,,! ,,philosophical ,,works ,,( ,,david ,,hume4 ,,includ+ ,,all ,,! ,,essays1 ,,& ,,exhibit+ ,,! ,,m ,,important ,,alt]ations ,,& ,,corrections ,,9 ,,! ,,successive ,,editions ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,9 ,,f\r ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,adam ,,black ,,& ,,william ,,tait2 ,,& ,,*>les ,,tait1 #fc1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,,mdcccxxvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,allan ,ramsey p9x4--,rob]t ,grace ,sculp4--,david ,hume ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,! ,philosophical ,writ+s ( ,mr ,hume are "h = ! fir/ "t collect$ 9 a uni=m edition4 ,! ,essays are repr9t$ f ! ,edition ( #aggg1 9 two octavo volumes1 correct$ by ! ,au?or = ! press1 a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 & :i* he desir$ might be reg>d$ z conta9+ 8 philosophical pr9ciples4 ,! text ( t ,edition has be5 fai?fully adh]$ to 9 ! pres5t2 b z x has be5 ?\ght an int]e/+ object ( curiosity1 to trace ! successive v>iations ( s5tim5t & ta/e 9 a m9d l t ( ,hume1 & to m>k ! gradual & mo/ obs]vable increase ( caution 9 8 expression ( ^? s5tim5ts1 x has be5 ! c>e ( ! pres5t ,editor to comp>e ! =m] ,editions1 ( :i* a ,li/ is "h subjo9$1 & :]e any alt]ations 7 discov]$1 n m]ely v]bal1 b illu/rative ( ! philosophical op9ions ( ! au?or1 to add ^! z ,notes to ! passages :]e !y occur4 ,! ,essays conta9$ 9 ! e>ly ,editions1 b :i* 7 omitt$ 9 t ( #aggg1 w be f\nd at ! end ( ! la/ volume ( ! pres5t ,collection ( 8 ,works1 toge!r ) ! ,two ,essays1 on ,suicide1 & ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,9 addition to ! ,au?or's ,life1 writt5 by himself1 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,controv]sy ) ,m4 ,r\sseau has also be5 prefix$4 ,x 0 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 ,fr5*1 & %ortly aft]w>ds 9 ,engli%1 9 ! ye> #agff4 ,! ,engli% translation 0 sup]9t5d$ by ,mr ,hume2 & z x relates to an extraord9>y occurr5ce 9 ! ,lives ( ^! em95t philosoph]s1 has be5 ?\ght a suitable app5dage to ! %ort ,memoir ( himself4 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,june #ahbe4 ,,editions ,,( ,,! ,,essays ,,collat$ ,,& ,,ref]r$ ,,to4 ,essays1 ,moral & ,political4 ,ed9burgh1 ,k9caid1 #agda4 #abmo4 7,a7 ,essays1 ,moral & ,political1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,ed9burgh1 ,k9caid1 #agdb4 #abmo4 pp4 #aje4 7,b7 ,essays1 ,moral & ,political1 #b;d ,edition1 correct$4 ,ed9burgh1 ,k9caid1 #agdb4 #abmo4 pp4 #ahi4 7,c7 ,essays1 ,moral & ,political4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 #c;d ,edition1 correct$1 ) additions4 ,london1 ,mill>1 #agdh4 #abmo4 7,d7 ,?ree ,essays1 ,moral & ,political1 nev] be=e publi%$1 :i* completes ! =m] ,edition1 9 two volumes octavo4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 ,london1 ,mill>1 #agdh4 #abmo4 7,e7 ,political ,disc\rses4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 ,ed9burgh1 ,k9caid1 #ageb4 ,small #hvo4 ,to ?is ,edition !re is sometimes add$ 'a ,li/ ( ,scotticisms4' 7,f7 ,political ,disc\rses4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 #b;d ,edition4 ,ed9burgh1 ,k9caid1 #ageb4 #abmo4 ,m]ely a repr9t ( ! prec$+4 7,g7 ,essays & ,treatises on sev]al ,subjects4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 conta9+ ,political ,disc\rses4 #c;d ,edition1 ) ,additions & ,corrections4 ,london1 ,mill>1 #aged4 7,h7 ,f\r ,diss]tations3 #a/1 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion3 #b;d1 ( ! ,passions3 #c;d1 ( ,trag$y3 #d?1 ( ! ,/&>d ( ,ta/e4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 ,london1 ,mill>1 #ageg4 #abmo4 7,i7 ,philosophical ,essays conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ! ,essays ,moral & ,political4 ,london1 ,mill>1 #agdh4 #abmo4 7,k7 ,philosophical ,essays conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 #b;d ,edition1 ) ,additions & ,corrections4 ,london1 ,mill>1 #agej4 #abmo4 7,l7 ,an ,enquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 ,london1 ,mill>1 #agea4 7,m7 ,essays & ,treatises on sev]al ,subjects4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 ,london1 ,mill>1 #agfh4 #b vols4 #dto4 7,n7 ,essays & ,treatises on sev]al ,subjects4 ,by ,d4 ,hume1 ,esq4 ,london1 ,cadell1 #aggg4 #b vols #hvo4 7,o7 ,! above ,li/ compreh5ds all ! ,editions :i* v>y mat]ially f ea* o!r4 ,^? :i* h be5 f\nd on exam9ation to be m]e repr9ts1 are n includ$4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,fir/4 ,life ( ! ,au?or ,lett] f ,adam ,smi?1 ,,ll4,d4 to ,william ,/ra*an ,esq41 & ,latt]-w & ,te/am5t ( ,mr ,hume ,acc\nt ( ! ,controv]sy betwe5 ,hume & ,r\sseau ,li/ ( ,scotticisms ,,treatise ,,( ,,human ,,nature4 ,,introduction ,,book ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,ideas1 ,,_! ,,orig91 ,,composition1 ,,connexion1 ,,ab/raction1 c4 ,( ! ,orig9 ( our ,ideas ,division ( ! ,subject ,( ! ,ideas ( ! ,memory & ,imag9ation ,( ! ,connexion or ,association ( ,ideas ,( ,relations ,( ,modes & ,sub/ances ,( ,ab/ract ,ideas ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,( ! inf9ite ,divisibility ( our ,ideas ( ,space & ,"t ,( ! inf9ite ,divisibility ( ,space & ,"t ,( ! o!r ,qualities ( our ,ideas ( ,space & ,"t ,objections answ]$ ,! same ,subject cont9u$ ,( ! ,idea ( ,exi/5ce1 & ( ext]nal ,exi/5ce ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,k ,,& ,,probability4 ,( ,k ,( ,probability1 & ( ! ,idea ( ,cause & ,effect ,:y a ,cause is always necess>y ,( ! compon5t p>ts ( our ,reason+s conc]n+ ,cause & effect ,( ! ,impressions ( ! ,s5ses & ,memory ,( ! ,inf]5ce f ! ,impression to ! ,ideax ,( ! ,nature ( ! ,idea or ,belief ,( ! ,causes ( ,belief ,( ! ,effects ( o!r ,relations & o!r ,habits ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,belief ,( ! ,probability ( ,*ances ,( ! ,probability ( ,causes ,( unphilosophical ,probability ,( ! ,idea ( ,necess>y ,connexion ,rules by :i* to judge ( ,causes & ,effectsx ,( ! ,reason ( ,animals ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,sceptical ,,& ,,o!r ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,( ,scepticism ) reg>d to ,reason ,( ,scepticism ) reg>d to ! ,s5sesx ,( ! ,anci5t ,philosophy ,( ! ,mod]n ,philosophyx ,( ! ,immat]iality ( ! ,s\l ,( ,p]sonal ,id5tity ,conclusion ( ?is ,book ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,,by ,,himself4 ,,my ,,own ,,life4 ,x is difficult = a man to speak long ( himself )\t vanity2 !re=e1 ,i %all be %ort4 ,x may be ?\ght an in/ance ( vanity t ,i pret5d at all to write my life2 b ?is ,n>rative %all conta9 little m ?an ! ,hi/ory ( my ,writ+s2 z1 inde$1 almo/ all my life has be5 sp5t 9 lit]>y pursuits & occupations4 ,! fir/ success ( mo/ ( my writ+s 0 n su* z to be an object ( vanity4 ,i 0 born ! #bf? ( ,april #agaa1 old /yle1 at ,ed9burgh4 ,i 0 ( a good family1 bo? by fa!r & "m4 ,my fa!r's family is a bran* ( ! ,e>l ( ,home's or ,hume's2 & my ance/ors _h be5 proprietors ( ! e/ate1 :i* my bro!r possesses1 = sev]al g5]ations4 ,my "m 0 daught] ( ,sir ,david ,falcon]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,ju/ice2 ! title ( ,"l ,halk]ton came by succession to h] bro!r4 ,my family1 h[ev]1 0 n ri*2 &1 be+ myself a y\ng] bro!r1 my patrimony1 accord+ to ! mode ( my c\ntry1 0 ( c\rse v sl5d]4 ,my fa!r1 :o pass$ = a man ( p>ts1 di$ :5 ,i 0 an infant1 leav+ me1 ) an eld] bro!r & a si/]1 "u ! c>e ( our "m1 a woman ( s+ul> m]it1 :o1 ?\gh "y & h&some1 devot$ h]self entirely to ! re>+ & educat+ ( h] *ildr54 ,i pass$ ?r\gh ! ord9>y c\rse ( education ) success1 & 0 seiz$ v e>ly ) a passion = lit]ature1 :i* has be5 ! rul+ passion ( my life1 & ! great s\rce ( my enjoym5ts4 ,my /udi\s disposition1 my sobriety1 & my indu/ry1 gave my family a notion t ! law 0 a prop] pr(ession = me2 b ,i f\nd an unsurm\ntable av]sion to e ?+ b ! pursuits ( philosophy & g5]al le>n+2 & :ile !y fanci$ ,i 0 por+ ^u ,voet & ,v9nius1 ,cic]o & ,virgil 7 ! au?ors :i* ,i 0 secretly dev\r+4 ,my v sl5d] =tune1 h[ev]1 be+ unsuitable to ?is plan ( life1 & my heal? be+ a little brok5 by my ard5t application1 ,i 0 tempt$1 or r =c$1 to make a v feeble trial = ent]+ into a m active sc5e ( life4 ,9 #agcd1 ,i w5t to ,bri/ol1 ) "s recomm5dations to em95t m]*ants1 b 9 a few mon?s f\nd t sc5e totally unsuitable to me1 ,i w5t ov] to ,france1 ) a view ( prosecut+ my /udies 9 a c\ntry retreat2 & ,i !re laid t plan ( life1 :i* ,i h /eadily & successfully pursu$4 ,i resolv$ to make a v rigid frugality supply my defici5cy ( =tune1 to ma9ta9 unimpair$ my indep5d5cy1 & to reg>d e object z contemptible1 except ! improvem5t ( my tal5ts 9 lit]ature4 ,dur+ my retreat 9 ,france1 fir/ at ,rheims1 b *iefly at ,la ,fl*e1 9 ,anj\1 ,i compos$ my ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,aft] pass+ ?ree ye>s v agreeably 9 t c\ntry1 ,i came ov] to ,london 9 #agcg4 ,9 ! end ( #agch1 ,i publi%$ my ,treatise1 & imm$iately w5t d[n to my "m & my bro!r1 :o liv$ at 8 c\ntry-h\se1 & 0 employ+ himself v judici\sly & successfully 9 ! improvem5t ( 8 =tune4 ,nev] lit]>y attempt 0 m un=tunate ?an my ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,x fell dead-born f ! press1 )\t rea*+ su* di/9ction1 z ev5 to excite a murmur among ! zealots4 ,b be+ naturally ( a *e]ful & sangu9e temp]1 ,i v soon recov]$ ! bl[1 & prosecut$ ) great ard\r my /udies 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 #agdb1 ,i pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh ! fir/ "p ( my ,essays3 ! "w 0 fav\rably receiv$1 & soon made me entirely =get my =m] disappo9tm5t4 ,i cont9u$ ) my "m & bro!r 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 t "t recov]$ ! k ( ! ,greek language1 :i* ,i _h too mu* neglect$ 9 my e>ly y\?4 ,9 #agde1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f ! ,m>quis ( ,ann&ale1 invit+ me to come & live ) him 9 ,engl&2 ,i f\nd also1 t ! fri5ds & family ( t "y nobleman 7 desir\s ( putt+ him "u my c>e & direction1 = ! /ate ( 8 m9d & heal? requir$ x4 ,i liv$ ) him a twelvemon?4 ,my appo9tm5ts dur+ t "t made a consid]able accession to my small =tune4 ,i !n receiv$ an invitation f ,g5]al ,/ ,clair to att5d him z a secret>y to 8 exp$ition1 :i* 0 at fir/ meant aga9/ ,canada1 b end$ 9 an incursion on ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,next ye>1 to wit1 #agdg1 ,i receiv$ an invitation f ! ,g5]al to att5d him 9 ! same /ation 9 8 milit>y embassy to ! c\rts ( ,vi5na & ,tur94 ,i !n wore ! uni=m ( an (fic]1 & 0 introduc$ at ^! c\rts z aide-de-camp to ! ,g5]al1 along ) ,sir ,h>ry ,ersk9e & ,capta9 ,grant1 n[ ,g5]al ,grant4 ,^! two ye>s 7 almo/ ! only int]ruptions :i* my /udies h receiv$ dur+ ! c\rse ( my life4 ,i pass$ !m agreeably1 & 9 good company2 & my appo9tm5ts1 ) my frugality1 _h made me rea* a =tune1 :i* ,i call$ indep5d5t1 ?\gh mo/ ( my fri5ds 7 incl9$ to smile :5 ,i said s2 9 %ort1 ,i 0 n[ ma/] ( ne> a ?\s& p\nds4 ,i _h always ent]ta9$ a notion1 t my want ( success 9 publi%+ ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 _h proce$$ m f ! mann] ?an ! matt]1 & t ,i _h be5 guilty ( a v usual indiscretion1 9 go+ to ! press too e>ly4 ,i1 !re=e1 ca/ ! fir/ "p ( t "w anew 9 ! ,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 :i* 0 publi%$ :ile ,i 0 at ,tur94 ,b ?is piece 0 at fir/ little m successful ?an ! ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,on my return f ,italy1 ,i _h ! mortification to f9d all ,engl& 9 a f]m5t1 on acc\nt ( ,dr ,middleton's ,free ,inquiry1 :ile my p]=mance 0 entirely ov]look$ & neglect$4 ,a new edition1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ at ,london1 ( my ,essays1 ,moral & ,political1 met n ) a mu* bett] reception4 ,su* is ! =ce ( natural temp]1 t ^! disappo9tm5ts made little or no impression on me4 ,i w5t d[n 9 #agdi1 & liv$ two ye>s ) my bro!r at 8 c\ntry-h\se1 = my "m 0 n[ dead4 ,i !re compos$ ! second "p ( my ,essays1 :i* ,i call$ ,political ,disc\rses1 & also my ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 :i* is ano!r "p ( my ,treatise t ,i ca/ anew4 ,mean:ile1 my booksell] ,a4 ,mill> in=m$ me1 t my =m] publications 7all b ! un=tunate ,treatise7 7 beg9n+ to be ! subject ( conv]sation2 t ! sale ( !m 0 gradually increas+1 & t new editions 7 dem&$4 ,answ]s by ,rev]5ds1 & ,"r ,rev]5ds1 came out two or ?ree 9 a ye>2 & ,i f\nd1 by ,dr ,w>burton's rail+1 t ! books 7 beg9n+ to be e/eem$ 9 good company4 ,h[ev]1 ,i _h fix$ a resolution1 :i* ,i inflexibly ma9ta9$1 nev] to reply to any body2 & n be+ v irascible 9 my temp]1 ,i h easily kept myself cle> ( all lit]>y squabbles4 ,^! symptoms ( a ris+ reputation gave me enc\ragem5t1 z ,i 0 ev] m dispos$ to see ! fav\rable ?an unfav\rable side ( ?+s2 a turn ( m9d :i* x is m happy to possess1 ?an to be born to an e/ate ( t5 ?\s& a ye>4 ,9 #agea1 ,i remov$ f ! c\ntry to ! t[n1 ! true sc5e = a man ( lett]s4 ,9 #ageb1 7 publi%$ at ,ed9burgh1 :]e ,i !n liv$1 my ,political ,disc\rses1 ! only "w ( m9e t 0 successful on ! fir/ publication4 ,x 0 well receiv$ abroad & at home4 ,9 ! same ye> 0 publi%$ at ,london1 my ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals2 :i*1 9 my own op9ion 7:o ought n to judge on t subject71 is ( all my writ+s1 hi/orical1 philosophical1 or lit]>y1 incomp>ably ! be/4 ,x came unnotic$ & unobs]v$ into ! _w4 ,9 #ageb1 ! ,faculty ( ,advocates *ose me _! ,libr>ian1 an (fice f :i* ,i receiv$ little or no emolum5t1 b :i* gave me ! comm& ( a l>ge libr>y4 ,i !n =m$ ! plan ( writ+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&2 b be+ fright5$ ) ! notion ( cont9u+ a n>rative ?r\gh a p]iod ( #agjj ye>s1 ,i comm5c$ ) ! accession ( ! ,h\se ( ,/u>t1 an epo* :51 ,i ?\ght1 ! misrepres5tations ( faction began *iefly to take place4 ,i 01 ,i own1 sangu9e 9 my expectations ( ! success ( ?is "w4 ,i ?\ght t ,i 0 ! only hi/orian t _h at once neglect$ pres5t p[]1 int]e/1 & au?ority1 & ! cry ( popul> prejudices2 & z ! subject 0 suit$ to e capacity1 ,i expect$ proportional applause4 ,b mis]able 0 my disappo9tm5t3 ,i 0 assail$ by "o cry ( reproa*1 disapprobation1 & ev5 dete/ation2 ,engli%1 ,scot*1 & ,iri%1 ,:ig & ,tory1 ,*ur*man & ,sect>y1 ,free-?9k] & ,religioni/1 ,patriot & ,c\rti]1 unit$ 9 _! rage aga9/ ! man1 :o _h presum$ to %$ a g5]\s te> = ! fate ( ,*>les ,i4 & ! ,e>l ( ,/raf=d2 & aft] ! fir/ ebullitions ( _! fury 7 ov]1 :at 0 /ill m mortify+1 ! book seem$ to s9k into oblivion4 ,mr ,mill> told me1 t 9 a twelvemon? he sold only =ty-five copies ( x4 ,i sc>cely1 inde$1 he>d ( "o man 9 ! ?ree k+doms1 consid]able = rank or lett]s1 t c\ld endure ! book4 ,i mu/ only except ! primate ( ,engl&1 ,dr ,h]r+1 & ! primate ( ,irel&1 ,dr ,/one1 :i* seem two odd exceptions4 ,^! dignifi$ prelates sep>ately s5t me messages n to be disc\rag$4 ,i 0 h[ev]1 ,i confess1 disc\rag$2 & _h n ! w> be5 at t "t break+ out betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 ,i _h c]ta9ly retir$ to "s prov9cial t[n ( ! =m] k+dom1 h *ang$ my "n1 & nev] m h return$ to my native c\ntry4 ,b z ?is s*eme 0 n n[ practicable1 & ! subsequ5t volume 0 consid]ably advanc$1 ,i resolv$ to pick up c\rage1 & to p]sev]e4 ,9 ?is int]val1 ,i publi%$ at ,london my ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 along ) "s o!r small pieces4 ,its public entry 0 r obscure1 except only t ,dr ,hurd wrote a pamphlet aga9/ x1 ) all ! illib]al petulance1 arrogance & scurrility1 :i* di/+ui% ! ,w>burtonian s*ool4 ,?is pamphlet gave me "s consolation = ! o!rwise indiff]5t reception ( my p]=mance4 ,9 #agef1 two ye>s aft] ! fall ( ! fir/ volume1 0 publi%$ ! second volume ( my ,hi/ory1 conta9+ ! p]iod f ! dea? ( ,*>les ,i4 till ! ,revolution4 ,?is p]=mance happ5$ to give less displeasure to ! ,:igs1 & 0 bett] receiv$4 ,x n only rose itself1 b help$ to buoy up its un=tunate bro!r4 ,b ?\gh ,i _h be5 taught1 by exp]i5ce1 t ! ,:ig p>ty 7 9 possession ( be/[+ all places1 bo? 9 ! /ate & 9 lit]ature1 ,i 0 s little incl9$ to yield to _! s5seless clam\r1 t 9 above a hundr$ alt]ations1 :i* f>!r /udy1 read+ or reflection1 engag$ me to make 9 ! reigns ( ! two fir/ ,/u>ts1 ,i h made all ( !m inv>iably to ! ,tory side4 ,x is ridicul\s to consid] ! ,engli% con/itution be=e t p]iod z a regul> plan ( lib]ty4 ,9 #agei1 ,i publi%$ my ,hi/ory ( ! ,h\se ( ,tudor4 ,! clam\r aga9/ ?is p]=mance 0 almo/ equal to t aga9/ ! ,hi/ory ( ! two fir/ ,/u>ts4 ,! reign ( ,elizabe? 0 p>ticul>ly obnoxi\s4 ,b ,i 0 n[ call\s aga9/ ! impressions ( public folly1 & cont9u$ v peaceably & cont5t$ly 9 my retreat at ,ed9burgh1 to f9i%1 9 two volumes1 ! m e>ly "p ( ! ,engli% ,hi/ory1 :i* ,i gave to ! public 9 #agfa1 ) tol]able1 & b tol]able success4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is v>iety ( w9ds & seasons1 to :i* my writ+s _h be5 expos$1 !y _h /ill be5 mak+ su* advances1 t ! copy-money giv5 me by ! booksell]s1 mu* exce$$ any ?+ =m]ly kn[n 9 ,engl&2 ,i 0 become n only indep5d5t1 b opul5t4 ,i retir$ to my native c\ntry ( ,scotl&1 det]m9$ nev] m to set my foot out ( x2 & reta9+ ! satisfaction ( nev] hav+ pref]r$ a reque/ to "o great man1 or ev5 mak+ advances ( fri5d%ip to any ( !m4 ,z ,i 0 n[ turn$ ( fifty1 ,i ?\ght ( pass+ all ! re/ ( my life 9 ?is philosophical mann]1 :5 ,i receiv$1 9 #agfc1 an invitation f ! ,e>l ( ,h]t=d1 ) :om ,i 0 n 9 ! lea/ acqua9t$1 to att5d him on 8 embassy to ,p>is1 ) a ne> prospect ( be+ appo9t$ secret>y to ! embassy1 &1 9 ! mean:ile1 ( p]=m+ ! functions ( t (fice4 ,?is (f]1 h[ev] invit+1 ,i at fir/ decl9$1 bo? because ,i 0 reluctant to beg9 connexions ) ! great1 & because ,i 0 afraid t ! civilities & gay company ( ,p>is1 w\ld prove disagreeable to a p]son ( my age & hum\r3 b on 8 ,lord%ip's repeat+ ! invitation1 ,i accept$ ( x1 ,i h e reason1 bo? ( pleasure & int]e/1 to ?9k myself happy 9 my connexions ) t nobleman1 z well z aft]w>ds ) 8 bro!r1 ,g5]al ,conway4 ,^? :o h n se5 ! /range effects ( ,modes1 w nev] imag9e ! reception ,i met ) at ,p>is1 f m5 & wom5 ( all ranks & /ations4 ,! m ,i resil$ f _! excessive civilities1 ! m ,i 0 load$ ) !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a real satisfaction 9 liv+ at ,p>is1 f ! great numb] ( s5sible1 kn[+1 & polite company ) :i* t city ab\nds above all places 9 ! univ]se4 ,i ?\ght once ( settl+ !re = life4 ,i 0 appo9t$ secret>y to ! embassy2 &1 9 summ] #agfe1 ,"l ,h]t=d left me1 be+ appo9t$ ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel&4 ,i 0 *>g d'affaires till ! arrival ( ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 t[>ds ! end ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #agff1 ,i left ,p>is1 & next summ] w5t to ,ed9burgh1 ) ! same view z =m]ly1 ( bury+ myself 9 a philosophical retreat4 ,i return$ to t place1 n ri*]1 b ) mu* m money1 & a mu* l>g] income1 by means ( ,"l ,h]t=d's fri5d%ip1 ?an ,i left x2 & ,i 0 desir\s ( try+ :at sup]fluity c\ld produce1 z ,i _h =m]ly made an exp]im5t ( a compet5cy4 ,b1 9 #agfg1 ,i receiv$ f ,mr ,conway an invitation to be ,"u-secret>y2 & ?is invitation1 bo? ! "* ( ! p]son1 & my connexions ) ,"l ,h]t=d1 prev5t$ me f decl9+4 ,i return$ to ,ed9burgh 9 #agfi1 v opul5t 7= ,i possess$ a rev5ue ( #ajjjl4 a ye>71 heal?y1 &1 ?\gh some:at /rick5 9 ye>s1 ) ! prospect ( enjoy+ long my ease1 & ( see+ ! increase ( my reputation4 ,9 spr+ #agge1 ,i 0 /ruck ) a disord] 9 my b[els1 :i* at fir/ gave me no al>m1 b has s9ce1 z ,i appreh5d x1 become mortal & incurable4 ,i n[ reckon ^u a ,spe$y dissolution4 ,i h suff]$ v little pa9 f my disord]2 & :at is m /range1 h1 not)/&+ ! great decl9e ( my p]son1 nev] suff]$ a mom5t's abatem5t ( my spirits2 insomu*1 t 7 ,i to "n ! p]iod ( my life1 :i* ,i %\ld mo/ *oose to pass ov] aga91 ,i might be tempt$ to po9t to ?is lat] p]iod4 ,i possess ! same ard\r z ev] 9 /udy1 & ! same gaiety 9 company4 ,i consid]1 besides1 t a man ( sixty-five1 by dy+1 cuts (f only a few ye>s ( infirmities2 & ?\gh ,i see _m symptoms ( my lit]>y reputation's break+ out at la/ ) additional lu/re1 ,i knew t ,i c\ld h b few ye>s to enjoy x4 ,x is difficult to be m deta*$ f life ?an ,i am at pres5t4 ,to conclude hi/orically ) my own "*4 ,i am1 or r 0 7= t is ! /yle ,i mu/ n[ use 9 speak+ ( myself1 :i* embold5s me ! m to speak my s5tim5ts72 ,i 01 ,i say1 a man ( mild dispositions1 ( comm& ( temp]1 ( an op51 social1 & *e]ful hum\r1 capable ( atta*m5t1 b little susceptible ( enmity1 & ( great mod]ation 9 all my passions4 ,ev5 my love ( lit]>y fame1 my rul+ passion1 nev] s\r$ my temp]1 not)/&+ my frequ5t disappo9tm5ts4 ,my company 0 n unacceptable to ! "y & c>eless1 z well z to ! /udi\s & lit]>y2 & z ,i took a p>ticul> pleasure 9 ! company ( mode/ wom51 ,i _h no reason to be displeas$ ) ! reception ,i met ) f !m4 ,9 a ^w1 ?\gh mo/ m5 any wise em95t1 h f\nd reason to compla9 ( calumny1 ,i nev] 0 t\*$1 or ev5 attack$ by h] baleful too?3 & ?\gh ,i wantonly expos$ myself to ! rage ( bo? civil & religi\s factions1 !y seem$ to be dis>m$ 9 my behalf ( _! wont$ fury4 ,my fri5ds nev] _h occasion to v9dicate any "o circum/ance ( my "* & conduct3 n b t ! zealots1 we may well suppose1 w\ld h be5 glad to inv5t & propagate any /ory to my disadvantage1 b !y c\ld nev] f9d any :i* !y ?\ght w\ld we> ! face ( probability4 ,i _c say !re is no vanity 9 mak+ ?is fun]al oration ( myself1 b ,i hope x is n a misplac$ "o2 & ?is is a matt] ( fact :i* is easily cle>$ & asc]ta9$4 ,,april #ah4 #aggf4 ,,lett] ,,f ,,adam ,,smi?1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,to ,,william ,,/ra*an1 ,,esq4 ,kirkaldy1 ,fife%ire1 ,nov4 #i1 #aggf4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,x is ) a real1 ?\gh a v melan*oly pleasure1 t ,i sit d[n to give y "s acc\nt ( ! behavi\r ( our late excell5t fri5d1 ,mr ,hume1 dur+ 8 la/ illness4 ,?\gh1 9 8 own judgm5t1 8 disease 0 mortal & incurable1 yet he all[$ himself to be prevail$ ^u1 by ! entreaty ( 8 fri5ds1 to try :at might be ! effects ( a long j\rney4 ,a few days be=e he set out1 he wrote t acc\nt ( 8 own life1 :i*1 toge!r ) 8 o!r pap]s1 he has left to y\r c>e4 ,my acc\nt1 !re=e1 %all beg9 :]e 8 ends4 ,he set out = ,london t[>ds ! end ( ,april1 & at ,morpe? met ) ,mr ,john ,home & myself1 :o _h bo? come d[n f ,london on purpose to see him1 expect+ to h f\nd him at ,ed9burgh4 ,mr ,home return$ ) him1 & att5d$ him dur+ ! :ole ( 8 /ay 9 ,engl&1 ) t c>e & att5tion :i* might be expect$ f a temp] s p]fectly fri5dly & affectionate4 ,z ,i _h writt5 to my "m t %e might expect me 9 ,scotl&1 ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( cont9u+ my j\rney4 ,8 disease seem$ to yield to ex]cise & *ange ( air1 & :5 he arriv$ 9 ,london1 he 0 app>5tly 9 mu* bett] heal? ?an :5 he left ,ed9burgh4 ,he 0 advis$ to g to ,ba? to dr9k ! wat]s1 :i* appe>$ = "s "t to h s good an effect ^u him1 t ev5 he himself began to ent]ta91 :at he 0 n apt to d1 a bett] op9ion ( 8 own heal?4 ,8 symptoms1 h[ev]1 soon return$ ) _! usual viol5ce1 & f t mom5t he gave up all ?\ghts ( recov]y1 b submitt$ ) ! utmo/ *e]fulness1 & ! mo/ p]fect complac5cy & resignation4 ,^u 8 return to ,ed9burgh1 ?\gh he f\nd himself mu* weak]1 yet 8 *e]fulness nev] abat$1 & he cont9u$ to div]t himself1 z usual1 ) correct+ 8 own works = a new edition1 ) read+ books ( amusem5t1 ) ! conv]sation ( 8 fri5ds2 &1 sometimes 9 ! ev5+1 ) a p>ty at 8 fav\rite game ( :i/4 ,8 *e]fulness 0 s great1 & 8 conv]sation & amusem5ts run s mu* 9 _! usual /ra91 t1 not)/&+ all bad symptoms1 _m p c\ld n believe he 0 dy+4 ,i %all tell y\r fri5d1 ,colonel ,edmond/one1 said ,doctor ,dundas to him "o day1 t ,i left y mu* bett]1 & 9 a fair way ( recov]y4 ,doctor1 said he1 z ,i believe y w\ld n *oose to tell any ?+ b ! tru?1 y _h bett] tell him1 t ,i am dy+ z fa/ z my enemies1 if ,i h any1 c\ld wi%1 & z easily & *e]fully z my be/ fri5ds c\ld desire4 ,colonel ,edmond/one soon aft]w>ds came to see him1 & take leave ( him2 & on 8 way home1 he c\ld n =be> writ+ him a lett] bidd+ him once m an et]nal adieu1 & apply+ to him1 z to a dy+ man1 ! beautiful ,fr5* v]ses 9 :i* ! ,abb ,*aulieu1 9 expectation ( 8 own dea?1 lam5ts 8 approa*+ sep>ation f 8 fri5d1 ! ,m>quis de la ,f>e4 ,mr ,hume's magnanimity & firmness 7 su*1 t 8 mo/ affectionate fri5ds knew t !y haz>d$ no?+ 9 talk+ or writ+ to him z to a dy+ man1 & t s f> f be+ hurt by ?is frankness1 he 0 r pleas$ & flatt]$ by x4 ,i happ5$ to come into 8 room :ile he 0 read+ ?is lett]1 :i* he _h j receiv$1 & :i* he imm$iately %[$ me4 ,i told him1 t ?\gh ,i 0 s5sible h[ v mu* he 0 weak5$1 & t appe>ances 7 9 _m respects v bad1 yet 8 *e]fulness 0 /ill s great1 ! _s ( life seem$ /ill to be s v /rong 9 him1 t ,i c\ld n help ent]ta9+ "s fa9t hopes4 ,he answ]$1 ,y\r hopes are gr\ndless4 ,an habitual di>rhoea ( m ?an a ye>'s /&+1 w\ld be a v bad disease at any age3 at my age x is a mortal "o4 ,:5 ,i lie d[n 9 ! ev5+1 ,i feel myself weak] ?an :5 ,i rose 9 ! morn+2 & :5 ,i rise 9 ! morn+1 weak] ?an :5 ,i lay d[n 9 ! ev5+4 ,i am s5sible1 besides1 t "s ( my vital p>ts are affect$1 s t ,i mu/ soon die4 ,well1 said ,i1 if x mu/ be s1 y h at lea/ ! satisfaction ( leav+ all y\r fri5ds1 y\r bro!r's family 9 p>ticul>1 9 great prosp]ity4 ,he said t he felt t satisfaction s s5sibly1 t :5 he 0 read+1 a few days be=e1 ,lucian's ,dialogues ( ! ,dead1 among all ! excuses :i* are alleg$ to ,*>on = n ent]+ readily into 8 boat1 he c\ld n f9d "o t fitt$ him2 he _h no h\se to f9i%1 he _h no daught] to provide =1 he _h no enemies ^u :om he wi%$ to rev5ge himself4 ,i c\ld n well imag9e1 said he1 :at excuse ,i c\ld make to ,*>on 9 ord] to obta9 a little delay4 ,i h done e ?+ ( consequ5ce :i* ,i ev] meant to d2 & ,i c\ld at no "t expect to leave my relations & fri5ds 9 a bett] situation ?an t 9 :i* ,i am n[ likely to leave !m4 ,i !re=e h all reason to die cont5t$4 ,he !n div]t$ himself ) inv5t+ sev]al jocul> excuses1 :i* he suppos$ he might make to ,*>on1 & ) imag9+ ! v surly answ]s :i* x might suit ! "* ( ,*>on to return to !m4 ,^u fur!r consid]ation1 said he1 ,i ?\ght ,i might say to him1 ,good ,*>on1 ,i h be5 correct+ my works = a new edition4 ,all[ me a little "t1 t ,i may see h[ ! public receives ! alt]ations4 ,b ,*>on w\ld answ]1 ,:5 y h se5 ! effect ( ^!1 y w be = mak+ o!r alt]ations4 ,!re w be no end ( su* excuses2 s1 hone/ fri5d1 please /ep into ! boat4 ,b ,i might /ill urge1 ,h a little pati5ce1 good ,*>on2 ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to op5 ! eyes ( ! public4 ,if ,i live a few ye>s long]1 ,i may h ! satisfaction ( see+ ! d[nfall ( "s ( ! prevail+ sy/ems ( sup]/ition4 ,b ,*>on w\ld !n lose all temp] & dec5cy4 ,y loit]+ rogue1 t w n happ5 ^! _m hundr$ ye>s4 ,d y fancy ,i w grant y a lease = s long a t]m8 ,get into ! boat ?is in/ant1 y lazy loit]+ rogue4 ,b1 ?\gh ,mr ,hume always talk$ ( 8 approa*+ dissolution ) great *e]fulness1 he nev] affect$ to make any p>ade ( 8 magnanimity4 ,he nev] m5tion$ ! subject b :5 ! conv]sation naturally l$ to x1 & nev] dwelt long] ^u x ?an ! c\rse ( ! conv]sation happ5$ to require3 x 0 a subject1 inde$1 :i* occurr$ pretty frequ5tly1 9 consequ5ce ( ! inquiries :i* 8 fri5ds1 :o came to see him1 naturally made conc]n+ ! /ate ( 8 heal?4 ,! conv]sation :i* ,i m5tion$ above1 & :i* pass$ on ,?ursday ! #h? ( ,augu/1 0 ! la/1 except "o1 t ,i ev] _h ) him4 ,he _h n[ become s v weak1 t ! company ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds fatigu$ him2 = 8 *e]fulness 0 /ill s great1 8 complaisance & social disposition 7 /ill s entire1 t :5 any fri5d 0 ) him1 he c\ld n help talk+ m1 & ) great] ex]tion1 ?an suit$ ! weakness ( 8 body4 ,at 8 own desire1 !re=e1 ,i agre$ to leave ,ed9burgh1 :]e ,i 0 /ay+ p>tly ^u 8 acc\nt1 & return$ to my "m's h\se "h1 at ,kirkaldy1 ^u condition t he w\ld s5d = me :5ev] he wi%$ to see me2 ! physician :o saw him mo/ frequ5tly1 ,dr ,black1 und]tak+1 9 ! mean "t1 to write me occasionally an acc\nt ( ! /ate ( 8 heal?4 ,on ! #bb;d ( ,augu/1 ! ,doctor wrote me ! foll[+ lett]3 ,s9ce my la/1 ,mr ,hume has pass$ 8 "t pretty easily1 b is mu* weak]4 ,he sits up1 goes d[n /airs once a day1 & amuses himself ) read+1 b seldom sees anybody4 ,he f9ds t ev5 ! conv]sation ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds fatigues & oppresses him2 & x is happy t he does n ne$ x1 = he is q free f anxiety1 impati5ce1 or l[ spirits1 & passes 8 "t v well ) ! assi/ance ( amus+ books4 ,i receiv$ ! day aft] a lett] f ,mr ,hume himself1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an extract4 ,ed9burgh1 #bc;d ,augu/1 #aggf4 ,,my ,,de>e/ ,,fri5d1 ,i am oblig$ to make use ( my nephew's h& 9 writ+ to y1 z ,i d n rise to-day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i g v fa/ to decl9e1 & la/ night _h a small fev]1 :i* ,i hop$ might put a quick] p]iod to ?is t$i\s illness1 b unluckily x has1 9 a great measure1 gone (f4 ,i _c submit to y\r com+ ov] "h on my acc\nt1 z x is possible = me to see y s small a "p ( ! day1 b ,doctor ,black c bett] in=m y conc]n+ ! degree ( /r5g? :i* may f "t to "t rema9 ) me4 ,adieu1 c4 ,?ree days aft] ,i receiv$ ! foll[+ lett] f ,doctor ,black4 ,ed9burgh1 ,monday1 #bf? ,augu/1 #aggf4 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,ye/]day ab\t f\r o'clock aft]noon1 ,mr ,hume expir$4 ,! ne> approa* ( 8 dea? became evid5t 9 ! night betwe5 ,?ursday & ,friday1 :5 8 disease became excessive1 & soon weak5$ him s mu*1 t he c\ld no long] rise out ( 8 b$4 ,he cont9u$ to ! la/ p]fectly s5sible1 & free f mu* pa9 or feel+s ( di/ress4 ,he nev] dropp$ ! smalle/ expression ( impati5ce2 b :5 he _h occasion to speak to ! p ab\t him1 always did x ) affection & t5d]ness4 ,i ?\ght x improp] to write to br+ y ov]1 especially z ,i he>d t he _h dictat$ a lett] to y desir+ y n to come4 ,:5 he became v weak1 x co/ him an ef=t to speak1 & he di$ 9 su* a happy composure ( m9d1 t no?+ c\ld exce$ x4 ,?us di$ our mo/ excell5t1 & nev] to be =gott5 fri5d2 conc]n+ ^: philosophical op9ions m5 w1 no d\bt1 judge v>i\sly1 e "o approv+1 or condemn+ !m1 accord+ z !y happ5 to co9cide or disagree ) 8 own2 b conc]n+ ^: "* & conduct !re c sc>ce be a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,8 temp]1 inde$1 seem$ to be m happily balanc$1 if ,i may be all[$ su* an expression1 ?an t p]haps ( any o!r man ,i h ev] kn[n4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ /ate ( 8 =tune1 8 great & necess>y frugality nev] h9d]$ him f ex]cis+1 ^u prop] occasions1 acts bo? ( *>ity & g5]osity4 ,x 0 a frugality f\nd$1 n ^u av>ice1 b ^u ! love ( indep5d5cy4 ,! extreme g5tl5ess ( 8 nature nev] weak5$ ei!r ! firmness ( 8 m9d1 or ! /ead9ess ( 8 resolutions4 ,8 con/ant pleasantry 0 ! g5u9e effusion ( good nature & good hum\r1 temp]$ ) delicacy & mode/y1 & )\t ev5 ! slighte/ t9cture ( malignity1 s frequ5tly ! disagreeable s\rce ( :at is call$ wit 9 o!r m54 ,x nev] 0 ! mean+ ( 8 raill]y to mortify2 & !re=e1 f> f (f5d+1 x seldom fail$ to please & delight1 ev5 ^? :o 7 ! objects ( x4 ,to 8 fri5ds1 :o 7 frequ5tly ! objects ( x1 !re 0 n p]haps any "o ( all 8 great & amiable qualities1 :i* contribut$ m to ende> 8 conv]sation4 ,& t gaiety ( temp]1 s agreeable 9 society1 b :i* is s (t5 accompani$ ) frivol\s & sup]ficial qualities1 0 9 him c]ta9ly att5d$ ) ! mo/ sev]e application1 ! mo/ ext5sive le>n+1 ! greate/ dep? ( ?\ght1 & a capacity 9 e respect ! mo/ compreh5sive4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i h always consid]$ him1 bo? 9 8 lifetime & s9ce 8 dea?1 z approa*+ z ne>ly to ! idea ( a p]fectly wise & virtu\s man1 z p]haps ! nature ( human frailty w p]mit4 ,i ev] am1 de> ,sir1 ,mo/ affectionately y\rs1 ,,adam ,,smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn by ,a4 ,nasmy?--,engrav$ by ,w4 ,mill]--,,hume',s ,,monum5t1 ,,calton ,,hill4 ,,! ,,latt]-,,w ,,& ,,te/am5t ,,( ,,david ,,hume4 ,i1 ,david ,hume1 second lawful son ( ,joseph ,home ( ,n9ewells1 advocate1 = ! love & affection ,i be> to ,john ,home ( ,n9ewells1 my bro!r1 & = o!r causes1 ,,d1 by ^! pres5ts1 "u ! res]vations & burd5s aft]-m5tion$1 ,,give & ,,dispose to ! said ,john ,home1 or1 if he die be=e me1 to ,david ,home1 8 second son1 8 heirs & assigns :atsomev]1 all l&s1 h]itages1 debts1 & sums ( money1 z well h]itable z moveable1 :i* %all belong to me at ! "t ( my decease1 z also my :ole effects 9 g5]al1 real & p]sonal1 ) & "u ! burd5 ( ! foll[+ legacies1 viz4 to my si/] ,ca!r9e ,home1 ! sum ( twelve hundr$ p\nds /]l+1 payable ! fir/ t]m ( ,:itsunday or ,m>t9mas aft] my decease1 toge!r ) all my ,engli% books1 & ! life-r5t ( my h\se 9 ,/ ,james's ,c\rt1 or 9 case t h\se be sold at ! "t ( my decease1 tw5ty p\nds a ye> dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( h] life3 ,to my fri5d ,adam ,f]guson1 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! ,college ( ,ed9burgh1 two hundr$ p\nds /]l+3 ,to my fri5d ,m4 d',alemb]t1 memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 & ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is1 two hundr$ p\nds3 ,to my fri5d ,dr ,adam ,smi?1 late ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,glasg[1 ,i leave all my manuscripts )\t exception1 desir+ him to publi% my ,dialogues on ,natural ,religion1 :i* are compreh5d$ 9 ?is pres5t beque/2 b to publi% no o!r pap]s :i* he suspects n to h be5 writt5 )9 ^! five ye>s1 b to de/roy !m all at 8 leisure3 ,& ,i ev5 leave him full p[] ov] all my pap]s1 except ! ,dialogues above m5tion$2 & ?\gh ,i c tru/ to t intimate & s9c]e fri5d%ip1 :i* has ev] subsi/$ betwe5 u1 = 8 fai?ful execution ( ?is "p ( my w1 yet1 z a small recomp5se ( 8 pa9s 9 correct+ & publi%+ ?is "w1 ,i leave him two hundr$ p\nds1 to be paid imm$iately aft] ! publication ( x3 ,i also leave to ,mrs ,anne & ,mrs ,janet ,hepburn1 daught]s ( ,mr ,james ,hepburn ( ,kei?1 "o hundr$ p\nds a piece3 ,to my c\s9 ,david ,campbell1 son ( ,mr ,campbell1 m9i/] ( ,lillysleaf1 "o hundr$ p\nds3 ,to ! ,infirm>y ( ,ed9burgh1 fifty p\nds3 ,to all ! s]vants :o %all be 9 my family at ! "t ( my decease1 "o ye>'s wages2 & to my h\sekeep]1 ,m>g>et ,irv9e1 ?ree ye>'s wages3 ,& ,i also orda91 t my bro!r1 or nephew1 or executor1 :oev] he be1 %all n pay up to ! said ,m>g>et ,irv9e1 )\t h] own cons5t1 any sum ( money :i* ,i %all owe h] at ! "t ( my decease1 :e!r by bill1 bond1 or = wages1 b %all reta9 9 8 h&1 & pay h] ! legal int]e/ ^u x1 till %e dem& ! pr9cipal3 ,& 9 case my bro!r above-m5tion$ %all survive me1 ,i leave to 8 son ,david1 ! sum ( a ?\s& p\nds to assi/ him 9 8 education3 ,b 9 case t by my bro!r's dea? be=e me1 ! succession ( my e/ate & effects %all devolve to ! a=esaid ,david1 ,i h]eby burd5 him1 ov] & above ! paym5t ( ! a=esaid legacies1 ) ! paym5t ( ! sums foll[+3 ,to 8 bro!rs ,joseph & ,john1 a ?\s& p\nds a piece3 ,to 8 si/]s ,ca!r9e & ,agnes1 five hundr$ p\nds a piece3 all :i* sums1 z well z e sum conta9$ 9 ! pres5t disposition 7except t to ,dr ,smi?71 to be payable ! fir/ t]m ( ,:itsunday & ,m>t9mas1 aft] my decease2 & all ( !m1 )\t exception1 9 /]l+ money4 ,& ,i d h]eby nom9ate & appo9t ! said ,john ,home1 my bro!r1 & fail+ ( him by decease1 ! said ,david ,home1 to be my sole executor & univ]sal legatee1 ) & "u ! burd5s above m5tion$2 res]v+ always full p[] & lib]ty to me1 at any "t ( my life1 ev5 9 dea?b$1 to alt] & innovate ^! pres5ts1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 & to burd5 ! same ) su* o!r legacies z ,i %all ?9k fit4 ,& ,i d h]eby decl>e ^! pres5ts to be a good1 valid1 & suffici5t evid5ce1 albeit f\nd 9 my cu/ody1 or 9 ! cu/ody ( any o!r p]son at ! "t ( my dea?1 c4 79 common /yle47 ,sign$ #d ,janu>y #aggf1 be=e ^! witnesses1 ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,e>l ( ,home1 & ,mr ,john ,mc,gowan1 ,cl]k to ! ,signet4 ,,david ,,hume4 ,i also ,,orda91 t if ,i %all die any :]e 9 ,scotl&1 ,i %all be buri$ 9 a private mann] 9 ! ,calton *ur*y>d1 ! s\? side ( x1 & a monum5t to be built ov] my body1 at an exp5se n exce$+ a hundr$ p\nds1 ) an inscription conta9+ only my "n1 ) ! ye> ( my bir? & dea?1 leav+ x to po/]ity to add ! re/4 ,at ,ed9burgh1 #ae? ,april1 #aggf4 ,,david ,,hume4 ,i also leave = rebuild+ ! bridge ( ,*urnside ! sum ( a hundr$ p\nds2 b on condition t ! manag]s ( ! bridge %all take none ( ! /ones = build+ ! bridge f ! qu>ry ( ,n9ewells1 except f t "p ( ! qu>ry :i* has be5 already op5$4 ,i leave to my nephew ,joseph1 ! sum ( fifty p\nds to enable him to make a good suffici5t dra9 & sew] r\nd ! h\se ( ,n9ewells1 b on condition t1 if t dra9 & sew] be n made1 f :atev] cause1 )9 a ye> aft] my dea?1 ! said fifty p\nds %all be paid to ! poor ( ! p>i% ( ,*urnside3 ,to my si/]1 in/ead ( all my ,engli% books1 ,i leave h] a hundr$ volumes at h] *oice3 ,to ,david ,waite1 s]vant to my bro!r1 ,i leave ! sum ( t5 p\nds1 payable ! fir/ t]m aft] my dea?4 ,,david ,,hume4 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,controv]sy ,,betwe5 ,,hume ,,& ,,r\sseau4 ,,london4 ,m4,d4,,cc4,,lxvi4 ,,adv]tisem5t ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,editors4 ,! "n & writ+s ( ,mr ,hume h be5 long s9ce well kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,at ! same "t1 8 p]sonal acqua9tance h rem>k$1 9 ! c&\r & simplicity ( 8 mann]s1 t imp>tiality & +5u\sness ( disposition :i* di/+ui%es 8 "*1 & is suffici5tly indicat$ 9 8 writ+s4 ,he ha? ex]t$ ^? great tal5ts he receiv$ f nature1 & ! acquisitions he made by /udy1 9 ! se>* ( tru?1 & promot+ ! good ( mank9d2 nev] wa/+ 8 "t1 or sacrific+ 8 repose1 9 lit]>y or p]sonal disputes4 ,he ha? se5 8 writ+s frequ5tly c5sur$ ) bitt]ness1 by fanaticism1 ignorance1 & ! _s ( p>ty1 )\t ev] giv+ an answ] to 8 adv]s>ies4 ,ev5 ^? :o h attack$ 8 works ) ! greate/ viol5ce1 h always respect$ 8 p]sonal "*4 ,8 love ( peace is s well kn[n1 t ! criticisms writt5 aga9/ 8 pieces1 h be5 (t5 br\ght him by _! respective au?ors1 = him to revise & correct !m4 ,at "o "t1 9 p>ticul>1 a p]=mance ( ?is k9d 0 %[n to him1 9 :i* he _h be5 treat$ 9 a v rude & ev5 injuri\s mann]2 on rem>k+ :i* to ! au?or1 ! latt] /ruck out ! exceptionable passages1 blu%+ & wond]+ at ! =ce ( t polemic _s :i* _h c>ri$ him imp]ceptibly away beyond ! f\nds ( tru? & dec5cy4 ,x 0 ) great reluctance t a man1 possess$ ( su* pacific dispositions1 c\ld be br\ght to cons5t to ! publication ( ! foll[+ piece4 ,he 0 v s5sible t ! qu>rels among m5 ( lett]s are a sc&al to philosophy2 nor 0 any p]son 9 ! _w less =m$ = giv+ occasion to a sc&al1 s consolatory to blockheads4 ,b ! circum/ances 7 su* z to draw him into x1 9 spite ( 8 incl9ations4 ,all ! _w kn[s t ,mr ,r\sseau1 proscrib$ 9 almo/ e c\ntry :]e he resid$1 det]m9$ at l5g? to take refuge 9 ,engl&2 & t ,mr ,hume1 affect$ by 8 situation1 & 8 mis=tunes1 und]took to br+ him ov]1 & to provide = him a peaceful1 safe1 & conv5i5t asylum4 ,b v few p]sons are privy to ! zeal1 activity1 & ev5 delicacy1 ) :i* ,mr ,hume conf]r$ ?is act ( b5evol5ce4 ,:at an affectionate atta*m5t he _h contract$ = ?is new fri5d1 :i* humanity _h giv5 him6 ) :at address he endeav\r$ to anticipate 8 desires1 )\t (f5d+ 8 pride6 9 %ort1 ) :at address he /rove to ju/ify1 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 ! s+ul>ities ( ,mr ,r\sseau1 & to def5d 8 "* aga9/ ^? :o 7 n dispos$ to ?9k s fav\rably ( him z he did himself4 ,ev5 at ! "t :5 ,mr ,hume 0 employ$ 9 do+ ,mr ,r\sseau ! mo/ ess5tial s]vice1 he receiv$ f him ! mo/ insol5t & abusive lett]4 ,! m su* a /roke 0 unexpect$1 ! m x 0 cruel & affect+4 ,mr ,hume wrote an acc\nt ( ?is extraord9>y adv5ture to 8 fri5ds at ,p>is1 & express$ himself 9 8 lett]s ) all t indignation :i* s /range a proce$+ mu/ excite4 ,he ?\ght himself "u no obligation to keep t]ms ) a man1 :o1 aft] hav+ receiv$ f him ! mo/ c]ta9 & con/ant m>ks ( fri5d%ip1 c\ld reproa* him1 )\t any reason1 z false1 trea*]\s1 & z ! mo/ wick$ ( mank9d4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! dispute betwe5 ^! two celebrat$ p]sonages did n fail to make a noise4 ,! compla9ts ( ,mr ,hume soon came to ! k ( ! public1 :i* at fir/ h>dly believ$ x possible t ,mr ,r\sseau c\ld be guilty ( t excessive +ratitude laid to 8 *>ge4 ,ev5 ,mr ,hume's fri5ds 7 fe>ful1 le/1 9 ! fir/ effusions ( s5sibility1 he 0 n c>ri$ too f>1 & _h n mi/ak5 = wilful crimes ( ! he>t1 ! vag>ies ( ! imag9ation1 or ! deceptions ( ! und]/&+4 ,he judg$ x necess>y1 !re=e to expla9 ! affair1 by writ+ a precise n>rative ( all t pass$ betwe5 him & ,mr ,r\sseau1 f _! fir/ connection to _! rupture4 ,?is n>rative he s5t to 8 fri5ds1 "s ( :om advis$ him to pr9t x1 alleg+1 t z ,mr ,r\sseau's accusations 7 become public1 ! pro(s ( 8 ju/ification ought to be s too4 ,mr ,hume did n give into ^! argum5ts1 *oos+ r to run ! risk ( be+ unju/ly c5sur$1 ?an to resolve on mak+ himself a public p>ty 9 an affair s contr>y to 8 disposition & "*4 ,a new incid5t1 h[ev]1 at l5g? ov]came 8 reluctance4 ,mr ,r\sseau _h address$ a lett] to a booksell] at ,p>is1 9 :i* he directly accuses ,mr ,hume ( hav+ ent]$ into a league ) 8 enemies to betray & defame him2 & 9 :i* he boldly defies ,mr ,hume to pr9t ! pap]s he _h 9 8 h&s4 ,?is lett] 0 communicat$ to sev]al p]sons 9 ,p>is1 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 & ! translation pr9t$ 9 ! public pap]s 9 ,london4 ,an accusation & defiance s v public c\ld n be suff]$ to pass )\t reply1 :ile any long sil5ce on ! "p ( ,mr ,hume might h be5 int]pret$ little 9 8 fav\r4 ,besides1 ! news ( ?is dispute _h spread itself ov] ,europe1 & ! op9ions ent]ta9$ ( x 7 v>i\s4 ,x _h d\btless be5 mu* happi]1 if ! :ole affair _h be5 buri$ 9 oblivion1 & rema9$ a pr(\nd secret2 b z x 0 impossible to prev5t ! public int]e/+ itself 9 ! controv]sy1 x became necess>y at lea/ t ! tru? ( ! matt] %\ld be kn[n4 ,mr ,hume's fri5ds unit$ly repres5t$ to him all ^! reasons1 ! =ce ( :i* he 0 at l5g? conv9c$ (2 & see+ ! necessity1 cons5t$1 ?\gh ) reluctance1 to ! pr9t+ ( 8 memorial4 ,! n>rative1 & notes1 are translat$ f ! ,engli%4#a ,! lett]s ( ,mr ,r\sseau1 :i* s]ve z au!ntic pro(s ( ! facts are exact copies ( ! orig9als4#b ,?is pamphlet conta9s _m /range in/ances ( s+ul>ity1 t w appe> extraord9>y en\gh to ^? :o w give !mselves ! tr\ble to p]use x4 ,^? :o d n *oose to take ! tr\ble1 h[ev]1 may possibly d bett]1 z its cont5ts are ( little importance1 except to ^? :o are imm$iately int]e/$4 ,on ! :ole1 ,mr ,hume1 9 (f]+ to ! public ! g5u9e pieces ( 8 trial1 has au?oriz$ u to decl>e1 t he w nev] take up ! p5 aga9 on ! subject4 ,mr ,r\sseau inde$ may return to ! *>ge2 he may produce suppositions1 miscon/ructions1 inf]5ces1 & new declamations2 he may create & realize new phantoms1 & envelop !m 9 ! cl\ds ( 8 rhetoric1 he w meet ) no m contradiction4 ,! facts are all laid be=e ! public2#c & ,mr ,hume submits 8 cause to ! det]m9ation ( e man ( s5se & probity4 #a ,& are n[ re-translat$1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! ,fr5*1 ! ,fr5* editors hav+ tak5 "s lib]ties1 n )\t ,mr ,hume's cons5t1 ) ! ,engli% orig9al4--,engli% translator4 #b 9 ! pres5t edition ,mr ,hume's lett]s are pr9t$ v]batim2 & to ,mr ,r\sseau's ! translator ha? endeav\r$ to d ju/ice1 z well ) reg>d to ! s5se z ! expression4 ,n t he c flatt] himself ) hav+ always succe$$ 9 ! latt]4 ,he has tak5 ! lib]ty also to add a note or two1 reg>d+ "s p>ticul> circum/ances :i* _h come to 8 k4 #c ,! orig9al lett]s ( bo? p>ties w be lodg$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 on acc\nt ( ! above m5tion$ defiance ( ,mr ,r\sseau1 & 8 subsequ5t ins9uation1 t if !y %\ld be publi%$1 !y w\ld be falsifi$4 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,controv]sy ,,betwe5 ,,mr ,,hume ,,& ,,mr ,,r\sseau4 ,augu/ #a1 #agff4 ,my connexion ) ,mr ,r\sseau began 9 #agfb1 :5 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is _h issu$ an arrt = appreh5d+ him1 on acc\nt ( 8 ,emilius4 ,i 0 at t "t at ,ed9burgh4 ,a p]son ( great wor? wrote to me f ,p>is1 t ,mr ,r\sseau int5d$ to seek an asylum 9 ,engl&1 & desir$ ,i w\ld d him all ! good (fices 9 my p[]4 ,z ,i conceiv$ ,mr ,r\sseau _h actually put 8 design 9 execution1 ,i wrote to sev]al ( my fri5ds 9 ,london1 recomm5d+ ?is celebrat$ exile to _! fav\r4 ,i wrote also imm$iately to ,mr ,r\sseau himself2 assur+ him ( my desire to oblige1 & read9ess to s]ve him4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i invit$ him to come to ,ed9burgh1 if ! situation w\ld be agreeable1 & (f]$ him a retreat 9 my own h\se1 s long z he %\ld please to p>take ( x4 ,!re ne$$ no o!r motive to excite me to ?is act ( humanity1 ?an ! idea giv5 me ( ,mr ,r\sseau's p]sonal "*1 by ! fri5d :o _h recomm5d$ him1 8 well kn[n g5ius & abilities1 & above all1 8 mis=tunes2 ! v cause ( :i* 0 an additional reason to int]e/ me 9 8 fav\r4 ,! foll[+ is ! answ] ,i receiv$4 ,,mr ,,r\sseau ,,to ,,mr ,,hume4 ,moti]s-,trav]s1 ,feb4 #ai1 #agfc4 ,,sir1 ,i did n receive till lately1 & at ?is place1 ! lett] y did me ! hon\r to direct to me at ,london1 ! #b;d ( ,july la/1 on ! supposition t ,i 0 !n arriv$ at t capital4 ,i %\ld d\btless h made *oice ( a retreat 9 y\r c\ntry1 & z ne> z possible to y\rself1 if ,i _h =ese5 :at a reception ,i 0 to meet ) 9 my own4 ,no o!r nation c\ld claim a pref]5ce to ,engl&4 ,& ?is prepossession1 = :i* ,i h de>ly suff]$1 0 at t "t too natural n to be v excusable2 b1 to my great a/oni%m5t1 z well z t ( ! public1 ,i h met ) no?+ b affronts & insults1 :]e ,i hop$ to h f\nd consolation at lea/1 if n gratitude4 ,h[ _m reasons h ,i n to regret ! want ( t asylum & philosophical hospitality ,i %\ld h f\nd ) y6 ,my mis=tunes1 inde$1 h con/antly seem$ to lead me 9 a mann] t way4 ,! protection & k9dness ( my ,"l ,m>%all1 y\r wor?y & illu/ri\s c\ntryman1 ha? br\ght ,scotl& home to me1 if ,i may s express myself1 9 ! mid/ ( ,switz]l&2 he ha? made y s (t5 be> a "p 9 our conv]sation1 ha? br\ght me s well acqua9t$ ) y\r virtues1 :i* ,i be=e 0 only ) y\r tal5ts1 t he inspir$ me ) ! mo/ t5d] fri5d%ip = y1 & ! mo/ ard5t desire ( obta9+ y\rs1 be=e ,i ev5 knew y 7 dispos$ to grant x4 ,judge !n ( ! pleasure ,i feel1 at f9d+ ?is incl9ation reciprocal4 ,no1 ,sir1 ,i %\ld pay y\r m]it b half its due1 if x 7 ! subject only ( my admiration4 ,y\r great imp>tiality1 toge!r ) y\r amaz+ p5etration & g5ius1 w\ld lift y f> above ! re/ ( mank9d1 if y 7 less atta*$ to !m by ! goodness ( y\r he>t4 ,my ,"l ,m>%al1 9 acqua9t+ me t ! amiabl5ess ( y\r disposition 0 /ill great] ?an ! sublimity ( y\r g5ius1 r5d]$ a correspond5ce ) y e day m desirable1 & *]i%$ 9 me ^? wi%es :i* he inspir$1 ( end+ my days ne> y4 ,oh1 ,sir1 t a bett] /ate ( heal?1 & m conv5i5t circum/ances1 w\ld b enable me to take su* a j\rney 9 ! mann] ,i c\ld l6 ,c\ld ,i b hope to see y & my ,"l ,m>%al "o day settl$ 9 y\r own c\ntry1 :i* %\ld = ev] aft] be m9e1 ,i %\ld be ?ankful1 9 su* a society1 = ! v mis=tunes t l$ me into x1 & %\ld acc\nt ! day ( its comm5cem5t z ! fir/ ( my life4 ,w\ld to ,heav5 ,i might live to see t happy day1 ?\gh n[ m to be desir$ ?an expect$6 ,) :at transports %\ld ,i n exclaim1 on sett+ foot 9 t happy c\ntry :i* gave bir? to ,david ,hume & ! ,"l ,m>%al ( ,scotl&6 ,salve1 facis mihi debita tellus6 ,hc domus1 hc patria e/4 ,j4,j4,r4 ,?is lett] is n publi%$ f a motive ( vanity2 z w be se5 pres5tly1 :5 ,i give ! read] a recantation ( all ! eulogies x conta9s2 b only to complete ! c\rse ( our correspond5ce1 & to %[ t ,i h be5 long s9ce dispos$ to ,mr ,r\sseau's s]vice4 ,f ?is "t our correspond5ce entirely ceas$1 till ab\t ! middle ( la/ autumn 7#agfe71 :5 x 0 r5ew$ by ! foll[+ accid5t4 ,a c]ta9 lady ( ,mr ,r\sseau's acqua9tance1 be+ on a j\rney to "o ( ! ,fr5* prov9ces1 bord]+ on ,switz]l&1 _h tak5 t opportunity ( pay+ a visit to our solit>y philosoph]1 9 8 retreat at ,moti]s-,trav]s4 ,to ?is lady he compla9$1 t 8 situation 9 ,neuf*tel 0 become extremely disagreeable1 z well on acc\nt ( ! sup]/ition ( ! p1 z ! res5tm5t ( ! cl]gy2 & t he 0 afraid he %\ld %ortly be "u ! necessity ( seek+ an asylum else:]e2 9 :i* case1 ,engl& appe>$ to him1 f ! nature ( its laws & gov]nm5t1 to be ! only place to :i* he c\ld retire ) p]fect security2 add+1 t my ,"l ,m>%al1 8 =m] protector1 _h advis$ him to put himself "u my protection1 7t 0 ! t]m he 0 pleas$1 to make use (71 & t he w\ld accord+ly address himself to me1 if he ?\ght x w\ld n be giv+ me too mu* tr\ble4 ,i 0 at t "t *>g$ ) ! affairs ( ,engl& at ! c\rt ( ,france2 b z ,i _h ! prospect ( soon return+ to ,london1 ,i c\ld n reject a proposal made to me "u su* circum/ances1 by a man s celebrat$ = 8 g5ius & mis=tunes4 ,z soon z ,i 0 ?us in=m$1 !re=e1 ( ! situation & int5tions ( ,mr ,r\sseau1 ,i wrote to him1 mak+ him an (f] ( my s]vices2 to :i* he return$ ! foll[+ answ]4 ,,mr ,,r\sseau ,,to ,,mr ,,hume4 ,/rasb\rg1 ,dec4 #d1 #agfe4 ,,sir1 ,y\r goodness affects me z mu* z x does me hon\r4 ,! be/ reply ,i c make to y\r (f]s is to accept !m1 :i* ,i d4 ,i %all set out 9 five or six days to ?r[ myself into y\r arms4 ,su* is ! advice ( my ,"l ,m>%al1 my protector1 fri5d & fa!r2 x is ! advice also ( ,madam 99 99 99 #a ^: good s5se & b5evol5ce s]ve equally = my direction & consolation2 9 f9e1 ,i may say x is ! advice ( my own he>t1 :i* takes a pleasure 9 be+ indebt$ to ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( my contempor>ies1 to a man ^: goodness surpasses 8 glory4 ,i sigh aft] a solit>y & free retirem5t1 :]e9 ,i might f9i% my days 9 peace4 ,if ?is be procur$ me by means ( y\r b5evol5t solicitude1 ,i %all !n enjoy at once ! pleasure ( ! only bless+ my he>t desires1 & also t ( be+ indebt$ = x to y4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ) all my he>t1 c4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 #a ,! p]son "h m5tion$ desir$ h] "n might be suppress$4 ,fr5* ,editor4 ,z ! motive to ! suppression ( ! lady's "n c h>dly be suppos$ to ext5d to ?is c\ntry1 ! ,engli% translator takes ! lib]ty to m5tion ! "n ( ! ,m>*ioness de ,v]del94 ,n t ,i _h def]r$ till ?is "t my endeav\rs to be useful to ,mr ,r\sseau4 ,! foll[+ lett] 0 communicat$ to me by ,mr ,clairaut1 "s weeks be=e 8 dea?4 ,,mr ,,r\sseau ,,to ,,mr ,,clairaut4 ,moti]s-,trav]s1 ,m>* #c1 #agfe4 ,,sir1 ,! remembrance ( y\r =m] k9dness1 induces me to be aga9 importunate4 ,x is to desire y w be s good1 = ! second "t1 to be ! c5sor ( "o ( my p]=mances4 ,x is a v paltry rhapsody1 :i* ,i compil$ _m ye>s ago1 "u ! title ( ,a ,musical ,diction>y1 & am n[ oblig$ to republi% x = subsi/5ce4 ,amid/ ! torr5t ( mis=tunes t ov]:elm me1 ,i am n 9 a situation to review ! "w2 :i*1 ,i "k1 is full ( ov]sights & mi/akes4 ,if any int]e/ y may take 9 ! lot ( ! mo/ un=tunate ( mank9d1 %\ld induce y to be/[ a little m att5tion on 8 "w ?an on t ( ano!r1 ,i %\ld be extremely oblig$ to y1 if y w\ld take ! tr\ble to correct su* errors z y may meet ) 9 ! p]usal4 ,to po9t !m out1 )\t correct+ !m1 w\ld be do+ no?+1 = ,i am absolutely incapable ( pay+ ! lea/ att5tion to su* a "w2 s t if y w\ld b condesc5d to alt]1 add1 retr5*1 &1 9 %ort1 use x z y w\ld d y\r own1 y w\ld d a great *>ity1 = :i* ,i %\ld be extremely ?ankful4 ,accept1 ,sir1 my mo/ humble excuses & salutations4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 ,x is ) reluctance ,i say x1 b ,i am compell$ to x2 ,i n[ "k ( a c]ta9ty t ?is affectation ( extreme pov]ty & di/ress 0 a m]e pret5ce1 a petty k9d ( impo/ure :i* ,mr ,r\sseau successfully employ$ to excite ! compassion ( ! public2 b ,i 0 !n v f> f suspect+ any su* artifice4 ,i mu/ own1 ,i felt on ?is occasion an emotion ( pity1 mix$ ) indignation1 to ?9k a man ( lett]s ( su* em95t m]it1 %\ld be r$uc$1 9 spite ( ! simplicity ( 8 mann] ( liv+1 to su* extreme indig5ce2 & t ?is unhappy /ate %\ld be r5d]$ m intol]able by sickness1 by ! approa* ( old age1 & ! implacable rage ( p]secution4 ,i knew t _m p]sons imput$ ! wret*$ness ( ,mr ,r\sseau to 8 excessive pride1 :i* induc$ him to refuse ! assi/ance ( 8 fri5ds2 b ,i ?\ght ?is fault1 if x 7 a fault1 0 a v respectable "o4 ,too _m m5 ( lett]s h debas$ _! "* 9 /oop+ s l[ z to solicit ! assi/ance ( p]sons ( weal? or p[]1 unwor?y ( af=d+ !m protection2 & ,i conceiv$ t a noble pride1 ev5 ?\gh c>ri$ to excess1 m]it$ "s indulg5ce 9 a man ( g5ius1 :o1 borne up by a s5se ( 8 own sup]iority & a love ( indep5d5ce1 %\ld h brav$ ! /orms ( =tune & ! insults ( mank9d4 ,i propos$1 !re=e1 to s]ve ,mr ,r\sseau 9 8 own way4 ,i desir$ ,mr ,clairaut1 accord+ly1 to give me 8 lett]1 :i* ,i %[$ to sev]al ( ,mr ,r\sseau's fri5ds & patrons 9 ,p>is4 ,at ! same "t ,i propos$ to !m a s*eme by :i* he might be reliev$1 )\t suspect+ any ?+ ( ! matt]4 ,?is 0 to engage ! booksell]1 :o 0 to publi% 8 ,diction>y1 to give ,mr ,r\sseau a great] sum = ! copy ?an he _h (f]$1 & to indemnify him by pay+ him ! diff]5ce4 ,b ?is project1 :i* c\ld n be execut$ )\t ! assi/ance ( ,mr ,clairaut1 fell to ! gr\nd at ! unexpect$ decease ( t le>n$ & respectable academician4 ,reta9+1 h[ev]1 /ill ! same idea ( ,mr ,r\sseau's excessive pov]ty1 ,i con/antly reta9$ ! same incl9ation to oblige him2 & :5 ,i 0 in=m$ ( 8 int5tion to g to ,engl& "u my conduct1 ,i =m$ a s*eme mu* ( ! same k9d ) t ,i c\ld n execute at ,p>is4 ,i wrote imm$iately to my fri5d1 ,mr ,john ,/ew>t ( ,buck+ham ,/reet1 t ,i _h an affair to communicate to him1 ( s secret & delicate a nature1 t ,i %\ld n v5ture ev5 to commit x to pap]1 b t he might le>n ! p>ticul>s ( ,mr ,elliot 7n[ ,sir ,gilb]t ,elliot71 :o w\ld soon return f ,p>is to ,london4 ,! plan 0 ?is1 & 0 really communicat$ by ,mr ,elliot "s "t aft] to ,mr ,/ew>t1 :o 0 at ! same "t enjo9$ to ! greate/ secrecy4 ,mr ,/ew>t 0 to look out = "s hone/ discreet f>m] 9 8 neighb\rhood 9 ! c\ntry1 :o might be will+ to lodge & bo>d ,mr ,r\sseau & 8 g\v]nante 9 a v dec5t & pl5tiful mann]1 at a p5sion :i* ,mr ,/ew>t might settle at fifty or sixty p\nds a ye>2 ! f>m] engag+ to keep su* agreem5t a pr(\nd secret1 & to receive f ,mr ,r\sseau only tw5ty or tw5ty-five p\nds a ye>1 ,i engag+ to supply ! diff]5ce4 ,x 0 n long be=e ,mr ,/ew>t wrote me ^w he _h f\nd a situation :i* he conceiv$ might be agreeable2 on :i* ,i desir$ he w\ld get ! ap>tm5t furni%$ 9 a prop] & conv5i5t mann] at my exp5se4 ,b ?is s*eme1 9 :i* !re c\ld n possibly ent] any motive ( vanity on my "p1 secrecy be+ a necess>y condition ( its execution1 did n take place1 o!r designs pres5t+ !mselves m conv5i5t & agreeable4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is well kn[n bo? to ,mr ,/ew>t & ,sir ,gilb]t ,elliot4 ,x w n be improp] "h to m5tion ano!r plan conc]t$ ) ! same int5tions4 ,i _h accompani$ ,mr ,r\sseau into a v pleasant "p ( ! c\nty ( ,surry1 :]e he sp5t two days at ,colonel ,webb's1 ,mr ,r\sseau seem+ to me highly delight$ ) ! natural & solit>y beauties ( ! place4 ,?r\gh ! means ( ,mr ,/ew>t1 !re=e1 ,i ent]$ into treaty ) ,colonel ,webb = ! pur*as+ ! h\se1 ) a little e/ate adjo9+1 9 ord] to make a settlem5t = ,mr ,r\sseau4 ,if1 aft] :at has pass$1 ,mr ,r\sseau's te/imony be ( any validity1 ,i may appeal to himself = ! tru? ( :at ,i advance4 ,b be ?is z x w1 ^! facts are well kn[n to ,mr ,/ew>t1 to ,g5]al ,cl>ke1 & 9 "p to ,colonel ,webb4 ,b to proce$ 9 my n>rative4 ,mr ,r\sseau came to ,p>is1 provid$ ) a passport :i* 8 fri5ds _h obta9$ = him4 ,i conduct$ him to ,engl&4 ,= upw>ds ( two mon?s aft] our arrival1 ,i employ$ myself & my fri5ds 9 look+ out = "s agreeable situation = him4 ,we gave way to all 8 caprices2 excus$ all 8 s+ul>ities2 indulg$ him 9 all 8 hum\rs2 9 %ort1 nei!r "t nor tr\ble 0 sp>$ to procure him :at he desir$2#b &1 not)/&+ he reject$ sev]al ( ! projects :i* ,i _h laid out = him1 yet ,i ?\ght myself suffici5tly recomp5s$ = my tr\ble by ! gratitude & ev5 affection ) :i* he appe>$ to repay my solicitude4 ,at l5g? 8 pres5t settlem5t 0 propos$ & approv$4 ,mr ,dav5port1 a g5tleman ( family1 =tune & wor?1 (f]$ him 8 h\se at ,wooton1 9 ! c\nty ( ,d]by1 :]e he himself seldom resides1 & at :i* ,mr ,r\sseau & 8 h\sekeep] are bo>d$ at a v mod]ate exp5se4 ,:5 ,mr ,r\sseau arriv$ at ,wooton1 he wrote me ! foll[+ lett]4 #b ,x is probably to ?is excessive & ill-judg$ complaisance ,mr ,hume may 9 a great degree impute ! disagreeable consequ5ces t h foll[$4 ,!re is no end 9 indulg+ caprice1 nor any prud5ce 9 do+ x1 :5 x is kn[n to be su*4 ,x may be ?\ght humane to indulge ! weak ( body or m9d1 ! decrepitude ( age1 & imbecility ( *ildhood2 b ev5 "h x too (t5 proves cruelty to ! v p>ties indulg$4 ,h[ mu* m inexcusable1 !re=e1 is x to *]i% ! absurdities ( :im & s+ul>ity 9 m5 ( g5ius & abilities6 ,h[ is x possible to make a man easy or happy 9 a _w1 to ^: cu/oms & maxims he is det]m9$ to run retrograde8 ,no4 ,caprici\s m51 l =w>d *ildr51 %\ld be left to kick aga9/ ! pricks1 & v5t _! sple5 unnotic$4 ,to hum\r1 is only to spoil !m4--,engli% ,translator4 ,,mr ,,r\sseau ,,to ,,mr ,,hume4 ,wooton1 ,m>* #bb1 #agff4 ,y see already1 my de> patron1 by ! date ( my lett]1 t ,i am arriv$ at ! place ( my de/9ation2 b y _c see all ! *>ms :i* ,i f9d 9 x4 ,to d ?is1 y %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! situation1 & be able to read my he>t4 ,y ought1 h[ev]1 to read at lea/ ^? ( my s5tim5ts ) respect to y1 & :i* y h s well des]v$4 ,if ,i live 9 ?is agreeable asylum z happy z ,i hope to d1 "o ( ! greate/ pleasures ( my life w be1 to reflect t ,i owe x to y4 ,to make ano!r happy1 is to des]ve to be happy "o's self4 ,may y !re=e f9d 9 y\rself ! rew>d ( all y h done = me6 ,_h ,i be5 alone1 ,i might p]haps h met ) hospitality2 b ,i %\ld h nev] reli%$ x s highly z ,i n[ d 9 ow+ x to y\r fri5d%ip4 ,reta9 /ill t fri5d%ip = me1 my de> patron2 love me = my sake1 :o am s mu* indebt$ to y2 love me = y\r own1 = ! good y h done me4 ,i am s5sible ( ! full value ( y\r s9c]e fri5d%ip3 x is ! object ( my ard5t wi%es3 ,i am ready to repay x ) all m9e1 & feel some?+ 9 my he>t :i* may "o day conv9ce y t x is n )\t its value4 ,z1 = ! reasons agre$ on betwe5 u1 ,i %all receive no?+ by ! po/1 y w be pleas$1 :5 y h ! goodness to write to me1 to s5d y\r lett]s to ,mr ,dav5port4 ,! affair ( ! c>riage is n yet adju/$1 because ,i "k ,i 0 impos$ on4 ,x is a trifl+ fault1 h[ev]1 :i* may be only ! effect ( an oblig+ vanity1 unless x %\ld happ5 to be repeat$4 ,if y 7 conc]n$ 9 x1 ,i w\ld advise y to give up1 once = all1 ^! little impositions1 :i* _c proce$ f any good motive1 :5 conv]t$ into sn>es = simplicity4 ,i embrace y1 my de> patron1 ) ! same cordiality :i* ,i hope to f9d 9 y4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 ,"s few days aft]1 ,i receiv$ f him ano!r lett]1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a copy4 ,,mr ,,r\sseau ,,to ,,mr ,,hume4 ,wooton1 ,m>* #bi1 #agff4 ,y w see1 my de> patron1 by ! lett] ,mr ,dav5port w h transmitt$ y1 h[ agreeably ,i f9d myself situat$ 9 ?is place4 ,i might p]haps be m at my ease if ,i 7 less notic$2 b ! solicitude ( s polite an ho/ z m9e is too oblig+ to give (f5ce2 & z !re is no?+ 9 life )\t its inconv5i5ce1 t ( be+ too good is "o ( ^? :i* is ! mo/ tol]able4 ,i f9d a mu* great] inconv5i5ce 9 n be+ able to make ! s]vants und]/& me1 & p>ticul>ly 9 my n und]/&+ !m4 ,luckily ,mrs le ,vasseur s]ves me z int]pret]1 & h] f+]s speak bett] ?an my tongue4 ,!re is "o advantage1 h[ev]1 att5d+ my ignorance1 :i* is a k9d ( comp5sation2 x s]ves to tire & keep at a di/ance imp]t95t visitors4 ,! m9i/] ( ! p>i% came to see me ye/]day1 :o1 f9d+ t ,i spoke to him only 9 ,fr5*1 w\ld n speak to me 9 ,engli%1 s t our int]view 0 almo/ a sil5t "o4 ,i h tak5 a great fancy to ?is exp$i5t1 & %all make use ( x ) all my neighb\rs1 if ,i h any4 ,nay1 %\ld ,i ev5 le>n to speak ,engli%1 ,i w\ld conv]se ) !m only 9 ,fr5*1 especially if ,i 7 s happy z to f9d !y did n und]/& a ^w ( t language2 an artifice ?is1 mu* ( ! same k9d ) t :i* ! ,negroes pret5d is practis$ by ! monkeys1 :o1 !y say1 are capable ( spee*1 b _c be prevail$ ^u to talk1 le/ !y %\ld be set to "w4 ,x is n true 9 any s5se t ,i agre$ to accept ( a model f ,mr ,gosset z a pres5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ask$ him ! price1 :i* he told me 0 a gu9ea & half1 add+ t he int5d$ to pres5t me ) x2 an (f] ,i did n accept4 ,i desire y !re=e to pay him = x1 & ,mr ,dav5port w be s good z repay y ! money4 ,& if ,mr ,gosset does n cons5t to be paid = x1 x mu/ be return$ to him1 & pur*as$ by "s o!r h&4 ,x is design$ = ,mr du ,peyr\1 :o desir$ long s9ce to h my portrait1 & caus$ "o to be pa9t$ 9 m9iature1 :i* is n at all l me4 ,y 7 m =tunate 9 ?is respect ?an me2 b ,i am sorry t1 by y\r assiduity to s]ve me1 y depriv$ me ( ! pleasure ( dis*>g+ ! same fri5dly obligation ) reg>d to y\rself4 ,be s good1 my de> patron1 z to ord] ! model to be s5t to ,messrs ,gu9& & ,hankey1 ,little ,/ ,hel5's1 ,bi%opsgate ,/reet1 9 ord] to be transmitt$ to ,mr du ,peyr\ by ! fir/ safe conveyance4 ,x ha? be5 a fro/ ev] s9ce ,i h be5 "h2 ! sn[ falls daily2 & ! w9d is cutt+ & sev]e2 not)/&+ all :i*1 ,i _h r lodge 9 ! holl[ trunk ( an old tree1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?an 9 ! mo/ sup]b ap>tm5t 9 ,london4 ,good day1 my de> patron4 ,i embrace y ) all my he>t4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 ,mr ,r\sseau & ,i hav+ agre$ n to lay ea* o!r "u any re/ra9t by a cont9u$ correspond5ce1 ! only subject ( our future lett]s 0 ! obta9+ a p5sion = him f ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 :i* 0 !n 9 agitation1 & ( :i* affair ! foll[+ is a concise & fai?ful relation4 ,z we 7 conv]s+ toge!r "o ev5+ at ,calais1 :]e we 7 deta9$ by contr>y w9ds1 ,i ask$ ,mr ,r\sseau if he w\ld n accept ( a p5sion f ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 9 case 8 ,maje/y %\ld be pleas$ to grant him "o4 ,to ?is he repli$1 x 0 a matt] ( "s difficulty to resolve on1 b t he %\ld be entirely direct$ by ! advice ( my ,"l ,m>%all4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is answ]1 ,i no soon] arriv$ 9 ,london ?an ,i address$ myself to 8 ,maje/y's ,m9i/]s1 & p>ticul>ly to ,g5]al ,conway1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & ,g5]al ,grme1 ,secret>y & ,*amb]la9 to ! ,que54 ,application 0 accord+ly made to _! ,maje/ies1 :o1 ) _! usual goodness1 cons5t$1 on condition only t ! affair %\ld n be made public4 ,mr ,r\sseau & ,i bo? wrote to my ,"l ,m>%all2 & ,mr ,r\sseau expressly obs]v$ 9 8 lett]1 t ! circum/ance ( ! affair's be+ to be kept secret 0 v agreeable to him4 ,! cons5t ( my ,"l ,m>%all arriv$1 z may readily be imag9$2 soon aft] :i* ,mr ,r\sseau set out = ,wooton1 :ile ! bus9ess rema9$ "s "t 9 susp5se1 on acc\nt ( ! indisposition ( ,g5]al ,conway4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,i began to be afraid1 f :at ,i _h obs]v$ ( ,mr ,r\sseau's disposition & "*1 t 8 natural re/lessness ( m9d w\ld prev5t ! enjoym5t ( t repose1 to :i* ! hospitality & security he f\nd 9 ,engl& invit$ him4 ,i saw1 ) inf9ite regret1 t he 0 born = /orms & tumults1 & t ! disgu/ :i* might succe$ ! peaceful enjoym5t ( solitude & tranquillity1 w\ld soon r5d] him a bur!n to himself & e body ab\t him4#c ,b1 z ,i liv$ at ! di/ance ( an hundr$ & fifty miles f ! place ( 8 resid5ce1 & 0 con/antly employ$ 9 do+ him good (fices1 ,i did n expect t ,i myself %\ld be ! victim ( ?is unhappy disposition4 #c ,9 =m+ ! op9ion ( ,mr ,r\sseau's disposition1 ,mr ,hume 0 by no means s+ul>4 ,! /rik+ features ( ,mr ,r\sseau's extraord9>y "* hav+ be5 /rongly m>k$ 9 ! criticisms on 8 sev]al writ+s1 9 ! ,mon?ly ,review1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 ,lett]s f ! ,m\nta9s1 9 ! app5dix to ! #ca/ vol4 ( t "w1 :]e ?is celebrat$ g5ius is describ$1 m]ely f ! g5]al t5\r ( 8 writ+s & ! outl9es ( 8 public conduct1 to be exactly su* a k9d ( p]son z ,mr ,hume ha? discov]$ him f intimate & p]sonal acqua9tance4--,engli% translator4 ,x is necess>y to introduce "h a lett]1 :i* 0 writt5 la/ w9t]1 at ,p>is1 9 ! "n ( ! k+ ( ,prussia4 ,,my ,,de> ,,john ,,james1 ,y h r5\nc$ ,g5eva1 y\r native soil4 ,y h be5 driv5 f ,switz]l&1 a c\ntry ( :i* y h made su* boa/ 9 y\r writ+s4 ,9 ,france y are outlaw$3 come !n to me4 ,i admire y\r tal5ts1 & amuse myself ) y\r rev]ies2 on :i*1 h[ev]1 by ! way1 y be/[ too mu* "t & att5tion4 ,x is high "t to gr[ prud5t & happy2 y h made y\rself suffici5tly talk$ ( = s+ul>ities little becom+ a truly great man3 %[ y\r enemies t y h sometimes common s5se3 ?is w vex !m )\t hurt+ y4 ,my dom9ions af=d y a peaceable retreat3 ,i am desir\s to d y good1 & w d x1 if y c b ?9k x su*4 ,b if y are det]m9$ to refuse my assi/ance1 y may expect t ,i %all say n a ^w ab\t x to any "o4 ,if y p]si/ 9 p]plex+ y\r bra9s to f9d out new mis=tunes1 *oose su* z y l be/2 ,i am a k+1 & c make y z mis]able z y c wi%2 at ! same "t1 ,i w engage to d t :i* y\r enemies nev] w1 ,i w cease to p]secute y1 :5 y are no long] va9 ( p]secution4 ,y\r s9c]e fri5d1 ,,fr$]ick4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 by ,mr ,horace ,walpole1 ab\t ?ree weeks be=e ,i left ,p>is2 b ?\gh we lodg$ 9 ! same hotel1 & 7 (t5 toge!r1 ,mr ,walpole1 out ( reg>d to me1 c>efully conceal$ ?is piece ( pleasantry till aft] my dep>ture4 ,he !n %[$ x to "s fri5ds1 :o took copies2 & ^? ( c\rse pres5tly multipli$2 s t ?is little piece _h be5 spread ) rapidity all ov] ,europe1 & 0 9 e body's h&s :5 ,i saw x1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 ,london4 ,i believe e "o w all[1 :o kn[s any ?+ ( ! lib]ty ( ?is c\ntry1 t su* a piece ( raill]y c\ld n1 ev5 by ! utmo/ influ5ce ( k+s1 lords & commons1 by all ! au?ority ecclesia/ical1 civil & milit>y1 be kept f f9d+ its way to ! press4 ,x 0 accord+ly publi%$ 9 ! ,/ ,james's ,*ronicle1 & a few days aft] ,i 0 v mu* surpris$ to f9d ! foll[+ piece 9 ! same pap]4 ,,mr ,,r\sseau ,,to ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,/ ,,james',s ,,*ronicle4 ,wooton1 ,april #g?1 #agff4 ,,sir1 ,y h be5 want+ 9 t respect :i* e private p]son owes to cr[n$ heads1 9 publickly ascrib+ to ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 a lett] full ( bas5ess & extravagance2 by :i* circum/ance alone1 y might be v well assur$ he c\ld n be ! au?or4 ,y h ev5 d>$ to subscribe 8 "n1 z if y _h se5 him write x ) 8 own h&4 ,i in=m y1 ,sir1 t ?is lett] 0 fabricat$ at ,p>is1 &1 :at r5ds & afflicts my he>t1 t ! impo/or ha? 8 accomplices 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ju/ice to ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 to tru?1 & to myself1 y ought !re=e to pr9t ! lett] ,i am n[ writ+1 & to :i* ,i set my "n1 by way ( rep>ation = a fault1 :i* y w\ld und\bt$ly reproa* y\rself = if y knew ( :at atroci\sness y h be5 made ! in/rum5t4 ,sir1 ,i make y my s9c]e salutations4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 ,i 0 sorry to see ,mr ,r\sseau display su* an excess ( s5sibility1 on acc\nt ( s simple & unavoidable an incid5t1 z ! publication ( ?is pret5d$ lett] f ! ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,b ,i %\ld h accus$ myself ( a mo/ black & malevol5t disposition1 if ,i _h imag9$ ,mr ,r\sseau c\ld h suspect$ me to h be5 ! editor ( x1 or t he _h int5tionally direct$ 8 res5tm5t aga9/ me4 ,he n[ in=ms me1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 really ! case4 ,j eight days be=e1 ,i _h receiv$ a lett]1 writt5 9 ! mo/ amicable t]ms imag9able4#d ,i am1 surely1 ! la/ man 9 ! _w1 :o1 9 common s5se1 ought to be suspect$2 yet1 )\t ev5 ! pret5ce ( ! smalle/ pro( or probability1 ,i am1 ( a sudd51 ! fir/ man n only suspect$1 b c]ta9ly conclud$ to be ! publi%]2 ,i am1 )\t fur!r inquiry or explication1 int5tionally insult$ 9 a public pap]2 ,i am1 f ! de>e/ fri5d1 conv]t$ into a trea*]\s & malignant enemy2 & all my pres5t & pa/ s]vices are at "o /roke v artfully cancell$4 ,7 x n ridicul\s to employ reason+ on su* a subject1 & ) su* a man1 ,i might ask ,mr ,r\sseau1 ,:y ,i am suppos$ to h any malignity aga9/ him8 ,my actions1 9 a hundr$ in/ances1 _h suffici5tly demon/rat$ ! contr>y2 & x is n usual = fav\rs conf]r$ to beget ill w 9 ! p]son :o conf]s !m4 ,b suppos+ ,i _h secretly ent]ta9$ an animosity t[>ds him1 w\ld ,i run ! risk ( a discov]y1 by s silly a v5geance1 & by s5d+ ?is piece to ! press1 :5 ,i knew1 f ! usual avidity ( ! news-writ]s to f9d articles ( intellig5ce1 t x mu/ necess>ily 9 a few days be laid hold (8 #d ,t ( ! #bi? ( ,m>*4 ,b n imag9+ t ,i 0 ! object ( s black & ridicul\s a suspicion1 ,i pursu$ my usual tra91 by s]v+ my fri5d 9 ! lea/ d\btful mann]4 ,i r5ew$ my applications to ,g5]al ,conway1 z soon z ! /ate ( t g5tleman's heal? p]mitt$ x3 ! ,g5]al applies aga9 to 8 ,maje/y3 8 ,maje/y's cons5t is r5ew$3 ! ,m>quis ( ,rock+ham1 fir/ ,commission] ( ! ,treasury1 is also appli$ to3 ! :ole affair is happily f9i%$2 & full ( joy1 ,i convey$ ! intellig5ce to my fri5d4 ,on :i* ,mr ,conway soon aft] receiv$ ! foll[+ lett]4 ,,mr ,,r\sseau ,,to ,,g5]al ,,conway4 ,may #ab?1 #agff4 ,,sir1 ,affect$ ) a mo/ lively s5se ( ! fav\r 8 ,maje/y ha? hon\r$ me )1 & ) t ( y\r goodness1 :i* procur$ x me1 x af=ds me ! mo/ pleas+ s5sation to reflect1 t ! be/ ( ,k+s1 & ! ,m9i/] mo/ wor?y ( 8 confid5ce1 are pleas$ to int]e/ !mselves 9 my =tune4 ,?is1 ,sir1 is an advantage ( :i* ,i am ju/ly t5aci\s1 & :i* ,i w nev] des]ve to lose4 ,b x is necess>y ,i %\ld speak to y ) t frankness y admire4 ,aft] ! _m mis=tunes t h befall5 me1 ,i ?\ght myself arm$ aga9/ all possible ev5ts4 ,!re h happ5$ to me "s1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i did n =esee1 & :i* inde$ an +5u\s m9d ought n to h =ese53 h5ce x is t !y affect me by s mu* ! m sev]ely4 ,! tr\ble 9 :i* !y involve me1 inde$1 deprives me ( ! ease & pres5ce ( m9d necess>y to direct my conduct3 all ,i c reasonably d1 "u s di/ress$ a situation1 is to susp5d my resolutions ab\t e affair ( su* importance z is t 9 agitation4 ,s f> f refus+ ! b5efic5ce ( ! ,k+ f pride1 z is imput$ to me1 ,i am pr\d ( ackn[l$g+ x1 & am only sorry ,i _c d x m publicly4 ,b :5 ,i actually receive x1 ,i w\ld be able to give up myself entirely to ^? s5tim5ts :i* x w\ld naturally inspire1 & to h an he>t replete ) gratitude = 8 ,maje/y's goodness & y\rs4 ,i am n at all afraid ?is mann] ( ?9k+ w make any alt]ation 9 y\rs t[>ds me4 ,deign1 !re=e1 ,sir1 to pres]ve t goodness = me1 till a m happy opportunity1 :5 y w be satisfi$ t ,i def] tak+ ! advantage ( x1 only to r5d] myself m wor?y ( x4 ,i beg ( y1 ,sir1 to accept ( my mo/ humble & respectful salutations4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 ,?is lett] appe>$ bo? to ,g5]al ,conway & me a pla9 refusal1 z long z ! article ( secrecy 0 insi/$ on2 b z ,i knew t ,mr ,r\sseau _h be5 acqua9t$ ) t condition f ! beg9n+1 ,i 0 ! less surpris$ at 8 sil5ce t[>ds me4 ,i ?\ght t my fri5d1 consci\s ( hav+ treat$ me ill 9 ?is affair1 0 a%am$ to write to me2 & hav+ prevail$ on ,g5]al ,conway to keep ! matt] /ill op51 ,i wrote a v fri5dly lett] to ,mr ,r\sseau1 exhort+ him to return to 8 =m] way ( ?9k+1 & to accept ( ! p5sion4 ,z to ! deep di/ress :i* he m5tions to ,g5]al ,conway1 & :i*1 he says1 deprives him ev5 ( ! use ( 8 reason1 ,i 0 set v mu* at ease on t head1 by receiv+ a lett] f ,mr ,dav5port1 :o told me1 t 8 gue/ 0 at t v "t extremely happy1 easy1 *e]ful1 & ev5 sociable4 ,i saw pla9ly1 9 ?is ev5t1 ! usual infirmity ( my fri5d1 :o wi%es to int]e/ ! _w 9 8 fav\r1 by pass+ = sickly1 & p]secut$1 & di/ress$1 & un=tunate1 beyond all measure1 ev5 :ile he is ! mo/ happy & cont5t$4 ,8 pret5ces ( an extreme s5sibility _h be5 too frequ5tly repeat$1 to h any effect on a man :o 0 s well acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,i wait$ ?ree weeks 9 va9 = an answ]3 ,i ?\ght ?is a little /range1 & ,i ev5 wrote s to ,mr ,dav5port2 b hav+ to d ) a v odd sort ( a man1 & /ill acc\nt+ = 8 sil5ce by suppos+ him a%am$ to write to me1 ,i 0 resolv$ n to be disc\rag$1 nor to lose ! opportunity ( do+ him an ess5tial s]vice1 on acc\nt ( a va9 c]emonial4 ,i accord+ly r5ew$ my applications to ! ,m9i/]s1 & 0 s happy z to be enabl$ to write ! foll[+ lett] to ,mr ,r\sseau1 ! only "o ( s old a date ( :i* ,i h a copy4 ,,mr ,,hume ,,to ,,mr ,,r\sseau4 ,lisle-/reet1 ,leice/]-fields1 #ai? ,june1 #agff4 ,z ,i h n receiv$ any answ] f y1 ,i conclude1 t y p]sev]e 9 ! same resolution ( refus+ all m>ks ( 8 ,maje/y's goodness1 z long z !y mu/ rema9 a secret4 ,i h !re=e appli$ to ,g5]al ,conway to h ?is condition remov$2 & ,i 0 s =tunate z to obta9 8 promise t he w\ld speak to ! ,k+ = t purpose4 ,x w only be requisite1 said he1 t we "k previ\sly f ,mr ,r\sseau1 :e!r he w\ld accept ( a p5sion publicly grant$ him1 t 8 ,maje/y may n be expos$ to a second refusal4 ,he gave me au?ority to write to y on t subject2 & ,i beg to he> y\r resolution z soon z possible4 ,if y give y\r cons5t1 :i* ,i e>ne/ly entreat y to d1 ,i "k1 t ,i c\ld dep5d on ! good (fices ( ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 to second ,g5]al ,conway's application2 s t ,i h no d\bt ( success4 ,i am1 my ,de> ,sir1 ,y\rs1 ) great s9c]ity1 ,d4 ,h4 ,9 five days ,i receiv$ ! foll[+ answ]4 ,,mr ,,r\sseau ,,to ,,mr ,,hume4 ,wooton1 ,june #bc;d1 #agff4 ,i imag9$1 ,sir1 t my sil5ce1 truly int]pret$ by y\r own consci5ce1 _h said en\gh2 b s9ce y h "s design 9 n und]/&+ me1 ,i %all speak4 ,y h b ill disguis$ y\rself4 ,i "k y1 & y are n ignorant ( x4 ,be=e we _h any p]sonal connections1 qu>rels1 or disputes2 :ile we knew ea* o!r only by lit]>y reputation1 y affectionately made me ! (f] ( ! good (fices ( y\rself & fri5ds4 ,affect$ by ?is g5]osity1 ,i ?rew myself into y\r arms2 y br\ght me to ,engl&1 app>5tly to procure me an asylum1 b 9 fact to br+ me to di%on\r4 ,y appli$ to ?is noble "w1 ) a zeal wor?y ( y\r he>t1 & a success wor?y ( y\r abilities4 ,y ne$$ n h tak5 s mu* pa9s3 y live & conv]se ) ! _w2 ,i ) myself 9 solitude4 ,! public love to be deceiv$1 & y 7 =m$ to deceive !m4 ,i "k "o man1 h[ev]1 :om y c n deceive2 ,i mean myself4 ,y "k ) :at horror my he>t reject$ ! fir/ suspicion ( y\r designs4 ,y "k ,i embrac$ y ) te>s 9 my eyes1 & told y1 if y 7 n ! be/ ( m51 y mu/ be ! blacke/ ( mank9d4 ,9 reflect+ on y\r private conduct1 y mu/ say to y\rself sometimes1 y are n ! be/ ( m53 "u :i* conviction1 ,i d\bt mu* if ev] y w be ! happie/4 ,i leave y\r fri5ds & y to c>ry on y\r s*emes z y please2 giv+ up to y1 )\t regret1 my reputation dur+ life2 c]ta9 t1 soon] or lat]1 ju/ice w be done to t ( bo?4 ,z to y\r good (fices 9 matt]s ( int]e/1 :i* y h made use ( z a mask1 ,i ?ank y = !m1 & %all disp5se ) pr(it+ by !m4 ,i ought n to hold a correspond5ce ) y any long]1 or to accept ( x to my advantage 9 any affair 9 :i* y are to be ! m$iator4 ,adieu1 ,sir1 ,i wi% y ! true/ happ9ess2 b z we ought n to h any ?+ to say to ea* o!r = ! future1 ?is is ! la/ lett] y w receive f me4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 ,to ?is ,i imm$iately s5t ! foll[+ reply4 ,,mr ,,hume ,,to ,,mr ,,r\sseau4 ,june #bf?1 #agff4 ,z ,i am consci\s ( hav+ ev] act$ t[>ds y ! mo/ fri5dly "p1 ( hav+ always giv5 ! mo/ t5d]1 ! mo/ active pro(s ( s9c]e affection2 y may judge ( my extreme surprize on p]us+ y\r epi/le4 ,su* viol5t accusations1 conf9$ altoge!r to g5]als1 x is z impossible to answ]1 z x is impossible to compreh5d !m4 ,b affairs _c1 mu/ n rema9 on t foot+4 ,i %all *>itably suppose1 t "s infam\s calumniator has beli$ me to y4 ,b 9 t case1 x is y\r duty1 & ,i am p]suad$ x w be y\r incl9ation1 to give me an opportunity ( detect+ him1 & ( ju/ify+ myself2 :i* c only be done by y\r m5tion+ ! p>ticul>s ( :i* ,i am accus$4 ,y say1 t ,i myself "k t ,i h be5 false to y2 b ,i say x l\dly1 & w say x to ! :ole _w1 t ,i "k ! contr>y1 t ,i "k my fri5d%ip t[>ds y has be5 unb\nd$ & un9t]rupt$1 & t ?\gh in/ances ( x h be5 v g5]ally rem>k$ bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&1 ! smalle/ "p ( x only has z yet come to ! k ( ! public4 ,i dem&1 t y w produce me ! man :o w ass]t ! contr>y2 & above all1 ,i dem&1 t he w m5tion any "o p>ticul> 9 :i* ,i h be5 want+ to y4 ,y owe ?is to me2 y owe x to y\rself2 y owe x to tru?1 & hon\r1 & ju/ice1 & to e ?+ t c be deem$ sacr$ among m54 ,z an innoc5t man2 ,i w n say1 z y\r fri5d2 ,i w n say1 z y\r b5efactor2 b1 ,i repeat x1 z an innoc5t man1 ,i claim ! privilege ( prov+ my innoc5ce1 & ( refut+ any sc&al\s lie :i* may h be5 inv5t$ aga9/ me4 ,mr ,dav5port1 to :om ,i h s5t a copy ( y\r lett]1 & :o w read ?is be=e he deliv]s x1 ,i am confid5t1 w second my dem&1 & w tell y1 t no?+ possibly c be m equitable4 ,happily ,i h pres]v$ ! lett] y wrote me aft] y\r arrival at ,wooton2 & y !re express 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms1 inde$ 9 t]ms too /rong1 y\r satisfaction 9 my poor endeav\rs to s]ve y3 ! little epi/ol>y int]c\rse :i* aft]w>ds pass$ betwe5 u1 has be5 all employ$ on my side to ! mo/ fri5dly purposes4 ,tell me1 :at has s9ce giv5 y (f5ce4 ,tell me ( :at ,i am accus$4 ,tell me ! man :o accuses me4 ,ev5 aft] y h fulfill$ all ^! conditions1 to my satisfaction1 & to t ( ,mr ,dav5port1 y w h great difficulty to ju/ify ! employ+ su* outrage\s t]ms t[>ds a man1 ) :om y h be5 s intimately connect$1 & :om1 on _m acc\nts1 y ought to h treat$ ) "s reg>d & dec5cy4 ,mr ,dav5port kn[s ! :ole transaction ab\t y\r p5sion1 because ,i ?\ght x necess>y t ! p]son :o _h und]tak5 y\r settlem5t1 %\ld be fully acqua9t$ ) y\r circum/ances2 le/ he %\ld be tempt$ to p]=m t[>ds y conceal$ acts ( g5]osity1 :i*1 if !y accid5tally came to y\r k1 might give y "s gr\nds ( (f5ce4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,d4 ,h4 ,mr ,dav5port's au?ority procur$ me1 9 ?ree weeks1 ! foll[+ enorm\s lett]2 :i* h[ev] has ?is advantage1 t x confirms all ! mat]ial circum/ances ( ! =ego+ n>rative4 ,i h subjo9$ a few notes relative to "s facts :i* ,mr ,r\sseau ha? n truly repres5t$1 & leave my read]s to judge :i* ( u des]ves ! greate/ confid5ce4 ,,mr ,,r\sseau ,,to ,,mr ,,hume4 ,wooton1 ,july #aj1 #agff4 ,,sir1 ,i am indispos$1 & little 9 a situation to write2 b y require an explanation1 & x mu/ be giv5 y3 x 0 y\r own fault y _h x n long s9ce2 b y did n desire x1 & ,i 0 !re=e sil5t3 at pres5t y d1 & ,i h s5t x4 ,x w be a long "o1 = :i* ,i am v sorry2 b ,i h mu* to say1 & w\ld put an end to ! subject at once4 ,z ,i live retir$ f ! _w1 ,i am ignorant ( :at passes 9 x4 ,i h no p>ty1 no associates1 no intrigues2 ,i am told no?+1 & ,i "k only :at ,i feel4 ,b z c>e ha? be5 tak5 to make me sev]ely feel2 t ,i well "k4 ,! fir/ conc]n ( ^? :o engage 9 bad designs is to secure !mselves f legal pro(s ( detection3 x w\ld n be v advisable to seek a rem$y aga9/ !m at law4 ,! innate conviction ( ! he>t admits ( ano!r k9d ( pro(1 :i* influ5ces ! s5tim5ts ( hone/ m54 ,y well "k ! basis ( m9e4 ,y ask me1 ) great confid5ce1 to "n y\r accus]4 ,t accus]1 ,sir1 is ! only man 9 ! _w ^: te/imony ,i %\ld admit aga9/ y2 x is y\rself4 ,i %all give myself up1 )\t fe> or res]ve1 to ! natural frankness ( my disposition2 be+ an enemy to e k9d ( artifice1 ,i %all speak ) ! same fre$om z if y 7 an indiff]5t p]son1 on :om ,i plac$ all t confid5ce :i* ,i no long] h 9 y4 ,i w give y a hi/ory ( ! emotions ( my he>t1 & ( :at produc$ !m2 :ile speak+ ( ,mr ,hume 9 ! ?ird p]son1 ,i %all make y\rself ! judge ( :at ,i ought to ?9k ( him4 ,not)/&+ ! l5g? ( my lett]1 ,i %all pursue no o!r ord] ?an t ( my ideas1 beg9n+ ) ! premises1 & end+ ) ! demon/ration4 ,i quitt$ ,switz]l&1 we>i$ out by ! b>b>\s treatm5t ,i _h und]gone2 b :i* affect$ only my p]sonal security1 :ile my hon\r 0 safe4 ,i 0 go+1 z my he>t direct$ me1 to jo9 my ,"l ,m>%al2 :5 ,i receiv$ at ,/rasburg1 a mo/ affectionate invitation f ,mr ,hume1 to g ov] ) him to ,engl&1 :]e he promis$ me ! mo/ agreeable reception1 & m tranquillity ?an ,i h met )4 ,i hesitat$ "s "t betwe5 my old fri5d & my new "o2 9 ?is ,i 0 wrong4 ,i pref]r$ ! latt]1 & 9 ?is 0 /ill m s4 ,b ! desire ( visit+ 9 p]son a celebrat$ nation1 ( :i* ,i _h he>d bo? s mu* good & s mu* ill1 prevail$4 ,assur$ ,i c\ld n lose ,george ,kei?1 ,i 0 flatt]$ ) ! acquisition ( ,david ,hume4 ,8 great m]it1 extraord9>y abilities1 & e/abli%$ probity ( "*1 made me desir\s ( annex+ 8 fri5d%ip to t ) :i* ,i 0 hon\r$ by 8 illu/ri\s c\ntrym54 ,besides1 ,i glori$ n a little 9 sett+ an example to m5 ( lett]s1 9 a s9c]e union betwe5 two m5 s diff]5t 9 _! pr9ciples4 ,be=e ,i _h receiv$ an invitation f ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 & my ,"l ,m>%al1 undet]m9$ ab\t ! place ( my retreat1 ,i _h desir$1 & obta9$ by ! int]e/ ( my fri5ds1 a passport f ! ,c\rt ( ,france4 ,i made use ( ?is1 & w5t to ,p>is to jo9 ,mr ,hume4 ,he saw1 & p]haps saw too mu* (1 ! fav\rable reception ,i met ) f a great ,pr9ce1 & ,i w v5ture to say1 ( ! public4 ,i yield$1 z x 0 my duty1 ?\gh ) reluctance1 to t eclat2 conclud+ h[ f> x mu/ excite ! envy ( my enemies4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i saw ) pleasure1 ! reg>d :i* ! public ent]ta9$ = ,mr ,hume1 s5sibly increas+ ?r\gh\t ,p>is1 on acc\nt ( ! good "w he _h und]tak5 ) respect to me4 ,d\btless he 0 affect$ too2 b ,i "k n if x 0 9 ! same mann] z ,i 04 ,we set out ) "o ( my fri5ds1 :o came to ,engl& almo/ entirely on my acc\nt4 ,:5 we 7 l&$ at ,dov]1 transport$ ) ! ?\ghts ( hav+ set foot 9 ?is l& ( lib]ty1 "u ! conduct ( s celebrat$ a p]son1 ,i ?rew my arms r\nd 8 neck1 & press$ him to my he>t1 )\t speak+ a syllable2 ba?+ 8 *eeks1 z ,i kiss$ !m1 ) te>s suffici5tly expressive4 ,?is 0 n ! only1 nor ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ,i h giv5 him ( ! effusions ( a he>t full ( s5sibility4 ,i "k n :at he does ) ! recollection ( !m1 :5 t happ5s2 b ,i h a notion !y mu/ be sometimes tr\blesome to him4 ,at our arrival 9 ,london1 we 7 mightily c>ess$ & ent]ta9$3 all ranks ( p eag]ly press+ to give me m>ks ( _! b5evol5ce & e/eem4 ,mr ,hume pres5t$ me politely to e body2 & x 0 natural = me to ascribe to him1 z ,i did1 ! be/ "p ( my good reception4 ,my he>t 0 full ( him1 ,i spoke 9 8 praise to e "o1 ,i wrote to ! same purpose to all my fri5ds2 my atta*m5t to him ga!r+ e day new /r5g?1 :ile 8 appe>$ ! mo/ affectionate to me1 ( :i* he frequ5tly gave me in/ances t t\*$ me extremely4 ,t ( caus+ my portrait to be pa9t$1 h[ev]1 0 n ( ! numb]4 ,?is seem$ to me to c>ry ) x too mu* ! affectation ( popul>ity1 & _h an air ( o/5tation :i* by no means pleas$ me4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 might h be5 easily excusable1 _h ,mr ,hume be5 a man apt to ?r[ away 8 money1 or _h a gall]y ( pictures ) ! portraits ( 8 fri5ds4 ,aft] all1 ,i freely confess1 t1 on ?is head1 ,i may be 9 ! wrong4#e ,b :at appe>s to me an act ( fri5d%ip & g5]osity ! mo/ und\bt$ & e/imable1 9 a ^w1 ! mo/ wor?y ( ,mr ,hume1 0 ! c>e he took to solicit = me1 ( 8 own accord1 a p5sion f ! ,k+1 to :i* mo/ assur$ly ,i _h no "r to aspire4 ,z ,i 0 a witness to ! zeal he ex]t$ 9 t affair1 ,i 0 greatly affect$ ) x4 ,no?+ c\ld flatt] me m ?an a piece ( s]vice ( t nature2 n m]ely = ! sake ( int]e/2 =1 too mu* atta*$1 p]haps1 to :at ,i actually possess1 ,i am n capable ( desir+ :at ,i h n1 &1 z ,i am able to subsi/ on my lab\r1 & ! assi/ance ( my fri5ds1 ,i covet no?+ m4 ,b ! hon\r ( receiv+ te/imonies ( ! goodness1 ,i w n say ( s great a mon>*1 b ( s good a fa!r1 s good a husb&1 s good a ma/]1 s good a fri5d1 &1 above all1 s wor?y a man1 0 s5sibly affect+3 & :5 ,i consid]$ f>!r1 t ! m9i/] :o _h obta9$ = me ?is fav\r1 0 a liv+ in/ance ( t probity :i* ( all o!rs is ! mo/ important to mank9d1 & at ! same "t h>dly ev] met ) 9 ! only "* :]e9 x c be useful1 ,i c\ld n *eck ! emotions ( my pride1 at hav+ = my b5efactors ?ree m51 :o ( all ! _w ,i c\ld mo/ desire to h my fri5ds4 ,?us1 s f> f refus+ ! p5sion (f]$ me1 ,i only made "o condition necess>y = my acceptance2 ?is 0 ! cons5t ( a p]son1 :om ,i c\ld n1 )\t neglect+ my duty1 fail to consult4 ,be+ hon\r$ ) ! civilities ( all ! _w1 ,i endeav\r$ to make a prop] return4 ,9 ! mean "t1 my bad /ate ( heal?1 & be+ accu/om$ to live 9 ! c\ntry1 made my resid5ce 9 t[n v disagreeable4 ,imm$iately c\ntry h\ses pres5t$ !mselves 9 pl5ty2 ,i _h my *oice ( all ! c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,mr ,hume took ! tr\ble to receive ^! proposals1 & to repres5t !m to me2 accompany+ me to two or ?ree 9 ! neighb\r+ c\nties4 ,i hesitat$ a good :ile 9 my *oice1 & he increas$ ! difficulty ( det]m9ation4 ,at l5g? ,i fix$ on ?is place1 & imm$iately ,mr ,hume settl$ ! affair2 all difficulties vani%$1 & ,i dep>t$2 arriv+ pres5tly at ?is solit>y1 conv5i5t1 & agreeable habitation1 :]e ! own] ( ! h\se provides e ?+1 & no?+ is want+4 ,i became tranquil1 indep5d5t2 & ?is seem$ to be ! wi%$-= mom5t :5 all my mis=tunes %\ld h an end4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 n[ !y began2 mis=tunes m cruel ?an any ,i _h yet exp]i5c$4 ,hi!rto ,i h spok5 9 ! fulness ( my he>t1 & to d ju/ice1 ) ! greate/ pleasure1 to ! good (fices ( ,mr ,hume4 ,w\ld to ,heav5 t :at rema9s = me to say 7 ( ! same nature6 ,x w\ld nev] give me pa9 to speak :at w\ld r$\nd to 8 hon\r2 nor is x prop] to set a value on b5efits till "o is accus$ ( +ratitude1 :i* is ! case at pres5t4 ,i w v5ture to make "o obs]vation1 !re=e1 :i* r5d]s x necess>y4 ,9 e/imat+ ! s]vices ( ,mr ,hume1 by ! "t & ! pa9s !y took him up1 !y 7 ( an inf9ite value1 & t /ill m f ! good w display$ 9 _! p]=mance2 b = ! actual s]vice !y 7 ( to me1 x 0 mu* m 9 appe>ance ?an reality4 ,i did n come ov] to beg my bread 9 ,engl&2 ,i br\ght ! means ( subsi/5ce ) me4 ,i came m]ely to seek an asylum 9 a c\ntry :i* is op5 to e /rang] )\t di/9ction4 ,i 01 besides1 n s totally unkn[n z t1 if ,i _h arriv$ alone1 ,i %\ld h want$ ei!r assi/ance or s]vice4 ,if "s p]sons h s\ght my acqua9tance = ! sake ( ,mr ,hume1 o!rs h s\ght x = my own4 ,?us1 :5 ,mr ,dav5port1 = example1 0 s k9d z to (f] my pres5t retreat1 x 0 n = ! sake ( ,mr ,hume1 :om he did n "k1 & :om he saw only 9 ord] to desire him to make me 8 oblig+ proposal2 s t1 :5 ,mr ,hume endeav\rs to ali5ate f me ?is wor?y man1 he takes t f me :i* he did n give me4#f ,all ! good t ha? be5 done me1 w\ld h be5 done me ne>ly ! same )\t him1 & p]haps bett]2 b ! evil w\ld n h be5 done me at all2 = :y %\ld ,i h enemies 9 ,engl&8 ,:y are ^? enemies all ! fri5ds ( ,mr ,hume8 ,:o c\ld h excit$ _! enmity aga9/ me8 ,x c]ta9ly 0 n ,i1 :o knew no?+ ( !m1 nor ev] saw !m 9 my life4 ,i %\ld n h _h a s+le enemy _h ,i come to ,engl& alone4#g ,i h hi!rto dwelt ^u public & notori\s facts1 :i*1 f _! own nature1 & my ackn[l$gm5t1 h made ! greate/ eclat4 ,^? :i* are to foll[ are p>ticul> & secret1 at lea/ 9 _! cause2 & all possible measures h be5 tak5 to keep ! k ( !m f ! public2 b z !y are well kn[n to ! p]son int]e/$1 !y w n h ! less influ5ce t[>d 8 own conviction4 ,a v %ort "t aft] our arrival 9 ,london1 ,i obs]v$ an absurd *ange 9 ! m9ds ( ! p reg>d+ me1 :i* soon became v app>5t4 ,be=e ,i arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 !re 0 n a nation 9 ,europe 9 :i* ,i _h a great] reputation1 ,i w v5ture to say1 or 0 held 9 great] e/imation4 ,! public pap]s 7 full ( encomiums on me1 & a g5]al outcry prevail$ on my p]secutors4#h ,?is 0 ! case at my arrival1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! newspap]s ) triumph2 ,engl& prid$ itself 9 af=d+ me refuge1 & ju/ly glori$ on t occasion 9 its laws & gov]nm5t2 :5 all ( a sudd51 )\t ! lea/ assignable cause1 ! tone 0 *ang$1 & t s spe$ily & totally1 t1 ( all ! caprices ( ! public1 nev] 0 kn[n any ?+ m surpris+4 ,! signal 0 giv5 9 a c]ta9 ,magaz9e1 equally full ( follies & falsehoods1 9 :i* ! au?or1 be+ well in=m$1 or pret5d+ to be s1 gives me out = ! son ( a musician4 ,f ?is "t#i ,i 0 con/antly spok5 ( 9 pr9t 9 a v equivocal or slight+ mann]4#aj ,e ?+ t _h be5 publi%$ conc]n+ my mis=tunes 0 misrepres5t$1 alt]$1 or plac$ 9 a wrong light1 & always z mu* z possible to my disadvantage4 ,s f> 0 any body f speak+ ( ! reception ,i met ) at ,p>is1 & :i* _h made b too mu* noise1 x 0 n g5]ally suppos$ t ,i dur/ h appe>$ 9 t city1 ev5 "o ( ,mr ,hume's fri5ds be+ v mu* surpris$ :5 ,i told him ,i came ?r\gh x4 ,accu/om$ z ,i _h be5 too mu* to ! incon/ancy ( ! public1 to be affect$ by ?is in/ance ( x1 ,i c\ld n help be+ a/oni%$1 h[ev]1 at a *ange1 s v sudd5 & g5]al1 t n "o ( ^? :o _h s mu* prais$ me 9 my abs5ce1 appe>$1 n[ ,i 0 pres5t1 to ?9k ev5 ( my exi/5ce4 ,i ?\ght x some?+ v odd t1 imm$iately aft] ! return ( ,mr ,hume1 :o _h s mu* cr$it 9 ,london1 ) s mu* influ5ce ov] ! booksell]s & m5 ( lett]s1 & su* great connections ) !m1 8 pres5ce %\ld produce an effect s contr>y to :at might h be5 expect$2 t among s _m writ]s ( e k9d1 n "o ( 8 fri5ds %\ld %[ himself to be m9e2 :ile x 0 easy to be se51 t ^? :o spoke ( him 7 n 8 enemies1 s9ce1 9 notic+ 8 public "*1 !y report$ t ,i _h come ?r\gh ,france "u 8 protection1 & by fav\r ( a passport :i* he _h obta9$ ( ! c\rt2 nay1 !y almo/ w5t s f> z to ins9uate1 t ,i came ov] 9 8 ret9ue1 & at 8 exp5se4 ,all ?is 0 ( little signification1 & 0 only s+ul>2 b :at 0 mu* m s1 01 t 8 fri5ds *ang$ _! tone ) me z mu* z ! public4 ,i %all always take a pleasure 9 say+ t !y 7 /ill equally solicit\s to s]ve me1 & t !y ex]t$ !mselves greatly 9 my fav\r2 b s f> 7 !y f %[+ me ! same respect1 p>ticul>ly ! g5tleman at ^: h\se we alight$ on our arrival1 t he accompani$ all 8 actions ) disc\rse s rude1 & sometimes s insult+1 t "o w\ld h ?\ght he _h tak5 an occasion to oblige me1 m]ely to h a "r to express 8 contempt4#aa ,8 bro!r1 :o 0 at fir/ v polite & oblig+1 alt]$ 8 behavi\r ) s little res]ve1 t he w\ld h>dly deign to speak a s+le ^w to me1 ev5 9 _! own h\se1 9 return to a civil salutation1 or to pay any ( ^? civilities :i* are usually paid 9 l circum/ances to /rang]s4 ,no?+ new _h happ5$1 h[ev]1 except ! arrival ( ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau & ,david ,hume3 & c]ta9ly ! cause ( ^! alt]ations did n come f me1 unless1 inde$1 too great a portion ( simplicity1 discretion1 & mode/y1 be ! cause ( (f5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,z to ,mr ,hume1 he 0 s f> f assum+ su* a disgu/+ tone1 t he gave into ! o!r extreme4 ,i h always look$ ^u flatt]]s ) an eye ( suspicion3 & he 0 s full ( all k9ds#ab ( flatt]y1 t he ev5 oblig$ me1 :5 ,i c\ld be> x no long]1#ac to tell him my s5tim5ts on t head4 ,8 behavi\r 0 su* z to r5d] few words necess>y1 yet ,i c\ld h wi%$ he _h sub/itut$1 9 ! room ( su* gross encomiums1 sometimes ! language ( a fri5d2 b ,i nev] f\nd any ?+ 9 81 :i* sav\r$ ( true fri5d%ip1 n ev5 9 8 mann] ( speak+ ( me to o!rs 9 my pres5ce4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t1 9 endeav\r+ to procure me patrons1 he /rove to deprive me ( _! good w2 t he s\ght r to h me assi/$ ?an lov$2 & ,i h be5 sometimes surpris$ at ! rude turn he ha? giv5 to my behavi\r be=e p :o might n unreasonably h tak5 (f5ce at x4 ,i %all give an example ( :at ,i mean4 ,mr ,p5nick ( ! ,museum1 a fri5d ( my ,"l ,m>%al's1 & m9i/] ( a p>i% :]e ,i 0 solicit$ to reside1 came to see me4 ,mr ,hume made my excuses1 :ile ,i myself 0 pres5t1 = n hav+ paid him a visit4 ,doctor ,matty1 said he1 invit$ u on ,?ursday to ! ,museum1 :]e ,mr ,r\sseau %\ld h se5 y2 b he *ose r to g ) ,mrs ,g>rick to ! play3 we c\ld n d bo? ! same day4#ad ,y w confess1 ,sir1 ?is 0 a /range me?od ( recomm5d+ me to ,mr ,p5nick4 ,i "k n :at ,mr ,hume might say 9 private ( me to 8 acqua9tance1 b no?+ 0 m extraord9>y ?an _! behavi\r to me1 ev5 by 8 own confession1 & ev5 (t5 ?r\gh 8 own means4 ,al?\gh my purse 0 n empty1 & ,i ne$$ n t ( any o!r p]son1 :i* he v well knew1 yet any "o w\ld h ?\ght ,i 0 come ov] to subsi/ on ! *>ity ( ! public1 & t no?+ m 0 to be done ?an to give me alms 9 su* a mann] z to save me a little confusion4#ae ,i mu/ own1 ?is con/ant & insol5t piece ( affectation 0 "o ( ^? ?+s :i* made me av]se to reside 9 ,london4 ,?is c]ta9ly 0 n ! foot+ on :i* any man %\ld h be5 introduc$ 9 ,engl&1 _h !re be5 a design ( procur+ him ev] s little respect4 ,?is display ( *>ity1 h[ev]1 may admit ( a m fav\rable int]pretation1 & ,i cons5t x %\ld4 ,to proce$4 ,at ,p>is 0 publi%$ a fictiti\s lett] f ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 address$ to me1 & replete ) ! mo/ cruel malignity4 ,i le>n$ ) surprise t x 0 "o ,mr ,walpole1 a a fri5d ( ,mr ,hume's :o 0 ! editor2 ,i ask$ him if x 7 true2 9 answ] to :i* "q1 he only ask$ me1 ( :om ,i _h ! in=mation4 ,a mom5t be=e he _h giv5 me a c>d = ?is same ,mr ,walpole1 writt5 to engage him to br+ ov] su* pap]s z relat$ to me f ,p>is1 & :i* ,i want$ to h by a safe h&4 ,i 0 in=m$ t ! son ( t quack#af ,tron*91 my mo/ mortal enemy1 0 n only ! fri5d ( ,mr ,hume1 & "u 8 protection1 b t !y bo? lodg$ 9 ! same h\se toge!r2 & :5 ,mr ,hume f\nd t ,i knew x1 he imp>t$ x 9 confid5ce2 assur+ me at ! same "t t ! son 0 by no means l ! fa!r4 ,i lodg$ a few nights myself1 toge!r ) my gov]nante1 9 ! same h\se2 & by ! air & mann] ) :i* we 7 receiv$ by ! l&ladies1 :o are 8 fri5ds1 ,i judg$ 9 :at mann] ei!r ,mr ,hume1 or t man1 :o1 z he said1 0 by no means l 8 fa!r1 mu/ h spok5 to !m bo? ( h] & me4#ag ,all ^! facts put toge!r1 add$ to a c]ta9 appe>ance ( ?+s on ! :ole1 ins5sibly gave me an uneas9ess :i* ,i reject$ ) horror4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,i f\nd ! lett]s ,i wrote did n come to h&2 ^? ,i receiv$ _h (t5 be5 op5$2 & all w5t ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,mr ,hume4#ah ,if at any "t any "o escap$ him1 he c\ld n conceal 8 eag]ness to see x4 ,"o ev5+1 9 p>ticul>1 ,i rememb] a v rem>kable circum/ance ( ?is k9d t greatly /ruck me4#ai ,z we 7 sitt+ "o ev5+1 aft] supp]1 sil5t by ! fire-side1 ,i caught 8 eyes int5tly fix$ on m9e1 z inde$ happ5$ v (t52 & t 9 a mann] ( :i* x is v difficult to give an idea4 ,at t "t he gave me a /$fa/1 pi]c+ look1 mix$ ) a sne]1 :i* greatly di/urb$ me4 ,to get rid ( ! emb>rassm5t ,i lay "u1 ,i endeav\r$ to look full at him 9 my turn2 b1 9 fix+ my eyes aga9/ 81 ,i felt ! mo/ inexpressible t]ror1 & 0 oblig$ soon to turn !m away4 ,! spee* & physiognomy ( ! good ,david is t ( an hone/ man2 b :]e1 great ,god6 did ?is good man borr[ ^? eyes he fixes s /]nly & unacc\ntably on ^? ( 8 fri5ds8 ,! impression ( ?is look rema9$ ) me1 & gave me mu* uneas9ess4 ,my tr\ble increas$ ev5 to a degree ( fa9t+2 & if ,i _h n be5 reliev$ by an effusion ( te>s1 ,i _h be5 suffocat$4 ,pres5tly aft] ?is ,i 0 seiz$ ) ! mo/ viol5t remorse2 ,i ev5 despis$ myself2 till at l5g?1 9 a transport :i* ,i /ill rememb] ) delight1 ,i sprang on 8 neck1 embrac$ him eag]ly2 :ile almo/ *ok$ ) sobb+1 & ba!d 9 te>s1 ,i cri$ out1 9 brok5 acc5ts1 ,no1 no1 ,david ,hume _c be trea*]\s4 ,if he be n ! be/ ( m51 he mu/ be ! base/ ( mank9d4 ,david ,hume politely return$ my embraces1 &1 g5tly1 tapp+ me on ! back1 repeat$ sev]al times1 9 a good-natur$ & easy tone1 ,:y1 :at1 my de> ,sir6 ,nay1 my de> ,sir6 ,oh1 my de> ,sir6 ,he said no?+ m4 ,i felt my he>t ye>n )9 me4 ,we w5t to b$2 & ,i set out ! next day = ! c\ntry4 ,arriv$ at ?is agreeable asylum1 to :i* ,i h travell$ s f> 9 se>* ( repose1 ,i ought to f9d x 9 a retir$1 conv5i5t1 & pleasant habitation2 ! ma/] ( :i*1 a man ( und]/&+ & wor?1 sp>es = no?+ to r5d] x agreeable to me4 ,b :at repose c be ta/$ 9 life1 :5 ! he>t is agitat$8 ,afflict$ ) ! mo/ cruel unc]ta9ty1 & ignorant :at to ?9k ( a man :om ,i ought to love & e/eem1 ,i endeav\r$ to get rid ( t fatal d\bt1 9 plac+ confid5ce 9 my b5efactor4 ,=1 :]e=e1 f :at unacc\ntable caprice %\ld he display s mu* app>5t zeal = my happ9ess1 & at ! same "t ent]ta9 secret designs aga9/ my hon\r4 ,among ! sev]al obs]vations t di/urb$ me1 ea* fact 0 9 itself ( no great mom5t2 x 0 _! concurr5ce t 0 surpris+2 yet ,i ?\ght1 p]haps1 t ,mr ,hume1 in=m$ ( o!r facts1 ( :i* ,i 0 ignorant1 c\ld h giv5 me a satisfactory solution ( !m1 _h we come to an explanation4 ,! only ?+ t 0 inexplicable1 01 t he refus$ to come to su* an explanation2 :i* bo? 8 hon\r & 8 fri5d%ip r5d]$ equally necess>y4 ,i saw v well !re 0 some?+ 9 ! affair :i* ,i did n compreh5d1 & :i* ,i e>ne/ly wi%$ to "k4 ,be=e ,i came to an absolute det]m9ation1 !re=e1 ) reg>d to him1 ,i 0 desir\s ( mak+ ano!r ef=t1 & to try to recov] him1 if he _h p]mitt$ himself to be s$uc$ by my enemies1 or1 9 %ort1 to prevail on him to expla9 himself "o way or o!r4 ,accord+ly ,i wrote him a lett]1 :i* he ought to h f\nd v natural1#bj if he 7 guilty2 b v extraord9>y1 if he 7 innoc5t4 ,= :at c\ld be m extraord9>y ?an a lett] full ( gratitude = 8 s]vices1 & at ! same "t1 ( di/ru/ ( 8 s5tim5ts2 & 9 :i*1 plac+ 9 a mann] 8 actions on "o side1 & 8 s5tim5ts on ! o!r1 in/ead ( speak+ ( ! pro(s ( fri5d%ip he _h giv5 me1 ,i desir$ him to love me1 = ! good he _h done me6#ba ,i did n take ! precaution to pres]ve a copy ( ?is lett]2 b z he ha? done x1 let him produce x3 & :oev] %all read x1 & see !re9 a man lab\r+ "u a secret tr\ble1 :i* he is desir\s ( express+1 & is afraid to d x1 w1 ,i am p]suad$1 be curi\s to "k :at k9d ( claircissem5t x produc$1 especially aft] ! prec$+ sc5e4 ,none4 ,absolutely none at all4 ,mr ,hume cont5t$ himself1 9 8 answ]1 ) only speak+ ( ! oblig+ (fices ,mr ,dav5port propos$ to d = me4 ,z = ! re/1 he said n a ^w ( ! pr9cipal subject ( my lett]1 nor ( ! situation ( my he>t1 ( ^: di/ress he c\ld n be ignorant4 ,i 0 m /ruck ) ?is sil5ce1 ?an ,i _h be5 ) 8 phlegm dur+ our la/ conv]sation4 ,9 ?is ,i 0 wrong2 ?is sil5ce 0 v natural aft] ! o!r1 & 0 no m ?an ,i ought to h expect$4 ,= :5 "o ha? v5tur$ to decl>e to a man's face1 ,i am tempt$ to believe y a traitor1 & he ha? n ! curiosity to ask y = :at1#bb x may be dep5d$ on he w nev] h any su* curiosity z long z he lives2 & x is easy to judge ( him f ^! slight indications4 ,aft] ! receipt ( 8 lett]1 :i* 0 long delay$1 ,i det]m9$ at l5g? to write to him no m4 ,soon aft]1 e ?+ s]v$ to confirm me 9 ! resolution to break (f all f>!r correspond5ce ) him4 ,curi\s to ! la/ degree conc]n+ ! m9ute/ circum/ance ( my affairs1 he 0 n cont5t to le>n !m ( me1 9 our frequ5t conv]sations2 b1 z ,i le>n$1 nev] let slip an opportunity ( be+ alone ) my gov]nante1#bc to int]rogate h] ev5 importunately conc]n+ my occupations1 my res\rces1 my fri5ds1 acqua9tances1 _! names1 situations1 place ( abode1 & all ?is aft] sett+ out ) tell+ h] he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! :ole ( my connections2 nay1 ) ! mo/ jesuitical address1 he w\ld ask ! same que/ions ( u sep>ately4 ,"o ought und\bt$ly to int]e/ "o's self 9 ! affairs ( a fri5d2 b "o ought to be satisfi$ ) :at he ?9ks prop] to let u "k ( !m1 p>ticul>ly :5 p are s frank & +5u\s z ,i am4 ,inde$ all ?is petty inquisitiv5ess is v little becom+ a philosoph]4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,i receiv$ two o!r lett]s :i* _h be5 op5$4 ,! "o f ,mr ,boswell1 ! seal ( :i* 0 s loose & disfigur$1 t ,mr ,dav5port1 :5 he receiv$ x1 rem>k$ ! same to ,mr ,hume's s]vant4 ,! o!r 0 f ,mr d',iv]nois1 9 ,mr ,hume's packet1 & :i* _h be5 seal$ up aga9 by means ( a hot iron1 :i*1 awkw>dly appli$1 _h burnt ! pap] r\nd ! impression4 ,on ?is ,i wrote to ,mr ,dav5port to desire him to take *>ge ( all ! lett]s :i* might be s5t = me1 & to tru/ none ( !m 9 any body's h&s1 "u any pretext :atev]4 ,i "k n :e!r ,mr ,dav5port1 :o c]ta9ly 0 f> f ?9k+ t precaution 0 to be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ,mr ,hume1 %[$ him my lett] or n2 b ?is ,i "k1 t ! latt] _h all ! reason 9 ! _w to ?9k he _h =feit$ my confid5ce1 & t he proce$$ nev]!less 9 8 usual mann]1 )\t tr\bl+ himself ab\t ! recov]y ( x4 ,b :at 0 to become ( me1 :5 ,i saw1 9 ! public pap]s1 ! pret5d$ lett] ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia :i* ,i _h nev] be=e se51 t fictiti\s lett]1 pr9t$ 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 giv5 = g5u9e1 ev5 ) ! signature ( ! ,k+1 & 9 :i* ,i knew ! p5 ( ,mr d',alemb]t z c]ta9ly z if ,i _h se5 him write x8#bd ,9 a mom5t a ray ( light discov]$ to me ! secret cause ( t t\*+ & sudd5 *ange1 :i* ,i _h obs]v$ 9 ! public respect+ me2 & ,i saw ! plot :i* 0 put 9 execution at ,london1 _h be5 laid 9 ,p>is4 ,mr d',alemb]t1 ano!r intimate fri5d ( ,mr ,hume's1 _h be5 long s9ce my secret enemy1 & lay 9 wat* = opportunities to injure me )\t expos+ himself4 ,he 0 ! only p]son1 among ! m5 ( lett]s1 ( my old acqua9tance1 :o did n come to see me1#be or s5d _! civilities dur+ my la/ passage ?r\gh ,p>is4 ,i knew 8 secret disposition1 b ,i gave myself v little tr\ble ab\t x1 cont5t+ myself ) advis+ my fri5ds ( x occasionally4 ,i rememb] t be+ ask$ ab\t him "o day by ,mr ,hume1 :o aft]w>ds ask$ my gov]nante ! same "q1 ,i told him t ,mr d',alemb]t 0 a cunn+1 artful man4 ,he contradict$ me ) a w>m? t surpris$ me2 n !n kn[+ !y /ood s well ) ea* o!r1 & t x 0 8 own cause he def5d$4 ,! p]usal ( ! lett] above m5tion$ al>m$ me a good deal1 :51 p]ceiv+ t ,i _h be5 br\ght ov] to ,engl& 9 consequ5ce ( a project :i* began to be put 9 execution1 b ( ! end ( :i* ,i 0 ignorant1 ,i felt ! dang] )\t kn[+ :at to gu>d aga9/1 or on :om to rely4 ,i !n recollect$ f\r t]rify+ words ,mr ,hume _h made use (1 & ( :i* ,i %all speak h]eaft]4 ,:at c\ld be ?\ght ( a pap] 9 :i* my mis=tunes 7 imput$ to me z a crime1 :i* t5d$1 9 ! mid/ ( my di/ress1 to deprive me ( all compassion1 &1 to r5d] its effects /ill m cruel1 pret5d$ to h be5 writt5 by a ,pr9ce :o _h af=d$ me protection8 ,:at c\ld ,i div9e w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( su* a beg9n+8 ,! p 9 ,engl& read ! public pap]s1 & are 9 no wise prepossess$ 9 fav\r ( =eign]s4 ,ev5 a coat1 cut 9 a diff]5t fa%ion f _! own1 is suffici5t to excite a prejudice aga9/ !m4 ,:at !n _h n a poor /rang] to expect 9 8 rural walks1 ! only pleasures ( 8 life1 :5 ! good p 9 ! neighb\rhood 7 once ?or\ghly p]suad$ he 0 fond ( be+ p]secut$ & pelt$8 ,d\btless !y w\ld be ready en\gh to contribute to 8 fav\rite amusem5t4 ,b my conc]n1 my pr(\nd & cruel conc]n1 ! bitt]e/ inde$ ,i ev] felt1 did n arise f ! dang] to :i* ,i 0 p]sonally expos$4 ,i h brav$ too _m o!rs to be mu* mov$ ) t4 ,! trea*]y ( a false fri5d1#bf to :i* ,i _h fall5 a prey1 0 ! circum/ance t fill$ my too susceptible he>t ) deadly sorr[4 ,9 ! impetuosity ( its fir/ emotions1 ( :i* ,i nev] yet 0 ma/]1 & ( :i* my enemies h artfully tak5 ! advantage1 ,i wrote sev]al lett]s full ( disord]1 9 :i* ,i did n disguise ei!r my anxiety or indignation4 ,i h1 ,sir1 s _m ?+s to m5tion1 t ,i =get half ( !m by ! way4 ,= in/ance1 a c]ta9 n>rative 9 =m ( a lett]1 conc]n+ my mann] ( liv+ at ,montmor5cy1 0 giv5 by ! booksell]s to ,mr ,hume1 :o %[$ x me4 ,i agre$ to its be+ pr9t$1 & ,mr ,hume und]took ! c>e ( its edition2 b x nev] appe>$4 ,aga91 ,i _h br\ght ov] ) me a copy ( ! lett]s ( ,mr du ,peyron1 conta9+ a relation ( ! treatm5t ,i _h met ) at ,neuf*tel4 ,i gave !m into ! h&s ( ! same booksell] to h !m translat$ & repr9t$4 ,mr ,hume *>g$ himself ) ! c>e ( !m2 b !y nev] appe>$4#bg ,! supposititi\s lett] ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 & its translation1 _h no soon] made _! appe>ance1 ?an ,i imm$iately appreh5d$ :y ! o!r pieces _h be5 suppress$1#bh & ,i wrote z mu* to ! booksell]s4#bi ,i wrote sev]al o!r lett]s also1 :i* probably 7 h&$ ab\t ,london2 till at l5g? ,i employ$ ! cr$it ( a man ( quality & m]it1 to ins]t a decl>ation ( ! impo/ure 9 ! public pap]s4 ,9 ?is decl>ation1 ,i conceal$ no "p ( my extreme conc]n1 nor did ,i 9 ! lea/ disguise ! cause4 ,hi!rto ,mr ,hume seems to h walk$ 9 d>kness4 ,y w soon see him appe> 9 op5 day1 & act )\t disguise4 ,no?+ m is necess>y1 9 our behavi\r t[>ds cunn+ p1 ?an to act +5u\sly2 soon] or lat] !y w infallibly betray !mselves4 ,:5 ?is pret5d$ lett] f ! ,r+ ( ,prussia 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,london1 ,mr ,hume1 :o c]ta9ly knew t x 0 fictiti\s1 z ,i _h told him s1 yet said no?+ ( ! matt]1 did n write to me1 b 0 totally sil5t2 & did n ev5 ?9k ( mak+ any decl>ation ( ! tru?1 9 fav\r ( 8 abs5t fri5d4#cj ,x answ]$ 8 purpose bett] to let ! report take its c\rse1 z he did4 ,mr ,hume hav+ be5 my conductor into ,engl&1 he 0 ( c\rse 9 a mann] my patron & protector4 ,if x 7 b natural 9 him to und]take my def5ce1 x 0 no less s t1 :5 ,i _h a public prote/ation to make1 ,i %\ld h address$ myself to him4 ,hav+ already ceas$ writ+ to him1#ca h[ev]1 ,i _h no m9d to r5ew our correspond5ce4 ,i address$ myself !re=e to ano!r p]son4 ,! fir/ slap on ! face ,i gave my patron4 ,he felt no?+ ( x4 ,9 say+ ! lett] 0 fabricat$ at ,p>is1 x 0 ( v little consequ5ce to me :e!r x 0 und]/ood p>ticul>ly ( ,mr d',alemb]t1 or ( ,mr ,walpole1 ^: "n he borr[$ on ! occasion4 ,b 9 add+ t1 :at afflict$ & tore my he>t 01 ! impo/or _h got 8 accomplices 9 ,engl&2 ,i express$ myself v cle>ly to _! fri5d1 :o 0 9 ,london1 & 0 desir\s ( pass+ = m9e4 ,= c]ta9ly he 0 ! only p]son 9 ,engl&1 ^: hatr$ c\ld afflict & r5d my he>t4 ,?is 0 ! second slap ( ! face ,i gave my patron4 ,he did n feel1 h[ev]1 yet4 ,on ! contr>y1 he malici\sly pret5d$ t my affliction arose solely f ! publication ( ! above lett]1 9 ord] to make me pass = a man :o 0 excessively affect$ by satire4 ,:e!r ,i am va9 or n1 c]ta9 x is ,i 0 mortally afflict$2 he knew x1 & yet wrote me n a ^w4 ,?is affectionate fri5d1 :o _h s mu* at he>t ! fill+ ( my purse1 gave himself no tr\ble to ?9k my he>t 0 ble$+ ) sorr[4 ,ano!r piece appe>$ soon aft]1 9 ! same pap]s1 by ! au?or ( ! =m]1 & /ill if possible m cruel1 9 :i* ! writ] c\ld n disguise 8 rage at ! reception ,i met ) at ,p>is4#cb ,?is h[ev] did n affect me2 x told me no?+ new4 ,m]e libels may take _! c\rse )\t giv+ me any emotion2 & ! incon/ant public may amuse !mselves z long z !y please ) ! subject4 ,x is n an affair ( conspirators1 :o1 b5t on ! de/ruction ( my hone/ fame1 are det]m9$ by "s means or o!r to effect x4 ,x 0 necess>y to *ange ! batt]y4 ,! affair ( ! p5sion 0 n det]m9$4 ,x 0 n difficult1 h[ev]1 = ,mr ,hume to obta91 f ! humanity ( ! m9i/]1 & ! g5]osity ( ! ,k+1 ! fav\r ( its det]m9ation4 ,he 0 requir$ to in=m me ( x1 :i* he did4 ,?is1 ,i mu/ confess1 0 "o ( ! critical mom5ts ( my life4 ,h[ mu* did x co/ me to d my duty6 ,my prec$+ engagem5ts1 ! necessity ( %[+ a due respect = ! goodness ( ! ,k+1 & = t ( 8 m9i/]1 toge!r ) ! desire ( display+ h[ f> ,i 0 s5sible ( bo?2 add to ^! ! advantage ( be+ made a little m easy 9 circum/ances 9 ! decl9e ( life1 surr\nd$ z ,i 0 by enemies & evils2 9 f9e1 ! emb>rassm5t ,i 0 "u to f9d a dec5t excuse = n accept+ a b5efit already half accept$2 all ^! toge!r made ! necessity ( t refusal v difficult & cruel3 = necess>y x 01 or ,i %\ld h be5 "o ( ! meane/ & base/ ( mank9d to h volunt>ily laid myself "u an obligation to a man :o _h betray$ me4 ,i did my duty1 ?\gh n )\t reluctance4 ,i wrote imm$iately to ,g5]al ,conway1 & 9 ! mo/ civil & respectful mann] possible1 )\t giv+ an absolute refusal1 excus+ myself f accept+ ! p5sion = ! pres5t4 ,n[1 ,mr ,hume _h be5 ! only negociator ( ?is affair1 nay ! only p]son :o _h spoke ( x4 ,yet ,i n only did n give him any answ]1 ?\gh x 0 he :o wrote to me on ! subject1 b did n ev5 s mu* z m5tion him 9 my lett] to ,g5]al ,conway4 ,?is 0 ! ?ird slap ( ! face ,i gave my patron1 :i* if he does n feel1 x is c]ta9ly 8 own fault1 he c feel no?+4 ,my lett] 0 n cle>1 nor c\ld x be s to ,g5]al ,conway1 :o did n "k ! motives ( my refusal2 b x 0 v pla9 to ,mr ,hume1 :o knew !m b too well4 ,he pret5d$ nev]!less to be deceiv$ z well ) reg>d to ! cause ( my discont5t1 z to t ( my decl9+ ! p5sion2 &1 9 a lett] he wrote me on ! occasion1 gave me to und]/& t ! ,k+'s goodness might be cont9u$ t[>ds me1 if ,i %\ld reconsid] ! affair ( ! p5sion4 ,9 a ^w1 he seem$ det]m9$1 at all ev5ts1 to rema9 /ill my patron1 9 spite ( my tee?4 ,y w imag9e1 ,sir1 he did n expect my answ]2 & he _h none4 ,mu* ab\t ?is "t1 = ,i d n "k exactly ! date1 nor is su* precision necess>y1 appe>$ a lett]1 f ,mr de ,voltaire to me1 ) an ,engli% translation1 :i* /ill improv$ on ! orig9al4 ,! noble object ( ?is +5i\s p]=mance1 0 to draw on me ! hatr$ & contempt ( ! p1 among :om ,i 0 come to reside4 ,i made n ! lea/ d\bt t my de> patron 0 "o ( ! in/rum5ts ( its publication2 p>ticul>ly :5 ,i saw t ! writ]1 9 endeav\r+ to ali5ate f me ^? :o might r5d] my life agreeable1 _h omitt$ ! "n ( him :o br\ght me ov]4 ,he d\btless knew t x 0 sup]flu\s1 & t ) reg>d to him1 no?+ m 0 necess>y to be said4 ,! omission ( 8 "n1 s impoliticly =got 9 ?is lett]1 recall$ to my m9d :at ,tacitus says ( ! picture ( ,brutus1 omitt$ 9 a fun]al solemnity1 viz4 t e body took notice ( x1 p>ticul>ly because x 0 n !re4 ,mr ,hume 0 n m5tion$2 b he lives & conv]ses ) p t are m5tion$4 ,x is well kn[n 8 fri5ds are all my enemies2 !re are abroad su* p z ,tron*91 d',alemb]t1 & ,voltaire2#cc b x is mu* worse 9 ,london2 = "h ,i h no enemies b :at are 8 fri5ds4 ,= :y1 inde$1 %\ld ,i h any o!r8 ,:y %\ld ,i h ev5 !m8#cd ,:at h ,i done to ,"l ,littleton1#ce :om ,i don't ev5 "k8 ,:at h ,i done to ,mr ,walpole1 :om ,i "k full z little8 ,:at d !y "k ( me1 except t ,i am unhappy1 & a fri5d to _! fri5d ,hume8 ,:at c he h said to !m1 = x is only ?r\gh him !y "k any ?+ ( me8 ,i c v well imag9e1 t1 consid]+ ! "p he has to play1 he does n unmask himself to e body2 = !n he w\ld be disguis$ to nobody4 ,i c v well imag9e t he does n speak ( me to ,g5]al ,conway & ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond z he does 9 8 private conv]sations ) ,mr ,walpole1 & 8 secret correspond5ce ) ,mr d',alemb]t4 ,b let any "o discov] ! clue t ha? be5 unravell$ s9ce my arrival 9 ,london1 & x w easily be se5 :e!r ,mr ,hume does n hold ! pr9cipal ?read4 ,at l5g? ! mom5t arriv$ 9 :i* x 0 ?\ght prop] to /rike ! great bl[1 ! effect ( :i* 0 prep>$ = by a fre% satirical piece put 9 ! pap]s4#cf ,_h !re rema9$ 9 me ! lea/ d\bt1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to h h>b\r$ x aft] p]us+ ?is piece1 z x conta9$ facts unkn[n to any body b ,mr ,hume2 exagg]at$1 x is true1 9 ord] to r5d] !m odi\s to ! public4 ,x is said 9 ?is pap] t my door 0 op5$ to ! ri*1 & %ut to ! poor4 ,pray1 :o kn[s :5 my door 0 op5 or %ut1 except ,mr ,hume1 ) :om ,i liv$1 & by :om e body 0 introduc$ t ,i saw8 ,i w except "o great p]sonage1 :om ,i gladly receiv$ )\t kn[+ him1 & :om ,i %\ld /ill h m gladly receiv$ if ,i _h kn[n him4 ,x 0 ,mr ,hume :o told me 8 "n :5 he 0 gone2 on :i* in=mation1 ,i 0 really *agr9$1 t1 z he deign$ to m\nt up two pair ( /airs1 he 0 n receiv$ 9 ! fir/ floor4 ,z to ! poor1 ,i h no?+ to say ab\t ! matt]4 ,i 0 con/antly desir\s ( see+ less company2 b z ,i 0 unwill+ to displease any "o1 ,i suff]$ myself to be direct$ 9 ?is affair altoge!r by ,mr ,hume1 & endeav\r$ to receive e body he introduc$ z well z ,i c\ld1 )\t di/9ction1 :e!r ri* or poor4 ,x is said 9 ! same piece t ,i receiv$ my relations v coldly1 n to say any ?+ worse4 ,?is g5]al *>ge relates to my hav+ once receiv$1 ) "s indiff]5ce1 ! only relation ,i h1 out ( ,g5eva1 & t 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mr ,hume4#cg ,x mu/ necess>ily be ei!r ,mr ,hume or ?is relation :o furni%$ t piece ( intellig5ce4 ,n[1 my c\s91 :om ,i h always kn[n = a fri5dly relation & a wor?y man1 is incapable ( furni%+ mat]ials = public satires aga9/ me4 ,add to ?is1 t 8 situation 9 life conf9+ him to ! conv]sation ( p]sons 9 trade1 he has no connection ) m5 ( lett]s or p>agraph writ]s1 & /ill less ) satiri/s & libell]s2 s t ! article c\ld n come f him4 ,at ! wor/1 c ,i help imag9+ t ,mr ,hume mu/ h endeav\r$ to take advantage ( :at he said1 & con/ru$ x 9 fav\r ( 8 own purpose8 ,x is n improp] to add1 t1 aft] my rupture ) ,mr ,hume1 ,i wrote an acc\nt ( x to my c\s94 ,9 f9e1 x is said 9 ! same pap] t ,i am apt to *ange my fri5ds4 ,no great subtlety is necess>y to compreh5d :at ?is reflection is prep>ative to4 ,b let u di/+ui% facts4 ,i h pres]v$ "s v valuable & solid fri5ds = tw5ty-five to ?irty ye>s4 ,i h o!rs ^: fri5d%ip is ( a lat] date1 b no less valuable1 & :i*1 if ,i live1 ,i may pres]ve /ill long]4 ,i h n f\nd1 inde$1 ! same security 9 g5]al among ^? fri5d%ips ,i h made ) m5 ( lett]s4 ,i h = ?is reason sometimes *ang$ !m1 & %all always *ange !m :5 !y appe> suspici\s2 = ,i am det]m9$ nev] to h fri5ds by way ( c]emony2 ,i h !m only ) a view to %[ !m my affection4 ,if ev] ,i 0 fully & cle>ly conv9c$ ( any ?+1 ,i am s conv9c$ t ,mr ,hume furni%$ ! mat]ials = ! above pap]4 ,b :at is /ill m1 ,i h n only t absolute conviction1 b x is v cle> to me t ,mr ,hume int5d$ ,i %\ld3 ,= h[ c x be suppos$ t a man ( 8 subtlety %\ld be s imprud5t z to expose himself ?us1 if he _h n int5d$ x8 ,:at 0 8 design 9 x8 ,no?+ is m cle> ?an ?is4 ,x 0 to raise my res5tm5t to ! highe/ pit*1 t he might /rike ! bl[ he 0 prep>+ to give me ) great] eclat4 ,he knew he _h no?+ m to d ?an put me 9 a passion1 & ,i %\ld be guilty ( a numb] ( absurdities4 ,we are n[ arriv$ at ! critical mom5t :i* is to %[ :e!r he reason$ well or ill4 ,x is necess>y to h all ! pres5ce ( m9d1 all ! phlegm & resolution ( ,mr ,hume1 to be able to take ! "p he ha? tak51 aft] all t has pass$ betwe5 u4 ,9 ! emb>rassm5t ,i 0 "u 9 writ+ to ,g5]al ,conway1 ,i c\ld make use only ( obscure expressions1 to :i* ,mr ,hume1 9 quality ( my fri5d1 gave :at int]pretation he pleas$4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 = he knew v well to ! contr>y1 t x 0 ! circum/ance ( secrecy :i* gave me uneas9ess1 he obta9$ ! promise ( ! ,g5]al to endeav\r to remove x2 b be=e any ?+ 0 done1 x 0 previ\sly necess>y to "k :e!r ,i w\ld accept ( ! p5sion )\t t condition1 9 ord] n to expose 8 ,maje/y to a second refusal4 ,?is 0 ! decisive mom5t1 ! end & object ( all 8 lab\rs4 ,an answ] 0 requir$3 he w\ld h x4 ,to prev5t effectually inde$ my neglect ( x1 he s5t to ,mr ,dav5port a duplicate ( 8 lett] to me2 &1 n cont5t ) ?is precaution1 wrote me ^w1 9 ano!r billet1 t he c\ld n possibly /ay any long] 9 ,london to s]ve me4 ,i 0 giddy ) amazem5t on read+ ?is note4 ,nev] 9 my life did ,i meet ) any ?+ s unacc\ntable4 ,at l5g? he obta9$ f me ! s mu* desir$ answ]1 & began pres5tly to triumph4 ,9 writ+ to ,mr ,dav5port1 he treat$ me z a mon/] ( brutality & +ratitude4 ,b he want$ to d /ill m4 ,he ?9ks 8 measures well tak52 no pro( c be made to appe> aga9/ him4 ,he dem&s an explanation3 he %all h x1 & "h x is4 ,t la/ /roke 0 a ma/]piece4 ,he himself proves e ?+1 & t beyond reply4 ,i w suppose1 ?\gh by way ( impossibility1 t my compla9ts aga9/ ,mr ,hume nev] rea*$ 8 e>s2 t he knew no?+ ( !m2 b 0 z p]fectly ignorant z if he _h held no cabal ) ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) !m1 b _h resid$ all ! :ile 9 ,*9a4#ch ,yet ! behavi\r pass+ directly betwe5 u2 ! la/ /rik+ words :i* ,i said to him 9 ,london2 ! lett] :i* foll[$ replete ) fe>s & anxiety2 my p]sev]+ sil5ce /ill m expressive ?an words2 my public & bitt] compla9ts ) reg>d to ! lett] ( ,mr d',alemb]t2 my lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 :o did n write to me1 9 answ] to t :i* ,mr ,hume wrote to me himself1 & 9 :i* ,i did n m5tion him2 & 9 f9e my refusal1 )\t deign+ to address myself to him1 to acquiesce 9 an affair :i* he _h manag$ 9 my fav\r1 ) my own privity1 & )\t any opposition on my "p2 all ?is mu/ h spok5 9 a v =cible mann]1 ,i w n say to any p]son ( ! lea/ s5sibility1 b to e man ( common s5se4 ,/range t1 aft] ,i _h ceas$ to correspond ) him = ?ree mon?s1 :5 ,i _h made no answ] to any "o ( 8 lett]s1 h[ev] important ! subject ( x1 surr\nd$ ) bo? public & private m>ks ( t affliction :i* 8 infidelity gave me2 a man ( s enlight5$ an und]/&+1 ( s p5etrat+ a g5ius by nature1 & s dull by design1 %\ld see no?+1 he> no?+1 feel no?+1 be mov$ at no?+2 b1 )\t "o ^w ( compla9t1 ju/ification1 or explanation1 cont9ue to give me ! mo/ press+ m>ks ( 8 good w to s]ve me1 9 spite ( myself8 ,he wrote to me affectionately1 t he c\ld n /ay any long] 9 ,london to d me s]vice1 z if we _h agre$ t he %\ld /ay !re = t purpose6 ,?is bl9dness1 ?is ins5sibility1 ?is p]sev]ance1 are n 9 nature2 !y mu/ be acc\nt$ =1 !re=e1 f o!r motives4 ,let u set ?is behavi\r 9 a /ill cle>] light2 = ?is is ! decisive po9t4 ,mr ,hume mu/ necess>ily h act$ 9 ?is affair1 ei!r z "o ( ! fir/ or la/ ( mank9d4 ,!re is no m$ium4 ,x rema9s to det]m9e :i* ( ! two x ha? be54 ,c\ld ,mr ,hume1 aft] s _m in/ances ( disda9 on my "p1 h /ill ! a/oni%+ g5]osity z to p]sev]e s9c]ely to s]ve me8 ,he knew x 0 impossible = me to accept 8 good (fices1 s long z ,i ent]ta9$ = him su* s5tim5ts z ,i _h conceiv$4 ,he _h himself avoid$ an explanation4 ,s t to s]ve me )\t ju/ify+ himself1 w\ld h be5 to r5d] 8 s]vices useless2 ?is !re=e 0 no g5]osity4 ,if he suppos$ t 9 su* circum/ances ,i %\ld h accept$ 8 s]vices1 he mu/ h suppos$ me to h be5 an infam\s sc\ndrel4 ,x 0 !n 9 behalf ( a man :om he suppos$ to be a sc\ndrel1 t he s w>mly solicit$ a p5sion f 8 ,maje/y4 ,c any ?+ be suppos$ m extravagant8 ,b let x be suppos$ t ,mr ,hume1 con/antly pursu+ 8 plan1 %\ld only h said to himself1 ,?is is ! mom5t = its execution2 =1 by press+ ,r\sseau to accept ! p5sion1 he w be r$uc$ ei!r to accept or refuse x4 ,if he accepts x1 ) ! pro(s ,i h 9 h& aga9/ him1 ,i %all be able completely to disgrace him3 if he refuses1 aft] hav+ accept$ x1 he w h no pretext1 b mu/ give a reason = su* refusal4 ,?is is :at ,i expect2 if he accuses me1 he is ru9$4 ,if1 ,i say1 ,mr ,hume reason$ ) himself 9 ?is mann]1 he did :at 0 consi/5t ) 8 plan1 & 9 t case v natural2 inde$ ?is is ! only way 9 :i* 8 conduct 9 ?is affair c be expla9$1 = ^u any o!r supposition x is inexplicable3 if ?is be n demon/rable1 no?+ ev] 0 s4 ,! critical situation to :i* he _h n[ r$uc$ me1 re-recall$ /rongly to my m9d ! f\r words ,i m5tion$ above2 & :i* ,i he>d him say & repeat1 at a "t :5 ,i did n compreh5d _! full =ce4 ,x 0 ! fir/ night aft] our dep>ture f ,p>is4 ,we slept 9 ! same *amb]1 :51 dur+ ! night1 ,i he>d him sev]al times cry out ) great vehem5ce1 9 ! ,fr5* language1 ,je ti5s ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau4 ',i h y1 ,r\sseau4' ,i "k n :e!r he 0 awake or asleep4#ci ,! expression 0 rem>kable1 com+ f a man :o is too well acqua9t$ ) ! ,fr5* language1 to be mi/ak5 ) reg>d to ! =ce or *oice ( words4 ,i took ^! words1 h[ev]1 & ,i c\ld n !n take !m o!rwise ?an 9 a fav\rable s5se3 not)/&+ ! tone ( voice 9 :i* !y 7 spok51 0 /ill less fav\rable ?an ! expression4 ,x is inde$ impossible = me to give any idea ( x2 b x corresponds exactly ) ^? t]rible looks ,i h be=e m5tion$4 ,at e repetition ( !m ,i 0 seiz$ ) a %udd]+1 a k9d ( horror ,i c\ld n resi/1 ?\gh a mom5t's recollection re/or$ me1 & made me smile at my t]ror4 ,! next day all ?is 0 s p]fectly oblit]at$1 t ,i did n ev5 ?9k ( x dur+ my /ay 9 ,london1 & its neighb\rhood4 ,x 0 n till my arrival 9 ?is place1 t s _m ?+s h contribut$ to recall ^! words to my m9d2 & inde$ recall !m e mom5t4 ,^! words1 ! tone ( :i* dwells on my he>t1 z if ,i _h b j he>d !m2 ^? long & fatal looks s frequ5tly ca/ on me2 ! patt+ me on ! back1 ) ! repetition ( ,o1 my de> ,sir1 9 answ] to my suspicions ( 8 be+ a traitor3 all ?is affects me to su* a degree1 aft] :at prec$$1 t ?is recollection1 _h ,i no o!r1 w\ld be suffici5t to prev5t any reconciliation or return ( confid5ce betwe5 u2 n a night inde$ passes ov] my head1 b ,i ?9k ,i he>1 ,r\sseau1 ,i h y1 r+ 9 my e>s z if he _h j pron\nc$ !m4 ,yes1 ,mr ,hume1 ,i "k y h me2 b t only by m]e ext]nals3 y h me 9 ! public op9ion & judgm5t ( mank9d4 ,y h my reputation1 & p]haps my security1 to d ) z y w4 ,! g5]al prepossession is 9 y\r fav\r2 x w be v easy = y to make me pass = ! mon/] y h begun to repres5t me2 & ,i already see ! b>b>\s exultation ( my implacable enemies4 ,! public w no long] sp>e me4 ,)\t any f>!r exam9ation1 e body is on ! side ( ^? :o h conf]r$ fav\rs2 because ea* is desir\s to attract ! same good (fices1 by display+ a s5sibility ( ! obligation4 ,i =esee readily ! consequ5ces ( all ?is1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\ntry to :i* y h conduct$ me2 & :]e1 be+ )\t fri5ds1 & an utt] /rang] to e body1 ,i lie almo/ entirely at y\r m]cy4 ,! s5sible "p ( mank9d1 h[ev]1 w compreh5d t ,i mu/ be s f> f seek+ ?is affair1 t no?+ m disagreeable or t]rible c\ld possibly h happ5$ to me 9 my pres5t situation4 ,!y w p]ceive t no?+ b my inv9cible av]sion to all k9d ( falsehood1 & ! possibility ( my pr(ess+ a reg>d = a p]son :o _h =feit$ x1 c\ld h prev5t$ my dissimulation1 at a "t :5 x 0 on s _m acc\nts my int]e/4 ,b ! s5sible "p ( mank9d are few1 nor d !y make ! greate/ noise 9 ! _w4 ,yes1 ,mr ,hume1 y h me by all ! ties ( ?is life2 b y h no p[] ov] my probity or my =titude1 :i*1 be+ indep5d5t ei!r ( y or ( mank9d1 ,i w pres]ve 9 spite ( y4 ,?9k n to fright5 me ) ! =tune t awaits me4 ,i "k ! op9ions ( mank9d2 ,i am accu/om$ to _! inju/ice1 & h le>n$ to c>e little ab\t x4 ,if y h tak5 y\r resolution1 z ,i h reason to believe y h1 be assur$ m9e is tak5 also4 ,i am feeble inde$ 9 body1 b nev] possess$ great] /r5g? ( m9d4 ,mank9d may say & d :at !y w1 x is ( little consequ5ce to me4 ,:at is ( consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 is1 t ,i %\ld end z ,i h begun2 t ,i %\ld cont9ue to pres]ve my +5u\sness & integrity to ! end1 :atev] may happ52 & t ,i %\ld h no cause to reproa* myself ei!r ) meanness 9 adv]sity1 or insol5ce 9 prosp]ity4 ,:atev] disgrace att5ds1 or mis=tune ?reat5s me1 ,i am ready to meet !m4 ,?\gh ,i am to be piti$1 ,i am mu* less s ?an y1 & all ! rev5ge ,i %all take on y is1 to leave y ! torm5t+ consci\sness ( be+ oblig$1 9 spite ( y\rself1 to h a respect = ! un=tunate p]son y h oppress$4 ,9 clos+ ?is lett]1 ,i am surpris$ at my hav+ be5 able to write x4 ,if x 7 possible to die ) grief1 e l9e 0 suffici5t to kill me ) sorr[4 ,e circum/ance ( ! affair is equally incompreh5sible4 ,su* conduct z y\rs ha? be51 is n 9 nature3 x is contradictory to itself1 & yet x is demon/rable to me t x has be5 su* z ,i conceive4 ,on ea* side ( me !re is a bottomless abyss6 & ,i am lo/ 9 "o or ! o!r4 ,if y are guilty1 ,i am ! mo/ un=tunate ( mank9d2 if y are innoc5t1 ,i am ! mo/ culpable4#dj ,y ev5 make me desire to be t contemptible object4 ,yes1 ! situation to :i* y see me r$uc$1 pro/rate at y\r feet1 cry+ out = m]cy1 & do+ e ?+ to obta9 x2 publi%+ al\d my own unwor?9ess1 & pay+ ! mo/ explicit homage to y\r virtues1 w\ld be a /ate ( joy & cordial effusion1 aft] ! griev\s /ate ( re/ra9t & mortification into :i* y h plung$ me4 ,i h b a ^w m to say4 ,if y are guilty1 write to me no m2 x w\ld be sup]flu\s1 = c]ta9ly y c\ld n deceive me4 ,if y are innoc5t1 ju/ify y\rself4 ,i "k my duty2 ,i love1 & %all always love x1 h[ev] difficult & sev]e4 ,!re is no /ate ( abjection t a he>t1 n =m$ = x1 may n recov] f4 ,once aga91 ,i say1 if y are innoc5t1 deign to ju/ify y\rself2 if y are n1 adieu = ev]4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 #e ,! fact 0 ?is4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr ,ramsay1 a pa9t] ( em95ce1 & a man ( m]it1 propos$ to draw ,mr ,r\sseau's picture2 & :5 he _h begun x1 told me he int5d$ to make me a pres5t ( x4 ,?us ! design ( hav+ ,mr ,r\sseau's picture drawn did n come f me1 nor did x co/ me any ?+4 ,mr ,r\sseau1 !re=e1 is equally contemptible 9 pay+ me a complim5t = ?is pret5d$ gallantry1 9 8 lett] ( ! #bi? ,m>*1 & 9 conv]t+ x into ridicule "h4--,mr ,,hume4 #f ,mr ,r\sseau =ms a wrong judgm5t ( me1 & ought to "k me bett]4 ,i h writt5 to ,mr ,dav5port1 ev5 s9ce our rupture1 to engage him to cont9ue 8 k9dness to 8 unhappy gue/4--,mr ,,hume4 #g ,h[ /range are ! effects ( a disord]$ imag9ation6 ,mr ,r\sseau tells u he is ignorant ( :at passes 9 ! _w1 & yet talks ( ! enemies he has 9 ,engl&4 ,h[ does he "k ?is8 ,:]e did he see !m8 ,he ha? receiv$ no?+ b m>ks ( b5efic5ce & hospitality4 ,mr ,walpole is ! only p]son :o ha? ?r[n out a little piece ( raill]y aga9/ him2 b is n !re=e 8 enemy4 ,if ,mr ,r\sseau c\ld h se5 ?+s exactly z !y are1 he w\ld h se5 t he _h no o!r fri5d 9 ,engl& b me1 & no o!r enemy b himself4--,mr ,,hume4 #h ,t a g5]al outcry %\ld prevail aga9/ ,mr ,r\sseau's p]secutors 9 ,engl&1 is no wond]4 ,su* an outcry w\ld h prevail$ f s5tim5ts ( humanity1 _h he be5 a p]son ( mu* less note2 s t ?is is no pro( ( 8 be+ e/eem$4 ,& z to ! encomiums on him ins]t$ 9 ! public newspap]s1 ! value ( su* k9d ( puffs is well kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t ! au?ors ( m respectable works 7 at no loss :at to ?9k ( ,mr ,r\sseau1 b _h =m$ a prop] judgm5t ( him long be=e 8 arrival 9 ,engl&4 ,! g5ius :i* display$ itself 9 8 writ+s did by no means bl9d ! eyes ( ! m s5sible "p ( mank9d to ! absurdity & inconsi/5cy ( 8 op9ions & conduct4 ,9 exclaim+ aga9/ ,mr ,r\sseau's fanatical p]secutors1 !y did n ?9k him ! m possess$ ( ! true _s ( m>tyrdom4 ,! g5]al op9ion inde$ 01 t he _h too mu* philosophy to be v dev\t1 & _h too mu* devotion to h mu* philosophy4--,engli% ,translator4 #i ,mr ,r\sseau kn[s v little ( ! public judgm5t 9 ,engl&1 if he ?9ks x is to be influ5c$ by any /ory told 9 a c]ta9 ,magaz9e4 ,b1 z ,i h be=e said1 x 0 n f ?is "t t ,mr ,r\sseau 0 slight+ly spoke (1 b long be=e1 & t 9 a m consequ5tial mann]4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 ,mr ,r\sseau ought 9 ju/ice to impute great "p ( ^? civilities he met ) on 8 arrival1 r to vanity & curiosity ?an to respect & e/eem4--,engli% ,translator4 #aj ,s !n ,i f9d ,i am to answ] = e article ( e ,magaz9e & newspap] pr9t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,i assure ,mr ,r\sseau ,i w\ld r answ] = e robb]y committ$ on ! highway2 & ,i am entirely z innoc5t ( ! "o z ! o!r4--,mr ,,hume4 #aa ,?is relates to my fri5d ,mr ,john ,/ew>t1 :o ent]ta9$ ,mr ,r\sseau at 8 h\se1 & did him all ! good (fices 9 8 p[]4 ,mr ,r\sseau1 9 compla9+ ( ?is g5tleman's behavi\r1 =gets t he wrote ,mr ,/ew>t a lett] f ,wooton1 full ( ackn[l$gm5ts1 & j expressions ( gratitude4 ,:at ,mr ,r\sseau adds1 reg>d+ ! bro!r ( ,mr ,/ew>t1 is nei!r civil nor true--,mr ,,hume4 #ab ,i %all m5tion only "o1 t made me smile2 ?is 01 8 att5tion to h1 e "t ,i came to see him1 a volume ( ,eloisa ^u 8 table2 z if ,i did n "k en\gh ( ,mr ,hume's ta/e = read+1 z to be well assur$1 t ( all books 9 ! _w1 ,eloisa mu/ be "o ( ! mo/ tiresome to him4--,mr ,,r\sseau4 #ac ,! read] may judge f ! two fir/ lett]s ( ,mr ,r\sseau1 :i* ,i publi%$ ) t view1 on :i* side ! flatt]ies comm5c$4 ,z = ! re/1 ,i lov$ & e/eem$ ,mr ,r\sseau1 & took a pleasure 9 giv+ him to und]/& s4 ,i might p]haps be too lavi% 9 my praises2 b ,i c assure ! read] he nev] once compla9$ ( x4--,mr ,,hume4 #ad ,i don't recollect a s+le circum/ance ( ?is hi/ory2 b :at makes me give v little cr$it to x1 is1 t ,i rememb] v well we _h settl$ two diff]5t days = ! purposes m5tion$1 t is1 "o to g to ! ,museum1 & ano!r to ! play4--,mr ,,hume4 #ae ,i conceive ,mr ,r\sseau h9ts "h at two or ?ree d9n]s1 t 7 s5t him f ! h\se ( ,mr ,/ew>t1 :5 he *ose to d9e at 8 own lodg+s2 ?is 0 n done1 h[ev]1 to save him ! exp5se ( a meal1 b because !re 0 no conv5i5t tav]n or *op-h\se 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,i beg ! read]'s p>don = desc5d+ to su* trivial p>ticul>s4--,mr ,,hume4 #af ,we h n be5 au?oriz$ to suppress ?is affront+ t]m2 b x is too gross & gr\ndless to d any injury to ! celebrat$ & respectable physician to ^: "n x is annex$4--,fr5* ,editors4 #ag ,?us am ,i accus$ ( trea*]y1 because ,i am a fri5d ( ,mr ,walpole1 :o ha? ?r[n out a little raill]y on ,mr ,r\sseau1 & because ! son ( a man :om ,mr ,r\sseau does n l lodges by accid5t 9 ! same h\se2 because my l&ladies1 :o d n und]/& a syllable ( ,fr5*1 receiv$ ,mr ,r\sseau coldly4 ,z to ! re/1 all t ,i said to ,mr ,r\sseau ab\t ! "y ,tron*9 01 t he _h n ! same prejudices aga9/ him z 8 fa!r4--,mr ,,hume4 #ah ,! /ory ( ,mr ,r\sseau's lett]s is z foll[s4 ,he _h (t5 be5 compla9+ to me1 & ) reason1 t he 0 ru9$ by po/age at ,neuf*tel1 :i* commonly co/ him ab\t #be or #bf l\is d'ors a ye>1 & all = lett]s :i* 7 ( no significance1 be+ wrote1 "s ( !m by p :o took t opportunity ( abus+ him1 & mo/ ( !m by p]sons unkn[n to him4 ,he 0 !re=e resolv$1 he said1 9 ,engl& to receive no lett]s :i* came by ! po/2 & ! same resolution he reit]ates 9 8 lett] to me dat$ ! #bb;d ( ,m>*4 ,:5 he w5t to ,*iswick1 ne> ,london1 ! po/man br\ght 8 lett]s to me4 ,i c>ri$ him out a c>go ( !m4 ,he exclaim$1 desir$ me to return ! lett]s1 & recov] ! price ( po/age4 ,i told him1 t1 9 t case1 ! cl]ks ( ! ,po/ ,(fice 7 entire ma/]s ( 8 lett]s4 ,he said he 0 indiff]5t3 !y might d ) !m :at !y pleas$4 ,i add$1 t he w\ld by t means be cut (f f all correspond5ce ) all 8 fri5ds4 ,he repli$1 t he w\ld give a p>ticul> direction to su* z he desir$ to correspond )4 ,b till 8 in/ructions = t purpose c\ld arrive1 :at c\ld ,i d m fri5dly ?an to save1 at my own exp5se1 8 lett]s f ! curiosity & indiscretion ( ! cl]ks ( ! ,po/ ,(fice8 ,i am inde$ a%am$ to f9d myself oblig$ to discov] su* petty circum/ances4---,mr ,,hume4 #ai ,x is necess>y to expla9 ?is circum/ance4 ,i _h be5 writ+ on ,mr ,hume's table1 dur+ 8 abs5ce1 an answ] to a lett] ,i _h j receiv$4 ,he came 91 v anxi\s to "k :at ,i _h be5 writ+1 & h>dly able to conta9 himself f desir+ to read x4 ,i clos$ my lett]1 h[ev]1 )\t %[+ x him2 :51 z ,i 0 putt+ x into my pocket1 he ask$ me = x eag]ly1 say+ he w\ld s5d x away on ! morr[1 be+ po/-day4 ,! lett] lay on ! table4 ,"l ,newnham came 94 ,mr ,hume w5t out ( ! room = a mom5t1 on :i* ,i took ! lett] up aga91 say+ ,i %\ld f9d "t to s5d x ! next day4 ,"l ,newnham (f]$ to get x inclos$ 9 ! ,fr5* ambassador's packet1 :i* ,i accept$4 ,mr ,hume re-ent]$ ! mom5t 8 ,lord%ip _h inclos$ x1 & 0 pull+ out 8 seal4 ,mr ,hume (fici\sly (f]$ 8 own seal1 & t ) s mu* e>ne/ness1 t x c\ld n well be refus$4 ,! bell 0 rung1 & ,"l ,newnham gave ! lett] to ,mr ,hume's s]vant1 to give x to 8 own1 :o wait$ bel[ ) ! *>iot1 9 ord] to h x s5t to ! ambassador4 ,mr ,hume's s]vant 0 h>dly got out ( ! room1 b ,i said to myself1 ,i'll lay a wag] ! ma/] foll[s4 ,he did n fail to d z ,i expect$4 ,n kn[+ h[ to leave ,"l ,newnham alone1 ,i /aid "s "t be=e ,i foll[$ ,mr ,hume4 ,i said no?+2 b he mu/ p]ceive t ,i 0 uneasy4 ,?us1 al?\gh ,i h receiv$ no answ] to my lett]1 ,i d\bt n ( its go+ to h&2 b ,i confess1 ,i _c help suspect+ x 0 read fir/4--,mr ,,r\sseau4 #bj ,x appe>s f :at he wrote to me aft]w>ds1 t he 0 v well satisfi$ ) ?is lett]1 & t he ?\ght ( x v well4--,mr ,,r\sseau4 #ba ,my answ] to ?is is conta9$ 9 ,mr ,r\sseau's own lett] ( ! #bb;d ( ,m>*2 :]e9 he expresses himself ) ! utmo/ cordiality1 )\t any res]ve1 & )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( suspicion4--,mr ,,hume4 #bb ,all ?is hangs ^u ! fable he _h s artfully work$ up1 z ,i be=e obs]v$4--,mr ,,hume4 #bc ,i _h only "o su* opportunity ) 8 gov]nante1 :i* 0 on _! arrival 9 ,london4 ,i mu/ own x nev] ent]$ into my head to talk to h] ^u any o!r subject ?an ! conc]ns ( ,mr ,r\sseau4--,mr ,,hume4 #bd ,see ,mr d',alemb]t's decl>ation on ?is head1 annex$ to ?is n>rative4 #be ,mr ,r\sseau decl>es himself to h be5 fatigu$ ) ! visits he receiv$2 ought he !re=e to compla9 t ,mr d',alemb]t1 :om he did n l1 did n importune him ) 88--,mr ,,hume4 #bf ,?is false fri5d is1 und\bt$ly1 myself4 ,b :at is ! trea*]y8 ,:at h>m h ,i done1 or c\ld ,i d to ,mr ,r\sseau8 ,on ! supposition ( my ent]+ into a project to ru9 him1 h[ c\ld ,i ?9k to br+ x ab\t by ! s]vices ,i did him8 ,if ,mr ,r\sseau %\ld ga9 cr$it1 ,i mu/ be ?\ght /ill m weak ?an wick$4--,mr ,,hume4 #bg ,! booksell]s h lately in=m$ me t ! edition is f9i%$1 & w %ortly be publi%$4 ,?is may be2 b x is too late1 & :at is /ill worse1 x is too opportune = ! purpose int5d$ to be s]v$4--,mr ,,r\sseau4 #bh ,x is ab\t f\r mon?s s9ce ,mr ,becket1 ! booksell]1 told ,mr ,r\sseau t ! publication ( ^! pieces 0 delay$ on acc\nt ( ! indisposition ( ! translator4 ,z = any ?+ else1 ,i nev] promis$ to take any *>ge at all ( ! edition1 z ,mr ,becket c te/ify4--,mr ,,hume4 #bi ,z to ,mr ,r\sseau's suspicions ( ! cause ( ! suppression1 z he calls x1 ( ! ,n>rative & ,lett]s above m5tion$1 ! translator ?9ks x incumb5t on him to affirm1 t !y 7 entirely gr\ndless4 ,x is true1 z ,mr ,becket told ,mr ,hume1 t ! translator ( ! lett]s 0 indispos$ ab\t t "t4 ,b ! pr9cipal cause ( ! delay 01 t he 0 ( 8 own m]e motion1 no less indispos$ to ^? pieces mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ,engli% at all27997 & ?is n out ( ill w to ,mr ,r\sseau1 or good w to ,mr ,hume1 nei!r ( :i* he ev] saw1 or spoke to1 9 8 life2 b really out ( reg>d to ! "* & reputation ( a man1 ^: g5ius he admir$1 & ^: works he _h translat$3 well kn[+ ! publication ( su* squabbles c\ld d ,mr ,r\sseau no good 9 ! op9ion ( ! m judici\s & s5sible "p ( mank9d4 ,) reg>d to ! translation ( ! n>rative ( 8 mann] ( liv+ at ,montmor5cy1 ,i nev] saw x till x 0 actually pr9t$1 :5 ,mr ,becket put x into my h&s1 & ,i frankly told him t ,i ?\ght x a v unseasonable1 pu]ile affair1 & c\ld by no means s]ve to advance ,mr ,r\sseau's e/imation 9 ! eyes ( ! public4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly ( great importance to ! good p ( ,engl&1 to "k h[ ,mr ,r\sseau amus$ himself sev5 or eight ye>s ago at ,montmor5cy1 t he cook$ 8 own bro?1 & did n leave x to ! managem5t ( 8 nurse1 = fe> %e %\ld h a bett] d9n] ?an himself6 ,yet ?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ances conta9$ 9 t n>rative1 except inde$ t we are told1 ,mr ,r\sseau is a mo/ passionate admir] ( virtue1 & t 8 eyes always sp>kle at ! b>e m5tion ( t ^w4--,o ,virtue6 h[ greatly is ?y "n pro/itut$6 ,& h[ fair1 f ! tee? outw>d1 are ?y nom9al vot>ies6--,engli% ,translator4 7997 ,=1 s f> 7 ! booksell]s f int5d+ to suppress ^! pieces1 t !y actually repr9t$ ! ,fr5* edition ( ,peyr\'s ,lett]s1 & publi%$ x 9 ,london4 #cj ,no body c\ld possibly be mi/ak5 ) reg>d to ! lett]'s be+ fictiti\s2 besides x 0 well kn[n t ,mr ,walpole 0 ! au?or ( x--,mr ,,hume4 #ca ,mr ,r\sseau =gets himself "h4 ,x 0 b a week be=e t he wrote me a v fri5dly lett]4 ,see 8 lett] ( ! #bi? ( ,m>*4--,mr ,,hume4 #cb ,i "k no?+ ( ?is pret5d$ libel4--,mr ,,hume4 #cc ,i h nev] be5 s happy z to meet ) ,mr de ,voltaire2 he only did me ! hon\r to write me a lett] ab\t ?ree ye>s ago4 ,z to ,mr ,tron*91 ,i nev] saw him 9 my life1 nor ev] _h any correspond5ce ) him4 ,( ,mr d',alemb]t's fri5d%ip1 inde$1 ,i am pr\d to make a boa/4--,mr ,,hume4 #cd ,:y inde$8 except t s5sible p 9 ,engl& are av]se to affectation & quack]y4 ,^? :o see & despise ^! mo/ 9 ,mr ,r\sseau1 are n1 h[ev]1 8 enemies2 p]haps1 if he c\ld be br\ght to ?9k s1 !y are 8 be/ & true/ fri5ds4--,engli% ,translator4 #ce ,mr ,r\sseau1 see+ ! lett] address$ to him 9 ! "n ( ,voltaire adv]tis$ 9 ! public pap]s1 wrote to ,mr ,dav5port1 :o 0 !n 9 ,london1 to desire he w\ld br+ x him4 ,i told ,mr ,dav5port t ! pr9t$ copy 0 v faulty1 b t ,i w\ld ask ( ,"l ,littleton a manuscript copy1 :i* 0 correct4 ,?is is suffici5t to make ,mr ,r\sseau conclude t ,"l ,littleton is 8 mortal enemy1 & my intimate fri5d2 & t we are 9 a conspiracy aga9/ him4 ,he ought r to h conclud$1 t ! pr9t$ copy c\ld n come f me1--,mr ,,hume4 ,! piece above m5tion$ 0 %[n to ! ,translator be=e its publication1 & _m absurd lib]ties tak5 ) ! orig9al po9t$ out & c5sur$4 ,at :i* "t !re did n appe>1 f ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 x1 t ,mr ,hume c\ld h ! lea/ h& 91 or c\ld h kn[n any ?+ ( ! edition4--,engli% ,translator4 #cf ,i h nev] se5 ?is piece1 nei!r be=e nor aft] its publication2 nor has x come to ! k ( any body to :om ,i h spok5 ( x--,mr ,,hume4 ,! translator1 :o has be5 att5tive to e ?+ t has come out f1 or ab\t ,mr ,r\sseau1 kn[s also no?+ ( ?is piece4 ,:y did n ,mr ,r\sseau m5tion p>ticul>ly 9 :at pap]1 & :5 x appe>$8--,engli% ,translator4 #cg ,i 0 n pres5t :5 ,mr ,r\sseau receiv$ 8 c\s94 ,i only j saw !m aft]w>ds toge!r = ab\t a m9ute on ! t]race 9 ,buck+ham ,/reet4--,mr ,,hume4 #ch ,h[ 0 x possible = me to guess at su* *im]ical suspicions8 ,mr ,dav5port1 ! only p]son ( my acqua9tance :o !n saw ,mr ,r\sseau1 assures me t he 0 p]fectly ignorant ( !m himself4--,mr ,,hume4 #ci ,i _c answ] = e ?+ ,i may say 9 my sleep1 & mu* less am ,i consci\s :e!r or n ,i dream 9 ,fr5*4 ,b pray1 z ,mr ,r\sseau did n "k :e!r ,i 0 asleep or awake :5 ,i pron\nc$ ^? t]rible words1 ) su* a t]rible voice1 h[ is he c]ta9 t he himself 0 well awake :5 he he>d !m8--,mr ,,hume4 #dj ,& does x dep5d on an if1 aft] all ,mr ,r's positive conviction1 & absolute demon/rations8--,engli% ,translator4 ,i hesitat$ "s "t :e!r ,i %\ld make any reply to ?is /range memorial4 ,at l5g? ,i det]m9$ to write ,mr ,r\sseau ! foll[+ lett]4 ,,mr ,,hume ,,to ,,mr ,,r\sseau4 ,lisle-/reet1 ,leice/]-fields1 ,july #bb;d1 #agff4 ,,sir1 ,i %all only answ] "o article ( y\r long lett]3 x is t :i* reg>ds ! conv]sation betwe5 u ! ev5+ be=e y\r dep>ture4 ,mr ,dav5port _h imag9$ a good natur$ artifice1 to make y believe t a ret\r *aise _h (f]$ = ,wooton2 & ,i believe he made an adv]tisem5t be put 9 ! pap]s1 9 ord] ! bett] to deceive y4 ,8 purpose 0 only to save y "s exp5ses 9 ! j\rney1 :i* ,i ?\ght a laudable project2 ?\gh ,i _h no h& ei!r 9 contriv+ or conduct+ x4 ,y ent]ta9$1 h[ ev]1 suspicions ( 8 design1 :ile we 7 sitt+ alone by my fire-side2 & y reproa*$ me ) concurr+ 9 x4 ,i endeav\r$ to pacify y1 & to div]t ! disc\rse2 b to no purpose4 ,y sat sull51 & 0 ei!r sil5t1 or made me v peevi% answ]s4 ,at la/ y rose up1 & took a turn or two ab\t ! room2 :5 all ( a sudd51 & to my great surprise1 y clapp$ y\rself on my knee1 ?rew y\r arms ab\t my neck1 kiss$ me ) seem+ ard\r1 & b$ew$ my face ) te>s4 ,y exclaim$1 ',my de> fri5d1 c y ev] p>don ?is folly6 ,aft] all ! pa9s y h tak5 to s]ve me1 aft] ! numb]less in/ances ( fri5d%ip y h giv5 me1 "h ,i rew>d y ) ?is ill hum\r & sull5ness4 ,b y\r =giv5ess ( me w be a new in/ance ( y\r fri5d%ip2 & ,i hope y w f9d at bottom1 t my he>t is n unwor?y ( x4' ,i 0 v mu* affect$1 ,i own2 & ,i believe1 !re pass$ a v t5d] sc5e betwe5 u4 ,y add$1 by way ( complim5t1 t ?\gh ,i _h _m bett] titles to recomm5d me to po/]ity1 yet p]haps my uncommon atta*m5t & fri5d%ip to a poor unhappy p]secut$ man1 w\ld n altoge!r be ov]look$4 ,?is incid5t1 ,sir1 0 some:at rem>kable2 & x is impossible t ei!r y or ,i c\ld s soon h =got x4 ,b y h _h ! assurance to tell me ! /ory twice 9 a mann] s diff]5t1 or r s opposite1 t :5 ,i p]si/1 z ,i d1 9 ?is acc\nt1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t ei!r y or ,i am a li>4 ,y imag9e1 p]haps1 t because ! incid5t pass$ privately )\t a witness1 ! "q w lie betwe5 ! cr$ibility ( y\r ass]tion & ( m9e4 ,b y %all n h ?is advantage or disadvantage1 :i*ev] y are pleas$ to t]m x4 ,i %all produce aga9/ y o!r pro(s1 :i* w put ! matt] beyond controv]sy4 ,fir/1 ,y are n aw>e1 t ,i h a lett] "u y\r h&1 :i* is totally irreconcilable ) y\r acc\nt1 & confirms m9e4#da ,secondly1 ,i told ! /ory ! next day1 or ! day aft]1 to ,mr ,dav5port1 ) a fri5dly view ( prev5t+ any su* good natur$ artifices = ! future4 ,he surely rememb]s x4 ,?irdly1 ,z ,i ?\ght ! /ory mu* to y\r hon\r1 ,i told x to sev]al ( my fri5ds "h4 ,i ev5 wrote x to ,mde4 de ,b\ffl]s at ,p>is4 ,i believe no "o w imag9e1 t ,i 0 prep>+ be=eh& an apology1 9 case ( a rupture ) y2 :i*1 ( all human ev5ts1 ,i %\ld !n h ?\ght ! mo/ incr$ible1 especially z we 7 sep>at$ almo/ = ev]1 & ,i /ill cont9u$ to r5d] y ! mo/ ess5tial s]vices4 ,f\r?ly1 ,! /ory1 z ,i tell x1 is consi/5t & rational3 !re is n common s5se 9 y\r acc\nt4 ,:at6 because sometimes1 :5 abs5t 9 ?\ght1 ,i h a fix$ look or />e1 y suspect me to be a traitor1 & y h ! assurance to tell me ( su* black & ridicul\s suspicions6 ,are n mo/ /udi\s m5 7& _m ( !m m ?an ,i7 subject to su* rev]ies or fits ( abs5ce1 )\t be+ expos$ to su* suspicions8 ,y d n ev5 pret5d t1 be=e y left ,london1 y _h any o!r solid gr\nds ( suspicion aga9/ me4 ,i %all ent] into no detail ) reg>d to y\r lett]3 ! o!r articles ( x are z mu* )\t f\ndation z y y\rself "k ?is to be4 ,i %all only add1 9 g5]al1 t ,i enjoy$ ab\t a mon? ago an uncommon pleasure1 :5 ,i reflect$1 t ?r\gh _m difficulties1 & by mo/ assidu\s c>e & pa9s1 ,i _h1 beyond my mo/ sangu9e expectations1 provid$ = y\r repose1 hon\r & =tune4 ,b ,i soon felt a v s5sible uneas9ess :5 ,i f\nd t y _h wantonly & volunt>ily ?r[n away all ^! advantages1 & 0 become ! decl>$ enemy ( y\r repose1 =tune1 & hon\r3 ,i _c be surpris$ aft] ?is t y are my enemy4 ,adieu1 & = ev]4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\rs1 ,d4 ,h4 #da ,t ( ! #bb;d ( ,m>*1 :i* is entirely cordial2 & proves t ,mr ,r\sseau _h nev]1 till t mom5t1 ent]ta9$1 or at lea/ discov]$ ! smalle/ suspicion aga9/ me4 ,!re is also 9 ! same lett]1 a peevi% passage ab\t ! hire ( a *aise4--,mr ,,hume4 ,to all ^! pap]s1 ,i ne$ only subjo9 ! foll[+ lett] ( ,mr ,walpole to me1 :i* proves h[ ignorant & innoc5t ,i am ( ! :ole matt] ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia's lett]4 ,,mr ,,walpole ,,to ,,mr ,,hume4 ,arl+ton ,/reet1 ,july #bf?1 #agff4 ,i _c be precise z to ! "t ( my writ+ ! ,k+ ( ,prussia's lett]1 b ,i d assure y1 ) ! utmo/ tru?1 t x 0 sev]al days be=e y left ,p>is1 & be=e ,r\sseau's arrival !re1 ( :i* ,i c give y a /rong pro(2 = ,i n only suppress$ ! lett] :ile y /aid !re1 out ( delicacy to y1 b x 0 ! reason :y1 out ( delicacy to myself1 ,i did n g to see him1 z y (t5 propos$ to me2 ?9k+ x wrong to g & make a cordial visit to a man1 ) a lett] 9 my pocket to laugh at him4 ,y are at full lib]ty1 de> ,sir1 to make use ( :at ,i say 9 y\r ju/ification1 ei!r to ,r\sseau or any body else4 ,i %\ld be v sorry to h y blam$ on my acc\nt3 ,i h a he>ty contempt ( ,r\sseau1 & am p]fectly indiff]5t :at any body ?9ks ( ! matt]4 ,if !re is any fault1 :i* ,i am f> f ?9k+1 let x lie on me4 ,no p>ts c h9d] my laugh+ at _! possessor1 if he is a m\ntebank4 ,if he has a bad & mo/ ungrateful he>t1 z ,r\sseau has %[n 9 y\r case1 into ! b>ga91 he w h my scorn likewise1 z he w ( all good & s5sible m54 ,y may tru/ y\r s5t5ce to su*1 :o are z respectable judges z any t h por$ ov] t5 ?\s& m volumes4 ,y\rs mo/ s9c]ely1 ,h4 ,w4 ,?us ,i h giv5 a n>rative1 z concise z possible1 ( ?is extraord9>y affair1 :i* ,i am told has v mu* attract$ ! att5tion ( ! public1 & :i* conta9s m unexpect$ incid5ts ?an any o!r 9 :i* ,i 0 ev] engag$4 ,! p]sons to :om ,i h %[n ! orig9al pap]s :i* au!nticate ! :ole1 h diff]$ v mu* 9 _! op9ion1 z well ( ! use ,i ought to make ( !m z ( ,mr ,r\sseau's pres5t s5tim5ts & /ate ( m9d4 ,"s ( !m h ma9ta9$ t he is altoge!r ins9c]e 9 8 qu>rel ) me1 & 8 op9ion ( my guilt1 & t ! :ole proce$s f t excessive pride :i* =ms ! basis ( 8 "*1 & :i* leads him bo? to seek ! eclat ( refus+ ! ,k+ ( ,engl&'s b\nty1 & to %ake (f ! intol]able bur!n ( an obligation to me1 by e sacrifice ( hon\r1 tru?1 & fri5d%ip1 z well z ( int]e/4 ,!y f\nd _! s5tim5ts on ! absurdity ( t fir/ supposition on :i* he gr\nds 8 ang]1 viz4 t ,mr ,walpole's lett]1 :i* he knew _h be5 e :]e disp]s$ bo? 9 ,p>is & ,london1 0 giv5 to ! press by me2 & z ?is supposition is contr>y to common s5se on ! "o h&1 & n support$ ev5 by ! pret5ce ( ! slighte/ probability on ! o!r1 !y conclude1 t x nev] _h any weight ev5 ) ! p]son himself :o lays hold ( x4 ,!y confirm _! s5tim5ts by ! numb] ( fictions & lies :i* he employs to ju/ify 8 ang]2 fictions ) reg>d to po9ts 9 :i* x is impossible = him to be mi/ak54 ,!y also rem>k 8 real *e]fulness & gaiety1 amid/ ! deep melan*oly ) :i* he pret5d$ to be oppress$2 n to m5tion ! absurd reason+ :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole1 & on :i* x is impossible = any man to re/ 8 conviction4 ,& ?\gh a v important int]e/ is "h ab&on$1 yet money is n univ]sally ! *ief object ) mank9d3 vanity weighs f>!r ) "s m51 p>ticul>ly ) ?is philosoph]2 & ! v o/5tation ( refus+ a p5sion f ! ,k+ ( ,engl&--an o/5tation :i*1 ) reg>d to o!r ,pr9ces1 he has (t5 s\ght--might be ( itself a suffici5t motive = 8 pres5t conduct4 ,!re are o!rs ( my fri5ds :o reg>d ?is :ole affair 9 a m compassionate light1 & consid] ,mr ,r\sseau z an object r ( pity ?an ( ang]4 ,!y suppose ! same dom9e]+ pride & +ratitude to be ! basis ( 8 "*2 b !y are also will+ to believe t 8 bra9 has receiv$ a s5sible %ock1 & t 8 judgm5t1 set afloat1 is c>ri$ to e side1 z x is pu%$ by ! curr5t ( 8 hum\rs & ( 8 passions4 ,! absurdity ( 8 belief is no pro( ( its ins9c]ity4 ,he imag9es himself ! sole important be+ 9 ! univ]se3 he fancies all mank9d to be 9 a comb9ation aga9/ him3 8 greate/ b5efactor1 z hurt+ him mo/1 is ! *ief object ( 8 animosity3 & ?\gh he supports all 8 :imsies by lies & fictions1 ?is is s frequ5t a case ) wick$ m51 :o are 9 t middle /ate betwe5 sob] reason & total fr5zy1 t x ne$s give no surprise to any body4 ,i own t ,i am mu* incl9$ to ?is latt] op9ion2 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 ,i "q :e!r1 9 any p]iod ( 8 life1 ,mr ,r\sseau 0 ev] m 9 8 s5ses ?an he is at pres5t4 ,! =m] brilliancy ( 8 g5ius1 & 8 great tal5ts = writ+1 are no pro( ( ! contr>y4 ,x is an old rem>k1 t great wits are ne> alli$ to madness2 & ev5 9 ^? frantic lett]s :i* he has wrote to me1 !re are evid5tly /rong traces ( 8 wont$ g5ius & eloqu5ce4 ,he has frequ5tly told me t he 0 compos+ 8 memoirs1 9 :i* ju/ice %\ld be done to 8 own "*1 to t ( 8 fri5ds1 & to t ( 8 enemies2 & z ,mr ,dav5port in=ms me1 t1 s9ce 8 retreat into ! c\ntry1 he has be5 mu* employ$ 9 writ+1 ,i h reason to conclude t he is at pres5t f9i%+ t und]tak+4 ,no?+ c\ld be m unexpect$ to me ?an my pass+ s sudd5ly f ! class ( 8 fri5d to t ( 8 enemies2 b ?is transition be+ made1 ,i mu/ expect to be treat$ accord+ly2 & ,i own t ?is reflection gave me "s anxiety4#db ,a "w ( ?is nature1 bo? f ! celebrity ( ! p]son1 & ! /rokes ( eloqu5ce int]sp]s$1 w\ld c]ta9ly attract ! att5tion ( ! _w2 & x might be publi%$ ei!r aft] my dea?1 or aft] t ( ! au?or4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !re w\ld be nobody :o c\ld tell ! /ory1 or ju/ify my memory4 ,9 ! latt]1 my apology1 wrote 9 opposition to a dead p]son1 w\ld lose a great deal ( its au!nticity4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i h at pres5t collect$ ! :ole /ory into "o ,n>rative1 t ,i may %[ x to my fri5ds1 & at any "t h x 9 my p[] to make :atev] use ( x !y & ,i %\ld ?9k prop]4 ,i am1 & always h be51 su* a lov] ( peace1 t no?+ b necessity1 or v =cible reasons1 c\ld h oblig$ me to give x to ! public4 ',p]didi b5eficium4 ,numquid qu consecravimus p]didisse nos dicimus8 ,int] consecrata b5eficium e/2 etiam si male respondit1 b5e collatum4 ,non e/ ille qualem sp]avimus2 simus nos quales fuimus1 ei dissimiles4' ,,s5eca ,,de ,,b5eficiis1 ,,lib4 ,,vii4 ,,cap4 #bi4 #db ,9 8 lett] ( ! #bb;d ( ,m>*1 he flatt]s me indirectly ) ! figure ,i am to make 9 8 ,memoirs4 ,9 t ( ! #bc;d ( ,june1 he ?reat5s me4 ,^! are pro(s h[ mu* he is 9 e>ne/4 ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,mr ,d',,alemb]t1 ,,relat+ ,,to ,,mr ,,walpole',s ,,lett]4 7,address$ to ! ,fr5* ,editors47 ,x is ) ! greate/ surprise ,i le>n1 f ,mr ,hume1 t ,mr ,r\sseau accuses me ( be+ ! au?or ( ! ironical lett] address$ to him1 9 ! public pap]s1 "u ! "n ( ! ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,e body kn[s1 bo? at ,p>is & ,london1 t su* lett] 0 writt5 by ,mr ,walpole2 nor does he dis[n x4 ,he ackn[l$ges only t he 0 a little assi/$1 9 reg>d to ! /yle1 by a p]son he does n "n1 & :om p]haps he ought to "n4 ,z to my "p1 on :om ! public suspicions h fall5 9 ?is affair1 ,i am n at all acqua9t$ ) ,mr ,walpole4 ,i don't ev5 believe ,i ev] spoke to him2 hav+ only happ5$ to meet once occasionally on a visit4 ,i h n only _h n ! lea/ to d1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 ) ! lett] 9 "q1 b c\ld m5tion above a hundr$ p]sons1 among ! fri5ds z well z enemies ( ,mr ,r\sseau1 :o h he>d me greatly disapprove ( x2 because1 z ,i said1 we ought n to ridicule ! un=tunate1 especially :5 !y d u no h>m4 ,besides1 my respect = ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 & ! ackn[l$gm5ts ,i owe him1 might1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght1 h p]suad$ ,mr ,r\sseau t ,i %\ld n h tak5 su* a lib]ty ) ! "n ( t ,pr9ce1 ?\gh 9 pleasantry4 ,to ?is ,i %all add1 t ,i nev] 0 an enemy to ,mr ,r\sseau1 ei!r op5 or secret1 z he pret5ds2 & ,i defy him to produce ! lea/ pro( ( my hav+ endeav\r$ to injure him 9 any %ape :atev]4 ,i c prove to ! contr>y1 by ! mo/ respectable witnesses1 t ,i h always endeav\r$ to oblige him1 :5ev] x lay 9 my p[]4 ,z to my pret5d$ secret correspond5ce ) ,mr ,hume1 x is v c]ta9 t we did n beg9 to write to ea* o!r till ab\t five or six mon?s aft] 8 dep>ture1 on occasion ( ! qu>rel aris5 betwe5 him & ,mr ,r\sseau1 & into :i* ! latt] ?\ght prop] unnecess>ily to introduce me4 ,i ?\ght ?is decl>ation necess>y = my own sake1 z well z = ! sake ( tru?1 & 9 reg>d to ! situation ( ,mr ,r\sseau4 ,i s9c]ely lam5t 8 hav+ s little confid5ce 9 ! probity ( mank9d1 & p>ticul>ly 9 t ( ,mr ,hume4 ,d',,alemb]t4 ,,scotticisms4 ,w1 9 ! fir/ p]son1 z ,i w walk1 we w walk1 expresses ! int5tion or resolution ( ! p]son1 along ) ! future ev5t3 ,9 ! second & ?ird p]son1 z1 y w1 he w1 !y w1 x expresses ! future action or ev5t1 )\t compreh5d+ or exclud+ ! volition4 ,%all1 9 ! fir/ p]son1 :e!r s+ul> or plural1 expresses ! future action or ev5t1 )\t exclud+ or compreh5d+ ! int5tion or resolution3 ,b 9 ! second or ?ird p]son1 x m>ks a necessity1 & commonly a necessity proce$+ f ! p]son :o speaks2 z1 he %all walk1 y %all rep5t x4 ,^! v>iations seem to h proce$$ f a polit5ess 9 ! ,engli%1 :o1 9 speak+ to o!rs1 or ( o!rs1 made use ( ! t]m w1 :i* implies volition1 ev5 :]e ! ev5t may be ! subject ( necessity & con/ra9t4 ,& 9 speak+ ( !mselves1 made use ( ! t]m %all1 :i* implies con/ra9t1 ev5 ?\gh ! ev5t may be ! object ( *oice4 ,w\'d & %\'d are conjunctive moods1 subject to ! same rule2 only1 we may obs]ve1 t 9 a s5t5ce1 :]e !re is a condition expre/1 & a consequ5ce ( t condition1 ! =m] always requires %\'d1 & ! latt] w\'d1 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons2 z1 if he %\'d fall1 he w\'d break 8 leg1 c4 ,^! is ! plural ( ?is2 ^? ( t4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 expresses :at is ne>3 ! latt]1 :at is m remote4 ,z1 9 ^! l9es ( ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 ,philosoph]s & poets va9ly /rove1 ,9 e age1 ! lumpi% mass to move4 ,b ,,^? 7 p$ants if comp>$ ) ,,^!1 ,:o knew n only to in/ruct1 b please4 ,:]e a relative is to foll[1 & ! subject has n be5 m5tion$ imm$iately be=e1 ^? is always requir$4 ,^? obs]vations :i* he made4 ,^? k+doms :i* ,alex&] conqu]$4 ,9 ! v]bs1 :i* end 9 t1 or te1 we frequ5tly omit ed 9 ! pret]p]fect & 9 ! p>ticiple2 z1 he op]ate1 x 0 cultivate4 ,milton says1 9 ?\ght m elevate2 b he is ! only au?or :o uses t expression4 ,notice %\'d n be us$ z a v]b4 ,! prop] phrase is take notice4 ,yet ,i f9d ,"l ,%aftesbury uses notic'd1 ! p>ticiple3 ,& unnotic'd is v common4 ,h9d] to d1 is ,scot*4 ,! ,engli% phrase is1 h9d] f do+4 ,yet ,milton says1 ,h9d]$ n ,satan to p]v]t ! m9d4 ,book ,,ix4 ,,scot*4 ,,engli%4 ,con=m to ,con=mable to ,fri5ds & acqua9tances ,fri5ds & ,acquitance ,maltreat ,abuse ,adv]t to ,att5d to ,prov51 improv51 approv5 ,prov'd1 improv'd1 approv'd ,pl$ ,plead$ ,inc>c]ate ,imprison ,te> to pieces ,te> 9 pieces ,drunk1 run ,drank1 ran ,fre% wea!r ,op5 wea!r ,t5d] ,sickly ,9 ! long run ,at long run ,not)/&+ ( t ,not)/&+ t ,cont5t$ himself to d ,cont5t$ himself ) do+ ',tis a "q if ',tis a "q :e!r ,discretion ,civility ,) *ild to a man ,) *ild by a man ,out ( h& ,pres5tly ,simply impossible ,absolutely impossible ,a p>k ,an enclosure ,9 "t com+ ,9 "t to come ,no?+ else ,no o!r ?+ ,m9d x ,rememb] x ,d5ud$ ,dive/$ ,sev]als ,sev]al ,"s bett] ,some?+ bett] ,an5t ,) reg>d to ,all5>ly ,solely ,along/4 ,yet ! ,engli% say bo? amid1 amid/1 among1 ,along & among/ ,ev5ly ,ev5 ,z ,i %all answ] ,i prote/ or decl>e ,cause him d x4 ,yet 'tis good ,engli% to say1 make ,cause him to d x him d x ,m>ry ^u ,m>ry to ,le>n ,tea* ,!re1 :]e ,?i!r1 :i!r ,effectuate4 ,?is ^w 9 ,engli% ,effect means to effect ) pa9s & difficulty4 ,a wright4 ,yet 'tis good ,engli% ,a ,c>p5t] to say1 a :eelwright ,defunct ,decea/ ,evite ,avoid ,"p ) *ild ,misc>ry ,not\r ,notori\s ,to want x ,to be )\t a ?+1 ev5 ?\gh x be n desirable ,to be difficult$ ,to be puzzl$ ,rebut$ ,disc\rag$ by repulses ,= ord9>y ,usually ,?9k %ame ,a%am'd ,9 fav\rs ( ,9 fav\r ( ,dubiety ,d\btfulness ,prejudge ,hurt ,compete ,ent] into competition ,h]itable ,h]$it>y ,to reme$ ,to rem$y ,banki] ,bank] ,adduce a pro( ,produce a pro( ,sup]plus ,surplus ,=faulture ,=feiture ,9 no ev5t ,9 no case ,common soldi]s ,private m5 ,big ) a man ,great ) a man ,bygone ,pa/ ,debitor ,debtor ,exeem$ ,exempt$ ,ye/]night ,la/ night ,big coat ,great coat ,a *imney ,a grate ,annualr5t ,int]e/ ,t5ible argum5t ,good argum5t ,amiss+ ,miss+ ,to condesc5d ^u ,to specify ,to dis*>ge ,to =bid ,to ext+ui% an obligation ,to cancel an obligation ,to depone ,to depose ,a complim5t ,a pres5t ,to inquire at a man ,to inquire ( a man ,to be angry at a man ,to be angry ) a man ,to s5d an err& ,to s5d (f an err& ,to furni% goods to him ,to furni% him ) goods ,to op5 up ,to op51 or lay op5 ,?ucydide1 ,h]odot1 ,sueton1 ,?ucydides1 ,h]odotus1 ,suetonius ,butt] & bread ,bread & ,butt] ,pepp] & v9eg> ,v9eg> & pepp] ,pap]1 p5 & ink ,p51 ink & pap] ,readily ,probably ,on a sudd5 ,( a sudd5 ,z ev] ,i saw ,z ,i ev] saw ,= my %>e ,= my "p ,misgive ,fail ,r *use to buy z sell ,r *use to buy ?an sell ,d$uce ,d$uct ,look't ov] ! w9d[ ,look't out at ! w9d[ ,a pretty en\gh girl ,a pretty girl en\gh ',tis a week s9ce he left ?is ',tis a week s9ce he left ?is place ,come 9 to ! fire ,come ne> ! fire ,to take (f a new coat ,to make up a new suit ,alwise ,always ,cut out 8 hair ,cut (f 8 hair ,cry him ,call him ,to crave ,to dun1 to ask paym5t ,to get a /oma* ,to get an appetite ,vacance ,vacation ,a ,,treatise ,,( ,,human ,,nature4 ,,be+ ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,introduce ,,! ,,exp]im5tal ,,me?od ,,( ,,reason+ ,,into ,,moral ,,subjects4 ,,r>a ,,temporum ,,felicitas1 ,,ubi ,,s5tire1 ,,qu ,,velis2 ,,et ,,qu ,,s5tias1 ,,dic]e ,,licet4 ,,tacitus4 ,,book ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,my design 9 ! pres5t ,"w is suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ! ,introduction4 ,! read] mu/ only obs]ve1 t all ! subjects ,i h !re plann$ out to myself are n treat$ 9 ^! two volumes4 ,! subjects ( ! ,und]/&+ & ,passions make a complete *a9 ( reason+ by !mselves2 & ,i 0 will+ to take advantage ( ?is natural division1 9 ord] to try ! ta/e ( ! ,public4 ,if ,i h ! good =tune to meet ) success1 ,i %all proce$ to ! exam9ation ( ,morals1 ,politics1 & ,criticism1 :i* w complete ?is ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,! approbation ( ! ,public ,i consid] z ! greate/ rew>d ( my lab\rs2 b am det]m9$ to reg>d its judgm5t1 :atev] x be1 z my be/ in/ruction4 ,,introduction4 ,no?+ is m usual & m natural = ^?1 :o pret5d to discov] any ?+ new to ! _w 9 philosophy & ! sci5ces1 ?an to ins9uate ! praises ( _! own sy/ems1 by decry+ all ^? :i* h be5 advanc$ be=e !m4 ,& inde$ 7 !y cont5t ) lam5t+ t ignorance1 :i* we /ill lie "u 9 ! mo/ important que/ions t c come be=e ! tribunal ( human reason1 !re are few1 :o h an acqua9tance ) ! sci5ces1 t w\ld n readily agree ) !m4 ',tis easy = "o ( judgm5t & le>n+1 to p]ceive ! weak f\ndation ev5 ( ^? sy/ems1 :i* h obta9$ ! greate/ cr$it1 & h c>ri$ _! pret5sions highe/ to accurate & pr(\nd reason+4 ,pr9ciples tak5 ^u tru/1 consequ5ces lamely d$uc$ f !m1 want ( coh]5ce 9 ! p>ts1 & ( evid5ce 9 ! :ole1 ^! are e :]e to be met ) 9 ! sy/ems ( ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s1 & seem to h drawn disgrace ^u philosophy itself4 ,nor is !re requir$ su* pr(\nd k to discov] ! pres5t imp]fect condition ( ! sci5ces1 b ev5 ! rabble )\t doors may judge f ! noise & clam\r :i* !y he>1 t all goes n well )94 ,!re is no?+ :i* is n ! subject ( debate1 & 9 :i* m5 ( le>n+ are n ( contr>y op9ions4 ,! mo/ trivial "q escapes n our controv]sy1 & 9 ! mo/ mom5t\s we are n able to give any c]ta9 decision4 ,disputes are multipli$1 z if e ?+ 0 unc]ta94 ,amid/ all ?is bu/le1 'tis n reason :i* c>ries ! prize1 b eloqu5ce2 & no man ne$s ev] despair ( ga9+ proselytes to ! mo/ extravagant hypo!sis1 :o has art en\gh to repres5t x 9 any fav\rable col\rs4 ,! victory is n ga9$ by ! m5 at arms1 :o manage ! pike & ! sword1 b by ! trumpet]s1 drumm]s1 & musicians ( ! army4 ,f h5ce1 9 my op9ion1 arises t common prejudice aga9/ metaphysical reason+s ( all k9ds1 ev5 among/ ^? :o pr(ess !mselves s*ol>s1 & h a j value = e o!r "p ( lit]ature4 ,by metaphysical reason+s1 !y d n und]/& ^? on any p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce1 b e k9d ( argum5t :i* is any way ab/ruse1 & requires "s att5tion to be compreh5d$4 ,we h s (t5 lo/ our lab\r 9 su* rese>*es1 t we commonly reject !m )\t hesitation1 & resolve1 if we mu/ = ev] be a prey to errors & delusions1 t !y %all at lea/ be natural & ent]ta9+4 ,&1 inde$1 no?+ b ! mo/ det]m9$ scepticism1 along ) a great degree ( indol5ce1 c ju/ify ?is av]sion to metaphysics4 ,=1 if tru? be at all )9 ! rea* ( human capacity1 'tis c]ta9 x mu/ lie v deep & ab/ruse2 & to hope we %all arrive at x )\t pa9s1 :ile ! greate/ g5iuses h fail$ ) ! utmo/ pa9s1 mu/ c]ta9ly be e/eem$ suffici5tly va9 & presumptu\s4 ,i pret5d to no su* advantage 9 ! philosophy ,i am go+ to unfold1 & w\ld e/eem x a /rong presumption aga9/ x1 7 x s v easy & obvi\s4 ',tis evid5t1 t all ! sci5ces h a relation1 great] or less1 to human nature2 & t1 h[ev] wide any ( !m may seem to run f x1 !y /ill return back by "o passage or ano!r2 ,ev5 ,ma!matics1 ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,natural ,religion1 are 9 "s measure dep5dant on ! sci5ce ( ,,man2 s9ce !y lie "u ! cognizance ( m51 & are judg$ ( by _! p[]s & faculties4 ',tis impossible to tell :at *anges & improvem5ts we2 might make 9 ^! sci5ces 7 we ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t & =ce ( human und]/&+1 & c\ld expla9 ! nature ( ! ideas we employ1 & ( ! op]ations we p]=m 9 our reason+s4 ,& ^! improvem5ts are ! m to be hop$ = 9 natural religion1 z x is n cont5t ) in/ruct+ u 9 ! nature ( sup]ior p[]s1 b c>ries its views f>!r1 to _! disposition t[>ds u1 & our duties t[>ds !m2 & consequ5tly1 we ourselves are n only ! be+s t reason1 b also "o ( ! objects conc]n+ :i* we reason4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! sci5ces ( ma!matics1 natural philosophy1 & natural religion1 h su* a dep5d5ce on ! k ( man1 :at may be expect$ 9 ! o!r sci5ces1 ^: connexion ) human nature is m close & intimate8 ,! sole end ( logic is to expla9 ! pr9ciples & op]ations ( our reason+ faculty1 & ! nature ( our ideas2 morals & criticism reg>d our ta/es & s5tim5ts2 & politics consid] m5 z unit$ 9 society1 & dep5d5t on ea* o!r4 ,9 ^! f\r sci5ces ( ,logic1 ,morals1 ,criticism1 & ,politics1 is compreh5d$ almo/ e ?+ :i* x c any way import u to be acqua9t$ )1 or :i* c t5d ei!r to ! improvem5t or ornam5t ( ! human m9d4 ,"h !n is ! only exp$i5t1 f :i* we c hope = success 9 our philosophical rese>*es1 to leave ! t$i\s l+]+ me?od1 :i* we h hi!rto foll[$1 &1 in/ead ( tak+ n[ & !n a ca/le or village on ! fronti]1 to m>* up directly to ! capital or c5tre ( ^! sci5ces1 to human nature itself2 :i* be+ once ma/]s (1 we may e :]e else hope = an easy victory4 ,f ?is /ation we may ext5d our conque/s ov] all ^? sci5ces1 :i* m intimately conc]n human life1 & may aft]w>ds proce$ at leisure1 to discov] m fully ^? :i* are ! objects ( pure curiosity4 ,!re is no "q ( importance1 ^: decision is n compris$ 9 ! sci5ce ( man2 & !re is none1 :i* c be decid$ ) any c]ta9ty1 be=e we become acqua9t$ ) t sci5ce4 ,9 pret5d+1 !re=e1 to expla9 ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 we 9 effect propose a complete sy/em ( ! sci5ces1 built on a f\ndation almo/ entirely new1 & ! only "o ^u :i* !y c /& ) any security4 ,&1 z ! sci5ce ( man is ! only solid f\ndation = ! o!r sci5ces1 s1 ! only solid f\ndation we c give to ?is sci5ce itself mu/ be laid on exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ',tis no a/oni%+ reflection to consid]1 t ! application ( exp]im5tal philosophy to moral subjects %\ld come aft] t to natural1 at ! di/ance ( above a :ole c5tury2 s9ce we f9d 9 fact1 t !re 0 ab\t ! same int]val betwixt ! orig9s ( ^! sci5ces2 & t1 reckon+ f ,?ales to ,socrates1 ! space ( "t is ne>ly equal to t betwixt my ,"l ,bacon & "s late philosoph]s#a 9 ,engl&1 :o h begun to put ! sci5ce ( man on a new foot+1 & h engag$ ! att5tion1 & excit$ ! curiosity ( ! public4 ,s true x is1 t h[ev] o!r nations may rival u 9 poetry1 & excel u 9 "s o!r agreeable arts1 ! improvem5ts 9 reason & philosophy c only be ow+ to a l& ( tol]ation & ( lib]ty4 ,nor ought we to ?9k1 t ?is latt] improvem5t 9 ! sci5ce ( man w d less hon\r to our native c\ntry ?an ! =m] 9 natural philosophy1 b ought r to e/eem x a great] glory1 ^u acc\nt ( ! great] importance ( t sci5ce1 z well z ! necessity x lay "u ( su* a re=mation4 ,= to me x seems evid5t1 t ! ess5ce ( ! m9d be+ equally unkn[n to u ) t ( ext]nal bodies1 x mu/ be equally impossible to =m any notion ( its p[]s & qualities o!rwise ?an f c>eful & exact exp]im5ts1 & ! obs]vation ( ^? p>ticul> effects1 :i* result f its diff]5t circum/ances & situations4 ,& ?\gh we mu/ endeav\r to r5d] all our pr9ciples z univ]sal z possible1 by trac+ up our exp]im5ts to ! utmo/1 & expla9+ all effects f ! simple/ & fewe/ causes1 'tis /ill c]ta9 we _c g beyond exp]i5ce2 & any hypo!sis1 t pret5ds to discov] ! ultimate orig9al qualities ( human nature1 ought at fir/ to be reject$ z presumptu\s & *im]ical4 ,i d n ?9k a philosoph]1 :o w\ld apply himself s e>ne/ly to ! expla9+ ! ultimate pr9ciples ( ! s\l1 w\ld %[ himself a great ma/] 9 t v sci5ce ( human nature1 :i* he pret5ds to expla91 or v kn[+ 9 :at is naturally satisfactory to ! m9d ( man4 ,= no?+ is m c]ta91 ?an t despair has almo/ ! same effect ^u u ) enjoym5t1 & t we are no soon] acqua9t$ ) ! impossibility ( satisfy+ any desire1 ?an ! desire itself vani%es4 ,:5 we see1 t we h arriv$ at ! utmo/ ext5t ( human reason1 we sit d[n cont5t$2 ?\gh we be p]fectly satisfi$ 9 ! ma9 ( our ignorance1 & p]ceive t we c give no reason = our mo/ g5]al & mo/ ref9$ pr9ciples1 beside our exp]i5ce ( _! reality2 :i* is ! reason ( ! m]e vulg>1 & :at x requir$ no /udy at fir/ to h discov]$ = ! mo/ p>ticul> & mo/ extraord9>y ph5om5on4 ,& z ?is impossibility ( mak+ any f>!r progress is en\gh to satisfy ! read]1 s ! writ] may d]ive a m delicate satisfaction f ! free confession ( 8 ignorance1 & f 8 prud5ce 9 avoid+ t error1 into :i* s _m h fall51 ( impos+ _! conjectures & hypo!ses on ! _w = ! mo/ c]ta9 pr9ciples4 ,:5 ?is mutual cont5tm5t & satisfaction c be obta9$ betwixt ! ma/] & s*ol>1 ,i "k n :at m we c require ( our philosophy4 ,b if ?is impossibility ( expla9+ ultimate pr9ciples %\ld be e/eem$ a defect 9 ! sci5ce ( man1 ,i w v5ture to affirm1 t x is a defect common to x ) all ! sci5ces1 & all ! arts1 9 :i* we c employ ourselves1 :e!r !y be su* z are cultivat$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s1 or practis$ 9 ! %ops ( ! meane/ artisans4 ,none ( !m c g beyond exp]i5ce1 or e/abli% any pr9ciples :i* are n f\nd$ on t au?ority4 ,moral philosophy has1 inde$1 ?is peculi> disadvantage1 :i* is n f\nd 9 natural1 t 9 collect+ its exp]im5ts1 x _c make !m purposely1 ) prem$itation1 & aft] su* a mann] z to satisfy itself conc]n+ e p>ticul> difficulty :i* may arise4 ,:5 ,i am at a loss to "k ! effects ( "o body ^u ano!r 9 any situation1 ,i ne$ only put !m 9 t situation1 & obs]ve :at results f x4 ,b %\ld ,i endeav\r to cle> up aft] ! same mann] any d\bt 9 moral philosophy1 by plac+ myself 9 ! same case ) t :i* ,i consid]1 'tis evid5t ?is reflection & prem$itation w\ld s di/urb ! op]ation ( my natural pr9ciples1 z mu/ r5d] x impossible to =m any j conclusion f ! ph5om5on4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 glean up our exp]im5ts 9 ?is sci5ce f a cauti\s obs]vation ( human life1 & take !m z !y appe> 9 ! common c\rse ( ! _w1 by m5's behavi\r 9 company1 9 affairs1 & 9 _! pleasures4 ,:]e exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d are judici\sly collect$ & comp>$1 we may hope to e/abli% on !m a sci5ce :i* w n be inf]ior 9 c]ta9ty1 & w be mu* sup]ior 9 utility1 to any o!r ( human compreh5sion4 #a ,mr ,locke1 my ,"l ,%aftsbury1 ,dr ,m&eville1 ,mr ,hut*9son1 ,dr ,butl]1 c4 ,,book ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,ideas1 ,,_! ,,orig91 ,,composition1 ,,connexion1 ,,& ,,ab/raction4 ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,our ,,ideas4 ,all ! p]ceptions ( ! human m9d resolve !mselves into two di/9ct k9ds1 :i* ,i %all call impressions & ideas4 ,! diff]5ce betwixt ^! consi/s 9 ! degrees ( =ce & livel9ess1 ) :i* !y /rike ^u ! m9d1 & make _! way into our ?\ght or consci\sness4 ,^? p]ceptions :i* ent] ) mo/ =ce & viol5ce1 we may "n impressions2 &1 "u ?is "n1 ,i compreh5d all our s5sations1 passions1 & emotions1 z !y make _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! s\l4 ,by ideas1 ,i mean ! fa9t images ( ^! 9 ?9k+ & reason+2 su* z1 = in/ance1 are all ! p]ceptions excit$ by ! pres5t disc\rse1 except+ only ^? :i* arise f ! sight & t\*1 & except+ ! imm$iate pleasure or uneas9ess x may occasion4 ,i believe x w n be v necess>y to employ _m ,words1 9 expla9+ ?is di/9ction4 ,e "o ( himself w readily p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwixt feel+ & ?9k+4 ,! common degrees ( ^! are easily di/+ui%$2 ?\gh x is n impossible b1 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 !y may v ne>ly approa* to ea* o!r4 ,?us1 9 sleep1 9 a fev]1 9 madness1 or 9 any v viol5t emotions ( s\l1 our ideas may approa* to our impressions3 z1 on ! o!r h&1 x sometimes happ5s1 t our impressions are s fa9t & l[1 t we _c di/+ui% !m f our ideas4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is ne> resemblance 9 a few in/ances1 !y are 9 g5]al s v diff]5t1 t no "o c make a scruple to rank !m "u di/9ct heads1 & assign to ea* a peculi> "n to m>k ! diff]5ce4#a ,!re is ano!r division ( our p]ceptions1 :i* x w be conv5i5t to obs]ve1 & :i* ext5ds itself bo? to our impressions & ideas4 ,?is division is into simple & complex4 ,simple p]ceptions1 or impressions & ideas1 are su* z admit ( no di/9ction nor sep>ation4 ,! complex are ! contr>y to ^!1 & may be di/+ui%$ into p>ts4 ,?\gh a p>ticul> col\r1 ta/e & smell1 are qualities all unit$ toge!r 9 ?is apple1 'tis easy to p]ceive !y are n ! same1 b are at lea/ di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,hav+1 by ^! divisions1 giv5 an ord] & arrangem5t to our objects1 we may n[ apply ourselves to consid]1 ) ! m accuracy1 _! qualities & relations4 ,! fir/ circum/ance t /rikes my eye1 is ! great resemblance betwixt our impressions & ideas 9 e o!r p>ticul>1 except _! degree ( =ce & vivacity4 ,! "o seem to be1 9 a mann]1 ! reflection ( ! o!r2 s t all ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d are d\ble1 & appe> bo? z impressions & ideas4 ,:5 ,i %ut my eyes1 & ?9k ( my *amb]1 ! ideas ,i =m are exact repres5tations ( ! impressions ,i felt2 nor is !re any circum/ance ( ! "o1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ! o!r4 ,9 runn+ ov] my o!r p]ceptions1 ,i f9d /ill ! same resemblance & repres5tation4 ,ideas & impressions appe> always to correspond to ea* o!r4 ,?is circum/ance seems to me rem>kable1 & engages my att5tion = a mom5t4 ,^u a m accurate survey ,i f9d ,i h be5 c>ri$ away too f> by ! fir/ appe>ance1 & t ,i mu/ make use ( ! di/9ction ( p]ceptions into simple & complex1 to limit ?is g5]al decision1 t all our ideas & impressions are resembl+4 ,i obs]ve t _m ( our complex ideas nev] _h impressions t correspond$ to !m1 & t _m ( our complex impressions nev] are exactly copi$ 9 ideas4 ,i c imag9e to myself su* a city z ! ,new ,j]usalem1 ^: pavem5t is gold1 & walls are rubies1 ?\gh ,i nev] saw any su*4 ,i h se5 ,p>is2 b %all ,i affirm ,i c =m su* an idea ( t city1 z w p]fectly repres5t all its /reets & h\ses 9 _! real & j proportions8 ,i p]ceive1 !re=e1 t ?\gh !re is1 9 g5]al1 a great resemblance betwixt our complex impressions & ideas1 yet ! rule is n univ]sally true1 t !y are exact copies ( ea* o!r4 ,we may next consid]1 h[ ! case /&s ) our simple p]ceptions4 ,aft] ! mo/ accurate exam9ation ( :i* ,i am capable1 ,i v5ture to affirm1 t ! rule "h holds )\t any exception1 & t e simple idea has a simple impression1 :i* resembles x1 & e simple impression a correspond5t idea4 ,t idea ( r$1 :i* we =m 9 ! d>k1 & t impression1 :i* /rikes our eyes 9 sun%9e1 diff] only 9 degree1 n 9 nature4 ,t ! case is ! same ) all our simple impressions & ideas1 'tis impossible to prove by a p>ticul> enum]ation ( !m4 ,e "o may satisfy himself 9 ?is po9t by runn+ ov] z _m z he pleases4 ,b if any "o %\ld d5y ?is univ]sal resemblance1 ,i "k no way ( conv9c+ him1 b by desir+ him to %[ a simple impression t has n a correspond5t idea1 or a simple idea t has n a correspond5t impression4 ,if he does n answ] ?is *all5ge1 z 'tis c]ta9 he _c1 we may1 f 8 sil5ce & our own obs]vation1 e/abli% our conclusion4 ,?us we f9d1 t all simple ideas & impressions resemble ea* o!r2 &1 z ! complex are =m$ f !m1 we may affirm 9 g5]al1 t ^! two species ( p]ception are exactly correspond5t4 ,hav+ discov]$ ?is relation1 :i* requires no f>!r exam9ation1 ,i am curi\s to f9d "s o!r ( _! qualities4 ,let u consid]1 h[ !y /& ) reg>d to _! exi/5ce1 & :i* ( ! impressions & ideas are causes1 & :i* effects4 ,! full exam9ation ( ?is "q is ! subject ( ! pres5t treatise2 &1 !re=e1 we %all "h cont5t ourselves ) e/abli%+ "o g5]al proposition1 ,t all our simple ideas 9 _! fir/ appe>ance1 are d]iv$ f simple impressions1 :i* are correspond5t to !m1 & :i* !y exactly repres5t4 ,9 seek+ = ph5om5a to prove ?is proposition1 ,i f9d only ^? ( two k9ds2 b1 9 ea* k9d ! ph5om5a are obvi\s1 num]\s1 & conclusive4 ,i fir/ make myself c]ta91 by a new review1 ( :at ,i h already ass]t$1 t e simple impression is att5d$ ) a correspond5t idea1 & e simple idea ) a correspond5t impression4 ,f ?is con/ant conjunction ( resembl+ p]ceptions ,i imm$iately conclude1 t !re is a great connexion betwixt our correspond5t impressions & ideas1 & t ! exi/5ce ( ! "o has a consid]able influ5ce ^u t ( ! o!r4 ,su* a con/ant conjunction1 9 su* an inf9ite numb] ( in/ances1 c nev] arise f *ance2 b cle>ly proves a dep5d5ce ( ! impressions on ! ideas1 or ( ! ideas on ! impressions4 ,t ,i may "k on :i* side ?is dep5d5ce lies1 ,i consid] ! ord] ( _! fir/ appe>ance2 & f9d1 by con/ant exp]i5ce1 t ! simple impressions always take ! prec$5ce ( _! correspond5t ideas1 b nev] appe> 9 ! contr>y ord]4 ,to give a *ild an idea ( sc>let or orange1 ( sweet or bitt]1 ,i pres5t ! objects1 or1 9 o!r words1 convey to him ^! impressions2 b proce$ n s absurdly1 z to endeav\r to produce ! impressions by excit+ ! ideas4 ,our ideas1 ^u _! appe>ance1 produce n _! correspond5t impressions1 nor d we p]ceive any col\r1 or feel any s5sation m]ely ^u ?9k+ ( !m4 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d1 t any impression1 ei!r ( ! m9d or body1 is con/antly foll[$ by an idea1 :i* resembles x1 & is only diff]5t 9 ! degrees ( =ce & livel9ess4 ,! con/ant conjunction ( our resembl+ p]ceptions1 is a conv9c+ pro(1 t ! "o are ! causes ( ! o!r2 & ?is priority ( ! impressions is an equal pro(1 t our impressions are ! causes ( our ideas1 n our ideas ( our impressions4 ,to confirm ?is1 ,i consid] ano!r pla9 & conv9c+ ph5om5on2 :i* is1 t :]ev]1 by any accid5t1 ! faculties :i* give rise to any impressions are ob/ruct$ 9 _! op]ations1 z :5 "o is born bl9d or deaf1 n only ! impressions are lo/1 b also _! correspond5t ideas2 s t !re nev] appe> 9 ! m9d ! lea/ traces ( ei!r ( !m4 ,nor is ?is only true1 :]e ! organs ( s5sation are entirely de/roy$1 b likewise :]e !y h nev] be5 put 9 action to produce a p>ticul> impression4 ,we _c =m to ourselves a j idea ( ! ta/e ( a p9e-apple1 )\t hav+ actually ta/$ x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o contradictory ph5om5on1 :i* may prove1 t 'tis n absolutely impossible = ideas to g be=e _! correspond5t impressions4 ,i believe x w readily be all[$1 t ! sev]al di/9ct ideas ( col\rs1 :i* ent] by ! eyes1 or ^? ( s\nds1 :i* are convey$ by ! he>+1 are really diff]5t f ea* o!r1 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 resembl+4 ,n[1 if ?is be true ( diff]5t col\rs1 x mu/ be no less s ( ! diff]5t %ades ( ! same col\r1 t ea* ( !m produces a di/9ct idea1 indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,= if ?is %\ld be d5i$1 'tis possible1 by ! cont9ual gradation ( %ades1 to run a col\r ins5sibly into :at is mo/ remote f x2 &1 if y w n all[ any ( ! means to be diff]5t1 y _c1 )\t absurdity1 d5y ! extremes to be ! same4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 a p]son to h enjoy$ 8 sight = ?irty ye>s1 & to h become p]fectly well acqua9t$ ) col\rs ( all k9ds1 except+ "o p>ticul> %ade ( blue1 = in/ance1 :i* x nev] has be5 8 =tune to meet )4 ,let all ! diff]5t %ades ( t col\r1 except t s+le "o1 be plac$ be=e him1 desc5d+ gradually f ! deepe/ to ! lighte/2 'tis pla91 t he w p]ceive a blank1 :]e t %ade is want+1 & w be s5sible t !re is a great] di/ance 9 t place1 betwixt ! contigu\s col\rs1 ?an 9 any o!r4 ,n[ ,i ask1 :e!r 'tis possible = him1 f 8 own imag9ation1 to supply ?is defici5cy1 & raise up to himself ! idea ( t p>ticul> %ade1 ?\gh x _h nev] be5 convey$ to him by 8 s5ses8 ,i believe !re are few b w be ( op9ion t he c2 & ?is may s]ve z a pro(1 t ! simple ideas are n always d]iv$ f ! correspond5t impressions2 ?\gh ! in/ance is s p>ticul> & s+ul>1 t 'tis sc>ce wor? our obs]v+1 & does n m]it t1 = x alone1 we %\ld alt] our g5]al maxim4 ,b1 besides ?is exception1 x may n be amiss to rem>k1 on ?is head1 t ! pr9ciple ( ! priority ( impressions to ideas1 mu/ be und]/ood ) ano!r limitation1 viz4 t z our ideas are images ( our impressions1 s we c =m second>y ideas1 :i* are images ( ! prim>y1 z appe>s f ?is v reason+ conc]n+ !m4 ,?is is n1 prop]ly speak+1 an exception to ! rule s mu* z an explanation ( x4 ,ideas produce ! images ( !mselves 9 new ideas2 b z ! fir/ ideas are suppos$ to be d]iv$ f impressions1 x /ill rema9s true1 t all our simple ideas proce$1 ei!r m$iately or imm$iately1 f _! correspond5t impressions4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! fir/ pr9ciple ,i e/abli% 9 ! sci5ce ( human nature2 nor ought we to despise x because ( ! simplicity ( its appe>ance4 ,= 'tis rem>kable1 t ! pres5t "q conc]n+ ! prec$5cy ( our impressions or ideas1 is ! same ) :at has made s mu* noise 9 o!r t]ms1 :5 x has be5 disput$ :e!r !re be any innate ideas1 or :e!r all ideas be d]iv$ f s5sation & reflection4 ,we may obs]ve1 t 9 ord] to prove ! ideas ( ext5sion & col\r n to be innate1 philosoph]s d no?+ b %[1 t !y are convey$ by our s5ses4 ,to prove ! ideas ( passion & desire n to be innate1 !y obs]ve1 t we h a prec$+ exp]i5ce ( ^! emotions 9 ourselves4 ,n[1 if we c>efully exam9e ^! argum5ts1 we %all f9d t !y prove no?+ b t ideas are prec$$ by o!r m lively p]ceptions1 f :i* !y are d]iv$1 & :i* !y repres5t4 ,i hope ?is cle> /at+ ( ! "q w remove all disputes conc]n+ x1 & w r5d] ?is pr9ciple ( m use 9 our reason+s1 ?an x seems hi!rto to h be54 #a ,i "h make use ( ^! t]ms1 impression & idea1 9 a s5se diff]5t f :at is usual1 & ,i hope ?is lib]ty w be all[$ me4 ,p]haps ,i r re/ore ! ^w idea to its orig9al s5se1 f :i* ,mr ,locke _h p]v]t$ x1 9 mak+ x /& = all our p]ceptions4 ,by ! t]m ( impression1 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to express ! mann] 9 :i* our lively p]ceptions are produc$ 9 ! s\l1 b m]ely ! p]ceptions !mselves2 = :i* !re is no p>ticul> "n1 ei!r 9 ! ,engli% or any o!r language t ,i "k (4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,s9ce x appe>s1 t our simple impressions are prior to _! correspond5t ideas1 & t ! exceptions are v r>e1 me?od seems to require we %\ld exam9e our impressions be=e we consid] our ideas4 ,impressions may be divid$ into two k9ds1 ^? ( s5sation1 & ^? ( reflection4 ,! fir/ k9d arises 9 ! s\l orig9ally1 f unkn[n causes4 ,! second is d]iv$1 9 a great measure1 f our ideas1 & t 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,an impression fir/ /rikes ^u ! s5ses1 & makes u p]ceive heat or cold1 ?ir/ or hung]1 pleasure or pa91 ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,( ?is impression !re is a copy tak5 by ! m9d1 :i* rema9s aft] ! impression ceases2 & ?is we call an idea4 ,?is idea ( pleasure or pa91 :5 x returns ^u ! s\l1 produces ! new impressions ( desire & av]sion1 hope & fe>1 :i* may prop]ly be call$ impressions ( reflection1 because d]iv$ f x4 ,^! aga9 are copi$ by ! memory & imag9ation1 & become ideas2 :i*1 p]haps1 9 _! turn1 give rise to o!r impressions & ideas3 s t ! impressions ( reflection are only antec$5t to _! correspond5t ideas1 b po/]ior to ^? ( s5sation1 & d]iv$ f !m4 ,! exam9ation ( our s5sations belongs m to anatomi/s & natural philosoph]s ?an to moral2 &1 !re=e1 %all n at pres5t be ent]$ ^u4 ,&1 z ! impressions ( reflection1 viz4 passions1 desires1 & emotions1 :i* pr9cipally des]ve our att5tion1 arise mo/ly f ideas1 'twill be necess>y to rev]se t me?od1 :i* at fir/ sight seems mo/ natural2 &1 9 ord] to expla9 ! nature & pr9ciples ( ! human m9d1 give a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ideas1 be=e we proce$ to impressions4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i h "h *os5 to beg9 ) ideas4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,memory ,,& ,,imag9ation4 ,we f9d1 by exp]i5ce1 t :5 any impression has be5 pres5t ) ! m9d1 x aga9 makes its appe>ance !re z an idea2 & ?is x may d aft] two diff]5t ways3 ei!r :51 9 its new appe>ance1 x reta9s a consid]able degree ( its fir/ vivacity1 & is some:at int]m$iate betwixt an impression & an idea2 or :5 x entirely loses t vivacity1 & is a p]fect idea4 ,! faculty by :i* we repeat our impressions 9 ! fir/ mann]1 is call$ ! memory1 & ! o!r ! imag9ation4 ',tis evid5t1 at fir/ sight1 t ! ideas ( ! memory are mu* m lively & /rong ?an ^? ( ! imag9ation1 & t ! =m] faculty pa9ts its objects 9 m di/9ct col\rs1 ?an any :i* are employ$ by ! latt]4 ,:5 we rememb] any pa/ ev5t1 ! idea ( x fl[s 9 ^u ! m9d 9 a =cible mann]2 :]eas1 9 ! imag9ation1 ! p]ception is fa9t & languid1 & _c1 )\t difficulty1 be pres]v$ by ! m9d /eady & uni=m = any consid]able "t4 ,"h1 !n1 is a s5sible diff]5ce betwixt "o species ( ideas & ano!r4 ,b ( ?is m fully h]eaft]4#b ,!re is ano!r diff]5ce betwixt ^! two k9ds ( ideas1 :i* is no less evid5t1 namely1 t ?\gh nei!r ! ideas ( ! memory nor imag9ation1 nei!r ! lively nor fa9t ideas1 c make _! appe>ance 9 ! m9d1 unless _! correspond5t impressions h gone be=e to prep>e ! way = !m1 yet ! imag9ation is n re/ra9$ to ! same ord] & =m ) ! orig9al impressions2 :ile ! memory is 9 a mann] ti$ d[n 9 t respect1 )\t any p[] ( v>iation4 ',tis evid5t1 t ! memory pres]ves ! orig9al =m1 9 :i* its objects 7 pres5t$1 & t :]ev] we dep>t f x 9 recollect+ any ?+1 x proce$s f "s defect or imp]fection 9 t faculty4 ,an hi/orian may1 p]haps1 = ! m conv5i5t c>ry+ on ( 8 n>ration1 relate an ev5t be=e ano!r to :i* x 0 9 fact po/]ior2 b !n1 he takes notice ( ?is disord]1 if he be exact2 &1 by t means1 replaces ! idea 9 its due position4 ',tis ! same case 9 our recollection ( ^? places & p]sons1 ) :i* we 7 =m]ly acqua9t$4 ,! *ief ex]cise ( ! memory is n to pres]ve ! simple ideas1 b _! ord] & position4 ,9 %ort1 ?is pr9ciple is support$ by su* a numb] ( common & vulg> ph5om5a1 t we may sp>e ourselves ! tr\ble ( insi/+ on x any f>!r4 ,! same evid5ce foll[s u 9 our second pr9ciple1 ( ! lib]ty ( ! imag9ation to transpose & *ange its ideas4 ,! fables we meet ) 9 poems & romances put ?is entirely out ( "q4 ,nature !re is totally conf\nd$1 & no?+ m5tion$ b w+$ horses1 fi]y dragons1 & mon/r\s giants4 ,nor w ?is lib]ty ( ! fancy appe> /range1 :5 we consid]1 t all our ideas are copi$ f our impressions1 & t !re are n any two impressions :i* are p]fectly insep>able4 ,n to m5tion1 t ?is is an evid5t consequ5ce ( ! division ( ideas into simple & complex4 ,:]ev] ! imag9ation p]ceives a diff]5ce among ideas1 x c easily produce a sep>ation4 #b ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #e4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,connexion ,,or ,,association ,,( ,,ideas4 ,z all simple ideas may be sep>at$ by ! imag9ation1 & may be unit$ aga9 9 :at =m x pleases1 no?+ w\ld be m unacc\ntable ?an ! op]ations ( t faculty1 7 x n guid$ by "s univ]sal pr9ciples1 :i* r5d] x1 9 "s measure1 uni=m ) itself 9 all times & places4 ,7 ideas entirely loose & unconnect$1 *ance alone w\ld jo9 !m2 & 'tis impossible ! same simple ideas %\ld fall regul>ly into complex ones 7z !y commonly d71 )\t "s bond ( union among !m1 "s associat+ quality1 by :i* "o idea naturally introduces ano!r4 ,?is unit+ pr9ciple among ideas is n to be consid]$ z an insep>able connexion2 = t has be5 already exclud$ f ! imag9ation3 nor yet are we to conclude1 t )\t x ! m9d _c jo9 two ideas2 = no?+ is m free ?an t faculty3 b we are only to reg>d x z a g5tle =ce1 :i* commonly prevails1 & is ! cause :y1 among o!r ?+s1 languages s ne>ly correspond to ea* o!r2 ,nature1 9 a mann]1 po9t+ out to e "o ^? simple ideas1 :i* are mo/ prop] to be unit$ into a complex "o4 ,! qualities1 f :i* ?is association arises1 & by :i* ! m9d is1 aft] ?is mann]1 convey$ f "o idea to ano!r1 are ?ree1 viz4 resemblance1 contiguity 9 "t or place1 & cause & effect4 ,i believe x w n be v necess>y to prove1 t ^! qualities produce an association among ideas1 &1 ^u ! appe>ance ( "o idea1 naturally introduce ano!r4 ',tis pla91 t1 9 ! c\rse ( our ?9k+1 & 9 ! con/ant revolution ( our ideas1 our imag9ation runs easily f "o idea to any o!r t resembles x1 & t ?is quality alone is to ! fancy a suffici5t bond & association4 ',tis likewise evid5t1 t z ! s5ses1 9 *ang+ _! objects1 are necessitat$ to *ange !m regul>ly1 & take !m z !y lie contigu\s to ea* o!r1 ! imag9ation mu/1 by long cu/om1 acquire ! same me?od ( ?9k+1 & run along ! p>ts ( space & "t 9 conceiv+ its objects4 ,z to ! connexion t is made by ! relation ( cause & effect1 we %all h occasion aft]w>ds to exam9e x to ! bottom1 & !re=e %all n at pres5t insi/ ^u x4 ',tis suffici5t to obs]ve1 t !re is no relation1 :i* produces a /rong] connexion 9 ! fancy1 & makes "o idea m readily recal ano!r1 ?an ! relation ( cause & effect betwixt _! objects4 ,t we may und]/& ! full ext5t ( ^! relations1 we mu/ consid]1 t two objects are connect$ toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 n only :5 ! "o is imm$iately resembl+1 contigu\s to1 or ! cause ( ! o!r1 b also :5 !re is int]pos$ betwixt !m a ?ird object1 :i* be>s to bo? ( !m any ( ^! relations4 ,?is may be c>ri$ on to a great l5g?2 ?\gh1 at ! same "t we may obs]ve1 t ea* remove consid]ably weak5s ! relation4 ,c\s9s 9 ! f\r? degree are connect$ by causation1 if ,i may be all[$ to use t t]m2 b n s closely z bro!rs1 mu* less z *ild & p>5t4 ,9 g5]al1 we may obs]ve1 t all ! relations ( blood dep5d ^u cause & effect1 & are e/eem$ ne> or remote1 accord+ to ! numb] ( connect+ causes int]pos$ betwixt ! p]sons4 ,( ! ?ree relations above m5tion$ ?is ( causation is ! mo/ ext5sive4 ,two objects may be consid]$ z plac$ 9 ?is relation1 z well :5 "o is ! cause ( any ( ! actions or motions ( ! o!r1 z :5 ! =m] is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]4 ,= z t action or motion is no?+ b ! object itself1 consid]$ 9 a c]ta9 light1 & z ! object cont9ues ! same 9 all its diff]5t situations1 'tis easy to imag9e h[ su* an influ5ce ( objects ^u "o ano!r may connect !m 9 ! imag9ation4 ,we may c>ry ?is f>!r1 & rem>k1 n only t two objects are connect$ by ! relation ( cause & effect1 :5 ! "o produces a motion or any action 9 ! o!r1 b also :5 x has a p[] ( produc+ x4 ,& ?is we may obs]ve to be ! s\rce ( all ! relations ( int]e/ & duty1 by :i* m5 influ5ce ea* o!r 9 society1 & are plac$ 9 ! ties ( gov]nm5t & subord9ation4 ,a ma/] is su* a "o z1 by 8 situation1 aris+ ei!r f =ce or agreem5t1 has a p[] ( direct+ 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s ! actions ( ano!r1 :om we call s]vant4 ,a judge is "o1 :o1 9 all disput$ cases1 c fix by 8 op9ion ! possession or prop]ty ( any ?+ betwixt any memb]s ( ! society4 ,:5 a p]son is possess$ ( any p[]1 !re is no m requir$ to conv]t x into action1 b ! ex]tion ( ! w2 & t 9 e case is consid]$ z possible1 & 9 _m z probable2 especially 9 ! case ( au?ority1 :]e ! ob$i5ce ( ! subject is a pleasure & advantage to ! sup]ior4 ,^! are1 !re=e1 ! pr9ciples ( union or cohesion among our simple ideas1 & 9 ! imag9ation supply ! place ( t insep>able connexion1 by :i* !y are unit$ 9 our memory4 ,"h is a k9d ( attraction1 :i* 9 ! m5tal _w w be f\nd to h z extraord9>y effects z 9 ! natural1 & to %[ itself 9 z _m & z v>i\s =ms4 ,its effects are e :]e conspicu\s2 b1 z to its causes1 !y are mo/ly unkn[n1 & mu/ be resolv$ into orig9al qualities ( human nature1 :i* ,i pret5d n to expla94 ,no?+ is m requisite = a true philosoph]1 ?an to re/ra9 ! intemp]ate desire ( se>*+ into causes2 &1 hav+ e/abli%$ any doctr9e ^u a suffici5t numb] ( exp]im5ts1 re/ cont5t$ ) t1 :5 he sees a f>!r exam9ation w\ld lead him into obscure & unc]ta9 speculations4 ,9 t case 8 inquiry w\ld be mu* bett] employ$ 9 exam9+ ! effects ?an ! causes ( 8 pr9ciple4 ,among/ ! effects ( ?is union or association ( ideas1 !re are none m rem>kable ?an ^? complex ideas1 :i* are ! common subjects ( our ?\ghts & reason+1 & g5]ally arise f "s pr9ciple ( union among our simple ideas4 ,^! complex ideas may be divid$ into relations1 modes1 & sub/ances4 ,we %all briefly exam9e ea* ( ^! 9 ord]1 & %all subjo9 "s consid]ations conc]n+ our g5]al & p>ticul> ideas1 be=e we leave ! pres5t subject1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! elem5ts ( ?is philosophy4 ,,section ,v4 ,,( ,,relations4 ,! ^w relation is commonly us$ 9 two s5ses consid]ably diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,ei!r = t quality1 by :i* two ideas are connect$ toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 & ! "o naturally introduces ! o!r1 aft] ! mann] above expla9$2 or = t p>ticul> circum/ance1 9 :i*1 ev5 ^u ! arbitr>y union ( two ideas 9 ! fancy1 we may ?9k prop] to comp>e !m4 ,9 common language1 ! =m] is always ! s5se 9 :i* we use ! ^w relation2 & 'tis only 9 philosophy t we ext5d x to mean any p>ticul> subject ( comp>ison1 )\t a connect+ pr9ciple4 ,?us1 di/ance w be all[$ by philosoph]s to be a true relation1 because we acquire an idea ( x by ! comp>+ ( objects3 b 9 a common way we say1 t no?+ c be m di/ant ?an su* or su* ?+s f ea* o!r1 no?+ c h less relation2 z if di/ance & relation 7 incompatible4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be e/eem$ an endless task to enum]ate all ^? qualities1 :i* make objects admit ( comp>ison1 & by :i* ! ideas ( philosophical relation are produc$4 ,b if we dilig5tly consid] !m we %all f9d1 t )\t difficulty !y may be compris$ "u sev5 g5]al heads1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! s\rces ( all philosophical relation4 #a4 ,! fir/ is resemblance3 & ?is is a relation1 )\t :i* no philosophical relation c exi/1 s9ce no objects w admit ( comp>ison1 b :at h "s degree ( resemblance4 ,b ?\gh resemblance be necess>y to all philosophical relation1 x does n foll[ t x always produces a connexion or association ( ideas4 ,:5 a quality becomes v g5]al1 & is common to a great _m individuals1 x leads n ! m9d directly to any "o ( !m2 b1 by pres5t+ at once too great a *oice1 does !reby prev5t ! imag9ation f fix+ on any s+le object4 #b4 ,id5tity may be e/eem$ a second species ( relation4 ,?is relation ,i "h consid] z appli$ 9 its /ricte/ s5se to con/ant & un*angeable objects2 )\t exam9+ ! nature & f\ndation ( p]sonal id5tity1 :i* %all f9d its place aft]w>ds4 ,( all relations ! mo/ univ]sal is t ( id5tity1 be+ common to e be+1 ^: exi/5ce has any duration4 #c4 ,aft] id5tity ! mo/ univ]sal & compreh5sive relations are ^? ( space & "t1 :i* are ! s\rces ( an inf9ite numb] ( comp>isons1 su* z di/ant1 contigu\s1 above1 bel[1 be=e1 aft]1 c4 #d4 ,all ^? objects1 :i* admit ( quantity or numb]1 may be comp>$ 9 t p>ticul>1 :i* is ano!r v f]tile s\rce ( relation4 #e4 ,:5 any two objects possess ! same quality 9 common1 ! degrees 9 :i* !y possess x =m a fif? species ( relation4 ,?us1 ( two objects :i* are bo? heavy1 ! "o may be ei!r ( great] or less weight ?an ! o!r4 ,two col\rs1 t are ( ! same k9d1 may yet be ( diff]5t %ades1 & 9 t respect admit ( comp>ison4 #f4 ,! relation ( contr>iety may at fir/ sight be reg>d$ z an exception to ! rule1 t no relation ( any k9d c subsi/ )\t "s degree ( resemblance4 ,b let u consid]1 t no two ideas are 9 !mselves contr>y1 except ^? ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 :i* are pla9ly resembl+1 z imply+ bo? ( !m an idea ( ! object2 ?\gh ! latt] excludes ! object f all times & places1 9 :i* x is suppos$ n to exi/4 #g4 ,all o!r objects1 su* z fire & wat]1 heat & cold1 are only f\nd to be contr>y f exp]i5ce1 & f ! contr>iety ( _! causes or effects2 :i* relation ( cause & effect is a sev5? philosophical relation1 z well z a natural "o4 ,! resemblance impli$ 9 ?is relation %all be expla9$ aft]w>ds4 ,x might naturally be expect$ t ,i %\ld jo9 diff]5ce to ! o!r relations2 b t ,i consid] r z a negation ( relation ?an z any ?+ real or positive4 ,diff]5ce is ( two k9ds1 z oppos$ ei!r to id5tity or resemblance4 ,! fir/ is call$ a diff]5ce ( numb]2 ! o!r ( k9d4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,modes ,,& ,,sub/ances4 ,i w\ld fa9 ask ^? philosoph]s1 :o f\nd s mu* ( _! reason+s on ! di/9ction ( sub/ance & accid5t1 & imag9e we h cle> ideas ( ea*1 :e!r ! idea ( sub/ance be d]iv$ f ! impressions ( s5sation or reflection8 ,if x be convey$ to u by our s5ses1 ,i ask1 :i* ( !m1 & aft] :at mann]8 ,if x be p]ceiv$ by ! eyes1 x mu/ be a col\r2 if by ! e>s1 a s\nd2 if by ! palate1 a ta/e2 & s ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,b ,i believe none w ass]t1 t sub/ance is ei!r a col\r1 or s\nd1 or a ta/e4 ,! idea ( sub/ance mu/ !re=e be d]iv$ f an impression ( reflection1 if x really exi/4 ,b ! impressions ( reflection resolve !mselves into our passions & emotions2 none ( :i* c possibly repres5t a sub/ance4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no idea ( sub/ance1 di/9ct f t ( a collection ( p>ticul> qualities1 nor h we any o!r mean+ :5 we ei!r talk or reason conc]n+ x4 ,! idea ( a sub/ance z well z t ( a mode1 is no?+ b a collection ( simple ideas1 t are unit$ by ! imag9ation1 & h a p>ticul> "n assign$ !m1 by :i* we are able to recal1 ei!r to ourselves or o!rs1 t collection4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwixt ^! ideas consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! p>ticul> qualities1 :i* =m a sub/ance1 are commonly ref]r$ to an unkn[n some?+1 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to inh]e2 or grant+ ?is fiction %\ld n take place1 are at lea/ suppos$ to be closely & insep>ably connect$ by ! relations ( contiguity & causation4 ,! effect ( ?is is1 t :atev] new simple quality we discov] to h ! same connexion ) ! re/1 we imm$iately compreh5d x among !m1 ev5 ?\gh x did n ent] into ! fir/ conception ( ! sub/ance4 ,?us our idea ( gold may at fir/ be a yell[ col\r1 weight1 malleabl5ess1 fusibility2 b ^u ! discov]y ( its dissolubility 9 aqua regia1 we jo9 t to ! o!r qualities1 & suppose x to belong to ! sub/ance z mu* z if its idea _h f ! beg9n+ made a "p ( ! comp\nd "o4 ,! pr9ciple ( union be+ reg>d$ z ! *ief "p ( ! complex idea1 gives entrance to :atev] quality aft]w>ds occurs1 & is equally compreh5d$ by x1 z are ! o!rs1 :i* fir/ pres5t$ !mselves4 ,t ?is _c take place 9 modes1 is evid5t f consid]+ _! nature4 ,! simple ideas ( :i* modes are =m$1 ei!r repres5t qualities1 :i* are n unit$ by contiguity & causation1 b are disp]s$ 9 diff]5t subjects2 or if !y be all unit$ toge!r1 ! unit+ pr9ciple is n reg>d$ z ! f\ndation ( ! complex idea4 ,! idea ( a dance is an in/ance ( ! fir/ k9d ( modes2 t ( beauty ( ! second4 ,! reason is obvi\s1 :y su* complex ideas _c receive any new idea1 )\t *ang+ ! "n1 :i* di/+ui%es ! mode4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas4 ,a v mat]ial "q has be5 />t$ conc]n+ ab/ract or g5]al ideas1 :e!r !y be g5]al or p>ticul> 9 ! m9d's conception ( !m4 ,a great philosoph]#c has disput$ ! receiv$ op9ion 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & has ass]t$1 t all g5]al ideas are no?+ b p>ticul> ones annex$ to a c]ta9 t]m1 :i* gives !m a m ext5sive signification1 & makes !m recal ^u occasion o!r individuals1 :i* are simil> to !m4 ,z ,i look ^u ?is to be "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ valuable discov]ies t has be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! republic ( lett]s1 ,i %all "h endeav\r to confirm x by "s argum5ts1 :i* ,i hope w put x beyond all d\bt & controv]sy4 ',tis evid5t1 t1 9 =m+ mo/ ( our g5]al ideas1 if n all ( !m1 we ab/ract f e p>ticul> degree ( quantity & quality1 & t an object ceases n to be ( any p>ticul> species on acc\nt ( e small alt]ation 9 its ext5sion1 duration1 & o!r prop]ties4 ,x may !re=e be ?\ght1 t "h is a pla9 dilemma1 t decides conc]n+ ! nature ( ^? ab/ract ideas1 :i* h af=d$ s mu* speculation to philosoph]s4 ,! ab/ract idea ( a man repres5ts m5 ( all sizes & all qualities1 :i* 'tis conclud$ x _c d1 b ei!r by repres5t+ at once all possible sizes & all possible qualities1 or by repres5t+ no p>ticul> "o at all4 ,n[1 x hav+ be5 e/eem$ absurd to def5d ! =m] proposition1 z imply+ an inf9ite capacity 9 ! m9d1 x has be5 commonly inf]r$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt]2 & our ab/ract ideas h be5 suppos$ to repres5t no p>ticul> degree ei!r ( quantity or quality4 ,b t ?is inf]5ce is errone\s1 ,i %all endeav\r to make appe>1 fir/1 by prov+1 t 'tis utt]ly impossible to conceive any quantity or quality1 )\t =m+ a precise notion ( its degrees2 &1 secondly1 by %[+1 t ?\gh ! capacity ( ! m9d be n inf9ite1 yet we c at once =m a notion ( all possible degrees ( quantity & quality1 9 su* a mann] at lea/1 z1 h[ev] imp]fect1 may s]ve all ! purposes ( reflection & conv]sation4 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ proposition1 t ! m9d _c =m any notion ( quantity or quality )\t =m+ a precise notion ( degrees ( ea*1 we may prove ?is by ! ?ree foll[+ argum5ts4 ,fir/1 we h obs]v$1 t :atev] objects are diff]5t are di/+ui%able1 & t :atev] objects are di/+ui%able are sep>able by ! ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,& we may "h add1 t ^! propositions are equally true 9 ! inv]se1 & t :atev] objects are sep>able are also di/+ui%able1 & t :atev] objects are di/+ui%able are also diff]5t4 ,= h[ is x possible we c sep>ate :at is n di/+ui%able1 or di/+ui% :at is n diff]5t8 ,9 ord] !re=e to "k :e!r ab/raction implies a sep>ation1 we ne$ only consid] x 9 ?is view1 & exam9e1 :e!r all ! circum/ances1 :i* we ab/ract f 9 our g5]al ideas1 be su* z are di/+ui%able & diff]5t f ^?1 :i* we reta9 z ess5tial p>ts ( !m4 ,b 'tis evid5t at fir/ sight1 t ! precise l5g? ( a l9e is n diff]5t nor di/+ui%able f ! l9e itself2 nor ! precise degree ( any quality f ! quality4 ,^! ideas1 !re=e1 admit no m ( sep>ation ?an !y d ( di/9ction & diff]5ce4 ,!y are1 consequ5tly1 conjo9$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! conception2 & ! g5]al idea ( a l9e1 not)/&+ all our ab/ractions & ref9em5ts1 has1 9 its appe>ance 9 ! m9d1 a precise degree ( quantity & quality2 h[ev] x may be made to repres5t o!rs :i* h diff]5t degrees ( bo?4 ,secondly1 'tis confess$1 t no object c appe> to ! s5ses2 or 9 o!r words1 t no impression c become pres5t to ! m9d1 )\t be+ det]m9$ 9 its degrees bo? ( quantity & quality4 ,! confusion1 9 :i* impressions are sometimes involv$1 proce$s only f _! fa9tness & un/ead9ess1 n f any capacity 9 ! m9d to receive any impression1 :i* 9 its real exi/5ce has no p>ticul> degree nor proportion4 ,t is a contradiction 9 t]ms2 & ev5 implies ! flatte/ ( all contradictions1 viz4 t 'tis possible = ! same ?+ bo? to be & n to be4 ,n[1 s9ce all ideas are d]iv$ f impressions1 & are no?+ b copies & repres5tations ( !m1 :atev] is true ( ! "o mu/ be ackn[l$g$ conc]n+ ! o!r4 ,impressions & ideas diff] only 9 _! /r5g? & vivacity4 ,! =ego+ conclusion is n f\nd$ on any p>ticul> degree ( vivacity4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be affect$ by any v>iation 9 t p>ticul>4 ,an idea is a weak] impression2 &1 z a /rong impression mu/ necess>ily h a det]m9ate quantity & quality1 ! case mu/ be ! same ) its copy or repres5tative4 ,?irdly1 'tis a pr9ciple g5]ally receiv$ 9 philosophy1 t e ?+ 9 nature is individual1 & t 'tis utt]ly absurd to suppose a triangle really exi/5t1 :i* has no precise proportion ( sides & angles4 ,if ?is1 !re=e1 be absurd 9 fact & reality1 x mu/ also be absurd 9 idea2 s9ce no?+ ( :i* we c =m a cle> & di/9ct idea is absurd & impossible4 ,b to =m ! idea ( an object1 & to =m an idea simply1 is ! same ?+2 ! ref]5ce ( ! idea to an object be+ an extrane\s d5om9ation1 ( :i* 9 itself x be>s no m>k or "*4 ,n[1 z 'tis impossible to =m an idea ( an object t is possess$ ( quantity & quality1 & yet is possess$ ( no precise degree ( ei!r1 x foll[s1 t !re is an equal impossibility ( =m+ an idea1 t is n limit$ & conf9$ 9 bo? ^! p>ticul>s4 ,ab/ract ideas are1 !re=e1 9 !mselves individual1 h[ev] !y may become g5]al 9 _! repres5tation4 ,! image 9 ! m9d is only t ( a p>ticul> object1 ?\gh ! application ( x 9 our reason+ be ! same z if x 7 univ]sal4 ,?is application ( ideas1 beyond _! nature1 proce$s f our collect+ all _! possible degrees ( quantity & quality 9 su* an imp]fect mann] z may s]ve ! purposes ( life1 :i* is ! second proposition ,i propos$ to expla94 ,:5 we h f\nd a resemblance#d among sev]al objects1 t (t5 occur to u1 we apply ! same "n to all ( !m1 :atev] diff]5ces we may obs]ve 9 ! degrees ( _! quantity & quality1 & :atev] o!r diff]5ces may appe> among !m4 ,aft] we h acquir$ a cu/om ( ?is k9d1 ! he>+ ( t "n revives ! idea ( "o ( ^! objects1 & makes ! imag9ation conceive x ) all its p>ticul> circum/ances & proportions4 ,b z ! same ^w is suppos$ to h be5 frequ5tly appli$ to o!r individuals1 t are diff]5t 9 _m respects f t idea1 :i* is imm$iately pres5t to ! m9d2 ! ^w n be+ able to revive ! idea ( all ^! individuals1 only t\*es ! s\l1 if ,i may be all[$ s to speak1 & revives t cu/om1 :i* we h acquir$ by survey+ !m4 ,!y are n really & 9 fact pres5t to ! m9d1 b only 9 p[]2 nor d we draw !m all out di/9ctly 9 ! imag9ation1 b keep ourselves 9 a read9ess to survey any ( !m1 z we may be prompt$ by a pres5t design or necessity4 ,! ^w raises up an individual idea1 along ) a c]ta9 cu/om1 & t cu/om produces any o!r individual "o1 = :i* we may h occasion4 ,b z ! production ( all ! ideas1 to :i* ! "n may be appli$1 is 9 mo/ cases impossible1 we abridge t "w by a m p>tial consid]ation1 & f9d b few inconv5i5ces to arise 9 our reason+ f t abridgm5t4 ,= ?is is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y circum/ances 9 ! pres5t affair1 t aft] ! m9d has produc$ an individual idea1 ^u :i* we reason1 ! att5dant cu/om1 reviv$ by ! g5]al or ab/ract t]m1 readily sugge/s any o!r individual1 if by *ance we =m any reason+ t agrees n ) x4 ,?us1 %\ld we m5tion ! ^w triangle1 & =m ! idea ( a p>ticul> equilat]al "o to correspond to x1 & %\ld we aft]w>ds ass]t1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to ea* o!r1 ! o!r individuals ( a scal5um & isosceles1 :i* we ov]look$ at fir/1 imm$iately cr[d 9 ^u u1 & make u p]ceive ! falsehood ( ?is proposition1 ?\gh x be true ) relation to t idea :i* we _h =m$4 ,if ! m9d sugge/s n always ^! ideas ^u occasion1 x proce$s f "s imp]fection 9 its faculties2 & su* a "o z is (t5 ! s\rce ( false reason+ & sophi/ry4 ,b ?is is pr9cipally ! case ) ^? ideas :i* are ab/ruse & comp\nd$4 ,on o!r occasions ! cu/om is m entire1 & 'tis seldom we run into su* errors4 ,nay s entire is ! cu/om1 t ! v same idea may be annex$ to sev]al diff]5t words1 & may be employ$ 9 diff]5t reason+s1 )\t any dang] ( mi/ake4 ,?us ! idea ( an equilat]al triangle ( an in* p]p5dicul> may s]ve u 9 talk+ ( a figure1 ( a rectil9eal figure1 ( a regul> figure1 ( a triangle1 & ( an equilat]al triangle4 ,all ^! t]ms1 !re=e1 are 9 ?is case att5d$ ) ! same idea2 b z !y are wont to be appli$ 9 a great] or less] compass1 !y excite _! p>ticul> habits1 & !reby keep ! m9d 9 a read9ess to obs]ve1 t no conclusion be =m$ contr>y to any ideas1 :i* are usually compris$ "u !m4 ,be=e ^? habits h become entirely p]fect1 p]haps ! m9d may n be cont5t ) =m+ ! idea ( only "o individual1 b may run ov] sev]al1 9 ord] to make itself compreh5d its own mean+1 & ! compass ( t collection1 :i* x int5ds to express by ! g5]al t]m4 ,t we may fix ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 figure1 we may revolve 9 our m9d ! ideas ( circles1 squ>es1 p>allelograms1 triangles ( diff]5t sizes & proportions1 & may n re/ on "o image or idea4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 'tis c]ta9 t we =m ! idea ( individuals :5ev] we use any g5]al t]m2 t we seldom or nev] c exhau/ ^! individuals2 & t ^? :i* rema91 are only repres5t$ by means ( t habit by :i* we recal !m1 :5ev] any pres5t occasion requires x4 ,?is !n is ! nature ( our ab/ract ideas & g5]al t]ms2 & 'tis aft] ?is mann] we acc\nt = ! =ego+ p>adox1 t "s ideas are p>ticul> 9 _! nature1 b g5]al 9 _! repres5tation4 ,a p>ticul> idea becomes g5]al by be+ annex$ to a g5]al t]m2 t is1 to a t]m :i*1 f a cu/om>y conjunction1 has a relation to _m o!r p>ticul> ideas1 & readily recals !m 9 ! imag9ation4 ,! only difficulty t c rema9 on ?is subject1 mu/ be ) reg>d to t cu/om1 :i* s readily recals e p>ticul> idea = :i* we may h occasion1 & is excit$ by any ^w or s\nd to :i* we commonly annex x4 ,! mo/ prop] me?od1 9 my op9ion1 ( giv+ a satisfactory explication ( ?is act ( ! m9d1 is by produc+ o!r in/ances :i* are analog\s to x1 & o!r pr9ciples :i* facilitate its op]ation4 ,to expla9 ! ultimate causes ( our m5tal actions is impossible4 ',tis suffici5t if we c give any satisfactory acc\nt ( !m f exp]i5ce & analogy4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i obs]ve1 t :5 we m5tion any great numb]1 su* z a ?\s&1 ! m9d has g5]ally no adequate idea ( x1 b only a p[] ( produc+ su* an idea1 by its adequate idea ( ! decimals "u :i* ! numb] is compreh5d$4 ,?is imp]fection1 h[ev]1 9 our ideas1 is nev] felt 9 our reason+s1 :i* seems to be an in/ance p>allel to ! pres5t "o ( univ]sal ideas4 ,secondly1 we h sev]al in/ances ( habits :i* may be reviv$ by "o s+le ^w2 z :5 a p]son :o has1 by rote1 any p]iods ( a disc\rse1 or any numb] ( v]ses1 w be put 9 remembrance ( ! :ole1 :i* he is at a loss to recollect1 by t s+le ^w or expression ) :i* !y beg94 ,?irdly1 ,i believe e "o :o exam9es ! situation ( 8 m9d 9 reason+1 w agree ) me1 t we d n annex di/9ct & complete ideas to e t]m we make use (1 & t 9 talk+ ( gov]nm5t1 *ur*1 negociation1 conque/1 we seldom spread out 9 our m9ds all ! simple ideas ( :i* ^! complex ones are compos$4 ',tis h[ev] obs]vable1 t not)/&+ ?is imp]fection1 we may avoid talk+ nons5se on ^! subjects1 & may p]ceive any repugnance among ! ideas z well z if we _h a full compreh5sion ( !m4 ,?us1 if in/ead ( say+1 t 9 w> ! weak] h always rec\rse to negociation1 we %\ld say1 t !y h always rec\rse to conque/1 ! cu/om :i* we h acquir$ ( attribut+ c]ta9 relations to ideas1 /ill foll[s ! words1 & makes u imm$iately p]ceive ! absurdity ( t proposition2 9 ! same mann] z "o p>ticul> idea may s]ve u 9 reason+ conc]n+ o!r ideas1 h[ev] diff]5t f x 9 sev]al circum/ances4 ,f\r?ly1 z ! individuals are collect$ toge!r1 & plac$ "u a g5]al t]m ) a view to t resemblance :i* !y be> to ea* o!r1 ?is relation mu/ facilitate _! entrance 9 ! imag9ation1 & make !m be sugge/$ m readily ^u occasion4 ,&1 inde$1 if we consid] ! common progress ( ! ?\ght1 ei!r 9 reflection or conv]sation1 we %all f9d great reason to be satisfi$ 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,no?+ is m admirable ?an ! read9ess ) :i* ! imag9ation sugge/s its ideas1 & pres5ts !m at ! v in/ant 9 :i* !y become necess>y or useful4 ,! fancy runs f "o end ( ! univ]se to ! o!r1 9 collect+ ^? ideas :i* belong to any subject4 ,"o w\ld ?9k ! :ole intellectual _w ( ideas 0 at once subject$ to our view1 & t we did no?+ b pick out su* z 7 mo/ prop] = our purpose4 ,!re may n1 h[ev]1 be any pres5t1 beside ^? v ideas1 t are ?us collect$ by a k9d ( magical faculty 9 ! s\l1 :i*1 ?\gh x be always mo/ p]fect 9 ! greate/ g5iuses1 & is prop]ly :at we call a g5ius1 is h[ev] inexplicable by ! utmo/ ef=ts ( human und]/&+4 ,p]haps ^! f\r reflections may help to remove all difficulties to ! hypo!sis ,i h propos$ conc]n+ ab/ract ideas1 s contr>y to t :i* has hi!rto prevail$ 9 philosophy4 ,b to tell ! tru?1 ,i place my *ief confid5ce 9 :at ,i h already prov$ conc]n+ ! impossibility ( g5]al ideas1 accord+ to ! common me?od ( expla9+ !m4 ,we mu/ c]ta9ly seek "s new sy/em on ?is head1 & !re pla9ly is none beside :at ,i h propos$4 ,if ideas be p>ticul> 9 _! nature1 & at ! same "t f9ite 9 _! numb]1 'tis only by cu/om !y c become g5]al 9 _! repres5tation1 & conta9 an inf9ite numb] ( o!r ideas "u !m4 ,be=e ,i leave ?is subject1 ,i %all employ ! same pr9ciples to expla9 t di/9ction ( reason1 :i* is s mu* talk$ (1 & is s little und]/ood 9 ! s*ools4 ,( ?is k9d is ! di/9ction betwixt figure & ! body figur$2 motion & ! body mov$4 ,! difficulty ( expla9+ ?is di/9ction arises f ! pr9ciple above expla9$1 t all ideas :i* are diff]5t are sep>able4 ,= x foll[s f !nce1 t if ! figure be diff]5t f ! body1 _! ideas mu/ be sep>able z well z di/+ui%able2 if !y be n diff]5t1 _! ideas c nei!r be sep>able nor di/+ui%able4 ,:at !n is meant by a di/9ction ( reason1 s9ce x implies nei!r a diff]5ce nor sep>ation8 ,to remove ?is difficulty1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! =ego+ explication ( ab/ract ideas4 ',tis c]ta9 t ! m9d w\ld nev] h dream$ ( di/+ui%+ a figure f ! body figur$1 z be+ 9 reality nei!r di/+ui%able1 nor diff]5t1 nor sep>able1 did x n obs]ve1 t ev5 9 ?is simplicity !re might be conta9$ _m diff]5t resemblances & relations4 ,?us1 :5 a globe ( :ite m>ble is pres5t$1 we receive only ! impression ( a :ite col\r dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 =m1 nor are we able to sep>ate & di/+ui% ! col\r f ! =m4 ,b obs]v+ aft]w>ds a globe ( black m>ble & a cube ( :ite1 & comp>+ !m ) our =m] object1 we f9d two sep>ate resemblances1 9 :at =m]ly seem$1 & really is1 p]fectly insep>able4 ,aft] a little m practice ( ?is k9d1 we beg9 to di/+ui% ! figure f ! col\r by a di/9ction ( reason2 t is1 we consid] ! figure & col\r toge!r1 s9ce !y are1 9 effect1 ! same & undi/+ui%able2 b /ill view !m 9 diff]5t aspects1 accord+ to ! resemblances ( :i* !y are susceptible4 ,:5 we w\ld consid] only ! figure ( ! globe ( :ite m>ble1 we =m 9 reality an idea bo? ( ! figure & col\r1 b tacitly c>ry our eye to its resemblance ) ! globe ( black m>ble3 & 9 ! same mann]1 :5 we w\ld consid] its col\r only1 we turn our view to its resemblance ) ! cube ( :ite m>ble4 ,by ?is means we accompany our ideas ) a k9d ( reflection1 ( :i* cu/om r5d]s u1 9 a great measure1 ins5sible4 ,a p]son :o desires u to consid] ! figure ( a globe ( :ite m>ble )\t ?9k+ on its col\r1 desires an impossibility2 b 8 mean+ is1 t we %\ld consid] ! col\r & figure toge!r1 b /ill keep 9 our eye ! resemblance to ! globe ( black m>ble1 or t to any o!r globe ( :atev] col\r or sub/ance4 #c ,dr ,b]keley4 #d ',tis evid5t1 t ev5 diff]5t simple ideas may h a simil>ity or resemblance to ea* o!r2 nor is x necess>y1 t ! po9t or circum/ance ( resemblance %\ld be di/9ct or sep>able f t 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,blue & gre5 are diff]5t simple ideas1 b are m resembl+ ?an blue & sc>let2 ?\gh _! p]fect simplicity excludes all possibility ( sep>ation or di/9ction4 ',tis ! same case ) p>ticul> s\nds1 & ta/es1 & smells4 ,^! admit ( inf9ite resemblances ^u ! g5]al appe>ance & comp>ison1 )\t hav+ any common circum/ance ! same4 ,& ( ?is we may be c]ta91 ev5 f ! v ab/ract t]ms simple idea4 ,!y compreh5d all simple ideas "u !m4 ,^! resemble ea* o!r 9 _! simplicity4 ,& yet f _! v nature1 :i* excludes all composition1 ?is circum/ance1 9 :i* !y resemble1 is n di/+ui%able or sep>able f ! re/4 ',tis ! same case ) all ! degrees 9 any quality4 ,!y are all resembl+1 & yet ! quality1 9 any individual1 is n di/9ct f ! degree4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,divisibility ,,( ,,our ,,ideas ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,:atev] has ! air ( a p>adox1 & is contr>y to ! fir/ & mo/ unprejudic$ notions ( mank9d1 is (t5 gre$ily embrac$ by philosoph]s1 z %[+ ! sup]iority ( _! sci5ce1 :i* c\ld discov] op9ions s remote f vulg> conception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any ?+ propos$ to u1 :i* causes surprise & admiration1 gives su* a satisfaction to ! m9d1 t x indulges itself 9 ^? agreeable emotions1 & w nev] be p]suad$ t its pleasure is entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,f ^! dispositions 9 philosoph]s & _! disciples1 arises t mutual complaisance betwixt !m2 :ile ! =m] furni% su* pl5ty ( /range & unacc\ntable op9ions1 & ! latt] s readily believe !m4 ,( ?is mutual complaisance ,i _c give a m evid5t in/ance ?an 9 ! doctr9e ( inf9ite divisibility1 ) ! exam9ation ( :i* ,i %all beg9 ?is subject ( ! ideas ( space & "t4 ',tis univ]sally all[$1 t ! capacity ( ! m9d is limit$1 & c nev] atta9 a full & adequate conception ( inf9ity3 & ?\gh x 7 n all[$1 'tw\ld be suffici5tly evid5t f ! pla9e/ obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ',tis also obvi\s1 t :atev] is capable ( be+ divid$ 9 inf9itum1 mu/ consi/ ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 & t 'tis impossible to set any b\nds to ! numb] ( p>ts )\t sett+ b\nds at ! same "t to ! division4 ,x requires sc>ce any induction to conclude f h5ce1 t ! idea1 :i* we =m ( any f9ite quality1 is n inf9itely divisible1 b t by prop] di/9ctions & sep>ations we may run up ?is idea to inf]ior ones1 :i* w be p]fectly simple & indivisible4 ,9 reject+ ! inf9ite capacity ( ! m9d1 we suppose x may arrive at an end 9 ! division ( its ideas2 nor are !re any possible means ( evad+ ! evid5ce ( ?is conclusion4 ',tis !re=e c]ta91 t ! imag9ation rea*es a m9imum1 & may raise up to itself an idea1 ( :i* x _c conceive any subdivision1 & :i* _c be dim9i%$ )\t a total annihilation4 ,:5 y tell me ( ! ?\s&? & t5 ?\s&? "p ( a gra9 ( s&1 ,i h a di/9ct idea ( ^! numb]s & ( _! diff]5t proportions2 b ! images :i* ,i =m 9 my m9d to repres5t ! ?+s !mselves1 are no?+ diff]5t f ea* o!r1 nor inf]ior to t image1 by :i* ,i repres5t ! gra9 ( s& itself1 :i* is suppos$ s va/ly to exce$ !m4 ,:at consi/s ( p>ts is di/+ui%able into !m1 & :at is di/+ui%able is sep>able4 ,b1 :atev] we may imag9e ( ! ?+1 ! idea ( a gra9 ( s& is n di/+ui%able nor sep>able into tw5ty1 mu* less into a ?\s&1 t5 ?\s&1 or an inf9ite numb] ( diff]5t ideas4 ',tis ! same case ) ! impressions ( ! s5ses z ) ! ideas ( ! imag9ation4 ,put a spot ( ink ^u pap]1 fix y\r eye ^u t spot1 & retire to su* a di/ance t at la/ y lose sight ( x2 'tis pla91 t ! mom5t be=e x vani%$1 ! image1 or impression1 0 p]fectly indivisible4 ',tis n = want ( rays ( light /rik+ on our eyes1 t ! m9ute p>ts ( di/ant bodies convey n any s5sible impression2 b because !y are remov$ beyond t di/ance1 at :i* _! impressions 7 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & 7 incapable ( any f>!r dim9ution4 ,a microscope or telescope1 :i* r5d]s !m visible1 produces n any new rays ( light1 b only spreads ^? :i* always fl[$ f !m2 &1 by t means1 bo? gives p>ts to impressions1 :i* to ! nak$ eye appe> simple & uncomp\nd$1 & advances to a m9imum :at 0 =m]ly imp]ceptible4 ,we may h5ce discov] ! error ( ! common op9ion1 t ! capacity ( ! m9d is limit$ on bo? sides1 & t 'tis impossible = ! imag9ation to =m an adequate idea ( :at goes beyond a c]ta9 degree ( m9ut5ess z well z ( greatness4 ,no?+ c be m m9ute ?an "s ideas :i* we =m 9 ! fancy1 & images :i* appe> to ! s5ses2 s9ce !re are ideas & images p]fectly simple & indivisible4 ,! only defect ( our s5ses is1 t !y give u disproportion$ images ( ?+s1 & repres5t z m9ute & uncomp\nd$ :at is really great & compos$ ( a va/ numb] ( p>ts4 ,?is mi/ake we are n s5sible (2 b1 tak+ ! impressions ( ^? m9ute objects1 :i* appe> to ! s5ses to be equal1 or ne>ly equal to ! objects1 & f9d+1 by reason1 t !re are o!r objects va/ly m m9ute1 we too ha/ily conclude1 t ^! are inf]ior to any idea ( our imag9ation or impression ( our s5ses4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t we c =m ideas1 :i* %all be no great] ?an ! smalle/ atom ( ! animal spirits ( an insect a ?\s& times less ?an a mite3 & we ought r to conclude1 t ! difficulty lies 9 enl>g+ our conceptions s mu* z to =m a j notion ( a mite1 or ev5 ( an insect a ?\s& times less ?an a mite4 ,=1 9 ord] to =m a j notion ( ^! animals1 we mu/ h a di/9ct idea repres5t+ e "p ( !m2 :i*1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( inf9ite divisibility1 is utt]ly impossible1 & accord+ to t ( indivisible p>ts or atoms1 is extremely difficult1 by reason ( ! va/ numb] & multiplicity ( ^! p>ts4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,divisibility ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,:]ev] ideas are adequate repres5tations ( objects1 ! relations1 contradictions1 & agreem5ts ( ! ideas are all applicable to ! objects2 & ?is we may1 9 g5]al1 obs]ve to be ! f\ndation ( all human k4 ,b our ideas are adequate repres5tations ( ! mo/ m9ute p>ts ( ext5sion2 &1 ?r\gh :atev] divisions & subdivisions we may suppose ^! p>ts to be arriv$ at1 !y c nev] become inf]ior to "s ideas :i* we =m4 ,! pla9 consequ5ce is1 t :atev] appe>s impossible & contradictory ^u ! comp>ison ( ^! ideas1 mu/ be really impossible & contradictory1 )\t any f>!r excuse or evasion4 ,e ?+ capable ( be+ inf9itely divid$ conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts2 o!rwise ! division w\ld be /opp$ %ort by ! indivisible p>ts1 :i* we %\ld imm$iately arrive at4 ,if !re=e any f9ite ext5sion be inf9itely divisible1 x c be no contradiction to suppose1 t a f9ite ext5sion conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts3 & vice v]sa1 if x be a contradiction to suppose1 t a f9ite ext5sion conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 no f9ite ext5sion c be inf9itely divisible4 ,b t ?is latt] supposition is absurd1 ,i easily conv9ce myself by ! consid]ation ( my cle> ideas4 ,i fir/ take ! lea/ idea ,i c =m ( a "p ( ext5sion1 & be+ c]ta9 t !re is no?+ m m9ute ?an ?is idea1 ,i conclude1 t :atev] ,i discov] by its means1 mu/ be a real quality ( ext5sion4 ,i !n repeat ?is idea once1 twice1 ?rice1 c4 & f9d ! comp\nd idea ( ext5sion1 aris+ f its repetition1 always to augm5t1 & become d\ble1 triple1 quadruple1 c4 till at la/ x swells up to a consid]able bulk1 great] or small]1 9 proportion z ,i repeat m or less ! same idea4 ,:5 ,i /op 9 ! addition ( p>ts1 ! idea ( ext5sion ceases to augm5t2 & 7 ,i to c>ry on ! addition 9 inf9itum1 ,i cle>ly p]ceive1 t ! idea ( ext5sion mu/ also become inf9ite4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i conclude1 t ! idea ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts is individually ! same idea ) t ( an inf9ite ext5sion2 t no f9ite ext5sion is capable ( conta9+ an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts2 &1 consequ5tly1 t no f9ite ext5sion is inf9itely divisible4#a ,i may subjo9 ano!r argum5t propos$ by a not$ au?or1#b :i* seems to me v /rong & beautiful4 ',tis evid5t1 t exi/5ce 9 itself belongs only to unity1 & is nev] applicable to numb]1 b on acc\nt ( ! unites ( :i* ! numb] is compos$4 ,tw5ty m5 may be said to exi/2 b 'tis only because "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 c4 are exi/5t2 & if y d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]1 t ( ! =m] falls ( c\rse4 ',tis !re=e utt]ly absurd to suppose any numb] to exi/1 & yet d5y ! exi/5ce ( unites2 & z ext5sion is always a numb]1 accord+ to ! common s5tim5t ( metaphysicians1 & nev] resolves itself into any unite or indivisible quantity1 x foll[s t ext5sion c nev] at all exi/4 ',tis 9 va9 to reply1 t any det]m9ate quantity ( ext5sion is an unite2 b su* a "o z admits ( an inf9ite numb] ( fractions1 & is inexhau/ible 9 its subdivisions4 ,= by ! same rule1 ^! tw5ty m5 may be consid]$ z an unite4 ,! :ole globe ( ! e>?1 nay1 ! :ole univ]se may be consid]$ z an unite4 ,t t]m ( unity is m]ely a fictiti\s d5om9ation1 :i* ! m9d may apply to any quantity ( objects x collects toge!r2 nor c su* an unity any m exi/ alone ?an numb] c1 z be+ 9 reality a true numb]4 ,b ! unity1 :i* c exi/ alone1 & ^: exi/5ce is necess>y to t ( all numb]1 is ( ano!r k9d1 & mu/ be p]fectly indivisible1 & incapable ( be+ resolv$ into any less] unity4 ,all ?is reason+ takes place ) reg>d to "t2 along ) an additional argum5t1 :i* x may be prop] to take notice (4 ',tis a prop]ty insep>able f "t1 & :i* 9 a mann] con/itutes its ess5ce1 t ea* ( its p>ts succe$s ano!r1 & t none ( !m1 h[ev] contigu\s1 c ev] be co-exi/5t4 ,= ! same reason t ! ye> #agcg _c concur ) ! pres5t ye> #agch1 e mom5t mu/ be di/9ct f1 & po/]ior or antec$5t to ano!r4 ',tis c]ta9 !n1 t "t1 z x exi/s1 mu/ be compos$ ( indivisible mom5ts4 ,= if 9 "t we c\ld nev] arrive at an end ( division1 & if ea* mom5t1 z x succe$s ano!r1 7 n p]fectly s+le & indivisible1 !re w\ld be an inf9ite numb] ( co-exi/5t mom5ts1 or p>ts ( "t2 :i* ,i believe w be all[$ to be an arrant contradiction4 ,! inf9ite divisibility ( space implies t ( "t1 z is evid5t f ! nature ( motion4 ,if ! latt]1 !re=e1 be impossible1 ! =m] mu/ be equally s4 ,i d\bt n b x w readily be all[$ by ! mo/ ob/9ate def5d] ( ! doctr9e ( inf9ite divisibility1 t ^! argum5ts are difficulties1 & t 'tis impossible to give any answ] to !m :i* w be p]fectly cle> & satisfactory4 ,b "h we may obs]ve1 t no?+ c be m absurd ?an ?is cu/om ( call+ a difficulty :at pret5ds to be a demon/ration1 & endeav\r+ by t means to elude its =ce & evid5ce4 ',tis n 9 demon/rations1 z 9 probabilities1 t difficulties c take place1 & "o argum5t c\nt]balance ano!r1 & dim9i% its au?ority4 ,a demon/ration1 if j1 admits ( no opposite difficulty2 & if n j1 'tis a m]e sophism1 & consequ5tly c nev] be a difficulty4 ',tis ei!r irresi/ible1 or has no mann] ( =ce4 ,to talk !re=e ( objections & replies1 & balanc+ ( argum5ts 9 su* a "q z ?is1 is to confess1 ei!r t human reason is no?+ b a play ( words1 or t ! p]son himself1 :o talks s1 has n a capacity equal to su* subjects4 ,demon/rations may be difficult to be compreh5d$1 because ( ! ab/ract$ness ( ! subject2 b c nev] h any su* difficulties z w weak5 _! au?ority1 :5 once !y are compreh5d$4 ',tis true1 ma!maticians are wont to say1 t !re are "h equally /rong argum5ts on ! o!r side ( ! "q1 & t ! doctr9e ( indivisible po9ts is also liable to unansw]able objections4 ,be=e ,i exam9e ^! argum5ts & objections 9 detail1 ,i w "h take !m 9 a body1 & endeav\r1 by a %ort & decisive reason1 to prove1 at once1 t 'tis utt]ly impossible !y c h any j f\ndation4 ',tis an e/abli%$ maxim 9 metaphysics1 ,t :atev] ! m9d cle>ly conceives includes ! idea ( possible exi/5ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 t no?+ we imag9e is absolutely impossible4 ,we c =m ! idea ( a gold5 m\nta91 & f !nce conclude1 t su* a m\nta9 may actually exi/4 ,we c =m no idea ( a m\nta9 )\t a valley1 & !re=e reg>d x z impossible4 ,n[ 'tis c]ta9 we h an idea ( ext5sion2 = o!rwise1 :y d we talk & reason conc]n+ x8 ',tis likewise c]ta91 t ?is idea1 z conceiv$ by ! imag9ation1 ?\gh divisible into p>ts or inf]ior ideas1 is n inf9itely divisible1 nor consi/s ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts3 = t exce$s ! compreh5sion ( our limit$ capacities4 ,"h !n is an idea ( ext5sion1 :i* consi/s ( p>ts or inf]ior ideas1 t are p]fectly indivisible3 consequ5tly ?is idea implies no contradiction3 consequ5tly 'tis possible = ext5sion really to exi/ con=mable to x3 & consequ5tly1 all ! argum5ts employ$ aga9/ ! possibility ( ma!matical po9ts are m]e s*ola/ic quibbles1 & unwor?y ( our att5tion4 ,^! consequ5ces we may c>ry "o /ep f>!r1 & conclude t all ! pret5d$ demon/rations = ! inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion are equally sophi/ical2 s9ce 'tis c]ta9 ^! demon/rations _c be j )\t prov+ ! impossibility ( ma!matical po9ts2 :i* 'tis an evid5t absurdity to pret5d to4 #a ,x has be5 object$ to me1 t inf9ite divisibility supposes only an inf9ite numb] ( proportional n ( aliquot p>ts1 & t an inf9ite numb] ( proportional p>ts does n =m an inf9ite ext5sion4 ,b ?is di/9ction is entirely frivol\s4 ,:e!r ^! p>ts be call$ aliquot or proportional1 !y _c be inf]ior to ^? m9ute p>ts we conceive2 & !re=e1 _c =m a less ext5sion by _! conjunction4 #b ,mons4 ,malezieu4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,qualities ,,( ,,our ,,ideas ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,no discov]y c\ld h be5 made m happily = decid+ all controv]sies conc]n+ ideas1 ?an t above m5tion$1 t impressions always take ! prec$5cy ( !m1 & t e idea1 ) :i* ! imag9ation is furni%$1 fir/ makes its appe>ance 9 a correspond5t impression4 ,^! latt] p]ceptions are all s cle> & evid5t1 t !y admit ( no controv]sy2 ?\gh _m ( our ideas are s obscure1 t 'tis almo/ impossible ev5 = ! m9d1 :i* =ms !m1 to tell exactly _! nature & composition4 ,let u apply ?is pr9ciple1 9 ord] to discov] f>!r ! nature ( our ideas ( space & "t4 ,^u op5+ my eyes & turn+ !m to ! surr\nd+ objects1 ,i p]ceive _m visible bodies2 & ^u %utt+ !m aga91 & consid]+ ! di/ance betwixt ^! bodies1 ,i acquire ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,z e idea is d]iv$ f "s impression :i* is exactly simil> to x1 ! impressions simil> to ?is idea ( ext5sion1 mu/ ei!r be "s s5sations d]iv$ f ! sight1 or "s int]nal impressions aris+ f ^! s5sations4 ,our int]nal impressions are our passions1 emotions1 desires1 & av]sions2 none ( :i*1 ,i believe1 w ev] be ass]t$ to be ! model f :i* ! idea ( space is d]iv$4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 no?+ b ! s5ses :i* c convey to u ?is orig9al impression4 ,n[1 :at impression d our s5ses "h convey to u8 ,?is is ! pr9cipal "q1 & decides )\t appeal conc]n+ ! nature ( ! idea4 ,! table be=e me is alone suffici5t by its view to give me ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,?is idea1 !n1 is borr[$ f1 & repres5ts "s impression :i* ?is mom5t appe>s to ! s5ses4 ,b my s5ses convey to me only ! impressions ( col\r$ po9ts1 dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,if ! eye is s5sible ( any ?+ f>!r1 ,i desire x may be po9t$ out to me4 ,b1 if x be impossible to %ew any ?+ f>!r1 we may conclude ) c]ta9ty1 t ! idea ( ext5sion is no?+ b a copy ( ^! col\r$ po9ts1 & ( ! mann] ( _! appe>ance4 ,suppose t1 9 ! ext5d$ object1 or composition ( col\r$ po9ts1 f :i* we fir/ receiv$ ! idea ( ext5sion1 ! po9ts 7 ( a purple col\r2 x foll[s1 t 9 e repetition ( t idea we w\ld n only place ! po9ts 9 ! same ord] ) respect to ea* o!r1 b also be/[ on !m t precise col\r ) :i* alone we are acqua9t$4 ,b aft]w>ds1 hav+ exp]i5ce ( ! o!r col\rs ( violet1 gre51 r$1 :ite1 black1 & ( all ! diff]5t compositions ( ^!1 & f9d+ a resemblance 9 ! disposition ( col\r$ po9ts1 ( :i* !y are compos$1 we omit ! peculi>ities ( col\r1 z f> z possible1 & f\nd an ab/ract idea m]ely on t disposition ( po9ts1 or mann] ( appe>ance1 9 :i* !y agree4 ,nay1 ev5 :5 ! resemblance is c>ri$ beyond ! objects ( "o s5se1 & ! impressions ( t\* are f\nd to be simil> to ^? ( sight 9 ! disposition ( _! p>ts2 ?is does n h9d] ! ab/ract idea f repres5t+ bo?1 ^u acc\nt ( _! resemblance4 ,all ab/ract ideas are really no?+ b p>ticul> ones1 consid]$ 9 a c]ta9 light2 b be+ annex$ to g5]al t]ms1 !y are able to repres5t a va/ v>iety1 & to compreh5d objects1 :i*1 z !y are alike 9 "s p>ticul>s1 are 9 o!rs va/ly wide ( ea* o!r4 ,! idea ( "t1 be+ d]iv$ f ! succession ( our p]ceptions ( e k9d1 ideas z well z impressions1 & impressions ( reflection z well z ( s5sation1 w af=d u an in/ance ( an ab/ract idea1 :i* compreh5ds a /ill great] v>iety ?an t ( space1 & yet is repres5t$ 9 ! fancy by "s p>ticul> individual idea ( a det]m9$ quantity & quality4 ,z 'tis f ! disposition ( visible & tangible objects we receive ! idea ( space1 s1 f ! succession ( ideas & impressions we =m ! idea ( "t2 nor is x possible = "t alone ev] to make its appe>ance1 or be tak5 notice ( by ! m9d4 ,a man 9 a s\nd sleep1 or /rongly occupi$ ) "o ?\ght1 is ins5sible ( "t2 & accord+ z 8 p]ceptions succe$ ea* o!r ) great] or less rapidity1 ! same duration appe>s long] or %ort] to 8 imag9ation4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by a great philosoph]1#c t our p]ceptions h c]ta9 b\nds 9 ?is p>ticul>1 :i* are fix$ by ! orig9al nature & con/itution ( ! m9d1 & beyond :i* no influ5ce ( ext]nal objects on ! s5ses is ev] able to ha/5 or ret>d our ?\ght4 ,if y :eel ab\t a burn+ coal ) rapidity1 x w pres5t to ! s5ses an image ( a circle ( fire2 nor w !re seem to be any int]val ( "t betwixt its revolutions2 m]ely because 'tis impossible = our p]ceptions to succe$ ea* o!r1 ) ! same rapidity t motion may be communicat$ to ext]nal objects4 ,:]ev] we h no successive p]ceptions1 we h no notion ( "t1 ev5 ?\gh !re be a real succession 9 ! objects4 ,f ^! ph5om5a1 z well z f _m o!rs1 we may conclude1 t "t _c make its appe>ance to ! m9d1 ei!r alone or att5d$ ) a /eady un*angeable object1 b is always discov]$ by "s p]ceivable succession ( *angeable objects4 ,to confirm ?is we may add ! foll[+ argum5t1 :i* to me seems p]fectly decisive & conv9c+4 ',tis evid5t1 t "t or duration consi/s ( diff]5t p>ts3 = o!rwise1 we c\ld n conceive a long] or %ort] duration4 ',tis also evid5t1 t ^! p>ts are n co-exi/5t3 = t quality ( ! coexi/5ce ( p>ts belongs to ext5sion1 & is :at di/+ui%es x f duration4 ,n[ z "t is compos$ ( p>ts t are n co-exi/5t1 an un*angeable object1 s9ce x produces none b co-exi/5t impressions1 produces none t c give u ! idea ( "t2 &1 consequ5tly1 t idea mu/ be d]iv$ f a succession ( *angeable objects1 & "t 9 its fir/ appe>ance c nev] be sev]$ f su* a succession4 ,hav+ !re=e f\nd1 t "t 9 its fir/ appe>ance to ! m9d is always conjo9$ ) a succession ( *angeable objects1 & t o!rwise x c nev] fall "u our notice1 we mu/ n[ exam9e1 :e!r x c be conceiv$ )\t our conceiv+ any succession ( objects1 & :e!r x c alone =m a di/9ct idea 9 ! imag9ation4 ,9 ord] to "k :e!r any objects1 :i* are jo9$ 9 impression1 be sep>able 9 idea1 we ne$ only consid] if !y be diff]5t f ea* o!r2 9 :i* case1 'tis pla9 !y may be conceiv$ ap>t4 ,e ?+ t is diff]5t is di/+ui%able1 & e ?+ t is di/+ui%able may be sep>at$1 accord+ to ! maxims above expla9$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !y be n diff]5t1 !y are n di/+ui%able2 & if !y be n di/+ui%able1 !y _c be sep>at$4 ,b ?is is precisely ! case ) respect to "t1 comp>$ ) our successive p]ceptions4 ,! idea ( "t is n d]iv$ f a p>ticul> impression mix$ up ) o!rs1 & pla9ly di/+ui%able f !m1 b arises altoge!r f ! mann] 9 :i* impressions appe> to ! m9d1 )\t mak+ "o ( ! numb]4 ,five notes play$ on a flute give u ! impression & idea ( "t1 ?\gh "t be n a six? impression :i* pres5ts itself to ! he>+ or any o!r ( ! s5ses4 ,nor is x a six? impression :i* ! m9d by reflection f9ds 9 itself4 ,^! five s\nds mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ?is p>ticul> mann]1 excite no emotion 9 ! m9d1 nor produce an affection ( any k9d1 :i* be+ obs]v$ by x c give rise to a new idea4 ,= t is necess>y to produce a new idea ( reflection2 nor c ! m9d1 by revolv+ ov] a ?\s& times all its ideas ( s5sation1 ev] extract f !m any new orig9al idea1 unless nature has s fram$ its faculties1 t x feels "s new orig9al impression arise f su* a contemplation4 ,b "h x only takes notice ( ! our ! mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5t s\nds make _! appe>ance1 & t x may aft]w>ds consid] )\t consid]+ ^! p>ticul> s\nds1 b may conjo9 x ) any o!r objects4 ,! ideas ( "s objects x c]ta9ly mu/ h1 nor is x possible = x )\t ^! ideas ev] to arrive at any conception ( "t2 :i*1 s9ce x appe>s n z any prim>y di/9ct impression1 c pla9ly be no?+ b diff]5t ideas1 or impressions1 or objects dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 t is1 succe$+ ea* o!r4 ,i "k !re are "s :o pret5d t ! idea ( duration is applicable 9 a prop] s5se to objects :i* are p]fectly un*angeable2 & ?is ,i take to be ! common op9ion ( philosoph]s z well z ( ! vulg>4 ,b to be conv9c$ ( its falsehood1 we ne$ b reflect on ! =ego+ conclusion1 t ! idea ( duration is always d]iv$ f a succession ( *angeable objects1 & c nev] be convey$ to ! m9d by any ?+ /$fa/ & un*angeable4 ,= x inevitably foll[s f !nce1 t s9ce ! idea ( duration _c be d]iv$ f su* an object1 x c nev] 9 any propriety or exactness be appli$ to x1 nor c any ?+ un*angeable be ev] said to h duration4 ,ideas always repres5t ! objects or impressions1 f :i* !y are d]iv$1 & c nev]1 )\t a fiction1 repres5t or be appli$ to any o!r4 ,by :at fiction we apply ! idea ( "t1 ev5 to :at is un*angeable1 & suppose1 z is common t duration is a measure ( re/ z well z ( motion1 we %all consid] aft]w>ds4#d ,!re is ano!r v decisive argum5t1 :i* e/abli%es ! pres5t doctr9e conc]n+ our ideas ( space & "t1 & is f\nd$ only on t simple pr9ciple1 t our ideas ( !m are comp\nd$ ( p>ts1 :i* are indivisible4 ,?is argum5t may be wor? ! exam9+4 ,e idea t is di/+ui%able be+ also sep>able1 let u take "o ( ^? simple indivisible ideas1 ( :i* ! comp\nd "o ( ext5sion is =m$1 & sep>at+ x f all o!rs1 & consid]+ x ap>t1 let u =m a judgm5t ( its nature & qualities4 ',tis pla9 x is n ! idea ( ext5sion3 = ! idea ( ext5sion consi/s ( p>ts2 & ?is idea1 accord+ to ! supposition1 is p]fectly simple & indivisible4 ,is x !re=e no?+8 ,t is absolutely impossible4 ,= z ! comp\nd idea ( ext5sion1 :i* is real1 is compos$ ( su* ideas1 7 ^! s _m non5tities !re w\ld be a real exi/5ce compos$ ( non5tities1 :i* is absurd4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ,i mu/ ask1 ,:at is our idea ( a simple & indivisible po9t8 ,no wond] if my answ] appe> some:at new1 s9ce ! "q itself has sc>ce ev] yet be5 ?\ght (4 ,we are wont to dispute conc]n+ ! nature ( ma!matical po9ts1 b seldom conc]n+ ! nature ( _! ideas4 ,! idea ( space is convey$ to ! m9d by two s5ses1 ! sight & t\*2 nor does any ?+ ev] appe> ext5d$1 t is n ei!r visible or tangible4 ,t comp\nd impression1 :i* repres5ts ext5sion1 consi/s ( sev]al less] impressions1 t are indivisible to ! eye or feel+1 & may be call$ impressions ( atoms or corpuscles end[$ ) col\r & solidity4 ,b ?is is n all4 ',tis n only requisite t ^! atoms %\ld be col\r$ or tangible1 9 ord] to discov] !mselves to our s5ses1 'tis also necess>y we %\ld pres]ve ! idea ( _! col\r or tangibility1 9 ord] to compreh5d !m by our imag9ation4 ,!re is no?+ b ! idea ( _! col\r or tangibility :i* c r5d] !m conceivable by ! m9d4 ,^u ! removal ( ! ideas ( ^! s5sible qualities !y are utt]ly annihilat$ to ! ?\ght or imag9ation4 ,n[1 su* z ! p>ts are1 su* is ! :ole4 ,if a po9t be n consid]$ z col\r$ or tangible1 x c convey to u no idea2 & consequ5tly ! idea ( ext5sion1 :i* is compos$ ( ! ideas ( ^! po9ts1 c nev] possibly exi/3 b if ! idea ( ext5sion really c exi/1 z we are consci\s x does1 its p>ts mu/ also exi/2 & 9 ord] to t1 mu/ be consid]$ z col\r$ or tangible4 ,we h !re=e no idea ( space or ext5sion1 b :5 we reg>d x z an object ei!r ( our sight or feel+4 ,! same reason+ w prove1 t ! indivisible mom5ts ( "t mu/ be fill$ ) "s real object or exi/5ce1 ^: succession =ms ! duration1 & makes x be conceivable by ! m9d4 #c ,mr ,locke4 #d ,sect4 #e4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,objections ,,answ]$4 ,our sy/em conc]n+ space & "t consi/s ( two p>ts1 :i* are intimately connect$ toge!r4 ,! fir/ dep5ds on ?is *a9 ( reason+4 ,! capacity ( ! m9d is n inf9ite1 consequ5tly no idea ( ext5sion or duration consi/s ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts or inf]ior ideas1 b ( a f9ite numb]1 & ^! simple & indivisible3 'tis !re=e possible = space & "t to exi/ con=mable to ?is idea3 & if x be possible1 'tis c]ta9 !y actually d exi/ con=mable to x1 s9ce _! inf9ite divisibility is utt]ly impossible & contradictory4 ,! o!r "p ( our sy/em is a consequ5ce ( ?is4 ,! p>ts1 into :i* ! ideas ( space & "t resolve !mselves1 become at la/ indivisible2 & ^! indivisible p>ts1 be+ no?+ 9 !mselves1 are inconceivable :5 n fill$ ) some?+ real & exi/5t4 ,! ideas ( space & "t are !re=e no sep>ate or di/9ct ideas1 b m]ely ^? ( ! mann] or ord] 9 :i* objects exi/2 or1 9 o!r words1 'tis impossible to conceive ei!r a vacuum & ext5sion )\t matt]1 or a "t :5 !re 0 no succession or *ange 9 any real exi/5ce4 ,! intimate connexion betwixt ^! p>ts ( our sy/em is ! reason :y we %all exam9e toge!r ! objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ bo? ( !m1 beg9n+ ) ^? aga9/ ! f9ite divisibility ( ext5sion4 ,i4 ,! fir/ ( ^! objections :i* ,i %all take notice (1 is m prop] to prove ?is connexion & dep5d5ce ( ! "o "p ^u ! o!r ?an to de/roy ei!r ( !m4 ,x has (t5 be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ! s*ools1 t ext5sion mu/ be divisible1 9 inf9itum1 because ! sy/em ( ma!matical po9ts is absurd2 & t sy/em is absurd1 because a ma!matical po9t is a non5tity1 & consequ5tly c nev]1 by its conjunction ) o!rs1 =m a real exi/5ce4 ,?is w\ld be p]fectly decisive1 7 !re no m$ium betwixt ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]1 & ! non5tity ( ma!matical po9ts4 ,b !re is evid5tly a m$ium1 viz4 ! be/[+ a col\r or solidity on ^! po9ts2 & ! absurdity ( bo? ! extremes is a demon/ration ( ! tru? & reality ( ?is m$ium4 ,! sy/em ( physical po9ts1 :i* is ano!r m$ium1 is too absurd to ne$ a refutation4 ,a real ext5sion1 su* z a physical po9t is suppos$ to be1 c nev] exi/ )\t p>ts diff]5t f ea* o!r2 & :]ev] objects are diff]5t1 !y are di/+ui%able & sep>able by ! imag9ation4 ,,ii4 ,! second objection is d]iv$ f ! necessity !re w\ld be ( p5etration1 if ext5sion consi/$ ( ma!matical po9ts4 ,a simple & indivisible atom t t\*es ano!r mu/ necess>ily p5etrate x2 = 'tis impossible x c t\* x by its ext]nal p>ts1 f ! v supposition ( its p]fect simplicity1 :i* excludes all p>ts4 ,x mu/ !re=e t\* x intimately1 & 9 its :ole ess5ce1 secundum se1 tota1 et totalit]2 :i* is ! v def9ition ( p5etration4 ,b p5etration is impossible3 ma!matical po9ts are ( consequ5ce equally impossible4 ,i answ] ?is objection by sub/itut+ a ju/] idea ( p5etration4 ,suppose two bodies1 conta9+ no void )9 _! circumf]5ce1 to approa* ea* o!r1 & to unite 9 su* a mann] t ! body1 :i* results f _! union1 is no m ext5d$ ?an ei!r ( !m2 'tis ?is we mu/ mean :5 we talk ( p5etration4 ,b 'tis evid5t ?is p5etration is no?+ b ! annihilation ( "o ( ^! bodies1 & ! pres]vation ( ! o!r1 )\t our be+ able to di/+ui% p>ticul>ly :i* is pres]v$ & :i* annihilat$4 ,be=e ! approa* we h ! idea ( two bodies2 aft] x we h ! idea only ( "o4 ',tis impossible = ! m9d to pres]ve any notion ( diff]5ce betwixt two bodies ( ! same nature exi/+ 9 ! same place at ! same "t4 ,tak+ !n p5etration 9 ?is s5se1 = ! annihilation ( "o body ^u its approa* to ano!r1 ,i ask any "o if he sees a necessity t a col\r$ or tangible po9t %\ld be annihilat$ ^u ! approa* ( ano!r col\r$ or tangible po9t8 ,on ! contr>y1 does he n evid5tly p]ceive1 t1 f ! union ( ^! po9ts1 !re results an object :i* is comp\nd$ & divisible1 & may be di/+ui%$ into two p>ts1 ( :i* ea* pres]ves its exi/5ce1 di/9ct & sep>ate1 not)/&+ its contiguity to ! o!r8 ,let him aid 8 fancy by conceiv+ ^! po9ts to be ( diff]5t col\rs1 ! bett] to prev5t _! coalition & confusion4 ,a blue & a r$ po9t may surely lie contigu\s )\t any p5etration or annihilation4 ,= if !y _c1 :at possibly c become ( !m8 ,:e!r %all ! r$ or ! blue be annihilat$8 ,or if ^! col\rs unite into "o1 :at new col\r w !y produce by _! union8 ,:at *iefly gives rise to ^! objections1 & at ! same "t r5d]s x s difficult to give a satisfactory answ] to !m1 is ! natural infirmity & un/ead9ess bo? ( our imag9ation & s5ses :5 employ$ on su* m9ute objects4 ,put a spot ( ink ^u pap]1 & retire to su* a di/ance t ! spot becomes altoge!r invisible1 y w f9d1 t1 ^u y\r return & ne>] approa*1 ! spot fir/ becomes visible by %ort int]vals1 & aft]w>ds becomes always visible2 & aft]w>ds acquires only a new =ce 9 its col\r+1 )\t augm5t+ its bulk2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 x has increas$ to su* a degree z to be really ext5d$1 'tis /ill difficult = ! imag9ation to break x into its compon5t p>ts1 because ( ! uneas9ess x f9ds 9 ! conception ( su* a m9ute object z a s+le po9t4 ,?is infirmity affects mo/ ( our reason+s on ! pres5t subject1 & makes x almo/ impossible to answ] 9 an intelligible mann]1 & 9 prop] expressions1 _m que/ions :i* may arise conc]n+ x4 ,,iii4 ,!re h be5 _m objections drawn f ! ma!matics aga9/ ! indivisibility ( ! p>ts ( ext5sion1 ?\gh at fir/ sight t sci5ce seems r fav\rable to ! pres5t doctr9e2 & if x be contr>y 9 its demon/rations1'tis p]fectly con=mable 9 its def9itions4 ,my pres5t bus9ess !n mu/ be1 to def5d ! def9itions & refute ! demon/rations4 ,a surface is def9$ to be l5g? & bread? )\t dep?2 a l9e to be l5g? )\t bread? or dep?2 a po9t to be :at has nei!r l5g?1 bread?1 nor dep?4 ',tis evid5t t all ?is is p]fectly un9telligible ^u any o!r supposition ?an t ( ! composition ( ext5sion by indivisible po9ts or atoms4 ,h[ else c\ld any ?+ exi/ )\t l5g?1 )\t bread?1 or )\t dep?8 ,two diff]5t answ]s1 ,i f9d1 h be5 made to ?is argum5t1 nei!r ( :i* is1 9 my op9ion1 satisfactory4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! objects ( geometry1 ^? surfaces1 l9es1 & po9ts1 ^: proportions & positions x exam9es1 are m]e ideas 9 ! m9d2 & n only nev] did1 b nev] c exi/ 9 nature4 ,!y nev] did exi/2 = no "o w pret5d to draw a l9e or make a surface entirely con=mable to ! def9ition3 !y nev] c exi/2 = we may produce demon/rations f ^! v ideas to prove t !y are impossible4 ,b c any ?+ be imag9$ m absurd & contradictory ?an ?is reason+8 ,:atev] c be conceiv$ by a cle> & di/9ct idea1 necess>ily implies ! possibility ( exi/5ce2 & he :o pret5ds to prove ! impossibility ( its exi/5ce by any argum5t d]iv$ f ! cle> idea1 9 reality ass]ts t we h no cle> idea ( x1 because we h a cle> idea4 ',tis 9 va9 to se>* = a contradiction 9 any ?+ t is di/9ctly conceiv$ by ! m9d4 ,did x imply any contradiction1 'tis impossible x c\ld ev] be conceiv$4 ,!re is !re=e no m$ium betwixt all[+ at lea/ ! possibility ( indivisible po9ts1 & d5y+ _! idea2 & 'tis on ?is latt] pr9ciple t ! second answ] to ! =ego+ argum5t is f\nd$4 ,x has be5 pret5d$1#e t ?\gh x be impossible to conceive a l5g? )\t any bread?1 yet by an ab/raction )\t a sep>ation we c consid] ! "o )\t reg>d+ ! o!r2 9 ! same mann] z we may ?9k ( ! l5g? ( ! way betwixt two t[ns & ov]look its bread?4 ,! l5g? is insep>able f ! bread? bo? 9 nature & 9 our m9ds2 b ?is excludes n a p>tial consid]ation1 & a di/9ction ( reason1 aft] ! mann] above expla9$4 ,9 refut+ ?is answ] ,i %all n insi/ on ! argum5t1 :i* ,i h already suffici5tly expla9$1 t if x be impossible = ! m9d to arrive at a m9imum 9 its ideas1 its capacity mu/ be inf9ite 9 ord] to compreh5d ! inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 ( :i* its idea ( any ext5sion w\ld be compos$4 ,i %all "h endeav\r to f9d "s new absurdities 9 ?is reason+4 ,a surface t]m9ates a solid2 a l9e t]m9ates a surface2 a po9t t]m9ates a l9e2 b ,i ass]t1 t if ! ideas ( a po9t1 l9e1 or surface1 7 n indivisible1 'tis impossible we %\ld ev] conceive ^! t]m9ations4 ,= let ^! ideas be suppos$ inf9itely divisible1 & !n let ! fancy endeav\r to fix itself on ! idea ( ! la/ surface1 l9e1 or po9t1 x imm$iately f9ds ?is idea to break into p>ts2 & ^u its seiz+ ! la/ ( ^! p>ts x loses its hold by a new division1 & s on 9 inf9itum1 )\t any possibility ( its arriv+ at a conclud+ idea4 ,! numb] ( fractions br+ x no ne>] ! la/ division ?an ! fir/ idea x =m$4 ,e p>ticle eludes ! grasp by a new fraction1 l quicksilv]1 :5 we endeav\r to seize x4 ,b z 9 fact !re mu/ be some?+ :i* t]m9ates ! idea ( e f9ite quantity1 & z ?is t]m9at+ idea _c itself consi/ ( p>ts or inf]ior ideas1 o!rwise x w\ld be ! la/ ( its p>ts1 :i* f9i%$ ! idea1 & s on2 ?is is a cle> pro(1 t ! ideas ( surfaces1 l9es1 & po9ts1 admit n ( any division2 ^? ( surfaces 9 dep?1 ( l9es 9 bread? & dep?1 & ( po9ts 9 any dim5sion4 ,! s*oolm5 7 s s5sible ( ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 t "s ( !m ma9ta9$ t nature has mix$ among ^? p>ticles ( matt]1 :i* are divisible 9 inf9itum1 a numb] ( ma!matical po9ts 9 ord] to give a t]m9ation to bodies2 & o!rs elud$ ! =ce ( ?is reason+ by a heap ( un9telligible cavils & di/9ctions4 ,bo? ^! adv]s>ies equally yield ! victory4 ,a man :o hides himself confesses z evid5tly ! sup]iority ( 8 enemy1 z ano!r1 :o fairly deliv]s 8 arms4 ,?us x appe>s1 t ! def9itions ( ma!matics de/roy ! pret5d$ demon/rations2 & t if we h ! idea ( indivisible po9ts1 l9es1 & surfaces1 con=mable to ! def9ition1 _! exi/5ce is c]ta9ly possible2 b if we h no su* idea1 'tis impossible we c ev] conceive ! t]m9ation ( any figure1 )\t :i* conception !re c be no geometrical demon/ration4 ,b ,i g f>!r1 & ma9ta91 t none ( ^! demon/rations c h suffici5t weight to e/abli% su* a pr9ciple z ?is ( inf9ite divisibility2 & t because ) reg>d to su* m9ute objects1 !y are n prop]ly demon/rations1 be+ built on ideas :i* are n exact1 & maxims :i* are n precisely true4 ,:5 geometry decides any ?+ conc]n+ ! proportions ( quantity1 we ought n to look = ! utmo/ precision & exactness4 ,none ( its pro(s ext5d s f>3 x takes ! dim5sions & proportions ( figures ju/ly2 b r\ghly1 & ) "s lib]ty4 ,its errors are nev] consid]able1 nor w\ld x err at all1 did x n aspire to su* an absolute p]fection4 ,i fir/ ask ma!maticians :at !y mean :5 !y say "o l9e or surface is equal to1 or great]1 or less ?an ano!r8 ,let any ( !m give an answ]1 to :atev] sect he belongs1 & :e!r he ma9ta9s ! composition ( ext5sion by indivisible po9ts1 or by quantities divisible 9 inf9itum4 ,?is "q w emb>rass bo? ( !m4 ,!re are few or no ma!maticians :o def5d ! hypo!sis ( indivisible po9ts1 & yet ^! h ! readie/ & ju/e/ answ] to ! pres5t "q4 ,!y ne$ only reply1 t l9es or surfaces are equal1 :5 ! numb]s ( po9ts 9 ea* are equal2 & t z ! proportion ( ! numb]s v>ies1 ! proportion ( ! l9es & surfaces is also v>i$4 ,b ?\gh ?is answ] be j z well z obvi\s1 yet ,i may affirm1 t ?is /&>d ( equality is entirely useless1 & t x nev] is f su* a comp>ison we det]m9e objects to be equal or unequal ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,= z ! po9ts :i* ent] into ! composition ( any l9e or surface1 :e!r p]ceiv$ by ! sight or t\*1 are s m9ute & s conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r t 'tis utt]ly impossible = ! m9d to compute _! numb]1 su* a computation w nev] af=d u a /&>d1 by :i* we may judge ( proportions4 ,no "o w ev] be able to det]m9e by an exact enum]ation1 t an in* has few] po9ts ?an a foot1 or a foot few] ?an an ell1 or any great] measure2 = :i* reason1 we seldom or nev] consid] ?is z ! /&>d ( equality or inequality4 ,z to ^? :o imag9e t ext5sion is divisible 9 inf9itum1 'tis impossible !y c make use ( ?is answ]1 or fix ! equality ( any l9e or surface by a num]ation ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,= s9ce1 accord+ to _! hypo!sis1 ! lea/ z well z greate/ figures conta9 an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 & s9ce inf9ite numb]s1 prop]ly speak+1 c nei!r be equal nor unequal ) respect to ea* o!r1 ! equality or inequality ( any portions ( space c nev] dep5d on any proportion 9 ! numb] ( _! p>ts4 ',tis true1 x may be said1 t ! inequality ( an ell & a y>d consi/s 9 ! diff]5t numb]s ( ! feet ( :i* !y are compos$1 & t ( a foot & a y>d 9 ! numb] ( in*es4 ,b z t quantity we call an in* 9 ! "o is suppos$ equal to :at we call an in* 9 ! o!r1 & z 'tis impossible = ! m9d to f9d ?is equality by proce$+ 9 inf9itum ) ^! ref]5ces to inf]ior quantities1 'tis evid5t t at la/ we mu/ fix "s /&>d ( equality diff]5t f an enum]ation ( ! p>ts4 ,!re are "s :o pret5d1#f t equality is be/ def9$ by congruity1 & t any two figures are equal1 :5 ^u ! plac+ ( "o ^u ! o!r1 all _! p>ts correspond to & t\* ea* o!r4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ?is def9ition let u consid]1 t s9ce equality is a relation1 x is n1 /rictly speak+1 a prop]ty 9 ! figures !mselves1 b arises m]ely f ! comp>ison :i* ! m9d makes betwixt !m4 ,if x consi/s !re=e 9 ?is imag9>y application & mutual contact ( p>ts1 we mu/ at lea/ h a di/9ct notion ( ^! p>ts1 & mu/ conceive _! contact4 ,n[ 'tis pla91 t 9 ?is conception1 we w\ld run up ^! p>ts to ! greate/ m9ut5ess :i* c possibly be conceiv$1 s9ce ! contact ( l>ge p>ts w\ld nev] r5d] ! figures equal4 ,b ! m9ute/ p>ts we c conceive are ma!matical po9ts1 & consequ5tly ?is /&>d ( equality is ! same ) t d]iv$ f ! equality ( ! numb] ( po9ts1 :i* we h already det]m9$ to be a j b an useless /&>d4 ,we mu/ !re=e look to "s o!r qu>t] = a solution ( ! pres5t difficulty4 ,!re are _m philosoph]s1 :o refuse to assign any /&>d ( equality1 b ass]t1 t 'tis suffici5t to pres5t two objects1 t are equal1 9 ord] to give u a j notion ( ?is proportion4 ,all def9itions1 say !y1 are fruitless )\t ! p]ception ( su* objects2 & :]e we p]ceive su* objects we no long] /& 9 ne$ ( any def9ition4 ,to ?is reason+ ,i entirely agree2 & ass]t1 t ! only useful notion ( equality1 or inequality1 is d]iv$ f ! :ole unit$ appe>ance & ! comp>ison ( p>ticul> objects4 ',tis evid5t t ! eye1 or r ! m9d1 is (t5 able at "o view to det]m9e ! proportions ( bodies1 & pron\nce !m equal to1 or great] or less ?an ea* o!r1 )\t exam9+ or comp>+ ! numb] ( _! m9ute p>ts4 ,su* judgm5ts are n only common1 b 9 _m cases c]ta9 & infallible4 ,:5 ! measure ( a y>d & t ( a foot are pres5t$1 ! m9d c no m "q1 t ! fir/ is long] ?an ! second1 ?an x c d\bt ( ^? pr9ciples :i* are ! mo/ cle> & self-evid5t4 ,!re are !re=e ?ree proportions1 :i* ! m9d di/+ui%es 9 ! g5]al appe>ance ( its objects1 & calls by ! names ( great]1 less1 & equal4 ,b ?\gh its decisions conc]n+ ^! proportions be sometimes infallible1 !y are n always s2 nor are our judgm5ts ( ?is k9d m exempt f d\bt & error ?an ^? on any o!r subject4 ,we frequ5tly correct our fir/ op9ion by a review & reflection2 & pron\nce ^? objects to be equal1 :i* at fir/ we e/eem$ unequal2 & reg>d an object z less1 ?\gh be=e x appe>$ great] ?an ano!r4 ,nor is ?is ! only correction :i* ^! judgm5ts ( our s5ses und]go2 b we (t5 discov] our error by a juxta-position ( ! objects2 or1 :]e t is impracticable1 by ! use ( "s common & inv>iable measure1 :i*1 be+ successively appli$ to ea*1 in=ms u ( _! diff]5t proportions4 ,& ev5 ?is correction is susceptible ( a new correction1 & ( diff]5t degrees ( exactness1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! in/rum5t by :i* we measure ! bodies1 & ! c>e :i* we employ 9 ! comp>ison4 ,:5 !re=e ! m9d is accu/om$ to ^! judgm5ts & _! corrections1 & f9ds t ! same proportion :i* makes two figures h 9 ! eye t appe>ance1 :i* we call equality1 makes !m also correspond to ea* o!r1 & to any common measure ) :i* !y are comp>$1 we =m a mix$ notion ( equality d]iv$ bo? f ! loos] & /rict] me?ods ( comp>ison4 ,b we are n cont5t ) ?is4 ,= z s\nd reason conv9ces u t !re are bodies va/ly m m9ute ?an ^? :i* appe> to ! s5ses2 & z a false reason w\ld p]suade u1 t !re are bodies inf9itely m m9ute1 we cle>ly p]ceive t we are n possess$ ( any in/rum5t or art ( measur+ :i* c secure u f all error & unc]ta9ty4 ,we are s5sible t ! addition or removal ( "o ( ^! m9ute p>ts is n disc]nible ei!r 9 ! appe>ance or measur+2 & z we imag9e t two figures1 :i* 7 equal be=e1 _c be equal aft] ?is removal or addition1 we !re=e suppose "s imag9>y /&>d ( equality1 by :i* ! appe>ances & measur+ are exactly correct$1 & ! figures r$uc$ entirely to t proportion4 ,?is /&>d is pla9ly imag9>y4 ,= z ! v idea ( equality is t ( su* a p>ticul> appe>ance1 correct$ by juxta-position or a common measure1 ! notion ( any correction beyond :at we h in/rum5ts & art to make1 is a m]e fiction ( ! m9d1 & useless z well z incompreh5sible4 ,b ?\gh ?is /&>d be only imag9>y1 ! fiction h[ev] is v natural2 nor is any ?+ m usual1 ?an = ! m9d to proce$ aft] ?is mann] ) any action1 ev5 aft] ! reason has ceas$1 :i* fir/ det]m9$ x to beg94 ,?is appe>s v conspicu\sly ) reg>d to "t2 :]e1 ?\gh 'tis evid5t we h no exact me?od ( det]m9+ ! proportions ( p>ts1 n ev5 s exact z 9 ext5sion1 yet ! v>i\s corrections ( our measures1 & _! diff]5t degrees ( exactness1 h giv5 u an obscure & implicit notion ( a p]fect & entire equality4 ,! case is ! same 9 _m o!r subjects4 ,a musician1 f9d+ 8 e> become e day m delicate1 & correct+ himself by reflection & att5tion1 proce$s ) ! same act ( ! m9d ev5 :5 ! subject fails him1 & ent]ta9s a notion ( a complete ti]ce or octave1 )\t be+ able to tell :5ce he d]ives 8 /&>d4 ,a pa9t] =ms ! same fiction ) reg>d to col\rs2 a me*anic ) reg>d to motion4 ,to ! "o light & %ade1 to ! o!r swift & sl[1 are imag9$ to be capable ( an exact comp>ison & equality beyond ! judgm5ts ( ! s5ses4 ,we may apply ! same reason+ to curve & "r l9es4 ,no?+ is m app>5t to ! s5ses ?an ! di/9ction betwixt a curve & a "r l9e2 nor are !re any ideas we m easily =m ?an ! ideas ( ^! objects4 ,b h[ev] easily we may =m ^! ideas1 'tis impossible to produce any def9ition ( !m1 :i* w fix ! precise b\nd>ies betwixt !m4 ,:5 we draw l9es ^u pap] or any cont9u$ surface1 !re is a c]ta9 ord] by :i* ! l9es run along f "o po9t to ano!r1 t !y may produce ! entire impression ( a curve or "r l9e2 b ?is ord] is p]fectly unkn[n1 & no?+ is obs]v$ b ! unit$ appe>ance4 ,?us1 ev5 ^u ! sy/em ( indivisible po9ts1 we c only =m a di/ant notion ( "s unkn[n /&>d to ^! objects4 ,^u t ( inf9ite divisibility we _c g ev5 ?is l5g?1 b are r$uc$ m]ely to ! g5]al appe>ance1 z ! rule by :i* we det]m9e l9es to be ei!r curve or "r ones4 ,b ?\gh we c give no p]fect def9ition ( ^! l9es1 nor produce any v exact me?od ( di/+ui%+ ! "o f ! o!r1 yet ?is h9d]s u n f correct+ ! fir/ appe>ance by a m accurate consid]ation1 & by a comp>ison ) "s rule1 ( ^: rectitude1 f repeat$ trials1 we h a great] assurance4 ,& 'tis f ^! corrections1 & by c>ry+ on ! same action ( ! m9d1 ev5 :5 its reason fails u1 t we =m ! loose idea ( a p]fect /&>d to ^! figures1 )\t be+ able to expla9 or compreh5d x4 ',tis true1 ma!maticians pret5d !y give an exact def9ition ( a "r l9e :5 !y say1 x is ! %orte/ way betwixt two po9ts4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place ,i obs]ve1 t ?is is m prop]ly ! discov]y ( "o ( ! prop]ties ( a "r l9e1 ?an a j def9ition ( x4 ,= ,i ask any "o1 if1 ^u m5tion ( a "r l9e1 he ?9ks n imm$iately on su* a p>ticul> appe>ance1 & if 'tis n by accid5t only t he consid]s ?is prop]ty8 ,a "r l9e c be compreh5d$ alone2 b ?is def9ition is un9telligible )\t a comp>ison ) o!r l9es1 :i* we conceive to be m ext5d$4 ,9 common life 'tis e/abli%$ z a maxim1 t ! /raighte/ way is always ! %orte/2 :i* w\ld be z absurd z to say1 ! %orte/ way is always ! %orte/1 if our idea ( a "r l9e 0 n diff]5t f t ( ! %orte/ way betwixt two po9ts4 ,secondly1 ,i repeat1 :at ,i h already e/abli%$1 t we h no precise idea ( equality & inequality1 %ort] & long]1 m ?an ( a "r l9e or a curve2 & consequ5tly t ! "o c nev] af=d u a p]fect /&>d = ! o!r4 ,an exact idea c nev] be built on su* z are loose & undet]m9ate4 ,! idea ( a pla9 surface is z little susceptible ( a precise /&>d z t ( a "r l9e2 nor h we any o!r means ( di/+ui%+ su* a surface1 ?an its g5]al appe>ance4 ',tis 9 va9 t ma!maticians repres5t a pla9 surface z produc$ by ! fl[+ ( a "r l9e4 ',twill imm$iately be object$1 t our idea ( a surface is z indep5d5t ( ?is me?od ( =m+ a surface1 z our idea ( an ellipse is ( t ( a cone2 t ! idea ( a "r l9e is no m precise ?an t ( a pla9 surface2 t a "r l9e may fl[ irregul>ly1 & by t means =m a figure q diff]5t f a plane2 & t !re=e we mu/ suppose x to fl[ along two "r l9es1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 & on ! same plane2 :i* is a description t expla9s a ?+ by itself1 & returns 9 a circle4 ,x appe>s !n1 t ! ideas :i* are mo/ ess5tial to geometry1 viz4 ^? ( equality & inequality1 ( a "r l9e & a pla9 surface1 are f> f be+ exact & det]m9ate1 accord+ to our common me?od ( conceiv+ !m4 ,n only we are incapable ( tell+ if ! case be 9 any degree d\btful1 :5 su* p>ticul> figures are equal2 :5 su* a l9e is a "r "o1 & su* a surface a pla9 "o2 b we c =m no idea ( t proportion1 or ( ^! figures1 :i* is firm & inv>iable4 ,our appeal is /ill to ! weak & fallible judgm5t1 :i* we make f ! appe>ance ( ! objects1 & correct by a compass1 or common measure2 & if we jo9 ! supposition ( any f>!r correction1 'tis ( su* a "o z is ei!r useless or imag9>y4 ,9 va9 %\ld we h rec\rse to ! common topic1 & employ ! supposition ( a ,deity1 ^: omnipot5ce may enable him to =m a p]fect geometrical figure1 & describe a "r l9e )\t any curve or inflection4 ,z ! ultimate /&>d ( ^! figures is d]iv$ f no?+ b ! s5ses & imag9ation1 'tis absurd to talk ( any p]fection beyond :at ^! faculties c judge (2 s9ce ! true p]fection ( any ?+ consi/s 9 its con=mity to its /&>d4 ,n[1 s9ce ^! ideas are s loose & unc]ta91 ,i w\ld fa9 ask any ma!matician1 :at infallible assurance he has1 n only ( ! m intricate & obscure propositions ( 8 sci5ce1 b ( ! mo/ vulg> & obvi\s pr9ciples8 ,h[ c he prove to me1 = in/ance1 t two "r l9es _c h "o common segm5t8 ,or t 'tis impossible to draw m ?an "o "r l9e betwixt any two po9ts8 ,%\ld he tell me1 t ^! op9ions are obvi\sly absurd1 & repugnant to our cle> ideas2 ,i w\ld answ]1 t ,i d n d5y1 :]e two "r l9es incl9e ^u ea* o!r ) a s5sible angle1 b 'tis absurd to imag9e !m to h a common segm5t4 ,b suppos+ ^! two l9es to approa* at ! rate ( an in* 9 tw5ty leagues1 ,i p]ceive no absurdity 9 ass]t+1 t ^u _! contact !y become "o4 ,=1 ,i besee* y1 by :at rule or /&>d d y judge1 :5 y ass]t t ! l9e1 9 :i* ,i h suppos$ !m to concur1 _c make ! same "r l9e ) ^? two1 t =m s small an angle betwixt !m8 ,y mu/ surely h "s idea ( a "r l9e1 to :i* ?is l9e does n agree4 ,d y !re=e mean1 t x takes n ! po9ts 9 ! same ord] & by ! same rule1 z is peculi> & ess5tial to a "r l9e8 ,if s1 ,i mu/ in=m y1 t besides t1 9 judg+ aft] ?is mann]1 y all[ t ext5sion is compos$ ( indivisible po9ts 7:i*1 p]haps1 is m ?an y int5d71 besides ?is1 ,i say1 ,i mu/ in=m y1 t nei!r is ?is ! /&>d f :i* we =m ! idea ( a "r l9e2 nor1 if x 71 is !re any su* firmness 9 our s5ses or imag9ation1 z to det]m9e :5 su* an ord] is violat$ or pres]v$4 ,! orig9al /&>d ( a "r l9e is 9 reality no?+ b a c]ta9 g5]al appe>ance2 & 'tis evid5t "r l9es may be made to concur ) ea* o!r1 & yet correspond to ?is /&>d1 ?\gh correct$ by all ! means ei!r practicable or imag9able4 ,to :atev] side ma!maticians turn1 ?is dilemma /ill meets !m4 ,if !y judge ( equality1 or any o!r proportion1 by ! accurate & exact /&>d1 viz4 ! enum]ation ( ! m9ute indivisible p>ts1 !y bo? employ a /&>d1 :i* is useless 9 practice1 & actually e/abli% ! indivisibility ( ext5sion1 :i* !y endeav\r to explode4 ,or if !y employ1 z is usual1 ! inaccurate /&>d1 d]iv$ f a comp>ison ( objects1 ^u _! g5]al appe>ance1 correct$ by measur+ & juxtaposition2 _! fir/ pr9ciples1 ?\gh c]ta9 & infallible1 are too co>se to af=d any su* subtile inf]5ces z !y commonly draw f !m4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples are f\nd$ on ! imag9ation & s5ses2 ! conclusion !re=e c nev] g beyond1 mu* less contradict1 ^! faculties4 ,?is may op5 our eyes a little1 & let u see1 t no geometrical demon/ration = ! inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion c h s mu* =ce z :at we naturally attribute to e argum5t1 :i* is support$ by su* magnific5t pret5sions4 ,at ! same "t we may le>n ! reason1 :y geometry fails ( evid5ce 9 ?is s+le po9t1 :ile all its o!r reason+s comm& our fulle/ ass5t & approbation4 ,& inde$ x seems m requisite to give ! reason ( ?is exception1 ?an to %[ t we really mu/ make su* an exception1 & reg>d all ! ma!matical argum5ts = inf9ite divisibility z utt]ly sophi/ical4 ,= 'tis evid5t1 t z no idea ( quantity is inf9itely divisible1 !re _c be imag9$ a m gl>+ absurdity1 ?an to endeav\r to prove1 t quantity itself admits ( su* a division2 & to prove ?is by means ( ideas1 :i* are directly opposite 9 t p>ticul>4 ,& z ?is absurdity is v gl>+ 9 itself1 s !re is no argum5t f\nd$ on x1 :i* is n att5d$ ) a new absurdity1 & involves n an evid5t contradiction4 ,i might give z in/ances ^? argum5ts = inf9ite divisibility1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! po9t ( contact4 ,i "k !re is no ma!matician1 :o w n refuse to be judg$ by ! diagrams he describes ^u pap]1 ^! be+ loose draughts1 z he w tell u1 & s]v+ only to convey ) great] facility c]ta9 ideas1 :i* are ! true f\ndation ( all our reason+4 ,?is ,i am satisfi$ )1 & am will+ to re/ ! controv]sy m]ely ^u ^! ideas4 ,i desire !re=e our ma!matician to =m1 z accurately z possible1 ! ideas ( a circle & a "r l9e2 & ,i !n ask1 if ^u ! conception ( _! contact he c conceive !m z t\*+ 9 a ma!matical po9t1 or if he mu/ necess>ily imag9e !m to concur = "s space4 ,:i*ev] side he *ooses1 he runs himself into equal difficulties4 ,if he affirms1 t 9 trac+ ^! figures 9 8 imag9ation1 he c imag9e !m to t\* only 9 a po9t1 he all[s ! possibility ( t idea1 & consequ5tly ( ! ?+4 ,if he says1 t 9 8 conception ( ! contact ( ^? l9es he mu/ make !m concur1 he !reby ackn[l$ges ! fallacy ( geometrical demon/rations1 :5 c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 degree ( m9ut5ess2 s9ce1 'tis c]ta9 he has su* demon/rations aga9/ ! concurr5ce ( a circle & a "r l9e2 t is1 9 o!r words1 he c prove an idea1 viz4 t ( concurr5ce1 to be incompatible ) two o!r ideas1 viz4 ^? ( a circle & "r l9e2 ?\gh at ! same "t he ackn[l$ges ^! ideas to be insep>able4 #e ,l',art de p5s]4 #f ,see ,dr ,b>r['s ,ma!matical ,lectures4 ,,section ,v4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$4 ,if ! second "p ( my sy/em be true1 t ! idea ( space or ext5sion is no?+ b ! idea ( visible or tangible po9ts di/ribut$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 x foll[s1 t we c =m no idea ( a vacuum1 or space1 :]e !re is no?+ visible or tangible4 ,?is gives rise to ?ree objections1 :i* ,i %all exam9e toge!r1 because ! answ] ,i %all give to "o is a consequ5ce ( t :i* ,i %all make use ( = ! o!rs4 ,fir/1 x may be said1 t m5 h disput$ = _m ages conc]n+ a vacuum & a pl5um1 )\t be+ able to br+ ! affair to a f9al decision3 & philosoph]s1 ev5 at ?is day1 ?9k !mselves at lib]ty to take p>ty on ei!r side1 z _! fancy leads !m4 ,b :atev] f\ndation !re may be = a controv]sy conc]n+ ! ?+s !mselves1 x may be pret5d$ t ! v dispute is decisive conc]n+ ! idea1 & t 'tis impossible m5 c\ld s long reason ab\t a vacuum1 & ei!r refute or def5d x1 )\t hav+ a notion ( :at !y refut$ or def5d$4 ,secondly1 if ?is argum5t %\ld be conte/$1 ! reality1 or at lea/ possibility1 ( ! idea ( a vacuum1 may be prov$ by ! foll[+ reason+4 ,e idea is possible :i* is a necess>y & infallible consequ5ce ( su* z are possible4 ,n[1 ?\gh we all[ ! _w to be at pres5t a pl5um1 we may easily conceive x to be depriv$ ( motion2 & ?is idea w c]ta9ly be all[$ possible4 ,x mu/ also be all[$ possible1 to conceive ! annihilation ( any "p ( matt] by ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,deity1 :ile ! o!r p>ts rema9 at re/4 ,= z e idea t is di/+ui%able is sep>able by ! imag9ation1 & z e idea t is sep>able by ! imag9ation may be conceiv$ to be sep>ately exi/5t1 'tis evid5t1 t ! exi/5ce ( "o p>ticle ( matt] no m implies ! exi/5ce ( ano!r1 ?an a squ>e figure 9 "o body implies a squ>e figure 9 e "o4 ,?is be+ grant$1 ,i n[ dem& :at results f ! concurr5ce ( ^! two possible ideas ( re/ & annihilation1 & :at mu/ we conceive to foll[ ^u ! annihilation ( all ! air & subtile matt] 9 ! *amb]1 suppos+ ! walls to rema9 ! same1 )\t any motion or alt]ation8 ,!re are "s metaphysicians :o answ]1 t s9ce matt] & ext5sion are ! same1 ! annihilation ( ! "o necess>ily implies t ( ! o!r2 & !re be+ n[ no di/ance betwixt ! walls ( ! *amb]1 !y t\* ea* o!r2 9 ! same mann] z my h& t\*es ! pap] :i* is imm$iately be=e me4 ,b ?\gh ?is answ] be v common1 ,i defy ^! metaphysicians to conceive ! matt] accord+ to _! hypo!sis1 or imag9e ! floor & ro(1 ) all ! opposite sides ( ! *amb]1 to t\* ea* o!r1 :ile !y cont9ue 9 re/1 & pres]ve ! same position4 ,= h[ c ! two walls1 t run f s\? to nor?1 t\* ea* o!r1 :ile !y t\* ! opposite ends ( two walls t run f ea/ to we/8 ,& h[ c ! floor & ro( ev] meet1 :ile !y are sep>at$ by ! f\r walls t lie 9 a contr>y position8 ,if y *ange _! position1 y suppose a motion4 ,if y conceive any ?+ betwixt !m1 y suppose a new creation4 ,b keep+ /rictly to ! two ideas ( re/ & annihilation1 'tis evid5t1 t ! idea :i* results f !m is n t ( a contact ( p>ts1 b some?+ else1 :i* is conclud$ to be ! idea ( a vacuum4 ,! ?ird objection c>ries ! matt] /ill f>!r1 & n only ass]ts1 t ! idea ( a vacuum is real & possible1 b also necess>y & unavoidable4 ,?is ass]tion is f\nd$ on ! motion we obs]ve 9 bodies1 :i*1 'tis ma9ta9$1 w\ld be impossible & inconceivable )\t a vacuum1 into :i* "o body mu/ move 9 ord] to make way = ano!r4 ,i %all n enl>ge ^u ?is objection1 because x pr9cipally belongs to natural philosophy1 :i* lies )\t our pres5t sph]e4 ,9 ord] to answ] ^! objections1 we mu/ take ! matt] pretty deep1 & consid] ! nature & orig9 ( sev]al ideas1 le/ we dispute )\t und]/&+ p]fectly ! subject ( ! controv]sy4 ',tis evid5t ! idea ( d>kness is no positive idea1 b m]ely ! negation ( light1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ( col\r$ & visible objects4 ,a man :o enjoys 8 sight1 receives no o!r p]ception f turn+ 8 eyes on e side1 :5 entirely depriv$ ( light1 ?an :at is common to him ) "o born bl9d2 & 'tis c]ta9 su* a "o has no idea ei!r ( light or d>kness4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t 'tis n f ! m]e removal ( visible objects we receive ! impression ( ext5sion )\t matt]2 & t ! idea ( utt] d>kness c nev] be ! same ) t ( vacuum4 ,suppose aga9 a man to be support$ 9 ! air1 & to be s(tly convey$ along by "s invisible p[]2 'tis evid5t he is s5sible ( no?+1 & nev] receives ! idea ( ext5sion1 nor inde$ any idea1 f ?is inv>iable motion4 ,ev5 suppos+ he moves 8 limbs to & fro1 ?is _c convey to him t idea4 ,he feels 9 t case a c]ta9 s5sation or impression1 ! p>ts ( :i* are successive to ea* o!r1 & may give him ! idea ( "t1 b c]ta9ly are n dispos$ 9 su* a mann] z is necess>y to convey ! idea ( space or ext5sion4 ,s9ce1 !n1 x appe>s t d>kness & motion1 ) ! utt] removal ( e ?+ visible & tangible1 c nev] give u ! idea ( ext5sion )\t matt]1 or ( a vacuum2 ! next "q is1 :e!r !y c convey ?is idea1 :5 mix$ ) some?+ visible & tangible8 ',tis commonly all[$ by philosoph]s1 t all bodies :i* discov] !mselves to ! eye1 appe> z if pa9t$ on a pla9 surface1 & t _! diff]5t degrees ( remot5ess f ourselves are discov]$ m by reason ?an by ! s5ses4 ,:5 ,i hold up my h& be=e me1 & spread my f+]s1 !y are sep>at$ z p]fectly by ! blue col\r ( ! firmam5t1 z !y c\ld be by any visible object :i* ,i c\ld place betwixt !m4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to "k :e!r ! sight c convey ! impression & idea ( a vacuum1 we mu/ suppose1 t amid/ an entire d>kness1 !re are lum9\s bodies pres5t$ to u1 ^: light discov]s only ^! bodies !mselves1 )\t giv+ u any impression ( ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,we mu/ =m a p>allel supposition conc]n+ ! objects ( our feel+4 ',tis n prop] to suppose a p]fect removal ( all tangible objects3 we mu/ all[ some?+ to be p]ceiv$ by ! feel+2 & aft] an int]val & motion ( ! h& or o!r organ ( s5sation1 ano!r object ( ! t\* to be met )2 & ^u leav+ t1 ano!r2 & s on1 z (t5 z we please4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ^! int]vals d n af=d u ! idea ( ext5sion )\t body4 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ case2 'tis evid5t1 t :5 only two lum9\s bodies appe> to ! eye1 we c p]ceive :e!r !y be conjo9$ or sep>ate2 :e!r !y be sep>at$ by a great or small di/ance2 & if ?is di/ance v>ies1 we c p]ceive its increase or dim9ution1 ) ! motion ( ! bodies4 ,b z ! di/ance is n 9 ?is case any ?+ col\r$ or visible1 x may be ?\ght t !re is "h a vacuum or pure ext5sion1 n only intelligible to ! m9d1 b obvi\s to ! v s5ses4 ,?is is our natural & mo/ famili> way ( ?9k+1 b :i* we %all le>n to correct by a little reflection4 ,we may obs]ve1 t :5 two bodies pres5t !mselves1 :]e !re 0 =m]ly an entire d>kness1 ! only *ange t is discov]able is 9 ! appe>ance ( ^! two objects1 & t all ! re/ cont9ues to be z be=e1 a p]fect negation ( light1 & ( e col\r$ or visible object4 ,?is is n only true ( :at may be said to be remote f ^! bodies1 b also ( ! v di/ance :i* is int]pos$ betwixt !m2 t be+ no?+ b d>kness1 or ! negation ( light2 )\t p>ts1 )\t composition1 inv>iable & indivisible4 ,n[1 s9ce ?is di/ance causes no p]ception diff]5t f :at a bl9d man receives f 8 eyes1 or :at is convey$ to u 9 ! d>ke/ night1 x mu/ p>take ( ! same prop]ties2 & z bl9dness & d>kness af=d u no ideas ( ext5sion1 'tis impossible t ! d>k & undi/+ui%able di/ance betwixt two bodies c ev] produce t idea4 ,! sole diff]5ce betwixt an absolute d>kness & ! appe>ance ( two or m visible lum9\s objects consi/s1 z ,i said1 9 ! objects !mselves1 & 9 ! mann] !y affect our s5ses4 ,! angles1 :i* ! rays ( light fl[+ f !m =m ) ea* o!r2 ! motion t is requir$ 9 ! eye1 9 its passage f "o to ! o!r2 & ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! organs :i* are affect$ by !m2 ^! produce ! only p]ceptions f :i* we c judge ( ! di/ance4 ,b z ^! p]ceptions are ea* ( !m simple & indivisible1 !y c nev] give u ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by consid]+ ! s5se ( feel+1 & ! imag9>y di/ance or int]val int]pos$ betwixt tangible or solid objects4 ,i suppose two cases1 viz4 t ( a man support$ 9 ! air1 & mov+ 8 limbs to & fro1 )\t meet+ any ?+ tangible2 & t ( a man1 :o1 feel+ some?+ tangible1 leaves x1 &1 aft] a motion ( :i* he is s5sible1 p]ceives ano!r tangible object2 & ,i !n ask1 :]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwixt ^! two cases8 ,no "o w make any scruple to affirm1 t x consi/s m]ely 9 ! p]ceiv+ ^? objects1 & t ! s5sation1 :i* arises f ! motion1 is 9 bo? cases ! same2 & z t s5sation is n capable ( convey+ to u an idea ( ext5sion1 :5 unaccompani$ ) "s o!r p]ception1 x c no m give u t idea1 :5 mix$ ) ! impressions ( tangible objects1 s9ce t mixture produces no alt]ation ^u x4 ,b ?\gh motion & d>kness1 ei!r alone or att5d$ ) tangible & visible objects1 convey no idea ( a vacuum or ext5sion )\t matt]1 yet !y are ! causes :y we falsely imag9e we c =m su* an idea4 ,= !re is a close relation betwixt t motion & d>kness1 & a real ext5sion1 or composition ( visible & tangible objects4 ,fir/1 we may obs]ve1 t two visible objects1 appe>+ 9 ! mid/ ( utt] d>kness1 affect ! s5ses 9 ! same mann]1 & =m ! same angle by ! rays :i* fl[ f !m1 & meet 9 ! eye1 z if ! di/ance betwixt !m 7 fill$ ) visible objects1 t give u a true idea ( ext5sion4 ,! s5sation ( motion is likewise ! same1 :5 !re is no?+ tangible int]pos$ betwixt two bodies1 z :5 we feel a comp\nd$ body1 ^: diff]5t p>ts are plac$ beyond ea* o!r4 ,secondly1 we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t two bodies1 :i* are s plac$ z to affect ! s5ses 9 ! same mann] ) two o!rs1 t h a c]ta9 ext5t ( visible objects int]pos$ betwixt !m1 are capable ( receiv+ ! same ext5t1 )\t any s5sible impulse or p5etration1 & )\t any *ange on t angle1 "u :i* !y appe> to ! s5ses4 ,9 l mann]1 :]e !re is "o object1 :i* we _c feel aft] ano!r )\t an int]val1 & ! p]ceiv+ ( t s5sation we call motion 9 our h& or organ ( s5sation2 exp]i5ce %ews u1 t 'tis possible ! same object may be felt ) ! same s5sation ( motion1 along ) ! int]pos$ impression ( solid & tangible objects1 att5d+ ! s5sation4 ,t is1 9 o!r words1 an invisible & intangible di/ance may be conv]t$ into a visible & tangible "o1 )\t any *ange on ! di/ant objects4 ,?irdly1 we may obs]ve1 z ano!r relation betwixt ^! two k9ds ( di/ance1 t !y h ne>ly ! same effects on e natural ph5om5on4 ,= z all qualities1 su* z heat1 cold1 light1 attraction1 c4 dim9i% 9 proportion to ! di/ance2 !re is b little diff]5ce obs]v$1 :e!r ?is di/ance be m>k$ out by comp\nd$ & s5sible objects1 or be kn[n only by ! mann] 9 :i* ! di/ant objects affect ! s5ses4 ,"h !n are ?ree relations betwixt t di/ance1 :i* conveys ! idea ( ext5sion1 & t o!r1 :i* is n fill$ ) any col\r$ or solid object4 ,! di/ant objects affect ! s5ses 9 ! same mann]1 :e!r sep>at$ by ! "o di/ance or ! o!r2 ! second species ( di/ance is f\nd capable ( receiv+ ! fir/2 & !y bo? equally dim9i% ! =ce ( e quality4 ,^! relations betwixt ! two k9ds ( di/ance1 w af=d u an easy reason :y ! "o has s (t5 be5 tak5 = ! o!r1 & :y we imag9e we h an idea ( ext5sion )\t ! idea ( any object ei!r ( ! sight or feel+4 ,= we may e/abli% x z a g5]al maxim 9 ?is sci5ce ( human nature1 t :]ev] !re is a close relation betwixt two ideas1 ! m9d is v apt to mi/ake !m1 & 9 all its disc\rses & reason+s to use ! "o = ! o!r4 ,?is ph5om5on occurs on s _m occasions1 & is ( su* consequ5ce1 t ,i _c =be> /opp+ a mom5t to exam9e its causes4 ,i %all only premise1 t we mu/ di/+ui% exactly betwixt ! ph5om5on itself1 & ! causes :i* ,i %all assign = x2 & mu/ n imag9e1 f any unc]ta9ty 9 ! latt]1 t ! =m] is also unc]ta94 ,! ph5om5on may be real1 ?\gh my explication be *im]ical4 ,! falsehood ( ! "o is no consequ5ce ( t ( ! o!r2 ?\gh at ! same "t we may obs]ve1 t 'tis v natural = u to draw su* a consequ5ce2 :i* is an evid5t in/ance ( t v pr9ciple1 :i* ,i endeav\r to expla94 ,:5 ,i receiv$ ! relations ( resemblance1 contiguity1 & causation1 z pr9ciples ( union among ideas1 )\t exam9+ into _! causes1 'twas m 9 prosecution ( my fir/ maxim1 t we mu/ 9 ! end re/ cont5t$ ) exp]i5ce1 ?an = want ( some?+ speci\s & plausible1 :i* ,i might h display$ on t subject4 ',tw\ld h be5 easy to h made an imag9>y dissection ( ! bra91 & h %[n1 :y1 ^u our conception ( any idea1 ! animal spirits run into all ! contigu\s traces1 & r\ze up ! o!r ideas t are relat$ to x4 ,b ?\gh ,i h neglect$ any advantage1 :i* ,i might h drawn f ?is topic 9 expla9+ ! relations ( ideas1 ,i am afraid ,i mu/ "h h rec\rse to x1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! mi/akes t arise f ^! relations4 ,i %all !re=e obs]ve1 t z ! m9d is end[$ ) a p[] ( excit+ any idea x pleases2 :5ev] x despat*es ! spirits into t region ( ! bra91 9 :i* ! idea is plac$2 ^! spirits always excite ! idea1 :5 !y run precisely into ! prop] traces1 & rummage t cell1 :i* belongs to ! idea4 ,b z _! motion is seldom direct1 & naturally turns a little to ! "o side or ! o!r2 = ?is reason ! animal spirits1 fall+ into ! contigu\s traces1 pres5t o!r relat$ ideas1 9 lieu ( t :i* ! m9d desir$ at fir/ to survey4 ,?is *ange we are n always s5sible (2 b cont9u+ /ill ! same tra9 ( ?\ght1 make use ( ! relat$ idea1 :i* is pres5t$ to u1 & employ x 9 our reason+1 z if x 7 ! same ) :at we dem&$4 ,?is is ! cause ( _m mi/akes & sophisms 9 philosophy2 z w naturally be imag9$1 & z x w\ld be easy to %[1 if !re 0 occasion4 ,( ! ?ree relations above-m5tion$ t ( resemblance is ! mo/ f]tile s\rce ( error2 & inde$ !re are few mi/akes 9 reason+1 :i* d n borr[ l>gely f t orig94 ,resembl+ ideas are n only relat$ toge!r1 b ! actions ( ! m9d1 :i* we employ 9 consid]+ !m1 are s little diff]5t1 t we are n able to di/+ui% !m4 ,?is la/ circum/ance is ( great consequ5ce2 & we may 9 g5]al obs]ve1 t :]ev] ! actions ( ! m9d 9 =m+ any two ideas are ! same or resembl+1 we are v apt to conf\nd ^! ideas1 & take ! "o = ! o!r4 ,( ?is we %all see _m in/ances 9 ! progress ( ?is treatise4 ,b ?\gh resemblance be ! relation1 :i* mo/ readily produces a mi/ake 9 ideas1 yet ! o!rs ( causation & contiguity may also concur 9 ! same influ5ce4 ,we might produce ! figures ( poets & orators1 z suffici5t pro(s ( ?is1 7 x z usual z x is reasonable1 9 metaphysical subjects1 to draw our argum5ts f t qu>t]4 ,b le/ metaphysicians %\ld e/eem ?is bel[ _! dignity1 ,i %all borr[ a pro( f an obs]vation1 :i* may be made on mo/ ( _! own disc\rses1 viz4 t 'tis usual = m5 to use words = ideas1 & to talk in/ead ( ?9k+ 9 _! reason+s4 ,we use words = ideas1 because !y are commonly s closely connect$1 t ! m9d easily mi/akes !m4 ,& ?is likewise is ! reason1 :y we sub/itute ! idea ( a di/ance1 :i* is n consid]$ ei!r z visible or tangible1 9 ! room ( ext5sion1 :i* is no?+ b a composition ( visible or tangible po9ts dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,9 caus+ ?is mi/ake !re concur bo? ! relations ( causation & resemblance4 ,z ! fir/ species ( di/ance is f\nd to be conv]tible into ! second1 'tis 9 ?is respect a k9d ( cause2 & ! simil>ity ( _! mann] ( affect+ ! s5ses1 & dim9i%+ e quality1 =ms ! relation ( resemblance4 ,aft] ?is *a9 ( reason+ & explication ( my pr9ciples1 ,i am n[ prep>$ to answ] all ! objections t h be5 (f]$1 :e!r d]iv$ f metaphysics or me*anics4 ,! frequ5t disputes conc]n+ a vacuum1 or ext5sion )\t matt]1 prove n ! reality ( ! idea1 ^u :i* ! dispute turns2 !re be+ no?+ m common1 ?an to see m5 deceive !mselves 9 ?is p>ticul>2 especially :51 by means ( any close relation1 !re is ano!r idea pres5t$1 :i* may be ! occasion ( _! mi/ake4 ,we may make almo/ ! same answ] to ! second objection1 d]iv$ f ! conjunction ( ! ideas ( re/ & annihilation4 ,:5 e ?+ is annihilat$ 9 ! *amb]1 & ! walls cont9ue immovable1 ! *amb] mu/ be conceiv$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z at pres5t1 :5 ! air t fills x is n an object ( ! s5ses4 ,?is annihilation leaves to ! eye t fictiti\s di/ance1 :i* is discov]$ by ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! organ t are affect$1 & by ! degrees ( light & %ade2 & to ! feel+1 t :i* consi/s 9 a s5sation ( motion 9 ! h&1 or o!r memb] ( ! body4 ,9 va9 %\ld we se>* any f>!r4 ,on :i*ev] side we turn ?is subject1 we %all f9d t ^! are ! only impressions su* an object c produce aft] ! suppos$ annihilation2 & x has already be5 rem>k$1 t impressions c give rise to no ideas1 b to su* z resemble !m4 ,s9ce a body int]pos$ betwixt two o!rs may be suppos$ to be annihilat$1 )\t produc+ any *ange ^u su* z lie on ea* h& ( x1 'tis easily conceiv$1 h[ x may be creat$ anew1 & yet produce z little alt]ation4 ,n[ ! motion ( a body has mu* ! same effect z its creation4 ,! di/ant bodies are no m affect$ 9 ! "o case1 ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,?is suffices to satisfy ! imag9ation1 & proves !re is no repugnance 9 su* a motion4 ,aft]w>ds exp]i5ce comes 9 play to p]suade u t two bodies1 situat$ 9 ! mann] above describ$1 h really su* a capacity ( receiv+ body betwixt !m1 & t !re is no ob/acle to ! conv]sion ( ! invisible & intangible di/ance into "o t is visible & tangible4 ,h[ev] natural t conv]sion may seem1 we _c be sure x is practicable1 be=e we h _h exp]i5ce ( x4 ,?us ,i seem to h answ]$ ! ?ree objections above m5tion$2 ?\gh at ! same "t ,i am s5sible1 t few w be satisfi$ ) ^! answ]s1 b w imm$iately propose new objections & difficulties4 ',twill probably be said1 t my reason+ makes no?+ to ! matt] 9 h&1 & t ,i expla9 only ! mann] 9 :i* objects affect ! s5ses1 )\t endeav\r+ to acc\nt = _! real nature & op]ations4 ,?\gh !re be no?+ visible or tangible int]pos$ betwixt two bodies1 yet we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t ! bodies may be plac$ 9 ! same mann]1 ) reg>d to ! eye1 & require ! same motion ( ! h& 9 pass+ f "o to ! o!r1 z if divid$ by some?+ visible & tangible4 ,?is invisible & intangible di/ance is also f\nd by exp]i5ce to conta9 a capacity ( receiv+ body1 or ( becom+ visible & tangible4 ,"h is ! :ole ( my sy/em2 & 9 no "p ( x h ,i endeav\r$ to expla9 ! cause1 :i* sep>ates bodies aft] ?is mann]1 & gives !m a capacity ( receiv+ o!rs betwixt !m1 )\t any impulse or p5etration4 ,i answ] ?is objection1 by plead+ guilty1 & by confess+ t my int5tion nev] 0 to p5etrate into ! nature ( bodies1 or expla9 ! secret causes ( _! op]ations4 ,=1 besides t ?is belongs n to my pres5t purpose1 ,i am afraid1 t su* an ent]prise is beyond ! rea* ( human und]/&+1 & t we c nev] pret5d to "k body o!rwise ?an by ^? ext]nal prop]ties1 :i* discov] !mselves to ! s5ses4 ,z to ^? :o attempt any ?+ f>!r1 ,i _c approve ( _! ambition1 till ,i see1 9 "s "o in/ance at lea/1 t !y h met ) success4 ,b at pres5t ,i cont5t myself ) kn[+ p]fectly ! mann] 9 :i* objects affect my s5ses1 & _! connexions ) ea* o!r1 z f> z exp]i5ce in=ms me ( !m4 ,?is suffices = ! conduct ( life2 & ?is also suffices = my philosophy1 :i* pret5ds only to expla9 ! nature & causes ( our p]ceptions1 or impressions & ideas4#g ,i %all conclude ?is subject ( ext5sion ) a p>adox1 :i* w easily be expla9$ f ! =ego+ reason+4 ,?is p>adox is1 t if y are pleas$ to give to ! invisible & intangible di/ance1 or 9 o!r words1 to ! capacity ( becom+ a visible & tangible di/ance1 ! "n ( a vacuum1 ext5sion & matt] are ! same1 & yet !re is a vacuum4 ,if y w n give x t "n1 motion is possible 9 a pl5um1 )\t any impulse 9 inf9itum1 )\t return+ 9 a circle1 & )\t p5etration4 ,b h[ev] we may express ourselves1 we mu/ always confess1 t we h no idea ( any real ext5sion )\t fill+ x ) s5sible objects1 & conceiv+ its p>ts z visible or tangible4 ,z to ! doctr9e1 t "t is no?+ b ! mann] 9 :i* "s real objects exi/2 we may obs]ve1 t 'tis liable to ! same objections z ! simil> doctr9e ) reg>d to ext5sion4 ,if x be a suffici5t pro(1 t we h ! idea ( a vacuum1 because we dispute & reason conc]n+ x2 we mu/ = ! same reason h ! idea ( "t )\t any *angeable exi/5ce2 s9ce !re is no subject ( dispute m frequ5t & common4 ,b t we really h no su* idea1 is c]ta94 ,= :5ce %\ld x be d]iv$8 ,does x arise f an impression ( s5sation or ( reflection8 ,po9t x out di/9ctly to u1 t we may "k its nature & qualities4 ,b if y _c po9t out any su* impression1 y may be c]ta9 y are mi/ak51 :5 y imag9e y h any su* idea4 ,b ?\gh x be impossible to %[ ! impression1 f :i* ! idea ( "t )\t a *angeable exi/5ce is d]iv$1 yet we c easily po9t out ^? appe>ances1 :i* make u fancy we h t idea4 ,= we may obs]ve1 t !re is a cont9ual succession ( p]ceptions 9 our m9d2 s t ! idea ( "t be+ = ev] pres5t ) u1 :5 we consid] a /$fa/ object at five o'clock1 & reg>d ! same at six1 we are apt to apply to x t idea 9 ! same mann] z if e mom5t 7 di/+ui%$ by a diff]5t position1 or an alt]ation ( ! object4 ,! fir/ & second appe>ances ( ! object1 be+ comp>$ ) ! succession ( our p]ceptions1 seem equally remov$ z if ! object _h really *ang$4 ,to :i* we may add1 :at exp]i5ce %[s u1 t ! object 0 susceptible ( su* a numb] ( *anges betwixt ^! appe>ances2 z also t ! un*angeable or r fictiti\s duration has ! same effect ^u e quality1 by increas+ or dim9i%+ x1 z t succession :i* is obvi\s to ! s5ses4 ,f ^! ?ree relations we are apt to conf\nd our ideas1 & imag9e we c =m ! idea ( a "t & duration1 )\t any *ange or succession4 #g ,z long z we conf9e our speculations to ! appe>ances ( objects to our s5ses1 )\t ent]+ into disquisitions conc]n+ _! real nature & op]ations1 we are safe f all difficulties1 & c nev] be emb>rass$ by any "q4 ,?us1 if x be ask$1 if ! invisible & intangible di/ance1 int]pos$ betwixt two objects1 be some?+ or no?+3 'tis easy to answ]1 t x is some?+1 viz4 a prop]ty ( ! objects1 :i* affect ! s5ses aft] su* a p>ticul> mann]4 ,if x be ask$1 :e!r two objects1 hav+ su* a di/ance betwixt !m1 t\* or n3 x may be answ]$1 t ?is dep5ds ^u ! def9ition ( ! ^w t\*4 ,if objects be said to t\*1 :5 !re is no?+ s5sible int]pos$ betwixt !m1 ^! objects t\*3 ,if objects be said to t\*1 :5 _! images /rike contigu\s p>ts ( ! eye1 & :5 ! h& feels bo? objects successively1 )\t any int]pos$ motion1 ^! objects d n t\*4 ,! appe>ances ( objects to our s5ses are all consi/5t2 & no difficulties c ev] arise1 b f ! obscurity ( ! t]ms we make use (4 ,if we c>ry our inquiry beyond ! appe>ances ( objects to ! s5ses1 ,i am afraid1 t mo/ ( our conclusions w be full ( scepticism & unc]ta9ty4 ,?us1 if x be ask$1 :e!r or n ! invisible & intangible di/ance be always full ( body1 or ( some?+ t by an improvem5t ( our organs might become visible or tangible1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t ,i f9d no v decisive argum5ts on ei!r side3 ?\gh ,i am incl9$ to ! contr>y op9ion1 z be+ m suitable to vulg> & popul> notions4 ,if ! ,newtonian philosophy be rightly und]/ood1 x w be f\nd to mean no m4 ,a vacuum is ass]t$2 t is1 bodies are said to be plac$ aft] su* a mann] z to receive bodies betwixt !m1 )\t impulsion or p5etration4 ,! real nature ( ?is position ( bodies is unkn[n4 ,we are only acqua9t$ ) its effects on ! s5ses1 & its p[] ( receiv+ body4 ,no?+ is m suitable to t philosophy1 ?an a mode/ scepticism to a c]ta9 degree1 & a fair confession ( ignorance 9 subjects t exce$ all human capacity4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,exi/5ce1 ,,& ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,exi/5ce4 ,x may n be amiss1 be=e we leave ?is subject1 to expla9 ! ideas ( exi/5ce & ( ext]nal exi/5ce2 :i* h _! difficulties1 z well z ! ideas ( space & "t4 ,by ?is means we %all be ! bett] prep>$ = ! exam9ation ( k & probability1 :5 we und]/& p]fectly all ^? p>ticul> ideas1 :i* may ent] into our reason+4 ,!re is no impression nor idea ( any k9d1 ( :i* we h any consci\sness or memory1 t is n conceiv$ z exi/5t2 & 'tis evid5t t1 f ?is consci\sness1 ! mo/ p]fect idea & assurance ( be+ is d]iv$4 ,f h5ce we may =m a dilemma1 ! mo/ cle> & conclusive t c be imag9$1 viz4 t s9ce we nev] rememb] any idea or impression )\t attribut+ exi/5ce to x1 ! idea ( exi/5ce mu/ ei!r be d]iv$ f a di/9ct impression1 conjo9$ ) e p]ception or object ( our ?\ght1 or mu/ be ! v same ) ! idea ( ! p]ception or object4 ,z ?is dilemma is an evid5t consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple1 t e idea arises f a simil> impression1 s our decision betwixt ! propositions ( ! dilemma is no m d\btful4 ,s f> f !re be+ any di/9ct impression att5d+ e impression & e idea1 t ,i d n ?9k !re are any two di/9ct impressions :i* are insep>ably conjo9$4 ,?\gh c]ta9 s5sations may at "o "t be unit$1 we quickly f9d !y admit ( a sep>ation1 & may be pres5t$ ap>t4 ,& ?us1 ?\gh e impression & idea we rememb] be consid]$ z exi/5t1 ! idea ( exi/5ce is n d]iv$ f any p>ticul> impression4 ,! idea ( exi/5ce1 !n1 is ! v same ) ! idea ( :at we conceive to be exi/5t4 ,to reflect on any ?+ simply1 & to reflect on x z exi/5t1 are no?+ diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,t idea1 :5 conjo9$ ) ! idea ( any object1 makes no addition to x4 ,:atev] we conceive1 we conceive to be exi/5t4 ,any idea we please to =m is ! idea ( a be+2 & ! idea ( a be+ is any idea we please to =m4 ,:oev] opposes ?is1 mu/ necess>ily po9t out t di/9ct impression1 f :i* ! idea ( entity is d]iv$1 & mu/ prove1 t ?is impression is insep>able f e p]ception we believe to be exi/5t4 ,?is we may )\t hesitation conclude to be impossible4 ,our =ego+ reason+#h conc]n+ ! di/9ction ( ideas )\t any real diff]5ce w n "h s]ve u 9 any /ead4 ,t k9d ( di/9ction is f\nd$ on ! diff]5t resemblances1 :i* ! same simple idea may h to sev]al diff]5t ideas4 ,b no object c be pres5t$ resembl+ "s object ) respect to its exi/5ce1 & diff]5t f o!rs 9 ! same p>ticul>2 s9ce e object t is pres5t$1 mu/ necess>ily be exi/5t4 ,a l reason+ w acc\nt = ! idea ( ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,we may obs]ve1 t 'tis univ]sally all[$ by philosoph]s1 & is besides pretty obvi\s ( itself1 t no?+ is ev] really pres5t ) ! m9d b its p]ceptions or impressions & ideas1 & t ext]nal objects become kn[n to u only by ^? p]ceptions !y occasion4 ,to hate1 to love1 to ?9k1 to feel1 to see2 all ?is is no?+ b to p]ceive4 ,n[1 s9ce no?+ is ev] pres5t to ! m9d b p]ceptions1 & s9ce all ideas are d]iv$ f some?+ antec$5tly pres5t to ! m9d2 x foll[s1 t 'tis impossible = u s mu* z to conceive or =m an idea ( any ?+ specifically diff]5t f ideas & impressions4 ,let u fix our att5tion out ( ourselves z mu* z possible2 let u *ase our imag9ation to ! heav5s1 or to ! utmo/ limits ( ! univ]se2 we nev] really advance a /ep beyond ourselves1 nor c conceive any k9d ( exi/5ce1 b ^? p]ceptions1 :i* h appe>$ 9 t n>r[ compass4 ,?is is ! univ]se ( ! imag9ation1 nor h we any idea b :at is !re produc$4 ,! f>!/ we c g t[>ds a conception ( ext]nal objects1 :5 suppos$ specifically diff]5t f our p]ceptions1 is to =m a relative idea ( !m1 )\t pret5d+ to compreh5d ! relat$ objects4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we d n suppose !m specifically diff]5t2 b only attribute to !m diff]5t relations1 connexions1 & durations4 ,b ( ?is m fully h]eaft]4#i #h ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 #g4 #i ,"p ,,vi4 ,sect4 #b4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,k ,,& ,,probability4 ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,k4 ,!re are sev5 diff]5t k9ds ( philosophical relation1#a viz4 resemblance1 id5tity1 relations ( "t & place1 proportion 9 quantity or numb]1 degrees 9 any quality1 contr>iety1 & causation4 ,^! relations may be divid$ into two classes2 into su* z dep5d entirely on ! ideas1 :i* we comp>e toge!r1 & su* z may be *ang$ )\t any *ange 9 ! ideas4 ',tis f ! idea ( a triangle1 t we discov] ! relation ( equality1 :i* its ?ree angles be> to two "r ones2 & ?is relation is inv>iable1 z long z our idea rema9s ! same4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! relations ( contiguity & di/ance betwixt two objects may be *ang$ m]ely by an alt]ation ( _! place1 )\t any *ange on ! objects !mselves or on _! ideas2 & ! place dep5ds on a hundr$ diff]5t accid5ts1 :i* _c be =ese5 by ! m9d4 ',tis ! same case ) id5tity & causation4 ,two objects1 ?\gh p]fectly resembl+ ea* o!r1 & ev5 appe>+ 9 ! same place at diff]5t times1 may be num]ically diff]5t3 & z ! p[]1 by :i* "o object produces ano!r1 is nev] discov]able m]ely f _! idea1 'tis evid5t cause & effect are relations1 ( :i* we receive in=mation f exp]i5ce1 & n f any ab/ract reason+ or reflection4 ,!re is no s+le ph5om5on1 ev5 ! mo/ simple1 :i* c be acc\nt$ = f ! qualities ( ! objects1 z !y appe> to u2 or :i* we c\ld =esee )\t ! help ( our memory & exp]i5ce4 ,x appe>s !re=e t ( ^! sev5 philosophical relations1 !re rema9 only f\r1 :i* dep5d+ solely ^u ideas1 c be ! objects ( k & c]ta9ty4 ,^! f\r are resemblance1 contr>iety1 degrees 9 quality1 & proportions 9 quantity or numb]4 ,?ree ( ^! relations are discov]able at fir/ sight1 & fall m prop]ly "u ! prov9ce ( intuition ?an demon/ration4 ,:5 any objects resemble ea* o!r1 ! resemblance w at fir/ /rike ! eye1 or r ! m9d2 & seldom requires a second exam9ation4 ,! case is ! same ) contr>iety1 & ) ! degrees ( any quality4 ,no "o c once d\bt b exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce de/roy ea* o!r1 & are p]fectly incompatible & contr>y4 ,& ?\gh x be impossible to judge exactly ( ! degrees ( any quality1 su* z col\r1 ta/e1 heat1 cold1 :5 ! diff]5ce betwixt !m is v small2 yet 'tis easy to decide1 t any ( !m is sup]ior or inf]ior to ano!r1 :5 _! diff]5ce is consid]able4 ,& ?is decision we always pron\nce at fir/ sight1 )\t any inquiry or reason+4 ,we might proce$1 aft] ! same mann]1 9 fix+ ! proportions ( quantity or numb]1 & might at "o view obs]ve a sup]iority or inf]iority betwixt any numb]s1 or figures2 especially :]e ! diff]5ce is v great & rem>kable4 ,z to equality or any exact proportion1 we c only guess at x f a s+le consid]ation2 except 9 v %ort numb]s1 or v limit$ portions ( ext5sion2 :i* are compreh5d$ 9 an in/ant1 & :]e we p]ceive an impossibility ( fall+ into any consid]able error4 ,9 all o!r cases we mu/ settle ! proportions ) "s lib]ty1 or proce$ 9 a m artificial mann]4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t geometry1 or ! art by :i* we fix ! proportions ( figures2 ?\gh x mu* excels bo? 9 univ]sality & exactness1 ! loose judgm5ts ( ! s5ses & imag9ation2 yet nev] atta9s a p]fect precision & exactness4 ,its fir/ pr9ciples are /ill drawn f ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! objects2 & t appe>ance c nev] af=d u any security1 :5 we exam9e ! prodigi\s m9ut5ess ( :i* nature is susceptible4 ,our ideas seem to give a p]fect assurance1 t no two "r l9es c h a common segm5t2 b if we consid] ^! ideas1 we %all f9d1 t !y always suppose a s5sible incl9ation ( ! two l9es1 & t :]e ! angle !y =m is extremely small1 we h no /&>d ( a "r l9e s precise z to assure u ( ! tru? ( ?is proposition4 ',tis ! same case ) mo/ ( ! prim>y decisions ( ! ma!matics4 ,!re rema9 !re=e algebra & ari?metic z ! only sci5ces1 9 :i* we c c>ry on a *a9 ( reason+ to any degree ( intricacy1 & yet pres]ve a p]fect exactness & c]ta9ty4 ,we are possess$ ( a precise /&>d1 by :i* we c judge ( ! equality & proportion ( numb]s2 & accord+ z !y correspond or n to t /&>d1 we det]m9e _! relations1 )\t any possibility ( error4 ,:5 two numb]s are s comb9$1 z t ! "o has always an unite answ]+ to e unite ( ! o!r1 we pron\nce !m equal2 & 'tis = want ( su* a /&>d ( equality 9 ext5sion1 t geometry c sc>ce be e/eem$ a p]fect & infallible sci5ce4 ,b "h x may n be amiss to obviate a difficulty1 :i* may arise f my ass]t+1 t ?\gh geometry falls %ort ( t p]fect precision & c]ta9ty1 :i* are peculi> to ari?metic & algebra1 yet x excels ! imp]fect judgm5ts ( our s5ses & imag9ation4 ,! reason :y ,i impute any defect to geometry1 is1 because its orig9al & fundam5tal pr9ciples are d]iv$ m]ely f appe>ances2 & x may p]haps be imag9$1 t ?is defect mu/ always att5d x1 & keep x f ev] rea*+ a great] exactness 9 ! comp>ison ( objects or ideas1 ?an :at our eye or imag9ation alone is able to atta94 ,i own t ?is defect s f> att5ds x1 z to keep x f ev] aspir+ to a full c]ta9ty3 b s9ce ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples dep5d on ! easie/ & lea/ deceitful appe>ances1 !y be/[ on _! consequ5ces a degree ( exactness1 ( :i* ^! consequ5ces are s+ly incapable4 ',tis impossible = ! eye to det]m9e ! angles ( a *iliagon to be equal to #aiif "r angles1 or make any conjecture1 t approa*es ?is proportion2 b :5 x det]m9es1 t "r l9es _c concur2 t we _c draw m ?an "o "r l9e betwe5 two giv5 po9ts2 its mi/akes c nev] be ( any consequ5ce4 ,& ?is is ! nature & use ( geometry1 to run u up to su* appe>ances1 z1 by reason ( _! simplicity1 _c lead u into any consid]able error4 ,i %all "h take occasion to propose a second obs]vation conc]n+ our demon/rative reason+s1 :i* is sugge/$ by ! same subject ( ! ma!matics4 ',tis usual ) ma!maticians to pret5d1 t ^? ideas1 :i* are _! objects1 are ( s ref9$ & spiritual a nature1 t !y fall n "u ! conception ( ! fancy1 b mu/ be compreh5d$ by a pure & intellectual view1 ( :i* ! sup]ior faculties ( ! s\l are alone capable4 ,! same notion runs ?r\gh mo/ p>ts ( philosophy1 & is pr9cipally made use ( to expla9 our ab/ract ideas1 & to %[ h[ we c =m an idea ( a triangle1 = in/ance1 :i* %all nei!r be an isosceles nor scal5um1 nor be conf9$ to any p>ticul> l5g? & proportion ( sides4 ',tis easy to see :y philosoph]s are s fond ( ?is notion ( "s spiritual & ref9$ p]ceptions2 s9ce by t means !y cov] _m ( _! absurdities1 & may refuse to submit to ! decisions ( cle> ideas1 by appeal+ to su* z are obscure & unc]ta94 ,b to de/roy ?is artifice1 we ne$ b reflect on t pr9ciple s (t insi/$ on1 t all our ideas are copi$ f out impressions4 ,= f !nce we may imm$iately conclude1 t s9ce all impressions are cle> & precise1 ! ideas1 :i* are copi$ f !m1 mu/ be ( ! same nature1 & c nev]1 b f our fault1 conta9 any ?+ s d>k & intricate4 ,an idea is by its v nature weak] & fa9t] ?an an impression2 b be+ 9 e o!r respect ! same1 _c imply any v great my/]y4 ,if its weakness r5d] x obscure1 'tis our bus9ess to rem$y t defect1 z mu* z possible1 by keep+ ! idea /eady & precise2 & till we h done s1 'tis 9 va9 to pret5d to reason+ & philosophy4 #a ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 #e4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,probability1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,cause ,,& ,,effect4 ,?is is all ,i ?9k necess>y to obs]ve conc]n+ ^? f\r relations1 :i* are ! f\ndation ( sci5ce2 b z to ! o!r ?ree1 :i* dep5d n ^u ! idea1 & may be abs5t or pres5t ev5 :ile t rema9s ! same1 'twill be prop] to expla9 !m m p>ticul>ly4 ,^! ?ree relations are id5tity1 ! situations 9 "t & place1 & causation4 ,all k9ds ( reason+ consi/ 9 no?+ b a comp>ison1 & a discov]y ( ^? relations1 ei!r con/ant or incon/ant1 :i* two or m objects be> to ea* o!r4 ,?is comp>ison we may make1 ei!r :5 bo? ! objects are pres5t to ! s5ses1 or :5 nei!r ( !m is pres5t1 or :5 only "o4 ,:5 bo? ! objects are pres5t to ! s5ses along ) ! relation1 we call ?is p]ception r ?an reason+2 nor is !re 9 ?is case any ex]cise ( ! ?\ght1 or any action1 prop]ly speak+1 b a m]e passive admission ( ! impressions ?r\gh ! organs ( s5sation4 ,accord+ to ?is way ( ?9k+1 we ought n to receive z reason+ any ( ! obs]vations we may make conc]n+ id5tity1 & ! relations ( "t & place2 s9ce 9 none ( !m ! m9d c g beyond :at is imm$iately pres5t to ! s5ses1 ei!r to discov] ! real exi/5ce or ! relations ( objects4 ',tis only causation1 :i* produces su* a connexion1 z to give u assurance f ! exi/5ce or action ( "o object1 t 'twas foll[$ or prec$$ by any o!r exi/5ce or action2 nor c ! o!r two relations ev] be made use ( 9 reason+1 except s f> z !y ei!r affect or are affect$ by x4 ,!re is no?+ 9 any objects to p]suade u1 t !y are ei!r always remote or always contigu\s2 & :5 f exp]i5ce & obs]vation we discov]1 t _! relation 9 ?is p>ticul> is inv>iable1 we always conclude !re is "s secret cause :i* sep>ates or unites !m4 ,! same reason+ ext5ds to id5tity4 ,we readily suppose an object may cont9ue individually ! same1 ?\gh sev]al times abs5t f & pres5t to ! s5ses2 & ascribe to x an id5tity1 not)/&+ ! int]ruption ( ! p]ception1 :5ev] we conclude1 t if we _h kept our eye or h& con/antly ^u x1 x w\ld h convey$ an inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ p]ception4 ,b ?is conclusion beyond ! impressions ( our s5ses c be f\nd$ only on ! connexion ( cause & effect2 nor c we o!rwise h any security t ! object is n *ang$ ^u u1 h[ev] mu* ! new object may resemble t :i* 0 =m]ly pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,:5ev] we discov] su* a p]fect resemblance1 we consid] :e!r x be common 9 t species ( objects2 :e!r possibly or probably any cause c\ld op]ate 9 produc+ ! *ange & resemblance2 & accord+ z we det]m9e conc]n+ ^! causes & effects1 we =m our judgm5t conc]n+ ! id5tity ( ! object4 ,"h !n x appe>s1 t ( ^? ?ree relations1 :i* dep5d n ^u ! m]e ideas1 ! only "o t c be trac$ beyond our s5ses1 & in=ms u ( exi/5ces & objects1 :i* we d n see or feel1 is causation4 ,?is relation !re=e we %all endeav\r to expla9 fully be=e we leave ! subject ( ! ,( ! und]/&+4 ,to beg9 regul>ly1 we mu/ consid] ! idea ( causation1 & see f :at orig9 x is d]iv$4 ',tis impossible to reason ju/ly1 )\t und]/&+ p]fectly ! idea conc]n+ :i* we reason2 & 'tis impossible p]fectly to und]/& any idea1 )\t trac+ x up to its orig91 & exam9+ t prim>y impression1 f :i* x arises4 ,! exam9ation ( ! impression be/[s a cle>ness on ! idea2 & ! exam9ation ( ! idea be/[s a l cle>ness on all our reason+4 ,let u !re=e ca/ our eye on any two objects1 :i* we call cause & effect1 & turn !m on all sides1 9 ord] to f9d t impression1 :i* produces an idea ( su* prodigi\s consequ5ce4 ,at fir/ sight ,i p]ceive1 t ,i mu/ n se>* = x 9 any ( ! p>ticul> qualities ( ! objects2 s9ce1 :i*ev] ( ^! qualities ,i pit* on1 ,i f9d "s object t is n possess$ ( x1 & yet falls "u ! d5om9ation ( cause or effect4 ,& inde$ !re is no?+ exi/5t1 ei!r ext]nally or int]nally1 :i* is n to be consid]$ ei!r z a cause or an effect2 ?\gh 'tis pla9 !re is no "o quality :i* univ]sally belongs to all be+s1 & gives !m a title to t d5om9ation4 ,! idea !n ( causation mu/ be d]iv$ f "s relation among objects2 & t relation we mu/ n[ endeav\r to discov]4 ,i f9d 9 ! fir/ place1 t :atev] objects are consid]$ z causes or effects1 are contigu\s2 & t no?+ c op]ate 9 a "t or place1 :i* is ev] s little remov$ f ^? ( its exi/5ce4 ,?\gh di/ant objects may sometimes seem productive ( ea* o!r1 !y are commonly f\nd ^u exam9ation to be l9k$ by a *a9 ( causes1 :i* are contigu\s among !mselves1 & to ! di/ant objects2 & :5 9 any p>ticul> in/ance we _c discov] ?is connexion1 we /ill presume x to exi/4 ,we may !re=e consid] ! relation ( contiguity z ess5tial to t ( causation2 at lea/ may suppose x su*1 accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion1 till we c f9d a m prop] occasion#b to cle> up ?is matt]1 by exam9+ :at objects are or are n susceptible ( juxtaposition & conjunction4 ,! second relation ,i %all obs]ve z ess5tial to causes & effects1 is n s univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 b is liable to "s controv]sy4 ',tis t ( priority ( "t 9 ! cause be=e ! effect4 ,"s pret5d t 'tis n absolutely necess>y a cause %\ld prec$e its effect2 b t any object or action1 9 ! v fir/ mom5t ( its exi/5ce1 may ex]t its productive quality1 & give rise to ano!r object or action1 p]fectly cotempor>y ) itself4 ,b beside t exp]i5ce 9 mo/ in/ances seems to contradict ?is op9ion1 we may e/abli% ! relation ( priority by a k9d ( inf]5ce or reason+4 ',tis an e/abli%$ maxim bo? 9 natural & moral philosophy1 t an object1 :i* exi/s = any "t 9 its full p]fection )\t produc+ ano!r1 is n its sole cause2 b is assi/$ by "s o!r pr9ciple :i* pu%es x f its /ate ( inactivity1 & makes x ex]t t en]gy1 ( :i* x 0 secretly possess$4 ,n[ if any cause may be p]fectly cotempor>y ) its effect1 'tis c]ta91 accord+ to ?is maxim1 t !y mu/ all ( !m be s2 s9ce any "o ( !m1 :i* ret>ds its op]ation = a s+le mom5t1 ex]ts n itself at t v individual "t1 9 :i* x might h op]at$2 & !re=e is no prop] cause4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is w\ld be no less ?an ! de/ruction ( t succession ( causes1 :i* we obs]ve 9 ! _w2 & inde$ ! utt] annihilation ( "t4 ,= if "o cause 7 cotempor>y ) its effect1 & ?is effect ) its effect1 & s on1 'tis pla9 !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z succession1 & all objects mu/ be co-exi/5t4 ,if ?is argum5t appe> satisfactory1 'tis well4 ,if n1 ,i beg ! read] to all[ me ! same lib]ty1 :i* ,i h us$ 9 ! prec$+ case1 ( suppos+ x su*4 ,= he %all f9d1 t ! affair is ( no great importance4 ,hav+ ?us discov]$ or suppos$ ! two relations ( contiguity & succession to be ess5tial to causes & effects1 ,i f9d ,i am /opp$ %ort1 & c proce$ no f>!r 9 consid]+ any s+le in/ance ( cause & effect4 ,motion 9 "o body is reg>d$ ^u impulse z ! cause ( motion 9 ano!r4 ,:5 we consid] ^! objects ) ! utmo/ att5tion1 we f9d only t ! "o body approa*es ! o!r2 & t ! motion ( x prec$es t ( ! o!r1 b )\t any s5sible int]val4 ',tis 9 va9 to rack ourselves ) f>!r ?\ght & reflection ^u ?is subject4 ,we c g no f>!r 9 consid]+ ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,%\ld any "o leave ?is in/ance1 & pret5d to def9e a cause1 by say+ x is some?+ productive ( ano!r1 'tis evid5t he w\ld say no?+4 ,= :at does he mean by production8 ,c he give any def9ition ( x1 t w n be ! same ) t ( causation8 ,if he c1 ,i desire x maybe produc$4 ,if he _c1 he "h runs 9 a circle1 & gives a synonym\s t]m in/ead ( a def9ition4 ,%all we !n re/ cont5t$ ) ^! two relations ( contiguity & succession1 z af=d+ a complete idea ( causation8 ,by no means4 ,an object may be contigu\s & prior to ano!r1 )\t be+ consid]$ z its cause4 ,!re is a necess>y connexion to be tak5 into consid]ation2 & t relation is ( mu* great] importance1 ?an any ( ! o!r two above m5tion$4 ,"h aga9 ,i turn ! object on all sides1 9 ord] to discov] ! nature ( ?is necess>y connexion1 & f9d ! impression1 or impressions1 f :i* its idea may be d]iv$4 ,:5 ,i ca/ my eye on ! kn[n qualities ( objects1 ,i imm$iately discov] t ! relation ( cause & effect dep5ds n 9 ! lea/ on !m4 ,:5 ,i consid] _! relations1 ,i c f9d none b ^? ( contiguity & succession2 :i* ,i h already reg>d$ z imp]fect & unsatisfactory4 ,%all ! despair ( success make me ass]t1 t ,i am "h possess$ ( an idea1 :i* is n prec$$ by any simil> impression8 ,?is w\ld be too /rong a pro( ( levity & incon/ancy2 s9ce ! contr>y pr9ciple has be5 already s firmly e/abli%$1 z to admit ( no f>!r d\bt2 at lea/1 till we h m fully exam9$ ! pres5t difficulty4 ,we mu/ !re=e proce$ l ^? :o1 be+ 9 se>* ( any ?+ t lies conceal$ f !m1 & n f9d+ x 9 ! place !y expect$1 beat ab\t all ! neighb\r+ fields1 )\t any c]ta9 view or design1 9 hopes _! good =tune w at la/ guide !m to :at !y se>* =4 ',tis necess>y = u to leave ! direct survey ( ?is "q conc]n+ ! nature ( t necess>y connexion1 :i* ent]s into our idea ( cause & effect2 & endeav\r to f9d "s o!r que/ions1 ! exam9ation ( :i* w p]haps af=d a h9t1 t may s]ve to cle> up ! pres5t difficulty4 ,( ^! que/ions !re occur two1 :i* ,i %all proce$ to exam9e1 viz4 ,fir/1 = :at reason we pron\nce x necess>y1 t e ?+ ^: exi/5ce has a beg9n+1 %\ld also h a cause8 ,secondly1 :y we conclude1 t su* p>ticul> causes mu/ necess>ily h su* p>ticul> effects2 & :at is ! nature ( t inf]5ce we draw f ! "o to ! o!r1 & ( ! belief we repose 9 x8 ,i %all only obs]ve be=e ,i proce$ any f>!r1 t ?\gh ! ideas ( cause & effect be d]iv$ f ! impressions ( reflection z well z f ^? ( s5sation1 yet = brevity's sake1 ,i commonly m5tion only ! latt] z ! orig9 ( ^! ideas2 ?\gh ,i desire t1 :atev] ,i say ( !m1 may also ext5d to ! =m]4 ,passions are connect$ ) _! objects & ) "o ano!r2 no less ?an ext]nal bodies are connect$ toge!r4 ,! same relation !n ( cause & effect1 :i* belongs to "o1 mu/ be common to all ( !m4 #b ,"p ,,iv4 ,sect #e4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,:y ,a ,,cause ,,is ,,always ,,necess>y4 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ "q conc]n+ ! necessity ( a cause3 ',tis a g5]al maxim 9 philosophy1 t :atev] beg9s to exi/1 mu/ h a cause ( exi/5ce4 ,?is is commonly tak5 = grant$ 9 all reason+s1 )\t any pro( giv5 or dem&$4 ',tis suppos$ to be f\nd$ on intuition1 & to be "o ( ^? maxims :i*1 ?\gh !y may be d5i$ ) ! lips1 'tis impossible = m5 9 _! he>ts really to d\bt (4 ,b if we exam9e ?is maxim by ! idea ( k above expla9$1 we %all discov] 9 x no m>k ( any su* intuitive c]ta9ty2 b on ! contr>y %all f9d1 t 'tis ( a nature q =eign to t species ( conviction4 ,all c]ta9ty arises f ! comp>ison ( ideas1 & f ! discov]y ( su* relations z are unalt]able1 s long z ! ideas cont9ue ! same4 ,^! relations are resemblance1 proportions 9 quantity & numb]1 degrees ( any quality1 & contr>iety2 none ( :i* are impli$ 9 ?is proposition1 ,:atev] has a beg9n+ has also a cause ( exi/5ce4 ,t proposition !re=e is n intuitively c]ta94 ,at lea/ any "o1 :o w\ld ass]t x to be intuitively c]ta91 mu/ d5y ^! to be ! only infallible relations1 & mu/ f9d "s o!r relation ( t k9d to be impli$ 9 x2 :i* x w !n be "t en\gh to exam9e4 ,b "h is an argum5t1 :i* proves at once1 t ! =ego+ proposition is nei!r intuitively nor demon/rably c]ta94 ,we c nev] demon/rate ! necessity ( a cause to e new exi/5ce1 or new modification ( exi/5ce1 )\t %[+ at ! same "t ! impossibility !re is1 t any ?+ c ev] beg9 to exi/ )\t "s productive pr9ciple2 & :]e ! latt] proposition _c be prov$1 we mu/ despair ( ev] be+ able to prove ! =m]4 ,n[ t ! latt] proposition is utt]ly incapable ( a demon/rative pro(1 we may satisfy ourselves by consid]+1 t z all di/9ct ideas are sep>able f ea* o!r1 & z ! ideas ( cause & effect are evid5tly di/9ct1 'twill be easy = u to conceive any object to be non-exi/5t ?is mom5t1 & exi/5t ! next1 )\t conjo9+ to x ! di/9ct idea ( a cause or productive pr9ciple4 ,! sep>ation !re=e ( ! idea ( a cause f t ( a beg9n+ ( exi/5ce1 is pla9ly possible = ! imag9ation2 & consequ5tly ! actual sep>ation ( ^! objects is s f> possible1 t x implies no contradiction nor absurdity2 & is !re=e incapable ( be+ refut$ by any reason+ f m]e ideas1 )\t :i* 'tis impossible to demon/rate ! necessity ( a cause4 ,accord+ly1 we %all f9d ^u exam9ation1 t e demon/ration1 :i* has be5 produc$ = ! necessity ( a cause1 is fallaci\s & sophi/ical4 ,all ! po9ts ( "t & place1 say "s philosoph]s1#c 9 :i* we c suppose any object to beg9 to exi/1 are 9 !mselves equal2 & unless !re be "s cause1 :i* is peculi> to "o "t & to "o place1 & :i* by t means det]m9es & fixes ! exi/5ce1 x mu/ rema9 9 et]nal susp5se2 & ! object c nev] beg9 to be1 = want ( some?+ to fix its beg9n+4 ,b ,i ask1 is !re any m difficulty 9 suppos+ ! "t & place to be fix$ )\t a cause1 ?an to suppose ! exi/5ce to be det]m9$ 9 t mann]6 ,! fir/ "q t occurs on ?is subject is always1 :e!r ! object %all exi/ or n3 ! next1 :5 & :]e x %all beg9 to exi/4 ,if ! removal ( a cause be intuitively absurd 9 ! "o case1 x mu/ be s 9 ! o!r3 & if t absurdity be n cle> )\t a pro( 9 ! "o case1 x w equally require "o 9 ! o!r4 ,! absurdity !n ( ! "o supposition c nev] be a pro( ( t ( ! o!r2 s9ce !y are bo? ^u ! same foot+1 & mu/ /& or fall by ! same reason+4 ,! second argum5t1#d :i* ,i f9d us$ on ?is head1 lab\rs "u an equal difficulty4 ,e ?+1 'tis said1 mu/ h a cause2 = if any ?+ want$ a cause1 x w\ld produce itself1 t is1 exi/ be=e x exi/$1 :i* is impossible4 ,b ?is reason+ is pla9ly unconclusive2 because x supposes t1 9 our d5ial ( a cause1 we /ill grant :at we expressly d5y1 viz4 t !re mu/ be a cause2 :i* !re=e is tak5 to be ! object itself2 & t1 no d\bt1 is an evid5t contradiction4 ,b to say t any ?+ is produc$1 or1 to express myself m prop]ly1 comes into exi/5ce1 )\t a cause1 is n to affirm t 'tis itself its own cause2 b1 on ! contr>y1 9 exclud+ all ext]nal causes1 excludes a =tiori ! ?+ itself :i* is creat$4 ,an object t exi/s absolutely )\t any cause1 c]ta9ly is n its own cause2 & :5 y ass]t1 t ! "o foll[s f ! o!r1 y suppose ! v po9t 9 "q1 & take x = grant$1 t 'tis utt]ly impossible any ?+ c ev] beg9 to exi/ )\t a cause1 b t1 ^u ! exclusion ( "o productive pr9ciple1 we mu/ /ill h rec\rse to ano!r4 ',tis exactly ! same case ) ! ?ird argum5t1#e :i* has be5 employ$ to demon/rate ! necessity ( a cause4 ,:atev] is produc$ )\t any cause1 is produc$ by no?+2 or1 9 o!r words1 has no?+ = its cause4 ,b no?+ c nev] be a cause1 no m ?an x c be some?+1 or equal to two "r angles4 ,by ! same intuition1 t we p]ceive no?+ n to be equal to two "r angles1 or n to be some?+1 we p]ceive1 t x c nev] be a cause2 & consequ5tly mu/ p]ceive1 t e object has a real cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,i believe x w n be necess>y to employ _m words 9 %[+ ! weakness ( ?is argum5t1 aft] :at ,i h said ( ! =ego+4 ,!y are all ( !m f\nd$ on ! same fallacy1 & are d]iv$ f ! same turn ( ?\ght4 ',tis suffici5t only to obs]ve1 t :5 we exclude all causes we really d exclude !m1 & nei!r suppose no?+ nor ! object itself to be ! causes ( ! exi/5ce2 & consequ5tly c draw no argum5t f ! absurdity ( ^! suppositions to prove ! absurdity ( t exclusion4 ,if e ?+ mu/ h a cause1 x foll[s1 t1 ^u ! exclusion ( o!r causes1 we mu/ accept ( ! object itself or ( no?+ z causes4 ,b 'tis ! v po9t 9 "q1 :e!r e ?+ mu/ h a cause or n2 & !re=e1 accord+ to all j reason+1 x ought nev] to be tak5 = grant$4 ,!y are /ill m frivol\s :o say1 t e effect mu/ h a cause1 because 'tis impli$ 9 ! v idea ( effect4 ,e effect necess>ily presupposes a cause2 effect be+ a relative t]m1 ( :i* cause is a correlative4 ,b ?is does n prove t e be+ mu/ be prec$$ by a cause2 no m ?an x foll[s1 because e husb& mu/ h a wife1 t !re=e e man mu/ be m>ri$4 ,! true /ate ( ! "q is1 :e!r e object :i* beg9s to exi/1 mu/ owe its exi/5ce to a cause2 & ?is ,i ass]t nei!r to be intuitively nor demon/ratively c]ta91 & hope to h prov$ x suffici5tly by ! =ego+ argum5ts4 ,s9ce x is n f k or any sci5tific reason+1 t we d]ive ! op9ion ( ! necessity ( a cause to e new production1 t op9ion mu/ necess>ily arise f obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,! next "q1 !n1 %\ld naturally be1 h[ exp]i5ce gives rise to su* a pr9ciple8 ,b z ,i f9d x w be m conv5i5t to s9k ?is "q 9 ! foll[+1 :y we conclude1 t su* p>ticul> causes mu/ necess>ily h su* p>ticul> effects1 & :y we =m an inf]5ce f "o to ano!r8 we %all make t ! subject ( our future inquiry4 ',twill1 p]haps1 be f\nd 9 ! end1 t ! same answ] w s]ve = bo? que/ions4 #c ,mr ,hobbes4 #d ,dr ,cl>ke & o!rs4 #e ,mr ,locke4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,compon5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,our ,,reason+s ,,conc]n+ ,,cause ,,& ,,effect4 ,?\gh ! m9d 9 its reason+s f causes or effects1 c>ries its view beyond ^? objects :i* x sees or rememb]s1 x mu/ nev] lose sight ( !m entirely1 nor reason m]ely ^u its own ideas1 )\t "s mixture ( impressions1 or at lea/ ( ideas ( ! memory1 :i* are equival5t to impressions4 ,:5 we inf] effects f causes1 we mu/ e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ^! causes2 :i* we h only two ways ( do+1 ei!r by an imm$iate p]ception ( our memory or s5ses1 or by an inf]5ce f o!r causes2 :i* causes aga9 we mu/ asc]ta9 9 ! same mann]1 ei!r by a pres5t impression or by an inf]5ce f _! causes1 & s on1 till we arrive at "s object1 :i* we see or rememb]4 ',tis impossible = u to c>ry on our inf]5ces 9 inf9itum2 & ! only ?+ t c /op !m1 is an impression ( ! memory or s5ses1 beyond :i* !re is no room = d\bt or inquiry4 ,to give an in/ance ( ?is1 we may *oose any po9t ( hi/ory1 & consid] = :at reason we ei!r believe or reject x4 ,?us1 we believe t ,cs> 0 kill$ 9 ! s5ate-h\se on ! ides ( ,m>*1 & t because ?is fact is e/abli%$ on ! unanim\s te/imony ( hi/orians1 :o agree to assign ?is precise "t & place to t ev5t4 ,"h are c]ta9 *>act]s & lett]s pres5t ei!r to our memory or s5ses2 :i* *>act]s we likewise rememb] to h be5 us$ z ! signs ( c]ta9 ideas3 & ^! ideas 7 ei!r 9 ! m9ds ( su* z 7 imm$iately pres5t at t action1 & receiv$ ! ideas directly f its exi/5ce2 or !y 7 d]iv$ f ! te/imony ( o!rs1 & t aga9 f ano!r te/imony1 by a visible gradation1 till we arrive at ^? :o 7 eye-witnesses & spectators ( ! ev5t4 ',tis obvi\s all ?is *a9 ( argum5t or connexion ( causes & effects1 is at fir/ f\nd$ on ^? *>act]s or lett]s1 :i* are se5 or rememb]$1 & t )\t ! au?ority ei!r ( ! memory or s5ses1 our :ole reason+ w\ld be *im]ical & )\t f\ndation4 ,e l9k ( ! *a9 w\ld 9 t case hang ^u ano!r2 b !re w\ld n be any ?+ fix$ to "o end ( x1 capable ( su/a9+ ! :ole2 & consequ5tly !re w\ld be no belief nor evid5ce4 ,& ?is actually is ! case ) all hypo!tical argum5ts1 or reason+s ^u a supposition2 !re be+ 9 !m nei!r any pres5t impression1 nor belief ( a real exi/5ce4 ,i ne$ n obs]ve1 t 'tis no j objection to ! pres5t doctr9e1 t we c reason ^u our pa/ conclusions or pr9ciples1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ^? impressions1 f :i* !y fir/ arose4 ,= ev5 suppos+ ^! impressions %\ld be entirely effac$ f ! memory1 ! conviction !y produc$ may /ill rema92 & 'tis equally true1 t all reason+s conc]n+ causes & effects are orig9ally d]iv$ f "s impression2 9 ! same mann]1 z ! assurance ( a demon/ration proce$s always f a comp>ison ( ideas1 ?\gh x may cont9ue aft] ! comp>ison is =got4 ,,section ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,impressions ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,memory4 ,9 ?is k9d ( reason+1 !n1 f causation1 we employ mat]ials1 :i* are ( a mix$ & het]og5e\s nature1 & :i*1 h[ev] connect$1 are yet ess5tially diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,all our argum5ts conc]n+ causes & effects consi/ bo? ( an impression ( ! memory or s5ses1 & ( ! idea ( t exi/5ce1 :i* produces ! object ( ! impression1 or is produc$ by x4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we h ?ree ?+s to expla91 viz4 fir/1 ! orig9al impression4 ,secondly1 ! transition to ! idea ( ! connect$ cause or effect4 ,?irdly1 ! nature & qualities ( t idea4 ,z to ^? impressions1 :i* arise f ! s5ses1 _! ultimate cause is1 9 my op9ion1 p]fectly inexplicable by human reason1 & 'twill always be impossible to decide ) c]ta9ty1 :e!r !y arise imm$iately f ! object1 or are produc$ by ! creative p[] ( ! m9d1 or are d]iv$ f ! ,au?or ( our be+4 ,nor is su* a "q any way mat]ial to our pres5t purpose4 ,we may draw inf]5ces f ! coh]5ce ( our p]ceptions1 :e!r !y be true or false2 :e!r !y repres5t nature ju/ly1 or be m]e illusions ( ! s5ses4 ,:5 we se>* = ! *>act]i/ic1 :i* di/+ui%es ! memory f ! imag9ation1 we mu/ imm$iately p]ceive1 t x _c lie 9 ! simple ideas x pres5ts to u2 s9ce bo? ^! faculties borr[ _! simple ideas f ! impressions1 & c nev] g beyond ^! orig9al p]ceptions4 ,^! faculties are z little di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! arrangem5t ( _! complex ideas4 ,=1 ?\gh x be a peculi> prop]ty ( ! memory to pres]ve ! orig9al ord] & position ( its ideas1 :ile ! imag9ation transposes & *anges !m z x pleases2 yet ?is diff]5ce is n suffici5t to di/+ui% !m 9 _! op]ation1 or make u "k ! "o f ! o!r2 x be+ impossible to recal ! pa/ impressions1 9 ord] to comp>e !m ) our pres5t ideas1 & see :e!r _! arrangem5t be exactly simil>4 ,s9ce !re=e ! memory is kn[n1 nei!r by ! ord] ( its complex ideas1 nor ! nature ( its simple ones2 x foll[s1 t ! diff]5ce betwixt x & ! imag9ation lies 9 its sup]ior =ce & vivacity4 ,a man may indulge 8 fancy 9 feign+ any pa/ sc5e ( adv5tures2 nor w\ld !re be any possibility ( di/+ui%+ ?is f a remembrance ( a l k9d1 7 n ! ideas ( ! imag9ation fa9t] & m obscure4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 t :5 two m5 h be5 engag$ 9 any sc5e ( action1 ! "o %all rememb] x mu* bett] ?an ! o!r1 & %all h all ! difficulty 9 ! _w to make 8 companion recollect x4 ,he runs ov] sev]al circum/ances 9 va92 m5tions ! "t1 ! place1 ! company1 :at 0 said1 :at 0 done on all sides2 till at la/ he hits on "s lucky circum/ance1 t revives ! :ole1 & gives 8 fri5d a p]fect memory ( e ?+4 ,"h ! p]son t =gets1 receives at fir/ all ! ideas f ! disc\rse ( ! o!r1 ) ! same circum/ances ( "t & place2 ?\gh he consid]s !m z m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,b z soon z ! circum/ance is m5tion$ t t\*es ! memory1 ! v same ideas n[ appe> 9 a new light1 & h1 9 a mann]1 a diff]5t feel+ f :at !y _h be=e4 ,)\t any o!r alt]ation1 beside t ( ! feel+1 !y become imm$iately ideas ( ! memory1 & are ass5t$ to4 ,s9ce !re=e ! imag9ation c repres5t all ! same objects t ! memory c (f] to u1 & s9ce ^? faculties are only di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5t feel+ ( ! ideas !y pres5t1 x may be prop] to consid] :at is ! nature ( t feel+4 ,& "h ,i believe e "o w readily agree ) me1 t ! ideas ( ! memory are m /rong & lively ?an ^? ( ! fancy4 ,a pa9t]1 :o int5d$ to repres5t a passion or emotion ( any k9d1 w\ld endeav\r to get a sight ( a p]son actuat$ by a l emotion1 9 ord] to enliv5 8 ideas1 & give !m a =ce & vivacity sup]ior to :at is f\nd 9 ^?1 :i* are m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,! m rec5t ?is memory is1 ! cle>] is ! idea2 & :51 aft] a long int]val1 he w\ld return to ! contemplation ( 8 object1 he always f9ds its idea to be mu* decay$1 if n1 :olly oblit]at$4 ,we are frequ5tly 9 d\bt conc]n+ ! ideas ( ! memory1 z !y become v weak & feeble2 & are at a loss to det]m9e :e!r any image proce$s f ! fancy or ! memory1 :5 x is n drawn 9 su* lively col\rs z di/+ui% t latt] faculty4 ,i ?9k ,i rememb] su* an ev5t1 says "o2 b am n sure4 ,a long tract ( "t has almo/ worn x out ( my memory1 & leaves me unc]ta9 :e!r or n x be ! pure (fspr+ ( my fancy4 ,& z an idea ( ! memory1 by los+ its =ce & vivacity1 may deg5]ate to su* a degree1 z to be tak5 = an idea ( ! imag9ation2 s1 on ! o!r ,( h&1 an idea ( ! imag9ation may acquire su* a & =ce & vivacity1 z to pass = an idea ( ! memory1 & c\nt]feit its effects on ! belief & judgm5t4 ,?is is not$ 9 ! case ( li>s2 :o by ! frequ5t repetition ( _! lies1 come at la/ to believe & rememb] !m1 z realities2 cu/om & habit hav+1 9 ?is case1 z 9 _m o!rs1 ! same influ5ce on ! m9d z nature1 & infix+ ! idea ) equal =ce & vig\r4 ,?us x appe>s1 t ! belief or ass5t1 :i* always att5ds ! memory & s5ses1 is no?+ b ! vivacity ( ^? p]ceptions !y pres5t2 & t ?is alone di/+ui%es !m f ! imag9ation4 ,to believe is 9 ?is case to feel an imm$iate impression ( ! s5ses1 or a repetition ( t impression 9 ! memory4 ',tis m]ely ! =ce & livel9ess ( ! p]ception1 :i* con/itutes ! fir/ act ( ! judgm5t1 & lays ! f\ndation ( t reason+1 :i* we build ^u x1 :5 we trace ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf]5ce ,,f ,,! ,,impression ,,to ,,! ,,idea4 ',tis easy to obs]ve1 t 9 trac+ ?is relation1 ! inf]5ce we draw f cause to effect1 is n d]iv$ m]ely f a survey ( ^! p>ticul> objects1 & f su* a p5etration into _! ess5ces z may discov] ! dep5d5ce ( ! "o ^u ! o!r4 ,!re is no object :i* implies ! exi/5ce ( any o!r1 if we consid] ^! objects 9 !mselves1 & nev] look beyond ! ideas :i* we =m ( !m4 ,su* an inf]5ce w\ld am\nt to k1 & w\ld imply ! absolute contradiction & impossibility ( conceiv+ any ?+ diff]5t4 ,b z all di/9ct ideas are sep>able1 'tis evid5t !re c be no impossibility ( t k9d4 ,:5 we pass f a pres5t impression to ! idea ( any object1 we might possibly h sep>at$ ! idea f ! impression1 & h sub/itut$ any o!r idea 9 its room4 ',tis !re=e by exp]i5ce only t we c inf] ! exi/5ce ( "o object f t ( ano!r4 ,! nature ( exp]i5ce is ?is4 ,we rememb] to h _h frequ5t in/ances ( ! exi/5ce ( "o species ( objects2 & also rememb]1 t ! individuals ( ano!r species ( objects h always att5d$ !m1 & h exi/$ 9 a regul> ord] ( contiguity & succession ) reg>d to !m4 ,?us we rememb] to h se5 t species ( object we call fame1 & to h felt t species ( s5sation we call heat4 ,we likewise call to m9d _! con/ant conjunction 9 all pa/ in/ances4 ,)\t any f>!r c]emony1 we call ! "o cause1 & ! o!r effect1 & inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f t ( ! o!r4 ,9 all ^? in/ances f :i* we le>n ! conjunction ( p>ticul> causes & effects1 bo? ! causes & effects h be5 p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & are rememb]$3 b 9 all cases1 :]e9 we reason conc]n+ !m1 !re is only "o p]ceiv$ or rememb]$1 & ! o!r is suppli$ 9 con=mity to our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 9 advanc+1 we h ins5sibly discov]$ a new relation betwixt cause & effect :5 we lea/ expect$ x1 & 7 entirely employ$ ^u ano!r subject4 ,?is relation is _! con/ant conjunction4 ,contiguity & succession are n suffici5t to make u pron\nce any two objects to be cause & effect1 unless we p]ceive t ^! two relations are pres]v$ 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,we may n[ see ! advantage ( quitt+ ! direct survey ( ?is relation1 9 ord] to discov] ! nature ( t necess>y connexion :i* makes s ess5tial a "p ( x4 ,!re are hopes1 t by ?is means we may at la/ arrive at our propos$ end2 ?\gh1 to tell ! tru?1 ?is new-discov]$ relation ( a con/ant conjunction seems to advance u b v little 9 our way4 ,= x implies no m ?an ?is1 t l objects h always be5 plac$ 9 l relations ( contiguity & succession2 & x seems evid5t1 at lea/ at fir/ sight1 t by ?is means we c nev] discov] any new idea1 & c only multiply1 b n enl>ge1 ! objects ( our m9d4 ,x may be ?\ght1 t :at we le>n n f "o object1 we c nev] le>n f a hundr$1 :i* are all ( ! same k9d1 & are p]fectly resembl+ 9 e circum/ance4 ,z our s5ses %[ u 9 "o in/ance two bodies1 or motions1 or qualities 9 c]ta9 relations ( succession & contiguity1 s our memory pres5ts u only ) a multitude ( in/ances :]e9 we always f9d l bodies1 motions1 or qualities1 9 l relations4 ,f ! m]e repetition ( any pa/ impression1 ev5 to inf9ity1 !re nev] w arise any new orig9al idea1 su* z t ( a necess>y connexion2 & ! numb] ( impressions has 9 ?is case no m effect ?an if we conf9$ ourselves to "o only4 ,b ?\gh ?is reason+ seems j & obvi\s1 yet1 z x w\ld be folly to despair too soon1 we %all cont9ue ! ?read ( our disc\rse2 & hav+ f\nd1 t aft] ! discov]y ( ! con/ant conjunction ( any objects1 we always draw an inf]5ce f "o object to ano!r1 we %all n[ exam9e ! nature ( t inf]5ce1 & ( ! transition f ! impression to ! idea4 ,p]haps 'twill appe> 9 ! end1 t ! necess>y connexion dep5ds on ! inf]5ce1 in/ead ( ! inf]5ce's dep5d+ on ! necess>y connexion4 ,s9ce x appe>s1 t ! transition f an impression pres5t to ! memory or s5ses to ! idea ( an object1 :i* we call cause or effect1 is f\nd$ on pa/ exp]i5ce1 & on our remembrance ( _! con/ant conjunction1 ! next "q is1 :e!r exp]i5ce produces ! idea by means ( ! und]/&+ or imag9ation2 :e!r we are det]m9$ by reason to make ! transition1 or by a c]ta9 association & relation ( p]ceptions4 ,if reason det]m9$ u1 x w\ld proce$ ^u t pr9ciple1 t in/ances1 ( :i* we h _h no exp]i5ce1 mu/ resemble ^? ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce1 & t ! c\rse ( nature cont9ues always uni=mly ! same4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to cle> up ?is matt]1 let u consid] all ! argum5ts ^u :i* su* a proposition may be suppos$ to be f\nd$2 & z ^! mu/ be d]iv$ ei!r f k or probability1 let u ca/ our eye on ea* ( ^! degrees ( evid5ce1 & see :e!r !y af=d any j conclusion ( ?is nature4 ,our =ego+ me?od ( reason+ w easily conv9ce u1 t !re c be no demon/rative argum5ts to prove1 t ^? in/ances ( :i* we h _h no exp]i5ce resemble ^? ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,we c at lea/ conceive a *ange 9 ! c\rse ( nature2 :i* suffici5tly proves t su* a *ange is n absolutely impossible4 ,to =m a cle> idea ( any ?+ is an und5iable argum5t = its possibility1 & is alone a refutation ( any pret5d$ demon/ration aga9/ x4 ,probability1 z x discov]s n ! relations ( ideas1 consid]$ z su*1 b only ^? ( objects1 mu/ 9 "s respects be f\nd$ on ! impressions ( our memory & s5ses1 & 9 "s respects on our ideas4 ,7 !re no mixture ( any impression 9 our probable reason+s1 ! conclusion w\ld be entirely *im]ical3 & 7 !re no mixture ( ideas1 ! action ( ! m9d1 9 obs]v+ ! relation1 w\ld1 prop]ly speak+1 be s5sation1 n reason+4 ',tis !re=e necess>y1 t 9 all probable reason+s !re be some?+ pres5t to ! m9d1 ei!r se5 or rememb]$2 & t f ?is we inf] some?+ connect$ ) x1 :i* is n se5 nor rememb]$4 ,! only connexion or relation ( objects1 :i* c lead u beyond ! imm$iate impressions ( our memory & s5ses1 is t ( cause & effect2 & t because 'tis ! only "o1 on :i* we c f\nd a j inf]5ce f "o object to ano!r4 ,! idea ( cause & effect is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 :i* in=ms u1 t su* p>ticul> objects1 9 all pa/ in/ances1 h be5 con/antly conjo9$ ) ea* o!r3 & z an object simil> to "o ( ^! is suppos$ to be imm$iately pres5t 9 its impression1 we !nce presume on ! exi/5ce ( "o simil> to its usual att5dant4 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt ( ?+s1 :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 9 e po9t unque/ionable1 probability is f\nd$ on ! presumption ( a resemblance betwixt ^? objects ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce1 & ^? ( :i* we h _h none2 & !re=e 'tis impossible ?is presumption c arise f probability4 ,! same pr9ciple _c be bo? ! cause & effect ( ano!r2 & ?is is1 p]haps1 ! only proposition conc]n+ t relation1 :i* is ei!r intuitively or demon/ratively c]ta94 ,%\ld any "o ?9k to elude ?is argum5t2 & )\t det]m9+ :e!r our reason+ on ?is subject be d]iv$ f demon/ration or probability1 pret5d t all conclusions f causes & effects are built on solid reason+3 ,i c only desire t ?is reason+ may be produc$1 9 ord] to be expos$ to our exam9ation4 ,x may p]haps be said1 t aft] exp]i5ce ( ! con/ant conjunction ( c]ta9 objects1 we reason 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,su* an object is always f\nd to produce ano!r4 ',tis impossible x c\ld h ?is effect1 if x 0 n end[$ ) a p[] ( production4 ,! p[] necess>ily implies ! effect2 & !re=e !re is a j f\ndation = draw+ a conclusion f ! exi/5ce ( "o object to t ( its usual att5dant4 ,! pa/ production implies a p[]3 ! p[] implies a new production3 & ! new production is :at we inf] f ! p[] & ! pa/ production4 ',tw]e easy = me to %[ ! weakness ( ?is reason+1 7 ,i will+ to make use ( ^? obs]vations ,i h already made1 t ! idea ( production is ! same ) t ( causation1 & t no exi/5ce c]ta9ly & demon/ratively implies a p[] 9 any o!r object2 or 7 x prop] to anticipate :at ,i %all h occasion to rem>k aft]w>ds conc]n+ ! idea we =m ( p[] & efficacy4 ,b z su* a me?od ( proce$+ may seem ei!r to weak5 my sy/em1 by re/+ "o "p ( x on ano!r1 or to bre$ a confusion 9 my reason+1 ,i %all endeav\r to ma9ta9 my pres5t ass]tion )\t any su* assi/ance4 ,x %all !re=e be all[$ = at mom5t1 t ! production ( "o object by ano!r 9 any "o in/ance implies a p[]2 & t ?is p[] is connect$ ) its effect4 ,b x hav+ be5 already prov$1 t ! p[] lies n 9 ! s5sible qualities ( ! cause2 & !re be+ no?+ b ! s5sible qualities pres5t to u2 ,i ask1 :y 9 o!r in/ances y presume t ! same p[] /ill exi/s1 m]ely ^u ! appe>ance ( ^! qualities8 ,y\r appeal to pa/ exp]i5ce decides no?+ 9 ! pres5t case2 & at ! utmo/ c only prove1 t t v object1 :i* produc$ any o!r1 0 at t v in/ant end[$ ) su* a p[]2 b c nev] prove1 t ! same p[] mu/ cont9ue 9 ! same object or collection ( s5sible qualities2 mu* less1 t a l p[] is always conjo9$ ) l s5sible qualities4 ,%\ld x be said1 t we h exp]i5ce1 t ! same p[] cont9ues unit$ ) ! same object1 & t l objects are end[$ ) l p[]s1 ,i w\ld r5ew my "q1 :y f ?is exp]i5ce we =m any conclusion beyond ^? pa/ in/ances1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce8 ,if y answ] ?is "q 9 ! same mann] z ! prec$+1 y\r answ] gives /ill occasion to a new "q ( ! same k9d1 ev5 9 inf9itum2 :i* cle>ly proves1 t ! =ego+ reason+ _h no j f\ndation4 ,?us1 n only our reason fails u 9 ! discov]y ( ! ultimate connexion ( causes & effects1 b ev5 aft] exp]i5ce has in=m$ u ( _! con/ant conjunction1 'tis impossible = u to satisfy ourselves by our reason1 :y we %\ld ext5d t exp]i5ce beyond ^? p>ticul> in/ances :i* h fall5 "u our obs]vation4 ,we suppose1 b are nev] able to prove1 t !re mu/ be a resemblance betwixt ^? objects1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce1 & ^? :i* lie beyond ! rea* ( our discov]y4 ,we h already tak5 notice ( c]ta9 relations1 :i* make u pass f "o object to ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no reason to det]m9e u to t transition2 & ?is we may e/abli% = a g5]al rule1 t :]ev] ! m9d con/antly & uni=mly makes a transition )\t any reason1 x is influ5c$ by ^! relations4 ,n[1 ?is is exactly ! pres5t case4 ,reason c nev] %[ u ! connexion ( "o object ) ano!r1 ?\gh aid$ by exp]i5ce1 & ! obs]vation ( _! con/ant conjunction 9 all pa/ in/ances4 ,:5 ! m9d !re=e passes f ! idea or impression ( "o object to ! idea or belief ( ano!r1 x is n det]m9$ by reason1 b by c]ta9 pr9ciples1 :i* associate toge!r ! ideas ( ^! objects1 & unite !m 9 ! imag9ation4 ,_h ideas no m union 9 ! fancy1 ?an objects seem to h to ! und]/&+1 we c\ld nev] draw any inf]5ce f causes to effects1 nor repose belief 9 any matt] ( fact4 ,! inf]5ce !re=e dep5ds solely on ! union ( ideas4 ,! pr9ciples ( union among ideas1 ,i h r$uc$ to ?ree g5]al ones1 & h ass]t$1 t ! idea or impression ( any object naturally introduces ! idea ( any o!r object1 t is resembl+1 contigu\s to1 or connect$ ) x4 ,^! pr9ciples ,i all[ to be nei!r ! infallible nor ! sole causes ( an union among ideas4 ,!y are n ! infallible causes4 ,= "o may fix 8 att5tion dur+ "s "t on any "o object )\t look+ f>!r4 ,!y are n ! sole causes4 ,= ! ?\ght has evid5tly a v irregul> motion 9 runn+ along its objects1 & may leap f ! heav5s to ! e>?1 f "o end ( ! creation to ! o!r1 )\t any c]ta9 me?od or ord]4 ,b ?\gh ,i all[ ?is weakness 9 ^! ?ree relations1 & ?is irregul>ity 9 ! imag9ation2 yet ,i ass]t1 t ! only g5]al pr9ciples :i* associate ideas1 are resemblance1 contiguity1 & causation4 ,!re is inde$ a pr9ciple ( union among ideas1 :i* at fir/ sight may be e/eem$ diff]5t f any ( ^!1 b w be f\nd at ! bottom to dep5d on ! same orig94 ,:5 e individual ( any species ( objects is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be con/antly unit$ ) an individual ( ano!r species1 ! appe>ance ( any new individual ( ei!r species naturally conveys ! ?\ght to its usual att5dant4 ,?us1 because su* a p>ticul> idea is commonly annex$ to su* a p>ticul> ^w1 no?+ is requir$ b ! he>+ ( t ^w to produce ! correspond5t idea2 & 'twill sc>ce be possible = ! m9d1 by its utmo/ ef=ts1 to prev5t t transition4 ,9 ?is case x is n absolutely necess>y1 t ^u he>+ su* a p>ticul> s\nd1 we %\ld reflect on any pa/ exp]i5ce1 & consid] :at idea has be5 usually connect$ ) ! s\nd4 ,! imag9ation ( itself supplies ! place ( ?is reflection1 & is s accu/om$ to pass f ! ^w to ! idea1 t x int]poses n a mom5t's delay betwixt ! he>+ ( ! "o1 & ! conception ( ! o!r4 ,b ?\gh ,i ackn[l$ge ?is to be a true pr9ciple ( association among ideas1 ,i ass]t x to be ! v same ) t betwixt ! ideas ( cause & effect1 & to be an ess5tial "p 9 all our reason+s f t relation4 ,we h no o!r notion ( cause & effect1 b t ( c]ta9 objects1 :i* h be5 always conjo9$ toge!r1 & :i* 9 all pa/ in/ances h be5 f\nd insep>able4 ,we _c p5etrate into ! reason ( ! conjunction4 ,we only obs]ve ! ?+ itself1 & always f9d t1 f ! con/ant conjunction1 ! objects acquire an union 9 ! imag9ation4 ,:5 ! impression ( "o becomes pres5t to u1 we imm$iately =m an idea ( its usual att5dant2 & consequ5tly we may e/abli% ?is z "o "p ( ! def9ition ( an op9ion or belief1 t 'tis an idea relat$ to or associat$ ) a pres5t impression4 ,?us1 ?\gh causation be a philosophical relation1 z imply+ contiguity1 succession1 & con/ant conjunction1 yet 'tis only s f> z x is a natural relation1 & produces an union among our ideas1 t we are able to reason ^u x1 or draw any inf]5ce f x4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,or ,,belief4 ,! idea ( an object is an ess5tial "p ( ! belief ( x1 b n ! :ole4 ,we conceive _m ?+s :i* we d n believe4 ,9 ord] !n to discov] m fully ! nature ( belief1 or ! qualities ( ^? ideas we ass5t to1 let u weigh ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ',tis evid5t1 t all reason+s f causes or effects t]m9ate 9 conclusions conc]n+ matt] ( fact2 t is1 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( objects or ( _! qualities4 ',tis also evid5t1 t ! idea ( exi/5ce is no?+ diff]5t f ! idea ( any object1 & t :5 aft] ! simple conception ( any ?+ we w\ld conceive x z exi/5t1 we 9 reality make no addition to or alt]ation on our fir/ idea4 ,?us1 :5 we affirm t ,god is exi/5t1 we simply =m ! idea ( su* a ,be+ z he is repres5t$ to u3 nor is ! exi/5ce1 :i* we attribute to him1 conceiv$ by a p>ticul> idea1 :i* we jo9 to ! idea ( 8 o!r qualities1 & c aga9 sep>ate & di/+ui% f !m4 ,b ,i g f>!r2 &1 n cont5t ) ass]t+1 t ! conception ( ! exi/5ce ( any object is no addition to ! simple conception ( x1 ,i likewise ma9ta91 t ! belief ( ! exi/5ce jo9s no new ideas to ^?1 :i* compose ! idea ( ! object4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ,god1 :5 ,i ?9k ( him z exi/5t1 & :5 ,i believe him to be exi/5t1 my idea ( him nei!r increases nor dim9i%es4 ,b z 'tis c]ta9 !re is a great diff]5ce betwixt ! simple conception ( ! exi/5ce ( an object1 & ! belief ( x1 & z ?is diff]5ce lies n 9 ! p>ts or composition ( ! idea :i* we conceive2 x foll[s1 t x mu/ lie 9 ! mann] 9 :i* we conceive x4 ,suppose a p]son pres5t ) me1 :o advances propositions1 to :i* ,i d n ass5t1 t ,cs> di$ 9 8 b$1 t silv] is m fusible ?an lead1 or m]cury heavi] ?an gold2 'tis evid5t t1 not)/&+ my incr$ulity1 ,i cle>ly und]/& 8 mean+1 & =m all ! same ideas :i* he =ms4 ,my imag9ation is end[$ ) ! same p[]s z 82 nor is x possible = him to conceive any idea1 :i* ,i _c conceive2 or conjo9 any1 :i* ,i _c conjo94 ,i !re=e ask1 :]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwixt believ+ & disbeliev+ any proposition8 ,! answ] is easy ) reg>d to propositions1 t are prov$ by intuition or demon/ration4 ,9 t case1 ! p]son :o ass5ts n only conceives ! ideas accord+ to ! proposition1 b is necess>ily det]m9$ to conceive !m 9 t p>ticul> mann]1 ei!r imm$iately1 or by ! int]position ( o!r ideas4 ,:atev] is absurd is un9telligible2 nor is x possible = ! imag9ation to conceive any ?+ contr>y to a demon/ration4 ,b z1 9 reason+s f causation1 & conc]n+ matt]s ( fact1 ?is absolute necessity _c take place1 & ! imag9ation is free to conceive bo? sides ( ! "q1 ,i /ill ask1 :]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwixt incr$ulity & belief8 s9ce 9 bo? cases ! conception ( ! idea is equally possible & requisite4 ',twill n be a satisfactory answ] to say1 t p]son1 :o does n ass5t to a proposition y advance2 aft] hav+ conceiv$ ! object 9 ! same mann] ) y1 imm$iately conceives x 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & has diff]5t ideas ( x4 ,?is answ] is unsatisfactory2 n because x conta9s any falsehood1 b because x discov]s n all ! tru?4 ',tis confess$ t1 9 all cases :]e9 we diss5t f any p]son1 we conceive bo? sides ( ! "q2 b z we c believe only "o1 x evid5tly foll[s1 t ! belief mu/ make "s diff]5ce betwixt t conception to :i* we ass5t1 & t f :i* we diss5t4 ,we may m+le1 & unite1 & sep>ate1 & conf\nd1 & v>y our ideas 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways2 b 'till !re appe>s "s pr9ciple1 :i* fixes "o ( ^! diff]5t situations1 we h 9 reality no op9ion3 & ?is pr9ciple1 z x pla9ly makes no addition to our prec$5t ideas1 c only *ange ! mann] ( our conceiv+ !m4 ,all ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d are ( two k9ds1 viz4 impressions & ideas1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r only 9 _! diff]5t degrees ( =ce & vivacity4 ,our ideas are copi$ f our impressions1 & repres5t !m 9 all _! p>ts4 ,:5 y w\ld any way v>y ! idea ( a p>ticul> object1 y c only increase or dim9i% its =ce & vivacity4 ,if y make any o!r *ange on x1 x repres5ts a diff]5t object or impression4 ,! case is ! same z 9 col\rs4 ,a p>ticul> %ade ( any col\r may acquire a new degree ( livel9ess or brightness )\t any o!r v>iation4 ,b :5 y produce any o!r v>iation1 'tis no long] ! same %ade or col\r2 s t z belief does no?+ b v>y ! mann] 9 :i* we conceive any object1 x c only be/[ on our ideas an additional =ce & vivacity4 ,an op9ion !re=e or belief may be mo/ accurately def9$1 a lively idea relat$ to or associat$ ) a pres5t impression4#f ,"h are ! heads ( ^? argum5ts1 :i* lead u to ?is conclusion4 ,:5 we inf] ! exi/5ce ( an object f t ( o!rs1 "s object mu/ always be pres5t ei!r to ! memory or s5ses1 9 ord] to be ! f\ndation ( our reason+2 s9ce ! m9d _c run up ) its inf]5ces 9 inf9itum4 ,reason c nev] satisfy u t ! exi/5ce ( any "o object does ev] imply t ( ano!r2 s t :5 we pass f ! impression ( "o to ! idea or belief ( ano!r1 we are n det]m9$ by reason1 b by cu/om1 or a pr9ciple ( association4 ,b belief is some:at m ?an a simple idea4 ',tis a p>ticul> mann] ( =m+ an idea3 & z ! same idea c only be v>i$ by a v>iation ( its degrees ( =ce & vivacity2 x foll[s ^u ! :ole1 t belief is a lively idea produc$ by a relation to a pres5t impression1 accord+ to ! =ego+ def9ition4 ,?is op]ation ( ! m9d1 :i* =ms ! belief ( any matt] ( fact1 seems hi!rto to h be5 "o ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( philosophy2 ?\gh no "o has s mu* z suspect$1 t !re 0 any difficulty 9 expla9+ x4 ,= my "p1 ,i mu/ own1 t ,i f9d a consid]able difficulty 9 ! case2 & t ev5 :5 ,i ?9k ,i und]/& ! subject p]fectly1 ,i am at a loss = t]ms to express my mean+4 ,i conclude1 by an induction :i* seems to me v evid5t1 t an op9ion or belief is no?+ b an idea1 t is diff]5t f a fiction1 n 9 ! nature1 or ! ord] ( its p>ts1 b 9 ! mann] ( its be+ conceiv$4 ,b :5 ,i w\ld expla9 ?is mann]1 ,i sc>ce f9d any ^w t fully answ]s ! case1 b am oblig$ to h rec\rse to e "o's feel+1 9 ord] to give him a p]fect notion ( ?is op]ation ( ! m9d4 ,an idea ass5t$ to feels diff]5t f a fictiti\s idea1 t ! fancy alone pres5ts to u3 & ?is diff]5t feel+ ,i endeav\r to expla9 by call+ x a sup]ior =ce1 or vivacity1 or solidity1 or /ead9ess4 ,?is v>iety ( t]ms1 :i* may seem s unphilosophical1 is int5d$ only to express t act ( ! m9d1 :i* r5d]s realities m pres5t to u ?an fictions1 causes !m to weigh m 9 ! ?\ght1 & gives !m a sup]ior influ5ce on ! passions & imag9ation4 ,provid$ we agree ab\t ! ?+1 'tis ne$less to dispute ab\t ! t]ms4 ,! imag9ation has ! comm& ov] all its ideas1 & c jo91 & mix1 & v>y !m 9 all ! ways possible4 ,x may conceive objects ) all ! circum/ances ( place & "t4 ,x may set !m1 9 a mann]1 be=e our eyes 9 _! true col\rs1 j z !y might h exi/$4 ,b z x is impossible t t faculty c ev] ( itself rea* belief2 'tis evid5t1 t belief consi/s n 9 ! nature & ord] ( our ideas1 b 9 ! mann] ( _! conception1 & 9 _! feel+ to ! m9d4 ,i confess1 t 'tis impossible to expla9 p]fectly ?is feel+ or mann] ( conception4 ,we may make use ( words t express some?+ ne> x4 ,b its true & prop] "n is belief1 :i* is a t]m t e "o suffici5tly und]/&s 9 common life4 ,& 9 philosophy1 we c g no f>!r ?an ass]t1 t x is some?+ felt by ! m9d1 :i* di/+ui%es ! ideas ( ! judgm5t f ! fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,x gives !m m =ce & influ5ce2 makes !m appe> ( great] importance2 infixes !m 9 ! m9d2 & r5d]s !m ! gov]n+ pr9ciples ( all our actions4 ,?is def9ition w also be f\nd to be entirely con=mable to e "o's feel+ & exp]i5ce4 ,no?+ is m evid5t1 ?an t ^? ideas1 to :i* we ass5t1 are m /rong1 firm1 & vivid1 ?an ! loose rev]ies ( a ca/le-build]4 ,if "o p]son sits d[n to read a book z a romance1 & ano!r z a true hi/ory1 !y pla9ly receive ! same ideas1 & 9 ! same ord]2 nor does ! incr$ulity ( ! "o1 & ! belief ( ! o!r1 h9d] !m f putt+ ! v same s5se ^u _! au?or4 ,8 words produce ! same ideas 9 bo?2 ?\gh 8 te/imony has n ! same influ5ce on !m4 ,! latt] has a m lively conception ( all ! incid5ts4 ,he ent]s deep] into ! conc]ns ( ! p]sons3 repres5ts to himself _! actions1 & *>act]s1 & fri5d%ips1 & enmities3 he ev5 goes s f> z to =m a notion ( _! features1 & air1 & p]son4 ,:ile ! =m]1 :o gives no cr$it to ! te/imony ( ! au?or1 has a m fa9t & languid conception ( all ^! p>ticul>s1 &1 except on acc\nt ( ! /yle & +5uity ( ! composition1 c receive little ent]ta9m5t f x4 #f ,we may "h take occasion to obs]ve a v rem>kable error1 :i*1 be+ frequ5tly inculcat$ 9 ! s*ools1 has become a k9d ( e/abli%$ maxim1 & is univ]sally receiv$ by all logicians4 ,?is error consi/s 9 ! vulg> division ( ! acts ( ! und]/&+ into conception1 judgm5t & reason+1 & 9 ! def9itions we give ( !m4 ,conception is def9$ to be ! simple survey ( "o or m ideas3 judgm5t to be ! sep>at+ or unit+ ( diff]5t ideas3 reason+ to be ! sep>at+ or unit+ ( diff]5t ideas by ! int]position ( o!rs1 :i* %[ ! relation !y be> to ea* o!r4 ,b ^! di/9ctions & def9itions are faulty 9 v consid]able articles4 ,=1 fir/1'tis f> f be+ true1 t1 9 e judgm5t :i* we =m1 we unite two diff]5t ideas2 s9ce 9 t proposition1 ,god is1 or inde$ any o!r1 :i* reg>ds exi/5ce1 ! idea ( exi/5ce is no di/9ct idea1 :i* we unite ) t ( ! object1 & :i* is capable ( =m+ a comp\nd idea by ! union4 ,secondly1 z we c ?us =m a proposition1 :i* conta9s only "o idea1 s we may ex]t our reason )\t employ+ m ?an two ideas1 & )\t hav+ rec\rse to a ?ird to s]ve z a m$ium betwixt !m4 ,we inf] a cause imm$iately f its effect2 & ?is inf]5ce is n only a true species ( reason+1 b ! /ronge/ ( all o!rs1 & m conv9c+ ?an :5 we int]pose ano!r idea to connect ! two extremes4 ,:at we may 9 g5]al affirm conc]n+ ^! ?ree acts ( ! und]/&+ is1 t tak+ !m 9 a prop] light1 !y all resolve !mselves into ! fir/1 & are no?+ b p>ticul> ways ( conceiv+ our objects4 ,:e!r we consid] a s+le object1 or sev]al2 :e!r we dwell on ^! objects1 or run f !m to o!rs2 & 9 :atev] =m or ord] we survey !m1 ! act ( ! m9d exce$s n a simple conception2 & ! only rem>kable diff]5ce1 :i* occurs on ?is occasion1 is1 :5 we jo9 belief to ! conception1 & are p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( :at we conceive4 ,?is act ( ! m9d has nev] yet be5 expla9$ by any philosoph]2 & !re=e ,i am at lib]ty to propose my hypo!sis conc]n+ x2 :i* is1 t 'tis only a /rong & /eady conception ( any idea1 & su* z approa*es 9 "s measure to an imm$iate impression4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,belief4 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ ! nature ( belief1 & %[n t x consi/s 9 a lively idea relat$ to a pres5t impression2 let u n[ proce$ to exam9e f :at pr9ciples x is d]iv$1 & :at be/[s ! vivacity on ! idea4 ,i w\ld will+ly e/abli% x z a g5]al maxim 9 ! sci5ce ( human nature1 t :5 any impression becomes pres5t to u1 x n only transports ! m9d to su* ideas z are relat$ to x1 b likewise communicates to !m a %>e ( its =ce & vivacity4 ,all ! op]ations ( ! m9d dep5d1 9 a great measure1 on its disposition :5 x p]=ms !m2 & accord+ z ! spirits are m or less elevat$1 & ! att5tion m or less fix$1 ! action w always h m or less vig\r & vivacity4 ,:51 !re=e1 any object is pres5t$ :i* elevates & enliv5s ! ?\ght1 e action1 to :i* ! m9d applies itself1 w be m /rong & vivid1 z long z t disposition cont9ues4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t ! cont9uance ( ! disposition dep5ds entirely on ! objects ab\t :i* ! m9d is employ$2 & t any new object naturally gives a new direction to ! spirits1 & *anges ! disposition2 z on ! contr>y1 :5 ! m9d fixes con/antly on ! same object1 or passes easily & ins5sibly along relat$ objects1 ! disposition has a mu* long] duration4 ,h5ce x happ5s1 t :5 ! m9d is once enliv5$ by a pres5t impression1 x proce$s to =m a m lively idea ( ! relat$ objects1 by a natural transition ( ! disposition f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! *ange ( ! objects is s easy1 t ! m9d is sc>ce s5sible ( x1 b applies itself to ! conception ( ! relat$ idea ) all ! =ce & vivacity x acquir$ f ! pres5t impression4 ,if1 9 consid]+ ! nature ( relation1 & t facility ( transition :i* is ess5tial to x1 we c satisfy ourselves conc]n+ ! reality ( ?is ph5om5on1 'tis well3 b ,i mu/ confess ,i place my *ief confid5ce 9 exp]i5ce to prove s mat]ial a pr9ciple4 ,we may !re=e obs]ve1 z ! fir/ exp]im5t to our pres5t purpose1 t ^u ! appe>ance ( ! picture ( an abs5t fri5d1 our idea ( him is evid5tly enliv5$ by ! resemblance1 & t e passion1 :i* t idea occasions1 :e!r ( joy or sorr[1 acquires new =ce & vig\r4 ,9 produc+ ?is effect !re concur bo? a relation & a pres5t impression4 ,:]e ! picture be>s him no resemblance1 or at lea/ 0 n int5d$ = him1 x nev] s mu* z conveys our ?\ght to him3 & :]e x is abs5t z well z ! p]son2 ?\gh ! m9d may pass f ! ?\ght ( ! "o to t ( ! o!r2 x feels its idea to be r weak5$ ?an enliv5$ by t transition4 ,we take a pleasure 9 view+ ! picture ( a fri5d1 :5 'tis set be=e u2 b :5 'tis remov$1 r *oose to consid] him directly1 ?an by reflection 9 an image1 :i* is equally di/ant & obscure4 ,! c]emonies ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion may be consid]$ z exp]im5ts ( ! same nature4 ,! devotees ( t /range sup]/ition usually plead 9 excuse ( ! mumm]ies ) :i* !y are up-braid$1 t !y feel ! good effect ( ^? ext]nal motions1 & po/ures & actions1 9 enliv5+ _! devotion1 & quick5+ _! f]v\r1 :i* o!rwise w\ld decay away1 if direct$ entirely to di/ant & immat]ial objects4 ,we %ad[ out ! objects ( our fai?1 say !y1 9 s5sible types & images1 & r5d] !m m pres5t to u by ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ^! types1 ?an 'tis possible = u to d1 m]ely by an intellectual view & contemplation4 ,s5sible objects h always a great] influ5ce on ! fancy ?an any o!r2 & ?is influ5ce !y readily convey to ^? ideas to :i* !y are relat$1 & :i* !y resemble4 ,i %all only inf] f ^! practices1 & ?is reason+1 t ! effect ( resemblance 9 enliv5+ ! idea is v common2 & z 9 e case a resemblance & a pres5t impression mu/ concur1 we are abundantly suppli$ ) exp]im5ts to prove ! reality ( ! =ego+ pr9ciple4 ,we may add =ce to ^! exp]im5ts by o!rs ( a diff]5t k9d1 9 consid]+ ! effects ( contiguity1 z well z ( resemblance4',tis c]ta9 t di/ance dim9i%es ! =ce ( e idea2 & t1 ^u our approa* to any object1 ?\gh x does n discov] itself to our s5ses1 x op]ates ^u ! m9d ) an influ5ce t imitates an imm$iate impression4 ,! ?9k+ on any object readily transports ! m9d to :at is contigu\s2 b 'tis only ! actual pres5ce ( an object1 t transports x ) a sup]ior vivacity4 ,:5 ,i am a few miles f home1 :atev] relates to x t\*es me m ne>ly ?an :5 ,i am two hundr$ leagues di/ant2 ?\gh ev5 at t di/ance ! reflect+ on any ?+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( my fri5ds & family naturally produces an idea ( !m4 ,b z 9 ?is latt] case1 bo? ! objects ( ! m9d are ideas2 not)/&+ !re is an easy transition betwixt !m2 t transition alone is n able to give a sup]ior vivacity to any ( ! ideas1 = want ( "s imm$iate impression4#g ,no "o c d\bt b causation has ! same influ5ce z ! o!r two relations ( resemblance & contiguity4 ,sup]/iti\s p are fond ( ! relicks ( sa9ts & holy m51 = ! same reason t !y seek aft] types & images1 9 ord] to enliv5 _! devotion1 & give !m a m intimate & /rong conception ( ^? exempl>y lives1 :i* !y desire to imitate4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t "o ( ! be/ relicks a devotee c\ld procure w\ld be ! h&y-"w ( a sa9t2 & if 8 clo!s & furniture are ev] to be consid]$ 9 ?is light1 'tis because !y 7 once at 8 disposal1 & 7 mov$ & affect$ by him2 9 :i* respect !y are to be consid]$ z imp]fect effects1 & z connect$ ) him by a %ort] *a9 ( consequ5ces ?an any ( ^?1 f :i* we le>n ! reality ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,?is ph5om5on cle>ly proves1 t a pres5t impression ) a relation ( causation may enliv5 any idea1 & consequ5tly produce belief or ass5t1 accord+ to ! prec$5t def9ition ( x4 ,b :y ne$ we seek = o!r argum5ts to prove1 t a pres5t impression ) a relation or transition ( ! fancy may enliv5 any idea1 :5 ?is v in/ance ( our reason+s f cause & effect w alone suffice to t purpose8 ',tis c]ta9 we mu/ h an idea ( e matt] ( fact :i* we believe4 ',tis c]ta9 t ?is idea arises only f a relation to a pres5t impression4 ',tis c]ta9 t ! belief sup]adds no?+ to ! idea1 b only *anges our mann] ( conceiv+ x1 & r5d]s x m /rong & lively4 ,! pres5t conclusion conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( relation is ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( all ^! /eps2 & e /ep appe>s to me sure & infallible4 ,!re ent]s no?+ into ?is op]ation ( ! m9d b a pres5t impression1 a lively idea1 & a relation or association 9 ! fancy betwixt ! impression & idea2 s t !re c be no suspicion ( mi/ake4 ,9 ord] to put ?is :ole affair 9 a full] light1 let u consid] x z a "q 9 natural philosophy1 :i* we mu/ det]m9e by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,i suppose !re is an object pres5t$1 f :i* ,i draw a c]ta9 conclusion1 & =m to myself ideas1 :i* ,i am said to believe or ass5t to4 ,"h 'tis evid5t1 t h[ev] t object1 :i* is pres5t to my s5ses1 & t o!r1 ^: exi/5ce ,i inf] by reason+1 may be ?\ght to influ5ce ea* o!r by _! p>ticul> p[]s or qualities2 yet z ! ph5om5on ( belief1 :i* we at pres5t exam9e1 is m]ely int]nal1 ^! p[]s & qualities be+ entirely unkn[n1 c h no h& 9 produc+ x4 ',tis ! pres5t impression :i* is to be consid]$ z ! true & real cause ( ! idea1 & ( ! belief :i* att5ds x4 ,we mu/ !re=e endeav\r to discov]1 by exp]im5ts1 ! p>ticul> qualities by :i* 'tis enabl$ to produce s extraord9>y an effect4 ,fir/ !n ,i obs]ve1 t ! pres5t impression has n ?is effect by its own prop] p[] & efficacy1 &1 :5 consid]$ alone z a s+le p]ception1 limit$ to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,i f9d t an impression1 f :i*1 on its fir/ appe>ance1 ,i c draw no conclusion1 may aft]w>ds become ! f\ndation ( belief1 :5 ,i h _h exp]i5ce ( its usual consequ5ces4 ,we mu/ 9 e case h obs]v$ ! same impression 9 pa/ in/ances1 & h f\nd x to be con/antly conjo9$ ) "s o!r impression4 ,?is is confirm$ by su* a multitude ( exp]im5ts1 t x admits n ( ! smalle/ d\bt4 ,f a second obs]vation ,i conclude1 t ! belief :i* att5ds ! pres5t impression1 & is produc$ by a numb] ( pa/ impressions & conjunctions2 t ?is belief1 ,i say1 arises imm$iately1 )\t any new op]ation ( ! reason or imag9ation4 ,( ?is ,i c be c]ta91 because ,i nev] am consci\s ( any su* op]ation1 & f9d no?+ 9 ! subject on :i* x c be f\nd$4 ,n[1 z we call e ?+ cu/om :i* proce$s f a pa/ repetition1 )\t any new reason+ or conclusion1 we may e/abli% x z a c]ta9 tru?1 t all ! belief1 :i* foll[s ^u any pres5t impression1 is d]iv$ solely f t orig94 ,:5 we are accu/om$ to see two impressions conjo9$ toge!r1 ! appe>ance or idea ( ! "o imm$iately c>ries u to ! idea ( ! o!r4 ,be+ fully satisfi$ on ?is head1 ,i make a ?ird set ( exp]im5ts1 9 ord] to "k :e!r any ?+ be requisite1 beside ! cu/om>y transition1 t[>ds ! production ( ?is ph5om5on ( belief4 ,i !re=e *ange ! fir/ impression into an idea2 & obs]ve1 t ?\gh ! cu/om>y transition to ! correlative idea /ill rema9s1 yet !re is 9 reality no belief nor p]suasion4 ,a pres5t impression1 !n1 is absolutely requisite to ?is :ole op]ation2 & :5 aft] ?is ,i comp>e an impression ) an idea1 & f9d t _! only diff]5ce consi/s 9 _! diff]5t degrees ( =ce & vivacity1 ,i conclude ^u ! :ole1 t belief is a m vivid & int5se conception ( an idea1 proce$+ f its relation to a pres5t impression4 ,?us1 all probable reason+ is no?+ b a species ( s5sation4 ',tis n solely 9 poetry & music we mu/ foll[ our ta/e & s5tim5t1 b likewise 9 philosophy4 ,:5 ,i am conv9c$ ( any pr9ciple1 'tis only an idea :i* /rikes m /rongly ^u me4 ,:5 ,i give ! pref]5ce to "o set ( argum5ts above ano!r1 ,i d no?+ b decide f my feel+ conc]n+ ! sup]iority ( _! influ5ce4 ,objects h no discov]able connexion toge!r2 nor is x f any o!r pr9ciple b cu/om op]at+ ^u ! imag9ation1 t we c draw any inf]5ce f ! appe>ance ( "o to ! exi/5ce ( ano!r4 ',twill "h be wor? our obs]vation1 t ! pa/ exp]i5ce1 on :i* all our judgm5ts conc]n+ cause & effect dep5d1 may op]ate on our m9d 9 su* an ins5sible mann] z nev] to be tak5 notice (1 & may ev5 9 "s measure be unkn[n to u4 ,a p]son1 :o /ops %ort 9 8 j\rney ^u meet+ a riv] 9 8 way1 =esees ! consequ5ces ( 8 proce$+ =w>d2 & 8 k ( ^! consequ5ces is convey$ to him by pa/ exp]i5ce1 :i* in=ms him ( su* c]ta9 conjunctions ( causes & effects4 ,b c we ?9k1 t on ?is occasion he reflects on any pa/ exp]i5ce1 & calls to remembrance in/ances t he has se5 or he>d (1 9 ord] to discov] ! effects ( wat] on animal bodies8 ,no1 surely2 ?is is n ! me?od1 9 :i* he proce$s 9 8 reason+4 ,! idea ( s9k+ is s closely connect$ ) t ( wat]1 & ! idea ( suffocat+ ) t ( s9k+1 t ! m9d makes ! transition )\t ! assi/ance ( ! memory4 ,! cu/om op]ates be=e we h "t = reflection4 ,! objects seem s insep>able1 t we int]pose n a mom5t's delay 9 pass+ f ! "o or ! o!r4 ,b z ?is transition proce$s f exp]i5ce1 & n f any prim>y connexion betwixt ! ideas1 we mu/ necess>ily ackn[l$ge1 t exp]i5ce may produce a belief & a judgm5t ( causes & effects by a sep>ate op]ation1 & )\t be+ once ?\ght (4 ,?is removes all pretext1 if !re yet rema9s any1 = ass]t+ t ! m9d is conv9c$ by reason+ ( t pr9ciple1 t in/ances ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 mu/ necess>ily resemble ^? ( :i* we h4 ,= we "h f9d1 t ! und]/&+ or imag9ation c draw inf]5ces f pa/ exp]i5ce1 )\t reflect+ on x2 mu* m )\t =m+ any pr9ciple conc]n+ x1 or reason+ ^u t pr9ciple4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t 9 all ! mo/ e/abli%$ & uni=m conjunctions ( causes & effects1 su* z ^? ( gravity1 impulse1 solidity1 c4 ! m9d nev] c>ries its view expressly to consid] any pa/ exp]i5ce3 ?\gh 9 o!r associations ( objects1 :i* are m r>e & unusual1 x may assi/ ! cu/om & transition ( ideas by ?is reflection4 ,nay we f9d 9 "s cases1 t ! reflection produces ! belief )\t ! cu/om2 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 t ! reflection produces ! cu/om 9 an oblique & artificial mann]4 ,i expla9 myself4 ',tis c]ta91 t n only 9 philosophy1 b ev5 9 common life1 we may atta9 ! k ( a p>ticul> cause m]ely by "o exp]im5t1 provid$ x be made ) judgm5t1 & aft] a c>eful removal ( all =eign & sup]flu\s circum/ances4 ,n[1 z aft] "o exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 ! m9d1 ^u ! appe>ance ei!r ( ! cause or ! effect1 c draw an inf]5ce conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( its correlative1 & z a habit c nev] be acquir$ m]ely by "o in/ance1 x may be ?\ght t belief _c 9 ?is case be e/eem$ ! effect ( cu/om4 ,b ?is difficulty w vani%1 if we consid]1 t1 ?\gh we are "h suppos$ to h _h only "o exp]im5t ( a p>ticul> effect1 yet we h _m millions to conv9ce u ( ?is pr9ciple1 t l objects1 plac$ 9 l circum/ances1 w always produce l effects2 & z ?is pr9ciple has e/abli%$ itself by a suffici5t cu/om1 x be/[s an evid5ce & firmness on any op9ion to :i* x c be appli$4 ,! connexion ( ! ideas is n habitual aft] "o exp]im5t2 b ?is connexion is compreh5d$ "u ano!r pr9ciple t is habitual2 :i* br+s u back to our hypo!sis4 ,9 all cases we transf] our exp]i5ce to in/ances ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 ei!r expressly or tacitly1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,i mu/ n conclude ?is subject )\t obs]v+1 t 'tis v difficult to talk ( ! op]ations ( ! m9d ) p]fect propriety & exactness2 because common language has seldom made any v nice di/9ctions among !m1 b has g5]ally call$ by ! same t]m all su* z ne>ly resemble ea* o!r4 ,& z ?is is a s\rce almo/ inevitable ( obscurity & confusion 9 ! au?or1 s x may frequ5tly give rise to d\bts & objections 9 ! read]1 :i* o!rwise he w\ld nev] h dream$ (4 ,?us1 my g5]al position1 t an op9ion or belief is no?+ b a /rong & lively idea d]iv$ f a pres5t impression relat$ to x1 may be liable to ! foll[+ objection1 by reason ( a little ambiguity 9 ^? words /rong & lively4 ,x may be said1 t n only an impression may give rise to reason+1 b t an idea may also h ! same influ5ce2 especially ^u my pr9ciple1 t all our ideas are d]iv$ f correspond5t impressions4 ,=1 suppose ,i =m at pres5t an idea1 ( :i* ,i h =got ! correspond5t impression1 ,i am able to conclude1 f ?is idea1 t su* an impression did once exi/2 & z ?is conclusion is att5d$ ) belief1 x may be ask$1 f :5ce are ! qualities ( =ce & vivacity d]iv$ :i* con/itute ?is belief8 ,& to ?is ,i answ] v readily1 f ! pres5t idea4 ,= z ?is idea is n "h consid]$ z ! repres5tation ( any abs5t object1 b z a real p]ception 9 ! m9d1 ( :i* we are intimately consci\s1 x mu/ be able to be/[1 on :atev] is relat$ to x1 ! same quality1 call x firmness1 or solidity1 or =ce1 or vivacity1 ) :i* ! m9d reflects ^u x1 & is assur$ ( its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,! idea "h supplies ! place ( an impression1 & is entirely ! same1 s f> z reg>ds our pres5t purpose4 ,^u ! same pr9ciples we ne$ n be surpris$ to he> ( ! remembrance ( an idea2 t is1 ( ! idea ( an idea1 & ( its =ce & vivacity sup]ior to ! loose conceptions ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 ?9k+ ( our pa/ ?\ghts we n only del9eate out ! objects ( :i* we 7 ?9k+1 b also conceive ! action ( ! m9d 9 ! m$itation1 t c]ta9 je-ne-scai-quoi1 ( :i* 'tis impossible to give any def9ition or description1 b :i* e "o suffici5tly und]/&s4 ,:5 ! memory (f]s an idea ( ?is1 & repres5ts x z pa/1 'tis easily conceiv$ h[ t idea may h m vig\r & firmness ?an :5 we ?9k ( a pa/ ?\ght ( :i* we h no remembrance4 ,aft] ?is1 any "o w und]/& h[ we may =m ! idea ( an impression & ( an idea1 & h[ we may believe ! exi/5ce ( an impression & ( an idea4 #g ,naturane nobis1 inquit1 datum dicam1 an errore quodam1 ut1 cum ea loca videamus1 9 quibus memoria dignos viros accep]imus multum esse v]satos1 magis moveamur1 quam siqu&o eorum ipsorum aut facta audiamus1 aut scriptum aliquod legamus8 velut ego nunc moveor4 ,v5it enim mihi ,platonis 9 m5tem3 quem accipimus pr9um hc disput>e solitum3 cujus etiam illi hortuli prop9qui non memoriam solm mihi aff]unt1 s$ ipsum vid5tur 9 conspectu meo hic pon]e4 ,hc ,speusippus1 hic ,x5ocrates1 hic ejus auditor ,polemo2 cujus ipsa illa sessio fuit1 quam videamus4 ,equidem etiam curiam no/ram1 ho/iliam dico1 non hanc novam1 qu mihi m9or esse videtur po/quam e/ major1 solebam intu5s ,scipionem1 ,catonem1 ,llium1 no/rum v]o 9 primis avum cogit>e4 ,tanta vis admonitionis ine/ 9 locis2 ut non s9e causa ex 8 memori ducta sit dicipl9a4--,cic]o de ,f9ibus1 lib4 #e4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,o!r ,,relations ,,& ,,o!r ,,habits4 ,h[ev] conv9c+ ! =ego+ argum5ts may appe>1 we mu/ n re/ cont5t$ ) !m1 b mu/ turn ! subject on e side1 9 ord] to f9d "s new po9ts ( view1 f :i* we may illu/rate & confirm su* extraord9>y & su* fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,a scrupul\s hesitation to receive any new hypo!sis is s laudable a disposition 9 philosoph]s1 & s necess>y to ! exam9ation ( tru?1 t x des]ves to be compli$ )1 & requires t e argum5t be produc$ :i* may t5d to _! satisfaction1 & e objection remov$ :i* may /op !m 9 _! reason+4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$1 t1 beside cause & effect1 ! two relations ( resemblance & contiguity are to be consid]$ z associat+ pr9ciples ( ?\ght1 & z capable ( convey+ ! imag9ation f "o idea to ano!r4 ,i h also obs]v$1 t :5 ( two objects1 connect$ toge!r by any ( ^! relations1 "o is imm$iately pres5t to ! memory or s5ses1 n only ! m9d is convey$ to its co-relative by means ( ! associat+ pr9ciple1 b likewise conceives x ) an additional =ce & vig\r1 by ! unit$ op]ation ( t pr9ciple1 & ( ! pres5t impression4 ,all ?is ,i h obs]v$1 9 ord] to confirm1 by analogy1 my explication ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ cause & effect4 ,b ?is v argum5t may p]haps be turn$ aga9/ me1 &1 in/ead ( a confirmation ( my hypo!sis1 may become an objection to x4 ,= x may be said1 t if all ! p>ts ( t hypo!sis be true1 viz4 t ^! ?ree species ( relation are d]iv$ f ! same pr9ciples2 t _! effects1 9 en=c+ & enliv5+ our ideas1 are ! same2 & t belief is no?+ b a m =cible & vivid conception ( an idea2 x %\ld foll[1 t t action ( ! m9d may n only be d]iv$ f ! relation ( cause & effect1 b also f ^? ( contiguity & resemblance4 ,b z we f9d by exp]i5ce t belief arises only f causation1 & t we c draw no inf]5ce f "o object to ano!r1 except !y be connect$ by ?is relation1 we may conclude1 t !re is "s error 9 t reason+ :i* leads u into su* difficulties4 ,?is is ! objection3 let u n[ consid] its solution4 ',tis evid5t1 t :atev] is pres5t to ! memory1 /rik+ ^u ! m9d ) a vivacity :i* resembles an imm$iate impression1 mu/ become ( consid]able mom5t 9 all ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 & mu/ easily di/+ui% itself above ! m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,( ^! impressions or ideas ( ! memory we =m a k9d ( sy/em1 compreh5d+ :atev] we rememb] to h be5 pres5t1 ei!r to our int]nal p]ception or s5ses2 & e p>ticul> ( t sy/em1 jo9$ to ! pres5t impressions1 we are pleas$ to call a reality4 ,b ! m9d /ops n "h4 ,= f9d+1 t ) ?is sy/em ( p]ceptions !re is ano!r connect$ by cu/om1 or1 if y w1 by ! relation ( cause or effect1 x proce$s to ! consid]ation ( _! ideas2 & z x feels t 'tis 9 a mann] necess>ily det]m9$ to view ^! p>ticul> ideas1 & t ! cu/om or relation1 by :i* x is det]m9$1 admits n ( ! lea/ *ange1 x =ms !m into a new sy/em1 :i* x likewise dignifies ) ! title ( realities4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sy/ems is ! object ( ! memory & s5ses2 ! second ( ! judgm5t4 ',tis ?is latt] pr9ciple :i* peoples ! _w1 & br+s u acqua9t$ ) su* exi/5ces z1 by _! removal 9 "t & place1 lie beyond ! rea* ( ! s5ses & memory4 ,by means ( x ,i pa9t ! univ]se 9 my imag9ation1 & fix my att5tion on any "p ( x ,i please4 ,i =m an idea ( ,rome1 :i* ,i nei!r see nor rememb]1 b :i* is connect$ ) su* impressions z ,i rememb] to h receiv$ f ! conv]sation & books ( travell]s & hi/orians4 ,?is idea ( ,rome ,i place 9 a c]ta9 situation on ! idea ( an object :i* ,i call ! globe4 ,i jo9 to x ! conception ( a p>ticul> gov]nm5t1 & religion & mann]s4 ,i look backw>d & consid] its fir/ f\ndation1 its sev]al revolutions1 successes & mis=tunes4 ,all ?is1 & e ?+ else :i* ,i believe1 are no?+ b ideas1 ?\gh1 by _! =ce & settl$ ord]1 aris+ f cu/om & ! relation ( cause & effect1 !y di/+ui% !mselves f ! o!r ideas1 :i* are m]ely ! (fspr+ ( ! imag9ation4 ,z to ! influ5ce ( contiguity & resemblance1 we may obs]ve1 t if ! contigu\s & resembl+ object be compreh5d$ 9 ?is sy/em ( realities1 !re is no d\bt b ^! two relations w assi/ t ( cause & effect1 & infix ! relat$ idea ) m =ce 9 ! imag9ation4 ,?is ,i %all enl>ge ^u pres5tly4 ,mean:ile ,i %all c>ry my obs]vation a /ep f>!r1 & ass]t1 t ev5 :]e ! relat$ object is b feign$1 ! relation w s]ve to enliv5 ! idea1 & increase its influ5ce4 ,a poet1 no d\bt1 w be ! bett] able to =m a /rong description ( ! ,elysian fields1 t he prompts 8 imag9ation by ! view ( a beautiful mead[ or g>d52 z at ano!r "t he may1 by 8 fancy1 place himself 9 ! mid/ ( ^! fabul\s regions1 t by ! feign$ contiguity he may enliv5 8 imag9ation4 ,b ?\gh ,i _c altoge!r exclude ! relations ( resemblance & contiguity f op]at+ on ! fancy 9 ?is mann]1 'tis obs]vable t1 :5 s+le1 _! influ5ce is v feeble & unc]ta94 ,z ! relation ( cause & effect is requisite to p]suade u ( any real exi/5ce1 s is ?is p]suasion requisite to give =ce to ^! o!r relations4 ,= :]e ^u ! appe>ance ( an impression we n only feign ano!r object1 b likewise arbitr>ily1 & ( our m]e good-w & pleasure give x a p>ticul> relation to ! impression1 ?is c h b a small effect ^u ! m9d2 nor is !re any reason1 :y1 ^u ! return ( ! same impression1 we %\ld be det]m9$ to place ! same object 9 ! same relation to x4 ,!re is no mann] ( necessity = ! m9d to feign any resembl+ & contigu\s objects2 & if x feigns su*1 !re is z little necessity = x always to conf9e itself to ! same1 )\t any diff]5ce or v>iation4 ,& inde$ su* a fiction is f\nd$ on s little reason1 t no?+ b pure caprice c det]m9e ! m9d to =m x2 & t pr9ciple be+ fluctuat+ & unc]ta91 'tis impossible x c ev] op]ate ) any consid]able degree ( =ce & con/ancy4 ,! m9d =esees & anticipates ! *ange2 & ev5 f ! v fir/ in/ant feels ! loos5ess ( its actions1 & ! weak hold x has ( its objects4 ,& z ?is imp]fection is v s5sible 9 e s+le in/ance1 x /ill increases by exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 :5 we comp>e ! sev]al in/ances we may rememb]1 & =m a g5]al rule aga9/ ! repos+ any assurance 9 ^? mom5t>y glimpses ( light1 :i* arise 9 ! imag9ation f a feign$ resemblance & contiguity4 ,! relation ( cause & effect has all ! opposite advantages4 ,! objects x pres5ts are fix$ & unalt]able4 ,! impressions ( ! memory nev] *ange 9 any consid]able degree2 & ea* impression draws along ) x a precise idea1 :i* takes its place 9 ! imag9ation1 z some?+ solid & real1 c]ta9 & inv>iable4 ,! ?\ght is always det]m9$ to pass f ! impression to ! idea1 & f t p>ticul> impression to t p>ticul> idea1 )\t any *oice or hesitation4 ,b n cont5t ) remov+ ?is objection1 ,i %all endeav\r to extract f x a pro( ( ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,contiguity & resemblance h an effect mu* inf]ior to causation2 b /ill h "s effect1 & augm5t ! conviction ( any op9ion1 & ! vivacity ( any conception4 ,if ?is c be prov$ 9 sev]al new in/ances1 beside :at we h already obs]v$1 'twill be all[$ no inconsid]able argum5t1 t belief is no?+ b a lively idea relat$ to a pres5t impression4 ,to beg9 ) contiguity2 x has be5 rem>k$ among ! ,mahometans z well z ,*ri/ians1 t ^? pilgrims1 :o h se5 ,mecca or ! ,holy ,l& are ev] aft] m fai?ful & zeal\s believ]s1 ?an ^? :o h n _h t advantage4 ,a man1 ^: memory pres5ts him ) a lively image ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,des]t1 & ,j]usalem1 & ,galilee1 c nev] d\bt ( any miracul\s ev5ts1 :i* are relat$ ei!r by ,moses or ! ,evangeli/s4 ,! lively idea ( ! places passes by an easy transition to ! facts1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 relat$ to !m by contiguity1 & increases ! belief by increas+ ! vivacity ( ! conception4 ,! remembrance ( ^! fields & riv]s has ! same influ5ce on ! vulg> z a new argum5t1 & f ! same causes4 ,we may =m a l obs]vation conc]n+ resemblance4 ,we h rem>k$1 t ! conclusion :i* we draw f a pres5t object to its abs5t cause or effect1 is nev] f\nd$ on any qualities :i* we obs]ve 9 t object1 consid]$ 9 itself2 or1 9 o!r words1 t 'tis impossible to det]m9e o!rwise ?an by exp]i5ce1 :at w result f any ph5om5on1 or :at has prec$$ x4 ,b ?\gh ?is be s evid5t 9 itself1 t x seem$ n to require any pro(1 yet "s philosoph]s h imag9$ t !re is an app>5t cause = ! communication ( motion1 & t a reasonable man might imm$iately inf] ! motion ( "o body f ! impulse ( ano!r1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to any pa/ obs]vation4 ,t ?is op9ion is false w admit ( an easy pro(4 ,= if su* an inf]5ce may be drawn m]ely f ! ideas ( body1 ( motion1 & ( impulse1 x mu/ am\nt to a demon/ration1 & mu/ imply ! absolute impossibility ( any contr>y supposition4 ,e effect1 !n1 beside ! communication ( motion1 implies a =mal contradiction2 & 'tis impossible n only t x c exi/1 b also t x c be conceiv$4 ,b we may soon satisfy ourselves ( ! contr>y1 by =m+ a cle> & consi/5t idea ( "o body's mov+ ^u ano!r1 & ( its re/ imm$iately ^u ! contact2 or ( its return+ back 9 ! same l9e 9 :i* x came2 or ( its annihilation1 or circul> or elliptical motion3 & 9 %ort1 ( an inf9ite numb] ( o!r *anges1 :i* !y may suppose x to und]go4 ,^! suppositions are all consi/5t & natural2 & ! reason :y we imag9e ! communication ( motion to be m consi/5t & natural1 n only ?an ^? suppositions1 b also ?an any o!r natural effect1 is f\nd$ on ! relation ( resemblance betwixt ! cause & effect1 :i* is "h unit$ to exp]i5ce1 & b9ds ! objects 9 ! close/ & mo/ intimate mann] to ea* o!r1 s z to make u imag9e !m to be absolutely insep>able4 ,resemblance1 !n1 has ! same or a p>allel influ5ce ) exp]i5ce2 & z ! only imm$iate effect ( exp]i5ce is to associate our ideas toge!r1 x foll[s t all belief arises f ! association ( ideas1 accord+ to my hypo!sis4 ',tis univ]sally all[$ by ! writ]s on optics1 t ! eye at all times sees an equal numb] ( physical po9ts1 & t a man on ! top ( a m\nta9 has no l>g] an image pres5t$ to 8 s5ses1 ?an :5 he is coop$ up 9 ! n>r[e/ c\rt or *amb]4 ',tis only by exp]i5ce t he inf]s ! greatness ( ! object f "s peculi> qualities ( ! image2 & ?is inf]5ce ( ! judgm5t he conf\nds ) s5sation1 z is common on o!r occasions4 ,n[ 'tis evid5t1 t ! inf]5ce ( ! judgm5t is "h mu* m lively ?an :at is usual 9 our common reason+s1 & t a man has a m vivid conception ( ! va/ ext5t ( ! ocean f ! image he receives by ! eye1 :5 he /&s on ! top ( ! high promontory1 ?an m]ely f he>+ ! ro>+ ( ! wat]s4 ,he feels a m s5sible pleasure f its magnific5ce1 :i* is a pro( ( a m lively idea2 & he conf\nds 8 judgm5t ) s5sation1 :i* is ano!r pro( ( x4 ,b z ! inf]5ce is equally c]ta9 & imm$iate 9 bo? cases1 ?is sup]ior vivacity ( our conception 9 "o case c proce$ f no?+ b ?is1 t 9 draw+ an inf]5ce f ! sight1 beside ! cu/om>y conjunction1 !re is also a resemblance betwixt ! image & ! object we inf]1 :i* /r5g!ns ! relation1 & conveys ! vivacity ( ! impression to ! relat$ idea ) an easi] & m natural movem5t4 ,no weakness ( human nature is m univ]sal & conspicu\s ?an :at we commonly call cr$ulity1 or a too easy fai? 9 ! te/imony ( o!rs2 & ?is weakness is also v naturally acc\nt$ = f ! influ5ce ( resemblance4 ,:5 we receive any matt] ( fact ^u human te/imony1 our fai? arises f ! v same orig9 z our inf]5ces f causes to effects1 & f effects to causes2 nor is !re any ?+ b our exp]i5ce ( ! gov]n+ pr9ciples ( human nature1 :i* c give u any assurance ( ! v]acity ( m54 ,b ?\gh exp]i5ce be ! true /&>d ( ?is1 z well z ( all o!r judgm5ts1 we seldom regulate ourselves entirely by x1 b h a rem>kable prop5sity to believe :atev] is report$1 ev5 conc]n+ app>itions1 en*antm5ts1 & prodigies1 h[ev] contr>y to daily exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,! words or disc\rses ( o!rs h an intimate connexion ) c]ta9 ideas 9 _! m9d2 & ^! ideas h also a connexion ) ! facts or objects :i* !y repres5t4 ,?is latt] connexion is g5]ally mu* ov]-rat$1 & comm&s our ass5t beyond :at exp]i5ce w ju/ify1 :i* c proce$ f no?+ beside ! resemblance betwixt ! ideas & ! facts4 ,o!r effects only po9t out _! causes 9 an oblique mann]2 b ! te/imony ( m5 does x directly1 & is to be consid]$ z an image z well z an effect4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 we are s ra% 9 draw+ our inf]5ces f x1 & are less guid$ by exp]i5ce 9 our judgm5ts conc]n+ x1 ?an 9 ^? ^u any o!r subject4 ,z resemblance1 :5 conjo9$ ) causation1 =tifies our reason+s1 s ! want ( x 9 any v great degree is able almo/ entirely to de/roy !m4 ,( ?is !re is a rem>kable in/ance 9 ! univ]sal c>elessness & /upidity ( m5 ) reg>d to a future /ate1 :]e !y %[ z ob/9ate an incr$ulity1 z !y d a bl9d cr$ulity on o!r occasions4 ,!re is n inde$ a m ample matt] ( wond] to ! /udi\s1 & ( regret to ! pi\s man1 ?an to obs]ve ! neglig5ce ( ! bulk ( mank9d conc]n+ _! approa*+ condition2 & 'tis ) reason1 t _m em95t !ologians h n scrupl$ to affirm1 t ?\gh ! vulg> h no =mal pr9ciples ( infidelity1 yet !y are really infidels 9 _! he>ts1 & h no?+ l :at we c call a belief ( ! et]nal duration ( _! s\ls4 ,= let u consid] on ! "o h& :at div9es h display$ ) su* eloqu5ce conc]n+ ! importance ( et]nity2 & at ! same "t reflect1 t ?\gh 9 matt]s ( rhetoric we ought to lay our acc\nt ) "s exagg]ation1 we mu/ 9 ?is case all[1 t ! /ronge/ figures are inf9itely inf]ior to ! subject3 & aft] ?is1 let u view on ! o!r h& ! prodigi\s security ( m5 9 ?is p>ticul>3 ,i ask1 if ^! p really believe :at is inculcat$ on !m1 & :at !y pret5d to affirm2 & ! answ] is obvi\sly 9 ! negative4 ,z belief is an act ( ! m9d aris+ f cu/om1 'tis n /range ! want ( resemblance %\ld ov]?r[ :at cu/om has e/abli%$1 & dim9i% ! =ce ( ! idea1 z mu* z t latt] pr9ciple increases x4 ,a future /ate is s f> remov$ f our compreh5sion1 & we h s obscure an idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* we %all exi/ aft] ! dissolution ( ! body1 t all ! reasons we c inv5t1 h[ev] /rong 9 !mselves1 & h[ev] mu* assi/$ by education1 are nev] able ) sl[ imag9ations to surm\nt ?is difficulty1 or be/[ a suffici5t au?ority & =ce on ! idea4 ,i r *oose to ascribe ?is incr$ulity to ! fa9t idea we =m ( our future condition1 d]iv$ f its want ( resemblance to ! pres5t life1 ?an to t d]iv$ f its remot5ess4 ,= ,i obs]ve1 t m5 are e :]e conc]n$ ab\t :at may happ5 aft] _! dea?1 provid$ x reg>d ?is _w2 & t !re are few to :om _! "n1 _! family1 _! fri5ds1 & _! c\ntry are 9 any p]iod ( "t entirely indiff]5t4 ,& inde$ ! want ( resemblance 9 ?is case s entirely de/roys belief1 t except ^? few :o1 ^u cool reflection on ! importance ( ! subject1 h tak5 c>e by repeat$ m$itation to impr9t 9 _! m9ds ! argum5ts = a future /ate1 !re sc>ce are any :o believe ! immortality ( ! s\l ) a true & e/abli%$ judgm5t2 su* z is d]iv$ f ! te/imony ( travell]s & hi/orians4 ,?is appe>s v conspicu\sly :]ev] m5 h occasion to comp>e ! pleasures & pa9s1 ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ?is life ) ^? ( a future2 ev5 ?\gh ! case does n conc]n !mselves1 & !re is no viol5t passion to di/urb _! judgm5t4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olics are c]ta9ly ! mo/ zeal\s ( any sect 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w2 & yet y'll f9d few among ! m s5sible "p ( t communion :o d n blame ! ,gunp[d] ,treason1 & ! massacre ( ,/ ,b>?olomew1 z cruel & b>b>\s1 ?\gh project$ or execut$ aga9/ ^? v p1 :om )\t any scruple !y condemn to et]nal & inf9ite puni%m5ts4 ,all we c say 9 excuse = ?is inconsi/5cy is1 t !y really d n believe :at !y affirm conc]n+ a future /ate2 nor is !re any bett] pro( ( x ?an ! v inconsi/5cy4 ,we may add to ?is a rem>k1 t 9 matt]s ( religion m5 take a pleasure 9 be+ t]rifi$1 & t no prea*]s are s popul> z ^? :o excite ! mo/ dismal & gloomy passions4 ,9 ! common affairs ( life1 :]e we feel & are ) ! solidity ( ! subject1 no?+ c be m disagreeable ?an fe> & t]ror2 & 'tis only 9 dramatic p]=mances & 9 religi\s disc\rses t !y ev] give pleasure4 ,9 ^! latt] cases ! imag9ation reposes itself indol5tly on ! idea2 & ! passion be+ s(t5$ by ! want ( belief 9 ! subject1 has no m ?an ! agreeable effect ( enliv5+ ! m9d & fix+ ! att5tion4 ,! pres5t hypo!sis w receive additional confirmation1 if we exam9e ! effects ( o!r k9ds ( cu/om1 z well z ( o!r relations4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ consid] t cu/om1 to :i* ,i attribute all belief & reason+1 may op]ate ^u ! m9d 9 invigorat+ an idea aft] two sev]al ways4 ,= suppos+ t1 9 all pa/ exp]i5ce1 we h f\nd two objects to h be5 always conjo9$ toge!r1 'tis evid5t1 t ^u ! appe>ance ( "o ( ^! objects 9 an impression1 we mu/1 f cu/om1 make an easy transition to ! idea ( t object1 :i* usually att5ds x2 & by means ( ! pres5t impression & easy transition mu/ conceive t idea 9 a /rong] & m lively mann] ?an we d any loose float+ image ( ! fancy4 ,b let u next suppose1 t a m]e idea alone1 )\t any ( ?is curi\s & almo/ artificial prep>ation1 %\ld frequ5tly make its appe>ance 9 ! m9d1 ?is idea mu/1 by degrees1 acquire a facility & =ce2 & bo? by its firm hold & easy introduction di/+ui% itself f any new & unusual idea4 ,?is is ! only p>ticul> 9 :i* ^! two k9ds ( cu/om agree2 & if x appe> t _! effects on ! judgm5t are simil> & proportionable1 we may c]ta9ly conclude1 t ! =ego+ explication ( t faculty is satisfactory4 ,b c we d\bt ( ?is agreem5t 9 _! influ5ce on ! judgm5t1 :5 we consid] ! nature & effects ( education8 ,all ^? op9ions & notions ( ?+s1 to :i* we h be5 accu/om$ f our infancy1 take su* deep root1 t 'tis impossible = u1 by all ! p[]s ( reason & exp]i5ce1 to eradicate !m2 & ?is habit n only approa*es 9 its influ5ce1 b ev5 on _m occasions prevails ov] t :i* arises f ! con/ant & insep>able union ( causes & effects4 ,"h we mu/ n be cont5t$ ) say+1 t ! vividness ( ! idea produces ! belief3 we mu/ ma9ta9 t !y are individually ! same4 ,! frequ5t repetition ( any idea infixes x 9 ! imag9ation2 b c\ld nev] possibly ( itself produce belief1 if t act ( ! m9d 01 by ! orig9al con/itution ( our natures1 annex$ only to a reason+ & comp>ison ( ideas4 ,cu/om may lead u into "s false comp>ison ( ideas4 ,?is is ! utmo/ effect we c conceive ( x2 b 'tis c]ta9 x c\ld nev] supply ! place ( t comp>ison1 nor produce any act ( ! m9d :i* naturally belong$ to t pr9ciple4 ,a p]son t has lo/ a leg or an arm by amputation endeav\rs = a long "t aft]w>ds to s]ve himself ) !m4 ,aft] ! dea? ( any "o1 'tis a common rem>k ( ! :ole family1 b especially ! s]vants1 t !y c sc>ce believe him to be dead1 b /ill imag9e him to be 9 8 *amb] or 9 any o!r place1 :]e !y 7 accu/om$ to f9d him4 ,i h (t5 he>d 9 conv]sation1 aft] talk+ ( a p]son t is any way celebrat$1 t "o1 :o has no acqua9tance ) him1 w say1 ,i h nev] se5 su* a "o1 b almo/ fancy ,i h1 s (t5 h ,i he>d talk ( him4 ,all ^! are p>allel in/ances4 ,if we consid] ?is argum5t f education 9 a prop] light1 'twill appe> v conv9c+2 & ! m s1 t 'tis f\nd$ on "o ( ! mo/ common ph5om5a t is any :]e to be met )4 ,i am p]suad$ t1 ^u exam9ation1 we %all f9d m ?an "o half ( ^? op9ions t prevail among mank9d to be ow+ to education1 & t ! pr9ciples :i* are ?us implicitly embrac$1 ov]balance ^?1 :i* are ow+ ei!r to ab/ract reason+ or exp]i5ce4 ,z li>s1 by ! frequ5t repetition ( _! lies1 come at la/ to rememb] !m2 s ! judgm5t1 or r ! imag9ation1 by ! l means1 may h ideas s /rongly impr9t$ on x1 & conceive !m 9 s full a light1 t !y may op]ate ^u ! m9d 9 ! same mann] ) ^? :i* ! s5ses1 memory1 or reason pres5t to u4 ,b z education is an artificial & n a natural cause1 & z its maxims are frequ5tly contr>y to reason1 & ev5 to !mselves 9 diff]5t times & places1 x is nev] ^u t acc\nt recognis$ by philosoph]s2 ?\gh 9 reality x be built almo/ on ! same f\ndation ( cu/om & repetition z our reason+s f causes & effects4#h #h ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t z our ass5t to all probable reason+s is f\nd$ on ! vivacity ( ideas1 x resembles _m ( ^? :imsies & prejudices :i* are reject$ "u ! opprobri\s "* ( be+ ! (fspr+ ( ! imag9ation4 ,by ?is expression x appe>s1 t ! ^w imag9ation1 is commonly us$ 9 two diff]5t s5ses2 & ?\gh no?+ be m contr>y to true philosophy ?an ?is inaccuracy1 yet1 9 ! foll[+ reason+s1 ,i h (t5 be5 oblig$ to fall into x4 ,:5 ,i oppose ! imag9ation to ! memory1 ,i mean ! faculty by :i* we =m our fa9t] ideas4 ,:5 ,i oppose x to reason1 ,i mean ! same faculty1 exclud+ only our demon/rative & probable reason+s4 ,:5 ,i oppose x to nei!r1 'tis indiff]5t :e!r x be tak5 9 ! l>g] or m limit$ s5se1 or at lea/ ! context w suffici5tly expla9 ! mean+4 ,,section ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,belief4 ,b ?\gh education be disclaim$ by philosophy1 z a fallaci\s gr\nd ( ass5t to any op9ion1 x prevails nev]!less 9 ! _w1 & is ! cause :y all sy/ems are apt to be reject$ at fir/ z new & unusual4 ,?is1 p]haps1 w be ! fate ( :at ,i h "h advanc$ conc]n+ belief2 & ?\gh ! pro(s ,i h produc$ appe> to me p]fectly conclusive1 ,i expect n to make _m proselytes to my op9ion4 ,m5 w sc>ce ev] be p]suad$1 t effects ( su* consequ5ce c fl[ f pr9ciples :i* are seem+ly s inconsid]able1 & t ! f> greate/ "p ( our reason+s1 ) all our actions & passions1 c be d]iv$ f no?+ b cu/om & habit4 ,to obviate ?is objection1 ,i %all "h anticipate a little :at w\ld m prop]ly fall "u our consid]ation aft]w>ds1 :5 we come to treat ( ! ,passions & ! ,s5se ( ,beauty4 ,!re is implant$ 9 ! human m9d a p]ception ( pa9 & pleasure1 z ! *ief spr+ & mov+ pr9ciple ( all its actions4 ,b pa9 & pleasure h two ways ( mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ! m9d2 ( :i* ! "o has effects v diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,!y may ei!r appe> an impression to ! actual feel+1 or only 9 idea1 z at pres5t :5 ,i m5tion !m4 ',tis evid5t ! influ5ce ( ^! ^u our actions is f> f be+ equal4 ,impressions always actuate ! s\l1 & t 9 ! highe/ degree2 b 'tis n e idea :i* has ! same effect4 ,nature has proce$$ ) caution 9 ?is case1 & seems to h c>efully avoid$ ! inconv5i5ces ( two extremes4 ,did impressions alone influ5ce ! w1 we %\ld e mom5t ( our lives be subject to ! greate/ calamities2 because1 ?\gh we =esaw _! approa*1 we %\ld n be provid$ by nature ) any pr9ciple ( action1 :i* might impel u to avoid !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 did e idea influ5ce our actions1 our condition w\ld n be mu* m5d$4 ,= su* is ! un/ead9ess & activity ( ?\ght1 t ! images ( e ?+1 especially ( goods & evils1 are always w&]+ 9 ! m9d2 & 7 x mov$ by e idle conception ( ?is k9d1 x w\ld nev] enjoy a mom5t's peace & tranquillity4 ,nature has !re=e *os5 a m$ium1 & has nei!r be/[$ on e idea ( good & evil ! p[] ( actuat+ ! w1 nor yet has entirely exclud$ !m f ?is influ5ce4 ,?\gh an idle fiction has no efficacy1 yet we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t ! ideas ( ^? objects1 :i* we believe ei!r are or w be exi/5t1 produce 9 a less] degree ! same effect ) ^? impressions1 :i* are imm$iately pres5t to ! s5ses & p]ception4 ,! effect !n ( belief is to raise up a simple idea to an equality ) our impressions1 & be/[ on x a l influ5ce on ! passions4 ,?is effect x c only h by mak+ an idea approa* an impression 9 =ce & vivacity4 ,= z ! diff]5t degrees ( =ce make all ! orig9al diff]5ce betwixt an impression & an idea1 !y mu/ ( consequ5ce be ! s\rce ( all ! diff]5ces 9 ! effects ( ^! p]ceptions1 & _! removal1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ! cause ( e new resemblance !y acquire4 ,:]ev] we c make an idea approa* ! impressions 9 =ce & vivacity1 x w likewise imitate !m 9 its influ5ce on ! m9d2 & vice v]sa1 :]e x imitates !m 9 t influ5ce1 z 9 ! pres5t case1 ?is mu/ proce$ f its approa*+ !m 9 =ce & vivacity4 ,belief1 !re=e1 s9ce x causes an idea to imitate ! effects ( ! impressions1 mu/ make x resemble !m 9 ^! qualities1 & is no?+ b a m vivid & int5se conception ( any idea4 ,?is !n may bo? s]ve z an additional argum5t = ! pres5t sy/em1 & may give u a notion aft] :at mann] our reason+s f causation are able to op]ate on ! w & passions4 ,z belief is almo/ absolutely requisite to ! excit+ our passions1 s ! passions1 9 _! turn1 are v fav\rable to belief2 & n only su* facts z convey agreeable emotions1 b v (t5 su* z give pa91 d ^u t acc\nt become m readily ! objects ( fai? & op9ion4 ,a c[>d1 ^: fe>s are easily awak5$1 readily ass5ts to e acc\nt ( dang] he meets )2 z a p]son ( a sorr[ful & melan*oly disposition is v cr$ul\s ( e ?+ t n\ri%es 8 prevail+ passion4 ,:5 any affect+ object is pres5t$1 x gives ! al>m1 & excites imm$iately a degree ( its prop] passion2 especially 9 p]sons :o are naturally incl9$ to t passion4 ,?is emotion passes by an easy transition to ! imag9ation2 &1 diffus+ itself ov] our idea ( ! affect+ object1 makes u =m t idea ) great] =ce & vivacity1 & consequ5tly ass5t to x1 accord+ to ! prec$5t sy/em4 ,admiration & surprise h ! same effect z ! o!r passions2 & accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t among ! vulg>1 quacks & projectors meet ) a m easy fai? ^u acc\nt ( _! magnific5t pret5sions1 ?an if !y kept !mselves )9 ! b\nds ( mod]ation4 ,! fir/ a/oni%m5t1 :i* naturally att5ds _! miracul\s relations1 spreads itself ov] ! :ole s\l1 & s vivifies & enliv5s ! idea1 t x resembles ! inf]5ces we draw f exp]i5ce4 ,?is is a my/]y1 ) :i* we may be already a little acqua9t$1 & :i* we %all h fur!r occasion to be let into 9 ! progress ( ?is ,treatise4 ,aft] ?is acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( belief on ! passions1 we %all f9d less difficulty 9 expla9+ its effects on ! imag9ation1 h[ev] extraord9>y !y may appe>4 ',tis c]ta9 we _c take pleasure 9 any disc\rse1 :]e our judgm5t gives no ass5t to ^? images :i* are pres5t$ to our fancy4 ,! conv]sation ( ^?1 :o h acquir$ a habit ( ly+1 ?\gh 9 affairs ( no mom5t1 nev] gives any satisfaction2 & t because ^? ideas !y pres5t to u1 n be+ att5d$ ) belief1 make no impression ^u ! m9d4 ,poets !mselves1 ?\gh li>s by pr(ession1 always endeav\r to give an air ( tru? to _! fictions2 & :]e t is totally neglect$1 _! p]=mances1 h[ev] +5i\s1 w nev] be able to af=d mu* pleasure4 ,9 %ort1 we may obs]ve1 t ev5 :5 ideas h no mann] ( influ5ce on ! w & passions1 tru? & reality are /ill requisite1 9 ord] to make !m ent]ta9+ to ! imag9ation4 ,b if we comp>e toge!r all ! ph5om5a t occur on ?is head1 we %all f9d1 t tru?1 h[ev] necess>y x may seem 9 all works ( g5ius1 has no o!r effect ?an to procure an easy reception = ! ideas1 & to make ! m9d acquiesce 9 !m ) satisfaction1 or at lea/ )\t reluctance4 ,b z ?is is an effect1 :i* may easily be suppos$ to fl[ f t solidity & =ce1 :i*1 accord+ to my sy/em1 att5d ^? ideas t are e/abli%$ by reason+s f causation2 x foll[s1 t all ! influ5ce ( belief ^u ! fancy may be expla9$ f t sy/em4 ,accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t :]ev] t influ5ce arises f any o!r pr9ciples beside tru? or reality1 !y supply its place1 & give an equal ent]ta9m5t to ! imag9ation4 ,poets h =m$ :at !y call a poetical sy/em ( ?+s1 :i*1 ?\gh x be believ$ nei!r by !mselves nor read]s1 is commonly e/eem$ a suffici5t f\ndation = any fiction4 ,we h be5 s mu* accu/om$ to ! names ( ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 t 9 ! same mann] z education infixes any op9ion1 ! con/ant repetition ( ^! ideas makes !m ent] into ! m9d ) facility1 & prevail ^u ! fancy1 )\t influ5c+ ! judgm5t4 ,9 l mann] trag$ians always borr[ _! fable1 or at lea/ ! names ( _! pr9cipal actors1 f "s kn[n passage 9 hi/ory2 & t n 9 ord] to deceive ! spectators2 = !y w frankly confess1 t tru? is n 9 any circum/ance inviolably obs]v$1 b 9 ord] to procure a m easy reception into ! imag9ation = ^? extraord9>y ev5ts1 :i* !y repres5t4 ,b ?is is a precaution :i* is n requir$ ( comic poets1 ^: p]sonages & incid5ts1 be+ ( a m famili> k9d1 ent] easily into ! conception1 & are receiv$ )\t any su* =mality1 ev5 ?\gh at fir/ sight !y be kn[n to be fictiti\s1 & ! pure (fspr+ ( ! fancy4 ,?is mixture ( tru? & falsehood 9 ! fables ( tragic poets n only s]ves our pres5t purpose1 by %[+ t ! imag9ation c be satisfi$ )\t any absolute belief or assurance2 b may 9 ano!r view be reg>d$ z a v /rong confirmation ( ?is sy/em4 ',tis evid5t1 t poets make use ( ?is artifice ( borr[+ ! names ( _! p]sons1 & ! *ief ev5ts ( _! poems1 f hi/ory1 9 ord] to procure a m easy reception = ! :ole1 & cause x to make a deep] impression on ! fancy & affections4 ,! sev]al incid5ts ( ! piece acquire a k9d ( relation by be+ unit$ into "o poem or repres5tation2 & if any ( ^! incid5ts be an object ( belief1 x be/[s a =ce & vivacity on ! o!rs1 :i* are relat$ to x4 ,! vividness ( ! fir/ conception diffuses itself along ! relations1 & is convey$1 z by s _m pipes or canals1 to e idea t has any communication ) ! prim>y "o4 ,?is inde$ c nev] am\nt to a p]fect assurance2 & t because ! union among ! ideas is 9 a mann] accid5tal3 b /ill x approa*es s ne> 9 its influ5ce1 z may conv9ce u t !y are d]iv$ f ! same orig94 ,belief mu/ please ! imag9ation by means ( ! =ce & vivacity :i* att5ds x2 s9ce e idea1 :i* has =ce & vivacity1 is f\nd to be agreeable to t faculty4 ,to confirm ?is we may obs]ve1 t ! assi/ance is mutual betwixt ! judgm5t & fancy1 z well z betwixt ! judgm5t & passion2 & t belief n only gives vig\r to ! imag9ation1 b t a vigor\s & /rong imag9ation is ( all tal5ts ! mo/ prop] to procure belief & au?ority4 ',tis difficult = u to )hold our ass5t f :at is pa9t$ out to u 9 all ! col\rs ( eloqu5ce2 & ! vivacity produc$ by ! fancy is 9 _m cases great] ?an t :i* arises f cu/om & exp]i5ce4 ,we are hurri$ away by ! lively imag9ation ( our au?or or companion2 & ev5 he himself is (t5 a victim to 8 own fire & g5ius4 ,nor w x be amiss to rem>k1 t z a lively imag9ation v (t5 deg5]ates into madness or folly1 & be>s x a great resemblance 9 its op]ations2 s !y influ5ce ! judgm5t aft] ! same mann]1 & produce belief f ! v same pr9ciples4 ,:5 ! imag9ation1 f any extraord9>y f]m5t ( ! blood & spirits1 acquires su* a vivacity z disord]s all its p[]s & faculties1 !re is no means ( di/+ui%+ betwixt tru? & falsehood2 b e loose fiction or idea1 hav+ ! same influ5ce z ! impressions ( ! memory1 or ! conclusions ( ! judgm5t1 is receiv$ on ! same foot+1 & op]ates ) equal =ce on ! passions4 ,a pres5t impression & a cu/om>y transition are n[ no long] necess>y to enliv5 our ideas4 ,e *im]a ( ! bra9 is z vivid & int5se z any ( ^? inf]5ces1 :i* we =m]ly dignifi$ ) ! "n ( conclusions conc]n+ matt]s ( fact1 & sometimes z ! pres5t impressions ( ! s5ses4 ,we may obs]ve ! same effect ( poetry 9 a less] degree2 & ?is is common bo? to poetry & madness1 t ! vivacity !y be/[ on ! ideas is n d]iv$ f ! p>ticul> situations or connexions ( ! objects ( ^! ideas1 b f ! pres5t temp] & disposition ( ! p]son4 ,b h[ great soev] ! pit* may be to :i* ?is vivacity rise1 'tis evid5t1 t 9 poetry x nev] has ! same feel+ ) t :i* arises 9 ! m9d1 :5 we reason1 ?\gh ev5 ^u ! l[e/ species ( probability4 ,! m9d c easily di/+ui% betwixt ! "o & ! o!r2 & :atev] emotion ! poetical en?usiasm may give to ! spirits1 'tis /ill ! m]e phantom ( belief or p]suasion4 ,! case is ! same ) ! idea z ) ! passion x occasions4 ,!re is no passion ( ! human m9d b :at may arise f poetry2 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 ! feel+s ( ! passions are v diff]5t :5 excit$ by poetical fictions1 f :at !y are :5 !y arise f belief & reality4 ,a passion :i* is disagreeable 9 real life1 may af=d ! highe/ ent]ta9m5t 9 a trag$y or epic poem4 ,9 ! latt] case x lies n ) t weight ^u u3 x feels less firm & solid1 & has no o!r ?an ! agreeable effect ( excit+ ! spirits1 & r\s+ ! att5tion4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! passions is a cle> pro( ( a l diff]5ce 9 ^? ideas f :i* ! passions are d]iv$4 ,:]e ! vivacity arises f a cu/om>y conjunction ) a pres5t impression1 ?\gh ! imag9ation may n1 9 appe>ance1 be s mu* mov$1 yet !re is always some?+ m =cible & real 9 its actions ?an 9 ! f]v\rs ( poetry & eloqu5ce4 ,! =ce ( our m5tal actions 9 ?is case1 no m ?an 9 any o!r1 is n to be measur$ by ! app>5t agitation ( ! m9d4 ,a poetical description may h a m s5sible effect on ! fancy ?an an hi/orical n>ration4 ,x may collect m ( ^? circum/ances t =m a complete image or picture4 ,x may seem to set ! object be=e u 9 m lively col\rs4 ,b /ill ! ideas x pres5ts are diff]5t to ! feel+ f ^? :i* arise f ! memory & ! judgm5t4 ,!re is some?+ weak & imp]fect amid/ all t seem+ vehem5ce ( ?\ght & s5tim5t :i* att5ds ! fictions ( poetry4 ,we %all aft]w>ds h occasion to rem>k bo? ! resemblances & diff]5ces betwixt a poetical en?usiasm & a s]i\s conviction4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,i _c =be> obs]v+1 t ! great diff]5ce 9 _! feel+ proce$s1 9 "s measure1 f reflection & g5]al rules4 ,we obs]ve1 t ! vig\r ( conception :i* fictions receive f poetry & eloqu5ce1 is a circum/ance m]ely accid5tal1 ( :i* e idea is equally susceptible2 & t su* fictions are connect$ ) no?+ t is real4 ,?is obs]vation makes u only l5d ourselves1 s to speak1 to ! fiction1 b causes ! idea to feel v diff]5t f ! et]nal e/abli%$ p]suasions f\nd$ on memory & cu/om4 ,!y are some:at ( ! same k9d2 b ! "o is mu* inf]ior to ! o!r1 bo? 9 its causes & effects4 ,a l reflection on g5]al rules keeps u f augm5t+ our belief ^u e increase ( ! =ce & vivacity ( our ideas4 ,:]e an op9ion admits ( no d\bt1 or opposite probability1 we attribute to x a full conviction2 ?\gh ! want ( resemblance1 or contiguity1 may r5d] its =ce inf]ior to t ( o!r op9ions4 ',tis ?us ! und]/&+ corrects ! appe>ances ( ! s5ses1 & makes u imag9e1 t an object at tw5ty foot di/ance seems ev5 to ! eye z l>ge z "o ( ! same dim5sions at t54 ,we may obs]ve ! same effect ( poetry 9 a less] degree2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! lea/ reflection dissipates ! illusions ( poetry1 & places ! objects 9 _! prop] light4 ',tis h[ev] c]ta91 t 9 ! w>m? ( a poetical en?usiasm1 a poet has a c\nt]feit belief1 & ev5 a k9d ( vision ( 8 objects2 & if !re be any %ad[ ( argum5t to support ?is belief no?+ contributes m to 8 full conviction ?an a blaze ( poetical figures & images1 :i* h _! effect ^u ! poet himself1 z well z ^u 8 read]s4 ,,section ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,probability ,,( ,,*ances4 ,b 9 ord] to be/[ on ?is sy/em its full =ce & evid5ce1 we mu/ c>ry our eye f x a mom5t to consid] its consequ5ces1 & expla91 f ! same pr9ciples1 "s o!r species ( reason+ :i* are d]iv$ f ! same orig94 ,^? philosoph]s :o h divid$ human reason into k & probability1 & h def9$ ! fir/ to be t evid5ce :i* arises f ! comp>ison ( ideas1 are oblig$ to compreh5d all our argum5ts f causes or effects "u ! g5]al t]m ( probability4 ,b ?\gh e "o be free to use 8 t]ms 9 :at s5se he pleases2 & accord+ly1 9 ! prec$5t "p ( ?is disc\rse1 ,i h foll[$ ?is me?od ( expression2 'tis h[ev] c]ta91 t 9 common disc\rse we readily affirm1 t _m argum5ts f causation exce$ probability1 & may be receiv$ z a sup]ior k9d ( evid5ce4 ,"o w\ld appe> ridicul\s :o w\ld say1 t 'tis only probable ! sun w rise to-morr[1 or t all m5 mu/ die2 ?\gh 'tis pla9 we h no fur!r assurance ( ^! facts ?an :at exp]i5ce af=ds u4 ,= ?is reason t'w\ld p]haps be m conv5i5t1 9 ord] at once to pres]ve ! common signification ( words1 & m>k ! sev]al degrees ( evid5ce1 to di/+ui% human reason into ?ree k9ds1 viz4 t f k1 f pro(s1 & f probabilities4 ,by k1 ,i mean ! assurance aris+ f ! comp>ison ( ideas4 ,by pro(s1 ^? argum5ts :i* are d]iv$ f ! relation ( cause & effect1 & :i* are entirely free f d\bt & unc]ta9ty4 ,by probability1 t evid5ce :i* is /ill att5d$ ) unc]ta9ty4 ',tis ?is la/ species ( reason+ ,i proce$ to exam9e4 ,probability or reason+ f conjecture may be divid$ into two k9ds1 viz4 t :i* is f\nd$ on *ance1 & t :i* arises f causes4 ,we %all consid] ea* ( ^! 9 ord]4 ,! idea ( cause & effect is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 :i*1 pres5t+ u ) c]ta9 objects con/antly conjo9$ ) ea* o!r1 produces su* a habit ( survey+ !m 9 t relation1 t we _c1 )\t a s5sible viol5ce1 survey !m 9 any o!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z *ance is no?+ real 9 itself1 &1 prop]ly speak+1 is m]ely ! negation ( a cause1 its influ5ce on ! m9d is contr>y to t ( causation2 & 'tis ess5tial to x to leave ! imag9ation p]fectly indiff]5t1 ei!r to consid] ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( t object :i* is reg>d$ z cont+5t4 ,a cause traces ! way to our ?\ght1 & 9 a mann] =ces u to survey su* c]ta9 objects 9 su* c]ta9 relations4 ,*ance c only de/roy ?is det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght1 & leave ! m9d 9 its native situation ( indiff]5ce2 9 :i*1 ^u ! abs5ce ( a cause1 'tis in/antly re9/at$4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 an entire indiff]5ce is ess5tial to *ance1 no "o *ance c possibly be sup]ior to ano!r1 o!rwise ?an z x is compos$ ( a sup]ior numb] ( equal *ances4 ,= if we affirm t "o *ance c1 aft] any o!r mann]1 be sup]ior to ano!r1 we mu/ at ! same "t affirm1 t !re is some?+ :i* gives x ! sup]iority1 & det]m9es ! ev5t r to t side ?an ! o!r2 t is1 9 o!r words1 we mu/ all[ ( a cause1 & de/roy ! supposition ( *ance1 :i* we _h be=e e/abli%$4 ,a p]fect & total indiff]5ce is ess5tial to *ance1 & "o total indiff]5ce c nev] 9 itself be ei!r sup]ior or inf]ior to ano!r4 ,?is tru? is n peculi> to my sy/em1 b is ackn[l$g$ by e "o t =ms calculations conc]n+ *ances4 ,& "h 'tis rem>kable1 t ?\gh *ance & causation be directly contr>y1 yet 'tis impossible = u to conceive ?is comb9ation ( *ances1 :i* is requisite to r5d] "o haz>d sup]ior to ano!r1 )\t suppos+ a mixture ( causes among ! *ances1 & a conjunction ( necessity 9 "s p>ticul>s1 ) a total indiff]5ce 9 o!rs4 ,:]e no?+ limits ! *ances1 e notion t ! mo/ extravagant fancy c =m is ^u a foot+ ( equality2 nor c !re be any circum/ance to give "o ! advantage above ano!r4 ,?us1 unless we all[ t !re are "s causes to make ! dice fall1 & pres]ve _! =m 9 _! fall1 & lie ^u "s "o ( _! sides1 we c =m no calculation conc]n+ ! laws ( haz>d4 ,b suppos+ ^! causes to op]ate1 & suppos+ likewise all ! re/ to be indiff]5t & to be det]m9$ by *ance1 'tis easy to arrive at a notion ( a sup]ior comb9ation ( *ances4 ,a dye t has f\r sides m>k$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( spots1 & only two ) ano!r1 af=ds u an obvi\s & easy in/ance ( ?is sup]iority4 ,! m9d is "h limit$ by ! causes to su* a precise numb] & quality ( ! ev5ts2 &1 at ! same "t1 is undet]m9$ 9 its *oice ( any p>ticul> ev5t4 ,proce$+1 !n1 9 t reason+1 :]e9 we h advanc$ ?ree /eps2 t *ance is m]ely ! negation ( a cause1 & produces a total indiff]5ce 9 ! m9d2 t "o negation ( a cause & "o total indiff]5ce c nev] be sup]ior or inf]ior to ano!r2 & t !re mu/ always be a mixture ( causes among ! *ances1 9 ord] to be ! f\ndation ( any reason+4 ,we are next to consid] :at effect a sup]ior comb9ation ( *ances c h ^u ! m9d1 & aft] :at mann] x influ5ces our judgm5t & op9ion4 ,"h we may repeat all ! same argum5ts we employ$ 9 exam9+ t belief :i* arises f causes2 & may prove1 aft] ! same mann]1 t a sup]ior numb] ( *ances produces our ass5t nei!r by demon/ration nor probability4 ',tis inde$ evid5t1 t we c nev]1 by ! comp>ison ( m]e ideas1 make any discov]y :i* c be ( consequ5ce 9 ?is affair1 & t 'tis impossible to prove ) c]ta9ty t any ev5t mu/ fall on t side 7 !re is a sup]ior numb] ( *ances4 ,to suppose 9 ?is case any c]ta9ty1 7 to ov]?r[ :at we h e/abli%$ conc]n+ ! opposition ( *ances1 & _! p]fect equality & indiff]5ce4 ,%\ld x be said1 t ?\gh 9 an opposition ( *ances1 'tis impossible to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty on :i* side ! ev5t w fall1 yet we c pron\nce ) c]ta9ty1 t 'tis m likely & probable 'twill be on t side :]e !re is a sup]ior numb] ( *ances1 ?an :]e !re is an inf]ior3 %\ld ?is be said1 ,i w\ld ask1 :at is "h meant by likelihood & probability8 ,! likelihood & probability ( *ances is a sup]ior numb] ( equal *ances2 & consequ5tly1 :5 we say 'tis likely ! ev5t w fall on ! side :i* is sup]ior1 r ?an on ! inf]ior1 we d no m ?an affirm1 t :]e !re is a sup]ior numb] ( *ances !re is actually a sup]ior1 & :]e !re is an inf]ior !re is an inf]ior1 :i* are id5tical propositions1 & ( no consequ5ce4 ,! "q is1 by :at means a sup]ior numb] ( equal *ances op]ates ^u ! m9d1 & produces belief or ass5t1 s9ce x appe>s t 'tis nei!r by argum5ts d]iv$ f demon/ration1 nor f probability4 ,9 ord] to cle> up ?is difficulty1 we %all suppose a p]son to take a dye1 =m$ aft] su* a mann] z t f\r ( its sides are m>k$ ) "o figure1 or "o numb] ( spots1 & two ) ano!r2 & to put ?is dye into ! box ) an int5tion ( ?r[+ x3 'tis pla91 he mu/ conclude ! "o figure to be m probable ?an ! o!r1 & give ! pref]5ce to t :i* is inscrib$ on ! greate/ numb] ( sides4 ,he 9 a mann] believes t ?is w lie upp]mo/2 ?\gh /ill ) hesitation & d\bt1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( *ances :i* are contr>y3 & accord+ z ^! contr>y *ances dim9i%1 & ! sup]iority increases on ! o!r side1 8 belief acquires new degrees ( /ability & assurance4 ,?is belief arises f an op]ation ( ! m9d ^u ! simple & limit$ object be=e u2 & !re=e its nature w be ! m easily discov]$ & expla9$4 ,we h no?+ b "o s+le dye to contemplate1 9 ord] to compreh5d "o ( ! mo/ curi\s op]ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,?is dye =m$ z above1 conta9s ?ree circum/ances wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,fir/1 c]ta9 causes1 su* z gravity1 solidity1 a cubical figure1 c4 :i* det]m9e x to fall1 to pres]ve its =m 9 its fall1 & to turn up "o ( its sides4 ,secondly1 a c]ta9 numb] ( sides1 :i* are suppos$ indiff]5t4 ,?irdly1 a c]ta9 figure inscrib$ on ea* side4 ,^! ?ree p>ticul>s1 =m ! :ole nature ( ! dye1 s f> z relates to our pres5t purpose2 & consequ5tly are ! only circum/ances reg>d$ by ! m9d 9 its =m+ a judgm5t conc]n+ ! result ( su* a ?r[4 ,let u !re=e consid] gradually & c>efully :at mu/ be ! influ5ce ( ^! circum/ances on ! ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,fir/1 we h already obs]v$1 t ! m9d is det]m9$ by cu/om to pass f any cause to its effect1 & t ^u ! appe>ance ( ! "o1 'tis almo/ impossible = x n to =m an idea ( ! o!r4 ,_! con/ant conjunction 9 pa/ in/ances has produc$ su* a habit 9 ! m9d1 t x always conjo9s !m 9 its ?\ght1 & inf]s ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f t ( its usual att5dant4 ,:5 x consid]s ! dye z no long] support$ by ! box1 x _c )\t viol5ce reg>d x z susp5d$ 9 ! air2 b naturally places x on ! table1 & views x z turn+ up "o ( its sides4 ,?is is ! effect ( ! int]m+l$ causes1 :i* are requisite to our =m+ any calculation conc]n+ *ances4 ,secondly1 'tis suppos$1 t ?\gh ! dye be necess>ily det]m9$ to fall1 & turn up "o ( its sides1 yet !re is no?+ to fix ! p>ticul> side1 b t ?is is det]m9$ entirely by *ance4 ,! v nature & ess5ce ( *ance is a negation ( causes1 & ! leav+ ! m9d 9 a p]fect indiff]5ce among ^? ev5ts :i* are suppos$ cont+5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ?\ght is det]m9$ by ! causes to consid] ! dye z fall+ & turn+ up "o ( its sides1 ! *ances pres5t all ^! sides z equal1 & make u consid] e "o ( !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 z alike probable & possible4 ,! imag9ation passes f ! cause1 viz4 ! ?r[+ ( ! dye1 to ! effect1 viz4 ! turn+ up "o ( ! six sides2 & feels a k9d ( impossibility bo? ( /opp+ %ort 9 ! way1 & ( =m+ any o!r idea4 ,b z all ^! six sides are incompatible1 & ! dye _c turn up above "o at once1 ?is pr9ciple directs u n to consid] all ( !m at once z ly+ upp]mo/1 :i* we look ^u z impossible3 nei!r does x direct u ) its entire =ce to any p>ticul> side2 = 9 t case ?is side w\ld be consid]$ z c]ta9 & inevitable2 b x directs u to ! :ole six sides aft] su* a mann] z to divide its =ce equally among !m4 ,we conclude 9 g5]al1 t "s "o ( !m mu/ result f ! ?r[3 we run all ( !m ov] 9 our m9ds3 ! det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght is common to all2 b no m ( its =ce falls to ! %>e ( any "o1 ?an :at is suitable to its proportion ) ! re/4 ',tis aft] ?is mann] ! orig9al impulse1 & consequ5tly ! vivacity ( ?\ght aris+ f ! causes1 is divid$ & split 9 pieces by ! int]m+l$ *ances4 ,we h already se5 ! influ5ce ( ! two fir/ qualities ( ! dye1 viz4 ! causes1 & ! numb]1 & indiff]5ce ( ! sides1 & h le>n$ h[ !y give an impulse to ! ?\ght1 & divide t impulse into z _m p>ts z !re are units 9 ! numb] ( sides4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects ( ! ?ird p>ticul>1 viz4 ! figures inscrib$ on ea* side4 ',tis evid5t1 t :]e sev]al sides h ! same figure inscrib$ on !m1 !y mu/ concur 9 _! influ5ce on ! m9d1 & mu/ unite ^u "o image or idea ( a figure all ^? divid$ impulses1 t 7 disp]s$ ov] ! sev]al sides1 ^u :i* t figure is inscrib$4 ,7 ! "q only :at side w be turn$ up1 ^! are all p]fectly equal1 & no "o c\ld ev] h any advantage above ano!r4 ,b z ! "q is conc]n+ ! figure1 & z ! same figure is pres5t$ by m ?an "o side1 'tis evid5t t ! impulses belong+ to all ^! sides mu/ re-unite 9 t "o figure1 & become /rong] & m =cible by ! union4 ,f\r sides are suppos$ 9 ! pres5t case to h ! same figure inscrib$ on !m1 & two to h ano!r figure4 ,! impulses ( ! =m] are !re=e sup]ior to ^? ( ! latt]4 ,b z ! ev5ts are contr>y1 & 'tis impossible bo? ^! figures c be turn$ up2 ! impulses likewise become contr>y1 & ! inf]ior de/roys ! sup]ior1 z f> z its /r5g? goes4 ,! vivacity ( ! idea is always proportionable to ! degrees ( ! impulse or t5d5cy to ! transition2 & belief is ! same ) ! vivacity ( ! idea1 accord+ to ! prec$5t doctr9e4 ,,section ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,probability ,,( ,,causes4 ,:at ,i h said conc]n+ ! probability ( *ances1 c s]ve to no o!r purpose ?an to assi/ u 9 expla9+ ! probability ( causes2 s9ce 'tis commonly all[$ by philosoph]s1 t :at ! vulg> call *ance is no?+ b a secret & conceal$ cause4 ,t species ( probability1 !re=e1 is :at we mu/ *iefly exam9e4 ,! probabilities ( causes are ( sev]al k9ds2 b are all d]iv$ f ! same orig91 viz4 ! association ( ideas to a pres5t impression4 ,z ! habit :i* produces ! association1 arises f ! frequ5t conjunction ( objects1 x mu/ arrive at its p]fection by degrees1 & mu/ acquire new =ce f ea* in/ance t falls "u our obs]vation4 ,! fir/ in/ance has little or no =ce3 ! second makes "s addition to x3 ! ?ird becomes /ill m s5sible2 & 'tis by ^! sl[ /eps t our judgm5t arrives at a full assurance4 ,b be=e x atta9s ?is pit* ( p]fection1 x passes ?r\gh sev]al inf]ior degrees1 & 9 all ( !m is only to be e/eem$ a presumption or probability4 ,! gradation !re=e f probabilities to pro(s is 9 _m cases ins5sible2 & ! diff]5ce betwixt ^! k9ds ( evid5ce is m easily p]ceiv$ 9 ! remote degrees1 ?an 9 ! ne> & contigu\s4 ',tis wor?y ( rem>k on ?is occasion1 t ?\gh ! species ( probability "h expla9$ be ! fir/ 9 ord]1 & naturally takes place be=e any entire pro( c exi/1 yet no "o1 :o is arriv$ at ! age ( maturity1 c any long] be acqua9t$ ) x4 ',tis true1 no?+ is m common ?an = p ( ! mo/ advanc$ k to h atta9$ only an imp]fect exp]i5ce ( _m p>ticul> ev5ts2 :i* naturally produces only an imp]fect habit & transition3 b !n we mu/ consid]1 t ! m9d1 hav+ =m$ ano!r obs]vation conc]n+ ! connexion ( causes & effects1 gives new =ce to its reason+ f t obs]vation2 & by means ( x c build an argum5t on "o s+le exp]im5t1 :5 duly prep>$ & exam9$4 ,:at we h f\nd once to foll[ f any object1 we conclude w = ev] foll[ f x2 & if ?is maxim be n always built ^u z c]ta91 'tis n = want ( a suffici5t numb] ( exp]im5ts1 b because we frequ5tly meet ) in/ances to ! contr>y2 :i* leads u to ! second species ( probability1 :]e !re is a contr>iety 9 our exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ',tw\ld be v happy = m5 9 ! conduct ( _! lives & actions1 7 ! same objects always conjo9$ toge!r1 & we _h no?+ to fe> b ! mi/akes ( our own judgm5t1 )\t hav+ any reason to appreh5d ! unc]ta9ty ( nature4 ,b z 'tis frequ5tly f\nd1 t "o obs]vation is contr>y to ano!r1 & t causes & effects foll[ n 9 ! same ord]1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce1 we are oblig$ to v>y our reason+ on acc\nt ( ?is unc]ta9ty1 & take into consid]ation ! contr>iety ( ev5ts4 ,! fir/ "q t occurs on ?is head1 is conc]n+ ! nature & causes ( ! contr>iety4 ,! vulg>1 :o take ?+s accord+ to _! fir/ appe>ance1 attribute ! unc]ta9ty ( ev5ts to su* an unc]ta9ty 9 ! causes1 z makes !m (t5 fail ( _! usual influ5ce1 ?\gh !y meet ) no ob/acle nor imp$im5t 9 _! op]ation4 ,b philosoph]s obs]v+1 t almo/ 9 e "p ( nature !re is conta9$ a va/ v>iety ( spr+s & pr9ciples1 :i* are hid1 by reason ( _! m9ut5ess or remot5ess1 f9d t 'tis at lea/ possible ! contr>iety ( ev5ts may n proce$ f any cont+5cy 9 ! cause1 b f ! secret op]ation ( contr>y causes4 ,?is possibility is conv]t$ into c]ta9ty by f>!r obs]vation1 :5 !y rem>k1 t ^u an exact scrut9y1 a contr>iety ( effects always betrays a contr>iety ( causes1 & proce$s f _! mutual h9d]ance & opposition4 ,a peasant c give no bett] reason = ! /opp+ ( any clock or wat* ?an to say1 t commonly x does n g "r3 b an artisan easily p]ceives1 t ! same =ce 9 ! spr+ or p5dulum has always ! same influ5ce on ! :eels2 b fails ( its usual effect1 p]haps by reason ( a gra9 ( du/1 :i* puts a /op to ! :ole movem5t4 ,f ! obs]vation ( sev]al p>allel in/ances1 philosoph]s =m a maxim1 t ! connexion betwixt all causes & effects is equally necess>y1 & t its seem+ unc]ta9ty 9 "s in/ances proce$s f ! secret opposition ( contr>y causes4 ,b h[ev] philosoph]s & ! vulg> may diff] 9 _! explication ( ! contr>iety ( ev5ts1 _! inf]5ces f x are always ( ! same k9d1 & f\nd$ on ! same pr9ciples4 ,a contr>iety ( ev5ts 9 ! pa/ may give u a k9d ( hesitat+ belief = ! future1 aft] two sev]al ways4 ,fir/1 by produc+ an imp]fect habit & transition f ! pres5t impression to ! relat$ idea4 ,:5 ! conjunction ( any two objects is frequ5t1 )\t be+ entirely con/ant1 ! m9d is det]m9$ to pass f "o object to ! o!r2 b n ) s entire a habit1 z :5 ! union is un9t]rupt$1 & all ! in/ances we h ev] met ) are uni=m & ( a piece4 ,we f9d f common exp]i5ce1 9 our actions z well z reason+s1 t a con/ant p]sev]ance 9 any c\rse ( life produces a /rong incl9ation & t5d5cy to cont9ue = ! future2 ?\gh !re are habits ( inf]ior degrees ( =ce1 proportion$ to ! inf]ior degrees ( /ead9ess & uni=mity 9 our conduct4 ,!re is no d\bt b ?is pr9ciple sometimes takes place1 & produces ^? inf]5ces we draw f contr>y ph5om5a2 ?\gh ,i am p]suad$ t1 ^u exam9ation1 we %all n f9d x to be ! pr9ciple t mo/ commonly influ5ces ! m9d 9 ?is species ( reason+4 ,:5 we foll[ only ! habitual det]m9ation ( ! m9d1 we make ! transition )\t any reflection1 & int]pose n a mom5t's delay betwixt ! view ( "o object1 & ! belief ( t :i* is (t5 f\nd to att5d x4 ,z ! cu/om dep5ds n ^u any delib]ation1 x op]ates imm$iately1 )\t all[+ any "t = reflection4 ,b ?is me?od ( proce$+ we h b few in/ances ( 9 our probable reason+s2 & ev5 few] ?an 9 ^?1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! un9t]rupt$ conjunction ( objects4 ,9 ! =m] species ( reason+ we commonly take kn[+ly into consid]ation ! contr>iety ( pa/ ev5ts2 we comp>e ! diff]5t sides ( ! contr>iety1 & c>efully weigh ! exp]im5ts1 :i* we h on ea* side3 :5ce we may conclude1 t our reason+s ( ?is k9d arise n directly f ! habit1 b 9 an oblique mann]2 :i* we mu/ n[ endeav\r to expla94 ',tis evid5t1 t :5 an object is att5d$ ) contr>y effects1 we judge ( !m only by our pa/ exp]i5ce1 & always consid] ^? z possible1 :i* we h obs]v$ to foll[ f x4 ,& z pa/ exp]i5ce regulates our judgm5t conc]n+ ! possibility ( ^! effects1 s x does t conc]n+ _! probability2 & t effect1 :i* has be5 ! mo/ common1 we always e/eem ! mo/ likely4 ,"h !n are two ?+s to be consid]$1 viz4 ! reasons :i* det]m9e u to make ! pa/ a /&>d = ! future1 & ! mann] h[ we extract a s+le judgm5t f a contr>iety ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,fir/ we may obs]ve1 t ! supposition1 t ! future resembles ! pa/1 is n f\nd$ on argum5ts ( any k9d1 b is d]iv$ entirely f habit1 by :i* we are det]m9$ to expect = ! future ! same tra9 ( objects to :i* we h be5 accu/om$4 ,?is habit or det]m9ation to transf] ! pa/ to ! future is full & p]fect2 & consequ5tly ! fir/ impulse ( ! imag9ation 9 ?is species ( reason+ is end[$ ) ! same qualities4 ,b1 secondly1 :5 9 consid]+ pa/ exp]im5ts we f9d !m ( a contr>y nature1 ?is det]m9ation1 ?\gh full & p]fect 9 itself1 pres5ts u ) no /eady object1 b (f]s u a numb] ( disagree+ images 9 a c]ta9 ord] & proportion4 ,! fir/ impulse !re=e is "h broke into pieces1 & diffuses itself ov] all ^? images1 ( :i* ea* p>takes an equal %>e ( t =ce & vivacity t is d]iv$ f ! impulse4 ,any ( ^! pa/ ev5ts may aga9 happ52 & we judge1 t :5 !y d happ51 !y w be mix$ 9 ! same proportion z 9 ! pa/4 ,if our int5tion1 !re=e1 be to consid] ! proportions ( contr>y ev5ts 9 a great numb] ( in/ances1 ! images pres5t$ by our pa/ exp]i5ce mu/ rema9 9 _! fir/ =m1 & pres]ve _! fir/ proportions4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ,i h f\nd1 by long obs]vation1 t ( tw5ty %ips :i* g to sea1 only n9ete5 return4 ,suppose ,i see at pres5t tw5ty %ips t leave ! port3 ,i transf] my pa/ exp]i5ce to ! future1 & repres5t to myself n9ete5 ( ^! %ips z return+ 9 safety1 & "o z p]i%+4 ,conc]n+ ?is !re c be no difficulty4 ,b z we frequ5tly run ov] ^? sev]al ideas ( pa/ ev5ts1 9 ord] to =m a judgm5t conc]n+ "o s+le ev5t1 :i* appe>s unc]ta92 ?is consid]ation mu/ *ange ! fir/ =m ( our ideas1 & draw toge!r ! divid$ images pres5t$ by exp]i5ce2 s9ce 'tis to x we ref] ! det]m9ation ( t p>ticul> ev5t1 ^u :i* we reason4 ,_m ( ^! images are suppos$ to concur1 & a sup]ior numb] to concur on "o side4 ,^! agree+ images unite toge!r1 & r5d] ! idea m /rong & lively1 n only ?an a m]e fiction ( ! imag9ation1 b also ?an any idea1 :i* is support$ by a less] numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,ea* new exp]im5t is z a new /roke ( ! p5cil1 :i* be/[s an additional vivacity on ! col\rs1 )\t ei!r multiply+ or enl>g+ ! figure4 ,?is op]ation ( ! m9d has be5 s fully expla9$ 9 treat+ ( ! probability ( *ance1 t ,i ne$ n "h endeav\r to r5d] x m intelligible4 ,e pa/ exp]im5t may be consid]$ z a k9d ( *ance2 x be+ unc]ta9 to u1 :e!r ! object w exi/ con=mable to "o exp]im5t or ano!r3 & = ?is reason e ?+ t has be5 said on ! "o subject is applicable to bo?4 ,?us1 ^u ! :ole1 contr>y exp]im5ts produce an imp]fect belief1 ei!r by weak5+ ! habit1 or by divid+ & aft]w>ds jo9+ 9 diff]5t p>ts1 t p]fect habit1 :i* makes u conclude 9 g5]al1 t in/ances1 ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 mu/ necess>ily resemble ^? ( :i* we h4 ,to ju/ify /ill f>!r ?is acc\nt ( ! second species ( probability1 :]e we reason ) k & reflection f a contr>iety ( pa/ exp]im5ts1 ,i %all propose ! foll[+ consid]ations1 )\t fe>+ to give (f5ce by t air ( subtilty1 :i* att5ds !m4 ,j reason+ ought /ill1 p]haps1 to reta9 its =ce1 h[ev] subtile2 9 ! same mann] z matt] pres]ves its solidity 9 ! air1 & fire1 & animal spirits1 z well z 9 ! gross] & m s5sible =ms4 ,fir/1 we may obs]ve1 t !re is no probability s great z n to all[ ( a contr>y possibility2 because o!rwise 'tw\ld cease to be a probability1 & w\ld become a c]ta9ty4 ,t probability ( causes1 :i* is mo/ ext5sive1 & :i* we at pres5t exam9e1 dep5ds on a contr>iety ( exp]im5ts2 & 'tis evid5t an exp]im5t 9 ! pa/ proves at lea/ a possibility = ! future4 ,secondly1 ! compon5t p>ts ( ?is possibility & probability are ( ! same nature1 & diff] 9 numb] only1 b n 9 k9d4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t all s+le *ances are entirely equal1 & t ! only circum/ance1 :i* c give any ev5t t is cont+5t a sup]iority ov] ano!r1 is a sup]ior numb] ( *ances4 ,9 l mann]1 z ! unc]ta9ty ( causes is discov]$ by exp]i5ce1 :i* pres5ts u ) a view ( contr>y ev5ts1 'tis pla9 t1 :5 we transf] ! pa/ to ! future1 ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 e pa/ exp]im5t has ! same weight1 & t 'tis only a sup]ior numb] ( !m1 :i* c ?r[ ! balance on any side4 ,! possibility1 !re=e1 :i* ent]s into e reason+ ( ?is k9d1 is compos$ ( p>ts1 :i* are ( ! same nature bo? among !mselves1 & ) ^? t compose ! opposite probability4 ,?irdly1 we may e/abli% x z a c]ta9 maxim1 t 9 all moral z well z natural ph5om5a1 :]ev] any cause consi/s ( a numb] ( p>ts1 & ! effect increases or dim9i%es1 accord+ to ! v>iation ( t numb]1 ! effect1 prop]ly speak+1 is a comp\nd$ "o1 & arises f ! union ( ! sev]al effects1 t proce$ f ea* "p ( ! cause4 ,?us1 because ! gravity ( a body increases or dim9i%es by ! increase or dim9ution ( its p>ts1 we conclude t ea* "p conta9s ?is quality1 & contributes to ! gravity ( ! :ole4 ,! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a "p ( ! cause is att5d$ ) t ( a proportionable "p ( ! effect4 ,?is connexion or con/ant conjunction suffici5tly proves ! "o "p to be ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,z ! belief1 :i* we h ( any ev5t1 increases or dim9i%es accord+ to ! numb] ( *ances or pa/ exp]im5ts1 'tis to be consid]$ z a comp\nd$ effect1 ( :i* ea* "p arises f a proportionable numb] ( *ances or exp]im5ts4 ,let u n[ jo9 ^! ?ree obs]vations1 & see :at conclusion we c draw f !m4 ,to e probability !re is an opposite possibility4 ,?is possibility is compos$ ( p>ts t are entirely ( ! same nature ) ^? ( ! probability2 & consequ5tly h ! same influ5ce on ! m9d & und]/&+4 ,! belief :i* att5ds ! probability1 is a comp\nd$ effect1 & is =m$ by ! concurr5ce ( ! sev]al effects1 :i* proce$ f ea* "p ( ! probability4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ea* "p ( ! probability contributes to ! production ( ! belief1 ea* "p ( ! possibility mu/ h ! same influ5ce on ! opposite side2 ! nature ( ^! p>ts be+ entirely ! same4 ,! contr>y belief att5d+ ! possibility1 implies a view ( a c]ta9 object1 z well z ! probability does an opposite view4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 bo? ^! degrees ( belief are alike4 ,! only mann] !n1 9 :i* ! sup]ior numb] ( simil> compon5t p>ts 9 ! "o c ex]t its influ5ce1 & prevail above ! inf]ior 9 ! o!r1 is by produc+ a /rong] & m lively view ( its object4 ,ea* "p pres5ts a p>ticul> view2 & all ^! views unit+ toge!r produce "o g5]al view1 :i* is full] & m di/9ct by ! great] numb] ( causes or pr9ciples f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ! probability & possibility be+ alike 9 _! nature1 mu/ produce l effects2 & ! lik5ess ( _! effects consi/s 9 ?is1 t ea* ( !m pres5ts a view ( a p>ticul> object4 ,b ?\gh ^! p>ts be alike 9 _! nature1 !y are v diff]5t 9 _! quantity & numb]2 & ?is diff]5ce mu/ appe> 9 ! effect z well z ! simil>ity4 ,n[1 z ! view !y pres5t is 9 bo? cases full & entire1 & compreh5ds ! object 9 all its p>ts1 'tis impossible t1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 !re c be any diff]5ce2 nor is !re any ?+ b a sup]ior vivacity 9 ! probability1 aris+ f ! concurr5ce ( a sup]ior numb] ( views1 :i* c di/+ui% ^! effects4 ,"h is almo/ ! same argum5t 9 a diff]5t light4 ,all our reason+s conc]n+ ! probability ( causes are f\nd$ on ! transf]r+ ( pa/ to future4 ,! transf]r+ ( any pa/ exp]im5t to ! future is suffici5t to give u a view ( ! object2 :e!r t exp]im5t be s+le or comb9$ ) o!rs ( ! same k9d2 :e!r x be entire1 or oppos$ by o!rs ( a contr>y k9d4 ,suppose !n x acquires bo? ^! qualities ( comb9ation & opposition1 x loses n1 ^u t acc\nt1 its =m] p[] ( pres5t+ a view ( ! object1 b only concurs ) & opposes o!r exp]im5ts t h a l influ5ce4 ,a "q1 !re=e1 may arise conc]n+ ! mann] bo? ( ! concurr5ce & opposition4 ,z to ! concurr5ce !re is only ! *oice left betwixt ^! two hypo!ses4 ,fir/1 t ! view ( ! object1 occasion$ by ! transf]5ce ( ea* pa/ exp]im5t1 pres]ves itself entire1 & only multiplies ! numb] ( views4 ,or1 secondly1 t x runs into ! o!r simil> & correspond5t views1 & gives !m a sup]ior degree ( =ce & vivacity4 ,b t ! fir/ hypo!sis is errone\s1 is evid5t f exp]i5ce1 :i* in=ms u1 t ! belief att5d+ any reason+ consi/s 9 "o conclusion1 n 9 a multitude ( simil> ones1 :i* w\ld only di/ract ! m9d1 &1 9 _m cases1 w\ld be too num]\s to be compreh5d$ di/9ctly by any f9ite capacity4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 z ! only reasonable op9ion1 t ^! simil> views run into ea* o!r & unite _! =ces2 s z to produce a /rong] & cle>] view ?an :at arises f any "o alone4 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* pa/ exp]im5ts concur :5 !y are transf]r$ to any future ev5t4 ,z to ! mann] ( _! opposition1'tis evid5t t1 z ! contr>y views are incompatible ) ea* o!r1 & 'tis impossible ! object c at once exi/ con=mable to bo? ( !m1 _! influ5ce becomes mutually de/ructive1 & ! m9d is det]m9$ to ! sup]ior only ) t =ce :i* rema9s aft] subtract+ ! inf]ior4 ,i am s5sible h[ ab/ruse all ?is reason+ mu/ appe> to ! g5]ality ( read]s1 :o1 n be+ accu/om$ to su* pr(\nd reflections on ! intellectual faculties ( ! m9d1 w be apt to reject z *im]ical :atev] /rikes n 9 ) ! common receiv$ notions1 & ) ! easie/ & mo/ obvi\s pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,&1 no d\bt1 !re are "s pa9s requir$ to ent] into ^! argum5ts2 ?\gh p]haps v little are necess>y to p]ceive ! imp]fection ( e vulg> hypo!sis on ?is subject1 & ! little light1 :i* philosophy c yet af=d u 9 su* sublime & su* curi\s speculations4 ,let m5 be once fully p]suad$ ( ^! two pr9ciples1 t !re is no?+ 9 any object1 consid]$ 9 itself1 :i* c af=d u a reason = draw+ a conclusion beyond x2 &1 t ev5 aft] ! obs]vation ( ! frequ5t or con/ant conjunction ( objects1 we h no reason to draw any inf]5ce conc]n+ any object beyond ^? ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce2 ,i say1 let m5 be once fully conv9c$ ( ^! two pr9ciples1 & ?is w ?r[ !m s loose f all common sy/ems1 t !y w make no difficulty ( receiv+ any1 :i* may appe> ! mo/ extraord9>y4 ,^! pr9ciples we h f\nd to be suffici5tly conv9c+1 ev5 ) reg>d to our mo/ c]ta9 reason+s f causation3 b ,i %all v5ture to affirm1 t ) reg>d to ^! conjectural or probable reason+s !y /ill acquire a new degree ( evid5ce4 ,fir/1'tis obvi\s t1 9 reason+s ( ?is k9d1 'tis n ! object pres5t$ to u1 :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself1 af=ds u any reason to draw a conclusion conc]n+ any o!r object or ev5t4 ,= z ?is latt] object is suppos$ unc]ta91 & z ! unc]ta9ty is d]iv$ f a conceal$ contr>iety ( causes 9 ! =m]1 7 any ( ! causes plac$ 9 ! kn[n qualities ( t object1 !y w\ld no long] be conceal$1 nor w\ld our conclusion be unc]ta94 ,b1 secondly1'tis equally obvi\s 9 ?is species ( reason+1 t if ! transf]5ce ( ! pa/ to ! future 7 f\nd$ m]ely on a conclusion ( ! und]/&+1 x c\ld nev] occasion any belief or assurance4 ,:5 we transf] contr>y exp]im5ts to ! future1 we c only repeat ^! contr>y exp]im5ts ) _! p>ticul> proportions2 :i* c\ld n produce assurance 9 any s+le ev5t ^u :i* we reason1 unless ! fancy melt$ toge!r all ^? images t concur1 & extract$ f !m "o s+le idea or image1 :i* is int5se & lively 9 proportion to ! numb] ( exp]im5ts f :i* x is d]iv$1 & _! sup]iority above _! antagoni/s4 ,our pa/ exp]i5ce pres5ts no det]m9ate object2 & z our belief1 h[ev] fa9t1 fixes itself on a det]m9ate object1 'tis evid5t t ! belief arises n m]ely f ! transf]5ce ( pa/ to future1 b f "s op]ation ( ! fancy conjo9$ ) x4 ,?is may lead u to conceive ! mann] 9 :i* t faculty ent]s into all our reason+s4 ,i %all conclude ?is subject ) two reflections :i* may des]ve our att5tion4 ,! fir/ may be expla9$ aft] ?is mann]3 ,:5 ! m9d =ms a reason+ conc]n+ any matt] ( fact1 :i* is only probable1 x ca/s its eye backw>d ^u pa/ exp]i5ce1 &1 transf]r+ x to ! future1 is pres5t$ ) s _m contr>y views ( its object1 ( :i* ^? t are ( ! same k9d unit+ toge!r & runn+ into "o act ( ! m9d1 s]ve to =tify & enliv5 x4 ,b suppose t ?is multitude ( views or glimpses ( an object proce$s n f exp]i5ce1 b f a volunt>y act ( ! imag9ation2 ?is effect does n foll[1 or1 at lea/1 foll[s n 9 ! same degree4 ,= ?\gh cu/om & education produce belief by su* a repetition z is n d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 yet ?is requires a long tract ( "t1 along ) a v frequ5t & undesign$ repetition4 ,9 g5]al we may pron\nce1 t a p]son1 :o w\ld volunt>ily repeat any idea 9 8 m9d1 ?\gh support$ by "o pa/ exp]i5ce1 w\ld be no m incl9$ to believe ! exi/5ce ( its object1 ?an if he _h cont5t$ himself ) "o survey ( x4 ,beside ! effect ( design1 ea* act ( ! m9d1 be+ sep>ate & indep5d5t1 has a sep>ate influ5ce1 & jo9s n its =ce ) t ( its fell[s4 ,n be+ unit$ by any common object produc+ !m1 !y h no relation to ea* o!r2 & consequ5tly make no transition or union ( =ces4 ,?is ph5om5on we %all und]/& bett] aft]w>ds4 ,my second reflection is f\nd$ on ^? l>ge probabilities :i* ! m9d c judge (1 & ! m9ute diff]5ces x c obs]ve betwixt !m4 ,:5 ! *ances or exp]im5ts on "o side am\nt to t5 ?\s&1 & on ! o!r to t5 ?\s& & "o1 ! judgm5t gives ! pref]5ce to ! latt] ^u acc\nt ( t sup]iority2 ?\gh 'tis pla9ly impossible = ! m9d to run ov] e p>ticul> view1 & di/+ui% ! sup]ior vivacity ( ! image aris+ f ! sup]ior numb]1 :]e ! diff]5ce is s inconsid]able4 ,we h a p>allel in/ance 9 ! affections4 ',tis evid5t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above m5tion$1 t :5 an object produces any passion 9 u1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! diff]5t quantity ( ! object2 ,i say1 'tis evid5t1 t ! passion1 prop]ly speak+1 is n a simple emotion1 b a comp\nd$ "o1 ( a great numb] ( weak] passions1 d]iv$ f a view ( ea* "p ( ! object2 = o!rwise 'tw]e impossible ! passion %\ld increase by ! increase ( ^! p>ts4 ,?us1 a man :o desires a ?\s& p\nds has1 9 reality1 a ?\s& or m desires :i*1 unit+ toge!r1 seem to make only "o passion2 ?\gh ! composition evid5tly betrays itself ^u e alt]ation ( ! object1 by ! pref]5ce he gives to ! l>g] numb]1 if sup]ior only by an unit4 ,yet no?+ c be m c]ta91 ?an t s small a diff]5ce w\ld n be disc]nible 9 ! passions1 nor c\ld r5d] !m di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,! diff]5ce1 !re=e1 ( our conduct 9 pref]r+ ! great] numb] dep5ds n ^u our passions1 b ^u cu/om & g5]al rules4 ,we h f\nd 9 a multitude ( in/ances t ! augm5t+ ! numb]s ( any sum augm5ts ! passion1 :]e ! numb]s are precise & ! diff]5ce s5sible4 ,! m9d c p]ceive1 f its imm$iate feel+1 t ?ree gu9eas produce a great] passion ?an two2 & ?is x transf]s to l>g] numb]s1 because ( ! resemblance2 & by a g5]al rule assigns to a ?\s& gu9eas a /rong] passion ?an to n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e4 ,^! g5]al rules we %all expla9 pres5tly4 ,b beside ^! two species ( probability1 :i* are d]iv$ f an imp]fect exp]i5ce & f contr>y causes1 !re is a ?ird aris+ f analogy1 :i* diff]s f !m 9 "s mat]ial circum/ances4 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis above expla9$1 all k9ds ( reason+ f causes or effects are f\nd$ on two p>ticul>s1 viz4 ! con/ant conjunction ( any two objects 9 all pa/ exp]i5ce1 & ! resemblance ( a pres5t object to any "o ( !m4 ,! effect ( ^! two p>ticul>s is1 t ! pres5t object invigorates & enliv5s ! imag9ation2 & ! resemblance1 along ) ! con/ant union1 conveys ?is =ce & vivacity to ! relat$ idea2 :i* we are !re=e said to believe or ass5t to4 ,if y weak5 ei!r ! union or resemblance1 y weak5 ! pr9ciple ( transition1 & ( consequ5ce t belief :i* arises f x4 ,! vivacity ( ! fir/ impression _c be fully convey$ to ! relat$ idea1 ei!r :]e ! conjunction ( _! objects is n con/ant1 or :]e ! pres5t impression does n p]fectly resemble any ( ^? ^: union we are accu/om$ to obs]ve4 ,9 ^? probabilities ( *ance & causes above expla9$1 'tis ! con/ancy ( ! union :i* is dim9i%$2 & 9 ! probability d]iv$ f analogy1 'tis ! resemblance only :i* is affect$4 ,)\t "s degree ( resemblance1 z well z union1 'tis impossible !re c be any reason+4 ,b z ?is resemblance admits ( _m diff]5t degrees1 ! reason+ becomes proportionably m or less firm & c]ta94 ,an exp]im5t loses ( its =ce1 :5 transf]r$ to in/ances :i* are n exactly resembl+2 ?\gh 'tis evid5t x may /ill reta9 z mu* z may be ! f\ndation ( probability1 z long z !re is any resemblance rema9+4 ,,section ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,unphilosophical ,,probability4 ,all ^! k9ds ( probability are receiv$ by philosoph]s1 & all[$ to be reasonable f\ndations ( belief & op9ion4 ,b !re are o!rs t are d]iv$ f ! same pr9ciples1 ?\gh !y h n _h ! good =tune to obta9 ! same sanction4 ,! fir/ probability ( ?is k9d may be acc\nt$ = ?us4 ,! dim9ution ( ! union & ( ! resemblance1 z above expla9$1 dim9i%es ! facility ( ! transition1 & by t means weak5s ! evid5ce2 & we may f>!r obs]ve1 t ! same dim9ution ( ! evid5ce w foll[ f a dim9ution ( ! impression1 & f ! %ad+ ( ^? col\rs "u :i* x appe>s to ! memory or s5ses4 ,! argum5t :i* we f\nd on any matt] ( fact we rememb] is m or less conv9c+1 accord+ z ! fact is rec5t or remote2 & ?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 ^! degrees ( evid5ce be n receiv$ by philosophy z solid & legitimate2 because 9 t case an argum5t mu/ h a diff]5t =ce to-day f :at x %all h a mon? h5ce2 yet1 not)/&+ ! opposition ( philosophy1 'tis c]ta9 ?is circum/ance has a consid]able influ5ce on ! und]/&+1 & secretly *anges ! au?ority ( ! same argum5t1 accord+ to ! diff]5t times 9 :i* x is propos$ to u4 ,a great] =ce & vivacity 9 ! impression naturally conveys a great] to ! relat$ idea2 & 'tis on ! degrees ( =ce & vivacity t ! belief dep5ds1 accord+ to ! =ego+ sy/em4 ,!re is a second diff]5ce :i* we may frequ5tly obs]ve 9 our degrees ( belief & assurance1 & :i* nev] fails to take place1 ?\gh disclaim$ by philosoph]s4 ,an exp]im5t t is rec5t & fre% 9 ! memory1 affects u m ?an "o t is 9 "s measure oblit]at$2 & has a sup]ior influ5ce on ! judgm5t z well z on ! passions4 ,a lively impression produces m assurance ?an a fa9t "o1 because x has m orig9al =ce to communicate to ! relat$ idea1 :i* !reby acquires a great] =ce & vivacity4 ,a rec5t obs]vation has a l effect2 because ! cu/om & transition is !re m entire1 & pres]ves bett] ! orig9al =ce 9 ! communication4 ,?us a drunk>d1 :o has se5 8 companion die ( a debau*1 is /ruck ) t in/ance = "s "t1 & dreads a l accid5t = himself2 b z ! memory ( x decays away by degrees1 8 =m] security returns1 & ! dang] seems less c]ta9 & real4 ,i add1 z a ?ird in/ance ( ?is k9d1 t ?\gh our reason+s f pro(s & f probabilities be consid]ably diff]5t f ea* o!r1 yet ! =m] species ( reason+ (t5 deg5]ates ins5sibly into ! latt]1 by no?+ b ! multitude ( connect$ argum5ts4 ',tis c]ta91 t :5 an inf]5ce is drawn imm$iately f an object1 )\t any int]m$iate cause or effect1 ! conviction is mu* /rong]1 & ! p]suasion m lively1 ?an :5 ! imag9ation is c>ri$ ?r\gh a long *a9 ( connect$ argum5ts1 h[ev] infallible ! connexion ( ea* l9k may be e/eem$4 ',tis f ! orig9al impression t ! vivacity ( all ! ideas is d]iv$1 by means ( ! cu/om>y transition ( ! imag9ation2 & 'tis evid5t ?is vivacity mu/ gradually decay 9 proportion to ! di/ance1 & mu/ lose some:at 9 ea* transition4 ,sometimes ?is di/ance has a great] influ5ce ?an ev5 contr>y exp]im5ts w\ld h2 & a man may receive a m lively conviction f a probable reason+ :i* is close & imm$iate1 ?an f a long *a9 ( consequ5ces1 ?\gh j & conclusive 9 ea* "p4 ,nay1 'tis seldom su* reason+s produce any conviction2 & "o mu/ h a v /rong & firm imag9ation to pres]ve ! evid5ce to ! end1 :]e x passes ?r\gh s _m /ages4 ,b "h x may n be amiss to rem>k a v curi\s ph5om5on :i* ! pres5t subject sugge/s to u4 ',tis evid5t !re is no po9t ( anci5t hi/ory1 ( :i* we c h any assurance1 b by pass+ ?r\gh _m millions ( causes & effects1 & ?r\gh a *a9 ( argum5ts ( almo/ an immeasurable l5g?4 ,be=e ! k ( ! fact c\ld come to ! fir/ hi/orian1 x mu/ be convey$ ?r\gh _m m\?s2 & aft] x is committ$ to writ+1 ea* new copy is a new object1 ( :i* ! connexion ) ! =ego+ is kn[n only by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,p]haps !re=e x may be conclud$1 f ! prec$5t reason+1 t ! evid5ce ( all anci5t hi/ory mu/ n[ be lo/1 or at lea/ w be lo/ 9 "t1 z ! *a9 ( causes increases1 & runs on to a great] l5g?4 ,b z x seems contr>y to common s5se to ?9k1 t if ! republic ( lett]s & ! art ( pr9t+ cont9ue on ! same foot+ z at pres5t1 our po/]ity1 ev5 aft] a ?\s& ages1 c ev] d\bt if !re has be5 su* a man z ,julius ,cs>2 ?is may be consid]$ z an objection to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,if belief consi/$ only 9 a c]ta9 vivacity1 convey$ f an orig9al impression1 x w\ld decay by ! l5g? ( ! transition1 & mu/ at la/ be utt]ly ext+ui%$4 ,&1 vice v]sa1 if belief1 on "s occasions1 be n capable ( su* an ext9ction1 x mu/ be some?+ diff]5t f t vivacity4 ,be=e ,i answ] ?is objection ,i %all obs]ve1 t f ?is topic !re has be5 borr[$ a v celebrat$ argum5t aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian ,religion2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! connexion betwixt ea* l9k ( ! *a9 9 human te/imony has be5 !re suppos$ n to g beyond probability1 & to be liable to a degree ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty4 ,& inde$ x mu/ be confess$1 t 9 ?is mann] ( consid]+ ! subject 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is n a true "o71 !re is no hi/ory or tradition b :at mu/ 9 ! end lose all its =ce & evid5ce4 ,e new probability dim9i%es ! orig9al conviction2 &1 h[ev] great t conviction may be suppos$1 'tis impossible x c subsi/ "u su* reit]at$ dim9utions4 ,?is is true 9 g5]al1 ?\gh we %all f9d aft]w>ds1#i t !re is "o v memorable exception1 :i* is ( va/ consequ5ce 9 ! pres5t subject ( ! und]/&+4 ,mean:ile1 to give a solution ( ! prec$+ objection ^u ! supposition t hi/orical evid5ce am\nts at fir/ to an entire pro(1 let u consid]1 t1 ?\gh ! l9ks are innum]able t connect any orig9al fact ) ! pres5t impression1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( belief1 yet !y are all ( ! same k9d1 & dep5d on ! fidelity ( pr9t]s & copyi/s4 ,"o edition passes into ano!r1 & t into a ?ird1 & s on1 till we come to t volume we p]use at pres5t4 ,!re is no v>iation 9 ! /eps4 ,aft] we "k "o1 we "k all ( !m2 & aft] we h made "o1 we c h no scruple z to ! re/4 ,?is circum/ance alone pres]ves ! evid5ce ( hi/ory1 & w p]petuate ! memory ( ! pres5t age to ! late/ po/]ity4 ,if all ! long *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* connect any pa/ ev5t ) any volume ( hi/ory1 7 compos$ ( p>ts diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & :i* 'tw]e necess>y = ! m9d di/9ctly to conceive1 'tis impossible we %\ld pres]ve to ! end any belief or evid5ce4 ,b z mo/ ( ^! pro(s are p]fectly resembl+1 ! m9d runs easily along !m1 jumps f "o "p to ano!r ) facility1 & =ms b a confus$ & g5]al notion ( ea* l9k4 ,by ?is means1 a long *a9 ( argum5t has z little effect 9 dim9i%+ ! orig9al vivacity1 z a mu* %ort] w\ld h if compos$ ( p>ts :i* 7 diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & ( :i* ea* requir$ a di/9ct consid]ation4 ,a f\r? unphilosophical species ( probability is t d]iv$ f g5]al rules1 :i* we ra%ly =m to ourselves1 & :i* are ! s\rce ( :at we prop]ly call prejudice4 ,an ,iri%man _c h wit1 & a ,fr5*man _c h solidity2 = :i* reason1 ?\gh ! conv]sation ( ! =m] 9 any in/ance be visibly v agreeable1 & ( ! latt] v judici\s1 we h ent]ta9$ su* a prejudice aga9/ !m1 t !y mu/ be dunces or fops 9 spite ( s5se & reason4 ,human nature is v subject to errors ( ?is k9d1 & p]haps ?is nation z mu* z any o!r4 ,%\ld x be dem&$ :y m5 =m g5]al rules1 & all[ !m to influ5ce _! judgm5t1 ev5 contr>y to pres5t obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 ,i %\ld reply1 t 9 my op9ion x proce$s f ^? v pr9ciples on :i* all judgm5ts conc]n+ causes & effects dep5d4 ,our judgm5ts conc]n+ cause & effect are d]iv$ f habit & exp]i5ce2 & :5 we h be5 accu/om$ to see "o object unit$ to ano!r1 our imag9ation passes f ! fir/ to ! second by a natural transition1 :i* prec$es reflection1 & :i* _c be prev5t$ by x4 ,n[1 'tis ! nature ( cu/om n only to op]ate ) its full =ce1 :5 objects are pres5t$ t are exactly ! same ) ^? to :i* we h be5 accu/om$1 b also to op]ate 9 an inf]ior degree :5 we discov] su* z are simil>2 & ?\gh ! habit loses some:at ( its =ce by e diff]5ce1 yet 'tis seldom entirely de/roy$ :]e any consid]able circum/ances rema9 ! same4 ,a man :o has contract$ a cu/om ( eat+ fruit by ! use ( pe>s or pea*es1 w satisfy himself ) melons :]e he _c f9d 8 fav\rite fruit2 z "o1 :o has become a drunk>d by ! use ( r$ w9es1 w be c>ri$ almo/ ) ! same viol5ce to :ite1 if pres5t$ to him4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ,i h acc\nt$ = t species ( probability1 d]iv$ f analogy1 :]e we transf] our exp]i5ce 9 pa/ in/ances to objects :i* are resembl+1 b are n exactly ! same ) ^? conc]n+ :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,9 proportion z ! resemblance decays1 ! probability dim9i%es1 b /ill has "s =ce z long z !re rema9 any traces ( ! resemblance4 ,?is obs]vation we may c>ry f>!r1 & may rem>k1 t ?\gh cu/om be ! f\ndation ( all our judgm5ts1 yet sometimes x has an effect on ! imag9ation 9 opposition to ! judgm5t1 & produces a contr>iety 9 our s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! same object4 ,i expla9 myself4 ,9 almo/ all k9ds ( causes !re is a complication ( circum/ances1 ( :i* "s are ess5tial1 & o!rs sup]flu\s2 "s are absolutely requisite to ! production ( ! effect1 & o!rs are only conjo9$ by accid5t4 ,n[ we may obs]ve1 t :5 ^! sup]flu\s circum/ances are num]\s & rem>kable1 & frequ5tly conjo9$ ) ! ess5tial1 !y h su* an influ5ce on ! imag9ation1 t ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! latt] !y c>ry u on to ! conception ( ! usual effect1 & give to t conception a =ce & vivacity :i* make x sup]ior to ! m]e fictions ( ! fancy4 ,we may correct ?is prop5sity by a reflection on ! nature ( ^? circum/ances2 b 'tis /ill c]ta91 t cu/om takes ! />t1 & gives a bias to ! imag9ation4 ,to illu/rate ?is by a famili> in/ance1 let u consid] ! case ( a man1 :o1 be+ hung out f a high t[] 9 a cage ( iron1 _c =be> trembl+ :5 he surveys ! precipice bel[ him1 ?\gh he kn[s himself to be p]fectly secure f fall+1 by 8 exp]i5ce ( ! solidity ( ! iron :i* supports him1 & ?\gh ! ideas ( fall & desc5t1 & h>m & dea?1 be d]iv$ solely f cu/om & exp]i5ce4 ,! same cu/om goes beyond ! in/ances f :i* x is d]iv$1 & to :i* x p]fectly corresponds2 & influ5ces 8 ideas ( su* objects z are 9 "s respect resembl+1 b fall n precisely "u ! same rule4 ,! circum/ances ( dep? & desc5t /rike s /rongly ^u him1 t _! influ5ce _c be de/roy$ by ! contr>y circum/ances ( support & solidity1 :i* ought to give him a p]fect security4 ,8 imag9ation runs away ) its object1 & excites a passion proportion$ to x4 ,t passion returns back ^u ! imag9ation1 & enliv5s ! idea2 :i* lively idea has a new influ5ce on ! passion1 & 9 its turn augm5ts its =ce & viol5ce3 & bo? 8 fancy & affections1 ?us mutually support+ ea* o!r1 cause ! :ole to h a v great influ5ce ^u him4 ,b :y ne$ we seek = o!r in/ances1 :ile ! pres5t subject ( philosophical probabilities (f]s u s obvi\s an "o1 9 ! opposition betwixt ! judgm5t & imag9ation1 aris+ f ^! effects ( cu/om8 ,accord+ to my sy/em1 all reason+s are no?+ b ! effects ( cu/om1 & cu/om has no influ5ce1 b by enliv5+ ! imag9ation1 & giv+ u a /rong conception ( any object4 ,x may !re=e be conclud$1 t our judgm5t & imag9ation c nev] be contr>y1 & t cu/om _c op]ate on ! latt] faculty aft] su* a mann]1 z to r5d] x opposite to ! =m]4 ,?is difficulty we c remove aft] no o!r mann]1 ?an by suppos+ ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules4 ,we %all aft]w>ds#aj take notice ( "s g5]al rules1 by :i* we ought to regulate our judgm5t conc]n+ causes & effects2 & ^! rules are =m$ on ! nature ( our und]/&+1 & on our exp]i5ce ( its op]ations 9 ! judgm5ts we =m conc]n+ objects4 ,by !m we le>n to di/+ui% ! accid5tal circum/ances f ! efficaci\s causes2 & :5 we f9d t an effect c be produc$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( any p>ticul> circum/ance1 we conclude t t circum/ance makes n a "p ( ! efficaci\s cause1 h[ev] frequ5tly conjo9$ ) x4 ,b z ?is frequ5t conjunction necess>ily makes x h "s effect on ! imag9ation1 9 spite ( ! opposite conclusion f g5]al rules1 ! opposition ( ^! two pr9ciples produces a contr>iety 9 our ?\ghts1 & causes u to ascribe ! "o inf]5ce to our judgm5t1 & ! o!r to our imag9ation4 ,! g5]al rule is attribut$ to our judgm5t1 z be+ m ext5sive & con/ant2 ! exception to ! imag9ation1 z be+ m caprici\s & unc]ta94 ,?us1 our g5]al rules are 9 a mann] set 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,:5 an object appe>s1 t resembles any cause 9 v consid]able circum/ances1 ! imag9ation naturally c>ries u to a lively conception ( ! usual effect1 ?\gh ! object be diff]5t 9 ! mo/ mat]ial & mo/ efficaci\s circum/ances f t cause4 ,"h is ! fir/ influ5ce ( g5]al rules4 ,b :5 we take a review ( ?is act ( ! m9d1 & comp>e x ) ! m g5]al & au!ntic op]ations ( ! und]/&+1 we f9d x to be ( an irregul> nature1 & de/ructive ( all ! mo/ e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( reason+s1 :i* is ! cause ( our reject+ x4 ,?is is a second influ5ce ( g5]al rules1 & implies ! condemnation ( ! =m]4 ,sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r prevails1 accord+ to ! disposition & "* ( ! p]son4 ,! vulg> are commonly guid$ by ! fir/1 & wise m5 by ! second4 ,mean:ile ! sceptics may "h h ! pleasure ( obs]v+ a new & signal contradiction 9 our reason1 & ( see+ all philosophy ready to be subv]t$ by a pr9ciple ( human nature1 & aga9 sav$ by a new direction ( ! v same pr9ciple4 ,! foll[+ ( g5]al rules is a v unphilosophical species ( probability2 & yet 'tis only by foll[+ !m t we c correct ?is1 & all o!r unphilosophical probabilities4 ,s9ce we h in/ances :]e g5]al rules op]ate on ! imag9ation1 ev5 contr>y to ! judgm5t1 we ne$ n be surpris$ to see _! effects increase1 :5 conjo9$ ) t latt] faculty1 & to obs]ve t !y be/[ on ! ideas !y pres5t to u a =ce sup]ior to :at att5ds any o!r4 ,e "o kn[s !re is an indirect mann] ( ins9uat+ praise or blame1 :i* is mu* less %ock+ ?an ! op5 flatt]y or c5sure ( any p]son4 ,h[ev] he may communicate 8 s5tim5ts by su* secret ins9uations1 & make !m kn[n ) equal c]ta9ty z by ! op5 discov]y ( !m1 'tis c]ta9 t _! influ5ce is n equally /rong & p[]ful4 ,"o :o la%es me ) conceal$ /rokes ( satire1 moves n my indignation to su* a degree1 z if he flatly told me ,i 0 a fool & a coxcomb2 ?\gh ,i equally und]/& 8 mean+1 z if he did4 ,?is diff]5ce is to be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules4 ,:e!r a p]son op5ly abuses me1 or slily intimates 8 contempt1 9 nei!r case d ,i imm$iately p]ceive 8 s5tim5t or op9ion2 & 'tis only by signs1 t is1 by its effects1 ,i become s5sible ( x4 ,! only diff]5ce !n1 betwixt ^! two cases1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 ! op5 discov]y ( 8 s5tim5ts he makes use ( signs1 :i* are g5]al & univ]sal2 & 9 ! secret intimation employs su* z are m s+ul> & uncommon4 ,! effect ( ?is circum/ance is1 t ! imag9ation1 9 runn+ f ! pres5t impression to ! abs5t idea1 makes ! transition ) great] facility1 & consequ5tly conceives ! object ) great] =ce1 :]e ! connexion is common & univ]sal1 ?an :]e x is m r>e & p>ticul>4 ,accord+ly1 we may obs]ve1 t ! op5 decl>ation ( our s5tim5ts is call$ ! tak+ (f ! mask1 z ! secret intimation ( our op9ions is said to be ! veil+ ( !m4 ,! diff]5ce betwixt an idea produc$ by a g5]al connexion1 & t aris+ f a p>ticul> "o1 is "h comp>$ to ! diff]5ce betwixt an impression & an idea4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! imag9ation has a suitable effect on ! passions1 & ?is effect is augm5t$ by ano!r circum/ance4 ,a secret intimation ( ang] or contempt %[s t we /ill h "s consid]ation = ! p]son1 & avoid ! directly abus+ him4 ,?is makes a conceal$ satire less disagreeable1 b /ill ?is dep5ds on ! same pr9ciple4 ,= if an idea 7 n m feeble1 :5 only intimat$1 x w\ld nev] be e/eem$ a m>k ( great] respect to proce$ 9 ?is me?od ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,sometimes scurrility is less displeas+ ?an delicate satire1 because x rev5ges u 9 a mann] = ! injury at ! v "t x is committ$1 by af=d+ u a j reason to blame & contemn ! p]son :o injures u4 ,b ?is ph5om5on likewise dep5ds ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,= :y d we blame all gross & injuri\s language1 unless x be1 because we e/eem x contr>y to good bre$+ & humanity8 ,& :y is x contr>y1 unless x be m %ock+ ?an any delicate satire8 ,! rules ( good bre$+ condemn :atev] is op5ly disoblig+1 & gives a s5sible pa9 & confusion to ^? ) :om we conv]se4 ,aft] ?is is once e/abli%$1 abusive language is univ]sally blam$1 & gives less pa9 ^u acc\nt ( its co>s5ess & incivility1 :i* r5d] ! p]son despicable t employs x4 ,x becomes less disagreeable1 m]ely because orig9ally x is m s2 & 'tis m disagreeable1 because x af=ds an inf]5ce by g5]al & common rules t are palpable & und5iable4 ,to ?is explication ( ! diff]5t influ5ce ( op5 & conceal$ flatt]y or satire1 ,i %all add ! consid]ation ( ano!r ph5om5on1 :i* is analog\s to x4 ,!re are _m p>ticul>s 9 ! po9t ( hon\r1 bo? ( m5 & wom51 ^: violations1 :5 op5 & av[$1 ! _w nev] excuses1 b :i* x is m apt to ov]look1 :5 ! appe>ances are sav$1 & ! transgression is secret & conceal$4 ,ev5 ^? :o "k ) equal c]ta9ty t ! fault is committ$1 p>don x m easily1 :5 ! pro(s seem 9 "s measure oblique & equivocal1 ?an :5 !y are direct & und5iable4 ,! same idea is pres5t$ 9 bo? cases1 &1 prop]ly speak+1 is equally ass5t$ to by ! judgm5t2 & yet its influ5ce is diff]5t1 because ( ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* x is pres5t$4 ,n[1 if we comp>e ^! two cases1 ( ! op5 & conceal$ violations ( ! laws ( hon\r1 we %all f9d1 t ! diff]5ce betwixt !m consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 ! fir/ case ! sign1 f :i* we inf] ! blameable action1 is s+le1 & suffices alone to be ! f\ndation ( our reason+ & judgm5t2 :]eas 9 ! latt] ! signs are num]\s1 & decide little or no?+ :5 alone & unaccompani$ ) _m m9ute circum/ances1 :i* are almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,b 'tis c]ta9ly true1 t any reason+ is always ! m conv9c+1 ! m s+le & unit$ x is to ! eye1 & ! less ex]cise x gives to ! imag9ation to collect all its p>ts1 & run f !m to ! correlative idea1 :i* =ms ! conclusion4 ,! lab\r ( ! ?\ght di/urbs ! regul> progress ( ! s5tim5ts1 z we %all obs]ve pres5tly4#aa ,! idea /rikes n on u ) su* vivacity1 & consequ5tly has no su* influ5ce on ! passion & imag9ation4 ,f ! same pr9ciples we may acc\nt = ^? obs]vations ( ! ,c>d9al de ,retz1 t !re are _m ?+s 9 :i* ! _w wi%es to be deceiv$1 & t x m easily excuses a p]son 9 act+ ?an 9 talk+ contr>y to ! decorum ( 8 pr(ession & "*4 ,a fault 9 words is commonly m op5 & di/9ct ?an "o 9 actions1 :i* admit ( _m palliat+ excuses1 & decide n s cle>ly conc]n+ ! int5tion & views ( ! actor4 ,?us x appe>s1 ^u ! :ole1 t e k9d ( op9ion or judgm5t :i* am\nts n to k1 is d]iv$ entirely f ! =ce & vivacity ( ! p]ception1 & t ^! qualities con/itute 9 ! m9d :at we call ! belief ( ! exi/5ce ( any object4 ,?is =ce & ?is vivacity are mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! memory2 & !re=e our confid5ce 9 ! v]acity ( t faculty is ! greate/ imag9able1 & equals 9 _m respects ! assurance ( a demon/ration4 ,! next degree ( ^! qualities is t d]iv$ f ! relation ( cause & effect2 & ?is too is v great1 especially :5 ! conjunction is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be p]fectly con/ant1 & :5 ! object1 :i* is pres5t to u1 exactly resembles ^?1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,b bel[ ?is degree ( evid5ce !re are _m o!rs1 :i* h an influ5ce on ! passions & imag9ation1 proportion$ to t degree ( =ce & vivacity1 :i* !y communicate to ! ideas4 ',tis by habit we make ! transition f cause to effect2 & 'tis f "s pres5t impression we borr[ t vivacity1 :i* we diffuse ov] ! correlative idea4 ,b :5 we h n obs]v$ a suffici5t numb] ( in/ances to produce a /rong habit2 or :5 ^! in/ances are contr>y to ea* o!r2 or :5 ! resemblance is n exact2 or ! pres5t impression is fa9t & obscure2 or ! exp]i5ce 9 "s measure oblit]at$ f ! memory2 or ! connexion dep5d5t on a long *a9 ( objects2 or ! inf]5ce d]iv$ f g5]al rules1 & yet n con=mable to !m3 9 all ^! cases ! evid5ce dim9i%es by ! dim9ution ( ! =ce & int5s5ess ( ! idea4 ,?is !re=e is ! nature ( ! judgm5t & probability4 ,:at pr9cipally gives au?ority to ?is sy/em is1 beside ! und\bt$ argum5ts1 ^u :i* ea* "p is f\nd$1 ! agreem5t ( ^! p>ts1 & ! necessity ( "o to expla9 ano!r4 ,! belief :i* att5ds our memory is ( ! same nature ) t :i* is d]iv$ f our judgm5ts3 nor is !re any diff]5ce betwixt t judgm5t :i* is d]iv$ f a con/ant & uni=m connexion ( causes & effects1 & t :i* dep5ds ^u an int]rupt$ & unc]ta94 ',tis inde$ evid5t1 t 9 all det]m9ations :]e ! m9d decides f contr>y exp]im5ts1 'tis fir/ divid$ )9 itself1 & has an incl9ation to ei!r side 9 proportion to ! numb] ( exp]im5ts we h se5 & rememb]4 ,?is conte/ is at la/ det]m9$ to ! advantage ( t side :]e we obs]ve a sup]ior numb] ( ^! exp]im5ts2 b /ill ) a dim9ution ( =ce 9 ! evid5ce correspond5t to ! numb] ( ! opposite exp]im5ts4 ,ea* possibility1 ( :i* ! probability is compos$1 op]ates sep>ately ^u ! imag9ation2 & 'tis ! l>g] collection ( possibilities1 :i* at la/ prevails1 & t ) a =ce proportionable to its sup]iority4 ,all ^! ph5om5a lead directly to ! prec$5t sy/em2 nor w x ev] be possible ^u any o!r pr9ciples to give a satisfactory & consi/5t explication ( !m4 ,)\t consid]+ ^! judgm5ts z ! effects ( cu/om on ! imag9ation1 we %all lose ourselves 9 p]petual contradiction & absurdity4 #i ,"p ,,iv4 ,sect4 #a4 #aj ,sect4 #ae4 #aa ,"p ,,iv4 ,sect4 #a4 ,,section ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,necess>y ,,connexion4 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ ! mann] 9 :i* we reason beyond our imm$iate impressions1 & conclude t su* p>ticul> causes mu/ h su* p>ticul> effects2 we mu/ n[ return ^u our foot/eps to exam9e t "q#ab :i* fir/ occurr$ to u1 & :i* we dropp$ 9 our way1 viz4 ,:at is our idea ( necessity1 :5 we say t two objects are necess>ily connect$ toge!r8 ,^u ?is head ,i repeat1 :at ,i h (t5 _h occasion to obs]ve1 t z we h no idea t is n d]iv$ f an impression1 we mu/ f9d "s impression t gives rise to ?is idea ( necessity1 if we ass]t we h really su* an idea4 ,9 ord] to ?is1 ,i consid] 9 :at objects necessity is commonly suppos$ to lie2 &1 f9d+ t x is always ascrib$ to causes & effects1 ,i turn my eye to two objects suppos$ to be plac$ 9 t relation1 & exam9e !m 9 all ! situations ( :i* !y are susceptible4 ,i imm$iately p]ceive t !y are contigu\s 9 "t & place1 & t ! object we call cause prec$es ! o!r we call effect4 ,9 no "o in/ance c ,i g any f>!r1 nor is x possible = me to discov] any ?ird relation betwixt ^! objects4 ,i !re=e enl>ge my view to compreh5d sev]al in/ances1 :]e ,i f9d l objects always exi/+ 9 l relations ( contiguity & succession4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems to s]ve b little to my purpose4 ,! reflection on sev]al in/ances only repeats ! same objects2 & !re=e c nev] give rise to a new idea4 ,b ^u f>!r inquiry ,i f9d1 t ! repetition is n 9 e p>ticul> ! same1 b produces a new impression1 & by t means ! idea :i* ,i at pres5t exam9e4 ,= aft] a frequ5t repetition ,i f9d1 t ^u ! appe>ance ( "o ( ! objects1 ! m9d is det]m9$ by cu/om to consid] its usual att5dant1 & to consid] x 9 a /rong] light ^u acc\nt ( its relation to ! fir/ object4 ',tis ?is impression1 !n1 or det]m9ation1 :i* af=ds me ! idea ( necessity4 ,i d\bt n b ^! consequ5ces w at fir/ sight be receiv$ )\t difficulty1 z be+ evid5t d$uctions f pr9ciples :i* we h already e/abli%$1 & :i* we h (t5 employ$ 9 our reason+s4 ,?is evid5ce1 bo? 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples & 9 ! d$uctions1 may s$uce u unw>ily into ! conclusion1 & make u imag9e x conta9s no?+ extraord9>y1 nor wor?y ( our curiosity4 ,b ?\gh su* an inadv]t5ce may facilitate ! reception ( ?is reason+1 'twill make x be ! m easily =got2 = :i* reason ,i ?9k x prop] to give w>n+1 t ,i h j n[ exam9$ "o ( ! mo/ sublime que/ions 9 philosophy1 viz4 t conc]n+ ! p[] & efficacy ( causes1 :]e all ! sci5ces seem s mu* int]e/$4 ,su* a w>n+ w naturally r\se up ! att5tion ( ! read]1 & make him desire a m full acc\nt ( my doctr9e1 z well z ( ! argum5ts on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,?is reque/ is s reasonable1 t ,i _c refuse comply+ ) x2 especially z ,i am hopeful t ^! pr9ciples1 ! m !y are exam9$1 w acquire ! m =ce & evid5ce4 ,!re is no "q :i*1 on acc\nt ( its importance1 z well z difficulty1 has caus$ m disputes bo? among anci5t & mod]n philosoph]s1 ?an ?is conc]n+ ! efficacy ( causes1 or t quality :i* makes !m be foll[$ by _! effects4 ,b be=e !y ent]$ ^u ^! disputes1 me?9ks x w\ld n h be5 improp] to h exam9$ :at idea we h ( t efficacy1 :i* is ! subject ( ! controv]sy4 ,?is is :at ,i f9d pr9cipally want+ 9 _! reason+s1 & :at ,i %all "h endeav\r to supply4 ,i beg9 ) obs]v+1 t ! t]ms ( efficacy1 ag5cy1 p[]1 =ce1 en]gy1 necessity1 connexion1 & productive quality1 are all ne>ly synonym\s2 & !re=e 'tis an absurdity to employ any ( !m 9 def9+ ! re/4 ,by ?is obs]vation we reject at once all ! vulg> def9itions :i* philosoph]s h giv5 ( p[] & efficacy2 & in/ead ( se>*+ = ! idea 9 ^! def9itions1 mu/ look = x 9 ! impressions f :i* x is orig9ally d]iv$4 ,if x be a comp\nd idea1 x mu/ arise f comp\nd impressions4 ,if simple1 f simple impressions4 ,i believe ! mo/ g5]al & mo/ popul> explication ( ?is matt]1 is to say1#ac t f9d+ f exp]i5ce t !re are sev]al new productions 9 matt]1 su* z ! motions & v>iations ( body1 & conclud+ t !re mu/ some:]e be a p[] capable ( produc+ !m1 we arrive at la/ by ?is reason+ at ! idea ( p[] & efficacy4 ,b to be conv9c$ t ?is explication is m popul> ?an philosophical1 we ne$ b reflect on two v obvi\s pr9ciples4 ,fir/1 t reason alone c nev] give rise to any orig9al idea2 &1 secondly1 t reason1 z di/+ui%$ f exp]i5ce1 c nev] make u conclude t a cause or productive quality is absolutely requisite to e beg9n+ ( exi/5ce4 ,bo? ^! consid]ations h be5 suffici5tly expla9$2 & !re=e %all n at pres5t be any f>!r insi/$ on4 ,i %all only inf] f !m1 t s9ce reason c nev] give rise to ! idea ( efficacy1 t idea mu/ be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 & f "s p>ticul> in/ances ( ?is efficacy1 :i* make _! passage into ! m9d by ! common *annels ( s5sation or reflection4 ,ideas always repres5t _! objects or impressions2 & vice v]sa1 !re are "s objects necess>y to give rise to e idea4 ,if we pret5d1 !re=e1 to h any j idea ( ?is efficacy1 we mu/ produce "s in/ance :]e9 ! efficacy is pla9ly discov]able to ! m9d1 & its op]ations obvi\s to our consci\sness or s5sation4 ,by ! refusal ( ?is1 we ackn[l$ge1 t ! idea is impossible & imag9>y2 s9ce ! pr9ciple ( innate ideas1 :i* alone c save u f ?is dilemma1 has be5 already refut$1 & is n[ almo/ univ]sally reject$ 9 ! le>n$ _w4 ,our pres5t bus9ess1 !n1 mu/ be to f9d "s natural production1 :]e ! op]ation & efficacy ( a cause c be cle>ly conceiv$ & compreh5d$ by ! m9d1 )\t any dang] ( obscurity or mi/ake4 ,9 ?is rese>*1 we meet ) v little enc\ragem5t f t prodigi\s div]sity :i* is f\nd 9 ! op9ions ( ^? philosoph]s :o h pret5d$ to expla9 ! secret =ce & en]gy ( causes4#ad ,!re are "s :o ma9ta91 t bodies op]ate by _! sub/antial =m2 o!rs1 by _! accid5ts or qualities2 sev]al1 by _! matt] & =m2 "s1 by _! =m & accid5ts2 o!rs1 by c]ta9 virtues & faculties di/9ct f all ?is4 ,all ^! s5tim5ts1 aga91 are mix$ & v>i$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways1 & =m a /rong presumption t none ( !m h any solidity or evid5ce1 & t ! supposition ( an efficacy 9 any ( ! kn[n qualities ( matt] is entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,?is presumption mu/ increase ^u u1 :5 we consid]1 t ^! pr9ciples ( sub/antial =ms1 & accid5ts1 & faculties1 are n 9 reality any ( ! kn[n prop]ties ( bodies1 b are p]fectly un9telligible & inexplicable4 ,= 'tis evid5t philosoph]s w\ld nev] h _h rec\rse to su* obscure & unc]ta9 pr9ciples1 _h !y met ) any satisfaction 9 su* z are cle> & intelligible2 especially 9 su* an affair z ?is1 :i* mu/ be an object ( ! simple/ und]/&+1 if n ( ! s5ses4 ,^u ! :ole1 we may conclude1 t 'tis impossible1 9 any "o in/ance1 to %[ ! pr9ciple 9 :i* ! =ce & ag5cy ( a cause is plac$2 & t ! mo/ ref9$ & mo/ vulg> und]/&+s are equally at a loss 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,if any "o ?9k prop] to refute ?is ass]tion1 he ne$ n put himself to ! tr\ble ( inv5t+ any long reason+s1 b may at once %[ u an in/ance ( a cause1 :]e we discov] ! p[] or op]at+ pr9ciple4 ,?is defiance we are oblig$ frequ5tly to make use (1 z be+ almo/ ! only means ( prov+ a negative 9 philosophy4 ,! small success :i* has be5 met ) 9 all ! attempts to fix ?is p[]1 has at la/ oblig$ philosoph]s to conclude1 t ! ultimate =ce & efficacy ( nature is p]fectly unkn[n to u1 & t 'tis 9 va9 we se>* = x 9 all ! kn[n qualities ( matt]4 ,9 ?is op9ion !y are almo/ unanim\s2 & 'tis only 9 ! inf]5ce !y draw f x1 t !y discov] any diff]5ce 9 _! s5tim5ts4 ,= "s ( !m1 z ! ,c>tesians 9 p>ticul>1 hav+ e/abli%$ x z a pr9ciple1 t we are p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! ess5ce ( matt]1 h v naturally inf]r$1 t x is end[$ ) no efficacy1 & t 'tis impossible = x ( itself to communicate motion1 or produce any ( ^? effects1 :i* we ascribe to x4 ,z ! ess5ce ( matt] consi/s 9 ext5sion1 & z ext5sion implies n actual motion1 b only mobility2 !y conclude1 t ! en]gy1 :i* produces ! motion1 _c lie 9 ! ext5sion4 ,?is conclusion leads !m into ano!r1 :i* !y reg>d z p]fectly unavoidable4 ,matt]1 say !y1 is 9 itself entirely unactive1 & depriv$ ( any p[]1 by :i* x may produce1 or cont9ue1 or communicate motion3 b s9ce ^! effects are evid5t to our s5ses1 & s9ce ! p[] t produces !m mu/ be plac$ some:]e1 x mu/ lie 9 ! ,deity1 or t ,div9e ,be+ :o conta9s 9 8 nature all excell5cy & p]fection4 ',tis ! ,deity1 !re=e1 :o is ! prime mov] ( ! univ]se1 & :o n only fir/ creat$ matt]1 & gave x its orig9al impulse1 b likewise1 by a cont9u$ ex]tion ( omnipot5ce1 supports its exi/5ce1 & successively be/[s on x all ^? motions1 & configurations1 & qualities1 ) :i* x is end[$4 ,?is op9ion is c]ta9ly v curi\s1 & well wor? our att5tion2 b 'twill appe> sup]flu\s to exam9e x 9 ?is place1 if we reflect a mom5t on our pres5t purpose 9 tak+ notice ( x4 ,we h e/abli%$ x z a pr9ciple1 t z all ideas are d]iv$ f impressions1 or "s prec$5t p]ceptions1'tis impossible we c h any idea ( p[] & efficacy1 unless "s in/ances c be produc$1 :]e9 ?is p[] is p]ceiv$ to ex]t itself4 ,n[1 z ^! in/ances c nev] be discov]$ 9 body1 ! ,c>tesians1 proce$+ ^u _! pr9ciple ( innate ideas1 h _h rec\rse to a ,supreme ,_s or ,deity1 :om !y consid] z ! only active be+ 9 ! univ]se1 & z ! imm$iate cause ( e alt]ation 9 matt]4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( innate ideas be+ all[$ to be false1 x foll[s1 t ! supposition ( a ,deity c s]ve u 9 no /ead1 9 acc\nt+ = t idea ( ag5cy1 :i* we se>* = 9 va9 9 all ! objects :i* are pres5t$ to our s5ses1 or :i* we are int]nally consci\s ( 9 our own m9ds4 ,= if e idea be d]iv$ f an impression1 ! idea ( a ,deity proce$s f ! same orig92 & if no impression1 ei!r ( s5sation or reflection1 implies any =ce or efficacy1 'tis equally impossible to discov] or ev5 imag9e any su* active pr9ciple 9 ! ,deity4 ,s9ce ^! philosoph]s1 !re=e1 h conclud$ t matt] _c be end[$ ) any efficaci\s pr9ciple1 because 'tis impossible to discov] 9 x su* a pr9ciple1 ! same c\rse ( reason+ %\ld det]m9e !m to exclude x f ! ,supreme ,be+1 or1 if !y e/eem t op9ion absurd & impi\s1 z x really is1 ,i %all tell !m h[ !y may avoid x2 & t is1 by conclud+ f ! v fir/1 t !y h no adequate idea ( p[] or efficacy 9 any object2 s9ce nei!r 9 body nor _s1 nei!r 9 sup]ior nor inf]ior natures1 are !y able to discov] "o s+le in/ance ( x4 ,! same conclusion is unavoidable ^u ! hypo!sis ( ^?1 :o ma9ta9 ! efficacy ( second causes1 & attribute a d]ivative1 b a real p[] & en]gy to matt]4 ,= z !y confess t ?is en]gy lies n 9 any ( ! kn[n qualities ( matt]1 ! difficulty /ill rema9s conc]n+ ! orig9 ( its idea4 ,if we h really an idea ( p[]1 we may attribute p[] to an unkn[n quality3 b z 'tis impossible t t idea c be d]iv$ f su* a quality1 & z !re is no?+ 9 kn[n qualities :i* c produce x1 x foll[s t we deceive ourselves1 :5 we imag9e we are possess$ ( any idea ( ?is k9d1 aft] ! mann] we commonly und]/& x4 ,all ideas are d]iv$ f1 & repres5t impressions4 ,we nev] h any impression t conta9s any p[] or efficacy4 ,we nev]1 !re=e1 h any idea ( p[]4 ,"s h ass]t$1 t we feel an en]gy or p[] 9 our own m9d2 & t1 hav+ 9 ?is mann] acquir$ ! idea ( p[]1 we transf] t quality to matt]1 :]e we are n able imm$iately to discov] x4 ,! motions ( our body1 & ! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ( our m9d 7say !y7 obey ! w2 nor d we seek any f>!r to acquire a j notion ( =ce or p[]4 ,b to conv9ce u h[ fallaci\s ?is reason+ is1 we ne$ only consid]1 t ! w be+ "h consid]$ z a cause1 has no m a discov]able connexion ) its effects1 ?an any mat]ial cause has ) its prop] effect4 ,s f> f p]ceiv+ ! connexion betwixt an act ( volition & a motion ( ! body1 'tis all[$ t no effect is m inexplicable f ! p[]s & ess5ce ( ?\ght & matt]4 ,nor is ! empire ( ! w ov] our m9d m intelligible4 ,! effect is !re di/+ui%able & sep>able f ! cause1 & c\ld be =ese5 )\t ! exp]i5ce ( _! con/ant conjunction4 ,we h comm& ov] our m9d to a c]ta9 degree1 b beyond t lose all empire ov] x3 & 'tis evid5tly impossible to fix any precise b\nds to our au?ority1 :]e we consult n exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ! actions ( ! m9d are1 9 ?is respect1 ! same ) ^? ( matt]4 ,we p]ceive only _! con/ant conjunction2 nor c we ev] reason beyond x4 ,no int]nal impression has an app>5t en]gy1 m ?an ext]nal objects h4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 matt] is confess$ by philosoph]s to op]ate by an unkn[n =ce1 we %\ld 9 va9 hope to atta9 an idea ( =ce by consult+ our own m9ds4#ae ,x has be5 e/abli%$ z a c]ta9 pr9ciple1 t g5]al or ab/ract ideas are no?+ b individual ones tak5 9 a c]ta9 light1 & t1 9 reflect+ on any object1 'tis z impossible to exclude f our ?\ght all p>ticul> degrees ( quantity & quality z f ! real nature ( ?+s4 ,if we be possess$1 !re=e1 ( any idea ( p[] 9 g5]al1 we mu/ also be able to conceive "s p>ticul> species ( x2 & z p[] _c subsi/ alone1 b is always reg>d$ z an attribute ( "s be+ or exi/5ce1 we mu/ be able to place ?is p[] 9 "s p>ticul> be+1 & conceive t be+ z end[$ ) a real =ce & en]gy1 by :i* su* a p>ticul> effect necess>ily results f its op]ation4 ,we mu/ di/9ctly & p>ticul>ly conceive ! connexion betwixt ! cause & effect1 & be able to pron\nce1 f a simple view ( ! "o1 t x mu/ be foll[$ or prec$$ by ! o!r4 ,?is is ! true mann] ( conceiv+ a p>ticul> p[] 9 a p>ticul> body3 & a g5]al idea be+ impossible )\t an individual2 :]e ! latt] is impossible1 'tis c]ta9 ! =m] c nev] exi/4 ,n[ no?+ is m evid5t1 ?an t ! human m9d _c =m su* an idea ( two objects1 z to conceive any connexion betwixt !m1 or compreh5d di/9ctly t p[] or efficacy1 by :i* !y are unit$4 ,su* a connexion w\ld am\nt to a demon/ration1 & w\ld imply ! absolute impossibility = ! "o object n to foll[1 or to be conceiv$ n to foll[ ^u ! o!r3 :i* k9d ( connexion has already be5 reject$ 9 all cases4 ,if any "o is ( a contr>y op9ion1 & ?9ks he has atta9$ a notion ( p[] 9 any p>ticul> object1 ,i desire he may po9t out to me t object4 ,b till ,i meet ) su* a "o1 :i* ,i despair (1 ,i _c =be> conclud+1 t s9ce we c nev] di/9ctly conceive h[ any p>ticul> p[] c possibly reside 9 any p>ticul> object1 we deceive ourselves 9 imag9+ we c =m any su* g5]al idea4 ,?us1 ^u ! :ole1 we may inf]1 t :5 we talk ( any be+1 :e!r ( a sup]ior or inf]ior nature1 z end[$ ) a p[] or =ce1 proportion$ to any effect2 :5 we speak ( a necess>y connexion betwixt objects1 & suppose t ?is connexion dep5ds ^u an efficacy or en]gy1 ) :i* any ( ^! objects are end[$2 9 all ! expressions1 s appli$1 we h really no di/9ct mean+1 & make use only ( common words1 )\t any cle> & det]m9ate ideas4 ,b z 'tis m probable1 t ^! expressions d "h lose _! true mean+ by be+ wrong appli$1 ?an t !y nev] h any mean+2 'twill be prop] to be/[ ano!r consid]ation on ?is subject1 to see if possibly we c discov] ! nature & orig9 ( ^? ideas we annex to !m4 ,suppose two objects to be pres5t$ to u1 ( :i* ! "o is ! cause & ! o!r ! effect2 'tis pla9 t1 f ! simple consid]ation ( "o1 or bo? ^! objects1 we nev] %all p]ceive ! tie by :i* !y are unit$1 or be able c]ta9ly to pron\nce1 t !re is a connexion betwixt !m4 ',tis n1 !re=e1 f any "o in/ance1 t we arrive at ! idea ( cause & effect1 ( a necess>y connexion ( p[]1 ( =ce1 ( en]gy1 & ( efficacy4 ,did we nev] see any b p>ticul> conjunctions ( objects1 entirely diff]5t f ea* o!r1 we %\ld nev] be able to =m any su* ideas4 ,b1 aga91 suppose we obs]ve sev]al in/ances 9 :i* ! same objects are always conjo9$ toge!r1 we imm$iately conceive a connexion betwixt !m1 & beg9 to draw an inf]5ce f "o to ano!r4 ,?is multiplicity ( resembl+ in/ances1 !re=e1 con/itutes ! v ess5ce ( p[] or connexion1 & is ! s\rce f :i* ! idea ( x arises4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to und]/& ! idea ( p[]1 we mu/ consid] t multiplicity2 nor d ,i ask m to give a solution ( t difficulty1 :i* has s long p]plex$ u4 ,= ?us ,i reason4 ,! repetition ( p]fectly simil> in/ances c nev] alone give rise to an orig9al idea1 diff]5t f :at is to be f\nd 9 any p>ticul> in/ance1 z has be5 obs]v$1 & z evid5tly foll[s f our fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t all ideas are copi$ f impressions4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! idea ( p[] is a new orig9al idea1 n to be f\nd 9 any "o in/ance1 & :i* yet arises f ! repetition ( sev]al in/ances1 x foll[s1 t ! repetition alone has n t effect1 b mu/ ei!r discov] or produce some?+ new1 :i* is ! s\rce ( t idea4 ,did ! repetition nei!r discov] nor produce any ?+ new1 our ideas might be multipli$ by x1 b w\ld n be enl>g$ above :at !y are ^u ! obs]vation ( "o s+le in/ance4 ,e enl>gem5t1 !re=e1 7su* z ! idea ( p[] or connexion7 :i* arises f ! multiplicity ( simil> in/ances1 is copi$ f "s effects ( ! multiplicity1 & w be p]fectly und]/ood by und]/&+ ^! effects4 ,:]ev] we f9d any ?+ new to be discov]$ or produc$ by ! repetition1 !re we mu/ place ! p[]1 & mu/ nev] look = x 9 any o!r object4 ,b 'tis evid5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! repetition ( l objects 9 l relations ( succession & contiguity1 discov]s no?+ new 9 any "o ( !m2 s9ce we c draw no inf]5ce f x1 nor make x a subject ei!r ( our demon/rative or probable reason+s2 z has be5 already prov$4#af ,nay1 suppose we c\ld draw an inf]5ce1 'tw\ld be ( no consequ5ce 9 ! pres5t case2 s9ce no k9d ( reason+ c give rise to a new idea1 su* z ?is ( p[] is2 b :]ev] we reason1 we mu/ antec$5tly be possess$ ( cle> ideas1 :i* may be ! objects ( our reason+4 ,! conception always prec$es ! und]/&+2 & :]e ! "o is obscure1 ! o!r is unc]ta92 :]e ! "o fails1 ! o!r mu/ fail also4 ,secondly1 'tis c]ta9 t ?is repetition ( simil> objects 9 simil> situations1 produces no?+ new ei!r 9 ^! objects1 or 9 any ext]nal body4 ,= 'twill readily be all[$1 t ! sev]al in/ances we h ( ! conjunction ( resembl+ causes & effects1 are 9 !mselves entirely indep5d5t1 & t ! communication ( motion1 :i* ,i see result at pres5t f ! %ock ( two billi>d balls1 is totally di/9ct f t :i* ,i saw result f su* an impulse a twelvemon? ago4 ,^! impulses h no influ5ce on ea* o!r4 ,!y are entirely divid$ by "t & place2 & ! "o might h exi/$ & communicat$ motion1 ?\gh ! o!r nev] _h be5 9 be+4 ,!re is1 !n1 no?+ new ei!r discov]$ or produc$ 9 any objects by _! con/ant conjunction1 & by ! un9t]rupt$ resemblance ( _! relations ( succession & contiguity4 ,b 'tis f ?is resemblance1 t ! ideas ( necessity1 ( p[]1 & ( efficacy1 are d]iv$4 ,^! ideas !re=e repres5t n any ?+1 t does or c belong to ! objects1 :i* are con/antly conjo9$4 ,?is is an argum5t1 :i*1 9 e view we c exam9e x1 w be f\nd p]fectly unansw]able4 ,simil> in/ances are /ill ! fir/ s\rce ( our idea ( p[] or necessity2 at ! same "t t !y h no influ5ce by _! simil>ity ei!r on ea* o!r1 or on any ext]nal object4 ,we mu/ !re=e turn ourselves to "s o!r qu>t] to seek ! orig9 ( t idea4 ,?\gh ! sev]al resembl+ in/ances1 :i* give rise to ! idea ( p[]1 h no influ5ce on ea* o!r1 & c nev] produce any new quality 9 ! object1 :i* c be ! model ( t idea1 yet ! obs]vation ( ?is resemblance produces a new impression 9 ! m9d1 :i* is its real model4 ,= aft] we h obs]v$ ! resemblance 9 a suffici5t numb] ( in/ances1 we imm$iately feel a det]m9ation ( ! m9d to pass f "o object to its usual att5dant1 & to conceive x 9 a /rong] light ^u acc\nt ( t relation4 ,?is det]m9ation is ! only effect ( ! resemblance2 & !re=e mu/ be ! same ) p[] or efficacy1 ^: idea is d]iv$ f ! resemblance4 ,! sev]al in/ances ( resembl+ conjunctions lead u into ! notion ( p[] & necessity4 ,^! in/ances are 9 !mselves totally di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & h no union b 9 ! m9d1 :i* obs]ves !m1 & collects _! ideas4 ,necessity1 !n1 is ! effect ( ?is obs]vation1 & z no?+ b an int]nal impression ( ! m9d1 or a det]m9ation to c>ry our ?\ghts f "o object to ano!r4 ,)\t consid]+ x 9 ?is view1 we c nev] arrive at ! mo/ di/ant notion ( x1 or be able to attribute x ei!r to ext]nal or int]nal objects1 to _s or body1 to causes or effects4 ,! necess>y connexion betwixt causes & effects is ! f\ndation ( our inf]5ce f "o to ! o!r4 ,! f\ndation ( our inf]5ce is ! transition aris+ f ! accu/om$ union4 ,^! are !re=e ! same4 ,! idea ( necessity arises f "s impression4 ,!re is no impression convey$ by our s5ses1 :i* c give rise to t idea4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be d]iv$ f "s int]nal impression1 or impression ( reflection4 ,!re is no int]nal impression :i* has any relation to ! pres5t bus9ess1 b t prop5sity1 :i* cu/om produces1 to pass f an object to ! idea ( its usual att5dant4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! ess5ce ( necessity4 ,^u ! :ole1 necessity is some?+ t exi/s 9 ! m9d1 n 9 objects2 nor is x possible = u ev] to =m ! mo/ di/ant idea ( x1 consid]$ z a quality 9 bodies4 ,ei!r we h no idea ( necessity1 or necessity is no?+ b t det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght to pass f causes to effects1 & f effects to causes1 accord+ to _! exp]i5c$ union4 ,?us1 z ! necessity1 :i* makes two times two equal to f\r1 or ?ree angles ( a triangle equal to two "r ones1 lies only 9 ! act ( ! und]/&+1 by :i* we consid] & comp>e ^! ideas2 9 l mann]1 ! necessity ( p[]1 :i* unites causes & effects1 lies 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d to pass f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! efficacy or en]gy ( causes is nei!r plac$ 9 ! causes !mselves1 nor 9 ! ,deity1 nor 9 ! concurr5ce ( ^! two pr9ciples2 b belongs entirely to ! s\l1 :i* consid]s ! union ( two or m objects 9 all pa/ in/ances4 ',tis "h t ! real p[] ( causes is plac$1 along ) _! connexion & necessity4 ,i am s5sible1 t ( all ! p>adoxes :i* ,i h _h1 or %all h]eaft] h occasion to advance 9 ! c\rse ( ?is ,treatise1 ! pres5t "o is ! mo/ viol5t1 & t 'tis m]ely by d9t ( solid pro( & reason+ ,i c ev] hope x w h admission1 & ov]come ! invet]ate prejudices ( mank9d4 ,be=e we are reconcil$ to ?is doctr9e1 h[ (t5 mu/ we repeat to ourselves1 t ! simple view ( any two objects or actions1 h[ev] relat$1 c nev] give u any idea ( p[]1 or ( a connexion betwixt !m3 t ?is idea arises f ! repetition ( _! union3 t ! repetition nei!r discov]s nor causes any ?+ 9 ! objects1 b has an influ5ce only on ! m9d1 by t cu/om>y transition x produces3 t ?is cu/om>y transition is !re=e ! same ) ! p[] & necessity2 :i* are consequ5tly qualities ( p]ceptions1 n ( objects1 & are int]nally felt by ! s\l1 & n p]ceiv$ ext]nally 9 bodies8 ,!re is commonly an a/oni%m5t att5d+ e ?+ extraord9>y2 & ?is a/oni%m5t *anges imm$iately into ! highe/ degree ( e/eem or contempt1 accord+ z we approve or disapprove ( ! subject4 ,i am mu* afraid1 t ?\gh ! =ego+ reason+ appe>s to me ! %orte/ & mo/ decisive imag9able1 yet1 ) ! g5]ality ( read]s1 ! bias ( ! m9d w prevail1 & give !m a prejudice aga9/ ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,?is contr>y bias is easily acc\nt$ =4 ',tis a common obs]vation1 t ! m9d has a great prop5sity to spread itself on ext]nal objects1 & to conjo9 ) !m any int]nal impressions :i* !y occasion1 & :i* always make _! appe>ance at ! same "t t ^! objects discov] !mselves to ! s5ses4 ,?us1 z c]ta9 s\nds & smells are always f\nd to att5d c]ta9 ,visible objects1 we naturally imag9e a conjunction1 ev5 9 place1 betwixt ! objects & qualities1 ?\gh ! qualities be ( su* a nature z to admit ( no su* conjunction1 & really exi/ no :]e4 ,b ( ?is m fully h]eaft]4#ag ,mean:ile1 'tis suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ! same prop5sity is ! reason :y we suppose necessity & p[] to lie 9 ! objects we consid]1 n 9 our m9d1 t consid]s !m2 not)/&+ x is n possible = u to =m ! mo/ di/ant idea ( t quality1 :5 x is n tak5 = ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d to pass f ! idea ( an object to t ( its usual att5dant4 ,b ?\gh ?is be ! only reasonable acc\nt we c give ( necessity1 ! contr>y notion is s rivet$ 9 ! m9d f ! pr9ciples above-m5tion$1 t ,i d\bt n b my s5tim5ts w be treat$ by _m z extravagant & ridicul\s4 ,:at6 ! efficacy ( causes lie 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d6 ,z if causes did n op]ate entirely indep5d5t ( ! m9d1 & w\ld n cont9ue _! op]ation1 ev5 ?\gh !re 0 no m9d exi/5t to contemplate !m1 or reason conc]n+ !m4 ,?\ght may well dep5d on causes = its op]ation1 b n causes on ?\ght4 ,?is is to rev]se ! ord] ( nature1 & make t second>y1 :i* is really prim>y4 ,to e op]ation !re is a p[] proportion$2 & ?is p[] mu/ be plac$ on ! body t op]ates4 ,if we remove ! p[] f "o cause1 we mu/ ascribe x to ano!r3 b to remove x f all causes1 & be/[ x on a be+ t is no ways relat$ to ! cause or effect1 b by p]ceiv+ !m1 is a gross absurdity1 & contr>y to ! mo/ c]ta9 pr9ciples ( human reason4 ,i c only reply to all ^! argum5ts1 t ! case is "h mu* ! same1 z if a bl9d man %\ld pret5d to f9d a great _m absurdities 9 ! supposition1 t ! col\r ( sc>let is n ! same ) ! s\nd ( a trumpet1 nor light ! same ) solidity4 ,if we h really no idea ( a p[] or efficacy 9 any object1 or ( any real connexion betwixt causes & effects1 'twill be to little purpose to prove1 t an efficacy is necess>y 9 all op]ations4 ,we d n und]/& our own mean+ 9 talk+ s1 b ignorantly conf\nd ideas :i* are entirely di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,i am1 inde$1 ready to all[1 t !re may be sev]al qualities1 bo? 9 mat]ial & immat]ial objects1 ) :i* we are utt]ly unacqua9t$2 & if we please to call ^! p[] or efficacy1'twill be ( little consequ5ce to ! _w4 ,b :51 in/ead ( mean+ ^! unkn[n qualities1 we make ! t]ms ( p[] & efficacy signify some?+1 ( :i* we h a cle> idea1 & :i* is incompatible ) ^? objects to :i* we apply x1 obscurity & error beg9 !n to take place1 & we are l$ a/ray by a false philosophy4 ,?is is ! case :5 we transf] ! det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght to ext]nal objects1 & suppose any real intelligible connexion betwixt !m2 t be+ a quality :i* c only belong to ! m9d t consid]s !m4 ,z to :at may be said1 t ! op]ations ( nature are indep5d5t ( our ?\ght & reason+1 ,i all[ x2 & accord+ly h obs]v$1 t objects be> to ea* o!r ! relations ( contiguity & succession2 t l objects may be obs]v$1 9 sev]al in/ances1 to h l relations2 & t all ?is is indep5d5t (1 & antec$5t to1 ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,b if we g any f>!r1 & ascribe a p[] or necess>y connexion to ^! objects1 ?is is :at we c nev] obs]ve 9 !m1 b mu/ draw ! idea ( x f :at we feel int]nally 9 contemplat+ !m4 ,& ?is ,i c>ry s f>1 t ,i am ready to conv]t my pres5t reason+ into an in/ance ( x1 by a subtility :i* x w n be difficult to compreh5d4 ,:5 any object is pres5t$ to u1 x imm$iately conveys to ! m9d a lively idea ( t object :i* is usually f\nd to att5d x2 & ?is det]m9ation ( ! m9d =ms ! necess>y connexion ( ^! objects4 ,b :5 we *ange ! po9t ( view f ! objects to ! p]ceptions1 9 t case ! impression is to be consid]$ z ! cause1 & ! lively idea z ! effect2 & _! necess>y connexion is t new det]m9ation1 :i* we feel to pass f ! idea ( ! "o to t ( ! o!r4 ,! unit+ pr9ciple among our int]nal p]ceptions is z un9telligible z t among ext]nal objects1 & is n kn[n to u any o!r way ?an by exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 ! nature & effects ( exp]i5ce h be5 already suffici5tly exam9$ & expla9$4 ,x nev] gives u any insight into ! int]nal /ructure or op]at+ pr9ciple ( objects1 b only accu/oms ! m9d to pass f "o to ano!r4 ',tis n[ "t to collect all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is reason+1 &1 by jo9+ !m toge!r1 =m an exact def9ition ( ! relation ( cause & effect1 :i* makes ! subject ( ! pres5t inquiry4 ,?is ord] w\ld n h be5 excusable1 ( fir/ exam9+ our inf]5ce f ! relation be=e we _h expla9$ ! relation itself1 _h x be5 possible to proce$ 9 a diff]5t me?od4 ,b z ! nature ( ! relation dep5ds s mu* on t ( ! inf]5ce1 we h be5 oblig$ to advance 9 ?is seem+ly prepo/]\s mann]1 & make use ( t]ms be=e we 7 able exactly to def9e !m1 or fix _! mean+4 ,we %all n[ correct ?is fault by giv+ a precise def9ition ( cause & effect4 ,!re may two def9itions be giv5 ( ?is relation1 :i* are only diff]5t by _! pres5t+ a diff]5t view ( ! same object1 & mak+ u consid] x ei!r z a philosophical or z a natural relation2 ei!r z a comp>ison ( two ideas1 or z an association betwixt !m4 ,we may def9e a cause to be ,an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & :]e all ! objects resembl+ ! =m] are plac$ 9 l relations ( prec$5cy & contiguity to ^? objects t resemble ! latt]4 ,if ?is def9ition be e/eem$ defective1 because drawn f objects =eign to ! cause1 we may sub/itute ?is o!r def9ition 9 its place1 viz4 ,a cause is an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & s unit$ ) x t ! idea ( ! "o det]m9es ! m9d to =m ! idea ( ! o!r1 & ! impression ( ! "o to =m a m lively idea ( ! o!r4 ,%\ld ?is def9ition also be reject$ = ! same reason1 ,i "k no o!r rem$y1 ?an t ! p]sons :o express ?is delicacy %\ld sub/itute a ju/] def9ition 9 its place4 ,b1 = my "p1 ,i mu/ own my incapacity = su* an und]tak+4 ,:5 ,i exam9e1 ) ! utmo/ accuracy1 ^? objects :i* are commonly d5om9at$ causes & effects1 ,i f9d1 9 consid]+ a s+le in/ance1 t ! "o object is prec$5t & contigu\s to ! o!r2 & 9 enl>g+ my view to consid] sev]al in/ances1 ,i f9d only t l objects are con/antly plac$ 9 l relations ( succession & contiguity4 ,aga91 :5 ,i consid] ! influ5ce ( ?is con/ant conjunction1 ,i p]ceive t su* a relation c nev] be an object ( reason+1 & c nev] op]ate ^u ! m9d b by means ( cu/om1 :i* det]m9es ! imag9ation to make a transition f ! idea ( "o object to t ( its usual att5dant1 & f ! impression ( "o to a m lively idea ( ! o!r4 ,h[ev] extraord9>y ^! s5tim5ts may appe>1 ,i ?9k x fruitless to tr\ble myself ) any f>!r inquiry or reason+ ^u ! subject1 b %all repose myself on !m z on e/abli%$ maxims4 ',twill only be prop]1 be=e we leave ?is subject1 to draw "s coroll>ies f x1 by :i* we may remove sev]al prejudices & popul> errors t h v mu* prevail$ 9 philosophy4 ,fir/1 we may le>n1 f ! =ego+ doctr9e1 t all causes are ( ! same k9d1 & t1 9 p>ticul>1 !re is no f\ndation = t di/9ction :i* we sometimes make betwixt effici5t causes1 & causes s9e qua non2 or betwixt effici5t causes1 & =mal1 & mat]ial1 & exempl>y1 & f9al causes4 ,= z our idea ( effici5cy is d]iv$ f ! con/ant conjunction ( two objects1 :]ev] ?is is obs]v$1 ! cause is effici5t2 & :]e x is n1 !re c nev] be a cause ( any k9d4 ,= ! same reason we mu/ reject ! di/9ction betwixt cause & occasion1 :5 suppos$ to signify any ?+ ess5tially diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,if con/ant conjunction be impli$ 9 :at we call occasion1 'tis a real cause2 if n1 'tis no relation at all1 & _c give rise to any argum5t or reason+4 ,secondly1 ! same c\rse ( reason+ w make u conclude1 t !re is b "o k9d ( necessity1 z !re is b "o k9d ( cause1 & t ! common di/9ction betwixt moral & physical necessity is )\t any f\ndation 9 nature4 ,?is cle>ly appe>s f ! prec$5t explication ( necessity4 ',tis ! con/ant conjunction ( objects1 along ) ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d1 :i* con/itutes a physical necessity3 & ! removal ( ^! is ! same ?+ ) *ance4 ,z objects mu/ ei!r be conjo9$ or n1 & z ! m9d mu/ ei!r be det]m9$ or n to pass f "o object to ano!r1 'tis impossible to admit ( any m$ium betwixt *ance & an absolute necessity4 ,9 weak5+ ?is conjunction & det]m9ation y d n *ange ! nature ( ! necessity2 s9ce ev5 9 ! op]ation ( bodies1 ^! h diff]5t degrees ( con/ancy & =ce1 )\t produc+ a diff]5t species ( t relation4 ,! di/9ction1 :i* we (t5 make betwixt p[] & ! ex]cise ( x1 is equally )\t f\ndation4 ,?irdly1 we may n[ be able fully to ov]come all t repugnance1 :i* 'tis s natural = u to ent]ta9 aga9/ ! =ego+ reason+1 by :i* we endeav\r$ to prove1 t ! necessity ( a cause to e beg9n+ ( exi/5ce is n f\nd$ on any argum5ts ei!r demon/rative or intuitive4 ,su* an op9ion w n appe> /range aft] ! =ego+ def9itions4 ,if we def9e a cause to be an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & :]e all ! objects resembl+ ! =m] are plac$ 9 a l relation ( priority & contiguity to ^? objects t resemble ! latt]2 we may easily conceive t !re is no absolute nor metaphysical necessity1 t e beg9n+ ( exi/5ce %\ld be att5d$ ) su* an object4 ,if we def9e a cause to be1 an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & s unit$ ) x 9 ! imag9ation1 t ! idea ( ! "o det]m9es ! m9d to =m ! idea ( ! o!r1 & ! impression ( ! "o to =m a m lively idea ( ! o!r2 we %all make /ill less difficulty ( ass5t+ to ?is op9ion4 ,su* an influ5ce on ! m9d is 9 itself p]fectly extraord9>y & incompreh5sible2 nor c we be c]ta9 ( its reality1 b f exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,i %all add z a f\r? coroll>y1 t we c nev] h reason to believe t any object exi/s1 ( :i* we _c =m an idea4 ,=1 z all our reason+s conc]n+ exi/5ce are d]iv$ f causation1 & z all our reason+s conc]n+ causation are d]iv$ f ! exp]i5c$ conjunction ( objects1 n f any reason+ or reflection1 ! same exp]i5ce mu/ give u a notion ( ^! objects1 & mu/ remove all my/]y f our conclusions4 ,?is is s evid5t t 'tw\ld sc>ce h m]it$ our att5tion1 7 x n to obviate c]ta9 objections ( ?is k9d :i* might arise aga9/ ! foll[+ reason+s conc]n+ matt] & sub/ance4 ,i ne$ n obs]ve1 t a full k ( ! object is n requisite1 b only ( ^? qualities ( x :i* we believe to exi/4 #ab ,sect4 #b4 #ac ,see ,mr ,locke2 *apt] ( ,p[]4 #ad ,see ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 ,book ,,vi4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,*ap4 #c1 & ! illu/rations ^u x4 #ae ,! same imp]fection att5ds our ideas ( ! ,deity2 b ?is c h no effect ei!r on religion or morals4 ,! ord] ( ! univ]se proves an omnipot5t m9d2 t is1 a m9d ^: w is con/antly att5d$ ) ! ob$i5ce ( e creature & be+4 ,no?+ m is requisite to give a f\ndation to all ! articles ( religion2 nor is x necess>y we %\ld =m a di/9ct idea ( ! =ce & en]gy ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 #af ,section #f4 #ag ,"p ,,iv4 sect #e4 ,,section ,,xv4 ,,rules ,,by ,,:i* ,,to ,,judge ,,( ,,causes ,,& ,,effects4 ,accord+ to ! prec$5t doctr9e1 !re are no objects :i*1 by ! m]e survey1 )\t consult+ exp]i5ce1 we c det]m9e to be ! causes ( any o!r2 & no objects :i* we c c]ta9ly det]m9e 9 ! same mann] n to be ! causes4 ,any ?+ may produce any ?+4 ,creation1 annihilation1 motion1 reason1 volition2 all ^! may arise f "o ano!r1 or f any o!r object we c imag9e4 ,nor w ?is appe> /range if we comp>e two pr9ciples expla9$ above1 t ! con/ant conjunction ( objects det]m9es _! causation1#ah & t1 prop]ly speak+1 no objects are contr>y to ea* o!r b exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce4 ,:]e objects are n contr>y1 no?+ h9d]s !m f hav+ t con/ant conjunction on :i* ! relation ( cause & effect totally dep5ds4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 'tis possible = all objects to become causes or effects to ea* o!r1 x may be prop] to fix "s g5]al rules by :i* we may "k :5 !y really are s4 #a4 ,! cause & effect mu/ be contigu\s 9 space & "t4 #b4 ,! cause mu/ be prior to ! effect4 #c4 ,!re mu/ be a con/ant union betwixt ! cause & effect4 ',tis *iefly ?is quality t con/itutes ! relation4 #d4 ,! same cause always produces ! same effect1 & ! same effect nev] arises b f ! same cause4 ,?is pr9ciple we d]ive f exp]i5ce1 & is ! s\rce ( mo/ ( our philosophical reason+s4 ,= :5 by any cle> exp]im5t we h discov]$ ! causes or effects ( any ph5om5on1 we imm$iately ext5d our obs]vation to e ph5om5on ( ! same k9d1 )\t wait+ = t con/ant repetition1 f :i* ! fir/ idea ( ?is relation is d]iv$4 #e4 ,!re is ano!r pr9ciple :i* hangs ^u ?is1 viz4 t :]e sev]al diff]5t objects produce ! same effect1 x mu/ be by means ( "s quality :i* we discov] to be common among/ !m4 ,= z l effects imply l causes1 we mu/ always ascribe ! causation to ! circum/ance :]e9 we discov] ! resemblance4 #f4 ,! foll[+ pr9ciple is f\nd$ on ! same reason4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! effects ( two resembl+ objects mu/ proce$ f t p>ticul> 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,= z l causes always produce l effects1 :5 9 any in/ance we f9d our expectation to be disappo9t$1 we mu/ conclude t ?is irregul>ity proce$s f "s diff]5ce 9 ! causes4 #g4 ,:5 any object increases or dim9i%es ) ! increase or dim9ution ( its cause1 'tis to be reg>d$ z a comp\nd$ effect1 d]iv$ f ! union ( ! sev]al diff]5t effects :i* arise f ! sev]al diff]5t p>ts ( ! cause4 ,! abs5ce or pres5ce ( "o "p ( ! cause is "h suppos$ to be always att5d$ ) ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a proportionable "p ( ! effect4 ,?is con/ant conjunction suffici5tly proves t ! "o "p is ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 bew>e n to draw su* a conclusion f a few exp]im5ts4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( heat gives pleasure2 if y dim9i% t heat1 ! pleasure dim9i%es2 b x does n foll[1 t if y augm5t x beyond a c]ta9 degree1 ! pleasure w likewise augm5t2 = we f9d t x deg5]ates into pa94 #h4 ,! eigh? & la/ rule ,i %all take notice ( is1 t an object1 :i* exi/s = any "t 9 its full p]fection )\t any effect1 is n ! sole cause ( t effect1 b requires to be assi/$ by "s o!r pr9ciple1 :i* may =w>d its influ5ce & op]ation4 ,= z l effects necess>ily foll[ f l causes1 & 9 a contigu\s "t & place1 _! sep>ation = a mom5t %[s t ^! causes are n complete ones4 ,"h is all ! logic ,i ?9k prop] to employ 9 my reason+2 & p]haps ev5 ?is 0 n v necess>y1 b might h be5 suppli$ by ! natural pr9ciples ( our und]/&+4 ,our s*ola/ic headpieces & logicians %[ no su* sup]iority above ! m]e vulg> 9 _! reason & ability1 z to give u any incl9ation to imitate !m 9 deliv]+ a long sy/em ( rules & precepts to direct our judgm5t 9 philosophy4 ,all ! rules ( ?is nature are v easy 9 _! inv5tion1 b extremely difficult 9 _! application2 & ev5 exp]im5tal philosophy1 :i* seems ! mo/ natural & simple ( any1 requires ! utmo/ /ret* ( human judgm5t4 ,!re is no ph5om5on 9 nature b :at is comp\nd$ & modifi$ by s _m diff]5t circum/ances1 t1 9 ord] to arrive at ! decisive po9t1 we mu/ c>efully sep>ate :atev] is sup]flu\s1 & inquire1 by new exp]im5ts1 if e p>ticul> circum/ance ( ! fir/ exp]im5t 0 ess5tial to x4 ,^! new exp]im5ts are liable to a discussion ( ! same k9d2 s t ! utmo/ con/ancy is requir$ to make u p]sev]e 9 our inquiry1 & ! utmo/ sagacity to *use ! "r way among s _m t pres5t !mselves4 ,if ?is be ! case ev5 9 natural philosophy1 h[ mu* m 9 moral1 :]e !re is a mu* great] complication ( circum/ances1 & :]e ^? views & s5tim5ts1 :i* are ess5tial to any action ( ! m9d1 are s implicit & obscure1 t !y (t5 escape our /ricte/ att5tion1 & are n only unacc\ntable 9 _! causes1 b ev5 unkn[n 9 _! exi/5ce8 ,i am mu* afraid1 le/ ! small success ,i meet ) 9 my inquiries1 w make ?is obs]vation be> ! air ( an apology r ?an ( boa/+4 ,if any ?+ c give me security 9 ?is p>ticul>1 'twill be ! enl>g+ ! sph]e ( my exp]im5ts z mu* z possible2 = :i* reason1 x may be prop]1 9 ?is place1 to exam9e ! reason+ faculty ( brutes1 z well z t ( human creatures4 #ah ,"p ,i4 ,sect #e4 ,,section ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,reason ,,( ,,animals4 ,next to ! ridicule ( d5y+ an evid5t tru?1 is t ( tak+ mu* pa9s to def5d x2 & no tru? appe>s to me m evid5t1 ?an t ! bea/s are end[$ ) ?\ght & reason z well z m54 ,! argum5ts are 9 ?is case s obvi\s1 t !y nev] escape ! mo/ /upid & ignorant4 ,we are consci\s1 t we ourselves1 9 adapt+ means to ends1 are guid$ by reason & design1 & t 'tis n ignorantly nor casually we p]=m ^? actions :i* t5d to self-pres]vation1 to ! obta9+ pleasure1 & avoid+ pa94 ,:51 !re=e1 we see o!r creatures1 9 millions ( in/ances1 p]=m l actions1 & direct !m to l ends1 all our pr9ciples ( reason & probability c>ry u ) an inv9cible =ce to believe ! exi/5ce ( a l cause4 ',tis ne$less1 9 my op9ion1 to illu/rate ?is argum5t by ! enum]ation ( p>ticul>s4 ,! smalle/ att5tion w supply u ) m ?an are requisite4 ,! resemblance betwixt ! actions ( animals & ^? ( m5 is s entire1 9 ?is respect1 t ! v fir/ action ( ! fir/ animal we %all please to pit* on1 w af=d u an inconte/able argum5t = ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,?is doctr9e is z useful z x is obvi\s1 & furni%es u ) a k9d ( t\*/one1 by :i* we may try e sy/em 9 ?is species ( philosophy4 ',tis f ! resemblance ( ! ext]nal actions ( animals to ^? we ourselves p]=m1 t we judge _! int]nal likewise to resemble ours2 & ! same pr9ciple ( reason+1 c>ri$ "o /ep f>!r1 w make u conclude1 t1 s9ce our int]nal actions resemble ea* o!r1 ! causes1 f :i* !y are d]iv$1 mu/ also be resembl+4 ,:5 any hypo!sis1 !re=e1 is advanc$ to expla9 a m5tal op]ation1 :i* is common to m5 & bea/s1 we mu/ apply ! same hypo!sis to bo?2 & z e true hypo!sis w abide ?is trial1 s ,i may v5ture to affirm1 t no false "o w ev] be able to endure x4 ,! common defect ( ^? sy/ems1 :i* philosoph]s h employ$ to acc\nt = ! actions ( ! m9d1 is1 t !y suppose su* a subtility & ref9em5t ( ?\ght1 z n only exce$s ! capacity ( m]e animals1 b ev5 ( *ildr5 & ! common p 9 our own species2 :o are1 not)/&+1 susceptible ( ! same emotions & affections z p]sons ( ! mo/ accompli%$ g5ius & und]/&+4 ,su* a subtility is a cle> pro( ( ! falsehood1 z ! contr>y simplicity ( ! tru?1 ( any sy/em4 ,let u1 !re=e1 put our pres5t sy/em1 conc]n+ ! nature ( ! und]/&+1 to ?is decisive trial1 & see :e!r x w equally acc\nt = ! reason+s ( bea/s z = ^? ( ! human species4 ,"h we mu/ make a di/9ction betwixt ^? actions ( animals1 :i* are ( a vulg> nature1 & seem to be on a level ) _! common capacities1 & ^? m extraord9>y in/ances ( sagacity1 :i* !y sometimes discov] = _! own pres]vation1 & ! propagation ( _! species4 ,a dog t avoids fire & precipices1 t %uns /rang]s1 & c>esses 8 ma/]1 af=ds u an in/ance ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,a bird1 t *uses ) su* c>e & nicety ! place & mat]ials ( h] ne/1 & sits ^u h] eggs = a due "t1 & 9 a suitable season1 ) all ! precaution t a *emi/ is capable ( 9 ! mo/ delicate projection1 furni%es u ) a lively in/ance ( ! second4 ,z to ! =m] actions1 ,i ass]t !y proce$ f a reason+1 t is n 9 itself diff]5t1 nor f\nd$ on diff]5t pr9ciples1 f t :i* appe>s 9 human nature4 ',tis necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !re be "s impression imm$iately pres5t to _! memory or s5ses1 9 ord] to be ! f\ndation ( _! judgm5t4 ,f ! tone ( voice ! dog inf]s 8 ma/]'s ang]1 & =esees 8 own puni%m5t4 ,f a c]ta9 s5sation affect+ 8 smell1 he judges 8 game n to be f> di/ant f him4 ,secondly1 ! inf]5ce he draws f ! pres5t impression is built on exp]i5ce1 & on 8 obs]vation ( ! conjunction ( objects 9 pa/ in/ances4 ,z y v>y ?is exp]i5ce1 he v>ies 8 reason+4 ,make a beat+ foll[ ^u "o sign or motion = "s "t1 & aft]w>ds ^u ano!r2 & he w successively draw diff]5t conclusions1 accord+ to 8 mo/ rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 let any philosoph] make a trial1 & endeav\r to expla9 t act ( ! m9d :i* we call belief1 & give an acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples f :i* x is d]iv$1 indep5d5t ( ! influ5ce ( cu/om on ! imag9ation1 & let 8 hypo!sis be equally applicable to bea/s z to ! human species2 &1 aft] he has done ?is1 ,i promise to embrace 8 op9ion4 ,b1 at ! same "t ,i dem& z an equitable condition1 t if my sy/em be ! only "o1 :i* c answ] to all ^! t]ms1 x may be receiv$ z entirely satisfactory & conv9c+4 ,& t 'tis ! only "o1 is evid5t almo/ )\t any reason+4 ,bea/s c]ta9ly nev] p]ceive any real connexion among objects4 ',tis !re=e by exp]i5ce !y inf] "o f ano!r4 ,!y c nev] by any argum5ts =m a g5]al conclusion1 t ^? objects ( :i* !y h _h no exp]i5ce1 resemble ^? ( :i* !y h4 ',tis !re=e by means ( cu/om alone t exp]i5ce op]ates ^u !m4 ,all ?is 0 suffici5tly evid5t ) respect to man4 ,b ) respect to bea/s !re _c be ! lea/ suspicion ( mi/ake2 :i* mu/ be own$ to be a /rong confirmation1 or r an inv9cible pro( ( my sy/em4 ,no?+ %[s m ! =ce ( habit 9 reconcil+ u to any ph5om5on1 ?an ?is1 t m5 are n a/oni%$ at ! op]ations ( _! own reason1 at ! same "t t !y admire ! in/9ct ( animals1 & f9d a difficulty 9 expla9+ x1 m]ely because x _c be r$uc$ to ! v same pr9ciples4 ,to consid] ! matt] aright1 reason is no?+ b a wond]ful & un9telligible in/9ct 9 our s\ls1 :i* c>ries u along a c]ta9 tra9 ( ideas1 & end[s !m ) p>ticul> qualities1 accord+ to _! p>ticul> situations & relations4 ,?is in/9ct1 'tis true1 arises f pa/ obs]vation & exp]i5ce2 b c any "o give ! ultimate reason1 :y pa/ exp]i5ce & obs]vation produces su* an effect1 any m ?an :y nature alone %\ld produce x8 ,nature may c]ta9ly produce :atev] c arise f habit3 nay1 habit is no?+ b "o ( ! pr9ciples ( nature1 & d]ives all its =ce f t orig94 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,sceptical ,,& ,,o!r ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,scepticism ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,reason4 ,9 all demon/rative sci5ces ! rules are c]ta9 & infallible2 b :5 we apply !m1 our fallible & unc]ta9 faculties are v apt to dep>t f !m1 & fall into error4 ,we mu/ !re=e 9 e reason+ =m a new judgm5t1 z a *eck or control on our fir/ judgm5t or belief2 & mu/ enl>ge our view to compreh5d a k9d ( hi/ory ( all ! in/ances1 :]e9 our und]/&+ has deceiv$ u1 comp>$ ) ^? :]e9 its te/imony 0 j & true4 ,our reason mu/ be consid]$ z a k9d ( cause1 ( :i* tru? is ! natural effect2 b su* a "o z1 by ! irruption ( o!r causes1 & by ! incon/ancy ( our m5tal p[]s1 may frequ5tly be prev5t$4 ,by ?is means all k deg5]ates into probability2 & ?is probability is great] or less1 accord+ to our exp]i5ce ( ! v]acity or deceitfulness ( our und]/&+1 & accord+ to ! simplicity or intricacy ( ! "q4 ,!re is no algebrai/ nor ma!matician s exp]t 9 8 sci5ce1 z to place entire confid5ce 9 any tru? imm$iately ^u 8 discov]y ( x1 or reg>d x z any ?+ b a m]e probability4 ,e "t he runs ov] 8 pro(s1 8 confid5ce increases2 b /ill m by ! approbation ( 8 fri5ds2 & is rais$ to its utmo/ p]fection by ! univ]sal ass5t & applauses ( ! le>n$ _w4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t t ?is gradual increase ( assurance is no?+ b ! addition ( new probabilities1 & is d]iv$ f ! con/ant union ( causes & effects1 accord+ to pa/ exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,9 acc\nts ( any l5g? or importance1 m]*ants seldom tru/ to ! infallible c]ta9ty ( numb]s = _! security2 b by ! artificial /ructure ( ! acc\nts1 produce a probability beyond :at is d]iv$ f ! skill & exp]i5ce ( ! acc\ntant4 ,= t is pla9ly ( itself "s degree ( probability2 ?\gh unc]ta9 & v>iable1 accord+ to ! degrees ( 8 exp]i5ce & l5g? ( ! acc\nt4 ,n[ z none w ma9ta91 t our assurance 9 a long num]ation exce$s probability1 ,i may safely affirm1 t !re sc>ce is any proposition conc]n+ numb]s1 ( :i* we c h a full] security4 ,= 'tis easily possible1 by gradually dim9i%+ ! numb]s1 to r$uce ! longe/ s]ies ( addition to ! mo/ simple "q :i* c be =m$1 to an addition ( two s+le numb]s2 & ^u ?is supposition we %all f9d x impracticable to %[ ! precise limits ( k & ( probability1 or discov] t p>ticul> numb] at :i* ! "o ends & ! o!r beg9s4 ,b k & probability are ( su* contr>y & disagree+ natures1 t !y _c well run ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 & t because !y w n divide1 b mu/ be ei!r entirely pres5t1 or entirely abs5t4 ,besides1 if any s+le addition 7 c]ta91 e "o w\ld be s1 & consequ5tly ! :ole or total sum2 unless ! :ole c be diff]5t f all its p>ts4 ,i _h almo/ said1 t ?is 0 c]ta92 b ,i reflect t x mu/ r$uce itself1 z well z e o!r reason+1 & f k deg5]ate into probability4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 all k resolves itself into probability1 & becomes at la/ ( ! same nature ) t evid5ce :i* we employ 9 common life1 we mu/ n[ exam9e ?is latt] species ( reason+1 & see on :at f\ndation x /&s4 ,9 e judgm5t :i* we c =m conc]n+ probability1 z well z conc]n+ k1 we ought always to correct ! fir/ judgm5t1 d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! object1 by ano!r judgm5t1 d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! und]/&+4 ',tis c]ta9 a man ( solid s5se & long exp]i5ce ought to h1 & usually has1 a great] assurance 9 8 op9ions1 ?an "o t is fooli% & ignorant1 & t our s5tim5ts h diff]5t degrees ( au?ority1 ev5 ) ourselves1 9 proportion to ! degrees ( our reason & exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! man ( ! be/ s5se & longe/ exp]i5ce1 ?is au?ority is nev] entire2 s9ce ev5 su* a "o mu/ be consci\s ( _m errors 9 ! pa/1 & mu/ /ill dread ! l = ! future4 ,"h !n arises a new species ( probability to correct & regulate ! fir/1 & fix its j /&>d & proportion4 ,z demon/ration is subject to ! control ( probability1 s is probability liable to a new correction by a reflex act ( ! m9d1 :]e9 ! nature ( our und]/&+1 & our reason+ f ! fir/ probability1 become our objects4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd 9 e probability1 beside ! orig9al unc]ta9ty inh]5t 9 ! subject1 a new unc]ta9ty1 d]iv$ f ! weakness ( t faculty :i* judges1 & hav+ adju/$ ^! two toge!r1 we are oblig$ by our reason to add a new d\bt1 d]iv$ f ! possibility ( error 9 ! e/imation we make ( ! tru? & fidelity ( our faculties4 ,?is is a d\bt :i* imm$iately occurs to u1 & ( :i*1 if we w\ld closely pursue our reason1 we _c avoid giv+ a decision4 ,b ?is decision1 ?\gh x %\ld be fav\rable to our prec$+ judgm5t1 be+ f\nd$ only on probability1 mu/ weak5 /ill fur!r our fir/ evid5ce1 & mu/ itself be weak5$ by a f\r? d\bt ( ! same k9d1 & s on 9 inf9itum2 till at la/ !re rema9 no?+ ( ! orig9al probability1 h[ev] great we may suppose x to h be51 & h[ev] small ! dim9ution by e new unc]ta9ty4 ,no f9ite object c subsi/ "u a decrease repeat$ 9 inf9itum2 & ev5 ! va/e/ quantity1 :i* c ent] into human imag9ation1 mu/ 9 ?is mann] be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,let our fir/ belief be nev] s /rong1 x mu/ infallibly p]i%1 by pass+ ?r\gh s _m new exam9ations1 ( :i* ea* dim9i%es some:at ( its =ce & vig\r4 ,:5 ,i reflect on ! natural fallibility ( my judgm5t1 ,i h less confid5ce 9 my op9ions1 ?an :5 ,i only consid] ! objects conc]n+ :i* ,i reason2 & :5 ,i proce$ /ill f>!r1 to turn ! scrut9y aga9/ e successive e/imation ,i make ( my faculties1 all ! rules ( logic require a cont9ual dim9ution1 & at la/ a total ext9ction ( belief & evid5ce4 ,%\ld x "h be ask$ me1 :e!r ,i s9c]ely ass5t to ?is argum5t1 :i* ,i seem to take su* pa9s to inculcate1 & :e!r ,i be really "o ( ^? sceptics1 :o hold t all is unc]ta91 & t our judgm5t is n 9 any ?+ possess$ ( any measures ( tru? & falsehood2 ,i %\ld reply1 t ?is "q is entirely sup]flu\s1 & t nei!r ,i1 nor any o!r p]son1 0 ev] s9c]ely & con/antly ( t op9ion4 ,nature1 by an absolute & uncontrollable necessity1 has det]m9$ u to judge z well z to brea! & feel2 nor c we any m =be> view+ c]ta9 objects 9 a /rong] & full] light1 ^u acc\nt ( _! cu/om>y connexion ) a pres5t impression1 ?an we c h9d] ourselves f ?9k+1 z long z we are awake1 or see+ ! surr\nd+ bodies1 :5 we turn our eyes t[>ds !m 9 broad sun%9e4 ,:oev] has tak5 ! pa9s to refute ! cavils ( ?is total scepticism1 has really disput$ )\t an antagoni/1 & endeav\r$ by argum5ts to e/abli% a faculty1 :i* nature has antec$5tly implant$ 9 ! m9d1 & r5d]$ unavoidable4 ,my int5tion !n 9 display+ s c>efully ! argum5ts ( t fanta/ic sect1 is only to make ! read] s5sible ( ! tru? ( my hypo!sis1 t all our reason+s conc]n+ causes & effects1 are d]iv$ f no?+ b cu/om2 & t belief is m prop]ly an act ( ! s5sitive1 ?an ( ! cogitative "p ( our natures4 ,i h "h prov$1 t ! v same pr9ciples1 :i* make u =m a decision ^u any subject1 & correct t decision by ! consid]ation ( our g5ius & capacity1 & ( ! situation ( our m9d1 :5 we exam9$ t subject2 ,i say1 ,i h prov$1 t ^! same pr9ciples1 :5 c>ri$ f>!r1 & appli$ to e new reflex judgm5t1 mu/1 by cont9ually dim9i%+ ! orig9al evid5ce1 at la/ r$uce x to no?+1 & utt]ly subv]t all belief & op9ion4 ,if belief1 !re=e1 7 a simple act ( ! ?\ght1 )\t any peculi> mann] ( conception1 or ! addition or a =ce & vivacity1 x mu/ infallibly de/roy itself1 & 9 e case t]m9ate 9 a total susp5se ( judgm5t4 ,b z exp]i5ce w suffici5tly conv9ce any "o1 :o ?9ks x wor? :ile to try1 t ?\gh he c f9d no error 9 ! =ego+ argum5ts1 yet he /ill cont9ues to believe1 & ?9k1 & reason1 z usual1 he may safely conclude1 t 8 reason+ & belief is "s s5sation or peculi> mann] ( conception1 :i* 'tis impossible = m]e ideas & reflections to de/roy4 ,b "h1 p]haps1 x may be dem&$1 h[ x happ5s1 ev5 ^u my hypo!sis1 t ^! argum5ts above expla9$ produce n a total susp5se ( judgm5t1 & aft] :at mann] ! m9d ev] reta9s a degree ( assurance 9 any subject8 ,= z ^! new probabilities1 :i*1 by _! repetition1 p]petually dim9i% ! orig9al evid5ce1 are f\nd$ on ! v same pr9ciples1 :e!r ( ?\ght or s5sation1 z ! prim>y judgm5t1 x may seem unavoidable1 t 9 ei!r case !y mu/ equally subv]t x1 & by ! opposition1 ei!r ( contr>y ?\ghts or s5sations1 r$uce ! m9d to a total unc]ta9ty4 ,i suppose !re is "s "q propos$ to me1 & t1 aft] revolv+ ov] ! impressions ( my memory & s5ses1 & c>ry+ my ?\ghts f !m to su* objects z are commonly conjo9$ ) !m1 ,i feel a /rong] & m =cible conception on ! "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,?is /rong conception =ms my fir/ decision4 ,i suppose1 t aft]w>ds ,i exam9e my judgm5t itself1 & obs]v+1 f exp]i5ce1 t 'tis sometimes j & sometimes errone\s1 ,i consid] x z regulat$ by contr>y pr9ciples or causes1 ( :i* "s lead to tru?1 & "s to error2 & 9 balanc+ ^! contr>y causes1 ,i dim9i%1 by a new probability1 ! assurance ( my fir/ decision4 ,?is new probability is liable to ! same dim9ution z ! =ego+1 & s on1 9 inf9itum4 ',tis !re=e dem&$1 h[ x happ5s1 t1 ev5 aft] all1 we reta9 a degree ( belief1 :i* is suffici5t = our purpose1 ei!r 9 philosophy or common life8 ,i answ]1 t aft] ! fir/ & second decision1 z ! action ( ! m9d becomes =c$ & unnatural1 & ! ideas fa9t & obscure1 ?\gh ! pr9ciples ( judgm5t1 & ! balanc+ ( opposite causes be ! same z at ! v beg9n+1 yet _! influ5ce on ! imag9ation1 & ! vig\r !y add to1 or dim9i% f1 ! ?\ght1 is by no means equal4 ,:]e ! m9d rea*es n its objects ) eas9ess & facility1 ! same pr9ciples h n ! same effect z 9 a m natural conception ( ! ideas2 nor does ! imag9ation feel a s5sation1 :i* holds any proportion ) t :i* arises f its common judgm5ts & op9ions4 ,! att5tion is on ! /ret*2 ! po/ure ( ! m9d is uneasy2 & ! spirits be+ div]t$ f _! natural c\rse1 are n gov]n$ 9 _! movem5ts by ! same laws1 at lea/ n to ! same degree1 z :5 !y fl[ 9 _! usual *annel4 ,if we desire simil> in/ances1 'twill n be v difficult to f9d !m4 ,! pres5t subject ( metaphysics w supply u abundantly4 ,! same argum5t1 :i* w\ld h be5 e/eem$ conv9c+ 9 a reason+ conc]n+ hi/ory or politics1 has little or no influ5ce 9 ^! ab/rus] subjects1 ev5 ?\gh x be p]fectly compreh5d$2 & t because !re is requir$ a /udy & an ef=t ( ?\ght1 9 ord] to its be+ compreh5d$3 & ?is ef=t ( ?\ght di/urbs ! op]ation ( our s5tim5ts1 on :i* ! belief dep5ds4 ,! case is ! same 9 o!r subjects4 ,! /ra9+ ( ! imag9ation always h9d]s ! regul> fl[+ ( ! passions & s5tim5ts4 ,a tragic poet1 t w\ld repres5t 8 h]oes z v +5i\s & witty 9 _! mis=tunes1 w\ld nev] t\* ! passions4 ,z ! emotions ( ! s\l prev5t any subtile reason+ & reflection1 s ^! latt] actions ( ! m9d are equally prejudicial to ! =m]4 ,! m9d1 z well z ! body1 seems to be end[$ ) a c]ta9 precise degree ( =ce & activity1 :i* x nev] employs 9 "o action1 b at ! exp5se ( all ! re/4 ,?is is m evid5tly true1 :]e ! actions are ( q diff]5t natures2 s9ce 9 t case ! =ce ( ! m9d is n only div]t$1 b ev5 ! disposition *ang$1 s z to r5d] u incapable ( a sudd5 transition f "o action to ! o!r1 & /ill m ( p]=m+ bo? at once4 ,no wond]1 !n1 ! conviction1 :i* arises f a subtile reason+1 dim9i%es 9 proportion to ! ef=ts :i* ! imag9ation makes to ent] into ! reason+1 & to conceive x 9 all its p>ts4 ,belief1 be+ a lively conception1 c nev] be entire1 :]e x is n f\nd$ on some?+ natural & easy4 ,?is ,i take to be ! true /ate ( ! "q1 & _c approve ( t exp$iti\s way1 :i* "s take ) ! sceptics1 to reject at once all _! argum5ts )\t inquiry or exam9ation4 ,if ! sceptical reason+s be /rong1 say !y1 'tis a pro( t reason may h "s =ce & au?ority3 if weak1 !y c nev] be suffici5t to invalidate all ! conclusions ( our und]/&+4 ,?is argum5t is n j2 because ! sceptical reason+s1 7 x possible = !m to exi/1 & 7 !y n de/roy$ by _! subtilty1 w\ld be successively bo? /rong & weak1 accord+ to ! successive dispositions ( ! m9d4 ,reason fir/ appe>s 9 possession ( ! ?rone1 prescrib+ laws1 & impos+ maxims1 ) an absolute sway & au?ority4 ,h] enemy1 !re=e1 is oblig$ to take %elt] "u h] protection1 & by mak+ use ( rational argum5ts to prove ! fallaci\sness & imbecility ( reason1 produces1 9 a mann]1 a pat5t "u h] h& & seal4 ,?is pat5t has at fir/ an au?ority1 proportion$ to ! pres5t & imm$iate au?ority ( reason1 f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,b z x is suppos$ to be contradictory to reason1 x gradually dim9i%es ! =ce ( t gov]n+ p[] & its own at ! same "t2 till at la/ !y bo? vani% away into no?+1 by a regul> & j dim9ution4 ,! sceptical & dogmatical reasons are ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh contr>y 9 _! op]ation & t5d5cy2 s t :]e ! latt] is /rong1 x has an enemy ( equal =ce 9 ! =m] to enc\nt]2 & z _! =ces 7 at fir/ equal1 !y /ill cont9ue s1 z long z ei!r ( !m subsi/s2 nor does "o ( !m lose any =ce 9 ! conte/1 )\t tak+ z mu* f its antagoni/4 ',tis happy1 !re=e1 t nature breaks ! =ce ( all sceptical argum5ts 9 "t1 & keeps !m f hav+ any consid]able influ5ce on ! und]/&+4 ,7 we to tru/ entirely to _! self-de/ruction1 t c nev] take place1 'till !y h fir/ subv]t$ all conviction1 & h totally de/roy$ human reason4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,scepticism ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,s5ses4 ,?us ! sceptic /ill cont9ues to reason & believe1 ev5 ?\gh he ass]ts t he _c def5d 8 reason by reason2 & by ! same rule he mu/ ass5t to ! pr9ciple conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( body1 ?\gh he _c pret5d1 by any argum5ts ( philosophy1 to ma9ta9 its v]acity4 ,nature has n left ?is to 8 *oice1 & has d\btless e/eem$ x an affair ( too great importance1 to be tru/$ to our unc]ta9 reason+s & speculations4 ,we may well ask1 ,:at causes induce u to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( body8 b 'tis 9 va9 to ask1 ,:e!r !re be body or n8 ,t is a po9t1 :i* we mu/ take = grant$ 9 all our reason+s4 ,! subject1 !n1 ( our pres5t inquiry1 is conc]n+ ! causes :i* induce u to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( body3 & my reason+s on ?is head ,i %all beg9 ) a di/9ction1 :i* at fir/ sight may seem sup]flu\s1 b :i* w contribute v mu* to ! p]fect und]/&+ ( :at foll[s4 ,we ought to exam9e ap>t ^? two que/ions1 :i* are commonly conf\nd$ toge!r1 viz4 ,:y we attribute a cont9u$ exi/5ce to objects1 ev5 :5 !y are n pres5t to ! s5ses2 & :y we suppose !m to h an exi/5ce di/9ct f ! m9d & p]ception8 ,"u ?is la/ head ,i compreh5d _! situation z well z relations1 _! ext]nal position z well z ! indep5d5ce ( _! exi/5ce & op]ation4 ,^! two que/ions conc]n+ ! cont9u$ & di/9ct exi/5ce ( body are intimately connect$ toge!r4 ,= if ! objects ( our s5ses cont9ue to exi/1 ev5 :5 !y are n p]ceiv$1 _! exi/5ce is ( c\rse indep5d5t ( & di/9ct f ! p]ception2 & vice v]sa1 if _! exi/5ce be indep5d5t ( ! p]ception1 & di/9ct f x1 !y mu/ cont9ue to exi/1 ev5 ?\gh !y be n p]ceiv$4 ,b ?\gh ! decision ( ! "o "q decides ! o!r2 yet t we may ! m easily discov] ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 f :5ce ! decision arises1 we %all c>ry along ) u ?is di/9ction1 & %all consid]1 :e!r x be ! s5ses1 reason1 or ! imag9ation1 t produces ! op9ion ( a cont9u$ or ( a di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,^! are ! only que/ions t are intelligible on ! pres5t subject4 ,= z to ! notion ( ext]nal exi/5ce1 :5 tak5 = some?+ specifically diff]5t f our p]ceptions1 we h already %[n its absurdity4#a ,to beg9 ) ! s5ses1'tis evid5t ^! faculties are incapable ( giv+ rise to ! notion ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( _! objects1 aft] !y no long] appe> to ! s5ses4 ,= t is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 & supposes t ! s5ses cont9ue to op]ate1 ev5 aft] !y h ceas$ all mann] ( op]ation4 ,^! faculties1 !re=e1 if !y h any influ5ce 9 ! pres5t case1 mu/ produce ! op9ion ( a di/9ct1 n ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce2 & 9 ord] to t1 mu/ pres5t _! impressions ei!r z images & repres5tations1 or z ^! v di/9ct & ext]nal exi/5ces4 ,t our s5ses (f] n _! impressions z ! images ( some?+ di/9ct1 or indep5d5t1 & ext]nal1 is evid5t2 because !y convey to u no?+ b a s+le p]ception1 & nev] give u ! lea/ intimation ( any ?+ beyond4 ,a s+le p]ception c nev] produce ! idea ( a d\ble exi/5ce1 b by "s inf]5ce ei!r ( ! reason or imag9ation4 ,:5 ! m9d looks f>!r ?an :at imm$iately appe>s to x1 its conclusions c nev] be put to ! acc\nt ( ! s5ses2 & x c]ta9ly looks f>!r1 :5 f a s+le p]ception x inf]s a d\ble exi/5ce1 & supposes ! relations ( resemblance & causation betwixt !m4 ,if our s5ses1 !re=e1 sugge/ any idea ( di/9ct exi/5ces1 !y mu/ convey ! impressions z ^? v exi/5ces1 by a k9d ( fallacy & illusion4 ,^u ?is head we may obs]ve1 t all s5sations are felt by ! m9d1 su* z !y really are1 & t1 :5 we d\bt :e!r !y pres5t !mselves z di/9ct objects1 or z m]e impressions1 ! difficulty is n conc]n+ _! nature1 b conc]n+ _! relations & situation4 ,n[1 if ! s5ses pres5t$ our impressions z ext]nal to1 & indep5d5t ( ourselves1 bo? ! objects & ourselves mu/ be obvi\s to our s5ses1 o!rwise !y c\ld n be comp>$ by ^! faculties4 ,! difficulty !n1 is1 h[ f> we are ourselves ! objects ( our s5ses4 ',tis c]ta9 !re is no "q 9 philosophy m ab/ruse ?an t conc]n+ id5tity1 & ! nature ( ! unit+ pr9ciple1 :i* con/itutes a p]son4 ,s f> f be+ able by our s5ses m]ely to det]m9e ?is "q1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! mo/ pr(\nd metaphysics to give a satisfactory answ] to x2 & 9 common life 'tis evid5t ^! ideas ( self & p]son are nev] v fix$ nor det]m9ate4 ',tis absurd !re=e to imag9e ! s5ses c ev] di/+ui% betwixt ourselves & ext]nal objects4 ,add to ?is1 t e impression1 ext]nal & int]nal1 passions1 affections1 s5sations1 pa9s & pleasures1 are orig9ally on ! same foot+2 & t :atev] o!r diff]5ces we may obs]ve among !m1 !y appe>1 all ( !m1 9 _! true col\rs1 z impressions or p]ceptions4 ,& inde$1 if we consid] ! matt] aright1 'tis sc>ce possible x %\ld be o!rwise2 nor is x conceivable t our s5ses %\ld be m capable ( deceiv+ u 9 ! situation & relations1 ?an 9 ! nature ( our impressions4 ,= s9ce all actions & s5sations ( ! m9d are kn[n to u by consci\sness1 !y mu/ necess>ily appe> 9 e p>ticul> :at !y are1 & be :at !y appe>4 ,e ?+ t ent]s ! m9d1 be+ 9 reality z ! p]ception1 'tis impossible any ?+ %\ld to feel+ appe> diff]5t4 ,?is 7 to suppose1 t ev5 :]e we are mo/ intimately consci\s1 we might be mi/ak54 ,b n to lose "t 9 exam9+1 :e!r 'tis possible = our s5ses to deceive u1 & repres5t our p]ceptions z di/9ct f ourselves1 t is1 z ext]nal to & indep5d5t ( u2 let u consid] :e!r !y really d s1 & :e!r ?is error proce$s f an imm$iate s5sation1 or f "s o!r causes4 ,to beg9 ) ! "q conc]n+ ext]nal exi/5ce1 x may p]haps be said1 t sett+ aside ! metaphysical "q ( ! id5tity ( a ?9k+ sub/ance1 our own body evid5tly belongs to u2 & z sev]al impressions appe> ext]ior to ! body1 we suppose !m also ext]ior to ourselves4 ,! pap]1 on :i* ,i write at pres5t1 is beyond my h&4 ,! table is beyond ! pap]4 ,! walls ( ! *amb] beyond ! table4 ,& 9 ca/+ my eye t[>ds ! w9d[1 ,i p]ceive a great ext5t ( fields & build+s beyond my *amb]4 ,f all ?is x may be inf]r$1 t no o!r faculty is requir$1 beside ! s5ses1 to conv9ce u ( ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( body4 ,b to prev5t ?is inf]5ce1 we ne$ only weigh ! ?ree foll[+ consid]ations4 ,fir/1 t1 prop]ly speak+1 'tis n our body we p]ceive1 :5 we reg>d our limbs & memb]s1 b c]ta9 impressions1 :i* ent] by ! s5ses2 s t ! ascrib+ a real & corporeal exi/5ce to ^! impressions1 or to _! objects1 is an act ( ! m9d z difficult to expla9 z t :i* we exam9e at pres5t4 ,secondly1 s\nds1 & ta/es1 & smells1 ?\gh commonly reg>d$ by ! m9d z cont9u$ indep5d5t qualities1 appe> n to h any exi/5ce 9 ext5sion1 & consequ5tly _c appe> to ! s5ses z situat$ ext]nally to ! body4 ,! reason :y we ascribe a place to !m1 %all be consid]$ aft]w>ds4#b ,?irdly1 ev5 our sight in=ms u n ( di/ance or outness 7s to speak7 imm$iately & )\t a c]ta9 reason+ & exp]i5ce1 z is ackn[l$g$ by ! mo/ rational philosoph]s4 ,z to ! indep5d5cy ( our p]ceptions on ourselves1 ?is c nev] be an object ( ! s5ses2 b any op9ion we =m conc]n+ x1 mu/ be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce & obs]vation3 & we %all see aft]w>ds1 t our conclusions f exp]i5ce are f> f be+ fav\rable to ! doctr9e ( ! indep5d5cy ( our p]ceptions4 ,mean:ile we may obs]ve1 t :5 we talk ( real di/9ct exi/5ces1 we h commonly m 9 our eye _! indep5d5cy ?an ext]nal situation 9 place1 & ?9k an object has a suffici5t reality1 :5 its be+ is un9t]rupt$1 & indep5d5t ( ! incessant revolutions1 :i* we are consci\s ( 9 ourselves4 ,?us to resume :at ,i h said conc]n+ ! s5ses2 !y give u no notion ( cont9u$ exi/5ce1 because !y _c op]ate beyond ! ext5t1 9 :i* !y really op]ate4 ,!y z little produce ! op9ion ( a di/9ct exi/5ce1 because !y nei!r c (f] x to ! m9d z repres5t$1 nor z orig9al4 ,to (f] x z repres5t$1 !y mu/ pres5t bo? an object & an image4 ,to make x appe> z orig9al1 !y mu/ convey a falsehood2 & ?is falsehood mu/ lie 9 ! relations & situation3 9 ord] to :i*1 !y mu/ be able to comp>e ! object ) ourselves2 & ev5 9 t case !y d n1 nor is x possible !y %\ld deceive u4 ,we may !re=e conclude ) c]ta9ty1 t ! op9ion ( a cont9u$ & ( a di/9ct exi/5ce nev] arises f ! s5ses4 ,to confirm ?is1 we may obs]ve1 t !re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( impressions convey$ by ! s5ses4 ,! fir/ are ^? ( ! figure1 bulk1 motion1 & solidity ( bodies4 ,! second1 ^? ( col\rs1 ta/es1 smells1 s\nds1 heat & cold4 ,! ?ird are ! pa9s & pleasures t arise f ! application ( objects to our bodies1 z by ! cutt+ ( our fle% ) /eel1 & su* l4 ,bo? philosoph]s & ! vulg> suppose ! fir/ ( ^! to h a di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,! vulg> only reg>d ! second z on ! same foot+4 ,bo? philosoph]s & ! vulg>1 aga91 e/eem ! ?ird to be m]ely p]ceptions2 &1 consequ5tly1 int]rupt$ & dep5d5t be+s4 ,n[1 'tis evid5t1 t1 :atev] may be our philosophical op9ion1 col\r1 s\nds1 heat & cold1 z f> z appe>s to ! s5ses1 exi/ aft] ! same mann] ) motion & solidity2 & t ! diff]5ce we make betwixt !m1 9 ?is respect1 arises n f ! m]e p]ception4 ,s /rong is ! prejudice = ! di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! =m] qualities1 t :5 ! contr>y op9ion is advanc$ by mod]n philosoph]s1 p imag9e !y c almo/ refute x f _! feel+ & exp]i5ce1 & t _! v s5ses contradict ?is philosophy4 ',tis also evid5t1 t col\rs1 s\nds1 c4 are orig9ally on ! same foot+ ) ! pa9 t arises f /eel1 & pleasure t proce$s f a fire2 & t ! diff]5ce betwixt !m is f\nd$ nei!r on p]ception nor reason1 b on ! imag9ation4 ,= z !y are confess$ to be1 bo? ( !m1 no?+ b p]ceptions aris+ f ! p>ticul> configurations & motions ( ! p>ts ( body1 :]e9 possibly c _! diff]5ce consi/8 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 we may conclude1 t1 z f> z ! s5ses are judges1 all p]ceptions are ! same 9 ! mann] ( _! exi/5ce4 ,we may also obs]ve1 9 ?is in/ance ( s\nds & col\rs1 t we c attribute a di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce to objects )\t ev] consult+ reason1 or weigh+ our op9ions by any philosophical pr9ciples4 ,&1 inde$1 :atev] conv9c+ argum5ts philosoph]s may fancy !y c produce to e/abli% ! belief ( objects indep5d5t ( ! m9d1 'tis obvi\s ^! argum5ts are kn[n b to v few2 & t 'tis n by !m t *ildr51 peasants1 & ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 are induc$ to attribute objects to "s impressions1 & d5y !m to o!rs4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d1 t all ! conclusions :i* ! vulg> =m on ?is head1 are directly contr>y to ^? :i* are confirm$ by philosophy4 ,= philosophy in=ms u1 t e ?+ :i* appe>s to ! m9d1 is no?+ b a p]ception1 & is int]rupt$ & dep5d5t on ! m9d2 :]eas ! vulg> conf\nd p]ceptions & objects1 & attribute a di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce to ! v ?+s !y feel or see4 ,?is s5tim5t1 !n1 z x is entirely unreasonable1 mu/ proce$ f "s o!r faculty ?an ! und]/&+4 ,to :i* we may add1 t1 z long z we take our p]ceptions & objects to be ! same1 we c nev] inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f t ( ! o!r1 nor =m any argum5t f ! relation ( cause & effect2 :i* is ! only "o t c assure u ( matt] ( fact4 ,ev5 aft] we di/+ui% our p]ceptions f our objects1 'twill appe> pres5tly t we are /ill incapable ( reason+ f ! exi/5ce ( "o to t ( ! o!r3 s t1 ^u ! :ole1 our reason nei!r does1 nor is x possible x ev] %\ld1 ^u any supposition1 give u an assurance ( ! cont9u$ & di/9ct exi/5ce ( body4 ,t op9ion mu/ be entirely ow+ to ! imag9ation3 :i* mu/ n[ be ! subject ( our inquiry4 ,s9ce all impressions are int]nal & p]i%+ exi/5ces1 & appe> z su*1 ! notion ( _! di/9ct & cont9u$ exi/5ce mu/ arise f a concurr5ce ( "s ( _! qualities ) ! qualities ( ! imag9ation2 & s9ce ?is notion does n ext5d to all ( !m1 x mu/ arise f c]ta9 qualities peculi> to "s impressions4 ',twill1 !re=e1 be easy = u to discov] ^! qualities by a comp>ison ( ! impressions1 to :i* we attribute a di/9ct & cont9u$ exi/5ce1 ) ^? :i* we reg>d z int]nal & p]i%+4 ,we may obs]ve1 !n1 t 'tis nei!r ^u acc\nt ( ! involunt>9ess ( c]ta9 impressions1 z is commonly suppos$1 nor ( _! sup]ior =ce & viol5ce1 t we attribute to !m a reality & cont9u$ exi/5ce1 :i* we refuse to o!rs t are volunt>y or feeble4 ,= 'tis evid5t1 our pa9s & pleasures1 our passions & affections1 :i* we nev] suppose to h any exi/5ce beyond our p]ception1 op]ate ) great] viol5ce1 & are equally involunt>y1 z ! impressions ( figure & ext5sion1 col\r & s\nd1 :i* we suppose to be p]man5t be+s4 ,! heat ( a fire1 :5 mod]ate1 is suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! fire2 b ! pa9 :i* x causes ^u a ne> approa* is n tak5 to h any be+ except 9 ! p]ception4 ,^! vulg> op9ions1 !n1 be+ reject$1 we mu/ se>* = "s o!r hypo!sis1 by :i* we may discov] ^? peculi> qualities 9 our impressions1 :i* makes u attribute to !m a di/9ct & cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,aft] a little exam9ation1 we %all f9d1 t all ^? objects1 to :i* we attribute a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 h a peculi> con/ancy1 :i* di/+ui%es !m f ! impressions ^: exi/5ce dep5ds ^u our p]ception4 ,^? m\nta9s1 & h\ses1 & trees1 :i* lie at pres5t "u my eye1 h always appe>$ to me 9 ! same ord]2 & :5 ,i lose sight ( !m by %utt+ my eyes or turn+ my head1 ,i soon aft] f9d !m return ^u me )\t ! lea/ alt]ation4 ,my b$ & table1 my books & pap]s1 pres5t !mselves 9 ! same uni=m mann]1 & *ange n ^u acc\nt ( any int]ruption 9 my see+ or p]ceiv+ !m4 ,?is is ! case ) all ! impressions1 ^: objects are suppos$ to h an ext]nal exi/5ce2 & is ! case ) no o!r impressions1 :e!r g5tle or viol5t1 volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,?is con/ancy1 h[ev]1 is n s p]fect z n to admit ( v consid]able exceptions4 ,bodies (t5 *ange _! position & qualities1 &1 aft] a little abs5ce or int]ruption1 may become h>dly kn[able4 ,b "h 'tis obs]vable1 t ev5 9 ^! *anges !y pres]ve a coh]5ce1 & h a regul> dep5d5ce on ea* o!r2 :i* is ! f\ndation ( a k9d ( reason+ f causation1 & produces ! op9ion ( _! cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,:5 ,i return to my *amb] aft] an h\r's abs5ce1 ,i f9d n my fire 9 ! same situation 9 :i* ,i left x2 b !n ,i am accu/om$1 9 o!r in/ances1 to see a l alt]ation produc$ 9 a l "t1 :e!r ,i am pres5t or abs5t1 ne> or remote4 ,?is coh]5ce1 !re=e1 9 _! *anges1 is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ext]nal objects1 z well z _! con/ancy4 ,hav+ f\nd t ! op9ion ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body dep5ds on ! coh]5ce & con/ancy ( c]ta9 impressions1 ,i n[ proce$ to exam9e aft] :at mann] ^! qualities give rise to s extraord9>y an op9ion4 ,to beg9 ) ! coh]5ce2 we may obs]ve1 t ?\gh ^? int]nal impressions1 :i* we reg>d z fleet+ & p]i%+1 h also a c]ta9 coh]5ce or regul>ity 9 _! appe>ances1 yet 'tis ( some:at a diff]5t nature f t :i* we discov] 9 bodies4 ,our passions are f\nd by exp]i5ce to h a mutual connexion )1 & dep5d5ce on ea* o!r2 b on no occasion is x necess>y to suppose t !y h exi/$ & op]at$1 :5 !y 7 n p]ceiv$1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! same dep5d5ce & connexion1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,! case is n ! same ) relation to ext]nal objects4 ,^? require a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 or o!rwise lose1 9 a great measure1 ! regul>ity ( _! op]ation4 ,i am "h seat$ 9 my *amb]1 ) my face to ! fire2 & all ! objects t /rike my s5ses are conta9$ 9 a few y>ds ar\nd me4 ,my memory1 inde$1 in=ms me ( ! exi/5ce ( _m objects2 b1 !n1 ?is in=mation ext5ds n beyond _! pa/ exi/5ce1 nor d ei!r my s5ses or memory give any te/imony to ! cont9uance ( _! be+4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,i am ?us seat$1 & revolve ov] ^! ?\ghts1 ,i he> on a sudd5 a noise z ( a door turn+ ^u its h+es2 & a little aft] see a port]1 :o advances t[>ds me4 ,?is gives occasion to _m new reflections & reason+s4 ,fir/1 ,i nev] h obs]v$ t ?is noise c\ld proce$ f any ?+ b ! motion ( a door2 & !re=e conclude1 t ! pres5t ph5om5on is a contradiction to all pa/ exp]i5ce1 unless ! door1 :i* ,i rememb] on t'o!r side ! *amb]1 be /ill 9 be+4 ,aga91 ,i h always f\nd1 t a human body 0 possess$ ( a quality :i* ,i call gravity1 & :i* h9d]s x f m\nt+ 9 ! air1 z ?is port] mu/ h done to arrive at my *amb]1 unless ! /airs ,i rememb] be n annihilat$ by my abs5ce4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,i receive a lett]1 :i*1 ^u op5+ x1 ,i p]ceive by ! h&writ+ & subscription to h come f a fri5d1 :o says he is two hundr$ leagues di/ant4 ',tis evid5t ,i c nev] acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on1 con=mable to my exp]i5ce 9 o!r in/ances1 )\t spread+ out 9 my m9d ! :ole sea & cont95t betwe5 u1 & suppos+ ! effects & cont9u$ exi/5ce ( po/s & f]ries1 accord+ to my memory & obs]vation4 ,to consid] ^! ph5om5a ( ! port] & lett] 9 a c]ta9 light1 !y are contradictions to common exp]i5ce1 & may be reg>d$ z objections to ^? maxims :i* we =m conc]n+ ! connexions ( causes & effects4 ,i am accu/om$ to he> su* a s\nd1 & see su* an object 9 motion at ! same "t4 ,i h n receiv$1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 bo? ^! p]ceptions4 ,^! obs]vations are contr>y1 unless ,i suppose t ! door /ill rema9s1 & t x 0 op5$ )\t my p]ceiv+ x3 & ?is supposition1 :i* 0 at fir/ entirely arbitr>y & hypo!tical1 acquires a =ce & evid5ce by its be+ ! only "o ^u :i* ,i c reconcile ^! contradictions4 ,!re is sc>ce a mom5t ( my life1 :]e9 !re is n a simil> in/ance pres5t$ to me1 & ,i h n occasion to suppose ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( objects1 9 ord] to connect _! pa/ & pres5t appe>ances1 & give !m su* an union ) ea* o!r1 z ,i h f\nd1 by exp]i5ce1 to be suitable to _! p>ticul> natures & circum/ances4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i am naturally l$ to reg>d ! _w z some?+ real & durable1 & z pres]v+ its exi/5ce1 ev5 :5 x is no long] pres5t to my p]ception4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is conclusion1 f ! coh]5ce ( appe>ances1 may seem to be ( ! same nature ) our reason+s conc]n+ causes & effects1 z be+ d]iv$ f cu/om1 & regulat$ by pa/ exp]i5ce1 we %all f9d1 ^u exam9ation1 t !y are at ! bottom consid]ably diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & t ?is inf]5ce arises f ! und]/&+ & f cu/om1 9 an indirect & oblique mann]4 ,= 'twill readily be all[$1 t s9ce no?+ is ev] really pres5t to ! m9d1 besides its own p]ceptions1 'tis n only impossible t any habit %\ld ev] be acquir$ o!rwise ?an by ! regul> succession ( ^! p]ceptions1 b also t any habit %\ld ev] exce$ t degree ( regul>ity4 ,any degree1 !re=e1 ( regul>ity 9 our p]ceptions1 c nev] be a f\ndation = u to inf] a great] degree ( regul>ity 9 "s objects :i* are n p]ceiv$1 s9ce ?is supposes a contradiction1 viz4 a habit acquir$ by :at 0 nev] pres5t to ! m9d4 ,b1 'tis evid5t t1 :5ev] we inf] ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! objects ( s5se f _! coh]5ce1 & ! frequ5cy ( _! union1 'tis 9 ord] to be/[ on ! objects a great] regul>ity ?an :at is obs]v$ 9 our m]e p]ceptions4 ,we rem>k a connexion betwixt two k9ds ( objects 9 _! pa/ appe>ance to ! s5ses1 b are n able to obs]ve ?is connexion to be p]fectly con/ant1 s9ce ! turn+ ab\t ( our head1 or ! %utt+ ( our eyes1 is able to break x4 ,:at1 !n1 d we suppose 9 ?is case1 b t ^! objects /ill cont9ue _! usual connexion1 not)/&+ _! app>5t int]ruption1 & t ! irregul> appe>ances are jo9$ by some?+ ( :i* we are ins5sible8 ,b z all reason+ conc]n+ matt]s ( fact arises only f cu/om1 & cu/om c only be ! effect ( repeat$ p]ceptions1 ! ext5d+ ( cu/om & reason+ beyond ! p]ceptions c nev] be ! direct & natural effect ( ! con/ant repetition & connexion1 b mu/ arise f ! coop]ation ( "s o!r pr9ciples4 ,i h already obs]v$1#c 9 exam9+ ! f\ndation ( ma!matics1 t ! imag9ation1 :5 set into any tra9 ( ?9k+1 is apt to cont9ue ev5 :5 its object fails x1 &1 l a galley put 9 motion by ! o>s1 c>ries on its c\rse )\t any new impulse4 ,?is ,i h assign$ = ! reason1 :y1 aft] consid]+ sev]al loose /&>ds ( equality1 & correct+ !m by ea* o!r1 we proce$ to imag9e s correct & exact a /&>d ( t relation z is n liable to ! lea/ error or v>iation4 ,! same pr9ciple makes u easily ent]ta9 ?is op9ion ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body4 ,objects h a c]ta9 coh]5ce ev5 z !y appe> to our s5ses2 b ?is coh]5ce is mu* great] & m uni=m if we suppose ! objects to h a cont9u$ exi/5ce2 & z ! m9d is once 9 ! tra9 ( obs]v+ an uni=mity among objects1 x naturally cont9ues till x r5d]s ! uni=mity z complete z possible4 ,! simple supposition ( _! cont9u$ exi/5ce suffices = ?is purpose1 & gives u a notion ( a mu* great] regul>ity among objects1 ?an :at !y h :5 we look no f>!r ?an our s5ses4 ,b :atev] =ce we may ascribe to ?is pr9ciple1 ,i am afraid 'tis too weak to support alone s va/ an edifice z is t ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( all ext]nal bodies2 & t we mu/ jo9 ! con/ancy ( _! appe>ance to ! coh]5ce1 9 ord] to give a satisfactory acc\nt ( t op9ion4 ,z ! explication ( ?is w lead me into a consid]able compass ( v pr(\nd reason+1 ,i ?9k x prop]1 9 ord] to avoid confusion1 to give a %ort sket* or abridgm5t ( my sy/em1 & aft]w>ds draw out all its p>ts 9 _! full compass4 ,?is inf]5ce f ! con/ancy ( our p]ceptions1 l ! prec$5t f _! coh]5ce1 gives rise to ! op9ion ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body1 :i* is prior to t ( its di/9ct exi/5ce1 & produces t latt] pr9ciple4 ,:5 we h be5 accu/om$ to obs]ve a con/ancy 9 c]ta9 impressions1 & h f\nd t ! p]ception ( ! sun or ocean1 = in/ance1 returns ^u u1 aft] an abs5ce or annihilation1 ) l p>ts & 9 a l ord] z at its fir/ appe>ance1 we are n apt to reg>d ^! int]rupt$ p]ceptions z diff]5t 7:i* !y really are71 b on ! contr>y consid] !m z individually ! same1 ^u acc\nt ( _! resemblance4 ,b z ?is int]ruption ( _! exi/5ce is contr>y to _! p]fect id5tity1 & makes u reg>d ! fir/ impression z annihilat$1 & ! second z newly creat$1 we f9d ourselves some:at at a loss1 & are involv$ 9 a k9d ( contradiction4 ,9 ord] to free ourselves f ?is difficulty1 we disguise1 z mu* z possible1 ! int]ruption1 or r remove x entirely1 by suppos+ t ^! int]rupt$ p]ceptions are connect$ by a real exi/5ce1 ( :i* we are ins5sible4 ,?is supposition1 or idea ( cont9u$ exi/5ce1 acquires a =ce & vivacity f ! memory ( ^! brok5 impressions1 & f t prop5sity :i* !y give u to suppose !m ! same2 & accord+ to ! prec$5t reason+1 ! v ess5ce ( belief consi/s 9 ! =ce & vivacity ( ! conception4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ?is sy/em1 !re are f\r ?+s requisite4 ,fir/1 to expla9 ! pr9cipium individuations1 or pr9ciple ( id5tity4 ,secondly1 give a reason :y ! resemblance ( our brok5 & int]rupt$ p]ceptions induces u to attribute an id5tity to !m4 ,?irdly1 acc\nt = t prop5sity1 :i* ?is allusion gives1 to unite ^! brok5 appe>ances by a cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,f\r?ly1 & la/ly1 expla9 t =ce & vivacity ( conception :i* arises f ! prop5sity4 ,fir/1 z to ! pr9ciple ( individuation1 we may obs]ve1 t ! view ( any "o object is n suffici5t to convey ! idea ( id5tity4 ,= 9 t proposition1 an object is ! same ) itself1 if ! idea express$ by ! ^w object 7 no ways di/+ui%$ f t meant by itself2 we really %\ld mean no?+1 nor w\ld ! proposition conta9 a pr$icate & a subject1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are impli$ 9 ?is affirmation4 ,"o s+le object conveys ! idea ( unity1 n t ( id5tity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a multiplicity ( objects c nev] convey ?is idea1 h[ev] resembl+ !y may be suppos$4 ,! m9d always pron\nces ! "o n to be ! o!r1 & consid]s !m z =m+ two1 ?ree1 or any det]m9ate numb] ( objects1 ^: exi/5ces are entirely di/9ct & indep5d5t4 ,s9ce !n bo? numb] & unity are incompatible ) ! relation ( id5tity1 x mu/ lie 9 some?+ t is nei!r ( !m4 ,b to tell ! tru?1 at fir/ sight ?is seems utt]ly impossible4 ,betwixt unity & numb] !re c be no m$ium2 no m ?an betwixt exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce4 ,aft] "o object is suppos$ to exi/1 we mu/ ei!r suppose ano!r also to exi/2 9 :i* case we h ! idea ( numb]3 or we mu/ suppose x n to exi/2 9 :i* case ! fir/ object rema9s at unity4 ,to remove ?is difficulty1 let u h rec\rse to ! idea ( "t or duration4 ,i h already obs]v$1#d t "t1 9 a /rict s5se1 implies succession1 & t1 :5 we apply its idea to any un*angeable object1 'tis only by a fiction ( ! imag9ation by :i* ! un*angeable object is suppos$ to p>ticipate ( ! *anges ( ! co-exi/5t objects1 & 9 p>ticul> ( t ( our p]ceptions4 ,?is fiction ( ! imag9ation almo/ univ]sally takes place2 & 'tis by means ( x t a s+le object1 plac$ be=e u1 & survey$ = any "t )\t our discov]+ 9 x any int]ruption or v>iation1 is able to give u a notion ( id5tity4 ,= :5 we consid] any two po9ts ( ?is "t1 we may place !m 9 diff]5t lights3 we may ei!r survey !m at ! v same in/ant2 9 :i* case !y give u ! idea ( numb]1 bo? by !mselves & by ! object2 :i* mu/ be multipli$ 9 ord] to be conceiv$ at once1 z exi/5t 9 ^! two diff]5t po9ts ( "t3 or1 on ! o!r h&1 we may trace ! succession ( "t by a l succession ( ideas1 & conceiv+ fir/ "o mom5t1 along ) ! object !n exi/5t1 imag9e aft]w>ds a *ange 9 ! "t )\t any v>iation or int]ruption 9 ! object2 9 :i* case x gives u ! idea ( unity4 ,"h !n is an idea1 :i* is a m$ium betwixt unity & numb]2 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 is ei!r ( !m1 accord+ to ! view 9 :i* we take x3 & ?is idea we call t ( id5tity4 ,we _c1 9 any propriety ( spee*1 say t an object is ! same ) itself1 unless we mean t ! object exi/5t at "o "t is ! same ) itself exi/5t at ano!r4 ,by ?is means we make a diff]5ce betwixt ! idea meant by ! ^w object1 & t meant by itself1 )\t go+ ! l5g? ( numb]1 & at ! same "t )\t re/ra9+ ourselves to a /rict & absolute unity4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( individuation is no?+ b ! inv>iabl5ess & un9t]rupt$ness ( any object1 ?r\gh a suppos$ v>iation ( "t1 by :i* ! m9d c trace x 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( its exi/5ce1 )\t any break ( ! view1 & )\t be+ oblig$ to =m ! idea ( multiplicity or numb]4 ,i n[ proce$ to expla9 ! second "p ( my sy/em1 & %[ :y ! con/ancy ( our p]ceptions makes u ascribe to !m a p]fect num]ical id5tity1 ?\gh !re be v long int]vals betwixt _! appe>ance1 & !y h only "o ( ! ess5tial qualities ( id5tity1 viz4 inv>iabl5ess4 ,t ,i may avoid all ambiguity & confusion on ?is head1 ,i %all obs]ve1 t ,i "h acc\nt = ! op9ions & belief ( ! vulg> ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( body2 & !re=e mu/ entirely con=m myself to _! mann] ( ?9k+ & ( express+ !mselves4 ,n[1 we h already obs]v$1 t h[ev] philosoph]s may di/+ui% betwixt ! objects & p]ceptions ( ! s5ses2 :i* !y suppose co-exi/5t & resembl+2 yet ?is is a di/9ction :i* is n compreh5d$ by ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 :o1 z !y p]ceive only "o be+1 c nev] ass5t to ! op9ion ( a d\ble exi/5ce & repres5tation4 ,^? v s5sations :i* ent] by ! eye or e> are ) !m ! true objects1 nor c !y readily conceive t ?is p5 or pap]1 :i* is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 repres5ts ano!r :i* is diff]5t f1 b resembl+ x4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to accommodate myself to _! notions1 ,i %all at fir/ suppose t !re is only a s+le exi/5ce1 :i* ,i %all call indiff]5tly object or p]ception1 accord+ z x %all seem be/ to suit my purpose1 und]/&+ by bo? ( !m :at any common man means by a hat1 or %oe1 or /one1 or any o!r impression convey$ to him by 8 s5ses4 ,i %all be sure to give w>n+ :5 ,i return to a m philosophical way ( speak+ & ?9k+4 ,to ent] !re=e ^u ! "q conc]n+ ! s\rce ( ! error & deception ) reg>d to id5tity1 :5 we attribute x to our resembl+ p]ceptions1 not)/&+ _! int]ruption1 ,i mu/ "h recal an obs]vation :i* ,i h already prov$ & expla9$4#e ,no?+ is m apt to make u mi/ake "o idea = ano!r1 ?an any relation betwixt !m1 :i* associates !m toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 & makes x pass ) facility f "o to ! o!r4 ,( all relations1 t ( resemblance is 9 ?is respect ! mo/ efficaci\s2 & t because x n only causes an association ( ideas1 b also ( dispositions1 & makes u conceive ! "o idea by an act or op]ation ( ! m9d1 simil> to t by :i* we conceive ! o!r4 ,?is circum/ance ,i h obs]v$ to be ( great mom5t2 & we may e/abli% x = a g5]al rule1 t :atev] ideas place ! m9d 9 ! same disposition or 9 simil> ones1 are v apt to be conf\nd$4 ,! m9d readily passes f "o to ! o!r1 & p]ceives n ! *ange )\t a /rict att5tion1 ( :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 'tis :olly incapable4 ,9 ord] to apply ?is g5]al maxim1 we mu/ fir/ exam9e ! disposition ( ! m9d 9 view+ any object :i* pres]ves a p]fect id5tity1 & !n f9d "s o!r object t is conf\nd$ ) x1 by caus+ a simil> disposition4 ,:5 we fix our ?\ght on any object1 & suppose x to cont9ue ! same = "s "t1 'tis evid5t we suppose ! *ange to lie only 9 ! "t1 & nev] ex]t ourselves to produce any new image or idea ( ! object4 ,! faculties ( ! m9d repose !mselves 9 a mann]1 & take no m ex]cise ?an :at is necess>y to cont9ue t idea ( :i* we 7 =m]ly possess$1 & :i* subsi/s )\t v>iation or int]ruption4 ,! passage f "o mom5t to ano!r is sc>ce felt1 & di/+ui%es n itself by a diff]5t p]ception or idea1 :i* may require a diff]5t direction ( ! spirits1 9 ord] to its conception4 ,n[1 :at o!r objects1 beside id5tical ones1 are capable ( plac+ ! m9d 9 ! same disposition1 :5 x consid]s !m1 & ( caus+ ! same un9t]rupt$ passage ( ! imag9ation f "o idea to ano!r8 ,?is "q is ( ! la/ importance4 ,= if we c f9d any su* objects1 we may c]ta9ly conclude1 f ! =ego+ pr9ciple1 t !y are v naturally conf\nd$ ) id5tical ones1 & are tak5 = !m 9 mo/ ( our reason+s4 ,b ?\gh ?is "q be v important1 'tis n v difficult nor d\btful4 ,= ,i imm$iately reply1 t a succession ( relat$ objects places ! m9d 9 ?is disposition1 & is consid]$ ) ! same smoo? & un9t]rupt$ progress ( ! imag9ation1 z att5ds ! view ( ! same inv>iable object4 ,! v nature & ess5ce ( relation is to connect our ideas ) ea* o!r1 & ^u ! appe>ance ( "o1 to facilitate ! transition to its correlative4 ,! passage betwixt relat$ ideas1 is !re=e s smoo? & easy1 t x produces little alt]ation on ! m9d1 & seems l ! cont9uation ( ! same action2 & z ! cont9uation ( ! same action is an effect ( ! cont9u$ view ( ! same object1 'tis = ?is reason we attribute sam5ess to e succession ( relat$ objects4 ,! ?\ght slides along ! succession ) equal facility1 z if x consid]$ only "o object2 & !re=e conf\nds ! succession ) ! id5tity4 ,we %all aft]w>ds see _m in/ances ( ?is t5d5cy ( relation to make u ascribe an id5tity to diff]5t objects2 b %all "h conf9e ourselves to ! pres5t subject4 ,we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t !re is su* a con/ancy 9 almo/ all ! impressions ( ! s5ses1 t _! int]ruption produces no alt]ation on !m1 & h9d]s !m n f return+ ! same 9 appe>ance & 9 situation z at _! fir/ exi/5ce4 ,i survey ! furniture ( my *amb]2 ,i %ut my eyes1 & aft]w>ds op5 !m2 & f9d ! new p]ceptions to resemble p]fectly ^? :i* =m]ly /ruck my s5ses4 ,?is resemblance is obs]v$ 9 a ?\s& in/ances1 & naturally connects toge!r our ideas ( ^! int]rupt$ p]ceptions by ! /ronge/ relation1 & conveys ! m9d ) an easy transition f "o to ano!r4 ,an easy transition or passage ( ! imag9ation1 along ! ideas ( ^! diff]5t & int]rupt$ p]ceptions1 is almo/ ! same disposition ( m9d ) t 9 :i* we consid] "o con/ant & un9t]rupt$ p]ception4 ',tis !re=e v natural = u to mi/ake ! "o = ! o!r4#f ,! p]sons :o ent]ta9 ?is op9ion conc]n+ ! id5tity ( our resembl+ p]ceptions1 are 9 g5]al all ! un?9k+ & unphilosophical "p ( mank9d1 7t is1 all ( u at "o "t or o!r71 &1 consequ5tly1 su* z suppose _! p]ceptions to be _! only objects1 & nev] ?9k ( a d\ble exi/5ce int]nal & ext]nal1 repres5t+ & repres5t$4 ,! v image :i* is pres5t to ! s5ses is ) u ! real body2 & 'tis to ^! int]rupt$ images we ascribe a p]fect id5tity4 ,b z ! int]ruption ( ! appe>ance seems contr>y to ! id5tity1 & naturally leads u to reg>d ^! resembl+ p]ceptions z diff]5t f ea* o!r1 we "h f9d ourselves at a loss h[ to reconcile su* opposite op9ions4 ,! smoo? passage ( ! imag9ation along ! ideas ( ! resembl+ p]ceptions makes u ascribe to !m a p]fect id5tity4 ,! int]rupt$ mann] ( _! appe>ance makes u consid] !m z s _m resembl+1 b /ill di/9ct be+s1 :i* appe> aft] c]ta9 int]vals4 ,! p]plexity aris+ f ?is contradiction produces a prop5sion to unite ^! brok5 appe>ances by ! fiction ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 :i* is ! ?ird "p ( t hypo!sis ,i propos$ to expla94 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 f exp]i5ce ?an t any contradiction ei!r to ! s5tim5ts or passions gives a s5sible uneas9ess1 :e!r x proce$s f )\t or f )92 f ! opposition ( ext]nal objects1 or f ! combat ( int]nal pr9ciples4 ,on ! contr>y1 :atev] /rikes 9 ) ! natural prop5sities1 & ei!r ext]nally =w>ds _! satisfaction1 or int]nally concurs ) _! movem5ts1 is sure to give a s5sible pleasure4 ,n[1 !re be+ "h an opposition betwixt ! notion ( ! id5tity ( resembl+ p]ceptions1 & ! int]ruption ( _! appe>ance1 ! m9d mu/ be uneasy 9 t situation1 & w naturally seek relief f ! uneas9ess4 ,s9ce ! uneas9ess arises f ! opposition ( two contr>y pr9ciples1 x mu/ look = relief by sacrific+ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,b z ! smoo? passage ( our ?\ght along our resembl+ p]ceptions makes u ascribe to !m an id5tity1 we c nev]1 )\t reluctance1 yield up t op9ion4 ,we mu/ !re=e turn to ! o!r side1 & suppose t our p]ceptions are no long] int]rupt$1 b pres]ve a cont9u$ z well z an inv>iable exi/5ce1 & are by t means entirely ! same4 ,b "h ! int]ruptions 9 ! appe>ance ( ^! p]ceptions are s long & frequ5t1 t 'tis impossible to ov]look !m2 & z ! appe>ance ( a p]ception 9 ! m9d & its exi/5ce seem at fir/ sight entirely ! same1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r we c ev] ass5t to s palpable a contradiction1 & suppose a p]ception to exi/ )\t be+ pres5t to ! m9d4 ,9 ord] to cle> up ?is matt]1 & le>n h[ ! int]ruption 9 ! appe>ance ( a p]ception implies n necess>ily an int]ruption 9 its exi/5ce1 'twill be prop] to t\* ^u "s pr9ciples :i* we %all h occasion to expla9 m fully aft]w>ds4#g ,we may beg9 ) obs]v+1 t ! difficulty 9 ! pres5t case is n conc]n+ ! matt] ( fact1 or :e!r ! m9d =ms su* a conclusion conc]n+ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( its p]ceptions1 b only conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! conclusion is =m$1 & pr9ciples f :i* x is d]iv$4 ',tis c]ta9 t almo/ all mank9d1 & ev5 philosoph]s !mselves1 = ! greate/ "p ( _! lives1 take _! p]ceptions to be _! only objects1 & suppose t ! v be+ :i* is intimately pres5t to ! m9d1 is ! real body or mat]ial exi/5ce4 ',tis also c]ta9 t ?is v p]ception or object is suppos$ to h a cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ be+1 & nei!r to be annihilat$ by our abs5ce1 nor to be br\ght into exi/5ce by our pres5ce4 ,:5 we are abs5t f x1 we say x /ill exi/s1 b t we d n feel1 we d n see x4 ,:5 we are pres5t1 we say we feel or see x4 ,"h !n may arise two que/ions2 fir/1 h[ we c satisfy ourselves 9 suppos+ a p]ception to be abs5t f ! m9d )\t be+ annihilat$4 ,secondly1 aft] :at mann] we conceive an object to become pres5t to ! m9d1 )\t "s new creation ( a p]ception or image2 & :at we mean by ?is see+1 & feel+1 & p]ceiv+4 ,z to ! fir/ "q1 we may obs]ve1 t :at we call a m9d1 is no?+ b a heap or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 unit$ toge!r by c]ta9 relations1 & suppos$1 ?\gh falsely1 to be end[$ ) a p]fect simplicity & id5tity4 ,n[1 z e p]ception is di/+ui%able f ano!r1 & may be consid]$ z sep>ately exi/5t2 x evid5tly foll[s1 t !re is no absurdity 9 sep>at+ any p>ticul> p]ception f ! m9d2 t is1 9 break+ (f all its relations ) t connect$ mass ( p]ceptions :i* con/itute a ?9k+ be+4 ,! same reason+ af=ds u an answ] to ! second "q4 ,if ! "n ( p]ception r5d]s n ?is sep>ation f a m9d absurd & contradictory1 ! "n ( object1 /&+ = ! same ?+1 c nev] r5d] _! conjunction impossible4 ,ext]nal objects are se5 & felt1 & become pres5t to ! m9d2 t is1 !y acquire su* a relation to a connect$ heap ( p]ceptions z to influ5ce !m v consid]ably 9 augm5t+ _! numb] by pres5t reflections & passions1 & 9 /or+ ! memory ) ideas4 ,! same cont9u$ & un9t]rupt$ be+ may1 !re=e1 be sometimes pres5t to ! m9d & sometimes abs5t f x )\t any real or ess5tial *ange 9 ! be+ itself4 ,an int]rupt$ appe>ance to ! s5ses implies n necess>ily an int]ruption 9 ! exi/5ce4 ,! supposition ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( s5sible objects or p]ceptions involves no contradiction4 ,we may easily indulge our incl9ation to t supposition4 ,:5 ! exact resemblance ( our p]ceptions makes u ascribe to !m an id5tity1 we may remove ! seem+ int]ruption by feign+ a cont9u$ be+1 :i* may fill ^? int]vals1 & pres]ve a p]fect & entire id5tity to our p]ceptions4 ,b z we "h n only feign b believe ?is cont9u$ exi/5ce1 ! "q is1 f :5ce arises su* a belief8 & ?is "q leads u to ! f\r? memb] ( ?is sy/em4 ,x has be5 prov$ already1 t belief1 9 g5]al1 consi/s 9 no?+ b ! vivacity ( an idea2 & t an idea may acquire ?is vivacity by its relation to "s pres5t impression4 ,impressions are naturally ! mo/ vivid p]ceptions ( ! m9d2 & ?is quality is 9 "p convey$ by ! relation to e connect$ idea4 ,! relation causes a smoo? passage f ! impression to ! idea1 & ev5 gives a prop5sity to t passage4 ,! m9d falls s easily f ! "o p]ception to ! o!r1 t x sc>ce p]ceives ! *ange1 b reta9s 9 ! second a consid]able %>e ( ! vivacity ( ! fir/4 ,x is excit$ by ! lively impression1 & ?is vivacity is convey$ to ! relat$ idea1 )\t any great dim9ution 9 ! passage1 by reason ( ! smoo? transition & ! prop5sity ( ! imag9ation4 ,b suppose t ?is prop5sity arises f "s o!r pr9ciple1 besides t ( relation2 'tis evid5t1 x mu/ /ill h ! same effect1 & convey ! vivacity f ! impression to ! idea4 ,n[1 ?is is exactly ! pres5t case4 ,our memory pres5ts u ) a va/ numb] ( in/ances ( p]ceptions p]fectly resembl+ ea* o!r1 t return at diff]5t di/ances ( "t1 & aft] consid]able int]ruptions4 ,?is resemblance gives u a prop5sion to consid] ^! int]rupt$ p]ceptions z ! same2 & also a prop5sion to connect !m by a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 9 ord] to ju/ify ?is id5tity1 & avoid ! contradiction 9 :i* ! int]rupt$ appe>ance ( ^! p]ceptions seems necess>ily to involve u4 ,"h !n we h a prop5sity to feign ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( all s5sible objects2 & z ?is prop5sity arises f "s lively impressions ( ! memory1 x be/[s a vivacity on t fiction2 or1 9 o!r words1 makes u believe ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body4 ,if1 sometimes we ascribe a cont9u$ exi/5ce to objects1 :i* are p]fectly new to u1 & ( ^: con/ancy & coh]5ce we h no exp]i5ce1 'tis because ! mann]1 9 :i* !y pres5t !mselves to our s5ses1 resembles t ( con/ant & coh]5t objects2 & ?is resemblance is a s\rce ( reason+ & analogy1 & leads u to attribute ! same qualities to ! simil> objects4 ,i believe an intellig5t read] w f9d less difficulty to ass5t to ?is sy/em1 ?an to compreh5d x fully & di/9ctly1 & w all[1 aft] a little reflection1 t e "p c>ries its own pro( along ) x4 ',tis inde$ evid5t1 t z ! vulg> suppose _! p]ceptions to be _! only objects1 & at ! same "t believe ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( matt]1 we mu/ acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! belief ^u t supposition4 ,n[1 ^u t supposition1 'tis a false op9ion t any ( our objects1 or p]ceptions1 are id5tically ! same aft] an int]ruption2 & consequ5tly ! op9ion ( _! id5tity c nev] arise f reason1 b mu/ arise f ! imag9ation4 ,! imag9ation is s$uc$ into su* an op9ion only by means ( ! resemblance ( c]ta9 p]ceptions2 s9ce we f9d !y are only our resembl+ p]ceptions1 :i* we h a prop5sion to suppose ! same4 ,?is prop5sion to be/[ an id5tity on our resembl+ p]ceptions1 produces ! fiction ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce2 s9ce t fiction1 z well z ! id5tity1 is really false1 z is ackn[l$g$ by all philosoph]s1 & has no o!r effect ?an to rem$y ! int]ruption ( our p]ceptions1 :i* is ! only circum/ance t is contr>y to _! id5tity4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ?is prop5sion causes belief by means ( ! pres5t impressions ( ! memory2 s9ce1 )\t ! remembrance ( =m] s5sations1 'tis pla9 we nev] %\ld h any belief ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body4 ,?us1 9 exam9+ all ^! p>ts1 we f9d t ea* ( !m is support$ by ! /ronge/ pro(s2 & t all ( !m toge!r =m a consi/5t sy/em1 :i* is p]fectly conv9c+4 ,a /rong prop5sity or incl9ation alone1 )\t any pres5t impression1 w sometimes cause a belief or op9ion4 ,h[ mu* m :5 aid$ by t circum/ance6 ,b ?\gh we are l$ aft] ?is mann]1 by ! natural prop5sity ( ! imag9ation1 to ascribe a cont9u$ exi/5ce to ^? s5sible objects or p]ceptions1 :i* we f9d to resemble ea* o!r 9 _! int]rupt$ appe>ance2 yet a v little reflection & philosophy is suffici5t to make u p]ceive ! fallacy ( t op9ion4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t !re is an intimate connexion betwixt ^? two pr9ciples1 ( a cont9u$ & ( a di/9ct or indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & t we no soon] e/abli% ! "o ?an ! o!r foll[s1 z a necess>y consequ5ce4 ',tis ! op9ion ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 :i* fir/ takes place1 & )\t mu* /udy or reflection draws ! o!r along ) x1 :]ev] ! m9d foll[s its fir/ & mo/ natural t5d5cy4 ,b :5 we comp>e exp]im5ts1 & reason a little ^u !m1 we quickly p]ceive1 t ! doctr9e ( ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( our s5sible p]ceptions is contr>y to ! pla9e/ exp]i5ce4 ,?is leads u backw>d ^u our foot/eps to p]ceive our error 9 attribut+ a cont9u$ exi/5ce to our p]ceptions1 & is ! orig9 ( _m v curi\s op9ions1 :i* we %all "h endeav\r to acc\nt =4 ',twill fir/ be prop] to obs]ve a few ( ^? exp]im5ts1 :i* conv9ce u1 t our p]ceptions are n possess$ ( any indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,:5 we press "o eye ) a f+]1 we imm$iately p]ceive all ! objects to become d\ble1 & "o half ( !m to be remov$ f _! common & natural position4 ,b z we d n attribute a cont9u$ exi/5ce to bo? ^! p]ceptions1 & z !y are bo? ( ! same nature1 we cle>ly p]ceive1 t all our p]ceptions are dep5d5t on our organs1 & ! disposition ( our n]ves & animal spirits4 ,?is op9ion is confirm$ by ! seem+ increase & dim9ution ( objects accord+ to _! di/ance2 by ! app>5t alt]ations 9 _! figure2 by ! *anges 9 _! col\r & o!r qualities1 f our sickness & di/emp]s1 & by an inf9ite numb] ( o!r exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d2 f all :i* we le>n1 t our s5sible p]ceptions are n possess$ ( any di/9ct or indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( ?is reason+ %\ld be1 t our p]ceptions h no m a cont9u$ ?an an indep5d5t exi/5ce2 &1 inde$1 philosoph]s h s f> run into ?is op9ion1 t !y *ange _! sy/em1 & di/+ui% 7z we %all d = ! future7 betwixt p]ceptions & objects1 ( :i* ! =m] are suppos$ to be int]rupt$ & p]i%+1 & diff]5t at e diff]5t return2 ! latt] to be un9t]rupt$1 & to pres]ve a cont9u$ exi/5ce & id5tity4 ,b h[ev] philosophical ?is new sy/em may be e/eem$1 ,i ass]t t 'tis only a palliative rem$y1 & t x conta9s all ! difficulties ( ! vulg> sy/em1 ) "s o!rs t are peculi> to itself4 ,!re are no pr9ciples ei!r ( ! und]/&+ or fancy1 :i* lead u directly to embrace ?is op9ion ( ! d\ble exi/5ce ( p]ceptions & objects1 nor c we arrive at x b by pass+ ?r\gh ! common hypo!sis ( ! id5tity & cont9uance ( our int]rupt$ p]ceptions4 ,7 we n fir/ p]suad$ t our p]ceptions are our only objects1 & cont9ue to exi/ ev5 :5 !y no long] make _! appe>ance to ! s5ses1 we %\ld nev] be l$ to ?9k t our p]ceptions & objects are diff]5t1 & t our objects alone pres]ve a cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,! latt] hypo!sis has no prim>y recomm5dation ei!r to reason or ! imag9ation1 b acquires all its influ5ce on ! imag9ation f ! =m]4 ,?is proposition conta9s two p>ts1 :i* we %all endeav\r to prove z di/9ctly & cle>ly z su* ab/ruse subjects w p]mit4 ,z to ! fir/ "p ( ! proposition1 t ?is philosophical hypo!sis has no prim>y recomm5dation1 ei!r to reason or ! imag9ation1 we may soon satisfy ourselves ) reg>d to reason1 by ! foll[+ reflections4 ,! only exi/5ces1 ( :i* we are c]ta91 are p]ceptions1 :i*1 be+ imm$iately pres5t to u by consci\sness1 comm& our /ronge/ ass5t1 & are ! fir/ f\ndation ( all our conclusions4 ,! only conclusion we c draw f ! exi/5ce ( "o ?+ to t ( ano!r1 is by means ( ! relation ( cause & effect1 :i* %[s1 t !re is a connexion betwixt !m1 & t ! exi/5ce ( "o is dep5d5t on t ( ! o!r4 ,! idea ( ?is relation is d]iv$ f pa/ exp]i5ce1 by :i* we f9d1 t two be+s are con/antly conjo9$ toge!r1 & are always pres5t at once to ! m9d4 ,b z no be+s are ev] pres5t to ! m9d b p]ceptions1 x foll[s1 t we may obs]ve a conjunction or a relation ( cause & effect betwe5 diff]5t p]ceptions1 b c nev] obs]ve x betwe5 p]ceptions & objects4 ',tis impossible1 !re=e1 t f ! exi/5ce or any ( ! qualities ( ! =m]1 we c ev] =m any conclusion conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]1 or ev] satisfy our reason 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ',tis no less c]ta91 t ?is philosophical sy/em has no prim>y recomm5dation to ! imag9ation1 & t t faculty w\ld nev]1 ( itself1 & by its orig9al t5d5cy1 h fall5 ^u su* a pr9ciple4 ,i confess x w be some:at difficult to prove ?is to ! full satisfaction ( ! read]2 because x implies a negative1 :i* 9 _m cases w n admit ( any positive pro(4 ,if any "o w\ld take ! pa9s to exam9e ?is "q1 & w\ld inv5t a sy/em1 to acc\nt = ! direct orig9 ( ?is op9ion f ! imag9ation1 we %\ld be able1 by ! exam9ation ( t sy/em1 to pron\nce a c]ta9 judgm5t 9 ! pres5t subject4 ,let x be tak5 = grant$1 t our p]ceptions are brok5 & int]rupt$1 &1 h[ev] l1 are /ill diff]5t f ea* o!r2 & let any "o1 ^u ?is supposition1 %[ :y ! fancy1 directly & imm$iately1 proce$s to ! belief ( ano!r exi/5ce1 resembl+ ^! p]ceptions 9 _! nature1 b yet cont9u$1 & un9t]rupt$1 & id5tical2 & aft] he has done ?is to my satisfaction1 ,i promise to r5\nce my pres5t op9ion4 ,mean:ile ,i _c =be> conclud+1 f ! v ab/ract$ness & difficulty ( ! fir/ supposition1 t 'tis an improp] subject = ! fancy to "w ^u4 ,:oev] w\ld expla9 ! orig9 ( ! common op9ion conc]n+ ! cont9u$ & di/9ct exi/5ce ( body1 mu/ take ! m9d 9 its common situation1 & mu/ proce$ ^u ! supposition1 t our p]ceptions are our only objects1 & cont9ue to exi/ ev5 :5 !y are n p]ceiv$4 ,?\gh ?is op9ion be false1 'tis ! mo/ natural ( any1 & has alone any prim>y recomm5dation to ! fancy4 ,z to ! second "p ( ! proposition1 t ! philosophical sy/em acquires all its influ5ce on ! imag9ation f ! vulg> "o2 we may obs]ve1 t ?is is a natural & unavoidable consequ5ce ( ! =ego+ conclusion1 t x has no prim>y recomm5dation to reason or ! imag9ation4 ,= z ! philosophical sy/em is f\nd by exp]i5ce to take hold ( _m m9ds1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ( all ^? :o reflect ev] s little on ?is subject1 x mu/ d]ive all its au?ority f ! vulg> sy/em1 s9ce x has no orig9al au?ority ( its own4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! two sy/ems1 ?\gh directly contr>y1 are connect$ toge!r1 may be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,! imag9ation naturally runs on 9 ?is tra9 ( ?9k+4 ,our p]ceptions are our only objects3 resembl+ p]ceptions are ! same1 h[ev] brok5 or un9t]rupt$ 9 _! appe>ance3 ?is appe>+ int]ruption is contr>y to ! id5tity3 ! int]ruption consequ5tly ext5ds n beyond ! appe>ance1 & ! p]ception or object really cont9ues to exi/1 ev5 :5 abs5t f u3 our s5sible p]ceptions h1 !re=e1 a cont9u$ & un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce4 ,b z a little reflection de/roys ?is conclusion1 t our p]ceptions h a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 by %[+ t !y h a dep5d5t "o1 'tw\ld naturally be expect$1 t we mu/ altoge!r reject ! op9ion1 t !re is su* a ?+ 9 nature z a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 :i* is pres]v$ ev5 :5 x no long] appe>s to ! s5ses4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is o!rwise4 ,philosoph]s are s f> f reject+ ! op9ion ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce ^u reject+ t ( ! indep5d5ce & cont9uance ( our s5sible p]ceptions1 t ?\gh all sects agree 9 ! latt] s5tim5t1 ! =m]1 :i* is 9 a mann] its necess>y consequ5ce1 has be5 peculi> to a few extravagant sceptics2 :o1 aft] all1 ma9ta9$ t op9ion 9 words only1 & 7 nev] able to br+ !mselves s9c]ely to believe x4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwixt su* op9ions z we =m aft] a calm & pr(\nd reflection1 & su* z we embrace by a k9d ( in/9ct or natural impulse1 on acc\nt ( _! suitabl5ess & con=mity to ! m9d4 ,if ^! op9ions become contr>y1 'tis n difficult to =esee :i* ( !m w h ! advantage4 ,z long z our att5tion is b5t ^u ! subject1 ! philosophical & /udi$ pr9ciple may prevail2 b ! mom5t we relax our ?\ghts1 nature w display h]self1 & draw u back to our =m] op9ion4 ,nay %e has sometimes su* an influ5ce1 t %e c /op our progress1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( our mo/ pr(\nd reflections1 & keep u f runn+ on ) all ! consequ5ces ( any philosophical op9ion4 ,?us1 ?\gh we cle>ly p]ceive ! dep5d5ce & int]ruption ( our p]ceptions1 we /op %ort 9 our c>e]1 & nev] ^u t acc\nt reject ! notion ( an indep5d5t & cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,t op9ion has tak5 su* deep root 9 ! imag9ation1 t 'tis impossible ev] to eradicate x1 nor w any /ra9$ metaphysical conviction ( ! dep5d5ce ( our p]ceptions be suffici5t = t purpose4 ,b ?\gh our natural & obvi\s pr9ciples "h prevail above our /udi$ reflections1 'tis c]ta9 !re mu/ be "s /ruggle & opposition 9 ! case2 at lea/ s long z ^! reflections reta9 any =ce or vivacity4 ,9 ord] to set ourselves at ease 9 ?is p>ticul>1 we contrive a new hypo!sis1 :i* seems to compreh5d bo? ^! pr9ciples ( reason & imag9ation4 ,?is hypo!sis is ! philosophical "o ( ! d\ble exi/5ce ( p]ceptions & objects2 :i* pleases our reason1 9 all[+ t our dep5d5t p]ceptions are int]rupt$ & diff]5t1 & at ! same "t is agreeable to ! imag9ation1 9 attribut+ a cont9u$ exi/5ce to some?+ else1 :i* we call objects4 ,?is philosophical sy/em1 !re=e1 is ! mon/r\s (fspr+ ( two pr9ciples1 :i* are contr>y to ea* o!r1 :i* are bo? at once embrac$ by ! m9d1 & :i* are unable mutually to de/roy ea* o!r4 ,! imag9ation tells u1 t our resembl+ p]ceptions h a cont9u$ & un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce1 & are n annihilat$ by _! abs5ce4 ,reflection tells u1 t ev5 our resembl+ p]ceptions are int]rupt$ 9 _! exi/5ce1 & diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,! contradiction betwixt ^! op9ions we elude by a new fiction1 :i* is con=mable to ! hypo!ses bo? ( reflection & fancy1 by ascrib+ ^! contr>y qualities to diff]5t exi/5ces2 ! int]ruption to p]ceptions1 & ! cont9uance to objects4 ,nature is ob/9ate1 & w n quit ! field1 h[ev] /rongly attack$ by reason2 & at ! same "t reason is s cle> 9 ! po9t1 t !re is no possibility ( disguis+ h]4 ,n be+ able to reconcile ^! two enemies1 we endeav\r to set ourselves at ease z mu* z possible1 by successively grant+ to ea* :atev] x dem&s1 & by feign+ a d\ble exi/5ce1 :]e ea* may f9d some?+ t has all ! conditions x desires4 ,7 we fully conv9c$ t our resembl+ p]ceptions are cont9u$1 & id5tical1 & indep5d5t1 we %\ld nev] run into ?is op9ion ( a d\ble exi/5ce2 s9ce we %\ld f9d satisfaction 9 our fir/ supposition1 & w\ld n look beyond4 ,aga91 7 we fully conv9c$ t our p]ceptions are dep5d5t1 & int]rupt$1 & diff]5t1 we %\ld be z little incl9$ to embrace ! op9ion ( a d\ble exi/5ce2 s9ce 9 t case we %\ld cle>ly p]ceive ! error ( our fir/ supposition ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 & w\ld nev] reg>d x any f>!r4 ',tis !re=e f ! int]m$iate situation ( ! m9d t ?is op9ion arises1 & f su* an adh]5ce to ^! two contr>y pr9ciples1 z makes u seek "s pretext to ju/ify our receiv+ bo?2 :i* happily at la/ is f\nd 9 ! sy/em ( a d\ble exi/5ce4 ,ano!r advantage ( ?is philosophical sy/em is its simil>ity to ! vulg> "o1 by :i* means we c hum\r our reason = a mom5t1 :5 x becomes tr\blesome & solicit\s2 & yet ^u its lea/ neglig5ce or inatt5tion1 c easily return to our vulg> & natural notions4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t philosoph]s neglect n ?is advantage1 b1 imm$iately ^u leav+ _! closets1 m+le ) ! re/ ( mank9d 9 ^? explod$ op9ions1 t our p]ceptions are our only objects1 & cont9ue id5tically & un9t]rupt$ly ! same 9 all _! int]rupt$ appe>ances4 ,!re are o!r p>ticul>s ( ?is sy/em1 :]e9 we may rem>k its dep5d5ce on ! fancy1 9 a v conspicu\s mann]4 ,( ^!1 ,i %all obs]ve ! two foll[+4 ,fir/1 we suppose ext]nal objects to resemble int]nal p]ceptions4 ,i h already %[n1 t ! relation ( cause & effect c nev] af=d u any j conclusion f ! exi/5ce or qualities ( our p]ceptions to ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal cont9u$ objects3 & ,i %all f>!r add1 t ev5 ?\gh !y c\ld af=d su* a conclusion1 we %\ld nev] h any reason to inf] t our objects resemble our p]ceptions4 ,t op9ion1 !re=e1 is d]iv$ f no?+ b ! quality ( ! fancy above expla9$1 t x borr[s all its ideas f "s prec$5t p]ception4 ,we nev] c conceive any ?+ b p]ceptions1 & !re=e mu/ make e ?+ resemble !m4 ,secondly1 z we suppose our objects 9 g5]al to resemble our p]ceptions1 s we take x = grant$1 t e p>ticul> object resembles t p]ception :i* x causes4 ,! relation ( cause & effect det]m9es u to jo9 ! o!r ( resemblance2 & ! ideas ( ^! exi/5ces be+ already unit$ toge!r 9 ! fancy by ! =m] relation1 we naturally add ! latt] to complete ! union4 ,we h a /rong prop5sity to complete e union by jo9+ new relations to ^? :i* we h be=e obs]v$ betwixt any ideas1 z we %all h occasion to obs]ve pres5tly4#h ,hav+ ?us giv5 an acc\nt ( all ! sy/ems1 bo? popul> & philosophical1 ) reg>d to ext]nal exi/5ces1 ,i _c =be> giv+ v5t to a c]ta9 s5tim5t :i* arises ^u review+ ^? sy/ems4 ,i begun ?is subject ) premis+1 t we ought to h an implicit fai? 9 our s5ses1 & t ?is w\ld be ! conclusion ,i %\ld draw f ! :ole ( my reason+4 ,b to be +5u\s1 ,i feel myself at pres5t ( a q contr>y s5tim5t1 & am m incl9$ to repose no fai? at all 9 my s5ses1 or r imag9ation1 ?an to place 9 x su* an implicit confid5ce4 ,i _c conceive h[ su* trivial qualities ( ! fancy1 conduct$ by su* false suppositions1 c ev] lead to any solid & rational sy/em4 ,!y are ! coh]5ce & con/ancy ( our p]ceptions1 :i* produce ! op9ion ( _! cont9u$ exi/5ce2 ?\gh ^! qualities ( p]ceptions h no p]ceivable connexion ) su* an exi/5ce4 ,! con/ancy ( our p]ceptions has ! mo/ consid]able effect1 & yet is att5d$ ) ! greate/ difficulties4 ',tis a gross illusion to suppose1 t our resembl+ p]ceptions are num]ically ! same2 & 'tis ?is illusion :i* leads u into ! op9ion1 t ^! p]ceptions are un9t]rupt$1 & are /ill exi/5t1 ev5 :5 !y are n pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,?is is ! case ) our popul> sy/em4 ,& z to our philosophical "o1 'tis liable to ! same difficulties2 & is1 ov] & above1 load$ ) ?is absurdity1 t x at once d5ies & e/abli%es ! vulg> supposition4 ,philosoph]s d5y our resembl+ p]ceptions to be id5tically ! same1 & un9t]rupt$2 & yet h s great a prop5sity to believe !m su*1 t !y arbitr>ily inv5t a new set ( p]ceptions1 to :i* !y attribute ^! qualities4 ,i say1 a new set ( p]ceptions3 = we may well suppose 9 g5]al1 b 'tis impossible = u di/9ctly to conceive1 objects to be 9 _! nature any ?+ b exactly ! same ) p]ceptions4 ,:at !n c we look = f ?is confusion ( gr\ndless & extraord9>y op9ions b error & falsehood8 ,& h[ c we ju/ify to ourselves any belief we repose 9 !m8 ,?is sceptical d\bt1 bo? ) respect to reason & ! s5ses1 is a malady :i* c nev] be radically cur$1 b mu/ return ^u u e mom5t1 h[ev] we may *ase x away1 & sometimes may seem entirely free f x4 ',tis impossible1 ^u any sy/em1 to def5d ei!r our und]/&+ or s5ses2 & we b expose !m f>!r :5 we endeav\r to ju/ify !m 9 t mann]4 ,z ! sceptical d\bt arises naturally f a pr(\nd & int5se reflection on ^? subjects1 x always increases ! f>!r we c>ry our reflections1 :e!r 9 opposition or con=mity to x4 ,c>elessness & inatt5tion alone c af=d u any rem$y4 ,= ?is reason ,i rely entirely ^u !m2 & take x = grant$1 :atev] may be ! read]'s op9ion at ?is pres5t mom5t1 t an h\r h5ce he w be p]suad$ !re is bo? an ext]nal & int]nal _w2 &1 go+ ^u t supposition1 ,i int5d to exam9e "s g5]al sy/ems1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 :i* h be5 propos$ ( bo?1 be=e ,i proce$ to a m p>ticul> inquiry conc]n+ our impressions4 ,?is w n1 p]haps1 9 ! end1 be f\nd =eign to our pres5t purpose4 #a ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #f4 #b ,sect4 #e4 #c ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #d4 #d ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #e4 #e ,"p4 ,,ii4 ,sect4 #e4 #f ,?is reason+1 x mu/ be confess$1 is some:at ab/ruse1 & difficult to be compreh5d$2 b x is rem>kable1 t ?is v difficulty may be conv]t$ into a pro( ( ! reason+4 ,we may obs]ve1 t !re are two relations1 & bo? ( !m resemblances1 :i* contribute to our mi/ak+ ! succession ( our int]rupt$ p]ceptions = an id5tical object4 ,! fir/ is1 ! resemblance ( ! p]ceptions3 ! second is1 ! resemblance :i* ! act ( ! m9d 9 survey+ a succession ( resembl+ objects1 be>s to t 9 survey+ an id5tical object4 ,n[ ^! resemblances we are apt to conf\nd ) ea* o!r2 & 'tis natural we %\ld1 accord+ to ?is v reason+4 ,b let u keep !m di/9ct1 & we %all f9d no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! prec$5t argum5t4 #g ,sect4 #f4 #h ,sect4 #e4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,philosophy4 ,sev]al morali/s h recomm5d$ x z an excell5t me?od ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) our own he>ts1 & kn[+ our progress 9 virtue1 to recollect our dreams 9 a morn+1 & exam9e !m ) ! same rig\r t we w\ld our mo/ s]i\s & mo/ delib]ate actions4 ,our "* is ! same ?r\gh\t1 say !y1 & appe>s be/ :]e artifice1 fe> & policy1 h no place1 & m5 c nei!r be hypocrites ) !mselves nor o!rs4 ,! g5]osity or bas5ess ( our temp]1 our meekness or cruelty1 our c\rage or pusillanimity1 influ5ce ! fictions ( ! imag9ation ) ! mo/ unb\nd$ lib]ty1 & discov] !mselves 9 ! mo/ gl>+ col\rs4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i am p]suad$1 !re might be sev]al useful discov]ies made f a criticism ( ! fictions ( ! anci5t philosophy conc]n+ sub/ances1 & sub/antial =ms1 & accid5ts1 & occult qualities1 :i*1 h[ev] unreasonable & caprici\s1 h a v intimate connexion ) ! pr9ciples ( human nature4 ',tis confess$ by ! mo/ judici\s philosoph]s1 t our ideas ( bodies are no?+ b collections =m$ by ! m9d ( ! ideas ( ! sev]al di/9ct s5sible qualities1 ( :i* objects are compos$1 & :i* we f9d to h a con/ant union ) ea* o!r4 ,b h[ev] ^! qualities may 9 !mselves be entirely di/9ct1 'tis c]ta9 we commonly reg>d ! comp\nd1 :i* !y =m1 z "o ?+1 & z cont9u+ ! same "u v consid]able alt]ations4 ,! ackn[l$g$ composition is evid5tly contr>y to ?is suppos$ simplicity1 & ! v>iation to ! id5tity4 ,x may !re=e be wor? :ile to consid] ! causes1 :i* make u almo/ univ]sally fall into su* evid5t contradictions1 z well z ! means by :i* we endeav\r to conceal !m4 ',tis evid5t1 t z ! ideas ( ! sev]al di/9ct successive qualities ( objects are unit$ toge!r by a v close relation1 ! m9d1 9 look+ along ! succession1 mu/ be c>ri$ f "o "p ( x to ano!r by an easy transition1 & w no m p]ceive ! *ange1 ?an if x contemplat$ ! same un*angeable object4 ,?is easy transition is ! effect1 or r ess5ce ( relation2 & z ! imag9ation readily takes "o idea = ano!r1 :]e _! influ5ce on ! m9d is simil>2 h5ce x proce$s1 t any su* succession ( relat$ qualities is readily consid]$ z "o cont9u$ object1 exi/+ )\t any v>iation4 ,! smoo? & un9t]rupt$ progress ( ! ?\ght1 be+ alike 9 bo? cases1 readily deceives ! m9d1 & makes u ascribe an id5tity to ! *angeable succession ( connect$ qualities4 ,b :5 we alt] our me?od ( consid]+ ! succession1 &1 in/ead ( trac+ x gradually ?r\gh ! successive po9ts ( "t1 survey at once any two di/9ct p]iods ( its duration1 & comp>e ! diff]5t conditions ( ! successive qualities2 9 t case ! v>iations1 :i* 7 ins5sible :5 !y arose gradually1 d n[ appe> ( consequ5ce1 & seem entirely to de/roy ! id5tity4 ,by ?is means !re arises a k9d ( contr>iety 9 our me?od ( ?9k+1 f ! diff]5t po9ts ( view1 9 :i* we survey ! object1 & f ! ne>ness or remot5ess ( ^? in/ants ( "t1 :i* we comp>e toge!r4 ,:5 we gradually foll[ an object 9 its successive *anges1 ! smoo? progress ( ! ?\ght makes u ascribe an id5tity to ! succession2 because 'tis by a simil> act ( ! m9d we consid] an un*angeable object4 ,:5 we comp>e its situation aft] a consid]able *ange ! progress ( ! ?\ght is broke2 & consequ5tly we are pres5t$ ) ! idea ( div]sity2 9 ord] to reconcile :i* contradictions ! imag9ation is apt to feign some?+ unkn[n & invisible1 :i* x supposes to cont9ue ! same "u all ^! v>iations2 & ?is un9telligible some?+ x calls a sub/ance1 or orig9al & fir/ matt]4 ,we ent]ta9 a l notion ) reg>d to ! simplicity ( sub/ances1 & f l causes4 ,suppose an object p]fectly simple & indivisible to be pres5t$1 along ) ano!r object1 ^: co-exi/5t p>ts are connect$ toge!r by a /rong relation1 'tis evid5t ! actions ( ! m9d1 9 consid]+ ^! two objects1 are n v diff]5t4 ,! imag9ation conceives ! simple object at once1 ) facility1 by a s+le ef=t ( ?\ght1 )\t *ange or v>iation4 ,! connexion ( p>ts 9 ! comp\nd object has almo/ ! same effect1 & s unites ! object )9 itself1 t ! fancy feels n ! transition 9 pass+ f "o "p to ano!r4 ,h5ce ! col\r1 ta/e1 figure1 solidity1 & o!r qualities1 comb9$ 9 a pea* or melon1 are conceiv$ to =m "o ?+2 & t on acc\nt ( _! close relation1 :i* makes !m affect ! ?\ght 9 ! same mann]1 z if p]fectly uncomp\nd$4 ,b ! m9d re/s n "h4 ,:5ev] x views ! object 9 ano!r light1 x f9ds t all ^! qualities are diff]5t1 & di/+ui%able1 & sep>able f ea* o!r2 :i* view ( ?+s be+ de/ructive ( its prim>y & m natural notions1 obliges ! imag9ation to feign an unkn[n some?+1 or orig9al sub/ance & matt]1 z a pr9ciple ( union or cohesion among ^! qualities1 & z :at may give ! comp\nd object a title to be call$ "o ?+1 not)/&+ its div]sity & composition4 ,! ,p]ipatetic philosophy ass]ts ! orig9al matt] to be p]fectly homog5e\s 9 all bodies1 & consid]s fire1 wat]1 e>?1 & air1 z ( ! v same sub/ance1 on acc\nt ( _! gradual revolutions & *anges into ea* o!r4 ,at ! same "t x assigns to ea* ( ^! species ( objects a di/9ct sub/antial =m1 :i* x supposes to be ! s\rce ( all ^? diff]5t qualities !y possess1 & to be a new f\ndation ( simplicity & id5tity to ea* p>ticul> species4 ,all dep5ds on our mann] ( view+ ! objects4 ,:5 we look along ! ins5sible *anges ( bodies1 we suppose all ( !m to be ( ! same sub/ance or ess5ce4 ,:5 we consid] _! s5sible diff]5ces1 we attribute to ea* ( !m a sub/antial & ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,& 9 ord] to indulge ourselves 9 bo? ^! ways ( consid]+ our objects1 we suppose all bodies to h at once a sub/ance & a sub/antial =m4 ,! notion ( accid5ts is an unavoidable consequ5ce ( ?is me?od ( ?9k+ ) reg>d to sub/ances & sub/antial =ms2 nor c we =be> look+ ^u col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 figures1 & o!r prop]ties ( bodies1 z exi/5ces1 :i* _c subsi/ ap>t1 b require a subject ( inhesion to su/a9 & support !m4 ,= hav+ nev] discov]$ any ( ^! s5sible qualities1 :]e1 = ! reasons above m5tion$1 we did n likewise fancy a sub/ance to exi/2 ! same habit1 :i* makes u inf] a connexion betwixt cause & effect1 makes u "h inf] a dep5d5ce ( e quality on ! unkn[n sub/ance4 ,! cu/om ( imag9+ a dep5d5ce has ! same effect z ! cu/om ( obs]v+ x w\ld h4 ,?is conceit1 h[ev]1 is no m reasonable ?an any ( ! =ego+4 ,e quality be+ a di/9ct ?+ f ano!r1 may be conceiv$ to exi/ ap>t1 & may exi/ ap>t n only f e o!r quality1 b f t un9telligible *im]a ( a sub/ance4 ,b ^! philosoph]s c>ry _! fictions /ill f>!r 9 _! s5tim5ts conc]n+ occult qualities1 & bo? suppose a sub/ance support+1 :i* !y d n und]/&1 & an accid5t support$1 ( :i* !y h z imp]fect an idea4 ,! :ole sy/em1 !re=e1 is entirely incompreh5sible1 & yet is d]iv$ f pr9ciples z natural z any ( ^! above expla9$4 ,9 consid]+ ?is subject1 we may obs]ve a gradation ( ?ree op9ions t rise above ea* o!r1 accord+ z ! p]sons :o =m !m acquire new degrees ( reason & k4 ,^! op9ions are t ( ! vulg>1 t ( a false philosophy1 & t ( ! true2 :]e we %all f9d ^u inquiry1 t ! true philosophy approa*es ne>] to ! s5tim5ts ( ! vulg> ?an to ^? ( a mi/ak5 k4 ',tis natural = m51 9 _! common & c>eless way ( ?9k+1 to imag9e !y p]ceive a connexion betwixt su* objects z !y h con/antly f\nd unit$ toge!r2 & because cu/om has r5d]$ x difficult to sep>ate ! ideas1 !y are apt to fancy su* a sep>ation to be 9 itself impossible & absurd4 ,b philosoph]s1 :o ab/ract f ! effects ( cu/om1 & comp>e ! ideas ( objects1 imm$iately p]ceive ! falsehood ( ^! vulg> s5tim5ts1 & discov] t !re is no kn[n connexion among objects4 ,e diff]5t object appe>s to !m entirely di/9ct & sep>ate2 & !y p]ceive t 'tis n f a view ( ! nature & qualities ( objects we inf] "o f ano!r1 b only :5 9 sev]al in/ances we obs]ve !m to h be5 con/antly conjo9$4 ,b ^! philosoph]s1 in/ead ( draw+ a j inf]5ce f ?is obs]vation1 & conclud+1 t we h no idea ( p[] or ag5cy1 sep>ate f ! m9d & belong+ to causes2 ,i say1 in/ead ( draw+ ?is conclusion1 !y frequ5tly se>* = ! qualities 9 :i* ?is ag5cy consi/s1 & are displeas$ ) e sy/em :i* _! reason sugge/s to !m1 9 ord] to expla9 x4 ,!y h suffici5t =ce ( g5ius to free !m f ! vulg> error1 t !re is a natural & p]ceivable connexion betwixt ! sev]al s5sible qualities & actions ( matt]1 b n suffici5t to keep !m f ev] seek+ = ?is connexion 9 matt] or causes4 ,_h !y fall5 ^u ! j conclusion1 !y w\ld h return$ back to ! situation ( ! vulg>1 & w\ld h reg>d$ all ^! disquisitions ) indol5ce & indiff]5ce4 ,at pres5t !y seem to be 9 a v lam5table condition1 & su* z ! poets h giv5 u b a fa9t notion ( 9 _! descriptions ( ! puni%m5t ( ,sisyphus & ,tantalus4 ,= :at c be imag9$ m torm5t+ ?an to seek ) eag]ness :at = ev] flies u1 & seek = x 9 a place :]e 'tis impossible x c ev] exi/8 ,b z ,nature seems to h obs]v$ a k9d ( ju/ice & comp5sation 9 e ?+1 %e has n neglect$ philosoph]s m ?an ! re/ ( ! creation1 b has res]v$ !m a consolation amid all _! disappo9tm5ts & afflictions4 ,?is consolation pr9cipally consi/s 9 _! inv5tion ( ! words faculty & occult quality4 ,= x be+ usual1 aft] ! frequ5t use ( t]ms1 :i* are really significant & intelligible1 to omit ! idea :i* we w\ld express by !m1 & pres]ve only ! cu/om by :i* we recal ! idea at pleasure2 s x naturally happ5s1 t aft] ! frequ5t use ( t]ms :i* are :olly insignificant & un9telligible1 we fancy !m to be on ! same foot+ ) ! prec$5t1 & to h a secret mean+ :i* we might discov] by reflection4 ,! resemblance ( _! appe>ance deceives ! m9d1 z is usual1 & makes u imag9e a ?or\gh resemblance & con=mity4 ,by ?is means ^! philosoph]s set !mselves at ease1 & arrive at la/1 by an illusion1 at ! same indiff]5ce :i* ! p atta9 by _! /upidity1 & true philosoph]s by _! mod]ate scepticism4 ,!y ne$ only say1 t any ph5om5on :i* puzzles !m arises f a faculty or an occult quality1 & !re is an end ( all dispute & inquiry ^u ! matt]4 ,b among all ! in/ances :]e9 ! ,p]ipatetics h %[n !y 7 guid$ by e trivial prop5sity ( ! imag9ation1 no "o is m rem>kable ?an _! sympa?ies1 antipa?ies1 & horrors ( a vacuum4 ,!re is a v rem>kable incl9ation 9 human nature to be/[ on ext]nal objects ! same emotions :i* x obs]ves 9 itself1 & to f9d e :]e ^? ideas :i* are mo/ pres5t to x4 ,?is incl9ation1 'tis true1 is suppress$ by a little reflection1 & only takes place 9 *ildr51 poets1 & ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,x appe>s 9 *ildr51 by _! desire ( beat+ ! /ones :i* hurt !m3 9 poets by _! read9ess to p]sonify e ?+2 & 9 ! anci5t philosoph]s1 by ^! fictions ( sympa?y & antipa?y4 ,we mu/ p>don *ildr51 because ( _! age2 poets1 because !y pr(ess to foll[ implicitly ! sugge/ions ( _! fancy2 b :at excuse %all we f9d to ju/ify our philosoph]s 9 s signal a weakness8 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,philosophy4 ,b "h x may be object$1 t ! imag9ation1 accord+ to my own confession1 be+ ! ultimate judge ( all sy/ems ( philosophy1 ,i am unju/ 9 blam+ ! anci5t philosoph]s = mak+ use ( t faculty1 & all[+ !mselves to be entirely guid$ by x 9 _! reason+s4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify myself1 ,i mu/ di/+ui% 9 ! imag9ation betwixt ! pr9ciples :i* are p]man5t1 irresi/ible1 & univ]sal2 su* z ! cu/om>y transition f causes to effects1 & f effects to causes3 & ! pr9ciples1 :i* are *angeable1 weak & irregul>2 su* z ^? ,i h j n[ tak5 notice (4 ,! =m] are ! f\ndation ( all our ?\ghts & actions1 s t ^u _! removal1 human nature mu/ imm$iately p]i% & g to ru94 ,! latt] are nei!r unavoidable to mank9d1 nor necess>y1 or s mu* z useful 9 ! conduct ( life2 b1 on ! contr>y1 are obs]v$ only to take place 9 weak m9ds1 & be+ opposite to ! o!r pr9ciples ( cu/om & reason+1 may easily be subv]t$ by a due contra/ & opposition4 ,= ?is reason1 ! =m] are receiv$ by philosophy1 & ! latt] reject$4 ,"o :o concludes somebody to be ne> him1 :5 he he>s an articulate voice 9 ! d>k1 reasons ju/ly & naturally2 ?\gh t conclusion be d]iv$ f no?+ b cu/om1 :i* infixes & enliv5s ! idea ( a human creature1 on acc\nt ( 8 usual conjunction ) ! pres5t impression4 ,b "o1 :o is torm5t$ he kn[s n :y1 ) ! appreh5sion ( spectres 9 ! d>k1 may p]haps be said to reason1 & to reason naturally too3 b !n x mu/ be 9 ! same s5se t a malady is said to be natural2 z aris+ f natural causes1 ?\gh x be contr>y to heal?1 ! mo/ agreeable & mo/ natural situation ( man4 ,! op9ions ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 _! fictions ( sub/ance & accid5t1 & _! reason+s conc]n+ sub/antial =ms & occult qualities1 are l ! spectres 9 ! d>k1 & are d]iv$ f pr9ciples1 :i*1 h[ev] common1 are nei!r univ]sal nor unavoidable 9 human nature4 ,! mod]n philosophy pret5ds to be entirely free f ?is defect1 & to arise only f ! solid1 p]man5t1 & consi/5t pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation4 ,^u :at gr\nds ?is pret5sion is f\nd$1 mu/ n[ be ! subject ( our inquiry4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( t philosophy is ! op9ion conc]n+ col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 smells1 heat & cold2 :i* x ass]ts to be no?+ b impressions 9 ! m9d1 d]iv$ f ! op]ation ( ext]nal objects1 & )\t any resemblance to ! qualities ( ! objects4 ,^u exam9ation1 ,i f9d only "o ( ! reasons commonly produc$ = ?is op9ion to be satisfactory2 viz4 t d]iv$ f ! v>iations ( ^? impressions1 ev5 :ile ! ext]nal object1 to all appe>ance1 cont9ues ! same4 ,^! v>iations dep5d ^u sev]al circum/ances4 ,^u ! diff]5t situations ( our heal?3 a man 9 a malady feels a disagreeable ta/e 9 meats1 :i* be=e pleas$ him ! mo/4 ,^u ! diff]5t complexions & con/itutions ( m53 t seems bitt] to "o1 :i* is sweet to ano!r4 ,^u ! diff]5ce ( _! ext]nal situation & position3 col\rs reflect$ f ! cl\ds *ange accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! cl\ds1 & accord+ to ! angle !y make ) ! eye & lum9\s body4 ,fire also communicates ! s5sation ( pleasure at "o di/ance1 & t ( pa9 at ano!r4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are v num]\s & frequ5t4 ,! conclusion drawn f !m1 is likewise z satisfactory z c possibly be imag9$4 ',tis c]ta91 t :5 diff]5t impressions ( ! same s5se arise f any object1 e "o ( ^! impressions has n a resembl+ quality exi/5t 9 ! object4 ,= z ! same object _c1 at ! same "t1 be end[$ ) diff]5t qualities ( ! same s5se1 & z ! same quality _c resemble impressions entirely diff]5t2 x evid5tly foll[s1 t _m ( our impressions h no ext]nal model or ar*etype4 ,n[1 f l effects we presume l causes4 ,_m ( ! impressions ( col\r1 s\nd1 c41 are confess$ to be no?+ b int]nal exi/5ces1 & to arise f causes1 :i* no ways resemble !m4 ,^! impressions are 9 appe>ance no?+ diff]5t f ! o!r impressions ( col\r1 s\nd1 c4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t !y are1 all ( !m1 d]iv$ f a l orig94 ,?is pr9ciple be+ once admitt$1 all ! o!r doctr9es ( t philosophy seem to foll[ by an easy consequ5ce4 ,=1 ^u ! removal ( s\nds1 col\rs1 heat1 cold1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 f ! rank ( cont9u$ indep5d5t exi/5ces1 we are r$uc$ m]ely to :at are call$ prim>y qualities1 z ! only real ones1 ( :i* we h any adequate notion4 ,^! prim>y qualities are ext5sion & solidity1 ) _! diff]5t mixtures & modifications2 figure1 motion1 gravity & cohesion4 ,! g5]ation1 increase1 decay & corruption ( animals & vegetables1 are no?+ b *anges ( figure & motion2 z also ! op]ations ( all bodies on ea* o!r2 ( fire1 ( light1 wat]1 air1 e>?1 & ( all ! elem5ts & p[]s ( nature4 ,"o figure & motion produces ano!r figure & motion2 nor does !re rema9 9 ! mat]ial univ]se any o!r pr9ciple1 ei!r active or passive1 ( :i* we c =m ! mo/ di/ant idea4 ,i believe _m objections might be made to ?is sy/em2 b at pres5t ,i %all conf9e myself to "o1 :i* is1 9 my op9ion1 v decisive4 ,i ass]t1 t in/ead ( expla9+ ! op]ations ( ext]nal objects by its means1 we utt]ly annihilate all ^! objects1 & r$uce ourselves to ! op9ions ( ! mo/ extravagant scepticism conc]n+ !m4 ,if col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es & smells be m]ely p]ceptions1 no?+1 we c conceive1 is possess$ ( a real1 cont9u$1 & indep5d5t exi/5ce2 n ev5 motion1 ext5sion & solidity1 :i* are ! prim>y qualities *iefly insi/$ on4 ,to beg9 ) ! exam9ation ( motion2 'tis evid5t ?is is a quality altoge!r inconceivable alone1 & )\t a ref]5ce to "s o!r object4 ,! idea ( motion necess>ily supposes t ( a body mov+4 ,n[1 :at is our idea ( ! mov+ body1 )\t :i* motion is incompreh5sible8 ,x mu/ resolve itself into ! idea ( ext5sion or ( solidity2 & consequ5tly ! reality ( motion dep5ds ^u t ( ^! o!r qualities4 ,?is op9ion1 :i* is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ conc]n+ motion1 ,i h prov$ to be true ) reg>d to ext5sion2 & h %[n t 'tis impossible to conceive ext5sion b z compos$ ( p>ts1 end[$ ) col\r or solidity4 ,! idea ( ext5sion is a comp\nd idea2 b z x is n comp\nd$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts or inf]ior ideas1 x mu/ at la/ resolve itself into su* z are p]fectly simple & indivisible4 ,^! simple & indivisible p>ts n be+ ideas ( ext5sion1 mu/ be non5tities1 unless conceiv$ z col\r$ or solid4 ,col\r is exclud$ f any real exi/5ce4 ,! reality !re=e ( our idea ( ext5sion dep5ds ^u ! reality ( t ( solidity2 nor c ! =m] be j :ile ! latt] is *im]ical4 ,let u !n l5d our att5tion to ! exam9ation ( ! idea ( solidity4 ,! idea ( solidity is t ( two objects1 :i*1 be+ impell$ by ! utmo/ =ce1 _c p5etrate ea* o!r1 b /ill ma9ta9 a sep>ate & di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,solidity !re=e is p]fectly incompreh5sible alone1 & )\t ! conception ( "s bodies :i* are solid1 & ma9ta9 ?is sep>ate & di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,n[1 :at idea h we ( ^! bodies8 ,! ideas ( col\rs1 s\nds1 & o!r second>y qualities1 are exclud$4 ,! idea ( motion dep5ds on t ( ext5sion1 & ! idea ( ext5sion on t ( solidity4 ',tis impossible1 !re=e1 t ! idea ( solidity c dep5d on ei!r ( !m4 ,= t w\ld be to run 9 a circle1 & make "o idea dep5d on ano!r1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! latt] dep5ds on ! =m]4 ,our mod]n philosophy1 !re=e1 leaves u no j nor satisfactory idea ( solidity1 nor consequ5tly ( matt]4 ,?is argum5t w appe> entirely conclusive to e "o t compreh5ds x2 b because x may seem ab/ruse & intricate to ! g5]ality ( read]s1 ,i hope to be excus$ if ,i endeav\r to r5d] x m obvi\s by "s v>iation ( ! expression4 ,9 ord] to =m an idea ( solidity1 we mu/ conceive two bodies press+ on ea* o!r )\t any p5etration2 & 'tis impossible to arrive at ?is idea1 :5 we conf9e ourselves to "o object1 mu* m )\t conceiv+ any4 ,two non5tities _c exclude ea* o!r f _! places1 because !y nev] possess any place1 nor c be end[$ ) any quality4 ,n[ ,i ask1 :at idea d we =m ( ^! bodies or objects to :i* we suppose solidity to belong8 ,to say t we conceive !m m]ely z solid1 is1 to run on 9 inf9itum4 ,to affirm t we pa9t !m out to ourselves z ext5d$1 ei!r resolves all into a false idea1 or returns 9 a circle4 ,ext5sion mu/ necess>ily be consid]$ ei!r z col\r$1 :i* is a false idea1 or z solid1 :i* br+s u back to ! fir/ "q4 ,we may make ! same obs]vation conc]n+ mobility & figure2 &1 ^u ! :ole1 mu/ conclude1 t aft] ! exclusion ( col\rs1 s\nds1 heat & cold1 f ! rank ( ext]nal exi/5ces1 !re rema9s no?+ :i* c af=d u a j & consi/5t idea ( body4 ,add to ?is1 t1 prop]ly speak+1 solidity or imp5etrability is no?+ b an impossibility ( annihilation1 z has be5 already obs]v$3#h = :i* reason 'tis ! m necess>y = u to =m "s di/9ct idea ( t object ^: annihilation we suppose impossible4 ,an impossibility ( be+ annihilat$ _c exi/1 & c nev] be conceiv$ to exi/1 by itself1 b necess>ily requires "s object or real exi/5ce to :i* x may belong4 ,n[1 ! difficulty /ill rema9s h[ to =m an idea ( ?is object or exi/5ce1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! second>y & s5sible qualities4 ,nor mu/ we omit1 on ?is occasion1 our accu/om$ me?od ( exam9+ ideas by consid]+ ^? impressions f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,! impressions :i* ent] by ! sight & he>+1 ! smell & ta/e1 are affirm$ by mod]n philosophy to be )\t any resembl+ objects2 & consequ5tly ! idea ( solidity1 :i* is suppos$ to be real1 c nev] be d]iv$ f any ( ^! s5ses4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 ! feel+ z ! only s5se t c convey ! impression :i* is orig9al to ! idea ( solidity2 &1 inde$1 we naturally imag9e t we feel ! solidity ( bodies1 & ne$ b t\* any object 9 ord] to p]ceive ?is quality4 ,b ?is me?od ( ?9k+ is m popul> ?an philosophical1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ reflections4 ,fir/1 'tis easy to obs]ve1 t ?\gh bodies are felt by means ( _! solidity1 yet ! feel+ is a q diff]5t ?+ f ! solidity1 & t !y h n ! lea/ resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,a man :o has ! palsy 9 "o h& has z p]fect an idea ( imp5etrability1 :5 he obs]ves t h& to be support$ by ! table1 z :5 he feels ! same table ) ! o!r h&4 ,an object t presses ^u any ( our memb]s meets ) resi/ance2 & t1 resi/ance1 by ! motion x gives to ! n]ves & animal spirits1 conveys a c]ta9 s5sation to ! m9d2 b x does n foll[ t ! s5sation1 motion & resi/ance1 are any ways resembl+4 ,secondly1 ! impressions ( t\* are simple impressions1 except :5 consid]$ ) reg>d to _! ext5sion2 :i* makes no?+ to ! pres5t purpose3 & f ?is simplicity ,i inf]1 t !y nei!r repres5t solidity1 nor any real object4 ,= let u put two cases1 viz4 t ( a man :o presses a /one or any solid body ) 8 h&1 & t ( two /ones :i* press ea* o!r2 'twill readily be all[$ t ^! two cases are n 9 e respect alike1 b t 9 ! =m] !re is conjo9$ ) ! solidity a feel+ or s5sation ( :i* !re is no appe>ance 9 ! latt]4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to make ^! two cases alike1 'tis necess>y to remove "s "p ( ! impression :i* ! man feels by 8 h&1 or organ ( s5sation2 & t be+ impossible 9 a simple impression1 obliges u to remove ! :ole1 & proves t ?is :ole impression has no ar*etype or model 9 ext]nal objects2 to :i* we may add1 t solidity necess>ily supposes two bodies1 along ) contiguity & impulse2 :i* be+ a comp\nd object1 c nev] be repres5t$ by a simple impression4 ,n to m5tion1 t1 ?\gh solidity cont9ues always inv>iably ! same1 ! impressions ( t\* *ange e mom5t ^u u1 :i* is a cle> pro( t ! latt] are n repres5tations ( ! =m]4 ,?us !re is a direct & total opposition betwixt our reason & our s5ses2 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 betwixt ^? conclusions we =m f cause & effect1 & ^? t p]suade u ( ! cont9u$ & indep5d5t exi/5ce ( body4 ,:5 we reason f cause & effect1 we conclude1 t nei!r col\r1 s\nd1 ta/e nor smell1 h a cont9u$ & indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,:5 we exclude ^! s5sible qualities1 !re rema9s no?+ 9 ! univ]se :i* has su* an exi/5ce4 #h ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #d4 ,,section ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,immat]iality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,hav+ f\nd su* contradictions & difficulties 9 e sy/em conc]n+ ext]nal objects1 & 9 ! idea ( matt]1 :i* we fancy s cle> & det]m9ate1 we %all naturally expect /ill great] difficulties & contradictions 9 e hypo!sis conc]n+ our int]nal p]ceptions1 & ! nature ( ! m9d1 :i* we are apt to imag9e s mu* m obscure & unc]ta94 ,b 9 ?is we %\ld deceive ourselves4 ,! intellectual _w1 ?\gh involv$ 9 inf9ite obscurities1 is n p]plex$ ) any su* contradictions z ^? we h discov]$ 9 ! natural4 ,:at is kn[n conc]n+ x1 agrees ) itself2 & :at is unkn[n1 we mu/ be cont5t$ to leave s4 ',tis true1 w\ld we he>k5 to c]ta9 philosoph]s1 !y promise to dim9i% our ignorance2 b ,i am afraid 'tis at ! haz>d ( runn+ u into contradictions1 f :i* ! subject is ( itself exempt$4 ,^! philosoph]s are ! curi\s reason]s conc]n+ ! mat]ial or immat]ial sub/ances1 9 :i* !y suppose our p]ceptions to inh]e4 ,9 ord] to put a /op to ^! endless cavils on bo? sides1 ,i "k no bett] me?od1 ?an to ask ^! philosoph]s 9 a few words1 ,:at !y mean by sub/ance & inhesion8 ,& aft] !y h answ]$ ?is "q1 'twill !n be reasonable1 & n till !n1 to ent] s]i\sly into ! dispute4 ,?is "q we h f\nd impossible to be answ]$ ) reg>d to matt] & body2 b besides t 9 ! case ( ! m9d x lab\rs "u all ! same difficulties1 'tis bur!n$ ) "s additional ones1 :i* are peculi> to t subject4 ,z e idea is d]iv$ f a prec$5t impression1 _h we any idea ( ! sub/ance ( our m9ds1 we mu/ also h an impression ( x1 :i* is v difficult1 if n impossible1 to be conceiv$4 ,= h[ c an impression repres5t a sub/ance1 o!rwise ?an by resembl+ x8 ,& h[ c an impression resemble a sub/ance1 s9ce1 accord+ to ?is philosophy1 x is n a sub/ance1 & has none ( ! peculi> qualities or *>act]i/ics ( a sub/ance8 ,b leav+ ! "q ( :at may or may n be1 = t o!r :at actually is1 ,i desire ^? philosoph]s1 :o pret5d t we h an idea ( ! sub/ance ( our m9ds1 to po9t out ! impression t produces x1 & tell di/9ctly aft] :at mann] t impression op]ates1 & f :at object x is d]iv$4 ,is x an impression ( s5sation or reflection8 ,is x pleasant1 or pa9ful1 or indiff]5t8 ,does x att5d u at all times1 or does x only return at int]vals8 ,if at int]vals1 at :at times pr9cipally does x return1 & by :at causes is x produc$8 ,if1 in/ead ( answ]+ ^! que/ions1 any "o %\ld evade ! difficulty1 by say+1 t ! def9ition ( a sub/ance is some?+ :i* may exi/ by itself1 & t ?is def9ition ought to satisfy u3 %\ld ?is be said1 ,i %\ld obs]ve1 t ?is def9ition agrees to e ?+ t c possibly be conceiv$2 & nev] w s]ve to di/+ui% sub/ance f accid5t1 or ! s\l f its p]ceptions4 ,= ?us ,i reason4 ,:atev] is cle>ly conceiv$1 may exi/2 & :atev] is cle>ly conceiv$1 aft] any mann]1 may exi/ aft] ! same mann]4 ,?is is "o pr9ciple :i* has be5 already ackn[l$g$4 ,aga91 e ?+ :i* is diff]5t is di/+ui%able1 & e ?+ :i* is di/+ui%able is sep>able by ! imag9ation4 ,?is is ano!r pr9ciple4 ,my conclusion f bo? is1 t s9ce all our p]ceptions are diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & f e ?+ else 9 ! univ]se1 !y are also di/9ct & sep>able1 & may be consid]$ z sep>ately exi/5t1 & may exi/ sep>ately1 & h no ne$ ( any ?+ else to support _! exi/5ce4 ,!y are !re=e sub/ances1 z f> z ?is def9ition expla9s a sub/ance4 ,?us1 nei!r by consid]+ ! fir/ orig9 ( ideas1 nor by means ( a def9ition1 are we able to arrive at any satisfactory notion ( sub/ance1 :i* seems to me a suffici5t reason = ab&on+ utt]ly t dispute conc]n+ ! mat]iality & immat]iality ( ! s\l1 & makes me absolutely condemn ev5 ! "q itself4 ,we h no p]fect idea ( any ?+ b ( a p]ception4 ,a sub/ance is entirely diff]5t f a p]ception4 ,we h !re=e no idea ( a sub/ance4 ,inhesion 9 some?+ is suppos$ to be requisite to support ! exi/5ce ( our p]ceptions4 ,no?+ appe>s requisite to support ! exi/5ce ( a p]ception4 ,we h !re=e no idea ( inhesion4 ,:at possibility !n ( answ]+ t "q1 ,:e!r p]ceptions inh]e 9 a mat]ial or immat]ial sub/ance1 :5 we d n s mu* z und]/& ! mean+ ( ! "q8 ,!re is "o argum5t commonly employ$ = ! immat]iality ( ! s\l1 :i* seems to me rem>kable4 ,:atev] is ext5d$ consi/s ( p>ts2 & :atev] consi/s ( p>ts is divisible1 if n 9 reality1 at lea/ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,b 'tis impossible any ?+ divisible c be conjo9$ to a ?\ght or p]ception1 :i* is a be+ altoge!r insep>able & indivisible4 ,=1 suppos+ su* a conjunction1 w\ld ! indivisible ?\ght exi/ on ! left or on ! "r h& ( ?is ext5d$ divisible body8 ,on ! surface or 9 ! middle8 ,on ! back or =e-side ( x8 ,if x be conjo9$ ) ! ext5sion1 x mu/ exi/ some:]e )9 its dim5sions4 ,if x exi/ )9 its dim5sions1 x mu/ ei!r exi/ 9 "o p>ticul> "p2 & !n t p>ticul> "p is indivisible1 & ! p]ception is conjo9$ only ) x1 n ) ! ext5sion3 or if ! ?\ght exi/s 9 e "p1 x mu/ also be ext5d$1 & sep>able1 & divisible1 z well z ! body1 :i* is utt]ly absurd & contradictory4 ,= c any "o conceive a passion ( a y>d 9 l5g?1 a foot 9 bread?1 & an in* 9 ?ickness8 ,?\ght !re=e & ext5sion are qualities :olly incompatible1 & nev] c incorporate toge!r into "o subject4 ,?is argum5t affects n ! "q conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! s\l1 b only t conc]n+ its local conjunction ) matt]2 & !re=e x may n be improp] to consid] 9 g5]al :at objects are1 or are n susceptible ( a local conjunction4 ,?is is a curi\s "q1 & may lead u to "s discov]ies ( consid]able mom5t4 ,! fir/ notion ( space & ext5sion is d]iv$ solely f ! s5ses ( sight & feel+2 nor is !re any?+1 b :at is col\r$ or tangible1 t has p>ts dispos$ aft] su* a mann] z to convey t idea4 ,:5 we dim9i% or increase a reli%1 'tis n aft] ! same mann] t we dim9i% or increase any visible object2 & :5 sev]al s\nds /rike our he>+ at once1 cu/om & reflection alone make u =m an idea ( ! degrees ( ! di/ance & contiguity ( ^? bodies f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,:atev] m>ks ! place ( its exi/5ce1 ei!r mu/ be ext5d$1 or mu/ be a ma!matical po9t1 )\t p>ts or composition4 ,:at is ext5d$ mu/ h a p>ticul> figure1 z squ>e1 r\nd1 triangul>2 none ( :i* w agree to a desire1 or inde$ to any impression or idea1 except ( ^! two s5ses above-m5tion$4 ,nei!r ought a desire1 ?\gh indivisible1 to be consid]$ z a ma!matical po9t4 ,= 9 t case 'tw\ld be possible1 by ! addition ( o!rs1 to make two1 ?ree1 f\r desires2 & ^! dispos$ & situat$ 9 su* a mann]1 z to h a det]m9ate l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness2 :i* is evid5tly absurd4 ',twill n be surpris+ aft] ?is1 if ,i deliv] a maxim1 :i* is condemn$ by sev]al metaphysicians1 & is e/eem$ contr>y to ! mo/ c]ta9 pr9ciples ( human reason4 ,?is maxim is1 t an object may exi/1 & yet be no :]e3 & ,i ass]t1 t ?is is n only possible1 b t ! greate/ "p ( be+s d & mu/ exi/ aft] ?is mann]4 ,an object may be said to be no :]e1 :5 its p>ts are n s situat$ ) respect to ea* o!r1 z to =m any figure or quantity2 nor ! :ole ) respect to o!r bodies s z to answ] to our notions ( contiguity or di/ance4 ,n[1 ?is is evid5tly ! case ) all our p]ceptions & objects1 except ^? ( ! sight & feel+4 ,a moral reflection _c be plac$ on ! "r or on ! left h& ( a passion2 nor c a smell or s\nd be ei!r ( a circul> or a squ>e figure4 ,^! objects & p]ceptions1 s f> f requir+ any p>ticul> place1 are absolutely incompatible ) x1 & ev5 ! imag9ation _c attribute x to !m4 ,& z to ! absurdity ( suppos+ !m to be no :]e1 we may consid]1 t if ! passions & s5tim5ts appe> to ! p]ception to h any p>ticul> place1 ! idea ( ext5sion might be d]iv$ f !m1 z well z f ! sight & t\*2 contr>y to :at we h already e/abli%$4 ,if !y appe> n to h any p>ticul> place1 !y may possibly exi/ 9 ! same mann]2 s9ce :atev] we conceive is possible4 ',twill n n[ be necess>y to prove1 t ^? p]ceptions1 :i* are simple1 & exi/ no :]e1 are incapable ( any conjunction 9 place ) matt] or body1 :i* is ext5d$ & divisible2 s9ce 'tis impossible to f\nd a relation b on "s common quality4#i ,x may be bett] wor? our :ile to rem>k1 t ?is "q ( ! local conjunction ( objects1 does n only occur 9 metaphysical disputes conc]n+ ! nature ( ! s\l1 b t ev5 9 common life we h e mom5t occasion to exam9e x4 ,?us1 suppos+ we consid] a fig at "o end ( ! table1 & an olive at ! o!r1 'tis evid5t1 t1 9 =m+ ! complex ideas ( ^! sub/ances1 "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s is t ( _! diff]5t reli%es2 & 'tis z evid5t1 t we incorporate & conjo9 ^! qualities ) su* z are col\r$ & tangible4 ,! bitt] ta/e ( ! "o1 & sweet ( ! o!r1 are suppos$ to lie 9 ! v visible body1 & to be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! :ole l5g? ( ! table4 ,?is is s notable & s natural an illusion1 t x may be prop] to consid] ! pr9ciples f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,?\gh an ext5d$ object be incapable ( a conjunction 9 place ) ano!r t exi/s )\t any place or ext5sion1 yet are !y susceptible ( _m o!r relations4 ,?us ! ta/e & smell ( any fruit are insep>able f its o!r qualities ( col\r & tangibility2 & :i*ev] ( !m be ! cause or effect1 'tis c]ta9 !y are always co-exi/5t4 ,nor are !y only co-exi/5t 9 g5]al1 b also cotempor>y 9 _! appe>ance 9 ! m9d2 & 'tis ^u ! application ( ! ext5d$ body to our s5ses we p]ceive its p>ticul> ta/e & smell4 ,^! relations1 !n1 ( causation1 & contiguity 9 ! "t ( _! appe>ance1 betwixt ! ext5d$ object & ! quality1 :i* exi/s )\t any p>ticul> place1 mu/ h su* an effect on ! m9d1 t1 ^u ! appe>ance ( "o1 x w imm$iately turn its ?\ght to ! conception ( ! o!r4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,we n only turn our ?\ght f "o to ! o!r ^u acc\nt ( _! relation1 b likewise endeav\r to give !m a new relation1 viz4 t ( a conjunction 9 place1 t we may r5d] ! transition m easy & natural4 ,= 'tis a quality1 :i* ,i %all (t5 h occasion to rem>k 9 human nature1 & %all expla9 m fully 9 its prop] place1 t1 :5 objects are unit$ by any relation1 we h a /rong prop5sity to add "s new relation to !m1 9 ord] to complete ! union4 ,9 our arrangem5t ( bodies1 we nev] fail to place su* z are resembl+ 9 contiguity to ea* o!r1 or1 at lea/1 9 correspond5t po9ts ( view3 :y8 b because we feel a satisfaction 9 jo9+ ! relation ( contiguity to t ( resemblance1 or ! resemblance ( situation to t ( qualities4 ,! effects ( ?is prop5sity h be5 already obs]v$#aj 9 t resemblance1 :i* we s readily suppose betwixt p>ticul> impressions & _! ext]nal causes4 ,b we %all n f9d a m evid5t effect ( x ?an 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 :]e1 f ! relations ( causation & contiguity 9 "t betwixt two objects1 we feign likewise t ( a conjunction 9 place1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! connexion4 ,b :atev] confus$ notions we may =m ( an union 9 place betwixt an ext5d$ body1 z a fig1 & its p>ticul> ta/e1 'tis c]ta9 t1 ^u reflection1 we mu/ obs]ve 9 ?is union some?+ altoge!r un9telligible & contradictory4 ,=1 %\ld we ask ourselves "o obvi\s "q1 viz4 if ! ta/e1 :i* we conceive to be conta9$ 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! body1 is 9 e "p ( x1 or 9 "o only1 we mu/ quickly f9d ourselves at a loss1 & p]ceive ! impossibility ( ev] giv+ a satisfactory answ]4 ,we _c reply t 'tis only 9 "o "p3 = exp]i5ce conv9ces u t e "p has ! same reli%4 ,we c z little reply t x exi/s 9 e "p3 = !n we mu/ suppose x figur$ & ext5d$2 :i* is absurd & incompreh5sible4 ,"h1 !n1 we are influ5c$ by two pr9ciples1 directly contr>y to ea* o!r1 viz4 t incl9ation ( our fancy by :i* we are det]m9$ to incorporate ! ta/e ) ! ext5d$ object1 & our reason1 :i* %[s u ! impossibility ( su* an union4 ,be+ divid$ betwixt ^! opposite pr9ciples1 we r5\nce nei!r "o nor ! o!r1 b involve ! subject 9 su* confusion & obscurity1 t we no long] p]ceive ! opposition4 ,we suppose t ! ta/e exi/s )9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! body1 b 9 su* a mann]1 t x fills ! :ole )\t ext5sion1 & exi/s entire 9 e "p )\t sep>ation4 ,9 %ort1 we use1 9 our mo/ famili> way ( ?9k+1 t s*ola/ic pr9ciple :i*1 :5 crudely propos$1 appe>s s %ock+1 ( totum 9 toto1 et totum 9 qualibet p>te2 :i* is mu* ! same z if we %\ld say1 t a ?+ is 9 a c]ta9 place1 & yet is n !re4 ,all ?is absurdity proce$s f our endeav\r+ to be/[ a place on :at is utt]ly incapable ( x2 & t endeav\r aga9 arises f our incl9ation to complete an union :i* is f\nd$ on causation & a contiguity ( "t1 by attribut+ to ! objects a conjunction 9 place4 ,b if ev] reason be ( suffici5t =ce to ov]come prejudice1 'tis c]ta9 t1 9 ! pres5t case1 x mu/ prevail4 ,= we h only ?is *oice left1 ei!r to suppose t "s be+s exi/ )\t any place1 or t !y are figur$ & ext5d$2 or t :5 !y are incorporat$ ) ext5d$ objects1 ! :ole is 9 ! :ole1 & ! :ole 9 e "p4 ,! absurdity ( ! two la/ suppositions proves suffici5tly ! v]acity ( ! fir/4 ,nor is !re any f\r? op9ion3 ,= z to ! supposition ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! mann] ( ma!matical po9ts1 x resolves itself into ! second op9ion1 & supposes1 t sev]al passions may be plac$ 9 a circul> figure1 & t a c]ta9 numb] ( smells1 conjo9$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( s\nds1 may make a body ( twelve cubic in*es2 :i* appe>s ridicul\s ^u ! b>e m5tion+ ( x4 ,b ?\gh 9 ?is view ( ?+s we _c refuse to condemn1 ! mat]iali/s1 :o conjo9 all ?\ght ) ext5sion2 yet a little reflection w %[ u equal reason = blam+ _! antagoni/s1 :o conjo9 all ?\ght ) a simple & indivisible sub/ance4 ,! mo/ vulg> philosophy in=ms u1 t no ext]nal object c make itself kn[n to ! m9d imm$iately1 & )\t ! int]position ( an image or p]ception4 ,t table1 :i* j n[ appe>s to me1 is only a p]ception1 & all its qualities are qualities ( a p]ception4 ,n[1 ! mo/ obvi\s ( all its qualities is ext5sion4 ,! p]ception consi/s ( p>ts4 ,^! p>ts are s situat$ z to af=d u ! notion ( di/ance & contiguity1 ( l5g?1 bread? & ?ickness4 ,! t]m9ation ( ^! ?ree dim5sions is :at we call figure4 ,?is figure is moveable1 sep>able1 & divisible4 ,mobility & sep>ability are ! di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( ext5d$ objects4 ,& to cut %ort all disputes1 ! v idea ( ext5sion is copi$ f no?+ b an impression1 & consequ5tly mu/ p]fectly agree to x4 ,to say ! idea ( ext5sion agrees to any ?+1 is to say x is ext5d$4 ,! free?9k] may n[ triumph 9 8 turn2 & hav+ f\nd !re are impressions & ideas really ext5d$1 may ask 8 antagoni/s1 h[ !y c incorporate a simple & indivisible subject ) an ext5d$ p]ception8 ,all ! argum5ts ( !ologians may "h be retort$ ^u !m4 ,is ! indivisible subject or immat]ial sub/ance1 if y w1 on ! left or on ! "r h& ( ! p]ception8 ,is x 9 ?is p>ticul> "p1 or 9 t o!r8 ,is x 9 e "p )\t be+ ext5d$8 ,or is x entire 9 any "o "p )\t des]t+ ! re/8 ',tis impossible to give any answ] to ^! que/ions b :at w bo? be absurd 9 itself1 & w acc\nt = ! union ( our indivisible p]ceptions ) an ext5d$ sub/ance4 ,?is gives me an occasion to take anew into consid]ation ! "q conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! s\l2 & ?\gh ,i h condemn$ t "q z utt]ly un9telligible1 yet ,i _c =be> propos+ "s f>!r reflections conc]n+ x4 ,i ass]t1 t ! doctr9e ( ! immat]iality1 simplicity1 & indivisibility ( a ?9k+ sub/ance is a true a!ism1 & w s]ve to ju/ify all ^? s5tim5ts = :i* ,sp9oza is s univ]sally infam\s4 ,f ?is topic ,i hope at lea/ to reap "o advantage1 t my adv]s>ies w n h any pretext to r5d] ! pres5t doctr9e odi\s by _! declamations :5 !y see t !y c be s easily retort$ on !m4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! a!ism ( ,sp9oza is ! doctr9e ( ! simplicity ( ! univ]se1 & ! unity ( t sub/ance 9 :i* he supposes bo? ?\ght & matt] to inh]e4 ,!re is only "o sub/ance1 says he1 9 ! _w1 & t sub/ance is p]fectly simple & indivisible1 & exi/s e :]e )\t any local pres5ce4 ,:atev] we discov] ext]nally by s5sation1 :atev] we feel int]nally by reflection1 all ^! are no?+ b modifications ( t "o simple & necess>ily exi/5t be+1 & are n possess$ ( any sep>ate or di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,e passion ( ! s\l1 e configuration ( matt] h[ev] diff]5t & v>i\s1 inh]e 9 ! same sub/ance1 & pres]ve 9 !mselves _! *>act]s ( di/9ction1 )\t communicat+ !m to t subject 9 :i* !y inh]e4 ,! same sub/ratum1 if ,i may s speak1 supports ! mo/ diff]5t modifications )\t any diff]5ce 9 itself1 & v>ies !m )\t any v>iation4 ,nei!r "t1 nor place1 nor all ! div]sity ( nature are able to produce any composition or *ange 9 its p]fect simplicity & id5tity4 ,i believe ?is brief exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( t fam\s a!i/ w be suffici5t = ! pres5t purpose1 & t )\t ent]+ f>!r into ^! gloomy & obscure regions1 ,i %all be able to %[1 t ?is hide\s hypo!sis is almo/ ! same ) t ( ! immat]iality ( ! s\l1 :i* has become s popul>4 ,to make ?is evid5t1 let u rememb]1#aa t z e idea is d]iv$ f a prec$+ p]ception1 'tis impossible our idea ( a p]ception1 & t ( an object or ext]nal exi/5ce1 c ev] repres5t :at are specifically diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,:atev] diff]5ce we may suppose betwixt !m1 'tis /ill incompreh5sible to u2 & we are oblig$1 ei!r to conceive an ext]nal object m]ely z a relation )\t a relative1 or to make x ! v same ) a p]ception or impression4 ,! consequ5ce ,i %all draw f ?is may1 at fir/ sight1 appe> a m]e sophism2 b ^u ! lea/ exam9ation w be f\nd solid & satisfactory4 ,i say !n1 t s9ce we may suppose1 b nev] c conceive1 a specific diff]5ce betwixt an object & impression1 any conclusion we =m conc]n+ ! connexion & repugnance ( impressions1 w n be kn[n c]ta9ly to be applicable to objects2 b t1 on ! o!r h&1 :atev] conclusions ( ?is k9d we =m conc]n+ objects1 w mo/ c]ta9ly be applicable to impressions4 ,! reason is n difficult4 ,z an object is suppos$ to be diff]5t f an impression1 we _c be sure1 t ! circum/ance1 ^u :i* we f\nd our reason+1 is common to bo?1 suppos+ we =m ! reason+ ^u ! impression4 ',tis /ill possible1 t ! object may diff] f x 9 t p>ticul>4 ,b :5 we fir/ =m our reason+ conc]n+ ! object1 'tis beyond d\bt1 t ! same reason+ mu/ ext5d to ! impression3 & t because ! quality ( ! object1 ^u :i* ! argum5t is f\nd$1 mu/ at lea/ be conceiv$ by ! m9d1 & c\ld n be conceiv$1 unless x 7 common to an impression2 s9ce we h no idea b :at is d]iv$ f t orig94 ,?us we may e/abli% x z a c]ta9 maxim1 t we c nev]1 by any pr9ciple1 b by an irregul> k9d ( reason+ f exp]i5ce1#ab discov] a connexion or repugnance betwixt objects1 :i* ext5ds n to impressions2 ?\gh ! inv]se proposition may n be equally true1 t all ! discov]able relations ( impressions are common to objects4 ,to apply ?is to ! pres5t case2 !re are two diff]5t sy/ems ( be+s pres5t$1 to :i* ,i suppose myself "u a necessity ( assign+ "s sub/ance1 or gr\nd ( inhesion4 ,i obs]ve fir/ ! univ]se ( objects or ( body3 ! sun1 moon1 & />s2 ! e>?1 seas1 plants1 animals1 m51 %ips1 h\ses1 & o!r productions ei!r ( art or nature4 ,"h ,sp9oza appe>s1 & tells me1 t ^! are only modifications & t ! subject 9 :i* !y inh]e is simple1 uncomp\nd$1 & indivisible4 ,aft] ?is ,i consid] ! o!r sy/em ( be+s1 viz4 ! univ]se ( ?\ght1 or my impressions & ideas4 ,!re ,i obs]ve ano!r sun1 moon1 & />s2 an e>?1 & seas1 cov]$ & inhabit$ by plants & animals2 t[ns1 h\ses1 m\nta9s1 riv]s2 & 9 %ort e ?+ ,i c discov] or conceive 9 ! fir/ sy/em4 ,^u my inquir+ conc]n+ ^!1 !ologians pres5t !mselves1 & tell me1 t ^! also are modifications1 & modifications ( "o simple1 uncomp\nd$1 & indivisible sub/ance4 ,imm$iately ^u :i* ,i am deaf5$ ) ! noise ( a hundr$ voices1 t treat ! fir/ hypo!sis ) dete/ation & scorn1 & ! second ) applause & v5]ation4 ,i turn my att5tion to ^! hypo!ses to see :at may be ! reason ( s great a p>tiality2 & f9d t !y h ! same fault ( be+ un9telligible1 & t1 z f> z we c und]/& !m1 !y are s mu* alike1 t 'tis impossible to discov] any absurdity 9 "o1 :i* is n common to bo? ( !m4 ,we h no idea ( any quality 9 an object1 :i* does n agree to1 & may n repres5t a quality 9 an impression2 & t because all our ideas are d]iv$ f our impressions4 ,we c nev] !re=e f9d any repugnance betwixt an ext5d$ object z a modification1 & a simple uncomp\nd$ ess5ce1 z its sub/ance2 unless t repugnance takes place equally betwixt ! p]ception or impression ( t ext5d$ object1 & ! same uncomp\nd$ ess5ce4 ,e idea ( a quality 9 an object passes ?r\gh an impression2 & !re=e e p]ceivable relation1 :e!r ( connexion or repugnance1 mu/ be common bo? to objects & impressions4 ,b ?\gh ?is argum5t1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 seems evid5t beyond all d\bt & contradiction1 yet to make x m cle> & s5sible1 let u survey x 9 detail2 & see :e!r all ! absurdities1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 may n likewise be discov]$ 9 t ( !ologians4#ac ,fir/1 x has be5 said aga9/ ,sp9oza1 accord+ to ! s*ola/ic way ( talk+1 r ?an ?9k+1 t a mode1 n be+ any di/9ct or sep>ate exi/5ce1 mu/ be ! v same ) its sub/ance1 & consequ5tly ! ext5sion ( ! univ]se mu/ be 9 a mann] id5tifi$ ) t simple1 uncomp\nd$ ess5ce 9 :i* ! univ]se is suppos$ to inh]e4 ,b ?is1 x may be pret5d$1 is utt]ly impossible & inconceivable unless ! indivisible sub/ance exp& itself1 s z to correspond to ! ext5sion1 or ! ext5sion contract itself1 s z to answ] to ! indivisible sub/ance4 ,?is argum5t seems j1 z f> z we c und]/& x2 & 'tis pla9 no?+ is requir$1 b a *ange 9 ! t]ms1 to apply ! same argum5t to our ext5d$ p]ceptions1 & ! simple ess5ce ( ! s\l2 ! ideas ( objects & p]ceptions be+ 9 e respect ! same1 only att5d$ ) ! supposition ( a diff]5ce1 t is unkn[n & incompreh5sible4 ,secondly1 x has be5 said1 t we h no idea ( sub/ance1 :i* is n applicable to matt]2 nor any idea ( a di/9ct sub/ance1 :i* is n applicable to e di/9ct portion ( matt]4 ,matt] !re=e is n a mode b a sub/ance1 & ea* "p ( matt] is n a di/9ct mode1 b a di/9ct sub/ance4 ,i h already prov$1 t we h no p]fect idea ( sub/ance2 b t tak+ x = some?+ t c exi/ by itself1 'tis evid5t e p]ception is a sub/ance1 & e di/9ct "p ( a p]ception a di/9ct sub/ance3 & consequ5tly ! "o hypo!sis lab\rs "u ! same difficulties 9 ?is respect ) ! o!r4 ,?irdly1 x has be5 object$ to ! sy/em ( "o simple sub/ance 9 ! univ]se1 t ?is sub/ance1 be+ ! support or sub/ratum ( e ?+1 mu/ at ! v same in/ant be modifi$ into =ms1 :i* are contr>y & incompatible4 ,! r\nd & squ>e figures are incompatible 9 ! same sub/ance at ! same "t4 ,h[ !n is x possible1 t ! same sub/ance c at once be modifi$ into t squ>e table1 & into ?is r\nd "o8 ,i ask ! same "q conc]n+ ! impressions ( ^! tables2 & f9d t ! answ] is no m satisfactory 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t to :atev] side we turn1 ! same difficulties foll[ u1 & t we _c advance "o /ep t[>ds ! e/abli%+ ! simplicity & immat]iality ( ! s\l1 )\t prep>+ ! way = a dang]\s & irrecov]able a!ism4 ',tis ! same case1 if1 in/ead ( call+ ?\ght a modification ( ! s\l1 we %\ld give x ! m anci5t1 & yet m modi% "n ( an action4 ,by an action we mean mu* ! same ?+ z :at is commonly call$ an ab/ract mode2 t is1 some?+ :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 is nei!r di/+ui%able1 nor sep>able f its sub/ance1 & is only conceiv$ by a di/9ction ( reason1 or an ab/raction4 ,b no?+ is ga9$ by ?is *ange ( ! t]m ( modification = t ( action2 nor d we free ourselves f "o s+le difficulty by its means1 z w appe> f ! two foll[+ reflections3 ,fir/1 ,i obs]ve1 t ! ^w action1 accord+ to ?is explication ( x1 c nev] ju/ly be appli$ to any p]ception1 z d]iv$ f a m9d or ?9k+ sub/ance4 ,our p]ceptions are all really diff]5t1 & sep>able1 & di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 & f e ?+ else :i* we c imag9e2 & !re=e1 'tis impossible to conceive h[ !y c be ! action or ab/ract mode ( any sub/ance4 ,! in/ance ( motion1 :i* is commonly made use ( to %[ aft] :at mann] p]ception dep5ds z an action ^u its sub/ance1 r conf\nds ?an in/ructs u4 ,motion1 to all appe>ance1 induces no real nor ess5tial *ange on ! body1 b only v>ies its relation to o!r objects4 ,b1 betwixt a p]son 9 ! morn+ walk+ 9 a g>d51 ) company agreeable to him2 & a p]son 9 ! aft]noon enclos$ 9 a dungeon1 & full ( t]ror1 despair & res5tm5t1 !re seems to be a radical diff]5ce1 & ( q ano!r k9d1 ?an :at is produc$ on a body by ! *ange ( its situation4 ,z we conclude f ! di/9ction & sep>ability ( _! ideas1 t ext]nal objects h a sep>ate exi/5ce f ea* o!r2 s1 :5 we make ^! ideas !mselves our objects1 we mu/ draw ! same conclusion conc]n+ !m1 accord+ to ! prec$5t reason+4 ,at lea/1 x mu/ be confess$1 t hav+ no idea ( ! sub/ance ( ! s\l1 'tis impossible = u to tell h[ x c admit ( su* diff]5ces1 & ev5 contr>ieties ( p]ception1 )\t any fundam5tal *ange2 &1 consequ5tly1 c nev] tell 9 :at s5se p]ceptions are actions ( t sub/ance4 ,! use1 !re=e1 ( ! ^w action1 unaccompani$ ) any mean+1 in/ead ( t ( modification1 makes no addition to our k1 nor is ( any advantage to ! doctr9e ( ! immat]iality ( ! s\l4 ,i add1 9 ! second place1 t if x br+s any advantage to t cause1 x mu/ br+ an equal to ! cause ( a!ism4 ,=1 d our !ologians pret5d to make a monopoly ( ! ^w action1 & may n ! a!i/s likewise take possession ( x1 & affirm t o!r plants1 animals1 m51 c41 are no?+ b p>ticul> actions ( "o simple univ]sal sub/ance1 :i* ex]ts itself f a bl9d & absolute necessity8 ,?is y'll say1 is utt]ly absurd4 ,i own 'tis un9telligible2 b1 at ! same "t ass]t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above expla9$1 t 'tis impossible to discov] any absurdity 9 ! supposition1 t all ! v>i\s objects 9 nature are actions ( "o simple sub/ance1 :i* absurdity w n be applicable to a l supposition conc]n+ impressions & ideas4 ,f ^! hypo!ses conc]n+ ! sub/ance & local conjunction ( our p]ceptions1 we may pass to ano!r1 :i* is m intelligible ?an ! =m]1 & m important ?an ! latt]1 viz4 conc]n+ ! cause ( our p]ceptions4 ,matt] & motion1 'tis commonly said 9 ! s*ools1 h[ev] v>i$1 are /ill matt] & motion1 & produce only a diff]5ce 9 ! position & situation ( objects4 ,divide a body z (t5 z y please1 'tis /ill body4 ,place x 9 any figure1 no?+ ev] results b figure1 or ! relation ( p>ts4 ,move x 9 any mann]1 y /ill f9d motion or a *ange ( relation4 ',tis absurd to imag9e1 t motion 9 a circle1 = in/ance1 %\ld be no?+ b m]ely motion 9 a circle2 :ile motion 9 ano!r direction1 z 9 an ellipse1 %\ld also be a passion or moral reflection3 t ! %ock+ ( two globul> p>ticles %\ld become a s5sation ( pa91 & t ! meet+ ( two triangul> ones %\ld af=d a pleasure4 ,n[ z ^! diff]5t %ocks & v>iations & mixtures are ! only *anges ( :i* matt] is susceptible1 & z ^! nev] af=d u any idea ( ?\ght or p]ception1 'tis conclud$ to be impossible1 t ?\ght c ev] be caus$ by matt]4 ,few h be5 able to )/& ! seem+ evid5ce ( ?is argum5t2 & yet no?+ 9 ! _w is m easy ?an to refute x4 ,we ne$ only reflect on :at has be5 prov$ at l>ge1 t we are nev] s5sible ( any connexion betwixt causes & effects1 & t 'tis only by our exp]i5ce ( _! con/ant conjunction1 we c arrive at any k ( ?is relation4 ,n[1 z all objects1 :i* are n contr>y1 are susceptible ( a con/ant conjunction1 & z no real objects are contr>y2 ,i h inf]r$ f ^! pr9ciples1#ad t to consid] ! matt] a priori1 any ?+ may produce any ?+1 & t we %all nev] discov] a reason1 :y any object may or may n be ! cause ( any o!r1 h[ev] great1 or h[ev] little ! resemblance may be betwixt !m4 ,?is evid5tly de/roys ! prec$5t reason+ conc]n+ ! cause ( ?\ght or p]ception4 ,= ?\gh !re appe> no mann] ( connexion betwixt motion or ?\ght1 ! case is ! same ) all o!r causes & effects4 ,place "o body ( a p\nd weight on "o end ( a lev]1 & ano!r body ( ! same weight on ano!r end2 y w nev] f9d 9 ^! bodies any pr9ciple ( motion dep5d5t on _! di/ances f ! c5tre1 m ?an ( ?\ght & p]ception4 ,if y pret5d1 !re=e1 to prove1 a priori1 t su* a position ( bodies c nev] cause ?\ght2 because1 turn x :i* way y w1 'tis no?+ b a position ( bodies2 y mu/1 by ! same c\rse ( reason+ conclude1 t x c nev] produce motion2 s9ce !re is no m app>5t connexion 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b z ?is latt] conclusion is contr>y to evid5t exp]i5ce1 & z 'tis possible we may h a l exp]i5ce 9 ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 & may p]ceive a con/ant conjunction ( ?\ght & motion2 y reason too ha/ily1 :51 f ! m]e consid]ation ( ! ideas1 y conclude t 'tis impossible motion c ev] produce ?\ght1 or a diff]5t position ( p>ts give rise to a diff]5t passion or reflection4 ,nay1 'tis n only possible we may h su* an exp]i5ce1 b 'tis c]ta9 we h x2 s9ce e "o may p]ceive1 t ! diff]5t dispositions ( 8 body *ange 8 ?\ghts & s5tim5ts4 ,& %\ld x be said1 t ?is dep5ds on ! union ( s\l & body1 ,i w\ld answ]1 t we mu/ sep>ate ! "q conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! m9d f t conc]n+ ! cause ( its ?\ght2 & t1 conf9+ ourselves to ! latt] "q1 we f9d1 by ! comp>+ _! ideas1 t ?\ght & motion are diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & by exp]i5ce1 t !y are con/antly unit$2 :i* be+ all ! circum/ances t ent] into ! idea ( cause & effect1 :5 appli$ to ! op]ations ( matt]1 we may c]ta9ly conclude1 t motion may be1 & actually is1 ! cause ( ?\ght & p]ception4 ,!re seems only ?is dilemma left u 9 ! pres5t case2 ei!r to ass]t1 t no?+ c be ! cause ( ano!r1 b :]e ! m9d c p]ceive ! connexion 9 its idea ( ! objects3 or to ma9ta91 t all objects :i* we f9d con/antly conjo9$1 are ^u t acc\nt to be reg>d$ z causes & effects4 ,if we *oose ! fir/ "p ( ! dilemma1 ^! are ! consequ5ces4 ,fir/1 we 9 reality affirm1 t !re is no su* ?+ 9 ! univ]se z a cause or productive pr9ciple1 n ev5 ! ,deity himself2 s9ce our idea ( t ,supreme ,be+ is d]iv$ f p>ticul> impressions1 none ( :i* conta9 any efficacy1 nor seem to h any connexion ) any o!r exi/5ce4 ,z to :at may be said1 t ! connexion betwixt ! idea ( an inf9itely p[]ful ,be+ & t ( any effect1 :i* he wills1 is necess>y & unavoidable2 ,i answ]1 t we h no idea ( a ,be+ end[$ ) any p[]1 mu* less ( "o end[$ ) inf9ite p[]4 ,b if we w *ange expressions1 we c only def9e p[] by connexion2 & !n 9 say+1 t ! idea ( an inf9itely p[]ful ,be+ is connect$ ) t ( e effect :i* he wills1 we really d no m ?an ass]t1 t a ,be+1 ^: volition is connect$ ) e effect1 is connect$ ) e effect2 :i* is an id5tical proposition1 & gives u no insight into ! nature ( ?is p[] or connexion4 ,b1 secondly1 suppos+ t ! ,deity 7 ! great & efficaci\s pr9ciple :i* supplies ! defici5cy ( all causes1 ?is leads u into ! grosse/ impieties & absurdities4 ,= ^u ! same acc\nt t we h rec\rse to him 9 natural op]ations1 & ass]t t matt] _c ( itself communicate motion1 or produce ?\ght1 viz4 because !re is no app>5t connexion betwixt ^! objects2 ,i say1 ^u ! v same acc\nt1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! ,deity is ! au?or ( all our volitions & p]ceptions2 s9ce !y h no m app>5t connexion ei!r ) "o ano!r1 or ) ! suppos$ b unkn[n sub/ance ( ! s\l4 ,?is ag5cy ( ! ,supreme ,be+ we "k to h be5 ass]t$ by sev]al philosoph]s#ae ) relation to all ! actions ( ! m9d1 except volition1 or r an inconsid]able "p ( volition2 ?\gh 'tis easy to p]ceive1 t ?is exception is a m]e pretext1 to avoid ! dang]\s consequ5ces ( t doctr9e4 ,if no?+ be active b :at has an app>5t p[]1 ?\ght is 9 no case any m active ?an matt]2 & if ?is inactivity mu/ make u h rec\rse to a ,deity1 ! ,supreme ,be+ is ! real cause ( all our actions1 bad z well z good1 vici\s z well z virtu\s4 ,?us we are necess>ily r$uc$ to ! o!r side ( ! dilemma1 viz4 t all objects1 :i* are f\nd to be con/antly conjo9$1 are ^u t acc\nt only to be reg>d$ z causes & effects4 ,n[1 z all objects :i* are n contr>y1 are susceptible ( a con/ant conjunction1 & z no real objects are contr>y2 x foll[s1 t1 = ought we c det]m9e by ! m]e ideas1 any ?+ may be ! cause or effect ( any ?+2 :i* evid5tly gives ! advantage to ! mat]iali/s above _! antagoni/s4 ,to pron\nce1 !n1 ! f9al decision ^u ! :ole3 ! "q conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! s\l is absolutely un9telligible3 all our p]ceptions are n susceptible ( a local union1 ei!r ) :at is ext5d$ or unext5d$2 !re be+ "s ( !m ( ! "o k9d1 & "s ( ! o!r3 & z ! con/ant conjunction ( objects con/itutes ! v ess5ce ( cause & effect1 matt] & motion may (t5 be reg>d$ z ! causes ( ?\ght1 z f> z we h any notion ( t relation4 ',tis c]ta9ly a k9d ( indignity to philosophy1 ^: sov]eign au?ority ought e :]e to be ackn[l$g$1 to oblige h] on e occasion to make apologies = h] conclusions1 & ju/ify h]self to e p>ticul> art & sci5ce1 :i* may be (f5d$ at h]4 ,?is puts "o 9 m9d ( a k+ arraign$ = high treason aga9/ 8 subjects4 ,!re is only "o occasion :5 philosophy w ?9k x necess>y & ev5 hon\rable to ju/ify h]self2 & t is1 religion may seem to be 9 ! lea/ (f5d$2 ^: rights are z de> to h] z h] own1 & are inde$ ! same4 ,if any "o1 !re=e1 %\ld imag9e t ! =ego+ argum5ts are any ways dang]\s to religion1 ,i hope ! foll[+ apology w remove 8 appreh5sions4 ,!re is no f\ndation = any conclusion a priori1 ei!r conc]n+ ! op]ations or duration ( any object1 ( :i* 'tis possible = ! human m9d to =m a conception4 ,any object may be imag9$ to become entirely inactive1 or to be annihilat$ 9 a mom5t2 & 'tis an evid5t pr9ciple1 t :atev] we c imag9e is possible4 ,n[ ?is is no m true ( matt]1 ?an ( _s2 ( an ext5d$ comp\nd$ sub/ance1 ?an ( a simple & unext5d$4 ,9 bo? cases ! metaphysical argum5ts = ! immortality ( ! s\l are equally inconclusive2 & 9 bo? cases ! moral argum5ts & ^? d]iv$ f ! analogy ( nature are equally /rong & conv9c+4 ,if my philosophy !re=e makes no addition to ! argum5ts = religion1 ,i h at lea/ ! satisfaction to ?9k x takes no?+ f !m1 b t e ?+ rema9s precisely z be=e4 #i ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 #e4 #aj ,sect #b1 t[>ds ! end4 #aa ,"p4 ,,ii4 ,sect4 #f4 #ab ,su* z t ( ,sect4 #b1 f ! coh]5ce ( our p]ceptions4 #ac ,see ,bayle's ,diction>y1 article ( ,sp9oza4 #ad ,"p ,,iii4 sect4 #ae4 #ae ,z ,fa!r ,malebran*e & o!r ,c>tesians4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,id5tity4 ,!re are "s philosoph]s1 :o imag9e we are e mom5t intimately consci\s ( :at we call our self2 t we feel its exi/5ce & its cont9uance 9 exi/5ce2 & are c]ta91 beyond ! evid5ce ( a demon/ration1 bo? ( its p]fect id5tity & simplicity4 ,! /ronge/ s5sation1 ! mo/ viol5t passion1 say !y1 in/ead ( di/ract+ u f ?is view1 only fix x ! m int5sely1 & make u consid] _! influ5ce on self ei!r by _! pa9 or pleasure4 ,to attempt a f>!r pro( ( ?is 7 to weak5 its evid5ce2 s9ce no pro( c be d]iv$ f any fact ( :i* we are s intimately consci\s2 nor is !re any ?+1 ( :i* we c be c]ta91 if we d\bt ( ?is4 ,unluckily all ^! positive ass]tions are contr>y to t v exp]i5ce :i* is plead$ = !m2 nor h we any idea ( self1 aft] ! mann] x is "h expla9$4 ,=1 f :at impression c\ld ?is idea be d]iv$8 ,?is "q 'tis impossible to answ] )\t a manife/ contradiction & absurdity2 & yet 'tis a "q :i* mu/ necess>ily be answ]$1 if we w\ld h ! idea ( self pass = cle> & intelligible4 ,x mu/ be "s "o impression t gives rise to e real idea4 ,b self or p]son is n any "o impression1 b t to :i* our sev]al impressions & ideas are suppos$ to h a ref]5ce4 ,if any impression gives rise to ! idea ( self1 t impression mu/ cont9ue inv>iably ! same1 ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( our lives2 s9ce self is suppos$ to exi/ aft] t mann]4 ,b !re is no impression con/ant & inv>iable4 ,pa9 & pleasure1 grief & joy1 passions & s5sations succe$ ea* o!r1 & nev] all exi/ at ! same "t4 ,x _c !re=e be f any ( ^! impressions1 or f any o!r1 t ! idea ( self is d]iv$2 & consequ5tly !re is no su* idea4 ,b f>!r1 :at mu/ become ( all our p>ticul> p]ceptions ^u ?is hypo!sis8 ,all ^! are diff]5t1 & di/+ui%able1 & sep>able f ea* o!r1 & may be sep>ately consid]$1 & may exi/ sep>ately1 & h no ne$ ( any ?+ to support _! exi/5ce4 ,aft] :at mann] !re=e d !y belong to self1 & h[ are !y connect$ ) x8 ,= my "p1 :5 ,i ent] mo/ intimately into :at ,i call myself1 ,i always /umble on "s p>ticul> p]ception or o!r1 ( heat or cold1 light or %ade1 love or hatr$1 pa9 or pleasure4 ,i nev] c cat* myself at any "t )\t a p]ception1 & nev] c obs]ve any ?+ b ! p]ception4 ,:5 my p]ceptions are remov$ = any "t1 z by s\nd sleep1 s long am ,i ins5sible ( myself1 & may truly be said n to exi/4 ,& 7 all my p]ceptions remov$ by dea?1 & c\ld ,i nei!r ?9k1 nor feel1 nor see1 nor love1 nor hate1 aft] ! dissolution ( my body1 ,i %\ld be entirely annihilat$1 nor d ,i conceive :at is f>!r requisite to make me a p]fect non5tity4 ,if any "o1 ^u s]i\s & unprejudic$ reflection1 ?9ks he has a diff]5t notion ( himself1 ,i mu/ confess ,i c reason no long] ) him4 ,all ,i c all[ him is1 t he may be 9 ! "r z well z ,i1 & t we are ess5tially diff]5t 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,he may1 p]haps1 p]ceive some?+ simple & cont9u$1 :i* he calls himself2 ?\gh ,i am c]ta9 !re is no su* pr9ciple 9 me4 ,b sett+ aside "s metaphysicians ( ?is k9d1 ,i may v5ture to affirm ( ! re/ ( mank9d1 t !y are no?+ b a bundle or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r ) an inconceivable rapidity1 & are 9 a p]petual flux & movem5t4 ,our eyes _c turn 9 _! sockets )\t v>y+ our p]ceptions4 ,our ?\ght is /ill m v>iable ?an our sight2 & all our o!r s5ses & faculties contribute to ?is *ange2 nor is !re any s+le p[] ( ! s\l1 :i* rema9s unalt]ably ! same1 p]haps = "o mom5t4 ,! m9d is a k9d ( !atre1 :]e sev]al p]ceptions successively make _! appe>ance2 pass1 repass1 glide away1 & m+le 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( po/ures & situations4 ,!re is prop]ly no simplicity 9 x at "o "t1 nor id5tity 9 diff]5t1 :atev] natural prop5sion we may h to imag9e t simplicity & id5tity4 ,! comp>ison ( ! !atre mu/ n mislead u4 ,!y are ! successive p]ceptions only1 t con/itute ! m9d2 nor h we ! mo/ di/ant notion ( ! place :]e ^! sc5es are repres5t$1 or ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$4 ,:at !n gives u s great a prop5sion to ascribe an id5tity to ^! successive p]ceptions1 & to suppose ourselves possess$ ( an inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( our lives8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwixt p]sonal id5tity1 z x reg>ds our ?\ght or imag9ation1 & z x reg>ds our passions or ! conc]n we take 9 ourselves4 ,! fir/ is our pres5t subject2 & to expla9 x p]fectly we mu/ take ! matt] pretty deep1 & acc\nt = t id5tity1 :i* we attribute to plants & animals2 !re be+ a great analogy betwixt x & ! id5tity ( a self or p]son4 ,we h a di/9ct idea ( an object t rema9s inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ ?r\gh a suppos$ v>iation ( "t2 & ?is idea we call t ( id5tity or sam5ess4 ,we h also a di/9ct idea ( sev]al diff]5t objects exi/+ 9 succession1 & connect$ toge!r by a close relation2 & ?is to an accurate view af=ds z p]fect a notion ( div]sity1 z if !re 0 no mann] ( relation among ! objects4 ,b ?\gh ^! two ideas ( id5tity1 & a succession ( relat$ objects1 be 9 !mselves p]fectly di/9ct1 & ev5 contr>y1 yet 'tis c]ta9 t1 9 our common way ( ?9k+1 !y are g5]ally conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 ,t action ( ! imag9ation1 by :i* we consid] ! un9t]rupt$ & inv>iable object1 & t by :i* we reflect on ! succession ( relat$ objects1 are almo/ ! same to ! feel+2 nor is !re mu* m ef=t ( ?\ght requir$ 9 ! latt] case ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,! relation facilitates ! transition ( ! m9d f "o object to ano!r1 & r5d]s its passage z smoo? z if x contemplat$ "o cont9u$ object4 ,?is resemblance is ! cause ( ! confusion & mi/ake1 & makes u sub/itute ! notion ( id5tity1 in/ead ( t ( relat$ objects4 ,h[ev] at "o in/ant we may consid] ! relat$ succession z v>iable or int]rupt$1 we are sure ! next to ascribe to x a p]fect id5tity1 & reg>d x z inv>iable & un9t]rupt$4 ,our prop5sity to ?is mi/ake is s great f ! resemblance above m5tion$1 t we fall into x be=e we are aw>e2 & ?\gh we incessantly correct ourselves by reflection1 & return to a m accurate me?od ( ?9k+1 yet we _c long su/a9 our philosophy1 or take (f ?is bias f ! imag9ation4 ,our la/ res\rce is to yield to x1 & boldly ass]t t ^! diff]5t relat$ objects are 9 effect ! same1 h[ev] int]rupt$ & v>iable4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify to ourselves ?is absurdity1 we (t5 feign "s new & un9telligible pr9ciple1 t connects ! objects toge!r1 & prev5ts _! int]ruption or v>iation4 ,?us1 we feign ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! p]ceptions ( our s5ses1 to remove ! int]ruption2 & run into ! notion ( a s\l1 & self1 & sub/ance1 to disguise ! v>iation4 ,b1 we may f>!r obs]ve1 t :]e we d n give rise to su* a fiction1 our prop5sion to conf\nd id5tity ) relation is s great1 t we are apt to imag9e some?+ unkn[n & my/]i\s1#af connect+ ! p>ts1 beside _! relation2 & ?is ,i take to be ! case ) reg>d to ! id5tity we ascribe to plants & vegetables4 ,& ev5 :5 ?is does n take place1 we /ill feel a prop5sity to conf\nd ^! ideas1 ?\gh we are n able fully to satisfy ourselves 9 t p>ticul>1 nor f9d any ?+ inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ to ju/ify our notion ( id5tity4 ,?us1 ! controv]sy conc]n+ id5tity is n m]ely a dispute ( words4 ,=1 :5 we attribute id5tity1 9 an improp] s5se1 to v>iable or int]rupt$ objects1 our mi/ake is n conf9$ to ! expression1 b is commonly att5d$ ) a fiction1 ei!r ( some?+ inv>iable & un9t]rupt$1 or ( some?+ my/]i\s & inexplicable1 or at lea/ ) a prop5sity to su* fictions4 ,:at w suffice to prove ?is hypo!sis to ! satisfaction ( e fair inquir]1 is to %[1 f daily exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 t ! objects :i* are v>iable or int]rupt$1 & yet are suppos$ to cont9ue ! same1 are su* only z consi/ ( a succession ( p>ts1 connect$ toge!r by resemblance1 contiguity1 or causation4 ,= z su* a succession answ]s evid5tly to our notion ( div]sity1 x c only be by mi/ake we ascribe to x an id5tity2 & z ! relation ( p>ts1 :i* leads u into ?is mi/ake1 is really no?+ b a quality1 :i* produces an association ( ideas1 & an easy transition ( ! imag9ation f "o to ano!r1 x c only be f ! resemblance1 :i* ?is act ( ! m9d be>s to t by :i* we contemplate "o cont9u$ object1 t ! error arises4 ,our *ief bus9ess1 !n1 mu/ be to prove1 t all objects1 to :i* we ascribe id5tity1 )\t obs]v+ _! inv>iabl5ess & un9t]rupt$ness1 are su* z consi/ ( a succession ( relat$ objects4 ,9 ord] to ?is1 suppose any mass ( matt]1 ( :i* ! p>ts are contigu\s & connect$1 to be plac$ be=e u2 'tis pla9 we mu/ attribute a p]fect id5tity to ?is mass1 provid$ all ! p>ts cont9ue un9t]rupt$ly & inv>iably ! same1 :atev] motion or *ange ( place we may obs]ve ei!r 9 ! :ole or 9 any ( ! p>ts4 ,b suppos+ "s v small or inconsid]able "p to be add$ to ! mass1 or subtract$ f x2 ?\gh ?is absolutely de/roys ! id5tity ( ! :ole1 /rictly speak+1 yet z we seldom ?9k s accurately1 we scruple n to pron\nce a mass ( matt] ! same1 :]e we f9d s trivial an alt]ation4 ,! passage ( ! ?\ght f ! object be=e ! *ange to ! object aft] x1 is s smoo? & easy1 t we sc>ce p]ceive ! transition1 & are apt to imag9e1 t 'tis no?+ b a cont9u$ survey ( ! same object4 ,!re is a v rem>kable circum/ance t att5ds ?is exp]im5t2 :i* is1 t ?\gh ! *ange ( any consid]able "p 9 a mass ( matt] de/roys ! id5tity ( ! :ole1 yet we mu/ measure ! greatness ( ! "p1 n absolutely1 b by its proportion to ! :ole4 ,! addition or dim9ution ( a m\nta9 w\ld n be suffici5t to produce a div]sity 9 a planet2 ?\gh ! *ange ( a v few in*es w\ld be able to de/roy ! id5tity ( "s bodies4 ',twill be impossible to acc\nt = ?is1 b by reflect+ t objects op]ate ^u ! m9d1 & break or int]rupt ! cont9uity ( its actions1 n accord+ to _! real greatness1 b accord+ to _! proportion to ea* o!r2 & !re=e1 s9ce ?is int]ruption makes an object cease to appe> ! same1 x mu/ be ! un9t]rupt$ progress ( ! ?\ght :i* con/itutes ! imp]fect id5tity4 ,?is may be confirm$ by ano!r ph5om5on4 ,a *ange 9 any consid]able "p ( a body de/roys its id5tity2 b 'tis rem>kable1 t :]e ! *ange is produc$ gradually & ins5sibly1 we are less apt to ascribe to x ! same effect4 ,! reason c pla9ly be no o!r1 ?an t ! m9d1 9 foll[+ ! successive *anges ( ! body1 feels an easy passage f ! survey+ its condition 9 "o mom5t1 to ! view+ ( x 9 ano!r1 & 9 no p>ticul> "t p]ceives any int]ruption 9 its actions4 ,f :i* cont9u$ p]ception1 x ascribes a cont9u$ exi/5ce & id5tity to ! object4 ,b :atev] precaution we may use 9 introduc+ ! *anges gradually1 & mak+ !m proportionable to ! :ole1 'tis c]ta91 t :]e ! *anges are at la/ obs]v$ to become consid]able1 we make a scruple ( ascrib+ id5tity to su* diff]5t objects4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r artifice1 by :i* we may induce ! imag9ation to advance a /ep f>!r2 & t is1 by produc+ a ref]5ce ( ! p>ts to ea* o!r1 & a comb9ation to "s common end or purpose4 ,a %ip1 ( :i* a consid]able "p has be5 *ang$ by frequ5t rep>ations1 is /ill consid]$ z ! same2 nor does ! diff]5ce ( ! mat]ials h9d] u f ascrib+ an id5tity to x4 ,! common end1 9 :i* ! p>ts conspire1 is ! same "u all _! v>iations1 & af=ds an easy transition ( ! imag9ation f "o situation ( ! body to ano!r4 ,b ?is is /ill m rem>kable1 :5 we add a sympa?y ( p>ts to _! common end1 & suppose t !y be> to ea* o!r ! reciprocal relation ( cause & effect 9 all _! actions & op]ations4 ,?is is ! case ) all animals & vegetables2 :]e n only ! sev]al p>ts h a ref]5ce to "s g5]al purpose1 b also a mutual dep5d5ce on1 & connexion )1 ea* o!r4 ,! effect ( s /rong a relation is1 t ?\gh e "o mu/ all[1 t 9 a v few ye>s bo? vegetables & animals endure a total *ange1 yet we /ill attribute id5tity to !m1 :ile _! =m1 size & sub/ance1 are entirely alt]$4 ,an oak t gr[s f a small plant to a l>ge tree is /ill ! same oak1 ?\gh !re be n "o p>ticle ( matt] or figure ( its p>ts ! same4 ,an infant becomes a man1 & is sometimes fat1 sometimes lean1 )\t any *ange 9 8 id5tity4 ,we may also consid] ! two foll[+ ph5om5a1 :i* are rem>kable 9 _! k9d4 ,! fir/ is1 t ?\gh we commonly be able to di/+ui% pretty exactly betwixt num]ical & specific id5tity1 yet x sometimes happ5s t we conf\nd !m1 & 9 our ?9k+ & reason+ employ ! "o = ! o!r4 ,?us1 a man :o he>s a noise t is frequ5tly int]rupt$ & r5ew$1 says x is /ill ! same noise1 ?\gh 'tis evid5t ! s\nds h only a specific id5tity or resemblance1 & !re is no?+ num]ically ! same b ! cause :i* produc$ !m4 ,9 l mann] x may be said1 )\t brea* ( ! propriety ( language1 t su* a *ur*1 :i* 0 =m]ly ( brick1 fell to ru91 & t ! p>i% rebuilt ! same *ur* ( free/one1 & accord+ to mod]n ar*itecture4 ,"h nei!r ! =m nor mat]ials are ! same1 nor is !re any ?+ common to ! two objects b _! relation to ! inhabitants ( ! p>i%2 & yet ?is alone is suffici5t to make u d5om9ate !m ! same4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve1 t 9 ^! cases ! fir/ object is 9 a mann] annihilat$ be=e ! second comes into exi/5ce2 by :i* means1 we are nev] pres5t$1 9 any "o po9t ( "t1 ) ! idea ( diff]5ce & multiplicity2 & = t reason are less scrupul\s 9 call+ !m ! same4 ,secondly1 we may rem>k1 t ?\gh1 9 a succession ( relat$ objects1 x be 9 a mann] requisite t ! *ange ( p>ts be n sudd5 nor entire1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! id5tity1 yet :]e ! objects are 9 _! nature *angeable & incon/ant1 we admit ( a m sudd5 transition ?an w\ld o!rwise be consi/5t ) t relation4 ,?us1 z ! nature ( a riv] consi/s 9 ! motion & *ange ( p>ts1 ?\gh 9 less ?an f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs ^! be totally alt]$1 ?is h9d]s n ! riv] f cont9u+ ! same dur+ sev]al ages4 ,:at is natural & ess5tial to any ?+ is1 9 a mann]1 expect$2 & :at is expect$ makes less impression1 & appe>s ( less mom5t ?an :at is unusual & extraord9>y4 ,a consid]able *ange ( ! =m] k9d seems really less to ! imag9ation ?an ! mo/ trivial alt]ation ( ! latt]2 & by break+ less ! cont9uity ( ! ?\ght1 has less influ5ce 9 de/roy+ ! id5tity4 ,we n[ proce$ to expla9 ! nature ( p]sonal id5tity1 :i* has become s great a "q 9 philosophy1 especially ( late ye>s1 9 ,engl&1 :]e all ! ab/rus] sci5ces are /udi$ ) a peculi> ard\r & application4 ,& "h 'tis evid5t ! same me?od ( reason+ mu/ be cont9u$ :i* has s successfully expla9$ ! id5tity ( plants1 & animals1 & %ips1 & h\ses1 & ( all ! comp\nd$ & *angeable productions ei!r ( art or nature4 ,! id5tity :i* we ascribe to ! m9d ( man is only a fictiti\s "o1 & ( a l k9d ) t :i* we ascribe to vegetables & animal bodies4 ,x _c !re=e h a diff]5t orig91 b mu/ proce$ f a l op]ation ( ! imag9ation ^u l objects4 ,b le/ ?is argum5t %\ld n conv9ce ! read]1 ?\gh 9 my op9ion p]fectly decisive1 let him weigh ! foll[+ reason+1 :i* is /ill clos] & m imm$iate4 ',tis evid5t t ! id5tity :i* we attribute to ! human m9d1 h[ev] p]fect we may imag9e x to be1 is n able to run ! sev]al diff]5t p]ceptions into "o1 & make !m lose _! *>act]s ( di/9ction & diff]5ce1 :i* are ess5tial to !m4 ',tis /ill true t e di/9ct p]ception :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! m9d1 is a di/9ct exi/5ce1 & is diff]5t1 & di/+ui%able1 & sep>able f e o!r p]ception1 ei!r contempor>y or successive4 ,b z1 not)/&+ ?is di/9ction & sep>ability1 we suppose ! :ole tra9 ( p]ceptions to be unit$ by id5tity1 a "q naturally arises conc]n+ ?is relation ( id5tity1 :e!r x be some?+ t really b9ds our sev]al p]ceptions toge!r1 or only associates _! ideas 9 ! imag9ation2 t is1 9 o!r words1 :e!r1 9 pron\nc+ conc]n+ ! id5tity ( a p]son1 we obs]ve "s real bond among 8 p]ceptions1 or only feel "o among ! ideas we =m ( !m4 ,?is "q we might easily decide1 if we w\ld recollect :at has be5 already prov$ at l>ge1 t ! und]/&+ nev] obs]ves any real connexion among objects1 & t ev5 ! union ( cause & effect1 :5 /rictly exam9$1 resolves itself into a cu/om>y association ( ideas4 ,= f !nce x evid5tly foll[s1 t id5tity is no?+ really belong+ to ^! diff]5t p]ceptions1 & unit+ !m toge!r1 b is m]ely a quality :i* we attribute to !m1 because ( ! union ( _! ideas 9 ! imag9ation :5 we reflect ^u !m4 ,n[1 ! only qualities :i* c give ideas an union 9 ! imag9ation1 are ^! ?ree relations above m5tion$4 ,^! are ! unit+ pr9ciples 9 ! ideal _w1 & )\t !m e di/9ct object is sep>able by ! m9d1 & may be sep>ately consid]$1 & appe>s n to h any m connexion ) any o!r object ?an if disjo9$ by ! greate/ diff]5ce & remot5ess4 ',tis !re=e on "s ( ^! ?ree relations ( resemblance1 contiguity & causation1 t id5tity dep5ds2 & z ! v ess5ce ( ^! relations consi/s 9 _! produc+ an easy transition ( ideas1 x foll[s1 t our notions ( p]sonal id5tity proce$ entirely f ! smoo? & un9t]rupt$ progress ( ! ?\ght along a tra9 ( connect$ ideas1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above expla9$4 ,! only "q1 !re=e1 :i* rema9s is1 by :at relations ?is un9t]rupt$ progress ( our ?\ght is produc$1 :5 we consid] ! successive exi/5ce ( a m9d or ?9k+ p]son4 ,& "h 'tis evid5t we mu/ conf9e ourselves to resemblance & causation1 & mu/ drop contiguity1 :i* has little or no influ5ce 9 ! pres5t case4 ,to beg9 ) resemblance2 suppose we c\ld see cle>ly into ! brea/ ( ano!r1 & obs]ve t succession ( p]ceptions :i* con/itutes 8 m9d or ?9k+ pr9ciple1 & suppose t he always pres]ves ! memory ( a consid]able "p ( pa/ p]ceptions1 'tis evid5t t no?+ c\ld m contribute to ! be/[+ a relation on ?is succession amid/ all its v>iations4 ,= :at is ! memory b a faculty1 by :i* we raise up ! images ( pa/ p]ceptions8 ,& z an image necess>ily resembles its object1 mu/ n ! frequ5t plac+ ( ^! resembl+ p]ceptions 9 ! *a9 ( ?\ght1 convey ! imag9ation m easily f "o l9k to ano!r1 & make ! :ole seem l ! cont9uance ( "o object8 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 !n1 ! memory n only discov]s ! id5tity1 b also contributes to its production1 by produc+ ! relation ( resemblance among ! p]ceptions4 ,! case is ! same1 :e!r we consid] ourselves or o!rs4 ,z to causation2 we may obs]ve1 t ! true idea ( ! human m9d1 is to consid] x z a sy/em ( diff]5t p]ceptions or diff]5t exi/5ces1 :i* are l9k$ toge!r by ! relation ( cause & effect1 & mutually produce1 de/roy1 influ5ce1 & modify ea* o!r4 ,our impressions give rise to _! correspond5t ideas2 & ^! ideas1 9 _! turn1 produce o!r impressions4 ,"o ?\ght *ases ano!r1 & draws aft] x a ?ird1 by :i* x is expell$ 9 its turn4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,i _c comp>e ! s\l m prop]ly to any ?+ ?an to a republic or commonweal?1 9 :i* ! sev]al memb]s are unit$ by ! reciprocal ties ( gov]nm5t & subord9ation1 & give rise to o!r p]sons :o propagate ! same republic 9 ! incessant *anges ( its p>ts4 ,& z ! same individual republic may n only *ange its memb]s1 b also its laws & con/itutions2 9 l mann] ! same p]son may v>y 8 "* & disposition1 z well z 8 impressions & ideas1 )\t los+ 8 id5tity4 ,:atev] *anges he endures1 8 sev]al p>ts are /ill connect$ by ! relation ( causation4 ,& 9 ?is view our id5tity ) reg>d to ! passions s]ves to corroborate t ) reg>d to ! imag9ation1 by ! mak+ our di/ant p]ceptions influ5ce ea* o!r1 & by giv+ u a pres5t conc]n = our pa/ or future pa9s or pleasures4 ,z memory alone acqua9ts u ) ! cont9uance & ext5t ( ?is succession ( p]ceptions1 'tis to be consid]$1 ^u t acc\nt *iefly1 z ! s\rce ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,_h we no memory1 we nev] %\ld h any notion ( causation1 nor consequ5tly ( t *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* con/itute our self or p]son4 ,b hav+ once acquir$ ?is notion ( causation f ! memory1 we c ext5d ! same *a9 ( causes1 & consequ5tly ! id5tity ( our p]sons beyond our memory1 & c compreh5d times1 & circum/ances1 & actions1 :i* we h entirely =got1 b suppose 9 g5]al to h exi/$4 ,= h[ few ( our pa/ actions are !re1 ( :i* we h any memory8 ,:o c tell me1 = in/ance1 :at 7 8 ?\ghts & actions on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y #agae1 ! elev5? ( ,m>* #agai1 & ! ?ird ( ,augu/ #agcc8 ,or w he affirm1 because he has entirely =got ! incid5ts ( ^! days1 t ! pres5t self is n ! same p]son ) ! self ( t "t2 & by t means ov]turn all ! mo/ e/abli%$ notions ( p]sonal id5tity8 ,9 ?is view1 !re=e1 memory does n s mu* produce z discov] p]sonal id5tity1 by %[+ u ! relation ( cause & effect among our diff]5t p]ceptions4 ',twill be incumb5t on ^? :o affirm t memory produces entirely our p]sonal id5tity1 to give a reason :y we c ?us ext5d our id5tity beyond our memory4 ,! :ole ( ?is doctr9e leads u to a conclusion1 :i* is ( great importance 9 ! pres5t affair1 viz4 t all ! nice & subtile que/ions conc]n+ p]sonal id5tity c nev] possibly be decid$1 & are to be reg>d$ r z grammatical ?an z philosophical difficulties4 ,id5tity dep5ds on ! relations ( ideas2 & ^! relations produce id5tity1 by means ( t easy transition !y occasion4 ,b z ! relations1 & ! eas9ess ( ! transition may dim9i% by ins5sible degrees1 we h no j /&>d by :i* we c decide any dispute conc]n+ ! "t :5 !y acquire or lose a title to ! "n ( id5tity4 ,all ! disputes conc]n+ ! id5tity ( connect$ objects are m]ely v]bal1 except s f> z ! relation ( p>ts gives rise to "s fiction or imag9>y pr9ciple ( union1 z we h already obs]v$4 ,:at ,i h said conc]n+ ! fir/ orig9 & unc]ta9ty ( our notion ( id5tity1 z appli$ to ! human m9d1 may be ext5d$ ) little or no v>iation to t ( simplicity4 ,an object1 ^: diff]5t co-exi/5t p>ts are b\nd toge!r by a close relation1 op]ates ^u ! imag9ation aft] mu* ! same mann] z "o p]fectly simple & indivisible1 & requires n a mu* great] /ret* ( ?\ght 9 ord] to its conception4 ,f ?is simil>ity ( op]ation we attribute a simplicity to x1 & feign a pr9ciple ( union z ! support ( ?is simplicity1 & ! c5tre ( all ! diff]5t p>ts & qualities ( ! object4 ,?us we h f9i%$ our exam9ation ( ! sev]al sy/ems ( philosophy1 bo? ( ! intellectual & moral _w2 &1 9 our miscellane\s way ( reason+1 h be5 l$ into sev]al topics1 :i* w ei!r illu/rate & confirm "s prec$+ "p ( ?is disc\rse1 or prep>e ! way = our foll[+ op9ions4 ',tis n[ "t to return to a m close exam9ation ( our subject1 & to proce$ 9 ! accurate anatomy ( human nature1 hav+ fully expla9$ ! nature ( our judgm5t & und]/&+4 #af ,if ! read] is desir\s to see h[ a great g5ius may be influ5c$ by ^! seem+ly trivial pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation1 z well z ! m]e vulg>1 let him read my ,"l ,%aftsbury's reason+s conc]n+ ! unit+ pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 & ! id5tity ( plants & animals4 ,see 8 ,morali/s1 or ,philosophical ,rhapsody4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,conclusion ,,( ,,?is ,,book4 ,b be=e ,i laun* out into ^? imm5se dep?s ( philosophy :i* lie be=e me1 ,i f9d myself incl9$ to /op a mom5t 9 my pres5t /ation1 & to pond] t voyage :i* ,i h und]tak51 & :i* und\bt$ly requires ! utmo/ art & indu/ry to be br\ght to a happy conclusion4 ,me?9ks ,i am l a man1 :o1 hav+ /ruck on _m %oals1 & hav+ n>r[ly escap$ %ipwreck 9 pass+ a small fri?1 has yet ! tem]ity to put out to sea 9 ! same leaky wea!r-beat5 vessel1 & ev5 c>ries 8 ambition s f> z to ?9k ( compass+ ! globe "u ^! disadvantage\s circum/ances4 ,my memory ( pa/ errors & p]plexities makes me diffid5t = ! future4 ,! wret*$ condition1 weakness1 & disord] ( ! faculties1 ,i mu/ employ 9 my inquiries1 increase my appreh5sions4 ,& ! impossibility ( am5d+ or correct+ ^! faculties1 r$uces me almo/ to despair1 & makes me resolve to p]i% on ! b>r5 rock1 on :i* ,i am at pres5t1 r ?an v5ture myself ^u t b\ndless ocean :i* runs out into imm5sity4 ,?is sudd5 view ( my dang] /rikes me ) melan*oly2 &1 z 'tis usual = t passion1 above all o!rs1 to indulge itself1 ,i _c =be> fe$+ my despair ) all ^? despond+ reflections :i* ! pres5t subject furni%es me ) 9 su* abundance4 ,i am fir/ affright$ & conf\nd$ ) t =lorn solitude 9 :i* ,i am plac$ 9 my philosophy1 & fancy myself "s /range unc\? mon/]1 :o1 n be+ able to m+le & unite 9 society1 has be5 expell$ all human comm]ce1 & left utt]ly ab&on$ & disconsolate4 ,fa9 w\ld ,i run into ! cr[d = %elt] & w>m?1 b _c prevail ) myself to mix ) su* de=mity4 ,i call ^u o!rs to jo9 me1 9 ord] to make a company ap>t1 b no "o w he>k5 to me4 ,e "o keeps at a di/ance1 & dreads t /orm :i* beats ^u me f e side4 ,i h expos$ myself to ! enmity ( all metaphysicians1 logicians1 ma!maticians1 & ev5 !ologians2 & c ,i wond] at ! insults ,i mu/ suff]8 ,i h decl>$ my disapprobation ( _! sy/ems2 & c ,i be surpris$ if !y %\ld express a hatr$ ( m9e & ( my p]son8 ,:5 ,i look abroad1 ,i =esee on e side dispute1 contradiction1 ang]1 calumny & detraction4 ,:5 ,i turn my eye inw>d1 ,i f9d no?+ b d\bt & ignorance4 ,all ! _w conspires to oppose & contradict me2 ?\gh su* is my weakness1 t ,i feel all my op9ions loos5 & fall ( !mselves1 :5 unsupport$ by ! approbation ( o!rs4 ,e /ep ,i take is ) hesitation1 & e new reflection makes me dread an error & absurdity 9 my reason+4 ,= ) :at confid5ce c ,i v5ture ^u su* bold ent]prises1 :51 beside ^? numb]less infirmities peculi> to myself1 ,i f9d s _m :i* are common to human nature8 ,c ,i be sure t1 9 leav+ all e/abli%$ op9ions1 ,i am foll[+ tru?8 & by :at crit]ion %all ,i di/+ui% h]1 ev5 if =tune %\ld at la/ guide me on h] foot/eps8 ,aft] ! mo/ accurate & exact ( my reason+s1 ,i c give no reason :y ,i %\ld ass5t to x1 & feel no?+ b a /rong prop5sity to consid] objects /rongly 9 t view "u :i* !y appe> to me4 ,exp]i5ce is a pr9ciple :i* in/ructs me 9 ! sev]al conjunctions ( objects = ! pa/4 ,habit is ano!r pr9ciple :i* det]m9es me to expect ! same = ! future2 & bo? ( !m conspir+ to op]ate ^u ! imag9ation1 make me =m c]ta9 ideas 9 a m int5se & lively mann] ?an o!rs :i* are n att5d$ ) ! same advantages4 ,)\t ?is quality1 by :i* ! m9d enliv5s "s ideas beyond o!rs 7:i* seem+ly is s trivial1 & s little f\nd$ on reason71 we c\ld nev] ass5t to any argum5t1 nor c>ry our view beyond ^? few objects :i* are pres5t to our s5ses4 ,nay1 ev5 to ^! objects we c\ld nev] attribute any exi/5ce b :at 0 dep5d5t on ! s5ses1 & mu/ compreh5d !m entirely 9 t succession ( p]ceptions :i* con/itutes our self or p]son4 ,nay1 f>!r1 ev5 ) relation to t succession1 we c\ld only admit ( ^? p]ceptions :i* are imm$iately pres5t to our consci\sness2 nor c\ld ^? lively images1 ) :i* ! memory pres5ts u1 be ev] receiv$ z true pictures ( pa/ p]ceptions4 ,! memory1 s5ses1 & und]/&+ are !re=e all ( !m f\nd$ on ! imag9ation1 or ! vivacity ( our ideas4 ,no wond] a pr9ciple s incon/ant & fallaci\s %\ld lead u into errors :5 implicitly foll[$ 7z x mu/ be7 9 all its v>iations4 ',tis ?is pr9ciple :i* makes u reason f causes & effects2 & 'tis ! same pr9ciple :i* conv9ces u ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ext]nal objects :5 abs5t f ! s5ses4 ,b ?\gh ^! two op]ations be equally natural & necess>y 9 ! human m9d1 yet 9 "s circum/ances !y are directly contr>y2#ag nor is x possible = u to reason ju/ly & regul>ly f causes & effects1 & at ! same "t believe ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,h[ !n %all we adju/ ^? pr9ciples toge!r8 ,:i* ( !m %all we pref]8 ,or 9 case we pref] nei!r ( !m1 b successively ass5t to bo?1 z is usual among philosoph]s1 ) :at confid5ce c we aft]w>ds usurp t glori\s title1 :5 we ?us kn[+ly embrace a manife/ contradiction8 ,?is contradiction#ah w\ld be m excusable 7 x comp5sat$ by any degree ( solidity & satisfaction 9 ! o!r p>ts ( our reason+4 ,b ! case is q contr>y4 ,:5 we trace up ! human und]/&+ to its fir/ pr9ciples1 we f9d x to lead u into su* s5tim5ts z seem to turn into ridicule all our pa/ pa9s & indu/ry1 & to disc\rage u f future inquiries4 ,no?+ is m curi\sly inquir$ aft] by ! m9d ( man ?an ! causes ( e ph5om5on2 nor are we cont5t ) kn[+ ! imm$iate causes1 b pu% on our inquiries till we arrive at ! orig9al & ultimate pr9ciple4 ,we w\ld n will+ly /op be=e we are acqua9t$ ) t en]gy 9 ! cause by :i* x op]ates on its effect2 t tie1 :i* connects !m toge!r2 & t efficaci\s quality on :i* ! tie dep5ds4 ,?is is our aim 9 all our /udies & reflections3 & h[ mu/ we be disappo9t$ :5 we le>n t ?is connexion1 tie1 or en]gy lies m]ely 9 ourselves1 & is no?+ b t det]m9ation ( ! m9d :i* is acquir$ by cu/om1 & causes u to make a transition f an object to its usual att5dant1 & f ! impression ( "o to ! lively idea ( ! o!r8 ,su* a discov]y n only cuts (f all hope ( ev] atta9+ satisfaction1 b ev5 prev5ts our v wi%es2 s9ce x appe>s1 t :5 we say we desire to "k ! ultimate & op]at+ pr9ciple z some?+ :i* resides 9 ! ext]nal object1 we ei!r contradict ourselves1 or talk )\t a mean+4 ,?is defici5cy 9 our ideas is n inde$ p]ceiv$ 9 common life1 nor are we s5sible t1 9 ! mo/ usual conjunctions ( cause & effect1 we are z ignorant ( ! ultimate pr9ciple :i* b9ds !m toge!r1 z 9 ! mo/ unusual & extraord9>y4 ,b ?is proce$s m]ely f an illusion ( ! imag9ation2 & ! "q is1 h[ f> we ought to yield to ^! illusions4 ,?is "q is v difficult1 & r$uces u to a v dang]\s dilemma1 :i*ev] way we answ] x4 ,= if we ass5t to e trivial sugge/ion ( ! fancy1 beside t ^! sugge/ions are (t5 contr>y to ea* o!r1 !y lead u into su* errors1 absurdities1 & obscurities1 t we mu/ at la/ become a%am$ ( our cr$ulity4 ,no?+ is m dang]\s to reason ?an ! flights ( ! imag9ation1 & no?+ has be5 ! occasion ( m mi/akes among philosoph]s4 ,m5 ( bright fancies may 9 ?is respect be comp>$ to ^? angels1 :om ! ,scripture repres5ts z cov]+ _! eyes ) _! w+s4 ,?is has already appe>$ 9 s _m in/ances1 t we may sp>e ourselves ! tr\ble ( enl>g+ ^u x any f>!r4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! consid]ation ( ^! in/ances makes u take a resolution to reject all ! trivial sugge/ions ( ! fancy1 & adh]e to ! und]/&+1 t is1 to ! g5]al & m e/abli%$ prop]ties ( ! imag9ation2 ev5 ?is resolution1 if /eadily execut$1 w\ld be dang]\s1 & att5d$ ) ! mo/ fatal consequ5ces4 ,= ,i h already %[n1#ai t ! und]/&+1 :5 x acts alone1 & accord+ to its mo/ g5]al pr9ciples1 entirely subv]ts itself1 & leaves n ! l[e/ degree ( evid5ce 9 any proposition1 ei!r 9 philosophy or common life4 ,we save ourselves f ?is total scepticism only by means ( t s+ul> & seem+ly trivial prop]ty ( ! fancy1 by :i* we ent] ) difficulty into remote views ( ?+s1 & are n able to accompany !m ) s s5sible an impression1 z we d ^? :i* are m easy & natural4 ,%all we1 !n1 e/abli% x = a g5]al maxim1 t no ref9$ or elaborate reason+ is ev] to be receiv$8 ,consid] well ! consequ5ces ( su* a pr9ciple4 ,by ?is means y cut (f entirely all sci5ce & philosophy3 y proce$ ^u "o s+ul> quality ( ! imag9ation1 & by a p>ity ( reason mu/ embrace all ( !m3 & y expressly contradict y\rself2 s9ce ?is maxim mu/ be built on ! prec$+ reason+1 :i* w be all[$ to be suffici5tly ref9$ & metaphysical4 ,:at p>ty1 !n1 %all we *oose among ^! difficulties8 ,if we embrace ?is pr9ciple1 & condemn all ref9$ reason+1 we run into ! mo/ manife/ absurdities4 ,if we reject x 9 fav\r ( ^! reason+s1 we subv]t entirely ! human und]/&+4 ,we h !re=e no *oice left1 b betwixt a false reason & none at all4 ,= my "p1 ,i "k n :at ought to be done 9 ! pres5t case4 ,i c only obs]ve :at is commonly done2 :i* is1 t ?is difficulty is seldom or nev] ?\ght (2 & ev5 :]e x has once be5 pres5t to ! m9d1 is quickly =got1 & leaves b a small impression beh9d x4 ,v ref9$ reflections h little or no influ5ce ^u u2 & yet we d n1 & _c e/abli% x = a rule1 t !y ought n to h any influ5ce2 :i* implies a manife/ contradiction4 ,b :at h ,i "h said1 t reflections v ref9$ & metaphysical h little or no influ5ce ^u u8 ,?is op9ion ,i c sc>ce =be> retract+1 & condemn+ f my pres5t feel+ & exp]i5ce4 ,! int5se view ( ^! manifold contradictions & imp]fections 9 human reason has s wr\ght ^u me1 & heat$ my bra91 t ,i am ready to reject all belief & reason+1 & c look ^u no op9ion ev5 z m probable or likely ?an ano!r4 ,:]e am ,i1 or :at8 ,f :at causes d ,i d]ive my exi/5ce1 & to :at condition %all ,i return8 ,^: fav\r %all ,i c\rt1 & ^: ang] mu/ ,i dread8 ,:at be+s surr\nd me8 & on :om h ,i any influ5ce1 or :o h any influ5ce on me8 ,i am conf\nd$ ) all ^! que/ions1 & beg9 to fancy myself 9 ! mo/ deplorable condition imag9able1 environ$ ) ! deepe/ d>kness1 & utt]ly depriv$ ( ! use ( e memb] & faculty4 ,mo/ =tunately x happ5s1 t s9ce reason is incapable ( dispell+ ^! cl\ds1 ,nature h]self suffices to t purpose1 & cures me ( ?is philosophical melan*oly & delirium1 ei!r by relax+ ?is b5t ( m9d1 or by "s avocation1 & lively impression ( my s5ses1 :i* oblit]ate all ^! *im]as4 ,i d9e1 ,i play a game ( backgammon1 ,i conv]se1 & am m]ry ) my fri5ds2 & :51 aft] ?ree or f\r h\rs' amusem5t1 ,i w\ld return to ^! speculations1 !y appe> s cold1 & /ra9$1 & ridicul\s1 t ,i _c f9d 9 my he>t to ent] into !m any f>!r4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i f9d myself absolutely & necess>ily det]m9$ to live1 & talk1 & act l o!r p 9 ! common affairs ( life4 ,b not)/&+ t my natural prop5sity1 & ! c\rse ( my animal spirits & passions r$uce me to ?is indol5t belief 9 ! g5]al maxims ( ! _w1 ,i /ill feel su* rema9s ( my =m] disposition1 t ,i am ready to ?r[ all my books & pap]s into ! fire1 & resolve nev] m to r5\nce ! pleasures ( life = ! sake ( reason+ & philosophy4 ,= ^? are my s5tim5ts 9 t spl5etic hum\r :i* gov]ns me at pres5t4 ,i may1 nay ,i mu/ yield to ! curr5t ( nature1 9 submitt+ to my s5ses & und]/&+2 & 9 ?is bl9d submission ,i %[ mo/ p]fectly my sceptical disposition & pr9ciples4 ,b does x foll[ t ,i mu/ /rive aga9/ ! curr5t ( nature1 :i* leads me to indol5ce & pleasure2 t ,i mu/ seclude myself1 9 "s measure1 f ! comm]ce & society ( m51 :i* is s agreeable2 & t ,i mu/ torture my bra9 ) subtilties & sophi/ries1 at ! v "t t ,i _c satisfy myself conc]n+ ! reasonabl5ess ( s pa9ful an application1 nor h any tol]able prospect ( arriv+ by its means at tru? & c]ta9ty8 ,"u :at obligation d ,i lie ( mak+ su* an abuse ( "t8 ,& to :at end c x s]ve1 ei!r = ! s]vice ( mank9d1 or = my own private int]e/8 ,no3 if ,i mu/ be a fool1 z all ^? :o reason or believe any ?+ c]ta9ly are1 my follies %all at lea/ be natural & agreeable4 ,:]e ,i /rive aga9/ my incl9ation1 ,i %all h a good reason = my resi/ance2 & w no m be l$ a w&]+ into su* dre>y solitudes1 & r\gh passages1 z ,i h hi!rto met )4 ,^! are ! s5tim5ts ( my sple5 & indol5ce2 & inde$ ,i mu/ confess1 t philosophy has no?+ to oppose to !m1 & expects a victory m f ! returns ( a s]i\s good-hum\r$ disposition1 ?an f ! =ce ( reason & conviction4 ,9 all ! incid5ts ( life1 we ought /ill to pres]ve our scepticism4 ,if we believe t fire w>ms1 or wat] refre%es1 'tis only because x co/s u too mu* pa9s to ?9k o!rwise4 ,nay1 if we are philosoph]s1 x ought only to be ^u sceptical pr9ciples1 & f an incl9ation :i* we feel to ! employ+ ourselves aft] t mann]4 ,:]e reason is lively1 & mixes itself ) "s prop5sity1 x ought to be ass5t$ to4 ,:]e x does n1 x nev] c h any title to op]ate ^u u4 ,at ! "t1 !re=e1 t ,i am tir$ ) amusem5t & company1 & h indulg$ a rev]ie 9 my *amb]1 or 9 a solit>y walk by a riv] side1 ,i feel my m9d all collect$ )9 itself1 & am naturally incl9$ to c>ry my view into all ^? subjects1 ab\t :i* ,i h met ) s _m disputes 9 ! c\rse ( my read+ & conv]sation4 ,i _c =be> hav+ a curiosity to be acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( moral good & evil1 ! nature & f\ndation ( gov]nm5t1 & ! cause ( ^? sev]al passions & incl9ations :i* actuate & gov]n me4 ,i am uneasy to ?9k ,i approve ( "o object1 & disapprove ( ano!r2 call "o ?+ beautiful1 & ano!r de=m$2 decide conc]n+ tru? & falsehood1 reason & folly1 )\t kn[+ ^u :at pr9ciples ,i proce$4 ,i am conc]n$ = ! condition ( ! le>n$ _w1 :i* lies "u su* a deplorable ignorance 9 all ^! p>ticul>s4 ,i feel an ambition to arise 9 me ( contribut+ to ! in/ruction ( mank9d1 & ( acquir+ a "n by my inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,^! s5tim5ts spr+ up naturally 9 my pres5t disposition2 & %\ld ,i endeav\r to bani% !m1 by atta*+ myself to any o!r bus9ess or div]sion1 ,i feel ,i %\ld be a los] 9 po9t ( pleasure2 & ?is is ! orig9 ( my philosophy4 ,b ev5 suppose ?is curiosity & ambition %\ld n transport me into speculations )\t ! sph]e ( common life1 x w\ld necess>ily happ51 t f my v weakness ,i mu/ be l$ into su* inquiries4 ',tis c]ta9 t sup]/ition is mu* m bold 9 its sy/ems & hypo!ses ?an philosophy2 & :ile ! latt] cont5ts itself ) assign+ new causes & pr9ciples to ! ph5om5a :i* appe> 9 ! visible _w1 ! =m] op5s a _w ( its own1 & pres5ts u ) sc5es1 & be+s1 & objects1 :i* are altoge!r new4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 'tis almo/ impossible = ! m9d ( man to re/1 l ^? ( bea/s1 9 t n>r[ circle ( objects1 :i* are ! subject ( daily conv]sation & action1 we ought only to delib]ate conc]n+ ! *oice ( our guide1 & ought to pref] t :i* is safe/ & mo/ agreeable4 ,& 9 ?is respect ,i make bold to recomm5d philosophy1 & %all n scruple to give x ! pref]5ce to sup]/ition ( e k9d or d5om9ation4 ,= z sup]/ition arises naturally & easily f ! popul> op9ions ( mank9d1 x seizes m /rongly on ! m9d1 & is (t5 able to di/urb u 9 ! conduct ( our lives & actions4 ,philosophy1 on ! contr>y1 if j1 c pres5t u only ) mild & mod]ate s5tim5ts2 & if false & extravagant1 its op9ions are m]ely ! objects ( a cold & g5]al speculation1 & seldom g s f> z to int]rupt ! c\rse ( our natural prop5sities4 ,! ,cynics are an extraord9>y in/ance ( philosoph]s1 :o1 f reason+s purely philosophical1 ran into z great extravagancies ( conduct z any monk or d]vise t ev] 0 9 ! _w4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! errors 9 religion are dang]\s2 ^? 9 philosophy only ridicul\s4 ,i am s5sible1 t ^! two cases ( ! /r5g? & weakness ( ! m9d w n compreh5d all mank9d1 & t !re are 9 ,engl&1 9 p>ticul>1 _m hone/ g5tlem51 :o1 be+ always employ$ 9 _! dome/ic affairs1 or amus+ !mselves 9 common recreations1 h c>ri$ _! ?\ghts v little beyond ^? objects1 :i* are e day expos$ to _! s5ses4 ,& inde$1 ( su* z ^! ,i pret5d n to make philosoph]s1 nor d ,i expect !m ei!r to be associates 9 ^! rese>*es1 or auditors ( ^! discov]ies4 ,!y d well to keep !mselves 9 _! pres5t situation2 &1 in/ead ( ref9+ !m into philosoph]s1 ,i wi% we c\ld communicate to our f\nd]s ( sy/ems1 a %>e ( ?is gross e>?y mixture1 z an +r$i5t1 :i* !y commonly /& mu* 9 ne$ (1 & :i* w\ld s]ve to temp] ^? fi]y p>ticles1 ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,:ile a w>m imag9ation is all[$ to ent] into philosophy1 & hypo!ses embrac$ m]ely = be+ speci\s & agreeable1 we c nev] h any /eady pr9ciples1 nor any s5tim5ts1 :i* w suit ) common practice & exp]i5ce4 ,b 7 ^! hypo!ses once remov$1 we might hope to e/abli% a sy/em or set ( op9ions1 :i* if n true 7= t1 p]haps1 is too mu* to be hop$ =71 might at lea/ be satisfactory to ! human m9d1 & might /& ! te/ ( ! mo/ critical exam9ation4 ,nor %\ld we despair ( atta9+ ?is end1 because ( ! _m *im]ical sy/ems1 :i* h successively aris5 & decay$ away among m51 w\ld we consid] ! %ortness ( t p]iod1 :]e9 ^! que/ions h be5 ! subjects ( inquiry & reason+4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ) su* long int]ruptions1 & "u su* mighty disc\ragem5ts1 are a small space ( "t to give any tol]able p]fection to ! sci5ces2 & p]haps we are /ill 9 too e>ly an age ( ! _w to discov] any pr9ciples1 :i* w be> ! exam9ation ( ! late/ po/]ity4 ,= my "p1 my only hope is1 t ,i may contribute a little to ! advancem5t ( k1 by giv+ 9 "s p>ticul>s a diff]5t turn to ! speculations ( philosoph]s1 & po9t+ out to !m m di/9ctly ^? subjects1 :]e alone !y c expect assurance & conviction4 ,human ,nature is ! only sci5ce ( man2 & yet has be5 hi!rto ! mo/ neglect$4 ',twill be suffici5t = me1 if ,i c br+ x a little m into fa%ion2 & ! hope ( ?is s]ves to compose my temp] f t sple51 & invigorate x f t indol5ce1 :i* sometimes prevail ^u me4 ,if ! read] f9ds himself 9 ! same easy disposition1 let him foll[ me 9 my future speculations4 ,if n1 let him foll[ 8 incl9ation1 & wait ! returns ( application & good hum\r4 ,! conduct ( a man :o /udies philosophy 9 ?is c>eless mann]1 is m truly sceptical ?an t ( "o :o1 feel+ 9 himself an incl9ation to x1 is yet s ov]:elm$ ) d\bts & scruples1 z totally to reject x4 ,a true sceptic w be diffid5t ( 8 philosophical d\bts1 z well z ( 8 philosophical conviction2 & w nev] refuse any innoc5t satisfaction :i* (f]s itself1 ^u acc\nt ( ei!r ( !m4 ,nor is x only prop] we %\ld 9 g5]al indulge our incl9ation 9 ! mo/ elaborate philosophical rese>*es1 not)/&+ our sceptical pr9ciples1 b also t we %\ld yield to t prop5sity1 :i* incl9es u to be positive & c]ta9 9 p>ticul> po9ts1 accord+ to ! light 9 :i* we survey !m 9 any p>ticul> in/ant4 ',tis easi] to =be> all exam9ation & inquiry1 ?an to *eck ourselves 9 s natural a prop5sity1 & gu>d aga9/ t assurance1 :i* always arises f an exact & full survey ( an object4 ,on su* an occasion we are apt n only to =get our scepticism1 b ev5 our mode/y too2 & make use ( su* t]ms z ^!1 'tis evid5t1 'tis c]ta91 'tis und5iable2 :i* a due def]5ce to ! public ought1 p]haps1 to prev5t4 ,i may h fall5 into ?is fault aft] ! example ( o!rs2 b ,i "h ent] a caveat aga9/ any objections :i* may be (f]$ on t head2 & decl>e t su* expressions 7 extort$ f me by ! pres5t view ( ! object1 & imply no dogmatical _s1 nor conceit$ idea ( my own judgm5t1 :i* are s5tim5ts t ,i am s5sible c become nobody1 & a sceptic /ill less ?an any o!r4 #ag ,sect4 #d4 #ah ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #ad4 #ai ,section #a4 ,,end ,,( ,,volume ,,fir/4