,a ,bible ,s*ool ,manual ,/udies 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation ,an ,introduction1 ,analysis1 & ,notes ,conta9+ a concise int]pretation accord+ to ! symbolic view1 num]\s ref]5ces to au?orities1 & g5]al m5tion ( o!r int]pretations1 ,) ! ,text ( ! ,am]ican ,revis$ ,v]sion ,edit$ 9 ,p>agraphs1 = ! use ( ,bible ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,/eph5 ,alex&] ,hunt]1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,pittsburgh ,pr9t+ ,company ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #aiba ,,cont5ts ,=eword ,ma/],?\ghts ^u ! ,revelation ,preface ,introduction #a4 ,g5]al ,introduction4 #b4 ,! ,title4 #c4 ,! ,au?or4 #d4 ,! ,unity4 #e4 ,! ,date4 #f4 ,! ,place4 #g4 ,! ,canonicity4 #h4 ,! ,=m4 #i4 ,! ,!me4 #aj4 ,! ,occasion4 #aa4 ,! ,purpose4 #ab4 ,! ,int]pretation4 #ac4 ,! ,outl9e ,analysis4 #ad4 ,! ,lit]>y ,/ructure4 #ae4 ,! ,lit]ature4 ,scripture ,text ,analysis ,& ,notes ,i ,! ,prologue1 ,*4 #a3ac3bb #a ,! ,sup]scription1 ,*4 #a3ac #b ,! ,salutation1 ,*4 #a3dh #c ,! ,introductory ,vision 7,! ,glorifi$ ,son ( ,man71 ,*4 #a3ibj 7#a7 ,! ,trumpet ,voice1 ,*4 #a3iaa 7#b7 ,! ,triumphant ,son ( ,man1 ,*4 #a3abac;a 7#c7 ,! ,graci\s ,app>el1 ,*4 #a3ac;b 7#d7 ,! ,glori\s ,appe>ance1 ,*4 #a3adae1 & #af;c 7#e7 ,! ,sev5 ,/>s1 ,*4 #a3af;a 7#f7 ,! ,two,edg$ ,sword1 ,*4 #a3af;b 7#g7 ,! ,assur+ ,message1 ,*4 #a3agbj #d ,! ,sev5 ,epi/les1 ,*4 #b3ac3bb 7#a7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,ephesus1 ,*4 #b3ag 7#b7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,smyrna1 ,*4 #b3haa 7#d7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,?yatira1 ,*4 #b3ahbi 7#e7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,s>dis1 ,*4 #c3af 7#f7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,philadelphia1 ,*4 #c3gac 7#g7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,laodicea1 ,*4 #c3adbb ,,ii ,,! ,,ma9 ,,apocalypse1 ,*4 #d3abb3e ,i ,! ,vision ( ,god on ! ,?rone 7,a ,vision ( ,sov]eignty74 ,*4 #d3ae3ad #a ,! ,?rone & ! ,k+1 ,*4 #d3ac1 #e;a1 & #f;a #b ,! ,f\r & ,tw5ty ,eld]s1 ,*4 #d3d1 #aj & #aa #c ,! ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,fire 7or ,tor*es71 ,*4 #d3e;b #d ,! ,f\r ,liv+ ,creatures1 ,*4 #d4 #f;b#i #e ,! ,seal$ ,book 7or ,scroll71 ,*4 #e3ae #f ,! ,lamb1 ,*4 #e3fh;a #g ,! ,heav5ly ,wor%ip1 ,*4 #e3h;b#ad ,,ii ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,seals 7,a ,vision ( ,trial74 ,*4 #f3aag1 & #h3a #a ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,fir/ ,seal1 ,*4 #f3a1 #b #b ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,second ,seal1 ,*4 #f3c1 #d #c ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,?ird ,seal1 ,*4 #f3e1 #f #d ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,f\r? ,seal1 ,*4 #f3g1 #h #e ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,fif? ,seal1 ,*4 #f3iaa #f ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,six? ,seal1 ,*4 #f3abag #g ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,sev5? ,seal1 ,*4 #h3a ,i,ib ,! ,episode ( ! ,seal$ ,ones 7,a ,vision ( ,salvation ,assur$74 ,*4 #g3aag ,a ,! ,seal$ ( ,israel1 ,*4 #g3ah #a ,! ,angels ,hold+ ! ,w9ds1 ,*4 #g3ac #b ,! ,numb] ( ! ,seal$1 ,*4 #g3dh ,b ,! ,r$eem$ ,out ( ,all ,nations1 ,*4 #g3iag #a ,! ,innum]able ,multitude1 ,*4 #g3i #b ,! ,cry ( ! ,*ur* ,triumphant1 ,*4 #g3ajab #c ,! ,r$eem$ ,be=e ! ,?rone1 ,*4 #g3acag ,,iii ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,trumpets 7,a ,vision ( ,?reat5+74 ,*4 #h3bi3ba1 & #aa3adai ,a ,! ,prep>ation = ! ,trumpets1 ,*4 #h3bf #a ,an ,angel ,(f]s ,inc5se ^u ! ,gold5 ,alt>1 ,*4 #h3ce #b ,! ,sev5 ,angels ,prep>e to ,s\nd1 ,*4 #h3b1 #f ,b ,! ,trumpets ,s\nd$1 ,*4 #h3gi3ba2 & #aa3adai #a ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,fir/ ,trumpet1 ,*4 #h3g #b ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,second ,trumpet1 ,*4 #h3hi #c ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,?ird ,trumpet1 ,*4 #h3ajaa #d ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,f\r? ,trumpet1 ,*4 #h3ab 7#a7 ,! ,eagle & ,its ,message1 ,*4 #h3ac #e ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,fif? ,trumpet1 ,*4 #i3aab #f ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,six? ,trumpet1 ,*4 #i3acba1 & #aa3ad #g ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,sev5? ,trumpet1 ,*4 #aa3aeai ,i,i,ib ,! ,episode ( ! ,angel ) ! ,book2 & ( ! ,two ,witnesses 7,a ,vision ( ,div9e ,help74 ,*4 #aj3aaa3ac ,a ,! ,angel ) ! ,little ,op5 ,book1 ,*4 #aj3aaa #a ,! ,angel ,=etells ! ,end1 ,*4 #aj3ag 7#a7 ,! ,?und] ,voices1 ,*4 #aj3c;b & #d #b ,! ,book ,deliv]$ to ,john1 ,*4 #aj3haa ,b ,! ,two ,witnesses1 ,*4 #aa3aac #a ,! ,measurem5t ( ! ,temple1 ,*4 #aa3ab #b ,! ,two ,witnesses & _! ,m>tyrdom1 ,*4 #aa3cac ,,iv ,! ,vision ( ,conflict 7,a ,vision ( ,w>f>e74 ,*4 #ab3aad3bj ,a ,! ,woman & ! ,dragon1 ,*4 #ab3af1 & #acag #a ,! ,sun,clo!d ,woman1 ,*4 #ab3ab1 #ef1 & #ac;f4 #b ,! ,great ,r$ ,dragon1 ,*4 #ab3cd1 & #ac;f4 #c ,! ,all,rul+ ,man,*ild1 ,*4 #ab3e #d ,! ,wild]ness ,refuge1 ,*4 #ab3f;a1 & #ad;a #e ,! ,p]secution ( ! ,woman & h] ,se$1 ,*4 #ab3df1 & #acag ,b ,w> 9 ,heav51 ,*4 #ab3gab ,c ,! ,two ,bea/s1 ,*4 #ac3aah #a ,! ,fir/ ,bea/--! ,bea/ f ! ,sea1 ,*4 #ac3aaj 7#a7 ,an ,admonition to ,pati5ce1 ,*4 #ac3iaj #b ,! ,second ,bea/1--! ,bea/ f ! ,l&1 ,*4 #ac3aaah4 7#a47 ,an ,admonition to ,wisdom1 ,*4 #ac3ah ,d4 ,! ,lamb on ,m\nt ,zion1 ,*4 #ad3abj #a4 ,! ,r$eem$ ) ! ,lamb1 ,*4 #ad3ae #b4 ,! ,?ree ,angel ,messages1 ,*4 #ad3faa 7#a7 ,! ,message ( ! ,et]nal ,gospel1 ,*4 #ad3fg 7#b7 ,! ,message ( ,babylon's ,fall1 ,*4 #ad3h 7#c7 ,! ,message ( ,doom = ! ,bea/ & 8 ,foll[]s1 ,*4 #ad3iaa #c4 ,! ,bless$ness ( ! ,holy ,dead1 ,*4 #ad3abac #d4 ,! ,h>ve/ ( ! ,elect1 ,*4 #ad3adaf #e4 ,! ,v9tage ( ,wra?1 ,*4 #ad3agbj ,v4 ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,vials or ,b[ls 7,a ,vision ( ,judgm5t74 ,*4 #ae3aaf3ab1 & #af3agba ,a4 ,! ,prep>ation = ! ,vials1 ,*4 #ae3ah #a4 ,! ,angels ) ! ,plagues1 ,*4 #ae3ab;a #b4 ,! ,victors by ! ,sea1 ,*4 #ae3b;b #c4 ,! ,song ( ! ,r$eem$1 ,*4 #ae3cd #d4 ,! ,judgm5t ,made ,ready1 ,*4 #ae3eh ,b4 ,! ,vials ,p\r$ ,out1 ,*4 #af3aab1 & #agba 7#a47 ,! ,comm& to ,p\r ,out ! ,vials1 ,*4 #af3a #a ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,fir/ ,vial1 ,*4 #af3b #b ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,second ,vial1 ,*4 #af3c #c ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,?ird ,vial1 ,*4 #af3dg #d ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,f\r? ,vial1 ,*4 #af3hi #e ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,fif? ,vial1 ,*4 #af3ajaa #f ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,six? ,vial1 ,*4 #af3ab #g ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,sev5? ,vial1 ,*4 #af3agba ,vb ,! ,episode ( ! ,frogl ,spirits 7,a ,vision ( ,w>n+74 ,*4 #af3acaf #a ,! ,unclean ,spirits ( ,evil1 ,*4 #af3acad1 & #af #b ,john's ,^w ( ,w>n+1 ,*4 #af3ae ,,vi ,! ,vision ( ,victory 7,a ,vision ( ,v9dication74 ,*4 #ag3abj3ae ,a ,! ,my/ic ,babylon & ,h] ,fall1 ,*4 #ag3aah3bd #a ,! ,h>lot & ! ,int]pretation1 ,*4 #ag3aah 7#a7 ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,h>lot ,ann\nc$1 ,*4 #ag3ab 7#b7 ,! ,view ( ! ,h>lot1 ,*4 #ag3cf 7#c7 ,! ,int]pretation ,giv51 ,*4 #ag3gah #b ,! ,fall ( ! ,city ,proclaim$1 ,*4 #ah3abd 7#a7 ,! ,ann\ncem5t ( ,h] ,ov]?r[1 ,*4 #ah3ac 7#b7 ,! ,w>n+ to ,god's ,p1 ,*4 #ah3dh 7#c7 ,! ,lam5t ( ! ,k+s ( ! ,e>? ov] ,h] ,doom1 ,*4 #ah3iaj 7#d7 ,! ,lam5t ( ! ,m]*ants1 ,*4 #ah3aaag;a 7#e7 ,! ,lam5t ( ! ,seam51 ,*4 #ah4 #ag;b#ai 7#f7 ,a ,call to ,heav5 & to ! ,*ur* to ,rejoice1 ,*4 #ah3bj 7#g7 ,! ,symbol ( ,h] ,irretrievable ,ru91 ,*4 #ah3babd ,b ,! ,triumph ( ! ,r$eem$1 ,*4 #ai3aaj #a ,! ,*oral ,song ( ,hallelujahs1 ,*4 #ai3ah #b ,! ,bless$ness ( ! ,m>riage ,supp]1 ,*4 #ai3i #c ,wor%ip ,refus$ by ! ,angel1 ,*4 #ai3aj ,c ,! ,la/ ,?+s1 ,*4 #ai3aabj3ae #a ,! ,end ( ! ,holy ,w>1 ,*4 #ai3aaba #b ,satan ,b\nd1 ,*4 #bj3ac;a #c ,! ,fir/ ,resurrection1 ,*4 #bj3df #d ,! ,mill5nium1 ,*4 #bj43 #b;b1 #c;b1 #d;b1 #e;a1 #f;b & #g;a #e ,satan ,loos$ ,aga9 & ,ov]?r[n1 ,*4 #bj3c;c1 & #gaj #f ,! ,second ,resurrection1 ,*4 #bj3aaab;a1 & #ac;a #g ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ,*4 #bj3aaae ,,vii ,! ,vision ( ! ,new ,j]usalem 7,a ,vision ( ,triumph74 ,*4 #ba3abb3e #a ,! ,new ,heav5 & ! ,new ,e>?1 ,*4 #ba3a #b ,! ,holy ,city1 ,*4 #ba3bbb3e 7#a7 ,! ,tab]nacle ( ,god ) ,m51 ,*4 #ba3cd 7#b7 ,! ,bride1 ! ,lamb's ,wife1 ,*4 #ba3b1 #iaj 7#c7 ,! ,city ( ,new ,?+s1 ,*4 #ba3eh 7#d7 ,! ,city ( ,glory1 ,*4 #ba3aaba 7#e7 ,! ,city ( ,_m ,nations1 ,*4 #ba3bd1 & #bf 7#f7 ,! ,city ( ,exclusions1 ,*4 #ba3a1 #d1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bg2 & #bb3c1 #e 7#g7 ,! ,city ( ,life1 ,*4 #bb3ab 7#h7 ,! ,city ( ,god1 ,*4 #bb3ce ,,iii ,,! ,,epilogue1 ,*4 #bb3fba ,a ,! ,f9al ,words ( ! ,angel1 ) ! ,promise ( ,*ri/1 ,*4 #bb3faf #a ,! ,message ,reaffirm$1 ,*4 #bb3fi 7#a7 ,! ,witness ( ! ,angel1 ,*4 #bb3fg 7#b7 ,! ,witness ,confirm$ by ,john1 ,*4 #bb3h;a 7#c7 ,wor%ip f ,john aga9 ,refus$1 ,*4 #bb3h;b#i #b ,! ,book ,n to be ,seal$1 ,*4 #bb3ajaa #c ,! ,promise ( ,*ri/ to ! ,victors1 ,*4 #bb3abaf ,b ,! ,clos+ ,te/imony ( ,john1 ,*4 #bb3agbj #a ,a ,la/ ,univ]sal ,invitation ( ,grace1 ,*4 #bb3ag #b ,a ,la/ ,impressive ,w>n+ ( ,exhortation1 ,*4 #bb3ahai #c ,a ,la/ ,assur+ ,promise ( ,hope1 ,*4 #bb3bj;a #d ,a la/ ,ec/atic ,pray] ( ,ye>n+1 ,*4 #bb3bj;b ,c ,! ,au?or's ,b5$iction1 ,*4 #bb3ba ,app5dix ,a3 ,"s ,fundam5tal ,conceptions ( ! ,apocalypse ,app5dix ,b3 ,curr5t ,que/ions ( ,divid$ ,op9ion ,app5dix ,c3 ,hepta*ords ( ,song & ,bless+ ,app5dix ,d3 ,! ,=mal ,s]ies ( ,sev5s ,app5dix ,e3 ,! ,symbolism ( ,numb]s ,app5dix ,f3 ,! ,lit]>y ,/ructure ( ! ,apocalypse ,app5dix ,g3 ,! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature ,footnotes ,cov] ,page ,illu/ration ,map ( ,proconsul> ,asia4 ,foll[+ ,ramsay1 9 ,/4 ,paul ! ,travell] & ,roman ,citiz54 ,! ,text ( ,revelation giv5 9 ?is volume is t ( ! ,am]ican ,/&>d ,edition ( ! ,revis$ ,bible1 copyright #aija by ,?omas ,nelson ,sons1 & is us$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]s4 ,,to ,,all ,,my ,,classmates1 ,,fri5ds1 ,,& ,,fell[ ,,pilgrims ,,on ,,life',s ,,j\rney1 ,,= ,,:om ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,revelation1 ,,t+$ ,,?\gh ,,x ,,is ,,) ,,my/]y1 ,,conta9s ,a ,,manife/ation ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,purpose ,,9 ,,creation ,,& ,,r$emption1 ,,& ,a ,,vision ,,( ,,! ,,f> ,,glory ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,beyond1 ,,?is ,,volume-- ,,writt5 ,,9 ,,! ,,hope ,,t ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,(f]$ ,,may ,,contribute ,,9 ,,"s ,,degree ,,to ,a ,,cle>] ,,appreh5sion ,,( ,,! ,,book1 ,,& ,,may ,,help ,,9 ,,"s ,,measure ,,to ,,make ,,its ,,message ,,ri*1 ,,& ,,sweet1 ,,& ,,abid+-- ,,is ,,respectfully ,,& ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,=eword ,! manuscript ( ?is ,comm5t>y 0 complet$ sev]al ye>s ago1 b its publication 0 un=tunately def]r$ until ! au?or's heal? no long] p]mitt$ him to see x ?r\gh ! press or ev5 to be consult$ 9 reg>d to modifications4 ,= ?is latt] reason no *ange ( any k9d has be5 made ei!r 9 ! language or ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,9 ! bibliography we h add$ ! two rec5t monum5tal contributions to ! lit]ature on ! ,book ( ,revelation1 comm5t>ies by ,i4 ,t4 ,beck) & ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les4 ,_h ! au?or possess$ ! physical /r5g? aft] _! appe>ance1 we feel sure t he w\ld h drawn ^u ^! two ext5sive works :i* are int5d$ = ! use ( te*nical s*ol>s4 ,! significance ( ,dr4 ,hunt]'s 8,/udies 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation0 lies 9 its cle> & accurate pres5tation ( ! results ( ! inve/igation ( mod]n s*ol>s1 9 language :i* is compreh5sible to ! intellig5t read] ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john has be5 an enigma f ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,on ! "o h&1 x has be5 %unn$ because ( its my/]i\sness2 on ! o!r1 x has be5 discr$it$ = sob]m9d$1 intellig5t ,*ri/ians by ! absurd vag>ies ( its int]pret]s4 ,too (t5 ! caprice or pr$ilection ( ! comm5tator1 r ?an imp>tial /udy1 has det]m9$ ! mean+ ( ! clos+ book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon4 ,! removal ( ?is reproa* has be5 "o ( ! signal a*ievem5ts ( ! ,biblical s*ol>%ip ( ! la/ tw5tyfive ye>s4 ,su* a notable result has be5 accompli%$ by ! discov]y & ! int]pretation ( ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptic1 a type ( lit]ature t fl\ri%$ f #bjj ,b4 ,c4 on = sev]al c5turies4 ,! ,revelation belongs to ?is type ( lit]ature4 ,x is ! expression ( a ,*ri/ian's fai? 9 ! triumph ( 8 ,"l's k+dom ?r\gh ! use ( symbolism & imag]y peculi> to ,jewi% ,apocalyptic lit]ature4 ,our au?or1 9 common ) all mod]n s*ol>s1 has us$ ?is key = unlock+ ! my/]y ( ! clos+ book ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures4 ,by its employm5t he has made cle> ! mean+ ( ! ,revelation to ! op5m9d$ read] ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,on e page ! "w gives evid5ce ( s*ol>%ip1 wide 9 its range1 & ?or\gh 9 its grasp1 z well z ( sanity ( judgm5t 9 ! discussion ( controv]sial que/ions4 ,because ( ^! qualities1 ,dr4 ,hunt]'s treatise is wor?y ( wide circulation4 ,x meets a special ne$ at ?is "t z x is especially adapt$ to c\nt]act fanta/ic !ories ( int]pretation & !ology :i* are bas$ on a misund]/&+ ( bo? ! purpose & ! symbolism ( a ,new ,te/am5t book t ranks z an equal ( ! greate/ pieces ( imag9ative lit]ature4 ,! pro(s h be5 read by ,mr4 ,walt] ,h4 ,mill+]1 ( ! s5ior class ( ! ,sem9>y1 & ! publication ( ! book has be5 made possible only by ! pa9/ak+ ef=t ( a devot$ fri5d & fell[work] ( ,dr4 ,hunt]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wicks ( ! ,pittsburgh ,pr9t+ ,company to :om bo? ! au?or & ! read] are deeply indebt$4 ,,james ,a4 ,,kelso4 ,! ,we/]n ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,,ma/],,?\ghts ,,^u ,,! ,,revelation7#a7 899,i am ! ,alpha & ! ,omega1 ! fir/ & ! la/1 ! beg9n+ & ! end990 7,rev4 #bb4ac73--8,?is is ! unify+ ?\ght ( ! :ole book3 nay ( ! :ole ,bible4 ,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john is ! meet+ gr\nd ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t3 :at b9ds ! long succession ( books--by s _m au?ors1 ( s _m diff]5t ages--into a unity is express$ by ! say+ t #8! te/imony ( ,jesus is ! _s ( prophecy4' ,! :ole ( prophetic lit]ature yields its imag9ative figures to adorn ?is f9al ,revelation2 all hi/ory is made "o by ! c5tral ?\ght ( ! k+dom ( ! _w becom+ ! k+dom ( ,*ri/40--,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,m\lton1--9 ,lit]ature ( ! ,bible4 8,! ,book ( ,revelation is ! sum ( all prophecy4 ,x c>ries ! dev\t read] to a height f :i* he c see ! hi/ory ( ,god's k+dom f its beg9n+ to its consummation 9 glory4 ,x is ! sublime/ book 9 ! ,bible1 & its /udy awak5s ! pr(\nde/ wor%ip40--,j4 ,m4 ,,/ifl]1--9 unpubli%$ ,classroom ,lectures4 8,! ,apocalypse con/itutes ! m]idian ( ,hebrew poetry & art1 embrac+ 9 its individual =ms ! mo/ div]se elem5ts4444 ,if ! laws ( its con/ruction be b recogniz$1 ! obscure ,book ( ,revelation w pres5t itself to our eyes z a radiant con/ellation1 a symmetrical ca!dral built ^u a plan ( p]fect cle>ness & transp>5cy40--,,john ,,pet] ,,lange1--9 ,comm5t>y on ! ,revelation4 8,! book has an imp]i%able religi\s wor? because ( ! en]gy ( fai? t f9ds expression 9 x1 & ! spl5did c]ta9ty ( its conviction t ,god's cause rema9s always ! be/1 & is "o ) ! cause ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 b x is unreasonable to treat ! detail ( its phantasies z an au!ntic s\rce = a hi/ory ( ! pa/ or future40--,a4 ,j,,li*]1--9 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 8,9 ! ,apocalypse ! emphasis plac$ ^u ! omnipot5ce ( ,god rises to a climax4 ,!re only 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7except ,,ii ,cor4 #f4ah7 is ! epi!t ,all,rul] ascrib$ to ,him2 & ! :ole purport ( ! book is ! portrayal ( ! ,div9e guidance ( hi/ory1 & ! v ess5ce ( its message t1 despite all surface appe>ances1 x is ! h& ( ,god t really directs all occurr5ces1 & all ?+s are ha/5+ to ! end ( ,8 det]m9+4444 ,x is ! complet5ess ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t to :i* ! _w is subject by ! ,"l ( lords & ,k+ ( k+s1 ! ,rul] ( ! e>? & ,k+ ( ! nations1 ^: control ( all ! occurr5ces ( "t is 9 accordance ) ,8 holy purposes1 t x is ! supreme object ( ?is book to portray40--,b4 ,b4 ,,w>field1--9 art4 8,pr$e/9ation01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ! ,bible4 8,! ,apocalypse is doctr9ally ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,synopti/s & ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x (f]s ! *>act]i/ic ?\ghts ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 t =m ( developm5t :i* belongs to ! e>lie/ apo/olic age4444 ,! po9ts ( connection betwe5 ! ,apocalypse & ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john are f> m num]\s ?an are sugge/$ by a fir/ g5]al comp>ison4 ,! ma9 idea ( bo? is ! same4 ,bo? pres5t a view ( a supreme conflict betwe5 ! p[]s ( good & evil4444 ,9 bo? books alike ,*ri/ is ! c5tral figure4 ,8 victory is ! end to :i* hi/ory & vision lead z _! consummation4 ,8 ,p]son & ,"w are ! gr\nd ( triumph2 & ( triumph ?r\gh app>5t failure4 ,bo? pres5t ! abid+ ( ,god ) man z ! issue ( ,*ri/'s "w40--,,bp4 ,,we/cott1--9 ,introduction to ,john's ,gospel1 ,bible ,comm5t>y4 8,9 ,revelation1 z 9 ,john's ,gospel & ,fir/ ,epi/le1 ! consci\sness ( a _wconflict1 a _wprocess1 & a _wtriumph is manife/4 ,! return ( ,jesus is contemplat$ 9 relation to ! enl>g$ environm5t 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity /ood4 ,revelation te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( ! hope ) :i* ,*ri/ianity _h begun2 b also to ! fact t into t hope _h c5t]$ ! full] conception ( ,*ri/ & ,8 salvation :i* ! apo/les _h taught1 & ! broad5$ vision ( ! purpose ( ,god :i* hi/ory _h made cle>4 ,yet x 0 /ill ! same hope1 #8,behold ,he come?1' & ! pray] 0 /ill ! same1 #8,come ,"l ,jesus'40--,,george ,t4 ,,purves1--9 ,! ,apo/olic ,age4 8,! fundam5tal conception ( ! book is nei!r human weakness ^u ! "o h& nor div9e p[] ^u ! o!r1 b div9e p[] victori\s ?r\gh app>5t human weakness1 life triumphant ov] dea?40--,,william ,,milligan1--9 ,discussions on ! ,apocalypse4 8,h[ev] long ! conflict1 ?is book assures u ( ! ultimate triumph ( ! ,lamb4 ,t figure sugge/s ,inc>nation 9 ord] to ,r$emption2 & ! description ( ! ,new ,j]usalem %[s u ,light & ,life reign+ et]nally because ! ,lamb is #8! lamp !re('40--,,mat!w ,b4 ,,riddle1--9 unpubli%$ ,classroom ,lectures4 8,/ ,john knew himself to be a prophet1 & 8 writ+ to be a prophecy2 t he 0 comm&$ to consign 8 visions to a book 0 an assurance to him t _! purpose w\ld n be fulfill$ 9 "o g5]ation or two4 ,he sees ! book go+ d[n to po/]ity1 & l ! ,deut]onomi/ he endeavors to gu>d x aga9/ int]polation & excision4 ,z he writes ! la/ words ^u ! papyrus roll t lies ^u 8 knee1 ! conviction dawns ^u him t ! ,revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 giv5 = ! w>n+ & com=t ( ! :ole *ur* to ! end ( "t40--,,h5ry ,b4 ,,swete1--9 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john4 8,! au?or ( ?is great book has bequea!d to mank9d a 1 an imp]i%able possession1 ! wor? ( :i* lies 9 ! spl5did en]gy ( its fai?1 9 ! unfalt]+ c]ta9ty t ,god's own cause is at issue n[ & "h & mu/ ultimately prevail1 & t ! cause ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is insep>ably l9k$ !re)1 & ! ma9 aim ( :i*1 z is cle> f e page1 is to emphasize ! ov]:elm+ wor? ( ?+s spiritual z contra/$ ) ?+s mat]ial1 & 9 ! next place to glorify m>tyrdom1 to enc\rage ! fai?ful to face dea? ) con/ancy1 nay m1 ) raptur\s joy40--,r4 ,h4 ,,*>les1--9 ,/udies 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,! clos+ book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ) its prophetic outlook & div9e =eca/1 leaves u 9 ! attitude ( expectancy3--899,look+ = t bless$ hope & ! glori\s appe>+ ( ! great ,god & our ,savior ,jesus ,*ri/9940--,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,titus1 ,*4 #b3ac4 ,,preface ,! purpose ( ?is volume is to pres5t 9 concise =m ! g5]al ?\ght & mean+ ( ! ,book ( ,revelation1 to give an analytic view ( its cont5ts1 & to summ>ize ! results ( critical /udy4 ,x is int5d$ bo? z an aid to int]pretation1 & z a guide to ! use ( ! _m valuable comm5t>ies :i* are n[ accessible to ! ,engli% read]4 ,x is specially design$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! /ud5t 9 ! !ological sem9>y or ! mod]n ,bible s*ool1 ! busy pa/or 9 8 field1 ! tea*] ( adult ,bible classes1 ! ,*ri/ian ,association work]1 & ! g5]al read] ( ! ,bible4 ,) ?is object 9 view x essays to provide 9 a direct & helpful =m 7#a7 ! ess5tial po9ts ( ,introduction2 7#b7 an ,analytic ,/udy ( ! book :i* aims to discov] its mean+ z a :ole r ?an to deal ) x text by text2 & 7#c7 a brief /atem5t 9 a s]ies ( ,app5dices ( "s ( ! und]ly+ conceptions :i* give color to its ?\ght & ent] into its lit]>y /ructure4 ,! increas$ impetus giv5 to ,biblical /udy by advanc$ s*ol>%ip 9 late ye>s has creat$ a dem& = a class ( works t give ! results atta9$ by ! ma/]s ( exegesis & critical rese>*1 )\t attempt+ to give ! v>i\s /eps by :i* ^! results h be5 rea*$4 ,& x is "o prim>y aim ( ?is "w1 :ile attempt+ to give a fre% /atem5t ( ! tea*+s ( ! book1 & to pres5t su* ?\ghts z h come to ! ,au?or 9 ! c\rse ( ext5d$ /udy1 at ! same "t to give due consid]ation to ! v>y+ op9ions ( o!rs1 & = ! mo/ "p to reproduce 9 ! =m :i* ^! h tak5 9 8 own m9d ! be/ & mo/ satisfactory explanations ( ! _m difficulties 9 ! book :i* h hi!rto be5 giv5 by lead+ s*ol>s & comm5tators4 ,= ! book has prov$ a f]tile field = expositors t has be5 widely ev5 if n always well work$ 9 ! pa/1 :ile 9 ! la/ halfc5tury really sub/antial progress has be5 made t[>d ! g5]al int]pretation2 & x may be confid5tly assum$ t any "o :o ignores ^! results has almo/ c]ta9ly no?+ to contribute to ! solution ( ! real difficulties t confront u4 ,9 response to ext5d$ popul> inquiry "s excell5t comm5t>ies & expository works on ! ,revelation h be5 prep>$ 9 late ye>s = ! g5]al read]4 ,& x is 9 ord] to fur!r meet ?is requirem5t ( intellig5t ,bible /udy1 & to contribute 9 "s measure to :at is believ$ to be "o ( ! mo/ common ne$s ( ! g5]al /ud5t ( ,scripture1 a compreh5sive view ( ea* book1 t ! publication ( ! pres5t ,/udies 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation has be5 und]tak54 ,x is necess>ily true t a "w s l>gely poetical 9 its ?\ght z ! ,apocalypse1 & appeal+ s mu* to ! imag9ation1 does n l5d itself easily to logical analysis4 ,e su* division1 if exhau/ive1 mu/ be 9 a measure arbitr>y4 ,! ma9 purpose 9 attempt+ x is to pres5t ! pr9cipal ideas ( ! book 9 :at is conceiv$ to be _! prop] relation4 ,& 9 ?is we ne$ n assume t ! p>ticul> outl9e :i* we adopt 0 =mally 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]4 ,x is q en\gh if we c be assur$ t ! =mative ideas 7 conceiv$ ( 9 some:at ! same relation1 & t ! analysis we accept at lea/ measurably repres5ts ! au?or's po9t ( view4 ,?is =m ( /atem5t enables u to grasp ! cont5ts ( ! book 9 _! entirety & to reta9 !m 9 memory4 ,! view pres5t$ 9 ! ,analysis & ,notes ( ?is volume is n int5d$ to be controv]sial b int]pretative4 ,h5ce o!r views ( p>ticul> passages h (t5 n be5 /at$1 or are giv5 only 9 foot notes1 & no special ef=t has be5 made to support ! view giv5 by any ext5d$ discussions1 z t w\ld lead u too f> afield = ! purpose 9 m9d4 ,= ^? :o wi% a wid] view1 ref]5ces are giv5 to wellkn[n au?orities4 ,mu* t might h be5 said has be5 left out = ! sake ( brevity2 = 9 ?is busy age few f9d "t = ext5d$ /udy1 & ! great works on ! ,revelation (t5 lie unread on ! %elves4 ,to rea* ! man ( ?is g5]ation ! message mu/ be %ort1 cle>1 & decisive4 ,& ) ?is 9 view ! *ief aim is to %[ t ! g5]al mean+ ( ! ,revelation c be cle>ly und]/ood1 :atev] diff]5ce ( op9ion !re may be conc]n+ ! m difficult portions2 & z a contribution t[>d ?is end to give 9 a direct =m :at ! ,au?or ( ! pres5t "w reg>ds z ! correct me?od ( int]pret+ x4 ,o!r int]pretations h be5 introduc$ :]e !y s]ve to illu/rate ?is ma9 purpose1 or h special =ce & af=d additional light1 or h be5 widely accept$ & h affect$ ! c\rse ( op9ion4 ,! outl9e int]pretation giv5 9 ?is "w1 :ile x does n foll[ )\t deviation any p>ticul> view ?r\gh\t or 9 e respect--= a bl9d acceptance ( any "o me?od ( int]pretation w\ld (t5 block ! pa? to bett] k1 & p]haps cause u to miss ! real mean+--yet x accepts ! pr9ciples ( ! ,symbolical or ,spiritual ,s*ool z af=d+ 9 ! ma9 ! be/ solution ( ! problems ( int]pretation4 ,! au?orities cit$ 9 connection ) any passage1 :5 n quot$1 ?\gh !y may diff] some:at 9 /atem5t1 w be f\nd to hold 9 "s =m ! view giv5 9 ! analysis4 ,x is n )\t consid]able hesitation1 & a p]sonal s5se ( ! %ortcom+s ( ! pres5t "w1 t x is n[ giv5 to ! public4 ,x necess>ily conta9s mu* t is already famili> to ! read]1 & x %\ld be reg>d$ z an ef=t to pres5t 9 concise =m & 9 "o's own way :at has be5 ga!r$ ?r\gh _m ye>s ( pati5t /udy1 & by con/ant comp>ison ) ! works ( ! be/ comm5tators1 toge!r ) su* ?\ghts z h come to ! ,au?or 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inquiry4 ,& if !reby ! read] %\ld be 9 any measure l$ to a cle>] und]/&+ or a m c>eful /udy ( ?is m>vell\sly beautiful & /rangely eloqu5t message ( ,*ri/ to 8 *ur* :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation--! mean+ ( :i* has be5 too (t5 misund]/ood by ! ,*ri/ian read]1 or pass$ by z an insoluble my/]y1--x w be to ! ,au?or an abundant rew>d = 8 ef=t & a cause = p]sonal gratitude to ,almighty ,god4 ,,/eph5 ,a4 ,,hunt]1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,,introduction #a4 ,g5]al ,introduction4 ,! ,revelation is ! mo/ difficult book to int]pret ( any 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t canon4 ,its mean+ is (t5 involv$ 9 mu* obscurity1 & ! int]pretation ( em95t s*ol>s has diff]$ s widely 9 ! pa/ t we _c always be sure1 especially 9 ! m difficult portions1 t ! p>ticul> view :i* appe>s to u ! m satisfactory or conv9c+ is c]ta9ly ! correct "o4 ,?is div]g5ce ( op9ion has _h ! un=tunate effect ( disp>ag+ ! wor? ( ! ,apocalypse z a "p ( ! ,^w ( ,god 9 ! m9d ( _m e>ne/ /ud5ts1 :o h come to reg>d its mean+ z s obscure1 & hidd5 9 su* hopeless p]plexity1 t any fur!r attempt to int]pret x is entirely fruitless4 ,s mu*1 too1 has be5 writt5 ab\t ! book :i* ab\nds 9 manife/ vag>ies t m5 ( sob] m9d h (t5 be5 !reby det]r$ f =m+ or express+ any def9ite op9ion conc]n+ its tea*+4 ,inde$ x is difficult to say :e!r ! ,revelation has suff]$ m 9 ! h&s ( expositors by means ( fanciful & mi/ak5 int]pretation ( its true cont5ts1 or by ! int]polation ( ideas :olly =eign to its ?\ght4 ,b1 h[ev] br\ght ab\t1 we h rea*$ ?is /rangely incongru\s result1 t :at 0 orig9ally design$ to be ! revelation ( my/]y has become in/ead ! my/]y ( ,revelation4 ,!re is evid5t necessity1 !re=e1 ( p>ticul> c>e 9 =m+ our views ) reg>d to ! mean+ ( _m portions ( ! book1 & also ( (t5 hold+ our op9ions t5tatively & subject to review1 especially 9 our e>li] /udies1 z probable r ?an positive int]pretations4 ,we %\ld avoid alike ! mi/ake ( dogmatically ass]t+ t ! ,apocalypse _c be und]/ood at all1 or ( affirm+ t x c be fully und]/ood47#b7 ,& yet ) ?is res]vation 9 m9d ! book is /ill a ri* m9e ( spiritual weal?1 mu* ( :i* lies ^u ! surface1 :ile ev5 its deep] my/]ies abundantly rew>d our c>eful se>*4 ,= we are n ju/ifi$ 9 ca/+ aside any "p ( div9e revelation ^u ! plea ( app>5t obscurity2 & to d s is practically to d5y t x is a revelation4 ,on ! contr>y we are "u manife/ obligation to int]pret ! message ( ! ,apocalypse s f> z we c1 = to fail ( ?is is to neglect ! sure ^w ( prophecy4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ! orig9al mean+ ( ! visions to ,john's m9d1 & ! int]pretation giv5 !m by ^? to :om !y 7 fir/ made kn[n1 (t5times _c n[ be def9itely det]m9$17#c7 yet ! value ( ! book does n dep5d solely ^u t1 h[ev] helpful x w\ld be4 ,! matt] ( supreme importance = u is to appreh5d aright ! f>see+ & ult]ior purpose 9 ! m9d ( ! ,_s 9 giv+ ! ,revelation4 ,& 9 se>* = ?is we %\ld n all[ our zeal = ! orig9al int]pretation to lead u to =get ! significant lesson ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t ! prim>y tea*+ ( prophecy has (t5 n voic$ its deep] message1 t ,god's ?\ght has mo/ly prov$ wid] ?an man's fir/ appreh5sion2 s t 9 our read+ ( ! prophets we are n limit$ to ! prim>y application1 h[ev] important x may be1 b %\ld /rive r to grasp ! broad] sweep & deep] ?\ght made pla9 by ! full] developm5t ( ! div9e purpose--! g5]al mean+ = ! :ole *ur* 9 all "t r ?an ! p>ticul> mean+ = "o age or g5]ation4 ,?is consid]ation we w f9d ( great value 9 deal+ ) ! g5]ic & flexile =ms ( imag]y conta9$ 9 ! symbols ( ! ,apocalypse1 :]e 9 att5d+ to a multiplicity ( detail ! deep] & broad] ?\ght may s easily be misappreh5d$ or ev5 entirely escape our notice4 ,! visions ( ! ,apocalypse are g5]ally conc$$ to belong to ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & manife/ly relate 9 ma9 portion to ! !n future1 :e!r ne> or f>1 ( ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ 9 ! _w1 = !y p]ta9 to a pr(\ndly impressive prophetic exp]i5ce4 ,! div9e pa? ( ,god's p among ! nations is beheld 9 symbol1 type1 & figure1 ev] lead+ on to victory ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ 8 ,son & our ,"l2 ! *ur* & ! _w are se5 engag$ 9 a multi=m & deadly conflict1 :ile ! consummation is depict$ 9 ! fall ( evil & ! ru9 ( nature wr\ght by s92 & ! triumph ( ! holy is set =? 9 a vision ( complete re/oration to ! div9e pres5ce amid ! beauty ( a new _w & ! glories ( ! ,new ,j]usalem--an outcome nev] once 9 d\bt1 = ,god rules ?r\gh all & w9s4 ,& ?\gh 9 ?is ev] *ang+ picture ! conditions ( ! e>ly *ur* & ( ! fir/ c5tury are con/antly reflect$ 9 e "p1 yet ! repres5tative "* ( ! :ole may be cle>ly se54 ,inde$ "o _c b be impress$ ) ! f9e insight & _s ( res]ve :i* is manife/$ by ,john ?r\gh\t ! book1 9 avoid+ su* explanations z might s]ve to n>r[ ! visions to a purely local & tempor>y p]spective1 !reby evid5c+ t he _h ris5 to a truly prophetic view1 & t to 8 m9d ! visions belong$ to a wid] horizon z well z to ! ne>] limit ( 8 own day4 ,= :atev] application or fulfilm5t ^! may h _h1 & surely did h1 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* !y 7 giv51 has n exhau/$ _! mean+4 ,to ! e> t is op5 to ,god's voice !y h a lesson & significance t belong alike to ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 a p]5nial fre%ness t "t c nei!r fade nor de/roy1 = !y manife/ ! pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t :i* abide = all ! ages4 ,9 ! light ( mod]n criticism ! prim>y "q to be decid$ is :e!r we are deal+ ) an ord9>y ,jewi%,*ri/ian apocalypse ( simil> value ) a multitude ( o!rs 9 ! pa/1 & ) no ess5tially deep] mean+ or div9] message2 or :e!r we h n 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john a true revelation1 giv5 9 ?is lit]>y =m because ( its p>ticul> suitability to ! condition ( ! "t1 & its fitness = ! ne$s ( ! g5]ation t fir/ receiv$ x4 ,& ! answ] to ?is "q mu/ be s\ght 9 ! cont5ts ( ! book itself z v9dicat$ by ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce--an answ] t ! *ur* has nev] be5 sl[ to make1 & t nev] c be *ang$ s long z ! ne$s ( ! human he>t rema9 ! same4 ,we mu/ !re=e reg>d ! fundam5tal "q :i* lies back ( t ( int]pretation1 viz4 ! inspiration ( ! book itself1 :i* alone c give x p]man5t value to ! ,*ri/ian m9d1 z def9itely settl$ by ! cle> message :i* x conta9s = life1 by ! multitud9\s voices ( ,god :i* rev]b]ate )9 x1 & by ! heav5born solace :i* x ev] af=ds to tri$ & tempt$ m5 9 ! mid/ ( ! conflict ( life4 ,& we %all f9d t ! g5]al mean+1 s f> f be+ hopelessly obscure1 may be fairly und]/ood by ! att5tive /ud5t & dev\t read]4 ,! obscurity ( ! ,revelation arises bo? f its lit]>y =m & f ! my/ical "* ( its cont5ts4 ,! ,apocalyptic =m is s =eign to our way ( ?9k+1 & ! my/icism is s peculi>ly ,ori5tal & ,jewi%1 t ^! are apt to p]plex r ?an enlight5 u4 ,! ,apocalypti/1 deeply absorb$ 9 ! lat] prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 especially ^? ( ,daniel & ,ezekiel1 & 8 m9d /eep$ 9 ! dreams & images ( curr5t ,jewi% apocalypses1 f\nd "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,_s a fitt+ sph]e = 8 prophetic f]vor 9 a s]ies ( /range symbolic visions su* z belong$ to ! fa%ion ( 8 "t4 ,! *ief symbolism ?r\gh\t is t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 quick5$ & vivifi$ by ! ?\ght ( ! ,new1--= x is ev]y:]e assum$ t ! my/]ies ( ! =m] disp5sation f9d _! only adequate solution 9 ! supreme & f9al te/imony ( ,jesus ! ,*ri/17#d7--;b ! atmosph]e ( ! visions is t ( ,apocalyptic1 :i* curi\sly en\gh has contriv$ to ca/ its own peculi> gl[ ^u all ! ,old ,te/am5t tea*+s & ?us create a new symbolism out ( ! old4 ,& ev5 :5 _m ( ! symbols are assum$ to be drawn 9 _! pres5t =m f apocalypses !n curr5t 9 ! ,jewi% _w b :i* are no long] extant1 & ^! to be d]iv$ 9 "p f ,babylonian & ,p]sian s\rces1 z held by "o class ( int]pret]s1 !y are yet f\nd to h become s assimilat$ by ! ,jewi% m9d t !y reflect ! lat] developm5t ( ,old ,te/am5t ?\ght4 ,^! visions ( ! se]1 l %ad[s ca/ ^u ! =egr\nd ( ! future1 depict 9 outl9e great fundam5tal tru?s or p]vasive pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t t are1 & are to be1 manife/$ 9 multiple facts 9 ! progress ( ! ages4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ! visions to disclose ! facts !mselves1 = t belongs to ! developm5t ( hi/ory1 b r to furni% ! means = int]pret+ ! facts1 :5 once !y appe>1 by ! exalt$ /&>d ( ! div9e ideals4 ,!re are1 inde$1 a few c>d9al facts ( ! future t are kept well 9 ! =egr\nd1 su* z ! second com+ ( ,*ri/1 ! triumph ( ,god's k+dom1 & ! end ( ! pres5t _w2 b ^! belong to ! cont5t ( previ\s revelation z well1 & are n new or peculi> to ?is book4 ,! cont5t ( ! visions is g5]ic & n specific1 & :5ev] we dep>t f broad g5]alization & attempt to ent] into detail 9 our int]pretation1 we de/roy ! beauty & =ce ( ! lesson convey$1 & w&] into ! field ( speculation conc]n+ ?+s t 7 nev] int5d$ to be reveal$1 if ! analogy ( all o!r prophecy c be reli$ ^u z a guide47#e7 ,= ?\gh ! ,apocalypse und\bt$ly conta9s an elem5t ( pr$ictive prophecy1 yet su* prophecy is n hi/ory writt5 be=e its "t1 b a div9ely inspir$ & pr(\ndly discrim9ative preview ( c]ta9 dom9ant issues 9 ! future t belong to ! purpose ( ,god1 & are ! resultant ( well e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t--issues t /& out to ! prophet's illum9$ eye 9 bold relief aga9/ ! skyl9e l ! headl&s ( a cont95t amid ! surr\nd+ mi/s :i* envelop !m4 ,prophecy 9 ?is view is look$ ^u z mu* broad] 9 its scope ?an ! =etell+ ( ?+s t are future4 ,?is elem5t %\ld be reg>d$ z subord9ate to ! g5]al purpose ( prophecy1 :i* is ! =?tell+ ( ! m9d ( ,god47#f7 ,& we %\ld avoid t 8dw>f$ s5se ( ! ^w prophecy 9 mod]n spee*0 :i* leads mo/ read]s 7& ev5 int]pret]s7 to fa/5 ^u a revelation ( ! secrets ( ! future4 ,= x is evid5t t 8,old ,te/am5t hi/ory & prophecy make prom95t ano!r k9d ( revelation--! unveil+ ( ! ideal1 z :5 ! patt]n ( ?+s sacr$ 0 unfold$ to ,moses 9 ! m\nt047#g7 ,9 ! true s5se ( prophecy x manife/ly conta9s bo? ^! conceptions1 viz4 ! ,propheticopr$ictive1 & ! ,propheticoideal1 :i* ent] 9 v>y+ proportion into ! great messages ( old4 ,b x is believ$ by _m ( our be/ au?orities1 & x w be f\nd 9 a c>eful /udy ( ! book ( ,revelation1 t ! prophetic elem5t is n *iefly pr$ictive 9 ! /rict s5se1 & c = ! mo/ "p be be/ int]pret$ z ! unveil+ ( ! div9e ideal :i* is be+ inwr\ght 9 ! sph]e ( human life1 or ! manife/ation ( ! div9e purpose :i* is discov]$ z int]p5etrat+ all ! moral /ruggle & app>5t contradictions ( e>?ly exp]i5ce1 & :i* is lead+ up to ! f9al victory2 & only su* glimpses ( ! future are giv5 z s]ve to assure a bett] compreh5sion ( ?is ma9 idea47#h7 ,! two mo/ obvi\s pr9ciples t p]vade ! book ( ,revelation & und]lie its ev] *ang+ sc5es1 are1 fir/1 ,god's me?od ( gov]nm5t 9 ! _w by ! trial ( 8 p & ! judgm5t ( ! wick$2 &1 second1 ,god's me?od ( develop+ "* 9 moral ag5ts by moral conflict4 ,accept+ ^! z 9 a measure int]pretative ( ! ways ( ,god ) m51 ! ,apocalypse approa*es ! /&po9t ( ! div9e p]spective1 & traces ! great l9es ( ! div9e purpose z !y trav]se ! entire field ( human hi/ory4 ,x makes ,*ri/'s relation to 8 p bo? 9 "t & 9 et]nity ! gr\nd ( an exhau/ive inquiry into ! my/]ies ( e>?ly life1 :i* aims n only to discov] ,god 9 ! tr5d ( hi/ory b also to int]pret ,god ?r\gh hi/ory wr\ght out to its end4 ,x af=ds glimpses ( ,god's f> rea*+ plan 9 ! process ( r$emption1 lead+ up to ! f9al salvation ( unnumb]$ multitudes2 x f9ds ! key to e>?'s longdrawnout /ory ( s9 & suff]+1 ( conflict & ( dea?1 9 wid] victory at l>g] co/2 & x tea*es u to look calmly out beyond ! ebb & fl[ ( tides & noons to ! %oreless1 timeless life t ev] abides 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,to ! he>t ( fai? x speaks ( an unwav]+ tru/ :5 days are d>k & /orms fill ! sky2 l a cle> voice out ( ! night x tells ( ! com+ day2 & ) p]suasive =ce its visions br+ man face to face ) ,god1 8 ,creator1 ,r$eem]1 & ,et]nal ,fri5d4 #b4 ,! ,title4 ,! ,title us$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ( our ,engli% ,scriptures1 & reta9$ by ! ,engli% ,revis]s1 is 8,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e10 a "n giv5 to ! book by ! e>ly *ur*1 ?\gh _m ( ! old] manuscripts omit 8! ,div9e04 ,our ,am]ican ,revis]s read1 8,! ,revelation ( ,john20 b ! m correct title is ! "o t is commonly us$1 & t is pr9t$ 9 ! upp] m>g9 ( ! text1 simply 8,! ,revelation10 i4 e4 ! unveil+1 or uncov]+ viz4 ( ! my/]y ( ! div9e purpose & me?od 9 human life & hi/ory--! op5+ words ( ! book itself--or1 if pref]r$1 ! orig9al ,greek "n1 8,! ,apocalypse017#i7 :i* p]haps %\ld h be5 reta9$ )\t translation z 9 ! ,d\ay ,v]sion1 b ( :i* 8,! ,revelation0 is ! exact equival5t4 ,! phrase 8( ,/4 ,john01 or 8( ,john01 may prop]ly be omitt$ because ( its ambiguity2 = ! book is decl>$ 9 its op5+ s5t5ce to be 8! ,revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/01 i4 e4 a revelation ( or f ,jesus ,*ri/1 & x is only 9 a second>y s5se 8! ,revelation ( ,john01 i4 e4 a revelation made to & record$ by ,john4 ,! occasion = ! use ( ?is title1 8,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john01 9 ! fir/ c5turies 0 9 ord] to di/+ui% ! canonical ,apocalypse f _m o!rs !n 9 circulation1 b ?is necessity has long s9ce ceas$ to exi/4 ,= u x /&s alone1 x is ! ,apocalypse1 ! ,revelation4 #c4 ,! ,au?or4 ,t ! ,au?or ( ! ,revelation 0 nam$ ,john we h no reason to d\bt1 if we believe ! /atem5ts ( ! book itself1 = ?is is di/9ctly affirm$ ?ree diff]5t times47#aj7 ,he is also fur!r describ$ 9 "o =m ( ! title z 8! ,div9e10 i4 e4 ! "o :o disc\rs$ ab\t ,god1 or ! !ologian4 ,?is latt] designation1 ?\gh ( unc]ta9 orig9 & date1 & omitt$ by ! ,am]ican ,revis]s z )\t suffici5t support1 is yet und\bt$ly z old z ! latt] "p ( ! ?ird c5tury7#aa7 :ile x may be mu* old]1 & has !re=e "s claim to traditional au?ority4 ,! title1 h[ev]1 9 any =m is subsequ5t to ! book itself4 ,! /atem5ts ( ! ,au?or conc]n+ himself & 8 relations to ! *ur* 9 ,asia1 appe> to ! g5]al read] to be decisive1 & to indicate ) suffici5t cle>ness t ! writ] 0 none o!r ?an ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 ! apo/le :om ,jesus lov$1 ?\gh ?is is n ! view ( ! majority ( ! lat] critics4 ,"s consid] x to be ! "w ( ano!r ,john kn[n to tradition z ! ,presbyt]27#ab7 o!rs attribute x to an unkn[n au?or ( t "n1 or to "s "o writ+ "u t "n4 ,b not)/&+ ! frequ5cy & positiv5ess ) :i* ! ,apo/olic ,au?or%ip & ! ,unity ( ! ,book h be5 call$ 9 "q dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 ! entire results ( critical rese>* may ) "s confid5ce be said n to h discr$it$ ei!r ( !m47#ac7 ,! consid]ations :i* support ! ,apo/olic ,au?or%ip are *iefly ! foll[+3--7#a7 ! evid5ce ( e>ly ,*ri/ian tradition imb$d$ 9 hi/ory is practically unanim\s 9 its favor1 & ! book 0 accept$ z ! ,apo/le's )\t "q by ! *ur* 9 ,asia :]e x orig9at$3 7#b7 ! int]nal evid5ce is to mo/ m9ds conv9c+ & ev5 decisive1 viz4 7a7 ! ,au?or decl>es himself to be ,john1 & addresses ! *ur*es 9 ,asia z _! 8bro!r1 & p>tak] 9 tribulation10 & !re is no satisfactory hi/orical evid5ce ( any o!r ,john 9 ,asia1 except ! ,apo/le1 ( suffici5t /&+ & influ5ce to h spok5 to ! *ur*es ) ! au?ority ( a prophet27#ad7 7b7 !re is a deep & ess5tial simil>ity ( ?\ght1 diction1 & doctr9e 9 ! ,apocalypse & 9 ,john's ,gospel & ,epi/les :i* outweighs all diff]5ces ( language1 gramm>1 & /yle t appe> ^u ! surface2 7c7 !re is an und]curr5t 8tragic tone0 f\nd 9 ! ,apocalypse1 su* z is manife/ 9 all ( ,john's writ+s1 especially :5 he deals ) ! sad & t]rible phases ( human life & "*1 & ?is s]ves to po9t t[>d ! ,apo/le z ! au?or4 ,! gr\nds ^u :i* ! ,apo/olic ,au?or%ip is d5i$ are3--7#a7 ! g5]al inconclusiv5ess ( tradition1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ?is case ! evid5ce is admitt$ to be p>ticul>ly /rong3 7#b7 ! pseudonymity ( all o!r apocalypses1 ) ! app>5t exception ( 8,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas01 & h5ce ! probability t ?is 9 a simil> way may h be5 writt5 "u ! assum$ "n ( ,john 9 ord] to give x acceptance37#ae7 7#c7 ! m>k$ diff]5ces obs]vable betwe5 ! ,apocalypse & ,john's ,gospel & ,epi/les1 viz4 7a7 ! ,greek ( ! ,apocalypse is full ( /rik+ peculi>ities1 ( solecisms1 & ( ,hebraisms1 q at v>iance ) ! pur] /yle ( ! o!r ,johann9e writ+s27#af7 7b7 ! _s ( ! ,apocalypse z reveal$ 9 its ideas1 t]ms1 tone1 & temp]1 diff]s widely f t ( ! ,gospel & ,epi/les4 ,^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be not$1 7 recogniz$ & _! =ce z objections to a common au?or%ip 0 felt z e>ly z ! "t ( ,dionysius 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #bfj71 = !y are app>5t to e c>eful /ud5t ( ! ,greek text2 b !y may be acc\nt$ = 9 a good degree by ! diff]5ce ( occasion1 purpose1 & !me1 z well z ( =m & /ructure incid5t to ! *oice ( a lit]>y /yle t has def9ite & necess>y limitations4 ,! diff]5ces h also be5 fur!r acc\nt$ = on ! "p ( "s by accept+ ! e>li] date ( ! ,apocalypse1 :i* 9 t case is assign$ to ! p]iod j prec$+ ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,! peculi>ities ( language are 9 ?is view attributable to an imp]fect k ( ,greek1 :i* 0 lat] ov]come by ,john's long resid5ce 9 ,ephesus1 :ile ! apocalyptic =m & g5]al cont5ts are held to indicate an e>li] /age ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght47#ag7 ,on ! o!r h& x has be5 effici5tly ma9ta9$1 favor+ ! lat] date1 t ! diff]5ces are ma9ly due to psy*ological effects wr\ght by old age 9 ! m9d ( ,john1 ^: m5tal activities rev]t$ to ! famili> ?\ght=ms & apocalyptic conceptions ( 8 y\?1 ! ,greek he us$ be+ simply a modifi$ translation ( ,hebrew ?\ght1 :ile ! ,*ri/ological conceptions ( ! ,apocalypse are manife/ly among ! mo/ advanc$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t47#ah7 ,9 any case x w be se5 t ! reasons giv5 "u 7#a7 & 7#b7 h little =ce ap>t f ! "q ( int]nal evid5ce1 & are at mo/ only inf]5ces1 :ile ^u ! o!r h& ! div]g5t qualities giv5 "u 7#c71 =ceful z !y are1 _c be assum$ z )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! diff]5ce 9 /yle betwe5 ,c>lyle's e>li] & lat] productions1 z well z ^? f\nd 9 ! works ( ,milton1 ,watts1 ,burke1 & ,wordswor?1 writt5 at diff]5t p]iods 9 _! lives1 is q z m>k$ z t ( ! writ+s 9 "q47#ai7 ,& we mu/ n leave out ( view ! possibility t ,john1 if at an advanc$ age1 may h us$ "o ( 8 disciples z a collaborator1 :i* w\ld necess>ily modify bo? ! language & /yle ( ! "w produc$4 ,s t aft] all has be5 said1 x may be accept$ z ! concurr5t judgm5t ( ! majority ( int]pret]s1--! advanc$ critics be+ except$1--t z great or great] difficulties are met 9 d5y+ ! ,apo/olic ,au?or%ip z 9 accept+ x4 ,= not)/&+ ! confid5t ass]tion ( mo/ ( ! lat] critics t ! ,apocalypse 0 n writt5 by ! ,apo/le1 yet indications are n lack+ 9 "s qu>t]s n[1 influ5c$ p]haps by ! really cog5t argum5ts s well /at$ by ! decad5t s*ool ( ,baur1 ( a return 9 op9ion to ! recognition ( ! ,johann9e au?or%ip z 9 "s s5se at lea/ und5iable1 ?\gh =eign elem5ts are conceiv$ to ent] into x47#bj7 ,x has inde$1 n infrequ5tly be5 held1 among ^? :o d5y t ! ,apo/le 0 ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 t he wrote ! ,apocalypse2 b /ill m commonly x is accept$ t ! "w belongs to ! 8scall$ ,johann9e writ+s01 & orig9at$ 9 ! same circle at ,ephesus to :i* ^! writ+s are n[ attribut$ by advanc$ critics17#ba7 leav+ ! p]sonal au?or%ip m or less indef9ite4 ,! "q ( au?or%ip1 h[ev]1 is a subord9ate "o1 = ! book ma9ta9s its own message1 & x %\ld be dealt ) purely z a subject ( hi/orical inquiry & n "o ( dogmatic importance1 9 ! int]e/ ( correctness r ?an ( traditional op9ion4 #d4 ,! ,unity4 ,! "q ( ,unity is "o ( mod]n lit]>y criticism4 ,! view n[ g5]ally accept$ t ,jewi% apocalypses1 z we f9d !m1 are (t5 ( composite orig91 repres5t+ an orig9al writ+ to :i* v>i\s additions h be5 subsequ5tly made by editors & r$actors17#bb7 has _h its influ5ce ^u ! judgm5t =m$ by critics conc]n+ ! ,apocalypse ( ,john4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy ( critical inve/igation is to consid] ! book z a composite /ructure1 & to direct its ef=t t[>d se>*+ out ! v>i\s s\rces f :i* x is suppos$ to be d]iv$1 & det]m9+ :at p>ts ( ! book are orig9al1 z well z 9 po9t+ out v>i\s m9or passages t are reg>d$ z drawn f o!r s\rces1 or are ! "w ( a lat] h&4 ,?is t5d5cy has be5 c>ri$ to su* an extreme t ! results are l>gely !oretical & inconclusive1 dep5d+ ^u ! p]sonal ta/e ( ! critic & hav+ little =ce = o!r m9ds4 ,! gr\nds ^u :i* ! unity ( ! book has be5 disput$ are3--7#a7 ,frequ5t breaks 9 cont9uity :i* make x difficult or impossible to trace ! connection ( ?\ght3 7#b7 a lack ( h>mony 9 its v>i\s conceptions t is m or less incongru\s1 & t is app>5tly inconsi/5t ) its be+ ! "w ( "o au?or3 7#c7 an app>5t indication 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! book ( diff]5t dates ( writ+--see rem>ks 9 ! section on ,date4 ,all ( ^! reasons1 h[ev]1 if tak5 toge!r1 & x be grant$ t !y are wellf\nd$1 are yet insuffici5t to e/abli% a div]sity ( au?or%ip4 ,! mo/ t c be said is t !y sugge/ x4 ,= x %\ld be rememb]$ t logical sequ5ce is n a quality ( ,apocalyptic ?\ght2 & also t !re is n ev5 an approximate agreem5t1 z yet1 among advanc$ s*ol>s z to ! "* or ext5t ( ! mat]ial reg>d$ z drawn f o!r s\rces4 ,9 favor ( its ,unity we f9d3--7#a7 a uni=mity ( /yle ?r\gh\t :i* is sc>cely possible 9 ! comb9$ product ( diff]5t au?ors )\t su* r$action z is equival5t to au?or%ip3 7#b7 an elaborate lit]>y /ructure q incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o au?or--see section on ,/ructure3 7#c7 an ess5tial ,unity1 :atev] ! ext5t to :i* elem5ts ( ,jewi% apocalyptic may h be5 made use ( 9 its composition1 :i* appeals to ! lit]>y judgm5t 9 a way t is bo? =cible & conv9c+1 = ! p]sonality ( ! au?or is int]wov5 9 e fibre ( its frame4 ,?\gh ! pres5t tr5d ( critical op9ion is l>gely aga9/ ! ,unity ( ! book 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! t]m1 yet its ess5tial unity is s manife/ t x is commonly conc$$--8its inn] unity is ! f\ndation ( all m rec5t works on ! ,apocalypse047#bc7 ,?is is acc\nt$ = on ! "p ( ^? :o accept a composite orig9 by attribut+ its unification to ! f9al editor1 r$actor1 or au?or1 a judgm5t t fails to c>ry conviction ) x = ^? :o approa* ! "q f ! broad] /&po9t ( lit]>y composition 9 g5]al1 in/ead ( ! n>r[] "o ( ! apocalyptic writ+s4 ,! lat] critical views h1 h[ev]1 n yet rea*$ a conclusive /age1 & inde$ 9 ! face ( s great div]sity ( judgm5t1 c sc>cely be said to h assum$ a consi/5t =m2 ?\gh x may be confid5tly pr$icat$ t no hypo!sis ( composite orig9 is ev] likely to comm& g5]al ass5t 9 ! case ( a book m>k$ by su* a def9ite unity ( /yle & plan4 ,! ef=t to discov] 9 x an orig9al ,jewi% apocalypse :i* has be5 wr\ght ov] by ,*ri/ian editors into its pres5t =m17#bd7 or to recon/ruct ! v>i\s s\rces1 ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian1 f :i* x has be5 d]iv$17#be7 may well be said to h be5 8?or\ghly work$ out01 & to h app>5tly fail$1 ?\gh ! labors ( ! critics h add$ l>gely to our k ( ,apocalyptic1 & contribut$ n a little to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! book4 ,! view n[ 9 ! asc5dant admits "o au?or1 b attributes v>i\s portions ( great] or less ext5t to a common /ock ( ,jewi%1 or ,jewi%,*ri/ian1 apocalyptic fragm5ts1 curr5t at t "t1 :i* h be5 appropriat$ f & us$ 9 its composition47#bf7 ,?is1 to ! m cons]vative ,*ri/ian m9d1 involves an app>5t d5ial ( its true unity1 & proce$s ^u a !ory ( its orig9 t is sc>cely consi/5t ) its effective inspiration4 ,b x fails to be conclusive on o!r gr\nds1 = ^u c>eful exam9ation x mu/ become m & m app>5t to ! ?\ghtful /ud5t ( ,scripture & apocalyptic t ?is view does n accord ) ! au?or's use ( 8 mat]ials1 s f> z we h any k ( _! s\rce4 ,= al?\gh he draws l>gely f ! ?\ght & figures ( ! prophets1 & uses freely ! g5]al =m ( imag]y f\nd 9 extant ,jewi% apocalypses1 yet ev]y?+ has be5 transmut$ 9 ! crucible ( 8 own vivid imag9ation into new comb9ations1 & !re is n a s+le in/ance 9 :i* he int]polates an entire passage f any kn[n au?or--inde$ !re are no quotations at all1 9 ! /rict s5se1 f\nd 9 ! ,apocalypse1 b only allusions1 rem9isc5ces1 & e*oes1 lit]>y devices :i* reflect ! ?\ght )\t reproduc+ ! =m--& x is c]ta9ly an exceptional assumption t he int]polates only f au?ors ^: works are n[ lo/1 or f s\rces furni%$ solely by tradition47#bg7 ,! impressions ( unity are entirely too /rong to be dissipat$ by vision>y & purely !oretical views4 ,a modifi$ =m ( ! ,apocalyptic,traditional view1 advanc$ by "s late writ]s17#bh7 indicates a heal?ful reaction f ! piecemeal !ories ( ! e>li] s\rcecriticism1 & af=ds valuable sugge/ion = fur!r /udy--:e!r1 inde$1 we c foll[ !m or n 9 f9d+ evid5ce ( ! introduction ( a limit$ numb] ( fragm5ts ( e>li] orig91--viz4 t ! au?or drew freely f a mass ( apocalyptic ideas & =ms1 or 8apocalyptic conv5tions0 z !y h be5 call$1 :i* 7 widely curr5t 9 ,jewi% circles1 & ) :i* 8 own m9d 0 ri*ly /or$2 & t ?is sugge/ive mat]ial 0 wr\ght ov] 9 8 m5tal processes & us$ l t f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) :i* x 0 closely alli$1 z a framework = express+ ! new & high] ,*ri/ian ?\ght peculi> to 8 message1 ! old =m be+ con/antly adapt$ to new mean+s4 ,! orig9 or s\rce ( ^! =ms is *iefly a matt] ( !ory2 b ! probability ( _! use is ! m practical side ( ! problem4 ,x w be se5 t ?is view w\ld acc\nt = all t ! !ory ( div]se orig9 does )\t do+ viol5ce to ! real unity ( ! book27#bi7 & x does n affect ! "q ( ! inspiration or reality ( ! visions1 = ! ?\ght ( ! se] necess>ily took =m f 8 own m5tal furni%+1 & 8 imag9ation1 ?\gh quick5$ by ! prophetic ec/asy1 0 n ess5tially alt]$ 9 its mode ( op]ation4 ,b1 ) x all1 let u n fail to appreh5d t ^! que/ions p]ta9+ to ! me?od us$ 9 ! composition ( ! ,apocalypse1 & to ! introduction ( =eign elem5ts into its lit]>y /ructure1 :i* s l>gely occupy ! m9ds ( critical s*ol>s 9 ! pres5t day1 are1 aft] all1 ma9ly second>y to ! l>g] "q4 ,9 x has ,god spok58 ,& if s1 :at are ! spiritual lessons ( ! book = ! dev\t ,*ri/ian m9d & he>t8 #e4 ,! ,date4 ,two diff]5t ,dates ( au?or%ip h be5 commonly ma9ta9$ by diff]5t au?orities1 viz4 ei!r ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fi "u "o ( ,n]o's imm$iate successors1 ,galba or ,vespasian2 or ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #if "u ,domitian4 ,_m mod]n critics h accept$ ! e>li] date1 ?\gh ! majority ( comm5tators favor ! lat] & traditional "o4 ,! evid5ce _c be consid]$ z decisive = ei!r1 b ! prepond]ance seems to be 9 favor ( ! lat] date47#cj7 ,! e>li] date1 ?\gh accept$ by ! majority ( critics a score & m ye>s ago1 is n n[ 9 su* favor4 ,! influ5ce ( pres5t criticism1 :i* is *iefly tak5 up ) discussion ( ! s\rces f :i* ! book is assum$ to be d]iv$1 has produc$ a m>k$ drift 9 op9ion t[>d ! acceptance ( a date ne> ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury 7! traditional view7 z ! "t ( composition1 or at lea/ ! p]iod ( f9al edit+47#ca7 ,?is view1 ?\gh accept+ 9 a s5se "o au?or1 yet holds t ! cont5ts ( ! book indicate diff]5t dates ( writ+1 & t x is made up ( visions ( diff]5t orig91 & compos$ at diff]5t times1 :i* h be5 subsequ5tly =m$ into "o consi/5t :ole7#cb7--;a conclusion t w\ld require some?+ m ?an a !ory to su/a9 x4 ,! exact date1 h[ev]1 is n ( any great importance1 z ! diff]5ce does n mat]ially affect ! int]pretation1 especially if we accept ! symbolic view ( ! purpose & tea*+ ( ! book2 = ?\gh ! date fix$ ^u does affect some:at ! hi/orical situation1 & h5ce ! imm$iate ref]5ce1 x does n affect ! l>g] mean+ :i* belongs to all "t4 ,! indications ( ! ,e>li] ,date t usually obta9 are3--7#a7 ! l+ui/ic peculi>ities already ref]r$ to "u ! head ( ,unity1 :i* are consid]$ by _m to indicate an e>li] p]iod 9 ,john's life & ?\ght :5 he 0 /ill ,hebrai/ic 9 me?od3 7#b7 ! hi/orical allusions 9 ! book t seem to favor ! e>li] date1 & :i* "s h ?\ght are ev5 decisive1 viz4 7a7 ! condition ( ! *ur*es 9 ,asia z set =? 9 ! ,sev5 ,epi/les1 :i* fairly accords ) :at is kn[n ( ! p]iod ( ,n]o's reign & %ortly !reaft]2 7b7 ! ref]5ces to p]secution1 w>1 e>?quake1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce1 :i* f9d a ready explanation 9 curr5t ev5ts ( ! e>li] date27#cc7 7c7 ! measurem5t ( ! temple direct$ 9 *4 #aa3a;f41 :i* appe>s to indicate t x 0 /ill /&+2 7d7 ! app>5tly veil$ allusions to ,n]o f\nd 9 ! description ( ! ,wild ,bea/ 9 *s4 #ac & #ag1 :i*1 accord+ to a widely accept$ int]pretation1 po9t to a p]iod %ortly aft] 8 dea?1 :5 he 0 /ill a prom95t figure 9 ! public m9d4 ,= ! ,lat] ,date ! *ief consid]ations are3--7#a7 ! e>ly & uni=m tradition conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! book1 viz4 t x 0 writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,john ne> ! end ( ! reign ( ,domitian 7see ! section on ,canonicity73 7#b7 ! hi/orical situation describ$ & impli$1 :i* z a :ole is consid]$ by mo/ au?orities z m suitable to & m fully met by ! lat] ?an ! e>li] date1 viz4 7a7 ! *ur*es 9 ,asia1 z indicat$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,epi/les1 are 9 a m highly develop$ condition ?an is likely to h be5 atta9$ at s e>ly a p]iod z ! close ( ! six? decade ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! omission ( any ref]5ce to ! ,apo/le ,paul z _! f\nd] )9 a qu>t]c5tury ( _! e/abli%m5t w\ld be entirely unacc\ntable2 7b7 ! indications ( p]secution are bett] suit$ to ! "t ( ,domitian ?an t ( ,n]o17#cd7 :ile ! ref]5ces to w>1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce are equally applicable to all ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury2 7c7 ! advanc$ /age ( ! conflict betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! /ate religion ( ,rome1 %[n 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,bea/ & ! antagonism ( ,babylon1 is a /rong indication ( ! lat] date27#ce7 7d7 ! assum$ allusions to ,n]o1 & to ! temple z /ill /&+1 dep5d 9 ea* case ^u a p>ticul> int]pretation1 & re/ ^u no c]ta9 f\ndation1--or admitt+ an e>li] date = ?is section1 x is reg>d$ z hav+ be5 ins]t$ lat]17#cf7 :i* is a critical guess ( unc]ta9 value4 ,?is seems to leave ! balance ( evid5ce ^u ! side ( ! lat] date1 ?\gh ! be/ au?orities h =m]ly be5 ne>ly equally divid$4 #f4 ,! ,place4 ,! ,revelation 0 giv5 9 ,patmos1 "o ( ! gr\p ( ! ,sporades1 a small1 rocky1 & irregul>ly %ap$ isl&1 "s t5 miles long by five miles wide1 ly+ 9 ! gean ,sea1 (f ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 ab\t sixty miles f ,ephesus & ?irtyfive miles f ,miletus17#cg7 to :i* ,john 0 bani%$ 8= ! ,^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus04 ,accord+ to tradition (f5d]s ( rank 7 bani%$ to ?is isl& "u ! ,roman ,empire to "w 9 ! m9es & m>ble qu>ries2 & ! ,apo/le ,john p]haps %>$ 9 ?is h>% lot dur+ 8 imprisonm5t1 z ass]t$ by ,victor9us 9 8 comm5t>y1 ! e>lie/ "w on ! ,apocalypse1 writt5 t[>d ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! *ief feature ( ! mod]n isl& is ! ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,john1 f\nd$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ajhh1 :i* lies a mile & a half s\? ( ,la ,scala1 ! l&+ place2 :ile halfway up ! hillside a grotto1 kn[n z ! cave ( ! ,apocalypse1 is po9t$ out z ! traditional place :]e ! visions ( ! book 7 se54 ,! natural sc5]y ( ! isl& is rugg$ & ! view ( ! sea & ( ! neighbor+ isl&s v f9e1 :i* may h contribut$ some:at to ! imag]y ( ! book1 z has be5 sugge/$ by diff]5t travel]s47#ch7 ,! cont5t ( ! visions 0 d\btless committ$ to writ+ soon aft]w>d1 & probably :ile ,john 0 /ill a prison] 9 ,patmos1 ?\gh ! g5]al "w ( au?or%ip may h be5 done lat] at ,ephesus47#ci7 #g4 ,! ,canonicity4 ,! "r ( ! ,book ( ,revelation to a place 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,canon is well atte/$ bo? hi/orically & by int]nal evid5ce4 ,! hi/orical evid5ce is especially complete1 & is reg>d$ by "s z /rong] ?an t ( any o!r book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t37#dj7 ! objections h all aris5 f ! int]nal evid5ce1 :i* has be5 diff]5tly e/imat$ by diff]5t m9ds4 ,! ,hi/orical ,evid5ce cov]s ! "q bo? ( au?or%ip & ( canonicity1--= ^! _c well be sep>at$1 s9ce ! apo/olic au?or%ip c>ri$ ) x = ! e>ly *ur* ! canonicity also--& x may be briefly /at$ z foll[s1 viz3-- 7#a7 ,papias 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #acj74 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 8! he>] ( ,john01 & 8! companion ( ,polyc>p01 reg>d$ x z au?oritative1 & is ! fir/ to atte/ x1 ?\gh he does n affirm its apo/olicity4 ,we are indebt$ = 8 te/imony to ,&reas ( ,cappadocia 7ab\t ! end ( ! fif? c5tury71 :o ref]s to ,papias along ) ,ir5u & o!rs1 & quotes f a "w by ,papias 8 comm5t on ,rev4 #ab3gi4 ,9 ?is e>ly witness ( its canonicity we c sc>cely conceive ( ,papias be+ mi/ak51 & 8 te/imony is ( great value4 7#b7 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #adj7 says x 0 writt5 by 8a c]ta9 man ^: "n 0 ,john1 "o ( ! apo/les ( ,*ri/04 ,?is te/imony is )9 fifty ye>s ( ! lat] date assign$ to ! book1 & sev5ty five ye>s ( ! e>li] "o1 & is !re=e ( special importance2 & !re is no hesitancy 9 affirm+ t ! au?or 0 8"o ( ! apo/les ( ,*ri/04 7#c7 ,accord+ to ,eusebius1 ,melito1 ,bp4 ( ,s>dis 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #agj71 wrote a lo/ "w on 8! ,revelation ( ,john02 also two o!r bi%ops1 ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 & ,appolonius ( ,ephesus 7bo? be=e ! close ( ! second c5tury71 cit$ f x 9 _! writ+s4 7#d7 ,9 a lett] f ! *ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #agg7 ! ,revelation is cit$1 & is describ$ z 8sacr$ ,scripture04 7#e7 ,ir5u 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahj7 def5ds its apo/olic au?ority1 & ass]ts frequ5tly & positively t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 by 8,john1 a disciple ( ! ,"l04 7#f7 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #bjj7 ref]s to ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s ) an explanatory clause1 8z ,john says 9 ! ,apocalypse04 7#g7 ,t]tullian 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #bjj7 cites x frequ5tly1 ascrib+ x to ,john ! ,apo/le1 & atte/s its recognition 9 ,africa4 7#h7 ,! ,canon ( ,muratori 7circ4 #bjj7 includes x )\t "q1 & says1 8,john 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ?\gh he writes to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 yet says to all1 c10 & ! context %[s t ! ref]5ce is to ! ,apo/le4 7#i7 ,hippolytus 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #baj7 wrote on 8! ,gospel & ,apocalypse ( ,john02 & he also cites ! ,apocalypse z a ,scripture au?ority aga9/ ,caius4 ,aft] ?is "t its canonicity 0 reg>d$ z e/abli%$ by ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 7#aj7 ,orig5 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #bej71 ! pupil ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ! fir/ textual critic ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ^: k ( ! op9ion & usage 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! *ur* 0 v wide1 kn[s ( no d\bts conc]n+ ! ,apocalypse1 b quotes x z ! recogniz$ composition ( ! ,apo/le & ,evangeli/4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,apocalypse 0 n1 h[ev]1 de/9$ to rema9 unque/ion$1 ?\gh its apo/olic au?or%ip & canonical "r 7 practically un*all5g$ until t[>d ! end ( ! second c5tury--& 9 fact x 0 g5]ally receiv$ by ! *ur* until ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury--b subsequ5tly bo? ( ^! 7 que/ion$1 viz3-- 7#a7 ,m>cion1 ! scall$ 8,h]etic0 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #aej71 reject$ x 9 =m+ 8 ,canon because ( its app>5tly ,jewi% "*1 & n because he did n reg>d x z g5u9e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n repres5t a *ur* view1 & _h little influ5ce on op9ion outside ( 8 own sect4 7#b7 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #bdg7 argues t x is n by ! ,apo/le1 ?\gh he does n reject ! book4 ,) him ! "q is ma9ly "o ( au?or%ip1 & n ( canonicity4 7#c7 ,eusebius 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #bgj7 foll[s ! op9ion ( ,dionysius & may be reg>d$ z 8wav]+01 = he cites mu* 9 its favor4 ,aft] ,eusebius1 h[ev]1 opposition to x became g5]al 9 ! ,syro,pale/9ian ,*ur*1 & x does n appe> 9 ! ,pe%ito ,v]sion1 ?\gh ,/ ,ephraim ,syrus1 ! *ief fa!r ( ! ,syrian ,*ur*1 cites x & ascribes x to ! ,apo/le ,john4 7#d7 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #chf7 omits ! ,apocalypse f 8 li/ ( ! canonical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7#e7 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* ! book 0 que/ion$ on dogmatic gr\nds connect$ ) ! ,mill5>ian controv]sy1 & x 0 omitt$ f ! ,canon by ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #cfj74 7#f7 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 9 def]5ce to ! /rong te/imony ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 & influ5c$ some:at1 no d\bt1 by ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! book itself1 x 0 au?oritatively accept$ & univ]sally recogniz$ by ! *ur* at l>ge4 ,! ,int]nal ,evid5ce = ! canonicity ( ! book1 ap>t f ! difficulties discuss$ "u ! head ( ,unity1 is q cle> & satisfy+ & is practically irrefutable1 = ! disput$ que/ions ( au?or%ip & date are n ( su* "* z to affect its canonicity4 ,?is evid5ce may be briefly /at$ z foll[s1 viz3-- 7#a7 ,! hi/orical situation & ref]5ces correspond to ! "t 9 :i* ! book claims to h be5 writt51 ! latt] half ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & are fully su/a9$ by contemporane\s hi/ory4 7#b7 ,! lit]>y =m & diction are ea* suitable to ! p]iod & au?or%ip to :i* ! book is ascrib$4 7#c7 ,! doctr9al tea*+s are fully & di/9ctively ,*ri/ian1 & are su* z we w\ld expect 9 a "w ( ! p]iod1 writt5 by inspiration = ! :ole *ur*1 viz3--7a7 ! ,*ri/ianity x be>s witness to has escap$ f ! p>ticul>ism ( ,jewi% ?\ght into ! broad ca?olicity ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les2 7b7 ,*ri/ is pres5t$ z ! div9e aton+ ,lamb seat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone1 coequal ) ! ,fa!r2 7c7 ! p]sonality ( ! ,holy ,_s is recogniz$1 & 8 illum9ative "w illu/rat$2 7d7 ! *ief duties ( ! ,*ri/ian life are ^? pres5t$ 9 ! ,gospels1 fai?1 witness1 & purity1 :ile ! rew>d ( ov]com+ is set =? 9 t]ms ( apo/olic hope2 & 7e7 ! entire cont5ts ( ! book1 s widely diff]5t f ! noncanonical lit]ature1 appeal to ! in/9cts ( ! ,*ri/ian he>t n[ z 9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 & v]ify !mselves afre% to ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness 9 su* a =ceful & conv9c+ way t ?is goes f> to ov]come any app>5t objections to its canonical au?ority bas$ ^u subjective judgm5ts ( ano!r class4 ,9 fact ! imp>tial v]dict ( c>eful inve/igation s]ves to confirm ! op9ion t ! ,apocalypse is rightfully receiv$ on ample & concurr5t te/imony bo? ( ,hi/orical & ,int]nal ,evid5ce z a "p ( sacr$ ,scripture by ! :ole *ur* ?r\gh\t ! _w4 #h4 ,! ,=m4 ,! ,book consi/s ( a s]ies ( /range & impressive symbolic visions :i* contra/ pres5t & hi/oric conditions ( trial & suff]+ 9 ! *ur* & 9 ! _w ) future & prophetic conditions ( triumph & rew>d = ! holy & ( wra? & puni%m5t = ! s9ful4 ,x is an int]pretative view ( ! div9e pa? & plan ( ! c5turies t is evid5tly giv5 = ! com=t & help ( ,god's *ildr5 9 ! mid/ ( trial & di/ress4 ,its ,lit]>y ,=m is m>k$ & significant1 & belongs to t highly figurative /yle ( late ,jewi% & e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s :i* is kn[n z ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature47#da7 ,& ?\gh ,john mu/ (t5 h felt himself hamp]$ & imp$$ by ! fanciful & m or less unreal "* ( ?is lit]>y =m1 yet x d\btless met m fully ?an any o!r ! conditions ( ! "t1 & af=d$ an adequate me?od ( rea*+ ! dev\t ,*ri/ian m9d ( t g5]ation4 ,?is lit]ature is di/+ui%$ bo? by its peculi> /yle & by ! exceptional range ( its ?\ght1 & may be describ$ z consi/+ ( all ( t p>ticul> class ( ! ,apocryphal writ+s :i* are c\*$ 9 my/ic symbols & figures1 & :i* attempt to give an acc\nt ( hidd5 ?+s miracul\sly disclos$1 especially ^? p]ta9+ to ! o!r _w & to ! clos+ ev5ts ( human hi/ory4 ,! ^w ,apocalyptic 9 its pres5t s5se belongs to rec5t usage1 be+ introduc$ by ! mod]n critical s*ool z a g5]ic t]m to designate ^! writ+s z a di/9ct dep>tm5t ( ! ,apocryphal books1 & also to d5ote ! lit]>y /yle or art=m 9 :i* !y are ca/4 ,! use ( ! ^w ,apocalypse to designate ! writ+s or books n[ kn[n by t "n 7z ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 & o!rs7 is und\bt$ly v old1 ?\gh x did n app>5tly beg9 be=e ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & seems to h tak5 rise f ! common use ( ! title 8,! ,apocalypse ( ,john0 9 ,*ri/ian circles to designate ! ,revelation1 f :i* ! ^w came to be appli$ to all writ+s ( a simil> class4 ,e ,apocalypse is ?us an example ( ,apocalyptic2 b1 ow+ to ! late introduction ( ! latt] t]m z n[ us$1 mo/ diction>ies d n give an adequate def9ition47#db7 ,! unique symbolism ( ^! writ+s con/itutes _! mo/ /rik+ & *>act]i/ic feature2 & x is ?is uni=m use ( cryptic symbols in/ead ( ord9>y figures ( spee* t inve/s ! ,apocalypse ( ,john ) its peculi> *>m1 & at ! same "t creates ! special problems ( its int]pretation4 ,a symbol may be def9$ z a conv5tional objective =m *os5 to repres5t some?+ else1 (t5 n o!rwise capable ( portraiture1 because ( "s real or fanci$ resemblance t appeals to ! m9d2 an ideal repres5tation c\*$ 9 s5su\s =m t embodies "o or m ( ! prom95t features ( its subject1 & t comes to repres5t a fix$ conception 9 ! _w ( fancy1 a l[] & mat]ial sign be+ us$ to repres5t a high] & ab/ract idea4 ,! use ( symbols ( "s sort is in/9ctive & univ]sal1 & gr[s out ( a natural ef=t ( ! m9d to clo! its ideas 9 =ms t give free scope to ! imag9ation4 ,b ! peculi> nature ( ! symbols & ! pr(usion ( _! use 9 ! ,apocalyptic lit]ature1 s]ve to m>k x z sep>ate f all o!r lit]>y =ms4 ,ori5tal symbols1 too1 are s unfamili> & (t5times s incongru\s to our m9ds1 su* z ! ,dragon1 ! ,sc>let ,bea/1 ! ,twohorn$ ,bea/1 & ev5 ! ,*]ubim1 t we p]haps fail to realize h[ mu* !y meant to p ( a primitive civilization :o 7 possess$ ( a vivid imag9ation )\t sci5tific precision ( ?\ght4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! in/9ctive appreciation ( ! nature & value ( symbols1 toge!r ) ! wide possibilities ( mean+ t are app>5tly inh]5t 9 ! symbols us$ 9 ! ,apocalypse1 has always giv5 room = ! f]tile fancy ( int]pret]s4 ,b ! lat] /udy ( ! ,apocalyptic writ+s z a class has made x pla9 t ?is ef=t 0 l>gely missp5t1 & has l$ to m discrim9at+ views ( ! mean+ & use ( symbols z !re f\nd1 & to _! limitation by e/abli%$ usage1 :]e su* is kn[n to h exi/$4 ,= :ile ! gr[? ( recogniz$ symbols is necess>ily sl[1 & _! orig9 (t5 impossible to trace yet :5 !y h once be5 =m$1 & h come to possess an e/abli%$ mean+ 9 ! public m9d1 !y exhibit a rem>kable p]si/5ce2 & ?\gh _! mean+ may be some:at modifi$ by subsequ5t use & by p>ticul> application1 yet x c sc>cely suff] sudd5 & radical *ange4 ,& let u rememb] t ! symbols1 metaphors1 & o!r figures f\nd 9 ! ,revelation are n purely lit]>y3 !y h _h a hi/ory & h acquir$ a recogniz$ & conv5tional mean+4 ,we h1 !re=e1 an available guide to ! int]pretation ( ! symbols 9 ! book furni%$ by _! use n only 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* by =m] int]pret]s !y 7 ma9ly s\ght1 b especially 9 ,jewi% apocalypses1 :i* give ! curr5t mean+ ( _m ( !m at ! "t :5 ?is book 0 writt51 a s5se :i* c\ld n well h be5 dep>t$ f to any great ext5t )\t mak+ _! mean+ :olly un9telligible4 ,& ! m cle>ly we appreh5d ?is fact1 ! m con/antly we apply x 9 our int]pretation1 ! m likely are we to arrive at ! mean+ int5d$47#dc7 ,= :ile ! ,we/]n m9d revolts aga9/ ! (time obscurity ( ,apocalyptic symbols1 yet we n infrequ5tly recur to ! same me?od ( illu/ration4 ,= in/ance1 a good example ( ! pres5t day use ( symbols1 aid$ by illu/rative skill1 is f\nd 9 su* a c>toon z 8,! ,mod]n ,jugg]naut0 t appe>$ a few ye>s ago1 9 :i* ! :eel$ c> ( ,india 0 trans=m$ into a huge w9e bottle full ( intoxicat+ dr9k t rolls along its way1 cru%+ out ! lives ( ?\s&s ( mis]able victims1 :ile ! fi]ce dogs ( ,w>1 ,fam9e1 & ,pe/il5ce h "u its malign influ5ce slipp$ _! lea% & g =? to prey ^u m547#dd7 ,?is symbolism 9 "s measure p>allels t ( ! ,sc>let ,bea/ 9 ! ,revelation1 & %[s h[ a great de/ructive =ce op]at+ 9 ! _w may be pres5t$ to _m m9ds 9 an objective =m mu* m effectively ?an by any ab/ract v]bal /atem5t4 ,l a p>able an apocalypse fl+s a great tru? across our pa?1 in/9ct ) ! t\* ( spiritual life4 ,! revelation made to ,john d\btless took ! ,apocalyptic =m because x 0 ! prevail+ lit]>y me?od ( t "t = ! treatm5t ( ! !me dealt ) by 8 prophecy1 & its con/ructive symbolism already fill$ & color$ 8 ?\ght4 ,b not)/&+ t x is ca/ 9 a ,jewi% m\ld1 ! ,*ri/ian ?\ght ev]y:]e triumphs ov] ! ,jewi% =m4 ,! l9e ( ?\ght is limit$ to ! peculi> range ( ,apocalyptic subjects1 & is f\nd to be closely relat$ to t ( our ,"l's disc\rse ^u ! la/ ?+s 7! scall$ 8little apocalypse0 ( our ,"l 9 ,mat4 #bd71 ?\gh x %\ld n be reg>d$ z =mally an amplification ( t disc\rse1 or z *iefly or :olly det]m9$ 9 cont5t by x47#de7 ,! prophetic mood is manife/ 9 e "p ( ! book1 & ! exalt$ m5tal /ate ( ! writ] is su/a9$ ?r\gh\t aft] ! mann] ( a rhapsody1 9 ! /ructure & movem5t ( :i* all lit]>y =ms are 9 a measure fus$ toge!r47#df7 ,inde$ by a deep] /udy ( ?is unique "w we come to feel z ?\gh 9 x 8we t\* ! liv+ s\l ( ,asiatic ,*ri/5dom04 ,x rema9s to be said t :ile we class ! ,apocalypse ( ,john ) ,jewi% apocalypses z to lit]>y =m1 yet x s manife/ly rises above its class bo? 9 me?od & cont5t t x is univ]sally accord$ ! fir/ place among ,apocalyptic writ+s1 & fully e/abli%es its claim to a place among ! inspir$ books ( ,scripture by reason ( ! p5etrative prophetic insight :i* x ev]y:]e displays 9 deal+ ) ! greate/1 ! mo/ c5tral1 & ! mo/ my/]i\s !me 9 ! :ole sph]e ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 #i4 ,! ,!me4 ,! ,!me ( ! ,revelation1 /at$ 9 its broade/ t]ms1 is ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur* ?r\gh ,"t to ,et]nity2 ! my/]y ( ,god 9 human life & hi/ory made manife/ ?r\gh ! disclosure ( ! div9e r$emptive plan becom+ effective & triumphant47#dg7 ,! !me we assign to ! ,revelation w1 ( c\rse1 be det]m9$ l>gely by our view ( its cont5ts4 ,_m int]pret x to be ,j]usalem1 ,rome1 & ! ,end1 limit+ its outlook to ! horizon ( ! e>ly *ur*2 o!rs make x ! ,c\rse ( ,hi/ory1 or ! ,future ,pa? ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,_w2 /ill o!rs affirm x to be ! ,la/ ,?+s1 or ! ,second ,com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,b ! wid] view is ! tru] "o1 :i* includes _m phases ( ! k+dom1 & ! !me is prop]ly int]pret$ z ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur* "h & h]eaft]1 or ,r$emption 9 its pres5t & future relation to ,human ,life4 ,?is !me is wr\ght out 9 prophetic vision by an evolv+ drama t moves =w>d 9 multiple & progressive cycles ( trial & triumph1 ( conflict & victory1 ev] advanc+ t[>d ! complete & f9al consummation1 :5 righte\sness %all w91 s9 be puni%$1 & ! r$eem$ be re/or$ to ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god2 & :]eby ! div9e plan %all be abundantly v9dicat$ not)/&+ all app>5t anomalies1 & seem+ contradictions1 & tempor>y rev]ses1 = x is confid5tly affirm$ t ! night ( s9 %all ultimately pass away1 & ! day dawn at la/ 9 :i* 8! glory ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb %all be ! light !re(02 & 8,he t sitte? on ! ?rone %all spread 8 tab]nacle ov] !m 444 t come out ( great tribulation04 ,?us ! book gives answ] to ! deep call ( ! s\l = "s sign conc]n+ ! future t %all po9t ! pa? ( fai? & *e] ! he>t = s]vice2 & ! answ] is abundantly satisfy+1 = ^? :o int]pret ! !me aright4 ,occupi$ ) su* a subject ( ?\ght x f9ds its prop] place at ! end ( ! inspir$ volume2 x =ms a fitt+ close = ! entire l9e ( prophetic voices2 & x b9ds ! long succession ( books into an unbrok5 unity47#dh7 ,) illimitable sweep its visions look backw>d ?r\gh "t & =w>d into et]nity1 d[nw>d on e>?'s /ruggles & upw>d ^u heav5's victory1 inw>d to ! s\l's conflicts & outw>d to ,god's et]nal peace1 :ile ?r\gh x all !re r+s out ! "o transc5d5t note1 ,*ri/ reigns b to triumph4 #aj4 ,! ,occasion4 ,! conditions :i* gave ,occasion = ?is sole ,apocalyptic book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t h left _! impress on its =m & ?\ght1 viz4 p]secution f )\t1 & trial & di/ress )9 ! *ur*4 ,^! conditions :i* are subsum$ ?r\gh\t mu/ be cle>ly recogniz$ 9 ord] to int]pret ! message aright1 & to e/imate its prop] value = ! age :i* fir/ receiv$ x4 ,=1 :e!r we accept ! e>li] or lat] date ( writ+1 ! deadly p[] ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 be+ put =? to repress & de/roy ! *ur*4 ,at ! lat] date ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or 0 be+ made ! te/ ( ob$i5ce to law1 & at ei!r "t _m ,*ri/ians 9 ! face ( p]secution 7 weak & wav]+4 ,! imm$iate outlook 0 increas+ly d>k1 & ! future prospect full ( gloom4 ,! failure ( ! ,messiah to reappe> & ( ! *ur* to triumph2 ! bitt] exp]i5ce ( p]secution already endur$1 & ! c]ta9ty ( great] suff]+ yet to foll[2 9 a ^w1 ! app>5t rev]sal ( ! brighte/ hopes ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 all ( ^! call$ = "s div9e message ( *e] t w\ld inspirit ! disc\rag$1 ?r[ light ^u ! pa? ( sorr[ & %ame1 & make _! lot endurable because ( ! assur$ly glori\s outcome ( ! future4 ,& !re 0 no k9d ( message s well suit$ to meet su* a crisis z ! =m ( ,apocalyptic1 :i* grew out ( simil> conditions1 & _h a tone & temp] peculi>ly adapt$ to infuse a triumphant hope 9 ! mid/ ( gr[+ religi\s despair47#di7 ,b let u n fail to p]ceive t ?\gh ! ,apocalypse 0 specially design$ to meet a great crisis 9 ! life ( ! e>ly *ur*1 its effectiv5ess does n end !re4 ,its lessons are = u & = all "t2 x has ! c\rse & end ( _whi/ory 9 view1 & ?is is an ev]liv+ !me = ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ 9 e age4 #aa4 ,! ,purpose4 ,! ,purpose ( ! ,apocalypse1 z indicat$ by its introductory words 8,! ,revelation01 is ! reveal+ or unveil+ ( my/]y4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se a my/]y is a =m] secret ( div9e tru? t has n[ be5 at lea/ p>tially reveal$ 7,eph4 #c3aaa71 :ile an apocalypse is ! process ( reveal+ x1 & also ! revelation itself conta9+ ! tru? made kn[n4 ,! compreh5sive design ( ! book is to unfold & int]pret ! div9e purpose & me?od 9 human hi/ory1 especially 9 relation to ! r$emptive process1 by portray+ 9 sc5ic outl9e ! pres5t & future c\rse ( ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh conflict to victory1 = ! v9dication ( ,god's righte\sness 9 ! f9al issue1 & = ! com=t & enc\ragem5t ( tri$ & p]secut$ ,*ri/ians 9 ! mid/ ( ! pa?way ( life47#ej7 ,! m imm$iate purpose 0 to /r5g!n ! *ur* 9 ! /ra9 ( pres5t di/ress1 :ile ! ultimate aim is to be f\nd n 9 ! disclosure ( hi/ory itself1 b 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 9 illu/rat+ ! fact t hi/ory is a div9ely guid$ 8moral process t[>d a goal01 z ! sub/antial gr\nd ( a true philosophy ( life1 & z a p]man5t def5se aga9/ false & p>tial views4 ,& ?is purpose is s wr\ght out by ! portrayal ( ! _w z an ideal battlefield full ( oppos+ =ces1 ) alt]nat+ sc5es ( triumph & dang]1 t ! :ole becomes a f]v5t & p[]ful appeal to ! h]oic 9 ,*ri/ian life & "*1 & a cle> call to new fai? & c\rage4 ,= :atev] else may be its lessons1 we mu/ n leave out ( view ?is practical purpose ( div9e monition to ! _w ( m51 :i* has s deeply impress$ itself ^u e g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians4 ,its message ( w>n+ is inwr\ght ) & ren=c$ by its prophetic sc5es ( t]ror & rew>d3 = ! ,apocalypse is ! book ( ! future z well z ( ! pa/ & pres5t1 & t future is ev] ne> 9 prophetic vision1 h[ev] f> x may be 9 hi/oric relation1 & to ,john's eye is always fill$ ) ! figure ( ! return+ ,*ri/ :o comes to judgm5t & to victory4 ,! message1 h[ev]1 view$ 9 its entirety1 :ile x conta9s a sympa!tic elem5t ( enc\ragem5t = ! sa9ts1 & a monitory elem5t ( exhortation & w>n+ = all m51 is yet fundam5tally a philosophic int]pretation ( ! div9e me?od 9 hi/ory = all :o w\ld see ,god 9 ! /ory ( man's life on ! e>?--a !odicy bas$ ^u prophecy4 ,& any view :i* assumes = ! au?or a n>r[ field ( vision1 su* z t he m]ely gr\p$ toge!r ! curr5t apocalyptic conceptions ( 8 "t 9 ord] to fl+ !m 9 fi]ce polemic aga9/ ! ,roman ,empire & to =e%ad[ its defeat & fall17#ea7 re/s ^u a manife/ly imp]fect judgm5t t fails 9 religi\s dep?1 miss+ ! spiritual significance ( ! message1 & lacks 9 lit]>y insight1 d5y+ ! evid5t m>ks ( orig9ality1 g5ius1 & inspiration 9 ! mo/ wond]ful & unique composition ( its k9d t has ev] be5 produc$4 #ab4 ,! ,int]pretation4 ,!re are two ess5tially diff]5t me?ods ( ,int]pretation t h be5 foll[$ 9 attempt+ to arrive at ! mean+ ( ?is manife/ly difficult book1 :i* are f\nd$ ^u diff]5t conceptions ( its didactic purpose1 & proce$ ^u diff]5t l9es ( inquiry1 viz4 ! ,hi/orical1 & ! ,symbolical4 ,! ,hi/orical ,int]pretation reg>ds ! book z a prophetic review & =eca/ ( hi/ory veil$ 9 symbol1 & seeks ! mean+ & fulfilm5t ( ! visions 9 c]ta9 specific hi/orical ev5ts :i* ei!r h occurr$1 are occurr+1 or w occur )9 ! sph]e ( human life & exp]i5ce4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t =ms ( ?is me?od ( int]pretation1 all ( :i* specialize ! prophecy b diff] z to ! "t & nature ( ! fulfilm5t1 viz4 7#a7 ! ,pret]i/ view 7also call$ ! ,contemporane\s,hi/orical71 :i* reg>ds t ! visions relate ma9ly to ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly *ur*1 & t !y h be5 already fulfill$ 9 ! f> pa/2 7#b7 ! ,futuri/ view 7also call$ ! ,future,hi/orical71 t ! visions relate ma9ly to ev5ts :i* %all occur 9 ! la/ days1 & t ! fulfilm5t is to be look$ = *iefly 9 ! m or less remote future2 & 7#c7 ! ,progressivi/ view 7also call$ ! ,cont9u\s or ,*ur*,hi/orical71 t ! sev]al visions con/itute a cont9u\s & progressive s]ies1 cov]+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! *ur*'s hi/ory f ! "t ( ,john to ! la/ judgm5t1 & t _! fulfilm5t is !re=e to be f\nd 9 a successive l9e ( hi/orical ev5ts1 "p ( :i* lie 9 ! pa/ & "p 9 ! future4 ,! ,symbolical ,int]pretation1 ^u ! o!r h&1 reg>ds ! book z a prophetic idealization ( hi/ory1 deal+ ) ! g5]al c\rse & outcome ( man's life ^u ! e>?1 & disclos+ "u ! =m ( symbols ! spiritual & moral =ces :i* give to hi/ory its deep] mean+2 & seeks ! significance & fulfilm5t ( ! visions n1 !re=e1 9 p>ticul> ev5ts1 b r 9 classes ( ev5ts1 n solely at "o def9ite "t1 b at _m diff]5t times1 f9d+ ! revelation ma9ly illu/rative ( g5]al pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t r ?an pr$ictive ( p>ticul> facts ( hi/ory1 a view ( v>i\s phases r ?an ( hi/oric /ages ( ! *ur*'s exp]i5ce17#eb7 & int]pret+ its symbols 9 ! g5u9e _s ( ,apocalyptic z pictorial repres5tations ( ! prevail+ =tunes ( ! *ur* 9 ! _w z %e moves =w>d to ! f9al consummation47#ec7 ,?is me?od ( int]pretation1 :i* is commonly kn[n z ! ,symboli/ view 7also call$ ! ,spiritual71 pres5ts no su* m>k$ diff]5ce ( =m z ! ,hi/orical1 b ) a wid] outlook reg>ds t ! visions relate to all su* l ev5ts 9 e age z specially manife/ ,god's rule 9 ! _w s5d+ =? judgm5t unto victory1 & su* z p>ticul>ly exhibit ! progressive developm5t ( good & evil 9 human life1 toge!r ) _! con/ant conflict & _! f9al rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,all ! curr5t int]pretations may be classifi$ "u "o or o!r ( ! above heads1 yet 9 ! h&s ( individual int]pret]s !y are (t5 modifi$ & bl5d into ea* o!r 9 _! application--a manife/ recognition ( ! fact t !re is an elem5t ( tru? und]ly+ ea* view1 :i* we may p]haps say has be5 unduly emphasiz$1 = all agree t ! int]pretation is someh[ & some:]e to be f\nd 9 human life & hi/ory4 ,:at might be call$ /ill ano!r me?od ( int]pretation is ! ,apocalyptic,traditional 7or ,tradition,hi/orical7 view ( late critical writ]s on ! ,apocalypse already ref]r$ to1 :i* approa*es ! "q f ! viewpo9t ( lit]>y orig91 & attributes c]ta9 portions ( ! book to ! introduction ( traditional ,jewi% or ,jewi% ,*ri/ian ,apocalyptic fragm5ts t h be5 utiliz$ by ! au?or & appli$ to ! hi/orical conditions ( 8 "t1 adapt+ !m to a new mean+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n s mu* a sep>ate me?od ( int]pretation z x is a coroll>y ( ! pres5t ,lit]>y,critical me?od ( deal+ ) ! book1 :i* reg>ds x z an e>ly ,*ri/ian "w 9 successive editions t has tak5 into itself c]ta9 ,jewi% elem5ts4 ,) ?is orig9 assum$ ! int]pretation does n diff] mat]ially f ! ,pret]i/ view except1 p]haps1 t x is less rigor\s 9 its application to curr5t ev5ts1 & recognizes m fully ! idealism ( ! au?or2 = ! hi/orical outlook has measurably lo/ its value except z an indication ( ! date ( writ+1 & = mo/ :o hold ?is view ! book has no long] any di/9ctive prophetic message = ! *ur*2 x has become *iefly a fanta/ic dream1 a pi\s dream x is true1 b only a dream ( ! f> pa/4 ,! pr9cipal "q ( int]pretation1 z w be se5 by a consid]ation ( ! curr5t views1 relates n only to ! viewpo9t1 b also to ! aim or design ( ! ,revelation4 ,! ,hi/orical me?od c5t]s ! *ief aim ( ! book 9 a pr$ictiveprophetic elem5t :i* x f9ds ?r\gh\t & reg>ds z po9t+ to specific ev5ts 9 p>ticul> p]iods ( hi/ory t are design$ to tea* important spiritual lessons4 ,) ?is idea ( ! didactic purpose1 x yet pres5ts ! wide/ v>iation ( op9ion conc]n+ ! viewpo9t ( ! book1 & includes ^u ! "o h& ! extreme rationali/ :o consid]s x a purely human writ+1 a ,jewi% apocalypse t has be5 revamp$ to include ,*ri/ian ideas1 :i* bl5ds hi/ory ) pr$iction & reflects only ! horizon ( ! fir/ c5tury2 & on ! o!r h& ! dev\t my/ic :o accepts its message z *iefly pr$ictive prophecy ( ! f> future1 & int]prets x well nigh lit]ally z a prophetic acc\nt ( ! _w's end+ amid t]ror & blood4 ,! ,symboli/ me?od1 ) a q diff]5t conception1 c5t]s ! aim ( ! book 9 an int]pretativeprophetic elem5t :i* x f9ds 9 e "p1 & reg>ds z sett+ =? ! pr9ciples ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 & po9t+ to _! exemplification 9 multiple ev5ts occurr+ 9 diff]5t p]iods ( hi/ory t are work+ toge!r t[>d ! f9al consummation4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od ( int]pretation ! viewpo9t is ideali/ic1 univ]sal1 & timeless1 & ! scope ( ! visions correspond+ly wide4 ,! latt] view1 :i* is ! "o pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ outl9e1 af=ds a fairly satisfactory int]pretation t has be5 /eadily ga9+ gr\nd dur+ ! la/ halfc5tury1 & to ! pres5t au?or seems de/9$ 9 "s =m to atta9 g5]al ?\gh p]haps n univ]sal acceptance4 ,! views ( ! lead]s 9 ! symbolical s*ool pres5t no mat]ial div]g5ce 9 g5]al int]pretation17#ed7 & ! pr9ciples ( ?is int]pretation seem likely to prevail ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ( ! future1 ?\gh ! =m & application may be some:at modifi$4 ,! objection t 8?is sy/em ( int]pretation is out ( keep+ ) ! g5]al purpose ( ,apocalyptic lit]ature017#ee7 loses its =ce if we grant t ! book is inspir$1 & realize t ! lit]>y =m 0 *os5 because ( its adaptability = ! treatm5t ( ! topics dealt ) 9 ! ,apocalypse2 = once1 ! ,apocalyptic =m becomes ! vehicle ( a div9e revelation1 x !reby escapes "s ( ! ma9 limitations ( its class1 "o ( :i* 0 8! consci\sness ( no new message f ,god = ! g5]ation to :i* x 0 address$02 & accord+ly x %\ld "h be reg>d$ z only ! lit]>y sett+ 9 :i* ! message cont9ually ov]tops ! =m1 ! art=m 9 :i* ! art is lo/ sight ( ?r\gh ! beauty & p[] ( ! tru? :i* x pres5ts4 ,?is view1 al?\gh n )\t difficulties1 is yet believ$ by a good proportion ( em95t s*ol>s to be bas$ ^u s\nd & temp]ate exegesis1 to be be/ suit$ to ! "* ( ! book1 & to give relative value to all ! elem5ts ( tru? conta9$ 9 o!r views4 ,! importance ( ! hi/orical situation ( ,john's "t & ( ! lessons = t age is fully recogniz$1 ! es*atological elem5t ?r\gh\t is giv5 due consid]ation1 & ! application ( ! prophecy to ! entire tr5d & ev5ts ( hi/ory is made app>5t1 :ile ! precise "trelation ( ! visions is = ! mo/ "p elim9at$1 & ?us ! field ( prophetic prospective is ma9ta9$ 9 its true bread?1 & n n>r[$ z 9 ! hi/orical int]pretation to a p>ticul> age or s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,& ! int]pretation z a :ole re/s = its validity ^u ! scope & t5or ( ! book ?r\gh\t1 & c !re=e be ma9ta9$ )\t det]m9+ ! full or specific mean+ ( e "p4 ,! ,revelation ?us und]/ood ceases to be ei!r a political diatribe ( ! fir/ c5tury1 or ! t]ror$ /ory ( ! ,end2 x rises above an epitome ( hi/ory :e!r ne> or f>1 & takes rank z a true prophetic book 9 ,apocalyptic =m1 deal+ ) ! allembrac+ plan ( ,god = ! ages1 & ! munific5t purpose ( r$emption2 & x is !reby rescu$ f _m conjectural & contradictory int]pretations :i* h obscur$ its mean+1 & becomes a liv+ prophecy ( value to ! *ur* 9 e age4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d wis] me?ods 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,apocalypse1 & ! gr[+ _s ( unanimity conc]n+ its l>g] lessons1 provide good gr\nd = enc\ragem5t to ! tr\bl$ read]4 ,& :ile1 no d\bt1 ! influ5ce ( ! individual type ( m9d w cont9ue to be felt 9 ! int]pretation1 ! rationali/ic emphasiz+ ! pret]i/ application1 ! my/ic ! futuri/1 & ! practical m9d ! symbolic & univ]sal ref]5ce1 yet x %\ld always be kept 9 view t ! *ief importance ( ! book = ! *ur* at l>ge transc5ds any "q ( !oretical int]pretation1 & lies 9 its practical wor? 9 provid+ a ri* s\rce ( religi\s inspiration1 an invigorat+ aid to imp]fect fai?1 & an abid+ /imulus to ! ,*ri/ian imag9ation1 9 enabl+ ! ord9>y m9d to realize ! spiritual 9 ! mid/ ( & transc5d+ ! natural1 & 9 mak+ ! deep conflict ( life ) its div9e sup]9t5d5ce an ev] pres5t fact to ! human s\l4 ,inde$ ! book 0 evid5tly writt5 = common use 9 ! e>ly *ur* 9 public wor%ip 7*4 #a3c71 :i* indicates an appreciation ( its value 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! mod]n indiff]5ce t passes x by z un9telligible4 ,! ,apocalypse has also a hi/orical value1 q ap>t f its g5]al mean+ & use1 t we %\ld n ov]look1 = x ?r[s important light ^u ! political & social conditions z well z ! inn] ?\ght & developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,x reflects ?r\gh\t ! fai? & temp] 9 :i* ! e>ly *ur* fac$ its gr[+ conflict ) ! _w4 ,& x s]ves to %[ t at ! close ( ! apo/olic age !re 0 a ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 free f ! law & univ]sal1 & yet cont9u$ to adh]e to ,jewi% modes ( expression47#ef7 #ac4 ,! ,outl9e ,analysis4 ,i ,,! ,,prologue 7,,or ,,introduction73 ,*4 #a3ac3bb #a ,! ,sup]scription3 ,*4 #a3ac #b ,! ,salutation3 ,*4 #a3dh #c ,! ,introductory ,vision3 ,*4 #a3ibj #d ,! ,sev5 ,epi/les3 ,*4 #b3ac3bb ,,ii ,,! ,,ma9 ,,apocalypse 7,,or ,,revelation ,,prop]73 ,*4 #d3abb3e #a ,! ,vision ( ,god on ! ,?rone3 ,*4 #d3ae3ad #b ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,seals3 ,*4 #f3aag1 & #h3a #b;b ,! ,episode ( ! ,seal$ ,ones3 ,*4 #g3aag #c ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,trumpets3 ,*4 #h3bi3ba1 & #aa3adai #c;b ,! ,episode ( ! ,angel ) ! ,book1 & ( ! ,two ,witnesses3 ,*4 #aj3aaa3ac #d ,! ,vision ( ,conflict3 ,*4 #ab3aad3bj #e ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,vials3 ,*4 #ae3aaf3ab1 & #af3agba #e;b ,! ,episode ( ! ,frogl ,spirits3 ,*4 #af3acaf #f ,! ,vision ( ,victory3 ,*4 #ag3abj3ae #g ,! ,vision ( ! ,new ,j]usalem3 ,*4 #ba3abb3e ,,iii ,,! ,,epilogue 7,,or ,,conclusion73 ,*4 #bb3fba #a ,! ,f9al ,words ( ! ,angel1 ) ! ,promise ( ,*ri/3 ,*4 #bb3faf #b ,! ,clos+ ,te/imony ( ,john3 ,*4 #bb3agbj #c ,! ,au?or's ,b5$iction3 ,*4 #bb3ba #ad4 ,! ,lit]>y ,/ructure4 ,! elaborate & arti/ic ,lit]>y ,/ructure ( ! ,apocalypse1 ! num]ical symmetry ( its p>ts1 ! p>allelism ( its visions1 & ! recurr5t climaxes 9 its developm5t1 toge!r unite to give x a unique place among ! writ+s ( ,scripture2 & a cle> p]ception ( ^! relations becomes a di/9ct aid to ! bett] und]/&+ ( its message1 = ^! belong to x z ! out] robes :i* enfold its inn] ?\ght4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! numb] sev5 9 ! arrangem5t ( its subjectmatt] ?r\gh\t1 especially ! recurr5ce ( =mal s]ies ( sev5s 9 ! ,epi/les1 ,seals1 ,trumpets1 & ,vials1 has commonly l$ to ! conclusion t ! book is someh[ capable ( division into sev5 p>ts fundam5tal to its /ructure4 ,& al?\gh ! failure ( comm5tators to agree g5]ally ^u any l9es ( division yet propos$ sc>cely seems to support ?is op9ion1 yet ! possible correctness & ! g5]al helpfulness ( su* a division is fully recogniz$4 ,any su* division :i* we may make1 h[ev]1 is *iefly "o ( analysis1 = ! visions are cont9u\s & develop )\t any di/9ctive break ( prophetic view4 ,! outl9e analysis giv5 above divides ! ,visions1 or ma9 portion ( ! book1 into sev5 p>ts1 ! ,episodes be+ made p>5!tical & subord9ate1 z _! cont5ts & connection s]ve to indicate2 :ile ! f\r subdivisions ( ! ,introduction & ?ree ( ! ,conclusion tak5 toge!r1 =m ano!r sev54 ,?is g5]al division1 :i* is n an uncommon "o1 agrees 9 ! ma91 ?\gh n 9 /atem5t or 9 full detail1 ) t 9 ! ,pulpit ,comm5t>y17#eg7 & is "o ( ! mo/ natural z well z ! mo/ helpful 9 br++ out ! *ief ?\ght ( ! book4 ,! c>efully wr\ght out & rem>kably sugge/ive division & subdivision into complete s]ies ( sev5s1 giv5 9 ! ,mod]n ,read]'s ,bible17#eh7 aft] ! same mann] z ! ,prophecy ( ,ezekiel1 & ! ,rhapsody ( ,joel1 is wor?y ( att5tive consid]ation1 ?\gh x may well be d\bt$ :e!r su* an ext5sive subdivision f\nd place 9 ! ,apocalypti/'s ?\ght47#ei7 ,) discrim9ative lit]>y insight ! au?or ( t "w says1 conc]n+ ! g5]al outl9e ( ! book1 8,! sev5 visions ( ,/4 ,john's ,revelation seem 9 ! l9e ( _! succession to trace ! figure ( an ar*1 ! key/one ( ! ar* be+ ! ma/]?\ght ( ! prophecy2444 ,on ei!r side ( x 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! visions ,,iii is closely p>allel ) ,v1 & ,,ii ) ,,vi 444 :ile ,i & ,,vii are sep>ate f ! re/4444 ,z always1 lit]>y =m is "h po9t+ to ! deepe/ spiritual mean+04 ,! !me ( ! c5tral vision accord+ to ?is view1 is 8,salvation3 ! ,k+dom ( ?is ,_w becom+ ! ,k+dom ( ,*ri/01 :i* puts ! purpose ( ! ,*ri/ian w>f>e to ! front1 & has mu* to comm5d x2 = ! w>f>e is 9 ord] t ! r$emptive purpose ( ,god may become effective & triumphant4 ,!re are reasons1 h[ev]1 9 ! s*eme ( ! book :i* seem to place ! ma9 emphasis ^u ! w>f>e itself z lead+ to salvation1 & t view has be5 accept$ 9 ?is "w4 ,foll[+ ! f]tile sugge/ion giv5 above1 ?\gh ) a some:at diff]5t conception ( ! !me ( ! sev]al visions1 we arrive at ! foll[+ outl9e ( ! ?\ght & plan ( ! *ief "p ( ! book17#fj7 viz3-- ,,iv ,,iii ,v ,,ii ,,vi ,i ,,vii ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ! book1 ! above table _h ! foll[+ text = ea* ( ! sev5 sections2 !y are laid out "h to make x look correct ) mod]n read]s4 ,,iv--,a ,vision ( ,w>f>e--! ,*ur*,hi/oric ,_w,conflict ( ! ,evil aga9/ ! ,j4 7,*4 #ab3aad3bj7 ,,iii--,a ,vision ( ,?reat5+--! ,_w's ,puni%m5t ,?reat5$4 7,*4 #h3bi3ba1 & #aa3adai7 ,v--,a ,vision ( ,judgm5t--! ,_w's ,judgm5t ,execut$4 7,*4 #ae3aaf3ab1 & #af3agba7 ,,ii--,a ,vision ( ,trial--! ,*ur*'s ,trial ,=e%[n4 7,*4 #f3aag1 & #h3a7 ,,vi--,a ,vision ( ,v9dication--! ,*ur*'s ,v9dication ,manife/$4 7,*4 #ag3abj3ae7 ,i--,a ,vision ( ,sov]eignty--! ,?rone dur+ ,conflict4 7,*4 #d3ae3ad7 ,,vii--,a ,vision ( ,triumph--! ,?rone aft] ,victory4 7,*4 #ba3abb3e7 ,if we foll[ ! natural ord] ( ! visions f ,i to ,,vii1 we f9d x to be "o ( progression1 viz4 f ,sov]eignty to ,trial1 !n to ,?reat5+1 & on ?r\gh ,w>f>e1 ,judgm5t1 & ,v9dication to ,triumph1 ea* be+ a sep>ate /ep 9 advance3 if we comp>e ,i ) ,,vii1 ,,ii ) ,,vi1 & ,,iii ) ,v1 we f9d ! ord] to be m>k$ by p>allelism1 viz4 ,sov]eignty correspond+ to ,triumph1 ,trial to ,v9dication1 & ,?reat5+ to ,judgm5t1 vision ,,iv1 t ( ,w>f>e1 hold+ ! balance betwe5 !m3 :ile if we reg>d ! c5tral vision 9 relation to ! re/1 we f9d ! arrangem5t to be "o ( climax1 vision ,,iv =m+ ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ,i & ,,vii1 ,,ii & ,,vi1 & ,,iii & ,v1 ! visions prec$+ & foll[+ x =m+ an asc5d+ & desc5d+ scale to & f ! c5t]1 viz4 t ( ,sov]eignty lead+ ?r\gh ,w>f>e to ,triumph1 t ( ,trial ?r\gh ,w>f>e to ,v9dication1 & t ( ,?reat5+ ?r\gh ,w>f>e to ,judgm5t4 ,! movem5t ( ?\ght is !reby indicat$ to be f ! ?rone *all5g$ to ! ?rone triumphant1 f ! *ur* tri$ to ! *ur* v9dicat$1 f ! _w ?reat5$ to ! _w judg$1 ?r\gh a _wconflict :i* =ms ! acme ( ! dramatic purpose1 & discloses ! entire sweep ( r$emptive hi/ory z buttress$ ^u ! et]nal ?rone4 ,! sev5 visions1 accord+ to ?is view1 are n b\nd toge!r by any temporal succession1 b ea* displays a _wprocess complete 9 itself1 & !y are s arrang$ t ! climax is rea*$ at ! c5t] in/ead ( ! end1 aft] ! analogy ( ,hebrew poetry1 ! c5tral vision furni%+ ! key to ! int]pretation ( ! :ole47#fa7 ,! value ( su* an analytic int]pretation1 :5 su/a9$ by ! cont5ts ( ! book1 lies n alone 9 ! help :i* x af=ds 9 p5etrat+ ! deep] purpose ( ! writ]1 & ( ! revelation made ?r\gh him1 b 9 ! illum9ative effect :i*1 9 a case l ?is1 x ?r[s ^u ! disput$ "q ( unity2 = if any su* cle>ly m>k$ & cont9u\s curr5t ( ?\ght c be %[n to ?read its way ?r\gh\t ! entire book1 despite all by curr5ts & eddies1 !n ! v>i\s !ories ( div]se or composite au?or%ip cease to be cr$ible except to pure !ori/s4 #ae4 ,! ,lit]ature4 ,! ,lit]ature relat+ to ?is difficult book is v ext5sive1 m works1 /range to say1 hav+ be5 writt5 on ! ,apocalypse :i* has be5 s imp]fectly und]/ood ?an ^u any o!r "p ( ,scripture1 ?\gh _m ( !m are n[ rightly reg>d$ z ( little value4 ,a c>eful /udy ( "o or m ( ! lead+ au?orities repres5t+ ea* ( ! curr5t me?ods ( int]pretation w give a fair view ( ! :ole field1 & w s]ve to %[ t 9 _m po9ts !re is ess5tial agreem5t among all s*ools ( ?\ght1 ?\gh = advanc$ "w "o's read+ mu/ necess>ily cov] a wid] range1 = ! /ud5t %\ld !n "k all ! be/ t has be5 said ^u ! problems ( ! book4 ,! mo/ important qualification1 h[ev]1 = ?is difficult /udy is to approa* ! :ole subject ) an op5 m9d & a fre% _s ( inquiry1 resolv$ to be q untrammell$ by traditional int]pretations1 to inve/igate ) scrupul\s c>e ! v>i\s po9ts ( view1 & to apply ) fe>less c\rage all ! welle/abli%$ results ( inve/igation1 especially ^? ( ! lat] fruitful /udies 9 ,apocalyptic lit]ature1 :i* enable u to approa* m ne>ly ! viewpo9t ( ! e>lie/ read]s ( ! book1 b :i* yet rema9 to be duly correlat$ ) our previ\s k1 be+ confid5tly assur$ t !re is 8light yet to break0 = ! e>ne/ s\l ^u ! deep ?+s ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,x is n likely t any "o comm5t>y w prove entirely satisfactory to ! ?\ghtful read]1 ow+ to ! wide v>iation ( op9ion ^u _m m9or po9ts among ^? hold+ ! same g5]al view4 ,milligan is v sugge/ive ?\gh n always conv9c+1 = he is (t5times too indef9ite 9 int]pretation to be satisfy+ to ! read]1 tell+ u t 8no detail ( hi/oric ev5ts ne$ be look$ =04 ,8 discussion ( pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 is always illum9ative1 ev5 :5 8 application is n q s cle>2 & n infrequ5tly 8 "w is ( m value 9 %[+ ! inconclusiv5ess ( o!r views ?an 9 e/abli%+ 8 own4 ,we are indebt$ to him1 ?r\gh ! g5]al circulation ( 8 works1 p]haps m ?an to any o!r writ]1 = ! pres5t preval5ce ( ! symbolic view 9 ! ,engli% speak+ _w1 & 8 ,lectures1 & "o or o!r ( 8 ,comm5t>ies1 %\ld be read by e /ud5t4 ,plumm]1 9 ! ,pulpit ,comm5t>y1 w be f\nd m satisfactory by ! g5]al read]1 especially if he incl9es to ! symbolic int]pretation1 & !re is1 9 fact1 no bett] comm5t>y = common use1 ?\gh we may n agree ) all 8 conclusions4 ,to 8 wise & discrim9ative judgm5t ! pres5t au?or wi%es to express a deep indebt$ness4 ,! %ort introduction to t volume1 ) its s*ol>ly notes on manuscripts1 v]sions1 c1 w also be f\nd v helpful to ! busy /ud5t4 ,f>r>1 support+ ! pret]i/ view1 gives ! hi/orical conditions ( ! ,n]onic p]iod 9 a /rik+ way1 _m ( :i* are equally applicable to ! :ole latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,lee is especially valuable = ! cond5s$ rsum ( op9ions conc]n+ _m obscure passages ?r\gh\t ! book1 ?\gh ! great div]sity ( views at times pres5t$ is apt to be confus+4 ,faussett is excell5t f 8 po9t ( view1 rank+ among ! be/ premill5nial int]pret]s4 ,seiss is also a popul> au?ority ) ^? :o %>e ! premill5nial expectation1 b 8 exegesis is (t5 faulty1 & 8 int]pretation fanciful4 ,m\lton's ,mod]n ,read]'s ,bible vol4 ,john1 is indisp5sable = its lit]>y analysis & aid 9 ga9+ ! g5]al p]spective1 & %\ld be 9 ! libr>y ( e /ud5t4 ,! ,introduction to ,revelation 9 ! ,new ,c5tury ,bible1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,scott1 gives an admirable & concise /atem5t ( ! pres5t /atus ( op9ion conc]n+ ! problems ( ! book1 & ! notes ( ! same volume are especially valuable = _! ref]5ces to ,jewi% ,apocalyptic4 ,?is is ! be/ small book = ! use ( ! /ud5t :o wi%es to get an outl9e ( ! mod]n view conc]n+ ! incorporation ( ,jewi% apocalypses4 ,= ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! ,greek text1 ,al=d1 ,/u>t1 & ,d/]dieck w be f\nd q helpful1 ev5 ?\gh !y belong to a =m] g5]ation1 = ea* has a special excell5cy2 b ! late "w ( ,swete1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john 7#aijf71 :i* is bo? ?or\gh & s*ol>ly1 is indisp5sable = ! critical use ( ! /ud5t 9 t x meets m fully ! que/ions ( mod]n inquiry & pres5t discussion1 & ma9ta9s a mod]ate view ( ! op9ions n[ to ! =e conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! book4 ,on ! o!r h& ,briggs' ,messiah ( ! ,gospels1 & ,m(fatt's ,hi/orical ,new ,te/am5t give a good acc\nt ( late !ories ( composite au?or%ip & des]ve att5tion4 ,also ! able "w ( ,m(fatt on ,revelation 9 ! f9al volume ( ! ,expositor's ,greek ,te/am5t has be5 issu$ 7#aiaj71 & des]ves c>eful notice4 ,! au?or adopts ! mod]n critical view1 t portions ( ! book h be5 incorporat$ f curr5t apocalypses1 & devotes consid]able att5tion to s\rcecriticism z an aid to int]pretation1 b too mu* "t is giv5 to po9t+ out :at he reg>ds z p>allel ?\ght 9 ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,jewi% writ+s1 & ?is (t5 has little int]pretative value4 ,! "w is adapt$ to ! ripe s*ol> r ?an ! e>li] /ud5t1 & ?\gh reject+ extreme views1 x w n be f\nd altoge!r satisfy+ to ^? ( m cons]vative m9d :o believe t ! ,apocalypse is entitl$ to a prim>y r ?an a second>y place among ! books ( ,scripture4 ,ano!r "w await$ ) mu* int]e/ is ! volume on ,revelation 9 ! ,int]national ,critical ,comm5t>y :i* is 9 c\rse ( prep>ation by ,*>les1 ! em95t au?ority ^u ,apocalyptic47#fb7 ,?is volume :5 issu$ w no d\bt add mu* ( value to ! mod]n po9t ( view1 & s]ve to ?r[ additional light ^u ! relations ( ,apocalyptic lit]ature to ?is its greate/ ma/]piece4 ,8 ,/udies 9 ! ,apocalypse 7#aiac7 s]ves to indicate ! g5]al l9e ( int]pretation to be expect$1 & x mu/ be said t ?is is some:at disappo9t+ to ! cons]vative read]1 = x is highly critical4 ,"o naturally hesitates to disagree s widely ) su* an em95t s*ol> & di/+ui%$ apocalypti/ z has be5 f\nd necess>y to d 9 ! foll[+ pages2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t all ,scripture is writt5 = ! _w ( m51 & t ! op9ion ( no "o s*ol> or numb] ( s*ol>s c au?oritatively det]m9e ! mean+ ( any "p ( x1 b t r ! int]pretation mu/ be arriv$ at by a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion among m5 ( le>n+ & piety ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,t ?is op9ion1 ?\gh n[ ve]+ t[>d ! critical view1 w n be ev5tually su/a9$ by m ?or\gh rese>* is ! confirm$ judgm5t ( _m s*ol>s4 ,b ) x all !re are _m po9ts ( int]pretation =m]ly 9 dispute t may n[ be reg>d$ z already settl$1 _! ess5tial mean+ 9 any case be+ sub/antially ! same1 & ?us ! book s long agl[ ) my/]ies has virtually become e man's book 9 ! light ( intellig5t int]pretation4 ,f9ally1 ) special emphasis x %\ld be said1 t x is ( prime importance = ^? :o w\ld und]/& ! ,apocalypse 9 its prop] relations to ,biblical ?\ght1 t a c>eful /udy %\ld be made ( ! prophecies ( ,daniel1 ,ezekiel1 ,ze*>iah1 ,isaiah1 ,amos1 ,joel1 & ,habakkuk1 toge!r ) ! ,book ( ,psalms1 9 connection ) ! ,revelation1 9 ord] to cat* ! inn] ?\ght ( ! book2 also ( "s portion ( ! ,apocalyptic lit]ature1 p>ticul>ly ! ,book ( ,eno*17#fc7 ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 & ! ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra1 = ^! w furni% ! atmosph]e ( ,jewi% ?\ght 9 :i* ! ,apocalypse 0 conceiv$1 & w provide sub/antial aid 9 und]/&+ ! peculi>ities ( its lit]>y =m & ! g5]al _s ( ! "w1 z well z 9 free+ ! m9d f ! trammels ( traditional int]pretation4 ,b1 above all1 we %\ld n =get t ! book ( ,revelation is a prop]ly recogniz$ "p ( canonical ,scripture 9 practically ! univ]sal judgm5t ( ! entire ,*ri/ian _w1 & t not)/&+ its _m & p]si/5t difficulties ( int]pretation1 x is yet entitl$ to our e>ne/ /udy & att5tive ?\ght z conta9+ a liv+ & abid+ message f ,almighty ,god1 ?r\gh 8 ,son ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l to ,john ! la/ ( ! apo/les1 & ?r\gh him to ! s9 burd5$ s\ls ( m5 ! _w ov]4 ,a few au?orities are nam$ bel[1 :i* w be f\nd suffici5t to give mo/ t is ( value 9 int]pretation = ! g5]al read]2 o!rs are ref]r$ to 9 ! footnotes4 ,= a full] li/1 especially ( ! old] books1 consult ! ,s*aff,h]zog ,encyclopa$ia1 or ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 art4 8,revelation02 :ile = ! lat] lit]ature see ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 & ! ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica4 ,,= ,,! ,,engli% ,,read]4 ,pret]i/ ,view3-- ,f>r>1 ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,maurice1 ,lectures on ! ,apocalypse4 ,futuri/ ,view3-- ,faussett1 9 ,jamieson1 ,faussett1 & ,br[n's ,comm5t>y4 ,seiss1 ,lectures on ! ,apocalypse4 ,progressivi/ ,view3-- ,wordswor?1 ,lectures on ! ,apocalypse2 ,b>nes1 ,notes on ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,symboli/ ,view3-- ,milligan1 9 ,expositor's ,bible1 & 9 ,popul> 7,int]national7 ,comm5t>y2 ,plumm]1 9 ,pulpit ,comm5t>y2 ,lee1 9 ,bible 7,speak]s'7 ,comm5t>y4 ,,= ,,critical ,,/udy4 ,pret]i/ ,view3-- ,d/]dieck1 9 ,mey]'s ,comm5t>y2 ,/u>t1 9 ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse4 ,pret]i/ ,view--,mod]n ,critical3-- ,m(fatt1 9 ,expositor's ,greek ,te/am5t2 ,swete1 ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john4 ,progressivi/ ,view--,modifi$ ,hi/orical3-- ,simcox1 9 ,cambridge ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,futuri/ ,view--,modifi$ ,hi/orical3-- ,al=d1 9 ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,,= ,,rec5t ,,critical ,,views4 ,m(fatt's ,hi/orical ,new ,te/am5t2 ,scott's 8,revelation01 9 ,new ,c5tury ,bible2 ,dean's ,book ( ,revelation2 ,alex&] ,ramsay's 8,revelation & ,johann9e ,epi/les01 9 ,we/m9i/] ,new ,te/42 ,briggs' ,messiah ( ! ,apo/les2 ,b>ton1 art4 8,! ,apocalypse & ,rec5t ,criticism01 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,!ol41 ,apr4 #ahhd2 ,port]1 art4 8,revelation01 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible2 ,b\sset1 art4 8,apocalypse01 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica4 ,m(fatt1 art4 8,wellhaus5 & ,o!rs on ! ,apocalypse01 9 ! ,expositor1 ,m>4 #aiji2 ,*>les1 ,/udies 9 ! ,apocalypse2 ,*>les1 ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john 7,i4 ,c4 ,c472 ,beck)1 ,apocalypse ( ,john4 ,,= ,,g5]al ,,discussion4 ,fairbairn1 ,on ,prophecy2 ,bleek1 ,lectures on ! ,apocalypse2 ,vaughan1 ,lectures on ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john2 ,milligan1 ,lectures on ! ,apocalypse2 & ,discussions on ! ,apocalypse2 ,scott1 8,book ( ,revelation01 9 ! ,practical ,comm5t>y2 ,/ev5s1 ,!ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,"p ,,vi2 ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es2 ,introductions to ! ,new ,te/am5t by ,salmon1 ,dods1 ,bacon1 ,jli*]1 & o!rs2 ,introductions to ,revelation 9 ! lead+ ,comm5t>ies1 & 9 ! ,mod]n ,read]'s ,bible1 ! ,new ,c5tury ,bible1 ! ,temple ,bible1 & ! ,mod]n ,am]ican ,bible2 & ! text ( ,revelation 9 ! ,new ,translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 by ,m(fatt4 ,! ,text "h giv5 is t ( ! ,am]ican ,/&>d ,edition ( ! ,revis$ ,bible1 copyright #aija by ,?omas ,nelson ,sons1 :i* is us$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! text belongs to ! pres5t volume1 & is (f]$ z a contribution to ! correct int]pretation4 ,?is 9 itself is ( ! nature ( a comm5t>y1 ?\gh no *anges h be5 introduc$ into ! body ( ! text4 ,! p>agraphs1 h[ev]1 h be5 *ang$1 & _m new p>agraphs made1 9 ord] to emphasize ! ?\ght ( ! text4 ,,scripture ,,text ,,! ,,revelation ,,( ,,john ,i ,! ,prologue #a ,! ,sup]scription ,*apt] #a4 7,m#a7 #a ,! ,revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* ,god gave7#fd7 him to %[ unto 8 s]vants7#fe71 ev5 ! ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to pass3 & he s5t & signifi$ x7#ff7 by 8 angel unto 8 s]vant ,john2 #b :o b>e witness ( ! ^w ( ,god1 & ( ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ev5 ( all ?+s t he saw4 7,m#b7 #c ,bless$ is he t reade?1 & !y t he> ! words ( ! prophecy1 & keep ! ?+s t are writt5 !re93 = ! "t is at h&4 #b ,! ,salutation 7,m#c7 #d ,john to ! sev5 *ur*es t are 9 ,asia3 ,grace to y & peace1 f him :o is & :o 0 & :o is to come7#fg72 & f ! sev5 ,spirits t are be=e 8 ?rone2 #e & f ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o is ! fai?ful witness1 ! fir/born ( ! dead1 & ! rul] ( ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,unto him t love? u1 & loos$7#fh7 u f our s9s by7#fi7 8 blood2 #f & he made u to be a k+dom1 to be prie/s unto 8 ,god & ,fa!r7#gj72 to him be ! glory & ! dom9ion = ev] & ev]7#ga74 ,am54 7,m#d7 7#g ,behold1 he come? ) ! cl\ds2 & e eye %all see him1 & !y t pi]c$ him2 & all ! tribes ( ! e>? %all m\rn ov] him4 ,ev5 s1 ,am54 7,m#e7 #h ,i am ! ,alpha & ! ,omega1 sai? ! ,"l ,god1 :o7#gb7 is & :o 0 & :o is to come1 ! ,almighty47 #c ,! ,introductory ,vision 7,m#f7 #i ,i ,john1 y\r bro!r & p>tak] ) y 9 ! tribulation & k+dom & pati5ce7#gc7 :i* are 9 ,jesus1 0 9 ! isle t is call$ ,patmos1 = ! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus4 #aj ,i 0 9 ! ,_s on ! ,"l's day1 & ,i he>d beh9d me a great voice1 z ( a trumpet #aa say+1 ,:at ?\ see/1 write 9 a book & s5d x to ! sev5 *ur*es3 unto ,ephesus1 & unto ,smyrna1 & unto ,p]gamum1 & unto ,?yatira1 & unto ,s>dis1 & unto ,philadelphia1 & unto ,laodicea4 7,m#g7 #ab ,& ,i turn$ to see ! voice t spake ) me4 ,& hav+ turn$ ,i saw sev5 gold5 c&le/icks7#gd72 #ac & 9 ! mid/ ( ! c&le/icks7#ge7 "o l unto a son ( man1 clo!d ) a g>m5t d[n to ! foot1 & girt ab\t at ! brea/s ) a gold5 girdle4 #ad ,& 8 head & 8 hair 7 :ite z :ite wool1 :ite z sn[2 & 8 eyes 7 z a flame ( fire2 #ae & 8 feet l unto burni%$ brass1 z if x _h be5 ref9$ 9 a furnace2 & 8 voice z ! voice ( _m wat]s4 #af ,& he _h 9 8 "r h& sev5 />s3 & out ( 8 m\? proce$$ a %>p twoedg$ sword3 & 8 c\nt5ance 0 z ! sun %9e? 9 8 /r5g?4 7,m#h7 #ag ,& :5 ,i saw him1 ,i fell at 8 feet z "o dead4 ,& he laid 8 "r h& ^u me1 say+1 ,fe> n2 ,i am ! fir/ & ! la/1 #ah & ! ,liv+ "o2 & ,i 07#gf7 dead1 & behold1 ,i am alive = ev]more7#gg71 & ,i h ! keys ( dea? & ( ,hades4 #ai ,write !re=e ! ?+s :i* ?\ sawe/1 & ! ?+s :i* are1 & ! ?+s :i* %all come to pass h]eaft]2 #bj ! my/]y ( ! sev5 />s :i* ?\ sawe/ 97#gh7 my "r h&1 & ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks7#gi74 ,! sev5 />s are ! angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es & ! sev5 c&le/icks7#hj7 are sev5 *ur*es3-- #d ,! ,sev5 ,epi/les ,*apt] #b4 #a ,to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,ephesus write3 7,m#i7 ,^! ?+s sai? he t holde? ! sev5 />s 9 8 "r h&1 he t walke? 9 ! mid/ ( ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks7#ha73 #b ,i "k ?y works1 & ?y toil & pati5ce7#hb71 & t ?\ can/ n be> evil m51 & did/ try !m t call !mselves apo/les1 & !y are n1 & did/ f9d !m false2 #c & ?\ ha/ pati5ce7#hc7 & did/ be> = my "n's sake1 & ha/ n gr[n we>y4 #d ,b ,i h ?is aga9/ !e1 t ?\ did/ leave ?y fir/ love4 #e ,rememb] !re=e :5ce ?\ art fall51 & rep5t & d ! fir/ works2 or else ,i come to !e1 & w move ?y c&le/ick7#hd7 out ( its place1 except ?\ rep5t4 #f ,b ?is ?\ ha/1 t ?\ hate/ ! works ( ! ,nicolaitans1 :i* ,i also hate4 #g ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es4 ,to him t ov]come?1 to him w ,i give to eat ( ! tree ( life1 :i* is 9 ! ,p>adise7#he7 ( ,god4 #h ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,smyrna write3 7,m#aj7 ,^! ?+s sai? ! fir/ & ! la/1 :o 07#hf7 dead1 & liv$ aga93 #i ,i "k ?y tribulation1 & ?y pov]ty 7b ?\ art ri*71 & ! blasphemy7#hg7 ( !m t say !y are ,jews1 & !y are n1 b are a synagogue ( ,satan4 #aj ,fe> n ! ?+s :i* ?\ art ab\t to suff]3 behold1 ! devil is ab\t to ca/ "s ( y into prison1 t ye may be tri$2 & ye %all h7#hh7 tribulation t5 days7#hi74 ,be ?\ fai?ful until dea?1 & ,i w give !e ! cr[n ( life4 #aa ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es4 ,he t ov]come? %all n be hurt ( ! second dea?4 #ab ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,p]gamum write3 7,m#aa7 ,^! ?+s sai? he t ha? ! %>p twoedg$ sword3 #ac ,i "k :]e ?\ dwelle/1 ev5 :]e ,satan's ?rone is2 & ?\ holde/ fa/ my "n1 & did/ n d5y my fai?1 ev5 9 ! days ( ,antipas my witness7#ij71 my fai?ful "o1 :o 0 kill$ among y1 :]e ,satan dwelle?4 #ad ,b ,i h a few ?+s aga9/ !e1 because ?\ ha/ !re "s t hold ! tea*+ ( ,balaam1 :o taught ,balak to ca/ a /umbl+block be=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 to eat ?+s sacrific$ to idols1 & to commit =nication4 #ae ,s ha/ ?\ also "s t hold ! tea*+ ( ! ,nicolaitans 9 l mann]4 #af ,rep5t !re=e2 or else ,i come to !e quickly1 & ,i w make w> aga9/ !m ) ! sword ( my m\?4 #ag ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es4 ,to him t ov]come?1 to him w ,i give ( ! hidd5 manna1 & ,i w give him a :ite /one1 & ^u ! /one a new "n writt51 :i* no "o kn[e? b he t receive? x4 #ah ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,?yatira write3 7,m#ab7 ,^! ?+s sai? ! ,son ( ,god1 :o ha? 8 eyes l a flame ( fire1 & 8 feet are l unto burni%$ brass3 #ai ,i "k ?y works1 & ?y love & fai? & m9i/ry & pati5ce7#ia71 & t ?y la/ works are m ?an ! fir/4 #bj ,b ,i h ?is aga9/ !e1 t ?\ suff]e/ ! woman ,jezebel7#ib71 :o calle? h]self a prophetess2 & %e tea*e? & s$uce? my s]vants7#ic7 to commit =nication1 & to eat ?+s sacrific$ to idols4 #ba ,& ,i gave h] "t t %e %\ld rep5t2 & %e wille? n to rep5t ( h] =nication4 #bb ,behold1 ,i ca/ h] into a b$1 & !m t commit adult]y ) h] into great tribulation1 except !y rep5t ( h]7#id7 works4 #bc ,& ,i w kill h] *ildr5 ) dea?7#ie72 & all ! *ur*es %all "k t ,i am he t se>*e? ! re9s & he>ts3 & ,i w give unto ea* "o ( y accord+ to y\r works4 #bd ,b to y ,i say1 to ! re/ t are 9 ,?yatira1 z _m z h n ?is tea*+1 :o "k n ! deep ?+s ( ,satan1 z !y are wont to say2 ,i ca/ ^u y none o!r burd54 #be ,nev]!less t :i* ye h1 hold fa/ till ,i come4 #bf ,& he t ov]come?1 & he t keepe? my works unto ! end1 to him w ,i give au?ority ov] ! nations7#if73 #bg & he %all rule !m ) a rod ( iron1 z ! vessels ( ! pott] are brok57#ig7 to %iv]s2 z ,i also h receiv$ ( my ,fa!r3 #bh & ,i w give him ! morn+ />4 #bi ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es4 ,*apt] #c4 ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,s>dis write3 7,m#ac7 #a ,^! ?+s sai? he t ha? ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god1 & ! sev5 />s3 ,i "k ?y works1 t ?\ ha/ a "n t ?\ live/1 & ?\ art dead4 #b ,be ?\ wat*ful1 & e/abli% ! ?+s t rema91 :i* 7 ready to die3 = ,i h f\nd no works ( ?9e7#ih7 p]fect$ be=e my ,god4 #c ,rememb] !re=e h[ ?\ ha/ receiv$ & did/ he>2 & keep x1 & rep5t4 ,if !re=e ?\ %alt n wat*1 ,i w come z a ?ief1 & ?\ %alt n "k :at h\r ,i w come ^u !e4 #d ,b ?\ ha/ a few names 9 ,s>dis t did n defile _! g>m5ts3 & !y %all walk ) me 9 :ite2 = !y are wor?y4 #e ,he t ov]come? %all ?us be array$ 9 :ite g>m5ts2 & ,i w 9 no wise blot 8 "n out ( ! book ( life1 & ,i w confess 8 "n be=e my ,fa!r1 & be=e 8 angels4 #f ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es4 #g ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,philadelphia write3 7,m#ad7 ,^! ?+s sai? he t is holy1 he t is true1 he t ha? ! key ( ,david1 he t op5e? & none %all %ut1 & t %utte? & none op5e?3 #h ,i "k ?y works 7behold1 ,i h set7#ii7 be=e !e a door op5$1 :i* none c %ut71 t ?\ ha/ a little p[]1 & did/ keep my ^w1 & did/ n d5y my "n4 #i ,behold1 ,i give ( ! synagogue ( ,satan1 ( !m t say !y are ,jews1 & !y are n1 b d lie2 behold1 ,i w make !m to come & wor%ip7#ajj7 be=e ?y feet1 & to "k t ,i h lov$ !e4 #aj ,because ?\ did/ keep ! ^w ( my pati5ce7#aja71 ,i also w keep !e f ! h\r ( trial7#ajb71 t h\r :i* is to come ^u ! :ole _w7#ajc71 to try7#ajd7 !m t dwell ^u ! e>?4 #aa ,i come quickly3 hold fa/ t :i* ?\ ha/1 t no "o take ?y cr[n4 #ab ,he t ov]come?1 ,i w make him a pill> 9 ! temple7#aje7 ( my ,god1 & he %all g out !nce no m3 & ,i w write ^u him ! "n ( my ,god1 & ! "n ( ! city ( my ,god1 ! new ,j]usalem1 :i* come? d[n out ( heav5 f my ,god1 & m9e own new "n4 #ac ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es4 #ad ,& to ! angel ( ! *ur* 9 ,laodicea write3 7,m#ae7 ,^! ?+s sai? ! ,am51 ! fai?ful & true witness1 ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god3 #ae ,i "k ?y works1 t ?\ art nei!r cold nor hot3 ,i w\ld ?\ w]t cold or hot4 #af ,s because ?\ art lukew>m1 & nei!r hot nor cold1 ,i w spew !e out ( my m\?4 #ag ,because ?\ saye/1 ,i am ri*1 & h gott5 ri*es1 & h ne$ ( no?+2 & kn[e/ n t ?\ art ! wret*$ "o & mis]able & poor & bl9d & nak$3 #ah ,i c\nsel !e to buy ( me gold ref9$ by fire1 t ?\ maye/ become ri*2 & :ite g>m5ts1 t ?\ maye/ clo! ?yself1 & t ! %ame ( ?y nak$ness be n made manife/2 & eyesalve to ano9t ?9e eyes1 t ?\ maye/ see4 #ai ,z _m z ,i love1 ,i reprove & *a/53 be zeal\s !re=e1 & rep5t4 #bj ,behold1 ,i /& at ! door & knock3 if any man he> my voice & op5 ! door1 ,i w come 9 to him1 & w sup ) him1 & he ) me4 #ba ,he t ov]come?1 ,i w give to him to sit d[n ) me 9 my ?rone1 z ,i also ov]came1 & sat d[n ) my ,fa!r 9 8 ?rone4 #bb ,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es4 ,,ii ,! ,ma9 ,apocalypse #a ,! ,vision ( ,god on ! ,?rone 7,! ,?rone ,dur+ ,conflict7 ,*apt] #d4 7,m#af7 #a ,aft] ^! ?+s ,i saw1 & behold1 a door op5$ 9 heav51 & ! fir/ voice t ,i he>d1 a voice z ( a trumpet speak+ ) me1 "o say+1 ,come up hi!r1 & ,i w %[ !e ! ?+s :i* mu/ come to pass7#ajf7 h]eaft]4 7,m#ag7 #b ,/raightway ,i 0 9 ! ,_s3 & behold1 !re 0 a ?rone set 9 heav51 & "o sitt+ ^u ! ?rone2 #c & he t sat 0 to look ^u l a jasp] /one & a s>dius3 & !re 0 a ra9b[ r\nd ab\t ! ?rone1 l an em]ald to look ^u4 7,m#ah7 #d ,& r\nd ab\t ! ?rone 7 f\r & tw5ty ?rones3 & ^u ! ?rones ,i saw f\r & tw5ty eld]s sitt+1 array$ 9 :ite g>m5ts2 & on _! heads cr[ns ( gold4 7,m#ai7 #e ,& out ( ! ?rone proce$ lightn+s & voices & ?und]s4 ,& !re 7 sev5 lamps ( fire burn+ be=e ! ?rone1 :i* are ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god2 7,m#bj7 #f ,& be=e ! ?rone1 z x 7 a sea ( glass7#ajg7 l unto cry/al2 & 9 ! mid/7#ajh7 ( ! ?rone1 & r\nd ab\t ! ?rone1 f\r liv+ creatures full ( eyes be=e & beh9d4 #g ,& ! fir/ creature 0 l a lion1 & ! second creature l a calf1 & ! ?ird creature _h a face z ( a man1 & ! f\r? creature 0 l a fly+ eagle4 #h ,& ! f\r liv+ creatures1 hav+ ea* "o ( !m six w+s1 are full ( eyes r\nd ab\t & )93 & !y h no re/ day & night1 say+1 ,holy1 holy1 holy1 is ! ,"l ,god1 ! ,almighty1 :o 0 & :o is & :o is to come7#aji74 7,m#ba7 #i ,& :5 ! liv+ creatures %all give glory & honor & ?anks to him t sitte? on ! ?rone1 to him t live? = ev] & ev]7#aaj71 #aj ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s %all fall d[n be=e him t sitte? on ! ?rone1 & %all wor%ip7#aaa7 him t live? = ev] & ev]7#aab71 & %all ca/ _! cr[ns be=e ! ?rone1 say+1 #aa ,wor?y art ?\1 our ,"l & our ,god1 to receive ! glory & ! honor & ! p[]3 = ?\ did/ create all ?+s1 & because ( ?y w !y 71 & 7 creat$4 ,*apt] #e4 7,m#bb7 #a ,& ,i saw 97#aac7 ! "r h& ( him t sat on ! ?rone a book writt5 )9 & on ! back1 close seal$ ) sev5 seals4 #b ,& ,i saw a /rong angel proclaim+ ) a great voice1 ,:o is wor?y to op5 ! book1 & to loose ! seals !re(8 #c ,& no "o 9 ! heav51 or on ! e>?1 or "u ! e>?1 0 able to op5 ! book1 or to look !reon4 #d ,& ,i wept mu*1 because no "o 0 f\nd wor?y to op5 ! book1 or to look !reon3 #e & "o ( ! eld]s sai? unto me1 ,weep n2 behold1 ! ,lion t is ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 ! ,root ( ,david1 ha? ov]come to op5 ! book & ! sev5 seals !re(4 7,m#bc7 #f ,& ,i saw 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone & ( ! f\r liv+ creatures1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! eld]s7#aad71 a ,lamb /&+1 z ?\gh x _h be5 sla91 hav+ sev5 horns1 & sev5 eyes1 :i* are ! sev57#aae7 ,spirits ( ,god1 s5t =? into all ! e>?4 7,m#bd7 #g ,& he came1 & he take?7#aaf7 x out ( ! "r h& ( him t sat on ! ?rone4 #h ,& :5 he _h tak5 ! book1 ! f\r liv+ creatures & ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s fell d[n be=e ! ,lamb1 hav+ ea* "o a h>p1 & gold5 b[ls full ( inc5se1 :i* are ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts4 #i ,& !y s+ a new song1 say+1 ,wor?y art ?\ to take ! book1 & to op5 ! seals !re(3 = ?\ wa/ sla91 & did/ pur*ase unto ,god ) ?y blood m5 ( e tribe1 & tongue1 & p1 & nation1 #aj & made/ !m to be unto our ,god a k+dom & prie/s2 & !y reign ^u ! e>?4 7,m#be7 #aa ,& ,i saw1 & ,i he>d a voice ( _m angels r\nd ab\t ! ?rone & ! liv+ creatures & ! eld]s2 & ! numb] ( !m 0 t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s&1 & ?\s&s ( ?\s&s2 #ab say+ ) a great voice1 ,wor?y is ! ,lamb t ha? be5 sla9 to receive ! p[]1 & ri*es1 & wisdom1 & might1 & honor1 & glory1 & bless+4 #ac ,& e creat$ ?+ :i* is 9 ! heav51 & on ! e>?1 & "u ! e>?1 & on ! sea1 & all ?+s t are 9 !m1 he>d ,i say+1 ,unto him t sitte? on ! ?rone1 & unto ! ,lamb1 be ! bless+1 & ! honor1 & ! glory1 & ! dom9ion1 = ev] & ev]7#aag74 #ad ,& ! f\r liv+ creatures said1 ,am54 ,& ! eld]s fell d[n & wor%ipp$7#aah74 #b ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,seals 7,! ,*ur*'s ,trial ,=e%[n7 ,*apt] #f4 7,m#bf7 #a ,& ,i saw :5 ! ,lamb op5$ "o ( ! sev5 seals1 & ,i he>d "o ( ! f\r liv+ creatures say+ z ) a voice ( ?und]1 ,come7#aai74 #b ,& ,i saw1 & behold1 a :ite horse1 & he t sat !reon _h a b[2 & !re 0 giv5 unto him a cr[n3 & he came =? conqu]+1 & to conqu]4 7,m#bg7 #c ,& :5 he op5$ ! second seal1 ,i he>d ! second liv+ creature say+1 ,come4 #d ,& ano!r horse came =?1 a r$ horse3 & to him t sat !reon x 0 giv5 to take peace f ! e>?7#abj71 & t !y %\ld slay "o ano!r3 & !re 0 giv5 unto him a great sword4 7,m#bh7 #e ,& :5 he op5$ ! ?ird seal1 ,i he>d ! ?ird liv+ creature say+1 ,come4 ,& ,i saw1 & behold1 a black horse2 & he t sat !reon _h a balance 9 8 h&4 #f ,& ,i he>d z x 7 a voice 9 ! mid/ ( ! f\r liv+ creatures say+1 ,a measure ( :eat7#aba7 = a %ill+7#abb71 & ?ree measures ( b>ley = a %ill+2 & ! oil & ! w9e hurt ?\ n4 7,m#bi7 #g ,& :5 he op5$ ! f\r? seal1 ,i he>d ! voice ( ! f\r? liv+ creature say+1 ,come4 #h ,& ,i saw1 & behold1 a pale horse3 & he t sat ^u him1 8 "n 0 ,dea?2 & ,hades foll[$ ) him4 ,& !re 0 giv5 unto !m au?ority ov] ! f\r? "p ( ! e>?1 to kill ) sword1 & ) fam9e1 & ) dea?7#abc71 & by ! wild bea/s ( ! e>?4 7,m#cj7 #i ,& :5 he op5$ ! fif? seal1 ,i saw und]nea? ! alt> ! s\ls ( !m t _h be5 sla9 = ! ^w ( ,god1 & = ! te/imony :i* !y held3 #aj & !y cri$ ) a great voice1 say+1 ,h[ long1 ,o ,ma/]1 ! holy & true1 do/ ?\ n judge & av5ge our blood on !m t dwell on ! e>?8 #aa ,& !re 0 giv5 !m to ea* "o a :ite robe2 & x 0 said unto !m1 t !y %\ld re/ yet = a little "t1 until _! fell[s]vants also & _! bre?r51 :o %\ld be kill$ ev5 z !y 71 %\ld h fulfill$7#abd7 _! c\rse4 7,m#ca7 #ab ,& ,i saw :5 he op5$ ! six? seal1 & !re 0 a great e>?quake2 & ! sun became black z sackclo? ( hair1 & ! :ole moon became z blood2 #ac & ! />s ( ! heav5 fell unto ! e>?1 z a fig tree ca/e? h] unripe figs :5 %e is %ak5 ( a great w9d4 #ad ,& ! heav5 0 remov$ z a scroll :5 x is roll$ up2 & e m\nta9 & isl& 7 mov$ out ( _! places4 #ae ,& ! k+s ( ! e>?1 & ! pr9ces1 & ! *ief capta9s7#abe71 & ! ri*1 & ! /rong1 & e bondman & freeman1 hid !mselves 9 ! caves & 9 ! rocks ( ! m\nta9s2 #af & !y say to ! m\nta9s & to ! rocks1 ,fall on u1 & hide u f ! face ( him t sitte? on ! ?rone1 & f ! wra? ( ! ,lamb3 #ag = ! great day ( _! wra? is come2 & :o is able to /&8 #b;b ,! ,episode ( ! ,seal$ ,ones 7,an ,int]v5+ ,vision ( ,salvation ,assur$7 7,a7 ,! ,seal$ ( ,israel ,*apt] #g4 7,m#cb7 #a ,aft] ?is ,i saw f\r angels /&+ at ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?1 hold+ ! f\r w9ds ( ! e>?1 t no w9d %\ld bl[ on ! e>?1 or on ! sea1 or ^u any tree4 #b ,& ,i saw ano!r angel asc5d f ! sunris+1 hav+ ! seal ( ! liv+ ,god3 & he cri$ ) a great voice to ! f\r angels to :om x 0 giv5 to hurt ! e>? & ! sea1 #c say+1 ,hurt n ! e>?1 nei!r ! sea1 nor ! trees1 till we %all h seal$ ! s]vants7#abf7 ( our ,god on _! =eheads4 #d ,& ,i he>d ! numb] ( !m t 7 seal$1 a hundr$ & =ty & f\r ?\s&1 seal$ out ( e tribe ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 7,m#cc7 #e ,( ! tribe ( ,judah 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&2 ,( ! tribe ( ,reub5 twelve ?\s&2 ,( ! tribe ( ,gad twelve ?\s&2 #f ,( ! tribe ( ,a%] twelve ?\s&2 ,( ! tribe ( ,naphtali twelve ?\s&2 ,( ! tribe ( ,manasseh twelve ?\s&2 #g ,( ! tribe ( ,simeon twelve ?\s&2 ,( ! tribe ( ,levi twelve ?\s&2 ,( ! tribe ( ,issa*> twelve ?\s&2 #h ,( ! tribe ( ,zebulun twelve ?\s&2 ,( ! tribe ( ,joseph twelve ?\s&2 ,( ! tribe ( ,b5jam9 7 seal$ twelve ?\s&4 7,b7 ,! ,r$eem$ ,out ( ,all ,nations 7,m#cd7 #i ,aft] ^! ?+s ,i saw1 & behold1 a great multitude1 :i* no man c\ld numb]1 out ( e nation & ( all tribes & peoples & tongues1 /&+ be=e ! ?rone & be=e ! ,lamb1 array$ 9 :ite robes1 & palms 9 _! h&s2 #aj ,& !y cry ) a great voice1 say+1 ,salvation unto our ,god :o sitte? on ! ?rone1 & unto ! ,lamb4 7,m#ce7 #aa ,& all ! angels 7 /&+ r\nd ab\t ! ?rone1 & ab\t ! eld]s & ! f\r liv+ creatures2 & !y fell be=e ! ?rone on _! faces1 & wor%ipp$7#abg7 ,god1 #ab say+1 ,am53 ,bless+1 & glory7#abh71 & wisdom1 & ?anksgiv+1 & honor1 & p[]1 & might1 be unto our ,god = ev] & ev]7#abi74 ,am54 7,m#cf7 #ac ,& "o ( ! eld]s answ]$1 say+ unto me1 ,^! t are array$ 9 ! :ite robes1 :o are !y1 & :5ce came !y8 #ad ,& ,i say7#acj7 unto him1 ,my "l1 ?\ kn[e/4 ,& he said to me1 ,^! are !y t come out ( ! great tribulation1 & !y wa%$ _! robes1 & made !m :ite 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 #ae ,!re=e are !y be=e ! ?rone ( ,god2 & !y s]ve him day & night 9 8 temple7#aca73 & he t sitte? on ! ?rone %all spread 8 tab]nacle ov] !m4 #af ,!y %all hung] no m1 nei!r ?ir/ any m2 nei!r %all ! sun /rike ^u !m1 nor any heat3 #ag = ! ,lamb t is 9 ! mid/ (7#acb7 ! ?rone %all be _! %eph]d1 & %all guide !m unto f\nta9s ( wat]s ( life3 & ,god %all wipe away e te> f _! eyes4 ,*apt] #h4 7,m#cg7 #a ,& :5 he op5$ ! sev5? seal1 !re foll[$ a sil5ce 9 heav5 ab\t ! space ( half an h\r4 #c ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,trumpets 7,! ,_w's ,judgm5t ,proclaim$7 7,a7 ,! ,prep>ation = ! ,trumpets 7,m#ch7 #b ,& ,i saw ! sev5 angels t /& be=e ,god2 & !re 7 giv5 unto !m sev5 trumpets4 7,m#ci7 #c ,& ano!r angel came & /ood ov]7#acc7 ! alt>1 hav+ a gold5 c5s]2 & !re 0 giv5 unto him mu* inc5se1 t he %\ld add7#acd7 x unto ! pray]s ( all ! sa9ts ^u ! gold5 alt> :i* 0 be=e ! ?rone4 #d ,& ! smoke ( ! inc5se1 )7#ace7 ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 w5t up be=e ,god out ( ! angel's h&4 #e ,& ! angel take?7#acf7 ! c5s]2 & he fill$ x ) ! fire ( ! alt>1 & ca/ x ^u7#acg7 ! e>?3 & !re foll[$ ?und]s1 & voices1 & lightn+s1 & an e>?quake4 7,m#dj7 #f ,& ! sev5 angels t _h ! sev5 trumpets prep>$ !mselves to s\nd4 7,b7 ,! ,trumpets ,s\nd$ 7,m#da7 #g ,& ! fir/ s\nd$1 & !re foll[$ hail & fire1 m+l$ ) blood1 & !y 7 ca/ ^u ! e>?3 & ! ?ird "p ( ! e>? 0 burnt up1 & ! ?ird "p ( ! trees 0 burnt up1 & all gre5 grass 0 burnt up4 7,m#db7 #h ,& ! second angel s\nd$1 & z x 7 a great m\nta9 burn+ ) fire 0 ca/ into ! sea3 & ! ?ird "p ( ! sea became blood2 #i & !re di$ ! ?ird "p ( ! creatures :i* 7 9 ! sea1 ev5 !y t _h life2 & ! ?ird "p ( ! %ips 0 de/roy$4 7,m#dc7 #aj ,& ! ?ird angel s\nd$1 & !re fell f heav5 a great />1 burn+ z a tor*1 & x fell ^u ! ?ird "p ( ! riv]s1 & ^u ! f\nta9s ( ! wat]s2 #aa & ! "n ( ! /> is call$ ,wormwood3 & ! ?ird "p ( ! wat]s became wormwood2 & _m m5 di$ ( ! wat]s1 because !y 7 made bitt]4 7,m#dd7 #ab ,& ! f\r? angel s\nd$1 & ! ?ird "p ( ! sun 0 smitt51 & ! ?ird "p ( ! moon1 & ! ?ird "p ( ! />s2 t ! ?ird "p ( !m %\ld be d>k5$1 & ! day %\ld n %9e = ! ?ird "p ( x1 & ! night 9 l mann]4 7,m#de7 7#ac ,& ,i saw1 & ,i he>d an eagle7#ach71 fly+ 9 mid heav51 say+ ) a great voice1 ,woe1 woe1 woe1 = !m t dwell on ! e>?1 by reason ( ! o!r voices ( ! trumpet ( ! ?ree angels1 :o are yet to s\nd47 ,*apt] #i4 7,m#df7 #a ,& ! fif? angel s\nd$1 & ,i saw a /> f heav5 fall5 unto ! e>?3 & !re 0 giv5 to him ! key ( ! pit ( ! abyss4 #b ,& he op5$ ! pit ( ! abyss2 & !re w5t up a smoke out ( ! pit1 z ! smoke ( a great furnace2 & ! sun & ! air 7 d>k5$ by reason ( ! smoke ( ! pit4 #c ,& out ( ! smoke came =? locu/s ^u ! e>?2 & p[] 0 giv5 !m1 z ! scorpions ( ! e>? h p[]4 #d ,& x 0 said unto !m t !y %\ld n hurt ! grass ( ! e>?1 nei!r any gre5 ?+1 nei!r any tree1 b only su* m5 z h n ! seal ( ,god on _! =eheads4 #e ,& x 0 giv5 !m t !y %\ld n kill !m1 b t !y %\ld be torm5t$ five mon?s3 & _! torm5t 0 z ! torm5t ( a scorpion1 :5 x /rike? a man4 #f ,& 9 ^? days m5 %all seek dea?1 & %all 9 no wise f9d x2 & !y %all desire to die1 & dea? flee? f !m4 #g ,& ! %apes7#aci7 ( ! locu/s 7 l unto horses prep>$ = w>2 & ^u _! heads z x 7 cr[ns l unto gold1 & _! faces 7 z m5's faces4 #h ,& !y _h hair z ! hair ( wom51 & _! tee? 7 z ! tee? ( lions4 #i ,& !y _h brea/plates1 z x 7 brea/plates ( iron2 & ! s\nd ( _! w+s 0 z ! s\nd ( *>iots1 ( _m horses ru%+ to w>4 #aj ,& !y h tails l unto scorpions1 & /+s2 & 9 _! tails is _! p[] to hurt m5 five mon?s4 #aa ,!y h ov] !m z k+ ! angel ( ! abyss3 8 "n 9 ,hebrew is ,abaddon1 & 9 ! ,greek tongue he ha? ! "n ,apollyon7#adj74 7,m#dg7 7#ab ,! fir/ ,woe is pa/3 behold !re come yet two ,woes h]eaft]47 7,m#dh7 #ac ,& ! six? angel s\nd$1 & ,i he>d a voice7#ada7 f ! horns ( ! gold5 alt> :i* is be=e ,god1 #ad "o say+ to ! six? angel t _h ! trumpet1 ,loose ! f\r angels t are b\nd at ! great riv] ,euphrates4 #ae ,& ! f\r angels 7 loos$1 t _h be5 prep>$ = ! h\r & day & mon? & ye>1 t !y %\ld kill ! ?ird "p ( m54 #af ,& ! numb] ( ! armies ( ! horsem5 0 twice t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s&3 ,i he>d ! numb] ( !m4 #ag ,& ?us ,i saw ! horses 9 ! vision1 & !m t sat on !m1 hav+ brea/plates z ( fire & ( hyac9? & ( brim/one3 & ! heads ( ! horses are z ! heads ( lions2 & out ( _! m\?s proce$e? fire & smoke & brim/one4 #ah ,by ^! ?ree plagues 0 ! ?ird "p ( m5 kill$1 by ! fire & ! smoke & ! brim/one1 :i* proce$$ out ( _! m\?s4 #ai ,= ! p[] ( ! horses is 9 _! m\?1 & 9 _! tails3 = _! tails are l unto s]p5ts1 & h heads2 & ) !m !y hurt4 #bj ,& ! re/ ( mank9d1 :o 7 n kill$ ) ^! plagues1 rep5t$ n ( ! works ( _! h&s1 t !y %\ld n wor%ip demons7#adb71 & ! idols ( gold1 & ( silv]1 & ( brass1 & ( /one1 & ( wood2 :i* c nei!r see1 nor he>1 nor walk3 #ba & !y rep5t$ n ( _! murd]s1 nor ( _! sorc]ies1 nor ( _! =nication1 nor ( _! !fts4 #c;b ,! ,episode ( ! ,angel ) ! ,book & ( ! ,two ,witnesses 7,an ,int]v5+ ,vision ( ,div9e ,help ,atta9$7 7,a7 ,! ,angel ) ! ,little ,op5 ,book ,*apt] #aj4 7,m#di7 #a ,& ,i saw ano!r /rong angel com+ d[n out ( heav51 array$ ) a cl\d2 & ! ra9b[ 0 ^u 8 head1 & 8 face 0 z ! sun1 & 8 feet z pill>s ( fire2 #b & he _h 9 8 h& a little book op53 & he set 8 "r foot ^u ! sea1 & 8 left ^u ! e>?2 #c & he cri$ ) a great voice1 z a lion ro>e?3 7,m#ej7 ,& :5 he cri$1 ! sev5 ?und]s utt]$ _! voices4 #d ,& :5 ! sev5 ?und]s utt]$ _! voices1 ,i 0 ab\t to write3 & ,i he>d a voice f heav5 say+1 ,seal up ! ?+s :i* ! sev5 ?und]s utt]$1 & write !m n4 7,m#ea7 #e ,& ! angel t ,i saw /&+ ^u ! sea & ^u ! e>? lift$ up 8 "r h& to heav51 #f & sw>e by him t live? = ev] & ev]7#adc71 :o creat$ ! heav5 & ! ?+s t are !re91 & ! e>? & ! ?+s t are !re91 & ! sea & ! ?+s t are !re97#add71 t !re %all be delay7#ade7 no long]3 #g b 9 ! days ( ! voice ( ! sev5? angel1 :5 he is ab\t to s\nd1 !n is f9i%$ ! my/]y ( ,god1 accord+ to ! good tid+s :i* he decl>$ to 8 s]vants7#adf7 ! prophets4 7,m#eb7 #h ,& ! voice :i* ,i he>d f heav51 ,i he>d x aga9 speak+ ) me1 & say+1 ,g1 take ! book :i* is op5 9 ! h& ( ! angel t /&e? ^u ! sea & ^u ! e>?4 #i ,& ,i w5t unto ! angel1 say+ unto him t he %\ld give me ! little book4 ,& he sai? unto me1 ,take x1 & eat x up2 & x %all make ?y belly bitt]1 b 9 ?y m\? x %all be sweet z honey4 #aj ,& ,i took ! little book out ( ! angel's h&1 & ate x up2 & x 0 9 my m\? sweet z honey3 & :5 ,i _h eat5 x1 my belly 0 made bitt]4 #aa ,& !y say unto me1 ,?\ mu/ prophesy aga9 ov]7#adg7 _m peoples & nations & tongues & k+s4 7,b7 ,! ,two ,witnesses ,*apt] #aa4 7,m#ec7 #a ,& !re 0 giv5 me a re$ l unto a rod3 & "o said7#adh71 ,rise1 & measure ! temple7#adi7 ( ,god1 & ! alt>1 & !m t wor%ip7#aej7 !re94 #b ,& ! c\rt :i* is )\t ! temple7#aea7 leave )\t7#aeb71 & measure x n2 = x ha? be5 giv5 unto ! nations7#aec73 & ! holy city %all !y tread "u foot =ty & two mon?s4 7,m#ed7 #c ,& ,i w give unto my two witnesses1 & !y %all prophesy a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days1 clo!d 9 sackclo?4 #d ,^! are ! two olive trees & ! two c&le/icks7#aed71 /&+ be=e ! ,"l ( ! e>?4 #e ,& if any man desire? to hurt !m1 fire proce$e? out ( _! m\? & dev\re? _! enemies2 & if any man %all desire to hurt !m1 9 ?is mann] mu/ he be kill$4 #f ,^! h ! p[] to %ut ! heav51 t x ra9 n dur+ ! days ( _! prophecy3 & !y h p[] ov] ! wat]s to turn !m into blood1 & to smite ! e>? ) e plague1 z (t5 z !y %all desire4 7,m#ee7 #g ,& :5 !y %all h f9i%$ _! te/imony1 ! bea/ t come? up out ( ! abyss %all make w> ) !m1 & ov]come !m1 & kill !m4 #h ,& _! dead bodies7#aee7 lie 9 ! /reet ( ! great city1 :i* spiritually is call$ ,sodom & ,egypt1 :]e also _! ,"l 0 crucifi$4 #i ,& f among ! peoples & tribes & tongues & nations d m5 look ^u _! dead bodies ?ree days & a half1 & suff] n _! dead bodies to be laid 9 a tomb4 #aj ,& !y t dwell on ! e>? rejoice ov] !m1 & make m]ry2 & !y %all s5d gifts "o to ano!r2 because ^! two prophets torm5t$ !m t dwell on ! e>?4 7,m#ef7 #aa ,& aft] ! ?ree days & a half ! brea? ( life f ,god ent]$ into !m1 & !y /ood ^u _! feet2 & great fe> fell ^u !m t beheld !m4 #ab ,& !y he>d a great voice f heav5 say+ unto !m1 ,come up hi!r4 ,& !y w5t up into heav5 9 ! cl\d2 & _! enemies beheld !m4 #ac ,& 9 t h\r !re 0 a great e>?quake1 & ! t5? "p ( ! city fell2 & !re 7 kill$ 9 ! e>?quake sev5 ?\s& p]sons7#aef73 & ! re/ 7 affright$1 & gave glory to ! ,god ( heav54 7,m#eg7 7#ad ,! second ,woe is pa/3 behold1 ! ?ird ,woe come? quickly47 7,m#eh7 #ae ,& ! sev5? angel s\nd$2 & !re foll[$ great voices 9 heav51 & !y said1 ,! k+dom ( ! _w is become ! k+dom ( our ,"l1 & ( 8 ,*ri/3 & he %all reign = ev] & ev]7#aeg74 7,m#ei7 #af ,& ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s1 :o sit be=e ,god on _! ?rones1 fell ^u _! faces & wor%ipp$7#aeh7 ,god1 #ag say+1 ,we give !e ?anks1 ,o ,"l ,god1 ! ,almighty1 :o art & :o wa/2 because ?\ ha/ tak5 ?y great p[]1 & did/ reign4 #ah ,& ! nations 7 wro?1 & ?y wra? came1 & ! "t ( ! dead to be judg$1 & ! "t to give _! rew>d to ?y s]vants7#aei7 ! prophets1 & to ! sa9ts1 & to !m t fe> ?y "n1 ! small & ! great2 & to de/roy !m t de/roy ! e>?4 7,m#fj7 #ai ,& !re 0 op5$ ! temple7#afj7 ( ,god t is 9 heav52 & !re 0 se5 9 8 temple7#afa7 ! ark ( 8 cov5ant2 & !re foll[$ lightn+s1 & voices1 & ?und]s1 & an e>?quake1 & great hail4 #d ,! ,vision ( ,conflict 7,! ,*ur*,hi/oric ,_w,conflict ( ! ,evil aga9/ ! ,j7 7,a7 ,! ,woman & ! ,dragon ,*apt] #ab4 7,m#fa7 #a ,& a great sign 0 se5 9 heav53 a woman array$ ) ! sun1 & ! moon "u h] feet1 & ^u h] head a cr[n ( twelve />s2 #b & %e 0 ) *ild2 & %e crie? out1 travail+ 9 bir?1 & 9 pa9 to be deliv]$4 #c ,& !re 0 se5 ano!r sign 9 heav53 & behold1 a great r$ dragon1 hav+ sev5 heads & t5 horns1 & ^u 8 heads sev5 diadems4 #d ,& 8 tail drawe? ! ?ird "p ( ! />s ( heav51 & did ca/ !m to ! e>?3 & ! dragon /&e? be=e ! woman t is ab\t to be deliv]$1 t :5 %e is deliv]$ he may dev\r h] *ild4 7,m#fb7 #e ,& %e 0 deliv]$ ( a son1 a man *ild1 :o is to rule all ! nations7#afb7 ) a rod ( iron3 & h] *ild 0 caught up unto ,god1 & unto 8 ?rone4 7,m#fc7 #f ,& ! woman fl$ into ! wild]ness1 :]e %e ha? a place prep>$ ( ,god1 t !re !y may n\ri% h] a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days4 7,b7 ,w> 9 ,heav5 7,m#fd7 #g ,& !re 0 w> 9 heav53 ,mi*ael & 8 angels go+ =? to w> ) ! dragon2 & ! dragon w>r$ & 8 angels2 #h & !y prevail$ n1 nei!r 0 _! place f\nd any m 9 heav54 #i ,& ! great dragon 0 ca/ d[n1 ! old s]p5t1 he t is call$ ! ,devil & ,satan1 ! deceiv] ( ! :ole _w7#afc72 he 0 ca/ d[n to ! e>?1 & 8 angels 7 ca/ d[n ) him4 7,m#fe7 #aj ,& ,i he>d a great voice 9 heav51 say+1 ,n[ is come ! salvation1 & ! p[]1 & ! k+dom ( our ,god1 & ! au?ority ( 8 ,*ri/7#afd73 = ! accus] ( our bre?r5 is ca/ d[n1 :o accuse? !m be=e our ,god day & night4 #aa ,& !y ov]came him because ( ! blood ( ! ,lamb1 & because ( ! ^w ( _! te/imony2 & !y lov$ n _! life ev5 unto dea?4 #ab ,!re=e rejoice1 ,o heav5s1 & ye t dwell7#afe7 9 !m4 ,woe = ! e>? & = ! sea3 because ! devil is gone d[n unto y1 hav+ great wra?1 kn[+ t he ha? b a %ort "t4 7,m#ff7 #ac ,& :5 ! dragon saw t he 0 ca/ d[n to ! e>?1 he p]secut$ ! woman t br\ght =? ! man *ild4 #ad ,& !re 7 giv5 to ! woman ! two w+s ( ! great eagle1 t %e might fly into ! wild]ness unto h] place1 :]e %e is n\ri%$ = a "t1 & times1 & half a "t1 f ! face ( ! s]p5t4 #ae ,& ! s]p5t ca/ out ( 8 m\? aft] ! woman wat] z a riv]1 t he might cause h] to be c>ri$ away by ! /ream4 #af ,& ! e>? help$ ! woman1 & ! e>? op5$ h] m\? & swall[$ up ! riv] :i* ! dragon ca/ out ( 8 m\?4 #ag ,& ! dragon wax$ wro? ) ! woman1 & w5t away to make w> ) ! re/ ( h] se$1 t keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & hold ! te/imony ( ,jesus3 ,*apt] #ac4 #a & he /ood7#aff7 ^u ! s& ( ! sea4 7,c7 ,! ,two ,bea/s 7,m#fg7 ,& ,i saw a bea/ com+ up out ( ! sea1 hav+ t5 horns & sev5 heads1 & on 8 horns t5 diadems1 & ^u 8 heads names ( blasphemy4 #b ,& ! bea/ :i* ,i saw 0 l unto a leop>d1 & 8 feet 7 z ! feet ( a be>1 & 8 m\? z ! m\? ( a lion3 & ! dragon gave him 8 p[]1 & 8 ?rone1 & great au?ority4 #c ,& ,i saw "o ( 8 heads z ?\gh x _h be5 smitt57#afg7 unto dea?2 & 8 dea?/roke 0 heal$3 & ! :ole e>? wond]$ aft] ! bea/2 #d & !y wor%ipp$7#afh7 ! dragon1 because he gave 8 au?ority unto ! bea/2 & !y wor%ipp$7#afi7 ! bea/ say+1 ,:o is l unto ! bea/8 & :o is able to w> ) him8 #e & !re 0 giv5 to him a m\? speak+ great ?+s & blasphemies2 & !re 0 giv5 to him au?ority to cont9ue7#agj7 =ty & two mon?s4 #f ,& he op5$ 8 m\? = blasphemies aga9/ ,god1 to blaspheme 8 "n1 & 8 tab]nacle1 ev5 !m t dwell7#aga7 9 ! heav54 #g ,& x 0 giv5 unto him to make w> ) ! sa9ts7#agb71 & to ov]come !m3 & !re 0 giv5 to him au?ority ov] e tribe & p & tongue & nation4 #h ,& all t dwell on ! e>? %all wor%ip7#agc7 him1 e "o ^: "n ha? n be5 writt5 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w 9 ! book ( life ( ! ,lamb t ha? be5 sla97#agd74 7,m#fh7 7#i ,if any man ha? an e>1 let him he>4 #aj ,if any man7#age7 is = captivity7#agf71 into captivity he goe?3 if any man %all kill ) ! sword1 ) ! sword mu/ he be kill$4 ,"h is ! pati5ce7#agg7 & ! fai? ( ! sa9ts47 7,m#fi7 #aa ,& ,i saw ano!r bea/ com+ up out ( ! e>?2 & he _h two horns l unto a lamb1 & he spake z a dragon4 #ab ,& he ex]cise? all ! au?ority ( ! fir/ bea/ 9 8 sight4 ,& he make? ! e>? & !m t dwell !re9 to wor%ip7#agh7 ! fir/ bea/1 ^: dea? /roke 0 heal$4 #ac ,& he doe? great signs1 t he %\ld ev5 make fire to come d[n out ( heav5 ^u ! e>? 9 ! sight ( m54 #ad ,& he deceive? !m t dwell on ! e>? by reason ( ! signs :i* x 0 giv5 him to d 9 ! sight ( ! bea/2 say+ to !m t dwell on ! e>?1 t !y %\ld make an image to ! bea/ :o ha? ! /roke ( ! sword & liv$4 #ae ,& x 0 giv5 unto him to give brea? to x1 ev5 to ! image ( ! bea/1 t ! image ( ! bea/ %\ld bo? speak1 & cause t z _m z %\ld n7#agi7 wor%ip7#ahj7 ! image ( ! bea/ %\ld be kill$4 #af ,& he cause? all1 ! small & ! great1 & ! ri* & ! poor1 & ! free & ! bond1 t !re be giv5 !m a m>k on _! "r h&1 or ^u _! =ehead2 #ag & t no man %\ld be able to buy or to sell1 save he t ha? ! m>k1 ev5 ! "n ( ! bea/ or ! numb] ( 8 "n4 7,m#gj7 7#ah ,"h is wisdom4 ,he t ha? und]/&+1 let him c\nt ! numb] ( ! bea/2 = x is ! numb] ( a man3 & 8 numb] is ,six hundr$ & sixty & six7#aha747 7,d7 ,! ,lamb on ,m\nt ,zion ,*apt] #ad4 7,m#ga7 #a ,& ,i saw1 & behold1 ! ,lamb /&+ on ! m\nt ,zion1 & ) him a hundr$ & =ty & f\r ?\s&1 hav+ 8 "n1 & ! "n ( 8 ,fa!r1 writt5 on _! =eheads4 7,m#gb7 #b ,& ,i he>d a voice f heav51 z ! voice ( _m wat]s1 & z ! voice ( a great ?und]3 & ! voice :i* ,i he>d 0 z ! voice ( h>p]s h>p+ ) _! h>ps3 #c & !y s+ z x 7 a new song be=e ! ?rone1 & be=e ! f\r liv+ creatures & ! eld]s3 & no man c\ld le>n ! song save ! hundr$ & =ty & f\r ?\s&1 ev5 !y t _h be5 pur*as$ out ( ! e>?4 7,m#gc7 #d ,^! are !y t 7 n defil$ ) wom52 = !y are virg9s4 ,^! are !y t foll[ ! ,lamb )]soev] he goe?4 ,^! 7 pur*as$ f among m51 to be ! fir/fruits unto ,god & unto ! ,lamb4 #e ,& 9 _! m\? 0 f\nd no lie3 !y are )\t blemi%4 7,m#gd7 #f ,& ,i saw ano!r angel fly+ 9 mid heav51 hav+ et]nal good tid+s7#ahb7 to proclaim unto !m t dwell7#ahc7 on ! e>?1 & unto e nation & tribe & tongue & p2 #g & he sai? ) a great voice1 ,fe> ,god1 & give him glory2 = ! h\r ( 8 judgm5t is come3 & wor%ip7#ahd7 him t made ! heav5 & ! e>? & sea & f\nta9s ( wat]s4 7,m#ge7 #h ,& ano!r1 a second angel1 foll[$1 say+1 ,fall51 fall5 is ,babylon ! great1 t ha? made all ! nations to dr9k ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( h] =nication4 7,m#gf7 #i ,& ano!r angel1 a ?ird1 foll[$ !m1 say+ ) a great voice1 ,if any man wor%ippe?7#ahe7 ! bea/ & 8 image1 & receive? a m>k on 8 =ehead1 or ^u 8 h&1 #aj he also %all dr9k ( ! w9e ( ! wra? ( ,god1 :i* is prep>$7#ahf7 unmix$ 9 ! cup ( 8 ang]2 & he %all be torm5t$ ) fire & brim/one 9 ! pres5ce ( ! holy angels1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,lamb3 #aa & ! smoke ( _! torm5t goe? up = ev] & ev]7#ahg72 & !y h no re/ day & night1 !y t wor%ip7#ahh7 ! bea/ & 8 image1 & :oso receive? ! m>k ( 8 "n4 7,m#gg7 7#ab ,"h is ! pati5ce7#ahi7 ( ! sa9ts1 !y t keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & ! fai? ( ,jesus47 7,m#gh7 #ac ,& ,i he>d a voice f heav5 say+1 ,write1 ,bless$ are ! dead :o die 9 ! ,"l f h5ce=?7#aij73 yea1 sai? ! ,_s1 t !y may re/ f _! labors2 = _! works foll[ ) !m4 7,m#gi7 #ad ,& ,i saw1 & behold1 a :ite cl\d2 & on ! cl\d ,i saw "o sitt+ l unto a son ( man1 hav+ on 8 head a gold5 cr[n1 & 9 8 h& a %>p sickle4 #ae ,& ano!r angel came out f ! temple7#aia71 cry+ ) a great voice to him t sat on ! cl\d1 ,s5d =? ?y sickle1 & reap3 = ! h\r to reap is come2 = ! h>ve/ ( ! e>? is ripe7#aib74 #af ,& he t sat on ! cl\d ca/ 8 sickle ^u ! e>?2 & ! e>? 0 reap$4 7,m#hj7 #ag ,& ano!r angel came out f ! temple7#aic7 :i* is 9 heav51 he also hav+ a %>p sickle4 #ah ,& ano!r angel came out f ! alt>1 he t ha? p[] ov] fire2 & he call$ ) a great voice to him t _h ! %>p sickle1 say+1 ,s5d =? ?y %>p sickle1 & ga!r ! clu/]s ( ! v9e ( ! e>?2 = h] grapes are fully ripe4 #ai ,& ! angel ca/ 8 sickle into ! e>?1 & ga!r$ ! v9tage7#aid7 ( ! e>?1 & ca/ x into ! w9epress1 ! great w9epress1 ( ! wra? ( ,god4 #bj ,& ! w9epress 0 trodd5 )\t ! city1 & !re came out blood f ! w9epress1 ev5 unto ! bridles ( ! horses1 z f> z a ?\s& & six hundr$ furlongs4 #e ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,vials 7,! ,_w's ,judgm5t ,execut$7 7,a7 ,! ,prep>ation = ! ,vials ,*apt] #ae4 7,m#ha7 #a ,& ,i saw ano!r sign 9 heav51 great & m>vell\s1 sev5 angels hav+ sev5 plagues1 :i* are ! la/1 = 9 !m is f9i%$ ! wra? ( ,god4 7,m#hb7 #b ,& ,i saw z x 7 a sea ( glass7#aie7 m+l$ ) fire2 & !m t come (f victori\s f ! bea/1 & f 8 image1 & f ! numb] ( 8 "n1 /&+ by7#aif7 ! sea ( glass7#aig71 hav+ h>ps ( ,god4 7,m#hc7 #c ,& !y s+ ! song ( ,moses ! s]vant7#aih7 ( ,god1 & ! song ( ! ,lamb1 say+1 ,great & m>vell\s are ?y works1 ,o ,"l ,god1 ! ,almighty2 righte\s & true are ?y ways1 ?\ ,k+ ( ! ages7#aii74 #d ,:o %all n fe>1 ,o ,"l1 & glorify ?y "n8 = ?\ only art holy2 = all ! nations %all come & wor%ip7#bjj7 be=e !e2 = ?y righte\s acts h be5 made manife/4 7,m#hd7 #e ,& aft] ^! ?+s ,i saw1 & ! temple7#bja7 ( ! tab]nacle ( ! te/imony 9 heav5 0 op5$3 #f & !re came out f ! temple7#bjb7 ! sev5 angels t _h ! sev5 plagues1 array$ ) preci\s /one7#bjc71 pure & bright1 & girt ab\t _! brea/s ) gold5 girdles4 #g ,& "o ( ! f\r liv+ creatures gave unto ! sev5 angels sev5 gold5 b[ls full ( ! wra? ( ,god1 :o live? = ev] & ev]7#bjd74 #h ,& ! temple7#bje7 0 fill$ ) smoke f ! glory ( ,god1 & f 8 p[]2 & none 0 able to ent] into ! temple7#bjf71 till ! sev5 plagues ( ! sev5 angels %\ld be f9i%$4 7,b7 ,! ,vials ,p\r$ ,out ,*apt] #af4 7,m#he7 #a ,& ,i he>d a great voice out ( ! temple7#bjg71 say+ to ! sev5 angels1 ,g ye1 & p\r out ! sev5 b[ls ( ! wra? ( ,god into ! e>?4 7,m#hf7 #b ,& ! fir/ w5t1 & p\r$ out 8 b[l into ! e>?2 & x became7#bjh7 a noisome & griev\s sore ^u ! m5 t _h ! m>k ( ! bea/1 & t wor%ipp$7#bji7 8 image4 7,m#hg7 #c ,& ! second p\r$ out 8 b[l into ! sea2 & x became blood z ( a dead man2 & e liv+ s\l7#baj7 di$1 ev5 ! ?+s t 7 9 ! sea4 7,m#hh7 #d ,& ! ?ird p\r$ out 8 b[l into ! riv]s & ! f\nta9s ( ! wat]s2 & x became7#baa7 blood4 #e ,& ,i he>d ! angel ( ! wat]s say+1 ,righte\s art ?\1 :o art & :o wa/1 ?\ ,holy ,"o1 because ?\ did/ ?us judge3 #f = !y p\r$ out ! blood ( sa9ts & prophets7#bab71 & blood ha/ ?\ giv5 !m to dr9k3 !y are wor?y4 #g ,& ,i he>d ! alt> say+1 ,yea1 ,o ,"l ,god1 ! ,almighty1 true & righte\s are ?y judgm5ts4 7,m#hi7 #h ,& ! f\r? p\r$ out 8 b[l ^u ! sun2 & x 0 giv5 unto x7#bac7 to scor* m5 ) fire4 #i ,& m5 7 scor*$ ) great heat3 & !y blasphem$ ! "n ( ,god :o ha? ! p[] ov] ^! plagues2 & !y rep5t$ n to give him glory4 7,m#ij7 #aj ,& ! fif? p\r$ out 8 b[l ^u ! ?rone ( ! bea/2 & 8 k+dom 0 d>k5$2 & !y gnaw$ _! tongues = pa91 #aa & !y blasphem$ ! ,god ( heav5 because ( _! pa9s & _! sores2 & !y rep5t$ n ( _! works4 7,m#ia7 #ab ,& ! six? p\r$ out 8 b[l ^u ! great riv]1 ! riv] ,euphrates2 & ! wat] !re( 0 dri$ up1 t ! way might be made ready = ! k+s t come f ! sunris+4 #e;b ,! ,episode ( ! ,frogl ,spirits 7,an ,int]v5+ ,vision ( ,w>n+ to ! ,r$eem$7 7,m#ib7 #ac ,& ,i saw com+ out ( ! m\? ( ! dragon1 & out ( ! m\? ( ! bea/1 & out ( ! m\? ( ! false prophet1 ?ree unclean spirits1 z x 7 frogs3 #ad = !y are spirits ( demons1 work+ signs2 :i* g =? unto7#bad7 ! k+s ( ! :ole _w7#bae71 to ga!r !m toge!r unto ! w> ( ! great day ( ,god1 ! ,almighty4 7,m#ic7 #ae 7,behold1 ,i come z a ?ief4 ,bless$ is he t wat*e?1 & keepe? 8 g>m5ts1 le/ he walk nak$1 & !y see 8 %ame74 ,! ,ga!r+ at ,h>,mag$on #af ,& !y ga!r$ !m toge!r into ! place :i* is call$ 9 ,hebrew ,h>,mag$on7#baf74 7,m#id7 #ag ,& ! sev5? p\r$ out 8 b[l ^u ! air2 & !re came =? a great voice out ( ! temple7#bag71 f ! ?rone1 say+1 ,x is done3 #ah & !re 7 lightn+s1 & voices1 & ?und]s2 & !re 0 a great e>?quake1 su* z 0 n s9ce !re 7 m57#bah7 ^u ! e>?1 s great an e>?quake1 s mighty4 #ai ,& ! great city 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 & ! cities ( ! nations7#bai7 fell3 & ,babylon ! great 0 rememb]$ 9 ! sight ( ,god1 to give unto h] ! cup ( ! w9e ( ! fi]c5ess ( 8 wra?4 #bj ,& e isl& fl$ away1 & ! m\nta9s 7 n f\nd4 #ba ,& great hail1 e /one ab\t ! weight ( a tal5t1 come? d[n out ( heav5 ^u m53 & m5 blasphem$ ,god because ( ! plague ( ! hail2 = ! plague !re( is exce$+ great4 #f ,! ,vision ( ,victory 7,! ,*ur*'s ,v9dication ,manife/$7 7,a7 ,! ,my/ical ,babylon & ,h] ,fall ,*apt] #ag4 7,m#ie7 #a ,& !re came "o ( ! sev5 angels t _h ! sev5 b[ls1 & spake ) me1 say+1 ,come hi!r1 ,i w %[ !e ! judgm5t ( ! great h>lot t sitte? ^u _m wat]s2 #b ) :om ! k+s ( ! e>? committ$ =nication1 & !y t dwell 9 ! e>? 7 made drunk5 ) ! w9e ( h] =nication4 7,m#if7 #c ,& he c>ri$ me away 9 ! ,_s into a wild]ness3 & ,i saw a woman sitt+ ^u a sc>letcolor$ bea/1 full ( names ( blasphemy7#bbj71 hav+ sev5 heads & t5 horns4 #d ,& ! woman 0 array$ 9 purple & sc>let1 & deck$7#bba7 ) gold & preci\s /one & pe>ls1 hav+ 9 h] h& a gold5 cup full ( abom9ations1 ev5 ! unclean ?+s7#bbb7 ( h] =nication1 #e & ^u h] =ehead a "n writt51 ,,my/]y1 ,,babylon ,,! ,,great7#bbc71 ,,! ,,"m ,,( ,,! ,,h>lots ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,abom9ations ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 #f ,& ,i saw ! woman drunk5 ) ! blood ( ! sa9ts1 & ) ! blood ( ! m>tyrs7#bbd7 ( ,jesus4 ,& :5 ,i saw h]1 ,i wond]$ ) a great wond]4 7,m#ig7 #g ,& ! angel said unto me1 ,:]e=e did/ ?\ wond]8 ,i w tell !e ! my/]y ( ! woman1 & ( ! bea/ t c>rie? h]1 :i* ha? ! sev5 heads & ! t5 horns4 #h ,! bea/ t ?\ sawe/ 01 & is n2 & is ab\t to come up out ( ! abyss1 & to g7#bbe7 into p]dition4 ,& !y t dwell on ! e>? %all wond]1 !y ^: "n ha? n be5 writt5 97#bbf7 ! book ( life f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 :5 !y behold ! bea/1 h[ t he 01 & is n1 & %all come7#bbg74 7,m#ih7 #i ,"h is ! m9d7#bbh7 t ha? wisdom4 ,! sev5 heads are sev5 m\nta9s1 on :i* ! woman sitte?3 #aj & !y are7#bbi7 sev5 k+s2 ! five are fall51 ! "o is1 ! o!r is n yet come2 & :5 he come?1 he mu/ cont9ue a little :ile4 #aa ,& ! bea/ t 01 & is n1 is himself also an eigh?1 & is ( ! sev52 & he goe? into p]dition4 #ab ,& ! t5 horns t ?\ sawe/ are t5 k+s1 :o h receiv$ no k+dom z yet2 b !y receive au?ority z k+s1 ) ! bea/1 = "o h\r4 #ac ,^! h "o m9d1 & !y give _! p[] & au?ority unto ! bea/4 #ad ,^! %all w> aga9/ ! ,lamb1 & ! ,lamb %all ov]come !m1 = he is ,"l ( lords1 & ,k+ ( k+s2 & !y also %all ov]come t are ) him1 call$ & *os5 & fai?ful4 7,m#ii7 #ae ,& he sai? unto me1 ,! wat]s :i* ?\ sawe/1 :]e ! h>lot sitte?1 are peoples1 & multitudes1 & nations1 & tongues4 #af ,& ! t5 horns :i* ?\ sawe/1 & ! bea/1 ^! %all hate ! h>lot1 & %all make h] desolate & nak$1 & %all eat h] fle%1 & %all burn h] utt]ly ) fire4 #ag ,= ,god did put 9 _! he>ts to d 8 m9d1 & to come to "o m9d1 & to give _! k+dom unto ! bea/1 until ! words ( ,god %\ld be accompli%$4 #ah ,& ! woman :om ?\ sawe/ is ! great city1 :i* reigne? ov] ! k+s7#bcj7 ( ! e>?4 ,*apt] #ah4 7,m#ajj7 #a ,aft] ^! ?+s ,i saw ano!r angel com+ d[n out ( heav51 hav+ great au?ority2 & ! e>? 0 light5$ ) 8 glory4 #b ,& he cri$ ) a mighty voice1 say+1 ,fall51 fall5 is ,babylon ! great1 & is become a habitation ( demons1 & a hold7#bca7 ( e unclean _s1 & a hold ( e unclean & hateful bird4 #c ,= by ! w9e7#bcb7 (7#bcc7 ! wra? ( h] =nication all ! nations are fall52 & ! k+s ( ! e>? committ$ =nication ) h]1 & ! m]*ants ( ! e>? wax$ ri* by ! p[] ( h] wantonness7#bcd74 7,m#aja7 #d ,& ,i he>d ano!r voice f heav51 say+1 ,come =?1 my p1 out ( h]1 t ye h no fell[%ip ) h] s9s1 & t ye receive n ( h] plagues3 #e = h] s9s h rea*$7#bce7 ev5 unto heav51 & ,god ha? rememb]$ h] iniquities4 #f ,r5d] unto h] ev5 z %e r5d]$1 & d\ble unto h] ! d\ble accord+ to h] works3 9 ! cup :i* %e m+l$1 m+le unto h] d\ble4 #g ,h[ mu* soev] %e glorifi$ h]self1 & wax$ wanton7#bcf71 s mu* give h] ( torm5t & m\rn+3 = %e sai? 9 h] he>t1 ,i sit a que51 & am no wid[1 & %all 9 no wise see m\rn+4 #h ,!re=e 9 "o day %all h] plagues come1 dea?1 & m\rn+1 & fam9e2 & %e %all be utt]ly burn$ ) fire2 = /rong is ! ,"l7#bcg7 ,god :o judg$ h]4 7,m#ajb7 #i ,& ! k+s ( ! e>?1 :o committ$ =nication & liv$ wantonly7#bch7 ) h]1 %all weep & wail ov] h]1 :5 !y look ^u ! smoke ( h] burn+1 #aj /&+ af> (f = ! fe> ( h] torm5t1 say+1 ,woe1 woe1 ! great city1 ,babylon1 ! /rong city6 = 9 "o h\r is ?y judgm5t come4 7,m#ajc7 #aa ,& ! m]*ants ( ! e>? weep & m\rn ov] h]1 = no man buye? _! m]*&ise7#bci7 any m2 #ab m]*&ise ( gold1 & silv]1 & preci\s /one1 & pe>ls1 & f9e l951 & purple1 & silk1 & sc>let2 & all ?y9e wood1 & e vessel ( ivory1 & e vessel made ( mo/ preci\s wood1 & ( brass1 & iron1 & m>ble2 #ac & c9namon1 & spice7#bdj71 & inc5se1 & o9tm5t1 & frank9c5se1 & w9e1 & oil1 & f9e fl\r1 & :eat1 & cattle1 & %eep2 & m]*&ise ( horses & *>iots & slaves7#bda72 & s\ls7#bdb7 ( m54 #ad ,& ! fruits :i* ?y s\l lu/$ aft] are gone f !e1 & all ?+s t 7 da9ty & sumptu\s are p]i%$ f !e1 & m5 %all f9d !m no m at all4 #ae ,! m]*ants ( ^! ?+s1 :o 7 made ri* by h]1 %all /& af> (f = ! fe> ( h] torm5t1 weep+ & m\rn+2 #af say+1 ,woe1 woe1 ! great city1 %e t 0 array$ 9 f9e l95 & purple & sc>let1 & deck$7#bdc7 ) gold & preci\s /one & pe>l6 #ag = 9 "o h\r s great ri*es is made desolate4 7,m#ajd7 ,& e %ipma/]1 & e "o t saile? any :i!r1 & m>9]s1 & z _m z ga9 _! liv+ by sea7#bdd71 /ood af> (f1 #ah & cri$ out z !y look$ ^u ! smoke ( h] burn+1 say+1 ,:at city is l ! great city8 #ai ,& !y ca/ du/ on _! heads1 & cri$1 weep+ & m\rn+1 say+1 ,woe1 woe1 ! great city1 :]e9 all t _h _! %ips 9 ! sea 7 made ri* by reason ( h] co/l9ess6 = 9 "o h\r is %e made desolate4 7,m#aje7 #bj ,rejoice ov] h]1 ?\ heav51 & ye sa9ts1 & ye apo/les1 & ye prophets2 = ,god ha? judg$ y\r judgm5t on h]4 7,m#ajf7 #ba ,& a7#bde7 /rong angel took up a /one z x 7 a great mill/one & ca/ x into ! sea1 say+1 ,?us ) a mighty fall %all ,babylon1 ! great city1 be ca/ d[n1 & %all be f\nd no m at all4 #bb ,& ! voice ( h>p]s & m9/rels & fluteplay]s & trumpet]s %all be he>d no m at all 9 !e2 & no craftsman1 ( :atsoev] craft7#bdf71 %all be f\nd any m at all 9 !e2 & ! voice ( a mill %all be he>d no m at all 9 !e2 #bc & ! light ( a lamp %all %9e no m at all 9 !e2 & ! voice ( ! bridegroom & ( ! bride %all be he>d no m at all 9 !e3 = ?y m]*ants 7 ! pr9ces ( ! e>?2 = ) ?y sorc]y 7 all ! nations deceiv$4 #bd ,& 9 h] 0 f\nd ! blood ( prophets & ( sa9ts1 & ( all t h be5 sla9 ^u ! e>?4 7,b7 ,! ,triumph ( ! ,r$eem$ ,*apt] #ai4 7,m#ajg7 #a ,aft] ^! ?+s ,i he>d z x 7 a great voice ( a great multitude 9 heav51 say+1 ,hallelujah2 ,salvation1 & glory1 & p[]1 belong to our ,god3 #b = true & righte\s are 8 judgm5ts2 = he ha? judg$ ! great h>lot1 h] t corrupt$ ! e>? ) h] =nication1 & he ha? av5g$ ! blood ( 8 s]vants7#bdg7 at h] h&4 7,m#ajh7 #c ,& a second "t !y say7#bdh71 ,hallelujah4 ,& h] smoke goe? up = ev] & ev]7#bdi74 #d ,& ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s & ! f\r liv+ creatures fell d[n & wor%ipp$7#bej7 ,god t sitte? on ! ?rone1 say+1 ,am52 ,hallelujah4 #e ,& a voice came =? f ! ?rone1 say+1 ,give praise to our ,god1 all ye 8 s]vants1 ye t fe> him1 ! small & ! great4 #f ,& ,i he>d z x 7 ! voice ( a great multitude1 & z ! voice ( _m wat]s1 & z ! voice ( mighty ?und]s1 say+1 ,hallelujah3 = ! ,"l our ,god1 ! ,almighty1 reigne?4 #g ,let u rejoice & be exce$+ glad1 & let u give ! glory unto him3 = ! m>riage ( ! ,lamb is come1 & 8 wife ha? made h]self ready4 7,m#aji7 #h ,& x 0 giv5 unto h] t %e %\ld array h]self 9 f9e l951 bright & pure3 = ! f9e l95 is ! righte\s acts ( ! sa9ts4 7,m#aaj7 #i ,& he sai? unto me1 ,write1 ,bless$ are !y t are bidd5 to ! m>riage supp] ( ! ,lamb4 ,& he sai? unto me1 ,^! are true words ( ,god4 7,m#aaa7 #aj ,& ,i fell d[n be=e 8 feet to wor%ip7#bea7 him4 ,& he sai? unto me1 ,see ?\ d x n3 ,i am a fell[s]vant ) !e & ) ?y bre?r5 t hold ! te/imony ( ,jesus3 wor%ip7#beb7 ,god3 = ! te/imony ( ,jesus is ! _s ( prophecy4 7,c7 ,! ,la/ ,?+s 7,m#aab7 #aa ,& ,i saw ! heav5 op5$2 & behold1 a :ite horse1 & he t sat !reon call$7#bec7 ,fai?ful & ,true2 & 9 righte\sness he do? judge & make w>4 #ab ,& 8 eyes are a flame ( fire1 & ^u 8 head are _m diadems2 & he ha? a "n writt5 :i* no "o kn[e? b he himself4 #ac ,& he is array$ 9 a g>m5t spr9kl$ )7#bed7 blood3 & 8 "n is call$ ,! ,^w ( ,god4 #ad ,& ! armies :i* are 9 heav5 foll[$ him ^u :ite horses1 clo!d 9 f9e l951 :ite & pure4 #ae ,& out ( 8 m\? proce$e? a %>p sword1 t ) x he %\ld smite ! nations3 & he %all rule !m ) a rod ( iron3 & he treade? ! w9epress ( ! fi]c5ess7#bee7 ( ! wra? ( ,god1 ! ,almighty4 #af ,& he ha? on 8 g>m5t & on 8 ?igh a "n writt51 ,,k+ ,,( ,,k+s1 ,,& ,,"l ,,( ,,lords4 7,m#aac7 #ag ,& ,i saw an7#bef7 angel /&+ 9 ! sun2 & he cri$ ) a l\d voice1 say+ to all ! birds t fly 9 mid heav51 ,come & be ga!r$ toge!r unto ! great supp] ( ,god2 #ah t ye may eat ! fle% ( k+s1 & ! fle% ( capta9s7#beg71 & ! fle% ( mighty m51 & ! fle% ( horses & ( !m t sit !reon1 & ! fle% ( all m51 bo? free & bond1 & small & great4 7,m#aad7 #ai ,& ,i saw ! bea/1 & ! k+s ( ! e>?1 & _! armies1 ga!r$ toge!r to make w> aga9/ him t sat ^u ! horse1 & aga9/ 8 army4 #bj ,& ! bea/ 0 tak51 & ) him ! false prophet t wr\ght ! signs 9 8 sight1 :]e) he deceiv$ !m t _h receiv$ ! m>k ( ! bea/ & !m t wor%ipp$7#beh7 8 image3 !y two 7 ca/ alive into ! lake ( fire t burne? ) brim/one3 #ba & ! re/ 7 kill$ ) ! sword ( him t sat ^u ! horse1 ev5 ! sword :i* came =? out ( 8 m\?3 & all ! birds 7 fill$ ) _! fle%4 ,*apt] #bj4 7,m#aae7 #a ,& ,i saw an angel com+ d[n out ( heav51 hav+ ! key ( ! abyss & a great *a9 97#bei7 8 h&4 #b ,& he laid hold on ! dragon1 ! old s]p5t1 :i* is ! ,devil & ,satan1 & b\nd him = a ?\s& ye>s1 #c & ca/ him into ! abyss1 & %ut x1 & seal$ x ov] him1 t he %\ld deceive ! nations no m1 until ! ?\s& ye>s %\ld be f9i%$3 aft] ?is he mu/ be loos$ = a little "t4 7,m#aaf7 #d ,& ,i saw ?rones1 & !y sat ^u !m1 & judgm5t 0 giv5 unto !m3 & ,i saw ! s\ls ( !m t _h be5 behead$ = ! te/imony ( ,jesus1 & = ! ^w ( ,god1 & su* z wor%ipp$7#bfj7 n ! bea/1 nei!r 8 image1 & receiv$ n ! m>k ^u _! =ehead & ^u _! h&2 & !y liv$1 & reign$ ) ,*ri/ a ?\s& ye>s4 #e ,! re/ ( ! dead liv$ n until ! ?\s& ye>s %\ld be f9i%$4 ,?is is ! fir/ resurrection4 7,m#aag7 7#f ,bless$ & holy is he t ha? "p 9 ! fir/ resurrection3 ov] ^! ! second dea? ha? no p[]7#bfa72 b !y %all be prie/s ( ,god & ( ,*ri/1 & %all reign ) him a7#bfb7 ?\s& ye>s47 7,m#aah7 #g ,& :5 ! ?\s& ye>s are f9i%$1 ,satan %all be loos$ out ( 8 prison1 #h & %all come =? to deceive ! nations :i* are 9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?1 ,gog & ,magog1 to ga!r !m toge!r to ! w>3 ! numb] ( :om is z ! s& ( ! sea4 #i ,& !y w5t up ov] ! bread? ( ! e>?1 & compass$ ! camp ( ! sa9ts ab\t1 & ! belov$ city3 & fire came d[n out7#bfc7 ( heav51 & dev\r$ !m4 #aj ,& ! devil t deceiv$ !m 0 ca/ into ! lake ( fire & brim/one1 :]e are also ! bea/ & ! false prophet2 & !y %all be torm5t$ day & night = ev] & ev]7#bfd74 7,m#aai7 #aa ,& ,i saw a great :ite ?rone1 & him t sat ^u x1 f ^: face ! e>? & ! heav5 fl$ away2 & !re 0 f\nd no place = !m4 #ab ,& ,i saw ! dead1 ! great & ! small1 /&+ be=e ! ?rone2 & books 7 op5$3 & ano!r book 0 op5$1 :i* is ! book ( life3 & ! dead 7 judg$ out ( ! ?+s :i* 7 writt5 9 ! books1 accord+ to _! works4 #ac ,& ! sea gave up ! dead t 7 9 x2 & dea? & ,hades gave up ! dead t 7 9 !m3 & !y 7 judg$ e man accord+ to _! works4 #ad ,& dea? & ,hades 7 ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 ,?is is ! second dea?1 ev5 ! lake ( fire4 #ae ,& if any 0 n f\nd writt5 9 ! book ( life1 he 0 ca/ into ! lake ( fire4 #g ,! ,vision ( ! ,new ,j]usalem 7,! ,?rone aft] ,victory7 ,*apt] #ba4 7,m#abj7 #a ,& ,i saw a new heav5 & a new e>?3 = ! fir/ heav5 & ! fir/ e>? are pass$ away2 & ! sea is no m4 7,m#aba7 #b ,& ,i saw ! holy city1 new ,j]usalem1 com+ d[n out ( heav57#bfe7 f ,god1 made ready z a bride adorn$ = h] husb&4 7,m#abb7 #c ,& ,i he>d a great voice out ( ! ?rone say+1 ,behold1 ! tab]nacle ( ,god is ) m51 & he %all dwell7#bff7 ) !m1 & !y %all be 8 peoples1 & ,god himself %all be ) !m1 & be _! ,god7#bfg73 #d & he %all wipe away e te> f _! eyes2 & dea? %all be no m2 nei!r %all !re be m\rn+1 nor cry+1 nor pa91 any m3 ! fir/ ?+s are pass$ away4 7,m#abc7 #e ,& he t sitte? on ! ?rone said1 ,behold1 ,i make all ?+s new4 ,& he sai?1 ,write3 = ^! words are fai?ful & true7#bfh74 #f ,& he said unto me1 ,!y are come to pass4 ,i am ! ,alpha & ! ,omega1 ! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,i w give unto him t is a?ir/ ( ! f\nta9 ( ! wat] ( life freely4 #g ,he t ov]come? %all inh]it ^! ?+s2 & ,i w be 8 ,god1 & he %all be my son4 #h ,b = ! fe>ful1 & unbeliev+1 & abom9able1 & murd]]s1 & =nicators1 & sorc]]s1 & idolat]s1 & all li>s1 _! "p %all be 9 ! lake t burne? ) fire & brim/one2 :i* is ! second dea?4 7,m#abd7 #i ,& !re came "o ( ! sev5 angels :o _h ! sev5 b[ls1 :o 7 lad5 ) ! sev5 la/ plagues2 & he spake ) me1 say+1 ,come hi!r1 ,i w %[ !e ! bride1 ! wife ( ! ,lamb4 7,m#abe7 #aj ,& he c>ri$ me away 9 ! ,_s to a m\nta9 great & high1 & %[$ me ! holy city ,j]usalem1 com+ d[n out ( heav5 f ,god1 #aa hav+ ! glory ( ,god3 h] light7#bfi7 0 l unto a /one mo/ preci\s1 z x 7 a jasp] /one1 cle> z cry/al3 #ab hav+ a wall great & high2 hav+ twelve gates7#bgj71 & at ! gates twelve angels2 & names writt5 !reon1 :i* are ! names ( ! twelve tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 #ac on ! ea/ 7 ?ree gates2 & on ! nor? ?ree gates2 & on ! s\? ?ree gates7#bga72 & on ! we/ ?ree gates4 #ad ,& ! wall ( ! city _h twelve f\ndations1 & on !m twelve names ( ! twelve apo/les ( ! ,lamb4 7,m#abf7 #ae ,& he t spake ) me _h = a measure a gold5 re$ to measure ! city1 & ! gates !re(1 & ! wall !re(4 #af ,& ! city lie? f\rsqu>e1 & ! l5g? !re( is z great z ! bread?3 & he measur$ ! city ) ! re$1 twelve ?\s& furlongs3 ! l5g? & ! bread? & ! height !re( are equal4 #ag ,& he measur$ ! wall !re(1 a hundr$ & =ty & f\r cubits1 accord+ to ! measure ( a man1 t is1 ( an angel4 7,m#abg7 #ah ,& ! build+ ( ! wall !re( 0 jasp]3 & ! city 0 pure gold1 l unto pure glass4 #ai ,! f\ndations ( ! wall ( ! city 7 adorn$ ) all mann] ( preci\s /ones4 ,! fir/ f\ndation 0 jasp]2 ! second1 sapphire7#bgb72 ! ?ird1 *alc$ony2 ! f\r?1 em]ald2 #bj ! fif?1 s>donyx2 ! six?1 s>dius2 ! sev5?1 *rysolite2 ! eigh?1 b]yl2 ! n9?1 topaz2 ! t5?1 *rysoprase2 ! elev5?1 jac9?7#bgc72 ! twelf?1 ame?y/4 #ba ,& ! twelve gates 7 twelve pe>ls2 ea* "o ( ! sev]al gates 0 ( "o pe>l3 & ! /reet ( ! city 0 pure gold1 z x 7 transp>5t glass7#bgd74 7,m#abh7 #bb ,& ,i saw no temple7#bge7 !re93 = ! ,"l ,god ! ,almighty1 & ! ,lamb1 are ! temple7#bgf7 !re(4 #bc ,& ! city ha? no ne$ ( ! sun1 nei!r ( ! moon1 to %9e ^u x3 = ! glory ( ,god did light5 x1 & ! lamp !re( is ! ,lamb7#bgg74 #bd ,& ! nations %all walk amid/7#bgh7 ! light !re(3 & ! k+s ( ! e>? br+ _! glory into x4 #be ,& ! gates !re( %all 9 no wise be %ut by day 7= !re %all be no night !re73 #bf & !y %all br+ ! glory & ! honor ( ! nations into x3 #bg & !re %all 9 no wise ent] into x any?+ unclean7#bgi71 or he t make?7#bhj7 an abom9ation & a lie3 b only !y t are writt5 9 ! ,lamb's book ( life4 ,*apt] #bb4 7,m#abi7 #a ,& he %[$ me a riv] ( wat] ( life1 bright z cry/al1 proce$+ out ( ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb1 #b 9 ! mid/ ( ! /reet !re(7#bha74 ,& on ?is side ( ! riv] & on t 0 ! tree7#bhb7 ( life1 be>+ twelve mann] ( fruits7#bhc71 yield+ its fruit e mon?3 & ! leaves ( ! tree 7 = ! heal+ ( ! nations4 7,m#acj7 #c ,& !re %all be no curse7#bhd7 any m3 & ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb %all be !re93 & 8 s]vants7#bhe7 %all s]ve him2 #d & !y %all see 8 face2 & 8 "n %all be on _! =eheads4 #e ,& !re %all be night no m2 & !y ne$ no light ( lamp1 nei!r light ( sun2 = ! ,"l ,god %all give !m light3 & !y %all reign = ev] & ev]7#bhf74 ,,iii ,! ,epilogue #a ,! ,f9al ,words ( ! ,angel ) ! ,promise ( ,*ri/ 7,m#aca7 #f ,& he said unto me1 ,^! words are fai?ful & true3 & ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ! spirits ( ! prophets1 s5t 8 angel to %[ unto 8 s]vants ! ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to pass4 #g ,& behold1 ,i come quickly4 ,bless$ is he t keepe? ! words ( ! prophecy ( ?is book4 7,m#acb7 #h ,& ,i ,john am he t he>d & saw ^! ?+s4 ,& :5 ,i he>d & saw1 ,i fell d[n to wor%ip7#bhg7 be=e ! feet ( ! angel t %[$ me ^! ?+s4 #i ,& he sai? unto me1 ,see ?\ d x n3 ,i am a fell[s]vant ) !e & ) ?y bre?r5 ! prophets1 & ) !m t keep ! words ( ?is book3 wor%ip7#bhh7 ,god4 7,m#acc7 #aj ,& he sai? unto me1 ,seal n up ! words ( ! prophecy ( ?is book2 = ! "t is at h&4 #aa ,he t is unrighte\s1 let him d unrighte\sness /ill7#bhi73 & he t is fil?y1 let him be made fil?y /ill3 & he t is righte\s1 let him d righte\sness /ill3 & he t is holy1 let him be made holy /ill4 7,m#acd7 #ab ,behold1 ,i come quickly2 & my rew>d7#bij7 is ) me1 to r5d] to ea* man accord+ z 8 "w is4 #ac ,i am ! ,alpha & ! ,omega1 ! fir/ & ! la/1 ! beg9n+ & ! end4 #ad ,bless$ are !y t wa% _! robes1 t !y may h ! "r7#bia7 to come to ! tree ( life1 & may ent] 9 by ! gates7#bib7 into ! city4 #ae ,)\t are ! dogs1 & ! sorc]]s1 & ! =nicators1 & ! murd]]s1 & ! idolators1 & e "o t love? & make?7#bic7 a lie4 7,m#ace7 #af ,i ,jesus h s5t m9e angel to te/ify unto y ^! ?+s =7#bid7 ! *ur*es4 ,i am ! root & ! (fspr+ ( ,david1 ! bright1 ! morn+ />4 #b ,! ,clos+ ,te/imony ( ,john 7,m#acf7 #ag ,&7#bie7 ! ,_s & ! bride say1 ,come4 ,& he t he>e?1 let him say1 ,come4 ,& he t is a?ir/1 let him come3 he t w1 let him take ! wat] ( life freely4 7,m#acg7 #ah ,i te/ify unto e man t he>e? ! words ( ! prophecy ( ?is book1 ,if any man %all add unto7#bif7 !m1 ,god %all add unto him ! plagues :i* are writt5 9 ?is book3 #ai & if any man %all take away f ! words ( ! book ( ?is prophecy1 ,god %all take away 8 "p f ! tree ( life1 & out ( ! holy city1 :i* are writt57#big7 9 ?is book4 7,m#ach7 #bj ,he :o te/ifie? ^! ?+s sai?1 ,yea3 ,i come quickly4 ,am53 come1 ,"l ,jesus4 #c ,! ,au?or's ,b5$iction 7,m#aci7 #ba ,! grace ( ! ,"l ,jesus7#bih7 be ) !7#bii7 sa9ts4 ,am54 ,,analysis ,,& ,,notes ,! ,book ( ,revelation be>s ! inh]5t m>ks ( a ?or\ghly wr\ght out & c>efully f9i%$ lit]>y production1 %[+ evid5t traces ( design & arrangem5t ?r\gh\t1 :i* con/itute a /udi$ sett+ = ! rem>kable s]ies ( visions t conta9 its *ief message to ! *ur*4 ,beh9d ! out] =m lies ! deep exp]i5ce ( ! au?or :o receiv$ a fre% revelation ( div9e tru?4 ,to him ,god spoke 9 /range visions & 9 a m>vell\s way ab\t ! div9e purpose conc]n+ 8 p & ! great _w ( m53 = c\*$ ?\gh x is 9 ! /range figures ( ,apocalyptic1 a me?od ( religi\s ?\ght belong+ to t "t1 x yet be>s to ! ,*ri/ian m9d indisputable m>ks ( div9e inspiration4 ,mov$ by ! visions :i* x records1 ,john wrote to ! *ur*es 9 ,asia a message n only = !m b = all believ]s 9 all "t2 = its lessons lie n alone 9 ! ev5ts ( t age1 b 9 ! wid] & p]man5t relations ( ! *ur* & ! _w ?r\gh\t ! c5turies1 & !y appeal to u ) new =ce z ! v>y+ conditions cont9ue to *ange ) ! revolv+ ye>s4 ,! lessons ( ! book are = u 9 our day no less ?an !y h be5 = o!rs 9 ! pa/1 & z !y w be = /ill o!rs 9 ! advanc+ future2 & ?\gh ^! lessons are n always easy to grasp or lightly to be und]/ood1 !y are yet em95tly wor?y ( our att5tive /udy & pati5t consid]ation4 ,! syn!tic analysis :i* is "h giv51 attempts to set =? ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! ,revelation z x has be5 int]pret$ by _m em95t comm5tators1 & x is pres5t$ 9 z concise a =m z is consi/5t ) cle>ness = ! b5efit ( ! g5]al read]1 = ! *ief purpose ( ! pres5t "w is to make pla9 ! symbolic view z x has tak5 =m 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]4 ,no ext5d$ discussion ( ! m difficult portions ( ! book has be5 attempt$1 = a satisfactory conclusion is m (t5 rea*$ by c>eful ?\ght ?an by elaborate argum5t1 ?\gh x has seem$ be/ to re9=ce ! view pres5t$ by con/ant ref]5ce to wellkn[n au?orities1 & also to provide a brief comp>ison ( diff]5t op9ions on ! ma9 po9ts ( disagreem5t = ^? :o desire fur!r /udy4 ,! book is f\nd ^u exam9ation to consi/ ( ?ree pr9cipal p>ts1 :i* are ^? common to e f9i%$ composition1 viz3-- ,i ,,! ,,prologue1 ,,or ,,introduction1 ,*4 #a3ac3bc2 ,,ii ,,! ,,ma9 ,,apocalypse1 ,,or ,,revelation ,,prop]1 ,*4 #d3abb3e2 & ,,iii ,,! ,,epilogue1 ,,or ,,conclusion1 ,*4 #bb3fba4 ,?is division is "o g5]ally accept$ by ^? :o h /udi$ ! book1 = x is to mo/ m9ds bo? natural & obvi\s1 ?\gh "s make ! ,introduction end ) ! fir/ *apt]1 & include ! ,epi/les to ! ,*ur*es 9 ! second "p4 ,z ^!1 h[ev]1 are n s m>k$ly ,apocalyptic 9 =m z ! *apt]s t foll[1 & d n ent] into ! *ief message ( ! book1 b r s]ve to prep>e ! way = x1 !y are m prop]ly reg>d$ z "p ( ! ,introduction4 ,i ,! ,prologue1 ,*4 #a3ac3bb ,! introductory & epi/ol>y portions ( ! book :i* occupy ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s1 consi/ ( f\r p>ts1 viz4 ! sup]scription1 ! salutation1 a vision ( ! exalt$ ,r$eem]1 & messages to ! sev5 *ur*es 9 ,asia4 ,^! give ! s\rce & au?ority ( ! ,revelation1 convey a greet+ to ! sev5 *ur*es t are nam$1 set =? ! pres5t activity ( ,*ri/ 9 8 r$emptive "w ) ! c]ta9ty ( 8 p]sonal return1 & !n pres5t p>ticul> messages to ea* ( ! *ur*es 9 ,asia1 :i* ?r\gh _! g5]al condition af=d a p]spective view ( ! cont9u\s & v>i$ exp]i5ce ( ! :ole *ur* 9 ! process ( r$emption4 ,^! prelim9>y p>ts ( ! book1 also1 s]ve to introduce ! great !me :i* is to occupy ! subsequ5t revelation1 viz4 ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur* ?r\gh ,"t to ,et]nity4 ,! /yle is at once t ( ,apocalyptic1 ?\gh ! =m is less *>act]i/ic 9 ! second & ?ird *apt]s ?an 9 ! fir/ & subsequ5t ones2 ! lit]>y con/ruction is m>k$ by obvi\s & su/a9$ arti/ic skill2 & ! subjectmatt] %[s a pr(\nd inn] connection ( ?\ght ) ! visions t foll[1 af=d+ a cle> indication ( ! unity ( ! :ole "w t %\ld n be ov]look$ 9 our /udy ( ! book47#cjj7 #a ,! ,sup]scription1 ,*4 #a3ac ,9 ! sup]scription ! book is describ$1 its hi/ory & cont5ts are giv5 7v4 #ab71 & a bless+ is pron\nc$ 7v4 #c7 ^u ^? :o read x1 i4 e4 al\d be=e ! congregation 771 & ^? :o he> & keep ! ?+s writt5 !re91 an indication t !y 7 expect$ to be und]/ood4 ,?is bless+ is ! fir/ ( sev5 beatitudes f\nd 9 ! book 7see ,app'x ,c71 & s]ves to %[ t ! (fice ( public read] 9 ! primitive *ur* 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 evid5tly because ( a g5]al lack ( education among ! e>ly conv]ts4 ,! book is decl>$ to be ! ,revelation or ,apocalypse ( ?+s ab\t to happ51--n a revelation :i* has ,jesus ,*ri/ = its subject17#cja7 b 8! ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to pass01 a phrase t is be/ int]pret$ z a prophetic =mula = ! unc]ta9 future :i* is always ne> ) ,god 7cf4 ,lu4 #ah3h71 & n to be tak5 9 ! /rict] s5se ( limit+ ! prophecy to ! imm$iate future17#cjb7--to h be5 giv5 ( ,god 7v4 #a71 & to h be5 made (1 i4 e4 ?r\gh or by1 ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! communicat+ witness17#cjc7 to h be5 s5t by ! in/rum5t ( an angel1 & to h be5 te/ifi$ to by ,john1 :o witness$ conc]n+ ! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/7#cjd7 :i* he receiv$ ?r\gh ! visions t are h]e9 record$4 ,^! introductory v]ses 7v4 #ac7 are usually reg>d$ z an integral "p ( ! book1 ?\gh !y are ?\ght by "s to h be5 add$ aft]w>d z an introduction & au?orization by ! *ur*1 probably by ! eld]s at ,ephesus47#cje7 #b ,! ,salutation1 ,*4 #a3dh ,! salutation is an address & greet+ ( grace & peace to ! sev5 *ur*es 9 ,asia f ,john1 9 ! "n ( ea* p]son ( ! triune ,god1 viz3--7#a7 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 :o is designat$ z 8him :o is & :o 0 & :o is to come017#cjf7 i4 e4 ^: exi/5ce is alike pres5t1 pa/1 & future1 ! ,et]nal ,"o1 & expansion ( ! sacr$ "n ,jehovah1 ! ,i ,,am1 or ! ,i ,,w ,,be1 ( ,hebrew hi/oric fai? 7cf4 ,ex4 #c3ad1 ,am4 ,r4 ,v41 m>g472 7#b7 9 ! "n ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :o is typifi$ by 8! sev5 ,spirits t are be=e 8 ?rone0 z be+ sev5 fold 9 8 op]ation1 i4 e4 complete & p]fect 7cf4 ,isa4 #aa3b727cjg7 & 7#c7 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o is pres5t$ z 8! fai?ful witness1 ! fir/born ( ! dead1 & ! rul] ( ! k+s ( ! e>?01 ^: r$emptive "w is decl>$ 9 a doxology ( praise 7v4 #e;b & #f7 :i* is r5d]$ unto him z ! "o 8t love? u1 & wa%$ u f our s9s 9 8 own blood017#cjh7 & ^: com+ aga9 is notably h]ald$--a pivotal ?\ght ?r\gh\t ! book47#cji7 ,! descriptive phrase 8! fir/born ( ! dead0 is an evid5t recognition ( ,*ri/ z ! fir/ to conqu] dea? by resurrection4 ,! clos+ "p ( ! salutation 7v4 #gh7 is exclamatory & p>5!tical1 & =ms a k9d ( prelude to all t foll[s1 affirm+ ! c]ta9ty ( ! second adv5t z if already pres5t1 & introduc+ at ?is po9t ! div9e witness1 :i* is g5]ally attribut$ to ,*ri/ :o speaks z ,god1 affirm+ himself to be ! s\rce & end ( all ?+s1 ! ,et]nal & ,all,rul]1 ^: ^w /&s z surety = ! fulfilm5t ( ! visions4 ,! fact ( ,god z ,all,rul] 71 8! ,almighty0717#caj7 & ! realization ( t fact 9 hi/ory1 8con/itutes ! deep und]tone :i* p]vades e "p ( ! ,apocalypse1 & rises "h & !re into its l(tie/ /ra9s04 ,t]ms l ?is1 nev] appli$ to any b ,god 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & well und]/ood z belong+ only to ! ,div9e ,be+1 are freely us$ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,revelation1 %[+ h[ fully 8 div9e nature 0 realiz$ 9 t /age ( ! *ur*'s exp]i5ce4 ,! connection ( ! eigh? v]se may prop]ly be consid]$ z ! answ]+ voice ( ,*ri/ to ! cry ( ,john 9 ! sev5?1 8,behold he come?06 #c ,! ,introductory ,vision 7,! ,glorifi$ ,son ( ,man71 ,*4 #a3ibj ,?is vision pres5ts a transc5d5t ,*ri/ophany1 unfold+ ! s\rce ( ! ,revelation1 & introductory to all t foll[s ?r\gh\t ! book2 a view ( ! glorifi$ ,son ( ,man 9 8 exalt$ relation to ! *ur* z ,k+,prie/1 manife/+ 8 dignity & au?ority 9 bold & /rik+ imag]y ?r\gh a sev5fold vision4 7#a7 ,! ,trumpet ,voice1 ,*4 #a3iaa ,a great voice is he>d1 mak+ a special revelation to ,john z he p>took ) ! sa9ts 9 ! tribulation ( ,jesus7#caa7 9 ! isle ( ,patmos1 (f ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or17#cab7 :]e he 0 bani%$ = ! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus1 :5 he 0 9 ! ,_s1 i4 e4 9 ! ec/atic /ate peculi> to ! prophets1 on ! ,"l's day27#cac7 speak+ beh9d him1 i4 e4 :ile ! speak] 0 yet unse51 9 a voice z ( a trumpet1 comm&+ him to write ! ?+s :i* he saw 9 a book 7v4 #aa71 & to s5d x to ! sev5 *ur*es :i* are !n nam$1 ! *ief *ur*es 9 ,asia1 to :om ! message ( ! ,revelation is address$ z ! typical repres5tatives ( all ! *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! human "n ,jesus is "h f\nd twice 9 "o v]se 7v4 #i71 & occurs 9 ! ,revelation n9e 7or t57 times1 :]eas x is seldom us$ by ,paul & nev] by ,pet] 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,?is seems to po9t t[>d ! ,johann9e au?or%ip1 = ! "n t belong$ to ! e>?ly life ( our ,"l 0 n likely to be us$ by "o :o _h n kn[n ,jesus 9 famili> fell[%ip47#cad7 7#b7 ,! ,triumphant ,son ( ,man1 ,*4 #a3abac;a ,! div9e ,savior at ?is po9t appe>s 9 ! vision z 8"o l unto a son ( man01 i4 e4 human ?\gh transfigur$1 /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( sev5 gold5 c&le/icks1 or lamp/&s1 :i* repres5t 9 symbol ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia be>+ light on ! e>?1 & 9 a wid] s5se ! :ole *ur* 9 its complet5ess witness+ = ! tru?1 = sev5 is ! numb] ( univ]sality--a sc5e recall+ ! temple1 & indicat+ ,*ri/'s triumphant & cont9ual pres5ce 9 ! mid/ ( 8 p47#cae7 7#c7 ,! ,graci\s ,app>el1 ,*4 #a3ac;b ,! ,div9e ,"o is clo!d ) a g>m5t d[n to ! foot1 ! m>k ( dignity1 & is gird$ ab\t ) a gold5 girdle at ! brea/s z = reign+ or prie/ly int]cession1 n ab\t ! lo9s z = toil or conflict1 indicat+ ! nature ( ,*ri/'s pres5t & cont9u\s "w on behalf ( 8 *ur*4 7#d7 ,! ,glori\s ,appe>ance1 ,*4 #a3adae1 & #af;c ,! reveal$ ,son ( ,man is maje/ic 9 =m & mi51 & wondr\s 9 appe>ance1 l ! ,anci5t ( ,days 9 ,daniel's vision 7,dan4 #g4i;f71 8 head & hair l wool 9 purity & maje/y1 8 eyes p5etrat+ & enk9dl+ z a flame ( fire1 8 feet awe/rik+ & de/ructive l molt5 brass gl[+ 9 a furnace1 8 voice s\nd+ l ! ro> ( cat>acts1 & 8 c\nt5ance l to ! uncl\d$ sun--symbols all ( ^! ( 8 exalt$ /ate1 & p]haps int5d$ to pres5t a rem9isc5ce ( ! transfiguration4 ,! ,greek ^w 7v4 #ae71 translat$ 8burni%$ brass0 by ! ,revis]s1 is ( unkn[n orig91 & occurs only "h & 9 *4 #b3ah4 ,x is ?\ght to h be5 a te*nical t]m 9 local use among ! metal work]s ( ,ephesus1 & to apply to "s alloy ( copp] or brass47#caf7 ,! lit]al int]pretation ( ! ^w is 8inc5se brass01 :i* sugge/s a metal us$ = mak+ ut5sils 9 :i* to burn inc5se1 evid5tly preci\s1 & hav+ a gl[ 9 ! furnace1 or l a furnace4 7#e7 ,! ,sev5 ,/>s1 ,*4 #a3af;a ,! ,glori\s ,"o has 9 8 "r h& sev5 />s1 :i*1 we are told 7v4 #bj71 are ! angels1 or heav5ly repres5tatives ( ! sev5 *ur*es1 i4 e4 ,*ri/ holds ! *ur*es 9 8 "r h&1 = ! />s & ! angels are decl>$ to be id5tical47#cag7 ,x w be se5 t ! sev5 angels1 :i* /& z ! ideal repres5tatives ( ! *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! fir/ "p ( ! ,revelation1 are "h pres5t$ "u ano!r symbol1 z sev5 />s :i* are upheld 9 ! h& ( ,*ri/ 8l a *a9 ( glitt]+ jewels01 !reby %[+ 8 su/a9+ c>e ( ! *ur*es4 ,! angels ( ! *ur*es t are symboliz$ by ! />s1 are n to be reg>d$ z true angelic be+s any m ?an ! />s are real />s1 b are ! *ur*es !mselves p]sonifi$ by angelic =ms aft] ! mann] ( ! ,apocalyptic4 ,! figure is n prop]ly applicable to ! bi%ops1 pa/ors1 or lead]s ( ! *ur*es1 ?\gh (t5 s int]pret$1 = ^! are lead]s ^u e>?1 :]eas ! angels l ! />s belong 9 heav547#cah7 7#f7 ,! ,two,edg$ ,sword1 ,*4 #a3af;b ,out ( ! m\? ( ! ,conqu]+ ,*ri/ proce$s a %>p twoedg$ sword17#cai7 ! emblem ( ! ,^w ( ,god 9 its p5etrat+ p[] 7cf4 ,eph4 #f3ag;b1 & ,heb4 #d3ab7 :i* is design$ bo? to reprove & puni%1 & :i* s]ves to %[ t ! div9e ,*ri/ speaks ) supreme au?ority4 7#g7 ,! ,assur+ ,message1 ,*4 #a3agbj ,! ,graci\s ,savior reassures ,john1 :o fell at 8 feet z "o :o 0 dead1 bo? by 8 t\* & by 8 words z ( old on ! holy m\nt 7,mat4 #ag3g72 decl>+ t he1 ! ,son ( ,man1 is ! fir/ cause1 & f9al arbit] ( de/9y1 ! ev] liv+ "o ?\gh once dead2 affirm+ t he has ! keys ( dea? & ( ,hades17#cbj7 i4 e4 ?r\gh 8 own resurrection has =ev] ga9$ ! p[] ov] dea?1 hold+ ! key ( its control1 & has also ! key ( ,hades1 ! invisible _s_w1 :i* is commonly associat$ ) dea? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z ! g5]al habitation ( ! dead dur+ ! int]m$iate /ate 7n 8hell01 z 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion72 & reaffirm+ ! comm& to ,john to write !re=e ! ?+s :i* he saw 9 a book1 viz4 8! ?+s :i* are01 i4 e4 :i* n[ exi/1 look$ at f ! div9e po9t ( view z beheld 9 ! vision1 & 8! ?+s :i* %all come to pass h]eaft]01 i4 e4 :i* %all be made manife/ 9 hi/ory1 ^? ?+s t belong to ! my/]y7#cba7 ( ! sev5 />s & ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks1 or to ! my/]i\s & hidd5 future ( ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ 9 ! _w :i* ! sev5 *ur*es repres5t 9 its ideal unity4 ,! *ange ( symbols 9 ?is vision is apt to be confus+ unless we cat* ! di/9ctive mean+ ( ea*4 ,?ree diff]5t symbols are "h us$ to repres5t ! *ur*es1 ea* pres5t+ a diff]5t po9t ( view1 viz3--7#a7 ! angels1 :o repres5t ! *ur*es 9 _! individual & organic life1 engag$ 9 active s]vice = ,god2 7#b7 ! />s1 :i* repres5t ! *ur*es 9 _! relation to ,*ri/1 receiv+ & reflect+ light f him & upheld by 8 h&2 & 7#c7 ! c&le/icks1 :i* repres5t ! *ur*es 9 _! relation to ! _w1 be>+ light to m5 ^u ! e>?4 ,if ^! di/9ctions are kept 9 m9d ! int]pretation w be greatly simplifi$4 ,at ?is po9t x may also be well to note t ! view :i* reg>ds ! visions 9 ! ,revelation z purely lit]>y 9 orig91 fails to satisfy ! circum/antial acc\nt ( ,john4 ,on ! contr>y we f9d x is m 9 accord ) ! _s ( ! record to reg>d !m n z lit]>y inv5tions 9 :i* ! message is clo!d1 b z true visions div9ely giv5 :i* 71 nev]!less1 ess5tially adapt$ to & condition$ by ! previ\s m5tal tra9+ & habits ( ! writ]--! product ( an e?ical & n a magical inspiration4 ,9 fact ! reality ( ! visions is 9 "s s5se com+ n[ to be recogniz$ ^u psy*ological gr\nds z ! natural view47#cbb7 ,& x %\ld also be se5 t ! /udi$ lit]>y sett+ ( ! visions1 indicat+ arrangem5t & design ^u ! "p ( ! se] 9 8 record ( !m1 does n militate aga9/ ! view t ! visions 7 real & ! exp]i5ce record$ an actual "o4 ,b1 8ev5 7 ! supposition correct t ! se] _h only c]ta9 tru?s div9ely impress$ ^u 8 m9d1 :i* 8 poetic fancy l$ him to clo! 9 ! %apes be=e u1 x w\ld 9 no degree modify ei!r ! ext5t ( 8 inspiration or ! value ( 8 tea*+047#cbc7 #d ,! ,sev5 ,epi/les1 ,*4 #b3ac3bb ,! sev5 epi/les are ,*ri/'s messages ( enc\ragem5t & w>n+1 ( praise & blame1 :i* 7 giv5 to ,john 9 vision1 & :i* are address$ to ! sev5 *ur*es ( proconsul> ,asia17#cbd7 ! sc5e ( ,john's lat] m9i/ry1 & ?r\gh !m to ! *ur* at l>ge1 = ea* epi/le conta9s n only a message to ! p>ticul> *ur*1 b 8:at ! ,_s sai? to all ! *ur*es04 ,! =m ( epi/les or lett]s 9 an apocalypse 0 =eign to ! ,jewi% me?od ( writ+1 b 0 d\btless introduc$ by ,john because ! use ( su* lett]s or epi/les _h already become e/abli%$ 9 ! *ur* z a *>act]i/ic expression ( ! ,*ri/ian m9d47#cbe7 ,^! sev5 *ur*es 7 n ! only ones !n exi/+ 9 ,asia17#cbf7 b 7 evid5tly *os5 to repres5t !m all1 & 7 int5d$ ?r\gh _! individual exp]i5ce 8to exemplify ! exp]i5ce ( ! :ole *ur* 9 ! field ( hi/ory02 n1 h[ev]1 9 num]ically successive & hi/oric /ages1 b ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( ! *ur* univ]sal ?r\gh\t all "t1 = sev5 is ! symbol ( univ]sality1 & ! sev5 *ur*es are "h int5d$ to symbolize ! univ]sal *ur*4 ,ea* ( ! sev5 *ur*es nam$ occupi$ a /rategic po9t ( special opportunity = gospel disp]sion1 & !y 7 d\btless address$ = t reason1 ?\gh ! message imp>t$ 0 div9ely int5d$ = ! :ole *ur* 9 all ! ages4 ,! numb] sev5 occurs s (t5 9 ! ,revelation t x necess>ily attracts our att5tion1 & ! book itself has n inaptly be5 /yl$ 8! ,book ( ,sev5s04 ,9 ea* case1 too1 z "h1 ! numb] has a symbolic ref]5ce1 a fact t %\ld n escape our obs]vation1 = x po9ts ! way to a g5]al pr9ciple ( int]pretation1 viz4 t e numb] us$ ?r\gh\t ! book1 )\t exception1 has an acquir$ symbolical mean+17#cbg7 i4 e4 its ord9>y ari?metical value is ignor$1 or becomes subord9ate1 & x repres5ts a diff]5t idea t has 9 "s way become associat$ ) x z a numb]2 & ?is important consid]ation (t5 furni%es a key to ! correct int]pretation4 ,! orig9 ( ?is symbolism is v e>ly1 ant$at+ hi/ory--sev51 = example1 0 a sacr$ numb] ) ! ,accadian pr$ecessors ( ! ,semites 9 ! remote dawn ( ,babylonian civilization47#cbh7 ,?is use probably _h its rise f obs]vations ( ! heav5ly bodies1 su* z ! phases ( ! moon la/+ sev5 days1 ! sev5 planets ( anci5t a/ronomy1 & ! ,pleiades1 toge!r ) ! occurr5ce ( sev5 z a factor 9 ge/ation & 9 o!r well kn[n ph5om5a1 all ( :i* s]v$ to impress ^u ! ,ea/]n m9d t ! numb] 0 someh[ inwr\ght 9 ! ord] ( nature & mu/ !re=e h a special significance4 ,9 a simil> way ! numb] t5 probably _h its orig9 z a symbol 9 ! fact t x repres5t$ ! complete numb] ( digits on a man's h&s1 & =m$ ! norm ( ma!matical reckon+4 ,o!r numb]s1 also1 f "s real or fanci$ relation to ?+s1 became ready symbols = ! ,ori5tal m9d4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse numb]s are (t5 introduc$ fir/ 9 _! ord9>y significance1 z ! sev5 *ur*es1 & !n pass easily & naturally to _! symbolic mean+ :i* is usually app>5t4 ,b x %\ld be se5 t a numb] does n !reby cease to h a quantitative value :5 x becomes symbolical1 e4 g4 ! sev5 *ur*es repres5t a numb] /ill1 ?\gh x is ! numb] ( all ! *ur*es1 ! :ole *ur*1 & n sev5 units z be=e4 ,x is ! def9ite num]ical value only t is lo/ 9 ! symbolism1 & n ! entire idea ( numb] or quantity2 & ! failure to recognize ?is fact may lead u a/ray 9 ! int]pretation1 z = in/ance1 9 t ( ! ?\s& ye>s 9 *apt] tw5ty1 :]e a great & complete numb] ( ye>s seems to be meant1 & n ! complet5ess ( ,satan's b9d+ ap>t f any p]iod ( "t1 z held by "s comm5tators47#cbi7 ,ea* epi/le is address$ to ! angel ( ! individual *ur* :i* is nam$1 i4 e4 to its heav5ly repres5tative1 ! *ur* p]sonifi$ 9 ! =m ( an angel accord+ to ! prevail+ symbolism ( ! book1 a poetic =m ( address+ ! *ur* itself2 & ! message is giv5 by au?ority ( ,*ri/ himself17#ccj7 :o is describ$ 9 veil$ t]ms t are drawn ma9ly f ! imag]y ( ! prec$+ vision1 :]e ! exalt$ ,r$eem] is s vividly set =?2 & ! t]ms are aptly *os5 to suit ! p>ticul> ne$s ( ! *ur* to :i* x is s5t4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 also1 t ^! epi/les to ! *ur*es conta9 num]\s hi/orical allusions to ev5ts connect$ ) ! cities 9 :i* ! *ur*es 7 locat$1 z = example ,s>dis1 ^: =tress _h be5 twice captur$ :ile its p slept1 is exhort$ to be wat*ful47#cca7 ,! epi/les are address$ fir/ to ! individual & hi/oric *ur*es nam$1 & !n ?r\gh !m are address$ to ! :ole *ur* ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ( :i* ! numb] sev5 is repres5tative4 ,ea* ( ! epi/les conta9s sev5 compon5t p>ts1 viz3--7#a7 ! address to ! individual *ur*1 i4 e4 to ! angel ( ! *ur* :o repres5ts ! *ur* itself2 7#b7 ! comm& ( ,*ri/ to ! se] to write2 7#c7 ! title ( ,*ri/1 usually tak5 f ! vision ( ! glorifi$ ,r$eem] 9 ! op5+ *apt]2 7#d7 ! praise or blame = good or ill1 giv5 to ! *ur* = ! conduct ( ! pa/2 7#e7 ! div9e *>ge or w>n+ aga9/ special =ms ( s92 7#f7 ! promise ( bless+ to ! victors2 & 7#g7 ! call to ea* individual ,*ri/ian to he> & he$4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! *ur*es are address$ is t ( a geographical circuit beg9n+ at ,ephesus1 ! fir/ city ( ,asia1 & go+ nor?w>d1 :i* seems also to h be5 ! ord] ( _! importance f ! *ief city d[nw>d4 ,! lit]>y =m ( ?is section may be reg>d$ z a reflection or e*o ( ! mann] ( ! op5+ "p ( ! rhapsody ( ,amos :]e recurr5t =mul ( doom on sev5 nations are giv5 7,amos *4 #ab747ccb7 7#a7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,ephesus1 ,*4 #b3ag ,! epi/le to ! *ur* 9 ,ephesus is ,*ri/'s message to a decl9+ *ur*1 a *ur* :i* _h left its fir/ love3--8,rememb] 444 & rep5t04 ,9 ?is epi/le ,*ri/ is 8he t walke? 9 ! mid/ ( ! sev5 gold5 c&le/icks01 & 8he t holde? ! sev5 />s 9 8 "r h&01 i4 e4 he :o is cont9ually pres5t among ! *ur*es1 & :o upholds !m by 8 p[]4 ,! c&le/icks are objective repres5tations ( ! sev5 *ur*es be>+ light ^u ! e>?1 z 9 ! prophecy ( ,ze*>iah 7*4 #d3aaj7 a sev5bran*$ c&le/ick /&s = ! ,jewi% nation z ! repres5tative ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 :ile ! sev5 />s1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! c&le/icks1 repres5t ! *ur*es held 9 ! h& ( ,*ri/ %9+ 9 heav54 ,9 ?is symbolism x w be se5 t ! />s repres5t ! *ur*es 9 _! relation to ,*ri/1 :ile ! c&le/icks are int5d$ to exhibit _! relation to ! _w4 ,to move ! 8c&le/ick out ( its place0 is a ?reat5+ ( ext9ction to ! p>ticul> *ur* unless x rep5t4 ,^? 8:o call !mselves apo/les & !y are n01 7 probably well kn[n pret5d]s ( ! clos+ "p ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! ,nicolaitans "h condemn$1 7 an e>ly obscure sect conc]n+ :i* little is kn[n1 b :o are reput$ to h be5 lib]t9es & seem to h d5i$ ! obligation ( ! moral law4 ,! epi/le is decl>$ to conta91 z we f9d ! o!r epi/les are also1 8:at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es01 a cle> indication ( a wid] message ?an to ! individual community ( ! sep>ate *ur*47#ccc7 8,to eat ( ! tree ( life0 z ! rew>d ( ov]com+1 is a ref]5ce to ! /ory ( ,ed5 7,g54 #c3bb71 & !n by anticipation to ! joys ( ! ,new ,j]usalem :i* are ! inh]itance ( ! r$eem$ s\l 7cf4 *4 #bb3b2 & ,bk4 ( ,eno*1 #be3de74 ,p>adise1 a ^w r>ely us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & probably ( ,p]sian orig91 is "h employ$ to describe ! future abid+ place ( ! r$eem$47#ccd7 ,! *ur* ( ,ephesus1 to :i* ?is epi/le is address$1 is ! *ief ( ! sev5 *ur*es to :om ,john 0 in/ruct$ to write1 ?\gh x has long s9ce ceas$ to exi/4 ,! city ( ,ephesus1 :i* 0 "s sixty miles nor!a/ ( ,patmos & 0 !n a l>ge & weal?y metropolis1 has exp]i5c$ m vicissitudes 9 its hi/ory ?an any o!r city ( ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,asia4 ,at t "t x rank$ fir/ among all ! cities ( ! prov9ce1 & %ortly aft] x became ! capital2 b x subsequ5tly fell into decay1 & x is n[ only a squalid heap ( ru9s4 7#b7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,smyrna1 ,*4 #b3haa ,! epi/le to ! *ur* 9 ,smyrna is ,*ri/'s message to a suff]+ *ur*1 a *ur* :i* _h endur$ tribulation1 pov]ty1 & ! blasphemy ( ! ,jews3--8,fe> n4444 ,be ?\ fai?ful04 ,*ri/ is "h describ$ z 8! fir/ & ! la/1 :o 0 dead & liv$ aga901 a ?\ght ( special consolation = ^? :o 7 ab\t to be ca/ into prison 9 ! com+ p]secution1 & _m ( :om w\ld suff] dea?--l ,*ri/ !y w\ld live aga94 ,!re is1 also1 a possible allusion 9 ?is to ! popul> my? conc]n+ ! dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysius1 ! favorite deity ( ,smyrna17#cce7 ) :i* ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 ! notable facts ( ! gospel1 are plac$ 9 m>k$ contra/4 ,! recogniz$ pov]ty ( ! *ur* 9 su* a ri* city is rem>kable1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t x may h be5 p>tly at lea/ ! result ( pillage by a mob27#ccf7 ?\gh m likely ! feel+ aga9/ ! gospel 9 ! mid/ ( weal? l t ( ,smyrna 0 s /rong z to make its message unacceptable to any b ! v poor4 ,x w be se5 t ! *ur* receives no blame 9 ?is epi/le1 b only c\nsel & enc\ragem5t4 ,! t5 days ( tribulation repres5t a p]iod t is %ort b complete 9 itself1 i4 e4 x has a fix$ limit1 = t5 is ! numb] ( complet5ess4 ,! cr[n ( life promis$ to ! victors is n ! royal diadem b ! victor's cr[n1 :i* is ! symbol ( life et]nal1 & is ! anti!sis ( ! second dea?1 i4 e4 ( ! s\l 9 hell 7cf4 *4 #bj3ad2 & #ba3h74 ,john may h "h _h 9 m9d ! cr[n (t5 laid ^u ! head ( ! dead body ( an e>?ly victor 9 8 fun]al procession--a cr[n ( dea? ) :i* ! cr[n ( life is plac$ 9 apposition4 ,! second dea? by :i* 8he t ov]come? %all n be hurt01 is ! dea? ( ! s\l--n ceas+ to be1 b dy+ to ! be/ 9 life--! f9al condemnation :i* s9n]s und]go at ! judgm5t4 ,smyrna is locat$ "s =ty miles nor?1 & some:at we/1 ( ,ephesus1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ weal?y1 important1 & beautiful cities ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,x has an unbrok5 record f ! dawn ( hi/ory to ! pres5t day1 & n[ has a population ( "s two hundr$ & fifty ?\s&1 & is bo? ri* & prosp]\s4 7#c7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,p]gamus7#ccg71 ,*4 #b3abag ,! epi/le to ! *ur* 9 ,p]gamus is ,*ri/'s message to an impure *ur*1 a *ur* :i* _h "s t held ! tea*+ ( ,balaam1 & o!rs ! tea*+ ( ! ,nicolaitans3--8,rep5t 444 or else ,i come ) ! sword04 ,to ?is *ur* ,*ri/ is 8he t ha? ! %>p twoedg$ sword01 i4 e4 :o wields ! in/rum5t ( rebuke & puni%m5t4 ,! location ( ,satan's ?rone 9 ,p]gamus d5otes t ! city 0 "u 8 dom9ion1 & may ref] to ! newly introduc$ wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or 9 :i* t city 0 recogniz$ z an important c5t]27#cch7 :ile ! dea? ( ,antipas1 an o!rwise unkn[n m>tyr1 call$ 8my witness1 my fai?ful "o01 & also ! pres5ce ( ^? hold+ ! tea*+ ( ,balaam17#cci7 ! symbolic "n = a doctr9e ak9 to ! ,nicolaitans1 s]ve to %[ t x 0 truly a place 8:]e ,satan dwelle?04 ,! aptness ( ! "n lies 9 ! simil>ity ( ,balaam's me?od ( s$uc+ ! ,israelites by lic5ti\sness1 & t ( ! false tea*]s :o 7 introduc+ ,ant9omianism 7cf4 ,num4 #be3ab2 & #ca3af74 ,! hidd5 manna repres5ts ! true bread ( life1 & is d\btless an allusion to ! pot ( manna laid up be=e ! ,"l 9 ! hidd5 recesses ( ! holy place 9 ! tab]nacle 7,ex4 #af3cc;f474 ,!re may also be a ref]5ce to ! ,jewi% tradition t ,j]emiah _h hidd5 ! ark ) its cont5ts 9 a cave ( ,s9ai until ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah 7,,ii ,macc4 #b4a71 :5 x 0 be re/or$4 ,! :ite /one is probably ! jade1 :i* has be5 held 9 high e/eem 9 ! ,ea/ f ! e>lie/ times17#cdj7 al?\gh "s ?9k x ref]s to ! diamond4 ,:ite /&s z ! emblem ( purity1 b ! exact symbolism ( ! /one 9 ?is connection is obscure1 ?\gh cle> en\gh to ! fir/ read]s ( ! epi/le4 ,! figure may possibly h be5 drawn f ! ,jewi% sacr$ use ( preci\s /ones1 especially ( ! my/]i\s ,urim & ,?ummim kept 9 ! p\* ( ! brea/plate ( ! high prie/1 :i* accord+ to ,jewi% tradition 7 inscrib$ ) a "n kn[n only to ! prie/ himself47#cda7 ,! gift w\ld !n imply ! conf]r+ ( highprie/ly privileges on ^? :o ov]come4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 f9d 9 x a ref]5ce to ! :ite pebble ( acquittal us$ 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 or 9 ca/+ ! lot2 o!rs a ref]5ce to ! tess]a1 or ticket1 :i* admitt$ ! victor 9 ! ,olympic games to ! public tables1 & entitl$ him to ! aw>ds ( 8 city2 /ill o!rs a ref]5ce to ! common use ( amulets & *>ms ) a secret "n or pass^w on !m1 9 t case ! :ite /one conf]r+ ! real p[] :i* ! *>m 0 assum$ to h47#cdb7 ,b m probably ! ref]5ce is to a /one engrav$ z a seal1 ) ! "n ( ,*ri/ ^u x1 ! gift ( :i* l ! signet ( a k+ 7,g54 #da3db & ,e/4 #h3b;f47 is reg>d$ z be/[+ some?+ ( ! royal au?ority ( ,*ri/ ^u ! recipi5t4 ,preci\s /ones ( diff]5t %apes 7 commonly us$ = seals1 & 7 (t5 unm\nt$ & hung by a cord ab\t ! neck2 & ! "n ( ! own] & ( ! deity :om he specially wor%ipp$ 7 engrav$ ^u !m47#cdc7 ,e man ( rank & weal? 9 ! ,ea/ f "t immemorial _h 8 own seal2 & among ! ,babylonians s con/ant & imp]ative 7 its uses t x 0 g5]ally plac$ ) 8 body 9 8 c(f947#cdd7 ,9 all ^! int]pretations ! gift c>ries ) x special privilege or advantage1 ?\gh ! *ief virtue ( ! /one app>5tly lies 9 ! "n writt5 ^u x4 ,! 8new "n0 is n probably a new designation = ! believ]1 b ! new "n ( ,*ri/ 7*4 #c3ab7 :i* is expressive ( ! new & m p]fect revelation ( him 9 heav5 t only ! r$eem$ c "k 7*4 #ad3a74 ,_m1 h[ev]1 reg>d ! new "n z ! heav5ly "n ( ! individual ,*ri/ian17#cde7 & ?is w\ld be q z appropriate = a seal z ! "n ( ,*ri/4 ,p]gamus 0 ab\t a hundr$ miles nor? ( ,ephesus1 & less ?an fifte5 f ! sea4 ,x 0 at t "t ! (ficial capital ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,asia1 & ! seat ( (ficial au?ority4 ,x rank$ ) ,ephesus & ,smyrna z "o ( ! great cities ( proconsul> ,asia1 & ?\gh x is n[ *iefly 8a city ( magnific5t ru9s01 x /ill cont9ues to exi/ "u ! "n ( ,b]gama at ! pres5t day4 7#d7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,?yatira1 ,*4 #b3ahbi ,! epi/le to ! *ur* 9 ,?yatira is ,*ri/'s message to a /ruggl+ *ur*1 a *ur* :i* _h %[n love & fai?1 m9i/ry & pati5ce3--8,hold fa/ till ,i come04 ,*ri/ is call$ 8! ,son ( ,god1 :o ha? 8 eyes l a flame ( fire1 & 8 feet are l unto burni%$ or molt5 brass01 i4 e4 he :o is div9e1 & ^: allse>*+ sight & de/roy+ foot/ep w surely recomp5se ! evil 7cf4 ,dan4 #aj3f74 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! title 8,son ( ,god0 :i* is "h us$ is n f\nd else:]e 9 ! book1 ?\gh ! div9e p]sonality ( ,*ri/ is s evid5t ?r\gh\t4 ,jezebel1 ! self/yl$ prophetess t ! *ur* _h tol]at$1 b :o ) h] *ildr5 is ab\t to be puni%$ ) dea?1 is probably ! symbolic "n ( a class or lead] 9 ! *ur*1 s$uc+ x to s947#cdf7 ,! angel ( ! *ur* is reg>d$ z ! weak ,ahab :o all[s himself to be ! tool ( ?is new ,jezebel47#cdg7 8,! deep ?+s ( ,satan0 designate ! my/]ies ( ! false doctr9e "h condemn$47#cdh7 8,! morn+ />0 to be giv5 to ^? :o ov]come17#cdi7 is su* a revelation ( ,*ri/ himself 7*4 #bb3af;b7 made to ! r$eem$ :5 ! night ( e>? is ov] z w u%] 9 ! morn+ ( et]nal day--! beg9n+ ( ! future & ev] progressive revelation ( ,god4 ,! titles appli$ to ,*ri/ 9 ?is epi/le1 8,son ( ,god01 & 8morn+ />01 h sugge/$ a possible contra/ 9 ?\ght ) ,apollo1 ! sungod wor%ipp$ at ,?yatira1 ?\gh su* an allusion is q unc]ta94 ,! epi/le to ?is *ur* is ! c5tral "o ( ! sev51 & is ! longe/ z well z 9 "s respects ! mo/ solemn ( all ! epi/les4 ,?yatira lay ab\t =ty miles s\!a/ f ,p]gamus1 & 0 an important & weal?y city 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,lydia1 ?\gh x nev] became a lead+ city ( ,asia4 ,! mod]n "n ( ! t[n is ,ak,hiss>1 8! :ite ca/le04 7#e7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,s>dis1 ,*4 #c3af ,! epi/le to ! *ur* 9 ,s>dis is ,*ri/'s message to a dy+ *ur*1 a *ur* :i* _h a "n z liv+ & yet 9 a s5se 0 dead3--8,e/abli% ! ?+s t rema904 ,*ri/ is designat$ z 8he t ha? ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god1 & ! sev5 />s01 i4 e4 he t ha? ! ,holy ,_s1 :om ! sev5 ,spirits repres5t 9 8 sev5fold or multiple activity1 &--z seems to be impli$ by connect+ ! sev5 ,spirits ) ! sev5 />s or angels ( ! *ur*es--imp>ts ! ,_s to ! *ur*es1 ^u :i* _! life s fully dep5ds4 ,?is *ur* receives only rebuke1 b ! rebuke giv5 is = lack ( spiritual life r ?an = any special =m ( s94 ,x is decl>$ to h no works fulfill$ be=e ,god--8be=e my ,god01 a ,johannean phrase--& is exhort$ to 8rememb] 444 & rep5t01 = ,*ri/ 8w come z a ?ief027#cej7 b ! 8few names or p]sons 9 ,s>dis t did n defile _! g>m5ts0 are promis$ t !y %all walk ) ,*ri/ 89 :ite04 ,! :ite g>m5ts "h promis$ to ! victors are emblems ( ! p]fect purity & heav5ly /ate ( ! glorifi$ 7cf4 ,bk4 ( ,eno*1 #ij3ca727cea7 :ile to blot "o's "n out ( ! book ( life17#ceb7 a fate f :i* ^? :o ov]come are decl>$ to be exempt1 is to cease to h any "p 9 ! life et]nal--a figure drawn f ! cu/om ( /rik+ out ! names ( ! dead f ! li/ ( citiz5s4 ,n only %all ! "n ( him t ov]come? be f\nd 9 ! regi/] ( ! liv+1 b x %all also be ackn[l$g$ be=e ,god & ! angels4 ,! comm& to 8,wat*0 0 a fitt+ exhortation = a city t 0 a wellnigh impregnable =tress1 & yet _h twice be5 seiz$ by its enemies because ( neglect )9 its walls47#cec7 ,! exhortation to 8he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es01 9 ! la/ f\r ( ! epi/les1 x w be se51 foll[s in/ead ( prec$es ! promise to ! victors4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 imply t a di/9ction is !reby int5d$ betwe5 ! *ur*es1 divid+ !m into two gr\ps1 ! fir/ consi/+ ( ?ree & ! second ( f\r1 ! =m] fai?ful & ! latt] fai?less1 a view held by "s47#ced7 ,! diff]5ce is conc$$ to be *iefly "o ( 8tone 444 :i* x is easi] to feel ?an to describe017#cee7 & x mu/ be said t = mo/ m9ds x does n exi/4 ,! *ur* 9 ,philadelphia1 among ! la/ f\r1 is a /eadfa/ *ur*1 :ile ! *ur* at ,p]gamus1 among ! fir/ ?ree1 is an impure *ur* 9 ! view ( _m c>eful int]pret]s2 & ,ephesus has evid5tly gone back1 :ile ,?yatira has gone =w>d4 ,! city ( ,s>dis1 to :i* ?is lett] 0 address$1 lay ab\t ?irty miles s\?ea/ ( ,?yatira1 & 0 anci5tly "o ( ! mo/ fam\s cities ( ,asia2 b ev5 9 ,john's "t x 0 8a t[n ( ! pa/ 444 decay$ f its =m] e/ate 444 & x is n[ only a ru91 ) a t9y village call$ ,s>t1 :ile ! t[n is ,saliki1 ab\t five miles ea/047#cef7 7#f7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,philadelphia1 ,*4 #c3gac ,! epi/le to ! *ur* 9 ,philadelphia is ,*ri/'s message to a /eadfa/ *ur*1 a *ur* :i* _h kept 8 ^w & _h n d5i$ 8 "n3--8,hold fa/ 444 t no "o take ?y cr[n04 ,*ri/ is set =? z 8he t is holy1 he t is true01 i4 e4 he :o possesses ^! attributes :i* are recogniz$ z div9e2 & 8he t ha? ! key ( ,david01 i4 e4 he :o has full control 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 ( :i* ! k+dom ( ,david 0 ! endur+ type 7cf4 ,isa4 #bb3bb71 he :o grants or )holds accord+ to 8 w4 ,^! titles ( ,*ri/1 x w be se51 are n tak5 f ! introductory vision1 l mo/ ( ^? 9 ! sev5 epi/les1 b f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 probably1 z has be5 sugge/$1 because ( ! numb] ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,philadelphian *ur*4 ,! 8door op5$0 is "o ( opportunity = s]vice af=d$ by ! position ( ,philadelphia on ! bord]s ( ,mysia1 ,lydia1 & ,phrygia47#ceg7 ,^? 8t say !y are ,jews & !y are n01 are m5 untrue to _! ,judaism 9 reject+ ! promis$ ,messiah2 = to ,john's m9d x 0 evid5t t only su* ,jews z believe 9 ,jesus c\ld belong to ! real p ( ,god4 8,! h\r ( trial0 7,gr4 --( ! trial71 8t h\r :i* is to come ^u ! :ole _w01 seems to be "h equival5t to 8! great tribulation0 spok5 ( by our ,"l 7,matt4 #bd3ba71 & s]ves to introduce t elem5t ( %ad[ :i* ev] hung 9 ! backgr\nd ( ,apocalyptic p]spective4 ,b ! crisis at h& is n necess>ily ! end2 ! g5]al t5or ( ! ,revelation w\ld r %[ t x is only "o ( _m crises t con/antly progress t[>d ! end47#ceh7 ,! rew>d ( ov]com+ is to be made 8a pill> 9 ! temple ( ,god01 i4 e4 9 ! or inn] sanctu>y ( ! heav5ly temple :]e ,god dwells1 n s mu* = support z = glory & = beauty1 l ! pill>s ( brass 9 ,solomon's temple 7,i ,k4 #g3ae;f471 ?\gh p]haps ) ! additional idea ( p]man5ce & /r5g? 7cf4 ,,ii ,esdra4 #b4ae74 ,! pill> 0 n only a prom95t "p ( anci5t temples1 b 0 (t5 sculptur$ 9 human %ape7#cei7--;a beautiful conception ( man's relation to religion4 ,also ! "n ( ,god1 ( ! city ( ,god1 & ( ! ,son ( ,god1 ,*ri/'s own new "n kn[n only to himself1 are to be writt5 ^u ! victors 9 tok5 ( absolute div9e own]%ip--?ree1 ! sign ( ! spiritual1 be+ p]haps also 9 m9d 9 ! use ( ?ree names4 ,philadelphia1 :i* lay ab\t tw5tyeight miles s\!a/ f ,s>dis1 receives unmix$ praise1 & ! city rema9s almo/ un*ang$ unto ?is day1 ?\gh x has be5 trans=m$ into ! ,mohamm$an t[n ( ,ala ,%ek]1 8! r$di% city01 a "n d]iv$ f ! speckl$1 r$ br[n hills ar\nd4 ,x is r5[n$ z hav+ _h ! mo/ glori\s hi/ory ( all ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! long /ruggle aga9/ ! ,turks27#cfj7 & x is a rem>kable fact t ! *ur*es ( ,philadelphia & ,smyrna1 ! two :i* receive no c5sure 9 ^! epi/les1 bo? cont9ue to exi/ unto ! pres5t "t4 7#g7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* 9 ,laodicea1 ,*4 #c3adbb ,! epi/le to ! *ur* 9 ,laodicea is ,*ri/'s message to a self deceiv$ *ur*1 a *ur* :i* _h gr[n lukew>m & 0 nei!r cold nor hot3--8,be zeal\s 444 & rep5t04 ,9 ?is f9al lett] ,*ri/ is call$ 8! ,am5 cf4 ,isa4 #fe3af1 ,r4 ,v4 m>g41 ! fai?ful & true witness017#cfa7 z a sure gu>anty ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! promises2 & he is also decl>$ to be 8! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god01 i4 e4 n1 inde$1 ! fir/ :om ,god creat$1 = ,*ri/ is n a creature1 b r he is ! primal s\rce & causative ag5t 9 div9e creation17#cfb7 ! ,"o :o began ! creation ( ,god1 :e!r ! mat]ial creation t waxe? old or ! new creation t endure? =ev]4 ,! *ur* is op5ly rebuk$ = a tepid ,*ri/ianity t is nause\s to ,*ri/1 a religion t is 8nei!r cold nor hot04 ,laodicea 0 a city ( trade & ent]prise1 b ,john reg>d$ ! *ur* z 8devoid ( initiative0 9 ,*ri/ian "w4 ,! phrase 8?\ saye/ ,i am ri* 444 & h ne$ ( no?+01 p]haps reflects ! boa/ ( ! city :i*1 pr\d ( its weal?1 _h lately refus$ help f ! lib]ality ( ! ,emp]or aft] be+ de/roy$ by an e>?quake 7,a4 ,d4 #fj72 & ! exhortation 8,i c\nsel !e to buy ( me gold01 is p]haps a ref]5ce to ! heav5ly ri*es z f> surpass+ ! e>?ly :i* ! p ( ! city possess$4 ,! 8:ite g>m5ts01 ! type ( a pure life1 may be "h int5d$ to be put 9 contra/ ) ^? produc$ f ! glossy black wool ( ! %eep = :i* ! place 0 not$2 & ! 8eyesalve0 to be contra/$ ) ! not$ eyep[d] ( ! neighbor+ temple ( ,asklepios1 z ! re/or] ( spiritual vision47#cfc7 ,laodicea dur+ ! ,roman p]iod atta9$ great prosp]ity1 & 0 ! meet+ place ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 9 ,a4 ,d4 #cfa1 b has long s9ce be5 ru9$ & des]t$4 ,x lay "s sixty miles s\!a/ ( ,philadelphia1 & ea/ ( ,ephesus1 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus1 & 0 ! lead+ bi%opric ( ,phrygia ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian p]iod47#cfd7 ,9 ?is clos+ epi/le ( ! sev5 ! climax ( promise is rea*$ 9 ! assurance t 8he t ov]come?0 %all sit ) ,*ri/ 9 8 ,messiah ?rone 7v4 #ba71 i4 e4 %all %>e ) him 9 ! glory & rule ( ! *ur* triumphant4 ,?is promise seems to take a =w>d glance to ! vision ( ! next two *apt]s1 especially to ! view ( ! ,lamb 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone4 ,a prep>ation is ?us made = ! sudd5 transition f ! introduction & epi/les to ! *ief visions ( ! book1 aft] ! clos+ words ( ?is epi/le h be5 writt54 8,he t ha? an e>1 let him he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es10 is a f9al voice ( admonition & w>n+ to ! *ur* 9 ,laodicea1 to ea* ( ! sev5 *ur*es 9 ,asia1 & !n ?r\gh !m to ! :ole *ur* ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 all "t1 exhort+ !m to he> & obey ! message giv5 9 ea* & all ( ! sev5 epi/les4 ,,ii ,,! ,,ma9 ,,apocalypse1 ,*4 #d3abb3e ,! ,revelation ,prop]1 :i* occupies ! *ief portion ( ! book1 is a symbolic view ( ! great spiritual conflict ( ! ages1 review+ ! :ole c\rse & outcome ( ! f>rea*+ /ruggle betwe5 ! *ur* & ! _w1 ) ! multiple & div]se =ces t are engag$ 9 x1 & sett+ =? ! absolute decisiv5ess ( ! f9al issue4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( sev5 visions :i* und]take to solve ! app>5t anomalies ( ,god's pres5t rule among m5 by af=d+ recurr5t glimpses ( ! work+ out ( a great1 compreh5sive1 und]ly+ plan1--a provid5tial & moral ord] 9 ! _w t is div9e & sov]eign1 int]p5etrat$ ) a concurr5t r$emptive purpose t is graci\s & elective1--:i* leads on ?r\gh progressive /ages ( trial & w>f>e1 ( ?reat5+ & judgm5t1 to ! complete & f9al ov]?r[ & puni%m5t ( all ! wick$ & to ! full & glori\s v9dication & triumph ( all ! holy4 ,! sev5 visions1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 w be se5 to be progressive 9 _! revelation2 = :ile !y d n foll[ any l9e ( temporal succession1 !y yet %[ a progress ( ?\ght & movem5t ?r\gh\t4 ,beg9n+ ) ! vision ( ,god on ! ?rone1 a vision ( sov]eignty1 !y advance 9 manife/ ord] ?r\gh ! vision ( ! sev5 seals1 a vision ( trial1 & ! vision ( ! sev5 trumpets1 a vision ( ?reat5+1 to ! vision ( conflict1 a vision ( w>f>e1 :i* is c5tral to all & furni%es a key to ! g5]al int]pretation ( ! book4 ,!n by a scale ( desc5d+ climax !y pass on to ! vision ( ! sev5 vials1 a vision ( judgm5t1 foll[$ by ! vision ( victory1 a vision ( v9dication1 & ?is aga9 by ! vision ( ! ,new ,j]usalem1 a vision ( triumph1 :i* reveals ! f9al goal ( ,*ri/ian hope 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god47#cfe7 ,! purpose ( ! ,apocalypse is ?us disclos$ to be int]pretative ( ,god's plan ( ! ages1 an unfold+ ( ! drama ( de/9y1 9 :i*1 not)/&+ all app>5t contradictions & pres5t rev]ses1 he is yet ev] lead+ on to full & f9al victory 9 ! end--?r\gh all ! conflict he is w9n+1 ev5 aga9/ appe>ances1 & w triumph at la/1--a view full ( enc\ragem5t = tri$ & di%e>t5$ ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ & ea* succe$+ c5tury4 ,:y ,god p]mitt$ ?is /ruggle to be begun & !n let x cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! c5turies1 :y he ev] all[$ s9 to f9d a place among 8 moral creatures1 is a topic n[h]e ent]$ ^u or discuss$ ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,x is evid5tly recogniz$ z belong+ to ! unreveal$ my/]ies ( ,god :i* lie outside ! sph]e ( ! pres5t ,revelation4 ,b t he ov]rules all ! app>5tly inapt & s9ful conditions ( ?is _w = ! ultimate good ( 8 k+dom1 & t he w victori\sly triumph at la/1 is ! assur+ witness ( ! :ole s]ies ( visions4 ,! ,apocalyptic =m1 we f9d1 becomes m m>k$ & def9ite 9 ?is ma9 portion ( ! book1 & ! difficulties ( int]pretation are correspond+ly increas$2 = !y are no long] *iefly ^? ( grammatical exegesis & hi/orical allusion1 b r ! elucidation ( a body ( my/]i\s symbols4 ,! purpose & limits ( ! pres5t volume =bid ! discussion ( _m ( ! exegetical difficulties1 & s]ve to conf9e att5tion ma9ly to ! mean+ ( ! symbolism z ! *ief subject conc]n+ :i* !re is wide diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,que/ions ( grammatical1 or grammatico hi/orical1 exegesis w be f\nd m fully consid]$ 9 ! v>i\s comm5t>ies to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ 9 ! footnotes4 ,! visions & episodes into :i* ! ma9 "p ( ! book is prop]ly divisible1 are giv5 sep>ately 9 ! foll[+ analysis1 i4 e4 ! sev5 seals1 trumpets1 & vials are ea* consid]$ 9 ord] consecutively1 & ! episodes :i* int]v5e are tak5 up aft] ea* sev5fold vision is complete1 9 ord] t !y may be bett] und]/ood4 ,?is pres]ves ! connection ( ! sev5 9 ! s]ies1 & emphasizes by itself ! lesson ( ! episodes :i* are int]ject$ into ! natural ord]4 ,i ,! ,vision ( ,god on ! ,?rone 7,a ,vision ( ,sov]eignty74 ,*4 #d3ae3ad ,! op5+ vision ( ! sev5 *ief visions 9 ! ,revelation is a ,!ophany1 reveal+ ! maje/y ( ! div9e glory & ! might ( ! sov]eign rule ( ,god z ! abid+ s\rce ( ! *ur*'s confid5ce 9 ! mid/ ( trial & di/ress1 & z ! unfail+ gr\nd ( fai? 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! revelation t foll[s4 ,?is vision ( ! fif? & six? *apt]s is prep>atory to ^? t deal ) ! pres5t & future prospects ( ! *ur* ^u e>?1 & ) ?is 9 view x sets =? ! causal & high] relations ^u :i* ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* dep5ds1 viz4 ,god's sov]eignty 9 creation & 9 r$emption2 = x is only 9 relation to ^! two great abid+ facts ( ! div9e activity t ! pass+ ev5ts ( "t h _! true mean+4 ,we look fir/ ^u ! /ability ( ! et]nal ?rone1 & ^u ! p]son ( ! div9e aton+ ,lamb1 & !n we are bett] prep>$ to und]/& ! drama ( hi/ory1 & to view ) equanimity ! dread sc5es ( crisis & conflict :i* belong to ! lot ( ! *ur* ^u e>?4 ,! sc5e describ$ 9 ! f\r? & fif? *apt]s1 ( ! et]nal ?rone ) ^? :o are att5dant ^u x1 & ( ! ,lamb 9 ! mid/ ( x1 con/itutes a proem to ! succe$+ visions1 & may be ?\ght ( z cont9u+ ?r\gh\t & =m+ ! backgr\nd = all t foll[s1 9 ! light ( :i* x mu/ be view$ & its mean+ int]pret$4 ,9 ! fif? *apt] ! action prop] to ! ,revelation beg9s ) ! tak+ ( ! seal$ book1 ?\gh "s reg>d ! action z beg9n+ ) ! six? *apt] 9 ! op5+ ( ! seals4 ,! pres5t vision is introduc$ ) ! phrase 8aft] ^! ?+s0 7v4 #a71 :i* does n indicate an int]val ( "t b r a succession ( ev5ts1 & always m>ks a break 9 ! connection & a new phase ( ! revelation4 #a ,! ,?rone & ! ,k+1 ,*4 #d3ac1 #e;a1 & #f;a ,a door is op5$ 9 heav5 t ! se] may look 91 & ! trumpet voice ( *4 #a3aj is he>d aga91 say+1 8,come up hi!r1 & ,i w %[ !e ! ?+s :i* mu/ come to pass h]eaft]01 ! fur!r ann\ncem5t ( a prophetic vision1 ! sign n only t et]nal v]ities are to be reveal$1 b t e>?ly ?+s are to be se5 f ! heav5ly po9t ( view4 ,& we are told t /raightway ,john 80 9 ! ,_s01 i4 e4 he became consci\s ( an additional impulse ( div9e rapture1 = he 0 already 9 ! ,_s 7*4 #a3aj72 & !n ! ?rone ( ,god1 ! seat ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 is se5 9 ! et]nal spl5dor ( repose1 ! reflection ( ! div9e sov]eignty1 surr\nd$ by a ra9b[ ( em]ald gre5 ar*+ above x1 ! emblem ( ,god's cov5ant m]cy 7,g54 #i3ac71 & s5d+ =? lightn+s1 ?und]s1 & voices1 ! tok5s ( div9e p[]1 maje/y1 & judgm5t4 ,! div9e ,p]son is pres5t$ z en?ron$1 b is n nam$1 & is describ$ only by comp>ison1 a t\* ( rev]5t res]ve z consonant ) religion z x is true to art4 ,8 appe>ance is glori\s l jasp] & s>dius1 ! la/ & fir/ ( ! preci\s /ones on ! brea/plate ( ! highprie/1 & "p ( ! f\ndation /ones ( ! heav5ly city47#cff7 ,! pure jasp] & ! r$ s>dius are ! app>5t symbols ( purity & ju/ice 7cf4 ,ezek4 #a3bf1 & #aj3a2 ,dan4 #g3i2 ,bk ( ,eno* #ad3ah;f474 ,be=e ! ?rone1 we are told1 !re is 8z x 71 a sea ( glass7#cfg7 l unto cry/al01 ! symbol ( ! calm & fulness ( life 9 ,god's complet$ k+dom 9 contra/ ) ! /ormy sea ( e>?ly nations1 ! calm ( ! heav5ly life 9 anti!sis ) ! turmoil ( ! e>?ly4 ,?is seems to be ! m natural int]pretation ( ! passage1 yet ! symbolism ( ! sea 9 ! ,revelation has be5 int]pret$ ) a good deal ( fre$om1 & !re is wide diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ its mean+4 ,x is reg>d$ by _m z ! symbol ( purification ! antitype ( ! lav] be=e ! tab]nacle1 :ile o!rs f9d 9 x a type ( ! et]nal fulness ( joy 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,"s ?9k ! sea is plac$ be=e ! ?rone z a symbol ( ! =m] trial & conflict ( ! e>?ly life ?r\gh :i* ! sa9ts h pass$ to rea* ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & t x has n[ become a p]petual memorial ( victory1 = ! sea is glassy & quiet z ! sign t ! conflict is ov]47#cfh7 ,o!r late writ]s connect ! sea ) e>ly ,hebrew ideas ( ! wat]s be=e ! firmam5t 7,g54 #a3g71 traces ( :i* cont9ue to appe> 9 ,apocalyptic lit]ature1 & hold t ?is conception und]lies ! symbolism ( ! molt5 sea 9 ,solomon's temple & =ms ! basis ( ! pres5t description47#cfi7 ,) figures s flexible z ^! x is q possible t diff]5t ?\ghts h be5 includ$1 = ! sea 0 closely int]wov5 ) ! e>ly /age ( ,israel's hi/ory1 & may h become a symbol cov]+ a wide range ( correlative ideas4 ,b h[ev] we may int]pret ! mean+ ( ! symbolism1 ! pres5ce ( ! sea 9 ! vision und\bt$ly s]ves to enhance ! maje/y & spl5dor ( ! sc5e1 & may h be5 introduc$ p>tly = t purpose1 ?\gh ! sea und\bt$ly _h a p]man5t place 9 ,hebrew ?\ght4 #b ,! ,f\r & ,tw5ty ,eld]s1 ,*4 #d3d1 #aj & #aa ,! vision pres5ts ! wor%ip ( heav5 9 ! =ms ( e>? = our appreh5sion4 ,! eld]s 7,gr4 8presbyt]s07 are ! ideal repres5tatives ( ! r$eem$ *ur*17#cgj7 :o are clo!d 9 :ite raim5t & plac$ r\nd ab\t ! ?rone we>+ gold5 cr[ns & sitt+ on less] ?rones reign+ ) ,*ri/1 ! fitt+ tok5s ( royal dignity & au?ority1 & ( _! triumphant victory ?r\gh him :o is _! ,savi\r4 ,!y are ev] active 9 s]vice1 ca/+ _! cr[ns be=e ! ?rone & him t sitte? !reon z !y wor%ip1 & jo9+ 9 e *orus ( adoration47#cga7 ,_! numb] is t ( ! twelve patri>*s & apo/les comb9$1 indicat+ t !y repres5t ! *ur* ( bo? disp5sations1 ! sa9ts ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 ! twelve patri>*s & apo/les !mselves en?ron$1 z sugge/$ by "s1 b ideal be+s :o h a repres5tative "*4 ,_! numb]1 twice twelve1 i4 e4 twice ! national numb] ( ,israel1 aptly symbolizes ! glorifi$ *ur* ( all ! ages47#cgb7 ,"s f9d 9 ^! eld]s a gr\p ( angelic be+s :o are att5dants ( ! div9e glory & ^: pres5ce 9 ! heav5ly temple 0 a "p ( anci5t ,jewi% tradition1 z 9 ! ,judgm5t ( ,pet]1 :]e x is said1 8,= !re are f\r & tw5ty eld]s1 twelve ^u ! "r h& & twelve ^u ! left407#cgc7 ,!re is no reason to inf]1 h[ev]1 t ! ,greek t]m 8presbyt]s01 or 8eld]s01 ) its def9ite mean+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t *ur*1 is o!rwise us$ 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ev5 ?\gh ! eld]s are "h ! repres5tatives ( a class4 ,x is q possible t ! e>li] use ( ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s 9 ,apocalyptic lit]ature may h be5 ! occasion ( _! introduction "h1 b !re 0 no?+ 9 ! usage ( ! pa/ to prev5t its modifi$ application 9 a ,*ri/ian s5se s natural z ?is 9 ! fir/ c5tury2 on ! contr>y x is q 9 accord ) ! gradually progressive me?od ( ,apocalyptic ?\ght t !y %\ld be introduc$ "h to repres5t ! *ur* enl>g$ by ,new ,te/am5t accessions4 ,x is c]ta9ly q beside ! m>k to affirm t ?is idea ( ! *ur* z a comb9ation ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t sa9ts is 8m$ieval027#cgd7 :5 x is f\nd s cle>ly 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul4 #c ,! ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,fire 7or ,tor*es71 ,*4 #d3e;b ,^! lamps are se5 burn+ be=e ! ?rone :i* !y s]ve to illum9e1 recall+ ! sev5bran*$ c&le/ick 9 ! tab]nacle1 & !y are sev5 9 numb]1 d\btless1 to indicate _! fulness or complet5ess4 ,we are told t ! lamps 8are i4 e4 are ! symbol ( ! sev5 ,spirits ( ,god02 !y are1 !re=e1 evid5tly design$ to repres5t ! ,holy ,_s ?r\gh\t ! ,revelation1 ! sev5 ,spirits t are be=e ! ?rone 7*4 #a3d7 & t s]ve to d5ote ! fulness ( ! ,_s's op]ation1 8 manifold en]gy 9 contradi/9ction to ! unity ( 8 p]son4 ,! fitness ( fire1 or a flam+ tor*1 to symbolize ! illum9ative influ5ce ( ! ,_s is q evid5t1 ?r[+ light ^u ! ?rone & reveal+ ,god to m51 b ! use ( sev5 tor*es1 l t ( sev5 ,spirits1 is peculi> to ! ,revelation1 & is introduc$1 "o is con/ra9$ to ?9k1 = a special purpose4 ,t ! ,holy ,_s is indicat$ by ?is symbol ?r\gh\t is %[n by ! context 7cf4 *s4 #a3d & #c3a71 b x is evid5tly us$ "h to set =? ! ,_s f a p>ticul> po9t ( view1 i4 e4 to repres5t 9 a concrete =m ! div9e p]fection ( ! ,_s z display$ 9 8 multiple activities4 ,x seems to be an e*o f ! vision ( ,ze*>iah 7*4 #c3i1 & #d3aj7 :]e ! div9e p]vasive insight is repres5t$ by ! 8sev5 eyes ( ! ,"l01 7cf4 also ,rev4 #e3f1 8! sev5 eyes ( ! ,lamb074 #d ,! ,f\r ,liv+ ,creatures1 ,*4 #d4 #f;b#i ,! f\r liv+ creatures 7cf4 ,ezek4 #a3e;f471--:i* are n to be ?\ght ( z 8bea/s0 ev5 9 a good s5se1 z 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 b r z 9 ! ,greek1 8! liv+ ones01 :i* gives a bett] idea1--are se5 89 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone & r\nd ab\t ! ?rone01 evid5tly indicat+ _! function 9 ! heav5ly c\rt1 to wait ^u ! div9e ,p]son1 ?\gh _! exact arrangem5t 9 ! vision is n s cle>47#cge7 ,^! are composite creature=ms t are manife/ly to be id5tifi$ ) ! *]ubim ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,ea* creature consi/s ( f\r repres5tative =ms ( animal life comb9$ 9 "o1 viz4 t ( ! lion1 ! ox1 ! eagle1 & man1 toge!r produc+ a /range1 anomal\s figure :i* is g5]ally ?\ght to p]sonify wild animals1 dome/ic animals1 birds1 & man1 z possess+ a common physical life1 or creat$ life 9 its entirety repres5t$ by its high] & m notable =ms4 ,9 ! ,revelation ea* has a diff]5t face1 accord+ to ! animal =m :i* is made prom95t1 & n f\r faces z 9 ,ezekiel 7,ezek4 #a3ead71 ! individual life be+ !reby made m manife/4 ,^! liv+ ones are ideal symbols ( ! physical creation1 especially ( all creat$ life1 & repres5t 9 ! vision ! entire e>?ly creation z %>+ 9 ! b5efits ( r$emption17#cgf7 manife/+ ! div9e glory1 & wait+ ^u ,god4 ,!y are us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z impressive symbols ( ! div9e pres5ce1 & ,jehovah is kn[n z 8he t dwelle? betwe5 ! *]ubim01 7,am4 ,r4 ,v4 8sitte? above0--m>g4 8is en?ron$01 i4 e4 ^u ! *]ubim717#cgg7 a reflection ( ! ?\ght embodi$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 :]e ! m]cy seat ) ! %ek9ah flame 0 plac$ betwe5 ! *]ubim4 ,9 ,john's vision ! liv+ creatures are se5 9 close/ proximity to ! ?rone1 & !y lead ! heav5ly *oir 9 an unceas+ song ( praise 7! ,creation ,*orus1 v4 #haa71 ! clos+ v]se ( ! song indicat+ _! function 9 ! heav5ly c\rt to glorify ,god1 z also ! "p !y subsequ5tly h 9 ! song ( ! r$eem$ 7! ,r$emption ,*orus1 *4 #e3ac7 reflects ! nature ( _! wor%ip4 ,!y are full ( eyes1 ! sign ( _! allsee+ wat*fulness2 !y h ?ree pairs ( w+s1 ! symbol ( _! spiritual m9i/ry1 = ?ree is ! sign ( ! spiritual z ! w+s are ( activity2 & !y are f\r 9 numb] :ile ea* is f\rfold to indicate _! relation to ! organic _w1 = f\r is always ! e>? numb]4 ,also1 !y re/ n day & night1 %[+ ! *>act]i/ic ( life 9 its fulle/ en]gy & ceaseless activity1 say+ 8,holy1 holy1 holy10 i4 e4 8holy0 ?rice repeat$1--?ree a symbol ( ! div9e1--correspond+ to ! ,trisagion ( ,isaiah's prophecy 7*4 #f3c71 decl>+ ! hol9ess ( ,god1 ! ,all,rul]1 z especially reveal$ 9 creation1 all creat$ be+s m9i/]+ to ! manife/ation ( ! div9e glory4 ,! id5tity ( ! liv+ creatures ) ! *]ubim ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is g5]ally recogniz$1 b ! orig9 ( ! idea ( ! *]ubim 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah is z obscure z ! actual =m is indef9ite1 ?\gh probably d]iv$ f a primitive /age ( religi\s ?\ght among ! ,semitic p1 & e>ly incorporat$ z a symbol 9 ! religion ( ,israel4 ,app>5tly ! =m & conception v>i$ some:at ?r\gh "t1 z w be se5 by comp>+ ,ezekiel's description ) t :i* is giv5 "h1 ?\gh ! g5]al idea rema9$ ! same4 ,"s ?9k ! *]ubim to h be5 orig9ally ! /ormcl\ds p]sonifi$1 reg>d$ z support+ ! div9e ?rone & surr\nd+ ! div9e ,p]son1 :ile ! s]aphim repres5t$ ! lightn+fla% reveal+ ,god to m54 ,o!rs reg>d !m z unid5tifi$ nature=ces idealiz$ 9 =ms ( life1 & traditionally associat$ ) ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,b :atev] _! orig91 _! mean+ 9 ,scripture is pla91 viz4 ! physical creation wait+ ^u ,god47#cgh7 #e ,! ,seal$ ,book 7or ,scroll71 ,*4 #e3ae ,a new phase ( ! vision n[ beg9s ) *apt] five1 indicat$ by ! words 8,& ,i saw01 sett+ =? ! glory & honor ( ! exalt$ ,r$eem]1 & indicat+ ! div9e purpose ?r\gh him to ?r[ light ^u ! plan ( ,god = ! ages4 ,a seal$ book or scroll1 ! sign t its cont5ts are hidd51 & writt5 )9 & )\t1 i4 e4 ^u bo? sides1 or )9 & also on ! back1--fill$ to its v m>g9s l ! roll 9 ,ezekiel 7*4 #b3iaj71--;indicat+ ! exce$+ fulness ( its cont5ts & ! complet5ess ( ! div9e plan1 is se5 ly+ 89 or ^u ! "r h& ( him t sat on ! ?rone04 ,?is book1 :i* at fir/ no "o c be f\nd to op51 app>5tly conta9s ,god's multitud9\s & unreveal$ purposes conc]n+ ! future c\rse ( ! *ur* 9 ! _w1--z is aft]w>d m fully indicat$ by ! nature ( ! ?+s portray$ :5 ! seals are brok51--= x evid5tly p]ta9s to ! my/]ies ( ! k+dom ( ,god on e>?1 "p ( :i* are ab\t to be disclos$ to ,john47#cgi7 ,! book is clos$ by sev5 seals1 a p]fect numb]1 ! symbol imply+ t x is p]fectly seal$ or fully clos$17#chj7 a roll app>5tly seal$ 9 sections1 p]haps ) ! end ( ! p>*m5t fa/5$ d[n by ! seals to its /aff s t x _c be op5$ except by "o hav+ au?ority to break ! seals47#cha7 ,! book itself1 x %\ld be not$1 is nev] read at any p]iod ( ! vision1 %[+ t :at x conta9s is n fully disclos$1 b z ! seals are brok5 ! g5]al nature ( ! cont5ts ( ea* section is symbolically portray$ 9 ! =m set =? 9 ! succe$+ vision ( ! seals4 #f ,! ,lamb1 ,*4 #e3fh;a ,at ?is po9t 9 ! vision ! div9e ,r$eem]1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 appe>s 9 ord] to op5 ! seals1 portray$ z ! ,lamb ( ,god1 ! recogniz$ aton] = s91 a symbol ( /rik+ p[] to e "o famili> ) ! ,old ,te/am5t sy/em ( sacrifices4 ,! importance ( op5+ ! seals _h be5 already indicat$ 9 ! vision 7*4 #e3b;f47 by ! appe>ance ( a /rong or mighty angel1 ! sign ( high rank & great p[]1 proclaim+ ) a great voice1 8,:o is wor?y to op5 ! book & to loose ! seals !re(80 ,& :5 no "o 0 f\nd 89 ! heav51 or on ! e>?1 or "u ! e>?01 i4 e4 9 ! place ( ! spirits ( ! dead--a phrase equival5t to say+ t no "o c\ld be f\nd 9 all ! univ]se--! prophet wept mu*1 %[+ 8 deep int]e/ & bitt] disappo9tm5t :5 8 expectation seem$ ab\t to fail4 ,b "o ( ! eld]s1 a repres5tative ( ! r$eem$ *ur*1 po9ts out to ,john him :o is able to op5 ! book because he 8ha? ov]come01 indicat+ ! glorifi$ ,r$eem] z ! s\rce ( help47#chb7 ,he is describ$ by ! eld] z 8! ,lion t is ( ! tribe ( ,judah0 7,g54 #di3i71 & 8! ,root ( ,david0 7,isa4 #aa3a71 indicat+ 8 k+ly7#chc7 & prophetic relations to ,israel2 b :5 he appe>s to ,john's wond]+ view x is 9 sacrificial =m z ! ,lamb ( ,god17#chd7 ! sign ( 8 prie/ly relation to 8 p1 be>+ m>ks z ?\gh he _h be5 sla91 b n[ /&+ 9 liv+ p[] 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone1 ! c5t] ( all att5tion & ! glorifi$ object ( all wor%ip1 alike ! ag5t ( r$emption & ! consummation ( sacrifice4 ,! words 89 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone0 may mean 9 ! c5t] ( ! ?rone & encircl$ by x1 or betwe5 ! ?rone & ^? surr\nd+ x4 ,"s reg>d ! ?rone z a semicircle 9 ! op5 side ( :i* ! ,lamb /&s1 & )9 :i* are plac$ two ( ! liv+ creatures1 ) ! o!r two at ! back1 :ile ! eld]s surr\nd ! ?rone1 & ! _m angels =m ! out] circle17#che7 a view t is helpful to ^? :o wi% detail 9 su* matt]s1 = ! *ief ?\ght 9 ! symbolism is suffici5tly pla94 ,x may also be wor? :ile to note h[ cle>ly ?is symbolism implies t ! r$eem$ *ur*1 repres5t$ by ! eld]s1 /&s ne>] to ! ?rone ( ,god ?an ev5 ! angels47#chf7 ,! sev5 horns ( ! ,lamb symbolize ! fulness ( 8 p[]1 = ! horn is ! ,hebrew emblem ( p[] z sev5 is ( fulness or complet5ess ( quality2 & 8 sev5 eyes repres5t ! p]fection ( 8 vision & k1 see+ ) ! omnisci5t eyes ( ! ,holy ,_s 7,ze*4 #d3aj7 :o proce$e? alike f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son47#chg7 ,he takes ! book out ( ! "r h& ( ,god z a tok5 ( 8 rightful au?ority1 an act full ( mean+1 = he alone has prevail$ & has p[] to op5 ! book & to reveal ,god's purposes because he has r$eem$ ! *ur* & himself directs ! pa? ( h] hi/ory4 ,9 ?is sublime vision ( ! ,lamb 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone we may be truly said to h rea*$ 8! po9t ( highe/ dramatic int]e/ 9 ! :ole book04 #g ,! ,heav5ly ,wor%ip1 ,*4 #e3h;b#ad ,! tak+ ( ! book is foll[$ by an act ( pr(\nd wor%ip2 ! f\r liv+ creatures & ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s fall d[n be=e ! ,lamb1 hav+ ea* "o a h>p1 ! in/rum5t ( praise1 & a gold5 b[l full ( inc5se1 repres5t+ ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 :i* !y (f] be=e ,god4 ,!n !y voice _! ?\ght 9 a new song1 ! song ( ! r$eem$ 7! ,r$emption ,*orus71 :i* is r5d]$ unto him t sitte? ^u ! ?rone1 & unto ! ,lamb1 decl>+ him wor?y t ha? be5 sla9 to take ! book & to op5 ! seals1 & 8to receive ! p[]1 & ri*es1 & wisdom1 & might1 & honor1 & glory1 & bless+01--a sev5fold or complete ascription ( praise--:o ha? r$eem$ 8 p ) 8 blood out 8( e tribe1 & tongue1 & p1 & nation01--a f\rfold or _wwide r$emption = all peoples7#chh7--8;& made/ !m to be unto our ,god a k+dom & prie/s2 & !y reign ^u ! e>?01 ev5 n[ 9 ! mid/ ( trials1 9 a spiritual s5se :i* ?\gh imp]fect =e%ad[s & assures _! complete spiritual reign 9 ! new _w :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness4 ,?is song is sung by ! f\r liv+ creatures z ! repres5tatives ( ! :ole creation :o unit$ly rejoice 9 ! "w ( r$emption toge!r ) man1 & by ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s :o repres5t ! *ur* ( all "t1 ! p]sonal subjects ( r$emption2 & x is *orus$ by an innum]able company ( angels1 ,god's s9less creation1 :o are describ$ z consi/+ ( 8t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s&01 i4 e4 ! squ>e ( a myriad1 a hundr$ millions 9 numb] 7or1 z ! words may mean1 8myriads ( myriads0 i4 e4 hundr$s ( millions71 & 9 addition 8?\s& ( ?\s&s01 i4 e4 millions m1--a symbolical expression = a numb]less ho/2 & x is e*o$ by 8e creat$ ?+ :i* is 9 ! heav5 & on ! e>? & "u ! e>? & on ! sea01 i4 e4 x is ree*o$ f e creat$ be+ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,?us ! ,*orus ( ,creation1 wond]ful z x 01 is surpass$ by ! ,*orus ( ,r$emption3 & ! f\r liv+ creatures :o repres5t creation said 9 full accord1 8,am501 :ile ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s 8fell d[n & wor%ipp$0 him t live? =ev] & ev]4 ,! op5+ ( ! seals !n foll[s1 & because ( its widely diff]5t be>+ f t :i* prec$es1 is usually consid]$ z =m+ a sep>ate vision1 ?\gh ! transition is n o!rwise m>k$ ?an by a *ange ( action & progress ( ?\ght4 ,,ii ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,seals 7,a ,vision ( ,trial74 ,*4 #f3aag1 & #h3a ,! vision ( ! sev5 seals is a prophetic del9eation ( ! trials & triumphs ( ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh\t all h] hi/ory1 especially f ! days ( ,john to ! end ( ! _w1 depict$ 9 ! symbols ( ,apocalyptic4 ,^! trials fall ^u all m5 9 common1 & f ano!r po9t ( view are also judgm5ts ^u ! s9ful _w1 b !y are reg>d$ "h *iefly z involv+ ! *ur* 9 suff]+1 & z prep>+ ! way = ! triumph ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 ! com+ ( our ,"l1 & ! f9al consummation ( all ?+s4 ,! op5+ ( ! seals by ,*ri/ indicates 8 purpose ( reveal+ ! hidd5 cont5ts ( ! book :i* he _h tak5 f ! "r h& ( ,god 7*4 #e3g71 & ! numb] ( ! seals 7sev57 %[s ! complet5ess ( ! s]ies4 ,! ord] ( ! seals is progressive1 b !y h no def9ite or categorical "trelation2 !y reg>d only ! ceaseless sw+ ( ! ages ev] sweep+ on t[>d ! f9al consummation4 ,! und]ly+ div9e purpose ( te/+ m5 by moral /ruggle is app>5t ?r\gh\t2 ! trials set =? are discipl9>y to ^? :o believe1 b punitive to ^? :o resi/4 ,! =m ( trials 9 ! vision is t ( an illu/rative symbolism :i* %\ld n be limit$ 9 int]pretation to ! few p>ticul> k9ds ( tr\ble t are describ$1 b %\ld be tak5 z repres5tative ( ! :ole r\nd ( sorr[s endur$ by ,god's p ?r\gh\t all "t1 a prophetic =eca/ :i*1 ?\gh receiv+ an imm$iate fulfilm5t 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! e>ly *ur*1 has yet _h & w h a fur!r & wid] fulfilm5t ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! ages4 ,! subord9ate elem5t ( judgm5t ^u ! wick$ 9 ! vision is impli$ r ?an /at$1 except "u ! six? seal2 nev]!less ^u fur!r reflection x may be cle>ly se51 = ! advanc+ conque/ ( ,*ri/ includes ! ov]?r[ ( ! wick$1 :ile ! sorr[s ( w>1 fam9e1 & dea? fall ^u !m )\t any consolation l ! recomp5se ( ! righte\s1 ! av5g+ ( ! m>tyrs is =etold z ev5tually to be visit$ ^u !m1 & amid/ ! t]rors ( ! f9al judgm5t !y f9d no avail+ refuge1 b cry to ! m\nta9s & to ! rocks to fall ^u !m to hide !m f ! face ( him t sitte? on ! ?rone1 & f ! wra? ( ! ,lamb4 ,?is be>+ ( ! trials ( ! seals1 reveal+ judgm5t ^u ! _w1 %\ld n be ov]look$ 9 our int]pretation1 ?\gh we %\ld n lay special /ress ^u x1 = x is n ! =emo/ ?\ght 9 m9d4 ,9 ent]+ ^u ! m obscure portions ( ! book x may be well to rem9d ! read] t ! int]pretation w be mu* simplifi$1 & _m ( ! difficulties w disappe>1 if we reg>d all ! my/]i\s action 9 ^! visions z 9 ! broade/ s5se symbolical1 & n requir+ detail$ application4 ,& al?\gh an ef=t may well be made to recov] :at has be5 call$ ! 8gr\ndview0 ( ! ,apo/le1 i4 e4 ! natural application ( ! prophecy t lay 9 ! imm$iate horizon ( hi/ory & belong$ to ! conditions ( 8 "t1 yet ?is _c be reg>d$ z absolutely ess5tial to ! correct int]pretation = u & = all ages4 ,we %\ld n =get t we are deal+ ) :at is really a great creative poem 9 prose1 conta9+ idealiz$ conceptions ( widely p]vasive pr9ciples1 & !re=e its true int]pretation lies 9 facts ( univ]sal exp]i5ce r ?an 9 ! special circum/ances :i* help$ to give x =m 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 b beyond :i* he pass$ ) poetic fre$om to grasp ! l>g] ideal--= to d5y t ,john _h any su* ideal 9 m9d is to d inju/ice bo? to 8 prophetic & poetic insight4 ,& if 9 our anxiety to reproduce ! au?or's native horizon1 we all[ ! basis ( hi/orical fact to become ! *ief matt] ( conc]n1 we are sure to lose 9 lit]>y insight 9 ! int]pretation ( ! book f> m ?an we ga9 ?r\gh cle>ness ( local p]spective4 ,= x is always to be reckon$ 8among/ ! imp$im5ts to ! /udy ( lit]ature 444 t ! p]sonality ( ! au?or1 & ! circum/ances ( actual life1 are =ev] be+ all[$ to int]pose betwe5 a creative poem & ! m9d ( ! read]017#chi7 to ! con/ant h9drance ( any free foll[+ ( ! au?or's con/ructive idealization4 ,& x is only by avoid+ ?is n>r[+ influ5ce ( realism t we are at all likely to rea* ! he>t ( ! ,apocalypse4 #a ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,fir/ ,seal1 ,*4 #f3a1 #b ,! ,lamb z ! rul] & reveal] ( de/9y op5s ! seals4 ,at ! call ( "o ( ! f\r liv+ creatures1 8come017#cij7 a :ite horse & 8 rid]1 :o be>s a b[1 ! sign ( w>f>e1 & receives a cr[n1 ! tok5 ( victory1 appe> 9 view1 repres5t+ ,*ri/ go+ =? conqu]+ & to conqu]17#cia7 a vision depict+ ! beg9n+ & tr5d ( ! gospel age3 ! symbol ( ! victory ( ,*ri/'s cause atta9$ ?r\gh conflict1 ,*ri/ianity triumph+ 9 ! e>?1--= ! progress ( ! life ( ! *ur* is view$ l t ( ! national life ( ,israel z m>k$ by con/ant conflict4 ,! assurance ( victory is made to prec$e ! revelation ( trial z a gr\nd ( com=t & confid5ce ?r\gh\t ! succe$+ seals4 ,we may prop]ly reg>d ! cont5ts ( ?is seal z a pres5t view ( ! onw>d c\rse ( ! *ur*1 ! details ( :i* are to be imag9$ r ?an describ$1 a sugge/ive picture :i* /amps itself ^u ! m9d1 = ! figure ( ! cr[n$ & conqu]+ ,*ri/ once di/9ctly se5 c nev] be effac$ b m>ks all our aft]?\ght ( him4 ,?is vision 0 realiz$ 9 "s measure 9 ! spl5did gr[? ( ! *ur* 9 ! fir/ & foll[+ c5turies1 b ! full realization ( its promise lies 9 ! fulness ( ! ages 7*4 #ai3aaba7--;,*ri/ is ev] mov+ on ?r\gh ! ye>s to f9al victory4 ,_m hi/orical int]pret]s f9d 9 ?is rid] ! symbol ( conque/1 especially ( judgm5t on ! ,roman ,empire by ! ,p>?ians1 indicat$ by ! b[1 _! usual weapon1 & premonitory ( ! end47#cib7 ,9 t case ! fir/ seal1 l ! succe$+ ones1 w\ld indicate a =m ( trial to ! *ur*4 ,o!rs see 9 ! rid] ! sign ( ,roman conque/1 & 9 ! subsequ5t seals precursors ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 assum+ ! e>li] date ( ! book4 ,^! views1 h[ev]1 fail to recognize ! close simil>ity & app>5t id5tity ( ! rid] 9 ?is vision ) ! "o on ! :ite horse 9 *apt] n9ete5 7v4 #aa7 :o is evid5tly div9e27#cic7 nor d !y agree ) ! above view z to ! scope ( ! seals1 b limit !m to ! fir/ c5tury1 :ile 9 ! int]pretation giv5 9 ?is "w !y rea* =w>d ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* to ! end ( "t4 ,we mu/ be duly c>eful1 accord+ to ! symbolic view1 n to limit ! prophecy to too n>r[ a scope 9 its complete fulfilm5t1 & especially n to exclude ! _wwide & univ]sal ref]5ce1 ev5 ?\gh x be reg>d$ z ! second>y mean+1 s9ce to _m m9ds ?is is ! ess5tial & l>g] ?\ght 9 ! vision4 ,= we %\ld n =get t :ile ! visions ( ! ,apocalypse1 l ! voices ( prophecy & ! p>ables & tea*+s ( our ,"l1 _h _! imm$iate occasion & purpose1 yet ?is becomes 9 turn ! gr\nd & in/rum5t ( a wid] & p]man5t div9e message to all mank9d1 & t ?is is ! message :i* is our *ief conc]n4 #b ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,second ,seal1 ,*4 #f3c1 #d ,at ! call ( ! second liv+ creature1 8,come01 a r$ horse & 8 rid] appe>1 to :om is giv5 a great sword1 & p[] to take peace f ! e>?3 ! symbol ( w>1 & ( consequ5t trial to ! *ur*4 ,! bloodr$ horse ) 8 arm$ rid] betok5s ! c>nage ( battle1 & sugge/s all ! horrors ( blood%$ ) its accompany+ tra9 ( suff]+4 ,x is a pr$iction n ( any p>ticul> w> or w>s1 b ( w> 9 g5]al1 z ! 8w>s & rumors ( w>s0 9 our ,savi\r's disc\rse 7,mt4 #bd3f74 ,& x 0 only z x 0 8giv5 unto him0 7v4 #d71 we are told1 t ! rid] c\ld accompli% 8 mission1 !reby indicat+ ! div9e au?ority1 limitation1 & re/ra9t4 ,! sword is ! same z ! sacrificial knife1 & ! t]m us$ = slay+ 9 ! passage is ! ,greek t]m = kill+ ! sacrificial victim1 :i* may be int5d$ to imply t ! slaught] ( ! sa9ts is to be includ$ ) o!rs47#cid7 ,! cont5ts ( ?is seal 7 realiz$ to "s ext5t 9 ! ,jewi% w> connect$ ) ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 & 9 ! subsequ5t w>s ( ! ,roman ,empire :i* entail$ great suff]+ ^u ! *ur* z well z ^u ! _w4 ,! =m ( ! prophecy1 h[ev]1 does n preclude ref]5ce to ! !n pa/ z well z to pres5t & to future ev5ts2 x po9ts to ! exp]i5ce ( ,god's *ildr5 9 e age1 to ! ,jewi% z well z ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 ?\gh d\btless ) ! future specially 9 view4 ,^! sorr[s h be5 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! numb]less w>s ( hi/ory1 & may be repeat$ afre% 9 ! future1 = w> is a con/ant trial ( ! *ur* ?r\gh\t ! c5turies4 ,! symbol ( ! arm$ rid] on ! bloodr$ horse pres5ts a vivid picture ( ! horrors ( w>4 ,x 0 a figure :i* spoke to ! imag9ative ,ea/]n m9d ) a p[] sup]ior to words1 especially to ^? :o _h kn[n 9 _! own exp]i5ce ! de/ructive ravages ( w>2 b ! details 7 left to be suppli$ by individual ?\ght4 #c ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,?ird ,seal1 ,*4 #f3e1 #f ,at ! call ( ! ?ird liv+ creature1 8,come01 a black horse & 8 rid] appe>1 weigh+ out gra9 ) a balance3 ! symbol ( fam9e1 want1 & consequ5t suff]+ by ! *ur*4 ,?is expressive figure ( ! black horse & 8 rid] ) a balance =etold 9 a =m t surpass$ ! p[] ( language to describe1 ! prevail+ gloom & di/ress ( fam9e4 ,gra9 is sold by weight in/ead ( measure1 !reby indicat+ its sc>city 7,ezek4 #d3af71 & ! price is f eight to twelve times its usual co/1 ! food ( a work+ man requir+ 8 entire wages1 & leav+ ^? dep5d5t on him )\t support47#cie7 ,! fam9e indicat$ is n1 h[ev]1 any special season ( want1 b recurr5t fam9e z a condition ( trial1 & is limit$ 9 its ext5t1 z indicat$ by pres]v+ ! oil & ! w9e :i* may be reg>d$ z typical articles ( food1 or ! be/ ( ! ?+s ( common life7#cif7--;a fam9e affect+ ! poor r ?an ! ri*1 ! multitude r ?an ! few4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is seal 7 realiz$ 9 prevail+ fam9es su* z t "u ,claudius1 t at ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 & _m o!r seasons ( want :i* h occurr$ at diff]5t times ?r\gh\t ! ages1 b especially 9 ! anci5t _w & 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! emaciation & t]ror produc$ by hung] & want 0 a =m ( suff]+ too well kn[n among ! inhabitants ( ^? l&s to ne$ any fur!r emphasis--x spoke a language ( its own to all ^? :o _h felt its p[]4 #d ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,f\r? ,seal1 ,*4 #f3g1 #h ,at ! call ( ! f\r? liv+ creature1 8,come01 a pale1 a%5 color$1 or gre5 horse1 & 8 rid] ,dea? appe>1 ) ,hades foll[+ aft]1 i4 e4 ! _w ( dep>t$ spirits accompany+ dea? z 8 aft]"p to swall[ up 8 victims1 bo? p]sonifi$1 & ) p[] giv5 !m to kill ) ! sword & ) fam9e & ) dea? 9 all its =ms3 ! symbol ( mortality 9 ! *ur*1 de/roy+ ! =ces ( ! k+dom4 ,! pale gre5 or livid horse1 ! color ( a corpse1 reflects ! gha/l9ess ( a dead body bord]+ on dissolution1 & po9ts to ! ru9 wr\ght by dea?4 ,dea? is "h consid]$ z 9 itself a trial1 & "s ( ! m t]rible & widespread ag5cies by :i* x is br\ght ab\t are m5tion$ 9 ord] to make its ravages m impressive4 ,among o!r =ms dea? by sword & fam9e are includ$1 evils already introduc$ "u ! two =m] seals z ! occasion ( suff]+1 b "h reg>d$ z lead+ to dea? & con/itut+ a sep>ate trial4 ,! trial ( ?is seal is also limit$1 & affects only "o f\r? ( m51 i4 e4 a fractional "p1 n an actual f\r?1 ! f\r? be+ p]haps sugge/$ by ! f\r horsem54 ,! cont5ts ( ?is seal 7 realiz$ 9 ! fe>ful mortality ( ,roman times by means ( ! f\rfold sc\rge ( sword1 fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 & wild bea/s1 ! cr[n ( all sorr[s to ! ,jewi% m9d2 b !y h also be5 realiz$ 9 a simil> way1 ?\gh diff]5t =m1 ?r\gh ! _m dread visitations ( dea? 9 lat] days4 ,x w be notic$ t almo/ e "p ( ! symbolism 9 ^! visions has a mean+ ( its own4 ,! horse 9 motion seems to indicate ! swift progress & triumphal m>* ?r\gh ! e>? ( ! ?+s repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ f\r seals1 viz4 ( ,*ri/ianity ! conqu]+ religion1 & also ( w>1 fam9e1 & dea?1 ! widespread t]rors :i* are imp]sonat$ by ! rid]s z tread+ ! pa? ( ! c5turies4 ,! color ( ! diff]5t horses1 too1 is n )\t significance2 :ite is ! sign ( victory 7:ite horses 7 n uncommonly ridd5 by ,roman conqu]ors77#cig7 & x is also ! symbol ( purity1 :ile r$ is ! symbol ( blood%$1 black ( want1 & pale or a%5 gre5 ( dea?1 ea* ( ! latt] betok5+ some?+ ( ! nature ( ! sc\rge :i* !y br+ to m54 ,! :ole cont5t ( ! seals pres5ts a b>e outl9e ( v>i\s =ms ( suff]+1 & is int5d$ to typify a multitude ( sorr[s t are unnam$4 ,x %\ld be not$1 too1 t at ! close ( ! f\r? seal a division ( ! seals is app>5t into two gr\ps ) f\r & ?ree 9 ea*4 ,! fir/ f\r relate to ! sph]e ( ! natural _w1 z ! numb] f\r indicates1 & ! fact also t !y are u%]$ 9 by ! f\r liv+ creatures :o repres5t creation4 ,^! seals are *iefly design$ to %[ t dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ,*ri/ is c>ry+ =w>d 8 conque/ unto victory1 bo? trial & suff]+ 9 ?is _w =m "p ( ! div9e purpose ( discipl9e = 8 p :i* _c be escap$ f b %\ld be endur$ ) pati5ce & hope4 ,! la/ ?ree seals relate to ! ?+s ( ! spiritual life1 ( :i* ?ree is ! symbol1 & po9t =w>d to ! future & great rew>d 9 ! _w to come :i* is ab\t to be realiz$ by ^? :o are fai?ful4 ,! same division into f\r & ?ree1 p]ta9+ to ! natural & ! spiritual1 ?\gh ) a di/9ctive application1 is f\nd 9 ! visions ( ! trumpets & vials 7see ,app'x4 ,d74 #e ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,fif? ,seal1 ,*4 #f3iaa ,at ! op5+ ( ! fif? seal a vision ( ! s\ls ( ! m>tyrs appe>s1 viz4 ( ^? 8t _h be5 sla9 = ! ^w ( ,god1 & = ! te/imony :i* !y held0 7cf4 *4 #ai3aj71 :o are n[ se5 und]nea? ! alt> 7i4 e4 ! equival5t ( ! great braz5 alt> ( sacrifice 9 ! ,jewi% s]vice1 at ! foot ( :i* ! blood ( ! sacrificial victims 0 p\r$7 z ! sign ( _! hav+ sacrific$ _! lives = ! tru?4 ,! alt> is 9 ! heav5ly temple1 :i* to ! ,jewi% m9d 0 ! ar*etype ( ! e>?ly1 :]e !y are f\nd cry+ to ,god z _! ma/]7#cih7 to judge & av5ge !m1 i4 e4 call+ = v9dication1 n = v5geance 9 ! e>?ly s5se2 & !y receive ea* a :ite robe1 ! recogniz$ symbol ( purity & victory1 & are bidd5 to re/ until ! roll ( m>tyrs is complete37#cii7 ! symbol ( m>tyrdom s (t5 exp]i5c$ by ! *ur* ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,^! sa9ts ( ,god h n be5 deliv]$ f dea?1 b !y h be5 deliv]$ ?r\gh dea?4 ,! limit ( ?is trial is ! 8little "t0 ( ! *ur*'s fur!r conflict1 a p]iod look$ ^u z relatively %ort 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! c5turies1 ?\gh n 9 itself necess>ily %ort or def9itely limit$1 = ! 8little "t0 is practically ! :ole p]iod ( ?is & ! prec$+ seals4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is seal 7 p>tly realiz$ 9 ! t5 p]secutions ( ! e>ly *ur*1 especially ^? "u ,n]o1 & "u ,domitian1 belong+ to ! p]iod ( ! ,apocalypse2 b !y h also be5 realiz$ 9 e subsequ5t p]secution t has foll[$ ! plant+ ( ! gospel 9 hea!n l&s4 ,! m>tyrs belong to all ages & all nations1 & include e man :o has giv5 8 life z a te/imony = ! tru?2 & ?is seal looks along ! :ole l9e & compreh5ds e m>tyr ( e age4 #f ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,six? ,seal1 ,*4 #f3abag ,at ! op5+ ( ! six? seal a vision ( an e>?quake appe>s1 9 :i* ! sun became black z sackclo? ( hair1 ! :ole moon z blood1 & ! />s ( heav5 fell1 :ile ev5 ! heav5 itself 0 remov$ z a scroll :5 x is roll$ up1 & e m\nta9 & isl& 7 mov$ out ( _! places1 = we are told t ! day1 ! great day1 ( div9e wra? is come3 ! symbol ( judgm5t & retribution1 especially ( ! la/ judgm5t1 & ( ! de/ruction ( ! _w4 ,! t]rors ( ! judgm5t ?us describ$ are sev5fold1 affect+ ! e>?1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 ! heav5s1 ! m\nta9s1 & ! isl&s2 & sev5 classes ( m5 are m5tion$1 :o call to ! rocks & ! m\nta9s to fall ^u !m & to hide !m f ! wra? ( ! ,lamb1 viz4 ! k+s ( ! e>?1 ! pr9ces1 ! *ief capta9s1 ! ri*1 ! /rong1 & e bondman1 & e freeman1--additional signs ( univ]sality & complet5ess4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is seal h be5 realiz$ 9 "o way 9 ! crises ( hi/ory & ! fall ( empires1 :i* we may reg>d z describ$ "h aft] ! analogy ( ,jewi% ,apocalyptic1 "u ! =m ( a great cata/rophe ( nature br++ to an end ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s--! =tunes ( ! p ( ,god1 ?\gh n _! fate1 be+ conceiv$ ( z insep>ably int]wov5 ) ! _w ( nature2 b ?is is only a tempor>y & pass+ fulfilm5t :i* =e%ad[s & po9ts to ! f9al day ( wra? 7call$ 9 ,greek 7v4 #ag71 8! day1 ! great day ( _! wra?01 i4 e4 ( ! wra? ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb71 or ! day ( ! ,"l17#djj7 & ! end ( ! _w4 ,! ,end is a con/ant elem5t 9 all ,apocalyptic writ+s1 z x is ! recurr5t po9t ( int]e/ ) ,john 9 ! ,apocalypse2 & x 0 und\bt$ly due to ! influ5ce ( ,jewi% ,apocalyptic conceptions t an expectation commonly prevail$ 9 ! primitive *ur* t ! ,end 0 close at h&1 & t x w\ld come n ?r\gh developm5t b ?r\gh crises ( judgm5t47#dja7 ,! important "p :i* ! ,end has 9 ! ,apocalypse may be reg>d$ z ow+ 9 "s degree to ! place x mu/ necess>ily occupy 9 any exhau/ive s*eme ( ! c\rse ( ! _w2 b x is p]haps m l>gely due to ! peculi> viewpo9t ( ,apocalyptic1 :i* exalt$ ! ,end out ( proportion to ! pres5t 9 ord] to impress m deeply its lessons47#djb7 ,all ! visions ( ! six seals _h a p>ticul> application & an und\bt$ ?\gh p>tial fulfilm5t 9 ! fir/ age 9 :i* !y 7 giv52 b !y h a wid] & m p]fect fulfilm5t 9 all subsequ5t "t1 & p]haps w h an especially complete fulfilm5t 9 ! la/ "t1 su* z we "k t ! six? seal w surely h4 ,to seek con/antly1 h[ev]1 = a m]ely lit]al fulfilm5t is surely to emphasize ! lea/ important "p ( _! mean+1 & to limit !m n>r[ly to a def9ite hi/orical ev5t is to rob !m ( _! l>g] purpose1 = !y are wideflung types t speak z ) a ?\s& tongues to ! op5 e> & ready m9d4 ,9 ! ord] ( ! ,revelation ! connection is at ?is po9t int]rupt$ & ! climax susp5d$ by introduc+ ! ,episode ( ! ,seal$ ,ones 7*4 #g3aag71 :i* w be f\nd "u ,i,ib4 ,! episodes are giv5 sep>ately 9 ?is outl9e1 & outside ( _! prop] position 9 ! text1 = ! sake ( cle>ness & emphasis4 #g ,! ,op5+ ( ! ,sev5? ,seal1 ,*4 #h3a ,at ! op5+ ( ! sev5? seal a vision ( heav5 wrapp$ 9 p]fect sil5ce appe>s3 ! symbol ( my/]y1 ! unreveal$1 ! unspok51 ! ineffable bliss ( heav5 :i* _c be told 9 human words or portray$ 9 physical =m1 ! great sabba? ( ! *ur*'s hi/ory1--a significant sign ( ! deep1 unbrok5 re/ f conflict & toil into :i* ! p ( ,god %all ent] at ! end ( ! e>?ly trial1 & ( ! fulness ( joy to be realiz$ 9 ! future life ( ! r$eem$ :5 ! conflict & judgm5t ( ?is _w are ov]1 all ( :i* n[ lies beyond ! p[] ( words or vision to describe or display4 ,! =m ( ! vision is rem>kably sugge/ive2 ! sil5ce indicates t :i* _c be spok52 x gives "t = ?\ght t is beyond expression1 deep5s 8! s5se ( trembl+ susp5se01 & s]ves to quick5 anticipation ( ! revelation to foll[47#djc7 ,! cont5ts ( ?is seal are to be realiz$ 9 ! future life ( ! r$eem$ aft] ! conflict & judgm5t ( ?is _w are ov]1 & !y _c n[ be reveal$ except 9 symbol2 !y lie beyond ! sph]e ( e>?ly ?\ght4 ,! halfh\r is a brok51 fractional numb]1 imply+ a limit$ p]iod1 & is "h ! sign ( ! relatively brief "t dur+ :i* ,john beheld ! vision1--= ! p]iod cov]$ by ! ?\ght ( ! vision is ! :ole p]iod ( et]nity1 ! future endless life ) ,god1 & only a glimpse ( x is giv5 at ?is po9t 9 ord] to reassure ! he>ts ( ,god's *ildr5 9 ! mid/ ( conflict1--?us af=d+ an impressive break betwe5 ! seals & ! trumpets1 :i*1 ?\gh %ort 9 itself1 mu/ h seem$ relatively long to ! behold] 9 ! mid/ ( su* /irr+ sc5es4 ,! sil5ce may h be5 sugge/$ to ,john's m9d by t :i* ! p kept dur+ ! "t :5 ! prie/ (f]$ inc5se 9 ! temple1 = we f9d t ! (f]+ ( inc5se by an angel imm$iately foll[s 7v4 #be717djd7 & ! solemnity ( t "t 9 ,john's own exp]i5ce ( ! ritual wor%ip may well h left its impress ^u 8 m9d4 ,9 clos+ ! s]ies x rema9s to be said t ! la/ seal1 not)/&+ t its cont5ts are incompletely develop$1 yet jo9s ) ! fir/1 & s]ves to m>k out ! :ole c\rse ( ! *ur*'s hi/ory ?r\gh all ! dread & /orm ( ! o!r seals1 z ev] advanc+ f op5+ conque/ to f9al peace1 all ! trials ( ! seals lead+ on to deep quiet 9 ! end1 ! symbol ( ! great & endur+ peace ( ,god4 ,x may be well = u be=e ent]+ ^u ! episode ( consolation 9 ! sev5? *apt]1 to review rapidly ! /eps by :i* ! prime purpose ( ! ,apocalypse has be5 ?us f> wr\ght out 9 ! vision ( ! sev5 seals1 viz4 to enc\rage ! he>ts ( weak & suff]+ ,*ri/ians & to =tify _! pati5ce on ! upw>d way 9 ! mid/ ( trial & di/ress by po9t+ out ! pa? ( fai? & hope alike to ! c]ta9ty ( victory 9 ! future days ( ! *ur* ^u e>?1 & to ! fulness ( joy res]v$ = ! r$eem$ 9 ! f> & fadeless glory beyond4 ,! deep] lesson ( ! fir/ f\r seals is "o ( absolute tru/ 9 ,god :5 ! way1 z !n1 0 d>k & ! he>ts ( m5 t]ror /rick54 ,god has n 9 any s5se =sak5 8 p1 ! vision proclaims1 ?\gh 8 pa? & purpose lie hidd5 9 ! night4 ,amid all ! trials ( ! e>?ly life 8 plan is work+ out unse5 ?r\gh ! way to f9al victory4 ,8 p mu/ le>n ! lesson ( discipl9e 9 ! pa? by :i* he leads1 & /rive to tru/ & be pati5t & obey1 :ile he ) un]r+ wisdom rules & works & w9s4 ,! clos+ ?ree seals conta9 a m direct revelation ( hope & com=t4 ,"u ! fif? seal ! peace ( ! future life & ! gu>antee ( recomp5se to ! sa9ts is reassur$2 ! vision ( ! six? leads to ! episode ( consolation :i* portrays ! safe ga!r+ ( ! r$eem$ on ,god's "r h& at la/1 :ile ! cont5ts ( ! seal itself po9t to ! surety & ju/ice ( div9e judgm5t t %all inevitably fall ^u s9 & s9n]s2 & ! sev5? reveals ! endless & unbrok5 peace & glory ( ! future life ) ,god4 ,?us1 contr>y to all appe>ances 9 ! _w ( m51 ! p]plex+ trials ( ! ,*ri/ian life are se5 9 ! apocalyptic vision to be n 9 va92 ! pa9ful disciple%ip ( ,jesus has its abundant rew>d h]eaft]2 ! c]ta9 & unfail+ victory ( ! righte\s lies at ! v he>t ( ! et]nal purpose ( ,god2 & ?is triumphant hope is pres5t$ z an abid+ consolation = ! ,*ri/ian m9d 9 ! mid/ ( prevail+ trial & di/ress4 ,i,ib ,! ,episode ( ! ,seal$ ,ones 7,a ,vision ( ,salvation ,assur$74 ,*4 #g3aag ,! episode ( ! seal$ ones is a vision ( consolation1 t is introduc$ z a digression betwe5 ! six? & sev5? seals1 elaborat+ ! idea ( r$emption inwr\ght ) judgm5t1 & %[+ ! safety1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( tribulation1 ( ,god's p :o are div9ely seal$1 z also ! c]ta9ty ( _! f9al rew>d4 ,x is giv5 = ! enc\ragem5t ( tri$ & suff]+ ,*ri/ians :o _c und]/& :y !y suff]1 & z an answ] to ! "q 9 *4 #f3ag1 8:o %all be able to /&80 i4 e4 9 ! mid/ ( su* judgm5t z is depict$ "u ! six? seal4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a manife/ elem5t ( consolation = ! sa9ts 9 ! cont5ts ( ! seals !mselves1 z indicat$ above1 viz4 ! c]ta9ty ( victory "u ! fir/1 ! div9e limitation & control signifi$ 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r?1 ! promise ( peace & rew>d 9 ! fif?1 ( v9dication & judgm5t 9 ! six?1 & ( ! heav5ly re/ 9 ! sev5?2 b ?is ^w ( com=t receives su* a di/9ct re9=cem5t & emphasis 9 ! episode int]pos$ z to indicate cle>ly its purpose4 ,! bless$ consolation = ,god's p 9 all ages giv5 9 ! book ( ,revelation has n1 p]haps1 be5 suffici5tly emphasiz$ 9 ! pa/17#dje7 yet ?is has always made x a *]i%$ message = ^? 9 affliction4 ,! episode is f\nd to consi/ ( two p>ts1 correspond+ 9 "s degree to ! two disp5sations1 ! ,old & ! ,new1 ! fir/ sett+ =? ! surety ( salvation 9 ! div9e *oice out ( ,israel 7v4 #ah71 & ! second ! fulness ( salvation 9 ! re/oration to ! div9e pres5ce ( ! entire body ( ! r$eem$ out ( all nations 7v4 #iag71 ! two toge!r manife/+ ! consol+ ?\ght t r$emption triumphs 9 ! mid/ ( judgm5t4 ,a ,! ,seal$ ( ,israel1 ,*4 #g3ah ,! fir/ "p ( ! episode %[s ,israel's %>e 9 ! sure & unfail+ results ( ,god's elective & r$emptive purpose1 & ?r\gh ?is ! wid] tru? t ,god seals & keeps all 8 own 7cf4 ,ezek4 #i3af747djf7 #a ,! ,angels ,hold+ ! ,w9ds1 ,*4 #g3ac ,at ! bidd+ ( ano!r angel :o asc5ds f ! sunris+ z ! sign t he br+s light & hope1 & :o be>s ! seal ( ! liv+ ,god z ! tok5 ( 8 au?ority1 8! f\r angels to :om x 0 giv5 to hurt ! e>? & ! sea0 re/ra9 ! w9ds1 :i* are app>5tly ^? ( de/ruction & judgm5t1 until ! act ( seal+ has be5 accompli%$3 ! symbol ( ! delay ( ,god's f9al judgm5t ^u ! _w until all 8 *os5 ones are seal$1 i4 e4 are m>k$ z ! subjects ( r$emption1 or until 8 r$emptive purpose is complete--! *oice beg9n+ ) ,israel4 ,f\r1 ! e>? numb]1 is ! numb] ( ! angels1 corn]s1 & w9ds 9 ! vision1 indicat+ ! _wwide "* ( ! judgm5t2 & ! seal+ is ^u e>?1 ?\gh app>5tly n to be ?\ght ( z occurr+ 9 any p>ticul> po9t ( "t1 & n !re=e to be plac$1 z by "s1 j prec$+ ! f9al judgm5t1 = 9 a wid] s5se ! seal+ /&s z a symbol ( r$emption z a :ole1 view$ 9 effect z a process concurr5t ) ! trials ( ! seals1 & illu/rat$ by its op]ation 9 ,israel47#djg7 ,! "t ( hold+ back ! w9ds is ! entire p]iod ( div9e grace1 & ! seal+ %[s ! bright] side ( ! =m] picture ( trial & suff]+--,god is ev] do+ :at he did 9 ,israel4 #b ,! ,numb] ( ! ,seal$1 ,*4 #g3dh ,! r$eem$ are seal$ ^u ! =ehead1 ! sign ( ! visible & p]sonal own]%ip ( ,*ri/1 b ! act ( seal+ is n reveal$2 z ! act ( ,god x is hidd51 & only ! numb] ( ! seal$ is giv51 a hundr$ & =tyf\r ?\s&1 i4 e4 ! squ>e ( twelve1 ! national numb]1 multipli$ by a ?\s&1 ! cube ( t51 ! numb] ( complet5ess1--twelve ?\s& f ea* tribe1 or twelve1 ! numb] ( ! tribes ( ,israel1 multipli$ by a ?\s&1 ! numb] ( heav5ly complet5ess3 ! symbol ( a va/1 complete1 b indef9ite numb] *os5 f ! p ( ,israel & kept unto et]nal life z ! fir/fruits unto ,god & ! ,lamb1 ! true or ideal p ( ,israel1 :o are 9 a s5se repres5tative ( all ! r$eem$4 ,o!r int]pret]s1 accept+ ! apocalyptictraditional view ( late writ]s1 reg>d ! fir/ section ( ! episode 7v4 #ah7 z a reproduction 9 =m or sub/ance f a ,jewi% apocalypse1 :ile ! second section 7v4 #iag71 :]e !re is s manife/ an expansion ( ! horizon1 is ! ,*ri/ian developm5t ( ! same idea1 %[+ h[ ! old] vision may be und]/ood 9 our "t47#djh7 ,su* views evid5tly h /rong attraction = ! mod]n m9d1 b x may well be d\bt$ :e!r su* a view solves z _m difficulties z x creates1 = x assumes ! exi/5ce ( docum5ts t h no evid5ce on :i* to re/ except ! !ory :i* assumes !m4 ,b ,! ,r$eem$ ,out ( ,all ,nations1 ,*4 #g3iag ,9 ?is section is pres5t$ a view ( all ! glorifi$ 9 heav51 %[+ ! _wwide results ( r$emption1 & ! ultimate felicity ( ! r$eem$1 a sc5e ( triumph 9 vivid contra/ ) ! trials & suff]+s ( ! *ur* ^u e>?1 & a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce :i* ,*ri/ has br\ght ab\t ?r\gh 8 aton+ "w47#dji7 #a ,! ,innum]able ,multitude1 ,*4 #g3i ,) ! op5+ ( ! second "p ( ! episode !re is a sudd5 expansion ( ! horizon2 e b>ri] ( race & nation has disappe>$1 & a triumphant multitude ( ! sav$ f all peoples1 a company :i* no man c\ld numb]1 f> surpass+ t ( ,israel1 is se5 /&+ be=e ! ?rone & be=e ! ,lamb1 array$ 9 :ite robes1 ! symbol ( purity17#daj7 & hav+ palms 9 _! h&s1 ! tok5 ( joy z well z victory 7cf4 ,i ,macc4 #ac4ea71 & p]haps1 also1 z a sign ( triumphant homage to ! ,lamb4 ,! use ( palms 9 ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles may h be5 =emo/ 9 ?\ght "h1 b we ne$ n conf9e ! significance ( ! figure to ! ,jewi% symbolism ( joy4 ,x probably includes all ! ideas connect$ ) palms t 7 famili> to ! ?\ght ( ! "t1 )\t reg>d to _! orig92 = x is n ju/ifiable to assume t ! ,apocalypse conta9s no ideas borr[$ f hea!n antiquity1 b moves exclusively )9 ! circle ( sacr$1 t is1 ,jewi% imag]y & symbols47#daa7 ,?is repres5ts an op9ion :i* 9 ! light ( lat] /udies 9 ,apocalyptic _c be ma9ta9$1 ?\gh manife/ly ev]y?+ has be5 assimilat$ by ! ,jewi% conception1 f :atev] s\rce x may h be5 d]iv$4 ,! phase ( ! vision pres5t$ 9 ! n9? v]se1 af=ds a view ( ! r$eem$ *ur* 9 its fulness1 ! multitude ( ! sav$ f bo? cov5ants n[ jo9$ 9 "o body 9 :i* no di/9ction ( race or nation exi/s1 a view mu* wid] 9 its scope ?an ! =m] "o ( ! seal+47#dab7 ,_m comm5tators1 x mu/ be recogniz$1 view ?is passage diff]5tly 7v4 #di71 & ma9ta9 ! full id5tity ( ! hundr$ & =tyf\r ?\s& & ! great multitude by a some:at /ra9$ exegesis1 mak+ ! hundr$ & =tyf\r ?\s& ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*47#dac7 ,9 ! int]pretation ( su* symbols1 h[ev]1 we mu/ always all[ a latitude ( view1 = diff]5t int]pretations appeal ) v>y+ =ce to diff]5t m9ds2 & x %\ld be rememb]$ 9 hold+ ! view accept$ 9 ?is "w1 t :ile ! symbol is tak5 f ! case ( ,israel1 & is !re=e correctly int]pret$ z apply+ prim>ily to ! p ( ,israel1 yet x is n ,jews z di/+ui%$ f ,g5tiles t are meant1 b ! sa9ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! ,new1 ! few 9 contra/ ) ! _m2 & t 9 a wid] s5se ! figure symbolizes salvation z a :ole1 repres5t$ "h by a "p 9 :i* x is %[n to be effective1 ! ma9 idea be+ salvation made c]ta9 & effici5t by ! div9e act ( seal+1 :ile 9 ! great multitude ! symbol is t ( salvation become _wwide 9 its results4 ,! "q ( ! id5tity ( ! two gr\ps is !re=e subord9ate1 & _c be reg>d$ z ( any special importance4 ,x may be well at ?is po9t1 9 view ( ! great & radiant multitude ( ! r$eem$1 ! innum]able company out ( all nations & tribes & peoples & tongues1 :o /& be=e ! ?rone & jo9 9 ! cry ( 8,salvation unto our ,god 444 & unto ! ,lamb0 7v4 #aj71 = u to emphasize ! widespread & triumphant effect ( ! gospel 9 ! _w ( m5 :i* is "h =e%[n4 ,x has be5 too (t5 ass]t$ by mod]n critics t ! outlook ( ! ,revelation is n>r[ & ,jewi%1 & its view limit$ & disc\rag+4 ,z aga9/ ?is x is well to rememb] ! lesson ( ^! v]ses1 z well z t ( _m o!r simil> passages ?r\gh\t ! book 7cf4 *s4 #e3i2 #ba3bd2 #bb3g1 et al474 ,we %\ld also cle>ly see t ! ,revelation f its nature & purpose deals *iefly ) ! plan ( ,god = ! ages1 & ) ! causes & ev5ts :i* lead on to ! end ( ! _w1 & t !re=e its ess5tial message is n address$ to evangeli/ic ef=t or to mission>y ent]prise1 b to fai? 9 ,god :5 days are d>k & /orms fill ! sky1 & to prep>ation = meet+ him 9 a fair] _w :5 e>?ly days are done4 ,yet ! book j z cle>ly %[s t ! div9e plan bo? includes & prep>es = ! ess5tially _wwide & univ]sal mission ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! message ( ! gospel to e creature is repeat$ & emphasiz$ ?r\gh\t 9 su* a way z to make pla9 t ! great "w & *ief purpose ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! e>? is to r$eem & to save ! lo/4 ,& surely ?is important tru? %\ld nev] be left out ( view 9 our p]usal ( ! book4 #b ,! ,cry ( ! ,*ur* ,triumphant1 ,*4 #g3ajab ,! :ole body ( ! r$eem$1 ! sav$ out ( bo? cov5ants1 ! unit$ company :i* no man c\ld numb]1 t includes bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles1 is he>d unit$ly to cry ) a l\d voice1 8,salvation unto our ,god 444 & unto ! ,lamb01 i4 e4 salvation is attribut$ unto ,god & ! ,lamb7#dad7 7! ,salvation ,*orus71 :ile all ! heav5ly c\rt jo9 !m 9 a sev5fold symphony ( praise4 ,?is is ! la/ 9 a s]ies ( gr[+ doxologies4 ,9 *4 #a3f ! praise ascrib$ is tw(old1 9 *4 #d3aa x is ?reefold1 9 *4 #e3ac x is f\rfold1 & n[ 9 *4 #g3ab x is sev5fold--8,bless+1 & glory1 & wisdom1 & ?anksgiv+1 & honor1 & p[]1 & might1 be unto our ,god =ev] & ev]04 ,x %\ld also be not$ t 9 ! ,salvation ,*orus1 = ! fir/ ( ?ree times 9 ! book1 salvation is ascrib$ by a voice f heav5 to ,god1 or to ,god & to ,*ri/1 viz4 9 *s4 #g3aj2 #ab3aj2 & #ai3a4 #c ,! ,r$eem$ ,be=e ! ,?rone1 ,*4 #g3acag ,john's att5tion is at ?is po9t specially direct$ to ! triumphant company t is be=e ! ?rone ( ,god by "o ( ! eld]s 7v4 #ac;f477#dae7 9 ord] to emphasize t !y ( t company h come victori\s out ( ! great tribulation ( ! e>?ly life1 & !re=e !y are ev] be=e ! ?rone s]v+ ,god day & night 9 8 temple1 i4 e4 9 ! 1 ! %r9e ( ! temple 9 heav51 & %>+ 9 ! exce$+ bless$ness ( ! div9e pres5ce z _! great rew>d4 8,& he t sitte? on ! ?rone %all spread 8 tab]nacle ov] !m 444 & ,god %all wipe away e te> f _! eyes407#daf7 ,x is n likely t by ! great tribulation 9 v4 #ad is meant a special p]iod ( trial su* z is impli$ 9 *4 #c3aj1 & by ! words ( our ,"l 9 ,mat4 #bd3ba1 b r ! _wtribulation t belongs to ! e>?ly life ( ! ,*ri/ian ?r\gh\t all "t1 8! tribulation ( ,jesus0 7*4 #a3i7 9 :i* ,john felt t he _h a %>e4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ?9k t x is ! same p]iod ( trial ref]r$ to be=e z prec$+ ! end ( ! _w47#dag7 ,?us ) a prophetic view ( ! r$eem$ be=e ! ?rone ! episode closes1 & ! sev5? seal is op5$ 7*4 #h3a74 ,,iii ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,trumpets 7,a ,vision ( ,?reat5+74 ,*4 #h3bi3ba1 & #aa3adai ,! vision ( ! sev5 trumpets sets =? 9 pictorial =m a div9e proclamation ( ! judgm5ts ( ,god ^u ! s9ful _w1 especially ^? to be exp]i5c$ ?r\gh\t ! prospective hi/ory ( mank9d until ! f9al consummation ( all ?+s4 ,x consi/s ( ano!r gr\p ( sev5 t are p>allel 9 a c]ta9 s5se to ! vision ( ! seals1 cov]+ l !m ! pa? ( ! ages1 b t =m a sep>ate s]ies complete 9 !mselves & t are issu$ = a diff]5t purpose1 ! seals specially manife/+ ,god's c>e ( 8 p 9 ! mid/ ( trial1 :ile ! trumpets reveal ! div9e puni%m5t visit$ ^u ! s9ful4 ,^! two l9es ( judgm5t are conceiv$ ( z occurr+ ma9ly 9 ! same p]iod1 b look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view3 or1 p]haps1 x might bett] be said1 t we h "h ano!r gr\p ( sev5 :i* foll[ ! :ole c\rse ( hi/ory & develop a new l9e ( div9ely ord]$ occurr5ces t nei!r foll[ nor prec$e1 b are q indep5d5t ( any "trelation to ! prec$+ s]ies ( ! seals4 ,! numb] ( ! trumpets1 l t ( ! seals1 is int5d$ to indicate ! complet5ess ( ! s]ies1 = sev5 is ! numb] ( complet5ess4 ,!y are g5]al indications ( ,god's judgm5ts1 & ?\gh p>ticul> ev5ts may be p>tial fulfilm5ts1 ! complete fulfilm5t is 9 all "t47#dah7 ,a ,! ,prep>ation = ! ,trumpets1 ,*4 #h3bf ,9 a %ort int]v5+ section prep>atory to ! trumpets1 we are %[n t ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts lead to ! manife/ation ( div9e wra? aga9/ s94 ,^! v]ses1 x may be said1 =m a transition f ! vision ( ! seals to t ( ! trumpets1 & are 9 fact includ$ by "s "u ! sev5? seal1 ?\gh n prop]ly belong+ to x4 ,! =m] vision rea*es a fitt+ close 9 ! p]iod ( et]nal re/ :i* is look$ ^u "u ! sev5? seal1 & we wait 9 ! quiet t x br+s1 expect+ ! end to be ann\nc$ at once4 ,b in/ead ( t a fur!r vision is reveal$ to ! se]1 & we aga9 trav]se ! c\rse ( hi/ory by a diff]5t pa? to its end+4 ,9 ano!r s]ies ( sev5 "u ! trumpets ! puni%m5t ( ! ungodly is review$1 & div9e wra? is se5 to fall ^u ! heads ( ! s9ful4 ,?is succe$+ s]ies ( trumpet visions is introduc$ by v]ses two to six 9 ! eigh? *apt]4 #a ,an ,angel ,(f]s ,inc5se ^u ! ,gold5 ,alt>1 ,*4 #h3ce ,! inc5se is add$ unto ! pray]s ( all ! sa9ts :i* are ?us typically purifi$1 & !y are /raightway pres5t$ be=e ! ?rone ( ,god 9 heav54 ,inc5se 0 ! symbol ( pray] "u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b x becomes "h1 by a fur!r developm5t ( ! symbol1 ! vehicle = be>+ ! pray]s to ! ?rone1 & ! action app>5tly foll[s ! =m ( ! ,jewi% ritual wor%ip4 ,an angel /&+ ov] ! braz5 alt> ( sacrifice1 takes fire f x 9 a gold5 c5s] or firepan1 & mu* inc5se is !n giv5 him to add unto ! pray]s ( all ! sa9ts1 evid5tly = _! purification & t he may (f] !m at ! gold5 alt> ( inc5se :i* is be=e ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,complet+ ?is action1 ! angel returns aga9 to ! braz5 alt> to take fire f x t he may ca/ x z ! symbol ( judgm5t ^u ! e>? 7cf4 ,ezek4 #aj3b;f74 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ?9k t only "o alt>1 t ( inc5se1 is ref]r$ to 9 ! action47#dai7 ,9 ei!r case ! wor%ip ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! basis ( ! figure1 ?\gh ! sc5e is laid 9 heav54 8,& !re foll[$ ?und]s1 & voices1 & lightn+s1 & an e>?quake01 ! tok5s ( ,god's pres5ce & ( ! approa*+ div9e judgm5t4 #b ,! ,sev5 ,angels ,prep>e to ,s\nd1 ,*4 #h3b1 #f ,to ! sev5 angels are giv5 sev5 trumpets ) *>ge ( ! s]ies ( imp5d+ woes2 & ! angels put ! trumpets to _! lips ready to s\nd1 m5tion ( :i* is made 9 ord] to emphasize ! importance to be atta*$ to _! action z angels :o /& be=e ,god4 ,_! position implies special s]vice1 & _! numb] d\btless indicates ! p]fection ( _! m9i/ry47#dbj7 ,! trumpet1 :i* 0 ! common in/rum5t = public ann\ncem5t1 & (t5 connect$ ) ! idea ( judgm5t17#dba7 may be "h int5d$ to recall its use at ! fall ( ,j]i*o 7,jo%4 #f3d;f74 ,! sev5 angels may also be tak5 to repres5t ! :ole body ( angel m9i/rants :o s]ve be=e ,god1 j z ! sev5 *ur*es symbolize ! :ole *ur*4 ,b ,! ,trumpets ,s\nd$1 ,*4 #h3gi3ba2 & #aa3adai ,! s\nd+ ( ! trumpets repres5ts ! proclamation ( signal & de/ructive judgm5ts ^u ! ungodly _w4 ,! =m ( ^! judgm5ts 9 ! vision 0 adapt$ to curr5t conceptions ( great calamities1 & may be reg>d$ z symboliz+ all ! t]rible woes 9 /ore = all ! wick$ 9 all ! ages--wide _wpictures ( ! div9e purpose ( puni%m5t4 ,! latt] half ( ! fir/ c5tury 0 m>k$ by _m t]rible visitations1 su* z e>?quakes1 fam9es1 & plagues1 & x %\ld n be ?\ght /range to f9d ^! ev5ts reflect$ 9 su* a book z ! ,apocalypse at a "t :5 !y 7 fre% 9 ! public m9d4 ,t !y _h "s su* s\rce is evid5t1 = ! graphic descriptions ( appall+ disa/] by e>?quake 9 ,m>t9ique 7#aija71 & 9 ,mess9a 7#aijh71 h s]v$ to illum9e _m passages 9 ! ,revelation1 z h also o!r simil> occurr5ces previ\sly kn[n4 ,^! judgm5ts 9 ! visions con/itute n only ! div9e means ( puni%m5t1 b become ! div9e te/ ( "*1 reveal+ ! ess5tial nature ( evil m52 = ! effect ( ! judgm5ts1 unlike t ( ! seals1 falls ma9ly ^u ! evil4 #a ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,fir/ ,trumpet1 ,*4 #h3g ,! s\nd+ ( ! fir/ trumpet is foll[$ by hail & fire m+l$ 9 blood ca/ ^u ! e>?3 ! symbol ( disa/] visit$ ^u ! l&1 & m5 puni%$ by su* means z 9 ! days ( ,ph>aoh1--= fire is a symbol ( ! div9e pres5ce & wra?1 & ! blood indicates ! de/ructive effects ab\t to be wr\ght ^u bo? ! animate & inanimate creation = ! *a/isem5t ( man4 ,! resemblance ( ! fir/ f\r judgm5ts ( ! trumpets & also ( ! vials to ! plagues ( ,egypt1 is too manife/ to escape ! att5tion ( any c>eful read] ( ,scripture1 & af=ds a ready pro( ( _! repres5tative "*4 ,^! wellkn[n hi/oric incid5ts ( judgm5t1 belong+ to ! bir? p]iod ( ! ,hebrew nation1 :i* are s deeply inwr\ght 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t /ory1 & ^: significance 0 s well und]/ood1 become ! ready types ( o!r judgm5ts t are s5t ) a simil> purpose & t belong to ! div9e ord]1 b ! intimate nature ( :i* x 0 n ! div9e purpose to disclose4 ,!y are widely sugge/ive ( ,god's p[] ov] ?+s ! mo/ p]man5t & /able4 ,! de/ruction ( b a ?ird "p ( ! objects affect$ z ! result ( ! trumpet s]ies1 repres5ts a limit$ judgm5t1 n an actual ?ird b a fractional portion de/roy$1 a great b n ! great] "p4 ,! e>?1 ! sea1 ! riv]s1 & ! heav5ly bodies1 on :i* ! fir/ f\r judgm5ts fall1 are p>ts ( a f\rfold division ( ! univ]se :i* is common 9 ?is book1 & are int5d$ to designate ! entire creat$ _w1 bo? "h & 9 ! vision ( ! vials47#dbb7 ,9 ?is compreh5sive designation ! e>?1 or ! l&1 0 ?\ght ( z ! n\ri%+ "m & ! dwell+place ( man2 ! sea z ! ag5t & ar5a ( comm]ce2 ! riv]s z ! seat ( cities1 ! c5tres ( population1 ! art]ies ( trade1 & ! s\rce ( wat] supply2 & ! heav5ly bodies z ! s\rce ( light1 & z ! rul]s ( de/9y--toge!r repres5t+ 9 common ?\ght ! great ?+s ( life to ! _w ( m54 ,disa/] to ^!1 ! s\rces ( weal? & wellbe+1 has always be5 among ,ori5tal nations ! type ( all t is mo/ t]rible4 #b ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,second ,trumpet1 ,*4 #h3hi ,! s\nd+ ( ! second trumpet is foll[$ by1 z x 71 a great m\nta9 burn+ ) fire ca/ into ! sea1 !reby work+ widespread ru93 ! symbol ( disa/] visit$ ^u ! sea1 "o "p ( creation :i* is us$ z ,god's ag5t = puni%+ mank9d4 ,to move a m\nta9 0 a tok5 ( div9e p[]1 & x 0 blaz+ ) fire z a sign ( ! div9e pres5ce & wra?--ano!r ,s9ai 9 effect flung into ! sea4 ,?is /rik+ figure ( a m\nta9 ( fire 0 p]haps sugge/$ to ,john's m9d by a volcano1 ) :i* he mu/ h become famili> :ile resid5t 9 ,asia2 b att5tion is direct$ m p>ticul>ly 9 ^! visions1 especially ! fir/ f\r1 to ! effect produc$ r ?an to ! means us$1 :e!r hail & fire1 or a m\nta91 or a />1 or ! smit+ ( ! planets47#dbc7 ,! effect produc$ is "o ( great t]ror1 ?\gh ! way 9 :i* x applies to m5 is left to be inf]r$1 & is n attempt$ to be describ$4 ,su* an incid5t 0 well adapt$ to ! ?\ght ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & c\ld n b /rike t]ror 9 ! m9d ( ! behold] because ( ! complete helplessness ( m5 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a disa/]4 ,x pres5ts a wide field = ?\ght1 ! limits ( :i* are n def9$4 ,x is 9 fact "o way ( say+ t ,god w make all nature to /rive aga9/ man because ( s94 #c ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,?ird ,trumpet1 ,*4 #h3ajaa ,! s\nd+ ( ! ?ird trumpet is foll[$ by ! fall+ ( a great /> f heav51 call$ ,wormwood1 ^u ! wat]s1 burn+ z a tor* & mak+ !m bitt]3 ! symbol ( disa/] visit$ ^u ! riv]s & f\nta9s ( wat]s1 /ill ano!r "p ( creation1 z an act ( div9e judgm5t ^u s9ful m5 :o dwell by ! wat]s4 ,z "u ! =m] trumpets only a ?ird "p 0 affect$3 8,& _m m5 di$ ( ! wat]s1 because !y 7 made bitt]40 ,! fall+ ( a /> 0 reg>d$ z a sign ( "s great disa/] ab\t to happ51 & is "h app>5tly int5d$ to be typical ( judgm5t s5t f heav51 :ile ! "n ,wormwood signifies ! bitt]ness ( ! tr\ble :i* x entails ^u m54 ,b beyond ?is all is indef9ite1 a quality *>act]i/ic ( ,apocalyptic :i* (t5 height5s r ?an less5s ! g5]al effect4 ,! bitt] wat]s express$ ! moral bitt]ness t m5 mu/ ta/e because ( _! s93 ! wide result is ?us cov]$ by an unspok5 appeal to ?\ght ?r\gh a significant symbol4 #d ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,f\r? ,trumpet1 ,*4 #h3ab ,! s\nd+ ( ! f\r? trumpet is foll[$ by ! smit+ ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s3 ! symbol ( disa/] visit$ ^u ! heav5ly bodies1 n only de/roy+ _! light b inflict+ a puni%m5t peculi>ly t]rify+ to ! ,ori5tal m9d because ( ! occult influ5ce :i* ^! bodies 7 suppos$ to ex]t ^u ! future de/9ies ( m54 ,we ne$ n necess>ily reg>d ,john z p]sonally %>+ 9 ?is op9ion1 b only z us+ ! language & appeal+ to ! ?\ght ( 8 "t1 z 9 ! prec$+ ref]5ce to ! fall+ />4 ,he seems to look ^u ^! /range occurr5ces ma9ly z signs ( ! div9e purpose1 z 8wond]s 9 ! heav5s & 9 ! e>?0 7,joel #b3cj7 ?r\gh :i* ,god wr\ght 9 manife/+ 8 w4 ,! evils result+ f ?is visitation 9 ! vision1 z 9 ! =m] judgm5ts1 are sugge/$ r ?an nam$2 b !y lie be=e ! m9d 9 a haunt+ way to be fill$ 9 by a vivid imag9ation ) sc5es ( t]ror & wra?4 7#a7 ,! ,eagle & ,its ,message1 ,*4 #h3ac ,at ?is po9t an eagle 7n an angel1 z 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion71 ! symbol ( c>nage1 appe>s fly+ high 9 midheav51 cry+1 8,woe6 ,woe6 ,woe60 & indicat+ by its rapid flight & ?rice repeat$ call ( t]ror ! swiftness ( ! ?ree com+ woes ( ! rema9+ trumpets47#dbd7 ,also ?ree1 ! numb] ( ! spiritual 9 contra/ ) ! mat]ial1 s]ves to indicate ! sph]e to :i* ^! judgm5ts belong4 ,^! ?ree1 ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5?1 are (t5 call$ ! 8woetrumpets01 & _! effects are visit$ directly ^u m51 n indirectly ?r\gh natural objects z "u ! prec$+ f\r ( ! s]ies4 #e ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,fif? ,trumpet1 ,*4 #i3aab ,! s\nd+ ( ! fif? trumpet is foll[$ by a vision ( a /> f heav51 fall5 unto e>?1 ! symbolic repres5tation ( ,satan ca/ out ( heav5 = 8 s91 & by smoke z ( a great furnace envelop+ a sw>m ( locu/s t asc5d f ! pit ( ! abyss1 ! pres5t dwell+place ( ,satan & ! famili> haunt ( demons3 ! symbol ( disa/] to m5 ?r\gh ,satan & 8 multitud9\s ho/1 8! spiritual ho/s ( wick$ness0 7,eph4 #f3ab71 ! demons f ! pit4 ,^! are p]mitt$ to torm5t m51 produc+ bitt] angui% = five mon?s1 ! usual life ( ! locu/1 & ! symbol ( an incomplete or limit$ p]iod ( "t1 :i* may "h ref] to ! "t ( man's exi/5ce ^u ! e>?4 ,five1 ! half ( t5 ! complete numb]1 is a symbol ( incomplet5ess or indef9it5ess4 ,! invad+ army ( locu/s is a well kn[n figure ( widespread disa/]1 z 9 ! prophecy ( ,joel 7*4 #b3aaa74 ,9 accordance ) g5]al apocalyptic usage ! pit ( ! abyss is reg>d$ z ! pres5t abode ( ! ,devil & 8 angels1 & is conceiv$ ( z a va/ subt]ranean dep? connect+ ) ! surface ( ! e>? by a great %aft or well :i* c be op5$ or clos$ f above1 & ! entrance to :i* may be lock$ or unlock$ by a key47#dbe7 ,t :i* at fir/ seems to be a cl\d ( smoke proves to be teem+ ) =ms ( life1 an evid5t tok5 ( ! hidd5 nature ( ! s\rce ( evil4 ,! p[] ( ! locu/s is direct$ imm$iately aga9/ ! wick$1 su* m5 z h n ! seal ( ,god on _! =eheads1 :ile _! /+ seems to be ! type ( ! poison ( s9 :i* !y infuse into ! ve9s ( m51 & ! torm5t :i* !y inflict to ref] to ! visitation ( s9s t br+ t]rible puni%m5t ^u ! (f5d]s s t m5 pref] dea? r ?an life4 ,! description ( ! locu/s z 8l unto horses prep>$ = w> etc401 is a reali/ic t\* int5d$ to height5 ! s5se ( t]ror1 b n to id5tify !m ) any objects 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,also ! /atem5t t 8_! faces 7 z m5's faces01 implies only t !y 7 l m5 9 appe>ance1 ?\gh "s ?9k ?is po9ts to human ag5ts4 ,! /> is "h us$ 9 a q diff]5t s5se f t "u ! ?ird trumpet1--= to insi/ t all objects mu/ h a s+le symbolism1 & t ! /> mu/ mean ! same 9 e case1 i4 e4 a p]son1 !re z well z "h1 is to neglect "o ( ! cle>e/ lessons ( ,apocalyptic4 ,"h x is a p]sonification or symbol ( ,satan 7,isa4 #ad3ab71 ! angel ( ! abyss1 :o is nam$ ,apollyon17#dbf7 i4 e4 "o :o causes p]dition to mank9d1 or 9 ,hebrew1 ,abaddon1 i4 e4 ! de/roy]1 a suffici5t id5tification = ! read] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! awful woe t ! _w ( evil m5 suff]s at ! h&s ( ,satan & 8 legions is ! ideal cont5t ( ?is trumpet2 & we notice t ! sev]ity ( ! judgm5ts seems to increase z !y progress t[>d ! end4 ,! fir/ woe is n[ decl>$ to be pa/ 7v4 #ab71 b two o!rs are =etold z yet to come4 #f ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,six? ,trumpet1 ,*4 #i3acba1 & #aa3ad ,! s\nd+ ( ! six? trumpet is foll[$ by ! loos+ ( f\r angels f ! b$ ( ! ,euphrates 7:i* is done at ! bidd+ ( a voice f ! f\r horns7#dbg7 ( ! gold5 alt> ( inc5se t is be=e ,god1 & und]nea? :i* are ! s\ls ( !m t _h be5 sla9 = ! ,^w ( ,god--evid5tly a div9e comm&7 :o _h be5 prep>$ = an appo9t$ "t1 ev5 8= ! h\r & day & mon? & ye>1 t !y %\ld kill ! ?ird "p ( m50 f ! e>?1 & by ! com+ ( a va/ invad+ army ( horsem51 ! d\ble squ>e ( a myriad1 or two hundr$ millions 9 all1 ! l>ge/ numb] us$ 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ! type ( an innum]able multitude1 :i* app>5tly act "u direction ( ! f\r angels1 & de/roy a ?ird "p ( m5 f ! e>?37#dbh7 ! symbol ( disa/] to m5 ?r\gh ! _w=ces ( hea!nism1 :i* are "u direction ( ! _wrul]s ( ! d>kness 7,eph4 #f3ab74 ,! unb9d+ ( ! angels is ! symbol ( evil let loose among m51 = ! angels are evil z is indicat$ by _! be+ b\nd1 by _! numb]1 & by ! place ( _! imprisonm5t1 i4 e4 ! b9d+ is ! symbol ( div9e re/ra9t until ! appo9t$ "t2 _! numb] is f\r1 ! e>? numb]1 indicat+ t !y belong to ?is _w :i* is usually ?\ght ( z evil2 & ! ,euphrates1 ! place :]e !y are b\nd1 is ! old seat ( ! _wp[]1 & ! repres5tative ( hea!nism ) its multitud9\s ho/4 ,! evils inflict$ by ! hea!n nations ^u mank9d1 especially ! evils ( w> ) _! concomitant results1 are "h indicat$ by ?is =ceful figure2 yet ^!1 ?\gh deep & t]rible1 entirely fail to turn ! re/ ( m51 :o escape dea?1 f idol wor%ip & its att5dant impurities--a m>vel\s =eca/ ( ! pa? ( hi/ory1 = ! hea!n p[]s h "t & aga9 become ! ag5ts ( woe to mank9d1 yet ! p h n awak5$ to ! true s\rce ( _! sorr[ 9 idolatry4 ,! description ( ! horses & ( _! rid]s 9 ! vision is purely an ideal "o1 int5d$ to make !m ! objects ( greate/ t]ror1 a true ,ori5tal t\*1 appeal+ to ! vivid ,ea/]n imag9ation z su* figures d ) u to ! m9ds ( *ildr54 ,! woes ( m5 at ! h&s ( hea!n nations is ! evid5t cont5t ( ?is trumpet1 z is cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! tw5tie? v]se ( ! *apt]4 ,at ?is po9t ! second woe is decl>$ to be pa/1 & ! ?ird to be ab\t to come quickly 7*4 #aa3ad72 b betwe5 !m int]v5es a vision ( div9e help1 & ( ! value ( ! *ur*'s witness 7*4 #aj3aaa3ac74 ,?is view ( ! fif? & six? trumpets seems to meet m fully ! /atem5ts ( ! text ?an o!r views1 & to con=m be/ to ! g5]al "* ( ! :ole s]ies2 = not)/&+ ! recogniz$ obscurity ( ! trumpet visions1 we c surely disc]n div9e judgm5ts = wrongdo+ 9 ! fir/ f\r1 "u =ms ( physical evil visit$ ^u ! natural creation1 & 9 ! rema9+ ?ree1 manife/ations ( moral evil visit$ ^u m5 = _! s94 ,t ! pit or abyss po9ts to demoniacal =ces1 & ! ,euphrates to human ag5cies1 is suffici5tly evid5t )\t discussion47#dbi7 ,! application ( ! incid5ts ( ! fif? & six? trumpets to ,mohamm$ans & ,turks by "s ( ! hi/orical s*ool1 :o h ev5 int]pret$ ! tails ( ! horses z a prophetic ref]5ce to ^! wellkn[n symbols ( au?ority us$ by ,turki% ,pa%as1 is a curi\s example ( caprici\s fancy4 ,! fact t ! ev5ts pr$ict$ "u ! six? trumpet f9d a wide exemplification 9 ! incursions ( ,turk & ,mohamm$an1 ,go? & ,v&al1 is only a cle>] pro( ( _! ideal "*4 ,& x is surely bett] to leave ^! highly wr\ght imag9ative symbols ( ! trumpets1 ) _! deep sugge/iv5ess ( appall+ =ms ( com+ evil1 9 ! vague indef9it5ess 9 :i* we f9d !m1 r ?an to m> _! beauty by weak & n>r[ int]pretations4 ,! ,episode ,i,i,ib1 :i* 9 ?is "w is giv5 aft] ! sev5? trumpet1 occurs at ! pres5t po9t 9 ! vision cov]+ *s4 #aj3a to #aa3ac4 ,! connection is resum$ 9 *4 #aa3ad1 = ! second woe f\nd 9 t v]se belongs 9 ord] ( ?\ght at ! close ( ! six? trumpet1 ! int]v5+ "p be+ p>5!tical--see ! ,scripture text z p>agraph$ 9 ?is volume4 #g ,! ,s\nd+ ( ! ,sev5? ,trumpet1 ,*4 #aa3aeai ,! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet is foll[$ by great voices 9 heav51 decl>+ t ! k+dom ( ! _w is n[ become ! k+dom ( our ,"l & ( 8 ,*ri/27#dcj7 by ! eld]s prais+ ,god t ! "t ( judgm5t & rew>d has come 7! ,victory ,*orus72 by ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 ! tok5 ( ,god's abid+ pres5ce1 be+ reveal$ 9 ! op5$ temple 9 heav5--a traditional sign 9 ! lat] ,judaism ( ! com+ ( ! ,messiah27#dca7 & by lightn+s1 voices1 ?und]s1 & an e>?quake ) great hail1 ! necess>y accompanim5ts 9 ,jewi% ?\ght ( ! great & f9al day ( wra?3 ! multiple symbol ( ! f9al judgm5t1 & ( ! glori\s triumph ( ,god's k+dom4 ,! cont5ts ( ! sev5? trumpet are n fully develop$1 p]haps because !y are too great = description1 b 9 x we rea* ! climax & issue ( ! :ole process ( judgm5t t is exhibit$ 9 ! s]ies1 ! full & f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom4 ,! result is view$ 9 its entirety1 & ! mill5nial p]iod ( victory is n br\ght sep>ately into view4 ,! unveil+ ( ! ark ( cov5ant m]cy & ! u%]+ 9 ( ! k+dom close ! vision1 & con/itute an in=mal transition to ! vision ( conflict ?r\gh :i* ! triumph has be5 effect$4 ,if we n[ rapidly recall ! :ole c\rse ( ! sev5 trumpets1 we c see h[ ) progressive movem5t !y increase 9 sev]ity z !y g =w>d2 ! judgm5ts !y prefigure fall fir/ ^u ! l&1 & !n consecutively ^u ! sea1 ^u ! f\nta9s ( wat]1 & ^u ! heav5ly bodies1 z signs ( ,god's judgm5t ^u ! physical univ]se1 & ?us ^u m5 :o 9 _! e>?ly lives =m "p ( ! natural _w2 !n ) ! fif? trumpet ! judgm5ts take a wid] tr5d1 & po9t to & include ! sett+ free ( numb]less demonic =ces ( evil f ! pit ( ! abyss to prey ^u m51 & "u ! six? trumpet ! loos+ ( ! multitud9\s _w=ces ( hea!nism f ! banks ( ! ,euphrates to br+ _wwide judgm5ts ^u ! race1 ?us prep>+ ! way = ! bl[+ ( ! sev5? trumpet :i* u%]s 9 ! day ( cumulative wra? ^u s91 & ! f9al triumph ( ,god's k+dom4 ,?is onw>d progress ( ! plan ( ! ages is only brok5 by a pass+ view ( ! possibility ( recov]y = m5 9 ! episode ( ! angel & ! book1 & ( ! two witnesses1 :i* foll[s4 ,! :ole sweep ( ! judgm5ts ( ! trumpets1 9 ! view ( ,apocalyptic p]spective1 is t[>d ! end ( ! pres5t _w & ! triumph ( righte\sness 9 ! f9al judgm5t4 ,!re ! r$eem$ are left ) ,god 9 8 glori\s k+dom2 ! aft] life is n attempt$ to be describ$2 its bless+s are evid5tly too great = our pres5t compreh5sion4 ,b ! triumph w\ld n be s def9ite1 )\t ! vision ( conflict :i* foll[s1 = x pres5ts ! pa? to victory ?r\gh prevail+ trial & opposition z ev] lead+ on to complete & f9al triumph 9 ! end1 t is to be realiz$ 9 ! glori\s pres5ce ( ! ,lamb :o is reveal$ z /&+ ^u ,m\nt ,zion 9 ! mid/ ( ! r$eem$4 ,i,i,ib ,! ,episode ( ! ,angel ) ! ,book2 & ( ! ,two ,witnesses 7,a ,vision ( ,div9e ,help74 ,*4 #aj3aaa3ac ,?is tw(old vision =ms a digression betwe5 ! six? & sev5? trumpets1 simil> to ! episode betwe5 ! six? & sev5? seals1 sett+ =? ! opportunities :i* ,god has af=d$ m5 ( escap+ 8 wra?1 %[+ ! div9e me?od ( help ?r\gh ! in/itutions ( religion1 & affirm+ ! p]man5t value ( ! *ur*'s witness1--a p>agraph t not)/&+ its ackn[l$g$ difficulty1 is manife/ly int]pos$ = ! com=t ( ! *ur* z well z to prep>e ! way = ! la/ woe ( ! rema9+ trumpet47#dcb7 ,! re/ra9t ( wra? indicat$ by ! de/ruction ( only ! ?ird "p "u ! trumpets1 is n[ fur!r develop$ by %[+ ! div9e (f] ( escape2 & also man's common neglect ( t (f]1 :i* leads at l5g? to f9al doom "u ! sev5? trumpet4 ,! episode1 x w be se51 diff]s 9 !me f ! "o "u ! seals1 ! =m] sett+ =? ! div9e side ( r$emption1 & ! surety ( its accompli%m5t ?r\gh ! act ( seal+1 ! latt] %[+ ! human side ( r$emption z x is made kn[n to m5 ?r\gh ! in/itutions ( religion1 & ! failure ( its univ]sal op]ation ?r\gh unbelief1 leav+ ! _w )\t excuse to be> ! weight ( judgm5t--! "o ?r[+ light ^u ,god's relation to ! *ur*1 & ! o!r ^u 8 relation to ! _w1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al !me ( ! seals & ! trumpets4 ,?\gh _m are unable to agree t ,john _h su* a compreh5sive view 9 m9d1 or t x is to be look$ = 9 a writ+ ( ?is class1 yet :5 we consid] ! v>i\s m>ks ( elaborate /ructure 9 ! book1 exhibit$ 9 ! relation ( its diff]5t p>ts1 & ! deep prophetic insight & poetic intuition manife/$ by ! au?or 9 8 idealization ( ! c\rse ( ! *ur*1 we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d a broad & p]spicu\s view ( r$emption su* z ?is1 especially s9ce ! plan ( salvation _h already be5 s fully elaborat$ 9 an e>li] p]iod by ! great ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles4 ,a ,! ,angel ) ! ,little ,op5 ,book1 ,*4 #aj3aaa ,! fir/ "p ( ! episode exhibits ! revelation ( ,god's w & purpose z a s\rce ( help4 ,! little book 9 ! vision is evid5tly ! ,apocalypse1 ?\gh 9 a broad] s5se x d\btless repres5ts z well ! g5]al purpose & b5efic5t effects ( all ,god's revelations to m52 & ! book is f\nd op5 to indicate t its cont5ts are made kn[n to ! _w4 ,"s reg>d ! little book to be ! rema9+ "p ( ! ,apocalypse1 beg9n+ ) ! succe$+ *apt]27#dcc7 by o!rs its cont5ts are consid]$ to beg9 ) *apt] twelve1 ! fir/ break 9 cont9uity aft] ! episode2 b x seems m likely t ! :ole book is int5d$4 ,9 any case x is cle> t ! prophetic =m 9 :i* ! writ]'s m9i/ry is to be realiz$ 7viz4 8?\ mu/ prophesy aga9 ov] _m peoples & nations & tongues & k+s01 v4 #aa7 s]ves to l9k ! c5t] ( ! book 7*4 #aj3aa7 ) bo? ! beg9n+ 7*4 #a3c7 & ! end 7*4 #bb3ai717dcd7 & !reby furni%es an incid5tal pro( ( its unity ( design4 #a ,! ,angel ,=etells ! ,end1 ,*4 #aj3ag ,a mighty angel1 ! repres5tative ( ,*ri/ & be>+ 8 insignia17#dce7 hav+ a book 9 8 h&1 & /&+ bo? ^u sea & l& z a sign ( 8 _wwide mission1 decl>es ! com+ end "u ! sev5? trumpet1 :5 ! my/]y ( ,god's me?od & purpose 9 human life & r$emption %all be fully reveal$ & f9ally manife/$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 univ]sal k+dom4 ,! mann] ( ! angel is sc5ic & impressive1 & ! message is "o ( und\bt$ p[]4 7#a7 ,! ,?und] ,voices1 ,*4 #aj3c;b & #d ,sev5 ?und]s utt] _! voices7#dcf7 9 tok5 ( ! approa*+ judgm5t1 b ,john is direct$ by a voice f heav5 to seal !m up & is =bidd5 to record !m1 probably indicat+ t ! t]rors ( ,god's voice 9 judgm5t are = ! pres5t hidd5 f m52 ?\gh "s reg>d ! voices z introduc$ only to emphasize ! elem5t ( my/]y ) :i* ! ,apocalyptic =m always delight$ to clo! its ?\ght4 ,! voice1 decl>$ to be f heav5 9 v]se f\r1 is app>5tly n int5d$ to indicate by :om ! words 7 spok51 b only ! s\rce f :i* !y came2 "s1 h[ev]1 attribute !m to ,*ri/4 #b ,! ,book ,deliv]$ to ,john1 ,*4 #aj3haa ,! book is ,*ri/'s revelation to ,john 9 ! ,apocalypse1 a little op5 book or scroll 7v4 #b71 evid5tly set 9 contra/ ) ! great seal$ book ( ,god's purposes 9 *apt] five2 & x is tak5 by ! ,apo/le1 9 ob$i5ce to a voice out ( heav51 f ! h& ( ! angel1 :o comm&s him to eat x1 !reby indicat+ t ,john %\ld dige/ ! prophecy !re9 conta9$ 7,ezek4 #c3ac747dcg7 ,?\gh x 0 sweet to 8 ta/e at fir/ z a message f ,*ri/1 x became bitt] aft]w>d :5 its deep] mean+ 0 und]/ood1 = x told ( long cont9u$ trial & conflict in/ead ( spe$y triumph & victory4 ,! prophecy is decl>$ to be 8ov] i4 e4 conc]n+ _m peoples & nations & tongues & k+s01 a f\rfold pr$iction1 %[+ its _wwide application & indicat+ its ideal cont5t4 ,x 0 ! common ?\ght ( ! e>ly *ur* t ! p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation w\ld be v brief2 & x may h be5 9 ord] to dispel 9 "s measure ?is illusion1 & at ! same "t to inculcate pati5ce & hope by %[+ ! ideal %ortness ( ! ,*ri/ian age 9 ,god's et]nal plan1 t we are to f9d "o ( ! _m purposes ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,= x %\ld be not$ t by ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ! viewpo9t on ?is subject %[s a mat]ial *ange4 ,! attitude ( ,john's ,gospel t[>d ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ is manife/ly diff]5t f t ( ! ,synopti/s27#dch7 ! significant pr$ictions ( ,*ri/ conc]n+ 8 own return are omitt$1 notably ! disc\rse on ! la/ ?+s 7,mt4 #bd2 ,mk4 #ac2 ,lk4 #ba72 & ! only ref]5ces to 8 com+ aga9 are indirect 7,jn4 #ad3c1 #ah1 #bh2 #af3bb2 & #bb3bbc71 ?\gh f ^! x is evid5t t x is subsum$ ?r\gh\t1 a view t is confirm$ by ! ,epi/les 7,i ,jn4 #b3bh2 & #c3b74 ,?is is f> f %[+1 z "s hold1 t ! com+ pr$ict$ 0 only figurative1 & 0 fulfill$ at ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 an ev5t already pa/ :5 ,john's ,gospel 0 writt52 b seems r to indicate t ! e>li] /age ( ?\ght1 %>$ 9 by all ! apo/les1 :i* expect$ ! ,"l's return )9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 _h giv5 way to a new & wid] outlook :i* emphasiz$ ! cont9u\s com+ t is pres5t & spiritual m ?an ! p]sonal com+ t is future & outw>d1 ?\gh )\t los+ fai? 9 ! surety ( t com+4 ,& ev5 if ! lat] date ( ! ,apocalypse be n conc$$1 yet com+ f ! same s\rce z ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 we might n unnaturally expect to f9d 9 x "s anticipation ( ?is view involv+ delay1 = ! com+ ?\ght ( 9 ! visions is und\bt$ly p]sonal & future4 ,b ,! ,two ,witnesses1 ,*4 #aa3aac ,! second "p ( ! episode sets =? ! inde/ructibility & p]man5t value ( ! two special div9e in/itutions = human help1 viz4 reveal$ religion & ! *ur*2 & %[s ! triumph ( endur+ witness = ! tru?4 #a ,! ,measurem5t ( ! ,temple1 ,*4 #aa3ab ,! 1 or inn] sanctu>y ( ! temple ( ,god1 is at ?is po9t introduc$ 9 ! vision1 a t]m :i* appli$ to ! ap>tm5ts ( ! temple build+ prop]1 includ+ ! holy ( holies1 ! holy place1 & 9 ?is case by implication ! inn] c\rt1 z di/+ui%$ f ! :i* appli$ to ! :ole temple & includ$ all ! build+s ) ! out] c\rts4 ,! 9 classical ,greek is ! sanctu>y or cell ( a temple :]e ! image ( ! god 0 plac$4 ,9 ,hebrew usage1 z appli$ to ! temple at ,j]usalem1 x signifies ! sacr$ edifice s call$1 includ+ ! holy & mo/ holy place47#dci7 ,?us x is ! true temple ) ! alt> & !m t wor%ip !re91 i4 e4 ! entire cont5ts ( ! inn] c\rt1 ! comb9$ symbol ( reveal$ religion & ( ^? :o accept its tru?s1 especially ! revelation & wor%ipp]s accord+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* is "h introduc$ 9 ! vision4 ,?is is direct$ to be measur$1 i4 e4 x is to be subject$ to c>eful scrut9y1 & its proportions are to be obs]v$1 ! sign z 9 ,ze*>iah 7*4 #b3a;f47 ( pres]vation & r5ewal1 & n ( de/ruction4 ,! measurem5t app>5tly applies to ! heav5ly temple1 ?\gh x may be int]pret$ ei!r ( ! temple at ,j]usalem or its c\nt]p>t 9 heav51 = to ! ,jewi% m9d ! e>?ly temple 0 ! type & %ad[ ( ! heav5ly 7,heb4 #i3e747ddj7 ,9 ei!r case ! mean+ is ! same1 viz4 only t :i* corresponds to ! out] c\rt ( ! e>?ly17#dda7 ! uness5tial portion1 is giv5 up by ! fall ( ,j]usalem to be trodd5 und]foot ( ! nations 7,lk4 #ba3bd7 dur+ =tytwo mon?s 7v4 #b71 ! indef9ite p]iod ( ! _w's conflict ) ! *ur* 7see ,app'x4 ,e74 ,! true temple ) its wor%ipp]s1 ! he>t & c5t] ( ! religi\s life ( ,israel1 is inde/ructible & reappe>s 9 heav5 ) ! ark ( ! cov5ant re/or$ 7v4 #ai74 ,?is is a symbolic expression ( ! important tru? t ! reveal$ religion ( ,israel is to endure1 ! be/ 9 ,judaism is imp]i%able1 all t is fundam5tal & ess5tial is pres]v$ ?\gh ! out] =m be de/roy$27#ddb7 & x 0 design$ to be a vision ( com=t = ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 :o naturally reg>d$ ! ru9 ( ! temple z a pr(\nd calamity4 ,! vision has be5 reg>d$ by _m int]pret]s z indicat+ t ! temple & ! city ( ,j]usalem 7 /ill /&+ :5 ?is 0 writt51 ?us confirm+ ! e>li] date ( ! ,revelation 7circ4 ,a4 ,d4 #fi72 b ! weight ( evid5ce to be atta*$ to an ,apocalyptic vision z te/imony 9 su* a case is v small1 & is q insuffici5t :5 comp>$ ) o!r evid5ces ( ! hi/orical situation f\nd 9 ! book47#ddc7 ,x is evid5t1 also1 t !re is a ref]5ce 9 ! symbolism "h us$1 i4 e4 9 ! pres]vation n only ( ! alt>1 b 8( !m t wor%ip !re901 to ! pres]vation ( ! ,jews z a p1 & _! future re/oration :5 ! times ( ! ,g5tiles %all be fulfill$ 7,lu4 #ba3bd71 ?\gh n necess>ily to ,pale/9e17#ddd7 & surely n to a rebuild$ temple1 :i* 9 any case w\ld be m]e incid5ts1 b to ! ri*] bless+s ( r5ew$ fell[%ip ) ,god1 ( :i* ! temple & its s]vice 7 to ! ,jewi% m9d ! true/ type 7cf4 ,rom4 #aa3a;f474 ,! late ,apocalyptic,traditional view1 x may be m5tion$1 attributes v]ses "o & two to a =m] ,jewi% apocalypse t has be5 lo/1 :i* is "h quot$ z an introduction to ! prophecy ( ! two witnesses t foll[s4 ,x may well be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! passage adds any?+ effective to its int]pretation4 #b ,! ,two ,witnesses & _! ,m>tyrdom1 ,*4 #aa3cac ,! two witnesses :o prophesy1 i4 e4 be> witness = ,god1 & :om ,god ev] pres]ves ?r\gh\t all vicissitudes1 & deliv]s ev5 out ( seem+ de/ruction1 are ! *ur*es ( ! ,old & ,new ,disp5sations :i* h be5 div9ely call$ to witness = ! tru?47#dde7 ,! two olive trees repres5t ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t revelations :i* supply oil1 ! symbol ( grace1 to ! two c&le/icks1 i4 e4 to ! two *ur*es17#ddf7 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian1 t h be5 & are ,god's special witnesses ?r\gh\t ! ages 7cf4 ,ze*4 #d3b;f474 ,! id5tity ( ! c&le/icks & witnesses is %[n bo? by ! connection1 & by ! explicit /atem5t ( v]se f\r3 8,^! two witnesses are ! two olive trees & ! two c&le/icks1 /&+ be=e ! ,"l ( ! e>?10 i4 e4 ! witnesses are1 9 a s5se1 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t revelations & ! *ur*es ( ! ,old & ,new ,disp5sations1 :i* alike witness = ! tru? ( ,god1 ?\gh ! connection %[s t ! *ur*es are specially int5d$47#ddg7 ,two is ! numb] ( confirmation 9 witnessbe>+ 7,jn4 #h3ag72 h5ce ! two witnesses may also be consid]$ to symbolize ! suffici5cy ( ! te/imony ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t *ur*es1 z also a suffici5t numb] 9 ! *ur* 9 e age :o witness = ,god & tru?4 ,^! h p[] t is n ( man b div9ely giv51 z is indicat$ 9 symbolic language 7v4 #ef71 yet :5 _! te/imony is f9i%$1 ! ,bea/ out ( ! abyss1 ! _wp[] ( *apt] ?irte51 introduc$ "h by anticipation1 accompli%es _! app>5t ov]?r[4 ,out ( ?is deadly conflict ) ! _w1 & ! app>5t defeat & ev5tually ! dea? ( ! witnesses1 ) ! exposure ( _! dead bodies & contemptu\s refusal ( burial1 a p]sonal indignity & sign ( hatr$ & contempt1 ! fitt+ type ( ! _w's treatm5t ( ! *ur* 9 all ages & times1 :i* 9 ! vision occurs 9 ,babylon1 8! great city01 ! type ( ! godless _w1--out ( all ?is seem+ defeat comes ultimate victory4 ,aft] ?ree & a half days ! brea? ( life f ,god ent]s into !m1 & !y live aga91 & g up to heav5 9 a cl\d4 ,?is po9ts to ! exp]i5ce ( grave p]il by ! *ur* prec$+ h] triumph1 includ+ tempor>y & seem+ ext9ction at ! h&s ( h] enemies1 & =m+ ! occasion = an expression ( _! supreme contempt1 an exp]i5ce su* z has occurr$ at diff]5t p]iods 9 h] hi/ory1 & :i* may1 inde$1 occur aga9 9 ! future--! *ur* p]secut$1 scatt]$1 peel$1 seem+ly de/roy$1 b reviv$ & re/or$ by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,?ree & a half days ( defeat1--a brok5 numb]1 indicat+ a %ort b indef9ite p]iod 9 contra/ ) ! ?ree & a half ye>s1 or =ty two mon?s1 or a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?ree score days1 7v4 #c71 ! l5g? ( ! entire _wconflict1--a "t ( rejoic+ by !m t dwell ^u ! e>?1 is foll[$1 z 9 ! case ( our ,"l1 by resurrection1 asc5sion1 & triumph1 a p>allel t is app>5tly sugge/$ by ! simil>ity & 0 d\btless int5d$4 ,?is is true n only ( individual sa9ts :o h borne witness & suff]$ dea? only to rise aga9 9 ! witness ( o!rs & 9 _! own p]sonal resurrection1 b is especially true ( ! *ur* 9 a collective s5se1 bo? "u ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new1 :i* always rises triumphant aft] e great disa/] 9 h] hi/ory1 & %all rise aga9 9 all h] memb]s at ! resurrection ( ! la/ day aft] h] witness is complete47#ddh7 ,god av5ges 8 own1 z is indicat$ 9 ! vision by ! fall ( ! t5? "p ( ! city1 :i* is ! %>e ( ! ti! "u ! ,mosaic law1 & by ! dea? ( sev5 ?\s& m51 a great & complete numb]1 sev5 multipli$ by a ?\s&1 :o be> ! puni%m5t ( _! s94 ,z ! result ( ! m>tyrdom & av5gem5t ! re/ ( m51 give glory to ,god1 a manife/ atte/ation ( ! value ( ! *ur*'s witness4 ,! _w's p]secution1 ?\gh bitt] & cont9u$1 fails to accompli% its end2 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ survives1 & rises aga9 9 p[]1 & its witness becomes effective4 ,hi/orical int]pret]s1 h[ev]1 g5]ally reg>d ! two witnesses z p]sons1 futuri/s id5tify+ !m z ,moses 7or ,eno*7 & ,elijah1 :om !y reg>d z yet to come1 & pret]i/s f9d+ 9 !m two lead+ *>act]s dur+ ! siege ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 a view t re/ricts ! vision to v n>r[ limits4 ,o!rs1 cat*+ ! l>g] view1 int]pret z 8,! ,*ri/ian *ur* & ! ,*ri/ian /ate01 & /ill o!rs z 8,! law & ! prophets01 or 8,! prophets & ! prie/hood01--i4 e4 ! :ole spiritual au?ority ( ! old disp5sation :i*1 8?\gh p]v]t$ & de/roy$ by ! ,jews 7"s ( ! be/ repres5tatives ( ea* be+ put to dea?71 yet rose to new life & en?ronem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity04 ,9 any case ! obvi\s tea*+ is ! triumph ( fai?ful te/imony = ,god1 a pr9ciple ( ine/imable value = ! *ur* :5 9 ! ?roes ( p]secution4 ,& n[1 hav+ look$ on ! vision ( ! angel & ! book1 & ( ! two witnesses1 ! way is op5 = ! s\nd+ ( ! sev5? trumpet4 ,x may be not$ 9 clos+ our /udy ( ?is episode t _m comm5tators int]pret 8! great city01 9 v]se eight ( ?is *apt]1 z ref]r+ to ,j]usalem1 because ( ! designation 8:]e also _! ,"l 0 crucifi$0--,j]usalem be+ reg>d$ z a _wcity4 ,! decisive reason aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! uni=m usage ( ! book17#ddi7 = ! int]pretation is n o!rwise mat]ially affect$4 ,j]usalem is ev]y:]e else 9 ! ,revelation ! type ( t :i* is holy1 & is n[h]e else call$ 8! great city01 :ile ?is "n is appli$ sev5 times else:]e to ,babylon 7or ,rome71 ! type ( ! ungodly _w1 9 :i* & by :i* our ,"l may be truly said to h be5 crucifi$2 & !re seems to be no adequate reason = reg>d+ ?is passage z conta9+ an exceptional use ( ! phrase4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 we int]pret ( ,j]usalem or ( ,babylon ! g5]al s5se rema9s ! same4 ,9 ! "o case ! app>5t defeat & contempt = ! *ur* ( ,god1 or its witness & witnesses1 occurs 9 ,babylon1 ! type ( ! godless _w1 :ile 9 ! o!r x happ5s 9 ,j]usalem1 9 t case ! type ( unbeliev+ ,judaism4 ,ei!r symbolism1 x w be se51 is suitable to ! context4 ,,iv ,! ,vision ( ,conflict 7,a ,vision ( ,w>f>e74 ,*4 #ab3aad3bj ,a discursive view ( moral & spiritual conflict z ! key to man's r$emptive hi/ory1 ! prime ?\ght :i* und]lies ! :ole book1 & :i* is portray$ 9 ?is c5tral f\rfold vision z a p]vasive *ur* hi/oric _wconflict ( ! evil aga9/ ! j1 n[ =ms ! ess5tial climax ( ! ,revelation1 disclos+ a div9e panorama ( ! _w 9 process ( r$emption ) ! great oppos+ =ces :i* cont5d aga9/ ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom2 a discrim9at+ outlook ^u ! significant _wmovem5ts ( all "t f ! spiritual po9t ( view1 = x is ev]y:]e assum$ t ! =ces :i* m\ld hi/ory are spiritual1 & t ! ma/] key to life is f\nd 9 ! sup]natural4 ,&1 :atev] ! =m 9 :i* ^! movem5ts became app>5t to ,john 9 8 "t1 we may re/ assur$ t ! div9ely inspir$ prophetic insight l$ him to p]ceive1 at lea/ 9 "s measure1 t 9 _! ess5ce !y 7 timeless & repeat$ !mselves 9 e age4 ,?is c5tral vision is 9 "p ! mo/ difficult portion ( ! ,revelation1 conta9+ sev5 my/ic figures1 viz4 ! ,sun,clo!d ,woman1 ! ,great ,r$ ,dragon1 ! ,all ,rul+ ,man,*ild1 ! ,fir/ ,bea/ 7! ,bea/ f ! ,sea71 ! ,second ,bea/ 7! ,bea/ f ! ,l&71 ! ,lamb on ,m\nt ,zion1 & ! ,son ( ,man on ! ,cl\d1 ea* "o ( :om is inve/$ ) a special symbolism4 ,! difficulties ( int]pretation belong+ to ?is "p ( ! ,revelation1 x w be se51 are sc>cely less5$ 9 any degree by ref]r+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! section to v>i\s ,jewi% apocalypses :i* are suppos$ to h conta9$ ! gi/ ( ! ?\ght 9 ?is portion1 accord+ to ! ,apocalyptic,traditional view27#dej7 =1 ap>t f ! fact t no su* apocalypses are n[ extant1 ^! sections1 ev5 if !y 7 orig9ally d]iv$ f su* a s\rce1 h an application "h t is di/9ctively new & specifically ,*ri/ian4 ,! vision itself is prop]ly divisible into f\r p>ts or sections1 z indicat$ 9 ! arrangem5t t foll[s4 ,a ,! ,woman & ! ,dragon1 ,*4 #ab3af1 & #acag ,?is is a vision ( ,satan p]secut+ ! *ur* & ! ,messiah1 & ( ! effective div9e deliv]ance1 :i* al?\gh p]mitt+ a cont9uance ( ! conflict yet provides help = ov]com+ & anticipates f9al victory4 ,! sc5e op5s 9 heav51 b is aft]w>d transf]r$ to ! e>?--see v]se six4 #a ,! ,sun,clo!d ,woman1 ,*4 #ab3ab1 #ef1 & #ac;f4 ,a great sign is se5 9 heav51 a ,woman glori\s & cr[n$1 array$ ) ! sun1 ! be>] ( light1 & hav+ ! moon "u h] feet1 i4 e4 triumph+ ov] "t & *ange1 :o evid5tly repres5ts ! *ur* ( ,god on e>? :i* 0 fir/ ,jewi% & !n ,*ri/ian--8! ideal community ( ,god's p04 ,! moon 0 ! ,jewi% divid] ( "t1 & ! phases ( x be+ m>k$ by recurr5t *anges1 x naturally =m$ a ready type ( bo? ^! ideas2 & x may "h also include ! ?\ght ( /ability ( exi/5ce 9 ! mid/ ( *ange ( outw>d appe>ance47#dea7 ,! sun & moon h be5 ?\ght by "s to indicate ! relative light ( ! ,new & ,old ,disp5sations1 ?\gh x is m probable t bo? h be5 introduc$ ma9ly to enhance ! conception ( ! *ur*'s ideal glory4 ,! cr[n ( twelve />s is ! sign ( ! cov5ant p1--! cr[n is 1 ! cr[n ( victory1 :i* ,god designs to give ! *ur*1 & ! numb]1 twelve1 is ! numb] ( ! tribes ( ,israel--:ile ! woman's travail angui% is ! figure ( ,jewi% affliction1 & ( deep long+ = ! ,messiah4 ,"s int]pret ! figure ( ! woman z repres5t+ ! ,virg9 ,m>y27#deb7 b ! symbol is cle>ly wid] ?an a p]son1 z is %[n by ! :ole c\rse ( ! p]secution ) its transf]5ce to ! re/ ( h] se$ :5 ! ,man ,*ild has escap$1 & evid5tly applies to 8! my/ical "m ( ,*ri/01 ! *ur* ^: se$ are _m1 ?\gh ! s\rce & appropriat5ess ( ! figure is d\btless f\nd 9 ! fact t ,*ri/ 0 born ( a woman4 #b ,! ,great ,r$ ,dragon1 ,*4 #ab3cd1 & #ac;f4 ,! ,dragon1 a my?ical animal ( tradition>y t]ror1 ! symbol to ! ,jewi% _w ( all t :i* 0 hide\s & h>mful1 & describ$ z r$ 9 color to indicate 8 sangu9>y & de/ructive "*1 is introduc$ 9 ord] to repres5t ! ,old ,s]p5t1 ! ,devil1 & ,satan 7v4 #i717dec7 ! "l ( ! pres5t _w & ! adv]s>y ( ,*ri/4 ,8 sev5 heads ) diadems1 & ! t5 horns1 are symbols ( 8 full dom9ion & absolute p[] ov] evil 9 ! _w dur+ ! p]iod ( conflict4 ,! head ) a cr[n or diadem is ! natural symbol ( dom9ion1 :i* 9 ! ,apocalyptic lit]ature usually signifies k+s or empires 7cf4 ,dan4 #b3cb2 & #g3f71 & ! horn is a recogniz$ ,jewi% emblem ( p[]4 ,! cr[n is ! 1 ! sign ( royalty1 n ! 1 or g>l& cr[n ( victory--a di/9ction t is c>efully obs]v$ 9 ! ,revelation1 z is indicat$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sions by ! translation 8diadem047#ded7 ,?is symbolism ( ! sev5 heads & t5 horns 0 evid5tly *os5 to indicate ! manife/ation ( ,satan's p[] 9 ! k+s & k+doms ( ?is _w :i* are adv]se to ! k+dom ( ,god1 z is cle>ly %[n by _! use 9 *apt] ?irte51--t ?r\gh :i* ,satan op]ates & makes 8 p[] felt be+ attribut$ to him z an ess5tial "p ( 8 be+4 ,! use ( sev5 & t5 toge!r implies a tw(old complet5ess1 i4 e4 complet5ess ( k9d & complet5ess ( p>ts 7see ,app'x4 ,e74 ,?is comb9ation ( sev51 ! symbol ( p]fection ( quality :i* is usually moral1 ) t5 ! symbol ( complet5ess :i* is usually e>?ly1 ?\gh )\t necess>ily imply+ any moral elem5t1 is us$ ) an evil significance ?r\gh\t 9 ! ,revelation1 & creates "s difficulty ( int]pretation2 b x is d\btless be/ expla9$ z indicat+ t t :i* 0 orig9ally design$ = moral p]fection1 signifi$ by sev51 has be5 comb9$ ) & pro/itut$ to purely e>?ly ends1 z signifi$ by t51 :i* ends are 9 ?is case notably s9ful4 ,! suitability ( ! sev5 heads & t5 horns belong+ alike to ! ,dragon1 :o repres5ts ,satan1 & to ! ,bea/ 7*4 #ac3a71 :o repres5ts anti,*ri/ian national gov]nm5t1 is ?us q manife/1 = bo? are evil4 ,if we comp>e ?is ) ! comb9ation ( sev5 ) sev5 9 ! horns & eyes ( ! ,lamb1 :]e ! idea ( a tw(old spiritual p]fection is indicat$1 some?+ ( ! peculi> comb9ation & significance ( numb]s 9 ! ,revelation w become app>5t4 ,! ,dragon's ca/+ d[n ! ?ird "p ( ! />s f heav5 7v4 #d71 i4 e4 a consid]able numb] b n ! l>g] "p1 is ano!r sign ( 8 p[] 7,dan4 #h3aj71 & may allude to ! angels :o lo/ _! fir/ e/ate & fell ) him4 ,he /&s wait+ 9 ! vision be=e ! ,woman1 ! *ur*1 9 ord] to de/roy h] *ild1 ! ,messiah1 z soon z ! *ild is born1 a purpose t he does n prove able to c>ry out4 #c ,! ,all,rul+ ,man,*ild1 ,*4 #ab3e ,! ,man,*ild is ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 born ( a woman1 & :om ,satan endeavors to de/roy1 b :o 0 br\ght =? to rule or to %eph]d all ! nations ) a rod ( iron 7,ps4 #b3i71 i4 e4 ) irresi/ible p[]1 & :o 0 caught up to heav5 by 8 resurrection & asc5sion4 ,9 ?is symbolic action ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,*ri/ are pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce 9 ord] to set =? at once ! triumphant escape z ! *ief ?\ght 9 m9d1 & ! futility ( ! ,dragon's ef=t4 #d ,! ,wild]ness ,refuge1 ,*4 #ab3f;a1 & #ad;a ,! wild]ness repres5ts ! pres5t evil _w z ! place ( trial dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! *ur*1 l ,israel1 cont9ues h] pilgrimage t[>d ! promis$ fulness ( ! messianic k+dom4 ,!re may also be a ref]5ce 9 ?is to ! l&s ( ! ,g5tiles1 call$ a wild]ness 9 contra/ ) ,canaan ! glori\s l& to ! ,jewi% patriot1 :]e ! *ur* 8ha? a place prep>$ ( ,god01 & is n[ n\ri%$ l ,israel ( old 9 ! wild]ness2 or1 by a *ange ( figure1 l ! prophet ,elijah 0 f$ = twelve hundr$ & sixty days1 ! equival5t ( =tytwo mon?s1 or ?ree & a half ye>s1--! "t1 two times1 & half a "t1 i4 e4 ?ree & a half times1 ( v]se f\rte51--! symbol ( ! indef9ite p]iod ( ! *ur*'s conflict ) ! _w1 or ( ! _wtriumph1 :i* is a %ort5$ "t1 a t]m t w end 7see ,app'x ,e74 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ! pret]i/ int]pret]s usually reg>d ! wild]ness refuge z a ref]5ce to ! flight ( ! ,*ri/ians to ,pella be=e ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$1 by :i* !y escap$ ! ?ree & a half ye>s ( ! siege7#dee7--;c]ta9ly a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 ?\gh n s]v+ to e/abli% t int]pretation--a mean+ t is n>r[ & local in/ead ( broad & univ]sal4 #e ,! ,p]secution ( ! ,woman & h] ,se$1 ,*4 #ab3df1 & #acag ,! p]secution ( ! ,woman ) h] se$ repres5ts ,satan's malign b fruitless attempts to de/roy ! *ur*4 ,! two w+s ( ! great eagle1 i4 e4 ! numb] ( add$ /r5g? & surety1 are ^? ( div9e pres]vation :i* are giv5 h] to escape f ! de/roy+ flood ca/ out ( ! m\? ( ! ,dragon1 ! apt symbol ( ,satan's p]si/5t ef=t to ov]:elm ! *ur*4 ,to ,john's m9d ! eagle1 :i* 0 inscrib$ ^u ! ,roman /&>ds1 may h seem$ ! symbol ( ! ,roman ,empire t at fir/ protect$ ,*ri/ianity f ,jewi% p]secution17#def7 or ! symbol may h be5 sugge/$ by t fact2 b x repres5ts z well :at ,god is ev] do+ ?r\gh human & e>?ly means = ! *ur*'s deliv]ance4 ,by ! exceptional /atem5t t 8! e>? help$ ! woman01 we are evid5tly to und]/& t natural causes help$ ,*ri/ianity1 a fruitful sugge/ion t is rem>kably exemplifi$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! ,dragon mak+ w> ^u ! re/ ( ! ,woman's se$1 i4 e4 all ( h] se$ except ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 caught up to heav51 indicates 8 cont9u$ attack ^u ! *ur* & its memb]s4 ,b ,w> 9 ,heav51 ,*4 #ab3gab ,we h 9 ?is incid5t a digression 9 ! mid/ ( ! acc\nt ( ! p]secution ( ! ,woman 9 ord] to %[ ! orig9 ( ,satan's hatr$1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! conflict 9 ! f> pa/47#deg7 ,mi*ael ! ar*angel1 reg>d$ z ! presid+ angel ( ! ,jews f ! "t ( ,daniel1 toge!r ) ! angels "u him1 w>r$ ) ! ,dragon & 8 angels2 & ,satan1 be+ ca/ out ( heav51 transf]r$ ! conflict to e>?4 ,a great voice is !n he>d 9 heav5 decl>+ 8 d[nfall toge!r ) ! triumph ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 & rec\nt+ ! suff]+ ( ! sa9ts because ( him 7v4 #ajab74 ,?is t]m :i* is "h introduc$1 8! k+dom ( our ,god01 ?\gh us$ b twice 9 ! book ( ! ,revelation1 is ! mo/ notable phrase 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x occurs ne>ly a hundr$ times1 ei!r z 8! k+dom ( ,god01 or 8! k+dom ( heav501 a t]m :i* signifies ! rule ( ,god 9 ! e>?1 ,god becom+ k+ among m54 ,! k+dom ( ,god1 x %\ld be se51 has a f> broad] mean+ & wid] sweep ?an ! *ur*1 = x s]ves to include all t ,god is ev] do+ ! ages ?r\gh = ! spiritual uplift & p]man5t bett]m5t ( mank9d4 ,9 ! broade/ s5se ?is b5efic5t k+dom may be def9$ z all t div9ely direct$ movem5t & control 9 human life & hi/ory :i* has = its object ! ultimate accompli%m5t ( ! m9d & w ( ,god 9 ! he>ts & lives ( m5--= ?is glori\s k+dom on ! e>?ly side has its ultimate seat )9 ! human he>t 7,lu4 #ag3ba74 ,jesus by 8 lum9\s tea*+ lift$ t "n1 8! k+dom ( ,god01 out ( ! old] & n>r[] phases ( its ,jewi% use1 & gave x a broad] & m b5efic5t mean+ = all succe$+ "t4 ,! ca/+ out ( ,satan1 :i* is relat$ 9 ?is section1 is introduc$ z a contributive ev5t to ! glori\s com+ ( ! k+dom4 ,8 defeat 9 heav5 =e%ad[s 8 defeat on e>?1 & ?\gh he /ill has 8great wra?0 :i* he p\rs out ^u m51 yet 'he ha? b a %ort "t' 7v4 #ab71 i4 e4 a "t t is relatively %ort1 until ,*ri/ %all reign 9 p[]4 ,!y :o are our bre?r5 ov]came him1 we are told 7v4 #aa71 8because ( ! blood ( ! ,lamb01 !re=e !y are call$ ^u to rejoice4 ,9 connection ) ?is int]pretation x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! "trelation is1 9 ?is view1 ignor$ 9 ! vision1 z commonly ?r\gh\t ! book1 = ,apocalyptic (t5 does n sep>ate ! ne> & ! f>1 & ev5ts widely sep>at$ 9 "t are view$ z contemporane\s 9 ! timeless sequ5ce ( prophetic p]spective4 ,?us ! incid5t be=e u )\t any intimation takes u back to ! p]iod ant]ior to creation1 & !n recurs z sudd5ly to ! exp]i5ce ( p]secution by fai?ful ,*ri/ians47#deh7 ,9 all ,apocalyptic writ+s !re is a manife/ indiff]5ce to =mal consi/5cy t we d well to be> 9 m9d4 ,accord+ to ano!r view ! acc\nt 9 ?is section is to be reg>d$ z cont9u\s ) ! la/1 v]se sev5 foll[+ v]se six 9 natural ord]1 & ! conflict describ$ is to be plac$ aft] ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 mak+ ! victory a %ort5+ ( ,satan's p[] foll[+ ^u ,*ri/'s r$emptive "w1 & depriv+ him ( su* opportunity z he hi!rto _h 9 heav5 ( accus+ ! bre?r51 !reby limit+ 8 sph]e to ?is _w4 ,not)/&+ ! attractiv5ess ( ?is view1 h[ev]1 & :at may be said 9 its favor f sev]al passages 9 ! ,gospels 7cf4 ,lk4 #aj3ah2 ,jn4 #ab3ca2 #ad3cj;b2 & #af3aa717dei7 ! =m] int]pretation is ^u ! :ole to be pref]r$ z agree+ be/ ) ! g5]al s5se ( ! *apt]47#dfj7 ,su* a symbol ( victory ov] ,satan1 :atev] ! p]iod to :i* ! victory may be attribut$1 0 n out ( accord ) ideas curr5t at t "t2 = 8?is feature impossible 9 mod]n conceptions ( heav51 %[s itself f "t to "t 9 pre ,*ri/ian & also e>ly ,*ri/ian conceptions1 viz4 ! belief 9 ! pres5ce ( evil1 or ! possibility ( its appe>ance1 9 ! heav5s0 i4 e4 9 ! l[] heav5s47#dfa7 ,9 any case ?is section places 9 cle> p]spective ! great tru? t lead]%ip 9 ! antagonism ( evil ) righte\sness belongs to & takes its rise f ! sup]natural _w1 & :at we con/antly see "h has its s\rce & occasion !re1 9 ! deep] spiritual vision ( prophecy4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ?is section a manife/ p>allelism has be5 po9t$ out betwe5 ! conflict ( ,m>duk ) ,timat 9 ,babylonian my?ology1 & ! w> betwe5 ,mi*ael & ! ,dragon 9 ! ,apocalypse47#dfb7 ,o!rs pursu+ ?is idea /ill fur!r1 ?\gh )\t suffici5t gr\nd = _! conclusion1 h attribut$ to ,babylonian orig9 a body ( ,jewi% apocalyptic traditions :i* !y assume to h be5 "o ( ! s\rces ( ! ,revelation & to h furni%$ ! incid5t ( ?is section47#dfc7 ,9 correction ( ?is position x %\ld be se5 t ev5 :5 we recognize to ! fulle/ ext5t ! necess>y influ5ce ( contact ) ,babylon1 bo? e>ly & late1 ^u ,jewi% ?\ght1 & ! introduction ( ideas f t s\rce z natural & inevitable1 x does n foll[ t !re 0 any su* use made ( ,babylonian my?ology 9 ! lat] ,jewi% writ+s z ?is w\ld imply1 = ! ,jew 0 exce$+ly w>y ( any religi\s ideas t did n spr+ f 8 own ance/ral h]itage4 ,x is inde$ q probable t p>ticul> concepts1 or ?\ghtelem5ts1 l t ( ! ,dragon & ( ! two ,bea/s 9 ?is vision1 are ( ,babylonian orig92 b 8! hypo!sis ( a ,jewi% messianic use ( an entire hea!n sunmy?1 & !n ! ,*ri/ian adaptation ( ! ,jewi% =m017#dfd7 is 9 itself highly improbable at s late a p]iod 9 ,jewi% developm5t1 & c sc>cely be accept$ by ^? :o ma9ta9 ! inspiration ( ! ,apocalypse 9 any ess5tial s5se4 ,x is mu* m likely t ! au?or1 if us+ su* mat]ial at all1 incorporat$ ! ?\ght r ?an ! =m ( su* float+ ,babylonian fragm5ts z belong$ to 8 "t1 9 accordance ) 8 usual me?od ( employ+ ! ,hebrew lit]ature1 ?\gh ?is is :olly a matt] ( hypo!sis47#dfe7 ,c ,! ,two ,bea/s1 ,*4 #ac3aah ,! vision n[ sets =? two ( ! pr9cipal =ms ( ! _w's opposition to ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom1 :i* are repres5t$ z ,bea/s1 mon/]s t are t]rible & revolt+ 9 appe>ance1 t are plac$ 9 notable contra/ ) ! ,lamb1 & t are inspir$ by ,satan :o /&s wat*+ 9 8 dragon =m on ! s&s ( ! sea--= accord+ to ! correct$ read+ ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 x is ! ,dragon & n ! ,apocalypti/ t /&s ^u ! sea%ore47#dff7 ,?is vision af=ds an int]e/+ example ( ,john's use ( already exi/+ mat]ial1 = ! idea ( two wild bea/s oppos+ ! ,messiah is f\nd else:]e 9 apocalyptic writ+s1 al?\gh n 9 exactly ! same =m17#dfg7 & is "h made ! basis ( an illu/ration ( und\bt$ p[]4 ,! ,bea/s 9 ! ,apocalypse are ! natural & fitt+ embodim5t ( brute =ce op]at+ to control m5 9 ! sph]e ( religion4 ,"s w\ld pref] ! translation ( z a 8mon/]0 r ?an a 8bea/017#dfh7 & p]haps1 x is te*nically m accurate1 b ! long use ( ! t]m 8bea/0 9 ?is connection has made x famili> to our m9ds & also intelligible1 = x is a bea/ 9 ! bad s5se t is int5d$1 & to ! av]age read] ?is t]m und\bt$ly conveys ! prop] mean+4 #a ,! ,fir/ ,bea/--! ,bea/ f ! ,sea1 ,*4 #ac3aaj ,a wild ,bea/ fi]ce & blood?ir/y1 & ideal composite creature1 8l unto a leop>d & 8 feet 7 z ! feet ( a be>1 & 8 m\? z ! m\? ( a lion0 7v4 #b71 evid5tly =m$ f ! bea/s 9 ,daniel's vision 7*4 #g3c;f471 is se5 com+ up out ( ! tempe/u\s sea ( ! nations1 & is manife/ly ! same z ! ,sc>let ,bea/ ( *apt] sev5te51 ! "o con/antly ref]r$ to z 8! ,bea/0 )\t any o!r qualification4 ,?is is ! symbol ( ! univ]sal _wp[]1 i4 e4 all ! _wk+doms are consid]$ z "o & p]sonifi$ 9 ?is ,bea/ 9 op5 ho/ility to ! *ur*27#dfi7 national opposition to ,*ri/ianity1 exemplifi$ by hea!n ,rome 9 ,john's day :i* suppli$ ! gr\ndwork ( ! conception1 b ext5d+ f> beyond t & apply+ equally to all p]secut+ nations dur+ ! :ole =tytwo mon?s1 or ?ree & a half ye>s1 ( _wdom9ation1 :i* repres5ts ! duration ( ! *ur* hi/oric p]iod ( trial 7v4 #e71 a p]iod t is brok5 & incomplete 7see ,app'x ,e74 ,! ,bea/ is describ$ z hav+ t5 horns & sev5 heads1 ! symbol ( a tw(old complet5ess1 bo? t ( p>ts 7t57 & t ( quality or k9d 7sev571 ! same numb] z ! ,dragon1 ?\gh 9 inv]se ord]1 indicat+ t ! ,bea/ is ! ag5t ( ! ,dragon1 i4 e4 ( ,satan1 & is possess$ ( l dom9ion & p[]1--= 8! ,dragon gave him 8 p[]1 & 8 ?rone1 & great au?ority04 ,! heads seem to symbolize ! _wp[] tak+ =m1 & ! horns ! ex]cise ( t p[]4 7,= ! fur!r developm5t ( ?is symbolism1 see *4 #ag3i;f47 ,& x %\ld be not$ t ! t5 horns & sev5 heads are common n only to ! ,dragon & ! ,bea/1 b are also ! sum total ( ^? belong+ to ! f\r bea/s 9 ,daniel's vision1 i4 e4 to all ! _wp[]s !re design$1 a symbolism :i* sugge/s t x prop]ly applies to m ?an "o nation1 & :i* "h seems int5d$ to portray ! p]si/5t opposition ( ! ,devil to ! *ur* ( ,god1 work+ ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! _w 9 all "t & 9 all nations4 ,! t5 cr[ns or diadems ^u 8 horns d5ote ! fulness ( 8 sov]eignty1 & imply ! ext5t ( 8 e>?ly rule2 ! names ( blasphemy ^u 8 heads seem to ref] to ! div9e titles & honors assum$ by e>?ly k+s1 especially ^? ( ,rome1 z ,domitian :o ord]$ t 9 (ficial docum5ts he %\ld be /yl$ 8,our ,"l & ,god0--a figure t is p]haps sugge/$ "h by ! mitre ( ! high prie/ on :i* 0 writt5 8,hol9ess to ! ,"l01 to :i* ?is 0 antipodal27#dgj7 :ile ! w\nd$ head t is heal$ ref]s to ! dea? /roke1 giv5 to ! _wp[] by ! life1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 f :i* !re has be5 seem+ recov]y17#dga7 = ?is 0 a true dea?bl[ to ! _wp[]1 ev5 ?\gh x fail$ ( imm$iate realization & !reby disappo9t$ ,jewi% ,*ri/ian hopes ( e>ly victory4 ,! ,bea/ blasphemes aga9/ ,god1 88 "n1 & 8 tab]nacle1 ev5 !m t dwell 9 ! heav5s01 i4 e4 ! inhabitants ( ! tab]nacle4 8,& x 0 giv5 unto him to make w> ) ! sa9ts & to ov]come !m3 & !re 0 giv5 to him au?ority ov] e tribe & p & tongue & nation02 b x is only z x is 8giv5 unto him0 t he c ex]cise 8 p[]1 i4 e4 he is subject to div9e control4 ,& e "o1 8^: "n ha? n be5 writt5 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w 9 ! book ( life ( ! ,lamb t ha? be5 sla901 %all wor%ip him4 ,?us is depict$ n only ! fi]ce antagonism ( ! ,roman ,empire to ! *ur* 9 t age1 b ! p]petual ho/ility & unceas+ opposition ( ! univ]sal _wp[] 9 all ages & nations to ! gr[? ( ! k+dom ( ,god among m54 ,! symbol ( ! ,bea/1 not)/&+ ! difficulty ( its int]pretation1 has c]ta9 di/+ui%+ features t help to int]pret its mean+4 ,! close resemblance to ,daniel's vision gives a clue to ! ?\ght 9 m9d1 & s]ves to indicate ! prop] me?od ( int]pretation4 ,t ! _wp[] 9 "s =m is symboliz$ 9 ! vision1 is cle>ly indicat$2 on ?is po9t all int]pret]s are agre$1 ?\gh ! majority ( mod]n int]pret]s reg>d ! ,bea/ z ! ,roman ,empire4 ,t ,john _h ,rome prim>ily 9 m9d c sc>cely be d\bt$2 b1 9 ! view accept$ by ! symbolic int]pret]s1 ! ,roman ,empire s]v$ only to supply ! gr\ndwork = an idealiz$ conception1 9 :i* ! ord9>y & limit$ view ( s5se has become trans=m$ "u ! influ5ce ( prophetic insight into ! wid] vision ( a _wp[] belong+ to all "t & p]vad+ all hi/ory t rises bea/like 9 /r5g? & might to oppress ! p ( ,god4 ,! ,bea/1 accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 is ! p]secut+ _wp[] 9 any & e age antagoniz+ ! k+dom ( ,god2 ! national & political =ces ( ! _w 9 _! organiz$ =m array+ !mselves aga9/ our ,"l & 8 ,*ri/2 t phase ( ! _w's life :i* f9ds expression = its opposition to ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom "u ! =ms ( law & gov]nm5t1 ! mo/ sov]eign & irresi/ible ( all k9ds ( p]secution4 ,?is symbol naturally f\nd a ready & satisfactory int]pretation by ! e>ly *ur* 9 ! prevail+ surveillance ( ! ,roman au?ority2 b x is an int]pretation none ! less true ( hea!n nations ev]y:]e & always1 :o con/antly p]secute ! *ur* ( ,god4 ,! int]pretation ?us giv5 is ! "o accept$ by ! symboli/ s*ool z ! mo/ natural & satisfactory ( all1 hav+ a _wwide application & univ]sal cont5t2 & x may be confid5tly adopt$ ) an adequate degree ( assurance t x conveys ! mean+ int5d$4 ,! pret]i/ int]pret]s1 on ! o!r h&1 limit ! mean+ ( ! ,fir/ ,bea/ to ! ,roman ,empire1 us+ its p[] to oppose & oppress ,*ri/ianity1 & con/rue ! w\nd$ head z a ref]5ce to ! dea? ( ,n]o 7see notes on *apt] sev5te574 7#a7 ,an ,admonition to ,pati5ce1 ,*4 #ac3iaj ,john adds a ^w ( w>n+ conc]n+ ! ne$ ( pati5ce & p]sev]ance = ! sa9ts4 ,if any "o is orda9$ to captivity1 into captivity let him g z ! lot appo9t$ him2 resi/ n1 = he t take? ! sword %all p]i% by ! sword2 ?is is ! te/ ( 8! pati5ce & ! fai? ( ! sa9ts04 ,:5 we comp>e ?is message conta9$ 9 ! t5? v]se1 :i* is an exhortation to pati5ce "u p]secution1 ) t 9 ! eighte5? v]se ( ?is same *apt]1 :]e ! exhortation is to wisdom aga9/ deception1 we get a glimpse ( ! diff]5t k9d ( dang] t is to be appreh5d$ f ea* ( ! two bea/s1 ! fir/ p]secut+ m51 ! second deceiv+ !m4 #b ,! ,second ,bea/1--! ,bea/ f ! ,l&1 ,*4 #ac3aaah4 ,ano!r wild ,bea/1 also an ideal & composite creature1 l unto yet diff]5t f ! fir/1 is se5 com+ up out ( ! e>?17#dgb7 i4 e4 out ( e/abli%$ & wellord]$ society2 ! ,twohorn$ ,bea/ 9 :om ! ex]cise ( p]sonal p[] or =ce is less prom95t ?an 9 ! ,fir/ ,bea/ ) t5 horns to :om he is subord9ate1 = ! p[] he ex]cise? is 8all ! p[] ( ! ,fir/ ,bea/04 ,?is ,bea/ is ! symbol ( ! univ]sal _wreligion1 i4 e4 all ! _wreligions are consid]$ z "o & p]sonifi$ 9 ! ,second ,bea/1 9 disguis$ ho/ility to ! *ur* ( ,*ri/27#dgc7 ! ,false ,prophet ( *s4 #af3ac & #ai3bj1 assum+ to be :at he is n1 & us+ 8 au?ority = evil ends1 :o 8deceive? !m t dwell on ! e>?047#dgd7 ,8 two horns l a lamb1 b voice l a dragon1 indicate t he has ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( a lamb1 b ! inn] nature ( a dragon1 & are evid5tly int5d$ to signify t he appe>s to be l ,*ri/1 :ile he is l ,satan2 he repres5ts ! =ms ( religion t assume to save m51 b 9 fact only b9d !m to evil4 8,he doe? great signs t he %\ld ev5 make fire to come d[n out ( heav5 ^u ! e>? 9 ! sight ( m501 i4 e4 n a lit]al br++ d[n ( fire1 b a p[] c\nt]feit+ ! p[] ( ,god z %[n ( old 9 fire f heav51 a great sign to ,israel 7,num4 #af3ce2 ,i ,k4 #ah3ch71 & sembl+ t ( ! two witnesses 7*4 #aa3e74 ,& he requir$ ( 8!m t dwell on ! e>?1 t !y %\ld make an image to ! ,bea/ :o ha? ! /roke ( ! sword & liv$01 i4 e4 ! false religions ( ! _w1 :i* ! ,second ,bea/ repres5ts1 op]ate to make ! p subs]vi5t to ! _wp[]1 ! ,fir/ ,bea/ :i* _h ! /roke ( ! sword & liv$1 ) :i* ^! religions always /& connect$ :e!r 9 ,rome or 9 o!r nations27#dge7 & ! p r5d] wor%ip z !y are direct$4 8,& x 0 giv5 unto him to give brea? to ! image ( ! ,bea/ t x %\ld speak & cause z _m z %\ld n wor%ip ! image to be kill$01 i4 e4 ! hea!n religions give life & au?ority to national wor%ip1 give vitality to ! _wp[] t x %\ld comm& & compel m5 to jo9 9 its idolatr\s =ms or lose _! lives by refusal4 ,?us ! :ole figure seems to indicate ! _s ( ! _w op]at+ aga9/ ! *ur* ?r\gh ! =ms ( religion1 especially z seiz+ ^u ! natural & e?nic religions1 p]meat+ !m ) deceit1 & subv]t+ !m to worldly ends 7v4 #ad71 ! elem5t ( religion be+ a prom95t feature ?r\gh\t4 ,actuat$ by worldly wisdom1 :i* is 8e>?ly1 s5sual1 & devili%0 7,jas4 #c3ae71 ?is ,bea/1 we are told1 bids all m5 wor%ip ! image ( ! ,fir/ 7v4 #ab & #ad71 i4 e4 wor%ip ! deification ( ! _wp[]1 !reby insidi\sly rehabilitat+ ! _wp[] 9 ano!r =m1 a figure likely drawn f ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or's image1 a cult prevail+ at ! "t1 & %[+ h[ false religions re/ ^u & are upheld by hea!n gov]nm5ts4 ,john d\btless _h prim>ily 9 m9d ! hea!n prie/hood ( t p]iod1 especially ! prie/hood ( ,caes>wor%ip1 :i* af=d$ ! be/ example ( ! !n exi/+ _wreligions1 b ?is only =m$ ! gr\ndwork ( ! l>g] ?\ght ( ! vision4 ,pret]i/ int]pret]s1 z a rule1 w\ld limit ! mean+ ( ! ,second ,bea/ to ! hea!n prie/hood ( t "t1 b ?is is too re/rict$ a view4 ,any religion any:]e reject+ ! ,*ri/ & cr[n+ ! _wp[] is repres5t$ by ! ,second ,bea/4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! ,second ,bea/ repres5ts ! ,asi>*1 or *ief prie/ ( ,asia1 ! director & in/igator ( ,emp]or wor%ip47#dgf7 ,?is may possibly h be5 ! s\rce ( ,john's idea2 b h[ev] =m$ we %\ld reg>d x z a univ]sal & poetic conception ( "o cont9u\s phase ( ! _w's opposition to ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom1 & n limit x to any p>ticul> hi/oric manife/ation ( t opposition4 ,o!rs1 )\t suffici5t gr\nds1 h ref]r$ ! title to ! papacy1 int]pret+ ! ,fir/ & ,second ,bea/s z ,rome pagan & papal4 ,ano!r int]pretation is t ! ,fir/ ,bea/ is ! secul> p]secut+ p[]1 pagan or ,*ri/ian1 & ! ,second ,bea/ is ! sac]dotal p]secut+ p[]1 pagan & ,*ri/ian2 :ile /ill ano!r & bett] int]pretation is t _w=ce is ! fir/1 & _wwor%ip1 i4 e4 _wreligion & sup]/ition1 ! second47#dgg7 ,symboli/ int]pret]s always pref] ! wid] to a n>r[] symbolism 9 accordance ) _! g5]al view ( ! book4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 :i* is ! "o accept$ 9 ! pres5t volume1 all ! _wreligions :i* pr(ess to be holy b are controll$ by ! same _s1 belong to ! ,second ,bea/ & contribute to 8 p[]4 ,! aspect ( hea!nism :i* "h pres5t$ itself to ,john's m9d is ! mo/ g5]al & obvi\s ( all its _m *>act]i/ics2 & al?\gh we n[ recognize m fully ! elem5ts ( tru? 9 ! e?nic religions1 & _! relative value 9 ! moral education ( mank9d :5 )\t ! gospel1 yet ,john's view /ill holds good1 & is confirm$ by ! _wwide te/imony ( ! mission field4 ,! _w_s :i* lies at ! door ( ! _wreligions is & always has be5 evil1 & w always be degrad+ to ! s\l1 t _s :i* subord9ates ! moral & spiritual to purely selfi% & worldly ends4 ,! =ms ( ! ,twohorn$ ,bea/ today are j z deceiv+ & defil+ to m51 & z mu* oppos$ to ! k+dom ( ,god1 z !y ev] 7 ( old4 ,& n only are all ! _wreligions ! abid+ manife/ation ( ! ,second ,bea/1 b ev5 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* also1 :e!r ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 may become subs]vi5t !reto1 :5ev] or :]ev] x1 or any "p ( x1 may be dom9at$ by ! _s ( ! _wreligions1 & !reby yields its ,godgiv5 pre/ige to ?is ,bea/4 ,! =ms ( human le>n+1 too1 z philosophy1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & art1 :5 !y tr5* ^u ! sph]e ( religion & become a!i/ic1 agno/ic1 mat]iali/ic1 or ,goddefy+1 exhibit ! _s ( ! _wreligions 9 opposition to ,*ri/1 & are manife/ations ( ! same ,bea/4 ,?is p[] is _wwide & agelong1 & ! vision seems to look ?r\gh & beyond ! =ces !n at "w to _! wid] manife/ation 9 hi/ory4 ,= ! ,second ,bea/ is ! inc>nation ( ! p]man5t & univ]sal _wreligion 9 ea* & all ( its =ms1 & :ile pres5t+ "o aspect ( ! _wreligions ( ,john's "t1 yet goes f> beyond t & portrays ! pr9ciple ( opposition to ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ :i* und]lies !m all1 & :i* w\ld develop new =ms 9 ! p]iod :5 ,*ri/ianity _h nom9ally triumph$1 cont9u+ ! conflict ^u diff]5t l9es f ! viol5t p]secutions ( ! e>li] ages2 a p]iod :5 ! _w's opposition to ,god w\ld be express$ 8by affiliation ) ! religion ( ,jesus1 & by p5etrat+ its life ) false ideals01 produc+ a fai?lessness )9 ! *ur* ev5 m deadly 9 its results ?an ! fatal furor ( p]secution1 = ! _w )9 ! *ur* is "o ( ! =ms ( ! ,second ,bea/1 & !re is no?+ s dang]\s to ! life ( ! s\l z irreligi\s religion47#dgh7 7#a47 ,an ,admonition to ,wisdom1 ,*4 #ac3ah 8,"h is wisdom01 ,john says3 8,he t ha? und]/&+1 let him c\nt ! numb] ( ! ,bea/2 = x is ! numb] ( a man01--or r1 8! numb] ( man01 = !re is no article 9 ! ,greek1 imply+ t ! ref]5ce is n to any p>ticul> man--7#dgi7 i4 e4 x is a human numb]4 ,! m>k ( ! ,bea/1 l t ( an anci5t devotee to 8 idol1 is put ^u bo? ! h& & bra9 7v4 #af77dhj7 ( all ! p :o accept 8 au?ority1 )\t any di/9ction ( rank1 ri* & poor1 bond & free1 small & great1 all alike1 %[+ t _! p[]s are uni=mly devot$ to ! s]vice ( ?is _w4 ,john exhorts ! *ur* to wisdom 9 disc]n+ ?is ,bea/1 indicat+ ! subtl5ess ( 8 hidd5 p[]4 ,! numb] ( 8 "n1 i4 e4 designation1 is six hundr$ & sixtysix 7"s manuscripts read six hundr$ & sixte51 b ?is is almo/ c]ta9ly an error ( transcription71 ! symbol ( a ?reefold1 composite p[] ( evil :i* includes ! ,dragon1 ! ,fir/ ,bea/1 & ! ,second1 & :i* culm9ates 9 ! la/1 viz3--#fjj1 a hundr$fold ( six1 a num]ical designation ( ! ,dragon1 plus #fj1 t5fold ( six1 a simil> designation ( ! ,fir/ ,bea/1 plus #f1 onefold ( six1 a l designation ( ! ,second ,bea/1 if consid]$ alone1 :i* toge!r1 equal #fff1 ! num]ical designation ( ! full p[] :i* ! ,second ,bea/ repres5ts4 ,! key to ! my/ical designation #fff1 accord+ to ?is int]pretation17#dha7 is f\nd 9 ! numb] six1 ! numb] ( evil1 "o %ort ( sev5 or p]fection1 ,satan's numb]1 :e!r multipli$ by t5 or n1 "h ?rice repeat$1 six1 six1 six1 ea* repetition multiply+ ! previ\s numb] t5fold1 or six a hundr$fold add$ to six t5fold add$ to six a s+le fold1 produc+ a triple symbol ( ! full p[] ( evil4 ,9 ?is symbolism we seem to h ! ?\ght ( a tr9ity ( evil /riv+ 9 antagonism to ! div9e tr9ity2 & ?\gh we _c be sure t ,john _h ?is 9 m9d1 yet x seems q 9 accord ) ! apocalyptic me?od ( depict+ tru?4 ,if ! read+ #faf is pref]r$1 ! ,fir/ ,bea/ is !n designat$ by #aj1 ! symbol ( e>?ly complet5ess1 in/ead ( #fj z above1 a mu* less likely symbolism1 b n affect+ ! g5]al mean+4 ,! m>k ( ! ,bea/ is "o ( ! mo/ disput$ po9ts 9 ! :ole book1 & "s comm5tators1 :ile sugge/+ a probable int]pretation1 pref] to leave ! mean+ unsolv$4 ,c]ta9ly all int]pretations f9d+ 9 ! numb] a cryptic "n1 su* z ,n]on ,caes>1 or ,late9os1 not)/&+ _! wide acceptance by mod]n int]pret]s1 %\ld be disc>d$ z fanciful47#dhb7 ,! numb] 0 evid5tly int5d$ z a designation r ?an a "n2 x is a symbol l e o!r numb] 9 ! ,revelation1 & any attempt to solve x by ref]5ce to ! ,jewi% gematria1 or num]ical indication ( names1 is =eign to ! me?od ( ! book1 & only involves x 9 great] obscurity1 z ! diff]5t answ]s obta9$ 9 t way w %[47#dhc7 ,:ile t int]pretation has be5 ! g5]ally accept$ view ) pret]i/s1 a revolt aga9/ its arbitr>9ess is manife/ 9 late writ]s1 & _c b be felt by ! att5tive /ud5t47#dhd7 ,t six hundr$ & sixtysix is a triple symbol ( ! full p[] ( evil1 has f\nd acceptance ) a multitude ( read]s1 & is ! mo/ satisfactory int]pretation to ^? :o hold ! symbolic view4 ,9 conclusion x %\ld be said t ! id5tification ( ?is ,bea/1 or ( ! =m] "o1 ) ! ,anti*ri/ ( ,john's ,epi/les is ( m ?an d\btful value 9 arriv+ at ! mean+ int5d$2 = ! ,apocalypti/ /udi\sly avoid$ ! use ( t t]m ?\gh q famili> ) x 7,i ,jn4 #b3ah2 #b3bb2 #d3c2 & ,,ii ,jn4 #a3g71 & we surely _c d bett] ?an to foll[ 8 example4 ,inde$ ! entire int]pretation ( ! ,apocalypse w be p]man5tly advanc$ :5 all direct ref]5ce to a p]sonal ,anti*ri/ is f9ally elim9at$ z =eign to ! purpose1 if n ! ?\ght ( ! book4 ,9 ! broad s5se ( ! t]m ! ,anti*ri/ is ! ,aga9/,*ri/ 9 any & e =m4 ,john tells u 7,i ,jn4 #b3ah7 !re are 8,_m anti*ri/s0 7 71 a t]m peculi> to ,john 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 our ,"l said 7,mat4 #bd3bd7 8,!re %all arise false *ri/s0 771 a diff]5t t]m 9 ! ,greek1 & evid5tly ref]r+ to m ?an "o2 & x may well be d\bt$ :e!r ! pr$iction is any:]e int5d$ to ref] to a s+le p]son4 ,! t]m may be und]/ood 9 a g5]al way to include ! ,two ,bea/s1 ! ,h>lot1 & all o!r =ms ( anti*ri/ianity1 b no m def9ite id5tification c ) any probability be made4 ,d4 ,! ,lamb on ,m\nt ,zion1 ,*4 #ad3abj ,! clos+ "p ( ?is f\rfold vision1 reveal+ ! f9al outcome ( ! prec$+ conflict 9 ! glori\s triumph ( ! ,lamb & 8 foll[]s1 is n[ giv5 = ! com=t ( ! *ur*1 & to relieve ! sombre %ad[s ( ! e>li] p>ts ( ! vision by a =egleam ( victory4 #a4 ,! ,r$eem$ ) ! ,lamb1 ,*4 #ad3ae ,we see "h a va/ & virg9 multitude1 a hundr$ & =tyf\r ?\s&1 a l>ge & p]fect numb]1 ! =m] symbol ( ! complete fir/fruits f ,israel 7*4 #g3d71 n[ us$ by synecdo*e to repres5t all ! r$eem$ :o h be5 *os5 f among m51 ! be/ ( _! race1 :o are call$ 8! fir/fruits unto ,god & unto ! ,lamb017#dhe7 & :o /& ) ! ,lamb ^u ,m\nt ,zion1 9 ! city ( ! liv+ ,god1 ! heav5ly ,j]usalem1 hav+ 8 "n & ! "n ( 8 ,fa!r writt5 ^u _! =eheads1 signify+ to :om !y belong & m>k+ !m z antipodal to ^? :o h receiv$ ! m>k ( ! ,bea/ 7*4 #ac3af71 & :o s+ a new song1 ! song ( victory 7! ,incommunicable ,*orus71 kn[n only to ! r$eem$4 ,( ?is bless$ company x is said t 8!y are )\t blemi%01 i4 e4 !y are s9less be=e ,god1 :i* is app>5tly an explanation ( ! symbolism us$ 9 say+ t !y are 8virg9s01 & 8n defil$ ) wom501--or 8among wom504 ,roman ,ca?olic comm5tators1 h[ev]1 usually int]pret lit]ally1 & apply ! passage to ^? wom5 :o h nev] ent]$ into w$lock = ! k+dom ( heav5's sake--a con/ruction t x sc>cely seems to be>47#dhf7 ,futuri/s g5]ally ma9ta9 t ! vision ref]s to ! e>?ly ,zion1 & connect ! incid5t ) ! second adv5t1 mak+ ! hundr$ & =tyf\r ?\s& to consi/ ( ,jews alone4 #b4 ,! ,?ree ,angel ,messages1 ,*4 #ad3faa ,^! are di/9ct notes ( div9e w>n+1 prelusive ( ! ,end1 :i* are giv5 by ! m\? ( ?ree diff]5t angels1 %[+ _! sep>ate & individual importance2 !y are ?ree 9 numb]1 ! symbol ( ! spiritual1 indicat+ ! nature ( _! cont5ts2 & !y are introduc$ z prep>atory to ! sc5es ( anticipat$ judgm5t 9 v]ses f\rte5 to tw5ty1 & are premonitory ( ! ,end4 ,! ,end is an ev] recurr5t note t always f9ds place 9 ! deep] /ra9s ( ,apocalyptic lit]ature4 ,! ,end t victory may come1 0 ! natural cry ( a _s t despair$ ( ! pres5t _w1 & believ$ t ,god c\ld only be v9dicat$ by ! consummation ( all ?+s4 ,?is 0 a fundam5tal weakness ( ! ,apocalyptic po9t ( view1 :i* f\nd ! prop] design ( ! _w 9 its spe$y end+ & n 9 its long] cont9uance1 a mi/ake t un=tunately has be5 p]petuat$ 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght z ?\gh x 7 fundam5tal to x1 :]eas ! victory & ! ,end may well be z f> ap>t z ! creation f ! victory4 ,! ,apocalypse s\nds ! note ( ! ,end )\t hesitancy or discussion4 ,! difficulties t emb>rass u did n ent] into ! ?\ght ( t "t4 7#a7 ,! ,message ( ! ,et]nal ,gospel1 ,*4 #ad3fg 8,ano!r angel0 & ! fir/ ( ! ?ree :i* foll[1 fly+ 9 mid heav5 proclaims ! 7or an7 et]nal gospel to e nation & tribe & tongue & p be=e ! "t ( judgm5t1 ! symbol ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! words ( our ,"l3 8,?is gospel ( ! k+dom %all be prea*$ 9 ! :ole _w = a te/imony unto all ! nations2 & !n %all ! end come0 7,mat4 #bd3ad74 ,! angel exhorts m5 to 8fe> ,god & give him glory2 = ! h\r ( 8 judgm5t is come01 i4 e4 is n[ at h&4 7#b7 ,! ,message ( ,babylon's ,fall1 ,*4 #ad3h ,a second angel proclaims ! fall ( ,babylon1 ! city ( ! _w1 ! dwell+place & symbol ( ! _w ( s9ful m51 & ! anti!sis ( ,j]usalem1 :i* is ! city ( ,god1 ! dwell+place & symbol ( ! holy4 ,! de/ruction ( ,babylon is a necess>y prelude to ! ,end1 = ! s9ful worldly life :i* f9ds its fitt+ type 9 ?is great city mu/ be brok5 d[n be=e ,*ri/ c triumph4 7#c7 ,! ,message ( ,doom = ! ,bea/ & 8 ,foll[]s1 ,*4 #ad3iaa ,! ?ird angel proclaims ! doom ( div9e wra? ^u ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,bea/ & 8 image1 i4 e4 ^u ^? :o glorify ! blasphem\s _wp[]1 or %>e 9 ! deceit ( ! _wreligion2 & ! t]ms ( ! message are full ( t]ror & =ebod+4 ,?us 9 a concise & triple message is =e%ad[$ ! univ]sal proclamation ( ! gospel1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! _w's social & communal life adv]se to ,god1 & ! f9al de/ruction ( ^? =ces 9 national & religi\s ?\ght t )/& ! full & f9al triumph ( ! ,*ri/4 #c4 ,! ,bless$ness ( ! ,holy ,dead1 ,*4 #ad3abac ,! au?or at ?is po9t expresses 8 sympa?y ) ! *ur*1 sett+ =? ! ne$ ( pati5ce 9 ! conflict 7v4 #ab72 & !n he records a voice he>d f heav5 7v4 #ac71 decl>+ t ! dead :o die 9 ! ,"l are bless$ 8h5ce=?01 i4 e4 aft] dea?1 = !y h bo? re/ & rew>d17#dhg7 & possibly includ+1 also1 ! additional ?\ght t !y h !reby escap$ f ! great tribulation ev5 ?\gh by m>tyrdom4 ,?us once m ! r$eem$ are plac$ 9 opposition to ! unr$eem$1 ! sav$ are set ov] aga9/ ! lo/1 z ^? :o h secur$ ! bett] "p4 #d4 ,! ,h>ve/ ( ! ,elect1 ,*4 #ad3adaf ,"o l unto ! ,son ( ,man 7or a son ( man71 i4 e4 "o %>+ our humanity--a designation ( ! ,messiah aft] ! "t ( ,daniel7#dhh7--;is se5 sitt+ ^u a :ite cl\d1 ! traditional cov]+ ( ! div9e maje/y & a symbol ( ! div9e pres5ce1 hav+ on 8 head a gold5 cr[n1 ! tok5 ( glory & ( victory1 & 9 8 h& a %>p sickle1 ! in/rum5t = reap+4 ,& on ! ann\ncem5t ( ano!r angel7#dhi7 f out ! temple t ! h\r 0 come1 he ca/ 8 sickle ^u ! e>? & ga!r$ all ! fai?ful into 8 k+dom z a h>ve/ t 0 ripe1 a symbol ( ! +a!r+ ( all ! r$eem$ prec$+ ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ 7cf4 ,mat4 #be3cadf74 ,! action set =? 9 ?is "p ( ! vision is prep>atory to & anticipates ! judgm5t1 yet ! process ( judgm5t is n describ$4 ,! vision is occupi$ r ) po9t+ out h[ ! pa? ( hi/ory inevitably leads to ! judgm5t b>4 ,! incid5t s]ves to introduce ! sev5? & la/ ( ! my/ic figures ( ?is wond]ful vision ( conflict1 ! ,son ( ,man on ! ,cl\d1 :o repres5ts ,*ri/ z ! !an?ropic ,r$eem] & ,judge1 a q diff]5t aspect ( 8 "* f ! ,man,*ild :]e he is set =? subject to ! conditions ( 8 my/]i\s inc>nation1 & !re=e requir+ an entirely diff]5t symbol4 #e4 ,! ,v9tage ( ,wra?1 ,*4 #ad3agbj ,/ill ano!r angel came out f ! %r9e or sanctu>y ( ! temple 9 heav51 at ! summons ( ! angel :o _h p[] ov] fire1 i4 e4 ! fire ( ! alt>1 :i* is "h ! symbol ( judgm5t1 & ga!r$ all ! ungodly z v9tage f ! e>?1 & ca/ !m into ! w9epress1 ! great w9epress1 ( ! wra? ( ,god1 a figure ( ! +a!r+ & fe>ful puni%m5t ( ! wick$ at ! end ( ! _w4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! two ga!r+s describ$ 9 v]ses f\rte5 to tw5ty1 are reg>d$ z depict+ ! opposite fate 9 /ore = ! fai?ful & ! wick$1 in/ead ( a tw(old acc\nt ( ! same ev5t repeat$ 9 diff]5t =m = ! purpose ( emphasis4 ,?is int]pretation agrees be/ ) ! g5]al t5or ( ! *apt] & ! common me?od ( contra/ ?r\gh\t ! book2 o!rs1 h[ev]1 reg>d ! passage z a d\ble figure ( ! judgm5t47#dij7 ,! sc5e is laid outside ! city1 i4 e4 ,j]usalem1 mo/ likely ! ,new ,j]usalem1 ! home ( ,god's p1 )\t ! gates ( :i* are ! wick$ :o p]i% 7*4 #bb3ae74 ,! figure may h be5 drawn f ! sc5es ( t]ror & blood%$ :i* att5d$ ! fall ( ! e>?ly city "u ,titus1 a view q possible if ! lat] date ( au?or%ip be accept$1 ?\gh possibly !re may h be5 no def9ite city 9 m9d4 ,"s connect ?is passage ) ! /ruggle 9 *apt] tw5ty 7v4 #gaj71 :]e ! nations compass ! belov$ city1 & connect bo? ) ! adv5t1 int]pret+ lit]ally1--a view common ) ! futuri/s4 ,& we are told t :5 ! w9epress 0 trodd5 8!re came out blood1 f ! w9epress1 ev5 unto ! bridles ( ! horses107#dia7 a symbol ( ! t]rible de/ruction ( life t ensu$1 a fl[+ /ream t rea*$ z f> z a ?\s& & six hundr$ furlongs1 i4 e4 almo/ two hundr$ ,roman miles1 or some:at f>!r ?an ! entire l5g? ( ,pale/9e1 a ,jewi% synonym = a great di/ance4 ,sixte5 hundr$ is also ! squ>e ( f\r1 ! e>? numb]1 multipli$ by ! squ>e ( t51 ! numb] ( complet5ess1 :i* p]haps indicates t ! puni%m5t is complete ?r\gh\t ! :ole creat$ _w4 ,! passage 9 its ess5tial ?\ght is an e*o f ! rhapsody ( ,joel 7*4 #c3ac71 comb9$ ) ! vision ( judgm5t 9 ,isaiah's ,zion r$eem$ 7*4 #fc3cf71 & recalls 8 ,assyrian flood1 rea*+ ev5 to ! neck 7,isa4 #h3gh747dib7 ,! transition to ! vision ( vials is n[ made by a sudd5 *ange ( !me1 & a return to ! _wprocess ( judgm5t t is agelong & _wwide 9 its scope & purpose4 ,v4 ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5 ,vials or ,b[ls 7,a ,vision ( ,judgm5t74 ,*4 #ae3aaf3ab1 & #af3agba ,! vision ( ! sev5 vials is a revelation ( ,god's la/ plagues ^u ! ungodly1 a f9al view ( ! div9e provid5tial purpose conc]n+ ! wick$1 ano!r gr\p ( sev5 t are set =? 9 a =m simil> to ! judgm5ts "u ! trumpets1 b ( increas$ sev]ity1 & t are promptly execut$4 ,!y are call$ 8ano!r sign01 & may be reg>d$ z ano!r l9e ( judgm5ts ( simil> "* to ! trumpets1 or z ! complete fulfilm5t ( ! cont5ts ( ! trumpetjudgm5ts pres5t$ 9 ano!r way1 :i* are giv5 = increas$ emphasis "u figures t are analog\s1 & t indicate _! inn] connection2 &1 s f> z ! vials h any "trelation1 !y may be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! same g5]al p]iod z ! trumpets1 i4 e4 ! "t ( man's exi/5ce on ! e>?1 especially ! p]iod ( conflict1 ?\gh %[n by _! progressive & de/ructive "* to culm9ate 9 ! clos+ p]iod ( human hi/ory4 ,! vials are m>k$ by an int5sity ( =m & rapidity ( movem5t1 especially z !y approa* ! end1 & !y are n limit$ l ! trumpets to a "p ( m51 b affect all ! evil4 ,!y are vivid symbolic pres5tations ( deep & t]rible puni%m5ts1 & are call$ '! la/ plagues' because 9 !m is fulfill$ or complet$ ! wra? ( ,god ^u ! e>?--a new & f9al view ( ! div9e purpose conc]n+ ! wick$ :i* may be look$ at q ap>t f any previ\s view4 ,"s pret]i/s1 :o f9d 9 ! seals a prophetic description ( ! trials ( ! *ur* 9 ! fir/ age1 reg>d ! trumpets z a typical pres5tation ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 & ! vials z a portrayal ( ! fall ( ,rome47#dic7 ,?is op9ion1 x is affirm$1 accords be/ ) ! g5]al me?od ( ! ,apocalyptic writ+s1 :i* h = ! mo/ "p a def9ite & local int]pretation1 & avoids ! difficulty ( an app>5t repetition ( simil> judgm5ts ^u ! same objects "u ! trumpets & ! vials4 ,b1 ^u ! o!r h&1 ! prophetic outlook ( ,john appe>s to ! majority ( dev\t m9ds to h a f> wid] sweep ?an t ( o!r ,apocalyptic writ]s outside ! ,scriptures1 & to embrace a _wview t is univ]sal1 & t is n at all met by ^! limit$ hi/orical fulfilm5ts4 ,/ill1 ev5 if ! =m] view 7 correct 9 its ma9 assumption1 8t does n preclude u10 z has be5 well said17#did7 8f int]pret+ ! inspir$ words z ref]r+ n only to ev5ts ne> ,john's "t1 b also to o!r ev5ts ( :i* !y 7 ! =eta/e & figures4 ,to u ! mean+ 9 t case is t ! type ( ! end has be5 =etold & has come1 b t ! end itself :i* has be5 equally =etold ! full end mu/ be wat*$ = 9 all s]i\sness40 ,if we h a correct view ( prophecy we c readily ass5t to ^! words ( wisdom :i* _c be too /rongly emphasiz$4 ,x %\ld be not$ 9 pass+ t ! revelation ( ^! _wjudgm5ts 9 ! visions ( ! seals1 ! trumpets1 & ! vials1 not)/&+ _! sep>ate "*1 may be se5 to foll[ a c]ta9 l9e ( developm5t1 %[+ an inn] connection2 & also1 t ! div9e purpose ( judgm5t may be consid]$ z be+ 9 a g5]al way p>tially disclos$ "u ! seals1--= judgm5t is "o phase ( ! seals ?\gh a subord9ate "o--z be+ publicly proclaim$ by ! trumpets1 & z be+ fully execut$ 9 ! p\r+ out ( ! vials1 ea* s]ies pres5t+ a diff]5t view1 complete 9 itself1 ( ,god's punitive inflictions = s9 ?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,!y are se51 also1 to reflect ,god's longsuff]+ pati5ce ) ! s9n]1 fir/ mak+ kn[n 8 wra? 9 an ord] ( provid5ces :i* affect 8 p z well z ^? ( ! _w2 !n 9 ?reat5+ & manife/+ 8 purpose to puni% evil by an ord] ( ev5ts :i* affect only a "p ( mank9d1 i4 e4 ! s9ful because !y are s9ful1 & t af=d abundant opportunity = rep5tance2 &1 f9ally1 by ! swift execution ( a div9ely j ?\gh t]rible puni%m5t ^u all ! obdurately wick$ t refuse to rep5t4 ,?is la/ is ! great1 impressive1 & aweinspir+ ?\ght ( ! vision ( ! vials4 ,a4 ,! ,prep>ation = ! ,vials1 ,*4 #ae3ah ,! prep>ation = ! vials1 :i* is n[ ent]$ ^u1 is a connect+ l9k ) ! =m] vision1 & a prelude to ! plagues t foll[4 ,x is introduc$ by an inspir+ view ( ! sa9ts :o h come victori\s out ( ! conflict depict$ 9 t vision1 & is int5d$ = ! com=t ( ,god's p 9 ! mid/ ( trials to :i* !y _c be indiff]5t1 & :i* 9 affect+ ! _w ( nature & ( m5 mu/ 9 "s degree also affect ! righte\s z well1 ?\gh deliv]$ f _! de/roy+ p[]4 ,! com=t af=d$ 9 trial by ! promise ( deliv]ance1 an elem5t :i* has no small %>e 9 ! purpose ( ! ,apocalypse1 is cle>ly br\ght out 9 ?is introductory passage be=e ! vials h begun to be p\r$ out1 & is n int]ject$ betwe5 !m1 z 9 ! episodes t occur 9 ! seals & trumpets--! episode 9 ! vision ( ! vials be+ a w>n+ ( dang]4 ,! vision1 too1 is foll[$ imm$iately by ! com=t+ vision ( victory beg9n+ 9 ! sev5te5? *apt]4 #a4 ,! ,angels ) ! ,plagues1 ,*4 #ae3ab;a ,sev5 angels appe>1 to :om is entru/$ ! execution ( ! sev5 plagues1 :i* are call$ 8! la/0 because !y lead to ! end ( ! _w & to ! b> ( judgm5t27#die7 & ! sea ( glass1 =m]ly describ$ z 8l unto cry/al01 n[ becomes 8m+l$ ) fire01 ! sign ( ! flu%+ ( victory ?r\gh anticipat$ judgm5t felt by all ^? :o %>e 9 t great b\ndless life :i* exi/s be=e ! ?rone1 & ^: exp]i5ce is symboliz$ by ! sea ) its wide relation to ! p ( ,god 9 ! pa/ 7cf4 notes on *4 #d3f747dif7 #b4 ,! ,victors by ! ,sea1 ,*4 #ae3b;b ,! victors ov] ! ,bea/ & 8 image /& by r ?an ^u ! sea17#dig7 indicat+ _! close relation to x1 hav+ h>ps ( ,god prep>$ = tuneful melody4 ,! figure seems to be drawn f ! triumph ( ,israel at ! ,r$ ,sea1 ?\gh ! significance ( ! sea _c be q ! same1 = 9 ! old s5se '! sea is no m' 7*4 #ba3a72 x has "h become ! symbol ( ! calm & fulness ( life & joy 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 #c4 ,! ,song ( ! ,r$eem$1 ,*4 #ae3cd ,! unit$ song ( all ! r$eem$ be=e ,god1 7! ,adoration ,*orus ( ,moses & ! ,lamb7 :o belong alike to ! ,old ,disp5sation & ! ,new1 to ,moses & to ,*ri/1 repres5ts ! ess5tial unity ( fai? & life "u bo? p>ts ( ,god's r$emptive plan :i* is n[ ab\t to be complet$4 ,x is an outbur/ ( praise & adoration address$ to ! ,"l ,god1 ! ,almighty1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,ages1 ^: wondr\s works & righte\s judgm5ts h be5 & are ab\t to be made manife/ be=e all nations4 ,! song is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! song ( deliv]ance by ! %ore ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 b x has a new & deep] fulness t is consonant ) its !me4 #d4 ,! ,judgm5t ,made ,ready1 ,*4 #ae3eh ,! temple1 ! or inn] %r9e ( ! tab]nacle ( ! te/imony 7i4 e4 ( ! tab]nacle ( ! law ( ,god71 is se5 9 heav5 op5$1 & ! sev5 angels :o are clo!d z prie/s & h *>ge ( ! plagues come out ( x z ! v9dicators ( t law4 ,^! are 8array$ ) preci\s /one01 accord+ to ! v>iant read+ adopt$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 :i* has ! weight ( manuscript au?ority 9 its favor2 b1 z ?is read+ diff]s f ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion only by a s+le lett] 9 ! ,greek ^w1 & only yields s5se by ! ins]tion ( ! ^w 8preci\s01 x is be/ to reg>d x z due to a v e>ly mi/ake ( a copyi/1 & keep ! old read+1 8clo!d 9 l9501 7,ezek4 #i3b747dih7 ,! ?\ght is 9 ei!r case practically ! same1 viz4 t ^! angels are clo!d l prie/s1 = ! phrase 8array$ ) preci\s /one01 if we adh]e to t read+1 recalls ! brea/plate ( ! highprie/1 z ! phrase 8clo!d 9 l950 evid5tly ref]s to ! g>m5ts ( ! prie/hood4 ,!re are sev5 angels 9 ! vision to symbolize ! univ]sal "* ( ! puni%m5ts1 & !re are giv5 unto !m by "o ( ! f\r liv+ creatures :o repres5t all creat$ life1 sev5 gold5 vials or b[ls full ( ! wra? ( ,god 7cf4 ,j]4 #be3ae;f7 to indicate ! nature ( _! mission4 8,& ! temple 0 fill$ ) smoke01 ! sign ( ! pres5ce & glory & t]ror ( ! ,"l2 &1 z at ,s9ai1 no "o c\ld ent] 8 pres5ce :ile ! judgm5ts 7 be+ manife/$4 ,b4 ,! ,vials ,p\r$ ,out1 ,*4 #af3aab1 & #agba ,! vials or b[ls 9 ! vision1 :i* are app>5tly ! same z ! basons us$ 9 ! temple s]vice = receiv+ ! sacrificial blood & ! w9e ( ! dr9k(f]+1 are made ! symbolic receptacles ( ! judicial wra? ( ,god aga9/ s91 call$ 8! w9e ( ! fi]c5ess ( 8 wra?0 9 v]se n9ete51 :i* is evid5tly conceiv$ ( z /or$ up ?r\gh long p]iods to be sudd5ly & viol5tly p\r$ out4 ,! gold5 b[ls seem to indicate broad %all[ vessels q unlike our mod]n vials1 probably ( a deep sauc]l %ape s t _! cont5ts c\ld be p\r$ out at once & sudd5ly47#dii7 ,! "n 8vials0 has1 h[ev]1 be5 reta9$ 9 ^! notes1 not)/&+ ! *ange to 8b[ls0 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 because ( its associations & wide use 9 comm5t>ies4 ,! translation ( z 8b[ls0 is d\btless m accurate1 b ! t]m us$ is relatively indiff]5t if ! prop] mean+ be atta*$ to x4 ,!y are n vials 9 ! mod]n s5se1 b 9 ! orig9al s5se ( ! ^w 9 ! ,greek1 :i* is ! s\rce ( our ,engli% ^w 8vial01 b :i* meant a %all[ cup or b[l4 ,! p\r+ out ( ! vials or b[ls is ! symbol ( ! execution ( div9e wra? ^u ! _w4 ,! vague description giv5 9 ! vision ( ! nature ( ! inflictions :i* f9ally fall ^u m5 z ! result ( ! p\r+ out ( ! vials1 =bids our attempt+ any v def9ite int]pretation ( !m beyond ! mo/ g5]al "o t ! _w ( nature & ( m5 is made to ab\nd ) t]rors :i* di/ress ! evil4 ,9 ?is int]pretation we c be absolutely confid5t1 & ! g5]al effect seems to be ! *ief matt] ( importance4 ,! abid+ impression ( ! judgm5ts ( ! vials1 despite _! obscurity1 is "o ( deep & p]vasive solemnity4 7#a47 ,! ,comm& to ,p\r ,out ! ,vials1 ,*4 #af3a ,prec$+ ! op5+ ( ! s]ies a great voice is he>d out ( ! temple1 i4 e4 f ! inn] %r9e ( ! temple 9 heav51 app>5tly f ,god himself1 ?\gh possibly f "o ( ! ,angels ( ! ,pres5ce1 say+ to ! sev5 angels1 8,g ye & p\r out ! sev5 b[ls or vials ( ! wra? ( ,god into ! e>?02 & 9 ob$i5ce to ?is comm& ea* angel empties 8 vial into1 or ^u1 an appo9t$ object4 ,! fir/ ?ree vials are p\r$ into ! objects nam$1 :ile ! la/ f\r are p\r$ ^u !m1 z indicat$ by ! prepositions & 2 b1 s f> z c be se51 no special purpose is s]v$ by ?is use4 #a ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,fir/ ,vial1 ,*4 #af3b ,! fir/ angel p\r$ out 8 vial into ! e>?2 & x became a noisome & griev\s sore ^u ! m5 t _h ! m>k ( ! ,bea/3 ! symbol ( wra? p\r$ out on ! e>?1 & ?us ^u ! m5 :o are ( x & belong to x1 produc+ suff]+ t is bitt] & int5se4 ,! =m ( ! judgm5t is d\btless purposely indef9ite1 b ! object on :i* x falls is made pla93 ! m5 :o h atta*$ !mselves to ! company ( ! ,bea/ be> _! puni%m5t to ! full1 & x is p\r$ out ^u !m by div9e au?ority4 #b ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,second ,vial1 ,*4 #af3c ,! second angel p\r$ out 8 vial into ! sea2 & x became blood z ( a dead man1 i4 e4 clott$ & putrefy+1 & x caus$ e liv+ ?+ 9 ! sea to die--a =m ( judgm5t t 0 v repulsive to ! ,jewi% m9d3 ! symbol ( wra? p\r$ out on ! sea1 "o "p ( ! f\rfold division ( creation not$ "u ! trumpets1 & ?us ^u m5 :o are made to suff] by ?is means = _! evil do+4 ,z "u ! trumpets ! fir/ f\r vials are p\r$ out ^u ! e>?1 ! sea1 ! riv]s & f\nta9s1 & ! sun1 a figurative =m indicat+ _! _wwide "*--!y affect ! :ole creat$ _w4 #c ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,?ird ,vial1 ,*4 #af3dg ,! ?ird angel p\r$ out 8 b[l into ! riv]s & ! f\nta9s ( ! wat]s2 & !y became blood3 ! symbol ( wra? p\r$ out on ! s\rces ( wat] supply = ! p1 !reby puni%+ m5 retributively = ! righte\s blood :i* !y _h %$1 & call+ =? voices ( approval f heav51 viz4 f ! angel ( ! wat]s17#ejj7 & f ! alt>1 i4 e4 f ! place :]e ! m>tyrs re/ 7*4 #f3i74 ,retribution is decl>$ to be ! judicial result ( div9e wra? = s92 ^? :o p\r$ out ! blood ( sa9ts & ( prophets are giv5 blood to dr9k z _! j des]t--a fe>ful puni%m5t to ! ,ea/]n m9d4 #d ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,f\r? ,vial1 ,*4 #af3hi ,! f\r? angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! sun2 & x 0 giv5 unto x to scor* m5 ) fire3 ! symbol ( wra? p\r$ out on ! heav5ly bodies1 especially ^u ! sun ! s\rce ( light & heat1 t !y may become ! ag5t ( puni%m5t to m54 ,& m5 blasphem$ ! "n ( ,god1 :o is recogniz$ z hav+ p[] ov] ^! plagues2 & !y rep5t$ n to give him glory1 exhibit+ ! aspect ( puni%m5t :i* embitt]s & does n lead to rep5tance4 ,x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t ! p>ts ( creation :i* are made ! subjects ( judgm5t "u ! f\r? vial & ! f\r? trumpet are describ$ 9 ,g5esis z hav+ be5 creat$ on ! f\r? day4 #e ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,fif? ,vial1 ,*4 #af3ajaa ,! fif? angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! ?rone ( ! ,bea/2 & 8 k+dom 0 d>k5$2 & m5 gnaw$ _! tongues = pa91 & blasphem$ ! ,god ( heav51 & !y rep5t$ n ( _! works3 ! symbol ( wra? p\r$ out on ! ?rone ( ! ,bea/ z ! repres5tative ( ,satan's p[] 9 ! _w1 ?us afflict+ ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,bea/ & 8 image4 ,"u ! fif? vial x w be se5 t ! plagues pass f ! physical to ! spiritual sph]e ( action1 j z !y did 9 ! seals & trumpets2 & !y are f\nd to be cumulative r ?an successive1 :ile1 z "u ! prec$+ vial1 !y d n lead to rep5tance b to wra? & puni%m5t4 ,also1 ?r\gh\t ! vials1 x is n ! ?ird "p only t is affect$1 z "u ! trumpets1 b ! puni%m5t falls ^u ! :ole creat$ _w1 %[+ ! univ]sal "* ( ! judgm5ts4 #f ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,six? ,vial1 ,*4 #af3ab ,! six? angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! great riv]1 ! ,euphrates2 & ! wat] !re( 0 dri$ up17#eja7 t ! way might be made ready = ! k+s t come f ! sunris+3 ! symbol ( wra? p\r$ out on ! ,euphrates1 ! c5t] & seat ( hea!nism1 or on ! _w =ces ( evil1 !reby op5+ ! way = ! influx ( ! ,k+s ( ! ,ea/ to m>* to _! ru94 ,! ,k+s ( ! ,ea/ evid5tly belong to ! 8k+s ( ! :ole _w0 7v4 #ad71 & are in/rum5ts ( ! ,dragon & ( ! ,bea/ :o g up to w>1 n aga9/ ,babylon1 b aga9/ believ]s47#ejb7 ,! ,euphrates 0 ! c5t] & /ronghold ( hea!nism to ! ,jewi% m9d1 & beh9d t lay ! indef9ite _wp[] :i* is "h repres5t$ by ! ,k+s ( ! ,ea/2 ^u ^! ! angel p\r$ out ! vial ( ! retributive wra? ( ,god4 ,at ?is po9t ! ,episode ,vb1 giv5 9 v]ses ?irte5 to sixte51 occurs 9 ! ord] ( ! vision1--a p>agraph :i* ?\gh ( limit$ ext5t has yet a cle> relation to ! c\rse ( ! vials z an int]v5+ vision ( w>n+ to ! r$eem$1 & prep>+ ! way = ! approa*+ end4 #g ,! ,p\r+ ,out ( ! ,sev5? ,vial1 ,*4 #af3agba ,! sev5? angel p\r$ out 8 vial ^u ! air2 & !re came =? a great voice out ( ! temple1 f ! ?rone1 say+1 8,x is done37#ejc7 & !re 7 lightn+s1 & voices1 & ?und]s2 & !re 0 a great e>?quake1 su* z 0 n s9ce !re 7 m5 ^u ! e>?03 ! symbol ( wra? p\r$ out on ! air z ! famili> abode ( evil spirits17#ejd7 & also ( ! com+ ( ! ,end1 :i* is depict$ by ! fall ( cities1 especially ( ,babylon ! great city1 ! type ( ! godless _w1 :i* is divid$ asund] into ?ree p>ts1 a symbol ( complet5ess1--also ?ree a symbol ( ! div9e1 p]haps imply+ ,god ha? wr\ght x1--& is giv5 to dr9k ( ! cup ( ! w9e ( ! fi]c5ess ( ,god's wra?2 by ! de/ruction ( isl&s & m\nta9s1 & by a plague ( great hail1 exce$+ great1 e /one ( :i* 0 ab\t ! weight ( a tal5t1 i4 e4 f #ajh to #acj p\nds2 8& m5 blasphem$ ,god because ( ! plague ( ! hail047#eje7 ,! ,end itself is unrecord$2 b ) ! infliction ( ! sev5 vials x is decl>$ t 8! wra? ( ,god is sp5t047#ejf7 ,! :ole c\rse ( ! vials is t[>d ! ,end1 :i* ?\gh n describ$1 yet /&s out 9 s+ul> prom95ce z ! inevitable result ( ! ru9 wr\ght by s92 & "h1 z 9 ! vision ( ! trumpets1 ! mill5nial p]iod is n br\ght into view z a prec$+ /age4 ,! transition to ! sc5e ( victory 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] is aft] ?is imm$iately made by "o ( ! vialangels 7*4 #ag3a74 ,if we n[ recall ! pa? ( ! sev5 vials1 we c see h[ 9 _! c\rse !y rapidly & int5sively press on to ! end ( ! ages & to ! f9al ru9 ( ! _w1 & also h[ !y aptly prefigure ! progressive punitive inflictions ( ,god = s94 ,!y are bo? _wwide 9 _! "* & rel5tless 9 _! execution4 ,!y fall ^u ! l&1 & ^u ! sea1 ^u ! riv]s & f\nta9s ( wat]s1 & ^u ! sun ! s\rce ( light1--! figurative repres5tatives ( ! creat$ univ]se4 ,!n1 l ! judgm5ts ( ! seals & ( ! trumpets1 !y pass f ! natural _w to ! sph]e ( ! spiritual1 & are se5 to fall ^u ! f>rea*+ k+dom ( ! ,bea/1 i4 e4 ^u ! _w p[]s op]at+ "u ,satan's direction 9 op5 ho/ility to ! *ur*2 aft]w>d !y fall ^u ! ,euphrates1 ! old c5t] ( hea!nism & seat ( spiritual d>kness 9 ! f> ,ea/1 ! typical c5t] ( ! _w=ces ( evil2 & f9ally "u ! sev5? vial !y lead to ! end ( ! _w1 ! conclusion ( ! c5turies1 & ! day ( complete recomp5se = s94 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! k+dom ( ! ,bea/1 i4 e4 ! _wp[]s ( all "t1 & ! =ces repres5t$ by ! ,euphrates1 ! c5t] & seat ( hea!nism1 is n s cle>ly drawn "u ! fif? & six? vials1 z t betwe5 ,satan ) 8 ho/1 & ! _w=ces ( hea!nism1 "u ! fif? & six? trumpets4 ,b ! k+dom ( ! ,bea/1 "h1 z else:]e1 evid5tly repres5ts ! _wk+doms 9 _! organiz$ =m 7or if tak5 9 a n>r[] s5se ! !n k+dom ( ,rome t =e%ad[$ !m all71 :i* =ces are spiritually oppos$ to ! k+dom ( ,god2 :]eas ! ,euphrates1 ! c5t] & seat ( spiritual d>kness 9 ! hi/oric pa/1 app>5tly repres5ts hea!nism 9 ! great ,ea/1 :i* is "h reg>d$ z a f> rea*+ spiritual =ce op]at+ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity--! judgm5ts "u ^! vials fall+ ^u ! _w=ce op]at+ 9 ! sph]e ( ! spiritual1 & ^u ! _wreligions oppos+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,& no "o surely c read ! record ( ! vials )\t be+ impress$ ) ! un]r+ c]ta9ty & absolute t]ror ( ! f9al puni%m5t = s92 s t ev5 if ! vision ( ! vials did po9t prim>ily1 z mo/ pret]i/s insi/1 to ! de/ruction ( ,rome & its temporal p[]1 x surely po9ts yet m decisively to ! great era ( judgm5t ^u ! p[]s ( evil t culm9ates 9 ! clos+ p]iod ( human hi/ory4 ,! vision depicts ,god puni%+ ! evil 9 a progressive c\rse to ! v end1 & ?is end is only effectively rea*$ 9 ! day ( f9al judgm5t4 ,vb ,! ,episode ( ! ,frogl ,spirits 7,a ,vision ( ,w>n+74 ,*4 #af3acaf ,?is passage1 x w be se51 is a m9or digression betwe5 ! six? & sev5? vials1 correspond+ to ! episodes 9 ! vision ( ! seals & ( ! trumpets1 ?\gh n l !m a vision ( com=t1 b a vision ( dang] to ! *ur* f ! comb9$ =ces ( evil 9 ! _w1 yet n )\t anticipation ( ! glori\s outcome :i* is giv5 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] 7v4 #aiba71 = ^! =ces1 we are told1 are ga!r$ toge!r unto 8! w> ( ! great day ( ,god1 ! ,almighty0 7v4 #ad71 ! outcome ( :i* 9 ! ,revelation is nev] at any "t 9 d\bt4 #a ,! ,unclean ,spirits ( ,evil1 ,*4 #af3acad1 & #af ,at ?is po9t ?ree unclean spirits1 z x 7 frogs17#ejg7--?ree1 ! symbol ( ! spiritual1 us$ 9 ?is case exceptionally ( ! spirits ( demons1--come out ( ! m\?s ( ! ,dragon1 ! ,bea/1 & ! ,false ,prophet 7or ,second ,bea/71 repres5t+ ! malign influ5ces by :i* ^! p[]s ( evil incite ! k+s ( ! e>? to ! great _w conflict aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 describ$ "h "u ! figure ( a battle ( ! w> ( ! great day ( ,god1 ! ,almighty1 tak+ place at ,h> ,mag$on1 i4 e4 ei!r ! =tifi$ city1 or ! m\nta9 ( ,megiddo1 by ! edge ( ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon1 ! great hi/oric battlegr\nd ( ,jewi% hi/ory 7cf4 ,joel #c3b;f2 also ,bk4 ( ,eno* #ef4eh717ejh7 probably ref]r$ to because ( ! notable victory atta9$ !re ov] ! k+s ( ,canaan 7,jg4 #e3ai74 ,9 ?is culm9at+ sc5e ( conflict we h :at may be reg>d$ z a symbolic view ( ! entire /ruggle betwe5 s9 & hol9ess :i* is ev] go+ on 9 ! _w ! ages ?r\gh1 b m p>ticul>ly ( its triumphant end+ 9 ! la/ age :5 ! ,dragon & ! k+s ( ! e>? %all be completely & f9ally ov]?r[n27#eji7 b beyond ?is p>tial int]pretation we _c safely g 9 any tru/wor?y exposition ( ?is truly impressive figure4 ,! symbol ( battle & victory1 x depicts ! conflict ( ! c5turies1 & po9ts to ! assur$ triumph t awaits ! p ( ,god 9 ! end ( ! _w1 :ile x incites m5 to p]si/5t fai? & hope2 b l _m o!r prophetic pr$ictions1 its explicit int]pretation c only be def9itely giv5 aft] ! ev5ts !mselves h be5 op5ly fulfill$4 #b ,john's ,^w ( ,w>n+1 ,*4 #af3ae ,9 ! mid/ ( ! episode a ^w ( w>n+ is giv5 by ,john to ! read]1 z f ,*ri/ himself1 decl>+ ! importance ( wat*+ 9 ! pres5ce ( su* trial1 & ann\nc+ a bless+ ^u him t wat*e? & keepe? 8 g>m5ts4 ,!n ) ! clos+ words ( ! episode 9 ! sixte5? v]se1 ! vision recurs to ! sev5? vial :i* is at once p\r$ out4 ,,vi ,! ,vision ( ,victory 7,a ,vision ( ,v9dication74 ,*4 #ag3abj3ae ,! vision ( victory is a revelation ( complete & endur+ triumph 9 ! f9al issue ( ! conflict betwe5 s9 & righte\sness1 %[+ ! doom ( ,*ri/'s enemies1 ! v9dication ( ! righte\s1 & ! consummation ( ! ages4 ,! vision consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 viz4 7#a7 ! my/ic ,babylon & h] fall1 7#b7 ! triumph ( ! r$eem$1 & 7#c7 ! la/ ?+s1 :i* are sev5 9 numb]1 imply+ a sev5fold complet5ess4 ,?is triple division ( ! cont5ts ( ! section be=e u1 into a description ( ,babylon's fall1 r$emption's triumph1 & ! ?+s ( ! end1 is "o t is cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! ?\ght ( ! text1 :atev] plan ( division we may adopt1 & z ^! all belong to ! f9al victory 9 its complet5ess1 !y may well be presum$ to con/itute p>ts ( "o vision4 ,op9ions diff]1 h[ev]1 conc]n+ ! correct division ( ?is "p ( ! book almo/ z mu* z !y d 9 reg>d to ! int]pretation4 ,! division adopt$ "h1 ?\gh n co9cid+ 9 all its p>ts ) any s+le au?ority1 is "o ( ! simple/ & mo/ natural1 & x is believ$ w comm5d itself to ! read]47#eaj7 ,9 ent]+ ^u ?is section x w be not$ t ! transition f ! vision ( vials to ! vision ( victory is made 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! sev5te5? *apt] by "o ( ! sev5 vialangels1 :o (f]s to %[ ,john ! judgm5t ( ! great ,h>lot1 or ( ,babylon1 i4 e4 ! complete & f9al judgm5t ( ! sev5? vial wr\ght out1 ?us lead+ by a natural connection ( ?\ght to a full] view ( "o phase ( ! judgm5t ( ! _w1 & ?r\gh ?is on to victory & to ! ,end4 ,a ,! ,my/ic ,babylon & ,h] ,fall1 ,*4 #ag3aah3bd ,9 ^! two *apt]s !re is giv5 an impressive portrayal ( ! s9ful _w z %e lures m5 to evil1 "u ! symbol ( ,babylon1 or ! ,h>lot1 & ( ! f9al puni%m5t inflict$ ^u h]2 x is1 9 fact1 an elaboration ( ! judgm5t ( ! sev5? vial1 =e%ad[+ ! d[nfall ( ! mo/ insidi\s1 s$uctive1 & p]si/5t =m ( ! _w's opposition to ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom1 viz4 corrupt society4 ,?is passage =ms a subclimax ( r>e beauty & p[]1 & "o t is ( prime importance 9 ! int]pretation ( ! book1 = x conta9s "o ( ! *ief ideas ( ! ,revelation1 & necess>ily affects our conception ( ! prophecy ?r\gh\t4 ,t pagan ,rome 9 its social debasem5t & spiritual degradation 0 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,john's ?\ght c sc>cely be d\bt$27#eaa7 b 9 ! light ( prophetic vision x =m$ an ideal gr\ndwork = ! l>g] ?\ght ( ! godless _w1 ! _w f ! /&po9t ( its mat]ial & social =ces adv]se to ,god & 8 k+dom1 ! p]petual ,rome4 ,"s int]pret]s limit ! mean+ ( ,babylon to ! coeval city ( ,rome1 or to ! nation t c5t]$ 9 ! city1 pagan ,rome1 o!rs ref] x to ! ,roman *ur*1 papal ,rome1 & /ill o!rs to ,j]usalem1 ! ,jewi% ,rome1 :ile a common int]pretation makes x ! apo/ate *ur* 9 a fall5 age1 a prophetic ,rome4 ,b ! figure is m correctly int]pret$ z ! ideal & univ]sal _w city1 a symbol design$ to include e city or community t exalts itself aga9/ ! dom9ion ( ,*ri/1 ! p]petual ,rome1 ! ev] recurr+ ,babylon ^: _s nev] dies1 ! city be+ reg>d$ z ! highe/ expression ( ! _w's social & communal life47#eab7 ,) ! portrayal ( ,babylon is complet$ ! cycle ( great _w=ces t we f9d depict$ 9 ! ,revelation z array$ aga9/ our ,"l & 8 ,*ri/4 ,! entire opposition ( ! pres5t evil _w to ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom is pres5t$ 9 ^! visions "u f\r sep>ate & di/9ct symbols1--f\r ! e>?numb]--viz4 7#a7 ! ,dragon or ,satan1 ! ,_w ,"l1 ! prime antagoni/ & repres5tative lead] ( ! spiritual =ces ( evil1 :o incites ! _w to resi/ ! rule ( ,*ri/1 ! _w tak+ its cue & color f ,satan1 ! ar*enemy ( all good2 7#b7 ! ,fir/ ,bea/1 ! ,_w,p[]1 ! national & political =ces ( ! _w 9 _! organiz$ =m oppos+ & p]secut+ ,*ri/ & ! *ur*1 ! _w act+ ?r\gh ! elem5ts ( civic & social ord]1 ( law & gov]nm5t1 mak+ !m ! ag5ts ( p]secution2 7#c7 ! ,second ,bea/1 ! ,_w,religion1 ! national & racial false religi\s =ces ( ! _w1 ) _! moral & intellectual ?raldom ov] ! m9ds ( m51 cont5d+ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity & ! k+dom1 ! _w act+ ?r\gh ! elem5ts ( ! natural & e?nic religions1 & ( sup]/ition & prie/craft _! innate cog5]s1 p]meat+ !m ) deceit & mak+ !m ! ag5ts ( delusion & oppression2 & 7#d7 ! ,h>lot ,babylon1 ! ,_w,city1 society 9 its comm]cial1 impure1 & godless life resi/+ ! progress ( ! k+dom1 ! _w act+ ?r\gh ! elem5ts ( ! social1 sexual1 & comm]cial relations ( m51 mak+ !m ! ag5ts ( s94 ,?is f\rfold =m ( _wopposition to ,*ri/ & ! *ur* is a fundam5tal conception ( ! ,apocalypse1 & lies at ! core ( any correct int]pretation ( ! book47#eac7 ,=1 not)/&+ _! close relation1 to id5tify ,babylon ) ! fir/ ,bea/1 or ! second1 or bo?1 z is (t5 done1 is to confuse ideas t are ess5tially di/9ct1 & measurably to miss ! prop] significance ( ! lesson conta9$4 ,& if we fail to p]ceive ! prop] mean+ ( any "p ( ?is f\rfold symbolism1 we lose 9 "s measure at lea/ ! complete & g5]al effect ( ! :ole sublime creation ( ! ,apocalyptic vision4 #a ,! ,h>lot & ! ,int]pretation1 ,*4 #ag3aah ,! vision ( ! ,h>lot is a figurative & pr(\ndly significant view ( ! _w's s9 z unfai?fulness to ,god1 describ$ "u ! analogue ( unfai?fulness to ! m>riage relation1 accord+ to ! famili> me?od ( ,hebrew ?\ght4 ,! _w is pres5t$ z a spiritual h>lot1 "o t has prov$ untrue to h] ,"l & t m]its condign puni%m5t4 7#a7 ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,h>lot ,ann\nc$1 ,*4 #ag3ab ,"o ( ! sev5 angels hav+ ! sev5 vials1 calls ,john 9 ord] to %[ him ! judgm5t ab\t to be inflict$ ^u ! great ,h>lot4 ,! ag5cy ( a vialangel 9 reveal+ ?is vision1 indicates a connection betwe5 ! vialjudgm5ts & ! fall ( ,babylon2 &1 z /at$ above1 x is an elaboration ( ^? judgm5ts1 especially t ( ! sev5? vial4 7#b7 ,! ,view ( ! ,h>lot1 ,*4 #ag3cf ,! angel c>ries ,john 9 ! ,_s away into a wild]ness :]e he sees 9 ! vision an impure ,woman array$ 9 purple1 ! royal color1 & 9 sc>let1 ! sign ( blood%$1 :ile %e is deck$ ) gold & jewels1 ! tok5s ( h] weal?1 & has 9 h] h& a gold5 cup1 full ( ! abom9ations ( h] =nications2 & %e is seat$ on a sc>letcolor$ ,bea/ t is cov]$ ) names full ( blasphemy1 i4 e4 %e re/s ^u & is alli$ ) ! _wp[]1 = ! sc>let ,bea/ is ! same z ! ,bea/ f ! sea 9 *apt] ?irte5 7v4 #aaj72 & ^u h] =ehead h] "n is writt517#ead7 8,,my/]y1 ,,babylon ,,! ,,great1 ,,! ,,"m ,,( ,,! ,,h>lots ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,abom9ations ,,( ,,! ,,e>?01 & %e is 8drunk5 ) ! blood ( ! sa9ts1 & ) ! blood ( ! m>tyrs ( ,jesus04 7#c7 ,! ,int]pretation ,giv51 ,*4 #ag3gah ,! angel decl>es ! my/]y ( ! ,woman ( ,s9 to ,john's wait+ e>s4 ,! ,h>lot ^: home is 9 ! wild]ness1 i4 e4 9 ?is _w 7p]haps s call$ f ! ?\ght ( ! wild]ness z ! place ( temptation ( ,israel1 ( ,elijah1 & ( ,*ri/1 & z ! haunt ( demons :]e ! scapegoat 0 s5t =? to ,azazel71 is def9itely id5tifi$ ) ,babylon 7v4 #e & #ah71 ! great ,_w,city1 ! dwell+place & repres5tative ( corrupt society tempt+ m5 to evil4 ,! great ,h>lot is ! ideal p]sonification ( ! great city4 ,!re is 9 fact a d\ble symbolism2 ! great ,h>lot symbolizes ! great city1 z ! great city symbolizes ! great _w1 = ! ,h>lot1 ! city1 & ! _w are "o & ! same 9 ! wid] ?\ght ( ! ,revelation4 ,%e is ! comb9$ inc>nation ( comm]cialism1 lu/1 & irreligion17#eae7 ! unbeliev+ _w & n ! apo/ate *ur*1 humanity untrue to ,god1 ! social life ( m5 adv]se to ! k+dom47#eaf7 ,! ,h>lot is ! manife/ imp]sonation ( lu/ & sexual impurity1 a =m ( ! _w's s9 t has always be5 ! s\rce ( ru9 to a multitude ( s\ls--h] traffic1 we are told1 is 9 ! 8s\ls ( m50 7*4 #ah3ac74 ,%e repres5ts ! _w tempt+ m5 ?r\gh ! sexual appetite1 ?\gh ! figure does n /op ) t1 z ! /ory ( ! fall ( h] weal? & ! puni%m5t ( h] irreligi\s life cle>ly %[s4 ,all ! social side ( life t t5ds to s9 is repres5t$ by ?is impressive figure be=e :i* ! ,apocalypti/ 8wond]$ ) a great wond]0 7v4 #f74 ,! int]pretation ( ! ,h>lot ,babylon z ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 a me?od s preval5t 9 ! p]iod t succe$$ ! ,re=mation1 is happily 9 its decad5ce1 = x has no ju/ification 9 ! text4 ,b to f9d 9 ?is figure a symbol & port5t ( apo/asy prevail+ 9 ! *ur* univ]sal t %all increase z ! c5turies g on17#eag7 is equally un=tunate & imp>ts a tone ( pessimism to ! entire prophecy :i* _c be too /rongly deprecat$4 ,no sign ( apo/asy is any:]e giv5 9 ! acc\nt ( ,babylon's fall1 = !re is no indication t ! ,h>lot 0 ev] holy4 ,h] s9 is worldl9ess1 impurity1 idolatry1 & p]secution ( ! sa9ts4 ,= an apo/ate *ur* ! fitt+ symbol = t age w\ld h be5 n ,babylon b ,sam>ia1 ! city ( ! fai?less ,israel4 ,& we may be confid5tly assur$ t ,babylon repres5ts "h :at x always /ood = to ! ,hebrew m9d1 ! typical _wcity1 ! h]$it>y enemy ( ! *ur* f )\t & n f )91 ^: h>lotry is ! sign ( h] unfai?fulness to ,god & tru?4 ,= ev5 ?\gh a majority ( ,prote/ant int]pret]s until )9 a late p]iod h made ,babylon ! apo/ate *ur*1 foll[+ ! traditional op9ion1 x is nev]!less a mi/ak5 view1 s9ce x is bas$ ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t use ( h>lotry z a figure ( apo/asy & idolatry 9 ,israel1 a figure assum$ to be id5tical ?r\gh\t1 ignor+ ! manife/ diff]5ce 9 its pres5t use 9 connection ) a hea!n city4 ,! mod]n view t ,babylon is ,rome 9 ,john's day is ne>] correct1 b is too n>r[ 9 its application4 ,babylon is ! abid+ ,rome ) its worldly life /riv+ to supplant ! ,*ri/1 ! _wcity 9 all ages & times4 ,! ,sc>let ,bea/ on :i* ! ,woman is seat$1 ! color ( ! ,dragon 7*4 #ab3c7 & ! sign ( ! blood :i* x has %$1 is ref]r$ to z ! "o t 801 & is n2 & is ab\t to come up out ( ! abyss0 7v4 #h71 a description %[+ x to be ! same z ! ,fir/ ,bea/ :i* receiv$ ! deadly w\nd t 0 heal$ 7*4 #ac3c71 i4 e4 ! _w p[]1 & app>5tly design$ to place x 9 m>k$ anti!sis ) ! div9e designation1 8:o is & :o 0 & :o is to come10 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! book 7v4 #d & #h74 ,! enigmatical phrase 801 & is n2 & is ab\t to come up out ( ! abyss1 & to g into p]dition01 may also ref] to a lull 9 ! p]secution by ! _wp[]1 subsequ5tly to be r5ew$ & lead+ to its f9al de/ruction z a p[]1 ?\gh its wid] ref]5ce is p]haps to ! p]si/5ce & reappe>ance ( ! _wp[] aft] any "o ( its =ms has be5 ov]?r[n1 toge!r ) ! c]ta9ty ( its f9al ru94 ,mo/ pret]i/s int]pret ! ,bea/ t 801 & is n2 & is ab\t to come01 z a ref]5ce to ,n]o ^: return 0 g5]ally expect$ 7a sup]/iti\s phantasy ( a ,n]o r$ivivus71 by a *ange ( figure1 ! emp]or previ\sly ref]r$ to z ! fif? head ( ! ,bea/ becom+ ! ,bea/ itself--a que/ionable int]pretation1 app>5tly wr\ght out by a ke5 fancy to fit ! words ( ! prophecy1 b lack+ effici5t support 9 ! text4 ,! ,bea/ 9 ! vision c>ries ! ,h>lot1 i4 e4 ! _wcity re/s ^u & is upheld by ! _wp[]1 an unhall[$ union 9 /rik+ contra/ ) t ( ! ,lamb & ! ,bride4 ,?is symbolism indicates ! ne> relation exi/+ betwe5 ! _wcity & ! _wp[] exemplifi$ 9 hi/ory1 ! _w 9 its social & irreligi\s =m ally+ itself ) & rely+ ^u ! p]secut+ _wp[]4 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t ! symbolism us$ 9 ! *apt] be=e u is %[n to be v wide 9 its application4 ,! sev5 heads ( ! ,bea/ h fir/ ( all _! prop] symbolic mean+ ( full or univ]sal dom9ion1 i4 e4 dom9ion ov] ?is pres5t evil _w2 b !y are fur!r int]pret$ to h o!r & diff]5t significance4 ,we are told 9 v]se n9e t !y are 8sev5 m\nta9s01 evid5tly 9 ! prim>y mean+ ^? ( ! city ( ,rome1 :i* 0 seat$ on sev5 hills2 b symboliz+ besides ?is all m\nta9s & hills :i* are ! seat ( _wcities1 9 accordance ) ! common apocalyptic usage ( sev5 7cf4 ,,ii ,esdr4 #b4ai2 & ,bk ( ,eno* #ah4f74 ,! sev5 heads are also 9 a s5se id5tifi$ ) ! 8_m wat]s0 on :i* ! ,woman sitte? 7v4 #ae71 :i* we are told1 are 8peoples1 & multitudes1 & nations1 & tongues01 ! _m dwell]s 9 _wcities--= %e spreads h] p[] ov] all m\nta9s & all wat]s47#eah7 ,!y are also 8sev5 k+s0 7v4 #aj71 ! k+ repres5t+ ! ?rone & all x /&s =1 i4 e4 sev5 k+doms1 a complete numb]1 ! totality ( k9d1 all ! k+doms ( ! _w ?r\gh\t hi/ory1 ?\gh probably1 l ! sev5 *ur*es1 conceiv$ ( z individual k+doms :i* are tak5 z repres5tative ( all47#eai7 ,p]haps 9 ,john's ?\ght !y 7 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 ,p]sia1 & ,greece1 ! five kn[n to him t 7 already fall5 & ,rome1 ! "o !n exi/+--! nations connect$ ) ,israel's pa/4 ,! pa/ 0 hi/ory1 b ! future 0 se5 only 9 outl9e1 & ,john gr\ps x all "u "o great _wp[]1 complet+ ! numb] sev51 :i* 0 yet to appe>4 ,?is la/ 8mu/ cont9ue a little :ile01 i4 e4 dur+ ! rema9+ "t ( ! _w's exi/5ce1 ! usual s5se ( 8a little :ile0 9 ! ,revelation1 a p]iod %ort 9 comp>ison ) et]nity4 ,! ,bea/ is also 8an eigh?01 we are told1 i4 e4 :5 x is reg>d$ ap>t f ! sev5 heads17#ebj7 = ! _wp[] may be conceiv$ ( z 9 itself a unit1 compris+ all its diff]5t manife/ations1 & yet sep>ate f !m & giv+ rise to !m4 ,! rem>k is1 h[ev]1 p>5!tic & incid5tal1 & ought n to be reg>d$ z creat+ any special difficulty1 = no ref]5ce is any:]e else made to an eigh?1 & x is probably introduc$ "h simply because eight is ! symbol ( culm9ation 7see ,app'x ,e74 ,we are fur!r told t ! ,bea/ is 8( ! sev50 7v4 #aa71 i4 e4 he is =m$--,gr4 --8out ( sev501 or 9 o!r words ! ,bea/ is ! sev5 k+doms reg>d$ z a unit1 ! _w p[] z x exi/s 9 all ages47#eba7 ,also ! t5 horns 7v4 #ab7 :i* symbolize complete e>?ly p[]1 t5 symboliz+ complet5ess & usually apply+ to ! e>?ly1 are repres5tative ( v>i\s subdivisions ( ! _wp[]1 m9or k+doms ) _! k+s1 :i* are add$ to ! sev5 heads z an additional symbol ( _wwide empire4 ,^! are evid5tly ?\ght ( z yet to rise aft] ,john's day1 = !y are d5om9at$ 8k+s1 :o h receiv$ no k+dom z yet1 b !y receive au?ority z k+s ) ! ,bea/ = "o h\r01 i4 e4 ea* "o = an h\r1 or = a "t t is relatively %ort17#ebb7 an indef9ite p]iod1 ! t5 k+doms rea*+ 9 ?is case1 app>5tly1 to ! end ( ! _w--n def9itely t5 k+doms or k+s any m ?an "o h\r is a def9ite "t limit1 b r t51 ! numb] ( complet5ess ( all ! p>ts1 repres5t+ all k+s & k+doms yet to rise ?r\gh\t succe$+ "t4 8,x seems probable10 z has be5 well said1 8t ,john =esees t ! ho/ile _wp[] w n be always prem95tly wield$ by "o nation z 9 8 "t2 b w be divid$ into _m p>ts1 "h repres5t$ by ! numb] t5 :i* is a complete numb] & n necess>ily imply+ only t5 9 all4 ,?is inde$ exactly describes :at has really be5 ! case s9ce ,/4 ,john's "t1 & :at1 humanly speak+1 seems likely to cont9ue to ! end ( ! _w407#ebc7 ,x may1 also1 be po9t$ out t ! ru9 ( ! _wcity describ$ by ,john has be5 ! fate ( e su* city kn[n to hi/ory4 ,?us ! t5 horns w\ld seem to be id5tical ) ! sev5? k+ or k+dom :i* is app>5tly ! la/1 ! _w p[] divid$ into _m p>ts & cont9u+ to ! end ( "t4 ,^! divisions ( ! _wp[]1 ?\gh orig9ally ho/ile to ,*ri/ 7v4 #ad71 %all yet "u div9e direction ev5tually de/roy ! _wcity 9 all l&s & make h] desolate 7v4 #af & #ag71 i4 e4 ! corrupt society1 c5t]$ 9 cities1 :i* opposes ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom4 8,& ! ,lamb %all ov]come !m2 = he is ,"l ( lords & ,k+ ( k+s01 i4 e4 :ile ,god is se5 to "w ?r\gh ! multiple _wp[]1 ! t5 horns or k+doms1 & ev5tually to de/roy ! ,h>lot1 corrupt society 9 ! _w1 he yet f9ally ov]comes ! k+doms ( ?is _w t w> aga9/ him1 & makes !m 8 own2 he triumphs on ! e>? 9 ! fulness ( "t1 = ! k+doms ( ! _w1 we are told1 %all 8become ! k+dom ( our ,"l1 & ( 8 ,*ri/3 & he %all reign =ev] & ev]0 7*4 #aa3ae74 8,& !y also %all ov]come t are ) him1 call$ & *os5 & fai?ful0 7v4 #ad7--! promise ( success = ! believ+4 ,9 ! pret]i/hi/orical view ! ov]?r[ ( ! great city1 or ! ,h>lot1 by ! t5 subord9ate rul]s or k+s1 ! t5 horns1 is commonly int]pret$ z a ref]5ce to ! curr5t expectation t ,ea/]n nations1 especially ! ,p>?ians1 7 likely to m>* aga9/ ! city ( ,rome & ov]?r[ x1 an application ( ! prophecy q possible 9 ! m9ds ( ! g5]ation :i* fir/ receiv$ x1 b n rea*+ its deep] & ess5tial mean+1 & fail+ ( any actual realization4 ,at ?is po9t x may be n inapt to rem>k t ! wide latitude ) :i* ! symbolism ( ! sev5 heads is int]pret$ by ! angel 9 ?is *apt]1 is a valuable guide to ! g5]al me?od ( ! ,apocalypse1 & %\ld put u on our gu>d aga9/ limit+ ! significance ( ! symbols /rictly to a s+le ?\ght1 :]e m ?an "o may prop]ly be int5d$4 ,at ! same "t ?is does n give u ! lib]ty ( unlimit$ fre$om1 b prev5ts our be+ too positive 9 _m cases z to ! exact limits ( ! symbolism4 ,o!r int]pretations make ! ,bea/ ! ,roman ,empire1 & ! sev5 heads sev5 diff]5t =ms ( ,roman gov]nm5t kn[n to hi/ory1 or sev5 individual k+s1 & ! t5 horns ! v>i\s p>ts1 subdivisions1 or subord9ate rul]s ( ! ,empire4 ,! curr5t int]pretation ( ! pret]i/ s*ool accepts unqualifi$ly ! sev5 heads z sev5 k+s ( ! ,roman ,empire & id5tifies ,n]o ) ! fif? head or k+ :o is n[ 8fall501 i4 e4 is n[ dead1 b is ab\t to be re/or$ aga91 accord+ to a widespread expectation ( t "t1 & to become ! eigh? head or k+4 ,?is view1 ?\gh support$ by _m em95t au?orities1 especially ^? ( ! lat] critical s*ool1 involves s]i\s difficulties4 ,x is dep5d5t ^u ! e>li] date ( ! ,apocalypse1 or at lea/ ?is portion ( x1 i4 e4 j aft] ! dea? ( ,n]o1 ! only "t fitt+ su* a prophecy--a matt] by no means assur$2 & ! prophecy1 if x _h ?is mean+1 0 falsifi$ by subsequ5t ev5ts )9 a g5]ation1 a cont+5cy :i* w\ld necess>ily h discr$it$ ! book be=e ! *ur*1 & w\ld make its acceptance z a g5u9e prophetic writ+ extremely difficult1 if n impossible1 to acc\nt =4 ,^! consid]ations s]ve to nullify ! surety & positiv5ess ) :i* ?is int]pretation is g5]ally urg$ by its advocates1 & late writ]s indicate a heal?ful reaction aga9/ ! view47#ebd7 ,ano!r simil> view makes ! emp]ors :o are int5d$ by ! heads ( ! ,bea/ to be 7#a7 ,augu/us1 7#b7 ,tib]ius1 7#c7 ,caligula1 7#d7 ,claudius1 7#e7 ,n]o 7n[ 8fall501 or dead--,galba1 ,o?o1 & ,vitellius :o succe$$ ,n]o = %ort p]iods be+ omitt$ z pret5d]s71 7#f7 ,vespasian 7! "o :o n[ 8is01 i4 e4 n[ is on ! ?rone71 7#g7 ,titus 7:o 8mu/ cont9ue a little :ile01 i4 e4 h a %ort reign71 & 7#h7 ,domitian 7a second ,n]o--8an eigh?0 :o 8is ( ! sev5074 ,?is int]pretation1 ?\gh q possible f "o po9t ( view1 necess>ily limits ! vision to a n>r[ horizon2 & :ile1 l ! =m] view1 x t5ds to br+ ! tea*+ ( ! book into clos] h>mony ) ,jewi% ,apocalyptic1 yet x obscures to "s ext5t at lea/ ! wid] & univ]sal tea*+ :i* seems to ! av]age ,*ri/ian m9d to belong ess5tially to ! prophetic insight4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 too1 t ! sev5 heads & t5 horns belong orig9ally to ! ,dragon or ,satan1 z symbols ( 8 _wwide p[]1 & are "h transf]r$ to ! ,bea/ z ,satan's repres5tative2 & !re=e x is m likely t !y h a univ]sal ref]5ce ?an t !y apply to a s+le empire1 = ,satan's sph]e ( influ5ce is confess$ly _wwide 7cf4 *4 #ac3a1 note74 ,besides x is fruitless to attempt to int]pret ) any positiv5ess ! heads & horns z individual nations & k+s1 z ! div]se results h %[n1 ea* int]pret] hav+ 8 own application1 & no "o int]pretation be+ g5]ally accept$47#ebe7 ,b ev5 if we _c be s positive z to ! prim>y mean+1 we %\ld n all[ ! l>g] & m important mean+ to escape u1 ! mean+ = u & = all "t4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( int]pretation accord+ to ! symbolical s*ool1 :i* %\ld be kept 9 m9d ?r\gh\t2 & x is rem>kable h[ (t5 ! g5]al mean+ is pla9 :5 ! orig9al ref]5ce1 z 9 ?is case1 is obscure4 ,= ev5 if ,john _h prim>ily 9 m9d c]ta9 phases ( ! ,roman ,empire1 we mu/ n lose sight ( 8 idealization ( ! symbolism4 ,! numb]s sev5 & t5 are n to be int]pret$ lit]ally b symbolically z else:]e ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,:atev] k+s & k+doms are 9 ! fir/ in/ance int5d$1 !y are introduc$ z ! type ( all k+s & k+doms ( ?is _w ?r\gh\t all "t1 9 accordance ) ! preval5t use ( numb]s 9 ! ,apocalypse2 s t 9 any case ! *ief ?\ght e/abli%$ is ess5tially ! same1 viz4 t ! anti*ri/ian _wp[] atta9s its fulness & complet5ess "u ! numb]s sev5 & t51 & !n wanes & is ev5tually de/roy$4 ,if we int]pret ( ,rome1 !n ! ru9 ( ! "o empire ) its rul]s & p>ts =e%ad[s t ( e o!r e>?p[] t opposes ! rule ( ,*ri/ among m51 & ! ov]?r[ ( ! "o city ) its social & civic =ces alli$ ) evil1 prefigures t ( ! entire anti*ri/ian social & civic p[] ?r\gh\t ! _w4 #b ,! ,fall ( ! ,city ,proclaim$1 ,*4 #ah3abd ,! my/]y ( ! ,h>lot & ( ! ,bea/ hav+ be5 reveal$1 ano!r angel n[ decl>es ! doom :i* awaits !m4 ,! d[nfall ( ! city & ! de/ruction ( h] weal? is set =? z ! type ( ! ov]?r[ ( corrupt society ) all p]ta9+ to x1 9 ord] t ! fulness ( ,*ri/'s k+dom may be u%]$ 9 among m54 ,9 ! vision ( ! prophet ! ru9 is view$ z already complete2 att5tion is c5t]$ s fully ^u ! result atta9$ t ! me?od by :i* x is accompli%$ is left q out ( view4 ,b ! clos+ v]ses ( ! prec$+ *apt] s]ve to indicate ! s\rce ( h] de/ruction1 viz4 9 ! t5 horns1 or subdivisions ( ! _wk+dom1 :i* rise aga9/ ! ,h>lot & ov]?r[ h] 7*4 #ag3afag71--! hi/oric fate ( _w empires & _wcities 9 revolution & ru94 ,x is "h wor?y ( note h[ cle>ly we f9d 9 ?is *apt] rev]b]at+ e*oes f ,isaiah's ,doom ( ,babylon & ( ,tyre 7,isa4 *4 #ac3bc1 #dg71 & f ,j]emiah's ,doom ( ,babylon 7,j]4 *s4 #ej & #ea71 z well z f ,ezekiel's ,doom ( ,tyre 7,ezek4 *s4 #bfbh747ebf7 ,?\gh ! fall ( ! hea!n city ( ,rome 0 d\btless =emo/ 9 ,john's m9d1 let u n =get t x only =m$ ! basis ( ! wid] ?\ght ( ! ultimate fate & fall ( ! great godless _w :i* x s cle>ly =e%ad[$1 ! =esight ( :i* 0 a "p ( ! prophetic vision47#ebg7 7#a7 ,! ,ann\ncem5t ( ,h] ,ov]?r[1 ,*4 #ah3ac ,an angel--call$ "h 8ano!r angel0 9 di/9ction f ! "o designat$ z 8"o ( ! sev5 angels0 9 *apt] sev5te5 7v4 #a7--;is se5 com+ d[n out ( heav51 hav+ great au?ority1 & cry+ ) a mighty voice1 8,fall56 fall5 is ,babylon ! great60 & rec\nt+ ! /ory ( h] crimes z ! abundant cause ( h] ru94 7#b7 ,! ,w>n+ to ,god's ,p1 ,*4 #ah3dh ,yet ano!r voice f heav5 bids ! p ( ,god come out ( h] be=e ! f9al retribution1 t !y be n made p>tak]s ( h] s9s & receive n ( h] plagues1 = h] s9s h rea*$ ev5 unto heav52 & urges ! executors ( h] judgm5t to rew>d h] d\ble1 i4 e4 to exact full legal retribution = h] s9s 7,ex4 #bb3dg74 ,& %e %all be utt]ly de/roy$1 %all be 8burn$ ) fire2 = /rong is ! ,"l ,god :o judg$ h]04 7#c7 ,! ,lam5t ( ! ,k+s ( ! ,e>? ov] ,h] ,doom1 ,*4 #ah3iaj ,! rul]s ( ! _wp[]s :o h %>$ 9 h] s9 are se5 /&+ af> (f = fe> ( h] torm5t1 witness+ h] fall2 & _! cry is he>d1 8,woe1 woe1 ! great city1 ,babylon1 ! /rong city6 = 9 "o h\r i4 e4 9 a %ort "t or sudd5ly is ?y judgm5t come01--m\rn+ ov] h] ru9 :i* is sudd5 & complete4 7#d7 ,! ,lam5t ( ! ,m]*ants1 ,*4 #ah3aaag;a ,! m]*ants ( ! e>? also weep & m\rn ov] h]1 = no man buye? _! m]*&ise or c>go any m4 ,! articles ( m]*&ise enum]at$ are _m1 indicat+ h] weal?1 & seem to be arrang$ 9 a progressive ord] ( importance1 & to fall naturally into six classes1 7,babylon's numb]1 ! symbol ( evil--*4 #ac3ah71 :i* may be divid$ z foll[s1 viz4 7#a7 ^? ( p]sonal adornm5t2 7#b7 ( furniture2 7#c7 ( s5sual gratification2 7#d7 ( food2 7#e7 ( animate =ms2 & 7#f7 ( s\ls 7i4 e4 p]sons7 ( m547#ebh7 ,all h p]i%$2 & ! m]*ants cry al\d1 8,woe1 woe1 ! great city6 444 = 9 "o h\r s great ri*es is made desolate40 7#e7 ,! ,lam5t ( ! ,seam51 ,*4 #ah4 #ag;b#ai ,all ^? :o ga9$ _! liv+ by ! sea1 %ipma/]s1 m>9]s1 & e "o t saile? any :i!r1 /ood af> (f & cri$1 8,:at city is l ! great city80 ,& !y ca/ du/ ^u _! heads1 weep+ & m\rn+1 ! sign ( _! deep ?\gh worldly sorr[1 say+1 8,woe1 woe1 ! great city1 :]e9 all t _h _! %ips 9 ! sea 7 made ri* by reason ( h] co/l9ess6 = 9 "o h\r is %e made desolate40 ,9 ?is triple m\rn+ ( ! k+s ( ! e>?1 ( ! m]*ants1 & ( ! seam51 is %[n ! wide relations ( ,babylon1 too wide 9 fact = any s+le city4 ,! d>kly %ad[$ t]ms ( poetic description us$ ?r\gh\t ! *apt]1 set =? ! complet5ess ( h] de/ruction1 & are an e*o f ! ,fall ( ,tyre 9 ,ezekiel's prophecy 7*s4 #bfbh74 7#f7 ,a ,call to ,heav5 & to ! ,*ur* to ,rejoice1 ,*4 #ah3bj ,by a voice1 evid5tly f above1 ! holy are bidd5 to rejoice1 i4 e4 heav5 ) its inhabitants1 & ! sa9ts or ! *ur*1 & h] two highe/ ord]s ( m9i/]s 9 ! pa/1 ! apo/les & ! prophets1 are call$ ^u to rejoice because ,god ha? judg$ ,babylon ) ! judgm5t :i* is h] due = h] treatm5t ( ! sa9ts4 ,?is invitation to ! 8sa9ts1 ! apo/les1 & ! prophets01 to rejoice ov] ! judgm5t ( ,babylon1 :i* to t age d\btless meant ,rome1 is reg>d$ by "s z a possible allusion to ! m>tyrdom ( ! ,apo/les ,pet] & ,paul :o met dea? "u ,n]o47#ebi7 7#g7 ,! ,symbol ( ,h] ,irretrievable ,ru91 ,*4 #ah3babd ,a /rong or mighty angel1 tak+ up a /one l a great mill/one1 ca/s x into ! sea z ! sign ( h] total ext9ction1 & rehe>ses ! fate ( ! city 9 ! om9\s words ( anci5t prophecy1 :i* are "h enl>g$ & made m t]rible 7cf4 ,j]4 #ea3fafd74 ,! symbolism us$ ?r\gh\t ?is *apt]1 x w be not$1 is l>gely drawn f ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies conc]n+ ! anci5t cities ( ,babylon & ,tyre4 8,& 9 h] 0 f\nd ! blood ( prophets & ( sa9ts1 & ( all t h be5 sla9 ^u ! e>?40 ,?us 9 t]ms t are z wide z ! e>? & z f>rea*+ z hi/ory1 is set =? ! s9 ( ! godless & unbeliev+ _w 9 all ages1 :i* concludes ! pron\ncem5t ( ! judgm5t ^u ,babylon2 & ! judgm5t seems to belong prop]ly 9 sev5 p>ts z a sign ( its complet5ess4 ,b ,! ,triumph ( ! ,r$eem$1 ,*4 #ai3aaj ,a hymn ( praise 7! ,hallelujah ,*orus71 su* z foll[s ea* crisis 9 ! ,apocalypse1 & =ms a relief to ! sombr5ess ( ! visions1 is sung 9 heav5 by a great voice ( a great multitude z ! sequel to ! fall ( ! city & ! lam5t ( ! _w--! sev5? & la/ great *orus 9 ! ,revelation 7see ,app'x ,c73 & !n ! m>riage supp] ( ! ,lamb is ann\nc$ = ! delight ( ! r$eem$ 9 heav54 ,! f9al triumph1 x w be se51 is "h view$ z a :ole1 )\t di/9ction ( p>ts su* z are f\nd 9 ! succe$+ section :i* treats ( ! la/ ?+s4 #a ,! ,*oral ,song ( ,hallelujahs1 ,*4 #ai3ah ,9 response to ! heav5ly summons to rejoice 7*4 #ah3bj71 a ?rice repeat$ note ( victory1 ! ,hebrew 8,hallelujah01 ,praise ye ,jehovah6 is he>d 9 heav52 fir/ f ! voice ( a great multitude1 :o say a second "t1 8,hallelujah01 & !n f ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s1 ! repres5tatives ( ! r$eem$ *ur*1 toge!r ) ! f\r liv+ creatures1 ! repres5tatives ( all creat$ life1 :o reply1 8,am52 ,hallelujah40 ,aft] ?is aga91 9 response to a message f ! ?rone 7v4 #e71 ano!r 8,hallelujah0 is he>d f ! voice ( ano!r multitude 7v4 #fh71 z ! s\nd ( _m wat]s1 ! voice ( ^? :o are prais+ ,god 9 full & joyful *orus because he has av5g$ ! blood ( 8 s]vants1 & :o are n[ rejoic+ ) exce$+ gladness 7v4 #g7 because 8! m>riage ( ! ,lamb is come01 i4 e4 ! complete & f9al union ( ,*ri/ ) ! r$eem$ *ur*1 = 8 wife1 ! *ur*1 ha? made h]self ready4 ,! ^w 8,hallelujah0 occurs f\r times 9 ?is passage1 & is n f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 x %\ld be not$1 too1 t x is us$ "h1 z x is *iefly us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t17#ecj7 9 connection ) ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$4 ,! fir/ voice 9 ?is *orus ( hallelujahs 7v4 #a;f7 is app>5tly t ( ! great multitude ( ! angelic ho/ 9 heav51 :i* is respond$ to by ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s1 & ! f\r liv+ creatures2 :ile ! second voice 7v4 #f;f7 is t ( ! multitude ( ! univ]sal *ur* :o h be5 r$eem$ by ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 ,! description ( ! pure array ( ! ,bride 7v4 #h71 :i* is ! symbol ( h] righte\sness & is 9 su* m>k$ contra/ ) ! clo?+ ( ! ,h>lot1 may be an explanation add$ by ! ,apo/le1 z indicat$ 9 ! text ( ! ,revelation giv5 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is book by includ+ ! v]se 9 a p>5!sis1 ?\gh x 0 app>5tly reg>d$ by ! ,am]ican ,revis]s z "p ( ! words ( ! r$eem$ *ur*4 #b ,! ,bless$ness ( ! ,m>riage ,supp]1 ,*4 #ai3i ,john is direct$ by ! angel to record a bless+ ^u ^? :o are bidd5 to ! m>riage supp]1 i4 e4 :o are invit$ to %>e 9 ! ne>] fell[%ip ( ! r$eem$ ) ,*ri/1 & to p>take ( ! ri* & abundant spiritual food t awaits !m 9 ! new relations ( ! heav5ly life--a fur!r symbol ( ! spiritual union ( ! *ur* ) ,*ri/ add$ to t ( ! bride & ! m>riage1 sett+ =? ! joys ( ! heav5ly life "u ! famili> figure ( a m>riage fea/1 ! great social ev5t ( ! ,ea/1 & ! popul> type ( ! highe/ enjoym5t1 z well z ! public ackn[l$gem5t ( ! consummation ( ! union4 ,! m>riage ( ! ,lamb is put 9 vivid contra/ ) ! =nication ( ! ,h>lot1 9 ! usual me?od ( ! ,apocalypse4 #c ,wor%ip ,refus$ by ! ,angel1 ,*4 #ai3aj ,! ,apo/le is s ov]:elm$ by ! impression ( ! vision t he falls at ! feet ( ! angel to wor%ip him--probably ! int]pret+ angel ( ! op5+ v]se ( ! book1 ?\gh "s ?9k id5tical ) ! vialangel ( *apt] sev5te52 b ! wor%ip is refus$17#eca7 because1 z ! angel decl>es1 he is only a fell[s]vant ) ,john1 & %>es 9 8! te/imony ( ,jesus0 :i* 8is ! _s ( prophecy04 ,?is significant phrase is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,revelation17#ecb7 & we f9d 9 x a key to ! g5]al int]pretation1 a pr9ciple to be appli$ ?r\gh\t1 viz4 t ! my/]ies ( ! ,old ,disp5sation f9d _! only prop] solution & fulfilm5t 9 ! cle>] tea*+ ( ! ,new4 8,! te/imony ( ,jesus0 is ! witness = ! tru? borne by ,*ri/ 9 ! _w1 :i* ga!rs up into "o & gives expression to ! ess5tial & animat+ ?\ght ( all prophecy4 ,o!rs int]pret ! passage z apply+ to ! witness borne = ,*ri/ & ! tru? by 8 disciples 9 ! _w2 & x is possible t bo? mean+s are includ$1 = if broadly int]pret$ !y bo? m]ge into "o47#ecc7 ,c ,! ,la/ ,?+s1 ,*4 #ai3aabj3ae ,a new phase ( ! vision ( victory n[ op5s1 :i* pres5ts ! f9al culm9ation & crisis ( judgm5t & r$emption1 a rapid preview ( ! clos+ ev5ts ( human hi/ory1 a =eca/ ( ! triumph & completion ( ! gospel age4 ,^! ev5ts =m a s]ies ( climaxes t are progressive & cata/rophic1 & u%] 9 ! f9al consummation ( ,god's _wplan ( ! ages1 a feature t is prom95t 9 all apocalyptic writ+s4 ,x is important = u to note afre% at ?is po9t1 :at %\ld be app>5t to our m9ds 9 ! /udy ( ! book ?r\gh\t1 viz4 t ! elem5t ( climax1 :i* ent]s s l>gely into ! ?\ght ( ! ,revelation1 belongs ess5tially to ! mood & temp] ( ,apocalyptic2 & we %\ld avoid emphasiz+ too mu* t :i* p]ta9s *iefly to lit]>y =m & spiritual mood1 z ?\gh x 7 int5d$ to set =? ! intimate nature ( ! div9e me?od4 ,^u c>eful reflection x mu/ become m & m app>5t t ! emphasis "h laid ^u ! climactic side ( ! div9e way ( work+1 0 only int5d$ to be 9 proportion to ! app>5t hopelessness ( ! hi/orical outlook )\t su* manife/ & repeat$ div9e int]positions = human help1 & 0 n int5d$ to indicate t ! *ief effects to be wr\ght out w be accompli%$ by o!r ?an ! me?od display$ 9 hi/ory1 viz4 by long p]iods ( quiet progress & pati5t wait+1 brok5 n[ & !n by %ort & decisive p]iods ( crisis4 ,! apocalyptic writ]s foll[$ ! g5]al mode ( conception preval5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 accord+ to :i* 8! f9al condition ( m5 & ! _w is reg>d$ less z ! p]fect issue ( a gradual e?ical advancem5t 444 ?an z ! result ( an int]position or *a9 ( int]positions on ! "p ( ,god017#ecd7 :i* is only "o side ( ! tru?--a view gr[+ out ( _! idea ( ,god z ! imm$iate au?or ( all movem5ts 9 nature & hi/ory1 & fitt+ 9 well ) ! increas$ emphasis laid ^u climax 9 ,apocalyptic4 ,!re is also a di/9ct =e%ort5+ ( ! future :i* is v evid5t ?r\gh\t ?is section1 & ?is is a well kn[n & *>act]i/ic feature ( all prophecy4 ,! extreme brevity ) :i* are describ$ & gr\p$ toge!r s _m great ev5ts ( ! f> future t s deeply affect ! ,*ri/ian hope1 s]ves to indicate t ! *ief aim ( ! ,revelation does n consi/ 9 fully manife/+ ^! ev5ts :i* lie hidd5 9 ! h& ( ,god1 b 9 prep>+ ! *ur* = :at prec$es !m1 bo? ( trial & ( conflict4 8,l a fla% ( lightn+ 9 ! d>kness ! vision lights up ! :ole l9e ( ,god's purposes to ! end02 b h[ mu* ( ! actual =m & mann] ( ! ev5ts x 0 ! div9e purpose to disclose ?r\gh ?is ideal & sc5ic pres5tation mu/ cont9ue to be1 p5d+ ! manife/ation ( ! ev5ts !mselves1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 a matt] ( div]se op9ion4 #a ,! ,end ( ! ,holy ,w>1 ,*4 #ai3aaba ,?is "p ( ! vision sets =? ! f9al victory ov] all ! p[]s ( ?is _w :i* is ev5tually to be atta9$ by ! supreme p[] ( 8,! ,^w ( ,god01 ! ev] conqu]+ ,*ri/1 :o is "h describ$ by ?is transc5d5tal "n = our ,"l :i* is a di/9ctive title ) ! ,apo/le ,john47#ece7 ,beg9n+ ) a view ( ! triumphant ,^w go+ =? to conqu] z "u ! fir/ seal 7*4 #f3b71 ,*ri/ appe>s 9 ! op5$ heav5 rid+ on a :ite horse2 he is call$ 8,fai?ful & ,true01 & 9 righte\sness he do? judge & make w>4 ,8 eyes are a flame ( fire1 ! type ( purity & judgm5t2 ^u 8 head are _m diadems1 ! cr[ns ( conqu]$ nations2 he ha? a "n writt5 :i* no man kn[e? b himself1--evid5tly ! 8new "n0 ( *apt] ?ree 7v4 #ab7 :i* ,john _c int]pret2 & he is array$ 9 a g>m5t spr9kl$ ) blood1 ! tok5 ( 8 r$emptive "w4 ,! armies ( heav51 :i* app>5tly include ! r$eem$1 su* z h already ent]$ !re1 foll[ him on :ite horses17#ecf7 clo!d 9 f9e l95 :ite & pure2 out ( 8 m\? proce$e? a %>p sword t ) x he %\ld smite ! nations17#ecg7 = he %all rule !m !n ) a rod ( iron2 & he treade? ! w9epress ( ! w9e ( ! fi]c5ess ( ! wra? ( ,god1 ! ,almighty1 !reby br++ puni%m5t ^u ! evil4 ,8 div9e "r is cle>ly se51 = he ha? on 8 g>m5t & on 8 ?igh 7i4 e4 bo? on ! g>m5t & on ! ?igh1 or else on ! g>m5t cov]+ ! ?igh71 a "n writt51 8,,k+ ,,( ,,k+s1 ,,& ,,"l ,,( ,,lords04 ,& ! ,bea/1 & ! k+s ( ! e>?1 & _! armies1 are ga!r$ toge!r to make w> aga9/ him t sat ^u ! horse & aga9/ 8 army1 i4 e4 aga9/ ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom to attempt to ov]come !m4 ,?us ) sublime imag]y ! vision leads up & on to ! close ( ! great battle ) ! _w=ces1 :i* 0 briefly describ$ be=e 9 *apt] sixte5 z occurr+ at ,h>,mag$on2 ! w> is ! same1 ! battle betwe5 ! s9ful _w & ! ho/s ( ,god :i* is ev] go+ on ?r\gh ! ages to f9al victory 9 ! end4 ,n[1 by a fur!r view1 ! ,bea/1 & ! ,false ,prophet 7or ,second ,bea/7 :o misguides ! p 9 spiritual ?+s1 are se5 to be tak51 & !y twa9 are ca/ alive into ! lake ( fire1 :ile all _! foll[]s are sla9 ) ! sword ( him t sat ^u ! horse1 ev5 ! sword :i* came =? out ( 8 m\? 7v4 #ae72 & all ! birds t fly 9 midheav5 are call$ by an angel /&+ 9 ! sun to fe$ ^u _! fle%1 z 9 ,ezekiel's prophecy ( ! ,judgm5t ( ,gog 7*4 #ci3agbb71 a judgm5t exce$+ly repulsive to ! ,hebrew m9d4 ,! lake ( fire is only a m fully develop$ =m ( ! ,jewi% conception ( ,geh5na z a furnace ( fire 7,mat4 #ac3db1 & #ej74 ,! symbolism "h us$ may h be5 sugge/$ to ,john's m9d by ! appe>ance ( a sea or lake dur+ ! eruption ( a volcano1 a view n unfamili> to ^? resid5t 9 ,asia47#ech7 ,?is lake 9 ! ,revelation is ! place ( f9al puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 & is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! pit ( ! abyss1 ! abode ( ,satan dur+ ! pres5t _w p]iod4 ,?us is signifi$ ! triumphant ov]?r[ ( ! ,_w,p[] & ( ! ,_w,religion z manife/$ 9 hi/ory4 ,^! toge!r ) ! ,_w,city are n[ brok5 & de/roy$1 :ile only ! ,_w,"l1 or ,satan1 rema9s to c>ry on ! conflict1 & ! way is !reby prep>$ = ! great mill5nial victory4 ,?is section is consid]$ by _m to ref] to ,*ri/'s second com+1 ! ,p>\sia1 &1 if t view 7 e/abli%$1 x w\ld s]ve to support ! op9ion ( ^? :o hold t ! second adv5t w be premill5nial2 b su* an int]pretation is beset ) _m difficulties & _c be su/a9$ by :at is said 9 ^! v]ses4 ,! description does n correspond ) ! acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s com+ aga9 :i* is giv5 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels & ! ,epi/les1 nor ) ! pass+ =egleams ( x 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 b r ) ! del9eation ( ,*ri/'s conflict ) ! _w z x is set =? 9 ?is book1 :i* is depict$ 9 its beg9n+s "u ! fir/ seal :]e ,*ri/ goes =? conqu]+ & to conqu]1 & :i* is n[ se5 to pass ?r\gh ! ?ick ( battle to ! cr[n+ ( victory4 ,= :ile ! second com+ is manife/ly ! "o great objective ev5t ev] reta9$ 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! visions1 ov]%ad[+ & int]p5etrat+ e "p ( ! ,apocalypse1 yet x is at no "t def9itely introduc$ or p>ticul>ly describ$2 & ! mo/ accurate & imp>tial int]pretation ?r\gh\t is t :i* reg>ds bo? ! "t ( its occurr5ce & ! position x occupies 9 relation to o!r ev5ts ( ! la/ days z n[h]e reveal$ 9 ! ,apocalyptic vision4 ,) ! pres5t au?or ?is view has gr[n ?r\gh "t f t ( a possible solution ( a mu* vex$ "q into a settl$ conviction ( its correctness47#eci7 ,& x %\ld be se51 t ) ?is section 7*4 #ai3aaba7 9 grave d\bt1 to say ! lea/1 conc]n+ its application to ! adv5t1 if inde$ x %\ld n be reg>d$ z entirely inapplicable1 !re is no?+ def9itely taught 9 ! ,revelation 9 reg>d to ! "t ( ,*ri/'s second com+2 = :atev] op9ion we may ent]ta9 conc]n+ ! "t ( t glori\s ev5t s de> to ! ,*ri/ian he>t1 we _c reg>d ?is passage z decisive 9 ! matt] unless we int]polate into x a mean+ :i* x does n necess>ily conta94 #b ,satan ,b\nd1 ,*4 #bj3ac;a ,! tempor>y de/ruction ( ,satan's p[] is "h indicat$ by 8 be+ b\nd = a season2 & ?is m>ks ano!r advance 9 ! triumphal m>* ( ev5ts4 ,an angel com+ d[n f heav5 ) ! key ( ! abyss1 & a great *a9 9 8 h&1 lays hold ^u ! ,dragon1 ! ,old ,s]p5t1 ,satan1 & b9ds him = a ?\s& ye>s1 & !n %uts him up 9 ! abyss1 8 pres5t dwell+place1 f :i* he c n[ em]ge at w dur+ ! p]iod ( conflict1 & seals x ov] him t 8 p[] may be re/ra9$ until ! end ( t "t4 ,! b9d+ ( ,satan indicates ! limit+ ( 8 au?ority ov] ! nations1 ) ! subsequ5t u%]+ 9 ( ! triumph ( ! gospel among m51 :51 accord+ to ! ann\ncem5t ( ! sev5? trumpet1 8,! k+dom ( ! _w is become ! k+dom ( our ,"l & ( 8 ,*ri/0 7*4 #aa3ae71 a promise p>tially fulfill$ at ?is /age1 b await+ its complete fulfilm5t 9 ! f9al consummation4 ,! limit+ ( ,satan's p[] is a prep>atory /age to ! ev5ts t foll[1 & prec$es ! fir/ resurrection1 z x also prec$es ! mill5nium4 #c ,! ,fir/ ,resurrection1 ,*4 #bj3df ,! resurrection1 :i* is ! effective r$emption ( ! body f dea?1 t is necess>y = complete victory ov] s9 & = ! full consummation ( man's life 9 et]nity17#edj7 is at ?is po9t begun17#eda7 & is m>k$ 9 ! ,revelation by two successive /ages1 ! fir/ accompany+ ! triumph ( ! messianic k+dom1 & ! second prep>atory to ! f9al judgm5t4 ,^! two p>ts ( ! resurrection are sep>at$ 9 ! vision by ! :ole mill5nial p]iod4 ,! fir/ resurrection is special & comp5sative 7scil4 8! resurrection out ( ! dead0--,gr4 --,phil4 #c3aa71 consi/+ ( c]ta9 ( ! sa9ts & m>tyrs :o by reason ( _! endur+ resi/ance ( ! =ces ( evil 9 _! lives & dea?s are adjudg$ wor?y to atta9 unto ?is resurrection1 viz4 8( !m t _h be5 behead$ = ! te/imony ( ,jesus1 & = ! ^w ( ,god1 & su* z wor%ipp$ n ! ,bea/1 nei!r 8 image1 & receiv$ n ! m>k ^u _! =ehead & ^u _! h&40 ,! fir/ resurrection :i* is evid5tly limit$ to ?is p>ticul> class1 & is comp5sative 9 "* = evils endur$1 prec$es ! second or g5]al resurrection by a ?\s& ye>s1 or ! :ole duration ( ! mill5nium1 :i* is n a def9ite1 num]ical ?\s& ye>s1 b 9 accordance ) ! g5]al use ( numb]s 9 ! ,apocalypse is a p]iod ( va/ b indef9ite l5g?4 ,! cry ( ! m>tyrs 7*4 #f3i7 has be5 he>d1 & !y :o h "p 9 ?is resurrection %all live & reign ) ,*ri/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole mill5nial era1 i4 e4 %all %>e 9 8 pres5ce & glory z a rew>d = _! sup]ior fai?fulness1 %all be ) him :]e he is1 evid5tly 9 heav51 = no?+ is said ( any new or diff]5t relation ( ,*ri/ or ( ! sa9ts to ^? :o dwell ^u ! e>? z n[ begun1 or z ent]$ ^u at any "t dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,we are simply told t ! r$eem$ sa9ts %all live & reign ) ,*ri/1 i4 e4 !y %all ent] ^u ! new & full] life ) ,*ri/ :i* foll[s ! resurrection ( ! body1 & !y %all %>e 9 ! triumphant rul]%ip ( ,*ri/ 9 heav54 ,! ma9 ?\ght 9 ! phrase 8) ,*ri/01 x w be se51 is n s mu* t ( location1 z ( association ) him 9 messianic rule47#edb7 ,! /atem5t "h made t 8!y %all be prie/s ( ,god & ( ,*ri/0 7v4 #f7 evid5tly does n mean t !y are to ex]cise ! function ( m$iators = ! re/ ( mank9d dur+ t int]m$iate p]iod1--= no su* s]vice 9 heav5 is any:]e taught 9 ,scripture--b only t !y are grant$ famili> access to & fell[%ip ) ,god & ,*ri/ su* z ! prie/s _h :o drew ne> "u ! old cov5ant2 !y /& 9 8 pres5ce z ! prie/s ( old /ood 9 ! temple & wait$ & s]v$ & wor%ipp$4 #d ,! ,mill5nium1 ,*4 #bj43 #b;b1 #c;b1 #d;b1 #e;a1 #f;b & #g;a ,! mill5nium is ! ,lat9 equival5t ( ! ,greek phrase or a ?\s& ye>s1 :i* has n[ atta9$ a p]man5t place 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,9 ! prophetic view ( ! apocalyptic vision ?is is ! cr[n+ p]iod ( ! *ur* ^u e>? s long look$ = & =etold1 ! triumphant realization ( messianic prophecy1 ! dn\em5t ( r$emptive hi/ory 9 ! _w1 a "t ( re/ & victory :5 evil %all be re/ra9$ ?\gh n ext+ui%$1 & righte\sness %all rule among m54 ,! mill5nial reign ( ! sa9ts ) ,*ri/1 :ile ,satan is limit$ 9 8 sph]e1 z is indicat$ by 8 be+ b\nd ) a great *a91 is evid5tly int5d$ to repres5t ! p]iod ( ! *ur*'s triumph4 ,! l5g? ( "t impli$ by ! mill5nium is a p]iod ( multiple complet5ess :i* is repres5t$ by a ?\s&1 ! cube ( t51 ! symbol ( a duration t is ( great b indef9ite ext5t1 cov]+ a long p]iod ( "t1 /ret*+ to untold g5]ations1 dur+ :i* ! rule ( ,*ri/ %all be triumphantly e/abli%$ ^u ! e>?47#edc7 ,! *ief ?\ght 9 ! ?\s& ye>s is d\btless t ( great & endur+ victory4 ,?is p]iod1 z has be5 effectively said1 8may well be ( su* an indef9ite l5g? z to lead to ! salvation ( unnumb]$ multitudes--multitudes s va/ & c\ntless t all ! lo/ ( all ! ages w be b an inf9itesimal fraction 9 comp>ison407#edd7 ,su* a view s]ves to light5 9 a measure ! d>k places ( ,scripture & hi/ory ) a vision ( bless+ & hope1 ?\gh x _c be said to disp]se to any great ext5t t imp5etrable %ad[ :i* hangs ov] ,god's purpose 9 ! _w's long deep night ( s9 & dea?4 ,no o!r passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t has tak5 a deep] or m p]man5t hold ^u ! m9ds ( believ+ m5 ?an ?is pregnant prophecy ( a mill5nium1 9 :i* ! ?\s& ye>s is six times nam$ 9 z _m v]ses4 ,un=tunately int]pret]s h n be5 agre$ conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! passage2 9 fact no "p ( ! ,^w ( ,god has1 p]haps1 be5 s mu* 9 dispute z ^! v]ses 9 ! ,revelation4 ,x may be wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to say t 9 ! int]pretation we %\ld cle>ly recognize ^u ! "o h& t ! promise ( a mill5nium 0 int5d$ to create 9 ! m9ds ( m5 a p]vasive hope ( ultimate div9e triumph 9 ! _w2 :ile ^u ! o!r h& we %\ld avoid mak+ ?is glori\s promise ! gr\ndwork ( purely human fancy4 ,! bless+s ( ! mill5nial p]iod "h set =? evid5tly p]ta9 bo? to ! sa9ts 9 glory & to ! k+dom ( ,god 9 ?is _w4 ,! p>ticul> nature ( ! reign ( ! sa9ts ) ,*ri/ dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s is n reveal$2 b we "k assur$ly t ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom h prevail$ ^u ! e>?4 ,! mill5nium manife/ly pres5ts a natural & complete anti!sis to ! long p]iod 9 :i* ! *ur* suff]$ oppression "u dom9ation ( ! _wp[]s4 ,! "p allott$ to ! sa9ts 9 ! triumph ( ! k+dom 9 :i* !y live & reign ) ,*ri/1 is set =? 9 t]ms ( long prevail+ & deeply *]i%$ ,jewi% ideals4 ,to occupy 8?rones ( judgm5t0 0 "p ( ! recogniz$ hope ( ,israel 7,ps4 #abb3e71 & is cle>ly a human way ( conceiv+ ( sup]human relations4 ,t ?is hope is to be realiz$ 9 ! f9al spiritual supremacy ( ,god's *ildr51 specially promis$ to ! twelve ( ! inn] circle 7,mat4 #ai3bh2 & ,lu4 #bb3cj71 & evid5tly to be %>$ 9 a p>ticul> degree by all ^? :o h "p 9 ! fir/ resurrection1 ?\gh ultimately 9 "s measure also by all ! r$eem$1 does n admit ( s]i\s d\bt1 b ! exact =m 9 :i* x w be realiz$ is n made pla94 ,accord+ to ! usual premill5nial view ! fir/ resurrection is int]pret$ z consi/+ ( all believ]s :o h di$ previ\s to t "t1 & n ( ^? only :o %>e 9 x by reason ( special s]vice & te/imony2 & ! mill5nial reign ( ^? :o rise f _! graves 9 ?is resurrection is held to be ^u ! e>?1 & is to be u%]$ 9 by ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ :o w e/abli% a new disp5sation 9 :i* he w be p]sonally manife/1 & w rule 9 ! _w1 ei!r f an e>?ly capital z ,j]usalem1 or f heav5 9 close communication ) ! sa9ts47#ede7 ,?is view1 x w be se51 re/s ^u ,jewi% conceptions1 & d]ives its support f a /]nly lit]al int]pretation ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecies4 ,b1 not)/&+ its natural attractiv5ess to ! m9ds ( m51 x fails ( adequate confirmation 9 ! text4 ,^u ! o!r h& mo/ ( ! symbolical s*ool int]pret ! fir/ resurrection figuratively1 z a resurrection to spiritual life1 & reg>d ! mill5nium z n[ 9 progress4 ,! preval5ce ( ?is view seems to be l>gely due to ! e>ly influ5ce ( ,augu/9e17#edf7 :o id5tifi$ ! mill5nium ) ! p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* on e>?1 & held t = ^? :o belong to ! true *ur* ! fir/ resurrection is pa/ already1 mak+ x ! equival5t ( ! resurrection to spiritual life spok5 ( 9 ,john's ,gospel 7,jn4 #e3be71--;a passage :i*1 ?\gh %[+ t a spiritual resurrection is a di/9ct ,johann9e conception1 does n s]ve to break ! natural =ce ( ^! words 9 _! pres5t connection4 ,! usual int]pretation ( ! ?\s& ye>s giv5 by ! symbolical s*ool _c be consid]$ z satisfactory17#edg7 viz4 t ! phrase expresses a quality1 i4 e4 complet5ess1 & n a p]iod ( "t2 & t ! mean+ ( ! phrase 8b\nd him = a ?\s& ye>s0 is t ,satan 0 completely b\nd4 ,! symbolical use ( ! numb] "o ?\s& is evid5t1 b t does n deprive x ( all quantitative value1 x only affects its lit]al significance2 & ! d5ial t ! ^w 8ye>s0 has any ref]5ce to "t is )\t prop] exegetical support & mu/ be reject$47#edh7 ,accord+ to ! curr5t symbolical int]pretation ! entire passage 7*4 #bj3aaj7 is reg>d$ z an episode :i* is descriptive ( ! complete safety & spiritual deliv]ance ( ,*ri/'s p ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( ! agelong conflict27#edi7 & ?us ! mill5nium z a p]iod ( triumph & bless$ness = ! sa9ts on e>?1 prec$+ & di/9ct f ! f9al bless$ness ( ! _w to come1 fades away into a figure ( spee*1 :ile ! triumph ( ! gospel is obscur$4 ,b ?is view _c be su/a9$ except by a sacrifice ( ! natural1 if we may n c]ta9ly say ! correct exegesis2 = ! p>agraph w n fit a purely figurative int]pretation47#eej7 ,?is view w\ld dispose ( ! "q ( a pre or po/mill5nial com+ by d5y+ t !re is any mill5nium1 9 ! hi/oric s5se ( ! t]m1 taught 9 ! ,revelation4 ,b ! exp$i5t is a fallaci\s "o1 if ,john spoke z a prophet by ! inspiration ( ! ,_s1 = 8 words incorporat$ ! ?\ght ( 8 "t 9 :i* ! mill5nium _h a def9ite mean+2 & t he =esaw & describ$ x z su* is fairly evid5t1 ?\gh he manife/ly modifi$ its extravagances4 ,! idea ( a triumphal p]iod ( ! ,messiah's reign is too deeply inwr\ght 9 ! ,apocalyptic lit]ature :i* prec$$ ! pres5t ,apocalypse to be put aside lightly z a symbol ( complet5ess47#eea7 ,! duration ( ?is "t 0 a frequ5t & favorite subject ( ,jewi% speculation27#eeb7 & accord+ to ! g5]al laws ( language1 ! phrase us$ 9 ! text1 8a ?\s& ye>s01 necess>ily c>ries ) x ! conception ( a p]iod ( "t1 b 9 accordance ) ! usage ( ! au?or1 x loses its def9ite num]ical significance & indicates a p]iod ( long b unmeasur$ duration2 x becomes ! symbol ( a p]iod t is complete4 ,x w be recogniz$ by ! att5tive /ud5t ( ! ,^w ( ,god t ?is passage & its connections =m ! crux int]pretum ( ! :ole book ( ,revelation2 & x is well1 p]haps1 n to speak ) too mu* positiv5ess on a subject s diff]5tly und]/ood by _m ( ! mo/ em95t s*ol>s & int]pret]s4 ,! view pres5t$ above seems to be ! mo/ natural mean+ t c be giv5 to ! words ( ! vision1 & seems also to accord m fully ?an any o!r ) ! _m promises ( ,god conc]n+ ! outcome ( all t great & progressive movem5t among m5 :i* we call ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 9 ! e>?4 ,= )\t su* a p]iod ( victory1 ! :ole evolution>y movem5t 9 human life & hi/ory1 :i* s manife/ly m>ks ! purpose ( ,god & ! plan ( r$emption1 w\ld someh[ seem to fail ( any prop] consummation2 :ile 9 ?is view ! mill5nium1 m>k+ ! triumph ( ! gospel1 w\ld v9dicate ! pres5t me?od ( hi/ory & r$emption1 j z ! premill5nial view w\ld ab&on x & introduce a diff]5t ord]4 ,inde$1 x may be well "h to say1 :at %\ld be cle>ly se5 by e /ud5t ( ! ,revelation1 t ! premill5nial view introduces practically ?ree disp5sations into ! plan ( r$emption1 viz4 ! fir/1 t ( ,moses :i* measurably fail$2 ! second1 t ( ,*ri/ :i* is also to fail ( complete success2 & ! ?ird1 t ( ! ,holy ,_s :i* %all absolutely triumph4 ,:e!r1 inde$1 su* a view is ju/ifi$ by :at ! ,gospels tea* & ! ,epi/les indicate1 is a "q t ea* int]pret] ( ,scripture mu/ det]m9e = himself2 ?\gh x mu/ be said t ! l>ge majority ( ,*ri/ians 9 all ages h n s und]/ood ! message ( ! ,^w4 ,& x w\ld c]ta9ly be rem>kable if ,*ri/1 :o 0 s wond]ful a tea*]1 _h int5d$ to pr$ict a premill5nial com+ to 8 own1 & yet left x 9 su* an indef9ite =m t ! majority ( e>ne/ ,*ri/ians w\ld =ev] fail to appreh5d x4 ,b1 9 any case1 to give up ! expectation ( ! f9al supremacy ( ! gospel 9 ! _w1 :e!r we look = x to be atta9$ be=e or aft] ! com+ ( ! ,"l1 ?r\gh ! me?od ( hi/ory or contr>y to x1 is to empty ( its ri*e/ cont5t ! ,*ri/ian hope = ! _w ( m51 & to contradict ! deepe/ long+ ( ! pi\s he>t47#eec7 #e ,satan ,loos$ ,aga9 & ,ov]?r[n1 ,*4 #bj3c;c1 & #gaj ,a r5ewal ( ,satan's activity is p]mitt$ by div9e au?ority1 z is indicat$ by 8 be+ loos$ aga9 out ( 8 prison1 & seems to be ( ! nature ( a reaction 9 favor ( evil1 a sequ5ce = :i* we are sc>cely prep>$ at ?is juncture1 aft] ! mill5nial p]iod ( ,*ri/ian asc5dancy4 ,we f9d describ$ 9 ^! v]ses a recrudesc5ce ( organiz$ opposition to ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom1 indicat$ by ,satan com+ =? aga9 out ( ! abyss1 accord+ to ! prevail+ me?od ( ! ,apocalypse by :i* evil comes 9 p]iodic onsets4 ,9 ! elucidation ( ! passage mo/ int]pret]s1 :o reg>d ! mill5nium z repres5t+ ! triumphal p]iod ( ,*ri/'s k+dom ^u e>?1 consid] ?is incid5t1 toge!r ) ,satan's previ\s b9d+ )\t ! complete de/ruction ( 8 p[] until ! end :5 he is ca/ into ! lake ( fire1 z %[+ conclusively t opposition to ,*ri/ has only be5 subdu$ dur+ ! mill5nial p]iod b n ext+ui%$1 s t l a sm\ld]+ fire x bur/s =? into flame aga9 be=e ! end47#eed7 ,x c sc>cely be d5i$ t su* is ! und]ly+ assumption ( ! passage1 z is g5]ally conc$$1 ?\gh ! usual symboli/ view1 rely+ ^u ?is1 m9imizes ! "* ( ! mill5nial triumph1 & reg>ds ! opposition to ,*ri/ z be+ subdu$ only s f> z believ]s are conc]n$1 t[>d :om ,satan is !n completely b\nd1 ! mill5nium & ! conflict go+ on simultane\sly--a view t is n adequately su/a9$ by ! text4 ,on ! o!r h& ! futuri/ view magnifies ! nature ( ! mill5nial triumph1 & leaves no reasonable room = ?is f9al outbur/ ( s92 = ! mill5nium ) ,*ri/ dwell+ among 8 p ^u e>? is heav5 already begun1 & ! ,scriptures n[h]e tea* ei!r ! cont9uance ( evil aft] ,*ri/'s second com+1 or ! exi/5ce ( an int]val betwe5 ,*ri/'s com+ & ! judgm5t4 ,! int]pretation "h giv5 is accept$ by _m mod]n s*ol>s & foll[s a m$ian l9e1 reg>d+ ! mill5nium z a p]iod ( relative triumph foll[$ by a fre% outbreak ( s91 z seems to be indicat$ 9 ?is passage4 ,if we comp>e ^! v]ses ) t /range apocalyptic passage 9 ,paul's ,second ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians 7,,ii ,!ss4 #b3c;f471 we f9d t he !re pr$icts a fall+ away f ! fai? & ! com+ ( ! ,man ( ,s9 be=e ! adv5t1 :i* seems to ref] 9 ! figurative language ( ,apocalyptic to ?is same p]iod ( f9al /ruggle prec$+ ! end4 ,& ! ,man ( ,s9 !re =etold may p]haps be reg>d$ z an ideal p]sonification ( ! s9 ( man !n prevail+1 8:om ! ,"l %all consume ) ! _s ( 8 m\?04 ,?is la/ /ruggle is1 h[ev]1 only = a little "t 7v4 #c71 i4 e4 = a season t is %ort 9 comp>ison ) ! mill5nial p]iod1 & is app>5tly p]mitt$ 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! triumphal t]m9ation ( ! conflict t ,satan may be completely & =ev] ov]?r[n & flung into ! lake ( fire 7v4 #aj71 ! f9al place ( puni%m5t1 toge!r ) ! ,bea/ & ! ,false ,prophet ^: de/ruction has be5 already describ$4 ,?\gh ! g5]al idea ( ! p>agraph is relatively pla91 ! p>ticul> mean+ ( ! pr$iction is involv$ 9 mu* obscurity1 viz4 t ( a w> 9 :i* ,satan deceives ! nations ( ! e>?1 ,gog & ,magog17#eee7 ^: numb] is z ! s& ( ! sea1 & :o g up "u 8 lead]%ip to compass ! camp ( ! sa9ts & ! belov$ city1 b :o are de/roy$ by div9e int]v5tion ?r\gh fire f heav54 ,! description is evid5tly symbolic1 & ,gog & ,magog 7 d\btless n int5d$ to be id5tifi$ z p>ticul> nations2 nor c ! fulfilm5t be lit]ally und]/ood4 ,l _m ( ! prophecies ( ! pa/ x is surr\nd$ by a haze ( indef9it5ess t prev5ts its full int]pretation until its mean+ is reveal$ by ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! s\rce ( ! symbolism is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t invasion ( ,gog1 a passage 9 ,ezekiel 7*4 #chci71 a prophetic sc5e ( w>1 :i* becomes "h ! =mal type ( ! la/ /ruggle betwe5 ! ho/s ( s9 & ^? ( righte\sness1 & seems to ref] to "s new1 national1 & _wwide =m ( opposition to ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom 9 :i* all ! e>?=ces ( evil are ga!r$ toge!r = _! ext9ction--a f9al /age ( ! conflict necess>y = ! complet5ess ( ! victory1 :i* is to be po/mill5nial1 & 9 :i* all ! p[]s ( evil %all be spe$ily & f9ally ov]?r[n47#eef7 ,x may also be t ! view ( battle "h giv5 is int5d$ to be p>tly retrospective 9 its purpose1 & to l9k ?is /ruggle ) ! agelong conflict :i* culm9ates :5 ! ,bea/ & ! ,false ,prophet are tak51 giv+ ano!r view ( ,h> ,mag$on 9 :i* n[1 aft] a p]iod ( quiesc5ce1 ,satan's ov]?r[ =ms ! f9al "p4 #f ,! ,second ,resurrection1 ,*4 #bj3aaab;a1 & #ac;a ,?is is ! f9al & complete resurrection :i* occurs at ! end ( ! _w1 & comprises all ^?1 :e!r believ]s or n1 :o fail$ to p>ticipate 9 ! fir/ resurrection4 ,! complet5ess ( ?is resurrection is specially emphasiz$4 ,ev5 ! sea gave up ! bodies ( ! dead t 7 9 x2 & dea? & ,hades gave up ! s\ls ( ! dead t 7 9 !m 7v4 #ac;a71 9 prep>ation = ! judgm5t4 ,! description "h giv5 ( ! second or g5]al resurrection1 x w be se51 pres5ts ! ord9>y view ( ,scripture1 :ile t ( ! fir/ resurrection introduces a new & diff]5t conception1 viz4 t ( a special resurrection4 ,! ma9 di/9ction betwe5 ! two resurrections may be reg>d$ z *iefly "o ( ord] r ?an "t1 ?\gh ! prec$5ce ( ! fir/ 9 po9t ( "t is also includ$4 ,9 ea* case a resurrection ( ! body is meant1 b ! fir/ is p>tial 9 ext5t1 consi/+ ( a p>ticul> class1 :ile ! second is univ]sal1 compris+ all classes47#eeg7 ,! p>agraph1 :5 ?us int]pret$1 af=ds a cle>] view ( ! resurrection z a :ole1 %[+ its prop] ord] or sequ5ce1 & sep>at+ into two ma9 p>ts t :i* is mo/ly reg>d$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 its entirety z a s+le ev5t occurr+ at ! la/ day4 ,9 fact ! doctr9e ( two resurrections taught 9 ?is passage1 & ! cle>ness ) :i* ! resurrection ( ! wick$ = judgm5t is set =?1 toge!r con/itute ! mo/ notable contribution ( ! ,apocalypse to ! es*atology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t27#eeh7 = 8:atev] may be ! difficulties involv$1 & h[ev] !y may be solv$1 we mu/ recognize t ,john "h pr$icts an anticipative & limit$ resurrection ( ! same "* z ! g5]al resurrection :i* is to foll[407#eei7 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ! ?\ght pres5t$ to ,john's m9d 9 ! vision1 :e!r we atta* any didactive significance to x or n1 & x ought n to be ov]look$ 9 our int]pretation4 ,at ?is po9t x may be n amiss to say1 :at mu/ be app>5t to e c>eful /ud5t ( ,scripture1 t x 0 n ! div9e purpose 9 ! book ( ,revelation to reveal ! intimate nature or detail ( ! great ev5ts :i* lie at ! close ( man's hi/ory on ! e>?2 b r to give a g5]al outl9e ( ! div9e ord]1 :i* w\ld s]ve to invigorate our fai? & /imulate our hope 9 ! onw>d pa? ( ,*ri/ian duty4 ,& :ile x is = ! mo/ "p fruitless to inquire p>ticul>ly conc]n+ t :i* is n cle>ly reveal$1 at ! same "t ! g5]al be>+ ( ?is passage %\ld n be all[$ to escape our att5tion1 = x is "o ( ! mo/ significant 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 & we may well pause a mom5t to consid] its prop] mean+4 ,we h "h1 app>5tly1--if "o may (f] an op9ion on s obscure a subject1--a h9t t ! resurrection :i* has j be5 describ$ z occurr+ 9 two p]iods1 fir/ & second1 is to be reg>d$ z a process r ?an z an ev5t t is s+le & sep>ate 9 itself1 "o :i* 9 its entirety cov]s a long p]iod ( "t1 & is to be accompli%$ 9 progressive /ages 9 :i* ! righte\s %>e fir/ accord+ to _! relative wor?--a process :i* is app>5tly m>k$ by two pr9cipal p]iods t are specially 9 m9d 9 ! description be=e u4 ,9 ! light ( ?is view x may be well to recall "s ( ! ev5ts 9 ! ,scripture record :i* seem to support x4 ,! translation ( ,eno* & ,elijah 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! equival5t ( an imm$iate resurrection1 :i* anticipat$ ! victory ( ,*ri/ ov] dea?1 w\ld o!rwise be an unexpla9$ anomaly4 ,b accord+ to ?is int]pretation x =ms a "p ( ! div9e ord]2 _! resurrection 0 n anomal\s2 x 0 only "o /ep 9 ! ev] progressive plan ( ! ages4 ,! my/]i\s hid+1 too1 ( ,moses' grave 9 ! valley ( ! l& ( ,moab1 f9ds an adequate explanation if he 0 subsequ5tly translat$ :5 ! div9e purpose 9 8 burial 0 accompli%$--! burial v9dicat+ ! div9e honor1 :ile 8 resurrection 0 imm$iate & triumphant4 ,! record1 also1 9 ! clos+ *apt] ( ,daniel 7,dan4 #ab3ac7 ?\gh obscure1 po9ts to a /age 9 ! resurrection 9 :i* n all b _m %all rise1 & includes z well ^? :o rise to %ame & ev]la/+ contempt1 ?\gh no indication ( ! "t :5 ?is w occur is giv5 by ! prophet4 ,b m p>ticul>ly 9 ,mat!w's acc\nt ( ! crucifixion ( our ,"l 7,mat4 #bg3ebc71 we f9d t 8 dea? 0 foll[$ n only by ! r5d+ ( ! veil 9 ! temple1 indicat+ ! dep>ture ( ! div9e glory1 b t 8! tombs 7 op5$1 & _m bodies ( ! sa9ts :i* _h fall5 asleep 7 rais$1 & com+ =? out ( ! tombs aft] 8 resurrection1 !y ent]$ into ! holy city & appe>$ unto _m40 ,x is a weak exegesis t int]prets _! resurrection z m]ely spectral1 or z only tempor>y & transi5t1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 = ! purpose ( witness+ to ! div9ity ( our ,"l4 ,! natural mean+ is t !y arose z a "p ( ! victory ( ,*ri/1 & 7 ready to ent] ) him into ! re/ t rema9e? = ! p ( ,god4 ,^! passages all seem to po9t to a progressive resurrection t is to be accompli%$ 9 successive /ages1 & !y _c well be o!rwise int]pret$ except by indirection4 ,x is true t ! subject is only incid5tally t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 yet x seems to be "h cle>ly impli$ t prec$5ce 9 resurrection is div9ely accord$ to ^? :o are prep>$ = x1 z a "p ( ! rew>d ( righte\sness1 & t ?is belongs to ! div9e ord]47#efj7 ,beyond ?is we _c safely g1 = x is n well to be too confid5t 9 ma9ta9+ any view t dep5ds s l>gely ^u ! int]pretation ( s+le passages1 ev5 ?\gh ! inf]5ce1 z 9 ?is case1 seems to be natural & conclusive4 #g ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ,*4 #bj3aaae ,! f9al div9e inquiry into ! sum & fruitage ( ea* & e life1 :i* is retributive 9 its purpose1 is ent]$ into at ! end ( ! _w :5 all ! dead1 small & great1 /& be=e ,god to be judg$1 aft] ! resurrection is complete47#efa7 ,! great judgm5t ?rone 9 ! vision is :ite1 ! symbol ( purity1 & he t sat ^u x is n nam$1 b ?r\gh\t ! book ! judge is ! ,fa!r z di/+ui%$ f ! ,son4 ,! two pr9ciples ( ! judgm5t giv5 9 ?is graphic acc\nt1 :i* is a reflection ( ! ,vision ( ,judgm5t 9 ! prophecy ( ,daniel 7,dan4 #g & #ab71 are fir/ 8accord+ to _! works0 :i* are writt5 9 ! books ( record t are n[ op52 & second accord+ to ! div9e purpose :i* is 8writt5 9 ! book ( life04 ,! 8book ( life0 0 orig9ally ! "n us$ = ! roll ( ,jewi% citiz5s kept f at lea/ ! n9? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 7cf4 ,ezr4 #b3fb2 ,neh4 #g3e1 #fd2 & #ab3bb1 #bc7 f :i* ! names ( ! dead 7 eras$1 t is n[ appli$ to ! ,lamb's book ( life 7*4 #ba3bg71 ! roll ( liv+ citiz5s ( ! ,new ,j]usalem47#efb7 ,^? n f\nd 9 ! book ( life are ca/ into ! lake ( fire toge!r ) dea? & ,hades1 bo? ( :i* are n[ m]g$ into ?is f9al & fitt+ retribution = s91 i4 e4 physical dea? z exp]i5c$ by m5 9 ?is _w1 & ,hades ! abode ( ! dead dur+ ! int]m$iate /ate1 are bo? aboli%$ z tempor>y conditions 9 prep>ation = ! new heav5 & ! new e>? ( ! righte\s1 & are succe$$ by ! lake ( fire = ! s9ful4 ,?is is ! la/ ev5t ( "t1 ! issue ( ! e>?ly life1 ! ,end7#efc7 =etold by prophecy1 ! crisis t m>ks ! transition to et]nity1 ! clos+ sc5e 9 ! great drama ( human hi/ory4 ,! view n[ passes at once f ?is sc5e ( t]ror & judgm5t to ! sublime vision ( joy & triumph 9 ! f> & fadeless glory beyond4 ,,vii ,! ,vision ( ! ,new ,j]usalem 7,a ,vision ( ,triumph74 ,*4 #ba3abb3e ,! vision ( ! ,new ,j]usalem is a cr[n+ picture ( r$emption consummat$1 a vision ( triumph & peace aft] ! conflict is ov] & ! victory won1 portray+ ! et]nal bliss ( ! r$eem$ 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god1 ^: glory is realiz$ 9 ! intimate fell[%ip & ultimate wellbe+ ( 8 creatures t h be5 f9ally recov]$ f s9 & fully confirm$ 9 righte\sness4 ,9 ?is clos+ vision ( ! ,revelation we rea* ! goal ( ,*ri/ian hope 9 ! future life ) ,god4 ,"s futurehi/orical int]pret]s h1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ ?is section z describ+ ! mill5nial glory ^u e>?1 prec$+ ! f9al consummation ( all ?+s2 b ! view is involv$ 9 s _m difficulties t relatively few h accept$ x4 ,on ! contr>y ! ,*ri/ian m9d ( all ages has in/9ctively f\nd 9 ! vision a p]spective view ( ! heav5ly glory1 an op9ion t x may be confid5tly said is n a mi/ak5 "o47#efd7 ,! ,new ,j]usalem pres5ts ! resultant condition ( victory foll[+ ! long /ruggle aga9/ s91 8! _w to come0 already u%]$ 91 :i* lies beyond ! mill5nium & ! resurrection4 ,at ?is po9t x may be well to call att5tion to ! fact t ! mill5nium 9 ,hebrew ?\ght is ! culm9ation ( 8! age to come01 i4 e4 ! age :i* is ! triumph+ p]iod ( ! ,messiah ^u e>?2 :]eas ! ,new ,j]usalem is ! realization ( 8! _w to come01 i4 e4 ( ! _w t is future & et]nal4 ,^! ideas 7 q di/9ct 9 ,jewi% ?\ght1 & !y ought also to be di/9ct ) u4 ,! wond]ful acc\nt ( ! new heav5 & ! new e>? speaks ( o!r conditions ?an ^? ( ! pres5t "t2 & ! view ( ! glori\s city 9 ?is clos+ vision 7*4 #ba3bbb3e7 is aptly divisible into eight p>ts1 ! symbol ( culm9ation1 or ( a new life or p]iod begun1 ! division indicat$ 9 ! comm5ts t foll[4 #a ,! ,new ,heav5 & ! ,new ,e>?1 ,*4 #ba3a ,9 ?is v]se we are pres5t$ ) a view ( ! new creation :i* environs ! ,new ,j]usalem1 ! sign ( ! *ang$ & exalt$ conditions ( future exi/5ce :i* await ^? t are ,*ri/'s1 ! creation r$eem$ z well z ! creature1 8= ! fir/ heav5 & ! fir/ e>? are pass$ away01 & all ?+s h become new47#efe7 ,?is idea1 :i* co9cides ) t ( ,paul 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7*4 #h3aibc71 is n1 h[ev]1 fur!r develop$1 b ! view turns at once to ! heav5ly city1 = ! vision has its prop] c5t] 9 ! city1 & is design$ to pres5t a view ( r$eem$ humanity 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god to :i* t ( ! r$eem$ creation is m]ely incid5tal4 #b ,! ,holy ,city1 ,*4 #ba3bbb3e ,heav51 its joys & its inhabitants1 is describ$ "u ! type ( a city1 ! ,new ,j]usalem1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,old ^: w>f>e has be5 accompli%$1 a civic & social dwell+place t is new1 holy1 & glori\s1 an ideally p]fect city 9 ! mid/ ( an ideally p]fect _w27#eff7 ! symbol ( ! glori\s conditions ( ! r$eem$ & purifi$ *ur* 9 ! mid/ ( ! new life ( et]nity1 & ! anti!sis ( ,babylon1 ! type ( ! old s9ful & pollut$ _w4 ,! description is full ( e*oes f ! ,isaian rhapsody ( ,zion ,r$eem$ 7,isa4 #ed1 #fj1 & #fe71 & ,ezekiel's vision ( ,j]usalem ,re/or$ 7,ezek4 #dj & #dh747efg7 7#a7 ,! ,tab]nacle ( ,god ) ,m51 ,*4 #ba3cd ,! city 9 its entirety becomes ! antitype ( ! tab]nacle ( ,israel1 especially ( ! inn] sanctu>y or holy ( holies1 :]e ,god =ev] dwells ) m51 & !y %all be 8 peoples17#efh7 & sorr[1 pa91 & dea? %all be no m1 = ! =m] ?+s are pass$ away4 ,?is is au?oritatively decl>$ by a voice out ( ! ?rone1 a div9e message1 possibly giv5 by "o ( ! ,angels ( ! ,pres5ce1 z a com=t+ & assur+ promise ( ! div9e ne>ness & gu>dian%ip 9 ! future life ( ,god's p4 7#b7 ,! ,bride1 ! ,lamb's ,wife1 ,*4 #ba3b1 #iaj ,! city1 ! dwell+place ( ! r$eem$1 & ! symbol ( ! new conditions ( ! glorifi$ *ur* 9 ! mid/ ( et]nity1 becomes n[ by metonymy ! symbol ( ! r$eem$ *ur* h]self1 ! ,bride ( ,*ri/1 ! inhabitants be+ ?\ght ( to ! exclusion ( all else4 ,! great city1 ! holy ,j]usalem1 is se5 com+ d[n out ( heav5 f ,god17#efi7 z a bride adorn$ = h] husb& on h] m>riage day1--a figure ( ! intimate & t5d] relation ( ,*ri/ ) 8 p 9 ! f9al /ate ( ! bless$4 ,! city 9 ^! v]ses 7#iaj7 is manife/ly ! symbol ( ! *ur* t dwells )9 x2 b ! view t makes ! ,new ,j]usalem ! symbol solely ( ! r$eem$ *ur*1 n only "h b ?r\gh\t ! entire passage17#egj7 fails to realize ! flexibility ( prophetic usage4 ,! idea ( place & local surr\nd+s 9 ! g5]al description ( ! city und\bt$ly /&s fir/ 9 ! ,apocalypti/'s ?\ght1 & w\ld seldom be que/ion$ by ! ord9>y read]1 ?\gh x includes also ! inhabitants z well1 & may be us$ = ! inhabitants alone1 z is done 9 ?is "p ( ! passage1 )\t invalidat+ ! g5]al mean+4 ,9 ! n9? v]se1 ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! angel1 8,come hi!r1 ,i w %[ !e ! bride1 ! wife ( ! ,lamb01 ! acc\nt 9 v]se second is resum$1 & is wr\ght out 9 detail4 ,"o ( ! vialangels c>ries ,john away 9 ! ,_s into a m\nta9 great & high t he may see ! vision m fully1 an indication ( its importance4 7#c7 ,! ,city ( ,new ,?+s1 ,*4 #ba3eh ,all ?+s are decl>$ new & *ang$1 & to be ! inh]itance ( ^? t %all ov]come17#ega7 to :om also ! fulness ( div9e son%ip is aw>d$2 b ! crav5 & unbeliev+1 ! s9ful & impure1 %all be ca/ into ! lake ( fire :i* is ! second dea?4 ,^! words ( au?ority1 promise1 & ?reat5+1 are spok5 by him :o sitte? on ! ?rone1 ! ,alpha & ! ,omega1 ! ,beg9n+ & ! ,end1 :o n[ himself1 :5 all is fulfill$1 speaks op5ly in/ead ( ?r\gh ^? my/]i\s voices t h hi!rto issu$ f out ! ?rone & temple1 ano!r tok5 ( ! ne>] communion ( ! sa9ts ) ,god 9 ! new heav5 & ! new e>?47#egb7 ,& ,john is aga9 comm&$ to write1 = ! words spok5 are 8fai?ful & true01 & 8!y are come to pass01 i4 e4 all ,god's promises & ?reat5+s h be5 fulfill$1 ev5 ! ?+s ( ! new creation h already come into be+1 & ! my/]y ( ,god is end$1 accord+ to ! pr$iction ( ! angel ) ! book 7*4 #aj3g71 i4 e4 ! my/]y ( ! div9e purpose 9 ! great "w ( creation & r$emption has n[ be5 fully made kn[n4 7#d7 ,! ,city ( ,glory7#egc71 ,*4 #ba3aaba 8,hav+ ! glory ( ,god01 i4 e4 ! glory ( 8 abid+ pres5ce1 :i* is reflect$ 9 ! glory ( gate & wall & /reet1 yet ! city is describ$ = our bett] und]/&+ 9 t]ms ( ! e>?ly creation4 ,its light is l unto a /one mo/ preci\s1 & ! mat]ials ( its /ructure are mo/ co/ly2 ! build+ ( ! wall is ( jasp]1 ! city & ! /reet ( pure gold1 & ! f\ndations ( ! wall adorn$ ) all mann] ( preci\s /ones17#egd7 :ile ! sev]al gates are ea* ( a s+le pe>l1--! m+l$ symbols ( brilliancy1 glory1 co/l9ess1 & beauty4 ,! city lies f\rsqu>e1 a p]fect figure1 ! di/9ctive numb] ( ! e>?ly creation /ill1 ?\gh new1 ) twelve f\ndations1 gates1 & angels1 ! *ur* numb]1 reflect+ ! numb] ( ! tribes ( ,israel & ( ! apo/les ( ! ,lamb1 & ) walls "o hundr$ & =tyf\r cubits high1 ! squ>e ( ! *ur* numb]1 & twelve ?\s& furlongs 9 l5g? on ea* ( ! f\r sides17#ege7 ! *ur* numb] multipli$ by a ?\s&1 & ! numb] ( ! seal$ 9 ea* tribe 7*4 #g3e;f471--p]t95t symbols1 all ( ^!1 ( ! p]fect home ( ! r$eem$1 z well z ( ! symmetry ( ! p]fect *ur*4 ,! city is fur!r describ$ z a p]fect cube l ! holy ( holies 9 ! sanctu>y1 ! l5g? & bread? & ! height ( x be+ equal 7v4 #af7 :i* p]haps means t 9 ! height is includ$ ! em95ce on :i* x /&s1 ?\gh o!rs ?9k t !re is an int5tional abs5ce ( all v]isimilitude47#egf7 ,! symbolical mean+ ( ! cubical dim5sions is evid5tly t ( a symmetrical & ideal p]fection :i* is proportional 9 all its p>ts1 & l to ! holy ( holies 9 ! e>?ly temple47#egg7 ,! circuit ( ! walls is =tyeight ?\s& /adia1 i4 e4 f\r times twelve ?\s& furlongs or /adia1 & seems to be a design$ ref]5ce to ! city ( ,babylon1 ! greate/ city ( ! anci5t _w1 ! circuit ( :i* 0 f\r hundr$ & eighty /adia1 i4 e4 f\r times "o hundr$ & tw5ty furlongs or /adia1 :ile t ( ! ,new ,j]usalem is great] a hundr$fold1 :i* is evid5tly ! language ( symbolism47#egh7 ,! city :i* is fir/ se5 f af>1 com+ d[n out ( heav5 7v4 #aaad71 is aft]w>d measur$1 & its glories po9t$ out by ! angel 7see ! divisions indicat$ by p>agraphs 9 ! text ( ! ,revelation giv5 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! volume74 7#e7 ,! ,city ( ,_m ,nations1 ,*4 #ba3bd1 & #bf ,! nations walk amid/ ! light !re(1 & ! k+s ( ! e>? br+ _! glory into x1 a description :i* seems to reflect ! ?\ght ( a new e>? t w be peopl$ z well z ! holy city1 z impli$ 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! *apt]1 & p]haps design$ to %[ ! cosmopolitan "* ( ! ,new ,j]usalem4 7#f7 ,! ,city ( ,exclusions1 ,*4 #ba3a1 #d1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bg2 & #bb3c1 #e ,! city has no m sea1 i4 e4 ! old1 e>?ly1 turbul5t sea ( conflict & unre/ 7v4 #a72 no m dea?1 nei!r m\rn+1 cry+1 nor pa9 any m 7v4 #d72 no sep>ate temple or inn] sanctu>y ( p>tial access to ,god1 = ! city is all temple1 & ,god =ev] dwells among 8 p 7v4 #bb72 no sun1 nor moon1 nor night1 = ! ,lamb is ! light !re(1 8 spiritual light sup]s$+ ! physical 7v4 #bc1 #be1 & *4 #bb3e72 no %ut gates ( def5ce or h9drance1 = !re is no long] ei!r night or enemy abroad 7v4 #be72 & no m curse1 nor any unholy to r5ew ! conflict1 nor any?+ unclean or t make? an abom9ation & a lie1 = ,*ri/ is ?ron$ z victor 7v4 #bg1 & *4 #bb3c74 ,9 ?is f9al view ( heav5 n only has ! temple disappe>$1 b also ! eld]s1 & ! f\r liv+ creatures1 & all t accessory symbolism ( ! e>li] visions :i* 0 appropriate to ! *ur*hi/oric p]iod4 ,^! are no long] ne$$1 = ! conditions :i* !y s]v$ to symbolize h pass$ away4 ,ev5 ! angels are no long] se5 )91 = ?is is a vision ( r$eem$ m5 :o look ^u ! face ( _! ,r$eem]4 7#g7 ,! ,city ( ,life1 ,*4 #bb3ab ,z ! antidote ( dea? ! et]nal city is se5 to possess a 8riv] ( wat] ( life0 t fl[s out f ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb 9 ! mid/ ( ! /reet !re(1 ! s\rce ( endur+ life to all ! holy 7,ps4 #df3de74 ,! city is1 also1 se5 to h ! 8tree ( life017#egi7 ! seal ( ,god's fir/ cov5ant 9 ,ed5 7,g54 #b3i2 #c3bb71 be>+ twelve crops ( fruit1 yield+ its fruit e mon?1 & ) leaves = ! heal+ ( ! nations1 :i* has at la/ wr\ght its b5efic5t results & =ev] remov$ ! curse4 ,! ^w tree is 9 ! s+ul>1 b ! context %[s t x is to be und]/ood g5]ically1 i4 e4 a tree ( life :i* is f\nd on ?is side ( ! riv] & on t1 or trees ( life gr[+ by ! riv]side47#ehj7 ,we notice1 also1 t ! riv]1 :i* 9 ! e>?ly ,p>adise 0 p>t$ & became f\r heads :5 trac$ to its s\rce1 is n[ replac$ by a s+le riv] ( wat] ( life 9 ! heav5ly2 & ! ,scripture /ory ( man1 view$ f its beg9n+ to its close1 is se5 to f9ally lead up f ! lo/ ,p>adise ( creation to ! ,p>adise rega9$ by r$emption4 ,& 9 t city =ev] dwell only ^? 8t are writt5 9 ! ,lamb's book ( life04 7#h7 ,! ,city ( ,god1 ,*4 #bb3ce ,! cr[n+ glory ( ! holy city is ! abid+ pres5ce ( ,jehovah1 = ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb %all be !re91 & ! r$eem$ %all see 8 face7#eha7 9 ! beatific vision1 & 8 "n %all be ^u _! =eheads1 & !y %all reign = ev] & ev]4 ,!n & !re man r$eem$1 :o has s long be5 sep>at$ f ! face ( ,god by ! ru9\s results ( s91 %all be at la/ re/or$ to ! fulness ( ! div9e pres5ce to abide ?r\gh\t et]nity47#ehb7 ,:e!r1 inde$1 ,god 9 8 ess5tial be+ c ev] be directly appreh5d$ by ! f9ite _s1 is a "q t ) our pres5t light we _c def9itely det]m9e4 ,x may well be 9 et]nity z 9 "t1 !re z well z "h1 t = u to see ! ,son is to see ! ,fa!r1 & t ! beatific vision = :i* m5 h s (t5 long$ & hop$ & pray$ 9 ! pa/1 is to be realiz$ 9 a way q diff]5t f ! common ?\ght1 by ! bless$ vision ( ! glorifi$ & exalt$ ,*ri/ 9 ! fadeless life ( ! p]fect$ k+dom ( ,god 9 heav54 ,! "n :i* %all be ^u ! =eheads ( ! r$eem$ is evid5tly ! 8new "n0 ( *apt] ?ree 7v4 #ab7 :i* sums up 9 itself all ! fulness ( ! future revelation ( ,god to ! glorifi$1 ! transc5d5tal & ineffable "n to m5 ^u e>? 8:i* no "o kn[e? b he t receive? x01 i4 e4 9 ! future life ( ! heav5ly k+dom4 ,x is surely wor?y ( our att5tion "h to note 9 clos+1 h[ all ,god's revelations ( himself h n only t5d$ to gr[ 9 int5sity & cle>ness1 b also to c5t] 9 ! "n by :i* he is made kn[n4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 sacr$ "n ,jehovah1 z di/9ct f 8 =m] "n ,elohim1 9 connection ) ! great ev5ts ( ,israel's r$emptive hi/ory1 !re is a manife/ movem5t 9 ! hi/orical selfrevelation ( ,god to m5 t is m>k$ by progressive /eps :i* lead on ?r\gh all ! promise & my/]y ( ! inc>nate ,*ri/ to ?is f9al revelation ( himself1 ly+ beyond hi/ory1 t %all be made to ! r$eem$ "u ! 8new "n0 :5 r$emption is complete4 ,he :o 0 fir/ promis$ to m51 to be born 8( ! se$ ( ! woman01 & 8( ! se$ ( ,abraham01 & 0 aft]w>d m cle>ly reveal$ to ,israel z 8! son ( ,david01 8! s]vant ( ,jehovah01 8,immanuel01 8! ,son ( ,man01 & 8! ,messiah01 & :o 0 made kn[n to m5 9 8 inc>nation z 8,jesus01 8! ,*ri/01 & 8our ,"l01 0 f9ally recogniz$ by ! *ur* "u 8 full r$emptive title z 8! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/01 by :i* "n he %all be kn[n ?r\gh\t all ! c5turies to ! end ( "t4 ,b ! vision ( ! city ( ,god rea*es f> beyond ?is1 & tells ( 8 "n to be !n writt5 ^u ! =eheads ( ! r$eem$1 manife/ly 8 8own new "n0 7*4 #c3ab7 t is to be reveal$ to ! glorifi$ :5 r$emption is complete1 :i* /&s = ! full1 f9al1 & complete revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ 9 ! new relations ( ! great future life 9 heav54 ,?us1 ) ! r$eem$ en?ron$ 9 p[]1 & dwell+ 9 ! unveil$ pres5ce ( ,god reveal$1 !re is completely fulfill$ ! ultimate div9e purpose ( man's creation & r$emption4 ,?is1 9 ,john's view1 is ! consummation ( all ?+s1 t 8,"o f>(f div9e ev5t1 ,to :i* ! :ole creation moves40 ,! transition to ! clos+ "p ( ! book is n[ made1 b x is n v def9itely m>k$1 & 9 ! division into *apt]s x 0 ov]look$ entirely1 = ! tw5tysecond *apt] %\ld beg9 at ?is po9t4 ,"s w\ld make ! break at ! close ( v]se sev51 b x m prop]ly belongs at ! close ( v]se five1 :]e ! description ( ! ,new ,j]usalem ends4 ,,iii ,,! ,,epilogue1 ,*4 #bb3fba ,! epilogue consi/s ( a recapitulation ( ! au?ority & cont5ts ( ! book1 in/ructions = its use1 & an en=cem5t ( its lessons4 ,x is a brief b impressive conclusion1 giv+ ! f9al words ( ! angel1 ) ! promise ( ,*ri/ to ! victors1 & ! clos+ te/imony ( ,john4 ,a ,! ,f9al ,words ( ! ,angel1 ) ! ,promise ( ,*ri/1 ,*4 #bb3faf ,^! words %\ld be reg>d$ z spok5 = ,*ri/1 & ! promise to ! victors z made 9 8 "n1 by ! angel t he s5t to te/ify ^! ?+s unto ,john1 ! int]pret+ angel ( *apt] "o 7v4 #a71 :o n[ looks back ov] ! entire revelation t has be5 giv51 return+ f ! s]ies ( visions reveal+ ! future to ! /&po9t ( ! introductory vision47#ehc7 #a ,! ,message ,reaffirm$1 ,*4 #bb3fi ,! importance ( ! message is recogniz$ & its tru/wor?9ess emphasiz$ by repeat$ affirmation4 ,an ef=t is !reby made to impress indelibly its lessons ^u ! he>t ( ! *ur*4 7#a7 ,! ,witness ( ! ,angel1 ,*4 #bb3fg ,! say+s ( ! book are decl>$ to be true & fai?ful1 & ( div9e au?ority2 ! spe$y com+ ( ,*ri/ is ann\nc$17#ehd7 i4 e4 8quickly0 9 ! div9e view :i* cov]s all et]nity1 b n to be und]/ood z at once or soon f ! ord9>y or human po9t ( view2 & a bless+ is pron\nc$ ^u ^? :o keep ! words ( ! prophecy ( ?is book 9 anticipation ( _! complete fulfilm5t4 7#b7 ,! ,witness ,confirm$ by ,john1 ,*4 #bb3h;a ,to ! decl>ation ( ! angel is add$ ! direct te/imony ( ,john t he saw & he>d ^! ?+s1 a p>5!tical rem>k1 /r5g!n+ ! /atem5t ( ! angel & confirm+ ! words ( ! book4 7#c7 ,wor%ip f ,john aga9 ,refus$1 ,*4 #bb3h;b#i ,! =m & pres5ce & message ( ! angel ov]:elm ,john ) awe1 & he t5d]s 8 wor%ip2 b ! angel1 z be=e 7*4 #ai3aj71 ackn[l$ges himself a fell[s]vant ) ,john1 & bids ! ,apo/le wor%ip ,god--probably a prote/ aga9/ angel wor%ip :i* may already h begun4 #b ,! ,book ,n to be ,seal$1 ,*4 #bb3ajaa ,! words ( ! prophecy are n to be seal$1 i4 e4 !y are n to be kept secret1 evid5tly n ev5 _! deep] mean+1 s f> z x 0 kn[n1 0 to be veil$ 9 secrecy1 b 0 to be op5ly communicat$ to ! *ur*es1 = ! "t ( inevitable rew>d is decl>$ to be at h& 7v4 #ajaa7 bo? = ! righte\s & ! wick$1 :5 ! pres5t opportunity %all be end$47#ehe7 ,! opposite direction1 x w be notic$1 0 giv5 conc]n+ ! ,book ( ,daniel 7*4 #ab3d1 #i71 :i* 0 comm&$ to be 8%ut up & seal$ till ! "t ( ! end01 because z _h be5 previ\sly expla9$1 8x belonge? to _m days to come0 7,dan4 #h3bf74 ,b ?is book is to be giv5 at once to m51 an evid5t indication t its cont5ts 7 n reg>d$ z secret or veil$1 b 7 int5d$ to be read & und]/ood by all4 #c ,! ,promise ( ,*ri/ to ! ,victors1 ,*4 #bb3abaf 8,behold1 ,i come quickly27#ehf7 & my rew>d is ) me10 is ! graci\s promise ( recomp5se to be giv5 to ! fai?ful1 = he w 8r5d] to ea* man accord+ z 8 "w is0--a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! f9al judgm5t t is ev]y:]e emphasiz$ ?r\gh\t ! book4 8,i am ! ,alpha & ! ,omega1 ! ,fir/ & ! ,la/1 ! ,beg9n+ & ! ,end01 is a recapitulation ( ^! ?ree compreh5sive titles descriptive ( ,*ri/ :i* h hi!rto be5 us$ sep>ately 7*s4 #a3h1 #ag2 #b3h2 #ba3f71 b are n[ mass$ toge!r 9 impressive solemnity4 ,x is ! equival5t ( say+1 8,i am ! ,s\rce1 & ?r\gh me w be ! ,consummation1 ( all t :i* is & 0 & %all be ! ages ?r\gh0--an affirmation ( absolute supremacy 9 ! univ]se47#ehg7 ,! decl>ation ( ! next v]se 7v4 #ad71 8,bless$ are !y t wa% _! robes1 t !y may h ! "r to come to ! tree ( life1 & may ent] 9 by ! gates into ! city01 is ! sev5? & la/ ( ! wond]ful ,b5$ictions ( ! book 7see ,app'x ,c74 ,9 contra/ ) ^! t are bless$1 are all ! wick$ ( e class :o are left )\t1 includ+ 8e "o t love? & make? a lie04 ,he :o s5t 8 angel to te/ify to ^! ?+s is ,jesus 7v4 #af71 once born ( ! family ( ,david1 ! bright & morn+ />1 ! glori\s h>b+] ( ! day ( r$emption47#ehh7 ,! words are 9 ! =m ( direct address1 & are und\bt$ly f ,*ri/ himself1 ?\gh z !re is no app>5t indication ( a *ange ( speak] f v]se six1 :]e ! voice is cle>ly t ( ! angel1 we may reg>d !m ei!r z giv5 by ! angel :o repeats :at ,*ri/ has said1 or z p]sonally spok5 by ,*ri/ himself47#ehi7 ,x is well = u at ?is po9t to rememb] ! int]e/+ fact1 g5]ally kn[n by /ud5ts ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t1 t 9 v]se sixte51 8at ! ^w #8,david'1 ! manuscript #a1 f :i* ,erasmus compil$ ! ,textus ,receptus1 ends4 ,9 ord] to supply ! rema9d]1 :i* is defici5t1 ,erasmus retranslat$ ! ,vulgate ,v]sion into ,greek4 ,! ,greek1 !re=e1 ( ! ,textus ,receptus f ?is po9t onw>ds is ! ,greek ( ,erasmus017#eij7 & h5ce lacks ! au?ority ( ! orig9al text4 ,b ,! ,clos+ ,te/imony ( ,john1 ,*4 #bb3agbj ,^! v]ses conta9 ! f9al witness1 w>n+1 & exhortation ( ! ,apo/le1 :i* is giv5 to ! *ur*es be=e ! book is clos$1 conc]n+ all ! ?+s :i* are writt5 !re94 #a ,a ,la/ ,univ]sal ,invitation ( ,grace1 ,*4 #bb3ag 8,come60 8,come60 8,come60 ,a ?rice repeat$ call to all m5 to come to ,*ri/ = ! free gift ( life et]nal1 is f]v5tly utt]$ be=e ! book is clos$ =ev]4 ,! belov$ disciple ) ard5t zeal s5ds out ?is f9al call to ! unsav$1 & ?us ! message ( judgm5t ?r\gh\t ! book rea*es a fitt+ close 9 a full1 free1 & urg5t invitation to all m5 ( e class to accept ! (f] ( salvation4 ,?is c]ta9ly appe>s to be ! natural mean+ ( ! passage1 z is made cle> by ! appeal 9 ! latt] "p ( ! v]se1 :i* w\ld o!rwise lack coh]5ce1 viz4 8,& he t is a?ir/ let him come3 he t w1 let him take ( ! wat] ( life freely40 ,! v]se is1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ by _m z belong+ to ! words ( ,*ri/ j prec$+ 7v4 #abaf71 ?\gh x is m likely1 b we _c say c]ta9ly1 spok5 by ,john4 ,ei!r connection is possible1 & does n mat]ially affect ! s5se4 ,ano!r1 p]haps ! m common ?\gh less likely int]pretation1 makes ! ^w 8,come01 repeat$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! v]se1 a call to ,*ri/ to come aga91 ref]r+ to 8 promise 9 ! twelf? v]se2 & reg>ds ! passage ei!r z ! words ( ,*ri/ affirm+ ! witness ( ! ,_s & ! ,bride :o entreat him to come1 or z an answ]+ cry f ,john on behalf ( ! *ur*47#eia7 #b ,a ,la/ ,impressive ,w>n+ ( ,exhortation1 ,*4 #bb3ahai 8,if any man %all add unto ^! ?+s1 ,god %all add unto him ! plagues :i* are writt5 9 ?is book3 & if any man %all take away 444 ,god %all take away 8 "p f ! tree ( life1 & out ( ! holy city40 ,^! are ! au?oritative words ( a mess5g] consci\s ( div9e au?ority1 & are int5d$ to pres]ve ! integrity ( 8 message47#eib7 ,!y are simil> 9 =m to ! w>n+ giv5 9 ,deut]onomy 7,deut4 #d3b2 #ab3cb71 gu>d+ aga9/ ! delib]ate falsification1 or mis9t]pretation1 ( a div9e message4 #c ,a ,la/ ,assur+ ,promise ( ,hope1 ,*4 #bb3bj;a 8,yea3 ,i come quickly0 is ! f9al & repeat$ assurance ( ,*ri/ to ! *ur* ( 8 p]sonal com+4 ,! promise ( ! ,"l ,jesus t he w come aga9 quickly1 :i* 0 introduc$ almo/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! book1 & :i* recurs at int]vals ?r\gh\t1 is ?us solemnly emphasiz$ & repeat$ once m at ! close1 a cle> indication ( ! place :i* x occupi$ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,apo/le4 ,z be=e x is n 8quickly0 9 ! e>?ly s5se1 else ,*ri/ w\ld h come long s9ce1 b f ! div9e po9t ( view1 = ,god's plan is nev] sl[ 9 its accompli%m5t47#eic7 #d ,a la/ ,ec/atic ,pray] ( ,ye>n+1 ,*4 #bb3bj;b 8,am53 come1 ,"l ,jesus01 is ! ,apo/le's clos+ rejo9d] ( raptur\s fai? & hope4 8,9 ?is f9al assurance ( ! ,"l1 #8,i come quickly'1 ! ,book ( ,revelation f9ds its keynote aga91 & s s9ks to re/ ) ! acquiesc5t & triumphant reply ( fai?1 #8,am53 come1 ,"l ,jesus4' 07#eid7 ,c ,! ,au?or's ,b5$iction1 ,*4 #bb3ba ,! apo/olic bless+ ( ! human au?or ( ! ,apocalypse is add$ z a f9al ^w to ! message ( ! book1 invok+ ! grace or favor ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 ! div9e ,savi\r1 ^u all ! sa9ts1 ! usual clos+ words ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,epi/les4 ,! b5$iction1 ?\gh unusual 9 apocalypses1 is "h no d\bt add$ because ! book 0 int5d$ to be read 9 ! *ur*es4 ,& ?us 9 words famili> to e believ] is br\ght to a close ! great ,apocalyptic writ+ ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 ! la/ message ( ! glorifi$ ,*ri/ to 8 fai?ful disciples ^u e>?1 a deep & s\linspir+ view ( ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 beheld 9 ! light ( ,apocalyptic vision4 ,mov$ by its manifold lessons ( fai? & hope1 we surely _c b jo9 ) f]v5t accord & repetition 9 its la/ ^w ( appeal & bless+1 ,,am5 ,,& ,,am54 ,,app5dix ,a3 ,,"s ,,fundam5tal ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,apocalypse 7,! ,conditions ( ! ,pres5t ,age7 ,i ,a ,duality ( ,=ces 9 ! ,moral ,_w ,! ,good 444 vs444 ,! ,evil2 444 or 444 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god 444 vs444 ,! ,c\nt],k+dom ( ,satan4 ,,ii ,a ,triple ,antagonism ( ,moral ,life #a ,betwe5 ,god & ,satan1 ! ,evil ,angels1 & ,! ,m5 ( ! ,e>?4 #b ,betwe5 ,good ,angels & ,satan1 ,evil ,angels1 & ,! ,m5 ( ! ,e>?4 #c ,betwe5 ,! ,sa9ts & ,satan1 ,evil ,angels1 & ,! ,m5 ( ! ,e>?4 ,,iii ,a ,tr9al ,anti!sis ( ,moral ,"* #a ,( ! ,lamb & ! ,dragon1 i4 e4 ( ,*ri/ & ,satan1 or 9 ! ,greek & 4 ,! same anti!sis is impli$ betwe5 ! ,lamb & ! two ,bea/s to :om ! ,dragon gives 8 p[]1 z %[n by ! ,greek names & 4 #b ,( ! ,bride & ! ,h>lot1 i4 e4 ( ! ,true ,*ur* & ! ,fai?less ,_w1 or 9 ! ,greek & 4 ,a l anti!sis also exi/s betwe5 ! ,woman 7cf4 *4 #ab7 & ! ,h>lot1 & 4 #c ,( ,j]usalem & ,babylon1 i4 e4 ( ! ,holy ,city & ! ,unholy or ! ,great ,city1 & 4 ,! full anti!sis is f\nd 9 ! f9al contra/ betwe5 ! ,new ,j]usalem & ! ,old ,babylon1 ! ,city ( ,god & ! ,city ( ,s91 or ! ,r$eem$ ,*ur* & ! ,godless ,_w4 ,,iv ,a ,?reefold ,!ocratic ,me?od 9 ,man's ,r$emptive ,hi/ory #a ,by ,moral ,conflict--! ,evil aga9/ ! ,good2 #b ,?r\gh ,div9e ,pres]vation--,god ,c>+ = 8 ,own2 #c ,unto ,*ri/ian ,triumph--! ,victory ( ! ,r$eem$4 ,,app5dix ,b3 ,,curr5t ,,que/ions ,,( ,,divid$ ,,op9ion ,i ,! ,f\r ,s*ools ( ,int]pretation #a ,! ,pret]i/1 or ,contemporane\s,hi/orical ,s*ool2 #b ,! ,progressivi/1 or ,cont9u\s,hi/orical ,s*ool2 #c ,! ,futuri/1 or ,future,hi/orical ,s*ool2 #d ,! ,symboli/1 or ,spiritual ,s*ool4 ,! wide div]sity ( prevail+ op9ion is well indicat$ by ! exi/5ce ( f\r sep>ate s*ools ( int]pret]s1 :o repres5t z _m diff]5t viewpo9ts t are curr5tly attribut$ to ! prophecy1 & t are bas$ ^u two fundam5tally diff]5t me?ods ( reg>d+ its purpose1 viz4 ! ,hi/orical :i* specializes1 & ! ,symbolical :i* idealizes ! message ( ! book1 conv5i5tly ref]r$ to z ! ,hi/orical & ,symbolical ,s*ools4 ,,ii ,! ,sev5 ,%ibbole?s ( ,int]pret]s #a ,! ,p]sonal ,anti,*ri/2 #b ,! ,emp]or ,n]o2 #c ,! ,roman ,*ur*2 #d ,! ,mohamm$an ,p[]2 #e ,! ,re/oration ( ! ,jews to ,pale/9e2 #f ,! ,"t1 ,purpose1 & ,circum/ances ( ,*ri/'s ,second ,com+2 #g ,! ,p]sonal ,mill5nial ,reign ( ,*ri/ on ! ,e>?4 ,^! are ! ma9 subjects ( disagreem5t among int]pret]s1 & m>k ! divid+ l9es ( op9ion4 ,! ,hi/orical ,s*ool1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 usually makes "o or m ( ^! c5tral to ! ?\ght ( ! book2 :ile ! ,symbolical ,s*ool1 = ! mo/ "p1 does n reg>d any ( !m z ei!r di/9ctly indicat$1 or c]ta9ly impli$4 ,x is =tunate1 h[ev]1 t ! ma9 tea*+ is n mat]ially affect$ by ! view we may take conc]n+ ^! subjects ( disagreem5t4 ,,app5dix ,c3 ,,hepta*ords ,,( ,,song ,,& ,,bless+ ,i ,! ,sev5 ,*oral ,symphonies ( ! ,revelation #a ,! ,creation ,*orus ,*4 #d3h;b#aa #b ,! ,r$emption ,*orus ,*4 #e3iad #c ,! ,salvation ,*orus ,*4 #g3ajab #d ,! ,victory ,*orus ,*4 #aa3agah #e ,! ,new & ,incommunicable ,*orus ,*4 #ad3bc #f ,! ,adoration ,*orus 7( ,moses & ! ,lamb7 ,*4 #ae3cd #g ,! ,hallelujah ,*orus ,*4 #ai3ag ,,ii ,! ,sev5 ,b5$ictions ( ! ,revelation #a ,! ,b5$iction ^u ! ,receiv]s ( ! ,book ,*4 #a3c #b ,! ,b5$iction ^u ! ,holy ,dead ,*4 #ad3ac #c ,! ,b5$iction ^u ! ,wat*]s = _! ,"l ,*4 #af3ae #d ,! ,b5$iction ^u ! ,gue/s at ! ,m>riage ,supp] ,*4 #ai3i #e ,! ,b5$iction ^u ! ,%>]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,resurrection ,*4 #bj3f #f ,! ,b5$iction ^u ! ,keep]s ( ! ,prophecy ,*4 #bb3g #g ,! ,b5$iction ^u ! ,purifi$ ,*4 #bb3ad ,,app5dix ,d3 ,,! ,,=mal ,,s]ies ,,( ,,sev5s ,i ,! ,initial ,s]ies ( ,sev5 7,messages ( ,*ri/ to ! ,*ur* ,univ]sal7 #a ,a ,message to ! ,*ur* :5 ,decl9+1 z 9 ,ephesus3--8,rememb] 444 & ,rep5t40 #b ,a ,message to ! ,*ur* :5 ,suff]+1 z 9 ,smyrna3--8,fe> n 444 ,be ,fai?ful40 #c ,a ,message to ! ,*ur* :5 ,impure1 z 9 ,p]gamus3--8,rep5t1 or ,i ,come ) ! ,sword40 #d ,a ,message to ! ,*ur* :5 ,/ruggl+1 z 9 ,?yatira3--8,hold ,fa/ till ,i ,come40 #e ,a ,message to ! ,*ur* :5 ,dy+1 z 9 ,s>dis3--8,/abli% ! ,?+s t ,rema940 #f ,a ,message to ! ,*ur* :5 ,/eadfa/1 z 9 ,philadelphia3--8,hold ,fa/ 444 ,t ,no ,"o ,take ?y ,cr[n40 #g ,a ,message to ! ,*ur* :5 ,self,deceiv$1 z 9 ,laodicea3--8,be ,zeal\s 444 & ,rep5t40 ,,app5dix ,e3 ,,! ,,symbolism ,,( ,,numb]s 7,a ,key to ,scripture ,int]pretation7 ,! value ( ! symbolism ( numb]s 9 ! g5]al int]pretation ( ,scripture is v>i\sly e/imat$1 b its importance 9 int]pret+ ! ,revelation is almo/ univ]sally conc$$1 = )\t x we _c und]/& aright ! symbolic tea*+ ( ! book4 ,! att5tive /ud5t w n fail to notice ! wide use ( numb]s ?r\gh\t1 & ! effect ( addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 & division1 ^u ! symbolism ( ! simpl] numb]s4 ,! au?or believes t a cauti\s use c (t5 be made ( numb]s 9 ! int]pretation n only ( ! ,revelation :]e _! use is s manife/1 b ( _m o!r p>ts ( ,scripture1 if n too mu* /ress be laid on ! symbolic mean+1 = ! ,hebrew m9d delight$ itself 9 symbols4 ,! value ( ?is k lies 9 ! fact t an additional ?\ght may (t5 be caught 9 ?is way t w\ld o!rwise escape our att5tion1 ?\gh x is usually subord9ate & does n occupy s prom95t a place z 9 ! ,revelation4 ,! symbolism ( ! numb]s us$ 9 ! book is concisely /at$ 9 ?is app5dix = ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]4 ,,"o 7a unit71 ! ,prim>y ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( t :i* is s+le1 alone1 or repres5tative4 ,"o h\r1 & "o day1 9 ! ,revelation /& = a relatively %ort "t1 & a halfh\r = a cle>ly limit$ p]iod1 ev5 ?\gh ^! may n be actually %ort f ! human po9t ( view4 ,! fractions "ohalf1 "o?ird1 & "of\r? d n repres5t def9ite p>ts1 b 9 a g5]al way portions less ?an ! :ole1 t :i* is ( limit$ ext5t 9 relation to ! :ole4 ,,two 7a pair71 ! ,l[e/ ,plural ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( confirmation1 ( add$ /r5g? & surety1 especially ! numb] ( confirmation 9 witnessbe>+4 ,! ,two ,witnesses 9 *apt] elev51 & ! ,two ,bea/s 9 *apt] ?irte51 x w be se51 s]ve to /r5g!n ea* o!r4 ,,?ree 7a triad71 ! ,div9e ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( ! ,tr9ity2 ( ! spiritual z contra/$ ) ! mat]ial2 ( bless+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,a small total t is deem$ suffici5t2 a limit$ plurality2 spiritual complet5ess4 ,! smalle/ numb] ) a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end--a fact t impress$ ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,,?ree ,,& ,,"o,,half 7"ohalf ( sev571 a ,brok5 ,numb]1 ! half ( ! ,p]fect ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( ! f9ite or undet]m9$2 a brok5 & unc]ta9 p]iod )\t a fix$ limit2 a %ort5$ p]iod ( "t :5 appli$ to duration1 & usually "o ( tribulation2 a p]iod ( trial & judgm5t4 ,?ree & a half ye>s is ! p]iod ( ! *ur*'s conflict 9 ! ,revelation1 ! age ( ! *ur* militant1 ! *ur*eon2 & ?ree & a half days is ! %ort & indef9ite p]iod ( _wtriumph 9 :i* ! *ur* suff]s oppression--! equival5t ( ! halfweek 9 ,daniel4 ,?ree & a half ye>s1 ! p]iod ( dr\ght 9 ,elijah's "t1 ( ! little horn 9 ,daniel1 & ( ,*ri/'s public m9i/ry1 is introduc$ f\r times 9 ! ,revelation1 viz4 x is ! p]iod ( ! ,two ,witnesses 7*4 #aa3c71 ( ! ,woman 9 ! wild]ness 7*4 #ab3f1 #ad71 ( ! ,dragon's rage 7*4 #ab3ad71 & ( ! p[] ( ! ,bea/ 7*4 #ac3e71 ea* ( :i* is a "t ( tribulation4 ,,f\r 7! f\r corn]s or sides ( a squ>e71 ! ,e>? ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( ! physical creation1 hav+ relation to ?is pres5t _w :i* is usually ?\ght ( z evil2 also us$ ( _wwid5ess1 univ]sality ( ext5t1 z all p>ts ( ! e>? )\t any moral significance4 ,,five 7"ohalf ( t571 an ,incomplete ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( ! indef9ite1 ! unc]ta91 ) ! sugge/ion ( smallness2 z a measure ( "t an incomplete p]iod4 ,,six 7"o less ?an sev52 & "ohalf ( twelve71 an ,imp]fect ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( evil1 ( incomplet5ess ( quality1 or ( imp]fection2 ,satan's numb]1 ! signature ( nonp]fection2 ! repres5tative ( t :i* is e>?ly z oppos$ to t :i* is heav5ly2 fall+ %ort ( ! fulness ( sev51 ! p]fect numb]1 & b ! half ( twelve1 ! *ur* numb]4 ,,sev5 7! numb] ( days 9 a week2 also f\r plus ?ree71 ! ,p]fect ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( p]fection1 or complet5ess ( quality2 ( totality ( k9d1 fulness1 or univ]sality4 ,a sacr$ numb] ) ! ,jews2 ! numb] ( ! cov5ant 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ! e?ical numb]1 = x (t5 has a moral significance1 &1 z w be se51 is compos$ ( ! e>? numb] 7f\r7 add$ to ! div9e numb] 7?ree74 ,! numb] sev5 occurs fiftyf\r times 9 ! ,revelation1 indicat+ t x occupi$ an important place 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 & %\ld receive special att5tion4 ,,eight 7sev5 plus "o71 a ,re9=c$ ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( culm9ation1 ( resurrection1 or ( a new life or p]iod begun4 ,,t5 7! t5 digits2 ! t5 comm&m5ts71 ! ,complete ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( complet5ess ( all ! p>ts1 ( totality ( portions1 entirety1 & absolut5ess2 a f9ite numb] z contra/$ ) inf9ity2 9 its l>g] multiples imply+ indef9it5ess & magnitude4 ,ord9>ily us$ ( ?+s t are e>?ly1 ?\gh n necess>ily imply+ any moral significance4 ,x is a relevant fact1 h[ev]1 t no?+ :i* is describ$ 9 heav5 is t5 9 numb]1 ?\gh its multiples are con/antly introduc$4 ,! comb9ation ( sev5 ) t5 9 ! sev5 heads & t5 horns ( ! ,dragon & ! ,bea/1 is unusual & has an evil significance ?r\gh\t1 :i* is probably int5d$ to indicate t t :i* 0 orig9ally design$ = moral p]fection 7sev57 has be5 pro/itut$ = e>?ly ends 7t571 z is signifi$ by jo9+ "o to ! o!r4 ,,twelve 7! twelve sons ( ,jacob2 f\r multipli$ by ?ree71 ! ,national ,numb] ( ,israel4 ,! symbol ( ! cov5ant nation1 ! *ur* numb]--! numb] ( ! e>? 7f\r7 multipli$ by ! numb] ( ! div9e 7?ree7 becom+ ! sign ( ,god's p div9ely *os5 out ( ! e>?4 ,by "s x is int]pret$ z ! numb] ( _wwitness = div9e tru?1 z ! twelve tribes & ! twelve apo/les1 putt+ ! purpose ( ! *ur* fir/4 ,,tw5ty,,f\r 7twelve multipli$ by two71 ! ,national ,numb] ,d\bl$4 ,! symbol 9 ! ,revelation ( ! *ur* ( bo? ,disp5sations unit$1 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian1 ! *ur* ( all ! ages4 ,! glorifi$ *ur* 9 heav5 is ideally repres5t$ by ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s t are be=e ! ?rone1 i4 e4 ! eld]s repres5t "o phase ( t life4 ,,=ty 7t5 multipli$ by f\r71 ! ,probational ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( temptation1 or ( ! p[] ( ! e>?ly2 (t5 connect$ ) ! div9e te/ ( "*1 ! e>? numb] 7f\r7 multipli$ by ! complete numb] 7t57 signify+ ! complete p[] ( ! e>?ly :i* is ev] te/+ m54 ,also1 z =ty ye>s 0 reg>d$ z ! p]iod ( intellectual maturity 9 man1 x sometimes /ood = a full p]iod1 a complete epo*1 especially a complete p]iod ( /ress or trial4 ,,=ty,,two 7twelve multipli$ by ?ree & a half2 or sev5 multipli$ by six71 a ,brok5 ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( ! *ur*hi/oric p]iod ( trial1 ! _wage1 ! duration ( ! rule ( wick$ness4 ,?ree & a half ye>s 9 mon?s1--! s\rce f :i* ?is numb] is d]iv$ 9 ! ,revelation1--s]ves to indicate ! incomplete p]iod ( ! *ur* 7twelve multipli$ by ?ree & a half71 & also ! full or complete p]iod ( evil 7six multipli$ by sev574 ,,sev5ty 7t5 multipli$ by sev571 ! ,cosmopolitan ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( _wwid5ess2 ( a twofold complet5ess t is all embrac+ & compreh5sive1 compris+ bo? sev5 & t52 ! numb] ( ! nations4 ,! numb]s =ty & sev5ty1 /range to say1 d n occur 9 ! ,revelation1 ?\gh =ty is common 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & occurs also 9 ! ,new1 & ! squ>e ( =ty 7#afjj7 is f\nd 9 *apt] f\rte5 7v4 #bj72 sev5ty also _h a wellkn[n mean+ to ! ,hebrew m9d1 especially f ! p]iod ( ! ,captivity :i* la/$ sev5ty ye>s1 & 0 also ! numb] ( disciples s5t =? by our ,"l = wid] s]vice dur+ 8 ,p]ean m9i/ry4 ,x is q probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! numb]s are n us$ 9 ! ,revelation1 :]e s mu* /ress is laid on ! symbolism ( numb]s1 simply because _! symbolism 0 n ne$$1 j z "o hundr$ is n us$ except 9 comb9ation ) o!r numb]s4 ,,"o ,,hundr$ 7t5 multipli$ by t571 ! ,complete ,numb] ,squ>$2 t5 multipli$ by itself4 ,! symbol ( a multiple complet5ess t is usually appli$ to ! e>?ly4 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,=ty,,f\r 7twelve multipli$ by twelve71 ! ,national ,numb] ( ,israel ,squ>$4 ,! symbol ( ! complet5ess ( ! r$eem$ *ur*--! multiply+ ( a numb] by itself convey+ ! idea ( a multiple fulness or complet5ess2 ,israel1 ,god's p1 made complete4 ,six ,hundr$ & ,sixtysix 7six hundr$1 plus sixty1 plus six71 ! ,numb] ( ! ,bea/4 ,! symbol ( ! ?reefold =m ( ! _w's evil :i* culm9ates 9 ! ,second ,bea/4 ,six1 ! numb] ( imp]fection 7"o %ort ( ! my/ic sev571 ?rice repeat$1 six1 six1 six1 7#fff71 repres5ts ! comb9$ =ce ( ! ,dragon1 ! ,fir/ ,bea/1 & ! ,second2 or1 diff]5tly /at$1 six hundr$ may be tak5 z ! symbol ( ! ,dragon1 sixty z ! symbol ( ! ,fir/ ,bea/1 & six z ! symbol ( ! second1 :i* gives a total ( six hundr$1 & sixty1 & six1 repres5t+ ! comb9$ p[] ( evil inc>nat$ 9 ! ,second ,bea/4 ,9 ?is symbolism !re may also be includ$ ! ?\ght ( a triune p[] 9 antagonism to ! div9e ,tr9ity--a tr9ity ( s94 ,,"o ,,?\s& 7t5 multipli$ by t5 multipli$ by t571 ! ,cube ( ,t54 ,! symbol ( multicomplet5ess2 a numb] t is great b indef9ite 9 its symbolism1 & (t5 us$ ( ! heav5ly4 ,! ?\s& ye>s ( *apt] tw5ty is a great p]iod ( "t ( unkn[n l5g?1 /ret*+ out to untold g5]ations1 ! mill5nium ( ! *ur*'s hi/ory1 ! p]iod ( ! *ur*'s triumph & victory4 ,,twelve ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sixty 7=tytwo multipli$ by ?irty2 or twelve multipli$ by ?ree & a half & ?is aga9 by ?irty71 ! ,"t ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( ! indef9ite p]iod ( pres5t_w duration2 ! age ( p]secution4 ,twelve hundr$ & sixty days are equival5t to =tytwo mon?s ( ?irty days ea*1 or ?ree & a half ye>s ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty days ea*1 ! symbol ( ! incomplete p]iod ( trial dur+ :i* ! *ur* suff]s oppression4 ,to ?is may p]haps be add$ ! comb9ation ( twelve multipli$ by five1 repres5t+ ! incomplet5ess ( ! *ur* z "o factor1 & sev5 multipli$ by ?ree1 repres5t+ ! complet5ess ( ! div9e z ! o!r factor1 ^! multipli$ toge!r equall+ twelve hundr$ & sixty & symboliz+ ,god work+ out p]fect results ?r\gh ! incomplete p]iod ( ! *ur*4 ,,sixte5 ,,hundr$ 7=ty multipli$ by =ty2 or "o hundr$ multipli$ by sixte571 ! ,squ>e ( ,=ty2 or ! ,squ>e ( ,t5 multipli$ by ! ,squ>e ( ,f\r4 ,! symbol ( t :i* is coext5sive ) ! creat$ _w4 ,=ty is compos$ ( f\r1 ! e>? numb]1 multipli$ by t51 ! numb] ( complet5ess2 & sixte5 hundr$1 ! squ>e ( =ty1 is ! sign ( complet5ess s f> z ?is _w is conc]n$4 ,! squ>e ( f\r multipli$ by ! squ>e ( t5 gives ! same result1 & conveys ! same idea ( _wcomplet5ess4 ,,sev5 ,,?\s& 7"o ?\s& multipli$ by sev571 ! ,numb] ( ,multi ,complet5ess1 "o ?\s&1 multipli$ by sev51 ! ,numb] ( ,fulness or ,p]fection4 ,! symbol ( a great numb] t is fully complete2 ! numb] ( ^? put to dea? 9 ! fall ( ! great city 7*4 #aa3ac74 ,,t5 ,,?\s& 7"o ?\s& multipli$ by t52 ! squ>e ( "o hundr$71 ! ,sup]lative ,numb]4 ,! symbol ( innum]ability1 or ( an innum]able multitude4 ,?is is ! highe/ s+le numb] 9 ! sy/em ( notation us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 t5 rais$ to ! f\r? p[]1 a myriad 774 ,,twelve ,,?\s& 7"o ?\s& multipli$ by twelve71 ! ,numb] ( ,multi ,complet5ess 7"o ?\s&7 multipli$ by ! ,numb] ( ! ,tribes ( ,israel 7twelve74 ,! symbol ( ! complete numb] sav$ out ( ,israel f ea* tribe2 or1 z o!rs int]pret x1 ! complete numb] sav$ out ( all ! nations1 includ$ "h "u ! twelve tribes1 twelve ?\s& f ea* tribe2 also ! measure ( "o side ( ! wall ( ! ,new ,j]usalem :i* is multicomplete & encircles ! r$eem$ ( ,israel4 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,=ty,,f\r ,,?\s& 7"o ?\s& multipli$ by "o hundr$ & =tyf\r2 or twelve ?\s& multipli$ by twelve2 or ! cube ( t5 multipli$ by ! squ>e ( twelve71 ! ,numb] ( ,r$emption4 ,! symbol ( ! multiple complet5ess ( ! r$eem$ *ur*1 :e!r appli$ to ! r$eem$ f ! ,old ,disp5sation1 or by synecdo*e to ^? f all ages & nations4 ,,t5 ,,?\s& ,,times ,,t5 ,,?\s& 7t5 ?\s& multipli$ by t5 ?\s&71 ! ,numb] ( ,multi,complet5ess 7"o ?\s&7 multipli$ by ! ,numb] ( ,complet5ess ( ,p>ts 7t571 & ?is aga9 multipli$ by itself2 ! ,squ>e ( a ,myriad1 "o hundr$ millions 9 numb]4 ,! symbol ( an innum]able multitude :i* is made m int5se by squ>+ x2 ! multiple & innum]able numb] ( ! angels 9 heav54 ,,twice ,,t5 ,,?\s& ,,times ,,t5 ,,?\s& 7t5 ?\s& multipli$ by t5 ?\s&1 & ?is aga9 d\bl$71 ! ,d\ble ,squ>e ( a ,myriad1 two hundr$ millions 9 numb]--! l>ge/ multiple numb] 9 ! book ( ,revelation1 & ! l>ge/ numb] m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! symbol ( an innum]able multitude made m int5se by multiplication1 becom+ !reby an innum]ably innum]able multitude1 & ?is aga9 d\bl$4 ,! c\ntless numb] ( ! va/ invad+ army ( horsem5 "u ! six? trumpet :i* de/roy a ?ird "p ( m5 f ! e>?2 ! _w=ces :i* "u direction ( ! _wrul]s ( ! d>kness "w _wru9 among m5--a significant figure ( ! mighty p[] & de/ructive ag5cy ( ! hea!n _w z x appe>$ to ,john's m9d 9 ! great ,apocalyptic vision4 ,,app5dix ,f3 ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,apocalypse ,a ,diagram %[+ ! relation ( its sev]al p>ts4 ,illu/ration ,! ,lit]>y ,/ructure ( ! ,apocalypse ,,app5dix ,g3 ,,! ,,apocalyptic ,,lit]ature7#eie7 ,! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature is a *>act]i/ic product ( ,jewi% national & religi\s ?\ght4 ,x 0 a favorite lit]>y me?od ( a p>ticul> age1 & 0 born ( a travail ( s\l :i* /rove to f9d expression = ^? new curr5ts ( ?\ght & feel+ t came to ! surface 9 lat] ,judaism4 ,foll[+ ! decad5ce ( prophecy x belong$ to ! p]iod ( ,jewi% oppression1 & voic$ ! he>tcry ( a p true to ,god 9 ! mid/ ( national di/ress4 ,?\gh anticipat$ 9 fragm5t>y p>ts ( e>li] prophecies1 z 9 ,ezekiel & ,ze*>iah1 ! /yle ( ,apocalyptic fir/ f\nd def9ite =m 9 ! book ( ,daniel1 :i* became ! type ( all subsequ5t ,writ+s ( ?is class t fl\ri%$ s abundantly 9 ! two c5turies prec$+ & ! c5tury foll[+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,c\*$ 9 language t is *>act]i/ically figurative & symbolical ! lit]>y =m is at once m>k$ & significant1 & rea*$ its highe/ developm5t 9 ! canonical ,apocalypse :i* has giv5 "n to ! :ole class4 ,! ess5tial limitations ( ?is class ( lit]ature are cle>ly recognizable2 its ideas move )9 a n>r[ range1 its po9t ( view is sombre & unequal1 & its c5t] ( int]e/ is ma9ly es*atological4 ,x occupies a sph]e peculi>ly its own1 a _w ( pi\s & (t5 fanta/ic dreams--8= prophecy z x lo/ its foot+ on ! solid e>? took refuge 9 ! cl\ds027#eif7 x wrote ! ^w my/]y l>ge across its page1 & revell$ 9 ! weird & %ad[y2 b b5ea? its peculi> phantasy lay a pr(\nd religi\s motive--x s\ght to /ay ! tr\bl$ s\ls ( m5 9 "t ( /orm1 & 9 its deep] purpose /rove to reconcile ! righte\sness ( ,god ) ! suff]+s ( 8 p4 ,9 ! =m ( /range & sometimes ev5 grotesque symbolic visions--?\ght c\*$ 9 symbols burn+ & vivid1 :i* no o!r figure ( spee* c\ld s well convey--& "u ! "n ( "s h]o ( ! pa/1 x sket*$ 9 outl9e a hi/ory ( ! _w1 ! orig9 ( evil1 ! future victory ( righte\sness1 & ! f9al consummation ( all ?+s ?r\gh :i* alone1 accord+ to ! ,apocalyptic view1 ! provid5tial rule ( ,god c\ld be v9dicat$4 ,!re /ill exi/s a n inconsid]able remnant ( ?is v int]e/+ lit]ature1 ?\gh ! great] portion has p]i%$ 9 ! wreckage ( "t4 ,! pr9cipal books /ill extant are ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*2 ! ,e?iopic & ,slavonic ,books ( ,eno*2 ! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah2 ! ,book ( ,jubilees2 ! ,assumption ( ,moses2 ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,,xii ,patri>*s2 ,second ,esdras 7kn[n also z ,f\r? ,ezra72 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon2 & ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles4 ,! late recov]y ( "s ( ^! f app>5t oblivion is a matt] ( hi/ory1 & _! rec5sion & translation by ,european & ,am]ican s*ol>s is n )\t int]e/ to ! g5]al /ud5t4 ,! /udy ( ?is lit]ature z a di/9ct class is "o ( ! notable contributions to k by ! mod]n critical s*ool4 ,^! ,jewi% ,apocalypses 7 widely read 9 _! day1 & !y bo? p>took ( & leav5$ ! ?\ght ( _! "t1 = !y incorporat$ & express$ ! curr5t my/]i\s hopes & beliefs ( ! p4 ,_! influ5ce is di/9ctly traceable 9 ! diction ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! ,book ( ,eno* is obvi\sly quot$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,jude4 ,^! works rank$ v high ) ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 & ?is l$ to _! be+ re$it$ by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 &1 x is g5]ally ?\ght1 to ! int]polation ( lat] ideas4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v wide v>iation ( op9ion conc]n+ ! ext5t to :i* *anges h be5 introduc$1 & ?is is "o ( ! puzzl+ que/ions t confronts ! textual critic4 ,!n1 also1 beside ^! *anges 9 ! old] books1 a new s]ies ( ,*ri/ian ,apocalypses sprang up1 influ5c$ no d\bt by ! ,apocalypse ( ,john4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ^! h surviv$1 su* z ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 ( ,paul1 ,?omas1 ,/eph51 ,c]9?us & o!rs1 b ! great] portion h be5 lo/1 & ^? we h are decid$ly inf]ior bo? 9 /yle & conception to ! e>li] ,jewi% works ( :i* !y are a feeble imitation4 ,x is difficult = u to conceive ! conditions ( m9d & ?\ght t gave rise to su* a lit]ature4 ,9 itself x af=ds an int]e/+ psy*ological /udy4 ,! ,ori5tal is a my/ic by nature1 & _m ( 8 ways ( ?9k+ c nev] be q cle> to ! ,we/]n m9d4 ,! ,jew 9 times pa/ 0 ! great figure ( ! ,ori5t1 z he has also be5 well nam$ 8! mo/ comm&+ figure 9 hi/ory02 = :atev] he may n[ be1 ! ,hebrew :i* we f9d 9 8 lit]ature is envelop$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,hebrew writ]s z a class are unique4 ,al?\gh devoid 9 a l>ge measure ( ! humani/ic idea ( lit]ature = its own sake1 !y yet subs]v$ ! true/ aim 9 t !y br\ght to ! surface & made v]bal ^? deep] tides ( ?\ght & feel+ :i* move & fl[ 9 ! univ]sal he>t1 ^? widespread & endur+ curr5ts :i* !y in/9ctively felt 7 %>$ by ! m5 ( _! own g5]ation4 ,writ+ only = a religi\s purpose1 & because !y _h a message = life1 ! developm5t ( _! ?\ght=ms 0 m or less incid5tal1 & 0 ! product alike ( ! man1 8 religion1 & 8 environm5t4 ,s t :ile we especially emphasize ! national conditions :i* contribut$ s l>gely to ! bir? ( ?is lit]>y =m1 we %\ld n =get t beh9d all t :i* 0 tempor>y & pass+ lay ! ,semitic m9d & ! ,mosaic cult4 ,! rise ( ,apocalyptic m>ks a transition /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,hebrew ?\ght t is ( mom5t\s significance1 = x l$ to cle>] views ( immortality1 & tru] conceptions ( ,god's relation to ! _w ( m51 z well z to a di/9ct cl>ify+ ( ! ,messianic hope4 ,its deep] roots are f\nd 9 ! failure ( prophecy4 ,no liv+ voice 0 he>d among ! p speak+ = ,god z 9 =m] days4 ,prophecy _h gr[n s5ile & 0 9 decay2 x _h become a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & 9 its place _h foll[$ ! s*ola/ic "w ( ! scribes1 me*anically int]pret+ ! messages ( old4 ,b1 z is po9t$ out by ,*>les1 8,scribism c\ld n satisfy ! aspirations ( ! nation3 x repres5t$ an unproductive age ( criticism1 foll[+ a productive age ( prophetic g5ius40 ,& ,apocalyptic 0 ! spontane\s outcry ( a he>thung] :i* refus$ to be f$ on ! b>r5 husks ( labor$ int]pretation s]v$ up by ! scribes4 ,x 0 9 ! true l9e ( succession to prophecy1 & ?\gh x fell f> beh9d ! prophetic message bo? 9 its =m & cont5t1 & 0 ev5 feeble 9 comp>ison1 yet1 z ,*>les has said1 8,x atte/$ beyond d\bt ! reappe>ance ( spiritual g5ius 9 ! field ( ?\ght & action40 ,!re is assur$ly some?+ t is pr(\ndly pa!tic 9 ?is deep he>tcry ( ! ,jewi% p :i* r+s m\rnfully out ( ! f> pa/2 = ev5 at ?is remote di/ance ( "t & space we _c read )\t emotion _! endur+ record ( sorr[ & suff]+1 ( long+ & hope1 if we %>e at all 9 ! wid] _w ( religi\s exp]i5ce47#eig7 ,! apocalypti/s 7 evid5tly consci\s t !y _h no new message = _! g5]ation1 & ?is conviction l$ to c]ta9 welldef9$ results4 ,fir/ ( all !y fell back ^u ! old message = mo/ ( _! ideas2 b ) s+ul> skill !y contriv$ to pres5t !m 9 new =m4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts ( _! ?\ght 7 tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 :ile ! mat]ial framework 0 drawn f )\t4 ,!y attempt$ 9 _! own way to develop an esot]ic mean+ 9 ! prophecies ( ! pa/1 & = ?is purpose call$ to _! aid ! bold & /rik+ imag]y ( ! ,ea/]n m9d4 ,!y laid "u contribution ! luxuriant symbols ( ,babylon1 ,p]sia1 & ! surr\nd+ nations2 !y ga!r$ ! r>e/ figures f ! accumulat$ /ores ( poetry1 art1 & religion2 & !n ) a f]tile fancy !y int]wove ^! all 9 ! fanta/ic fabric ( _! dreams4 ,!n1 aga91 !y hid _! own p]sonality1 & mask$ "u ! "n ( "s great religi\s h]o ( ! pa/4 ,eno* & ,moses1 ,isaiah & ,b>u*1 s]v$ z a ?9 disguise = ! real au?ors :o rema9$ unkn[n1--= ! ,apocalyptic writ+s are all pseudonym\s s f> z kn[n1 ) ! app>5t exception ( ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1--& yet we _c say t !re 0 any real motive ( deception 9 ?is1 if we take into acc\nt ! views ( au?or%ip :i* !n prevail$1 = 8! e?ical notion ( lit]>y prop]ty is a plant ( mod]n gr[?047#eih7 ,! fa%ion+ ( ,apocalyptic 0 influ5c$ by _m diff]5t causes1 b ! mo/ m>k$ & significant ( !m all is to be f\nd 9 ! exi/+ national conditions ( ! "t4 ,by ! captivity 9 ,babylon ,judah _h be5 br\ght )9 ! sweep ( ! great tide ( hi/ory2 ! _w became va/]2 prophecy _h a new & broad] outlook1 & its ?\ght 0 =ev] aft] int]p5etrat$ by an elem5t ( ,apocalyptic4 ,! /range figures ( ,babylonian imag]y 7 absorb$ by ! ,hebrew m9d1 & en%r9$ 9 _! subsequ5t lit]ature4 ,on ! o!r h& ! nation itself 0 9 decay2 ! p[] ( ! pa/ _h be5 brok5 & de/roy$2 & 8x 0 t]ror & oppression01 9 good "p at lea/1 z ,/ev5s has well said1 8t gave ?is new tr5d to _! ?\ght04 ,!y _h drunk deeply ( ! bitt] cup ( national di/ress2 ! encroa*m5t ( ! _wempires _h env5om$ ! pa/1 embitt]$ ! pres5t1 & ov]%ad[$ ! future2 ! glori\s promises ( ,god _h ?us f> fail$ ( any sub/antial realization1 & ! contra/ betwe5 promise & fulfilm5t 0 too wide to be ov]look$4 ,b ! ,hebrew ) sublime c\rage did n lose fai? 9 ,god because ( ! delay4 ,apocalyptic voic$ 8 answ] to ! problems ( ! "t1 & x1 l ,prophecy & ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 0 root$ 9 c]ta9 e?ical conceptions :i* are fundam5tal to its ?\ght1 su* z t ,god is holy1 t ! _w 9 :i* we live is a moral _w1 & t righte\sness mu/ w947#eii7 ,& ?is gave to ! apocalypti/ 8 !me3--! ,=tunes ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & h[ !y are to be reconcil$ ) all t ,god has said2 = ,god mu/ be v9dicat$1 he is =ev] true1 & 8 ^w _c fail4 ,?is !sis 0 ma9ta9$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by attempt+ a wid] view ( ! problem ( s9 & righte\sness4 ,t became ! "q no long] ( a s+le nation1 b ( ! :ole race--= "u ! /imulus ( new & wid] conditions1 a great enl>gem5t ( ! ,hebrew _s took place4 ,!re mu/ be a provid5tial & moral ord] 9 ! univ]se :i* if s\ght out w give ! true mean+ ( hi/ory4 ,! div9e purpose mu/ be int]pret$ ?r\gh ! broad] sph]e ( ! _w's life4 ,?is /&po9t _h n[ become possible ?r\gh ! wid] _wview produc$ 9 lat] ,judaism by contact & int]c\rse ) o!r nations4 ,& ?us ,apocalyptic came to express bo? a deeply wr\ght !odicy & a ,semitic philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,second1 ! apocalypti/ complet$ 8 v9dication ( ,god by %ift+ ! c5t] ( att5tion f ! pres5t to ! future4 ,! m c]ta9 x became t no pres5t realization ( 8 hopes 0 possible1 ! m surely he turn$ to a future age t w\ld abundantly recomp5se all ! pa9 & disappo9tm5t ( ! pa/4 ,x 0 ?is t made ! outlook ( ,apocalyptic ess5tially es*atological4 ,beg9n+ ) ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ veil$ "u ! =m ( prophecy1 ! apocalypti/ ru%es on to pr$ict ! future1 = !re he f9ds ! victory4 ,! ,end6 ,! ,end6 is 8 cry1--! ,end t victory may come--= ,god is to be v9dicat$ only by ! consummation ( all ?+s1 & hi/ory c only be read aright 9 ! light ( its f9ality4 ,! answ] ( ! ,end is ! key t ,apocalyptic (f]s to ! my/]y ( all t 8:i* 0 & is & is to come02 & x is ?is p]si/5t ef=t to read ! m9d ( ,god conc]n+ ! future t gives to ,apocalyptic an elem5t ( peculi> int]e/4 ,= ?\gh x is (t5 l ! voice ( 8an infant cry+ 9 ! night 99 99 99 99 & ) no language b a cry01 x has yet a deep significance all its own2 x 0 a =m ( ?\ght by :i* ,god l$ 8 p into cle>] views ( tru?1 & to new & l>g] vision47#fjj7 ,^u ! o!r h& ! %ift+po9t 9 e apocalypse f hi/ory to pr$iction c usually be made out )\t ess5tial ef=t2 = b5ea? ! =m ( symbols & symbolic actions c ord9>ily be discov]$ ! *ief actors & pr9cipal ev5ts ( ! pa/ & pres5t :i* correspond to hi/ory2 :ile ! ?+s ( ! future :i* are pr$ict$1 rea* out at once to extravagant proportions4 ,?us ea* ,jewi% apocalypse by its cont5t & movem5t1 s]ves to m>k out its own horizon & reveal its own environm5t4 ,! g5]al preval5ce ( ! ,apocalyptic =m 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* x 0 us$ may be acc\nt$ = p>tly by its suitability to ! !me :i* x treat$1 & p>tly by ! prevail+ conditions ( national surveillance4 ,its visions & symbols & dreammovem5t 7 peculi>ly adapt$ to meet ! conditions ( a writ+ :i* did n d>e to make pla9 its bitt] reproa*es ( ! foes ( ,israel4 ,its hidd5 mean+1 also1 answ]$ well to h9t d>kly :at lay 9 ! future2 & its fanta/ic imag]y appeal$ to ! imag9ation47#fja7 ,! p]vasive elem5t ( my/]y s]v$ to inve/ ^! writ+s ) a subtle *>m t all ! int]v5+ lapse ( c5turies & ev5 ! pres5t temp] ( a sci5tific age h :olly fail$ to dissipate4 ,! ef=t ( mo/ mod]n ,jewi% s*ol>s to attribute ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature to ,ess5ism _c be su/a9$2 nei!r c we accept ! gratuit\s ass]tion ( ,montefiore1 t 8! ,apocalyptic writ+s lie = ! mo/ "p outside ! l9e ( ! pure/ ,jewi% developm5t04 ,s*r] & ,*>les reflect ! op9ion ( ! majority ( ,*ri/ian s*ol>s 9 ma9ta9+ its ne>] relation to ,ph>iseeism1 ?\gh admitt+ x to be 8a product ( free religi\s ?\ght foll[+ old] models01 & %[+ di/9ctive m>ks ( ,ph>iseeism 9 "s ( its p>ts & ( ,sadduceeism 9 o!rs4 ,at ! same "t mo/ au?orities are will+ to grant ! probability ( ,wellhaus5's sugge/ion1 t 8! secret lit]ature ( ! ,ess5es 0 p]haps 9 no small degree made use ( 9 ! ,pseudepigrapha1 & has ?r\gh !m be5 indirectly h&$ d[n to u04 ,! value ( ,apocalyptic is increas+ly recogniz$ z a /oreh\se ( ,jewi% & ,jewi%,*ri/ian ?\ght 9 ! age prec$+ & 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x =ms ! necess>y connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new1 & is especially ri* 9 messianic & es*atological conceptions4 ,x is ! *ief s\rce ( in=mation ?r\gh :i* we c trace ! *anges t occurr$ 9 ,jewi% belief1 & ! lat] developm5t ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 9 ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,x c>ries u back1 9 effect1 to ! ?\ght_w ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & enables u1 z ,s*r] aptly says1 8to recon/ruct ! ?\ght1 ! aspiration1 & ! hopes ( pi\s ,jews 9 ! g5]ation t fir/ he>d ! gospel1 & ev5 ( ! ,apo/les !mselves2 = h[ev] ,*ri/'s ?\ght transc5d$ ! ?\ght ( 8 "t1 t ( ! ,apo/les did n1 except s f> z ! ,holy ,_s illum9$ !m = special ends40 ,&1 z ,*>les rem>ks1 8,if ! ,apocalypses 7 edit$ lat] !y only reflect m fully ! ?\ght ( t age1 & !y exhibit :at is subsum$ ?r\gh\t 9 ,*ri/'s tea*+s40 ,we c see 9 ^! writ+s n only a transition /age 9 ,judaism prep>atory to ! gospel1 b h[ ?is modifi$ ,jewi% ?\ght fits 9 ) ! gospel tea*+4 ,!y %[1 = example1 h[ ! ,old ,te/am5t idea ( ! future life grew 9 dep? & compass 9 ^? c5turies :i* prec$e ! ,*ri/ian era2 & h[ ?is advance 0 reta9$ & enl>g$1 modifi$ & exalt$1 by ,*ri/ himself & by ! ,apo/les2 & h[1 also1 ! expansive gr[? ( ! messianic hope1 :i* 0 sometimes almo/ :olly subm]g$1 b :i* always contriv$ to reappe> ) increas+ cle>ness1 contribut$ to t popul> expectancy1 ?\gh 9 "s degree also to t g5]al misappreh5sion1 ( ! ,messiah's mission :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t ev]y:]e reveals4 ,& !y enable u to appreciate h[ ! div9e me?od ( gradual advance 9 spiritual k 0 op]at+ dur+ ^? prev5+ c5turies :i* h s (t5 be5 reg>d$ z b>r5 & fruitless2 & h[ ?is advance contribut$ its due proportion to ! m>vell\s results atta9$ 9 ! life ( our bless$ ,"l & 9 ! p]iod ( ! apo/olic *ur*4 ,! =ce ( ?is conclusion is1 ( c\rse1 p>tially annull$ if we assume1 z has be5 done by "s1 t _m ( ! cle>] messianic ref]5ces 9 ! ,apocalyptic writ+s are ,*ri/ian int]polations4 ,b ! pres5t t5d5cy ( critics is t[>d a less de/ructive view ?an =m]ly prevail$4 ,*>les1 = example1 ma9ta9s t ! possibilities ( ,jewi% ?\ght %\ld be giv5 full scope1 & no?+ attribut$ to ,*ri/ian int]polation1 or to ,p]sian or o!r ext]nal orig91 except t :i* _c be reasonably acc\nt$ = f ,jewi% s\rces4 ,! g5]al indep5d5ce ( ,israel's religi\s developm5t has c]ta9ly come out m cle>ly f ! inve/igation4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out by ,fairwea!r1 8,) ! exception ( c]ta9 modes ( ?\ght & expression1 includ+ ! vision>y /yle s mu* employ$ by ,ezekiel1 ! patriotic ,jew app>5tly br\ght back ) him f ,babylon no new lit]>y possession4444 ,_m s*ol>s expla9 ! es*atological developm5t ( ! ,apocryphal p]iod on ! !ory ( ! contact ( ,judaism ) =eign sy/ems ( ?\ght4444 ,b1 z ,nicolas has said1 #8,ideas d n pass ready made & complete f "o nation to ano!r l ! fruits ( indu/ry :i* are transport$ 9 c>avans4'444 ,!re may be1 h[ev]1 /imulus )\t transf]5ce1 & ?is appe>s to be :at really happ5$ 9 ! case be=e u407#fjb7 ,! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature und\bt$ly s]v$ a spl5did purpose1 = its effects 7 bo? widespread & 9 _m respects b5eficial4 ,x s]v$ to rebuke s91 to ma9ta9 righte\sness )\t any pres5t prospect ( rew>d1 to keep alive ! ri* hopes ( ! future1 to com=t ,god's *ildr5 9 ! mid/ ( di/ress1 & to cultivate a patriotic _s t *]i%$ ! nobl] ideals ( ! pa/2 :ile at ! same "t x =m$ a secure depository = ^? new concepts ( tru? t sprang up dur+ ! long era ( prep>ation = ! ,messiah1 & x !reby contribut$ a ri* quota ( ?\ght & phrase to t great] future :i* 0 !n draw+ ne> to its bir?4 8,9 g5]al ,apocalyptic furni%es ! atmosph]e ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,its =m1 its language1 & its mat]ial are ext5sively us$4444 ,! simple/ way to describe ! relation is to say t ,jesus & ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f\nd ! =ms ( ?\ght made use ( 9 ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature conv5i5t vehicles1 & h ca/ ! gospel ( ,god's r$emptive love into ^! z into m\lds4 ,! ,messianism ( ! apocalypti/s has ?us become unfold$ into ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t407#fjc7 ,b ^u ! o!r h& ,apocalyptic reveals a type ( ?\ght t c sc>cely be reg>d$ z heal?ful4 ,x _h no deep or abid+ sympa?y ) ! great ov]%ad[+ _wsorr[ :i* x measurably appreh5d$1 & x propos$ no pres5t rem$y = ! unhappy =tunes ( ,judaism4 ,x dealt too l>gely ) ! future hopes ( ! nation1 & did n l prophecy address itself to ! imm$iate possibilities ( ! pres5t2 & x !reby robb$ life ( "o ( its *ief inc5tives to action1 viz4 ! hope ( pres5t success4 ,= x gave up hope ( ! _w z x 01 & !reby produc$ a _w despair t c\ld n be c\nt]act$ by ! prospective _wjoy :i* gl[$ 9 ! messianic promise4 ,accord+ to ,apocalyptic p]spective1 8! pres5t s]v$ ma9ly z a backgr\nd ( %ad[ = develop+ ! ri*] light ( ! com+ age20 &1 8! prop] design ( ! _w 0 to be f\nd 9 its end+ & n 9 its long] cont9uance40 ,ev5 ) ! wid] _wview :i* ! apocalypti/s possess$1 hi/ory lo/ its value2 = !y at lea/ p>tially misread ! provid5tial ord] ( ! _w4 ,z ,/ev5s has =cibly said1 !y 8view$ ! me?od ( ,god z ictic & sudd51 & n detail$ & pati5t01--! v opposite ( ! div9e me?od 9 hi/ory4 ,& su* an int]pretation ( life produc$ its inevitable results 9 dreams ( an halluc9>y b impossible future4 ,x develop$ & cultur$ a =m ( my/icism t has left a p]man5t impression ^u ! ,*ri/ian *ur*--a my/icism t takes refuge f pres5t evils1 & f worse t are deem$ imp5d+1 9 ! hope ( an ultimate & protract$ future ( bless+ wr\ght by cataclysmic revolutions1 & lead+ up to a new manife/ation ( ! div9e ,p]son ^u e>?1 & to new conditions ( life 9 ! _w ( nature47#fjd7 ,= x is 9 ,apocalyptic r ?an 9 ,scripture t we f9d ! s\rce ( t pessimi/ic view :i* has prevail$ 9 v>i\s circles ( ! *ur* 9 all ages1 t looks = ! _w to gr[ cont9ually worse z ! c5turies g on1 until by a great climax ( ! future a new ord] ( ?+s %all be introduc$ t is ess5tially diff]5t 9 its div9e manife/ations & 9 its spiritual ord]+ f all ! pa/4 ,b not)/&+ ! _m defects ( ?is class ( writ+s1 & _! manife/ extravagancies1 !y 7 yet div9ely us$1 & evid5tly fill$ an exceptionally l>ge place 9 ! f>rea*+ provid5tial plan ( ,god = ! education ( ! ,jewi% nation1 & ?r\gh !m ( ! _w1 j z ,god is ev] us+ human & imp]fect means = wise & b5efic5t ends4 ,! importance ( "s k ( ,apocalyptic to ! /ud5t ( ,john's ,revelation _c well be ov]e/imat$1 = x is only 9 ! light ( ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature t x c be rightly int]pret$4 ,x reproduces ! au?or's native horizon1 & reveals ! s\rces ( 8 mode ( ?\ght2 x provides ! key to ! me?od ( vision & symbol & dream movem5t2 & x makes cle> ! inevitable limitations z well z ! recogniz$ possibilities ( ?is unique /yle :5 x becomes ! vehicle ( a true in/ead ( an assum$ revelation4 ,= al?\gh ! s\rce ( mu* ( ! imag]y ( ! ,apocalypse is to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 yet x is (t5 mat]ially *ang$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( lat] ,jewi% ?\ght z reflect$ 9 ! ,pseudepigrapha2 & al?\gh ,new ,te/am5t ideas ev]y:]e prevail 91 ?r\gh1 & above1 ^? ( ! ,old1 yet ! :ole _s & movem5t ( ! ,apocalypse is m\ld$ by c]ta9 und]ly+ pre,*ri/ian conceptions t belong to ,jewi% ,apocalyptic4 ,we f9d1 = example1 t ! div9e me?od 9 hi/ory is uni=mly view$ z 9 ! ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature1 & contr>y to g5]al exp]i5ce1 z *iefly "o ( crisis & cata/rophe r ?an ( gradual developm5t--! sudd5 & /rik+ hid+ f view ! cont9u$ & ord9>y4 ,& we _c b inquire h[ f> ?is conception is ) ,john ! result ( lit]>y =m & spiritual mood1 r ?an int5d$ to set =? ! intimate nature ( ! div9e me?od2 & h[ f> x is design$ to portray vividly ! effects to be accompli%$1 r ?an to signify ! mann] ( _! accompli%m5t4 ,we f9d1 too1 t ,john1 9 common ) ! apocalypti/s1 dwells m ^u ! future hopes ( ! k+dom ?an ^u its pres5t possibilities1 keep+ 8 eye ev] fix$ above ! conflict ^u ! f> future ( promise4 ,& we _c b inquire h[ f> ?is aspect ( 8 _wview 0 div9ely design$ z a message ( com=t to a p 9 di/ress1 r ?an z a compreh5sive pres5tation ( ! progressive _wplan ( ! ages2 & h[ f> x is giv5 only z "o po9t ( view1 r ?an z design$ to express ! fulness ( ! div9e purpose4 ,to ^! inquiries !re c prop]ly be b "o answ]1 ! viewpo9t is *>act]i/ic ( & peculi> to ,apocalyptic4 ,x does n pres5t ! normal aspect ( life2 x is ! product ( adv]se conditions & brea!s ! _s ( pa92 its vision is =ev] sadd5$ by ! ov]:elm+ _wsorr[ t d>k5s ! horizon ( ?\ght4 ,& :ile all ,hebrew lit]ature is ess5tially grave1 & devoid ( ! elem5t ( humor1 yet ,apocalyptic is abid+ly ov]%ad[$ by a weight ( _wwoe f :i* m5 seek to escape into ano!r sph]e & into new & bett] conditions ( life4 ,! l>g] /udy ( ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature mu/ cont9ue to h its effect ^u ! int]pretation ( ! ,apocalypse :i* is indisputably its greate/ ma/]piece4 ,= by att5tive consid]ation ( ! peculi>ities ( ?is =m ( composition we are gradually l$ to p]ceive t only 9 s f> z we inve/ ourselves ) ! atmosph]e :i* produc$ s /range a color+ ( ?\ght1 c we hope to int]pret aright t peculi> view ( ! _w1 gr[+ out ( ! conditions ( ,jewi% depression1 :i* reg>ds x z ! ar5a ( an allp]vasive conflict1 & involv$ 9 prevail+ s9 & suff]+1 9 ord] t ?r\gh ^! seem+ly adv]se exp]i5ces x may by sov]eign control be div9ely made ready = ! future glory ( ! ,messiah's k+dom4 ,& we are ?us amply assur$ t a correct appreh5sion ( ! =m & fa%ion ( ,apocalyptic ?\ght w und\bt$ly guide u 9 all t p]ta9s to ! mat]ial framework ( ! ,apocalypse1 ?\gh c]ta9ly we %\ld n =get t we mu/ always g to ! ,old ,te/am5t & to ! ,new :5 we w\ld rea* its inn] he>t4 ,! pres5t g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion among mod]n s*ol>s1 !re=e1 seems to be1 t hav+ measurably exhau/$ inquiry conc]n+ ! ,old ,te/am5t ref]5ces1 :atev] progress we are to make 9 ! imm$iate future 9 unfold+ ! ?\ght ( ! ,revelation mu/ be ?r\gh a fur!r /udy ( ! ?\ght=ms ( ! c5tury t gave x bir?1 :i* s ri*ly ab\nd 9 ! ,apocalyptic writ+s1 b :i* s long escap$ ! s*ol>ly & att5tive consid]ation ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$4 ,,footnotes #a ,! pr9cipal ?\ght 9 ea* quotation has be5 italiciz$ = ! sake ( emphasis4 #b 8,to pret5d to h f\nd an answ] to e "q rais$ by ! ,apocalypse is ! opposite ( sci5ce40 ,jli*]1 ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bia2 also cf4 ,w>field1 art4 8,revelation10 ,s*aff,h]zog ,enc4 #c ,t mean+ = ! mo/ "p1 z ,f>r> has =cibly said conc]n+ ! portion ( ! book :i* relates to ! e>?ly & hi/oric future1 8is irrevocably lo/ = u1 & 9 po9t ( fact has nev] be5 kn[n to any age ( ! *ur*--n ev5 to ! e>lie/1 n ev51 s f> z our records g1 to ,ir5u ! he>] ( ,polyc>p1 or to ,polyc>p ! he>] ( ,/4 ,john40 ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #ebh4 #d ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 vol4 ,rev41 notes1 p4 #aib2 also cf4 ,rev4 *4 #ai4 #aj1 8,! te/imony ( ,jesus is ! _s ( prophecy40 #e 8,9 int]pret+ symbolism1 z 9 all ! high] =ms ( allegory1 ! fir/ critical requirem5t is re/ra9t4 ,ev5 ) su* a poet z ,sp5s] x is only a rude exegesis :i* id5tifies a p>ticul> p]sonage ) a def9ite idea3 9 ! m my/ic symbolism ( ! pres5t poem 7,revelation7 x is a violation ( true lit]>y ta/e to seek a mean+ = e detail ( complex pres5tation40 ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib4 ,rev41 p4 #aib1 notes4 #f ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #b4 #g ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 ,intr4 p4 xx4 #h ,cf4 ,davidson1 art4 8,prophecy01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 also see ,scott1 on ! di/9ction betwe5 8,prophecy0 & 8,apocalyptic10 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,intr4 to ,rev41 p4 #bf4 #i 8,! t]m apocalypse signifies 9 ! fir/ place ! act ( uncov]+1 & ?us br++ into sight t :i* 0 be=e unse51 h5ce a revelation4444 ,an apocalypse is ?us prim>ily ! act ( revelation3 9 ! second place x is ! subjectmatt] reveal$2 & 9 ! ?ird place a book or lit]>y production :i* gives an acc\nt ( revelation :e!r real or alleg$4444 ,! t]m apocalypse is sometimes us$1 ) an ef=t at great] precision1 to designate ! pictorial portraiture ( ! future z =e%ad[$ by ! se]4 7,9 ?is s5se x d5otes ! lit]>y /yle 9 :i* ! writ+ is c\*$74444 ,?us an apocalypse becomes a =m ( lit]ature precisely 9 ! same mann] z an epi/le40 ,z5os1 art4 8,apoc4 ,lit410 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,*r4 & ,gosp4 #aj ,*s4 #a4d2 #d4h2 & #bb4h4 ,we may omit *4 #ba4b 7foll[+ ! ,revis]s7 z )\t suffici5t au?ority4 #aa 8,! ,div9e0 z a title = ,/4 ,john 444 is c]ta9ly z old z ,eusebius3 7,praep4 ,evan4 xi #ah71 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #a4 #ab ,s ,lcke1 ,bleek1 ,d/]dieck1 ,jli*]1 & o!rs4 #ac ,dods' ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 pp4 #bdddg3 ,salmon's ,intr41 p4 #b,o#c;f2 ,bacon's ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bc,(2 ,swete1 ,apoc4 ,/4 ,john1 ,intr41 p4 clxxf2 & ,milligan's ,discuss4 on ,apoc41 *'s4 ,,ii & ,,iv4 ,also1 see ,simcox on ,rev41 ,cambr4 ,gr4 ,te/41 8,excur4 ,,iii10 = a brief analysis ( ! !ories ( composite au?or%ip advanc$ by ,vis*] & ,volt]2 ,w>field1 ,presb4 ,review1 ,ap4 '#hd1 p4 #bbh1 9 reply to ,volt]2 ,m(fatt1 ,expositor1 ,m>4 '#ji1 8,wellhaus5 & ,o!rs on ,apoc02 & same au?or1 8,intr4 to ,rev401 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 ,v4 pp4 #bibid34 #ad ,! !ory curr5t among mod]n critics ( two ,johns 9 ,asia1 or else ( id5tify+ ! traditional ,john ( ,ephesus ) ! hypo!tical ,john ! ,presbyt]1 has a v sl5d] f\ndation4 8,! exi/5ce ( ?is second ,john1 ! ,presbyt]1 if he really did exi/1 re/s ^u a s+le l9e ( an extract f ,papias1 a writ] ( ! second c5tury40 ,s&ay's ,criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 p4 #af4 8,ei!r ,john 7! ,apo/le7 wrote x 7! ,revelation71 or ,john 0 nev] at ,ephesus40 ,holtzman1 quot$ 9 8,intr4 to ,rev401 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 p4 #cf4 ,= an int]e/+ discussion ( 8! two ,johns10 see 8,excur4 ,,xiv0 9 ,f>r>'s ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity2 also ,smi?1 8,intr4 to ,ep's ( ,john01 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #aehfb2 & ,/rong1 art4 8,john1 ,apo/le10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #ae ,?is view t ! ,apocalypse is pseudonym\s is n[1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p be+ giv5 up4 ,) ! revival ( prophecy "u ! influ5ce ( ! life & tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 8x is only :at we w\ld expect :5 ! primitive ,*ri/ian prophet1 a ,john1 or a ,h]mas1 disda9s ! pseudonymity ( 8 ,jewi% rivals40 ,bacon's ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bcd2 also see ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 ,intr41 p4 #cb4 #af ,*>les po9ts out ! _m ,hebraisms ( ! ,apocalypse1 & says ( ! au?or1 8,:ile he writes 9 ,greek he ?9ks 9 ,hebrew1 & ! ?\ght has naturally affect$ ! vehicle ( expression4444 ,he nev] ma/]$ ,greek idiomatically 444 to him _m ( its p>ticles 7 app>5tly unkn[n40 ,/udies 9 ,apoc41 p4 #hb4 #ag ,bp4 ,wescott1 8,intr4 to ,john's ,gospel01 ,bib4 ,com41 pp4 lxxxivvii2 cf4 ,swete's discussion ( ?is view1 8,apoc4 ,/4 ,john01 8,au?or%ip01 pp4 clxxviiii4 #ah ,pr(4 ,m4 ,b4 ,riddle1 unpubli%$ ,classroom ,lects4 on ,rev4 #ai ,reynolds1 8,intr4 to ,gosp4 ( ,john10 ,pulp4 ,com41 p4 lxvii4 #bj ,see ,bacon's ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 pp4 #acfch2 ,briggs' ,messiah ( ! ,apo/les1 p4 #cja2 & t5tatively1 ,swete1 ,apoc4 ,/4 ,john1 8,au?or%ip10 pp4 clxxxxxxi4 #ba ,cf4 ,jli*]'s ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 *apt] on ! 8,johann9e ,problem40 #bb 8,m ?an any o!r class ( writ+s !y %[ signs ( hav+ be5 edit$ & modifi$40 ,z5os1 art4 8,apoc4 ,lit410 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,*r4 & ,gosp4 #bc ,holtzmann1 quot$ 9 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib42 8,sub/antially x be>s ! m>ks ( composition by a s+le p52 ! bl5d ( orig9al writ+ & editorial resett+ does n impair ! impression ( a lit]>y unity40 ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 ,intr41 p4 #bhh4 #bd ,z by ,vis*]1 ,h>nack1 & o!rs4 #be ,z by ,volt]1 ,spitta1 ,pfleid]]1 ,briggs1 & o!rs4 #bf ,z by ,weizsck]1 ,jli*]1 ,b\sset1 ,m(fatt1 & o!rs4 ,= a %ort cons5sus ( mod]n !ories see ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 ,intr41 pp4 #bibid1 :i* af=ds a good illu/ration ( wide & extravagant guess+4 #bg ,?is objection to ! mod]n critical view is "o ( evid5t =ce1 & des]ves ?\ghtful consid]ation1 ,cf4 ,swete's ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 ,intr41 pp4 xlix & cliii1 :i* ma9ta9s ! lit]>y unity ( ! book4 #bh ,z ,port]1 ,scott1 & o!rs4 #bi ,see ,port]'s article 8,revelation10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 & ,scott's ,intr4 to ,rev41 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib4 #cj ,cf4 ,reynolds1 ,intr4 to ,john's ,gosp41 ,pulpit ,com41 p4 lxvii2 ,riddle1 ,s4 ,s4 ,times1 ,jun4 #a1 #aija2 & ,burton1 9 ,records & ,lett]s ( ! ,apo/4 ,age1 notes1 p4 #bbi4 #ca 8,! common op9ion has return$ to ! traditional date1 ! clos+ ye>s ( ,domitian's reign 7#haif740 ,votaw1 8,apoc4 ( ,john10 ,biblical ,_w1 ,nov4 #aijh4 #cb ,see ,weizsck]'s ,apo/olic ,age1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #agcbje2 also ,m(fatt's ,hi/4 ,new ,te/41 p4 #de;f4 #cc ,cf4 ,f>r>1 ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #eajac;f4 #cd 8,n]o's massacre 0 a freak ( p]sonal viol5ce10 & 8_h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! imp]ial cultus40 ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 ,intr41 p4 #caj4 ,momms5's view 7,prov4 ,rom4 ,emp41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #badag note7 is t ! hi/orical situation reflect$ 9 ! ,apocalypse indicates t x 0 writt5 aft] ,n]o's fall1 & ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 & t ! ref]5ces to p]secution imply a regul> judicial proc$ure on acc\nt ( refusal to wor%ip ! emp]or's image1 a feature q diff]5t f ! ,n]onian p]iod 9 :i* ! executions on ! gr\nd ( alleg$ inc5di>ism c41 d n =mally belong to ! class ( religi\s processes at all4 ,he w\ld n1 h[ev]1 date x s late z ,domitian1 pref]r+ a date some:]e betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 #fi & #gi1 t[>d ! end ( ! reign ( ,vespasian4 ,b>tlett puts ! probable date ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #gehj 7see 8 ,apo/4 ,age1 p4 #djd74 ,su* views ( ! date are int]e/+ b exceptional4 #ce ,! book seems to m>k a transition 9 ! ,roman ,empire f tol]ance to ho/ility1 :5 x began to insi/ ^u idolatr\s wor%ip1 & t m prop]ly belongs to a p]iod lat] ?an ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,cf4 ,momms5's view 9 ! prec$+ note4 #cf ,see 8,rev4 & ,johan4 ,epi/410 by ,a4 ,ramsay1 ,we/m94 ,new ,te/41 p4 #h4 #cg ,see map at ! beg9n+ ( ?is volume4 #ch ,cf4 ,dean ,/anley's 8,s]mons 9 ! ,ea/10 p4 #bcj1 quot$ 9 ,bib4 ,com41 ,intr41 sec4 #d4 #ci 8,! extreme skepticism :i* d5ies ev5 ! pres5ce ( ! ,apo/le 9 ,ephesus 7z ,keim & o!rs71 is purely mod]n4 ,! tradition ( ! survival ( #8! belov$ disciple' 9 ,ephesus #8d[n to ! times ( ,trajan' is widespread1 uncontradict$1 circum/antial 444 ! c\nt] evid5ce is trivial0 7,bacon's ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bca74 8,! pro( giv5 by ,ir5u f ,polyc>p 444 is m ?an tradition1 x is direct docum5t>y evid5ce0 7,weizsck]1 ,apo/4 ,age1 vol4 ii1 p4 #afh74 #dj ,cf4 ,reynolds1 art4 8,john1 ! ,gospel (01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 also ,lee ,intr4 to ,rev41 ,bib4 ,com4 #da ,= a discussion ( ?is lit]ature see ,app'x ,g1 also art4 8,apoc4 ,lit40 by ,*>les1 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 ,drummond1 ,! ,jewi% ,messiah1 pp4 #cacb2 ,s*r]1 ,! ,jewi% ,p 9 ,"t ( ,*ri/1 ,div4 ,,ii1 vol4 iii1 p4 #dd sqq2 ,/u>t ,com4 on ,rev41 ,intr4 pp4 #bjih2 ,driv]1 8,bk4 ( ,daniel01 9 ,camb4 ,bib41 ,intr41 pp4 lxxvi lxxxv2 ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 ,intr41 pp4 #accd2 also art4 8,apocalypse0 9 ,jewi% ,encyc4 #db ,= a good /atem5t ( ! pres5t use ( ! t]m1 see art4 8,apocalyptic10 ,jewi% ,encyc41 vol4 ,i2 also art4 8,apoc4 ,lit401 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,*r4 & ,gosp4 #dc ,see ,knig1 art4 8,symbol0 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 vol4 v1 p4 #afi;f41 :o says1 8,:at ! metaphor is 9 ! sph]e ( spee*1 ! symbol is 9 ! sph]e ( ?+s40 ,also see rem>ks by ,milligan 9 ,lect's4 on ,apoc41 *4 ,i1 "u ! head ( 8,visions & ,symbols10 p4 #ac;f4 ,= a f9e discrim9ative view ( ! place ( symbols 9 ,ori5tal poetry1 see ,m\lton's ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 8,bib4 ,idyls10 ,intr41 pp4 xxxxif4 #dd ,x is n meant by ?is to imply t symbols z a class c ord9>ily be pres5t$ to ! eye1 or effectively depict$ ^u canvas4 ,9 fact no symbol 9 ! ,apocalypse c be reproduc$ 9 sc5ic =m )\t do+ manife/ inju/ice to ! ?\ght & purpose ( ! writ]4 #de ,milligan id5tifies ! ,apocalypse ( ,john too closely ) t disc\rse1 mak+ x ma9ly a developm5t ( its pr9cipal ideas4 ,see 8 ,lect's4 on ,apoc41 p4 #db;f4 #df ,m\lton uses ! t]m 8rhapsody0 9 a te*nical s5se to describe ! lit]>y =m ( ,hebrew dramatic prophecy1 :i* af=ds a helpful & conv5i5t nom5clature4 ,see ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 vol4 ,john1 notes1 p4 #aia1 also vol4 ,isa41 ,intr41 pp4 viixii4 #dg ,! ,greek words & are commonly us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z correlative t]ms1 signify+ ! once secret or hidd5 9 contra/ ) ! n[ discov]$ or p>tially reveal$4 ,see art4 8,my/]y10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #dh ,m\lton's ,intr4 to ,litr4 ( ,bib41 p4 #cbf4 #di ,see ,app5d4 ,g1 on ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature4 #ej ,x belongs to ! inn]mo/ purpose ( ,jewi% ,apocalyptic 8to attempt to answ] ! "q h[ & :5 ! dom9ion ( ! _w possess$ s long by hea!n nations1 w f9ally be deliv]$ to ! p ( ,god401 ,hilg5feld1 quot$ by ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #cd4 #ea ,z ,r5an1 & o!rs4 #eb ,purves1 art4 8,rev401 ,davis' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 ,milligan1 ,lect4 on ,apoc41 p4 #aec;f42 & ,lee1 ,bib4 ,com41 ,intr4 to ,rev41 pp4 #diab4 #ec ,) correct insight1 x has be5 well said1 t 8! anci5t comm5tators beheld 9 ! visions ( ! ,apocalypse n a prophetic hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 s mu* z a figurative repres5tation ( ! conte/ go+ on 9 ! _w betwe5 ! evil & ! good4 ,& ! moral ( ! book1 ! end = :i* x 0 giv51 7accord+ to ! _s ( ^! int]pretations71 0 to assure ! righte\s ( _! ultimate triumph1 not)/&+ ! app>5t or tempor>y success ( ! p[]s ( d>kness40 ,todd's 8,disc\rses on ,prophecy01 quot$ 9 ,t4 ,l4 ,scott's ,p>agraph ,v]sion ( ,revelation1 op5+ page4 #ed ,z ,milligan1 ,plumm]1 ,lee1 ,riddle1 ,purves1 ,w>field1 & o!rs4 #ee ,dods' ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bdd4 #ef ,h>nack1 art4 8,rev401 ,encyc4 ,brit42 also ,mc,giffert1 ,apos4 ,age1 p4 #fbd2 & ,port]1 art4 8,rev401 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #eg ,see 8,analytical ,conspectus0 by ,r&ell on p4 xxvii ( vol4 on ,rev4 9 ,pulp4 ,com4 #eh ,m\lton1 vol4 ,/4 ,john1 notes1 p4 #aie1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib4 #ei 8,mo/ ( ! prophetic books 79 ! ,old ,te/am5t7 l5d !mselves to a sev5fold arrangem5t4444 ,all t is impli$ 9 su* a feature ( /yle is an extreme s5se ( ord]ly arrangem5t2 & to ! ,hebrew m9d ord] sugge/s ! numb] sev50 7! numb] ( fulness or complet5ess ( quality71 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,mat41 ,intr4 p4 xi4 #fj ,see also ,app'x ,f41 diagram4 #fa ,see ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 vol4 ,/4 ,john1 ,intr4 p4 xxii4 #fb ,see ,=eword1 p4 #i4 #fc 8,! influ5ce ( ! ,bk4 ( ,eno* on ! ,new ,te/am5t has be5 great] ?an t ( all ! o!r apocryphal & pseudepigraphical books tak5 toge!r40 ,book ( ,eno* 7,*>les74 ,g54 ,intr41 p4 #da4 ,m#a ,! ,book ,describ$ #fd ,or1 gave unto him1 to %[ unto 8 s]vants ! ?+s c4 #fe ,gr4 bonds]vants4 #ff ,or1 !m4 ,m#b ,a ,bless+ ,pron\nc$ ,m#c ,! ,address & ,greet+ #fg ,or1 :o come?4 #fh ,_m au?orities1 "s anci5t1 read wa%$4 ,heb4 #i4ad2 comp4 *4 #g4ad4 #fi ,gr4 94 #gj ,or1 ,god & 8 ,fa!r4 #ga ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 ,_m anci5t au?orities omit ( ! ages4 ,m#d ,! ,com+ ,*ri/ ,m#e ,! ,responsive ,message #gb ,or1 he :o4 ,m#f ,! ,trumpet ,voice #gc ,or1 /$fa/ness4 ,m#g ,! ,glori\s ,k+,prie/ #gd ,gr4 lamp/&s4 #ge ,gr4 lamp/&s4 ,m#h ,a ,message ( ,reassurance #gf ,gr4 became4 #gg ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 #gh ,gr4 ^u4 #gi ,gr4 lamp/&s4 #hj ,gr4 lamp/&s4 ,m#i ,! ,epi/le to ,ephesus #ha ,gr4 lamp/&s4 #hb ,or1 /$fa/ness4 #hc ,or1 /$fa/ness4 #hd ,gr4 lamp/&4 #he ,or1 g>d53 z 9 ,g54 #b4h4 ,m#aj ,! ,epi/le to ,smyrna #hf ,gr4 became4 #hg ,or1 revil+4 #hh ,"s anci5t au?orities read & may h4 #hi ,gr4 a tribulation ( t5 days4 ,m#aa ,! ,epi/le to ,p]gamum #ij ,! ,greek text "h is some:at unc]ta94 ,m#ab ,! ,epi/le to ,?yatira #ia ,or1 /$fa/ness4 #ib ,_m au?orities1 "s anci5t1 read ?y wife4 #ic ,gr4 bonds]vants4 #id ,_m anci5t au?orities read _!4 #ie ,or1 pe/il5ce4 ,sept41 ,ex4 #e4c1 c4 #if ,or1 ,g5tiles4 #ig ,or1 iron2 z vessels ( ! pott]1 are !y brok54 ,m#ac ,! ,epi/le to ,s>dis #ih ,_m anci5t au?orities read n f\nd ?y works4 ,m#ad ,! ,epi/le to ,philadelphia #ii ,gr4 giv54 #ajj ,! ,greek ^w d5otes an act ( rev]5ce1 :e!r paid to a creature or to ! ,creator4 #aja ,or1 /$fa/ness4 #ajb ,or1 temptation4 #ajc ,gr4 inhabit$ e>?4 #ajd ,or1 tempt4 #aje ,or1 sanctu>y4 ,m#ae ,! ,epi/le to ,laodicea ,m#af ,a ,door ,op5$ 9 ,heav5 #ajf ,or1 come to pass4 ,aft] ^! ?+s /raightway1 c4 ,m#ag ,! ,?rone & ! ,k+ ,m#ah ,! ,f\r & ,tw5ty ,eld]s ,m#ai ,! ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,fire ,m#bj ,! ,f\r ,liv+ ,creatures #ajg ,or1 glassy sea4 #ajh ,or1 be=e4 ,see *4 #g4ag4 comp4 #e4f4 #aji ,or1 :o come?4 ,m#ba ,! ,creation ,*orus #aaj ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 #aaa ,! ,greek ^w d5otes an act ( rev]5ce1 :e!r paid to a creature or to ! ,creator4 #aab ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 ,m#bb ,! ,seal$ ,book #aac ,gr4 on4 ,m#bc ,! ,lamb #aad ,or1 betwe5 ! ?rone ) ! f\r liv+ creatures1 & ! eld]s4 #aae ,"s anci5t au?orities omit sev54 ,m#bd ,! ,book ,tak5 & ,wor%ip ,r5d]$ #aaf ,gr4 ha? tak54 ,m#be ,! ,r$emption ,*orus #aag ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 #aah ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#bf ,! ,fir/ ,seal #aai ,"s anci5t au?orities add & see4 ,m#bg ,! ,second ,seal #abj ,"s anci5t au?orities read ! peace ( ! e>?4 ,m#bh ,! ,?ird ,seal #aba ,or1 ,a *o5ix 7i4 e4 ab\t a qu>t17 ( :eat = a %ill+--imply+ great sc>city4 ,comp4 ,ezek4 #d4af f42 #e4af4 #abb ,see m>g9al note on ,mt4 #ah4bh4 ,m#bi ,! ,f\r? ,seal #abc ,or1 pe/il5ce4 ,comp4 *4 #b4bc m>g4 ,m#cj ,! ,fif? ,seal #abd ,"s anci5t au?orities read be fulfill$ 9 numb]4 ,,ii ,esdr4 #d4cf4 ,m#ca ,! ,six? ,seal #abe ,or1 milit>y tribunes4 ,gr4 *ili>*s4 ,m#cb ,! ,angels ,hold+ ! ,w9ds #abf ,gr4 bonds]vants4 ,m#cc ,! ,numb] ,seal$ f ! ,tribes ,m#cd ,! ,c\ntless ,multitude ,m#ce ,! ,salvation ,*orus #abg ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #abh ,gr4 ,! bless+1 & ! glory1 c4 #abi ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 ,m#cf ,! ,great ,rew>d #acj ,gr4 h said4 #aca ,or1 sanctu>y4 #acb ,or1 be=e4 ,see *4 #d4f2 comp4 #e4f4 ,m#cg ,! ,sev5? ,seal ,m#ch ,sev5 ,angels ,giv5 ,sev5 ,trumpets ,m#ci ,! ,angel ) ! ,inc5se #acc ,or1 at4 #acd ,gr4 give4 #ace ,or1 =4 #acf ,gr4 ha? tak54 #acg ,or1 into4 ,m#dj ,! ,trumpets ,made ,ready to ,s\nd ,m#da ,! ,fir/ ,trumpet ,m#db ,! ,second ,trumpet ,m#dc ,! ,?ird ,trumpet ,m#dd ,! ,f\r? ,trumpet ,m#de ,! ,eagle,cry #ach ,gr4 "o eagle4 ,m#df ,! ,fif? ,trumpet #aci ,gr4 lik5esses4 #adj ,t is1 ,de/roy]4 ,m#dg ,! ,fir/ ,woe ,end$ ,m#dh ,! ,six? ,trumpet #ada ,gr4 "o voice4 #adb ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#di ,! ,angel ,com+ ,d[n ,out ( ,heav5 ,m#ej ,! ,?und],voices ,m#ea ,! ,my/]y ( ,god to ,end #adc ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 #add ,"s anci5t au?orities omit & ! sea & ! ?+s t are !re94 #ade ,or1 "t4 #adf ,gr4 bonds]vants4 ,m#eb ,! ,book ,eat5 #adg ,or1 conc]n+4 ,comp4 ,jn4 #ab4af4 ,m#ec ,! ,temple ,measur$ #adh ,gr4 say+4 #adi ,or1 sanctu>y4 #aej ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #aea ,or1 sanctu>y4 #aeb ,gr4 ca/ )\t4 #aec ,or1 ,g5tiles4 ,m#ed ,! ,two ,witnesses ) ,p[] #aed ,gr4 lamp/&s4 ,m#ee ,_! ,te/imony ,f9i%$ #aee ,gr4 c>case4 ,m#ef ,_! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion #aef ,gr4 names ( m51 sev5 ?\s&4 ,comp4 *4 #cd4 ,m#eg ,! ,second ,woe ,end$ ,m#eh ,! ,sev5? ,trumpet #aeg ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 ,m#ei ,! ,victory ,*orus #aeh ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #aei ,gr4 bonds]vants4 ,m#fj ,tok5s ( ,judgm5t #afj ,or1 sanctu>y4 #afa ,or1 sanctu>y4 ,m#fa ,! ,woman's ,glory & ! ,dragon's ,p[] ,m#fb ,! ,all,rul+ ,man,*ild #afb ,or1 ,g5tiles4 ,m#fc ,! ,woman's ,escape ,m#fd ,mi*ael ,w>r+ ) ! ,dragon #afc ,gr4 inhabit$ e>?4 ,m#fe ,satan's ,d[nfall ,proclaim$ #afd ,or1 ,n[ is ! salvation1 & ! p[]1 & ! k+dom1 become our ,god's1 & ! au?ority is become 8 ,*ri/'s4 #afe ,gr4 tab]nacle4 ,m#ff ,p]secution ( ! ,woman & ,h] ,se$ #aff ,"s anci5t au?orities read ,i /ood1 c4 connect+ ! clause ) :at foll[s4 ,m#fg ,fir/ ,bea/--! ,bea/ f ! ,sea #afg ,gr4 sla94 #afh ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #afi ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #agj ,or1 to d 8 works dur+4 ,see ,dan4 #aa4bh4 #aga ,gr4 tab]nacle4 #agb ,"s anci5t au?orities omit ,& x 0 giv5 444 ov]come !m4 #agc ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #agd ,or1 writt5 9 ! book 444 sla9 f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,m#fh ,an ,admonition to ,pati5ce #age ,! ,greek text 9 ?is v]se is some:at unc]ta94 #agf ,or1 leade?9to captivity4 #agg ,or1 /$fa/ness4 ,m#fi ,! ,second ,bea/--! ,bea/ f ! ,l& #agh ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #agi ,"s anci5t au?orities read t ev5 ! image ( ! bea/ %\ld speak2 & he %all cause c4 #ahj ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#gj ,an ,admonition to ,wisdom #aha ,"s anci5t au?orities read ,six hundr$ & sixte54 ,m#ga ,! ,lamb & ,8 ,company ,m#gb ,! ,incommunicable ,*orus ,m#gc ,! ,purity ( ! ,r$eem$ ,m#gd ,! ,message ( ! ,et]nal ,gospel #ahb ,or1 an et]nal gospel4 #ahc ,gr4 sit4 #ahd ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#ge ,! ,message ( ,babylon's ,fall ,m#gf ,! ,message ( ,doom = ! ,bea/ & ,8 ,foll[]s #ahe ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #ahf ,gr4 m+l$4 #ahg ,gr4 unto ages ( ages4 #ahh ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#gg ,! ,te/ ( ,pati5ce #ahi ,or1 /$fa/ness4 ,m#gh ,! ,bless$ness ( ! ,holy ,dead #aij ,or1 9 ! ,"l4 ,f h5ce=?1 yea sai? ! ,_s4 ,m#gi ,! ,h>ve/ ( ! ,elect #aia ,or1 sanctu>y4 #aib ,gr4 become dry4 ,m#hj ,! ,v9tage ( ,wra? #aic ,or1 sanctu>y4 #aid ,gr4 v9e4 ,m#ha ,! ,angels ) ! ,plagues ,m#hb ,! ,victors by ! ,sea #aie ,or1 glassy sea4 #aif ,or1 ^u4 #aig ,or1 glassy sea4 ,m#hc ,! ,*orus ( ,moses & ! ,lamb #aih ,gr4 bonds]vant4 #aii ,_m anci5t au?orities read nations4 ,j]4 #aj4g4 #bjj ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#hd ,! ,temple 9 ,heav5 ,op5$ #bja ,or1 sanctu>y4 #bjb ,or1 sanctu>y4 #bjc ,_m anci5t au?orities read 9 l951 *4 #ai4h4 #bjd ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 #bje ,or1 sanctu>y4 #bjf ,or1 sanctu>y4 ,m#he ,! ,comm& to ,p\r ,out ! ,vials #bjg ,or1 sanctu>y4 ,m#hf ,! ,fir/ ,vial #bjh ,or1 !re came4 #bji ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#hg ,! ,second ,vial #baj ,gr4 s\l ( life4 ,m#hh ,! ,?ird ,vial #baa ,"s anci5t au?orities read & !y became4 #bab ,or1 judge4 ,because !y 444 prophets1 ?\ ha/ giv5 !m blood also to dr9k4 ,m#hi ,! ,f\r? ,vial #bac ,or1 him4 ,m#ij ,! ,fif? ,vial ,m#ia ,! ,six? ,vial ,m#ib ,! ,?ree ,unclean ,spirits #bad ,or1 ^u4 #bae ,gr4 inhabit$ e>?4 ,m#ic ,! ,w>n+ ,voice #baf ,or1 ,ar,mag$on4 ,m#id ,! ,sev5? ,vial #bag ,or1 sanctu>y4 #bah ,"s anci5t au?orities read !re 0 a man4 #bai ,or1 ,g5tiles4 ,m#ie ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,great ,h>lot ,m#if ,babylon ! ,h>lot ,city #bbj ,or1 names full ( blasphemy4 #bba ,gr4 gild$4 #bbb ,or1 & ( ! unclean ?+s4 #bbc ,or1 a my/]y1 ,babylon ! ,great4 #bbd ,or1 witnesses4 ,see *4 #b4ac4 ,m#ig ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,woman & ! ,bea/ is ,told #bbe ,"s anci5t au?orities read & he goe?4 #bbf ,gr4 on4 #bbg ,gr4 %all be pres5t4 ,m#ih ,! ,k+s t ,w> aga9/ ! ,lamb #bbh ,or1 mean+4 #bbi ,or1 !re are4 ,m#ii ,! ,h>lot ,made ,desolate #bcj ,gr4 ha? a k+dom4 ,m#ajj ,! ,fall ( ! ,great ,city ,proclaim$ #bca ,or1 prison4 #bcb ,"s au?orities read ( ! w9e 444 h drunk4 #bcc ,"s anci5t au?orities omit ! w9e (4 #bcd ,or1 luxury4 ,m#aja ,god's ,p ,call$ ,out ( ,h] #bce ,or1 clave toge!r4 #bcf ,or1 luxuri\s4 #bcg ,"s anci5t au?orities omit ! ,"l4 ,m#ajb ,! ,lam5t ( ! ,k+s ( ! ,e>? ov] ,h] ,doom #bch ,or1 luxuri\sly4 ,m#ajc ,! ,lam5t ( ! ,m]*ants ( ! ,e>? #bci ,gr4 c>go4 #bdj ,gr4 amomum4 #bda ,gr4 bodies4 ,g54 #cf4f 7,sept474 #bdb ,or1 lives4 #bdc ,gr4 gild$4 ,m#ajd ,! ,lam5t ( ! ,seam5 f ,af> #bdd ,gr4 "w ! sea4 ,m#aje ,! ,holy ,bidd5 to ,rejoice ,m#ajf ,! ,ru9 ,complete #bde ,gr4 "o4 #bdf ,"s anci5t au?orities omit ( :atsoev] craft4 ,m#ajg ,! ,voice ( a ,great ,multitude #bdg ,gr4 bonds]vants4 ,m#ajh ,! ,hallelujah ,*orus #bdh ,gr4 h said4 #bdi ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 #bej ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#aji ,! ,array ( ! ,bride ,m#aaj ,! ,bless$ness ( ! ,m>riage ,supp] ,m#aaa ,wor%ip ,refus$ by ! ,angel #bea ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #beb ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#aab ,! ,conqu]or on ! ,:ite ,horse 7,! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,end7 #bec ,"s anci5t au?orities omit call$4 #bed ,"s anci5t au?orities read dipp$ 94 #bee ,gr4 w9epress ( ! w9e ( ! fi]c5ess4 ,m#aac ,! ,call to ! ,birds ( ,mid ,heav5 #bef ,gr4 "o4 #beg ,or1 milit>y tribunes ,gr4 *ili>*s4 ,m#aad ,! ,bea/ & ! ,false ,prophet ,tak5 #beh ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#aae ,satan ,b\nd #bei ,gr4 ^u4 ,m#aaf ,! ,fir/ ,resurrection & ! ,mill5nial ,reign #bfj ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#aag ,! ,bless$ness ( ! ,mill5nial ,p]iod #bfa ,or1 au?ority4 #bfb ,"s anci5t au?orities read !4 ,m#aah ,satan ,loos$ ,aga9 & ,ov]?r[n 7,! ,w> ( ,gog & ,magog7 #bfc ,"s anci5t au?orities ins]t f ,god4 #bfd ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 ,m#aai ,! ,second ,resurrection & ! ,f9al ,judgm5t ,m#abj ,! ,new ,creation ,m#aba ,! ,holy ,city #bfe ,or1 ! holy city ,j]usalem com+ d[n new out ( heav54 ,m#abb ,a ,great ,voice ,out ( ! ,?rone #bff ,gr4 tab]nacle4 #bfg ,"s anci5t au?orities omit1 & be _! ,god4 ,m#abc ,all ,?+s ,made ,new #bfh ,or1 ,write1 ,^! words are fai?ful & true4 ,m#abd ,! ,city ! ,bride ( ,*ri/ ,m#abe ,! ,glory ( ! ,new ,j]usalem f ,af> #bfi ,gr4 lum9>y4 #bgj ,gr4 portals4 #bga ,gr4 portals4 ,m#abf ,! ,measure ( ! ,city ,m#abg ,! ,mat]ials ( ,h] ,build+ #bgb ,or1 lapis lazuli4 #bgc ,or1 sapphire4 #bgd ,or1 transp>5t z glass4 ,m#abh ,! ,glory ,)9 #bge ,or1 sanctu>y4 #bgf ,or1 sanctu>y4 #bgg ,or1 & ! ,lamb1 ! lamp !re(4 #bgh ,or1 by4 #bgi ,gr4 common4 #bhj ,or1 doe?4 ,m#abi ,! ,riv] & ,tree ( ,life #bha ,or1 ! ,lamb4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! /reet !re(1 & on ei!r side ( ! riv]1 0 ! tree ( life1 c4 #bhb ,or1 a tree4 #bhc ,or1 crops ( fruit4 ,m#acj ,! ,beatific ,vision #bhd ,or1 no m any?+ accurs$4 #bhe ,gr4 bonds]vants4 #bhf ,gr4 unto ! ages ( ! ages4 ,m#aca ,! ,message ,reaffirm$ ,m#acb ,wor%ip ,aga9 ,refus$ by ! ,angel #bhg ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 #bhh ,see m>g9al note on *4 #c4i4 ,m#acc ,! ,book ,n to ,be ,seal$ #bhi ,or1 yet m4 ,m#acd ,*ri/'s ,promise to ! ,victors #bij ,or1 wages4 #bia ,or1 ! au?ority ov] ,comp4 *4 #f4h4 #bib ,gr4 portals4 #bic ,or1 doe? ,comp4 *4 #ba4bg4 ,m#ace ,*ri/ ! ,morn+ ,/> #bid ,gr4 ov]4 ,m#acf ,a ,univ]sal ,invitation #bie ,or1 ,bo?4 ,m#acg ,john's ,witness & ,w>n+ #bif ,gr4 ^u4 #big ,or1 ev5 f ! ?+s :i* are writt54 ,m#ach ,a ,la/ ,promise ( ,hope & ,pray] ( ,ye>n+ ,m#aci ,! ,bless+ on ! ,sa9ts #bih ,"s anci5t au?orities add ,*ri/4 #bii ,two anci5t au?orities read ) all4 #cjj ,bacon1 ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bce2 & ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #afj4 #cja ,z held by ,seiss & o!rs1 foll[+ ,he9ri*1 :o make ! topic ( ! ,revelation ,*ri/ 9 8 ,second ,adv5t1 contr>y to ! g5]ally accept$ exegesis4 #cjb ,al=d1 ,plumm]1 ,lee1 ,milligan1 & o!rs1 z aga9/ ,d/]dieck1 ,/u>t1 & ! pret]i/s g5]ally4 #cjc 8,x means ! revelation :i* ,jesus makes1 n t :i* reveals him4444 ,revelation is a ^w res]v$ = ! ,gospel2 no ,old ,te/am5t prophecy is call$ a revelation40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #a2 also cf4 ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 pp4 #idie4 #cjd 8,! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 l ! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 means t :i* he gave1 n t :i* tells ab\t him40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #b4 #cje ,simcox1 ,camb4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 p4 #da2 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #b2 also cf4 ,m\lton1 ,intr4 to ,litr4 ( ,bib41 p4 #cab1 :o says1 8,a c>eful read+ w %[ t ^! words are to be und]/ood1 n z a "p ( ! revelation1 b z ! writ]'s 7or editor's7 comm5t ^u ! book40 ,?is view1 x w be se51 does n affect ! s5se ( ! v]ses1 b only _! orig94 #cjf 8,und]/&+ c only "k :at is1 has be51 or w be4 ,x is impossible = any?+ to exi/ = und]/&+ o!rwise ?an z a matt] ( fact x does exi/ 9 ^? ?ree relations ( "t40 7,kant1 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,watson's 8,selections10 p4 #ahf2 or1 9 a slightly diff]5t translation1 ,edition ( ,meiklejohn1 p4 #cjg74 ,x is important = u to note t ,god is ?us pres5t$ z compreh5d+ 9 himself all ! possibilities ( exi/5ce 9 human und]/&+4 #cjg ,= ! view t ! orig9 ( ?is conception is to be f\nd 9 ! lat] ,jewi% lit]ature r ?an 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 see ,scott 9 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #abf4 ,swete int]prets1 8,"h ! spirits are sev51 because ! *ur*es 9 :i* !y op]ate are sev540 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #f4 #cjh ,r4 ,v4 8loos$ u f our s9s by 8 blood40 8,! ins]tion or omission ( a s+le lett] 79 ! ,greek ^w7 makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,a4 ,v4 #8wa%$' & ! ,r4 ,v4 #8loos$4' ,! manuscript evid5ce = ea* is v ev5ly balanc$2 ! o!r evid5ce likewise4 ,on ! :ole1 ! old read+1 #8wa%$1' seems m 9 h>mony ) ! ?\ght ( ! book & ) ,johann9e diction 9 g5]al40 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #abg4 #cji 8,! cont9u\s return 7! com+ ( ! ,"l 9 ! p[] ( ! ,_s7 prefac+1 h]ald+ ! full manife/ation ( 8 might & glory1 is ! gr& !me ( ! ,apocalypse40 ,reynolds1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,john's ,gospel1 ,intr41 p4 lxxxvi4 #caj ,?is title1 8! ,almighty10 is us$ n9e times 9 ,revelation1 & only once else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,,ii ,cor4 #f3ah74 #caa ,tribulation is ! p]vad+ und]tone ( ! :ole book4 8,! mov+ _s ( ! vision 9 ! ,apocalypse is ! suff]+s ( ! *ur*0 7,ramsay1 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 p4 #bie74 8,! e?ical keynote is pati5ce0 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #abi74 #cab ,see notes on 8,! ,place0 9 ! ,introduction to ?is volume4 #cac 8,! e>lie/ use ( ! "n 7! ,"l's day7 is 9 ?is passage10 ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #acj2 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #e4 #cad ,see ,scott1 art4 8,rev410 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,*r4 & ,gosp4 #cae 8,! vision ( ! ,div9e ,*ri/ 9 ,rev4 #a dom9ates e subsequ5t p>agraph 9 ! ,apocalypse40 ,reynolds1 art4 8,gosp4 ( ,john10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #caf ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #g2 also see ,?ay]'s ,gr4 ,lex4 ( ,new ,te/4 #cag 8,! association ( angels ) />s 0 a common ,semitic idea40 7,m\lton74 ,ea* /> 0 conceiv$ ( by ! ,jews z hav+ its angel1 z also e =ce & ph5om5on ( nature _h its sep>ate angel4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 t ,john gr\p$ !m 9 8 ?\ght4 #cah ,milligan1 ,int]nat4 ,com41 vol4 iv1 ,rev41 p4 #cf2 also ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev4 p4 #h4 ,= ! o!r view see ,faussett1 ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #ehi2 ,/u>t1 ,com4 on ,apoc41 pp4 #dfja2 & ,tr5*1 ,ep's to ,sev5 ,*'s1 p4 #ge;f4 #cai 8,?is la/ image is n s /range z x appe>s at fir/ sight1 = ! %ort ,roman sword 0 tonguel 9 %ape40 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 art4 8,sword40 #cbj ,an indication ( div9e p[] z well z victory2 = 8x 0 "p ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,rabb9ic s*ools t ! key ( dea? 0 "o ( f\r 7! keys ( life1 ! grave1 food1 & ra97 :i* 7 9 ! h& ( ,god alone40 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #acc4 #cba 8,! ^w my/]y is n us$ 9 ! ,bible 9 ! mod]n s5se ( #8some?+ t _c be fa?om$ or und]/ood1' b on ! contr>y x indicates ei!r some?+ :i* is wait+ to be reveal$ or t :i* :5 expla9$ conveys und]/&+4 ,9 ! latt] s5se x comes ne> to our ^w #8,symbol4' ,& ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* x is to be tak5 "h & 9 *4 xxii4 #g40 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 pp4 #accd74 ,9 ! g5]al & broad] s5se1 h[ev]1 8,! t]m 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t means tru?s once hidd5 n[ reveal$1 made g5]ally kn[n1 & 9 _! own nature p]fectly intelligible40 ,bruce1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #aif4 #cbb ,see art4 8,rev401 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 also 8,new ,te/4 ,doctr4 ( ,rev40 9 ! same "w1 vol4 ,v4 p4 #ccd;e4 #cbc ,milligan1 ,lect4 on ,apoc41 p4 #af4 #cbd ,asia 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7) ! possible exception ( ,acts #b3i7 always means ! ,roman prov9ce ( t "n1 :i* embrac$ only ! we/]n "p ( :at we n[ call ,asia ,m9or1 & consi/$ ( ,mysia1 ,lydia1 ,c>ia1 & "p ( ,phrygia1 ) ! isl&s ( ! coa/1--see ! map 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is volume4 8,asia 0 "o ( ! mo/ weal?y & popul\s & intellectually active ( ! ,roman prov9ces10 ,ramsay1 art4 8,asia40 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #cbe ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ,sev5 ,*'s41 p4 #ce4 #cbf ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #c2 ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 ,intr41 p4 liv1 & p4 #d4 #cbg ,milligan1 ,lect4 on ,apoc41 p4 #ch2 ,/u>t1 ,com4 on ,apoc41 pp4 #ajaaf1 & ,excur4 ,,ii1 p4 #gdg 9 same volume2 also see ,app'x ,e 9 ?is volume on ! 8,symbolism ( ,numb]s40 #cbh ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lect's on ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #hb4 #cbi ,s ,milligan1 ,plumm]1 & o!rs--see notes 9 ,*4 #bj3b;f4 #ccj 8,probably ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! ,sev5 ,lett]s is ! tone ( unhesitat+ & unlimit$ au?ority :i* inspires !m f beg9n+ to end40 ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 p4 #ge4 #cca ,see ,ramsay's ,lett]s to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 :]e !re w be f\nd mu* accurate in=mation conc]n+ ! sev5 cities t is bas$ ^u an ext5d$ resid5ce 9 ^? cities1 & c>eful p]sonal inve/igation4 ,a m concise acc\nt by ! same au?or is giv5 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 9 ! sep>ate articles ^u ea* city4 #ccb ,m\lton's ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #aif4 #ccc ,! exhortation to 8he> :at ! ,_s sai? to ! *ur*es0 applies n only to :at is conta9$ 9 ! sev5 epi/les1 b to ! entire ,apocalypse :i* foll[s4 ,see ,ramsay's ,lett]s to ,sev5 ,*'s1 p4 #ch4 #ccd ,p>adise is ! ^w us$ 9 ! ,septuag9t = ,ed54 ,x occurs b ?ree times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x orig9ally signifi$ a p>k or g>d5 su* z 0 us$ by ,ori5tal mon>*s = a pleasuregr\nd1 b 9 ,*ri/ian usage x becomes a "n = ! sc5e ( re/ & recomp5se = ! righte\s aft] dea?4 ,see art4 8,p>adise0 by ,salmond1 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #cce ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #eifj4 #ccf ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #cj4 #ccg ,p]gamus1 ?\gh a r>] =m1 is pref]able to ,p]gamos 7,a4 ,v471 or ,p]gamum 7,r4 ,v47 z ! designation ( ! city1 ow+ to its s(t] s\nd = ! ,engli% e>1 ?\gh ! =m is o!rwise indiff]5t4 ,see ,ramsay's art4 8,p]gamus10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 8 is f\nd 9 ,x5ophon1 ,pausanius1 & ,dion ,cassius1 b 9 ,/rabo1 & ,polybius1 & mo/ o!r writ]s1 & 9 ! inscriptions2 ! t]m9ation is left unc]ta9 9 ,apoc4 i4#aa & ii4#ab40 ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #cc4 #cch 8,p]gamum 0 ! fir/ place 9 ,asia :]e z e>ly z ! reign ( ,augu/us 0 erect$ a temple to ,rome & ! ,emp]or10 ,salmon1 ,hi/4 ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bci4 8,an allusion to ! rampant paganism ( ,p]gamum 444 b *iefly p]haps to ! new ,caes> wor%ip 9 :i* ,p]gamum 0 preem95t & :i* above all o!r pagan rites m5ac$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur*10 ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #cd4 #cci 8,! "n ,balaam does n indicate a sect1 b a set ( pr9ciples40 ,briggs1 ,mess4 ( ,gospels1 p4 #dea2 also see ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #adc4 #cdj ,?is id5tification is sugge/$ by ! pres5t au?or z a probable "o1 = jade is ! mo/ notable :ite /one t 0 9 use 9 anci5t times1 & x is /ill highly priz$ = seals1 *>ms1 & k9dr$ purposes 9 ,*9a & ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,dr4 ,s*lieman f\nd implem5ts made f ! co>s] k9ds ( x 9 ! imm$iate region ( ,p]gamus among ! relics ( ! olde/ ( ! cities 9 ! excavations at ,hiss>lik1 ! m\nd ( anci5t ,ilium1 ne> ,troas2 & a jade celt engrav$ ) ,gno/ic =mul 9 ,greek *>act]s is pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ri/y collection4 ,see art4 8,jade10 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #cda ,tr5*1 ,ep's to ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 pp4 #aghhj4 ,tr5*'s view1 h[ev]1 t ! ,urim & ,?ummim consi/$ ( a s+le /one is n correct1 ?\gh 8 int]pretation ( ?is passage is z usual v sugge/ive4 ,see art4 8,urim & ,?ummim0 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #cdb ,see ,tr5*1 ,/u>t1 ,plumm]1 ,lee1 ,scott1 & o!rs4 ,lange says concisely1 8,two mean+s atta*$ to ! :ite /one among ! ,greeks1 viz4 acquittal 9 judgm5t1 & ! aw>d ( "s rank or dignity40 ,lange's 7,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #aba74 ,swete says 8,! :ite /one is ! pl$ge ( ! div9e favor :i* c>ries ) x su* intimate k ( ,god & ,*ri/ z only ! possessor c compreh5d40 7,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #dj74 #cdc ,see art4 8,signet10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #cdd ,hilpre*t1 ,s4 ,s4 ,times1 ,sept4 #aj1 #aijd1 art4 8,babylonian ,life 9 ! ,"t ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah40 #cde ,weizsck] ?9ks ! new "n is 8! ( ,john's ,gospel0 7,apo/4 ,age1 vol4 ,,ii p4 #aga72 b by 8new0 is m likely meant a hi!rto unkn[n "n4 ,/ev5s int]prets x z 8a symbol = ! ,messiah10 7,!ol4 ( ,new ,te/41 p4 #edj74 ,on ! o!r h& ,scott says1 8,a new "n /&s = a new "*40 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #adc72 & ,ramsay reg>ds x z 8p]haps an allusion to ! cu/om ( tak+ new & secret baptismal names10 7art4 8,p]gamus10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib472 also ,d/]dieck ?9ks t ! "n applies to ! ,*ri/ian 7,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #adh72 & ,swete holds ! same view 7,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #dj74 8,:ite0 & 8new0 z ,tr5* po9ts out1 are 8keywords0 9 ! ,apocalypse 7,ep's to ,sev5 ,*'s1 p4 #agb74 #cdf ,ramsay expla9s1 8,!re _h be5 a ,jewi% colony plant$ 9 ,?yatira1 & a hybrid sort ( wor%ip _h be5 develop$1 half ,jewi%1 half pagan1 :i* is call$ 9 ,revelation ! woman ,jezebel10 7,paul ! ,trav4 & ,rom4 ,cit41 p4 #bae74 ,scott ?9ks x 8mo/ probable t ! ref]5ce is to "s wellkn[n & influ5tial woman )9 ! *ur* at ,?yatira1 ^: influ5ce on ! ,*ri/ian community 0 p>allel to t ( ,jezebel ^u ,ahab--a self/yl$ prophetess1 ^: tea*+ & example 7 alike de/ructive ( ,*ri/ian morality10 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #adg74 ,s*r] also holds t ,jezebel d5ot$ a def9ite woman1 7,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 art4 8,?yatira074 ,plumm] f9ds 9 ! "n a unity ( symbolism ) o!r p>ts ( ! book1 ?us1 8,jezebel anticipates ! h>lot ( *4 #ag1 z ,balaam anticipates ! false prophet ( *4 #ac0 7,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ff74 #cdg ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #db4 #cdh 8,to become acqua9t$ ) #8! dep?s1' 7i4 e4 ! deep ?+s ( div9ity1 z !y w\ld say--call$ "h #8! deep ?+s ( ,satan' 9 irony7 0 an ess5tial pret5se ( ! ,gno/ics40 ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #aeb4 #cdi 8,i w grant him to see ! ,morn+/>04 ,m(fatt1 ,new ,trans4 ( ,new ,te/4 #cej 8,! ^w us$ is a #8?ief1' & n a #8robb]1' %[+ t secrecy1 n viol5ce1 is ! po9t ( ! similitude40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ajh4 #cea 8,! ^w #8:ite' 771 except+ 9 ,mat4 #e4cf & ,jn4 #d4ce1 is 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t always us$ ( heav5ly purity & brightness10 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #aji4 #ceb ,! 8book ( life0 is m5tion$ sev5 times 9 ! ,revelation1 an indication ( ! place x occupi$ 9 ! writ]'s ?\ght4 #cec ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ,sev5 ,*'s1 pp4 #cgggh4 #ced ,milligan1 ,int]nat4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #dh4 #cee ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #acf4 #cef ,ramsay1 art4 8,s>dis10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #ceg ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #ec2 & ,ramsay1 art4 8,philadelphia10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #ceh ,b\sset's inf]5ce is sc>cely ju/ifiable3--8,x is ! tone ( imm$iate expectation ( ! end2 ! la/ great /ruggle ?r\gh\t ! :ole inhabit$ _w is at h&2 ! /orm is draw+ ne>2 already ! se] beholds ! lightn+ fla%04 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 pp4 #aecd74 ,swete also int]prets simil>ly1 z ref]r+ to 8! tr\bl\s times :i* prec$e ! ,p>\sia10 & adds1 8,?is f9al sift+ ( mank9d 0 ne> at h&40 7,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #ee74 #cei ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #aac2 ,wordswor?1 quot$ 9 ,bib4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #edg4 #cfj ,ramsay1 art4 8,philadelphia10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 & 8 ,lett]s to ,sev5 ,*'s41 p4 #djj4 #cfa 8,! ^w #8,am5' is "h us$ z a prop] "n ( our ,"l2 & ?is is ! only in/ance ( su* an application4444 ,! #8fai?ful & true witness' is an amplification ( ! ,am504 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #aadae4 #cfb 8,! orig9 ( ,god's creation40 ,m(fatt1 ,new ,translation ( ,new ,te/am5t4 #cfc 8,laodicea 0 ! "o fam\s m$ical c5tre 9 ,phrygia4444 ,! description ( ! m$ic9e "h m5tion$ is obscur$ by a mi/ranslation4 ,x 0 n an o9tm5t b a kollyrium1 :i* _h ! =m ( small cyl9d]s comp\nd$ ( v>i\s +r$i5ts1 & 0 us$ ei!r by simple application or by r$uction to a p[d] to be sme>$ on ! "p40 ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ,sev5 ,*'s41 p4 #dbi4 #cfd ,see art4 8,laodicea0 by ,ramsay1 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 & ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 pp4 #fab4 #cfe ,see ,app'x ,f1 8,! ,lit]>y ,/ructure ( ! ,apocalypse40 #cff ,see ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 art4 8,/ones1 ,preci\s20 also ! sep>ate arts4 9 ! same "w on ! names ( preci\s /ones :i* we f9d 9 ! ,revelation4 ,plumm] reg>ds ! jasp]1 :i* is fur!r describ$ 9 *4 #ba3aa z be+ 8cle> z cry/al10 to be ! mod]n diamond1 :ile ,*eyne ?9ks x ! opal1 & ,scott id5tifies ! s>dius ) our c>nelian4 #cfg ,! ,a4 ,v4 reads1 8!re 0 a sea ( glass02 ! ,r4 ,v4 r5d]s1 8z x 7 a glassy sea02 & ! ,am4 ,r4 ,v4 gives1 8z x 7 a sea ( glass40 ,! ,revis]s evid5tly reg>d$ ! phrase z a figurative way ( describ+ ! quiet ( ! sea4 ,al=d1 h[ev]1 & ,swete int]pret lit]ally z 8a sea ( glass40 #cfh ,cf4 ,faussett1 ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #fbe4 #cfi ,see ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #afd4 #cgj ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ade2 ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #fh4 #cga 8,?r\gh\t ! vision no pa/ t5se is us$4 ,! vision repres5ts ! wor%ip ( heav5 7s f> z x c be pres5t$ to human und]/&+7 z x cont9ues et]nally40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ade4 #cgb ,bleek1 ,lect4 on ,apoc41 p4 #aii2 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ade4 #cgc ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #afc4 #cgd ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #afc4 #cge ,= ,bleek's view ( ! arrangem5t see notes on 8,! ,lamb 9 ! ,mid/ ( ! ,?rone10 "u *4 #e3fh;a4 #cgf 8,no "o c au?oritatively affirm t creat$ be+s ( a l[] ord] ?an man w n 9 "s s5se %>e 9 ! future life40 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge1 unpubli%$ ,classroom ,lectures4 #cgg ,see 9 ,am4 ,r4 ,v41 ,i ,sam4 #d3d2 ,,ii ,sam4 #f3b2 ,,ii ,ki4 #a3iae2 ,i ,*r4 #ac3f2 ,ps4 #hj3a1 #ii3a2 ,isa4 #cg3af2 ,ezek4 #aj3abj4 #cgh ,fairbairn reg>ds ! *]ubim z typify+ 8,e>?'s liv+ creaturehood1 especially man1 its rational & immortal head04 ,see 8 ,typology1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #abebjh4 ,plumm] simil>ly int]prets ! liv+ be+s z symbolical ( all animal life1 & sugge/s t ! human face ( ! *]ubim repres5ts 8humanity z di/9ct f ! *ur* 7:i* is repres5t$ by ! f\r & tw5ty eld]s71 & appe>s to indicate ! p[] ( ,god to use = 8 purposes & 8 glory t "p ( mank9d :i* has n be5 receiv$ into ! *ur*40 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #adf4 ,also see art4 8,*]ubim10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 & = an apocalyptic description ( ! *]ubim1 ,bk4 ( ,eno* 7ed4 ,*>les71 #ad3aa1 #ah2 #bj3g2 #fa3aj2 #gf3g4 #cgi ,/u>t1 ,com4 on ,apoc41 p4 #eae2 also cf4 ,d/]dieck1 & ,plumm]4 ,o!r def9itions1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 /atem5t1 h a g5]al simil>ity4 ,= example1 8,! ,book ( ,de/9y0 7,bacon1 ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bhd72 8,! ,book ( ,doom0 7,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev4 p4 #chb72 8,! ,book ( ,hi/ory0 7,temple ,bib41 ,intr4 to ,rev41 p4 xxxvii72 or1 bett] /ill1 8,! ,book ( ,god's ,c\nsels0 7,lee1 ,bib4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #efc74 ,faussett1 foll[+ ,de ,burgh1 makes ! book 8,! ,titlede$ ( ,man's ,inh]itance ,r$eem$ by ,*ri/0 7,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #fjb74 ,seiss accepts ?is int]pretation & expla9s fur!r by ref]5ce to ,jewi% cu/oms ( l& t5ure 7,lects4 on ,apoc41 vol4 i1 p4 #bff;f474 ,! def9ition pref]r$ 9 ! pres5t volume is 8,! ,book ( ,god's ,plan = ! ,ages40 #chj 8,a ,roman w1 :5 writt51 _h to be seal$ sev5 times 9 ord] to au!nticate x1 & "s h argu$ t ?is expla9s ! symbolism "h0 7,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev4 p4 #chc72 b ?is sugge/ion is ( d\btful value :5 ! ,hebrew use ( sev5 0 s well e/abli%$4 #cha ,see ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #bjg4 #chb 8,! ability to op5 0 a consequ5ce ( a =m] act ( victory1 viz4 ! r$emption40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #afd4 #chc 8,! k+%ip ( ,*ri/ is m cle>ly set =? 9 ! ,revelation ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh n 9 any s+le text1 b by ! repres5tations ( ! book ?r\gh\t10 ,riddle1 unpubli%$ ,classroom ,lectures on ,revelation4 ,also see ,pfleid]]1 ,influ5ce ( ,paul on ,*ri/ianity 7,hibb]t ,lect41 #ahhe71 p4 #acj4 #chd 8,john look$ to see a lion & beheld a ,lamb10 ! *ange ( symbol seem+ to indicate t 8! might ( ,*ri/ is ! p[] ( love40 ,see ,/ev5s1 ,new ,te/4 ,!ol41 p4 #edb4 8,! "n :i* mo/ expresses :at ,*ri/ is to ! ,*ri/ian is ! #8,lamb4' 0 8,?is is us$ tw5tyn9e times 9 ! book40 ,port]1 art4 ,rev41 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 8,?is is a dramatic way ( express+ ! tru? t ! effici5t factor ( hi/ory is g5tl5ess40 ,dean1 ,book ( ,revelation1 p4 #ajc4 #che ,see ,bleek's ,lect4 on ,apoc41 p4 #bjj;f4 #chf ,cf4 ,bisp+1 quot$ by ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #afg4 #chg 8,?is description ( ! glorifi$ ,"l1 sublime z a purely m5tal conception1 becomes intol]able if we give x outw>d =m & expression40 7,tr5*1 ,ep's to ,sev5 ,*'s1 p4 #fd74 ,9 fact1 8,no sc5e 9 ! great ,*ri/ian ,apocalypse c be successfully reproduc$ ^u canvas2 ! imag]y 444 is symbolic & n pictorial10 7,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 ,intr41 p4 cxxxiv47 8,symbolism does n appeal to ! pictorial s5se at all1 b r to "s analytic faculty1 or conv5tional association ( ideas40 7,m\lton1 ,bib4 ,idyls1 ,intr4 p4 xx74 ,! incongruity ( _m ( _! symbols f ! ae/hetic po9t ( view does n seem to h occurr$ to ! ,hebrew m9d1 = ) !m ! religi\s idea 0 pr$om9ant4 ,_m ( ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,revelation are manife/ly impossible except 9 a vision4 #chh 8,"h we h ! ideas ( *4 #a4 #e repeat$ 7i4 e4 ( ! love & r$emption ( ,*ri/7 ) ! fur!r ?\ght t love l t display$ 9 ,*ri/'s dea? = man's r$emption is wor?y n only ( all praise1 b ( hav+ all ! future committ$ to its c>e4 ,x is really a pictorial way ( say+ t r$eem+ love is ! la/ reality 9 ! univ]se :i* all praise mu/ exalt & to :i* ev]y?+ else mu/ be subord9ate40 ,d5ney1 ,dea? ( ,*ri/1 p4 #bdf4 #chi ,m\lton's ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,psa4 vol4 i1 ,intr41 p4 xxxiif4 #cij ,! call is mo/ naturally und]/ood z a call = ! vision to appe>4 ,simcox s int]prets3 8,ea* ( ! liv+ creatures by turns summons "o ( ! horsem540 7,cambr4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 p4 #he72 ,scott1 also1 holds ! same view 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #agf72 & ,m(fatt1 pref]s x 7,new ,trans4 ,new ,te/41 footnote74 ,plumm]1 h[ev]1 says ! call is address$ to ,john1--p]haps a m common view2 on ! o!r h& ,al=d1 ,milligan1 & ,swete1 say ! call is to ,*ri/ to come4 ,! view t ! call is address$ to ! rid] is m likely correct1 ?\gh ! int]pretation ( ! seals is n mat]ially affect$ by ! view we may take ( ?is "p ( ! symbolism4 ,9 any case1 8,ea* liv+ be+ invites att5tion to ! revelation ( ! future ( t creation ( :i* !y are all repres5tatives40 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ahe4 #cia 8,conqu]+1 & t he may conqu]4 ,?is is ! key to ! :ole vision4 ,only ( ,*ri/ & 8 k+dom c x be said t x is to conqu] 444 only ( ,*ri/'s k+dom %all !re be no end40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ahd4 #cib ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #agi2 also see ,momms5's ,prov9ces ( ,rom4 ,emp41 vol4 ii1 p4 #a 7note71 ,swete reg>ds ! fir/ seal z 8a picture ( triumphant milit>ism40 ,apoc4 ,/4 ,john1 p4 #hd4 #cic 8,:ite is always typical 9 ! ,revelation ( heav5ly ?+s10 ,plumm]1 7,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ahc74 8,if any o!r ?an our ,"l is he t goes =? conqu]+ & to conqu]1 !n1 ?\gh ! subsequ5t int]pretation may h occasional po9ts ( contact ) tru? 444 ! true key ( ! book is lo/40 7,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #bdi74 #cid ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ahe4 ,= a diff]5t int]pretation see ,milligan1 ,expos4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #ia4 #cie 8,a *o5ix ( :eat = a d5>ius c4 ,! *o5ix appe>s to h be5 ! food allott$ to "o man = a day2 :ile ! d5>ius 0 ! pay ( a soldi] or ( a common labor] = "o day40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ahe4 #cif ,! oil & ! w9e are int]pret$ by "s 7z ,wordswor?1 & ,milligan7 to mean spiritual food :i* w n be lack+ 9 "t ( fam9e2 b ?is op9ion is n su/a9$ by any?+ 9 ! text4 ,swete und]/&s ! vision to =bid fam9e prices1 & to ref] only to relative h>d%ips--an unusual view4 #cig ,x is d\btless true1 z po9t$ out by ,ramsay1 t accord+ to ! usual cu/om 9 celebrat+ a triumph 8! ,roman g5]als 7 borne 9 a f\rhorse c>0 7,lett]s to ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 p4 #eh74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h be5 necess>ily or always ! case1 & ev5 :5 s1 ! horses 7 :ite4 ,cf4 ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #hd2 & ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #agg4 #cih ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,god is "h describ$ 7v4 #aj7 z an absolute rul]1 a ^w imply+ ! div9e might & au?ority1 :i* occurs b once 9 ! ,apocalypse1 & :i* is translat$ 8,"l0 9 ! ,a4 ,v41 & 8,ma/]0 9 ! ,r4 ,v4 ,?is t]m1 x %\ld be und]/ood1 is 8/rictly ! correlative ( slave1 1 & h5ce d5otes absolute own]%ip & uncontroll$ p[]40 7,?ay]'s ,gr4,eng4 ,lex4 ,new ,te/47 ,9 its pres5t use 8x w\ld seem to convey ! idea ( p]sonal relation%ip1 z ,paul speaks ( himself z ! slave ( ,*ri/ 7740 7,/rong1 art4 8,john1 ,apo/le10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib47 #cii ,= an int]e/+ p>allel passage 9 ,apocalyptic lit]ature see ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 #i4gah1 :]e ! sa9ts1 z "h1 receive a prelim9>y rew>d2 also1 ,bk ( ,eno*1 #bb3e;f1 :]e ! voice ( ! spirits ( ! *ildr5 ( m5 :o 7 dead 8p5etrat$ to heav5 & compla9$40 #djj 8,! day ( ! ,"l0 is a notable phrase 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & %\ld receive our c>eful att5tion1 ?\gh x only occurs twice 9 ! ,apocalypse 7*4 #f3ad2 #af3ad74 ,z ,davidson int]prets x1 8,! day ( ! ,"l is an es*atological idea2 ! phrase !re=e _c be r5d]$ #8a day ( ! ,"l1' z if any great calamity or judgm5t felt to be imp5d+ might be s nam$3 ! day is t ( f9al & univ]sal judgm5t40 7,see art4 8,es*atol4 ( ,old ,te/402 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib474 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be appli$ too /rictly2 = :ile x is cle> t ! f9al day is usually ! ?\ght 9 m9d1 yet ?r\gh long & cont9u\s use ! phrase 8! day ( ! ,"l0 seems to h acquir$ a wid] application1 & to h be5 appli$ to any /rik+ crisis 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 ea* day ( ! ,"l be+1 h[ev]1 a type ( ! f9al & great day4 7,see ,rawl9son1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,isa41 p4 #bbh74 #dja ,cf4 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #abd4 #djb ,see ,app'x ,g1 8,apoc4 ,lit40 #djc ,! view "h giv51 limit+ ! cont5ts ( ! sev5? seal to ! fir/ v]se ( ! eigh? *apt]1 is ^u ! :ole ! pref]able "o 7,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bbi2 ,wordswor?1 ,! ,apoc41 p4 #aee2 & ,vaughan1 ,lect4 on ,rev41 pp4 #bjde71 ?\gh x is disput$ on exegetical gr\nds by ,d/]dieck & o!rs 7,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev4 p4 #bfa;f474 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t x is amply su/a9$ by a broad view ( ! context4 ,?is v]se 7*4 #h3a7 might well h be5 includ$ 9 *apt] sev51 at ! close ( ! episode ( ! seal$ ones :]e x prop]ly belongs4 #djd ,lee1 ,bib4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #eie4 #dje ,riddle1 unpubli%$ ,classroom ,lect4 on ,rev4 #djf 8,?ree k9ds ( significance appe> to be atta*$ to seal+ 9 ! ,scriptures1 viz4 7#a7 to au!nticate2 7#b7 to ass]t own]%ip2 & 7#c7 to assure safety4 ,! significance ( seal+ 9 ,revelation seems to comb9e bo? ! latt] ideas40 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #aia74 ,possibly all s5ses ( ! t]m may be "h includ$1 :i* gives a v =cible mean+4 ,9 ,*>les' view ! seal+ 9 ,revelation is to secure ! s]vants ( ,god aga9/ ! attacks ( demonic p[]s1 or aga9/ ! ,anti*ri/4 ,see 8 ,/udies 9 ,apoc41 p4 #acj4 #djg ,! omission ( ! tribe ( ,dan 9 ! enum]ation ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel has be5 acc\nt$ = 9 v>i\s ways2 b mo/ likely x occurr$ z sugge/$ by ,ewald by an error ( transcription1 ,,man1 7! abbreviat$ =m ( ,manasses7 be+ sub/itut$ = 1 ! correct read+4 ,9 favor ( ?is sugge/ion is ! fact t ! correct ord] ( bir? ( ! sons ( ,jacob w\ld !reby be foll[$1 except t ,joseph is plac$ be=e ,reub5 because ( ! prom95t place he occupies z ! ance/or ( our ,"l4 ,see ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #bjgh4 #djh ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #cidf2 ,jli*]1 ,new ,te/41 ,intr41 pp4 #bhgh2 & ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #aib4 #dji 8,p]haps no passage 9 ! ,apocalypse has _h s wide an influ5ce on popul> es*atology40 ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #ih4 #daj ,= a l passage :]e ! seal$ we> :ite g>m5ts1 see ,,ii ,esdr4 #b4cddb4 #daa ,z ,tr5*1 foll[$ by ,milligan4 #dab ,faussett1 ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #fje2 also ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 pp4 #bdbej1 :o aptly says1 8,! numb] #add1jjj !re 7v4 #ah7 al?\gh n lit]al b s*ematic1 furni%es ! idea ( num]ability1 :ile "h 7v4 #i7 ! innum]ability ( ! great multitude is especially emphasiz$40 #dac ,z ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev4 p4 #bjg1 :o says1 8,"h1 z else:]e1 x is ! spiritual ,israel :i* is signifi$40 #dad 8,sav$ by our ,god1 :o is seat$ on ! ?rone1 & by ! ,lamb60 ,m(fatt1 ,new ,trans4 ( ,new ,te/4 #dae 8,:]e an explanation is made ( visions :i* ref] to ! *ur*1 ! active "p is tak5 by ! eld]s1 :ile angels introduce visions ( :i* ! signification is unexpla9$40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bji4 #daf 8,^! v]ses 7v4 #af1 #ag7 are full ( rem9isc5ces ( ! ,o4 ,t4 ,p]haps !re is no passage 9 ! :ole ( lit]ature t s comb9es simplicity ( language & sublimity ( ?\ght z ^! two v]ses40 ,dean1 ,book ( ,revelation1 p4 #aai4 #dag ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #ajj2 ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #aie4 #dah ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bcj4 #dai ,= ! fir/ view see ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bch2 = ! second view see ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 pp4 #bfde2 also ,lange1 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #bjd4 #dbj ,vaughan1 ,lect4 on ,rev41 p4 #bjg2 & ,/u>t1 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #efd1 :]e !y are describ$ z 8pres5ceangels20 also cf4 ,tobit1 #ab3ae1 8,i am ,raphael1 "o ( ! sev5 holy angels :o pres5t ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts1 & :o g 9 & out be=e ! glory ( ! ,holy ,"o02 & ,bk ( ,eno*1 #ia3ba1 8,& ! ,"l call$ ^? sev5 fir/ :ite ones1 etc40 ,^! in/ances s]ve to %[ h[ ! ,apocalypse ( ,john reflects ! curr5t usage ( ,apocalyptic lit]ature 9 8 "t4 #dba ,cf4 ,i ,!ss4 #d3af2 ,i ,cor4 #ae3eb2 & ,,ii ,esdr4 #f4bj1 #be4 #dbb ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cih2 also comp>e ) *4 #ad3g1 :]e ^! t]ms are app>5tly us$ z ! sum ( creation4 #dbc ,cf4 ,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 #d1 ,rev41 p4 #fch4 #dbd ,cf4 ,hos4 #h3a2 ,hab4 #a3h2 & ,apoc4 ( ,b>4 #gg4aibb4 #dbe ,cf4 *4 #bj3ab2 also see arts4 8,abyss01 & 8,pit01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 & ,bk ( ,eno*1 #ba3aj2 & #ah3aa4 #dbf ,"s f9d 9 ?is "n a ref]5ce to ,apollo1 ! pagan deity1 & po9t out t ! locu/ 0 "o ( ! symbols ( 8 cult1 c]ta9ly a curi\s co9cid5ce1 b app>5tly n any?+ m ?an a co9cid5ce4 ,see ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bjh4 #dbg 8,! balance ( au?ority seems 9 favor ( reta9+ #8f\r1' al?\gh ! ,revis]s omit x4 ,! alt> ( inc5se _h f\r horns project+ at ! corn]s40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bfe4 #dbh ,light is ?r[n ^u ^! p]plex+ figures by a passage 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra quot$ by ,b\sset3 8,& a voice 0 he>d3 let ^! f\r k+s be loos$ :i* are b\nd beside ! great riv] ,euphrates1 :i* %all de/roy a ?ird "p ( mank9d4 ,& !y 7 loos$1 & !re 0 a great commotion40 ,also 9 ! ,bk ( ,eno* 7#ef3e71 8,! angels ga!r !mselves toge!r1 & turn ea/w>d to ! ,p>?ians & ,m$es1 & /ir up _! k+s10 z ! f\r angels d "h4 ,john's conception is ?us se5 to be a reflection ( exi/+ apocalyptic mat]ial4 ,see ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bjh4 #dbi ,see ,bible ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #fag4 #dcj 8,! ma/] ?\ght ( ! :ole ,revelation40 ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 ,intr4 p4 xxvi4 8,! realization ( ! k+dom ( ,god 444 is ! end 9 ! light ( :i* ,god's purpose 9 ,*ri/ is to be read40 ,orr1 art4 8,k+dom ( ,god04 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #dca ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bbf2 also cf4 ,,ii ,macc41 #b4ah2 & ,apoc4 ,b>41 #f4gaj4 #dcb 8,! episodes are int]pos$ to give u an insight into ! inn] aspects ( ! life ( ! *ur* 9 ! mid/ ( p]secution & di/ress40 ,ball5t9e1 ,mod4 ,am4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bge4 #dcc ,cf4 ,plumm] & ,al=d4 #dcd ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #baf4 #dce ,"s1 z ,milligan1 take ?is angel = ,*ri/ himself2 b 8?r\gh\t ! book angels are ev]y:]e di/9ct f ! div9e p]sons01 7,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #fdi7--;a g5]al rule t is nev] deviat$ f & %\ld n be =gott54 8,9 no passage ( ! book is our ,"l repres5t$ "u ! =m ( an angel01 7,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bca74 #dcf 8,! ,jews 7 accu/om$ to call ?und] ! sev5 voices1 & to reg>d x z ! voice ( ! ,"l40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bgd2 also cf4 ,ps4 #bi3c;f2 #gg3ah2 & #ajd3g4 #dcg ,humphries1 accept+ ! mod]n composite view1 says1 8,! eat+ ( ! little book rec\nt$ 9 * x4 #aj sugge/s t borr[+ f a previ\s s\rce is to be look$ = 9 :at imm$iately foll[s40 ,/ ,john & ,o!r ,new ,te/4 ,tea*]s1 p4 #if4 #dch ,see comm5t>ies ( ,we/cott1 ,reynolds1 & o!rs on ! ,gospel ( ,john4 #dci ,see ,?ay]'s ,lex4 ,new ,te/4 ,greek = ! di/9ction betwe5 ! use ( & 2 also art4 8,temple01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 at ! beg9n+4 ,! ^w 1 x w be notic$1 is nev] us$ 9 ! ,apocalypse4 #ddj ,plumm] ?9ks t ! heav5ly temple is indicat$1 because 8n[h]e else 9 ! book d ,j]usalem & ! temple signify ! e>?ly places01--a view t des]ves weighty consid]ation4 #dda 8,! out] c\rt ( ! temple 0 ! addition ( ,h]od4444 ,! ,g5tiles might come !re1 ?\gh !y might n pass into :at 0 especially ! temple1 & :i* 0 sacr$ to ,israelites only4 ,& s x repres5ts "h all ^? out]c\rt wor%ipp]s1 ^? mix$ multitudes :i* are f\nd associat$ ) ,god's true p ev]y:]e--( !m1 b n truly belong+ to !m40 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #cjjja4 #ddb ,/u>t1 ,com4 on ,apoc41 p4 #eij2 & ,lange1 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #bbc1 :o some:at diff]5tly reg>ds ?is z a picture ( 8! inn] & out] *ur*01 a ?\ght t may p]haps be includ$2 also see ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bhh1 :o says1 8,! temple is "h us$ figuratively ( ! fai?ful portion ( ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ 444 plac$ 9 anti!sis to ! out] c\rt1 ! fai?less portion ( ! visible *ur*1 :i* is giv5 ov] to ! ,g5tiles--! type ( all t is worldly40 ,scott1 ,p>4 ,v]4 ( ,rev41 p4 #cc says1 8,! inn] %r9e alone ( ! h\se ( ,god is truly 81 & abides =ev]02 & ,ball5t9e1 ,mod4 ,am4 ,bib41 foll[+ ,bp4 ,c>p5t]1 says1 8,z ,j]usalem & ,babylon 444 s "h ! ,temple & ! c\rt ( ! ,temple are symbols4 ,! gospel has elevat$ ! hi/ory & places ( ! pa/ into a gr& allegory4 ,x has brea!d into _! dead names ! life ( an ev]pres5t symbolism40 #ddc ,see ,momms5's ,prov4 ( ,rom4 ,emp41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #badag1 note4 #ddd ,on ! return ( ! ,jews to ,pale/9e1 expect$ by _m z a fulfilm5t ( prophecy1 see ! v satisfactory rem>ks ( ,davidson1 art4 8,es*atology01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 vol4 i1 pp4 #gcgh4 #dde ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bhi2 ,faussett1 ,j4 ,f4 ,b41 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #fac2 ,wordswor?1 ,! ,apoc41 lect4 viii2 & o!rs4 #ddf ,cf4 *4 #a3ab;f1 :]e ! sev5 c&le/icks are ! sev5 *ur*es4 #ddg ,see ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bhi;f1 :o is rem>kably cle> on ?is passage4 #ddh 8,! two m>tyrs repres5t ! m>tyr *ur* z %>+ ! royal prie/hood ( ! ,messiah1 & z end[$ ) ! gifts ( prophecy & miraclework+ l ! prophets ( old10 ,briggs1 ,mess4 ( ,apo/41 p4 #cah4 #ddi ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #bia2 ,bib4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #fci2 ,v9c5t1 ,^w ,/ud4 9 ,new ,te/41 #a c42 also ,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #ffa4 #dej ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bcd4 #dea ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #caj4 #deb ,9 a footnote ( ! ,revis$ ,d\ay ,v]sion1 h[ev]1 ! int]pretation !re giv5 is1 8,! *ur* ( ,god4 ,x may also1 by allusion1 be appli$ to our bless$ ,lady0--an int]pretation to :i* no objection c prop]ly be made4 #dec 8,?is ?reefold description 7i4 e4 #8! ,old ,s]p5t1 he t is call$ ! ,devil1 & ,satan'7 ga!rs up ! primitive1 ! prophetic1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t conception ( ! supreme ,p[] ( ,evil40 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bcj4 #ded ,see ,?ay]'s ,gr4 ,lex4 ( ,new ,te/4 #dee ,see ,f>r>1 ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #ebg2 & ,/u>t1 ,com4 on ,apoc41 pp4 #fbgh4 #def ,faussett1 ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #fai2 & ,maurice1 ,! ,apoc41 p4 #aha4 #deg ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cab2 ,wordswor?1 ,lect4 on ,apoc41 p4 #bjj1 8,/ ,john n[ rev]ts to an e>li] p]iod40 #deh ,lee says1 8,v]ses t5 & elev5 commemorate by anticipation ! victory ( believ]s40 ,bib4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ffb2 ,plumm]1 favor+ a simil> view1 sugge/s t1 8,! song ( ! heav5ly voices may be int5d$ to end ) ! ^w #8,*ri/' 7v4 #aj71 & ! foll[+ passages may be ! words ( ! writ] ( ! ,apocalypse1 & may ref] to ! e>?ly m>tyrs40 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cab4 #dei ,bleek1 ,lect4 on ,apoc41 p4 #bfh2 ,/u>t1 ,com4 on ,apoc41 p4 #fbc4 #dfj ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cab4 #dfa ,*>les1 art4 8,bk ( ,secrets ( ,eno*01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 8,! und]ly+ conception "h probably is t ! ,dragon & 8 angels attempt$ to /orm ! highe/ heav51 & 9 ! end 7 ca/ out ( heav5 altoge!r40 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bcj4 #dfb ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lect's41 7#ahhg71 p4 #ajb4 #dfc ,gunkel1 ,s*opfung und ,*aos1 #ahie4 #dfd ,port]1 art4 8,rev41 ,book (01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #dfe 8,to read ! ideas ( ,rev4 xii into ! scatt]$ ,babylonian allusions1 9 ord] to get ! ,m>duk my?1 is too fragm5t>y to be reli$ ^u z a basis = su* a !ory20 ,m(fatt1 ,! ,expositor1 ,m>41 '#ji1 art4 8,wellhaus5 & ,o!rs on ! ,apoc40 ,= a /atem5t ( ,gunkel's traditionhi/orical view see art4 8,rev40 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 also art4 8,apoc4 & ,rec5t ,criticism01 ,b>ton1 ,am4 ,j\rn4 ( ,!ol41 ,oct4 '#ih4 ,delitzs* 9 8 fir/ lecture on ,babel & ! ,bible 7#aijb7 reg>ds all ref]5ces to ! ,dragon 9 ,scriptures z e*oes ( ,babylonian my?ology4 ,davidson 9 art4 8,angel01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 reg>ds su* passages conta9+ acc\nts ( conflicts betwe5 ,god & o!r p[]ful be+s z 8rem9isc5ces ( ,cosmic or ,creation my?s40 #dff ,m(fatt supports ! read+1 8,i /ood0 7,a4 ,v471 & 9 ?is view he is support$ by ,ramsay4 #dfg ,see ,apoc4 ( ,b>u*1 #bi4d & ,,ii ,esdr4 #f4di4 #dfh ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bba4 #dfi ,d/]dieck1 ,plumm]1 ,faussett1 & _m o!rs4 ,milligan is especially cle> 9 8 exposition ( ?is passage1 ,int]nat4 ,com41 vol4 iv1 p4 #aje4 #dgj ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cca4 #dga ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #ccab4 #dgb ,scott makes ! sea out ( :i* ! fir/ ,bea/ em]ges to be 8! ,m$it]ranean1 f beyond :i* ! empire ( ,rome rose be=e ! eyes ( ! ,jews02 & ! e>? to be ! doma9 ( 8! ,roman empire1 f :i* came ! prie/s ( ,caes>wor%ip--a prie/hood native born01 :i* con/itut$ ! second ,bea/4 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 pp4 #bce & #bci74 ,plumm] says1 8,! sea is ! type ( in/ability1 confusion1 & commotion1 frequ5tly signify+ ! ungov]nable nations ( ! _w 9 opposition to ! *ur* ( ,god4444 ,! o!r bea/ p]ta9s to ! e>?1 ?us divid+ ! :ole _w betwe5 !m40 7,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #ccj & #ccd74 #dgc ,cf4 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #cdadc2 ,faussett1 ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,com4 on ,rev41 pp4 #fba2 & ,vaughan1 ,lect4 on ,rev41 p4 #cdb2 also ,bp4 ( ,ripon's 8,excur4 on ,rev401 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #ehbhe4 #dgd ,! id5tity ( ! ,second ,bea/ ) ! ,false ,prophet ( *s4 #af3ac1 & #ai3bj1 c sc>cely be d\bt$ :5 bo? contexts are consid]$1 ?\gh "s hi/orical int]pret]s h id5tifi$ ! ,false ,prophet ) ,mohamm$1 ! false prophet ( ,islam1 app>5tly )\t any special reason except t ,mohamm$ is ! mo/ not$ ( all ! false prophets ( hi/ory1 :]eas ! ,false ,prophet 9 ,revelation is ! repres5tative ( all false religions 9 all "t1 an admirable symbol4 #dge ,we %\ld n =get ! great lesson ( hi/ory "h emphasiz$1 t ! natural religions ( m5 are always int]tw9$ ) ! civil p[] 9 hea!n l&s2 &1 also1 h[ (t5 9 ! pa/1 ev5 9 ,*ri/ian nations1 ! pr(ess$ fai? 9 ,*ri/ has be5 inwr\ght to its great undo+ ) ! au?ority ( ! nation4 #dgf ,salmond1 ,hi/4 ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bde2 ,b\sset1 ,bib4 ,encyc41 art4 8,apoc042 also ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bci4 #dgg ,! fir/ is ,al=d's view1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 pp4 #fgegi2 ! second is ,m\lton's ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 pp4 #bjgji4 #dgh ,= a fur!r discussion ( ! symbolism ( ! ,second ,bea/ see notes on * #ag4 #dgi ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ccf4 #dhj 8,philo reproa*$ ,jewi% apo/ates = all[+ !mselves to be br&$ ) ! signs ( idols0 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #aia71 an allusion evid5tly to ! same practice z t ref]r$ to "h 9 ,revelation1 & %[+ t ! language us$ is some?+ m ?an m]ely a figure ( spee*4 #dha 8,9 apocalyptic writ+s ! int]pretation1 if add$1 is only a less obscure =m ( ! enigma1 & n a solution ( x04 ,s*r]1 ,hi/4 ,jewi% ,peop41 "p ,,ii1 vol4 iii1 p4 #dg4 #dhb 8,x is difficult to und]/& :y all ?is my/]y %\ld be ab\t ! "n ( a dead emp]or :o 0 no favorite ) ,jew or ,roman1 or :y ! "n %\ld be writt5 9 ,hebrew = ! ,*ri/ians ( ,asia1 or h[ s prom95t a "n %\ld s soon be =gott51 especially 9 view ( ! expectation ( 8 return1 :i* obta9$ s long40 7,dean1 ,book ( ,revelation1 p4 #aea474 #dhc ,see ,salmon1 ,hi/4 ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bc,(42 also ,milligan1 ,expos4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bce2 & ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ccg4 ,f>r>'s int]pretation 7foll[+ ,reuss1 ,hitzig1 & o!rs7 is ,n]on ,kes>1 us+ ,hebrew lett]s 9 ! spell+ & omitt+ mo/ ( ! v[els1 z foll[s 7see ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #edj71 viz3-- ,n#ej ,r#bjj ,o#f ,n#ej ,n7,e7,,ron#cjf ,k#ajj ,s#fj ,r#bjj ,k7,e7,s7,a7,r#cfj ,?is int]pretation is ! "o n[ g5]ally accept$ by ! advanc$ s*ool ( comm5tators 9 ! pres5t day4 ,on ! o!r h& if ! la/ lett] ( ! "n 7,n7 be dropp$ we h ! value ( #faf1 :i* is ! alt]nate read+ 9 "s manuscripts4 ,m\lton1 h[ev]1 says ! numb] conta9s 8probably a tempor>y allusion ( :i* ! po9t is n[ lo/0 t gave a clue to ! g5]al significance1 viz4 8_wreligion & sup]/ition 9 contradi/9ction to _w=ce40 7,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bji74 8,! nonid5tification ( ,n]o ) ! #fff by any e>ly writ] is significant40 7,c[an1 art4 8,n]o01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib474 8,surely n #8,n]o ,kais>1' b #8,a%hur,ramman'60 ,*eyne1 ,fre% ,voyages on ,unfrequ5t$ ,wat]s1 p4 #aga--aiad74 #dhd ,port]1 art4 8,rev41 ,bk4 (10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #dhe ,foll[+ ! ,hebrew cu/om ( (f]+ ! fir/ fruits to ,god1 ! t]m is probably us$ 9 ?is figure z ! symbol ( t :i* is giv5 to ,god1 ?\gh x may possibly ref] to ^? :o %>e 9 ! fir/ resurrection4 #dhf 8 #8virg9s1' is a ^w equally applicable to m5 or wom510 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cdg2 also ,swete reg>ds ! ^w 8virg9s0 z a metaphor = purity1 z mo/ int]pret]s2 cf4 ,?ay]'s ,gr4 ,lex4 ( ,new ,te/41 = ! second>y use ( ! t]m4 ,x is evid5t t ! phrase 8,^! are !y t 7 n defil$ ) wom50--or 8among wom50--may prop]ly be int]pret$ z apply+ to m5 :o 7 n s defil$1 ?\gh x "h app>5tly repres5ts a class1 :e!r m5 or wom51 :o are decl>$ to be free f impurity1 a phrase t 9 su* a book z ! ,apocalypse is m likely to ref] to t :i* is spiritual ?an to t :i* is physical4 ,al=d1 h[ev]1 7,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #fhe71 & ,m(fatt1 also1 7,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 v1 p4 #dcf71 bo? int]pret lit]ally z 8virg9s40 #dhg 8,! writ] is controv]t+ a fe> t at ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah ^? :o surviv$ on e>? w\ld h "s advantage ov] ^? :o _h already di$4444 ,john1 h[ev]1 does n %>e ! curr5t pessimi/ic belief t dea? 0 pref]able to life 444 b affirms t if dea? came 9 ! l9e ( religi\s duty x involv$ no deprivation40 ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 pp4 #dcidj4 #dhh 8,9 ,jewi% ,apocalyptic writ+s ev] s9ce ,daniel1 a ,son ( ,man _h be5 spok5 ( :o w\ld come to judge ! _w 9 ! cl\ds ( heav510 7,pfleid]]1 ,hibb]t ,lect4 7#ahhe71 p4 #cd4 ,an e>ly messianic int]pretation 0 giv5 to ! t]m1 app>5tly because ( its fitness1 ?\gh 9 ,daniel's vision 8! son ( man10 a figure 9 human =m1 is und]/ood by mo/ late int]pret]s to be us$ z a symbol ( ,israel1 ^: high] qualities are set 9 contra/ ) ! f\r bea/s1 & its messianic use is believ$ to h aris5 lat]1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 soon aft] t p]iod4 ,= an in/ructive discussion ( ?is famili> title1 8! ,son ( ,man01 s difficult to adequately int]pret1 see ,*>les' edition ( ! ,bk4 ( ,eno*1 app'x ,b2 also art4 8,son ( ,man0 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 & ,s&ay's art4 8,jesus ,*ri/0 9 ! same2 toge!r ) art4 8,son ( ,man0 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,*r4 & ,gosp4 #dhi 8,ano!r angel2 i4 e4 9 addition to ^? already m5tion$1 & n imply+ t he :o sat on ! cl\d 0 an angel01 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cej4 #dij ,= ! fir/ view see ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cej2 ,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #fia;f2 & ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #ahg4 ,= ! second view see ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bej2 & ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 pp4 #ddadb4 #dia ,cf4 ,bk4 ( ,eno*1 #ajj4c4 #dib ,m\lton's ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #baj4 #dic ,see ,intr4 to ,johan4 ,b'ks41 ,temple ,bib4 #did ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #c4 #die 8,! :ole ( ,god's wra? 9 f9al judgm5t is n exhau/$ by ^! vials1 b only ! :ole ( 8 wra? 9 s5d+ plagues on ! e>? previ\s to ! judgm5t40 ,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #fic4 #dif ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #aih4 ,lange sugge/s t 8! cry/al sea may appe> z ?\gh illum9at$ & r$d5$ by ! fi]y gl>e ( ! ,ang] ,vials40 7,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #bij72 ,al=d ?9ks ! fire 9 ! sea is significant ( judgm5t1 7,gr4 ,te/41 vol iv1 p4 #fic72 & ,swete says1 8,! r$ gl[ ( ! sea spoke ( ! fire ?r\gh :i* ! m>tyrs _h pass$1 & yet m ( ! wra? ab\t to fall on ! _w :i* _h condemn$ !m40 7,apoc4 ( ,/ ,john1 p4 #aia74 #dig ,s ,d/]dieck1 ,faussett1 ,plumm]1 ,al=d1 & o!rs2 = ! ,greek preposition ) ! accusative1 see ,?ay]'s ,gr4 ,lex4 ( ,new ,te/4 ,swete1 h[ev]1 reg>d+ ! sea to be ( glass1 int]prets 8on ! sea itself1 :i* =ms ! solid pavem5t ( ! f9al approa* to ! ?rone10 7,apoc4 ( ,/ ,john1 p4 #aib71 a view :i* sc>cely accords ) our idea ( a sea4 #dih ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 pp4 #becd4 ,also see ,we/cott & ,hort 9 ,app'x to ,gr4 ,te/41 8,notes on ,select ,read+s10 p4 #aci1 :o favor ! ,revis]s' view 772 & ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #aie1 :o supports ! =m] read+ 774 #dii ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bed2 ,plumm] says1 8,! reason ( ! employm5t ( ! t]m #8vial1' or #8b[l1' is mo/ likely to be f\nd 9 ! expression #8cup ( ,god's ang]1' 9 *4 #ad4aj40 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cib4 #ejj ,! t]m 8! angel ( ! wat]s0 reflects ! apocalyptic /yle ( ?\ght1 = x is n unusual 9 apocalyptic writ+s to assign a presid+ _s to natural ph5om5a4 ,cf4 ,bk4 ( ,eno* 7ed4 ,*>les71 #fj4afba2 also ,intr4 to same1 p4 #cd4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 j z 9 o!r writ+s ( ! same class1 we f9d t 8angels are associat$ ) cosmic or elem5tal =ces z fire & wat] :i* !y direct40 ,davidson1 art4 8,angel10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 ,also cf4 *s4 #g3a2 #i3aa2 & #ad3ah2 9 connection ) #af3e4 #eja 8,a figure possibly drawn f ! action ( ,cyrus 9 div]t+ ! wat]s ( ! riv] :5 he took ! city ( ,babylon40 ,bib4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #gba4 #ejb ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #dai2 also ,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #gjj4 ,= a diff]5t view see ,milligan1 ,int]nat4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #abb2 & ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 p4 #cie4 #ejc 8,all is ov]04 ,m(fatt1 ,new ,trans4 ( ,new ,te/4 #ejd ,see ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 *4 #g1 :]e ! firmam5t is ! abode ( evil spirits2 also cf4 ,eph4 #b3b1 9 :i* ,satan is call$ 8! pr9ce ( ! p[] ( ! air10 app>5tly reflect+ ! ?\ght ( ! "t1 :i* reg>d$ ! air z ! abid+ place ( evil spirits4 #eje 8,e ,apocalyptic writ] pa9t$ ! f9al cata/rophe aft] ! model ( ! cata/rophes ( 8 day1 only on a va/] scale & ) deep5$ %ad[s40 ,h>nack1 art4 8,rev410 ,encyc4 ,brit42 also see ,assumption ( ,moses1 #aj4h4 #ejf ,tw5tie? ,c5t4 ,new ,te/4 9 ,mod]n ,engli%1 *4 #ae4a2 ! ,am4 ,r4 ,v4 reads1 8,9 !m is f9i%$ ! wra? ( ,god04 #ejg ,frogs :i* 7 unclean to ! ,hebrews become "h a fitt+ type ( unclean spirits4 #ejh ,see art4 8,h>,mag$on10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #eji ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #cif4 8,! f9al _wcombat40 ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bab4 ,see note on *4 #ai3aaba1 :]e ?is same ev5t is aga9 ref]r$ to4 #eaj ,see division made by ,purvis 9 art4 8,rev401 ,davis' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 also ! analysis giv5 9 ! introductory "p ( ,tw5t4 ,c5t4 ,new ,te/41 vol4 iii1 ,rev41 8,table ( ,cont5ts40 #eaa 8,! comp>ison ( ,rome to ,babylon und]lies mu* ( ,jewi% apocalyptic lit]ature40 ,*ase1 art4 8,babylon1 9 ,new ,te/401 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #eab ,plumm] gives a diff]5t idea ( ,babylon1 int]pret+ x z 8,! deg5]ate portion ( ! *ur* ( ,god 444 all ! fai?less ( ,god's *ur* 9 all "t01 an int]pretation t is n accept$ by mo/ comm5tators4 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #dac4 #eac ,see ,app'x ,a1 ,division ,v2 also 8,excur4 on ,rev40 by ,bp4 ( ,ripon1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ehb4 #ead 8,?is practice 0 cu/om>y ) h>lots0 7,juv41 8,sat401 vi4 #abc2 ,s5eca1 8,controv401 #a1 #b74 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #dae4 #eae 8,! ,city ( ! ,_w1 ! ideal conc5tration ( all ?is _w's spl5dor & weal? & might4444 ,! ,evil,_w,metropolis40 ,scott1 ,p>agraph4 ,v]4 ( ,rev41 pp4 #ab4 ,= a conv9c+ pres5tation ( ?is view1 see ,lee1 ,bib4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #gcdde4 8,! ,anti ,*ur*01--i4 e4 ! _w 9 anti!sis to ! *ur*1 ,seiss1 ,lect4 on ,apoc41 vol4 iii1 p4 #aab4 8,by ,babylon ! :ole ungodly1 anti *ri/ianiz$ _w is int5d$ 444 an ideal city1 embrac+ all ( anti*ri/ianity40 ,lange1 ,com4 on ,rev41 pp4 #bghcjc4 8,"u ?is "o "n 7,babylon7 444 ! :ole adv]se =ce is conc5trat$40 ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bab4 ,9 ?is view ( ! int]pretation :i* is adopt$ 9 ! pres5t volume1 ! ,h>lot is ! anti*ri/ian _w1 ! p]petual ,babylon4 #eaf ,= o!r views see ,pulp4 ,com41 ,j4 ,f4 ,b41 ,com4 on ,rev41 & ,int]nat4 ,com4 9 loco4 #eag ,z ) ,milligan & o!rs4 #eah ,?is description ( ! ,woman z 8! great ,h>lot t sitte? ^u _m wat]s0 is evid5tly tak5 f ! ,prophecy ( ,j]emiah 7,j]4 #ea3ac71 :]e ! _m wat]s ref] to ! _m canals ( ,babylon4 ,"h ! phrase is us$ figuratively1 ref]r+ to ! 8_m peoples0 7v4 #ae7 t are subject to ,babylon 9 ! ,apocalypse1 & af=ds a good example ( ! ,apocalyptic use ( ,old ,te/am5t symbols 9 a s5se t is some:at diff]5t f _! orig9al mean+4 #eai ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #dag2 ,faussett1 ,j4 ,f4 ,b41 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #fcj2 & _m o!rs4 ,?is is ! common view ) ! symboli/ int]pret]s4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! id5tification ( ! p>ticul> k+s or k+doms t 7 fir/ 9 m9d 9 ?is symbolism1--= !re probably 7 su*1--is n important2 ! special ?\ght is t ( all k+doms 9 all "t4 #ebj 8,! abs5ce ( ! article be=e #8eigh?1' %[s t ?is is n ! eigh? 9 a successive s]ies1 9 :i* ! k+s already m5tion$ =m ! fir/ sev540 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #dag4 #eba 8,! ,bea/ is ! sum total ( :at has be5 describ$ "u ! =m ( five k+s1 !n "o k+1 & !n "o k+ aga940 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #daf;f4 8,?is eigh? is ! ,bea/ himself 9 actual embodim5t4 ,he is --n #8"o ( ! sev5'1 b ! successor & result ( ! sev51 foll[+ & spr++ out ( !m40 ,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv4 p4 #gaa4 ,also1 see ,milligan1 ,int]nat4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #abgh4 ,to reg>d ! ,bea/ t is 8an eigh?10 &1 ( ! sev51 z a ref]5ce to ,n]o is an anomal\s int]pretation t is )\t p>allel 9 ! book1 & _c1 !re=e1 be su/a9$4 #ebb 8,"o h\r d5otes #8a %ort "t' 7i4 e4 a "t t is relatively %ort 9 ! measure ( et]nity74 ,! ,bible 9 ?is way con/antly describes ! p]iod ( ! _w's exi/5ce1 especially t p]iod :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! "t ( ! writ] & ! judgm5tday 7cf4 ,rom4 #af3bj2 ,i ,cor4 #g3bi2 & ,rev4 #f3aa2 #ab3ab2 #bb3bj1 etc4740 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #dag4 #ebc ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #dag4 #ebd ,see art4 8,rev401 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 vol4 iv4 pp4 #begh4 #ebe ,cf4 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ccc4 #ebf ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bab4 #ebg 8,rome nev] has be51 & f its v position nev] c\ld be a great comm]cial city40 ,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #gah4 ,by ! univ]sal nature ( ! figures employ$ x is evid5t to mo/ read]s1 t 8! :ole passage po9ts n to any s+le city1 at any "o s+le p]iod1 b to ! ,_w,city ?r\gh\t all "t40 ,lee1 ,bib4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #ggj4 #ebh ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #dcb4 #ebi ,see ,*ase1 art4 8,pet] 7,simon701 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #ecj ,x is to be regrett$ t ! ,hebrew ^w 8,hallelujah0 is n us$ 9 our ,revis$ ,v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z x is us$ 9 ! ,new1 in/ead ( ! translation 8,praise ye ,jehovah10 especially z x occurs 9 ! ,book ( ,psalms :]e its use is s fitt+4 ,x is n[ a wellkn[n ,engli% ^w1 & is entitl$ to a place 9 our ,scriptures1 l ! ,hebrew ^w 8,jehovah0 :i* is recogniz$ by all4 #eca 8,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t we h 9 ?is incid5t 7:i* is repeat$ 9 *4 #bb4h7 a prote/ aga9/ ! incipi5t wor%ip ( angels :i* 0 creep+ into ! *ur*40 ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bge4 #ecb 8,! book is fill$ ) e*oes ( prophecy--my/ic words ?r\gh :i* break memories ( ! pa/--t only atta9 _! full significance ?r\gh ! m p]fect tea*+s ( ,*ri/40 ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib4 #ecc 8,! te/imony ( ,jesus is ! sum ( ! revelation made by him1 ! hold+ ( :i* is s (t5 9 ?is book ! signmanual ( ! sa9ts4444 ,t deposit ( tru? r ?an d5y :i* ,*ri/ians 7 prep>$ to die4444 ,! te/imony ( ,jesus ?us becomes 9 turn ! burd5 ( 8 s]vants' te/imony40 ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bge;f4 #ecd ,davidson1 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 art4 8,es*atology40 #ece 8,! ,^w0 z a "n = ,jesus "h introduc$1 ?\gh x occurs b once 9 ! book1 is us$ else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only by ,john 7,jn4 #a3a & #a3ad2 ,i ,jn4 #a3a71 & seems to po9t to ! ,johann9e au?or%ip ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ us$ ! ,greek t]m 8,! ,^w01 z a "n = a class ( phantasmal be+s :om !y reg>d$ z exi/+ betwe5 ,god & man1 & ?r\gh :om ,god 0 suppos$ to speak2 = to _! ?\ght1 ,god 0 s exalt$ & transc5d5t t he c\ld n speak directly to m54 ,b ,john uses 8,! ,^w0 z a p]sonal "n = ,jesus :o is bo? ,god & man1 & ?r\gh :om ,god has inde$ spok51 ?us br++ ,god ne> to m5 & reveal+ 8 tru? & love4 ,john took _! own t]m & gave x a new application & a real mean+1 & !reby furni%$ a new ?\ght ( ,*ri/ z ! reveal] ( ,god4 ,cf4 ,?ay]'s ,gr4 ,lex4 ( ,new ,te/42 & ,burton & ,ma!ws' ,life ( ,*ri/1 pp4 #agah4 #ecf 8,john takes u to ! unse5 & heav5ly side ( ?+s1 & we see ! ho/s ( ,god m>%all+ !mselves 9 def5ce ( ,8 weak & p]secut$ p1 ,god ,himself /&+ )9 ! %ad[1 #8,keep+ wat* above ,8 own'40 ,humphries1 ,/4 ,john & ,o!r ,tea*]s1 p4 #aje4 #ecg 8,! ^w ( ,messiah's m\? is ! sole weapon ( 8 victory40 ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 p4 #dfh4 #ech ,bib4 ,com41 p4 #fjg4 #eci ,= a /rong confirmation ( ?is op9ion see ,/ev5s1 ,new ,te/4 ,!ol41 p4 #eee2 also1 support+ ! same view1 ,r4 ,d4 ,wilson 9 unpubli%$ ,pr9ceton ,classroom ,lectures4 #edj ,! fact ( ! resurrection is con/antly emphasiz$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b x is entirely unnecess>y = u to inquire into ! mann] ( ! resurrection = t is n[h]e reveal$4 ,x is q en\gh = u to "k t !re w be a resurrection1 & t ! new body w be a spiritual body4 #eda 8,^? :o reject ! idea ( a physical resurrection are oblig$ !re=e to ?9k ( a resurrection f hades to heav51 tak+ place at ! close ( ! m>tyr age1 & introduc+ ^? :o are ?us specially honor$ into a /ate ( heav5ly bless$ness1 :i* cont9ues till ! close ( human hi/ory40 ,br[n1 art4 8,mill5nium01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 ref]r+ to ,briggs' view 9 ,mess4 ( ,apo/41 p4 #ceg4 #edb ,= ! use ( ) ! g5itive1 see ,?ay]'s ,greek,engli% ,lex4 ( ,new ,te/4 #edc 8,if ! twelve hundr$ & sixty days symbolize ! duration ( ! triumph ( hea!nism1 ! ?\s& ye>s z cle>ly symbolize ! duration ( ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity01 ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #bfc4 #edd ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge 9 unpubli%$ ,classroom ,lectures4 #ede ,= a m complete /atem5t ( ! premill5nial view see ,faussett1 ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,com4 on ,rev42 ,seiss1 ,lect4 on ,apoc42 & ,al=d's ,gr4 ,te/41 9 loco4 #edf ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xx1 #gi4 ,= ! preval5t symboli/ view see ,milligan1 ,expos4 ,bib41 & ,int]nat4 ,com42 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com42 & ,lee1 ,bib4 ,com4 ,aga9/ ?is view x is ably cont5d$ t 8! int]pretation ( a symbolic resurrection 7z t ( ,israel 9 ,ezekiel71 or ( a spiritual resurrection 7z 9 reg5]ation71 is r5d]$ unt5able by ! explicit ref]5ce to ! m>tyrs 7cf4 *4 #f4iaa1 & #ai4i740 ,br[n art4 8,mill5nium10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #edg ,a c>eful /udy ( ?is view1 ev5 :5 pres5t$ by s em95t a comm5tator z ,plumm]1 w conv9ce mo/ read]s t x fails to prop]ly satisfy ! /atem5ts ( ! text4 #edh ,see ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 pp4 #dfcd2 & ,br[n art4 8,mill5nium01 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 also1 mo/ late au?orities4 #edi ,purves1 art4 8,rev401 ,davis' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #eej ,salmond1 art4 8,es*atol4 ( ,new ,te/401 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #eea ,cf4 ,,ii ,esdr4 #g4bhcb2 & ,bk4 ( ,eno*1 #iaajd2 also ! ,slavonic ,eno*1 89 :i* occurs ! fir/ m5tion ( ! mill5nium01 7,*>les74 #eeb 8,! ,talmud has no fix$ doctr9e on ?is po9t1 b ! view mo/ frequ5tly express$ !re is t ! messianic k+dom w la/ = a ?\s& ye>s3 e4 g4 #8,9 six days ,god creat$ ! _w1 on ! sev5? he re/$4 ,b ! day ( ,god is equal to a ?\s& ye>s 7,ps4 #ij3d74 ,h5ce ! _w w la/ = six ?\s& ye>s ( toil & labor2 !n w come a ?\s& ye>s ( ,sabba? re/ = ! p ( ,god 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah4' ,?is idea mu/ h already be5 v common 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/40 ,h>nack1 art4 8,mill5nium01 ,encyc4 ,britan4 #eec ,fairbairn ,on ,prophecy1 p4 #de,(42 also ,gloag's ,intr4 to ,johan4 ,writ+s1 *4 on 8,mill5nium02 ,/u>t1 ,com4 on ,apoc41 pp4 #gjbjc2 & _m o!r au?orities4 #eed 8,t ! _w's hi/ory w t]m9ate 9 ! culm9ation ( evil1 becomes f ! "t ( ,daniel a p]man5t factor 9 ,jewi% ,apocalyptic40 ,*>les1 ,es*atology1 p4 #aba4 #eee 8,jewi% tradition makes use ( ^! names to indicate ^? nations :i* are expect$ to w> aga9/ ,j]usalem 9 ! la/ days & to be ov]?r[n by ! ,messiah40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 p4 #dgc4 8,9 lat] ,apocalyptic lit]ature ^! are conv5tional symbols = ! _w ho/ile to ,israel1 or to ! p ( ,god40 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bhd4 #eef 8,! :ole del9eation is symbolic1 & embodies spiritual tru?s "u mat]ial emblems40 ,plumptre1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,ezek41 vol4 ii1 p4 #cjf4 8,! ,invasion ( ,gog1 a disc\rse ( ,ezekiel :i* /&s by itself1 is n to be int]pret$ z a specific pr$iction ( an hi/orical ev5t1 nor on ! o!r h& z m]ely a p>able2 b "u ! typical names ( ,gog1 ,me%e*1 & ,tubal1--sugge/ive ( ! dimly kn[n conf9es ( ! e>?--are sugge/$ ho/ile =ces h[ev] di/9ct1 :i* aft] ! _m days ( a future h[ev] prolong$1 may be mass$ 9 opposition to a purifi$ p only to fall 9 ! holy soil by a de/ruction f on high1 & to tr\ble ,israel ) no m ?an a notable bury+40 ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,ezek41 ,intr41 p4 xiii4 ,also cf4 ,plumptre1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,ezek41 *s4 #chci2 & ,fairbairn1 ,ezek4 & ,book ( 8 ,prophecy4 #eeg ,see ,bleek1 ,lect4 on ,apoc41 p4 #cci3 also ,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 ,rev41 p4 #gcb1 :o is v cle> & conv9c+ z to ! lit]al nature ( bo? resurrections2 & ,/u>t1 ,com4 on ,apoc41 pp4 #gjdaj1 ) ,excur4 vi 9 same volume4 #eeh ,see ,salmond1 art4 8,es*atology ( ,new ,te/402 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib42 & ,b]n>d1 art4 8,resurrection0 9 same "w4 #eei ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bhb4 ,9 fact ?is view1 9 "s =m1 f9ds a place ) _m mod]n int]pret]s :o d n accept ! usual symbolic int]pretation ( ! book4 ,al=d ) 8 accu/om$ vigor has well said1 8,if 9 su* a passage ! fir/ resurrection may be und]/ood to mean spiritual ris+ ) ,*ri/1 :ile ! second means lit]al ris+ f ! grave1 !n !re is an end to all significance 9 language1 & ,scripture is wip$ out z a def9ite te/imony to any?+40 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv4 p4 #gcb4 #efj 8,no "p ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has be5 s inadequately develop$ by ! *ur* z t p]ta9+ to ,es*atology40 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge 9 unpubli%$ ,classroom ,lectures4 #efa 8,!re is a /]n simplicity ab\t ! :ole description1 & j en\gh pictorial detail is giv5 to make ! passage morally sugge/ive40 ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 p4 #dgg4 ,= ,apocalyptic conceptions ( ! judgm5t1 see ,bk4 ( ,eno*1 #ea4a;f42 #ia4ae;f42 ,,ii ,esdr4 #g4cb;f42 & ,te/4 ( ,,xii ,patri>*s1 ,judah #be1 ,b5jam9 #aj4 #efb ,see ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #afe2 also ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #aea1 :o says1 8,?is idea ( a book kept 9 heav5 plays a great "p 9 ,jewi% ,apocalyptic lit]ature1 9 :i* x is develop$ to include ! de$s z well z ! names ( ,god's p 9 ! heav5ly record40 ,! passage be=e u1 h[ev]1 evid5tly keeps ! two sep>ate1 = ! book ( life is di/+ui%$ f ! books ( record1 & is m5tion$ sev5 times 9 ! ,revelation1 indicat+ t x held an important place 9 ! ,apocalypti/'s ?\ght4 #efc ,! "t ( ! ,end is ,god's secret1 b ! fact ( ! ,end is cle>ly reveal$ z ! po9t t[>d :i* all hi/ory t5ds4 #efd ,al=d places *4 #ba3abb3e subsequ5t to ! mill5nium & ! f9al judgm5t1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #gcf2 & ,faussett1 :o also holds ! premill5nial view1 aptly says1 8,n[ is ! *ur*3 9 ! mill5nium w be ! k+dom2 & aft] t ! new _w :]e9 ,god %all be all 9 all04 ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #fdj4 #efe 8,! biblical doctr9e ( salvation rea*es its climax 9 ! conception ( ! r$emption ( ! univ]se40 ,br[n1 art4 8,salvation10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 8,! fact t ! heav5s & ! e>? "h spok5 ( are new1 does n imply t !y are n[ fir/ br\ght into be+4 ,!y may be ! old heav5s & ! old e>?2 b !y h a new aspect & a new "* adapt$ to a new end40 ,milligan1 ,expos4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #cfb2 also ,int]nat4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #aea4 #eff 8,! description ( ! heav5ly city is probably ! mo/ magnific5t passage 9 all ,apocalyptic lit]ature4444 ,x is an ideal pictorially describ$1 a symbolic picture ( ! bett] day se5 9 prophetic vision1 & *]i%$ ) p]si/5t hope & tru/40 ,/ev5s1 ,new ,te/4 ,!ol41 p4 #efb4 8,! ,revelator us$ a r$eem$ city to symbolize heav5--! ,k+dom fully come40 ,/rong1 ,*all5ge ( ! ,city1 p4 #aii4 ,t heav5 z an actual city is1 ( c\rse1 only a dream ( ! balde/ realism4 #efg ,m\lton1 ,mod4 ,read4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bae4 #efh 8,! plural #8peoples' seems to po9t to ! ca?olic nature ( ! ,new ,j]usalem1 :i* embraces _m nations 7cf4 v4 #bd740 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #eaj4 #efi ,! idea ( a ,new ,j]usalem com+ d[n f heav5 is a famili> "o 9 ,jewi% ,apocalypses4 ,cf4 ,bk4 ( ,eno*1 #ij4bh1 & #bi1 note by ,*>les2 also ,,ii ,esdr4 #g4bf2 & ,apoc4 ( ,b>4 #cb4b4 #egj ,z ,milligan1 ,expos4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #cfh2 ,scott1 h[ev]1 says1 8,?\gh describ$ z a city1 x is really ! figure ( a p1 & ! #8condition localiz$' 9 :i* !y dwell40 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #bhg4 #ega 8,he t ov]come? %all inh]it ^! ?+s 7v4 #f71 i4 e4 ! promises j enum]at$4 ,^! words %[ ! reason = ! words ( v]4 #f2 & may be call$ ! text on :i* ! ,apocalypse is bas$2 = ?\gh ! words !mselves d n (t5 recur1 yet ! _s ( !m is con/antly appe>+40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #eaa4 #egb ,see ,reynolds1 art4 8,john ! ,apo/410 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 :o says1 8,! speak] is n[1 probably = ! fir/ "t 9 ! book1 ,god himself20 also see ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #bge4 #egc ,v]ses #aaba describe ! ext]ior1 & v]ses #bbbg describe ! int]ior ( ! city1 :ile v]se #bb;f4*4 #bb3e fur!r describe ! life ( ! city4 #egd 8,^! /ones are n arrang$ 9 ! same ord] z 9 ! brea/plate ( ! highprie/4 ,in/ead ( ?is ,/4 ,john has mo/ +5i\sly dispos$ !m accord+ to ! v>i\s %ades ( ! same color 444 %[+ a te*nical k & a m9ute acqua9tance ) ! nice/ %ades ( color ( preci\s /ones only possess$ by p]sons ) a practical k ( _! nature40 ,k+'s ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,prec4 ,/ones1 quot$ 9 ,bib4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #hcb4 #ege 8#ab1jjj furlongs or /adia am\nt+ to #acgh ,engli% miles04 ,dean1 ,book ( ,rev41 p4 #ahe4 #egf ,= ! fir/ view see ,al=d1 ,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #gda1 = ! second view ,milligan1 ,int]nat4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #aed4 #egg 8,a cube 0 symbolical ( p]fection to a ,jew z a circle is to ourselves40 ,m(fatt1 ,expos4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 p4 #dhc4 #egh ,see ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,bib41 art4 8,babylon02 & ,swete1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #bhe4 #egi 8,life 9 ea* case is 1 ! vital pr9ciple :i* man %>es ) ,god4 n 1 ! life :i* he %>es ) 8 fell[m540 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #eb4 #ehj 8,9 ! old ,p>adise !re 0 b "o su* tree1 9 ! new "o !re are _m40 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #big4 ,= a simil> idea1 n ( twelve crops ( fruit b ( twelve trees ) div]s fruits = ,israel1 see ,,ii ,esdr4 #b4ah4 #eha 8,by ori5tal usage1 no condemn$ or crim9al p]son 0 all[$ to look on ! k+'s face0 7,e/h4 #g3h74 ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 p4 #dhh4 #ehb 8,! :ole mean+ & value ( ! ,new ,j]usalem lies 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god ) m5 :i* x gu>antees40 ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 p4 #dhj4 #ehc ,d/]dieck1 ,mey]'s ,com4 on ,rev41 p4 #dij2 & ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #edf4 8,! ,revelation is begun 7*4 #a4agbj7 & end$ 7*4 #bb4af7 by ,*ri/ himself2 b ! ma9 portion is conduct$ by means ( 8 angel40 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #b4 #ehd 8,9 ! sev5? v]se1 ) ! affirmation ,behold1 ,i come quickly1 ! n>ration passes into ! words ( ,*ri/ himself1 j z 9 v]4 #ab & *4 xi4 #c40 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #edf4 #ehe 8,! pres5t era1 :i* is #8a day ( salvation'1 is s ne>ly at an end t !re is h>dly room = *ange4444 ,! pr9ciple :i* und]lies ! :ole v]se 7v4 #aa7 applies only to ! mom5t be=e ! ,judgm5t breaks1 ! po9t :5 ! ,bridegroom comes & ! door is %ut1 :5 *oice is seal$ & opportunity ends10 ,scott1 ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #cjj;f4 #ehf 8,all hi/ory f ! r$emptive po9t ( view is summ$ up 9 ! ?ree s5t5ces1 ,he is com+1 ,he has come1 ,he w come aga940 ,ottley1 art4 8,inc>nation40 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #ehg 8,:5 ,*ri/ claims ?is title = himself1 x is pla9ly ann\nc$ t ! revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 9 :at he 0 & :at he did1 is ! key to ! issues ( human life4 ,*ri/ianity is f9al40 ,ross1 art4 8,fir/ & ,la/40 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,*r4 & ,gosp4 8,! fir/ title is symbolical2 ! second is borr[$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ! ?ird is philosophical4 ,! s5se is1 #8,i am ,he f :om all ,be+ has proce$$1 & to :om x w return2--! primal ,cause & f9al ,aim ( all hi/ory2--,:o h creat$ ! _w1 & ,:o w p]fect x4' 0 ,lee1 ,bib4 ,com4 ,rev41 p4 #hdj4 ,also cf4 ! view ( ,bacon1 art4 8,alpha & ,omega10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,*r4 & ,gosp4 #ehh 8,! ,apocalypse ?us closes1 z x began 7*4 #a4ef71 ) a note ( r++ emphasis ^u ! et]nal significance ( ,*ri/ 9 ! div9e plan & purpose40 ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 p4 #dia4 #ehi ,al=d says1 8,! spee* passes into ! words ( ,*ri/ report$ by ! angel40 7,gr4 ,te/41 vol4 iv1 p4 #gdf74 ,scott h[ev]1 may be "r 9 8 comm5t on v]se sixte5 7,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #cjb71 :5 he says1 8,! figure :i* has be5 beh9d ! angel f ! beg9n+ ( ! visions 7*4 #a4acag7 444 n[ /eps =?1 z x 71 to au!nticate ! angel's te/imony40 ,swete says1 8,n[ at l5g? ,*ri/ speaks 9 8 human p]sonal "n0 7,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #cje74 ,plumm]'s comm5t is made ) app>5t res]ve1 8,! words are spok5 z by ,*ri/ himself0 7,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #edg71 ?\gh else:]e he says m def9itely1 8,! ,revelation is begun & end$ by ,*ri/ himself0 7,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #b74 #eij ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #edg4 #eia ,plumm] says1 8,^! words are be/ und]/ood z utt]$ by ! writ]40 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #edg2 9 ,swete's op9ion 8,x is ! answ] ( ! *ur* to ! voice ( ,john 9 v]se twelve40 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john41 p4 #cjf2 ,milligan sugge/s t ! fir/ clause is ! answ] ( ! *ur* mov$ by ! ,_s1 ! second is ! words ( ,john1 & ! latt] half is ,*ri/ himself speak+--8an int]*ange ( ?\ght & feel+ betwe5 ,jesus & 8 *ur*0 ,int]nat4 ,com41 ,rev41 pp4 #afjafa4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ 9 ! context t implies a *ange ( speak]4 #eib 8,?is is ! fulfilm5t ( ! duty laid ^u ,/4 ,john 9 *4 #a4a1 n an ann\ncem5t ( our ,"l himself01 ,plumm]1 ,pulp4 ,com41 ,rev41 p4 #edh4 ,swete1 h[ev]1 reg>ds ^! z ! words ( ,jesus himself1 ,apoc4 ( ,/4 ,john1 p4 #cjg4 #eic 8,x becomes a s]i\s evil :5 ! magnific5t confid5ce & c]ta9ty ( ,/ ,john z to ! spe$y accompli%m5t ( all ^! ?+s is di/ort$ into a decl>ation ( ! imm$iate com+ ( ! ,"l & ! end ( ! _w4 ,"t 0 n an elem5t 9 8 anticipation4 ,he 0 gaz+ ^u ! et]nal1 9 :i* "t has no exi/5ce40 ,ramsay1 ,lett]s to ,sev5 ,*'s1 p4 #aac4 #eid ,new ,c5t4 ,bib41 ,rev41 p4 #cjd4 #eie ,= a li/ ( au?orities on ,apocalyptic see note "u head+ ( 8,! ,=m10 9 ! ,introduction to ?is volume4 ,at ?is po9t ! au?or feels con/ra9$ to say t ! acc\nt ( ,apocalyptic ,lit]ature "h giv5 reflects s l>gely ! op9ions ( o!rs t x mu/ be reg>d$1 l mu* else 9 ! book1 z an ef=t to pres5t concisely & 9 8 own way ! be/ t has be5 said ^u ! subject by _m o!rs :o are m qualifi$ to speak4 #eif ,bacon1 ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #bcb4 #eig 8,x has be5 too readily assum$ t ^! books are :olly )\t #8evid5ces ( ! ,div9e ,_s lead+ on to ,*ri/4' 0 ,fairwea!r1 art4 8,developm5t ( ,doctr4 9 ,apoc4 ,p]iod410 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 vol4 #e4 #eih ,jli*]1 ,intr4 to ,new ,te/41 p4 #eb4 #eii 8,! fundam5tal idea is ! moral "o 444 ! basis ( ! religi\s is e?ical40 ,see art4 8,es*atol40 by ,davidson4 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #fjj 8,if we c\ld grasp ! und]ly+ fai?s t h clo!d !mselves 9 ^! /range =ms1 fai? 9 ! k+%ip ( ,god1 & ! sure triumph ( good ov] evil1 & ! heav5ly bless$ness ( ^? :o hold to ,god's side amid :atev] %ame & abuse & 9 ! face ( dea?2 if ?r\gh ! peculi> imag]y & obscure symbolism ( ! books we c\ld feel ! p[] ( ! unse5 _w & ga9 a fre% s5se ( its reality1 !n ?is use1 call x lit]>y1 or call x devotional1 w\ld be ! be/ use to :i* ! books c\ld be put1 & ev5 mo/ 9 accordance ) ! highe/ mood & real purpose ( _! writ]s40 ,port]1 ,mess4 ( ,apoc4 ,writ]s1 ,pref41 p4 xiii4 #fja 8,9 ?is weird _w ( fantasy1 peopl$ by a ri* ,ori5tal imag9ation ) spectral %apes & unc\? figures1 :]e angels flit1 eagles & alt>s speak1 & mon/]s rise f sea & l&--9 a _w ( ?is k9d _m ,asiatic ,*ri/ians ( t age evid5tly 7 at home1 & !re ! prophet's message _h to f9d !m40 ,m(fatt1 ,exp4 ,gr4 ,te/41 ,rev41 ,intr41 p4 #cja4 #fjb ,see art4 8,developm5t ( ,doctr9e 9 ! ,apocryphal ,p]iod10 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib41 vol4 #e2 also art4 8,zoroa/]ism0 by ,m\lton1 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,bib4 #fjc ,z5os1 art4 8,apoc4 ,lit410 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,*ri/ & ! ,gospels4 #fjd 8,! deus ex ma*9a1 an abnormal & effectual int]position ( ,god1 is an ess5tial feature ( an apocalypse40 ,humphries1 ,/ ,john & ,o!r ,tea*]s1 p4 #ib4