld be taught toge!r4 ,on moral gr\nds1 :i* ( c\rse are ! mo/ important consid]ation1 x is obvi\s t su* a plan w\ld be equally prejudicial to bo?4 ,9 ! *ur*1 9 ! club1 9 ! salon1 !y may associate freely at e p]iod ( life4 ,b at s*ool su* int]c\rse w\ld be premature2 x w\ld *eck ! natural developm5t ( "*1 n to say t x w\ld obvi\sly h an unsettl+ influ5ce ^u /udy4 ,until ! feel+s on bo? sides are suffici5tly matur$1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! relations ( ! two sexes %\ld n be too intimate1 & t !y %\ld be sup]9t5d$ by ! wat*ful eye ( _! mo!rs4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! subjects ( /udy are to be ! same = bo?1 ! necessity ( sep>at+ ! sexes does n imply t !re %\ld be special tea*]s = wom54 ,n to speak ( ! increas$ exp5diture t w\ld ?us be incurr$1 x w\ld inevitably l[] ! /&>d ( female education4 ,x w\ld always be presum$ t _! tea*]s 7 m5 ( inf]ior atta9m5ts4 ,to ensure t ! in/ruction giv5 is ! same = bo? sexes1 ! in/ructors mu/ be ! same1 & mu/ give _! lectures alt]nately to ea* sex4 ,^! conditions are p]fectly compatible ) ! s*eme describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,x 0 !re m5tion$ t ea* philosoph] w\ld be expect$ to give "o1 or1 9 "s cases1 two lectures e week4 ,n[ suppos+ ?is 7 d\bl$1 x w\ld /ill come f> %ort ( ! intol]able burd5s :i* are impos$ ^u tea*]s 9 ! pres5t day4 ,moreov]1 z ! ,positivi/ educator w pass successively ?r\gh ! sev5 /ages ( sci5tific in/ruction1 he w be able s to regulate 8 "w z to avoid we>isome repetition ( ! same lectures 9 ea* ye>4 ,besides1 ! di/+ui%$ m5 to :om our educational sy/em w be entru/$ w soon discov] t _! two audi5ces require "s diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( tea*+1 & t ?is may be done )\t 9 any way l[]+ ! uni=m /&>d :i* _! me?od & _! doctr9es require4 ,b indep5d5tly ( ! importance to female education ( ?is id5tity ( tea*]s1 x w react b5eficially on ! intellectual & moral "* ( ! philosoph] :o tea*es4 ,x w preclude him f ent]+ into useless details1 & w keep him involunt>ily to ! broad pr9ciples ( 8 subject4 ,by com+ into contact simultane\sly ) two natures1 9 "o ( :i* ?\ght1 & 9 ! o!r emotion1 is pr$om9ant1 he w ga9 cle>] insight into ! great pr9ciple ( subord9at+ ! intellect to ! he>t4 ,! obligation ( tea*+ bo? sexes w complete t univ]sality ( m9d :i* is to be requir$ ( ! new s*ool ( philosoph]s4 ,to treat ) equal ability ( all ! v>i\s ord]s ( sci5tific conceptions1 & to int]e/ two audi5ces ( s diff]5t a "*1 is a task :i* w dem& ! highe/ p]sonal qualifications4 ,h[ev]1 z ! numb] requir$ by ! conditions is n excessive1 x w n be impossible to f9d m5 fit = ! purpose1 z soon z ! prop] means are tak5 to procure _! s]vices1 & to gu>antee _! mat]ial subsi/5ce4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 too1 t ! corporation ( tea*]s is n to be recruit$ f any "o nation = itself1 b f ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe2 s t ! ,positivi/ educator w *ange 8 resid5ce1 :5 requir$1 ev5 m frequ5tly ?an ! prie/s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,putt+ ^! consid]ations toge!r1 we %all f9d t ,positivi/ education = bo? sexes may be organiz$ on a suffici5t scale = ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe1 ) less ?an ! useless1 or worse ?an useless1 exp5diture incurr$ by ! cl]gy ( ! ,anglican *ur*4 ,?is w\ld give ea* function>y an adequate ma9t5ance1 ?\gh none ( !m w\ld be degrad$ by weal?4 ,a body ( tw5ty ?\s& philosoph]s w\ld be en\gh n[1 & probably w\ld always suffice1 = ! spiritual wants ( ! five ,we/]n nations4 ,?is w\ld imply ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sept5nial sy/em ( in/ruction 9 two ?\s& /ations4 ,! influ5ce ( wom5 & ( work+ m5 w nev] become s sy/ematic z to enable !m to disp5se ) philosophic assi/ance altoge!r4 ,b 9 proportion z !y become m effectually incorporat$ z elem5ts ( ! spiritual p[]1 ! necessity ( enl>g+ ! purely speculative class w dim9i%4 ,"u !ological sy/ems x has be5 f> too num]\s4 ,! privilege ( liv+ 9 com=t )\t productive lab\r w be ultimately s r>e & s de>ly e>n$1 t no rational gr\nd ( objection to x w be left4 ,x w be g5]ally felt t ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ^! philosophic tea*]s1 l t ( ma9ta9+ wom51 is no real burd5 to ! productive classes2 on ! contr>y1 t x conduces to _! highe/ int]e/1 by ensur+ ! p]=mance ( intellectual & moral functions :i* are ! noble/ *>act]i/ics ( ,humanity4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! prim>y pr9ciple laid d[n at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] enables u to solve all ! problems t (f] !mselves on ! subject ( ,woman4 ,h] function 9 society is det]m9$ by ! con/itution ( h] nature4 ,%e is spontane\sly ! organ ( ,feel+1 on :i* ! unity ( human nature entirely dep5ds4 ,& %e con/itutes ! pure/ & mo/ natural elem5t ( ! mod]at+ p[]2 :i*1 :ile av[+ its own subord9ation to ! mat]ial =ces ( society1 purposes to direct !m to high] uses4 ,z "m & z wife1 x is h] (fice to conduct ! moral education ( ,humanity4 ,9 ord] ! m p]fectly to fulfil ?is mission1 h] life mu/ be connect$ ev5 m closely ?an x has be5 ) ! ,family4 ,at ! same "t %e mu/ p>ticipate1 to ! full ext5t t is possible1 9 ! g5]al sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,wom5's privileges4 ,_! mission is 9 itself a privilege ,a few rem>ks on ! privileges :i* ! fulfilm5t ( ?is vocation w br+1 w complete ?is "p ( my subject4 ,wom5's mission is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! tru? t happ9ess consi/s 9 do+ ! "w = :i* we are naturally fitt$4 ,t mission is always ! same2 x is summ$ up 9 "o ^w1 ,love4 ,b ,love is a "w 9 :i* !re c nev] be too _m work]s2 x gr[s by co-op]ation2 x has no?+ to fe> f competition4 ,wom5 are *>g$ ) ! education ( ,sympa?y1 ! s\rce ( human unity2 & _! highe/ happ9ess is rea*$ :5 !y h ! full consci\sness ( _! vocation1 & are free to foll[ x4 ,x is ! admirable feature ( _! social mission1 t x invites !m to cultivate qualities :i* are natural to !m2 to call into ex]cise emotions :i* all all[ to be ! mo/ pleasurable4 ,all t is requir$ = !m 9 a bett] organization ( society are c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 _! ext]nal condition4 ,!y mu/ be reliev$ f out-door lab\r2 & o!r means mu/ be tak5 to prev5t _! moral influ5ce f be+ impair$4 ,bo? objects are contemplat$ 9 ! mat]ial1 intellectual1 & moral ameliorations :i* ,positivism is de/9$ to effect 9 female life4 ,!y w receive hon\r & wor%ip f m5 ,b besides ! pleasure inh]5t 9 _! vocation1 ,positivism (f]s a recomp5se = _! s]vices1 :i* ,ca?olic ,feudalism =e%ad[$ b c\ld n realize4 ,z m5 become m & m grateful = ! bless+ ( _! moral influ5ce1 !y w give expression to ?is feel+ 9 a sy/ematic =m4 ,9 a ^w ! new doctr9e w in/itute ! ,wor%ip ( ,woman1 publicly & privately1 9 a f> m p]fect way ?an has ev] be=e be5 possible4 ,x is ! fir/ p]man5t /ep t[>ds ! wor%ip ( ,humanity2 :i*1 z ! conclud+ *apt] ( ?is introductory "w w %[1 is ! c5tral pr9ciple ( ,positivism1 view$ ei!r z a ,philosophy or z a ,polity4 ,developm5t ( m$iaeval *ivalry ,our ance/ors 9 *ivalr\s times made noble ef=ts 9 ?is direction1 :i*1 except by wom51 are n[ no long] appreciat$4 ,b ^! ef=ts1 h[ev] admirable1 7 inadequate2 p>tly ow+ to ! milit>y _s ( society 9 ^? times1 p>tly because _! religi\s doctr9es _h n a suffici5tly social "*4 ,nev]!less1 !y h left memories :i* w n p]i%4 ,! ref9em5t ( life 9 ,we/]n ,europe is 9 great "p due to !m1 al?\gh mu* ( x is already effac$ by ! an>*y ( ! pres5t "t4 ,*ivalry1 if we are to believe ! negative philosoph]s ( ! la/ c5tury1 c nev] revive2 because ! religi\s beliefs ) :i* x 0 connect$ h become obsolete4 ,b ! connexion 0 nev] v pr(\nd1 & !re is no reason :atev] = its cont9uance4 ,f> too mu* has be5 made ( x by rec5t apologi/s = ,ca?olicism2 :o1 :ile lay+ great /ress on ! sanction :i* ,!ology gave to ,*ivalry1 h fail$ to appreciate ! sympa?ies to :i* ?is admirable in/itution is really due4 ,! real s\rce ( ,*ivalry lies mo/ unque/ionably 9 ! feudal _s4 ,!ological sanction = x 0 aft]w>ds s\ght =1 z ! only sy/ematic basis t (f]$ itself at t "t4 ,b ! tru? is t ,!ology & ,*ivalry 7 h>dly compatible4 ,!ology fix$ m5's ?\ghts ^u a vision>y future2 ,*ivalry conc5trat$ 8 en]gies ^u ! _w ar\nd him4 ,! knight ( ! ,middle ,ages _h always to *oose betwe5 8 ,god & 8 ,lady2 & c\ld !re=e nev] atta9 t conc5trat$ unity ( purpose1 )\t :i* ! full result ( 8 mission1 s g5]\sly und]tak51 c\ld nev] be realiz$4 ,plac$ z we are n[1 ne> ! close ( ! revolution>y p]iod1 we are beg9n+ to see t ,*ivalry is n de/9$ to ext9ction2 t1 on ! contr>y1 :5 mod]n life has assum$ its normal "*1 its influ5ce w be great] ?an ev]1 because x w op]ate on a m pacific society1 & w be bas$ on a m practical religion4 ,= ,*ivalry satisfies an ess5tial want ( society1 a want :i* becomes m urg5t z civilization advances2 x in/itutes a volunt>y comb9ation ( ! /rong = ! protection ( ! weak4 ,! p]iod ( transition f ! (f5sive milit>y sy/em ( ,rome to ! def5sive sy/em ( ,feudalism1 0 naturally ! "t ( its fir/ appe>ance1 & x receiv$ ! sanction ( ! religion !n dom9ant4 ,b society is n[ ent]+ ^u a p]iod ( p]man5t peace2 & :5 ?is1 ! mo/ /rik+ political feature ( mod]n times1 has become firmly e/abli%$1 ! influ5ce ( ,*ivalry w be great] ?an ev]4 ,its proc$ure w be diff]5t1 because ! modes ( oppression are happily n n[ :at !y 7 =m]ly4 ,! in/rum5ts ( mat]ial =ce are n[ n arms1 b ri*es4 ,x is no long] ! p]son t is attack$1 b 8 means ( subsi/5ce4 ,! advantages ( ! *ange are obvi\s3 ! dang] is less s]i\s1 & protection f x is easi] & m effectual4 ,b x w always rema9 mo/ desirable t protectors %\ld come =w>d1 & t !y %\ld =m an organiz$ association4 ,! de/ructive in/9ct w always %[ itself 9 v>i\s ways1 :]ev] !re are ! means ( indulg+ x4 ,& !re=e z an adjunct to ! spiritual organization1 ,positivism w enc\rage a sy/ematic manife/ation ( *ivalr\s feel+ among ! lead]s ( indu/ry4 ,^? among !m :o feel animat$ ) ! noble _s ( ! h]oes ( ! ,middle ,ages1 w devote n _! sword1 b _! weal?1 _! "t1 &1 if ne$ be1 _! :ole en]gies to ! def5ce ( ! oppress$ 9 all classes4 ,! objects ( _! g5]osity w pr9cipally be f\nd1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 among ! classes specially expos$ to mat]ial suff]+1 t is to say1 among wom51 philosoph]s1 & work+ m54 ,x w\ld be /range inde$ = a sy/em l ,positivism1 ! ma9 object ( :i* is to /r5g!n ! social _s1 n to appropriate ! in/itution :i* is ! noble/ product ( t _s4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! re/oration ( ,*ivalry is m]ely a recon/ruction ( ! m$iaeval in/itution 9 a %ape adapt$ to ! alt]$ /ate ( ideas & feel+s4 ,9 mod]n z 9 m$iaeval times1 devotion ( ! /rong to ! weak foll[s z a natural consequ5ce f ! subord9ation ( ,politics to ,morals4 ,n[1 z !n1 ! spiritual p[] w be nobly second$ by memb]s ( ! gov]n+ class 9 ! attempt to br+ t class to a /rict] s5se ( social duty4 ,b besides ?is1 ,feudal ,*ivalry _h a deep] & m special purpose 9 ref]5ce to wom54 ,& 9 ?is respect ! sup]iority ( ,positivism is ev5 m complete & obvi\s4 ,feudalism introduc$ = ! fir/ "t ! wor%ip ( ,woman4 ,b 9 ?is x met ) little support f ,ca?olicism1 & 0 9 _m respects ?w>t$ by x4 ,! habits ( ,*ri/ianity 7 9 !mselves adv]se to real t5d]ness ( he>t2 !y only /r5g!n$ x indirectly1 by promot+ "o ( ! indisp5sable conditions ( true affection1 purity ( life4 ,9 all o!r respects ,*ivalry 0 con/antly oppos$ by ! ,ca?olic sy/em2 :i* 0 s au/]e & anti-social1 t x c\ld n sanction m>riage except z an infirmity :i* x 0 necess>y to tol]ate1 b :i* 0 haz>d\s to p]sonal salvation4 ,ev5 its rules ( purity1 valuable z !y 71 7 (t5 weak5$ by int]e/$ motives :i* s]i\sly impair$ _! value4 ,consequ5tly1 not)/&+ all ! noble & long-cont9u$ ef=ts ( our m$iaeval ance/ors1 ! in/itution ( ! wor%ip ( ,woman 0 v imp]fectly effect$1 especially 9 its relation to public life4 ,:atev] ,ca?olic apologi/s may say1 !re is e reason to believe t if ,feudalism c\ld h aris5 be=e ! decl9e ( ,poly!ism1 ! influ5ce ( ,*ivalry w\ld h be5 great]4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! m compreh5sive sy/em ( ,positivism1 9 :i* s\nd practice is always support$ by s\nd !ory1 to give full expression to ! feel+ ( v5]ation = wom54 ,9 ! new religion1 t5d]ness ( he>t is look$ ^u z ! fir/ ( ,woman's attributes4 ,b purity is n neglect$4 ,on ! contr>y its true s\rce & its ess5tial value1 z ! fir/ condition ( happ9ess & ( moral gr[?1 are po9t$ out m di/9ctly ?an be=e4 ,! %all[ & sophi/ical views ( m>riage ma9ta9$ 9 ^! unsettl$ times by m5 ( n>r[ m9ds & co>se feel+s1 w be easily refut$ by a m c>eful /udy ( human nature4 ,ev5 ! ob/acles pres5t$ by sci5tific mat]ialism w rapidly disappe> be=e ! spread ( ,positivi/ morality4 ,a physician ( great sagacity1 ,hufel&1 has rem>k$1 ) tru?1 t ! well-kn[n vig\r ( ! knights ( old times 0 a suffici5t answ] to m5 :o talk$ ( ! physical dang]s ( cont95ce4 ,positivism1 deal+ ) ?is "q 9 all its aspects1 tea*es t :ile ! prim>y reason = insi/+ on purity is t x is ess5tial to dep? ( affection1 x has z close a connexion ) ! physical & intellectual improvem5t ( ! individual & ! race z ) our moral progress4 ,positivism !n1 z ! :ole t5d5cy ( ?is *apt] indicates1 enc\rages1 on intellectual z well z on moral gr\nds1 full & sy/ematic expression ( ! feel+ ( v5]ation = ,wom51 9 public z well z 9 private life1 collectively z well z individually4 ,born to love & to be lov$1 reliev$ f ! burd5s ( practical life1 free 9 ! sacr$ retirem5t ( _! homes1 ! wom5 ( ! ,we/ w receive f ,positivi/s ! tribute ( deep & s9c]e admiration :i* _! life inspires4 ,!y w feel no scruple 9 accept+ _! position z spontane\s prie/esses ( ,humanity2 !y w fe> no long] ! rivalry ( a v9dictive ,deity4 ,f *ildhood ea* ( u w be taught to reg>d _! sex z ! pr9cipal s\rce ( human happ9ess & improvem5t1 :e!r 9 public life or 9 private4 ,! treasures ( affection :i* our ance/ors wa/$ ^u my/ical objects1 & :i* ^! revolution>y times ignore1 w !n be c>efully pres]v$ & direct$ to _! prop] purpose4 ,! en]vat+ influ5ce ( *im]ical beliefs w h pass$ away2 & m5 9 all ! vig\r ( _! en]gies1 feel+ !mselves ! ma/]s ( ! kn[n _w1 w feel x _! highe/ happ9ess to submit ) gratitude to ! b5efic5t p[] ( womanly sympa?y4 ,9 a ^w1 ,man w 9 ^? days kneel to ,woman1 & to ,woman alone4 ,! s\rce f :i* ^! rev]5tial feel+s = ! sympa!tic sex proce$1 is a cle> appreciation 9 ! o!r sex ( b5efits receiv$1 & a _s ( deep ?ankfulness = !m4 ,! ,positivi/ w nev] =get t moral p]fection1 ! prim>y condition ( public & private happ9ess1 is pr9cipally due to ! influ5ce ( ,woman ov] ,man1 fir/ z "m1 !n z wife4 ,su* a conviction _c fail to ar\se feel+s ( lov+ v5]ation = ^? ) :om1 f _! position 9 society1 he is 9 no dang] ( rivalry 9 ! affairs ( life4 ,:5 ! mission ( woman is bett] und]/ood1 & is c>ri$ out m fully1 %e w be reg>d$ by ,man z ! mo/ p]fect imp]sonation ( ,humanity4 ,! practice ( ,pray]1 s f> f disappe>+1 is purifi$ & /r5g!n$ 9 ,positive religion ,orig9at+ 9 spontane\s feel+s ( gratitude1 ! wor%ip ( ,woman1 :5 x has assum$ a m sy/ematic %ape1 w be valu$ = its own sake z a new in/rum5t ( happ9ess & moral gr[?4 ,in]t z ! t5d] sympa?ies are 9 ,man1 x is mo/ desirable to /r5g!n !m by su* ex]cise z ! public & private in/itution ( ?is wor%ip w af=d4 ,& "h x is t ,positivi/s w f9d all ! elevat+ influ5ces :i* ,ca?olicism d]iv$ f ,pray]4 ,x is a common b v palpable error to imag9e t ,pray] is insep>able f ! *im]ical motives ( self-int]e/ 9 :i* x fir/ orig9at$4 ,9 ,ca?olicism !re 0 always a t5d5cy to rise above ^! motives1 s f> at lea/ z ! pr9ciples ( !ology admitt$4 ,f ,/4 ,augu/9e d[nw>ds1 all ! nobl] spirits h felt m & m /rongly1 not)/&+ ! self-absorb+ t5d5cies ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 t ,pray] did n necess>ily imply petition4 ,:5 s\nd] views ( human nature h become preval5t1 ! value ( ?is important function w be m cle>ly appreciat$2 & x w ultimately become ( great] importance ?an ev]1 because f\nd$ on a tru] pr9ciple4 ,9 ! normal /ate ( ,humanity1 ! moral efficacy ( ,pray] w no long] be impair$ by ?\ghts ( p]sonal recomp5se4 ,x w be simply a solemn out-p\r+1 :e!r 9 private or 9 public1 ( m5's nobl] feel+s1 inspir+ !m ) l>g] & m compreh5sive ?\ghts4 ,z a daily practice1 x is inculcat$ by ,positivism z ! be/ pres]vative aga9/ ! selfi% & n>r[ views :i* are s apt to arise 9 ! ord9>y avocations ( life4 ,to m5 its value is ev5 great] ?an to wom52 _! life be+ less fav\rable to l>ge views & g5]al sympa?ies1 x is ! m important to revive !m at regul> p]iods4 ,b ,pray] w\ld be ( little value unless ! m9d c\ld =m a cle> conception ( its object4 ,! wor%ip ( ,woman satisfies ?is condition1 & is s f> ( great] efficacy ?an ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,true1 ! ultimate object ( ,positivi/ ,pray]1 z %[n 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( ?is volume1 is ,humanity4 ,b "s ( its be/ moral effects w\ld h>dly be realiz$1 if x 7 at once & exclusively direct$ to an object s difficult to conceive cle>ly4 ,x is possible t ,wom5 ) _! /rong] sympa?ies may be able to rea* ?is /age )\t int]m$iate /eps4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 m5 c]ta9ly w\ld n be able to d s2 ev5 ! intellectual class1 ) all its p[]s ( g5]alization1 w\ld f9d x impossible4 ,! wor%ip ( ,woman1 begun 9 private1 & aft]w>ds publicly celebrat$1 is necess>y 9 man's case to prep>e him = any effectual wor%ip ( ,humanity4 ,no "o c be s unhappy z n to be able to f9d "s woman wor?y ( 8 peculi> love1 :e!r 9 ! relation ( wife or ( "m2 "s "o :o 9 8 solit>y pray] may be pres5t to him z a fix$ object ( devotion4 ,nor w su* devotion1 z might be ?\ght1 cease ) dea?2 r1 :5 its object has be5 rightly *os51 dea? /r5g!ns x by mak+ x m pure4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ,positivism insi/s s /rongly1 ! union ( ! ,pres5t ) ! ,pa/1 & ev5 ) ! ,future1 is n limit$ to ! life ( ,society4 ,x is a doctr9e :i* unites all individuals & all g5]ations2 & :5 x has become m famili> to u1 x w /imulate e "o to call 8 de>e/ memories to life2 ! _s ( ! sy/em be+ t ! private life ( ! v humble/ citiz5 has a close relation to 8 public duty4 ,we all "k h[ intellectual culture enables u to live ) our great pr$ecessors ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( ,antiquity1 almo/ z we %\ld d ) abs5t fri5ds4 ,& if intellect c d s mu*1 w x n be f> easi] = ! /rong passion ( ,love to effect ?is ideal resurrection8 ,we h already _m in/ances :]e :ole nations h %[n /rong sympa?ies or antipa?ies to great hi/orical names1 especially :5 _! influ5ce 0 /ill s5sibly felt4 ,!re is no reason :y a private life %\ld n produce ! same effect ^u ^? :o h be5 br\ght into contact ) x4 ,moral culture has be5 conduct$ hi!rto on su* unsatisfactory pr9ciples1 t we c h>dly =m an adequate notion ( its results :5 ,positivism has reg5]at$ x1 & has conc5trat$ ! affections z well z ! ?\ghts ( ,man ^u human life4 ,to live ) ! dead is ! peculi> privilege ( ,humanity1 a privilege :i* w ext5d z our conceptions wid5 & our ?\ghts become m pure4 ,"u ,positivism ! impulse to x w become f> /rong]1 & x w be recogniz$ z a sy/ematic pr9ciple 9 private z well z 9 public life4 ,ev5 ! ,future is n exclud$ f its application4 ,we may live ) ^? :o are n yet born2 a ?+ impossible only till a true !ory ( hi/ory _h aris51 ( scope suffici5t to embrace at "o glance ! :ole c\rse ( human de/9y4 ,!re are numb]less in/ances to prove t ! he>t ( ,man is capable ( emotions :i* h no outw>d basis1 except :at ,imag9ation has suppli$4 ,! famili> spirits ( ! ,poly!i/1 ! my/ical desires ( ! ,mono!i/1 all po9t to a g5]al t5d5cy 9 ! ,pa/1 :i*1 ) our bett] pr9ciples1 we %all be able 9 ! ,future to direct to a nobl] & m real purpose4 ,& ?us ev5 ^? :o may be s un=tunate z to h no special object ( love ne$ n1 on t acc\nt1 be preclud$ f ! act ( wor%ip3 !y may *oose f ! wom5 ( ! pa/ "s type adapt$ to _! own nature4 ,m5 ( p[]ful imag9ation might ev5 =m _! own m p]fect ideal1 & ?us op5 out ! pa? ( ! future4 ,?is1 inde$1 is :at 0 (t5 done by ! knights ( *ivalr\s times1 simple & un9/ruct$ z !y 74 ,surely !n we1 ) our full] und]/&+ & great] famili>ity ) ! ,pa/1 %\ld be able to idealize m p]fectly4 ,b :e!r ! *oice lie 9 ! ,pa/ or 9 ! ,future1 its efficacy w\ld be impair$ unless x rema9$ con/ant to "o object2 & fix$ pr9ciples1 su* z ,positivism supplies1 are ne$$ to *eck ! natural t5d5cy to v]satility ( feel+4 ,! wor%ip ( ,woman a prep>ation = ! wor%ip ( ,humanity ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? ^u ! p]sonal adoration ( ,woman "u its real or ideal aspects1 because ^u x dep5ds ne>ly all ! moral value ( any public celebration4 ,public assemblage 9 ! temples ( ,humanity may /r5g!n & /imulate feel+s ( devotion1 b _c orig9ate !m4 ,unless ea* wor%ipp] has felt 9 8 own p]son deep & rev]5tial love = ^? to :om our highe/ affections are due1 a public s]vice 9 hon\r ( wom5 w\ld be no?+ b a repetition ( unmean+ =mulas4 ,b ^? ^: daily cu/om x has be5 to give expression to su* feel+s 9 secret1 w ga91 by assembl+ toge!r1 all ! b5efit ( m int5se & m exalt$ sympa?y4 ,9 my la/ lett] to h] :o is = ev] m9e1 ,i said3 #8,amid/ ! heavie/ anxieties :i* ,love c br+1 ,i h nev] ceas$ to feel t ! "o ?+ ess5tial to happ9ess is t ! he>t %all be always nobly occupi$'4#i ,& n[ t we are sep>at$ by ,dea?1 daily exp]i5ce confirms ?is tru?1 :i* is moreov] 9 exact accordance ) ! ,positive !ory ( human nature4 ,)\t p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,love no public celebration ( x c be s9c]e4 ,9 its public celebration ! sup]iority ( ! new ,religion is ev5 m manife/ ?an 9 ! private wor%ip4 ,a sy/em 9 :i* ! social _s is uni=mly prepond]ant1 is peculi>ly adapt$ to r5d] homage = ! social s]vices ( ! sympa!tic sex4 ,:5 ! knights ( ! ,middle ,ages met toge!r1 !y might give v5t to _! p]sonal feel+s1 & express to "o ano!r ! rev]5ce :i* ea* felt = 8 own mi/ress2 b f>!r ?an ?is !y c\ld n g4 ,& su* p]sonal feel+s w nev] cease to be necess>y4 ,/ill ! pr9cipal object ( public celebration is to express gratitude on ! "p ( ! p = ! social bless+s conf]r$ by ,woman1 z ! organ ( t elem5t 9 our nature on :i* its unity dep5ds1 & z ! orig9al s\rce ( moral p[]4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages su* consid]ations 7 impossible1 = want ( a rational !ory embrac+ ! :ole circle ( social relations4 ,inde$ ! receiv$ fai? 0 incompatible ) any su* conception1 s9ce ,god 9 t fai? occupi$ ! place really due to ,humanity4 ,exceptional wom54 ,joan ( ,arc ,!re are wom5 ^: c>e] has be5 altoge!r exceptional2 & ^!1 l ! re/1 meet ) _! due tribute ( praise 9 ! ,positive sy/em4 ,! *ief motive1 d\btless1 = public & private v5]ation is ! mission ( sympa?y1 :i* is ,woman's peculi> vocation4 ,b !re h be5 rem>kable in/ances ( wom5 ^: life has be5 "o ( speculation1 or ev51 :at is 9 mo/ cases /ill m =eign to _! nature1 ( political activity4 ,!y h r5d]$ real s]vice to ,humanity1 & !y %\ld receive ! hon\r t is due to !m4 ,!ology1 f its absolute "*1 c\ld n make su* concessions2 !y w\ld h weak5$ ! effici5cy ( its mo/ important social rules4 ,consequ5tly1 ,ca?olicism 0 compell$1 ?\gh at fir/ ) s9c]e regret1 to leave "s ( ! noble/ wom5 )\t commemoration4 ,a signal in/ance is ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 ^: h]oism sav$ ,france 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,our great k+ ,l\is ,,xi appli$ v prop]ly to ! ,pope = h] canonization1 & no objection 0 made to 8 reque/4 ,yet1 practically1 x 0 nev] c>ri$ into effect4 ,x 0 gradually =gott52 & ! cl]gy soon came to feel a sort ( dislike to h] memory1 :i* rem9d$ !m ( no?+ b _! own social weakness4 ,x is easy to acc\nt = ?is result2 nor is any "o really to blame = x4 ,x 0 fe>$1 n )\t reason1 t to consid] ,joan ( ,arc z a sa9t might h ! effect ( spread+ false & dang]\s ideas ( fem99e duty4 ,! difficulty 0 insup]able = any absolute sy/em1 9 :i* to sanction ! exception is to compromise ! rule4 ,b 9 a relative sy/em ! case is diff]5t4 ,x is ev5 m inconsi/5t ) ,positive pr9ciples ?an x is ) ,ca?olic1 = wom5 to lead a milit>y life1 a life :i* ( all o!rs is ! lea/ compatible ) _! prop] functions4 ,& yet ,positivi/s w be ! fir/ to d ju/ice to ?is extraord9>y h]o9e1 :om !ologians h be5 afraid to recognize1 & :om metaphysicians1 ev5 9 ,france1 h _h ! h>dihood to insult4 ,! anniv]s>y ( h] glori\s m>tyrdom w be a solemn fe/ival1 n only = ,france1 b = ,we/]n ,europe4 ,= h] "w 0 n m]ely ( national importance3 ! enslavem5t ( ,france w\ld h involv$ ! loss ( all ! influ5ce :i* ,france has ex]cis$ z ! c5tre ( ! advanc$ nations ( ,europe4 ,moreov]1 z none ( !m are altoge!r cle> f ! disgrace ( detract+1 z ,voltaire has done1 f h] "*1 all %\ld aid 9 ! rep>ation ( x :i* ,positivism proposes to in/itute4 ,s f> f h] apo!osis hav+ an injuri\s effect on female "*1 x w af=d an opportunity ( po9t+ out ! anomal\s nature ( h] c>e]1 & ! r>ity ( ! conditions :i* alone c\ld ju/ify x4 ,x is a fre% pro( ( ! advantages accru+ to ,morality f ! relative "* ( ,positivism1 :i* enables x to appreciate exceptional cases )\t weak5+ ! rules4 ,! subject ( ! wor%ip ( ,woman by ,man raises a "q ( mu* delicacy2 h[ to satisfy ! analog\s feel+s ( devotion 9 ! o!r sex4 ,we h se5 its necessity = m5 z an int]m$iate /ep t[>ds ! wor%ip ( ,humanity2 & wom51 /rong] ?\gh _! sympa?ies are1 /&1 x may be1 9 ne$ ( simil> prep>ation4 ,yet c]ta9ly ! direction tak5 %\ld be some:at diff]5t4 ,:at is want$ is t ea* sex %\ld /r5g!n ! moral qualities 9 :i* x is naturally defici5t4 ,en]gy is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,humanity z well z ,sympa?y2 z is well %[n by ! d\ble mean+ ( ! ^w ,he>t4 ,9 ,man ,sympa?y is ! weak] elem5t1 & x requires con/ant ex]cise4 ,?is he ga9s by expression ( 8 feel+s ( rev]5ce = ,woman4 ,9 ,woman1 on ! o!r h&1 ! defective quality is ,en]gy2 s t1 %\ld any special prep>ation = ! wor%ip ( ,humanity be ne$$1 x %\ld be su* z to /r5g!n c\rage r ?an sympa?y4 ,b my sex r5d]s me incompet5t to ent] f>!r into ! secret wants ( ,woman's he>t4 ,!ory indicates a blank hi!rto unnotic$1 b does n enable me to fill x4 ,x is a problem = wom5 !mselves to solve2 & ,i _h res]v$ x = my noble colleague1 = ^: premature dea? ,i w\ld fa9 hope t my own grief may "o day be %>$ by all4 ,?r\gh\t ?is *apt] ,i h be5 ke5ly s5sible ( ! philosophic loss result+ f our objective sep>ation4 ,true1 ,i h be5 able to %[ t ,positivism is a matt] ( ! deepe/ conc]n to wom51 s9ce x incorporates !m 9 ! progressive movem5t ( mod]n times4 ,i h prov$ t ! "p allott$ to !m 9 ?is movem5t is "o :i* satisfies _! highe/ aspirations = ! ,family or = ,society4 ,& yet ,i c h>dly hope = mu* support f !m until "s woman %all come =w>d to int]pret :at ,i h said into language m adapt$ to _! nature & habits ( ?\ght4 ,till !n x w always be tak5 = grant$ t !y are incapable ev5 ( und]/&+ ! new philosophy1 not)/&+ all ! natural aff9ities = x :i* ,i h %[n t !y possess4 ,all ^! difficulties _h be5 entirely remov$ by ! noble & lov+ fri5d to :om ,i d$icate ! treatise to :i* ?is "w is introductory4 ,! d$ication is unusual 9 =m1 & "s may ?9k x ov]/ra9$4 ,b my own fe> is r1 n[ t five ye>s h pa/1 t my words 7 too weak = ! deep gratitude :i* ,i n[ feel = h] elevat+ influ5ce4 ,)\t x ! moral aspects ( ,positivism w\ld h la9 v long lat5t4 ,clotilde de ,vaux 0 gift$ equally 9 m9d & he>t3 & %e _h already begun to feel ! p[] ( ! new philosophy to raise fem99e influ5ce f ! decl9e into :i* x _h fall51 "u ! revolution>y influ5ces ( mod]n times4 ,misund]/ood ev]y:]e1 ev5 by h] own family1 h] nature 0 f> too noble = bitt]ness4 ,h] sorr[s 7 z exceptional z !y 7 undes]v$2 b h] purity 0 ev5 m r>e ?an h] sorr[2 & x pres]v$ h] unsca!d f all sophi/ical attacks on m>riage1 ev5 be=e ! true !ory ( m>riage _h come be=e h]4 ,9 ! only writ+ :i* %e publi%$#aj1 !re is a beautiful rem>k1 :i* to ^? :o "k ! hi/ory ( h] life is deeply affect+3 #8,great natures %\ld always be above br++ _! sorr[s ^u o!rs'4 ,9 ?is *>m+ /ory1 writt5 be=e %e knew any?+ ( ,positivism1 %e express$ h]self mo/ *>act]i/ically on ! subject ( ,woman's vocation3 #8,surely ! true sph]e ( ,woman is to provide ,man ) ! com=ts & delights ( home1 receiv+ 9 ex*ange f him ! means ( subsi/5ce e>n$ by 8 lab\rs4 ,i w\ld r see ! "m ( a poor family wa%+ h] *ildr5's l951 ?an see h] e>n+ a livelihood by h] tal5ts away f home4 ,( c\rse ,i d n speak ( wom5 ( extraord9>y p[]s ^: g5ius leads !m out ( ! sph]e ( dome/ic duty4 ,su* natures %\ld h free scope giv5 to !m3 = great m9ds are k9dl$ by ! exhibition ( _! p[]s'4 ,^! words com+ f a "y lady di/+ui%$ no less = beauty ?an = wor?1 %[$ h] antipa?y to ! subv]sive ideas s preval5t 9 ! pres5t day4 ,b 9 a l>ge "w :i* %e did n live to f9i%1 %e _h int5d$ to refute ! attacks ^u m>riage1 conta9$ 9 ! works ( ,george ,s&1 to :om %e 0 intellectually no less ?an morally sup]ior4 ,h] nature 0 ( r>e end[m5t1 mov$ by noble impulse1 & yet all[+ its due influ5ce to reason4 ,:5 %e 0 beg9n+ to /udy ,positivism %e wrote to me3 #8,no "o kn[s bett] ?an myself h[ weak our nature is unless x has "s l(ty aim beyond ! rea* ( passion'4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>ds1 writ+ ) all ! graceful fre$om ( fri5d%ip1 %e let fall a phrase ( deep mean+1 almo/ unaw>es3 #8,our race is "o :i* mu/ h duties1 9 ord] to =m its feel+s'4 ,) su* a nature my ,sa9t ,clotilde 01 z may be suppos$1 fully consci\s ( ! moral value ( ,positivism1 ?\gh %e _h only "o ye> to give to its /udy4 ,a few mon?s be=e h] dea?1 %e wrote to me3 #8,if ,i 7 a man1 ,i %\ld be y\r en?usia/ic disciple2 z a woman1 ,i c b (f] y my cordial admiration'4 ,9 ! same lett] %e expla9s ! "p :i* %e propos$ to take 9 diffus+ ! pr9ciples ( ! new philosophy3 #8,x is always well = a woman to foll[ mode/ly beh9d ! army ( r5ovators1 ev5 at ! risk ( los+ a little ( h] own orig9ality'4 ,%e describes our intellectual an>*y 9 ?is *>m+ simile3 #8,we are all /&+ z yet ) "o foot 9 ! air ov] ! ?re%old ( tru?'4 ,x is = wom5 to introduce ,positivism into ! ,s\!rn nations ,) su* a colleague1 comb9+ z %e did qualities hi!rto %>$ among/ ! noble/ types ( womanhood1 x w\ld h be5 easy to induce h] sex to co-op]ate 9 ! reg5]ation ( society4 ,= %e gave a p]fect example ( t normal reaction ( ,feel+ ^u ,reason :i* has be5 "h set =w>d z ! highe/ aim ( ,woman's ef=ts4 ,:5 %e _h f9i%$ ! important "w on :i* %e 0 engag$1 ,i _h m>k$ out = h] a def9ite yet spaci\s field ( co-op]ation 9 ! ,positivi/ cause3 a field :i* h] intellect & "* 7 fully compet5t to occupy4 ,i m5tion x "h1 to illu/rate ! mode 9 :i* wom5 may help to spread ,positivism ?r\gh ! ,we/2 giv+ ?us ! fir/ example ( ! social influ5ce :i* !y w aft]w>ds ex]t p]man5tly4 ,:at ,i say has special ref]5ce to ,italy & to ,spa94 ,9 o!r c\ntries x only applies to individuals :o1 ?\gh liv+ 9 an atmosph]e ( free ?\ght1 h n !mselves v5tur$ to ?9k freely4 ,success 9 ?is latt] case is s frequ5t1 z to make me confid5t t ! ag5cies ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak may be appli$ collectively ) ! same fav\rable result4 ,! intellectual fre$om ( ! ,we/ began 9 ,engl& & ,g]many2 & x _h all ! dang]s ( orig9al ef=ts = :i* at t "t no sy/ematic basis c\ld be f\nd4 ,) ! legal e/abli%m5t ( ,prote/antism1 ! metaphysical movem5t /opp$4 ,prote/antism1 by consolidat+ x1 s]i\sly imp$$ subsequ5t progress1 & is /ill1 9 ! c\ntries :]e x prevails1 ! *ief ob/acle to all effici5t r5ovation4 ,happily ,france1 ! normal c5tre ( ,we/]n ,europe1 0 sp>$ ?is s-call$ ,re=mation4 ,%e made up = ! delay1 by pass+ at "o /ride1 "u ! impulse giv5 by ,voltaire1 to a /ate ( entire fre$om ( ?\ght2 & ?us resum$ h] natural place z lead] ( ! common movem5t ( social reg5]ation4 ,b ! ,fr5* :ile escap+ ! inconsi/5cies & oscillations ( ,prote/antism1 h be5 expos$ to all ! dang]s result+ f unqualifi$ acceptance ( revolution>y metaphysics4 ,pr9ciples ( sy/ematic negation h n[ held _! gr\nd ) u too long4 ,useful z !y once 7 9 prep>+ ! way = social recon/ruction1 !y are n[ a h9drance to x4 ,x may be hop$ t :5 ! movem5t ( free ?\ght ext5ds1 z x assur$ly w1 to ! two ,s\!rn nations1 :]e ,ca?olicism has be5 m successful 9 resi/+ ,prote/antism & ,deism1 x w be att5d$ ) less injuri\s consequ5ces4 ,if ,france 0 sp>$ ! ,calv9i/ic /age1 !re seems no reason :y ,italy & ev5 ,spa9 %\ld n be sp>$ ,voltairianism4 ,z a comp5sation = ?is app>5t /agnation1 !y might pass at once f ,ca?olicism to ,positivism1 )\t halt+ = any l5g? ( "t at ! negative /age4 ,^! c\ntries c\ld n h orig9at$ ! new philosophy1 ow+ to _! insuffici5t prep>ation2 b z soon z x has tak5 root 9 ,france1 !y w probably accept x ) extreme rapidity4 ,direct attacks ^u ,ca?olicism w n be necess>y4 ,! new religion w simply put itself into competition ) ! old by p]=m+ 9 a bett] way ! same functions t ,ca?olicism fulfils n[1 or has fulfill$ 9 pa/ times4 ,all evid5ce1 especially ! evid5ce ( ! poets1 goes to prove t be=e ,lu!r's "t1 !re 0 less belief 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 c]ta9ly less 9 ,italy1 ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,& ,ca?olicism1 ) all its resi/ance to ! progress ( ?\ght1 has nev] be5 able really to revive ! belief 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,we speak ( ,italy & ,spa9 z less advanc$2 b ! tru? is t !y only cl+ to ,ca?olicism because x satisfies _! moral & social wants bett] ?an any sy/em ) :i* !y are acqua9t$4 ,morally !y h m aff9ity to ,positivism ?an o!r nations2 because _! feel+s ( frat]nity h n be5 weak5$ by ! indu/rial developm5t :i* has done s mu* h>m 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,intellectually1 too1 !y are less ho/ile to ! prim>y pr9ciple ( ,positive ,polity2 ! sep>ation ( spiritual & temporal p[]4 ,& !re=e !y w welcome ,positivism z soon z !y see t 9 all ess5tial features x equals & surpasses ! m$iaeval *ur*4 ,n[ z ?is "q is almo/ entirely a moral "o1 _! convictions 9 ?is respect w dep5d f> m ^u ,feel+ ?an ^u argum5t4 ,consequ5tly1 ! "w ( conv]t+ !m to ,positivism is "o = :i* wom5 are peculi>ly adapt$4 ,positivism has be5 communicat$ to ,engl& by m54 ,holl&1 too1 :i* has be5 ! vangu>d ( ,g]many ev] s9ce ! ,middle ,ages has be5 initiat$ 9 ! same way /ill m effici5tly4 ,b its introduction 9 ,italy & ,spa9 w dep5d ^u ! wom5 ( ^? c\ntries2 & ! appeal to !m mu/ come1 n f a ,fr5*man1 b f a ,fr5*woman2 = he>t mu/ speak to he>t4 ,w\ld t ^! few words might enable o!rs to appreciate ! ine/imable wor? ( ! colleague :om ,i _h int5d$ to write su* an appeal2 & t !y might /imulate "s "o wor?y to take h] place6 ,already1 !n1 !re is gr\nd = enc\ragem5t4 ,already we h "o /rik+ in/ance ( a woman ready to co-op]ate 9 ! philosophical movem5t1 :i* assigns to h] sex a mission ( ! highe/ social consequ5ce z ! prelude to ! function = :i* 9 ! normal /ate !y are de/9$4 ,su* an in/ance1 ?\gh x may seem n[ exceptional1 does b anticipate :at w "o day be univ]sal4 ,highly gift$ natures pass ?r\gh ! same phases z o!rs2 only !y und]go !m e>li]1 & s become guides = ! re/4 ,! sacr$ fri5d ( :om ,i speak _h no?+ t specially dispos$ h] to accept ,positivism1 except ! beauty ( h] m9d & "*1 prematurely rip5$ by sorr[4 ,_h %e be5 an untaught work+ woman1 x w\ld p]haps h be5 /ill easi] = h] to grasp ! g5]al _s ( ! new philosophy & its social purpose4 ,! result ( ?is *apt] is to %[ ! aff9ity ( ! sy/ematic elem5t ( ! modify+ p[]1 z repres5t$ by philosoph]s1 ) wom5 :o =m its sympa!tic elem5t2 an aff9ity n less close ?an t ) ! p1 :o con/itute its syn]gic elem5t4 ,! organization ( moral =ce is bas$ on ! alliance ( philosoph]s ) ! p2 b ! adhesion ( wom5 is necess>y to its completion4 ,) ! union ( all ?ree1 ! reg5]ation ( society beg9s1 & ! revolution is br\ght to a close4 ,b m ?an ?is3 _! union is at once an inauguration ( ! f9al ord] ( society4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree elem5ts w be act+ z x w be call$ ^u to act 9 ! normal /ate1 & w be occupy+ its p]man5t position relatively to ! temporal p[]4 ,! philosophic class ^: "w x is to comb9e ! action ( ! o!r two classes1 w f9d valuable assi/ance f wom5 9 e family1 z well z p[]ful co-op]ation f ! p 9 e city4 ,! result w be a union ( all :o are preclud$ f political adm9i/ration1 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( judg+ all practical measures by ! fix$ rules ( univ]sal morality4 ,exceptional cases w arise :5 moral influ5ce is insuffici5t3 9 ^! x w be necess>y = ! p to int]f]e actively4 ,b philosoph]s & wom5 are disp5s$ f su* int]f]5ce4 ,direct action w\ld be mo/ injuri\s to _! p[]s ( sympa?y or ( ?\ght4 ,!y c only pres]ve ^! p[]s by keep+ cle> ( all positions ( political au?ority4 ,b :ile ! moral =ce result+ f ! comb9$ action ( wom5 & ( ! p1 w be m effici5t ?an t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! sy/ematic organs ( t =ce w f9d _! "w "o ( great difficulty4 ,high p[]s ( intellect are requir$ & a he>t wor?y ( su* intellect4 ,to secure ! support ( wom51 & ! co-op]ation ( ! p1 !y mu/ h ! sympa?y & purity ( ! fir/1 ! en]gy & dis9t]e/$ness ( ! second4 ,su* natures are r>e2 yet )\t !m ! new spiritual p[] _c obta9 t asc5dancy ov] society to :i* ,positivism aspires4 ,& ) all ! ag5cies1 physical or moral1 :i* c be br\ght to be>1 we %all h to ackn[l$ge t ! exce$+ imp]fections ( human nature =m an et]nal ob/acle to ! object = :i* ,positivism /rives1 ! victory ( social sympa?y ov] self-love4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,positivism ,,to ,,art ,positivism :5 complete is z fav\rable to imag9ation1 z1 :5 incomplete1 x 0 unfav\rable to x ,! ess5tial pr9ciples & ! social purpose ( ! only philosophy by :i* ! revolution c be br\ght to a close1 are n[ be=e u4 ,we h se5 too t en]getic support f ! ,p & cordial sympa?y f ,wom5 are necess>y to br+ ?is philosophic movem5t to a practical result4 ,"o fur!r condition yet rema9s4 ,! view "h tak5 ( human life z reg5]at$ by ?is comb9ation ( ef=ts1 w\ld be incomplete if x did n include an additional elem5t1 ) :i* ,positivism1 z ,i h n[ to %[1 is no less compet5t to deal4 ,we h spok5 already ( ! place :i* ,reason occupies 9 our nature2 its function be+ to subord9ate itself to ,feel+ = ! bett] guidance ( ! ,active p[]s4 ,b 9 ! normal /ate ( our nature x has also ano!r function2 t ( regulat+ & /imulat+ ,imag9ation1 )\t yield+ passive ob$i5ce to x4 ,! e/hetic faculties are f> too important to be disreg>d$ 9 ! normal /ate ( ,humanity2 !re=e !y mu/ n be omitt$ f ! sy/em :i* aims to introduce t /ate4 ,!re is a /rong b gr\ndless prejudice t 9 ?is respect at lea/ ,positivism w be f\nd want+4 ,yet x furni%es1 z may readily be %[n1 ! only true f\ndation ( mod]n ,art1 :i*1 s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 has be5 cultivat$ )\t fix$ pr9ciples or l(ty purpose4 ,! reproa* t ,positivism is incompatible ) ,art arises simply f ! fact t almo/ e "o is 9 ! habit ( conf\nd+ ! philosophy itself ) ! sci5tific /udies on :i* x is bas$4 ,! *>ge only applies to ! positive _s 9 its prelim9>y phase ( disconnect$ specialities1 a phase :i* sci5tific m5 ( ! pres5t day are mak+ su* mis*iev\s ef=ts to prolong4 ,no?+ c be m fatal to ! f9e arts ?an ! n>r[ views1 ! ov]/ra9+ ( analysis1 ! abuse ( ! reason+ faculty1 :i* *>act]ize ! sci5tific inve/igation ( ! pres5t day2 to say no?+ ( _! injuri\s effects ^u moral progress1 ! fir/ condition ( e/hetic developm5t4 ,b all ^! defects necess>ily disappe> :5 ! ,positive _s becomes m compreh5sive & sy/ematic2 :i* is ! case z soon z x embraces ! high] subjects 9 ! encyclopdic scale ( sci5ces4 ,:5 x rea*es ! /udy ( ,society1 :i* is its true & ultimate sph]e1 x has to deal ) ! conceptions ( ,poetry1 z well z ) ! op]ations ( ,feel+3 s9ce its object mu/ !n be to give a fai?ful & complete repres5tation ( human nature "u its individual1 & /ill m "u its social1 aspects4 ,hi!rto ,positive sci5ce has avoid$ ^! two subjects3 b _! *>m is su* t1 :5 ! /udy ( !m has be5 once begun1 x _c fail to be prosecut$ ) ard\r2 & _! prop] place 9 ! con/itution ( ,man & ( ,society w !n be recogniz$4 ,reason has be5 divorc$ = a long "t f ,feel+ & ,imag9ation4 ,b1 ) ! m complete & sy/ematic culture "h propos$1 !y w be re-unit$4 ,to ^? :o h /udi$ ! =ego+ *apt]s ) att5tion1 ! view t ! new philosophy is unfav\rable to ,art1 w be obvi\sly unju/4 ,suppos+ ev5 t !re 7 no important functions specially assign$ to ! f9e arts 9 ! ,positive sy/em1 yet indirectly1 ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ! sy/em1 its social purpose1 & ! influ5ces by :i* x is propagat$1 are all mo/ conducive to ! int]e/s ( ,art4 ,to demon/rate1 z ,positivism alone ( all philosophies has done1 ! subord9ation ( ! intellect to ! he>t1 & ! dep5d5ce ( ! unity ( human nature ^u ,feel+1 is to /imulate ! e/hetic faculties1 because ,feel+ is _! true s\rce4 ,to prop\nd a social doctr9e by :i* ! ,revolution is br\ght to a close1 is to remove ! pr9cipal ob/acle to ! gr[? ( ,art1 & to op5 a wide field & a firm f\ndation = x1 by e/abli%+ fix$ pr9ciples & modes ( life2 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* ,poetry c h no?+ noble to n>rate or to inspire4 ,to exhort ! work+ classes to seek happ9ess 9 call+ _! moral & m5tal p[]s into con/ant ex]cise1 & to give !m an education1 ! pr9cipal basis ( :i* is e/hetic1 is to place ,art "u ! protection ( its natural patrons4 ,b "o consid]ation is ( itself suffici5t = our purpose4 ,we h b to look at ! influ5ce ( ,positivism ^u ,wom51 at its t5d5cy to elevate ! social dignity ( _! sex1 :ile at ! same "t /r5g!n+ all family ties4 ,n[ ( all ! elem5ts ( :i* society is con/itut$1 ,woman c]ta9ly is ! mo/ e/hetic1 alike f h] nature & h] position2 & bo? h] position & h] nature are rais$ & /r5g!n$ by ,positivism4 ,we receive f wom51 n only our fir/ ideas ( ,goodness1 b our fir/ s5se ( ,beauty2 = _! own s5sibility to x is equall$ by _! p[] ( imp>t+ x to o!rs4 ,we see 9 !m e k9d ( beauty comb9$2 beauty ( m9d & "* z well z ( p]son4 ,all _! actions1 ev5 ^? :i* are unconsci\s1 exhibit a spontane\s /riv+ = ideal p]fection4 ,& _! life at home1 :5 free f ! necessity ( lab\r+ = a livelihood1 fav\rs ?is t5d5cy4 ,liv+ z !y d = affection1 !y _c fail to feel aspirations = all t is highe/1 9 ! _w ar\nd !m fir/1 & !n also 9 ! _w ( imag9ation4 ,a doctr9e1 !n1 :i* reg>ds wom5 z ! orig9ators ( moral influ5ce 9 society1 & :i* places ! gr\ndwork ( education "u _! *>ge1 _c be suspect$ ( be+ unfav\rable to ,art4 ,leav+ ^! prejudices1 we may n[ exam9e ! mode 9 :i* ! incorporation ( ,art into ! mod]n social sy/em w be promot$ by ,positivism4 ,9 ! fir/ place sy/ematic pr9ciples ( ,art w be laid d[n1 & its prop] function cle>ly def9$4 ,! result ( ?is w be to call out new & p[]ful means ( expression1 & also new organs4 ,i may obs]ve t ! position :i* ,art w occupy 9 ! pres5t movem5t ( social reg5]ation is already an inauguration ( its f9al function2 z we saw 9 ! analog\s cases ( ! position ( wom5 & ( ! work+ classes4 ,e/hetic tal5t is = ! adornm5t ( life1 n = its gov]nm5t ,b be=e t\*+ on ?is "q x w be well to rectify a preval5t misconception on ! subject1 "o ( ! _m consequ5ces ( our m5tal & moral an>*y4 ,i ref] to ! exagg]ation ( ! influ5ce ( ,art2 an error :i*1 if uncorrect$1 w\ld vitiate all our views ) reg>d to x4 ,all poets ( real g5ius1 f ,hom] to ,corneille1 h always consid]$ _! "w to be t ( beautify+ human life1 & s f>1 ( elevat+ x4 ,gov]nm5t ( human life !y _h nev] suppos$ to fall )9 _! prov9ce4 ,inde$ no sane man w\ld lay x d[n z a proposition t ,imag9ation %\ld control ! o!r m5tal faculties4 ,x w\ld imply t ! normal condition ( ! intellect 0 insanity2 insanity be+ def9able z t /ate ( m9d 9 :i* subjective inspirations are /rong] ?an objective judgm5ts4 ,x is a /atic law ( our nature1 :i* has nev] be5 p]man5tly susp5d$1 t ! faculties ( ,repres5tation & ,expression %\ld be subord9ate to ^? ( ,conception & ,co-ord9ation4 ,ev5 9 c]ebral di/urbances ! law holds good4 ,! relation ) ! ext]nal _w is p]v]t$1 b ! orig9al correlation ( ! int]nal m5tal functions rema9s unaffect$4 ,! fooli% vanity ( ! lat] poets ( antiquity l$ "s ( !m into errors mu* resembl+ ^? :i* n[ prevail on ?is po9t4 ,/ill 9 ,poly!i/ic society arti/s 7 at no "t look$ ^u z ! lead+ class1 not)/&+ ! e/hetic "* ( ,greek & ,roman religion4 ,if pro(s 7 necess>y1 ,hom]'s poems1 especially ! ,odyssey1 w\ld %[ h[ second>y ! influ5ce ( ! f9e arts 0 ^u society1 ev5 :5 ! prie/hood _h ceas$ to control !m4 ,plato's ,utopia1 writt5 :5 ,poly!ism 0 9 its decl9e1 repres5t$ a /ate 9 :i* ! int]f]5ce ( poets 0 sy/ematically prev5t$4 ,m$iaeval ,mono!ism 0 /ill less dispos$ to ov]rate ! importance ( ,art1 ?\gh its true value 0 recogniz$ m g5]ally ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,b ) ! decl9e ( ,ca?olicism1 g]ms ( errors %[$ !mselves1 f :i* ev5 ! extraord9>y g5ius ( ,dante 0 n free4 ,! revolution>y influ5ces ( ! la/ five c5turies h develop$ ^! errors into ! delirium ( self-conceit exhibit$ by ! poets & lit]>y m5 ( our "t4 ,!ology hav+ arriv$ at its extreme limits be=e any true conception ( ! ,positive /ate c\ld arise1 ! negative condition ( ! ,we/]n ,republic became aggravat$ to an unhe>d-( ext5t4 ,rules & in/itutions1 :i* _h =m]ly controll$ ! mo/ head/rong ambition1 fell rapidly into discr$it4 ,& z ! pr9ciples ( social ord] disappe>$1 arti/s & especially poets1 ! lead+ class among !m1 /imulat$ by ! applause :i* !y receiv$ f _! un9/ruct$ audi5ce1 fell into ! error ( seek+ political influ5ce4 ,incompatible z all m]e criticism mu/ be ) true poetry1 mod]n ,art s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury has p>ticipat$ m & m actively 9 ! de/ruction ( ! old sy/em4 ,until1 h[ev]1 ,negativism _h receiv$ its di/9ct %ape & "* f ! revolutions ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ! influ5ce ( ,art = de/ructive purposes 0 second>y to t ex]cis$ by metaphysicians & legi/s4 ,b 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 negativism began to be propagat$ boldly 9 a sy/ematic =m1 ! case 0 *ang$1 & lit]>y ambition ass]t$ itself m /rongly4 ,! speculative ?9k]s :o _h hi!rto =m$ ! vangu>d ( ! de/ructive movem5t1 7 replac$ by m]e litt]ateurs1 m5 ^: tal5ts 7 ( a poetical r ?an philosophical k9d1 b :o _h1 intellectually speak+1 no real vocation4 ,:5 ! crisis ( ! ,revolution came1 ?is het]og5e\s class took ! lead 9 ! movem5t1 & naturally /epp$ into all political (fices2 a /ate ( ?+s :i* w cont9ue until !re is a m direct & g5]al movem5t ( reorganization4 ,! political influ5ce ( lit]>y m5 a deplorable sign & s\rce ( an>*y ,?is is ! hi/orical explanation1 & at ! same "t ! refutation1 ( ! subv]sive s*emes s preval5t 9 our "t1 ( :i* ! object is to e/abli% a sort ( ari/ocracy ( lit]>y p$ants4 ,su* day-dreams ( unbridl$ self-conceit f9d fav\r only ) ! metaphysical m9ds :o _c sanction exceptional cases )\t mak+ !m into an absolute rule4 ,if philosoph]s are to be exclud$ f political au?ority1 !re is /ill great] reason = exclud+ poets4 ,! m5tal & moral v]satility :i* makes !m s apt 9 reflect+ ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( ^? ar\nd !m1 utt]ly unfits !m = be+ our guides4 ,_! natural defects are su* z no?+ b rigor\s & sy/ematic education c correct2 !y are1 !re=e1 c]ta9 to be peculi>ly prom95t 9 times l ^! :5 deep convictions ( any k9d are s r>e4 ,_! real vocation is to assi/ ! spiritual p[] z accessory memb]s2 & ?is involves _! r5\nc+ all ideas ( gov]nm5t1 ev5 m /rictly ?an philosoph]s !mselves4 ,philosoph]s1 ?\gh n !mselves engag+ 9 politics1 are call$ ^u to lay d[n ! pr9ciples ( political action2 b ! poet has v little to d ) ei!r4 ,8 special function is to idealize & to /imulate2 & to d ?is well1 he mu/ conc5trate 8 en]gies exclusively ^u x4 ,x is a l>ge & noble field1 amply suffici5t to absorb m5 :o h a real vocation = x4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! great arti/ ( =m] times we see comp>atively few traces ( ?is extravagant ambition4 ,x comes be=e u 9 a "t :51 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( regul> habits ( life & fix$ convictions1 art ( ! highe/ ord] is impossible4 ,! poets ( our "t ei!r h n realiz$ or h mi/ak5 _! vocation4 ,:5 ,society is aga9 br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( a univ]sal doctr9e1 real poetry w aga9 become possible2 & su* m5 z ^? we h be5 speak+ ( w turn _! en]gies 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,till !n !y w cont9ue to wa/e _! ef=ts or to ru9 _! "* 9 wor?less political agitation1 a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* m$iocrity %9es & real g5ius is left 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ! normal /ate ( human nature1 ,imag9ation is subord9ate to ,reason z ,reason is to ,feel+4 ,any prolong$ inv]sion ( ?is natural ord] is bo? morally & intellectually dang]\s4 ,! reign ( ,imag9ation w\ld be /ill m disa/r\s ?an ! reign ( ,reason2 only t x is ev5 m incompatible ) ! practical conditions ( human life4 ,b *im]ical z x is1 ! m]e pursuit ( x may d mu* individual h>m by sub/itut+ artificial excitem5t1 & 9 too _m cases affectation ( feel+1 9 ! place ( deep & spontane\s emotion4 ,view$ politically1 no?+ c be worse ?an ?is undue prepond]ance ( e/hetic consid]ations caus$ by ! uncontroll$ ambition ( arti/s & litt]ateurs4 ,! true object ( ,art1 :i* is to *>m & elevate human life1 is gradually lo/ sight (4 ,by be+ held out z ! aim & object ( exi/5ce1 x degrades ! arti/ & ! public equally1 & is !re=e c]ta9 to deg5]ate4 ,x loses all its high] t5d5cies1 & is r$uc$ ei!r to a s5su\s pleasure1 or to a m]e display ( te*nical skill4 ,admiration = ! arts1 :i*1 :5 kept 9 its prop] place1 has done s mu* = mod]n life1 may become a deeply corrupt+ influ5ce1 if x becomes ! p>am\nt consid]ation4 ,x is notori\s :at an atroci\s cu/om prevail$ 9 ,italy = sev]al c5turies1 simply = ! sake ( improv+ m5's voices4 ,art1 ! true purpose ( :i* is to /r5g!n our sympa?ies1 leads :5 ?us degrad$ to a mo/ abject =m ( selfi%ness2 9 :i* enjoym5t ( s\nds or =ms is held out z ! highe/ happ9ess1 & utt] apa?y prevails z to all que/ions ( social int]e/4 ,s dang]\s is x intellectually1 & /ill m s morally1 = individuals1 & above all1 = societies to all[ e/hetic consid]ations to become unduly prepond]ant2 ev5 :5 !y spr+ f a g5u9e impulse4 ,b ! inv>iable consequ5ce to :i* ?is violation ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( social ord] leads1 is ! success ( m$iocrities :o acquire te*nical skill by long practice4 ,?us x is t we h gradually fall5 "u ! discr$itable influ5ce ( m5 :o 7 evid5tly n compet5t = any b subord9ate positions1 & ^: prepond]ance has prov$ z injuri\s to ,art z x has be5 to ,philosophy & ,morality4 ,a fatal facility ( giv+ expression to :at is nei!r believ$ nor felt1 gives tempor>y reputation to m5 :o are z incapable ( orig9ality 9 ,art z !y are ( grasp+ any new pr9ciple 9 sci5ce4 ,x is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! political anomalies caus$ by our revolution>y position2 & ! moral results are mo/ deplorable1 unless :51 z r>ely happ5s1 ! possessor ( ^! undes]v$ hon\rs has a nature too noble to be injur$ by !m4 ,poets are m expos$ to ^! dang]s ?an o!r arti/s1 because _! sph]e is m g5]al & gives wid] scope = ambition4 ,b 9 ! special arts we f9d ! same evil 9 a /ill m degrad+ =m2 t ( av>ice1 a vice by :i* s mu* ( our highe/ tal5t is n[ ta9t$4 ,ano!r signal pro( ( ! *ildi% vanity & uncontroll$ ambition ( ! class is1 t ^? :o are m]ely int]pret]s ( o!r m5's productions claim ! same title z ^? :o h produc$ orig9al works4 ,su* are ! results ( ! extravagant pret5sions :i* arti/s & lit]>y m5 h gradually develop$ dur+ ! la/ five c5turies4 ,i h dwelt ^u !m because !y con/itute at pres5t s]i\s imp$im5ts to all s\nd views ( ! nature & purposes ( ,art4 ,my /rictures w n be ?\ght too sev]e by really e/hetic natures1 :o "k f p]sonal exp]i5ce h[ fatal ! pres5t sy/em is to all tal5t ( a high ord]4 ,:atev] ! outcry ( ^? p]sonally int]e/$1 x is c]ta9 t 9 ! true int]e/ ( ,art ! suppression ( m$iocrity is at lea/ z important z ! enc\ragem5t ( tal5t4 ,true ta/e always implies di/a/e4 ,! v fact t ! object is to fo/] 9 u ! s5se ( p]fection1 implies t all true connoisseurs w feel a ?or\gh dislike = feeble "w4 ,happily !re is ?is privilege 9 all ma/]pieces1 t ! admiration ar\s$ by !m endures 9 its full /r5g? = all "t2 s t ! plea :i* is (t5 put =w>d ( keep+ up ! public ta/e by novelties :i* 9 reality injure x1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,to m5tion my own exp]i5ce1 ,i may say t = ?irte5 ye>s ,i h be5 induc$ alike f pr9ciple & f incl9ation1 to re/rict my read+ almo/ entirely to ! great ,occid5tal poets1 )\t feel+ ! smalle/ curiosity = ! works ( ! day :i* are br\ght out 9 su* mis*iev\s abundance4 ,!ory ( ,art ,gu>d+ ourselves1 !n1 aga9/ errors ( ?is k9d1 we may n[ proce$ to consid] ! e/hetic "* ( ,positivism4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x furni%es u ) a satisfactory !ory ( ,art2 a subject :i* has nev] be5 sy/ematically expla9$2 all previ\s attempts to d s1 :atev] _! value1 hav+ view$ ! subject incompletely4 ,! !ory "h (f]$ is bas$ on ! subjective pr9ciple ( ! new philosophy1 on its objective dogma1 & on its social purpose2 z set =w>d 9 ! two fir/ *apt]s ( ?is "w4 ,art is ! idealiz$ repres5tation ( ,fact ,art may be def9$ z an ideal repres5tation ( ,fact2 & its object is to cultivate our s5se ( p]fection4 ,its sph]e !re=e is co-ext5sive ) t ( ,sci5ce4 ,bo? deal 9 _! own way ) ! _w ( ,fact2 ! "o expla9s x1 ! o!r beautifies x4 ,! contemplations ( ! arti/ & ( ! man ( sci5ce foll[ ! same encyclopdic law2 !y beg9 ) ! simple objects ( ! ext]nal _w2 !y gradually rise to ! complicat$ facts ( human nature4 ,i po9t$ out 9 ! second *apt] t ! sci5tific scale1 ! scale1 t is1 ( ! ,true1 co9cid$ ) t ( ! ,good3 we n[ see t x co9cides ) t ( ! ,beautiful4 ,?us betwe5 ^! ?ree great creations ( ,humanity1 ,philosophy1 ,polity1 & ,poetry1 !re is ! mo/ p]fect h>mony4 ,! fir/ elem5ts ( ,beauty1 t is to say1 ,ord] & ,magnitude1 are visible 9 ! inorganic _w1 especially 9 ! heav5s2 & !y are !re p]ceiv$ ) great] di/9ctness ?an :]e ! ph5om5a are m complex & less uni=m4 ,! high] degrees ( ,beauty w h>dly be recogniz$ by ^? :o are ins5sible to ?is its simple/ phase4 ,b z 9 ,philosophy we only /udy ! inorganic _w z a prelim9>y to ! /udy ( ,man2 s1 b to a /ill great] ext5t1 is x ) ,poetry4 ,9 ,polity ! t5d5cy is simil> b less app>5t4 ,"h we beg9 ) mat]ial progress2 we proce$ to physical & subsequ5tly to intellectual progress2 b x is long be=e we arrive at ! ultimate goal1 moral progress4 ,poetry passes m rapidly ov] ! ?ree prelim9>y /ages1 & rises ) less difficulty to ! contemplation ( moral beauty4 ,feel+1 !n1 is ess5tially ! sph]e ( ,poetry4 ,& x supplies n ! end only1 b ! means4 ,( all ! ph5om5a :i* relate to man1 human affections are ! mo/ modifiable1 & !re=e ! mo/ susceptible ( idealization4 ,be+ m imp]fect ?an any o!r1 by virtue ( _! high] complexity1 !y all[ great] scope = improvem5t4 ,n[ ! act ( expression1 h[ev] imp]fect1 reacts p[]fully ^u ^! functions1 :i* f _! nature are always seek+ "s ext]nal v5t4 ,e "o recognizes ! influ5ce ( language ^u ?\ghts3 & surely x _c be less ^u feel+s1 s9ce 9 !m ! ne$ ( expression is great]4 ,consequ5tly all e/hetic /udy1 ev5 if purely imitative1 may become a useful moral ex]cise1 by call+ sympa?ies & antipa?ies into heal?y play4 ,! effect is f> great] :5 ! repres5tation1 pass+ ! limits ( /rict accuracy1 is suitably idealiz$4 ,?is inde$ is ! *>act]i/ic mission ( ,art4 ,its function is to con/ruct types ( ! noble/ k9d1 by ! contemplation ( :i* our feel+s & ?\ghts may be elevat$4 ,t ! portraiture %\ld be exagg]at$ foll[s f ! def9ition ( ,art2 x %\ld surpass realities s z to /imulate u to am5d !m4 ,great z ! influ5ce is ( ^! poetic emotions on individuals1 !y are f> m efficaci\s :5 br\ght to be> ^u public life3 n only f ! great] importance ( ! subject matt]1 b because ea* individual impression is r5d]$ m int5se by comb9ation4 ,poetry is int]m$iate betwe5 ,philosophy & ,polity ,?us ,positivism expla9s & confirms ! view ord9>ily tak5 ( ,poetry1 by plac+ x midway betwe5 ,philosophy & ,polity2 issu+ f ! fir/1 & prep>+ ! way = ! second4 ,ev5 ,feel+ itself1 ! highe/ pr9ciple ( our exi/5ce1 accepts ! objective dogma ( ,philosophy1 t ,humanity is subject to ! ord] ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,& ,imag9ation on /ill /rong] gr\nds mu/ accept ! same law4 ,! ideal mu/ always be subord9ate to ! real2 o!rwise feebl5ess z well z extravagance is ! consequ5ce4 ,! /atesman :o endeav\rs to improve ! exi/+ ord]1 mu/ fir/ /udy x z x exi/s4 ,& ! poet1 al?\gh 8 improvem5ts are b imag9$1 & are n suppos$ capable ( realization1 mu/ d likewise4 ,true 9 8 fictions he w transc5d ! limits ( ! possible1 :ile ! /atesman w keep )9 ^? limits2 b bo? h ! same po9t ( dep>ture2 bo? beg9 by /udy+ ! actual facts ) :i* !y deal4 ,9 our artificial improvem5ts we %\ld nev] aim at any?+ m ?an wise modification ( ! natural ord]2 we %\ld nev] attempt to subv]t x4 ,& ?\gh ,imag9ation has a wid] range = its pictures1 !y are yet subject to ! same fundam5tal law1 impos$ by ,philosophy ^u ,polity & ,poetry alike4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ poetic ages ?is law has always be5 recogniz$1 only ! ext]nal _w 0 int]pret$ !n 9 a way v diff]5tly f n[4 ,we see ! same ?+ e day 9 ! m5tal gr[? ( ! *ild4 ,z 8 notions ( fact *ange1 8 fictions are modifi$ 9 con=mity ) ^! *anges4 ,b :ile ,poetry dep5ds ^u ,philosophy = ! pr9ciples on :i* its types are con/ruct$1 x influ5ces ,polity by ! direction :i* x gives to ^? types4 ,9 e op]ation t man und]takes1 he mu/ imag9e be=e he executes1 z he mu/ obs]ve be=e he imag9es4 ,he c nev] produce a result :i* he has n conceiv$ fir/ 9 8 own m9d4 ,9 ! simple/ application ( me*anics or geometry he f9ds x necess>y to =m a m5tal type1 :i* is always m p]fect ?an ! reality :i* x prec$es & prep>es4 ,n[ none b ^? :o conf\nd poetry ) v]se-mak+ c fail to see t ?is conception ( a type is ! same ?+ z e/hetic imag9ation1 "u its simple/ & mo/ g5]al aspect4 ,its application to social ph5om5a1 :i* con/itute ! *ief sph]e bo? ( ,art & ( ,sci5ce1 is v imp]fectly und]/ood z yet1 & c h>dly be said to h begun1 ow+ to ! want ( any true !ory ( society4 ,! real object ( s apply+ x is1 t x %\ld regulate ! =mation ( social ,utopias2 subord9at+ !m to ! laws ( social developm5t z reveal$ by hi/ory4 ,utopias are to ! ,art ( social life :at geometrical & me*anical types are to _! respective arts4 ,9 ^! _! necessity is univ]sally recogniz$2 & surely ! necessity _c be less 9 problems ( su* f> great] intricacy4 ,accord+ly we see t1 not)/&+ ! empirical condition 9 :i* political art has hi!rto exi/$1 e great *ange has be5 u%]$ 91 "o or two c5turies be=eh&1 by an ,utopia be>+ "s analogy to x4 ,x 0 ! product ( ! e/hetic g5ius ( ,humanity work+ "u an imp]fect s5se ( its conditions & requirem5ts4 ,positivism1 f> f lay+ an int]dict on ,utopias1 t5ds r to facilitate _! employm5t & _! influ5ce1 z a normal elem5t 9 society4 ,only1 z 9 ! case ( all o!r products ( imag9ation1 !y mu/ always rema9 subord9at$ to ! actual laws ( social exi/5ce4 ,& ?us by giv+ a sy/ematic sanction to ?is ! ,poetry1 z x may be call$1 ( ,politics1 mo/ ( ! dang]s :i* n[ surr\nd x w disappe>4 ,its pres5t extravagances arise simply f ! abs5ce ( "s philosophical pr9ciple to control x1 & !re=e !re is no reason = reg>d+ !m ) great sev]ity4 ,! :ole ( ?is !ory may be summ$ up 9 ! d\ble mean+ ( ! ^w s admirably *os5 to designate our e/hetic functions4 ,! ^w ,art is a rem>kable in/ance ( ! popul> in/9ct f :i* language proce$s1 & :i* is f> m enlight5$ ?an educat$ p]sons are apt to suppose4 ,x indicates1 h[ev] vaguely1 a s5se ( ! true position ( ,poetry1 midway betwe5 ,philosophy & ,polity1 b ) a clos] relation to ! latt]4 ,true1 9 ! case ( ! te*nical arts ! improvem5ts propos$ are practically realiz$1 :ile ^? ( ! f9e arts rema9 imag9>y4 ,poetry1 h[ev]1 does produce "o result ( an indirect b mo/ ess5tial k9d2 x does actually modify our moral nature4 ,if we include oratory1 :i* is only ,poetry 9 a simpl] phase1 ?\gh (t5 wor?less en\gh1 we f9d its influ5ce ex]t$ 9 a mo/ difficult & critical task1 t ( ar\s+ or calm+ our passions2 & ?is n arbitr>ily1 b 9 accordance ) ! fix$ laws ( _! action4 ,"h x has always be5 recogniz$ z a moral ag5cy ( great p[]4 ,on e gr\nd1 !n1 ,poetry seems m closely relat$ to practical ?an to speculative life4 ,= its practical results are ( ! mo/ important & compreh5sive nature4 ,:atev] ! utility ( o!r arts1 mat]ial1 physical1 or intellectual1 !y are only subsidi>y or prep>atory to t :i* 9 ,poetry is ! direct aim1 moral improvem5t4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 common 9 all ,we/]n languages to speak ( x z a ,sci5ce1 ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w ,sci5ce be+ !n v imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,b z soon z bo? arti/ic & sci5tific g5ius _h become m fully develop$1 _! di/9ctive features 7 m cle>ly recogniz$1 & f9ally ! "n ( ,art 0 appropriat$ to ! :ole class ( poetic functions4 ,! fact is1 at all ev5ts1 an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,positive !ory ( idealization1 z /&+ midway betwe5 !oretical inquiry & practical result4 ,art calls ea* elem5t ( our nature into h>moni\s action ,evid5tly1 !n1 x is 9 ,art t ! unity ( human natures f9ds its mo/ complete & mo/ natural repres5tation4 ,= ,art is 9 direct relation ) ! ?ree ord]s ( ph5om5a by :i* human nature is *>act]iz$2 ,feel+s1 ,?\ghts1 & ,actions4 ,x orig9ates 9 ,feel+2 ! pro( ( ?is is ev5 m obvi\s ?an 9 ! case ( ,philosophy & ,polity4 ,x has its basis 9 ,?\ght1 & its end is ,action4 ,h5ce its p[] ( ex]t+ an influ5ce = good alike on e phase ( our exi/5ce1 :e!r p]sonal or social4 ,h5ce too its peculi> attribute ( giv+ equal pleasure to all ranks & ages4 ,art invites ! ?9k] to leave 8 ab/ractions = ! /udy ( real life2 x elevates ! practical man into a region ( ?\ght :]e self-love has no place4 ,by its int]m$iate position x promotes ! mutual reaction ( ,affection & ,reason4 ,x /imulates feel+ 9 ^? :o are too mu* engross$ ) intellectual que/ions3 x /r5g!ns ! contemplative faculty 9 natures :]e sympa?y pr$om9ates4 ,x has be5 said ( ,art t its prov9ce is to hold a mirror to nature4 ,! say+ is usually appli$ to social life :]e its tru? is mo/ app>5t4 ,b x is no less true ( e aspect ( our exi/5ce2 = "u e aspect x may be a s\rce ( ,art1 & may be repres5t$ & modifi$ by x4 ,turn+ to ,biology = ! cause ( ?is sociological relation1 we f9d x 9 ! relation ( ! muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems4 ,our motions1 involunt>y at fir/1 & !n volunt>y1 indicate int]nal impressions1 moral impressions m especially2 & z !y proce$ f !m1 s !y react ^u !m4 ,"h we f9d ! fir/ g]m ( a true !ory ( ,art4 ,?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom language is simply ge/iculation ( a m or less expressive k9d4 ,& ) man e/hetic developm5t beg9s 9 ! same spontane\s way4 ,?ree /ages 9 ! e/hetic process3 ,imitation1 ,idealization1 ,expression ,) ?is prim>y pr9ciple we may n[ complete our /atical !ory ( ,art1 by indicat+ 9 x ?ree di/9ct degrees or phases4 ,! f9e arts h be5 divid$ into imitative & inv5tive2 b ?is di/9ction has no real f\ndation4 ,art always imitates1 & always idealizes4 ,true1 z ! real is 9 e case ! s\rce ( ! ideal1 ,art beg9s at fir/ ) simple ,imitation4 ,9 ! *ildhood1 :e!r ( m5 or ( ! race1 z also ) ! l[] animals1 s]vile imitation1 & t ( ! mo/ insignificant actions1 is ! only symptom ( e/hetic capacity4 ,no repres5tation1 h[ev]1 has at pres5t any claim to ! title ( ,art 7al?\gh f motives ( pu]ile vanity ! "n is (t5 giv5 to x71 except s f> z x is made m beautiful1 t is to say1 m p]fect4 ,! repres5tation ?us becomes 9 reality m fai?ful1 because ! pr9cipal features are br\ght prom95tly =w>d1 in/ead ( be+ obscur$ by a mass ( unmean+ detail4 ,?is x is :i* con/itutes ,idealization2 & f ! "t ( ! great ma/]pieces ( antiquity1 x has become m & m ! *>act]i/ic feature ( e/hetic productions4 ,b 9 recogniz+ ! sup]iority ( ,idealization z ! second /age ( ,art1 we mu/ n =get ! necessity ( its fir/ /age1 ,imitation4 ,)\t x nei!r ! orig9 nor ! nature ( ,art c\ld be correctly und]/ood4 ,9 addition to ! creative process1 :i* is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,art1 !re is a ?ird function :i*1 ?\gh n absolutely necess>y 9 its imitative /age1 becomes 9 its ideal /age4 ,i mean ! function ( ,expression /rictly s call$1 )\t :i* ! product ( imag9ation c\ld n be communicat$ to o!rs4 ,language1 :e!r x be ! ,language ( s\nd or =m1 is ! la/ /age ( ! e/hetic op]ation1 & x does n always be> a due proportion to ! inv5tive faculty4 ,:5 x is too defective1 ! sublime/ creations may be rank$ l[] ?an !y des]ve1 ow+ to ! failure ( ! poet to communicate 8 ?\ght completely4 ,great p[]s ( /yle may1 on ! o!r h&1 conf] unm]it$ reputation1 :i* h[ev] does n endure4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is ! pref]5ce t 0 giv5 = s long a "t to ,rac9e ov] ,corneille4 ,s long z ,art is conf9$ to ,imitation1 no special language is requir$2 imitation is itself ! sub/itute = language4 ,b z soon z ! repres5tation has become idealiz$ by height5+ "s features & suppress+ or alt]+ o!rs1 x corresponds to some?+ :i* exi/s only 9 ! m9d ( ! compos]2 & its communication to ! _w requires additional lab\r devot$ exclusively to ,expression4 ,9 ?is f9al process s necess>y to ! complete success ( 8 "w1 ! poet m\lds 8 signs ^u 8 inw>d type2 j z he began at fir/ by adapt+ !m to ext]nal facts4 ,s f> !re is "s tru? 9 ,grtry's pr9ciple t song is d]iv$ f spee* by ! int]m$iate /age ( declamation4 ,! same pr9ciple has be5 appli$ to all ! special arts2 x might also be appli$ to ,poetry1 oratory be+ ! l9k betwe5 v]se & prose4 ,^! views1 h[ev]1 are some:at modifi$ by ! hi/orical _s ( ,positive ,philosophy4 ,we mu/ inv]t ,grtry's relation ( cause & effect2 at lea/ :5 we are consid]+ ^? primitive times1 :5 ,art & ,language fir/ arose toge!r4 ,! orig9 ( all our faculties ( expression is inv>iably e/hetic2 = we d n express till aft] we h felt /rongly4 ,feel+ _h1 9 primitive times at all ev5ts1 f> m to d ) ^! faculties ?an ,?\ght1 be+ a f> /rong] /imulant to ext]nal demon/ration4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ highly wr\ght languages1 :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( social requirem5ts1 reason has to a great ext5t encroa*$ ^u emotion1 we see evid5ce ( ?is tru?4 ,!re is a musical elem5t 9 ! mo/ ord9>y conv]sation4 ,li/5+ c>efully to a lecture on ! mo/ ab/ruse ma!matical problem1 we %all he> intonations :i* proce$ obvi\sly f ! he>t r ?an ! head1 & :i* are indications ( "* ev5 9 ! mo/ unimpassion$ speak]4 ,biology at once expla9s ?is law1 by tea*+ t ! /imulus to ! muscles us$ 9 expression1 :e!r vocal or ge/iculatory1 comes pr9cipally f ! affective region ( ! bra92 ! specu-region be+ too in]t to produce muscul> contraction = :i* !re is no absolute necessity4 ,accord+ly1 ,sociology reg>ds e language z conta9+ 9 its primitive elem5ts all t is spontane\s & univ]sal 9 ! e/hetic developm5t ( ,humanity2 en\gh1 t is1 to satisfy ! g5]al ne$ ( communicat+ emotion4 ,9 ?is common field ! special arts comm5ce1 & !y ultimately wid5 x4 ,b ! op]ation is ! same 9 its nature1 :e!r c>ri$ on by popul> in/9ct or by individuals4 ,! f9al result is always m dep5d5t on feel+ ?an on reason1 ev5 9 times l ^!1 :5 ! intellect has ris5 9 revolt aga9/ ! he>t4 ,song1 !re=e1 comes be=e ,spee*2 ,pa9t+ be=e ,writ+2 because ! fir/ ?+s we express are ^? :i* move our feel+s mo/4 ,subsequ5tly ! necessities ( social life oblige u to employ m frequ5tly1 & ultimately to develop1 ^? elem5ts 9 pa9t+ or 9 song1 :i* relate to our practical wants & to our speculative faculties s f> z !y are requir$ = supply+ !m2 ^! =m+ ! topics ( ord9>y communication4 ,?us ! emotion f :i* ! sign _h orig9ally proce$$ becomes gradually effac$2 ! practical object is alone ?\ght (1 & expression becomes m rapid & less emphatic4 ,! process goes on until at la/ ! sign is suppos$ to h orig9at$ 9 arbitr>y conv5tion2 ?\gh1 if ?is 7 ! case1 its univ]sal & spontane\s adoption w\ld be inexplicable4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! sociological !ory ( ,language1 on :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds dwell m fully4 ,i connect x ) ! :ole class ( e/hetic functions1 f :i* 9 ! l[] animals x is n di/+ui%$4 ,= no animal idealizes its song or ge/ure s f> z to rise to any?+ t c prop]ly be call$ ,art4 ,classification ( ! arts on ! pr9ciple ( decreas+ g5]ality1 & increas+ int5sity ,to complete our exam9ation ( ! philosophy ( ,art1 /atically view$1 we h n[ only to speak ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s arts %\ld be classifi$4 ,plac$ z ,art is1 midway betwe5 ,!ory & ,practice1 x is classifi$ on ! same pr9ciple1 ! pr9ciple1 t is ( decreas+ g5]ality1 :i* ,i h long ago %[n to be applicable to all ,positive classifications ( :atev] k9d4 ,we h already obta9$ f x a scale ( ! ,beautiful1 answ]+ 9 mo/ po9ts to t :i* 0 fir/ laid d[n = ! ,true1 & :i* we appli$ aft]w>ds to ! ,good4 ,by foll[+ x 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 we %all be enabl$ to range ! arts 9 ! ord] ( _! conception & succession1 z 0 done 9 my ,treatise on ,positive ,philosophy = ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,sci5ce & ,indu/ry4 ,! arts1 !n1 %\ld be classifi$ by ! decreas+ g5]ality & ! increas+ int5sity1 :i* involves also increas+ te*nicality1 ( _! modes ( expression4 ,9 its highe/ t]m ! e/hetic scale connects itself ) ! sci5tific scale2 & 9 its l[e/ ) ! indu/rial scale4 ,?is is 9 con=mity ) ! position assign$ to ,art int]m$iate betwe5 ,philosophy & ,practical life4 ,art nev] becomes disconnect$ f human int]e/s2 b z x becomes less g5]al & m te*nical1 its relation ) our high] attributes becomes less intimate1 & x is m dep5d5t on inorganic ,nature1 s t at la/ ! k9d ( beauty depict$ by x is m]ely mat]ial4 ,poetry ,on ^! pr9ciples ( classification we mu/ give ! fir/ place to ,poetry prop]ly s call$1 z be+ ! mo/ g5]al & lea/ te*nical ( ! arts1 & z be+ ! basis on :i* all ! re/ dep5d4 ,! impressions :i* x produces are less int5se ?an ^? ( ! re/1 b its sph]e is evid5tly wid]1 s9ce x embraces e side ( our exi/5ce1 :e!r individual1 dome/ic1 or social4 ,poetry1 l ! special arts1 has a clos] relation ) actions & impulses ?an ) ?\ghts4 ,yet ! mo/ ab/ract conceptions are n exclud$ f its sph]e2 = n m]ely c x improve ! language 9 :i* !y are express$1 b x may add to _! intr9sic beauty4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ popul> ( all ! arts1 bo? on acc\nt ( its wid] scope1 & also because1 its in/rum5ts ( expression be+ tak5 directly f ord9>y language1 x is m g5]ally intelligible ?an any o!r4 ,true1 9 ! highe/ k9d ( poetry v]sification is necess>y2 b ?is _c be call$ a special art4 ,! language ( ,poetry1 al?\gh di/9ct 9 =m1 is 9 reality no?+ b ! language ( common m5 m p]fectly express$4 ,! only te*nical elem5t 9 x1 prosody1 is easily acquir$ by a few days' practice4 ,a pro( ( ! id5tity ( ! language ( ,poetry ) t ( common life1 is ! fact t no poet has ev] be5 able to write ) effect 9 a =eign or a dead language4 ,& n only is ?is noble/ ( ,arts m compreh5sive1 m spontane\s1 m popul> ?an ! re/1 b x surpasses !m 9 t :i* is ! *>act]i/ic feature ( all art1 ,ideality4 ,poetry is ! art :i* idealizes ! mo/1 & imitates ! lea/4 ,= ^! reasons x has always held ! fir/ place among ! arts2 a view :i* w be /r5g!n$ 9 proportion z we atta* great] importance to idealization & less to m]e expression4 ,9 expression x is inf]ior to ! o!r arts1 :i* repres5t su* subjects z fall )9 _! compass ) great] int5sity4 ,b x is f ,poetry t ^! subjects are usually borr[$4 ,music ,! fir/ t]m ( ! s]ies be+ ?us det]m9$1 ! o!r arts may at once be rank$ accord+ to ! degree ( _! aff9ity ) ,poetry4 ,let u beg9 by di/+ui%+ ! diff]5t s5ses to :i* !y appeal2 & we %all f9d t our s]ies proce$s on ! pr9ciple :i* biologi/s1 s9ce ,gall's "t1 h adopt$ = ! classification ( ! special s5ses1 ! pr9ciple ( decreas+ sociability4 ,!re are only two s5ses :i* c be call$ e/hetic2 namely1 ,sight & ,he>+3 ! o!rs hav+ no p[] ( rais+ u to ,idealization4 ,! s5se ( smell c1 x is true1 enable u to associate ideas2 b 9 man x exi/s too feebly = arti/ic effects4 ,he>+ & ,sight correspond to ! two modes ( natural language1 voice & ge/ure4 ,f ! fir/ arises ! art ( ,music2 ! second1 :i* h[ev] is less e/hetic1 includes ! ?ree arts ( =m4 ,^! are m te*nical ?an ,music2 _! field is n s wide1 & moreov] !y /& at a great] di/ance f poetry2 :]eas ,music rema9$ = a long "t id5tifi$ ) x4 ,ano!r di/9ction is t ! s5se to :i* music appeals p]=ms its function involunt>ily2 & ?is is "o reason :y ! emotions :i* x calls =? are m spontane\s & m deep1 ?\gh less def9ite1 ?an 9 ! case :]e x dep5ds on ! w :e!r we receive ! impression or n4 ,aga91 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m answ]s to ! di/9ction ( ,"t & ,space4 ,! art ( s\nd repres5ts succession2 ! arts ( =m1 co-exi/5ce4 ,on all ^! gr\nds music %\ld c]ta9ly be rank$ be=e ! o!r special arts1 z ! second t]m ( ! e/hetic s]ies4 ,its te*nical difficulties are exagg]at$ by p$ants1 ^: int]e/ x is to d s2 9 reality1 special tra9+ is less ne$$ = its appreciation1 & ev5 = its composition1 ?an 9 ! case ( ei!r pa9t+ or sculpture4 ,h5ce x is 9 e respect m popul> & m social4 ,pa9t+ ,sculpture ,ar*itecture ,( ! ?ree arts :i* appeal to ! volunt>y s5se ( sight1 & :i* pres5t simultane\s impressions1 ,pa9t+1 on ! same pr9ciple ( arrangem5t1 holds ! fir/ rank1 & ,ar*itecture ! la/2 ,sculpture be+ plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,pa9t+ alone employs all ! me?ods ( visual expression1 comb9+ ! effects ( col\r ) ^? ( =m4 ,:e!r 9 public or private life1 its sph]e is wid] ?an t ( ! o!r two4 ,m te*nical skill is requir$ 9 x ?an 9 music1 & x is h>d] to obta92 b ! difficulty is less ?an 9 ,sculpture or 9 ,ar*itecture4 ,^! latt] idealize less1 & imitate m4 ,( ! two1 ,ar*itecture is ! less e/hetic4 ,x is f> m dep5d5t on te*nical processes2 & inde$ mo/ ( its productions are r works ( indu/ry ?an works ( art4 ,x seldom rises above mat]ial beauty3 moral beauty x c only repres5t by artifices1 ( :i* ! mean+ is (t5 ambigu\s4 ,b ! impressions convey$ by x are s p[]ful & s p]man5t1 t x w always reta9 its place among ! f9e arts1 especially 9 ! case ( great public build+s1 :i* /& out z ! mo/ impos+ record ( ea* successive phase ( social developm5t4 ,nev] has ! p[] ( ,ar*itecture be5 display$ to great] effect ?an 9 our magnific5t ca!drals1 9 :i* ! _s ( ! ,middle ,ages has be5 idealiz$ & pres]v$ = po/]ity4 ,!y exhibit 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann] ! prop]ty :i* ,ar*itecture possesses ( br++ all ! arts toge!r into a common c5tre4 ,! conditions fav\rable to ,art h nev] yet be5 comb9$ ,^! brief rem>ks w illu/rate ! me?od adopt$ by ! new philosophy 9 inve/igat+ a sy/ematic !ory ( ,art "u all its /atical aspects4 ,we h n[ to speak ( its action ^u social life1 :e!r 9 ! f9al /ate ( ,humanity1 or 9 ! transitional movem5t ?r\gh :i* t /ate is to be rea*$4 ,! ,positive !ory ( hi/ory %[s u at once1 9 spite ( /rong prejudices to ! contr>y1 t up to ! pres5t "t ! progress a*iev$ by ,art has be51 l t ( ,sci5ce & ,indu/ry1 only prep>atory2 ! conditions ess5tial to its full developm5t nev] hav+ yet be5 comb9$4 ,nei!r 9 ,poly!ism ,too mu* has be5 made ( ! e/hetic t5d5cies ( ! nations ( antiquity1 ow+ to ! free scope t 0 giv5 to ,imag9ation 9 con/ruct+ _! doctr9es4 ,9 fact ,poly!ism1 n[ t ! belief 9 its pr9ciples exi/s no long]1 has be5 reg>d$ z simply a "w ( art4 ,b ! long duration ( its pr9ciples w\ld be suffici5t pro( t !y 7 n creat$ by ! poets1 b t !y emanat$ f ! philosophic g5ius ( ,humanity work+ spontane\sly1 z expla9$ 9 my !ory ( human developm5t1 9 ! only way t 0 !n possible4 ,all t ,art did = ,poly!ism 0 to p]=m its prop] function ( clo?+ x 9 a m poetic =m4 ,x is q true t ! peculi> "* ( ,poly!i/ic philosophy gave great] scope = ! developm5t ( ,art ?an has be5 af=d$ by any subsequ5t sy/em4 ,x is to ?is portion ( ! !ological p]iod t we mu/ attribute ! fir/ /eps ( e/hetic developm5t1 :e!r 9 society or 9 ! individual4 ,yet ,art 0 nev] really incorporat$ into ! anci5t ord]4 ,its free gr[? 0 impossible s long z x rema9$ "u ! control ( ,!ocracy1 :i* made use ( x z an in/rum5t1 b :i*1 f ! /ation>y "* ( its dogmas1 %ackl$ its op]ations4 ,moreov]1 ! social life ( antiquity 0 highly unfav\rable to ,art4 ,! sph]e ( p]sonal feel+s & dome/ic affections 0 h>dly op5 to x4 ,public life 9 anci5t times _h c]ta9ly m vigor\s & m p]man5t features1 & "h !re 0 a wid] field4 ,yet ev5 9 su* a case z t ( ,hom]1 we feel t he w\ld h>dly h sp5t 8 extraord9>y p[]s ^u descriptions ( milit>y life1 _h !re be5 nobl] subjects = 8 g5ius4 ,! only gr& aspect1 view$ socially1 t w> c\ld (f]1 ! sy/em ( incorporation in/itut$ by ,rome aft] a succession ( conque/s1 c\ld n !n be =ese54 ,:5 t p]iod arriv$1 anci5t hi/ory 0 draw+ to a close1 & ! only poetical tribute to ?is nobl] policy 0 conta9$ 9 a few beautiful l9es ( ,virgil's neid1 end+ ) ! rem>kable expression1 ,pacisque impon]e morem1 7,impose ! law ( peace47 ,nor "u ! ,m$iaeval sy/em ,m$iaeval society1 not)/&+ irrational prejudices to ! contr>y1 w\ld h be5 f> m fav\rable to ! f9e arts1 c\ld x h cont9u$ long]4 ,i d n speak1 inde$1 ( its dogmas2 :i* 7 s incompatible ) ,art1 z to lead to ! /range inconsi/5cy ( giv+ a factiti\s sanction to ,paganism 9 ! mid/ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,by hold+ p]sonal & *im]ical objects be=e u z ! end ( life1 ,mono!ism disc\rag$ all poetry1 except s f> z x relat$ to our individual exi/5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 idealiz$ by ! my/ics1 ^: beautiful compositions p5etrat$ into our inmo/ emotions1 & want$ no?+ b great] p]fection ( =m4 ,all t ,ca?olicism effect$ = ,art 9 o!r respects 0 to secure a bett] position = x1 z soon z ! prie/hood became /rong en\gh to c\nt]act ! intellectual & moral defects ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,b ! social life ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 f> m e/hetic ?an t ( antiquity4 ,w> 0 /ill ! prevail+ occupation2 b by assum+ a def5sive "*1 x _h become f> m moral1 & !re=e m poetic4 ,woman _h acquir$ a due measure ( fre$om2 & ! free developm5t ( home affections 7 ?us no long] re/rict$4 ,!re 0 a consci\sness ( p]sonal dignity hi!rto unkn[n1 & yet q compatible ) social devotion1 :i* elevat$ individual life 9 all its aspects4 ,all ^! qualities 7 summ$ up 9 ! noble in/itution ( ,*ivalry2 :i* gave a /rong /imulus to ,art ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,europe1 & diffus$ x m l>gely ?an 9 any =m] p]iod4 ,?is movem5t 0 9 reality1 ?\gh ! fact is n recogniz$ z x %\ld be1 ! s\rce ( mod]n ,art4 ,! reason = its %ort duration is to be f\nd 9 ! ess5tially transi5t & provisional "* ( m$iaeval society "u all its aspects4 ,by ! "t t its language & habits _h become suffici5tly /able = ! e/hetic _s to produce works ( p]man5t value1 ,ca?olic ,feudalism 0 already und]m9$ by ! gr[+ =ce ( ! negative movem5t4 ,! beliefs & modes ( life (f]$ = idealization 7 se5 to be decl9+3 & nei!r ! poet nor 8 read]s c\ld feel ^? deep convictions :i* ! highe/ purposes ( ,art require4 ,mu* less 9 mod]n times ,dur+ ! decl9e ( ,*ivalry1 ,art receiv$ indirectly an additional impulse f ! movem5t ( social decomposition :i* has be5 go+ on rapidly = ! la/ five c5turies4 ,9 ?is movem5t all m5tal & social influ5ces gradually p>ticipat$4 ,negativism1 x is true1 is n ! prop] prov9ce ( ,art2 b ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity 7 s oppressive to x1 t its ef=ts to %ake (f ! yoke 7 ( great s]vice to ! cause ( g5]al emancipation4 ,dante's incomp>able "w is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is anomal\s comb9ation ( two contradictory influ5ces4 ,x 0 a situation unfav\rable = art1 because e aspect ( life 0 rapidly *ang+ & los+ its "* be=e !re 0 "t to idealize x4 ,consequ5tly ! poet _h to create 8 own field artificially f anci5t hi/ory1 :i* suppli$ him ) ^? fix$ & def9ite modes ( life :i* he c\ld n f9d ar\nd him4 ,?us x 0 t = sev]al c5turies ! ,classical sy/em became ! sole s\rce ( e/hetic culture2 ! result be+ t ,art lo/ mu* ( ! orig9ality & popul>ity :i* _h previ\sly belong$ to x4 ,t great ma/]pieces %\ld h be5 produc$ at all "u su* unfav\rable circum/ances is ! be/ pro( ( ! spontane\s "* ( our e/hetic faculties4 ,! value ( ! ,classical sy/em has be5 = "s "t entirely exhau/$2 & n[ t ! negative movem5t has rea*$ its extreme limits !re only rema9$ "o s]vice 7a s]vice ( great tempor>y importance7 = ,art to r5d]1 ! idealization ( ,d\bt itself4 ,su* a phase ( c\rse admitt$ ( b %ort duration4 ,! be/ examples ( x are ! works ( ,byron & ,goe!1 ! pr9ciple value ( :i* has be51 t !y h initiat$ ,prote/ant c\ntries into ! unre/rict$ fre$om ( ?\ght :i* emanat$ orig9ally f ,fr5* philosophy4 ,?us hi/ory %[s t ! e/hetic developm5t ( ,humanity has be5 ! result ( spontane\s t5d5cies r ?an ( sy/ematic guidance4 ,! m5tal conditions mo/ fav\rable to x h nev] be5 fulfill$ simultane\sly ) its social conditions4 ,at ! pres5t "t bo? are alike want+4 ,yet !re is no evid5ce t our e/hetic faculties are on ! decl9e4 ,n only has ! gr[? ( art proce$$ 9 spite ( e ob/acle1 b x has become m ?or\ghly incorporat$ into ! life ( ord9>y m54 ,9 anci5t times x 0 cultivat$ only by a small class4 ,s little 0 x recogniz$ z a compon5t "p ( social organization1 t x did n ev5 ent] into m5's imag9>y visions ( a future exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! simple/ m9ds 7 enc\rag$ to cultivate ! s5se ( beauty z "o ( ! pure/ delights ( human life2 & x 0 held out z ! pr9cipal occupation ( ! cele/ial /ate4 ,f t "t all classes ( ,european society h tak5 an increas+ int]e/ 9 ^! elevat+ pleasures1 beg9n+ ) poetry1 & !nce pass+ to ! special arts1 especially music1 ! mo/ social ( all4 ,! influ5ce ( arti/s1 ev5 :5 !y _h no real claim to ! title1 has be5 on ! increase2 until at la/ ! an>*y ( ! pres5t "t has introduc$ !m to political p[]1 = :i* !y are utt]ly unqualifi$4 ,"u ,positivism ! conditions w all be fav\rable4 ,!re w be fix$ pr9ciples1 & a nobl] moral culture ,all ?is w\ld seem to %[ t ! greate/ epo* ( ,art has yet to come4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 e o!r1 ! ,pa/ has b suppli$ ! necess>y mat]ials = future recon/ruction4 ,:at we h se5 z yet is b a spontane\s & immature prelude2 b 9 ! manhood ( our moral & m5tal p[]s1 ! culture ( ,art w proce$ on pr9ciples z sy/ematic z ! culture ( ,sci5ce & ( ,indu/ry1 bo? ( :i* at pres5t are simil>ly devoid ( organization4 ,! reg5]ation ( society w be incomplete until ,art has be5 fully incorporat$ into ! mod]n ord]4 ,& to ?is result all our antec$5ts h be5 t5d+4 ,to r5ew ! e/hetic movem5t s admirably begun 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 b int]rupt$ by classical influ5ces1 w =m a "p ( ! great "w :i* ,positivism has und]tak51 ! completion & re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,m$iaeval /ructure ^u a firm] intellectual basis4 ,& :5 ,art is once re/or$ to its prop] place1 its future progress w be un*eck$1 because1 z ,i %all n[ proce$ to %[1 all ! influ5ces ( ! f9al ord]1 spontane\s or sy/ematic1 w be 9 e respect fav\rable to x4 ,if ?is c be made cle>1 ! poetic capabilities ( ,positive ,philosophy w require no fur!r pro(4 ,z be+ ! only rally+ po9t n[ possible = fix$ convictions1 )\t :i* life c h no def9ite or p]man5t "*1 ,positivism is on ?is gr\nd alone indisp5sable to all fur!r developm5t ( mod]n ,art4 ,if ! poet & 8 read]s are alike devoid ( su* convictions1 no idealization ( life1 :e!r p]sonal1 dome/ic1 or social1 is 9 any true s5se possible4 ,no emotions are fit subjects = ,art unless !y are felt deeply1 & unless !y come spontane\sly to all4 ,:5 society has no m>k$ intellectual or moral feature1 ,art1 :i* is its mirror1 c h none ei!r4 ,& al?\gh ! e/hetic faculty is s innate 9 u t x nev] c rema9 inactive1 yet its culture becomes 9 ?is case vague & objectless4 ,! fact !re=e t ,positivism t]m9ates ! ,revolution by initiat+ ! movem5t ( organic gr[? is ( itself en\gh to prove its b5eficial influ5ce ^u ,art4 ,art1 inde$1 w\ld pr(it by any me?od ( reorganization1 :atev] its nature4 ,b ! pr9ciple on :i* ,positivism proposes to recon/ruct is peculi>ly fav\rable to its gr[?4 ,! op9ions & ! modes ( life to :i* t pr9ciple conducts are precisely ^? :i* are mo/ ess5tial to e/hetic developm5t4 ,a m e/hetic sy/em _c be imag9$ ?an "o :i* tea*es t ,feel+ is ! basis on :i* ! unity ( human nature re/s2 & :i* assigns z ! gr& object ( man's exi/5ce1 progress 9 e direction1 b especially moral progress4 ,x may seem at fir/ z if ! t5d5cy ( ! new philosophy 0 m]ely to make u m sy/ematic4 ,& sy/ematization is assur$ly indisp5sable2 b ! sole object ( x is to increase our sympa?y & our syn]gic activity by supply+ t fixity ( pr9ciple :i* alone c lead to en]getic practice4 ,by tea*+ t ! highe/ happ9ess is to aid 9 ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 ,positivism invites ! poet to 8 noble/ function1 ! culture ( g5]\s sympa?ies1 a subject f> m poetic ?an ! passions ( hatr$ & oppression :i* hi!rto h be5 8 ord9>y !me4 ,a sy/em :i* reg>ds su* culture z ! highe/ object _c fail to incorporate ,poetry z "o ( its ess5tial elem5ts1 & to give to x a f> high] position ?an x has ev] held be=e4 ,sci5ce1 al?\gh x be ! s\rce f :i* ! ,positive sy/em emanates1 w be re/rict$ to its prop] function ( supply+ ! objective basis = human prevision2 ?us giv+ to ,art & ,indu/ry1 :i* mu/ always be ! pr9cipal objects ( our att5tion1 ! f\ndation !y require4 ,positivism1 sub/itut+ 9 e subject ! relative po9t ( view = ! absolute1 reg>d+1 t is1 e subject 9 its relation to ,humanity1 w\ld n prosecute ! /udy ( ! ,true beyond :at is requir$ = ! developm5t ( ! ,good & ! ,beautiful4 ,beyond ?is po9t1 sci5tific culture is a useless exp5diture ( "t1 & a div]sion f ! great end = :i* ,man & ,society exi/4 ,subord9ate z ! ideal mu/ ev] be to ! real1 ,art w yet ex]cise a mo/ salut>y influ5ce ^u ,sci5ce1 z soon z we cease to /udy ,sci5ce 9 an absolute _s4 ,9 ! v simple/ ph5om5a1 aft] rea*+ ! degree ( exactness :i* our wants require1 !re is always a c]ta9 m>g9 ( lib]ty = ! imag9ation2 & advantage may v well be tak5 ( ?is to make our conceptions m beautiful & s f> m useful4 ,/ill m available is ?is influ5ce ( ! ,beautiful on ! ,true 9 ! highe/ subjects1 ^? :i* directly conc]n ,humanity4 ,m9ute accuracy be+ "h m difficult & at ! same "t less important1 m room is left = e/hetic consid]ations4 ,9 repres5t+ ! great hi/orical types1 = in/ance1 ,art has its place z well z ,sci5ce4 ,a society :i* devotes all its p[]s to mak+ e aspect ( life z p]fect z possible1 w naturally give pref]5ce to t k9d ( intellectual culture :i* is ( all o!rs ! be/ calculat$ to height5 our s5se ( p]fection4 ,pr$ispos+ influ5ce ( ,education ,! t5d5cy ( ,positivism to fav\r ^! ! mo/ en]getic ( our intellectual faculties & ! mo/ closely relat$ to our moral nature1 is app>5t ?r\gh\t its educational sy/em4 ,! read] w h se5 9 ! ?ird *apt] t 9 ,positive education m importance is atta*$ to ,art ?an to ,sci5ce1 z ! true !ory ( human developm5t requires4 ,sci5ce int]v5es only to put into sy/ematic %ape :at ,art1 op]at+ "u ! direct influ5ce ( affection1 has spontane\sly begun4 ,z 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d e/hetic developm5t prec$$ sci5tific developm5t1 s x w be ) ! individual1 ^: education on ! ,positive me?od is b a reproduction ( ! education ( ! race4 ,! only rational pr9ciple ( our absurd classical sy/em is its suppos$ t5d5cy to enc\rage poetical tra9+4 ,! futility1 h[ev]1 ( ?is pr(ession is b too evid5t3 ! usual result ( ! sy/em be+ to implant errone\s notions ( all ! f9e arts1 if n utt] di/a/e = !m4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( its wor?lessness is ! idolatry ) :i* = a :ole c5tury our ,fr5* p$ants reg>d$ ,boileau2 a mo/ skilful v]sifi]1 b ( all our poets p]haps ! lea/ gift$ ) true poetic feel+4 ,positivi/ education w effect :at classical education has attempt$ s imp]fectly4 ,x w famili>ize ! humble/ work+ man or woman f *ildhood ) all ! beauties ( ! be/ poets2 n ^? ( 8 own nation m]ely1 b ( all ! ,we/4 ,to secure ! g5u95ess & effici5cy ( e/hetic developm5t1 att5tion mu/ fir/ be giv5 to ! poets :o depict our own mod]n society4 ,aft]w>ds1 z ,i h said1 ! "y ,positivi/ w be advis$ to complete 8 poetical c\rse1 by /udy+ ! poets :o h idealiz$ antiquity4 ,b 8 education w n be limit$ to poetry1 x w embrace ! special arts ( s\nd & =m1 by :i* ! pr9cipal effects ( poetry are reproduc$ ) great] int5sity4 ,?us ! contemplation & m$itation sugge/$ by ,art1 besides _! own intr9sic *>m1 w prep>e ! way = ! ex]cise ( simil> faculties 9 ,sci5ce4 ,= ) ! individual1 z ) ! species1 ! comb9ation ( images w assi/ ! comb9ation ( signs3 signs 9 _! orig9 be+ images :i* h lo/ _! vividness4 ,z ! sph]e ( ,art includes e subject ( human int]e/1 we %all become famili>iz$1 dur+ ! e/hetic p]iod ( education1 ) ! pr9cipal conceptions t are aft]w>ds to be br\ght be=e u sy/ematically 9 ! sci5tific p]iod4 ,especially w ?is be true ( hi/orical /udies4 ,by ! "t t ! pupil ent]s ^u !m1 he w be already famili> ) poetic descriptions ( ! v>i\s social phases1 & ( ! m5 :o play$ a lead+ "p 9 !m4 ,relation ( ,art to ,religion ,& if ,art is ( su* importance 9 ! education ( ! "y1 x is no less important 9 ! aft]work ( education2 ! "w ( recall+ m5 or classes ( m5 to ^? high feel+s & pr9ciples :i*1 9 ! daily bus9ess ( life1 are s apt to be =gott54 ,9 ! solemnities1 private or public1 appo9t$ = ?is purpose1 ,positivism w rely f> m on impressions su* z poetry c inspire1 ?an on sci5tific explanations4 ,inde$ ! prepond]ance ( ,art ov] ,sci5ce w be /ill great] ?an 9 education prop]ly s call$4 ,! sci5tific basis ( human conduct hav+ be5 already laid d[n1 x w n be necess>y to d m ?an ref] to x4 ,! philosophic prie/hood w 9 ?is case be less occupi$ ) new conceptions1 ?an ) ! en=cem5t ( tru? already kn[n1 :i* dem&s e/hetic r ?an sci5tific tal5t4 ,a vague pres5tim5t ( ! prop] function ( ,art 9 regulat+ public fe/ivals 0 %[n empirically by ! ,revolutioni/s4 ,b all _! attempts 9 ?is direction prov$ notori\s failures2 a signal pro( t politicians %\ld n usurp ! (fice ( spiritual guides4 ,! int5tion ( a fe/ival is to give public expression to deep & g5u9e feel+2 spontane\sness !re=e is its fir/ condition4 ,h5ce x is a matt] ) :i* political rul]s are incompet5t to deal2 & ev5 ! spiritual p[] %\ld only act z ! sy/ematic organ ( impulses :i* already exi/4 ,s9ce ! decl9e ( ,ca?olicism we h _h no fe/ivals wor?y ( ! "n2 nor c we h !m until ,positivism has become g5]ally accept$4 ,all t gov]nm5ts c\ld d at pres5t is to exhibit unmean+ & undignifi$ %[s be=e discordant cr[ds1 :o are !mselves ! only spectacles wor? behold+4 ,inde$ ! usurpation ( ?is function by gov]nm5t is 9 _m cases z tyrannical z x is irrational2 arbitr>y =mulas are (t5 impos$1 :i* answ] to no pre-exi/+ feel+ :atev]4 ,evid5tly ! direction ( fe/ivals is a function :i* m ?an any o!r belongs exclusively to ! spiritual p[]1 s9ce x is ! spiritual p[] :i* regulates ! t5d5cies ( :i* ^! fe/ivals are ! manife/ation4 ,"h its "w is ess5tially e/hetic4 ,a fe/ival ev5 9 private1 & /ill m 9 public life1 is or %\ld be a "w ( art2 its purpose be+ to express c]ta9 feel+s by voice or ge/ure1 & to idealize !m4 ,x is ! mo/ e/hetic ( all functions1 s9ce x involves usually a complete comb9ation ( ! f\r special arts1 "u ! presid5ce ( ! prim>y art1 ,poetry4 ,on ?is gr\nd gov]nm5ts h 9 mo/ cases be5 will+ to waive _! (ficial au?ority 9 ?is matt]1 & to be l>gely guid$ by arti/ic c\nsel1 accept+ ev5 ! advice ( pa9t]s & sculptors 9 ! default ( poets ( real m]it4 ,! e/hetic t5d5cies ( ,positivism1 ) reg>d to in/itutions ( ?is k9d1 are suffici5tly evid5t 9 ! wor%ip ( ,woman1 spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & 9 ! wor%ip ( ,humanity1 ( :i* ,i %all speak m p>ticul>ly aft]w>ds4 ,f ^!1 inde$1 mo/ ,positivi/ fe/ivals1 private or public1 w orig9ate4 ,b ?is subject has be5 already broa*$1 & w be discuss$ 9 ! next *apt] ) z mu* detail z ! limits ( ?is introductory "w all[4 ,:ile ! social value ( ,art is ?us enhanc$ by ! importance ( ! "w assign$ to x1 new & ext5sive fields = its op]ations are op5$ out by ,positivism4 ,*ief among/ ^! is ,hi/ory1 reg>d$ z a cont9u\s :ole2 a doma9 at pres5t almo/ unt\*$4 ,idealization ( hi/orical types ,mod]n poets1 f9d+ little to inspire !m 9 _! own times1 & driv5 back into anci5t life by ! classical sy/em1 h already idealiz$ "s ( ! pa/ phases ( ,humanity4 ,our great ,corneille1 = in/ance1 is pr9cipally rememb]$ = ! s]ies ( dramas 9 :i* he has s admirably depict$ v>i\s p]iods ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,9 our own times :]e ! hi/orical _s has become /rong]1 noveli/s1 l ,scott & ,manzoni1 h made simil> ?\gh less p]fect attempts to idealize lat] p]iods4 ,su* examples1 h[ev]1 are b spontane\s & imp]fect indications ( ! new field :i* ,positivism n[ (f]s to ! arti/2 a field :i* ext5ds ov] ! :ole region ( ! ,pa/ & ev5 ( ! ,future4 ,until ?is va/ doma9 _h be5 conceiv$ ( z a :ole by ! philosoph]1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to br+ x )9 ! compass ( poetry4 ,n[ !ological & metaphysical philosoph]s 7 prev5t$ by ! absolute _s ( _! doctr9es f und]/&+ hi/ory 9 all its phases1 & 7 totally incapable ( idealiz+ !m z !y des]v$4 ,positivism1 on ! contr>y1 is always relative2 & its pr9cipal feature is a !ory ( hi/ory :i* enables u to appreciate & become famili> ) e mode 9 :i* human society has =m$ itself4 ,no s9c]e ,mono!i/ c und]/& & repres5t ) fairness ! life ( ,poly!i/s or ,feti*i/s4 ,b ! ,positivi/ poet1 accu/om$ to look ^u all pa/ hi/orical /ages 9 _! prop] filiation1 w be able s ?or\ghly to id5tify himself ) all1 z to awak5 our sympa?ies = !m1 & revive ! traces :i* ea* individual may recognize ( correspond+ phases 9 8 own hi/ory4 ,?us we %all be able ?or\ghly to ent] into ! e/hetic beauty ( ! ,pagan cre$s ( ,greece & ,rome1 )\t any ( ! scruples :i* ,*ri/ians c\ld n b feel :5 engag$ on ! same subject4 ,9 ! ,art ( ! ,future all phases ( ! ,pa/ w be recall$ to life ) ! same di/9ctness ) :i* "s ( !m h be5 already idealiz$ by ,hom] & ,corneille4 ,& ! value ( ?is new s\rce ( inspiration is ! great] t1 at ! same "t t x is be+ op5$ out to ! arti/1 ! public is be+ prep>$ = its enjoym5t4 ,an almo/ exhau/less s]ies ( beautiful creations 9 epic or dramatic art may be produc$1 :i*1 by r5d]+ x m easy to compreh5d & to glorify ! ,pa/ 9 all its phases1 w =m an ess5tial elem5t1 on ! "o h&1 ( our educational sy/em1 & on ! o!r1 ( ! wor%ip ( ,humanity4 ,art requires ! highe/ education2 b little special in/ruction ,la/ly1 n only w ! field = ,art become wid]1 b its organs w be m5 ( a high] /amp4 ,! pres5t sy/em1 9 :i* ! arts are cultivat$ by special classes1 mu/ be aboli%$1 z be+ :olly ali5 to t syn!tic _s :i* always *>act]izes ! highe/ poetic g5ius4 ,real tal5t = ,art _c fail to be call$ out by ! educational sy/em ( ,positivism1 :i*1 ?\gh int5d$ = ! work+ classes1 is equally applicable to all o!rs4 ,we c only idealize & portray :at has become famili> to u2 consequ5tly poetry has always re/$ ^u "s sy/em ( belief1 capable ( giv+ a fix$ direction to our ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,! greate/ poets1 f ,hom] to ,corneille1 h always p>ticipat$ l>gely 9 ! be/ education ( :i* _! times admitt$4 ,! arti/ mu/ h cle> conceptions be=e he c exhibit true pictures4 ,ev5 9 ^! an>*ic times1 :5 ! sy/em ( specialities is be+ c>ri$ to su* an irrational ext5t1 ! s-call$ poets :o imag9e t !y c !mselves save ! tr\ble ( philosophical tra9+1 h 9 reality to borr[ a basis ( belief f "s worn-out metaphysical or !ological cre$4 ,_! special education1 if x c be call$ s1 consi/s m]ely 9 cultivat+ ! tal5t = expression1 & is equally injuri\s to _! intellect & _! he>t4 ,incompatible ) deep conviction ( any k9d1 :ile giv+ me*anical skill 9 ! te*nical dep>tm5t ( ,art1 x impairs ! f> m important faculty ( idealization4 ,h5ce x is t we are at pres5t s deplorably ov]-/ock$ ) v]se-mak]s & lit]>y m51 :o are :olly devoid ( real poetic feel+1 & are fit = no?+ b to di/urb society by _! reckless ambition4 ,z = ! f\r special arts1 ! tra9+ = !m at pres5t giv51 be+ /ill m te*nical1 is ev5 m hurtful 9 e respect to ! /ud5t ^: education does n ext5d beyond x4 ,on e gr\nd1 !n1 arti/s ( :atev] k9d %\ld beg9 _! c>e] ) ! same education z ! re/ ( society4 ,! necessity = su* an education 9 ! case ( wom5 has be5 already recogniz$2 & x is c]ta9ly n less desirable = arti/s & poets4 ,inde$1 s e/hetic is ! _s ( ,positive education1 t no special tra9+ = ,art w be ne$$1 except t :i* is giv5 spontane\sly by practice4 ,!re is no o!r pr(ession :i* requires s little direct in/ruction2 ! t5d5cy ( x 9 ,art be+ to de/roy orig9ality1 & to /ifle ! fire ( g5ius ) te*nical erudition4 ,ev5 = ! special arts no pr(essional education is ne$$4 ,^!1 l indu/rial arts1 %\ld be acquir$ by c>eful practice "u ! guidance ( good ma/]s4 ,! notori\s failure ( public in/itutions e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( =m+ musicians & pa9t]s1 makes x unnecess>y to dwell fur!r ^u ?is po9t4 ,n to speak ( _! injuri\s effects ^u "*1 !y are a positive imp$im5t to true g5ius4 ,poets & arti/s1 !n1 require no education beyond t :i* is giv5 to ! public1 ^: ?\ghts & emotions x is _! (fice to repres5t4 ,its want ( speciality makes x all ! m fit to develop & br+ =w>d real tal5t4 ,x w /r5g!n ! love ( all ! f9e arts simultane\sly2 = ! connexion betwe5 !m is s intimate t ^? :o make x a boa/ t _! tal5t is = "o ( !m exclusively w be /rongly suspect$ ( hav+ no real vocation = any4 ,all ! greate/ ma/]s1 mod]n no less ?an anci5t1 h %[n ?is univ]sality ( ta/e4 ,its abs5ce 9 ! pres5t day is b a fre% pro( t e/hetic g5ius does n & _c exi/ 9 times l ^!1 :5 ,art has no social purpose & re/s on no philosophic pr9ciples4 ,if ev5 amateurs are expect$ to enjoy ,art 9 all its =ms1 is x likely t compos]s ( real g5ius w re/rict _! admiration to _! own special mode ( idealization & expression8 ,arti/s z a class w disappe>4 ,_! function w be appropriat$ by ! philosophic prie/hood ,positivism1 !n1 :ile infus+ a pr(\ndly e/hetic _s into g5]al education1 w\ld suppress all special s*ools ( ,art on ! gr\nd t !y imp$e its true gr[?1 & simply promote ! success ( m$iocrities4 ,:5 ?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ out to its full l5g?1 we %all no long] h any special class ( arti/s4 ,! culture ( ,art1 especially ( poetry1 w be a spontane\s addition to ! functions ( ! ?ree classes :i* con/itute ! moral p[] ( society4 ,"u !ocracy1 ! sy/em by :i* ! evolution ( human society 0 inaugurat$1 ! speculative class absorb$ all functions except ^? relat+ to ! common bus9ess ( life4 ,no di/9ction 0 made betwe5 e/hetic & sci5tific tal5t4 ,_! sep>ation took place aft]w>ds3 & ?\gh x 0 indisp5sable to ! full developm5t ( bo?1 yet x =ms no "p ( ! p]man5t ord] ( society1 9 :i* ! only well-m>k$ division is t betwe5 ,!ory & ,practice4 ,ultimately all !oretic faculties w be aga9 comb9$ ev5 m closely ?an 9 primitive times4 ,s long z !y are disp]s$1 _! full influ5ce on practical life _c be realiz$4 ,only x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld rema9 disp]s$ until ea* con/itu5t elem5t _h atta9$ a suffici5t degree ( developm5t4 ,= ?is prelim9>y gr[? ! long p]iod ( "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! decl9e ( !ocracy 0 necess>y4 ,art deta*$ itself f ! !oretical sy/em be=e ,sci5ce1 because its progress 0 m rapid1 & f its nature x 0 m indep5d5t4 ,! prie/hood _h lo/ its hold ( ,art1 z f> back z ! "t ( ,hom]3 b x /ill cont9u$ to be ! deposit>y ( sci5ce1 until x 0 sup]s$$ at fir/ by philosoph]s /rictly s call$1 aft]w>ds by ma!maticians & a/ronom]s4 ,s x 0 t ,art fir/1 & subsequ5tly ,sci5ce1 yield$ to ! specializ+ sy/em :i*1 ?\gh normal = ,indu/ry1 is 9 _! case abnormal4 ,x /imulat$ ! gr[? ( our speculative faculties at ! "t ( _! escape f ! yoke ( !ocracy3 b n[ t ! ne$ = x no long] exi/s1 x is ! pr9cipal ob/acle to ! f9al ord]1 t[>ds :i* all _! p>tial developm5ts h be5 t5d+4 ,to recomb9e ^! special elem5ts on new pr9ciples is at pres5t ! prim>y condition ( social reg5]ation4 ,look+ at ! two ess5tial functions ( ! spiritual p[]1 education & c\nsel1 x is n difficult to see t :at !y require is a comb9ation ( poetic feel+ ) sci5tific insight4 ,we look = a measure ( bo? ^! qualities 9 ! public2 !re=e m5 :o are devoid ( ei!r ( !m _c be fit to be its spiritual guides4 ,t !y take ! "n ( philosoph]s 9 pref]5ce to t ( poets1 is because _! ord9>y duties are m connect$ ) ,sci5ce ?an ) ,art b !y ought to be equally int]e/$ 9 bo?4 ,sci5ce requires sy/ematic tea*+1 :]eas ,art is cultivat$ spontane\sly1 ) ! exception ( ! te*nical bran*es ( ! special arts4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! highe/ e/hetic functions are n su* z c be p]=m$ cont9u\sly4 ,x is only works ( r>e excell5ce :i* are 9 ! highe/ s5se useful3 ^!1 once produc$1 supply an unfail+ s\rce ( idealization & expression = our emotions1 :e!r 9 public or 9 private4 ,x is en\gh1 if ! int]pret] ( ^! works & 8 audi5ce h be5 s educat$ z to appreciate :at is p]fect1 & reject m$iocrity4 ,organs ( unusual p[] w arise occasionally1 z 9 =m] times1 f all sections ( society1 :5ev] ! ne$ ( repres5t+ new emotions may be felt4 ,b !y w come m frequ5tly f ! philosophic class 9 ^: "*1 :5 x is fully develop$1 ,sympa?y w be z prom95t a feature z ,sy/em4 ,id5tity ( e/hetic & sci5tific g5ius ,!re is1 9 tru?1 no organic di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific & poetic g5ius4 ,! diff]5ce lies m]ely 9 _! comb9ations ( ?\ght1 :i* are concrete & ideal 9 ! "o case1 ab/ract & real 9 ! o!r4 ,bo? employ analysis at />t+2 bo? alike aim ultimately at syn!sis4 ,! errone\s belief 9 _! incompatibility proce$s m]ely f ! absolute _s ( metaphysical philosophy1 :i* s (t5 leads u to mi/ake a transitory phase = ! p]man5t ord]4 ,if x is ! fact1 z appe>s1 t !y h nev] be5 actually comb9$ 9 ! same p]son1 x is m]ely because ! two functions _c be call$ into action at ! same mom5t4 ,a /ate ( society t calls = great philosophical ef=ts _c be fav\rable to poetry1 because x involves a new elaboration ( fir/ pr9ciples2 & x is ess5tial to ,art t ^! %\ld h be5 already fix$4 ,?is is ! reason :y 9 hi/ory we f9d p]iods ( e/hetic gr[? succe$+ p]iods ( great philosophical *ange1 b nev] co-exi/+4 ,if we look at in/ances ( great m9ds :o 7 nev] able to f9d _! prop] sph]e1 we see at once t _h !y ris5 at "s o!r "t1 !y might h cultivat$ ei!r poetry or philosophy1 z ! case might be1 ) equal success4 ,did]ot w\ld no d\bt h be5 a great poet 9 a "t m fav\rable to art2 & ,goe!1 "u diff]5t political influ5ces1 might h be5 an em95t philosoph]4 ,all sci5tific discov]]s 9 :om ! inductive faculty has be5 m active ?an ! d$uctive1 h giv5 manife/ pro( ( poetic capacity4 ,:e!r ! p[]s ( inv5tion take an ab/ract or a concrete direction1 :e!r !y are employ$ 9 discov]+ tru? or 9 idealiz+ x1 ! c]ebral function is always ess5tially ! same4 ,! diff]5ce is m]ely 9 ! objects aim$ at2 & z ^! alt]nate accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 !y _c bo? be pursu$ simultane\sly4 ,! rem>kably syn!tic "* ( ,buffon's g5ius may be look$ on hi/orically z an in/ance ( fusion ( ! sci5tific & e/hetic _s4 ,bossuet is ev5 a m /rik+ in/ance ( a m9d equally capable ( ! deepe/ philosophy & ( ! sublime/ poetry1 _h ! circum/ances ( 8 life giv5 him a m def9ite impulse 9 ei!r direction4 ,x is !n n unreasonable to expect1 not)/&+ ! op9ion usually ma9ta9$1 t ! philosophical class w furni% poets ( ! highe/ rank :5 ! "t calls = !m4 ,to pass f sci5tific ?\ght to e/hetic ?\ght w n be difficult = m9ds ( ! highe/ ord]2 = 9 su* m9ds !re is always a natural incl9ation t[>ds ! "w :i* is mo/ urg5tly requir$ by _! age4 ,to meet ! te*nical conditions ( ! arts ( s\nd & =m1 x w be necess>y to provide a few special ma/]s1 :o1 9 consid]ation ( ! importance ( _! s]vices to g5]al education1 w be look$ ^u z accessory memb]s ( ! new spiritual p[]4 ,b ev5 "h ! t5d5cy to specialities w be mat]ially re/rict$4 ,?is exceptional position w only be giv5 to m5 ( suffici5t e/hetic p[] to appreciate all ! f9e arts2 & !y %\ld be capable ( practis+ at lea/ ! ?ree arts ( =m simultane\sly1 z 0 done by ,italian pa9t]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,z an ord9>y rule1 x is only by _! appreciation & p[] ( expla9+ ideal ,art 9 all its =ms t our philosoph]s w exhibit _! e/hetic faculty4 ,!y w n be actively engag$ 9 e/hetic functions1 except 9 ! arrangem5t ( public fe/ivals4 ,b :5 ! circum/ances ( ! "t are su* z to call = great epic or dramatic works1 :i* implies ! abs5ce ( any philosophical "q ( ! fir/ importance1 ! mo/ p[]ful m9ds among !m w become poets 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w4 ,z ! "w ( ,co-ord9ation & t ( ,idealization w = ! future alt]nate ) great] rapidity1 we might conceive !m1 7 man's life long]1 p]=m$ by ! same organ4 ,b ! %ortness ( life1 & ! necessity ( y\?ful vig\r = all great und]tak+s1 excludes ?is hypo!sis4 ,i only m5tion x to illu/rate ! radical id5tity ( two =ms ( m5tal activity :i* are (t5 suppos$ incompatible4 ,wom5's poetry ,an additional pro( ( ! e/hetic capacity ( ! mod]at+ p[] 9 works ( less difficulty1 b admitt+ ( great] frequ5cy1 w be furni%$ by its fem99e elem5t4 ,9 ! special arts1 or at lea/ 9 ! arts ( =m1 b little c be expect$ ( !m1 because ^! dem& m te*nical k ?an !y c well acquire1 &1 moreov]1 ! sl[ process ( tra9+ w\ld spoil ! spontane\sness :i* is s admirable 9 !m4 ,b = all poetic composition :i* does n require int5se or prolong$ ef=t1 wom5 ( g5ius are bett] qualifi$ ?an m54 ,?is !y %\ld consid] z _! prop] dep>tm5t intellectually1 s9ce _! nature is n well adapt$ = ! discov]y ( sci5tific tru?4 ,:5 wom5 h become m sy/ematically associat$ ) ! g5]al movem5t ( society "u ! influ5ce ( ! new sy/em ( education1 !y w d mu* to elevate t class ( poetry :i* relates to p]sonal feel+s & to dome/ic life4 ,wom5 are already bett] judges ( su* poetry ?an m52 & !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n excel !m 9 compos+ x4 ,= ! p[] ( appreciat+ & t ( produc+ are 9 reality id5tical2 ! diff]5ce is 9 degree only1 & x dep5ds greatly ^u culture4 ,! only k9d ( composition :i* seems to me to be beyond _! p[] is epic or dramatic poetry 9 :i* public life is depict$4 ,b 9 all its o!r bran*es1 poetry w\ld seem _! natural field ( /udy2 & "o :i*1 reg>d$ always z an exceptional occupation1 is q 9 keep+ ) ! social duties assign$ to !m4 ,! affections ( our home life _c be bett] portray$ ?an by ^? 9 :om !y are f\nd 9 _! pure/ =m1 & :o1 )\t tra9+1 comb9e tal5t & expression ) ! t5d5cy to idealize4 ,"u a m p]fect organization1 !n1 ( ! e/hetic _w ?an prevails at pres5t1 ! l>g] portion ( poetical & p]haps also ( musical productions1 w pass into ! h&s ( ! m lov+ sex4 ,! advantage ( ?is w be t ! poetry ( private life w !n rise to t high /&>d ( moral purity ( :i* x s peculi>ly admits1 b :i* our co>s] sex c nev] atta9 )\t /ruggles :i* injure its spontaneity4 ,! simple grace ( ,lafonta9e & ! delicate sweetness ( ,petr>* w !n be f\nd unit$ ) deep] & pur] sympa?ies1 s z to raise lyrical poetry to a degree ( p]fection t has nev] yet be5 atta9$4 ,p's poetry ,! popul> elem5t ( ! spiritual p[] has n s well m>k$ an aptitude = art1 s9ce ! active nature ( _! occupations h>dly admits ( ! same degree ( intellectual life4 ,b !re is a m9or class ( poems1 :]e en]gy ( "* & fre$om f worldly c>es are ! *ief s\rces ( inspiration1 = :i* work+ m5 are bett] adapt$ ?an wom51 & f> m s ?an philosoph]s4 ,:5 ,positivi/ education has ext5d$ suffici5tly to ! ,p ( ! ,we/1 poets & musicians w spontane\sly arise1 z 9 _m cases !y h already ris51 to give expression to its own special aspirations4 ,b indep5d5tly ( :at may be due to individual ef=ts1 ! ,p z a :ole has an indirect b mo/ important influ5ce ^u ! ,progress ( ,art1 f ! fact ( be+ ! pr9cipal s\rce ( language4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! position :i* ,art w f9ally assume 9 ! ,positive sy/em4 ,!re w be no class at pres5t1 exclusively devot$ to x1 ) ! exception ( a few special ma/]s4 ,b !re w be a g5]al education1 enabl+ e class to appreciate all ! modes ( idealization1 & enc\rag+ _! culture among ! ?ree elem5ts :i* con/itute ! moral =ce ( society & :i* are exclud$ f political gov]nm5t4 ,among ^! !re w be a division ( e/hetic lab\r4 ,poetry descriptive ( public life w emanate f ! philosophic class4 ,! poetry ( p]sonal or dome/ic life w be writt5 by wom5 or work+ m51 accord+ z affection or en]gy may be ! s\rce ( inspiration4 ,?us ! =m ( m5tal activity mo/ appropriate to ,humanity w be m specially develop$ among ^? classes 9 :i* ! v>i\s features ( our nature are mo/ prom95tly exhibit$4 ,! only classes :o _c p>ticipate 9 ?is pleasant task are ^? ^: life is occupi$ by consid]ations ( p[] or weal?1 & ^: enjoym5t ( ,art1 ?\gh height5$ by ! education :i* !y 9 common ) o!rs w receive1 mu/ rema9 ess5tially passive4 ,our idealiz+ p[]s w h5ce=? be directly conc5trat$ on a "w ( ! highe/ social importance1 ! purification ( our moral nature4 ,! speciality by :i* s mu* ( ! natural *>m ( ,art 0 lo/ w cease1 & ! moral dang]s ( a life exclusively devot$ to ! faculty ( expression1 w exi/ no long]4 ,value ( ,art 9 ! pres5t crisis ,i h n[ %[n ! position :i* ,art w occupy 9 ! social sy/em z f9ally con/itut$4 ,i h yet to speak ( its influ5ce 9 ! actual movem5t ( reg5]ation :i* ,positivism is inaugurat+4 ,we h already se5 t ea* ( ! ?ree classes :o p>ticipate 9 ?is movem5t1 assumes functions simil> to ^? = :i* x is ultimately de/9$2 p]=m+ !m 9 a m /r5u\s1 ?\gh less me?odic way4 ,?is is obvi\sly true ( ! philosophic class :o head ! movem5t2 nor is x less true ( ! prolet>iate1 f :om x d]ives its vig\r1 or ( wom51 ^: support gives x a moral sanction4 ,x is1 !re=e1 at fir/ sight probable t ! same w hold good ( ! e/hetic conditions :i* are necess>y to ! complet5ess ( ^! ?ree functions ( ! social organism4 ,on clos] exam9ation we %all f9d t ?is is ! case4 ,con/ruction ( normal types on ! basis furni%$ by philosophy ,! pr9cipal function ( ,art is to con/ruct types on ! basis furni%$ by ,sci5ce4 ,n[ ?is is precisely :at is requir$ = inaugurat+ ! new social sy/em4 ,h[ev] p]fectly its fir/ pr9ciples may be elaborat$ by ?9k]s1 !y w /ill be n suffici5tly def9ite = ! practical result4 ,sy/ematic /udy ( ! ,pa/ c only reveal ! ,future 9 g5]al outl9e4 ,ev5 9 ! simpl] sci5ces p]fect di/9ctness is impossible )\t ov]/epp+ ! limits ( actual pro(4 ,/ill m1 !re=e1 9 ,sociology w ! conclusions ( ,sci5ce fall always f> %ort ( t degree ( precision & cle>ness1 )\t :i* no pr9ciple c be ?or\ghly popul>iz$4 ,b at ! po9t :]e ,philosophy mu/ always leave a void1 ,poetry /eps 9 & /imulates to practical action4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ,poly!ism1 ,poetry repair$ ! defects ( ! sy/em view$ dogmatically4 ,its value w be ev5 great] 9 idealiz+ a sy/em f\nd$1 n ^u imag9ation1 b ^u obs]vation ( fact4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i %all dwell at great] l5g? on ! s]vice :i* ,poetry w r5d] 9 repres5t+ ! c5tral conception ( ,positivism4 ,x w be easy to apply ! same pr9ciple to o!r cases4 ,pictures ( ! ,future ( ,man ,9 8 ef=ts to accompli% ?is object1 ! ,positivi/ poet w naturally be l$ to =m prophetic pictures ( ! reg5]ation ( ,man1 view$ 9 e aspect t admits ( be+ ideally repres5t$4 ,& ?is is ! second s]vice :i* ,art w r5d] to ! cause ( social r5ovation2 or r x is an ext5sion ( ! fir/4 ,sy/ematic =mation ( ,utopias w 9 fact become habitual2 on ! di/9ct und]/&+ t1 z 9 e o!r bran* ( art1 ! ideal %all be kept 9 subord9ation to ! real4 ,! unlimit$ lic5se :i* is app>5tly giv5 to ,utopias by ! unsettl$ "* ( ! "t is 9 reality a b> to _! practical influ5ce1 s9ce ev5 ! wilde/ dream]s %r9k f extravagance t ov]/eps ! ord9>y conditions ( m5tal sanity4 ,b :5 x is once und]/ood t ! sph]e ( ,imag9ation is simply t ( expla9+ & giv+ life to ! conclusions ( ,reason1 ! sev]e/ ?9k]s w welcome its influ5ce2 because s f> f obscur+ tru?1 x w give great] di/9ctness to x ?an c\ld be giv5 by ,sci5ce unassi/$4 ,utopias h1 !n1 _! legitimate purpose1 & ,positivism w /rongly enc\rage _! =mation4 ,!y =m a class ( poetry :i*1 "u s\nd sociological pr9ciples1 w prove ( mat]ial s]vice 9 lead+ ! p ( ! ,we/ t[>ds ! normal /ate4 ,ea* ( ! five modes ( ,art may p>ticipate 9 ?is salut>y influ5ce2 ea* 9 its own way may give a =eta/e ( ! beauty & greatness ( ! new life t is n[ (f]$ to ! individual1 to ! family1 & to society4 ,contra/s ) ! pa/ ,f ?is second mode 9 :i* ,art assi/s ! great "w ( recon/ruction we pass naturally to a ?ird1 :i* at ! pres5t "t is ( equal importance4 ,to remove ! spell "u :i* ! ,we/]n nations are /ill bl9d$ to ! ,future by ! decay$ ru9s ( ! ,pa/1 all t is necess>y is to br+ ^! ru9s into comp>ison ) ! prophetic pictures ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,s9ce ! decl9e ( ,ca?olicism 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,art has exhibit$ a critical _s ali5 to its true nature1 :i* is ess5tially syn!tic4 ,h5ce=? x is to be con/ructive r ?an critical2 yet ?is is n incompatible ) ! second>y object ( cont5d+ aga9/ op9ions1 & /ill m aga9/ modes ( life1 :i* ought to h di$ out ) ! ,ca?olic sy/em1 or ) ! revolution>y p]iod :i* foll[$ x4 ,b resi/ance to "s ( ! mo/ deeply-root$ errors ( ! ,pa/ w n int]f]e ) ! l>g] purpose ( ,positivi/ ,art4 ,no direct criticism w be ne$$4 ,:e!r aga9/ !ological or aga9/ metaphysical dogmas1 argum5t is h5ce=? ne$less1 ev5 9 a philosophical treatise1 mu* m s 9 poetry4 ,all t is ne$$ is simple contra/1 :i* 9 mo/ cases w\ld be impli$ r ?an express$1 ( ! proc$ure ( ,positivism & ,ca?olicism 9 ref]5ce to simil> social & moral problems4 ,! sci5tific basis ( su* a contra/1 is already furni%$2 x is = ,art to d ! re/1 s9ce ! appeal %\ld be to ,feel+ r ?an to ,reason4 ,at ! close ( ! la/ *apt] ,i m5tion$ ! pr9cipal case 9 :i* ?is comp>ison w\ld h be5 ( s]vice1 ! introduction1 namely1 ( ,positivism to ! two ,s\!rn nations4 ,x 0 ! task t ,i _h m>k$ out = my sa9tly fell[-work]1 = x is "o 9 :i* ! e/hetic p[]s ( wom5 w\ld be peculi>ly available4 ,9 ?is1 ! ?ird ( its tempor>y functions1 ,positivi/ ,art approximates to its normal "*4 ,we h spok5 ( its idealization ( ! ,future1 b "h x w idealize ! ,pa/ also4 ,positivism _c be accept$ until x has r5d]$ ! fulle/ & mo/ scrupul\s ju/ice to ,ca?olicism4 ,our poets1 s f> f detract+ f ! moral & political wor? ( ! m$iaeval sy/em1 w beg9 by do+ all ! hon\r to x t is consi/5t ) philosophical tru?1 z a prelude to ! /ill high] beauty ( ! sy/em :i* sup]s$es x4 ,x w be ! inauguration ( _! p]man5t (fice ( re/or+ ! ,pa/ to life4 ,= x is equally 9 ! int]e/ ( sy/ematic ?\ght & ( social sympa?y t ! relation ( ! ,pa/ to ! ,future %\ld be deeply impress$ ^u all4 ,b ^! ?ree /eps t[>ds ! incorporation ( ,art into ! f9al ord]1 ?\gh n f> di/ant1 _c be tak5 imm$iately4 ,!y presuppose a degree ( intellectual prep>ation :i* is n yet rea*$ ei!r by ! public or by its e/hetic tea*]s4 ,! pres5t g5]ation "u :i*1 9 ,france1 ! great revolution is n[ peacefully ent]+ ^u its second phase1 may diffuse ,positivism l>gely1 n m]ely among/ qualifi$ ?9k]s1 b among ! p ( ,p>is1 :o are entru/$ ) ! de/9ies ( ,we/]n ,europe1 & among wom5 ( nobl] nature4 ,! next g5]ation1 gr[+ up 9 ! mid/ ( ?is movem5t1 may1 be=e ! expiration ( a c5tury f ! date ( ! ,conv5tion1 complete spontane\sly ! moral & m5tal inauguration ( ! new sy/em1 by exhibit+ ! new e/hetic features :i* ,humanity 9 h] reg5]ate condition w assume4 ,let u n[ sum up ! conclusions ( ?is *apt]4 ,we h f\nd ,positive ,philosophy peculi>ly fav\rable to ! cont9u\s developm5t ( all ! f9e arts4 ,a doctr9e :i* enc\rages ,humanity to /rive = p]fection ( e k9d1 _c b fo/] & assimilate t =m ( m5tal activity by :i* our s5se ( p]fection is s highly /imulat$4 ,x controls ! ,ideal1 inde$1 by sy/ematic /udy ( ! ,real2 b only 9 ord] to furni% x ) an objective basis1 & s to secure its coh]5ce & its moral value4 ,plac$ on ?is foot+1 our e/hetic faculties are bett] adapt$ ?an ! sci5tific1 bo? to ! nature & range ( our und]/&+1 & also to t :i* is ! object ( all intellectual ef=t1 ! organization ( human unity4 ,= !y are m imm$iately connect$ ) ,feel+1 on :i* ! unity ( our nature mu/ re/4 ,next to direct culture ( ! he>t1 x is 9 ideal ,art t we %all f9d ! be/ assi/ance 9 our ef=ts to become m lov+ & m noble4 ,logically1 ,art %\ld h a salut>y influ5ce ^u our intellectual faculties1 because x famili>izes u f *ildhood ) ! features by :i* all con/ructive ef=ts ( man %\ld be *>act]iz$4 ,sci5ce has = a long "t pref]r$ ! analytic me?od1 :]eas ,art1 ev5 9 ^! times ( an>*y1 always aims at ,syn!sis1 :i* is ! f9al goal ( all intellectual activity4 ,ev5 :5 ,art1 contr>y to its nature1 und]takes to de/roy1 x _c d its "w1 :atev] x be1 )\t con/ruct+4 ,?us1 by implant+ a ta/e & faculty = ideal con/ruction1 ,art enables u to build ) great] effect ?an ev] ^u ! m /ubborn soil ( reality4 ,on all ^! gr\nds ,art1 9 ! ,positive sy/em1 is made ! prim>y basis ( g5]al education4 ,9 a subsequ5t /age education assumes a m sci5tific "*1 ) ! object ( supply+ sy/ematic notions ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,b 9 aft] life ,art resumes its orig9al position4 ,!re ! ord9>y functions ( ! spiritual p[] w be e/hetic r ?an sci5tific4 ,! ?ree elem5ts ( :i* ! modify+ p[] is compos$ w become spontane\sly ! organs ( idealization1 a function :i* w h5ce=? nev] be dissociat$ f ! p[] ( philosophic syn!sis4 ,su* a comb9ation implies t ! new philosoph]s %all h a true feel+ = all ! f9e arts4 ,9 ord9>y times passive appreciation ( !m w suffice2 b !re w occasionally be p]iods :]e philosophic ef=t ceases to be necess>y1 & :i* call r = ! vig\r ( ! poet2 & at ^! times ! m p[]ful m9ds among !m %\ld be capable ( ris+ to ! l(tie/ creative ef=ts4 ,difficult z ! condition may be1 x is ess5tial to ! full degree ( moral influ5ce ( :i* _! (fice admits & :i* _! "w requires4 ,! prie/ ( ,humanity w n h atta9$ 8 full measure ( sup]iority ov] ! prie/ ( ,god1 until1 ) ! intellect ( ! ,philosoph]1 he comb9es ! en?usiasm ( ! ,poet1 z well z ! t5d]ness ( ,woman1 & ! ,p's en]gy4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,conclusion4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,humanity ,recapitulation ( ! results obta9$ ,love1 !n1 is our pr9ciple2 ,ord] our basis2 & ,progress our end4 ,su*1 z ! prec$+ *apt]s h %[n1 is ! ess5tial "* ( ! sy/em ( life :i* ,positivism (f]s = ! def9ite acceptance ( society2 a sy/em :i* regulates ! :ole c\rse ( our private & public exi/5ce1 by br++ ,feel+1 ,reason1 & ,activity into p]man5t h>mony4 ,9 ?is f9al syn!sis1 all ess5tial conditions are f> m p]fectly fulfill$ ?an 9 any o!r4 ,ea* special elem5t ( our nature is m fully develop$1 & at ! same "t ! g5]al work+ ( ! :ole is m coh]5t4 ,great] di/9ctness is giv5 to ! tru? t ! affective elem5t pr$om9ates 9 our nature4 ,life 9 all its actions & ?\ghts is br\ght "u ! control & inspir+ *>m ( ,social ,sympa?y4 ,by ! supremacy ( ! ,he>t1 ! ,intellect1 s f> f be+ cru%$1 is elevat$2 = all its p[]s are consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! social in/9cts1 ) ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ _! influ5ce & direct+ _! employm5t4 ,by accept+ its subord9ation to ,feel+1 ,reason adds to its own au?ority4 ,to x we look = ! revelation ( ! laws ( nature1 ( ! e/abli%$ ,ord] :i* dictates ! inevitable conditions ( human life4 ,! objective basis ?us discov]$ = human ef=t reacts mo/ b5eficially on our moral nature4 ,=c$ z we are to accept x1 x controls ! fickl5ess to :i* our affections are liable1 & acts z a direct /imulus to social sympa?y4 ,conc5trat$ on s high an (fice1 ! intellect w be pres]v$ f useless digression2 & w yet f9d a b\ndless field = its op]ations 9 ! /udy ( all ! natural laws by :i* human de/9ies are affect$1 & especially ^? :i* relate to ! con/itution ( man or ( society4 ,! fact t e subject is to be reg>d$ f ! sociological po9t ( view1 s f> f disc\rag+ ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract ord] ( speculations1 adds to _! logical coh]5ce z well z to _! moral value1 by introduc+ ! c5tral pr9ciple r\nd :i* alone !y c be co-ord9at$ into a :ole4 ,& :il/ ,reason is admitt$ to its due %>e ( influ5ce on human life1 ,imag9ation is also /r5g!n$ & call$ into con/ant ex]cise4 ,h5ce=? x w assume its prop] function1 ! idealization ( tru?4 ,= ! objective basis ( our conceptions sci5tific inve/igation is necess>y4 ,b ?is basis once obta9$1 ! con/itution ( our m9d is f> bett] adapt$ to e/hetic ?an to sci5tific /udy1 provid$ always t imag9ation nev] disreg>d ! tru?s ( sci5ce1 & deg5]ate into extravagance4 ,subject to ?is condition1 ,positivism gives e enc\ragem5t to e/hetic /udies1 be+1 z !y are1 s closely relat$ to its guid+ pr9ciple & to its practical aim1 to ,love namely1 & to ,progress4 ,art w ent] l>gely into ! social life ( ! ,future1 & w be reg>d$ z ! mo/ pleasurable & mo/ salut>y ex]cise ( our intellectual p[]s1 because x leads !m 9 ! mo/ direct mann] to ! culture & improvem5t ( our moral nature4 ,orig9at+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f practical life1 ,positivism w return ?i!r ) increas$ =ce1 n[ t its long p]iod ( sci5tific prep>ation is accompli%$1 & t x has occupi$ ! field ( moral tru?1 :i* h5ce=? w be its pr9cipal doma94 ,its pr9ciple ( sympa?y1 s f> f relax+ our ef=ts1 w /imulate all our faculties to univ]sal activity by urg+ !m onw>ds t[>ds p]fection ( e k9d4 ,sci5tific /udy ( ! natural ,ord] is inculcat$ solely ) ! view ( direct+ all ! =ces ( ,man & ( ,society to its improvem5t by artificial ef=t4 ,hi!rto ?is aim has h>dly be5 recogniz$1 ev5 ) reg>d to ! mat]ial _w1 & b a v small proportion ( our en]gies has be5 sp5t ^u x4 ,yet ! aim is high1 provid$ always t ! view tak5 ( human progress ext5d beyond its l[] & m mat]ial /ages4 ,our !oretical p[]s once conc5trat$ on ! moral problems :i* =m _! pr9cipal field1 our practical en]gies w n fail to take ! same direction1 devot+ !mselves to t portion ( ! natural ,ord] :i* is mo/ imp]fect1 & at ! "t mo/ modifiable4 ,) ^! l>g] & m sy/ematic views ( human life1 its be/ ef=ts w be giv5 to ! improvem5t ( ! m9d1 & /ill m to ! improvem5t ( ! "* & to ! increase ( affection & c\rage4 ,public & private life are n[ br\ght into close relation by ! id5tity ( _! pr9cipal aim1 :i*1 be+ kept con/antly 9 sight1 ennobles e action 9 bo?4 ,practical que/ions mu/ ev] cont9ue to prepond]ate1 z be=e1 ov] que/ions ( !ory2 b ?is condition1 s f> f be+ adv]se to speculative p[]1 conc5trates x ^u ! mo/ difficult ( all problems1 ! discov]y ( moral & social laws1 our k ( :i* w nev] be fully adequate to our practical requirem5ts4 ,m5tal & practical activity ( ?is k9d c nev] result 9 h>dness ( feel+4 ,on ! contr>y1 x impresses u m /rongly ) ! conviction t ,sympa?y is n m]ely our highe/ happ9ess1 b ! mo/ effectual ( all our means ( improvem5t2 & t )\t x1 all o!r means c be ( little avail4 ,?us x is t 9 ! ,positive sy/em1 ! ,he>t1 ! ,intellect1 & ! ,"* mutually /r5g!n & develop "o ano!r1 because ea* is sy/ematically direct$ to ! mode ( action = :i* x is by nature adapt$4 ,public & private life are br\ght into a f> m h>moni\s relation ?an 9 any =m] "t1 because ! purpose to :i* bo? are consecrat$ is id5tical2 ! diff]5ce be+ m]ely 9 ! range ( _! activities4 ,! aim 9 bo? is to secure1 to ! utmo/ possible ext5t1 ! victory ( ,social feel+ ov] ,self-love2 & to ?is aim all our p[]s1 :e!r ( affection1 ?\ght1 or action1 are 9 bo? unceas+ly direct$4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! %ape 9 :i* ! great human problem comes def9itely be=e u4 ,its solution dem&s all ! appliances ( ,social ,art4 ,! prim>y pr9ciple on :i* ! solution re/s1 is ! sep>ation ( ! two elem5t>y p[]s ( society2 ! moral p[] ( c\nsel1 & ! political p[]s ( comm&4 ,! necess>y prepond]ance ( ! latt]1 :i* re/s ^u mat]ial =ce1 corresponds to ! fact t 9 our imp]fect nature1 :]e ! co>s] wants are ! mo/ press+ & ! mo/ cont9u\sly felt1 ! selfi% in/9cts are naturally /rong] ?an ! unselfi%4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all compulsory au?ority1 our action ev5 z individuals w\ld be feeble & purposeless1 & social life /ill m c]ta9ly w\ld lose its "* & its en]gy4 ,moral =ce1 !re=e1 by :i* is meant ! =ce ( conviction & p]suasion1 is to be reg>d$ simply z a modify+ influ5ce1 n z a means ( au?oritative direction4 ,moral =ce orig9ates 9 ,feel+ & 9 ,reason4 ,x repres5ts ! social side ( our nature1 & to ?is its direct influ5ce is limit$4 ,inde$ by ! v fact t x is ! expression ( our highe/ attributes1 x is preclud$ f t practical asc5dancy :i* is possess$ by faculties ( a l[] b m en]getic k9d4 ,inf]ior to mat]ial =ce 9 p[]1 ?\gh sup]ior to x 9 dignity1 x contra/s & opposes its own classification ( m5 accord+ to ! /&>d ( moral & intellectual wor?1 to ! classification by weal? & worldly position :i* actually prevails4 ,true1 ! high] /&>d w nev] be adopt$ practically1 b ! ef=t to uphold x w react b5eficially on ! natural ord] ( society4 ,x w inspire ^? l>g] views1 & reanimate t s5se ( duty1 :i* are s apt to become oblit]at$ 9 ! ord9>y curr5t ( life4 ,! means ( effect+ ?is important result1 ! ne$ ( :i* is s g5]ally felt1 w n be want+1 :5 ! mod]at+ p[] ent]s ^u its *>act]i/ic function ( prep>+ u = practical life by a rational sy/em ( education1 ?r\gh\t :i*1 ev5 9 its intellectual dep>tm5t1 moral consid]ations w pr$om9ate4 ,?is p[] w !re=e conc5trate itself ^u !oretical & moral que/ions2 & x c only ma9ta9 its position z ! recogniz$ organ ( social sympa?y1 by inv>iable ab/95ce f political action4 ,x w be its fir/ duty to cont5d aga9/ ! ambiti\s in/9cts ( its own memb]s4 ,true1 su* in/9cts1 9 spite ( ! impurity ( _! s\rce1 may be ( use 9 ^? natures :o are really de/9$ = ! indisp5sable bus9ess ( gov]nm5t4 ,b = a spiritual p[] =mal r5unciation ( weal? & rank is at ! v root ( its influ5ce2 x is ! fir/ ( ! conditions :i* ju/ify x 9 resi/+ ! encroa*m5ts to :i* political p[] is always tempt$4 ,h5ce ! classes to ^: natural sympa?ies x looks = support are ^? :o1 l itself1 are exclud$ f political adm9i/ration4 ,wom51 f _! /rongly sympa!tic nature1 are ! orig9al s\rce ( all moral influ5ce2 & !y are peculi>ly qualifi$ by ! passive "* ( _! life to assi/ ! action ( ! spiritual p[] 9 ! family4 ,9 its ess5tial function ( education1 _! co-op]ation is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,! education ( "y *ildr5 is entru/$ to _! sole *>ge2 & ! education ( m advanc$ ye>s simply consi/s 9 giv+ a m sy/ematic %ape to :at ! "m has already inculcat$ 9 *ildhood4 ,z a wife1 too1 ,woman assumes /ill m di/9ctly ! spiritual function ( c\nsel2 %e s(t5s by p]suasion :]e ! philosoph] c only influ5ce by conviction4 ,9 social meet+s1 aga91 ! only mode ( public life 9 :i* wom5 c p>ticipate1 !y assi/ ! spiritual p[] 9 ! =mation ( ,public ,op9ion1 ( :i* x is ! sy/ematic organ1 by apply+ ! pr9ciples :i* x inculcates to ! case ( p>ticul> actions or p]sons4 ,9 all ^! matt]s _! influ5ce w be f> m effectual1 :5 m5 h done _! duty to wom5 by sett+ !m free f ! necessity ( ga9+ _! own livelihood2 & :5 wom5 on _! side h r5\nc$ bo? p[] & weal?1 z we see1 s (t5 exemplifi$ among ! work+ classes4 ,! aff9ity ( ! ,p ) ! philosophic p[] is less direct & less pure2 b x w prove a vigor\s ally 9 meet+ ! ob/acles :i* ! temporal p[] w inevitably oppose4 ,! work+ classes1 hav+ b little sp>e "t & small individual influ5ce1 _c1 except on r>e occasions1 p>ticipate 9 ! practical adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t1 s9ce all effici5t gov]nm5t involves conc5tration ( p[]4 ,moral =ce1 on ! contr>y1 creat$ z x is by free conv]g5ce ( op9ion1 admits (1 & inde$ requires1 ! wide/ ramification4 ,work+ m51 ow+ to _! fre$om f practical responsibilities & _! unconc]n = p]sonal aggr&isem5t1 are bett] dispos$ ?an _! employ]s to broad views & to g5]\s sympa?ies1 & w !re=e naturally associate !mselves ) ! spiritual p[]4 ,x is !y :o w furni% ! basis ( a true public op9ion1 s soon z !y are enabl$ by ,positive education1 :i* is specially fram$ ) a view to _! case1 to give great] def9it5ess to _! aspirations4 ,_! wants & _! sympa?ies w alike induce !m to support ! philosophic prie/hood z ! sy/ematic gu>dian ( _! int]e/s aga9/ ! gov]n+ classes4 ,9 return = su* protection !y w br+ ! :ole weight ( _! influ5ce to assi/ ! prie/hood 9 its great social mission1 ! subord9ation ( ,politics to ,morals4 ,9 ^? exceptional cases :]e x becomes necess>y = ! mod]at+ p[] to assume political functions1 ! popul> elem5t w ( itself suffice = ! em]g5cy1 ?us exempt+ ! philosophic elem5t f p>ticipat+ 9 an anomaly f :i* its "* c\ld h>dly fail to suff]1 z w\ld be ! case also 9 a /ill high] degree ) ! fem99e "*4 ,! direct influ5ce ( ,reason ov] our imp]fect nature is s feeble t ! new prie/hood c\ld n ( itself ensure su* respect = its !ories z w\ld br+ !m to any practical result4 ,b ! sympa?ies ( wom5 & ( ! p op]at+ z !y w 9 e t[n & 9 e family1 w be suffici5t to ensure its efficacy 9 organiz+ t legitimate degree ( moral pressure :i* ! poor may br+ to be> ^u ! ri*4 ,moreov]1 we may look1 z "o ( ! results ( our common sy/em ( education1 = additional aid 9 ! ranks ( ! gov]n+ classes !mselves2 = "s ( _! noble/ memb]s w volunte] _! assi/ance to ! spiritual p[]1 =m+1 s to speak1 a new ord] ( *ivalry4 ,& yet1 ) all ?is1 compreh5sive z our organization ( moral =ce may be1 s great is ! innate /r5g? ( ! selfi% in/9cts1 t our success 9 solv+ ! great human problem w always fall %ort ( :at we might legitimately desire4 ,to ?is conclusion we mu/ come1 9 :atev] way we reg>d ! de/9y ( ,man2 b x %\ld only enc\rage u to comb9e our ef=ts /ill m /rongly 9 ord] to ameliorate ! ord] ( ,nature 9 its mo/ important1 t is1 9 its moral aspects1 ^! be+ at once ! mo/ modifiable & ! mo/ imp]fect4 ,! highe/ progress ( man & ( society consi/s 9 gradual increase ( our ma/]y ov] all our defects1 especially ! defects ( our moral nature4 ,among ! nations ( antiquity ! progress 9 ?is direction 0 b small2 all t !y c\ld d 0 to prep>e ! way = x by c]ta9 necess>y phases ( intellectual & social developm5t4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ,greek & ,roman society 0 su* z made x impossible to =m a di/9ct conception ( ! great problem ( our moral nature4 ,9 fact1 ,morals 7 ) !m inv>iably subord9ate to ,politics4 ,nev]!less1 x is moral progress :i* alone c satisfy our nature2 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 recogniz$ z ! highe/ aim ( human ef=t1 not)/&+ t its intellectual & social conditions 7 z yet v imp]fectly realiz$4 ,! cre$s ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 too unreal & imp]fect1 ! "* ( society 0 too milit>y & ari/ocratic1 to all[ ,morals & ,politics to assume p]man5tly _! "r relation4 ,! attempt 0 made1 h[ev]2 &1 inadequate z x 01 x 0 en\gh to all[ ! p ( ! ,we/ to appreciate ! fundam5tal pr9ciple involv$ 9 x1 a pr9ciple de/9$ to survive ! op9ions & ! habits ( life f :i* x arose4 ,its full weight c\ld nev] be felt until ! ,positive _s _h ext5d$ beyond ! elem5t>y subjects to :i* x _h be5 s long subject$1 to ! sph]e ( social tru?2 & _h ?us rea*$ ! position at :i* a complete syn!sis became possible4 ,equally ess5tial 0 x t 9 ^? c\ntries :i* _h be5 incorporat$ into ! ,we/]n ,empire1 & _h pass$ f x into ,ca?olic ,feudalism1 w> %\ld be def9itely sup]s$$ by indu/rial activity4 ,9 ! long p]iod ( transition :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 bo? ^! conditions h be5 fulfill$1 :ile at ! same "t ! old sy/em has be5 gradually decompos$4 ,f9ally ! great crisis ( ! ,revolution has /imulat$ all advanc$ m9ds to reconsid]1 ) bett] intellectual & social pr9ciples1 ! same problem t ,*ri/ianity & ,*ivalry _h attempt$4 ,! radical solution ( x 0 !n begun1 & x is n[ complet$1 & enunciat$ 9 a sy/ematic =m by ,positivism4 ,humanity is ! c5tre to :i* e aspect ( ,positivism conv]ges ,all ess5tial phases 9 ! evolution ( society answ] to correspond+ phases 9 ! gr[? ( ! individual1 :e!r x has proce$$ spontane\sly or "u sy/ematic guidance1 suppos+ always t 8 developm5t be complete4 ,b x is n en\gh to prove ! close connexion :i* exi/s betwe5 all modes & degrees ( human reg5]ation4 ,we h yet to f9d a c5tral po9t r\nd :i* all w naturally meet4 ,9 ?is po9t consi/s ! unity ( ,positivism z a sy/em ( life4 ,unless x c be ?us cond5s$1 r\nd "o s+le pr9ciple1 x w nev] :olly sup]s$e ! syn!sis ( ,!ology1 not)/&+ its sup]iority 9 ! reality & /ability ( its compon5t p>ts1 & 9 _! homog5eity & coh]5ce z a :ole4 ,!re %\ld be a c5tral po9t 9 ! sy/em t[>ds :i* ,feel+1 ,reason1 & ,activity alike conv]ge4 ,! pro( t ,positivism possesses su* a c5tral po9t w remove ! la/ ob/acles to its complete acceptance1 z ! guide ( private or ( public life4 ,su* a c5tre we f9d 9 ! great conception ( ,humanity1 t[>ds :i* e aspect ( ,positivism naturally conv]ges4 ,by x ! conception ( ,god w be entirely sup]s$$1 & a syn!sis be =m$1 m complete & p]man5t ?an t provisionally e/abli%$ by ! old religions4 ,?r\gh x ! new doctr9e becomes at once accessible to m5's he>ts 9 its full ext5t & application4 ,f _! he>t x w p5etrate _! m9ds1 & ?us ! imm$iate necessity ( beg9n+ ) a long & difficult c\rse ( /udy is avoid$1 ?\gh ?is mu/ ( c\rse be always indisp5sable to its sy/ematic tea*]s4 ,?is c5tral po9t ( ,positivism is ev5 m moral ?an intellectual 9 "*3 x repres5ts ! pr9ciple ( ,love ^u :i* ! :ole sy/em re/s4 ,x is ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! ,great ,be+ :o is "h set =?1 to be comp\nd$ ( sep>able elem5ts4 ,its exi/5ce dep5ds !re=e entirely ^u mutual ,love knitt+ toge!r its v>i\s p>ts4 ,! calculations ( self-int]e/ c nev] be sub/itut$ z a comb9+ influ5ce = ! sympa!tic in/9cts4 ,yet ! belief 9 ,humanity1 :ile /imulat+ ,sympa?y1 at ! same "t enl>ges ! scope & vig\r ( ! ,intellect4 ,= x requires high p[]s ( g5]alization to conceive cle>ly ( ?is va/ organism1 z ! result ( spontane\s co-op]ation1 ab/raction made ( all p>tial antagonisms4 ,reason1 !n1 has its "p 9 ?is c5tral dogma z well z ,love4 ,x enl>ges & completes our conception ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 by reveal+ to u ! ext]nal & int]nal conditions ( its exi/5ce4 ,la/ly1 our active p[]s are /imulat$ by x no less ?an our feel+s & our reason4 ,= s9ce ,humanity is s f> m complex ?an any o!r organism1 x w react m /rongly & m cont9u\sly on its environm5t1 submitt+ to its influ5ce & s modify+ x4 ,h5ce results ,progress :i* is simply ! developm5t ( ,ord]1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,love4 ,?us1 9 ! conception ( ,humanity1 ! ?ree ess5tial aspects ( ,positivism1 its subjective pr9ciple1 its objective dogma1 & its practical object1 are unit$4 ,t[>ds ,humanity1 :o is = u ! only true ,great ,be+1 we1 ! consci\s elem5ts ( :om %e is compos$1 %all h5ce=? direct e aspect ( our life1 individual or collective4 ,our ?\ghts w be devot$ to ! k ( ,humanity1 our affections to h] love1 our actions to h] s]vice4 ,positivi/s !n may1 m truly ?an !ological believ]s ( :atev] cre$1 reg>d life z a cont9u\s & e>ne/ act ( wor%ip2 wor%ip :i* w elevate & purify our feel+s1 enl>ge & enlight5 our ?\ghts1 ennoble & invigorate our actions4 ,x supplies a direct solution1 s f> z a solution is possible1 ( ! great problem ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! subord9ation ( ,politics to ,morals4 ,= ?is foll[s at once f ! consecration n[ giv5 to ! pr9ciple t social sympa?y %\ld prepond]ate ov] self-love4 ,?us ,positivism becomes1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 a ,religion2 ! only religion :i* is real & complete2 de/9$ !re=e to replace all imp]fect & provisional sy/ems re/+ on ! primitive basis ( !ology4 ,= ev5 ! syn!sis e/abli%$ by ! old !ocracies ( ,egypt & ,india 0 insuffici5t1 because1 be+ bas$ on purely subjective pr9ciples x c\ld nev] embrace practical life1 :i* mu/ always be subord9at$ to ! objective realities ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,!ocracy 0 ?us limit$ at ! outset to ! sph]e ( ?\ght & ( feel+2 & "p ev5 ( ?is field 0 soon lo/ :5 ,art became emancipat$ f !ocratical control1 %[+ a spontane\s t5d5cy to its natural vocation ( idealiz+ real life4 ,( sci5ce & ( morality ! prie/s 7 /ill left sole arbit]s2 b "h1 too1 _! influ5ce mat]ially dim9i%$ s soon z ! discov]y ( ! simpl] ab/ract tru?s ( ,positive sci5ce gave bir? to ,greek ,philosophy4 ,philosophy1 ?\gh z yet necess>ily re/rict$ to ! metaphysical /age1 yet already /ood =w>d z ! rival ( ! sac]dotal sy/em4 ,its attempts to con/ruct 7 9 !mselves fruitless2 b !y ov]?rew ,poly!ism1 & ultimately trans=m$ x into ,mono!ism4 ,9 ?is ! la/ phase ( !ology1 ! intellectual au?ority ( ! prie/s 0 und]m9$ no less deeply ?an ! pr9ciple ( _! doctr9e4 ,!y lo/ _! hold ^u ,sci5ce1 z long ago !y _h lo/ _! hold ^u ,art4 ,all t rema9$ to !m 0 ! moral guidance ( society2 & ev5 ?is 0 soon compromis$ by ! progress ( free ?\ght2 progress really due to ! ,positive _s1 al?\gh its sy/ematic expon5ts /ill belong to ! metaphysical s*ool4 ,) ! discov]y ( sociological laws1 a syn!sis on ! basis ( ,sci5ce becomes possible1 sci5ce be+ n[ conc5trat$ on ! /udy ( ,humanity ,:5 ,sci5ce _h exp&$ suffici5tly to exi/ ap>t f ,philosophy1 x %[$ a rapid t5d5cy t[>ds a syn!sis ( its own1 alike incompatible ) metaphysics & ) !ology4 ,x 0 late 9 appe>+1 because x requir$ a long s]ies ( prelim9>y ef=ts3 b z x approa*$ completion1 x gradually br\ght ! ,positive _s to be> ^u ! organization ( practical life1 f :i* t _s _h orig9ally emanat$4 ,b ?or\ghly to effect ?is result 0 impossible until ! sci5ce ( ,sociology _h be5 =m$2 & ?is 0 done by my discov]y ( ! law ( hi/orical developm5t4 ,h5ce=? all true m5 ( sci5ce w rise to ! high] dignity ( philosoph]s1 & by s do+ w necess>ily assume some?+ ( ! sac]dotal "*1 because ! f9al result to :i* _! rese>*es t5d is ! subord9ation ( e subject ( ?\ght to ! moral pr9ciple2 a result :i* leads u at once to ! acceptance ( a complete & homog5e\s syn!sis4 ,?us ! philosoph]s ( ! future become prie/s ( ,humanity1 & _! moral & intellectual influ5ce w be f> wid] & m deeply root$ ?an t ( any =m] prie/hood4 ,! prim>y condition ( _! spiritual au?ority is exclusion f political p[]1 z a gu>antee t !ory & practice %all be sy/ematically kept ap>t4 ,a sy/em 9 :i* ! organs ( c\nsel & ^? ( comm& are nev] id5tical _c possibly deg5]ate into any ( ! evils ( !ocracy4 ,by entirely r5\nc+ weal? & worldly position1 & t n z individuals m]ely1 b z a body1 ! prie/s ( ,humanity w occupy a position ( unp>allel$ dignity4 ,= ) _! moral influ5ce !y w comb9e :at s9ce ! d[nfall ( ! old !ocracies has always be5 sep>at$ f x1 ! influ5ce ( sup]iority 9 art & sci5ce4 ,reason1 ,imag9ation1 & ,feel+ w be br\ght into unison3 & s unit$ w react /rongly on ! imp]i\s conditions ( practical life2 br++ x into clos] accordance ) ! laws ( univ]sal morality1 f :i* x is s prone to deviate4 ,& ! influ5ce ( ?is new modify+ p[] w be ! great] t ! syn!sis on :i* x re/s w h prec$$ & prep>$ ! way = ! social sy/em ( ! future2 :]eas !ology c\ld n arrive at its c5tral pr9ciple1 until ! "t ( its decl9e 0 approa*+4 ,all functions1 !n1 t co-op]ate 9 ! elevation ( man w be reg5]at$ by ! ,positive prie/hood4 ,sci5ce1 ,poetry1 ,morality1 w be devot$ to ! /udy1 ! praise1 & ! love ( ,humanity1 9 ord] t "u _! comb9$ influ5ce1 our political action may be m unremitt+ly giv5 to h] s]vice4 ,) su* a mission1 ,sci5ce acquires a position ( unp>allel$ importance1 z ! sole means ?r\gh :i* we come to "k ! nature & conditions ( ?is ,great ,be+1 ! wor%ip ( :om %\ld be ! di/9ctive feature ( our :ole life4 ,= ?is all-important k1 ! /udy ( ,sociology w\ld seem to suffice3 b ,sociology itself dep5ds ^u prelim9>y /udy1 fir/ ( ! out] _w1 9 :i* ! actions ( ,humanity take place2 & secondly1 ( ,man1 ! individual ag5t4 ,! object ( ,positivi/ wor%ip is n l t ( !ological believ]s an absolute1 isolat$1 incompreh5sible ,be+1 ^: exi/5ce admits ( no demon/ration1 or comp>ison ) any?+ real4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,be+ "h set =w>d is spontane\s1 & is %r\d$ 9 no my/]y4 ,be=e we c praise1 love1 & s]ve ,humanity z we ought1 we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! laws :i* gov]n h] exi/5ce1 an exi/5ce m complicat$ ?an any o!r ( :i* we are cognizant4 ,/atical ,aspects ( ,humanity ,& by virtue ( ?is complexity1 ,humanity possesses ! attributes ( vitality 9 a high] degree ?an any o!r organization2 t is to say1 !re is at once m intimate h>mony ( ! compon5t elem5ts1 & m complete subord9ation to ! ext]nal _w4 ,imm5se z is ! magnitude ( ?is organism measur$ bo? 9 ,"t & ,space1 yet ea* ( its p>ts c>efully exam9$ w %[ ! g5]al cons5sus ( ! :ole4 ,at ! same "t x is m dep5d5t ?an any o!r ^u ! conditions ( ! out] _w2 9 o!r words1 ^u ! sum ( ! laws t regulate inf]ior ph5om5a4 ,l o!r vital organisms1 x submits to ma!matical1 a/ronomical1 physical1 *emical1 & biological conditions2 &1 9 addition to ^!1 is subject to special laws ( ,sociology ) :i* l[] organisms are n conc]n$4 ,b z a fur!r result ( its high] complexity x reacts ^u ! _w m p[]fully2 & is inde$ 9 a true s5se its *ief4 ,sci5tifically def9$1 !n1 x is truly ! ,supreme ,be+3 ! ,be+ :o manife/s to ! fulle/ ext5t all ! highe/ attributes ( life4 ,b !re is yet ano!r feature peculi> to ,humanity1 & "o ( prim>y importance4 ,t feature is1 t ! elem5ts ( :i* %e is compos$ mu/ always h an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,9 o!r organisms ! p>ts h no exi/5ce :5 sev]$ f ! :ole2 b ?is1 ! greate/ ( all organisms1 is made up ( lives :i* c really be sep>at$4 ,!re is1 z we h se51 h>mony ( p>ts z well z indep5d5ce1 b ! la/ ( ^! conditions is z indisp5sable z ! fir/4 ,humanity w\ld cease to be sup]ior to o!r be+s 7 x possible = h] elem5ts to become insep>able4 ,! two conditions are equally necess>y3 b ! difficulty ( reconcil+ !m is s great z to acc\nt at once = ! sl[ness ) :i* ?is highe/ ( all organisms has be5 develop$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ! new ,supreme ,be+ is1 l ! old1 m]ely a subjective result ( our p[]s ( ab/raction4 ,its exi/5ce is reveal$ to u1 on ! contr>y1 by close inve/igation ( objective fact4 ,man inde$1 z an individual1 _c prop]ly be said to exi/1 except 9 ! exagg]at$ ab/ractions ( mod]n metaphysicians4 ,exi/5ce 9 ! true s5se c only be pr$icat$ ( ,humanity2 al?\gh ! complexity ( h] nature prev5t$ m5 f =m+ a sy/ematic conception ( x1 until ! necess>y /ages ( sci5tific initiation _h be5 pass$4 ,be>+ ?is conclusion 9 m9d1 we %all be able n[ to di/+ui% 9 ,humanity two di/9ct ord]s ( functions3 ^? by :i* %e acts ^u ! _w1 & ^? :i* b9d toge!r h] compon5t p>ts4 ,humanity _c h]self act o!rwise ?an by h] sep>able memb]s2 b ! effici5cy ( ^! memb]s dep5ds ^u _! work+ 9 co-op]ation1 :e!r in/9ctively or ) design4 ,we f9d1 !n1 ext]nal functions relat+ pr9cipally to ! mat]ial exi/5ce ( ?is organism2 & int]nal functions by :i* its movable elem5ts are comb9$4 ,?is di/9ction is b an application ( ! great !ory1 due to ,bi*at's g5ius1 ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! life ( nutrition & ! life ( relation :i* we f9d 9 ! individual organism4 ,philosophically x is ! s\rce f :i* we d]ive ! great social pr9ciple ( sep>ation ( spiritual f temporal p[]4 ,! temporal p[] gov]ns3 x orig9ates 9 ! p]sonal in/9cts1 & x /imulates activity4 ,on x dep5ds social ,ord]4 ,! spiritual p[] c only mod]ate3 x is ! expon5t ( our social in/9cts1 & x promotes co-op]ation1 :i* is ! gu>antee ( ,progress4 ,( ^! functions ( ,humanity ! fir/ corresponds to ! function ( nutrition1 ! second to t ( inn]vation 9 ! individual organism4 ,dynamical aspects ,hav+ n[ view$ our subject /atically1 we may come to its dynamical aspect2 res]v+ m detail$ discussion = ! ?ird volume ( ?is treatise1 :i* deals ) my fundam5tal !ory ( human developm5t4 ,! ,great ,be+ :om we wor%ip is n immutable any m ?an x is absolute4 ,its nature is relative2 &1 z su*1 is em95tly capable ( gr[?4 ,9 a ^w x is ! mo/ vital ( all liv+ be+s kn[n to u4 ,x ext5ds & becomes m complex by ! cont9u\s successions ( g5]ations4 ,b 9 its progressive *anges z well z 9 its p]man5t functions1 x is subject to inv>iable laws4 ,& ^! laws consid]$1 z we may n[ consid] !m1 z a :ole1 =m a m sublime object ( contemplation ?an ! solemn inaction ( ! old ,supreme ,be+1 ^: exi/5ce 0 passive except :5 int]rupt$ by acts ( arbitr>y & un9telligible volition4 ,?us x is only by ,positive sci5ce t we c appreciate ?is highe/ ( all de/9ies to :i* all ! fatalities ( individual life are subord9ate4 ,x is ) ?is z ) subjects ( m9or importance3 sy/ematic /udy ( ! ,pa/ is necess>y 9 ord] to det]m9e ! ,future1 & s expla9 ! t5d5cies ( ! ,pres5t4 ,let u !n pass f ! conception ( ,humanity z fully develop$1 to ! hi/ory ( its rise & progress2 a hi/ory 9 :i* all o!r modes ( progress are includ$4 ,9 anci5t times ! conception 0 incompatible ) ! !ological _s & also ) ! milit>y "* ( society1 :i* involv$ ! slav]y ( ! productive classes4 ,! feel+ ( ,patriotism1 re/rict$ z x 0 at fir/1 0 ! only prelude !n possible to ! recognition ( ,humanity4 ,f ?is n>r[ nationality !re arose 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! feel+ ( univ]sal bro!rhood1 z soon z milit>y life _h ent]$ on its def5sive phase1 & all sup]natural cre$s _h spontane\sly m]g$ into a mono!i/ic =m common to ! :ole ,we/4 ,! gr[? ( ,*ivalry1 & ! attempt made to effect a p]man5t sep>ation ( ! two social p[]s1 ann\nc$ already ! subord9ation ( ,politics to ,morals1 & ?us %[$ t ! conception ( ,humanity 0 9 direct c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,b ! unreal & anti-social nature ( ! m$iaeval cre$1 & ! milit>y & ari/ocratic "* ( feudal society1 made x impossible to g v f> 9 ?is direction4 ,! abolition ( p]sonal slav]y 0 ! mo/ ess5tial result ( ?is important p]iod4 ,society c\ld n[ assume its indu/rial "*2 & feel+s ( frat]nity 7 enc\rag$ by modes ( life 9 :i* all classes alike p>ticipat$4 ,mean:ile1 ! gr[? ( ! ,positive _s 0 proce$+1 & prep>+ ! way = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,social ,sci5ce1 by :i* alone all o!r ,positive /udies %\ld be sy/ematiz$4 ,?is be+ done1 ! conception ( ! ,great ,be+ became possible4 ,x 0 ) ref]5ce to subjects ( a speculative & sci5tific nature t ! conception fir/ arose 9 a di/9ct %ape4 ,z e>ly z two c5turies ago1 ,pascal spoke ( ! human race z "o ,man4#aa ,amid/ ! inevitable decl9e ( ! !ological & milit>y sy/em1 m5 became consci\s ( ! movem5t ( society1 :i* _h n[ advanc$ ?r\gh s _m phases2 & ! notion ( ,progress z a di/9ctive feature ( ,humanity became admitt$4 ,/ill ! conception ( ,humanity z ! basis = a new syn!sis 0 impossible until ! crisis ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,t crisis on ! "o h& prov$ ! urg5t necessity = social reg5]ation1 & on ! o!r gave bir? to ! only philosophy capable ( effect+ x4 ,?us our consci\sness ( ! new ,great ,be+ has advanc$ co-ext5sively ) its gr[?4 ,our pres5t conception ( x is z mu* ! measure ( our social progress z x is ! summ>y ( ,positive k4 ,inorganic & organic sci5ces elevat$ by _! connexion ) ! supreme sci5ce ( ,humanity ,9 speak+ ( ! dignity ( ,sci5ce :5 reg5]at$ by ?is l(ty application ( x1 ,i d n ref] solely to ! special sci5ce ( ,social ph5om5a1 b also to ! prelim9>y /udies ( ,life & ( ! ,inorganic ,_w1 bo? ( :i* =m an ess5tial portion ( ,positive doctr9e4 ,a social mission ( high importance w be recogniz$ 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y sci5ces1 :e!r x be = ! sake ( _! me?od or = ! value ( _! sci5tific results4 ,true1 ! religion ( ,humanity w lead to ! entire abolition ( sci5tific ,academies1 because _! t5d5cy1 especially 9 ,france1 is equally hurtful to sci5ce & morality4 ,!y enc\rage ma!maticians to conf9e _! att5tion exclusively to ! fir/ /ep 9 ! sci5tific scale2 & biologi/s to pursue _! /udies )\t any solid basis or def9ite purpose4 ,special /udies c>ri$ on )\t reg>d = ! encyclopdic pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! relative value ( k1 & its be>+ on human life1 w be condemn$ by all m5 ( "r feel+ & good s5se4 ,su* m5 w feel ! necessity ( resi/+ ! morbid n>r[ness ( m9d & he>t to :i* ! an>*y ( our times inevitably leads4 ,b ! abolition ( ! ,academic sy/em w only ensure a l>g] measure ( respect = all sci5tific rese>*es ( real value1 on :atev] subject4 ,! /udy ( ,ma!matics1 ! value ( :i* is at pres5t negativ$ by its h>d5+ t5d5cy1 w n[ manife/ its lat5t moral efficacy1 z ! only sure basis = firm conviction2 a /ate ( m9d t c nev] be p]fectly atta9$ 9 m complex subjects ( ?\ght1 except by ^? :o h exp]i5c$ x 9 ! simpl] subjects4 ,:5 ! close connexion ( all sci5tific k becomes m g5]ally admitt$1 ,humanity w reject political tea*]s :o are ignorant ( ,geometry1 z well z geometricians :o neglect ,sociology4 ,biology mean:ile w lose its dang]\s mat]ialism1 & w receive all ! respect due to its close connexion ) social sci5ce & its important be>+ on ! ess5tial doctr9es ( ,positivism4 ,to attempt to expla9 ! life ( ,humanity )\t fir/ exam9+ ! l[] =ms ( life1 w\ld be z s]i\s an error z to /udy ,biology )\t reg>d to ! social purpose :i* ,biology is int5d$ to s]ve4 ,sci5ce has n[ become indisp5sable to ! e/abli%m5t ( moral tru?1 & at ! same "t its subord9ation to ! inspirations ( ! he>t is fully recogniz$2 ?us x takes its place h5ce=w>d among ! mo/ ess5tial functions ( ! prie/hood ( ,humanity4 ,! supremacy ( true ,feel+ w /r5g!n ,reason1 & w receive 9 turn f ,reason a sy/ematic sanction4 ,natural philosophy1 besides its evid5t value 9 regulat+ ! spontane\s action ( ,humanity1 has a direct t5d5cy to elevate human nature2 x draws f ! out] _w t basis ( fix$ tru? :i* is s necess>y to control our v>i\s desires4 ,! /udy ( ,humanity !re=e1 directly or indirectly1 is = ! future ! p]man5t aim ( ,sci5ce2 & ,sci5ce is n[ 9 a true s5se consecrat$1 z ! s\rce f :i* ! univ]sal religion receives its pr9ciples4 ,x reveals to u n m]ely ! nature & conditions ( ! ,great ,be+1 b also its de/9y & ! successive phases ( its gr[?4 ,! aim is high & ardu\s2 x requires cont9u\s & comb9$ ex]tion ( all our faculties2 b x ennobles ! simple/ processes ( sci5tific inve/igation by connect+ !m p]man5tly ) subjects ( ! deepe/ int]e/4 ,! scrupul\s exactness & rigor\s caution ( ! ,positive me?od1 :i* :5 appli$ to unimportant subjects seem almo/ pu]ile1 w be valu$ & insi/$ on :5 se5 to be necess>y = ! efficacy ( ef=ts relat+ to our mo/ ess5tial wants4 ,rationalism1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 s f> f be+ incompatible ) "r feel+1 /r5g!ns & develops x1 by plac+ all ! facts ( ! case1 9 social que/ions especially1 9 _! true light4 ,! new religion is ev5 m fav\rable to ,art ?an to ,sci5ce ,b1 h[ev] hon\rable ! rank :i* ,sci5ce :5 reg5]at$ w hold 9 ! new religion1 ! sanction giv5 to ,poetry w be ev5 m direct & unqualifi$1 because ! function assign$ to x is "o :i* is m practical & :i* t\*es u m ne>ly4 ,its function w be ! praise ( ,humanity4 ,all previ\s ef=ts ( ,art h be5 b ! prelude to ?is1 its natural mission2 a prelude (t5 impati5tly p]=m$ s9ce ,art ?rew (f ! yoke ( !ocracy at an e>li] p]iod ?an ,sci5ce4 ,poly!ism 0 ! only religion "u :i* x _h free scope3 !re x c\ld idealize all ! passions ( our nature1 no attempt be+ made to conceal ! simil>ity ( ! gods to ! human type4 ,! *ange f ,poly!ism to ,mono!ism 0 unacceptable to ,art1 because x n>r[$ its field2 b t[>ds ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages x began to %ake (f ! influ5ce ( obscure & *im]ical beliefs1 & take possession ( its prop] sph]e4 ,! field t n[ lies be=e x 9 ! religion ( ,humanity is inexhau/ible4 ,x is call$ ^u to idealize ! social life ( ,man1 :i*1 9 ! "t ( ! nations ( antiquity1 _h n be5 suffici5tly develop$ to inspire ! highe/ ord] ( poetry4 ,poetic portraiture ( ! new ,supreme ,be+1 & contra/ ) ! old ,9 ! fir/ place x w be ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 enabl+ m5 to realize ! conception ( ,humanity1 subject only to ! condition ( n ov]/epp+ ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ,sci5ce4 ,sci5ce unassi/$ _c def9e ! nature & de/9ies ( ?is ,great ,be+ ) suffici5t cle>ness4 ,9 our religion ! object ( wor%ip mu/ be conceiv$ di/9ctly1 9 ord] to be ard5tly lov$ & zeal\sly s]v$4 ,sci5ce1 especially 9 subjects ( ?is nature1 is conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits2 x leaves inevitable defici5cies :i* e/hetic g5ius mu/ supply4 ,& !re are c]ta9 qualities 9 ,art z oppos$ to ,sci5ce1 :i* specially qualify x = ! repres5tation ( ,humanity4 ,= ,humanity is di/+ui%$ f o!r =ms ( life by ! comb9ation ( indep5d5ce ) co-op]ation1 attributes :i* also are natural to ,poetry4 ,= :ile ,poetry is m sympa!tic ?an ,sci5ce1 its productions h f> m individuality2 ! g5ius ( _! au?or is m /rongly m>k$ 9 !m1 & ! debt to 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies is less app>5t4 ,?us ! syn!sis on :i* ! inauguration ( ! f9al religion dep5ds1 is "o 9 :i* ,art w p>ticipate m ?an ,sci5ce1 ,sci5ce furni%+ m]ely ! necess>y basis4 ,its influ5ce w be ev5 great] ?an 9 ! times ( ,poly!ism2 = p[]ful z ,art appe>$ to be 9 ^? times1 x c\ld 9 reality d no?+ b embelli% ! fables to :i* ! confus$ ideas ( !ocracy _h giv5 rise4 ,by its aid we %all = ! fir/ "t rise at la/ to a really human po9t ( view1 & be enabl$ di/9ctly to und]/& ! ess5tial attributes ( ! ,great ,be+ ( :om we are memb]s4 ,! mat]ial p[] ( ,humanity & ! successive phases ( h] physical1 h] intellectual1 &1 above all1 h] moral progress1 w ea* 9 turn be depict$4 ,)\t ! difficulties ( analytical /udy1 we %all ga9 a cle> k ( h] nature & h] conditions1 by ! poet's description ( h] future de/9y1 ( h] con/ant /ruggle aga9/ pa9ful fatalities1 :i* h at la/ become a s\rce ( happ9ess & greatness1 ( ! sl[ gr[? ( h] infancy1 ( h] l(ty hopes n[ s ne> fulfilm5t4 ,! hi/ory ( univ]sal ,love1 ! s\l by :i* ?is ,great ,be+ is animat$2 ! hi/ory1 t is1 ( ! m>vell\s advance ( man1 individually or socially1 f bruti% appetite to pure unselfi% sympa?y1 is ( itself an endless !me = ! poetry ( ! future4 ,comp>isons1 too1 may be in/itut$1 9 :i* ! poet1 )\t specially attack+ ! old religion1 w indicate ! sup]iority ( ! new4 ,! attributes ( ! new ,great ,be+ may be =cibly illu/rat$1 especially dur+ ! "t ( transition1 by contra/ ) ! inf]iority ( h] v>i\s pr$ecessors4 ,all !ological types are absolute1 indef9ite1 & immutable2 consequ5tly 9 none ( !m has x be5 possible to comb9e to a satisfactory ext5t ! attributes ( goodness1 wisdom1 & p[]4 ,nor c we conceive ( _! comb9ation1 except 9 a ,be+ ^: exi/5ce is a matt] ( c]ta9ty1 & :o is subject to inv>iable laws4 ,! gods ( ,poly!ism 7 end[$ ) en]gy & sympa?y1 b possess$ nei!r dignity nor morality4 ,!y 7 sup]s$$ by ! sublime deity ( ,mono!ism1 :o 0 sometimes repres5t$ z in]t & passionless1 sometimes z imp5etrable & inflexible4 ,b ! new ,supreme ,be+1 hav+ a real exi/5ce1 an exi/5ce relative & modifiable1 admits ( be+ m di/9ctly conceiv$ ?an ! old2 & ! influ5ce ( ! conception w be equally /rong & f> m elevat+4 ,ea* "o ( u w recognize 9 x a p[] sup]ior to 8 own1 a p[] on :i* ! :ole de/9y ( 8 life dep5ds1 s9ce ! life ( ! individual is 9 e respect subord9ate to ! evolution ( ! race4 ,b ! k ( ?is p[] has n ! cru%+ effect ( ! old conception ( omnipot5ce4 ,= e great or good man w feel t 8 own life is an indisp5sable elem5t 9 ! great organism4 ,! supremacy ( ,humanity is b ! result ( individual co-op]ation2 h] p[] is n supreme1 x is only sup]ior to t ( all be+s :om we "k4 ,our love = h] is ta9t$ by no degrad+ fe>s1 yet x is always c\pl$ ) ! mo/ s9c]e rev]5ce4 ,p]fection is 9 no wise claim$ = h]2 we /udy h] natural defects ) c>e 9 ord] to rem$y !m z f> z possible4 ,! love we be> to h] is a feel+ z noble z x is /rong2 x calls = no degrad+ expressions ( adulation1 b x inspires u ) unremitt+ zeal = moral improvem5t4 ,b ^! & o!r advantages ( ! new religion1 ?\gh !y c be indicat$ by ! philosoph]1 ne$ ! poet to display !m 9 _! full light4 ,! moral gr&eur ( man :5 fre$ f ! *im]as t oppress him1 0 =ese5 by ,goe!1 & /ill m cle>ly by ,byron4 ,b ! "w ( ^! m5 0 "o ( de/ruction2 & _! types c\ld only embody ! _s ( revolt4 ,poetry mu/ rise above ! negative /age 9 :i*1 ow+ to ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 _! g5ius 0 arre/$1 & mu/ embrace 9 ! ,positive _s ! sy/em ( sociological & o!r laws to :i* human developm5t is subject1 be=e x c adequately portray ! new ,man 9 8 relation to ! new ,god4 ,organization ( fe/ivals1 repres5t+ /atical & dynamical aspects ( humanity ,!re is yet ano!r way 9 :i* ,art may s]ve ! cause ( religion2 t is1 9 organiz+ ! fe/ivals1 :e!r private or public1 ( :i*1 to a great ext5t1 ! wor%ip ( ,humanity w consi/4 ,= ?is purpose e/hetic tal5t is f> m requir$ ?an sci5tific1 ! object 9 view be+ to reveal ! nature ( ! great ,organism m cle>ly1 by pres5t+ all aspects ( its exi/5ce1 /atic or dynamic1 9 idealiz$ =ms4 ,^! fe/ivals1 !n1 %\ld be ( two k9ds1 correspond+ to ! two ess5tial aspects ( ,humanity2 ! fir/ illu/rat+ h] exi/5ce1 ! second h] action4 ,?us we %all /imulate bo? ! elem5ts ( true social feel+2 ! love ( ,ord]1 namely1 & ! love ( ,progress4 ,9 our /atic fe/ivals social ,ord] & ! feel+ ( ,solid>ity1 w be illu/rat$2 ! dynamic fe/ivals w expla9 social ,progress1 & inspire ! s5se ( hi/orical ,cont9uity4 ,tak5 toge!r1 _! p]iodic recurr5ce w =m a cont9uation ( ,positive education4 ,!y w develop & confirm ! pr9ciples in/ill$ 9 y\?4 ,b !re w be no?+ didactic 9 _! =m2 s9ce x is ( ! ess5ce ( ,art n to in/ruct o!rwise ?an by giv+ pleasure4 ,( c\rse ! regul> recurr5ce ( ^! fe/ivals w n prev5t any modifications :i* may be judg$ necess>y to adapt !m to special incid5ts t may f "t to "t arise4 ,! fe/ivals repres5t+ ,ord] w necess>ily take m ab/ract & au/]e =ms ?an ^? ( ,progress4 ,x w be _! object to repres5t ! /atical relations by :i* ! great ,organism pres]ves its unity1 & ! v>i\s aspects ( its animat+ pr9ciple1 ,love4 ,! mo/ univ]sal & ! mo/ solemn ( ^! fe/ivals w be ! fea/ ( ,humanity1 :i* w be held ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>1 ?us consecrat+ ! only cu/om :i* /ill rema9s 9 g5]al use to relieve ! prosaic dullness ( mod]n life4 ,9 ?is fea/1 :i* celebrates ! mo/ compreh5siv5ess ( all unions1 e bran* ( ! human race w at "s future "t p>ticipate4 ,9 ! same mon? !re might be ?ree fe/ivals ( a second>y ord]1 repres5t+ ! m9or degrees ( association1 ! ,nation1 ! ,prov9ce1 & ! ,t[n4 ,giv+ ?is fir/ mon? to ! direct celebration ( ! social tie1 we might devote ! fir/ days ( ! f\r succe$+ mon?s to ! f\r pr9cipal dome/ic relations1 ,connubial1 ,p>5tal1 ,filial1 & ,frat]nal4 ,9 ! six? mon?1 ! hon\rable position ( dome/ic s]vice w\ld receive its due measure ( respect4 ,^! w\ld be ! /atic fe/ivals2 tak5 toge!r !y w\ld =m a repres5tation ( ! true !ory ( our individual & social nature1 toge!r ) ! pr9ciples ( moral duty to :i* t !ory gives rise4 ,no direct m5tion is made ( ! p]sonal in/9cts1 not)/&+ _! prepond]ance1 because x is ! ma9 object ( ,positive wor%ip to br+ !m "u ! control ( ! social in/9cts4 ,p]sonal virtues are by no means neglect$ 9 ,positive education2 b to make !m ! objects ( any special celebration1 w\ld only /imulate egoti/ic feel+4 ,indirectly _! value is recogniz$ 9 e "p ( our religi\s sy/em1 9 ! reaction :i* !y ex]cise ^u our g5]\s sympa?ies4 ,_! omission1 !re=e1 implies no real defici5cy 9 ?is ideal portraiture ( human faculties & duties4 ,aga91 no special ann\ncem5t ( ! subord9ation ( ,humanity to ! laws ( ! ,ext]nal ,_w is ne$$4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is ext]nal p[] p]vades e "p ( ! ,positive sy/em2 x controls our desires1 directs our speculations1 /imulates our actions4 ,! simple fact ( ! recurr5ce ( our c]emonies at fix$ p]iods1 det]m9$ by ! ,e>?'s motion1 is en\gh to rem9d u ( our inevitable subjection to ! fatalities ( ! ,ext]nal ,_w4 ,z ! /atic fe/ivals repres5t ,morality1 s ! dynamic fe/ivals1 ^? ( ,progress1 w repres5t ,hi/ory4 ,9 ^! ! wor%ip ( ,humanity assumes a m concrete & animat$ =m2 z x w consi/ pr9cipally 9 r5d]+ hon\r to ! noble/ types ( ea* phase ( human developm5t4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 t ea* ( ! m important phases %\ld be repres5t$ 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( ! greatness ( any individual belong+ to x4 ,( ! mon?s unoccupi$ by /atic fe/ivals1 ?ree might be giv5 to ! pr9cipal phases ( ! ,pa/1 ,feti*ism1 ,poly!ism1 & ,mono!ism2 & a f\r? to ! celebration ( ! ,future1 ! normal /ate to :i* all ^! phases h be5 t5d+4 ,=m+ ?us ! *a9 ( hi/orical succession1 we may consecrate ea* mon? to "s "o ( ! types :o be/ repres5t ! v>i\s /ages4 ,i omit1 h[ev]1 "s explanations ( detail giv5 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is ,g5]al ,view1 writt5 at ! "t :5 ,i _h n made ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ab/ract & concrete wor%ip suffici5tly cle>4 ,a few mon?s aft] its publication1 9 #ahdh1 ! circum/ances ( ! "t induc$ me to frame a complete sy/em ( commemoration applicable to ,we/]n ,europe1 "u ! title ( ,positivi/ ,cal5d>#ab4 ,( ?is ,i %all speak m at l5g? 9 ! f\r? volume ( ! pres5t treatise4 ,its success has fully ju/ifi$ me 9 anticipat+ ?is "p ( my subject4 ,to x ,i n[ ref] ! read]1 recomm5d+ him to famili>ize himself ) ! provisional arrangem5t ( ! new ,we/]n ye> !n put =w>d & already adopt$ by mo/ ,positivi/s4 ,wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,commemoration ( _! s]vice ,b ! practice ne$ n be re/rict$ to names ( ,european importance4 ,x is applicable 9 its degree to ea* sep>ate prov9ce1 & ev5 to private life4 ,ca?olicism (f]s two in/itutions 9 :i* ! religion ( ! family connects itself ) public wor%ip 9 its mo/ compreh5sive s5se4 ,!re is a day appo9t$ 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries 9 :i* all are 9 ! habit ( visit+ ! tombs ( ^? de> to !m2 f9d+ consolation = _! grief by %>+ x ) o!rs4 ,to ?is cu/om ,positivi/s devote ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,! work+ classes ( ,p>is give e ye> a noble pro( t complete fre$om ( ?\ght is 9 no respect compatible ) wor%ip ( ! dead1 :i* 9 _! case is unconnect$ ) any sy/em4 ,aga9 !re is ! in/itution ( baptismal names1 :i* ?\gh little ?\ght ( at pres5t1 w be ma9ta9$ & improv$ by ,positivism4 ,x is an admirable mode ( impress+ on m5 ! connexion ( private ) public life1 by furni%+ e "o ) a type = 8 own p]sonal imitation4 ,"h ! sup]iority ( ! new religion is v app>5t2 s9ce ! *oice ( a "n w n be limit$ to any "t or c\ntry4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! absolute _s ( ,ca?olicism prov$ fatal to its prospects ( becom+ univ]sal4 ,^! brief rem>ks w be en\gh to illu/rate ! two classes ( fe/ivals in/itut$ by ,positivism4 ,9 e week ( ! ye> "s new aspect ( ,ord] or ( ,progress w be held up to public v5]ation2 & 9 ea* ! l9k connect+ public & private wor%ip w be f\nd 9 ! adoration ( ,woman4 ,9 ?is e/hetic side ( ,positive religion ev]y?+ t5ds to /r5g!n its fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,love4 ,all ! res\rces ( ,poetry1 & ( ! o!r arts ( s\nd & =m1 w be invok$ to give full & regul> expression to x4 ,! dom9ant feel+ is always t ( deep rev]5ce proce$+ f s9c]e ackn[l$gm5t ( b5efits receiv$4 ,our wor%ip w be alike free f my/icism & f affectation4 ,:ile /riv+ to surpass our ance/ors1 we %all yet r5d] due hon\r to all _! s]vices1 & look ) respect ^u _! sy/ems ( life4 ,influ5c$ no long] by *im]as :i* ?\gh com=t+ to =m] times are n[ degrad+1 we h n[ no ob/acle to becom+ z f> z possible incorporate ) ! ,great ,be+ :om we wor%ip4 ,by commemoration ( pa/ s]vices we /r5g!n ! desire inh]5t 9 all ( u to prolong our exi/5ce 9 ! only way :i* is really 9 our p[]4 ,! fact t all human affairs are subject to "o fundam5tal law1 z soon z x becomes famili>ly kn[n1 enables & enc\rages ea* "o ( u to live 9 a true s5se 9 ! ,pa/ & ev5 9 ! ,future2 z ^? _c d :o attribute ! ev5ts ( life to ! ag5cy ( an arbitr>y & imp5etrable ,w4 ,! praise giv5 to our pr$ecessors w /imulate a noble rivalry2 inspir+ all ) ! desire to become !mselves incorporate into ?is mighty ,be+ ^: life endures ?r\gh all "t1 & :o is =m$ ( ! dead f> m ?an ! liv+4 ,:5 ! sy/em ( commemoration is fully develop$1 no wor?y co-op]ator w be exclud$1 h[ev] humble 8 sph]e2 :e!r limit$ to 8 family or t[n1 or ext5d+ to 8 c\ntry or to ! :ole ,we/4 ,! education ( ,positivi/s w soon conv9ce !m t su* recomp5se = hon\rable conduct is ample comp5sation = ! imag9>y hopes :i* inspir$ _! pr$ecessors4 ,to live 9 o!rs is1 9 ! true/ s5se ( ! ^w1 life4 ,inde$ ! be/ "p ( our own life is pass$ ?us4 ,z yet ?is tru? has n be5 grasp$ firmly1 because ! social po9t ( view has nev] yet be5 br\ght sy/ematically be=e u4 ,b ! religion ( ,humanity1 by giv+ an e/hetic =m to ! ,positivi/ syn!sis1 w make x intelligible to m9ds ( e class3 & w enable u to enjoy ! untold *>m spr++ f ! sympa?ies ( union & ( cont9uity :5 all[$ free play4 ,to prolong our life indef9itely 9 ! ,pa/ & ,future1 s z to make x m p]fect 9 ! ,pres5t1 is abundant comp5sation = ! illusions ( our y\? :i* h n[ pass$ away = ev]4 ,sci5ce :i* depriv$ u ( ^! imag9>y com=ts1 itself 9 its maturity supplies ! solid basis = consolation ( a k9d unkn[n be=e2 ! hope ( becom+ incorporate into ! ,great ,be+ ^: /atic & dynamic laws x has reveal$4 ,on ?is firm f\ndation ,poetry raises ! /ructure ( public & private wor%ip2 & ?us all are made active p>tak]s ( ?is univ]sal life1 :i* m9ds /ill fett]$ by !ology _c und]/&4 ,?us imag9ation1 :ile accept+ ! guidance ( reason1 w ex]cise a f> m effici5t & ext5sive influ5ce ?an 9 ! days ( ,poly!ism4 ,= ! prie/s ( ,humanity ! sole purpose ( ,sci5ce is to prep>e ! field = ,art1 :e!r e/hetic or indu/rial4 ,?is object once atta9$1 poetic /udy or composition w =m ! *ief occupation ( our speculative faculties4 ,! poet is n[ call$ to 8 true mission1 :i* is to give beauty & gr&eur to human life1 by inspir+ a deep] s5se ( our relation to ,humanity4 ,poetry w =m ! basis ( ! c]emonies 9 :i* ! new prie/hood w solemnise m effici5tly ?an ! old1 ! mo/ important ev5ts ( private life3 especially ,bir?1 ,m>riage1 & ,dea?2 s z to impress ! family z well z ! /ate ) ! s5se ( ?is relation4 ,=c$ z we are h5ce=? to conc5trate all our hopes & ef=ts ^u ! real life ar\nd u1 we %all feel m /rongly ?an ev] t all ! p[]s ( ,imag9ation z well z ^? ( ,reason1 ,feel+1 & ,activity1 are requir$ 9 its s]vice4 ,all ! arts may co-op]ate 9 ! s]vice ( religion ,poetry once rais$ to its prop] place1 ! arts ( s\nd & =m1 :i* r5d] 9 a m vivid way ! subjects :i* ,poetry has sugge/$1 w soon foll[4 ,_! sph]e1 l t ( ,poetry1 w be ! celebration ( ,humanity2 an exhau/less field1 leav+ no cause to regret ! *im]as :i*1 9 ! pres5t empirical condition ( ^! arts1 are /ill consid]$ indisp5sable4 ,music 9 mod]n times has be5 limit$ almo/ entirely to ! expression ( individual emotions4 ,its full p[] has nev] be5 felt 9 public life1 except 9 ! solit>y in/ance ( ! ,m>seillaise1 9 :i* ! :ole _s ( our great ,revolution /&s record$4 ,b 9 ! wor%ip ( ,humanity1 bas$ z x is on ,positive education1 & animat$ by ! _s ( ,poetry1 ,music1 z ! mo/ social ( ! special arts1 w aid 9 ! repres5tation ( ! attributes & de/9ies ( ,humanity1 & 9 ! glorification ( great hi/orical types4 ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture w h ! same object2 !y w enable u to realize ! conception ( ,humanity ) great] cle>ness & precision ?an w\ld be possible = ,poetry1 ev5 ) ! aid ( ,music4 ,! beautiful attempts ( ! arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 m5 :o _h v little !ological belief1 to embody ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( ,woman1 may be reg>d$ z an unconsci\s prelude to ! repres5tation ( ,humanity1 9 ! =m :i* ( all o!rs is mo/ suitable4 ,"u ! impulse ( ^! feel+s1 ! sculptor w ov]come ! te*nical difficulties ( repres5t+ figures 9 gr\ps1 & w adopt su* subjects by pref]5ce4 ,hi!rto ?is has only be5 effect$ 9 bas-reliefs1 works :i* /& midway betwe5 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s spl5did exceptions f :i* we c imag9e ! scope & gr&eur ( ! latt] art1 :5 rais$ to its true position4 ,/atuesque gr\ps1 :e!r ! figures are jo9$ or1 z is pref]able1 sep>ate1 w enable ! sculptor to und]take _m great subjects f :i* he has be5 hi!rto deb>r$4 ,9 ,ar*itecture ! influ5ce ( ,positivism w be felt less rapidly2 b ultimately ?is art l ! re/ w be made available = ! new religion4 ,! build+s erect$ = ! s]vice ( ,god may = a "t suffice = ! wor%ip ( ,humanity1 9 ! same way t ,*ri/ian wor%ip 0 c>ri$ on at fir/ 9 ,pagan temples z !y 7 gradually vacat$4 ,b ultimately build+s w be requir$ m specially adapt$ to a religion 9 :i* all ! functions connect$ ) education & wor%ip are s entirely diff]5t4 ,:at ^! build+s w be x w\ld be useless at pres5t to inquire4 ,x is less easy to =esee ! ,positivi/ ideal 9 ,ar*itecture ?an 9 any o!r arts4 ,& x mu/ rema9 unc]ta9 until ! new pr9ciples ( education h be5 g5]ally spread1 & until ! ,positivi/ religion1 hav+ receiv$ all ! aid t ,poetry1 ,music1 & ! arts ( ,=m c give1 has become ! accept$ fai? ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,:5 ! m advanc$ nations are he>tily engag$ 9 ! cause1 ! true temples ( ,humanity w soon arise4 ,by t "t m5tal & moral reg5]ation w h advanc$ f> en\gh to comm5ce ! recon/ruction ( all political in/itutions4 ,until !n ! new religion w avail itself ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es z ^! gradually become vacant4 ,positivism is ! successor ( ,*ri/ianity1 & surpasses x ,art !n1 z well z ,sci5ce1 p>takes 9 ! reg5]at+ influ5ce :i* ,positivism d]ives f its syn!tic pr9ciple ( ,love4 ,bo? are call$ to _! prop] functions1 ! "o to contemplate1 ! o!r to glorify ,humanity1 9 ord] t we may love & s]ve h] m p]fectly4 ,yet :ile ! intellect is ?us made ! s]vant ( ! he>t1 f> f be+ weak5$ by ?is subord9ate position1 x f9ds 9 x an exhau/less field1 9 :i* ! value ( its lab\rs is amply recogniz$4 ,ea* ( its faculties is call$ directly into play1 & is suppli$ ) its appropriate employm5t4 ,poetry in/itutes ! =ms ( ! wor%ip ( ,humanity2 ,sci5ce supplies ! pr9ciples on :i* ^? =ms are fram$1 by connect+ !m ) ! laws ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,imag9ation1 :ile ceas+ to usurp ! place ( ,reason1 yet enhances r ?an dim9i%es its orig9al influ5ce1 :i* ! new philosophy %[s to be z b5eficial z x is natural4 ,& ?us human life at la/ atta9s t /ate ( p]fect h>mony :i* has be5 s long s\ght = 9 va91 & :i* consi/s 9 ! direction ( all our faculties to "o common purpose "u ! supremacy ( ,affection4 ,at ! same "t all =m] ef=ts ( ,imag9ation & ,reason1 ev5 :5 !y cla%$ ) ea* o!r1 are fully appreciat$2 because we see t !y develop$ our p[]s1 t !y taught u ! conditions ( _! equilibrium1 & made x manife/ t no?+ b t equilibrium 0 want+ to all[ !m to "w toge!r = our welf>e4 ,above all d we recognize ! imm5se value ( ! m$iaeval attempt to =m a complete syn!sis1 al?\gh1 not)/&+ all ! results ( ,greek & ,roman civilization1 ! "t 0 n yet ripe = x4 ,to r5ew t attempt ^u a s\nd] basis1 & ) sur] prospects ( success1 is ! object ( ^? :o f\nd ! religion ( ,humanity4 ,widely diff]5t z are _! circum/ances & ! means !y employ1 !y desire to reg>d !mselves z ! successors ( ! great m5 :o conduct$ ! progressive movem5t ( ,ca?olicism4 ,= ^? alone are wor?y to be call$ successors1 :o cont9ue or c>ry into effect ! und]tak+s :i* =m] times h left unf9i%$2 ! title is utt]ly unm]it$ by bl9d foll[]s ( obsolete dogmas1 :i* h long ceas$ to be> any relation to _! orig9al purpose1 & :i* _! v au?ors1 if n[ liv+1 w\ld disav[4 ,b :ile be>+ 9 m9d our debt to ,ca?olicism1 we ne$ n omit to recognize h[ l>gely ,positivism ga9s by comp>ison ) x4 ,full ju/ice w be done to ! aims ( ,ca?olicism1 & to ! excell5ce ( its results4 ,b ! :ole effect ( ,positivi/ wor%ip w be to make m5 feel cle>ly h[ f> sup]ior 9 e respect is ! syn!sis f\nd$ on ! ,love ( ,humanity to t f\nd$ on ! ,love ( ,god4 ,*ri/ianity satisfi$ no "p ( our nature fully1 except ! affections4 ,x reject$ ,imag9ation1 x %rank f ,reason2 & !re=e its p[] 0 always conte/$1 & c\ld n la/4 ,ev5 9 its own sph]e ( affection1 its pr9ciples nev] l5t !mselves to t social direction :i* ! ,ca?olic prie/hood1 ) su* rem>kable p]si/5cy1 endeav\r$ to give to !m4 ,! aim :i* x set be=e m51 be+ unreal & p]sonal1 0 ill-suit$ to a life ( reality & ( social sympa?y4 ,x is true t ! univ]sality ( ?is supreme affection 0 indirectly a bond ( union2 b only :5 x 0 n at v>iance ) true social feel+4 ,& f ! nature ( ! sy/em1 opposition betwe5 ^! two pr9ciples 0 ! rule1 & h>mony ! exception2 s9ce ! ,love ( ,god1 ev5 z view$ by ! be/ ,ca?olic types1 requir$ 9 almo/ all cases ! ab&onm5t ( e o!r passion4 ,! moral value ( su* a syn!sis consi/$ solely 9 ! discipl9e :i* x e/abli%$2 discipl9e ( :atev] k9d be+ pref]able to an>*y1 :i* w\ld h giv5 free scope to all ! l[e/ prop5sities4 ,b not)/&+ all ! t5d] feel+ ( ! be/ my/ics1 ! affection :i* to !m 0 supreme admitt$ ( no real reciprocity4 ,moreov]1 ! /up5d\s nature ( ! rew>ds & p5alties by :i* e precept 9 ?is arbitr>y sy/em 0 en=c$1 t5d$ to weak5 ! "* & to ta9t our noble/ impulses4 ,! ess5tial m]it ( ! sy/em 0 t x 0 ! fir/ attempt to ex]cise sy/ematic control ov] our moral nature4 ,! discipl9e ( ,poly!ism 0 usually conf9$ to actions3 sometimes x ext5d$ to habits2 b x nev] t\*$ ! affections f :i* bo? habits & actions spr+4 ,*ri/ianity took ! be/ means ( effect+ its purpose t 7 !n available2 b x 0 n successful1 except s f> z x gave indirect enc\ragem5t to our high] feel+s4 ,& s vague & absolute 7 its pr9ciples1 t ev5 ?is w\ld h be5 impossible1 b = ! wisdom ( ! prie/hood1 :o = a long "t sav$ society f ! dang]s incid5t to s arbitr>y a sy/em4 ,b at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! prie/hood became retrograde1 & lo/ at once _! morality & _! fre$om1 ! doctr9e 0 left to its own impot5ce1 & rapidly deg5]at$ till x became a *ronic s\rce ( degradation & ( discord4 ,b ! syn!sis bas$ ^u ,love ( ,humanity has too deep a f\ndation 9 ,positive tru? to be liable to simil> decl9e2 & its influ5ce _c b increase s long z ! progress ( our race endures4 ,! ,great ,be+1 :o is its object1 tol]ates ! mo/ se>*+ inquiry1 & yet does n re/rict ! scope ( ,imag9ation4 ,! laws :i* regulate h] exi/5ce are n[ kn[n to u2 & ! m deeply h] nature is inve/igat$1 ! /rong] is our consci\sness ( h] reality & ( ! greatness ( h] b5efits4 ,! ?\ght ( h] /imulates all ! p[]s ( ,imag9ation1 & ?us enables u to p>ticipate 9 a measure 9 ! univ]sality ( h] life1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ,"t & ,space ( :i* we h any real k4 ,all our real intellectual results1 :e!r 9 art or sci5ce1 are alike co-ord9at$ by ! religion ( ,humanity2 = x furni%es ! sole bond ( connexion by :i* p]man5t h>mony c be e/abli%$ betwe5 our ?\ghts & our feel+s4 ,x is ! only sy/em :i* )\t artifice & )\t arbitr>y re/riction1 c e/abli% ! prepond]ance ( ,affection ov] ,?\ght & ,action4 ,x sets =? social feel+ z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( morality2 )\t ignor+ ! natural sup]iority 9 /r5g? ( ! p]sonal in/9cts4 ,to live = o!rs x holds to be ! highe/ happ9ess4 ,to become incorporate ) ,humanity1 to sympa?ize ) all h] =m] phases1 to =esee h] de/9ies 9 ! future1 & to d :at lies 9 u to =w>d !m2 ?is is :at x puts be=e u z ! con/ant aim ( life4 ,self-love 9 ! ,positive sy/em is reg>d$ z ! great infirmity ( our nature3 an infirmity :i* unremitt+ discipl9e on ! "p ( ea* individual & ( society may mat]ially palliate1 b w nev] radically cure4 ,! degree to :i* ?is ma/]y ov] our own nature is atta9$ is ! true/ /&>d ( individual or social progress1 s9ce x has ! close/ relation to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,be+1 & to ! happ9ess ( ! elem5ts t compose x4 ,inspir$ z x is by s9c]e gratitude1 :i* increases ! m c>efully ! gr\nds = x are exam9$1 ! wor%ip ( ,humanity raises ,pray] = ! fir/ "t above ! degrad+ influ5ce ( self-int]e/4 ,we pray to ! ,supreme ,be+2 b only to express our deep ?ankfulness = h] pres5t & pa/ b5efits1 :i* are an e>ne/ ( /ill great] bless+s 9 ! future4 ,d\btless x is a fact ( human nature1 t habitual expression ( su* feel+s reacts b5eficially on our moral nature2 & s f> we1 too1 f9d 9 ,pray] a noble recomp5se4 ,b x is "o t c sugge/ to u no selfi% ?\ghts1 s9ce x _c come at all unless x come spontane\sly4 ,our highe/ happ9ess consi/s 9 ,love2 & we "k t m ?an any o!r feel+ love may be /r5g!n$ by ex]cise2 t alone ( all feel+s x admits (1 & increases )1 simultane\s expansion 9 all4 ,humanity w become m famili> to u ?an ! old gods 7 to ! ,poly!i/s1 yet )\t ! loss ( dignity :i*1 9 _! case1 result$ f famili>ity4 ,h] nature has 9 x no?+ arbitr>y1 yet %e co-op]ates ) u 9 ! wor%ip t we r5d]1 s9ce 9 hon\r+ h] we receive back #8grace = grace'4 ,homage accept$ by ! ,deity ( =m] times laid him op5 to ! *>ge ( pu]ile vanity4 ,b ! new ,deity w accept praise only :]e x is des]v$1 & w d]ive f x equal b5efit ) ourselves4 ,?is p]fect reciprocity ( affection & ( influ5ce is peculi> to ,positive religion1 because 9 x alone ! object ( wor%ip is a ,be+ ^: nature is relative1 modifiable1 & p]fectible2 a ,be+ ( :om h] own wor%ipp]s =m a "p1 & ! laws ( ^: exi/5ce1 be+ m cle>ly kn[n ?an !irs1 all[ h] desires & h] t5d5cies to be m di/9ctly =ese54 ,sup]iority ( ,positive morality ,! morality ( ,positive religion comb9es all ! advantages ( spontane\sness ) ^? ( demon/ration4 ,x is s ?or\ghly human 9 all its p>ts1 z to preclude all ! subt]fuges by :i* rep5tance = transgression is s (t5 /ifl$ or evad$4 ,by po9t+ out di/9ctly ! way 9 :i* ea* individual action reacts ^u society1 x =ces u to judge our own conduct )\t l[]+ our /&>d4 ,"s might ?9k x too g5tle1 & n suffici5tly vigor\s2 yet ! love by :i* x is inspir$ is no passive feel+1 b a pr9ciple :i* /rongly /imulates our en]gies to ! full ext5t compatible ) ! atta9m5t ( t highe/ good to :i* x is ev] t5d+4 ,accept+ ! tru?s ( sci5ce1 x tea*es t we mu/ look to our own unremitt+ activity = ! only provid5ce by :i* ! rig\r ( our de/9y c be alleviat$4 ,we "k well t ! great ,organism1 sup]ior ?\gh x be to all be+s kn[n to u1 is yet "u ! dom9ion ( inscrutable laws1 & is 9 no respect ei!r absolutely p]fect or absolutely secure f dang]4 ,e condition ( our exi/5ce1 :e!r ^? ( ! ext]nal _w or ^? ( our own nature1 might at "s "t be compromis$4 ,ev5 our moral & intellectual faculties1 on :i* our highe/ int]e/s dep5d1 are no exception to ?is tru?4 ,su* cont+5cies are always possible1 & yet !y are n to prev5t u f liv+ nobly2 !y mu/ n less5 our love1 our ?\ght1 or our ef=ts = ,humanity2 !y mu/ n ov]:elm u ) anxiety1 nor urge u to useless compla9t4 ,b ! v pr9ciples :i* dem& ?is high /&>d ( c\rage & resignation1 are !mselves well calculat$ to ma9ta9 x4 ,= by mak+ u fully consci\s ( ! greatness ( man1 & by sett+ u free f ! degrad+ influ5ces ( fe>1 !y inspire u ) ke5 int]e/ 9 our ef=ts1 inadequate ?\gh !y be1 aga9/ ! pressure ( fatalities :i* are n always beyond our p[] to modify4 ,& ?us ! reaction ( ^! fatalities ^u our "* is turn$ at la/ to a mo/ b5eficial use4 ,x prev5ts alike ov]we5+ anxiety = our own int]e/s & dull indiff]5ce to !m2 :]eas1 9 !ological & metaphysical sy/ems1 ev5 :5 inculcat+ self-d5ial1 !re is always a dang]\s t5d5cy to conc5trate ?\ght on p]sonal consid]ations4 ,dignifi$ reaction :]e modification ( !m is possible2 su* is ! moral /&>d :i* ,positivism puts =w>d = individuals & = society4 ,ca?olicism1 not)/&+ ! radical defects ( its doctr9e1 has unconsci\sly be5 influ5c$ by ! mod]n _s2 & at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 t5d+ 9 a direction simil> to t "h describ$1 al?\gh its pr9ciples 7 inconsi/5t ) any =mal recognition ( x4 ,x is only 9 ! c\ntries t h be5 pres]v$ f ,prote/antism t any traces are left ( ^! fa9t ef=ts ( ! prie/hood to rise above _! own !ories4 ,! ,ca?olic ,god w\ld gradually *ange into a feeble & imp]fect repres5tation ( ,humanity1 7 n ! cl]gy s degrad$ socially z to be unable to p>ticipate 9 ! spontane\s feel+s ( ! community4 ,x is a t5d5cy too slightly m>k$ to lead to any important result2 yet x is a /rik+ pro( ( ! new direction :i* m5's m9ds & he>ts are unconsci\sly tak+ 9 c\ntries :i* are (t5 suppos$ to be altoge!r left beh9d 9 ! m>* ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,! cle>e/ indication ( x is 9 _! acceptance ( ! wor%ip ( ,woman1 :i* is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! wor%ip ( ,humanity4 ,s9ce ! twelf? c5tury1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,virg91 especially 9 ,spa9 & ,italy1 has be5 con/antly on ! increase4 ,! prie/hood h (t5 prote/$ aga9/ x1 b )\t effect2 & sometimes !y h f\nd x necess>y to sanction x1 = ! sake ( pres]v+ _! au?ority4 ,! special & privileg$ adoration :i* ?is beautiful creation ( ,poetry has receiv$1 c\ld n b produce a m>k$ *ange 9 ! _s ( ,ca?olicism4 ,x may s]ve z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! religion ( our ance/ors & t ( our desc5dants1 ! ,virg9 becom+ gradually reg>d$ z a p]sonification ( ,humanity4 ,little1 h[ev]1 w be done 9 ?is direction by ! e/abli%$ prie/hood1 :e!r 9 ,italy or ,spa94 ,we mu/ look to ! pur] ag5cy ( wom51 :o w be ! means ( introduc+ ,positivism among our ,s\!rn bre?r54 ,all ! po9ts1 !n1 9 :i* ! morality ( ,positive sci5ce excels ! morality ( reveal$ religion are summ$ up 9 ! sub/itution ( ,love ( ,humanity = ,love ( ,god4 ,x is a pr9ciple z adv]se to metaphysics z to !ology1 s9ce x excludes all p]sonal consid]ations1 & places happ9ess1 :e!r = ! individual or = society1 9 con/ant ex]cise ( k9dly feel+4 ,to love ,humanity may be truly said to con/itute ! :ole duty ( ,man2 provid$ x be cle>ly und]/ood :at su* love really implies1 & :at are ! conditions requir$ = ma9ta9+ x4 ,! victory ( ,social ,feel+ ov] our innate ,self-love is r5d]$ possible only by a sl[ & difficult tra9+ ( ! he>t1 9 :i* ! intellect mu/ co-op]ate4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ?is tra9+ consi/s 9 ! mutual love ( ,man & ,woman1 ) all o!r family affections :i* prec$e & foll[ x4 ,b e aspect ( morality1 ev5 ! p]sonal virtues1 are includ$ 9 love ( ,humanity4 ,x furni%es ! be/ measure ( _! relative importance1 & ! sure/ me?od = lay+ d[n inconte/able rules ( conduct4 ,& ?us we f9d ! pr9ciples ( sy/ematic morality to be id5tical ) ^? ( spontane\s morality1 a result :i* r5d]s ,positive doctr9e equally accessible to all4 ,rise ( ! new ,spiritual p[] ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 ,poetry1 & ,morality1 w alike be reg5]at$ by ! new religion1 & w ultimately =m "o h>moni\s :ole1 on :i* ! de/9ies ( ,man w h5ce=? re/4 ,) wom51 to :om ! fir/ g]ms ( spiritual p[] are due1 ?is consecration ( ! rational & imag9ative faculties to ! s\rce ( feel+ has always exi/$ spontane\sly4 ,b to realize x 9 social life x mu/ be br\ght =w>d 9 a sy/ematic =m z "p ( a g5]al doctr9e4 ,?is is :at ! m$iaeval sy/em attempt$ ^u ! basis ( ,mono!ism4 ,a moral p[] arose compos$ ( ! two elem5ts ess5tial to su* a p[]1 ! sympa!tic influ5ce ( wom5 9 ! family1 ! sy/ematic influ5ce ( ! prie/hood on public life4 ,z a prelim9>y attempt ! ,ca?olic sy/em 0 mo/ b5eficial2 b x c\ld n la/1 because ! syn!sis on :i* x re/$ 0 imp]fect & un/able4 ,! ,ca?olic doctr9e & wor%ip address$ !mselves exclusively to our emotional nature1 & ev5 f ! moral po9t ( view _! pr9ciples 7 unc]ta9 & arbitr>y4 ,! field ( intellect1 :e!r 9 art or sci5ce1 z well z t ( practical life1 w\ld h be5 left almo/ unt\*$ b = ! p]sonal "* ( ! prie/s4 ,b ) ! loss ( _! political indep5d5ce1 :i* _h be5 always 9 dang] f ! milit>y t5d5cies ( ! "t1 ! prie/hood rapidly deg5]at$4 ,! sy/em 0 9 fact premature2 & ev5 be=e ! indu/rial era ( mod]n times _h set 91 ! e/hetic & metaphysical gr[? ( ! times _h already gone too f> = its feeble p[] ( control2 & x !n became z ho/ile to progress z x _h =m]ly be5 fav\rable to x4 ,moral qualities )\t intellectual sup]iority are n en\gh = a true spiritual p[]2 !y w n enable x to modify to any appreciable ext5t ! /rong prepond]ance ( mat]ial consid]ations4 ,consequ5tly x is ! prim>y condition ( social reorganization to put an end to ! /ate ( utt] revolt :i* ! intellect ma9ta9s aga9/ ! he>t2 a /ate :i* has exi/$ ev] s9ce ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages & ! s\rce ( :i* may be trac$ z f> back z ! ,greek ,metaphysicians4 ,positivism has at la/ ov]come ! imm5se difficulties ( ?is task4 ,its solution consi/s 9 ! f\ndation ( social sci5ce on ! basis ( ! prelim9>y sci5ces1 s t at la/ !re is unity ( me?od 9 our conceptions4 ,our active faculties h always be5 guid$ by ! ,positive _s3 & by its ext5sion to ! sph]e ( ,feel+1 a complete syn!sis1 alike spontane\s & sy/ematic 9 its nature1 is con/ruct$2 & e "p ( our nature is br\ght "u ! reg5]at+ influ5ce ( ! wor%ip ( ,humanity4 ,?us a new spiritual p[] w arise1 complete & homog5e\s 9 /ructure1 coh]5t & at ! same "t progressive2 & bett] calculat$ ?an ,ca?olicism to engage ! support ( wom5 :i* is s necess>y to its effici5t action on society4 ,temporal p[] w always be necess>y1 b its action w be modifi$ by ! spiritual ,7 x n = ! mat]ial necessities ( human life1 no?+ fur!r w\ld be requir$ = its guidance ?an a spiritual p[] su* z is "h describ$4 ,we %\ld h 9 t case no ne$ = any labori\s ex]tion2 & univ]sal b5evol5ce w\ld be look$ ^u z ! sov]eign good1 & w\ld become ! direct object ( all our ef=ts4 ,all t w\ld be necess>y w\ld be to call our reason+ p[]s1 & /ill m1 our imag9ation into play1 9 ord] to keep ?is object con/antly 9 view4 ,purely fictiti\s z su* an hypo!sis may be1 x is yet an ideal limit1 to :i* our actual life %\ld be m & m ne>ly approximat$4 ,z an ,utopia1 x is a fit subject = ! poet3 & 9 8 h&s x w supply ! new religion ) res\rces f> sup]ior to any t ,*ri/ianity d]iv$ f vague & unreal pictures ( future bliss4 ,9 x we may c>ry out a m p]fect social classification1 9 :i* m5 may be rank$ by moral & intellectual m]it1 irrespectively ( weal? or position4 ,= ! only /&>d by :i* 9 su* a /ate m5 c\ld be tri$ w\ld be _! capacity to love & to please ,humanity4 ,su* a /&>d w ( c\rse nev] be practically accept$1 & inde$ ! classification 9 "q w\ld be impossible to effect3 yet x %\ld always be pres5t to our m9ds2 & %\ld be contra/$ dispassionately ) ! actual arrangem5ts ( social rank1 ) :i* p[]1 ev5 :]e accid5tally acquir$1 has m to d ?an wor?4 ,! prie/s ( ,humanity ) ! assi/ance ( wom5 w avail !mselves l>gely ( ?is contra/ 9 modify+ ! exi/+ ord]4 ,positivi/ education w fully expla9 its moral validity1 & 9 our religi\s s]vices appeal w frequ5tly be made to x4 ,al?\gh an ideal ab/raction1 yet be+ bas$ on reality1 except s f> z ! necessities ( daily life are conc]n$1 x w be f> m efficaci\s ?an ! vague & unc]ta9 classification f\nd$ on ! !ological doctr9e ( a future /ate4 ,:5 society le>ns to admit no o!r ,provid5ce ?an its own1 x w g s f> 9 adopt+ ?is ideal classification z to produce a /rong effect on ! classes :o are ! be/ aw>e ( its impracticability4 ,b ^? :o press ?is contra/ mu/ be c>eful always to respect ! natural laws :i* regulate ! di/ribution ( weal? & rank4 ,!y h a def9ite social function1 & t function is n to be de/roy$1 b to be improv$ & regulat$4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to reconcile ^! conditions1 we mu/ limit our ideal classification to individuals1 leav+ ! actual subord9ation ( (fice & position unaffect$4 ,well-m>k$ p]sonal sup]iority is n v common2 & society w\ld be wa/+ its p[]s 9 useless & int]m9able controv]sy if x und]took to give ea* function to its be/ organ1 ?us dispossess+ ! =m] function>y )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! conditions ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! spiritual hi]>*y1 :]e x is easi] to judge ( m]it1 su* a c\rse w\ld be utt]ly subv]sive ( discipl9e4 ,b !re w\ld be no political dang]1 & morally !re w\ld be great advantage1 9 po9t+ out all rem>kable cases :i* illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ord] ( rank & ! ord] ( m]it4 ,respect may be %[n to be noble/ )\t compromis+ ! au?ority ( ! /ronge/4 ,/ ,b]n>d 0 e/eem$ m highly ?an any ( ! ,popes ( 8 "t2 yet he rema9$ 9 ! humble position ( an abbot1 & nev] fail$ to %[ ! mo/ p]fect def]5ce = ! high] function>ies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a /ill m /rik+ example 0 furni%$ by ,/ ,paul 9 recogniz+ ! (ficial sup]iority ( ,/ ,pet]1 ( ^: moral & m5tal inf]iority to himself he mu/ h be5 well aw>e4 ,all organiz$ corporations1 civil or milit>y1 c %[ in/ances on a less important scale :]e ! ab/ract ord] ( m]it has be5 adopt$ consi/5tly ) ! concrete ord] ( rank4 ,:]e ?is is ! case ! two may be contra/$ )\t any subv]sive consequ5ces4 ,! contra/ w be morally b5eficial to all classes1 at ! same "t t x proves ! imp]fection to :i* s complicat$ an organism z human society mu/ be ev] liable4 ,?us ! religion ( ,humanity creates an intellectual & moral p[]1 :i*1 c\ld human life be fre$ f ! pressure ( mat]ial wants1 w\ld suffice = its guidance4 ,imp]fect z our nature assur$ly is1 yet social sympa?y has an intr9sic *>m :i* w\ld make x p>am\nt1 b = ! imp]i\s necessities by :i* ! in/9cts ( self-pres]vation are /imulat$4 ,s urg5t are !y1 t ! great] "p ( life is necess>ily occupi$ ) actions ( a self-reg>d+ k9d1 be=e :i* ,reason1 ,imag9ation1 & ev5 ,feel+1 h to give way4 ,consequ5tly ?is moral p[]1 :i* seems s well adapt$ = ! direction ( society1 mu/ only attempt to act z a modify+ influ5ce4 ,its sympa!tic elem5t1 9 o!r words1 wom51 accept ?is necessity )\t difficulty2 = true affection always takes ! "r c\rse ( action1 z soon z x is cle>ly indicat$4 ,b ! intellect is f> m unwill+ to take a subord9ate position4 ,its ra% ambition is f> m unsettl+ to ! _w ?an ! ambition ( rank & weal?1 aga9/ :i* x s (t5 inveighs4 ,x is ! h>de/ ( social problems to regulate ! ex]cise ( ! intellectual p[]s1 :ile secur+ !m _! due measure ( influ5ce2 ! object be+ t !oretical p[] %\ld be able really to modify1 & yet %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ to gov]n4 ,= ! nations ( antiquity ?is problem 0 insoluble2 ) !m ! intellect 0 always ei!r a tyrant or a slave4 ,! solution 0 attempt$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 b )\t success1 ow+ to ! milit>y & !ological "* ( ! times4 ,positivism relies = solv+ x on ! reality :i* is "o ( its pr9cipal features1 & on ! fact t ,society has n[ ent]$ on its indu/rial phase4 ,bas$ on accurate inquiry into ! pa/ & future de/9ies ( man1 its aim is s to reg5]ate our political action1 z to trans=m x ultimately into a practical wor%ip ( ,humanity2 ,morality be+ ! wor%ip r5d]$ by ! affections1 ,sci5ce & ,poetry t r5d]$ by ! intellect4 ,su* is ! pr9cipal mission ( ! ,occid5tal prie/hood1 a mission 9 :i* wom5 & ! work+ classes w actively co-op]ate4 ,sub/itution ( duties = rights ,! mo/ important object ( ?is reg5]at$ polity w be ! sub/itution ( ,duties = ,rights2 ?us subord9at+ p]sonal to social consid]ations4 ,! ^w ,"r %\ld be exclud$ f political language1 z ! ^w ,cause f ! language ( philosophy4 ,bo? are !ological & metaphysical conceptions2 & ! =m] is z immoral & subv]sive z ! latt] is unmean+ & sophi/ical4 ,bo? are alike incompatible ) ! f9al /ate2 & _! value dur+ ! revolution>y p]iod ( mod]n hi/ory has simply consi/$ 9 _! solv5t action ^u previ\s sy/ems4 ,rights1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 are possible only s long z p[] is consid]$ z emanat+ f a sup]human w4 ,rights1 "u all !ological sy/ems1 7 div9e2 b 9 _! opposition to !ocracy1 ! metaphysicians ( ! la/ five c5turies introduc$ :at !y call$ ! rights ( ,man2 a conception1 ! value ( :i* consi/$ simply 9 its de/ructive effects4 ,:5ev] x has be5 tak5 z ! basis ( a con/ructive policy1 its anti-social "*1 & its t5d5cy to /r5g!n individualism h always be5 app>5t4 ,9 ! ,positive /ate1 :]e no sup]natural claims are admissible1 ! idea ( ,"r w entirely disappe>4 ,e "o has duties1 duties t[>ds all2 b rights 9 ! ord9>y s5se c be claim$ by none4 ,:atev] security ! individual may require is f\nd 9 ! g5]al ackn[l$gm5t ( reciprocal obligations2 & ?is gives a moral equival5t = rights z hi!rto claim$1 )\t ! s]i\s political dang]s :i* !y involv$4 ,9 o!r words1 no "o has 9 any case any ,"r b t ( do+ 8 ,duty4 ,! adoption ( ?is pr9ciple is ! "o way ( realiz+ ! gr& ideal ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! subord9ation ( ,politics to ,morals4 ,9 ^? times1 h[ev]1 ! va/ be>+s ( ! "q 7 b v imp]fectly appreh5d$2 its solution is incompatible ) e =m ( !ology1 & is only to be f\nd 9 ,positivism4 ,! solution consi/s 9 reg>d+ our political & social action z ! s]vice ( ,humanity4 ,its object %\ld be to assi/ by consci\s ef=t all functions1 :e!r relat+ to ,ord] or to ,progress1 :i* ,humanity has hi!rto p]=m$ spontane\sly4 ,?is is ! ultimate object ( ,positive religion4 ,)\t x all o!r aspects ( t religion w\ld be inadequate1 & w\ld soon cease to h any value4 ,true affection does n /op %ort at desire = good2 x /ra9s e ef=t to atta9 x4 ,! elevation ( s\l aris+ f ! act ( contemplat+ & ador+ ,humanity is n ! sole object ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,above & beyond ?is !re is ! motive ( becom+ bett] able to s]ve ,humanity2 unceas+ action on our "p be+ necess>y = h] pres]vation & developm5t4 ,?is inde$ is ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ,positive religion4 ,! ,supreme ,be+ ( =m] times _h really little ne$ ( human s]vices4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ) all !ological believ]s1 & ) mono!i/s especially1 devotion always t5d$ to deg5]ate into quietism4 ,! dang] c\ld only be obviat$ :5 ! prie/hood _h suffici5t wisdom to take advantage ( ! vagu5ess ( ^! !ories1 & to draw f !m motives = practical ex]tion4 ,no?+ c\ld be done 9 ?is direction unless ! prie/hood reta9$ _! social indep5d5ce4 ,z soon z ?is 0 tak5 f !m by ! usurpation ( ! temporal p[]1 ! m s9c]e among/ ,ca?olics laps$ into ! quieti/ic _s :i* = a long "t _h be5 kept 9 *eck4 ,9 ,positivism1 on ! contr>y1 ! doctr9e itself1 irrespective ( ! "* ( its tea*]s1 is a direct & cont9u\s inc5tive to ex]tion ( e k9d4 ,! reason = ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! relative & dep5d5t nature ( our ,supreme ,be+1 ( :om h] own wor%ipp]s =m a "p4 ,cons5sus ( ! social organism ,9 ?is1 :i* is ! ess5tial s]vice ( ,humanity1 & :i* infuses a religi\s _s into e act ( life1 ! feature mo/ prom95t is co-op]ation ( ef=t2 co-op]ation on s va/ a scale t less complicat$ organisms h no?+ to comp>e ) x4 ,! cons5sus ( ! social organism ext5ds to ,"t z well z ,space4 ,h5ce ! two di/9ct aspects ( social sympa?y3 ! feel+ ( ,solid>ity1 or union ) ! ,pres5t2 & ( ,cont9uity1 or union ) ! ,pa/4 ,c>eful inve/igation ( any social ph5om5on1 :e!r relat+ to ,ord] or to ,progress1 always proves conv]g5ce1 direct or indirect1 ( all contempor>ies & ( all =m] g5]ations1 )9 c]ta9 geographical & *ronological limits2 & ^? limits rec$e z ! developm5t ( ,humanity advances4 ,9 our ?\ghts & feel+s su* conv]g5ce is unque/ionable2 & x %\ld be /ill m evid5t 9 our actions1 ! efficacy ( :i* dep5ds on co-op]ations to a /ill great] degree4 ,"h we feel h[ false z well z immoral is ! notion ( ,"r1 a ^w :i*1 z commonly us$1 implies absolute individuality4 ,! only pr9ciple on :i* ,politics c be subord9at$ to ,morals is1 t individuals %\ld be reg>d$1 n z s _m di/9ct be+s1 b z organs ( "o ,supreme ,be+4 ,inde$1 9 all settl$ /ates ( society1 ! individual has always be5 consid]$ z a public function>y1 fill+ m or less effici5tly a def9ite po/1 :e!r =mally appo9t$ to x or n4 ,s fundam5tal a pr9ciple has ev] be5 recogniz$ in/9ctively up to ! p]iod ( revolution>y transition1 :i* is n[ at l5g? com+ to an end2 a p]iod 9 :i* ! ob/ructive & corrupt "* ( organiz$ society r\s$ a _s ( an>*y :i*1 ?\gh at fir/ fav\rable to progress1 has n[ become an ob/acle to x4 ,positivism1 h[ev]1 w place ?is pr9ciple beyond rea* ( attack1 by giv+ a sy/ematic demon/ration ( x1 bas$ on ! sum ( our sci5tific k4 ,cont9uity ( ! pa/ ) ! pres5t ,& ?is demon/ration w be ! intellectual basis on :i* ! moral au?ority ( ! new prie/hood w re/4 ,:at !y h to d is to %[ ! dep5d5ce ( ea* important "q1 z x arises1 ^u social co-op]ation1 & by ?is means to indicate ! "r pa? ( duty4 ,= ?is purpose all _! sci5tific k & e/hetic p[] w be ne$$1 o!rwise social feel+ c\ld nev] be develop$ suffici5tly to produce any /rong effect ^u conduct4 ,x w\ld nev]1 t is1 g fur!r ?an ! feel+s ( m]e solid>ity ) ! ,pres5t1 :i* is only its incipi5t & rudim5t>y =m4 ,we see ?is un=tunate n>r[ness ( view too (t5 9 ! be/ sociali/s1 :o1 leav+ ! pres5t )\t roots 9 ! pa/1 w\ld c>ry u headlong t[>ds a future ( :i* !y h no def9ite conception4 ,9 all social ph5om5a1 & especially 9 ^? ( mod]n times1 ! p>ticipation ( our pr$ecessors is great] ?an t ( our contempor>ies4 ,?is tru? is especially app>5t 9 indu/rial und]tak+s1 = :i* ! comb9ation ( ef=ts requir$ is s va/4 ,x is our filiation ) ! ,pa/1 ev5 m ?an our connexion ) ! ,pres5t1 :i* tea*es u t ! only real life is ! collective life ( ! race2 t individual life has no exi/5ce except z an ab/raction4 ,cont9uity is ! feature :i* di/+ui%es our race f all o!rs4 ,_m ( ! l[] races are able to =m a union among _! liv+ memb]s2 b x 0 res]v$ = ,man to conceive & realize co-op]ation ( successive g5]ations1 ! s\rce to :i* ! gradual gr[? ( civilization is to be trac$4 ,social sympa?y is a b>r5 & imp]fect feel+1 & inde$ x is a cause ( di/urbance1 s long z x ext5ds no fur!r ?an ! pres5t "t4 ,x is a disreg>d = hi/orical ,cont9uity :i* induces t mi/ak5 antipa?y to all =ms ( inh]itance :i* is n[ s common4 ,sci5tific /udy ( hi/ory w\ld soon conv9ce ^? ( our sociali/ writ]s :o are s9c]e ( _! radical error 9 ?is respect4 ,if !y 7 m famili> ) ! collective inh]itance ( society1 ! value ( :i* no "o c s]i\sly dispute1 !y w\ld feel less objection to inh]itance 9 its application to individuals or families4 ,practical exp]i5ce1 moreov]1 br++ !m into contact ) ! facts ( ! case1 w gradually %[ !m t )\t ! s5se ( cont9uity ) ! ,pa/ !y _c really und]/& _! solid>ity ) ! ,pres5t4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ea* individual 9 ! c\rse ( 8 gr[? passes spontane\sly ?r\gh phases correspond+ 9 a great measure to ^? ( our hi/orical developm5t2 & !re=e1 )\t "s k ( ! hi/ory ( society1 he _c und]/& ! hi/ory ( 8 own life4 ,aga91 ea* ( ^! successive phases may be f\nd among/ ! less advanc$ nations :o d n z yet %>e 9 ! g5]al progress ( ,humanity2 s t we _c prop]ly sympa?ize ) ^! nations1 if we ignore ! successive /ages ( developm5t 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! nobl] sociali/s & communi/s1 ^? especially :o belong to ! work+ classes1 w soon be alive to ! error & dang] ( ^! inconsi/5cies1 & w supply ?is defici5cy 9 _! education1 :i* at pres5t vitiates _! ef=ts4 ,) wom51 ! pure/ & mo/ spontane\s elem5t ( ! mod]at+ p[]1 ! prie/s ( ,humanity w f9d x less difficult to introduce ! broad pr9ciples ( hi/orical sci5ce4 ,!y are m incl9$ ?an any o!r class to recognize our cont9uity ) ! ,pa/1 be+ !mselves its orig9al s\rce4 ,necessity ( a spiritual p[] to /udy & tea* ^! tru?s1 & ?us to gov]n m5 by p]suasion1 in/ead ( by compulsion ,)\t a sci5tific basis1 !re=e1 a basis :i* mu/ itself re/ on ! :ole sum ( ,positive speculation1 x is impossible = our social sympa?ies to develop !mselves fully1 s z to ext5d n to ! ,pres5t only1 b also & /ill m /rongly to ! ,pa/4 ,& ?is is ! fir/ motive1 a motive f\nd$ alike on moral & on intellectual consid]ations1 = ! sep>ation ( temporal f spiritual p[] 9 ! f9al organization ( society4 ,! m vigor\sly we conc5trate our ef=ts ^u social progress1 ! m cle>ly %all we feel ! impossibility ( modify+ social ph5om5a )\t k ( ! laws t regulate !m4 ,?is involves ! exi/5ce ( an intellectual class specially devot$ to ! /udy ( social ph5om5a4 ,su* a class w be inve/$ ) ! consultative au?ority = :i* _! k qualifies !m1 & also ) ! function ( tea*+ necess>y = ! diffusion ( _! pr9ciples4 ,9 ! m9or arts ( life x is g5]ally recogniz$ t pr9ciples %\ld be inve/igat$ & taught by ?9k]s :o are n conc]n$ 9 apply+ !m4 ,9 ! art ( ,social ,life1 s f> m difficult & important ?an any o!r1 ! sep>ation ( !ory f practice is ( f> great] mom5t4 ,! wisdom ( su* a c\rse is obvi\s1 & all opposition to x w be ov]come1 z soon z x becomes g5]ally recogniz$ t social ph5om5a are subject to inv>iable laws2 laws ( s complicat$ a "* & s dep5d5t ^u o!r sci5ces z to make x d\bly necess>y t m9ds ( ! highe/ ord] %\ld be specially devot$ to _! int]pretation4 ,b !re is ano!r aspect ( ! "q ( n less importance 9 s\nd polity4 ,sep>ation ( temporal f spiritual p[] is z necess>y = free individual activity z = social co-op]ation4 ,humanity is *>act]iz$ by ! indep5d5ce z well z by ! conv]g5ce ( ! individuals or families ( :i* %e is compos$4 ,! latt] condition1 conv]g5ce1 is t :i* secures ,ord]2 b ! =m] is no less ess5tial to ,progress4 ,bo? are alike urg5t3 yet 9 anci5t times !y 7 incompatible1 = ! reason t spiritual & temporal p[] 7 always 9 ! same h&s2 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/s 9 "s cases1 at o!r times 9 ^? ( ! milit>y *ief4 ,z long z ! ,/ate held toge!r1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! individual 0 habitually sacrific$ to ! conv]g5ce ( ! body politic4 ,?is expla9s :y ! conception ( ,progress nev] arose1 ev5 9 ! m9ds ( ! mo/ vision>y s*em]s4 ,! two conditions 7 irreconcilable until ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 a rem>kable attempt 0 made to sep>ate ! modify+ p[] f ! gov]n+ p[]1 & s to make ,politics subord9ate to ,morals4 ,co-op]ation ( ef=ts 0 n[ plac$ on a diff]5t foot+4 ,x 0 ! result ( free ass5t r5d]$ by ! he>t & und]/&+ to a religi\s sy/em :i* laid d[n g5]al rules ( conduct1 9 :i* no?+ 0 arbitr>y1 & :i* 7 appli$ to gov]nors z /rictly z to _! subjects4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ,ca?olicism1 not)/&+ its extreme defects intellectually & socially1 produc$ moral & political results ( v great value4 ,*ivalry arose1 a type ( life1 9 :i* ! mo/ vigor\s indep5d5ce 0 comb9$ ) ! mo/ int5se devotion to a common cause4 ,e class 9 ,we/]n ,society 0 elevat$ by ?is union ( p]sonal dignity ) univ]sal bro!rhood4 ,s well is human nature adapt$ = ?is comb9ation1 t x arose "u ! fir/ religi\s sy/em ( :i* ! pr9ciples 7 n incompatible ) x4 ,) ! necess>y decay ( t religion1 x became s]i\sly impair$1 b yet 0 pres]v$ in/9ctively1 especially 9 c\ntries unt\*$ by ,prote/antism4 ,by x ! m$iaeval sy/em prep>$ ! way = ! conception ( ,humanity2 s9ce x put an end to ! fatal opposition 9 :i* ! two *>act]i/ic attributes ( ,humanity1 indep5d5ce & co-op]ation1 _h hi!rto exi/$4 ,ca?olicism br\ght unity into !ological religion1 & by do+ s1 l$ to its decl9e2 b x pav$ ! way long be=eh& = ! m complete & m real pr9ciple ( unity on :i* human society w be f9ally organiz$4 ,b m]itori\s & useful z ?is premature attempt 01 x 0 no real solution ( ! problem4 ,! _s & temp] ( ! p]iod 7 n ripe = any def9ite solution4 ,!ological belief & milit>y life 7 alike inconsi/5t ) any p]man5t sep>ation ( !oretical & practical p[]s4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ only = a few c5turies prec>i\sly & inadequately1 by a sort ( natural balance or r oscillation betwe5 imp]ialism & !ocracy4 ,b ! positive _s & ! indu/rial "* ( mod]n times t5d naturally to ?is division ( p[]2 & :5 x is consci\sly recogniz$ z a pr9ciple1 ! difficulty ( reconcil+ co-op]ation ) indep5d5ce w exi/ no long]4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ! rules to :i* human conduct w be subject$1 w re/1 z 9 ,ca?olic times1 b to a /ill high] degree1 ^u p]suasion & conviction1 in/ead ( compulsion4 ,aga91 ! fact ( ! new fai? be+ always susceptible ( demon/ration1 r5d]s ! spiritual sy/em bas$ on x m elevat+ z well z m durable4 ,! rules ( ,ca?olic morality 7 only sav$ f be+ arbitr>y by ! introduction ( a sup]natural ,w z a sub/itute = m]e human au?ority4 ,! plan _h und\bt$ly _m advantages2 b lib]ty 9 ! true s5se 0 n secur$ by x1 s9ce ! rules rema9$ z be=e )\t explanation2 x 0 only _! s\rce t 0 *ang$4 ,/ill less successful 0 ! subsequ5t attempt ( metaphysicians to prove t submission to gov]nm5t 0 ! f\ndation ( virtue4 ,x 0 only a return to ! old sy/em ( arbitr>y wills1 /ripp$ ( ! !ocratic sanction to :i* all its claims to respect & its fre$om f caprice _h be5 due4 ,! only way to reconcile indep5d5ce ) social union1 & !reby to rea* true lib]ty1 lies 9 ob$i5ce to ! objective laws ( ! _w & ( human nature2 cle>+ ^! z f> z possible ( all t is subjective1 & ?us r5d]+ !m am5able to sci5tific demon/ration4 ,( su* imm5se consequ5ce to society w x be to ext5d ! sci5tific me?od to ! complex & important ph5om5a ( human nature4 ,man w no long] be ! slave ( man2 he yields only to ext]nal ,law2 & to ?is ^? :o demon/rate x to him are z submissive z himself4 ,9 su* ob$i5ce !re c be no degradation ev5 :]e ! laws are inflexible4 ,b1 z ,positivism %[s u1 9 mo/ cases !y are modifiable1 & ?is especially 9 ! case ( our m5tal & moral con/itution4 ,consequ5tly our ob$i5ce is "h no long] passive ob$i5ce3 x implies ! devotion ( e faculty ( our nature to ! improvem5t ( a _w ( :i* we are 9 a true s5se ma/]s4 ,! natural laws to :i* we owe submission furni% ! basis = our int]v5tion2 !y direct our ef=ts & give /ability to our purpose4 ,! m p]fectly !y are kn[n1 ! m free w our conduct become f arbitr>y comm& or s]vile ob$i5ce4 ,true1 our k ( ^! laws w v seldom atta9 su* precision z to enable u to d altoge!r )\t compulsory au?ority4 ,:5 ! intellect is inadequate1 ! he>t mu/ take its place4 ,!re are c]ta9 rules ( life = :i* x is difficult to assign ! exact gr\nd1 & :]e affection mu/ assi/ reason 9 supply+ motives = ob$i5ce4 ,:olly to disp5se ) arbitr>y au?ority is impossible2 nor w x degrade u to submit to x1 provid$ t x be always reg>d$ z second>y to ! uni=m supremacy ( ext]nal ,laws1 & t e /ep 9 ! developm5t ( our m5tal & moral p[]s %all re/rict its employm5t4 ,bo? conditions are evid5tly satisfi$ 9 ! ,positive sy/em ( life4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n indu/ry & sci5ce is to make u less dep5d5t on individual caprice1 z well z m assimilable to ! univ]sal ,organism4 ,positivism !re=e secures ! lib]ty & dignity ( man by its demon/ration t social ph5om5a1 l all o!rs1 are subject to natural laws1 :i*1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 are modifiable by wise action on ! "p ( society4 ,totally contr>y1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! _s ( metaphysical s*emes ( polity1 9 :i* society is suppos$ to h no spontane\s impulses1 & is h&$ ov] to ! w ( ! legislator4 ,9 ^! degrad+ & oppressive s*emes1 union is pur*as$1 z 9 anci5t times1 at ! co/ ( indep5d5ce4 ,9 ^! two ways1 !n1 ,positive religion influ5ces ! practical life ( ,humanity1 9 accordance ) ! natural laws t regulate h] exi/5ce4 ,fir/1 ! s5se ( ,solid>ity ) ! ,pres5t is p]fect$ by add+ to x ! s5se ( ,cont9uity ) ! ,pa/2 secondly1 ! co-op]ation ( h] individual ag5ts is r5d]$ compatible ) _! indep5d5ce4 ,n till ?is is done c ,politics become really subord9ate to ,morals1 & ! feel+ ( ,duty be sub/itut$ = t ( ,"r4 ,our active p[]s w be modifi$ by ! comb9$ influ5ce ( feel+ & reason1 z express$ 9 indisputable rules :i* x w be = ! spiritual p[] to make kn[n to u4 ,temporal gov]nm5t1 :oev] its adm9i/rators may be1 w always be modifi$ by morality4 ,:]eas 9 all metaphysical sy/ems ( polity no?+ is provid$ = b ! modes ( access to gov]nm5t & ! limits ( its v>i\s dep>tm5ts2 no pr9ciples are giv5 to direct its application or to enable u to =m a "r judgm5t ( x4 ,nutritive functions ( ,humanity1 p]=m$ by ,capitali/s1 z ! temporal p[] ,f ?is g5]al view ( ! practical s]vice ( ,humanity1 we pass n[ to ! two lead+ divisions ( ! subject2 ) ! view ( complet+ our conception ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,positive ,polity1 ! sep>ation ( temporal f spiritual p[]4 ,! action ( ,humanity relates ei!r to h] ext]nal circum/ances1 or to ! facts ( h] own nature4 ,ea* ( ^! two great functions involves bo? ,ord] & ,progress2 b ! fir/ relates m specially to ! pres]vation ( h] exi/5ce1 ! second to h] progressive developm5t4 ,humanity1 l e o!r organism1 has to act unceas+ly on ! surr\nd+ _w 9 ord] to ma9ta9 & ext5d h] mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,?us ! *ief object ( h] practical life is to satisfy ! wants ( our physical nature1 wants :i* necessitate cont9ual reproduction ( mat]ials 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,?is production soon comes to dep5d m on ! co-op]ation ( successive g5]ations ?an on t ( contempor>ies4 ,ev5 9 ^! l[] b indisp5sable functions1 we "w pr9cipally = our successors1 & ! results t we enjoy are 9 great "p due to ^? t h gone be=e u4 ,ea* g5]ation produces m mat]ial weal? ?an is requir$ = its own wants2 & ! use ( ! surplus is to facilitate ! lab\r & prep>e ! ma9t5ance ( ! g5]ation foll[+4 ,! ag5ts 9 ?is transmission ( weal? naturally take ! lead 9 ! indu/rial movem5t2 s9ce ! possession ( provisions & in/rum5ts ( production gives an advantage :i* c only be lo/ by unusual incapacity4 ,& ?is w seldom happ51 because capital naturally t5ds to accumulate ) ^? :o make a cauti\s & skilful use ( x4 ,capitali/s !n w be ! temporal *iefs ( mod]n society4 ,_! (fice is consecrat$ 9 ,positive religion z t ( ! nutritive organs ( ,humanity2 organs :i* collect & prep>e ! mat]ials necess>y = life1 & :i* also di/ribute !m1 subject always to ! influ5ce ( a modify+ c5tral organ4 ,! direct & palpable importance ( _! functions is a /imulus to pride2 & 9 e respect !y are /rongly influ5c$ by p]sonal in/9cts1 :i* are necess>y to su/a9 ! vig\r ( _! en]gies4 ,consequ5tly1 if left to !mselves1 !y are apt to abuse _! p[]1 & to gov]n by ! ignoble me?od ( compulsion1 disreg>d+ all appeals to reason & to morality4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( a comb9ation ( moral =ces to ex]cise a con/ant *eck ^u ! h>dness ) :i* !y are s apt to use _! au?ority4 ,& ?is leads u to ! second ( ! two great functions ( ,humanity4 ,^! are modifi$ by ! c]ebral functions1 p]=m$ by ! spiritual p[] ,?is function is analog\s to t ( ,inn]vation 9 individuals4 ,its object is ! advancem5t ( ,humanity1 :e!r 9 physical or /ill m 9 intellectual & moral aspects4 ,x might seem at fir/ sight re/rict$1 z 9 l[] organisms1 to ! second>y (fice ( assi/+ ! nutritive function4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 x develops qualities peculi> to itself1 qualities on :i* our highe/ happ9ess dep5ds4 ,& ?us we might imag9e t life 0 to be entirely giv5 up to ! free play ( reason1 imag9ation1 & feel+1 7 we n con/antly =c$ back by ! necessities ( our physical nature to less delightful occupations4 ,!re=e ?is intellectual & moral function1 not)/&+ its em95ce1 c nev] be supreme 9 our nature2 yet indep5d5tly ( its intr9sic *>m1 x =ms our pr9cipal means1 :e!r us$ consci\sly or o!rwise1 9 controll+ ! some:at bl9d action ( ! nutritive organs4 ,x is 9 wom51 ^: function is analog\s to t ( ! affective organs 9 ! individual bra91 t we f9d ?is modify+ influ5ce 9 its pure/ & mo/ spontane\s =m4 ,b ! full value ( _! influ5ce is n realiz$ until !y act 9 comb9ation ) ! philosophic class2 :i*1 ?\gh its direct en]gy is small1 is z indisp5sable to ! collective ,organism z ! speculative functions ( ! bra9 are to ! individual4 ,besides ^! two ess5tial elem5ts ( moral p[]1 we f9d1 :5 ,humanity rea*es h] maturity1 a ?ird elem5t :i* completes ! con/itution ( ?is p[] & furni%es a basis = its political action4 ,?is ?ird elem5t is ! work+ class1 ^: influ5ce may be reg>d$ z ! active function 9 ! inn]vation ( ! social ,organism4 ,x is inde$ to ! work+ class t we look = ! only possible solution ( ! great human problem1 ! victory ( ,social feel+ ov] ,self-love4 ,_! want ( leisure1 & _! pov]ty1 excludes !m f political p[]2 & yet weal?1 :i* is ! basis ( t p[]1 _c be produc$ )\t !m4 ,!y are alli$ to ! spiritual p[] by ! simil>ity ( _! ta/es & ( _! circum/ances4 ,moreov]1 !y look to x = sy/ematic education1 ( ! importance ( :i* n m]ely to _! happ9ess1 b to _! dignity & moral culture1 !y are deeply consci\s4 ,! nature ( _! occupations1 ?\gh absorb+ s l>ge a portion ( _! "t1 yet leaves ! m9d = ! mo/ "p free4 ,f9d+ little 9 ! specialities ( _! "w to int]e/ !m1 !y are ! m incl9$ to rise to g5]al pr9ciples1 provid$ always t su* pr9ciples comb9e utility ) reality4 ,be+ less occupi$ ?an o!r classes ) consid]ations ( rank & weal?1 !y are ! m dispos$ to give free play to g5]\s feel+s1 ! value & ! *>m ( :i* is m /rongly impress$ on !m by _! exp]i5ce ( life4 ,z _! /r5g? lies 9 numb]s1 !y h a great] t5d5cy to union ?an capitali/s1 :o1 hav+ 9 _! own h&s a p[] :i* !y are apt to suppose resi/less1 h no su* motive = association4 ,!y w give _! en]getic support to ! prie/hood 9 its ef=ts to control ! abuse ( ! p[] ( weal?1 & 9 e respect !y are prep>$ to accept & en=ce its moral influ5ce4 ,be+ at once special & g5]al1 practical & speculative1 & at ! same "t always animat$ by /rong sympa?ies1 !y =m an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! practical & !oretical p[]s2 connect$ ) ! "o by ! ne$ ( education & c\nsel1 & ) ! o!r by ! necessities ( lab\r & subsi/5ce4 ,! p repres5t ! activity ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 z wom5 repres5t its sympa?y1 & philosoph]s its intellect4 ,b 9 ! organiz$ action ( ^! ?ree organs ( inn]vation ^u ! organs ( social nutrition1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! latt] are n to be imp$$ 9 _! functions4 ,! control ex]cis$ is to be ( a k9d t w ennoble !m by sett+ _! importance 9 its true light4 ,true1 we are n to enc\rage ! fooli% & immoral pride ( mod]n capitali/s1 :o look ^u !mselves z ! creators & sole arbit]s ( _! mat]ial p[]1 ! f\ndations ( :i* are 9 reality due to ! comb9$ action ( _! pr$ecessors & contempor>ies4 ,!y ought to be reg>d$ simply z public function>ies1 responsible = ! adm9i/ration ( capital & ! direction ( indu/rial ent]prise4 ,b at ! same "t we mu/ be c>eful n to und]rate ! imm5se value ( _! function1 or 9 any way ob/ruct its p]=mance4 ,all ?is foll[s at once f ! policy ( ,sep>ation ( ,p[]s4 ,! responsibility "u :i* x is "h propos$ to place capitali/s is purely moral1 :]eas metaphysicians ( ! revolution>y s*ool h always be5 9 fav\r ( political co]cion4 ,9 cases :]e ! ri* neglect _! duty1 ! ,positive prie/hood w resort 9 ! fir/ in/ance to e me?od ( conviction & p]suasion t c be sugge/$ by ! education :i* ! ri* h receiv$ 9 common ) o!r classes4 ,%\ld ?is c\rse fail1 !re rema9s ! res\rce ( pron\nc+ =mal condemnation ( _! conduct2 & suppos+ ?is to be ratifi$ by ! work+ m5 ( e city1 & ! wom5 ( e family1 its effect w\ld be difficult to )/&4 ,9 v he9\s cases x might be necess>y to proce$ to ! extreme l5g? ( social excommunication1 ! efficacy ( :i*1 9 cases :]e x des]v$ & receiv$ g5]al ass5t1 w\ld be ev5 great] ?an 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 ! organization ( ! spiritual p[] 9 ^? times be+ v imp]fect4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case ! means us$ = repression are ( a purely moral k9d4 ,! increas+ly r>e cases t call = political measures belong exclusively to ! prov9ce ( ! temporal p[]4 ,h]$it>y transmission ( weal? has be5 /rongly condemn$ by metaphysical writ]s4 ,b x is aft] all a natural mode ( transmission1 & ! moral discipl9e above describ$ w be a suffici5t *eck ^u its wor/ abuses4 ,:5 ! s5se ( ,duty is sub/itut$ = ! s5se ( ,"r1 x matt]s little :o may be ! possessor ( any giv5 p[]1 provid$ x be well us$4 ,inh]itance1 z ,positivism %[s1 has great social advantages1 especially :5 appli$ to functions :i* require no extraord9>y capacity1 & :i* are be/ le>nt 9 ! tra9+ ( dome/ic life4 ,tak+ ! moral po9t ( view1 we f9d t m5 :o h be5 always accu/om$ to weal? are m dispos$ to be g5]\s ?an ^? :o h amass$ x gradually1 h[ev] hon\rable ! means us$4 ,inh]itance 0 orig9ally ! mode 9 :i* all functions 7 transmitt$2 & 9 ! case ( weal? !re is no reason :y x %\ld n always cont9ue1 s9ce ! m]e pres]vation ( weal?1 )\t ref]5ce to its employm5t1 requires b little special ability4 ,!re is no gu>antee t1 if o!r gu>dians ( capital 7 appo9t$1 ! public w\ld be bett] s]v$4 ,mod]n indu/ry has long ago prov$ ! adm9i/rative sup]iority ( private ent]prise 9 comm]cial transactions2 & all social functions t admit ( x w gradually pass into private managem5t1 always except+ ! great !oretic functions 9 :i* comb9$ action w ev] be necess>y4 ,declaim z ! envi\s w aga9/ h]$it>y weal?1 its possessors1 :5 !y h a good disposition m\ld$ by a wise education & a heal?y /ate ( public op9ion1 w 9 _m cases rank among/ ! mo/ useful organs ( ,humanity4 ,x is n ! class :o con/itute ! moral =ce ( society1 t w give v5t to ^! idle compla9ts1 or at lea/ !y w be conf9$ to ^? individuals among !m :o fail to und]/& ! dignity & value ( _! common mission ( elevat+ man's affections1 intellect1 & en]gies4 ,wom5 & prie/s to h _! mat]ial subsi/5ce gu>ante$ ,! only cases 9 :i* ! spiritual p[] has to int]f]e specially = ! protection ( mat]ial int]e/s fall "u two pr9ciples1 :i* are v pla9ly indicat$ by ! natural ord] ( society4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple is1 t ,man %\ld support ,woman2 ! second1 t ! ,active class %\ld support ! ,speculative class4 ,! necessity ( bo? ^! conditions is evid5t2 )\t !m ! effective & speculative function ( ,humanity _c be adequately p]=m$4 ,private & public welf>e are s deeply involv$ 9 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,feel+ ov] ! intellectual & active p[]s1 t we %all d well to secure t influ5ce1 ev5 at ! co/ ( remov+ "o half ( ! race f indu/rial occupations4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ tribes ( savages we f9d ! /rong] sex recogniz+ "s obligations t[>ds ! weak]2 & x is ?is :i* di/+ui%es human love1 ev5 9 its co>s] =ms1 f animal appetite4 ,) e /ep 9 ! progress ( ,humanity we f9d ! obligation m di/9ctly ackn[l$g$1 & m fully satisfi$4 ,9 ,positive religion x becomes a fundam5tal duty1 = :i* ea* individual1 or ev5 society1 :5 x may be necess>y1 w be held responsible4 ,z to ! second pr9ciple1 x is "o :i* has be5 already admitt$ by =m] sy/ems2 &1 9 spite ( ! an>*y 9 :i* we live1 x has nev] be5 :olly disc>d$1 at lea/ 9 c\ntries :i* h be5 unaffect$ by ! individuali/ t5d5cies ( ,prote/antism4 ,positivism1 h[ev]1 :ile adopt+ ! pr9ciple z indisp5sable to ! !oretic functions ( ,humanity1 w employ x f> m sp>+ly ?an ,ca?olicism1 ! decay ( :i* 0 v mu* ha/5$ by its excessive weal?4 ,if temporal & spiritual p[] are really to be sep>at$1 philosoph]s %\ld h z little to d ) weal? z ) gov]nm5t4 ,resembl+ wom5 9 _! exclusion f political p[]1 _! position z to weal? %\ld be l t ( ! work+ classes1 prop] reg>d be+ _h to ! requirem5ts ( _! (fice4 ,by foll[+ ?is c\rse1 !y may be confid5t t ! purity ( _! op9ions & advice w nev] be call$ 9 "q4 ,^! two conditions !n1 ,capitali/s1 z ! normal adm9i/rators ( ! common fund ( weal?1 w be expect$ to satisfy4 ,!y mu/1 t is1 s regulate ! di/ribution ( wages1 t wom5 %all be releas$ f "w2 & !y mu/ see t prop] remun]ation is giv5 = intellectual lab\r4 ,to exact ! p]=mance ( ^! conditions seems no easy task2 yet until !y are satisfi$1 ! equilibrium ( our social economy w rema9 un/able4 ,! in/itution ( prop]ty c be ma9ta9$ no long] ^u ! unt5able gr\nd ( p]sonal "r4 ,its pres5t possessors may probably decl9e to accept ^! pr9ciples4 ,9 t case _! functions w pass 9 "o way or ano!r to new organs1 until ,humanity f9ds s]vants :o w n %irk _! fundam5tal duties1 b :o w recognize !m z ! fir/ condition ( _! t5ure ( p[]4 ,t p[]1 subject to ^! limitations1 w !n be reg>d$ ) ! highe/ respect1 = all w feel t ! exi/5ce ( ,humanity dep5ds on x4 ,alike on intellectual & on moral gr\nds1 society w repudiate ! envi\s passions & subv]sive views :i* are ar\s$ at pres5t by ! unf\nd$ claims ( prop]ty1 & by its repudiation1 s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 ( e real moral obligation4 ,ri* m5 w feel t pr9ciples l ^!1 leav+ z !y d s l>ge a m>g9 ( volunt>y action to ! individual1 are ! only me?od ( escap+ f ! political oppression ) :i* !y are n[ ?reat5$4 ,! free conc5tration ( capital w !n be readily accept$ z necess>y to its social usefulness2 = great duties imply great p[]s4 ,normal relation ( prie/s1 p1 & capitali/s ,?is1 !n1 is ! way 9 :i* ! prie/s ( ,humanity may hope to reg5]ate ! mat]ial p[] ( weal?1 & br+ ! nutritive functions ( society into h>mony ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! body politic4 ,! conte/s = :i* z yet !re are b too _m motives w !n cease2 ! ,p )\t loss ( dignity w give free play to _! natural in/9cts ( respect1 & w be z will+ to accept ! au?ority ( _! political rul]s z to place confid5ce 9 _! spiritual guides4 ,!y w feel t true happ9ess has no necess>y connexion ) weal?2 t x dep5ds f> m on free play be+ giv5 to _! intellectual1 moral1 & social qualities2 & t 9 ?is respect !y are m fav\rably situat$ ?an ^? above !m4 ,!y w cease to aspire to ! enjoym5ts ( weal? & p[]1 leav+ !m to ^? ^: political activity requires t /rong /imulus4 ,ea* man's ambition w be to d 8 "w well2 & aft] x is ov]1 to p]=m 8 m g5]al function ( assi/+ ! spiritual p[]1 & ( tak+ "p 9 ! =mation ( ,public ,op9ion1 by giv+ 8 be/ judgm5t ^u pass+ ev5ts4 ,( ! limits to be obs]v$ by ! spiritual p[] ! ,p w be well aw>e2 & !y w accept none :i* does n subord9ate ! intellect to ! he>t1 & gu>antee ! purity ( its doctr9e by /rict ab/95ce f political p[]4 ,by an appeal to ! pr9ciples ( ,positive ,polity1 !y w at once *eck any fooli% yield+ on ! "p ( philosoph]s to political ambition1 & w re/ore ! temporal p[] to its prop] place4 ,!y w be aw>e t ?\gh ! g5]al pr9ciples ( practical life re/ ^u ,sci5ce1 x is n = ,sci5ce to direct _! application4 ,! incapacity ( !ori/s to apply _! !ories practically has long be5 recogniz$ 9 m9or matt]s1 & x w n[ be recogniz$ z equally applicable to political que/ions4 ,! prov9ce ( ! philosoph] is education2 & z ! result ( education1 c\nsel3 ! prov9ce ( ! capitali/ is action & au?oritative direction4 ,?is is ! only "r di/ribution ( p[]2 & ! p w insi/ on ma9ta9+ x 9 its integrity1 see+1 z !y w1 t )\t x ! h>moni\s exi/5ce ( ,humanity is impossible4 ,we are n yet ripe = ! normal /ate4 ,b ! revolution ( #ahdh is a /ep t[>ds x ,f ?is view ( ! practical side ( ! religion ( ,humanity tak5 9 connexion ) its intellectual & moral side1 we may =m a g5]al conception ( ! f9al reorganization ( political in/itutions1 by :i* alone ! great ,revolution c be br\ght to a close4 ,b ! "t = effect+ ?is recon/ruction has n yet come4 ,!re mu/ be a previ\s recon/ruction ( op9ions & habits ( life ^u ! basis laid d[n by ,positivism2 & = ?is at lea/ "o g5]ation is requir$4 ,9 ! int]val all political measures mu/ reta9 _! provisional "*1 al?\gh 9 fram+ !m ! f9al /ate is always to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,z yet no?+ c be said to h be5 e/abli%$1 except ! moral pr9ciple on :i* ,positivism re/s1 ! subord9ation ( ,politics to ,morals4 ,= ?is is 9 fact implicitly involv$ 9 ! proclamation ( a ,republic 9 ,france2 a /ep :i* _c n[ be recall$1 & :i* implies t ea* citiz5 is to devote all 8 faculties to ! s]vice ( ,humanity4 ,b ) reg>d to ! social organization1 by :i* alone ?is pr9ciple c be c>ri$ into effect1 al?\gh its basis has be5 laid d[n by ,positivism1 x has n yet receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,public4 ,x may be hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! motto :i* ,i h put =w>d z descriptive ( ! new political philosophy1 ,ord] & ,progress1 w soon be adopt$ spontane\sly4 ,fir/ revolution>y motto1 ,lib]ty & ,equality ,9 ! fir/ or negative phase ( ! ,revolution1 all t 0 done 0 utt]ly to repudiate ! old political sy/em4 ,no indication :atev] 0 giv5 ( ! /ate ( ?+s :i* 0 to succe$ x4 ,! motto ( ! "t1 ,lib]ty & ,equality1 is an exact repres5tation ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ! conditions express$ 9 x be+ utt]ly contradictory1 & incompatible ) organization ( any k9d4 ,= obvi\sly1 ,lib]ty gives free scope to sup]iority ( all k9ds1 & especially to moral & m5tal sup]iority2 s t if a uni=m level ( ,equality is insi/$ on1 fre$om ( gr[? is *eck$4 ,yet inconsi/5t z ! motto 01 x 0 admirably adapt$ to ! de/ructive temp] ( ! "t2 a "t :5 hatr$ ( ! ,pa/ comp5sat$ ! lack ( insight into ! ,future4 ,x _h1 too1 a progressive t5d5cy1 :i* p>tly neutraliz$ its subv]sive _s4 ,x inspir$ ! fir/ attempt to d]ive true pr9ciples ( polity f g5]al views ( hi/ory2 ! memorable ?\gh unsuccessful essay ( my great pr$ecessor ,condorcet#ac4 ,?us ! fir/ intimation ( ! future influ5ce ( ! hi/orical _s 0 giv5 at ! v "t :5 ! anti-hi/orical _s _h rea*$ its climax4 ,! long p]iod ( reaction :i* succe$$ ! fir/ crisis gave rise to no political motto ( any importance4 ,x 0 a p]iod = :i* m5 ( any vig\r ( ?\ght & "* c\ld n b feel secret repugnance4 ,x produc$1 h[ev]1 a univ]sal conviction t ! metaphysical policy ( ! revolutioni/s 0 ( no avail = con/ructive purposes4 ,& x gave rise to ! hi/orical works ( ! ,neo-,ca?olic s*ool1 :i* prep>$ ! way = ,positivism by giv+ ! fir/ fair appreciation ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,second motto1 ,lib]ty & ,ord] ,b ! ,c\nt]-revolution1 begun by ,robespi]re1 c>ri$ to its full l5g? by ,bonap>te1 & cont9u$ by ! ,b\rbons1 came to an end 9 ! memorable outbreak ( #ahcj4 ,a neutral p]iod ( eighte5 ye>s foll[$1 & a new motto1 ,lib]ty & ,public ,ord]1 0 tempor>ily adopt$4 ,?is motto 0 v expressive ( ! political condition ( ! "t2 & ! m s t x arose spontane\sly1 )\t ev] receiv+ any =mal sanction4 ,x express$ ! g5]al feel+ ( ! public1 :o1 feel+ t ! secret ( ! political future 0 possess$ by none ( ! exi/+ p>ties1 cont5t$ itself ) po9t+ out ! two conditions ess5tial z a prep>ation = x4 ,x 0 an improvem5t on ! fir/ motto1 because x indicat$ m cle>ly t ! ultimate purpose ( ! revolution 0 con/ruction4 ,x got rid ( ! anti-social notion ( ,equality4 ,all ! moral advantages ( ,equality )\t its political dang] exi/$ already 9 ! feel+ ( ,frat]nity1 :i*1 s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 has become suffici5tly diffus$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe to ne$ no special =mula4 ,aga91 ?is motto introduc$ empirically ! great conception ( ,ord]2 und]/&+ x ( c\rse 9 ! limit$ s5se ( mat]ial ord] at home & abroad4 ,no deep] mean+ 0 likely to be atta*$ to ! ^w 9 a "t ( su* m5tal & moral an>*y4 ,?ird motto1 ,ord] & ,progress ,b ) ! adoption ( ! ,republican pr9ciple 9 #ahdhad1 ! utility ( ?is provisional motto ceas$4 ,= ! ,revolution n[ ent]$ ^u its ,positive phase2 :i* inde$1 = all philosophical m9ds1 _h be5 already inaugurat$ by my discov]y ( ! laws ( ,social ,sci5ce4 ,b ! fact ( its hav+ fall5 into disuse is no reason = go+ back to ! old motto1 ,lib]ty & ,equality1 :i*1 s9ce ! crisis ( #aghi1 has ceas$ to be appropriate4 ,9 ! utt] abs5ce ( social convictions1 x has obta9$ a sort ( (ficial resuscitation2 b ?is w n prev5t m5 ( good s5se & "r feel+ f adopt+ spontane\sly ! motto ,ord] & ,progress1 z ! pr9ciple ( all political action = ! future4 ,9 ! second *apt] ,i dwelt at "s l5g? ^u ?is motto1 & po9t$ out its political & philosophical mean+4 ,i h n[ only to %[ its connexion ) ! o!r mottoes ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 & ! probability ( its adoption4 ,ea* ( !m1 l all comb9ations1 :e!r 9 ! moral or physical _w1 is compos$ ( two elem5ts2 & ! la/ has "o ( its elem5ts 9 common ) ! second1 z ! second has 9 common ) ! fir/4 ,moreov]1 ,lib]ty1 ! elem5t common to ! two fir/1 is 9 reality conta9$ 9 ! ?ird2 s9ce all ,progress implies ,lib]ty4 ,b ,ord] is put =emo/1 because ! ^w is "h int5d$ to cov] ! :ole field t prop]ly belongs to x4 ,x includes ?+s private z well z public1 !oretical z well z practical1 moral z well z political4 ,progress is put next1 z ! end = :i* ,ord] exi/s1 & z ! mode 9 :i* x %\ld be manife/$4 ,?is conception1 = :i* ! crisis ( #aghi prep>$ ! way1 w be our guid+ pr9ciple ?r\gh\t ! con/ructive phase ( ! ,we/]n ,revolution4 ,! reconciliation ( ,ord] & ,progress1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 impossible1 is n[ an accept$ fact = all advanc$ m9ds4 ,= ! public ?is is n yet ! case2 b s9ce ! close ( ! ,c\nt]-revolution 9 #ahcj1 all m9ds h be5 t5d+ unconsci\sly 9 ?is direction4 ,! t5d5cy becomes /ill m /rik+ by contra/ ) an opposite movem5t1 ! increas+ id5tity ( pr9ciples betwe5 ! reaction>y & ! an>*i/ s*ools4 ,provisional policy = ! p]iod ( transition ,b ev5 if we suppose accompli%$ :at is yet only 9 prospect1 ev5 if ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our future polity 7 accept$ & publicly ratifi$ by ! adoption ( ?is motto1 yet p]man5t recon/ruction ( political in/itutions w\ld /ill be premature4 ,be=e ?is c be attempt$1 ! spiritual int]regnum mu/ be t]m9at$4 ,= ?is object1 9 :i* all he>ts & m9ds1 especially among ! work+ classes & among wom51 mu/ unite _! ef=ts ) ^? ( ! philosophic prie/hood1 at lea/ "o g5]ation is requir$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod gov]nm5tal policy %\ld be av[$ly provisional2 its "o object %\ld be to ma9ta9 :at is s ess5tial to our /ate ( transition1 ,ord]1 at home & abroad4 ,"h1 too1 ,positivism suffices = ! task2 by expla9+ on hi/orical pr9ciples ! /age t we h left1 & t at :i* we %all ultimately arrive1 x enables u to und]/& ! "* ( ! int]m$iate /age4 ,popul> dictator%ip ) fre$om ( spee* ,! solution ( ! problem consi/s 9 a new revolution>y gov]nm5t1 adapt$ to ! ,positive phase ( ! ,revolution1 z ! admirable in/itutions ( ! ,conv5tion 7 to its negative phase4 ,! pr9cipal features ( su* a gov]nm5t w\ld be p]fect fre$om ( spee* & discussion1 & at ! same "t political prepond]ance ( ! c5tral au?ority ) prop] gu>antees = its purity4 ,to secure p]fect fre$om ( discussion1 v>i\s measures w\ld be tak54 ,all p5alties & f9es :i* at pres5t hamp] its action w\ld be aboli%$1 ! only *eck left be+ ! obligation ( signature4 ,aga91 all difficulties 9 ! way ( criticiz+ ! private "* ( public m51 due to ! disgraceful legislation ( ! psy*ologi/s1 w\ld be remov$4 ,la/ly1 all (ficial grants to !ological & metaphysical in/itutions w\ld be discont9u$2 = :ile ^! rema91 fre$om ( in/ruction 9 ! true s5se _c be said to exi/4 ,) su* sub/antial gu>antees !re w be little fe> ( reaction>y t5d5cies on ! "p ( ! executive2 & consequ5tly no dang] 9 all[+ x to take t asc5d5cy ov] ! electoral body :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( m5tal & moral an>*y1 is absolutely necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( mat]ial ord]4 ,on ?is plan ! ,fr5* assembly w\ld be r$uc$ to ab\t two hundr$ memb]s2 & its duty only w\ld be to vote ! budget propos$ by ! f9ance committee ( gov]nm5t1 & to audit ! acc\nts ( ! pa/ ye>4 ,all executive or legislative measures w\ld come )9 ! prov9ce ( ! c5tral p[]2 ! only condition be+ t !y %\ld fir/ be submitt$ to free discussion1 :e!r by j\rnals1 public meet+s1 or individual ?9k]s1 ?\gh su* discussion %\ld n b9d ! gov]nm5t legally4 ,! progressive "* ( ! gov]nm5t ?us gu>ante$1 we h next to see t ! m5 :o compose x %all be su* z are likely to c>ry out ! provisional & purely practical purpose ) :i* x is in/itut$4 ,on ,positive pr9ciples1 x is to ! work+ classes t we %\ld look = ! only /atesm5 wor?y ( succe$+ to ! /atesm5 ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,?ree ( su* m5 w\ld be requir$ = ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,!y w\ld comb9e ! functions ( a m9i/ry ) ^? ( mon>*y1 "o ( !m tak+ ! direction ( ,=eign affairs1 ano!r ( ,home affairs1 ! ?ird ( ,f9ance4 ,!y w\ld convoke & dissolve ! electoral p[] on _! own responsibility4 ,( ?is body ! majority w\ld 9 a %ort "t1 )\t any law to t effect1 consi/ ( ! l>g] capitali/s2 = ! (fice w\ld be gratuit\s1 & ! duties w\ld be ( a k9d = :i* _! ord9>y avocations fitt$ !m4 ,*anges w\ld occasionally be necess>y 9 ! c5tral gov]nm5t2 b s9ce x w\ld consi/ ( ?ree p]sons1 its cont9uity might be ma9ta9$1 & ! traditions ( ! previ\s g5]ation1 z well z ! t5d5cies ( ! future1 & ! position actually exi/+1 might all be repres5t$4 ,su* a gov]nm5t1 ?\gh ( c\rse reta9+ "s revolution>y features1 w\ld come z ne> to ! normal /ate z is at pres5t practicable4 ,= its prov9ce w\ld be entirely limit$ to mat]ial que/ions1 & ! only anomaly ( importance w\ld be ! fact ( *oos+ rul]s f ! work+ classes4 ,normally1 ?is class is exclud$ f political adm9i/ration1 :i* falls ultimately into ! h&s ( capitali/s4 ,b ! anomaly is s obvi\sly dep5d5t simply on ! pres5t condition ( affairs1 & w be s re/rict$ 9 its application1 t ! work+ classes are n likely to be s]i\sly demoraliz$ by x4 ,! prim>y object be+ to infuse morality into practical life1 x is cle> t work+ m51 ^: m9ds & he>ts are peculi>ly accessible to moral influ5ce1 are = ! pres5t be/ qualifi$ = political p[]4 ,no *eck meantime is plac$ on ! action ( ! capitali/s2 & ?is provisional policy prep>es ! way = _! ultimate accession to p[]1 by conv9c+ !m ( ! urg5t ne$ ( private & public reg5]ation1 )\t :i* !y c nev] be wor?y ( x4 ,by ?is c\rse1 too1 x becomes easi] to br+ ! consultative influ5ce ( a spiritual p[] to be> ^u mod]n gov]nm5t4 ,at fir/ su* influ5ce c only be ex]cis$ spontane\sly2 b x w become m & m sy/ematic ) e new /ep 9 ! great philosophical r5ovation on :i* ! f9al reorganization ( society is bas$4 ,! propriety ( ! provisional policy "h recomm5d$ is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! wide scope ( its application4 ,al?\gh sugge/$ by ! difficulties peculi> to ! position ( ,france1 x is equally adapt$ to o!r nations :o are suffici5tly advanc$ to take "p 9 ! great revolution>y crisis4 ,?us ! second phase ( ! ,revolution is at once di/+ui%$ f ! fir/1 by hav+ an ,occid5tal1 z oppos$ to a purely ,national1 "*4 ,& ! fact ( ! executive gov]nm5t be+ compos$ ( work+ m51 po9ts 9 ! same direction2 s9ce ( all classes work+ m5 are ! mo/ free f local prejudices1 & h ! /ronge/ t5d5cies1 bo? intellectually & morally1 to univ]sal union4 ,ev5 %\ld ?is =m ( gov]nm5t be limit$ = "s ye>s to ,france1 x w\ld be en\gh to remodel ! old sy/em ( diplomacy ?r\gh\t ! ,we/4 ,su* are ! advantages :i* ! second revolution>y gov]nm5t w d]ive f ! possession ( sy/ematic pr9ciples2 :]eas ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,conv5tion 0 left to its empirical in/9cts1 & _h no?+ b its progressive in/9cts to guide x4 ,a special report 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdh by ! ,positivi/ ,society#ae1 9 :i* ! subject ( provisional gov]nm5t w be f\nd discuss$ 9 great] detail4 ,positive ,committee = ,we/]n ,europe ,quiet at home & peace abroad be+ secur$1 we %all be able1 not)/&+ ! cont9uance ( m5tal & moral an>*y1 to proce$ actively ) ! va/ "w ( social reg5]ation1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( full lib]ty ( ?\ght & expression4 ,= ?is purpose x w be desirable to in/itute ! philosophical & political association to :i* ,i allud$ 9 ! la/ volume ( my ,positive ,philosophy 7publi%$ 9 #ahdb71 "u ! title ( ,positive ,occid5tal ,committee#af4 ,its sitt+s w\ld usually be held 9 ,p>is1 & x w\ld consi/1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( eight ,fr5*m51 sev5 ,engli%m51 six ,g]mans1 five ,italians1 & f\r ,spani>ds4 ,?is w\ld be en\gh to repres5t fairly ! pr9cipal divisions ( ea* population4 ,g]many1 = in/ance1 might s5d a ,dut*man1 a ,prussian1 a ,sw$e1 a ,dane1 a ,bav>ian1 & an ,au/rian4 ,s1 too1 ! ,italian memb]s might come respectively f ,pi$mont1 ,lomb>dy1 ,tuscany1 ! ,roman ,/ates1 & ! two ,sicilies4 ,aga91 ,catalonia1 ,ca/ille1 ,&alusia1 & ,portugal w\ld adequately repres5t ! ,spani% ,p59sula4 ,?us we %\ld h a sort ( p]man5t ,c\ncil ( ! new ,*ur*4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree elem5ts ( ! mod]at+ p[] %\ld be admitt$ into x2 & x might also conta9 su* memb]s ( ! gov]n+ class z 7 suffici5tly reg5]at$ to be ( use 9 =w>d+ ! g5]al movem5t4 ,!re %\ld be practical m5 9 ?is c\ncil z well z philosoph]s4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 x w be pr9cipally f ! work+ classes t su* practical co-op]ation w come2 b no support1 if giv5 s9c]ely1 w be reject$1 ev5 %\ld x emanate f ! classes :o are de/9$ to ext9ction4 ,x is also mo/ important = ! purposes ( ?is ,c\ncil t ! ?ird elem5t ( ! mod]at+ p[]1 wom51 %\ld be includ$ 9 x1 s z to repres5t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! prepond]ance ( ! he>t ov] ! und]/&+4 ,six ladies %\ld be *os5 9 addition to ! ?irty memb]s above m5tion$3 ( ^!1 two w\ld be ,fr5*1 & "o f ea* ( ! o!r nations4 ,besides _! ord9>y sph]e ( influ5ce1 x w be _! special duty to dissem9ate ,positivism among our ,s\!rn bre?r54 ,x is an (fice t ,i _h res]v$ = my sa9tly colleague1 :o1 b = h] premature dea?1 w\ld h r5d]$ em95t s]vice 9 su* a ,c\ncil4 ,:ile mat]ial ord] is ma9ta9$ by national gov]nm5ts1 ! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil1 z pione]s ( ! f9al ord] ( society1 w be c>ry+ on ! ,european movem5t1 & gradually t]m9at+ ! spiritual int]regnum :i* is n[ ! sole ob/acle to social reg5]ation4 ,!y w =w>d ! developm5t & diffusion ( ,positivism1 & make practical application ( its pr9ciples1 9 all ways t are hon\rably op5 to !m4 ,in/ruction ( all k9ds1 oral or writt51 popul> or philosophic1 w fall )9 _! prov9ce2 b _! *ief aim w be to inaugurate ! wor%ip ( ,humanity s f> z t is possible4 ,& already a beg9n+ is possible1 s f> at lea/ z ! sy/em ( commemoration is conc]n$4 ,politically !y may give a direct pro( ( ! int]national "* ( ! ,positive sy/em1 by br++ =w>d sev]al measures1 ! utility ( :i* has long be5 recogniz$1 b :i* h be5 neglect$ = want ( "s c5tral au?ority plac$ beyond ! rea* ( national rivalry4 ,occid5tal navy ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( su* measures w\ld be ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,we/]n naval =ce1 ) ! tw(old object ( protect+ ! seas1 & ( assi/+ geographical & sci5tific discov]y4 ,x %\ld be recruit$ & support$ by all five bran*es ( ! ,occid5tal family1 & w\ld ?us be a good sub/itute = ! admirable in/itution ( m>itime ,*ivalry :i* fell ) ,ca?olicism4 ,on its flag ! ,positivi/ motto w\ld naturally be inscrib$1 & ?us w\ld be = ! fir/ "t publicly recogniz$4 ,int]national co9age ,ano!r measure1 conceiv$ 9 ! same _s1 w\ld soon foll[1 "o :i* has long be5 desir$1 b :i*1 ow+ to ! an>*y preval5t ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ s9ce ! decl9e ( ,ca?olicism1 has nev] yet be5 c>ri$ out4 ,a common monet>y /&>d w be e/abli%$1 ) ! cons5t ( ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts1 by :i* indu/rial transactions w be greatly facilitat$4 ,?ree sph]es made respectively ( gold1 silv]1 & plat9um1 & ea* weigh+ fifty grammes1 w\ld diff] suffici5tly 9 value = ! purpose4 ,! sph]e %\ld h a small flatt5$ base1 & on ! great circle p>allel to x ! ,positivi/ motto w\ld be inscrib$4 ,at ! pole w\ld be ! image ( ! immortal ,*>lemagne1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,we/]n ,republic1 & r\nd ! image 8 "n w\ld be engrav$1 9 its ,lat9 =m1 ,c>olus2 t "n1 respect$ z x is by all nations ( ,europe alike1 w\ld be ! common appellation ( ! univ]sal monet>y /&>d4 ,occid5tal s*ool ,! adoption ( su* measures w\ld soon br+ ! ,positivi/ ,committee into fav\r4 ,_m o!rs might be sugge/$1 relat+ directly to its fundam5tal purpose1 :i* ne$ n be specially m5tion$ "h4 ,i w only sugge/ ! f\ndation1 by volunt>y ef=t1 ( an ,occid5tal ,s*ool1 to s]ve z ! nucleus ( a true philosophic class4 ,! /ud5ts w\ld ultimately ent] ! ,positivi/ prie/hood2 !y w\ld 9 mo/ in/ances come f ! work+ class1 )\t1 h[ev]1 exclud+ real tal5t f :atev] qu>t]4 ,by _! ag5cy ! sept5nial c\rse ( ,positive tea*+ might be introduc$ 9 all places dispos$ to receive x4 ,!y w\ld besides supply volunt>y mission>ies1 :o w\ld prea* ! doctr9e ev]y:]e1 ev5 outside ! limits ( ,we/]n ,europe1 accord+ to ! plan h]eaft] to be expla9$4 ,! travels ( ,positivi/ workm5 9 ! ord9>y duties ( _! call+1 w\ld greatly facilitate ?is "w4 ,a m detail$ view ( ?is provisional sy/em ( in/ruction w be f\nd 9 ! second edition ( ! ,report on ! ,subject ( a ,positive ,s*ool1 publi%$ by ! ,positivi/ ,society 9 #ahdiag4 ,flag = ! ,we/]n ,republic ,!re is ano!r /ep :i* might be tak51 relat+ n m]ely to ! p]iod ( transition1 b also to ! normal /ate4 ,a flag suitable to ! ,we/]n ,republic might be adopt$1 :i*1 ) slight alt]ations1 w\ld also be ! flag = ea* nation4 ,! want ( su* a symbol is already in/9ctively felt4 ,:at is want$ is a sub/itute = ! old retrograde symbols1 :i* yet %all avoid all subv]sive t5d5cies4 ,x w\ld be a suitable inauguration ( ! p]iod ( transition :i* we are n[ ent]+1 if ! col\rs & mottoes appropriate to ! f9al /ate 7 adopt$ at its outset4 ,to speak fir/ ( ! bann] to be us$ 9 religi\s s]vices4 ,x %\ld be pa9t$ on canvas4 ,on "o side ! gr\nd w\ld be :ite2 on x w\ld be ! symbol ( ,humanity1 p]sonifi$ by a woman ( ?irty ye>s ( age1 be>+ h] son 9 h] arms4 ,! o!r side w\ld be> ! religi\s =mula ( ,positivi/s3 ,love is our ,pr9ciple1 ,ord] is our ,basis1 ,progress our ,end1 ^u a gr\nd ( gre51 ! col\r ( hope1 & !re=e mo/ suitable = emblems ( ! future4 ,gre51 too1 w\ld be ! col\r ( ! political flag1 common to ! :ole ,we/4 ,z x is int5d$ to float freely1 x does n admit ( pa9t+2 b ! c>v$ image ( ,humanity might be plac$ at ! bann]-pole4 ,! pr9cipal motto ( ,positivism w1 9 ?is case1 be divid$ into two1 bo? alike significant4 ,"o side ( ! flag w h ! political & sci5tific motto1 ,ord] & ,progress3 ! o!r1 ! moral & e/hetic motto1 ,live = ,o!rs4 ,! fir/ w be pref]r$ by m52 ! o!r is m especially adapt$ to wom51 :o are ?us invit$ to p>ticipate 9 ^! public manife/ations ( social feel+4 ,?is po9t settl$1 ! "q ( ! v>i\s national flags becomes easy4 ,9 ^! ! c5tre might be gre51 & ! national col\rs might be display$ on ! bord]4 ,?us1 9 ,france1 :]e ! innovation w be fir/ introduc$1 ! bord] w\ld be tricol\r1 ) ! pres5t arrangem5t ( col\rs1 except t m space %\ld be giv5 to ! :ite1 9 hon\r ( our old royal flag4 ,9 ?is way uni=mity w\ld be comb9$ ) v>iety2 &1 moreov]1 x w\ld be %[n t ! new feel+ ( ,occid5tality is p]fectly compatible ) respect = ! smalle/ nationalities4 ,ea* w\ld reta9 ! old signs 9 comb9ation ) ! common symbol4 ,! same pr9ciple w\ld apply to all emblems ( m9or importance4 ,! "q ( ^! symbols1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 dur+ ! la/ two ye>s 9 my weekly c\rses ( lectures1 illu/rates ! mo/ imm$iate ( ! functions to :i* ! ,positive ,committee w be call$4 ,i m5tion x "h1 z a type ( its g5]al action ^u ,european society4 ,)\t sett+ any limits to ! gradual increase ( ! ,association1 x is desirable t ! c5tral nucleus %\ld always rema9 limit$ to ! orig9al numb] ( ?irty-six1 ) two additions1 :i* w %ortly be m5tion$4 ,ea* memb] might in/itute a m num]\s association 9 8 own c\ntry1 & ?is aga9 might be ! p>5t ( o!rs4 ,associations ?us affiliat$ may be develop$ to an unlimit$ ext5t2 & ?us we %all be able to ma9ta9 ! unity & homog5eity ( ! ,positive ,*ur*1 )\t impair+ its coh]5ce & vig\r4 ,z soon z ,positivism has ga9$ 9 e c\ntry a suffici5t numb] ( volunt>y adh]5ts to con/itute ! prepond]at+ section ( ! community1 ! reg5]ation ( society is secur$4 ,! numb]s assign$ above = ! diff]5t nations1 only repres5t ! ord] 9 :i* ! advanc$ m9ds 9 ea* w co-op]ate 9 ! movem5t4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! great body ( ea* nation w jo9 x1 w be1 z f> z we c judge f _! antec$5ts1 some:at diff]5t4 ,! diff]5ce is1 t ,italy "h takes ! second place1 & ,spa9 ! ?ird1 :ile ,engl& desc5ds to ! la/4 ,! gr\nds = ?is important modification are indicat$ 9 ! ?ird edition ( my ,positive ,cal5d>4 ,!y w be discuss$ 9 detail 9 ! f\r? volume ( ?is ,treatise#ah4 ,colonial & =eign ,associates ( ! ,committee1 ! action ( :i* w ultimately ext5d to ! :ole human race ,f ,europe ! movem5t w spread ultimately to ! :ole race4 ,b ! fir/ /ep 9 its progress w naturally be to ! inhabitants ( our colonies1 :o1 ?\gh politically indep5d5t ( ,we/]n ,europe1 /ill reta9 _! filiation ) x4 ,twelve colonial memb]s may be add$ to ! ,c\ncil2 f\r = ea* ,am]ican ,cont95t1 two = ,india1 two = ! ,dut* & ,spani% possessions 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,?is gives u =ty-eight memb]s4 ,to ^! twelve =eign associates w gradually be add$1 to repres5t ! populations ^: gr[? has be5 ret>d$2 & !n ! ,c\ncil w h receiv$ its full complem5t4 ,= e nation ( ! _w is de/9$ = ! same ultimate conditions ( social reg5]ation z ourselves1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ,we/]n ,europe1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,france1 takes ! initiative4 ,x is ( great importance n to attempt ?is f9al ext5sion too soon1 an error :i* w\ld impair ! precision & vig\r ( ! r5ovat+ movem5t4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,great ,be+ rema9s incomplete until all its memb]s are br\ght into h>moni\s co-op]ation4 ,9 anci5t times social sympa?y 0 re/rict$ to ! idea ( ,nationality2 betwe5 ?is & ! f9al conception ( ,humanity1 ! ,middle ,ages introduc$ ! int]m$iate conception ( ,*ri/5dom1 or ,occid5tality2 ! real be>+ ( :i* is at pres5t b little appreciat$4 ,x w be our fir/ political duty to revive t conception1 & place x on a firm] basis1 by t]m9at+ ! an>*y consequ5t on ! ext9ction ( ,ca?olic ,feudalism4 ,:ile occupi$ 9 ?is task1 we %all become impress$ ) ! conviction t ! union ( ,we/]n ,europe is b a prelim9>y /ep to ! union ( ,humanity2 an in/9ctive pres5tim5t ( :i* has exi/$ f ! infancy ( our race1 b :i* z long z !ological belief & milit>y life 7 pr$om9ant1 c\ld nev] be c>ri$ out ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,! prim>y laws ( human developm5t :i* =m ! philosophical basis ( ! ,positive sy/em1 apply necess>ily to all climates & races :atsoev]1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! rapidity ) :i* evolution takes place4 ,! inf]iority ( o!r nations 9 ?is respect is n inexplicable2 & x w n[ be comp5sat$ by a gr[? ( great] regul>ity ?an ours1 & less int]rupt$ by %ocks & oscillations4 ,obvi\sly 9 our case sy/ematic guidance 0 impossible1 s9ce x is only n[ t our gr[? is complete t we c le>n ! g5]al laws common to x & to o!r cases4 ,wise & g5]\s int]v5tion ( ! ,we/ on behalf ( our si/] nations :o are less advanc$1 w =m a noble field = ,social ,art1 :5 bas$ on s\nd sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,relative )\t be+ arbitr>y1 zeal\s & yet always temp]ate2 su* %\ld be ! _s ( ?is int]v5tion2 & ?us conduct$1 x w =m a sy/em ( moral & political action f> nobl] ?an ! proselytism ( !ology or ! ext5sion ( milit>y empire4 ,! "t w come :5 x w engross ! :ole att5tion ( ! ,positive ,c\ncil2 b = ! pres5t x mu/ rema9 second>y to o!r subjects ( great] urg5cy4 ,! fir/ to jo9 ! ,we/]n movem5t w necess>ily be ! rema9+ portion ( ! ,:ite race3 :i* 9 all its bran*es is sup]ior to ! o!r two races4 ,!re are two ,mono!i/ nations1 & "o ,poly!i/1 :i* w be successively incorporat$4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ! ?ree repres5t ! propagation ( ,positivism 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! va/ population ( ! ,russian empire 0 left outside ! pale ( ,ca?olic ,feudalism4 ,by virtue ( its ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 not)/&+ its entire confusion ( temporal & spiritual p[]1 x holds ! fir/ place among ! ,mono!i/ic nations ( ! ,ea/4 ,its initiation into ! ,we/]n movem5t w be conduct$ by two nations ( int]m$iate position2 ,greece1 connect$ ) ,russia by ! tie ( religion2 & ,pol&1 unit$ ) h] politically4 ,?\gh nei!r ( ^! nations is homog5e\s 9 /ructure ) ,russia1 x w\ld cause s]i\s delay 9 ! propagation ( ,positivism %\ld ! connexion be altoge!r t]m9at$4 ,! next /ep w be to ,mohamm$an ,mono!ism2 fir/ 9 ,turkey1 aft]w>ds 9 ,p]sia4 ,"h ,positivism w f9d po9ts ( sympa?y ( :i* ,ca?olicism c\ld n admit4 ,inde$ ^! are already p]ceptible4 ,arab civilization transmitt$ ,greek sci5ce to u3 & ?is w always secure = x an hon\rable place among ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! m$iaeval sy/em1 reg>d$ z a prep>ation = ,positivism4 ,la/ly1 we come to ! ,poly!i/s ( ,india2 & ) !m ! incorporation ( ! ,:ite race w be complete4 ,already we see "s spontane\s t5d5cies 9 ?is direction4 ,al?\gh f exceptional causes ,!ocracy has be5 pres]v$ 9 ,india1 !re exi/ real po9ts ( contact ) ,positivism2 & 9 ?is respect ! assi/ance ( ,p]sia w be ( s]vice4 ,x is ! peculi> privilege ( ! ,positive doctr9e t1 tak+ s complete a view ( human developm5t1 x is always able to appreciate ! mo/ anci5t =ms ( social life at _! true wor?4 ,9 ^! ?ree /ages ( ,positivi/ propagation1 ! ,c\ncil w h elect$ ! fir/ half ( its =eign associates2 admitt+ successively a ,greek1 a ,russian1 an ,egyptian1 a ,turk1 a ,p]sian & f9ally1 a ,h9doo4 ,! ,yell[ race has adh]$ firmly to ,poly!ism4 ,b x has be5 consid]ably modifi$ 9 all its bran*es by ,mono!ism1 ei!r 9 ! ,*ri/ian or ,mohamm$an =m4 ,to "s ext5t1 !re=e1 x is prep>$ = fur!r *ange2 & a suffici5t numb] ( adh]5ts may soon be obta9$ = ,t>t>y1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,malacca to be repres5t$ 9 ! ,c\ncil4 ,) "o la/ edition ! organization ( ! ,c\ncil is complete4 ,! black race has yet to be includ$4 ,x %\ld s5d two repres5tatives2 "o f ,hayti1 :i* _h ! en]gy to %ake (f ! iniquit\s yoke ( slav]y1 & ! o!r f c5tral ,africa1 :i* has nev] yet be5 subject$ to ,european influ5ce4 ,european pride has look$ ) contempt on ^! ,african tribes1 & imag9es !m de/9$ to hopeless /agnation4 ,b ! v fact ( _! hav+ be5 left to !mselves r5d]s !m bett] dispos$ to receive ,positivism1 ! fir/ sy/em 9 :i* _! ,feti*i/ic fai? has be5 appreciat$1 z ! orig9 f :i* ! hi/oric evolution ( society has proce$$4 ,x is probable t ! ,c\ncil w h rea*$ its limit ( sixty memb]s1 be=e ! spiritual int]regnum 9 ! c5tral region ( ,humanity has be5 t]m9at$4 ,b ev5 if political recon/ruction 7 to proce$ s rapidly 9 ,europe z to r5d] all possible assi/ance to ?is va/ movem5t1 x is h>dly conceivable t ! five /ages ( :i* x consi/s c be ?or\ghly effect$ )9 a p]iod ( two c5turies4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ! action ( ! ,c\ncil w become increas+ly valuable1 n only = its direct influ5ce on ! less advanc$ nations1 b also & m especially1 because ! pro(s x w furni% ( ! univ]sality ( ! new religion w /r5g!n its adh]5ts 9 ! ,we/]n family4 ,conclusion4 ,p]fection ( ! ,positivi/ ideal ,b ! "t :5 ,positivism c be br\ght into direct contact ) ^! prelim9>y phases is f> di/ant1 & we ne$ n wait = x4 ,! features ( ! sy/em /& out already ) suffici5t cle>ness to enable u to beg9 at once ! "w ( m5tal & social r5ovation = :i* our revolution>y pr$ecessors s en]getically prep>$ ! way4 ,!y h[ev] 7 bl9d$ to ! ,future by _! hatr$ ( ! ,pa/4 ,) u1 on ! contr>y1 social sympa?y re/s ^u ! hi/orical _s1 & at ! same "t /r5g!ns x4 ,solid>ity ) our contempor>ies is n en\gh = u1 unless we comb9e x ) ! s5se ( ,cont9uity ) =m] times2 & :ile we press on t[>d ! ,future1 we lean ^u ! ,pa/1 e phase ( :i* our religion holds 9 hon\r4 ,s f> f ! en]gy ( our progressive movem5t be+ hamp]$ by su* feel+s1 x is only by do+ full ju/ice to ! ,pa/1 z no sy/em b ours c d consi/5tly1 t we c obta9 p]fect emancipation ( ?\ght2 because we are ?us sav$ f ! necessity ( mak+ ! slighte/ actual concession to sy/ems :i* we reg>d z obsolete4 ,und]/&+ _! nature & _! purpose bett] ?an ! sect>ies :o /ill empirically adh]e to !m1 we c see t ea* 0 9 its "t necess>y z a prep>atory /ep t[>ds ! f9al sy/em1 9 :i* all _! p>tial & imp]fect s]vices w be comb9$4 ,comp>+ x especially ) ! la/ syn!sis by :i* ! ,we/]n family ( nations has be5 direct$1 x is cle> ev5 f ! indications giv5 9 ?is prefatory "w1 t ! new syn!sis is m real1 m compreh5sive1 & m /able4 ,all t we f9d to admire 9 ! m$iaeval sy/em is develop$ & matur$ 9 ,positivism4 ,x is ! only sy/em :i* c induce ! intellect to accept its due position ( subord9ation to ! he>t4 ,we recognize ! piety & *ivalry ( our ance/ors1 :o made a noble application ( ! be/ doctr9e t 0 possible 9 _! "t4 ,we believe t 7 !y liv+ n[1 !y w\ld be f\nd 9 our ranks4 ,!y w\ld ackn[l$ge ! decay ( _! provisional phase ( ?\ght1 & w\ld see t 9 its pres5t deg5]ate /ate x is only a symbol ( reaction1 & a s\rce ( discord4 ,& n[ t ! doctr9e has be5 %[n to re/ on a c5tral pr9ciple1 a pr9ciple :i* appeals alike to in/9ct & to reason1 we may c>ry our comp>ison a /ep fur!r1 & conv9ce all cle>-see+ & hone/ m9ds t x is z sup]ior to =m] sy/ems 9 its influ5ce ov] ! emotions & ! imag9ation1 z x is f ! practical & intellectual aspect4 ,"u x1 ,life1 :e!r private or public1 becomes 9 a /ill high] s5se ?an "u ,poly!ism1 a cont9u\s act ( wor%ip p]=m$ "u ! inspiration ( univ]sal ,love4 ,all our ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & actions fl[ spontane\sly to a common c5tre 9 ,humanity1 our ,supreme ,be+2 a ,be+ :o is real1 accessible1 & sympa!tic1 because %e is ( ! same nature z h] wor%ipp]s1 ?\gh f> sup]ior to any "o ( !m4 ,! v conception ( ,humanity is a cond5sation ( ! :ole m5tal & social hi/ory ( man4 ,= x implies ! irrevocable ext9ction ( !ology & ( w>2 bo? ( :i* are incompatible ) uni=mity ( belief & ) co-op]ation ( all ! en]gies ( ! race4 ,! spontane\s morality ( ! emotions is re/or$ to its due place2 & ,philosophy1 ,poetry1 & ,polity are !reby reg5]at$4 ,ea* is plac$ 9 its due relation to ! o!rs1 & is consecrat$ to ! /udy1 ! praise1 & ! s]vice ( ,humanity1 ! mo/ relative & ! mo/ p]fectible ( all be+s4 ,sci5ce passes f ! analytic to ! syn!tic /ate1 be+ entru/$ ) ! high mission ( f\nd+ an objective basis = man's action on ! laws ( ! ext]nal _w & ( man's nature2 a basis :i* is indisp5sable to control ! oscillation ( our op9ions1 ! v]satility ( our feel+s1 & ! in/ability ( our purposes4 ,poetry assumes at la/ its true social function1 & w h5ce=? be pref]r$ to all o!r /udies4 ,by idealiz+ ,humanity "u e aspect1 x enables u to give fit expression to ! gratitude we owe to h]1 bo? publicly & z individuals2 & ?us x becomes a s\rce ( ! highe/ spiritual b5efit4 ,b amid/ ! pleasures t spr+ f ! /udy & ! praise ( ,humanity1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,positivism is *>act]iz$ always by reality & utility1 & admits ( no deg5]ation into asceticism or quietism4 ,! ,love by :i* x is inspir$ is no passive pr9ciple2 :ile /imulat+ ,reason & ,imag9ation1 x does s only to give a high] direction to our practical activity4 ,x 0 9 practical life t ! ,positive _s fir/ arose1 ext5d+ !nce to ! sph]e ( ?\ght1 & ultimately to ! moral sph]e4 ,! gr& object ( human exi/5ce is ! con/ant improvem5t ( ! natural ,ord] t surr\nds u3 ( our mat]ial condition fir/2 subsequ5tly ( our physical1 intellectual1 & moral nature4 ,& ! highe/ ( ^! objects is moral progress1 :e!r 9 ! individual1 9 ! family1 or 9 society4 ,x is on ?is t human happ9ess1 :e!r 9 private or public life1 pr9cipally dep5ds4 ,political art1 !n1 :5 subord9at$ to morality1 becomes ! mo/ ess5tial ( all arts4 ,x consi/s 9 conc5tration ( all human ef=t ^u ! s]vice ( ,humanity 9 accordance ) ! natural laws :i* regulate h] exi/5ce4 ,! great m]it ( anci5t sy/ems ( polity1 ( ! ,roman sy/em especially1 0 t prec$5ce 0 always giv5 to public int]e/s4 ,e citiz5 co-op]at$ 9 ! mann] & degree suit$ to ^? e>ly times4 ,b !re 7 no means ( provid+ prop] regulation = dome/ic life4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ,ca?olicism attempt$ to =m a complete sy/em ( morality1 private life 0 made ! pr9cipal object4 ,all our affections 7 subject$ to a mo/ b5eficial c\rse ( discipl9e1 9 :i* ! inmo/ spr+s ( vice & virtue 7 rea*$4 ,b ow+ to ! inadequacy ( ! doctr9es on :i* ! sy/em re/$1 ! solution ( ! problem 0 incoh]5t4 ,! me?od by :i* ,ca?olicism controll$ ! selfi% prop5sities 0 "o :i* turn$ m5 away f public life1 & conc5trat$ !m on int]e/s :i* 7 at once *im]ical & p]sonal4 ,! imm$iate value ( ?is great ef=t 01 t x br\ght ab\t = ! fir/ "t a sep>ation betwe5 moral & political p[]1 :i* 9 ! sy/ems ( antiquity _h always be5 conf\nd$4 ,b ! sep>ation 0 due r to ! =ce ( circum/ances ?an to any consci\s ef=ts2 & x c\ld n be fully c>ri$ out1 because x 0 incompatible ) ! _s ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e & ) ! milit>y "* ( society4 ,woman sympa?iz$ ) ,ca?olicism1 b ! p nev] support$ x ) en?usiasm1 & x soon sank "u ! encroa*m5ts ( ! temporal p[]1 & ! deg5]acy ( ! prie/hood4 ,positivism is ! only sy/em :i* c r5ew ?is premature ef=t & br+ x to a satisfactory issue4 ,comb9+ ! _s ( antiquity ) t ( ,ca?olic ,feudalism1 x proposes to c>ry out ! political programme put =w>d by ! ,conv5tion4 ,positive religion br+s be=e u 9 a def9ite %ape ! noble/ ( human problems1 ! p]man5t prepond]ance ( ,social feel+ ov] ,self-love4 ,z f> z ! exce$+ imp]fection ( our nature enables u to solve x1 x w\ld be solv$ by call+ our home affections into cont9u\s action2 affections :i* /& half-way betwe5 self-love & univ]sal sympa?y4 ,9 ord] to consolidate & develop ?is solution1 ,positivism lays d[n ! philosophical & social pr9ciple ( sep>ation ( !oretical f practical p[]4 ,!oretical p[] is consultative2 x directs education1 & supplies g5]al pr9ciples4 ,practical p[] directs action by special & imp]ative rules4 ,all ! elem5ts ( society t are exclud$ f political gov]nm5t become gu>antees = ! pres]vation ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,! prie/s ( ,humanity1 :o are ! sy/ematic organs ( ! mod]at+ p[]1 w always f9d !mselves support$1 9 _! attempts to modify ! gov]n+ p[]1 by wom5 & by ! p4 ,b to be s support$1 !y mu/ be m5 :o1 9 addition to ! intellectual p[] necess>y = _! mission1 h ! moral qualities :i* are yet m necess>y2 :o comb9e1 t is1 ! t5d]ness ( wom5 ) ! en]gy ( ! p4 ,! fir/ gu>antee = ! possession ( su* qualities is ! sacrifice ( political au?ority & ev5 ( weal?4 ,!n we may at lea/ hope to see ! new religion tak+ ! place ( ! old1 because x w fulfil 9 a m p]fect way ! m5tal & social purposes = :i* ! old religion exi/$4 ,mono!ism w lapse l ,poly!ism & ,feti*ism1 into ! doma9 ( hi/ory2 & w1 l !m1 be incorporat$ into ! sy/em ( univ]sal commemoration1 9 :i* ,humanity w r5d] due homage to all h] pr$ecessors4 ,corruption ( ,mono!ism ,x is n1 !n1 m]ely on ! gr\nd ( speculative tru? t ,positivi/s w\ld urge all ^? :o are /ill halt+ betwe5 two op9ions1 to *oose betwe5 ! absolute & ! relative1 betwe5 ! fruitless se>* = ,causes & ! solid /udy ( ,laws1 betwe5 submission to arbitr>y ,wills & submission to demon/rable ,necessities4 ,x is = ,feel+ /ill m ?an = ,reason to make ! decision2 = ^u x dep5ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a high] =m ( social life4 ,mono!ism 9 ,we/]n ,europe is n[ z obsolete & z injuri\s z ,poly!ism 0 fifte5 c5turies ago4 ,! discipl9e 9 :i* its moral value pr9cipally consi/$ has long s9ce decay$2 & consequ5tly ! sole effect ( its doctr9e1 :i* has be5 s extravagantly prais$1 is to degrade ! affections by unlimit$ desires1 & to weak5 ! "* by s]vile t]rors4 ,x suppli$ no field = ! ,imag9ation1 & =c$ x back ^u ,poly!ism & ,feti*ism1 :i*1 "u ,!ology1 =m ! only possible f\ndation = poetry4 ,! pursuits ( practical life 7 nev] s9c]ely promot$ by x1 & !y advanc$ only by evad+ or resi/+ its influ5ce4 ,! noble/ ( all practical pursuits1 t ( social reg5]ation1 is at ! pres5t "t 9 direct opposition to x4 ,= by its vague notion ( ,provid5ce1 x prev5ts m5 f =m+ a true conception ( ,law1 a conception necess>y = true prevision1 on :i* all wise int]v5tion mu/ be bas$4 ,s9c]e believ]s 9 ,*ri/ianity w soon cease to int]f]e ) ! managem5t ( a _w1 :]e !y pr(ess !mselves to be pilgrims & /rang]s4 ,! new ,supreme ,be+ is no less jeal\s ?an ! old1 & w n accept ! s]vants ( two ma/]s4 ,b ! tru? is1 t ! m zeal\s !ological p>tisans1 :e!r royali/s1 or ari/ocrats1 or democrats1 h n[ = a long "t be5 ins9c]e4 ,god to !m is b ! nom9al *ief ( a hypocritical conspiracy1 a conspiracy :i* is ev5 m contemptible ?an x is odi\s4 ,_! object is to keep ! p f all great social improvem5ts by assur+ !m t !y w f9d comp5sation = _! mis]ies 9 an imag9>y future life4 ,! doctr9e is already fall+ into discr$it among ! work+ classes ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 especially 9 ,p>is4 ,all !ological t5d5cies1 :e!r ,ca?olic1 ,prote/ant1 or ,dei/1 really s]ve to prolong & aggravate our moral an>*y1 because !y h9d] ! diffusion ( t social sympa?y & bread? ( view1 )\t :i* we c nev] atta9 fixity ( pr9ciple & regul>ity ( life4 ,e subv]sive s*eme n[ afloat has ei!r orig9at$ 9 ,mono!ism or has receiv$ its sanction4 ,ev5 ,ca?olicism has lo/ its p[] ( controll+ revolution>y extravagance 9 "s ( its own mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s4 ,x is = ! sake ( ,ord] !re=e1 ev5 m ?an ( ,progress1 t we call on all ^? :o desire to rise above _! pres5t disa/r\s /ate ( oscillation 9 feel+ & op9ion1 to make a di/9ct *oice betwe5 ,positivism & ,!ology4 ,= !re are n[ b two camps3 ! camp ( reaction & an>*y1 :i* ackn[l$ges m or less di/9ctly ! direction ( ,god3 ! camp ( con/ruction & progress1 :i* is :olly devot$ to ,humanity4 ,! ,be+ ^u :om all our ?\ghts are conc5trat$ is "o ^: exi/5ce is und\bt$4 ,we recognize t exi/5ce n 9 ! ,pres5t only1 b 9 ! ,pa/1 & ev5 9 ! ,future3 & we f9d x always subject to "o fundam5tal ,law1 by :i* we are enabl$ to conceive ( x z a :ole4 ,plac+ our highe/ happ9ess 9 univ]sal ,love1 we live1 z f> z x is possible1 = o!rs2 & ?is 9 public life z well z 9 private2 = ! two are closely l9k$ toge!r 9 our religion2 a religion clo!d 9 all ! beauty ( ,art1 & yet nev] inconsi/5t ) ,sci5ce4 ,aft] hav+ ?us ex]cis$ our p[]s to ! full1 & hav+ giv5 a *>m & sacr$ness to our tempor>y life1 we %all at la/ be = ev] incorporat$ into ! ,supreme ,be+1 ( ^: life all noble natures are necess>ily p>tak]s4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! work]s ( ,humanity t we c feel ! inw>d reality & inexpressible sweetness ( ?is incorporation4 ,x is unkn[n to ^? :o be+ /ill involv$ 9 !ological belief1 h n be5 able to =m a cle> conception ( ! ,future1 & h nev] exp]i5c$ ! feel+ ( pure self-sacrifice4 ,,! ,,end ,butl] ,tann]1 ,! ,selwood ,pr9t+ ,works1 ,frome1 & ,london4 ,,footnotes #a ,! e/abli%m5t ( ?is great pr9ciple is ! mo/ important result ( my ,sy/em ( ,positive ,philosophy4 ,?is "w 0 publi%$ #ahcj-ahdb1 ) ! title ( ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy1 because x 0 bas$ ^u a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ #ahbf-ahbi4 ,b s9ce t "t ,i h always giv5 x ! m appropriate "n ( ,sy/em4 ,%\ld ! "w rea* a second edition1 ! correction w be made =mally3 mean:ile1 ?is w1 ,i hope1 remove all misconception on ! subject4 #b ,comte aft]w>ds add$ a sev5? sci5ce1 ,e?ics1 7see vol4 ii ( ,sy/em ( ,positive ,polity74 #c ,see ,cabanis1 ,rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme1 ,ve memoire1 :]e he speaks ( #8les re/es de l'esprit de *eval]ie1 fruit ridicule de l'odieuse fodalit4' #d ,philosophy--! love ( wisdom4 #e ,writt5 9 #ahdh4 #f ,on reconsid]ation1 ,comte saw fit to )draw ?is proposal4 ,see ,positive ,polity1 vol4 iv1 *4 #e1 p4 #cea4 #g ,clotilde de ,vaux1 see ,te/am5t d',augu/e ,comte1 p4 #eej4 #h ,?is law 0 introduc$ by ,roy]-,coll>d4 ,x =bids discussion ( ! private affairs ( public m54 #i ,te/am5t d',augu/e ,comte1 p4 #eef4 #aj ,?is /ory ,lucie is republi%$ 9 ,vol4 i ( ,sy/em ( ,positive ,polity4 #aa ,t\te la suite des hommes1 p5dant le c\rs de tant de sicles1 doit tre considre comme un mme homme qui subsi/e t\j\rs et qui appr5d cont9uellem5t4--,pascal1 ,p5ses1 ,"p ,i1 ,art4 ,i4 ,! :ole succession ( m5 dur+ ! c\rse ( s _m c5turies %\ld be consid]$ z "o ,man ev] liv+ & con/antly le>n+4 #ab ,see ,! ,positivi/ ,cal5d>1 edit$ by ,h4 ,g4 ,jones 7,w4 ,reeves1 #aije74 #ac ,tableau ,hi/orique des progrs de l',esprit ,huma91 ,p>is1 #aijj4 #ad ,! ,republic ( #ahdh4 #ae ,?is report 0 republi%$ 9 ,revue ,occid5tale1 ,july #ahhi2 see also an article & a docum5t publi%$ by ,m4 ,pi]re ,laffitte 9 ! same review 9 ,janu>y1 #ahij4 #af ,?is committee 0 =m$ 9 #aijc4 #ag ,?is report 0 republi%$ 9 ,revue ,occid5tale1 ,septemb]1 #ahhe4 #ah ,! relative position "h assign$ to ,engl& & ,g]many is rev]s$ 9 ! f\r? volume ( ! ,politique ,positive4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,page #cbj3 8! creative process0 0 mispr9t$ z 8! creature process02 *ang$ "h4 ,page #cii3 8"o ( its pr9cipal features0 0 mispr9t$ z 8pr9ciple02 *ang$ "h4