,,! ,,philosophical ,,works ,,( ,,david ,,hume4 ,,includ+ ,,all ,,! ,,essays1 ,,& ,,exhibit+ ,,! ,,m ,,important ,,alt]ations ,,& ,,corrections ,,9 ,,! ,,successive ,,editions ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,9 ,,f\r ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,adam ,,black ,,& ,,william ,,tait2 ,,& ,,*>les ,,tait1 #fc1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,,mdcccxxvi4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,second4 ,,treatise ,,( ,,human ,,nature4 ,,book ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,passions4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,pride ,,& ,,humility4 ,division ( ! ,subject ,( ,pride & ,humility1 _! ,objects & ,causes ,:5ce ^! ,objects & ,causes are d]iv$ ,( ! ,relations ( ,impressions & ,ideas ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ^! ,relations on ,pride & ,humility ,limitations ( ?is ,sy/em ,( ,vice & ,virtue ,( ,beauty & ,de=mity ,( ext]nal ,advantages & ,disadvantages ,( ,prop]ty & ,ri*es ,( ! ,love ( ,fame ,( ,pride & ,humility ( ,animals ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$4 ,( ! ,objects & ,causes ( ,love & ,hatr$ ,exp]im5ts to confirm ?is ,sy/em ,difficulties solv$ ,( ! ,love ( ,relations ,( our ,e/eem = ! ,ri* & ,p[]ful ,( ,b5evol5ce & ,ang] ,( ,compassion ,( ,malice & ,envy ,( ! mixture ( ,b5evol5ce & ,ang] ) ,compassion & ,malice ,( ,respect & ,contempt ,( ! ,amor\s ,passion1 or ,love betwixt ! ,sexes ,( ,love & ,hatr$ ( ,animals ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,& ,,direct ,,passions4 ,( ,lib]ty & ,necessity ,! ,same subject cont9u$ ,( ! ,influ5c+ ,motives ( ! ,w ,( ! ,causes ( ! ,viol5t ,passions ,( ! ,effects ( ,cu/om ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,imag9ation on ! ,passions ,( ,contiguity & ,di/ance 9 ,space & ,"t ,! same ,subject cont9u$ ,( ! ,direct ,passions ,( ,curiosity1 or ! ,love ( ,tru? ,,book ,,iii4--,,( ,,morals4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,virtue ,,& ,,vice ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,moral ,di/9ctions n d]iv$ f ,reason ,moral ,di/9ctions d]iv$ f a ,moral ,s5se ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,inju/ice4 ,ju/ice1 :e!r a natural or artificial ,virtue8 ,( ! ,orig9 ( ,ju/ice & ,prop]ty ,( ! ,rules :i* det]m9e ,prop]ty ,( ! ,transf]5ce ( ,prop]ty by ,cons5t ,( ! ,obligation ( ,promises ,"s f>!r ,reflections conc]n+ ,ju/ice & ,inju/ice ,( ! ,orig9 ( ,gov]nm5t ,( ! ,s\rce ( ,allegiance ,( ! ,measures ( ,allegiance ,( ! ,objects ( ,allegiance ,( ! ,laws ( ,nations ,( ,*a/ity & ,mode/y ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,virtues ,,& ,,vices4 ,( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,natural ,virtues & ,vices ,( ,greatness ( ,m9d ,( ,goodness & ,b5evol5ce ,( ,natural ,abilities ,"s f>!r ,reflections conc]n+ ! ,natural ,virtues ,conclusion ( ?is ,book ,dialogues conc]n+ ,natural ,religion ,app5dix to ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature ,,book ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,passions ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,pride ,,& ,,humility4 ,,section ,i4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,z all ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d may be divid$ into impressions & ideas1 s ! impressions admit ( ano!r division into orig9al & second>y4 ,?is division ( ! impressions is ! same ) t :i* ,i =m]ly made use (#a :5 ,i di/+ui%$ !m into impressions ( s5sation & reflection4 ,orig9al impressions1 or impressions ( s5sation1 are su* z1 )\t any antec$5t p]ception1 arise 9 ! s\l1 f ! con/itution ( ! body1 f ! animal spirits1 or f ! application ( objects to ! ext]nal organs4 ,second>y1 or reflective impressions1 are su* z proce$ f "s ( ^! orig9al ones1 ei!r imm$iately1 or by ! int]position ( its idea4 ,( ! fir/ k9d are all ! impressions ( ! s5ses1 & all bodily pa9s & pleasures3 ( ! second are ! passions1 & o!r emotions resembl+ !m4 ',tis c]ta9 t ! m9d1 9 its p]ceptions1 mu/ beg9 some:]e2 & t s9ce ! impressions prec$e _! correspond5t ideas1 !re mu/ be "s impressions1 :i*1 )\t any introduction1 make _! appe>ance 9 ! s\l4 ,z ^! dep5d ^u natural & physical causes1 ! exam9ation ( !m w\ld lead me too f> f my pres5t subject1 into ! sci5ces ( anatomy & natural philosophy4 ,= ?is reason ,i %all "h conf9e myself to ^? o!r impressions1 :i* ,i h call$ second>y & reflective1 z aris+ ei!r f ! orig9al impressions1 or f _! ideas4 ,bodily pa9s & pleasures are ! s\rce ( _m passions1 bo? :5 felt & consid]$ by ! m9d2 b arise orig9ally 9 ! s\l1 or 9 ! body1 :i*ev] y please to call x1 )\t any prec$+ ?\ght or p]ception4 ,a fit ( ! g\t produces a long tra9 ( passions1 z grief1 hope1 fe>2 b is n d]iv$ imm$iately f any affection or idea4 ,! reflective impressions may be divid$ into two k9ds1 viz4 ! calm & ! viol5t4 ,( ! fir/ k9d is ! s5se ( beauty & de=mity 9 action1 composition1 & ext]nal objects4 ,( ! second are ! passions ( love & hatr$1 grief & joy1 pride & humility4 ,?is division is f> f be+ exact4 ,! raptures ( poetry & music frequ5tly rise to ! greate/ height2 :ile ^? o!r impressions1 prop]ly call$ passions1 may decay into s s(t an emotion1 z to become 9 a mann] imp]ceptible4 ,b z1 9 g5]al1 ! passions are m viol5t ?an ! emotions aris+ f beauty & de=mity1 ^! impressions h be5 commonly di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,! subject ( ! human m9d be+ s copi\s & v>i\s1 ,i %all "h take advantage ( ?is vulg> & speci\s division1 t ,i may proce$ ) ! great] ord]2 &1 hav+ said all ,i ?\ght necess>y conc]n+ our ideas1 %all n[ expla9 ^? viol5t emotions or passions1 _! nature1 orig91 causes & effects4 ,:5 we take a survey ( ! passions1 !re occurs a division ( !m into direct & indirect4 ,by direct passions ,i und]/& su* z arise imm$iately f good or evil1 f pa9 or pleasure4 ,by indirect1 su* z proce$ f ! same pr9ciples1 b by ! conjunction ( o!r qualities4 ,?is di/9ction ,i _c at pres5t ju/ify or expla9 any f>!r4 ,i c only obs]ve 9 g5]al1 t "u ! indirect passions ,i compreh5d pride1 humility1 ambition1 vanity1 love1 hatr$1 envy1 pity1 malice1 g5]osity1 ) _! dep5d5ts4 ,& "u ! direct passions1 desire1 av]sion1 grief1 joy1 hope1 fe>1 despair1 & security4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! =m]4 #a ,book ,i4 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 #b4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,pride ,,& ,,humility1 ,,_! ,,objects ,,& ,,causes4 ,! passions ( pride & humility be+ simple & uni=m impressions1 'tis impossible we c ev]1 by a multitude ( words1 give a j def9ition ( !m1 or inde$ ( any ( ! passions4 ,! utmo/ we c pret5d to is a description ( !m1 by an enum]ation ( su* circum/ances z att5d !m3 b z ^! words1 pride & humility1 are ( g5]al use1 & ! impressions !y repres5t ! mo/ common ( any1 e "o1 ( himself1 w be able to =m a j idea ( !m1 )\t any dang] ( mi/ake4 ,= :i* reason1 n to lose "t ^u prelim9>ies1 ,i %all imm$iately ent] ^u ! exam9ation ( ^! passions4 ',tis evid5t1 t pride & humility1 ?\gh directly contr>y1 h yet ! same object4 ,?is object is self1 or t succession ( relat$ ideas & impressions1 ( :i* we h an intimate memory & consci\sness4 ,"h ! view always fixes :5 we are actuat$ by ei!r ( ^! passions4 ,accord+ z our idea ( ourself is m or less advantage\s1 we feel ei!r ( ^? opposite affections1 & are elat$ by pride1 or deject$ ) humility4 ,:atev] o!r objects may be compreh5d$ by ! m9d1 !y are always consid]$ ) a view to ourselves2 o!rwise !y w\ld nev] be able ei!r to excite ^! passions1 or produce ! smalle/ increase or dim9ution ( !m4 ,:5 self ent]s n into ! consid]ation1 !re is no room ei!r = pride or humility4 ,b ?\gh t connect$ succession ( p]ceptions1 :i* we call self be always ! object ( ^! two passions1 'tis impossible x c be _! cause1 or be suffici5t alone to excite !m4 ,= z ^! passions are directly contr>y1 & h ! same object 9 common2 7 _! object also _! cause1 x c\ld nev] produce any degree ( ! "o passion1 b at ! same "t x mu/ excite an equal degree ( ! o!r2 :i* opposition & contr>iety mu/ de/roy bo?4 ',tis impossible a man c at ! same "t be bo? pr\d & humble2 & :]e he has diff]5t reasons = ^! passions1 z frequ5tly happ5s1 ! passions ei!r take place alt]nately1 or1 if !y enc\nt]1 ! "o annihilates ! o!r1 z f> z its /r5g? goes1 & ! rema9d] only ( t :i* is sup]ior1 cont9ues to op]ate ^u ! m9d4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case nei!r ( ! passions c\ld ev] become sup]ior2 because1 suppos+ x to be ! view only ( ourself :i* excit$ !m1 t be+ p]fectly indiff]5t to ei!r1 mu/ produce bo? 9 ! v same proportion2 or1 9 o!r words1 c produce nei!r4 ,to excite any passion1 & at ! same "t raise an equal %>e ( its antagoni/1 is imm$iately to undo :at 0 done1 & mu/ leave ! m9d at la/ p]fectly calm & indiff]5t4 ,we mu/ !re=e make a di/9ction betwixt ! cause & ! object ( ^! passions2 betwixt t idea :i* excites !m1 & t to :i* !y direct _! view :5 excit$4 ,pride & humility1 be+ once rais$1 imm$iately turn our att5tion to ourself1 & reg>d t z _! ultimate & f9al object2 b !re is some?+ f>!r requisite 9 ord] to raise !m3 some?+1 :i* is peculi> to "o ( ! passions1 & produces n bo? 9 ! v same degree4 ,! fir/ idea t is pres5t$ to ! m9d is t ( ! cause or productive pr9ciple4 ,?is excites ! passion connect$ ) x2 & t passion1 :5 excit$1 turns our view to ano!r idea1 :i* is t ( self4 ,"h !n is a passion plac$ betwixt two ideas1 ( :i* ! "o produces x1 & ! o!r is produc$ by x4 ,! fir/ idea !re=e repres5ts ! cause1 ! second ! object ( ! passion4 ,to beg9 ) ! causes ( pride & humility2 we may obs]ve1 t _! mo/ obvi\s & rem>kable prop]ty is ! va/ v>iety ( subjects on :i* !y may be plac$4 ,e valuable quality ( ! m9d1 :e!r ( ! imag9ation1 judgm5t1 memory or disposition2 wit1 good s5se1 le>n+1 c\rage1 ju/ice1 integrity2 all ^! are ! causes ( pride1 & _! opposites ( humility4 ,nor are ^! passions conf9$ to ! m9d1 b ext5d _! view to ! body likewise4 ,a man may be pr\d ( 8 beauty1 /r5g?1 agility1 good mi51 address 9 danc+1 rid+1 f5c+1 & ( 8 dext]ity 9 any manual bus9ess or manufacture4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! passion1 look+ f>!r1 compreh5ds :atev] objects are 9 ! lea/ alli$ or relat$ to u4 ,our c\ntry1 family1 *ildr51 relations1 ri*es1 h\ses1 g>d5s1 horses1 dogs1 clo!s2 any ( ^! may become a cause ei!r ( pride or ( humility4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ^! causes1 x appe>s necess>y we %\ld make a new di/9ction 9 ! causes ( ! passion1 betwixt t quality :i* op]ates1 & ! subject on :i* x is plac$4 ,a man1 = in/ance1 is va9 ( a beautiful h\se :i* belongs to him1 or :i* he has himself built & contriv$4 ,"h ! object ( ! passion is himself1 & ! cause is ! beautiful h\se3 :i* cause aga9 is subdivid$ into two p>ts1 viz4 ! quality1 :i* op]ates ^u ! passion1 & ! subject1 9 :i* ! quality inh]es4 ,! quality is ! beauty1 & ! subject is ! h\se1 consid]$ z 8 prop]ty or contrivance4 ,bo? ^! p>ts are ess5tial1 nor is ! di/9ction va9 & *im]ical4 ,beauty1 consid]$ m]ely z su*1 unless plac$ ^u some?+ relat$ to u1 nev] produces any pride or vanity2 & ! /ronge/ relation alone1 )\t beauty1 or some?+ else 9 its place1 has z little influ5ce on t passion4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ^! two p>ticul>s are easily sep>at$1 & !re is a necessity = _! conjunction1 9 ord] to produce ! passion1 we ought to consid] !m z compon5t p>ts ( ! cause2 & infix 9 our m9ds an exact idea ( ?is di/9ction4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,:5ce ,,^! ,,objects ,,& ,,causes ,,are ,,d]iv$4 ,be+ s f> advanc$ z to obs]ve a diff]5ce betwixt ! object ( ! passions & _! cause1 & to di/+ui% 9 ! cause ! quality1 :i* op]ates on ! passions1 f ! subject1 9 :i* x inh]es2 we n[ proce$ to exam9e :at det]m9es ea* ( !m to be :at x is1 & assigns su* a p>ticul> object & quality1 & subject to ^! affections4 ,by ?is means we %all fully und]/& ! orig9 ( pride & humility4 ',tis evid5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ^! passions are det]m9$ to h self = _! object1 n only by a natural1 b also by an orig9al prop]ty4 ,no "o c d\bt b ?is prop]ty is natural1 f ! con/ancy & /ead9ess ( its op]ations4 ',tis always self1 :i* is ! object ( pride & humility2 & :5ev] ! passions look beyond1 'tis /ill ) a view to ourselves2 nor c any p]son or object o!rwise h any influ5ce ^u u4 ,t ?is proce$s f an orig9al quality or prim>y impulse1 w likewise appe> evid5t1 if we consid] t 'tis ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ^! passions4 ,unless nature _h giv5 "s orig9al qualities to ! m9d1 x c\ld nev] h any second>y ones2 because 9 t case x w\ld h no f\ndation = action1 nor c\ld ev] beg9 to ex]t itself4 ,n[ ^! qualities1 :i* we mu/ consid] z orig9al1 are su* z are mo/ insep>able f ! s\l1 & c be resolv$ into no o!r3 & su* is ! quality :i* det]m9es ! object ( pride & humility4 ,we may1 p]haps1 make x a great] "q1 :e!r ! causes t produce ! passion1 be z natural z ! object to :i* x is direct$1 & :e!r all t va/ v>iety proce$s f caprice1 or f ! con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,?is d\bt we %all soon remove1 if we ca/ our eye ^u human nature1 & consid] t1 9 all nations & ages1 ! same objects /ill give rise to pride & humility2 & t ^u ! view ev5 ( a /rang]1 we c "k pretty ne>ly :at w ei!r increase or dim9i% 8 passions ( ?is k9d4 ,if !re be any v>iation 9 ?is p>ticul>1 x proce$s f no?+ b a diff]5ce 9 ! temp]s & complexions ( m51 & is1 besides1 v inconsid]able4 ,c we imag9e x possible1 t :ile human nature rema9s ! same1 m5 w ev] become entirely indiff]5t to _! p[]1 ri*es1 beauty or p]sonal m]it1 & t _! pride & vanity w n be affect$ by ^! advantages8 ,b ?\gh ! causes ( pride & humility be pla9ly natural1 we %all f9d1 ^u exam9ation1 t !y are n orig9al1 & t 'tis utt]ly impossible !y %\ld ea* ( !m be adapt$ to ^! passions by a p>ticul> provision & prim>y con/itution ( nature4 ,beside _! prodigi\s numb]1 _m ( !m are ! effects ( art1 & arise p>tly f ! indu/ry1 p>tly f ! caprice1 & p>tly f ! good =tune ( m54 ,indu/ry produces h\ses1 furniture1 clo!s4 ,caprice det]m9es _! p>ticul> k9ds & qualities4 ,& good =tune frequ5tly contributes to all ?is1 by discov]+ ! effects t result f ! diff]5t mixtures & comb9ations ( bodies4 ',tis absurd !re=e to imag9e1 t ea* ( ^! 0 =ese5 & provid$ = by nature1 & t e new production ( art1 :i* causes pride or humility1 in/ead ( adapt+ itself to ! passion by p>tak+ ( "s g5]al quality t naturally op]ates on ! m9d1 is itself ! object ( an orig9al pr9ciple1 :i* till !n lay conceal$ 9 ! s\l1 & is only by accid5t at la/ br\ght to light4 ,?us ! fir/ me*anic t inv5t$ a f9e scrutoire1 produc$ pride 9 him :o became possess$ ( x1 by pr9ciples diff]5t f ^? :i* made him pr\d ( h&some *airs & tables4 ,z ?is appe>s evid5tly ridicul\s1 we mu/ conclude1 t ea* cause ( pride & humility is n adapt$ to ! passions by a di/9ct orig9al quality1 b t !re are "s "o or m circum/ances common to all ( !m1 on :i* _! efficacy dep5ds4 ,besides1 we f9d 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 t ?\gh ! effects be _m1 ! pr9ciples f :i* !y arise are commonly b few & simple1 & t 'tis ! sign ( an unskilful naturali/ to h rec\rse to a diff]5t quality1 9 ord] to expla9 e diff]5t op]ation4 ,h[ mu* m mu/ ?is be true ) reg>d to ! human m9d1 :i*1 be+ s conf9$ a subject1 may ju/ly be ?\ght incapable ( conta9+ su* a mon/r\s heap ( pr9ciples1 z w\ld be necess>y to excite ! passions ( pride & humility1 7 ea* di/9ct cause adapt$ to ! passion by a di/9ct set ( pr9ciples6 ,"h1 !re=e1 moral philosophy is 9 ! same condition z natural1 ) reg>d to a/ronomy be=e ! "t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! anci5ts1 ?\gh s5sible ( t maxim1 t ,nature does no?+ 9 va91 contriv$ su* intricate sy/ems ( ! heav5s1 z seem$ inconsi/5t ) true philosophy1 & gave place at la/ to some?+ m simple & natural4 ,to inv5t )\t scruple a new pr9ciple to e new ph5om5on1 in/ead ( adapt+ x to ! old2 to ov]load our hypo!sis ) a v>iety ( ?is k9d1 are c]ta9 pro(s t none ( ^! pr9ciples is ! j "o1 & t we only desire1 by a numb] ( falsehoods1 to cov] our ignorance ( ! tru?4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,impressions ,,& ,,ideas4 ,?us we h e/abli%$ two tru?s )\t any ob/acle or difficulty1 t 'tis f natural pr9ciples ?is v>iety ( causes excite pride & humility1 & t 'tis n by a diff]5t pr9ciple ea* diff]5t cause is adapt$ to its passion4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to inquire h[ we may r$uce ^! pr9ciples to a less] numb]1 & f9d among ! causes some?+ common on :i* _! influ5ce dep5ds4 ,9 ord] to ?is1 we mu/ reflect on c]ta9 prop]ties ( human nature1 :i*1 ?\gh !y h a mighty influ5ce on e op]ation bo? ( ! und]/&+ & passions1 are n commonly mu* insi/$ on by philosoph]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! association ( ideas1 :i* ,i h s (t5 obs]v$ & expla9$4 ',tis impossible = ! m9d to fix itself /eadily ^u "o idea = any consid]able "t2 nor c x by its utmo/ ef=ts ev] arrive at su* a con/ancy4 ,b h[ev] *angeable our ?\ghts may be1 !y are n entirely )\t rule & me?od 9 _! *anges4 ,! rule by :i* !y proce$1 is to pass f "o object to :at is resembl+1 contigu\s to1 or produc$ by x4 ,:5 "o idea is pres5t to ! imag9ation1 any o!r1 unit$ by ^! relations naturally foll[s x1 & ent]s ) m facility by means ( t introduction4 ,! second prop]ty ,i %all obs]ve 9 ! human m9d is a l association ( impressions4 ,all resembl+ impressions are connect$ toge!r1 & no soon] "o arises ?an ! re/ imm$iately foll[4 ,grief & disappo9tm5t give rise to ang]1 ang] to envy1 envy to malice1 & malice to grief aga91 till ! :ole circle be complet$4 ,9 l mann] our temp]1 :5 elevat$ ) joy1 naturally ?r[s itself into love1 g5]osity1 pity1 c\rage1 pride1 & ! o!r resembl+ affections4 ',tis difficult = ! m9d1 :5 actuat$ by any passion1 to conf9e itself to t passion alone1 )\t any *ange or v>iation4 ,human nature is too incon/ant to admit ( any su* regul>ity4 ,*angeabl5ess is ess5tial to x4 ,& to :at c x s naturally *ange z to affections or emotions1 :i* are suitable to ! temp]1 & agree ) t set ( passions :i* !n prevail8 ',tis evid5t !n !re is an attraction or association among impressions1 z well z among ideas2 ?\gh ) ?is rem>kable diff]5ce1 t ideas are associat$ by resemblance1 contiguity1 & causation1 & impressions only by resemblance4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 'tis obs]vable ( ^! two k9ds ( association1 t !y v mu* assi/ & =w>d ea* o!r1 & t ! transition is m easily made :]e !y bo? concur 9 ! same object4 ,?us1 a man :o1 by an injury f ano!r1 is v mu* discompos$ & ruffl$ 9 8 temp]1 is apt to f9d a hundr$ subjects ( discont5t1 impati5ce1 fe>1 & o!r uneasy passions1 especially if he c discov] ^! subjects 9 or ne> ! p]son :o 0 ! cause ( 8 fir/ passion4 ,^? pr9ciples :i* =w>d ! transition ( ideas "h concur ) ^? :i* op]ate on ! passions2 & bo? unit+ 9 "o action1 be/[ on ! m9d a d\ble impulse4 ,! new passion1 !re=e1 mu/ arise ) s mu* great] viol5ce1 & ! transition to x mu/ be r5d]$ s mu* m easy & natural4 ,^u ?is occasion ,i may cite ! au?ority ( an elegant writ]1 :o expresses himself 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,z ! fancy delights 9 e ?+ t is great1 /range or beautiful1 & is /ill m pleas$ ! m x f9ds ( ^! p]fections 9 ! same object1 s x is capable ( receiv+ a new satisfaction by ! assi/ance ( ano!r s5se4 ,?us1 any cont9u$ s\nd1 z ! music ( birds or a fall ( wat]s1 awak5s e mom5t ! m9d ( ! behold]1 & makes him m att5tive to ! sev]al beauties ( ! place t lie be=e him4 ,?us1 if !re arises a fragrancy ( smells or p]fumes1 !y height5 ! pleasure ( ! imag9ation1 & make ev5 ! col\rs & v]dure ( ! l&scape appe> m agreeable2 = ! ideas ( bo? s5ses recomm5d ea* o!r1 & are pleasant] toge!r ?an :5 !y ent] ! m9d sep>ately3 z ! diff]5t col\rs ( a picture1 :5 !y are well dispos$1 set (f "o ano!r1 & receive an additional beauty f ! advantage ( ! situation4 ,9 ?is ph5om5on we may rem>k ! association bo? ( impressions & ideas1 z well z ! mutual assi/ance !y l5d ea* o!r4 ,,section ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,^! ,,relations ,,on ,,pride ,,& ,,humility4 ,^! pr9ciples be+ e/abli%$ on unque/ionable exp]i5ce1 ,i beg9 to consid] h[ we %all apply !m1 by revolv+ ov] all ! causes ( pride & humility1 :e!r ^! causes be reg>d$ z ! qualities t op]ate1 or z ! subjects on :i* ! qualities are plac$4 ,9 exam9+ ^! qualities1 ,i imm$iately f9d _m ( !m to concur 9 produc+ ! s5sation ( pa9 & pleasure1 indep5d5t ( ^? affections :i* ,i "h endeav\r to expla94 ,?us ! beauty ( our p]son1 ( itself1 & by its v appe>ance1 gives pleasure z well z pride2 & its de=mity1 pa9 z well z humility4 ,a magnific5t fea/ delights u1 & a sordid "o displeases4 ,:at ,i discov] to be true 9 "s in/ances1 ,i suppose to be s 9 all1 & take x = grant$ at pres5t1 )\t any f>!r pro(1 t e cause ( pride1 by its peculi> qualities1 produces a sep>ate pleasure1 & ( humility a sep>ate uneas9ess4 ,aga91 9 consid]+ ! subjects1 to :i* ^! qualities adh]e1 ,i make a new supposition1 :i* also appe>s probable f _m obvi\s in/ances1 viz4 t ^! subjects are ei!r p>ts ( ourselves1 or some?+ ne>ly relat$ to u4 ,?us ! good & bad qualities ( our actions & mann]s con/itute virtue & vice1 & det]m9e our p]sonal "*1 ?an :i* no?+ op]ates m /rongly on ^! passions4 ,9 l mann]1 'tis ! beauty or de=mity ( our p]son1 h\ses1 equipage1 or furniture1 by :i* we are r5d]$ ei!r va9 or humble4 ,! same qualities1 :5 transf]r$ to subjects1 :i* be> u no relation1 influ5ce n 9 ! smalle/ degree ei!r ( ^! affections4 ,hav+ ?us 9 a mann] suppos$ two prop]ties ( ! causes ( ^! affections1 viz4 t ! qualities produce a sep>ate pa9 or pleasure1 & t ! subjects1 on :i* ! qualities are plac$1 are relat$ to self2 ,i proce$ to exam9e ! passions !mselves1 9 ord] to f9d some?+ 9 !m correspond5t to ! suppos$ prop]ties ( _! causes4 ,fir/1 ,i f9d1 t ! peculi> object ( pride & humility is det]m9$ by an orig9al & natural in/9ct1 & t 'tis absolutely impossible1 f ! prim>y con/itution ( ! m9d1 t ^! passions %\ld ev] look beyond self1 or t individual p]son1 ( ^: actions & s5tim5ts ea* ( u is intimately consci\s4 ,"h at la/ ! view always re/s1 :5 we are actuat$ by ei!r ( ^! passions2 nor c we1 9 t situation ( m9d1 ev] lose sight ( ?is object4 ,= ?is ,i pret5d n to give any reason2 b consid] su* a peculi> direction ( ! ?\ght z an orig9al quality4 ,! second quality :i* ,i discov] 9 ^! passions1 & :i* ,i likewise consid] z an orig9al quality1 is _! s5sations1 or ! peculi> emotions !y excite 9 ! s\l1 & :i* con/itute _! v be+ & ess5ce4 ,?us1 pride is a pleasant s5sation1 & humility a pa9ful2 & ^u ! removal ( ! pleasure & pa91 !re is 9 reality no pride nor humility4 ,( ?is our v feel+ conv9ces u2 & beyond our feel+1 'tis "h 9 va9 to reason or dispute4 ,if ,i comp>e !re=e ^! two e/abli%$ prop]ties ( ! passions1 viz4 _! object1 :i* is self1 & _! s5sation1 :i* is ei!r pleasant or pa9ful1 to ! two suppos$ prop]ties ( ! causes1 viz4 _! relation to self1 & _! t5d5cy to produce a pa9 or pleasure indep5d5t ( ! passion2 ,i imm$iately f9d1 t tak+ ^! suppositions to be j1 ! true sy/em breaks 9 ^u me ) an irresi/ible evid5ce4 ,t cause1 :i* excites ! passion1 is relat$ to ! object1 :i* nature has attribut$ to ! passion2 ! s5sation1 :i* ! cause sep>ately produces1 is relat$ to ! s5sation ( ! passion3 f ?is d\ble relation ( ideas & impressions1 ! passion is d]iv$4 ,! "o idea is easily conv]t$ into its correlative2 & ! "o impression into t :i* resembles & corresponds to x3 ) h[ mu* great] facility mu/ ?is transition be made1 :]e ^! movem5ts mutually assi/ ea* o!r1 & ! m9d receives a d\ble impulse f ! relations bo? ( its impressions & ideas6 ,t we may compreh5d ?is ! bett]1 we mu/ suppose t nature has giv5 to ! organs ( ! human m9d a c]ta9 disposition fitt$ to produce a peculi> impression or emotion1 :i* we call pride3 to ?is emotion %e has assign$ a c]ta9 idea1 viz4 t ( self1 :i* x nev] fails to produce4 ,?is contrivance ( nature is easily conceiv$4 ,we h _m in/ances ( su* a situation ( affairs4 ,! n]ves ( ! nose & palate are s dispos$1 z 9 c]ta9 circum/ances to convey su* peculi> s5sations to ! m9d3 ! s5sations ( lu/ & hung] always produce 9 u ! idea ( ^? peculi> objects1 :i* are suitable to ea* appetite4 ,^! two circum/ances are unit$ 9 pride4 ,! organs are s dispos$ z to produce ! passion2 & ! passion1 aft] its production1 naturally produces a c]ta9 idea4 ,all ?is ne$s no pro(4 ',tis evid5t we nev] %\ld be possess$ ( t passion1 7 !re n a disposition ( m9d prop] = x2 & 'tis z evid5t1 t ! passion always turns our view to ourselves1 & makes u ?9k ( our own qualities & circum/ances4 ,?is be+ fully compreh5d$1 x may n[ be ask$1 ,:e!r nature produces ! passion imm$iately ( h]self1 or :e!r %e mu/ be assi/$ by ! coop]ation ( o!r causes8 ,= 'tis obs]vable1 t 9 ?is p>ticul> h] conduct is diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t passions & s5sations4 ,! palate mu/ be excit$ by an ext]nal object1 9 ord] to produce any reli%3 b hung] arises int]nally1 )\t ! concurr5ce ( any ext]nal object4 ,b h[ev] ! case may /& ) o!r passions & impressions1 'tis c]ta9 t pride requires ! assi/ance ( "s =eign object1 & t ! organs :i* produce x ex]t n !mselves l ! he>t & art]ies1 by an orig9al int]nal movem5t4 ,=1 fir/1 daily exp]i5ce conv9ces u1 t pride requires c]ta9 causes to excite x1 & langui%es :5 unsupport$ by "s excell5cy 9 ! "*1 9 bodily accompli%m5ts1 9 clo!s1 equipage1 or =tune4 ,secondly1 'tis evid5t pride w\ld be p]petual if x arose imm$iately f nature1 s9ce ! object is always ! same1 & !re is no disposition ( body peculi> to pride1 z !re is to ?ir/ & hung]4 ,?irdly1 humility is 9 ! v same situation ) pride2 & !re=e ei!r mu/1 ^u ?is supposition1 be p]petual likewise1 or mu/ de/roy ! contr>y passion f ! v fir/ mom5t2 s t none ( !m c\ld ev] make its appe>ance4 ,^u ! :ole1 we may re/ satisfi$ ) ! =ego+ conclusion1 t pride mu/ h a cause z well z an object1 & t ! "o has no influ5ce )\t ! o!r4 ,! difficulty1 !n1 is only to discov] ?is cause1 & f9d :at x is t gives ! fir/ motion to pride1 & sets ^? organs 9 action :i* are naturally fitt$ to produce t emotion4 ,^u my consult+ exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to resolve ?is difficulty1 ,i imm$iately f9d a hundr$ diff]5t causes t produce pride2 & ^u exam9+ ^! causes1 ,i suppose1 :at at fir/ ,i p]ceive to be probable1 t all ( !m concur 9 two circum/ances1 :i* are1 t ( !mselves !y produce an impression alli$ to ! passion1 & are plac$ on a subject alli$ to ! object ( ! passion4 ,:5 ,i consid] aft] ?is ! nature ( relation1 & its effects bo? on ! passions & ideas1 ,i c no long] d\bt ^u ^! suppositions1 t 'tis ! v pr9ciple :i* gives rise to pride1 & be/[s motion on ^? organs1 :i*1 be+ naturally dispos$ to produce t affection1 require only a fir/ impulse or beg9n+ to _! action4 ,any ?+ t gives a pleasant s5sation1 & is relat$ to self1 excites ! passion ( pride1 :i* is also agreeable1 & has self = its object4 ,:at ,i h said ( pride is equally true ( humility4 ,! s5sation ( humility is uneasy1 z t ( pride is agreeable2 = :i* reason ! sep>ate s5sation aris+ f ! causes mu/ be rev]s$1 :ile ! relation to self cont9ues ! same4 ,?\gh pride & humility are directly contr>y 9 _! effects & 9 _! s5sations1 !y h not)/&+ ! same object2 s t 'tis requisite only to *ange ! relation ( impressions )\t mak+ any *ange ^u t ( ideas4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t a beautiful h\se belong+ to ourselves produces pride2 & t ! same h\se1 /ill belong+ to ourselves1 produces humility1 :5 by any accid5t its beauty is *ang$ into de=mity1 & !reby ! s5sation ( pleasure1 :i* correspond$ to pride1 is trans=m$ into pa91 :i* is relat$ to humility4 ,! d\ble relation betwe5 ! ideas & impressions subsi/s 9 bo? cases1 & produces an easy transition f ! "o emotion to ! o!r4 ,9 a ^w1 nature has be/[$ a k9d ( attraction on c]ta9 impressions & ideas1 by :i* "o ( !m1 ^u its appe>ance1 naturally introduces its correlative4 ,if ^! two attractions or associations ( impressions & ideas concur on ! same object1 !y mutually assi/ ea* o!r1 & ! transition ( ! affections & ( ! imag9ation is made ) ! greate/ ease & facility4 ,:5 an idea produces an impression1 relat$ to an impression1 :i* is connect$ ) an idea relat$ to ! fir/ idea1 ^! two impressions mu/ be 9 a mann] insep>able1 nor w ! "o 9 any case be unatt5d$ ) ! o!r4 ',tis aft] ?is mann] t ! p>ticul> causes ( pride & humility are det]m9$4 ,! quality :i* op]ates on ! passion produces sep>ately an impression resembl+ x2 ! subject to :i* ! quality adh]es is relat$ to self1 ! object ( ! passion3 no wond] ! :ole cause1 consi/+ ( a quality & ( a subject1 does s unavoidably give rise to ! passion4 ,to illu/rate ?is hypo!sis1 we may comp>e x to t by :i* ,i h already expla9$ ! belief att5d+ ! judgm5ts :i* we =m f causation4 ,i h obs]v$1 t 9 all judgm5ts ( ?is k9d1 !re is always a pres5t impression & a relat$ idea2 & t ! pres5t impression gives a vivacity to ! fancy1 & ! relation conveys ?is vivacity1 by an easy transition1 to ! relat$ idea4 ,)\t ! pres5t impression1 ! att5tion is n fix$1 nor ! spirits excit$4 ,)\t ! relation1 ?is att5tion re/s on its fir/ object1 & has no f>!r consequ5ce4 ,!re is evid5tly a great analogy betwixt t hypo!sis1 & our pres5t "o ( an impression & idea1 t transfuse !mselves into ano!r impression & idea by means ( _! d\ble relation3 :i* analogy mu/ be all[$ to be no despicable pro( ( bo? hypo!ses4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,limitations ,,( ,,?is ,,sy/em4 ,b be=e we proce$ f>!r 9 ?is subject1 & exam9e p>ticul>ly all ! causes ( pride & humility1 'twill be prop] to make "s limitations to ! g5]al sy/em1 t all agreeable objects1 relat$ to ourselves by an association ( ideas & ( impressions1 produce pride1 & disagreeable ones1 humility3 & ^! limitations are d]iv$ f ! v nature ( ! subject4 ,i4 ,suppose an agreeable object to acquire a relation to self1 ! fir/ passion t appe>s on ?is occasion is joy2 & ?is passion discov]s itself ^u a slight] relation ?an pride & va9-glory4 ,we may feel joy ^u be+ pres5t at a fea/1 :]e our s5ses are regal$ ) delicacies ( e k9d3 b 'tis only ! ma/] ( ! fea/1 :o1 beside ! same joy1 has ! additional passion ( self-applause & vanity4 ',tis true1 m5 sometimes boa/ ( a great ent]ta9m5t1 at :i* !y h only be5 pres5t2 & by s small a relation conv]t _! pleasure into pride3 b h[ev] ?is mu/ 9 g5]al be own$1 t joy arises f a m inconsid]able relation ?an vanity1 & t _m ?+s1 :i* are too =eign to produce pride1 are yet able to give u a delight & pleasure4 ,! reason ( ! diff]5ce may be expla9$ ?us4 ,a relation is requisite to joy1 9 ord] to approa* ! object to u1 & make x give u any satisfaction4 ,b beside ?is1 :i* is common to bo? passions1 'tis requisite to pride1 9 ord] to produce a transition f "o passion to ano!r1 & conv]t ! satisfaction into vanity4 ,z x has a d\ble task to p]=m1 x mu/ be end[$ ) d\ble =ce & en]gy4 ,to :i* we may add1 t :]e agreeable objects be> n a v close relation to ourselves1 !y commonly d to "s o!r p]son2 & ?is latt] relation n only excels1 b ev5 dim9i%es1 & sometimes de/roys ! =m]1 z we %all see aft]w>ds4#b ,"h !n is ! fir/ limitation we mu/ make to our g5]al position1 t e ?+ relat$ to u1 :i* produces pleasure or pa91 produces likewise pride or humility4 ,!re is n only a relation requir$1 b a close "o1 & a clos] ?an is requir$ to joy4 ,,ii4 ,! second limitation is1 t ! agreeable or disagreeable object be n only closely relat$1 b also peculi> to ourselves1 or at lea/ common to u ) a few p]sons4 ',tis a quality obs]vable 9 human nature1 & :i* we %all endeav\r to expla9 aft]w>ds1 t e ?+1 :i* is (t5 pres5t$1 & to :i* we h be5 long accu/om$1 loses its value 9 our eyes1 & is 9 a little "t despis$ & neglect$4 ,we likewise judge ( objects m f comp>ison ?an f _! real & intr9sic m]it2 & :]e we _c by "s contra/ enhance _! value1 we are apt to ov]look ev5 :at is ess5tially good 9 !m4 ,^! qualities ( ! m9d h an effect ^u joy z well z pride2 & 'tis rem>kable1 t goods1 :i* are common to all mank9d1 & h become famili> to u by cu/om1 give u little satisfaction1 ?\gh p]haps ( a m excell5t k9d ?an ^? on :i*1 = _! s+ul>ity1 we set a mu* high] value4 ,b ?\gh ?is circum/ance op]ates on bo? ^! passions1 x has a mu* great] influ5ce on vanity4 ,we are rejoic$ = _m goods1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! frequ5cy1 give u no pride4 ,heal?1 :5 x returns aft] a long abs5ce1 af=ds u a v s5sible satisfaction2 b is seldom reg>d$ z a subject ( vanity1 because 'tis %>$ ) su* va/ numb]s4 ,! reason :y pride is s mu* m delicate 9 ?is p>ticul> ?an joy1 ,i take to be z foll[s4 ,9 ord] to excite pride1 !re are always two objects we mu/ contemplate1 viz4 ! cause1 or t object :i* produces pleasure2 & self1 :i* is ! real object ( ! passion4 ,b joy has only "o object necess>y to its production1 viz4 t :i* gives pleasure2 & ?\gh x be requisite t ?is be> "s relation to self1 yet t is only requisite 9 ord] to r5d] x agreeable2 nor is self1 prop]ly speak+1 ! object ( ?is passion4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 pride has1 9 a mann]1 two objects to :i* x directs our view1 x foll[s1 t :]e nei!r ( !m h any s+ul>ity1 ! passion mu/ be m weak5$ ^u t acc\nt ?an a passion :i* has only "o object4 ,^u comp>+ ourselves ) o!rs1 z we are e mom5t apt to d1 we f9d we are n 9 ! lea/ di/+ui%$2 &1 ^u comp>+ ! object we possess1 we discov] /ill ! same unlucky circum/ance4 ,by two comp>isons s disadvantage\s1 ! passion mu/ be entirely de/roy$4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird limitation is1 t ! pleasant or pa9ful object be v disc]nible & obvi\s1 & t n only to ourselves b to o!rs also4 ,?is circum/ance1 l ! two =ego+1 has an effect ^u joy z well z pride4 ,we fancy ourselves m happy1 z well z m virtu\s or beautiful1 :5 we appe> s to o!rs2 b are /ill m o/5tati\s ( our virtues ?an ( our pleasures4 ,?is proce$s f causes :i* ,i %all endeav\r to expla9 aft]w>ds4 ,,iv4 ,! f\r? limitation is d]iv$ f ! incon/ancy ( ! cause ( ^! passions1 & f ! %ort duration ( its connexion ) ourselves4 ,:at is casual & incon/ant gives b little joy1 & less pride4 ,we are n mu* satisfi$ ) ! ?+ itself2 & are /ill less apt to feel any new degrees ( self-satisfaction ^u its acc\nt4 ,we =esee & anticipate its *ange by ! imag9ation1 :i* makes u little satisfi$ ) ! ?+3 we comp>e x to ourselves1 ^: exi/5ce is m durable1 by :i* means its incon/ancy appe>s /ill great]4 ,x seems ridicul\s to inf] an excell5cy 9 ourselves f an object :i* is ( s mu* %ort] duration1 & att5ds u dur+ s small a "p ( our exi/5ce4 ',twill be easy to compreh5d ! reason :y ?is cause op]ates n ) ! same =ce 9 joy z 9 pride2 s9ce ! idea ( self is n s ess5tial to ! =m] passion z to ! latt]4 ,v4 ,i may add1 z a fif? limitation1 or r enl>gem5t ( ?is sy/em1 t g5]al rules h a great influ5ce ^u pride & humility1 z well z on all ! o!r passions4 ,h5ce we =m a notion ( diff]5t ranks ( m51 suitable to ! p[] or ri*es !y are possess$ (2 & ?is notion we *ange n ^u acc\nt ( any peculi>ities ( ! heal? or temp] ( ! p]sons1 :i* may deprive !m ( all enjoym5t 9 _! possessions4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = f ! same pr9ciples t expla9$ ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules on ! und]/&+4 ,cu/om readily c>ries u beyond ! j b\nds 9 our passions z well z 9 our reason+s4 ,x may n be amiss to obs]ve on ?is occasion1 t ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules & maxims on ! passions v mu* contributes to facilitate ! effects ( all ! pr9ciples1 :i* we %all expla9 9 ! progress ( ?is ,treatise4 ,= 'tis evid5t1 t if a p]son1 full gr[n1 & ( ! same nature ) ourselves1 7 on a sudd5 transport$ into our _w1 he w\ld be v mu* emb>rass$ ) e object1 & w\ld n readily f9d :at degree ( love or hatr$1 pride or humility1 or any o!r passion he ought to attribute to x4 ,! passions are (t5 v>i$ by v inconsid]able pr9ciples2 & ^! d n always play ) a p]fect regul>ity1 especially on ! fir/ trial4 ,b z cu/om & practice h br\ght to light all ^! pr9ciples1 & h settl$ ! j value ( e ?+2 ?is mu/ c]ta9ly contribute to ! easy production ( ! passions1 & guide u1 by means ( g5]al e/abli%$ maxims1 9 ! proportions we ought to obs]ve 9 pref]r+ "o object to ano!r4 ,?is rem>k may1 p]haps1 s]ve to obviate difficulties t may arise conc]n+ "s causes :i* ,i %all h]eaft] ascribe to p>ticul> passions1 & :i* may be e/eem$ too ref9$ to op]ate s univ]sally & c]ta9ly z !y are f\nd to d4 ,i %all close ?is subject ) a reflection d]iv$ f ^! five limitations4 ,?is reflection is1 t ! p]sons :o are pr\de/1 & :o1 9 ! eye ( ! _w1 h mo/ reason = _! pride1 are n always ! happie/2 nor ! mo/ humble always ! mo/ mis]able1 z may at fir/ sight be imag9$ f ?is sy/em4 ,an evil may be real1 ?\gh its cause has no relation to u3 x may be real1 )\t be+ peculi>3 x may be real )\t %[+ itself to o!rs3 x may be real1 )\t be+ con/ant3 & x may be real1 )\t fall+ "u ! g5]al rules4 ,su* evils z ^! w n fail to r5d] u mis]able1 ?\gh !y h little t5d5cy to dim9i% pride3 & p]haps ! mo/ real & ! mo/ solid evils ( life w be f\nd ( ?is nature4 #b ,"p4 ,,ii4 ,sect4 #d4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,vice ,,& ,,virtue4 ,tak+ ^! limitations along ) u1 let u proce$ to exam9e ! causes ( pride & humility1 & see :e!r 9 e case we c discov] ! d\ble relations by :i* !y op]ate on ! passions4 ,if we f9d t all ^! causes are relat$ to self1 & produce a pleasure or uneas9ess sep>ate f ! passion1 !re w rema9 no f>!r scruple ) reg>d to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,we %all pr9cipally endeav\r to prove ! latt] po9t1 ! =m] be+ 9 a mann] self-evid5t4 ,to beg9 ) vice & virtue1 :i* are ! mo/ obvi\s causes ( ^! passions1 'tw\ld be entirely =eign to my pres5t purpose to ent] ^u ! controv]sy1 :i* ( late ye>s has s mu* excit$ ! curiosity ( ! public1 :e!r ^! moral di/9ctions be f\nd$ on natural & orig9al pr9ciples1 or arise f int]e/ & education4 ,! exam9ation ( ?is ,i res]ve = ! foll[+ book2 &1 9 ! mean "t1 %all endeav\r to %[1 t my sy/em ma9ta9s its gr\nd ^u ei!r ( ^! hypo!ses1 :i* w be a /rong pro( ( its solidity4 ,=1 grant+ t morality _h no f\ndation 9 nature1 x mu/ /ill be all[$1 t vice & virtue1 ei!r f self-int]e/ or ! prejudices ( education1 produce 9 u a real pa9 & pleasure2 & ?is we may obs]ve to be /r5u\sly ass]t$ by ! def5d]s ( t hypo!sis4 ,e passion1 habit1 or turn ( "* 7say !y7 :i* has a t5d5cy to our advantage or prejudice1 gives a delight or uneas9ess2 & 'tis f !nce ! approbation or disapprobation arises4 ,we easily ga9 f ! lib]ality ( o!rs1 b are always 9 dang] ( los+ by _! av>ice3 c\rage def5ds u1 b c[>dice lays u op5 to e attack3 ju/ice is ! support ( society1 b inju/ice1 unless *eck$1 w\ld quickly prove its ru93 humility exalts1 b pride mortifies u4 ,= ^! reasons ! =m] qualities are e/eem$ virtues1 & ! latt] reg>d$ z vices4 ,n[1 s9ce 'tis grant$ !re is a delight or uneas9ess /ill att5d+ m]it or dem]it ( e k9d1 ?is is all t is requisite = my purpose4 ,b ,i g f>!r1 & obs]ve1 t ?is moral hypo!sis & my pres5t sy/em n only agree toge!r1 b also t1 all[+ ! =m] to be j1 'tis an absolute & inv9cible pro( ( ! latt]4 ,= if all morality be f\nd$ on ! pa9 or pleasure :i* arises f ! prospect ( any loss or advantage t may result f our own *>act]s1 or f ^? ( o!rs1 all ! effects ( morality mu/ be d]iv$ f ! same pa9 or pleasure1 &1 among ! re/1 ! passions ( pride & humility4 ,! v ess5ce ( virtue1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 is to produce pleasure1 & t ( vice to give pa94 ,! virtue & vice mu/ be "p ( our "*1 9 ord] to excite pride or humility4 ,:at f>!r pro( c we desire = ! d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas8 ,! same unque/ionable argum5t may be d]iv$ f ! op9ion ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t morality is some?+ real1 ess5tial1 & f\nd$ on nature4 ,! mo/ probable hypo!sis1 :i* has be5 advanc$ to expla9 ! di/9ction betwixt vice & virtue1 & ! orig9 ( moral rights & obligations1 is1 t f a prim>y con/itution ( nature1 c]ta9 *>act]s & passions1 by ! v view & contemplation1 produce a pa91 & o!rs 9 l mann] excite a pleasure4 ,! uneas9ess & satisfaction are n only insep>able f vice & virtue1 b con/itute _! v nature & ess5ce4 ,to approve ( a "* is to feel an orig9al delight ^u its appe>ance4 ,to disapprove ( x is to be s5sible ( an uneas9ess4 ,! pa9 & pleasure !re=e be+ ! prim>y causes ( vice & virtue1 mu/ also be ! causes ( all _! effects1 & consequ5tly ( pride & humility1 :i* are ! unavoidable att5dants ( t di/9ction4 ,b1 suppos+ ?is hypo!sis ( moral philosophy %\ld be all[$ to be false1 'tis /ill evid5t t pa9 & pleasure1 if n ! causes ( vice & virtue1 are at lea/ insep>able f !m4 ,a g5]\s & noble "* af=ds a satisfaction ev5 9 ! survey2 & :5 pres5t$ to u1 ?\gh only 9 a poem or fable1 nev] fails to *>m & delight u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 cruelty & trea*]y displease f _! v nature2 nor is x possible ev] to reconcile u to ^! qualities1 ei!r 9 ourselves or o!rs4 ,?us1 "o hypo!sis ( morality is an und5iable pro( ( ! =ego+ sy/em1 & ! o!r at wor/ agrees ) x4 ,b pride & humility arise n f ^! qualities alone ( ! m9d1 :i*1 accord+ to ! vulg> sy/ems ( e?icks1 h be5 compreh5d$ z p>ts ( moral duty1 b f any o!r t has a connexion ) pleasure & uneas9ess4 ,no?+ flatt]s our vanity m ?an ! tal5t ( pleas+ by our wit1 good hum\r1 or any o!r accompli%m5t2 & no?+ gives u a m s5sible mortification ?an a disappo9tm5t 9 any attempt ( t nature4 ,no "o has ev] be5 able to tell :at wit is1 & to %[ :y su* a sy/em ( ?\ght mu/ be receiv$ "u t d5om9ation1 & su* ano!r reject$4 ',tis only by ta/e we c decide conc]n+ x1 nor are we possess$ ( any o!r /&>d1 ^u :i* we c =m a judgm5t ( ?is k9d4 ,n[1 :at is ?is ta/e1 f :i* true & false wit 9 a mann] receive _! be+1 & )\t :i* no ?\ght c h a title to ei!r ( ^! d5om9ations8 ',tis pla9ly no?+ b a s5sation ( pleasure f true wit1 & ( uneas9ess f false1 )\t our be+ able to tell ! reasons ( t pleasure or uneas9ess4 ,! p[] ( be/[+ ^! opposite s5sations is1 !re=e1 ! v ess5ce ( true & false wit1 & consequ5tly ! cause ( t pride or humility :i* arises f !m4 ,!re may p]haps be "s1 :o1 be+ accu/om$ to ! /yle ( ! s*ools & pulpit1 & hav+ nev] consid]$ human nature 9 any o!r light1 ?an t 9 :i* !y place x1 may "h be surpris$ to he> me talk ( virtue z excit+ pride1 :i* !y look ^u z a vice2 & ( vice z produc+ humility1 :i* !y h be5 taught to consid] z a virtue4 ,b n to dispute ab\t words1 ,i obs]ve1 t by pride ,i und]/& t agreeable impression1 :i* arises 9 ! m9d1 :5 ! view ei!r ( our virtue1 beauty1 ri*es or p[]1 makes u satisfi$ ) ourselves2 & t by humility ,i mean ! opposite impression4 ',tis evid5t ! =m] impression is n always vici\s1 nor ! latt] virtu\s4 ,! mo/ rigid morality all[s u to receive a pleasure f reflect+ on a g5]\s action2 & 'tis by none e/eem$ a virtue to feel any fruitless remorses ^u ! ?\ghts ( pa/ villany & bas5ess4 ,let u1 !re=e1 exam9e ^! impressions1 consid]$ 9 !mselves2 & inquire into _! causes1 :e!r plac$ on ! m9d or body1 )\t tr\bl+ ourselves at pres5t ) t m]it or blame1 :i* may att5d !m4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,( ,,beauty ,,& ,,de=mity4 ,:e!r we consid] ! body z a "p ( ourselves1 or ass5t to ^? philosoph]s1 :o reg>d x z some?+ ext]nal1 x mu/ /ill be all[$ to be ne> en\gh connect$ ) u to =m "o ( ^! d\ble relations1 :i* ,i h ass]t$ to be necess>y to ! causes ( pride & humility4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 we c f9d ! o!r relation ( impressions to jo9 to ?is ( ideas1 we may expect ) assurance ei!r ( ^! passions1 accord+ z ! impression is pleasant or uneasy4 ,b beauty ( all k9ds gives u a peculi> delight & satisfaction2 z de=mity produces pa91 ^u :atev] subject x may be plac$1 & :e!r survey$ 9 an animate or inanimate object4 ,if ! beauty or de=mity1 !re=e1 be plac$ ^u our own bodies1 ?is pleasure or uneas9ess mu/ be conv]t$ into pride or humility1 z hav+ 9 ?is case all ! circum/ances requisite to produce a p]fect transition ( impressions & ideas4 ,^! opposite s5sations are relat$ to ! opposite passions4 ,! beauty or de=mity is closely relat$ to self1 ! object ( bo? ^! passions4 ,no wond]1 !n1 our own beauty becomes an object ( pride1 & de=mity ( humility4 ,b ?is effect ( p]sonal & bodily qualities is n only a pro( ( ! pres5t sy/em1 by %[+ t ! passions arise n 9 ?is case )\t all ! circum/ances ,i h requir$1 b may be employ$ z a /rong] & m conv9c+ argum5t4 ,if we consid] all ! hypo!ses :i* h be5 =m$ ei!r by philosophy or common reason1 to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwixt beauty & de=mity1 we %all f9d t all ( !m resolve into ?is1 t beauty is su* an ord] & con/ruction ( p>ts1 z1 ei!r by ! prim>y con/itution ( our nature1 by cu/om1 or by caprice1 is fitt$ to give a pleasure & satisfaction to ! s\l4 ,?is is ! di/+ui%+ "* ( beauty1 & =ms all ! diff]5ce betwixt x & de=mity1 ^: natural t5d5cy is to produce uneas9ess4 ,pleasure & pa91 !re=e1 are n only necess>y att5dants ( beauty & de=mity1 b con/itute _! v ess5ce4 ,&1 inde$1 if we consid] t a great "p ( ! beauty :i* we admire ei!r 9 animals or 9 o!r objects is d]iv$ f ! idea ( conv5i5ce & utility1 we %all make no scruple to ass5t to ?is op9ion4 ,t %ape :i* produces /r5g? is beautiful 9 "o animal2 & t :i* is a sign ( agility1 9 ano!r4 ,! ord] & conv5i5ce ( a palace are no less ess5tial to its beauty ?an its m]e figure & appe>ance4 ,9 l mann] ! rules ( ar*itecture require1 t ! top ( a pill> %\ld be m sl5d] ?an its base1 & t because su* a figure conveys to u ! idea ( security1 :i* is pleasant2 :]eas ! contr>y =m gives u ! appreh5sion ( dang]1 :i* is uneasy4 ,f innum]able in/ances ( ?is k9d1 z well z f consid]+ t beauty1 l wit1 _c be def9$1 b is disc]n$ only by a ta/e or s5sation1 we may conclude t beauty is no?+ b a =m1 :i* produces pleasure1 z de=mity is a /ructure ( p>ts :i* conveys pa92 & s9ce ! p[] ( produc+ pa9 & pleasure make 9 ?is mann] ! ess5ce ( beauty & de=mity1 all ! effects ( ^! qualities mu/ be d]iv$ f ! s5sation2 & among ! re/ pride & humility1 :i* ( all _! effects are ! mo/ common & rem>kable4 ,?is argum5t ,i e/eem j & decisive2 b 9 ord] to give great] au?ority to ! pres5t reason+1 let u suppose x false = a mom5t1 & see :at w foll[4 ',tis c]ta91 !n1 t if ! p[] ( produc+ pleasure & pa9 =ms n ! ess5ce ( beauty & de=mity1 ! s5sations are at lea/ insep>able f ! qualities1 & 'tis ev5 difficult to consid] !m ap>t4 ,n[1 !re is no?+ common to natural & moral beauty 7bo? ( :i* are ! causes ( pride71 b ?is p[] ( produc+ pleasure2 & z a common effect always supposes a common cause1 'tis pla9 t pleasure mu/ 9 bo? cases be ! real & influ5c+ cause ( ! passion4 ,aga91 !re is no?+ orig9ally diff]5t betwixt ! beauty ( our bodies & ! beauty ( ext]nal & =eign objects1 b t ! "o has a ne> relation to ourselves1 :i* is wait+ 9 ! o!r4 ,?is orig9al diff]5ce1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! cause ( all _! o!r diff]5ces1 &1 among ! re/1 ( _! diff]5t influ5ce ^u ! passion ( pride1 :i* is excit$ by ! beauty ( our p]son1 b is n affect$ 9 ! lea/ by t ( =eign & ext]nal objects4 ,plac+ !n ^! two conclusions toge!r1 we f9d !y compose ! prec$+ sy/em betwixt !m1 viz4 t pleasure1 z a relat$ or resembl+ impression1 :5 plac$ on a relat$ object1 by a natural transition produces pride1 & its contr>y1 humility4 ,?is sy/em1 !n1 seems already suffici5tly confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 ?\gh we h n yet exhau/$ all our argum5ts4 ',tis n ! beauty ( ! body alone t produces pride1 b also its /r5g? & =ce4 ,/r5g? is a k9d ( p[]1 & !re=e ! desire to excel 9 /r5g? is to be consid]$ z an inf]ior species ( ambition4 ,= ?is reason ! pres5t ph5om5on w be suffici5tly acc\nt$ = 9 expla9+ t passion4 ,conc]n+ all o!r bodily accompli%m5ts1 we may obs]ve1 9 g5]al1 t :atev] 9 ourselves is ei!r useful1 beautiful or surpris+1 is an object ( pride1 & its contr>y ( humility4 ,n[1 'tis obvi\s t e ?+ useful1 beautiful or surpris+1 agrees 9 produc+ a sep>ate pleasure1 & agrees 9 no?+ else4 ,! pleasure1 !re=e1 ) relation to self1 mu/ be ! cause ( ! passion4 ,?\gh x %\ld n be que/ion$ :e!r beauty be n some?+ real1 & diff]5t f ! p[] ( produc+ pleasure1 x c nev] be disput$1 t1 z surprise is no?+ b a pleasure aris+ f novelty1 x is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a quality 9 any object1 b m]ely a passion or impression 9 ! s\l4 ,x mu/ !re=e be f t impression t pride by a natural transition arises4 ,& x arises s naturally1 t !re is no?+ 9 u1 or belong+ to u1 :i* produces surprise1 t does n at ! same "t excite t o!r passion4 ,?us1 we are va9 ( ! surpris+ adv5tures we h met )1 ! escapes we h made1 & dang]s we h be5 expos$ to4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( vulg> ly+2 :]e m51 )\t any int]e/1 & m]ely out ( vanity1 heap up a numb] ( extraord9>y ev5ts1 :i* are ei!r ! fictions ( _! bra91 or1 if true1 h at lea/ no connexion ) !mselves4 ,_! fruitful inv5tion supplies !m ) a v>iety ( adv5tures2 & :]e t tal5t is want+1 !y appropriate su* z belong to o!rs1 9 ord] to satisfy _! vanity4 ,9 ?is ph5om5on are conta9$ two curi\s exp]im5ts1 :i*1 if we comp>e !m toge!r1 accord+ to ! kn[n rules1 by :i* we judge ( cause & effect 9 anatomy1 natural philosophy1 & o!r sci5ces1 w be an und5iable argum5t = t influ5ce ( ! d\ble relations above-m5tion$4 ,by "o ( ^! exp]im5ts we f9d1 t an object produces pride m]ely by ! int]position ( pleasure2 & t because ! quality by :i* x produces pride1 is 9 reality no?+ b ! p[] ( produc+ pleasure4 ,by ! o!r exp]im5t we f9d1 t ! pleasure produces ! pride by a transition along relat$ ideas2 because :5 we cut (f t relation1 ! passion is imm$iately de/roy$4 ,a surpris+ adv5ture1 9 :i* we h be5 ourselves engag$1 is relat$ to u1 & by t means produces pride3 b ! adv5tures ( o!rs1 ?\gh !y may cause pleasure1 yet1 = want ( ?is relation ( ideas1 nev] excite t passion4 ,:at f>!r pro( c be desir$ = ! pres5t sy/em8 ,!re is only "o objection to ?is sy/em ) reg>d to our body2 :i* is1 t ?\gh no?+ be m agreeable ?an heal?1 & m pa9ful ?an sickness1 yet commonly m5 are nei!r pr\d ( ! "o1 nor mortifi$ ) ! o!r4 ,?is w easily be acc\nt$ =1 if we consid] ! second & f\r? limitations1 propos$ to our g5]al sy/em4 ,x 0 obs]v$1 t no object ev] produces pride or humility1 if x has n some?+ peculi> to ourself2 z also1 t e cause ( t passion mu/ be 9 "s measure con/ant1 & hold "s proportion to ! duration ( ourself1 :i* is its object4 ,n[1 z heal? & sickness v>y incessantly to all m51 & !re is none :o is solely or c]ta9ly fix$ 9 ei!r1 ^! accid5tal bless+s & calamities are 9 a mann] sep>at$ f u1 & are nev] consid]$ z connect$ ) our be+ & exi/5ce4 ,& t ?is acc\nt is j1 appe>s h5ce1 t :]ev] a malady ( any k9d is s root$ 9 our con/itution t we no long] ent]ta9 any hopes ( recov]y1 f t mom5t x becomes an object ( humility2 z is evid5t 9 old m51 :om no?+ mortifies m ?an ! consid]ation ( _! age & infirmities4 ,!y endeav\r1 z long z possible1 to conceal _! bl9dness & deafness1 _! rheums & g\t2 nor d !y ev] confess !m )\t reluctance & uneas9ess4 ,& ?\gh "y m5 are n a%am$ ( e heada*e or cold !y fall into1 yet no topic is s prop] to mortify human pride1 & make u ent]ta9 a mean op9ion ( our nature1 ?an ?is1 t we are e mom5t ( our lives subject to su* infirmities4 ,?is suffici5tly proves t bodily pa9 & sickness are 9 !mselves prop] causes ( humility2 ?\gh ! cu/om ( e/imat+ e ?+ by comp>ison m ?an by its intr9sic wor? & value1 makes u ov]look ^! calamities1 :i* we f9d to be incid5t to e "o1 & causes u to =m an idea ( our m]it & "* indep5d5t ( !m4 ,we are a%am$ ( su* maladies z affect o!rs1 & are ei!r dang]\s or disagreeable to !m4 ,( ! epilepsy1 because x gives a horror to e "o pres5t2 ( ! it*1 because x is infecti\s2 ( ! k+'s evil1 because x commonly goes to po/]ity4 ,m5 always consid] ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs 9 _! judgm5t ( !mselves4 ,?is has evid5tly appe>$ 9 "s ( ! =ego+ reason+s1 & w appe> /ill m evid5tly1 & be m fully expla9$ aft]w>ds4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages4 ,b ?\gh pride & humility h ! qualities ( our m9d & body1 t is self1 = _! natural & m imm$iate causes1 we f9d by exp]i5ce t !re are _m o!r objects :i* produce ^! affections1 & t ! prim>y "o is1 9 "s measure1 obscur$ & lo/ by ! multiplicity ( =eign & extr9sic4 ,we r\nd a vanity ^u h\ses1 g>d5s1 equipages1 z well z ^u p]sonal m]it & accompli%m5ts2 & ?\gh ^! ext]nal advantages be 9 !mselves widely di/ant f ?\ght or a p]son1 yet !y consid]ably influ5ce ev5 a passion1 :i* is direct$ to t z its ultimate object4 ,?is happ5s :5 ext]nal objects acquire any p>ticul> relation to ourselves1 & are associat$ or connect$ ) u4 ,a beautiful fi% 9 ! ocean1 an animal 9 a des>t1 & inde$ any ?+ t nei!r belongs1 nor is relat$ to u1 has no mann] ( influ5ce on our vanity1 :atev] extraord9>y qualities x may be end[$ )1 & :atev] degree ( surprise & admiration x may naturally occasion4 ,x mu/ be "s way associat$ ) u 9 ord] to t\* our pride4 ,its idea mu/ hang 9 a mann] ^u t ( ourselves2 & ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r mu/ be easy & natural4 ,b "h 'tis rem>kable1 t ?\gh ! relation ( resemblance op]ates ^u ! m9d 9 ! same mann] z contiguity & causation1 9 convey+ u f "o idea to ano!r1 yet 'tis seldom a f\ndation ei!r ( pride or ( humility4 ,if we resemble a p]son 9 any ( ! valuable p>ts ( 8 "*1 we mu/1 9 "s degree1 possess ! quality 9 :i* we resemble him2 & ?is quality we always *oose to survey directly 9 ourselves1 r ?an by reflection 9 ano!r p]son1 :5 we w\ld f\nd ^u x any degree ( vanity4 ,s t ?\gh a lik5ess may occasionally produce t passion1 by sugge/+ a m advantage\s idea ( ourselves1 'tis !re ! view1 fixes at la/1 & ! passion f9ds its ultimate & f9al cause4 ,!re are in/ances1 inde$1 :]e9 m5 %[ a vanity 9 resembl+ a great man 9 8 c\nt5ance1 %ape1 air1 or o!r m9ute circum/ances1 t contribute n 9 any degree to 8 reputation2 b x mu/ be confess$1 t ?is ext5ds n v f>1 nor is ( any consid]able mom5t 9 ^! affections4 ,= ?is ,i assign ! foll[+ reason4 ,we c nev] h a vanity ( resembl+ 9 trifles any p]son1 unless he be possess$ ( v %9+ qualities1 :i* give u a respect & v5]ation = him4 ,^! qualities1 !n1 are1 prop]ly speak+1 ! causes ( our vanity1 by means ( _! relation to ourselves4 ,n[1 aft] :at mann] are !y relat$ to ourselves8 ,!y are p>ts ( ! p]son we value1 &1 consequ5tly1 connect$ ) ^! trifles2 :i* are also suppos$ to be p>ts ( him4 ,^! trifles are connect$ ) ! resembl+ qualities 9 u2 & ^! qualities 9 u1 be+ p>ts1 are connect$ ) ! :ole2 &1 by t means1 =m a *a9 ( sev]al l9ks betwixt ourselves & ! %9+ qualities ( ! p]son we resemble4 ,b1 besides t ?is multitude ( relations mu/ weak5 ! connexion1 'tis evid5t ! m9d1 9 pass+ f ! %9+ qualities to ! trivial ones1 mu/1 by t contra/1 ! bett] p]ceive ! m9ut5ess ( ! latt]1 & be1 9 "s measure1 a%am$ ( ! comp>ison & resemblance4 ,! relation1 !re=e1 ( contiguity1 or t ( causation1 betwixt ! cause & object ( pride & humility1 is alone requisite to give rise to ^! passions2 & ^! relations are no?+ else b qualities1 by :i* ! imag9ation is convey$ f "o idea to ano!r4 ,n[1 let u consid] :at effect ^! c possibly h ^u ! m9d1 & by :at means !y become s requisite to ! production ( ! passions4 ',tis evid5t1 t ! association ( ideas op]ates 9 s sil5t & imp]ceptible a mann]1 t we are sc>ce s5sible ( x1 & discov] x m by its effects ?an by any imm$iate feel+ or p]ception4 ,x produces no emotion1 & gives rise to no new impression ( any k9d1 b only modifies ^? ideas ( :i* ! m9d 0 =m]ly possess$1 & :i* x c\ld recal ^u occasion4 ,f ?is reason+1 z well z f und\bt$ exp]i5ce1 we may conclude1 t an association ( ideas1 h[ev] necess>y1 is n alone suffici5t to give rise to any passion4 ',tis evid5t1 !n1 t :5 ! m9d feels ! passion1 ei!r ( pride or humility1 ^u ! appe>ance ( a relat$ object1 !re is1 beside ! relation or transition ( ?\ght1 an emotion1 or orig9al impression1 produc$ by "s o!r pr9ciple4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ! emotion fir/ produc$ be ! passion itself1 or "s o!r impression relat$ to x4 ,?is "q we _c be long 9 decid+4 ,=1 besides all ! o!r argum5ts ) :i* ?is subject ab\nds1 x mu/ evid5tly appe>1 t ! relation ( ideas1 :i* exp]i5ce %[s to be s requisite a circum/ance to ! production ( ! passion1 w\ld be entirely sup]flu\s1 7 x n to second a relation ( affections1 & facilitate ! transition f "o impression to ano!r4 ,if nature produc$ imm$iately ! passion ( pride or humility1 x w\ld be complet$ 9 itself1 & w\ld require no f>!r addition or increase f any o!r affection4 ,b1 suppos+ ! fir/ emotion to be only relat$ to pride or humility1 'tis easily conceiv$ to :at purpose ! relation ( objects may s]ve1 & h[ ! two diff]5t associations ( impressions & ideas1 by unit+ _! =ces1 may assi/ ea* o!r's op]ation4 ,?is is n only easily conceiv$1 b1 ,i w v5ture to affirm1 'tis ! only mann] 9 :i* we c conceive ?is subject4 ,an easy transition ( ideas1 :i*1 ( itself1 causes no emotion1 c nev] be necess>y1 or ev5 useful to ! passions1 b by =w>d+ ! transition betwixt "s relat$ impressions4 ,n to m5tion t ! same object causes a great] or small] degree ( pride1 n only 9 proportion to ! increase or decrease ( its qualities1 b also to ! di/ance or ne>ness ( ! relation1 :i* is a cle> argum5t = ! transition ( affections along ! relation ( ideas1 s9ce e *ange 9 ! relation produces a proportionable *ange 9 ! passion4 ,?us "o "p ( ! prec$+ sy/em1 conc]n+ ! relations ( ideas1 is a suffici5t pro( ( ! o!r1 conc]n+ t ( impressions2 & is itself s evid5tly f\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 t 'tw\ld be lo/ "t to endeav\r f>!r to prove x4 ,?is w appe> /ill m evid5tly 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,m5 are va9 ( ! beauty ( _! c\ntry1 ( _! c\nty1 ( _! p>i%4 ,"h ! idea ( beauty pla9ly produces a pleasure4 ,?is pleasure is relat$ to pride4 ,! object or cause ( ?is pleasure is1 by ! supposition1 relat$ to self1 or ! object ( pride4 ,by ?is d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas1 a transition is made f ! "o impression to ! o!r4 ,m5 are also va9 ( ! temp]ature ( ! climate 9 :i* !y 7 born2 ( ! f]tility ( _! native soil2 ( ! goodness ( ! w9es1 fruits1 or victuals1 produc$ by x2 ( ! s(tness or =ce ( _! language1 ) o!r p>ticul>s ( t k9d4 ,^! objects h pla9ly a ref]5ce to ! pleasures ( ! s5ses1 & are orig9ally consid]$ z agreeable to ! feel+1 ta/e1 or he>+4 ,h[ is x possible !y c\ld ev] become objects ( pride1 except by means ( t transition above expla9$8 ,!re are "s t discov] a vanity ( an opposite k9d1 & affect to depreciate _! own c\ntry1 9 comp>ison ( ^? to :i* !y h travell$4 ,^! p]sons f9d1 :5 !y are at home1 & surr\nd$ ) _! c\ntrym51 t ! /rong relation betwixt !m & _! own nation is %>$ ) s _m1 t 'tis 9 a mann] lo/ to !m2 :]eas _! di/ant relation to a =eign c\ntry1 :i* is =m$ by _! hav+ se5 x & liv$ 9 x1 is augm5t$ by _! consid]+ h[ few !re are :o h done ! same4 ,= ?is reason !y always admire ! beauty1 utility1 & r>ity ( :at is abroad1 above :at is at home4 ,s9ce we c be va9 ( a c\ntry1 climate1 or any inanimate object :i* be>s a relation to u1 'tis no wond] we are va9 ( ! qualities ( ^? :o are connect$ ) u by blood or fri5d%ip4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t ! v same qualities1 :i* 9 ourselves produce pride1 produce also1 9 a less] degree1 ! same affection :5 discov]$ 9 p]sons relat$ to u4 ,! beauty1 address1 m]it1 cr$it1 & hon\rs ( _! k9dr$1 are c>efully display$ by ! pr\d1 z "s ( _! mo/ consid]able s\rces ( _! vanity4 ,z we are pr\d ( ri*es 9 ourselves1 s1 to satisfy our vanity1 we desire t e "o1 :o has any connexion ) u1 %\ld likewise be possess$ ( !m1 & are a%am$ ( any "o t is mean or poor among our fri5ds & relations4 ,= ?is reason we remove ! poor z f> f u z possible2 & z we _c prev5t pov]ty 9 "s di/ant collat]als1 & our =efa!rs are tak5 to be our ne>e/ relations1 ^u ?is acc\nt e "o affects to be ( a good family1 & to be desc5d$ f a long succession ( ri* & hon\rable ance/ors4 ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$1 t ^? :o boa/ ( ! antiquity ( _! families1 are glad :5 !y c jo9 ?is circum/ance1 t _! ance/ors = _m g5]ations h be5 un9t]rupt$ proprietors ( ! same portion ( l&1 & t _! family has nev] *ang$ its possessions1 or be5 transplant$ into any o!r c\nty or prov9ce4 ,i h also obs]v$1 t 'tis an additional subject ( vanity1 :5 !y c boa/ t ^! possessions h be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh a desc5t compos$ entirely ( males1 & t ! hon\rs & =tune h nev] pass$ ?r\gh any female4 ,let u endeav\r to expla9 ^! ph5om5a by ! =ego+ sy/em4 ',tis evid5t t1 :5 any "o boa/s ( ! antiquity ( 8 family1 ! subjects ( 8 vanity are n m]ely ! ext5t ( "t & numb] ( ance/ors1 b also _! ri*es & cr$it1 :i* are suppos$ to reflect a lu/re on himself on acc\nt ( 8 relation to !m4 ,he fir/ consid]s ^! objects2 is affect$ by !m 9 an agreeable mann]2 & !n return+ back to himself1 ?r\gh ! relation ( p>5t & *ild1 is elevat$ ) ! passion ( pride1 by means ( ! d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! passion dep5ds on ^! relations1 :atev] /r5g!ns any ( ! relations mu/ also increase ! passion1 & :atev] weak5s ! relations mu/ dim9i% ! passion4 ,n[ 'tis c]ta9 ! id5tity ( ! possession /r5g!ns ! relation ( ideas aris+ f blood & k9dr$1 & conveys ! fancy ) great] facility f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 f ! remote/ ance/ors to _! po/]ity1 :o are bo? _! heirs & _! desc5dants4 ,by ?is facility ! impression is transmitt$ m entire1 & excites a great] degree ( pride & vanity4 ,! case is ! same ) ! transmission ( ! hon\rs & =tune ?r\gh a succession ( males )\t _! pass+ ?r\gh any female4 ',tis a quality ( human nature1 :i* we %all consid] aft]w>ds1#c t ! imag9ation naturally turns to :atev] is important & consid]able2 & :]e two objects are pres5t$ to x1 a small & a great "o1 usually leaves ! =m]1 & dwells entirely ^u ! latt]4 ,z 9 ! society ( m>riage1 ! male sex has ! advantage above ! female1 ! husb& fir/ engages our att5tion2 & :e!r we consid] him directly1 or rea* him by pass+ ?r\gh relat$ objects1 ! ?\ght bo? re/s ^u him ) great] satisfaction1 & arrives at him ) great] facility ?an 8 consort4 ',tis easy to see1 t ?is prop]ty mu/ /r5g!n ! *ild's relation to ! fa!r1 & weak5 t to ! "m4 ,= z all relations are no?+ b a prop5sity to pass f "o idea to ano!r1 :atev] /r5g!ns ! prop5sity /r5g!ns ! relation2 & z we h a /rong] prop5sity to pass f ! idea ( ! *ildr5 to t ( ! fa!r1 ?an f ! same idea to t ( ! "m1 we ought to reg>d ! =m] relation z ! clos] & m consid]able4 ,?is is ! reason :y *ildr5 commonly be> _! fa!r's "n1 & are e/eem$ to be ( nobl] or bas] bir?1 accord+ to 8 family4 ,& ?\gh ! "m %\ld be possess$ ( a sup]ior _s & g5ius to ! fa!r1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! g5]al rule prevails1 not)/&+ ! exception1 accord+ to ! doctr9e above expla9$4 ,nay1 ev5 :5 a sup]iority ( any k9d is s great1 or :5 any o!r reasons h su* an effect1 z to make ! *ildr5 r repres5t ! "m's family ?an ! fa!r's1 ! g5]al rule /ill reta9s su* an efficacy1 t x weak5s ! relation1 & makes a k9d ( break 9 ! l9e ( ance/ors4 ,! imag9ation runs n along !m ) facility1 nor is able to transf] ! hon\r & cr$it ( ! ance/ors to _! po/]ity ( ! same "n & family s readily1 z :5 ! transition is con=mable to ! g5]al rules1 & passes f fa!r to son1 or f bro!r to bro!r4 #c ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #b4 ,,section ,x4 ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,ri*es4 ,b ! relation :i* is e/eem$ ! close/1 & :i*1 ( all o!rs1 produces mo/ commonly ! passion ( pride1 is t ( prop]ty4 ,?is relation 'twill be impossible = me fully to expla9 be=e ,i come to treat ( ju/ice & ! o!r moral virtues4 ',tis suffici5t to obs]ve on ?is occasion1 t prop]ty may be def9$1 su* a relation betwixt a p]son & an object z p]mits him1 b =bids any o!r1 ! free use & possession ( x1 )\t violat+ ! laws ( ju/ice & moral equity4 ,if ju/ice !re=e be a virtue1 :i* has a natural & orig9al influ5ce on ! human m9d1 prop]ty may be look$ ^u z a p>ticul> species ( causation2 :e!r we consid] ! lib]ty x gives ! proprietor to op]ate z he pleases ^u ! object1 or ! advantages :i* he reaps f x4 ',tis ! same case1 if ju/ice1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( c]ta9 philosoph]s1 %\ld be e/eem$ an artificial & n a natural virtue4 ,= !n hon\r1 & cu/om1 & civil laws supply ! place ( natural consci5ce1 & produce 9 "s degree1 ! same effects4 ,?is1 9 ! mean "t1 is c]ta91 t ! m5tion ( ! prop]ty naturally c>ries our ?\ght to ! proprietor1 & ( ! proprietor to ! prop]ty2 :i* be+ a pro( ( a p]fect relation ( ideas1 is all t is requisite to our pres5t purpose4 ,a relation ( ideas1 jo9$ to t ( impressions1 always produces a transition ( affections2 & !re=e1 :5ev] any pleasure or pa9 arises f an object1 connect$ ) u by prop]ty1 we may be c]ta91 t ei!r pride or humility mu/ arise f ?is conjunction ( relations1 if ! =ego+ sy/em be solid & satisfactory4 ,& :e!r x be s or n1 we may soon satisfy ourselves by ! mo/ cursory view ( human life4 ,e ?+ belong+ to a va9 man is ! be/ t is any :]e to be f\nd4 ,8 h\ses1 equipage1 furniture1 clo!s1 horses1 h\nds1 excel all o!rs 9 8 conceit2 & 'tis easy to obs]ve1 t f ! lea/ advantage 9 any ( ^!1 he draws a new subject ( pride & vanity4 ,8 w9e1 if y'll believe him1 has a f9] flav\r ?an any o!r2 8 cook]y is m exquisite2 8 table m ord]ly2 8 s]vant m exp]t2 ! air 9 :i* he lives m heal?ful2 ! soil he cultivates m f]tile2 8 fruits rip5 e>li]1 & to great] p]fection2 su* a ?+ is rem>kable = its novelty2 su* ano!r = its antiquity3 ?is is ! workman%ip ( a fam\s arti/1 t belong$ to su* a pr9ce or great man2 all objects1 9 a ^w1 t are useful1 beautiful1 or surpris+1 or are relat$ to su*1 may1 by means ( prop]ty1 give rise to ?is passion4 ,^! agree 9 giv+ pleasure1 & agree 9 no?+ else4 ,?is alone is common to !m1 & !re=e mu/ be ! quality t produces ! passion1 :i* is _! common effect4 ,z e new in/ance is a new argum5t1 & z ! in/ances are "h )\t numb]1 ,i may v5ture to affirm1 t sc>ce any sy/em 0 ev] s fully prov$ by exp]i5ce1 z t :i* ,i h "h advanc$4 ,if ! prop]ty ( any ?+ t gives pleasure ei!r by its utility1 beauty1 or novelty1 produces also pride by a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas2 we ne$ n be surpris$ t ! p[] ( acquir+ ?is prop]ty %\ld h ! same effect4 ,n[1 ri*es are to be consid]$ z ! p[] ( acquir+ ! prop]ty ( :at pleases2 & 'tis only 9 ?is view !y h any influ5ce on ! passions4 ,pap] w1 on _m occasions1 be consid]$ z ri*es1 & t because x may convey ! p[] ( acquir+ money2 & money is n ri*es1 z x is a metal end[$ ) c]ta9 qualities ( solidity1 weight1 & fusibility2 b only z x has a relation to ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life4 ,tak+ !n ?is = grant$1 :i* is 9 itself s evid5t1 we may draw f x "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts ,i h yet employ$ to prove ! influ5ce ( ! d\ble relations on pride & humility4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 9 treat+ ( ! und]/&+1 t ! di/9ction :i* we sometimes make betwixt a p[] & ! ex]cise ( x1 is entirely frivol\s1 & t nei!r man nor any o!r be+ ought ev] to be ?\ght possess$ ( any ability1 unless x be ex]t$ & put 9 action4 ,b ?\gh ?is be /rictly true 9 a j & philosophical way ( ?9k+1 'tis c]ta9 x is n ! philosophy ( our passions1 b t _m ?+s op]ate ^u !m by means ( ! idea & supposition ( p[]1 indep5d5t ( its actual ex]cise4 ,we are pleas$ :5 we acquire an ability ( procur+ pleasure1 & are displeas$ :5 ano!r acquires a p[] ( giv+ pa94 ,?is is evid5t f exp]i5ce2 b 9 ord] to give a j explication ( ! matt]1 & acc\nt = ?is satisfaction & uneas9ess1 we mu/ weigh ! foll[+ reflections4 ',tis evid5t ! error ( di/+ui%+ p[] f its ex]cise proce$s n entirely f ! s*ola/ic doctr9e ( free w1 :i*1 inde$1 ent]s v little into common life1 & has b small influ5ce on our vulg> & popul> ways ( ?9k+4 ,accord+ to t doctr9e1 motives deprive u n ( free-w1 nor take away our p[] ( p]=m+ or =be>+ any action4 ,b accord+ to common notions a man has no p[]1 :]e v consid]able motives lie betwixt him & ! satisfaction ( 8 desires1 & det]m9e him to =be> :at he wi%es to p]=m4 ,i d n ?9k ,i h fall5 into my enemy's p[] :5 ,i see him pass me 9 ! /reets ) a sword by 8 side1 :ile ,i am1 unprovid$ ( any weapon4 ,i "k t ! fe> ( ! civil magi/rate is z /rong a re/ra9t z any ( iron1 & t ,i am 9 z p]fect safety z if he 7 *a9$ or imprison$4 ,b :5 a p]son acquires su* an au?ority ov] me1 t n only !re is no ext]nal ob/acle to 8 actions1 b also t he may puni% or rew>d me z he pleases )\t any dread ( puni%m5t 9 8 turn1 ,i !n attribute a full p[] to him1 & consid] myself z 8 subject or vassal4 ,n[1 if we comp>e ^! two cases1 t ( a p]son :o has v /rong motives ( int]e/ or safety to =be> any action1 & t ( ano!r :o lies "u no su* obligation1 we %all f9d1 accord+ to ! philosophy expla9$ 9 ! =ego+ book1 t ! only kn[n diff]5ce betwixt !m lies 9 ?is1 t 9 ! =m] case we conclude1 f pa/ exp]i5ce1 t ! p]son nev] w p]=m t action1 & 9 ! latt]1 t he possibly or probably w p]=m x4 ,no?+ is m fluctuat+ & incon/ant on _m occasions ?an ! w ( man2 nor is !re any ?+ b /rong motives :i* c give u an absolute c]ta9ty 9 pron\nc+ conc]n+ any ( 8 future actions4 ,:5 we see a p]son free f ^! motives1 we suppose a possibility ei!r ( 8 act+ or =be>+2 & ?\gh1 9 g5]al1 we may conclude him to be det]m9$ by motives & causes1 yet ?is removes n ! unc]ta9ty ( our judgm5t conc]n+ ^! causes1 nor ! influ5ce ( t unc]ta9ty on ! passions4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we ascribe a p[] ( p]=m+ an action to e "o :o has no v p[]ful motive to =be> x1 & refuse x to su* z h1 x may ju/ly be conclud$1 t p[] has always a ref]5ce to its ex]cise1 ei!r actual or probable1 & t we consid] a p]son z end[$ ) any ability :5 we f9d1 f pa/ exp]i5ce1 t 'tis probable1 or at lea/ possible1 he may ex]t x4 ,& inde$1 z our passions always reg>d ! real exi/5ce ( objects1 & we always judge ( ?is reality f pa/ in/ances1 no?+ c be m likely ( itself1 )\t any f>!r reason+1 ?an t p[] consi/s 9 ! possibility or probability ( any action1 z discov]$ by exp]i5ce & ! practice ( ! _w4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t t1 :]ev] a p]son is 9 su* a situation ) reg>d to me t !re is no v p[]ful motive to det] him f injur+ me1 & consequ5tly 'tis unc]ta9 :e!r he w injure me or n1 ,i mu/ be uneasy 9 su* a situation1 & _c consid] ! possibility or probability ( t injury )\t a s5sible conc]n4 ,! passions are n only affect$ by su* ev5ts z are c]ta9 & infallible1 b also 9 an inf]ior degree by su* z are possible & cont+5t4 ,& ?\gh p]haps ,i nev] really feel any h>m1 & discov] by ! ev5t1 t1 philosophically speak+1 ! p]son nev] _h any p[] ( h>m+ me1 s9ce he did n ex]t any1 ?is prev5ts n my uneas9ess f ! prec$+ unc]ta9ty4 ,! agreeable passions may "h op]ate z well z ! uneasy1 & convey a pleasure :5 ,i p]ceive a good to become ei!r possible or probable by ! possibility or probability ( ano!r's be/[+ x on me1 ^u ! removal ( any /rong motives :i* might =m]ly h h9d]$ him4 ,b we may f>!r obs]ve1 t ?is satisfaction increases1 :5 any good approa*es1 9 su* a mann] t x is 9 "o's own p[] to take or leave x1 & !re nei!r is any physical imp$im5t1 nor any v /rong motive to h9d] our enjoym5t4 ,z all m5 desire pleasure1 no?+ c be m probable ?an its exi/5ce :5 !re is no ext]nal ob/acle to ! produc+ x1 & m5 p]ceive no dang] 9 foll[+ _! incl9ations4 ,9 t case _! imag9ation easily anticipates ! satisfaction1 & conveys ! same joy z if !y 7 p]suad$ ( its real & actual exi/5ce4 ,b ?is acc\nts n suffici5tly = ! satisfaction :i* att5ds ri*es4 ,a mis] receives delight f 8 money2 t is1 f ! p[] x af=ds him ( procur+ all ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life1 ?\gh he kn[s he has enjoy$ 8 ri*es = =ty ye>s )\t ev] enjoy+ !m2 & consequ5tly _c conclude1 by any species ( reason+1 t ! real exi/5ce ( ^! pleasures is ne>]1 ?an if he 7 entirely depriv$ ( all 8 possessions4 ,b ?\gh he _c =m any su* conclusion 9 a way ( reason+ conc]n+ ! ne>] approa* ( ! pleasure1 'tis c]ta9 he imag9es x to approa* ne>]1 :5ev] all ext]nal ob/acles are remov$1 along ) ! m p[]ful motives ( int]e/ & dang]1 :i* oppose x4 ,= f>!r satisfaction on ?is head1 ,i mu/ ref] to my acc\nt ( ! w1#d :]e ,i %all expla9 t false s5sation ( lib]ty1 :i* makes u imag9e we c p]=m any ?+ t is n v dang]\s or de/ructive4 ,:5ev] any o!r p]son is "u no /rong obligations ( int]e/ to =be> any pleasure1 we judge f exp]i5ce1 t ! pleasure w exi/1 & t he w probably obta9 x4 ,b :5 ourselves are 9 t situation1 we judge f an illusion ( ! fancy1 t ! pleasure is /ill clos] & m imm$iate4 ,! w seems to move easily e way1 & ca/s a %ad[ or image ( itself ev5 to t side on :i* x did n settle4 ,by means ( ?is image ! enjoym5t seems to approa* ne>] to u1 & gives u ! same lively satisfaction z if x 7 p]fectly c]ta9 & unavoidable4 ',twill n[ be easy to draw ?is :ole reason+ to a po9t1 & to prove1 t :5 ri*es produce any pride or vanity 9 _! possessors1 z !y nev] fail to d1 'tis only by means ( a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,! v ess5ce ( ri*es consi/s 9 ! p[] ( procur+ ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life4 ,! v ess5ce ( ?is p[] consi/s 9 ! probability ( its ex]cise1 & 9 its caus+ u to anticipate1 by a true or false reason+1 ! real exi/5ce ( ! pleasure4 ,?is anticipation ( pleasure is1 9 itself1 a v consid]able pleasure2 & z its cause is "s possession or prop]ty :i* we enjoy1 & :i* is !reby relat$ to u1 we "h cle>ly see all ! p>ts ( ! =ego+ sy/em mo/ exactly & di/9ctly drawn out be=e u4 ,= ! same reason1 t ri*es cause pleasure & pride1 & pov]ty excites uneas9ess & humility1 p[] mu/ produce ! =m] emotions1 & slav]y ! latt]4 ,p[] or an au?ority ov] o!rs makes u capable ( satisfy+ all our desires2 z slav]y1 by subject+ u to ! w ( o!rs1 exposes u to a ?\s& wants & mortifications4 ',tis "h wor? obs]v+1 t ! vanity ( p[]1 or %ame ( slav]y1 are mu* augm5t$ by ! consid]ation ( ! p]sons ov] :om we ex]cise our au?ority1 or :o ex]cise x ov] u4 ,=1 suppos+ x possible to frame /atues ( su* an admirable me*anism1 t !y c\ld move & act 9 ob$i5ce to ! w2 'tis evid5t ! possession ( !m w\ld give pleasure & pride1 b n to su* a degree z ! same au?ority1 :5 ex]t$ ov] s5sible & rational creatures1 ^: condition1 be+ comp>$ to our own1 makes x seem m agreeable & hon\rable4 ,comp>ison is 9 e case a sure me?od ( augm5t+ our e/eem ( any ?+4 ,a ri* man feels ! felicity ( 8 condition bett] by oppos+ x to t ( a begg>4 ,b !re is a peculi> advantage 9 p[]1 by ! contra/1 :i* is1 9 a mann]1 pres5t$ to u betwixt ourselves & ! p]son we comm&4 ,! comp>ison is obvi\s & natural3 ! imag9ation f9ds x 9 ! v subject3 ! passage ( ! ?\ght to its conception is smoo? & easy4 ,& t ?is circum/ance has a consid]able effect 9 augm5t+ its influ5ce1 w appe> aft]w>ds 9 exam9+ ! nature ( malice & envy4 #d ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #b4 ,,section ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,fame4 ,b beside ^! orig9al causes ( pride & humility1 !re is a second>y "o 9 ! op9ions ( o!rs1 :i* has an equal influ5ce on ! affections4 ,our reputation1 our "*1 our "n1 are consid]ations ( va/ weight & importance2 & ev5 ! o!r causes ( pride1 virtue1 beauty & ri*es1 h little influ5ce1 :5 n second$ by ! op9ions & s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on1 'twill be necess>y to take "s compass1 & fir/ expla9 ! nature ( sympa?y4 ,no quality ( human nature is m rem>kable1 bo? 9 itself & 9 its consequ5ces1 ?an t prop5sity we h to sympa?ize ) o!rs1 & to receive by communication _! incl9ations & s5tim5ts1 h[ev] diff]5t f1 or ev5 contr>y to1 our own4 ,?is is n only conspicu\s 9 *ildr51 :o implicitly embrace e op9ion propos$ to !m2 b also 9 m5 ( ! greate/ judgm5t & und]/&+1 :o f9d x v difficult to foll[ _! own reason or incl9ation1 9 opposition to t ( _! fri5ds & daily companions4 ,to ?is pr9ciple we ought to ascribe ! great uni=mity we may obs]ve 9 ! hum\rs & turn ( ?9k+ ( ^? ( ! same nation2 & 'tis mu* m probable1 t ?is resemblance arises f sympa?y1 ?an f any influ5ce ( ! soil & climate1 :i*1 ?\gh !y cont9ue inv>iably ! same1 are n able to pres]ve ! "* ( a nation ! same = a c5tury toge!r4 ,a good-natur$ man f9ds himself 9 an in/ant ( ! same hum\r ) 8 company2 & ev5 ! pr\de/ & mo/ surly take a t9cture f _! c\ntrym5 & acqua9tance4 ,a *e]ful c\nt5ance infuses a s5sible complac5cy & s]5ity into my m9d2 z an angry or sorr[ful "o ?r[s a sudd5 damp ^u me4 ,hatr$1 res5tm5t1 e/eem1 love1 c\rage1 mir? & melan*oly2 all ^! passions ,i feel m f communication1 ?an f my own natural temp] & disposition4 ,s rem>kable a ph5om5on m]its our att5tion1 & mu/ be trac$ up to its fir/ pr9ciples4 ,:5 any affection is infus$ by sympa?y1 x is at fir/ kn[n only by its effects1 & by ^? ext]nal signs 9 ! c\nt5ance & conv]sation1 :i* convey an idea ( x4 ,?is idea is pres5tly conv]t$ into an impression1 & acquires su* a degree ( =ce & vivacity1 z to become ! v passion itself1 & produce an equal emotion z any orig9al affection4 ,h[ev] in/antane\s ?is *ange ( ! idea into an impression may be1 x proce$s f c]ta9 views & reflections1 :i* w n escape ! /rict scrut9y ( a philosoph]1 ?\gh !y may ! p]son himself :o makes !m4 ',tis evid5t t ! idea1 or r impression ( ourselves1 is always intimately pres5t ) u1 & t our consci\sness gives u s lively a conception ( our own p]son1 t 'tis n possible to imag9e t any ?+ c 9 ?is p>ticul> g beyond x4 ,:atev] object1 !re=e1 is relat$ to ourselves1 mu/ be conceiv$ ) a l vivacity ( conception1 accord+ to ! =ego+ pr9ciples2 & ?\gh ?is relation %\ld n be s /rong z t ( causation1 x mu/ /ill h a consid]able influ5ce4 ,resemblance & contiguity are relations n to be neglect$2 especially :51 by an inf]5ce f cause & effect1 & by ! obs]vation ( ext]nal signs1 we are in=m$ ( ! real exi/5ce ( ! object1 :i* is resembl+ or contigu\s4 ,n[1 'tis obvi\s t nature has pres]v$ a great resemblance among all human creatures1 & t we nev] rem>k any passion or pr9ciple 9 o!rs1 ( :i*1 9 "s degree or o!r1 we may n f9d a p>allel 9 ourselves4 ,! case is ! same ) ! fabric ( ! m9d z ) t ( ! body4 ,h[ev] ! p>ts may diff] 9 %ape or size1 _! /ructure & composition are 9 g5]al ! same4 ,!re is a v rem>kable resemblance1 :i* pres]ves itself amid/ all _! v>iety2 & ?is resemblance mu/ v mu* contribute to make u ent] into ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs1 & embrace !m ) facility & pleasure4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t :]e1 beside ! g5]al resemblance ( our natures1 !re is any peculi> simil>ity 9 our mann]s1 or "*1 or c\ntry1 or language1 x facilitates ! sympa?y4 ,! /rong] ! relation is betwixt ourselves & any object1 ! m easily does ! imag9ation make ! transition1 & convey to ! relat$ idea ! vivacity ( conception1 ) :i* we always =m ! idea ( our own p]son4 ,nor is resemblance ! only relation :i* has ?is effect1 b receives new =ce f o!r relations t may accompany x4 ,! s5tim5ts ( o!rs h little influ5ce :5 f> remov$ f u1 & require ! relation ( contiguity to make !m communicate !mselves entirely4 ,! relations ( blood1 be+ a species ( causation1 may sometimes contribute to ! same effect2 z also acqua9tance1 :i* op]ates 9 ! same mann] ) education & cu/om1 z we %all see m fully aft]w>ds4#e ,all ^! relations1 :5 unit$ toge!r1 convey ! impression or consci\sness ( our own p]son to ! idea ( ! s5tim5ts or passions ( o!rs1 & makes u conceive !m 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ lively mann]4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,treatise1 t all ideas are borr[$ f impressions1 & t ^! two k9ds ( p]ceptions diff] only 9 ! degrees ( =ce & vivacity ) :i* !y /rike ^u ! s\l4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ideas & impressions are precisely alike4 ,! mann] & ord] ( _! appe>ance may be ! same4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( _! =ce & vivacity are1 !re=e1 ! only p>ticul>s t di/+ui% !m3 & z ?is diff]5ce may be remov$1 9 "s measure1 by a relation betwixt ! impressions & ideas1 'tis no wond] an idea ( a s5tim5t or passion may by ?is means be s enliv5$ z to become ! v s5tim5t or passion4 ,! lively idea ( any object always approa*es its impression2 & 'tis c]ta9 we may feel sickness & pa9 f ! m]e =ce ( imag9ation1 & make a malady real by (t5 ?9k+ ( x4 ,b ?is is mo/ rem>kable 9 ! op9ions & affections2 & 'tis !re pr9cipally t a lively idea is conv]t$ into an impression4 ,our affections dep5d m ^u ourselves1 & ! int]nal op]ations ( ! m9d1 ?an any o!r impressions2 = :i* reason !y arise m naturally f ! imag9ation1 & f e lively idea we =m ( !m4 ,?is is ! nature & cause ( sympa?y2 & 'tis aft] ?is mann] we ent] s deep into ! op9ions & affections ( o!rs1 :5ev] we discov] !m4 ,:at is pr9cipally rem>kable 9 ?is :ole affair1 is ! /rong confirmation ^! ph5om5a give to ! =ego+ sy/em conc]n+ ! und]/&+1 & consequ5tly to ! pres5t "o conc]n+ ! passions1 s9ce ^! are analog\s to ea* o!r4 ',tis inde$ evid5t1 t :5 we sympa?ize ) ! passions & s5tim5ts ( o!rs1 ^! movem5ts appe> at fir/ 9 our m9d z m]e ideas1 & are conceiv$ to belong to ano!r p]son1 z we conceive any o!r matt] ( fact4 ',tis also evid5t1 t ! ideas ( ! affections ( o!rs are conv]t$ into ! v impressions !y repres5t1 & t ! passions arise 9 con=mity to ! images we =m ( !m4 ,all ?is is an object ( ! pla9e/ exp]i5ce1 & dep5ds n on any hypo!sis ( philosophy4 ,t sci5ce c only be admitt$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a2 ?\gh at ! same "t x mu/ be confess$1 !y are s cle> ( !mselves1 t !re is b little occasion to employ x4 ,=1 besides ! relation ( cause & effect1 by :i* we are conv9c$ ( ! reality ( ! passion ) :i* we sympa?ize2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 we mu/ be assi/$ by ! relations ( resemblance & contiguity1 9 ord] to feel ! sympa?y 9 its full p]fection4 ,& s9ce ^! relations c entirely conv]t an idea into an impression1 & convey ! vivacity ( ! latt] into ! =m]1 s p]fectly z to lose no?+ ( x 9 ! transition1 we may easily conceive h[ ! relation ( cause & effect alone1 may s]ve to /r5g!n & enliv5 an idea4 ,9 sympa?y !re is an evid5t conv]sion ( an idea into an impression4 ,?is conv]sion arises f ! relation ( objects to ourself4 ,ourself is always intimately pres5t to u4 ,let u comp>e all ^! circum/ances1 & we %all f9d1 t sympa?y is exactly correspond5t to ! op]ations ( our und]/&+2 & ev5 conta9s some?+ m surpris+ & extraord9>y4 ',tis n[ "t to turn our view f ! g5]al consid]ation ( sympa?y1 to its influ5ce on pride & humility1 :5 ^! passions arise f praise & blame1 f reputation & infamy4 ,we may obs]ve1 t no p]son is ev] prais$ by ano!r = any quality :i* w\ld n1 if real1 produce ( itself a pride 9 ! p]son possess$ ( x4 ,! eulogiums ei!r turn ^u 8 p[]1 or ri*es1 or family1 or virtue2 all ( :i* are subjects ( vanity1 t we h already expla9$ & acc\nt$ =4 ',tis c]ta91 !n1 t if a p]son consid]$ himself 9 ! same light 9 :i* he appe>s to 8 admir]1 he w\ld fir/ receive a sep>ate pleasure1 & aft]w>ds a pride or self-satisfaction1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis above expla9$4 ,n[1 no?+ is m natural ?an = u to embrace ! op9ions ( o!rs 9 ?is p>ticul>1 bo? f sympa?y1 :i* r5d]s all _! s5tim5ts intimately pres5t to u1 & f reason+1 :i* makes u reg>d _! judgm5t z a k9d ( argum5t = :at !y affirm4 ,^! two pr9ciples ( au?ority & sympa?y influ5ce almo/ all our op9ions1 b mu/ h a peculi> influ5ce :5 we judge ( our own wor? & "*4 ,su* judgm5ts are always att5d$ ) passion2#f & no?+ t5ds m to di/urb our und]/&+1 & precipitate u into any op9ions1 h[ev] unreasonable1 ?an _! connexion ) passion1 :i* diffuses itself ov] ! imag9ation1 & gives an additional =ce to e relat$ idea4 ,to :i* we may add1 t1 be+ consci\s ( great p>tiality 9 our own fav\r1 we are peculi>ly pleas$ ) any ?+ t confirms ! good op9ion we h ( ourselves1 & are easily %ock$ ) :atev] opposes x4 ,all ?is appe>s v probable 9 !ory2 b 9 ord] to be/[ a full c]ta9ty on ?is reason+1 we mu/ exam9e ! ph5om5a ( ! passions1 & see if !y agree ) x4 ,among ^! ph5om5a we may e/eem x a v fav\rable "o to our pres5t purpose1 t ?\gh fame 9 g5]al be agreeable1 yet we receive a mu* great] satisfaction f ! approbation ( ^? :om we ourselves e/eem & approve (1 ?an ( ^? :om we hate & despise4 ,9 l mann] we are pr9cipally mortifi$ ) ! contempt ( p]sons ^u ^: judgm5t we set "s value1 & are1 9 a great measure1 indiff]5t ab\t ! op9ions ( ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,b if ! m9d receiv$ f any orig9al in/9ct a desire ( fame1 & av]sion to infamy1 fame & infamy w\ld influ5ce u )\t di/9ction2 & e op9ion1 accord+ z x 7 fav\rable or unfav\rable1 w\ld equally excite t desire or av]sion4 ,! judgm5t ( a fool is ! judgm5t ( ano!r p]son1 z well z t ( a wise man1 & is only inf]ior 9 its influ5ce on our own judgm5t4 ,we are n only bett] pleas$ ) ! approbation ( a wise man ?an ) t ( a fool1 b receive an additional satisfaction f ! =m]1 :5 'tis obta9$ aft] a long & intimate acqua9tance4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = aft] ! same mann]4 ,! praises ( o!rs nev] give u mu* pleasure1 unless !y concur ) our own op9ion1 & extol u = ^? qualities 9 :i* we *iefly excel4 ,a m]e soldi] little values ! "* ( eloqu5ce2 a g[nman1 ( c\rage2 a bi%op1 ( hum\r2 or a m]*ant1 ( le>n+4 ,:atev] e/eem a man may h = any quality1 ab/ract$ly consid]$1 :5 he is consci\s he is n possess$ ( x1 ! op9ions ( ! :ole _w w give him little pleasure 9 t p>ticul>1 & t because !y nev] w be able to draw 8 own op9ion aft] !m4 ,no?+ is m usual ?an = m5 ( good families1 b n>r[ circum/ances1 to leave _! fri5ds & c\ntry1 & r seek _! livelihood by mean & me*anical employm5ts among /rang]s1 ?an among ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) _! bir? & education4 ,we %all be unkn[n1 say !y1 :]e we g4 ,nobody w suspect f :at family we are sprung4 ,we %all be remov$ f all our fri5ds & acqua9tance1 & our pov]ty & meanness w by t means sit m easy ^u u4 ,9 exam9+ ^! s5tim5ts1 ,i f9d !y af=d _m v conv9c+ argum5ts = my pres5t purpose4 ,fir/1 we may inf] f !m t ! uneas9ess ( be+ contemn$ dep5ds on sympa?y1 & t sympa?y dep5ds on ! relation ( objects to ourselves1 s9ce we are mo/ uneasy "u ! contempt ( p]sons :o are bo? relat$ to u by blood & contigu\s 9 place4 ,h5ce we seek to dim9i% ?is sympa?y & uneas9ess by sep>at+ ^! relations1 & plac+ ourselves 9 a contiguity to /rang]s1 & at a di/ance f relations4 ,secondly1 we may conclude1 t relations are requisite to sympa?y1 n absolutely consid]$ z relations1 b by _! influ5ce 9 conv]t+ our ideas ( ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs into ! v s5tim5ts by means ( ! association betwixt ! idea ( _! p]sons & t ( our own4 ,= "h ! relations ( k9dr$ & contiguity bo? subsi/1 b n be+ unit$ 9 ! same p]sons1 !y contribute 9 a less degree to ! sympa?y4 ,?irdly1 ?is v circum/ance ( ! dim9ution ( sympa?y1 by ! sep>ation ( relations1 is wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,suppose ,i am plac$ 9 a poor condition among /rang]s1 & consequ5tly am b lightly treat$2 ,i yet f9d myself easi] 9 t situation1 ?an :5 ,i 0 e day expos$ to ! contempt ( my k9dr$ & c\ntrym54 ,"h ,i feel a d\ble contempt2 f my relations1 b !y are abs5t2 f ^? ab\t me1 b !y are /rang]s4 ,?is d\ble contempt is likewise /r5g!n$ by ! two relations ( k9dr$ & contiguity4 ,b z ! p]sons are n ! same :o are connect$ ) me by ^? two relations1 ?is diff]5ce ( ideas sep>ates ! impressions aris+ f ! contempt1 & keeps !m f runn+ into ea* o!r4 ,! contempt ( my neighb\rs has a c]ta9 influ5ce1 z has also t ( my k9dr$2 b ^! influ5ces are di/9ct & nev] unite1 z :5 ! contempt proce$s f p]sons :o are at once bo? my neighb\rs & k9dr$4 ,?is ph5om5on is analog\s to ! sy/em ( pride & humility above expla9$1 :i* may seem s extraord9>y to vulg> appreh5sions4 ,f\r?ly1 a p]son 9 ^! circum/ances naturally conceals 8 bir? f ^? among :om he lives1 & is v uneasy if any "o suspects him to be ( a family mu* sup]ior to 8 pres5t =tune & way ( liv+4 ,e ?+ 9 ?is _w is judg$ ( by comp>ison ,:at is an imm5se =tune = a private g5tleman1 is begg>y = a pr9ce4 ,a peasant w\ld ?9k himself happy 9 :at _c af=d necess>ies = a g5tleman4 ,:5 a man has ei!r be5 accu/om$ to a m spl5did way ( liv+1 or ?9ks himself entitl$ to x by 8 bir? & quality1 e ?+ bel[ is disagreeable & ev5 %ameful2 & 'tis ) ! greate/ indu/ry he conceals 8 pret5sions to a bett] =tune4 ,"h he himself kn[s 8 mis=tunes2 b z ^? ) :om he lives are ignorant ( !m1 he has ! disagreeable reflection & comp>ison sugge/$ only by 8 own ?\ghts1 & nev] receives x by a sympa?y ) o!rs2 :i* mu/ contribute v mu* to 8 ease & satisfaction4 ,if !re be any objections to ?is hypo!sis1 t ! pleasure :i* we receive f praise arises f a communication ( s5tim5ts1 we %all f9d1 ^u exam9ation1 t ^! objections1 :5 tak5 9 a prop] light1 w s]ve to confirm x4 ,popul> fame may be agreeable ev5 to a man :o despises ! vulg>2 b 'tis because _! multitude gives !m additional weight & au?ority4 ,plagi>ies are delight$ ) praises1 :i* !y are consci\s !y d n des]ve2 b ?is is a k9d ( ca/le-build+1 :]e ! imag9ation amuses itself ) its own fictions1 & /rives to r5d] !m firm & /able by a sympa?y ) ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,pr\d m5 are mo/ %ock$ ) contempt1 ?\gh !y d n mo/ readily ass5t to x2 b 'tis because ( ! opposition betwixt ! passion1 :i* is natural to !m1 & t receiv$ by sympa?y4 ,a viol5t lov]1 9 l mann]1 is v mu* displeas$ :5 y blame & condemn 8 love2 ?\gh 'tis evid5t y\r opposition c h no influ5ce b by ! hold x takes ( himself1 & by 8 sympa?y ) y4 ,if he despises y1 or p]ceives y are 9 je/1 :atev] y say has no effect ^u him4 #e ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #d4 #f ,book ,i4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #aj4 ,,section ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,pride ,,& ,,humility ,,( ,,animals4 ,?us1 9 :atev] light we consid] ?is subject1 we may /ill obs]ve1 t ! causes ( pride & humility correspond exactly to our hypo!sis1 & t no?+ c excite ei!r ( ^! passions1 unless x be bo? relat$ to ourselves1 & produces a pleasure or pa9 indep5d5t ( ! passion4 ,we h n only prov$1 t a t5d5cy to produce pleasure or pa9 is common to all ! causes ( pride or humility1 b also t 'tis ! only ?+ :i* is common1 & consequ5tly is ! quality by :i* !y op]ate4 ,we h f>!r prov$1 t ! mo/ consid]able causes ( ^! passions are really no?+ b ! p[] ( produc+ ei!r agreeable or uneasy s5sations2 & !re=e t all _! effects1 & among/ ! re/ pride & humility1 are d]iv$ solely f t orig94 ,su* simple & natural pr9ciples1 f\nd$ on su* solid pro(s1 _c fail to be receiv$ by philosoph]s1 unless oppos$ by "s objections t h escap$ me4 ',tis usual ) anatomi/s to jo9 _! obs]vations & exp]im5ts on human bodies to ^? on bea/s2 &1 f ! agreem5t ( ^! exp]im5ts1 to d]ive an additional argum5t = any p>ticul> hypo!sis4 ',tis inde$ c]ta91 t :]e ! /ructure ( p>ts 9 brutes is ! same z 9 m51 & ! op]ation ( ^! p>ts also ! same1 ! causes ( t op]ation _c be diff]5t2 & t :atev] we discov] to be true ( ! "o species1 may be conclud$1 )\t hesitation1 to be c]ta9 ( ! o!r4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! mixture ( hum\rs1 & ! composition ( m9ute p>ts1 may ju/ly be presum$ to be some:at diff]5t 9 m5 f :at x is 9 m]e animals1 & !re=e any exp]im5t we make ^u ! "o conc]n+ ! effects ( m$ic9es1 w n always apply to ! o!r1 yet1 z ! /ructure ( ! ve9s & muscles1 ! fabric & situation ( ! he>t1 ( ! lungs1 ! /oma*1 ! liv]1 & o!r p>ts1 are ! same or ne>ly ! same 9 all animals1 ! v same hypo!sis1 :i* 9 "o species expla9s muscul> motion1 ! progress ( ! *yle1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 mu/ be applicable to e "o2 &1 accord+ z x agrees or disagrees ) ! exp]im5ts we may make 9 any species ( creatures1 we may draw a pro( ( its tru? or falsehood on ! :ole4 ,let u !re=e apply ?is me?od ( inquiry1 :i* is f\nd s j & useful 9 reason+s conc]n+ ! body1 to our pres5t anatomy ( ! m9d1 & see :at discov]ies we c make by x4 ,9 ord] to ?is1 we mu/ fir/ %[ ! correspond5ce ( passions 9 m5 & animals1 & aft]w>ds comp>e ! causes1 :i* produce ^! passions4 ',tis pla91 t almo/ 9 e species ( creatures1 b especially ( ! nobl] k9d1 !re are _m evid5t m>ks ( pride & humility4 ,! v port & gait ( a swan1 or turkey1 or peacock1 %[ ! high idea he has ent]ta9$ ( himself1 & 8 contempt ( all o!rs4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable1 t1 9 ! two la/ species ( animals1 ! pride always att5ds ! beauty1 & is discov]$ 9 ! mule only4 ,! vanity & emulation ( night+ales 9 s++ h be5 commonly rem>k$2 z likewise t ( horses 9 swiftness1 ( h\nds 9 sagacity & smell1 ( ! bull & cock 9 /r5g?1 & ( e o!r animal 9 8 p>ticul> excell5cy4 ,add to ?is1 t e species ( creatures1 :i* approa* s (t5 to man z to famili>ize !mselves ) him1 %[ an evid5t pride 9 8 approbation1 & are pleas$ ) 8 praises & c>esses1 indep5d5t ( e o!r consid]ation4 ,nor are !y ! c>esses ( e "o )\t di/9ction :i* give !m ?is vanity1 b ^? pr9cipally ( ! p]sons !y "k & love2 9 ! same mann] z t passion is excit$ 9 mank9d4 ,all ^! are evid5t pro(s t pride & humility are n m]ely human passions1 b ext5d !mselves ov] ! :ole animal creation4 ,! causes ( ^! passions are likewise mu* ! same 9 bea/s z 9 u1 mak+ a j all[ance = our sup]ior k & und]/&+4 ,?us1 animals h little or no s5se ( virtue or vice2 !y quickly lose sight ( ! relations ( blood2 & are incapable ( t ( "r & prop]ty3 = :i* reason ! causes ( _! pride & humility mu/ lie solely 9 ! body1 & c nev] be plac$ ei!r 9 ! m9d or ext]nal objects4 ,b s f> z reg>ds ! body1 ! same qualities cause pride 9 ! animal z 9 ! human k9d2 & 'tis on beauty1 /r5g?1 swiftness1 or "s o!r useful or agreeable quality1 t ?is passage is always f\nd$4 ,! next "q is1 :e!r1 s9ce ^? passions are ! same1 & arise f ! same causes ?r\gh ! :ole creation1 ! mann]1 9 :i* ! causes op]ate1 be also ! same4 ,accord+ to all rules ( analogy1 ?is is ju/ly to be expect$2 & if we f9d ^u trial1 t ! explication ( ^! ph5om5a1 :i* we make use ( 9 "o species1 w n apply to ! re/1 we may presume t t explication1 h[ev] speci\s1 is 9 reality )\t f\ndation4 ,9 ord] to decide ?is "q1 let u consid]1 t !re is evid5tly ! same relation ( ideas1 & d]iv$ f ! same causes1 9 ! m9ds ( animals z 9 ^? ( m54 ,a dog1 t has hid a bone1 (t5 =gets ! place2 b :5 br\ght to x1 8 ?\ght passes easily to :at he =m]ly conceal$1 by means ( ! contiguity1 :i* produces a relation among 8 ideas4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 he has be5 he>tily beat 9 any place1 he w tremble on 8 approa* to x1 ev5 ?\gh he discov] no signs ( any pres5t dang]4 ,! effects ( resemblance are n s rem>kable2 b z t relation makes a consid]able +r$i5t 9 causation1 ( :i* all animals %[ s evid5t a judgm5t1 we may conclude1 t ! ?ree relations ( resemblance1 contiguity1 & causation op]ate 9 ! same mann] ^u bea/s z ^u human creatures4 ,!re are also in/ances ( ! relation ( impressions1 suffici5t to conv9ce u1 t !re is an union ( c]ta9 affections ) ea* o!r 9 ! inf]ior species ( creatures1 z well z 9 ! sup]ior1 & t _! m9ds are frequ5tly convey$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( connect$ emotions4 ,a dog1 :5 elevat$ ) joy1 runs naturally into love & k9dness1 :e!r ( 8 ma/] or ( ! sex4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 full ( pa9 & sorr[1 he becomes qu>relsome & ill natur$2 & t passion1 :i* at fir/ 0 grief1 is by ! smalle/ occasion conv]t$ into ang]4 ,?us1 all ! int]nal pr9ciples t are necess>y 9 u to produce ei!r pride or humility1 are common to all creatures2 & s9ce ! causes1 :i* excite ^! passions1 are likewise ! same1 we may ju/ly conclude1 t ^! causes op]ate aft] ! same mann] ?r\gh ! :ole animal creation4 ,my hypo!sis is s simple1 & supposes s little reflection & judgm5t1 t 'tis applicable to e s5sible creature2 :i* mu/ n only be all[$ to be a conv9c+ pro( ( its v]acity1 b1 ,i am confid5t1 w be f\nd an objection to e o!r sy/em4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$4 ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,object ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$4 ',tis altoge!r impossible to give any def9ition ( ! passions ( love & hatr$2 & t because !y produce m]ely a simple impression1 )\t any mixture or composition4 ',tw\ld be z unnecess>y to attempt any description ( !m1 drawn f _! nature1 orig91 causes1 & objects2 & t bo? because ^! are ! subjects ( our pres5t inquiry1 & because ^! passions ( !mselves are suffici5tly kn[n f our common feel+ & exp]i5ce4 ,?is we h already obs]v$ conc]n+ pride & humility1 & "h repeat x conc]n+ love & hatr$2 &1 inde$1 !re is s great a resemblance betwixt ^! two sets ( passions1 t we %all be oblig$ to beg9 ) a k9d ( abridgm5t ( our reason+s conc]n+ ! =m]1 9 ord] to expla9 ! latt]4 ,z ! imm$iate object ( pride & humility is self1 or t id5tical p]son ( ^: ?\ghts1 actions & s5sations1 we are intimately consci\s2 s ! object ( love & hatr$ is "s o!r p]son1 ( ^: ?\ghts1 actions & s5sations1 we are n consci\s4 ,?is is suffici5tly evid5t f exp]i5ce4 ,our love & hatr$ are always direct$ to "s s5sible be+ ext]nal to u2 & :5 we talk ( self-love1 'tis n 9 a prop] s5se1 nor has ! s5sation x produces any ?+ 9 common ) t t5d] emotion1 :i* is excit$ by a fri5d or mi/ress4 ',tis ! same case ) hatr$4 ,we may be mortifi$ by our own faults & follies2 b nev] feel any ang] or hatr$1 except f ! injuries ( o!rs4 ,b ?\gh ! object ( love & hatr$ be always "s o!r p]son1 'tis pla9 t ! object is n1 prop]ly speak+1 ! cause ( ^! passions1 or alone suffici5t to excite !m4 ,= s9ce love & hatr$ are directly contr>y 9 _! s5sation1 & h ! same object 9 common1 if t object 7 also _! cause1 x w\ld produce ^! opposite passions 9 an equal degree2 & z !y mu/1 f ! v fir/ mom5t1 de/roy ea* o!r1 none ( !m w\ld ev] be able to make its appe>ance4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be "s cause diff]5t f ! object4 ,if we consid] ! causes ( love & hatr$1 we %all f9d !y are v mu* div]sifi$1 & h n _m ?+s 9 common4 ,! virtue1 k1 wit1 good s5se1 good hum\r ( any p]son1 produce love & e/eem2 z ! opposite qualities1 hatr$ & contempt4 ,! same passions arise f bodily accompli%m5ts1 su* z beauty1 =ce1 swiftness1 dext]ity2 & f _! contr>ies2 z likewise f ! ext]nal advantages & disadvantages ( family1 possessions1 clo!s1 nation & climate4 ,!re is n "o ( ^! objects b :at1 by its diff]5t qualities1 may produce love & e/eem1 or hatr$ & contempt4 ,f ! view ( ^! causes we may d]ive a new di/9ction betwixt ! quality t op]ates1 & ! subject on :i* x is plac$4 ,a pr9ce t is possess$ ( a /ately palace comm&s ! e/eem ( ! p ^u t acc\nt2 & t1 fir/1 by ! beauty ( ! palace2 &1 secondly1 by ! relation ( prop]ty1 :i* connects x ) him4 ,! removal ( ei!r ( ^! de/roys ! passion2 :i* evid5tly proves t ! cause is a comp\nd$ "o4 ',tw\ld be t$i\s to trace ! passions ( love & hatr$ ?r\gh all ! obs]vations :i* we h =m$ conc]n+ pride & humility1 & :i* are equally applicable to bo? sets ( passions4 ',twill be suffici5t to rem>k1 9 g5]al1 t ! object ( love & hatr$ is evid5tly "s ?9k+ p]son2 & t ! s5sation ( ! =m] passion is always agreeable1 & ( ! latt] uneasy4 ,we may also suppose1 ) "s %[ ( probability1 t ! cause ( bo? ^! passions is always relat$ to a ?9k+ be+1 & t ! cause ( ! =m] produces a sep>ate pleasure1 & ( ! latt] a sep>ate uneas9ess4 ,"o ( ^! suppositions1 viz4 t ! cause ( love & hatr$ mu/ be relat$ to a p]son or ?9k+ be+1 9 ord] to produce ^! passions1 is n only probable1 b too evid5t to be conte/$4 ,virtue & vice1 :5 consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract2 beauty & de=mity1 :5 plac$ on inanimate objects2 pov]ty & ri*es1 :5 belong+ to a ?ird p]son1 excite no degree ( love or hatr$1 e/eem or contempt1 t[>ds ^? :o h no relation to !m4 ,a p]son look+ out at a w9d[ sees me 9 ! /reet1 & beyond me a beautiful palace1 ) :i* ,i h no conc]n3 ,i believe none w pret5d1 t ?is p]son w pay me ! same respect z if ,i 7 own] ( ! palace4 ',tis n s evid5t at fir/ sight1 t a relation ( impressions is requisite to ^! passions1 & t because 9 ! transition ! "o impression is s mu* conf\nd$ ) ! o!r1 t !y become 9 a mann] undi/+ui%able4 ,b z 9 pride & humility1 we h easily be5 able to make ! sep>ation1 & to prove1 t e cause ( ^! passions produces a sep>ate pa9 or pleasure1 ,i might "h obs]ve ! same me?od ) ! same success1 9 exam9+ p>ticul>ly ! sev]al causes ( love & hatr$4 ,b z ,i ha/5 to a full & decisive pro( ( ^! sy/ems1 ,i delay ?is exam9ation = a mom5t2 & 9 ! mean "t %all endeav\r to conv]t to my pres5t purpose all my reason+s conc]n+ pride & humility1 by an argum5t t is f\nd$ on unque/ionable exp]i5ce4 ,!re are few p]sons t are satisfi$ ) _! own "*1 or g5ius1 or =tune1 :o are n desir\s ( %[+ !mselves to ! _w1 & ( acquir+ ! love & approbation ( mank9d4 ,n[ 'tis evid5t1 t ! v same qualities & circum/ances1 :i* are ! causes ( pride or self-e/eem1 are also ! causes ( vanity1 or ! desire ( reputation2 & t we always put to view ^? p>ticul>s ) :i* 9 ourselves we are be/ satisfi$4 ,b if love & e/eem 7 n produc$ by ! same qualities z pride1 accord+ z ^! qualities are relat$ to ourselves or o!rs1 ?is me?od ( proce$+ w\ld be v absurd2 nor c\ld m5 expect a correspond5ce 9 ! s5tim5ts ( e o!r p]son ) ^? !mselves h ent]ta9$4 ',tis true1 few c =m exact sy/ems ( ! passions1 or make reflections on _! g5]al nature & resemblances4 ,b )\t su* a progress 9 philosophy1 we are n subject to _m mi/akes 9 ?is p>ticul>1 b are suffici5tly guid$ by common exp]i5ce1 z well z by a k9d ( pres5tation1 :i* tells u :at w op]ate on o!rs1 by :at we feel imm$iately 9 ourselves4 ,s9ce !n ! same qualities t produce pride or humility1 cause love or hatr$1 all ! argum5ts t h be5 employ$ to prove t ! causes ( ! =m] passions excite a pa9 or pleasure indep5d5t ( ! passion1 w be applicable ) equal evid5ce to ! causes ( ! latt]4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,to ,,confirm ,,?is ,,sy/em4 ,^u duly weigh+ ^! argum5ts1 no "o w make any scruple to ass5t to t conclusion ,i draw f !m1 conc]n+ ! transition along relat$ impressions & ideas1 especially z 'tis a pr9ciple 9 itself s easy & natural4 ,b t we may place ?is sy/em beyond d\bt1 bo? ) reg>d to love & hatr$1 pride & humility1 'twill be prop] to make "s new exp]im5ts ^u all ^! passions1 z well z to recal a few ( ^! obs]vations :i* ,i h =m]ly t\*$ ^u4 ,9 ord] to make ^! exp]im5ts1 let u suppose ,i am 9 company ) a p]son1 :om ,i =m]ly reg>d$ )\t any s5tim5ts ei!r ( fri5d%ip or enmity4 ,"h ,i h ! natural & ultimate object ( all ^! f\r passions plac$ be=e me4 ,myself am ! prop] object ( pride or humility2 ! o!r p]son ( love or hatr$4 ,reg>d n[ ) att5tion ! nature ( ^! passions1 & _! situation ) respect to ea* o!r4 ',tis evid5t "h are f\r affections1 plac$ z x 7 9 a squ>e1 or regul> connexion )1 & di/ance f1 ea* o!r4 ,! passions ( pride & humility1 z well z ^? ( love & hatr$1 are connect$ toge!r by ! id5tity ( _! object1 :i* to ! fir/ set ( passions is self1 to ! second "s o!r p]son4 ,^! two l9es ( communication or connexion =m two opposite sides ( ! squ>e4 ,aga91 pride & love are agreeable passions2 hatr$ & humility uneasy4 ,?is similitude ( s5sation betwixt pride & love1 & t betwixt humility & hatr$1 =m a new connexion1 & may be consid]$ z ! o!r two sides ( ! squ>e4 ,^u ! :ole1 pride is connect$ ) humility1 love ) hatr$1 by _! objects or ideas3 pride ) love1 humility ) hatr$1 by _! s5sations or impressions4 ,i say !n1 t no?+ c produce any ( ^! passions )\t be>+ x a d\ble relation1 viz4 ( ideas to ! object ( ! passion1 & ( s5sation to ! passion itself4 ,?is we mu/ prove by our exp]im5ts4 ,fir/ exp]im5t4 ,to proce$ ) ! great] ord] 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 let u fir/ suppose1 t be+ plac$ 9 ! situation above m5tion$1 viz4 9 company ) "s o!r p]son1 !re is an object pres5t$1 t has no relation ei!r ( impressions or ideas to any ( ^! passions4 ,?us1 suppose we reg>d toge!r an ord9>y /one1 or o!r common object1 belong+ to nei!r ( u1 & caus+ ( itself no emotion1 or indep5d5t pa9 & pleasure3 'tis evid5t su* an object w produce none ( ^! f\r passions4 ,let u try x ^u ea* ( !m successively4 ,let u apply x to love1 to hatr$1 to humility1 to pride2 none ( !m ev] arises 9 ! smalle/ degree imag9able4 ,let u *ange ! object z (t z we please1 provid$ /ill we *oose "o t has nei!r ( ^! two relations4 ,let u repeat ! exp]im5t 9 all ! dispositions ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible4 ,no object 9 ! va/ v>iety ( nature w1 9 any disposition1 produce any passion )\t ^! relations4 ,second exp]im5t4 ,s9ce an object t wants bo? ^! relations c ev] produce any passion1 let u be/[ on x only "o ( ^! relations1 & see :at w foll[4 ,?us1 suppose ,i reg>d a /one1 or any common object t belongs ei!r to me or my companion1 & by t means acquires a relation ( ideas to ! object ( ! passions3 'tis pla9 t1 to consid] ! matt] a priori1 no emotion ( any k9d c reasonably be expect$4 ,=1 besides t a relation ( ideas op]ates secretly & calmly on ! m9d1 x be/[s an equal impulse t[>ds ! opposite passions ( pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 accord+ z ! object belongs to ourselves or o!rs2 :i* opposition ( ! passions mu/ de/roy bo?1 & leave ! m9d p]fectly free f any affection or emotion4 ,?is reason+ a priori is confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,no trivial or vulg> object1 t causes n a pa9 or pleasure indep5d5t ( ! passion1 w ev]1 by its prop]ty or o!r relations1 ei!r to ourselves or o!rs1 be able to produce ! affections ( pride or humility1 love or hatr$4 ,?ird exp]im5t4 ',tis evid5t1 !re=e1 t a relation ( ideas is n able alone to give rise to ^! affections4 ,let u n[ remove ?is relation1 &1 9 its /ead1 place a relation ( impressions1 by pres5t+ an object1 :i* is agreeable or disagreeable1 b has no relation ei!r to ourself or companion2 & let u obs]ve ! consequ5ces4 ,to consid] ! matt] fir/ a priori1 z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 we may conclude t ! object w h a small1 b an unc]ta9 connexion ) ^! passions4 ,=1 besides t ?is relation is n a cold & imp]ceptible "o1 x has n ! inconv5i5ce ( ! relation ( ideas1 nor directs u ) equal =ce to two contr>y passions1 :i*1 by _! opposition1 de/roy ea* o!r4 ,b if we consid]1 on ! o!r h&1 t ?is transition f ! s5sation to ! affection is n =w>d$ by any pr9ciple t produces a transition ( ideas2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t ?\gh ! "o impression be easily transfus$ into ! o!r1 yet ! *ange ( objects is suppos$ contr>y to all ! pr9ciples t cause a transition ( t k9d2 we may f !nce inf]1 t no?+ w ev] be a /eady or durable cause ( any passion t is connect$ ) ! passion m]ely by a relation ( impressions4 ,:at our reason w\ld conclude f analogy1 aft] balanc+ ^! argum5ts1 w\ld be1 t an object1 :i* produces pleasure or uneas9ess1 b has no mann] ( connexion ei!r ) ourselves or o!rs1 may give su* a turn to ! disposition z t x may naturally fall into pride or love1 humility or hatr$1 & se>* = o!r objects1 ^u :i*1 by a d\ble relation1 x c f\nd ^! affections2 b t an object1 :i* has only "o ( ^! relations1 ?\gh ! mo/ advantage\s "o1 c nev] give rise to any con/ant & e/abli%$ passion4 ,mo/ =tunately1 all ?is reason+ is f\nd to be exactly con=mable to exp]i5ce & ! ph5om5a ( ! passions4 ,suppose ,i 7 travell+ ) a companion ?r\gh a c\ntry to :i* we are bo? utt] /rang]s2 'tis evid5t1 t if ! prospects be beautiful1 ! roads agreeable1 & ! inns commodi\s1 ?is may put me into good hum\r bo? ) myself & fell[-travell]4 ,b z we suppose t ?is c\ntry has no relation ei!r to myself or fri5d1 x c nev] be ! imm$iate cause ( pride or love2 &1 !re=e1 if ,i f\nd n ! passion on "s o!r object t be>s ei!r ( u a clos] relation1 my emotions are r to be consid]$ z ! ov]fl[+s ( an elevate or humane disposition1 ?an z an e/abli%$ passion4 ,! case is ! same :]e ! object produces uneas9ess4 ,f\r? exp]im5t4 ,hav+ f\nd1 t nei!r an object1 )\t any relation ( ideas or impressions1 nor an object t has only "o relation1 c ev] cause pride or humility1 love or hatr$2 reason alone may conv9ce u1 )\t any f>!r exp]im5t1 t :atev] has a d\ble relation mu/ necess>ily excite ^! passions2 s9ce 'tis evid5t !y mu/ h "s cause4 ,b1 to leave z little room = d\bt z possible1 let u r5ew our exp]im5ts1 & see :e!r ! ev5t 9 ?is case answ]s our expectation4 ,i *use an object1 su* z virtue1 t causes a sep>ate satisfaction3 on ?is object ,i be/[ a relation to self2 & f9d1 t f ?is disposition ( affairs !re imm$iately arises a passion4 ,b :at passion8 ,t v "o ( pride1 to :i* ?is object be>s a d\ble relation4 ,its idea is relat$ to t ( self1 ! object ( ! passion3 ! s5sation x causes resembles ! s5sation ( ! passion4 ,t ,i may be sure ,i am n mi/ak5 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ,i remove fir/ "o relation1 !n ano!r1 & f9d t ea* removal de/roys ! passion1 & leaves ! object p]fectly indiff]5t4 ,b ,i am n cont5t ) ?is4 ,i make a /ill f>!r trial2 & in/ead ( remov+ ! relation1 ,i only *ange x = "o ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,i suppose ! virtue to belong to my companion1 n to myself2 & obs]ve :at foll[s f ?is alt]ation4 ,i imm$iately p]ceive ! affections to :eel ab\t1 & leav+ pride1 :]e !re is only "o relation1 viz4 ( impressions1 fall to ! side ( love1 :]e !y are attract$ by a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,by repeat+ ! same exp]im5t 9 *ang+ anew ! relation ( ideas1 ,i br+ ! affections back to pride2 &1 by a new repetition1 ,i aga9 place !m at love or k9dness4 ,be+ fully conv9c$ ( ! influ5ce ( ?is relation1 ,i try ! effects ( ! o!r2 &1 by *ang+ virtue = vice1 conv]t ! pleasant impression :i* arises f ! =m]1 into ! disagreeable "o :i* proce$s f ! latt]4 ,! effect /ill answ]s expectation4 ,vice1 :5 plac$ on ano!r1 excites1 by means ( its d\ble relations1 ! passion ( hatr$1 in/ead ( love1 :i*1 = ! same reason1 arises f virtue4 ,to cont9ue ! exp]im5t1 ,i *ange anew ! relation ( ideas1 & suppose ! vice to belong to myself4 ,:at foll[s8 ,:at is usual4 ,a subsequ5t *ange ( ! passion f hatr$ to humility4 ,?is humility ,i conv]t into pride by a new *ange ( ! impression2 & f9d1 aft] all1 t ,i h complet$ ! r\nd1 & h by ^! *anges br\ght back ! passion to t v situation 9 :i* ,i fir/ f\nd x4 ,b to make ! matt] /ill m c]ta91 ,i alt] ! object2 &1 in/ead ( vice & virtue1 make ! trial ^u beauty & de=mity1 ri*es & pov]ty1 p[] & s]vitude4 ,ea* ( ^! objects runs ! circle ( ! passions 9 ! same mann]1 by a *ange ( _! relations3 & 9 :atev] ord] we proce$1 :e!r ?r\gh pride1 love1 hatr$1 humility1 or ?r\gh humility1 hatr$1 love1 pride1 ! exp]im5t is n 9 ! lea/ div]sifi$4 ,e/eem & contempt1 inde$1 arise on "s occasions in/ead ( love & hatr$2 b ^! are1 at ! bottom1 ! same passions1 only div]sifi$ by "s causes1 :i* we %all expla9 aft]w>ds4 ,fif? exp]im5t4 ,to give great] au?ority to ^! exp]im5ts1 let u *ange ! situation ( affairs z mu* z possible1 & place ! passions & objects 9 all ! diff]5t positions ( :i* !y are susceptible4 ,let u suppose1 beside ! relations above m5tion$1 t ! p]son1 along ) :om ,i make all ^! exp]im5ts1 is closely connect$ ) me ei!r by blood or fri5d%ip4 ,he is1 we %all suppose1 my son or bro!r1 or is unit$ to me by a long & famili> acqua9tance4 ,let u next suppose1 t ! cause ( ! passion acquires a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas to ?is p]son2 & let u see :at ! effects are ( all ^! complicat$ attractions & relations4 ,be=e we consid] :at !y are 9 fact1 let u det]m9e :at !y ought to be1 con=mable to my hypo!sis4 ',tis pla91 t1 accord+ z ! impression is ei!r pleasant or uneasy1 ! passion ( love or hatr$ mu/ arise t[>ds ! p]son :o is ?us connect$ to ! cause ( ! impression by ^! d\ble relations :i* ,i h all along requir$4 ,! virtue ( a bro!r mu/ make me love him1 z 8 vice or infamy mu/ excite ! contr>y passion4 ,b to judge only f ! situation ( affairs1 ,i %\ld n expect t ! affections w\ld re/ !re1 & nev] transfuse !mselves into any o!r impression4 ,z !re is "h a p]son1 :o1 by means ( a d\ble relation1 is ! object ( my passion1 ! v same reason+ leads me to ?9k ! passion w be c>ri$ f>!r4 ,! p]son has a relation ( ideas to myself1 accord+ to ! supposition2 ! passion ( :i* he is ! object1 by be+ ei!r agreeable or uneasy1 has a relation ( impressions to pride or humility4 ',tis evid5t1 !n1 t "o ( ^! passions mu/ arise f ! love or hatr$4 ,?is is ! reason+ ,i =m 9 con=mity to my hypo!sis2 & am pleas$ to f9d1 ^u trial1 t e ?+ answ]s exactly to my expectation4 ,! virtue or vice ( a son or bro!r n only excites love or hatr$1 b1 by a new transition f simil> causes1 gives rise to pride or humility4 ,no?+ causes great] vanity ?an any %9+ quality 9 our relations2 z no?+ mortifies u m ?an _! vice or infamy4 ,?is exact con=mity ( exp]i5ce to our reason+ is a conv9c+ pro( ( ! solidity ( t hypo!sis ^u :i* we reason4 ,six? exp]im5t4 ,?is evid5ce w be /ill augm5t$ if we rev]se ! exp]im5t1 &1 pres]v+ /ill ! same relations1 beg9 only ) a diff]5t passion4 ,suppose t1 in/ead ( ! virtue or vice ( a son or bro!r1 :i* causes fir/ love or hatr$1 & aft]w>ds pride or humility1 we place ^! good or bad qualities on ourselves1 )\t any imm$iate connexion ) ! p]son :o is relat$ to u1 exp]i5ce %[s u1 t1 by ?is *ange ( situation1 ! :ole *a9 is broke1 & t ! m9d is n convey$ f "o passion to ano!r1 z 9 ! prec$+ in/ance4 ,we nev] love or hate a son or bro!r = ! virtue or vice we disc]n 9 ourselves2 ?\gh 'tis evid5t ! same qualities 9 him give u a v s5sible pride or humility4 ,! transition f pride or humility to love or hatr$1 is n s natural z f love or hatr$ to pride or humility4 ,?is may at fir/ sight be e/eem$ contr>y to my hypo!sis1 s9ce ! relations ( impressions & ideas are 9 bo? cases precisely ! same4 ,pride & humility are impressions relat$ to love & hatr$4 ,myself am relat$ to ! p]son4 ,x %\ld !re=e be expect$1 t l causes mu/ produce l effects1 & a p]fect transition arise f ! d\ble relation1 z 9 all o!r cases4 ,?is difficulty we may easily solve by ! foll[+ reflections4 ',tis evid5t t1 z we are at all times intimately consci\s ( ourselves1 our s5tim5ts & passions1 _! ideas mu/ /rike ^u u ) great] vivacity ?an ! ideas ( ! s5tim5ts & passions ( any o!r p]son4 ,b e ?+ t /rikes ^u u ) vivacity1 & appe>s 9 a full & /rong light1 =ces itself1 9 a mann]1 into our consid]ation1 & becomes pres5t to ! m9d on ! smalle/ h9t & mo/ trivial relation4 ,= ! same reason1 :5 x is once pres5t1 x engages ! att5tion1 & keeps x f w&]+ to o!r objects1 h[ev] /rong may be _! relation to our fir/ object4 ,! imag9ation passes easily f obscure to lively ideas1 b ) difficulty f lively to obscure4 ,9 ! "o case ! relation is aid$ by ano!r pr9ciple2 9 ! o!r case1 'tis oppos$ by x4 ,n[1 ,i h obs]v$1 t ^? two faculties ( ! m9d1 ! imag9ation & passions1 assi/ ea* o!r 9 _! op]ation :5 _! prop5sities are simil>1 & :5 !y act ^u ! same object4 ,! m9d has always a prop5sity to pass f a passion to any o!r relat$ to x2 & ?is prop5sity is =w>d$ :5 ! object ( ! "o passion is relat$ to t ( ! o!r4 ,! two impulses concur ) ea* o!r1 & r5d] ! :ole transition m smoo? & easy4 ,b if x %\ld happ51 t1 :ile ! relation ( ideas1 /rictly speak+1 cont9ues ! same1 its influ5ce 9 caus+ a transition ( ! imag9ation %\ld no long] take place1 'tis evid5t its influ5ce on ! passions mu/ also cease1 z be+ dep5d5t entirely on t transition4 ,?is is ! reason :y pride or humility is n transfus$ into love or hatr$ ) ! same ease t ! latt] passions are *ang$ into ! =m]4 ,if a p]son be my bro!r1 ,i am 8 likewise3 b ?\gh ! relations be reciprocal1 !y h v diff]5t effects on ! imag9ation4 ,! passage is smoo? & op5 f ! consid]ation ( any p]son relat$ to u to t ( ourself1 ( :om we are e mom5t consci\s4 ,b :5 ! affections are once direct$ to ourself1 ! fancy passes n ) ! same facility f t object to any o!r p]son1 h[ closely soev] connect$ ) u4 ,?is easy or difficult transition ( ! imag9ation op]ates ^u ! passions1 & facilitates or ret>ds _! transition2 :i* is a cle> pro( t ^! two faculties ( ! passions & imag9ation are connect$ toge!r1 & t ! relations ( ideas h an influ5ce ^u ! affections4 ,besides innum]able exp]im5ts t prove ?is1 we "h f9d1 t ev5 :5 ! relation rema9s2 if by any p>ticul> circum/ance its usual effect ^u ! fancy 9 produc+ an association or transition ( ideas is prev5t$1 its usual effect ^u ! passions1 9 convey+ u f "o to ano!r1 is 9 l mann] prev5t$4 ,"s may1 p]haps1 f9d a contradiction betwixt ?is ph5om5on & t ( sympa?y1 :]e ! m9d passes easily f ! idea ( ourselves to t ( any o!r object relat$ to u4 ,b ?is difficulty w vani%1 if we consid] t 9 sympa?y our own p]son is n ! object ( any passion1 nor is !re any ?+ t fixes our att5tion on ourselves1 z 9 ! pres5t case1 :]e we are suppos$ to be actuat$1 ) pride or humility4 ,ourself1 indep5d5t ( ! p]ception ( e o!r object1 is 9 reality no?+2 = :i* reason we mu/ turn our view to ext]nal objects1 & 'tis natural = u to consid] ) mo/ att5tion su* z lie contigu\s to u1 or resemble u4 ,b :5 self is ! object ( a passion1 'tis n natural to quit ! consid]ation ( x till ! passion be exhau/$1 9 :i* case ! d\ble relations ( impressions & ideas c no long] op]ate4 ,sev5? exp]im5t4 ,to put ?is :ole reason+ to a f>!r trial1 let u make a new exp]im5t2 & z we h already se5 ! effects ( relat$ passions & ideas1 let u "h suppose an id5tity ( passions along ) a relation ( ideas2 & let u consid] ! effects ( ?is new situation4 ',tis evid5t a transition ( ! passions f ! "o object to ! o!r is "h 9 all reason to be expect$2 s9ce ! relation ( ideas is suppos$ /ill to cont9ue1 & an id5tity ( impressions mu/ produce a /rong] connexion1 ?an ! mo/ p]fect resemblance t c be imag9$4 ,if a d\ble relation1 !re=e1 ( impressions & ideas1 is able to produce a transition f "o to ! o!r1 mu* m an id5tity ( impressions ) a relation ( ideas4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d1 t :5 we ei!r love or hate any p]son1 ! passions seldom cont9ue )9 _! fir/ b\nds2 b ext5d !mselves t[>ds all ! contigu\s objects1 & compreh5d ! fri5ds & relations ( him we love or hate4 ,no?+ is m natural ?an to be> a k9dness to "o bro!r on acc\nt ( our fri5d%ip = ano!r1 )\t any f>!r exam9ation ( 8 "*4 ,a qu>rel ) "o p]son gives u a hatr$ = ! :ole family1 ?\gh entirely innoc5t ( t :i* displeases u4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are e :]e to be met )4 ,!re is only "o difficulty 9 ?is exp]im5t :i* x w be necess>y to acc\nt =1 be=e we proce$ any f>!r4 ',tis evid5t1 t ?\gh all passions pass easily f "o object to ano!r relat$ to x1 yet ?is transition is made ) great] facility :]e ! m consid]able object is fir/ pres5t$1 & ! less] foll[s x1 ?an :]e ?is ord] is rev]s$1 & ! less] takes ! prec$5ce4 ,?us1 'tis m natural = u to love ! son ^u acc\nt ( ! fa!r1 ?an ! fa!r ^u acc\nt ( ! son2 ! s]vant = ! ma/]1 ?an ! ma/] = ! s]vant2 ! subject = ! pr9ce1 ?an ! pr9ce = ! subject4 ,9 l mann] we m readily contract a hatr$ aga9/ a :ole family1 :]e our fir/ qu>rel is ) ! head ( x1 ?an :]e we are displeas$ ) a son1 or s]vant1 or "s inf]ior memb]4 ,9 %ort1 our passions1 l o!r objects1 desc5d ) great] facility ?an !y asc5d4 ,t we may compreh5d :]e9 consi/s ! difficulty ( expla9+ ?is ph5om5on1 we mu/ consid]1 t ! v same reason1 :i* det]m9es ! imag9ation to pass f remote to contigu\s objects ) m facility ?an f contigu\s to remote1 causes x likewise to *ange ) m ease ! less = ! great]1 ?an ! great] = ! less4 ,:atev] has ! greate/ influ5ce is mo/ tak5 notice (2 & :atev] is mo/ tak5 notice (1 pres5ts itself mo/ readily to ! imag9ation4 ,we are m apt to ov]look 9 any subject :at is trivial1 ?an :at appe>s ( consid]able mom5t2 b especially if ! latt] takes ! prec$5ce1 & fir/ engages our att5tion4 ,?us1 if any accid5t makes u consid] ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 our fancy is naturally det]m9$ to =m ! idea ( t planet2 b if we fir/ reflect on ! pr9cipal planet1 'tis m natural = u to ov]look its att5dants4 ,! m5tion ( ! prov9ces ( any empire conveys our ?\ght to ! seat ( ! empire2 b ! fancy returns n ) ! same facility to ! consid]ation ( ! prov9ces4 ,! idea ( ! s]vant makes u ?9k ( ! ma/]2 t ( ! subject c>ries our view to ! pr9ce4 ,b ! same relation has n an equal influ5ce 9 convey+ u back aga94 ,& on ?is is f\nd$ t reproa* ( ,cornelia to h] sons1 t !y ought to be a%am$ %e %\ld be m kn[n by ! title ( ! daught] ( ,scipio1 ?an by t ( ! "m ( ! ,grac*i4 ,?is 01 9 o!r words1 exhort+ !m to r5d] !mselves z illu/ri\s & fam\s z _! gr&fa!r1 o!rwise ! imag9ation ( ! p1 pass+ f h] :o 0 int]m$iate1 & plac$ 9 an equal relation to bo?1 w\ld always leave !m1 & d5om9ate h] by :at 0 m consid]able & ( great] mom5t4 ,on ! same pr9ciple is f\nd$ t common cu/om ( mak+ wives be> ! "n ( _! husb&s1 r ?an husb&s t ( _! wives2 z also ! c]emony ( giv+ ! prec$5cy to ^? :om we hon\r & respect4 ,we might f9d _m o!r in/ances to confirm ?is pr9ciple1 7 x n already suffici5tly evid5t4 ,n[1 s9ce ! fancy f9ds ! same facility 9 pass+ f ! less] to ! great]1 z f remote to contigu\s1 :y does n ?is easy transition ( ideas assi/ ! transition ( passions 9 ! =m] case z well z 9 ! latt]8 ,! virtues ( a fri5d or bro!r produce fir/ love1 & !n pride2 because 9 t case ! imag9ation passes f remote to contigu\s1 accord+ to its prop5sity4 ,our own virtues produce n fir/ pride1 & !n love to a fri5d or bro!r2 because ! passage 9 t case w\ld be f contigu\s to remote1 contr>y to its prop5sity4 ,b ! love or hatr$ ( an inf]ior1 causes n readily any passion to ! sup]ior1 ?\gh t be ! natural prop5sity ( ! imag9ation3 :ile ! love or hatr$ ( a sup]ior1 causes a passion to ! inf]ior1 contr>y to its prop5sity4 ,9 %ort1 ! same facility ( transition op]ates n 9 ! same mann] ^u sup]ior & inf]ior z ^u contigu\s & remote4 ,^! two ph5om5a appe> contradictory1 & require "s att5tion to be reconcil$4 ,z ! transition ( ideas is "h made contr>y to ! natural prop5sity ( ! imag9ation1 t faculty mu/ be ov]p[]$ by "s /rong] pr9ciple ( ano!r k9d2 & z !re is no?+ ev] pres5t to ! m9d b impressions & ideas1 ?is pr9ciple mu/ necess>ily lie 9 ! impressions4 ,n[1 x has be5 obs]v$1 t impressions or passions are connect$ only by _! resemblance1 & t :]e any two passions place ! m9d 9 ! same or 9 simil> dispositions1 x v naturally passes f ! "o to ! o!r3 z on ! contr>y1 a repugnance 9 ! dispositions produces a difficulty 9 ! transition ( ! passions4 ,b1 'tis obs]vable1 t ?is repugnance may arise f a diff]5ce ( degree z well z ( k9d2 nor d we exp]i5ce a great] difficulty 9 pass+ sudd5ly f a small degree ( love to a small degree ( hatr$1 ?an f a small to a great degree ( ei!r ( ^! affections4 ,a man1 :5 calm or only mod]ately agitat$1 is s diff]5t1 9 e respect1 f himself1 :5 di/urb$ ) a viol5t passion1 t no two p]sons c be m unlike2 nor is x easy to pass f ! "o extreme to ! o!r1 )\t a consid]able int]val betwixt !m4 ,! difficulty is n less1 if x be n r great] 9 pass+ f ! /rong passion to ! weak1 ?an 9 pass+ f ! weak to ! /rong1 provid$ ! "o passion ^u its appe>ance de/roys ! o!r1 & !y d n bo? ( !m exi/ at once4 ,b ! case is entirely alt]$1 :5 ! passions unite toge!r1 & actuate ! m9d at ! same "t4 ,a weak passion1 :5 add$ to a /rong1 makes n s consid]able *ange 9 ! disposition1 z a /rong :5 add$ to a weak2 = :i* reason !re is a clos] connexion betwixt ! great degree & ! small1 ?an betwixt ! small degree & ! great4 ,! degree ( any passion dep5ds ^u ! nature ( its object2 & an affection direct$ to a p]son1 :o is consid]able 9 our eyes1 fills & possesses ! m9d mu* m ?an "o1 :i* has = its object a p]son we e/eem ( less consequ5ce4 ,"h !n1 ! contradiction betwixt ! prop5sities ( ! imag9ation & passion displays itself4 ,:5 we turn our ?\ght to a great & a small object1 ! imag9ation f9ds m facility 9 pass+ f ! small to ! great1 ?an f ! great to ! small2 b ! affections f9d a great] difficulty3 &1 z ! affections are a m p[]ful pr9ciple ?an ! imag9ation1 no wond] !y prevail ov] x1 & draw ! m9d to _! side4 ,9 spite ( ! difficulty ( pass+ f ! idea ( great to t ( little1 a passion direct$ to ! =m] produces always a simil> passion t[>ds ! latt]1 :5 ! great & little are relat$ toge!r4 ,! idea ( ! s]vant conveys our ?\ght mo/ readily to ! ma/]2 b ! hatr$ or love ( ! ma/] produces ) great] facility ang] or good w to ! s]vant4 ,! /ronge/ passion 9 ?is case takes ! prec$5ce2 & ! addition ( ! weak] mak+ no consid]able *ange on ! disposition1 ! passage is by t means r5d]$ m easy & natural betwixt !m4 ,z1 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5t1 we f\nd t a relation ( ideas1 :i*1 by any p>ticul> circum/ance1 ceases to produce its usual effect ( facilitat+ ! transition ( ideas1 ceases likewise to op]ate on ! passions2 s1 9 ! pres5t exp]im5t1 we f9d ! same prop]ty ( ! impressions4 ,two diff]5t degrees ( ! same passion are surely relat$ toge!r2 b if ! small] be fir/ pres5t1 x has little or no t5d5cy to introduce ! great]2 & t because ! addition ( ! great to ! little produces a m s5sible alt]ation on ! temp] ?an ! addition ( ! little to ! great4 ,^! ph5om5a1 :5 duly weigh$1 w be f\nd conv9c+ pro(s ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,& ^! pro(s w be confirm$1 if we consid] ! mann] 9 :i* ! m9d "h reconciles ! contradiction ,i h obs]v$ betwixt ! passions & ! imag9ation4 ,! fancy passes ) m facility f ! less to ! great]1 ?an f ! great] to ! less4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 a viol5t passion produces m easily a feeble ?an t does a viol5t4 ,9 ?is opposition1 ! passion 9 ! end prevails ov] ! imag9ation3 b 'tis commonly by comply+ ) x1 & by seek+ ano!r quality1 :i* may c\nt]balance t pr9ciple f :5ce ! opposition arises4 ,:5 we love ! fa!r or ma/] ( a family1 we ?9k ( 8 *ildr5 or s]vants4 ,b :5 ^! are pres5t ) u1 or :5 x lies any ways 9 our p[] to s]ve !m1 ! ne>ness & contiguity 9 ?is case increases _! magnitude1 or at lea/ removes t opposition :i* ! fancy makes to ! transition ( ! affections4 ,if ! imag9ation f9ds a difficulty 9 pass+ f great] to less1 x f9ds an equal facility 9 pass+ f remote to contigu\s1 :i* br+s ! matt] to an equality1 & leaves ! way op5 f ! "o passion to ! o!r4 ,eigh? exp]im5t4 ,i h obs]v$1 t ! transition f love or hatr$ to pride or humility1 is m easy ?an f pride or humility to love or hatr$2 & t ! difficulty :i* ! imag9ation f9ds 9 pass+ f contigu\s to remote1 is ! cause :y we sc>ce h any in/ance ( ! latt] transition ( ! affections4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 make "o exception1 viz4 :5 ! v cause ( ! pride & humility is plac$ 9 "s o!r p]son4 ,=1 9 t case1 ! imag9ation is necessitat$ to consid] ! p]son1 nor c x possibly conf9e its view to ourselves4 ,?us1 no?+ m readily produces k9dness & affection to any p]son ?an 8 approbation ( our conduct & "*2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ inspires u ) a /rong] hatr$ ?an 8 blame or contempt4 ,"h1 'tis evid5t1 t ! orig9al passion is pride or humility1 ^: object is self2 & t ?is passion is transfus$ into love or hatr$1 ^: object is "s o!r p]son1 not)/&+ ! rule ,i h already e/abli%$1 t ! imag9ation passes ) difficulty f contigu\s to remote4 ,b ! transition 9 ?is case is n made m]ely on acc\nt ( ! relation betwixt ourselves & ! p]son2 b because t v p]son is ! real cause ( our fir/ passion1 &1 ( consequ5ce1 is intimately connect$ ) x4 ',tis 8 approbation t produces pride1 & disapprobation humility4 ,no wond]1 !n1 ! imag9ation returns back aga9 att5d$ ) ! relat$ passions ( love & hatr$4 ,?is is n a contradiction1 b an exception to ! rule2 & an exception t arises f ! same reason ) ! rule itself4 ,su* an exception z ?is is1 !re=e1 r a confirmation ( ! rule4 ,& inde$1 if we consid] all ! eight exp]im5ts ,i h expla9$1 we %all f9d t ! same pr9ciple appe>s 9 all ( !m1 & t 'tis by means ( a transition aris+ f a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas1 pride & humility1 love & hatr$ are produc$4 ,an object )\t a relation1#a or ) b "o1#b nev] produces ei!r ( ^! passions2 & 'tis f\nd#c t ! passion always v>ies 9 con=mity to ! relation4 ,nay we may obs]ve1 t :]e ! relation1 by any p>ticul> circum/ance1 has n its usual effect ( produc+ a transition ei!r ( ideas or ( impressions1#d x ceases to op]ate ^u ! passions1 & gives rise nei!r to pride nor love1 humility nor hatr$4 ,?is rule we f9d /ill to hold good1 ev5 "u ! appe>ance ( its contr>y2#e & z relation is frequ5tly exp]i5c$ to h no effect1 :i* ^u exam9ation is f\nd to proce$ f "s p>ticul> circum/ance t prev5ts ! transition2 s1 ev5 9 in/ances :]e t circum/ance1 ?\gh pres5t1 prev5ts n ! transition1 'tis f\nd to arise f "s o!r circum/ance :i* c\nt]balances x4 ,?us1 n only ! v>iations resolve !mselves into ! g5]al pr9ciple1 b ev5 ! v>iations ( ^! v>iations4 #a ,fir/ exp]im5t4 #b ,second & ?ird exp]im5ts4 #c ,f\r? exp]im5t4 #d ,six? exp]im5t4 #e ,sev5? & eigh? exp]im5ts4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,difficulties ,,solv$4 ,aft] s _m & su* und5iable pro(s drawn f daily exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 x may seem sup]flu\s to ent] into a p>ticul> exam9ation ( all ! causes ( love & hatr$4 ,i %all !re=e employ ! sequel ( ?is "p1 fir/1 9 remov+ "s difficulties conc]n+ p>ticul> causes ( ^! passions2 secondly1 9 exam9+ ! comp\nd affections1 :i* arise f ! mixture ( love & hatr$ ) o!r emotions4 ,no?+ is m evid5t1 ?an t any p]son acquires our k9dness1 or is expos$ to our ill-w1 9 proportion to ! pleasure or uneas9ess we receive f him1 & t ! passions keep pace exactly ) ! s5sations 9 all _! *anges & v>iations4 ,:oev] c f9d ! means1 ei!r by 8 s]vices1 8 beauty1 or 8 flatt]y1 to r5d] himself useful or agreeable to u1 is sure ( our affections2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 :oev] h>ms or displeases u nev] fails to excite our ang] or hatr$4 ,:5 our own nation is at w> ) any o!r1 we dete/ !m "u ! "* ( cruel1 p]fidi\s1 unju/1 & viol5t2 b always e/eem ourselves & allies equitable1 mod]ate1 & m]ciful4 ,if ! g5]al ( our enemies be successful1 'tis ) difficulty we all[ him ! figure & "* ( a man4 ,he is a sorc]]2 he has a communication ) demons1 z is report$ ( ,oliv] ,cromwell & ! ,duke ( ,luxemb\rg2 he is bloody-m9d$1 & takes a pleasure 9 dea? & de/ruction4 ,b if ! success be on our side1 our comm&] has all ! opposite good qualities1 & is a patt]n ( virtue1 z well z ( c\rage & conduct4 ,8 trea*]y we call policy2 8 cruelty is an evil insep>able f w>4 ,9 %ort1 e "o ( 8 faults we ei!r endeav\r to ext5uate1 or dignify x ) ! "n ( t virtue :i* approa*es x4 ',tis evid5t ! same me?od ( ?9k+ rims ?r\gh common life4 ,!re are "s :o add ano!r condition1 & require n only t ! pa9 & pleasure arise f ! p]son1 b likewise t x arise kn[+ly1 & ) a p>ticul> design & int5tion4 ,a man :o w\nds & h>ms u by accid5t1 becomes n our enemy ^u t acc\nt2 nor d we ?9k ourselves b\nd1 by any ties ( gratitude1 to "o :o does u any s]vice aft] ! same mann]4 ,by ! int5tion we judge ( ! actions2 &1 accord+ z t is good or bad1 !y become causes ( love or hatr$4 ,b "h we mu/ make a di/9ction4 ,if t quality 9 ano!r1 :i* pleases or displeases1 be con/ant & inh]5t 9 8 p]son & "*1 x w cause love or hatr$1 indep5d5t ( ! int5tion3 b o!rwise a k & design is requisite1 9 ord] to give rise to ^! passions4 ,"o t is disagreeable by 8 de=mity or folly1 is ! object ( our av]sion1 ?\gh no?+ be m c]ta91 ?an t he has n ! lea/ int5tion ( displeas+ u by ^! qualities4 ,b if ! uneas9ess proce$ n f a quality1 b an action1 :i* is produc$ & annihilat$ 9 a mom5t1 'tis necess>y1 9 ord] to produce "s relation1 & connect ?is action suffici5tly ) ! p]son1 t x be d]iv$ f a p>ticul> =e?\ght & design4 ',tis n en\gh t ! action arise f ! p]son1 & h him = its imm$iate cause & au?or4 ,?is relation alone is too feeble & incon/ant to be a f\ndation = ^! passions4 ,x rea*es n ! s5sible & ?9k+ "p1 & nei!r proce$s f any ?+ durable 9 him1 nor leaves any ?+ beh9d x1 b passes 9 a mom5t1 & is z if x _h nev] be54 ,on ! o!r h&1 an int5tion %[s c]ta9 qualities1 :i*1 rema9+ aft] ! action is p]=m$1 connect x ) ! p]son1 & facilitate ! transition ( ideas f "o to ! o!r4 ,we c nev] ?9k ( him )\t reflect+ on ^! qualities1 unless rep5tance & a *ange ( life h produc$ an alt]ation 9 t respect2 9 :i* case ! passion is likewise alt]$4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is "o reason :y an int5tion is requisite to excite ei!r love or hatr$4 ,b we mu/ f>!r consid]1 t an int5tion1 besides its /r5g!n+ ! relation ( ideas1 is (t5 necess>y to produce a relation ( impressions1 & give rise to pleasure & uneas9ess4 ,= 'tis obs]vable1 t ! pr9cipal "p ( an injury is ! contempt & hatr$ :i* x %[s 9 ! p]son t injures u2 & )\t t1 ! m]e h>m gives u a less s5sible uneas9ess4 ,9 l mann]1 a good (fice is agreeable1 *iefly because x flatt]s our vanity1 & is a pro( ( ! k9dness & e/eem ( ! p]son :o p]=ms x4 ,! removal ( ! int5tion removes ! mortification 9 ! "o case1 & vanity 9 ! o!r2 & mu/ ( c\rse cause a rem>kable dim9ution 9 ! passions ( love & hatr$4 ,i grant1 t ^! effects ( ! removal ( design1 hatr$1 9 dim9i%+ ! relations ( impressions & ideas1 are n entire1 nor able to remove e degree ( ^! relations4 ,b !n ,i ask1 if ! removal ( design be able entirely to remove ! passion ( love & hatr$8 ,exp]i5ce1 ,i am sure1 in=ms u ( ! contr>y1 nor is !re any ?+ m c]ta9 ?an t m5 (t5 fall into a viol5t ang] = injuries :i* !y !mselves mu/ own to be entirely involunt>y & accid5tal4 ,?is emotion1 inde$1 _c be ( long cont9uance1 b /ill is suffici5t to %[1 t !re is a natural connexion betwixt uneas9ess & ang]1 & t ! relation ( impressions w op]ate ^u a v small relation ( ideas4 ,b :5 ! viol5ce ( ! impression is once a little abat$1 ! defect ( ! relation beg9s to be bett] felt2 & z ! "* ( a p]son is no wise int]e/$ 9 su* injuries z are casual & involunt>y1 x seldom happ5s t on _! acc\nt we ent]ta9 a la/+ enmity4 ,to illu/rate ?is doctr9e by a p>allel in/ance1 we may obs]ve1 t n only ! uneas9ess :i* proce$s f ano!r by accid5t1 has b little =ce to excite our passion1 b also t :i* arises f an ackn[l$g$ necessity & duty4 ,"o t has a real design ( h>m+ u1 proce$+ n f hatr$ & ill w1 b f ju/ice & equity1 draws n ^u him our ang]1 if we be 9 any degree reasonable2 not)/&+ he is bo? ! cause1 & ! kn[+ cause1 ( our suff]+s4 ,let u exam9e a little ?is ph5om5on4 ',tis evid5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ?is circum/ance is n decisive2 & ?\gh x may be able to dim9i% ! passions1 'tis seldom x c entirely remove !m4 ,h[ few crim9als are !re :o h no ill w to ! p]son t accuses !m1 or to ! judge t condemns !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y be consci\s ( _! own des]ts6 ,9 l mann] our antagoni/ 9 a lawsuit1 & our competitor = any (fice1 are commonly reg>d$ z our enemies1 ?\gh we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 if we w\ld b reflect a mom5t1 t _! motive is entirely z ju/ifiable z our own4 ,besides we may consid]1 t :5 we receive h>m f any p]son1 we are apt to imag9e him crim9al1 & 'tis ) extreme difficulty we all[ ( 8 ju/ice & innoc5ce4 ,?is is a cle> pro( t1 indep5d5t ( ! op9ion ( iniquity1 any h>m or uneas9ess has a natural t5d5cy to excite our hatr$1 & t aft]w>ds we seek = reasons ^u :i* we may ju/ify & e/abli% ! passion4 ,"h ! idea ( injury produces n ! passion1 b arises f x4 ,nor is x any wond] t passion %\ld produce ! op9ion ( injury2 s9ce o!rwise x mu/ suff] a consid]able dim9ution1 :i* all ! passions avoid z mu* z possible4 ,! removal ( injury may remove ! ang]1 )\t prov+ t ! ang] arises only f ! injury4 ,! h>m & ! ju/ice are two contr>y objects1 ( :i* ! "o has a t5d5cy to produce hatr$1 & ! o!r love2 & 'tis accord+ to _! diff]5t degrees1 & our p>ticul> turn ( ?9k+1 t ei!r ( ! objects prevails & excites its prop] passion4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,relations4 ,hav+ giv5 a reason :y sev]al actions t cause a real pleasure or uneas9ess excite n any degree1 or b a small "o1 ( ! passion ( love or hatr$ t[>ds ! actors1 'twill be necess>y to %[ :]e9 consi/s ! pleasure or uneas9ess ( _m objects :i* we f9d by exp]i5ce to produce ^! passions4 ,accord+ to ! prec$+ sy/em1 !re is always requir$ a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas betwixt ! cause & effect1 9 ord] to produce ei!r love or hatr$4 ,b ?\gh ?is be univ]sally true1 'tis rem>kable t ! passion ( love may be excit$ by only "o relation ( a diff]5t k9d1 viz4 betwixt ourselves & ! object2 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 t ?is relation is always att5d$ ) bo? ! o!rs4 ,:oev] is unit$ to u by any connexion is always sure ( a %>e ( our love1 proportion$ to ! connexion1 )\t inquir+ into 8 o!r qualities4 ,?us1 ! relation ( blood produces ! /ronge/ tie ! m9d is capable ( 9 ! love ( p>5ts to _! *ildr51 & a less] degree ( ! same affection z ! relation less5s4 ,nor has consangu9ity alone ?is effect1 b any o!r relation )\t exception4 ,we love our c\ntrym51 our neighb\rs1 ^? ( ! same trade1 pr(ession1 & ev5 "n ) ourselves4 ,e "o ( ^! relations is e/eem$ "s tie1 & gives a title to a %>e ( our affection4 ,!re is ano!r ph5om5on :i* is p>allel to ?is1 viz4 t acqua9tance1 )\t any k9d ( relation1 gives rise to love & k9dness4 ,:5 we h contract$ a habitude & intimacy ) any p]son1 ?\gh 9 frequ5t+ 8 company we h n be5 able to discov] any v valuable quality ( :i* he is possess$2 yet we _c =be> pref]r+ him to /rang]s ( ^: sup]ior m]it we are fully conv9c$4 ,^! two ph5om5a ( ! effects ( relation & acqua9tance w give mutual light to ea* o!r1 & may be bo? expla9$ f ! same pr9ciple4 ,^? :o take a pleasure 9 declaim+ aga9/ human nature h obs]v$1 t man is altoge!r insuffici5t to support himself1 & t1 :5 y loos5 all ! holds :i* he has ( ext]nal objects1 he imm$iately drops d[n into ! deepe/ melan*oly & despair4 ,f ?is1 say !y1 proce$s t cont9ual se>* aft] amusem5t 9 gam+1 9 hunt+1 9 bus9ess1 by :i* we endeav\r to =get ourselves1 & excite our spirits f ! languid /ate into :i* !y fall :5 n su/a9$ by "s brisk & lively emotion4 ,to ?is me?od ( ?9k+ ,i s f> agree1 t ,i own ! m9d to be insuffici5t1 ( itself1 to its own ent]ta9m5t1 & t x naturally seeks aft] =eign objects :i* may produce a lively s5sation1 & agitate ! spirits4 ,on ! appe>ance ( su* an object x awakes1 z x 71 f a dream2 ! blood fl[s ) a new tide2 ! he>t is elevat$2 & ! :ole man acquires a vig\r :i* he _c comm& 9 8 solit>y & calm mom5ts4 ,h5ce company is naturally s rejoic+1 z pres5t+ ! livelie/ ( all objects1 viz4 a rational & ?9k+ be+ l ourselves1 :o communicates to u all ! actions ( 8 m9d1 makes u privy to 8 inmo/ s5tim5ts & affections1 & lets u see1 9 ! v in/ant ( _! production1 all ! emotions :i* are caus$ by any object4 ,e lively idea is agreeable1 b especially t ( a passion1 because su* an idea becomes a k9d ( passion1 & gives a m s5sible agitation to ! m9d ?an any o!r image or conception4 ,?is be+ once admitt$1 all ! re/ is easy4 ,= z ! company ( /rang]s is agreeable to u = a %ort "t1 by enliv5+ our ?\ght1 s ! company ( our relations & acqua9tance mu/ be peculi>ly agreeable1 because x has ?is effect 9 a great] degree1 & is ( m durable influ5ce4 ,:atev] is relat$ to u is conceiv$ 9 a lively mann] by ! easy transition f ourselves to ! relat$ object4 ,cu/om also1 or acqua9tance1 facilitates ! entrance1 & /r5g!ns ! conception ( any object4 ,! fir/ case is p>allel to our reason+s f cause & effect2 ! second to education4 ,& z reason+ & education concur only 9 produc+ a lively & /rong idea ( any object1 s is ?is ! only p>ticul> :i* is common to relation & acqua9tance4 ,?is mu/ !re=e be ! influ5c+ quality by :i* !y produce all _! common effects2 & love or k9dness be+ "o ( ^! effects1 x mu/ be f ! =ce & livel9ess ( conception t ! passion is d]iv$4 ,su* a conception is peculi>ly agreeable1 & makes u h an affectionate reg>d = e ?+ t produces x1 :5 ! prop] object ( k9dness & good w4 ',tis obvi\s t p associate toge!r accord+ to _! p>ticul> temp]s & dispositions1 & t m5 ( gay temp]s naturally love ! gay1 z ! s]i\s be> an affection to ! s]i\s4 ,?is n only happ5s :]e !y rem>k ?is resemblance betwixt !mselves & o!rs1 b also by ! natural c\rse ( ! disposition1 & by a c]ta9 sympa?y :i* always arises betwixt simil> *>act]s4 ,:]e !y rem>k ! resemblance1 x op]ates aft] ! mann] ( a relation by produc+ a connexion ( ideas4 ,:]e !y d n rem>k x1 x op]ates by "s o!r pr9ciple2 & if ?is latt] pr9ciple be simil> to ! =m]1 x mu/ be receiv$ z a confirmation ( ! =ego+ reason+4 ,! idea ( ourselves is always intimately pres5t to u1 & conveys a s5sible degree ( vivacity to ! idea ( any o!r object to :i* we are relat$4 ,?is lively idea *anges by degrees into a real impression2 ^! two k9ds ( p]ception be+ 9 a great measure ! same1 & diff]+ only 9 _! degrees ( =ce & vivacity4 ,b ?is *ange mu/ be produc$ ) ! great] ease1 t our natural temp] gives u a prop5sity to ! same impression :i* we obs]ve 9 o!rs1 & makes x arise ^u any slight occasion4 ,9 t case resemblance conv]ts ! idea into an impression1 n only by means ( ! relation1 & by transfus+ ! orig9al vivacity into ! relat$ idea2 b also by pres5t+ su* mat]ials z take fire f ! lea/ sp>k4 ,& z 9 bo? cases a love or affection f ! resemblance1 we may le>n t a sympa?y ) o!rs is agreeable only by giv+ an emotion to ! spirits1 s9ce an easy sympa?y & correspond5t emotions are alone common to relation1 acqua9tance1 & resemblance4 ,! great prop5sity m5 h to pride may be consid]$ z ano!r simil> ph5om5on4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 t aft] we h liv$ a consid]able "t 9 any city1 h[ev] at fir/ x might be disagreeable to u1 yet z we become famili> ) ! objects1 & contract an acqua9tance1 ?\gh m]ely ) ! /reets & build+s1 ! av]sion dim9i%es by degrees1 & at la/ *anges into ! opposite passion4 ,! m9d f9ds a satisfaction & ease 9 ! view ( objects to :i* x is accu/om$1 & naturally pref]s !m to o!rs1 :i*1 ?\gh p]haps 9 !mselves m valuable1 are less kn[n to x4 ,by ! same quality ( ! m9d we are s$uc$ into a good op9ion ( ourselves1 & ( all objects t belong to u4 ,!y appe> 9 a /rong] light1 are m agreeable1 & consequ5tly fitt] subjects ( pride & vanity ?an any o!r4 ,x may n be amiss1 9 treat+ ( ! affection we be> our acqua9tance & relations1 to obs]ve "s pretty curi\s ph5om5a :i* att5d x4 ',tis easy to rem>k 9 common life1 t *ildr5 e/eem _! relation to _! "m to be weak5$1 9 a great measure1 by h] second m>riage1 & no long] reg>d h] ) ! same eye z if %e _h cont9u$ 9 h] /ate ( wid[hood4 ,nor does ?is happ5 only :5 !y h felt any inconv5i5ces f h] second m>riage1 or :5 h] husb& is mu* h] inf]ior2 b ev5 )\t any ( ^! consid]ations1 & m]ely because %e has become "p ( ano!r family4 ,?is also takes place ) reg>d to ! second m>riage ( a fa!r1 b 9 a mu* less degree2 & 'tis c]ta9 ! ties ( blood are n s mu* loos5$ 9 ! latt] case z by ! m>riage ( a "m4 ,^! two ph5om5a are rem>kable 9 !mselves1 b mu* m s :5 comp>$4 ,9 ord] to produce a p]fect relation betwixt two objects1 'tis requisite1 n only t ! imag9ation be convey$ f "o to ! o!r1 by resemblance1 contiguity or causation1 b also t x return back f ! second to ! fir/ ) ! same ease & facility4 ,at fir/ sight ?is may seem a necess>y & unavoidable consequ5ce4 ,if "o object resemble ano!r1 ! latt] object mu/ necess>ily resemble ! =m]4 ,if "o object be ! cause ( ano!r1 ! second object is effect to its cause4 ',tis ! same ) contiguity2 & !re=e ! relation be+ always reciprocal1 x may be ?\ght1 t ! return ( ! imag9ation f ! second to ! fir/ mu/ also1 9 e case1 be equally natural z its passage f ! fir/ to ! second4 ,b ^u f>!r exam9ation we %all easily discov] our mi/ake4 ,= suppos+ ! second object1 beside its reciprocal relation to ! fir/1 to h also a /rong relation to a ?ird object2 9 t case ! ?\ght1 pass+ f ! fir/ object to ! second1 returns n back ) ! same facility1 ?\gh ! relation cont9ues ! same1 b is readily c>ri$ on to ! ?ird object1 by means ( ! new relation :i* pres5ts itself1 & gives a new impulse to ! imag9ation4 ,?is new relation1 !re=e1 weak5s ! tie betwixt ! fir/ & second objects4 ,! fancy is1 by its v nature1 wav]+ & incon/ant1 & consid]s always two objects z m /rongly relat$ toge!r1 :]e x f9ds ! passage equally easy bo? 9 go+ & return+1 ?an :]e ! transition is easy only 9 "o ( ^! motions4 ,! d\ble motion is a k9d ( a d\ble tie1 & b9ds ! objects toge!r 9 ! close/ & mo/ intimate mann]4 ,! second m>riage ( a "m breaks n ! relation ( *ild & p>5t2 & t relation suffices to convey my imag9ation f myself to h] ) ! greate/ ease & facility4 ,b aft] ! imag9ation is arriv$ at ?is po9t ( view1 x f9ds its object to be surr\nd$ ) s _m o!r relations :i* *all5ge its reg>d1 t x kn[s n :i* to pref]1 & is at a loss :at new object to pit* ^u4 ,! ties ( int]e/ & duty b9d h] to ano!r family1 & prev5t t return ( ! fancy f h] to myself :i* is necess>y to support ! union4 ,! ?\ght has no long] ! vibration requisite to set x p]fectly at ease1 & indulge its incl9ation to *ange4 ,x goes ) facility1 b returns ) difficulty2 & by t int]ruption f9ds ! relation mu* weak5$ f :at x w\ld be 7 ! passage op5 & easy on bo? sides4 ,n[1 to give a reason :y ?is effect foll[s n 9 9 ! same degree ^u ! second m>riage ( a fa!r2 we may reflect on :at has be5 prov$ already1 t ?\gh ! imag9ation goes easily f ! view ( a less] object to t ( a great]1 yet x returns n ) ! same facility f ! great] to ! less4 ,:5 my imag9ation goes f myself to my fa!r1 x passes n s readily f him to 8 second wife1 nor consid]s him z ent]+ into a diff]5t family1 b z cont9u+ ! head ( t family ( :i* ,i am myself a "p4 ,8 sup]iority prev5ts ! easy transition ( ! ?\ght f him to 8 sp\se1 b keeps ! passage /ill op5 = a return to myself along ! same relation ( *ild & p>5t4 ,he is n sunk 9 ! new relation he acquires2 s t ! d\ble motion or vibration ( ?\ght is /ill easy & natural4 ,by ?is indulg5ce ( ! fancy 9 its incon/ancy1 ! tie ( *ild & p>5t /ill pres]ves its full =ce & influ5ce4 ,a "m ?9ks n h] tie to a son weak5$ because 'tis %>$ ) h] husb&2 nor a son 8 ) a p>5t1 because 'tis %>$ ) a bro!r4 ,! ?ird object is "h relat$ to ! fir/ z well z to ! second3 s t ! imag9ation goes & comes along all ( !m ) ! greate/ facility4 ,,section ,v4 ,,( ,,our ,,e/eem ,,= ,,! ,,ri* ,,& ,,p[]ful4 ,no?+ has a great] t5d5cy to give u an e/eem = any p]son ?an 8 p[] & ri*es1 or a contempt1 ?an 8 pov]ty & meanness3 & z e/eem & contempt are to be consid]$ z species ( love & hatr$1 'twill be prop] 9 ?is place to expla9 ^! ph5om5a4 ,"h x happ5s1 mo/ =tunately1 t ! greate/ difficulty is1 n to discov] a pr9ciple capable ( produc+ su* an effect1 b to *use ! *ief & pr$om9ant among sev]al t pres5t !mselves4 ,! satisfaction we take 9 ! ri*es ( o!rs1 & ! e/eem we h = ! possessors1 may be ascrib$ to ?ree diff]5t causes4 ,fir/1 to ! objects !y possess2 su* z h\ses1 g>d5s1 equipages1 :i*1 be+ agreeable 9 !mselves1 necess>ily produce a s5tim5t ( pleasure 9 e "o t ei!r consid]s or surveys !m4 ,secondly1 to ! expectation ( advantage f ! ri* & p[]ful by our %>+ _! possessions4 ,?irdly1 to sympa?y1 :i* makes u p>take ( ! satisfaction ( e "o t approa*es u4 ,all ^! pr9ciples may concur 9 produc+ ! pres5t ph5om5on4 ,! "q is1 to :i* ( !m we ought pr9cipally to ascribe x4 ',tis c]ta9 t ! fir/ pr9ciple1 viz4 ! reflection on agreeable objects1 has a great] influ5ce ?an :at1 at fir/ sight1 we may be apt to imag9e4 ,we seldom reflect on :at is beautiful or ugly1 agreeable or disagreeable1 )\t an emotion ( pleasure or uneas9ess2 & ?\gh ^! s5sations appe> n mu*1 9 our common indol5t way ( ?9k+1 'tis easy1 ei!r 9 read+ or conv]sation1 to discov] !m4 ,m5 ( wit always turn ! disc\rse on subjects t are ent]ta9+ to ! imag9ation2 & poets nev] pres5t any objects b su* z are ( ! same nature4 ,mr ,philips has *os5 ,cid] = ! subject ( an excell5t poem4 ,be] w\ld n h be5 s prop]1 z be+ nei!r s agreeable to ! ta/e nor eye4 ,b he w\ld c]ta9ly h pref]r$ w9e to ei!r ( !m1 c\ld 8 native c\ntry h af=d$ him s agreeable a liquor4 ,we may le>n f !nce1 t e ?+ :i* is agreeable to ! s5ses1 is also1 9 "s measure1 agreeable to ! fancy1 & conveys to ! ?\ght an image ( t satisfaction1 :i* x gives by its real application to ! bodily organs4 ,b1 ?\gh ^! reasons may induce u to compreh5d ?is delicacy ( ! imag9ation among ! causes ( ! respect :i* we pay ! ri* & p[]ful1 !re are _m o!r reasons t may keep u f reg>d+ x z ! sole or pr9cipal4 ,=1 z ! ideas ( pleasure c h an influ5ce only by means ( _! vivacity1 :i* makes !m approa* impressions1 'tis mo/ natural ^? ideas %\ld h t influ5ce1 :i* are fav\r$ by mo/ circum/ances1 & h a natural t5d5cy to become /rong & lively2 su* z our ideas ( ! passions & s5sations ( any human creature4 ,e human creature resembles ourselves1 &1 by t means1 has an advantage above any o!r object 9 op]at+ on ! imag9ation4 ,besides1 if we consid] ! nature ( t faculty1 & ! great influ5ce :i* all relations h ^u x1 we %all easily be p]suad$1 t h[ev] ! ideas ( ! pleasant w9es1 music1 or g>d5s1 :i* ! ri* man enjoys1 may become lively & agreeable1 ! fancy w n conf9e itself to !m1 b w c>ry its view to ! relat$ objects1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 to ! p]son :o possesses !m4 ,& ?is is ! m natural1 t ! pleasant idea1 or image1 produces "h a passion t[>ds ! p]son by means ( 8 relation to ! object2 s t 'tis unavoidable b he mu/ ent] into ! orig9al conception1 s9ce he makes ! object ( ! d]ivative passion4 ,b if he ent]s into ! orig9al conception1 & is consid]$ z enjoy+ ^! agreeable objects1 'tis sympa?y :i* is prop]ly ! cause ( ! affection2 & ! ?ird pr9ciple is m p[]ful & univ]sal ?an ! fir/4 ,add to ?is1 t ri*es & p[] alone1 ev5 ?\gh unemploy$1 naturally cause e/eem & respect2 &1 consequ5tly1 ^! passions arise n f ! idea ( any beautiful or agreeable objects4 ',tis true money implies a k9d ( repres5tation ( su* objects by ! p[] x af=ds ( obta9+ !m2 & = t reason may /ill be e/eem$ prop] to convey ^? agreeable images :i* may give rise to ! passion4 ,b z ?is prospect is v di/ant1 'tis m natural = u to take a contigu\s object1 viz4 ! satisfaction :i* ?is p[] af=ds ! p]son :o is possess$ ( x4 ,& ( ?is we %all be f>!r satisfi$1 if we consid] t ri*es repres5t ! goods ( life only by means ( ! w :i* employs !m2 & !re=e imply1 9 _! v nature1 an idea ( ! p]son1 & _c be consid]$ )\t a k9d ( sympa?y ) 8 s5sations & enjoym5ts4 ,?is we may confirm by a reflection :i* to "s w p]haps appe> too subtile & ref9$4 ,i h already obs]v$ t p[]1 z di/+ui%$ f its ex]cise1 has ei!r no mean+ at all1 or is no?+ b a possibility or probability ( exi/5ce1 by :i* any object approa*es to reality1 & has a s5sible influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,i h also obs]v$1 t ?is approa*1 by an illusion ( ! fancy1 appe>s mu* great] :5 we ourselves are possess$ ( ! p[] ?an :5 x is enjoy$ by ano!r2 & t1 9 ! =m] case1 ! objects seem to t\* ^u ! v v]ge ( reality1 & convey almo/ an equal satisfaction z if actually 9 our possession4 ,n[ ,i ass]t1 t :]e we e/eem a p]son ^u acc\nt ( 8 ri*es1 we mu/ ent] into ?is s5tim5t ( ! proprietor1 & t1 )\t su* a sympa?y1 ! idea ( ! agreeable objects1 :i* !y give him ! p[] to produce1 w\ld h b a feeble influ5ce ^u u4 ,an av>ici\s man is respect$ = 8 money1 ?\gh he sc>ce is possess$ ( a p[]2 t is1 !re sc>ce is a probability or ev5 possibility ( 8 employ+ x 9 ! acquisition ( ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life4 ,to himself alone ?is p[] seems p]fect & entire2 & !re=e we mu/ receive 8 s5tim5ts by sympa?y1 be=e we c h a /rong int5se idea ( ^! enjoym5ts1 or e/eem him ^u acc\nt ( !m4 ,?us we h f\nd1 t ! fir/ pr9ciple1 viz4 ! agreeable idea ( ^? objects :i* ri*es af=d ! enjoym5t (1 resolves itself 9 a great measure into ! ?ird1 & becomes a sympa?y ) ! p]son we e/eem or love4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! second pr9ciple1 viz4 ! agreeable expectation ( advantage1 & see :at =ce we may ju/ly attribute to x4 ',tis obvi\s1 t1 ?\gh ri*es & au?ority und\bt$ly give _! own] a p[] ( do+ u s]vice1 yet ?is p[] is n to be consid]$ z on ! same foot+ ) t :i* !y af=d him ( pleas+ himself1 & satisfy+ 8 own appetites4 ,self-love approa*es ! p[] & ex]cise v ne> ea* o!r 9 ! latt] case2 b 9 ord] to produce a simil> effect 9 ! =m]1 we mu/ suppose a fri5d%ip & good-w to be conjo9$ ) ! ri*es4 ,)\t t circum/ance 'tis difficult to conceive on :at we c f\nd our hope ( advantage f ! ri*es ( o!rs1 ?\gh !re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t we naturally e/eem & respect ! ri*1 ev5 be=e we discov] 9 !m any su* fav\rable disposition t[>ds u4 ,b ,i c>ry ?is f>!r1 & obs]ve1 n only t we respect ! ri* & p[]ful :]e !y %[ no incl9ation to s]ve u1 b also :5 we lie s mu* out ( ! sph]e ( _! activity1 t !y _c ev5 be suppos$ to be end[$ ) t p[]4 ,prison]s ( w> are always treat$ ) a respect suitable to _! condition2 & 'tis c]ta9 ri*es g v f> t[>ds fix+ ! condition ( any p]son4 ,if bir? & quality ent] = a %>e1 ?is /ill af=ds u an argum5t ( ! same k9d4 ,= :at is x we call a man ( bir?1 b "o :o is desc5d$ f a long succession ( ri* & p[]ful ance/ors1 & :o acquires our e/eem by 8 relation to p]sons :om we e/eem8 ,8 ance/ors1 !re=e1 ?\gh dead1 are respect$ 9 "s measure on acc\nt ( _! ri*es1 & consequ5tly )\t any k9d ( expectation4 ,b n to g s f> z prison]s ( w> & ! dead to f9d in/ances ( ?is dis9t]e/$ e/eem = ri*es1 let u obs]ve1 ) a little att5tion1 ^? ph5om5a t occur to u 9 common life & conv]sation4 ,a man :o is himself ( a compet5t =tune1 ^u com+ into a company ( /rang]s1 naturally treats !m ) diff]5t degrees ( respect & def]5ce1 z he is in=m$ ( _! diff]5t =tunes & conditions2 ?\gh 'tis impossible he c ev] propose1 & p]haps w\ld n accept ( any advantage f !m4 ,a travell] is always admitt$ into company1 & meets ) civility 9 proportion z 8 tra9 & equipage speak him a man ( great or mod]ate =tune4 ,9 %ort1 ! diff]5t ranks ( m5 are 9 a great measure regulat$ by ri*es1 & t ) reg>d to sup]iors z well z inf]iors1 /rang]s z well z acqua9tance4 ,!re is1 inde$1 an answ] to ^! argum5ts1 drawn f ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules4 ,x may be pret5d$1 t1 be+ accu/om$ to expect succ\r & protection f ! ri* & p[]ful1 & to e/eem !m ^u t acc\nt1 we ext5d ! same s5tim5ts to ^? :o resemble !m 9 _! =tune1 b f :om we c nev] hope = any advantage4 ,! g5]al rule /ill prevails1 &1 by giv+ a b5t to ! imag9ation draws along ! passion1 9 ! same mann] z if its prop] object 7 real & exi/5t4 ,b t ?is pr9ciple does n "h take place1 w easily appe>1 if we consid] t1 9 ord] to e/abli% a g5]al rule1 & ext5d x beyond its prop] b\nds1 !re is requir$ a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 our exp]i5ce1 & a great sup]iority ( ^? in/ances1 :i* are con=mable to ! rule1 above ! contr>y4 ,b "h ! case is q o!rwise4 ,( a hundr$ m5 ( cr$it & =tune ,i meet )1 !re is n p]haps "o f :om ,i c expect advantage1 s t 'tis impossible any cu/om c ev] prevail 9 ! pres5t case4 ,^u ! :ole1 !re rema9s no?+ :i* c give u an e/eem = p[] & ri*es1 & a contempt = meanness & pov]ty1 except ! pride ( sympa?y1 by :i* we ent] into ! s5tim5ts ( ri* & poor1 & p>take ( _! pleasure & uneas9ess4 ,ri*es give satisfaction to _! possessor2 & ?is satisfaction is convey$ to ! behold] by ! imag9ation1 :i* produces an idea resembl+ ! orig9al impression 9 =ce & vivacity4 ,?is agreeable idea or impression is connect$ ) love1 :i* is an agreeable passion4 ,x proce$s f a ?9k+ consci\s be+1 :i* is ! v object ( love4 ,f ?is relation ( impressions1 & id5tity ( ideas1 ! passion arises accord+ to my hypo!sis4 ,! be/ me?od ( reconcil+ u to ?is op9ion1 is to take a g5]al survey ( ! univ]se1 & obs]ve ! =ce ( sympa?y ?r\gh ! :ole animal creation1 & ! easy communication ( s5tim5ts f "o ?9k+ be+ to ano!r4 ,9 all creatures t prey n ^u o!rs1 & are n agitat$ ) viol5t passions1 !re appe>s a rem>kable desire ( company1 :i* associates !m toge!r1 )\t any advantages !y c ev] propose to reap f _! union4 ,?is is /ill m conspicu\s 9 man1 z be+ ! creature ( ! univ]se :o has ! mo/ ard5t desire ( society1 & is fitt$ = x by ! mo/ advantages4 ,we c =m no wi% :i* has n a ref]5ce to society4 ,a p]fect solitude is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ puni%m5t we c suff]4 ,e pleasure langui%es :5 enjoy$ ap>t f company1 & e pa9 becomes m cruel & intol]able4 ,:atev] o!r passions we may be actuat$ by1 pride1 ambition1 av>ice1 curiosity1 rev5ge or lu/1 ! s\l or animat+ pr9ciple ( !m all is sympa?y2 nor w\ld !y h any =ce1 7 we to ab/ract entirely f ! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,let all ! p[]s & elem5ts ( nature conspire to s]ve & obey "o man2 let ! sun rise & set at 8 comm&2 ! sea & riv]s roll z he pleases1 & ! e>? furni% spontane\sly :atev] may be useful or agreeable to him2 he w /ill be mis]able1 till y give him "s "o p]son at lea/ ) :om he may %>e 8 happ9ess1 & ^: e/eem & fri5d%ip he may enjoy4 ,?is conclusion1 f a g5]al view ( human nature1 we may confirm by p>ticul> in/ances1 :]e9 ! =ce ( sympa?y is v rem>kable4 ,mo/ k9ds ( beauty are d]iv$ f ?is orig92 & ?\gh our fir/ object be "s s5seless inanimate piece ( matt]1 'tis seldom we re/ !re1 & c>ry n our view to its influ5ce on s5sible & rational creatures4 ,a man :o %[s u any h\se or build+1 takes p>ticul> c>e1 among o!r ?+s1 to po9t out ! conv5i5ce ( ! ap>tm5ts1 ! advantages ( _! situation1 & ! little room lo/ 9 ! /airs1 anti-*amb]s & passages2 & inde$ 'tis evid5t ! *ief "p ( ! beauty consi/s 9 ^! p>ticul>s4 ,! obs]vation ( conv5i5ce gives pleasure1 s9ce conv5i5ce is a beauty4 ,b aft] :at mann] does x give pleasure8 ',tis c]ta9 our own int]e/ is n 9 ! lea/ conc]n$2 & z ?is is a beauty ( int]e/1 n ( =m1 s to speak1 x mu/ delight u m]ely by communication1 & by our sympa?iz+ ) ! proprietor ( ! lodg+4 ,we ent] into 8 int]e/ by ! =ce ( imag9ation1 & feel ! same satisfaction t ! objects naturally occasion 9 him4 ,?is obs]vation ext5ds to tables1 *airs1 scrutoires1 *imneys1 coa*es1 saddles1 pl\ghs1 & inde$ to e "w ( art2 x be+ an univ]sal rule1 t _! beauty is *iefly d]iv$ f _! utility1 & f _! fitness = t purpose1 to :i* !y are de/9$4 ,b ?is is an advantage t conc]ns only ! own]1 nor is !re any ?+ b sympa?y1 :i* c int]e/ ! spectator4 ',tis evid5t t no?+ r5d]s a field m agreeable ?an its f]tility1 & t sc>ce any advantages ( ornam5t or situation w be able to equal ?is beauty4 ',tis ! same case ) p>ticul> trees & plants1 z ) ! field on :i* !y gr[4 ,i "k n b a pla91 ov]gr[n ) furze & broom1 may be1 9 itself1 z beautiful z a hill cov]$ ) v9es or olive trees1 ?\gh x w nev] appe> s to "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! value ( ea*4 ,b ?is is a beauty m]ely ( imag9ation1 & has no f\ndation 9 :at appe>s to ! s5ses4 ,f]tility & value h a pla9 ref]5ce to use2 & t to ri*es1 joy1 & pl5ty1 9 :i*1 ?\gh we h no hope ( p>tak+1 yet we ent] into !m by ! vivacity ( ! fancy1 & %>e !m 9 "s measure ) ! proprietor4 ,!re is no rule 9 pa9t+ m reasonable ?an t ( balanc+ ! figures1 & plac+ !m ) ! greate/ exactness on _! prop] c5tre ( gravity4 ,a figure :i* is n ju/ly balanc$ is disagreeable2 & t because x conveys ! ideas ( its fall1 ( h>m1 & ( pa92 :i* ideas are pa9ful :5 by sympa?y !y acquire any degree ( =ce & vivacity4 ,add to ?is1 t ! pr9cipal "p ( p]sonal beauty is an air ( heal? & vig\r1 & su* a con/ruction ( memb]s z promises /r5g? & activity4 ,?is idea ( beauty _c be acc\nt$ = b by sympa?y4 ,9 g5]al we may rem>k1 t ! m9ds ( m5 are mirrors to "o ano!r1 n only because !y reflect ea* o!rs emotions1 b also because ^? rays ( passions1 s5tim5ts & op9ions1 may be (t5 rev]b]at$1 & may decay away by ins5sible degrees4 ,?us1 ! pleasure :i* a ri* man receives f 8 possessions1 be+ ?r[n ^u ! behold]1 causes a pleasure & e/eem2 :i* s5tim5ts aga9 be+ p]ceiv$ & sympa?iz$ )1 increase ! pleasure ( ! possessor1 &1 be+ once m reflect$1 become a new f\ndation = pleasure & e/eem 9 ! behold]4 ,!re is c]ta9ly an orig9al satisfaction 9 ri*es d]iv$ f t p[] :i* !y be/[ ( enjoy+ all ! pleasures ( life2 & z ?is is _! v nature & ess5ce1 x mu/ be ! fir/ s\rce ( all ! passions :i* arise f !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ consid]able ( ^! passions is t ( love or e/eem 9 o!rs1 :i*1 !re=e1 proce$s f a sympa?y ) ! pleasure ( ! possessor4 ,b ! possessor has also a second>y satisfaction 9 ri*es1 aris+ f ! love & e/eem he acquires by !m2 & ?is satisfaction is no?+ b a second reflection ( t orig9al pleasure :i* proce$$ f himself4 ,?is second>y satisfaction or vanity becomes "o ( ! pr9cipal recomm5dations ( ri*es1 & is ! *ief reason :y we ei!r desire !m = ourselves1 or e/eem !m 9 o!rs4 ,"h !n is a ?ird reb\nd ( ! orig9al pleasure1 aft] :i* 'tis difficult to di/+ui% ! images & reflections1 by reason ( _! fa9tness & confusion4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,b5evol5ce ,,& ,,ang]4 ,ideas may be comp>$ to ! ext5sion & solidity ( matt] & impressions1 especially reflective ones1 to col\rs1 ta/es1 smells1 & o!r s5sible qualities4 ,ideas nev] admit ( a total union1 b are end[$ ) a k9d ( imp5etrability by :i* !y exclude ea* o!r1 & are capable ( =m+ a comp\nd by _! conjunction1 n by _! mixture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 impressions & passions are susceptible ( an entire union1 &1 l col\rs1 may be bl5d$ s p]fectly toge!r1 t ea* ( !m may lose itself1 & contribute only to v>y t uni=m impression :i* arises f ! :ole4 ,"s ( ! mo/ curi\s ph5om5a ( ! human m9d are d]iv$ f ?is prop]ty ( ! passions4 ,9 exam9+ ^? +r$i5ts :i* are capable ( unit+ ) love & hatr$1 ,i beg9 to be s5sible1 9 "s measure1 ( a mis=tune t has att5d$ e sy/em ( philosophy ) :i* ! _w has be5 yet acqua9t$4 ',tis commonly f\nd1 t 9 acc\nt+ = ! op]ations ( nature by any p>ticul> hypo!sis1 among a numb] ( exp]im5ts t quadrate exactly ) ! pr9ciples we w\ld endeav\r to e/abli%1 !re is always "s ph5om5on :i* is m /ubborn1 & w n s easily b5d to our purpose4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ t ?is %\ld happ5 9 natural philosophy4 ,! ess5ce & composition ( ext]nal bodies are s obscure1 t we mu/ necess>ily1 9 our reason+s1 or r conjectures conc]n+ !m1 involve ourselves 9 contradictions & absurdities4 ,b z ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d are p]fectly kn[n1 & ,i h us$ all imag9able caution 9 =m+ conclusions conc]n+ !m1 ,i h always hop$ to keep cle> ( ^? contradictions :i* h att5d$ e o!r sy/em4 ,accord+ly1 ! difficulty :i* ,i h at pres5t 9 my eye is no wise contr>y to my sy/em1 b only dep>ts a little f t simplicity :i* has be5 hi!rto its pr9cipal =ce & beauty4 ,! passions ( love & hatr$ are always foll[$ by1 or r conjo9$ )1 b5evol5ce & ang]4 ',tis ?is conjunction :i* *iefly di/+ui%es ^! affections f pride & humility4 ,= pride & humility are pure emotions 9 ! s\l1 unatt5d$ ) any desire1 & n imm$iately excit+ u to action4 ,b love & hatr$ are n complet$ )9 !mselves1 nor re/ 9 t emotion :i* !y produce1 b c>ry ! m9d to some?+ f>!r4 ,love is always foll[$ by a desire ( ! happ9ess ( ! p]son belov$1 & an av]sion to 8 mis]y3 z hatr$ produces a desire ( ! mis]y1 & an av]sion to ! happ9ess ( ! p]son hat$4 ,s rem>kable a diff]5ce betwixt ^! two sets ( passions ( pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 :i* 9 s _m o!r p>ticul>s correspond to ea* o!r1 m]its our att5tion4 ,! conjunction ( ?is desire & av]sion ) love & hatr$ may be acc\nt$ = by two diff]5t hypo!ses4 ,! fir/ is1 t love & hatr$ h n only a cause :i* excites !m1 viz4 pleasure & pa91 & an object to :i* !y are direct$1 viz4 a p]son or ?9k+ be+1 b likewise an end :i* !y endeav\r to atta91 viz4 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( ! p]son belov$ or hat$2 all :i* views1 mix+ toge!r1 make only "o passion4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 love is no?+ b ! desire ( happ9ess to ano!r p]son1 & hatr$ t ( mis]y4 ,! desire & av]sion con/itute ! v nature ( love & hatr$4 ,!y are n only insep>able1 b ! same4 ,b ?is is evid5tly contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,= ?\gh 'tis c]ta9 we nev] love any p]son )\t desir+ 8 happ9ess1 nor hate any )\t wi%+ 8 mis]y1 yet ^! desires arise only ^u ! ideas ( ! happ9ess or mis]y ( our fri5d or enemy be+ pres5t$ by ! imag9ation1 & are n absolutely ess5tial to love & hatr$4 ,!y are ! mo/ obvi\s & natural s5tim5ts ( ^! affections1 b n ! only ones4 ,! passions may express !mselves 9 a hundr$ ways1 & may subsi/ a consid]able "t1 )\t our reflect+ on ! happ9ess or mis]y ( _! objects2 :i* cle>ly proves t ^! desires are n ! same ) love & hatr$1 nor make any ess5tial "p ( !m4 ,we may !re=e inf]1 t b5evol5ce & ang] are passions diff]5t f love & hatr$1 & only conjo9$ ) !m by ! orig9al con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,z nature has giv5 to ! body c]ta9 appetites & incl9ations1 :i* %e increases1 dim9i%es1 or *anges accord+ to ! situation ( ! fluids or solids1 %e has proce$$ 9 ! same mann] ) ! m9d4 ,accord+ z we are possess$ ) love or hatr$1 ! correspond5t desire ( ! happ9ess or mis]y ( ! p]son :o is ! object ( ^! passions1 arises 9 ! m9d1 & v>ies ) ea* v>iation ( ^! opposite passions4 ,?is ord] ( ?+s1 ab/ract$ly consid]$1 is n necess>y4 ,love & hatr$ might h be5 unatt5d$ ) any su* desires1 or _! p>ticul> connexion might h be5 entirely rev]s$4 ,if nature _h s pleas$1 love might h _h ! same effect z hatr$1 & hatr$ z love4 ,i see no contradiction 9 suppos+ a desire ( produc+ mis]y annex$ to love1 & ( happ9ess to hatr$4 ,if ! s5sation ( ! passion & desire be opposite1 nature c\ld h alt]$ ! s5sation )\t alt]+ ! t5d5cy ( ! desire1 & by t means made !m compatible ) ea* o!r4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,compassion4 ,b ?\gh ! desire ( ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs1 accord+ to ! love or hatr$ we be> !m1 be an arbitr>y & orig9al in/9ct implant$ 9 our nature1 we f9d x may be c\nt]feit$ on _m occasions1 & may arise f second>y pr9ciples4 ,pity is a conc]n =1 & malice a joy 91 ! mis]y ( o!rs1 )\t any fri5d%ip or enmity to occasion ?is conc]n or joy4 ,we pity ev5 /rang]s1 & su* z are p]fectly indiff]5t to u3 & if our ill-w to ano!r proce$ f any h>m or injury1 x is n1 prop]ly speak+1 malice1 b rev5ge4 ,b if we exam9e ^! affections ( pity & malice1 we %all f9d !m to be second>y ones1 aris+ f orig9al affections1 :i* are v>i$ by "s p>ticul> turn ( ?\ght & imag9ation4 ',twill be easy to expla9 ! passion ( pity1 f ! prec$5t reason+ conc]n+ sympa?y4 ,we h a lively idea ( e ?+ relat$ to u4 ,all human creatures are relat$ to u by resemblance4 ,_! p]sons1 !re=e1 _! int]e/s1 _! passions1 _! pa9s & pleasures1 mu/ /rike ^u u 9 a lively mann]1 & produce an emotion simil> to ! orig9al "o1 s9ce a lively idea is easily conv]t$ into an impression4 ,if ?is be true 9 g5]al1 x mu/ be m s ( affliction & sorr[4 ,^! h always a /rong] & m la/+ influ5ce ?an any pleasure or enjoym5t4 ,a spectator ( a trag$y passes ?r\gh a long tra9 ( grief1 t]ror1 indignation1 & o!r affections1 :i* ! poet repres5ts 9 ! p]sons he introduces4 ,z _m trag$ies end happily1 & no excell5t "o c be compos$ )\t "s rev]ses ( =tune1 ! spectator mu/ sympa?ize ) all ^! *anges1 & receive ! fictiti\s joy z well z e o!r passion4 ,unless !re=e x be ass]t$1 t e di/9ct passion is communicat$ by a di/9ct orig9al quality1 & is n d]iv$ f ! g5]al pr9ciple ( sympa?y above expla9$1 x mu/ be all[$ t all ( !m arise f t pr9ciple4 ,to except any "o 9 p>ticul> mu/ appe> highly unreasonable4 ,z !y are all fir/ pres5t 9 ! m9d ( "o p]son1 & aft]w>ds appe> 9 ! m9d ( ano!r2 & z ! mann] ( _! appe>ance1 fir/ z an idea1 !n z an impression1 is 9 e case ! same1 ! transition mu/ arise f ! same pr9ciple4 ,i am at lea/ sure1 t ?is me?od ( reason+ w\ld be consid]$ z c]ta91 ei!r 9 natural philosophy or common life4 ,add to ?is1 t pity dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 on ! contiguity1 & ev5 sight ( ! object1 :i* is a pro( t 'tis d]iv$ f ! imag9ation2 n to m5tion t wom5 & *ildr5 are mo/ subject to pity1 z be+ mo/ guid$ by t faculty4 ,! same infirmity1 :i* makes !m fa9t at ! sight ( a nak$ sword1 ?\gh 9 ! h&s ( _! be/ fri5d1 makes !m pity extremely ^? :om !y f9d 9 any grief or affliction4 ,^? philosoph]s1 :o d]ive ?is passion f ,i "k n :at subtile reflections on ! in/ability ( =tune1 & our be+ liable to ! same mis]ies we behold1 w f9d ?is obs]vation contr>y to !m among a great _m o!rs1 :i* x 7 easy to produce4 ,!re rema9s only to take notice ( a pretty rem>kable ph5om5on ( ?is passion1 :i* is1 t ! communicat$ passion ( sympa?y sometimes acquires /r5g? f ! weakness ( its orig9al1 & ev5 arises by a transition f affections :i* h no exi/5ce4 ,?us1 :5 a p]son obta9s any hon\rable (fice1 or inh]its a great =tune1 we are always ! m rejoic$ = 8 prosp]ity1 ! less s5se he seems to h ( x1 & ! great] equanimity & indiff]5ce he %[s 9 its enjoym5t4 ,9 l mann]1 a man :o is n deject$ by mis=tunes is ! m lam5t$ on acc\nt ( 8 pati5ce2 & if t virtue ext5ds s f> z utt]ly to remove all s5se ( uneas9ess1 x /ill f>!r increases our compassion4 ,:5 a p]son ( m]it falls into :at is vulg>ly e/eem$ a great mis=tune1 we =m a notion ( 8 condition2 &1 c>ry+ our fancy f ! cause to ! usual effect1 fir/ conceive a lively idea ( 8 sorr[1 & !n feel an impression ( x1 entirely ov]look+ t greatness ( m9d :i* elevates him above su* emotions1 or only consid]+ x s f> z to increase our admiration1 love1 & t5d]ness = him4 ,we f9d f exp]i5ce1 t su* a degree ( passion is usually connect$ ) su* a mis=tune2 & ?\gh !re be an exception 9 ! pres5t case1 yet ! imag9ation is affect$ by ! g5]al rule1 & makes u conceive a lively idea ( ! passion1 or r feel ! passion itself 9 ! same mann] z if ! p]son 7 really actuat$ by x4 ,f ! same pr9ciples we blu% = ! conduct ( ^? :o behave !mselves fooli%ly be=e u1 & t ?\gh !y %[ no s5se ( %ame1 nor seem 9 ! lea/ consci\s ( _! folly4 ,all ?is proce$s f sympa?y1 b 'tis ( a p>tial k9d1 & views its objects only on "o side1 )\t consid]+ ! o!r1 :i* has a contr>y effect1 & w\ld entirely de/roy t emotion :i* arises f ! fir/ appe>ance4 ,we h also in/ances :]e9 an indiff]5ce & ins5sibility "u mis=tune increases our conc]n = ! mis=tunate1 ev5 ?\gh ! indiff]5ce proce$ n f any virtue & magnanimity4 ',tis an aggravation ( a murd]1 t x 0 committ$ ^u p]sons asleep & 9 p]fect security2 z hi/orians readily obs]ve ( any infant pr9ce1 :o is captive 9 ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 t he is m wor?y ( compassion ! less s5sible he is ( 8 mis]able condition4 ,z we ourselves are "h acqua9t$ ) ! wret*$ situation ( ! p]son1 x gives u a lively idea & s5sation ( sorr[1 :i* is ! passion t g5]ally att5ds x2 & ?is idea becomes /ill m lively1 & ! s5sation m viol5t by a contra/ ) t security & indiff]5ce :i* we obs]ve 9 ! p]son himself4 ,a contra/ ( any k9d nev] fails to effect ! imag9ation1 especially :5 pres5t$ by ! subject2 & 'tis on ! imag9ation t pity entirely dep5ds4#f #f ,to prev5t all ambiguity1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t :]e ,i oppose ! imag9ation to ! memory1 ,i mean 9 g5]al ! faculty t pres5ts our fa9t] ideas4 ,9 all o!r places1 & p>ticul>ly :5 x is oppos$ to ! und]/&+1 ,i und]/& ! same faculty1 exclud+ only our demon/rative & probable reason+s4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,( ,,malice ,,& ,,envy4 ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to acc\nt = ! passion ( malice1 :i* imitates ! effects ( hatr$ z pity does ^? ( love1 & gives u a joy 9 ! suff]+s & mis]ies ( o!rs1 )\t any (f5ce or injury on _! "p4 ,s little are m5 gov]n$ by reason 9 _! s5tim5ts & op9ions1 t !y always judge m ( objects by comp>ison ?an f _! intr9sic wor? & value4 ,:5 ! m9d consid]s1 or is accu/om$ to any degree ( p]fection1 :atev] falls %ort ( x1 ?\gh really e/imable1 has1 not)/&+1 ! same effect ^u ! passions z :at is defective & ill4 ,?is is an orig9al quality ( ! s\l1 & simil> to :at we h e day exp]i5ce ( 9 our bodies4 ,let a man heat "o h& & cool ! o!r2 ! same wat] w at ! same "t seem bo? hot & cold1 accord+ to ! disposition ( ! diff]5t organs4 ,a small degree ( any quality1 succe$+ a great]1 produces ! same s5sation z if less ?an x really is1 & ev5 sometimes z ! opposite quality4 ,any g5tle pa9 t foll[s a viol5t "o1 seems z no?+1 or r becomes a pleasure2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 a viol5t pa9 succe$+ a g5tle "o1 is d\bly griev\s & uneasy4 ,?is no "o c d\bt ( ) reg>d to our passions & s5sations4 ,b !re may arise "s difficulty ) reg>d to our ideas & objects4 ,:5 an object augm5ts or dim9i%es to ! eye or imag9ation1 f a comp>ison ) o!rs1 ! image & idea ( ! object are /ill ! same1 & are equally ext5d$ 9 ! ret9a1 & 9 ! bra9 or organ ( p]ception4 ,! eyes refract ! rays ( light1 & ! optic n]ves convey ! images to ! bra9 9 ! v same mann]1 :e!r a great or small object has prec$$2 nor does ev5 ! imag9ation alt] ! dim5sions ( its object on acc\nt ( a comp>ison ) o!rs4 ,! "q !n is1 h[1 f ! same impression1 & ! same idea1 we c =m su* diff]5t judgm5ts conc]n+ ! same object1 & at "o "t admire its bulk1 & at ano!r despise its littl5ess8 ,?is v>iation 9 our judgm5ts mu/ c]ta9ly proce$ f a v>iation 9 "s p]ception2 b z ! v>iation lies n 9 ! imm$iate impression or idea ( ! object1 x mu/ lie 9 "s o!r impression t accompanies x4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is matt]1 ,i %all j t\* ^u two pr9ciples1 "o ( :i* %all be m fully expla9$ 9 ! progress ( ?is ,treatise2 ! o!r has be5 already acc\nt$ =4 ,i believe x may safely be e/abli%$ = a g5]al maxim1 t no object is pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 nor image =m$ 9 ! fancy1 b :at is accompani$ ) "s emotion or movem5t ( spirits proportion$ to x2 & h[ev] cu/om may make u ins5sible ( ?is s5sation1 & cause u to conf\nd x ) ! object or idea1 'twill be easy1 by c>eful & exact exp]im5ts1 to sep>ate & di/+ui% !m4 ,=1 to in/ance only 9 ! cases ( ext5sion & numb]1 'tis evid5t t any v bulky object1 su* z ! ocean1 an ext5d$ pla91 a va/ *a9 ( m\nta9s1 a wide =e/2 or any v num]\s collection ( objects1 su* z an army1 a fleet1 a cr[d1 excite 9 ! m9d a s5sible emotion2 & t ! admiration :i* arises on ! appe>ance ( su* objects is "o ( ! mo/ lively pleasures :i* human nature is capable ( enjoy+4 ,n[1 z ?is admiration increases or dim9i%es by ! increase or dim9ution ( ! objects1 we may conclude1 accord+ to our =ego+ pr9ciples1#g t 'tis a comp\nd effect1 proce$+ f ! conjunction ( ! sev]al effects :i* arise f ea* "p ( ! cause4 ,e "p1 !n1 ( ext5sion1 & e unite ( numb]1 has a sep>ate emotion att5d+ x :5 conceiv$ by ! m9d2 & ?\gh t emotion be n always agreeable1 yet1 by its conjunction ) o!rs1 & by its agitat+ ! spirits to a j pit*1 x contributes to ! production ( admiration1 :i* is always agreeable4 ,if ?is be all[$ ) respect to ext5sion & numb]1 we c make no difficulty ) respect to virtue & vice1 wit & folly1 ri*es & pov]ty1 happ9ess & mis]y1 & o!r objects ( t k9d1 :i* are always att5d$ ) an evid5t emotion4 ,! second pr9ciple ,i %all take notice ( is t ( our adh]5ce to g5]al rules2 :i* has su* a mighty influ5ce on ! actions & und]/&+1 & is able to impose on ! v s5ses4 ,:5 an object is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be always accompani$ ) ano!r1 :5ev] ! fir/ object appe>s1 ?\gh *ang$ 9 v mat]ial circum/ances1 we naturally fly to ! conception ( ! second1 & =m an idea ( x 9 z lively & /rong a mann]1 z if we _h inf]r$ its exi/5ce by ! ju/e/ & mo/ au!ntic conclusion ( our und]/&+4 ,no?+ c undeceive u1 n ev5 our s5ses1 :i*1 in/ead ( correct+ ?is false judgm5t1 are (t5 p]v]t$ by x1 & seem to au?orize its errors4 ,! conclusion ,i draw f ^! two pr9ciples1 jo9$ to ! influ5ce ( comp>ison above-m5tion$1 is v %ort & decisive4 ,e object is att5d$ ) "s emotion proportion$ to x2 a great object ) a great emotion1 a small object ) a small emotion4 ,a great object1 !re=e1 succe$+ a small "o1 makes a great emotion succe$ a small "o4 ,n[1 a great emotion succe$+ a small "o becomes /ill great]1 & rises beyond its ord9>y proportion4 ,b z !re is a c]ta9 degree ( an emotion :i* commonly att5ds e magnitude ( an object1 :5 ! emotion increases1 we naturally imag9e t ! object has likewise increas$4 ,! effect conveys our view to its usual cause1 a c]ta9 degree ( emotion to a c]ta9 magnitude ( ! object2 nor d we consid]1 t comp>ison may *ange ! emotion )\t *ang+ any ?+ 9 ! object4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! metaphysical "p ( optics1 & "k h[ we transf] ! judgm5ts & conclusions ( ! und]/&+ to ! s5ses1 w easily conceive ?is :ole op]ation4 ,b leav+ ?is new discov]y ( an impression t secretly att5ds e idea1 we mu/ at lea/ all[ ( t pr9ciple f :5ce ! discov]y arose1 t objects appe> great] or less by a comp>ison ) o!rs4 ,we h s _m in/ances ( ?is1 t x is impossible we c dispute its v]acity2 & 'tis f ?is pr9ciple ,i d]ive ! passions ( malice & envy4 ',tis evid5t we mu/ receive a great] or less satisfaction or uneas9ess f reflect+ on our own condition & circum/ances1 9 proportion z !y appe> m or less =tunate or unhappy1 9 proportion to ! degrees ( ri*es1 & p[]1 & m]it1 & reputation1 :i* we ?9k ourselves posse/ (4 ,n[1 z we seldom judge ( objects f _! intr9sic value1 b =m our notions ( !m f a comp>ison ) o!r objects1 x foll[s1 t accord+ z we obs]ve a great] or less %>e ( happ9ess or mis]y 9 o!rs1 we mu/ make an e/imate ( our own1 & feel a consequ5t pa9 or pleasure4 ,! mis]y ( ano!r gives u a m lively idea ( our happ9ess1 & 8 happ9ess ( our mis]y4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 produces delight1 & ! latt] uneas9ess4 ,"h !n is a k9d ( pity rev]/1 or contr>y s5sations aris+ 9 ! behold]1 f ^? :i* are felt by ! p]son :om he consid]s4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t1 9 all k9ds ( comp>ison1 an object makes u always receive f ano!r1 to :i* x is comp>$1 a s5sation contr>y to :at arises f itself 9 its direct & imm$iate survey4 ,a small object makes a great "o appe> /ill great]4 ,a great object makes a little "o appe> less4 ,de=mity ( itself produces uneas9ess1 b makes u receive new pleasure by its contra/ ) a beautiful object1 ^: beauty is augm5t$ by x2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 beauty1 :i* ( itself produces pleasure1 makes u receive a new pa9 by ! contra/ ) any ?+ ugly1 ^: de=mity x augm5ts4 ,! case1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! same ) happ9ess & mis]y4 ,! direct survey ( ano!r's pleasure naturally gives u pleasure1 & !re=e produces pa9 :5 comp>$ ) our own4 ,8 pa91 consid]$ 9 itself1 is pa9ful to u1 b augm5ts ! idea ( our own happ9ess1 & gives u pleasure4 ,nor w x appe> /range1 t we may feel a rev]/ s5sation f ! happ9ess & mis]y ( o!rs1 s9ce we f9d ! same comp>ison may give u a k9d ( malice aga9/ ourselves1 & make u rejoice = our pa9s1 & grieve = our pleasures4 ,?us1 ! prospect ( pa/ pa9 is agreeable1 :5 we are satisfi$ ) our pres5t condition2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 our pa/ pleasures give u uneas9ess1 :5 we enjoy no?+ at pres5t equal to !m4 ,! comp>ison be+ ! same z :5 we reflect on ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs1 mu/ be att5d$ ) ! same effects4 ,nay1 a p]son may ext5d ?is malice aga9/ himself1 ev5 to 8 pres5t =tune1 & c>ry x s f> z design$ly to seek affliction1 & increase 8 pa9s & sorr[s4 ,?is may happ5 ^u two occasions4 ,fir/1 ,^u ! di/ress & mis=tune ( a fri5d1 or p]son de> to him4 ,secondly1 ,^u ! feel+ any remorses = a crime ( :i* he has be5 guilty4 ',tis f ! pr9ciple ( comp>ison t bo? ^! irregul> appetites = evil arise4 ,a p]son :o indulges himself 9 any pleasure :ile 8 fri5d lies "u affliction1 feels ! reflect$ uneas9ess f 8 fri5d m s5sibly by a comp>ison ) ! orig9al pleasure :i* he himself enjoys4 ,?is contra/1 inde$1 ought also to enliv5 ! pres5t pleasure4 ,b z grief is "h suppos$ to be ! pr$om9ant passion1 e addition falls to t side1 & is swall[$ up 9 x1 )\t op]at+ 9 ! lea/ ^u ! contr>y affection4 ',tis ! same case ) ^? p5ances :i* m5 inflict on !mselves = _! pa/ s9s & fail+s4 ,:5 a crim9al reflects on ! puni%m5t he des]ves1 ! idea ( x is magnifi$ by a comp>ison ) 8 pres5t ease & satisfaction1 :i* =ces him1 9 a mann]1 to seek uneas9ess1 9 ord] to avoid s disagreeable a contra/4 ,?is reason+ w acc\nt = ! orig9 ( envy z well z ( malice4 ,! only diff]5ce betwixt ^! passions lies 9 ?is1 t envy is excit$ by "s pres5t enjoym5t ( ano!r1 :i*1 by comp>ison1 dim9i%es our idea ( our own3 :]eas malice is ! unprovok$ desire ( produc+ evil to ano!r1 9 ord] to reap a pleasure f ! comp>ison4 ,! enjoym5t1 :i* is ! object ( envy1 is commonly sup]ior to our own4 ,a sup]iority naturally seems to ov]%ade u1 & pres5ts a disagreeable comp>ison4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( an inf]iority1 we /ill desire a great] di/ance1 9 ord] to augm5t /ill m ! idea ( ourself4 ,:5 ?is di/ance dim9i%es1 ! comp>ison is1 less to our advantage1 & consequ5tly gives u less pleasure1 & is ev5 disagreeable4 ,h5ce arises t species ( envy :i* m5 feel1 :5 !y p]ceive _! inf]iors approa*+ or ov]tak+ !m 9 ! pursuit ( glory or happ9ess4 ,9 ?is envy we may see ! effects ( comp>ison twice repeat$4 ,a man1 :o comp>es himself to 8 inf]ior1 receives a pleasure f ! comp>ison2 & :5 ! inf]iority decreases by ! elevation ( ! inf]ior1 :at %\ld only h be5 a decrease ( pleasure1 becomes a real pa91 by a new comp>ison ) its prec$+ condition4 ',tis wor?y ( obs]vation conc]n+ t envy :i* arises f a sup]iority 9 o!rs1 t 'tis n ! great disproportion betwixt ourself & ano!r1 :i* produces x2 b1 on ! contr>y1 our proximity4 ,a common soldi] be>s no su* envy to 8 g5]al z to 8 s]geant or corporal2 nor does an em95t writ] meet ) s great jeal\sy 9 common hackney scribbl]s1 z 9 au?ors t m ne>ly approa* him4 ,x may inde$ be ?\ght1 t ! great] ! disproportion is1 ! great] mu/ be ! uneas9ess f ! comp>ison4 ,b we may consid] on ! o!r h&1 t ! great disproportion cuts (f ! relation1 & ei!r keeps u f comp>+ ourselves1 ) :at is remote f u1 or dim9i%es ! effects ( ! comp>ison4 ,resemblance & proximity always produce a relation ( ideas2 & :]e y de/roy ^! ties1 h[ev] o!r accid5ts may br+ two ideas toge!r1 z !y h no bond or connect+ quality to jo9 !m 9 ! imag9ation1 'tis impossible !y c rema9 long unit$1 or h any consid]able influ5ce on ea* o!r4 ,i h obs]v$1 9 consid]+ ! nature ( ambition1 t ! great feel a d\ble pleasure 9 au?ority1 f ! comp>ison ( _! own condition ) t ( _! slaves2 & t ?is comp>ison has a d\ble influ5ce1 because 'tis natural1 & pres5t$ by ! subject4 ,:5 ! fancy1 9 ! comp>ison ( objects1 passes n easily f ! "o object to ! o!r1 ! action ( ! m9d is 9 a great measure broke1 & ! fancy1 9 consid]+ ! second object1 beg9s1 z x 71 ^u a new foot+4 ,! impression :i* att5ds e object1 seems n great] 9 t case by succe$+ a less ( ! same k9d2 b ^! two impressions are di/9ct1 & produce _! di/9ct effects1 )\t any communication toge!r4 ,! want ( relation 9 ! ideas breaks ! relation ( ! impressions1 & by su* a sep>ation prev5ts _! mutual op]ation & influ5ce4 ,to confirm ?is we may obs]ve1 t ! proximity 9 ! degree ( m]it is n alone suffici5t to give rise to envy1 b mu/ be assi/$ by o!r relations4 ,a poet is n apt to envy a philosoph]1 or a poet ( a diff]5t k9d1 ( a diff]5t nation1 or a diff]5t age4 ,all ^! diff]5ces prev5t or weak5 ! comp>ison1 & consequ5tly ! passion4 ,?is too is ! reason :y all objects appe> great or little1 m]ely by a comp>ison ) ^? ( ! same species4 ,a m\nta9 nei!r magnifies nor dim9i%es a horse 9 our eyes2 b :5 a ,flemi% & a ,wel% horse are se5 toge!r1 ! "o appe>s great] & ! o!r less1 !n :5 view$ ap>t4 ,f ! same pr9ciple we may acc\nt = t rem>k ( hi/orians1 t any p>ty 9 a civil w> always *oose to call 9 a =eign enemy at any haz>d1 r ?an submit to _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,guicci>d9 applies ?is rem>k to ! w>s 9 ,italy1 :]e ! relations betwixt ! diff]5t /ates are1 prop]ly speak+1 no?+ b ( "n1 language1 & contiguity4 ,yet ev5 ^! relations1 :5 jo9$ ) sup]iority1 by mak+ ! comp>ison m natural1 make x likewise m griev\s1 & cause m5 to se>* = "s o!r sup]iority1 :i* may be att5d$ ) no relation1 & by t means may h a less s5sible influ5ce on ! imag9ation4 ,! m9d quickly p]ceives its sev]al advantages & disadvantages2 & f9d+ its situation to be mo/ uneasy1 :]e sup]iority is conjo9$ ) o!r relations1 seeks its repose z mu* z possible by _! sep>ation1 & by break+ t association ( ideas1 :i* r5d]s ! comp>ison s mu* m natural & efficaci\s4 ,:5 x _c break ! association1 x feels a /rong] desire to remove ! sup]iority2 & ?is is ! reason :y travell]s are commonly s lavi% ( _! praises to ! ,*9ese & ,p]sians1 at ! same "t t !y depreciate ^? neighb\r+ nations :i* may /& ^u a foot ( rival%ip ) _! native c\ntry4 ,^! examples f hi/ory & common exp]i5ce are ri* & curi\s2 b we may f9d p>allel ones 9 ! arts1 :i* are no less rem>kable4 ,%\ld an au?or compose a treatise1 ( :i* "o "p 0 s]i\s & pr(\nd1 ano!r light & humor\s1 e "o w\ld condemn s /range a mixture1 & w\ld accuse him ( ! neglect ( all rules ( art & criticism4 ,^! rules ( art are f\nd$ on ! qualities ( human nature2 & ! quality ( human nature1 :i* requires a consi/5cy 9 e p]=mance1 is t :i* r5d]s ! m9d incapable ( pass+ 9 a mom5t f "o passion & disposition to a q diff]5t "o4 ,yet ?is makes u n blame ,mr ,prior = jo9+ 8 ,alma & 8 ,solomon 9 ! same volume2 ?\gh t admirable poet has succe$$ p]fectly well 9 ! gaiety ( ! "o1 z well z 9 ! melan*oly ( ! o!r4 ,ev5 suppos+ ! read] %\ld p]use ^! two compositions )\t any int]val1 he w\ld feel little or no difficulty 9 ! *ange ( passions3 :y8 b because he consid]s ^! p]=mances z entirely diff]5t1 &1 by ?is break 9 ! ideas1 breaks ! progress ( ! affections1 & h9d]s ! "o f influ5c+ or contradict+ ! o!r4 ,an h]oic & burlesque design1 unit$ 9 "o picture1 w\ld be mon/r\s2 ?\gh we place two pictures ( s opposite a "* 9 ! same *amb]1 & ev5 close by ea* o!r1 )\t any scruple or difficulty4 ,9 a ^w1 no ideas c affect ea* o!r1 ei!r by comp>ison1 or by ! passions !y sep>ately produce1 unless !y be unit$ toge!r by "s relation :i* may cause an easy transition ( ! ideas1 & consequ5tly ( ! emotions or impressions att5d+ ! ideas1 & may pres]ve ! "o impression 9 ! passage ( ! imag9ation to ! object ( ! o!r4 ,?is pr9ciple is v rem>kable1 because x is analog\s to :at we h obs]v$ bo? conc]n+ ! und]/&+ & ! passions4 ,suppose two objects to be pres5t$ to me1 :i* are n connect$ by any k9d ( relation4 ,suppose t ea* ( ^! objects sep>ately produces a passion1 & t ^! two passions are 9 !mselves contr>y2 we f9d f exp]i5ce1 t ! want ( relation 9 ! objects or ideas h9d]s ! natural contr>iety ( ! passions1 & t ! break 9 ! transition ( ! ?\ght removes ! affections f ea* o!r1 & prev5ts _! opposition4 ',tis ! same case ) comp>ison2 & f bo? ^! ph5om5a we may safely conclude1 t ! relation ( ideas mu/ =w>d ! transition ( impressions1 s9ce its abs5ce alone is able to prev5t x1 & to sep>ate :at naturally %\ld h op]at$ ^u ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! abs5ce ( an object or quality removes any usual or natural effect1 we may c]ta9ly conclude t its pres5ce contributes to ! production ( ! effect4 #g ,book ,i4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #ae4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,mixture ,,( ,,b5evol5ce ,,& ,,ang] ,,) ,,compassion ,,& ,,malice4 ,?us we h endeav\r$ to acc\nt = pity & malice4 ,bo? ^! affections arise f ! imag9ation1 accord+ to ! light 9 :i* x places its object4 ,:5 our fancy consid]s directly ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs1 & ent]s deep into !m1 x makes u s5sible ( all ! passions x surveys1 b 9 a p>ticul> mann] ( grief or sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 we comp>e ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs to our own1 we feel a s5sation directly opposite to ! orig9al "o1 viz4 a joy f ! grief ( o!rs1 & a grief f _! joy4 ,b ^! are only ! fir/ f\ndations ( ! affections ( pity & malice4 ,o!r passions are aft]w>ds conf\nd$ ) !m4 ,!re is always a mixture ( love or t5d]ness ) pity1 & ( hatr$ or ang] ) malice4 ,b x mu/ be confess$1 t ?is mixture seems at fir/ sight to be contradictory to my sy/em4 ,= z pity is an uneas9ess1 & malice a joy1 aris+ f ! mis]y ( o!rs1 pity %\ld naturally1 z 9 all o!r cases1 produce hatr$1 & malice1 love4 ,?is contradiction ,i endeav\r to reconcile1 aft] ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 ord] to cause a transition ( passions1 !re is requir$ a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas2 nor is "o relation suffici5t to produce ?is effect4 ,b t we may und]/& ! full =ce ( ?is d\ble relation1 we mu/ consid]1 t 'tis n ! pres5t s5sation alone or mom5t>y pa9 or pleasure1 :i* det]m9es ! "* ( any passion1 b ! :ole b5t or t5d5cy ( x f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,"o impression may be relat$ to ano!r1 n only :5 _! s5sations are resembl+1 z we h all along suppos$ 9 ! prec$+ cases1 b also :5 _! impulses or directions are simil> & correspond5t4 ,?is _c take place ) reg>d to pride & humility1 because ^! are only pure s5sations1 )\t any direction or t5d5cy to action4 ,we are1 !re=e1 to look = in/ances ( ?is peculi> relation ( impressions only 9 su* affections z are att5d$ ) a c]ta9 appetite or desire1 su* z ^? ( love & hatr$4 ,b5evol5ce1 or ! appetite :i* att5ds love1 is a desire ( ! happ9ess ( ! p]son belov$1 & an av]sion to 8 mis]y1 z ang]1 or ! appetite :i* att5ds hatr$1 is a desire ( ! mis]y ( ! p]son hat$1 & an av]sion to 8 happ9ess4 ,a desire1 !re=e1 ( ! happ9ess ( ano!r1 & av]sion to 8 mis]y1 are simil> to b5evol5ce2 & a desire ( 8 mis]y & av]sion to 8 happ9ess1 are correspond5t to ang]4 ,n[1 pity is a desire ( happ9ess to ano!r1 & av]sion to 8 mis]y1 z malice is ! contr>y appetite4 ,pity1 !n1 is relat$ to b5evol5ce1 & malice to ang]2 & z b5evol5ce has be5 already f\nd to be connect$ ) love1 by a natural & orig9al quality1 & ang] ) hatr$1 'tis by ?is *a9 ! passions ( pity & malice are connect$ ) love & hatr$4 ,?is hypo!sis is f\nd$ on suffici5t exp]i5ce4 ,a man1 :o1 f any motives1 has ent]ta9$ a resolution ( p]=m+ an action1 naturally runs into e o!r view or motive :i* may =tify t resolution1 & give x au?ority & influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,to confirm u 9 any design1 we se>* = motives drawn f int]e/1 f hon\r1 f duty4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t pity & b5evol5ce1 malice & ang]1 be+ ! same desires aris+ f diff]5t pr9ciples1 %\ld s totally mix toge!r z to be undi/+ui%able8 ,z to ! connexion betwixt b5evol5ce & love1 ang] & hatr$1 be+ orig9al & prim>y1 x admits ( no difficulty4 ,we may add to ?is ano!r exp]im5t1 viz4 t b5evol5ce & ang]1 &1 consequ5tly1 love & hatr$1 arise :5 our happ9ess or mis]y h any dep5d5ce on ! happ9ess or mis]y ( ano!r p]son1 )\t any f>!r relation4 ,i d\bt n b ?is exp]im5t w appe> s s+ul> z to excuse u = /opp+ a mom5t to consid] x4 ,suppose t two p]sons ( ! same trade %\ld seek employm5t 9 a t[n t is n able to ma9ta9 bo?1 'tis pla9 ! success ( "o is p]fectly incompatible ) t ( ! o!r2 & t :atev] is = ! int]e/ ( ei!r is contr>y to t ( 8 rival1 & s vice v]sa4 ,suppose1 aga91 t two m]*ants1 ?\gh liv+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 %\ld ent] into co-p>tn]%ip toge!r1 ! advantage or loss ( "o becomes imm$iately ! advantage or loss ( 8 p>tn]1 & ! same =tune necess>ily att5ds bo?4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t1 t1 9 ! fir/ case1 hatr$ always foll[s ^u ! contr>iety ( int]e/s2 z1 9 ! second1 love arises f _! union4 ,let u consid] to :at pr9ciple we c ascribe ^! passions4 ',tis pla9 !y arise1 n f ! d\ble relations ( impressions & ideas1 if we reg>d only ! pres5t s5sation4 ,=1 tak+ ! fir/ case ( rival%ip1 ?\gh ! pleasure & advantage ( an antagoni/ necess>ily causes my pa9 & loss1 yet1 to c\nt]balance ?is1 8 pa9 & loss causes my pleasure & advantage2 &1 suppos+ him to be unsuccessful1 ,i may1 by ?is means1 receive f him a sup]ior degree ( satisfaction4 ,9 ! same mann] ! success ( a p>tn] rejoices me1 b !n 8 mis=tunes afflict me 9 an equal proportion2 & 'tis easy to imag9e t ! latt] s5tim5t may1 9 "s cases1 prepond]ate4 ,b :e!r ! =tune ( a rival or p>tn] be good or bad1 ,i always hate ! =m] & love ! latt]4 ,?is love ( a p>tn] _c proce$ f ! relation or connexion betwixt u1 9 ! same mann] z ,i love a bro!r or c\ntryman4 ,a rival has almo/ z close a relation to me z a p>tn]4 ,=1 z ! pleasure ( ! latt] causes my pleasure1 & 8 pa9 my pa92 s ! pleasure ( ! =m] causes my pa91 & 8 pa9 my pleasure4 ,! connexion1 !n1 ( cause & effect1 is ! same 9 bo? cases2 & if1 9 ! "o case1 ! cause & effect has a f>!r relation ( resemblance1 !y h t ( contr>iety 9 ! o!r2 :i*1 be+ also a species ( resemblance1 leaves ! matt] pretty equal4 ,! only explication1 !n1 we c give ( ?is ph5om5on1 is d]iv$ f t pr9ciple ( a p>allel direction above-m5tion$4 ,our conc]n = our own int]e/ gives u a pleasure 9 ! pleasure1 & a pa9 9 ! pa9 ( a p>tn]1 aft] ! same mann] z by sympa?y we feel a s5sation correspond5t to ^? :i* appe> 9 any p]son :o is pres5t ) u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same conc]n = our int]e/ makes u feel a pa9 9 ! pleasure1 & a pleasure 9 ! pa9 ( a rival2 &1 9 %ort1 ! same contr>iety ( s5tim5ts z arises f comp>ison & malice4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 a p>allel direction ( ! affections1 proce$+ f int]e/1 c give rise to b5evol5ce or ang]1 no wond] ! same p>allel direction1 d]iv$ f sympa?y & f comp>ison1 %\ld h ! same effect4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t 'tis impossible to d good to o!rs1 f :atev] motive1 )\t feel+ "s t\*es ( k9dness & good w t[>ds !m2 z ! injuries we d n only cause hatr$ 9 ! p]son :o suff]s !m1 b ev5 9 ourselves4 ,^! ph5om5a1 inde$1 may 9 "p be acc\nt$ = f o!r pr9ciples4 ,b "h !re occurs a consid]able objection1 :i* 'twill be necess>y to exam9e be=e we proce$ any f>!r4 ,i h endeav\r$ to prove t p[] & ri*es1 or pov]ty & meanness1 :i* give rise to love or hatr$1 )\t produc+ any orig9al pleasure or uneas9ess1 op]ate ^u u by means ( a second>y s5sation d]iv$ f a sympa?y ) t pa9 or satisfaction :i* !y produce 9 ! p]son :o possesses !m4 ,f a sympa?y ) 8 pleasure !re arises love2 f t ) 8 uneas9ess1 hatr$4 ,b 'tis a maxim :i* ,i h j n[ e/abli%$1 & :i* is absolutely necess>y to ! explication ( ! ph5om5a ( pity & malice1 ,t 'tis n ! pres5t s5sation or mom5t>y pa9 or pleasure :i* det]m9es ! "* ( any passion1 b ! g5]al b5t or t5d5cy ( x f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,= ?is reason1 pity or a sympa?y ) pa9 produces love1 & t because x int]e/s u 9 ! =tunes ( o!rs1 good or bad1 & gives u a second>y s5sation correspond5t to ! prim>y1 9 :i* x has ! same influ5ce ) love & b5evol5ce4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ?is rule holds good 9 "o case1 :y does x n prevail ?r\gh\t1 & :y does sympa?y 9 uneas9ess ev] produce any passion beside good w & k9dness8 ,is x becom+ a philosoph] to alt] 8 me?od ( reason+1 & run f "o pr9ciple to its contr>y1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> ph5om5on :i* he w\ld expla98 ,i h m5tion$ two diff]5t causes f :i* a transition ( passion may arise1 viz4 a d\ble relation ( ideas & impressions1 &1 :at is simil> to x1 a con=mity 9 ! t5d5cy & direction ( any two desires :i* arise f diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,n[ ,i ass]t1 t :5 a sympa?y ) uneas9ess is weak1 x produces hatr$ or contempt by ! =m] cause2 :5 /rong1 x produces love or t5d]ness by ! latt]4 ,?is is ! solution ( ! =ego+ difficulty1 :i* seems s urg5t2 & ?is is a pr9ciple f\nd$ on su* evid5t argum5ts1 t we ought to h e/abli%$ x1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 n necess>y to ! explication ( any ph5om5on4 ',tis c]ta91 t sympa?y is n always limit$ to ! pres5t mom5t1 b t we (t5 feel1 by communication1 ! pa9s & pleasures ( o!rs :i* are n 9 be+1 & :i* we only anticipate by ! =ce ( imag9ation4 ,=1 suppos+ ,i saw a p]son p]fectly unkn[n to me1 :o1 :ile asleep 9 ! fields1 0 9 dang] ( be+ trod "u foot by horses1 ,i %\ld imm$iately run to 8 assi/ance2 & 9 ?is ,i %\ld be actuat$ by ! same pr9ciple ( sympa?y :i* makes me conc]n$ = ! pres5t sorr[s ( a /rang]4 ,! b>e m5tion ( ?is is suffici5t4 ,sympa?y be+ no?+ b a lively idea conv]t$ into an impression1 'tis evid5t t1 9 consid]+ ! future possible or probable condition ( any p]son1 we may ent] into x ) s vivid a conception z to make x our own conc]n1 & by t means be s5sible ( pa9s & pleasures :i* nei!r belong to ourselves1 nor at ! pres5t in/ant h any real exi/5ce4 ,b h[ev] we may look =w>d to ! future 9 sympa?iz+ ) any p]son1 ! ext5d+ ( our sympa?y dep5ds 9 a great measure ^u our s5se ( 8 pres5t condition4 ',tis a great ef=t ( imag9ation to =m su* lively ideas ev5 ( ! pres5t s5tim5ts ( o!rs z to feel ^! v s5tim5ts2 b 'tis impossible we c\ld ext5d ?is sympa?y to ! future )\t be+ aid$ by "s circum/ance 9 ! pres5t1 :i* /rikes ^u u 9 a lively mann]4 ,:5 ! pres5t mis]y ( ano!r has any /rong influ5ce ^u me1 ! vivacity ( ! conception is n conf9$ m]ely to its imm$iate object1 b diffuses its influ5ce ov] all ! relat$ ideas1 & gives me a lively notion ( all ! circum/ances ( t p]son1 :e!r pa/1 pres5t1 or future2 possible1 probable1 or c]ta94 ,by means ( ?is lively notion ,i am int]e/$ 9 !m1 take "p ) !m1 & feel a sympa!tic motion 9 my brea/1 con=mable to :atev] ,i imag9e 9 84 ,if ,i dim9i% ! vivacity ( ! fir/ conception1 ,i dim9i% t ( ! relat$ ideas2 z pipes c convey no m wat] ?an :at arises at ! f\nta94 ,by ?is dim9ution ,i de/roy ! future prospect :i* is necess>y to int]e/ me p]fectly 9 ! =tune ( ano!r4 ,i may feel ! pres5t impression1 b c>ry my sympa?y no f>!r1 & nev] transfuse ! =ce ( ! fir/ conception into my ideas ( ! relat$ objects4 ,if x be ano!r's mis]y :i* is pres5t$ 9 ?is feeble mann]1 ,i receive x by communication1 & am affect$ ) all ! passions relat$ to x3 b z ,i am n s mu* int]e/$ z to conc]n myself 9 8 good =tune z well z 8 bad1 ,i nev] feel ! ext5sive sympa?y1 nor ! passions relat$ to x4 ,n[1 9 ord] to "k :at passions are relat$ to ^! diff]5t k9ds ( sympa?y1 we mu/ consid] t b5evol5ce is an orig9al pleasure aris+ f ! pleasure ( ! p]son belov$1 & a pa9 proce$+ f 8 pa93 f :i* correspond5ce ( impressions !re arises a subsequ5t desire ( 8 pleasure1 & av]sion to 8 pa94 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to make a passion run p>allel ) b5evol5ce1 'tis requisite we %\ld feel ^! d\ble impressions1 correspond5t to ^? ( ! p]son :om we consid]2 nor is any "o ( !m alone suffici5t = t purpose4 ,:5 we sympa?ize only ) "o impression1 & t a pa9ful "o1 ?is sympa?y is relat$ to ang] & to hatr$1 ^u acc\nt ( ! uneas9ess x conveys to u4 ,b z ! ext5sive or limit$ sympa?y dep5ds ^u ! =ce ( ! fir/ sympa?y1 x foll[s t ! passion ( love or hatr$ dep5ds ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,a /rong impression1 :5 communicat$1 gives a d\ble t5d5cy ( ! passions1 :i* is relat$ to b5evol5ce & love by a simil>ity ( direction1 h[ev] pa9ful ! fir/ impression might h be54 ,a weak impression t is pa9ful is relat$ to ang] & hatr$ by ! resemblance ( s5sations4 ,b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 arises f a great degree ( mis]y1 or any degree /rongly sympa?iz$ )3 hatr$ or contempt f a small degree1 or "o weakly sympa?iz$ )2 :i* is ! pr9ciple ,i int5d$ to prove & expla94 ,nor h we only our reason to tru/ to = ?is pr9ciple1 b also exp]i5ce4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( pov]ty produces contempt2 b a degree beyond causes compassion & good w4 ,we may und]value a peasant or s]vant2 b :5 ! mis]y ( a begg> appe>s v great1 or is pa9t$ 9 v lively col\rs1 we sympa?ize ) him 9 8 afflictions1 & feel 9 our he>t evid5t t\*es ( pity & b5evol5ce4 ,! same object causes contr>y passions1 accord+ to its diff]5t degrees4 ,! passions1 !re=e1 mu/ dep5d ^u pr9ciples t op]ate 9 su* c]ta9 degrees1 accord+ to my hypo!sis4 ,! increase ( ! sympa?y has evid5tly ! same effect z ! increase ( ! mis]y4 ,a b>r5 or desolate c\ntry always seems ugly & disagreeable1 & commonly inspires u ) contempt = ! inhabitants4 ,?is de=mity1 h[ev]1 proce$s 9 a great measure f a sympa?y ) ! inhabitants1 z has be5 already obs]v$2 b x is only a weak "o1 & rea*es no f>!r ?an ! imm$iate s5sation1 :i* is disagreeable4 ,! view ( a city 9 a%es conveys b5evol5t s5tim5ts2 because we !re ent] s deep into ! int]e/s ( ! mis]able inhabitants1 z to wi% = _! prosp]ity1 z well z feel _! adv]sity4 ,b ?\gh ! =ce ( ! impression g5]ally produces pity & b5evol5ce1 'tis c]ta9 t1 by be+ c>ri$ too f>1 x ceases to h t effect4 ,?is1 p]haps1 may be wor? our notice4 ,:5 ! uneas9ess is ei!r small 9 itself1 or remote f u1 x engages n ! imag9ation1 nor is able to convey an equal conc]n = ! future & cont+5t good1 z = ! pres5t & real evil4 ,^u its acquir+ great] =ce1 we become s int]e/$ 9 ! conc]ns ( ! p]son1 z to be s5sible bo? ( 8 good & bad =tune2 & f t complete sympa?y !re arises pity & b5evol5ce4 ,b 'twill easily be imag9$1 t :]e ! pres5t evil /rikes ) m ?an ord9>y =ce1 x may entirely engage our att5tion1 & prev5t t d\ble sympa?y above m5tion$4 ,?us we f9d1 t ?\gh e "o1 b especially wom51 are apt to contract a k9dness = crim9als :o g to ! scaffold1 & readily imag9e !m to be uncommonly h&some & well-%ap$2 yet "o :o is pres5t at ! cruel execution ( ! rack1 feels no su* t5d] emotions2 b is 9 a mann] ov]come ) horror1 & has no leisure to temp] ?is uneasy s5sation by any opposite sympa?y4 ,b ! in/ance :i* makes ! mo/ cle>ly = my hypo!sis1 is t :]e91 by a *ange ( ! objects1 we sep>ate ! d\ble sympa?y ev5 f a middl+ degree ( ! passion2 9 :i* case we f9d t pity1 in/ead ( produc+ love & t5d]ness z usual1 always gives rise to ! contr>y affection4 ,:5 we obs]ve a p]son 9 mis=tune1 we are affect$ ) pity & love2 b ! au?or ( t mis=tune becomes ! object ( our /ronge/ hatr$1 & is ! m dete/$ 9 proportion to ! degree ( our compassion4 ,n[1 = :at reason %\ld ! same passion ( pity produce love to ! p]son :o suff]s ! mis=tune1 & hatr$ to ! p]son :o causes x2 unless x be because1 9 ! latt] case1 ! au?or be>s a relation only to ! mis=tune2 :]eas1 9 consid]+ ! suff]]1 we c>ry our view on e side1 & wi% = 8 prosp]ity1 z well z are s5sible ( 8 affliction8 ,i %all j obs]ve1 be=e ,i leave ! pres5t subject1 t ?is ph5om5on ( ! d\ble sympa?y1 & its t5d5cy to cause love1 may contribute to ! production ( ! k9dness :i* we naturally be> our relations & acqua9tance4 ,cu/om & relation make u ent] deeply into ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs2 & :atev] =tune we suppose to att5d !m1 is r5d]$ pres5t to u by ! imag9ation1 & op]ates z if orig9ally our own4 ,we rejoice 9 _! pleasures1 & grieve = _! sorr[s1 m]ely f ! =ce ( sympa?y4 ,no?+ t conc]ns !m is indiff]5t to u2 & z ?is correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts is ! natural att5dant ( love1 x readily produces t affection4 ,,section ,x4 ,,( ,,respect ,,& ,,contempt4 ,!re n[ rema9s only to expla9 ! passions ( respect & contempt1 along ) ! amor\s affection1 9 ord] to und]/& all ! passions :i* h any mixture ( love or hatr$4 ,let u beg9 ) respect & contempt4 ,9 consid]+ ! qualities & circum/ances ( o!rs1 we may ei!r reg>d !m z !y really are 9 !mselves2 or may make a comp>ison betwixt !m & our own qualities & circum/ances2 or may jo9 ^! two me?ods ( consid]ation4 ,! good qualities ( o!rs1 f ! fir/ po9t ( view1 produce love2 f ! second1 humility2 &1 f ! ?ird1 respect2 :i* is a mixture ( ^! two passions4 ,_! bad qualities1 aft] ! same mann]1 cause ei!r hatr$1 or pride1 or contempt1 accord+ to ! light 9 :i* we survey !m4 ,t !re is a mixture ( pride 9 contempt1 & ( humility 9 respect1 is1 ,i ?9k1 too evid5t1 f _! v feel+ or appe>ance1 to require any p>ticul> pro(4 ,t ?is mixture arises f a tacit comp>ison ( ! p]son contemn$ or respect$ ) ourselves1 is no less evid5t4 ,! same man may cause ei!r respect1 love1 or contempt1 by 8 condition & tal5ts1 accord+ z ! p]son :o consid]s him1 f 8 inf]ior1 becomes 8 equal or sup]ior4 ,9 *ang+ ! po9t ( view1 ?\gh ! object may rema9 ! same1 its proportion to ourselves entirely alt]s2 :i* is ! cause ( an alt]ation 9 ! passions4 ,^! passions1 !re=e1 arise f our obs]v+ ! proportion1 t is1 f a comp>ison4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t ! m9d has a mu* /rong] prop5sity to pride ?an to humility1 & h endeav\r$1 f ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 to assign a cause = ?is ph5om5on4 ,:e!r my reason+ be receiv$ or n1 ! ph5om5on is undisput$1 & appe>s 9 _m in/ances4 ,among ! re/1 'tis ! reason :y !re is a mu* great] mixture ( pride 9 contempt1 ?an ( humility 9 respect1 & :y we are m elevat$ ) ! view ( "o bel[ u1 ?an mortifi$ ) ! pres5ce ( "o above u4 ,contempt or scorn has s /rong a t9cture ( pride1 t !re sc>ce is any o!r passion disc]nible3 ,:]eas 9 e/eem or respect1 love makes a m consid]able +r$i5t ?an humility4 ,! passion ( vanity is s prompt1 t x r\ses at ! lea/ call2 :ile humility requires a /rong] impulse to make x ex]t itself4 ,b "h x may reasonably be ask$1 :y ?is mixture takes place only 9 "s cases1 & appe>s n on e occasion4 ,all ^? objects :i* cause love1 :5 plac$ on ano!r p]son1 are ! causes ( pride :5 transf]r$ to ourselves2 & consequ5tly ought to be causes ( humility z well z love :ile !y belong to o!rs1 & are only comp>$ to ^? :i* we ourselves possess4 ,9 l mann] e quality1 :i*1 by be+ directly consid]$1 produces hatr$1 ought always to give rise to pride by comp>ison1 &1 by a mixture ( ^! passions ( hatr$ & pride1 ought to excite contempt or scorn4 ,! difficulty !n is1 :y any objects ev] cause pure love or hatr$1 & produce n always ! mixt passions ( respect & contempt4 ,i h suppos$ all along t ! passions ( love & pride1 & ^? ( humility & hatr$1 are simil> 9 _! s5sations1 & t ! two =m] are always agreeable1 & t ! two latt] pa9ful4 ,b ?\gh ?is be univ]sally true1 'tis obs]vable1 t ! two agreeable z well z ! two pa9ful passions1 h "s diff]5ces1 & ev5 contr>ieties1 :i* di/+ui% !m4 ,no?+ invigorates & exalts ! m9d equally ) pride & vanity2 ?\gh at ! same "t love or t5d]ness is r f\nd to weak5 & enfeeble x4 ,! same diff]5ce is obs]vable betwixt ! uneasy passions4 ,ang] & hatr$ be/[ a new =ce on all our ?\ghts & actions2 :ile humility & %ame deject & disc\rage u4 ,( ^! qualities ( ! passions1 'twill be necess>y to =m a di/9ct idea4 ,let u rememb] t pride & hatr$ invigorate ! s\l1 & love & humility enfeeble x4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 t ?\gh ! con=mity betwixt love & hatr$ 9 ! agreeabl5ess ( _! s5sation makes !m always be excit$ by ! same objects1 yet ?is o!r contr>iety is ! reason :y !y are excit$ 9 v diff]5t degrees4 ,g5ius & le>n+ are pleasant & magnific5t objects1 & by bo? ^! circum/ances are adapt$ to pride & vanity1 b h a relation to love by _! pleasure only4 ,ignorance & simplicity are disagreeable & mean1 :i* 9 ! same mann] gives !m a d\ble connexion ) humility1 & a s+le "o ) hatr$4 ,we may1 !re=e1 consid] x z c]ta91 t ?\gh ! same object always produces love & pride1 humility & hatr$1 accord+ to its diff]5t situations1 yet x seldom produces ei!r ! two =m] or ! two latt] passions 9 ! same proportion4 ',tis "h we mu/ seek = a solution ( ! difficulty above-m5tion$1 :y any object ev] excites pure love or hatr$1 & does n always produce respect or contempt1 by a mixture ( humility or pride4 ,no quality 9 ano!r gives rise to humility by comp>ison1 unless x w\ld h produc$ pride by be+ plac$ 9 ourselves2 &1 vice v]sa1 no object excites pride by comp>ison1 unless x w\ld h produc$ humility by ! direct survey4 ,?is is evid5t1 objects always produce by comp>ison a s5sation directly contr>y to _! orig9al "o4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 an object to be pres5t$1 :i* is peculi>ly fitt$ to produce love1 b imp]fectly to excite pride1 ?is object1 belong+ to ano!r1 gives rise directly to a great degree ( love1 b to a small "o ( humility by comp>ison2 & consequ5tly t latt] passion is sc>ce felt 9 ! comp\nd1 nor is able to conv]t ! love into respect4 ,?is is ! case ) good nature1 good hum\r1 facility1 g5]osity1 beauty1 & _m o!r qualities4 ,^! h a peculi> aptitude to produce love 9 o!rs2 b n s great a t5d5cy to excite pride 9 ourselves3 = :i* reason ! view ( !m1 z belong+ to ano!r p]son1 produces pure love1 ) b a small mixture ( humility & respect4 ',tis easy to ext5d ! same reason+ to ! opposite passions4 ,be=e we leave ?is subject1 x may n be amiss to acc\nt = a pretty curi\s ph5om5on1 viz4 :y we commonly keep at a di/ance su* z we contemn1 & all[ n our inf]iors to approa* too ne> ev5 9 place & situation4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$1 t almo/ e k9d ( ideas is att5d$ ) "s emotion1 ev5 ! ideas ( numb] & ext5sion1 mu* m ^? ( su* objects z are e/eem$ ( consequ5ce 9 life1 & fix our att5tion4 ',tis n ) entire indiff]5ce we c survey ei!r a ri* man or a poor "o1 b mu/ feel "s fa9t t\*es1 at lea/1 ( respect 9 ! =m] case1 & ( contempt 9 ! latt]4 ,^! two passions are contr>y to ea* o!r2 b 9 ord] to make ?is contr>iety be felt1 ! objects mu/ be someway relat$2 o!rwise ! affections are totally sep>ate & di/9ct1 & nev] enc\nt]4 ,! relation takes place :]ev] ! p]sons become contigu\s2 :i* is a g5]al reason :y we are uneasy at see+ su* disproportion$ objects z a ri* man & a poor "o1 a nobleman & a port]1 9 t situation4 ,?is uneas9ess1 :i* is common to e spectator1 mu/ be m s5sible to ! sup]ior2 & t because ! ne> approa* ( ! inf]ior is reg>d$ z a piece ( ill bre$+1 & %[s t he is n s5sible ( ! disproportion1 & is no way affect$ by x4 ,a s5se ( sup]iority 9 ano!r bre$s 9 all m5 an incl9ation to keep !mselves at a di/ance f him1 & det]m9es !m to r$\ble ! m>ks ( respect & rev]5ce1 :5 !y are oblig$ to approa* him2 & :]e !y d n obs]ve t conduct1 'tis a pro( !y are n s5sible ( 8 sup]iority4 ,f h5ce too x proce$s1 t any great diff]5ce 9 ! degrees ( any quality is call$ a di/ance by a common metaphor1 :i*1 h[ev] trivial x may appe>1 is f\nd$ on natural pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation4 ,a great diff]5ce incl9es u to produce a di/ance4 ,! ideas ( di/ance & diff]5ce are1 !re=e1 connect$ toge!r4 ,connect$ ideas are readily tak5 = ea* o!r2 & ?is is 9 g5]al ! s\rce ( ! metaphor1 z we %all h occasion to obs]ve aft]w>ds4 ,,section ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,amor\s ,,passion1 ,,or ,,love ,,betwixt ,,! ,,sexes4 ,( all ! comp\nd passions :i* proce$ f a mixture ( love & hatr$ ) o!r affections1 no "o bett] des]ves our att5tion1 ?an t love :i* arises betwixt ! sexes1 z well on acc\nt ( its =ce & viol5ce1 z ^? curi\s pr9ciples ( philosophy1 = :i* x af=ds u an unconte/able argum5t4 ',tis pla9 t ?is affection1 9 its mo/ natural /ate1 is d]iv$ f ! conjunction ( ?ree diff]5t impressions or passions1 viz4 ! pleas+ s5sation aris+ f beauty2 ! bodily appetite = g5]ation2 & a g5]\s k9dness or good w4 ,! orig9 ( k9dness f beauty may be expla9$ f ! =ego+ reason+4 ,! "q is1 h[ ! bodily appetite is excit$ by x4 ,! appetite ( g5]ation1 :5 conf9$ to a c]ta9 degree1 is evid5tly ( ! pleasant k9d1 & has a /rong connexion ) all ! agreeable emotions4 ,joy1 mir?1 vanity1 & k9dness1 are all inc5tives to ?is desire1 z well z music1 danc+1 w9e1 & good *e]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sorr[1 melan*oly1 pov]ty1 humility are de/ructive ( x4 ,f ?is quality1 'tis easily conceiv$ :y x %\ld be connect$ ) ! s5se ( beauty4 ,b !re is ano!r pr9ciple t contributes to ! same effect4 ,i h obs]v$ t ! p>allel direction ( ! desires is a real relation1 &1 no less ?an a resemblance 9 _! s5sation1 produces a connexion among !m4 ,t we may fully compreh5d ! ext5t ( ?is relation1 we mu/ consid] t any pr9cipal desire may be att5d$ ) subord9ate ones1 :i* are connect$ ) x1 & to :i*1 if o!r desires are p>allel1 !y are by t means relat$ to ! pr9cipal "o4 ,?us1 hung] may (t be consid]$ z ! prim>y incl9ation ( ! s\l1 & ! desire ( approa*+ ! meat z ! second>y "o1 s9ce 'tis absolutely necess>y to ! satisfy+ t appetite4 ,if an object1 !re=e1 by any sep>ate qualities1 incl9es u to approa* ! meat1 x naturally increases our appetite2 z on ! contr>y1 :atev] incl9es u to set our victuals at a di/ance1 is contradictory to hung]1 & dim9i%es our incl9ation to !m4 ,n[1 'tis pla91 t beauty has ! fir/ effect1 & de=mity ! second2 :i* is ! reason :y ! =m] gives u a ke5] appetite = our victuals1 & ! latt] is suffici5t to disgu/ u at ! mo/ sav\ry di% t cook]y has inv5t$4 ,all ?is is easily applicable to ! appetite = g5]ation4 ,f ^! two relations1 viz4 resemblance & a p>allel desire1 !re arises su* a connexion betwixt ! s5se ( beauty1 ! bodily appetite1 & b5evol5ce1 t !y become 9 a mann] insep>able2 & we f9d f exp]i5ce1 t 'tis indiff]5t :i* ( !m advances fir/1 s9ce any ( !m is almo/ sure to be att5d$ ) ! relat$ affections4 ,"o :o is inflam$ ) lu/1 feels at lea/ a mom5t>y k9dness t[>ds ! object ( x1 & at ! same "t fancies h] m beautiful ?an ord9>y2 z !re are _m1 :o beg9 ) k9dness & e/eem = ! wit & m]it ( ! p]son1 & advance f t to ! o!r passions4 ,b ! mo/ common species ( love is t :i* fir/ arises f beauty1 & aft]w>ds diffuses itself into k9dness1 & into ! bodily appetite4 ,k9dness or e/eem1 & ! appetite to g5]ation1 are too remote to unite easily toge!r4 ,! "o is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ ref9$ passion ( ! s\l1 ! o!r ! mo/ gross & vulg>4 ,! love ( beauty is plac$ 9 a j m$ium betwixt !m1 & p>takes ( bo? _! natures2 f :5ce x proce$s1 t 'tis s s+ul>ly fitt$ to produce bo?4 ,?is acc\nt ( love is n peculi> to my sy/em1 b is unavoidable on any hypo!sis4 ,! ?ree affections :i* compose ?is passion are evid5tly di/9ct1 & has ea* ( !m its di/9ct object4 ',tis c]ta91 !re=e1 t 'tis only by _! relation !y produce ea* o!r4 ,b ! relation ( passions is n alone suffici5t4 ',tis likewise necess>y !re %\ld be a relation ( ideas4 ,! beauty ( "o p]son nev] inspires u ) love = ano!r4 ,?is !n is a s5sible pro( ( ! d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,f "o in/ance s evid5t z ?is we may =m a judgm5t ( ! re/4 ,?is may also s]ve 9 ano!r view to illu/rate :at ,i h insi/$ on conc]n+ ! orig9 ( pride & humility1 love & hatr$4 ,i h obs]v$1 t ?\gh self be ! object ( ! fir/ set ( passions1 & "s o!r p]son ( ! second1 yet ^! objects _c alone be ! causes ( ! passions1 z hav+ ea* ( !m a relation to two contr>y affections1 :i* mu/ f ! v fir/ mom5t de/roy ea* o!r4 ,"h !n is ! situation ( ! m9d1 z ,i h already describ$ x4 ,x has c]ta9 organs naturally fitt$ to produce a passion2 t passion1 :5 produc$1 naturally turns ! view to a c]ta9 object4 ,b ?is n be+ suffici5t to produce ! passion1 !re is requir$ "s o!r emotion1 :i*1 by a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas1 may set ^! pr9ciples 9 action1 & be/[ on !m _! fir/ impulse4 ,?is situation is /ill m rem>kable ) reg>d to ! appetite ( g5]ation4 ,sex is n only ! object1 b also ! cause ( ! appetite4 ,we n only turn our view to x1 :5 actuat$ by t appetite1 b ! reflect+ on x suffices to excite ! appetite4 ,b z ?is cause loses its =ce by too great frequ5cy1 'tis necess>y x %\ld be quick5$ by "s new impulse2 & t impulse we f9d to arise f ! beauty ( ! p]son2 t is1 f a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,s9ce ?is d\ble relation is necess>y :]e an affection has bo? a di/9ct cause & object1 h[ mu* m s :]e x has only a di/9ct object )\t any det]m9ate cause6 ,,section ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$ ,,( ,,animals4 ,b to pass f ! passions ( love & hatr$1 & f _! mixtures & compositions1 z !y appe> 9 man1 to ! same affections z !y display !mselves 9 brutes1 we may obs]ve1 n only t love & hatr$ are common to ! :ole s5sitive creation1 b likewise t _! causes1 z above expla9$1 are ( s simple a nature t !y may easily be suppos$ to op]ate on m]e animals4 ,!re is no =ce ( reflection or p5etration requir$4 ,e ?+ is conduct$ by spr+s & pr9ciples1 :i* are n peculi> to man1 or any "o species ( animals4 ,! conclusion f ?is is obvi\s 9 fav\r ( ! =ego+ sy/em4 ,love1 9 animals1 has n = its only object animals ( ! same species1 b ext5ds itself f>!r1 & compreh5ds almo/ e s5sible & ?9k+ be+4 ,a dog naturally loves a man above 8 own species1 & v commonly meets ) a return ( affection4 ,z animals are b little susceptible ei!r ( ! pleasures or pa9s ( ! imag9ation1 !y c judge ( objects only by ! s5sible good or evil :i* !y produce1 & f t mu/ regulate _! affections t[>ds !m4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t by b5efits or injuries we produce _! love or hatr$2 & t1 by fe$+ & *]i%+ any animal1 we quickly acquire 8 affections2 z by beat+ & abus+ him we nev] fail to draw on u 8 enmity & ill-w4 ,love 9 bea/s is n caus$ s mu* by relation z 9 our species2 & t because _! ?\ghts are n s active z to trace relations1 except 9 v obvi\s in/ances4 ,yet 'tis easy to rem>k1 t on "s occasions x has a consid]able influ5ce ^u !m4 ,?us1 acqua9tance1 :i* has ! same effect z relation1 always produces love 9 animals1 ei!r to m5 or to ea* o!r4 ,= ! same reason1 any lik5ess among !m is ! s\rce ( affection4 ,an ox conf9$ to a p>k ) horses1 w naturally jo9 _! company1 if ,i may s speak1 b always leaves x to enjoy t ( 8 own species1 :]e he has ! *oice ( bo?4 ,! affection ( p>5ts to _! "y proce$s f a peculi> in/9ct 9 animals1 z well z 9 our species4 ',tis evid5t t sympa?y1 or ! communication ( passions1 takes place among animals1 no less ?an among m54 ,fe>1 ang]1 c\rage1 & o!r affections1 are frequ5tly communicat$ f "o animal to ano!r1 )\t _! k ( t cause :i* produc$ ! orig9al passion4 ,grief likewise is receiv$ by sympa?y1 & produces almo/ all ! same consequ5ces1 & excites ! same emotions1 z 9 our species4 ,! h[l+s & lam5tations ( a dog produce a s5sible conc]n 9 8 fell[s4 ,& 'tis rem>kable1 t ?\gh almo/ all animals use 9 play ! same memb]1 & ne>ly ! same action z 9 fight+2 a lion1 a tig]1 a cat1 _! paws2 an ox1 8 horns2 a dog1 8 tee?2 a horse1 8 heels3 yet !y mo/ c>efully avoid h>m+ _! companion1 ev5 ?\gh !y h no?+ to fe> f 8 res5tm5t2 :i* is an evid5t pro( ( ! s5se brutes h ( ea* o!r's pa9 & pleasure4 ,e "o has obs]v$ h[ mu* m dogs are animat$ :5 !y hunt 9 a pack1 ?an :5 !y pursue _! game ap>t2 & 'tis evid5t ?is c proce$ f no?+ b f sympa?y4 ',tis also well kn[n to hunt]s1 t ?is effect foll[s 9 a great] degree1 & ev5 9 too great a degree1 :]e too packs t are /rang]s to ea* o!r are jo9$ toge!r4 ,we might1 p]haps1 be at a loss to expla9 ?is ph5om5on1 if we _h n exp]i5ce ( a simil> 9 ourselves4 ,envy & malice are passions v rem>kable 9 animals4 ,!y are p]haps m common ?an pity2 z requir+ less ef=t ( ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,& ,,direct ,,passions4 ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity4 ,we come n[ to expla9 ! direct passions1 or ! impressions :i* arise imm$iately f good or evil1 f pa9 or pleasure4 ,( ?is k9d are1 desire & av]sion1 grief & joy1 hope & fe>4 ,( all ! imm$iate effects ( pa9 & pleasure1 !re is none m rem>kable ?an ! w2 & ?\gh1 prop]ly speak+1 x be n compreh5d$ among ! passions1 yet1 z ! full und]/&+ ( its nature & prop]ties is necess>y to ! explanation ( !m1 we %all "h make x ! subject ( our inquiry4 ,i desire x may be obs]v$1 t1 by ! w1 ,i mean no?+ b ! int]nal impression we feel1 & are consci\s (1 :5 we kn[+ly give rise to any new motion ( our body1 or new p]ception ( our m9d4 ,?is impression1 l ! prec$+ ones ( pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 'tis impossible to def9e1 & ne$less to describe any f>!r2 = :i* reason we %all cut (f all ^? def9itions & di/9ctions ) :i* philosoph]s are wont to p]plex r ?an cle> up ?is "q2 & ent]+ at fir/ ^u ! subject1 %all exam9e t long-disput$ "q conc]n+ lib]ty & necessity1 :i* occurs s naturally 9 treat+ ( ! w4 ',tis univ]sally ackn[l$g$ t ! op]ations ( ext]nal bodies are necess>y2 & t1 9 ! communication ( _! motion1 9 _! attraction1 & mutual cohesion1 !re are n ! lea/ traces ( indiff]5ce or lib]ty4 ,e object is det]m9$ by an absolute fate to a c]ta9 degree & direction ( its motion1 & c no m dep>t f t precise l9e 9 :i* x moves1 ?an x c conv]t itself into an angel1 or _s1 or any sup]ior sub/ance4 ,! actions1 !re=e1 ( matt]1 are to be reg>d$ z in/ances ( necess>y actions2 & :atev] is1 9 ?is respect1 on ! same foot+ ) matt]1 mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be necess>y4 ,t we may "k :e!r ?is be ! case ) ! actions ( ! m9d1 we %all beg9 ) exam9+ matt]1 & consid]+ on :at ! idea ( a necessity 9 its op]ations are f\nd$1 & :y we conclude "o body or action to be ! infallible cause ( ano!r4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ already1 t 9 no s+le in/ance ! ultimate connexion ( any objects is discov]able ei!r by our s5ses or reason1 & t we c nev] p5etrate s f> into ! ess5ce & con/ruction ( bodies1 z to p]ceive ! pr9ciple on :i* _! mutual influ5ce dep5ds4 ',tis _! con/ant union alone ) :i* we are acqua9t$2 & 'tis f ! con/ant union ! necessity arises4 ,if objects _h n an uni=m & regul> conjunction ) ea* o!r1 we %\ld nev] arrive at any idea ( cause & effect2 & ev5 aft] all1 ! necessity :i* ent]s into t idea1 is no?+ b a det]m9ation ( ! m9d to pass f "o object to its usual att5dant1 & inf] ! exi/5ce ( "o f t ( ! o!r4 ,"h !n are two p>ticul>s :i* we are to consid] z ess5tial to necessity1 viz4 ! con/ant union & ! inf]5ce ( ! m9d2 & :]ev] we discov] ^!1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge a necessity4 ,z ! actions ( matt] h no necessity b :at is d]iv$ f ^! circum/ances1 & x is n by any insight into ! ess5ce ( bodies we discov] _! connexion1 ! abs5ce ( ?is insight1 :ile ! union & inf]5ce rema91 w nev]1 9 any case1 remove ! necessity4 ',tis ! obs]vation ( ! union :i* produces ! inf]5ce2 = :i* reason x might be ?\ght suffici5t1 if we prove a con/ant union 9 ! actions ( ! m9d1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! inf]5ce along ) ! necessity ( ^! actions4 ,b t ,i may be/[ a great] =ce on my reason+1 ,i %all exam9e ^! p>ticul>s ap>t1 & %all fir/ prove f exp]i5ce t our actions h a con/ant union ) our motives1 temp]s1 & circum/ances1 be=e ,i consid] ! inf]5ces we draw f x4 ,to ?is end a v slight & g5]al view ( ! common c\rse ( human affairs w be suffici5t4 ,!re is no light 9 :i* we c take !m t does n confirm ?is pr9ciple4 ,:e!r we consid] mank9d accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( sexes1 ages1 gov]nm5ts1 conditions1 or me?ods ( education2 ! same uni=mity & regul> op]ation ( natural pr9ciples are disc]nible4 ,l causes /ill produce l effects2 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! mutual action ( ! elem5ts & p[]s ( nature4 ,!re are diff]5t trees :i* regul>ly produce fruit1 ^: reli% is diff]5t f ea* o!r2 & ?is regul>ity w be admitt$ z an in/ance ( necessity & causes 9 ext]nal bodies4 ,b are ! products ( ,gui5ne & ( ,*ampagne m regul>ly diff]5t ?an ! s5tim5ts1 actions1 & passions ( ! two sexes1 ( :i* ! "o are di/+ui%$ by _! =ce & maturity1 ! o!r by _! delicacy & s(tness8 ,are ! *anges ( our body f infancy to old age m regul> & c]ta9 ?an ^? ( our m9d & conduct8 ,& w\ld a man be m ridicul\s1 :o w\ld expect t an infant ( f\r ye>s old w raise a weight ( ?ree hundr$ p\nds1 ?an "o :o1 f a p]son ( ! same age1 w\ld look = a philosophical reason+1 or a prud5t & well conc]t$ action8 ,we mu/ c]ta9ly all[1 t ! cohesion ( ! p>ts ( matt] arises f natural & necess>y pr9ciples1 :atev] difficulty we may f9d 9 expla9+ !m3 & = a l reason we mu/ all[1 t human society is f\nd$ on l pr9ciples2 & our reason 9 ! latt] case is bett] ?an ev5 t 9 ! =m]2 because we n only obs]ve t m5 always seek society1 b c also expla9 ! pr9ciples on :i* ?is univ]sal prop5sity is f\nd$4 ,= x is m c]ta9 t two flat pieces ( m>ble w unite toge!r1 ?an two "y savages ( diff]5t sexes w copulate8 ,d ! *ildr5 arise f ?is copulation m uni=mly1 ?an does ! p>5ts' c>e = _! safety & pres]vation8 ,& aft] !y h arriv$ at ye>s ( discretion by ! c>e ( _! p>5ts1 are ! inconv5i5ces att5d+ _! sep>ation m c]ta9 ?an _! =esight ( ^! inconv5i5ces1 & _! c>e ( avoid+ !m by a close union & conf$]acy8 ,! sk91 pores1 muscles1 & n]ves ( a day-lab\r]1 are diff]5t f ^? ( a man ( quality3 s are 8 s5tim5ts1 actions1 & mann]s4 ,! diff]5t /ations ( life influ5ce ! :ole fabric1 ext]nal & int]nal2 & ^! diff]5t /ations arise necess>ily1 because uni=mly1 f ! necess>y & uni=m pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,m5 _c live )\t society1 & _c be associat$ )\t gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t makes a di/9ction ( prop]ty1 & e/abli%es ! diff]5t ranks ( m54 ,?is produces indu/ry1 traffic1 manufactures1 lawsuits1 w>1 leagues1 alliances1 voyages1 travels1 cities1 fleets1 ports1 & all ^? o!r actions & objects :i* cause su* a div]sity1 & at ! same "t ma9ta9 su* an uni=mity 9 human life4 ,%\ld a travell]1 return+ f a f> c\ntry1 tell u1 t he _h se5 a climate 9 ! fiftie? degree ( nor!rn latitude1 :]e all ! fruits rip5 & come to p]fection 9 ! w9t]1 & decay 9 ! summ]1 aft] ! same mann] z 9 ,engl& !y are produc$ & decay 9 ! contr>y seasons1 he w\ld f9d few s cr$ul\s z to believe him4 ,i am apt to ?9k a travell] w\ld meet ) z little cr$it1 :o %\ld in=m u ( p exactly ( ! same "* ) ^? 9 ,plato's republic on ! "o h&1 or ^? 9 ,hobbes's ,levia?an on ! o!r4 ,!re is a g5]al c\rse ( nature 9 human actions1 z well z 9 ! op]ations ( ! sun & ! climate4 ,!re are also *>act]s peculi> to diff]5t nations & p>ticul> p]sons1 z well z common to mank9d4 ,! k ( ^! *>act]s is f\nd$ on ! obs]vation ( an uni=mity 9 ! actions t fl[ f !m2 & ?is uni=mity =ms ! v ess5ce ( necessity4 ,i c imag9e only "o way ( elud+ ?is argum5t1 :i* is by d5y+ t uni=mity ( human actions1 on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,z long z actions h a con/ant union & connexion ) ! situation & temp] ( ! ag5t1 h[ev] we may 9 words refuse to ackn[l$ge ! necessity1 we really all[ ! ?+4 ,n[1 "s may p]haps f9d a pretext to d5y ?is regul> union & connexion4 ,= :at is m caprici\s ?an human actions8 ,:at m incon/ant ?an ! desires ( man8 ,& :at creature dep>ts m widely1 n only f "r reason1 b f 8 own "* & disposition8 ,an h\r1 a mom5t is suffici5t to make him *ange f "o extreme to ano!r1 & ov]turn :at co/ ! greate/ pa9 & lab\r to e/abli%4 ,necessity is regul> & c]ta94 ,human conduct is irregul> & unc]ta94 ,! "o !re=e proce$s n f ! o!r4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t 9 judg+ ( ! actions ( m5 we mu/ proce$ ^u ! same maxims1 z :5 we reason conc]n+ ext]nal objects4 ,:5 any ph5om5a are con/antly & inv>iably conjo9$ toge!r1 !y acquire su* a connexion 9 ! imag9ation1 t x passes f "o to ! o!r )\t any d\bt or hesitation4 ,b bel[ ?is !re are _m inf]ior degrees ( evid5ce & probability1 nor does "o s+le contr>iety ( exp]im5t entirely de/roy all our reason+4 ,! m9d balances ! contr>y exp]im5ts1 &1 d$uct+ ! inf]ior f ! sup]ior1 proce$s ) t degree ( assurance or evid5ce1 :i* rema9s4 ,ev5 :5 ^! contr>y exp]im5ts are entirely equal1 we remove n ! notion ( causes & necessity2 b1 suppos+ t ! usual contr>iety proce$s f ! op]ation ( contr>y & conceal$ causes1 we conclude1 t ! *ance or indiff]5ce lies only 9 our judgm5t on acc\nt ( our imp]fect k1 n 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 :i* are 9 e case equally necess>y1 ?\gh1 to appe>ance1 n equally con/ant or c]ta94 ,no union c be m con/ant & c]ta9 ?an t ( "s actions ) "s motives & *>act]s2 & if1 9 o!r cases1 ! union is unc]ta91 'tis no m ?an :at happ5s 9 ! op]ations ( body2 nor c we conclude any ?+ f ! "o irregul>ity :i* w n foll[ equally f ! o!r4 ',tis commonly all[$ t madm5 h no lib]ty4 ,b1 7 we to judge by _! actions1 ^! h less regul>ity & con/ancy ?an ! actions ( wise m51 & consequ5tly are f>!r remov$ f necessity4 ,our way ( ?9k+ 9 ?is p>ticul> is1 !re=e1 absolutely inconsi/5t2 b is a natural consequ5ce ( ^! confus$ ideas & undef9$ t]ms1 :i* we s commonly make use ( 9 our reason+s1 especially on ! pres5t subject4 ,we mu/ n[ %[1 t1 z ! union betwixt motives & actions has ! same con/ancy z t 9 any natural op]ations1 s its influ5ce on ! und]/&+ is also ! same1 9 det]m9+ u to inf] ! exi/5ce ( "o f t ( ano!r4 ,if ?is %all appe>1 !re is no kn[n circum/ance t ent]s into ! connexion & production ( ! actions ( matt] t is n to be f\nd 9 all ! op]ations ( ! m9d2 & consequ5tly we _c1 )\t a manife/ absurdity1 attribute necessity to ! "o1 & refuse x to ! o!r4 ,!re is no philosoph]1 ^: judgm5t is s rivett$ to ?is fanta/ical sy/em ( lib]ty1 z n to ackn[l$ge ! =ce ( moral evid5ce1 & bo? 9 speculation & practice proce$ ^u x z ^u a reasonable f\ndation4 ,n[1 moral evid5ce is no?+ b a conclusion conc]n+ ! actions ( m51 d]iv$ f ! consid]ation ( _! motives1 temp]1 & situation4 ,?us1 :5 we see c]ta9 *>act]s or figures describ$ ^u pap]1 we inf] t ! p]son :o produc$ !m w\ld affirm su* facts1 ! dea? ( ,cs>1 ! success ( ,augu/us1 ! cruelty ( ,n]o2 &1 rememb]+ _m o!r concurr5t te/imonies1 we conclude t ^? facts 7 once really exi/5t1 & t s _m m51 )\t any int]e/1 w\ld nev] conspire to deceive u2 especially s9ce !y mu/1 9 ! attempt1 expose !mselves to ! d]ision ( all _! contempor>ies1 :5 ^! facts 7 ass]t$ to be rec5t & univ]sally kn[n4 ,! same k9d ( reason+ runs ?r\gh politics1 w>1 comm]ce1 economy1 & inde$ mixes itself s entirely 9 human life1 t 'tis impossible to act or subsi/ a mom5t )\t hav+ rec\rse to x4 ,a pr9ce :o imposes a tax ^u 8 subjects1 expects _! compliance4 ,a g5]al :o conducts an army1 makes acc\nt ( a c]ta9 degree ( c\rage4 ,a m]*ant looks = fidelity & skill 9 8 factor or sup]c>go4 ,a man :o gives ord]s = 8 d9n]1 d\bts n ( ! ob$i5ce ( 8 s]vants4 ,9 %ort1 z no?+ m ne>ly int]e/s u ?an our own actions & ^? ( o!rs1 ! greate/ "p ( our reason+s is employ$ 9 judgm5ts conc]n+ !m4 ,n[ ,i ass]t1 t :oev] reasons aft] ?is mann]1 does ipso facto believe ! actions ( ! w to arise f necessity1 & t he kn[s n :at he means :5 he d5ies x4 ,all ^? objects1 ( :i* we call ! "o cause & ! o!r effect1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are z di/9ct & sep>ate f ea* o!r z any two ?+s 9 nature2 nor c we ev]1 by ! mo/ accurate survey ( !m1 inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f t ( ! o!r4 ',tis only f exp]i5ce & ! obs]vation ( _! con/ant union1 t we are able to =m ?is inf]5ce2 & ev5 aft] all1 ! inf]5ce is no?+ b ! effects ( cu/om on ! imag9ation4 ,we mu/ n "h be cont5t ) say+1 t ! idea ( cause & effect arises f objects con/antly unit$2 b mu/ affirm1 t 'tis ! v same ) ! idea ( ^! objects1 & t ! necess>y connexion is n discov]$ by a conclusion ( ! und]/&+1 b is m]ely a p]ception ( ! m9d4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 we obs]ve ! same union1 & :]ev] ! union op]ates 9 ! same mann] ^u ! belief & op9ion1 we h ! idea ( causes & necessity1 ?\gh p]haps we may avoid ^? expressions4 ,motion 9 "o body1 9 all pa/ in/ances t h fall5 "u our obs]vation1 is foll[$ ^u impulse by motion 9 ano!r4 ',tis impossible = ! m9d to p5etrate f>!r4 ,f ?is con/ant union x =ms ! idea ( cause & effect1 & by its influ5ce feels ! necessity4 ,z !re is ! same con/ancy1 & ! same influ5ce1 9 :at we call moral evid5ce1 ,i ask no m4 ,:at rema9s c only be a dispute ( words4 ,& inde$1 :5 we consid] h[ aptly natural & moral evid5ce cem5t toge!r1 & =m only "o *a9 ( argum5t betwixt !m1 we %all make no scruple to all[1 t !y are ( ! same nature1 & d]iv$ f ! same pr9ciples4 ,a prison]1 :o has nei!r money nor int]e/1 discov] ! impossibility ( 8 escape1 z well f ! ob/9acy ( ! gaol]1 z f ! walls & b>s ) :i* he is surr\nd$2 & 9 all attempts = 8 fre$om1 *ooses r to "w ^u ! /one & iron ( ! "o1 ?an ^u ! inflexible nature ( ! o!r4 ,! same prison]1 :5 conduct$ to ! scaffold1 =esees 8 dea? z c]ta9ly f ! con/ancy & fidelity ( 8 gu>ds1 z f ! op]ation ( ! axe or :eel4 ,8 m9d runs along a c]ta9 tra9 ( ideas3 ! refusal ( ! soldi]s to cons5t to 8 escape2 ! action ( ! execution]2 ! sep>ation ( ! head & body1 ble$+1 convulsive motions1 & dea?4 ,"h is a connect$ *a9 ( natural causes & volunt>y actions2 b ! m9d feels no diff]5ce betwixt !m 9 pass+ f "o l9k to ano!r2 nor is less c]ta9 ( ! future ev5t ?an if x 7 connect$ ) ! pres5t impressions ( ! memory & s5ses by a tra9 ( causes cem5t$ toge!r by :at we are pleas$ to call a physical necessity4 ,! same exp]i5c$ union has ! same effect on ! m9d1 :e!r ! unit$ objects be motives1 volitions & actions1 or figure & motion4 ,we may *ange ! names ( ?+s1 b _! nature & _! op]ation on ! und]/&+ nev] *ange4 ,i d>e be positive no "o w ev] endeav\r to refute ^! reason+s o!rwise ?an by alt]+ my def9itions1 & assign+ a diff]5t mean+ to ! t]ms ( cause1 & effect1 & necessity1 & lib]ty1 & *ance4 ,accord+ to my def9itions1 necessity makes an ess5tial "p ( causation2 & consequ5tly lib]ty1 by remov+ necessity1 removes also causes1 & is ! v same ?+ ) *ance4 ,z *ance is commonly ?\ght to imply a contradiction1 & is at lea/ directly contr>y to exp]i5ce1 !re are always ! same argum5ts aga9/ lib]ty or free-w4 ,if any "o alt]s ! def9itions1 ,i _c pret5d to argue ) him till ,i "k ! mean+ he assigns to ^! t]ms4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$4 ,i believe we may assign ! ?ree foll[+ reasons = ! preval5ce ( ! doctr9e ( lib]ty1 h[ev] absurd x may be 9 "o s5se1 & un9telligible 9 any o!r4 ,fir/1 aft] we h p]=m$ any action1 ?\gh we confess we 7 influ5c$ by p>ticul> views & motives1 'tis difficult = u to p]suade ourselves we 7 gov]n$ by necessity1 & t 'twas utt]ly impossible = u to h act$ o!rwise1 ! idea ( necessity seem+ to imply some?+ ( =ce1 & viol5ce1 & con/ra9t1 ( :i* we are n s5sible4 ,few are capable ( di/+ui%+ betwixt ! lib]ty ( spontaneity1 z x is call$ 9 ! s*ools1 & ! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce2 betwixt t :i* is oppos$ to viol5ce1 & t :i* means a negation ( necessity & causes4 ,! fir/ is ev5 ! mo/ common s5se ( ! ^w2 & z 'tis only t species ( lib]ty :i* x conc]ns u to pres]ve1 our ?\ghts h be5 pr9cipally turn$ t[>ds x1 & h almo/ univ]sally conf\nd$ x ) ! o!r4 ,secondly1 !re is a false s5sation or exp]i5ce ev5 ( ! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce1 :i* is reg>d$ z an argum5t = its real exi/5ce4 ,! necessity ( any action1 :e!r ( matt] or ( ! m9d1 is n prop]ly a quality 9 ! ag5t1 b 9 any ?9k+ or intellig5t be+1 :o may consid] ! action1 & consi/s 9 ! det]m9ation ( 8 ?\ght to inf] its exi/5ce f "s prec$+ objects3 z lib]ty or *ance1 on ! o!r h&1 is no?+ b ! want ( t det]m9ation1 & a c]ta9 loos5ess1 :i* we feel 9 pass+ or n pass+ f ! idea ( "o to t ( ! o!r4 ,n[1 we may obs]ve1 t ?\gh 9 reflect+ on human actions1 we seldom feel su* a loos5ess or indiff]5ce1 yet x v commonly happ5s1 t1 9 p]=m+ ! actions !mselves1 we are s5sible ( some?+ l x3 & z all relat$ or resembl+ objects are readily tak5 = ea* o!r1 ?is has be5 employ$ z a demon/rative1 or ev5 an intuitive pro( ( human lib]ty4 ,we feel t our actions are subject to our w on mo/ occasions1 & imag9e we feel t ! w itself is subject to no?+2 because :51 by a d5ial ( x1 we are provok$ to try1 we feel t x moves easily e way1 & produces an image ( itself ev5 on t side on :i* x did n settle4 ,?is image or fa9t motion1 we p]suade ourselves1 c\ld h be5 complet$ into ! ?+ itself2 because1 %\ld t be d5i$1 we f9d1 ^u a second trial1 t x c4 ,b ^! ef=ts are all 9 va92 & :atev] caprici\s & irregul> actions we may p]=m1 z ! desire ( %[+ our lib]ty is ! sole motive ( our actions1 we c nev] free ourselves f ! bonds ( necessity4 ,we may imag9e we feel a lib]ty )9 ourselves1 b a spectator c commonly inf] our actions f our motives & "*2 & ev5 :]e he _c1 he concludes 9 g5]al t he might1 7 he p]fectly acqua9t$ ) e circum/ance ( our situation & temp]1 & ! mo/ secret spr+s ( our complexion & disposition4 ,n[1 ?is is ! v ess5ce ( necessity1 accord+ to ! =ego+ doctr9e4 ,a ?ird reason :y ! doctr9e ( lib]ty has g5]ally be5 bett] receiv$ 9 ! _w ?an its antagoni/1 proce$s f religion1 :i* has be5 v unnecess>ily int]e/$ 9 ?is "q4 ,!re is no me?od ( reason+ m common1 & yet none m blameable1 ?an 9 philosophical debates to endeav\r to refute any hypo!sis by a pretext ( its dang]\s consequ5ces to religion & morality4 ,:5 any op9ion leads u into absurdities1 'tis c]ta9ly false2 b 'tis n c]ta9 an op9ion is false1 because 'tis ( dang]\s consequ5ce4 ,su* topics1 !re=e1 ought entirely to be =eborn1 z s]v+ no?+ to ! discov]y ( tru?1 b only to make ! p]son ( an antagoni/ odi\s4 ,?is ,i obs]ve 9 g5]al1 )\t pret5d+ to draw any advantage f x4 ,i submit myself frankly to an exam9ation ( ?is k9d1 & d>e v5ture to affirm1 t ! doctr9e ( necessity1 accord+ to my explication ( x1 is n only innoc5t1 b ev5 advantage\s to religion & morality4 ,i def9e necessity two ways1 con=mable to ! two def9itions ( cause1 ( :i* x makes an ess5tial "p4 ,i place x ei!r 9 ! con/ant union & conjunction ( l objects1 or 9 ! inf]5ce ( ! m9d f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,n[1 necessity1 9 bo? ^! s5ses1 has univ]sally1 ?\gh tacitly1 9 ! s*ools1 9 ! pulpit1 & 9 common life1 be5 all[$ to belong to ! w ( man2 & no "o has ev] pret5d$ to d5y1 t we c draw inf]5ces conc]n+ human actions1 & t ^? inf]5ces are f\nd$ on ! exp]i5c$ union ( l actions ) l motives & circum/ances4 ,! only p>ticul> 9 :i* any "o c diff] f me is1 ei!r t p]haps he w refuse to call ?is necessity2 b z long z ! mean+ is und]/ood1 ,i hope ! ^w c d no h>m2 or1 t he w ma9ta9 !re is some?+ else 9 ! op]ations ( matt]4 ,n[1 :e!r x be s or n1 is ( no consequ5ce to religion1 :atev] x may be to natural philosophy4 ,i may be mi/ak5 9 ass]t+1 t we h no idea ( any o!r connexion 9 ! actions ( body1 & %all be glad to be f>!r in/ruct$ on t head3 b sure ,i am1 ,i ascribe no?+ to ! actions ( ! m9d1 b :at mu/ readily be all[$ (4 ,let no "o1 !re=e1 put an invidi\s con/ruction on my words1 by say+ simply1 t ,i ass]t ! necessity ( human actions1 & place !m on ! same foot+ ) ! op]ations ( s5seless matt]4 ,i d n ascribe to ! w t un9telligible necessity1 :i* is suppos$ to lie 9 matt]4 ,b ,i ascribe to matt] t intelligible quality1 call x necessity or n1 :i* ! mo/ rigor\s or?odoxy does or mu/ all[ to belong to ! w4 ,i *ange1 !re=e1 no?+ 9 ! receiv$ sy/ems1 ) reg>d to ! w1 b only ) reg>d to mat]ial objects4 ,nay1 ,i %all g f>!r1 & ass]t1 t ?is k9d ( necessity is s ess5tial to religion & morality1 t )\t x !re mu/ ensue an absolute subv]sion ( bo?1 & t e o!r supposition is entirely de/ructive to all laws1 bo? div9e & human4 ',tis inde$ c]ta91 t z all human laws are f\nd$ on rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 'tis suppos$ z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t ^! motives h an influ5ce on ! m9d1 & bo? produce ! good & prev5t ! evil actions4 ,we may give to ?is influ5ce :at "n we please2 b z 'tis usually conjo9$ ) ! action1 common s5se requires x %\ld be e/eem$ a cause1 & be look$ ^u z an in/ance ( t necessity1 :i* ,i w\ld e/abli%4 ,?is reason+ is equally solid1 :5 appli$ to div9e laws1 s f> z ! ,deity is consid]$ z a legislator1 & is suppos$ to inflict puni%m5t & be/[ rew>ds ) a design to produce ob$i5ce4 ,b ,i also ma9ta91 t ev5 :]e he acts n 9 8 magi/]ial capacity1 is reg>d$ z ! av5g] ( crimes m]ely on acc\nt ( _! odi\sness & de=mity1 n only 'tis impossible1 )\t ! necess>y connexion ( cause & effect 9 human actions1 t puni%m5ts c\ld be inflict$ compatible ) ju/ice & moral equity2 b also t x c\ld ev] ent] into ! ?\ghts ( any reasonable be+ to inflict !m4 ,! con/ant & univ]sal object ( hatr$ or ang] is a p]son or creature end[$ ) ?\ght & consci\sness2 & :5 any crim9al or injuri\s actions excite t passion1 'tis only by _! relation to ! p]son or connexion ) him4 ,b accord+ to ! doctr9e ( lib]ty or *ance1 ?is connexion is r$uc$ to no?+1 nor are m5 m acc\ntable = ^? actions1 :i* are design$ & prem$itat$1 ?an = su* z are ! mo/ casual & accid5tal4 ,actions are1 by _! v nature1 tempor>y & p]i%+2 & :]e !y proce$ n f "s cause 9 ! *>act]s & disposition ( ! p]son :o p]=m$ !m1 !y infix n !mselves ^u him1 & c nei!r r$\nd to 8 hon\r1 if good1 nor infamy1 if evil4 ,! action itself may be blameable2 x may be contr>y to all ! rules ( morality & religion3 b ! p]son is n responsible = x2 & z x proce$$ f no?+ 9 him t is durable or con/ant1 & leaves no?+ ( t nature beh9d x1 'tis impossible he c1 ^u its acc\nt1 become ! object ( puni%m5t or v5geance4 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( lib]ty1 !re=e1 a man is z pure & unta9t$1 aft] hav+ committ$ ! mo/ horrid crimes1 z at ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 bir?1 nor is 8 "* any way conc]n$ 9 8 actions1 s9ce !y are n d]iv$ f x1 & ! wick$ness ( ! "o c nev] be us$ z a pro( ( ! depravity ( ! o!r4 ',tis only ^u ! pr9ciples ( necessity1 t a p]son acquires any m]it or dem]it f 8 actions1 h[ev] ! common op9ion may incl9e to ! contr>y4 ,b s inconsi/5t are m5 ) !mselves1 t ?\gh !y (t5 ass]t t necessity utt]ly de/roys all m]it & dem]it ei!r t[>ds mank9d or sup]ior p[]s1 yet !y cont9ue /ill to reason ^u ^! v pr9ciples ( necessity 9 all _! judgm5ts conc]n+ ?is matt]4 ,m5 are n blam$ = su* evil actions z !y p]=m ignorantly & casually1 :atev] may be _! consequ5ces4 ,:y8 b because ! causes ( ^! actions are only mom5t>y1 & t]m9ate 9 !m alone4 ,m5 are less blam$ = su* evil actions z !y p]=m ha/ily & unprem$itately1 ?an = su* z proce$ f ?\ght & delib]ation4 ,= :at reason8 b because a ha/y temp]1 ?\gh a con/ant cause 9 ! m9d1 op]ates only by int]vals1 & infects n ! :ole "*4 ,aga91 rep5tance wipes (f e crime1 especially if att5d$ ) an evid5t re=mation ( life & mann]s4 ,h[ is ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 b by ass]t+ t actions r5d] a p]son crim9al1 m]ely z !y are pro(s ( crim9al passions or pr9ciples 9 ! m9d2 & :51 by any alt]ation ( ^! pr9ciples1 !y cease to be j pro(s1 !y likewise cease to be crim9al4 ,b accord+ ! doctr9e ( lib]ty or *ance1 !y nev] 7 j pro(s1 & consequ5tly nev] 7 crim9al4 ,"h !n ,i turn to my adv]s>y1 & desire him to free 8 own sy/em f ^! odi\s consequ5ces be=e he *>ge !m ^u o!rs4 ,or1 if he r *ooses t ?is "q %\ld be decid$ by fair argum5ts be=e philosoph]s1 ?an by declamations be=e ! p1 let him return to :at ,i h advanc$ to prove t lib]ty & *ance are synonym\s2 & conc]n+ ! nature ( moral evid5ce & ! regul>ity ( human actions4 ,^u a review ( ^! reason+s1 ,i _c d\bt ( an entire victory2 & !re=e1 hav+ prov$ t all actions ( ! w h p>ticul> causes1 ,i proce$ to expla9 :at ^! causes are1 & h[ !y op]ate4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,influ5c+ ,,motives ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,no?+ is m usual 9 philosophy1 & ev5 9 common life1 ?an to talk ( ! combat ( passion & reason1 to give ! pref]5ce to reason1 & ass]t t m5 are only s f> virtu\s z !y con=m !mselves to its dictates4 ,e rational creature1 'tis said1 is oblig$ to regulate 8 actions by reason2 & if any o!r motive or pr9ciple *all5ge ! direction ( 8 conduct1 he ought to oppose x1 'till x be entirely subdu$1 or at lea/ br\ght to a con=mity ) t sup]ior pr9ciple4 ,on ?is me?od ( ?9k+ ! greate/ "p ( moral philosophy1 anci5t & mod]n1 seems to be f\nd$2 nor is !re an ampl] field1 z well = metaphysical argum5ts1 z popul> declamations1 ?an ?is suppos$ pre-em95ce ( reason above passion4 ,! et]nity1 inv>iabl5ess1 & div9e orig9 ( ! =m]1 h be5 display$ to ! be/ advantage3 ! bl9dness1 incon/ancy1 & deceitfulness ( ! latt]1 h be5 z /rongly insi/$ on4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! fallacy ( all ?is philosophy1 ,i %all endeav\r to prove fir/1 t reason alone c nev] be a motive to any action ( ! w2 & secondly1 t x c nev] oppose passion 9 ! direction ( ! w4 ,! und]/&+ ex]ts itself aft] two diff]5t ways1 z ! judges f demon/ration or probability2 z x reg>ds ! ab/ract relations ( our ideas1 or ^? relations ( objects ( :i* exp]i5ce only gives u in=mation4 ,i believe x sc>ce w be ass]t$1 t ! fir/ species ( reason+ alone is ev] ! cause ( any action4 ,z its prop] prov9ce is ! _w ( ideas1 & z ! w always places u 9 t ( realities1 demon/ration & volition seem ^u t acc\nt to be totally remov$ f ea* o!r4 ,ma!matics1 inde$1 are useful 9 all me*anical op]ations1 & ari?metic 9 almo/ e art & pr(ession3 b 'tis n ( !mselves !y h any influ5ce4 ,me*anics are ! art ( regulat+ ! motions ( bodies to "s design$ end or purpose2 & ! reason :y we employ ari?metic 9 fix+ ! proportions ( numb]s1 is only t we may discov] ! proportions ( _! influ5ce & op]ation4 ,a m]*ant is desir\s ( kn[+ ! sum total ( 8 acc\nts ) any p]son3 :y8 b t he may le>n :at sum w h ! same effects 9 pay+ 8 debt1 & go+ to m>ket1 z all ! p>ticul> articles tak5 toge!r4 ,ab/ract or demon/rative reason+1 !re=e1 nev] influ5ces any ( our actions1 b only z x directs our judgm5t conc]n+ causes & effects2 :i* leads u to ! second op]ation ( ! und]/&+4 ',tis obvi\s1 t :5 we h ! prospect ( pa9 or pleasure f any object1 we feel a consequ5t emotion ( av]sion or prop5sity1 & are c>ri$ to avoid or embrace :at w give u ?is uneas9ess or satisfaction4 ',tis also obvi\s1 t ?is emotion re/s n "h1 b1 mak+ u ca/ our view on e side1 compreh5ds :atev] objects are connect$ ) its orig9al "o by ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,"h !n reason+ takes place to discov] ?is relation2 & accord+ z our reason+ v>ies1 our actions receive a subsequ5t v>iation4 ,b 'tis evid5t1 9 ?is case1 t ! impulse arises n f reason1 b is only direct$ by x4 ',tis f ! prospect ( pa9 or pleasure t ! av]sion or prop5sity arises t[>ds any object3 & ^! emotions ext5d !mselves to ! causes & effects ( t object1 z !y are po9t$ out to u by reason & exp]i5ce4 ,x c nev] 9 ! lea/ conc]n u to "k1 t su* objects are causes1 & su* o!rs effects1 if bo? ! causes & effects be indiff]5t to u4 ,:]e ! objects !mselves d n affect u1 _! connexion c nev] give !m any influ5ce2 & 'tis pla9 t1 z reason is no?+ b ! discov]y ( ?is connexion1 x _c be by its means t ! objects are able to affect u4 ,s9ce reason alone c nev] produce any action1 or give rise to volition1 ,i inf]1 t ! same faculty is z incapable ( prev5t+ volition1 or ( disput+ ! pref]5ce ) any passion or emotion4 ,?is consequ5ce is necess>y4 ',tis impossible reason c\ld h ! latt] effect ( prev5t+1 volition1 b by giv+ an impulse 9 a contr>y direction to our passion2 & t impulse1 _h x op]at$ alone1 w\ld h be5 able to produce volition4 ,no?+ c oppose or ret>d ! impulse ( passion1 b a contr>y impulse2 & if ?is contr>y impulse ev] arises f reason1 t latt] faculty mu/ h an orig9al influ5ce on ! w1 & mu/ be able to cause1 z well z h9d]1 any act ( volition4 ,b if reason has no orig9al influ5ce1 'tis impossible x c )/& any pr9ciple :i* has su* an efficacy1 or ev] keep ! m9d 9 susp5ce a mom5t4 ,?us1 x appe>s1 t ! pr9ciple :i* opposes our passion1 _c be ! same ) reason1 & is only call$ s 9 an improp] s5se4 ,we speak n /rictly & philosophically1 :5 we talk ( ! combat ( passion & ( reason4 ,reason is1 & ought only to be1 ! slave ( ! passions1 & c nev] pret5d to any o!r (fice ?an to s]ve & obey !m4 ,z ?is op9ion may appe> some:at extraord9>y1 x may n be improp] to confirm x by "s o!r consid]ations4 ,a passion is an orig9al exi/5ce1 or1 if y w1 modification ( exi/5ce1 & conta9s n any repres5tative quality1 :i* r5d]s x a copy ( any o!r exi/5ce or modification4 ,:5 ,i am angry1 ,i am actually posse/ ) ! passion1 & 9 t emotion h no m a ref]5ce to any o!r object1 ?an :5 ,i am ?ir/y1 or sick1 or m ?an five feet high4 ',tis impossible1 !re=e1 t ?is passion c be oppos$ by1 or be contradictory to1 tru? & reason2 s9ce ?is contradiction consi/s 9 ! disagreem5t ( ideas1 consid]$ z copies1 ) ^? objects :i* !y repres5t4 ,:at may at fir/ occur on ?is head is1 t z no?+ c be contr>y to tru? or reason1 except :at has a ref]5ce to x1 & z ! judgm5ts ( our und]/&+ only h ?is ref]5ce1 x mu/ foll[1 t passions c be contr>y to reason only1 s f> z !y are accompani$ ) "s judgm5t or op9ion4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 :i* is s obvi\s & natural1 'tis only 9 two s5ses t any affection c be call$ unreasonable4 ,fir/1 ,:5 a passion1 su* z hope or fe>1 grief or joy1 despair or security1 is f\nd$ on ! supposition ( ! exi/5ce ( objects1 :i* really d n exi/4 ,secondly1 ,:5 9 ex]t+ any passion 9 action1 we *oose means suffici5t = ! design$ end1 & deceive ourselves 9 our judgm5t ( causes & effects4 ,:]e a passion is nei!r f\nd$ on false suppositions1 nor *ooses means insuffici5t = ! end1 ! und]/&+ c nei!r ju/ify nor condemn x4 ',tis n contr>y to reason to pref] ! de/ruction ( ! :ole _w to ! scrat*+ ( my f+]4 ',tis n contr>y to reason = me to *oose my total ru91 to prev5t ! lea/ uneas9ess ( an ,indian1 or p]son :olly unkn[n to me4 ',tis z little contr>y to reason to pref] ev5 my own ackn[l$g$ less] good to my great]1 & h a m ard5t affection = ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,a trivial good may1 f c]ta9 circum/ances1 produce a desire sup]ior to :at arises f ! greate/ & mo/ valuable enjoym5t2 nor is !re any ?+ m extraord9>y 9 ?is1 ?an 9 me*anics to see "o p\nd weight raise up a hundr$ by ! advantage ( its situation4 ,9 %ort1 a passion mu/ be accompani$ ) "s false judgm5t1 9 ord] to its be+ unreasonable2 & ev5 !n1 'tis n ! passion1 prop]ly speak+1 :i* is unreasonable1 b ! judgm5t4 ,! consequ5ces are evid5t4 ,s9ce a passion c nev]1 9 any s5se1 be call$ unreasonable1 b :5 f\nd$ on a false supposition1 or :5 x *uses means insuffici5t = ! design$ end1 'tis impossible1 t reason & passion c ev] oppose ea* o!r1 or dispute = ! gov]nm5t ( ! w & actions4 ,! mom5t we p]ceive ! falsehood ( any supposition1 or ! insuffici5cy ( any means1 our passions yield to our reason )\t any opposition4 ,i may desire any fruit z ( an excell5t reli%2 b :5ev] y conv9ce me ( my mi/ake1 my long+ ceases4 ,i may w ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions z means ( obta9+ any desir$ good2 b z my will+ ( ^! actions is only second>y1 & f\nd$ on ! supposition t !y are causes ( ! propos$ effect2 z soon z ,i discov] ! falsehood ( t supposition1 !y mu/ become indiff]5t to me4 ',tis natural = "o1 t does n exam9e objects ) a /rict philosophic eye1 to imag9e1 t ^? actions ( ! m9d are entirely ! same1 :i* produce n a diff]5t s5sation1 & are n imm$iately di/+ui%able to ! feel+ & p]ception4 ,reason1 = in/ance1 ex]ts itself )\t produc+ any s5sible emotion2 & except 9 ! m sublime disquisitions ( philosophy1 or 9 ! frivol\s subtilties ( ! s*ools1 sc>ce ev] conveys any pleasure or uneas9ess4 ,h5ce x proce$s1 t e action ( ! m9d :i* op]ates ) ! same calmness & tranquillity1 is conf\nd$ ) reason by all ^? :o judge ( ?+s f ! fir/ view & appe>ance4 ,n[ 'tis c]ta9 !re are c]ta9 calm desires & t5d5cies1 :i*1 ?\gh !y be real passions1 produce little emotion 9 ! m9d1 & are m kn[n by _! effects ?an by ! imm$iate feel+ or s5sation4 ,^! desires are ( two k9ds2 ei!r c]ta9 in/9cts orig9ally implant$ 9 our natures1 su* z b5evol5ce & res5tm5t1 ! love ( life1 & k9dness to *ildr52 or ! g5]al appetite to good1 & av]sion to evil1 consid]$ m]ely z su*4 ,:5 any ( ^! passions are calm1 & cause no disord] 9 ! s\l1 !y are v readily tak5 = ! det]m9ations ( reason1 & are suppos$ to proce$ f ! same faculty ) t :i* judges ( tru? & falsehood4 ,_! nature & pr9ciples h be5 suppos$ ! same1 because _! s5sations are n evid5tly diff]5t4 ,beside ^! calm passions1 :i* (t5 det]m9e ! w1 !re are c]ta9 viol5t emotions ( ! same k9d1 :i* h likewise a great influ5ce on t faculty4 ,:5 ,i receive any injury f ano!r1 ,i (t5 feel a viol5t passion ( res5tm5t1 :i* makes me desire 8 evil & puni%m5t1 indep5d5t ( all consid]ations ( pleasure & advantage to myself4 ,:5 ,i am imm$iately ?reat5$ ) any griev\s ill1 my fe>s1 appreh5sions & av]sions rise to a great height1 & produce a s5sible emotion4 ,! common error ( metaphysicians has la9 9 ascrib+ ! direction ( ! w entirely to "o ( ^! pr9ciples1 & suppos+ ! o!r to h no influ5ce4 ,m5 (t5 act kn[+ly aga9/ _! int]e/2 = :i* reason1 ! view ( ! greate/ possible good does n always influ5ce !m4 ,m5 (t5 c\nt]act a viol5t passion 9 prosecution ( _! int]e/s & designs2 'tis n1 !re=e1 ! pres5t uneas9ess alone :i* det]m9es !m4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t bo? ^! pr9ciples1 op]ate on ! w2 & :]e !y are contr>y1 t ei!r ( !m prevails1 accord+ to ! g5]al "* or pres5t disposition ( ! p]son4 ,:at we call /r5g? ( m9d1 implies ! preval5ce ( ! calm passions above ! viol5t2 ?\gh we may easily obs]ve1 !re is no man s con/antly possess$ ( ?is virtue1 z nev] on any occasion to yield to ! solicitations ( passion & desire4 ,f ^! v>iations ( temp] proce$s ! great difficulty ( decid+ conc]n+ ! actions & resolutions ( m51 :]e !re is any contr>iety ( motives & passions4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,viol5t ,,passions4 ,!re is n 9 philosophy a subject ( m nice speculation ?an ?is1 ( ! diff]5t causes & effects ( ! calm & viol5t passions4 ',tis evid5t1 passions influ5ce n ! w 9 proportion to _! viol5ce1 or ! disord] !y occasion 9 ! temp]2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t :5 a passion has once become a settl$ pr9ciple ( action1 & is ! pr$om9ant incl9ation ( ! s\l1 x commonly produces no long] any s5sible agitation4 ,z repeat$ cu/om & its own =ce h made e ?+ yield to x1 x directs ! actions & conduct )\t t opposition & emotion :i* s naturally att5d e mom5t>y gu/ ( passion4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 di/+ui% betwixt a calm & a weak passion2 betwixt a viol5t & a /rong "o4 ,b not)/&+ ?is1 'tis c]ta9 t1 :5 we w\ld gov]n a man1 & pu% him to any action1 'twill commonly be bett] policy to "w ^u ! viol5t ?an ! calm passions1 & r take him by 8 incl9ation1 ?an :at is vulg>ly call$ 8 reason4 ,we ought to place ! object 9 su* p>ticul> situations z are prop] to increase ! viol5ce ( ! passion4 ,= we may obs]ve1 t all dep5ds ^u ! situation ( ! object1 & t a v>iation 9 ?is p>ticul> w be able to *ange ! calm & ! viol5t passions into ea* o!r4 ,bo? ^! k9ds ( passions pursue good1 & avoid evil2 & bo? ( !m are increas$ or dim9i%$ by ! increase or dim9ution ( ! good or evil4 ,b h]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwixt !m3 ! same good1 :5 ne>1 w cause a viol5t passion1 :i*1 :5 remote1 produces only a calm "o4 ,z ?is subject belongs v prop]ly to ! pres5t "q conc]n+ ! w1 we %all "h exam9e x to ! bottom1 & %all consid] "s ( ^? circum/ances & situations ( objects1 :i* r5d] a passion ei!r calm or viol5t4 ',tis a rem>kable prop]ty ( human nature1 t any emotion :i* att5ds a passion1 is easily conv]t$ into x1 ?\gh 9 _! natures !y be orig9ally diff]5t f1 & ev5 contr>y to1 ea* o!r4 ',tis true1 9 ord] to make a p]fect union among ! passions1 !re is always requir$ a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas2 nor is "o relation suffici5t = t purpose4 ,b ?\gh ?is be confirm$ by und\bt$ exp]i5ce1 we mu/ und]/& x ) its prop] limitations1 & mu/ reg>d ! d\ble relation z requisite only to make "o passion produce ano!r4 ,:5 two passions are already produc$ by _! sep>ate causes1 & are bo? pres5t 9 ! m9d1 !y readily m+le & unite1 ?\gh !y h b "o relation1 & sometimes )\t any4 ,! pr$om9ant passion swall[s up ! inf]ior1 & conv]ts x into itself4 ,! spirits1 :5 once excit$1 easily receive a *ange 9 _! direction2 & 'tis natural to imag9e ?is *ange w come f ! prevail+ affection4 ,! connexion is 9 _m respects clos] betwixt any two passions1 ?an betwixt any passion & indiff]5ce4 ,:5 a p]son is once he>tily 9 love1 ! little faults & caprice ( 8 mi/ress1 ! jeal\sies & qu>rels to :i* t comm]ce is s subject1 h[ev] unpleasant1 & relat$ to ang] & hatr$1 are yet f\nd to give additional =ce to ! prevail+ passion4 ',tis a common artifice ( politicians1 :5 !y w\ld affect any p]son v mu* by a matt] ( fact1 ( :i* !y int5d to in=m him1 fir/ to excite 8 curiosity1 delay z long z possible ! satisfy+ x1 & by t means raise 8 anxiety & impati5ce to ! utmo/1 be=e !y give him a full insight into ! bus9ess4 ,!y "k t 8 curiosity w precipitate him into ! passion !y design to raise1 & assi/ ! object 9 its influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,a soldi] advanc+ to ! battle1 is naturally inspir$ ) c\rage & confid5ce1 :5 he ?9ks on 8 fri5ds & fell[-soldi]s2 & is /ruck ) fe> & t]ror1 :5 he reflects on ! enemy4 ,:atev] new emotion1 !re=e1 proce$s f ! =m]1 naturally increases ! c\rage2 z ! same emotion1 proce$+ f ! latt]1 augm5ts ! fe>1 by ! relation ( ideas1 & ! conv]sion ( ! inf]ior emotion into ! pr$om9ant4 ,h5ce x is1 t 9 m>tial discipl9e1 ! uni=mity & lu/re ( our habit1 ! regul>ity ( our figures & motions1 ) all ! pomp & maje/y ( w>1 enc\rage ourselves & allies2 :ile ! same objects 9 ! enemy /rike t]ror into u1 ?\gh agreeable & beautiful 9 !mselves4 ,s9ce passions1 h[ev] indep5d5t1 are naturally transfus$ into ea* o!r1 if !y are bo? pres5t at ! same "t1 x foll[s1 t :5 good or evil is plac$ 9 su* a situation z to cause any p>ticul> emotion beside its direct passion ( desire or av]sion1 t latt] passion mu/ acquire new =ce & viol5ce4 ,?is happ5s1 among o!r cases1 :5ev] any object excites contr>y passions4 ,= 'tis obs]vable t an opposition ( passions commonly causes a new emotion 9 ! spirits1 & produces m disord] ?an ! concurr5ce ( any two affections ( equal =ce4 ,?is new emotion is easily conv]t$ into ! pr$om9ant passion1 & increases its viol5ce beyond ! pit* x w\ld h arriv$ at _h x met ) no opposition4 ,h5ce we naturally desire :at is =bid1 & take a pleasure 9 p]=m+ actions1 m]ely because !y are unlawful4 ,! notion ( duty1 :5 opposite to ! passions1 is seldom able to ov]come !m2 &1 :5 x fails ( t effect1 is apt r to increase !m1 by produc+ an opposition 9 our motives & pr9ciples4 ,! same effect foll[s1 :e!r ! opposition arises f int]nal motives or ext]nal ob/acles4 ,! passion commonly acquires new =ce & viol5ce 9 bo? cases4 ,! ef=ts :i* ! m9d makes to surm\nt ! ob/acle1 excite ! spirits & enliv5 ! passion4 ,unc]ta9ty has ! same influ5ce z opposition4 ,! agitation ( ! ?\ght1 ! quick turns x makes f "o view to ano!r1 ! v>iety ( passions :i* succe$ ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! diff]5t views2 all ^! produce an agitation 9 ! m9d1 & transfuse !mselves into ! pr$om9ant passion4 ,!re is n1 9 my op9ion1 any o!r natural cause :y security dim9i%es ! passions1 ?an because x removes t unc]ta9ty :i* increases !m4 ,! m9d1 :5 left to itself1 imm$iately langui%es1 &1 9 ord] to pres]ve its ard\r1 mu/ be e mom5t support$ by a new fl[ ( passion4 ,= ! same reason1 despair1 ?\gh contr>y to security1 has a l influ5ce4 ',tis c]ta91 no?+ m p[]ful animates any affection1 ?an to conceal "s "p ( its object by ?r[+ x into a k9d ( %ade1 :i*1 at ! same "t t x %[s en\gh to prepossess u 9 fav\r ( ! object1 leaves /ill "s "w = ! imag9ation4 ,besides1 t obscurity is always att5d$ ) a k9d ( unc]ta9ty2 ! ef=t :i* ! fancy makes to complete ! idea1 r\ses ! spirits1 & gives an additional =ce to ! passion4 ,z despair & security1 ?\gh contr>y to ea* o!r1 produce ! same effects1 s abs5ce is obs]v$ to h contr>y effects1 &1 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 ei!r increases or dim9i%es our affections4 ,! ,duc de la ,ro*ef\cault has v well obs]v$1 t abs5ce de/roys weak passions1 b increases /rong2 z ! w9d ext+ui%es a c&le1 b bl[s up a fire4 ,long abs5ce naturally weak5s our idea1 & dim9i%es ! passion2 b :]e ! idea is s /rong & lively z to support itself1 ! uneas9ess1 aris+ f abs5ce1 increases ! passion1 & gives x new =ce & viol5ce4 ,,section ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,cu/om4 ,b no?+ has a great] effect bo? to increase & dim9i% our passions1 to conv]t pleasure into pa91 & pa9 into pleasure1 ?an cu/om & repetition4 ,cu/om has two orig9al effects ^u ! m9d1 9 be/[+ a facility 9 ! p]=mance ( any action1 or ! conception ( any object1 & aft]w>ds a t5d5cy or incl9ation t[>ds x2 & f ^! we may acc\nt = all its o!r effects1 h[ev] extraord9>y4 ,:5 ! s\l applies itself to ! p]=mance ( any action1 or ! conception ( any object to :i* x is n accu/om$1 !re is a c]ta9 unpliabl5ess 9 ! faculties1 & a difficulty ( ! spirits mov+ 9 _! new direction4 ,z ?is difficulty excites ! spirits1 'tis ! s\rce ( wond]1 surprise1 & ( all ! emotions :i* arise f novelty1 & is 9 itself v agreeable1 l e ?+ :i* enliv5s ! m9d to a mod]ate degree4 ,b ?\gh surprise be agreeable 9 itself1 yet1 z x puts ! spirits 9 agitation1 x n only augm5ts our agreeable affections1 b also our pa9ful1 accord+ to ! =ego+ pr9ciple1 t e emotion :i* prec$es or att5ds a passion is easily conv]t$ into x4 ,h5ce1 e ?+ t is new is mo/ affect+1 & gives u ei!r m pleasure or pa9 ?an :at1 /rictly speak+1 naturally belongs to x4 ,:5 x (t5 returns ^u u1 ! novelty we>s (f1 ! passions subside1 ! hurry ( ! spirits is ov]1 & we survey ! objects ) great] tranquillity4 ,by degrees1 ! repetition produces a facility1 :i* is ano!r v p[]ful pr9ciple ( ! human m9d1 & an infallible s\rce ( pleasure :]e ! facility goes n beyond a c]ta9 degree4 ,& "h 'tis rem>kable1 t ! pleasure :i* arises f a mod]ate facility has n ! same t5d5cy ) t :i* arises f novelty1 to augm5t ! pa9ful z well z ! agreeable affections4 ,! pleasure ( facility does n s mu* consi/ 9 any f]m5t ( ! spirits1 z 9 _! ord]ly motion1 :i* w sometimes be s p[]ful z ev5 to conv]t pa9 into pleasure1 & give u a reli% 9 "t = :at at fir/ 0 mo/ h>% & disagreeable4 ,b1 aga91 z facility conv]ts pa9 into pleasure1 s x (t5 conv]ts pleasure into pa9 :5 x is too great1 & r5d]s ! actions ( ! m9d s fa9t & languid1 t !y are no long] able to int]e/ & support x4 ,& inde$ sc>ce any o!r objects become disagreeable ?r\gh cu/om1 b su* z are naturally att5d$ ) "s emotion or affection1 :i* is de/roy$ by ! too frequ5t repetition4 ,"o c consid] ! cl\ds1 & heav5s1 & trees1 & /ones1 h[ev] frequ5tly repeat$1 )\t ev] feel+ any av]sion4 ,b :5 ! fair sex1 or music1 or good *e]1 or any ?+ t naturally ought to be agreeable1 becomes indiff]5t1 x easily produces ! opposite affection4 ,b cu/om n only gives a facility to p]=m any action1 b likewise an incl9ation & t5d5cy t[>ds x1 :]e x is n entirely disagreeable1 & c nev] be ! object ( incl9ation4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y cu/om increases all active habits1 b dim9i%es passive1 accord+ to ! obs]vation ( a late em95t philosoph]4 ,! facility takes (f f ! =ce ( ! passive habits by r5d]+ ! motion ( ! spirits fa9t & languid4 ,b z 9 ! active1 ! spirits are suffici5tly support$ ( !mselves1 ! t5d5cy ( ! m9d gives !m new =ce1 & b5ds !m m /rongly to ! action4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation ,,on ,,! ,,passions4 ',tis rem>kable1 t ! imag9ation & affections h a close union toge!r1 & t no?+1 :i* affects ! =m]1 c be entirely indiff]5t to ! latt]4 ,:]ev] our ideas ( good or evil acquire a new vivacity1 ! passions become m viol5t1 & keep pace ) ! imag9ation 9 all its v>iations4 ,:e!r ?is proce$s f ! pr9ciple above-m5tion$1 t any att5dant emotion is easily conv]t$ into ! ,pr$om9ant1 ,i %all n det]m9e4 ',tis suffici5t = my pres5t purpose1 t we h _m in/ances to confirm ?is influ5ce ( ! imag9ation ^u ! passions4 ,any pleasure ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 affects u m ?an any o!r :i* we own to be sup]ior1 b ( ^: nature we are :olly ignorant4 ,( ! "o we c =m a p>ticul> & det]m9ate idea3 ! o!r we conceive "u ! g5]al notion ( pleasure2 & 'tis c]ta91 t ! m g5]al & univ]sal any ( our ideas are1 ! less influ5ce !y h ^u ! imag9ation4 ,a g5]al idea1 ?\gh x be no?+ b a p>ticul> "o consid]$ 9 a c]ta9 view1 is commonly m obscure2 & t because no p>ticul> idea1 by :i* we repres5t a g5]al "o1 is ev] fix$ or det]m9ate1 b may easily be *ang$ = o!r p>ticul> ones1 :i* w s]ve equally 9 ! repres5tation4 ,!re is a not$ passage 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 :i* may s]ve = our pres5t purpose4 ,!mi/ocles told ! ,a!nians1 t he _h =m$ a design1 :i* w\ld be highly useful to ! public1 b :i* 'twas impossible = him to communicate to !m )\t ru9+ ! execution1 s9ce its success dep5d$ entirely on ! secrecy ) :i* x %\ld be conduct$4 ,! ,a!nians1 in/ead ( grant+ him full p[] to act z he ?\ght fitt+1 ord]$ him to communicate 8 design to ,ari/ides1 9 ^: prud5ce !y _h an entire confid5ce1 & ^: op9ion !y 7 resolv$ bl9dly to submit to4 ,! design ( ,!mi/ocles 0 secretly to set fire to ! fleet ( all ! ,grecian commonweal?s1 :i* 0 assembl$ 9 a neighb\r+ port1 & :i*1 be+ once de/roy$1 w\ld give ! ,a!nians ! empire ( ! sea )\t any rival4 ,ari/ides return$ to ! assembly1 & told !m1 t no?+ c\ld be m advantage\s ?an ! design ( ,!mi/ocles2 b at ! same "t t no?+ c\ld be m unju/3 ^u :i* ! p unanim\sly reject$ ! project4 ,a late celebrat$ hi/orian#a admires ?is passage ( anci5t hi/ory z "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> t is any :]e to be met )4 ,"h1 says he1 !y are n philosoph]s1 to :om 'tis easy 9 _! s*ools to e/abli% ! f9e/ maxims & mo/ sublime rules ( morality1 :o decide t int]e/ ought nev] to prevail above ju/ice4 ',tis a :ole p int]e/$ 9 ! proposal :i* is made to !m1 :o consid] x z ( importance to ! public good1 & :o1 not)/&+1 reject x unanim\sly1 & )\t hesitation1 m]ely because x is contr>y to ju/ice4 ,= my "p ,i see no?+ s extraord9>y 9 ?is proce$+ ( ! ,a!nians4 ,! same reasons :i* r5d] x s easy = philosoph]s to e/abli% ^! sublime maxims1 t5d1 9 "p1 to dim9i% ! m]it ( su* a conduct 9 t p4 ,philosoph]s nev] balance betwixt pr(it & hone/y1 because _! decisions are g5]al1 & nei!r _! passions nor imag9ations are int]e/$ 9 ! objects4 ,& ?\gh1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! advantage 0 imm$iate to ! ,a!nians1 yet z x 0 kn[n only "u ! g5]al notion ( advantage1 )\t be+ conceiv$ by any p>ticul> idea1 x mu/ h _h a less consid]able influ5ce on _! imag9ations1 & h be5 a less viol5t temptation1 ?an if !y _h be5 acqua9t$ ) all its circum/ances3 o!rwise 'tis difficult to conceive1 t a :ole p1 unju/ & viol5t z m5 commonly are1 %\ld s unanim\sly h adh]$ to ju/ice1 & reject$ any consid]able advantage4 ,any satisfaction :i* we lately enjoy$1 & ( :i* ! memory is fre% & rec5t1 op]ates on ! w ) m viol5ce ?an ano!r ( :i* ! traces are decay$1 & almo/ oblit]at$4 ,f :5ce does ?is proce$1 b t ! memory 9 ! fir/ case assi/s ! fancy1 & gives an additional =ce & vig\r to its conceptions8 ,! image ( ! pa/ pleasure be+ /rong & viol5t1 be/[s ^! qualities on ! idea ( ! future pleasure1 :i* is connect$ ) x by ! relation ( resemblance4 ,a pleasure :i* is suitable to ! way ( life 9 :i* we are engag$1 excites m our desires & appetites ?an ano!r :i* is =eign to x4 ,?is ph5om5on may be expla9$ f ! same pr9ciple4 ,no?+ is m capable ( infus+ any passion into ! m9d1 ?an eloqu5ce1 by :i* objects are repres5t$ 9 _! /ronge/ & mo/ lively col\rs4 ,we may ( ourselves ackn[l$ge1 t su* an object is valuable1 & su* ano!r odi\s2 b till an orator excites ! imag9ation1 & gives =ce to ^! ideas1 !y may h b a feeble influ5ce ei!r on ! w or ! affections4 ,b eloqu5ce is n always necess>y4 ,! b>e op9ion ( ano!r1 especially :5 en=c$ ) passion1 w cause an idea ( good or evil to h an influ5ce ^u u1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 entirely neglect$4 ,?is proce$s f ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y or communication2 & sympa?y1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 is no?+ b ! conv]sion ( an idea into an impression by ! =ce ( imag9ation4 ',tis rem>kable1 t lively passions commonly att5d a lively imag9ation4 ,9 ?is respect1 z well z o!rs1 ! =ce ( ! passion dep5ds z mu* on ! temp] ( ! p]son1 z ! nature or situation ( ! object4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t belief is no?+ b a lively idea relat$ to a pres5t impression4 ,?is vivacity is a requisite circum/ance to ! excit+ all our passions1 ! calm z well z ! viol5t2 nor has a m]e fiction ( ! imag9ation any consid]able influ5ce ^u ei!r ( !m4 ',tis too weak to take any hold ( ! m9d1 or be att5d$ ) emotion4 #a ,mons4 ,roll94 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,contiguity ,,& ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,!re is an easy reason :y e ?+ contigu\s to u1 ei!r 9 space or "t1 %\ld be conceiv$ ) a peculi> =ce & vivacity1 & excel e o!r object 9 its influ5ce on ! imag9ation4 ,ourself is intimately pres5t to u1 & :atev] is relat$ to self mu/ p>take ( t quality4 ,b :]e an object is s f> remov$ z to h lo/ ! advantage ( ?is relation1 :y1 z x is f>!r remov$1 its idea becomes /ill fa9t] & m obscure1 w\ld p]haps require a m p>ticul> exam9ation4 ',tis obvi\s t ! imag9ation c nev] totally =get ! po9ts ( space & "t 9 :i* we are exi/5t2 b receives su* frequ5t adv]tisem5ts ( !m f ! passions & s5ses1 t1 h[ev] x may turn its att5tion to =eign & remote objects1 x is necessitat$ e mom5t to reflect on ! pres5t4 ',tis also rem>kable1 t 9 ! conception ( ^? objects :i* we reg>d z real & exi/5t1 we take !m 9 _! prop] ord] & situation1 & nev] leap f "o object to ano!r1 :i* is di/ant f x1 )\t runn+ ov]1 at lea/ 9 a cursory mann]1 all ^? objects :i* are int]pos$ betwixt !m4 ,:5 we reflect1 !re=e1 on any object di/ant f ourselves1 we are oblig$ n only to rea* x at fir/ by pass+ ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate space betwixt ourselves & ! object1 b also to r5ew our progress e mom5t1 be+ e mom5t recall$ to ! consid]ation ( ourselves & our pres5t situation4 ',tis easily conceiv$1 t ?is int]ruption mu/ weak5 ! idea1 by break+ ! action ( ! m9d1 & h9d]+ ! conception f be+ s int5se & cont9u$1 z :5 we reflect on a ne>] object4 ,! few] /eps we make to arrive at ! object1 & ! smoo!r ! road is1 ?is dim9ution ( vivacity is less s5sibly felt1 b /ill may be obs]v$ m or less 9 proportion to ! degrees ( di/ance & difficulty4 ,"h !n we are to consid] two k9ds ( objects1 ! contigu\s & remote1 ( :i* ! =m]1 by means ( _! relation to ourselves1 approa* an impression 9 =ce & vivacity2 ! latt]1 by reason ( ! int]ruption 9 our mann] ( conceiv+ !m1 appe> 9 a weak] & m imp]fect light4 ,?is is _! effect on ! imag9ation4 ,if my reason+ be j1 !y mu/ h a proportionable effect on ! w & passions4 ,contigu\s objects mu/ h an influ5ce mu* sup]ior to ! di/ant & remote4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 9 common life1 t m5 are pr9cipally conc]n$ ab\t ^? objects :i* are n mu* remov$ ei!r 9 space or "t1 enjoy+ ! pres5t1 & leav+ :at is af> (f to ! c>e ( *ance & =tune4 ,talk to a man ( 8 condition ?irty ye>s h5ce1 & he w n reg>d y4 ,speak ( :at is to happ5 to-morr[1 & he w l5d y att5tion4 ,! break+ ( a mirror gives u m conc]n :5 at home1 ?an ! burn+ ( a h\se :5 abroad1 & "s hundr$ leagues di/ant4 ,b f>!r2 ?\gh di/ance1 bo? 9 space & "t1 has a consid]able effect on ! imag9ation1 & by t means on ! w & passions1 yet ! consequ5ce ( a removal 9 space are mu* inf]ior to ^? ( a removal 9 "t4 ,tw5ty ye>s are c]ta9ly b a small di/ance ( "t 9 comp>ison ( :at hi/ory & ev5 ! memory ( "s may in=m !m (1 & yet ,i d\bt if a ?\s& leagues1 or ev5 ! greate/ di/ance ( place ?is globe c admit (1 w s rem>kably weak5 our ideas1 & dim9i% our passions4 ,a ,we/ ,india m]*ant w tell y1 t he is n )\t conc]n ab\t :at passes 9 ,jamaica2 ?\gh few ext5d _! views s f> into futurity1 z to dread v remote accid5ts4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on mu/ evid5tly lie 9 ! diff]5t prop]ties ( space & "t4 ,)\t hav+ rec\rse to metaphysics1 any "o may easily obs]ve1 t space or ext5sion consi/s ( a numb] ( co-exi/5t p>ts dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & capable ( be+ at once pres5t to ! sight or feel+4 ,on ! contr>y1 "t or succession1 ?\gh x consi/s likewise ( p>ts1 nev] pres5ts to u m ?an "o at once2 nor is x possible = any two ( !m ev] to co-exi/5t4 ,^! qualities ( ! objects h a suitable effect on ! imag9ation4 ,! p>ts ( ext5sion be+ susceptible ( an union to ! s5ses1 acquire an union 9 ! fancy2 & z ! appe>ance ( "o "p excludes n ano!r1 ! transition or passage ( ! ?\ght ?r\gh ! contigu\s p>ts is by t means r5d]$ m smoo? & easy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! incompatibility ( ! p>ts ( "t 9 _! real exi/5ce sep>ates !m 9 ! imag9ation1 & makes x m difficult = t faculty to trace any long succession or s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,e "p mu/ appe> s+le & alone1 nor c regul>ly h entrance into ! fancy )\t bani%+ :at is suppos$ to h be5 imm$iately prec$5t4 ,by ?is means any di/ance 9 "t causes a great] int]ruption 9 ! ?\ght ?an an equal di/ance 9 space1 & consequ5tly weak5s m consid]ably ! idea1 & consequ5tly ! passions2 :i* dep5d 9 a great measure on ! imag9ation1 accord+ to my sy/em4 ,!re is ano!r ph5om5on ( a l nature ) ! =ego+1 viz4 ! sup]ior effects ( ! same di/ance 9 futurity above t 9 ! pa/4 ,?is diff]5ce ) respect to ! w is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,z none ( our actions c alt] ! pa/1 'tis n /range x %\ld nev] det]m9e ! w4 ,b ) respect to ! passions1 ! "q is yet entire1 & well wor? ! exam9+4 ,besides ! prop5sity to a gradual progression ?r\gh ! po9ts ( space & "t1 we h ano!r peculi>ity 9 our me?od ( ?9k+1 :i* concurs 9 produc+ ?is ph5om5on4 ,we always foll[ ! succession ( "t 9 plac+ our ideas1 & f ! consid]ation ( any object pass m easily to t :i* foll[s imm$iately aft] x1 ?an to t :i* w5t be=e x4 ,we may le>n ?is1 among o!r in/ances1 f ! ord] :i* is always obs]v$ 9 hi/orical n>rations4 ,no?+ b an absolute necessity c oblige an hi/orian to break ! ord] ( "t1 & 9 8 n>ration give ! prec$5ce to an ev5t1 :i* 0 9 reality po/]ior to ano!r4 ,?is w easily be appli$ to ! "q 9 h&1 if we reflect on :at ,i h be=e obs]v$1 t ! pres5t situation ( ! p]son is always t ( ! imag9ation1 & t 'tis f !nce we proce$ to ! conception ( any di/ant object4 ,:5 ! object is pa/1 ! progression ( ! ?\ght 9 pass+ to x f ! pres5t is contr>y to nature1 z proce$+ f "o po9t ( "t to t :i* is prec$+1 & f t to ano!r prec$+1 9 opposition to ! natural c\rse ( ! succession4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we turn our ?\ght to a future object1 our fancy fl[s along ! /ream ( "t1 & arrives at ! object ( an ord]1 :i* seems mo/ natural1 pass+ always f "o po9t ( "t to t :i* is imm$iately po/]ior to x4 ,?is easy progression ( ideas fav\rs ! imag9ation1 & makes x conceive its object 9 a /rong] & full] light1 ?an :5 we are cont9ually oppos$ 9 our passage1 & are oblig$ to ov]come ! difficulties aris+ f ! natural prop5sity ( ! fancy4 ,a small degree ( di/ance 9 ! pa/ has1 !re=e1 a great] effect 9 int]rupt+ & weak5+ ! conception1 ?an a mu* great] 9 ! future4 ,f ?is effect ( x on ! imag9ation is d]iv$ its influ5ce on ! w & passions4 ,!re is ano!r cause1 :i* bo? contributes to ! same effect1 & proce$s f ! same quality ( ! fancy1 by :i* we are det]m9$ to trace ! succession ( "t by a simil> succession ( ideas4 ,:51 f ! pres5t in/ant1 we consid] two po9ts ,( "t equally di/ant 9 ! future & 9 ! pa/1 'tis evid5t t1 ab/ract$ly consid]$1 _! relation to ! pres5t is almo/ equal4 ,= z ! future w "s "t be pres5t1 s ! pa/ 0 once pres5t4 ,if we c\ld1 !re=e1 remove ?is quality ( ! imag9ation1 an equal di/ance 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! future w\ld h a simil> influ5ce4 ,nor is ?is only true :5 ! fancy rema9s fix$1 & f ! pres5t in/ant surveys ! future & ! pa/2 b also :5 x *anges its situation1 & places u 9 diff]5t p]iods ( "t4 ,= z1 on ! "o h&1 9 suppos+ ourselves exi/5t 9 a po9t ( "t int]pos$ betwixt ! pres5t in/ant & ! future object1 we f9d ! future object approa* to u1 & ! pa/ retire & become m di/ant3 s1 on ! o!r h&1 9 suppos+ ourselves exi/5t 9 a po9t ( "t int]pos$ betwixt ! pres5t & ! pa/1 ! pa/ approa*es to u1 & ! future becomes m di/ant4 ,b f ! prop]ty ( ! fancy above m5tion$1 we r *oose to fix our ?\ght on ! po9t ( "t int]pos$ betwixt ! pres5t & ! future1 ?an on t betwixt ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,we advance r ?an ret>d our exi/5ce2 &1 foll[+ :at seems ! natural succession ( "t1 proce$ f pa/ to pres5t1 & f pres5t to future2 by :i* means we conceive ! future z fl[+ e mom5t ne>] u1 & ! pa/ z retir+4 ,an equal di/ance1 !re=e1 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! future1 has n ! same effect on ! imag9ation2 & t because we consid] ! "o z cont9ually increas+1 & ! o!r z cont9ually dim9i%+4 ,! fancy anticipates ! c\rse ( ?+s1 & surveys ! object 9 t condition to :i* x t5ds1 z well z 9 t :i* is reg>d$ z ! pres5t4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$4 ,?us1 we h acc\nt$ = ?ree ph5om5a1 :i* seem pretty rem>kable4 ,:y di/ance weak5s ! conception & passion3 :y di/ance 9 "t has a great] effect ?an t 9 space3 & :y di/ance 9 pa/ "t has /ill a great] effect ?an t 9 future4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ?ree ph5om5a1 :i* seem to be 9 a mann] ! rev]se ( ^!3 :y a v great di/ance increases our e/eem & admiration = an object3 :y su* a di/ance 9 "t increases x m ?an t 9 space3 & a di/ance 9 pa/ "t m ?an t 9 future4 ,! curi\sness ( ! subject w1 ,i hope1 excuse my dwell+ on x = "s "t4 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ ph5om5on1 :y a great di/ance increases our e/eem & admiration = an object2 'tis evid5t t ! m]e view & contemplation ( any greatness1 :e!r successive or ext5d$1 enl>ges ! s\l1 & gives x a s5sible delight & pleasure4 ,a wide pla91 ! ocean1 et]nity1 a succession ( sev]al ages2 all ^! are ent]ta9+ objects1 & excel e ?+1 h[ev] beautiful1 :i* accompanies n its beauty ) a suitable greatness4 ,n[1 :5 any v di/ant object is pres5t$ to ! imag9ation1 we naturally reflect on ! int]pos$ di/ance1 & by t means conceiv+ some?+ great & magnific5t1 receive ! usual satisfaction4 ,b z ! fancy passes easily f "o idea to ano!r relat$ to x1 & transports to ! second all ! passions excit$ by ! fir/1 ! admiration1 :i* is direct$ to ! di/ance1 naturally diffuses itself ov] ! di/ant object4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t 'tis n necess>y ! object %\ld be actually di/ant f u 9 ord] to cause our admiration2 b t 'tis suffici5t if1 by ! natural association ( ideas1 x conveys our view to any consid]able di/ance4 ,a great travell]1 ?\gh 9 ! same *amb]1 w pass = a v extraord9>y p]son2 z a ,greek m$al1 ev5 9 our cab9et1 is always e/eem$ a valuable curiosity4 ,"h ! object1 by a natural transition1 conveys our view to ! di/ance2 & ! admiration :i* arises f t di/ance1 by ano!r natural transition1 returns back to ! object4 ,b ?\gh e great di/ance produces an admiration = ! di/ant object1 a di/ance 9 "t has a m consid]able effect ?an t 9 space4 ,anci5t bu/s & inscriptions are m valu$ ?an ,japan tables3 &1 n to m5tion ! ,greeks & ,romans1 'tis c]ta9 we reg>d ) m v5]ation ! old ,*aldeans & ,egyptians1 ?an ! mod]n ,*9ese & ,p]sians2 & be/[ m fruitless pa9s to cle> up ! hi/ory & *ronology ( ! =m]1 ?an x w\ld co/ u to make a voyage1 & be c]ta9ly in=m$ ( ! "*1 le>n+1 & gov]nm5t ( ! latt]4 ,i %all be oblig$ to make a digression 9 ord] to expla9 ?is ph5om5on4 ',tis a quality v obs]vable 9 human nature1 t any opposition :i* does n entirely disc\rage & intimidate u1 has r a contr>y effect1 & inspires u ) a m ?an ord9>y gr&eur & magnanimity4 ,9 collect+ our =ce to ov]come ! opposition1 we invigorate ! s\l1 & give x an elevation ) :i* o!rwise x w\ld nev] h be5 acqua9t$4 ,compliance1 by r5d]+ our /r5g? useless1 makes u ins5sible ( x2 b opposition awak5s & employs x4 ,?is is also true 9 ! inv]se4 ,opposition n only enl>ges ! s\l2 b ! s\l1 :5 full ( c\rage & magnanimity1 9 a mann] seeks opposition4 ,spumantemque d>i pecora int] in]tia votis ,optat aprum1 aut fulvum desc5d]e monte leonem4 ,:atev] supports & fills ! passions is agreeable to u2 z1 on ! contr>y1 :at weak5s & enfeebles !m is uneasy4 ,z opposition has ! fir/ effect1 & facilitates ! second1 no wond] ! m9d1 9 c]ta9 dispositions1 desires ! =m]1 & is av]se to ! latt]4 ,^! pr9ciples h an effect on ! imag9ation z well z on ! passions4 ,to be conv9c$ ( ?is1 we ne$ only consid] ! influ5ce ( heights & dep?s on t faculty4 ,any great elevation ( place communicates a k9d ( pride or sublimity ( imag9ation1 & gives a fanci$ sup]iority ov] ^? t lie bel[2 &1 vice v]sa1 a sublime & /rong imag9ation conveys ! idea ( asc5t & elevation4 ,h5ce x proce$s1 t we associate1 9 a mann]1 ! idea ( :atev] is good ) t ( height1 & evil ) l[ness4 ,heav5 is suppos$ to be above1 & hell bel[4 ,a noble g5ius is call$ an elevate & sublime "o4 ,atque udam sp]nit humum fugi5te p5na4 ,on ! contr>y1 a vulg> & trivial conception is /yl$ indiff]5tly l[ or mean4 ,prosp]ity is d5om9at$ asc5t1 & adv]sity desc5t4 ,k+s & pr9ces are suppos$ to be plac$ at ! top ( human affairs2 z peasants & day-lab\r]s are said to be 9 ! l[e/ /ations4 ,^! me?ods ( ?9k+ & ( express+ ourselves1 are n ( s little consequ5ce z !y may appe> at fir/ sight4 ',tis evid5t to common s5se1 z well z philosophy1 t !re is no natural nor ess5tial diff]5ce betwixt high & l[1 & t ?is di/9ction arises only f ! gravitation ( matt]1 :i* produces a motion f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! v same direction1 :i* 9 ?is "p ( ! globe is call$ asc5t1 is d5om9at$ desc5t 9 our antipodes2 :i* c proce$ f no?+ b ! contr>y t5d5cy ( bodies4 ,n[ 'tis c]ta91 t ! t5d5cy ( bodies1 cont9ually op]at+ ^u our s5ses1 mu/ produce1 f cu/om1 a l t5d5cy 9 ! fancy2 & t :5 we consid] any object situat$ 9 an asc5t1 ! idea ( its weight gives u a prop5sity to transport x f ! place 9 :i* x is situat$ to ! place imm$iately bel[ x1 & s on till we come to ! gr\nd1 :i* equally /ops ! body & our imag9ation4 ,= a l reason we feel a difficulty 9 m\nt+1 & pass n )\t a k9d ( reluctance f ! inf]ior to t :i* is situat$ above x2 z if our ideas acquir$ a k9d ( gravity f _! objects4 ,z a pro( ( ?is1 d we n f9d1 t ! facility1 :i* is s mu* /udi$ 9 music & poetry1 is call$ ! fall or cad5cy ( ! h>mony or p]iod2 ! idea ( facility communicat+ to u t ( desc5t1 9 ! same mann] z desc5t produces a facility8 ,s9ce ! imag9ation1 !re=e1 9 runn+ f l[ to high1 f9ds an opposition 9 its int]nal qualities & pr9ciples1 & s9ce ! s\l1 :5 elevat$ ) joy & c\rage1 9 a mann] seeks opposition1 & ?r[s itself ) alacrity into any sc5e ( ?\ght or action :]e its c\rage meets ) matt] to n\ri% & employ x1 x foll[s1 t e ?+ :i* invigorates & enliv5s ! s\l1 :e!r by t\*+ ! passions or imag9ation1 naturally conveys to ! fancy ?is incl9ation = asc5t1 & det]m9es x to run aga9/ ! natural /ream ( its ?\ghts & conceptions4 ,?is aspir+ progress ( ! imag9ation suits ! pres5t disposition ( ! m9d2 & ! difficulty1 in/ead ( ext+ui%+ its vig\r & alacrity1 has ! contr>y effect ( su/a9+ & increas+ x4 ,virtue1 g5ius1 p[] & ri*es1 are = ?is reason associat$ ) height & sublimity1 z pov]ty1 slav]y & folly1 are conjo9$ ) desc5t & l[ness4 ,7 ! case ! same ) u z ,milton repres5ts x to be ) ! angels1 to :om desc5t is adv]se1 & :o _c s9k )\t lab\r & compulsion1 ?is ord] ( ?+s w\ld be entirely inv]t$2 z appe>s h5ce1 t ! v nature ( asc5t & desc5t is d]iv$ f ! difficulty & prop5sity1 & consequ5tly e "o ( _! effects proce$s f t orig94 ,all ?is is easily appli$ to ! pres5t "q1 :y a consid]able di/ance 9 "t produces a great] v5]ation = ! di/ant objects ?an a l removal 9 space4 ,! imag9ation moves ) m difficulty 9 pass+ f "o portion ( "t to ano!r1 ?an 9 a transition ?r\gh ! p>ts ( space2 & t because space or ext5sion appe>s unit$ to our s5ses1 :ile "t or succession is always brok5 & divid$4 ,?is difficulty1 :5 jo9$ ) a small di/ance1 int]rupts & weak5s ! fancy1 b has a contr>y effect 9 a great removal4 ,! m9d1 elevat$ by ! va/ness ( its object1 is /ill f>!r elevat$ by ! difficulty ( ! conception1 &1 be+ oblig$ e mom5t to r5ew its ef=ts 9 ! transition f "o "p ( "t to ano!r1 feels a m vigor\s & sublime disposition ?an 9 a transition ?r\gh ! p>ts ( space1 :]e ! ideas fl[ along ) eas9ess & facility4 ,9 ?is disposition1 ! imag9ation1 pass+1 z is usual1 f ! consid]ation ( ! di/ance to ! view ( ! di/ant objects1 gives u a proportionable v5]ation = x2 & ?is is ! reason :y all ! relicks ( antiquity are s preci\s 9 our eyes1 & appe> m valuable ?an :at is br\ght ev5 f ! remote/ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ?ird ph5om5on ,i h rem>k$ w be a full confirmation ( ?is4 ',tis n e removal 9 "t :i* has ! effect ( produc+ v5]ation & e/eem4 ,we are n apt to imag9e our po/]ity w excel u1 or equal our ance/ors4 ,?is ph5om5on is ! m rem>kable1 because any di/ance 9 futurity weak5s n our ideas s mu* z an equal removal 9 ! pa/4 ,?\gh a removal 9 ! pa/1 :5 v great1 increases our passions beyond a l removal 9 ! future1 yet a small removal has a great] influ5ce 9 dim9i%+ !m4 ,9 our common way ( ?9k+ we are plac$ 9 a k9d ( middle /ation betwixt ! pa/ & future2 & z our imag9ation f9ds a k9d ( difficulty 9 runn+ along ! =m]1 & a facility 9 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! latt]1 ! difficulty conveys ! notion ( asc5t1 & ! facility ( ! contr>y4 ,h5ce we imag9e our ance/ors to be1 9 a mann]1 m\nt$ above u1 & our po/]ity to lie bel[ u4 ,our fancy arrives n at ! "o )\t ef=t1 b easily rea*es ! o!r3 :i* ef=t weak5s ! conception1 :]e ! di/ance is small2 b enl>ges & elevates ! imag9ation1 :5 att5d$ ) a suitable object4 ,z on ! o!r h&1 ! facility assi/s ! fancy 9 a small removal1 b takes (f f its =ce :5 x contemplates any consid]able di/ance4 ,x may n be improp]1 be=e we leave ?is subject ( ! w1 to resume1 9 a few words1 all t has be5 said conc]n+ x1 9 ord] to set ! :ole m di/9ctly be=e ! eyes ( ! read]4 ,:at we commonly und]/& by passion is a viol5t & s5sible emotion ( m9d1 :5 any good or evil is pres5t$1 or any object1 :i*1 by ! orig9al =mation ( our faculties1 is fitt$ to excite an appetite4 ,by reason we mean affections ( ! v same k9d ) ! =m]1 b su* z op]ate m calmly1 & cause no disord] 9 ! temp]3 :i* tranquillity leads u into a mi/ake conc]n+ !m1 & causes u to reg>d !m z conclusions only ( our intellectual faculties4 ,bo? ! causes & effects ( ^! viol5t & calm passions are pretty v>iable1 & dep5d1 9 a great measure1 on ! peculi> temp] & disposition ( e individual4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! viol5t passions h a m p[]ful influ5ce on ! w2 ?\gh 'tis (t5 f\nd t ! calm ones1 :5 corroborat$ by reflection1 & second$ by resolution1 are able to control !m 9 _! mo/ furi\s movem5ts4 ,:at makes ?is :ole affair m unc]ta91 is1 t a calm passion may easily be *ang$ into a viol5t "o1 ei!r by a *ange ( temp]1 or ( ! circum/ances & situation ( ! object2 z by ! borr[+ ( =ce f any att5dant passion1 by cu/om1 or by excit+ ! imag9ation4 ,^u ! :ole1 ?is /ruggle ( passion & ( reason1 z x is call$1 div]sifies human life1 & makes m5 s diff]5t n only f ea* o!r1 b also f !mselves 9 diff]5t times4 ,philosophy c only acc\nt = a few ( ! great] & m s5sible ev5ts ( ?is w>2 b mu/ leave all ! small] & m delicate revolutions1 z dep5d5t on pr9ciples too f9e & m9ute = h] compreh5sion4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,direct ,,passions4 ',tis easy to obs]ve1 t ! passions1 bo? direct & indirect1 are f\nd$ on pa9 & pleasure1 & t1 9 ord] to produce an affection ( any k9d1 'tis only requisite to pres5t "s good or evil4 ,^u ! removal ( pa9 & pleasure1 !re imm$iately foll[s a removal ( love & hatr$1 pride & humility1 desire & av]sion1 & ( mo/ ( our reflective or second>y impressions4 ,! impressions :i* arise f good & evil mo/ naturally1 & ) ! lea/ prep>ation1 are ! direct passions ( desire & av]sion1 grief & joy1 hope & fe>1 along ) volition4 ,! m9d1 by an orig9al in/9ct1 t5ds to unite itself ) ! good1 & to avoid ! evil1 ?\gh !y be conceiv$ m]ely 9 idea1 & be consid]$ z to exi/ 9 any future p]iod ( "t4 ,b suppos+ t !re is an imm$iate impression ( pa9 or pleasure1 & t aris+ f an object relat$ to ourselves or o!rs1 ?is does n prev5t ! prop5sity or av]sion1 ) ! consequ5t emotions1 b1 by concurr+ ) c]ta9 dormant pr9ciples ( ! human m9d1 excites ! new impressions ( pride or humility1 love or hatr$4 ,t prop5sity :i* unites u to ! object1 or sep>ates u f x1 /ill cont9ues to op]ate1 b 9 conjunction ) ! indirect passions :i* arise f a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,^! indirect passions1 be+ always agreeable or uneasy1 give 9 _! turn additional =ce to ! direct passions1 & increase our desire & av]sion to ! object4 ,?us1 a suit ( f9e clo!s produces pleasure f _! beauty2 & ?is pleasure produces ! direct passions1 or ! impressions ( volition & desire4 ,aga91 :5 ^! clo!s are consid]$ z belong+ to ourself1 ! d\ble relation conveys to u ! s5tim5t ( pride1 :i* is an indirect passion2 & ! pleasure :i* att5ds t passion returns back to ! direct affections1 & gives new =ce to our desire or volition1 joy or hope4 ,:5 good is c]ta9 or probable1 x produces joy4 ,:5 evil is 9 ! same situation1 !re arises grief or sorr[4 ,:5 ei!r good or evil is unc]ta91 x gives rise to fe> or hope1 accord+ to ! degrees ( unc]ta9ty on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,desire arises f good consid]$ simply2 & av]sion is d]iv$ f evil4 ,! w ex]ts itself1 :5 ei!r ! good or ! abs5ce ( ! evil may be atta9$ by any action ( ! m9d or body4 ,beside good & evil1 or1 9 o!r words1 pa9 & pleasure1 ! direct passions frequ5tly arise f a natural impulse or in/9ct1 :i* is p]fectly unacc\ntable4 ,( ?is k9d is ! desire ( puni%m5t to our enemies1 & ( happ9ess to our fri5ds2 hung]1 lu/1 & a few o!r bodily appetites4 ,^! passions1 prop]ly speak+1 produce good & evil1 & proce$ n f !m1 l ! o!r affections4 ,none ( ! direct affections seem to m]it our p>ticul> att5tion1 except hope & fe>1 :i* we %all "h endeav\r to acc\nt =4 ',tis evid5t t ! v same ev5t1 :i*1 by its c]ta9ty1 w\ld produce grief or joy1 gives always rise to fe> or hope1 :5 only probable & unc]ta94 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to und]/& ! reason :y ?is circum/ance makes su* a consid]able diff]5ce1 we mu/ reflect on :at ,i h already advanc$ 9 ! prec$+ book conc]n+ ! nature ( probability4 ,probability arises f an opposition ( contr>y *ances or causes1 by :i* ! m9d is n all[$ to fix on ei!r side1 b is incessantly to/ f "o to ano!r1 & at "o mom5t is det]m9$ to consid] an object z exi/5t1 & at ano!r mom5t z ! contr>y4 ,! imag9ation or und]/&+1 call x :i* y please1 fluctuates betwixt ! opposite views2 & ?\gh p]haps x may be (t5] turn$ to ! "o side ?an ! o!r1 'tis impossible = x1 by reason ( ! opposition ( causes or *ances1 to re/ on ei!r4 ,! pro & con ( ! "q alt]nately prevail2 & ! m9d1 survey+ ! object 9 its opposite pr9ciples1 f9ds su* a contr>iety z utt]ly de/roys all c]ta9ty & e/abli%$ op9ion4 ,suppose1 !n1 t ! object1 conc]n+ ^: reality we are d\btful1 is an object ei!r ( desire or av]sion1 'tis evid5t t1 accord+ z ! m9d turns itself ei!r to ! "o side or ! o!r1 x mu/ feel a mom5t>y impression ( joy or sorr[4 ,an object1 ^: exi/5ce we desire1 gives satisfaction1 :5 we reflect on ^? causes :i* produce x2 &1 = ! same reason1 excites grief or uneas9ess f ! opposite consid]ation3 s t z ! und]/&+1 9 all probable que/ions1 is divid$ betwixt ! contr>y po9ts ( view1 ! affections mu/ 9 ! same mann] be divid$ betwixt opposite emotions4 ,n[1 if we consid] ! human m9d1 we %all f9d1 t1 ) reg>d to ! passions1 'tis n ( ! nature ( a w9d-in/rum5t ( music1 :i*1 9 runn+ ov] all ! notes1 imm$iately loses ! s\nd aft] ! brea? ceases2 b r resembles1 a /r+-in/rum5t1 :]e1 aft] ea* /roke1 ! vibrations /ill reta9 "s s\nd1 :i* gradually & ins5sibly decays4 ,! imag9ation is extremely quick & agile2 b ! passions are sl[ & re/ive3 = :i* reason1 :5 any object is pres5t$ t af=ds a v>iety ( views to ! "o1 & emotions to ! o!r1 ?\gh ! fancy may *ange its views ) great cel]ity1 ea* /roke w n produce a cle> & di/9ct note ( passion1 b ! "o passion w always be mixt & conf\nd$ ) ! o!r4 ,accord+ z ! probability incl9es to good or evil1 ! passion ( joy or sorr[ pr$om9ates 9 ! composition3 because ! nature ( probability is to ca/ a sup]ior numb] ( views or *ances on "o side2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 a sup]ior numb] ( returns ( "o passion2 or1 s9ce ! disp]s$ passions are collect$ into "o1 a sup]ior degree ( t passion4 ,t is1 9 o!r words1 ! grief & joy be+ int]m+l$ ) ea* o!r1 by means ( ! contr>y views ( ! imag9ation1 produce1 by _! union1 ! passions ( hope & fe>4 ,^u ?is head !re may be />t$ a v curi\s "q conc]n+ t contr>iety ( passions :i* is our pres5t subject4 ',tis obs]vable1 t :]e ! objects ( contr>y passions are pres5t$ at once1 beside ! increase ( ! pr$om9ant passion 7:i* has be5 already expla9$1 & commonly arises at _! fir/ %ock or r5c\nt]71 x sometimes happ5s t bo? ! passions exi/ successively1 & by %ort int]vals2 sometimes1 t !y de/roy ea* o!r1 & nei!r ( !m takes place2 & sometimes t bo? ( !m rema9 unit$ 9 ! m9d4 ,x may !re=e be ask$1 by :at !ory we c expla9 ^! v>iations1 & to :at g5]al pr9ciple we c r$uce !m4 ,:5 ! contr>y passions arise f objects entirely diff]5t1 !y take place alt]nately1 ! want ( relation 9 ! ideas sep>at+ ! impressions f ea* o!r1 & prev5t+ _! opposition4 ,?us1 :5 a man is afflict$ = ! loss ( a lawsuit1 & joyful = ! bir? ( a son1 ! m9d runn+ f ! agreeable to ! calamit\s object1 ) :atev] cel]ity x may p]=m ?is motion1 c sc>cely temp] ! "o affection ) ! o!r1 & rema9 betwixt !m 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce4 ,x m easily atta9s t calm situation1 :5 ! same ev5t is ( a mixt nature1 & conta9s some?+ adv]se & some?+ prosp]\s 9 its diff]5t circum/ances4 ,= 9 t case1 bo? ! passions1 m+l+ ) ea* o!r by means ( ! relation1 become mutually de/ructive1 & leave ! m9d 9 p]fect tranquillity4 ,b suppose1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ! object is n a comp\nd ( good or evil1 b is consid]$ z probable or improbable 9 any degree2 9 t case ,i ass]t1 t ! contr>y passions w bo? ( !m be pres5t at once 9 ! s\l1 &1 in/ead ( de/roy+ & temp]+ ea* o!r1 w subsi/ toge!r1 & produce a ?ird impression or affection by _! union4 ,contr>y passions are n capable ( de/roy+ ea* o!r1 except :5 _! contr>y movem5ts exactly r5c\nt]1 & are opposite 9 _! direction1 z well z 9 ! s5sation !y produce4 ,?is exact r5c\nt] dep5ds ^u ! relations ( ^? ideas f :i* !y are d]iv$1 & is m or less p]fect1 accord+ to ! degrees ( ! relation4 ,9 ! case ( probability1 ! contr>y *ances are s f> relat$ t !y det]m9e conc]n+ ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ! same object4 ,b ?is relation is f> f be+ p]fect1 s9ce "s ( ! *ances lie on ! side ( exi/5ce1 & o!rs on t ( non-exi/5ce1 :i* are objects altoge!r incompatible4 ',tis impossible1 by "o /eady view1 to survey ! opposite *ances1 & ! ev5ts dep5d5t on !m2 b 'tis necess>y t ! imag9ation %\ld run alt]nately f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,ea* view ( ! imag9ation produces its peculi> passion1 :i* decays away by degrees1 & is foll[$ by a s5sible vibration aft] ! /roke4 ,! incompatibility ( ! views keeps ! passions f %ock+ 9 a direct l9e1 if t expression may be all[$2 & yet _! relation is suffici5t to m+le _! fa9t] emotions4 ',tis aft] ?is mann] t hope & fe> arise f ! diff]5t mixture ( ^! opposite passions ( grief & joy1 & f _! imp]fect union & conjunction4 ,^u ! :ole1 contr>y passions succe$ ea* o!r alt]nately1 :5 !y arise f diff]5t objects2 !y mutually de/roy ea* o!r1 :5 !y proce$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same2 & !y subsi/1 bo? ( !m1 & m+le toge!r1 :5 !y are d]iv$ f ! contr>y & incompatible *ances or possibilities on :i* any "o object dep5ds4 ,! influ5ce ( ! relations ( ideas is pla9ly se5 9 ?is :ole affair4 ,if ! objects ( ! contr>y passions be totally diff]5t1 ! passions are l two opposite liquors 9 diff]5t bottles1 :i* h no influ5ce on ea* o!r4 ,if ! objects be intimately connect$1 ! passions are l an alkali & an acid1 :i*1 be+ m+l$1 de/roy ea* o!r4 ,if ! relation be m imp]fect1 & consi/s 9 ! contradictory views ( ! same object1 ! passions are l oil & v9eg>1 :i*1 h[ev] m+l$1 nev] p]fectly unite & incorporate4 ,z ! hypo!sis conc]n+ hope & fe> c>ries its own evid5ce along ) x1 we %all be ! m concise 9 our pro(s4 ,a few /rong argum5ts are bett] ?an _m weak ones4 ,! passions ( fe> & hope may arise :5 ! *ances are equal on bo? sides1 & no sup]iority c be discov]$ 9 ! "o above ! o!r4 ,nay1 9 ?is situation ! passions are r ! /ronge/1 z ! m9d has !n ! lea/ f\ndation to re/ ^u1 & is toss$ ) ! greate/ unc]ta9ty4 ,?r[ 9 a sup]ior degree ( probability to ! side ( grief1 y imm$iately see t passion diffuse itself ov] ! composition1 & t9cture x into fe>4 ,increase ! probability1 & by t means ! grief1 ! fe> prevails /ill m & m1 till at la/ x runs ins5sibly1 z ! joy cont9ually dim9i%es1 into pure grief4 ,aft] y h br\ght x to ?is situation1 dim9i% ! grief1 aft] ! same mann] t y increas$ x1 by dim9i%+ ! probability on t side1 & y'll see ! passion cle> e mom5t1 'till x *anges ins5sibly into hope2 :i* aga9 runs1 aft] ! same mann]1 by sl[ degrees1 into joy1 z y increase t "p ( ! composition by ! increase ( ! probability4 ,are n ^! z pla9 pro(s1 t ! passions ( fe> & hope are mixtures ( grief & joy1 z 9 optics 'tis a pro(1 t a col\r$ ray ( ! sun pass+ ?r\gh a prism1 is a composition ( two o!rs1 :51 z y dim9i% or increase ! quantity ( ei!r1 y f9d x prevail proportionably m or less 9 ! composition8 ,i am sure nei!r natural nor moral philosophy admits ( /rong] pro(s4 ,probability is ( two k9ds1 ei!r :5 ! object is really 9 itself unc]ta91 & to be det]m9$ by *ance2 or :51 ?\gh ! object be already c]ta91 yet 'tis unc]ta9 to our judgm5t1 :i* f9ds a numb] ( pro(s on ea* side ( ! "q4 ,bo? ^! k9ds ( probabilities cause fe> & hope2 :i* c only proce$ f t prop]ty1 9 :i* !y agree1 viz4 ! unc]ta9ty & fluctuation !y be/[ on ! imag9ation by ! contr>iety ( views :i* is common to bo?4 ',tis a probable good or evil t commonly produces hope or fe>2 because probability1 be+ a wav]+ & uncon/ant me?od ( survey+ an object1 causes naturally a l mixture & unc]ta9ty ( passion4 ,b we may obs]ve1 t :]ev]1 f o!r causes1 ?is mixture c be produc$1 ! passions ( fe> & hope w arise1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no probability2 :i* mu/ be all[$ to be a conv9c+ pro( ( ! pres5t hypo!sis4 ,we f9d t an evil1 b>ely conceiv$ z possible1 does sometimes produce fe>2 especially if ! evil be v great4 ,a man _c ?9k ( excessive pa9s & tortures )\t trembl+1 if he be 9 ! lea/ dang] ( suff]+ !m4 ,! smallness ( ! probability is comp5sat$ by ! greatness ( ! evil2 & ! s5sation is equally lively1 z if ! evil 7 m probable4 ,"o view or glimpse ( ! =m] has ! same effect z sev]al ( ! latt]4 ,b !y are n only possible evils t cause fe>1 b ev5 "s all[$ to be impossible2 z :5 we tremble on ! br9k ( a precipice1 ?\gh we "k ourselves to be 9 p]fect security1 & h x 9 our *oice :e!r we w advance a /ep f>!r4 ,?is proce$s f ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! evil1 :i* influ5ces ! imag9ation 9 ! same mann] z ! c]ta9ty ( x w\ld d2 b be+ enc\nt]$ by ! reflection on our security1 is imm$iately retract$1 & causes ! same k9d ( passion1 z :51 f a contr>iety ( *ances1 contr>y passions are produc$4 ,evils t are c]ta9 h sometimes ! same effect 9 produc+ fe>1 z ! possible or impossible4 ,?us1 a man 9 a /rong prison well-gu>d$1 )\t ! lea/ means ( escape1 trembles at ! ?\ght ( ! rack1 to :i* he is s5t5c$4 ,?is happ5s only :5 ! c]ta9 evil is t]rible & conf\nd+2 9 :i* case ! m9d cont9ually rejects x ) horror1 :ile x cont9ually presses 9 ^u ! ?\ght4 ,! evil is !re fix$ & e/abli%$1 b ! m9d _c endure to fix ^u x2 f :i* fluctuation & unc]ta9ty !re arises a passion ( mu* ! same appe>ance ) fe>4 ,b 'tis n only :]e good or evil is unc]ta91 z to its exi/5ce1 b also z to its k9d1 t fe> or hope arises4 ,let "o be told by a p]son1 ^: v]acity he _c d\bt (1 t "o ( 8 sons is sudd5ly kill$1 'tis evid5t ! passion ?is ev5t w\ld occasion1 w\ld n settle into pure grief1 till he got c]ta9 in=mation :i* ( 8 sons he _h lo/4 ,"h !re is an evil c]ta91 b ! k9d ( x unc]ta93 consequ5tly ! fe> we feel on ?is occasion is )\t ! lea/ mixture ( joy1 & arises m]ely f ! fluctuation ( ! fancy betwixt its objects4 ,& ?\gh ea* side ( ! "q produces "h ! same passion1 yet t passion _c settle1 b receives f ! imag9ation a tremul\s & un/eady motion1 resembl+ 9 its cause1 z well z 9 its s5sation1 ! mixture & cont5tion ( grief & joy4 ,f ^! pr9ciples we may acc\nt = a ph5om5on 9 ! passions1 :i* at fir/ sight seems v extraord9>y1 viz4 t surprise is apt to *ange into fe>1 & e ?+ t is unexpect$ affrights u4 ,! mo/ obvi\s conclusion f ?is is1 t human nature is 9 g5]al pusillanim\s2 s9ce1 ^u ! sudd5 appe>ance ( any object1 we imm$iately conclude x to be an evil1 &1 )\t wait+ till we c exam9e its nature1 :e!r x be good or bad1 are at fir/ affect$ ) fe>4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is ! mo/ obvi\s conclusion2 b ^u f>!r exam9ation1 we %all f9d t ! ph5om5on is o!rwise to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! sudd5ness & /rang5ess ( an appe>ance naturally excite a commotion 9 ! m9d1 l e ?+ = :i* we are n prep>$1 & to :i* we are n accu/om$4 ,?is commotion1 aga91 naturally produces a curiosity or inquisitiv5ess1 :i*1 be+ v viol5t1 f ! /rong & sudd5 impulse ( ! object1 becomes uneasy1 & resembles 9 its fluctuation & unc]ta9ty1 ! s5sation ( fe>1 or ! mix$ passions ( grief & joy4 ,?is image ( fe> naturally conv]ts into ! ?+ itself1 & gives u a real appreh5sion ( evil1 z ! m9d always =ms its judgm5ts m f its pres5t disposition ?an f ! nature ( its objects4 ,?us all k9ds ( unc]ta9ty h a /rong connexion ) fe>1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n cause any opposition ( passions by ! opposite views & consid]ations !y pres5t to u4 ,a p]son :o has left 8 fri5d 9 any malady1 w feel m anxiety ^u 8 acc\nt1 ?an if he 7 pres5t1 ?\gh p]haps he is n only incapable ( giv+ him assi/ance1 b likewise ( judg+ ( ! ev5t ( 8 sickness4 ,9 ?is case1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple object ( ! passion1 viz4 ! life or dea? ( 8 fri5d1 be to him equally unc]ta9 :5 pres5t z :5 abs5t2 yet !re are1 a ?\s& little circum/ances ( 8 fri5d's situation & condition1 ! k ( :i* fixes ! idea1 & prev5ts t fluctuation & unc]ta9ty s ne>ly alli$ to fe>4 ,unc]ta9ty is1 inde$1 9 "o respect1 z ne>ly alli$ to hope z to fe>1 s9ce x makes an ess5tial "p 9 ! composition ( ! =m] passion2 b ! reason :y x incl9es n to t side1 is1 t unc]ta9ty alone is uneasy1 & has a relation ( impressions to ! uneasy passions4 ',tis ?us our unc]ta9ty conc]n+ any m9ute circum/ance relat+ to a p]son1 increases our appreh5sions ( 8 dea? or mis=tune4 ,horace has rem>k$ ?is ph5om5on3 ,ut assid5s implumibus pullus avis ,s]p5tium allapsus timet1 ,magis relictis2 non1 ut adsit1 auxili ,latura plus pres5tibus4 ,b ?is pr9ciple ( ! connexion ( fe> ) unc]ta9ty ,i c>ry f>!r1 & obs]ve1 t any d\bt produces t passion1 ev5 ?\gh x pres5ts no?+ to u on any side b :at is good & desirable4 ,a virg91 on h] bridal-night goes to b$ full ( fe>s & appreh5sions1 ?\gh %e expects no?+ b pleasure ( ! highe/ k9d1 & :at %e has long wi%$ =4 ,! newness & greatness ( ! ev5t1 ! confusion ( wi%es & joys1 s emb>rass ! m9d1 t x kn[s n on :at passion to fix itself2 f :5ce arises a flutt]+ or unsettl$ness ( ! spirits1 :i* be+1 9 "s degree1 uneasy1 v naturally deg5]ates into fe>4 ,?us we /ill f9d1 t :atev] causes any fluctuation or mixture ( passions1 ) any degree ( uneas9ess1 always produces fe>1 or at lea/ a passion s l x1 t !y are sc>cely to be di/+ui%$4 ,i h "h conf9$ myself to ! exam9ation ( hope & fe> 9 _! mo/ simple & natural situation1 )\t consid]+ all ! v>iations !y may receive f ! mixture ( diff]5t views & reflections4 ,t]ror1 con/]nation1 a/oni%m5t1 anxiety1 & o!r passions ( t k9d1 are no?+ b diff]5t species & degrees ( fe>4 ',tis easy to imag9e h[ a diff]5t situation ( ! object1 or a diff]5t turn ( ?\ght1 may *ange ev5 ! s5sation ( a passion2 & ?is may 9 g5]al acc\nt = all ! p>ticul> subdivisions ( ! o!r affections1 z well z ( fe>4 ,love may %[ itself 9 ! %ape ( t5d]ness1 fri5d%ip1 intimacy1 e/eem1 good-w1 & 9 _m o!r appe>ances2 :i* at ! bottom are ! same affections1 & arise f ! same causes1 ?\gh ) a small v>iation1 :i* x is n necess>y to give any p>ticul> acc\nt (4 ',tis = ?is reason ,i h all along conf9$ myself to ! pr9cipal passion4 ,! same c>e ( avoid+ prolixity is ! reason :y ,i waive ! exam9ation ( ! w & direct passions1 z !y appe> 9 animals2 s9ce no?+ is m evid5t1 ?an t !y are ( ! same nature1 & excit$ by ! same causes z 9 human creatures4 ,i leave ?is to ! read]'s own obs]vation1 desir+ him at ! same "t to consid] ! additional =ce ?is be/[s on ! pres5t sy/em4 ,,section ,x4 ,,( ,,curiosity1 ,,or ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,tru?4 ,b me?9ks we h be5 n a little inatt5tive to run ov] s _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! human m9d1 & exam9e s _m passions1 )\t tak+ once into consid]ation t love ( tru?1 :i* 0 ! fir/ s\rce ( all our inquiries4 ',twill !re=e be prop]1 be=e we leave ?is subject1 to be/[ a few reflections on t passion1 & %[ its orig9 9 human nature4 ',tis an affection ( s peculi> a k9d1 t x w\ld h be5 impossible to h treat$ ( x "u any ( ^? heads1 :i* we h exam9$1 )\t dang] ( obscurity & confusion4 ,tru? is ( two k9ds1 consi/+ ei!r 9 ! discov]y ( ! proportions ( ideas1 consid]$ z su*1 or 9 ! con=mity ( our ideas ( objects to _! real exi/5ce4 ',tis c]ta9 t ! =m] species ( tru? is n desir$ m]ely z tru?1 & t 'tis n ! ju/ness ( our conclusions1 :i* alone gives ! pleasure4 ,= ^! conclusions are equally j1 :5 we discov] ! equality ( two bodies by a pair ( compasses1 z :5 we le>n x by a ma!matical demon/ration2 & ?\gh 9 ! "o case ! pro(s be demon/rative1 & 9 ! o!r only s5sible1 yet g5]ally speak+1 ! m9d acquiesces ) equal assurance 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,& 9 an ari?metical op]ation1 :]e bo? ! tru? & ! assurance are ( ! same nature1 z 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd algebraical problem1 ! pleasure is v inconsid]able1 if r x does n deg5]ate into pa93 :i* is an evid5t pro(1 t ! satisfaction1 :i* we sometimes receive f ! discov]y ( tru?1 proce$s n f x1 m]ely z su*1 b only z end[$ ) c]ta9 qualities4 ,! fir/ & mo/ consid]able circum/ance requisite to r5d] tru? agreeable1 is ! g5ius & capacity :i* is employ$ 9 its inv5tion & discov]y4 ,:at is easy & obvi\s is nev] valu$2 & ev5 :at is 9 itself difficult1 if we come to ! k ( x )\t difficulty1 & )\t any /ret* ( ?\ght or judgm5t1 is b little reg>d$4 ,we love to trace ! demon/rations ( ma!maticians2 b %\ld receive small ent]ta9m5t f a p]son :o %\ld b>ely in=m u ( ! proportions ( l9es & angles1 ?\gh we repos$ ! utmo/ confid5ce bo? 9 8 judgm5t & v]acity4 ,9 ?is case 'tis suffici5t to h e>s to le>n ! tru?4 ,we nev] are oblig$ to fix our att5tion or ex]t our g5ius2 :i* ( all o!r ex]cises ( ! m9d is ! mo/ pleasant & agreeable4 ,b ?\gh ! ex]cise ( g5ius be ! pr9cipal s\rce ( t satisfaction we receive f ! sci5ces1 yet ,i d\bt if x be alone suffici5t to give u any consid]able enjoym5t4 ,! tru? we discov] mu/ also be ( "s importance4 ',tis easy to multiply algebraical problems to inf9ity1 nor is !re any end 9 ! discov]y ( ! proportions ( conic sections2 ?\gh few ma!maticians take any pleasure 9 ^! rese>*es1 b turn _! ?\ghts to :at is m useful & important4 ,n[ ! "q is1 aft] :at mann] ?is utility & importance op]ate ^u u8 ,! difficulty on ?is head arises f h5ce1 t _m philosoph]s h consum$ _! "t1 h de/roy$ _! heal?1 & neglect$ _! =tune1 9 ! se>* ( su* tru?s1 z !y e/eem$ important & useful to ! _w1 ?\gh x appe>$ f _! :ole conduct & behavi\r1 t !y 7 n end[$ ) any %>e ( public _s1 nor _h any conc]n = ! int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,7 !y conv9c$ t _! discov]ies 7 ( no consequ5ce1 !y w\ld entirely lose all reli% = _! /udies1 & t ?\gh ! consequ5ces be entirely indiff]5t to !m2 :i* seems to be a contradiction4 ,to remove ?is contradiction1 we mu/ consid]1 t !re are c]ta9 desires & incl9ations1 :i* g no f>!r ?an ! imag9ation1 & are r ! fa9t %ad[s & images ( passions1 ?an any real affections4 ,?us1 suppose a man1 :o takes a survey ( ! =tifications ( any city2 consid]s _! /r5g? & advantages1 natural or acquir$2 obs]ves ! disposition & contrivance ( ! ba/ions1 ramp>ts1 m9es1 & o!r milit>y works2 'tis pla9 t1 9 proportion z all ^! are fitt$ to atta9 _! ends1 he w receive a suitable pleasure & satisfaction4 ,?is pleasure1 z x arises f ! utility1 n ! =m ( ! objects1 c be no o!r ?an a sympa?y ) ! inhabitants1 = ^: security all ?is art is employ$2 ?\gh 'tis possible t ?is p]son1 z a /rang] or an enemy1 may 9 8 he>t h no k9dness = !m1 or may ev5 ent]ta9 a hatr$ aga9/ !m4 ,x may inde$ be object$1 t su* a remote sympa?y is a v slight f\ndation = a passion1 & t s mu* indu/ry & application1 z we frequ5tly obs]ve 9 philosoph]s1 c nev] be d]iv$ f s inconsid]able an orig9al4 ,b "h ,i return to :at ,i h already rem>k$1 t ! pleasure ( /udy consi/s *iefly 9 ! action ( ! m9d1 & ! ex]cise ( ! g5ius & und]/&+ 9 ! discov]y or compreh5sion ( any tru?4 ,if ! importance ( ! tru? be requisite to complete ! pleasure1 'tis n on acc\nt ( any consid]able addition :i* ( itself x br+s to our enjoym5t1 b only because 'tis 9 "s measure requisite to fix our att5tion4 ,:5 we are c>eless & inatt5tive1 ! same action ( ! und]/&+ has no effect ^u u1 nor is able to convey any ( t satisfaction :i* arises f x :5 we are 9 ano!r disposition4 ,b beside ! action ( ! m9d1 :i* is ! pr9cipal f\ndation ( ! pleasure1 !re is likewise requir$ a degree ( success 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! end1 or ! discov]y ( t tru? we exam9e4 ,^u ?is head ,i %all make a g5]al rem>k1 :i* may be useful on _m occasions1 viz4 t :]e ! m9d pursues any end ) passion1 ?\gh t passion be n d]iv$ orig9ally f ! end1 b m]ely f ! action & pursuit1 yet1 by ! natural c\rse ( ! affections1 we acquire a conc]n = ! end itself1 & are uneasy "u any disappo9tm5t we meet ) 9 ! pursuit ( x4 ,?is proce$s f ! relation & p>allel direction ( ! passions above-m5tion$4 ,to illu/rate all ?is by a simil> in/ance1 ,i %all obs]ve1 t !re _c be two passions m ne>ly resembl+ ea* o!r ?an ^? ( hunt+ & philosophy1 :atev] disproportion may at fir/ sight appe> betwixt !m4 ',tis evid5t1 t ! pleasure ( hunt+ consi/s 9 ! action ( ! m9d & body2 ! motion1 ! att5tion1 ! difficulty1 & ! unc]ta9ty4 ',tis evid5t1 likewise1 t ^! actions mu/ be att5d$ ) an idea ( utility1 9 ord] to _! hav+ any effect ^u u4 ,a man ( ! greate/ =tune1 & ! f>!/ remov$ f av>ice1 ?\gh he takes a pleasure 9 hunt+ aft] p>tridges & pheasants1 feels no satisfaction 9 %oot+ cr[s & magpies2 & t because he consid]s ! fir/ z fit = ! table1 & ! o!r z entirely useless4 ,"h 'tis c]ta91 t ! utility or importance ( itself causes no real passion1 b is only requisite to support ! imag9ation2 & ! same p]son :o ov]looks a t5 times great] pr(it 9 any o!r subject1 is pleas$ to br+ home half a doz5 woodcocks or plov]s1 aft] hav+ employ$ sev]al h\rs 9 hunt+ aft] !m4 ,to make ! p>allel betwixt hunt+ & philosophy m complete1 we may obs]ve1 t ?\gh 9 bo? cases ! end ( our action may 9 itself be despis$1 yet1 9 ! heat ( ! action1 we acquire su* an att5tion to ?is end1 t we are v uneasy "u any disappo9tm5ts1 & are sorry :5 we ei!r miss our game1 or fall into any error 9 our reason+4 ,if we want ano!r p>allel to ^! affections1 we may consid] ! passion ( gam+1 :i* af=ds a pleasure f ! same pr9ciples z hunt+ & philosophy4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 t ! pleasure ( gam+ arises n f int]e/ alone1 s9ce _m leave a sure ga9 = ?is ent]ta9m5t2 nei!r is x d]iv$ f ! game alone1 s9ce ! same p]sons h no satisfaction :5 !y play = no?+2 b proce$s f bo? ^! causes unit$1 ?\gh sep>ately !y h no effect4 ',tis "h1 z 9 c]ta9 *emical prep>ations1 :]e ! mixture ( two cle> & transp>5t liquids produces a ?ird1 :i* is opaque & col\r$4 ,! int]e/ :i* we h 9 any game engages our att5tion1 )\t :i* we c h no enjoym5t1 ei!r 9 t or 9 any o!r action4 ,our att5tion be+ once engag$1 ! difficulty1 v>iety1 & sudd5 rev]ses ( =tune2 /ill f>!r int]e/ u2 & 'tis f t conc]n our satisfaction arises4 ,human life is s tiresome a sc5e1 & m5 g5]ally are ( su* indol5t dispositions1 t :atev] amuses !m1 ?\gh by a passion mix$ ) pa91 does 9 ! ma9 give !m a s5sible pleasure4 ,& ?is pleasure is "h increas$ by ! nature ( ! objects1 :i*1 be+ s5sible & ( a n>r[ compass1 are ent]$ into ) facility1 & are agreeable to ! imag9ation4 ,! same !ory t acc\nts = ! love ( tru? 9 ma!matics & algebra1 may be ext5d$ to morals1 politics1 natural philosophy1 & o!r /udies1 :]e we consid] n ! ab/ract relations ( ideas1 b _! real connexions & exi/5ce4 ,b beside ! love ( k :i* displays itself 9 ! sci5ces1 !re is a c]ta9 curiosity implant$ 9 human nature1 :i* is a passion d]iv$ f a q diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,"s p h an insatiable desire ( kn[+ ! actions & circum/ances ( _! neighb\rs1 ?\gh _! int]e/ be no way conc]n$ 9 !m1 & !y mu/ entirely dep5d on o!rs = _! in=mation2 9 :i* case !re is no room = /udy or application4 ,let u se>* = ! reason ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,x has be5 prov$ at l>ge1 t ! influ5ce ( belief is at once to enliv5 & infix any idea 9 ! imag9ation1 & prev5t all k9d ( hesitation & unc]ta9ty ab\t x4 ,bo? ^! circum/ances are advantage\s4 ,by ! vivacity ( ! idea we int]e/ ! fancy1 & produce1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree1 ! same pleasure :i* arises f a mod]ate passion4 ,z ! vivacity ( ! idea gives pleasure1 s its c]ta9ty prev5ts uneas9ess1 by fix+ "o p>ticul> idea 9 ! m9d1 & keep+ x f wav]+ 9 ! *oice ( its objects4 ',tis a quality ( human nature :i* is conspicu\s on _m occasions1 & is common bo? to ! m9d & body1 t too sudd5 & viol5t a *ange is unpleasant to u1 & t1 h[ev] any objects may 9 !mselves be indiff]5t1 yet _! alt]ation gives uneas9ess4 ,z 'tis ! nature ( d\bt to cause a v>iation 9 ! ?\ght1 & transport u sudd5ly f "o idea to ano!r1 x mu/ ( consequ5ce be ! occasion ( pa94 ,?is pa9 *iefly takes place :]e int]e/1 relation1 or ! greatness & novelty ( any ev5t int]e/s u 9 x4 ',tis n e matt] ( fact ( :i* we h a curiosity to be in=m$2 nei!r are !y su* only z we h an int]e/ to "k4 ',tis suffici5t if ! idea /rikes on u ) su* =ce1 & conc]ns u s ne>ly1 z to give u an uneas9ess 9 its in/ability & incon/ancy4 ,a /rang]1 :5 he arrives fir/ at any t[n1 may be entirely indiff]5t ab\t kn[+ ! hi/ory & adv5tures ( ! inhabitants2 b z he becomes f>!r acqua9t$ ) !m1 & has liv$ any consid]able "t among !m1 he acquires ! same curiosity z ! natives4 ,:5 we are read+ ! hi/ory ( a nation1 we may h an ard5t desire ( cle>+ up any d\bt or difficulty t occurs 9 x2 b become c>eless 9 su* rese>*es1 :5 ! ideas ( ^! ev5ts are1 9 a great measure1 oblit]at$4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,( ,,morals4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,virtue ,,& ,,vice ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,,section ,i4 ,,moral ,,di/9ctions ,,n ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,reason4 ,!re is an inconv5i5ce :i* att5ds all ab/ruse reason+1 t x may sil5ce1 )\t conv9c+ an antagoni/1 & requires ! same int5se /udy to make u s5sible ( its =ce1 t 0 at fir/ requisite = its inv5tion4 ,:5 we leave our closet1 & engage 9 ! common affairs ( life1 its conclusions seem to vani% l ! phantoms ( ! night on ! appe>ance ( ! morn+2 & 'tis difficult = u to reta9 ev5 t conviction :i* we _h atta9$ ) difficulty4 ,?is is /ill m conspicu\s 9 a long *a9 ( reason+1 :]e we mu/ pres]ve to ! end ! evid5ce ( ! fir/ propositions1 & :]e we (t5 lose sight ( all ! mo/ receiv$ maxims1 ei!r ( philosophy or common life4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 )\t hopes1 t ! pres5t sy/em ( philosophy w acquire new =ce z x advances2 & t our reason+s conc]n+ morals w corroborate :atev] has be5 said conc]n+ ! und]/&+ & ! passions4 ,morality is a subject t int]e/s u above all o!rs2 we fancy ! peace ( society to be at /ake 9 e decision conc]n+ x2 & 'tis evid5t1 t ?is conc]n mu/ make our speculations appe> m real & solid1 ?an :]e ! subject is 9 a great measure indiff]5t to u4 ,:at affects u1 we conclude c nev] be a *im]a2 &1 z our passion is engag$ on ! "o side or ! o!r1 we naturally ?9k t ! "q lies )9 human compreh5sion2 :i*1 9 o!r cases ( ?is nature1 we are apt to ent]ta9 "s d\bt (4 ,)\t ?is advantage1 ,i nev] %\ld h v5tur$ ^u a ?ird volume ( su* ab/ruse philosophy1 9 an age :]e9 ! greate/ "p ( m5 seem agre$ to conv]t read+ into an amusem5t1 & to reject e ?+ t requires any consid]able degree ( att5tion to be compreh5d$4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t no?+ is ev] pres5t to ! m9d b its p]ceptions2 & t all ! actions ( see+1 he>+1 judg+1 lov+1 hat+1 & ?9k+1 fall "u ?is d5om9ation4 ,! m9d c nev] ex]t itself 9 any action :i* we may n compreh5d "u ! t]m ( p]ception2 & consequ5tly t t]m is no less applicable to ^? judgm5ts by :i* we di/+ui% moral good & evil1 ?an to e o!r op]ation ( ! m9d4 ,to approve ( "o "*1 to condemn ano!r1 are only s _m diff]5t p]ceptions4 ,n[1 z p]ceptions resolve !mselves into two k9ds1 viz4 impressions & ideas1 ?is di/9ction gives rise to a "q1 ) :i* we %all op5 up our pres5t inquiry conc]n+ morals1 :e!r 'tis by means ( our ideas or impressions we di/+ui% betwixt vice & virtue1 & pron\nce an action blameable or praisewor?y8 ,?is w imm$iately cut (f all loose disc\rses & declamations1 & r$uce u to some?+ precise & exact on ! pres5t subject4 ,^? :o affirm t virtue is no?+ b a con=mity to reason2 t !re are et]nal fitnesses & unfitnesses ( ?+s1 :i* are ! same to e rational be+ t consid]s !m2 t ! immutable measures ( "r & wrong impose an obligation1 n only on human creatures1 b also on ! ,deity himself3 all ^! sy/ems concur 9 ! op9ion1 t morality1 l tru?1 is disc]n$ m]ely by ideas1 & by _! juxtaposition & comp>ison4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to judge ( ^! sy/ems1 we ne$ only consid]1 :e!r x be possible1 f reason alone1 to di/+ui% betwixt moral good & evil1 or :e!r !re mu/ concur "s o!r pr9ciples to enable u to make t di/9ction4 ,if morality _h naturally no influ5ce on human passions & actions1 'tw]e 9 va9 to take su* pa9s to inculcate x2 & no?+ w\ld be m fruitless ?an t multitude ( rules & precepts ) :i* all morali/s ab\nd4 ,philosophy is commonly divid$ into speculative & practical2 & z morality is always compreh5d$ "u ! latt] division1 'tis suppos$ to influ5ce our passions & actions1 & to g beyond ! calm & indol5t judgm5ts ( ! und]/&+4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by common exp]i5ce1 :i* in=ms u1 t m5 are (t5 gov]n$ by _! duties1 & are det]r$ f "s actions by ! op9ion ( inju/ice1 & impell$ to o!rs by t ( obligation4 ,s9ce morals1 !re=e1 h an influ5ce on ! actions & affections1 x foll[s1 t !y _c be d]iv$ f reason2 & t because reason alone1 z we h already prov$1 c nev] h any su* influ5ce4 ,morals excite passions1 & produce or prev5t actions4 ,reason ( itself is utt]ly impot5t 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! rules ( morality1 !re=e1 are n conclusions ( our reason4 ,no "o1 ,i believe1 w d5y ! ju/ness ( ?is inf]5ce2 nor is !re any o!r means ( evad+ x1 ?an by d5y+ t pr9ciple1 on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,z long z x is all[$1 t reason has no influ5ce on our passions & actions1 'tis 9 va9 to pret5d t morality is discov]$ only by a d$uction ( reason4 ,an active pr9ciple c nev] be f\nd$ on an inactive2 & x reason be inactive 9 itself1 x mu/ rema9 s 9 all its %apes & appe>ances1 :e!r x ex]ts itself 9 natural or moral subjects1 :e!r x consid]s ! p[]s ( ext]nal bodies1 or ! actions ( rational be+s4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to repeat all ! argum5ts1 by :i* ,i h prov$1#a t reason is p]fectly in]t1 & c nev] ei!r prev5t or produce any action or affection4 ',twill be easy to recollect :at has be5 said ^u t subject4 ,i %all only recall on ?is occasion "o ( ^! argum5ts1 :i* ,i %all endeav\r to r5d] /ill m conclusive1 & m applicable to ! pres5t subject4 ,reason is ! discov]y ( tru? or falsehood4 ,tru? or falsehood consi/s 9 an agreem5t or disagreem5t ei!r to ! real relations ( ideas1 or to real exi/5ce & matt] ( fact4 ,:atev] !re=e is n susceptible ( ?is agreem5t or disagreem5t1 is incapable ( be+ true or false1 & c nev] be an object ( our reason4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t our passions1 volitions1 & actions1 are n susceptible ( any su* agreem5t or disagreem5t2 be+ orig9al facts & realities1 complete 9 !mselves1 & imply+ no ref]5ce to o!r passions1 volitions1 & actions4 ',tis impossible1 !re=e1 !y c be pron\nc$ ei!r true or false1 & be ei!r contr>y or con=mable to reason4 ,?is argum5t is ( d\ble advantage to our pres5t purpose4 ,= x proves directly1 t actions d n d]ive _! m]it f a con=mity to reason1 nor _! blame f a contr>iety to x2 & x proves ! same tru? m indirectly1 by %[+ u1 t z reason c nev] imm$iately prev5t or produce any action by contradict+ or approv+ ( x1 x _c be ! s\rce ( moral good & evil1 :i* are f\nd to h t influ5ce4 ,actions may be laudable or blameable2 b !y _c be reasonable or unreasonable3 laudable or blameable1 !re=e1 are n ! same ) reasonable or unreasonable4 ,! m]it & dem]it ( actions frequ5tly contradict1 & sometimes control our natural prop5sities4 ,b reason has no su* influ5ce4 ,moral di/9ctions1 !re=e1 are n ! (fspr+ ( reason4 ,reason is :olly inactive1 & c nev] be ! s\rce ( s active a pr9ciple z consci5ce1 or a s5se ( morals4 ,b p]haps x may be said1 t ?\gh no w or action c be imm$iately contradictory to reason1 yet we may f9d su* a contradiction 9 "s ( ! att5dants ( ! action1 t is1 9 its causes or effects4 ,! action may cause a judgm5t1 or may be obliquely caus$ by "o1 :5 ! judgm5t concurs ) a passion2 & by an abusive way ( speak+1 :i* philosophy w sc>ce all[ (1 ! same contr>iety may1 ^u t acc\nt1 be ascrib$ to ! action4 ,h[ f> ?is tru? or falsehood may be ! s\rce ( morals1 'twill n[ be prop] to consid]4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t reason1 9 a /rict & philosophical s5se1 c h an influ5ce on our conduct only aft] two ways3 ei!r :5 x excites a passion1 by in=m+ u ( ! exi/5ce ( some?+ :i* is a prop] object ( x2 or :5 x discov]s ! connexion ( causes & effects1 s z to af=d u means ( ex]t+ any passion4 ,^! are ! only k9ds ( judgm5t :i* c accompany our actions1 or c be said to produce !m 9 any mann]2 & x mu/ be all[$1 t ^! judgm5ts may (t5 be false & errone\s4 ,a p]son may be affect$ ) passion1 by suppos+ a pa9 or pleasure to lie 9 an object1 :i* has no t5d5cy to produce ei!r ( ^! s5sations1 or :i* produces ! contr>y to :at is imag9$4 ,a p]son may also take false measures = ! atta9+ ( 8 end1 & may ret>d1 by 8 fooli% conduct1 in/ead ( =w>d+ ! execution ( any project4 ,^! false judgm5ts may be ?\ght to affect ! passions & actions1 :i* are connect$ ) !m1 & may be said to r5d] !m unreasonable1 9 a figurative & improp] way ( speak+4 ,b ?\gh ?is be ackn[l$g$1 'tis easy to obs]ve1 t ^! errors are s f> f be+ ! s\rce ( all immorality1 t !y are commonly v innoc5t1 & draw no mann] ( guilt ^u ! p]son :o is s un=tunate z to fall into !m4 ,!y ext5d n beyond a mi/ake ( fact1 :i* morali/s h n g5]ally suppos$ crim9al1 z be+ p]fectly involunt>y4 ,i am m to be lam5t$ ?an blam$1 if ,i am mi/ak5 ) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( objects 9 produc+ pa9 or pleasure1 or if ,i "k n ! prop] means ( satisfy+ my desires4 ,no "o c ev] reg>d su* errors z a defect 9 my moral "*4 ,a fruit1 = in/ance1 t is really disagreeable1 appe>s to me at a di/ance1 &1 ?r\gh mi/ake1 ,i fancy x to be pleasant & delici\s4 ,"h is "o error4 ,i *oose c]ta9 means ( rea*+ ?is fruit1 :i* are n prop] = my end4 ,"h is a second error2 nor is !re any ?ird "o1 :i* c ev] possibly ent] into our reason+s conc]n+ actions4 ,i ask1 !re=e1 if a man 9 ?is situation1 & guilty ( ^! two errors1 is to be reg>d$ z vici\s & crim9al1 h[ev] unavoidable !y might h be58 ,or if x be possible to imag9e1 t su* errors are ! s\rces ( all immorality8 ,& "h x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t if moral di/9ctions be d]iv$ f ! tru? or falsehood ( ^? judgm5ts1 !y mu/ take place :]ev] we =m ! judgm5ts2 nor w !re be any diff]5ce1 :e!r ! "q be conc]n+ an apple or a k+dom1 or :e!r ! error be avoidable or unavoidable4 ,= z ! v ess5ce ( morality is suppos$ to consi/ 9 an agreem5t or disagreem5t to reason1 ! o!r circum/ances are entirely arbitr>y1 & c nev] ei!r be/[ on any action ! "* ( virtu\s or vici\s1 or deprive x ( t "*4 ,to :i* we may add1 t ?is agreem5t or disagreem5t1 n admitt+ ( degrees1 all virtues & vices w\ld ( c\rse be equal4 ,%\ld x be pret5d$1 t ?\gh a mi/ake ( fact be n crim9al1 yet a mi/ake ( "r (t5 is2 & t ?is may be ! s\rce ( immorality3 ,i w\ld answ]1 t 'tis impossible su* a mi/ake c ev] be ! orig9al s\rce ( immorality1 s9ce x supposes a real "r & wrong2 t is1 a real di/9ction 9 morals1 indep5d5t ( ^! judgm5ts4 ,a mi/ake1 !re=e1 ( "r1 may become a species ( immorality2 b 'tis only a second>y "o1 & is f\nd$ on "s o!r antec$5t to x4 ,z to ^? judgm5ts :i* are ! effects ( our actions1 & :i*1 :5 false1 give occasion to pron\nce ! actions contr>y to tru? & reason2 we may obs]ve1 t our actions nev] cause any judgm5t1 ei!r true or false1 9 ourselves1 & t 'tis only on o!rs !y h su* an influ5ce4 ',tis c]ta9 t an action1 on _m occasions1 may give rise to false conclusions 9 o!rs2 & t a p]son1 :o1 ?r\gh a w9d[1 sees any lewd behavi\r ( m9e ) my neighb\r's wife1 may be s simple z to imag9e %e is c]ta9ly my own4 ,9 ?is respect my action resembles some:at a lie or falsehood2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 :i* is mat]ial1 t ,i p]=m n ! action ) any int5tion ( giv+ rise to a false judgm5t 9 ano!r1 b m]ely to satisfy my lu/ & passion4 ,x causes1 h[ev]1 a mi/ake & false judgm5t by accid5t2 & ! falsehood ( its effects may be ascrib$1 by "s odd figurative way ( speak+1 to ! action itself4 ,b /ill ,i c see no pretext ( reason = ass]t+1 t ! t5d5cy to cause su* an error is ! fir/ spr+ or orig9al s\rce ( all immorality4#b ,?us1 ^u ! :ole1 'tis impossible t ! di/9ction betwixt moral good & evil c be made by reason2 s9ce t di/9ction has an influ5ce ^u our actions1 ( :i* reason alone is incapable4 ,reason & judgm5t may1 inde$1 be ! m$iate cause ( an action1 by prompt+ or by direct+ a passion2 b x is n pret5d$ t a judgm5t ( ?is k9d1 ei!r 9 its tru? or falsehood1 is att5d$ ) virtue or vise4 ,& z to ! judgm5ts1 :i* are caus$ by our judgm5ts1 !y c /ill less be/[ ^? moral qualities on ! actions :i* are _! causes4 ,b1 to be m p>ticul>1 & to %[ t ^? et]nal immutable fitnesses & unfitnesses ( ?+s _c be def5d$ by s\nd philosophy1 we may weigh ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,if ! ?\ght & und]/&+ 7 alone capable ( fix+ ! b\nd>ies ( "r & wrong1 ! "* ( virtu\s & vici\s ei!r mu/ lie 9 "s relations ( objects1 or mu/ be a matt] ( fact :i* is discov]$ by our reason+4 ,?is consequ5ce is evid5t4 ,z' ! op]ations ( human und]/&+ divide !mselves into two k9ds1 ! comp>+ ( ideas1 & ! inf]r+ ( matt] ( fact1 7 virtue discov]$ by ! und]/&+1 x mu/ be an object ( "o ( ^! op]ations2 nor is !re any ?ird op]ation ( ! und]/&+ :i* c discov] x4 ,!re has be5 an op9ion v indu/ri\sly propagat$ by c]ta9 philosoph]s1 t morality is susceptible ( demon/ration2 & ?\gh no "o has ev] be5 able to advance a s+le /ep 9 ^? demon/rations1 yet tis tak5 = grant$ t ?is sci5ce may be br\ght to an equal c]ta9ty ) geometry or algebra4 ,^u ?is supposition1 vice & virtue mu/ consi/ 9 "s relations2 s9ce 'tis all[$ on all h&s1 t no matt] ( fact is capable ( be+ demon/rat$4 ,let u !re=e beg9 ) exam9+ ?is hypo!sis1 & endeav\r1 if possible1 to fix ^? moral qualities :i* h be5 s long ! objects ( our fruitless rese>*es2 po9t out di/9ctly ! relations :i* con/itute morality or obligation1 t we may "k :]e9 !y consi/1 & aft] :at mann] we mu/ judge ( !m4 ,if y ass]t t vice & virtue consi/ 9 relations susceptible ( c]ta9ty & demon/ration1 y mu/ conf9e y\rself to ^? f\r relations :i* alone admit ( t degree ( evid5ce2 & 9 t case y run into absurdities f :i* y w nev] be able to extricate y\rself4 ,= z y make ! v ess5ce ( morality to lie 9 ! relations1 & z !re is no "o ( ^! relations b :at is applicable1 n only to an irrational b also to an inanimate object1 x foll[s1 t ev5 su* objects mu/ be susceptible ( m]it or dem]it4 ,resemblance1 contr>iety1 degrees 9 quality1 & proportions 9 quantity & numb]2 all ^! relations belong z prop]ly to matt]1 z to our actions1 passions1 & volitions4 ',tis unque/ionable1 !re=e1 t morality lies n 9 any ( ^! relations1 nor ! s5se ( x 9 _! discov]y4#c ,%\ld x be ass]t$1 t ! s5se ( morality consi/s 9 ! discov]y ( "s relation di/9ct f ^!1 & t our enum]ation 0 n complete :5 we compreh5d$ all demon/rable relations "u f\r g5]al heads2 to ?is ,i "k n :at to reply1 till "s "o be s good z to po9t out to me ?is new relation4 ',tis impossible to refute a sy/em :i* has nev] yet be5 expla9$4 ,9 su* a mann] ( fight+ 9 ! d>k1 a man loses 8 bl[s 9 ! air1 & (t5 places !m :]e ! enemy is n pres5t4 ,i mu/ !re=e1 on ?is occasion1 re/ cont5t$ ) requir+ ! two foll[+ conditions ( any "o t w\ld und]take to cle> up ?is sy/em4 ,fir/1 z moral good & evil belong only to ! actions ( ! m9d1 & are d]iv$ f our situation ) reg>d to ext]nal objects1 ! relations f :i* ^! moral di/9ctions arise mu/ lie only betwixt int]nal actions & ext]nal objects1 & mu/ n be applicable ei!r to int]nal actions1 comp>$ among !mselves1 or to ext]nal objects1 :5 plac$ 9 opposition to o!r ext]nal objects4 ,= z morality is suppos$ to att5d c]ta9 relations1 if ^! relations c\ld belong to int]nal actions consid]$ s+ly1 x w\ld foll[1 t we might be guilty ( crimes 9 ourselves1 & indep5d5t ( our situation ) respect to ! univ]se2 & 9 l mann]1 if ^! moral relations c\ld be appli$ to ext]nal objects1 x w\ld foll[1 t ev5 inanimate be+s w\ld be susceptible ( moral beauty & de=mity4 ,n[1 x seems difficult to imag9e t any relation c be discov]$ betwixt our passions1 volitions & actions1 comp>$ to ext]nal objects1 :i* relation might n belong ei!r to ^! passions & volitions1 or to ^! ext]nal objects1 comp>$ among !mselves4 ,b x w be /ill m difficult to fulfil ! second condition1 requisite to ju/ify ?is sy/em4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ^? :o ma9ta9 an ab/ract rational diff]5ce betwixt moral good & evil1 & a natural fitness & unfitness ( ?+s1 'tis n only suppos$1 t ^! relations1 be+ et]nal & immutable1 are ! same1 :5 consid]$ by e rational creature1 b _! effects are also suppos$ to be necess>ily ! same2 & 'tis conclud$ !y h no less1 or r a great]1 influ5ce 9 direct+ ! w ( ! ,deity1 ?an 9 gov]n+ ! rational & virtu\s ( our own species4 ,^! two p>ticul>s are evid5tly di/9ct4 ',tis "o ?+ to "k virtue1 & ano!r to con=m ! w to x4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to prove t ! measures ( "r & wrong are et]nal laws1 obligatory on e rational m9d1 'tis n suffici5t to %[ ! relations ^u :i* !y are f\nd$3 we mu/ also po9t out ! connexion betwixt ! relation & ! w2 & mu/ prove t ?is connexion is s necess>y1 t 9 e well-dispos$ m9d1 x mu/ take place & h its influ5ce2 ?\gh ! diff]5ce betwixt ^! m9ds be 9 o!r respects imm5se & inf9ite4 ,n[1 besides :at ,i h already prov$1 t ev5 9 human nature no relation c ev] alone produce any action2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 x has be5 %[n1 9 treat+ ( ! und]/&+1 t !re is no connexion ( cause & effect1 su* z ?is is suppos$ to be1 :i* is discov]able o!rwise ?an by exp]i5ce1 & ( :i* we c pret5d to h any security by ! simple consid]ation ( ! objects4 ,all be+s 9 ! univ]se1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 appe> entirely loose & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ',tis only by exp]i5ce we le>n _! influ5ce & connexion2 & ?is influ5ce we ought nev] to ext5d beyond exp]i5ce4 ,?us x w be impossible to fulfil ! fir/ condition requir$ to ! sy/em ( et]nal rational measures ( "r & wrong2 because x is impossible to %[ ^? relations1 ^u :i* su* a di/9ction may be f\nd$3 & 'tis z impossible to fulfil ! second condition2 because we _c prove a priori1 t ^! relations1 if !y really exi/$ & 7 p]ceiv$1 w\ld be univ]sally =cible & obligatory4 ,b to make ^! g5]al reflections m cle> & conv9c+1 we may illu/rate !m by "s p>ticul> in/ances1 :]e9 ?is "* ( moral good or evil is ! mo/ univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,( all crimes t human creatures are capable ( committ+1 ! mo/ horrid & unnatural is +ratitude1 especially :5 x is committ$ aga9/ p>5ts1 & appe>s 9 ! m flagrant in/ances ( w\nds & dea?4 ,?is is ackn[l$g$ by all mank9d1 philosoph]s z well z ! p2 ! "q only arises among philosoph]s1 :e!r ! guilt or moral de=mity ( ?is action be discov]$ by demon/rative reason+1 or be felt by an int]nal s5se1 & by means ( "s s5tim5t1 :i* ! reflect+ on su* an action naturally occasions4 ,?is "q w soon be decid$ aga9/ ! =m] op9ion1 if we c %[ ! same relations 9 o!r objects1 )\t ! notion ( any guilt or iniquity att5d+ !m4 ,reason or sci5ce is no?+ b ! comp>+ ( ideas1 & ! discov]y ( _! relations2 & if ! same relations h diff]5t *>act]s1 x mu/ evid5tly foll[1 t ^? *>act]s are n discov]$ m]ely by reason4 ,to put ! affair1 !re=e1 to ?is trial1 let u *oose any inanimate object1 su* z an oak or elm2 & let u suppose1 t1 by ! dropp+ ( its se$1 x produces a sapl+ bel[ x1 :i*1 spr++ up by degrees1 at la/ ov]tops & de/roys ! p>5t tree3 ,i ask1 if1 9 ?is in/ance1 !re be want+ any relation :i* is discov]able 9 p>ricide or +ratitude8 ,is n ! "o tree ! cause ( ! o!r's exi/5ce2 & ! latt] ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! =m]1 9 ! same mann] z :5 a *ild murd]s 8 p>5t8 ',tis n suffici5t to reply1 t a *oice or w is want+4 ,= 9 ! case ( p>ricide1 a w does n give rise to any diff]5t relations1 b is only ! cause f :i* ! action is d]iv$2 & consequ5tly produces ! same relations1 t 9 ! oak or elm arise f "s o!r pr9ciples4 ',tis a w or *oice t det]m9es a man to kill 8 p>5t3 & !y are ! laws ( matt] & motion1 t det]m9e a sapl+ to de/roy ! oak f :i* x sprung4 ,"h !n ! same relations h diff]5t causes2 b /ill ! relations are ! same3 & z _! discov]y is n 9 bo? cases att5d$ ) a notion ( immorality1 x foll[s1 t t notion does n arise f su* a discov]y4 ,b to *oose an in/ance /ill m resembl+2 ,i w\ld fa9 ask any "o1 :y ince/ 9 ! human species is crim9al1 & :y ! v same action1 & ! same relations 9 animals1 h n ! smalle/ moral turpitude & de=mity8 ,if x be answ]$1 t ?is action is innoc5t 9 animals1 because !y h n reason suffici5t to discov] its turpitude2 b t man1 be+ end[$ ) t faculty1 :i* ought to re/ra9 him to 8 duty1 ! same action in/antly becomes crim9al to him4 ,%\ld ?is be said1 ,i w\ld reply1 t ?is is evid5tly argu+ 9 a circle4 ,=1 be=e reason c p]ceive ?is turpitude1 ! turpitude mu/ exi/2 & consequ5tly is indep5d5t ( ! decisions ( our reason1 & is _! object m prop]ly ?an _! effect4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 !n1 e animal t has s5se & appetite & w1 t is1 e animal mu/ be susceptible ( all ! same virtues & vices1 = :i* we ascribe praise & blame to human creatures4 ,all ! diff]5ce is1 t our sup]ior reason may s]ve to discov] ! vice or virtue1 & by t means may augm5t ! blame or praise3 b /ill ?is discov]y supposes a sep>ate be+ 9 ^! moral di/9ctions1 & a be+ :i* dep5ds only on ! w & appetite1 & :i*1 bo? 9 ?\ght & reality1 may be di/+ui%$ f reason4 ,animals are susceptible ( ! same relations ) respect to ea* o!r z ! human species1 & !re=e w\ld also be susceptible ( ! same morality1 if ! ess5ce ( morality consi/$ 9 ^! relations4 ,_! want ( a suffici5t degree ( reason may h9d] !m f p]ceiv+ ! duties & obligations ( morality1 b c nev] h9d] ^! duties f exi/+2 s9ce !y mu/ antec$5tly exi/1 9 ord] to _! be+ p]ceiv$4 ,reason mu/ f9d !m1 & c nev] produce !m4 ,?is argum5t des]ves to be weigh$1 z be+1 9 my op9ion1 entirely decisive4 ,nor does ?is reason+ only prove1 t morality consi/s n 9 any relations t are ! objects ( sci5ce2 b if exam9$1 w prove ) equal c]ta9ty1 t x consi/s n 9 any matt] ( fact1 :i* c be discov]$ by ! und]/&+4 ,?is is ! second "p ( our argum5t2 & if x c be made evid5t1 we may conclude1 t morality is n an object ( reason4 ,b c !re be any difficulty 9 prov+1 t vice & virtue are n matt]s ( fact1 ^: exi/5ce we c inf] by reason8 ,take any action all[$ to be vici\s2 wilful murd]1 = in/ance4 ,exam9e x 9 all lights1 & see if y c f9d t matt] ( fact1 or real exi/5ce1 :i* y call vice4 ,9 :i*ev] way y take x1 y f9d only c]ta9 passions1 motives1 volitions & ?\ghts4 ,!re is no o!r matt] ( fact 9 ! case4 ,! vice entirely escapes y1 z long z y consid] ! object4 ,y nev] c f9d x1 till y turn y\r reflection into y\r own brea/1 & f9d a s5tim5t ( disapprobation1 :i* arises 9 y1 t[>ds ?is action4 ,"h is a matt] ( fact2 b 'tis ! object ( feel+1 n ( reason4 ,x lies 9 y\rself1 n 9 ! object4 ,s t :5 y pron\nce any action or "* to be vici\s1 y mean no?+1 b t f ! con/itution ( y\r nature y h a feel+ or s5tim5t ( blame f ! contemplation ( x4 ,vice & virtue1 !re=e1 may be comp>$ to s\nds1 col\rs1 heat & cold1 :i*1 accord+ to mod]n philosophy1 are n qualities 9 objects1 b p]ceptions 9 ! m9d3 & ?is discov]y 9 morals1 l t o!r 9 physics1 is to be reg>d$ z a consid]able advancem5t ( ! speculative sci5ces2 ?\gh1 l t too1 x has little or no influ5ce on practice4 ,no?+ c be m real1 or conc]n u m1 ?an our own s5tim5ts ( pleasure & uneas9ess2 & if ^! be fav\rable to virtue1 & unfav\rable to vice1 no m c be requisite to ! regulation ( our conduct & behavi\r4 ,i _c =be> add+ to ^! reason+s an obs]vation1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be f\nd ( "s importance4 ,9 e sy/em ( morality :i* ,i h hi!rto met )1 ,i h always rem>k$1 t ! au?or proce$s = "s "t 9 ! ord9>y way ( reason+1 & e/abli%es ! be+ ( a ,god1 or makes obs]vations conc]n+ human affairs2 :5 ( a sudd5 ,i am surpris$ to f9d1 t in/ead ( ! usual copulations ( propositions1 is1 & is n1 ,i meet ) no proposition t is n connect$ ) an ought1 or an ought n4 ,?is *ange is imp]ceptible2 b is1 h[ev]1 ( ! la/ consequ5ce4 ,= z ?is ought1 or ought n1 expresses "s new relation or affirmation1 'tis necess>y t x %\ld be obs]v$ & expla9$2 & at ! same "t t a reason %\ld be giv51 = :at seems altoge!r inconceivable1 h[ ?is new relation c be a d$uction f o!rs1 :i* are entirely diff]5t f x4 ,b z au?ors d n commonly use ?is precaution1 ,i %all presume to recomm5d x to ! read]s2 & am p]suad$1 t ?is small att5tion w\ld subv]t all ! vulg> sy/ems ( morality1 & let u see1 t ! di/9ction ( vice & virtue is n f\nd$ m]ely on ! relations ( objects1 nor is p]ceiv$ by reason4 #a ,book ,,ii4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #c #b ,"o might ?9k x 7 entirely sup]flu\s to prove ?is1 if a late au?or1 :o has _h ! good =tune to obta9 "s reputation1 _h n s]i\sly affirm$1 t su* a falsehood is ! f\ndation ( all guilt & moral de=mity4 ,t we may discov] ! fallacy ( 8 hypo!sis1 we ne$ only consid]1 t a false conclusion is drawn f an action1 only by means ( an obscurity ( natural pr9ciples1 :i* makes a cause be secretly int]rupt$ 9 its op]ation1 by contr>y causes1 & r5d]s ! connexion betwixt two objects unc]ta9 & v>iable4 ,n[1 z a l unc]ta9ty & v>iety ( causes take place1 ev5 9 natural objects1 & produce a l error 9 our judgm5t1 if t t5d5cy to produce error 7 ! v ess5ce ( vice & immorality1 x %\ld foll[1 t ev5 inanimate objects might be vici\s & immoral4 ',tis 9 va9 to urge1 t inanimate objects act )\t lib]ty & *oice4 ,= z lib]ty & *oice are n necess>y to make an action produce 9 u an errone\s conclusion1 !y c be1 9 no respect1 ess5tial to morality2 & ,i d n readily p]ceive1 ^u ?is sy/em1 h[ !y c ev] come to be reg>d$ by x4 ,if ! t5d5cy to cause error be ! orig9 ( immorality1 t t5d5cy & immorality w\ld 9 e case be insep>able4 ,add to ?is1 t if ,i _h us$ ! precaution ( %utt+ ! w9d[s1 :ile ,i indulg$ myself 9 ^? lib]ties ) my neighb\r's wife1 ,i %\ld h be5 guilty ( no immorality2 & t because my action1 be+ p]fectly conceal$1 w\ld h _h no t5d5cy to produce any false conclusion4 ,= ! same reason1 a ?ief1 :o /eals 9 by a ladd] at a w9d[1 & takes all imag9able c>e to cause no di/urbance1 is 9 no respect crim9al4 ,= ei!r he w n be p]ceiv$1 or if he be1 'tis impossible he c produce any error1 nor w any "o1 f ^! circum/ances1 take him to be o!r ?an :at he really is4 ',tis well kn[n1 t ^? :o are squ9t-sight$ d v readily cause mi/akes 9 o!rs1 & t we imag9e !y salute or are talk+ to "o p]son1 :ile !y address !mselves to ano!r4 ,are !y1 !re=e1 ^u t acc\nt1 immoral8 ,besides1 we may easily obs]ve1 t 9 all ^? argum5ts !re is an evid5t reason+ 9 a circle4 ,a p]son :o takes possession ( ano!r's goods1 & uses !m z 8 own1 9 a mann] decl>es !m to be 8 own2 & ?is falsehood is ! s\rce ( ! immorality ( inju/ice4 ,b is prop]ty1 or "r1 or obligation1 intelligible )\t an antec$5t morality8 ,a man t is ungrateful to 8 b5efactor1 9 a mann] affirms t he nev] receiv$ any fav\rs f him4 ,b 9 :at mann]8 ,is x because 'tis 8 duty to be grateful8 ,b ?is supposes t !re is "s antec$5t rule ( duty & morals4 ,is x because human nature is g5]ally grateful1 & makes u conclude t a man :o does any h>m1 nev] receiv$ any fav\r f ! p]son he h>m$8 ,b human nature is n s g5]ally grateful z to ju/ify su* a conclusion2 or1 if x 71 is an exception to a g5]al rule 9 e case crim9al1 = no o!r reason ?an because x is an exception8 ,b :at may suffice entirely to de/roy ?is :imsical sy/em is1 t x leaves u "u ! same difficulty to give a reason :y tru? is virtu\s & falsehood vici\s1 z to acc\nt = ! m]it or turpitude ( any o!r action4 ,i %all all[1 if y please1 t all immorality is d]iv$ f ?is suppos$ falsehood 9 action1 provid$ y c give me any plausible reason :y su* a falsehood is immoral4 ,if y consid] rightly ( ! matt]1 y w f9d y\rself 9 ! same difficulty z at ! beg9n+4 ,?is la/ argum5t is v conclusive2 because1 if !re be n an evid5t m]it or turpitude annex$ to ?is species ( tru? or falsehood1 x c nev] h any influ5ce ^u our actions4 ,= :o ev] ?\ght ( =be>+ any action1 because o!rs might possibly draw false conclusions f x8 ,or :o ev] p]=m$ any1 t he might give rise to true conclusions8 #c ,z a pro( h[ confus$ our way ( ?9k+ on ?is subject commonly is1 we may obs]ve1 t ^? :o ass]t t morality is demon/rable1 d n say t morality lies 9 ! relations1 & t ! relations are di/+ui%able by reason4 ,!y only say1 t reason c discov] su* an action1 9 su* relations1 to be virtu\s1 & su* ano!r vici\s4 ,x seems !y ?\ght x suffici5t if !y c\ld br+ ! ^w ,relation into ! proposition1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves :e!r x 0 to ! purpose or n4 ,b "h1 ,i ?9k1 is pla9 argum5t4 ,demon/rative reason discov]s only relations4 ,b t reason1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 discov]s also vice & virtue4 ,^! moral qualities1 !re=e1 mu/ be relations4 ,:5 we blame any action1 9 any situation1 ! :ole complicat$ object ( action & situation mu/ =m c]ta9 relations1 :]e9 ! ess5ce ( vice consi/s4 ,?is hypo!sis is n o!rwise intelligible4 ,= :at does reason discov]1 :5 x pron\nces any action vici\s8 ,does x discov] a relation or a matt] ( fact8 ,^! que/ions are decisive1 & mu/ n be elud$4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,moral ,,di/9ctions ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,a ,,moral ,,s5se4 ,?us ! c\rse ( ! argum5t leads u to conclude1 t s9ce vice & virtue are n discov]able m]ely by reason1 or ! comp>ison ( ideas1 x mu/ be by means ( "s impression or s5tim5t !y occasion1 t we are able to m>k ! diff]5ce betwixt !m4 ,our decisions conc]n+ moral rectitude & depravity are evid5tly p]ceptions2 & z all p]ceptions are ei!r impressions or ideas1 ! exclusion ( ! "o is a conv9c+ argum5t = ! o!r4 ,morality1 !re=e1 is m prop]ly felt ?an judg$ (2 ?\gh ?is feel+ or s5tim5t is commonly s s(t & g5tle t we are apt to conf\nd x ) an idea1 accord+ to our common cu/om ( tak+ all ?+s = ! same :i* h any ne> resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,! next "q is1 ( :at nature are ^! impressions1 & aft] :at mann] d !y op]ate ^u u8 ,"h we _c rema9 long 9 susp5se1 b mu/ pron\nce ! impression aris+ f virtue to be agreeable1 & t proce$+ f vice to be uneasy4 ,e mom5t's exp]i5ce mu/ conv9ce u ( ?is4 ,!re is no spectacle s fair & beautiful z a noble & g5]\s action2 nor any :i* gives u m abhorr5ce ?an "o t is cruel & trea*]\s4 ,no enjoym5t equals ! satisfaction we receive f ! company ( ^? we love & e/eem2 z ! greate/ ( all puni%m5ts is to be oblig$ to pass our lives ) ^? we hate or contemn4 ,a v play or romance may af=d u in/ances ( ?is pleasure :i* virtue conveys to u2 & pa91 :i* arises f vice4 ,n[1 s9ce ! di/+ui%+ impressions by :i* moral good or evil is kn[n1 are no?+ b p>ticul> pa9s or pleasures1 x foll[s1 t 9 all inquiries conc]n+ ^! moral di/9ctions1 x w be suffici5t to %[ ! pr9ciples :i* make u feel a satisfaction or uneas9ess f ! survey ( any "*1 9 ord] to satisfy u :y ! "* is laudable or blameable4 ,an action1 or s5tim5t1 or "*1 is virtu\s or vici\s2 :y8 because its view causes a pleasure or uneas9ess ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,9 giv+ a reason1 !re=e1 = ! pleasure or uneas9ess1 we suffici5tly expla9 ! vice or virtue4 ,to h ! s5se ( virtue1 is no?+ b to feel a satisfaction ( a p>ticul> k9d f ! contemplation ( a "*4 ,! v feel+ con/itutes our praise or admiration4 ,we g no f>!r2 nor d we inquire into ! cause ( ! satisfaction4 ,we d n inf] a "* to be virtu\s1 because x pleases2 b 9 feel+ t x pleases aft] su* a p>ticul> mann]1 we 9 effect feel t x is virtu\s4 ,! case is ! same z 9 our judgm5ts conc]n+ all k9ds ( beauty1 & ta/es1 & s5sations4 ,our approbation is impli$ 9 ! imm$iate pleasure !y convey to u4 ,i h object$ to ! sy/em :i* e/abli%es et]nal rational measures ( "r & wrong1 t 'tis impossible to %[1 9 ! actions ( reasonable creatures1 any relations :i* are n f\nd 9 ext]nal objects2 & !re=e1 if morality always att5d$ ^! relations1 'tw]e possible = inanimate matt] to become virtu\s or vici\s4 ,n[ x may1 9 l mann]1 be object$ to ! pres5t sy/em1 t if virtue & vice be det]m9$ by pleasure & pa91 ^! qualities mu/1 9 e case1 arise f ! s5sations2 & consequ5tly any object1 :e!r animate or inanimate1 rational or irrational1 might become morally good or evil1 provid$ x c excite a satisfaction or uneas9ess4 ,b ?\gh ?is objection seems to be ! v same1 x has by no means ! same =ce 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,=1 fir/1 'tis evid5t t1 "u ! t]m pleasure1 we compreh5d s5sations1 :i* are v diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & :i* h only su* a di/ant resemblance z is requisite to1 make !m be express$ by ! same ab/ract t]m4 ,a good composition ( music & a bottle ( good w9e equally produce pleasure2 &1 :at is m1 _! goodness is det]m9$ m]ely by ! pleasure4 ,b %all we say1 ^u t acc\nt1 t ! w9e is h>moni\s1 or ! music ( a good flav\r8 ,9 l mann]1 an inanimate object1 & ! "* or s5tim5ts ( any p]son1 may1 bo? ( !m1 give satisfaction2 b1 z ! satisfaction is diff]5t1 ?is keeps our s5tim5ts conc]n+ !m f be+ conf\nd$1 & makes u ascribe virtue to ! "o & n to ! o!r4 ,nor is e s5tim5t ( pleasure or pa9 :i* arises f *>act]s & actions1 ( t peculi> k9d :i* makes u praise or condemn4 ,! good qualities ( an enemy are hurtful to u1 b may1 /ill comm& our e/eem & respect4 ',tis only :5 a "* is consid]$ 9 g5]al1 )\t ref]5ce to our p>ticul> int]e/1 t x causes su* a feel+ or s5tim5t z d5om9ates x morally good or evil4 ',tis true1 ^? s5tim5ts f int]e/ & morals are apt to be conf\nd$1 & naturally run into "o ano!r4 ,x seldom happ5s t we d n ?9k an enemy vici\s1 & c di/+ui% betwixt 8 opposition to our int]e/ & real villany or bas5ess4 ,b ?is h9d]s n b t ! s5tim5ts are 9 !mselves di/9ct2 & a man ( temp] & judgm5t may pres]ve himself f ^! illusions4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh 'tis c]ta9 a musical voice is no?+ b "o t naturally gives a p>ticul> k9d ( pleasure2 yet 'tis difficult = a man to be s5sible t ! voice ( an enemy is agreeable1 or to all[ x to be musical4 ,b a p]son ( a f9e e>1 :o has ! comm& ( himself1 c sep>ate ^! feel+s1 & give praise to :at des]ves x4 ,secondly1 we may call to remembrance ! prec$+ sy/em ( ! passions1 9 ord] to rem>k a /ill m consid]able diff]5ce among our pa9s & pleasures4 ,pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 are excit$1 :5 !re is any ?+ pres5t$ to u t bo? be>s a relation to ! object ( ! passion1 & produces a sep>ate s5sation1 relat$ to ! s5sation ( ! passion4 ,n[1 virtue & vice are att5d$ ) ^! circum/ances4 ,!y mu/ necess>ily be plac$ ei!r 9 ourselves or o!rs1 & excite ei!r pleasure or uneas9ess2 & !re=e mu/ give rise to "o ( ^! f\r passions1 :i* cle>ly di/+ui%es !m f ! pleasure & pa9 aris+ f inanimate objects1 t (t5 be> no relation to u2 & ?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ consid]able effect t virtue & vice h ^u ! human m9d4 ,x may n[ be ask$1 9 g5]al conc]n+ ?is pa9 or pleasure t di/+ui%es moral good & evil1 ,f :at pr9ciple is x d]iv$1 & :5ce does x arise 9 ! human m9d8 ,to ?is ,i reply1 fir/1 t 'tis absurd to imag9e t1 9 e p>ticul> in/ance1 ^! s5tim5ts are produc$ by an orig9al quality & prim>y con/itution4 ,= z ! numb] ( our duties is 9 a mann] inf9ite1 'tis impossible t our orig9al in/9cts %\ld ext5d to ea* ( !m1 & f our v fir/ infancy impress on ! human m9d all t multitude ( precepts :i* are conta9$ 9 ! complete/ sy/em ( e?ics4 ,su* a me?od ( proce$+ is n con=mable to ! usual maxims by :i* nature is conduct$1 :]e a few pr9ciples produce all t v>iety we obs]ve 9 ! univ]se1 & e ?+ is c>ri$ on 9 ! easie/ & mo/ simple mann]4 ',tis necess>y1 !re=e1 to abridge ^! prim>y impulses1 & f9d "s m g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* all our notions ( morals are f\nd$4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 %\ld x be ask$1 :e!r we ought to se>* = ^! pr9ciples 9 nature1 or :e!r we mu/ look = !m 9 "s o!r orig98 ,i w\ld reply1 t our answ] to ?is "q dep5ds ^u ! def9ition ( ! ^w ,nature1 ?an :i* !re is none m ambigu\s & equivocal4 ,if nature be oppos$ to miracles1 n only ! di/9ction betwixt vice & virtue is natural1 b also e ev5t :i* has ev] happ5$ 9 ! _w1 except+ ^? miracles on :i* our religion is f\nd$4 ,9 say+1 !n1 t ! s5tim5ts ( vice & virtue are natural 9 ?is s5se1 we make no v extraord9>y discov]y4 ,b nature may also be oppos$ to r>e & unusual2 & 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 :i* is ! common "o1 !re may (t5 arise disputes conc]n+ :at is natural or unnatural2 & "o may 9 g5]al affirm1 t we are n possess$ ( any v precise /&>d by :i* ^! disputes c be decid$4 ,frequ5t & r>e dep5d ^u ! numb] ( examples we h obs]v$2 & z ?is numb] may gradually increase or dim9i%1 'twill be impossible to fix any exact b\nd>ies betwixt !m4 ,we may only affirm on ?is head1 t if ev] !re 0 any ?+ :i* c\ld be call$ natural 9 ?is s5se1 ! s5tim5ts ( morality c]ta9ly may2 s9ce !re nev] 0 any nation ( ! _w1 nor any s+le p]son 9 any nation1 :o 0 utt]ly depriv$ ( !m1 & :o nev]1 9 any in/ance1 %[$ ! lea/ approbation or dislike ( mann]s4 ,^! s5tim5ts are s root$ 9 our con/itution & temp]1 t1 )\t entirely conf\nd+ ! human m9d by disease or madness1 'tis impossible to extirpate & de/roy !m4 ,b nature may also be oppos$ to artifice1 z well z to :at is r>e & unusual2 & 9 ?is s5se x may be disput$1 :e!r ! notions ( virtue be natural or n4 ,we readily =get1 t ! designs & projects & views ( m5 are pr9ciples z necess>y 9 _! op]ation z heat & cold1 moi/ & dry2 b1 tak+ !m to be free & entirely our own1 'tis usual = u to set !m 9 opposition to ! o!r pr9ciples ( nature4 ,%\ld x !re=e be dem&$1 :e!r ! s5se ( virtue be natural or artificial1 ,i am ( op9ion t 'tis impossible = me at pres5t to give any precise answ] to ?is "q4 ,p]haps x w appe> aft]w>ds t our s5se ( "s virtues is artificial1 & t ( o!rs natural4 ,! discussion ( ?is "q w be m prop]1 :5 we ent] ^u an exact detail ( ea* p>ticul> vice & virtue4#d ,mean :ile1 x may n be amiss to obs]ve1 f ^! def9itions ( natural & unnatural1 t no?+ c be m unphilosophical ?an ^? sy/ems :i* ass]t1 t virtue is ! same ) :at is natural1 & vice ) :at is unnatural4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ s5se ( ! ^w1 nature1 z oppos$ to miracles1 bo? vice & virtue are equally natural2 &1 9 ! second s5se1 z oppos$ to :at is unusual1 p]haps virtue w be f\nd to be ! mo/ unnatural4 ,at lea/ x mu/ be own$1 t h]oic virtue1 be+ z unusual1 is z little natural z ! mo/ brutal b>b>ity4 ,z to ! ?ird s5se ( ! ^w1 'tis c]ta9 t bo? vice & virtue are equally artificial & out ( nature4 ,=1 h[ev] x may be disput$1 :e!r ! notion ( a m]it or dem]it 9 c]ta9 actions1 be natural or artificial1 'tis evid5t t ! actions !mselves are artificial1 & are p]=m$ ) a c]ta9 design & int5tion2 o!rwise !y c\ld nev] be rank$ "u any ( ^! d5om9ations4 ',tis impossible1 !re=e1 t ! "* ( natural & unnatural c ev]1 9 any s5se1 m>k ! b\nd>ies ( vice & virtue4 ,?us we are /ill br\ght back to our fir/ position1 t virtue is di/+ui%$ by ! pleasure1 & vice by ! pa91 t any action1 s5tim5t1 or "*1 gives u by ! m]e view & contemplation4 ,?is decision is v commodi\s2 because x r$uces u to1 ?is simple "q1 ,:y any action or s5tim5t1 ^u ! g5]al view or survey1 gives a c]ta9 satisfaction or uneas9ess1 9 ord] to %[ ! orig9 ( its moral rectitude or depravity1 )\t look+ = any incompreh5sible relations & qualities1 :i* nev] did exi/ 9 nature1 nor ev5 9 our imag9ation1 by any cle> & di/9ct conception8 ,i flatt] myself ,i h execut$ a great "p ( my pres5t design by a /ate ( ! "q1 :i* appe>s to me s free f ambiguity & obscurity4 #d ,9 ! foll[+ disc\rse1 natural is also oppos$ sometimes to civil1 sometimes to moral4 ,! opposition w always discov] ! s5se 9 :i* x is tak54 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,inju/ice4 ,,section ,i4 ,,ju/ice1 ,,:e!r ,a ,,natural ,,or ,,artificial ,,virtue8 ,i h already h9t$1 t our s5se ( e k9d ( virtue is n natural2 b t !re are "s virtues t produce pleasure & approbation by means ( an artifice or contrivance1 :i* arises f ! circum/ances & necessity ( mank9d4 ,( ?is k9d ,i ass]t ju/ice to be2 & %all endeav\r to def5d ?is op9ion by a %ort1 &1 ,i hope1 conv9c+ argum5t1 be=e ,i exam9e ! nature ( ! artifice1 f :i* ! s5se ( t virtue is d]iv$4 ',tis evid5t t1 :5 we praise any actions1 we reg>d only ! motives t produc$ !m1 & consid] ! actions z signs or indications ( c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 ! m9d & temp]4 ,! ext]nal p]=mance has no m]it4 ,we mu/ look )9 to f9d ! moral quality4 ,?is we _c d directly2 & !re=e fix our att5tion on actions1 z on ext]nal signs4 ,b ^! actions are /ill consid]$ z signs2 & ! ultimate object ( our praise & approbation is ! motive t produc$ !m4 ,aft] ! same mann]1 :5 we require any action1 or blame a p]son = n p]=m+ x1 we always suppose t "o 9 t situation %\ld be influ5c$ by ! prop] motive ( t action1 & we e/eem x vici\s 9 him to be reg>dless ( x4 ,if we f9d1 ^u inquiry1 t ! virtu\s motive 0 /ill p[]ful ov] 8 brea/1 ?\gh *eck$ 9 its op]ation by "s circum/ances unkn[n to u1 we retract our blame1 & h ! same e/eem = him1 z if he _h actually p]=m$ ! action :i* we require ( him4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t all virtu\s actions d]ive _! m]it only f virtu\s motives1 & are consid]$ m]ely z signs ( ^? motives4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ,i conclude1 t ! fir/ virtu\s motive :i* be/[s a m]it on any action1 c nev] be a reg>d to ! virtue ( t action1 b mu/ be "s o!r natural motive or pr9ciple4 ,to suppose1 t ! m]e reg>d to ! virtue ( ! action1 may be ! fir/ motive :i* produc$ ! action1 & r5d]$ x virtu\s1 is to reason 9 a circle4 ,be=e we c h su* a reg>d1 ! action mu/ be really virtu\s2 & ?is virtue mu/ be d]iv$ f "s virtu\s motive3 & consequ5tly1 ! virtu\s motive mu/ be diff]5t f ! reg>d to ! virtue ( ! action4 ,a virtu\s motive is requisite to r5d] an action virtu\s4 ,an action mu/ be virtu\s be=e we c h a reg>d to its virtue4 ,"s virtu\s motive1 !re=e1 mu/ be antec$5t to t reg>d4 ,nor is ?is m]ely a metaphysical subtilty2 b ent]s into all our reason+s 9 common life1 ?\gh p]haps we may n be able to place x 9 su* di/9ct philosophical t]ms4 ,we blame a fa!r = neglect+ 8 *ild4 ,:y8 because x %[s a want ( natural affection1 :i* is ! duty ( e p>5t4 ,7 n natural affection a duty1 ! c>e ( *ildr5 c\ld n be a duty2 & 'tw]e impossible we c\ld h ! duty 9 our eye 9 ! att5tion we give to our (fspr+4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 all m5 suppose a motive to ! action di/9ct f a s5se ( duty4 ,"h is a man t does _m b5evol5t actions2 relieves ! di/ress$1 com=ts ! afflict$1 & ext5ds 8 b\nty ev5 to ! greate/ /rang]s4 ,no "* c be m amiable & virtu\s4 ,we reg>d ^! actions z pro(s ( ! greate/ humanity4 ,?is humanity be/[s a m]it on ! actions4 ,a reg>d to ?is m]it is1 !re=e1 a second>y consid]ation1 & d]iv$ f ! antec$5t pr9ciples ( humanity1 :i* is m]itori\s & laudable4 ,9 %ort1 x may be e/abli%$ z an und\bt$ maxim1 t no action c be virtu\s1 or morally good1 unless !re be 9 human nature "s motive to produce x di/9ct f ! s5se ( its morality4 ,b may n ! s5se ( morality or duty produce an action1 )\t any o!r motive8 ,i answ]1 x may2 b ?is is no objection to ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,:5 any virtu\s motive or pr9ciple is common 9 human nature1 a p]son :o feels 8 he>t devoid ( t motive1 may hate himself ^u t acc\nt1 & may p]=m ! action )\t ! motive1 f a c]ta9 s5se ( duty1 9 ord] to acquire1 by practice1 t virtu\s pr9ciple1 or at lea/ to disguise to himself1 z mu* z possible1 8 want ( x4 ,a man t really feels no gratitude 9 8 temp]1 is /ill pleas$ to p]=m grateful actions1 & ?9ks he has1 by t means1 fulfill$ 8 duty4 ,actions are at fir/ only consid]$ z signs ( motives3 b 'tis usual1 9 ?is case1 z 9 all o!rs1 to fix our att5tion on ! signs1 & neglect1 9 "s measure1 ! ?+ signifi$4 ,b ?\gh1 on "s occasions1 a p]son may p]=m an action m]ely out ( reg>d to its moral obligation1 yet /ill ?is supposes 9 human nature "s di/9ct pr9ciples1 :i* are capable ( produc+ ! action1 & ^: moral beauty r5d]s ! action m]itori\s4 ,n[1 to apply all ?is to ! pres5t case2 ,i suppose a p]son to h l5t me a sum ( money1 on condition t x be re/or$ 9 a few days2 & also suppose1 t aft] ! expiration ( ! t]m agre$ on1 he dem&s ! sum3 ,i ask1 ,:at reason or motive h ,i to re/ore ! money8 ,x w p]haps be said1 t my reg>d to ju/ice1 & abhorr5ce ( villany & knav]y1 are suffici5t reasons = me1 if ,i h ! lea/ gra9 ( hone/y1 or s5se ( duty & obligation4 ,& ?is answ]1 no d\bt1 is j & satisfactory to man 9 8 civiliz$ /ate1 & :5 tra9$ up accord+ to a c]ta9 discipl9e & education4 ,b 9 8 rude & m natural condition1 if y are pleas$ to call su* a condition natural1 ?is answ] w\ld be reject$ z p]fectly un9telligible & sophi/ical4 ,= "o 9 t situation w\ld imm$iately ask y1 ,:]e9 consi/s ?is hone/y & ju/ice1 :i* y f9d 9 re/or+ a loan1 & ab/a9+ f ! prop]ty ( o!rs8 ,x does n surely lie 9 ! ext]nal action4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be plac$ 9 ! motive f :i* ! ext]nal action is d]iv$4 ,?is motive c nev] be a reg>d to ! hone/y ( ! action4 ,= 'tis a pla9 fallacy to say1 t a virtu\s motive is requisite to r5d] an action hone/1 &1 at ! same "t1 t a reg>d to ! hone/y is ! motive ( ! action4 ,we c nev] h a reg>d to ! virtue ( an action1 unless ! action be antec$5tly virtu\s4 ,no action c be virtu\s1 b s f> z x proce$s f a virtu\s motive4 ,a virtu\s motive1 !re=e1 mu/ prec$e ! reg>d to ! virtue2 & 'tis impossible t ! virtu\s motive & ! reg>d to ! virtue c be ! same4 ',tis requisite1 !n1 to f9d "s motive to acts ( ju/ice & hone/y1 di/9ct f our reg>d to ! hone/y2 & 9 ?is lies ! great difficulty4 ,= %\ld we say1 t a conc]n = our private int]e/ or reputation1 is ! legitimate motive to all hone/ actions3 x w\ld foll[1 t :]ev] t conc]n ceases1 hone/y c no long] h place4 ,b 'tis c]ta9 t self-love1 :5 x acts at its lib]ty1 in/ead ( engag+ u to hone/ actions1 is ! s\rce ( all inju/ice & viol5ce2 nor c a man ev] correct ^? vices1 )\t correct+ & re/ra9+ ! natural movem5ts ( t appetite4 ,b %\ld x be affirm$1 t ! reason or motive ( su* actions is ! reg>d to public int]e/1 to :i* no?+ is m contr>y ?an examples ( inju/ice & di%one/y2 %\ld ?is be said1 ,i w\ld propose ! ?ree foll[+ consid]ations z wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,fir/1 ,public int]e/ is n naturally atta*$ to ! obs]vation ( ! rules ( ju/ice2 b is only connect$ ) x1 aft] an artificial conv5tion = ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! rules1 z %all be %[n m at l>ge h]eaft]4 ,secondly1 ,if we suppose t ! loan 0 secret1 & t x is necess>y = ! int]e/ ( ! p]son1 t ! money be re/or$ 9 ! same mann] 7z :5 ! l5d] w\ld conceal 8 ri*es71 9 t case ! example ceases1 & ! public is no long] int]e/$ 9 ! actions ( ! borr[]2 ?\gh ,i suppose !re is no morali/ :o w affirm t ! duty & obligation ceases4 ,?irdly1 ,exp]i5ce suffici5tly proves t m51 9 ! ord9>y conduct ( life1 look n s f> z ! public int]e/1 :5 !y pay _! cr$itors1 p]=m _! promises1 & ab/a9 f !ft1 & robb]y1 & inju/ice ( e k9d4 ,t is a motive too remote & too sublime to affect ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 & op]ate ) any =ce 9 actions s contr>y to private int]e/ z are frequ5tly ^? ( ju/ice & common hone/y4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be affirm$1 t !re is no su* passion 9 human m9ds z ! love ( mank9d1 m]ely z su*1 indep5d5t ( p]sonal qualities1 ( s]vices1 or ( relation to ourself4 ',tis true1 !re is no human1 & inde$ no s5sible creature1 ^: happ9ess or mis]y does n1 9 "s measure1 affect u1 :5 br\ght ne> u1 & repres5t$ 9 lively col\rs3 b ?is proce$s m]ely f sympa?y1 & is no pro( ( su* an univ]sal affection to mank9d1 s9ce ?is conc]n ext5ds itself beyond our own species4 ,an affection betwixt ! sexes is a passion evid5tly implant$ 9 human nature2 & ?is passion n only appe>s 9 its peculi> symptoms1 b also 9 inflam+ e o!r pr9ciple ( affection1 & rais+ a /rong] love f beauty1 wit1 k9dness1 ?an :at w\ld o!rwise fl[ f !m4 ,7 !re an univ]sal love among all human creatures1 x w\ld appe> aft] ! same mann]4 ,any degree ( a good quality w\ld cause a /rong] affection ?an ! same degree ( a bad quality w\ld cause hatr$2 contr>y to :at we f9d by exp]i5ce4 ,m5's temp]s are diff]5t1 & "s h a prop5sity to ! t5d]1 & o!rs to ! r\gh] affections3 b 9 ! ma91 we may affirm1 t man 9 g5]al1 or human nature1 is no?+ b ! object bo? ( love & hatr$1 & requires "s o!r cause1 :i*1 by a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas1 may excite ^! passions4 ,9 va9 w\ld we endeav\r to elude ?is hypo!sis4 ,!re are no ph5om5a t po9t out any su* k9d affection to m51 indep5d5t ( _! m]it1 & e o!r circum/ance4 ,we love company 9 g5]al2 b 'tis z we love any o!r amusem5t4 ,an ,engli%man 9 ,italy is a fri5d2 a ,european 9 ,*9a2 & p]haps a man w\ld be belov$ z su*1 7 we to meet him 9 ! moon4 ,b ?is proce$s only f ! relation to ourselves2 :i* 9 ^! cases ga!rs =ce by be+ conf9$ to a few p]sons4 ,if public b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 or a reg>d to ! int]e/s ( mank9d1 _c be ! orig9al motive to ju/ice1 mu* less c private b5evol5ce1 or a reg>d to ! int]e/s ( ! p>ty conc]n$1 be ?is motive4 ,= :at if he be my enemy1 & has giv5 me j cause to hate him8 ,:at if he be a vici\s man1 & des]ves ! hatr$ ( all mank9d8 ,:at if he be a mis]1 & c make no use ( :at ,i w\ld deprive him (8 ,:at if he be a pr(ligate debau*ee1 & w\ld r receive h>m ?an b5efit f l>ge possessions8 ,:at if ,i be 9 necessity1 & h urg5t motives to acquire some?+ to my family8 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! orig9al motive to ju/ice w\ld fail2 & consequ5tly ! ju/ice itself1 & along ) x all prop]ty1 "r1 & obligation4 ,a ri* man lies "u a moral obligation to communicate to ^? 9 necessity a %>e ( 8 sup]fluities4 ,7 private b5evol5ce ! orig9al motive to ju/ice1 a man w\ld n be oblig$ to leave o!rs 9 ! possession ( m ?an he is oblig$ to give !m4 ,at lea/1 ! diff]5ce w\ld be v inconsid]able4 ,m5 g5]ally fix _! affections m on :at !y are possess$ (1 ?an on :at !y nev] enjoy$3 = ?is reason1 x w\ld be great] cruelty to dispossess a man ( any ?+1 ?an n to give x him4 ,b :o w ass]t1 t ?is is ! only f\ndation ( ju/ice8 ,besides1 we mu/ consid]1 t ! *ief reason :y m5 atta* !mselves s mu* to _! possessions1 is1 t !y consid] !m z _! prop]ty1 & z secur$ to !m inviolably by ! laws ( society4 ,b ?is is a second>y consid]ation1 & dep5d5t on ! prec$+ notions ( ju/ice & prop]ty4 ,a man's prop]ty is suppos$ to be f5c$ aga9/ e mortal1 9 e possible case4 ,b private b5evol5ce is1 & ought to be1 weak] 9 "s p]sons ?an 9 o!rs2 & 9 _m1 or inde$ 9 mo/ p]sons1 mu/ absolutely fail4 ,private b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 is n ! orig9al motive ( ju/ice4 ,f all ?is x foll[s1 t we h no real or univ]sal motive = obs]v+ ! laws ( equity1 b ! v equity & m]it ( t obs]vance2 & z no action c be equitable or m]itori\s1 :]e x _c arise f "s sep>ate motive1 !re is "h an evid5t sophi/ry & reason+ 9 a circle4 ,unless1 !re=e1 we w all[ t nature has e/abli%$ a sophi/ry1 & r5d]$ x necess>y & unavoidable1 we mu/ all[1 t ! s5se ( ju/ice & inju/ice is n d]iv$ f nature1 b arises artificially1 ?\gh necess>ily1 f education1 & human conv5tions4 ,i %all add1 z a coroll>y to ?is reason+1 t s9ce no action c be laudable or blameable1 )\t "s motives or impell+ passions1 di/9ct f ! s5se ( morals1 ^! di/9ct passions mu/ h a great influ5ce on t s5se4 ',tis accord+ to _! g5]al =ce 9 human nature t we blame or praise4 ,9 judg+ ( ! beauty ( animal bodies1 we always c>ry 9 our eye ! economy ( a c]ta9 species2 & :]e ! limbs & features obs]ve t proportion :i* is common to ! species1 we pron\nce !m h&some & beautiful4 ,9 l mann]1 we always consid] ! natural & usual =ce ( ! passions1 :5 we det]m9e conc]n+ vice & virtue2 & if ! passions dep>t v mu* f ! common measures on ei!r side1 !y are always disapprov$ z vici\s4 ,a man naturally loves 8 *ildr5 bett] ?an 8 nephews1 8 nephews bett] ?an 8 c\s9s1 8 c\s9s bett] ?an /rang]s1 :]e e ?+ else is equal4 ,h5ce arise our common measures ( duty1 9 pref]r+ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,our s5se ( duty always foll[s ! common & natural c\rse ( our passions4 ,to avoid giv+ (f5ce1 ,i mu/ "h obs]ve1 t :5 ,i d5y ju/ice to be a natural virtue1 ,i make use ( ! ^w natural1 only z oppos$ to artificial4 ,9 ano!r s5se ( ! ^w1 z no pr9ciple ( ! human m9d is m natural ?an a s5se ( virtue1 s no virtue is m natural ?an ju/ice4 ,mank9d is an inv5tive species2 & :]e an inv5tion is obvi\s & absolutely necess>y1 x may z prop]ly be said to be natural z any ?+ t proce$s imm$iately f orig9al pr9ciples1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ?\ght or reflection4 ,?\gh ! rules ( ju/ice be artificial1 !y are n arbitr>y4 ,nor is ! expression improp] to call !m ,laws ( ,nature2 if by natural we und]/& :at is common to any species1 or ev5 if we conf9e x to mean :at is insep>able f ! species4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,prop]ty4 ,we n[ proce$ to exam9e two que/ions1 viz4 conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! rules ( ju/ice are e/abli%$ by ! artifice ( m52 & conc]n+ ! reasons :i* det]m9e u to attribute to ! obs]vance or neglect ( ^! rules a moral beauty & de=mity4 ,^! que/ions w appe> aft]w>ds to be di/9ct4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! =m]4 ,( all ! animals ) :i* ?is globe is peopl$1 !re is none t[>ds :om nature seems1 at fir/ sight1 to h ex]cis$ m cruelty ?an t[>ds man1 9 ! numb]less wants & necessities ) :i* %e has load$ him1 & 9 ! sl5d] means :i* %e af=ds to ! reliev+ ^! necessities4 ,9 o!r creatures1 ^! two p>ticul>s g5]ally comp5sate ea* o!r4 ,if we consid] ! lion z a voraci\s & c>nivor\s animal1 we %all easily discov] him to be v necessit\s2 b if we turn our eye to 8 make & temp]1 8 agility1 8 c\rage1 8 arms & 8 =ce1 we %all f9d t 8 advantages hold proportion ) 8 wants4 ,! %eep & ox are depriv$ ( all ^! advantages2 b _! appetites are mod]ate1 & _! food is ( easy pur*ase4 ,9 man alone ?is unnatural conjunction ( infirmity & ( necessity may be obs]v$ 9 its greate/ p]fection4 ,n only ! food :i* is requir$ = 8 su/5ance flies 8 se>* & approa*1 or at lea/ requires 8 lab\r to be produc$1 b he mu/ be possess$ ( clo!s & lodg+ to def5d him aga9/ ! injuries ( ! wea!r2 ?\gh1 to consid] him only 9 himself1 he is provid$ nei!r ) arms1 nor =ce1 nor o!r natural abilities :i* are 9 any degree answ]able to s _m necessities4 ',tis by society alone he is able to supply 8 defects1 & raise himself up to an equality ) 8 fell[-creatures1 & ev5 acquire a sup]iority above !m4 ,by society all 8 infirmities are comp5sat$2 & ?\gh 9 t situation 8 wants multiply e mom5t ^u him1 yet 8 abilities are /ill m augm5t$1 & leave him 9 e respect m satisfi$ & happy ?an 'tis possible = him1 9 8 savage & solit>y condition1 ev] to become4 ,:5 e individual p]son lab\rs ap>t1 & only = himself1 8 =ce is too small to execute any consid]able "w2 8 lab\r be+ employ$ 9 supply+ all 8 diff]5t necessities1 he nev] atta9s a p]fection 9 any p>ticul> art2 & z 8 =ce & success are n at all times equal1 ! lea/ failure 9 ei!r ( ^! p>ticul>s mu/ be att5d$ ) inevitable ru9 & mis]y4 ,society provides a rem$y = ^! ?ree inconv5i5ces4 ,by ! conjunction ( =ces1 our p[] is augm5t$2 by ! p>tition ( employm5ts1 our ability increases2 & by mutual succ\r1 we are less expos$ to =tune & accid5ts4 ',tis by ?is additional =ce1 ability1 & security1 t society becomes advantage\s4 ,b1 9 ord] to =m society1 'tis requisite n only t x be advantage\s1 b also t m5 be s5sible ( ^! advantages2 & 'tis impossible1 9 _! wild uncultivat$ /ate1 t by /udy & reflection alone !y %\ld ev] be able to atta9 ?is k4 ,mo/ =tunately1 !re=e1 !re is conjo9$ to ^? necessities1 ^: rem$ies are remote & obscure1 ano!r necessity1 :i*1 hav+ a pres5t & m obvi\s rem$y1 may ju/ly be reg>d$ z ! fir/ & orig9al pr9ciple ( human society4 ,?is necessity is no o!r ?an t natural appetite betwixt ! sexes1 :i* unites !m toge!r1 & pres]ves _! union1 till a new tie takes place 9 _! conc]n = _! common (fspr+4 ,?is new conc]n becomes also a pr9ciple ( union betwixt ! p>5ts & (fspr+1 & =ms a m num]\s society1 :]e ! p>5ts gov]n by ! advantage ( _! sup]ior /r5g? & wisdom1 & at ! same "t are re/ra9$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _! au?ority by t natural affection :i* !y be> _! *ildr54 ,9 a little "t1 cu/om & habit1 op]at+ on ! t5d] m9ds ( ! *ildr51 makes !m s5sible ( ! advantages :i* !y may reap f society1 z well z fa%ions !m by degrees = x1 by rubb+ (f ^? r\gh com]s & unt[>d affections :i* prev5t _! coalition4 ,= x mu/ be confe/1 t h[ev] ! circum/ances ( human nature may r5d] an union necess>y1 & h[ev] ^? passions ( lu/ & natural affection may seem to r5d] x unavoidable1 yet !re are o!r p>ticul>s 9 our natural temp]1 & 9 our outw>d circum/ances1 :i* are v incommodi\s1 & are ev5 contr>y to ! requisite conjunction4 ,among ! =m] we may ju/ly e/eem our selfi%ness to be ! mo/ consid]able4 ,i am s5sible t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! repres5tations ( ?is quality h be5 c>ri$ mu* too f>2 & t ! descriptions :i* c]ta9 philosoph]s delight s mu* to =m ( mank9d 9 ?is p>ticul>1 are z wide ( nature z any acc\nts ( mon/]s :i* we meet ) 9 fables & romances4 ,s f> f ?9k+ t m5 h no affect ion = any ?+ beyond !mselves1 ,i am ( op9ion t1 ?\gh x be r>e to meet ) "o :o loves any s+le p]son bett] ?an himself1 yet 'tis z r>e to meet ) "o 9 :om all ! k9d affections1 tak5 toge!r1 d n ov]balance all ! selfi%4 ,consult common exp]i5ce2 d y n see1 t ?\gh ! :ole exp5se ( ! family be g5]ally "u ! direction ( ! ma/] ( x1 yet !re are few t d n be/[ ! l>ge/ "p ( _! =tunes on ! pleasures ( _! wives & ! education ( _! *ildr51 res]v+ ! smalle/ portion = _! own prop] use & ent]ta9m5t8 ,?is is :at we may obs]ve conc]n+ su* z h ^? ende>+ ties2 & may presume1 t ! case w\ld be ! same ) o!rs1 7 !y plac$ 9 a l situation4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is g5]osity mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to ! hon\r ( human nature1 we may at ! same "t rem>k1 t s noble an affection1 in/ead ( fitt+ m5 = l>ge societies1 is almo/ z contr>y to !m z ! mo/ n>r[ selfi%ness4 ,= :ile ea* p]son loves himself bett] ?an any o!r s+le p]son1 & 9 8 love to o!rs be>s ! greate/ affection to 8 relations & acqua9tance1 ?is mu/ necess>ily produce an opposition ( passions1 & a consequ5t opposition ( actions1 :i* _c b be dang]\s to ! new-e/abli%$ union4 ',tis1 h[ev]1 wor? :ile to rem>k1 t ?is contr>iety ( passions w\ld be att5d$ ) b small dang]1 did x n concur ) a peculi>ity 9 our outw>d circum/ances1 :i* af=ds x an opportunity ( ex]t+ itself4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t species ( goods :i* we are possess$ (2 ! int]nal satisfaction our m9ds2 ! ext]nal advantages ( our body2 & ! enjoym5t ( su* possessions z we h acquir$ by our indu/ry & good =tune4 ,we are p]fectly secure 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! fir/4 ,! second may be ravi%$ f u1 b c be ( no advantage to him :o deprives u ( !m4 ,! la/ only are bo? expos$ to ! viol5ce ( o!rs1 & may be transf]r$ )\t suff]+ any loss or alt]ation2 :ile at ! same "t !re is n a suffici5t quantity ( !m to supply e "o's desires & necessities4 ,z ! improvem5t1 !re=e1 ( ^! goods is ! *ief advantage ( society1 s ! in/ability ( _! possession1 along ) _! sc>city1 is ! *ief imp$im5t4 ,9 va9 %\ld we expect to f9d1 9 uncultivat$ nature1 a rem$y to ?is inconv5i5ce2 or hope = any in>tificial pr9ciple ( ! human m9d :i* might control ^? p>tial affections1 & make u ov]come ! temptations aris+ f our circum/ances4 ,! idea ( ju/ice c nev] s]ve to ?is purpose1 or be tak5 = a natural pr9ciple1 capable ( inspir+ m5 ) an equitable conduct t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,t virtue1 z x is n[ und]/ood1 w\ld nev] h be5 dream$ ( among rude & savage m54 ,= ! notion ( injury or inju/ice implies an immorality or vice committ$ aga9/ "s o!r p]son3 ,& z e immorality is d]iv$ f "s defect or uns\ndness ( ! passions1 & z ?is defect mu/ be judg$ (1 9 a great measure1 f ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature 9 ! con/itution ( ! m9d1 'twill be easy to "k :e!r we be guilty ( any immorality ) reg>d to o!rs1 by consid]+ ! natural & usual =ce ( ^? sev]al affections :i* are direct$ t[>ds !m4 ,n[1 x appe>s t1 9 ! orig9al frame ( our m9d1 our /ronge/ att5tion is conf9$ to ourselves2 our next is ext5d$ to our relations & acqua9tance2 & 'tis only ! weake/ :i* rea*es to /rang]s & indiff]5t p]sons4 ,?is p>tiality1 !n1 & unequal affection1 mu/ n only h an influ5ce on our behavi\r & conduct 9 society1 b ev5 on our ideas ( vice & virtue2 s z to make u reg>d any rem>kable transgression ( su* a degree ( p>tiality1 ei!r by too great an enl>gem5t or contraction ( ! affections1 z vici\s & immoral4 ,?is we may obs]ve 9 our common judgm5ts conc]n+ actions1 :]e we blame a p]son :o ei!r c5tres all 8 affections 9 8 family1 or is s reg>dless ( !m z1 9 any opposition ( int]e/1 to give ! pref]5ce to a /rang] or m]e *ance acqua9tance4 ,f all :i* x foll[s1 t our natural uncultivat$ ideas ( morality1 in/ead ( provid+ a rem$y = ! p>tiality ( our affections1 d r con=m !mselves to t p>tiality1 & give x an additional =ce & influ5ce4 ,! rem$y1 !n1 is n d]iv$ f nature1 b f artifice2 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 nature provides a rem$y1 9 ! judgm5t & und]/&+1 = :at is irregul> & incommodi\s 9 ! affections4 ,= :5 m51 f _! e>ly education 9 society1 h become s5sible ( ! inf9ite advantages t result f x1 & h besides acquir$ a new affection to company & conv]sation1 & :5 !y h obs]v$1 t ! pr9cipal di/urbance 9 society arises f ^? goods1 :i* we call ext]nal1 & f _! loos5ess & easy transition f "o p]son to ano!r1 !y mu/ seek = a rem$y1 by putt+ ^! goods1 z f> z possible1 on ! same foot+ ) ! fix$ & con/ant advantages ( ! m9d & body4 ,?is c be done aft] no o!r mann]1 ?an by a conv5tion ent]$ into by all ! memb]s ( ! society to be/[ /ability on ! possession ( ^? ext]nal goods1 & leave e "o 9 ! peaceable enjoym5t ( :at he may acquire by 8 =tune & indu/ry4 ,by ?is means1 e "o kn[s :at he may safely possess2 & ! passions are re/ra9$ 9 _! p>tial & contradictory motions4 ,nor is su* a re/ra9t contr>y to ^! passions2 =1 if s1 x c\ld nev] be ent]$ into nor ma9ta9$2 b x is only contr>y to _! he$less & impetu\s movem5t4 ,in/ead ( dep>t+ f our own int]e/1 or f t ( our ne>e/ fri5ds1 by ab/a9+ f ! possessions ( o!rs1 we _c bett] consult bo? ^! int]e/s1 ?an by su* a conv5tion2 because x is by t means we ma9ta9 society1 :i* is s necess>y to _! well-be+ & subsi/5ce1 z well z to our own4 ,?is conv5tion is n ( ! nature ( a promise2 = ev5 promises !mselves1 z we %all see aft]w>ds1 arise f human conv5tions4 ,x is only a g5]al s5se ( common int]e/2 :i* s5se all ! memb]s ( ! society express to "o ano!r1 & :i* induces !m to regulate _! conduct by c]ta9 rules4 ,i obs]ve1 t x w be = my int]e/ to leave ano!r 9 ! possession ( 8 goods1 provid$ he w act 9 ! same mann] ) reg>d to me4 ,he is s5sible ( a l int]e/ 9 ! regulation ( 8 conduct4 ,:5 ?is common s5se ( int]e/ is mutually express$1 & is kn[n to bo?1 x produces a suitable resolution & behavi\r4 ,& ?is may prop]ly en\gh be call$ a conv5tion or agreem5t betwixt u1 ?\gh )\t ! int]position ( a promise2 s9ce ! actions ( ea* ( u h a ref]5ce to ^? ( ! o!r1 & are p]=m$ ^u ! supposition t some?+ is to be p]=m$ on ! o!r "p4 ,two m5 :o pull ! o>s ( a boat1 d x by an agreem5t or conv5tion1 ?\gh !y h nev] giv5 promises to ea* o!r4 ,nor is ! rule conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession ! less d]iv$ f human conv5tions1 t x arises gradually1 & acquires =ce by a sl[ progression1 & by our repeat$ exp]i5ce ( ! inconv5i5ces ( transgress+ x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is exp]i5ce assures u /ill m1 t ! s5se ( int]e/ has become common to all our fell[s1 & gives u a confid5ce ( ! future regul>ity ( _! conduct2 & 'tis only on ! expectation ( ?is t our mod]ation & ab/95ce are f\nd$4 ,9 l mann] are languages gradually e/abli%$ by human conv5tions1 )\t any promise4 ,9 l mann] d gold & silv] become ! common measures ( ex*ange1 & are e/eem$ suffici5t paym5t = :at is ( a hundr$ times _! value4 ,aft] ?is conv5tion1 conc]n+ ab/95ce f ! possessions ( o!rs1 is ent]$ into1 & e "o has acquir$ a /ability 9 8 possessions1 !re imm$iately arise ! ideas ( ju/ice & inju/ice2 z also ^? ( prop]ty1 "r1 & obligation4 ,! latt] are altoge!r un9telligible1 )\t fir/ und]/&+ ! =m]4 ,our prop]ty is no?+ b ^? goods1 ^: con/ant possession is e/abli%$ by ! laws ( society2 t is1 by ! laws ( ju/ice4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o make use ( ! words prop]ty1 or "r1 or obligation1 be=e !y h expla9$ ! orig9 ( ju/ice1 or ev5 make use ( !m 9 t explication1 are guilty ( a v gross fallacy1 & c nev] reason ^u any solid f\ndation4 ,a man's prop]ty is "s object relat$ to him4 ,?is relation is n natural1 b moral1 & f\nd$ on ju/ice4 ',tis v prepo/]\s1 !re=e1 to imag9e t we c h any idea ( prop]ty1 )\t fully compreh5d+ ! nature ( ju/ice1 & %[+ its orig9 9 ! artifice & contrivance ( m54 ,! orig9 ( ju/ice expla9s t ( prop]ty4 ,! same artifice gives rise to bo?4 ,z our fir/ & mo/ natural s5tim5t ( morals is f\nd$ on ! nature ( our passions1 & gives ! pref]5ce to ourselves & fri5ds above /rang]s1 'tis impossible !re c be naturally any su* ?+ z a fix$ "r or prop]ty1 :ile ! opposite passions ( m5 impel !m 9 contr>y directions1 & are n re/ra9$ by any conv5tion or agreem5t4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! conv5tion = ! di/9ction ( prop]ty1 & = ! /ability ( possession1 is ( all circum/ances ! mo/ necess>y to ! e/abli%m5t ( human society1 & t1 aft] ! agreem5t = ! fix+ & obs]v+ ( ?is rule1 !re rema9s little or no?+ to be done t[>ds settl+ a p]fect h>mony & concord4 ,all ! o!r passions1 beside ?is ( int]e/1 are ei!r easily re/ra9$1 or are n ( su* p]nici\s consequ5ce :5 indulg$4 ,vanity is r to be e/eem$ a social passion1 & a bond ( union among m54 ,pity & love are to be consid]$ 9 ! same light4 ,& z to envy & rev5ge1 ?\gh p]nici\s1 !y op]ate only by int]vals1 & are direct$ aga9/ p>ticul> p]sons1 :om we consid] z our sup]iors or enemies4 ,?is avidity alone1 ( acquir+ goods & possessions = ourselves & our ne>e/ fri5ds1 is insatiable1 p]petual1 univ]sal1 & directly de/ructive ( society4 ,!re sc>ce is any "o :o is n actuat$ by x2 & !re is no "o :o has n reason to fe> f x1 :5 x acts )\t any re/ra9t1 & gives way to its fir/ & mo/ natural movem5ts4 ,s t1 ^u ! :ole1 we are to e/eem ! difficulties 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( society to be great] or less1 accord+ to ^? we enc\nt] 9 regulat+ & re/ra9+ ?is passion4 ',tis c]ta91 t no affection ( ! human m9d has bo? a suffici5t =ce & a prop] direction to c\nt]balance ! love ( ga91 & r5d] m5 fit memb]s ( society1 by mak+ !m ab/a9 f ! possessions ( o!rs4 ,b5evol5ce to /rang]s is too weak = ?is purpose2 & z to ! o!r passions1 !y r inflame ?is avidity1 :5 we obs]ve1 t ! l>g] our possessions are1 ! m ability we h ( gratify+ all our appetites4 ,!re is no passion1 !re=e1 capable ( controll+ ! int]e/$ affection1 b ! v affection itself1 by an alt]ation ( its direction4 ,n[1 ?is alt]ation mu/ necess>ily take place ^u ! lea/ reflection2 s9ce 'tis evid5t t ! passion is mu* bett] satisfi$ by its re/ra9t ?an by its lib]ty1 & t1 9 pres]v+ society1 we make mu* great] advances 9 ! acquir+ possessions1 ?an 9 ! solit>y & =lorn condition :i* mu/ foll[ ^u viol5ce & an univ]sal lic5se4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 conc]n+ ! wick$ness or goodness ( human nature1 ent]s n 9 ! lea/ into t o!r "q conc]n+ ! orig9 ( society2 nor is !re any ?+ to be consid]$ b ! degrees ( m5's sagacity or folly4 ,= :e!r ! passion ( self-int]e/ be e/eem$ vici\s or virtu\s1 'tis all a case1 s9ce itself alone re/ra9s x2 s t if x be virtu\s1 m5 become social by _! virtue2 if vici\s1 _! vice has ! same effect4 ,n[1 z 'tis by e/abli%+ ! rule = ! /ability ( possession t ?is passion re/ra9s itself1 if t rule be v ab/ruse & ( difficult inv5tion1 society mu/ be e/eem$ 9 a mann] accid5tal1 & ! effect ( _m ages4 ,b if x be f\nd1 t no?+ c be m simple & obvi\s ?an t rule2 t e p>5t1 9 ord] to pres]ve peace among 8 *ildr51 mu/ e/abli% x2 & t ^! fir/ rudim5ts ( ju/ice mu/ e day be improv$1 z ! society enl>ges3 if all ?is appe> evid5t1 z x c]ta9ly mu/1 we may conclude t 'tis utt]ly impossible = m5 to rema9 any consid]able "t 9 t savage condition :i* prec$es society1 b t 8 v fir/ /ate & situation may ju/ly be e/eem$ social4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 h9d]s n b t philosoph]s may1 if !y please1 ext5d _! reason+ to ! suppos$ /ate ( nature2 provid$ !y all[ x to be a m]e philosophical fiction1 :i* nev] _h1 & nev] c\ld h1 any reality4 ,human nature be+ compos$ ( two pr9cipal p>ts1 :i* are requisite 9 all its actions1 ! affections & und]/&+1 'tis c]ta9 t ! bl9d motions ( ! =m]1 )\t ! direction ( ! latt]1 incapacitate m5 = society2 & x may be all[$ u to consid] sep>ately ! effects t result f ! sep>ate op]ations ( ^! two compon5t p>ts ( ! m9d4 ,! same lib]ty may be p]mitt$ to moral1 :i* is all[$ to natural philosoph]s2 & 'tis v usual ) ! latt] to consid] any motion z comp\nd$ & consi/+ ( two p>ts sep>ate f ea* o!r1 ?\gh at ! same "t !y ackn[l$ge x to be 9 itself uncomp\nd$ & insep>able4 ,?is /ate ( nature1 !re=e1 is to be reg>d$ z a m]e fiction1 n unlike t ( ! gold5 age :i* poets h inv5t$2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! =m] is describ$ z full ( w>1 viol5ce & inju/ice2 :]eas ! latt] is pa9t$ out to u z ! mo/ *>m+ & mo/ peaceable condition t c possibly be imag9$4 ,! seasons1 9 t fir/ age ( nature1 7 s temp]ate1 if we may believe ! poets1 t !re 0 no necessity = m5 to provide !mselves ) clo!s & h\ses z a security aga9/ ! viol5ce ( heat & cold4 ,! riv]s fl[$ ) w9e & milk2 ! oaks yield$ honey2 & nature spontane\sly produc$ h] greate/ delicacies4 ,nor 7 ^! ! *ief advantages ( t happy age4 ,! /orms & tempe/s 7 n alone remov$ f nature2 b ^? m furi\s tempe/s 7 unkn[n to human brea/s1 :i* n[ cause su* upro>1 & eng5d] su* confusion4 ,av>ice1 ambition1 cruelty1 selfi%ness1 7 nev] he>d (3 cordial affection1 compassion1 sympa?y1 7 ! only movem5ts ) :i* ! human m9d 0 yet acqua9t$4 ,ev5 ! di/9ction ( m9e & ?9e 0 bani%$ f t happy race ( mortals1 & c>ri$ ) !m ! v notions ( prop]ty & obligation1 ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is to be reg>d$ z an idle fiction2 b yet des]ves our att5tion1 because no?+ c m evid5tly %[ ! orig9 ( ^? virtues1 :i* are ! subjects ( our pres5t inquiry4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t ju/ice takes its rise f human conv5tions2 & t ^! are int5d$ z a rem$y to "s inconv5i5ces1 :i* proce$ f ! concurr5ce ( c]ta9 qualities ( ! human m9d ) ! situation ( ext]nal objects4 ,! qualities ( ! m9d are selfi%ness & limit$ g5]osity3 & ! situation ( ext]nal objects is _! easy *ange1 jo9$ to _! sc>city 9 comp>ison ( ! wants & desires ( m54 ,b h[ev] philosoph]s may h be5 bewild]$ 9 ^? speculations1 poets h be5 guid$ m infallibly1 by a c]ta9 ta/e or common in/9ct1 :i*1 9 mo/ k9ds ( reason+1 goes f>!r ?an any ( t art & philosophy ) :i* we h be5 yet acqua9t$4 ,!y easily p]ceiv$1 if e man _h a t5d] reg>d = ano!r1 or if nature suppli$ abundantly all our wants & desires1 t ! jeal\sy ( int]e/1 :i* ju/ice supposes1 c\ld no long] h place2 nor w\ld !re be any occasion = ^? di/9ctions & limits ( prop]ty & possession1 :i* at pres5t are 9 use among mank9d4 ,increase to a suffici5t degree ! b5evol5ce ( m51 or ! b\nty ( nature1 & y r5d] ju/ice useless1 by supply+ its place ) mu* nobl] virtues1 & m valuable bless+s4 ,! selfi%ness ( m5 is animat$ by ! few possessions we h1 9 proportion to our wants2 & 'tis to re/ra9 ?is selfi%ness1 t m5 h be5 oblig$ to sep>ate !mselves f ! community1 & to di/+ui% betwixt _! own goods & ^? ( o!rs4 ,nor ne$ we h rec\rse to ! fictions ( poets to le>n ?is2 b1 beside ! reason ( ! ?+1 may discov] ! same tru? by common exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ',tis easy to rem>k1 t a cordial affection r5d]s all ?+s common among fri5ds2 & t m>ri$ p1 9 p>ticul>1 mutually lose _! prop]ty1 & are unacqua9t$ ) ! m9e & ?9e1 :i* are s necess>y1 & yet cause su* di/urbance 9 human society4 ,! same effect arises f any alt]ation 9 ! circum/ances ( mank9d2 z :5 !re is su* a pl5ty ( any ?+ z satisfies all ! desires ( m53 9 :i* case ! di/9ction ( prop]ty is entirely lo/1 & e ?+ rema9s 9 common4 ,?is we may obs]ve ) reg>d to air & wat]1 ?\gh ! mo/ valuable ( all ext]nal objects2 & may easily conclude1 t if m5 7 suppli$ ) e ?+ 9 ! same abundance1 or if e "o _h ! same affection & t5d] reg>d = e "o z = himself1 ju/ice & inju/ice w\ld be equally unkn[n among mank9d4 ,"h !n is a proposition1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 may be reg>d$ z c]ta91 t 'tis only f ! selfi%ness & conf9$ g5]osity ( m51 along ) ! scanty provision nature has made = 8 wants1 t ju/ice d]ives its orig94 ,if we look backw>d we %all f9d1 t ?is proposition be/[s an additional =ce on "s ( ^? obs]vations :i* we h already made on ?is subject4 ,fir/1 ,we may conclude f x1 t a reg>d to public int]e/1 or a /rong ext5sive b5evol5ce1 is n our fir/ & orig9al motive = ! obs]vation ( ! rules ( ju/ice2 s9ce 'tis all[$1 t if m5 7 end[$ ) su* a b5evol5ce1 ^! rules w\ld nev] h be5 dreamt (4 ,secondly1 ,we may conclude f ! same pr9ciple1 t ! s5se ( ju/ice is n f\nd$ on reason1 or on ! discov]y ( c]ta9 connexions & relations ( ideas1 :i* are et]nal1 immutable1 & univ]sally obligatory4 ,= s9ce x is confess$1 t su* an alt]ation z t above-m5tion$1 9 ! temp] & circum/ances ( mank9d1 w\ld entirely alt] our duties & obligations1 'tis necess>y ^u ! common sy/em1 t ! s5se ( virtue is d]iv$ f reason1 to %[ ! *ange :i* ?is mu/ produce 9 ! relations & ideas4 ,b 'tis evid5t1 t ! only cause :y ! ext5sive g5]osity ( man1 & ! p]fect abundance ( e ?+1 w\ld de/roy ! v idea ( ju/ice1 is1 because !y r5d] x useless2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 8 conf9$ b5evol5ce1 & 8 necessit\s condition1 give rise to t virtue1 only by mak+ x requisite to ! public int]e/1 & to t ( e individual4 ',twas !re=e a conc]n = our own & ! public int]e/ :i* made u e/abli% ! laws ( ju/ice2 & no?+ c be m c]ta91 ?an t x is n any relation ( ideas :i* gives u ?is conc]n1 b our impressions & s5tim5ts1 )\t :i* e ?+ 9 nature is p]fectly indiff]5t to u1 & c nev] 9 ! lea/ affect u4 ,! s5se ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 is n f\nd$ on our ideas1 b on our impressions4 ,?irdly1 ,we may f>!r confirm ! =ego+ proposition1 t ^? impressions1 :i* give rise to ?is s5se ( ju/ice1 are n natural to ! m9d ( man1 b arise f artifice & human conv5tions4 ,=1 s9ce any consid]able alt]ation ( temp] & circum/ances de/roys equally ju/ice & inju/ice2 & s9ce su* an alt]ation has an effect only by *ang+ our own & ! public int]e/1 x foll[s1 t ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( ! rules ( ju/ice dep5ds on ^! diff]5t int]e/s4 ,b if m5 pursu$ ! public int]e/ naturally1 & ) a he>ty affection1 !y w\ld nev] h dream$ ( re/ra9+ ea* o!r by ^! rules2 & if !y pursu$ _! own int]e/1 )\t any precaution1 !y w\ld run headlong into e k9d ( inju/ice & viol5ce4 ,^! rules1 !re=e1 are artificial1 & seek _! end 9 an oblique & indirect mann]2 nor is ! int]e/ :i* gives rise to !m ( a k9d t c\ld be pursu$ by ! natural & in>tificial passions ( m54 ,to make ?is m evid5t1 consid]1 t1 ?\gh ! rules ( ju/ice are e/abli%$ m]ely by int]e/1 _! connexion ) int]e/ is some:at s+ul>1 & is diff]5t f :at may be obs]v$ on o!r occasions4 ,a s+le act ( ju/ice is frequ5tly contr>y to public int]e/2 & 7 x to /& alone1 )\t be+ foll[$ by o!r acts1 may1 9 itself1 be v prejudicial to society4 ,:5 a man ( m]it1 ( a b5efic5t disposition1 re/ores a great =tune to a mis]1 or a s$iti\s bigot1 he has act$ ju/ly & laudably2 b ! public is a real suff]]4 ,nor is e s+le act ( ju/ice1 consid]$ ap>t1 m conducive to private int]e/ ?an to public2 & 'tis easily conceiv$ h[ a man may impov]i% himself by a signal in/ance ( integrity1 & h reason to wi%1 t1 ) reg>d to t s+le act1 ! laws ( ju/ice 7 = a mom5t susp5d$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,b1 h[ev] s+le acts ( ju/ice may be contr>y1 ei!r to public or private int]e/1 'tis c]ta9 t ! :ole plan or s*eme is highly conducive1 or inde$ absolutely requisite1 bo? to ! support ( society1 & ! well-be+ ( e individual4 ',tis impossible to sep>ate ! good f ! ill4 ,prop]ty mu/ be /able1 & mu/ be fix$ by g5]al rules4 ,?\gh 9 "o in/ance ! public be a suff]]1 ?is mom5t>y ill is amply comp5sat$ by ! /eady prosecution ( ! rule1 & by ! peace & ord] :i* x e/abli%es 9 society4 ,& ev5 e individual p]son mu/ f9d himself a ga9] on balanc+ ! acc\nt2 s9ce1 )\t ju/ice1 society mu/ imm$iately dissolve1 & e "o mu/ fall into t savage & solit>y condition1 :i* is inf9itely worse ?an ! wor/ situation t c possibly be suppos$ 9 society4 ,:51 !re=e1 m5 h _h exp]i5ce en\gh to obs]ve1 t1 :atev] may be ! consequ5ce ( any s+le act ( ju/ice1 p]=m$ by a s+le p]son1 yet ! :ole sy/em ( actions concurr$ 9 by ! :ole society1 is inf9itely advantage\s to ! :ole1 & to e "p1 x is n long be=e ju/ice & prop]ty take place4 ,e memb] ( society is s5sible ( ?is int]e/3 e "o expresses ?is s5se to 8 fell[s1 along ) ! resolution he has tak5 ( squ>+ 8 actions by x1 on condition t o!rs w d ! same4 ,no m is requisite to induce any "o ( !m to p]=m an act ( ju/ice1 :o has ! fir/ opportunity4 ,?is becomes an example to o!rs2 & ?us ju/ice e/abli%es itself by a k9d ( conv5tion or agreem5t1 t is1 by a s5se ( int]e/1 suppos$ to be common to all1 & :]e e s+le act is p]=m$ 9 expectation t o!rs are to p]=m ! l4 ,)\t su* a conv5tion1 no "o w\ld ev] h dream$ t !re 0 su* a virtue z ju/ice1 or h be5 induc$ to con=m 8 actions to x4 ,tak+ any s+le act1 my ju/ice may be p]nici\s 9 e respect2 & 'tis only ^u ! supposition t o!rs are to imitate my example1 t ,i c be induc$ to embrace t virtue2 s9ce no?+ b ?is comb9ation c r5d] ju/ice advantage\s1 or af=d me any motives to con=m myself to its rules4 ,we come n[ to ! second "q we propos$1 viz4 ,:y we annex ! idea ( virtue to ju/ice1 & ( vice to inju/ice4 ,?is "q w n deta9 u long aft] ! pr9ciples :i* we h already e/abli%$4 ,all we c say ( x at pres5t w be despat*$ 9 a few words3 & = f>!r satisfaction1 ! read] mu/ wait till we come to ! ?ird "p ( ?is book4 ,! natural obligation to ju/ice1 viz4 int]e/1 has be5 fully expla9$2 b z to ! moral obligation1 or ! s5tim5t ( "r & wrong1 'twill fir/ be requisite to exam9e ! natural virtues1 be=e we c give a full & satisfactory acc\nt ( x4 ,aft] m5 h f\nd by exp]i5ce1 t _! selfi%ness & conf9$ g5]osity1 act+ at _! lib]ty1 totally incapacitate !m = society2 & at ! same "t h obs]v$1 t society is necess>y to ! satisfaction ( ^? v passions1 !y are naturally induc$ to lay !mselves "u ! re/ra9t ( su* rules1 z may r5d] _! comm]ce m safe & commodi\s4 ,to ! imposition1 !n1 & obs]vance ( ^! rules1 bo? 9 g5]al1 & 9 e p>ticul> in/ance1 !y are at fir/ induc$ only by a reg>d to int]e/2 & ?is motive1 on ! fir/ =mation ( society1 is suffici5tly /rong & =cible4 ,b :5 society has become num]\s1 & has increas$ to a tribe or nation1 ?is int]e/ is m remote2 nor d m5 s readily p]ceive t disord] & confusion foll[ ^u e brea* ( ^! rules1 z 9 a m n>r[ & contract$ society4 ,b ?\gh1 9 our own actions1 we may frequ5tly lose sight ( t int]e/ :i* we h 9 ma9ta9+ ord]1 & may foll[ a less] & m pres5t int]e/1 we nev] fail to obs]ve ! prejudice we receive1 ei!r m$iately or imm$iately1 f ! inju/ice ( o!rs2 z n be+ 9 t case ei!r bl9d$ by passion1 or biass$ by any contr>y temptation4 ,nay1 :5 ! inju/ice is s di/ant f u z no way to affect our int]e/1 x /ill displeases u2 because we consid] x z prejudicial to human society1 & p]nici\s to e "o t approa*es ! p]son guilty ( x4 ,we p>take ( _! uneas9ess by sympa?y2 & z e ?+ :i* gives uneas9ess 9 human actions1 ^u ! g5]al survey1 is call$ ,vice1 & :atev] produces satisfaction1 9 ! same mann]1 is d5om9at$ ,virtue1 ?is is ! reason :y ! s5se ( moral good & evil foll[s ^u ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,& ?\gh ?is s5se1 9 ! pres5t case1 be d]iv$ only f contemplat+ ! actions ( o!rs1 yet we fail n to ext5d x ev5 to our own actions4 ,! g5]al rule rea*es beyond ^? in/ances f :i* x arose2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 we naturally sympa?ize ) o!rs 9 ! s5tim5ts !y ent]ta9 ( u4 ,?\gh ?is progress ( ! s5tim5ts be natural1 & ev5 necess>y1 'tis c]ta91 t x is "h =w>d$ by ! artifice ( politicians1 :o1 9 ord] to gov]n m5 m easily1 & pres]ve peace 9 human society1 h endeav\r$ to produce an e/eem = ju/ice1 & an abhorr5ce ( inju/ice4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 mu/ h its effect2 b no?+ c be m evid5t1 ?an t ! matt] has be5 c>ri$ too f> by c]ta9 writ]s on morals1 :o seem to h employ$ _! utmo/ ef=ts to extirpate all s5se ( virtue f among mank9d4 ,any artifice ( politicians may assi/ nature 9 ! produc+ ( ^? s5tim5ts1 :i* %e sugge/s to u1 & may ev51 on "s occasions1 produce alone an approbation or e/eem = any p>ticul> action2 b 'tis impossible x %\ld be ! sole cause ( ! di/9ction we make betwixt vice & virtue4 ,= if nature did n aid u 9 ?is p>ticul>1 'tw\ld be 9 va9 = politicians to talk ( hon\rable or di%on\rable1 praisewor?y or blameable4 ,^! words w\ld be p]fectly un9telligible1 & w\ld no m h any idea annex$ to !m1 ?an if !y 7 ( a tongue p]fectly unkn[n to u4 ,! utmo/ politicians c p]=m1 is to ext5d ! natural s5tim5ts beyond _! orig9al b\nds2 b /ill nature mu/ furni% ! mat]ials1 & give u "s notion ( moral di/9ctions4 ,z public praise & blame increase our e/eem = ju/ice1 s private education & in/ruction contribute to ! same effect4 ,= z p>5ts easily obs]ve1 t a man is ! m useful1 bo? to himself & o!rs1 ! great] degree ( probity & hon\r he is end[$ )1 & t ^? pr9ciples h1 great] =ce :5 cu/om & education assi/ int]e/ & reflection3 = ^! reasons !y are induc$ to inculcate on _! *ildr51 f _! e>lie/ infancy1 ! pr9ciples ( probity1 & tea* !m to reg>d ! obs]vance ( ^? rules by :i* society is ma9ta9$1 z wor?y & hon\rable1 & _! violation z base & infam\s4 ,by ?is means ! s5tim5ts ( hon\r may take root 9 _! t5d] m9ds1 & acquire su* firmness & solidity1 t !y may fall little %ort ( ^? pr9ciples :i* are ! mo/ ess5tial to our natures1 & ! mo/ deeply radicat$ 9 our int]nal con/itution4 ,:at f>!r contributes to increase _! solidity1 is ! int]e/ ( our reputation1 aft] ! op9ion1 t a m]it or dem]it att5ds ju/ice or inju/ice1 is once firmly e/abli%$ among mank9d4 ,!re is no?+ :i* t\*es u m ne>ly ?an our reputation1 & no?+ on :i* our reputation m dep5ds ?an our conduct ) relation to ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,= ?is reason1 e "o :o has any reg>d to 8 "*1 or :o int5ds to live on good t]ms ) mank9d1 mu/ fix an inviolable law to himself1 nev]1 by any temptation1 to be induc$ to violate ^? pr9ciples :i* are ess5tial to a man ( probity & hon\r4 ,i %all make only "o obs]vation be=e ,i leave ?is subject1 viz4 t1 ?\gh ,i ass]t t1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 or t imag9>y /ate :i* prec$$ society1 !re be nei!r ju/ice nor inju/ice1 yet ,i ass]t n t x 0 all[able1 9 su* a /ate1 to violate ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,i only ma9ta91 t !re 0 no su* ?+ z prop]ty2 & consequ5tly c\ld be no su* ?+ z ju/ice or inju/ice4 ,i %all h occasion to make a simil> reflection ) reg>d to promises1 :5 ,i come to treat ( !m2 & ,i hope ?is reflection1 :5 duly weigh$1 w suffice to remove all odium f ! =ego+ op9ions1 ) reg>d to ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,rules ,,:i* ,,det]m9e ,,prop]ty4 ,?\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( ! rule1 conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession1 be n only useful1 b ev5 absolutely necess>y to human society1 x c nev] s]ve to any purpose1 :ile x rema9s 9 su* g5]al t]ms4 ,"s me?od mu/ be %[n1 by :i* we may di/+ui% :at p>ticul> goods are to be assign$ to ea* p>ticul> p]son1 :ile ! re/ ( mank9d are exclud$ f _! possession & enjoym5t4 ,our next bus9ess1 !n1 mu/ be to discov] ! reasons :i* modify ?is g5]al rule1 & fit x to ! common use & practice ( ! _w4 ',tis obvi\s1 t ^? reasons are n d]iv$ f any utility or advantage1 :i* ei!r ! p>ticul> p]son or ! public may reap f 8 enjoym5t ( any p>ticul> goods1 beyond :at w\ld result f ! possession ( !m by any o!r p]son4 ',tw]e bett]1 no d\bt1 t e "o 7 possess$ ( :at is mo/ suitable to him1 & prop] = 8 use3 ,b besides1 t ?is relation ( fitness may be common to sev]al at once1 'tis liable to s _m controv]sies1 & m5 are s p>tial & passionate 9 judg+ ( ^! controv]sies1 t su* a loose & unc]ta9 rule w\ld be absolutely incompatible ) ! peace ( human society4 ,! conv5tion conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession is ent]$ into1 9 ord] to cut (f all occasions ( discord & cont5tion2 & ?is end w\ld nev] be atta9$1 7 we all[$ to apply ?is rule diff]5tly 9 e p>ticul> case1 accord+ to e p>ticul> utility :i* might be discov]$ 9 su* an application4 ,ju/ice1 9 h] decisions1 nev] reg>ds ! fitness or unfitness ( objects to p>ticul> p]sons1 b conducts h]self by m ext5sive views4 ,:e!r a man be g5]\s1 or a mis]1 he is equally well receiv$ by h]1 & obta9s1 ) ! same facility1 a decision 9 8 fav\r1 ev5 = :at is entirely useless to him4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! g5]al rule1 t possession mu/ be /able1 is n appli$ by p>ticul> judgm5ts1 b by o!r g5]al rules1 :i* mu/ ext5d to ! :ole society1 & be inflexible ei!r by spite or fav\r4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 ,i propose ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,i fir/ consid] m5 9 _! savage & solit>y condition2 & suppose t1 be+ s5sible ( ! mis]y ( t /ate1 & =esee+ ! advantages t w\ld result f society1 !y seek ea* o!r's company1 & make an (f] ( mutual protection & assi/ance4 ,i also suppose t !y are end[$ ) su* sagacity z imm$iately to p]ceive t ! *ief imp$im5t to ?is project ( society & p>tn]%ip lies 9 ! avidity & selfi%ness ( _! natural temp]2 to rem$y :i*1 !y ent] into a conv5tion :i* = ! /ability ( possession1 & = mutual re/ra9t & =be>ance4 ,i am s5sible t ?is me?od ( proce$+ is n altoge!r natural2 b1 besides t1 ,i "h only suppose ^? reflections to be =m$ at once1 :i*1 9 fact1 arise ins5sibly & by degrees2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 'tis v possible t sev]al p]sons1 be+ by diff]5t accid5ts sep>at$ f ! societies to :i* !y =m]ly belong$1 may be oblig$ to =m a new society among !mselves2 9 :i* case !y are entirely 9 ! situation above-m5tion$4 ',tis evid5t1 !n1 t _! fir/ difficulty 9 ?is situation1 aft] ! g5]al conv5tion = ! e/abli%m5t ( society1 & = ! con/ancy ( possession1 is1 h[ to sep>ate _! possessions1 & assign to ea* 8 p>ticul> portion1 :i* he mu/ = ! future unalt]ably enjoy4 ,?is difficulty w n deta9 !m long2 b x mu/ imm$iately occur to !m1 z ! mo/ natural exp$i5t1 t e "o cont9ue to enjoy :at he is at pres5t ma/] (1 & t prop]ty or con/ant possession be conjo9$ to ! imm$iate possession4 ,su* is ! effect ( cu/om1 t x n only reconciles u to any ?+ we h long enjoy$1 b ev5 gives u an affection = x1 & makes u pref] x to o!r objects1 :i* may be m valuable1 b are less kn[n to u4 ,:at has long la9 "u our eye1 & has (t5 be5 employ$ to our advantage1 t we are always ! mo/ unwill+ to "p )2 b c easily live )\t possessions :i* we nev] h enjoy$1 & are n accu/om$ to4 ',tis evid5t1 !re=e1 t m5 w\ld easily acquiesce 9 ?is exp$i5t1 t e "o cont9ue to enjoy :at he is at pres5t possess$ (2 & ?is is ! reason :y !y w\ld s naturally agree 9 pref]r+ x4#a ,b we may obs]ve1 t1 ?\gh ! rule ( ! assignm5t ( prop]ty to ! pres5t possessor be natural1 & by t means useful1 yet its utility ext5ds n beyond ! fir/ =mation ( society2 nor w\ld any ?+ be m p]nici\s ?an ! con/ant obs]vance ( x2 by :i* re/itution w\ld be exclud$1 & e inju/ice w\ld be au?oriz$ & rew>d$4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 seek = "s o!r circum/ance1 t may give rise to prop]ty aft] society is once e/abli%$2 & ( ?is k9d ,i f9d f\r mo/ consid]able1 viz4 ,occupation1 ,prescription1 ,accession1 & ,succession4 ,we %all briefly exam9e ea* ( ^!1 beg9n+ ) occupation4 ,! possession ( all ext]nal goods is *angeable & unc]ta92 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ consid]able imp$im5ts to ! e/abli%m5t ( society1 & is ! reason :y1 by univ]sal agreem5t1 express or tacit1 m5 re/ra9 !mselves by :at we n[ call ! rules ( ju/ice & equity4 ,! mis]y ( ! condition :i* prec$es ?is re/ra9t1 is ! cause :y we submit to t rem$y z quickly z possible2 & ?is af=ds u an easy reason :y :y annex ! idea ( prop]ty to ! fir/ possession1 or to occupation4 ,m5 are unwill+ to leave prop]ty 9 susp5se1 ev5 = ! %orte/ "t1 or op5 ! lea/ door to viol5ce & disord]4 ,to :i* we may add1 t ! fir/ possession always engages ! att5tion mo/2 & did we neglect x1 !re w\ld be no col\r ( reason = assign+ prop]ty to any succe$+ possession4#b ,!re rema9s no?+ b to det]m9e exactly :at is meant by possession2 & ?is is n s easy z may at fir/ sight be imag9$4 ,we are said to be 9 possession ( any ?+1 n only :5 we imm$iately t\* x1 b also :5 we are s situat$ ) respect to x1 z to h x 9 our p[] to use x2 & may move1 alt]1 or de/roy x1 accord+ to our pres5t pleasure or advantage4 ,?is relation1 !n1 is a species ( cause & effect2 & z prop]ty is no?+ b a /able possession1 d]iv$ f ! rules ( ju/ice1 or ! conv5tions ( m51 'tis to be consid]$ z ! same species ( relation4 ,b "h we may obs]ve1 t1 z ! p[] ( us+ any object becomes m or less c]ta91 accord+ z ! int]ruptions we may meet ) are m or less probable2 & z ?is probability may increase by ins5sible degrees1 'tis 9 _m cases impossible to det]m9e :5 possession beg9s or ends2 nor is !re any c]ta9 /&>d by :i* we c decide su* controv]sies4 ,a wild bo> t falls into our sn>es1 is deem$ to be 9 our possession if x be impossible = him to escape4 ,b :at d we mean by impossible8 ,h[ d we sep>ate ?is impossibility f an improbability8 ,& h[ di/+ui% t exactly f a probability8 ,m>k ! precise limits ( ! "o & ! o!r1 & %[ ! /&>d1 by :i* we may decide all disputes t may arise1 &1 z we f9d1 by exp]i5ce1 frequ5tly d arise ^u ?is subject4#c ,b su* disputes may n arise conc]n+ ! real exi/5ce ( prop]ty & possession1 b also conc]n+ _! ext5t2 & ^! disputes are (t5 susceptible ( no decision1 or c be decid$ by no o!r faculty ?an ! imag9ation4 ,a p]son :o l&s on ! %ore ( a small isl& t is des>t & uncultivat$ is deem$ its possessor f ! v fir/ mom5t1 & acquires ! prop]ty ( ! :ole2 because ! object is !re b\nd$ & circumscrib$ 9 ! fancy1 & at ! same "t is proportion$ to ! new possessor4 ,! same p]son l&+ on a des>t isl& z l>ge z ,great ,brita91 ext5ds 8 prop]ty no f>!r ?an 8 imm$iate possession2 ?\gh a num]\s colony are e/eem$ ! proprietors ( ! :ole f ! in/ant ( _! deb>km5t4 ,b if x (t5 happ5s t ! title ( fir/ possession becomes obscure ?r\gh "t1 & t 'tis impossible to det]m9e _m controv]sies :i* may arise conc]n+ x2 9 t case1 long possession or prescription naturally takes place1 & gives a p]son a suffici5t prop]ty 9 any ?+ he enjoys4 ,! nature ( human society admits n ( any great accuracy2 nor c we always rem\nt to ! fir/ orig9 ( ?+s1 9 ord] to det]m9e _! pres5t condition4 ,any consid]able space ( "t sets objects at su* a di/ance t !y seem 9 a mann] to lose _! reality1 & h z little influ5ce on ! m9d z if !y nev] _h be5 9 be+4 ,a man's title t is cle> & c]ta9 at pres5t1 w seem obscure & d\btful fifty ye>s h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh ! facts on :i* x is f\nd$ %\ld be prov$ ) ! greate/ evid5ce & c]ta9ty4 ,! same facts h n ! same influ5ce aft] s long an int]val ( "t4 ,& ?is may be receiv$ z a conv9c+ argum5t = our prec$+ doctr9e ) reg>d to prop]ty & ju/ice4 ,possession dur+ a long tract ( "t conveys a title to any object4 ,b z 'tis c]ta9 t1 h[ev] e ?+ be produc$ 9 "t1 !re is no?+ real t is produc$ by "t1 x foll[s1 t prop]ty be+ produc$ by "t1 is n any ?+ real 9 ! objects1 b is ! (fspr+ ( ! s5tim5ts1 on :i* alone "t is f\nd to h any influ5ce4#d ,we acquire ! prop]ty ( objects by accession1 :5 !y are connect$ 9 an intimate mann] ) objects t are already our prop]ty1 & at ! same "t are inf]ior to !m4 ,?us1 ! fruits ( our g>d51 ! (fspr+ ( our cattle1 & ! "w ( our slaves1 are all ( !m e/eem$ our prop]ty1 ev5 be=e possession4 ,:]e objects are connect$ toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 !y are apt to be put on ! same foot+1 & are commonly suppos$ to be end[$ ) ! same qualities4 ,we readily pass f "o to ! o!r1 & make no diff]5ce 9 our judgm5ts conc]n+ !m1 especially if ! latt] be inf]ior to ! =m]4 #e ,! "r ( succession is a v natural "o1 f ! presum$ cons5t ( ! p>5t or ne> relation1 & f ! g5]al int]e/ ( mank9d1 :i* requires t m5's possessions %\ld pass to ^? :o are de>e/ to !m1 9 ord] to r5d] !m m indu/ri\s & frugal4 ,p]haps ^! causes are second$ by ! influ5ce ( relation1 or ! association ( ideas1 by :i* we are naturally direct$ to consid] ! son aft] ! p>5t's decease1 & ascribe to him a title to 8 fa!r's possessions4 ,^? goods mu/ become ! prop]ty ( somebody3 b ( :om is ! "q4 ,"h 'tis evid5t ! p]son's *ildr5 naturally pres5t !mselves to ! m9d2 & be+ already connect$ to ^? possessions by means ( _! deceas$ p>5t1 we are apt to connect !m /ill f>!r by ! relation ( prop]ty4 ,( ?is !re are _m p>allel in/ances4#f #a ,no que/ions 9 philosophy are m difficult1 ?an :5 a numb] ( causes pres5t !mselves = ! same ph5om5on1 to det]m9e :i* is ! pr9cipal & pr$om9ant4 ,!re seldom is any v precise argum5t to fix our *oice1 & m5 mu/ be cont5t$ to be guid$ by a k9d ( ta/e or fancy1 aris+ f analogy1 & a comp>ison ( simil> in/ances4 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t case1 !re are1 no d\bt1 motives ( public int]e/ = mo/ ( ! rules :i* det]m9e prop]ty2 b /ill ,i suspect1 t ^! rules are pr9cipally fix$ by ! imag9ation1 or ! m frivol\s prop]ties ( our ?\ght & conception4 ,i %all cont9ue to expla9 ^! causes1 leav+ x to ! read]'s *oice1 :e!r he w pref] ^? d]iv$ f public utility1 or ^? d]iv$ f ! imag9ation4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! "r ( ! pres5t possessor4 ',tis a quality :i* ,i h already obs]v$7997 9 human nature1 t :5 two objects appe> 9 a close relation to ea* o!r1 ! m9d is apt to ascribe to !m any additional relation1 9 ord] to complete ! union2 & ?is incl9ation is s /rong1 z (t5 to make u run into errors 7su* z t ( ! conjunction ( ?\ght & matt]7 if we f9d t !y c s]ve to t purpose4 ,_m ( our impressions are incapable ( place or local position2 & yet ^? v impressions we suppose to h a local conjunction ) ! impressions ( sight & t\*1 m]ely because !y are conjo9$ by causation1 & are already unit$ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we c feign a new relation1 & ev5 an absurd "o1 9 ord] to complete any union1 'twill easily be imag9$1 t if !re be any relations :i* dep5d on ! m9d1 'twill readily conjo9 !m to any prec$+ relation1 & unite1 by a new bond1 su* objects z h already an union 9 ! fancy4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we nev] fail1 9 our arrangem5t ( bodies1 to place ^? :i* are resembl+ 9 contiguity to ea* o!r1 or at lea/ 9 correspond5t po9ts ( view2 because we feel a satisfaction 9 jo9+ ! relation ( contiguity to t ( resemblance1 or ! resemblance ( situation to t ( qualities4 ,& ?is is easily acc\nt$ = f ! kn[n prop]ties ( human nature4 ,:5 ! m9d is det]m9$ to jo9 c]ta9 objects1 b undet]m9$ 9 its *oice ( ! p>ticul> objects1 x naturally turns its eye to su* z are relat$ toge!r4 ,!y are already unit$ 9 ! m9d3 !y pres5t !mselves at ! same "t to ! conception2 & in/ead ( requir+ any new reason = _! conjunction1 x w\ld require a v p[]ful reason to make u ov]look ?is natural aff9ity4 ,?is we %all h occasion to expla9 m fully aft]w>ds :5 we come to treat ( beauty4 ,9 ! mean "t1 we may cont5t ourselves ) obs]v+1 t ! same love ( ord] & uni=mity :i* arranges ! books 9 a libr>y1 & ! *airs 9 a p>l\r1 contributes to ! =mation ( society1 & to ! well-be+ ( mank9d1 by modify+ ! g5]al rule conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession4 ,& z prop]ty =ms a relation betwixt a p]son & an object1 'tis natural to f\nd x on "s prec$+ relation2 &1 z prop]ty is no?+ b a con/ant possession1 secur$ by ! laws ( society1 'tis natural to add x to ! pres5t possession1 :i* is a relation t resembles x4 ,= ?is also has its influ5ce4 ,if x be natural to conjo9 till sorts ( relations1 'tis m s to conjo9 su* relations z are resembl+1 & are relat$ toge!r4 7997 ,book ,i4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,sect4 #e #b ,"s philosoph]s acc\nt = ! "r ( occupation1 by say+ t e "o has a prop]ty 9 8 own lab\r2 & :5 he jo9s t lab\r to any ?+1 x gives him ! prop]ty ( ! :ole3 b1 ,i4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( occupation :]e we _c be said to jo9 our lab\r to ! object we acquire3 z :5 we possess a mead[ by graz+ our cattle ^u x #b4 ,?is acc\nts = ! matt] by means ( accession2 :i* is tak+ a ne$less circuit4 #c4 ,we _c be said to jo9 our lab\r to any ?+ b 9 a figurative s5se4 ,prop]ly speak+1 we only make an alt]ation on x by our lab\r4 ,?is =ms a relation betwixt u & ! object2 & !nce arises ! prop]ty1 accord+ to ! prec$+ pr9ciples4 #c ,if we seek a solution ( ^! difficulties 9 reason & public int]e/1 we nev] %all f9d satisfaction2 & if we look = x 9 ! imag9ation1 'tis evid5t1 t ! qualities :i* op]ate ^u t faculty1 run s ins5sibly & gradually into ea* o!r1 t 'tis impossible to give !m any precise b\nds or t]m9ation4 ,! difficulties on ?is head mu/ increase1 :5 we consid] t our judgm5t alt]s v s5sibly accord+ to ! subject1 & t ! same p[] & proximity w be deem$ possession 9 "o case1 :i* is n e/eem$ su* 9 ano!r4 ,a p]son :o has hunt$ a h>e to ! la/ degree ( we>9ess1 w\ld look ^u x z an inju/ice = ano!r to ru% 9 be=e him1 & seize 8 prey4 ,b ! same p]son1 advanc+ to pluck an apple t hangs )9 8 rea*1 has no reason to compla9 if ano!r1 m al]t1 passes him1 & takes possession4 ,:at is ! reason ( ?is diff]5ce1 b t immobility1 n be+ natural to ! h>e1 b ! effect ( indu/ry1 =ms 9 t case a /rong relation ) ! hunt]1 :i* is want+ 9 ! o!r8 ,"h1 !n1 x appe>s1 t a c]ta9 & infallible p[] ( enjoym5t1 )\t t\* or "s o!r s5sible relation1 (t5 produces n prop]ty3 & ,i f>!r obs]ve1 t a s5sible relation1 )\t any pres5t p[]1 is sometimes suffici5t to give a title to any object4 ,! sight ( a ?+ is seldom a consid]able relation1 & is only reg>d$ z su*1 :5 ! object is hidd51 or v obscure2 9 :i* case we f9d t ! view alone conveys a prop]ty2 accord+ to t maxim1 t ev5 a :ole cont95t belongs to ! nation :i* fir/ discov]$ x4 ',tis h[ev] rem>kable1 t bo? 9 ! case ( discov]y & t ( possession1 ! fir/ discov]] & possessor mu/ jo9 to ! relation an int5tion ( r5d]+ himself proprietor1 o!rwise ! relation w n h its effect2 & t because ! connexion 9 our fancy betwixt ! prop]ty & ! relation is n s great b t x requires to be help$ by su* an int5tion4 ,f all ^! circum/ances1 'tis easy to see h[ p]plex$ _m que/ions may become conc]n+ ! acquisition ( prop]ty by occupation2 & ! lea/ ef=t ( ?\ght may pres5t u ) in/ances :i* are n susceptible ( any reasonable decision4 ,if we pref] examples :i* are real to su* z are feign$1 we may consid] ! foll[+ "o1 :i* is to be met ) 9 almo/ e writ] t has treat$ ( ! laws ( nature4 ,two ,grecian colonies1 leav+ _! native c\ntry 9 se>* ( new seats1 7 in=m$ t a city ne> !m 0 des]t$ by its inhabitants4 ,to "k ! tru? ( ?is report1 !y despat*$ at once two mess5g]s1 "o f ea* colony1 :o f9d+1 on _! approa*1 t ! in=mation 0 true1 begun a race toge!r1 ) an int5tion to take possession ( ! city1 ea* ( !m = 8 c\ntrym54 ,"o ( ^! mess5g]s1 f9d+ t he 0 n an equal mat* = ! o!r1 laun*$ 8 spe> at ! gates ( ! city1 & 0 s =tunate z to fix x !re be=e ! arrival ( 8 companion4 ,?is produc$ a dispute betwixt ! two colonies1 :i* ( !m 0 ! proprietor ( ! empty city2 & ?is dispute /ill subsi/s among philosoph]s4 ,= my "p1 ,i f9d ! dispute impossible to be decid$1 & t because ! :ole "q hangs ^u ! fancy1 :i* 9 ?is case is n possess$ ( any precise or det]m9ate /&>d ^u :i* x c give s5t5ce4 ,to make ?is evid5t1 let u consid]1 t if ^! two p]sons _h be5 simply memb]s ( ! colonies1 & n mess5g]s or deputies1 _! actions w\ld n h be5 ( any consequ5ce2 s9ce 9 t case _! relation to ! colonies w\ld h be5 b feeble & imp]fect4 ,add to ?is1 t no?+ det]m9$ !m to run to ! gates r ?an ! walls or any o!r "p ( ! city1 b t ! gates1 be+ ! mo/ 99obviat$991 & rem>kable "p1 satisfy ! fancy be/ 9 tak+ !m = ! :ole2 z we f9d by ! poets1 :o frequ5tly draw _! images & metaphors f !m4 ,besides1 we may consid] t ! t\* or contact ( ! "o mess5g] is n prop]ly possession1 no m ?an ! pi]c+ ! gates ) ! spe>1 b only =ms a relation2 & !re is a relation 9 ! o!r case equally obvi\s1 ?\gh n p]haps ( equal =ce4 ,:i* ( ^! relations1 !n1 conveys a "r & prop]ty1 or :e!r any ( !m be suffici5t = t effect1 ,i leave to ! decision ( su* z are wis] ?an myself4 #d ,pres5t possession is pla9ly a relation betwixt a p]son & an object2 b is n suffici5t to c\nt]balance ! relation ( fir/ possession1 unless ! =m] be long & un9t]rupt$2 9 :i* case ! relation is increas$ on ! side ( ! pres5t possession by ! ext5t ( "t1 & dim9i%$ on t ( fir/ possession by ! di/ance4 ,?is *ange 9 ! relation produces a consequ5t *ange 9 ! prop]ty4 #e ,?is s\rce ( prop]ty c nev] be expla9$ b f ! imag9ation2 & "o may affirm1 t ! causes are "h unmix$4 ,we %all proce$ to expla9 !m m p>ticul>ly1 & illu/rate !m by examples f common life & exp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ above1 t ! m9d has a natural prop5sity to jo9 relations1 especially resembl+ ones1 & f9ds a k9d ( fitness & uni=mity 9 su* an union4 ,f ?is prop5sity are d]iv$ ^! laws ( nature1 t ^u ! fir/ =mation ( society1 prop]ty always foll[s ! pres5t possession2 & aft]w>ds1 t x arises f fir/ or f long possession4 ,n[1 we may easily obs]ve1 t relation is n conf9$ m]ely to "o degree2 b t f an object t is relat$ to u1 we acquire a relation to e o!r object :i* is relat$ to x1 & s on1 till ! ?\ght loses ! *a9 by too long a progress4 ,h[ev] ! relation may weak5 by ea* remove1 'tis n imm$iately de/roy$2 b frequ5tly connects two objects by means ( an int]m$iate "o1 :i* is relat$ to bo?4 ,& ?is pr9ciple is ( su* =ce z to give rise to ! "r ( accession1 & causes u to acquire ! prop]ty1 n only ( su* objects z we are imm$iately possess$ (1 b also ( su* z are closely connect$ ) !m4 ,suppose a ,g]man1 a ,fr5*man1 & a ,spani>d1 to come into a room :]e !re are plac$ ^u ! table ?ree bottles ( w9e1 ,rh5i%1 ,burgundy1 & ,port2 & suppose !y %\ld fall a qu>rell+ ab\t ! division ( !m1 a p]son :o 0 *os5 = umpire w\ld naturally1 to %[ 8 imp>tiality1 give e "o ! product ( 8 own c\ntry2 & ?is f a pr9ciple :i*1 9 "s measure1 is ! s\rce ( ^? laws ( nature t ascribe prop]ty to occupation1 prescription & accession4 ,9 all ^! cases1 & p>ticul>ly t ( accession1 !re is fir/ a natural union betwixt ! idea ( ! p]son & t ( ! object1 & aft]w>ds a new & moral union produc$ by t "r or prop]ty :i* we ascribe to ! p]son4 ,b "h !re occurs a difficulty :i* m]its our att5tion1 & may af=d u an opportunity ( putt+ to trial t s+ul> me?od ( reason+ :i* has be5 employ$ on ! pres5t subject4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t ! imag9ation passes ) great] facility f little to great1 ?an f great to little1 & t ! transition ( ideas is always easi] & smoo!r 9 ! =m] case ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,n[1 z ! "r ( accession arises f ! easy transition ( ideas by :i* relat$ objects are connect$ toge!r1 x %\ld naturally be imag9$ t ! "r ( accession mu/ increase 9 /r5g?1 9 proportion z ! transition ( ideas is p]=m$ ) great] facility4 ,x may !re=e be ?\ght2 t :5 we h acquir$ ! prop]ty ( any small object1 we %all readily consid] any great object relat$ to x z an accession1 & z belong+ to ! proprietor ( ! small "o2 s9ce ! transition is 9 t case v easy f ! small object to ! great "o1 & %\ld connect !m toge!r 9 ! close/ mann]4 ,b 9 fact ! case is always f\nd to be o!rwise4 ,! empire ( ,great ,brita9 seems to draw along ) x ! dom9ion ( ! ,orkneys1 ! ,hebrides1 ! ,isle ( ,man1 & ! ,isle ( ,wight2 b ! au?ority ov] ^? less] isl&s does n naturally imply any title to ,great ,brita94 ,9 %ort1 a small object naturally foll[s a great "o z its accession2 b a great "o is nev] suppos$ to belong to ! proprietor ( a small "o relat$ to x1 m]ely on acc\nt ( t prop]ty & relation4 ,yet 9 ?is latt] case ! transition ( ideas is smoo!r f ! proprietor to ! small object :i* is 8 prop]ty1 & f ! small object to ! great "o1 ?an 9 ! =m] case f ! proprietor to ! great object1 & f ! great "o to ! small4 ,x may !re=e be ?\ght1 t ^! ph5om5a are objections to ! =ego+ hypo!sis1 t ! ascrib+ ( prop]ty to accession is no?+ b an effect ( ! relations ( ideas1 & ( ! smoo? transition ( ! imag9ation4 ',twill be easy to solve ?is objection1 if we consid] ! agility & un/ead9ess ( ! imag9ation1 ) ! diff]5t views 9 :i* x is cont9ually plac+ its objects4 ,:5 we attribute to a p]son a prop]ty 9 two objects1 we d n always pass f ! p]son to "o object1 & f t to ! o!r relat$ to x4 ,! objects be+ "h to be consid]$ z ! prop]ty ( ! p]son1 we are apt to jo9 !m toge!r1 & place !m 9 ! same light4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 a great & a small object to be relat$ toge!r1 if a p]son be /rongly relat$ to ! great object1 he w likewise be /rongly relat$ to bo? ! objects consid]$ toge!r1 because he is relat$ to ! mo/ consid]able "p4 ,on ! contr>y1 if he be only relat$ to ! small object1 he w n be /rongly relat$ to bo? consid]$ toge!r1 s9ce 8 relation lies only ) ! mo/ trivial "p1 :i* is n apt to /rike u 9 any great degree :5 we consid] ! :ole4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y small objects become accessions to great ones1 & n great to small4 ',tis ! g5]al op9ion ( philosoph]s & civilians1 t ! sea is incapable ( becom+ ! prop]ty ( any nation2 & t because 'tis impossible to take possession ( x1 or =m any su* di/9ct relation ) x1 z may be ! f\ndation ( prop]ty4 ,:]e ?is reason ceases1 prop]ty imm$iately takes place4 ,?us1 ! mo/ /r5u\s advocates = ! lib]ty ( ! seas univ]sally all[1 t fri?s & bays naturally belong z an accession to ! proprietors ( ! surr\nd+ cont95t ,^! h prop]ly no m bond or union ) ! l& ?an ! ,pacific ocean w\ld h2 b hav+ an union 9 ! fancy1 & be+ at ! same "t inf]ior1 !y are ( c\rse reg>d$ z an accession4 ,! prop]ty ( riv]s1 by ! laws ( mo/ nations1 & by ! natural turn ( our ?\ght1 is attribut$ to ! proprietors ( _! banks1 except+ su* va/ riv]s z ! ,rh9e or ! ,danube1 :i* seem too l>ge to ! imag9ation to foll[ z an accession ! prop]ty ( ! neighb\r+ fields4 ,yet ev5 ^! riv]s are consid]$ z ! prop]ty ( t nation ?r\gh ^: dom9ions !y run2 ! idea ( a nation be+ a suitable bulk to correspond ) !m1 & be> !m su* a relation 9 ! fancy4 ,! accessions :i* are made to l&s bord]+ ^u riv]s1 foll[ ! l&1 say ! civilians1 provid$ x be made by :at !y call alluvion1 t is1 ins5sibly & imp]ceptibly2 :i* are circum/ances t mightily assi/ ! imag9ation 9 ! conjunction4 ,:]e !re is any consid]able portion torn at once f "o bank1 & jo9$ to ano!r1 x becomes n 8 prop]ty ^: l& x falls on1 till x unite ) ! l&1 & till ! trees or plants h spread _! roots into bo?4 ,be=e t1 ! imag9ation does n suffici5tly jo9 !m4 ,!re are o!r cases :i* some:at resemble ?is ( accession1 b :i*1 at ! bottom1 are consid]ably diff]5t1 & m]it our att5tion4 ,( ?is k9d is ! conjunction ( ! prop]ties ( diff]5t p]sons1 aft] su* a mann] z n to admit ( sep>ation4 ,! "q is1 to :om ! unit$ mass mu/ belong4 ,:]e ?is conjunction is ( su* a nature z to admit ( division1 b n ( sep>ation1 ! decision is natural & easy4 ,! :ole mass mu/ be suppos$ to be common betwixt ! proprietors ( ! sev]al p>ts1 & aft]w>ds mu/ be divid$ accord+ to ! proportions ( ^! p>ts4 ,b "h ,i _c =be> tak+ notice ( a rem>kable subtilty ( ! ,roman law1 9 di/+ui%+ betwixt confusion & commixtion4 ,confusion is an union ( two bodies1 su* z diff]5t liquors1 :]e ! p>ts become entirely undi/+ui%able4 ,commixtion is ! bl5d+ ( two bodies1 su* z two bu%els ( corn1 :]e ! p>ts rema9 sep>ate 9 an obvi\s & visible mann]4 ,z 9 ! latt] case ! imag9ation discov]s n s entire an union z 9 ! =m]1 b is able to trace & pres]ve a di/9ct idea ( ! prop]ty ( ea*2 ?is is ! reason :y ! civil law1 ?\gh x e/abli%$ an entire community 9 ! case ( confusion1 & aft] t a proportional division1 yet 9 ! case ( commixtion1 supposes ea* ( ! proprietors to ma9ta9 a di/9ct "r2 h[ev]1 necessity may at la/ =ce !m to submit to ! same division4 ,quod si frum5tum ,titii frum5to tuo mi/um fu]it3 siquidem ex voluntate ve/ra1 communc e/3 quia s+ula corpora1 id e/1 s+ula grana1 qu a cujusque propria fu]unt1 ex cons5su ve/ro communicata sunt4 ,quod si casu id mi/um fu]it1 vel ,titius id miscu]it s9e tua voluntate1 non videtur id communc esse2 quia s+ula corpora 9 sua sub/antia durant4 ,s$ nec magis i/is casibus commune sit frum5tum quam grex intelligitur esse communis1 si pecora ,titii tuis pecoribus mi/a fu]9t4 ,s$ si ab alt]utro ve/rum totum id frum5tum ret9eatur1 9 rem quidem actio pro modo frum5ti cujusque competit4 ,arbitrio autem judicis1 ut ipse /imet quale cujusque frum5tum fu]it4 ,in/4 ,lib4 ,,ii4 ,tit ,i4 #bh4 ,:]e ! prop]ties ( two p]sons are unit$ aft] su* a mann] z nei!r to admit ( division nor sep>ation1 z :5 "o builds a h\se on ano!r's gr\nd1 9 t case ! :ole mu/ belong to "o ( ! proprietors2 & "h ,i ass]t1 t x naturally is conceiv$ to belong to ! proprietor ( ! mo/ consid]able "p4 ,=1 h[ev] ! comp\nd object may h a relation to two diff]5t p]sons1 & c>ry our view at once to bo? ( !m1 yet1 z ! mo/ consid]able "p pr9cipally engages our att5tion1 & by ! /rict union draws ! inf]ior along x2 = ?is reason1 ! :ole be>s a relation to ! proprietor ( t "p1 & is reg>d$ z 8 prop]ty4 ,! only difficulty is1 :at we %all be pleas$ to call ! mo/ consid]able "p1 & mo/ attractive to ! imag9ation4 ,?is quality dep5ds on sev]al diff]5t circum/ances :i* h little connexion ) ea* o!r4 ,"o "p ( a comp\nd object may become m consid]able ?an ano!r1 ei!r because x is m con/ant & durable2 because x is ( great] value2 because x is m obvi\s & rem>kable2 because x is ( great] ext5t2 or because its exi/5ce is m sep>ate & indep5d5t4 ',twill be easy to conceive1 t1 z ^! circum/ances may be conjo9$ & oppos$ 9 all ! diff]5t ways1 & accord+ to all ! diff]5t degrees1 :i* c be imag9$1 !re w result _m cases :]e ! reasons on bo? sides are s equally balanc$1 t 'tis impossible = u to give any satisfactory decision4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! prop] bus9ess ( municipal laws1 to fix :at ! pr9ciples ( human nature h left undet]m9$4 ,! sup]ficies yields to ! soil1 says ! civil law3 ! writ+ to ! pap]3 ! canvas to ! picture4 ,^! decisions d n well agree toge!r1 & are a pro( ( ! contr>iety ( ^? pr9ciples f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,b ( all ! que/ions ( ?is k9d1 ! mo/ curi\s is t :i* = s _m ages divid$ ! disciples ( ,proculus & ,sab9us4 ,suppose a p]son %\ld make a cup f ! metal ( ano!r1 or a %ip f 8 wood1 & suppose ! proprietor ( ! metal or wood %\ld dem& 8 goods1 ! "q is1 :e!r he acquires a title to ! cup or %ip4 ,sab9us ma9ta9$ ! affirmative1 & ass]t$1 t ! sub/ance or matt] is ! f\ndation ( all ! qualities2 t x is incorruptible & immortal1 & !re=e sup]ior to ! =m1 :i* is casual & dep5d5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,proculus obs]v$1 t ! =m is ! mo/ obvi\s & rem>kable "p1 & t f x bodies are d5om9at$ ( ?is or t p>ticul> species4 ,to :i* he might h add$1 t ! matt] or sub/ance is 9 mo/ bodies s fluctuat+ & unc]ta91 t 'tis utt]ly impossible to trace x 9 all its *anges4 ,= my "p1 ,i "k n f :at pr9ciples su* a controv]sy c be c]ta9ly det]m9$4 ,i %all !re=e cont5t myself ) obs]v+1 t ! decision ( ,trebonian seems to me pretty +5i\s2 t ! cup belongs to ! proprietor ( ! metal1 because x c be br\ght back to its fir/ =m3 b t ! %ip belongs to ! au?or ( its =m1 = a contr>y reason4 ,b1 h[ev] +5i\s ?is reason may seem1 x pla9ly dep5ds ^u ! fancy1 :i*1 by ! possibility ( su* a r$uction1 f9ds a clos] connexion & relation betwixt a cup & ! proprietor ( its metal1 ?an betwixt a %ip & ! proprietor ( its wood1 :]e ! sub/ance is m fix$ & unalt]able4 #f ,9 exam9+ ! diff]5t titles to au?ority 9 gov]nm5t1 we %all meet ) _m reasons to conv9ce u t ! "r ( succession dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 on ! imag9ation4 ,mean:ile ,i %all re/ cont5t$ ) obs]v+ "o example1 :i* belongs to ! pres5t subject4 ,suppose t a p]son die )\t *ildr51 & t a dispute arises among 8 relations conc]n+ 8 inh]itance2 'tis evid5t1 t if 8 ri*es be d]iv$ p>tly f 8 fa!r1 p>tly f 8 "m1 ! mo/ natural way ( det]m9+ su* a dispute is1 to divide 8 possessions1 & assign ea* "p to ! family f :5ce x is d]iv$4 ,n[1 z ! p]son is suppos$ to h be5 once ! full & entire proprietor ( ^? goods1 ,i ask1 :at is x makes u f9d a c]ta9 equity & natural reason 9 ?is p>tition1 except x be ! imag9ation8 ,8 affection to ^! families does n dep5d ^u 8 possessions2 = :i* reason 8 cons5t c nev] be presum$ precisely = su* a p>tition4 ,& z to ! public int]e/1 x seems n to be 9 ! lea/ conc]n$ on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,transf]5ce ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,by ,,cons5t4 ,h[ev] useful1 or ev5 necess>y1 ! /ability ( possession may be to human society1 'tis att5d$ ) v consid]able inconv5i5ces4 ,! relation ( fitness or suitabl5ess ought nev] to ent] into consid]ation1 9 di/ribut+ ! prop]ties ( mank9d2 b we mu/ gov]n ourselves by rules :i* are m g5]al 9 _! application1 & m free f d\bt & unc]ta9ty4 ,( ?is k9d is pres5t possession ^u ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( society2 & aft]w>ds occupation1 prescription1 accession1 & succession4 ,z ^! dep5d v mu* on *ance1 !y mu/ frequ5tly prove contradictory bo? to m5's wants & desires2 & p]sons & possessions mu/ (t5 be v ill adju/$4 ,?is is a gr& inconv5i5ce1 :i* calls = a rem$y4 ,to apply "o directly1 & all[ e man to seize by viol5ce :at he judges to be fit = him1 w\ld de/roy society2 & !re=e ! rules ( ju/ice seek "s m$ium betwixt a rigid /ability & ?is *angeable & unc]ta9 adju/m5t4 ,b !re is no m$ium bett] ?an t obvi\s "o1 t possession & prop]ty %\ld always be /able1 except :5 ! proprietor cons5ts to be/[ !m on "s o!r p]son4 ,?is rule c h no ill consequ5ce 9 occasion+ w>s & diss5sions1 s9ce ! proprietor's cons5t1 :o alone is conc]n$1 is tak5 along 9 ! ali5ation2 & x may s]ve to _m good purposes 9 adju/+ prop]ty to p]sons4 ,diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>? produce diff]5t commodities2 & n only s1 b diff]5t m5 bo? are by nature fitt$ = diff]5t employm5ts1 & atta9 to great] p]fection 9 any "o1 :5 !y conf9e !mselves to x alone4 ,all ?is requires a mutual ex*ange & comm]ce2 = :i* reason ! translation ( prop]ty by cons5t is f\nd$ on a law ( nature1 z well z its /ability )\t su* a cons5t4 ,s f> is det]m9$ by a pla9 utility & int]e/4 ,b p]haps 'tis f m trivial reasons1 t deliv]y1 or a s5sible transf]5ce ( ! object1 is commonly requir$ by civil laws1 & also by ! laws ( nature1 accord+ to mo/ au?ors1 z a requisite circum/ance 9 ! translation ( prop]ty4 ,! prop]ty ( an object1 :5 tak5 = some?+ real1 )\t any ref]5ce to morality1 or ! s5tim5ts ( ! m9d1 is a quality p]fectly ins5sible1 & ev5 inconceivable2 nor c we =m any di/9ct notion1 ei!r ( its /ability or translation4 ,?is imp]fection ( our ideas is less s5sibly felt ) reg>d to its /ability1 z x engages less our att5tion1 & is easily pa/ ov] by ! m9d1 )\t any scrupul\s exam9ation4 ,b z ! translation ( prop]ty f "o p]son to ano!r is a m rem>kable ev5t1 ! defect ( our ideas becomes m s5sible on t occasion1 & obliges u to turn ourselves on e side 9 se>* ( "s rem$y4 ,n[1 z no?+ m enliv5s any idea ?an a pres5t impression1 & a relation betwixt t impression & ! idea2 'tis natural = u to seek "s false light f ?is qu>t]4 ,9 ord] to aid ! imag9ation 9 conceiv+ ! transf]5ce ( prop]ty1 we take ! s5sible object1 & actually transf] its possession to ! p]son on :om we w\ld be/[ ! prop]ty4 ,! suppos$ resemblance ( ! actions1 & ! pres5ce ( ?is s5sible deliv]y1 deceive ! m9d1 & make x fancy t x conceives ! my/]i\s transition ( ! prop]ty4 ,& t ?is explication ( ! matt] is j1 appe>s h5ce1 t m5 h inv5t$ a symbolical deliv]y1 to satisfy ! fancy :]e ! real "o is impracticable4 ,?us ! giv+ ! keys ( a gran>y1 is und]/ood to be ! deliv]y ( ! corn conta9$ 9 x3 ! giv+ ( /one & e>? repres5ts ! deliv]y ( a manor4 ,?is is a k9d ( sup]/iti\s practice 9 civil laws1 & 9 ! laws ( nature1 resembl+ ! ,roman ,ca?olic sup]/itions 9 religion4 ,z ! ,roman ,ca?olics repres5t ! inconceivable my/]ies ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & r5d] !m m pres5t to ! m9d1 by a tap]1 or habit1 or grimace1 :i* is suppos$ to resemble !m2 s lawy]s & morali/s h run into l inv5tions = ! same reason1 & h endeav\r$ by ^? means to satisfy !mselves conc]n+ ! transf]5ce ( prop]ty by cons5t4 ,,section ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,obligation ,,( ,,promises4 ,t ! rule ( morality1 :i* enjo9s ! p]=mance ( promises1 is n natural1 w suffici5tly appe> f ^! two propositions1 :i* ,i proce$ to prove1 viz4 t a promise w\ld n be intelligible be=e human conv5tions _h e/abli%$ x2 & t ev5 if x 7 intelligible1 x w\ld n be att5d$ ) any moral obligation4 ,i say1 fir/1 t a promise is n intelligible naturally1 nor antec$5t to human conv5tions2 & t a man1 unacqua9t$ ) society1 c\ld nev] ent] into any engagem5ts ) ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh !y c\ld p]ceive ea* o!r's ?\ghts by intuition4 ,if promises be natural & intelligible1 !re mu/ be "s act ( ! m9d att5d+ ^! words1 ,i promise2 & on ?is act ( ! m9d mu/ ! obligation dep5d4 ,let u !re=e run ov] all ! faculties ( ! s\l1 & see :i* ( !m is ex]t$ 9 our promises4 ,! act ( ! m9d1 express$ by a promise1 is n a resolution to p]=m any ?+2 = t alone nev] imposes any obligation4 ,nor is x a desire ( su* a p]=mance2 = we may b9d ourselves )\t su* a desire1 or ev5 ) an av]sion1 decl>$ & av[$4 ,nei!r is x ! will+ ( t action :i* we promise to p]=m2 = a promise always reg>ds "s future "t1 & ! w has an influ5ce only on pres5t actions4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t s9ce ! act ( ! m9d1 :i* ent]s into a promise1 & produces its obligation1 is nei!r ! resolv+1 desir+1 nor will+ any p>ticul> p]=mance1 x mu/ necess>ily be ! will+ ( t obligation :i* arises f ! promise4 ,nor is ?is only a conclusion ( philosophy1 b is entirely con=mable to our common ways ( ?9k+ & ( express+ ourselves1 :5 we say t we are b\nd by our own cons5t1 & t ! obligation arises f our m]e w & pleasure4 ,! only "q !n is1 :e!r !re be n a manife/ absurdity 9 suppos+ ?is act ( ! m9d1 & su* an absurdity z no man c\ld fall into1 ^: ideas are n conf\nd$ ) prejudice & ! fallaci\s use ( language4 ,all morality dep5ds ^u our s5tim5ts2 & :5 any action or quality ( ! m9d pleases u aft] a c]ta9 mann]1 we say x is virtu\s2 & :5 ! neglect or non-p]=mance ( x displeases u aft] a l mann]1 we say t we lie "u an obligation to p]=m x4 ,a *ange ( ! obligation supposes a *ange ( ! s5tim5t2 & a creation ( a new obligation supposes "s new s5tim5t to arise4 ,b 'tis c]ta9 we c naturally no m *ange our own s5tim5ts ?an ! motions ( ! heav5s2 nor by a s+le act ( our w1 t is1 by a promise1 r5d] any action agreeable or disagreeable1 moral or immoral1 :i*1 )\t t act1 w\ld h produc$ contr>y impressions1 or h be5 end[$ ) diff]5t qualities4 ,x w\ld be absurd1 !re=e1 to w any new obligation1 t is1 any new s5tim5t ( pa9 or pleasure2 nor is x possible t m5 c\ld naturally fall into s gross an absurdity4 ,a promise1 !re=e1 is naturally some?+ altoge!r un9telligible1 nor is !re any act ( ! m9d belong+ to x4#g ,b1 secondly1 if !re 0 any act ( ! m9d belong+ to x1 x c\ld n naturally produce any obligation4 ,?is appe>s evid5tly f ! =ego+ reason+4 ,a promise creates a new obligation4 ,a new obligation supposes new s5tim5ts to arise4 ,! w nev] creates new s5tim5ts4 ,!re c\ld n naturally1 !re=e1 arise any obligation f a promise1 ev5 suppos+ ! m9d c\ld fall into ! absurdity ( will+ t obligation4 ,! same tru? may be prov$ /ill m evid5tly by t reason+ :i* prov$ ju/ice 9 g5]al to be an artificial virtue4 ,no action c be requir$ ( u z our duty1 unless !re be implant$ 9 human nature "s actuat+ passion or motive capable ( produc+ ! action4 ,?is motive _c be ! s5se ( duty4 ,a s5se ( duty supposes an antec$5t obligation2 & :]e an action is n requir$ by any natural passion1 x _c be requir$ by any natural obligation2 s9ce x may be omitt$ )\t prov+ any defect or imp]fection 9 ! m9d & temp]1 & consequ5tly )\t any vice4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t we h no motive lead+ u to ! p]=mance ( promises1 di/9ct f a s5se ( duty4 ,if we ?\ght t promises _h no moral obligation1 we nev] %\ld feel any incl9ation to obs]ve !m4 ,?is is n ! case ) ! natural virtues4 ,?\gh !re 0 no obligation to relieve ! mis]able1 our humanity w\ld lead u to x2 & :5 we omit t duty1 ! immorality ( ! omission arises f its be+ a pro( t we want ! natural s5tim5ts ( humanity4 ,a fa!r kn[s x to be 8 duty to take c>e ( 8 *ildr51 b he has also a natural incl9ation to x4 ,& if no human creature _h t incl9ation1 no "o c\ld lie "u any su* obligation4 ,b z !re is naturally no incl9ation to obs]ve promises di/9ct f a s5se ( _! obligation1 x foll[s1 t fidelity is no natural virtue1 & t promises h no =ce antec$5t to human conv5tions4 ,if any "o diss5t f ?is1 he mu/ give a regul> pro( ( ^! two propositions1 viz4 t !re is a peculi> act ( ! m9d annex$ to promises2 & t consequ5t to ?is act ( ! m9d1 !re arises an incl9ation to p]=m1 di/9ct f a s5se ( duty4 ,i presume t x is impossible to prove ei!r ( ^! two po9ts2 & !re=e ,i v5ture to conclude1 t promises are human inv5tions1 f\nd$ on ! necessities & int]e/s ( society4 ,9 ord] to discov] ^! necessities & int]e/s1 we mu/ consid] ! same qualities ( human nature :i* we h already f\nd to give rise to ! prec$+ laws ( society4 ,m5 be+ naturally selfi%1 or end[$ only ) a conf9$ g5]osity1 !y are n easily induc$ to p]=m any action = ! int]e/ ( /rang]s1 except ) a view to "s reciprocal advantage1 :i* !y _h no hope ( obta9+ b by su* a p]=mance4 ,n[1 z x frequ5tly happ5s t ^! mutual p]=mances _c be f9i%$ at ! same in/ant1 'tis necess>y t "o p>ty be cont5t$ to rema9 9 unc]ta9ty1 & dep5d ^u ! gratitude ( ! o!r = a return ( k9dness4 ,b s mu* corruption is !re among m51 t1 g5]ally speak+1 ?is becomes b a sl5d] security2 & z ! b5efactor is "h suppos$ to be/[ 8 fav\rs ) a view to self-int]e/1 ?is bo? takes (f f ! obligation1 & sets an example ( selfi%ness1 :i* is ! true "m ( +ratitude4 ,7 we1 !re=e1 to foll[ ! natural c\rse ( our passions & incl9ations1 we %\ld p]=m b few actions = ! advantage ( o!rs f dis9t]e/$ views1 because we are naturally v limit$ 9 our k9dness & affection2 & we %\ld p]=m z few ( t k9d out ( reg>d to int]e/1 because we _c dep5d ^u _! gratitude4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! mutual comm]ce ( good (fices 9 a mann] lo/ among mank9d1 & e "o r$uc$ to 8 own skill & indu/ry = 8 well-be+ & subsi/5ce4 ,! inv5tion ( ! law ( nature1 conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession1 has already r5d]$ m5 tol]able to ea* o!r2 t ( ! transf]5ce ( prop]ty & possession by cons5t has begun to r5d] !m mutually advantage\s2 b /ill ^! laws ( nature1 h[ev] /rictly obs]v$1 are n suffici5t to r5d] !m s s]viceable to ea* o!r z by nature !y are fitt$ to become4 ,?\gh possession be /able1 m5 may (t5 reap b small advantage f x1 :ile !y are possess$ ( a great] quantity ( any species ( goods ?an !y h occasion =1 & at ! same "t suff] by ! want ( o!rs4 ,! transf]5ce ( prop]ty1 :i* is ! prop] rem$y = ?is inconv5i5ce1 _c rem$y x entirely2 because x c only take place ) reg>d to su* objects z are pres5t & individual1 b n to su* z are abs5t or g5]al4 ,"o _c transf] ! prop]ty ( a p>ticul> h\se1 tw5ty leagues di/ant1 because ! cons5t _c be att5d$ ) deliv]y1 :i* is a requisite circum/ance4 ,nei!r c "o transf] ! prop]ty ( t5 bu%els ( corn1 or five hog%eads ( w9e1 by ! m]e expression & cons5t1 because ^! are only g5]al t]ms1 & h no direct relation to any p>ticul> heap ( corn or b>rels ( w9e4 ,besides1 ! comm]ce ( mank9d is n conf9$ to ! b>t] ( commodities1 b may ext5d to s]vices & actions1 :i* we may ex*ange to our mutual int]e/ & advantage4 ,y\r corn is ripe to-day2 m9e w be s to-morr[4 ',tis pr(itable = u bo? t ,i %\ld lab\r ) y to-day1 & t y %\ld aid me to-morr[4 ,i h no k9dness = y1 & "k y h z little = me4 ,i w n1 !re=e1 take any pa9s ^u y\r acc\nt2 & %\ld ,i lab\r ) y ^u my own acc\nt1 9 expectation ( a return1 ,i "k ,i %\ld be disappo9t$1 & t ,i %\ld 9 va9 dep5d ^u y\r gratitude4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i leave y to lab\r alone3 y treat me 9 ! same mann]4 ,! seasons *ange2 & bo? ( u lose our h>ve/s = want ( mutual confid5ce & security4 ,all ?is is ! effect ( ! natural & inh]5t pr9ciples & passions ( human nature2 & z ^! passions & pr9ciples are unalt]able1 x may be ?\ght t our conduct1 :i* dep5ds on !m1 mu/ be s too1 & t 'tw\ld be 9 va91 ei!r = morali/s or politicians1 to tamp] ) u1 or attempt to *ange ! usual c\rse ( our actions1 ) a view to public int]e/4 ,&1 inde$1 did ! success ( _! designs dep5d ^u _! success 9 correct+ ! selfi%ness & +ratitude ( m51 !y w\ld nev] make any progress1 unless aid$ by ,omnipot5ce1 :i* is alone able to new-m\ld ! human m9d1 & *ange its "* 9 su* fundam5tal articles4 ,all !y c pret5d to is1 to give a new direction to ^? natural passions1 & tea* u t we c bett] satisfy our appetites 9 an oblique & artificial mann]1 ?an by _! headlong & impetu\s motion4 ,h5ce ,i le>n to d a s]vice to ano!r1 )\t be>+ him any real k9dness2 because ,i =esee t he w return my s]vice1 9 expectation ( ano!r ( ! same k9d1 & 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! same correspond5ce ( good (fices ) me or ) o!rs4 ,& accord+ly1 aft] ,i h s]v$ him1 & he is 9 possession ( ! advantage aris+1 f my action1 he is induc$ to p]=m 8 "p1 z =esee+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 refusal4 ,b ?\gh ?is self-int]e/$ comm]ce ( m5 beg9s to take place1 & to pr$om9ate 9 society1 x does n entirely aboli% ! m g5]\s & noble int]c\rse ( fri5d%ip & good (fices4 ,i may /ill d s]vices to su* p]sons z ,i love1 & am m p>ticul>ly acqua9t$ )1 )\t any prospect ( advantage2 & !y may make me a return 9 ! same mann]1 )\t any view b t ( recomp5s+ my pa/ s]vices4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to di/+ui% ^? two diff]5t sorts ( comm]ce1 ! int]e/$ & ! dis9t]e/$1 !re is a c]ta9 =m ( words inv5t$ = ! =m]1 by :i* we b9d ourselves to ! p]=mance ( any action4 ,?is =m ( words con/itutes :at we call a promise1 :i* is ! sanction ( ! int]e/$ comm]ce ( mank9d4 ,:5 a man says he promises any ?+1 he 9 effect expresses a resolution ( p]=m+ x2 & along ) t1 by mak+ use ( ?is =m ( words11 subjects himself to ! p5alty ( nev] be+ tru/$ aga9 9 case ( failure4 ,a resolution is ! natural act ( ! m9d1 :i* promises express2 b 7 !re no m ?an a resolution 9 ! case1 promises w\ld only decl>e our =m] motives1 & w\ld n create any new motive or obligation4 ,!y are ! conv5tions ( m51 :i* create a new motive1 :5 exp]i5ce has taught u t human affairs w\ld be conduct$ mu* m = mutual advantage1 7 !re c]ta9 symbols or signs in/itut$1 by :i* we might give ea* o!r security ( our conduct 9 any p>ticul> incid5t4 ,aft] ^! signs are in/itut$1 :oev] uses !m is imm$iately b\nd by 8 int]e/ to execute 8 engagem5ts1 & mu/ nev] expect to be tru/$ any m1 if he refuse to p]=m :at he promis$4 ,nor is t k1 :i* is requisite to make mank9d s5sible ( ?is int]e/ 9 ! in/itution & obs]vance ( promises1 to be e/eem$ sup]ior to ! capacity ( human nature1 h[ev] savage & uncultivat$4 ,!re ne$s b a v little practice ( ! _w1 to make u p]ceive all ^! consequ5ces & advantages4 ,! %orte/ exp]i5ce ( society discov]s !m to e mortal2 & :5 ea* individual p]ceives ! same s5se ( int]e/ 9 all 8 fell[s1 he imm$iately p]=ms 8 "p ( any contract1 z be+ assur$ t !y w n be want+ 9 !irs4 ,all ( !m1 by conc]t1 ent] into a s*eme ( actions1 calculat$ = common b5efit1 & agree to be true to _! ^w2 nor is !re any ?+ requisite to =m ?is conc]t or conv5tion1 b t e "o h a s5se ( int]e/ 9 ! fai?ful fulfill+ ( engagem5ts1 & express t s5se to o!r memb]s ( ! society4 ,?is imm$iately causes t int]e/ to op]ate ^u !m2 & int]e/ is ! fir/ obligation to ! p]=mance ( promises4 ,aft]w>ds a s5tim5t ( morals concurs ) int]e/1 & becomes a new obligation ^u mank9d4 ,?is s5tim5t ( morality1 9 ! p]=mance ( promises1 arises f ! same pr9ciples z t 9 ! ab/95ce f ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,public int]e/1 education1 & ! artifices ( politicians1 h ! same effect 9 bo? cases4 ,! difficulties t occur to u 9 suppos+ a moral obligation to att5d promises1 we ei!r surm\nt or elude4 ,= in/ance1 ! expression ( a resolution is n commonly suppos$ to be obligatory2 & we _c readily conceive h[ ! mak+ use ( a c]ta9 =m ( words %\ld be able to cause any mat]ial diff]5ce4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we feign a new act ( ! m9d1 :i* we call ! will+ an obligation2 & on ?is we suppose ! morality to dep5d4 ,b we h prov$ already1 t !re is no su* act ( ! m9d1 & consequ5tly1 t promises impose no natural obligation4 ,to confirm ?is1 we may subjo9 "s o!r reflections conc]n+ t w1 :i* is suppos$ to ent] into a promise1 & to cause its obligation4 ',tis evid5t1 t ! w alone is nev] suppos$ to cause ! obligation1 b mu/ be express$ by words or signs1 9 ord] to impose a tie ^u any man4 ,! expression be+ once br\ght 9 z subs]vi5t to ! w1 soon becomes ! pr9cipal "p ( ! promise2 nor w a man be less b\nd by 8 ^w1 ?\gh he secretly give a diff]5t direction to 8 int5tion1 & )hold himself bo? f a resolution1 & f will+ an obligation4 ,b ?\gh ! expression makes on mo/ occasions ! :ole ( ! promise1 yet x does n always s2 & "o :o %\ld make use ( any expression ( :i* he kn[s n ! mean+1 & :i* he uses )\t any int5tion ( b9d+ himself1 w\ld n c]ta9ly be b\nd by x4 ,nay1 ?\gh he kn[s its mean+1 yet if he uses x 9 je/ only1 & ) su* signs z %[ evid5tly he has no s]i\s int5tion ( b9d+ himself1 he w\ld n lie "u any obligation ( p]=mance2 b 'tis necess>y t ! words be a p]fect expression ( ! w1 )\t any contr>y signs4 ,nay1 ev5 ?is we mu/ n c>ry s f> z to imag9e1 t "o1 :om1 by our quickness ( und]/&+1 we conjecture1 f c]ta9 signs1 to h an int5tion ( deceiv+ u1 is n b\nd by 8 expression or v]bal promise1 if we accept ( x2 b mu/ limit ?is conclusion to ^? cases :]e ! signs are ( a diff]5t k9d f ^? ( deceit4 ,all ^! contradictions are easily acc\nt$ =1 if ! obligation ( promises be m]ely a human inv5tion = ! conv5i5ce ( society2 b w nev] be expla9$1 if x be some?+ real & natural1 aris+ f any action ( ! m9d or body4 ,i %all f>!r obs]ve1 t1 s9ce e new promise imposes a new obligation ( morality on ! p]son :o promises1 & s9ce ?is new obligation arises f 8 w2 'tis "o ( ! mo/ my/]i\s & incompreh5sible op]ations t c possibly be imag9$1 & may ev5 be comp>$ to transub/antiation1 or holy ord]s1#h :]e a c]ta9 =m ( words1 along ) a c]ta9 int5tion1 *anges entirely ! nature ( an ext]nal object1 & ev5 ( a human creature4 ,b ?\gh ^! my/]ies be s f> alike1 'tis v rem>kable t !y diff] widely 9 o!r p>ticul>s1 & t ?is diff]5ce may be reg>d$ z a /rong pro( ( ! diff]5ce ( _! orig9s4 ,z ! obligation ( promises is an inv5tion = ! int]e/ ( society1 'tis w>p$ into z _m diff]5t =ms z t int]e/ requires1 & ev5 runs into direct contradictions1 r ?an lose sight ( its object4 ,b z ^? o!r mon/r\s doctr9es are m]e prie/ly inv5tions1 & h no public int]e/ 9 view1 !y are less di/urb$ 9 _! progress by new ob/acles2 & x mu/ be own$1 t1 aft] ! fir/ absurdity1 !y foll[ m directly ! curr5t ( reason & good s5se4 ,!ologians cle>ly p]ceiv$1 t ! ext]nal =m ( words1 be+ m]e s\nd1 require an int5tion to make !m h any efficacy2 & t ?is int5tion be+ once consid]$ z a requisite circum/ance1 its abs5ce mu/ equally prev5t ! effect1 :e!r av[$ or conceal$1 :e!r s9c]e or deceitful4 ,accord+ly1 !y h commonly det]m9$1 t ! int5tion ( ! prie/ makes ! sacram5t1 & t :5 he secretly )draws 8 int5tion1 he is highly crim9al 9 himself2 b /ill de/roys ! baptism1 or communion1 or holy ord]s4 ,! t]rible consequ5ces ( ?is doctr9e 7 n able to h9d] its tak+ place2 z ! inconv5i5ce ( a simil> doctr9e1 ) reg>d to promises1 h prev5t$ t doctr9e f e/abli%+ itself4 ,m5 are always m conc]n$ ab\t ! pres5t life ?an ! future2 & are apt to ?9k ! smalle/ evil :i* reg>ds ! =m]1 m important ?an ! greate/ :i* reg>ds ! latt]4 ,we may draw ! same conclusion1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( promises1 f ! =ce :i* is suppos$ to invalidate all contracts1 & to free u f _! obligation4 ,su* a pr9ciple is a pro( t promises h no natural obligation1 & are m]e artificial contrivances = ! conv5i5ce & advantage ( society4 ,if we consid] aright ( ! matt]1 =ce is n ess5tially diff]5t f any o!r motive ( hope or fe>1 :i* may induce u to engage our ^w1 & lay ourselves "u any obligation4 ,a man1 dang]\sly w\nd$1 :o promises a compet5t sum to a surgeon to cure him1 w\ld c]ta9ly be b\nd to p]=mance2 ?\gh ! case be n s mu* diff]5t f t ( "o :o promises a sum to a robb]1 z to produce s great a diff]5ce 9 our s5tim5ts ( morality1 if ^! s5tim5ts 7 n built entirely on public int]e/ & conv5i5ce4 #g ,7 morality discov]able by reason1 & n by s5tim5t1 'tw\ld be /ill m evid5t t promises c\ld make no alt]ation ^u x4 ,morality is suppos$ to consi/ 9 relation4 ,e new imposition ( morality1 !re=e1 mu/ arise f "s new relation ( objects2 & consequ5tly ! w c\ld n produce imm$iately any *ange 9 morals1 b c\ld h t effect only by produc+ a *ange ^u ! objects4 ,b z ! moral obligation ( a promise is ! pure effect ( ! w1 )\t ! lea/ *ange 9 any "p ( ! univ]se1 x foll[s1 t promises h no natural obligation4 ,%\ld x be said1 t ?is act ( ! w1 be+ 9 effect a new object1 produces new relations & new duties2 ,i w\ld answ]1 t ?is is a pure sophism1 :i* may be detect$ by a v mod]ate %>e ( accuracy & exactness4 ,to w a new obligation1 is to w a new relation ( objects2 & !re=e1 if ?is new relation ( objects 7 =m$ by ! volition itself1 we %\ld1 9 effect1 w ! volition1 :i* is pla9ly absurd & impossible4 ,! w has "h no object to :i* x c\ld t5d1 b mu/ return ^u itself 9 inf9itum4 ,! new obligation dep5ds ^u new relations4 ,! new relations dep5d ^u a new volition4 ,! new volition has = object a new obligation1 & consequ5tly new relations1 & consequ5tly a new volition2 :i* volition1 aga91 has 9 view a new obligation1 relation & volition1 )\t any t]m9ation4 ',tis impossible1 !re=e1 we c\ld ev] w a new obligation2 & consequ5tly 'tis impossible ! w c\ld ev] accompany a promise1 or produce a new obligation ( morality4 #h ,i mean s f> z holy ord]s are suppos$ to produce ! indelible ,"*4 ,9 o!r respects !y are only a legal qualification4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,"s ,,f>!r ,,reflections ,,conc]n+ ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,inju/ice4 ,we h n[ run ov] ! ?ree fundam5tal laws ( nature1 t ( ! /ability ( possession1 ( its transf]5ce by cons5t1 & ( ! p]=mance ( promises4 ',tis on ! /rict obs]vance ( ^? ?ree laws t ! peace & security ( human society entirely dep5d2 nor is !re any possibility ( e/abli%+ a good correspond5ce among m51 :]e ^! are neglect$4 ,society is absolutely necess>y = ! well-be+ ( m52 & ^! are z necess>y to ! supports ( society4 ,:atev] re/ra9t !y may impose on ! passions ( m51 !y are ! real (fspr+ ( ^? passions1 & are only a m artful & m ref9$ way ( satisfy+ !m4 ,no?+ is m vigilant & inv5tive ?an our passions2 & no?+ is m obvi\s ?an ! conv5tion = ! obs]vance ( ^! rules4 ,nature has1 !re=e1 tru/$ ?is affair entirely to ! conduct ( m51 & has n plac$ 9 ! m9d any peculi> orig9al pr9ciples1 to det]m9e u to a set ( actions1 into :i* ! o!r pr9ciples ( our frame & con/itution 7 suffici5t to lead u4 ,& to conv9ce u ! m fully ( ?is tru?1 we may "h /op a mom5t1 &1 f a review ( ! prec$+ reason+s1 may draw "s new argum5ts1 to prove t ^? laws1 h[ev] necess>y1 are entirely artificial1 & ( human inv5tion2 & consequ5tly1 t ju/ice is an artificial1 & n a natural virtue4 ,i4 ,! fir/ argum5t ,i %all make use ( is d]iv$ f ! vulg> def9ition ( ju/ice4 ,ju/ice is commonly def9$ to be a con/ant & p]petual w ( giv+ e "o 8 due4 ,9 ?is def9ition 'tis suppos$ t !re are su* ?+s z "r & prop]ty1 indep5d5t ( ju/ice1 & antec$5t to x2 & t !y w\ld h subsi/$1 ?\gh m5 _h nev] dreamt ( practis+ su* a virtue4 ,i h already obs]v$1 9 a cursory mann]1 ! fallacy ( ?is op9ion1 & %all "h cont9ue to op5 up1 a little m di/9ctly1 my s5tim5ts on t subject4 ,i %all beg9 ) obs]v+1 t ?is quality1 :i* we call prop]ty1 is l _m ( ! imag9>y qualities ( ! ,p]ipatetic philosophy1 & vani%es ^u a m accurate inspection into ! subject1 :5 consid]$ ap>t f our moral s5tim5ts1 ',tis evid5t prop]ty does n consi/ 9 any ( ! s5sible qualities ( ! object4 ,= ^! may cont9ue inv>iably ! same1 :ile ! prop]ty *anges4 ,prop]ty1 !re=e1 mu/ consi/ 9 "s relation ( ! object4 ,b 'tis n 9 its relation ) reg>d to o!r ext]nal & inanimate objects4 ,= ^! may also cont9ue inv>iably ! same1 :ile ! prop]ty *anges4 ,?is quality1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ! relations ( objects to intellig5t & rational be+s4 ,b 'tis n ! ext]nal & corporeal relation :i* =ms ! ess5ce ( prop]ty4 ,= t relation may be ! same betwixt inanimate objects1 or ) reg>d to brute creatures2 ?\gh 9 ^? cases x =ms no prop]ty4 ',tis !re=e 9 "s int]nal relation t ! prop]ty consi/s2 t is1 9 "s influ5ce :i* ! ext]nal relations ( ! object h on ! m9d & actions4 ,?us1 ! ext]nal relation :i* we call occupation or fir/ possession1 is n ( itself imag9$ to be ! prop]ty ( ! object1 b only to cause its prop]ty4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t ?is ext]nal relation causes no?+ 9 ext]nal objects1 & has only an influ5ce on ! m9d1 by giv+ u a s5se ( duty 9 ab/a9+ f t object1 & 9 re/or+ x to ! fir/ possessor4 ,^! actions are prop]ly :at we call ju/ice2 & consequ5tly 'tis on t virtue t ! nature ( prop]ty dep5ds1 & n ! virtue on ! prop]ty4 ,if any "o1 !re=e1 w\ld ass]t t ju/ice is a natural virtue1 & inju/ice a natural vice1 he mu/ ass]t1 t ab/ract+ f ! notions ( prop]ty & "r & obligation1 a c]ta9 conduct & tra9 ( actions1 9 c]ta9 ext]nal relations ( objects1 has naturally a moral beauty or de=mity1 & causes an orig9al pleasure or uneas9ess4 ,?us1 ! re/or+ a man's goods to him is consid]$ z virtu\s1 n because nature has annex$ a c]ta9 s5tim5t ( pleasure to su* a conduct ) reg>d to ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 b because %e has annex$ t s5tim5t to su* a conduct1 ) reg>d to ^? ext]nal objects ( :i* o!rs h _h ! fir/ or long possession1 or :i* !y h receiv$ by ! cons5t ( ^? :o h _h fir/ or long possession4 ,if nature has giv5 u no su* s5tim5t1 !re is n naturally1 nor antec$5t to human conv5tions1 any su* ?+ z prop]ty4 ,n[1 ?\gh x seems suffici5tly evid5t1 9 ?is dry & accurate consid]ation ( ! pres5t subject1 t nature has annex$ no pleasure or s5tim5t ( approbation to su* a conduct1 yet1 t ,i may leave z little room = d\bt z possible1 ,i %all subjo9 a few m argum5ts to confirm my op9ion4 ,fir/1 ,if nature _h giv5 u a pleasure ( ?is k9d1 x w\ld h be5 z evid5t & disc]nible z on e o!r occasion2 nor %\ld we h f\nd any difficulty to p]ceive1 t ! consid]ation ( su* actions1 9 su* a situation1 gives a c]ta9 pleasure & s5tim5t ( approbation4 ,we %\ld n h be5 oblig$ to h rec\rse to notions ( prop]ty 9 ! def9ition ( ju/ice1 & at ! same "t make use ( ! notions ( ju/ice 9 ! def9ition ( pro-prop]ty4 ,?is deceitful me?od ( reason+ is a pla9 pro( t !re are conta9$ 9 ! subject "s obscurities & difficulties :i* we are n able to surm\nt1 & :i* we desire to evade by ?is artifice4 ,secondly1 ,^? rules by :i* prop]ties1 rights & obligations are det]m9$1 h 9 !m no m>ks ( a natural orig91 b _m ( artifice & contrivance4 ,!y are too num]\s to h proce$$ f nature2 !y are *angeable by human laws2 & h all ( !m a direct & evid5t t5d5cy to public good1 & ! support ( civil society4 ,?is la/ circum/ance is rem>kable ^u two acc\nts4 ,fir/1 ,because1 ?\gh ! cause ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! laws _h be5 a reg>d = ! public good1 z mu* z ! public good is _! natural t5d5cy1 !y w\ld /ill h be5 artificial1 z be+ purposely contriv$1 & direct$ to a c]ta9 end4 ,secondly1 ,because1 if m5 _h be5 end[$ ) su* a /rong reg>d = public good1 !y w\ld nev] h re/ra9$ !mselves by ^! rules2 s t ! laws ( ju/ice arise f natural pr9ciples1 9 a mann] /ill m oblique & artificial4 ',tis self-love :i* is _! real orig92 & z ! self-love ( "o p]son is naturally contr>y to t ( ano!r1 ^! sev]al int]e/$ passions are oblig$ to adju/ !mselves aft] su* a mann] z to concur 9 "s sy/em ( conduct & behavi\r4 ,?is sy/em1 !re=e1 compreh5d+ ! int]e/ ( ea* individual1 is ( c\rse advantage\s to ! public1 ?\gh x be n int5d$ = t purpose by ! inv5tors4 ,,ii4 ,9 ! second place1 we may obs]ve1 t all k9ds ( vice & virtue run ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 & may approa* by su* imp]ceptible degrees z w make x v difficult1 if n absolutely impossible1 to det]m9e :5 ! "o ends & ! o!r beg9s2 & f ?is obs]vation we may d]ive a new argum5t = ! =ego+ pr9ciple4 ,=1 :atev] may be ! case ) reg>d to all k9ds ( vice & virtue1 'tis c]ta9 t rights1 & obligations1 & prop]ty1 admit ( no su* ins5sible gradation1 b t a man ei!r has a full & p]fect prop]ty1 or none at all2 & is ei!r entirely oblig$ to p]=m any action1 or lies "u no mann] ( obligation4 ,h[ev] civil laws may talk ( a p]fect dom9ion1 & ( an imp]fect1 'tis easy to obs]ve1 t ?is arises f a fiction1 :i* has no f\ndation 9 reason1 & c nev] ent] into our notions ( natural ju/ice & equity4 ,a man t hires a horse1 ?\gh b = a day1 has z full a "r to make use ( x = t "t1 z he :om we call its proprietor has to make use ( x any o!r day2 & 'tis evid5t t1 h[ev] ! use may be b\nd$ 9 "t or degree1 ! "r itself is n susceptible ( any su* gradation1 b is absolute & entire1 s f> z x ext5ds4 ,accord+ly1 we may obs]ve1 t ?is "r bo? arises & p]i%es 9 an in/ant2 & t a man entirely acquires ! prop]ty ( any object by occupation1 or ! cons5t ( ! proprietor2 & loses x by 8 own cons5t1 )\t any ( t ins5sible gradation :i* is rem>kable 9 o!r qualities & relations4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ?is is ! case ) reg>d to prop]ty1 & rights1 & obligations1 ,i ask1 h[ x /&s ) reg>d to ju/ice & inju/ice8 ,aft] :atev] mann] y answ] ?is "q1 y run into inextricable difficulties4 ,if y reply1 t ju/ice & inju/ice admit ( degree1 & run ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 y expressly contradict ! =ego+ position1 t obligation & prop]ty are n susceptible ( su* a gradation4 ,^! dep5d entirely ^u ju/ice & inju/ice1 & foll[ !m 9 all _! v>iations4 ,:]e ! ju/ice is entire1 ! prop]ty is also entire3 :]e ! ju/ice is imp]fect1 ! prop]ty mu/ also be imp]fect4 ,& vice v]sa1 if ! prop]ty admit ( no su* v>iations1 !y mu/ also be incompatible ) ju/ice4 ,if y ass5t1 !re=e1 to ?is la/ proposition1 & ass]t t ju/ice & inju/ice are n susceptible ( degrees1 y 9 effect ass]t t !y are n naturally ei!r vici\s or virtu\s2 s9ce vice & virtue1 moral good & evil1 & inde$ all natural qualities1 run ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 & are on _m occasions undi/+ui%able4 ,& "h x may be wor? :ile to obs]ve1 t ?\gh ab/ract reason+ & ! g5]al maxims ( philosophy & law e/abli% ?is position1 t prop]ty1 & "r1 & obligation1 admit n ( degrees1 yet1 9 our common & neglig5t way ( ?9k+1 we f9d great difficulty to ent]ta9 t op9ion1 & d ev5 secretly embrace ! contr>y pr9ciple4 ,an object mu/ ei!r be 9 ! possession ( "o p]son or ano!r4 ,an action mu/ ei!r be p]=m$ or n4 ,! necessity !re is ( *oos+ "o side 9 ^! dilemmas1 & ! impossibility !re (t5 is ( f9d+ any j m$ium1 oblige u1 :5 we reflect on ! matt]1 to ackn[l$ge t all prop]ty & obligations are entire4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 we consid] ! orig9 ( prop]ty & obligation1 & f9d t !y dep5d on public utility1 & sometimes on ! prop5sity ( ! imag9ation1 :i* are seldom entire on any side1 we are naturally incl9$ to imag9e t ^! moral relations admit ( an ins5sible gradation4 ,h5ce x is t 9 ref]5ces1 :]e ! cons5t ( ! p>ties leave ! ref]ees entire ma/]s ( ! subject1 !y commonly discov] s mu* equity & ju/ice on bo? sides z induces !m to /rike a m$ium1 & divide ! diff]5ce betwixt ! p>ties4 ,civil judges1 :o h n ?is lib]ty1 b are oblig$ to give a decisive s5t5ce on "s "o side1 are (t5 at a loss h[ to det]m9e1 & are necessitat$ to proce$ on ! mo/ frivol\s reasons 9 ! _w4 ,half rights & obligations1 :i* seem s natural 9 common life1 are p]fect absurdities 9 _! tribunal2 = :i* reason !y are (t5 oblig$ to take half argum5ts = :ole ones1 9 ord] to t]m9ate ! affair "o way or o!r4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird argum5t ( ?is k9d ,i %all make use ( may be expla9$ ?us4 ,if we consid] ! ord9>y c\rse ( human actions1 we %all f9d t ! m9d re/ra9s n itself by any g5]al & univ]sal rules1 b acts on mo/ occasions z x is det]m9$ by its pres5t motives & incl9ation4 ,z ea* action is a p>ticul> individual ev5t1 x mu/ proce$ f p>ticul> pr9ciples1 & f our imm$iate situation )9 ourselves1 & ) respect to ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,if on "s occasions we ext5d our motives beyond ^? v circum/ances :i* gave rise to !m1 & =m some?+ l g5]al rides = our conduct1 'tis easy to obs]ve t ^! rules are n p]fectly inflexible1 b all[ ( _m exceptions4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ?is is ! ord9>y c\rse ( human actions1 we may conclude t ! laws ( ju/ice1 be+ univ]sal & p]fectly inflexible1 c nev] be d]iv$ f nature1 nor be ! imm$iate (fspr+ ( any natural motive or incl9ation4 ,no action c be ei!r morally good or evil1 unless !re be "s natural passion or motive to impel u to x1 or det] u f x2 & tis evid5t t ! morality mu/ be susceptible ( all ! same v>iations :i* are natural to ! passion4 ,"h are two p]sons :o dispute = an e/ate2 ( :om "o is ri*1 a fool1 & a ba*elor2 ! o!r poor1 a man ( s5se1 & has a num]\s family3 ! fir/ is my enemy2 ! second my fri5d4 ,:e!r ,i be actuat$ 9 ?is affair by a view to public or private int]e/1 by fri5d%ip or enmity1 ,i mu/ be induc$ to d my utmo/ to procure ! e/ate to ! latt]4 ,nor w\ld any consid]ation ( ! "r & prop]ty ( ! p]sons be able to re/ra9 me1 7 ,i actuat$ only by natural motives1 )\t any comb9ation or conv5tion ) o!rs4 ,= z all prop]ty dep5ds on morality1 & z all morality dep5ds on ! ord9>y c\rse ( our passions & actions1 & z ^! aga9 are only direct$ by p>ticul> motives1 'tis evid5t su* a p>tial conduct mu/ be suitable to ! /ricte/ morality1 & c\ld nev] be a violation ( prop]ty4 ,7 m51 !re=e1 to take ! lib]ty ( act+ ) reg>d to ! laws ( society1 z !y d 9 e o!r affair1 !y w\ld conduct !mselves1 on mo/ occasions1 by p>ticul> judgm5ts1 & w\ld take into consid]ation ! *>act]s & circum/ances ( ! p]sons1 z well z ! g5]al nature ( ! "q4 ,b 'tis easy to obs]ve1 t ?is w\ld produce an inf9ite confusion 9 human society1 & t ! avidity & p>tiality ( m5 w\ld quickly br+ disord] into ! _w1 if n re/ra9$ by "s g5]al & inflexible pr9ciples4 ',twas !re=e ) a view to ?is inconv5i5ce1 t m5 h e/abli%$ ^? pr9ciples1 & h agre$ to re/ra9 !mselves by g5]al rules1 :i* are un*angeable by spite & fav\r1 & by p>ticul> views ( private or public int]e/4 ,^! rules1 !n1 are artificially inv5t$ = a c]ta9 purpose1 & are contr>y to ! common pr9ciples ( human nature1 :i* accommodate !mselves to circum/ances1 & h no /at$ inv>iable me?od ( op]ation4 ,nor d ,i p]ceive h[ ,i c easily be mi/ak5 9 ?is matt]4 ,i see evid5tly1 t :5 any man imposes on himself g5]al inflexible rules 9 8 conduct ) o!rs1 he consid]s c]ta9 objects z _! prop]ty1 :i* he supposes to be sacr$ & inviolable4 ,b no proposition c be m evid5t1 ?an t prop]ty is p]fectly un9telligible )\t fir/ suppos+ ju/ice & inju/ice2 & t ^! virtues & vices are z un9telligible1 unless we h motives1 indep5d5t ( ! morality1 to impel u to j actions1 & det] u f unju/ ones4 ,let ^? motives1 !re=e1 be :at !y w1 !y mu/ accommodate !mselves to circum/ances1 & mu/ admit ( all ! v>iations :i* human affairs1 9 _! incessant revolutions1 are susceptible (4 ,!y are1 consequ5tly1 a v improp] f\ndation = su* rigid inflexible rules z ! laws ( nature2 & 'tis evid5t ^! laws c only be d]iv$ f human conv5tions1 :5 m5 h p]ceiv$ ! disord]s t result f foll[+ _! natural & v>iable pr9ciples4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 we are to consid] ?is di/9ction betwixt ju/ice & inju/ice1 z hav+ two diff]5t f\ndations1 viz4 t ( int]e/1 :5 m5 obs]ve1 t 'tis impossible to live 9 society )\t re/ra9+ !mselves by c]ta9 rules2 & t ( morality1 :5 ?is int]e/ is once obs]v$1 & m5 receive a pleasure f ! view ( su* actions z t5d to ! peace ( society1 & an uneas9ess f su* z are contr>y to x4 ',tis ! volunt>y conv5tion & artifice ( m5 :i* makes ! fir/ int]e/ take place2 & !re=e ^? laws ( ju/ice are s f> to be consid]$ z artificial4 ,aft] t int]e/ is once e/abli%$ & ackn[l$g$1 ! s5se ( morality 9 ! obs]vance ( ^! rules foll[s naturally1 & ( itself2 ?\gh tis c]ta91 t x is also augm5t$ by a new artifice1 & t ! public in/ructions ( politicians1 & ! private education ( p>5ts1 contribute to ! giv+ u a s5se ( hon\r & duty1 9 ! /rict regulation ( our actions ) reg>d to ! prop]ties ( o!rs4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4 ,no?+ is m c]ta91 ?an t m5 are 9 a great measure gov]n$ by int]e/1 & t1 ev5 :5 !y ext5d _! conc]n beyond !mselves1 'tis n to any great di/ance2 nor is x usual = !m1 9 common life1 to look f>!r ?an _! ne>e/ fri5ds & acqua9tance4 ',tis no less c]ta91 t 'tis impossible = m5 to consult _! int]e/ 9 s effectual a mann]1 z by an univ]sal & inflexible obs]vance ( ! rules ( ju/ice1 by :i* alone !y c pres]ve society1 & keep !mselves f fall+ into t wret*$ & savage condition :i* is commonly repres5t$ z ! /ate ( nature4 ,& z ?is int]e/ :i* all m5 h 9 ! uphold+ ( society1 & ! obs]vation ( ! rules ( ju/ice1 is great1 s is x palpable & evid5t1 ev5 to ! mo/ rude & uncultivat$ ( ! human race2 & 'tis almo/ impossible = any "o :o has _h exp]i5ce ( society1 to be mi/ak5 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 m5 are s s9c]ely atta*$ to _! int]e/1 & _! int]e/ is s mu* conc]n$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ju/ice1 & ?is int]e/ is s c]ta9 & av[$1 x may be ask$1 h[ any disord] c ev] arise 9 society1 & :at pr9ciple !re is 9 human nature s p[]ful z to ov]come s /rong a passion1 or s viol5t z to obscure s cle> a k8 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 9 treat+ ( ! ,passions1 t m5 are mightily gov]n$ by ! imag9ation1 & proportion _! affections m to ! light "u :i* any object appe>s to !m1 ?an to its real & intr9sic value4 ,:at /rikes ^u !m ) a /rong & lively idea commonly prevails above :at lies 9 a m obscure light2 & x mu/ be a great sup]iority ( value t is able to comp5sate ?is advantage4 ,n[1 z e ?+ t is contigu\s to u1 ei!r 9 space or "t1 /rikes ^u u ) su* an idea1 x has a proportional effect on ! w & passions1 & commonly op]ates ) m =ce ?an any object t lies 9 a m di/ant & obscure light4 ,?\gh we may be fully conv9c$1 t ! latt] object excels ! =m]1 we are n able to regulate our actions by ?is judgm5t1 b yield to ! solicitations ( our passions1 :i* always plead 9 fav\r ( :atev] is ne> & contigu\s4 ,?is is ! reason :y m5 s (t5 act 9 contradiction to _! kn[n int]e/2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 :y !y pref] any trivial advantage t is pres5t1 to ! ma9t5ance ( ord] 9 society1 :i* s mu* dep5ds on ! obs]vance ( ju/ice4 ,! consequ5ces ( e brea* ( equity seem to lie v remote1 & & are n liable to c\nt]balance any imm$iate advantage t may be reap$ f x4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 nev] ! less real = be+ remote2 & z all m5 are1 9 "s degree1 subject to ! same weakness1 x necess>ily happ5s1 t ! violations ( equity mu/ become v frequ5t 9 society1 & ! comm]ce ( m51 by t means1 be r5d]$ v dang]\s & unc]ta94 ,y h ! same prop5sion t ,i h 9 fav\r ( :at is contigu\s above :at is remote4 ,y are1 !re=e1 naturally c>ri$ to commit acts ( inju/ice z well z me4 ,y\r example bo? pu%es me =w>d 9 ?is way by imitation1 & also af=ds me a new reason = any brea* ( equity1 by %[+ me1 t ,i %\ld be ! cully ( my integrity1 if ,i alone %\ld impose on myself a sev]e re/ra9t amid/ ! lic5ti\sness ( o!rs4 ,?is quality1 !re=e1 ( human nature1 n only is v dang]\s to society1 b also seems1 on a cursory view1 to be incapable ( any rem$y4 ,! rem$y c only come f ! cons5t ( m52 & if m5 be incapable ( !mselves to pref] remote to contigu\s1 !y w nev] cons5t to any ?+ :i* w\ld oblige !m to su* a *oice1 & contradict1 9 s s5sible a mann]1 _! natural pr9ciples & prop5sities4 ,:oev] *ooses ! means1 *ooses also ! end2 & if x be impossible = u to pref] :at is remote1 'tis equally impossible = u to submit to any necessity :i* w\ld oblige u to su* a me?od ( act+4 ,b "h 'tis obs]vable1 t ?is infirmity ( human nature becomes a rem$y to itself1 & t we provide aga9/ our neglig5ce ab\t remote objects1 m]ely because we are naturally incl9$ to t neglig5ce4 ,:5 we consid] any objects at a di/ance1 all _! m9ute di/9ctions vani%1 & we always give ! pref]5ce to :atev] is 9 itself pref]able1 )\t consid]+ its situation & circum/ances4 ,?is gives rise to :at1 9 an improp] s5se1 we call reason1 :i* is a pr9ciple t is (t5 contradictory to ^? prop5sities t display !mselves ^u ! approa* ( ! object4 ,9 reflect+ on any action :i* ,i am to p]=m a twelvemon? h5ce1 ,i always resolve to pref] ! great] good1 :e!r at t "t x w be m contigu\s or remote2 nor does any diff]5ce 9 t p>ticul> make a diff]5ce 9 my pres5t int5tions & resolutions4 ,my di/ance f ! f9al det]m9ation makes all ^? m9ute diff]5ces vani%1 nor am ,i affect$ by any ?+ b ! g5]al & m disc]nible qualities ( good & evil4 ,b on my ne>] approa*1 ^? circum/ances :i* ,i at fir/ ov]look$ beg9 to appe>1 & h an influ5ce on my conduct & affections4 ,a new incl9ation to ! pres5t good spr+s up1 & makes x difficult = me to adh]e inflexibly to my fir/ purpose & resolution4 ,?is natural infirmity ,i may v mu* regret1 & ,i may endeav\r1 by all possible means1 to free myself f x4 ,i may h rec\rse to /udy & reflection )9 myself2 to ! advice ( fri5ds2 to frequ5t m$itation1 & repeat$ resolution3 ,& hav+ exp]i5c$ h[ ineffectual all ^! are1 ,i may embrace ) pleasure any o!r exp$i5t by :i* ,i may impose a re/ra9t ^u myself1 & gu>d aga9/ ?is weakness4 ,! only1 difficulty1 !re=e1 is to f9d out ?is exp$i5t1 by :i* m5 cure _! natural weakness1 & lay !mselves "u ! necessity ( obs]v+ ! laws ( ju/ice & equity1 not)/&+ _! viol5t prop5sion to pref] contigu\s to remote4 ',tis evid5t su* a rem$y c nev] be effectual )\t correct+ ?is prop5sity2 & z 'tis impossible to *ange or correct any ?+ mat]ial 9 our nature1 ! utmo/ we c d is to *ange our circum/ances & situation1 & r5d] ! obs]vance ( ! laws ( ju/ice our ne>e/ int]e/1 & _! violation our mo/ remote4 ,b ?is be+ impracticable ) respect to all mank9d1 x c only take place ) respect to a few1 :om we ?us imm$iately int]e/ 9 ! execution ( ju/ice4 ,^! are ! p]sons :om we call civil magi/rates1 k+s & _! m9i/]s1 our gov]nors & rul]s1 :o1 be+ indiff]5t p]sons to ! greate/ "p ( ! /ate1 h no int]e/1 or b a remote "o1 9 any act ( inju/ice2 &1 be+ satisfi$ ) _! pres5t condition1 & ) _! "p 9 society1 h an imm$iate int]e/ 9 e execution ( ju/ice1 :i* is s necess>y to ! uphold+ ( society4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( civil gov]nm5t & society4 ,m5 are n able radically to cure1 ei!r 9 !mselves or o!rs1 t n>r[ness ( s\l :i* makes !m pref] ! pres5t to ! remote4 ,!y _c *ange _! natures4 ,all !y c d is to *ange _! situation1 & r5d] ! obs]vance ( ju/ice ! imm$iate int]e/ ( "s p>ticul> p]sons1 & its violation _! m remote4 ,^! p]sons1 !n1 are n only induc$ to obs]ve ^? rules 9 _! own conduct1 b also to con/ra9 o!rs to a l regul>ity1 & en=ce ! dictates ( equity ?r\gh ! :ole society4 ,& if x be necess>y1 !y may also int]e/ o!rs m imm$iately 9 ! execution ( ju/ice1 & create a numb] ( (fic]s1 civil & milit>y1 to assi/ !m 9 _! gov]nm5t4 ,b ?is execution ( ju/ice1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal1 is n ! only advantage ( gov]nm5t4 ,z viol5t passion h9d]s m5 f see+ di/9ctly ! int]e/ !y h 9 an equitable behavi\r t[>ds o!rs1 s x h9d]s !m f see+ t equity itself1 & gives !m a rem>kable p>tiality 9 _! own fav\rs4 ,?is inconv5i5ce is correct$ 9 ! same mann] z t above m5tion$4 ,! same p]sons :o execute ! laws ( ju/ice1 w also decide all controv]sies conc]n+ !m2 &1 be+ indiff]5t to ! greate/ "p ( ! society1 w decide !m m equitably ?an e "o w\ld 9 8 own case4 ,by means ( ^! two advantages 9 ! execution & decision ( ju/ice1 m5 acquire a security aga9/ ea* o!r's weakness & passion1 z well z aga9/ _! own1 &1 "u ! %elt] ( _! gov]nors1 beg9 to ta/e at ease ! sweets ( society & mutual assi/ance4 ,b gov]nm5t ext5ds f>!r its b5eficial influ5ce2 &1 n cont5t$ to protect m5 9 ^? conv5tions !y make = _! mutual int]e/1 x (t5 obliges !m to make su* conv5tions1 & =ces !m to seek _! own advantage1 by a concurr5ce 9 "s common end or purpose4 ,!re is no quality 9 human nature :i* causes m fatal errors 9 our conduct1 ?an t :i* leads u to pref] :atev] is pres5t to ! di/ant & remote1 & makes u desire objects m accord+ to _! situation ?an _! intr9sic value4 ,two neighb\rs may agree to dra9 a mead[1 :i* !y possess 9 common3 because 'tis easy = !m to "k ea* o!r's m9d2 & ea* mu/ p]ceive1 t ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( 8 fail+ 9 8 "p1 is ! ab&on+ ! :ole project4 ,b 'tis v difficult1 & inde$ impossible1 t a ?\s& p]sons %\ld agree 9 any su* action2 x be+ difficult = !m to conc]t s complicat$ a design1 & /ill m difficult = !m to execute x2 :ile ea* seeks a pretext to free himself ( ! tr\ble & exp5se1 & w\ld lay ! :ole burd5 on o!rs4 ,political society easily rem$ies bo? ^! inconv5i5ces4 ,magi/rates f9d an imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! int]e/ ( any consid]able "p ( _! subjects4 ,!y ne$ consult nobody b !mselves to =m any s*eme = ! promot+ ( t int]e/4 ,& z ! failure ( any "o piece 9 ! execution is connect$1 ?\gh n imm$iately1 ) ! failure ( ! :ole1 !y prev5t t failure1 because !y f9d no int]e/ 9 x1 ei!r imm$iate or remote4 ,?us1 bridges are built1 h>b\rs op5$1 ramp>ts rais$1 canals =m$1 fleets equipp$1 & armies discipl9$1 e :]e1 by ! c>e ( gov]nm5t1 :i*1 ?\gh compos$ ( m5 subject to all human infirmities1 becomes1 by "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ subtile inv5tions imag9able1 a composition :i* is 9 "s measure exempt$ f all ^! infirmities4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,allegiance4 ,?\gh gov]nm5t be an inv5tion v advantage\s1 & ev5 9 "s circum/ances absolutely necess>y to mank9d1 x is n necess>y 9 all circum/ances2 nor is x impossible = m5 to pres]ve society = "s "t1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to su* an inv5tion4 ,m51 'tis true1 are always mu* incl9$ to pref] pres5t int]e/ to di/ant & remote2 nor is x easy = !m to resi/ ! temptation ( any advantage t !y may imm$iately enjoy1 9 appreh5sion ( an evil t lies at a di/ance f !m2 b /ill ?is weakness is less conspicu\s :]e ! possessions & ! pleasures ( life are few & ( little value1 z !y always are 9 ! infancy ( society4 ,an ,indian is b little tempt$ to dispossess ano!r ( 8 hut1 or to /eal 8 b[1 z be+ already provid$ ( ! same advantages2 & z to any sup]ior =tune :i* may att5d "o above ano!r 9 hunt+ & fi%+1 'tis only casual & tempor>y1 & w h b small t5d5cy to di/urb society4 ,& s f> am ,i f ?9k+ ) "s philosoph]s1 t m5 are utt]ly incapable ( society )\t gov]nm5t1 t ,i ass]t ! fir/ rudim5ts ( gov]nm5t to arise f qu>rels1 n among m5 ( ! same society1 b among ^? ( diff]5t societies4 ,a less degree ( ri*es w suffice to ?is latt] effect1 is requisite = ! =m]4 ,m5 fe> no?+ f public w> & viol5ce b ! resi/ance !y meet )1 :i*1 because !y %>e x 9 common1 seems less t]rible1 &1 because x comes f /rang]s1 seems less p]nici\s 9 its consequ5ces1 ?an :5 !y are expos$ s+ly aga9/ "o ^: comm]ce is advantage\s to !m1 & )\t ^: society 'tis impossible !y c subsi/4 ,n[ =eign w>1 to a society )\t gov]nm5t1 necess>ily produces civil w>4 ,?r[ any consid]able goods among m51 !y in/antly fall a qu>rell+1 :ile ea* /rives to get possession ( :at pleases him1 )\t reg>d to ! consequ5ces4 ,9 a =eign w>1 ! mo/ consid]able ( all goods1 life & limbs1 are at /ake2 & z e "o %uns dang]\s ports1 seizes ! be/ arms1 seeks excuse = ! slighte/ w\nds1 ! laws1 :i* may be well en\gh obs]v$ :ile m5 7 calm1 c n[ no long] take place1 :5 !y are 9 su* commotion4 ,?is we f9d v]ifi$ 9 ! ,am]ican tribes1 :]e m5 live 9 concord & amity among !mselves1 )\t any e/abli%$ gov]nm5t1 & nev] pay submission to any ( _! fell[s1 except 9 "t ( w>1 :5 _! capta9 enjoys a %ad[ ( au?ority1 :i* he loses aft] _! return f ! field & ! e/abli%m5t ( peace ) ! neighb\r+ tribes4 ,?is au?ority1 h[ev]1 in/ructs !m 9 ! advantages ( gov]nm5t1 & tea*es !m to h rec\rse to x1 :51 ei!r by ! pillage ( w>1 by comm]ce1 or by any =tuit\s inv5tions1 _! ri*es & possessions h become s consid]able z to make !m =get1 on e em]g5ce1 ! int]e/ !y h 9 ! pres]vation ( peace & ju/ice4 ,h5ce we may give a plausible reason1 among o!rs1 :y all gov]nm5ts are at fir/ mon>*ical1 )\t any mixture & v>iety2 & :y republics arise only f ! abuses ( mon>*y & despotic p[]4 ,camps are ! true mo!rs ( cities2 & z w> _c be adm9i/]$1 by reason ( ! sudd5ness ( e exig5cy1 )\t "s au?ority 9 a s+le p]son1 ! same k9d ( au?ority naturally takes place 9 t civil gov]nm5t :i* succe$s ! milit>y4 ,& ?is reason ,i take to be m natural ?an ! common "o d]iv$ f patri>*al gov]nm5t1 or ! au?ority ( a fa!r1 :i* is said fir/ to take place 9 "o family1 & to accu/om ! memb]s ( x to ! gov]nm5t ( a s+le p]son4 ,! /ate ( society )\t gov]nm5t is "o ( ! mo/ natural /ates ( m51 & mu/ subsi/ ) ! conjunction ( _m families1 & long aft] ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,no?+ b an increase ( ri*es & possessions c\ld oblige m5 to quit x2 & s b>b>\s & un9/ruct$ are all societies on _! fir/ =mation1 t _m ye>s mu/ elapse be=e ^! c increase to su* a degree z to di/urb m5 9 ! enjoym5t ( peace & concord4 ,b ?\gh x be possible = m5 to ma9ta9 a small uncultivat$ society )\t gov]nm5t1 'tis impossible !y %\ld ma9ta9 a society ( any k9d )\t ju/ice1 & ! obs]vance ( ^? ?ree fundam5tal laws conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession1 its translation by cons5t1 & ! p]=mance ( promises4 ,^! are !re=e antec$5t to gov]nm5t1 & are suppos$ to impose an obligation1 be=e ! duty ( allegiance to civil magi/rates has once be5 ?\ght (4 ,nay1 ,i %all g f>!r1 & ass]t1 t gov]nm5t1 ^u its fir/ e/abli%m5t1 w\ld naturally be suppos$ to d]ive its obligation f ^? laws ( ( nature1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 f t conc]n+ ! p]=mance ( promises4 ,:5 m5 h once p]ceiv$ ! necessity ( gov]nm5t to ma9ta9 peace & execute ju/ice1 !y w\ld naturally assemble toge!r1 w\ld *oose magi/rates1 det]m9e _! p[]1 & promise !m ob$i5ce4 ,z a promise is suppos$ to be a bond or security already 9 use1 & att5d$ ) a moral obligation1 'tis to be consid]$ z ! orig9al sanction ( gov]nm5t1 & z ! s\rce ( ! fir/ obligation to ob$i5ce4 ,?is reason+ appe>s s natural1 t x has become ! f\ndation ( our fa%ionable sy/em ( politics1 & is 9 a mann] ! cre$ ( a p>ty among/ u1 :o pride !mselves1 ) reason1 on ! s\ndness ( _! philosophy1 & _! lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ',all m51' say !y1 'are born free & equal3 gov]nm5t & sup]iority c only be e/abli%$ by cons5t3 ! cons5t ( m51 9 e/abli%+ gov]nm5t1 imposes on !m a new obligation1 unkn[n to ! laws ( nature4 ,m51 !re=e1 are b\nd to obey _! magi/rates1 only because !y promise x2 & if !y _h n giv5 _! ^w1 ei!r expressly or tacitly1 to pres]ve allegiance1 x w\ld nev] h become a "p ( _! moral duty4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 :5 c>ri$ s f> z to compreh5d gov]nm5t 9 all its ages & situations1 is entirely errone\s2 & ,i ma9ta91 t ?\gh ! duty ( allegiance be at fir/ graft$ on ! obligation ( promises1 & be = "s "t support$ by t obligation1 yet x quickly takes root ( itself1 & has an orig9al obligation & au?ority1 indep5d5t ( all contracts4 ,?is is a pr9ciple ( mom5t1 :i* we mu/ exam9e ) c>e & att5tion1 be=e we proce$ any f>!r4 ',tis reasonable = ^? philosoph]s :o ass]t ju/ice to be a natural virtue1 & antec$5t to human conv5tions1 to resolve all civil allegiance into ! obligation ( a promise1 & ass]t t 'tis our own cons5t alone :i* b9ds u to any submission to magi/racy4 ,= z all gov]nm5t is pla9ly an inv5tion ( m51 & ! orig9 ( mo/ gov]nm5ts is kn[n 9 hi/ory1 'tis necess>y to m\nt high]1 9 ord] to f9d ! s\rce ( our political duties1 if we w\ld ass]t !m to h any natural obligation ( morality4 ,^! philosoph]s1 !re=e1 quickly obs]ve1 t society is z anci5t z ! human species1 & ^? ?ree fundam5tal laws ( nature z anci5t z society2 s t1 tak+ advantage ( ! antiquity & obscure orig9 ( ^! laws1 !y fir/ d5y !m to be artificial & volunt>y inv5tions ( m51 & !n seek to +raft on !m ^? o!r duties :i* are m pla9ly artificial4 ,b be+ once undeceiv$ 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & hav+ f\nd t natural z well z civil ju/ice d]ives its orig9 f human conv5tions1 we %all quickly p]ceive h[ fruitless x is to resolve ! "o into ! o!r1 & seek1 9 ! laws ( nature1 a /rong] f\ndation = our political duties ?an int]e/ & human conv5tions2 :ile ^! laws !mselves are built on ! v same f\ndation4 ,on :i*ev] side we turn ?is subject1 we %all f9d t ^! two k9ds ( duty are exactly on ! same foot+1 & h ! same s\rce bo? ( _! fir/ inv5tion & moral obligation4 ,!y are contriv$ to rem$y l inconv5i5ces1 & acquire _! moral sanction 9 ! same mann]1 f _! rem$y+ ^? inconv5i5ces4 ,^! are two po9ts :i* we %all endeav\r to prove z di/9ctly z possible4 ,we h already %[n1 t m5 inv5t$ ! ?ree fundam5tal laws ( nature1 :5 !y obs]v$ ! necessity ( society to _! mutual subsi/5ce1 & f\nd t 'twas impossible to ma9ta9 any correspond5ce toge!r1 )\t "s re/ra9t on _! natural appetites4 ,! same self-love1 !re=e1 :i* r5d]s m5 s incommodi\s to ea* o!r1 tak+ a new & m conv5i5t direction1 produces ! rules ( ju/ice1 & is ! fir/ motive ( _! obs]vance4 ,b :5 m5 h obs]v$1 t ?\gh ! rules ( ju/ice be suffici5t to ma9ta9 any society1 yet 'tis impossible = !m1 ( !mselves1 to obs]ve ^? rules 9 l>ge & poli%$ societies2 !y e/abli% gov]nm5t z a new inv5tion to atta9 _! ends1 & pres]ve ! old1 or procure new advantages1 by a m /rict execution ( ju/ice4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 our civil duties are connect$ ) our natural1 t ! =m] are inv5t$ *iefly = ! sake ( ! latt]2 & t ! pr9cipal object ( gov]nm5t is to con/ra9 m5 to obs]ve ! laws ( nature4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 t law ( nature1 conc]n+ ! p]=mance ( promises1 is only compris$ along ) ! re/2 & its exact obs]vance is to be consid]$ z an effect ( ! in/itution ( gov]nm5t1 & n ! ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t z an effect ( ! obligation ( a promise4 ,?\gh ! object ( our civil duties be ! en=c+ ( our natural1 yet ! fir/#i motive ( ! inv5tion1 z well z p]=mance ( bo?1 is no?+ b self-int]e/2 & s9ce !re is a sep>ate int]e/ 9 ! ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t1 f t 9 ! p]=mance ( promises1 we mu/ also all[ ( a sep>ate obligation4 ,to obey ! civil magi/rate is requisite to pres]ve ord] & concord 9 society4 ,to p]=m promises is requisite to beget mutual tru/ & confid5ce 9 ! common (fices ( life4 ,! ends1 z well z ! means1 are p]fectly di/9ct2 nor is ! "o subord9ate to ! o!r4 ,to make ?is m evid5t1 let u consid]1 t m5 w (t5 b9d !mselves by promises to ! p]=mance ( :at x w\ld h be5 _! int]e/ to p]=m1 indep5d5t ( ^! promises2 z :5 !y w\ld give o!rs a full] security1 by sup]add+ a new obligation ( int]e/ to t :i* !y =m]ly lay "u4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! p]=mance ( promises1 besides its moral obligation1 is g5]al1 av[$1 & ( ! la/ consequ5ce 9 life4 ,o!r int]e/s may be m p>ticul> & d\btful2 & we are apt to ent]ta9 a great] suspicion1 t m5 may indulge _! hum\r or passion 9 act+ contr>y to !m4 ,"h1 !re=e1 promises come naturally 9 play1 & are (t5 requir$ = full] satisfaction & security4 ,b suppos+ ^? o!r int]e/s to be z g5]al & av[$ z ! int]e/ 9 ! p]=mance ( a promise1 !y w be reg>d$ z on ! same foot+1 & m5 w beg9 to repose ! same confid5ce 9 !m4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! case ) reg>d to our civil duties1 or ob$i5ce to ! magi/rate2 )\t :i* no gov]nm5t c\ld subsi/1 nor any peace or ord] be ma9ta9$ 9 l>ge societies1 :]e !re are s _m possessions on ! "o h&1 & s _m wants1 real or imag9>y1 on ! o!r4 ,our civil duties1 !re=e1 mu/ soon deta* !mselves f our promises1 & acquire a sep>ate =ce & influ5ce4 ,! int]e/ 9 bo? is ( ! v same k9d2 'tis g5]al1 av[$1 & prevails 9 all times & places4 ,!re is1 !n1 no pretext ( reason = f\nd+ ! "o ^u ! o!r1 :ile ea* ( !m has a f\ndation peculi> to itself4 ,we might z well resolve ! obligation to ab/a9 f ! possessions ( o!rs1 into ! obligation ( a promise1 z t ( allegiance4 ,! int]e/s are n m di/9ct 9 ! "o case ?an ! o!r4 ,a reg>d to prop]ty is n m necess>y to natural society1 ?an ob$i5ce is to civil society or gov]nm5t2 nor is ! =m] society m necess>y to ! be+ ( mank9d1 ?an ! latt] to _! well-be+ & happ9ess4 ,9 %ort1 if ! p]=mance ( promises be advantage\s1 s is ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t2 if ! =m] int]e/ be g5]al1 s is ! latt]2 if ! "o int]e/ be obvi\s & av[$1 s is ! o!r4 ,& z ^! two rules are f\nd$ on l obligations ( int]e/1 ea* ( !m mu/ h a peculi> au?ority1 indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,b 'tis n only ! natural obligations ( int]e/1 :i* are di/9ct 9 promises & allegiance2 b also ! moral obligations ( hon\r & consci5ce3 nor does ! m]it or dem]it ( ! "o dep5d 9 ! lea/ ^u t ( ! o!r4 ,&1 inde$1 if we consid] ! close connexion !re is betwixt ! natural & moral obligations1 we %all f9d ?is conclusion to be entirely unavoidable4 ,our int]e/ is always engag$ on ! side ( ob$i5ce to magi/racy2 & !re is no?+ b a great pres5t advantage t c lead u to rebellion1 by mak+ u ov]look ! remote int]e/ :i* we h 9 ! pres]v+ ( peace & ord] 9 society4 ,b ?\gh a pres5t int]e/ may ?us bl9d u ) reg>d to our own actions1 x takes n place ) reg>d to ^? ( o!rs2 nor h9d]s !m f appe>+ 9 _! true col\rs1 z highly prejudicial to public int]e/1 & to our own 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is naturally gives u an uneas9ess1 9 consid]+ su* s$iti\s & disloyal actions1 & makes u atta* to !m ! idea ( vice & moral de=mity4 ',tis ! same pr9ciple :i* causes u to disapprove ( all k9ds ( private inju/ice1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ( ! brea* ( promises4 ,we blame all trea*]y & brea* ( fai?2 because we consid]1 t ! fre$om & ext5t ( human comm]ce dep5d entirely on a fidelity ) reg>d to promises4 ,we blame all disloyalty to magi/rates2 because we p]ceive t ! execution ( ju/ice1 9 ! /ability ( possession1 its translation by cons5t1 & ! p]=mance ( promises1 is impossible1 )\t submission to gov]nm5t4 ,z !re are "h two int]e/s entirely di/9ct f ea* o!r1 !y mu/ give rise to two moral obligations1 equally sep>ate & indep5d5t4 ,?\gh !re 0 no su* ?+ z a promise 9 ! _w1 gov]nm5t w\ld /ill be necess>y 9 all l>ge & civiliz$ societies2 & if promises _h only _! own prop] obligation1 )\t ! sep>ate sanction ( gov]nm5t1 !y w\ld h b little efficacy 9 su* societies4 ,?is sep>ates ! b\nd>ies ( our public & private duties1 & %[s t ! latt] are m dep5d5t on ! =m]1 ?an ! =m] on ! latt]4 ,education1 & ! artifice ( politicians1 concur to be/[ a f>!r morality on loyalty1 & to br& all rebellion ) a great] degree ( guilt & infamy4 ,nor is x a wond] t politicians %\ld be v indu/ri\s 9 inculcat+ su* notions1 :]e _! int]e/ is s p>ticul>ly conc]n$4 ,le/ ^? argum5ts %\ld n appe> entirely conclusive 7z ,i ?9k !y are71 ,i %all h rec\rse to au?ority1 & %all prove1 f ! univ]sal cons5t ( mank9d1 t ! obligation ( submission to gov]nm5t is n d]iv$ f any promise ( ! subjects4 ,nor ne$ any "o wond]1 t ?\gh ,i h all along endeav\r$ to e/abli% my sy/em on pure reason1 & h sc>ce ev] cit$ ! judgm5t ev5 ( philosoph]s or hi/orians on any article1 ,i %\ld n[ appeal to popul> au?ority1 & oppose ! s5tim5ts ( ! rabble to any philosophical reason+4 ,= x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! op9ions ( m51 9 ?is case1 c>ry ) !m a peculi> au?ority1 & are1 9 a great measure1 infallible4 ,! di/9ction ( moral good & evil is f\nd$ on ! pleasure or pa9 :i* results f ! view ( any s5tim5t or "*2 &1 z t pleasure or pa9 _c be unkn[n to ! p]son :o feels x1 x foll[s1#aj t !re is j s mu* vice or virtue 9 any "* z e "o places 9 x1 & t 'tis impossible 9 ?is p>ticul> we c ev] be mi/ak54 ,&1 ?\gh our judgm5ts conc]n+ ! orig9 ( any vice or virtue1 be n s c]ta9 z ^? conc]n+ _! degrees1 yet1 s9ce ! "q 9 ?is case reg>ds n any philosophical orig9 ( an obligation1 b a pla9 matt] ( fact1 'tis n easily conceiv$ h[ we c fall into an error4 ,a man :o ackn[l$ges himself to be b\nd to ano!r = a c]ta9 sum1 mu/ c]ta9ly "k :e!r x be by 8 own bond1 or t ( 8 fa!r2 :e!r x be ( 8 m]e good w1 or = money l5t him2 & "u :at conditions1 & = :at purposes1 he has b\nd himself4 ,9 l mann]1 x be+ c]ta9 t !re is a moral obligation to submit to gov]nm5t1 because ev]yone ?9ks s2 x mu/ be z c]ta9 t ?is obligation arises n f a promise2 s9ce no "o1 ^: judgm5t has n be5 l$ a/ray by too /rict adh]5ce to a sy/em ( philosophy1 has ev] yet dreamt ( ascrib+ x to t orig94 ,nei!r magi/rates nor subjects h =m$ ?is idea ( our civil duties4 ,we f9d1 t magi/rates are s f> f d]iv+ _! au?ority1 & ! obligation to ob$i5ce 9 _! subjects1 f ! f\ndation ( a promise or orig9al contract1 t !y conceal1 z f> z possible1 f _! p1 especially f ! vulg>1 t !y h _! orig9 f !nce4 ,7 ?is ! sanction ( gov]nm5t1 our rul]s w\ld nev] receive x tacitly1 :i* is ! utmo/ t c be pret5d$2 s9ce :at is giv5 tacitly & ins5sibly1 c nev] h su* influ5ce on mank9d z :at is p]=m$ expressly & op5ly4 ,a tacit promise is1 :]e ! w is signifi$ by o!r m diffuse signs ?an ^? ( spee*2 b a w !re mu/ c]ta9ly be 9 ! case1 & t c nev] escape ! p]son's notice :o ex]t$ x1 h[ev] sil5t or tacit4 ,b 7 y to ask ! f> greate/ "p ( ! nation1 :e!r !y _h ev] cons5t$ to ! au?ority ( _! rul]s1 or promis$ to obey !m1 !y w\ld be incl9$ to ?9k v /rangely ( y2 & w\ld c]ta9ly reply1 t ! affair dep5d$ n on _! cons5t1 b t !y 7 born to su* an ob$i5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is op9ion1 we frequ5tly see !m imag9e su* p]sons to be _! natural rul]s1 z are at t "t depriv$ ( all p[] & au?ority1 & :om no man1 h[ev] fooli%1 w\ld volunt>ily *oose2 & ?is m]ely because !y are 9 t l9e :i* rul$ be=e1 & 9 t decree ( x :i* us$ to succe$3 ?\gh p]haps 9 s di/ant a p]iod1 t sc>ce any man alive c\ld ev] h giv5 any promise ( ob$i5ce4 ,has a gov]nm5t1 !n1 no au?ority ov] su* z ^!1 because !y nev] cons5t$ to x1 & w\ld e/eem ! v attempt ( su* a free *oice a piece ( arrogance & impiety8 ,we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t x puni%es !m v freely = :at x calls treason & rebellion1 :i*1 x seems1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 r$uces itself to common inju/ice4 ,if y say1 t by dwell+ 9 its dom9ions1 !y 9 effect cons5t$ to ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t1 ,i answ]1 t ?is c only be :]e !y ?9k ! affair dep5ds on _! *oice1 :i* few or none beside ^? philosoph]s h ev] yet imag9$4 ,x nev] 0 plead$ z an excuse = a rebel1 t ! fir/ act he p]=m$1 aft] he came to ye>s ( discretion1 0 to levy w> aga9/ ! sov]eign ( ! /ate2 & t1 :ile he 0 a *ild he c\ld n b9d himself by 8 own cons5t1 & hav+ become a man1 %[$ pla9ly1 by ! fir/ act he p]=m$1 t he _h no design to impose on himself any obligation to ob$i5ce4 ,we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t civil laws puni% ?is crime at ! same age z any o!r :i* is crim9al ( itself1 )\t our cons5t2 t is1 :5 ! p]son is come to ! full use ( reason3 :]eas to ?is crime x ought 9 ju/ice to all[ "s int]m$iate "t1 9 :i* a tacit cons5t at lea/ might be suppos$4 ,to :i* we may add1 t a man liv+ "u an absolute gov]nm5t w\ld owe x no allegiance2 s9ce1 by its v nature1 x dep5ds n on cons5t4 ,b z t is z natural & common a gov]nm5t z any1 x mu/ c]ta9ly occasion "s obligation2 & 'tis pla9 f exp]i5ce1 t m5 :o are subject$ to x d always ?9k s4 ,?is is a cle> pro(1 t we d n commonly e/eem our allegiance to be d]iv$ f our cons5t or promise2 & a f>!r pro( is1 t :5 our promise is ^u any acc\nt expressly engag$1 we always di/+ui% exactly betwixt ! two obligations1 & believe ! "o to add m =ce to ! o!r1 ?an 9 a repetition ( ! same promise4 ,:]e no promise is giv51 a man looks n on 8 fai? z brok5 9 private matt]s1 ^u acc\nt ( rebellion2 b keeps ^? two duties ( hon\r & allegiance p]fectly di/9ct & sep>ate4 ,z ! unit+ ( !m 0 ?\ght by ^! philosoph]s a v subtile inv5tion1 ?is is a conv9c+ pro( t 'tis n a true "o2 s9ce no man c ei!r give a promise1 or be re/ra9$ by its sanction & obligation1 unkn[n to himself4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,measures ,,( ,,allegiance4 ,^? political writ]s :o h _h rec\rse to a promise1 or orig9al contract1 z ! s\rce ( our allegiance to gov]nm5t1 int5d$ to e/abli% a pr9ciple :i* is p]fectly j & reasonable2 ?\gh ! reason+ ^u :i* !y endeav\r$ to e/abli% x1 0 fallaci\s & sophi/ical4 ,!y w\ld prove1 t our submission to gov]nm5t admits ( exceptions1 & t an egregi\s tyranny 9 ! rul]s is suffici5t to free ! subjects f all ties ( allegiance4 ,s9ce m5 ent] into society1 say !y1 & submit !mselves to gov]nm5t by _! free & volunt>y cons5t1 !y mu/ h 9 view c]ta9 advantages :i* !y1 propose to reap f x1 & = :i* !y are cont5t$ to resign _! native lib]ty4 ,!re is !re=e some?+ mutual engag$ on ! "p ( ! magi/rate1 viz4 protection & security2 & 'tis only by ! hopes he af=ds ( ^! advantages1 t he c ev] p]suade m5 to submit to him4 ,b :51 in/ead ( protection & security1 !y meet ) tyranny & oppression1 !y are fre$ f _! promises1 7z happ5s 9 all conditional contracts71 & return to t /ate ( lib]ty :i* prec$$ ! in/itution ( gov]nm5t4 ,m5 w\ld nev] be s fooli% z to ent] into su* engagem5ts z %\ld turn entirely to ! advantage ( o!rs1 )\t any view ( bett]+ _! own condition4 ,:oev] proposes to draw any pr(it f our submission1 mu/ engage himself1 ei!r expressly or tacitly1 to make u reap "s advantage f 8 au?ority2 nor ought he to expect1 t1 )\t ! p]=mance ( 8 "p1 we w ev] cont9ue 9 ob$i5ce4 ,i repeat x3 ,?is conclusion is j1 ?\gh ! pr9ciples be errone\s2 & ,i flatt] myself1 t ,i c e/abli% ! same conclusion on m reasonable pr9ciples4 ,i %all n take su* a compass1 9 e/abli%+ our political duties1 z to ass]t t m5 p]ceive ! advantages ( gov]nm5t2 t !y in/itute gov]nm5t ) a view to ^? advantages2 t ?is in/itution requires a promise ( ob$i5ce1 :i* imposes a moral obligation to a c]ta9 degree1 b1 be+ conditional1 ceases to be b9d+ :5ev] ! o!r contract+ p>ty p]=ms n 8 "p ( ! engagem5t4 ,i p]ceive1 t a promise itself arises entirely f human conv5tions1 & is inv5t$ ) a view to a c]ta9 int]e/4 ,i seek1 !re=e1 "s su* int]e/ m imm$iately connect$ ) gov]nm5t1 & :i* may be at once ! orig9al motive to its in/itution1 & ! s\rce ( our ob$i5ce to x4 ,?is int]e/ ,i f9d to consi/ 9 ! security & protection :i* we enjoy 9 political society1 & :i* we c nev] atta9 :5 p]fectly free & indep5d5t4 ,z ! int]e/1 !re=e1 is ! imm$iate sanction ( gov]nm5t1 ! "o c h no long] be+ ?an ! o!r2 & :5ev] ! civil magi/rate c>ries 8 oppression s f> z to r5d] 8 au?ority p]fectly intol]able1 we are no long] b\nd to submit to x4 ,! cause ceases2 ! effect mu/ cease also4 ,s f> ! conclusion is imm$iate & direct1 conc]n+ ! natural obligation :i* we h to allegiance4 ,z to ! moral obligation1 we may obs]ve1 t ! maxim w\ld "h be false1 t :5 ! cause ceases ! effect mu/ cease also4 ,= !re is a pr9ciple ( human nature1 :i* we h frequ5tly tak5 notice (1 t m5 are mightily addict$ to g5]al rules1 & t we (t5 c>ry our maxims beyond ^? reasons :i* fir/ induc$ u to e/abli% !m4 ,:]e cases are simil> 9 _m circum/ances1 we are apt to put !m on ! same foot+1 )\t consid]+ t !y diff] 9 ! mo/ mat]ial circum/ances1 & t ! resemblance is m app>5t ?an real4 ,x may !re=e be ?\ght1 t1 9 ! case ( allegiance1 our moral obligation ( duty w n cease1 ev5 ?\gh ! natural obligation ( int]e/1 :i* is its cause1 has ceas$2 & t m5 may be b\nd by consci5ce to submit to a tyrannical gov]nm5t1 aga9/ _! own & ! public int]e/4 ,& inde$1 to ! =ce ( ?is argum5t ,i s f> submit1 z to ackn[l$ge1 t g5]al rules commonly ext5d beyond ! pr9ciples on :i* !y are f\nd$2 & t we seldom make any exception to !m1 unless t exception h ! qualities ( a g5]al rule1 & be f\nd$ on v num]\s & common in/ances4 ,n[ ?is ,i ass]t to be entirely ! pres5t case4 ,:5 m5 submit to ! au?ority ( o!rs1 'tis to procure !mselves "s security aga9/ ! wick$ness & inju/ice ( m51 :o are p]petually c>ri$1 by _! unruly passions1 & by _! pres5t & imm$iate int]e/1 to ! violation ( all ! laws ( society4 ,b z ?is imp]fection is inh]5t 9 human nature1 we "k t x mu/ att5d m5 9 all _! /ates & conditions2 & t ^? :om we *oose = rul]s1 d n imm$iately become ( a sup]ior nature to ! re/ ( mank9d1 ^u acc\nt ( _! sup]ior p[] & au?ority4 ,:at we expect f !m dep5ds n on a *ange ( _! nature1 b ( _! situation1 :5 !y acquire a m imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation ( ord] & ! execution ( ju/ice4 ,b1 besides t ?is int]e/ is only m imm$iate 9 ! execution ( ju/ice among _! subjects2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 we may (t5 expect1 f ! irregul>ity ( human nature1 t !y w neglect ev5 ?is imm$iate int]e/1 & be transport$ by _! passions into all ! excesses ( cruelty & ambition4 ,our g5]al k ( human nature1 our obs]vation ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d1 our exp]i5ce ( pres5t times2 all ^! causes mu/ induce u to op5 ! door ( exceptions1 & mu/ make u conclude1 t we may resi/ ! m viol5t effects ( supreme p[] )\t any crime or inju/ice4 ,accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t ?is is bo? ! g5]al practice & pr9ciple ( mank9d1 & t no nation t c\ld f9d any rem$y1 ev] yet suff]$ ! cruel ravages ( a tyrant1 or 7 blam$ = _! resi/ance4 ,^? :o took up arms aga9/ ,dionysius or ,n]o1 or ,philip ! ,second1 h ! fav\r ( e read] 9 ! p]usal ( _! hi/ory2 & no?+ b ! mo/ viol5t p]v]sion ( common s5se c ev] lead u to condemn !m4 ',tis c]ta91 !re=e1 t 9 all our notions ( morals1 we nev] ent]ta9 su* an absurdity z t ( passive ob$i5ce1 b make all[ances = resi/ance 9 ! m flagrant in/ances ( tyranny & oppression4 ,! g5]al op9ion ( mank9d has "s au?ority 9 all cases2 b 9 ?is ( morals 'tis p]fectly infallible4 ,nor is x less infallible1 because m5 _c di/9ctly expla9 ! pr9ciples on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,few p]sons c c>ry on ?is tra9 ( reason+3 ',gov]nm5t is a m]e human inv5tion = ! int]e/ ( society4 ,:]e ! tyranny ( ! gov]nor removes ?is int]e/1 x also removes ! natural obligation to ob$i5ce4 ,! moral obligation is f\nd$ on ! natural1 & !re=e mu/ cease :]e t ceases2 especially :]e ! subject is su* z makes u =esee v _m occasions :]e9 ! natural obligation may cease1 & causes u to =m a k9d ( g5]al rule = ! regulation ( our conduct 9 su* occurr5ces4' ,b ?\gh ?is tra9 ( reason+ be too subtile = ! vulg>1 'tis c]ta9 t all m5 h an implicit notion ( x1 & are s5sible t !y owe ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t m]ely on acc\nt ( ! public int]e/2 &1 at ! same "t1 t human nature is s subject to frailties & passions1 z may easily p]v]t ?is in/itution1 & *ange _! gov]nors into tyrants & public enemies4 ,if ! s5se ( public int]e/ 7 n our orig9al motive to ob$i5ce1 ,i w\ld fa9 ask1 :at o!r pr9ciple is !re 9 human nature capable ( subdu+ ! natural ambition ( m51 & =c+ !m to su* a submission8 ,imitation & cu/om are n suffici5t4 ,= ! "q /ill recurs1 :at motive fir/ produces ^? in/ances ( submission :i* we imitate1 & t tra9 ( actions :i* produces ! cu/om8 ,!re evid5tly is no o!r pr9ciple ?an public int]e/2 & if int]e/ fir/ produces ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t1 ! obligation to ob$i5ce mu/ cease :5ev] ! int]e/ ceases 9 any great degree1 & 9 a consid]able numb] ( in/ances4 ,,section ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,allegiance4 ,b ?\gh1 on "s occasions1 x may be ju/ifiable1 bo? 9 s\nd politics & morality1 to resi/ supreme p[]1 'tis c]ta9 t1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( human affairs1 no?+ c be m p]nici\s & crim9al2 & t1 besides ! convulsions :i* always att5d revolutions1 su* a practice t5ds directly to ! subv]sion ( all gov]nm5t1 & ! caus+ an univ]sal an>*y & confusion among mank9d4 ,z num]\s & civiliz$ societies _c subsi/ )\t gov]nm5t1 s gov]nm5t is entirely useless )\t an exact ob$i5ce4 ,we ought always to weigh ! advantages :i* we reap f au?ority1 aga9/ ! disadvantages3 & by ?is means we %all become m scrupul\s ( putt+ 9 practice ! doctr9e ( resi/ance4 ,! common rule requires submission2 & 'tis only 9 cases ( griev\s tyranny & oppression1 t ! exception c take place4 ,s9ce1 !n1 su* a bl9d submission is commonly due to magi/racy1 ! next "q is1 to :om x is due1 & :om we are to reg>d z our lawful magi/rates8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 let u recollect :at we h already e/abli%$ conc]n+ ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t & political society4 ,:5 m5 h once exp]i5c$ ! impossibility ( pres]v+ any /eady ord] 9 society1 :ile e "o is 8 own ma/]1 & violates or obs]ves ! laws ( int]e/1 accord+ to 8 pres5t int]e/ or pleasure1 !y naturally run into ! inv5tion ( gov]nm5t1 & put x out ( _! own p[]1 z f> z possible1 to transgress ! laws ( society4 ,gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 arises f ! volunt>y conv5tion ( m52 & 'tis evid5t1 t ! same conv5tion :i* e/abli%es gov]nm5t1 w also det]m9e ! p]sons :o are to gov]n1 & w remove all d\bt & ambiguity 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,& ! volunt>y cons5t ( m5 mu/ "h h ! great] efficacy1 t ! au?ority ( ! magi/rate does at fir/ /& ^u ! f\ndation ( a promise ( ! subjects1 by :i* !y b9d !mselves to ob$i5ce1 z 9 e o!r contract or engagem5t4 ,! same promise1 !n1 :i* b9ds !m to ob$i5ce1 ties !m d[n to a p>ticul> p]son1 & makes him ! object ( _! allegiance4 ,b :5 gov]nm5t has be5 e/abli%$ on ?is foot+ = "s consid]able "t1 & ! sep>ate int]e/ :i* we h 9 submission has produc$ a sep>ate s5tim5t ( morality1 ! case is entirely alt]$1 & a promise is no long] able to det]m9e ! p>ticul> magi/rate2 s9ce x is no long] consid]$ z ! f\ndation ( gov]nm5t4 ,we naturally suppose ourselves born to submission2 & imag9e t su* p>ticul> p]sons h a "r to comm&1 z we on our "p are b\nd to obey4 ,^! notions ( "r & obligation are d]iv$ f no?+ b ! advantage we reap f gov]nm5t1 :i* gives u a repugnance to practise resi/ance ourselves1 & makes u displeas$ ) any in/ance ( x 9 o!rs4 ,b "h 'tis rem>kable1 t 9 ?is new /ate ( affairs1 ! orig9al sanction ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is int]e/1 is n admitt$ to det]m9e ! p]sons :om we are to obey1 z ! orig9al sanction did at fir/1 :5 affairs 7 on ! foot+ ( a promise4 ,a promise fixes & det]m9es ! p]sons1 )\t any unc]ta9ty3 b 'tis evid5t1 t if m5 7 to regulate _! conduct 9 ?is p>ticul>1 by ! view ( a peculi> int]e/1 ei!r public or private1 !y w\ld involve !mselves 9 endless confusion1 & w\ld r5d] all gov]nm5t1 9 a great measure1 ineffectual4 ,! private int]e/ ( e "o is diff]5t2 &1 ?\gh ! public int]e/ 9 itself be always "o & ! same1 yet x becomes ! s\rce ( z great diss5sions1 by reason ( ! diff]5t op9ions ( p>ticul> p]sons conc]n+ x4 ,! same int]e/1 !re=e1 :i* causes u to submit to magi/racy1 makes u r5\nce itself 9 ! *oice ( our magi/rates1 & b9ds u d[n to a c]ta9 =m ( gov]nm5t1 & to p>ticul> p]sons1 )\t all[+ u to aspire to ! utmo/ p]fection 9 ei!r4 ,! case is "h ! same z 9 t law ( nature conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession4 ',tis highly advantage\s1 & ev5 absolutely necess>y to society1 t possession %\ld be /able2 & ?is leads u to ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a rule3 b we f9d1 t 7 we to foll[ ! same advantage1 9 assign+ p>ticul> possessions to p>ticul> p]sons1 we %\ld disappo9t our end1 & p]petuate ! confusion :i* t rule is int5d$ to prev5t4 ,we mu/ !re=e proce$ by g5]al rules1 & regulate ourselves by g5]al int]e/s1 9 modify+ ! law ( nature conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession4 ,nor ne$ we fe>1 t our atta*m5t to ?is law w dim9i% ^u acc\nt ( ! seem+ frivol\sness ( ^? int]e/s by :i* x is det]m9$4 ,! impulse ( ! m9d is d]iv$ f a v /rong int]e/2 & ^? o!r m m9ute int]e/s s]ve only to direct ! motion1 )\t add+ any ?+ to x1 or dim9i%+ f x4 ',tis ! same case ) gov]nm5t4 ,no?+ is m advantage\s to society ?an su* an inv5tion2 & ?is int]e/ is suffici5t to make u embrace x ) ard\r & alacrity2 ?\gh we are oblig$ aft]w>ds to regulate & direct our devotion to gov]nm5t by sev]al consid]ations :i* are n ( ! same importance1 & to *oose our magi/rates )\t hav+ 9 view any p>ticul> advantage f ! *oice4 ,! fir/ ( ^? pr9ciples ,i %all take notice (1 z a f\ndation ( ! "r ( magi/racy1 is t :i* gives au?ority to all ! mo/ e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts ( ! _w1 )\t exception3 ,i mean1 long possession 9 any "o =m ( gov]nm5t1 or succession ( pr9ces4 ',tis c]ta91 t if we rem\nt to ! fir/ orig9 ( e nation1 we %all f9d1 t !re sc>ce is any race ( k+s1 or =m ( a commonweal?1 t is n prim>ily f\nd$ on usurpation & rebellion1 & ^: title is n at fir/ worse ?an d\btful & unc]ta94 ,"t alone gives solidity to _! "r2 &1 op]at+ gradually on ! m9ds ( m51 reconciles !m to any au?ority1 & makes x seem j & reasonable4 ,no?+ causes any s5tim5t to h a great] influ5ce ^u u ?an cu/om1 or turns our imag9ation m /rongly to any object4 ,:5 we h be5 long accu/om$ to obey any set ( m51 t g5]al in/9ct or t5d5cy :i* we h to suppose a moral obligation att5d+ loyalty1 takes easily ?is direction1 & *ooses t set ( m5 = its objects4 ',tis int]e/ :i* gives ! g5]al in/9ct2 b 'tis cu/om :i* gives ! p>ticul> direction4 ,& "h 'tis obs]vable1 t ! same l5g? ( "t has a diff]5t influ5ce on our s5tim5ts ( morality1 accord+ to its diff]5t influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,we naturally judge ( e ?+ by comp>ison2 & s9ce1 9 consid]+ ! fate ( k+doms & republics1 we embrace a long ext5t ( "t1 a small duration has n1 9 ?is case1 a l influ5ce on our s5tim5ts1 z :5 we consid] any o!r object4 ,"o ?9ks he acquires a "r to a horse1 or a suit ( clo!s1 9 a v %ort "t2 b a c5tury is sc>ce suffici5t to e/abli% any new gov]nm5t1 or remove all scruples 9 ! m9ds ( ! subjects conc]n+ x4 ,add to ?is1 t a %ort] p]iod ( "t w suffice to give a pr9ce a title to any additional p[] he may usurp1 ?an w s]ve to fix 8 "r1 :]e ! :ole is an usurpation4 ,! k+s ( ,france h n be5 possess$ ( absolute p[] = above two reigns2 & yet no?+ w appe> m extravagant to ,fr5*m5 ?an to talk ( _! lib]ties4 ,if we consid] :at has be5 said conc]n+ accession1 we %all easily acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on4 ,:5 !re is no =m ( gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by long possession1 ! pres5t possession is suffici5t to supply its place1 & may be reg>d$ z ! second s\rce ( all public au?ority4 ,"r to au?ority is no?+ b ! con/ant possession ( au?ority1 ma9ta9$ by ! laws ( society & ! int]e/s ( mank9d2 & no?+ c be m natural ?an to jo9 ?is con/ant possession to ! pres5t "o1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above m5tion$4 ,if ! same pr9ciples did n take place ) reg>d to ! prop]ty ( private p]sons1 'twas because ^! pr9ciples 7 c\nt]balanc$ by v /rong consid]ations ( int]e/2 :5 we obs]v$1 t all re/itution w\ld by t means be prev5t$1 & e viol5ce be au?oriz$ & protect$4 ,&1 ?\gh ! same motives may seem to h =ce ) reg>d to public au?ority1 yet !y are oppos$ by a contr>y int]e/2 :i* consi/s 9 ! pres]vation ( peace1 & ! avoid+ ( all *anges1 :i*1 h[ev] !y may be easily produc$ 9 private affairs1 are unavoidably att5d$ ) blood%$ & confusion :]e ! public is int]e/$4 ,any "o :o1 f9d+ ! impossibility ( acc\nt+ = ! "r ( ! pres5t possessor1 by any receiv$ sy/em ( e?ics1 %\ld resolve to d5y absolutely t "r1 & ass]t t x is n au?oriz$ by morality1 w\ld be ju/ly ?\ght to ma9ta9 a v extravagant p>adox1 & to %ock ! common s5se & judgm5t ( mank9d4 ,no maxim is m con=mable1 bo? to prud5ce & morals1 ?an to submit quietly to ! gov]nm5t :i* we f9d e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry :]e we happ5 to live1 )\t inquir+ too curi\sly into its orig9 & fir/ e/abli%m5t4 ,few gov]nm5ts w be> be+ exam9$ s rigor\sly4 ,h[ _m k+doms are !re at pres5t 9 ! _w1 & h[ _m m d we f9d 9 hi/ory1 ^: gov]nors h no bett] f\ndation = _! au?ority ?an t ( pres5t possession6 ,to conf9e ourselves to ! ,roman & ,grecian empire2 is x n evid5t1 t ! long succession ( emp]ors1 f ! dissolution ( ! ,roman lib]ty1 to ! f9al ext9ction ( t empire by ! ,turks1 c\ld n s mu* z pret5d to any o!r title to ! empire8 ,! election ( ! s5ate 0 a m]e =m1 :i* always foll[$ ! *oice ( ! legions2 & ^! 7 almo/ always divid$ 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces1 & no?+ b ! sword 0 able to t]m9ate ! diff]5ce4 ',twas by ! sword1 !re=e1 t e emp]or acquir$1 z well z def5d$1 8 "r2 & we mu/ ei!r say1 t all ! kn[n _w1 = s _m ages1 _h no gov]nm5t1 & ow$ no allegiance to any "o1 or mu/ all[1 t ! "r ( ! /rong]1 9 public affairs1 is to be receiv$ z legitimate1 & au?oriz$ by morality1 :5 n oppos$ by any o!r title4 ,! "r ( conque/ may be consid]$ z a ?ird s\rce ( ! title ( sov]eigns4 ,?is "r resembles v mu* t ( pres5t possession1 b has r a sup]ior =ce1 be+ second$ by ! notions ( glory & hon\r :i* we ascribe to conqu]ors1 in/ead ( ! s5tim5ts ( hatr$ & dete/ation :i* att5d usurp]s4 ,m5 naturally fav\r ^? !y love2 & !re=e are m apt to ascribe a "r to successful viol5ce1 betwixt "o sov]eign & ano!r1 ?an to ! successful rebellion ( a subject aga9/ 8 sov]eign4#aa ,:5 nei!r long possession1 nor pres5t possession1 nor conque/ take place1 z :5 ! fir/ sov]eign :o f\nd$ any mon>*y dies2 9 t case1 ! "r ( succession naturally prevails 9 _! /ead1 & m5 are commonly induc$ to place ! son ( _! late mon>* on ! ?rone1 & suppose him to inh]it 8 fa!r's au?ority4 ,! presum$ cons5t ( ! fa!r1 ! imitation ( ! succession to private families1 ! int]e/ :i* ! /ate has 9 *oos+ ! p]son :o is mo/ p[]ful & has ! mo/ num]\s foll[]s2 all ^! reasons lead m5 to pref] ! son ( _! late mon>* to any o!r p]son4#ab ,^! reasons h "s weight2 b ,i am p]suad$1 t1 to "o :o consid]s imp>tially ( ! matt]1 'twill appe> t !re concur "s pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation along ) ^? views ( int]e/4 ,! royal au?ority seems to be connect$ ) ! "y pr9ce ev5 9 8 fa!r's lifetime1 by ! natural transition ( ! ?\ght1 & /ill m aft] 8 dea?2 s t no?+ is m natural ?an to complete ?is union by a new relation1 & by putt+ him actually 9 possession ( :at seems s naturally to belong to him4 ,to confirm ?is1 we may weigh ! foll[+ ph5om5a1 :i* are pretty curi\s 9 _! k9d4 ,9 elective mon>*ies1 ! "r ( succession has no place by ! laws & settl$ cu/om2 & yet its influ5ce is s natural1 t 'tis impossible entirely to exclude x f ! imag9ation1 & r5d] ! subjects indiff]5t to ! son ( _! deceas$ mon>*4 ,h5ce1 9 "s gov]nm5ts ( ?is k9d1 ! *oice commonly falls on "o or o!r ( ! royal family2 & 9 "s gov]nm5ts !y are all exclud$4 ,^? contr>y ph5om5a proce$ f ! same pr9ciple4 ,:]e ! royal family is exclud$1 'tis f a ref9em5t 9 politics1 :i* makes p s5sible ( _! prop5sity to *oose a sov]eign 9 t family1 & gives !m a jeal\sy ( _! lib]ty1 le/ _! new mon>*1 aid$ by ?is prop5sity1 %\ld e/abli% 8 family1 & de/roy ! fre$om ( elections = ! future4 ,! hi/ory ( ,artax]xes & ! y\ng] ,cyrus1 may furni% u ) "s reflections to ! same purpose4 ,cyrus pret5d$ a "r to ! ?rone above 8 eld] bro!r1 because he 0 born aft] 8 fa!r's accession4 ,i d n pret5d t ?is reason 0 valid4 ,i w\ld only inf] f x1 t he w\ld nev] h made use ( su* a pretext1 7 x n = ! qualities ( ! imag9ation above-m5tion$1 by :i* we are naturally incl9$ to unite by a new relation :atev] objects we f9d already unit$4 ,artax]xes _h an advantage above 8 bro!r1 z be+ ! elde/ son1 & ! fir/ 9 succession2 b ,cyrus 0 m closely relat$ to ! royal au?ority1 z be+ begot aft] 8 fa!r 0 inve/$ ) x4 ,%\ld x "h be pret5d$1 t ! view ( conv5i5ce may be ! s\rce ( all ! "r ( succession1 & t m5 gladly take advantage ( any rule by :i* !y c fix ! successor ( _! late sov]eign1 & prev5t t an>*y & confusion :i* att5ds all new elections2 to ?is ,i w\ld answ]1 t ,i readily all[ t ?is motive may contribute some?+ to ! effect2 b at ! same "t ,i ass]t1 t1 )\t ano!r pr9ciple1 'tis impossible su* a motive %\ld take place4 ,! int]e/ ( a nation requires t ! succession to ! cr[n %\ld be fix$ "o way or o!r2 b 'tis ! same ?+ to its int]e/ 9 :at way x be fix$2 s t if ! relation ( blood _h n an effect indep5d5t ( public int]e/1 x w\ld nev] h be5 reg>d$ )\t a positive law2 & 'tw\ld h be5 impossible t s _m positive laws ( diff]5t nations c\ld ev] h concurr$ precisely 9 ! same views & int5tions4 ,?is leads u to consid] ! fif? s\rce ( au?ority1 viz4 positive laws1 :5 ! legislature e/abli%es a c]ta9 =m ( gov]nm5t & succession ( pr9ces4 ,at fir/ sight1 x may be ?\ght t ?is mu/ resolve into "s ( ! prec$+ titles ( au?ority4 ,! legislative p[]1 :5ce ! positive law is d]iv$1 mu/ ei!r be e/abli%$ by orig9al contract1 long possession1 pres5t possession1 conque/1 or succession2 & consequ5tly ! positive law mu/ d]ive its =ce f "s ( ^? pr9ciples4 ,b "h 'tis rem>kable1 t ?\gh a positive law c only d]ive its =ce f ^! pr9ciples1 yet x acquires n all ! =ce ( ! pr9ciple f :5ce x is d]iv$1 b loses consid]ably 9 ! transition1 z x is natural to imag9e4 ,= in/ance1 a gov]nm5t is e/abli%$ = _m c5turies on a c]ta9 sy/em ( laws1 =ms1 & me?ods ( succession4 ,! legislative p[]1 e/abli%$ by ?is long succession1 *anges1 all on a sudd51 ! :ole sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 & introduces a new con/itution 9 its /ead4 ,i believe few ( ! subjects w ?9k !mselves b\nd to comply ) ?is alt]ation1 unless x h an evid5t t5d5cy to ! public good1 b w ?9k !mselves /ill at lib]ty to return to ! anci5t gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce ! notion ( fundam5tal laws1 :i* are suppos$ to be unalt]able by ! w ( ! sov]eign2 & ( ?is nature ! ,salic law is und]/ood to be 9 ,france4 ,h[ f> ^! fundam5tal laws ext5d1 is n det]m9$ 9 any gov]nm5t1 nor is x possible x ev] %\ld4 ,!re is su* an ins5sible gradation f ! mo/ mat]ial laws to ! mo/ trivial1 & f ! mo/ anci5t laws to ! mo/ mod]n1 t 'twill be impossible to set b\nds to ! legislative p[]1 & det]m9e h[ f> x may innovate 9 ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,t is ! "w m ( imag9ation & passion ?an ( reason4 ,:oev] consid]s ! hi/ory ( ! sev]al nations ( ! _w1 _! revolutions1 conque/s1 increase & dim9ution1 ! mann] 9 :i* _! p>ticul> gov]nm5ts are e/abli%$1 & ! successive "r transmitt$ f "o p]son to ano!r1 w soon le>n to treat v lightly all disputes conc]n+ ! rights ( pr9ces1 & w be conv9c$ t a /rict adh]5ce to any g5]al rules1 & ! rigid loyalty to p>ticul> p]sons & families1 on :i* "s p set s high a value1 are virtues t hold less ( reason ?an ( bigotry & sup]/ition4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! /udy ( hi/ory confirms ! reason+s ( true philosophy1 :i*1 %[+ u ! orig9al qualities ( human nature1 tea*es u to reg>d ! controv]sies 9 politics z incapable ( any decision 9 mo/ cases1 & z entirely subord9ate to ! int]e/s ( peace & lib]ty4 ,:]e ! public good does n evid5tly dem& a *ange1 'tis c]ta9 t ! concurr5ce ( all ^? titles1 orig9al contract1 long possession1 pres5t possession1 succession1 & positive laws1 =ms ! /ronge/ title to sov]eignty1 & is ju/ly reg>d$ z sacr$ & inviolable4 ,b :5 ^! titles are m+l$ & oppos$ 9 diff]5t degrees1 !y (t5 occasion p]plexity1 & are less capable ( solution f ! argum5ts ( lawy]s & philosoph]s1 ?an f ! swords ( ! soldi]y4 ,:o %all tell me1 = in/ance1 :e!r ,g]manicus or ,drusus ought to h succe$$ ,tib]ius1 _h he di$ :ile !y 7 bo? alive1 )\t nam+ any ( !m = 8 successor8 ,ought ! "r ( adoption to be receiv$ z equival5t to t ( blood1 9 a nation :]e x _h ! same effect 9 private families1 & _h already1 9 two in/ances1 tak5 place 9 ! public8 ,ought ,g]manicus to be e/eem$ ! elde/ son1 because he 0 born be=e ,drusus2 or ! y\ng]1 because he 0 adopt$ aft] ! bir? ( 8 bro!r8 ,ought ! "r ( ! eld] to be reg>d$ 9 a nation1 :]e ! elde/ bro!r _h no advantage 9 ! succession to private families8 ,ought ! ,roman empire at t "t to be e/eem$ h]$it>y1 because ( two examples2 or ought x1 ev5 s e>ly1 to be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! /rong]1 or ! pres5t possessor1 z be+ f\nd$ on s rec5t an usurpation8 ,^u :atev] pr9ciples we may pret5d to answ] ^! & su* l que/ions1 ,i am afraid we %all nev] be able to satisfy an imp>tial inquir]1 :o adopts no p>ty 9 political controv]sies1 & w be satisfi$ ) no?+ b s\nd reason & philosophy4 ,b "h an ,engli% read] w be apt to inquire conc]n+ t fam\s revolution :i* has _h su* a happy influ5ce on our con/itution1 & has be5 att5d$ ) su* mighty consequ5ces4 ,we h already rem>k$1 t1 9 ! case ( enorm\s tyranny & oppression1 'tis lawful to take arms ev5 aga9/ supreme p[]2 & t1 z gov]nm5t is a m]e human inv5tion1 = mutual advantage & security1 x no long] imposes any obligation1 ei!r natural or moral1 :5 once x ceases to h t t5d5cy4 ,b ?\gh ?is g5]al pr9ciple be au?oriz$ by common s5se1 & ! practice ( all ages1 'tis c]ta9ly impossible = ! laws1 or ev5 = philosophy1 to e/abli% any p>ticul> rules by :i* we may "k :5 resi/ance is lawful1 & decide all controv]sies :i* may arise on t subject4 ,?is may n only happ5 ) reg>d to supreme p[]1 b 'tis possible1 ev5 9 "s con/itutions1 :]e ! legislative au?ority is n lodg$ 9 "o p]son1 t !re may be a magi/rate s em95t & p[]ful z to oblige ! laws to keep sil5ce 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,nor w\ld ?is sil5ce be an effect only ( _! respect1 b also ( _! prud5ce2 s9ce 'tis c]ta91 t1 9 ! va/ v>iety ( circum/ances :i* occur 9 all gov]nm5ts1 an ex]cise ( p[]1 9 s great a magi/rate1 may at "o "t be b5eficial to ! public1 :i* at ano!r "t w\ld be p]nici\s & tyrannical4 ,b not)/&+ ?is sil5ce ( ! laws 9 limit$ mon>*ies1 'tis c]ta9 t ! p /ill reta9 ! "r ( resi/ance2 s9ce 'tis impossible1 ev5 9 ! mo/ despotic gov]nm5ts1 to deprive !m ( x4 ,! same necessity ( self-pres]vation1 & ! same motive ( public good1 give !m ! same lib]ty 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,& we may f>!r obs]ve1 t 9 su* mix$ gov]nm5ts1 ! cases :]e9 resi/ance is lawful mu/ occur mu* (t5]1 & great] indulg5ce be giv5 to ! subjects to def5d !mselves by =ce ( arms1 ?an 9 arbitr>y gov]nm5ts4 ,n only :]e ! *ief magi/rate ent]s into measures 9 !mselves extremely p]nici\s to ! public1 b ev5 :5 he w\ld encroa* on ! o!r p>ts ( ! con/itution1 & ext5d 8 p[] beyond ! legal b\nds1 x is all[able to resi/ & de?rone him2 ?\gh su* resi/ance & viol5ce may1 9 ! g5]al t5or ( ! laws1 be deem$ unlawful & rebelli\s4 ,=1 besides t no?+ is m ess5tial to public int]e/ ?an ! pres]vation ( public lib]ty1 'tis evid5t1 t if su* a mix$ gov]nm5t be once suppos$ to be e/abli%$1 e "p or memb] ( ! con/itution mu/ h a "r ( self-def5ce1 & ( ma9ta9+ its anci5t b\nds aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( e o!r au?ority4 ,z matt] w\ld h be5 creat$ 9 va91 7 x depriv$ ( a p[] ( resi/ance1 )\t :i* no "p ( x c\ld pres]ve a di/9ct exi/5ce1 & ! :ole might be cr[d$ up into a s+le po9t2 s 'tis a gross absurdity to suppose1 9 any gov]nm5t1 a "r )\t a rem$y1 or all[ t ! supreme p[] is %>$ ) ! p1 )\t all[+ t 'tis lawful = !m to def5d _! %>e aga9/ e invad]4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o w\ld seem to respect our free gov]nm5t1 & yet d5y ! "r ( resi/ance1 h r5\nc$ all pret5sions to common s5se1 & d n m]it a s]i\s answ]4 ,x does n belong to my pres5t purpose to %[1 t ^! g5]al pr9ciples are applicable to ! late revolution2 & t all ! rights & privileges :i* ought to be sacr$ to a free nation1 7 at t "t ?reat5$ ) ! utmo/ dang]4 ,i am bett] pleas$ to leave ?is controv]t$ subject1 if x really admits ( controv]sy1 & to indulge myself 9 "s philosophical reflections :i* naturally arise f t important ev5t4 ,fir/1 ,we may obs]ve1 t %\ld ! lords & commons 9 our con/itution1 )\t any reason f public int]e/1 ei!r depose ! k+ 9 be+1 or1 aft] 8 dea?1 exclude ! pr9ce1 :o1 by laws & settl$ cu/om1 ought to succe$1 no "o w\ld e/eem _! proce$+s legal1 or ?9k !mselves b\nd to comply ) !m4 ,b %\ld ! k+1 by 8 unju/ practices1 or 8 attempts = a tyrannical & despotic p[]1 ju/ly =feit 8 legal1 x !n n only becomes morally lawful & suitable to ! nature ( political society to de?rone him2 b1 :at is m1 we are apt likewise to ?9k1 t ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! con/itution acquire a "r ( exclud+ 8 next heir1 & ( *oos+ :om !y please = 8 successor4 ,?is is f\nd$ on a v s+ul> quality ( our ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,:5 a k+ =feits 8 au?ority1 8 heir ought naturally to rema9 9 ! same situation z if ! k+ 7 remov$ by dea?2 unless by mix+ himself 9 ! tyranny1 he =feit x = himself4 ,b ?\gh ?is may seem reasonable1 we easily comply ) ! contr>y op9ion4 ,! deposition ( a k+1 9 su* a gov]nm5t z ours1 is c]ta9ly an act beyond all common au?ority2 & an illegal assum+ a p[] = public good1 :i*1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( gov]nm5t1 c belong to no memb] ( ! con/itution4 ,:5 ! public good is s great & s evid5t z to ju/ify ! action1 ! comm5dable use ( ?is lic5se causes u naturally to attribute to ! p>liam5t a "r ( us+ f>!r lic5ses2 & ! anci5t b\nds ( ! laws be+ once transgress$ ) approbation1 we are n apt to be s /rict 9 conf9+ ourselves precisely )9 _! limits4 ,! m9d naturally runs on ) any tra9 ( action :i* x has begun2 nor d we commonly make any scruple conc]n+ our duty1 aft] ! fir/ action ( any k9d :i* we p]=m4 ,?us at ! revolution1 no "o :o ?\ght ! deposition ( ! fa!r ju/ifiable1 e/eem$ !mselves to be conf9$ to 8 infant son2 ?\gh1 _h t unhappy mon>* di$ innoc5t at t "t1 & _h 8 son1 by any accid5t1 be5 convey$ beyond seas1 !re is no d\bt b a reg5cy w\ld h be5 appo9t$ till he %\ld come to age1 & c\ld be re/or$ to 8 dom9ions4 ,z ! slighte/ prop]ties ( ! imag9ation h an effect on ! judgm5ts ( ! p1 x %[s ! wisdom ( ! laws & ( ! p>liam5t to take advantage ( su* prop]ties1 & to *oose ! magi/rates ei!r 9 or out ( a l9e1 accord+ z ! vulg> w mo/ naturally attribute au?ority & "r to !m4 ,secondly1 ,?\gh ! accession ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange to ! ?rone1 might at fir/ give occasion to _m disputes1 & 8 title be conte/$1 x ought n n[ to appe> d\btful1 b mu/ h acquir$ a suffici5t au?ority f ^? ?ree pr9ces :o h succe$$ him ^u ! same title4 ,no?+ is m usual1 ?\gh no?+ may1 at fir/ sight1 appe> m unreasonable1 ?an ?is way ( ?9k+4 ,pr9ces (t5 seem to acquire a "r f _! successors1 z well z f _! ance/ors2 & a k+ :o1 dur+ 8 lifetime1 might ju/ly be deem$ an usurp]1 w be reg>d$ by po/]ity z a lawful pr9ce1 because he has _h ! good =tune to settle 8 family on ! ?rone1 & entirely *ange ! anci5t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,julius ,cs> is reg>d$ z ! fir/ ,roman emp]or2 :ile ,sylla & ,m>ius1 ^: titles 7 really ! same z 81 are treat$ z tyrants & usurp]s4 ,"t & cu/om give au?ority to all =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & all successions ( pr9ces2 & t p[]1 :i* at fir/ 0 f\nd$ only on inju/ice & viol5ce1 becomes 9 "t legal & obligatory4 ,nor does ! m9d re/ !re2 b1 return+ back ^u its foot/eps1 transf]s to _! pr$ecessors & ance/ors t "r :i* x naturally ascribes to ! po/]ity1 z be+ relat$ toge!r1 & unit$ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,! pres5t ,k+ ( ,france makes ,hugh ,capet a m lawful pr9ce ?an ,cromwell2 z ! e/abli%$ lib]ty ( ! ,dut* is no inconsid]able apology = _! ob/9ate resi/ance to ,philip ! ,second4 #aj ,?is proposition mu/ hold /rictly true ) reg>d to e quality t is det]m9$ m]ely by s5tim5t4 ,9 :at s5se we c talk ei!r ( a "r or a wrong ta/e 9 morals1 eloqu5ce1 or beauty1 %all be consid]$ aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! mean "t x may be obs]v$1 t !re is su* an uni=mity 9 ! g5]al s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 z to r5d] su* que/ions ( b small importance4 #aa ,x is n "h ass]t$1 t pres5t possession or conque/ are suffici5t to give a title aga9/ long possession & positive laws3 b only t !y h "s =ce1 & w be able to ca/ ! balance :]e ! titles are o!rwise equal1 & w ev5 be suffici5t sometimes to sanctify ! weak] title4 ,:at degree ( =ce !y h is difficult to det]m9e4 ,i believe all mod]ate m5 w all[1 t !y h great =ce 9 all disputes conc]n+ ! rights ( pr9ces4 #ab ,to prev5t mi/akes ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t ?is case ( succession is n ! same ) t ( h]$it>y mon>*ies1 :]e cu/om has fix$ ! "r ( succession4 ,^! dep5d ^u ! pr9ciple ( long possession above expla9$4 ,,section ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,nations4 ,:5 civil gov]nm5t has be5 e/abli%$ ov] ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 & diff]5t societies h be5 =m$ contigu\s to ea* o!r1 !re arises a new set ( duties among ! neighb\r+ /ates1 suitable to ! nature ( t comm]ce :i* !y c>ry on ) ea* o!r4 ,political writ]s tell u1 t 9 e k9d ( int]c\rse a body politic is to be consid]$ z "o p]son2 & inde$1 ?is ass]tion is s f> j1 t diff]5t nations1 z well z private p]sons1 require mutual assi/ance2 at ! same "t t _! selfi%ness & ambition are p]petual s\rces ( w> & discord4 ,b ?\gh nations 9 ?is p>ticul> resemble individuals1 yet z !y are v diff]5t 9 o!r respects1 no wond] !y regulate !mselves by diff]5t maxims1 & give rise to a new set ( rules1 :i* we call ! laws ( nations4 ,"u ?is head we may comprise ! sacr$ness ( ! p]sons ( ambassadors1 ! decl>ation ( w>1 ! ab/a9+ f poison$ arms1 ) o!r duties ( t k9d1 :i* are evid5tly calculat$ = ! comm]ce t is peculi> to diff]5t societies4 ,b ?\gh ^! rules be sup]add$ to ! laws ( nature1 ! =m] d n entirely aboli% ! latt]2 & "o may safely affirm1 t ! ?ree fundam5tal rules ( ju/ice1 ! /ability ( possession1 its transf]5ce by cons5t1 & ! p]=mance ( promises1 are duties ( pr9ces z well z ( subjects4 ,! same int]e/ produces ! same effect 9 bo? cases4 ,:]e possession has no /ability1 !re mu/ be p]petual w>4 ,:]e prop]ty is n transf]r$ by cons5t1 !re c be no comm]ce4 ,:]e promises are n obs]v$1 !re c be no leagues nor alliances4 ,! advantages1 !re=e1 ( peace1 comm]ce1 & mutual succ\r1 make u ext5d to diff]5t k+doms ! same notions ( ju/ice :i* take place among individuals4 ,!re is a maxim v curr5t 9 ! _w1 :i* few politicians are will+ to av[1 b :i* has be5 au?oriz$ by ! practice ( all ages1 t !re is a sy/em ( morals calculat$ = pr9ces1 mu* m free ?an t :i* ought to gov]n private p]sons4 ',tis evid5t ?is is n to be und]/ood ( ! less] ext5t ( public duties & obligations2 nor w any "o be s extravagant z to ass]t1 t ! mo/ solemn treaties ought to h no =ce among pr9ces4 ,= z pr9ces d actually =m treaties among !mselves1 !y mu/ propose "s advantage f ! execution ( !m2 & ! prospect ( su* advantage = ! future mu/ engage !m to p]=m _! "p1 & mu/ e/abli% t law ( nature4 ,! mean+1 !re=e1 ( ?is political maxim is1 t ?\gh ! morality ( pr9ces has ! same ext5t1 yet x has n ! same =ce z t ( private p]sons1 & may lawfully be transgress$ f a m trivial motive4 ,h[ev] %ock+ su* a proposition may appe> to c]ta9 philosoph]s1 'twill be easy to def5d x ^u ^? pr9ciples1 by :i* we h acc\nt$ = ! orig9 ( ju/ice & equity4 ,:5 m5 h f\nd by exp]i5ce t 'tis impossible to subsi/ )\t society1 & t 'tis impossible to ma9ta9 society1 :ile !y give free c\rse to _! appetites2 s urg5t an int]e/ quickly re/ra9s _! actions1 & imposes an obligation to obs]ve ^? rules :i* we call ! laws ( ju/ice4 ,?is obligation ( int]e/ re/s n "h2 b1 by ! necess>y c\rse ( ! passions & s5tim5ts1 gives rise to ! moral obligation ( duty2 :ile we approve ( su* actions z t5d to ! peace ( society1 & disapprove ( su* z t5d to its di/urbance4 ,! same natural obligation ( int]e/ takes place among indep5d5t k+doms1 & gives rise to ! same morality2 s t no "o ( ev] s corrupt morals w approve ( a pr9ce1 :o volunt>ily1 & ( 8 own accord1 breaks 8 ^w1 or violates any treaty4 ,b "h we may obs]ve1 t ?\gh ! int]c\rse ( diff]5t /ates be advantage\s1 & ev5 sometimes necess>y1 yet x is n s necess>y nor advantage\s z t among individuals1 )\t :i* 'tis utt]ly impossible = human nature ev] to subsi/4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! natural obligation to ju/ice1 among diff]5t /ates1 is n s /rong z among individuals1 ! moral obligation :i* arises f x mu/ p>take ( its weakness2 & we mu/ necess>ily give a great] indulg5ce to a pr9ce or m9i/] :o deceives ano!r1 ?an to a private g5tleman :o breaks 8 ^w ( hon\r4 ,%\ld x be ask$1 :at proportion ^! two species ( morality be> to ea* o!r8 ,i w\ld answ]1 t ?is is a "q to :i* we c nev] give any precise answ]2 nor is x possible to r$uce to numb]s ! proportion1 :i* we ought to fix betwixt !m4 ,"o may safely affirm1 t ?is proportion f9ds itself )\t any art or /udy ( m52 z we may obs]ve on _m o!r occasions4 ,! practice ( ! _w goes f>!r 9 tea*+ u ! degrees ( our duty1 ?an ! mo/ subtile philosophy :i* 0 ev] yet inv5t$4 ,& ?is may s]ve z a conv9c+ pro(1 t all m5 h an implicit notion ( ! f\ndation ( ^? moral rules conc]n+ natural & civil ju/ice1 & are s5sible t !y arise m]ely f human conv5tions1 & f ! int]e/ :i* we h 9 ! pres]vation ( peace & ord]4 ,= o!rwise ! dim9ution ( ! int]e/ w\ld nev] produce a relaxation ( ! morality1 & reconcile u m easily to any transgression ( ju/ice among pr9ces & republics1 ?an 9 ! private comm]ce ( "o subject ) ano!r4 ,,section ,,xii4 ,,( ,,*a/ity ,,& ,,mode/y4 ,if any difficulty att5d ?is sy/em conc]n+ ! laws ( nature & nations1 'twill be ) reg>d to ! univ]sal approbation or blame :i* foll[s _! obs]vance or transgression1 & :i* "s may n ?9k suffici5tly expla9$ f ! g5]al int]e/s ( society4 ,to remove1 z f> z possible1 all scruples ( ?is k9d1 ,i %all "h consid] ano!r set ( duties1 viz4 ! mode/y & *a/ity :i* belong to ! fair sex3 & ,i d\bt n b ^! virtues w be f\nd to be /ill m conspicu\s in/ances ( ! op]ation ( ^? pr9ciples :i* ,i h insi/$ on4 ,!re are "s philosoph]s :o attack ! female virtues ) great vehem5ce1 & fancy !y h gone v f> 9 detect+ popul> errors1 :5 !y c %[1 t !re is no f\ndation 9 nature = all t ext]ior mode/y :i* we require 9 ! expressions1 & dress1 & behavi\r ( ! fair sex4 ,i believe ,i may sp>e myself ! tr\ble ( insi/+ on s obvi\s a subject1 & may proce$1 )\t f>!r prep>ation1 to exam9e aft] :at mann] su* notions arise f education1 f ! volunt>y conv5tions ( m51 & f ! int]e/ ( society4 ,:oev] consid]s ! l5g? & feebl5ess ( human infancy1 ) ! conc]n :i* bo? sexes naturally h = _! (fspr+1 w easily p]ceive1 t !re mu/ be an union ( male & female = ! education ( ! "y1 & t ?is union mu/ be ( consid]able duration4 ,b1 9 ord] to induce ! m5 to impose on !mselves ?is re/ra9t1 & und]go *e]fully all ! fatigues & exp5ses to :i* x subjects !m1 !y mu/ believe t _! *ildr5 are _! own1 & t _! natural in/9ct is n direct$ to a wrong object1 :5 !y give a loose to love & t5d]ness4 ,n[1 if we exam9e ! /ructure ( ! human body1 we %all f9d1 t ?is security is v difficult to be atta9$ on our "p2 & t s9ce1 9 ! copulation ( ! sexes1 ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation goes f ! man to ! woman1 an error may easily take place on ! side ( ! =m]1 ?\gh x be utt]ly impossible ) reg>d to ! latt]4 ,f ?is trivial & anatomical obs]vation is d]iv$ t va/ diff]5ce betwixt ! education & duties ( ! two sexes4 ,7 a philosoph] to exam9e ! matt] a priori1 he w\ld reason aft] ! foll[+ mann]4 ,m5 are induc$ to lab\r = ! ma9t5ance & education ( _! *ildr51 by ! p]suasion t !y are really _! own2 & !re=e 'tis reasonable1 & ev5 necess>y1 to give !m "s security 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,?is security _c consi/ entirely 9 ! impos+ ( sev]e puni%m5ts on any transgressions ( conjugal fidelity on ! "p ( ! wife2 s9ce ^! public puni%m5ts _c be inflict$ )\t legal pro(1 :i* 'tis difficult to meet ) 9 ?is subject4 ,:at re/ra9t1 !re=e1 %all we impose on wom51 9 ord] to c\nt]balance s /rong a temptation z !y h to infidelity8 ,!re seems to be no re/ra9t possible1 b 9 ! puni%m5t ( bad fame or reputation2 a puni%m5t :i* has a mighty influ5ce on ! human m9d1 & at ! same "t is inflict$ by ! _w ^u surmises & conjectures1 & pro(s t w\ld nev] be receiv$ 9 any c\rt ( judicature4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to impose a due re/ra9t on ! female sex1 we mu/ atta* a peculi> degree ( %ame to _! infidelity1 above :at arises m]ely f its inju/ice1 & mu/ be/[ proportionable praises on _! *a/ity4 ,b ?\gh ?is be a v /rong motive to fidelity1 our philosoph] w\ld quickly discov] t x w\ld n alone be suffici5t to t purpose4 ,all human creatures1 especially ( ! female sex1 are apt to ov]look remote motives 9 fav\r ( any pres5t temptation3 ! temptation is "h ! /ronge/ imag9able2 its approa*es are ins5sible & s$uc+2 & a woman easily f9ds1 or flatt]s h]self %e %all f9d1 c]ta9 means ( secur+ h] reputation1 & prev5t+ all ! p]nici\s consequ5ces ( h] pleasures4 ',tis necess>y1 !re=e1 t1 beside ! infamy att5d+ su* lic5ses1 !re %\ld be "s prec$+ backw>dness or dread1 :i* may prev5t _! fir/ approa*es1 & may give ! female sex a repugnance to all expressions1 & po/ures1 & lib]ties1 t h an imm$iate relation to t enjoym5t4 ,su* w\ld be ! reason+s ( our speculative philosoph]2 b ,i am p]suad$ t1 if he _h n a p]fect k ( human nature1 he w\ld be apt to reg>d !m z m]e *im]ical speculations1 & w\ld consid] ! infamy att5d+ infidelity1 & backw>dness to all its approa*es1 z pr9ciples t 7 r to be wi%$ ?an hop$ = 9 ! _w4 ,= :at means1 w\ld he say1 ( p]suad+ mank9d t ! transgressions ( conjugal duty are m infam\s ?an any o!r k9d ( inju/ice1 :5 'tis evid5t !y are m excusable1 ^u acc\nt ( ! greatness ( ! temptation8 ,& :at possibility ( giv+ a backw>dness to ! approa*es ( a pleasure to :i* nature has inspir$ s /rong a prop5sity1 & a prop5sity t 'tis absolutely necess>y 9 ! end to comply )1 = ! support ( ! species8 ,b speculative reason+s1 :i* co/ s mu* pa9s to philosoph]s1 are (t5 =m$ by ! _w naturally1 & )\t reflection2 z difficulties :i* seem unsurm\ntable 9 !ory1 are easily got ov] 9 practice4 ,^? :o h an int]e/ 9 ! fidelity ( wom51 naturally disapprove ( _! infidelity1 & all ! approa*es to x4 ,^? :o h no int]e/ are c>ri$ along ) ! /ream4 ,education takes possession ( ! ductile m9ds ( ! fair sex 9 _! infancy4 ,& :5 a g5]al rule ( ?is k9d is once e/abli%$1 m5 are apt to ext5d x beyond ^? pr9ciples f :i* x fir/ arose4 ,?us1 ba*elors1 h[ev] debau*$1 _c *oose b be %ock$ ) any in/ance ( lewdness or impud5ce 9 woman4 ,& ?\gh all ^! maxims h a pla9 ref]5ce to g5]ation1 yet wom5 pa/ *ild-be>+ h no m privilege 9 ?is respect ?an ^? :o are 9 ! fl[] ( _! y\? & beauty4 ,m5 h und\bt$ly an implicit notion1 t all ^? ideas ( mode/y & dec5cy h a reg>d to g5]ation2 s9ce !y impose n ! same laws1 ) ! same =ce1 on ! male sex1 :]e t reason takes n place4 ,! exception is !re obvi\s & ext5sive1 & f\nd$ on a rem>kable diff]5ce1 :i* produces a cle> sep>ation & disjunction ( ideas4 ,b z ! case is n ! same ) reg>d to ! diff]5t ages ( wom51 = ?is reason1 ?\gh m5 "k t ^! notions are f\nd$ on ! public int]e/1 yet ! g5]al rule c>ries u beyond ! orig9al pr9ciple1 & makes u ext5d ! notions ( mode/y ov] ! :ole sex1 f _! e>lie/ infancy to _! extreme/ old age & infirmity4 ,c\rage1 :i* is ! po9t ( hon\r among m51 d]ives its m]it 9 a great measure f artifice1 z well z ! *a/ity ( wom52 ?\gh x has also "s f\ndation 9 nature1 z we %all see aft]w>ds4 ,z to ! obligations :i* ! male sex lie "u ) reg>d to *a/ity1 we may obs]ve t1 accord+ to ! g5]al notions ( ! _w1 !y be> ne>ly ! same proportion to ! obligations ( wom51 z ! obligations ( ! law ( nations d to ^? ( ! law ( nature4 ',tis contr>y to ! int]e/ ( civil society1 t m5 %\ld h an entire lib]ty ( indulg+ _! appetites 9 v5]eal enjoym5t2 b z ?is int]e/ is weak] ?an 9 ! case ( ! female sex1 ! moral obligation aris+ f x mu/ be proportionably weak]4 ,& to prove ?is we ne$ only appeal to ! practice & s5tim5ts ( all nations & ages4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,virtues ,,& ,,vices4 ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,virtues ,,& ,,vices4 ,we come n[ to ! exam9ation ( su* virtues & vices z are entirely natural1 & h no dep5d5ce on ! artifice & contrivance ( m54 ,! exam9ation ( ^! w conclude ?is sy/em ( morals4 ,! *ief spr+ or actuat+ pr9ciple ( ! human m9d is pleasure or pa92 & :5 ^! s5sations are remov$1 bo? f our ?\ght & feel+1 we are 9 a great measure incapable ( passion or action1 ( desire or volition4 ,! mo/ imm$iate effects ( pleasure & pa9 are ! prop5se & av]se motions ( ! m9d2 :i* are div]sifi$ into volition1 into desire & av]sion1 grief & joy1 hope & fe>1 accord+ z ! pleasure or pa9 *anges its situation1 & becomes probable or improbable1 c]ta9 or unc]ta91 or is consid]$ z out ( our p[] = ! pres5t mom5t4 ,b :51 along ) ?is1 ! objects t cause pleasure or pa9 acquire a relation to ourselves or o!rs1 !y /ill cont9ue to excite desire & av]sion1 grief & joy2 b cause1 at ! same "t1 ! indirect passions ( pride or humility1 love or hatr$1 :i* 9 ?is case h a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas to ! pa9 or pleasure4 ,we h already obs]v$1 t moral di/9ctions dep5d entirely on c]ta9 peculi> s5tim5ts ( pa9 & pleasure1 & t :atev] m5tal quality 9 ourselves or o!rs gives u a satisfaction1 by ! survey or reflection1 is ( c\rse virtu\s2 z e ?+ ( ?is nature t gives uneas9ess is vici\s4 ,n[1 s9ce e quality 9 ourselves or o!rs :i* gives pleasure1 always causes pride or love1 z e "o t produces uneas9ess excites humility or hatr$1 x foll[s1 t ^! two p>ticul>s are to be consid]$ z equival5t1 ) reg>d to our m5tal qualities1 virtue & ! p[] ( produc+ love or pride1 vice & ! p[] ( produc+ humility or hatr$4 ,9 e case1 !re=e1 we mu/ judge ( ! "o by ! o!r1 & may pron\nce any quality ( ! m9d virtu\s :i* causes love or pride1 & any "o vici\s :i* causes hatr$ or humility4 ,if any action be ei!r virtu\s or vici\s1 'tis only z a sign ( "s quality or "*4 ,x mu/ dep5d ^u durable pr9ciples ( ! m9d1 :i* ext5d ov] ! :ole conduct1 & ent] into ! p]sonal "*4 ,actions !mselves1 n proce$+ f any con/ant pr9ciple1 h no influ5ce on love or hatr$1 pride or humility2 & consequ5tly are nev] consid]$ 9 morality4 ,?is reflection is self-evid5t1 & des]ves to be att5d$ to1 z be+ ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! pres5t subject4 ,we are nev] to consid] any s+le action 9 our inquiries conc]n+ ! orig9 ( morals1 b only ! quality or "* f :i* ! action proce$$4 ,^! alone are durable en\gh to affect our s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! p]son4 ,actions are inde$ bett] indications ( a "* ?an words1 or ev5 wi%es & s5tim5ts2 b 'tis only s f> z !y are su* indications1 t !y are att5d$ ) love or hatr$1 praise or blame4 ,to discov] ! true orig9 ( morals1 & ( t love or hatr$ :i* arises f m5tal qualities1 we mu/ take ! matt] pretty deep1 & comp>e "s pr9ciples :i* h be5 already exam9$ & expla9$4 ,we may beg9 ) consid]+ anew ! nature & =ce ( sympa?y4 ,! m9ds ( all m5 are simil> 9 _! feel+s & op]ations2 nor c any "o be actuat$ by any affection ( :i* all o!rs are n 9 "s degree susceptible4 ,z 9 /r+s equally w\nd up1 ! motion ( "o communicates itself to ! re/1 s all ! affections readily pass f "o p]son to ano!r1 & beget correspond5t movem5ts 9 e human creature4 ,:5 ,i see ! effects ( passion 9 ! voice & ge/ure ( any p]son1 my m9d imm$iately passes f ^! effects to _! causes1 & =ms su* a lively idea ( ! passion z is pres5tly conv]t$ into ! passion itself4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ,i p]ceive ! causes ( any emotion1 my m9d is convey$ to ! effects1 & is actuat$ ) a l emotion4 ,7 ,i pres5t at any ( ! m t]rible op]ations ( surg]y1 'tis c]ta9 t1 ev5 be=e x begun1 ! prep>ation ( ! in/rum5ts1 ! lay+ ( ! b&ages 9 ord]1 ! heat+ ( ! irons1 ) all ! signs ( anxiety & conc]n 9 ! pati5t & assi/ants1 w\ld h a great effect ^u my m9d1 & excite ! /ronge/ s5tim5ts ( pity & t]ror4 ,no passion ( ano!r discov]s itself imm$iately to ! m9d4 ,we are only s5sible ( its causes or effects4 ,f ^! we inf] ! passion2 & consequ5tly ^! give rise to our sympa?y4 ,our s5se ( beauty dep5ds v mu* on ?is pr9ciple2 & :]e any object has a t5d5cy to produce pleasure 9 its possessor1 x is always reg>d$ z beautiful2 z e object t has a t5d5cy to produce pa91 is disagreeable & de=m$4 ,?us1 ! conv5i5cy ( a h\se1 ! f]tility ( a field1 ! /r5g? ( a horse1 ! capacity1 security1 & swift-sail+ ( a vessel1 =m ! pr9cipal beauty ( ^! sev]al objects4 ,"h ! object1 :i* is d5om9at$ beautiful1 pleases only by its t5d5cy to produce a c]ta9 effect4 ,t effect is ! pleasure or advantage ( "s o!r p]son4 ,n[1 ! pleasure ( a /rang] = :om we h no fri5d%ip1 pleases u only by sympa?y4 ,to ?is pr9ciple1 !re=e1 is ow+ ! beauty :i* we f9d 9 e ?+ t is useful4 ,h[ consid]able a "p ?is is ( beauty w easily appe> ^u reflection4 ,:]ev] an object has a t5d5cy to produce pleasure 9 ! possessor1 or1 9 o!r words1 is ! prop] cause ( pleasure1 x is sure to please ! spectator1 by a delicate sympa?y ) ! possessor4 ,mo/ ( ! works ( art are e/eem$ beautiful1 9 proportion to _! fitness = ! use ( man2 & ev5 _m ( ! productions ( nature d]ive _! beauty f t s\rce4 ,h&some & beautiful1 on mo/ occasions1 is n an absolute1 b a relative quality1 & pleases u by no?+ b its t5d5cy to produce an end t is agreeable4#a ,! same pr9ciple produces1 9 _m in/ances1 our s5tim5ts ( morals1 z well z ^? ( beauty4 ,no virtue is m e/eem$ ?an ju/ice1 & no vice m dete/$ ?an inju/ice2 nor are !re any qualities :i* g f>!r to ! fix+ ! "*1 ei!r z amiable or odi\s4 ,n[ ju/ice is a moral virtue1 m]ely because x has t t5d5cy to ! good ( mank9d1 & inde$ is no?+ b an artificial inv5tion to t purpose4 ,! same may be said ( allegiance1 ( ! laws ( nations1 ( mode/y1 & ( good mann]s4 ,all ^! are m]e human contrivances = ! int]e/ ( society4 ,& s9ce !re is a v /rong s5tim5t ( morals1 :i* 9 all nations & all ages has att5d$ !m1 we mu/ all[ t ! reflect+ on ! t5d5cy ( *>act]s & m5tal qualities is suffici5t to give u ! s5tim5ts ( approbation & blame4 ,n[1 z ! means to an end c only be agreeable :]e ! end is agreeable1 & z ! good ( society1 :]e our own int]e/ is n conc]n$1 or t ( our fri5ds1 pleases only by sympa?y1 x foll[s1 t sympa?y is ! s\rce ( ! e/eem :i* we pay to all ! artificial virtues4 ,?us x appe>s1 t sympa?y is a v p[]ful pr9ciple 9 human nature1 t x has a great influ5ce on our ta/e ( beauty1 & t x produces our s5tim5t ( morals 9 all ! artificial virtues4 ,f !nce we may presume1 t x also gives rise to _m ( ! o!r virtues1 & t qualities acquire our approbation because ( _! t5d5cy to ! good ( mank9d4 ,?is presumption mu/ become a c]ta9ty1 :5 we f9d t mo/ ( ^? qualities :i* we naturally approve (1 h actually t t5d5cy1 & r5d] a man a prop] memb] ( society2 :ile ! qualities :i* we naturally disapprove ( h a contr>y t5d5cy1 & r5d] any int]c\rse ) ! p]son dang]\s or disagreeable4 ,= hav+ f\nd1 t su* t5d5cies h =ce en\gh to produce ! /ronge/ s5tim5t ( morals1 we c nev] reasonably1 9 ^! cases1 look = any o!r cause ( approbation or blame2 x be+ an inviolable maxim 9 philosophy1 t :]e any p>ticul> cause is suffici5t = an effect1 we ought to re/ satisfi$ ) x1 & ought n to multiply causes )\t necessity4 ,we h happily atta9$ exp]im5ts 9 ! artificial virtues1 :]e ! t5d5cy ( qualities to ! good ( society is ! sole cause ( our approbation1 )\t any suspicion ( ! concurr5ce ( ano!r pr9ciple4 ,f !nce we le>n ! =ce ( t pr9ciple4 ,& :]e t pr9ciple may take place1 & ! quality approv$ ( is really b5eficial to society1 a true philosoph] w nev] require any o!r pr9ciple to acc\nt = ! /ronge/ approbation & e/eem4 ,t _m ( ! natural virtues h ?is t5d5cy to ! good ( society1 no "o c d\bt (4 ,meekness1 b5efic5ce1 *>ity1 g5]osity1 clem5cy1 mod]ation1 equity1 be> ! greate/ figure among ! moral qualities1 & are commonly d5om9at$ ! social virtues1 to m>k _! t5d5cy to ! good ( society4 ,?is goes s f>1 t "s philosoph]s h repres5t$ all moral di/9ctions z ! effect ( artifice & education1 :5 skilful politicians endeav\r$ to re/ra9 ! turbul5t passions ( m51 & make !m op]ate to ! public good1 by ! notions ( hon\r & %ame4 ,?is sy/em1 h[ev]1 is n consi/5t ) exp]i5ce4 ,=1 fir/1 ,!re are o!r virtues & vices beside ^? :i* h ?is t5d5cy to ! public advantage & loss4 ,secondly1 ,_h n m5 a natural s5tim5t ( approbation & blame1 x c\ld nev] be excit$ by politicians1 nor w\ld ! words laudable & praisewor?y1 blameable & odi\s1 be any m intelligible ?an if !y 7 a language p]fectly unkn[n to u1 z we h already obs]v$4 ,b ?\gh ?is sy/em be errone\s1 x may tea* u t moral di/9ctions arise 9 a great measure f ! t5d5cy ( qualities & *>act]s to ! int]e/s ( society1 & t 'tis our conc]n = t int]e/ :i* makes u approve or disapprove ( !m4 ,n[1 we h no su* ext5sive conc]n = society1 b f sympa?y2 & consequ5tly 'tis t pr9ciple :i* takes u s f> out ( ourselves z to give u ! same pleasure or uneas9ess 9 ! *>act]s ( o!rs1 z if !y _h a t5d5cy to our own advantage or loss4 ,! only diff]5ce betwixt ! natural virtues & ju/ice lies 9 ?is1 t ! good :i* results f ! =m] arises f e s+le act1 & is ! object ( "s natural passion2 :]eas a s+le act ( ju/ice1 consid]$ 9 itself1 may (t5 be contr>y to ! public good2 & 'tis only ! concurr5ce ( mank9d1 9 a g5]al s*eme or sy/em ( action1 :i* is advantage\s4 ,:5 ,i relieve p]sons 9 di/ress1 my natural humanity is my motive2 & s f> z my succ\r ext5ds1 s f> h ,i promot$ ! happ9ess ( my fell[-creatures4 ,b if we exam9e all ! que/ions t come be=e any tribunal ( ju/ice1 we %all f9d t1 consid]+ ea* case ap>t1 x w\ld z (t5 be an in/ance ( humanity to decide contr>y to ! laws ( ju/ice z con=mable to !m4 ,judges take f a poor man to give to a ri*2 !y be/[ on ! dissolute ! lab\r ( ! indu/ri\s2 & put into ! h&s ( ! vici\s ! means ( h>m+ bo? !mselves & o!rs4 ,! :ole s*eme1 h[ev]1 ( law & ju/ice is advantage\s to ! society2 & 'twas ) a view to ?is advantage t m51 by _! volunt>y conv5tions1 e/abli%$ x4 ,aft] x is once e/abli%$ by ^! conv5tions1 x is naturally att5d$ ) a /rong s5tim5t ( morals1 :i* c proce$ f no?+ b our sympa?y ) ! int]e/s ( society4 ,we ne$ no o!r explication ( t e/eem :i* att5ds su* ( ! natural virtues z h a t5d5cy to ! public good4 ,i mu/ f>!r add1 t !re are sev]al circum/ances :i* r5d] ?is hypo!sis mu* m probable ) reg>d to ! natural ?an ! artificial virtues4 ',tis c]ta91 t ! imag9ation is m affect$ by :at is p>ticul>1 ?an by :at is g5]al2 & t ! s5tim5ts are always mov$ ) difficulty1 :]e _! objects are 9 any degree loose & undet]m9$4 ,n[1 e p>ticul> act ( ju/ice is n b5eficial to society1 b ! :ole s*eme or sy/em2 & x may n p]haps be any individual p]son = :om we are conc]n$1 :o receives b5efit f ju/ice1 b ! :ole society alike4 ,on ! contr>y1 e p>ticul> act ( g5]osity1 or relief ( ! indu/ri\s & indig5t1 is b5eficial1 & is b5eficial to a p>ticul> p]son1 :o is n undes]v+ ( x4 ',tis m natural1 !re=e1 to ?9k t ! t5d5cies ( ! latt] virtue w affect our s5tim5ts1 & comm& our approbation1 ?an ^? ( ! =m]2 & !re=e1 s9ce we f9d t ! approbation ( ! =m] arises f _! t5d5cies1 we may ascribe1 ) bett] reason1 ! same cause to ! approbation ( ! latt]4 ,9 any numb] ( simil> effects1 if a cause c be discov]$ = "o1 we ought to ext5d t cause to all ! o!r effects :i* c be acc\nt$ = by x2 b mu* m1 if ^! o!r effects be att5d$ ) peculi> circum/ances1 :i* facilitate ! op]ation ( t cause4 ,be=e ,i proce$ f>!r1 ,i mu/ obs]ve two rem>kable circum/ances 9 ?is affair1 :i* may seem objections to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,! fir/ may be ?us expla9$4 ,:5 any quality or "* has a t5d5cy to ! good ( mank9d1 we are pleas$ ) x1 & approve ( x1 because x pres5ts ! lively idea ( pleasure2 :i* idea affects u by sympa?y1 & is itself a k9d ( pleasure4 ,b z ?is sympa?y is v v>iable1 x may be ?\ght t our s5tim5ts ( morals mu/ admit ( all ! same v>iations4 ,we sympa?ize m ) p]sons contigu\s to u1 ?an ) p]sons remote f u2 ) our acqua9tance1 ?an ) /rang]s2 ) our c\ntrym51 ?an ) =eign]s4 ,b not)/&+ ?is v>iation ( our sympa?y1 we give ! same approbation to ! same moral qualities 9 ,*9a z 9 ,engl&4 ,!y appe> equally virtu\s1 & recomm5d !mselves equally to ! e/eem ( a judici\s spectator4 ,! sympa?y v>ies )\t a v>iation 9 our e/eem4 ,our e/eem1 !re=e1 proce$s n f sympa?y4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 ! approbation ( moral qualities mo/ c]ta9ly is n d]iv$ f reason1 or any comp>ison ( ideas2 b proce$s entirely f a moral ta/e1 & f c]ta9 s5tim5ts ( pleasure or disgu/1 :i* arise ^u ! contemplation & view ( p>ticul> qualities or *>act]s4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t t ^? s5tim5ts1 :5cev] !y are d]iv$1 mu/ v>y accord+ to ! di/ance or contiguity ( ! objects2 nor c ,i feel ! same lively pleasure f ! virtues ( a p]son :o liv$ 9 ,greece two ?\s& ye>s ago1 t ,i feel f ! virtues ( a famili> fri5d & acqua9tance4 ,yet ,i d n say t ,i e/eem ! "o m ?an ! o!r2 & !re=e1 if ! v>iation ( ! s5tim5t1 )\t a v>iation ( ! e/eem1 be an objection1 x mu/ h equal =ce aga9/ e o!r sy/em1 z aga9/ t ( sympa?y4 ,b to consid] ! matt] aright1 x has no =ce at all2 & 'tis ! easie/ matt] 9 ! _w to acc\nt = x4 ,our situation ) reg>d bo? to p]sons & ?+s is 9 cont9ual fluctuation2 & a man t lies at a di/ance f u1 may 9 a little "t become a famili> acqua9tance4 ,besides1 e p>ticul> man has a peculi> position ) reg>d to o!rs2 & 'tis impossible we c\ld ev] conv]se toge!r on any reasonable t]ms1 7 ea* ( u to consid] *>act]s & p]sons only z !y appe> f 8 peculi> po9t ( view4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to prev5t ^? cont9ual contradictions1 & arrive at a m /able judgm5t ( ?+s1 we fix on "s /eady & g5]al po9ts ( view1 & always1 9 our ?\ghts1 place ourselves 9 !m1 :atev] may be our pres5t situation4 ,9 l mann]1 ext]nal beauty is det]m9$ m]ely by pleasure2 & 'tis evid5t a beautiful c\nt5ance _c give s mu* pleasure1 :5 se5 at a di/ance ( tw5ty paces1 z :5 x is br\ght ne>] u4 ,we say n1 h[ev]1 t x appe>s to u less beautiful2 because we "k :at effect x w h 9 su* a position1 & by t reflection we correct its mom5t>y appe>ance4 ,9 g5]al1 all s5tim5ts ( blame or praise are v>iable1 accord+ to our situation ( ne>ness or remot5ess ) reg>d to ! p]son blam$ or prais$1 & accord+ to ! pres5t disposition ( our m9d4 ,b ^! v>iations we reg>d n 9 our g5]al decisions1 b /ill apply ! t]ms expressive ( our lik+ or dislike1 9 ! same mann] z if we rema9$ 9 "o po9t ( view4 ,exp]i5ce soon tea*es u ?is me?od ( correct+ our s5tim5ts1 or at lea/ ( correct+ our language1 :]e ! s5tim5ts are m /ubborn & unalt]able4 ,our s]vant1 if dilig5t & fai?ful1 may excite /rong] s5tim5ts ( love & k9dness ?an ,m>cus ,brutus1 z repres5t$ 9 hi/ory2 b we say n1 ^u t acc\nt1 t ! =m] "* is m laudable ?an ! latt]4 ,we "k t1 7 we to approa* equally ne> to t r5[n$ patriot1 he w\ld comm& a mu* high] degree ( affection & admiration4 ,su* corrections are common ) reg>d to all ! s5ses2 & inde$ 'tw]e impossible we c\ld ev] make use ( language1 or communicate our s5tim5ts to "o ano!r1 did we n correct ! mom5t>y appe>ances ( ?+s1 & ov]look our pres5t situation4 ',tis !re=e f ! influ5ce ( *>act]s & qualities ^u ^? :o h an int]c\rse ) any p]son1 t we blame or praise him4 ,we consid] n :e!r ! p]sons affect$ by ! qualities be our acqua9tance or /rang]s1 c\ntrym5 or =eign]s4 ,nay1 we ov]look our own int]e/ 9 ^? g5]al judgm5ts1 & blame n a man = oppos+ u 9 any ( our pret5sions1 :5 8 own int]e/ is p>ticul>ly conc]n$4 ,we make all[ance = a c]ta9 degree ( selfi%ness 9 m51 because we "k x to be insep>able f human nature1 & inh]5t 9 our frame & con/itution4 ,by ?is reflection we correct ^? s5tim5ts ( blame :i* s naturally arise ^u any opposition4 ,b h[ev] ! g5]al pr9ciple ( our blame or praise may be correct$ by ^? o!r pr9ciples1 'tis c]ta9 !y are n altoge!r efficaci\s1 nor d our passions (t5 correspond entirely to ! pres5t !ory4 ',tis seldom m5 he>tily love :at lies at a di/ance f !m1 & :at no way r$\nds to _! p>ticul> b5efit2 z 'tis no less r>e to meet ) p]sons :o c p>don ano!r any opposition he makes to _! int]e/1 h[ev] ju/ifiable t opposition may be by ! g5]al rules ( morality4 ,"h we are cont5t$ ) say+1 t reason requires su* an imp>tial conduct1 b t 'tis seldom we c br+ ourselves to x1 & t our passions d n readily foll[ ! det]m9ation ( our judgm5t4 ,?is language w be easily und]/ood1 if we consid] :at we =m]ly said conc]n+ t reason :i* is able to oppose our passion1 & :i* we h f\nd to be no?+ b a g5]al calm det]m9ation ( ! passions1 f\nd$ on "s di/ant view or reflection4 ,:5 we =m our judgm5ts ( p]sons m]ely f ! t5d5cy ( _! *>act]s to our own b5efit1 or to t ( our fri5ds1 we f9d s _m contradictions to our s5tim5ts 9 society & conv]sation1 & su* an unc]ta9ty f ! incessant *anges ( our situation1 t we seek "s o!r /&>d ( m]it & dem]it1 :i* may n admit ( s great v>iation4 ,be+ ?us loos5$ f our fir/ /ation1 we _c aft]w>ds fix ourselves s commodi\sly by any means z by a sympa?y ) ^? :o h any comm]ce ) ! p]son we consid]4 ,?is is f> f be+ z lively z :5 our own int]e/ is conc]n$1 or t ( our p>ticul> fri5ds2 nor has x su* an influ5ce on our love & hatr$2 b be+ equally con=mable to our calm & g5]al pr9ciples1 'tis said to h an equal au?ority ov] our reason1 & to comm& our judgm5t & op9ion4 ,we blame equally a bad action :i* we read ( 9 hi/ory1 ) "o p]=m$ 9 our neighb\rhood t'o!r day2 ! mean+ ( :i* is1 t we "k f reflection t ! =m] action w\ld excite z /rong s5tim5ts ( disapprobation z ! latt]1 7 x plac$ 9 ! same position4 ,i n[ proce$ to ! second rem>kable circum/ance :i* ,i propos$ to take notice (4 ,:]e a p]son is possess$ ( a "* t 9 its natural t5d5cy is b5eficial to society1 we e/eem him virtu\s1 & are delight$ ) ! view ( 8 "*1 ev5 ?\gh p>ticul> accid5ts prev5t its op]ation1 & incapacitate him f be+ s]viceable to 8 fri5ds & c\ntry4 ,virtue 9 rags is /ill virtue2 & ! love :i* x procures att5ds a man into a dungeon or des>t1 :]e ! virtue c no long] be ex]t$ 9 action1 & is lo/ to all ! _w4 ,n[1 ?is may be e/eem$ an objection to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,sympa?y int]e/s u 9 ! good ( mank9d2 & if sympa?y 7 ! s\rce ( our e/eem = virtue1 t s5tim5t ( approbation c\ld only take place :]e ! virtue actually atta9$ its end1 & 0 b5eficial to mank9d4 ,:]e x fails ( its end1 'tis only an imp]fect means2 & !re=e c nev] acquire any m]it f t end4 ,! goodness ( an end c be/[ a m]it on su* means alone z are complete1 & actually produce ! end4 ,to ?is we may reply1 t :]e any object1 9 all its p>ts1 is fitt$ to atta9 any agreeable end1 x naturally gives u pleasure1 & is e/eem$ beautiful1 ev5 ?\gh "s ext]nal circum/ances be want+ to r5d] x altoge!r effectual4 ',tis suffici5t if e ?+ be complete 9 ! object itself4 ,a h\se t is contriv$ ) great judgm5t = all ! commodities ( life1 pleases u ^u t acc\nt2 ?\gh p]haps we are s5sible1 t no "o w ev] dwell 9 x4 ,a f]tile soil1 & a happy climate1 delight u by a reflection on ! happ9ess :i* !y w\ld af=d ! inhabitants1 ?\gh at pres5t ! c\ntry be des>t & un9habit$4 ,a man1 ^: limbs & %ape promise /r5g? & activity1 is e/eem$ h&some1 ?\gh condemn$ to p]petual imprisonm5t4 ,! imag9ation has a set ( passions belong+ to x1 ^u :i* our s5tim5ts ( beauty mu* dep5d4 ,^! passions are mov$ by degrees ( livel9ess & /r5g?1 :i* are inf]ior to belief1 & indep5d5t ( ! real exi/5ce ( _! objects4 ,:]e a "* is1 9 e respect1 fitt$ to be b5eficial to society1 ! imag9ation passes easily f ! cause to ! effect1 )\t consid]+ t !re are /ill "s circum/ances want+ to r5d] ! cause a complete "o4 ,g5]al rules create a species ( probability1 :i* sometimes influ5ces ! judgm5t1 & always ! imag9ation4 ',tis true1 :5 ! cause is complete1 & a good disposition is att5d$ ) good =tune1 :i* r5d]s x really b5eficial to society1 x gives a /rong] pleasure to ! spectator1 & is att5d$ ) a m lively sympa?y4 ,we are m affect$ by x2 & yet we d n say t x is m virtu\s1 or t we e/eem x m4 ,we "k t an alt]ation ( =tune may r5d] ! b5evol5t disposition entirely impot5t2 & !re=e we sep>ate1 z mu* z possible1 ! =tune f ! disposition4 ,! case is ! same z :5 we correct ! diff]5t s5tim5ts ( virtue1 :i* proce$ f its diff]5t di/ances f ourselves4 ,! passions d n always foll[ our corrections2 b ^! corrections s]ve suffici5tly to regulate our ab/ract notions1 & are alone reg>d$ :5 we pron\nce 9 g5]al conc]n+ ! degrees ( vice & virtue4 ',tis obs]v$ by critics1 t all words or s5t5ces :i* are difficult to ! pronunciation1 are disagreeable to ! e>4 ,!re is no diff]5ce1 :e!r a man he> !m pron\nc$1 or read !m sil5tly to himself4 ,:5 ,i run ov] a book ) my eye1 ,i imag9e ,i he> x all2 & also1 by ! =ce ( imag9ation1 ent] into ! uneas9ess :i* ! deliv]y ( x w\ld give ! speak]4 ,! uneas9ess is n real2 b1 z su* a composition ( words has a natural t5d5cy to produce x1 ?is is suffici5t to affect ! m9d ) a pa9ful s5tim5t1 & r5d] ! disc\rse h>% & disagreeable4 ',tis a simil> case1 :]e any real quality is1 by accid5tal circum/ances1 r5d]$ impot5t1 & is depriv$ ( its natural influ5ce on society4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples we may easily remove any contradiction :i* may appe> to be betwixt ! ext5sive sympa?y1 on :i* our s5tim5ts ( virtue dep5d1 & t limit$ g5]osity1 :i* ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$ to be natural to m51 & :i* ju/ice & prop]ty suppose1 accord+ to ! prec$5t reason+4 ,my sympa?y ) ano!r may give me ! s5tim5t ( pa9 & disapprobation1 :5 any object is pres5t$ t has a t5d5cy to give him uneas9ess2 ?\gh ,i may n be will+ to sacrifice any ?+ ( my own int]e/1 or cross any ( my passions1 = 8 satisfaction4 ,a h\se may displease me by be+ ill-contriv$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ! own]2 & yet ,i may refuse to give a %ill+ t[>ds ! rebuild+ ( x4 ,s5tim5ts mu/ t\* ! he>t to make !m control our passions3 b !y ne$ n ext5d beyond ! imag9ation1 to make !m influ5ce our ta/e4 ,:5 a build+ seems clumsy & tott]+ to ! eye1 x is ugly & disagreeable2 ?\gh we may be fully assur$ ( ! solidity ( ! workman%ip4 ',tis a k9d ( fe> :i* causes ?is s5tim5t ( disapprobation2 b ! passion is n ! same ) t :i* we feel :5 oblig$ to /& "u a wall t we really ?9k tott]+ & insecure4 ,! seem+ t5d5cies ( objects affect ! m9d3 & ! emotions !y excite are ( a l species ) ^? :i* proce$ f ! real consequ5ces ( objects1 b _! feel+ is diff]5t4 ,nay1 ^! emotions are s diff]5t 9 _! feel+1 t !y may (t5 be contr>y1 )\t de/roy+ ea* o!r2 z :5 ! =tifications ( a city belong+ to an enemy are e/eem$ beautiful ^u acc\nt ( _! /r5g?1 ?\gh we c\ld wi% t !y 7 entirely de/roy$4 ,! imag9ation adh]es to ! g5]al views ( ?+s1 & di/+ui%es ! feel+s !y produce f ^? :i* arise f our p>ticul> & mom5t>y situation4 ,if we exam9e ! panegyrics t are commonly made ( great m51 we %all f9d1 t mo/ ( ! qualities :i* are attribut$ to !m may be divid$ into two k9ds1 viz4 su* z make !m p]=m _! "p 9 society2 & su* z r5d] !m s]viceable to !mselves1 & enable !m to promote _! own int]e/4 ,_! prud5ce1 temp]ance1 frugality1 indu/ry1 assiduity1 ent]prise1 dext]ity1 are celebrat$1 z well z _! g5]osity & humanity4 ,if we ev] give an indulg5ce to any quality t disables a man f mak+ a figure 9 life1 'tis to t ( indol5ce1 :i* is n suppos$ to deprive "o ( 8 p>ts & capacity1 b only susp5ds _! ex]cise2 & t )\t any inconv5i5ce to ! p]son himself1 s9ce 'tis1 9 "s measure1 f 8 own *oice4 ,yet indol5ce is always all[$ to be a fault1 & a v great "o1 if extreme3 nor d a man's fri5ds ev] ackn[l$ge him to be subject to x1 b 9 ord] to save 8 "* 9 m mat]ial articles4 ,he c\ld make a figure1 say !y1 if he pleas$ to give application3 8 und]/&+ is s\nd1 8 conception quick1 & 8 memory t5aci\s2 b he hates bus9ess1 & is indiff]5t ab\t 8 =tune4 ,& ?is a man sometimes may make ev5 a subject ( vanity1 ?\gh ) ! air ( confess+ a fault3 because he may ?9k1 t ?is incapacity = bus9ess implies mu* m noble qualities2 su* z a philosophical _s1 a f9e ta/e1 a delicate wit1 or a reli% = pleasure & society4 ,b take any o!r case3 suppose a quality t1 )\t be+ an indication ( any o!r good qualities1 incapacitates a man always = bus9ess1 & is de/ructive to 8 int]e/2 su* z a blund]+ und]/&+1 & a wrong judgm5t ( e ?+ 9 life2 incon/ancy & irresolution2 or a want ( address 9 ! managem5t ( m5 & bus9ess3 ^! are all all[$ to be imp]fections 9 a "*2 & _m m5 w\ld r ackn[l$ge ! greate/ crimes1 ?an h x suspect$ t !y are 9 any degree subject to !m4 ',tis v happy1 9 our philosophical rese>*es1 :5 we f9d ! same ph5om5on div]sifi$ by a v>iety ( circum/ances2 & by discov]+ :at is common among !m1 c ! bett] assure ourselves ( ! tru? ( any hypo!sis we may make use ( to expla9 x4 ,7 no?+ e/eem$ virtue b :at 7 b5eficial to society1 ,i am p]suad$ t ! =ego+ explication ( ! moral s5se ought /ill to be receiv$1 & t ^u suffici5t evid5ce3 b ?is evid5ce mu/ gr[ ^u u1 :5 we f9d o!r k9ds ( virtue :i* w n admit ( any explication except f t hypo!sis4 ,"h is a man :o is n rem>kably defective 9 8 social qualities2 b :at pr9cipally recomm5ds him is 8 dext]ity 9 bus9ess1 by :i* he has extricat$ himself f ! greate/ difficulties1 & conduct$ ! mo/ delicate affairs ) a s+ul> address & prud5ce4 ,i f9d an e/eem = him imm$iately to arise 9 me3 8 company is a satisfaction to me2 & be=e ,i h any f>!r acqua9tance ) him1 ,i w\ld r d him a s]vice ?an ano!r ^: "* is 9 e o!r respect equal1 b is defici5t 9 t p>ticul>4 ,9 ?is case1 ! qualities t please me are all consid]$ z useful to ! p]son1 & z hav+ a t5d5cy to promote 8 int]e/ & satisfaction4 ,!y are only reg>d$ z means to an end1 & please me 9 proportion to _! fitness = t end4 ,! end1 !re=e mu/ be agreeable to me4 ,b :at makes ! end agreeable8 ,! p]son is a /rang]3 ,i am no way int]e/$ 9 him1 nor lie "u any obligation to him3 8 happ9ess conc]ns n me1 f>!r ?an ! happ9ess ( e human1 & inde$ ( e s5sible creature2 t is1 x affects me only by sympa?y4 ,f t pr9ciple1 :5ev] ,i discov] 8 happ9ess & good1 :e!r 9 its causes or effects1 ,i ent] s deeply into x1 t x gives me a s5sible emotion4 ,! appe>ance ( qualities t h a t5d5cy to promote x1 h an agreeable effect ^u my imag9ation1 & comm& my love & e/eem4 ,?is !ory may s]ve to expla91 :y ! same qualities1 9 all cases1 produce bo? pride & love1 humility & hatr$2 & ! same man is always virtu\s or vici\s1 accompli%$ or despicable to o!rs1 :o is s to himself4 ,a p]son 9 :om we discov] any passion or habit1 :i* orig9ally is only incommodi\s to himself1 becomes always disagreeable to u m]ely on its acc\nt2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 "o ^: "* is only dang]\s & disagreeable to o!rs1 c nev] be satisfi$ ) himself1 z long z he is s5sible ( t disadvantage4 ,nor is ?is obs]vable only ) reg>d to *>act]s & mann]s1 b may be rem>k$ ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute circum/ances4 ,a viol5t c\gh 9 ano!r gives u uneas9ess2 ?\gh 9 itself x does n 9 ! lea/ affect u4 ,a man w be mortifi$ if y tell him he has a /9k+ brea?2 ?\gh 'tis evid5tly no annoyance to himself4 ,our fancy easily *anges its situation2 &1 ei!r survey+ ourselves z we appe> to o!rs1 or consid]+ o!rs z !y feel !mselves1 we ent]1 by t means1 into s5tim5ts :i* no way belong to u1 & 9 :i* no?+ b sympa?y is able to int]e/ u4 ,& ?is sympa?y we sometimes c>ry s f>1 z ev5 to be displeas$ ) a quality commodi\s to u1 m]ely because x displeases o!rs1 & makes u disagreeable 9 _! eyes2 ?\gh p]haps we nev] c h any int]e/ 9 r5d]+ ourselves agreeable to !m4 ,!re h be5 _m sy/ems ( morality advanc$ by philosoph]s 9 all ages2 b if !y are /rictly exam9$1 !y may be r$uc$ to two1 :i* alone m]it our att5tion4 ,moral good & evil are c]ta9ly di/+ui%$ by our s5tim5ts1 n by reason3 b ^! s5tim5ts may arise ei!r f ! m]e species or appe>ance ( *>act]s & passions1 or f reflections on _! t5d5cy to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 & ( p>ticul> p]sons4 ,my op9ion is1 t bo? ^! causes are int]mix$ 9 our judgm5ts ( morals2 aft] ! same mann] z !y are 9 our decisions conc]n+ mo/ k9ds ( ext]nal beauty3 ?\gh ,i am also ( op9ion1 t reflections on ! t5d5cies ( actions h by f> ! greate/ influ5ce1 & det]m9e all ! great l9es ( our duty4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 in/ances 9 cases ( less mom5t1 :]e9 ?is imm$iate ta/e or s5tim5t produces our approbation4 ,wit1 & a c]ta9 easy & dis5gag$ behavi\r1 are qualities imm$iately agreeable to o!rs1 & comm& _! love & e/eem4 ,"s ( ^! qualities produce satisfaction 9 o!rs by p>ticul> orig9al pr9ciples ( human nature1 :i* _c be acc\nt$ =3 odi]s may be resolv$ into pr9ciples :i* are m g5]al4 ,?is w be/ appe> ^u a p>ticul> inquiry4 ,z "s qualities acquire _! m]it f _! be+ imm$iately agreeable to o!rs1 )\t any t5d5cy to public int]e/2 s "s are d5om9at$ virtu\s f _! be+ imm$iately agreeable to ! p]son himself1 :o possesses !m4 ,ea* ( ! passions & op]ations ( ! m9d has a p>ticul> feel+1 :i* mu/ be ei!r agreeable or disagreeable4 ,! fir/ is virtu\s1 ! second vici\s4 ,?is p>ticul> feel+ con/itutes ! v nature ( ! passion2 & !re=e ne$s n be acc\nt$ =4 ,b1 h[ev] directly ! di/9ction ( vice & virtue may seem to fl[ f ! imm$iate pleasure or uneas9ess1 :i* p>ticul> qualities cause to ourselves or o!rs1 'tis easy to obs]ve1 t x has also a consid]able dep5d5ce on ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y s (t5 insi/$ on4 ,we approve ( a p]son :o is possess$ ( qualities imm$iately agreeable to ^? ) :om he has any comm]ce1 ?\gh p]haps we ourselves nev] reap$ any pleasure f !m4 ,we also approve ( "o :o is possess$ ( qualities t are imm$iately agreeable to himself1 ?\gh !y be ( no s]vice to any mortal4 ,to acc\nt = ?is1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! =ego+ pr9ciples4 ,?us1 to take a g5]al review ( ! pres5t hypo!sis3 ,e quality ( ! m9d is d5om9at$ virtu\s :i* gives pleasure by ! m]e survey1 z e quality :i* produces pa9 is call$ vici\s4 ,?is pleasure & ?is pa9 may arise f f\r diff]5t s\rces4 ,= we reap a pleasure f ! view ( a "* :i* is naturally fitt$ to be useful to o!rs1 or to ! p]son himself1 or :i* is agreeable to o!rs1 or to ! p]son himself4 ,"o may p]haps be surpris$1 t1 amid/ all ^! int]e/s & pleasures1 we %\ld =get our own1 :i* t\* u s ne>ly on e o!r occasion4 ,b we %all easily satisfy ourselves on ?is head1 :5 we consid]1 t e p>ticul> p]son's pleasure & int]e/ be+ diff]5t1 'tis impossible m5 c\ld ev] agree 9 _! s5tim5ts & judgm5ts1 unless !y *ose "s common po9t ( view1 f :i* !y might survey _! object1 & :i* might cause x to appe> ! same to all ( !m4 ,n[1 9 judg+ ( *>act]s1 ! only int]e/ or pleasure :i* appe>s ! same to e spectator1 is t ( ! p]son himself ^: "* is exam9$1 or t ( p]sons :o h a connexion ) him4 ,&1 ?\gh su* int]e/s & pleasures t\* u m fa9tly ?an our own1 yet1 be+ m con/ant & univ]sal1 !y c\nt]balance ! latt] ev5 9 practice1 & are alone admitt$ 9 speculation z ! /&>d ( virtue & morality4 ,!y alone produce t p>ticul> feel+ or s5tim5t on :i* moral di/9ctions dep5d4 ,z to ! good or ill des]t ( virtue or vice1 'tis an evid5t consequ5ce ( ! s5tim5ts ( pleasure or uneas9ess4 ,^! s5tim5ts produce love or hatr$2 & love or hatr$1 by ! orig9al con/itution ( human passion1 is att5d$ ) b5evol5ce or ang]2 t is1 ) a desire ( mak+ happy ! p]son we love1 & mis]able ! p]son we hate4 ,we h treat$ ( ?is m fully on ano!r occasion4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,greatness ,,( ,,m9d4 ,x may n[ be prop] to illu/rate ?is g5]al sy/em ( morals1 by apply+ x to p>ticul> in/ances ( virtue & vice1 & %[+ h[ _! m]it or dem]it arises f ! f\r s\rces "h expla9$4 ,we %all beg9 ) exam9+ ! passions ( pride & humility1 & %all consid] ! vice or virtue t lies 9 _! excesses or j proportion4 ,an excessive pride or ov]we5+ conceit ( ourselves1 is always e/eem$ vici\s1 & is univ]sally hat$1 z mode/y1 or a j s5se ( our weakness1 is e/eem$ virtu\s1 & procures ! good w ( e "o4 ,( ! f\r s\rces ( moral di/9ctions1 ?is is to be ascrib$ to ! ?ird2 viz4 ! imm$iate agreeabl5ess & disagreeabl5ess ( a quality to o!rs1 )\t any reflections on ! t5d5cy ( t quality4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is1 we mu/ h rec\rse to two pr9ciples1 :i* are v conspicu\s 9 human nature4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! sympa?y & communication ( s5tim5ts & passions above m5tion$4 ,s close & intimate is ! correspond5ce ( human s\ls1 t no soon] any p]son approa*es me1 ?an he diffuses on me all 8 op9ions1 & draws along my judgm5t 9 a great] or less] degree4 ,& ?\gh1 on _m occasions1 my sympa?y ) him goes n s f> z entirely to *ange my s5tim5ts & way ( ?9k+1 yet x seldom is s weak z n to di/urb ! easy c\rse ( my ?\ght1 & give an au?ority to t op9ion :i* is recomm5d$ to me by 8 ass5t & approbation4 ,nor is x any way mat]ial ^u :at subject he & ,i employ our ?\ghts4 ,:e!r we judge ( an indiff]5t p]son1 or ( my own "*1 my sympa?y gives equal =ce to 8 decision3 & ev5 8 s5tim5ts ( 8 own m]it make me consid] him 9 ! same light 9 :i* he reg>ds himself4 ,?is pr9ciple ( sympa?y is ( s p[]ful & ins9uat+ a nature1 t x ent]s into mo/ ( our s5tim5ts & passions1 & (t5 takes place "u ! appe>ance ( its contr>y4 ,= 'tis rem>kable1 t :5 a p]son opposes me 9 any ?+ :i* ,i am /rongly b5t ^u1 & r\ses up my passion by contradiction1 ,i h always a degree ( sympa?y ) him1 nor does my commotion proce$ f any o!r orig94 ,we may "h obs]ve an evid5t conflict or r5c\nt] ( opposite pr9ciples & passions4 ,on ! "o side1 !re is t passion or s5tim5t :i* is natural to me2 & 'tis obs]vable1 t ! /rong] ?is passion is1 ! great] is ! commotion4 ,!re mu/ also be "s passion or s5tim5t on ! o!r side2 & ?is passion c proce$ f no?+ b sympa?y4 ,! s5tim5ts ( o!rs c nev] affect u1 b by becom+ 9 "s measure our own2 9 :i* case !y op]ate ^u u1 by oppos+ & increas+ our passions1 9 ! v same mann] z if !y _h be5 orig9ally d]iv$ f our own temp] & disposition4 ,:ile !y rema9 conceal$ 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs1 !y c nev] h any influ5ce ^u u3 & ev5 :5 !y are kn[n1 if !y w5t no f>!r ?an ! imag9ation or conception1 t faculty is s accu/om$ to objects ( e diff]5t k9d1 t a m]e idea1 ?\gh contr>y to our s5tim5ts & incl9ations1 w\ld nev] alone be able to affect u4 ,! second pr9ciple ,i %all take notice ( is t ( comp>ison1 or ! v>iation ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ objects1 accord+ to ! proportion !y be> to ^? ) :i* we comp>e !m4 ,we judge m ( objects by comp>ison ?an by _! intr9sic wor? & value2 & reg>d e ?+ z mean1 :5 set 9 opposition to :at is sup]ior ( ! same k9d4 ,b no comp>ison is m obvi\s ?an t ) ourselves2 & h5ce x is1 t on all occasions x takes place1 & mixes ) mo/ ( our passions4 ,?is k9d ( comp>ison is directly contr>y to sympa?y 9 its op]ation1 z we h obs]v$ 9 treat+ ( compassion & malice4#b ,9 all k9ds ( comp>ison1 an object makes u always receive f ano!r1 to :i* x is comp>$1 a s5sation contr>y to :at arises f itself 9 its direct & imm$iate survey4 ,! direct survey ( ano!r's pleasure naturally gives u pleasure2 & !re=e produces pa91 :5 comp>$ ) our own4 ,8 pa91 consid]$ 9 itself is pa9ful2 b augm5ts ! idea ( our own happ9ess1 & gives u pleasure4 ,s9ce !n ^? pr9ciples ( sympa?y1 & a comp>ison ) ourselves1 are directly contr>y1 x may be wor? :ile to consid]1 :at g5]al rules c be =m$1 beside ! p>ticul> temp] ( ! p]son1 = ! preval5ce ( ! "o or ! o!r4 ,suppose ,i am n[ 9 safety at l&1 & w\ld will+ly reap "s pleasure f ?is consid]ation1 ,i mu/ ?9k on ! mis]able condition ( ^? :o are at sea 9 a /orm1 & mu/ endeav\r to r5d] ?is idea z /rong & lively z possible1 9 ord] to make me m s5sible ( my own happ9ess4 ,b :atev] pa9s ,i may take1 ! comp>ison w nev] h an equal efficacy1 z if ,i 7 really on ! %ore1#c & saw a %ip at a di/ance to/ by a tempe/1 & 9 dang] e mom5t ( p]i%+ on a rock or s&-bank4 ,b suppose ?is idea to become /ill m lively4 ,suppose ! %ip to be driv5 s ne> me1 t ,i c p]ceive di/9ctly ! horror pa9t$ on ! c\nt5ance ( ! seam5 & pass5g]s1 he> _! lam5table cries1 see ! de>e/ fri5ds give _! la/ adieu1 or embrace ) a resolution to p]i% 9 ea* o!r's arms3 no man has s savage a he>t z to reap any pleasure f su* a spectacle1 or )/& ! motions ( ! t5d]e/ compassion & sympa?y4 ',tis evid5t1 !re=e1 !re is a m$ium 9 ?is case2 & t1 if ! idea be too fa9t1 x has no influ5ce by comp>ison2 & on ! o!r h&1 if x be too /rong1 x op]ates on u entirely by sympa?y1 :i* is ! contr>y to comp>ison4 ,sympa?y be+ ! conv]sion ( an idea into an impression1 dem&s a great] =ce & vivacity 9 ! idea ?an is requisite to comp>ison4 ,all ?is is easily appli$ to ! pres5t subject4 ,we s9k v mu* 9 our own eyes :5 9 ! pres5ce ( a great man1 or "o ( a sup]ior g5ius2 & ?is humility makes a consid]able +r$i5t 9 t respect :i* we pay our sup]iors1 accord+ to our =ego+ reason+s on t passion4#d ,sometimes ev5 envy & hatr$ arise f ! comp>ison2 b 9 ! greate/ "p ( m51 x re/s at respect & e/eem4 ,z sympa?y has su* a p[]ful influ5ce on ! human m9d1 x causes pride to h 9 "s measure ! same effect z m]it2 &1 by mak+ u ent] into ^? elevat$ s5tim5ts :i* ! pr\d man ent]ta9s ( himself1 pres5ts t comp>ison1 :i* is s mortify+ & disagreeable4 ,our judgm5t does n entirely accompany him 9 ! flatt]+ conceit 9 :i* he pleases himself2 b /ill is s %ak5 z to receive ! idea x pres5ts1 & to give x an influ5ce above ! loose conceptions ( ! imag9ation4 ,a man :o1 9 an idle hum\r1 w\ld =m a notion ( a p]son ( a m]it v mu* sup]ior to 8 own1 w\ld n be mortifi$ by t fiction3 b :5 a man1 :om we are really p]suad$ to be ( inf]ior m]it1 is pres5t$ to u2 if we obs]ve 9 him any extraord9>y degree ( pride & self-conceit1 ! firm p]suasion he has ( 8 own m]it1 takes hold ( ! imag9ation1 & dim9i%es u 9 our own eyes1 9 ! same mann] z if he 7 really possess$ ( all ! good qualities :i* he s lib]ally attributes to himself4 ,our idea is "h precisely 9 t m$ium :i* is requisite to make x op]ate on u by comp>ison4 ,7 x accompani$ ) belief1 & did ! p]son appe> to h ! same m]it :i* he assumes to himself1 x w\ld h a contr>y effect1 & w\ld op]ate on u by sympa?y4 ,! influ5ce ( t pr9ciple w\ld !n be sup]ior to t ( comp>ison1 contr>y to :at happ5s :]e ! p]son's m]it seems bel[ 8 pret5sions4 ,! necess>y consequ5ce ( ^! pr9ciples is1 t pride1 or an ov]we5+ conceit ( ourselves1 mu/ be vici\s2 s9ce x causes uneas9ess 9 all m51 & pres5ts !m e mom5t ) a disagreeable comp>ison4 ',tis a trite obs]vation 9 philosophy1 & ev5 9 common life & conv]sation1 t 'tis our own pride1 :i* makes u s mu* displeas$ ) ! pride ( o!r p2 & t vanity becomes insupportable to u m]ely because we are va94 ,! gay naturally associate !mselves ) ! gay1 & ! amor\s ) ! amor\s2 b ! pr\d nev] c endure ! pr\d1 & r seek ! company ( ^? :o are ( an opposite disposition4 ,z we are all ( u pr\d 9 "s degree1 pride is univ]sally blam$ & condemn$ by all mank9d1 z hav+ a natural t5d5cy to cause uneas9ess 9 o!rs by means ( comp>ison4 ,& ?is effect mu/ foll[ ! m naturally1 t ^?1 :o h an ill-gr\nd$ conceit ( !mselves1 are = ev] mak+ ^? comp>isons2 nor h !y any o!r me?od ( support+ _! vanity4 ,a man ( s5se & m]it is pleas$ ) himself1 indep5d5t ( all =eign consid]ations2 b a fool mu/ always f9d "s p]son t is m fooli%1 9 ord] to keep himself 9 good hum\r ) 8 own p>ts & und]/&+4 ,b ?\gh an ov]we5+ conceit ( our own m]it be vici\s & disagreeable1 no?+ c be m laudable ?an to h a value = ourselves1 :]e we really h qualities t are valuable4 ,! utility & advantage ( any quality to ourselves is a s\rce ( virtue1 z well z its agreeabl5ess to o!rs2 & 'tis c]ta91 t no?+ is m useful to u 9 ! conduct ( life1 ?an a due degree ( pride1 :i* makes u s5sible ( our own m]it1 & gives u a confid5ce & assurance 9 all our projects & ent]prises4 ,:atev] capacity any "o may be end[$ )1 'tis entirely useless to him1 if he be n acqua9t$ ) x1 & =m n designs suitable to x4 ',tis requisite on all occasions to "k our own =ce2 & 7 x all[able to err on ei!r side1 'tw\ld be m advantage\s to ov]-rate our m]it1 ?an to =m ideas ( x bel[ its j /&>d4 ,=tune commonly fav\rs ! bold & ent]pris+2 & no?+ inspires u ) m boldness ?an a good op9ion ( ourselves4 ,add to ?is1 t ?\gh pride1 or self-applause1 be sometimes disagreeable to o!rs1 'tis always agreeable to ourselves2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 mode/y1 ?\gh x give pleasure to e "o :o obs]ves x1 produces (t5 uneas9ess 9 ! p]son end[$ ) x4 ,n[1 x has be5 obs]v$1 t our own s5sations det]m9e ! vice & virtue ( any quality1 z well z ^? s5sations1 :i* x may excite 9 o!rs4 ,?us1 self-satisfaction & vanity may n only be all[able1 b requisite 9 a "*4 ',tis h[ev] c]ta91 t good bre$+ & dec5cy require t we %\ld avoid all signs & expressions1 :i* t5d directly to %[ t passion4 ,we h1 all ( u1 a wond]ful p>tiality = ourselves1 & 7 we always to give v5t to our s5tim5ts 9 ?is p>ticul>1 we %\ld mutually cause ! greate/ indignation 9 ea* o!r1 n only by ! imm$iate pres5ce ( s disagreeable a subject ( comp>ison1 b also by ! contr>iety ( our judgm5ts4 ,9 l mann]1 !re=e1 z we e/abli% ! laws ( nature1 9 ord] to secure prop]ty 9 society1 & prev5t ! opposition ( self-int]e/1 we e/abli% ! rules ( good bre$+1 9 ord] to prev5t ! opposition ( m5's pride1 & r5d] conv]sation agreeable & (f5sive4 ,no?+ is m disagreeable ?an a man's ov]we5+ conceit ( himself4 ,e "o almo/ has a /rong prop5sity to ?is vice4 ,no "o c well di/+ui% 9 himself betwixt ! vice & virtue1 or be c]ta9 t 8 e/eem ( 8 own m]it is well-f\nd$2 = ^! reasons1 all direct expressions ( ?is passion are condemn$2 nor d we make any exception to ?is rule 9 fav\r ( m5 ( s5se & m]it4 ,!y are n all[$ to d !mselves ju/ice op5ly 9 words1 no m ?an o!r p2 & ev5 if !y %[ a res]ve & secret d\bt 9 do+ !mselves ju/ice 9 _! own ?\ghts1 !y w be m applaud$4 ,t imp]t95t1 & almo/ univ]sal prop5sity ( m51 to ov]value !mselves1 has giv5 u su* a prejudice aga9/ self-applause1 t we are apt to condemn x by a g5]al rule :]ev] we meet ) x2 & 'tis ) "s difficulty we give a privilege to m5 ( s5se1 ev5 9 _! mo/ secret ?\ghts4 ,at lea/1 x mu/ be own$ t "s disguise 9 ?is p>ticul> is absolutely requisite2 & t1 if we h>b\r pride 9 our brea/s1 we mu/ c>ry a fair outside1 & h ! appe>ance ( mode/y & mutual def]5ce 9 all our conduct & behavi\r4 ,we mu/1 on e occasion1 be ready to pref] o!rs to ourselves2 to treat !m ) a k9d ( def]5ce1 ev5 ?\gh !y be our equals2 to seem always ! l[e/ & lea/ 9 ! company1 :]e we are n v mu* di/+ui%$ above !m2 & if we obs]ve ^! rules 9 our conduct1 m5 w h m indulg5ce = our secret s5tim5ts1 :5 we discov] !m 9 an oblique mann]4 ,i believe no "o :o has any practice ( ! _w1 & c p5etrate into ! inw>d s5tim5ts ( m51 w ass]t t ! humility :i* good-bre$+ & dec5cy require ( u1 goes beyond ! outside1 or t a ?or\gh s9c]ity 9 ?is p>ticul> is e/eem$ a real "p ( our duty4 ,on ! contr>y1 we may obs]ve1 t a g5u9e & he>ty pride1 or self-e/eem1 if well conceal$ & well f\nd$1 is ess5tial to ! "* ( a man ( hon\r1 & t !re is no quality ( ! m9d :i* is m indisp5sably requisite to procure ! e/eem & approbation ( mank9d4 ,!re are c]ta9 def]5ces & mutual submissions :i* cu/om requires ( ! diff]5t ranks ( m5 t[>ds ea* o!r2 & :oev] exce$s 9 ?is p>ticul>1 if ?r\gh int]e/1 is accus$ ( meanness1 if ?r\gh ignorance1 ( simplicity4 ',tis necess>y1 !re=e1 to "k our rank & /ation 9 ! _w1 :e!r x be fix$ by our bir?1 =tune1 employm5ts1 tal5ts1 or reputation4 ',tis necess>y to feel ! s5tim5t & passion ( pride 9 con=mity to x1 & to regulate our actions accord+ly4 ,& %\ld x be said1 t prud5ce may suffice to regulate our actions 9 ?is p>ticul>1 )\t any real pride1 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t "h ! object ( prud5ce is to con=m our actions to ! g5]al usage & cu/om2 & t 'tis impossible ^? tacit airs ( sup]iority %\ld ev] h be5 e/abli%$ & au?oriz$ by cu/om1 unless m5 7 g5]ally pr\d1 & unless t passion 7 g5]ally approv$1 :5 well-gr\nd$4 ,if we pass f common life & conv]sation to hi/ory1 ?is reason+ acquires new =ce1 :5 we obs]ve1 t all ^? great actions & s5tim5ts :i* h become ! admiration ( mank9d1 are f\nd$ on no?+ b pride & self-e/eem4 ',g1' says ,alex&] ! ,great to 8 soldi]s1 :5 !y refus$ to foll[ him to ! ,indies1 'g tell y\r c\ntrym51 t y left ,alex&] complet+ ! conque/ ( ! _w4' ,?is passage 0 always p>ticul>ly admir$ by ! pr9ce ( ,cond1 z we le>n f ,/ ,evremond4 ',alex&]1' said t pr9ce1 'ab&on$ by 8 soldi]s1 among b>b>ians n yet fully subdu$1 felt 9 himself su* a dignity & "r ( empire1 t he c\ld n believe x possible any "o c\ld refuse to obey him4 ,:e!r 9 ,europe or 9 ,asia1 among ,greeks or ,p]sians1 all 0 indiff]5t to him2 :]ev] he f\nd m51 he fanci$ he _h f\nd subjects4' ,9 g5]al1 we may obs]ve1 t :atev] we call h]oic virtue1 & admire "u ! "* ( greatness & elevation ( m9d1 is ei!r no?+ b a /eady & well-e/abli%$ pride & self-e/eem1 or p>takes l>gely ( t passion4 ,c\rage1 intrepidity1 ambition1 love ( glory1 magnanimity1 & all ! o!r %9+ virtues ( t k9d1 h pla9ly a /rong mixture ( self-e/eem 9 !m1 & d]ive a great "p ( _! m]it f t orig94 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t _m religi\s declaim]s decry ^? virtues z purely pagan & natural1 & repres5t to u ! excell5cy ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* places humility 9 ! rank ( virtues1 & corrects ! judgm5t ( ! _w1 & ev5 ( philosoph]s1 :o s g5]ally admire all ! ef=ts ( pride & ambition4 ,:e!r ?is virtue ( humility has be5 rightly und]/ood1 ,i %all n pret5d to det]m9e4 ,i am cont5t ) ! concession1 t ! _w naturally e/eems a well-regulat$ pride1 :i* secretly animates our conduct1 )\t break+ out into su* indec5t expressions ( vanity z may (f5d ! vanity ( o!rs4 ,! m]it ( pride or self-e/eem is d]iv$ f two circum/ances1 viz4 its utility1 & its agreeabl5ess to ourselves2 by :i* x capacitates u = bus9ess1 & at ! same "t gives u an imm$iate satisfaction4 ,:5 x goes beyond its j b\nds1 x loses ! fir/ advantage1 & ev5 becomes prejudicial2 :i* is ! reason :y we condemn an extravagant pride & ambition1 h[ev] regulat$ by ! decorums ( good-bre$+ & polit5ess4 ,b z su* a passion is /ill agreeable1 & conveys an elevat$ & sublime s5sation to ! p]son :o is actuat$ by x1 ! sympa?y ) t satisfaction dim9i%es consid]ably ! blame :i* naturally att5ds its dang]\s influ5ce on our conduct & behavi\r4 ,accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t an excessive c\rage & magnanimity1 especially :5 x displays itself "u ! fr[ns ( =tune1 contributes 9 a great measure to ! "* ( a h]o1 & w r5d] a p]son ! admiration ( po/]ity1 at ! same "t t x ru9s 8 affairs1 & leads him into dang]s & difficulties ) :i* o!rwise he w\ld nev] h be5 acqua9t$4 ,h]oism1 or milit>y glory1 is mu* admir$ by ! g5]ality ( mank9d4 ,!y consid] x z ! mo/ sublime k9d ( m]it4 ,m5 ( cool reflection are n s sangu9e 9 _! praises ( x4 ,! inf9ite confusions & disord] :i* x has caus$ 9 ! _w1 dim9i% mu* ( its m]it 9 _! eyes4 ,:5 !y w\ld oppose ! popul> notions on ?is head1 !y always pa9t out ! evils :i* ?is suppos$ virtue has produc$ 9 human society2 ! subv]sion ( empires1 ! deva/ation ( prov9ces1 ! sack ( cities4 ,z long z ^! are pres5t to u1 we are m incl9$ to hate ?an admire ! ambition ( h]oes4 ,b :5 we fix our view on ! p]son himself1 :o is ! au?or ( all ?is mis*ief1 !re is some?+ s dazzl+ 9 8 "*1 ! m]e contemplation ( x s elevates ! m9d1 t we _c refuse x our admiration4 ,! pa9 :i* we receive f its t5d5cy to ! prejudice ( society1 is ov]p[]$ by a /rong] & m imm$iate sympa?y4 ,?us1 our explication ( ! m]it or dem]it :i* att5ds ! degrees ( pride or self-e/eem1 may s]ve z a /rong argum5t = ! prec$+ hypo!sis1 by %[+ ! effects ( ^? pr9ciples above expla9$ 9 all ! v>iations ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ t passion4 ,nor w ?is reason+ be advantage\s to u only by %[+1 t ! di/9ction ( vice & virtue arises f ! f\r pr9ciples ( ! advantage & ( ! pleasure ( ! p]son himself & ( o!rs1 b may also af=d u a /rong pro( ( "s "u p>ts ( t hypo!sis4 ,no "o :o duly consid]s ( ?is matt] w make any scruple ( all[+1 t any piece ( ill-bre$+1 or any expression ( pride & haught9ess1 is displeas+ to u1 m]ely because x %ocks our own pride1 & leads u by sympa?y into a comp>ison :i* causes ! disagreeable passion ( humility4 ,n[1 z an insol5ce ( ?is k9d is blam$ ev5 9 a p]son :o has always be5 civil to ourselves 9 p>ticul>1 nay1 9 "o ^: "n is only kn[n to u 9 hi/ory1 x foll[s t our disapprobation proce$s f a sympa?y ) o!rs1 & f ! reflection t su* a "* is highly displeas+ & odi\s to e "o :o conv]ses or has any int]c\rse ) ! p]son posse/ ( x4 ,we sympa?ize ) ^? p 9 _! uneas9ess2 & z _! uneas9ess proce$s 9 "p f a sympa?y ) ! p]son :o insults !m1 we may "h obs]ve a d\ble reb\nd ( ! sympa?y1 :i* is a pr9ciple v simil> to :at we h obs]v$ on ano!r occasion4#e #a ,dec5tior equus cujus a/ricta sunt ilia2 s$ idem velocior4 ,pul*] aspectu sit a?leta1 cujus lac]tos ex]citatio expressit2 idem c]tam9i p>atior4 ,nunquam v]o species ab utilitate dividitur4 ,s$ hoc quidem disc]n]e1 modici judicii e/4--,qu9ct4 lib4 #h4 #b ,book ,,ii4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect #h4 #c ,suavi m>i magno turbantibus quora v5tis ,e t]ra magnum alt]ius spect>e laborem2 ,non quia vex>i qu5quam e/ jucunda voluptas1 ,s$ quibus ipse malis c>eas quia c]n]e suav'e/4--,lucret4 #d ,book ,,ii4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect #aj4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,goodness ,,& ,,b5evol5ce4 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ ! orig9 ( t praise & approbation :i* att5ds e ?+ we call great 9 human affections1 we n[ proce$ to give an acc\nt ( _! goodness1 & %[ :5ce its m]it is d]iv$4 ,:5 exp]i5ce has once giv5 u a compet5t k ( human affairs1 & has taught u ! proportion !y be> to human passion1 we p]ceive t ! g5]osity ( m5 is v limit$1 & t x seldom ext5ds beyond _! fri5ds & family1 or1 at mo/1 beyond _! native c\ntry4 ,be+ ?us acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( man1 we expect n any impossibilities f him2 b conf9e our view to t n>r[ circle 9 :i* any p]son moves1 9 ord] to =m a judgm5t ( 8 moral "*4 ,:5 ! natural t5d5cy ( 8 passions leads him to be s]viceable & useful )9 8 sph]e1 we approve ( 8 "*1 & love 8 p]son1 by a sympa?y ) ! s5tim5ts ( ^? :o h a m p>ticul> connexion ) him4 ,we are quickly oblig$ to =get get our own int]e/ 9 our judgm5ts ( ?is k9d1 by reason ( ! p]petual contradictions we meet ) 9 society & conv]sation1 f p]sons t are n plac$ 9 ! same situation1 & h n ! same int]e/ ) ourselves4 ,! only po9t ( view 9 :i* our s5tim5ts concur ) ^? ( o!rs1 is :5 we consid] ! t5d5cy ( any passion to ! advantage or h>m ( ^? :o h any imm$iate connexion or int]c\rse ) ! p]son possess$ ( x4 ,& ?\gh ?is advantage or h>m be (t5 v remote f ourselves1 yet sometimes 'tis v ne> u1 & int]e/s u /rongly by sympa?y4 ,?is conc]n we readily ext5d to o!r cases t are resembl+2 & :5 ^! are v remote1 our sympa?y is proportionably weak]1 & our praise or blame fa9t] & m d\btful4 ,! case is "h ! same z 9 our judgm5ts conc]n+ ext]nal bodies4 ,all objects seem to dim9i% by _! di/ance2 b ?\gh ! appe>ance ( objects to our s5ses be ! orig9al /&>d by :i* we judge ( !m1 yet we d n say t !y actually dim9i% by ! di/ance2 b1 correct+ ! appe>ance by reflection1 arrive at a m con/ant & e/abli%$ judgm5t conc]n+ !m4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh sympa?y be mu* fa9t] ?an our conc]n = ourselves1 & a sympa?y ) p]sons remote f u mu* fa9t] ?an t ) p]sons ne> & contigu\s1 yet we neglect all ^! diff]5ces 9 our calm judgm5ts conc]n+ ! *>act]s ( m54 ,besides t we ourselves (t5 *ange our situation 9 ?is p>ticul>1 we e day meet ) p]sons :o are 9 a diff]5t situation f ourselves1 & :o c\ld nev] conv]se ) u on any reasonable t]ms1 7 we to rema9 con/antly 9 t situation & po9t ( view :i* is peculi> to u4 ,! int]c\rse ( s5tim5ts1 !re=e1 9 society & conv]sation1 makes u =m "s g5]al unalt]able /&>d by :i* we may approve or disapprove ( *>act]s & mann]s4 ,& ?\gh ! he>t does n always take "p ) ^? g5]al notions1 or regulate its love & hatr$ by !m1 yet are !y suffici5t = disc\rse1 & s]ve all our purposes 9 company1 9 ! pulpit1 on ! !atre1 & 9 ! s*ools4 ,f ^! pr9ciples1 we may easily acc\nt = t m]it :i* is commonly ascrib$ to g5]osity1 humanity1 compassion1 gratitude1 fri5d%ip1 fidelity1 zeal1 dis9t]e/$ness1 lib]ality1 & all ^? o!r qualities :i* =m ! "* ( good & b5evol5t4 ,a prop5sity to ! t5d] passions makes a man agreeable & useful 9 all ! p>ts ( life1 & gives a j direction to all 8 o!r qualities1 :i* o!rwise may become prejudicial to society4 ,c\rage & ambition1 :5 n regulat$ by b5evol5ce1 are fit only to make a tyrant & public robb]4 ',tis ! same case ) judgm5t & capacity1 & all ! qualities ( t k9d4 ,!y are indiff]5t 9 !mselves to ! int]e/s ( society1 & h a t5d5cy to ! good or ill ( mank9d1 accord+ z !y are direct$ by ^! o!r passions4 ,z love is imm$iately agreeable to ! p]son :o is actuat$ by x1 & hatr$ imm$iately disagreeable1 ?is may also be a consid]able reason :y we praise all ! passions t p>take ( ! =m]1 & blame all ^? t h any consid]able %>e ( ! latt]4 ',tis c]ta9 we are inf9itely t\*$ ) a t5d] s5tim5t1 z well z ) a great "o4 ,! te>s naturally />t 9 our eyes at ! conception ( x2 nor c we =be> giv+ a loose to ! same t5d]ness t[>ds ! p]son :o ex]ts x4 ,all ?is seems to me a pro( t our approbation has1 9 ^! cases1 an orig9 diff]5t f ! prospect ( utility & advantage1 ei!r to ourselves or o!rs4 ,to :i* we may add1 t m5 naturally1 )\t reflection1 approve ( t "* :i* is mo/ l _! own4 ,! man ( a mild disposition & t5d] affections1 9 =m+ a notion ( ! mo/ p]fect virtue1 mixes 9 x m ( b5evol5ce & humanity ?an ! man ( c\rage & ent]prise1 :o naturally looks ^u a c]ta9 elevation ( ! m9d z ! mo/ accompli%$ "*4 ,?is mu/ evid5tly proce$ f an imm$iate sympa?y1 :i* m5 h ) *>act]s simil> to _! own4 ,!y ent] ) m w>m? into su* s5tim5ts1 & feel m s5sibly ! pleasure :i* arises f !m4 ',tis rem>kable1 t no?+ t\*es a man ( humanity m ?an any in/ance ( extraord9>y delicacy 9 love or fri5d%ip1 :]e a p]son is att5tive to ! smalle/ conc]ns ( 8 fri5d1 & is will+ to sacrifice to !m ! mo/ consid]able int]e/ ( 8 own4 ,su* delicacies h little influ5ce on society2 because !y make u reg>d ! greate/ trifles3 b !y are ! m engag+ ! m m9ute ! conc]n is1 & are a pro( ( ! highe/ m]it 9 any "o :o is capable ( !m4 ,! passions are s contagi\s1 t !y pass ) ! greate/ facility f "o p]son to ano!r1 & produce correspond5t movem5ts 9 all human brea/s4 ,:]e fri5d%ip appe>s 9 v signal in/ances1 my he>t cat*es ! same passion1 & is w>m$ by ^? w>m s5tim5ts t display !mselves be=e me4 ,su* agreeable1 movem5ts mu/ give me an affection to e "o t excites !m4 ,?is is ! case ) e ?+ t is agreeable 9 any p]son4 ,! transition f pleasure to love is easy3 b ! transition mu/ "h be /ill m easy2 s9ce ! agreeable s5tim5t :i* is excit$ by sympa?y1 is love itself2 & !re is no?+ requir$ b to *ange ! object4 ,h5ce ! peculi> m]it ( b5evol5ce 9 all its %apes & appe>ances4 ,h5ce ev5 its weaknesses are virtu\s & amiable2 & a p]son1 ^: grief ^u ! loss ( a fri5d 7 excessive1 w\ld be e/eem$ ^u t acc\nt4 ,8 t5d]ness be/[s a m]it1 z x does a pleasure1 on 8 melan*oly4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 to imag9e t all ! angry passions are vici\s1 ?\gh !y are disagreeable4 ,!re is a c]ta9 indulg5ce due to human nature 9 ?is respect4 ,ang] & hatr$ are passions inh]5t 9 our v frame & con/itution4 ,! want ( !m1 on "s occasions1 may ev5 be a pro( ( weakness & imbecility4 ,& :]e !y appe> only 9 a l[ degree1 we n only excuse !m because !y are natural1 b ev5 be/[ our applauses on !m1 because !y are inf]ior to :at appe>s 9 ! greate/ "p ( mank9d4 ,:]e ^! angry passions rise up to cruelty1 !y =m ! mo/ dete/$ ( all vices4 ,all ! pity & conc]n :i* we h = ! mis]able suff]]s by ?is vice1 turns aga9/ ! p]son guilty ( x1 & produces a /rong] hatr$ ?an we are s5sible ( on any o!r occasion4 ,ev5 :5 ! vice ( inhumanity rises n to ?is extreme degree1 our s5tim5ts conc]n+ x are v mu* influ5c$ by reflections on ! h>m t results f x4 ,& we may obs]ve 9 g5]al1 t if we c f9d any quality 9 a p]son1 :i* r5d]s him incommodi\s to ^? :o live & conv]se ) him1 we always all[ x to be a fault or blemi%1 )\t any f>!r exam9ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we enum]ate ! good qualities ( any p]son1 we always m5tion ^? p>ts ( 8 "* :i* r5d] him a safe companion1 an easy fri5d1 a g5tle ma/]1 an agreeable husb&1 or an indulg5t fa!r4 ,we consid] him ) all 8 relations 9 society2 & love or hate him1 accord+ z he affects ^? :o h any imm$iate int]c\rse ) him4 ,& 'tis a mo/ c]ta9 rule1 t if !re be no relation ( life 9 :i* ,i c\ld n wi% to /& to a p>ticul> p]son1 8 "* mu/ s f> be all[$ to be p]fect4 ,if he be z little want+ to himself z to o!rs1 8 "* is entirely p]fect4 ,?is is ! ultimate te/ ( m]it & virtue4 #e ,book ,,ii4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #e4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,natural ,,abilities4 ,no di/9ction is m usual 9 all sy/ems ( e?ics1 ?an t betwixt natural abilities & moral virtues2 :]e ! =m] are plac$ on ! same foot+ ) bodily end[m5ts1 & are suppos$ to h no m]it or moral wor? annex$ to !m4 ,:oev] consid]s ! matt] accurately1 w f9d1 t a dispute ^u ?is head w\ld be m]ely a dispute ( words1 & t1 ?\gh ^! qualities are n altoge!r ( ! same k9d1 yet !y agree 9 ! mo/ mat]ial circum/ances4 ,!y are bo? ( !m equally m5tal qualities3 & bo? ( !m equally produce pleasure2 & h ( c\rse an equal t5d5cy to procure ! love & e/eem ( mank9d4 ,!re are few :o are n z jeal\s ( _! "*1 ) reg>d to s5se & k1 z to hon\r & c\rage2 & mu* m ?an ) reg>d to temp]ance & sobriety4 ,m5 are ev5 afraid ( pass+ = good-natur$1 le/ t %\ld be tak5 = want ( und]/&+2 & (t5 boa/ ( m debau*es ?an !y h be5 really engag$ 91 to give !mselves airs ( fire & _s4 ,9 %ort1 ! figure a man makes 9 ! _w1 ! reception he meets ) 9 company1 ! e/eem paid him by 8 acqua9tance2 all ^! advantages dep5d almo/ z mu* ^u 8 good s5se & judgm5t1 z ^u any o!r "p ( 8 "*4 ,let a man h ! be/ int5tions 9 ! _w1 & be ! f>!/ f all inju/ice & viol5ce1 he w nev] be able to make himself be mu* reg>d$1 )\t a mod]ate %>e1 at lea/1 ( p>ts & und]/&+4 ,s9ce !n natural abilities1 ?\gh p]haps inf]ior1 yet are on ! same foot+1 bo? z to _! causes & effects1 ) ^? qualities :i* we call moral virtues1 :y %\ld we make any di/9ction betwixt !m8 ,?\gh we refuse to natural abilities ! title ( virtues1 we mu/ all[1 t !y procure ! love & e/eem ( mank9d2 t !y give a new lu/re to ! o!r virtues2 & t a man possess$ ( !m is mu* m entitl$ to our good w & s]vices ?an "o entirely void ( !m4 ,x may inde$ be pret5d$1 t ! s5tim5t ( approbation :i* ^? qualities produce1 besides its be+ inf]ior1 is also some:at diff]5t f t :i* att5ds ! o!r virtues4 ,b ?is1 9 my op9ion1 is n a suffici5t reason = exclud+ !m f ! catalogue ( virtues4 ,ea* ( ! virtues1 ev5 b5evol5ce1 ju/ice1 gratitude1 integrity1 excites a diff]5t s5tim5t or feel+ 9 ! spectator4 ,! *>act]s ( ,cs> & ,cato1 z drawn by ,sallu/1 are bo? ( !m virtu\s1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 b 9 a diff]5t way3 nor are ! s5tim5ts entirely ! same :i* arise f !m4 ,! "o produces love1 ! o!r e/eem2 ! "o is amiable1 ! o!r awful3 we c\ld wi% to meet ) ! "o "* 9 a fri5d1 ! o!r "* we w\ld be ambiti\s ( 9 ourselves4 ,9 l mann]1 ! approbation :i* att5ds natural abilities1 may be some:at diff]5t to ! feel+ f t :i* arises f ! o!r virtues1 )\t mak+ !m entirely ( a diff]5t species4 ,& inde$ we may obs]ve1 t ! natural abilities1 no m ?an ! o!r virtues1 produce n1 all ( !m1 ! same k9d ( approbation4 ,good s5se & g5ius beget e/eem2 wit & hum\r excite love4#f ,^? :o repres5t ! di/9ction betwixt natural abilities & moral virtues z v mat]ial1 may say1 t ! =m] are entirely involunt>y1 & h !re=e no m]it att5d+ !m1 z hav+ no dep5d5ce on lib]ty & free w4 ,b to ?is ,i answ]1 fir/1 ,t _m ( ^? qualities :i* all morali/s1 especially ! anci5ts1 compreh5d "u ! title ( moral virtues1 are equally involunt>y & necess>y ) ! qualities ( ! judgm5t & imag9ation4 ,( ?is nature are con/ancy1 =titude1 magnanimity2 &1 9 %ort1 all ! qualities :i* =m ! great man4 ,i might say ! same1 9 "s degree1 ( ! o!rs2 x be+ almo/ impossible = ! m9d to *ange its "* 9 any consid]able article1 or cure itself ( a passionate or spl5etic temp]1 :5 !y are natural to x4 ,! great] degree !re is ( ^! blameable qualities1 ! m vici\s !y become1 & yet !y are ! less volunt>y4 ,secondly1 ,i w\ld h any "o give me a reason1 :y virtue & vice may n be involunt>y1 z well z beauty & de=mity4 ,^! moral di/9ctions arise f ! natural di/9ctions ( pa9 & pleasure2 & :5 we receive ^? feel+s f ! g5]al consid]ation ( any quality or "*1 we d5om9ate x vici\s or virtu\s4 ,n[ ,i believe no "o w ass]t1 t a quality c nev] produce pleasure or pa9 to ! p]son :o consid]s x1 unless x be p]fectly volunt>y 9 ! p]son :o possesses x4 ,?irdly1 ,z to free w1 we h %[n t x has no place ) reg>d to ! actions1 no m ?an ! qualities ( m54 ,x is n a j consequ5ce1 t :at is volunt>y is free4 ,our actions are m volunt>y ?an our judgm5ts2 b we h n m lib]ty 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is di/9ction betwixt volunt>y & involunt>y1 be n suffici5t to ju/ify ! di/9ction betwixt natural abilities & moral virtues1 yet ! =m] di/9ction w af=d u a plausible reason1 :y morali/s h inv5t$ ! latt]4 ,m5 h obs]v$1 t1 ?\gh natural abilities & moral qualities be 9 ! ma9 on ! same foot+1 !re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce betwixt !m1 t ! =m] are almo/ inv>iable by any art or indu/ry2 :ile ! latt]1 or at lea/ ! actions t proce$ f !m1 may be *ang$ by ! motives ( rew>ds & puni%m5t1 praise & blame4 ,h5ce legislators & div9es & morali/s h pr9cipally appli$ !mselves to ! regulat+ ^! volunt>y actions1 & h endeav\r$ to produce additional motives = be+ virtu\s 9 t p>ticul>4 ,!y knew1 t to puni% a man = folly1 or exhort him to be prud5t & sagaci\s1 w\ld h b little effect2 ?\gh ! same puni%m5ts & exhortations1 ) reg>d to ju/ice & inju/ice1 might h a consid]able influ5ce4 ,b z m51 9 common life & conv]sation1 d n c>ry ^? ends 9 view1 b naturally praise or blame :atev] pleases or displeases !m1 !y d n seem mu* to reg>d ?is di/9ction1 b consid] prud5ce "u ! "* ( virtue z well z b5evol5ce1 & p5etration z well z ju/ice4 ,nay1 we f9d t all morali/s1 ^: judgm5t is n p]v]t$ by a /rict adh]5ce to a sy/em1 ent] into ! same way ( ?9k+2 & t ! anci5t morali/s1 9 p>ticul>1 made no scruple ( plac+ prud5ce at ! head ( ! c>d9al virtues4 ,!re is a s5tim5t ( e/eem & approbation1 :i* may be excit$1 9 "s degree1 by any faculty ( ! m9d1 9 its p]fect /ate & condition2 & to acc\nt = ?is s5tim5t is ! bus9ess ( philosoph]s4 ,x belongs to gramm>ians to exam9e :at qualities are entitl$ to ! d5om9ation ( virtue2 nor w !y f9d1 ^u trial1 t ?is is s easy a task z at fir/ sight !y may be apt to imag9e4 ,! pr9cipal reason :y natural abilities are e/eem$1 is because ( _! t5d5cy to be useful to ! p]son :o is possess$ ( !m4 ',tis impossible to execute any design ) success1 :]e x is n conduct$ ) prud5ce & discretion2 nor w ! goodness ( our int5tions alone suffice to procure u a happy issue to our ent]prises4 ,m5 are sup]ior to bea/s pr9cipally by ! sup]iority ( _! reason2 & !y are ! degrees ( ! same faculty1 :i* set su* an inf9ite diff]5ce betwixt "o man & ano!r4 ,all ! advantages ( art are ow+ to human reason2 & :]e =tune is n v caprici\s1 ! mo/ consid]able "p ( ^! advantages mu/ fall to ! %>e ( ! prud5t & sagaci\s4 ,:5 x is ask$1 :e!r a quick or a sl[ appreh5sion be mo/ valuable8 :e!r "o1 t at fir/ view p5etrates into a subject1 b c p]=m no?+ ^u /udy2 or a contr>y "*1 :i* mu/ "w out e ?+ by d9t ( application8 :e!r a cle> head1 or a copi\s inv5tion8 :e!r a pr(\nd g5ius1 or a sure judgm5t8 9 %ort1 :at "*1 or peculi> und]/&+1 is m excell5t ?an ano!r8 ',tis evid5t we c answ] none ( ^! que/ions1 )\t consid]+ :i* ( ^? qualities capacitates a man be/ = ! _w1 & c>ries him f>!/ 9 any ( 8 und]tak+s4 ,!re are _m o!r qualities ( ! m9d1 ^: m]it is d]iv$ f ! same orig94 ,indu/ry1 p]sev]ance1 pati5ce1 activity1 vigilance1 application1 con/ancy1 ) o!r virtues ( t k9d1 :i* 'twill be easy to recollect1 are e/eem$ valuable ^u no o!r acc\nt ?an _! advantage 9 ! conduct ( life4 ',tis ! same case ) temp]ance1 frugality1 economy1 resolution2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 prodigality1 luxury1 irresolution1 unc]ta9ty1 are vici\s1 m]ely because !y draw ru9 ^u u1 & incapacitate u = bus9ess & action4 ,z wisdom & good s5se are valu$ because !y are useful to ! p]son possess$ ( !m1 s wit & eloqu5ce are valu$ because !y are imm$iately agreeable to o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 good hum\r is lov$ & e/eem$1 because x is imm$iately agreeable to ! p]son himself4 ',tis evid5t1 t ! conv]sation ( a man ( wit is v satisfactory2 z a *e]ful good-hum\r$ companion diffuses a joy ov] ! :ole company1 f a sympa?y ) 8 gaiety4 ,^! qualities1 !re=e1 be+ agreeable1 !y naturally beget love & e/eem1 & answ] to all ! *>act]s ( virtue4 ',tis difficult to tell1 on _m occasions1 :at x is t r5d]s "o man's conv]sation s agreeable & ent]ta9+1 & ano!r's s insipid & di/a/eful4 ,z conv]sation is a transcript ( ! m9d z well z books1 ! same qualities :i* r5d] ! "o valuable mu/ give u an e/eem = ! o!r4 ,?is we %all consid] aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! mean "t1 x may be affirm$ 9 g5]al1 t all ! m]it a man may d]ive f 8 conv]sation 7:i*1 no d\bt1 may be v consid]able7 arises f no?+ b ! pleasure x conveys to ^? :o are pres5t4 ,9 ?is view1 cleanl9ess is also to be reg>d$ z a virtue1 s9ce x naturally r5d]s u agreeable to o!rs1 & is a v consid]able s\rce ( love & affection4 ,no "o w d5y t a neglig5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> is a fault2 & z faults are no?+ b small] vices1 & ?is fault c h no o!r orig9 ?an ! uneasy s5sation :i* x excites 9 o!rs1 we may 9 ?is in/ance1 seem+ly s trivial1 cle>ly discov] ! orig9 ( ! moral di/9ction ( vice & virtue 9 o!r in/ances4 ,besides all ^? qualities :i* r5d] a p]son lovely or valuable1 !re is also a c]ta9 je-ne-sai-quoi ( agreeable & h&some t concurs to ! same effect4 ,9 ?is case1 z well z 9 t ( wit & eloqu5ce1 we mu/ h rec\rse to a c]ta9 s5se1 :i* acts )\t reflection1 & reg>ds n ! t5d5cies ( qualities & *>act]s4 ,"s morali/s acc\nt = all ! s5tim5ts ( virtue by ?is s5se4 ,_! hypo!sis is v plausible4 ,no?+ b a p>ticul> inquiry c give ! pref]5ce to any o!r hypo!sis4 ,:5 we f9d t almo/ all ! virtues h su* p>ticul> t5d5cies1 & also f9d t ^! t5d5cies are suffici5t alone to give a /rong s5tim5t ( approbation1 we _c d\bt1 aft] ?is1 t qualities are approv$ ( 9 proportion to ! advantage :i* results f !m4 ,! decorum or indecorum ( a quality1 ) reg>d to ! age1 or "*1 or /ation1 contributes also to its praise or blame4 ,?is decorum dep5ds 9 a great measure ^u exp]i5ce4 ',tis usual to see m5 lose _! levity z !y advance 9 ye>s4 ,su* a degree ( gravity1 !re=e1 & su* ye>s1 are connect$ toge!r 9 our ?\ghts4 ,:5 we obs]ve1 !m sep>at$ 9 any p]son's "*1 ?is imposes a k9d ( viol5ce on our imag9ation1 & is disagreeable4 ,t faculty ( ! s\l :i*1 ( all o!rs1 is ( ! lea/ consequ5ce to ! "*1 & has ! lea/ virtue or vice 9 its sev]al degrees1 at ! same "t t x admits ( a great v>iety ( degrees1 is ! memory4 ,unless x rise up to t /up5d\s height z to surprise u1 or s9k s l[ z 9 "s measure to affect ! judgm5t1 we commonly take no notice ( its v>iations1 nor ev] m5tion !m to ! praise or dispraise ( any p]son4 ',tis s f> f be+ a virtue to h a good memory1 t m5 g5]ally affect to compla9 ( a bad "o2 &1 endeav\r+ to p]suade ! _w t :at !y say is entirely ( _! own inv5tion1 sacrifice x to ! praise ( g5ius & judgm5t4 ,yet1 to consid] ! matt] ab/ract$ly1'tw\ld be difficult to give a reason :y ! faculty ( recall+ pa/ ideas ) tru? & cle>ness1 %\ld n h z mu* m]it 9 x z ! faculty ( plac+ our pres5t ideas 9 su* an ord] z to =m true propositions & op9ions4 ,! reason ( ! diff]5ce c]ta9ly mu/ be1 t ! memory is ex]t$ )\t any s5sation ( pleasure or pa91 & 9 all its middl+ degrees s]ves almo/ equally well 9 bus9ess & affairs4 ,b ! lea/ v>iations 9 ! judgm5t are s5sibly felt 9 _! consequ5ces2 :ile at ! same "t t faculty is nev] ex]t$ 9 any em95t degree1 )\t an extraord9>y delight & satisfaction4 ,! sympa?y ) ?is utility & pleasure be/[s a m]it on ! und]/&+2 & ! abs5ce ( x makes u consid] ! memory z a faculty v indiff]5t to blame or praise4 ,be=e ,i leave ?is subject ( natural abilities1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t p]haps "o s\rce ( ! e/eem & affection :i* att5ds !m1 is d]iv$ f ! importance & weight :i* !y be/[ on ! p]son possess$ ( !m4 ,he becomes ( great] consequ5ce 9 life4 ,8 resolutions & actions affect a great] numb] ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,bo? 8 fri5d%ip & enmity are ( mom5t4 ,& 'tis easy to obs]ve1 t :oev] is elevat$1 aft] ?is mann]1 above ! re/ ( mank9d1 mu/ excite 9 u ! s5tim5ts ( e/eem & approbation4 ,:atev] is important engages our att5tion1 fixes our ?\ght1 & is contemplat$ ) satisfaction4 ,! hi/ories ( k+doms are m int]e/+ ?an dome/ic /ories2 ! hi/ories ( great empires m ?an ^? ( small cities & pr9cipalities2 & ! hi/ories ( w>s & revolutions m ?an ^? ( peace & ord]4 ,we sympa?ize ) ! p]sons t suff]1 9 all ! v>i\s s5tim5ts :i* belong to _! =tunes4 ,! m9d is occupi$ by ! multitude ( ! objects1 & by ! /rong passions t display !mselves4 ,& ?is occupation or agitation ( ! m9d is commonly agreeable & amus+4 ,! same !ory acc\nts = ! e/eem & reg>d we pay to m5 ( extraord9>y p>ts & abilities4 ,! good & ill ( multitudes are connect$ ) _! actions4 ,:atev] !y und]take is important1 & *all5ges our att5tion4 ,no?+ is to be ov]look$ & despis$ t reg>ds !m4 ,& :]e any p]son c excite ^! s5tim5ts1 he soon acquires our e/eem1 unless o!r circum/ances ( 8 "* r5d] him odi\s & disagreeable4 #f ,love & e/eem are at ! bottom ! same passions1 & arise f l causes4 ,! qualities t produce bo? are agreeable1 & give pleasure4 ,b :]e ?is pleasure is sev]e & s]i\s2 or :]e its object is great1 & makes a /rong impression2 or :]e x produces any degree ( humility & awe3 9 all ^! cases1 ! passion :i* arises f ! pleasure is m prop]ly d5om9at$ e/eem ?an love4 ,b5evol5ce att5ds bo?2 b is connect$ ) love 9 a m em95t degree4 ,,section ,v4 ,,"s ,,f>!r ,,reflections ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,natural ,,virtues4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 9 treat+ ( ! ,passions1 t pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 are excit$ by any advantages or disadvantages ( ! m9d1 body1 or =tune2 & t ^! advantages or disadvantages h t effect by produc+ a sep>ate impression ( pa9 or pleasure4 ,! pa9 or pleasure :i* arises f ! g5]al survey or view ( any action or quality ( ! m9d1 con/itutes its vice or virtue1 & gives rise to our approbation or blame1 :i* is no?+ b a fa9t] & m imp]ceptible love or hatr$4 ,we h assign$ f\r diff]5t s\rces ( ?is pa9 & pleasure2 &1 9 ord] to ju/ify m fully t hypo!sis1 x may "h be prop] to obs]ve1 t ! advantages or disadvantages ( ! body & ( =tune1 produce a pa9 or pleasure f ! v same pr9ciples4 ,! t5d5cy ( any object to be useful to ! p]son possess$ ( x1 or to o!rs2 to convey pleasure to him or to o!rs2 all ^! circum/ances convey an imm$iate pleasure to ! p]son :o consid]s ! object1 & comm& 8 love & approbation4 ,to beg9 ) ! advantages ( ! body2 we may obs]ve a ph5om5on :i* might appe> some:at trivial & ludicr\s1 if any ?+ c\ld be trivial :i* =tifi$ a conclusion ( su* importance1 or ludicr\s1 :i* 0 employ$ 9 a philosophical reason+4 ',tis a g5]al rem>k1 t ^? we call good wom5's m51 :o h ei!r signaliz$ !mselves by _! amor\s exploits1 or ^: make ( body promises any extraord9>y vig\r ( t k9d1 are well receiv$ by ! fair sex1 & naturally engage ! affections ev5 ( ^? ^: virtue prev5ts any design ( ev] giv+ employm5t to ^? tal5ts4 ,"h 'tis evid5t t ! ability ( su* a p]son to give enjoym5t1 is ! real s\rce ( t love & e/eem he meets ) among ! females2 at ! same "t t ! wom5 :o love & e/eem him h no prospect ( receiv+ t enjoym5t !mselves1 & c only be affect$ by means ( _! sympa?y ) "o t has a comm]ce ( love ) him4 ,?is in/ance is s+ul>1 & m]its our att5tion4 ,ano!r s\rce ( ! pleasure we receive f consid]+ bodily advantages1 is _! utility to ! p]son himself :o is possess$ ( !m4 ',tis c]ta91 t a consid]able "p ( ! beauty ( m51 z well z ( o!r animals1 consi/s 9 su* a con=mation ( memb]s z we f9d by exp]i5ce to be att5d$ ) /r5g? & agility1 & to capacitate ! creature = any action or ex]cise4 ,broad %\ld]s1 a lank belly1 firm jo9ts1 tap] legs2 all ^! are beautiful 9 our species1 because !y are signs ( =ce & vig\r1 :i*1 be+ advantages we naturally sympa?ize )1 !y convey to ! behold] a %>e ( t satisfaction !y produce 9 ! possessor4 ,s f> z to ! utility :i* may att5d any quality ( ! body4 ,z to ! imm$iate pleasure1 'tis c]ta9 t an air ( heal?1 z well z ( /r5g? & agility1 makes a consid]able "p ( beauty2 & t a sickly air 9 ano!r is always disagreeable1 ^u acc\nt ( t idea ( pa9 & uneas9ess :i* x conveys to u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are pleas$ ) ! regul>ity ( our own features1 ?\gh x be nei!r useful to ourselves nor o!rs2 & 'tis necess>y = u 9 "s measure to set ourselves at a di/ance1 to make x convey to u any satisfaction4 ,we commonly consid] ourselves z we appe> 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 & sympa?ize ) ! advantage\s s5tim5ts !y ent]ta9 ) reg>d to u4 ,h[ f> ! advantages ( =tune produce e/eem & approbation f ! same pr9ciples1 we may satisfy ourselves by reflect+ on our prec$5t reason+ on t subject4 ,we h obs]v$1 t our approbation ( ^? :o are possess$ ( ! advantages ( =tune1 may be ascrib$ to ?ree diff]5t causes4 ,fir/1 ,to t imm$iate pleasure :i* a ri* man gives u1 by ! view ( ! beautiful clo!s1 equipage1 g>d5s1 or h\ses1 :i* he possesses4 ,secondly1 ,to ! advantage :i* we hope to reap f him by 8 g5]osity & lib]ality4 ,?irdly1 ,to ! pleasure & advantage :i* he himself reaps f 8 possessions1 & :i* produce an agreeable sympa?y 9 u4 ,:e!r we ascribe our e/eem ( ! ri* & great to "o or all ( ^! causes1 we may cle>ly see ! traces ( ^? pr9ciples :i* give rise to ! s5se ( vice & virtue4 ,i believe mo/ p1 at fir/ sight1 w be incl9$ to ascribe our e/eem ( ! ri* to self-int]e/ & ! prospect ( advantage4 ,b z 'tis c]ta9 t our e/eem or def]5ce ext5ds beyond any prospect ( advantage to ourselves1 'tis evid5t t t s5tim5t mu/ proce$ f a sympa?y ) ^? :o are dep5d5t on ! p]son we e/eem & respect1 & :o h an imm$iate connexion ) him4 ,we consid] him z a p]son capable ( contribut+ to ! happ9ess or enjoym5t ( 8 fell[-creatures1 ^: s5tim5ts ) reg>d to him we naturally embrace4 ,& ?is consid]ation w s]ve to ju/ify my hypo!sis 9 pref]r+ ! ?ird pr9ciple to ! o!r two1 & ascrib+ our e/eem ( ! ri* to a sympa?y ) ! pleasure & advantage :i* !y !mselves receive f _! possessions4 ,= z ev5 ! o!r two pr9ciples _c op]ate to a due ext5t1 or acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a )\t hav+ rec\rse to a sympa?y ( "o k9d or o!r1 'tis mu* m natural to *oose t sympa?y :i* is imm$iate & direct1 ?an t :i* is remote & indirect4 ,to :i* we may add1 t :]e ! ri*es or p[] are v great1 & r5d] ! p]son consid]able & important1 9 ! _w1 tire e/eem att5d+ !m may 9 "p be ascrib$ to ano!r s\rce1 di/9ct f ^! ?ree1 viz4 _! int]e/+ ! m9d by a prospect ( ! multitude & importance ( _! consequ5ces2 ?\gh1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 we mu/ also h rec\rse to sympa?y1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,x may n be amiss1 on ?is occasion1 to rem>k ! flexibility ( our s5tim5ts1 & ! sev]al *anges !y s readily receive f ! objects ) :i* !y are conjo9$4 ,all ! s5tim5ts ( approbation :i* att5d any p>ticul> species ( objects1 h a great resemblance to ea* o!r1 ?\gh d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? s5tim5ts1 :5 direct$ to diff]5t objects1 are diff]5t to ! feel+1 ?\gh d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,?us1 ! beauty ( all visible objects causes a pleasure pretty mu* ! same1 ?\gh x be sometimes d]iv$ f ! m]e species & appe>ance ( ! objects2 sometimes f sympa?y1 & an idea ( _! utility4 ,9 l mann]1 :5ev] we survey ! actions & *>act]s ( m51 )\t any p>ticul> int]e/ 9 !m1 ! pleasure or pa9 :i* arises f ! survey 7) "s m9ute diff]5ces7 is 9 ! ma9 ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh p]haps !re be a great div]sity 9 ! causes f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a conv5i5t h\se & a virtu\s "* cause n ! same feel+ ( approbation1 ev5 ?\gh ! s\rce ( our approbation be ! same1 & fl[ f sympa?y & an idea ( _! utility4 ,!re is some?+ v inexplicable 9 ?is v>iation ( our feel+s2 b 'tis :at we h exp]i5ce ( ) reg>d to all our passions & s5tim5ts4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,conclusion ,,( ,,?is ,,book4 ,?us1 ^u ! :ole1 ,i am hopeful t no?+ is want+ to an accurate pro( ( ?is sy/em ( e?ics4 ,we are c]ta9 t sympa?y is a v p[]ful pr9ciple 9 human nature4 ,we are also c]ta9 t x has a great influ5ce on our s5se ( beauty1 :5 we reg>d ext]nal objects1 z well z :5 we judge ( morals4 ,we f9d t x has =ce suffici5t to give u ! /ronge/ s5tim5ts ( approbation1 :5 x op]ates alone1 )\t ! concurr5ce ( any o!r pr9ciple2 z 9 ! cases ( ju/ice1 allegiance1 *a/ity1 & good mann]s4 ,we may obs]ve1 t all ! circum/ances requisite = its op]ation are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! virtues1 :i* h1 = ! mo/ "p1 a t5d5cy to ! good ( society1 or to t ( ! p]son possess$ ( !m4 ,if we comp>e all ^! circum/ances1 we %all n d\bt t sympa?y is ! *ief s\rce ( moral di/9ctions2 especially :5 we reflect1 t no objection c be rais$ aga9/ ?is hypo!sis 9 "o case1 :i* w n ext5d to all cases4 ,ju/ice is c]ta9ly approv$ (1 = no o!r reason ?an because x has a t5d5cy to ! public good2 & ! public good is indiff]5t to u1 except s f> z sympa?y int]e/s u 9 x4 ,we may presume ! l ) reg>d to all ! o!r virtues1 :i* h a l t5d5cy to ! public good4 ,!y mu/ d]ive all _! m]it f our sympa?y ) ^? :o reap any advantage f !m2 z ! virtues1 :i* h a t5d5cy to ! good ( ! p]son possess$ ( !m1 d]ive _! m]it f our sympa?y ) him4 ,mo/ p w readily all[1 t ! useful qualities ( ! m9d are virtu\s1 because ( _! utility4 ,?is way ( ?9k+ is s natural1 & occurs on s _m occasions1 t few w make any scruple ( admitt+ x4 ,n[1 ?is be+ once admitt$1 ! =ce ( sympa?y mu/ necess>ily be ackn[l$g$4 ,virtue is consid]$ z means to an end4 ,means to an end are only valu$ s f> z ! end is valu$4 ,b ! happ9ess ( /rang]s affects u by sympa?y alone4 ,to t pr9ciple1 !re=e1 we are to ascribe ! s5tim5t ( approbation :i* arises f ! survey ( all ^? virtues t are useful to society1 or to ! p]son possess$ ( !m4 ,^! =m ! mo/ consid]able "p ( morality4 ,7 x prop]1 9 su* a subject1 to bribe ! read]'s ass5t1 or employ any ?+ b solid argum5t1 we are "h abundantly suppli$ ) topics to engage ! affections4 ,all lov]s ( virtue 7& su* we all are 9 speculation1 h[ev] we may deg5]ate 9 practice7 mu/ c]ta9ly be pleas$ to see moral di/9ctions d]iv$ f s noble a s\rce1 :i* gives u a j notion bo? ( ! g5]osity & capacity ( human nature4 ,x requires b v little k ( human affairs to p]ceive1 t a s5se ( morals is a pr9ciple inh]5t 9 ! s\l1 & "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful t ent]s into ! composition4 ,b ?is s5se mu/ c]ta9ly acquire new =ce :51 reflect+ on itself1 x approves ( ^? pr9ciples f :5ce x is d]iv$1 & f9ds no?+ b :at is great & good 9 its rise & orig94 ,^? :o resolve ! s5se ( morals into orig9al in/9cts ( ! human m9d1 may def5d ! cause ( virtue ) suffici5t au?ority1 b want ! advantage :i* ^? possess :o acc\nt = t s5se by an ext5sive sympa?y ) mank9d4 ,accord+ to _! sy/em1 n only virtue mu/ be approv$ (1 b also ! s5se ( virtue3 & n only t s5se1 b also ! pr9ciples f :5ce x is d]iv$4 ,s t no?+ is pres5t$ on any side b :at is laudable & good4 ,?is obs]vation may be ext5d$ to ju/ice1 & ! o!r virtues ( t k9d4 ,?\gh ju/ice be artificial1 ! s5se ( its morality is natural4 ',tis ! comb9ation ( m5 9 a sy/em ( conduct1 :i* r5d]s any act ( ju/ice b5eficial to society4 ,b :5 once x has t t5d5cy1 we naturally approve ( x2 & if we did n s1 'tis impossible any comb9ation or conv5tion c\ld ev] produce t s5tim5t4 ,mo/ ( ! inv5tions ( m5 are subject to *ange4 ,!y dep5d ^u hum\r & caprice4 ,!y h a vogue = a "t1 & !n s9k into oblivion4 ,x may p]haps be appreh5d$1 t if ju/ice 7 all[$ to be a human inv5tion1 x mu/ be plac$ on ! same foot+4 ,b ! cases are widely diff]5t4 ,! int]e/ on :i* ju/ice is f\nd$ is ! greate/ imag9able1 & ext5ds to all times & places4 ,x _c possibly be s]v$ by any o!r inv5tion4 ,x is obvi\s1 & discov]s itself on ! v fir/ =mation ( society4 ,all ^! causes r5d] ! rules ( ju/ice /eadfa/ & immutable2 at lea/1 z immutable z human nature4 ,& if !y 7 f\nd$ on orig9al in/9cts1 c\ld !y h any great] /ability8 ,! same sy/em may help u to =m a j notion ( ! happ9ess1 z well z ( ! dignity ( virtue1 & may int]e/ e pr9ciple ( our nature 9 ! embrac+ & *]i%+ t noble quality4 ,:o inde$ does n feel an accession ( alacrity 9 8 pursuits ( k & ability ( e k9d1 :5 he consid]s1 t besides ! advantages :i* imm$iately result f ^! acquisitions1 !y also give him a new lu/re 9 ! eyes ( mank9d1 & are univ]sally att5d$ ) e/eem & approbation8 ,& :o c ?9k any advantages ( =tune a suffici5t comp5sation = ! lea/ brea* ( ! social virtues1 :5 he consid]s1 t n only 8 "* ) reg>d to o!rs1 b also 8 peace & inw>d satisfaction entirely dep5d ^u 8 /rict obs]vance ( !m2 & t a m9d w nev] be able to be> its own survey1 t has be5 want+ 9 its p>ts to mank9d & society8 ,b ,i =be> insi/+ on ?is subject4 ,su* reflections require a "w ap>t1 v diff]5t f ! g5ius ( ! pres5t4 ,! anatomi/ ought nev] to emulate ! pa9t]2 nor 9 8 accurate dissections & portraitures ( ! small] p>ts ( ! human body1 pret5d to give 8 figures any graceful & engag+ attitude or expression4 ,!re is ev5 some?+ hide\s1 or at lea/ m9ute1 9 ! views ( ?+s :i* he pres5ts2 & 'tis necess>y ! objects %\ld be set m at a di/ance1 & be m cov]$ up f sight1 to make !m engag+ to ! eye & imag9ation4 ,an anatomi/1 h[ev]1 is admirably fitt$ to give advice to a pa9t]2 & 'tis ev5 impracticable to excel 9 ! latt] art1 )\t ! assi/ance ( ! =m]4 ,we mu/ h an exact k ( ! p>ts1 _! situation & connection1 be=e we c design ) any elegance or correctness4 ,& ?us ! mo/ ab/ract speculations conc]n+ human nature1 h[ev] cold & un5t]ta9+1 become subs]vi5t to practical morality2 & may r5d] ?is latt] sci5ce m correct 9 its precepts1 & m p]suasive 9 its exhortations4 ,see ,app5dix at ! end ( ! volume4 ,,dialogues ,,conc]n+ ,,natural ,,religion ,,pamphilus ,,to ,,h]mippus4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 my ,h]mippus1 t ?\gh ! anci5t philosoph]s convey$ mo/ ( _! in/ruction 9 ! =m ( dialogue1 ?is me?od ( composition has be5 little practis$ 9 lat] ages1 & has seldom succe$$ 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o h attempt$ x4 ,accurate & regul> argum5t1 inde$1 su* z is n[ expect$ ( philosophical inquir]s1 naturally ?r[s a man into ! me?odical & didactic mann]2 :]e he c imm$iately1 )\t prep>ation1 expla9 ! po9t at :i* he aims2 & !nce proce$1 )\t int]ruption1 to d$uce ! pro(s on :i* x is e/abli%$4 ,to deliv] a 99,,sy/em 9 conv]sation1 sc>cely appe>s natural2 & :ile ! dialogue-writ] desires1 by dep>t+ f ! direct /yle ( composition1 to give a fre] air to 8 p]=mance1 & avoid ! appe>ance ( ,au?or & ,read]1 he is apt to run into a worse inconv5i5ce1 & convey ! image ( ,p$agogue & ,pupil4 ,or1 if he c>ries on ! dispute 9 ! natural _s ( good company1 by ?r[+ 9 a v>iety ( topics1 & pres]v+ a prop] balance among ! speak]s1 he (t5 loses s mu* "t 9 prep>ations & transitions1 t ! read] w sc>cely ?9k himself comp5sat$1 by all ! graces ( dialogue1 = ! ord]1 brevity & precision1 :i* are sacrific$ to !m4 ,!re are "s subjects1 h[ev]1 to :i* dialogue-writ+ is peculi>ly adapt$1 & :]e x is /ill pref]able to ! direct & simple me?od ( composition4 ,any po9t ( doctr9e1 :i* is s obvi\s t x sc>cely admits ( dispute1 b at ! same "t s important t x _c be too (t5 inculcat$1 seems to require "s su* me?od ( h&l+ x2 :]e ! novelty ( ! mann] may comp5sate ! trit5ess ( ! subject2 :]e ! vivacity ( conv]sation may en=ce ! precept2 & :]e ! v>iety ( lights1 pres5t$ by v>i\s p]sonages & *>act]s1 may appe> nei!r t$i\s nor r$undant4 ,any "q ( philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is s obscure & unc]ta91 t human reason1 c rea* no fix$ det]m9ation ) reg>d to x2 if x %\ld be treat$ at all1 seems to lead u naturally into ! /yle ( dialogue & conv]sation4 ,reasonable m5 may be all[$ to diff]1 :]e no "o c reasonably be positive3 ,opposite s5tim5ts1 ev5 )\t any decision1 af=d an agreeable amusem5t2 & if ! subject be curi\s & int]e/+1 ! book c>ries u1 9 a mann]1 into company2 & unites ! two greate/ & pure/ pleasures ( human life1 /udy & society4 ,happily1 ^! circum/ances are all to be f\nd 9 ! subject ( ,,natural ,,religion4 ,:at tru? s obvi\s1 s c]ta91 z ! be+ ( a ,god1 :i* ! mo/ ignorant ages h ackn[l$g$1 = :i* ! mo/ ref9$ g5iuses h ambiti\sly /riv5 to produce new pro(s & argum5ts8 ,:at tru? s important z ?is1 :i* is ! gr\nd ( all our hopes1 ! sure/ f\ndation ( morality1 ! firme/ support ( society1 & ! only pr9ciple :i* ought nev] to be a mom5t abs5t f our ?\ghts & m$itations8 ,b1 9 treat+ ( ?is obvi\s & important tru?1 :at obscure que/ions occur conc]n+ ! nature ( t ,div9e ,be+1 8 attributes1 8 decrees1 8 plan ( provid5ce8 ,^! h be5 always subject$ to ! disputations ( m52 conc]n+ ^! human reason has n rea*$ any c]ta9 det]m9ation4 ,b ^! are topics s int]e/+1 t we _c re/ra9 our re/less inquiry ) reg>d to !m2 ?\gh no?+ b d\bt1 unc]ta9ty & contradiction1 h z yet be5 ! result ( our mo/ accurate rese>*es4 ,?is ,i _h lately occasion to obs]ve1 :ile ,i pass$1 z usual1 "p ( ! summ] season ) ,clean!s1 & 0 pres5t at ^? conv]sations ( 8 ) ,philo & ,demea1 ( :i* ,i gave y lately "s imp]fect acc\nt4 ,y\r curiosity1 y !n told me1 0 s excit$1 t ,i mu/1 ( necessity1 ent] into a m exact detail ( _! reason+s1 & display ^? v>i\s sy/ems :i* !y advanc$ ) reg>d to s delicate a subject z t ( natural religion4 ,! rem>kable contra/ 9 _! *>act]s /ill f>!r rais$ y\r expectations2 :ile y oppos$ ! accurate philosophical turn ( ,clean!s to ! c>eless scepticism ( ,philo1 or comp>$ ei!r ( _! dispositions ) ! rigid inflexible or?odoxy ( ,demea4 ,my y\? r5d]$ me a m]e auditor ( _! disputes2 & t curiosity1 natural to ! e>ly season ( life1 has s deeply impr9t$ 9 my memory ! :ole *a9 & connexion ( _! argum5ts1 t1 ,i hope1 ,i %all n omit or conf\nd any consid]able "p ( !m 9 ! recital4 ,,"p ,i4 ,aft] ,i jo9$ ! company1 :om ,i f\nd sitt+ 9 ,clean!s's libr>y1 ,demea paid ,clean!s "s complim5ts on ! great c>e :i* he took ( my education1 & on 8 unwe>i$ p]sev]ance & con/ancy 9 all 8 fri5d%ips4 ,! fa!r ( ,pamphilus1 said he1 0 y\r intimate fri5d3 ,! son is y\r pupil2 & may inde$ be reg>d$ z y\r adopt$ son1 7 we to judge by ! pa9s :i* y be/[ 9 convey+ to him e useful bran* ( lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,y are no m want+1 ,i am p]suad$1 9 prud5ce ?an 9 indu/ry4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 communicate to y a maxim1 :i* ,i h obs]v$ ) reg>d to my own *ildr51 t ,i may le>n h[ f> x agrees ) y\r practice4 ,! me?od ,i foll[ 9 _! education is f\nd$ on ! say+ ( an anci5t1 ',t /ud5ts ( philosophy ought fir/ to le>n logics1 !n e?ics1 next physics1 la/ ( all ! nature ( ! gods4'#a ,?is sci5ce ( natural !ology1 accord+ to him1 be+ ! mo/ pr(\nd & ab/ruse ( any1 requir$ ! mature/ judgm5t 9 its /ud5ts2 & none b a m9d enri*$ ) all ! o!r sci5ces1 c safely be intru/$ ) x4 ,are y s late1 says ,philo1 9 tea*+ y\r *ildr5 ! pr9ciples ( religion8 ,is !re no dang] ( _! neglect+1 or reject+ altoge!r ^? op9ions ( :i* !y h he>d s little dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( _! education8 ,x is only z a sci5ce1 repli$ ,demea1 subject$ to human reason+ & disputation1 t ,i po/pone ! /udy ( ,natural ,!ology4 ,to season _! m9ds ) e>ly piety1 is my *ief c>e2 & by cont9ual precept & in/ruction1 & ,i hope too by example1 ,i impr9t deeply on _! t5d] m9ds an habitual rev]5ce = all ! pr9ciples ( religion4 ,:ile !y pass ?r\gh e o!r sci5ce1 ,i /ill rem>k ! unc]ta9ty ( ea* "p2 ! et]nal disputations ( m52 ! obscurity ( all philosophy2 & ! /range1 ridicul\s conclusions1 :i* "s ( ! greate/ g5iuses h d]iv$ f ! pr9ciples ( m]e human reason4 ,hav+ ?us tam$ _! m9d to a prop] submission & self-diffid5ce1 ,i h no long] any scruple ( op5+ to !m ! greate/ my/]ies ( religion2 nor appreh5d any dang] f t assum+ arrogance ( philosophy1 :i* may lead !m to reject ! mo/ e/abli%$ doctr9es & op9ions4 ,y\r precaution1 says1 ,philo1 ( season+ y\r *ildr5s m9ds e>ly ) piety1 is c]ta9ly v reasonable2 & no m ?an is requisite 9 ?is pr(ane & irreligi\s age4 ,b :at ,i *iefly admire 9 y\r plan ( education1 is y\r me?od ( draw+ advantage f ! v pr9ciples ( philosophy & le>n+1 :i*1 by inspir+ pride & self-suffici5cy1 h commonly1 9 all ages1 be5 f\nd s de/ructive to ! pr9ciples ( religion4 ,! vulg>1 inde$1 we may rem>k1 :o are unacqua9t$ ) sci5ce & pr(\nd inquiry1 obs]v+ ! endless disputes ( ! le>n$1 h commonly a ?or\gh contempt = philosophy2 & rivet !mselves ! fa/]1 by t means1 9 ! great po9ts ( !ology :i* h be5 taught !m4 ,^? :o ent] a little into /udy & inquiry1 f9d+ _m appe>ances ( evid5ce 9 doctr9es ! newe/ & mo/ extraord9>y1 ?9k no?+ too difficult = human reason2 &1 presumptu\sly break+ ?r\gh all f5ces1 pr(ane ! inmo/ sanctu>ies ( ! temple4 ,b ,clean!s w1 ,i hope1 agree ) me1 t1 aft] we h ab&on$ ignorance1 ! sure/ rem$y1 !re is /ill "o exp$i5t left to prev5t ?is pr(ane lib]ty4 ,let ,demea's pr9ciples be improv$ & cultivat$3 ,let u become ?or\ghly s5sible ( ! weakness1 bl9dness1 & n>r[ limits ( human reason3 ,let u duly consid] its unc]ta9ty & endless contr>ieties1 ev5 9 subjects ( common life & practice3 ,let ! errors & deceits ( our v s5ses be set be=e u2 ! insup]able difficulties :i* att5d fir/ pr9ciples 9 all sy/ems2 ! contradictions :i* adh]e to ! v ideas ( matt]1 cause & effect1 ext5sion1 space1 "t1 motion2 & 9 a ^w1 quantity ( all k9ds1 ! object ( ! only sci5ce t c fairly pret5d to any c]ta9ty or evid5ce4 ,:5 ^! topics are display$ 9 _! full light1 z !y are by "s philosoph]s & almo/ all div9es2 :o c reta9 su* confid5ce 9 ?is frail faculty ( reason z to pay any reg>d to its det]m9ations 9 po9ts s sublime1 s ab/ruse1 s remote f common life & exp]i5ce8 ,:5 ! coh]5ce ( ! p>ts ( a /one1 or ev5 t composition ( p>ts :i* r5d]s x ext5d$2 :5 ^! famili> objects1 ,i say1 are s inexplicable1 & conta9 circum/ances s repugnant & contradictory2 ) :at assurance c we decide conc]n+ ! orig9 ( worlds1 or trace _! hi/ory f et]nity to et]nity8 ,:ile ,philo pron\nc$ ^! words1 ,i c\ld obs]ve a smile 9 ! c\nt5ance bo? ( ,demea & ,clean!s4 ,t ( ,demea seem$ to imply an unres]v$ satisfaction 9 ! doctr9es deliv]$3 ,b1 9 ,clean!s's features1 ,i c\ld di/+ui% an air ( f9esse2 z if he p]ceiv$ "s raill]y or artificial malice 9 ! reason+s ( ,philo4 ,y propose !n1 ,philo1 said ,clean!s1 to erect religi\s fai? on philosophical scepticism2 & y ?9k1 t if c]ta9ty or evid5ce be expell$ f e o!r subject ( inquiry1 x w all retire to ^! !ological doctr9es1 & !re acquire a sup]ior =ce & au?ority4 ,:e!r y\r scepticism be z absolute & s9c]e z y pret5d1 we %all le>n by & by1 :5 ! company breaks up3 ,we %all !n see1 :e!r y g out at ! door or ! w9d[2 & :e!r y really d\bt if y\r body has gravity1 or c be injur$ by its fall2 accord+ to popul> op9ion1 d]iv$ f our fallaci\s s5ses1 & m fallaci\s exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is consid]ation1 ,demea1 may1 ,i ?9k1 fairly s]ve to abate our ill-w to ?is humor\s sect ( ! sceptics4 ,if !y be ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/1 !y w n long tr\ble ! _w ) _! d\bts1 cavils1 & disputes3 ,if !y be only 9 je/1 !y are1 p]haps1 bad rail]s2 b c nev] be v dang]\s1 ei!r to ! /ate1 to philosophy1 or to religion4 ,9 reality1 ,philo1 cont9u$ he1 x seems c]ta91 t ?\gh a man1 9 a flu% ( hum\r1 aft] int5se reflection on ! _m contradictions & imp]fections ( human reason1 may entirely r5\nce all belief & op9ion1 x is impossible = him to p]sev]e 9 ?is total scepticism1 or make x appe> 9 8 conduct = a few h\rs4 ,ext]nal objects press 9 ^u him2 passions solicit him2 8 philosophical melan*oly dissipates2 & ev5 ! utmo/ viol5ce ^u 8 own temp] w n be able1 dur+ any "t1 to pres]ve ! poor appe>ance ( scepticism4 ,& = :at reason impose on himself su* a viol5ce8 ,?is is a po9t 9 :i* x w be impossible = him ev] to satisfy himself1 consi/5tly ) 8 sceptical pr9ciples4 ,s t1 ^u ! :ole1 no?+ c\ld be m ridicul\s ?an ! pr9ciples ( ! anci5t ,pyrrhonians2 if 9 reality !y endeav\r$1 z is pret5d$1 to ext5d1 ?r\gh\t1 ! same scepticism :i* !y _h le>n$ f ! declamations ( _! s*ools1 & :i* !y ought to h conf9$ to !m4 ,9 ?is view1 !re appe>s a great resemblance betwe5 ! sects ( ! ,/oics & ,pyrrhonians1 ?\gh p]petual antagoni/s2 & bo? ( !m seem f\nd$ on ?is errone\s maxim1 ,t :at a man c p]=m sometimes1 & 9 "s dispositions1 he c p]=m always1 & 9 e disposition4 ,:5 ! m9d1 by ,/oical reflections1 is elevat$ into a sublime en?usiasm ( virtue1 & /rongly smit ) any species ( hon\r or public good1 ! utmo/ bodily pa9 & suff]+s w n prevail ov] su* a high s5se ( duty2 & x is possible1 p]haps1 by its means1 ev5 to smile & exult 9 ! mid/ ( tortures4 ,if ?is sometimes may be ! case 9 fact & reality1 mu* m may a philosoph]1 9 8 s*ool1 or ev5 9 8 closet1 "w himself up to su* an en?usiasm1 & support 9 imag9ation ! acute/ pa9 or mo/ calamit\s ev5t :i* he c possibly conceive4 ,b h[ %all he support ?is en?usiasm itself8 ,! b5t ( 8 m9d relaxes1 & _c be recall$ at pleasure2 avocations lead him a/ray2 mis=tunes attack him unaw>es2 & ! philosoph] s9ks by degrees into ! plebeian4 ,i all[ ( y\r comp>ison betwe5 ! ,/oics & ,sceptics1 repli$ ,philo4 ,b y may obs]ve1 at ! same "t1 t ?\gh ! m9d _c1 9 ,/oicism1 support ! highe/ flights ( philosophy1 yet1 ev5 :5 x s9ks l[]1 x /ill reta9s some:at ( its =m] disposition2 & ! effects ( ! ,/oic's reason+ w appe> 9 8 conduct 9 common life1 & ?r\gh ! :ole t5or ( 8 actions4 ,! anci5t s*ools1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,z5o1 produc$ examples ( virtue & con/ancy :i* seem a/oni%+ to pres5t times4 ,va9 ,wisdom all & false ,philosophy4 ,yet ) a pleas+ sorc]y c\ld *>m ,pa91 = a :ile1 or angui%2 & excite ,fallaci\s ,hope1 or arm ! obdurate brea/ ,) /ubborn ,pati5ce1 z ) triple /eel4 ,9 l mann]1 if a man has accu/om$ himself to sceptical consid]ations on ! unc]ta9ty & n>r[ limits ( reason1 he w n entirely =get !m :5 he turns 8 reflection on o!r subjects2 b 9 all 8 philosophical pr9ciples & reason+1 ,i d>e n say 9 8 common conduct1 he w be f\nd diff]5t f ^?1 :o ei!r nev] =m$ any op9ions 9 ! case1 or h ent]ta9$ s5tim5ts m fav\rable to human reason4 ,to :atev] l5g? any "o may pu% 8 speculative pr9ciples ( scepticism1 he mu/ act1 ,i own1 & live1 & conv]se1 l o!r m52 & = ?is conduct he is n oblig$ to give any o!r reason1 ?an ! absolute necessity he lies "u ( s do+4 ,if he ev] c>ries 8 speculations f>!r ?an ?is necessity con/ra9s him1 & philosophizes ei!r on natural or moral subjects1 he is allur$ by a c]ta9 pleasure & satisfaction :i* he f9ds 9 employ+ himself aft] t mann]4 ,he consid]s besides1 t e "o1 ev5 9 common life1 is con/ra9$ to h m or less ( ?is philosophy2 t f our e>lie/ infancy we make cont9ual advances 9 =m+ m g5]al pr9ciples ( conduct & reason+2 t ! l>g] exp]i5ce we acquire1 & ! /rong] reason we are endu$ )1 we always r5d] our pr9ciples ! m g5]al & compreh5sive2 & t :at we call philosophy is no?+ b a m regul> & me?odical op]ation ( ! same k9d4 ,to philosophize on su* subjects1 is no?+ ess5tially diff]5t f reason+ on common life2 & we may only expect great] /ability1 if n great] tru?1 f our philosophy1 on acc\nt ( its exact] & m scrupul\s me?od ( proce$+4 ,b :5 we look beyond human affairs & ! prop]ties ( ! surr\nd+ bodies3 :5 we c>ry our speculations into ! two et]nities1 be=e & aft] ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s2 into ! creation & =mation ( ! univ]se2 ! exi/5ce & prop]ties ( spirits2 ! p[]s & op]ations1 ( "o univ]sal ,_s exi/+ )\t beg9n+ & )\t end2 omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 immutable1 inf9ite & incompreh5sible3 ,we mu/ be f> remov$ f ! smalle/ t5d5cy to scepticism n to be appreh5sive1 t we h "h got q beyond ! rea* ( our faculties4 ,s long z we conf9e our speculations to trade1 or morals1 or politics1 or criticism1 we make appeals1 e mom5t1 to common s5se & exp]i5ce1 :i* /r5g!n our philosophical conclusions1 & remove1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! suspicion :i* we s ju/ly ent]ta9 ) reg>d to e reason+ t is v subtile & ref9$4 ,b1 9 !ological reason+s1 we h n ?is advantage2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 we are employ$ ^u objects1 :i*1 we mu/ be s5sible1 are too l>ge = our grasp1 & ( all o!rs require mo/ to be famili>iz$ to our appreh5sion4 ,we are l =eign]s 9 a /range c\ntry1 to :om e ?+ mu/ seem suspici\s1 & :o are 9 dang] e mom5t ( transgress+ aga9/ ! laws & cu/oms ( ! p ) :om !y live & conv]se4 ,we "k n h[ f> we ought to tru/ our vulg> me?ods ( reason+ 9 su* a subject2 s9ce1 ev5 9 common life1 & 9 t prov9ce :i* is peculi>ly appropriat$ to !m1 we _c acc\nt = !m1 & are entirely guid$ by a k9d ( in/9ct or necessity 9 employ+ !m4 ,all sceptics pret5d1 t1 if reason be consid]$ 9 an ab/ract view1 x furni%es inv9cible argum5ts aga9/ itself3 & t we c\ld nev] reta9 any conviction or assurance1 on any subject1 7 n ! sceptical reason+s s ref9$ & subtile1 t !y are n able to c\nt]poise ! m solid & m natural argum5ts d]iv$ f ! s5ses & exp]i5ce4 ,b x is evid5t1 :5ev] our argum5ts lose ?is advantage1 & run wide ( common life1 t ! mo/ ref9$ scepticism comes to be ^u a foot+ ) !m1 & is able to oppose & c\nt]balance !m4 ,! "o has no m weight ?an ! o!r4 ,! m9d mu/ rema9 9 susp5se betwe5 !m2 & x is t v susp5se or balance1 :i* is ! triumph ( scepticism4 ,b ,i obs]ve1 says ,clean!s1 ) reg>d to y1 ,philo1 & all speculative sceptics1 t y\r doctr9e & practice are z mu* at v>iance 9 ! mo/ ab/ruse po9ts ( !ory z 9 ! conduct ( common life4 ,:]ev] evid5ce discov]s itself1 y adh]e to x1 not)/&+ y\r pret5d$ scepticism2 & ,i c obs]ve1 too1 "s ( y\r sect to be z decisive z ^? :o make great] pr(essions ( c]ta9ty & assurance4 ,9 reality1 w\ld n a man be ridicul\s1 :o pret5d$ to reject ,newton's explication ( ! wond]ful ph5om5on ( ! ra9b[1 because t explication gives a m9ute anatomy ( ! rays ( light2 a subject1 =soo?1 too ref9$ = human compreh5sion8 ,& :at w\ld y say to "o1 :o1 hav+ no?+ p>ticul> to object to ! argum5ts ( ,cop]nicus & ,galilo = ! motion ( ! e>?1 %\ld )hold 8 ass5t1 on t g5]al pr9ciple1 t ^! subjects 7 too magnific5t & remote to be expla9$ by ! n>r[ & fallaci\s reason ( mank9d8 ,!re is inde$ a k9d ( bruti% & ignorant scepticism1 z y well obs]v$1 :i* gives ! vulg> a g5]al prejudice aga9/ :at !y d n easily und]/&1 & makes !m reject e pr9ciple :i* requires elaborate reason+ to prove & e/abli% x4 ,?is species ( scepticism is fatal to k1 n to religion2 s9ce we f9d1 t ^? :o make greate/ pr(ession ( x1 give (t5 _! ass5t1 n only to ! great tru?s ( ,!ism & natural !ology1 b ev5 to ! mo/ absurd t5ets :i* a traditional sup]/ition has recomm5d$ to !m4 ,!y firmly believe 9 wit*es1 ?\gh !y w n believe nor att5d to ! mo/ simple proposition ( ,euclid4 ,b ! ref9$ & philosophical sceptics fall into an inconsi/5ce ( an opposite nature4 ,!y pu% _! rese>*es into ! mo/ ab/ruse corn]s ( sci5ce2 & _! ass5t att5ds !m 9 e /ep1 proportion$ to ! evid5ce :i* !y meet )4 ,!y are ev5 oblig$ to ackn[l$ge1 t ! mo/ ab/ruse & remote objects are ^? :i* are be/ expla9$ by philosophy4 ,light is 9 reality anatomiz$3 ,! true sy/em ( ! heav5ly bodies is discov]$ & asc]ta9$4 ,b ! n\ri%m5t ( bodies by food is /ill an inexplicable my/]y3 ,! cohesion ( ! p>ts ( matt] is /ill incompreh5sible4 ,^! sceptics1 !re=e1 are oblig$1 9 e "q1 to consid] ea* p>ticul> evid5ce ap>t1 & proportion _! ass5t to ! precise degree ( evid5ce :i* occurs4 ,?is is _! practice 9 all natural1 ma!matical1 moral1 & political sci5ce4 ,& :y n ! same1 ,i ask1 9 ! !ological & religi\s8 ,:y mu/ conclusions ( ?is nature be alone reject$ on ! g5]al presumption ( ! insuffici5cy ( human reason1 )\t any p>ticul> discussion ( ! evid5ce8 ,is n su* an unequal conduct a pla9 pro( ( prejudice & passion8 ,our s5ses1 y say1 are fallaci\s2 our und]/&+ errone\s2 our ideas1 ev5 ( ! mo/ famili> objects1 ext5sion1 duration1 motion1 full ( absurdities & contradictions4 ,y defy me to solve ! difficulties1 or reconcile ! repugnancies :i* y discov] 9 !m4 ,i h n capacity = s great an und]tak+3 ,i h n leisure = x3 ,i p]ceive x to be sup]flu\s4 ,y\r own conduct1 9 e circum/ance1 refutes y\r pr9ciples1 & %[s ! firme/ reliance on all ! receiv$ maxims ( sci5ce1 morals1 prud5ce1 & behavi\r4 ,i %all nev] ass5t to s h>% an op9ion z t ( a celebrat$ writ]1#b :o says1 t ! ,sceptics are n a sect ( philosoph]s3 ,!y are only a sect ( li>s4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 affirm 7,i hope )\t (f5ce71 t !y are a sect ( je/]s or rail]s4 ,b = my "p1 :5ev] ,i f9d myself dispos$ to mir? & amusem5t1 ,i %all c]ta9ly *oose my ent]ta9m5t ( a less p]plex+ & ab/ruse nature4 ,a com$y1 a novel1 or at mo/ a hi/ory1 seems a m natural recreation ?an su* metaphysical subtilties & ab/ractions4 ,9 va9 w\ld ! sceptic make a di/9ction betwe5 sci5ce & common life1 or betwe5 "o sci5ce & ano!r4 ,! argum5ts employ$ 9 all1 if j1 are ( a simil> nature1 & conta9 ! same =ce & evid5ce4 ,or if !re be any diff]5ce among !m1 ! advantage lies entirely on ! side ( !ology & natural religion4 ,_m pr9ciples ( me*anics are f\nd$ on v ab/ruse reason+2 yet no man :o has any pret5sions to sci5ce1 ev5 no speculative sceptic1 pret5ds to ent]ta9 ! lea/ d\bt ) reg>d to !m4 ,! ,cop]nican sy/em conta9s ! mo/ surpris+ p>adox1 & ! mo/ contr>y to our natural conceptions1 to appe>ances1 & to our v s5ses3 yet ev5 monks & inquisitors are n[ con/ra9$ to )draw _! opposition to x4 ,& %all ,philo1 a man ( s lib]al a g5ius & ext5sive k1 ent]ta9 any g5]al undi/+ui%$ scruples ) reg>d to ! religi\s hypo!sis1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s argum5ts1 &1 unless x meets ) artificial ob/acles1 has su* easy access & admission into ! m9d ( man8 ,& "h we may obs]ve1 cont9u$ he1 turn+ himself t[>ds ,demea1 a pretty curi\s circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces4 ,aft] ! union ( philosophy ) ! popul> religion1 ^u ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 no?+ 0 m usual1 among all religi\s tea*]s1 ?an declamations aga9/ reason1 aga9/ ! s5ses1 aga9/ e pr9ciple d]iv$ m]ely f human rese>* & inquiry4 ,all ! topics ( ! anci5t academics 7 adopt$ by ! fa!rs2 & !nce propagat$ = sev]al ages 9 e s*ool & pulpit ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,re=m]s embrac$ ! same pr9ciples ( reason+1 or r declamation2 & all panegyrics on ! excell5cy ( fai?1 7 sure to be int]l>d$ ) "s sev]e /rokes ( satire aga9/ natural reason4 ,a celebrat$ prelate too1#c ( ! ,romi% communion1 a man ( ! mo/ ext5sive le>n+1 :o wrote a demon/ration ( ,*ri/ianity1 has also compos$ a treatise1 :i* conta9s all ! cavils ( ! bolde/ & mo/ det]m9$ ,pyrrhonism4 ,locke seems to h be5 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian :o v5tur$ op5ly to ass]t1 t fai? 0 no?+ b a species ( reason2 t religion 0 only a bran* ( philosophy2 & t a *a9 ( argum5ts1 simil> to t :i* e/abli%$ any tru? 9 morals1 politics1 or physics1 0 always employ$ 9 discov]+ all ! pr9ciples ( !ology1 natural & reveal$4 ,! ill use :i* ,bayle & o!r lib]t9es made ( ! philosophical scepticism ( ! fa!rs & fir/ re=m]s1 /ill f>!r propagat$ ! judici\s s5tim5t ( ,mr ,locke3 ,& x is n[ 9 a mann] av[$1 by all pret5d]s to reason+ & philosophy1 t ,a!i/ & ,sceptic are almo/ synonym\s4 ,& z x is c]ta9 t no man is 9 e>ne/ :5 he pr(esses ! latt] pr9ciple1 ,i w\ld fa9 hope t !re are z few :o s]i\sly ma9ta9 ! =m]4 ,don't y rememb]1 said ,philo1 ! excell5t say+ ( ,"l ,bacon on ?is head8 ,t a little philosophy1 repli$ ,clean!s1 makes a man an ,a!i/3 ,a great deal conv]ts him to religion4 ,t is a v judici\s rem>k too1 said ,philo4 ,b :at ,i h 9 my eye is ano!r passage1 :]e1 hav+ m5tion$ ,david's fool1 :o said 9 8 he>t !re is no ,god1 ?is great philosoph] obs]ves1 t ! ,a!i/s n[-a-days h a d\ble %>e ( folly2 = !y are n cont5t$ to say 9 _! he>ts !re is no ,god1 b !y also utt] t impiety ) _! lips1 & are !reby guilty ( multipli$ indiscretion & imprud5ce4 ,su* p1 ?\gh !y 7 ev] s mu* 9 e>ne/1 _c1 me?9ks1 be v =midable4 ,b ?\gh y %\ld rank me 9 ?is class ( fools1 ,i _c =be> communicat+ a rem>k t occurs to me1 f ! hi/ory ( ! religi\s & irreligi\s scepticism ) :i* y h ent]ta9$ u4 ,x appe>s to me1 t !re are /rong symptoms ( prie/craft 9 ! :ole progress ( ?is affair4 ,dur+ ignorant ages1 su* z ^? :i* foll[$ ! dissolution ( ! anci5t s*ools1 ! prie/s p]ceiv$1 t ,a!ism1 ,deism1 or h]esy ( any k9d1 c\ld only proce$ f ! presumptu\s que/ion+ ( receiv$ op9ions1 & f a belief t human reason 0 equal to e ?+4 ,education _h !n a mighty influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( m51 & 0 almo/ equal 9 =ce to ^? sugge/ions ( ! s5ses & common und]/&+1 by :i* ! mo/ det]m9$ sceptic mu/ all[ himself to be gov]n$4 ,b at pres5t1 :5 ! influ5ce ( education is mu* dim9i%$1 & m51 f a m op5 comm]ce ( ! _w1 h le>n$ to comp>e ! popul> pr9ciples ( diff]5t nations & ages1 our sagaci\s div9es h *ang$ _! :ole sy/em ( philosophy1 & talk ! language ( ,/oics1 ,platoni/s1 & ,p]ipatetics1 n t ( ,pyrrhonians & ,academics4 ,if we di/ru/ human reason1 we h n[ no o!r pr9ciple to lead u into religion4 ,?us1 sceptics 9 "o age1 dogmati/s 9 ano!r2 :i*ev] sy/em be/ suits ! purpose ( ^! rev]5d g5tlem51 9 giv+ !m an asc5dant ov] mank9d1 !y are sure to make x _! fav\rite pr9ciple1 & e/abli%$ t5et4 ,x is v natural1 said ,clean!s1 = m5 to embrace ^? pr9ciples1 by :i* !y f9d !y c be/ def5d _! doctr9es2 nor ne$ we h any rec\rse to prie/craft to acc\nt = s reasonable an exp$i5t4 ,&1 surely no?+ c af=d a /rong] presumption1 t any set ( pr9ciples are true1 & ought to be embrac$1 ?an to obs]ve t !y t5d to ! confirmation ( true religion1 & s]ve to conf\nd ! cavils ( ,a!i/s1 ,lib]t9es1 & ,free?9k]s ( all d5om9ations4 #a ,*rysippus apud ,plut4 de repug4 ,/oicorum4 #b ,l'art de p5s]4 #c ,mons4 ,huet4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,i mu/ own1 ,clean!s1 said ,demea1 t no?+ c m surprise me1 ?an ! light 9 :i* y h all along put ?is argum5t4 ,by ! :ole t5or ( y\r disc\rse1 "o w\ld imag9e t y 7 ma9ta9+ ! ,be+ ( a ,god1 aga9/ ! cavils ( ,a!i/s & ,infidels2 & 7 necessitat$ to become a *ampion = t fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all religion4 ,b ?is1 ,i hope1 is n by any means a "q among u4 ,no man1 no man at lea/ ( common s5se1 ,i am p]suad$1 ev] ent]ta9$ a s]i\s d\bt ) reg>d to a tru? s c]ta9 & self-evid5t4 ,! "q is n conc]n+ ! 99,,be+1 b ! ,,nature ( 99,,god4 ,?is1 ,i affirm1 f ! infirmities ( human und]/&+1 to be altoge!r incompreh5sible & unkn[n to u4 ,! ess5ce ( t supreme ,m9d1 8 attributes1 ! mann] ( 8 exi/5ce1 ! v nature ( 8 duration2 ^!1 & e p>ticul> :i* reg>ds s div9e a ,be+1 are my/]i\s to m54 ,f9ite1 weak1 & bl9d creatures1 we ought to humble ourselves 9 8 augu/ pres5ce2 &1 consci\s ( our frailties1 adore 9 sil5ce 8 inf9ite p]fections1 :i* eye ha? n se51 e> ha? n he>d1 nei!r ha? x ent]$ into ! he>t ( man to conceive4 ,!y are cov]$ 9 a deep cl\d f human curiosity3 ,x is pr(an5ess to attempt p5etrat+ ?r\gh ^! sacr$ obscurities3 ,&1 next to ! impiety ( d5y+ 8 exi/5ce1 is ! tem]ity ( pry+ into 8 nature & ess5ce1 decrees & attributes4 ,b le/ y %\ld ?9k t my piety has "h got ! bett] ( my philosophy1 ,i %all support my op9ion1 if x ne$s any support1 by a v great au?ority4 ,i might cite all ! div9es1 almo/1 f ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity1 :o h ev] treat$ ( ?is or any o!r !ological subject3 ,b ,i %all conf9e myself1 at pres5t1 to "o equally celebrat$ = piety & philosophy4 ,x is ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 :o1 ,i rememb]1 ?us expresses himself4#a ',"o ought n s mu*1' says he1 'to call ,god a _s1 9 ord] to express positively :at he is1 z 9 ord] to signify t he is n matt]4 ,he is a ,be+ inf9itely p]fect3 ,( ?is we _c d\bt4 ,b 9 ! same mann] z we ought n to imag9e1 ev5 suppos+ him corporeal1 t he is clo!d ) a human body1 z ! ,an?ropomorphites ass]t$1 "u col\r t t figure 0 ! mo/ p]fect ( any2 s1 nei!r ought we to imag9e t ! _s ( ,god has human ideas1 or be>s any resemblance to our _s1 "u col\r t we "k no?+ m p]fect ?an a human m9d4 ,we ought r to believe1 t z he compreh5ds ! p]fections ( matt] )\t be+ mat]ial4444 he compreh5ds also ! p]fections ( creat$ spirits )\t be+ _s1 9 ! mann] we conceive _s3 ,t 8 true "n is1 ,he t is2 or1 9 o!r words1 ,be+ )\t re/riction1 ,all ,be+1 ! ,be+ inf9ite & univ]sal4' ,aft] s great an au?ority1 ,demea1 repli$ ,philo1 z t :i* y h produc$1 & a ?\s& m :i* y might produce1 x w\ld appe> ridicul\s 9 me to add my s5tim5t1 or express my approbation ( y\r doctr9e4 ,b surely1 :]e reasonable m5 treat ^! subjects1 ! "q c nev] be conc]n+ ! ,be+1 b only ! ,nature1 ( ! ,deity4 ,! =m] tru?1 z y well obs]ve1 is unque/ionable & self-evid5t4 ,no?+ exi/s )\t a cause2 & ! orig9al cause ( ?is univ]se 7:atev] x be7 we call ,god2 & pi\sly ascribe to him e species ( p]fection4 ,:oev] scruples ?is fundam5tal tru?1 des]ves e puni%m5t :i* c be inflict$ among philosoph]s1 to wit1 ! greate/ ridicule1 contempt1 & disapprobation4 ,b z all p]fection is entirely relative1 we ought nev] to imag9e t we compreh5d ! attributes ( ?is div9e ,be+1 or to suppose t 8 p]fections h any analogy or lik5ess to ! p]fections ( a human creature4 ,wisdom1 ,?\ght1 ,design1 ,k2 ^! we ju/ly ascribe to him2 because ^! words are hon\rable among m51 & we h no o!r language or o!r conceptions by :i* we c express our adoration ( him4 ,b let u bew>e1 le/ we ?9k t our ideas anywise correspond to 8 p]fections1 or t 8 attributes h any resemblance to ^! qualities among m54 ,he is inf9itely sup]ior to our limit$ view & compreh5sion2 & is m ! object ( wor%ip 9 ! temple1 ?an ( disputation 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 reality1 ,clean!s1 cont9u$ he1 !re is no ne$ ( hav+ rec\rse to t affect$ scepticism s displeas+ to y1 9 ord] to come at ?is det]m9ation4 ,our ideas rea* no f>!r ?an our exp]i5ce3 ,we h no exp]i5ce ( div9e attributes & op]ations3 ,i ne$ n conclude my syllogism3 ,y c draw ! inf]5ce y\rself4 ,& x is a pleasure to me 7& ,i hope to y too7 t j reason+ & s\nd piety "h concur 9 ! same conclusion1 & bo? ( !m e/abli% ! adorably my/]i\s & incompreh5sible nature ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,n to lose any "t 9 circumlocutions1 said ,clean!s1 address+ himself to ,demea1 mu* less 9 reply+ to ! pi\s declamations ( ,philo2 ,i %all briefly expla9 h[ ,i conceive ?is matt]4 ,look r\nd ! _w3 contemplate ! :ole & e "p ( x3 ,y w f9d x to be no?+ b "o great ma*9e1 subdivid$ into an inf9ite numb] ( less] ma*9es1 :i* aga9 admit ( subdivisions to a degree beyond :at human s5ses & faculties c trace & expla94 ,all ^! v>i\s ma*9es1 & ev5 _! mo/ m9ute p>ts1 are adju/$ to ea* o!r ) an accuracy :i* ravi%es into admiration all m5 :o h ev] contemplat$ !m4 ,! curi\s adapt+ ( means to ends1 ?r\gh\t all nature1 resembles exactly1 ?\gh x mu* exce$s1 ! productions ( human contrivance2 ( human design1 ?\ght1 wisdom1 & intellig5ce4 ,s9ce !re=e ! effects resemble ea* o!r1 we are l$ to inf]1 by all ! rules ( analogy1 t ! causes also resemble2 & t ! ,au?or ( ,nature is some:at simil> to ! m9d ( man1 ?\gh possess$ ( mu* l>g] faculties1 proportion$ to ! gr&eur ( ! "w :i* he has execut$4 ,by ?is argum5t a po/]iori1 & by ?is argum5t alone1 d we prove at once ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity1 & 8 simil>ity to human m9d & intellig5ce4 ,i %all be s free1 ,clean!s1 said ,demea1 z to tell y1 t f ! beg9n+ ,i c\ld n approve ( y\r conclusion conc]n+ ! simil>ity ( ! ,deity to m52 /ill less c ,i approve ( ! m$iums by :i* y endeav\r to e/abli% x4 ,:at6 ,no demon/ration ( ! ,be+ ( ,god6 ,no ab/ract argum5ts6 ,no pro(s a priori6 ,are ^!1 :i* h hi!rto be5 s mu* insi/$ on by philosoph]s1 all fallacy1 all sophism8 ,c we rea* no f>!r 9 ?is subject ?an exp]i5ce & probability8 ,i w n say t ?is is betray+ ! cause ( a ,deity2 ,b surely1 by ?is affect$ c&\r1 y give advantages to ,a!i/s1 :i* !y nev] c\ld obta9 by ! m]e d9t ( argum5t & reason+4 ,:at ,i *iefly scruple 9 ?is subject1 said ,philo1 is n s mu* t all religi\s argum5ts are by ,clean!s r$uc$ to exp]i5ce1 z t !y appe> n to be ev5 ! mo/ c]ta9 & irrefragable ( t inf]ior k9d4 ,t a /one w fall1 t fire w burn1 t ! e>? has solidity1 we h obs]v$ a ?\s& & a ?\s& times2 & :5 any new in/ance ( ?is nature is pres5t$1 we draw )\t hesitation ! accu/om$ inf]5ce4 ,! exact simil>ity ( ! cases gives u a p]fect assurance ( a simil> ev5t2 & a /rong] evid5ce is nev] desir$ nor s\ght aft]4 ,b :]ev] y dep>t1 9 ! lea/1 f ! simil>ity ( ! cases1 y dim9i% proportionably ! evid5ce2 & may at la/ br+ x to a v weak analogy1 :i* is confess$ly liable to error & unc]ta9ty4 ,aft] hav+ exp]i5c$ ! circulation ( ! blood 9 human creatures1 we make no d\bt t x takes place 9 ,titius & ,mvius3 ,b f its circulation 9 frogs & fi%es1 x is only a presumption1 ?\gh a /rong "o1 f analogy1 t x takes place 9 m5 & o!r animals4 ,! analogical reason+ is mu* weak]1 :5 we inf] ! circulation ( ! sap 9 vegetables f our exp]i5ce t ! blood circulates 9 animals2 & ^?1 :o ha/ily foll[$ t imp]fect analogy1 are f\nd1 by m accurate exp]im5ts1 to h be5 mi/ak54 ,if we see a h\se1 ,clean!s1 we conclude1 ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty1 t x _h an ar*itect or build]2 because ?is is precisely t species ( effect :i* we h exp]i5c$ to proce$ f t species ( cause4 ,b surely y w n affirm1 t ! univ]se be>s su* a resemblance to a h\se1 t we c ) ! same c]ta9ty inf] a simil> cause1 or t ! analogy is "h entire & p]fect4 ,! dissimilitude is s /rik+1 t ! utmo/ y c "h pret5d to is a guess1 a conjecture1 a presumption conc]n+ a simil> cause2 & h[ t pret5sion w be receiv$ 9 ! _w1 ,i leave y to consid]4 ,x w\ld surely be v ill receiv$1 repli$ ,clean!s2 & ,i %\ld be des]v$ly blam$ & dete/$1 did ,i all[1 t ! pro(s ( a ,deity am\nt$ to no m ?an a guess or conjecture4 ,b is ! :ole adju/m5t ( means to ends 9 a h\se & 9 ! univ]se s slight a resemblance8 ,! economy ( f9al causes8 ,! ord]1 proportion1 & arrangem5t ( e "p8 ,/eps ( a /air are pla9ly contriv$1 t human legs may use !m 9 m\nt+2 & ?is inf]5ce is c]ta9 & infallible4 ,human legs are also contriv$ = walk+ & m\nt+2 & ?is inf]5ce1 ,i all[1 is n altoge!r s c]ta91 because ( ! dissimil>ity :i* y rem>k2 b does x1 !re=e1 des]ve ! "n only ( presumption or conjecture8 ,good ,god6 cri$ ,demea1 int]rupt+ him1 :]e are we8 ,zeal\s def5d]s ( religion all[1 t ! pro(s ( a ,deity fall %ort ( p]fect evid5ce6 ,& y1 ,philo1 on ^: assi/ance ,i dep5d$ 9 prov+ ! adorable my/]i\sness ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 d y ass5t to all ^! extravagant op9ions ( ,clean!s8 ,= :at o!r "n c ,i give !m8 or1 :y sp>e my c5sure1 :5 su* pr9ciples are advanc$1 support$ by su* an au?ority1 be=e s "y a man z ,pamphilus8 ,y seem n to appreh5d1 repli$ ,philo1 t ,i argue ) ,clean!s 9 8 own way2 &1 by %[+ him ! dang]\s consequ5ces ( 8 t5ets1 hope at la/ to r$uce him to our op9ion4 ,b :at /icks mo/ ) y1 ,i obs]ve1 is ! repres5tation :i* ,clean!s has made ( ! argum5t a po/]iori2 & f9d+ t t argum5t is likely to escape y\r hold & vani% into air1 y ?9k x s disguis$1 t y c sc>cely believe x to be set 9 its true light4 ,n[1 h[ev] mu* ,i may diss5t1 9 o!r respects1 f ! dang]\s pr9ciples ( ,clean!s1 ,i mu/ all[ t he has fairly repres5t$ t argum5t2 & ,i %all endeav\r s to /ate ! matt] to y1 t y w ent]ta9 no f>!r scruples ) reg>d to x4 ,7 a man to ab/ract f e ?+ :i* he kn[s or has se51 he w\ld be altoge!r incapable1 m]ely f 8 own ideas1 to det]m9e :at k9d ( sc5e ! univ]se mu/ be1 or to give ! pref]5ce to "o /ate or situation ( ?+s above ano!r4 ,= z no?+ :i* he cle>ly conceives c\ld be e/eem$ impossible or imply+ a contradiction1 e *im]a ( 8 fancy w\ld be ^u an equal foot+2 nor c\ld he assign any j reason :y he adh]es to "o idea or sy/em1 & rejects ! o!rs :i* are equally possible4 ,aga92 aft] he op5s 8 eyes1 & contemplates ! _w z x really is1 x w\ld be impossible = him at fir/ to assign ! cause ( any "o ev5t1 mu* less ( ! :ole ( ?+s1 or ( ! univ]se4 ,he might set 8 fancy a rambl+2 & %e might br+ him 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( reports & repres5tations4 ,^! w\ld all be possible2 b be+ all equally possible1 he w\ld nev] ( himself give a satisfactory acc\nt = 8 pref]r+ "o ( !m to ! re/4 ,exp]i5ce alone c po9t out to him ! true cause ( any ph5om5on4 ,n[1 accord+ to ?is me?od ( reason+1 ,demea1 x foll[s1 7& is1 inde$1 tacitly all[$ by ,clean!s himself71 t ord]1 arrangem5t1 or ! adju/m5t ( f9al causes1 is n ( itself any pro( ( design2 b only s f> z x has be5 exp]i5c$ to proce$ f t pr9ciple4 ,= aught we c "k a priori1 matt] may conta9 ! s\rce or spr+ ( ord] orig9ally )9 itself1 z well z m9d does2 & !re is no m difficulty 9 conceiv+1 t ! sev]al elem5ts1 f an int]nal unkn[n cause1 may fall into ! mo/ exquisite arrangem5t1 ?an to conceive t _! ideas1 9 ! great univ]sal m9d1 f a l int]nal unkn[n cause1 fall into t arrangem5t4 ,! equal possibility ( bo? ^! suppositions is all[$4 ,b1 by exp]i5ce1 we f9d1 7accord+ to ,clean!s71 t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,?r[ sev]al pieces ( /eel toge!r1 )\t %ape or =m2 !y w nev] arrange !mselves s z to compose a wat*4 ,/one1 & mort>1 & wood1 )\t an ar*itect1 nev] erect a h\se4 ,b ! ideas 9 a human m9d1 we see1 by an unkn[n1 inexplicable economy1 arrange !mselves s z to =m ! plan ( a wat* or h\se4 ,exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 proves1 t !re is an orig9al pr9ciple ( ord] 9 m9d1 n 9 matt]4 ,f simil> effects we inf] simil> causes4 ,! adju/m5t ( means to ends is alike 9 ! univ]se1 z 9 a ma*9e ( human contrivance4 ,! causes1 !re=e1 mu/ be resembl+4 ,i 0 f ! beg9n+ sc&aliz$1 ,i mu/ own1 ) ?is resemblance1 :i* is ass]t$1 betwe5 ! ,deity & human creatures2 & mu/ conceive x to imply su* a degradation ( ! ,supreme ,be+ z no s\nd ,!i/ c\ld endure4 ,) y\r assi/ance1 !re=e1 ,demea1 ,i %all endeav\r to def5d :at y ju/ly call ! adorable my/]i\sness ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 & %all refute ?is reason+ ( ,clean!s1 provid$ he all[s t ,i h made a fair repres5tation ( x4 ,:5 ,clean!s _h ass5t$1 ,philo1 aft] a %ort pause1 proce$$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,t all inf]5ces1 ,clean!s1 conc]n+ fact1 are f\nd$ on exp]i5ce2 & t all exp]im5tal reason+s are f\nd$ on ! supposition t simil> causes prove simil> effects1 & simil> effects simil> causes2 ,i %all n at pres5t mu* dispute ) y4 ,b obs]ve1 ,i entreat y1 ) :at extreme caution all j reason]s proce$ 9 ! transf]r+ ( exp]im5ts to simil> cases4 ,unless ! cases be exactly simil>1 !y repose no p]fect confid5ce 9 apply+ _! pa/ obs]vation to any p>ticul> ph5om5on4 ,e alt]ation ( circum/ances occasions a d\bt conc]n+ ! ev5t2 & x requires new exp]im5ts to prove c]ta9ly1 t ! new circum/ances are ( no mom5t or importance4 ,a *ange 9 bulk1 situation1 arrangem5t1 age1 disposition ( ! air1 or surr\nd+ bodies2 any ( ^! p>ticul>s may be att5d$ ) ! mo/ unexpect$ consequ5ces3 ,& unless ! objects be q famili> to u1 x is ! highe/ tem]ity to expect ) assurance1 aft] any ( ^! *anges1 an ev5t simil> to t :i* be=e fell "u our obs]vation4 ,! sl[ & delib]ate /eps ( philosoph]s "h1 if any :]e1 are di/+ui%$ f ! precipitate m>* ( ! vulg>1 :o1 hurri$ on by ! smalle/ similitude1 are incapable ( all disc]nm5t or consid]ation4 ,b c y ?9k1 ,clean!s1 t y\r usual phlegm & philosophy h be5 pres]v$ 9 s wide a /ep z y h tak51 :5 y comp>$ to ! univ]se h\ses1 %ips1 furniture1 ma*9es1 &1 f _! simil>ity 9 "s circum/ances1 inf]r$ a simil>ity 9 _! causes8 ,?\ght1 design1 intellig5ce1 su* z we discov] 9 m5 & o!r animals1 is no m ?an "o ( ! spr+s & pr9ciples ( ! univ]se1 z well z heat or cold1 attraction or repulsion1 & a hundr$ o!rs1 :i* fall "u daily obs]vation4 ,x is an active cause1 by :i* "s p>ticul> p>ts ( nature1 we f9d1 produce alt]ations on o!r p>ts4 ,b c a conclusion1 ) any propriety1 be transf]r$ f p>ts to ! :ole8 ,does n ! great disproportion b> all comp>ison & inf]5ce8 ,f obs]v+ ! gr[? ( a hair1 c we le>n any ?+ conc]n+ ! g5]ation ( a man8 ,w\ld ! mann] ( a leaf's bl[+1 ev5 ?\gh p]fectly kn[n1 af=d u any in/ruction conc]n+ ! vegetation ( a tree8 ,b1 all[+ t we 7 to take ! op]ations ( "o "p ( nature ^u ano!r1 = ! f\ndation ( our judgm5t conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! :ole1 7:i* nev] c be admitt$71 yet :y select s m9ute1 s weak1 s b\nd$ a pr9ciple1 z ! reason & design ( animals is f\nd to be ^u ?is planet8 ,:at peculi> privilege has ?is little agitation ( ! bra9 :i* we call ?\ght1 t we mu/ ?us make x ! model ( ! :ole univ]se8 ,our p>tiality 9 our own fav\r does inde$ pres5t x on all occasions2 b s\nd philosophy ought c>efully to gu>d aga9/ s natural an illusion4 ,s f> f admitt+1 cont9u$ ,philo1 t ! op]ations ( a "p c af=d u any j conclusion conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! :ole1 ,i w n all[ any "o "p to =m a rule = ano!r "p1 if ! latt] be v remote f ! =m]4 ,is !re any reasonable gr\nd to conclude1 t ! inhabitants ( o!r planets possess ?\ght1 intellig5ce1 reason1 or any ?+ simil> to ^! faculties 9 m58 ,:5 nature has s extremely div]sifi$ h] mann] ( op]ation 9 ?is small globe1 c we imag9e t %e incessantly copies h]self ?r\gh\t s imm5se a univ]se8 ,& if ?\ght1 z we may well suppose1 be conf9$ m]ely to ?is n>r[ corn]1 & has ev5 !re s limit$ a sph]e ( action1 ) :at propriety c we assign x = ! orig9al cause ( all ?+s8 ,! n>r[ views ( a peasant1 :o makes 8 dome/ic economy ! rule = ! gov]nm5t ( k+doms1 is 9 comp>ison a p>donable sophism4 ,b 7 we ev] s mu* assur$1 t a ?\ght & reason1 resembl+ ! human1 7 to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole univ]se1 & 7 its activity else:]e va/ly great] & m comm&+ ?an x appe>s 9 ?is globe2 yet ,i _c see1 :y ! op]ations ( a _w con/itut$1 arrang$1 adju/$1 c ) any propriety be ext5d$ to a _w :i* is 9 its embryo-/ate1 & is advanc+ t[>ds t con/itution & arrangem5t4 ,by obs]vation1 we "k some:at ( ! economy1 action1 & n\ri%m5t ( a f9i%$ animal2 b we mu/ transf] ) great caution t obs]vation to ! gr[? ( a foetus 9 ! womb1 & /ill m to ! =mation ( an animalcule 9 ! lo9s ( its male p>5t4 ,nature1 we f9d1 ev5 f our limit$ exp]i5ce1 possesses an inf9ite numb] ( spr+s & pr9ciples1 :i* incessantly discov] !mselves on e *ange ( h] position & situation4 ,& :at new & unkn[n pr9ciples w\ld actuate h] 9 s new & unkn[n a situation z t ( ! =mation ( a univ]se1 we _c1 )\t ! utmo/ tem]ity1 pret5d to det]m9e4 ,a v small "p ( ?is great sy/em1 dur+ a v %ort "t1 is v imp]fectly discov]$ to u2 & d we !nce pron\nce decisively conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! :ole8 ,admirable conclusion6 ,/one1 wood1 brick1 iron1 brass1 h n1 at ?is "t1 9 ?is m9ute globe ( e>?1 an ord] or arrangem5t )\t human art & contrivance2 !re=e ! univ]se c\ld n orig9ally atta9 its ord] & arrangem5t1 )\t some?+ simil> to human art4 ,b is a "p ( nature a rule = ano!r "p v wide ( ! =m]8 ,is x a rule = ! :ole8 ,is a v small "p a rule = ! univ]se8 ,is nature 9 "o situation1 a c]ta9 rule = nature 9 ano!r situation va/ly diff]5t f ! =m]8 ,& c y blame me1 ,clean!s1 if ,i "h imitate ! prud5t res]ve ( ,simonides1 :o1 accord+ to ! not$ /ory1 be+ ask$ by ,hi]o1 ,:at ,god 08 desir$ a day to ?9k ( x1 & !n two days m2 & aft] t mann] cont9ually prolong$ ! t]m1 )\t ev] br++ 9 8 def9ition or description8 ,c\ld y ev5 blame me1 if ,i _h answ]$ at fir/1 t ,i did n "k1 & 0 s5sible t ?is subject lay va/ly beyond ! rea* ( my faculties8 ,y might cry out sceptic & ralli]1 z mu* z y pleas$3 b hav+ f\nd1 9 s _m o!r subjects mu* m famili>1 ! imp]fections & ev5 contradictions ( human reason1 ,i nev] %\ld expect any success f its feeble conjectures1 9 a subject s sublime1 & s remote f ! sph]e ( our obs]vation4 ,:5 two species ( objects h always be5 obs]v$ to be conjo9$ toge!r1 ,i c inf]1 by cu/om1 ! exi/5ce ( "o :]ev] ,i see ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r2 & ?is ,i call an argum5t f exp]i5ce4 ,b h[ ?is argum5t c h place1 :]e ! objects1 z 9 ! pres5t case1 are s+le1 individual1 )\t p>allel1 or specific resemblance1 may be difficult to expla94 ,& w any man tell me ) a s]i\s c\nt5ance1 t an ord]ly univ]se mu/ arise f "s ?\ght & art l ! human1 because we h exp]i5ce ( x8 ,to asc]ta9 ?is reason+1 x 7 requisite t we _h exp]i5ce ( ! orig9 ( worlds2 & x is n suffici5t1 surely1 t we h se5 %ips & cities arise f human art & contrivance4 ,philo 0 proce$+ 9 ?is vehem5t mann]1 some:at betwe5 je/ & e>ne/1 z x appe>$ to me1 :5 he obs]v$ "s signs ( impati5ce 9 ,clean!s1 & !n imm$iately /opp$ %ort4 ,:at ,i _h to sugge/1 said ,clean!s1 is only t y w\ld n abuse t]ms1 or make use ( popul> expressions to subv]t philosophical reason+s4 ,y "k1 t ! vulg> (t5 di/+ui% reason f exp]i5ce1 ev5 :]e ! "q relates only to matt] ( fact & exi/5ce2 ?\gh x is f\nd1 :]e t reason is prop]ly analyz$1 t x is no?+ b a species ( exp]i5ce4 ,to prove by exp]i5ce ! orig9 ( ! univ]se f m9d1 is n m contr>y to common spee*1 ?an to prove ! motion ( ! e>? f ! same pr9ciple4 ,& a cavill] might raise all ! same objections to ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 :i* y h urg$ aga9/ my reason+s4 ,h y o!r e>?s1 might he say1 :i* y h se5 to move8 ,h4444 ,yes6 cri$ ,philo1 int]rupt+ him1 we h o!r e>?s4 ,is n ! moon ano!r e>?1 :i* we see to turn r\nd its c5tre8 ,is n ,v5us ano!r e>?1 :]e we obs]ve ! same ph5om5on8 ,are n ! revolutions ( ! sun also a confirmation1 f analogy1 ( ! same !ory8 ,all ! planets1 are !y n e>?s1 :i* revolve ab\t ! sun8 ,are n ! satellites moons1 :i* move r\nd ,jupit] & ,saturn1 & along ) ^! prim>y planets r\nd ! sun8 ,^! analogies & resemblances1 ) o!rs :i* ,i h n m5tion$1 are ! sole pro(s ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em2 & to y x belongs to consid]1 :e!r y h any analogies ( ! same k9d to support y\r !ory4 ,9 reality1 ,clean!s1 cont9u$ he1 ! mod]n sy/em ( a/ronomy is n[ s mu* receiv$ by all inquir]s1 & has become s ess5tial a "p ev5 ( our e>lie/ education1 t we are n commonly v scrupul\s 9 exam9+ ! reasons ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,x is n[ become a matt] ( m]e curiosity to /udy ! fir/ writ]s on t subject1 :o _h ! full =ce ( prejudice to enc\nt]1 & 7 oblig$ to turn _! argum5ts on e side 9 ord] to r5d] !m popul> & conv9c+4 ,b if we p]use ,galilo's fam\s ,dialogues conc]n+ ! sy/em ( ! _w1 we %all f9d1 t t great g5ius1 "o ( ! sublime/ t ev] exi/$1 fir/ b5t all 8 endeav\rs to prove1 t !re 0 no f\ndation = ! di/9ction commonly made betwe5 elem5t>y & cele/ial sub/ances4 ,! s*ools1 proce$+ f ! illusions ( s5se1 _h c>ri$ ?is di/9ction v f>2 & _h e/abli%$ ! latt] sub/ances to be +5]able1 incorruptible1 unalt]able1 impassible2 & _h assign$ all ! opposite qualities to ! =m]4 ,b ,galilo1 beg9n+ ) ! moon1 prov$ its simil>ity 9 e p>ticul> to ! e>?2 its convex figure1 its natural d>kness :5 n illum9at$1 its d5sity1 its di/9ction into solid & liquid1 ! v>iations ( its phases1 ! mutual illum9ations ( ! e>? & moon1 _! mutual eclipses1 ! inequalities ( ! lun> surface1 c4 ,aft] _m in/ances ( ?is k9d1 ) reg>d to all ! planets1 m5 pla9ly saw t ^! bodies became prop] objects ( exp]i5ce2 & t ! simil>ity ( _! nature enabl$ u to ext5d ! same argum5ts & ph5om5a f "o to ! o!r4 ,9 ?is cauti\s proce$+ ( ! a/ronom]s1 y may read y\r own condemnation1 ,clean!s2 or r may see1 t ! subject 9 :i* y are engag$ exce$s all human reason & inquiry4 ,c y pret5d to %[ any su* simil>ity betwe5 ! fabric ( a h\se1 f9d ! g5]ation ( a univ]se8 ,h y ev] se5 nature 9 any su* situation z resembles ! fir/ arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts8 ,h worlds ev] be5 =m$ "u y\r eye2 & h y _h leisure to obs]ve ! :ole progress ( ! ph5om5on1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ord] to its f9al consummation8 ,if y h1 !n cite y\r exp]i5ce1 & deliv] y\r !ory4 #a ,re*]*e de la ,v]it1 liv4 #c1 cap4 #i4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,h[ ! mo/ absurd argum5t1 repli$ ,clean!s1 9 ! h&s ( a man ( +5uity & inv5tion1 may acquire an air ( probability6 ,are y n aw>e1 ,philo1 t x became necess>y = ,cop]nicus & 8 fir/ disciples to prove ! simil>ity ( ! t]re/rial & cele/ial matt]2 because sev]al philosoph]s1 bl9d$ by old sy/ems1 & support$ by "s s5sible appe>ances1 _h d5i$ ?is simil>ity8 b t x is by no means necess>y1 t ,!i/s %\ld prove ! simil>ity ( ! works ( ,nature to ^? ( ,art2 because ?is simil>ity is self-evid5t & und5iable8 ,! same matt]1 a l =m2 :at m is requisite to %[ an analogy betwe5 _! causes1 & to asc]ta9 ! orig9 ( all ?+s f a div9e purpose & int5tion8 ,y\r objections1 ,i mu/ freely tell y1 are no bett] ?an ! ab/ruse cavils ( ^? philosoph]s :o d5i$ motion2 & ought to be refut$ 9 ! same mann]1 by illu/rations1 examples & in/ances1 r ?an by s]i\s argum5t & philosophy4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 t an articulate voice 7 he>d1 9 ! cl\ds1 mu* l\d] & m melodi\s ?an any :i* human art c\ld ev] rea*3 ,suppose1 t ?is voice 7 ext5d$ 9 ! same in/ant ov] all nations1 & spoke to ea* nation 9 its own language & dialect3 ,suppose1 t ! words deliv]$ n only conta9 a j s5se & mean+1 b convey "s in/ruction altoge!r wor?y ( a b5evol5t ,be+1 sup]ior to mank9d3 ,c\ld y possibly hesitate a mom5t conc]n+ ! cause ( ?is voice8 & mu/ y n in/antly ascribe x to "s design or purpose8 ,yet ,i _c see b all ! same objections 7if !y m]it t appellation7 :i* lie aga9/ ! sy/em ( ,!ism1 may also be produc$ aga9/ ?is inf]5ce4 ,might y n say1 t all conclusions conc]n+ fact 7 f\nd$ on exp]i5ce3 t :5 we he> an articulate voice 9 ! d>k1 & !nce inf] a man1 x is only ! resemblance ( ! effects :i* leads u to conclude t !re is a l resemblance 9 ! cause3 b t ?is extraord9>y voice1 by its l\dness1 ext5t1 & flexibility to all languages1 be>s s little analogy to any human voice1 t we h no reason to suppose any analogy 9 _! causes3 & consequ5tly1 t a rational1 wise1 coh]5t spee* proce$$1 y "k n :5ce1 f "s accid5tal :i/l+ ( ! w9ds1 n f any div9e reason or intellig5ce8 ,y see cle>ly y\r own objections 9 ^! cavils1 & ,i hope too y see cle>ly1 t !y _c possibly h m =ce 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b to br+ ! case /ill ne>] ! pres5t "o ( ! univ]se1 ,i %all make two suppositions1 :i* imply n any absurdity or impossibility4 ,suppose t !re is a natural1 univ]sal1 inv>iable language1 common to e individual ( human race2 & t books are natural productions1 :i* p]petuate !mselves 9 ! same mann] ) animals & vegetables1 by desc5t & propagation4 ,sev]al expressions ( our passions conta9 a univ]sal language3 all brute animals h a natural spee*1 :i*1 h[ev] limit$1 is v intelligible to _! own species4 ,& z !re are inf9itely few] p>ts & less contrivance 9 ! f9e/ composition ( eloqu5ce1 ?an 9 ! co>se/ organiz$ body1 ! propagation ( an ,iliad or neid is an easi] supposition ?an t ( any plant or animal4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 t y ent] into y\r libr>y1 ?us peopl$ by natural volumes1 conta9+ ! mo/ ref9$ reason & mo/ exquisite beauty2 c\ld y possibly op5 "o ( !m1 & d\bt1 t its orig9al cause bore ! /ronge/ analogy to m9d & intellig5ce8 ,:5 x reasons & disc\rses2 :5 x expo/ulates1 argues1 & en=ces its views & topics2 :5 x applies sometimes to ! pure intellect1 sometimes to ! affections2 :5 x collects1 disposes1 & adorns e consid]ation suit$ to ! subject2 c\ld y p]si/ 9 ass]t+1 t all ?is1 at ! bottom1 _h really no mean+2 & t ! fir/ =mation ( ?is volume 9 ! lo9s ( its orig9al p>5t proce$$ n f ?\ght & design8 ,y\r ob/9acy1 ,i "k1 rea*es n t degree ( firmness3 ev5 y\r sceptical play & wantonness w\ld be aba%$ at s gl>+ an absurdity4 ,b if !re be any diff]5ce1 ,philo1 betwe5 ?is suppos$ case & ! real "o ( ! univ]se1 x is all to ! advantage ( ! latt]4 ,! anatomy ( an animal af=ds _m /rong] in/ances ( design ?an ! p]usal ( ,livy or ,tacitus2 & any objection :i* y />t 9 ! =m] case1 by c>ry+ me back to s unusual & extraord9>y a sc5e z ! fir/ =mation ( worlds1 ! same objection has place on ! supposition ( our vegetat+ libr>y4 ,*oose1 !n1 y\r p>ty1 ,philo1 )\t ambiguity or evasion2 ass]t ei!r t a rational volume is no pro( ( a rational cause1 or admit ( a simil> cause to all ! works ( nature4 ,let me "h obs]ve too1 cont9u$ ,clean!s1 t ?is religi\s argum5t1 in/ead ( be+ weak5$ by t scepticism s mu* affect$ by y1 r acquires =ce f x1 & becomes m firm & undisput$4 ,to exclude all argum5t or reason+ ( e k9d1 is ei!r affectation or madness4 ,! decl>$ pr(ession ( e reasonable sceptic is only to reject ab/ruse1 remote1 & ref9$ argum5ts2 to adh]e to common s5se & ! pla9 in/9cts ( nature2 & to ass5t1 :]ev] any reasons /rike him ) s full a =ce t he _c1 )\t ! greate/ viol5ce1 prev5t x4 ,n[ ! argum5ts = ,natural ,religion are pla9ly ( ?is k9d2 & no?+ b ! mo/ p]v]se1 ob/9ate metaphysics c reject !m4 ,consid]1 anatomize ! eye2 survey its /ructure & contrivance2 & tell me1 f y\r own feel+1 if ! idea ( a contriv] does n imm$iately fl[ 9 ^u y ) a =ce l t ( s5sation4 ,! mo/ obvi\s conclusion1 surely1 is 9 fav\r ( design2 & x requires "t1 reflection1 & /udy1 to summon up ^? frivol\s1 ?\gh ab/ruse objections1 :i* c support ,infidelity4 ,:o c behold ! male & female ( ea* species1 ! correspond5ce ( _! p>ts & in/9cts1 _! passions1 & :ole c\rse ( life be=e & aft] g5]ation1 b mu/ be s5sible1 t ! propagation ( ! species is int5d$ by ,nature8 ,millions & millions ( su* in/ances pres5t !mselves ?r\gh e "p ( ! univ]se2 & no language c convey a m intelligible irresi/ible mean+1 ?an ! curi\s adju/m5t ( f9al causes4 ,to :at degree1 !re=e1 ( bl9d dogmatism mu/ "o h atta9$1 to reject su* natural & su* conv9c+ argum5ts8 ,"s beauties 9 writ+ we may meet )1 :i* seem contr>y to rules1 & :i* ga9 ! affections1 & animate ! imag9ation1 9 opposition to all ! precepts ( criticism1 & to ! au?ority ( ! e/abli%$ ma/]s ( art4 ,& if ! argum5t = ,!ism be1 z y pret5d1 contradictory to ! pr9ciples ( logic2 its univ]sal1 its irresi/ible influ5ce proves cle>ly1 t !re may be argum5ts ( a l irregul> nature4 ,:atev] cavils may be urg$1 an ord]ly _w1 z well z a coh]5t1 articulate spee*1 w /ill be receiv$ z an inconte/able pro( ( design & int5tion4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 ,i own1 t ! religi\s argum5ts h n _! due influ5ce on an ignorant savage & b>b>ian2 n because !y are obscure & difficult1 b because he nev] asks himself any "q ) reg>d to !m4 ,:5ce arises ! curi\s /ructure ( an animal8 ,f ! copulation ( its p>5ts4 ,& ^! :5ce8 ,f _! p>5ts8 ,a few removes set ! objects at su* a di/ance1 t to him !y are lo/ 9 d>kness & confusion2 nor is he actuat$ by any curiosity to trace !m f>!r4 ,b ?is is nei!r dogmatism nor scepticism1 b /upidity3 a /ate ( m9d v diff]5t f y\r sift+1 inquisitive disposition1 my +5i\s fri5d4 ,y c trace causes f effects3 ,y c comp>e ! mo/ di/ant & remote objects3 & y\r greate/ errors proce$ n f b>r5ness ( ?\ght & inv5tion1 b f too luxuriant a f]tility1 :i* suppresses y\r natural good s5se1 by a pr(usion ( unnecess>y scruples & objections4 ,"h ,i c\ld obs]ve1 ,h]mippus1 t ,philo 0 a little emb>rass$ & conf\nd$3 ,b :ile he hesitat$ 9 deliv]+ an answ]1 luckily = him1 ,demea broke 9 ^u ! disc\rse1 & sav$ 8 c\nt5ance4 ,y\r in/ance1 ,clean!s1 said he1 drawn f books & language1 be+ famili>1 has1 ,i confess1 s mu* m =ce on t acc\nt3 b is !re n "s dang] too 9 ?is v circum/ance2 & may x n r5d] u presumptu\s1 by mak+ u imag9e we compreh5d ! ,deity1 & h "s adequate idea ( 8 nature & attributes8 ,:5 ,i read a volume1 ,i ent] into ! m9d & int5tion ( ! au?or3 ,i become him1 9 a mann]1 = ! in/ant2 & h an imm$iate feel+ & conception ( ^? ideas :i* revolv$ 9 8 imag9ation :ile employ$ 9 t composition4 ,b s ne> an approa* we nev] surely c make to ! ,deity4 ,8 ways are n our ways4 ,8 attributes are p]fect1 b incompreh5sible4 ,& ?is volume ( nature conta9s a great & inexplicable riddle1 m ?an any intelligible disc\rse or reason+4 ,! anci5t ,platoni/s1 y "k1 7 ! mo/ religi\s & dev\t ( all ! ,pagan philosoph]s2 yet _m ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ,plot9us1 expressly decl>e1 t intellect or und]/&+ is n to be ascrib$ to ! ,deity2 & t our mo/ p]fect wor%ip ( him consi/s1 n 9 acts ( v5]ation1 rev]5ce1 gratitude1 or love2 b 9 a c]ta9 my/]i\s self-annihilation1 or total ext9ction ( all our faculties4 ,^! ideas are1 p]haps1 too f> /ret*$2 b /ill x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 t1 by repres5t+ ! ,deity z s intelligible & compreh5sible1 & s simil> to a human m9d1 we are guilty ( ! grosse/ & mo/ n>r[ p>tiality1 & make ourselves ! model ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,all ! s5tim5ts ( ! human m9d1 gratitude1 res5tm5t1 love1 fri5d%ip1 approbation1 blame1 pity1 emulation1 envy1 h a pla9 ref]5ce to ! /ate & situation ( man1 & are calculat$ = pres]v+ ! exi/5ce & promot+ ! activity ( su* a be+ 9 su* circum/ances4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 unreasonable to transf] su* s5tim5ts to a supreme exi/5ce1 or to suppose him actuat$ by !m2 & ! ph5om5a besides ( ! univ]se w n support u 9 su* a !ory4 ,all our ideas d]iv$ f ! s5ses are confess$ly false & illusive2 & _c !re=e be suppos$ to h place 9 a supreme intellig5ce3 ,& z ! ideas ( int]nal s5tim5t1 add$ to ^? ( ! ext]nal s5ses1 compose ! :ole furniture ( human und]/&+1 we may conclude1 t none ( ! mat]ials ( ?\ght are 9 any respect simil> 9 ! human & 9 ! div9e intellig5ce4 ,n[1 z to ! mann] ( ?9k+2 h[ c we make any comp>ison betwe5 !m1 or suppose !m any wise resembl+8 ,our ?\ght is fluctuat+1 unc]ta91 fleet+1 successive1 & comp\nd$2 & 7 we to remove ^! circum/ances1 we absolutely annihilate its ess5ce1 & x w\ld 9 su* a case be an abuse ( t]ms to apply to x ! "n ( ?\ght or reason4 ,at lea/ if x appe> m pi\s & respectful 7z x really is7 /ill to reta9 ^! t]ms1 :5 we m5tion ! ,supreme ,be+1 we ought to ackn[l$ge1 t _! mean+1 9 t case1 is totally incompreh5sible2 & t ! infirmities ( our nature d n p]mit u to rea* any ideas :i* 9 ! lea/ correspond to ! ineffable sublimity ( ! ,div9e attributes4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,x seems /range to me1 said ,clean!s1 t y1 ,demea1 :o are s s9c]e 9 ! cause ( religion1 %\ld /ill ma9ta9 ! my/]i\s1 incompreh5sible nature ( ! ,deity1 & %\ld insi/ s /r5u\sly t he has no mann] ( lik5ess or resemblance to human creatures4 ,! ,deity1 ,i c readily all[1 possesses _m p[]s & attributes ( :i* we c h no compreh5sion3 ,b if our ideas1 s f> z !y g1 be n j1 & adequate1 & correspond5t to 8 real nature1 ,i "k n :at !re is 9 ?is subject wor? insi/+ on4 ,is ! "n1 )\t any mean+1 ( su* mighty importance8 ,or h[ d y my/ics1 :o ma9ta9 ! absolute incompreh5sibility ( ! ,deity1 diff] f ,sceptics or ,a!i/s1 :o ass]t1 t ! fir/ cause ( all is unkn[n & un9telligible8 ,_! tem]ity mu/ be v great1 if1 aft] reject+ ! production by a m9d1 ,i mean a m9d resembl+ ! human1 7= ,i "k ( no o!r71 !y pret5d to assign1 ) c]ta9ty1 any o!r specific intelligible cause3 ,& _! consci5ce mu/ be v scrupul\s inde$1 if !y refuse to call ! univ]sal unkn[n cause a ,god or ,deity2 & to be/[ on him z _m sublime eulogies & unmean+ epi!ts z y %all please to require ( !m4 ,:o c\ld imag9e1 repli$ ,demea1 t ,clean!s1 ! calm philosophical ,clean!s1 w\ld attempt to refute 8 antagoni/s by affix+ a nickname to !m2 &1 l ! common bigots & inquisitors ( ! age1 h rec\rse to invective & declamation1 in/ead ( reason+8 ,or does he n p]ceive1 t ^! topics are easily retort$1 & t ,an?ropomorphite is an appellation z invidi\s1 & implies z dang]\s consequ5ces1 z ! epi!t ( ,my/ic1 ) :i* he has hon\r$ u8 ,9 reality1 ,clean!s1 consid] :at x is y ass]t :5 y repres5t ! ,deity z simil> to a human m9d & und]/&+4 ,:at is ! s\l ( man8 ,a composition ( v>i\s faculties1 passions1 s5tim5ts1 ideas2 unit$1 inde$1 into "o self or p]son1 b /ill di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,:5 x reasons1 ! ideas1 :i* are ! p>ts ( its disc\rse1 arrange !mselves 9 a c]ta9 =m or ord]2 :i* is n pres]v$ entire = a mom5t1 b imm$iately gives place to ano!r arrangem5t4 ,new op9ions1 new passions1 new affections1 new feel+s arise1 :i* cont9ually div]sify ! m5tal sc5e1 & produce 9 x ! greate/ v>iety & mo/ rapid succession imag9able4 ,h[ is ?is compatible ) t p]fect immutability & simplicity :i* all true ,!i/s ascribe to ! ,deity8 ,by ! same act1 say !y1 he sees pa/1 pres5t1 & future3 ,8 love & hatr$1 8 m]cy & ju/ice1 are "o individual op]ation3 ,he is entire 9 e po9t ( space2 & complete 9 e in/ant ( duration4 ,no succession1 no *ange1 no acquisition1 no dim9ution4 ,:at he is implies n 9 x any %ad[ ( di/9ction or div]sity4 ,& :at he is ?is mom5t he ev] has be51 & ev] w be1 )\t any new judgm5t1 s5tim5t1 or op]ation4 ,he /&s fix$ 9 "o simple1 p]fect /ate3 nor c y ev] gay1 ) any propriety1 t ?is act ( 8 is diff]5t f t o!r2 or t ?is judgm5t or idea has be5 lately =m$1 & w give place1 by succession1 to any diff]5t judgm5t or idea4 ,i c readily all[1 said ,clean!s1 t ^? :o ma9ta9 ! p]fect simplicity ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 to ! ext5t 9 :i* y h expla9$ x1 are complete ,my/ics1 & *>geable ) all ! consequ5ces :i* ,i h drawn f _! op9ion4 ,!y are1 9 a ^w1 ,a!i/s1 )\t kn[+ x ,= ?\gh x be all[$1 t ! ,deity possesses attributes ( :i* we h no compreh5sion1 yet ought we nev] to ascribe to him any attributes :i* are absolutely incompatible ) t intellig5t nature ess5tial to him4 ,a m9d1 ^: acts & s5tim5ts & ideas are n di/9ct & successive2 "o1 t is :olly simple1 & totally immutable1 is a m9d :i* has no ?\ght1 no reason1 no w1 no s5tim5t1 no love1 no hatr$2 or1 9 a ^w1 is no m9d at all4 ,x is an abuse ( t]ms to give x t appellation2 & we may z well speak ( limit$ ext5sion )\t figure1 or ( numb] )\t composition4 ,pray consid]1 said ,philo1 :om y are at pres5t inveigh+ aga9/4 ,y are hon\r+ ) ! appellation ( ,a!i/ all ! s\nd1 or?odox div9es1 almo/1 :o h treat$ ( ?is subject2 & y w at la/ be1 y\rself1 f\nd1 accord+ to y\r reckon+1 ! only s\nd ,!i/ 9 ! _w4 ,b if idolat]s be ,a!i/s1 z1 ,i ?9k1 may ju/ly be ass]t$1 & ,*ri/ian ,!ologians ! same1 :at becomes ( ! argum5t1 s mu* celebrat$1 d]iv$ f ! univ]sal cons5t ( mank9d8 ,b because ,i "k y are n mu* sway$ by names & au?orities1 ,i %all endeav\r to %[ y1 a little m di/9ctly1 ! inconv5i5ces ( t ,an?ropomorphism1 :i* y h embrac$2 & %all prove1 t !re is no gr\nd to suppose a plan ( ! _w to be =m$ 9 ! ,div9e m9d1 consi/+ ( di/9ct ideas1 diff]5tly arrang$1 9 ! same mann] z an ar*itect =ms 9 8 head ! plan ( a h\se :i* he int5ds to execute4 ,x is n easy1 ,i own1 to see :at is ga9$ by ?is supposition1 :e!r we judge ( ! matt] by ,reason or by ,exp]i5ce4 ,we are /ill oblig$ to m\nt high]1 9 ord] to f9d ! cause ( ?is cause1 :i* y _h assign$ z satisfactory & conclusive4 ,if ,reason 7,i mean ab/ract reason1 d]iv$ f inquiries a priori7 be n alike mute ) reg>d to all que/ions conc]n+ cause & effect1 ?is s5t5ce at lea/ x w v5ture to pron\nce1 ,t a m5tal _w1 or univ]se ( ideas1 requires a cause z mu*1 z does a mat]ial _w1 or univ]se ( objects2 &1 if simil> 9 its arrangem5t1 mu/ require a simil> cause4 ,= :at is !re 9 ?is subject1 :i* %\ld occasion a diff]5t conclusion or inf]5ce8 ,9 an ab/ract view1 !y are entirely alike2 & no difficulty att5ds ! "o supposition1 :i* is n common to bo? ( !m4 ,aga91 :5 we w ne$s =ce ,exp]i5ce to pron\nce "s s5t5ce1 ev5 on ^! subjects :i* lie beyond h] sph]e1 nei!r c %e p]ceive any mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ?is p>ticul>1 betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( worlds2 b f9ds !m to be gov]n$ by simil> pr9ciples1 & to dep5d ^u an equal v>iety ( causes 9 _! op]ations4 ,we h specim5s 9 m9iature ( bo? ( !m4 ,our own m9d resembles ! "o2 a vegetable or animal body ! o!r4 ,let exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 judge f ^! samples4 ,no?+ seems m delicate1 ) reg>d to its causes1 ?an ?\ght2 & z ^! causes nev] op]ate 9 two p]sons aft] ! same mann]1 s we nev] f9d two p]sons :o ?9k exactly alike4 ,nor inde$ does ! same p]son ?9k exactly alike at any two diff]5t p]iods ( "t4 ,a diff]5ce ( age1 ( ! disposition ( 8 body1 ( wea!r1 ( food1 ( company1 ( books1 ( passions2 any ( ^! p>ticul>s1 or o!rs m m9ute1 are suffici5t to alt] ! curi\s ma*9]y ( ?\ght1 & communicate to x v diff]5t movem5ts & op]ations4 ,z f> z we c judge1 vegetables & animal bodies are n m delicate 9 _! motions1 nor dep5d ^u a great] v>iety or m curi\s adju/m5t ( spr+s & pr9ciples4 ,h[1 !re=e1 %all we satisfy ourselves conc]n+ ! cause ( t ,be+ :om y suppose ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 or1 accord+ to y\r sy/em ( ,an?ropomorphism1 ! ideal _w1 into :i* y trace ! mat]ial8 ,h we n ! same reason to trace t ideal _w into ano!r ideal _w1 or new intellig5t pr9ciple8 ,b if we /op1 & g no f>!r2 :y g s f>8 :y n /op at ! mat]ial _w8 ,h[ c we satisfy ourselves )\t go+ on 9 inf9itum8 ,&1 aft] all1 :at satisfaction is !re 9 t inf9ite progression8 ,let u rememb] ! /ory ( ! ,indian philosoph] & 8 elephant4 ,x 0 nev] m applicable ?an to ! pres5t subject4 ,if ! mat]ial _w re/s ^u a simil> ideal _w1 ?is ideal _w mu/ re/ ^u "s o!r2 & s on1 )\t end4 ,x 7 bett]1 !re=e1 nev] to look beyond ! pres5t mat]ial _w4 ,by suppos+ x to conta9 ! pr9ciple ( its ord] )9 itself1 we really ass]t x to be ,god2 & ! soon] we arrive at t ,div9e ,be+1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,:5 y g "o /ep beyond ! mundane sy/em1 y only excite an inquisitive hum\r :i* x is impossible ev] to satisfy4 ,to say1 t ! diff]5t ideas :i* compose ! reason ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 fall into ord] ( !mselves1 & by _! own nature1 is really to talk )\t any precise mean+4 ,if x has a mean+1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k1 :y x is n z good s5se to say1 t ! p>ts ( ! mat]ial _w fall into ord] ( !mselves & by _! own nature4 ,c ! "o op9ion be intelligible1 :ile ! o!r is n s8 ,we h1 inde$1 exp]i5ce ( ideas :i* fall into ord] ( !mselves1 & )\t any kn[n cause4 ,b1 ,i am sure1 we h a mu* l>g] exp]i5ce ( matt] :i* does ! same2 z1 9 all in/ances ( g5]ation & vegetation1 :]e ! accurate analysis ( ! cause exce$s all human compreh5sion4 ,we h also exp]i5ce ( p>ticul> sy/ems ( ?\ght & ( matt] :i* h no ord]2 ( ! fir/ 9 madness1 ( ! second 9 corruption4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we ?9k1 t ord] is m ess5tial to "o ?an ! o!r8 ,& if x requires a cause 9 bo?1 :at d we ga9 by y\r sy/em1 9 trac+ ! univ]se ( objects into a simil> univ]se ( ideas8 ,! fir/ /ep :i* we make leads u on = ev]4 ,x 71 !re=e1 wise 9 u to limit all our inquiries to ! pres5t _w1 )\t look+ f>!r4 ,no satisfaction c ev] be atta9$ by ^! speculations1 :i* s f> exce$ ! n>r[ b\nds ( human und]/&+4 ,x 0 usual ) ! ,p]ipatetics1 y "k1 ,clean!s1 :5 ! cause ( any ph5om5on 0 dem&$1 to h rec\rse to _! faculties1 or occult qualities2 & to say1 = in/ance1 t bread1 n\ri%$ by its nutritive faculty1 & s5na purg$ by its purgative4 ,b x has be5 discov]$1 t ?is subt]fuge 0 no?+ b ! disguise ( ignorance2 & t ^! philosoph]s1 ?\gh less +5u\s1 really said ! same ?+ ) ! sceptics or ! vulg>1 :o fairly confess$ t !y knew n ! cause ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 x is ask$1 :at cause produces ord] 9 ! ideas ( ! ,supreme ,be+2 c any o!r reason be assign$ by y1 ,an?ropomorphites1 ?an t x is a rational faculty1 & t su* is ! nature ( ! ,deity8 ,b :y a simil> answ] w n be equally satisfactory 9 acc\nt+ = ! ord] ( ! _w1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to any su* intellig5t creator z y insi/ on1 may be difficult to det]m9e4 ,x is only to say1 t su* is ! nature ( mat]ial objects1 & t !y are all orig9ally possess$ ( a faculty ( ord] & proportion4 ,^! are only m le>n$ & elaborate ways ( confess+ our ignorance2 nor has ! "o hypo!sis any real advantage above ! o!r1 except 9 its great] con=mity to vulg> prejudices4 ,y h display$ ?is argum5t ) great emphasis1 repli$ ,clean!s3 ,y seem n s5sible h[ easy x is to answ] x4 ,ev5 9 common life1 if ,i assign a cause = any ev5t1 is x any objection1 ,philo1 t ,i _c assign ! cause ( t cause1 & answ] e new "q :i* may incessantly be />t$8 ,& :at philosoph]s c\ld possibly submit to s rigid a rule8 philosoph]s1 :o confess ultimate causes to be totally unkn[n2 & are s5sible1 t ! mo/ ref9$ pr9ciples into :i* !y trace ! ph5om5a1 are /ill to !m z inexplicable z ^! ph5om5a !mselves are to ! vulg>4 ,! ord] & arrangem5t ( nature1 ! curi\s adju/m5t ( f9al causes1 ! pla9 use & int5tion ( e "p & organ2 all ^! bespeak 9 ! cle>e/ language an intellig5t cause or au?or4 ,! heav5s & ! e>? jo9 9 ! same te/imony3 ,! :ole *orus ( ,nature raises "o hymn to ! praises ( its ,creator4 ,y alone1 or almo/ alone1 di/urb ?is g5]al h>mony4 ,y />t ab/ruse d\bts1 cavils1 & objections3 ,y ask me1 :at is ! cause ( ?is cause8 ,i "k n2 ,i c>e n2 t conc]ns n me4 ,i h f\nd a ,deity2 & "h ,i /op my inquiry4 ,let ^? g f>!r1 :o are wis] or m ent]pris+4 ,i pret5d to be nei!r1 repli$ ,philo3 ,& = t v reason1 ,i %\ld nev] p]haps h attempt$ to g s t>2 especially :5 ,i am s5sible1 t ,i mu/ at la/ be cont5t$ to sit d[n ) ! same answ]1 :i*1 )\t f>!r tr\ble1 might h satisfi$ me f ! beg9n+4 ,if ,i am /ill to rema9 9 utt] ignorance ( causes1 & c absolutely give an explication ( no?+1 ,i %all nev] e/eem x any advantage to %ove (f = a mom5t a difficulty1 :i*1 y ackn[l$ge1 mu/ imm$iately1 9 its full =ce1 recur ^u me4 ,naturali/s inde$ v ju/ly expla9 p>ticul> effects by m g5]al causes1 ?\gh ^! g5]al causes !mselves %\ld rema9 9 ! end totally inexplicable2 b !y nev] surely ?\ght x satisfactory to expla9 a p>ticul> effect by a p>ticul> cause1 :i* 0 no m to be acc\nt$ = ?an ! effect itself4 ,an ideal sy/em1 arrang$ ( itself1 )\t a prec$5t design1 is n a :it m explicable ?an a mat]ial "o1 :i* atta9s its ord] 9 a l mann]2 nor is !re any m difficulty 9 ! latt] supposition ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,,"p ,v4 ,b to %[ y /ill m inconv5i5ces1 cont9u$ ,philo1 9 y\r ,an?ropomorphism1 please to take a new survey ( y\r pr9ciples4 ,l effects prove l causes4 ,?is is ! exp]im5tal argum5t2 & ?is1 y say too1 is ! sole !ological argum5t4 ,n[1 x is c]ta91 t ! lik] ! effects are :i* are se51 & ! lik] ! causes :i* are inf]r$1 ! /rong] is ! argum5t4 ,e dep>ture on ei!r side dim9i%es ! probability1 & r5d]s ! exp]im5t less conclusive4 ,y _c d\bt ( ! pr9ciple2 nei!r ought y to reject its consequ5ces4 ,all ! new discov]ies 9 a/ronomy1 :i* prove ! imm5se gr&eur & magnific5ce ( ! works ( ,nature1 are s _m additional argum5ts = a ,deity1 accord+ to ! true sy/em ( ,!ism2 b1 accord+ to y\r hypo!sis ( exp]im5tal ,!ism1 !y become s _m objections1 by remov+ ! effect /ill f>!r f all resemblance to ! effects ( human art & contrivance4 ,=1 if ,lucretius1#a ev5 foll[+ ! old sy/em ( ! _w1 c\ld exclaim1 ,quis reg]e imm5si summam1 quis hab]e pr(undi ,indu manu validas potis e/ mod]ant] hab5as8 ,quis p>it] coelos omnes conv]t]e8 et omnes ,ignibus !riis t]ras suffire f]aces8 ,omnibus inque locis esse omni tempore pr/o8 ,if ,tully#b e/eem$ ?is reason+ s natural1 z to put x into ! m\? ( 8 ,epicurean3 ',quibus enim oculis animi intu]i potuit ve/] ,plato fabricam illam tanti op]is1 qua con/rui a ,deo atque dific>i mundum facit8 qu molito8 qu f]ram5ta8 qui vectes8 qu ma*98 qui m9/ri tanti mun]is fu]unt8 quemadmodum autem ob$ire et p>]e voluntati ar*itecti a]1 ignis1 aqua1 t]ra potu]unt8' ,if ?is argum5t1 ,i say1 _h any =ce 9 =m] ages1 h[ mu* great] mu/ x h at pres5t1 :5 ! b\nds ( ,nature are s inf9itely enl>g$1 & su* a magnific5t sc5e is op5$ to u8 ,x is /ill m unreasonable to =m our idea ( s unlimit$ a cause f our exp]i5ce ( ! n>r[ productions ( human design & inv5tion4 ,! discov]ies by microscopes1 z !y op5 a new univ]se 9 m9iature1 are /ill objections1 accord+ to y1 argum5ts1 accord+ to me4 ,! f>!r we pu% our rese>*es ( ?is k9d1 we are /ill l$ to inf] ! univ]sal cause ( all to be va/ly diff]5t f mank9d1 or f any object ( human exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,& :at say y to ! discov]ies 9 anatomy1 *emi/ry1 botany8444 ,^! surely are no objections1 repli$ ,clean!s2 !y only discov] new in/ances ( art & contrivance4 ,x is /ill ! image ( m9d reflect$ on u f innum]able objects4 ,add1 a m9d l ! human1 said ,philo4 ,i "k ( no o!r1 repli$ ,clean!s4 ,& ! lik] ! bett]1 insi/$ ,philo4 ,to be sure1 said ,clean!s4 ,n[1 ,clean!s1 said ,philo1 ) an air ( alacrity & triumph1 m>k ! consequ5ces4 ,fir/1 ,by ?is me?od ( reason+1 y r5\nce all claim to inf9ity 9 any ( ! attributes ( ! ,deity4 ,=1 z ! cause ought only to be proportion$ to ! effect1 & ! effect1 s f> z x falls "u our cognizance1 is n inf9ite2 :at pret5sions h we1 ^u y\r suppositions1 to ascribe t attribute to ! ,div9e ,be+8 ,y w /ill insi/1 t1 by remov+ him s mu* f all simil>ity to human creatures1 we give 9 to ! mo/ arbitr>y hypo!sis1 & at ! same "t weak5 all pro(s ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,secondly1 ,y h no reason1 on y\r !ory1 = ascrib+ p]fection to ! ,deity1 ev5 9 8 f9ite capacity1 or = suppos+ him free f e error1 mi/ake1 or incoh]5ce1 9 8 und]tak+s4 ,!re are _m inexplicable difficulties 9 ! works ( ,nature1 :i*1 if we all[ a p]fect au?or to be prov$ a priori1 are easily solv$1 & become only seem+ difficulties1 f ! n>r[ capacity ( man1 :o _c trace inf9ite relations4 ,b accord+ to y\r me?od ( reason+1 ^! difficulties become all real2 & p]haps w be insi/$ on1 z new in/ances ( lik5ess to human art & contrivance4 ,at lea/1 y mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t x is impossible = u to tell1 f our limit$ views1 :e!r ?is sy/em conta9s any great faults1 or des]ves any consid]able praise1 if comp>$ to o!r possible1 & ev5 real sy/ems4 ,c\ld a peasant1 if ! neid 7 read to him1 pron\nce t poem to be absolutely faultless1 or ev5 assign to x its prop] rank among ! productions ( human wit1 he1 :o _h nev] se5 any o!r production8 ,b 7 ?is _w ev] s p]fect a production1 x mu/ /ill rema9 unc]ta91 :e!r all ! excell5ces ( ! "w c ju/ly be ascrib$ to ! workman4 ,if we survey a %ip1 :at an exalt$ idea mu/ we =m ( ! +5uity ( ! c>p5t] :o fram$ s complicat$1 useful1 & beautiful a ma*9e8 ,& :at surprise mu/ we feel1 :5 we f9d him a /upid me*anic1 :o imitat$ o!rs1 & copi$ an art1 :i*1 ?r\gh a long succession ( ages1 aft] multipli$ trials1 mi/akes1 corrections1 delib]ations1 & controv]sies1 _h be5 gradually improv+8 ,_m worlds might h be5 bot*$ & bungl$1 ?r\gh\t an et]nity1 ere ?is sy/em 0 /ruck out2 mu* lab\r lo/1 _m fruitless trials made2 & a sl[1 b cont9u$ improvem5t c>ri$ on dur+ inf9ite ages 9 ! art ( _w-mak+4 ,9 su* subjects1 :o c det]m9e1 :]e ! tru?2 nay1 :o c conjecture :]e ! probability lies1 amid/ a great numb] ( hypo!ses :i* may be propos$1 & a /ill great] :i* may be imag9$8 ,& :at %ad[ ( an argum5t1 cont9u$ ,philo1 c y produce1 f y\r hypo!sis1 to prove ! unity ( ! ,deity8 ,a great numb] ( m5 jo9 9 build+ a h\se or %ip1 9 re>+ a city1 9 fram+ a commonweal?2 :y may n sev]al deities comb9e 9 contriv+ & fram+ a _w8 ,?is is only s mu* great] simil>ity to human affairs4 ,by %>+ ! "w among sev]al1 we may s mu* f>!r limit ! attributes ( ea*1 & get rid ( t ext5sive p[] & k1 :i* mu/ be suppos$ 9 "o deity1 & :i*1 accord+ to y1 c only s]ve to weak5 ! pro( ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,& if su* fooli%1 su* vici\s creatures z man1 c yet (t5 unite 9 fram+ & execut+ "o plan1 h[ mu* m ^? deities or demons1 :om we may suppose sev]al degrees m p]fect6 ,to multiply causes )\t necessity1 is inde$ contr>y to true philosophy3 b ?is pr9ciple applies n to ! pres5t case4 ,7 "o deity antec$5tly prov$ by y\r !ory1 :o 7 possess$ ( e attribute requisite to ! production ( ! univ]se2 x w\ld be ne$less1 ,i own1 7?\gh n absurd71 to suppose any o!r deity exi/5t4 ,b :ile x is /ill a "q1 ,:e!r all ^! attributes are unit$ 9 "o subject1 or disp]s$ among sev]al indep5d5t be+s1 by :at ph5om5a 9 nature c we pret5d to decide ! controv]sy8 ,:]e we see a body rais$ 9 a scale1 we are sure t !re is 9 ! opposite scale1 h[ev] conceal$ f sight1 "s c\nt]pois+ weight equal to x2 b x is /ill all[$ to d\bt1 :e!r t weight be an aggregate ( sev]al di/9ct bodies1 or "o uni=m unit$ mass4 ,& if ! weight requisite v mu* exce$s any ?+ :i* we h ev] se5 conjo9$ 9 any s+le body1 ! =m] supposition becomes /ill m probable & natural4 ,an intellig5t be+ ( su* va/ p[] & capacity z is necess>y to produce ! univ]se1 or1 to speak 9 ! language ( anci5t philosophy1 s prodigi\s an animal exce$s all analogy1 & ev5 compreh5sion4 ,b f>!r1 ,clean!s3 ,m5 are mortal1 & r5ew _! species by g5]ation2 & ?is is common to all liv+ creatures4 ,! two great sexes ( male & female1 says ,milton1 animate ! _w4 ,:y mu/ ?is circum/ance1 s univ]sal1 s ess5tial1 be exclud$ f ^? num]\s & limit$ deities8 ,behold1 !n1 ! !ogony ( anci5t times br\ght back ^u u4 ,& :y n become a p]fect ,an?ropomorphite8 ,:y n ass]t ! deity or deities to be corporeal1 & to h eyes1 a nose1 m\?1 e>s1 c48 ,epicurus ma9ta9$1 t no man _h ev] se5 reason b 9 a human figure2 !re=e ! gods mu/ h a human figure4 ,& ?is argum5t1 :i* is des]v$ly s mu* ridicul$ by ,cic]o1 becomes1 accord+ to y1 solid & philosophical4 ,9 a ^w1 ,clean!s1 a man :o foll[s y\r hypo!sis is able p]haps to ass]t1 or conjecture1 t ! univ]se1 sometime1 arose f some?+ l design3 b beyond t position he _c asc]ta9 "o s+le circum/ance2 & is left aft]w>ds to fix e po9t ( 8 !ology by ! utmo/ lic5se ( fancy & hypo!sis4 ,?is _w1 = aught he kn[s1 is v faulty & imp]fect1 comp>$ to a sup]ior /&>d2 & 0 only ! fir/ rude essay ( "s infant deity1 :o aft]w>ds ab&on$ x1 a%am$ ( 8 lame p]=mance3 x is ! "w only ( "s dep5d5t1 inf]ior deity2 & is ! object ( d]ision to 8 sup]iors3 x is ! production ( old age & dotage 9 "s sup]annuat$ deity2 & ev] s9ce 8 dea?1 has run on at adv5tures1 f ! fir/ impulse & active =ce :i* x receiv$ f him4 ,y ju/ly give signs ( horror1 ,demea1 at ^! /range suppositions2 b ^!1 & a ?\s& m ( ! same k9d1 are ,clean!s's suppositions1 n m9e4 ,f ! mom5t ! attributes ( ! ,deity are suppos$ f9ite1 all ^! h place4 ,& ,i _c1 = my "p1 ?9k t s wild & unsettl$ a sy/em ( !ology is1 9 any respect1 pref]able to none at all4 ,^! suppositions ,i absolutely dis[n1 cri$ ,clean!s3 !y /rike me1 h[ev]1 ) no horror1 especially :5 propos$ 9 t rambl+ way 9 :i* !y drop f y4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y give me pleasure1 :5 ,i see1 t1 by ! utmo/ indulg5ce ( y\r imag9ation1 y nev] get rid ( ! hypo!sis ( design 9 ! univ]se1 b are oblig$ at e turn to h rec\rse to x4 ,to ?is concession ,i adh]e /eadily2 & ?is ,i reg>d z a suffici5t f\ndation = religion4 #a ,lib4 xi4 #ajid4 #b ,de ,nat ,deor4 lib4 i4 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,x mu/ be a slight fabric1 inde$1 said ,demea1 :i* c be erect$ on s tott]+ a f\ndation4 ,:ile we are unc]ta9 :e!r !re is "o deity or _m2 :e!r ! deity or deities1 to :om we owe our exi/5ce1 be p]fect or imp]fect1 subord9ate or supreme1 dead or alive1 :at tru/ or confid5ce c we repose 9 !m8 ,:at devotion or wor%ip address to !m8 ,:at v5]ation or ob$i5ce pay !m8 ,to all ! purposes ( life ! !ory ( religion becomes altoge!r useless3 & ev5 ) reg>d to speculative consequ5ces1 its unc]ta9ty1 accord+ to y1 mu/ r5d] x totally prec>i\s & unsatisfactory4 ,to r5d] x /ill m unsatisfactory1 said ,philo1 !re occurs to me ano!r hypo!sis1 :i* mu/ acquire an air ( probability f ! me?od ( reason+ s mu* insi/$ on by ,clean!s4 ,t l effects arise f l causes3 ?is pr9ciple he supposes ! f\ndation ( all religion4 ,b !re is ano!r pr9ciple ( ! same k9d1 no less c]ta91 & d]iv$ f ! same s\rce ( exp]i5ce2 t :]e sev]al kn[n circum/ances are obs]v$ to be simil>1 ! unkn[n w also be f\nd simil>4 ,?us1 if we see ! limbs ( a human body1 we conclude t x is also att5d$ ) a human head1 ?\gh hid f u4 ,?us1 if we see1 ?r\gh a *9k 9 a wall1 a small "p ( ! sun1 we conclude1 t1 7 ! wall remov$1 we %\ld see ! :ole body4 ,9 %ort1 ?is me?od ( reason+ is s obvi\s & famili>1 t no scruple c ev] be made ) reg>d to its solidity4 ,n[1 if we survey ! univ]se1 s f> z x falls "u our k1 x be>s a great resemblance to an animal or organiz$ body1 & seems actuat$ ) a l pr9ciple ( life & motion4 ,a cont9ual circulation ( matt] 9 x produces no disord]3 a cont9ual wa/e 9 e "p is incessantly repair$3 ! close/ sympa?y is p]ceiv$ ?r\gh\t ! entire sy/em3 & ea* "p or memb]1 9 p]=m+ its prop] (fices1 op]ates bo? to its own pres]vation & to t ( ! :ole4 ,! _w1 !re=e1 ,i inf]1 is an animal2 & ! ,deity is ! s\l ( ! _w1 actuat+ x1 & actuat$ by x4 ,y h too mu* le>n+1 ,clean!s1 to be at all surpris$ at ?is op9ion1 :i*1 y "k1 0 ma9ta9$ by almo/ all ! ,!i/s ( antiquity1 & *iefly prevails 9 _! disc\rses & reason+s4 ,= ?\gh1 sometimes1 ! anci5t philosoph]s reason f f9al causes1 z if !y ?\ght ! _w ! workman%ip ( ,god2 yet x appe>s r _! fav\rite notion to consid] x z 8 body1 ^: organization r5d]s x subs]vi5t to him4 ,& x mu/ be confess$1 t1 z ! univ]se resembles m a human body ?an x does ! works ( human art & contrivance1 if our limit$ analogy c\ld ev]1 ) any propriety1 be ext5d$ to ! :ole ( nature1 ! inf]5ce seems ju/] 9 fav\r ( ! anci5t ?an ! mod]n !ory4 ,!re are _m o!r advantages1 too1 9 ! =m] !ory1 :i* recomm5d$ x to ! anci5t !ologians4 ,no?+ m repugnant to all _! notions1 because no?+ m repugnant to common exp]i5ce1 ?an m9d )\t body2 a m]e spiritual sub/ance1 :i* fell n "u _! s5ses nor compreh5sion1 & ( :i* !y _h n obs]v$ "o s+le in/ance ?r\gh\t all nature4 ,m9d & body !y knew1 because !y felt bo?3 an ord]1 arrangem5t1 organization1 or int]nal ma*9]y1 9 bo?1 !y likewise knew1 aft] ! same mann]3 & x c\ld n b seem reasonable to transf] ?is exp]i5ce to ! univ]se2 & to suppose ! div9e m9d & body to be also coeval1 & to h1 bo? ( !m1 ord] & arrangem5t naturally inh]5t 9 !m1 & insep>able f !m4 ,"h1 !re=e1 is a new species ( ,an?ropomorphism1 ,clean!s1 on :i* y may delib]ate2 & a !ory :i* seems n liable to any consid]able difficulties4 ,y are too mu* sup]ior1 surely1 to sy/ematical prejudices1 to f9d any m difficulty 9 suppos+ an animal body to be1 orig9ally1 ( itself1 or f unkn[n causes1 possess$ ( ord] & organization1 ?an 9 suppos+ a simil> ord] to belong to m9d4 ,b ! vulg> prejudice1 t body & m9d ought always to accompany ea* o!r1 ought n1 "o %\ld ?9k1 to be entirely neglect$2 s9ce x is f\nd$ on vulg> exp]i5ce1 ! only guide :i* y pr(ess to foll[ 9 all ^! !ological inquiries4 ,& if y ass]t1 t our limit$ exp]i5ce is an unequal /&>d1 by :i* to judge ( ! unlimit$ ext5t ( nature2 y entirely ab&on y\r own hypo!sis1 & mu/ !nce=w>d adopt our ,my/icism1 z y call x1 & admit ( ! absolute incompreh5sibility ( ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,?is !ory1 ,i own1 repli$ ,clean!s1 has nev] be=e occurr$ to me1 ?\gh a pretty natural "o2 & ,i _c readily1 ^u s %ort an exam9ation & reflection1 deliv] any op9ion ) reg>d to x4 ,y are v scrupul\s1 inde$1 said ,philo3 7 ,i to exam9e any sy/em ( y\rs1 ,i %\ld n h act$ ) half t caution & res]ve1 9 />t+ objections & difficulties to x4 ,h[ev]1 if any ?+ occur to y1 y w oblige u by propos+ x4 ,:y !n1 repli$ ,clean!s1 x seems to me1 t1 ?\gh ! _w does1 9 _m circum/ances1 resemble an animal body2 yet is ! analogy also defective 9 _m circum/ances ! mo/ mat]ial3 no organs ( s5se2 no seat ( ?\ght or reason2 no "o precise orig9 ( motion & action4 ,9 %ort1 x seems to be> a /rong] resemblance to a vegetable ?an to an animal1 & y\r inf]5ce w\ld be s f> inconclusive 9 fav\r ( ! s\l ( ! _w4 ,b1 9 ! next place1 y\r !ory seems to imply ! et]nity ( ! _w2 & t is a pr9ciple1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 c be refut$ by ! /ronge/ reasons & probabilities4 ,i %all sugge/ an argum5t to ?is purpose1 :i*1 ,i believe1 has n be5 insi/$ on by any writ]4 ,^?1 :o reason f ! late orig9 ( arts & sci5ces1 ?\gh _! inf]5ce wants n =ce1 may p]haps be refut$ by consid]ations d]iv$ f ! nature ( human society1 :i* is 9 cont9ual revolution1 betwe5 ignorance & k1 lib]ty & slav]y1 ri*es & pov]ty2 s t x is impossible = u1 f our limit$ exp]i5ce1 to =etel ) assurance :at ev5ts may or may n be expect$4 ,anci5t le>n+ & hi/ory seem to h be5 9 great dang] ( entirely p]i%+ aft] ! inundation ( ! b>b>\s nations2 & _h ^! convulsions cont9u$ a little long]1 or be5 a little m viol5t1 we %\ld n probably h n[ kn[n :at pass$ 9 ! _w a few c5turies be=e u4 ,nay1 7 x n = ! sup]/ition ( ! ,popes1 :o pres]v$ a little j>gon ( ,lat91 9 ord] to support ! appe>ance ( an anci5t & univ]sal *ur*1 t tongue mu/ h be5 utt]ly lo/2 9 :i* case1 ! ,we/]n _w1 be+ totally b>b>\s1 w\ld n h be5 9 a fit disposition = receiv+ ! ,greek language & le>n+1 :i* 0 convey$ to !m aft] ! sack+ ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,:5 le>n+ & books _h be5 ext+ui%$1 ev5 ! me*anical arts w\ld h fall5 consid]ably to decay2 & x is easily imag9$1 t fable or tradition might ascribe to !m a mu* lat] orig9 ?an ! true "o4 ,?is vulg> argum5t1 !re=e1 aga9/ ! et]nity ( ! _w1 seems a little prec>i\s4 ,b "h appe>s to be ! f\ndation ( a bett] argum5t4 ,lucullus 0 ! fir/ t br\ght *]ry-trees f ,asia to ,europe2 ?\gh t tree ?rives s well 9 _m ,european climates1 t x gr[s 9 ! woods )\t any culture4 ,is x possible1 t ?r\gh\t a :ole et]nity1 no ,european _h ev] pass$ into ,asia1 & ?\ght ( transplant+ s delici\s a fruit into 8 own c\ntry8 ,or if ! tree 0 once transplant$ & propagat$1 h[ c\ld x ev] aft]w>ds p]i%8 ,empires may rise & fall1 lib]ty & slav]y succe$ alt]nately1 ignorance & k give place to ea* o!r2 b ! *]ry-tree w /ill rema9 9 ! woods ( ,greece1 ,spa9 & ,italy1 & w nev] be affect$ by ! revolutions ( human society4 ,x is n two ?\s& ye>s s9ce v9es 7 transplant$ into ,france1 ?\gh !re is no climate 9 ! _w m fav\rable to !m4 ,x is n ?ree c5turies s9ce horses1 c[s1 %eep1 sw9e1 dogs1 corn1 7 kn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,is x possible1 t dur+ ! revolutions ( a :ole et]nity1 !re nev] arose a ,columbus1 :o might op5 ! communication betwe5 ,europe & t cont95t8 ,we may z well imag9e1 t all m5 w\ld we> /ock+s = t5 ?\s& ye>s1 & nev] h ! s5se to ?9k ( g>t]s to tie !m4 ,all ^! seem conv9c+ pro(s ( ! y\?1 or r infancy1 ( ! _w2 z be+ f\nd$ on ! op]ation ( pr9ciples m con/ant & /eady ?an ^? by :i* human society is gov]n$ & direct$4 ,no?+ less ?an a total convulsion ( ! elem5ts w ev] de/roy all ! ,european animals & vegetables :i* are n[ to be f\nd 9 ! ,we/]n _w4 ,& :at argum5t h y aga9/ su* convulsions8 repli$ ,philo4 ,/rong & almo/ inconte/able pro(s may be trac$ ov] ! :ole e>?1 t e "p ( ?is globe has cont9u$ = _m ages entirely cov]$ ) wat]4 ,& ?\gh ord] 7 suppos$ insep>able f matt]1 & inh]5t 9 x2 yet may matt] be susceptible ( _m & great revolutions1 ?r\gh ! endless p]iods ( et]nal duration4 ,! incessant *anges1 to :i* e "p ( x is subject1 seem to intimate "s su* g5]al trans=mations2 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 x is obs]vable1 t all ! *anges & corruptions ( :i* we h ev] _h exp]i5ce1 are b passages f "o /ate ( ord] to ano!r2 nor c matt] ev] re/ 9 total de=mity & confusion4 ,:at we see 9 ! p>ts1 we may inf] 9 ! :ole2 at lea/1 t is ! me?od ( reason+ on :i* y re/ y\r :ole !ory4 ,& 7 ,i oblig$ to def5d any p>ticul> sy/em ( ?is nature1 :i* ,i nev] will+ly %\ld d1 ,i e/eem none m plausible ?an t :i* ascribes an et]nal inh]5t pr9ciple ( ord] to ! _w1 ?\gh att5d$ ) great & cont9ual revolutions & alt]ations4 ,?is at once solves all difficulties2 & if ! solution1 by be+ s g5]al1 is n entirely complete & satisfactory1 x is at lea/ a !ory t we mu/ soon] or lat] h rec\rse to1 :atev] sy/em we embrace4 ,h[ c\ld ?+s h be5 z !y are1 7 !re n an orig9al inh]5t pr9ciple ( ord] some:]e1 9 ?\ght or 9 matt]8 ,& x is v indiff]5t to :i* ( ^! we give ! pref]5ce4 ,*ance has no place1 on any hypo!sis1 sceptical or religi\s4 ,e ?+ is surely gov]n$ by /eady1 inviolable laws4 ,& 7 ! inmo/ ess5ce ( ?+s laid op5 to u1 we %\ld !n discov] a sc5e1 ( :i*1 at pres5t1 we c h no idea4 ,in/ead ( admir+ ! ord] ( natural be+s1 we %\ld cle>ly see t x 0 absolutely impossible = !m1 9 ! smalle/ article1 ev] to admit ( any o!r disposition4 ,7 any "o incl9$ to revive ! anci5t ,pagan ,!ology1 :i* ma9ta9$1 z we le>n f ,hesiod1 t ?is globe 0 gov]n$ by #cj1jjj deities1 :o arose f ! unkn[n p[]s ( nature3 y w\ld naturally object1 ,clean!s1 t no?+ is ga9$ by ?is hypo!sis2 & t x is z easy to suppose all m5 animals1 be+s m num]\s1 b less p]fect1 to h sprung imm$iately f a l orig94 ,pu% ! same inf]5ce a /ep f>!r1 & y w f9d a num]\s society ( deities z explicable z "o univ]sal deity1 :o possesses )9 himself ! p[]s & p]fections ( ! :ole society4 ,all ^! sy/ems1 !n1 ( ,scepticism1 ,poly!ism1 & ,!ism1 y mu/ all[1 on y\r pr9ciples1 to be on a l foot+1 & t no "o ( !m has any advantage ov] ! o!rs4 ,y may !nce le>n ! fallacy ( y\r pr9ciples4 ,,"p ,,vii4 ,b "h1 cont9u$ ,philo1 9 exam9+ ! anci5t sy/em ( ! s\l ( ! _w1 !re /rikes me1 all on a sudd51 a new idea1 :i*1 if j1 mu/ g ne> to subv]t all y\r reason+1 & de/roy ev5 y\r fir/ inf]5ces1 on :i* y repose su* confid5ce4 ,if ! univ]se be>s a great] lik5ess to animal bodies & to vegetables1 ?an to ! works ( human art1 x is m probable t its cause resembles ! cause ( ! =m] ?an t ( ! latt]1 & its orig9 ought r to be ascrib$ to g5]ation or vegetation1 ?an to reason or design4 ,y\r conclusion1 ev5 accord+ to y\r own pr9ciples1 is !re=e lame & defective4 ,pray op5 up ?is argum5t a little f>!r1 said ,demea1 = ,i d n rightly appreh5d x 9 t concise mann] 9 :i* y h express$ x4 ,our fri5d ,clean!s1 repli$ ,philo1 z y h he>d1 ass]ts1 t s9ce no "q ( fact c be prov$ o!rwise ?an by exp]i5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity admits n ( pro( f any o!r m$ium4 ,! _w1 says he1 resembles ! works ( human contrivance2 !re=e its cause mu/ also resemble t ( ! o!r4 ,"h we may rem>k1 t ! op]ation ( "o v small "p ( nature1 to wit man1 ^u ano!r v small "p1 to wit t inanimate matt] ly+ )9 8 rea*1 is ! rule by :i* ,clean!s judges ( ! orig9 ( ! :ole2 & he measures objects1 s widely disproportion$1 by ! same individual /&>d4 ,b to waive all objections drawn f ?is topic1 ,i affirm1 t !re are o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se 7besides ! ma*9es ( human inv5tion7 :i* be> /ill a great] resemblance to ! fabric ( ! _w1 & :i*1 !re=e1 af=d a bett] conjecture conc]n+ ! univ]sal orig9 ( ?is sy/em4 ,^! p>ts are animals & vegetables4 ,! _w pla9ly resembles m an animal or a vegetable1 ?an x does a wat* or a knitt+-loom4 ,its cause1 !re=e1 x is m probable1 resembles ! cause ( ! =m]4 ,! cause ( ! =m] is g5]ation or vegetation4 ,! cause1 !re=e1 ( ! _w1 we may inf] to be some?+ simil> or analog\s to g5]ation or vegetation4 ,b h[ is x conceivable1 said ,demea1 t ! _w c arise f any ?+ simil> to vegetation or g5]ation8 ,v easily1 repli$ ,philo4 ,9 l mann] z a tree %$s its se$ into ! neighb\r+ fields1 & produces o!r trees2 s ! great vegetable1 ! _w1 or ?is planet>y sy/em1 produces )9 itself c]ta9 se$s1 :i*1 be+ scatt]$ into ! surr\nd+ *aos1 vegetate into new worlds4 ,a comet1 = in/ance1 is ! se$ ( a _w2 & aft] x has be5 fully rip5$1 by pass+ f sun to sun1 & /> to />1 x is at la/ toss$ into ! un=m$ elem5ts :i* e :]e surr\nd ?is univ]se1 & imm$iately spr\ts up into a new sy/em4 ,or if1 = ! sake ( v>iety 7= ,i see no o!r advantage71 we %\ld suppose ?is _w to be an animal2 a comet is ! egg ( ?is animal3 & 9 l mann] z an o/ri* lays its egg 9 ! s&1 :i*1 )\t any f>!r c>e1 hat*es ! egg1 & produces a new animal2 s 444 ,i und]/& y1 says ,demea3 ,b :at wild1 arbitr>y suppositions are ^!6 ,:at data h y = su* extraord9>y conclusions8 ,& is ! slight1 imag9>y resemblance ( ! _w to a vegetable or an animal suffici5t to e/abli% ! same inf]5ce ) reg>d to bo?8 ,objects1 :i* are 9 g5]al s widely diff]5t1 ought !y to be a /&>d = ea* o!r8 ,"r1 cries ,philo3 ,?is is ! topic on :i* ,i h all along insi/$4 ,i h /ill ass]t$1 t we h no data to e/abli% any sy/em ( cosmogony4 ,our exp]i5ce1 s imp]fect 9 itself1 & s limit$ bo? 9 ext5t & duration1 c af=d u no probable conjecture conc]n+ ! :ole ( ?+s4 ,b if we mu/ ne$s fix on "s hypo!sis2 by :at rule1 pray1 ought we to det]m9e our *oice8 ,is !re any o!r rule ?an ! great] simil>ity ( ! objects comp>$8 ,& does n a plant or an animal1 :i* spr+s f vegetation or g5]ation1 be> a /rong] resemblance to ! _w1 ?an does any artificial ma*9e1 :i* arises f reason & design8 ,b :at is ?is vegetation & g5]ation ( :i* y talk1 said ,demea8 ,c y expla9 _! op]ations1 & anatomize t f9e int]nal /ructure on :i* !y dep5d8 ,z mu*1 at lea/1 repli$ ,philo1 z ,clean!s c expla9 ! op]ations ( reason1 or anatomize t int]nal /ructure on :i* x dep5ds4 ,b )\t any su* elaborate disquisitions1 :5 ,i see an animal1 ,i inf]1 t x sprang f g5]ation2 & t ) z great c]ta9ty z y conclude a h\se to h be5 re>$ by design4 ,^! words1 g5]ation1 reason1 m>k only c]ta9 p[]s & en]gies 9 nature1 ^: effects are kn[n1 b ^: ess5ce is incompreh5sible2 & "o ( ^! pr9ciples1 m ?an ! o!r1 has no privilege = be+ made a /&>d to ! :ole ( nature4 ,9 reality1 ,demea1 x may reasonably be expect$1 t ! l>g] ! views are :i* we take ( ?+s1 ! bett] w !y conduct u 9 our conclusions conc]n+ su* extraord9>y & su* magnific5t subjects4 ,9 ?is little corn] ( ! _w alone1 !re are f\r pr9ciples1 reason1 in/9ct1 g5]ation1 vegetation1 :i* are simil> to ea* o!r1 & are ! causes ( simil> effects4 ,:at a numb] ( o!r pr9ciples may we naturally suppose 9 ! imm5se ext5t & v>iety ( ! univ]se1 c\ld we travel f planet to planet1 & f sy/em to sy/em1 9 ord] to exam9e ea* "p ( ?is mighty fabric8 ,any "o ( ^! f\r pr9ciples above m5tion$1 7& a hundr$ o!rs :i* lie op5 to our conjecture71 may af=d u a !ory by :i* to judge ( ! orig9 ( ! _w2 & x is a palpable & egregi\s p>tiality to conf9e our view entirely to t pr9ciple by :i* our own m9ds op]ate4 ,7 ?is pr9ciple m intelligible on t acc\nt1 su* a p>tiality might be some:at excuseable3 ,b reason1 9 its int]nal fabric & /ructure1 is really z little kn[n to u z in/9ct or vegetation2 &1 p]haps1 ev5 t vague1 undet]m9ate ^w1 ,nature1 to :i* ! vulg> ref] e ?+1 is n at ! bottom m inexplicable4 ,! effects ( ^! pr9ciples are all kn[n to u f exp]i5ce2 b ! pr9ciples !mselves1 & _! mann] ( op]ation1 are totally unkn[n2 nor is x less intelligible1 or less con=mable to exp]i5ce1 to say1 t ! _w arose by vegetation1 f a se$ %$ by ano!r _w1 ?an to say t x arose f a div9e reason or contrivance1 accord+ to ! s5se 9 :i* ,clean!s und]/&s x4 ,b me?9ks1 said ,demea1 if ! _w _h a vegetative quality1 & c\ld s[ ! se$s ( new worlds into ! inf9ite *aos1 ?is p[] w\ld be /ill an additional argum5t = design 9 its au?or4 ,= :5ce c\ld arise s wond]ful a faculty b f design8 ,or h[ c ord] spr+ f any ?+ :i* p]ceives n t ord] :i* x be/[s8 ,y ne$ only look ar\nd y1 repli$ ,philo1 to satisfy y\rself ) reg>d to ?is "q4 ,a tree be/[s ord] & organization on t tree :i* spr+s f x1 )\t kn[+ ! ord]2 an animal 9 ! same mann] on its (fspr+2 a bird on its ne/2 & in/ances ( ?is k9d are ev5 m frequ5t 9 ! _w ?an ^? ( ord]1 :i* arise f reason & contrivance4 ,to say1 t all ?is ord] 9 animals & vegetables proce$s ultimately f design1 is begg+ ! "q2 nor c t great po9t be asc]ta9$ o!rwise ?an by prov+1 a priori1 bo? t ord] is1 f its nature1 insep>ably atta*$ to ?\ght2 & t x c nev] ( itself1 or f orig9al unkn[n pr9ciples1 belong to matt]4 ,b f>!r1 ,demea2 ?is objection :i* y urge c nev] be made use ( by ,clean!s1 )\t r5\nc+ a def5ce :i* he has already made aga9/ "o ( my objections4 ,:5 ,i inquir$ conc]n+ ! cause ( t supreme reason & intellig5ce into :i* he resolves e ?+2 he told me1 t ! impossibility ( satisfy+ su* inquiries c\ld nev] be admitt$ z an objection 9 any species ( philosophy4 ,we mu/ /op some:]e1 says he2 nor is x ev] )9 ! rea* ( human capacity to expla9 ultimate causes1 ( %[ ! la/ connections ( any objects4 ,x is suffici5t1 if any /eps1 s f> z we g1 are support$ by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,n[1 t vegetation & g5]ation1 z well z reason1 are exp]i5c$ to be pr9ciples ( ord] 9 nature1 is und5iable4 ,if ,i re/ my sy/em ( cosmogony on ! =m]1 pref]ably to ! latt]1 x is at my *oice4 ,! matt] seems entirely arbitr>y4 ,& :5 ,clean!s asks me :at is ! cause ( my great vegetative or g5]ative faculty1 ,i am equally entitl$ to ask him ! cause ( 8 great reason+ pr9ciple4 ,^! que/ions we h agre$ to =be> on bo? sides2 & x is *iefly 8 int]e/ on ! pres5t occasion to /ick to ?is agreem5t4 ,judg+ by our limit$ & imp]fect exp]i5ce1 g5]ation has "s privileges above reason3 = we see e day ! latt] arise f ! =m]1 nev] ! =m] f ! latt]4 ,comp>e1 ,i besee* y1 ! consequ5ces on bo? sides4 ,! _w1 say ,i1 resembles an animal2 !re=e x is an animal1 !re=e x arose f g5]ation4 ,! /eps1 ,i confess1 are wide2 yet !re is "s small appe>ance ( analogy 9 ea* /ep4 ,! _w1 says ,clean!s1 resembles a ma*9e2 !re=e x is a ma*9e1 !re=e x arose f design4 ,! /eps are "h equally wide1 & ! analogy less /rik+4 ,& if he pret5ds to c>ry on my hypo!sis a /ep f>!r1 & to inf] design or reason f ! great pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 on :i* ,i insi/2 ,i may1 ) bett] au?ority1 use ! same fre$om to pu% f>!r 8 hypo!sis1 & inf] a div9e g5]ation or !ogony f 8 pr9ciple ( reason4 ,i h at lea/ "s fa9t %ad[ ( exp]i5ce1 :i* is ! utmo/ t c ev] be atta9$ 9 ! pres5t subject4 ,reason1 9 innum]able in/ances1 is obs]v$ to arise f ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation1 & nev] to arise f any o!r pr9ciple4 ,hesiod1 & all ! anci5t my?ologi/s1 7 s /ruck ) ?is analogy1 t !y univ]sally expla9$ ! orig9 ( nature f an animal bir?1 & copulation4 ,plato too1 s f> z he is intelligible1 seems to h adopt$ "s su* notion 9 8 ,timu4 ,! ,brahm9s ass]t1 t ! _w arose f an inf9ite spid]1 :o spun ?is :ole complicat$ mass f 8 b[els1 & annihilates aft]w>ds ! :ole or any "p ( x1 by absorb+ x aga91 & resolv+ x into 8 own ess5ce4 ,"h is a species ( cosmogony1 :i* appe>s to u ridicul\s2 because a spid] is a little contemptible animal1 ^: op]ations we are nev] likely to take = a model ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,b /ill "h is a new species ( analogy1 ev5 9 our globe4 ,& 7 !re a planet :olly inhabit$ by spid]s1 7:i* is v possible71 ?is inf]5ce w\ld !re appe> z natural & irrefragable z t :i* 9 our planet ascribes ! orig9 ( all ?+s to design & intellig5ce1 z expla9$ by ,clean!s4 ,:y an ord]ly sy/em may n be spun f ! belly z well z f ! bra91 x w be difficult = him to give a satisfactory reason4 ,i mu/ confess1 ,philo1 repli$ ,clean!s1 t ( all m5 liv+1 ! task :i* y h und]tak51 ( rais+ d\bts & objections1 suits y be/1 & seems1 9 a mann]1 natural & unavoidable to y4 ,s great is y\r f]tility ( inv5tion1 t ,i am n a%am$ to ackn[l$ge myself unable1 on a sudd51 to solve regul>ly su* out-(-!-way difficulties z y incessantly />t ^u me3 ?\gh ,i cle>ly see1 9 g5]al1 _! fallacy & error4 ,& ,i "q n1 b y are y\rself1 at pres5t1 9 ! same case1 & h n ! solution s ready z ! objection3 :ile y mu/ be s5sible1 t common s5se & reason are entirely aga9/ y2 & t su* :imsies z y h deliv]$1 may puzzle1 b nev] c conv9ce u4 ,,"p ,,viii4 ,:at y ascribe to ! f]tility ( my inv5tion1 repli$ ,philo1 is entirely ow+ to ! nature ( ! subject4 ,9 subjects adapt$ to ! n>r[ compass ( human reason1 !re is commonly b "o det]m9ation1 :i* c>ries probability or conviction ) x2 & to a man ( s\nd judgm5t1 all o!r suppositions1 b t "o1 appe> entirely absurd & *im]ical4 ,b 9 su* que/ions z ! pres5t1 a hundr$ contradictory views may pres]ve a k9d ( imp]fect analogy2 & inv5tion has "h full scope to ex]t itself4 ,)\t any great ef=t ( ?\ght1 ,i believe t ,i c\ld1 9 an in/ant1 propose o!r sy/ems ( cosmogony1 :i* w\ld h "s fa9t appe>ance ( tru?2 ?\gh x is a ?\s&1 a million to "o1 if ei!r y\rs or any "o ( m9e be ! true sy/em4 ,= in/ance1 :at if ,i %\ld revive ! old ,epicurean hypo!sis8 ,?is is commonly1 & ,i believe ju/ly1 e/eem$ ! mo/ absurd sy/em t has yet be5 propos$2 yet ,i "k n :e!r1 ) a few alt]ations1 x might n be br\ght to be> a fa9t appe>ance ( probability4 ,in/ead ( suppos+ matt] inf9ite1 z ,epicurus did1 let u suppose x f9ite4 ,a f9ite numb] ( p>ticles is only susceptible ( f9ite transpositions3 & x mu/ happ51 9 an et]nal duration1 t e possible ord] or position mu/ be tri$ an inf9ite numb] ( times4 ,?is _w1 !re=e1 ) all its ev5ts1 ev5 ! mo/ m9ute1 has be=e be5 produc$ & de/roy$1 & w aga9 be produc$ & de/roy$1 )\t any b\nds & limitations4 ,no "o1 :o has a conception ( ! p[]s ( inf9ite1 9 comp>ison ( f9ite1 w ev] scruple ?is det]m9ation4 ,b ?is supposes1 said ,demea1 t matt] c acquire motion1 )\t any volunt>y ag5t or fir/ mov]4 ,& :]e is ! difficulty1 repli$ ,philo1 ( t supposition8 ,e ev5t1 be=e exp]i5ce1 is equally difficult & incompreh5sible2 & e ev5t1 aft] exp]i5ce1 is equally easy & intelligible4 ,motion1 9 _m in/ances1 f gravity1 f ela/icity1 f electricity1 beg9s 9 matt]1 )\t any kn[n volunt>y ag5t3 & to suppose always1 9 ^! cases1 an unkn[n volunt>y ag5t1 is m]e hypo!sis2 & hypo!sis att5d$ ) no advantages4 ,! beg9n+ ( motion 9 matt] itself is z conceivable a priori z its communication f m9d & intellig5ce4 ,besides1 :y may n motion h be5 propagat$ by impulse ?r\gh all et]nity1 & ! same /ock ( x1 or ne>ly ! same1 be /ill upheld 9 ! univ]se8 ,z mu* is lo/ by ! composition ( motion1 z mu* is ga9$ by its resolution4 ,& :atev] ! causes are1 ! fact is c]ta91 t matt] is1 & always has be51 9 cont9ual agitation1 z f> z human exp]i5ce or tradition rea*es4 ,!re is n probably1 at pres5t1 9 ! :ole univ]se1 "o p>ticle ( matt] at absolute re/4 ,& ?is v consid]ation too1 cont9u$ ,philo1 :i* we h /umbl$ on 9 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t1 sugge/s a new hypo!sis ( cosmogony1 t is n absolutely absurd & improbable4 ,is !re a sy/em1 an ord]1 an economy ( ?+s1 by :i* matt] c pres]ve t p]petual agitation :i* seems ess5tial to x1 & yet ma9ta9 a con/ancy 9 ! =ms :i* x produces8 ,!re c]ta9ly is su* an economy2 = ?is is actually ! case ) ! pres5t _w4 ,! cont9ual motion ( matt]1 !re=e1 9 less ?an inf9ite transpositions1 mu/ produce ?is economy or ord]2 & by its v nature1 t ord]1 :5 once e/abli%$1 supports itself1 = _m ages1 if n to et]nity4 ,b :]ev] matt] is s poiz$1 arrang$1 & adju/$1 z to cont9ue 9 p]petual motion1 & yet pres]ve a con/ancy 9 ! =ms1 its situation mu/1 ( necessity1 h all ! same appe>ance ( art & contrivance :i* we obs]ve at pres5t4 ,all ! p>ts ( ea* =m mu/ h a relation to ea* o!r1 & to ! :ole2 & ! :ole itself mu/ h a relation to ! o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se2 to ! elem5t 9 :i* ! =m subsi/s2 to ! mat]ials ) :i* x repairs its wa/e & decay2 & to e o!r =m :i* is ho/ile or fri5dly4 ,a defect 9 any ( ^! p>ticul>s de/roys ! =m2 & ! matt] ( :i* x is compos$ is aga9 set loose1 & is ?r[n into irregul> motions & f]m5tations1 till x unite itself to "s o!r regul> =m4 ,if no su* =m be prep>$ to receive x1 & if !re be a great quantity ( ?is corrupt$ matt] 9 ! univ]se1 ! univ]se itself is entirely disord]$2 :e!r x be ! feeble embryo ( a _w 9 its fir/ beg9n+s t is ?us de/roy$1 or ! rott5 c>case ( "o langui%+ 9 old age & infirmity4 ,9 ei!r case1 a *aos ensues2 till f9ite1 ?\gh innum]able revolutions produce at la/ "s =ms1 ^: p>ts & organs are s adju/$ z to support ! =ms amid/ a cont9u$ succession ( matt]4 ,suppose 7= we %all endeav\r to v>y ! expression71 t matt] 7 ?r[n into any position1 by a bl9d1 unguid$ =ce2 x is evid5t t ?is fir/ position mu/1 9 all probability1 be ! mo/ confus$ & mo/ disord]ly imag9able1 )\t any resemblance to ^? works ( human contrivance1 :i*1 along ) a symmetry ( p>ts1 discov] an adju/m5t ( means to ends1 & a t5d5cy to self-pres]vation4 ,if ! actuat+ =ce cease aft] ?is op]ation1 matt] mu/ rema9 = ev] 9 disord]1 & cont9ue an imm5se *aos1 )\t any proportion or activity4 ,b suppose t ! actuat+ =ce1 :atev] x be1 /ill cont9ues 9 matt]1 ?is fir/ position w imm$iately give place to a second1 :i* w likewise 9 all probability be z disord]ly z ! fir/1 & s on ?r\gh _m successions ( *anges & revolutions4 ,no p>ticul> ord] or position ev] cont9ues a mom5t unalt]$4 ,! orig9al =ce1 /ill rema9+ 9 activity1 gives a p]petual re/lessness to matt]4 ,e possible situation is produc$1 & in/antly de/roy$4 ,if a glimpse or dawn ( ord] appe>s = a mom5t1 x is in/antly hurri$ away1 & conf\nd$1 by t nev]-ceas+ =ce :i* actuates e "p ( matt]4 ,?us ! univ]se goes on = _m ages 9 a cont9u$ succession ( *aos & disord]4 ,b is x n possible t x may settle at la/1 s z n to lose its motion & active =ce 7= t we h suppos$ inh]5t 9 x71 yet s z to pres]ve an uni=mity ( appe>ance1 amid/ ! cont9ual motion & fluctuation ( its p>ts8 ,?is we f9d to be ! case ) ! univ]se at pres5t4 ,e individual is p]petually *ang+1 & e "p ( e individual2 & yet ! :ole rema9s1 9 appe>ance1 ! same4 ,may we n hope = su* a position1 or r be assur$ ( x1 f ! et]nal revolutions ( unguid$ matt]2 & may n ?is acc\nt = all ! appe>+ wisdom & contrivance :i* is 9 ! univ]se8 ,let u contemplate ! subject a little1 & we %all f9d1 t ?is adju/m5t1 if atta9$ by matt] ( a seem+ /ability 9 ! =ms1 ) a real & p]petual revolution or motion ( p>ts1 af=ds a plausible1 if n a true solution ( ! difficulty4 ,x is 9 va91 !re=e1 to insi/ ^u ! uses ( ! p>ts 9 animals or vegetables1 & _! curi\s adju/m5t to ea* o!r4 ,i w\ld fa9 "k1 h[ an animal c\ld subsi/1 unless its p>ts 7 s adju/$8 ,d we n f9d1 t x imm$iately p]i%es :5ev] ?is adju/m5t ceases1 & t its matt] corrupt+ tries "s new =m8 ,x happ5s inde$1 t ! p>ts ( ! _w are s well adju/$1 t "s regul> =m imm$iately lays claim to ?is corrupt$ matt]3 & if x 7 n s1 c\ld ! _w subsi/8 ,mu/ x n dissolve z well z ! animal1 & pass ?r\gh new positions & situations1 till 9 great1 b f9ite succession1 x fall at la/ into ! pres5t or "s su* ord]8 ,x is well1 repli$ ,clean!s1 y told u1 t ?is hypo!sis 0 sugge/$ on a sudd51 9 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t4 ,_h y _h leisure to exam9e x1 y w\ld soon h p]ceiv$ ! insup]able objections to :i* x is expos$4 ,no =m1 y say1 c subsi/1 unless x possess ^? p[]s & organs requisite = its subsi/5ce3 "s new ord] or economy mu/ be tri$1 & s on1 )\t int]mission2 till at la/ "s ord]1 :i* c support & ma9ta9 itself1 is fall5 ^u4 ,b accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 :5ce arise ! _m conv5i5ces & advantages :i* m5 & all animals possess8 ,two eyes1 two e>s1 are n absolutely necess>y = ! subsi/5ce ( ! species4 ,human race might h be5 propagat$ & pres]v$1 )\t horses1 dogs1 c[s1 %eep1 & ^? innum]able fruits & products :i* s]ve to our satisfaction & enjoym5t4 ,if no camels _h be5 creat$ = ! use ( man 9 ! s&y des]ts ( ,africa & ,arabia1 w\ld ! _w h be5 dissolv$8 ,if no load/one _h be5 fram$ to give t wond]ful & useful direction to ! ne$le1 w\ld human society & ! human k9d h be5 imm$iately ext+ui%$8 ,?\gh ! maxims ( ,nature be 9 g5]al v frugal1 yet in/ances ( ?is k9d are f> f be+ r>e2 & any "o ( !m is a suffici5t pro( ( design1 & ( a b5evol5t design1 :i* gave rise to ! ord] & arrangem5t ( ! univ]se4 ,at lea/1 y may safely inf]1 said ,philo1 t ! =ego+ hypo!sis is s f> incomplete & imp]fect1 :i* ,i %all n scruple to all[4 ,b c we ev] reasonably expect great] success 9 any attempts ( ?is nature8 ,or c we ev] hope to erect a sy/em ( cosmogony1 t w be liable to no exceptions1 & w conta9 no circum/ance repugnant to our limit$ & imp]fect exp]i5ce ( ! analogy ( ,nature8 ,y\r !ory itself _c surely pret5d to any su* advantage1 ev5 ?\gh y h run into ,an?ropomorphism1 ! bett] to pres]ve a con=mity to common exp]i5ce4 ,let u once m put into trial4 ,9 all in/ances :i* we h ev] se51 ideas are copi$ f real objects1 & are ectypal1 n ar*etypal1 to express myself 9 le>n$ t]ms3 ,y rev]se ?is ord]1 & give ?\ght ! prec$5ce4 ,9 all in/ances :i* we h ev] se51 ?\ght has no influ5ce ^u matt]1 except :]e t matt] is s conjo9$ ) x z to h an equal reciprocal influ5ce ^u x4 ,no animal c move imm$iately any ?+ b ! memb]s ( its own body2 & inde$1 ! equality ( action & re-action seems to be an univ]sal law ( nature3 ,b y\r !ory implies a contradiction to ?is exp]i5ce4 ,^! in/ances1 ) _m m1 :i* x 7 easy to collect1 7p>ticul>ly ! supposition ( a m9d or sy/em ( ?\ght t is et]nal1 or1 9 o!r words1 an animal +5]able & immortal72 ^! in/ances1 ,i say1 may tea* all ( u sobriety 9 condemn+ ea* o!r1 & let u see1 t z no sy/em ( ?is k9d ought ev] to be receiv$ f a slight analogy1 s nei!r ought any to be reject$ on acc\nt ( a small incongruity4 ,= t is an inconv5i5ce f :i* we c ju/ly pron\nce no "o to be exempt$4 ,all religi\s sy/ems1 x is confess$1 are subject to great & insup]able difficulties4 ,ea* disputant triumphs 9 8 turn2 :ile he c>ries on an (f5sive w>1 & exposes ! absurdities1 b>b>ities1 & p]nici\s t5ets ( 8 antagoni/4 ,b all ( !m1 on ! :ole1 prep>e a complete triumph = ! ,sceptic2 :o tells !m1 t no sy/em ought ev] to be embrac$ ) reg>d to su* subjects3 ,= ?is pla9 reason1 t no absurdity ought ev] to be ass5t$ to ) reg>d to any subject4 ,a total susp5se ( judgm5t is "h our only reasonable res\rce4 ,& if e attack1 z is commonly obs]v$1 & no def5ce1 among ,!ologians1 is successful2 h[ complete mu/ be 8 victory1 :o rema9s always1 ) all mank9d1 on ! (f5sive1 & has himself no fix$ /ation or abid+ city1 :i* he is ev]1 on any occasion1 oblig$ to def5d8 ,,"p ,,ix4 ,b if s _m difficulties att5d ! argum5t a po/]iori1 said ,demea1 _h we n bett] adh]e to t simple & sublime argum5t a priori1 :i*1 by (f]+ to u infallible demon/ration1 cuts (f at once all d\bt & difficulty8 ,by ?is argum5t1 too1 we may prove ! ,,inf9ity ( ! ,div9e attributes1 :i*1 ,i am afraid1 c nev] be asc]ta9$ ) c]ta9ty f any o!r topic4 ,= h[ c an effect1 :i* ei!r is f9ite1 or1 = aught we "k1 may be s2 h[ c su* an effect1 ,i say1 prove an inf9ite cause8 ,! unity too ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 x is v difficult1 if n absolutely impossible1 to d$uce m]ely f contemplat+ ! works ( nature2 nor w ! uni=mity alone ( ! plan1 ev5 7 x all[$1 give u any assurance ( t attribute4 ,:]eas ! argum5t a priori4444 ,y seem to reason1 ,demea1 int]pos$ ,clean!s1 z if ^? advantages & conv5i5ces 9 ! ab/ract argum5t 7 full pro(s ( its solidity4 ,b x is fir/ prop]1 9 my op9ion1 to det]m9e :at argum5t ( ?is nature y *oose to insi/ on2 & we %all aft]w>ds1 f itself1 bett] ?an f its useful consequ5ces1 endeav\r to det]m9e :at value we ought to put ^u x4 ,! argum5t1 repli$ ,demea1 :i* ,i w\ld insi/ on1 is ! common "o4 ,:atev] exi/s mu/ h a cause or reason ( its exi/5ce2 x be+ absolutely impossible = any ?+ to produce itself1 or be ! cause ( its own exi/5ce4 ,9 m\nt+ up1 !re=e1 f effects to causes1 we mu/ ei!r g on 9 trac+ an inf9ite succession1 )\t any ultimate cause at all2 or mu/ at la/ h rec\rse to "s ultimate cause1 t is necess>ily exi/5t3 ,n[1 t ! fir/ supposition is absurd1 may be ?us prov$4 ,9 ! inf9ite *a9 or succession ( causes & effects1 ea* s+le effect is det]m9$ to exi/ by ! p[] & efficacy ( t cause :i* imm$iately prec$$2 b ! :ole et]nal *a9 or succession1 tak5 toge!r1 is n det]m9$ or caus$ by any ?+2 & yet x is evid5t t x requires a cause or reason1 z mu* z any p>ticul> object :i* beg9s to exi/ 9 "t4 ,! "q is /ill reasonable1 :y ?is p>ticul> succession ( causes exi/$ f et]nity1 & n any o!r succession1 or no succession at all4 ,if !re be no necess>ily exi/5t be+1 any supposition :i* c be =m$ is equally possible2 nor is !re any m absurdity 9 ,no?+'s hav+ exi/$ f et]nity1 ?an !re is 9 t succession ( causes :i* con/itutes ! univ]se4 ,:at 0 x1 !n1 :i* det]m9$ ,some?+ to exi/ r ?an ,no?+1 & be/[$ be+ on a p>ticul> possibility1 exclusive ( ! re/8 ,ext]nal causes1 !re are suppos$ to be none4 ,*ance is a ^w )\t a mean+4 ,0 x ,no?+8 ,b t c nev] produce any ?+4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 h rec\rse to a necess>ily exi/5t ,be+1 :o c>ries ! ,,reason ( 8 exi/5ce 9 himself1 & :o _c be suppos$ n to exi/1 )\t an express contradiction4 ,!re is1 consequ5tly1 su* a ,be+2 t is1 !re is a ,deity4 ,i %all n leave x to ,philo1 said ,clean!s1 ?\gh ,i "k t ! />t+ objections is 8 *ief delight1 to po9t out ! weakness ( ?is metaphysical reason+4 ,x seems to me s obvi\sly ill-gr\nd$1 & at ! same "t ( s little consequ5ce to ! cause ( true piety & religion1 t ,i %all myself v5ture to %[ ! fallacy ( x4 ,i %all beg9 ) obs]v+1 t !re is an evid5t absurdity 9 pret5d+ to demon/rate a matt] ( fact1 or to prove x by any argum5ts a priori4 ,no?+ is demon/rable1 unless ! contr>y implies a contradiction4 ,no?+1 t is di/9ctly conceivable1 implies a contradiction4 ,:atev] we conceive z exi/5t1 we c also conceive z non-exi/5t4 ,!re is no be+1 !re=e1 ^: non-exi/5ce implies a contradiction4 ,consequ5tly !re is no be+1 ^: exi/5ce is demon/rable4 ,i propose ?is argum5t z entirely decisive1 & am will+ to re/ ! :ole controv]sy ^u x4 ,x is pret5d$ t ! ,deity is a necess>ily exi/5t be+2 & ?is necessity ( 8 exi/5ce is attempt$ to be expla9$ by ass]t+1 t if we knew 8 :ole ess5ce or nature1 we %\ld p]ceive x to be z impossible = him n to exi/1 z = twice two n to be f\r4 ,b x is evid5t t ?is c nev] happ51 :ile our faculties rema9 ! same z at pres5t4 ,x w /ill be possible = u1 at any "t1 to conceive ! non-exi/5ce ( :at we =m]ly conceiv$ to exi/2 nor c ! m9d ev] lie "u a necessity ( suppos+ any object to rema9 always 9 be+2 9 ! same mann] z we lie "u a necessity ( always conceiv+ twice two to be f\r4 ,! words1 !re=e1 necess>y exi/5ce1 h no mean+2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 none t is consi/5t4 ,b f>!r1 :y may n die mat]ial univ]se be ! necess>ily exi/5t ,be+1 accord+ to ?is pret5d$ explication ( necessity8 ,we d>e n affirm t we "k all ! qualities ( matt]2 & = aught we c det]m9e1 x may conta9 "s qualities1 :i*1 7 !y kn[n1 w\ld make its non-exi/5ce appe> z great a contradiction z t twice two is five4 ,i f9d only "o argum5t employ$ to prove1 t ! mat]ial _w is n ! necess>ily exi/5t ,be+2 & ?is argum5t is d]iv$ f ! cont+5cy bo? ( ! matt] & ! =m ( ! _w4 ',any p>ticle ( matt]1' x is said1#a 'may be conceiv$ to be annihilat$2 & any =m may be conceiv$ to be alt]$4 ,su* an annihilation or alt]ation1 !re=e1 is n impossible4' ,b x seems a great p>tiality n to p]ceive1 t ! same argum5t ext5ds equally to ! ,deity1 s f> z we h any conception ( him2 & t ! m9d c at lea/ imag9e him to be non-exi/5t1 or 8 attributes to be alt]$4 ,x mu/ be "s unkn[n1 inconceivable qualities1 :i* c make 8 non-exi/5ce appe> impossible1 or 8 attributes unalt]able3 ,& no reason c be assign$1 :y ^! qualities may n belong to matt]4 ,z !y are altoge!r unkn[n & inconceivable1 !y c nev] be prov$ incompatible ) x4 ,add to ?is1 t 9 trac+ an et]nal succession ( objects1 x seems absurd to inquire = a g5]al cause or fir/ au?or4 ,h[ c any ?+1 t exi/s f et]nity1 h a cause1 s9ce t relation implies a priority 9 "t1 & a beg9n+ ( exi/5ce8 ,9 su* a *a91 too1 or succession ( objects1 ea* "p is caus$ by t :i* prec$$ x1 & causes t :i* succe$s x4 ,:]e !n is ! difficulty8 ,b ! ,,:ole1 y say1 wants a cause4 ,i answ]1 t ! unit+ ( ^! p>ts into a :ole1 l ! unit+ ( sev]al di/9ct c\ntries into "o k+dom1 or sev]al di/9ct memb]s into "o body1 is p]=m$ m]ely by an arbitr>y act ( ! m9d1 & has no influ5ce on ! nature ( ?+s4 ,did ,i %[ y ! p>ticul> causes ( ea* individual 9 a collection ( tw5ty p>ticles ( matt]1 ,i %\ld ?9k x v unreasonable1 %\ld y aft]w>ds ask me1 :at 0 ! cause ( ! :ole tw5ty4 ,?is is suffici5tly expla9$ 9 expla9+ ! cause ( ! p>ts4 ,?\gh ! reason+s :i* y h urg$1 ,clean!s1 may well excuse me1 said ,philo1 f />t+ any f>!r difficulties1 yet ,i _c =be> insi/+ /ill ^u ano!r topic4 ,x is obs]v$ by ari?meticians1 t ! products ( #i compose always ei!r #i1 or "s less] product ( #i1 if y add toge!r all ! *>act]s ( :i* any ( ! =m] products is compos$4 ,?us1 ( #ah1 #bg1 #cf1 :i* are products ( #i1 y make #i by add+ #a to #h1 #b to #g1 #c to #f4 ,?us1 #cfi is a product also ( #i2 & if y add #c1 #f1 & #i1 y make #ah1 a less] product ( #i4b ,to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 s wond]ful a regul>ity may be admir$ z ! effect ei!r ( *ance or design3 b a skilful algebrai/ imm$iately concludes x to be ! "w ( necessity1 & demon/rates1 t x mu/ = ev] result f ! nature ( ^! numb]s4 ,is x n probable1 ,i ask1 t ! :ole economy ( ! univ]se is conduct$ by a l necessity1 ?\gh no human algebra c furni% a key :i* solves ! difficulty8 ,& in/ead ( admir+ ! ord] ( natural be+s1 may x n happ51 t1 c\ld we p5etrate into ! intimate nature ( bodies1 we %\ld cle>ly see :y x 0 absolutely impossible !y c\ld ev] admit ( any o!r disposition8 ,s dang]\s is x to introduce ?is idea ( necessity into ! pres5t "q6 & s naturally does x af=d an inf]5ce directly opposite to ! religi\s hypo!sis6 ,b dropp+ all ^! ab/ractions1 cont9u$ ,philo1 & conf9+ ourselves to m famili> topics1 ,i %all v5ture to add an obs]vation1 t ! argum5t a priori has seldom be5 f\nd v conv9c+1 except to p ( a metaphysical head1 :o h accu/om$ !mselves to ab/ract reason+1 & :o1 f9d+ f ma!matics1 t ! und]/&+ frequ5tly leads to tru? ?r\gh obscurity1 &1 contr>y to fir/ appe>ances1 h transf]r$ ! same habit ( ?9k+ to subjects :]e x ought n to h place4 ,o!r p1 ev5 ( good s5se & ! be/ incl9$ to religion1 feel always "s defici5cy 9 su* argum5ts1 ?\gh !y are n p]haps able to expla9 di/9ctly :]e x lies2 a c]ta9 pro( t m5 ev] did1 & ev] w d]ive _! religion f o!r s\rces ?an f ?is species ( reason+4 #a ,dr ,cl>ke4 #b ,rpublique des ,lettres1 ,aot #afhe4 ,,"p ,x4 ,x is my op9ion1 ,i own1 repli$ ,demea1 t ea* man feels1 9 a mann]1 ! tru? ( religion )9 8 own brea/1 &1 f a consci\sness ( 8 imbecility & mis]y1 r ?an f any reason+1 is l$ to seek protection f t ,be+1 on :om he & all nature is dep5d5t4 ,s anxi\s or s t$i\s are ev5 ! be/ sc5es ( life1 t futurity is /ill ! object ( all our hopes & fe>s4 ,we incessantly look =w>d1 & endeav\r1 by pray]s1 adoration1 & sacrifice1 to appease ^? unkn[n p[]s1 :om we f9d1 by exp]i5ce1 s able to afflict & oppress u4 ,wret*$ creatures t we are6 :at res\rce = u amid/ ! innum]able ills ( life1 did n religion1 sugge/ "s me?ods ( atonem5t1 & appease ^? t]rors ) :i* we are incessantly agitat$ & torm5t$8 ,i am inde$ p]suad$1 said ,philo1 t ! be/1 & inde$ ! only me?od ( br++ e "o to a due s5se ( religion1 is by j repres5tations ( ! mis]y & wick$ness ( m54 ,& = t purpose a tal5t ( eloqu5ce & /rong imag]y is m requisite ?an t ( reason+ & argum5t4 ,= is x necess>y to prove :at e "o feels )9 himself8 ,x is only necess>y to make u feel x1 if possible1 m intimately & s5sibly4 ,! p1 inde$1 repli$ ,demea1 are suffici5tly conv9c$ ( ?is great & melan*oly tru?4 ,! mis]ies ( life2 ! unhapp9ess ( man2 ! g5]al corruptions ( our nature2 ! unsatisfactory enjoym5t ( pleasures1 ri*es1 hon\rs2 ^! phrases h become almo/ prov]bial 9 all languages4 ,& :o c d\bt ( :at all m5 decl>e f _! own imm$iate feel+ & exp]i5ce8 ,9 ?is po9t1 said ,philo1 ! le>n$ are p]fectly agre$ ) ! vulg>2 & 9 all lett]s1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 ! topic ( human mis]y has be5 insi/$ on ) ! mo/ pa!tic eloqu5ce t sorr[ & melan*oly c\ld inspire4 ,! poets1 :o speak f s5tim5t1 )\t a sy/em1 & ^: te/imony has !re=e ! m au?ority1 ab\nd 9 images ( ?is nature4 ,f ,hom] d[n to ,dr ,"y1 ! :ole inspir$ tribe h ev] be5 s5sible1 t no o!r repres5tation ( ?+s w\ld suit ! feel+ & obs]vation ( ea* individual4 ,z to au?orities1 repli$ ,demea1 y ne$ n seek !m4 ,look r\nd ?is libr>y ( ,clean!s4 ,i %all v5ture to affirm1 t1 except au?ors ( p>ticul> sci5ces1 su* z *emi/ry or botany1 :o h no occasion to treat ( human life1 !re is sc>ce "o ( ^? innum]able writ]s1 f :om ! s5se ( human mis]y has n1 9 "s passage or o!r1 extort$ a compla9t & confession ( x4 ,at lea/1 ! *ance is entirely on t side2 & no "o au?or has ev]1 s f> z ,i c recollect1 be5 s extravagant z to d5y x4 ,!re y mu/ excuse me1 said ,philo3 ,leibnitz has d5i$ x2 & is p]haps ! fir/#a :o v5tur$ ^u s bold & p>adoxical an op9ion2 at lea/1 ! fir/ :o made x ess5tial to 8 philosophical sy/em4 ,& by be+ ! fir/1 repli$ ,demea1 might he n h be5 s5sible ( 8 error8 ,= is ?is a subject 9 :i* philosoph]s c propose to make discov]ies especially 9 s late an age8 ,& c any man hope by a simple d5ial 7= ! subject sc>cely admits ( reason+71 to be> d[n ! unit$ te/imony ( mank9d1 f\nd$ on s5se & consci\sness8 ,& :y %\ld man1 add$ he1 pret5d to an exemption f ! lot ( all o!r animals8 ,! :ole e>?1 believe me1 ,philo1 is curs$ & pollut$4 ,a p]petual w> is k9dl$ among/ all liv+ creatures4 ,necessity1 hung]1 want1 /imulate ! /rong & c\rage\s3 ,fe>1 anxiety1 t]ror1 agitate ! weak & infirm4 ,! fir/ entrance into life gives angui% to ! new-born infant & to its wret*$ p>5t3 ,weakness1 impot5ce1 di/ress1 att5d ea* /age ( t life3 & x is at la/ f9i%$ 9 agony & horror4 ,obs]ve too1 says ,philo1 ! curi\s artifices ( ,nature1 9 ord] to embitt] ! life ( e liv+ be+4 ,! /rong] prey ^u ! weak]1 & keep !m 9 p]petual t]ror & anxiety4 ,! weak] too1 9 _! turn1 (t5 prey ^u ! /rong]1 & vex & mole/ !m )\t relaxation4 ,consid] t innum]able race ( insects1 :i* ei!r are br$ on ! body ( ea* animal1 or1 fly+ ab\t1 infix _! /+s 9 him4 ,^! insects h o!rs /ill less ?an !mselves1 :i* torm5t !m4 ,& ?us on ea* h&1 be=e & beh9d1 above & bel[1 e animal is surr\nd$ ) enemies1 :i* incessantly seek 8 mis]y & de/ruction4 ,man alone1 said ,demea1 seems to be1 9 "p1 an exception to ?is rule4 ,= by comb9ation 9 society1 he c easily ma/] lions1 tig]s1 & be>s1 ^: great] /r5g? & agility naturally enable !m to prey ^u him4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is "h *iefly1 cri$ ,philo1 t ! uni=m & equal maxims ( ,nature are mo/ app>5t4 ,man1 x is true1 c1 by comb9ation1 surm\nt all 8 real enemies1 & become ma/] ( ! :ole animal creation3 b does he n imm$iately raise up to himself imag9>y enemies1 ! demons ( 8 fancy1 :o haunt him ) sup]/iti\s t]rors1 & bla/ e enjoym5t ( life8 ,8 pleasure1 z he imag9es1 becomes1 9 _! eyes1 a crime3 8 food & repose give !m umbrage & (f5ce3 8 v sleep & dreams furni% new mat]ials to anxi\s fe>3 & ev5 dea?1 8 refuge f e o!r ill1 pres5ts only ! dread ( endless & innum]able woes4 ,nor does ! wolf mole/ m ! timid flock1 ?an sup]/ition does ! anxi\s brea/ ( wret*$ mortals4 ,besides1 consid]1 ,demea3 ,?is v society1 by :i* we surm\nt ^? wild bea/s1 our natural enemies2 :at new enemies does x n raise to u8 ,:at wo & mis]y does x n occasion8 ,man is ! greate/ enemy ( man4 ,oppression1 inju/ice1 contempt1 contumely1 viol5ce1 s$ition1 w>1 calumny1 trea*]y1 fraud2 by ^! !y mutually torm5t ea* o!r2 & !y w\ld soon dissolve t society :i* !y _h =m$1 7 x n = ! dread ( /ill great] ills1 :i* mu/ att5d _! sep>ation4 ,b ?\gh ^! ext]nal insults1 said ,demea1 f animals1 f m51 f all ! elem5ts1 :i* assault u1 =m a frightful catalogue ( woes1 !y are no?+ 9 comp>ison ( ^? :i* arise )9 ourselves1 f ! di/emp]$ condition ( our m9d & body4 ,h[ _m lie "u ! l+]+ torm5t ( diseases8 ,he> ! pa!tic enum]ation ( ! great poet4 ,inte/9e /one & ulc]1 colic-pangs1 ,demoniac fr5zy1 mop+ melan*oly1 ,& moon-/ruck madness1 p9+ atrophy1 ,m>asmus1 & wide-wa/+ pe/il5ce4 ,dire 0 ! toss+1 deep ! groans3 99,,despair ,t5d$ ! sick1 busie/ f c\* to c\*4 ,& ov] !m triumphant 99,,dea? 8 d>t ,%ook3 b delay'd to /rike1 ?\gh (t invok'd ,) v[s1 z _! *ief good & f9al hope4 ,! disord]s ( ! m9d1 cont9u$ ,demea1 ?\gh m secret1 are n p]haps less dismal & vexati\s4 ,remorse1 %ame1 angui%1 rage1 disappo9tm5t1 anxiety1 fe>1 dejection1 despair2 :o has ev] pass$ ?r\gh life )\t cruel inroads f ^! torm5tors8 ,h[ _m h sc>cely ev] felt any bett] s5sations8 ,lab\r & pov]ty1 s abhorr$ by e "o1 are ! c]ta9 lot ( ! f> great] numb]2 & ^? few privileg$ p]sons1 :o enjoy ease & opul5ce1 nev] rea* cont5tm5t or true felicity4 ,all ! goods ( life unit$ w\ld n make a v happy man2 b all ! ills unit$ w\ld make a wret* inde$2 & any "o ( !m almo/ 7& :o c be free f e "o87 nay (t5 ! abs5ce ( "o good 7& :o c possess all87 is suffici5t to r5d] life ineligible4 ,7 a /rang] to drop on a sudd5 into ?is _w1 ,i w\ld %[ him1 z a specim5 ( its ills1 an hospital full ( diseases1 a prison cr[d$ ) malefactors & debtors1 a field ( battle /rew$ ) c>cases1 a fleet f\nd]+ 9 ! ocean1 a nation langui%+ "u tyranny1 fam9e1 or pe/il5ce4 ,to turn ! gay side ( life to him1 & give him a notion ( its pleasures2 :e!r %\ld ,i conduct him8 to a ball1 to an op]a1 to c\rt8 ,he might ju/ly ?9k1 t ,i 0 only %[+ him a div]sity ( di/ress & sorr[4 ,!re is no evad+ su* /rik+ in/ances1 said ,philo1 b by apologies1 :i* /ill f>!r aggravate ! *>ge4 ,:y h all m51 ,i ask1 9 all ages1 compla9$ incessantly ( ! mis]ies ( life84444 ,!y h no j reason1 says "o3 ^! compla9ts proce$ only f _! discont5t$1 rep9+1 anxi\s disposition4444 ,& c !re possibly1 ,i reply1 be a m c]ta9 f\ndation ( mis]y1 ?an su* a wret*$ temp]8 ,b if !y 7 really z unhappy z !y pret5d1 says my antagoni/1 :y d !y rema9 9 life84444 ,n satisfi$ ) life1 afraid ( dea?4 ,?is is ! secret *a91 say ,i1 t holds u4 ,we are t]rifi$1 n brib$ to ! cont9uance ( our exi/5ce4 ,x is only a false delicacy1 he may insi/1 :i* a few ref9$ spirits indulge1 & :i* has1 spread ^! compla9ts among ! :ole1 nice ( mank9ds4444 ,& :at is ?is delicacy1 ,i ask1 :i* y blame8 ,is x any ?+ b a great] s5sibility to all ! pleasures & pa9s ( life8 & if ! man ( a delicate1 ref9$ temp]1 by be+ s mu* m alive ?an ! re/ ( ! _w1 is only s mu* m unhappy1 :at judgm5t mu/ we =m 9 g5]al ( human life8 ,let m5 rema9 at re/1 says our adv]s>y1 & !y w be easy4 ,!y are will+ artific]s ( _! own mis]y4444 ,no6 reply ,i3 an anxi\s languor foll[s _! repose2 disappo9tm5t1 vexation1 tr\ble1 _! activity & ambition4 ,i c obs]ve some?+ l :at y m5tion 9 "s o!rs1 repli$ ,clean!s3 b ,i confess ,i feel little or no?+ ( x 9 myself1 & hope t x is n s common z y repres5t x4 ,if y feel n human mis]y y\rself1 cri$ ,demea1 ,i congratulate y on s happy a s+ul>ity4 ,o!rs1 seem+ly ! mo/ prosp]\s1 h n be5 a%am$ to v5t _! compla9ts 9 ! mo/ melan*oly /ra9s4 ,let u att5d to ! great1 ! =tunate emp]or1 ,*>les ,v41 :51 tir$ ) human gr&eur1 he resign$ all 8 ext5sive dom9ions into ! h&s ( 8 son4 ,9 ! la/ h>angue :i* he made on t memorable occasion1 he publicly av[$1 t ! greate/ prosp]ities :i* he _h ev] enjoy$1 _h be5 mix$ ) s _m adv]sities1 t he might truly say he _h nev] enjoy$ any satisfaction or cont5tm5t4 ,b did ! retir$ life1 9 :i* he s\ght = %elt]1 af=d him any great] happ9ess8 ,if we may cr$it 8 son's acc\nt1 8 rep5tance comm5c$ ! v day ( 8 resignation4 ,cic]o's =tune1 f small beg9n+s1 rose to ! greate/ lu/re & r5[n2 yet :at pa!tic compla9ts ( ! ills ( life d 8 famili> lett]s1 z well z philosophical disc\rses1 conta98 ,& suitably to 8 own exp]i5ce1 he introduces ,cato1 ! great1 ! =tunate ,cato1 prote/+ 9 8 old age1 t _h he a new life 9 8 (f]1 he w\ld reject ! pres5t4 ,ask y\rself1 ask any ( y\r acqua9tance1 :e!r !y w\ld live ov] aga9 ! la/ t5 or tw5ty ye>s ( _! life4 ,no6 b ! next tw5ty1 !y say1 w be bett]3 ,& f ! dregs ( life1 hope to receive ,:at ! fir/ sprightly runn+ c\ld n give4 ,?us at la/ !y f9d 7su* is ! greatness ( human mis]y1 x reconciles ev5 contradictions71 t !y compla9 at once ( ! %ortness ( life1 & ( its vanity & sorr[4 ,& is x possible1 ,clean!s1 said ,philo1 t aft] all ^! reflections1 & inf9itely m1 :i* might be sugge/$1 y c /ill p]sev]e 9 y\r ,an?ropomorphism1 & ass]t ! moral attributes ( ! ,deity1 8 ju/ice1 b5evol5ce1 m]cy1 & rectitude1 to be ( ! same nature ) ^! virtues 9 human creatures8 ,8 p[] we all[ is inf9ite3 :atev] he wills is execut$3 b nei!r man nor any o!r animal is happy3 !re=e he does n w _! happ9ess4 ,8 wisdom is inf9ite3 he is nev] mi/ak5 9 *oos+ ! means to any end3 b ! c\rse ( ,nature t5ds n to human or animal felicity3 !re=e x is n e/abli%$ = t purpose4 ,?r\gh ! :ole compass ( human k1 !re are no inf]5ces m c]ta9 & infallible ?an ^!4 ,9 :at respect1 !n1 d 8 b5evol5ce & m]cy resemble ! b5evol5ce & m]cy ( m58 ,epicurus's old que/ions are yet unansw]$4 ,is he will+ to prev5t evil1 b n able8 !n is he impot5t4 ,is he able1 b n will+8 !n is he malevol5t ,is he bo? able & will+8 :5ce !n is evil8 ,y ascribe1 ,clean!s 7& ,i believe ju/ly71 a purpose & int5tion to ,nature4 ,b :at1 ,i besee* y1 is ! object ( t curi\s artifice & ma*9]y1 :i* %e has display$ 9 all animals8 ,! pres]vation alone ( individuals1 & propagation ( ! species4 ,x seems en\gh = h] purpose1 if su* a rank be b>ely upheld 9 ! univ]se1 )\t any c>e or conc]n = ! happ9ess ( ! memb]s t compose x4 ,no res\rce = ?is purpose3 no ma*9]y1 9 ord] m]ely to give pleasure or ease3 no fund ( pure joy & cont5tm5t3 no indulg5ce1 )\t "s want or necessity accompany+ x4 ,at lea/1 ! few ph5om5a ( ?is nature are ov]balanc$ by opposite ph5om5a ( /ill great] importance4 ,our s5se ( music1 h>mony1 & inde$ beauty ( all k9ds1 gives satisfaction1 )\t be+ absolutely necess>y to ! pres]vation & propagation ( ! species4 ,b :at rack+ pa9s1 on ! o!r h&1 arise f g\ts1 gravels1 megrims1 too?a*es1 rheumatisms1 :]e ! injury to ! animal ma*9]y is ei!r small or incurable8 ,mir?1 laught]1 play1 frolic1 seem gratuit\s satisfactions1 :i* h no f>!r t5d5cy3 sple51 melan*oly1 discont5t1 sup]/ition1 are pa9s ( ! same nature4 ,h[ !n does ! ,div9e b5evol5ce display itself1 9 ! s5se ( y ,an?ropomorphites8 ,none b we ,my/ics1 z y 7 pleas$ to call u1 c acc\nt = ?is /range mixture ( ph5om5a1 by d]iv+ x f attributes1 inf9itely p]fect1 b incompreh5sible4 ,& h y at la/1 said ,clean!s smil+1 betray$ y\r int5tions1 ,philo8 ,y\r long agreem5t ) ,demea did inde$ a little surprise me2 b ,i f9d y 7 all ! :ile erect+ a conceal$ batt]y aga9/ me4 ,& ,i mu/ confess1 t y h n[ fall5 ^u a subject wor?y ( y\r noble _s ( opposition & controv]sy4 ,if y c make out ! pres5t po9t1 & prove mank9d to be unhappy or corrupt$1 !re is an end at once ( all religion4 ,= to :at purpose e/abli% ! natural attributes ( ! ,deity1 :ile ! moral are /ill d\btful & unc]ta98 ,y take umbrage v easily1 repli$ ,demea1 at op9ions ! mo/ innoc5t1 & ! mo/ g5]ally receiv$1 ev5 among/ ! religi\s & dev\t !mselves3 & no?+ c be m surpris+ ?an to f9d a topic l ?is1 conc]n+ ! wick$ness & mis]y ( man1 *>g$ ) no less ?an ,a!ism & pr(an5ess4 ,h n all pi\s div9es & prea*]s1 :o h indulg$ _! rhetoric on s f]tile a subject2 h !y n easily1 ,i say1 giv5 a solution ( any difficulties :i* may att5d x8 ,?is _w is b a po9t 9 comp>ison ( ! univ]se2 ?is life b a mom5t 9 comp>ison ( et]nity4 ,! pres5t evil ph5om5a1 !re=e1 are rectifi$ 9 o!r regions1 & 9 "s future p]iod ( exi/5ce4 ,& ! eyes ( m51 be+ !n op5$ to l>g] views ( ?+s1 see ! :ole connection ( g5]al laws2 & trace ) adoration1 ! b5evol5ce & rectitude ( ! ,deity1 ?r\gh all ! mazes & intricacies ( 8 provid5ce4 ,no6 repli$ ,clean!s1 ,no6 ,^! arbitr>y suppositions c nev] be admitt$1 contr>y to matt] ( fact1 visible & uncontrov]t$4 ,:5ce c any cause be kn[n b f its kn[n effects8 ,:5ce c any hypo!sis be prov$ b f ! app>5t ph5om5a8 ,to e/abli% "o hypo!sis ^u ano!r1 is build+ entirely 9 ! air2 & ! utmo/ we ev] atta91 by ^! conjectures & fictions1 is to asc]ta9 ! b>e possibility ( our op9ion2 b nev] c we1 ^u su* t]ms1 e/abli% its reality4 ,! only me?od ( support+ ,div9e b5evol5ce1 & x is :at ,i will+ly embrace1 is to d5y absolutely ! mis]y & wick$ness ( man4 ,y\r repres5tations are exagg]at$2 y\r melan*oly views mo/ly fictiti\s2 y\r inf]5ces contr>y to fact & exp]i5ce4 ,heal? is m common ?an sickness2 pleasure ?an pa92 happ9ess ?an mis]y4 ,& = "o vexation :i* we meet )1 we atta91 ^u computation1 a hundr$ enjoym5ts4 ,admitt+ y\r position1 repli$ ,philo1 :i* yet is extremely d\btful1 y mu/ at ! same "t all[1 t if pa9 be less frequ5t ?an pleasure1 x is inf9itely m viol5t & durable4 ,"o h\r ( x is (t5 able to outweigh a day1 a week1 a mon? ( our common insipid enjoym5ts2 & h[ _m days1 weeks1 & mon?s1 are pass$ by sev]al 9 ! mo/ acute torm5ts8 ,pleasure1 sc>cely 9 "o in/ance1 is ev] able to rea* ec/asy & rapture2 & 9 no "o in/ance c x cont9ue = any "t at its highe/ pit* & altitude4 ,! spirits evaporate1 ! n]ves relax1 ! fabric is disord]$1 & ! enjoym5t quickly deg5]ates into fatigue & uneas9ess4 ,b pa9 (t51 good ,god1 h[ (t56 rises to torture & agony2 & ! long] x cont9ues1 x becomes /ill m g5u9e agony & torture4 ,pati5ce is exhau/$1 c\rage langui%es1 melan*oly seizes u1 & no?+ t]m9ates our mis]y b ! removal ( its cause1 or ano!r ev5t1 :i* is ! sole cure ( all evil1 b :i*1 f our natural folly1 we reg>d ) /ill great] horror & con/]nation4 ,b n to insi/ ^u ^! topics1 cont9u$ ,philo1 ?\gh mo/ obvi\s1 c]ta91 & important2 ,i mu/ use ! fre$om to admoni% y1 ,clean!s1 t y h put ! controv]sy ^u a mo/ dang]\s issue1 & are unaw>es introduc+ a total scepticism into ! mo/ ess5tial articles ( natural & reveal$ !ology4 ,:at6 no me?od ( fix+ a j f\ndation = religion1 unless we all[ ! happ9ess ( human life1 & ma9ta9 a cont9u$ exi/5ce ev5 9 ?is _w1 ) all our pres5t pa9s1 infirmities1 vexations1 & follies1 to be eligible & desirable6 ,b ?is is contr>y to e "o's feel+ & exp]i5ce3 ,x is contr>y to an au?ority s e/abli%$ z no?+ c subv]t4 ,no decisive pro(s c ev] be produc$ aga9/ ?is au?ority2 nor is x possible = y to compute1 e/imate & comp>e1 all ! pa9s & all ! pleasures 9 ! lives ( all m5 & ( all animals3 ,& ?us1 by y\r re/+ ! :ole sy/em ( religion on a po9t1 :i*1 f its v nature1 mu/ = ev] be unc]ta91 y tacitly confess1 t t sy/em is equally unc]ta94 ,b all[+ y :at nev] w be believ$1 at lea/ :at y nev] possibly c prove1 t animal1 or at lea/ human happ9ess1 9 ?is life1 exce$s its mis]y1 y h yet done no?+3 ,= ?is is n1 by any means1 :at we expect f inf9ite p[]1 inf9ite wisdom1 & inf9ite goodness4 ,:y is !re any mis]y at all 9 ! _w8 ,n by *ance surely4 ,f "s cause !n4 ,is x f ! int5tion ( ! ,deity8 ,b he is p]fectly b5evol5t4 ,is x contr>y to 8 int5tion8 ,b he is almighty4 ,no?+ c %ake ! solidity ( ?is reason+1 s %ort1 s cle>1 s decisive2 except we ass]t1 t ^! subjects exce$ all human capacity1 & t our common measures ( tru? & falsehood are n applicable to !m2 a topic :i* ,i h all along insi/$ on1 b :i* y h1 f ! beg9n+1 reject$ ) scorn & indignation4 ,b ,i w be cont5t$ to retire /ill f ?is intr5*m5t1 = ,i d5y t y c ev] =ce me 9 x4 ,i w all[1 t pa9 or mis]y 9 man is compatible ) inf9ite p[] & goodness 9 ! ,deity1 ev5 9 y\r s5se ( ^! attributes3 ,:at are y advanc$ by all ^! concessions8 ,a m]e possible compatibility is n suffici5t4 ,y mu/ prove ^! pure1 unmixt1 & uncontrollable attributes f ! pres5t mixt & confus$ ph5om5a1 & f ^! alone4 ,a hopeful und]tak+6 ,7 ! ph5om5a ev] s pure & unmixt1 yet be+ f9ite1 !y w\ld be insuffici5t = t purpose4 ,h[ mu* m1 :]e !y are also s j>r+ & discordant6 ,"h1 ,clean!s1 ,i f9d myself at ease 9 my argum5t4 ,"h ,i triumph4 ,=m]ly1 :5 we argu$ conc]n+ ! natural attributes ( intellig5ce & design1 ,i ne$$ all my sceptical & metaphysical subtilty to elude y\r grasp4 ,9 _m views ( ! univ]se1 & ( its p>ts1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 ! beauty & fitness ( f9al causes /rike u ) su* irresi/ible =ce1 t all objections appe> 7:at ,i believe !y really are7 m]e cavils & sophisms2 nor c we !n imag9e h[ x 0 ev] possible = u to repose any weight on !m4 ,b !re is no view ( human life1 or ( ! condition ( mank9d1 f :i*1 )\t ! greate/ viol5ce1 we c inf] ! moral attributes1 or le>n t inf9ite b5evol5ce1 conjo9$ ) inf9ite p[] & inf9ite wisdom1 :i* we mu/ discov] by ! eyes ( fai? alone4 ,x is y\r turn n[ to tug ! lab\r+ o>1 & to support y\r philosophical subtilties aga9/ ! dictates ( pla9 reason & exp]i5ce4 #a ,t s5tim5t _h be5 ma9ta9$ by ,dr ,k+1 & "s few o!rs1 be=e ,leibnitz1 ?\gh by none ( s great fame z t ,g]man philosoph]4 ,,"p ,,xi4 ,i scruple n to all[1 said ,clean!s1 t ,i h be5 apt to suspect ! frequ5t repetition ( ! ^w inf9ite1 :i* we meet ) 9 all !ological writ]s1 to sav\r m ( panegyric ?an ( philosophy2 & t any purposes ( reason+1 & ev5 ( religion1 w\ld be bett] s]v$1 7 we to re/ cont5t$ ) m accurate & m mod]ate expressions4 ,! t]ms1 admirable1 excell5t1 sup]latively great1 wise1 & holy2 ^! suffici5tly fill ! imag9ations ( m52 & any ?+ beyond1 besides t x leads into absurdities1 has no influ5ce on ! affections or s5tim5ts4 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t subject1 if we ab&on all human analogy1 z seems y\r int5tion1 ,demea1 ,i am afraid we ab&on all religion1 & reta9 no conception ( ! great object ( our adoration4 ,if we pres]ve human analogy1 we mu/ = ev] f9d x impossible to reconcile any mixture ( evil 9 ! univ]se ) inf9ite attributes2 mu* less c we ev] prove ! latt] f ! =m]4 ,b suppos+ ! ,au?or ( ,nature to be f9itely p]fect1 ?\gh f> exce$+ mank9d1 a satisfactory acc\nt may !n be giv5 ( natural & moral evil1 & e unt[>d ph5om5on be expla9$ & adju/$4 ,a less evil may !n be *os51 9 ord] to avoid a great]2 inconv5i5ces be submitt$ to1 9 ord] to rea* a desirable end2 & 9 a ^w1 b5evol5ce1 regulat$ by wisdom1 & limit$ by necessity1 may produce j su* a _w z ! pres5t4 ,y1 ,philo1 :o are s prompt at />t+ views1 & reflections1 & analogies1 ,i w\ld gladly he>1 at l5g?1 )\t int]ruption1 y\r op9ion ( ?is new !ory2 & if x des]ve our att5tion1 we may aft]w>ds1 at m leisure1 r$uce x into =m4 ,my s5tim5ts1 repli$ ,philo1 are n wor? be+ made a my/]y (2 & !re=e1 )\t any c]emony1 ,i %all deliv] :at occurs to me ) reg>d to ! pres5t subject4 ,x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be all[$1 t if a v limit$ intellig5ce1 :om we %all suppose utt]ly unacqua9t$ ) ! univ]se1 7 assur$1 t x 7 ! production ( a v good1 wise1 & p[]ful ,be+1 h[ev] f9ite1 he w\ld1 f 8 conjectures1 =m be=eh& a diff]5t notion ( x f :at we f9d x to be by exp]i5ce2 nor w\ld he ev] imag9e1 m]ely f ^! attributes ( ! cause1 ( :i* he is in=m$1 t ! effect c\ld be s full ( vice & mis]y & disord]1 z x appe>s 9 ?is life4 ,suppos+ n[1 t ?is p]son 7 br\ght into ! _w1 /ill assur$ t x 0 ! workman%ip ( su* a sublime & b5evol5t ,be+2 he might1 p]haps1 be surpris$ at ! disappo9tm5t2 b w\ld nev] retract 8 =m] belief1 if f\nd$ on any v solid argum5t2 s9ce su* a limit$ intellig5ce mu/ be s5sible ( 8 own bl9dness & ignorance1 & mu/ all[1 t !re may be _m solutions ( ^? ph5om5a1 :i* w = ev] escape 8 compreh5sion4 ,b suppos+1 :i* is ! real case ) reg>d to man1 t ?is creature is n antec$5tly conv9c$ ( a supreme intellig5ce1 b5evol5t1 & p[]ful1 b is left to ga!r su* a belief f ! appe>ances ( ?+s2 ?is entirely alt]s ! case1 nor w he ev] f9d any reason = su* a conclusion4 ,he may be fully conv9c$ ( ! n>r[ limits ( 8 und]/&+2 b ?is w n help him 9 =m+ an inf]5ce conc]n+ ! goodness ( sup]ior p[]s1 s9ce he mu/ =m t inf]5ce f :at he kn[s1 n f :at he is ignorant (4 ,! m y exagg]ate 8 weakness & ignorance1 ! m diffid5t y r5d] him1 & give him ! great] suspicion t su* subjects are beyond ! rea* ( 8 faculties4 ,y are oblig$1 !re=e1 to reason ) him m]ely f ! kn[n ph5om5a1 & to drop e arbitr>y supposition or conjecture4 ,did ,i %[ y a h\se or palace1 :]e !re 0 n "o ap>tm5t conv5i5t or agreeable2 :]e ! w9d[s1 doors1 fires passages1 /airs1 & ! :ole economy ( ! build+1 7 ! s\rce ( noise1 confusion1 fatigue1 d>kness1 & ! extremes ( heat & cold2 y w\ld c]ta9ly blame ! contrivance1 )\t any f>!r exam9ation4 ,! ar*itect w\ld 9 va9 display 8 subtilty1 & prove to y1 t if ?is door or t w9d[ 7 alt]$1 great] ills w\ld ensue4 ,:at he says may be /rictly true3 ,! alt]ation ( "o p>ticul>1 :ile ! o!r p>ts ( ! build+ rema91 may only augm5t ! inconv5i5ces4 ,b /ill y w\ld ass]t 9 g5]al1 t1 if ! ar*itect _h _h skill & good int5tions1 he might h =m$ su* a plan ( ! :ole1 & might h adju/$ ! p>ts 9 su* a mann]1 z w\ld h rem$i$ all or mo/ ( ^! inconv5i5ces4 ,8 ignorance1 or ev5 y\r own ignorance ( su* a plan1 w nev] conv9ce y ( ! impossibility ( x4 ,if y f9d any inconv5i5ces & de=mities 9 ! build+1 y w always1 )\t ent]+ into any detail1 condemn ! ar*itect4 ,9 %ort1 ,i repeat ! "q3 ,is ! _w1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 & z x appe>s to u 9 ?is life1 diff]5t f :at a man1 or su* a limit$ be+1 w\ld1 be=eh&1 expect f a v p[]ful1 wise1 & b5evol5t ,deity8 ,x mu/ be /range prejudice to ass]t ! contr>y4 ,& f !nce ,i conclude1 t h[ev] consi/5t ! _w may be1 all[+ c]ta9 suppositions & conjectures1 ) ! idea ( su* a ,deity1 x c nev] af=d u an inf]5ce conc]n+ 8 exi/5ce4 ,! consi/5ce is n absolutely d5i$1 only ! inf]5ce4 ,conjectures1 especially :]e inf9ity is exclud$ f ! ,div9e attributes1 may p]haps be suffici5t to prove a consi/5ce1 b c nev] be f\ndations = any inf]5ce4 ,!re seem to be f\r circum/ances1 on :i* dep5d all1 or ! greate/ "p ( ! ills1 t mole/ s5sible creatures2 & x is n impossible b all ^! circum/ances may be necess>y & unavoidable4 ,we "k s little beyond common life1 or ev5 ( common life1 t1 ) reg>d to ! economy ( a univ]se1 !re is no conjecture1 h[ev] wild1 :i* may n be j2 nor any "o1 h[ev] plausible1 :i* may n be errone\s4 ,all t belongs to human und]/&+1 9 ?is deep ignorance & obscurity1 is to be sceptical1 or at lea/ cauti\s1 & n to admit ( any hypo!sis :atev]1 mu* less ( any :i* is support$ by no appe>ance ( probability4 ,n[1 ?is ,i ass]t to be ! case ) reg>d to all ! causes ( evil1 & ! circum/ances on :i* x dep5ds4 ,none ( !m appe> to human reason 9 ! lea/ degree necess>y or unavoidable2 nor c we suppose !m su*1 )\t ! utmo/ lic5se ( imag9ation4 ,! fir/ circum/ance :i* introduces evil1 is t contrivance or economy ( ! animal creation1 by :i* pa9s1 z well z pleasures1 are employ$ to excite all creatures to action1 & make !m vigilant 9 ! great "w ( self-pres]vation4 ,n[ pleasure alone1 9 its v>i\s degrees1 seems to human und]/&+ suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,all animals might be con/antly 9 a /ate ( enjoym5t3 b :5 urg$ by any ( ! necessities ( nature1 su* z ?ir/1 hung]1 we>9ess2 in/ead ( pa91 !y might feel a dim9ution ( pleasure1 by :i* !y might be prompt$ to seek t object :i* is necess>y to _! subsi/5ce4 ,m5 pursue pleasure z eag]ly z !y avoid pa92 at lea/1 !y might h be5 s con/itut$4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 pla9ly possible to c>ry on ! bus9ess ( life )\t any pa94 ,:y !n is any animal ev] r5d]$ susceptible ( su* a s5sation8 ,if animals c be free f x an h\r1 !y might enjoy a p]petual exemption f x2 & x requir$ z p>ticul> a contrivance ( _! organs to produce t feel+1 z to end[ !m ) sight1 he>+1 or any ( ! s5ses4 ,%all we conjecture1 t su* a contrivance 0 necess>y1 )\t any appe>ance ( reason8 & %all we build on t conjecture z on ! mo/ c]ta9 tru?8 ,b a capacity ( pa9 w\ld n alone produce pa91 7 x n = ! second circum/ance1 viz4 ! conduct+ ( ! _w by g5]al laws2 & ?is seems n[ise necess>y to a v p]fect ,be+4 ,x is true1 if e ?+ 7 conduct$ by p>ticul> volitions1 ! c\rse ( nature w\ld be p]petually brok51 & no man c\ld employ 8 reason 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,b might n o!r p>ticul> volitions rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce8 ,9 %ort1 might n ! ,deity ext]m9ate all ill1 :]ev] x 7 to be f\nd2 & produce all good1 )\t any prep>ation1 or long progress ( causes & effects8 ,besides1 we mu/ consid]1 t1 accord+ to ! pres5t economy ( ! _w1 ! c\rse ( nature1 ?\gh suppos$ exactly regul>1 yet to u appe>s n s1 & _m ev5ts are unc]ta91 & _m disappo9t our expectations4 ,heal? & sickness1 calm & tempe/1 ) an inf9ite numb] ( o!r accid5ts1 ^: causes are unkn[n & v>iable1 h a great influ5ce bo? on ! =tunes ( p>ticul> p]sons & on ! prosp]ity ( public societies2 & inde$ all human life1 9 a mann]1 dep5ds on su* accid5ts4 ,a be+1 !re=e1 :o kn[s ! secret spr+s ( ! univ]se1 might easily1 by p>ticul> volitions1 turn all ^! accid5ts to ! good ( mank9d1 & r5d] ! :ole _w happy1 )\t discov]+ himself 9 any op]ation4 ,a fleet1 ^: purposes 7 salut>y to society1 might always meet ) a fair w9d4 ,good pr9ces enjoy s\nd heal? & long life4 ,p]sons born to p[] & au?ority1 be fram$ ) good temp]s & virtu\s dispositions4 ,a few su* ev5ts z ^!1 regul>ly & wisely conduct$1 w\ld *ange ! face ( ! _w2 & yet w\ld no m seem to di/urb ! c\rse ( nature1 or conf\nd human conduct1 ?an ! pres5t economy ( ?+s1 :]e ! causes are secret1 & v>iable1 & comp\nd$4 ,"s small t\*es giv5 to ,caligula's bra9 9 8 infancy1 might h conv]t$ him into a ,trajan4 ,"o wave1 a little high] ?an ! re/1 by bury+ ,cs> & 8 =tune 9 ! bottom ( ! ocean1 might h re/or$ lib]ty to a consid]able "p ( mank9d4 ,!re may1 = aught we "k1 be good reasons :y ,provid5ce int]poses n 9 ?is mann]2 b !y are unkn[n to u2 & ?\gh ! m]e supposition1 t su* reasons exi/1 may be suffici5t to save ! conclusion conc]n+ ! ,div9e attributes1 yet surely x c nev] be suffici5t to e/abli% t conclusion4 ,if e ?+ 9 ! univ]se be conduct$ by g5]al laws1 & if animals be r5d]$ susceptible ( pa91 x sc>cely seems possible b "s ill mu/ arise 9 ! v>i\s %ocks ( matt]1 & ! v>i\s concurr5ce & opposition ( g5]al laws2 b ?is ill w\ld be v r>e1 7 x n = ! ?ird circum/ance1 :i* ,i propos$ to m5tion1 viz4 ! great frugality ) :i* all p[]s & faculties are di/ribut$ to e p>ticul> be+4 ,s well adju/$ are ! organs & capacities ( all animals1 & s well fitt$ to _! pres]vation1 t1 z f> z hi/ory or tradition rea*es1 !re appe>s n to be any s+le species :i* has yet be5 ext+ui%$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,e animal has ! requisite end[m5ts2 b ^! end[m5ts are be/[$ ) s scrupul\s an economy1 t any consid]able dim9ution mu/ entirely de/roy ! creature4 ,:]ev] "o p[] is increas$1 !re is a proportional abatem5t 9 ! o!rs4 ,animals :i* excel 9 swiftness are commonly defective 9 =ce4 ,^? :i* possess bo? are ei!r imp]fect 9 "s ( _! s5ses1 or are oppress$ ) ! mo/ crav+ wants4 ,! human species1 ^: *ief excell5cy is reason & sagacity1 is ( all o!rs ! mo/ necessit\s1 & ! mo/ defici5t 9 bodily advantages2 )\t clo!s1 )\t arms1 )\t food1 )\t lodg+1 )\t any conv5i5ce ( life1 except :at !y owe to _! own skill & indu/ry4 ,9 %ort1 nature seems to h =m$ an exact calculation ( ! necessities ( h] creatures2 &1 l a rigid ma/]1 has af=d$ !m little m p[]s or end[m5ts ?an :at are /rictly suffici5t to supply ^? necessities4 ,an indulg5t p>5t w\ld h be/[$ a l>ge /ock1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ accid5ts1 & secure ! happ9ess & welf>e ( ! creature 9 ! mo/ un=tunate concurr5ce ( circum/ances4 ,e c\rse ( life w\ld n h be5 s surr\nd$ ) precipices1 t ! lea/ dep>ture f ! true pa?1 by mi/ake or necessity1 mu/ involve u 9 mis]y & ru94 ,"s res]ve1 "s fund1 w\ld h be5 provid$ to ensure happ9ess2 nor w\ld ! p[]s & ! necessities h be5 adju/$ ) s rigid an economy4 ,! ,au?or ( ,nature is inconceivably p[]ful3 8 =ce is suppos$ great1 if n altoge!r inexhau/ible3 nor is !re any reason1 z f> z we c judge1 to make him obs]ve ?is /rict frugality 9 8 deal+s ) 8 creatures4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett]1 7 8 p[] extremely limit$1 to h creat$ few] animals1 & to h end[$ ^! ) m faculties = _! happ9ess & pres]vation4 ,a build] is nev] e/eem$ prud5t1 :o und]takes a plan beyond :at 8 /ock w enable him to f9i%4 ,9 ord] to cure mo/ ( ! ills ( human life1 ,i require n t man %\ld h ! w+s ( ! eagle1 ! swiftness ( ! /ag1 ! =ce ( ! ox1 ! arms ( ! lion1 ! scales ( ! crocodile or rh9oc]os2 mu* less d ,i dem& ! sagacity ( an angel or *]ubim4 ,i am cont5t$ to take an increase 9 "o s+le p[] or faculty ( 8 s\l4 ,let him be end[$ ) a great] prop5sity to indu/ry & lab\r2 a m vigor\s spr+ & activity ( m9d2 a m con/ant b5t to bus9ess & application4 ,let ! :ole species possess naturally an equal dilig5ce ) t :i* _m individuals are able to atta9 by habit & reflection2 & ! mo/ b5eficial consequ5ces1 )\t any allay ( ill1 is ! imm$iate & necess>y result ( ?is end[m5t4 ,almo/ all ! moral1 z well z natural evils ( human life1 arise f idl5ess2 & 7 our species1 by ! orig9al con/itution ( _! frame1 exempt f ?is vice or infirmity1 ! p]fect cultivation ( l&1 ! improvem5t ( arts & manufactures1 ! exact execution ( e (fice & duty1 imm$iately foll[2 & m5 at once may fully rea* t /ate ( society1 :i* is s imp]fectly atta9$ by ! be/ regulat$ gov]nm5t4 ,b z indu/ry is a p[]1 & ! mo/ valuable ( any1 ,nature seems det]m9$1 suitably to h] usual maxims1 to be/[ x on m5 ) a v sp>+ h&2 & r to puni% him sev]ely = 8 defici5cy 9 x1 ?an to rew>d him = 8 atta9m5ts4 ,%e has s contriv$ 8 frame1 t no?+ b ! mo/ viol5t necessity c oblige him to lab\r2 & %e employs all 8 o!r wants to ov]come1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! want ( dilig5ce1 & to end[ him ) "s %>e ( a faculty ( :i* %e has ?\ght fit naturally to b]eave him4 ,"h our dem&s may be all[$ v humble1 & !re=e ! m reasonable4 ,if we requir$ ! end[m5ts ( sup]ior p5etration & judgm5t1 ( a m delicate ta/e ( beauty1 ( a nic] s5sibility to b5evol5ce & fri5d%ip2 we might be told1 t we impi\sly pret5d to break ! ord] ( ,nature2 t we want to exalt ourselves into a high] rank ( be+2 t ! pres5ts :i* we require1 n be+ suitable to our /ate & condition1 w\ld only be p]nici\s to u4 ,b x is h>d2 ,i d>e to repeat x1 x is h>d1 t be+ plac$ 9 a _w s full ( wants & necessities1 :]e almo/ e be+ & elem5t is ei!r our foe or refuses its assi/ance 444 we %\ld also h our own temp] to /ruggle )1 & %\ld be depriv$ ( t faculty :i* c alone f5ce aga9/ ^! multipli$ evils4 ,! f\r? circum/ance1 :5ce arises ! mis]y & ill ( ! univ]se1 is ! inaccurate workman%ip ( all ! spr+s & pr9ciples ( ! great ma*9e ( nature4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 t !re are few p>ts ( ! univ]se1 :i* seem n to s]ve "s purpose1 & ^: removal w\ld n produce a visible defect & disord] 9 ! :ole4 ,! p>ts hang all toge!r2 nor c "o be t\*$ )\t affect+ ! re/1 9 a great] or less degree4 ,b at ! same "t1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t none ( ^! p>ts or pr9ciples1 h[ev] useful1 are s accurately adju/$1 z to keep precisely )9 ^? b\nds 9 :i* _! utility consi/s2 b !y are1 all ( !m1 apt1 on e occasion1 to run into ! "o extreme or ! o!r4 ,"o w\ld imag9e1 t ?is gr& production _h n receiv$ ! la/ h& ( ! mak]2 s little f9i%$ is e "p1 & s co>se are ! /rokes ) :i* x is execut$4 ,?us1 ! w9ds are requisite to convey ! vap\rs along ! surface ( ! globe1 & to assi/ m5 9 navigation3 b h[ (t1 ris+ up to tempe/s & hurricanes1 d !y become p]nici\s8 ,ra9s are necess>y to n\ri% all ! plants & animals ( ! e>?3 b h[ (t5 are !y defective8 h[ (t5 excessive8 ,heat is requisite to all life & vegetation2 b is n always f\nd 9 ! due proportion4 ,on ! mixture & secretion ( ! hum\rs & juices ( ! body dep5d ! heal? & prosp]ity ( ! animal3 b ! p>ts p]=m n regul>ly _! prop] function4 ,:at m useful ?an all ! passions ( ! m9d1 ambition1 vanity love1 ang]8 ,b h[ (t d !y break _! b\nds1 & cause ! greate/ convulsions 9 society8 ,!re is no?+ s advantage\s 9 ! univ]se1 b :at frequ5tly becomes p]nici\s1 by its excess or defect2 nor has ,nature gu>d$1 ) ! requisite accuracy1 aga9/ all disord] or confusion4 ,! irregul>ity is nev] p]haps s great z to de/roy any species2 b is (t5 suffici5t to involve ! individuals 9 ru9 & mis]y4 ,on ! concurr5ce1 !n1 ( ^! f\r circum/ances1 does all or ! greate/ "p ( natural evil dep5d4 ,7 all liv+ creatures incapable ( pa91 or 7 ! _w adm9i/]$ by p>ticul> volitions1 evil nev] c\ld h f\nd access into ! univ]se3 & 7 animals end[$ ) a l>ge /ock ( p[]s & faculties1 beyond :at /rict necessity requires2 or 7 ! sev]al spr+s & pr9ciples ( ! univ]se s accurately fram$ z to pres]ve always ! j temp]am5t & m$ium2 !re mu/ h be5 v little ill 9 comp>ison ( :at we feel at pres5t4 ,:at !n %all we pron\nce on ?is occasion8 ,%all we say t ^! circum/ances are n necess>y1 & t !y might easily h be5 alt]$ 9 ! contrivance ( ! univ]se8 ,?is decision seems too presumptu\s = creatures s bl9d & ignorant4 ,let u be m mode/ 9 our conclusions4 ,let u all[1 t1 if ! goodness ( ! ,diety 7,i mean a goodness l ! human7 c\ld be e/abli%$ on any tol]able reasons a priori1 ^! ph5om5a1 h[ev] unt[>d1 w\ld n be suffici5t to subv]t t pr9ciple2 b might easily1 9 "s unkn[n mann]1 be reconcileable to x4 ,b let u /ill ass]t1 t z ?is goodness is n antec$5tly e/abli%$1 b mu/ be inf]r$ f ! ph5om5a1 !re c be no gr\nds = su* an inf]5ce1 :ile !re are s _m ills 9 ! univ]se1 & :ile ^! ills might s easily h be5 rem$i$1 z f> z human und]/&+ c be all[$ to judge on su* a subject4 ,i am ,sceptic en\gh to all[1 t ! bad appe>ances1 not)/&+ all my reason+s1 may be compatible ) su* attributes z y suppose2 b surely !y c nev] prove ^! attributes4 ,su* a conclusion _c result f ,scepticism1 b mu/ arise f ! ph5om5a1 & f our confid5ce 9 ! reason+s :i* we d$uce f ^! ph5om5a4 ,look r\nd ?is univ]se4 ,:at an imm5se pr(usion ( be+s1 animat$ & organiz$1 s5sible & active6 ,y admire ?is prodigi\s v>iety & fecundity4 ,b inspect a little m n>r[ly ^! liv+ exi/5ces1 ! only be+s wor? reg>d+4 ,h[ ho/ile & de/ructive to ea* o!r6 ,h[ insuffici5t all ( !m = _! own happ9ess6 ,h[ contemptible or odi\s to ! spectator6 ,! :ole pres5ts no?+ b ! idea ( a bl9d ,nature1 impregnat$ by a great vivify+ pr9ciple1 & p\r+ =? f h] lap1 )\t disc]nm5t or p>5tal c>e1 h] maim$ & abortive *ildr56 ,"h ! ,mani*an sy/em occurs z a prop] hypo!sis to solve ! difficulty3 & no d\bt1 9 "s respects1 x is v speci\s1 & has m probability ?an ! common hypo!sis1 by giv+ a plausible acc\nt ( ! /range mixture ( good & ill :i* appe>s 9 life4 ,b if we consid]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p]fect uni=mity & agreem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 we %all n discov] 9 x any m>ks ( ! combat ( a malevol5t ) a b5evol5t be+4 ,!re is inde$ an opposition ( pa9s & pleasures 9 ! feel+s ( s5sible creatures3 b are n all ! op]ations ( ,nature c>ri$ on by an opposition ( pr9ciples1 ( hot & cold1 moi/ & dry1 light & heavy8 ,! true conclusion is1 t ! orig9al ,s\rce ( all ?+s is entirely indiff]5t to all ^! pr9ciples2 & has no m reg>d to good above ill1 ?an to heat above cold1 or to dr\ght above moi/ure1 or to light above heavy4 ,!re may f\r hypo!ses be fram$ conc]n+ ! fir/ causes ( ! univ]se3 t !y are end[$ ) p]fect goodness2 t !y h p]fect malice2 t !y are opposite1 & h bo? goodness & malice2 t !y h nei!r goodness nor malice4 ,mixt ph5om5a c nev] prove ! two =m] unmixt pr9ciples2 & ! uni=mity & /ead9ess ( g5]al laws seem to oppose ! ?ird4 ,! f\r?1 !re=e1 seems by f> ! mo/ probable4 ,:at ,i h said conc]n+ natural evil w apply to moral1 ) little or no v>iation2 & we h no m reason to inf]1 t ! rectitude ( ! ,supreme ,be+ resembles human rectitude1 ?an t 8 b5evol5ce resembles ! human4 ,nay1 x w be ?\ght1 t we h /ill great] cause to exclude f him moral s5tim5ts1 su* z we feel !m2 s9ce moral evil1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 is mu* m pr$om9ant above moral good ?an natural evil above natural good4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ?is %\ld n be all[$1 & ?\gh ! virtue :i* is 9 mank9d %\ld be ackn[l$g$ mu* sup]ior to ! vice1 yet s long z !re is any vice at all 9 ! univ]se1 x w v mu* puzzle y ,an?ropomorphites1 h[ to acc\nt = x4 ,y mu/ assign a cause = x1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! fir/ cause4 ,b z e effect mu/ h a cause1 & t cause ano!r1 y mu/ ei!r c>ry on ! progression 9 inf9itum1 or re/ on t orig9al pr9ciple1 :o is ! ultimate cause ( all ?+s4444 ,hold6 hold6 cri$ ,demea3 ,:i!r does y\r imag9ation hurry y8 ,i jo9$ 9 alliance ) y1 9 ord] to prove ! incompreh5sible nature ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 & refute ! pr9ciples ( ,clean!s1 :o w\ld measure e ?+ by human rule & /&>d4 ,b ,i n[ f9d y runn+ into all ! topics ( ! greate/ lib]t9es & infidels1 & betray+ t holy cause :i* y seem+ly esp\s$4 ,are y secretly1 !n1 a m dang]\s enemy ?an ,clean!s himself8 ,& are y s late 9 p]ceiv+ x8 repli$ ,clean!s4 ,believe me1 ,demea1 y\r fri5d ,philo1 f ! beg9n+1 has be5 amus+ himself at bo? our exp5se2 & x mu/ be confess$1 t ! injudici\s reason+ ( our vulg> !ology has giv5 him b too j a h&le ( ridicule4 ,! total infirmity ( human reason1 ! absolute incompreh5sibility ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 ! great & univ]sal mis]y1 & /ill great] wick$ness ( m52 ^! are /range topics1 surely1 to be s fondly *]i%$ by or?odox div9es & doctors4 ,9 ages ( /upidity & ignorance1 inde$1 ^! pr9ciples may safely be esp\s$2 & p]haps no views ( ?+s are m prop] to promote sup]/ition1 ?an su* z enc\rage ! bl9d amazem5t1 ! diffid5ce1 & melan*oly ( mank9d4 ,b at pres5t4444 ,blame n s mu*1 int]pos$ ,philo1 ! ignorance ( ^! rev]5d g5tlem54 ,!y "k h[ to *ange _! /yle ) ! times4 ,=m]ly x 0 a mo/ popul> !ological topic to ma9ta91 t human life 0 vanity & mis]y1 & to exagg]ate all ! ills & pa9s :i* are incid5t to m54 ,b ( late ye>s1 div9es1 we f9d1 beg9 to retract ?is position2 & ma9ta91 ?\gh /ill ) "s hesitation1 t !re are m goods ?an evils1 m pleasures ?an pa9s1 ev5 9 ?is life4 ,:5 religion /ood entirely ^u temp] & education1 x 0 ?\ght prop] to enc\rage melan*oly2 z inde$ mank9d nev] h rec\rse to sup]ior p[]s s readily z 9 t disposition4 ,b z m5 h n[ le>n$ to =m pr9ciples1 & to draw consequ5ces1 x is necess>y to *ange ! batt]ies1 & to make use ( su* argum5ts z w endure at lea/ "s scrut9y & exam9ation4 ,?is v>iation is ! same 7& f ! same causes7 ) t :i* ,i =m]ly rem>k$ ) reg>d to ,scepticism4 ,?us ,philo cont9u$ to ! la/ 8 _s ( opposition1 & 8 c5sure ( e/abli%$ op9ions4 ,b ,i c\ld obs]ve t ,demea did n at all reli% ! latt] "p ( ! disc\rse2 & he took occasion soon aft]1 on "s pret5ce or o!r1 to leave ! company4 ,,"p ,,xii4 ,aft] ,demea's dep>ture1 ,clean!s & ,philo cont9u$ ! conv]sation 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,our fri5d1 ,i am afraid1 said ,clean!s1 w h little incl9ation to revive ?is topic ( disc\rse1 :ile y are 9 company2 & to tell tru?1 ,philo1 ,i %\ld r wi% to reason ) ei!r ( y ap>t on a subject s sublime & int]e/+4 ,y\r _s ( controv]sy1 jo9$ to y\r abhor5ce ( vulg> sup]/ition1 c>ries y /range l5g?s1 :5 engag$ 9 an argum5t2 & !re is no?+ s sacr$ & v5]able1 ev5 9 y\r own eyes1 :i* y sp>e on t occasion4 ,i mu/ confess1 repli$ ,philo1 t ,i am less cauti\s on ! subject ( ,natural ,religion ?an on any o!r2 bo? because ,i "k t ,i c nev]1 on t head1 corrupt ! pr9ciples ( any man ( common s5se2 & because no "o1 ,i am confid5t1 9 ^: eyes ,i appe> a man ( common s5se1 w ev] mi/ake my int5tions4 ,y1 9 p>ticul>1 ,clean!s1 ) :om ,i live 9 unres]v$ intimacy2 y are s5sible1 t not)/&+ ! fre$om ( my conv]sation1 & my love ( s+ul> argum5ts1 no "o has a deep] s5se ( religion impress$ on 8 m9d1 or pays m pr(\nd adoration to ! ,div9e ,be+1 z he discov]s himself to reason1 9 ! inexplicable contrivance & artifice ( nature4 ,a purpose1 an int5tion1 a design1 /rikes e :]e ! mo/ c>eless1 ! mo/ /upid ?9k]2 & no man c be s h>d5$ 9 absurd sy/ems1 z at all times to reject x4 ,t ,nature does no?+ 9 va91 is a maxim e/abli%$ 9 all ! s*ools1 m]ely f ! contemplation ( ! works ( ,nature1 )\t any religi\s purpose2 &1 f a firm conviction ( its tru?1 an anatomi/1 :o _h obs]v$ a new organ or canal1 w\ld nev] be satisfi$ till he _h also discov]$ its use & int5tion4 ,"o great f\ndation ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em is ! maxim1 ,t ,nature acts by ! simple/ me?ods1 & *ooses ! mo/ prop] means to any end2 & a/ronom]s (t51 )\t ?9k+ ( x1 lay ?is /rong f\ndation ( piety & religion4 ,! same ?+ is obs]vable 9 o!r p>ts ( philosophy3 ,& ?us all ! sci5ces almo/ lead u ins5sibly to ackn[l$ge a fir/ intellig5t ,au?or2 & _! au?ority is (t5 s mu* ! great]1 z !y d n directly pr(ess t int5tion4 ,x is ) pleasure ,i he> ,gal5 reason conc]n+ ! /ructure ( ! human body4 ,! anatomy ( a man1 says he1#a discov]s above #fjj diff]5t muscles2 & :oev] duly consid]s ^!1 w f9d1 t1 9 ea* ( !m1 ,nature mu/ h adju/$ at lea/ t5 diff]5t circum/ances1 9 ord] to atta9 ! end :i* %e propos$2 prop] figure1 j magnitude1 "r disposition ( ! sev]al ends1 upp] & l[] position ( ! :ole1 ! due ins]tion ( ! sev]al n]ves1 ve9s1 & art]ies3 ,s t1 9 ! muscles alone1 above #fjjj sev]al views & int5tions mu/ h be5 =m$ & execut$4 ,! bones he calculates to be #bhd3 ,! di/9ct purposes aim$ at 9 ! /ructure ( ea*1 above =ty4 ,:at a prodigi\s display ( artifice1 ev5 9 ^! simple & homog5e\s p>ts6 ,b if we consid] ! sk91 ligam5ts1 vessels1 gl&ules1 hum\rs1 ! sev]al limbs & memb]s ( ! body2 h[ mu/ our a/oni%m5t rise ^u u1 9 proportion to ! numb] & intricacy ( ! p>ts s artificially adju/$6 ,! f>!r we advance 9 ^! rese>*es1 we discov] new sc5es ( art & wisdom3 ,b descry /ill1 at a di/ance1 f>!r sc5es beyond our rea*2 9 ! f9e int]nal /ructure ( ! p>ts1 9 ! economy ( ! bra91 9 ! fabric ( ! sem9al vessels4 ,all ^! artifices are repeat$ 9 e diff]5t species ( animal1 ) wond]ful v>iety1 & ) exact propriety1 suit$ to ! diff]5t int5tions ( ,nature 9 fram+ ea* species4 ,& if ! infidelity ( ,gal51 ev5 :5 ^! natural sci5ces 7 /ill imp]fect1 c\ld n )/& su* /rik+ appe>ances1 to :at pit* ( p]t9aci\s ob/9acy mu/ a philosoph] 9 ?is age h atta9$1 :o c n[ d\bt ( a ,supreme ,intellig5ce6 ,c\ld ,i meet ) "o ( ?is species 7:o1 ,i ?ank ,god1 are v r>e71 ,i w\ld ask him3 ,suppos+ !re 7 a ,god1 :o did n discov] himself imm$iately to our s5ses1 7 x possible = him to give /rong] pro(s ( 8 exi/5ce1 ?an :at appe> on ! :ole face ( ,nature8 ,:at inde$ c\ld su* a ,div9e ,be+ d1 b copy ! pres5t economy ( ?+s2 r5d] _m ( 8 artifices s pla91 t no /upidity c\ld mi/ake !m2 af=d glimpses ( /ill great] artifices1 :i* demon/rate 8 prodigi\s sup]iority above our n>r[ appreh5sions2 & conceal altoge!r a great _m f su* imp]fect creatures8 ,n[1 accord+ to all rules ( j reason+1 e fact mu/ pass = undisput$1 :5 x is support$ by all ! argum5ts :i* its nature admits (2 ev5 ?\gh ^! argum5ts be n1 9 !mselves1 v num]\s or =cible3 ,h[ mu* m1 9 ! pres5t case1 :]e no human imag9ation c compute _! numb]1 & no und]/&+ e/imate _! cog5cy6 ,i %all f>!r add1 said ,clean!s1 to :at y h s well urg$1 t "o great advantage ( ! pr9ciple ( ,!ism1 is1 t x is ! only sy/em ( cosmogony :i* c be r5d]$ intelligible & complete1 & yet c ?r\gh\t pres]ve a /rong analogy to :at we e day see & exp]i5ce 9 ! _w4 ,! comp>ison ( ! univ]se to a ma*9e ( human contrivance1 is s obvi\s & natural1 & is ju/ifi$ by s _m in/ances ( ord] & design 9 ,nature1 t x mu/ imm$iately /rike all unprejudic$ appreh5sions1 & procure univ]sal approbation4 ,:oev] attempts to weak5 ?is !ory1 _c pret5d to succe$ by e/abli%+ 9 its place any o!r t is precise & det]m9ate3 ,x is suffici5t = him if he />t d\bts & difficulties2 & by remote & ab/ract views ( ?+s1 rea* t susp5se ( judgm5t1 :i* is "h ! utmo/ b\nd>y ( 8 wi%es4 ,b1 besides t ?is /ate ( m9d is 9 itself unsatisfactory1 x c nev] be /eadily ma9ta9$ aga9/ su* /rik+ appe>ances z cont9ually engage u into ! religi\s hypo!sis4 ,a false1 absurd sy/em1 human nature1 f ! =ce ( prejudice1 is capable ( adh]+ to ) ob/9acy & p]sev]ance3 ,b no sy/em at all1 9 opposition to a !ory support$ by /rong & obvi\s reason1 by natural prop5sity1 & by e>ly education1 ,i ?9k x absolutely impossible to ma9ta9 or def5d4 ,s little1 repli$ ,philo1 d ,i e/eem ?is susp5se ( judgm5t 9 ! pres5t case to be possible1 t ,i am apt to suspect !re ent]s some:at ( a dispute ( words into ?is controv]sy2 m ?an is usually imag9$4 ,t ! works ( ,nature be> a great analogy to ! productions ( art1 is evid5t2 & accord+ to all ! rules ( good reason+1 we ought to inf]1 if we argue at all conc]n+ !m1 t _! causes h a proportional analogy4 ,b z !re are also consid]able diff]5ces1 we h reason to suppose a proportional diff]5ce 9 ! causes2 & 9 p>ticul>1 ought to attribute a mu* high] degree ( p[] & en]gy to ! supreme cause1 ?an any we h ev] obs]v$ 9 mank9d4 ,"h !n ! exi/5ce ( a 99,,deity is pla9ly asc]ta9$ by reason3 & if we make x a "q1 :e!r1 on acc\nt ( ^! analogies1 we c prop]ly call him a m9d or intellig5ce1 not)/&+ ! va/ diff]5ce :i* may reasonably be suppos$ betwe5 him & human m9ds2 :at is ?is b a m]e v]bal controv]sy8 ,no man c d5y ! analogies betwe5 ! effects3 ,to re/ra9 ourselves f inquir+ conc]n+ ! causes is sc>cely possible4 ,f ?is inquiry1 ! legitimate conclusion is1 t ! causes h also an analogy3 ,& if we are n cont5t$ ) call+ ! fir/ & supreme cause a 99,,god or 99,,deity1 b desire to v>y ! expression2 :at c we call him b 99,,m9d or ,,?\ght1 to :i* he is ju/ly suppos$ to be> a consid]able resemblance8 ,all m5 ( s\nd reason are disgu/$ ) v]bal disputes1 :i* ab\nd s mu* 9 philosophical & !ological inquiries2 & x is f\nd1 t ! only rem$y = ?is abuse mu/ arise f cle> def9itions1 f ! precision ( ^? ideas :i* ent] into any argum5t1 & f ! /rict & uni=m use ( ^? t]ms :i* are employ$4 ,b !re is a species ( controv]sy1 :i*1 f ! v nature ( language & ( human ideas1 is involv$ 9 p]petual ambiguity1 & c nev]1 by any precaution or any def9itions1 be able to rea* a reasonable c]ta9ty or precision4 ,^! are ! controv]sies conc]n+ ! degrees ( any quality or circum/ance4 ,m5 may argue to all et]nity1 :e!r ,hannibal be a great1 or a v great1 or a sup]latively great man1 :at degree ( beauty ,cleopatra possess$1 :at epi!t ( praise ,livy or ,?ucydides is entitl$ to1 )\t br++ ! controv]sy to any det]m9ation4 ,! disputants may "h agree 9 _! s5se1 & diff] 9 ! t]ms1 or vice v]sa2 yet nev] be able to def9e _! t]ms1 s z to ent] into ea* o!r's mean+3 ,because ! degrees ( ^! qualities are n1 l quantity or numb]1 susceptible ( any exact m5suration1 :i* may be ! /&>d 9 ! controv]sy4 ,t ! dispute conc]n+ ,!ism is ( ?is nature1 & consequ5tly is m]ely v]bal1 or p]haps1 if possible1 /ill m incurably ambigu\s1 w appe> ^u ! slighte/ inquiry4 ,i ask ! ,!i/1 if he does n all[1 t !re is a great & immeasurable1 because incompreh5sible diff]5ce betwe5 ! human & ! div9e m9d3 ,! m pi\s he is1 ! m readily w he ass5t to ! affirmative1 & ! m w he be dispos$ to magnify ! diff]5ce3 ,he w ev5 ass]t1 t ! diff]5ce is ( a nature :i* _c be too mu* magnifi$4 ,i next turn to ! ,a!i/1 :o1 ,i ass]t1 is only nom9ally s1 & c nev] possibly be 9 e>ne/2 & ,i ask him1 :e!r1 f ! coh]5ce & app>5t sympa?y 9 all ! p>ts ( ?is _w1 !re be n a c]ta9 degree ( analogy among all ! op]ations ( ,nature1 9 e situation & 9 e age2 :e!r ! rott+ ( a turnip1 ! g5]ation ( an animal1 & ! /ructure ( human ?\ght1 be n en]gies t probably be> "s remote analogy to ea* o!r3 ,x is impossible he c d5y x3 ,he w readily ackn[l$ge x4 ,hav+ obta9$ ?is concession1 ,i pu% him /ill f>!r 9 8 retreat2 & ,i ask him1 if x be n probable1 t ! pr9ciple :i* fir/ arrang$1 & /ill ma9ta9s ord] 9 ?is univ]se1 be>s n also "s remote inconceivable analogy to ! o!r op]ations ( ,nature1 &1 among ! re/1 to ! economy ( human m9d & ?\ght4 ,h[ev] reluctant1 he mu/ give 8 ass5t4 ,:]e !n1 cry ,i to bo? ^! antagoni/s1 is ! subject ( y\r dispute8 ,! ,!i/ all[s1 t ! orig9al intellig5ce is v diff]5t f human reason3 ,! ,a!i/ all[s1 t ! orig9al pr9ciple ( ord] be>s "s remote analogy to x4 ,w y qu>rel1 ,g5tlem51 ab\t ! degrees1 & ent] into a controv]sy1 :i* admits n ( any precise mean+1 nor consequ5tly ( any det]m9ation8 ,if y %\ld be s ob/9ate1 ,i %\ld n be surpris$ to f9d y ins5sibly *ange sides2 :ile ! ,!i/1 on ! "o h&1 exagg]ates ! dissimil>ity betwe5 ! ,supreme ,be+1 & frail1 imp]fect1 v>iable1 fleet+1 & mortal creatures2 & ! ,a!i/1 on ! o!r1 magnifies ! analogy among all ! op]ations ( ,nature1 9 e p]iod1 e situation1 & e position4 ,consid] !n1 :]e ! real po9t ( controv]sy lies2 & if y _c lay aside y\r disputes1 endeav\r1 at lea/1 to cure y\rselves ( y\r animosity4 ,& "h ,i mu/ also ackn[l$ge1 ,clean!s1 t z ! works ( ,nature h a mu* great] analogy to ! effects ( our art & contrivance1 ?an to ^? ( our b5evol5ce & ju/ice1 we h reason to inf]1 t ! natural attributes ( ! ,deity h a great] resemblance to ^? ( m51 ?an 8 moral h to human virtues4 ,b :at is ! consequ5ce8 ,no?+ b ?is1 t ! moral qualities ( man are m defective 9 _! k9d ?an 8 natural abilities4 ,=1 z ! ,supreme ,be+ is all[$ to be absolutely & entirely p]fect1 :atev] diff]s mo/ f him1 dep>ts ! f>!/ f ! supreme /&>d ( rectitude & p]fection4#b ,^!1 ,clean!s1 are my unfeign$ s5tim5ts on ?is subject2 & ^! s5tim5ts1 y "k1 ,i h ev] *]i%$ & ma9ta9$4 ,b 9 proportion to my v5]ation = true religion1 is my abhorr5ce ( vulg> sup]/itions2 & ,i indulge a peculi> pleasure1 ,i confess1 9 pu%+ su* pr9ciples1 sometimes into absurdity1 sometimes into impiety4 ,& y are s5sible1 t all bigots1 not)/&+ _! great av]sion to ! latt] above ! =m]1 are commonly equally guilty ( bo?4 ,my incl9ation1 repli$ ,clean!s1 lies1 ,i own1 a contr>y way4 ,religion1 h[ev] corrupt$1 is /ill bett] ?an no religion at all4 ,! doctr9e ( a future /ate is s /rong & necess>y a security to morals1 t we nev] ought to ab&on or neglect x4 ,= if & tempor>y rew>ds & puni%m5ts h s great an effect1 z we daily f9d2 h[ mu* great] mu/ be expect$ f su* z are inf9ite & et]nal8 ,h[ happ5s x !n1 said ,philo1 if vulg> sup]/ition be s salut>y to society1 t all hi/ory ab\nds s mu* ) acc\nts ( its p]nici\s consequ5ces on public affairs8 ,factions1 civil w>s1 p]secutions1 subv]sions ( gov]nm5t1 oppression1 slav]y2 ^! are ! dismal consequ5ces :i* always att5d its preval5cy ov] ! m9ds ( m54 ,if ! religi\s _s be ev] m5tion$ 9 any hi/orical n>ration1 we are sure to meet aft]w>ds ) a detail ( ! mis]ies :i* att5d x4 ,& no p]iod ( "t c be happi] or m prosp]\s1 ?an ^? 9 :i* x is nev] reg>d$ or he>d (4 ,! reason ( ?is obs]vation1 repli$ ,clean!s1 is obvi\s4 ,! prop] (fice ( religion is to regulate ! he>t ( m51 humanize _! conduct1 infuse ! _s ( temp]ance1 ord]1 & ob$i5ce2 & z its op]ation is sil5t1 & only en=ces ! motives ( morality & ju/ice1 x is 9 dang] ( be+ ov]look$1 & conf\nd$ ) ^! o!r motives4 ,:5 x di/+ui%es itself1 & acts z a sep>ate pr9ciple ov] m51 x has dep>t$ f its prop] sph]e1 & has become only a cov] to faction & ambition4 ,& s w all religion1 said ,philo1 except ! philosophical & rational k9d4 ,y\r reason+s are m easily elud$ ?an my facts4 ,! inf]5ce is n j1 because f9ite & tempor>y rew>ds & puni%m5ts h s great influ5ce1 t !re=e su* z are inf9ite & et]nal mu/ h s mu* great]4 ,consid]1 ,i besee* y1 ! atta*m5t :i* we h to pres5t ?+s1 & ! little conc]n :i* we discov] = objects s remote & unc]ta94 ,:5 div9es are declaim+ aga9/ ! common behavi\r & conduct ( ! _w1 !y always repres5t ?is pr9ciple z ! /ronge/ imag9able 7:i* inde$ x is72 & describe almo/ all human k9d z ly+ "u ! influ5ce ( x1 & sunk into ! deepe/ le?>gy & unconc]n ab\t _! religi\s int]e/s4 ,yet ^! same div9es1 :5 !y refute _! speculative antagoni/s1 suppose ! motives ( religion to be s p[]ful1 t1 )\t !m1 x 7 impossible = civil society to subsi/2 nor are !y a%am$ ( s palpable a contradiction4 ,x is c]ta91 f exp]i5ce1 t ! smalle/ gra9 ( natural hone/y & b5evol5ce has m effect on m5's conduct1 ?an ! mo/ pomp\s views sugge/$ by !ological !ories & sy/ems4 ,a man's natural incl9ation works incessantly ^u him2 x is = ev] pres5t to ! m9d1 & m+les itself ) e view & consid]ation3 :]eas religi\s motives1 :]e !y act at all1 op]ate only by />ts & b\nds2 & x is sc>cely possible = !m to become altoge!r habitual to ! m9d4 ,! =ce ( ! greate/ gravity1 say ! philosoph]s1 is inf9itely small1 9 comp>ison ( t ( ! lea/ impulse3 yet x is c]ta91 t ! smalle/ gravity w1 9 ! end1 prevail above a great impulse2 because no /rokes or bl[s c be repeat$ ) su* con/ancy z attraction & gravitation4 ,ano!r advantage ( incl9ation3 ,x engages on its side all ! wit & +5uity ( ! m9d2 & :5 set 9 opposition to religi\s pr9ciples1 seeks e me?od & art ( elud+ !m3 ,9 :i* x is almo/ always successful4 ,:o c expla9 ! he>t ( man1 or acc\nt = ^? /range salvos & excuses1 ) :i* p satisfy !mselves1 :5 !y foll[ _! incl9ations 9 opposition to _! religi\s duty8 ,?is is well und]/ood 9 ! _w2 & none b fools ev] repose less tru/ 9 a man1 because !y he>1 t f /udy & philosophy1 he has ent]ta9$ "s speculative d\bts ) reg>d to !ological subjects4 ,& :5 we h to d ) a man1 :o makes a great pr(ession ( religion & devotion1 has ?is any o!r effect ^u sev]al1 :o pass = prud5t1 ?an to put !m on _! gu>d1 le/ !y be *eat$ & deceiv$ by him8 ,we mu/ f>!r consid]1 t philosoph]s1 :o cultivate reason & reflection1 /& less 9 ne$ ( su* motives to keep !m "u ! re/ra9t ( morals2 & t ! vulg>1 :o alone may ne$ !m1 are utt]ly incapable ( s pure a religion z repres5ts ! ,deity to be pleas$ ) no?+ b virtue 9 human behavi\r4 ,! recomm5dations to ! ,div9ity are g5]ally suppos$ to be ei!r frivol\s obs]vances1 or raptur\s ec/asies1 or a bigott$ cr$ulity4 ,we ne$ n run back into antiquity1 or w&] into remote regions1 to f9d in/ances ( ?is deg5]acy4 ,among/ ourselves1 "s h be5 guilty ( t atroci\sness1 unkn[n to ! ,egyptian & ,grecian sup]/itions1 ( declaim+ 9 express t]ms1 aga9/ morality2 & repres5t+ x z a sure =feiture ( ! ,div9e fav\r1 if ! lea/ tru/ or reliance be laid ^u x4 ,b ev5 ?\gh sup]/ition or en?usiasm %\ld n put itself 9 direct opposition to morality2 ! v div]t+ ( ! att5tion1 ! rais+ up a new & frivol\s species ( m]it1 ! prepo/]\s di/ribution :i* x makes ( praise & blame1 mu/ h ! mo/ p]nici\s consequ5ces1 & weak5 extremely m5's atta*m5t to ! natural motives ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,su* a pr9ciple ( action likewise1 n be+ any ( ! famili> motives ( human conduct1 acts only by int]vals on ! temp]2 & mu/ be r\s$ by cont9ual ef=ts1 9 ord] to r5d] ! pi\s zealot satisfi$ ) 8 own conduct1 & make him fulfil 8 devotional task4 ,_m religi\s ex]cises are ent]$ into ) seem+ f]v\r1 :]e ! he>t1 at ! "t1 feels cold & languid3 ,a habit ( dissimulation is by degrees contract$2 & fraud & falsehood become ! pr$om9ant pr9ciple4 ,h5ce ! reason ( t vulg> obs]vation1 t ! highe/ zeal 9 religion & ! deepe/ hypocrisy1 s f> f be+ inconsi/5t1 are (t5 or commonly unit$ 9 ! same individual "*4 ,! bad effects ( su* habits1 ev5 9 common life1 are easily imag9$2 b :]e ! int]e/s ( religion are conc]n$1 no morality c be =cible en\gh to b9d ! en?usia/ic zealot4 ,! sacr$ness ( ! cause sanctifies e measure :i* c be made use ( to promote x4 ,! /eady att5tion alone to s important an int]e/ z t ( et]nal salvation1 is apt to ext+ui% ! b5evol5t affections1 & beget a n>r[1 contract$ selfi%ness4 ,& :5 su* a temp] is enc\rag$1 x easily eludes all ! g5]al precepts ( *>ity & b5evol5ce4 ,?us1 ! motives ( vulg> sup]/ition h no great influ5ce on g5]al conduct2 nor is _! op]ation fav\rable to morality1 9 ! in/ances :]e !y pr$om9ate4 ,is !re any maxim 9 politics m c]ta9 & infallible1 ?an t bo? ! numb] & au?ority ( prie/s %\ld be conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits2 & t ! civil magi/rate ought1 = ev]1 to keep 8 fasces & axes f su* dang]\s h&s8 ,b if ! _s ( popul> religion 7 s salut>y to society1 a contr>y maxim ought to prevail4 ,! great] numb] ( prie/s1 & _! great] au?ority & ri*es1 w always augm5t ! religi\s _s4 ,& ?\gh ! prie/s h ! guidance ( ?is _s1 :y may we n expect a sup]ior sanctity ( life1 & great] b5evol5ce & mod]ation1 f p]sons :o are set ap>t = religion1 :o are cont9ually inculcat+ x ^u o!rs1 & :o mu/ !mselves imbibe a great] %>e ( x8 ,:5ce comes x !n1 t1 9 fact1 ! utmo/ a wise magi/rate c propose ) reg>d to popul> religions1 is1 z f> z possible1 to make a sav+ game ( x1 & to prev5t _! p]nici\s consequ5ces ) reg>d to society8 ,e exp$i5t :i* he tries = s humble a purpose is surr\nd$ ) inconv5i5ces4 ,if he admits only "o religion among 8 subjects1 he mu/ sacrifice1 to an unc]ta9 prospect ( tranquillity1 e consid]ation ( public lib]ty1 sci5ce1 reason1 indu/ry1 & ev5 8 own indep5d5cy4 ,if he gives indulg5ce to sev]al sects1 :i* is ! wis] maxim1 he mu/ pres]ve a v philosophical indiff]5ce to all ( !m1 & c>efully re/ra9 ! pret5sions ( ! prevail+ sect2 o!rwise he c expect no?+ b endless disputes1 qu>rels1 factions1 p]secutions1 & civil commotions4 ,true religion1 ,i all[1 has no su* p]nici\s consequ5ces3 b we mu/ treat ( religion1 z x has commonly be5 f\nd 9 ! _w2 nor h ,i any ?+ to d ) t speculative t5et ( ,!ism1 :i*1 z x is a species ( philosophy1 mu/ p>take ( ! b5eficial influ5ce ( t pr9ciple1 & at ! same "t mu/ lie "u a l inconv5i5ce1 ( be+ always conf9$ to v few p]sons4 ,oa?s are requisite 9 all c\rts ( judicature2 b x is a "q :e!r _! au?ority arises f any popul> religion4 ,x is ! solemnity & importance ( ! occasion1 ! reg>d to reputation1 & ! reflect+ on ! g5]al int]e/s ( society1 :i* are ! *ief re/ra9ts ^u mank9d4 ,cu/omh\se oa?s & political oa?s are b little reg>d$ ev5 by "s :o pret5d to pr9ciples ( hone/y & religion2 & a ,quak]'s assev]ation is ) u ju/ly put ^u ! same foot+ ) ! oa? ( any o!r p]son4 ,i "k1 t ,polybius#c ascribes ! infamy ( ,greek fai? to ! preval5cy ( ! ,epicurean philosophy3 b ,i "k also1 t ,punic fai? _h z bad a reputation 9 anci5t times z ,iri% evid5ce has 9 mod]n2 ?\gh we _c acc\nt = ^! vulg> obs]vations by ! same reason4 ,n to m5tion t ,greek fai? 0 infam\s be=e ! rise ( ! ,epicurean philosophy2 & ,euripides1#d 9 a passage :i* ,i %all po9t out to y1 has glanc$ a rem>kable /roke ( satire aga9/ 8 nation1 ) reg>d to ?is circum/ance4 ,take c>e1 ,philo1 repli$ ,clean!s1 take c>e3 pu% n matt]s too f>3 all[ n y\r zeal aga9/ false religion to und]m9e y\r v5]ation = ! true4 ,=feit n ?is pr9ciple1 ! *ief1 ! only great com=t 9 life2 & our pr9cipal support amid/ all ! attacks ( adv]se =tune4 ,! mo/ agreeable reflection1 :i* x is possible = human imag9ation to sugge/1 is t ( g5u9e ,!ism1 :i* repres5ts u z ! workman%ip ( a ,be+ p]fectly good1 wise1 & p[]ful2 :o creat$ u = happ9ess2 & :o1 hav+ implant$ 9 u immeasurable desires ( good1 w prolong our exi/5ce to all et]nity1 & w transf] u into an inf9ite v>iety ( sc5es1 9 ord] to satisfy ^? desires1 & r5d] our felicity complete & durable4 ,next to su* a ,be+ himself 7if ! comp>ison be all[$71 ! happie/ lot :i* we c imag9e1 is t ( be+ "u 8 gu>dian%ip & protection4 ,^! appe>ances1 said ,philo1 are mo/ engag+ & allur+2 & ) reg>d to ! true philosoph]1 !y are m ?an appe>ances4 ,b x happ5s "h1 z 9 ! =m] case1 t1 ) reg>d to ! great] "p ( mank9d1 ! appe>ances are deceitful1 & t ! t]rors ( religion commonly prevail above its com=ts4 ,x is all[$1 t m5 nev] h rec\rse to devotion s readily z :5 deject$ ) grief or depress$ ) sickness4 ,is n ?is a pro(1 t ! religi\s _s is n s ne>ly alli$ to joy z to sorr[8 ,b m51 :5 afflict$1 f9d consolation 9 religion1 repli$ ,clean!s4 ,sometimes1 said ,philo3 b x is natural to imag9e1 t !y w =m a notion ( ^? unkn[n be+s1 suitably to ! pres5t gloom & melan*oly ( _! temp]1 :5 !y betake !mselves to ! contemplation ( !m4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d ! trem5d\s images to pr$om9ate 9 all religions2 & we ourselves1 aft] hav+ employ$ ! mo/ exalt$ expression 9 our descriptions ( ! ,deity1 fall into ! flatte/ contradiction 9 affirm+ t ! damn$ are inf9itely sup]ior 9 numb] to ! elect4 ,i %all v5ture to affirm1 t !re nev] 0 a popul> religion1 :i* repres5t$ ! /ate ( dep>t$ s\ls 9 su* a light1 z w\ld r5d] x eligible = human k9d t !re %\ld be su* a /ate4 ,^! f9e models ( religion are ! m]e product ( philosophy4 ,= z dea? lies betwe5 ! eye & ! prospect ( futurity1 t ev5t is s %ock+ to ,nature1 t x mu/ ?r[ a gloom on all ! regions :i* lie beyond x2 & sugge/ to ! g5]ality ( mank9d ! idea ( ,c]b]us & ,furies2 devils1 & torr5ts ( fire & brim/one4 ,x is true1 bo? fe> & hope ent] into religion2 because bo? ^! passions1 at diff]5t times1 agitate ! human m9d1 & ea* ( !m =ms a species ( div9ity suitable to itself4 ,b :5 a man is 9 a *e]ful disposition1 he is fit = bus9ess1 or company1 or ent]ta9m5t ( any k9d2 & he naturally applies himself to ^!1 & ?9ks n ( religion4 ,:5 melan*oly & deject$1 he has no?+ to d b brood ^u ! t]rors ( ! invisible _w1 & to plunge himself /ill deep] 9 affliction4 ,x may inde$ happ51 t aft] he has1 9 ?is mann]1 engrav$ ! religi\s op9ions deep into 8 ?\ght & imag9ation1 !re may arrive a *ange ( heal? or circum/ances1 :i* may re/ore 8 good hum\r1 &1 rais+ *e]ful prospects ( futurity1 make him run into ! o!r extreme ( joy & triumph4 ,b /ill x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 t1 z t]ror is ! prim>y pr9ciple ( religion1 x is ! passion :i* always pr$om9ates 9 x1 & admits b ( %ort int]vals ( pleasure4 ,n to m5tion1 t ^! fits ( excessive1 en?usia/ic joy1 by exhau/+ ! spirits1 always prep>e ! way = equal fits ( sup]/iti\s t]ror & dejection2 nor is !re any /ate ( m9d s happy z ! calm & equable4 ,b ?is /ate x is impossible to support1 :]e a man ?9ks t he lies 9 su* pr(\nd d>kness & unc]ta9ty1 betwe5 an et]nity ( happ9ess & an et]nity ( mis]y4 ,no wond] t su* an op9ion disjo9ts ! ord9>y frame ( ! m9d1 & ?r[s x into ! utmo/ confusion4 ,& ?\gh t op9ion is seldom s /eady 9 its op]ation z to influ5ce all ! actions2 yet x is apt to make a consid]able brea* 9 ! temp]1 & to produce t gloom & melan*oly s rem>kable 9 all dev\t p4 ,x is contr>y to common s5se to ent]ta9 appreh5sions or t]rors ^u acc\nt ( any op9ion :atsoev]1 or to imag9e t we run any risk h]eaft]1 by ! free/ use ( our reason4 ,su* a s5tim5t implies bo? an absurdity & an inconsi/5cy4 ,x is an absurdity to believe t ! ,deity has human passions1 & "o ( ! l[e/ ( human passions1 a re/less appetite = applause4 ,x is an inconsi/5cy to believe1 t1 s9ce ! ,deity has ?is human passion1 he has n o!rs also2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 a disreg>d to ! op9ions ( creatures s mu* inf]ior4 ,to "k ,god1 says ,s5eca1 is to wor%ip him4 ,all o!r wor%ip is inde$ absurd1 sup]/iti\s1 & ev5 impi\s4 ,x degrades him to ! l[ condition ( mank9d1 :o are delight$ ) entreaty1 solicitation1 pres5ts1 & flatt]y4 ,yet is ?is impiety ! smalle/ ( :i* sup]/ition is guilty4 ,commonly1 x depresses ! ,deity f> bel[ ! condition ( mank9d2 & repres5ts him z a caprici\s demon1 :o ex]cises 8 p[] )\t reason & )\t humanity6 ,& 7 t ,div9e ,be+ dispos$ to be (f5d$ at ! vices & follies ( silly mortals1 :o are 8 own workman%ip1 ill w\ld x surely f>e ) ! vot>ies ( mo/ popul> sup]/itions4 ,nor w\ld any ( human race m]it 8 fav\r1 b a v few1 ! philosophical ,!i/s1 :o ent]ta91 or r inde$ endeav\r to ent]ta91 suitable notions ( 8 ,div9e p]fections3 ,z ! only p]sons entitl$ to 8 compassion & indulg5ce w\ld be ! philosophical ,sceptics1 a sect almo/ equally r>e1 :o1 f a natural diffid5ce ( _! own capacity1 susp5d1 or endeav\r to susp5d1 all judgm5t ) reg>d to su* sublime & su* extraord9>y subjects4 ,if ! :ole ( ,natural ,!ology1 z "s p seem to ma9ta91 resolves itself into "o simple1 ?\gh some:at ambigu\s1 at lea/ undef9$ proposition1 ,t ! cause or causes ( ord] 9 ! univ]se probably be> "s remote analogy to human intellig5ce3 ,if ?is proposition be n capable ( ext5sion1 v>iation1 or m p>ticul> explication3 ,if x af=ds no inf]5ce t affects human life1 or c be ! s\rce ( any action or =be>ance3 ,& if ! analogy1 imp]fect z x is1 c be c>ri$ no f>!r ?an to ! human intellig5ce1 & _c be transf]r$1 ) any appe>ance ( probability1 to ! o!r qualities ( ! m9d2 if ?is really be ! case1 :at c ! mo/ inquisitive1 contemplative1 & religi\s man d m ?an give a pla91 philosophical ass5t to ! proposition1 z (t5 z x occurs1 & believe t ! argum5ts on :i* x is e/abli%$ exce$ ! objections :i* lie aga9/ x8 ,"s a/oni%m5t1 inde$1 w naturally arise f ! greatness ( ! object2 "s melan*oly f its obscurity2 "s contempt ( human reason1 t x c give no solution m satisfactory ) reg>d to s extraord9>y & magnific5t a "q4 ,b believe me1 ,clean!s1 ! mo/ natural s5tim5t :i* a well-dispos$ m9d w feel on ?is occasion1 is a long+ desire & expectation t ,heav5 w\ld be pleas$ to dissipate1 at lea/ alleviate1 ?is pr(\nd ignorance1 by af=d+ "s m p>ticul> revelation to mank9d1 & mak+ discov]ies ( ! nature1 attributes1 & op]ations ( ! ,div9e object ( our fai?4 ,a p]son1 season$ ) a j s5se ( ! imp]fections ( natural reason1 w fly to reveal$ tru? ) ! greate/ avidity3 ,:ile ! haughty ,dogmati/1 p]suad$ t he c erect a complete sy/em ( ,!ology by ! m]e help ( philosophy1 disda9s any fur!r aid1 & rejects ?is adv5titi\s in/ructor4 ,to be a philosophical ,sceptic is1 9 a man ( lett]s1 ! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial /ep t[>ds be+ a s\nd1 believ+ ,*ri/ian2 a proposition :i* ,i w\ld will+ly recomm5d to ! att5tion ( ,pamphilus3 ,& ,i hope ,clean!s w =give me = int]pos+ s f> 9 ! education & in/ruction ( 8 pupil4 ,clean!s & ,philo pursu$ n ?is conv]sation mu* f>!r3 & z no?+ ev] made great] impression on me1 ?an all ! reason+s ( t day1 s ,i confess1 t1 ^u a s]i\s review ( ! :ole1 ,i _c b ?9k1 t ,philo's pr9ciples are m probable ?an ,demea's2 b t ^? ( ,clean!s approa* /ill ne>] to ! tru?4 #a ,de ,=matione ,foetus4 #b ,x seems evid5t t ! dispute betwe5 ! ,sceptics & ,dogmati/s is entirely v]bal1 or at lea/ reg>ds only ! degrees ( d\bt & assurance :i* we ought to indulge ) reg>d to all reason+2 & su* disputes are commonly1 at ! bottom1 v]bal1 & admit n ( any precise det]m9ation4 ,no philosophical ,dogmati/ d5ies t !re are difficulties bo? ) reg>d to ! s5ses & to all sci5ce1 & t ^! difficulties are 9 a regul>1 logical me?od1 absolutely insolvable4 ,no ,sceptic d5ies t we lie "u an absolute necessity1 not)/&+ ^! difficulties1 ( ?9k+1 & believ+1 & reason+1 ) reg>d to all k9ds ( subjects1 & ev5 ( frequ5tly ass5t+ ) confid5ce & security4 ,! only diff]5ce1 !n1 betwe5 ^! sects1 if !y m]it t "n1 is1 t ! ,sceptic1 f habit1 caprice1 or incl9ation1 insi/s mo/ on ! difficulties2 ! ,dogmati/1 = l reasons1 on ! necessity4 #c ,lib4 vi4 cap4 #ed4 #d ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauride4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,! ,,treatise ,,( ,,human ,,nature4 ,!re is no?+ ,i w\ld m will+ly lay hold (1 ?an an opportunity ( confess+ my errors2 & %\ld e/eem su* a return to tru? & reason to be m hon\rable ?an ! mo/ un]r+ judgm5t4 ,a man :o is free f mi/akes c pret5d to no praises1 except f ! ju/ness ( 8 und]/&+2 b a man :o corrects 8 mi/akes %[s at once ! ju/ness ( 8 und]/&+1 & ! c&\r & +5uity ( 8 temp]4 ,i h n yet be5 s =tunate z to discov] any v consid]able mi/akes 9 ! reason+s deliv]$ 9 ! prec$+ volumes1 except on "o article2 b ,i h f\nd by exp]i5ce1 t "s ( my expressions h n be5 s well *os5 z to gu>d aga9/ all mi/akes 9 ! read]s2 & 'tis *iefly to rem$y ?is defect ,i h subjo9$ ! foll[+ ,app5dix4 ,we c nev] be induc$ to believe any matt] ( fact except :]e its cause or its effect is pres5t to u2 b :at ! nature is ( t belief :i* arises f ! relation ( cause & effect1 few h _h ! curiosity to ask !mselves4 ,9 my op9ion ?is dilemma is inevitable4 ,ei!r ! belief is "s new idea1 su* z t ( reality or exi/5ce1 :i* we jo9 to ! simple conception ( an object1 or x is m]ely a peculi> feel+ or s5tim5t4 ,t x is n a new idea1 annex$ to ! simple conception1 may be ev9c$ f ^! two argum5ts4 ,fir/1 ,we h no ab/ract idea ( exi/5ce1 di/+ui%able & sep>able f ! idea ( p>ticul> objects4 ',tis impossible1 !re=e1 t ?is idea ( exi/5ce c be annex$ to ! idea ( any object1 or =m ! diff]5ce betwixt a simple conception & belief4 ,secondly1 ,! m9d has ! comm& ov] all its ideas1 & c sep>ate1 unite1 mix1 & v>y !m1 z x pleases2 s t1 if belief consi/$ m]ely 9 a new idea annex$ to ! conception1 x w\ld be 9 a man's p[] to believe :at he pleas$4 ,we may !re=e conclude1 t belief consi/s m]ely 9 a c]ta9 feel+ or s5tim5t2 9 some?+ t dep5ds n on ! w1 b mu/ arise f c]ta9 det]m9ate causes & pr9ciples ( :i* we are n ma/]s4 ,:5 we are conv9c$ ( any matt] ( fact1 we d no?+ b conceive x1 along ) a c]ta9 feel+1 diff]5t f :at att5ds ! m]e rev]ies ( ! imag9ation4 ,& :5 we express our incr$ulity conc]n+ any fact1 we mean1 t ! argum5ts = ! fact produce n t feel+4 ,did n ! belief consi/ 9 a s5tim5t diff]5t f our m]e conception1 :atev] objects 7 pres5t$ by ! wilde/ imag9ation w\ld be on an equal foot+ ) ! mo/ e/abli%$ tru?s f\nd$ on hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no?+ b ! feel+ or s5tim5t to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,?is1 !re=e1 be+ reg>d$ z an und\bt$ tru?1 t belief is no?+ b a peculi> feel+1 diff]5t f ! simple conception1 ! next "q t naturally occurs is1 :at is ! nature ( ?is feel+ or s5tim5t1 & :e!r x be analog\s to any o!r s5tim5t ( ! human m9d8 ,?is "q is important4 ,= if x be n analog\s to any o!r s5tim5t1 we mu/ despair ( expla9+ its causes1 & mu/ consid] x z an orig9al pr9ciple ( ! human m9d4 ,if x be analog\s1 we may hope to expla9 its causes f analogy1 & trace x up to m g5]al pr9ciples4 ,n[1 t !re is a great] firmness & solidity 9 ! conceptions1 :i* are ! objects ( conviction & assurance1 ?an 9 ! loose & indol5t rev]ies ( a ca/le-build]1 e "o w readily own4 ,!y /rike ^u u ) m =ce2 !y are m pres5t to u2 ! m9d has a firm] hold ( !m1 & is m actuat$ & mov$ by !m4 ,x acquiesces 9 !m2 &1 9 a mann]1 fixes & reposes itself on !m4 ,9 %ort1 !y approa* ne>] to ! impressions1 :i* are imm$iately pres5t to u2 & are !re=e analog\s to _m o!r op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,!re is n1 9 my op9ion1 any possibility ( evad+ ?is conclusion1 b by ass]t+ t belief1 beside ! simple conception1 consi/s 9 "s impression or feel+1 di/+ui%able f ! conception4 ,x does n modify ! conception1 & r5d] x m pres5t & int5se3 x is only annex$ to x1 aft] ! same mann] t w & desire are annex$ to p>ticul> conceptions ( good & pleasure4 ,b ! foll[+ consid]ations w1 ,i hope1 be suffici5t to remove ?is hypo!sis4 ,fir/1 ,x is directly contr>y to exp]i5ce1 & our imm$iate consci\sness8 ,all m5 h ev] all[$ reason+ to be m]ely an op]ation ( our ?\ghts or ideas2 & h[ev] ^? ideas may be v>i$ to ! feel+1 !re is no?+ ev] ent]s into our conclusions b ideas1 or our fa9t] conceptions4 ,= in/ance1 ,i he> at pres5t a p]son's voice ) :om ,i am acqua9t$1 & ?is s\nd comes f ! next room4 ,?is impression ( my s5ses imm$iately conveys my ?\ghts to ! p]son1 along ) all ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,i pa9t !m out to myself z exi/5t at pres5t1 ) ! same qualities & relations t ,i =m]ly knew !m possess$ (4 ,^! ideas take fa/] hold ( my m9d1 ?an ! ideas ( an en*ant$ ca/le4 ,!y are diff]5t to ! feel+2 b !re is no di/9ct or sep>ate impression att5d+ !m4 ',tis ! same case :5 ,i recollect ! sev]al incid5ts ( a j\rney1 or ! ev5ts ( any hi/ory4 ,e p>ticul> fact is !re ! object ( belief4 ,its idea is modifi$ diff]5tly f ! loose rev]ies ( a ca/le-build]3 b no di/9ct impression att5ds e di/9ct idea1 or conception ( matt] ( fact4 ,?is is ! subject ( pla9 exp]i5ce4 ,if ev] ?is exp]i5ce c be disput$ on any occasion1 'tis :5 ! m9d has be5 agitat$ ) d\bts & difficulties2 & aft]w>ds1 ^u tak+ ! object 9 a new po9t ( view1 or be+ pres5t$ ) a new argum5t1 fixes & reposes itself 9 "o settl$ conclusion & belief4 ,9 ?is case !re is a feel+ di/9ct & sep>ate f ! conception4 ,! passage f d\bt & agitation to tranquillity & repose1 conveys a satisfaction & pleasure to ! m9d4 ,b take any o!r case4 ,suppose ,i see ! legs & ?ighs ( a p]son 9 motion1 :ile "s int]pos$ object conceals ! re/ ( 8 body4 ,"h 'tis c]ta91 ! imag9ation spreads out ! :ole figure4 ,i give him a head & %\ld]s1 & brea/ & neck4 ,^! memb]s ,i conceive & believe him to be possess$ (4 ,no?+ c be m evid5t1 ?an t ?is :ole op]ation is p]=m$ by ! ?\ght or imag9ation alone4 ,! transition is imm$iate4 ,! ideas pres5tly /rike u4 ,_! cu/om>y connexion ) ! pres5t impression v>ies !m & modifies !m 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 b produces no act ( ! m9d1 di/9ct f ?is peculi>ity ( conception4 ,let any "o exam9e 8 own m9d1 & he w evid5tly f9d ?is to be ! tru?4 ,secondly1 ,:atev] may be ! case1 ) reg>d to ?is di/9ct impression1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! m9d has a firm] hold1 or m /eady conception ( :at x takes to be matt] ( fact ?an ( fictions4 ,:y !n look any f>!r1 or multiply suppositions )\t necessity8 ,?irdly1 ,we c expla9 ! causes ( ! firm conception1 b n ^? ( any sep>ate impression4 ,& n only s1 b ! causes ( ! firm conception exhau/ ! :ole subject1 & no?+ is left to produce any o!r effect4 ,an inf]5ce conc]n+ a matt] ( fact is no?+ b ! idea ( an object t is frequ5tly conjo9$1 or is associat$ ) a pres5t impression4 ,?is is ! :ole ( x4 ,e "p is requisite to expla91 f analogy1 ! m /eady conception2 & no?+ rema9s capable ( produc+ any di/9ct impression4 ,f\r?ly1 ,! effects ( belief1 9 influ5c+ ! passions & imag9ation1 c all be expla9$ f ! firm conception2 & !re is no occasion to h rec\rse to any o!r pr9ciple4 ,^! argum5ts1 ) _m o!rs1 enum]at$ 9 ! =ego+ volumes1 suffici5tly prove1 t belief only modifies ! idea or conception2 & r5d]s x diff]5t to ! feel+1 )\t produc+ any di/9ct impression4 ,?us1 ^u a g5]al view ( ! subject1 !re appe> to be two que/ions ( importance1 :i* we may v5ture to recomm5d to ! consid]ation ( philosoph]s1 ,:e!r !re be any ?+ to di/+ui% belief f ! simple conception1 beside ! feel+ or s5tim5t8 ,&1 ,:e!r ?is feel+ be any ?+ b a firm] conception1 or a fa/] hold1 t we take ( ! object8 ,if1 ^u imp>tial inquiry1 ! same conclusion t ,i h =m$ be ass5t$ to by philosoph]s1 ! next bus9ess is to exam9e ! analogy :i* !re is betwixt belief & o!r acts ( ! m9d1 & f9d ! cause ( ! firmness & /r5g? ( conception2 & ?is ,i d n e/eem a difficult task4 ,! transition f a pres5t impression1 always enliv5s & /r5g!ns any idea4 ,:5 any object is pres5t$1 ! idea ( its usual att5dant imm$iately /rikes u1 z some?+ real & solid4 ',tis felt r ?an conceiv$1 & approa*es ! impression1 f :i* x is d]iv$1 9 its =ce & influ5ce4 ,?is ,i h prov$ at l>ge1 & _c add any new argum5ts4 ,i _h ent]ta9$ "s hopes1 t h[ev] defici5t our !ory ( ! intellectual _w might be1 x w\ld be free f ^? contradictions & absurdities1 :i* seem to att5d e explication1 t human reason c give ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,b ^u a m /rict review ( ! section conc]n+ p]sonal id5tity1 ,i f9d myself involv$ 9 su* a labyr9?1 t1 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i nei!r "k h[ to correct my =m] op9ions1 nor h[ to r5d] !m consi/5t4 ,if ?is be n a good g5]al reason = scepticism1 'tis at lea/ a suffici5t "o 7if ,i 7 n already abundantly suppli$7 = me to ent]ta9 a diffid5ce & mode/y 9 all my decisions4 ,i %all propose ! argum5ts on bo? sides1 beg9n+ ) ^? t induc$ me to d5y ! /rict & prop] id5tity & simplicity ( a self or ?9k+ be+4 ,:5 we talk ( self or subsi/5ce1 we mu/ h an idea annex$ to ^! t]ms1 o!rwise !y are altoge!r un9telligible4 ,e idea is d]iv$ f prec$+ impressions2 & we h no impression ( self or sub/ance1 z some?+ simple & individual4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no idea ( !m 9 t s5se4 ,:atev] is di/9ct1 is di/+ui%able1 & :atev] is di/+ui%able1 is sep>able by ! ?\ght or imag9ation4 ,all p]ceptions are di/9ct4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 di/+ui%able1 & sep>able1 & may be conceiv$1 z sep>ately exi/5t1 & may exi/ sep>ately1 )\t any contradiction or absurdity4 ,:5 ,i view ?is table & t *imney1 no?+ is pres5t to me b p>ticul> p]ceptions1 :i* are ( a l nature ) all ! o!r p]ceptions4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( philosoph]s4 ,b ?is table1 :i* is pres5t to me1 & t *imney1 may1 & d exi/ sep>ately4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! vulg>1 & implies no contradiction4 ,!re1 is no contradiction1 !re=e1 9 ext5d+ ! same doctr9e to all ! p]ceptions4 ,9 g5]al1 ! foll[+ reason+ seems satisfactory4 ,all ideas are borr[$ f prec$+ p]ceptions4 ,our ideas ( objects1 !re=e1 are d]iv$ f t s\rce4 ,consequ5tly no proposition c be intelligible or consi/5t ) reg>d to objects1 :i* is n s ) reg>d to p]ceptions4 ,b 'tis intelligible & consi/5t to say1 t objects exi/ di/9ct & indep5d5t1 )\t any common simple sub/ance or subject ( inhesion4 ,?is proposition1 !re=e1 c nev] be absurd ) reg>d to p]ceptions4 ,:5 ,i turn my reflection on myself1 ,i nev] c p]ceive ?is self )\t "s "o or m p]ceptions2 nor c ,i ev] p]ceive any ?+ b ! p]ceptions4 ',tis ! composition ( ^!1 !re=e1 :i* =ms ! self4 ,we c conceive a ?9k+ be+ to h ei!r _m or few p]ceptions4 ,suppose ! m9d to be r$uc$ ev5 bel[ ! life ( an oy/]4 ,suppose x to h only "o p]ception1 z ( ?ir/ or hung]4 ,consid] x 9 t situation4 ,d y conceive any ?+ b m]ely t p]ception8 ,h y any notion ( self or sub/ance8 ,if n1 ! addition ( o!r p]ceptions c nev] give y t notion4 ,! annihilation :i* "s p suppose to foll[ ^u dea?1 & :i* entirely de/roys ?is self1 is no?+ b an ext9ction ( all p>ticul> p]ceptions2 love & hatr$1 pa9 & pleasure1 ?\ght & s5sation4 ,^!1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! same ) self1 s9ce ! "o _c survive ! o!r4 ,is self ! same ) sub/ance8 ,if x be1 h[ c t "q h place1 conc]n+ ! subsi/5ce ( self1 "u a *ange ( sub/ance8 ,if !y be di/9ct1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwixt !m8 ,= my "p1 ,i h a notion ( nei!r1 :5 conceiv$ di/9ct f p>ticul> p]ceptions4 ,philosoph]s beg9 to be reconcil$ to ! pr9ciple1 t we h no idea ( ext]nal sub/ance1 di/9ct f ! ideas ( p>ticul> qualities4 ,?is mu/ pave ! way = a l pr9ciple ) reg>d to ! m9d1 t we h no notion ( x1 di/9ct f ! p>ticul> p]ception4 ,s f> ,i seem to be att5d$ ) suffici5t evid5ce4 ,b hav+ ?us loos5$ all our p>ticul> p]ceptions1 :5 ,i proce$ to expla9 ! pr9ciple ( connexion1 :i* b9ds !m toge!r1 & makes u attribute to !m a real simplicity & id5tity1 ,i am s5sible t my acc\nt is v defective1 & t no?+ b ! seem+ evid5ce ( ! prec$5t reason+s c\ld h induc$ me to receive x4 ,if p]ceptions are di/9ct exi/5ces1 !y =m a :ole only by be+ connect$ toge!r4 ,b no connexions among di/9ct exi/5ces are ev] discov]able by human und]/&+4 ,we only feel a connexion or det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght to pass f "o object to ano!r4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! ?\ght alone feels p]sonal id5tity1 :5 reflect+ on ! tra9 ( pa/ p]ceptions t compose a m9d1 ! ideas ( !m are felt to be connect$ toge!r1 & naturally introduce ea* o!r4 ,h[ev] extraord9>y ?is conclusion may seem1 x ne$ n surprise u4 ,mo/ philosoph]s seem incl9$ to ?9k1 t p]sonal id5tity arises f consci\sness1 & consci\sness is no?+ b a reflect$ ?\ght or p]ception4 ,! pres5t philosophy1 !re=e1 has s f> a promis+ aspect4 ,b all my hopes vani%1 :5 ,i come to expla9 ! pr9ciples t unite our successive p]ceptions 9 our ?\ght or consci\sness4 ,i _c discov] any !ory1 :i* gives me satisfaction on ?is head4 ,9 %ort1 !re are two pr9ciples :i* ,i _c r5d] consi/5t1 nor is x 9 my p[] to r5\nce ei!r ( !m1 viz4 t all our di/9ct p]ceptions are di/9ct exi/5ces1 & t ! m9d nev] p]ceives any real connexion among di/9ct exi/5ces4 ,did our p]ceptions ei!r inh]e 9 some?+ simple & individual1 or did ! m9d p]ceive "s real connexion among !m1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 ! case4 ,= my "p1 ,i mu/ plead ! privilege ( a sceptic1 & confess1 t ?is difficulty is too h>d = my und]/&+4 ,i pret5d n1 h[ev]1 to pron\nce x absolutely insup]able4 ,o!rs1 p]haps1 or myself1 ^u m mature reflections1 may discov] "s hypo!sis t w reconcile ^? contradictions4 ,i %all also take ?is opportunity ( confess+ two o!r errors ( less importance1 :i* m mature reflection has discov]$ to me 9 my reason+4 ,! fir/ may be f\nd 9 ,vol4 ,i4 page #he1 :]e ,i say1 t ! di/ance betwixt two bodies is kn[n1 among o!r ?+s1 by ! angles :i* ! rays ( light fl[+ f ! bodies make ) ea* o!r4 ',tis c]ta91 t ^! angles are n kn[n to ! m9d1 & consequ5tly c nev] discov] ! di/ance4 ,! second error may be f\nd 9 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #acb1 :]e ,i say1 t two ideas ( ! same object c only be diff]5t by _! diff]5t degrees ( =ce & vivacity4 ,i believe !re are o!r diff]5ces among ideas1 :i* _c prop]ly be compreh5d$ "u ^! t]ms4 ,_h ,i said1 t two ideas ( ! same object c only be diff]5t by _! diff]5t feel+1 ,i %\ld h be5 ne>] ! tru?4 ,,end ,,( ,,volume ,,second4