,transcrib]'s ,note4 ,app>5t typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! use ( hyph5s has be5 rationalis$4 ,italics are indicat$ by und]scores4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ by full capitals4 ,,! ,,dy]',s ,,guide4 ,,epitome ,,( ,,col\rs4 ,col\rs obta9$ by ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton',s me?od ( decompos+ ! rays ( light1 ! lea/ refrangible be+ plac$ fir/1 ! mo/ refrangible la/4 ,see p4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$4 ,,orange4 ,,yell[4 ,,gre54 ,,blue4 ,,indigo4 ,,violet4 ,,! ,,dy]',s ,,col\rs ,,& ,,_! ,,*ief ,,comp\nds4 ,,simple ,,col\rs4 ,,blue1 ,,yell[1 ,,r$1 ,,black#a4 ,,r$ includes ,,crimson1 ,,sc>let1 ,,m>oon1 ,,p9k1 c4 ,,comp\nd ,,col\rs4 ,,gre5 is made ) ,,blue & ,,yell[4 ,,orange ) ,,r$ & ,,yell[4 ,,purple ,,violet ) ,,blue & ,,r$4 ,,lilac ,,greys ) ,,black1 ,,blue1 & ,,r$4 ,,blue1 ,,yell[1 & ,,black2 ,,olives ) or ,,blue1 ,,yell[ & ,,r$4 #a ,,black accord+ to ! !ory ( ,newton1 d5otes ! abs5ce1 & ,,:ite ! pres5ce ( all col\rs4 ,,! ,,dy]',s ,,guide2 ,,be+ ,a ,,comp5dium ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,dye+ ,,l951 ,,cotton1 ,,silk1 ,,wool1 ,,musl91 ,,dresses1 ,,furniture1 c4 c4 ,,) ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,sc\r+ ,,wool1 ,,blea*+ ,,cotton1 c4 ,,& ,,directions ,,= ,,ungumm+ ,,silk1 ,,& ,,= ,,:it5+ ,,& ,,sulphur+ ,,silk ,,& ,,wool4 ,,& ,,also ,,an ,,introductory ,,epitome ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,facts ,,9 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,z ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,dye+4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,pack]1 ,,dy] ,,& ,,practical ,,*emi/4 ,cet arte e/ un des plus utiles et des plus m]veilleux qu'on connoisse4 ,,*aptal4 ,!re is no art :i* dep5ds s mu* on *emi/ry z dye+4 ,,g>nett4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,correct$ ,,& ,,mat]ially ,,improv$4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,%]wood1 ,,gilb]t1 ,,& ,,pip]1 ,,pat]no/]-,,r[4 #ahcj4 ,,preface4 ,to insi/ on ! utility ( ! pres5t ,manual is1 assur$ly1 sup]flu\s4 ,! fav\rable reception ( ! fir/ edition1 sometime s9ce out ( pr9t1 has /imulat$ ! au?or to revise ! "w ?r\gh\t1 & to r5d] x m des]v+ ! public approbation4 ,! ,app5dix to ! fir/ edition n[ =ms a "p ( ! ,introductory ,*apt]1 to :i* x naturally belongs2 to ! :ole h be5 add$ su* improvem5ts z ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( k1 & p>ticul>ly *emical k1 has r5d]$ absolutely necess>y2 & :i* ! practical dy] w f9d ( consid]able importance & mu* utility4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ! late ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy1 ! fir/ *emi/ ( ! age1 appe>$ 9 ! ,preface to ! fir/ edition2 x is "h aga9 repr9t$ z "s pro( ( ! suffici5cy ( t le>n$ man's judgm5t1 at lea/ conc]n+ ! *emical !ory ( ! art ( dye+4 ,no4 #af1 ,b]keley ,squ>e1 ,june #ah1 #ahbc4 ,,sir1 ,i am v mu* oblig$ to y = y\r lib]al communication on a subject ( my ,lectures3 ,i w att5d to ! in=mation y are s good z to give me 9 ! next ,edition4 ,i am ,sir1 ,y\r oblig$ & ob$i5t s]vant1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,,mr4 ,t4 ,,pack]1 ,/am=d ,/reet1 ,black-,fri>s ,road4 ,! au?or has only to add1 t an ,index is n[ app5d$ to ! "w1 by :i* e article may be mo/ readily & conv5i5tly f\nd4 ,london1 ,nov4 #ahbi4 ,,erratum4 ,page #bb1 l9e #c1 = proximate read ultimate4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,,page ,on ! diff]5t bran*es ( dye+--,on ! drugs us$ 9 dye+--,on vegetable & animal sub/ances--,on sub/antive & adjective col\rs1 & mordants--,& on ! lead+ facts ( *emical sci5ce z connect$ ) ! art ( dye+--,on ! calico pr9t]'s mordant = yell[ & r$1 & on comp\nd col\rs--,on blea*+--,on ! !ory ( fa/ & fugitive col\rs--,on dye-h\ses & wat]--,miscellane\s obs]vations #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,dye+ ,,cotton4 ,to dye cotton a ,saxon or *emic blue--,sulphate ( ,indigo--,saxon or *emic gre5--,to set a cold indigo vat--,ano!r ,indigo vat--,to dye cotton a fa/ gre5 ) ! cold indigo vat & weld--,ano!r cold blue vat = l95 & cotton--solution ( indigo = p5cil+ pr9t$ musl91 c4--,to dye cotton a fa/ buff--,to dye cotton p9k #dg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,dye+ ,,silk4 ,to alum silk--,! blue vat ( indigo = silk--,ano!r blue vat = silk--,to dye silk violet1 royal purple1 c4--,to dye silk lilac--,ano!r process = lilac--,ano!r process = dye+ musl91 c4 lilac--,to dye silk a violet or purple ) logwood--,to dye silk violet ) ,brazil wood & logwood--,to dye silk violet or purple ) ,brazil wood & ar*il #fc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,sc\r+ ,,& ,,dye+ ,,wool4 ,on ! action ( alum & t>t> ^u wool--,a pa/il or woad vat = blue--,to prep>e ! indigo m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ directions--,rules to judge ( ! /ate ( ! vat--,indications :5 a vat has _h too mu* or too little lime--,to "w a vat :i* is 9 prop] ord]--,on ! putrefaction ( ! woad vat--,me?ods ( dye+ blues--,to dye wool ) lac-dye1 sc>let1 or crimson--,to dye wor/$ y>n a crimson--,a prep>ation ( ar*il to f9i% ! crimson--on dye+ wool sc>let--,to dye wool m>oon--,to dye wool yell[--,to dye wool br[n or ( a fawn col\r--,to dye wool purple1 c4--,to dye wool gre5--,a *emic vat = gre5 wooll5--,a *emic vat = blue wooll5--,to dye wool orange1 gold col\r1 c4--,to dye wool black--,ano!r process = black )\t a blue gr\nd--,to dye wool a grey--,mixture ( black or grey ) r$ & blue--,on br[ns1 fawns1 greys1 c4--,on ! yell[ ( ,qu]citron b>k--,on a full bright yell[ f ! same b>k--,bancr(t's murio-sulphate ( t9--,to dye wool buff--,to dye wool pea*--,to set an indigo vat = wor/$1 s]ge1 c4 #gj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,dye+ ,,silk ,,& ,,cotton ,,black4 ,to dye silk black = velvets--,to dye silk black ,london process--,on dye+ cotton black at ,r\5--,to dye cotton black1 ,london process--,= dye+ black1 p>ticul>ly cotton velvets1 at ,man*e/]--,on dye+ silk & cotton black ) a blue gr\nd--,ano!r iron liquor--,to dye cotton black by us+ ! prec$+ solution--to dye cotton violet--,to dye cotton r$--,to dye cotton an ,adrianople or ,turkey r$--,miscellane\s obs]vations relative to ,adrianople r$ #aje ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,on ,,dye+ ,,cotton ,,& ,,silk4 ,to dye ske9 cotton yell[--,on dye+ & re-dye+ cotton furniture yell[--to dye cotton ske9 a duck's w+ gre5 & olive--,( br[ns1 m>oons1 c(fee col\rs1 c4--,obs]vations on silk--,on ungumm+ & boil+ silk--,:it5+--,sulphur+--,on alum+ silk--,ske9 silk = yell[--,prep>ation ( annatto = aurora or orange1 moidore1 gold col\r1 & *amois--,to dye silk aurora or orange--,to dye moidore--,process = orange--,to dye silk poppy or coquelicot--,a *eap] poppy ) annatto & ,brazil wood--,on dye+1 silk a f9e crimson--,composition = dye+ silks sc>let or crimson ) co*9eal--,ano!r process = crimson--,ano!r process = crimson by ,brazil wood--,( f9e violet--,obs]vations on crimson & sc>let ^u silk--,on dye+ silk gre5--,on olives--,on dye+ silk grey--,nut grey--,black greys--,iron greys--,on dye+ silk ( a ,prussian blue col\r--,*romate ( lead = yell[ on silk or cotton--,conclusion #abc ,index #aec ,,! ,,dy]',s ,,guide4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,on ! diff]5t bran*es ( dye+--,on ! drugs us$ 9 dye+--,on vegetable & animal sub/ances--,on sub/antive & adjective col\rs & mordants1 & on ! lead+ facts ( *emical sci5ce1 z connect$ ) ! art ( dye+--,on ! ,calico-,pr9t]s' mordant = yell[ & r$1 & on comp\nd col\rs--,on blea*+--,on ! !ory ( fa/ & fugitive col\rs--,on dye-h\ses & wat]--,miscellane\s obs]vations4 ,! trade ( a ,dy] is1 9 ?is c\ntry1 subdivid$ into sev]al di/9ct bran*es4 ,?us we h wooll5 dy]s1 :o are occupi$ solely 9 ! col\rs obta9$ f co*9eal1 su* z sc>let1 crimson1 orange1 buff1 c42 likewise purple1 or royal purple1 obta9$ f co*9eal & indigo4 ,!y are call$1 also1 gra9 dy]s1 f ! circum/ance ( ! col\r+ mat]ial1 co*9eal1 be+ 9 small gra9s#b4 ,yet x ought to be obs]v$1 t ! t]m dy$ 9 gra9 is appli$ by ! public g5]ally 9 a v diff]5t s5se1 namely1 to ^? clo?s ! raw mat]ial ( :i* is dy$ previ\sly to be+ spun into ?read1 or at lea/ be=e wov5 into clo?2 & h5ce su* dyes are usually m p]man5t ?an ^? :i* are dy$ aft] ! mat]ials are wov5 into clo?4 ,?is class ( dy]s g5]ally dye clo? 9 ! piece1 or a numb] ( pieces ( clo? tack$ toge!r1 & work$ ov] a w9* 9 a suitable copp]4 ,!re are dy]s :o likewise dye wor/$ & wooll5 y>n ( ^? gra9 col\rs1 b !y are g5]ally a di/9ct bran*4 ,! y>n is dy$ 9 hanks1 ^u /icks2 &1 :5 9 ! copp]1 ! hanks are *ang$ end = end1 s t !y may be kept ev52 su* *ang+ be+ p]=m$ five or six times to ea* turn+ 94 ,!re are also silk dy]s :o are gra9 dy]s4 ,^! dye 9 ! ske91 *iefly = new goods4 ,"s silk1 & "s mix$ silk & wor/$ goods1 are dy$ 9 ! piece4 ,9 dye+ cotton1 ! ,adrianople or ,turkey ,r$ is1 9 _m cases1 a bran* ( itself1 & comes ! ne>e/ to :at may be call$ gra9 or sc>let dye+ ^u cotton1 because co*9eal _c be appli$ to cotton to any advantage2 yet cotton is occasionally dy$ ) ?is mat]ial4 ,9 wooll5 ano!r bran* consi/s ( ! woad dy]s4 ,^! (t5 sup]9t5d ! black dye on wooll5 clo?1 z well z ! blue f woad & indigo4 ,!re is ! same di/9ction among wor/$ y>n dy]s1 !y hav+ likewise to d slates1 greys1 c4 ,ne>ly ! same may be said ( ! silk ske9 dy]s4 ,9 _m places1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\ntry1 br[ns1 drabs1 /one-col\rs1 c4 con/itute a bran* 9 wooll54 ,! same col\rs =m also a bran* 9 calico & musl92 b black1 9 calico & musl91 is a di/9ct bran*4 ,! dy]s 7:e!r 9 ,london or prov9cial t[ns7 :o keep %ops1 & take 9 g>m5ts1 furniture1 c4 to be dy$1 are t]m$ by ! trade ,rag-dy]s4 ,!re are a few dy]s 9 ! metropolis :o dye black on wooll51 silk1 cotton1 c4 = ! dye-%ops1 _m ( ^! putt+ all _! black out to be dy$4 ,!re are "o or two dy]s fam\s = dye+ silk /ock+s black2 ^! con/itute a p>ticul> bran*4 ,dye+ bombas9s black is also ano!r bran*4 ,! foll[+ con/itute also p>ticul> bran*es3 black hats1--hats ( fancy col\rs1--fur1--*ip & /raw1--fea!rs1--lea!r1 ,morocco & ,spani%1 & kid lea!r = %oes & gloves4 ,_m o!r bran*es ( ! dye-trade might be enum]at$1 b m detail does n appe> necess>y4 ,conc]n+ all ^! diff]5t bran*es1 "o g5]al obs]vation w suffice2 namely1 t ^? :o are conc]n$ 9 !m h1 = ! mo/ "p1 obta9$1 _! k ( ! art ( dye+1 n f !ories adapt$ to expla9 ! diff]5t processes1 b f practice 9 t bran* 9 :i* !y are occupi$4 ,!y usually1 !re=e1 p]=m ^? processes :i* !y h be5 %ewn & told1 )\t any inquiry into ! causes :i* produce ! results4 ,!re are1 x is admitt$1 exceptions to ?is1 m5 ( g5]al in=mation & k be+ occasionally f\nd 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( dye+1 b !y are s few1 t x may be que/ion$1 :5 comp>$ ) ! great body employ$ 9 ! art1 :e!r !y am\nt to "o 9 a ?\s&4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 to be attribut$ to any indiff]5ce 9 su* p]sons to acquire a correct k ( ! art1 b is *iefly ow+ to a defici5cy ( ! ready means ( acquir+ su* in=mation2 :i* in=mation x is ! design ( ! pres5t ,treatise to supply2 !re n be+1 z f> z ! pres5t writ] kn[s1 any su* "w1 at a mod]ate price1 to be obta9$ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,x is true _m ( ! ,cyclopdias furni% u ) mu* useful in=mation on ! subject ( dye+3 "o ( ^!1 ,,j5n+s',s ,family ,cyclopdia1 may be p>ticul>ly m5tion$ z conta9+ su*2 b x is scatt]$ ab\t 9 ^! diction>ies 9 v>i\s ways1 at once tr\blesome & unpleasant to obta94 ,dr4 ,,bancr(t',s "w on ! philosophy ( ,p]man5t ,col\rs1 9 two octavo volumes1 w also supply mu* valuable in=mation2 s also w ! edition1 "s "t s9ce publi%$1 ( ,,b]?ollet',s ,elem5ts ( ! art ( ,dye+1 ) ! addition ( valuable ,notes by ,dr4 ,,ure4 ,dr4 ,,ure',s ,*emical ,diction>y is also v useful to ! dy]1 u well z _m deta*$ pap]s 9 sev]al ( our ,engli% publications4 ,a ,treatise on ,pr9t+ & ,dye+ ,silks1 c4 lately publi%$ by ,h4 ,m',,k]nan1 is also valuable1 & %\ld be consult$ by ! curi\s 9 ?is art4 ,b all ^! works are exp5sive1 & su* z few dy]s w be dispos$ to obta92 h5ce ! necessity ( ! pres5t ,manual1 ! au?or ( :i* has n s]vilely foll[$ ! directions or recomm5dations ( any previ\s writ]2 b f 8 own practice1 a practice ( m ?an ?irty ye>s1 has laid d[n su* rules z he kn[s to be at once practical & effici5t4 ,at ! same "t he ?9ks x "r to /ate1 t he has n only consult$ all ! works m5tion$ above1 b also ,hellot1 ,macqu]1 c4 adopt+ all t appe>$ ess5tial 9 ^!1 & giv+ su* additions z accord ) ! pres5t improv$ /ate ( *emi/ry & dye+2 &1 z f> z 0 possible1 9 ! limits prescrib$ = ?is "w1 s t x may be )9 ! rea* ( e dy] 9 ! k+dom1 z well z e j\rneyman & appr5tice 9 all ! v>i\s bran*es ( ?is truly ext5sive & my/]i\s art1 z c>ri$ on 9 ,london1 ,norwi*1 ,york%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% dom9ions4 ,! au?or has1 9 treat+ ( ! v>i\s matt]s to be dy$1 adopt$ ne>ly ! same arrangem5t z t :i* appe>s 9 ! ,title1 tak+ ,cotton fir/1 9 consequ5ce ( its hav+ ! lea/ aff9ity = dye+ bodies4 ,he has tak5 ,silk next1 :i* has a great] aff9ity = _m dyes1 &1 :5 dy$1 yields col\rs m p]man5t ?an cotton4 ,wool he has n plac$ entirely la/1 al?\gh _m ( ! col\rs :i* x receives f ! dy] are complex4 ,! black dye+ ( cotton & silk is plac$ aft] ! processes ( black = wool1 z likewise ! ,turkey r$1 c4 ^! be+ naturally difficult to p]=m4 ,:ite & black h be5 consid]$ col\rs by dy]s1 & ) propriety1 black =m+ a "p ( slate1 grey1 c4 ,:ite is seldom pure2 9 proportion to its cle>ness & purity w ! col\rs be ) :i* x is dy$4 ,9 reg>d to black dye1 & p>ticul>ly cotton black dye1 ! au?or does n "k any simple & concise !ory1 consi/5t ) *emical pr9ciples4 ,he flatt]s himself1 h[ev]1 t f 8 ext5sive exp]i5ce1 8 obs]vations are f\nd$ on int]e/+ facts4 ,cotton1 = in/ance1 w take fa/ blues f ! cold indigo vat2 ?is vat1 ) ! comb9ation ( iron1 & 9 a heat no great] ?an ! h& c be>1 w easily produce all %ades ( grey1 slate1 c4 ,_m ( ^! col\rs may be done by logwood in/ead ( ! blue vat1 & 9 ! same heat ( ! dye ba?2 s cotton likewise1 :e!r 9 pieces or ske9s1 may be dy$ br[n1 fawn1 drab1 c4 9 consequ5ce ( ! great aff9ity :i* cotton has = acetate & sulphate ( iron4 ,) respect to black1 x %\ld be also obs]v$1 t few sub/ances are kn[n :i* yield by !mselves a good black4 ,! juice ( ! ca%ew nut communicates1 h[ev]1 a black col\r1 :i* resi/s n only wa%+1 b ev5 boil+ ) soap & alkal9e leys4 ,x is us$ = m>k+ l954 ,! ,toxicod5dron yields a juice :i* produces ne>ly ! same effect4 ,"s o!r vegetables also produce black dyes1 b all ( !m 9 su* small quantities z n to be available = ! purposes ( art2 nor d !y1 besides1 produce blacks equal to ^? =m$ 9 ! dye-h\se4 ,blue1 r$1 & yell[ are admitt$ to be ?ree di/9ct col\rs4 ,9 _m ( ! br[ns1 r$ & yell[ are comb9$ naturally 9 ! drugs f :i* !y are produc$1 & s !y are 9 logwood4 ,blue1 r$1 & yell[1 are develop$ by iron1 :e!r 9 ! /ate ( an acetate or sulphate4 ,x may be useful1 be=e we proce$ any f>!r 9 notic+ ! !ories ( dye+1 to give a brief description ( ! ,drugs ,applicable to ,dye+4 ,,alum1 or pota%-sulphate ( alum9a1 is a concrete salt1 compos$ ( alum9a or clay1 pota%1 & sulphuric acid4 ,x is f\nd native 9 "s places2 b ! greate/ "p ( ! alum ( comm]ce is prep>$ by a peculi> managem5t ( s*i/ose pyritic clays1 usually d5om9at$ alum ores4 ,alum is made at ,civita ,vec*ia1 9 ,italy1 & also at _m o!r places on ! cont95t2 at ,hurlett ne> ,glasg[1 at ,:itby 9 ,york%ire1 c4 ,its =m & appe>ance are bo? too well kn[n to ne$ be+ describ$4 ,its *emical composition is z foll[s3 sulphate ( alum9a1 #cf4gj2 sulphate ( pota%1 #ah4hh2 & wat]1 #dd4db--toge!r #ajj4 ,! alum call$ 9 comm]ce ,ro* alum1 said to be obta9$ f ,roc*a1 9 ,syria1 is 9 small] cry/als ?an common alum1 & has a r$di% hue1 b does n appe> to be ess5tially diff]5t f ! common alum4 ,common alum requires sixte5 p>ts ( wat]1 at a temp]ature ( #fj4 to dissolve "o ( x2 b !re is ano!r k9d n g5]ally made or kn[n1 conta9+ soda in/ead ( pota%1 & h5ce ) propriety nam$ soda-sulphate ( alum9a1 :i* is soluble 9 less ?an its own weight ( wat]1 & :i*1 on ?is acc\nt1 may become valuable 9 "s processes ( dye+4--,,ure4 ,,acetate ,,( ,,alum9a is prep>$ 9 l>ge quantities = ! calico pr9t]s1 by decompos+ alum ) acetate ( lead1 or m economically ) aque\s acetate ( lime1 hav+ a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4jej1 a gallon ( :i*1 equival5t to ne>ly half a p\nd avoirdupoise ( dry acetic acid1 is employ$ = e #b lbs4 ( alum4 ,a sulphate ( lime is =m$ by complex aff9ity :i* precipitates1 & an acetate ( alum9a floats4--,,ure4 ,,ar*il1 ,,ar*illa1 ,,rocella1 ,,orseille1 or ,,litmus1 is said to be a :iti% li*5 gr[+ ^u rocks 9 ! ,can>y & ,cape ,v]d isl&s1 :i* yields a ri* purple t9cture1 fugitive1 b extremely beautiful4 ,x is br\ght to ?is c\ntry z x is ga!r$2 x is prep>$ "h = ! dy]1 by gr9d+ x betwe5 /ones1 s z ?or\ghly to bruise b n to r$uce x into p[d]2 x is moi/5$ occasionally ) a /rong _s ( ur9e1 or ur9e itself1 mix$ ) quicklime2 9 a few days x acquires a purpli% r$1 & at l5g? a blue col\r2 9 ! fir/ /ate x is call$ ar*il1 9 ! latt] lacmus or litmus4 ,! dy]s r>ely employ ?is drug by itself1 on acc\nt ( its de>ness & ! p]i%abl5ess ( its beauty4 ,its *ief use is to give a bloom to o!r col\rs1 z p9ks1 c4 ,,cudbe> is also manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry f ar*il1 & is 9 repute = dye+ v>i\s %ades1 f p9k & crimson to a maz>9e blue2 x is said ^! col\rs are v p]man5t4 ,,argol1 or ,,t>t>1 is a cry/all9e sub/ance deposit$ 9 w9e casks dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! w9e1 f ! juice ( ! grape1 9 :i* x exi/s 9 consid]able abundance4 ,x is an impure sup]t>tate ( pota%2 t is1 pota% comb9$ ) a sup]abundant quantity ( t>t>ic acid4 ,algol is f\nd 9 comm]ce ( two col\rs1 :ite & r$4 ,cream ( t>t> is ! same sub/ance fre$ f col\r+ & o!r extrane\s matt]4 ,,blood4 ,see ,,adrianople ,,r$4 ,,bran acts 9 "s peculi> way on col\r+ matt]1 b sc>cely on ! mordants4 ,x seems to loos5 & remove ! col\r+ matt]2 z also to alt] its hue 9 "s cases1 an effect obvi\s 9 ! bran p9ks4--,,ure4 ,,*lor9e4 ,see ,,oxymuriatic ,,acid4 ,,co*9eal is ! female insect ( ! coccus cacti f\nd on ! cactus cocc9ellif] & cactus opuntia1 ,prickly pe> or ,indian fig1 natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & o!r tropical regions4 ,! female ( ! insect is ! true co*9eal2 9 h] full siz$1 pregnant1 & torpid /ate1 %e be>s s small a proportion to h] =m] or creep+ /ate1 t h] ant5n1 legs & proboscis are sc>cely disc]nible2 h] :ole appe>ance is t ( a :iti% b]ry1 & s x 0 =m]ly reg>d$4 ,?is insect is f\nd 9 a wild /ate 9 ,mexico1 ,georgia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & "s ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 fe$+ on sev]al species ( ! cactus2 b 9 "s ( ! ,spani% settlem5ts1 z well z 9 ,mexico1 ! insect is dome/icat$1 & f$ on ! cactus cocc9ellif]1 :i* is cultivat$ = ! purpose1 on :i* x atta9s a mu* l>g] size ?an 9 its wild /ate4 ,co*9eal is also obta9$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies2 b ,ea/ ,indian co*9eal has n yet atta9$ ! quality ( t produc$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,am]ica4 ,its use1 z a col\r = dye+ _m %ades ( r$1 c4 is great & important4 ,,copp] is also us$ 9 dye+1 9 ! /ate ( a sulphate or blue copp]as1 a nitrate1 & also z an acetate4 ,see ,,v]digris4 ,! ,,gall or ,,bile ( ,,animals consi/s ( a saponace\s bitt]1 yell[i% fluid1 secret$ by ! liv]1 & f\nd 9 ! sac usually call$ ! gall-bladd]4 ,x is sometimes pref]r$ to soap = cleans+ clo?s by ! dy] & ! sc\r]4 ,,galls are excresc5ces produc$ on ! qu]cus infectoria1 a species ( oak gr[+ ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or4 ,! gall gr[s on ! %oots ( ! "y b\ghs1 & is produc$ by an insect1 ! cynips qu]cusfolii2 ?is insect punctures ! t5d] %oot ) its /+ & deposits its egg 9 ! puncture2 ! egg is soon hat*$1 & ! irritation ( ! maggot fe$+ on ! plant produces ! w5 or gall-nut4 ,:5 ! nuts are ga!r$ be=e ! worm )9 *anges to a fly1 & n yet hav+ eat5 its way out1 !y are ( a dusky gre5 col\r1 & are call$ 9 comm]ce blue galls1 & are by f> ! be/4 ,^? collect$ aft] ! fly has eat5 its way out h a hole 9 ea*1 are ( a :iti% yell[ col\r1 consid]ably light] ?an ! blue-galls1 & ( an inf]ior quality3 !y are br\ght to ?is c\ntry *iefly f ,aleppo4 ,!y are us$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! arts1 pr9cipally = dye+1 & mak+ ink4 ,!y conta9 a l>ge quantity ( ,tann9 & ,gallic acid4 ,,indigo is a well kn[n deep blue sub/ance1 obta9$ f ! ,indig(]a t9ctoria or ,indigo be>+ plant1 a native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :i* is propagat$ by se$ & w ?rive 9 mo/ tropical climates2 h5ce we h good indigo f ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,c>ol9a1 c4 ,! *ief crit]ion ( ! goodness ( indigo is1 if1 :5 cut ) a knife1 x exhibits a r$di% copp]-l appe>ance2 :]e ?is %ade is n1 or only v slight1 ! indigo is ( inf]ior value4 ,x is prep>$ by mac]at+ ! leaves 9 wat]1 :5ce is obta9$ ! blue fecul5ce or indigo4 ,indigo is insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 sulphuric acid1 h5ce a solution ( x 9 ?is acid1 =m+ a sulphate ( indigo1 is well kn[n 9 ! art ( dye+4 ,! be/ indigo is t call$ ,flora1 :i* floats 9 wat]1 all ! o!r k9ds s9k 9 t fluid4 ,! con/itu5t p>ts ( indigo are ,c>bon1 #gc4bb1 ,nitrog5 #aa4bf1 ,oxyg5 #ab4fj1 & ,hydrog51 #b4ib1 #ajj4 ,:5 indigo is dige/$ 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 x is conv]t$ into a peculi> blue sub/ance1 commonly call$ sulphate ( indigo2 ?is col\r+ matt] has be51 h[ev]1 lately nam$ ,,c]ul91 by ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,crum1 :o has made _m exp]im5ts on x2 7see notes to ,b]?olet1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ceg4 et seq47 he obs]ves t c]ul9 dissolves m abundantly 9 sulphuric acid ?an wat]2 b ?is does n prove ! =mation ( a comp\nd entitl$ to be call$ sulphate ( indigo2 t1 su* a solution diff]s 9 no respect f t ( res9s 9 acids or 9 alcohol4 ,ano!r sub/ance has be5 also obta9$ f indigo by ,,mr4 ,,crum1 ( a purple col\r1 :i* he calls ,ph5ic92 x dissolves bo? 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,,iron r>ely 9 its metallic /ate ent]s into ! manipulations ( dye+1 b its sulphate1 muriate1 acetate1 c4 z well z its oxides contribute l>gely to ! dy]'s art4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,iron1 or gre5 copp]as1 z x is commonly call$1 is too well kn[n to ne$ description2 x is 9 gre5 cry/als ( diff]5t sizes1 & is us$ = v>i\s purposes 9 dye+1 c4 ,,p]acetate ,,( ,,iron1 or ,,acetate ,,( ,,iron1 =ms a r$di%-br[n uncry/allizable solution1 mu* us$ by ! calico pr9t]s1 & is prep>$ by keep+ iron turn+s or pieces ( old iron = six mon?s imm]s$ 9 r$i/ill$ pyrolign\s acid4 ,x may be also prep>$ 9 a m exp$iti\s way by boil+ fil+s ( iron ) ! acid4 ,,lac ,,dye & ,,lac ,,lake are two articles n[ regul>ly import$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & employ$ = dye+ sc>let4 ,!y bo? appe> to be ! col\r+ matt] ( se$-lac1 obta9$ f x 9 ,india by a process n g5]ally kn[n4 ,bo? ^! articles are 9 lumps or cakes ( a d>k-r$di% or blacki% col\r4 ,,muriatic ,,acid1 or _s ( salt1 z x 0 =m]ly call$1 is obta9$ f common salt or muriate ( soda1 by di/illation ) sulphuric acid4 ,:5 ?is acid is pure x is p]fectly col\rless1 b x g5]ally has a yell[ hue aris+ f a little iron4 ,x gives out1 at all temp]atures1 a l>ge quantity ( a fum+ suffocat+ gas ( a peculi> smell4 ,its usual specific gravity is ab\t #a4afj4 ,= ! basis ( ?is acid see ,,oxymuriatic ,,acid4 ,,nitric ,,acid is compos$ ( oxyg5 & nitrog53 x is usually obta9$ f nitre1 7! *emical "n ( :i* is nitrate ( pota%17 by di/ill+ ?ree p>ts ( x ) two ( sulphuric acid4 ,:5 pure1 nitric acid is a col\rless1 extremely s\r1 & corrosive liquor4 ,its specific gravity is #a4db2 x always conta9s m or less wat]1 :i* modifies its specific gravity4 ,x is usually col\r$ ) nitr\s acid gas4 ,x =ms a v>iety ( comp\nds ) num]\s o!r bodies4 ,aqua =tis is ?is acid dilut$ m or less ) wat]2 :5 /rong x is call$ d\ble1 :5 weak s+le aqua =tis4 ,= ,,nitrog51 see =w>ds4 ,,nitro-,,muriatic ,,acid1 or ,,aqua ,,regia1 is a mixture ( nitric & muriatic acids4 ,x is usually made by dissolv+ sal ammoniac or common salt 9 nitric acid4 ,:5 ! =m] is employ$ ! usual proportion is "o ( ! salt to f\r ( ! acid2 b equal p>ts w be necess>y to dissolve plat9um4 ,aqua regia is ! only m5/ruum :i* w dissolve gold4 ,,orpim5t1 ,,realg>1 or ,,sulphuret ( ,,ars5ic has be5 lately appli$ to ! purposes ( dye+ a yell[ col\r4 ,sulphur may be comb9$ ) ars5ic 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,realg> is r$1 & occurs native 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&2 x is also produc$ by art4 ,orpim5t is commonly produc$ by art & is ( a yell[i% col\r2 native orpim5t is also occasionally f\nd2 x is ( a bright lemon col\r4 ,,oxymuriatic ,,acid1 or z x is n[ m correctly t]m$ ,,*lor9e1 f its yell[i% gre5 col\r1 is an ela/ic gase\s fluid ( a pung5t disagreeable smell1 & highly injuri\s to animal life1 ev5 :5 l>gely dilut$ ) atmosph]ic air4 ,mix$ ) hydrog51 & expos$ to light1 !y comb9e & produce a s\r comp\nd call$ muriatic acid gas2 ?is gas is gre$ily absorb$ by wat]1 :i* takes up #dhj times its bulk1 & has its specific gravity increas$ f #a to #a4baj4 ,?us dissolv$ 9 wat] x =ms ! liquid muriatic acid m5tion$ 9 a prec$+ article4 ,*lor9e =ms comb9ation1 besides1 ) sev]al o!r bodies2 _m ( its comb9ations are t]m$ oxymuriates1 or m prop]ly1 *lorides3 "s ( ^! are extremely useful 9 blea*+1 dye+1 c4 ,! muriatic acid appe>s to be ! only acid ( any consequ5ce into :i* oxyg5 does n ent]4 ,,oxide is ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) "s base1 )\t be+ 9 ! /ate ( acid2 x is mo/ commonly appli$ to ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) metals2 mo/ ( ! diff]5t ru/s ( metals are oxides4 ,z oxyg5 comb9es ) ! metals & o!r bodies 9 diff]5t proportions1 its comb9ations are di/+ui%$ by diff]5t prefixes1 ?us3 protoxide d5otes an oxide conta9+ ! lea/ quantity ( oxyg53 deutoxide ! next l>g] quantity2 tritoxide ! next2 & p]oxide ! l>ge/ possible quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! comp\nd :5 x is n acid4 ,= ,,oxyg5 see =w>ds4 ,,pot-,,a%es & ,,pe>l-,,a%es 7"o ( ! fix$ alkalies7 are bo? impure c>bonates ( pota% obta9$ f ! a%es ( innum]able vegetables1 ov] :i* wat] is p\r$ :i* dissolves ! salts1 & by evaporat+ ! wat] leav+ ! salt1 a dry p[d]y :ite mass is obta9$4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 pot-a%es & pe>l-a%es consi/s 9 ! sup]ior :it5ess ( ! latt]1 & 9 ! =m] be+ ( a m dirty col\r1 & m cau/ic ?an ! latt]2 h5ce x is n s highly saturat$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,= _m purposes 9 ! arts su* cau/ic pota% is to be pref]r$4 ,,qu]citron1 or ,,am]ican-,,b>k is obta9$ f ! qu]cus nigra or black oak1 a native ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x is us$ = dye+ yell[1 & 0 br\ght into notice by ,,dr4 ,,bancr(t1 :o obta9$ ! exclusive privilege ( us+ x z a dye by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 pass$ 9 ! #be? ye> ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ,,saffl[]1 ba/>d-saffron or c>?amus1 is obta9$ f "o or two plants1 species ( ! c>?amus g5us1 natives ( ! ,s\? ( ,europe & ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s4 ,?is dye+ mat]ial consi/s ( two col\r+ sub/ances1 a yell[ & a r$4 ,! =m] is ( little value1 ! latt] :i* is soluble 9 alkalies =ms1 by precipitation ) acids1 a beautiful r$ pigm5t sometimes us$ = silk dye+1 b m commonly 9 ! prep>ation ( r\ge4 ,,soda1 call$ sometimes m9]al alkali1 is ano!r ( ! fix$ alkalies2 x =ms ! basis ( common salt1 t be+ a muriate ( soda2 soda1 "u ! "n ( b>illa1 is us$ 9 mak+ soaps1 & also 9 dye+4 ,,sulphur1 or ,,brim/one1 is sc>cely us$ = dye+ 9 its crude /ate1 b :5 comb9$ ) oxyg5 =m+ sulphuric acid1 z well z :5 t acid is comb9$ ) v>i\s bases1 z iron1 alum9a1 c4 x becomes ( great importance 9 ?is art2 see ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,iron1 see ,,iron above4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid 0 = _m ye>s1 & /ill is call$ by ! vulg>1 oil ( vitriol1 because x 0 =m]ly obta9$ f gre5 vitriol or sulphate ( iron1 b ! m simple & +5i\s processes ( mod]n *emi/ry h sup]s$$ ! old me?ods2 sulphuric acid is n[ obta9$ by burn+ sulphur ) a c]ta9 portion ( saltpetre 9 l>ge lead5 ci/]ns4 ,! acid fumes s9k into ! wat] plac$ at ! bottom ( ! ci/]n1 ! wat] be+ aft]w>ds boil$ away3 ! acid is aft]w>ds purifi$ by retorts1 plac$ 9 a s& heat4 ,! specific gravity ( good sulphuric acid %\ld be #a4he4 ,,suma* is ! production ( ! rhus cori>ia1 a %rub :i* gr[s naturally 9 ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 ,spa91 & ,portugal4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ! two la/ c\ntries ) great c>e4 ,its %oots are cut d[n e ye> q to ! root1 & aft] be+ dri$ are r$uc$ to p[d]1 & ?us prep>$ = ! purposes ( dye+1 c4 ,suma* be>s a great resemblance1 z an a/r+5t1 to galls4 ,suma* alone gives a br[n & a fawn col\r1 b cotton /uffs impregnat$ ) acetate ( alum9a take a durable yell[ f x4 ,,t>t>1 see ,,argol4 ,,t91 dissolv$ 9 nitric or muriatic acid1 =ms solutions ( great importance 9 _m processes ( dye+1 p>ticul>ly sc>let4 ,^! solutions are call$ respectively nitrate & muriate ( t94 ,,turm]ic is a root obta9$ f a plant gr[+ bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,! root is us$ *iefly = dye+ yell[2 b x is a fugaci\s col\r4 ,,v]digris is a crude acetate ( copp]1 obta9$ by expos+ copp] plates to ! husks1 c4 ( grapes1 :i* conta9+ consid]able acetic acid1 ! acid comb9es ) ! surface ( ! copp] plates1 =m+ a bluei% gre5 ru/1 :i* is scrap$ (f1 & =ms ! v]digris ( comm]ce4 ,a /ill m complete acetate ( copp] is obta9$ 9 di/ill$ v]digris1 :i* is 9 elegant gre5 cry/als4 ,! be/ v]digris is made 9 ,france2 "s is n[ also made 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,weld1 sometimes call$ improp]ly ,,w\lds1 dy]'s-we$1 or ,res$a luteola1 is a plant f\nd wild1 9 ?is c\ntry1 b cultivat$ = ! purposes ( ! dy]2 x is mu* us$ = yell[s4 ,,woad1 or ,,pa/el1 is obta9$ f a plant gr[+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe & also 9 ?is c\ntry2 x is ! ,isatis t9ctoria1 & is cultivat$ ) c>e = ! dye+ matt] :i* x af=ds1 & :i* is obta9$ f ! leaves ( ! plant1 collect$ & prep>$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,woad gives a full-bodi$ & fa/ blue to wool1 yet n v bright1 s t x is usually mix$ ) indigo#c4 ,besides ! prec$+ sub/ances we may m5tion t annatto is us$ = dye+ sev]al col\rs2 k]mes1 madd]1 & ,brazil wood = r$s2 logwood = purple & black2 pea*-wood = m>oon1 c42 fu/ic1 dy]'s-broom1 saw-wort1 ,fr5*-b]ries1 c4 = yell[2 walnut-root1 & ! outside gre5 %ell ( ! nuts = br[ns4 ,we may also m5tion prussiate ( pota%1 acetate ( lead1 commonly call$ sug> ( lead1 & oxide ( manganese1 z occasional articles us$ = v>i\s purposes by ! dy]4 ,sev]al o!r sub/ances are also us$ 9 dye+1 :i* we _c enum]ate2 "s are m5tion$ 9 ! subsequ5t pages4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 "n cam-wood1 b>-wood1 r$s&]s1 & myrobolans4 ,we ought also to obs]ve t h[ desirable soev] x may be to h all woods = dye+1 9 p[d]1 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ quantity ( col\r+ matt] f !m by decoction or o!rwise1 yet1 z 9 a p[d]$ /ate !y are mu* m likely to be adult]at$ ?an 9 *ips1 x is mo/ advisable to pur*ase !m 9 ?is la/ /ate2 logwood 9 p>ticul> ought nev] to be pur*as$ 9 p[d]4 ,on ! ,compon5t ,p>ts ( ,vegetable & ,animal sub/ances4 ,9 ord] m correctly to und]/& ! !ory & practice ( dye+1 x is ess5tial t ! pupil %\ld become acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! sub/ances ^u :i* & ) :i* he mu/ necess>ily op]ate4 ,we %all n ent] into ! !ories ( light & ( col\rs1 z prop\nd$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 z well z _m illu/ri\s *emi/s1 :o h already done s mu* = ! art ( dye+1 b %all simply ref] to su* writ]s z ,,ure1 ,,bancr(t1 ,,b]?ollet1 ,,br&e1 c4 f :om may be le>nt :at is ( mo/ importance to be kn[n conc]n+ ?is curi\s subject4 ,we may j add1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to light1 t ,sir ,isaac ,newton prov$ x consi/s ( rays diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 _! relative refrangibilities4 ,by caus+ light to pass ?r\gh a hole 9 a w9d[-%utt] into a d>k5$ room1 & receiv+ t light on a glass prism1 ! rays1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! prism1 n only became refract$1 t is1 ?r[n out1 ( ! rectil9e> direction1 b also sep>at$ into sev5 di/9ct col\rs1 namely1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,! r$ be+ ! lea/ refract$ & violet ! mo/4 ,if ^! prismatic1 or prim>y col\rs1 z !y are usually call$1 be divid$ into #cfj equal p>ts1 ! r$ rays w occupy #de ( ^! p>ts1 ! orange #bg1 ! yell[ #dh1 ! gre5 #fj1 ! blue #fj1 ! indigo #dj1 & ! violet #hj1 &1 :at is v rem>kable1 ^! col\rs1 :5 mix$ 9 ! proportions "h set d[n1 produce :ite4 ,?is may be readily prov$ by mix+ sev5 p[d]s ( ! col\rs & quantity m5tion$1 or by pa9t+ a :eel ) ! same proportions ( ! diff]5t col\rs & mak+ x revolve rapidly4 ,b x %\ld be not$1 t1 9 ei!r case1 ! :ite w n be s pure & delicate1 z t produc$ by ! mixture ( ! rays ( light4 ,^u ^! ph5om5a is f\nd$ ! ,newtonian !ory ( col\rs4 ,?us gre5 bodies reflect ! gre5 rays & absorb ! o!rs4 ,all ! rays are reflect$ by :ite bodies1 & absorb$ by ^? :i* are black4 ,x is1 not)/&+1 highly necess>y t ! le>n] %\ld "k t portion ( mod]n *emi/ry :i* w lead him to ! be/ secrets ( 8 art1 & h5ce assure him ( t :i* 0 only be=e conjecture4 ,& x _c be suffici5tly impress$ ^u him1 t if our !ory be n true1 we "w f wrong data2 we may1 x is true1 approa* ! tru?2 be "r 9 "s ?+s & wrong 9 o!rs1 & our unc]ta9ty & mi/akes w be accord+ly2 yet ! mo/ complete dy] mu/ be he1 :o ) ext5sive practice comb9es a k ( ! true pr9ciples ( 8 art1 to :i* mod]n *emi/ry is1 d\btless1 ! key4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to insi/ fur!r on ! importance ( a k ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( vegetable & animal bodies1 z well z ^? inorganic sub/ances ) :i* *emi/ry has s l>gely to deal2 b x w be se51 9 ! c\rse ( our subsequ5t obs]vations1 :at difficulty !re is 9 dye+ cotton ( a r$ col\r1 simil> to t produc$ by co*9eal on wool2 h[1 9 dye+ cotton y>n an ,adrianople r$1 ! inte/9al liquor ( ! %eep1 & ! dung & ! blood ( ! same animal are us$1 & h be5 f\nd s important by ! dy]s ( ,asia2 h5ce ! col\r is call$ ! ,adrianople or ,turkey r$4 ,x is f\nd by exp]i5ce1 & p>ticul>ly 9 hot climates1 t sub/ances conta9+ ammonia 7volatile alkali7 q develop$1 h ! prop]ty ( rais+ & r5d]+ m int5se ! r$ col\rs4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 too1 t ! bones ( animals reta9 ! col\r ( madd] v /rongly1 :5 !y h be5 giv5 t col\r+ mat]ial2 & ! vivacity ( ! col\r has be5 attribut$ 9 su* cases1 x is presum$ ) tru?1 to ! ammonia :i* ! bones conta94 ,!re are1 !re=e1 9 reg>d to vegetables 9 p>ticul>1 "s ?+s1 ! nature & prop]ties ( :i* x is absolutely necess>y t ! dy] %\ld und]/&3 = want ( a k ( "o ( !m1 x is a fact t losses are v (t5 su/a9$ to a s]i\s am\nt4 ,x may seem surpris+1 b ! au?or has n se5 9 any writ] on dye+ or *emi/ry1 a prop] me?od ( work+ ! pa/il or woad vat2 nor h[ to r5ew & "w x d[n1 aga9 & aga91 ) an assurance t x w be nei!r decompos$ nor spoil$2 & :i*1 = want ( a prop] k1 x has (t5 be54 ,we %all !re=e endeav\r to give "s directions by :i* ^? fatal & exp5sive disa/]s may be avoid$4 ,al?\gh1 at fir/ sight1 x seems easy to di/+ui% ! ?ree k+doms ( nature f ea* o!r1 yet !re is su* an imp]ceptible transition f "o to ! o!r1 t x w be difficult to give su* a def9ition z %all embrace all ! individuals ( ea*1 &1 at ! same "t1 exclude ^? ( ! o!r k+doms4 ,on exam9ation1 inde$1 we d f9d t !re is 9 fact no natural di/9ction ( ?is k9d2 & t !re is sc>cely a function common to vegetables & m9]als :i* "s ( ! animal tribe d n enjoy1 & vice v]s4 ,yet x mu/1 h[ev]1 be not$1 t mo/ animals h ! p[] ( volunt>y loco-motion1 & are ?us r5d]$ peculi>ly diff]5t f all o!r bodies :i* we f9d ^u or 9 ! e>?4 ,! sub/ances con/itut+ vegetable diff] f ^? con/itut+ m9]al bodies1 9 _! be+ ( a m complex k9d2 & ?\gh vegetables are extremely susceptible ( decomposition 9 v>i\s ways1 n "o c be1 by any art1 syn!tically produc$4 ,yet1 al?\gh :at are call$ by *emi/s ! proximate con/itu5ts ( vegetables are num]\s1 su* are wat]1 />*1 sug>1 gum1 glut51 wax1 oil1 camphor1 res9s1 col\r+ matt]1 extractive matt]1 sev]al acids1 c4 c4 all ( :i* are capable ( be+ decompos$1 ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( vegetables are v few2 ! *ief are c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg52 "s af=d nitrog52 9 "s are traces ( sulphur1 potassa1 lime1 soda1 magnesia1 silica1 c42 9 ne>ly all vegetables are traces ( iron2 9 _m manganese4 ,z ! proximate pr9ciples ( vegetables are *iefly c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 x w be useful to inquire h[ vegetables obta9 ^! mat]ials4 ,wat]1 :i* is compos$ ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 is a ready s\rce :5ce bo? its con/itu5ts may be obta9$2 & x is conclud$ t x is decompos$ 9 ! gl&s ( vegetables1 assi/$ by sol> light1 & becomes fix$ 9 !m 9 ! /ate ( oil1 extract1 mucilage1 c4 ,! greate/ "p1 h[ev]1 ( vegetables consi/s ( c>bon1 or1 to make ourselves m intelligible1 pure *>coal2 ! c>bon1 not)/&+ its solidity 9 ! %ape ( *>coal1 mo/ readily comb9es ) oxyg51 & h5ce x =ms1 z c>bonic acid1 a small portion ( atmosph]ic air1 f :i* s\rce ! c>bon ( plants is 9 "p at lea/ d]iv$4 ,ano!r s\rce f :i* plants d]ive _! c>bon is ! e>?1 & decay+ vegetable matt]s2 ! dung ( animals supplies also "s ( ! con/itu5ts ( vegetables4 ,inde$1 9 ! application ( dung & o!r matt]s1 s z to promote ! heal?y & vigor\s gr[? ( vegetables1 does ! sci5ce ( agriculture *iefly consi/4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t n\ri%m5t is receiv$ pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 by plants 9 a liquid or gase\s =m4 ,x %\ld be notic$ too1 t few1 if any1 heal?y vegetables w gr[ any :]e except 9 light1 a p[]ful /imulant at all times1 n only to plants b to animals2 su* are its effects1 t _m dyes 9 clo? are mat]ially alt]$1 nay1 sometimes de/roy$ by x4 ,animal sub/ances ?us diff] f vegetables3 !y af=d a consid]able quantity ( ammonia1 7:i* is1 x is n[ kn[n1 a comp\nd body consi/+ ( hydrog5 & nitrog571 & v fetid products1 ei!r by ! action ( fire1 or by ! putrid f]m5tation4 ,!y also putrify m readily & spe$ily ?an vegetables1 & give out a v disagreeable smell4 ,!y also conta9 a consid]able quantity ( nitrog51 ! pres5ce ( :i* con/itutes ! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity ( animal comp>$ ) vegetable bodies2 b z "s vegetables conta9 nitrog51 s !re are c]ta9 animal pr9ciples into ! composition ( :i* nitrog5 does n ent]4 ,! *ief ultimate pr9ciples !n ( animal matt] are c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog52 b phosphorus & sulphur are also (t5 conta9$ 9 x4 ,lime also exi/s 9 animal bones & %ells 9 consid]able quantity1 usually1 h[ev]1 9 comb9ation ) ! phosphoric & ! c>bonic acid4 ,! *ief proximate pr9ciples ( animal matt] are blood1 album51 gelat9e1 col\r+ matt]1 milk1 bile1 lymph1 ur9e1 sk91 muscle1 horn1 hair1 fat1 c]ebral sub/ance1 %ell1 & bone1 c4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 vegetable & animal bodies appe> to dep5d ^u animal matt] conta9+ nitrog5 9 mu* great] abundance ?an x is f\nd 9 vegetables2 & h5ce ! decomposition ( animal matt] by de/ructive di/illation is *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( ammonia1 :i* is =m$ by ! union ( ! hydrog5 ) ! nitrog52 & x is sometimes s abundantly g5]at$ z to be ! lead+ product3 ?us :5 horns1 ho(s1 or bones are di/ill$ by !mselves1 a quantity ( solid c>bonate ( ammonia & ( ! same sub/ance comb9$ ) a ftid oil1 & dissolv$ 9 wat]1 are obta9$4 ,h5ce ! prep>ations call$ salt & _s ( h>t%orn & animal oil4 ,! pr9cipal animal fluids are blood1 milk1 & bile4 ,! blood1 soon aft] x is tak5 f ! liv+ animal1 sep>ates into two p>ts1 "o call$ ! crassam5tum1 :i* is r$1 & ! o!r s]um1 :i* is a fluid1 & ( a pale /raw-col\r2 ! crassam5tum is a m firm & consi/5t mass ?an ! s]um1 by :i* x is usually1 :5 cool1 surr\nd$4 ,milk consi/s ( s]um or :ey1 butt]1 :i* :ile float+ on ! milk is call$ cream1 & curd or *eese1 :i* has ! lead+ prop]ties ( coagulat$ album54 ,! bile1 z has be5 be=e /at$1 is a saponace\s fluid consi/+ *iefly ( album51 soda1 a bitt] res91 wat]1 & "s o!r sal9e matt]4 ,fat1 9 ! dead animal1 is m]ely animal oil 9 a concrete or h>d5$ /ate4 ,! pr9cipal animal solids besides bone1 are album51 gelat9e1 & fibr94 ,^! sub/ances1 9 c]ta9 /ates ( concretion & comb9ation1 =m all ! solids ( animals1 & are sep>able f ea* o!r by easy analysis4 ,by :atev] means we deprive animal sub/ances ( _! nitrog51 we r$uce !m to a /ate simil> to t ( vegetables4 ,! muscul> fibre1 or fle% z x is usually call$1 :5 exclud$ f ! air1 b p>ticul>ly if 9 contact ) wat]1 p>ts ) its nitrog51 & is conv]t$ into a sub/ance resembl+ sp]maceti1 :i* 9 its analysis agrees ) vegetable express$ oil4 ,:5 vegetables & animals are depriv$ ( life1 _! v>i\s p>ts1 & especially _! fluids1 soon] or lat]1 spontane\sly assume processes :i* t]m9ate 9 _! total decomposition4 ,! e>li] /ages :i* lead to _! decomposition are t]m$ f]m5tation4 ,( ?is !re are ?ree k9ds2 ! fir/1 or v9\s f]m5tation1 takes place 9 vegetable juices :i* conta9 a consid]able quantity ( sug>1 su* are ! juices ( ! grape =m+ w9e1 ( ! apple =m+ cyd]1 c4 ,9 ?is f]m5tation a consid]able quantity ( c>bonic acid gas is dis5gag$2 ?is gas is v de/ructive to animal life1 no "o c live = a m9ute 9 x4 ,if1 aft] ! v9\s f]m5tation is complet$1 ! liquor be expos$ = "s "t to atmosph]ic air1 ano!r f]m5tation takes place1 oxyg5 is absorb$1 & ! liquor becomes v9eg>1 h5ce call$ ! acet\s f]m5tation4 ,! putrid f]m5tation g5]ally takes place 9 animal bodies v soon aft] dea?1 s t nei!r ( ! o!r processes1 c]ta9ly n ! v9\s1 ! acet\s r>ely1 becomes a condition ( animal matt]4 ,! *ief product ( ! v9\s f]m5tation is an intoxicat+1 col\rless1 volatile1 & highly inflammable liquor call$ alcohol2 9 common language rectifi$ spirits ( w9e4 ,x may be obta9$ by di/illation f w9e1 cyd]1 p]ry1 br&y1 c4 c42 & f :atev] liquor x be obta9$1 :5 fre$ f extrane\s matt]1 x is 9 e case ! same4 ,alcohol consi/s ( hydrog51 c>bon1 & oxyg54 ,its usual specific gravity is #hbe1 wat] be+ #ajjj4 ,aft] vegetables h pass$ ?r\gh ^! f]m5t+ processes1 ! decomposition cont9u+1 unless *eck$ by extrane\s means1 ! rema9d] ( _! con/itu5ts become sep>at$1 _m ( !m be+ volatiliz$ 9 ! =m ( gas1 & no?+ rema9s b a black or br[n residuum call$ m\ld1 consi/+ ( c>bon1 "s salts1 a little oil1 & extractive matt]4 ,9 ! decomposition ( animal sub/ances1 we p]ceive ! union ( hydrog5 & nitrog5 =m+ ammonia2 ! comb9ation ( c>bon ) oxyg5 produces c>bonic acid2 & nitric acid arises f ! union oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,a quantity ( hydrog5 is also extricat$ 9 ! =m ( gas1 c>ry+ (f ) x sulphur & phosphorus1 :i* produce toge!r ! disagreeable smell aris+ f animal putrefaction4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s b a portion ( c>bon mix$ ) phosphate ( soda & phosphate ( lime4 ,h5ce we see t1 by ! processes ( f]m5tation1 complex bodies are conv]t$ into m simple sub/ances1 & t nature re/ores1 9 ! new comb9ations1 ! pr9ciples :i* %e _h borr[$ f ! atmosph]e = ! =mation ( bo? animals & vegetables2 & t %e accompli%es a p]petual circle ( ev]-*ang+ be+1 at once demon/rat+ ! fecundity ( h] res\rces1 & ! gr&eur & simplicity ( h] op]ations4 ,on sub/antive & adjective col\rs1 & ! mordants1 c4 us$ 9 dye+2 & on ! lead+ facts ( *emical sci5ce z connect$ ) ?is art4 ,! sub/ances commonly dy$ are ei!r animal1 z wool1 silk1 hair1 lea!r1 & sk9s ( all k9ds2 or vegetable1 z cotton1 flax1 hemp1 c4 ,great diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 ! aff9ities = col\r+ matt] possess$ by ^! sub/ances1 s t a process :i* p]fectly succe$s 9 dye+ wool may fail :5 appli$ to cotton4 ,wool has g5]ally ! /ronge/ aff9ity = col\r2 silk & o!r animal sub/ances come next2 cotton next1 & hemp & flax la/4 ,( ! num]\s kn[n dyes1 few c be appli$ to ei!r animal or vegetable fibre )\t "s prep>ation beyond t ( cleans+ ! /uff1 & imm]s+ x 9 ! dye+ liquor4 ,:5 col\rs c be fix$ on clo? )\t any previ\s prep>ation1 !y are call$ sub/antive col\rs1 su* is indigo2 :5 !y _c be s fix$1 b require to be saturat$ ) "s prep>ation1 su* z acetate ( alum9a1 or a metallic oxide1 c4 !y are call$ adjective col\rs2 ( ?is k9d are madd]1 co*9eal1 c4 ,! sub/ances ) :i* clo?s are impregnat$1 previ\sly to be+ dy$1 are call$ mordants1 because !y are suppos$ to bite or lay hold ( ! col\r :i* is appli$4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 vegetable & animal sub/ances is1 t animal 7z = in/ance wool7 conta9s a small portion ( c>bon1 & a l>ge quantity ( hydrog5 & nitrog52 :ile vegetables conta9 a v l>ge proportion ( c>bon1 less hydrog51 &1 9 g5]al1 no nitrog54 ,x is ! int]e/ ( e dy] to acquire z mu* in=mation z possible conc]n+ ! nature ( alum1 iron1 c>bon1 nitrog51 hydrog51 ! alkalies1 acids1 c4 9 ord] to prev5t or obviate ! consequ5ces ( an incorrect application ( ^! ag5ts 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( 8 art1 & also to apply !m ) ! greate/ success4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 ent] a little into ! nature & comb9ations ( "s ( ^! bodies1 & /ate "s ( ! lead+ facts ) :i* ! mod]n discov]ies 9 *emi/ry h made u acqua9t$4 ,c>bon1 or *>coal1 is consid]$ an elem5t>y body1 because1 z yet1 no means h be5 f\nd adequate to decompose x2 x =ms ! skeleton ( vegetables or _! woody fibre4 ,we mu/ n[ direct ! att5tion ( ! read] to oxyg5 gas1 ! discov]y ( :i* 0 made by ,dr4 ,prie/ley 9 ! ye> #aggd1 & by him call$ dephlogi/icat$ air2 ! mo/ important discov]y t 01 p]haps1 ev] made 9 *emi/ry4 ,:5 a metal is expos$ to atmosph]ic air1 at almo/ e temp]ature1 x loses its metallic lu/re1 & acquires ! =m & appe>ance ( an e>?y sub/ance4 ,if ?is *ange be produc$ 9 a giv5 quantity ( air1 ! oxidation c only be c>ri$ on to a c]ta9 degree2 & on exam9+ ! air :i* rema9s1 we %all f9d t x has lo/ ! :ole ( its oxyg51 & t no?+ rema9s b nitrog5 gas4 ,:at 0 =m]ly call$ ! calc9ation ( metals is no?+ b ! process ( _! union ) oxyg51 :i* is n[ !re=e prop]ly call$ _! oxidation4 ,if *>coal be mix$ ) ! metallic oxide1 & a suitable heat be appli$ to ! mixture1 x w unite ) ! oxyg5 & =m c>bonic acid1 :i* w fly (f 9 ! =m ( gas1 :ile ! metal w assume its metallic =m4 ,f ?is we le>n t oxyg5 is a "p ( atmosph]ic air1 & t nitrog5 con/itutes ano!r portion ( ! same air4 ,ammonia is a comb9ation ( nitrog5 & hydrog54 ,combu/ion1 or ! burn+ ( any combu/ible body1 _c take place1 at lea/ "u ord9>y circum/ances1 )\t ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,nitrog5 gas1 7call$ by its discov]]s azotic gas71 con/itutes ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( atmosph]ic air2 ! o!r f\r? consi/s ( oxyg51 besides a small fraction ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,oxyg5 decomposes & de/roys all fugitive col\rs4 ,oxyg5 is1 besides1 ! basis ( almo/ all ! acids1 & h5ce is "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal ag5ts 9 nature4 ,hydrog51 =m]ly call$ inflammable air1 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,cav5di% 9 #agfg2 x is call$ hydrog51 because x is "o ( ! compon5t p>ts ( wat]2 or1 m prop]ly1 x is ! base ( wat]4 ,x is obta9$ 9 ! mo/ pure /ate f ! decomposition ( wat] by means ( metals1 ?us3 pass "o hundr$ p>ts ( wat] ?r\gh a r$ hot iron tube1 a gun b>rel = in/ance1 fifte5 p>ts ( hydrog5 gas w be produc$1 :ile ! inside ( ! tube w be f\nd conv]t$ into an oxide1 & to h ga9$ eighty five p>ts 9 weight4 ,aga91 :5 eighty five p>ts ( oxyg5 gas are burn$ ) fifte5 ( hydrog5 gas1 bo? gases vani%1 & "o hundr$ p>ts ( wat] are ! result4 ,hydrog5 gas1 :5 9 a pure /ate1 is ab\t fifte5 times light] ?an atmosph]ic air2 h5ce its use = inflat+ balloons4 ,hydrog51 if inhal$1 de/roys animal life2 comb9$ ) nitrog51 x =ms ammonia1 or ! volatile alkali1 z we h be=e /at$4 ,we h m5tion$ ! fix$ alkalies 9 a prec$+ section4 ,we may add "h1 t by ! discov]ies ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 ! ye> #ahjg1 ! base ( cau/ic1 or pure pota%1 is n[ kn[n to consi/ ( a light1 :ite metallic sub/ance1 to :i* ! "n ( potassium has be5 giv52 x is ( ! consi/5ce ( s(t wax2 at a freez+ temp]ature x is h>d1 brittle1 & solid2 :5 ?r[n ^u wat] x in/antly takes fire1 hydrog5 gas escapes1 & an oxide ( potassium1 or cau/ic pot-a%1 is produc$4 ,! pota% & pe>l-a% ( ! %ops we mu/ n =get1 are comb9ations ( c>bonic acid & pot-a%1 h5ce !y eff]vesce ) all ! acids2 b cau/ic pot-a%1 conta9+ no c>bonic acid1 comb9es ) any ( ! acids )\t eff]vesc5ce4 ,! ,,soda1 z obta9$ f b>illa1 is a c>bonate ( soda2 pure soda1 or cau/ic soda1 01 till ! discov]ies ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 suppos$ to be1 z well z pota%1 a simple sub/ance4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 kn[n to consi/ ( a metallic sub/ance ( ! col\r ( lead1 b1 nev]!less1 light] ?an wat]2 ^u :i*1 :5 ?r[n1 x produces1 l potassium1 viol5t action1 yet does n1 9 g5]al1 l potassium1 inflame4 ,x is call$ sodium2 pure soda consi/s !re=e ( sodium & oxyg51 h5ce x is an oxide ( sodium4 ,^! discov]ies ( ! composition ( ! fix$ alkalies are ( inf9ite importance 9 ! arts4 ,! alkalies conta9 "s v /rik+ prop]ties3 ,_! ta/e is acrid1 burn+ & ur9\s4 ,!y g5]ally *ange ! blue col\rs ( vegetable infusions gre54 ,:5 mix$ ) silex or fl9t1 by exposure to great heat !y =m glass1 & !y r5d] oils miscible ) wat]1 & h5ce comb9e ) !m =m+ soaps4 ,!y eff]vesce 7:5 comb9$ ) c>bonic acid17 ) _m o!r acids1 & =m neutral salts ) all ! acids4 ,! volatile alkali or ammonia1 on exposure to air1 flies entirely away4 ,pot-a%1 ei!r 9 its cau/ic /ate1 or 9 t ( a c>bonate1 absorbs moi/ure f ! air1 & liquifies4 ,:ile soda1 on ! contr>y1 & _m ( its comb9ations1 effloresce 9 ! air2 !y1 nev]!less1 eff]vesce1 & comb9e ) ! acids 9 a simil> way to pot-a%4 ,we h m5tion$ h[ pot-a% is obta9$ 9 a prec$+ section4 ,soda is commonly procur$ f ! a%es ( m>9e plants2 ! b>illa ( comm]ce is obta9$1 x is said1 9 ,spa91 *iefly f _m species ( ! salsola1 or salt-wort4 ,b>illa is an impure subc>bonate ( soda1 x is us$ l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( soap4 ,we n[ proce$ to notice ! nature ( acids4 ,!y excite a p>ticul> s5sation on ! palate1 :i* we call s\r4 ,!y *ange ! blue col\r ( vegetables r$4 ,all ( !m1 except ! c>bonic acid1 eff]vesce ) ! volatile z well z ! fix$ alkalies :5 9 ! /ate ( c>bonates1 z !y are mo/ commonly f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,oxyg5 is ! pr9ciple ( almo/ all acids2 _! diff]5ce dep5ds ^u ! base comb9$ ) ! oxyg53 ?us oxyg5 comb9$ ) c>bon or pure *>coal1 =ms c>bonic acid2 ) nitrog5 ! nitric acid2 ) sulphur ! sulphuric acid1 c4 c4 ,gas is a t]m imply+ ! same z air2 b z ! t]m air1 :5 us$1 is liable to be misund]/ood = ! air ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is1 z we h se51 a comp\nd body1 ! t]m gas is m appropriately appli$ to all ela/ic fluids ( a specific k9d4 ,?us we say c>bonic acid gas1 oxyg5\s gas4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 c>bonic acid & c>bonic acid gas1 & oxyg5 & oxyg5\s gas1 consi/s 9 ! latt] be+ comb9$ ) heat only1 & 9 ! /ate ( air1 :ile 9 ! =m] !y are fix$ 9 "s body1 z 9 c>bonate ( pot-a% & oxide ( lead1 9 bo? :i* cases ! c>bonic acid exi/s 9 a fix$ /ate1 or comb9$ ) ! pot-a%1 & ! oxyg5 is 9 a fix$ /ate1 or comb9$ ) ! lead4 ,we may n[ treat ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is ?us produc$1 z well z 9 _m o!r ways3 :5 *>coal is burn$ 9 oxyg5 gas1 exactly suffici5t = its combu/ion1 bo? ! *>coal & oxyg5 disappe>1 & an ela/ic fluid is f\nd 9 ! vessel1 :i* is equal 9 weight to bo?4 ,?is air or gas is c>bonic acid gas2 x comb9es ) lime1 ! alkalies1 & pure or burnt magnesia3 x con/itutes a consid]able portion ( ! weight ( *alk1 lime/one & m>ble1 z is readily se5 by comp>+ ^! bodies be=e & aft] _! conv]sion into quicklime4 ,x is frequ5tly comb9$ ) hydrog54 ,! gas ) :i* ! /reets are n[ light$ is *iefly c>burett$ hydrog54 ,c>bonic acid gas has ! foll[+ prop]ties4 ,x ext+ui%es flame1 &1 l nitrog5 & hydrog51 kills animals imm]s$ 9 x4 ,x is heavi] ?an common air1 & may !re=e be p\r$ out ( "o vessel into ano!r l wat]4 ,cid]1 w9e1 be] & o!r f]m5t$ liquors owe _! briskness to ! c>bonic acid :i* !y conta92 soda-wat] also owes its briskness entirely to ! quantity ( c>bonic acid gas :i* x conta9s1 a small quantity ( heat be+ suffici5t to give ! acid ! gase\s /ate4 ,sulphur has be5 m5tion$ be=e2 x is well kn[n to be a v combu/ible sub/ance2 x is f\nd 9 great quantities ?r\gh\t nature2 ! sulphur ( comm]ce comes ei!r f ,italy or ,sicily2 or f ! isle ( ,anglesea1 :]e x is obta9$ f ! smelt+ ( sulphuret ( copp]2 ! be/1 h[ev]1 comes f ,sicily4 ,x is1 sometimes1 f\nd pure2 b (t5 comb9$ ) "s ( ! metals1 =m+ sulphurets4 ,x is also frequ5tly obta9$ by ! decomposition ( animal & vegetable sub/ances2 x is sometimes f\nd comb9$ ) hydrog5 7h5ce call$ sulphurett$ hydrog571 9 ! human /oma*1 m frequ5tly 9 ! inte/9es4 ,sulphur comb9$ ) a small dose ( oxyg51 =ms a volatile suffocat+ acid1 call$ ! sulphure\s acid2 ) a l>ge dose x =ms sulphuric acid1 or oil ( vitriol4 ,= ! nitric & muriatic acids1 see a prec$+ section4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 m5tion "h1 t nitric acid has ! peculi> prop]ty ( /a9+ ! sc>f sk9 ( ! human body a dull yell[1 ( su* p]man5ce1 t x c sc>cely1 by any means1 be de/roy$1 x usually rema9+ till ! sk9 we>s or peels (f4 ,! pr9cipal vegetable acids are ! t>t>ic & ! acetic4 ,! t>t>ic acid exi/s 9 sup]abundance 9 t>t>1 & p>ticul>ly 9 cream ( t>t>1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a purifi$ t>t>4 ,see argol 9 a prec$+ section4 ,! acetic acid con/itutes ! v9eg> bo? common & di/ill$2 x is f\nd 9 a v conc5trat$ /ate 9 ! %ops1 "u ! "n ( aromatic v9eg>4 ,x is also n[ obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities1 & ( great /r5g? f wood by di/illation1 or burn+1 9 vessels1 adapt$ = ! purpose1 h5ce call$ ! pyrolign\s acid1 b ess5tially ! acetic acid4 ,?is la/ is n[ us$ by ,calico-,pr9t]s to make acetate ( iron4 ,see a prec$+ section4 ,alum9a1 or e>? ( alum9a1 sometimes call$ argil1 is s(t to ! t\*1 adh]es to ! tongue1 & h>d5s 9 ! fire1 contract+ its dim5sions3 x con/itutes ! greate/ "p ( clays4 ,) sulphuric acid & pot-a%1 x =ms ! common alum ( ! %ops4 ,alum dissolves 9 ab\t sixte5 times its weight ( cold wat]4 ,= acetate ( alum see alum 9 a prec$+ section4 ,agriculturi/s & agricultural *emi/s "k t alum9a con/itutes ?ree eigh?s or m ( a fruitful soil2 "s vegetables1 likewise1 conta9 ?is e>? 9 _! composition4 ,iron is also a compon5t "p ( _m soils1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 :i* a r$ col\r is pr$om9ant2 h5ce x is1 probably1 a compon5t "p ( all drugs us$ = br[ns1 fawns1 & blacks4 ,x w be se5 :at aff9ity cotton has = iron 9 ! dye ( buff#d ^u cotton2 & x seems reasonable to conclude t ?is metal n only produces ! black1 grey1 & br[n hues1 b1 ) lime1 =ms a compon5t "p ( ! drugs !mselves :i* give ! br[n dyes4 ,x may be "h also m5tion$1 t ! r$ col\r ( ! blood has be5 by _m *emi/s suppos$ to arise f ! iron :i* x conta9s2 ,,mr4 ,,br&e1 h[ev]1 does n1 f 8 own exp]im5ts1 conclude ?is to be ! fact4 ,! blood ( animals is1 nev]!less1 occasionally us$ = dye+1 z w be se5 "u ,adrianople r$4 ,see ,,kirwan on ,manures1 c4 & ,,davy',s ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,f ! acids or oxyg5 comb9$ ) alkalies1 e>?s1 or metals1 almo/ innum]able mordants1 z we h se51 are =m$2 & ^u ! correct & prop] application ( ^! to ! clo? or o!r matt]s to be dy$1 dep5ds ! goodness & p]man5ce ( ! col\rs4 ,! dy] _c1 !re=e1 be too scrupul\sly att5tive to ?is portion ( 8 art4 ,9 dye+ ! /ud5t ought also to rememb]1 t ! mat]ial to be dy$ comb9es intimately1 9 num]\s in/ances1 ) alum9a or o!r mordants2 9 ! case ( alum9a x1 9 "s in/ances1 takes up f "o twelf? to "o f\r? ( its weight ( alum1 leav+ ! alum ba? ne>ly ta/eless4 ,s also w ri* extract ( ,am]ican b>k1 or ev5 weld1 :5 ! proportion ( weld is 9 weight m ?an two to "o ( ! wool1 =m a triple comp\nd ) ! clo? & alum1 ( p]man5t duration4 ,all ^! prelim9>ies ! au?or consid]s ( ! fir/ importance to be und]/ood1 & he has1 !re=e1 m5tion$ !m aga9 & aga94 ,= s do+ he is sure t he %all be excus$ 9 ! dye-h\se1 al?\gh n p]haps by ! critics1 ^: c&\r he nev]!less respectfully solicits4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! application ( mordants4 ,9 reg>d to musl9s & calicoes1 ! alum is to be mix$ ) gum & c>ri$ to ! piece1 z w be describ$ bel[ 9 ! ,calico-,pr9t]s' mordant1 & !n imm]s$ 9 ! dye-ba?3 x ?us receives ! base or mordant4 ,if ! base be alum & ! dye-ba? madd]1 !n1 :]e ! block /rikes ! patt]n ) ! alum9e base1 ! col\r w come out r$2 ! o!r p>ts w clean & blea* :ite4 ,if alum & iron =m ! base1 ! col\r w be purple2 if iron alone be appli$1 & galls1 suma*1 logwood1 c4 are ! compon5t p>ts ( ! dye-ba?1 !n x w be black4 ,! ,calico-,pr9t]s' mordant or base ( alum = yell[ & r$ goods1 ei!r = pr9t+ or dye+2 & on comp\nd col\rs4 ,take "o gallon ( s(t & pure wat]1 ( a heat ( #aej1 ?ree p\nds ( common alum1 "o p\nd & a half ( sug> 7acetate7 ( lead2 mix ^! toge!r1 & let !m /& = two or ?ree days1 s t !y may incorporate1 (t5 /irr+ !m dur+ t int]val2 !n add two ounces ( pe>l-a%1 & ! same quantity ( clean p[d]$ *alk or :it+4 ,aft] a "t ! cle> liquor1 n[ become an acetate ( alum1 mu/ be drawn (f4 ,:5 us$1 x is ?ick5$ ei!r ) pa/e1 fl\r1 or gum arabic1 or s5egal2 f\r p\nds ( ei!r ( ! gums to ea* gallon ( liquor#e4 ,a block or a press simil> to a copp]-plate press = pap]1 b mu* l>g]1 & hav+ ! copp] plates 9 proportion1 is employ$ to spread ! acetate ( alum f a ut5sil call$ a sieve1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 n por\s1 :ile a boy or girl call$ a ,te]]1 works x smoo?2 :5 smoo? on ! sieve1 ! pr9t] applies 8 block1 & *>ges x ) ! acetate ( alum2 ! block ?us *>g$1 is correctly put on ! cotton clo?1 :i* is laid ^u a blanket spread ^u a table2 x is !n /ruck ) a mallet once or twice1 by :i*1 or by ! pressure ( ! roll+-press1 if copp]-plate1 ! acetate ( alum is driv5 into ! pores ( ! clo?4 ,! clo? ?us prep>$1 is hung up 9 a hot /ove1 & dri$ by a high degree ( heat4 ,! goods are n[ ready1 if = r$1 = ! madd]2 & if = yell[1 = ! weld copp]4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 lately1 ! col\r is previ\sly prep>$1 & appli$ at once 9 m in/ances ?an are prud5t4 ,to ! above mordant1 ,m',k]nan adds ?ree ounces ( sulphate ( copp]1 omitt+ ! pota%2 & he adds1 ,:5 ! col\r is want+ on ! sc>let ca/1 omit ! sulphate ( copp]4 ,wool readily takes ! alum at a boil+ heat2 common alum is 9 _m in/ances prop] = wool2 & 9 o!rs1 :]e x might be improp]1 x is correct$ by ! use ( argol or cream ( t>t>4 ,yell[ & r$ produce orange2 r$ & blue1 purple2 b ^u cotton1 a sc>let1 purple1 or crimson _c be produc$ 9 any way equal to ^? col\rs 9 wool or silk4 ,yell[ & blue =m ! gre54 ,on ,blea*+ ,l951 ,cotton1 c4 ,we _c ent] ) mu* m9ut5ess into ?is "p ( ! subject1 m especially z ! art ( blea*+ is usually a sep>ate "o f t ( dye+4 ,yet z 9 fact ! arts ( dye+ & ( blea*+ dep5d 9 a great degree on ! same pr9ciples1 "s notice ( blea*+1 9 a treatise on dye+1 seems absolutely necess>y4 ,l951 cotton1 & o!r clo?s1 7 = ages depriv$ ( _! col\r1 9 o!r words1 blea*$1 r5d]$ :ite1 by a t$i\s process4 ,?us1 ! article to be blea*$ be+ boil$ 9 a solution ( pot-a%1 0 wa%$1 & !n spread on ! grass 9 a field1 wat]$ occasionally1 &1 ?us expos$ to ! atmosph]e = two or ?ree mon?s1 became :ite4 ,?is me?od is1 h[ev]1 9 "p1 if n n[ entirely1 disp5s$ )4 ,m4 ,b]?ollet1 an +5i\s ,fr5* *emi/1 to ^: valuable "w on dye+ we h be=e allud$1 employ$ :at 0 !n call$ oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 n[ *lor9e1 to p]=m 9 a few days :at be=e took mon?s to accompli%4 ,8 me?od 0 z foll[s4 ,to six p9ts ( p[d]$ oxide ( manganese he add$ sixte5 ( muriate ( soda1 7common salt7 & twelve ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dilut$ ) an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,^! 7 plac$ 9 a lead5 retort & di/ill$3 ! product 0 oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 or *lor9e1 :i* be+ conduct$ to a vessel conta9+ ! mat]ial to be dy$1 produc$ ! same effects z ! =m] t$i\s process1 & blea*$ z mu*1 9 two or ?ree days1 z 0 be=e done 9 two or ?ree mon?s4 ,?is process has be5 s9ce mu* fur!r improv$ by ! use ( a comb9ation ( *lor9e ) lime1 call$ *loride1 or oxymuriate ( lime4 ,?is article is at pres5t us$ 9 almo/ all ! blea*+ gr\nds 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ^u ! use ( ! ag5t1 *lor9e1 does ! exp$ition & :it5ess ( mod]n blea*+ pr9cipally dep5d4 ,yet x ought1 nev]!less1 to be /at$1 t al?\gh1 9 ! h&s ( sci5tific & judici\s p]sons1 *lor9e is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts 9 blea*+ t ev] 0 discov]$1 /ill1 9 ! h&s ( bungl+ & av>ici\s p]sons1 x may contribute greatly to ! de/ruction ( ! clo?2 & !re=e1 ev5 n[1 a dem& is occasionally he>d = ! old me?od ( blea*+4 ,^! processes con/itute ! art ( ! blea*]2 ! dy] has seldom any ?+ to d ) !m except 9 piece-goods or r\gh cambric1 :i* he has sometimes to dye black z !y come f ! blea*]'s 9 a /ate :i* !y call once b\ck$2 & sometimes he has !m j z !y come f ! weav]2 9 :i* case1 if = black1 !y ne$ n be blea*$ :ite1 b %\ld be boil$ 9 pot-a%1 to take out ! grease1 c4 ,on ! !ory relative to fa/ & fugitive col\rs4 ,_m attempts h be5 made by *emical philosoph]s to acc\nt = ! p]man5ce or want ( p]man5ce ( v>i\s col\rs1 :5 imp>t$ to clo?s & o!r bodies z a dye4 ,among ^!1 ,,hellot1 ,d',,apligny1 & o!rs ( ! old1 & ,,b]?ollet1 ,,bancr(t1 ,,h5ry1 & o!rs ( ! mod]n s*ool1 may be m5tion$4 ,! p[] ( resi/+ vegetable acids1 alkalies1 & soap1 &1 above all1 ! action ( air & light1 con/itutes ! durability ( a col\r4 ,b ?is prop]ty has a v unequal /&>d1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! col\r & ! species ( ! /uff4 ,!re is no obscurity 9 ! action ( wat]1 alkalies1 acids1 & soap3 = a solution is effect$ by means ( ^! ag5ts1 or a small portion ( acid or alkali unites to ! comb9ation1 :i* =ms ! col\r4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) ! action ( light & air4 ,till lately1 h[ev]1 x 0 n kn[n 9 :at ?is action consi/$4 ,( ! two pr9ciples :i* compose atmosph]ic air1 x is only ! oxyg5 gas :i* acts on ! col\r+ p>ticles4 ,x comb9es ) !m1 & ?us impairs _! col\r or makes !m fade4 ,b its action is soon *iefly ex]t$ on ! hydrog5 :i* ent]s into _! composition1 & x !reby =ms wat]4 ,?is effect may be comp>$ to a feeble combu/ion4 ,h5ce ! c>bon1 :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! col\r+ p>ticles1 becomes pr$om9ant1 & ! col\r usually passes to yell[1 dun1 or br[n1 or o!r appe>ances4 ,light promotes ?is decomposition ( ! col\r+ p>ticles1 :i* frequ5tly takes place only ) its concurr5ce1 & ?us x contributes to ! de/ruction ( ! col\r4 ,heat also fav\rs ! same result1 b less efficaci\sly s1 unless x h a c]ta9 int5sity4 ,x is conclud$1 !re=e1 t col\rs are m or less fix$ 9 ! air1 accord+ to ! great] or less t5d5cy :i* ! col\r+ p>ticles h to und]go ?is *ange#f4 ,h5ce ! utility ( mordants 9 r5d]+ fugitive col\rs fa/4 ,to prove ! col\rs ( ,dy$ ,/uffs1 c4 ,! natural pro(s ( a dye's be+ effectual1 are exposure to ! air1 to ! sun1 or to ra94 ,if ! col\r be n *ang$ by su* exposure aft] twelve or f\rte5 days1 x may be consid]$ z fix$4 ,^! pro(s are n1 h[ev]1 adapt$ to e col\r3 = "s resi/ ! action ( air1 light1 & ra91 yet are nev]!less injur$ by c]ta9 acids4 ,!re are also col\rs :i* d n resi/ ! natural pro(s & yet rema9 un*ang$ by acids4 ,col\rs may be arrang$ 9 ?is respect 9 ?ree classes3 ! fir/ class is tri$ ) alum1 ! second ) soap1 ! ?ird ) t>t>4 ,= ! pro( ) alum1 half an ounce ( ?is salt mu/ be dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( wat] 9 an e>!n pipk91 & into ?is liquor is to be put half a qu>t] ( an ounce ( ! dy$ ?read or /uff1 ! :ole be+ boil$ ab\t five m9utes2 x is !n to be wa%$ clean ) wat]4 ,?us are tri$ crimson1 sc>let1 fle%-col\r1 violet1 ponceau1 pea*-blossom1 diff]5t %ades ( blue1 & o!r col\rs bord]+ on ^!4 ,! next pro( consi/s 9 boil+ a qu>t] ( an ounce ( soap 9 a p9t ( wat]1 ) half a qu>t] ( an ounce ( ! dy$ /uff or ?read = five m9utes4 ,) ?is pro( all sorts ( yell[1 gre51 madd]-r$1 c9namon1 & simil> col\rs are to be tri$4 ,! pro( ) t>t> consi/s 9 boil+ "o ounce ( t salt1 previ\sly p[d]$ v f9e1 ) a qu>t] ( an ounce ( dy$ ?read or /uff1 9 a p9t ( wat] = five m9utes4 ,?is pro( is us$ = all col\rs bord]+ ^u fall[1 or hair-br[n4--,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxii4 #bai4 ,b not)/&+ ^! g5]al rules may be giv5 = dye-te/s1 yet s _m are ! niceties 9 ?is art1 t1 aft] all1 no?+ b long practice comb9$ ) sci5tific k1 w enable ! dy] to become 9 ?is respect1 a complete & successful arti/4 ,on dye-h\ses & ! wat] prop] = dye+4 ,! dye-h\se %\ld be z spaci\s z possible1 accord+ to ! quantity ( "w int5d$ to be done 9 x2 x %\ld be also z ne> z possible to a cle> runn+ /ream4 ,! floor %\ld be a mixture ( lime & cem5t1 & suffici5tly incl9+1 s t wat]1 ! old cont5ts ( ! vats1 c4 c4 may run (f freely :5 ?r[n d[n4 ,a dy] _c be too p>ticul> 9 reg>d to ! wat] :i* he uses4 ,"s pump1 well1 & o!r spr+ wat]s1 conta9 iron2 ?is is injuri\s to _m col\rs1 :ile = black1 br[n1 slates1 & grey1 x is v advantage\s4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t "s dy]s succe$ 9 dye+ ev5 ! v same col\r 9 a sup]ior mann]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! peculi> purity or o!r prop]ties ( ! wat] :i* !y use4 ,to discov] :e!r wat] conta9s iron or n1 a little t9cture ( galls or prussiate ( pota% mu/ be dropp$ into x2 if a purple or blue t+e be produc$ 9 ! wat]1 we may be assur$ t x does conta9 iron4 ,= dye+ delicate col\rs1 ! wat]1 :i* ought to be *os5 = su* purpose ! pure/ & be/1 %\ld be heat$ ) bran 9 a bag1 :5 mu* ( ! cont5ts ( ! wat] inimical to dye+ w rise to ! top 9 ! =m ( a scum1 & %\ld be tak5 (f j be=e ! wat] boils4 ,in/ead ( bran1 a little alum w answ] ! same purpose :5 x is n inimical to ! col\r int5d$ to be dy$4 ,! boil+ po9t ( wat] is at ! degree ( #bab ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]2 ! freez+ po9t is at #cb ( ! same in/rum5t2 blood heat is at #ih4 ,miscellane\s obs]vations4 ,! limits & price ( ?is manual preclude ! possibility ( our giv+ plates to expla9 "s ( ! ma*9]y & ut5sils :i* are n[ employ$ 9 dye+4 ,to in=m a dy] :at k9d ( copp]s1 casks1 & vats are necess>y1 w\ld seem to be sup]flu\s2 & ! pupil may soon acquire su* k 9 ! dye-h\se4 ,%\ld a dy] f9d x 8 int]e/ to und]take a bran* ( 8 art ( :i* he has n any previ\s k1 he _h bett] engage a man :o und]/&s x2 if1 h[ev]1 he ?9ks himself compet5t to manage x1 b is unacqua9t$ ) ! be/ mod]n ut5sils appropriat$ to t p>ticul> bran*1 he _h bett] get a dy]'s lab\r] :o has be5 us$ to x2 a man ( suffici5t intellig5ce may be f\nd ) due enc\ragem5t to p]=m ?is "p4 ,x may j be add$1 t ,ure's ,b]?ollet & ,mr4 ,m',k]nan's "w1 bo? conta9 num]\s explanatory plates ( ! ut5sils & ma*9]y :i* are describ$ & recomm5d$ 9 ^? works4 ,all solutions & decoctions ( ,brazil wood1 logwood1 fu/ic1 c4 %\ld always be prep>$ 9 ! same quantity & proportion1 & "o measure be inv>iably set ap>t = ea*4 ,?is obs]vation is meant m p>ticul>ly to apply to drugs 9 /ock1 always kept 9 a /ate ( prep>ation ready = any process or "w :i* may occur4 ,! drugs j nam$ may be kept 9 a prep>$ /ate2 b weld boil$ w n keep1 nor w "s o!rs :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,weld1 z x w n keep1 %\ld be us$ ?us3 a copp] 9 proportion to ! size ( ! "w %\ld always be us$2 & z weld w be> boil+ & re-boil+1 x c be boil$ by ! half bundle or m accord+ z x may be want$1 :e!r y "w little or mu*4 ,if y are exact & ne> 9 y\r e/imate1 practice w soon r5d] y p]fect 9 any bran*4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ too1 t to dye to patt]n _c be ! result ( a receipt1 )\t a great latitude be left = ! judgm5t4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( dye+ is t ( light drabs1 /one drabs1 c4 ,no?+ b practice w qualify y = ?is & all patt]n dye+3 ! way1 & ! only good way to obta9 practice1 is to "w ) all possible regul>ity4 ,9 ! dye+ ( fancy clo?s 9 ! clo?+ di/ricts ( ,york%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & o!r f9e clo? manufactories1 ! manufactur]s :o dye _! own clo?s1 z well z dy]s ( ! greate/ em95ce1 always numb]1 measure1 weigh1 & "t all ! compon5t p>ts ( _! v>i\s processes ( dye+4 ,su* 9 fact ought to be ! univ]sal practice2 & !n a p]son ( ord9>y abilities may soon be able to p]fect 8 processes & obta9 ! be/ results4 ,h5ce1 h[ev]1 x is v necess>y t ! dy] %\ld h a compet5t k ( *emi/ry & drugs1 t he may be able to judge ( ! goodness ( ! articles :i* he uses1 & ( ! num]\s & extraord9>y comb9ations into :i* !y ent]4 ,to *emi/ry1 9 p>ticul>1 e able & sci5tific dy] mu/ be l>gely indebt$2 = ?is reason x is t we h endeav\r$1 9 ?is introductory *apt]1 to sket* "s ( ! mo/ important facts 9 ?is univ]sal & int]e/+ sci5ce4 ,9 possession ( ^! qualifications1 & work+ ^u ! above plan1 ! dy] c nev] be f> f ! desir$ result 9 all 8 processes4 ,8 deviations1 if any1 w be few1 z f 8 k1 he w soon p]ceive ! fir/ approa* ( any incorrectness1 & be able to adju/ x g5]ally )\t mu* inconv5i5ce4 ,! *emical t]ms n[ introduc$ into treatises on dye+ are *iefly tak5 f ! ,greek language1 & are us$ 9 su* a mann] z to convey1 by _! etymology1 an idea ( ! nature ( ! sub/ances to :i* !y are appli$4 ,oxyg5 implies ! produc] ( acid3 hydrog51 ! produc] ( wat]2 nitrog51 ! produc] ( nitre1 c4 ,! t]m gas has be5 expla9$ above4 ,caloric is a t]m us$ by *emi/s = heat2 b caloric is us$ 9 a m ext5sive signification ?an ! t]m heat1 ?us3 al?\gh a gas might possess no s5sible heat1 yet be+ 9 a gase\s /ate1 x is assum$ to conta9 a c]ta9 portion ( caloric :i* keeps x 9 its gase\s /ate2 ! same obs]vation w apply to liquids :e!r aque\s1 ole\s1 or metallic4 ,all ! measures m5tion$ 9 ?is "w unless o!rwise describ$1 are ^? usually call$ 9 ?is c\ntry ,,w9e ,,measure1 & n ^? :i* h be5 introduc$ by a late act ( p>liam5t1 call$ ,,imp]ial ,,measures4 #b ,co*9eal 0 at fir/ suppos$ to be a gra91 :i* "n x /ill reta9s by way ( em95ce among dy]s4 ,,ure4 #c ,= ! cultivation ( ,woad 9 ,engl&1 see ,p>i%'s pap] 9 vol4 xii4 ( ! ,ba? ,society's ,report1 or ,tillo*'s ,mag4 vol4 xxxviii4 #d ,:at are call$ iron m\lds 9 cotton1 l951 c4 are1 x is well kn[n1 no?+ b ! m>ks ( a buff col\r1 usually left by ink & o!r matt]s :i* conta9 iron3 acids1 ( c\rse1 dissolve1 & dis*>ge ^! buff col\rs2 ! oxalic acid does s )\t decompos+ ! clo?4 #e ,acetate ( ,alum9a is n[ mo/ frequ5tly made = ! ,calico-,pr9t]s by dissolv+ alum 9 a solution ( crude acetate ( lime1 7pyrolignite72 a gallon ( ! acetate1 ( specific gravity1 #a4jej or #a4jfj1 be+ us$ ) two p\nds & ?ree-qu>t]s ( alum4 ,a sulphate ( lime is =m$1 :i* precipitates1 :ile an acetate ( alum9a mix$ ) "s alum floats above4 ,! acetate ( alum9a employ$ z a mordant = *9tz1 is /ill commonly made by ! mutual decomposition ( alum & acetate ( lead4--,ure's ,b]?ollet1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cca4 #f ,b]?ollet4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,dye+ ,,cotton4 ,to dye cotton a ,saxon or *emic blue--,sulphate ( indigo--,saxon or *emic gre5--,to set a cold indigo vat--,ano!r indigo vat--,to dye cotton a fa/ gre5 ) ! cold indigo vat & weld--,ano!r cold blue vat = l95 & cotton--,solution ( indigo = p5cil+ pr9t$ musl91 c4--,to dye cotton a fa/ buff--,to dye cotton p9k4 ,we ref] ! read] to ! prec$+ *apt] = _m obs]vations relative to cotton1 ) :i*1 9 ord] to und]/& correctly ! be/ me?od ( dye+ ?is mat]ial1 x is necess>y t he %\ld become acqua9t$3 inde$1 ! :ole ( t *apt] ought to be well /udi$ by e "o desir\s ( becom+ an exp]t dy]4 ,to dye cotton ( a ,saxon or *emic blue4 ,?is is p]=m$ ) ! sulphate ( indigo ?us3--put into a br[n /one glaz$ e>!n pot f\r p\nds ( good sulphuric acid1 add to x twelve ounces ( good indigo f9ely p[d]$1 /irr+ ! mixture v quickly & frequ5tly3 break ! lumps1 if x %\ld get lumpy be=e x is ?or\ghly mix$1 ) a glass rod1 or ) a /ick1 ! b>k ( :i* has be5 tak5 (f3 if = wool or silk1 ! solution w be fit = use 9 =ty-eight h\rs1 b if = cotton x w n be fit = use till ! acid is neutraliz$ by an alkali4 ,"s p]sons1 h[ev]1 use :it+1 b ?is precipitates & wa/es ! indigo2 o!rs use magnesia1 b ?is is exp5sive3 "s1 aga91 use pure or cau/ic pota% prep>$ ?us--take ,am]ican pot or pe>l-a% ab\t sev5 p\nds1 put "s ( x into a br[n /one glaz$ j>1 or r an op5 pan2 ^u ! a%es put "s quicklime rec5tly burnt1 & !n alt]nately a%es & lime1 slack+ ! lime ) wat] z x is put on ! a%es2 let ! :ole /& toge!r = ab\t two h\rs3 provide n[ ano!r br[n /one e>!n vessel ) a hole 9 ! bottom1 ( l>g] dim5sions ?an ! o!r1 put into ?is a piece ( co>se l95 to prev5t ! lime1 ! impurities1 or any =eign body f runn+ ?r\gh ! hole1 !n ^u ! bottom put "s ( ! previ\sly mix$ lime & a%es1 well incorporat$1 & plac$ g5tly ^u ! l95 s z to be sure ( its keep+ its place & lett+ ! liquor pass ?r\gh cle>4 ,z ! mixture is put 9 add "s wat] occasionally1 s z to keep x j cov]$1 & leave room at ! top = ! swell+ ( ! mat]ials1 z ! lime especially w increase 9 bulk4 ,wat] mu/ fill ! :ole1 & cov] ! lime1 c4 :i* w be kn[n by ! bubbles ceas+ to rise4 ,:5 x has /ood twelve or f\rte5 h\rs1 wat] be+ occasionally add$ z x is absorb$1 "s may be drawn out4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! c>bonic acid has entirely quitt$ ! pota%1 7& = :i* purpose ! quicklime1 hav+ a great] aff9ity ) ! c>bonic acid ?an pota% has1 is specifically appli$17 take "s ( ! fluid 9 a w9e glass & drop a drop ( sulphuric acid into x2 if ! c>bonic acid has entirely comb9$ ) ! lime1 ! sulphuric acid w ent] ! fluid 9 ! glass quietly1 & )\t any o!r appe>ance ?an s mu* wat]2 if y /ill d\bt add m drops ( ! sulphuric acid successively4 ,if ! c>bonic acid has n entirely left ! pota% :5 ! sulphuric acid is dropp$ into ! liquor1 an eff]vesc5ce or f]m5tation w be se5 9 x4 ,:5ev] ?is is ! case ! liquor mu/ be return$ to ! mixture = a long] "t1 &1 if necess>y1 m lime be add$4 ,:5 ! liquor or ley is fit = use1 all ( x is to be drawn (f1 & m wat] may be add$ & rema9 on ! +r$i5ts till x is want$4 ,x is be/ to keep x close f ! air1 because z ! air conta9s a c]ta9 portion ( c>bonic acid1 ! liquor w\ld 9 "t absorb x1 & ! ley1 in/ead ( conta9+ cau/ic pota%1 w\ld become a solution ( c>bonate ( pota%1 & consequ5tly n answ] ! end design$4 ,to "k :5 ! alkali ( ! mixture is exhau/$1 take a piece ( pap] /a9$ ) ! juice ( ! blue fl[]s ( violets1 or ! blossom ( ! mall[1 :i* is ?us prep>$--p\nd ! blossoms 9 a glass mort> ) a glass pe/le1 & squeeze ! juice into a tea-cup1 !n1 ) a small hair p5cil1 cov] a %eet ( :ite pap] ) ! juice1 & dry x = use4 ,all acids w turn x r$1 & all alkalies w turn x gre52 &1 !re=e1 z long z any ( ! alkali rema9s 9 ! liquor1 ! pap] ?us prep>$ w1 :5 imm]s$ 9 x1 be /a9$ gre54 ,! comp>ative /r5g? ( su* solutions may also be asc]ta9$ ?us3 take a w9e-glass full ( ! liquor1 drop into x a few drops ( sulphuric acid1 /irr+ x ) a glass rod or clean bit ( tobacco-pipe1 & !n apply a bit ( te/ pap]2 if x appe> gre5 m acid mu/ be add$ & /irr$ aga92 apply ! te/ pap] a second "t1 if x be /ill /a9$ gre51 a few drops m ( ! acid mu/ be add$1 & ?us cont9ue till ! col\r ( ! pap] is nei!r alt]$ to gre5 nor r$3 ! liquor w !n be nei!r acid nor alkal9e1 b conta9 a neutral salt consi/+ ( a comb9ation ( ! acid & ! alkali4 ,by add+1 h[ev]1 a few m drops ( ! acid1 ?is la/ w be f\nd pr$om9ant1 & ! te/ pap]1 be+ imm]s$ 9 ! liquor1 w be /a9$ r$4 ,by treat+ diff]5t leys 9 ?is mann]1 & c\nt+ ! numb] ( drops necess>y to neutralize ea*1 ! /ronge/ ley w always be f\nd t :i* requires ! greate/ quantity ( acid = ! purpose4 ,alkal9e leys are also to be judg$ ( by _! weight comp>$ ) t ( wat]2 a w9e p9t ( wat] usually weighs ab\t sixte5 ounces avoirdupoise2 all alkal9e leys are heavi] ?an wat]1 & ! heavi] !y are ! m alkali !y necess>ily conta94 ,a w9e p9t ( "s ( !m w weigh m ?an sev5te5 ounces4 ,to return to ! dye+ ( cotton a *emic blue3 7to :i* a k ( ^! *emical processes1 z well z ( o!r processes 9 our "w1 is ess5tially necess>y17 take "s ( ! blue liquid prep>$ ) indigo & sulphuric acid1 z be=e direct$1 & put x into a vessel l>ge en\gh to hold two or ?ree times z mu* z is int5d$ to be put 91 9 ord] t !re may be room to /ir x2 add "s ( ! pota%1 or alkal9e liquor1 by degrees till1 aft] sev]al trials1 ! mixture ceases to be s\r2 or1 if y d n l to ta/e x1 take a small slip ( cotton or musl9 & dip x 91 aft] hav+ wett$ x out 9 w>m wat]4 ,if ! acid be neutraliz$ ! cotton w be s\nd1 if n x w be t5d] :5 dri$3 if ! acid pr$om9ates mu* ! cotton w be z rott5 z t9d]2 :5 ! cotton is p]fectly /rong & s\nd aft] be+ dri$1 ! liquid is 9 a prop] /ate to dye bo? cotton & musl94 ,! goods to be dy$ mu/ fir/ be wett$ out & wrung1 !n "w !m 9 ! flat tub ) wat]1 ) a little ( ?is blue add$1 & well /irr$ 9 proportion to ! %ade want$4 ,f half a p9t to a p9t ( ! liquid blue is suffici5t = two pieces ( tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty-eight y>ds ea*1 if n ( a v full patt]n4 ,blue1 :5 dy$1 %\ld be dri$ 9 a cool /ove1 & if book-musl9s1 fram$2 furniture %\ld be /iff5$1 glaz$1 or cal5d]$4 ,! prec$+ are ess5tially ! same directions = prep>+ & dye+ ) ! *emic blue :i* 7 giv5 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 & :i* we see no reason to alt]4 ,z1 h[ev]1 = silk 9 p>ticul>1 ano!r me?od has be5 giv5 9 ! late "w ( ,mr4 ,m',,k]nan1 we give 8 processes bel[4 ,sulphate ( ,indigo4 ,take "o p\nd ( ! be/ flora indigo 9 v f9e p[d]1 put ?is into a /one-w>e or lead vessel1 !n add gradually ?ree p\nds ( ! be/ sulphuric acid1 specific gravity #a4hjj2 mix well & /ir (t51 & 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! indigo w be dissolv$4 ,add+ ?ree ounces ( sulphur to ! acid1 & heat+ x to #ahj2 !n1 :5 cool$ to #ajj1 p\r+ ! acid (f ! s$im5t1 & !n add+ to x ! indigo1 is consid]$ ! be/ way ( op5+ or dissolv+ ! indigo4 ,:5 ! indigo & acid h be5 mix$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 add ?ree p9ts ( boil+ wat]2 /ir (t52 :5 cold x w be fit = use4 ,to neutralize ! sulphate ( indigo4 ,take six p\nds ( alum & dissolve x 9 two gallons ( wat] at #abj1 :5 dissolv$ add1 by degrees1 five p\nds ( pe>l-a%es until ! acid ( ! alum is neutraliz$ & ! alum9e =m$1 !n put ! :ole on a piece ( calico t has be5 hook$ 9 a squ>e frame1 or ti$ ov] a vessel2 :5 ! liquor has run (f !n add "o gallon ( boil+ wat] on ! alum9e & /ir x up well4 ,:5 ! wat] has gone ?r\gh ! calico2 ! alum9e is fit = use4 ,!n add a "p ( ?is alum9e to "s ( ! sulphate ( indigo until ! acid is neutraliz$4 ,saxon or *emic ,,gre54 ,! same blue vat w d = gre52 b x is be/ to make ano!r by putt+ only eight ounces ( indigo in/ead ( twelve to f\r p\nds ( sulphuric acid4 ,if ! prep>ation has be5 made two or ?ree mon?s x is ! bett]1 hav+ be5 (t5 /irr$ be=e x 0 neutraliz$ ) ! alkali4 ,prep>e a /rong decoction#g ( old fu/ic1 :i* %\ld always be ready at h& z a /ore1 keep+ pl5ty accord+ to ! "w to be done1 includ+ cotton1 silk1 & wor/$ goods4 ,mix "s ( ! *emic blue ) ! decoction ( fu/ic 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 put into a tub six pails ( s(t cle> wat]1 to :i* add a p9t ( ! neutraliz$ blue2 & six pails ( ! decoction ( fu/ic2 /ir all well toge!r4 ,"s dy]s add a little weak alum liquor till x j ta/es be=e !y put 9 ! blue2 x %\ld be b little1 o!rwise x w precipitate ! fu/ic4 ,?is mixture %\ld /& two h\rs to settle4 ,! musl9 or calico1 say two pieces ( tw5ty-f\r y>ds ea*1 %\ld1 ) ! usual precautions1 be pass$ ?r\gh a /rong decoction ( old fu/ic or turm]ic z hot z ! h& w be>4 ,!y are !n to be tak5 out & submitt$ to a quantity ( ! gre5 mixture above1 describ$1 9 proportion to ! fulness ( ! gre5 requir$4 ,:5 f9i%$1 :e!r = ! cal5d]] or glaz]1 !y %\ld be dri$ 9 a mod]ately w>m /ove4 ,^! two col\rs are v fugitive1 especially ^u cotton goods2 b sometimes ! cu/om] w n g to ! price ( ! fa/ gre5 or blue1 h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,to set a cold indigo vat = cotton1 c4 ,put ?ree p\nds ( slack$ lime1 sift$1 into six qu>ts or m ( boil+ wat]2 /ir ! mixture well = "s "t1 & aft] x has settl$1 draw (f ! cle> liquid1 to :i* add ?ree p\nds ( sulphate ( iron1 /irr+ x well till all is dissolv$2 let x settle till ! next day2 h ready a deal cask1 because "o made ( oak w\ld black5 & o!rwise injure ! dye1 9 consequ5ce ( ! aff9ity betwe5 ! tann91 c4 ( ! oak & ! sulphuric acid4 ,put into ! cask sev5ty-five gallons ( wat]1 to :i* add ! mixture ( lime & sulphate ( iron2 take n[ ?ree p\nds ( indigo1 well gr\nd & ready at h&1 dissolv$ 9 ?ree p9ts ( /rong solution ( pota%1 su* z 0 direct$ to be prep>$ = neutraliz+ ! *emic blue4 ,put ?is solution ( indigo & pota% into ! tub ) ! wat]1 lime1 c42 aft] x is well /irr$1 & left to settle1 x produces a deal ( fro?2 b ! liquor takes a f9e gre5 col\r1 :i* turns to blue :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,soda may be us$ in/ead ( pota%1 if treat$ ! same way4 ,soda1 x may be obs]v$1 =ms ! usual ley ( ! soap manufactur]2 & answ]s = soap mu* bett] ?an pota%1 because its comb9ations d n usually absorb moi/ure f ! air3 pota%1 & sev]al ( its comb9ations1 d s4 ,ano!r indigo vat4 ,take five hundr$ qu>ts ( wat]2 indigo sev5 or "r p\nds4 ,! boil] mu/ be iron4 ,boil ! indigo ) sixte5 p\nds ( a liquor made ) pota% & eight p\nds ( lime4 ,aft] ! lime & pota% h be5 9 contact1 z 9 all ^! in/ances !y %\ld be1 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to take away ! c>bonic acid f ! pota%1 ! cle> liquor ( ?is mixture is :at mu/ be us$4 ,! indigo mu/ be previ\sly p[d]$1 & gr\nd extremely f9e 9 wat] be=e x is put into ! alkal9e liquor4 ,! mixture mu/ n[ be add$ to ! five hundr$ qu>ts ( wat]1 & ! :ole boil$ till ! indigo rises to ! surface l cream1 & till1 9 /rik+ ! bottom ( ! boil] ) a /ick1 x is f\nd to conta9 no solid sub/ance4 ,:ile ! indigo is boil+1 ano!r eight p\nds ( lime mu/ be slack$ 9 ab\t tw5ty qu>ts ( w>m wat]2 dissolve 9 ?is lime-wat] sixte5 p\nds ( sulphate ( iron4 ,! vat be+ half fill$ ) wat]1 ! solution ( lime & sulphate ( iron is to be put into x2 ! indigo solution is n[ also to be add$4 ,! vat1 be+ ?us fill$ to )9 ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! edge1 mu/ be /irr$ two or ?ree times a day till x is fit = dye+1 :i* x w be 9 ab\t =ty-eight h\rs1 & sometimes soon]1 accord+ to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 by :i* ! completion ( ! process is m or less accel]at$4 ,:5 ! /r5g? ( ! vat is exhau/$1 x mu/ be1 ( c\rse1 repl5i%$4 ,if ! liquor becomes black1 x wants sulphate ( iron2 if yell[1 lime is requir$4 ,:5 ! indigo is f> sp5t1 m mu/ be add$ 9 ! same mann] z at fir/4 ,9 ?is vat1 z respects ! blue dye1 if x be = musl91 calico1 c41 ! =m %\ld be squ>e1 ab\t two y>ds long1 "o y>d to "o & a half wide1 & f sev5 to eight feet deep2 ! pieces ( clo? are to be hook$ into a frame4 ,:]e mu* "w is done1 x w be necess>y to h two or ?ree su* vats1 9 ord] t !y may be work$ 9 succession3 by /irr+ !m "s h\rs previ\sly to work+1 ! weak] w d = ! light] %ades1 ! /rong] = ! full] col\rs4 ,if ! vat is 9 prop] ord]1 ! goods always come out gre51 & turn blue 9 ! air4 ,?is %\ld be asc]ta9$ by small patt]ns previ\sly to work+ ! :ole4 ,:5 any goods are dy$ 9 ^! vats1 if n full en\gh at "o dip1 !y may be left a c]ta9 "t1 & !n be dipp$ aga91 once or m1 z !y appe> to require x4 ,:5 !y are blue en\gh1 & fully air$1 !y mu/ be tak5 f ! hooks1 & well wa%$ (f 9 two or ?ree fre% clean wat]s1 or at a wa% :eel 9 a cle> runn+ /ream4 ,:5 p]fectly clean1 !y are ready = ! cal5d]] or glaz]4 ,to dye cotton a ,,fa/ ,,gre51 ) ! cold indigo vat & weld4 ,aft] dye+ musl9 blue 9 ! blue vat1 weld mu/ be boil$ 9 ! same mann] z = fa/ yell[4 ,! quantity ( weld to be us$1 mu/ be accord+ to ! fulness ( ! blue gr\nd1 & ( :at %ade ! gre5 is to be2 a proportion ( alum mu/ also be us$4 ,! goods1 aft] be+ work$ 9 ! same mann] by ! selvage1 mu/ be wa%$ (f1 & /iff5$1 if = ! glaz]1 b n if = dress1 b be fram$ by ! musl9 dress]4 ,ano!r cold ,,blue vat = l95 & cotton4 ,! indigo is to be p[d]$1 & put into w>m wat] ) sulphate ( iron1 9 quantity twice ! weight ( ! indigo1 to :i* is also to be add$1 ! same weight ( fre%-burnt lime4 ,! wat] %\ld be only suffici5t to mix x ?ick at fir/2 keep x /irr$2 &1 z x becomes dissolv$ & gre5 "u ! surface1 increase ! wat]1 (t5 /irr+ & try+ ! mixture1 by putt+ 9 a patt]n betwe5 ! /irr+s1 at "s h\rs di/ance1 betwe5 ea* patt]n1 & increas+ ! wat]3 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs x w be fit = use4 ,solution ( indigo = p5cil+ pr9t$ musl91 c4 ,to tw5ty-five gallons ( wat]1 add sixte5 p\nds ( indigo1 & ?irty p\nds ( c>bonate ( pota%2 :5 mix$1 & plac$ ov] ! fire1 z soon z ! mixture beg9s to boil1 add quicklime1 by a little at a "t1 to r5d] ! alkali cau/ic2 !n twelve p\nds ( r$ orpim5t1 & boil till x w give a yell[ col\r to transp>5t glass4 ,?is =m is f ,haussman4 ,7 ! au?or to make ?is solution ( indigo1 he w\ld fir/ make ! alkali cau/ic ) lime1 & !n put ! cle> liquor to ! o!r mat]ials4 ,mr4 ,m',k]nan gives ano!r =m = p5cil blue ) indigo3 ! pr9cipal diff]5ces betwe5 :i* & ! above1 consi/ 9 add+ equal p>ts ( br[n sug> & gum s5egal to x1 :i*1 9 reg>d to ! addition ( ! gum1 is1 we presume1 a great improvem5t4 ,dr4 ,,ure 7,notes to ,b]?ollet1 vol4 ii4 page #dcg47 gives a simil> =m f ,vitalis1 = topical or p5cil blue2 b he adds1 x 0 mu* us$ =m]ly4 ,ano!r blue1 ( less p]man5ce b m brilliance1 is n[ pref]r$2 x is made ?us3-- ,into an e>!n pot f\r ounces ( f9ely gr\nd & sift$ ,prussian blue are to be put4 ,ov] ?is mu/ be sl[ly p\r$1 /irr+ all ! :ile1 suffici5t muriatic acid to br+ x to ! consi/5ce ( syrup4 ,! mixture is to be /irr$ e h\r = a day1 & aft]w>ds ?ick5$ ) f f\r to eight pots 7( two litres ea*2 a litre ,fr5* conta9s ab\t two w9e p9ts27 ( gum-wat]1 accord+ to ! %ade want$4 ,to dye cotton a ,,fa/ ,,buff4 ,take a br[n /one pan or pipk91 glaz$4 ,x mu/ n be ! common glaz$ w>es1 because ^! are glaz$ ) lead1 & ! acids w dissolve ! lead2 if1 !re=e1 su* are us$1 ! lead be+ dissolv$1 w be mix$ ) ! dye+ mat]ials1 & sometimes totally spoil ! dye4 ,/one-w>e1 if us$ ) c>e1 w be> ! fire3 su* w>e is usually glaz$ ) muriate ( soda or common salt4 ,hav+ a prop] vessel capable ( hold+ f two qu>ts to a gallon1 fill x half-full ( /rong nitric acid1 to :i* add1 9 small quantities at a "t1 ei!r old horse-%oe nails f ! f>ri]1 !y be+ ! pure/ iron1 or ! cutt+s ( t9-plate f ! t9-man's1 = ?is is also v pure iron1 al?\gh cov]$ ) t92 b ! small portion ( t9 9 ! iron is n inimical to ! dye4 ,be c>eful n to put too mu* 9 at a "t1 nor to /oop ne> to x :ile ! solution is go+ on1 z ! r$ fumes aris+ are v noxi\s2 & if ! iron be add$ 9 l>ge quantity1 s mu* eff]vesc5ce w\ld be produc$1 t a consid]able "p ( ! liquor w\ld be ?r[n ov] ! top ( ! vessel4 ,:5 ?is solution is prep>$ 9 ha/e ! air is greatly contam9at$1 & !re=e x is be/ to prep>e x long be=e x is want$1 & sl[ly1 by dropp+ h\rly small quantities ( ! iron into ! acid1 & !n little if any p]ceptible fumes w arise4 ,cont9ue ?is process till1 by /irr+ ) a glass rod or tobacco-pipe1 y f9d ! iron dissolves m sl[ly3 by keep+ a little iron at ! bottom1 & occasionally add+ ! acid1 y may always h ?is prep>ation at h&4 ,x is to be us$ ?us3--hav+ a copp] ( hot wat] ready1 put a "p ( x to "s cold 9 a flat tub till ! mixture is z hot z ! h& w be>2 !n1 accord+ to ! pal5ess or fulness ( y\r patt]n1 add "s ( ! solution ( iron1 & mix x well by /irr+3 beg9 ) ab\t half a p9t = two pieces ( tw5ty-f\r y>ds ea*3 x is be/ to add a small] quantity ?an is necess>y fir/1 z y c make ano!r addition z y please1 b1 if y add ! solution 9 excess1 to dim9i% x is by no means s easy4 ,n[1 hav+ ready a flat tub ) wat] ( z hot a temp]ature z ! h& w be>1 put into x a cle> solution ( pe>l-a%1 & h also ready ano!r tub ( cle> cold wat] to wa% (f 92 !n pass ! pieces 7always tak+ c>e to h !m well wett$ out 9 "o ( ! tubs ( hot wat] be=e ei!r ! solution ( iron or pe>l-a% is put into ei!r ( !m7 ?r\gh ! solution ( iron six or sev5 times1 edg+ !m ov] by ! selvage to keep !m ev52 next1 fold+ !m fir/ ev5 ^u a bo>d1 wr+ !m out1 wa% !m (f & pass !m ?r\gh ! solution ( pe>l-a%2 la/ly1 wa% !m (f aga9 9 fre% & clean wat]3 a p]man5t & bright buff w be f\nd1 & z good a col\r z c be dy$ ^u cotton4 ,we "h see :at an aff9ity iron & cotton h = ea* o!r :5 ! iron is comb9$ ) an acid & ! comb9ation 9 a liquid /ate4 ,al?\gh ! col\r is n s beautiful 9 e in/ance1 yet1 be ! acid :i* dissolves ! iron :at x may1 cotton imbibes ! iron f x4 ,:at is left ( ! solutions ( iron & ! pe>l-a% may ea* be kept 9 a sep>ate deal tub = use4 ,to dye cotton ,,p9k4 ,take saffl[] 9 proportion to its goodness & ! quantity ( "w to be dy$2 put x into pure & cle> wat]2 tread x 9 ! wat] till ! wat] becomes fully *>g$ ) a k9d ( extractive yell[ col\r4 ,x is be/ to put ! saffl[] into a /rong l95 bag or sack2 a sack conta9+ sixty p\nds w take a man two days to wa% x clean3 if done 9 a cle> runn+ /ream ! yell[ col\r w ( c\rse run away2 if y h a small quantity 9 a tub x mu/ be let out at a plughole1 :i* e flat tub %\ld h4 ,! saffl[] mu/ be work$ or trod till all ! yell[ col\r is got out ( x1 or ! p9k to be obta9$ f x aft]w>ds w n be bright4 ,:5 ! saffl[] is ?or\ghly wa%$1 take x out ( ! bag & put x into a deal tub or tr\gh1 & add to x pe>l-a% 9 ! proportion ( six p\nds to "o hundr$ p\nds ( ! saffl[]1 :i* %\ld be weigh$ be=e x is wett$4 ,let ! pota% be well dissolv$ 9 wat]2 p\r "p ( ! cle> solution (f1 & mix x ?or\ghly ) ! saffl[]2 aft] hav+ /ood = "s "t /ra9 ! liquor ?r\gh a clo? or sieve into ano!r deal tr\gh4 ,! :ole solution ( pe>l-a% %\ld n be put 9 at once1 b at diff]5t times4 ,if !re %\ld be reason to believe t ! saffl[] w yield m col\r+ matt] by a f>!r addition ( ! solution ( pe>l-a%1 su* additional solution may be made4 ,! wat] = ! solution & ! solution to ! saffl[] %\ld bo? be appli$ cold4 ,c>bonate or mild pota% is bett] ?an ! cau/ic4 ,by putt+ ! solution ( pe>l-a% on ! saffl[] at diff]5t times x w be readily se5 :5 ! fluid passes ?r\gh ! clo? or sieve free f col\r4 ,! col\r is ( a *]ry hue1 & is res9\s1 !re=e ! wat] dissolves b little ( x2 ! c>bonate ( pota% is add$ to dissolve ?is res94 ,to ov]come ! influ5ce ( ! pe>l-a%1 :i* t+es ! r$ ( a yell[ col\r1 "s cream ( t>t> mu/ be f9ely p[d]$ & dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & add$ to ! liquor :5 x is ne>ly cold4 ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,france lemon juice is us$4 ,! col\r1 be+ ?us rais$ by ! cream ( t>t>1 is n[ to be mix$ ) cold wat] 9 proportion to ! fulness ( ! patt]n desir$1 & ! clo? mu/ be work$ six or sev5 times 9 x1 z 9 o!r col\rs4 ,:at is left ( ! col\r mu/ be tak5 up ) "s ske9 cotton1 & dri$2 ?is may be add$ to wat] ^u ano!r occasion by saturat+ ! acid ) a solution ( pe>l-a%1 :i* w ab/ract ! dye f ! cotton4 ,! solution ( t>t> w aga9 r$d5 ! col\r f ! yell[ ( ! pe>l-a%2 ?is mu/ be done if any rema91 = x w n keep 9 a fluid /ate4 ,we %all n "h describe any o!r process ) cotton till we h treat$ ( wool & silk4 ,= dye+ cotton black1 & "s o!r col\rs1 see ! *apt]s ,v4 & ,,vi4 #g ,! diff]5ce betwe5 decoction & infusion %\ld be always c>efully obs]v$3 a decoction is made by boil+ ! +r$i5t or +r$i5ts 9 any liquor2 an infusion is t 9 :i* ! +r$i5ts are put b n boil$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,dye+ ,,silk4 ,to alum silk--,! blue vat ( indigo = silk--,ano!r blue vat = silk--,to dye silk violet1 royal purple1 c4--,to dye silk lilac--,ano!r process = lilac--,ano!r process = dye+ musl91 c4 lilac--,to dye silk a violet or purple ) logwood--,to dye silk violet ) ,brazil wood & logwood--,to dye silk violet or purple ) ,brazil wood & ar*il4 ,to alum silk4 ,=ty or fifty p\nds ( alum be+ dissolv$ 9 a copp] ( hot wat]1 ! solution is to be p\r$ into a tub conta9+ =ty or fifty pails ( cold wat]2 dur+ ! mix+ ( ! solution ( alum ) ! wat] x %\ld be well /irr$ le/ ! cold wat] %\ld cry/allize ! alum & spot ! silk2 :51 h[ev]1 ?is happ5s1 dipp+ silk 9 w>m wat] w dissolve ! alum4 ,! silk %\ld be alum$ cold1 =1 if hot1 ! lu/re ( ! silk w be injur$4 ,alum is us$ = c]ta9 r$s & yell[s b n = blue4 ,see also *apt] ,,vi4 ,:5 silk is depriv$ ( its gum s z to acquire ! greate/ possible degree ( :it5ess1 x is /ill necess>y to h diff]5t %ades ( :ite1 "s yell[1 "s blue1 & o!rs r$di%2 ^! are kn[n "u five d5om9ations1 namely1 ,*9a :ite1 ,india :ite1 ?read or milk :ite1 silv] & azure :ite4 ,all ^! :ites1 al?\gh diff]+ f ea* o!r by v slight %ades1 are nev]!less app>5t1 especially :5 comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 :i* w be se5 9 ! processes ( dye+ silk4 ,= ungumm+ & boil+1 :it5+ & sulphur+ silk1 see *apt] ,,vi4 ,we h describ$ ,m',k]nan's me?od ( prep>+ & neutraliz+ sulphate ( indigo 9 pages #ea & #eb1 to :i* ! read] w be k9d en\gh to ref]3 ! foll[+ blue vat is f ,macqu]4 ,! ,,blue vat ( indigo = silk4 ,?is %\ld be s contriv$ t heat may be appli$ to x1 :i* x n[ mo/ly is1 by /eam1 z well = wooll5 woad vats z = indigo vats4 ,= silk1 take eight p\nds ( ! f9e/ indigo & six p\nds ( ! be/ pe>l-a%1 & f ?ree to f\r ounces ( madd] = e p\nd ( a%1 besides eight p\nds ( bran = ! :ole1 wa%$ 9 sev]al wat]s to take ! fl\r out4 ,:5 wa%$1 & ! wat] squeez$ out1 ! bran is to be put at ! bottom ( ! vat2 ! pe>l-a% & ! madd] be+ mix$ by bruis+ !m r\ghly toge!r1 are n[ to be boil$ a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 a copp] conta9+ two-?irds ( ! vat2 ! fire be+ damp$1 ! liquor is !n suff]$ to re/4 ,two or ?ree days previ\s to ?is ! indigo is to be /eep$ 9 a bucket ( w>m wat]1 & wa%$ well1 ! wat] be+ *ang$ once or m4 ,"s dy]s beg9 by boil+ ! indigo 9 a ley made ) "o p\nd ( pe>l-a% & two buckets ( wat]2 !y aft]w>ds p\nd x 9 a mort> q wet1 &1 :5 x becomes l pa/e1 fill ! mort> ) ! liquor be=e boil$1 & /ill hot1 /irr+ x = "s "t4 ,x is !n suff]$ to /& a few mom5ts1 & !n ! cle> is p\r$ (f into a sep>ate boil] or into ! vat4 ,! same quantity ( ! mixture is !n p\r$ ^u ! indigo rema9+ 9 ! mort> & mix$ z be=e2 aga9 ! cle> is p\r$ (f into ! boil]1 & ! op]ation is repeat$ till ! :ole ( ! indigo is dissolv$ 9 ! liquor4 ,! :ole ( ! liquor 9 ! boil] is n[ to be gradually p\r$ into ! vat on ! bran at ! bottom1 add+ aft]w>ds ! rema9d] ( ! composition1 gr\nds & all4 ,aft] /irr+ & rak+ = "s "t1 ! mixture is left to cool till x w be> ! h& 9 x1 :5 a little heat is add$ to keep x 9 ?is /ate1 & s cont9u$ till x beg9s to turn gre51 :i* is easily kn[n by try+ x ) a little silk4 ,:5 ! gre5 beg9s to appe> x %\ld be /irr$ ) ! rake1 !n suff]$ to /& till ! br[n & copp]y scum :i* rises ^u ! surface %ews t ! vat is come to2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! prep>ation ( ?is "p ( ! process is complete4 ,b z x is necess>y to be v c]ta9 ( ?is1 ! scum %\ld be well exam9$2 & if1 :5 bl[n aside1 a fre% scum is imm$iately =m$ x is z x ought to be4 ,9 ?is /ate x is to rema9 = ?ree or f\r h\rs1 :5 a new composition is ?us made3-- ,put z mu* wat] z is requisite to fill ! vat into a copp]1 boil+ x ) two p\nds ( pe>l-a%es & f\r ounces ( madd] z at fir/4 ,?is new liquor is to be p\r$ into ! vat1 rak$ & mix$1 & be+ left to /& = f\r h\rs x is !n ready = dye+4 ,:5 a vat or vats are set = gre51 d\ble ! quantity ( madd] mu/ be add$4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,vi47 ,! size ( ! vat = ! above quantity ( indigo1 %\ld be ab\t five feet deep1 two feet or two feet & a half 9 diamet] at ! top1 & "o foot & a half or two feet 9 diamet] at ! bottom3 ! =m ( an inv]t$ fru/um ( a cone2 or ( a sug> loaf inv]t$1 ) ! po9t$ top cut (f4 ,9 ord] to produce diff]5t %ades ( blue1 ! silk int5d$ = ! d>ke/1 %\ld be fir/ dipp$ 9 ! fre% vat & s on to ! lighte/2 z ! vat weak5s ! silk %\ld be kept 9 long]1 till ! vat1 be+ exhau/$1 s]ves only = ! lighte/ %ades4 ,:5 x beg9s n only to be weak b dull1 x is !n necess>y to fe$ ! vat ) ! foll[+ composition3 ,take ( ! decoction ( pe>l-a% ) indigo "o p\nd2 ( madd]1 two ounces2 & a h&ful ( wa%$ bran2 boil !m toge!r = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ei!r 9 wat] or a portion ( ! same vat if yet suffici5tly full to af=d x2 aft] ?is mixture is add$1 x %\ld be well rak$ & suff]$ to re/ two or ?ree h\rs1 m or less1 be=e ! dye+ is resum$4 ,= ! f9e/ blues1 h[ev]1 a fre% vat is ! be/2 & if only pale blues are requir$1 a vat set on purpose ) less indigo w answ] bett] ?an a /rong vat :i* has be5 weak5$1 because ?\gh weak x w give m vivid col\rs4 ,ano!r ,,blue vat = silk4 ,take fifty p\nds ( good indigo 9 f9e p[d]2 fifty p\nds ( fre% slack$ /one lime2 "o hundr$ p\nds ( sulphate ( iron2 & five p\nds or m ( pe>l-a%es4 ,/ir (t5 = ?ree or f\r days till !re is a f9e copp]-col\r scum on ! top ( ! liquor 9 ! vat4 ,! vat is ( c\rse to be set ) wat] 9 ! usual way4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is =m is f ,m',k]nan2 we _c1 h[ev]1 avoid ?9k+1 t 8 directions = ?is vat are v vague4 ,to dye silk a ,,violet1 ,,royal ,,purple1 c4 ,boil ar*il ) wat] 9 a copp]2 ! quantity ( ar*il accord+ to ! col\r requir$ mu/ be f two to f\r times ! weight ( ! silk4 ,:5 ! ar*il has boil$ ab\t t5 m9utes ! fire mu/ be damp$1 ! ar*il left to subside1 & ! cle> liquor put into a vessel ( a conv5i5t size1 9 :i* ! silk is to be imm]s$ & work$ ) c>e4 ,y mu/ h a small correspond+ patt]n t y int5d = purple1 :i* at times y mu/ put into ! blue vat to regulate ! dep? ( ! ar*il gr\nd1 z ! purple is a comp\nd col\r1 aris+ f ! blue ( ! indigo & ! r$ ( ! ar*il4 ,:5 ! r$ ( ! ar*il is deep en\gh1 y mu/ wa% x (f & put x into ! blue vat ) prop] precaution4 ,! fulness ( ! ar*il gr\nd & ! dep? ( ! blue1 mu/ be regulat$ accord+ to ! patt]ns :i* are to be mat*$4 ,to dye silk ,,lilac4 ,lilac is & %\ld be a bright light %ade ( violet or purple2 to give x ! blue requires great managem5t4 ,! vats be+ g5]ally too /rong1 x is be/ to mix a little ( ! new ri* vat ) "s pe>l-a% 9 clean cold wat]1 & s prep>e a liquor on purpose1 by :i* ! lilacs may be blu$ or r$d5$ at pleasure4 ,:5 ?is liquor is fir/ mix$ x becomes ( a gre5 col\r2 ! silks !re=e %\ld n be dipp$ till ! liquor beg9s to lose its gre5 col\r & incl9es to blue4 ,pe>l-a% add$ to ?is liquor helps to blue ! ar*il1 because ! effect ( ! alkali ^u r$ is to r5d] x violet4 ,ano!r process = ,,lilac4 ,consi/s 9 simply us+ ! *emical blue ) ar*il accord+ to ! %ade requir$4 ,ano!r process = dye+ musl91 c4 ,,lilac4 ,?is is accompli%$ by mix+ ! neutraliz$ *emic blue = cotton ) ! p9k dye ( saffl[]1 accord+ to ! %ade requir$4 ,to dye silk a ,,violet or ,,purple ) ,logwood4 ,! silk %\ld be alum$ & wa%$4 ,! logwood %\ld be boil$ 9 l>ge quantities l fu/ic1 z z direct$ = gre52 b x %\ld n be kept long] ?an two or ?ree weeks2 x is f> bett] us$ cold ?an hot4 ,to dye silk ,,violet ) ,brazil wood & ,logwood4 ,! silk mu/ be alum$ & cool$ z usual2 x is !n to be alum$ & dy$ 9 a liquor made ( ,brazil wood ( ! common heat1 !n 9 ! cold logwood liquor1 & la/ly1 a solution ( pe>l-a% mu/ be add$ to ! liquor 9 :i* ! silk is la/ dy$4 ,x is aft]w>ds to be wa%$ & dri$2 b = "s %ades x is be/ to h fre% liquor1 p>ticul>ly = ! w>m ,brazil1 ! cold logwood1 & ! solution ( pe>l-a%3 9 ?is case ! quantity ( ea* may be mu* bett] regulat$4 ,to dye silk ,,violet or ,,purple ) ,brazil wood & ,ar*il4 ,! silk :5 alum$ is to be dy$ 9 ! decoction ( ,brazil wood accord+ to ! %ade requir$2 x is !n to be wa%$ & dy$ 9 ar*il3 & x is aft]w>ds wa%$ a second "t4 ,aft] ?is x is dipp$ 9 ! blue vat1 & wrung & dri$ ) ! same accuracy us$ 9 gre5s & blues4 ,= dye+ silk black & "s o!r col\rs1 see ,*apt]s ,v4 & ,,vi4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,sc\r+ ,,& ,,dye+ ,,wool4 ,on ! action ( alum & t>t> ^u wool--,a pa/il or woad vat = blue--,to prep>e ! indigo m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ directions--,rules to judge ( ! /ate ( ! vat--,indications :5 a vat has _h too mu* or too little lime--,to "w a vat :i* is 9 prop] ord]--,on ! putrefaction ( ! woad vat--,me?ods ( dye+ blues--,to dye wool1 ) lac-dye1 sc>let1 or crimson--,to dye wor/$ y>n a crimson--,a prep>ation ( ar*il to f9i% ! crimson--,on dye+ wool sc>let--,to dye wool m>oon--,to dye wool yell[--,to dye wool br[n or ( a fawn col\r--,to dye wool purple1 c4--,to dye wool gre5--,a *emic vat = gre5 wooll5--,a *emic vat = blue wooll5--,to dye wool orange1 gold col\r1 c4--,to dye wool black--ano!r process = black )\t a blue gr\nd--,to dye wool grey--,mixture ( black or grey ) r$ & blue--,on br[ns1 fawns1 greys1 c4--,on ! yell[ ( qu]citron b>k--,on a full bright yell[ f ! same b>k--,bancr(t's murio-sulphate ( t9--,to dye wool buff--,to dye wool pea*--,to set an ,indigo vat = wor/$1 s]ge1 c4 ,wool is usually sc\r$ = be+ dy$ ) /ale ur9e1 ! /al] ! bett]3 x is us$ 9 ! proportion ( "o "p to ?ree p>ts ( wat]1 full z hot z ! h&s c be> :5 ! wool is work$ ab\t 9 ! fluid4--,if ! wool be 9 ! fleece1 :at is call$ its natural yolk1 & :i* is said to pres]ve ! wool f ! mo?1 is ( a greasy nature1 & is sc\r$ out by ! volatile alkali 9 ! ur9e4 ,if ! wool be 9 ! /ate ( spun y>n x has gallipoli1 or rape oil1 9 its ?read1 ! sp9n]1 or r ! comb]1 us+ x to r5d] ! wool m flexible1 c4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t wool1 7z inde$ e o!r mat]ial to be dy$7 %\ld be made v clean & :ite1 if any brilliant or bright col\r is to be imp>t$ to x4 ,= ?is reason x is t ! wool is pass$ two1 ?ree1 & 9 "s in/ances ev5 f\r times ?r\gh fre% sc\r+ liquors2 9 ! la/1 & sometimes 9 t :i* prec$es ! la/1 soap is us$ 9 ! proportion ( f sev5 to f\rte5 p\nds1 & 9 "s in/ances to tw5ty "o p\nds or m1 to1 a pack ( two hundr$ & =ty p\nds ( wool1 accord+ z x is f9e or co>se3 = sup]f9e col\rs m ?an common is us$4 ,wor/$ requires less ?an co>se y>n1 hav+ less grease & dirt 9 x4 ,x ought1 h[ev]1 to be kn[n1 t boil+ wool = a long "t 9 any alkal9e liquors1 or a liquor made ( soap1 t5ds greatly to ! decomposition ( ! clo?2 inde$ long boil+ 9 any /rong alkal9e ley conv]ts wool into a k9d ( soap1 &1 h5ce1 x is easy to see :y su* processes injure wool or clo?s made ) x4 ,! prec$+ obs]vations apply to ! alkalies 9 a cau/ic /ate1 or 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate1 n :5 !y are neutraliz$ by p[]ful acids3 = wool1 :5 fit to receive ! dyes1 & if x is design$ to be dy$ yell[1 %\ld boil two h\rs ) "o-twelf? or "o-t5? ( its weight1 ( sulphate ( alum 7common alum7 obs]v+ prop] precautions1 & ! use ( a suffici5t quantity ( prep>$ weld plant boil$1 c43 or ( qu]citron b>k1 z w be %[n 9 ! processes ( ! diff]5t yell[s4 ,if x 7 y>n1 & ! ?reads cut 9 two1 x w\ld be f\nd dy$ ?r\gh\t1 & ( a body & ri*ness 9 proportion to ! correct application ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts1 & ) due reg>d to "t1 weight1 measure1 c4 ,9 ! process j m5tion$1 we may obs]ve1 t ! quantity ( alum & ( ! weld plant us$ w be f\nd v consid]able3 f "o twelf? to a f\r? ( alum1 &1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* me?od1 f\r or five times m weld ?an ! quantity ( ! wool4 ,:5 a process ( dye+ has be5 sci5tifically conduct$1 ! wool w take s mu* ( ! alum t ! ba? w h>dly ta/e ( x2 & aft]w>ds take ! col\r ( ! dye ba? out ( x2 s t ! rema9+ liquor put into a glass w be ne>ly l wat]4 ,! action ( alum & t>t> ^u wool4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,,ure1 7,notes to ,b]?ollet1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbc47 x appe>s t alum has ! prop]ty ( increas+ ! solubility ( cream ( t>t>2 t z1 9 us+ alum & t>t>1 ! wool is impregnat$ ) alum & a l>ge quantity ( t>t>ic acid1 ^! two salts %\ld nev] be employ$ toge!r1 except :5 ! col\r is susceptible ( be+ height5$ & r5d]$ bright] by acids1 z is ! case ) co*9eal1 madd]1 & k]mes4 ,on ! contr>y1 alum %\ld nev] be employ$ = wools int5d$ to be dy$ ) woad1 or ,brazil wood1 ! col\r ( :i* is easily de/roy$ or alt]$ by acids4 ,to conclude ^! prelim9>y obs]vations1 wool has a /rong & p[]ful aff9ity = all dye+ mat]ials2 &1 !re=e1 ! processes = dye+ wool are1 9 g5]al1 by no means s complicat$ z ^? = dye+ cotton1 silk1 c42 al?\gh "s col\rs1 ev5 to ^!1 are readily1 & )\t a complication ( processes1 imp>t$4 ,a pa/il1 or woad vat = ,,blue4 ,take1 ^u z small a scale z c conv5i5tly be tri$1 a copp] vessel1 :i* w conta9 ab\t twelve gallons1 two ?irds full ( s(t wat]1 & "o ounce ( madd]4 ,fix ?is small copp] 9 a l>g] copp] ( wat]1 s t ! heat may be appli$ to keep ! liquor 9 ! small] copp] at a prop] temp]ature2 x w be !n1 9 fact1 a wat] ba?4 ,hav+ k9dl$ ! fire 9 ! aft]noon1 put 9 a good h&ful ( bran & five p\nds ( woad2 at five o'clock 9 ! ev5+ let x be well /irr$ & cov]$ ov]1 ! liquor be+ ab\t blood-w>m2 let ! same heat be cont9u$ z ne>ly z possible1 at lea/ s z n to be l[] ?an summ] heat by ! !rmomet]1 nor high] ?an fev] heat by ! same in/rum5t4 ,! vat mu/ aga9 be well /irr$ at sev51 at n9e1 at twelve at night1 at two 9 ! morn+1 & at f\r4 ,hellot1 describ+ ?is process1 obs]ves1 t ! woad !n work+1 "s air bubbles began to rise pretty l>ge1 b few 9 numb]1 & ( a v fa9t col\r2 x _h !n two ounces ( lime add$1 & 0 /irr$2 ?is 0 f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+2 at five a patt]n 0 put 91 & at six x 0 tak5 out & ! vat /irr$4 ,?is patt]n _h receiv$ "s col\r4 ,at sev5 o'clock ano!r patt]n 0 put 91 & at eight x 0 /irr$ aga94 ,! second patt]n 0 tol]ably bright4 ,an ounce ( prep>$ indigo1 7see p4 #ge47 0 !n add$2 at n9e o'clock ano!r patt]n 0 put 92 at t5 x 0 /irr$ aga91 tak+ ! patt]n out1 & putt+ 9 an ounce ( lime because x began to smell sweeti%2 at elev5 ano!r patt]n2 at twelve at noon x 0 /irr$ aga94 ,?is process 0 cont9u$ till five o'clock 9 ! ev5+2 !n 7 add$ ?ree ounces ( prep>$ indigo2 at six ano!r patt]n 0 tri$1 & at sev5 x 0 /irr$ aga92 ! la/ patt]n came out ( a v good gre51 & became a bright blue4 ,"o ounce ( lime 0 add$ to su/a9 x till n9e o'clock ! next morn+2 patt]ns 7 put 9 f "t to "t3 ! la/ 0 v beautiful4 ,! vat 0 !n fill$ up ) wat] & a small quantity ( bran & /irr$2 aft] :i* patt]ns 7 tri$ e h\r till five o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 :51 be+ 9 a prop] /ate1 x 0 imm$iately work$4 ,"s lime 0 !n add$ to pres]ve x2 x 0 /irr$ & left to ano!r opportunity to reheat4 ,to prep>e ! indigo m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ directions4 ,boil1 9 a gallon ( wat]1 = ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 two ounces ( pot-a%1 ?ree qu>t]s ( an ounce ( madd]1 & "o ounce ( bran2 !n let ! :ole settle = half an h\r4 ,aft] all is settl$ & tak5 out ( ! boil]1 & put into ano!r copp] ) f\r ounces ( indigo f9ely p[d]$1 ! liquor %\ld be kept /irr$1 & v hot1 b n be boil$4 ,at int]vals "s lixivium ( lime %\ld be put into x1 & t be+ cold w keep ! liquor f boil+1 & r5d] ! pot-a% m active4 ,z soon z ! indigo is dissolv$ & prop]ly dilut$1 damp ! fire & cov] ov] ! solution2 aft] x is settl$ put 9 a patt]n1 :i*1 :5 tak5 out1 w turn blue on be+ expos$ to ! air2 if x does n1 m cle> lixivium mu/ be add$4 ,( ?is solution ( indigo su* proportions are to be add$ to ! woad vat z are direct$ 9 ! prec$+ process4 ,rules to judge ( ! /ate ( ! woad vat4 ,! vat is ready = work+1 & to dye blue1 :5 ! s$im5t at ! bottom1 on be+ tak5 out ( ! vat *anges to a f9e br[n-gre54 ,:5 ! fro? :i* rises 9 great bubbles on ! surface is ( a f9e ,prussian-blue1 & :5 ! patt]n :i* has be5 /eep$ an h\r1 comes out ( a d>k grass-gre51 & *anges 9 ! air to a blue2 :5 ! liquor is cle> & r$di%1 & ! drops :i* /ick to ! rake are br[n2 :5 ! s$im5t *anges col\r on be+ tak5 out ( ! liquor1 & becomes br[n on exposure to ! op5 air3 :5 ! liquor is nei!r h>% nor greasy to ! feel1 & nei!r smells ( lime nor ( ley1 ! vat is kn[n to be 9 a prop] /ate = work+4 ,indications :5 a vat has _h too mu* or too little lime4 ,^! extremes ought to be c>efully avoid$4 ,:5 ! lime is defici5t1 or a patt]n comes out ( a dirty grey1 & ! s$im5t does n *ange its col\r1 !re is sc>cely any eff]vesc5ce on ! vat2 ! liquor smells only ( lime1 or ( ! lixivium ( lime4 ,to rem$y ! defici5cy ( lime4 ,if ! vat be n too f> gone1 aft] ! addition ( a little bran1 madd]1 & "s woad1 !n try ! patt]ns f h\r to h\r2 ?us y w be enabl$ to judge4 ,a defici5cy ( lime is evid5t :5 !re is no eff]vesc5ce on ! liquor2 & :51 by da%+ ab\t ! surface ( ! liquor1 x makes a hiss+ noise1 & by ! bur/+ ( a numb] ( small air bubbles1 :i* z soon z !y are =m$ break1 & appe> t>ni%$1 & are n l>ge1 nor ( a f9e col\r2 ! liquor too has an (f5sive smell1 l rott5 eggs2 x is h>% & dry to ! feel1 & ! s$im5t1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$1 does n *ange col\r :5 tak5 out ( ! liquor4 ,sometimes su* a condition ( ! vat is absolutely irrem$iable2 b :5 n gone too f>1 spr9kle "s lime into ! liquor1 & /ir x4 ,if y c ?us rem$y ! defect1 & br+ ! liquor to smell ( lime1 & to feel s(t1 cov] ! vat1 & let x /&4 ,if1 at ! expiration ( an h\r & a half1 ! eff]vesc5ce beg91 y may put 9 a patt]n2 9 an h\r aft]w>ds1 x may be tak5 out1 & regulate y\r process by ! degree ( gre5 :i* ! patt]n has imbib$2 b1 9 g5]al1 :5 vats are ?us out ( ord]1 !y are n s soon recov]$4 ,to "w a vat :i* is 9 prop] ord]4 ,! vat be+ 9 a prop] /ate1 ! cross susp5d$1 & ?irty ells ( clo? ready1 or sc\r$ wool 9 proportion1 design$ = black1 by dye+ x ( a blue grey2 & hav+ pass$ & repass$ ! clo? ?r\gh ! liquor = a full half-h\r1 x is to be w\nd r\nd ! w9*1 & ?r[n (f into ! b>r[1 & air$ by ! li/+s to *ange ! gre5 to blue4 ,aft] ?is1 a second piece may be dy$ by ! same process4 ,hav+ made ?is ov]ture1 or fir/ /irr+1 z x is also call$1 ! vat mu/ be /irr$ afre%1 add+ lime2 b n s mu* z to de/roy ! prop] smell & feel4 ,if ! vat be 9 a good /ate1 on ! fir/ day1 x may be /irr$ ?ree or f\r times2 b x mu/ n be ov]work$1 p>ticul>ly on ! second day4 ,conc]n+ ! col\rs to be obta9$ to ! be/ possible advantage f a fre% vat on ! fir/ day1--! fir/ is = black1 ! next = royal blue1 & ! ?ird a br[n gre54 ,on ! second day1 violet1 purple1 & ,turkey blues 9 ! la/ /irr+4 ,on ! ?ird day1 if ! liquor be too mu* dim9i%$1 x mu/ be fill$ up ) hot wat]4 ,at ! end ( ! week light blues may be done1 & on ,saturday night add r m lime1 to pres]ve ! vat till ,monday morn+4 ,on ,monday morn+ add m indigo1 & /ir ! pa/e2 keep ! vat liquor at a prop] di/ance f ! top4 ,cov] x = two h\rs2 !n put 9 a patt]n1 & 9 an h\r take x out2 add lime accord+ to ! gre5 %ade ( ! patt]n1 & 9 an h\r or two1 if y\r vat has n suff]$1 y may beg9 work+ x afre%4 ,to keep ! clo?1 c4 f ! s$im5t1 !re is always let d[n into ! vat1 be=e ! "w is begun1 an iron circle1 ) cords fa/5$ f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre4 ,on ! putrefaction ( ! woad vat4 ,:atev] be ! cause1 mo/ c]ta9 x is1 t ! woad vat1 ev5 :5 prep>$ 9 ! mo/ c>eful & sci5tific mann]1 is soon dispos$1 if n us$1 to g into ! putrid f]m5tation2 ( ?is we may be satisfi$1 :5 x smells l rott5 eggs1 z /at$ above4 ,! loss ( a woad vat to dy]s is extremely s]i\s1 bo? f ! quantity ( woad1 z well z ( indigo1 :i* x conta9s3 ^! articles be+ always exp5sive4 ,! woad vat be+ work$ by heat directly appli$ f an op5 fire1 7! old me?od ( heat+ x17 0 mu* m liable to be lo/ ?an if x rema9$ cold1 or 0 work$ cont9ually1 z x usually n[ is 9 ,london2 add$ to :i*1 ! m equable application ( heat by /eam1 !re is n n[ ! dang] :i* !re 0 9 cessation1 at unc]ta9 times1 & 9 unc]ta9 /ates ( ! vat1 z to ri*ness or poorness ( woad or ( indigo4 ,b a dy] 9 ! c\ntry1 ^: bus9ess is b>ely suffici5t to keep a vat go+1 w f9d m difficulty 9 ?is respect4 ,if1 !re=e1 he does a small bat* ( "w on ,monday1 b has n half work$ d[n 8 vat1 & has no prospect = two or ?ree days ( do+ any m "w1 he may possibly try to keep x ) lime = a day or two3 he may d s1 & 9 ! issue1 9 "s in/ances1 too mu* lime is ! consequ5ce4 ,we consid]1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! vat c be work$ daily1 & repl5i%$ z x is work$ d[n1 z is ! case 9 ,london1 ) c>e & att5tion1 !re is no dang] ( ! loss ( a woad vat3 9 ,london1 su* an accid5t n[ seldom happ5s4 ,! au?or is1 not)/&+1 p]suad$ t all ! art ( man _c always keep a vat f ! /ate ( hav+ ei!r too mu* or too little lime1 :5 heat$ b seldom1 "u a %ort c\rse ( "w3 = :5 a vat is 9 ord]1 x is l a ripe vegetable2 y mu/ ga!r x1 or x passes ! "t ( its p]fection2 x may ev5 be rott5 ripe4 ,we say1 !re=e1 ,,"w ,,! ,,vat3 )draw f x1 ^u y\r clo?1 its col\r1 :i*1 z soon z y expose x to ! atmosph]e1 w comb9e ) its oxyg51--! oxyg5 ) ! c>bon ( ! indigo & ! woad4 ,if y play ) x too long1 ! putrid f]m5tation w beg91 & ! vat w be spoil$4 ,! smell ( rott5 eggs always proclaims ! approa* ( ! mis*ief4 ,no "o1 !re=e1 %\ld attempt to h a woad vat or vats1 unless he c keep !m ne>ly always at "w4 ,:5 work$ d[n 9 a mod]ate "t1 & repl5i%$ ) lime1 woad1 indigo1 c41 work+ out & repl5i%+ 91 !re c be no dang]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 proportion z ! vat is out ( condition1 al?\gh p>tially recov]$1 x mu/ always be ) m or less loss4 ,me?ods ( dye+ ,,blues4 ,:e!r ! goods be clo?1 or ske9s ( y>n1 !y mu/1 9 all cases1 be fir/ wett$ out & wrung1 & !n put into ! vat1 work$ 9 x1 tak5 out & air$1 t !y may turn f gre5 to blue2 &1 if necess>y1 !y mu/ be put 9 aga94 ,!re is no difficulty 9 dye+ d>k blues1 by repeat$ dipp+s2 b if light blues be dy$ 9 vats :i* are ne>ly exhau/$1 !y w n be bright4 ,blue vats1 ^u a l>ge scale1 are n[ mo/ly heat$ by /eam2 !y are !n1 ) little tr\ble1 always 9 a /ate = work+1 )\t ! necessity ( re-heat+4 ,!y are v conv5i5t = light col\rs1 ev5 aft] !y become v weak4 ,9 "s in/ances1 9 ord] to dye light col\rs to ! be/ advantage1 x w\ld be advisable to set a vat on purpose1 :i* %\ld be /rong 9 woad & weak 9 indigo2 because ! col\r w\ld be giv5 m sl[ly1 & ! light col\r obta9$ f !m ) mu* m facility4 ,to dye wool ) lac-dye1 ,,sc>let & ,,crimson4 ,we h m5tion$ lac-lake & lac-dye 9 page #ab4 ,lac-lake is ( v unc]ta9 quality1 hav+ _m het]og5e\s sub/ances mix$ ) x4 ,lac-dye is v sup]ior to lac-lake4 ,lac-dye is mu* us$ = dye+ wooll5 y>n sc>let & crimson1 = c>pets & he>?rugs4 ,x is us$ ) a peculi> _s1 :i* may be pur*as$ ( ! dry-salt]s4 ,"s ?9k t ?is col\r+ mat]ial is ne>ly equal to co*9eal2 ! au?or has1 h[ev]1 nev] se5 any ?+ dy$ ) x equal to ! col\r obta9$ f co*9eal1 al?\gh x af=ds1 nev]!less1 a good sc>let4 ,lac-dye is us$ by be+ p[d]$ & put into a /one pan1 7! quantity mu/ be 9 proportion to :at is likely to be us$71 ) a portion ( ! above-nam$ lac-_s suffici5t to make x ab\t z fluid z treacle2 x mu/ be /irr$ ) a glass-rod or a tobacco-pipe4 ,"s use alum & t>t> z a prep>ation1 & "s n4 ,aft] putt+ ! mixture ( lac-lake & _s 9 ! copp] ) a prop] quantity ( wat]1 add ! goods & "w !m at a boil+ heat4 ,= sc>let add qu]citron b>k1 = crimson1 ar*il4 ,lac-dye may be1 h[ev]1 prep>$ = dye+1 by submitt+ x1 9 p[d]1 9 a lead5 vessel1 to ! action ( sulphuric acid1 9 ! proportion ( n m ?an "o "p to two ( ! dye2 & aft] ! lac-dye is dissolv$1 ! acid may be neutraliz$ by c>bonate ( soda4 ,) suitable mordants to ! clo? or y>n1 ! col\r may be !n appli$4 ,o!r processes = ! employm5t ( ?is dye are also adopt$1 b we h no room to detail !m4 7,see ,ure's ,notes on ,b]?ollet47 ,to dye wor/$ y>n a ,,crimson4 ,proportion ( wool1 "o p\nd2 ( alum1 two ounces & a half2 ( :ite t>t> 9 p[d]1 "o ounce & a half4 ,hav+ ! wat] prop]ly cle>$ by bran1 let ! alum & t>t> be boil$ 9 x2 :5 x beg9s to boil1 /ir ! mixture well1 & put 9 ! wor/$1 :i* boil 9 ! liquor = two h\rs2 !n prep>e a fre% liquor = ! co*9eal1 "o ounce ( :i*1 9 p[d]1 is to be us$ = e p\nd ( wool2 :5 x beg9s to boil1 /ir x well1 put 9 ! wor/$1 & boil x till ! liquor 9 ! vessel is free f col\r1 x hav+ p>t$ ) ! col\r+ matt] ( ! co*9eal1 :i* %\ld n[ all be ^u ! wor/$4 ,if a s]ies ( %ades be requir$1 less quantities ( co*9eal1 alum1 & t>t>1 mu/ be us$2 ! lighte/ %ade is dy$ fir/4 ,! prep>ation ( ar*il to f9i% ! ,,crimson4 ,put z mu* ar*il z ! goods may require1 & accord+ to ! deepness or lightness ( ! %ades ( ! crimson requir$1 into a copp] ( wat] ( a suitable size1 & boil x1 7! be/ can>y ar*il w be> boil+72 damp ! fire1 let ! ar*il settle1 & !n h a fre% liquor = ! goods to be put 91 to receive a proportion ( ar*il accord+ to ! patt]n desir$ to be mat*$4 ,beg9 ) ! lighte/ & end ) ! deepe/1 res]v+ ! rema9s ( ! ar*il liquor1 if x be n all sp5t1 = common comp\nd col\rs ( su* %ades z x w be advantage\s to use x 94 7,see ! next article47 ,on dye+ wool ,,sc>let4 ,sc>let owes its beauty to a solution ( t9 9 muriatic acid4 ,= ?is purpose "s use muriate ( ammonia1 commonly call$ sal-ammoniac1 o!rs use common salt4 ,x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r common salt or sal-ammoniac be us$3 diff]5t prep>ations are employ$ by diff]5t p]sons4 ,! au?or has f\nd ! foll[+ to answ] e expectation4 ,melt an ounce ( gra9 t9 9 an iron ladle1 till an oxide is =m$ on ! surface2 !n p\r x f a height or di/ance into cold wat]4 ,p\r ! wat] f x1 & x is fit = use1 be+ !n call$ fea!r$ t94 ,put ?is t9 into a glass vessel or /one j>1 & add to x eight ounces ( nitric acid1 eight ounces ( wat]1 half an ounce ( sal-ammoniac1 & two dra*ms ( nitrate ( pota%4 ,?is prep>ation is bett] if made "s "t be=e x is us$2 x is a comp\nd ( nitrate & muriate ( t94 ,%\ld any "o pref] a pure muriate ( t91 ! me?od ( mak+ x w be f\nd 9 ! la/ *apt]1 9 obs]vations on crimson & sc>let ^u silk4 ,into a copp] ( cle>$ boil+ wat]1 ! heat be+ r$uc$1 & hav+ ! wor/$ wett$ out ready2 = e p\nd ( :i* 7dry7 put two ounces ( cream ( t>t> or :ite t>t> 9 p[d]1 & "o dra*m & a half ( co*9eal 9 p[d]4 ,:5 ! liquor is ready to boil1 add two ounces & a half ( ! fir/-m5tion$ solution ( t91 :i* imm$iately *anges ! col\r2 /ir x well3 z soon z ! liquor boils put 9 ! wor/$1 & boil x till ! col\r ( ! co*9eal is tak5 up by x4 ,! wor/$ mu/ n[ be tak5 out1 :5 x w be ( a fle%-col\r1 ! wat] 9 ! copp] hav+ lo/ its col\r+ matt]4 ,to f9i% ! wor/$1 ano!r quantity ( clean wat] is made w>m1 into :i* six dra*ms & a half ( co*9eal are to be put2 j be=e x boils1 two ounces ( ! same solution ( t9 are to be p\r$ 91 ! liquor und]go+ a simil> *ange z be=e4 ,! wor/$ is aga9 put 91 & boil$ till x has imbib$ ! col\r2 x is !n tak5 out1 wrung1 & r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 :5 ! sc>let is 9 p]fection4 ,"o ounce ( co*9eal to a p\nd ( wool1 w imp>t a col\r suffici5tly deep1 if manag$ accord+ to ! me?od above describ$1 no col\r be+ left 9 ! rema9+ liquor4 ,= _m %ades ( sc>let x w be1 h[ev]1 necess>y1 &1 9 a fre% liquor1 to add ei!r a c]ta9 portion ( turm]ic or "y fu/ic1 to give ! sc>let t fi]y r$ :i* "s sc>lets h4 ,if n 9 an entire fre% liquor1 a "p ( ! old liquor mu/ be tak5 out be=e ! yell[ is add$4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to dye a regul> s]ies ( sc>let %ades 9 wor/$1 half ! quantity or less1 = "s ( ! lighte/1 w be suffici5t ( ! solution ( t91 ! t>t>1 ! co*9eal1 c4 ,! wor/$ %\ld be sep>at$ into divisions correspond+ ) ! %ades requir$2 ! lighte/ is ( c\rse to be done fir/3 if any defici5cy be 9 ! %ade1 x may h ano!r dip4 ,?is defici5cy is easily p]ceiv$1 & a v little practice w enable ! op]ator to assort !m p]fectly4 ,x %\ld be not$1 t ! vessel mo/ prop] to dye sc>let 9 ought to be made ( block t92 su* z are us$ by ! sc>let dy]s = ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,:5 wooll5 clo? is to be dy$ sc>let1 to e hundr$ p\nds ( clo? put six p\nds ( t>t> & eighte5 p\nds ( ! solution ( t9 at fir/2 ! same quantity 9 ! completion2 & 9 ea* op]ation1 six p\nds & a qu>t] ( co*9eal4 ,= ! accommodation ( ^? :o w\ld make small exp]im5ts1 "o ounce ( cream ( t>t>1 six ounces ( solution ( t91 & "o ounce ( co*9eal1 may be us$ = e p\nd ( wor/$ or clo?1 putt+ two-?irds ( ! solution ( t9 & ! t>t>1 & a qu>t] ( ! co*9eal1 into ! prep>ation1 & ! rema9d] to ! completion4 ,obs]ve1 t al?\gh we h giv5 processes = dye+ wooll5 clo? crimson z well z sc>let1 yet crimson may be obta9$ 9 ano!r way3 = alum1 ! salts 9 g5]al ) an e>?y base1 & ! fix$ & volatile alkalies1 possess ! prop]ty ( *ang+ ! col\r ( sc>let into crimson1 ! natural col\r ( ! co*9eal4 ,! clo? :i* is dy$ sc>let has only to be boil$1 !re=e1 = ab\t an h\r1 9 a solution1 m or less *>g$ ) alum1 accord+ z a deep] or light] crimson is want$4 ,:5 a piece ( sc>let has any defects1 x is set ap>t = crimson4 ,soap & pota% w also produce crimson f sc>let1 b n ( s bright a col\r z f alum4 ,h5ce also we le>n ! necessity1 91 at any "t1 work+ sc>let clo?1 to avoid boil+ x ) soap or pot-a%1 c4 if we desire ! sc>let to rema94 ,to dye wool ,,m>oon4 ,! wor/$ or y>n mu/ be boil$ = an h\r or two 9 "o twelf? its weight ( alum & ! same quantity ( :ite argol4 ,x is be/1 :5 !re is a l>ge quantity ( y>n1 to d ?is on ! prec$+ day3 if y\r copp] hold a pack ( two hundr$ & =ty p\nds1 x w be cold en\gh to h&le aft] rema9+ ) ! fire out dur+ ! night4 ,:5 ! ske9s1 c4 are tak5 out & arrang$ ^u poles or /icks1 h a fre% wat] ready 9 ! copp]1 into :i* put ab\t ?irty p\nds ( *ipp$ pea*-wood1 & :5 x has boil$ half an h\r1 p\r 9 "s wat] to cool x d[n1 & add fifte5 p\nds ( crop madd]2 "w ! y>n 9 ?is liquor r "u a boil+ heat4 ,:5 x is full en\gh1 = "s %ades y mu/ add ar*il4 ,z ! :ole pack is dy$ at f\r or five turn+s 91 "s ( ! p>cels may be v>i$ 9 ! hues in/ead ( conf9+ !m all to "o %ade4 ,! v>i\s turn+s w take ! great] "p ( ! day to p]=m4 ,:5 y *oose to h z _m %ades z !re are turn+s 91 y divide ! drugs into diff]5t portions = diff]5t p]iods ( ! "t1 to be us$ accord+ to ! patt]ns requir$4 ,! mo/ economical me?od ( us+ ! drugs be+ to foll[ ! patt]ns "o aft] ! o!r3 practice w tea* ! op]ator to d ?is mo/ advantage\sly4 ,m madd] ?an pea*-wood gives a lively r$2 m pea*-wood ?an madd] gives a bright m>oon r$1 bord]+ on crimson1 b m s )\t any madd]2 ) ! addition ( ar*il x gives a crimson1 b by no means to be comp>$ ) ! crimson ( co*9eal4 ,ur9e ) ! ar*il r5d]s a less quantity ( ar*il necess>y4 ,to dye wool ,,yell[4 ,! proportion ( alum us$ by dy]s 9 ^! processes v>ies f "o-f\r? d[n to "o-twelf?1 ( t>t> "o-sixte5? is us$1 = e p\nd ( clo?4 ,equal p>ts ( alum & t>t> are us$ = wor/$ & y>n1 ea* ( :i* 7alum & t>t>7 is only f "o-twelf? to "o-t5? ( ! weight ( ! mat]ial to be dy$4 ,! %ades ( yell[ are /raw yell[1 pale yell[1 lemon yell[1 & full yell[4 ,9 ord] t ! clo? %\ld be prop]ly impregnat$ ) ! mordants ( alum & t>t>1 accord+ to :at is allott$ to ! %ade1 :e!r light or full1 x %\ld be boil$ 9 ! prep>ation at lea/ "o h\r2 two h\rs = a full yell[2 !n a fre% liquor is to be made to receive ! weld1 :i* mu/ be previ\sly boil$3 = a full yell[ f\r or five p\nds ( weld w be requir$ to "o p\nd ( clo? or wor/$2 = ! light] %ades less ( c\rse3 b a suffici5t quantity only ( weld %\ld be us$1 & ?is %\ld be boil$ & re-boil$1 z x w keep b a v little "t aft] boil+4 ,if y h a gradation ( %ades y w save drugs & exp5se by dye+ ! fulle/ %ades fir/1 & ! lighte/ la/2 b by ?is me?od ! lighte/ w n be s bright z if !y 7 done fir/1 & ! liquor r5ew$ ) fre% boil$ weld1 & s on to ! fulle/ %ade4 ,at la/ y mu/ h = ! goods a prep>ation weak or /rong accord+ to ! light or full col\r ( :i* !y are to be4 ,! la/ dye+1 :e!r ( clo? or y>n1 w assur$ly take all ! col\r out ( ! liquor ( any consequ5ce4 ,:ile exp5se is n an object1 x is be/1 n only = yell[s1 b = all o!r col\rs1 to h ! prep>ation & ! dye proportion$ to ! %ade1 ! col\r done at once1 & ! rema9+ liquor ?r[n away2 b z ! price usually paid = dye+ w n enable ! dy] s to d1 he commonly dyes 8 %ades 9 succession1 z above1 & ) ! utmo/ economy4 ,to dye wool ,,br[n1 or ( a ,,fawn ,,col\r4 ,^! %ades are extremely v>i\s1 & are dy$ )\t any prep>ation ) ald]-b>k1 r$ s&]s1 suma*1 galls1 madd]1 c4 & "u a boil+ heat1 al?\gh x is occasionally necess>y to boil "s ( ! +r$i5ts toge!r previ\s to ! dye+3 = in/ance1 r$ s&]s w give its col\r out be/ :5 boil$ ) galls1 ald]-b>k1 suma*1 c4 ,cam-wood1 b>-wood1 walnut r9ds1 roots1 c4 are us$ 9 "s ( ^! %ades1 ! v>ieties ( :i* are almo/ inf9ite4 ,practice is requir$ 9 ?is bran* ( dye+ equal to or beyond any o!r4 ,to dye wool ,,purple1 c4 ,pass ! goods ?r\gh ar*il1 next ?r\gh ! blue vat1 ) ! usual precautions1 !n ?r\gh hot wat]4 ,= "s %ades !y %\ld be alum$1 & !n dy$ ) co*9eal = ! crimson "p ( ! purple4 ,blue & crimson make purple1 violet1 c4 accord+ to ! patt]ns requir$4 ,to dye wool ,,gre54 ,! %ades ( ?is col\r are v num]\s1 z yell[ gre51 pale gre51 bright gre51 grass gre51 laurel gre51 olive gre51 sea gre51 p>rot gre51 cabbage gre51 duck's-w+ gre51 c4 ,! goods mu/ fir/ h a blue gr\nd f ! woad vat1 light or full accord+ to ! patt]n1 !y are aft]w>ds to be prep>$ ) alum & t>t>1 weak or /rong accord+ to ! lightness or fulness ( ! patt]n1 & are aft]w>ds dy$ 9 weld liquor4 ,_m ( ! %ades ( gre5 are m readily done by dye+ ! wool fir/ yell[ ) old fu/ic1 ) a prep>ation ( alum & t>t>1 & us+ ! *emic blue vat made ) sulphuric acid & indigo4 ,see page #dg4 ,a *emic vat = ,,gre5 ,,wooll54 ,prep>e 9 ! mann] describ$ = cotton 7page #eb471 eight ounces ( indigo & f\r p\nds ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is prep>ation ne$ n1 h[ev]1 be neutraliz$ = wool z describ$ = cotton4 ,9 "s in/ances ! prep>ation is to be = ! yell[ ( fu/ic "o-twelf? ( alum1 ! same quantity ( t>t>1 & 9 "s cases "o-twelf? ( alum only4 ,a *emic vat = ,,blue ,,wooll54 ,?is is to be made ! same z = gre52 x ne$ n be neutraliz$ z = cotton4 ,= blue1 h[ev]1 twelve ounces ( indigo are necess>y to f\r p\nds ( sulphuric acid4 ,9 dye+ ! heat mu/ be mu* "u boil+1 or ! us+ ( a high heat w\ld give ! blue a gre5 t+e4 ,?is blue col\r is v bright1 yet n fa/1 b no prep>ation is ( any advantage to ei!r its fa/ness or brightness4 ,"s put alum & t>t>1 & "s use "o1 & "s ! o!r1 to prev5t a gre5 ca/3 if1 h[ev]1 ! wool be f9e1 :ite1 & work$ mu* bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( heat1 x w n turn gre5 al?\gh nei!r be us$4 ,to dye wool ,,orange1 ,,gold ,,col\r1 c4 ,! processes ( crimson1 sc>let1 & ( yell[ unit$ produce ! v>i\s %ades ( ^! col\rs1 leav+ ar*il out4 ,see buff1 pea*1 c4 on wool4 ,to dye wool ,,black4 ,black includes a prodigi\s numb] ( %ades1 beg9n+ f ! lighte/ grey or pe>l col\r to ! mo/ int5se %ade ( black4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! %ades x is class$ by dy]s among _! *ief or primitive col\rs#h2 = ! great] numb] ( br[ns1 ( :atsoev] %ade !y be1 are f9i%$ 9 ! same dye z w\ld dye :ite wool a grey m or less d>k4 ,?is op]ation is call$ br[n+4 ,! be/ sup]f9e black %\ld h a full gr\nd ( maz>9e blue previ\sly to be+ f9i%$ black4 ,a great quantity ( clo? & o!r articles h1 h[ev]1 no indigo gr\nd1 b a gr\nd ( logwood1 or ( logwood & ald]-b>k1 or ( logwood & old fu/ic1 or ( logwood1 ald]-b>k1 & old fu/ic1 all boil$ toge!r1 & sometimes !y are boil$ 9 a decoction ( oak saw-du/4 ,indigo = ! gr\nd is ! ri*e/ drug1 9 c>bon1 t is or c be us$2 logwood is next to x3 too mu* logwood1 h[ev]1 :e!r indigo be us$ ) x or n1 gives ! black a foxy hue2 ald]-b>k & old fu/ic modify ?is effect1 & are us$ 9 small quantities = ?is purpose1 because ! dye f ^!1 z well z t f oak saw-du/1 w produce a soot or dead black4 ,a jet black is requir$ full & ri*1 !re=e old fu/ic & oak saw-du/ are only us$ to modify ! ri*ness ( ! gr\nd z x reg>ds ! blue1 :e!r ( indigo or ( logwood2 = logwood especially1 )\t ^!1 if ov]come ) suma* & sulphate ( iron only1 w\ld be foxy1 purpli%1 or h a r$di% ca/4 ,s _m diff]5t gr\nds be+ us$ = blacks1 & e dy] ?9k+ 8 own ! be/1 is ! occasion ( su* a great v>iety ( hues1 ev5 ( black1 be+ f\nd 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ?\ght unnecess>y to describe ! v>i\s me?ods ( dye+ black :i* are pursu$ by diff]5t dy]s1 & :i* w\ld be1 9 fact1 impossible4 ,b ! au?or has done :at is ( mu* great] importance to ! /ud5t1 :o1 aft] a little practice1 let him h a patt]n ( black to dye1 w "k h[ to d x1 let :o may h dy$ x4 ,ev5 a blue-gr\nd is1 accord+ to "s1 dy$ aft]w>ds 9 a decoction ( logwood & galls1 or logwood & suma*1 & two p\nds ( v]digris = a hundr$ p\nds ( clo?4 ,?us1 t5 p\nds ( logwood & t5 ( galls1 are to =m ! decoction1 & are boil$ previ\sly = twelve h\rs4 ,"o ?ird ( x ) ! v]digris is us$ fir/1 & !n ! clo?1 aft] boil+ 9 x = two h\rs1 is air$2 x is !n pass$ ?r\gh "o ?ird m ( ! decoction ( logwood & galls1 hav+ previ\sly _h eight p\nds ( sulphate ( iron dissolv$ 9 x1 & ! scum aris+ f ! solution tak5 (f4 ,! goods are to be work$ 9 ?is "o h\r at a boil+ heat1 !n air$ aga9 by turn+ !m ab\t on a /one floor4 ,! rema9d] ( ! decoction ( logwood & galls is !n add$1 ) fifte5 or tw5ty p\nds ( suma*2 boil x "s "t1 & !n add five p\nds ( sulphate ( iron2 scum x1 & let ! liquor cool d[n1 !n put ! goods 91 & "w !m at a boil+ heat an h\r or two1 tak+ !m out once or twice1 at lea/1 9 ! "t1 to air & cool2 !y are !n to be well wa%$1 & pass$ ?r\gh a decoction ( weld liquor1 to s(t5 ! black1 :i* w be v f9e4 ,?is process is *iefly f ,hellot2 b ! quantity ( sulphate ( iron is m by ?ree p\nds ?an he directs4 ,:5 ! clo? is blue1 x is usually boil$ two h\rs 9 a decoction ( galls1 !n wa%$ & air$1 :5 sulphate ( iron & logwood are add$ to ! liquor1 & ! goods work$ 9 x = two h\rs1 & !n wa%$4 ,! above h be5 ! processes 9 practice = a c5tury pa/ 9 ,france1 :]e ! galls 7 n s de> z !y n[ are 9 ,engl&3 suma* is "h1 !re=e1 n[ mo/ commonly us$ z a sub/itute = galls4 ,ano!r process = ,,black )\t a blue gr\nd4 ,to dye "o hundr$ weight ( clo?1 take ?irty p\nds ( *ipp$ logwood1 half a bu%el ( ald]-b>k1 & six p\nds ( suma*1 & boil !m toge!r 9 a prop] quantity ( wat] = half an h\r2 !n cool ! decoction d[n ) cold wat]1 ent] ! clo?1 turn+ x on ! w9*2 br+ x to a boil1 hav+ ! suma* 9 a bag2 boil & keep ! clo? turn+ = "o h\r & a half3 ?is is ! gr\nd4 ,h n[ ready f\rte5 p\nds ( sulphate ( iron dissolv$ 9 wat]1 :i* is to be lad$ into ! copp] by "o man1 :ile ano!r turns ! clo? = an h\r at a boil+ heat2 x is !n to be tak5 out1 cool$1 & air$1 return$ to ! copp]1 & boil$ g5tly = two h\rs1 & !n cool$ aga94 ,:ile ! clo? is cool+1 six p\nds ( logwood1 t5 p\nds ( ald]-b>k1 two p\nds ( argol1 t5 ( soda1 or common pot-a%es1 & ?ree p\nds ( sulphate ( iron1 are to be add$ to ! liquor 9 ! copp]1 & boil$ "o h\r1 :5 ! goods mu/ be turn$ & work$ "o h\r2 &1 la/ly1 tak5 out & air$4 ,?is black is said to be ( ! hue ( a rav5's fea!r4 ,?is process is f ,,heigh4 ,! argol is pr(ess$ to be put 9 to c\nt]act ! sulphuric acid ( ! sulphate ( iron2 ! alkali is said to cause ! logwood to reta9 its natural violet col\r3 & if too great a quantity ( logwood be n us$1 ! result w\ld be z above /at$4 ,b ! au?or presumes t su* a black w\ld n be at ?is "t mu* e/eem$4 ,we object to ! introduction ( s mu*1 inde$ ( any alkali or argol1 z ! "t employ$ 9 p]=m+ ! process is wa/$4 ,alkali is good1 h[ev]1 :]e a *emic gre5 is to be dy$ black4 ,wool w take up :atev] ! copp] conta9s necess>y to dye black2 b1 = ! beauty ( ! col\r & ! durability ( ! clo?1 x is be/ to let x h mo/ ( its gr\nd ( vegetable col\r be=e x has ! sulphate ( iron1 :i* black5s t gr\nd1 ) suma* in/ead ( galls2 & ev5 9 "s in/ances1 dye+ "s goods )\t ! suma*4 ,7 ! au?or1 h[ev]1 to direct ! dye+ ( black clo?1 su* z %\ld be ( ! be/ k9d1 he w\ld h an indigo gr\nd ) logwood & ald]-b>k1 )\t old fu/ic or oak saw-du/2 & to f9i% ! clo? he w\ld use suma*1 sulphate ( iron1 & a small quantity ( v]digris4 ,he w\ld give x ! blue gr\nd fir/2 !n ! logwood1 ald]-b>k1 & v]digris2 & !n f9i% x ) suma* & sulphate ( iron4 ,if ! blue gr\nd 7 omitt$1 he %\ld dye ! clo? twice1 giv+ x m ( logwood & ald]-b>k1 b v]digris ! same2 & f9i% x ) suma* & sulphate ( iron4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we dye to a patt]n1 ! patt]n mu/ be our guide4 ,diff]5t goods w require diff]5t quantities ( drugs4 ,logwood %\ld be ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! weight ( ! goods2 ! sulphate ( iron ab\t "o-fif? ( ! logwood2 ald]-b>k1 :5 us$1 ab\t ! same quantity z sulphate ( iron2 b = "s y>ns ?is b>k is n us$1 nor is x necess>y2 & :]e fu/ic or oak saw-du/ is us$1 !re is ! less necessity = us+ ald]-b>k4 ,! suma* mu/ be ab\t ! same quantity z sulphate ( iron4 ,rememb] t c>bon is g5]ally consid]$ z t :i* makes ! ri*ness ( a dye4 ,t x is ! iron 9 ! sulphate ( iron1 comb9$ ) ! tann9 & gallic acid :i* are assum$ to be 9 ! suma* & logwood1 t produces ! blackness ( ! dye2 b ?is !ory is que/ionable4 ,see bel[4 ,! way to asc]ta9 :5 ! quantities ( drugs are mo/ appropriate = produc+ ! desir$ effect is z foll[s3-- ,fir/1 gr\nd ) diff]5t quantities ( drugs1 f ?ree to five or sev5 patt]ns1 & use f "o ?ird to "o fif? ( sulphate ( iron & suma* to ! gr\nd+2 aft]w>ds f9i% ) ! rema9d] ( ! sulphate ( iron & suma*3 ! full] ! gr\nd ! ri*] w be ! black1 if ! logwood be n 9 excess1 & ! quantities be us$ z ?us /at$4 ,we ought also to /ate "h 7f ,b]?ollet1 vol4 ii4 p4 #d47 t commonly m simple processes ?an any ( ^? above describ$ are employ$ = black4 ,?us ! blue clo? is simply turn$ ?r\gh a ba? ( gallnuts1 :5 x is boil$ = two h\rs4 ,x is next pass$ ?r\gh a ba? ( logwood & sulphate ( iron = two h\rs )\t boil+1 aft] :i* x is wa%$ & full$4 ,a black may also be dy$ )\t a blue gr\nd ) walnut r9ds or ! roots ( ! walnut tree2 9 ?is case ! clo? receives a dun gr\nd f ! walnut husks or roots1 & is aft]w>ds made black 9 ! mann] above describ$1 ) logwood & sulphate ( iron4 ,! blacks1 h[ev]1 )\t ! blue gr\nd are only giv5 9 g5]al to inf]ior clo?s4 ,! col\r+ pr9ciple ( logwood is call$ hemat92 x is cry/all9e1 ( a rosy-:ite1 &1 view$ ?r\gh a l5s1 v brilliant2 its ta/e is slightly a/r+5t1 bitt] & acrid2 expos$ to ! action ( fire 9 a retort x af=ds all ! products ( animal sub/ances1 & also a small quantity ( ammonia1 :i* proves t x conta9s nitrog54 ,x dissolves easily 9 boil+ wat]2 on add+ "s acid v gradually1 x *anges to yell[ & !n r$4 ,pota% & ammonia give ! solution ( hemat9 a purple r$2 if a great excess ( ^! alkalies be add$1 ! col\r becomes violet-blue1 !n br[n-r$1 & f9ally yell[-br[n4 ,9 ?is /ate x is decompos$ & _c be recov]$ by any acids4 ,protoxide ( lead1 protoxide ( t91 hydrate ( tritoxide ( iron1 hydrate ( copp]1 oxide ( z9c & its hydrate1 fl[]s ( antimony & oxide ( bismu? comb9e ) hemat9 & give x a blue col\r1 ) ! loss ( ! violet %ade4 ,see notes to ,ure's ,b]?ollet1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbj4 ,see ! explanation ( protoxide1 c4 "u ,,oxide 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! above facts conc]n+ logwood may1 by ! +5i\s dy]1 be appli$ on _m occasions ) great success4 ,to dye wool ,,grey4 ,all greys1 f ! d>ke/ to ! lighte/1 are compos$ ( black 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,!y are ( great use 9 dye+1 n only = _! own col\rs1 b also :5 appli$ to o!r col\rs1 :i* op]ation is call$ sadd5+ or d>k5+4 ,"s greys h a woad gr\nd ( blue1 !n ( logwood1 suma* or sulphate ( iron1 ( :i* decoctions ( ! ?ree la/1 = exp$ition1 %\ld be 9 read9ess :5 want$4 ,:5 a succession ( light %ades1 9 p>ticul>1 is requir$1 9 "s in/ances ! *emic blue is us$3 :5 we treat ( ! mixture ( black1 or r grey ) r$ & blue1 ! utility ( grey w be se54 ,mixture ( ,,black or ,,grey ) ,,r$ & ,,blue4 ,^! produce an inf9ite numb] ( all %ades ( grey z sage grey1 slate & lead col\r1 & o!rs /ill d>k]4 ,on ,,br[ns1 ,,fawns1 ,,olives1 c4 ,br[ns & ,fawns owe1 9 all probability1 _! col\r to ! iron :i* _! dyes conta94 ,iron is s univ]sally diffus$ ?r\gh\t nature1 t x1 v likely1 ent]s into ! composition ( _m o!r col\rs2 x exi/s 9 blood1 9 wat]1 & 9 innum]able vegetable & animal sub/ances1 z well z 9 e>?s & _m m9]als4 ,h5ce we ought n to be surpris$ t blue1 r$1 & fawn produce olives f ! d>ke/ to ! lighte/2 z well z slate & lav5d] :5 ! %ade is v light4 ,fawn & yell[ produce ! feuille-morte or dead-leaf4 ,fawn & r$ produce c9namon1 tobacco1 *e/nut1 c4 ,fawn & black produce c(fee1 m>oon1 c4 ,blue1 yell[1 & black produce all ! d>k gre5s1 ev5 to black4 ,blue1 fawn1 & black produce d>k olives & gre5i% greys4 ,r$1 yell[1 & fawn produce orange1 gold col\r1 )]$-leaf1 c>nation1 burnt c9namon & tobacco col\rs ( all k9ds4 ,yell[s1 fawn1 & black produce hair col\r1 nut-br[n1 c4 ,?is enum]ation is meant only to give a g5]al idea ( ! +r$i5ts prop] = ! production ( %ades compos$ ( sev]al col\rs4 ,:]e r$ =ms a compon5t "p ( ! col\r want$1 ! goods mu/ h a prep>ation ( alum & argol1 /rong or weak1 accord+ to ! fulness or weakness ( ! r$ :i* =ms a "p ( ! comp\nd dye1 su* z ! half or qu>t] ( ! quantity :i* is requir$ = a full col\r ( r$2 ! same z to yell[1 &1 9 proportion1 :5 r$ & yell[ are jo9$4 ,on ! ,,yell[ ( ! ,qu]citron or ,am]ican b>k4 ,! qu]citron b>k is said to yield f eight to t5 times m col\r ?an weld1 & ab\t f\r times m ?an old fu/ic2 ?is 01 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,bancr(t's acc\nt1 :o _h a /rong int]e/ 9 ?is dye+ drug1 z /at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,he also ass]ts1 t "o p\nd ( b>k ) muriate ( t91 w dye =ty p\nds ( wooll5 a bright gold5 yell[1 :i* aft]w>ds becomes a beautiful & durable sc>let1 ) a f\r? "p less co*9eal ?an is usually employ$ on o!r occasions = su* a col\r4 ,b ,bancr(t did n succe$ 9 do+ away ! old me?od ( sav+ t>t> & co*9eal4 ,8 fulle/ yell[ ^u clo?1 ! au?or has1 h[ev]1 (t5 tri$ & f\nd x ri* & gold52 ! process is z foll[s3 ,clo? "o hundr$ p\nds2 b>k 9 p[d]1 & 9 a bag1 t5 p\nds2 muriate ( t91 or murio-sulphate ( t91 7= :i* see =w>d17 t5 p\nds4 ,! b>k 9 ! bag mu/ be fir/ imm]s$ 9 ! prop] siz$ vessel = six or eight m9utes2 !n add ! solution ( t9 & /ir x well = two or ?ree m9utes1 :5 ! clo? mu/ be put 91 & kept 9 motion by two or ?ree m5 work+ ov] ! w9* f end to end2 !n proce$ to boil2 &1 9 fifte5 m9utes boil+1 ! highe/ yell[ is produc$2 a long] "t w\ld turn ! yell[ br[n4 ,:5 a v bright yell[1 approa*+ less to orange1 is want$1 sev5 or eight p\nds ( solution ( t91 five p\nds ( alum1 & t5 p\nds ( b>k1 w d = a hundr$ p\nds ( clo?4 ,9 ?is process1 boil ! b>k fir/ 9 a bag = a few m9utes1 !n add ! solution ( t9 & ! alum1 & ! clo? aft]w>ds1 z be=e direct$2 less body requires less quantities ( c\rse4 ,= a full ,,bright ,,yell[ delicately incl9+ to a gre5i% t+e4 ,use eight p\nds ( qu]citron b>k1 to six ( muriate ( t91 six p\nds ( alum1 & f\r p\nds ( :ite t>t>1 = clo? z be=e4 ,! alum & t>t> r5d] ! yell[ m delicate1 & give x m ( ! lemon or gre5i% t+e2 :]e ?is is want$ 9 ! greate/ p]fection proce$ z foll[s3 ,take t5 p\nds ( b>k1 t5 ( muriate ( t91 or murio-sulphate ( t91 t5 ( alum1 & t5 ( t>t>4 ,= clo? ?ree or f\r times ! quantity ( ! prec$+ processes may be tak51 namely ?ree or f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,9 ?is process ! b>k mu/ be boil$ fifte5 m9utes 9 wat] only1 & !n ! o!r +r$i5ts be add$ & mix$ 9 ! liquor by /irr+4 ,! clo? is next to be put into x1 ! liquor be+ fir/ cool$ a little2 x is !n imm$iately to be turn$ briskly on ! w9* till ! col\r is suffici5tly rais$4 ,:5 a v>iety ( %ades are want$1 9 work+ ! b>k1 7contr>y to ! processes = _m o!r col\rs7 ! high] %ades %\ld1 9 ?is col\r1 be dy$ fir/1 & ! weak] aft]w>ds4 ,:5 ab\t two-?irds ( ! quantity ( ! clo? h be5 dy$1 x w be g5]ally f\nd t ! liquor1 by cont9u+ to extract col\r+ matt] f ! b>k1 has acquir$ an ov] proportion1 & wants a small quantity ( muriate ( t91 ( alum1 & ( t>t>1 p]haps a p\nd ( ea*1 to enable ! b>k at la/1 z well z at fir/1 to give ! same delicate1 pale & gre5i% t+e4 ,a sur] way1 h[ev]1 is to boil ! b>k 9 a small quantity ( wat]1 sep>ately1 = six or eight m9utes2 & !n to add to x ! solution ( t91 alum1 & t>t>1 & boil !m ) ! b>k toge!r = fifte5 m9utes1 & !n damp ! fire2 !n h ! clo? 9 a prop] siz$ vessel1 suppli$ ) boil+ wat]1 & ! clo? mov+ on ! w9*2 aft] x has gone a few turns r\nd1 & is ?or\ghly wett$ out 7:i* x %\ld be be=e1 & n[ aga97 le/ any "p %\ld be dry1 add ! supplies ( ! yell[ liquor above describ$1 by little & little z !y may be want$3 9 ?is way expectation is surpass$ by ! beauty produc$4 ,bancr(t's murio-sulphate ( t9 is made ?us3--,take ( muriatic acid1 ?ree p\nds2 ( fea!r$ t91 z describ$ 9 ! process ( dye+ wool sc>let1 f\rte5 ounces2 to ! t9 add gradually ! muriatic acid2 aft]w>ds1 ) due & great precaution1 by degrees1 9 ! c\rse ( a day or two1 two p\nds ( sulphuric acid4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! vessel 9 :i* ?is op]ation is conduct$1 be ( /one w>e or ( glass4 ,^! acids be+ mix$ ) ! t91 %\ld be left to saturate !mselves ) x1 :i* !y w d 9 "t1 )\t artificial heat2 b ! dissolution ( ! t9 w be rapidly promot$ by a s& heat4 ,?is murio-sulphuric solution ( t91 ?us made1 w be p]fectly transp>5t & col\rless1 & w probably rema9 s = ye>s1 )\t suff]+ any precipitation ( ! metal4 ,to dye wool ,,buff4 ,?is is done ) ! mo/ economy aft] sc>let1 &1 9 su* case1 requir+ v little addition 79 "s cases none7 ( co*9eal4 ,! wool1 hav+ an alum prep>ation1 x may be requisite to add "s fre% prep>$ decoction ( "y fu/ic or weld4 ,see ! next article4 ,to dye wool ,,pea*4 ,?is process is ! same z ! la/2 t is1 aft] sc>let2 b ! wool is n to be alum$3 9 "s cases1 a little t>t> & co*9eal is add$4 ,obs]ve1 t ! co*9eal & t>t> be+ add$1 ! previ\s prep>ation mu/ be accord+ to ! fulness or fa9tness ( ! %ade want$1 :e!r ( buff1 pea*1 or fle%1 all ( :i* require1 ess5tially1 ! same process4 ,by su* means1 a patt]n ( any %ade1 comp\nd$ ( r$ & yell[1 f sc>let to ! weake/ buff & fle%1 may be produc$4 ,to set an indigo vat = wor/$1 s]ge1 c4 ,! vat be+ five feet high1 & two feet 9 diamet] at top1 y may use = x f two to six p\nds ( indigo1 accord+ z y set x light or full4 ,boil two p\nds ( pota%1 two ounces ( madd]1 & a h&ful ( bran1 9 fifte5 gallons ( cle> s(t wat]1 = half an h\r4 ,! indigo mu/ be p[d]$2 aft] :i* x mu/ be levigat$ 9 a peculi> circul> ca/-iron mill1 hav+ a contrivance = two l>ge r\nd /ones1 or ca/ iron balls1 :i* are kept 9 a p]petual circul> motion :ile ! indigo is gr\nd4 ,wat] x1 & put x into ! mill1 & z ! balls run r\nd1 ! indigo 9 ! wat] is r$uc$ to a f9e fl[]y pa/e4 ,!re are mills m conv5i5t ?an ^!1 b1 p]haps1 none m simple = a small conc]n4 ,:5 ! indigo is ?us prep>$1 boil x 9 ! copp] ) ! gr\nds ( ! madd] & ! pota%1 :i* fell to ! bottom2 x is all1 !n1 to be put into ! vat at ! same "t ) ! indigo2 ! :ole is to be /irr$1 ! vat cov]$1 & heat appli$ to make x m ?an blood w>m1 & to keep x s4 ,! vat %\ld be /irr$ twice1 slightly1 bo? ! second & ?ird day1 ! heat rema9+ ! same2 :5 a brassy scum1 divid$ & int]rupt$ 9 _m places1 beg9s to appe> on ! surface4 ,on ! f\r? day1 ! heat be+ cont9u$1 ! scum becomes m p]fect & less brok51 ! fro? :i* rises1 ^u /irr+1 is m blue1 & ! vat a deep gre54 ,:5 x becomes gre5 9 ?is mann]1 x is an indication t x mu/ be fill$2 to d :i*1 boil half an ounce ( madd]1 & "o p\nd ( pota%1 9 five gallons ( wat]2 put 9 ?is liquor1 & /ir x2 if x produce mu* fro?1 /ir x aga91 & ! next day x w be fit = work+2 :i*1 h[ev]1 w be suffici5tly kn[n by ! quantity ( fro?1 & by ! brassy & scaly cru/ on ! surface ( ! liquor1 on bl[+ or /irr+ :i*1 ! liquor b5ea? is gre51 al?\gh ! surface appe>s br[n or blue4 ,:5 ! vat has work$ ab\t =ty or fifty p\nds ( s]ge or wor/$1 x may be necess>y to repl5i% x ) "o p\nd ( pota%1 half an ounce ( madd]1 & a h&ful ( bran2 ^! be+ boil$ a qu>t] ( an h\r1 are add$ to ! vat4 ,:5 ?is vat wants repl5i%+ ) indigo1 :i* may be kn[n by ! liquor be+ no long] gre51 b br[n1 blue1 or almo/ black1 two-?irds ( x mu/ be put into a copp]2 :5 ready to boil1 ! scum on ! top mu/ be tak5 (f by a sieve1 aft] :i* x %\ld be suff]$ to boil1 ) ! addition ( two h&fuls ( bran1 a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( madd]1 & two p\nds ( pota%2 soon aft] x has boil$1 x is to be put into ! vat ) "o p\nd ( indigo1 prep>$ z be=e2 ! vat be+ aga9 /irr$1 & cov]$1 ! heat always rema9+ betwe5 blood & fev] heat4 ,:5 an indigo vat has be5 sev]al times re-heat$1 x %\ld be empti$ out entirely1 & set anew1 because ! col\r becomes dull4 ,! prec$+ process is f ,hellot4 #h ,x is necess>y t ! /ud5t %\ld n conf\nd ! t]ms primitive col\rs "h ) ! prismatic or prim>y col\rs1 = ! discov]y ( :i* we are indebt$ to ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,see ! ,introductory ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,dye+ ,,silk ,,& ,,cotton ,,black1 c4 ,to dye silk black = velvets--,to dye silk black1 ,london process--,on dye+ cotton black at ,r\5--,to dye cotton black1 ,london process--,= dye+ black1 p>ticul>ly cotton velvets1 at ,man*e/]--,on dye+ silk & cotton black1 ) a blue gr\nd--,ano!r iron liquor--,to dye cotton black1 by us+ ! prec$+ solution--,to dye cotton violet--,to dye cotton r$--,to dye cotton an ,adrianople or ,turkey r$--,miscellane\s obs]vations relative to ,adrianople r$4 ,"s ( ! m simple & less difficult processes ( dye+ bo? cotton & silk1 are describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s2 we %all n[ describe ^?1 n only = black1 b = "s o!r col\rs1 :i* require m c>e & att5tion4 ,= ungumm+ & boil+ silk1 c4 see ,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,silk has a /rong aff9ity = galls1 & advantage is sometimes tak5 ( ?is3 = silk1 be+ a valuable article1 is (t5 gall$ to excess1 m]ely to increase its weight4 ,cotton has a /rong aff9ity = iron1 & iron has ! same = gallic acid1 :]ev] x may be f\nd2 !re=e1 9 suma*1 ald]-b>k1 c41 iron unites ) ! acid1 :5ev] bo? are connect$ by ! m$ium ( wat]4 ,tann91 d\btless1 has also "s %>e 9 su* dye+ processes1 al?\gh :at does n ev5 n[ appe> to be well und]/ood4 ,black1 ,,macqu] obs]ves1 is r difficult to be dy$ ^u silk2 or1 at lea/1 !re is reason to ?9k s1 f ! numb]less exp]im5ts :i* h be5 f\nd necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( a good black1 z well z f ! multitude ( het]og5e\s +r$i5ts :i* ,macqu] admitt$ into ! composition ( 8 v>i\s processes = ?is dye1 "s ( :i* consi/$ ( ars5ic1 corrosive sublimate1 li?>ge1 antimony1 plumbago1 & ab\t t5 o!r +r$i5ts6 we %all n1 !re=e1 detail su* prepo/]\s mixtures2 "o1 h[ev]1 we may j put d[n by way ( %[+ :at ! art 0 9 ,macqu]'s "t4 ,take tw5ty qu>ts ( /rong v9eg>1 "o p\nd ( black nut galls p\nd$1 & five p\nds ( iron fil+s2 ^! +r$i5ts are to be mix$ 9 "o vessel4 ,to dye ske9 silk ,,black = velvets1 ,g5oa process1 7f ,macqu]47 ,! silk %\ld be ungumm$ by boil+ x f\r h\rs ) a qu>t] ( its weight ( :ite soap1 & aft]w>ds to be well cle>$ f ! soap4 ,take1 = e hundr$ p\nds ( silk1 tw5ty p\nds ( galls 9 p[d]1 & boil$ "o h\r2 two p\nds ( sulphate ( iron2 twelve p\nds ( iron fil+s2 & tw5ty p\nds ( gum arabic or s5egal4 ,?is process is v simple3 "h are ! gallic acid & tann9 ( ! galls1 & ! iron ( ! sulphate & ! fil+s4 ,b we mu/ proce$ to a m mod]n process4 ,to dye silk ,,black1 ! ,london process4 ,take ( wove silk1 twill$ s>s5et1 "o hundr$ & fifty y>ds4 ,boil1 = ?ree h\rs1 ( ald] b>k "o bu%el & a half2 ( logwood f\rte5 p\nds2 & ( iron fil+s "o p\nd4 ,!n let ! fire be damp$2 dissolve f\r ounces ( sulphate ( copp] 9 wat]2 wet out ! silk 9 hot wat]2 aft] :i* put ! solution ( sulphate ( copp] into ! liquor & /ir x only2 !n put ! silk into ! copp]1 & "w x f end to end f\r times2 aft] :i* take x out 9 ! air2 n[ put x 9 aga9 & "w x z be=e2 take x out aga9 & let x be air$ on ! floor1 op5+ x f "t to "t till x is cold2 repeat ! same ?+ twice m1 9 all f\r times4 ,?is is t]m$ f\r wets4 ,:ile ! la/ wet is cool+ & air+1 dissolve & put into ! copp] ?ree p\nds ( sulphate ( iron1 & !n give ! silk two m wets1 :i* make ! numb] ( wets six4 ,! drugs are n[ left to boil z mu* z !y w dur+ ! night1 be+ left s to d1 because 9 a l>ge bus9ess1 ?is "p ( ! process w\ld close ! day's "w4 ,! next morn+ give ! silk f\r or five wets m1 & leave x 9 ! copp] all ! foll[+ night1 obs]v+ :5 x is left 91 & always :5 x is work$ 91 t ! heat1 mu/ be consid]ably "u ! boil+ po9t1 & ! silk kept cov]$ by ! liquor3 = if any "p be expos$ to ! air x w be m>k$4 ,on dye+ cotton ,,black at ,r\51 7f ,d',apligny47 ,take "o hundr$ qu>ts ( s\r w9e1 bad v9eg>1 or small be]2 put to ei!r ( ^! tw5ty-five p\nds ( old iron hoops ru/$ by ! air or dew2 twelve p\nds ( rye meal or co>se bran2 put ! :ole into a copp] & heat x r m ?an blood w>m4 ,9 ! summ] x w\ld d expos$ to ! sun & air ) a por\s clo? ov] x1 to let 9 ! air1 b keep out dirt1 c42 ! old] ?is solution is ! bett]2 b x %\ld be at lea/ two mon?s old4 ,cotton ske9s are gall$ by be+ work$ 9 a solution ( galls2 alum$ & !n dy$ 9 weld liquor2 ?is 9 ! result is yell[2 !y are !n pass$ ?r\gh a decoction ( logwood1 & aft] t ( sulphate ( iron1 a qu>t] ( a p\nd to e p\nd ( cotton2 !y are !n dy$ 9 madd]1 half a p\nd to e p\nd ( cotton4 ,we _c recomm5d ?is process1 al?\gh we give x1 z mu* bett] me?ods are n[ kn[n4 ,to dye cotton ,,black--! ,london process--us$ by v>i\s calico pr9t]s 9 ! suburbs4 ,cotton cambric piece-goods are pass$ ?r\gh a blot*+ ma*9e to receive a mordant ( acetate ( iron1 & gall$ slightly2 suma* is us$ in/ead :5 galls are de>2 ! cotton is !n pass$ ?r\gh logwood1 or logwood & fu/ic1 & !n ?r\gh suma*2 s t x is possible ?us to give !m ! mordant suffici5tly 9 proportion to ! iron liquor at fir/2 proce$ z 9 dye+ aft]w>ds1 at a heat approa*+ boil+ or ev5 boil+4 ,y may n[ proce$ by add+ fir/ ! gall+ or suma* slightly2 aft]w>ds ! logwood1 c42 & !n ! rema9d] ( ! gall+ or suma* may be us$ to f9i% x2 & ?us dye ! goods black by ! quicke/ possible process4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ respect+ ! la/ process & ! process :i* prec$es x1 t 9 dye+ black alum is inimical to ! col\r4 ,!re=e ,d',apligny's is n n[ e/eem$4 ,alum = black is z improp]1 z x is prop] & ess5tial = r$ & yell[4 ,9 reg>d to giv+ ! acetate ( iron = black at once1 z ! second1 or ,london process directs1 x may be done by hav+ ! proportions full2 by full is meant t ! mordant %\ld be full en\gh2 !n1 aft] ! slight gall+1 z direct$ 9 giv+ ! logwood & ald] b>k decoction1 or logwood & fu/ic1 be sure to h t decoction /rong en\gh4 ,?is might be call$ ! gr\nd2 & ! mo/ p]fect judgm5t might be =m$ ( x by hav+ a "p ( a piece1 or "o piece ( a bat* dri$ 9 ! /ove3 =1 accord+ to ! fullness ( ! gr\nd1 s w ! black be ri* & p]fect or o!rwise4 ,! ald] b>k & fu/ic are us$ only to prev5t ! hue ( ! logwood f be+ pr$om9ant4 ,if ! gr\nd be a full & ri* br[n1 ! second full gall+ or suma*+ w br+ x to a full & ri* black2 b1 if ! gr\nd be poor1 ^! processes w cut or de/roy ! gr\nd1 & ! black w be foxy1 na/y1 & poor2 & n only s1 b ! mat]ial dy$ w soon we> rott51 because hav+ an ov]-dose ( iron1 ! iron w t5d to decompose ! cotton4 ,!re=e ! foll[+ process is mo/ e/eem$4 ,= dye+ ,,black 7p>ticul>ly cotton velvets7 at ,man*e/]4 ,9 a l>ge dye-h\se :]e mu* bus9ess is done1 a great _m w9e-pipes or o!r l>ge tubs1 or any sub/itutes are arrang$ 9 an appropriate place4 ,into ^! are put old iron hoops1 ru/$ 9 ! air1 & cut into %ort pieces2 a lay] ( ! iron pieces & a lay] ( ! ald] b>k1 aga9 a lay] ( iron & a lay] ( ! b>k1 & s on 9 succession f ! bottom to ! top4 ,:5 ! pipes are all ?us fill$1 wat] is p\r$ into !m till !y are fill$ up2 !y rema9 9 ?is /ate = six weeks or two mon?s accord+ to ! season1 :e!r summ] or w9t]4 ,! same process w d = any o!r cotton goods z well z velvets1 su* z calicoes1 cambric1 & jaconot musl9s1 cotton 9 ! ske91 c4 ,9 "s cases !re are p]sons :o pass ! goods ?r\gh ! liquor ( ! a=esaid black vat4 ,! col\r ( ?is liquor :5 x is fit = use is purpli%1 p>ticul>ly aft] be+ once us$ & return$ to ! vat aga91 :i* x always is4 ,o!rs beg9 by pass+ ! goods ?r\gh a decoction ( logwood & suma*1 !n ?r\gh sulphate ( iron1 !n wa% (f ?r\gh logwood only2 !n ?r\gh sulphate ( iron2 always wa%+ (f f ?is la/2 ! goods are !n dri$1 & ?is is call$ ! fir/ "t ( sadd5+4 ,!y are next pass$ ?r\gh logwood1 !n ?r\gh sulphate ( iron1 !n wa%$ (f1 !n aga9 ?r\gh logwood1 !n sulphate ( iron1 & !n wa%$ (f2 & !n dri$4 ,?is is call$ ! second "t ( sadd5+4 ,suppos+ ! goods to consi/ ( a hundr$ or a ?\s& pieces1 aft] dry+ ! second "t !y are br\ght 9 lots to ! =eman = exam9ation1 & assort$ into lots "o1 two1 & ?ree4 ,all t is fit = lot "o is full en\gh & has gr\nd en\gh1 & is ( a ri* full-bodi$ br[n1 ready = gall+ or suma*+3 suma* be+ ! sub/itute = galls1 ?is process is t]m$ 9 ! dye-h\se1 mac+4 ,lot two is n full en\gh1 & mu/ pass ?r\gh logwood1 !n sulphate ( iron1 & !n be wa%$ (f4 ,lot ?ree is /ill m defici5t2 ?is mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh logwood & ! sulphate ( iron twice & !n wa%$ (f1 & bo? lots two & ?ree dri$ aga94 ,lot "o is n[ to be suma*$ = ! fir/ "t3 t is1 pass$ ?r\gh a decoction ( suma*1 !n ?r\gh sulphate ( iron1 & !n wa%$ (f3 if ! decoction ( suma* be kept up /rong aft] all ( !m are once suma*$1 !y may be dri$4 ,lots two & ?ree1 :5 !y are dry1 are also to be suma*$ ! same z lot "o1 & dri$4 ,z soon z any ( !m are dry !y are ready to be suma*$ ! second "t by pass+ !m ?r\gh ! decoction z be=e2 b in/ead ( sulphate ( iron1 "s ( ! ald] b>k & iron liquor are us$2 or z we %all t]m x1 ! liquor ( ! black vat4 ,!y are !n to be wa%$ (f & dri$4 ,if ! black liquor & ! suma*+ be p[]ful1 "s ( ! goods w be f9i%$ :5 dry4 ,su* are exam9$ by ! =eman2 ^? :i* are n f9i%$ mu/ g ?r\gh ! la/ process aga94 ,! f9i%$ goods are well & repeat$ly wa%$ (f 9 fre% cle> s(t wat] two or ?ree times & !n dri$4 ,! cambric musl9s are s5t to be cal5d]$ to imitate silk s>s5ets4 ,book-musl9s mu/ be s5t to ! musl9 dress]s1 except :]e1 9 "s cases1 !y s>s5et & dry _! own goods4 ,by ! above me?od ! gr\nd is secur$1 & s is ! black1 & also ! /r5g? ( ! goods4 ,on dye+ silk & cotton ,,black ) a blue gr\nd4 ,x is rem>kable1 t al?\gh an indigo gr\nd = wool enri*es ! black1 yet = silk & cotton x is n g5]ally consid]$ necess>y4 ,latt]ly1 h[ev]1 we believe ! dy]s ( black on cotton d fir/ give x an indigo gr\nd be=e ! black is giv54 ,?is is1 nev]!less1 n a new me?od1 = ,d',apligny describes ! process 9 8 ,art ( ,dye+1 = l95 & cotton y>ns2 ^! are fir/ dy$ sky-blue 9 ! vat1 !n wrung out & set to dry4 ,!y are gall$ 9 ! proportion ( "o "p galls to f\r ( y>n1 be+ left tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! gall liquor1 wrung out anew1 & set to dry3 ab\t t5 p9ts ( iron liquor to e p\nd ( y>n are !n p\r$ into a tub1 9 ?is ! y>n is turn$ on /icks1 & work$ ) ! h& = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 x is !n wrung out & air$4 ,?is op]ation is twice repeat$1 add+ ea* "t a new dose ( ! iron liquor2 ! y>n is air$ once m1 !n wrung out1 well wa%$1 & dri$4 ,to complete ! dye+ ( ! y>n a weight ( ald]-b>k equal to t ( ! y>n is boil$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat] = an h\r2 to ?is is add$ "o half ( ! ba? :i* has s]v$ = ! gall+ & suma*4 ,! :ole is boil$ = two h\rs4 ,:5 cold ! y>n is put 9 & work$1 air$ occasionally1 & !n left 9 ! ba? = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 x is wrung out & dri$4 ,to complete x1 x is /eep$ & work$ 9 ! residue ( a ba? ( weld1 to :i* a little logwood is add$2 x is !n tak5 out1 wrung1 & imm$iately pass$ ?r\gh a tub ( w>m wat]1 into :i* "o "p ( olive oil to sixte5 ( y>n has be5 p\r$4 ,x is f9ally wrung out & dri$4 ,see ,,ure',s ,b]?ollet1 vol4 ii4 page #ah4 ,ano!r iron liquor2 pyrolignite or acetate ( iron4 ,al?\gh we h describ$ an iron liquor 9 a prec$+ section1 x may be useful to give ! foll[+ process = ano!r "h4 ,fill a ca/-iron boil] ) pyrolign\s acid1 add to x old iron well oxidiz$1 & boil4 ,! solution ( ! oxide w take place rapidly4 ,:5 ! iron gr[s clean1 & ! solution black z ink1 ?r[ ! :ole into a cask1 to be employ$ z occasion %all require4 ,to dye cotton ,,black1 by us+ ! prec$+ solution4 ,prep>e ! cotton z usual1 by giv+ x a blue gr\nd2 gall x1 & pass x ?r\gh a ba? ( ! solution ( pyrolignite ( iron dilut$ ) lukew>m wat]4 ,r5ew ! gall+s & ! pass+s ?r\gh ! ba? ( pyrolignite ( iron till a deep & brilliant black is obta9$4 ,f9i% by pass+ ! cotton ?r\gh olive oil ?us3 ?r[ on "s lukew>m wat] a little olive oil1 pass ! cotton ?r\gh x2 ! cotton absorbs ! oil1 b x mu/ be work$ a long "t 9 ! ba? to diffuse ! oil equally4 ,dry 9 ! %ade4 ,! cotton is n[ a p]fect & v durable black4 ,e "t ! ba? ( pyrolignite is us$1 :at rema9s mu/ be ?r[n away2 ! old ba?s are nev] add$ to ! cask4 ,! application ( oil1 :i* height5s ! black1 & imp>ts s(tness to ! /uffs1 is giv5 to su* articles z cotton velvet by means ( bru%es1 :i* are slightly imbu$ ) x4 ,b]?ollet4 ,we may add "h1 t an iron liquor call$ t>-iron liquor1 prep>$ f ! acid obta9$ f t>1 7! acetic acid we presume7 is n[ well kn[n 9 comm]ce1 b we h n room1 nor does x appe> necess>y1 to describe ! me?od ( mak+ x2 x is mu* us$ 9 prep>+ mordants = black & o!r col\rs by ! dy]s & pr9t]s ( silk4 ,?is iron liquor may be obta9$ ( ,blake1 ,nor? ,/reet1 ,back ,*ur* ,lane1 ,/4 ,george's 9 ! ,ea/1 ,london4 ,see ,m',k]nan4 ,to dye cotton ,,violet4 ,pass ! ske9s ?r\gh ! black vat & dry !m1 !n pass !m ?r\gh a decoction ( galls & dry !m aga91 !n ?r\gh a decoction ( logwood1 !n ( alum & v]digris1 wa%$ (f1 & dri$4 ,or ?us3 by ! black vat liquor1 t is1 ! liquor ( old iron & ald] b>k 9 "s cases4 ,let ! vat liquor be prep>$ f ! iron hoops1 v9eg>1 rye1 or co>se bran1 describ$ 9 page #ajh4 ,by ?is liquor x is easy to procure all ! violet %ades f ! pansy fl[] up to ! lilac & violet4 ,! goods mu/ be fir/ blue-vatt$ & dri$1 !n gall$ & dri$1 !n pass$ ?r\gh ! iron liquor1 !n madd]$1 !n wa%$ (f1 & dri$2 ! liquor mu/ always be kept mu* bel[ a boil+ heat1 z ?is heat makes ! col\r obta9$ f madd] br[n3 :atev] drugs require boil+ mu/ be prep>$ by a decoction previ\sly made4 ,= "s %ades sulphate ( copp] is us$2 = o!rs v]digris1 saltpetre1 & alum4 ,to dye to ! patt]n ! prep>ations %\ld be always ( "o giv5 /r5g?1 & all solutions ( mordants ! same4 ,! "t ( work+ ! goods 9 ! dye mu/ be regulat$ by ! fulness or lightness ( ! patt]n2 & ! quantities ( ! v>i\s drugs1 c4 us$ mu* or little accord+ly1 res]v+ patt]ns ( processes1 ) ! p>ticul>s ( su* processes not$ d[n4 ,9 proportion to ! numb] ( ^! ^u record1 & ) /rict att5tion to ! subject1 a good patt]n dy] is =m$4 ,"t & practice are1 h[ev]1 absolutely necess>y1 ) a delight 9 ! bus9ess3 = )\t a pleasure 9 dye+ no "o c become a good or an em95t dy]4 ,9 _m ( ! bran*es ( ?is art !re are1 x is true1 lab\r & pa9s 9 abundance2 b !re is also a portion1 & t n a small "o1 ( pleasure 9 o!rs1 :i* w c\nt]balance ! c>e1 anxiety1 lab\r1 & fatigue insep>able f ?is useful & important occupation1 & :i* s /rik+ly exhibits ! sci5ce & +5uity ( man4 ,to dye cotton ,,r$4 ,if ! cotton ske9 has n be5 cleans$ s9ce x 0 spun x mu/ be cleans$ by be+ boil$ 9 a solution ( pota%1 "o ounce ( :i*1 if good1 to a pail ( wat] may be en\gh1 or m ?an en\gh4 ,! cotton mu/ be put into bags :5 boil$1 !n wa%$ (f & pass$ ?r\gh clean wat]1 sc\r$ ) a little sulphuric acid1 & !n wa%$ (f aga92 !n gall$1 wa%$ (f1 & dri$4 ,! galls %\ld be :ite galls3 = tw5ty p\nds ( cotton five p\nds ( bruis$ galls are boil$ 9 ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty qu>ts ( wat] = two h\rs4 ,aft] gall+1 ! cotton mu/ be alum$3 f\r ounces ( ,ro*e alum = e p\nd ( cotton4 ,:5 alum$ x mu/ be wa%$ (f & dri$4 ,! cotton is n[ to be dy$ 9 a copp] conta9+ six p\nds & a qu>t] ( be/ crop madd]1 ) a suffici5cy ( wat]4 ,! heat is kept "u t ( boil+ = ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,aft] be+ air$1 wa%$1 c4 x is put 91 work$1 & boil$ = twelve or fifte5 m9utes4 ,"s dye x aga9 two days aft]1 because ! long] to a c]ta9 degree betwe5 alum+1 dye+1 & dry+1 & betwe5 "o dye+ & ano!r1 ! bett]4 ,! second "t ( dye+ eight ounces ( madd] are us$ = e p\nd ( cotton4 ,"s dy]s gall x twice1 & consequ5tly dry x z (t51 !n dye x at once 9 ! madd]1 hav+ a proportion accord+ly4 ,?is is a r$ full-bodi$ col\r4 ,to dye cotton an ,,adrianople or ,,turkey ,,r$4 ,= "o hundr$ p\nds ( unblea*$ cotton1 take ! foll[+ articles & pursue ! describ$ processes4 ,lixivium ,no4 #a4 ,dissolve "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( alicant soda1 7b>illa7 9 ?ree hundr$ qu>ts ( riv] wat]4 ,!re mu/ be no m wat] ?an en\gh to dissolve ! salt4 ,an egg mu/ float on x or x w n be /rong en\gh4 ,lixivium ,no4 #b4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( fre% wood a%es1 & ?ree hundr$ qu>ts ( wat]4 ,lixivium ,no4 #c4 ,sev5ty-five p\nds ( quicklime1 & ?ree hundr$ qu>ts ( wat]4 ,! cotton is to be boil$ ?ree h\rs 9 a liquor compos$ ( equal p>ts ( ea* ( ! above solutions1 tak5 f !m :5 cle> & 9 a settl$ /ate4 ,! liquor mu/ be repl5i%$ occasionally1 s t x %all always cov] ! cotton dur+ ! :ole "t x is boil+2 aft] :i* x mu/ be tak5 out1 wa%$1 & dri$ 9 ! air4 ,into "o hundr$ & ?irty qu>ts ( a mixture consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( ! above ?ree lixiviums1 put tw5ty five p\nds ( %eep's dung & "p ( ! inte/9al liquor1 previ\sly well mix$ by means ( a wood5 pe/le1 & ! :ole /ra9$ ?r\gh a hair sieve4 ,!n twelve p\nds & a half ( good olive oil is p\r$ into ! mixture1 :5 x in/antly =ms a soapy liquor4 ,into ?is liquor ! cotton %\ld be work$ hank by hank1 (t5 /irr+ x2 ! cotton1 aft] all ! hanks h be5 work$ sep>ately fir/1 is !n left 9 ! liquor = twelve h\rs2 x is !n tak5 out1 lightly wrung & dri$4 ,! liquor is put by = bright5+4 ,?is process is repeat$ ?ree times dur+ ! work+2 & by ! "t ! solution is all work$ f\r hundr$ qu>ts might be us$1 b t w n injure ! cle> ( x f be+ appli$ 9 bright5+2 & x mu/ be res]v$ = t purpose4 ,:5 ! cotton has be5 ?ree times dipp$ 9 ?is soapy wat]1 & ?ree times dy$1 ! same process is repeat$1 except t ! %eep's dung is left out2 ! liquor is also pres]v$ = bright5+4 ,! cotton1 hav+ gone ?r\gh ^! processes1 %\ld be z :ite z if x _h be5 blea*$4 ,:5 dry x is to be gall$1 us+ a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( galls to e p\nd ( cotton2 aft] ?is x is dri$1 !n take six ounces ( alum = ! fir/ alum+2 x is !n to be dri$ aga91 & to hang ?ree or f\r days 9 ! air1 & !n1 :5 dry1 to be alum$ aga92 f\r ounces ( alum1 & f\r ( ! lixivium may be add$ to ! la/ alum wat]4 ,! madd] us$ = ?is r$ is call$ liz>y1 :i* furni%es a dye incomp>ably f9] ?an t produc$ by any o!r madd]4 ,( liz>y madd]1 !re=e1 take two p\nds = e p\nd ( cotton1 & tw5ty p\nds ( liquid %eep's blood well mix$ ) ! wat] 9 ! copp] be=e ! madd] is put 94 ,! but*] %\ld /ir ! blood to prev5t its coagulat+2 ! copp] %\ld be c>efully skimm$2 ! madd] %\ld n boil1 b be br\ght dur+ ! process f blood-heat to )9 a few degrees ( ! boil+ po9t3 if x boil at la/1 z "s pref] x1 x %\ld only be = a few m9utes4 ,9 ord] to bright5 ! col\r1 ! cotton is dipp$ 9 a lixivium ( fre% wood a%es1 & five p\nds ( :ite soap3 yell[ or mottl$ soap is improp]4 ,:5 ! cotton has be5 well work$ 9 ?is liquor1 x is1 ) ! liquor itself1 put into a copp] suffici5tly l>ge to hold x ) "s addition ( wat]1 & made to boil ov] a sl[ fire1 = ?ree1 f\r1 or m h\rs4 ,! liquor mu/ be cov]$ ) co>se :ite l95 clo?s1 to keep z mu* /eam 9 z possible4 ,"s ( ! ske9s ( cotton mu/ be tak5 out f "t to "t1 & wa%$ p]fectly2 :5 ! r$ is judg$ p]fect & suffici5tly bright1 ! fire is )drawn4 ,if in/ead ( ! wood-a% lixivium & soap1 ! two res]v$ liquors & soap are us$1 ! r$ w be mu* bright] ?an ! f9e/ ,adrianople c>nation4 ,miscellane\s obs]vations relative to ,,adrianople ,,r$4 ,9 reg>d to ! above processes1 we may obs]ve1 t ^? giv5 = ,adrianople r$ 9 ,ure's ,b]?ollet1 are m num]\s1 be+ regul>ly numb]$ to ! sev5te5?1 or la/ op]ation call$ bright5+4 ,aft] a c>eful att5tion to ^? processes we see no reason to alt] our own1 yet we nev]!less advise ! dy] to become acqua9t$ ) :at is /at$ 9 t "w1 _m details be+ !re giv5 = :i* we h n room1 p>ticul>ly = mak+ diff]5t %ades ( ! col\r4 ,we add1 h[ev] ! foll[+ f vol4 ii4 p4 #adj4 ,cotton dy$ r$1 may1 moreov]1 be made to pass ?r\gh all ! %ades1 d[n to ! pale/ orange1 ?us3 pure nitric acid is dilut$ ) two-fif?s ( wat]2 *ips ( t9 are oxidiz$ 9 x till ! liquor gr[s opal2 ! solution is employ$ at diff]5t /r5g?s2 ! col\r v>ies accord+ to ! conc5tration ( ! solution3 :5 x is /rong1 %ades are obta9$ :i* h "s relation to ^? ( sc>let4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 brilliant col\rs are desir$1 we mu/ n *>ge !m too mu* ) oil2 we mu/ give feeble leys long repeat$1 *>ge little ) alum1 employ ! be/ madd]s1 &1 at la/1 bright5 p[]fully )\t sp>+ soap4 ,we h direct$ good olive oil2 b ,m4 ,,vitalis directs fat oil1 7gallipoli7 to be us$ 9 ! processes = dye+ ,adrianople r$1 & ,b]?ollet says1 x mu/ n be a f9e oil1 b "o conta9+ a /rong portion ( ! extractive pr9ciple4 ,a factory = dye+ ?is r$ 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #agij1 by ,m4 ,,papillon1 :o obta9$ a premium f ! ,commission]s & ,tru/ees = ,manufactures 9 ,scotl&1 = communicat+ ! details ( x on condition x %\ld n be divulg$ = a t]m ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,m4 ,papillon 0 to h ! sole use ( 8 secret4 ,?is t]m be+ expir$ ! process 0 publi%$4 ,see vol4 xviii4 ( ,tillo*'s ,magaz9e4 ,m4 ,,vitalis1 79 8 "w on ,dye+ publi%$ 9 #ahbc7 has giv51 at l5g?1 ! mode ( dye+ ,turkey r$ at ,r\54 ,x diff]s 9 _m p>ticul>s f ,b]?ollet & o!rs4 ,we le>n f him t two sy/ems = imp>t+ ?is col\r are 9 use at ,r\54 ,! fir/ is call$ ! grey c\rse f ! cotton be+ subject$ to ! madd]+ imm$iately aft] x has receiv$ ! oily prep>ations1 & ! mordants ( galls & alum :i* give x a grey col\r4 ,! yell[ c\rse1 is s call$ f ! cotton1 aft] hav+ receiv$ a fir/ "t ! oily prep>ations1 z well z ! mordants ( galls & alum1 n be+ expos$ to ! madd]+ till x has pass$ a second "t ?r\gh ! same prep>ations1 & ! same mordants :i* give x a yell[ col\r4 ,?is second mann] ( work+ ! ,turkey r$ is call$1 9 ! dye-h\se1 rem\nt+ on ! galls4 ,dr4 ,,ure1 9 a note to ,b]?ollet1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgh1 has detail$ ^! two c\rses1 & made1 besides _m valuable obs]vations on !m1 & ! dye+ ( ,adrianople r$ g5]ally1 = :i* we mu/ ref] to ! "w1 z our limits prev5t ! possibility ( any fur!r notice ( !m "h1 except to add1 t a process = dye+ cotton ( a smoke r$2 & ano!r = dye+ cotton a *]ry r$1 is well des]v+ ! att5tion ( ! dy]4 ,9 reg>d to ! blood us$ 9 dye+ ,adrianople r$1 ,dr4 ,ure decid$ly affirms1 t x adds no col\r+ matt] to ! madd] 9 ! dye+ op]ation2 9 ?is he is c\nt5anc$ by ! obs]vations ( ,*aptal1 see ,b]?ollet1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ada4 ,to ! use ( blood 9 ! madd] copp]1 says ,dr4 ,ure1 ,i attribute no?+1 z f ! rancid & putrid /ate 9 :i* ,i h se5 x us$1 7 x n = ! prejudice ( ! op]ator1 x might be safely disp5s$ )4 ,a v em95t calico manufactur]1 :om ,dr4 ,ure consult$1 assur$ him1 t 9 ! ,turkey r$ process ! only ess5tial mordants 7 oil & alum9a2 & t bright & fa/ r$s1 equal to any produc$ by ! complicat$ processes ( %eep's dung1 galls & blood may be obta9$ )\t ^? articles4 ,we make no comm5ts on ^! obs]vations1 b leave !m to ! good s5se & intellig5ce ( ! dy]3 !y des]ve ! utmo/ att5tion4 ,l95 y>n takes a col\r almo/ z brilliant z t ( cotton1 b x mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh a d\ble numb] ( oils & leys4 ,! latt] mu/ ev5 be v /rong1 o!rwise ! oil fl[s out at ! surface4 ,! greate/ att5tion mu/ be be/[$ on ! sc\r+ out fir/3 = ! y>n m+les & entangles by ! heat to su* a degree1 t x sometimes c be nei!r dipp$ nor unravell$4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! l>ge dy]s ( ,adrianople r$1 n[ obta9 _! soda = lixivium ,no4 #a1 by us+ common salt 9 solution1 to :i* is add$ a solution ( pe>l-a%es4 ,on boil+ ^! toge!r a muriate ( pota% is =m$1 :i* is tak5 out ( ! liquor ) a skimm]2 a c>bonate ( soda rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! liquor1 & is1 ( c\rse1 appli$ to ! same purpose z1 & at a mu* *eap] rate ?an1 ! ,alicant soda4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,on ,,dye+ ,,cotton ,,& ,,silk4 ,to dye ske9 cotton yell[--,on dye+ & re-dye+ cotton furniture yell[--,to dye cotton ske9 a duck's w+ gre5 & olive--,( br[ns1 m>oons1 c(fee col\rs1 c4--,obs]vations on silk--,on ungumm+ & boil+ silk--,:it5+--,sulphur+--,on alum+ silk--,ske9 silk = yell[--,prep>ation ( annatto1 = aurora1 orange1 moidore1 gold col\r1 & *amois--,to dye silk aurora or orange--,to dye moidore--,process = orange--,to dye silk poppy or coquelicot--,a *eap] poppy ) annatto & ,brazil wood--,on dye+ silk a f9e crimson--,composition = dye+ silk sc>let or crimson1 ) co*9eal--,ano!r process = crimson--,crimson by ,brazil wood--,( f9e violet--,obs]vations on crimson & sc>let ^u silk--,on dye+ silk gre5--,on olives--,on dye+ silk grey--,nut-,grey--,black greys--,iron greys--,on dye+ silk ( a ,prussian blue col\r--,*romate ( lead = yell[ on silk or cotton--,conclusion4 ,we h 9 sev]al prec$+ *apt]s treat$ ( bo? cotton & silk2 we %all "h treat ( c]ta9 processes & col\rs relative to bo? ^! sub/ances1 :i* are mo/ conv5i5tly arrang$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! simpl] processes = cotton w be f\nd 9 ! second *apt]1 ! m complex 9 ! fif?2 ! simpl] processes = silk are giv5 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 ! m complex 9 ! fif?2 ! rema9+ processes = bo? 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 w conclude ! "w4 ,to dye ske9 cotton ,,yell[4 ,! same op]ations z ^? 9 ! fir/ common r$ dye are to be us$ "h2 to "o p\nd ( cotton f\r ounces ( ro*e alum1 & f "o to f\r p\nds ( weld4 ,:5 dy$ ! cotton is to be work$ 9 hot1 b n boil+1 liquor1 consi/+ ( f\r ounces ( sulphate ( copp] to e p\nd ( cotton2 x is !n to be boil$ = ?ree h\rs 9 a solution conta9+ f\r ounces ( soap to e p\nd ( cotton4 ,:5 a d>k or jonquil col\r is want$1 no alum is us$2 ( weld take two p\nds & a half1 v little v]digris1 or a little alum 9 its /ead1 b no?+ else4 ,= bright5+1 h[ev]1 boil+ 9 a solution ( soap is 9 all cases necess>y4 ,on dye+ & re-dye+ cotton furniture ,,yell[4 ,if ! furniture1 su* z r\gh or f9i%$ cotton or cambric1 int5d$ = yell[ l9+s = b$ or w9d[ curta9s1 be 9 a p]fectly blea*$ /ate1 :i* is n[ g5]ally ! case1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! pieces1 s mu/ ! size ( ! copp] be to boil ! weld 9 = ! yell[ dye4 ,a small copp] hold+ f\r or five pails w\ld d = ?ree pieces ( tw5ty eight y>ds ea*4 ,! weld may be pur*as$ by ! half bundle1 ! bundle1 or ! load4 ,half a bundle w\ld be en\gh = ! above quantity ( cotton1 if a mod]ate yell[ is want$4 ,! weld mu/ be increas$ or decreas$ accord+ z ! patt]n approa*es a /raw1 a can>y1 a lemon1 or t[>ds a gold col\r or orange4 ,! weld mu/ be boil$ ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 ! liquor !n /ra9$ (f into a prop] tub1 & ! weld boil$ aga94 ,:ile ! boil+s are go+ on1 ?ree tubs1 be+ w9e pipes cut 9 two1 mu/ be got ready & made p>ticul>ly clean1 be+ also previ\sly season$ = ! "w4 ,"o is to receive ! boil$ weld ) "s cold wat] to regulate x to ! heat :i* ! h& w be>2 ! o!r is = wat]1 & z mu* alum liquor z w col\r x & make x ta/e /rong2 & ! ?ird is to conta9 cle> wat] to wa% ! furniture (f4 ,:atev] yell[ is 9 fa%ion 7or inde$ any fa%ionable col\r17 has commonly a fa%ionable "n4 ,b if ! dy] c1 by 8 exp]i5ce1 proportion 8 drugs to ! weake/1 & f t to ! /ronge/ %ade1 let ! "n be :at x may1 aft] he has a set ( patt]ns ( 8 own dye+1 he w see1 ^u ! fir/ sight ( any col\r1 h[ to set ab\t x4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance let ! patt]n be a mod]ately pale col\r ( yell[2 !n put all ! fir/ boil+ ( ! weld 9 ! fir/ tub1 & cool d[n z above direct$4 ,two or ?ree p]sons %\ld !n "w ! pieces quick f end to end by ! selvages1 t !y may be ev51 two may d ?is2 "o ( :om mu/ be an exp$iti\s h& to "w !m & keep !m ev54 ,:5 !y h be5 edg$ ov] six or sev5 times1 !y are to be fold$ out ^u a bo>d laid ov] ! tub1 & wrung z dry z possible by two p]sons4 ,:5 !y are all out1 !y are pass$ 9 ! same mann] ?r\gh ! tub ( alum1 &1 aft] six or sev5 turns1 !y are to be tak5 out ( ! alum liquor1 wrung z be=e1 & !n wa%$ (f4 ,by ?is "t ! second weld liquor w be boil$2 "s ( ! fir/ mu/ be ?r[n away1 & ! second weld liquor add$ 9 its place4 ,! goods are !n pass$ ?r\gh z be=e1 & wrung out2 ! alum liquor be+ /r5g!n$1 !y are pass$ ?r\gh x1 wrung out z be=e1 & !n wa%$ (f3 ! wat] 9 ! wa% tub hav+ be5 *ang$4 ,9 "s in/ances v]digris is us$ in/ead ( alum2 & 9 o!r cases x is us$ 9 addition to ! alum4 ,= "s %ades old fu/ic is us$ in/ead ( weld1 & sulphate ( copp] in/ead ( v]digris4 ,! alum solution1 & ! sulphate ( copp]1 & ! v]digris1 or acetate ( copp] %\ld be always ready4 ,x is necess>y to h a tub = ea*1 9 size proportion$ to ! "w to be done2 b l>g] = ! alum ?an = ! o!r two4 ,sulphate ( iron is also us$ 9 "s d>k greys1 br[ns1 slates1 & 9 all blacks2 ?is w require a tub z l>ge or l>g] ?an t = alum4 ,:5 ! yell[s are dy$ & wrung z dry z possible1 !y %\ld be tak5 into a close room or /ove to dry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,london1 because ( ! smoke1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,a ,g]man1 or o!r /ove1 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! room1 ! size ( :i*1 z well z ! numb] ( ! /oves1 mu/ be regulat$ by ! quantity ( ! "w4 ,:5 ! goods are dry !y mu/ be s5t to ! call5d]]s1 if direct$ to be call5d]$2 b ! g5]al & bett] way is to /iff5 !m ) />* aft] !y are dy$1 & be=e !y are dry2 & :5 dry !y %\ld be s5t to ! glaz]s1 in/ead ( ! call5d]]s1 except :5 bo? bran*es are c>ri$ on by ! same p]son4 ,:5 furniture1 orig9ally yell[1 has become fad$1 x may be re-dy$ ?us3 ,9 ?is case x %\ld be dy$ r ( a full] %ade ?an ! orig9al4 ,a l>ge flat tub1 su* z describ$ above1 is to be fill$ ?ree p>ts full ( wat]1 to :i* suffici5t sulphuric acid mu/ be add$ to make x ta/e /rongly s\r4 ,aft] be+ well /irr$1 ! pieces are to be put 91 & work$ 9 ?is s\r liquor2 & ! yell[ dye 9 consequ5ce is /ripp$ (f4 ,if ! acid liquor be n /rong en\gh m acid mu/ be add$1 ) ! precaution ( well mix+ x ) ! wat]1 & ! goods mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh ! liquor aga93 by ^! means ! yell[ is dis*>g$4 ,!y are !n to be tak5 out on a bo>d ^u ! tub & wrung by two p]sons2 !n to be wa%$ (f & wrung1 wa%$ & wrung aga91 :5 !y are fit to be dy$4 ,x is /ill to be rememb]$ t any fad$ or worn out col\r1 or t goods m or less decay$1 seldom become s bright z ! col\r :i* a new piece ( goods receives f ! same dye4 ,"s clo?s = re-dye+ require ! application ( oxymuriate or *loride ( lime to dis*>ge _! col\rs1 p>ticul>ly :5 madd] or galls1 c4 =m ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! dye4 ,9 ?is case if a blea*] be ne> x might be be/ to let him p]=m ! process ) ! oxymuriate ( lime2 n only f ! p]nici\s nature1 b also f ! exp5se ( x1 :i*1 unless ! bus9ess be ^u a l>ge scale1 w n pay ! dy] = 8 tr\ble4 ,h[ev]1 if ! dy] ?9ks prop] to p]=m ?is op]ation1 !n ! oxymuriate ( lime or blea*]'s a%es1 c4 may be obta9$ at ! dry salt]s & dissolv$ 9 a cask1 & ! cle> liquor us$ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( goods1 ! col\r ( :i* is int5d$ to be dis*>g$1 :i*1 :5 done1 %\ld be wa%$ (f 9 two wat]s at lea/ be=e !y are dy$4 ,to dye cotton ske9 a ,,duck',s ,,w+ ,,gre5 & ,,olive4 ,?is is p]=m$ by a blue gr\nd1 next gall+1 dipp+ 9 ! black vat1 !n 9 ! weld dye1 !n 9 v]digris1 rememb]+ to wa% (f previ\sly to p]=m+ ea* process4 ,olive is to be p]=m$ ) weld or old fu/ic1 v]digris1 & ,brazil wood4 ,( ,,br[ns1 ,,m>oons1 ,,c(fee-,,col\rs1 c4 ,x w\ld answ] little purpose to enl>ge ?is treatise ) a detail ( all ! possible me?ods ( produc+ ! v>i\s %ades ( ^! sev]al col\rs1 ! :ole consi/+ 9 ! use ( galls1 v]digris1 sulphate ( copp]1 weld1 & madd]4 ,by weld+ a /uff previ\sly madd]$ = r$ y may produce a gold col\r2 & by dipp+ ! same r$ 9 a blue vat y obta9 a plum col\r4 ,obs]vations on ,,silk4 ,silk1 z x is obta9$ f ! cocoons ( ! worm1 is g5]ally ( an orange or yell[ col\r1 m or less d>k2 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france x is g5]ally v d>k3 its natural %ade is unfav\rable to almo/ all o!r col\rs4 ,x is also imbu$ ) a k9d ( v>ni% or gum1 :i* makes x /iff & h>d2 ?is /iffness is improp] 9 ! fabrication ( mo/ silk /uff1 x is !re=e ungumm$1 z x is call$1 by ! foll[+ processes4 ,on ungumm+ & boil+ silk4 ,obs]ve1 t ?r\gh\t ! foll[+ processes = silk :ite soap is direct$ to be us$2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 we believe x w be f\nd ! be/1 m especially = ! m delicate op]ations4 ,yet ,mr4 ,m',k]nan1 9 8 process = ungumm+ silk1 directs yell[ soap & s(t soap 9 equal p>ts1 & ( ! same weight z ! silk to be us$3 he adds1 h[ev]1 t diff]5t sorts ( silk require m or less soap2 ! be/ rule he f9ds1 nev]!less1 is ! same weight ( soap z ( silk3 & he says also1 t yell[ soap & s(t soap ( ! be/ quality he f9ds ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,! silk is divid$ into hanks1 ea* hank is ti$ ) a /r+1 sev]al ( ^! are ti$ toge!r 7a h&ful ( !m7 by putt+ a piece ( /r+ ?r\gh ea* sep>ate ske91 & ty+ ! piece ( /r+ 9 a long tie to slip easily :5 !y are want$ to be unti$4 ,a liquor is prep>$ ( ?irty p\nds ( :ite soap to a hundr$ p\nds ( silk2 ! soap is cut into small pieces & boil$ 9 wat]1 :5 x is dissolv$ ! fire is damp$4 ,:ile ! liquor is prep>+ ! ske9s ( silk are put on rods2 z soon z ! soap liquor becomes a little bel[ boil+ heat 7= x %\ld n boil1 z boil+ w\ld tangle ! silk7 ! silk is to be put into x 9 an oblong copp]1 be+ ne>ly full2 x is to rema9 9 ! liquor till its gummy matt] has left x1 :i* w be se5 by its :it5ess & flexibility4 ,x is !n turn$ end = end on ! rods1 t ! "p above ! liquor may und]go ! same op]ation4 ,z soon z ?is is accompli%$ ! silk is tak5 out ( ! copp]1 ! hanks :i* 7 fir/ turn$ be+ soone/ done4 ,! hanks are n[ to be tak5 f ! rods to ! peg1 dis5tangl$1 & n9e or t5 ( !m put on "o cord1 ?is cord pass+ ?r\gh ! /r+ t ti$ ea* hank4 ,:5 ! :ole is cord$ x is put into pockets ( co>se /rong :ite l95 fifte5 in*es wide & five feet long1 clos$ at ea* end & on "o side2 :5 ! silk is put 91 ! pocket is sew$ all along ! o!r side ) pack?read1 & fa/5$ ) a knot2 f\r pockets w hold ! :ole hundr$ p\nds4 ,! pockets be+ ?us ready ano!r liquor is prep>$ l ! fir/4 ,:5 ready1 & ! boil+ *eck$ ) cold wat]1 ! pockets are put 9 & boil$ well = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 *eck+ ) cold wat] 9 ord] to prev5t its boil+ ov]2 x is necess>y also to turn ! bags ab\t (t5 ) a pole1 or r let two p]sons h a pole ea* = ?is purpose4 ,?is op]ation is call$ boil+4 ,9 addition to ! processes ( boil+ ) soap1 z above direct$1 ,mr4 ,m',k]nan recomm5ds t ! silk %\ld be w9*$ ?r\gh a copp] ( wat] at ! heat ( #afj1 hav+ two p\nds ( soda 7b>illa7 dissolv$ 9 x1 !n w9* or wa% 9 wat]1 & wr+ & dry4 ,9 ! boil+ ( silks = common col\rs tw5ty p\nds ( soap w d = a hundr$ weight ( silk2 b1 z 9 ?is case1 ! silk is n ungumm$1 x %\ld boil = ?ree h\rs & a half1 add+ wat] to supply ! evaporation4 ,! silks int5d$ = ! greate/ degree ( :ite1 ei!r to rema9 :ite1 or = ! fabrication ( :ite /uff1 are boil$ twice 9 soap & wat]2 ^? t are to be dy$ ( diff]5t col\rs are boil$ b once1 & ) a small] quantity ( soap1 because ! little rema9+ r$ness is by no means prejudicial to _m col\rs4 ,diff]5t quantities ( soap are1 h[ev]1 necess>y = diff]5t col\rs4 ,silk design$ = blue1 iron grey1 brim/one1 or any o!r col\r requir+ a v :ite gr\nd1 %\ld be done accord+ to ! prec$+ process1 & h ?irty p\nds ( soap4 ,:5 ! silk is boil$ x is tak5 out ( ! copp] by two m5 ) poles1 & plac$ 9 a clean b>r[2 !y are !n tak5 to a long %all[ tr\gh1 f :i* ! wat] may run away1 ! pockets are op5$1 & ! silks exam9$2 su* z h yell[ or lemon col\r spots rema9+ are boil$ aga9 = "s "t1 till ! spots are remov$4 ,aft] unpocket+1 ! :ole is dress$ on ! pegs4 ,silk loses f tw5ty-five to tw5ty-eight p] c5t4 ( its weight 9 ungumm+ & :it5+4 ,! bags ( silk %\ld nev] be suff]$ to lie long toge!r be=e !y are empti$ aft] be+ boil$1 z _! do+ s w\ld make ! silk h>d4 ,:ite silk1 z be=e obs]v$1 is di/+ui%$ into five pr9cipal %ades1 namely1 ,*9a :ite1 ,india :ite1 ?read or milk :ite1 silv] :ite1 & azure :ite4 ,! ?ree fir/ are prep>$ & boil$ z has already be5 %ewn4 ,silv] & azure :ite 9 ! prep>ation or ungumm+ ?us3 take f9e p[d]$ indigo1 put x into wat] boil+ hot1 :5 settl$ ! liquor is call$ azure4 ,to azure ! silk x is tak5 f ! ungumm+ copp] aft] x is dress$ & put into a tr\gh ( wat]2 aft] x is work$1 dra9$1 & aga9 dress$1 x is ready = ! ,:it5+4 ,put into a copp] ) ?irty pails ( wat] half a p\nd ( soap2 :5 x boils1 & ! soap dissolv$1 add = ,*9a :ite a little prep>$ annatto1 7( :i* h]eaft]47 ,! silk1 be+ on rods1 is n[ to be put into ! copp] & kept turn+ end = end )\t int]mission till ! %ade is uni=m4 ,= ,india :ite a little azure is add$1 to give ! blue %ade3 = ?read :ite & o!rs a little azure is also to be add$4 ,obs]ve1 ! liquor %\ld be v hot1 b n boil+2 ! turn+s five times repeat$1 by :i* ! %ade is made ev54 ,:5 f9i%$ x is tak5 out1 wrung1 ,spread on poles to dry1 & t "p ( x requir$ = sulphur+ mu/ be put ^u rods or slight poles4 ,sulphur+4 ,! hanks1 be+ ^u poles sev5 or eight feet f ! gr\nd1 9 an appropriate room1 "o p\nd & a half or two p\nds ( roll brim/one w sulphur a hundr$ weight ( silk4 ,put ! brim/one1 co>sely p[d]$1 into an e>!n pipk9 ) a little *>coal or small coal at bottom4 ,light "o ( ! bits ) a c&le1 :i* w k9dle all ! re/4 ,! room %\ld be close1 ! *imney1 if any1 be+ clos$ up2 ! sulphur %\ld burn "u ! silk all night4 ,! next morn+ ! w9d[s %\ld be op5$ to let out ! smoke & admit ! air1 :i*1 9 summ]1 w be suffici5t to dry ! silk2 b 9 w9t]1 z soon z ! sulphur\s fumes are dissipat$1 ! w9d[s mu/ be %ut & a fire k9dl$ 9 ! /ove or /oves to dry ! silk4 ,obs]ve1 if ! room = sulphur+ does n admit ( op5+s suffici5t = ! dissipation ( ! sulphuric fumes1 ! "w-p w be 9 dang] ( suffocation4 ,:5 ! sulphur is consum$ x leaves a black cru/ :i* w light ! future sulphur l _s ( w9e4 ,if1 9 dress+1 ! silk /icks toge!r1 x is n suffici5tly dry4 ,silk1 :i* has be5 sulphur$1 has a ru/l+1 :i*1 = "s ?+s1 is e/eem$2 b ?is w\ld n d = silk to be wat]$4 ,if silk1 :i* has be5 sulphur$ is to be dy$1 x mu/1 = _m col\rs1 be unsulphur$4 ,silks = lace1 gauze1 c4 are nei!r boil$ nor ungumm$2 silks :i* are naturally ! :ite/ are ! be/ = ^? articles4 ,x is suffici5t to dip ! silks 9 w>m wat]1 & wr+ !m2 !n sulphur !m1 aft]w>ds azure !m1 aga9 wr+ !m1 sulphur !m a second "t1 or soak !m 9 soap & wat]1 ^? = :it5+ hot en\gh to be> ! h&1 add+ azure1 if necess>y1 & turn+ & re-turn+ ! silk 9 ?is liquor4 ,! f9e silk ( ,nank9 requires no :it5+4 ,on alum+ silk4 ,we h treat$ ( ?is be=e at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ird *apt]1 b a few m obs]vations may be useful4 ,! silk be+ fir/ well wa%$ & beetl$1 & ! hanks ti$ loose s t e ?read may take alike1 %\ld be turn$ & re-turn$ 9 ! alum liquor & work$1 cool$ 9 x1 at int]vals1 f morn+ till night1 aft]w>ds tak5 out1 beetl$1 & r9s$4 ,! above proportion ( alum w d = a hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( silk1 be=e y ne$ repl5i% x2 :5 ?is is necess>y add tw5ty-five p\nds m ( alum1 z at fir/ direct$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 & s cont9ue to repl5i% x till x gets a bad smell4 ,:5 ?is is ! case y may dip = br[ns1 m>oons1 c42 & aft]w>ds ?r[ ! liquor away2 ! tr\gh is !n to be r9s$ = a fre% liquor4 ,rememb] always to alum cold or y w spoil ! lu/re ( ! silk4 ,ske9 silk = ,,yell[4 ,?is is to be boil$ ) ab\t tw5ty p\nds ( soap = e hundr$ p\nds ( silk4 ,:5 boil$ x is to be wa%$ & alum$1 & aga9 wa%$1 dress$1 & put on ! rod1 sev5 or eight ounces to a rod1 & !n dipp$ & re-turn$ 9 ! yell[ liquor1 9 ! proportion ( two p\nds ( weld to "o p\nd ( silk4 ,! liquor is n to be hott] ?an ! h& c be> :ile ! silk is 9 x4 ,! silk1 :5 9 ! vessel = dye+1 %\ld cause ! liquor to float )9 two in*es ( ! edge4 ,! silk mu/ be tak5 out & ! liquor /r5g!n$1 if ! patt]n is to be v full2 :5 full en\gh1 "o p\nd ( pe>l-a% = e tw5ty p\nds ( silk mu/ be dissolv$ 9 "s w>m wat]2 ab\t a qu>t] ( ?is liquor is put into ! dye ba?3 take ! silk out :ile y put 9 ! liquor1 /ir ! mixture well4 ,put 9 ! silk & "w x1 turn+ & re-turn+ x z at fir/4 ,aft] sev5 or eight re-turns1 "o ( ! hanks is to be tak5 out1 wrung1 & tri$ at ! peg1 &1 if suffici5tly full & bright1 all is well2 if n en\gh s1 "s m pe>l-a% liquor mu/ be add$1 & ! silk work$ z be=e1 till ! %ade requir$ is obta9$4 ,= jonquil x may be necess>y to add "s annatto :5 y put 9 ! pe>l-a%4 ,to make ! light %ades1 su* z can>y or lemon1 p]fectly :ite1 !y mu/ be boil$ ) ?irty p\nds ( soap to a hundr$ ( silk2 & if ^! be n azur$ to be dy$1 !y mu/ h a little ( ! blue vat1 & a little ( ! weld liquor 9 wat]1 7! :ole mixture be+ z hot1 b no hott] ?an ! h& w be>17 & ! silk ready on rods1 mu/ be quickly work$ ?r\gh & out4 ,= deep] lemons ! same process mu/ be us$ z = ! full] yell[s2 only less weld1 & tw5ty p\nds ( soap w d = a hundr$ p\nds ( silk 9 :it5+ x4 ,! blue ( ! vat is only us$ = su* articles z are to h a gre5 ca/1 & t extremely light2 ! alum+ also %\ld be 9 a weak] alum liquor3 = light lemons x %\ld be prep>$ 9 a sep>ate liquor4 ,prep>ation ( annatto = ,,aurora1 ,,orange1 ,,moidore1 ,,gold ,,col\r & ,,*amois4 ,y mu/ h a col&] proportion$ to ! size ( ! copp] 9 :i* y boil ! annatto4 ,to e p\nd ( annatto put f twelve ounces to "o p\nd ( pe>l-a%es1 :i* la/ dissolve 9 wat]1 & add ! solution1 by degrees1 to ! solution ( annatto z x boils & dissolves1 = :i* purpose ! annatto mu/ be susp5d$ 9 ! col&] ov] ! copp] by a flat /ick ab\t six in*es broad1 run ?r\gh a flat h&le on ea* side ( ! col&]1 by :i* means ! col&] is kept sunk 9 ! wat] ) ! annatto 9 x1 till x is all dissolv$1 except "s little =eign matt]s4 ,! holes 9 ! col&] %\ld be mod]ately small4 ,dissolv$ 9 ?is mann] ! annatto1 if kept clean1 w keep z long z y please4 ,to dye silk ,,aurora or ,,orange4 ,^! require b tw5ty p\nds ( soap = boil+ :ite4 ,to dye aurora ! silk mu/ be prep>$ ! same z = yell[4 ,annatto prep>$ 7z direct$ 9 ! la/ article7 & settl$1 is !n put into a copp] ( hot wat]1 9 quantity accord+ to ! %ade requir$2 hav+ mix$ x well1 ! liquor be+ z hot z ! h& w be>1 put ! silk into x2 :5 "o hank is tri$1 z 9 ! yell[1 if x be n full en\gh1 ! liquor mu/ be /r5g!n$ till ! col\r is br\ght to ! %ade requir$4 ,:5 f9i%$ ! :ole mu/ be wa%$ twice & beetl$4 ,! aurora s]ves z a gr\nd = moidore4 ,to dye ,,moidore4 ,z fu/ic & logwood are to =m "p ( ?is dye ^u ! annatto gr\nd1 ! silk mu/ be alum$1 !n wa%$ f ! alum1 9 ord] t ! sup]flux ( ! alum may n r5d] ! dye unev54 ,a fre% liquor is !n prep>$1 r hot1 to :i* mu/ be add$ a little ( ! decoction ( logwood1 & ( ! decoction ( "y fu/ic4 ,! silk is re-turn$ 9 ?is liquor1 b if app>5tly too r$1 y may put 9 a v little ( solution ( sulphate ( iron1 :i* w make x suffici5tly yell[4 ,:5 ! silk is dy$ ) ! gum1 9 ! raw /ate1 ! annatto mu/ be us$ ne>ly cold1 or ! ela/icity ( ! silk w be de/roy$4 ,process = ,,orange4 ,aft] dye+ aurora ) annatto1 x is necess>y to r$d5 ! annatto gr\nd ) v9eg>1 alum or lemon juice4 ,= ! brighte/ oranges1 & up to sc>lets & poppy1 c4 silk %\ld h an annatto gr\nd ?ree or f\r %ades "u t ( aurora4 ,!re is no occasion = alum :5 ! silk has be5 gr\nd$ & wa%$ (f4 ,if = orange a liquor :i* has be5 us$ = poppy w be suffici5tly /rong to f9i% x1 or = light *]ry1 rose1 c4 ,= fle%1 ! lighte/ ( ^! col\rs is s delicate t a little ( ! soap wat] us$ = boil+ %\ld be add$ to ! liquor1 to prev5t ! silk f tak+ ! col\r too quickly or unev5ly4 ,liquors hav+ saffl[] or weld 9 _! composition1 require to be imm$iately work$1 z by keep+ !y lose _! col\r1 t is1 ! saffl[] & its comp\nds1 & are entirely spoil$4 ,!y are also always us$ cold1 z ! saffl[] _c be> heat4 ,! saffl[] prep>ation has be5 be=e describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 :]e ! process ( cotton p9k is p]=m$ by its solution4 ,to dye silk ,,poppy1 call$ by ! ,fr5* coquelicot4 ,:5 ! silk has receiv$ ! annatto gr\nd ?ree %ades less ?an = aurora1 ! saffl[] prep>ation mu/ be ready1 & turn$ by ! solution ( t>t> z be=e describ$2 ! silk mu/ also be well wa%$ f ! annatto gr\nd2 t ! alkali us$ ) ! annatto may n c\nt]act ! t>t> ( ! saffl[]1 a ba? ( :i* mu/ be prep>$ z /rong z possible1 ?r\gh :i* ! silk mu/ be work$ six or sev5 times3 = a full poppy x is necess>y to pass ! silk ?r\gh f\r or five su* liquors4 ,poppy is ! deepe/ col\r :i* c be done ) ! saffl[]4 ,x has be5 be=e obs]v$1 t ! liquors f ! poppy1 if us$ directly1 w s]ve = orange1 *]ry1 fle%1 c4 ,ar*il1 z describ$ = crimson1 ) co*9eal = wools z be=e describ$1 is to be us$ on "s occasions4 ,9 o!r cases "s patt]ns h no gr\nd ( annatto4 ,a *eap] ,,poppy ) annatto & ,brazil wood4 ,! silk is to be gr\nd$ ) annatto z be=e2 :5 well wa%$ (f x mu/ be alum$ & wa%$ (f aga92 !n pass$ ?r\gh ! decoction ( ,brazil wood1 wa%$ (f aga91 aga9 pass$ ?r\gh a fre% decoction ( ,brazil wood2 & e "t t goods are pass$ ?r\gh ! dye1 z has be5 be=e /at$1 !y mu/ be work$ f end to end ( ! ske9s1 f five to sev5 times1 to h !m ev51 & to give !m a full opportunity ( comb9+ ) ! col\r+ mat]ials ( ! dye4 ,^! repetitions mu/ ( c\rse be 9 numb] proportionate to ! slightness or int5sity ( ! col\r want$4 ,) ! ,brazil decoction x is necess>y to mix well a little soap liquor1 ab\t five qu>ts to ?irty p\nds ( silk4 ,?is keeps ! alum us$ to receive ! ,brazil decoction n only f produc+ a /iffness1 b1 on ! contr>y1 pres]ves ! silk s(t & pliant4 ,! above poppy s]ves = a gr\nd = br[n r$ col\rs1 by ! addition ( logwood4 ,a decoction ( logwood1 ,brazil wood1 & old fu/ic1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$1 %\ld always be kept ready boil$4 ,on dye+ silk a ,,f9e ,,crimson4 ,silk int5d$ = ! crimson ( co*9eal %\ld h only tw5ty p\nds ( soap to "o hundr$ p\nds ( silk1 & no azure1 because ! natural yell[ ( ! silk :i* rema9s is fav\rable to ! int5d$ col\r4 ,! silk is to be /rongly alum$ & left 9 ! alum f sev5 to eight h\rs1 !n wa%$ & twice beetl$ at ! riv]4 ,rememb] h[ ! alum is to be work$1 z to ! manual "p4 ,:ile ?is is do+1 a liquor is to be ?us got ready3 take ( blue & :ite galls f "o to two ounces to ea* p\nd ( silk1 let !m be well p[d]$ & sift$2 ( f9e co*9eal1 also well p[d]$ & sift$1 f two to ?ree ounces1 = e p\nd ( silk2 put ^! articles into pure s(t wat]1 & 9 a boil] made ( gra9-t91 7& n 9 :at is commonly call$ t91 :i* is iron cov]$ ) t91 & :i* w\ld utt]ly spoil ! dye47 ,nei!r w\ld copp] or brass suit z well z gra9-t94 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ be=e1 7page #hd47 9 ! article on dye+ wool sc>let4 ,x ought1 nev]!less1 to be /at$1 t su* t9 boil]s are difficult to be made ( a c]ta9 size1 & be+ liable1 besides1 to be melt$ )\t great c>e4 ,_m dy]s !re=e1 /ill use copp] boil]s4 ,:5 ! co*9eal & galls h boil$ y add to ! liquor = e p\nd ( co*9eal1 ab\t "o ounce ( solution ( t91 :i* is call$ composition1 & is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,composition = dye+ silk ,,sc>let or ,,crimson ) co*9eal4 ,take "o p\nd ( nitric acid1 two ounces ( muriate ( ammonia1 six ounces ( f9e t91 prep>$ z m5tion$ "u dye+ wool sc>let1 wat] twelve ounces4 ,! muriate ( ammonia1 ! prep>$ t91 & ! wat]1 are put into a /one j>1 to :i* ! nitric acid1 is add$1 & ! :ole left to dissolve4 ,?is composition conta9s mu* m t9 & sal-ammoniac ?an is us$ = ! sc>let ( co*9eal ^u wool2 x is1 h[ev]1 absolutely necess>y4 ,an ounce ( ?is composition1 = e p\nd ( silk1 is to be add$ to ! galls & co*9eal :5 boil+4 ,! boil] is !n cool$ d[n a little1 ! fire-door ?r[n op51 ! silk put 9 & work$ f five to sev5 times1 :5 ! silk w h become pretty ev5 z f> z x is dy$4 ,! copp] is n[ aga9 to be br\ght to boil2 x %\ld cont9ue boil+1 & ! silk kept turn+1 = two h\rs2 ! fire is !n tak5 f "u ! copp]1 & ! silk is imm]s$ entirely & left all night1 or = sev5 or eight h\rs at lea/2 x ?us takes a full half %ade4 ,9 ! morn+ x is wa%$1 twice beetl$1 wrung z usual1 & hung up to dry4 ,! lea/ t9cture ( sulphate ( iron 9 ! wat] sadd5s ! crimsons1 takes (f _! yell[1 & gives ! violet ca/2 b if too mu* ( ! yell[ is c>ri$ (f1 x may be re/or$ by fu/ic4 ,no?+ b sulphate ( iron w sadd5 gra9 sc>lets1 logwood be+ q useless = ?is purpose2 sulphate ( iron d>k5s greatly ) galls4 ,macqu]4 ,ano!r process = ,,crimson4 ,:5 ! silk is boil+ 9 ! soap-liquor1 add "o ounce ( annatto1 = e p\nd ( silk1 work+ x ?r\gh ! col&] z direct$1 7page #acf47 b )\t ! composition or t>t>3 9 "s %ades1 h[ev]1 bo? composition & t>t> are admitt$4 ,! solution appli$ to co*9eal ) wor/$ has a consid]able effect1 *ang+ x f a crimson1 its natural col\r1 to a v bright fire col\r2 b x produces only a crimson :5 appli$ to silk2 x gives1 h[ev]1 ?is col\r a v beautiful t9t2 =1 unit+ ) ! t>t>1 x increases ! effect )\t impov]i%+ ! col\r1 & sav+ ! annatto gr\nd4 ,macqu]4 ,,crimson by ,brazil wood4 ,! silk %\ld be fir/ alum$1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh a /rong decoction ( ,brazil wood1 half a pail to a p\nd ( silk1 :i* is to be work$1 & put ?r\gh an additional & /r5g!n$ dye ( ,brazil wood1 & !n wa%$ (f3 if 9 h>d wat] ?is w g5]ally crimson ! ,brazil wood suffici5tly2 b if 9 s(t wat] a little pe>l-a% mu/ be add$2 ab\t "o p\nd ( ! cle> solution ( pe>l-a%1 or r ! cle> solution ( a p\nd ( pe>l-a%1 z "o p\nd ( wat] w n1 we believe1 dissolve a p\nd ( pe>l-a%3 ?is is en\gh = =ty p\nds ( silk4 ,! decoction ( ,brazil wood is prep>$ ?us3 "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( ,brazil wood *ips are put into a copp] :i* holds ab\t sixty buckets ( wat]2 ! copp] is !n fill$ ) wat] & boil$ = ?ree h\rs1 ! wa/e by evaporation be+ occasionally suppli$4 ,! fire is n[ damp$1 ! cle> liquor drawn (f1 ! copp] fill$ aga91 & aga9 boil$ = ?ree h\rs m4 ,?is process is repeat$ f\r times 9 all1 :5 ! dye ( ! wood w be fully extract$4 ,logwood & old fu/ic are treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 b only two boil+s are requir$ = ^!4 ,9 reg>d to crimson g5]ally1 see =w>d1 obs]vations on dye+ silk crimson & sc>let1 & also "s obs]vations on ! dye+ ( wool sc>let1 page #he4 ,( f9e ,,violet4 ,= ?is col\r ! common boil+ is en\gh1 ! silk is alum$ ! same z = f9e sc>let1 wa%$ & twice beetl$4 ,?us prep>$1 two ounces ( co*9eal are giv5 to x1 ) ! same precaution z usual1 b no composition nor t>t>4 ,be+ work$ mod]ately w>m1 9 work+ x mu/ be exp$iti\sly turn$2 aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r ! liquor %\ld be br\ght to boil1 :5 ! turn+ ne$ n be s exp$iti\s1 b x %\ld1 nev]!less1 be cont9u$ = two h\rs4 ,aft] be+ wa%$ ! silk is dipp$ 9 ! vat1 m or less /rong1 accord+ to ! %ade requir$4 ,wa%+ & dry+ are done 9 ! same mann] z = blues & gre5s1 & 9 g5]al = all col\rs dipp$ 9 ! vat1 namely1 a small quantity at a "t1 9 ord] t ! silk may be kept op5 to ! air1 & t ! gre5+ ( ! vat may pass correctly & equally to blue4 ,= "s %ades ar*il =ms a "p ( ?is dye4 ,= o!r violets on silk see ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,obs]vations on ,,crimson & ,,sc>let ^u silk4 ,crimson ^u silk is produc$ at ,norwi*1 ,london1 & _m o!r places1 by us+ a mu* l>g] quantity ( co*9eal ?an t :i* is direct$ by ,macqu]3 = 9 "s cases1 z mu* z a gu9ea a p\nd1 has1 x is said1 be5 paid = dye+ silk crimson at ,norwi*4 ,ar*il has be5 us$1 likewise1 9 crimson1 & ! "t ( boil+ is n s long4 ,9 "s %ades a little ( ! composition & t>t> may be admitt$1 b 9 a small degree4 ,x %\ld be /at$1 h[ev]1 t sc>let ^u silk1 is (t5 done by annatto & saffl[]4 ,obs]ve1 t al?\gh we h giv5 ! prec$+ processes = crimson & sc>let1 yet _m o!rs might be m5tion$4 ,:at has be5 said 9 reg>d to dye+ sc>let on wooll51 7page #he47 %\ld also be c>efully att5d$ to1 p>ticul>ly relative to ! conv]sion ( sc>let into crimson by alum1 soap1 & ! alkalies4 ,& ?\gh we h giv5 directions = ! prep>ation ( a nitro-muriate ( t91 yet pure ,muriate ( t9 is n[ v (t5 us$ = dye+ silk r$4 ,,mr4 ,m',,k]nan1 gives u ! foll[+ process = prep>+ x3 ,take ( f9e muriatic acid1 ( ! specific gravity ( #a4abj1 two qu>ts2 add by degrees1 "o ounce at a "t1 ( fea!r$ t91 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,put ! vessel 9 a s& heat & br+ x g5tly to boil1 obs]v+ to add m t9 z t 9 ! acid becomes dissolv$4 ,!re %\ld be "s t9 left undissolv$ :5 ! liquor is cold1 ?us indicat+ t ! acid is p]fectly neutraliz$ by ! t94 ,bottle = use4 ,on dye+ silk ,,gre54 ,?is col\r is compos$ ( blue & yell[4 ,x is ) difficulty produc$ on silk1 because ! blue vat is liable to spot & give a p>ty col\r1 an inconv5i5ce to :i* gre5 is m liable ?an blue1 & m p]ceptible4 ,! boil+ ( silk = gre5s is ! same z = common col\rs4 ,! silk be+ alum$ z usual r /rongly1 is wa%$ (f & divid$ on ! /icks into small hanks ( ab\t f\r or five ounces1 t x may be equally & easily manag$ 9 ! work+1 f ! yell[ to gre51 9 ! blue+ f ! blue vat4 ,weld is !n boil$ z /at$ 9 ! article conc]n+ yell[2 :5 boil$1 a liquor ( x is prep>$ /rong en\gh to give a lemon gr\nd2 ! silk is !n turn$ ) all ! exp$ition1 c>e1 & caution possible1 t x may be ev54 ,:5 x appe>s full en\gh1 "s ( ! ?reads are to be sep>at$ & dipp$ 9 ! vat1 to det]m9e ?is4 ,if n full en\gh1 m ( ! weld liquor mu/ be add$ to ! dye ba?1 & ! silk return$ & tri$ aga91 & s on2 :5 ! col\r is "r1 ! silk is wa%$ (f & beetl$4 ,x is !n wrung & =m$ into hanks1 & dipp$ ske9 by ske9 9 ! blue vat1 ! same z ! blue & ! purple %\ld be2 x mu/ be wrung ) equal c>e & dispat*4 ,?is gre5 is a k9d ( sea-gre51 ( :i* !re are upw>ds ( tw5ty %ades4 ,! light] %ades1 :5 tak5 out ( ! vat1 are n wa%$ b ! silk mu/ be work$ 9 ! h&s by clapp+ x betwe5 !m1 & !n be c>efully op5$ & air$4 ,a few ?reads are !n wa%$1 or r9s$2 if ! col\r be "r ! :ole is wa%$4 ,= ! d>k %ades1 :5 ! weld is exhau/$ a little logwood is add$ to ! liquor2 9 "s cases1 old fu/ic1 9 "s annatto4 ,= v d>k-w+ or bottle-gre5 %ades1 a little sulphate ( iron is requir$4 ,,olives4 ,proce$ 9 alum+1 c4 ! same z = o!r col\rs2 ! weld liquor be+ /rong]1 "s logwood mu/ be add$4 ,:5 ! weld & logwood are exhau/$ a v small quantity ( ea* mu/ be add$1 :i* gre5 ! liquor1 :5 ! silk be+ pass$ ?r\gh1 a gre5i% olive is produc$4 ,a r$di% olive requires fu/ic1 in/ead ( logwood & pe>l-a%1 bo? ( ^! be+ omitt$4 ,fu/ic gives a col\r commonly call$ drab-olive ^u clo?1 because g5]ally made to mat* ) olive1 ?is is commonly r$d] ?an ! prec$+4 ,on dye+ silk ,,grey4 ,all ! greys1 namely1 nut-greys1 ?orn-greys1 black & iron-greys1 & o!rs ( ! same hue1 black-grey except$1 are produc$ )\t alum+4 ,! silk be+ wa%$ f ! soap & dra9$ on ! peg1 a liquor is made ( fu/ic1 ar*il1 logwood & sulphate ( iron3 fu/ic gives ! gr\nd1 ar*il ! r$1 logwood d>k5s1 & ! sulphate ( iron s(t5s all ^! col\rs1 turns !m grey1 &1 at ! same "t1 s]ves in/ead ( alum z a mordant4 ,z !re is an inf9ite v>iety ( greys1 )\t any positive names1 produc$ by ! same me?ods1 x w\ld be endless to ent] into details1 :i* w\ld prolong ?is treatise to little purpose4 ,= r$di%-grey ! ar*il %\ld pr$om9ate2 = ^? m grey1 ! logwood2 & = ^? r gre5i%1 ! fu/ic4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use ! logwood too mu*1 z ) ! sulphate ( iron x d>k5s m ?an mo/ drugs3 !re=e ! black vat1 made ei!r ) ald]-b>k1 or ! o!r prep>ation m5tion$ 9 dye+ cotton1 is pref]able to ! sulphate ( iron4 ,,nut-,,grey4 ,! fu/ic decoction1 ar*il1 & a little logwood are put into wat] mod]ately hot1 ! silk is !n return$1 & :5 ! liquor is exhau/$1 ! silk is tak5 out1 & to s(t5 ! col\r ! solution ( sulphate ( iron1 or ! black vat1 is us$4 ,! silk is !n return$ once m1 & if ! col\r does n appe> suffici5tly ev51 "s r$ spots /ill rema9+1 x may be conclud$ t x requires a little m sulphate ( iron4 ,obs]ve t1 z sulphate ( iron is ! g5]al base ( all greys1 if ?is be defici5t 9 quantity1 ! col\r is apt to *ange 9 dye+1 & to become r\gh & unev54 ,to "k :e!r ! col\r be suffici5tly s(t5$1 x %\ld be exam9$1 & if x wet easily1 aft] hav+ be5 wrung on ! peg1 x wants sulphate ( iron4 ,on ! contr>y1 if x wets ) a little difficulty1 ! col\r is suffici5tly s(t5$4 ,too mu* sulphate ( iron /iff5s ! silk consid]ably1 mak+ x h>%1 & ev5 depriv+ x ( a "p ( its lu/re2 to rem$y ?is x mu/ be extra wa%$ & wrung at ! peg2 ?is process c>ries (f ! sulphate ( iron4 ,,black-,,greys4 ,^! are alum$ & weld$ z = yell[1 &1 :5 ! liquor is exhau/$1 "p ( x is ?r[n away1 & "s logwood is add$2 :5 ! logwood is exhau/$1 sulphate ( iron is add$1 suffici5t to black5 ! col\r1 ! silk is !n wa%$1 wrung1 & f9i%$ 9 ! usual way4 ,,iron-,,grey4 ,= iron-grey x is necess>y to boil ! same z = blues3 ?is col\r is mu* m beautiful :5 laid on a v :ite gr\nd4 ,by hav+ ! drugs made into decoctions be=e-h&1 greys ei!r 9 wooll51 silk1 or cotton1 may be dy$ at a heat n mu* above :at ! h& w be>2 & 9 a rotation ( %ades f light to d>k1 & v>i$1 blue1 r$1 yell[1 br[n1 c4 ) ease & ) pleasure2 s may1 likewise1 _m /one-drabs1 & o!r light br[n drabs1 z ! mixture ( yell[1 fawn1 & black1 produces nut-br[ns1 c4 ,on dye+ silk ( a ,,prussian-,,blue ,,col\r4 ,! application ( col\rs d]iv$ f ! m9]al k+dom to dye+ is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ mod]n improvem5ts 9 our art4 ,,mr4 ,,raymond receiv$ f ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahja1 eight ?\s& francs1 7m ?an ?ree hundr$ p\nds /]l+17 z a rew>d = communicat+ to ! public 8 process = dye+ silk ( a uni=m fa/ & bright ,prussian-blue col\r by ! application ( t well kn[n pigm5t4 ,8 process is z foll[s4 ,he fir/ conv]ts1 by a g5tle calc9ation1 sulphate ( iron into a r$ sulphate ( iron3 ?is he dissolves 9 sixte5 times its weight ( w>m wat] & filt]s4 ,! silk1 prep>$ z = indigo dye1 is put into ! solution ( iron1 & left !re = a %ort] or long] "t1 accord+ to ! %ade ( blue t is want$2 x is !n tak5 out & wrung v dry ov] a pole plac$ above ! vat4 ,x is !n ?or\ghly cleans$ by be+ twice beetl$1 plung+ & agitat+ x ea* "t 9 runn+ wat]4 ,dissolve 9 pure wat] heat$ to #afg1 & put into a deal vat1 "o ounce ( f]roprussiate ( pota%1 = e twelve ounces ( silk to be dy$4 ,:5 ! prussiate is dissolv$ add "o "p1 or ev5 r m1 ( muriatic acid1 /irr+ ! mixture well4 ,:5 ! liquor has acquir$ a gre5i% col\r1 & ab\t #add ( heat1 ! silk mu/ be imm$iately plung$ into x & /irr$ ab\t = "s m9utes4 ,! silk hav+ receiv$ ! dye 9 an equal mann]1 x is tak5 out ( ! vat1 well wrung on a pole above ! vat1 & !n tak5 to ! /ream to receive two or ?ree beetl+s1 & be plung$ & agitat$ 9 ! wat]1 9 ord] t x may be entirely fre$ f any portion ( ! prussiate ( iron n truly comb9$ ) x4 ,la/ly1 ! silk be+ well wa%$ 9 ! /ream1 & ?or\ghly wrung1 is to be plac$ loosely on ! poles1 z 9 ! prec$+ op]ations2 aft] :i* x mu/ be well agitat$ 9 a l>ge vessel ?ree-f\r?s fill$ ) cold wat]1 to :i* mu/ be add$1 = a hundr$ p\nds ( silk1 two p\nds ( wat] ( ammonia4 ,! blue col\r imm$iately becomes _m %ades deep]1 ( a mu* ri*] & bright] t9t1 & at ! same "t is fix$ m p]fectly 9 ! silks4 ,?is *ange is effect$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,! silk mu/ !n be wrung by ! h& & r9s$ 9 ! runn+ wat] )\t beat+4 ,aft] ?is1 x is dri$ on ! poles 9 ! same mann] z o!r dy$ silks4 ,x ne$ n be left on ! poles m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs3 b1 nev]!less1 ?is col\r s f> f fad+ 9 ! dry+1 z is ! case ) _m col\rs1 is improv$ by x4 ,! solution ( a little soap add$ cold to ! ammonia ba?1 improves x1 giv+ also s(tness to ! silk1 & r5d]+ x m easy to sep>ate4 ,! soap %\ld be uni=mly dissolv$4 ,= ! sub/ance ( ! above process1 we are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,,ure',s notes on ,b]?ollet1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbb4 ,! prussiate ( pota% is n[ to be obta9$ z a regul> article ( trade f ! dry-salt]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,wooll5 clo? takes also ! above dye1 b x mu/ be left long] ?an silk 9 ! iron mordant4 ,*romate ( lead = ,,yell[ on ,,silk & ,,cotton4 ,*romate ( lead1 z a pigm5t has be5 = "s "t 9 use2 ,m4 ,lassaigne1 9 #ahbj1 made public a process = dye+ clo? ) ?is article1 :i* has s9ce become pretty common 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,imm]se hanks ( sc\r$ silk = a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 a weak solution ( acetate ( lead at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 take !m out & wa% !m 9 a great deal ( wat]3 !n dip !m into a weak solution ( *romate ( pota%4 ,!y imm$iately take a f9e yell[ col\r2 at ! end ( t5 m9utes ! effect is complete4 ,f ?is col\r be+ decompos$ 9 "p by soap & wat]1 x is *iefly applicable to silks4 ,b by apply+1 h[ev]1 a mordant ( acetate or nitrate ( lead1 & pass+ ! goods ?r\gh bi*romate ( pota%1 a v beautiful & suffici5tly fa/ yell[ is n[ giv5 to cotton goods 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,conclusion4 ,we _c conclude our "w )\t obs]v+1 t f ! rese>*es cont9ually go+ on 9 botany & o!r bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 &1 m especially1 f ^? 9 *emi/ry1 !re c be no d\bt t discov]ies1 :i* w mat]ially improve ! art ( dye+1 mu/1 f "t to "t1 be made4 ,"s ( ^!1 n yet g5]ally kn[n1 9 ! h&s ( a few p]sons1 h already be5 f\nd useful2 b individual int]e/ is1 ( c\rse1 a great enemy to _! be+ made public4 ,o!rs1 al?\gh public1 are1 z yet1 ( too d\btful a utility to be notic$ "h4 ,if we h n giv5 =ms = ! employm5t ( "s articles 9 use by c]ta9 dy]s1 su* z k]mes = r$s2 ,fr5* ,b]ries1 7rhamnus infectorius17 ! ,canada gold5 rod 7solidago ,canad5sis17 ! ,b>b]ry 7,b]b]is vulg>is17 & ! ,fr5* m>ygold1 7,tagetes patula17 = yell[s1 c4 c42 x is n to be conclud$ t su* are n good 9 _! k9d1 & might n be us$ occasionally ) advantage4 ,b z our object has be5 to give ! be/ me?ods ( dye+ ! v>i\s col\rs1 x w\ld be impossible to notice _m o!rs 9 a manual ( ?is k9d1 & 9 ! limits )9 :i* we are necess>ily conf9$4 ,to m5tion ^? sub/ances rec5tly introduc$ into dye+1 ! utility ( :i* is n confirm$ by ext5sive practice1 w\ld be injudici\s1 & t5d to lead ! "y dy] a/ray2 ^?1 h[ev]1 :o h leisure & incl9ation1 & are1 besides1 able to run ! risk ( ! failure ( new processes1 may1 & no d\bt w1 make exp]im5ts ) !m by :i* our art mu/ be ev5tually s]v$ & improv$4 ,,index4 ,acetate ( alum9a1 #h1 #cf copp]1 #af lead1 #ag ,acid1 ! acetic1 #cc c>bonic1 #cb ,gallic1 #aj muriatic1 #ab nitric1 ib4 nitro-muriatic1 #ac pyrolign\s1 #cc sulphuric1 #ae ,t>t>ic1 #cc ,acids1 :at1 #ca ,adjective col\rs1 #bg ,adrianople r$1 #aag ,album51 #bd ,alcohol1 :at1 & h[ obta9$1 #be ,alkali1 volatile1 #bc1 #cj ,alkalies1 ! fix$1 #ad1 #cj ,alum1 common1 #g ro*e1 ib4 ,alum9a1 ib4 acetate (1 #h ,am]ican b>k1 #ae ,ammonia1 #bc c>bonate (1 ib4 ,animal sub/ances1 analysis (1 #ah oil1 #bd ,annatto1 prep>ation (1 #acf ,aqua =tis1 #ac regia1 ib4 ,ar*il1 #h ,argol1 ib4 ,aurora1 to dye silk1 #acg ,azotic gas1 #bi ,bancr(t's dye+1 #d ,bancr(t's murio-sulphate ( t91 #aja ,b>illa1 #ae ,ba/>d saffron1 ib4 ,b]?ollet's dye+1 #d ,bile1 #aj ,black on silk1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh to dye1 on cotton1 ,r\5 process1 #ajh ,london process1 ib4 ,black1 to dye1 on cotton velvets at ,man*e/]1 #aaj silk & cotton ) a blue gr\nd1 #aab ano!r = cotton1 #aad on wool1 #ij1 #ic ,blea*+1 #cg ,blood us$ 9 dye+1 #aai its con/itu5ts1 #bd ,blue1 #aaa to dye1 on cotton1 #dg silk1 #fd wool1 #gc1 #hj l95 & cotton1 #eg *emic1 #dg copp]as or vitriol1 #aj ,bran1 #i ,brim/one1 #ae ,br[n1 to dye wool1 #ig cotton1 #abh ,buff1 to dye cotton a fa/1 #eh wool1 #aja ,calc9ation1 #bh ,calico pr9t]s' mordant1 #cf ,c>bon1 or *>coal1 #bh ,c>bonic acid1 #cb ,c>bonate ( ammonia1 #bc pota%1 #ad soda1 #ca ,c>?amus1 #ae ,c]ul91 #aa ,*emic blue1 #dg gre51 #eb ,*emical t]ms1 #de ,*emi/ry1 lead+ facts 91 #bf ,*lor9e1 #i1 #ac ,*loride ( lime1 #ch ,co*9eal1 #i ,col\rs1 on fa/ & fugitive1 #ci = dye+1 #f ,sir ,i4 ,newton's prim>y1 #ah to prove1 #da ,composition = dye+ silk sc>let1 #ada ,combu/ion1 #bh ,copp]1 #aj ,copp]1 acetate (1 #aj sulphate (1 ib4 ,coquelicot1 to dye silk1 #ach ,cotton1 on dye+1 #dg1 #ajd1 #abc to dye *emic or ,saxon blue1 #dg black1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aad gre51 #eb a fa/ gre51 #ef buff1 #eh gre5 ) indigo & weld1 #ef p9k1 #fj violet1 #aae duck's-w+ gre5 or olive1 #abh br[n1 m>oon1 c41 ib4 r$1 #aaf1 #aag yell[ by *romate ( lead1 #aea ske91 to dye1 yell[1 #abd furniture1 to dye1 yell[1 ib4 ! same to re-dye1 #abg ,cream ( ,t>t>1 #i ,crimson1 to dye1 by ar*il on wool1 #hj lac dye on wool1 ib4 wor/$ y>n1 #ha on silk1 #adj ,cudbe>1 #h ,decoction1 :at1 #ec ,di/ill$ v]digris1 #ag ,drugs us$ 9 dye+1 #g ,dye-h\ses1 #db ,dy]1 ! trade ( a1 #a ,dy]s ( ,adrianople r$1 #b black1 #c gra91 #a silk1 ske91 #c rag1 ib4 woad1 #b wooll51 #a wor/$ y>n1 #c we$1 #ag ,fawn1 to dye wool1 #hh ,fea!r$ t91 #hc ,f]m5tation1 ! v9\s1 #be acet\s1 ib4 ,f]m5tation1 ! putrid1 #be ,fibr91 #bd ,gall ( animals1 #aj ,galls1 ib4 ,gallic acid1 ib4 ,gas1 :at1 #ca ,gelat9e1 #bd ,gold col\r1 to dye wool1 #ij ,gre51 to dye ! *emic1 on cotton1 #eb cotton a fa/1 #ef wool1 #hi wooll51 ib4 cotton duck's-w+1 #abh silk1 #ade vitriol1 or copp]as1 #ab ,grey1 to dye wool1 #if on silk1 #adg ,hemat91 #if ,hydrog51 #bi c>burett$1 #cb sulphurett$1 #cc ,indigo1 #aj prep>$1 #ge sulphate (1 #aa1 #ea neutralization (1 #eb ,indigo1 solution (1 = p5cil+ musl91 #eg vats1 #ed1 #ajb ,inflammable air1 #bi ,iron1 #ab acetate1 ib4 liquor1 #aab muriate1 #ab oxide1 ib4 sulphate1 ib4 ,iron-m\lds1 #cd ,j5n+s's ,cyclopdia1 #d ,lac dye1 #ab ,lake1 ib4 h[ us$ = sc>let1 #hj ,light1 decomposition (1 #ah ,lime1 #bc ,l951 to dye1 sc>let1 #abb blue1 #eg ,litmus1 or lacmus1 #h ,lilac1 to dye silk1 #fh musl91 ib4 ,logwood1 #if ,m',k]nan on dye+ silk1 #d ,m>oon1 to dye wool1 #he cotton1 #abh ,moidore1 to dye silk1 #acg ,mordant1 :at1 #bg ! calico pr9t]s'1 = yell[ & r$1 #cf ,muriate ( soda1 #ab t91 #add ,murio-sulphate ( t91 #aja ,muriatic acid1 #ab gas1 #ad ,musl91 to dye1 lilac1 #fh ,nitre1 #ab ,nitric acid1 ib4 ,nitro-muriatic acid1 #ac ,nitrog51 #bc gas1 #bi ,oil ( vitriol1 #ae ,orange1 to dye wool1 #ij silk1 #acg ,orpim5t1 #ac ,oxides1 :at1 #ad ,oxidation1 #bh ,oxyg51 ib4 ,oxymuriatic acid1 #ac ,oxymuriate ( lime1 #ch ,pa/el1 #ag vat1 #gc ,pea*1 to dye wool1 #aja ,pe>l-a%1 #ad ,ph5ic91 #aa ,p9k1 to dye cotton1 #fj ,poppy1 to dye silk1 #ach ,pota%1 #ad ,potassium1 #bi ,prickly pe>1 #i ,proximate con/itu5ts ( animals1 #bc vegetables1 #ba ,purple1 to dye silk1 #fg wool1 #hh ,pyrolign\s acid1 #cc ,qu]citron b>k1 #ae ,realg>1 #ac ,r$1 to dye cotton1 #aaf ,r$1 to dye cotton1 ,adrianople or ,turkey1 #aag ,saffl[]1 #ae ,salt1 common1 #ab ,sadd5+1 :at1 #aaa ,sc>let1 to dye1 ) lac dye1 #hj silk1 #ada wool1 #hb on l951 #abb ,silk1 on dye+1 #fb1 #aje1 #abc ungumm+ & boil+1 #abi :it5+1 #acb alum+1 #fc1 #acd to dye blue1 #fd1 #fg violet1 royal purple1 c41 #fg lilac1 #fh ano!r process = ! same1 ib4 violet & purple1 ib4 ano!r process = ! same1 #fi ano!r process = ! same1 ib4 purple1 ib4 aurora1 orange1 & moidore gold col\r & *amois1 #acf black1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aab orange or aurora1 #acg moidore1 ib4 orange1 #ach poppy or coquelicot1 ib4 a *eap poppy1 #aci a f9e crimson or sc>let1 #adj ano!r process = ! same1 #adb a f9e violet1 #adc gre51 #ade olive1 #adf grey1 #adg ) ,prussian blue1 #adi yell[1 by *romate ( lead1 #aea ,silk ske91 to dye1 yell[1 #ace ,soap1 #ca ,soda1 #ae ,sodium1 #cj ,_s ( salts1 #ab w9e1 #be ,_s ( h>t%orn1 #bd ,sub/antive col\rs1 #bg ,sulphate ( alum & pota%1 #g copp]1 #aj indigo1 #ea to neutralize1 #eb iron1 #ab ,sulphur1 #ae1 #cb ,sulphuret ( ars5ic1 #ac ,sulphuric acid1 #ae ,suma*1 #af ,tann91 #aj ,t>-iron liquor1 #aad ,t>t>1 #h ,t91 #af muriate (1 #add murio-sulphate (1 #aja nitro-muriate (1 #hc ,turkey r$1 #aag ,turm]ic1 #af ,ultimate con/itu5ts ( animals1 #bc vegetables1 #ba ,ure's ,b]?ollet1 #d ,*emical ,diction>y1 #d ,ut5sils1 on !1 us$ 9 dye+1 #dc ,vat1 ! blue indigo1 = silk1 #fd ano!r = ! same1 #fg cold indigo1 = cotton1 #ed blue1 = l95 & cotton1 #eg indigo1 = wor/$ & s]ge1 #ajb ,vegetable sub/ances1 analysis (1 #ah ,v]digris1 common1 #af di/ill$1 ib4 ,violet1 to dye cotton1 #aae a f9e1 on silk1 #adc ,wat] prop] = dye+1 #db ,weld1 #ag1 #da to dye cotton gre5 )1 & indigo1 #ef wool gre5 )1 & woad1 #hi ,:ite1 ! num]\s %ades (1 9 silk1 #acb ,:it5+ silk1 process =1 ib4 ,woad1 #ag vat1 rules to judge (1 #ge h[ to "w1 #gg errors 91 h[ to remove1 #gf on ! putrefaction ( !1 #gh ,wool1 on sc\r+ & dye+1 #gj ! action ( t>t> & alum on1 #gb to dye1 orange1 gold col\r1 c41 #ij black1 #ij1 #ic1 #id blue1 by ! woad vat1 #gc blue1 sev]al me?ods1 #hj1 #hi sc>let & crimson1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb m>oon1 #he yell[1 #hg1 #ii br[n & fawn col\r1 #hh purple1 ib4 gre51 #hi black1 #ij ano!r process1 #ic greys1 #if br[n1 fawn1 & _m o!r col\rs1 #ig ,wool1 to dye1 buff1 #aja pea*1 ib4 ,wooll51 a *emic vat = gre51 #hi blue1 ib4 ,wor/$ y>n1 to dye1 a crimson1 #ha & s]ge1 indigo vat =1 #ajb ,yell[ f ,qu]citron b>k1 #ih *romate ( lead1 #aea weld1 #hg1 #abe on1 wool1 #hg cotton1 #abd1 #aea silk1 #ace1 #aea ,,! ,,end4 ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,,gilb]t1 ,/4 ,john's-,squ>e1 ,london4