,hymnological ,/udies                   
by                            ,,mat!w   
,n4 ,,lundqui/                          
,a4,m41 ,mus4 ,doc4                     
,,w>tburg ,,publi%+ ,,h\se              
,*icago                                 
,,preface      ,?is humble little "w is 
! outcome ( p]sonal int]e/ & "s  lecture
 "w 9 ! field ( ,hymnology4 ,i tru/ t   
?is little volume  w be ( "s value1     
especially to fell[ ,lu!ran organi/s &  
*oir  directors4 ,= fur!r /udy ! /ud5t  
is ref]r$ to ,john ,julian's  great     
8,diction>y ( ,hymnology0 & ,b5son's 8,!
 ,engli% ,hymn10 z well  z works by     
,duffield1 ,bre$1 ,n9de1 & o!rs4 ,e     
organi/ & *oir  director ought to read  
8,! ,hymn z ,lit]ature0 by ,j]emiah     
,bascom  ,reeves4                       
,,mat!w ,n4 ,,lundqui/      ,janu>y1    
#aibf    ,w>tburg ,college    ,cl9ton1  
,i[a                                    
,,cont5ts        ,i4 ,,! ,,hymnody ,,(  
,,! ,,lu!ran ,,*ur*                     
#a        ,religi\s ,"* 7,biblical &    

,congregational7                 #a     
,poetical ,quality 7,lyrical ,beauty7   
#h    ,,ii4 ,,! ,,lu!ran ,,hymn ,,book  
#ae        ,arrangem5ts ( ,hymns 9 !    
,hymnal                              #ae
        ,dogmatic ,me?od ( ,arrangem5t  
#ae        ,liturgical ,me?od (         
,arrangem5t                             
#ae        ,,g5]al ,,survey ,,( ,,!     
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur*       
,,hymns      #ai    ,,iii4 ,,e>ly       
,,*ri/ian ,,hymnody                     
#ai        ,e>ly ,greek ,hymns          
#bj        ,e>ly ,lat9 ,hymns           
#bb    ,,iv4 ,,m$iaeval ,,*ri/ian       
,,hymnody                               
#bg        ,m$iaeval ,lat9 ,hymns       
#bh        ,m$iaeval ,g]man ,hymns      
#cb        ,m$iaeval ,sc&9avian ,hymnody
                                   #cd  
,! ,sequ5ces                            
#ce        ,/4 ,gall                    
#cf    ,v4 ,,lu!ran ,,hymnology         
#ci        ,m>t9 ,lu!r                  
#da        ,g]man ,lu!ran ,hymnody      

#dd        ,sc&9avian ,lu!ran ,hymnody  
#ej        ,am]ican ,lu!ran ,hymnody    
#ed        ,conclusion                  
#fa                                     
,,add5da        ,re=m$ ,*ur* ,song      
#fi        ,a ,li/ ( ,hymni/s           
#ga                                     
,,section ,i                     ,,!    
,,hymnody ,,( ,,! ,,lu!ran ,,*ur*       
,! hymnody ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* is ! body (
 sacr$ songs sung by  ! ,*ur*4 ,^! songs
 may be /udi$ 9 _! tw(old aspect2 z to  
_! religi\s & z to _! poetical "*2 !y   
are *ur*  hymns & also sacr$ poems4     
7,! ,lu!ran *ur* hymns h be5 call$      
psalms4 ,accord+ to old  l+ui/ic usage1 
psalm is ! same ?+ z sacr$ or religi\s  
song1  n song 9 g5]al4 ,9 secul> ,greek 
! ^w psalm does n mean song1  b x ref]s 
m p>ticul>ly to ! ability or te*nique 9 
play+  ^u /r+$ in/rum5ts--! ,greek ^w   
8psalmos0 means to play a  /r+$         
in/rum5t4 ,by psalm we mean a sacr$ song
 or lyric1 z ( !  ,old ,te/am5t ,book ( 
,psalms2 a hymn47                       

,,! ,,religi\s ,,"*    ,) respect to !  
religi\s "* ( ! ,lu!ran *ur* hymns1 x   
mu/ be q cle> t if ^! hymns h gr[n up   
out ( ! soil (  ! ,*ur*1 if !y are      
expressions ( ! _s ( ! ,*ur*1 !n  !y    
ought to reflect q fai?fully ! nature & 
peculi>ities (  ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur*1 !    
,communion ( ,sa9ts1 :]e ! ,gospel is   
prea*$ 9 its purity & :]e ! ,sacram5ts  
are adm9i/]$  accord+ to ! tea*+s ( !   
,gospel1 may be consid]$ p>tly )  reg>d 
to ! unique religi\s life-cont5t1 :i* is
 communicat$ to  ! fai?ful ?r\gh ! ,^w &
 ! ,sacram5ts & :i* n only  unites !m to
 ,*ri/1 ! ,head ( ! ,*ur*1 b also unites
 !m )  "o ano!r2 p>tly ) reg>d to h]    
nature z a congregation1 a  communion or
 community 9 ext]nal =m ) *>act]i/ic    
expressions  & ord] ( life4 ,! same     
tw(old po9t ( view arises 9 our /udy (  
! *ur* hymns4 ,! religi\s "* ( ! *ur*   
hymn may1  !re=e1 be det]m9$ p>tly f !  
po9t ( view ( religi\s  life1 hav+ its  
s\rce & /&>d 9 ,holy ,writ1 & p>tly f ! 
po9t ( view ( ! *ur* communion or !     

congregation1 ( ^:  common life ! *ur*  
hymn is an expression & reflection1 & ^:
  common purpose x seeks to promote4 ,! 
religi\s "* ( !  *ur* hymn ?us c5t]s 9 !
 fact t bo? z to cont5t & =m x  mu/ be  
,biblical & congregational4    #a4 ,!   
,biblical "* ( ! *ur* hymn3    ,fir/ (  
all1 ! *ur* hymn mu/ be ?or\ghly        
,biblical4 ,x _c  move only 9 ! realm ( 
g5]al religi\s tru?1 n only s+ !  praise
 ( c]ta9 ab/ract ideas ab\t ,god's be+1 
ab\t !  immortality ( ! s\l1 ab\t       
virtue1 etc4 ,n ev5 su* subjects z      
,god's attributes1 ! provid5ce ( ,god1  
,creation1 8man's physical &  spiritual 
attributes1 reason1 w1 consci5ce1 nature
 & purpose10  h any place 9 ! hymns ( ! 
,*ur*1 :5 ^! subjects are  treat$ 9 an  
ab/ract way1 isolat$ f ,god's revelation
 ?r\gh ,jesus  ,*ri/ & deta*$ f human   
life4 ,! subject ( ! *ur* hymn1  provid$
 x possesses s\nd religi\s "*1 is1      
briefly /at$1  ,*ri/ = u & ,*ri/ 9 u2 on
 ! "o h& ! objective sav+  grace ?r\gh  
,jesus ,*ri/1 & on ! o!r h& ! subjective

  appropriation ( fai?1 ) love &        
submission & devotion to ,god4  ,! sph]e
 ( ! *ur* hymn w n !reby be re/rict$ to 
an  incessant reit]ation ( ! "n (       
,jesus1 8 w\nds & blood1 8  love1 etc4  
,! *ur* hymn s+s ! praise ( ,god's      
entire means (  salvation3 ,god's ?\ghts
 & works ( love ?r\gh ,*ri/ = humanity2 
,8 sure & sav+ in/itutions ( grace ^u   
e>?2 ! "w ( !  ,holy ,_s 9 ! he>ts ( m5 
unto rep5tance1 fai? &  sanctification2 
! b5efits1 /ruggles & victories ( ,8    
k+dom (  grace2 ! glory ( ! heav5ly     
bridegroom2 dea? & judgm5t2 !  _w to    
come & et]nal life4 ,all ^! subjects    
become ! object (  ! hymns ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!
 fai?ful express ?r\gh ! *ur* hymn  _!  
ard5t desire = ^! ?+s2 !y m$itate ^u ^! 
?+s1  !y rejoice 9 _! possession1 !y    
describe !m & !y extol  !m2 !y adore1   
?ank1 & laud _! ,savi\r1 & !y give      
!mselves up to ,god4 ,s9ce ! cont5t (   
positive ,*ri/ian fai?1 or  ,god's      
revelation ( salvation ?r\gh ,jesus     
,*ri/1 is ! pr9cipal  subject ( ! *ur*  

hymn1 x is cle> t ! *ur* hymn mu/ be 9  
p]fect h>mony ) ! ,^w ( ,god1 ! ,bible1 
! v s\rce ( !  revelation ( salvation4  
,b ?is does n mean t ! ,*ur* %\ld  use  
exclusively ! hymns ( ! ,bible1 z1 =    
example1 ! ,psalms (  ,david4 ,x is     
p]fectly well to use o!r hymns1 provid$ 
!y are  p]meat$ by ! ,holy ,_s &        
con/itute a vital reproduction (        
,biblical tru?s1 gr[n up out ( !        
s\l-exp]i5ces ( ! ,*ur* 9  p]fect h>mony
 ) ,holy ,writ4 ,!n ! liturgical        
pr9ciples ( tru?  & fre$om w come into  
prop] use 9 congregational hymn s++4    
,) ?is "* ( religi\s tru? 9 ! objective 
s5se1 or !  con=mity ( ! *ur* hymn to   
,holy ,writ1 goes also ! matt] (        
religi\s tru? 9 ! subjective or         
psy*ological s5se4 ,?is means  t !      
religi\s exp]i5ce1 express$ 9 ! *ur*    
hymn1 is n  m]ely a product ( human     
imag9ation1 m or less =eign to ^? :o    
ga!r _! spiritual life & _! s\l         
exp]i5ces f ! f\nta9  ( ,holy ,writ "u !
 guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 b x is f> m  an

 exp]i5ce ga9$ f ! reality ( true       
spiritual life1 &  ?or\ghly accordant   
!re)1 some?+ to :i*1 !re=e1 e  true     
,*ri/ian c easily agree4    ,f9ally1 !  
,biblical "* ( ! true *ur* hymn reveals 
itself  also 9 ! /yle ( language1 :i*   
foll[s v closely ,biblical  expression1 
idiom & =m4 ,! language ( ! *ur* hymn   
h>monizes  v well ) t type ( religi\s   
language :i* has atta9$ a deep          
appreciation among ,*ri/ians2 ! language
 ( ! popul> old religi\s  books ( !     
,*ur*2 ,biblical language4 ,?is old     
hymnic language  possesses v decid$ly a 
"* ( immortality1 dep5d+ ^u !  "* ( !   
cont5t1 ^: l+ui/ic g>b x is1 & ) :i* x  
has become s closely unit$4 ,z ! cont5t 
is root$ 9 et]nity &  fundam5tally      
consi/s ( ,god's incorruptible ?\ghts & 
works1 s !  hymnic language1 :i* is !   
vessel = ^! realities ( ! et]nal  _w1 9 
a way also atta9s a "* ( et]nity4 ,!    
hi/ory ( !  *ur* hymns also %[s v cle>ly
 t :5ev] ?is peculi>  "* ( hymnic       
language has be5 disreg>d$1 :5ev] !re h 

be5 vigor\s attempts at mod]nization ( !
 good old *ur* hymns1  :5 new & mod]n   
hymns h be5 s\ght1 to satisfy "s mod]n  
ae/hetic or ari/ocratic ne$1 !n ! true  
*ur* hymn has suff]$  v greatly & lo/   
mu* ( its orig9al s\ndness & g5u95ess4  
,inde$1 ! hymn writ]1 l any o!r poet1 is
 influ5c$ m or less  by 8 age2 8 hymns  
may %[ m or less ! influ5ce ( !  peculi>
 turn ( m9d1 ! /age ( developm5t & !    
dem&s ( !  age 9 :i* he lives2 p]sonal  
ability z a poet & p]sonal life         
exp]i5ces may be di/9ctly reflect$ 9 8  
hymns4 ,b x %\ld also  be true1 t if !  
poet is a s9c]e /ud5t & lov] ( ! ,bible 
& delights 9 s++ its praises1 !n 8 hymns
 ought to possess  ,biblical tone &     
cont5t1 s9ce !re is a v close union     
betwe5  cont5t & =m 9 e human religi\s  
product4 ,a *ur* hymn  possess+         
,biblical tone & language ought to be   
und]/ood &  appreciat$ by ! pres5t age4 
,biblical language is antique b x w     
nev] be antiquat$2 x is old b et]nally  
new & y\?ful4 ,9 all  ages & 9 all      

*ur*es ! ?or\ghly ,biblical *ur* hymn   
holds !  prize = y\?ful heal? & beauty4 
#b4 ,! congregational "* ( ! *ur* hymn3 
,9 ! second place1 ! *ur* hymn %\ld be  
suitable = use 9 !  congregation1 x %\ld
 possess a congregational "*4 ,?is      
quality  ( ! *ur* hymn implies1 ( c\rse1
 t x mu/ n conta9 any?+  :i* is at      
v>iance ) ! confession or ! doctr9es ( !
 ,*ur*4  ,! ,lu!ran ,*ur* may use hymns 
t h be5 writt5 by non-,lu!ran  hymn     
writ]s1 provid$ ^! hymns conta9 no?+    
(f5sive to s\nd  ,lu!ran doctr9e4 ,s    
,lu!ran hymnals may conta9 hymns tak5 f 
!  ,re=m$ ,*ur*es1 & ,re=m$ *ur* hymnals
 may conta9 _m ,lu!ran  hymns4    ,!    
congregational elem5t 9 ! ,lu!ran *ur*  
hymn fur!r means  t x mu/ be free f all 
uns\nd & unju/ifiable subjectivity4  ,! 
*ur* hymn is ! "w ( a poet :o is vitally
 unit$ ) !  religi\s organism--he is a  
memb] ( ! ,*ur*--& f ?is  consci\sness (
 p]fect communion 8 hymns em]ge4 ,writes
 ,dr4 ,m>t9  ,lu!r3 8,*ur* hymns are s  
call$1 because ! ,*ur* has accept$  !m &

 uses !m z if produc$ by ! ,*ur* & z h] 
own hymns4 ,we  d n say3 ?us s+s        
,ambrose1 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,prud5tius1
 ,s$ulius2  b we say3 ?us s+s ! ,*ri/ian
 ,*ur*4 ,x is ! songs ( !  ,*ur* t      
,ambrose1 ,prud5tius & o!rs s+ ) ! ,*ur*
 & !  ,*ur* ) !m2 :5 !y are dead & gone1
 ! ,*ur* rema9s1 &  cont9ues to s+ _!   
songs40 ,p]sonal poetic gifts & temporal
  conditions & circum/ances influ5ce !  
*ur* hymns4 ,! true *ur*  hymn does n   
lack individuality2 b x is free f       
individualism4 ,!  exp]i5ces :i* ! *ur* 
hymn expresses1 ! s\l /ates :i* x       
describes1 %\ld n be ( an extreme1 a    
s+ul> or an abnormal  "*1 b !y %\ld be  
normal & common to ! ,*ur*4 ,n t  ! *ur*
 hymn mu/ re/rict itself to :at e memb]1
 9 :atsoev]  condition ( spiritual life1
 w\ld readily subscribe to4 ,su* a      
requirem5t w\ld be unreasonable1 because
 ! p>ticipants 9 div9e  wor%ip h rea*$  
diff]5t /ages ( spiritual developm5t2 9 
fact1  ?is w\ld re/rict ! subject matt] 
( ! *ur* hymn to only  c]ta9 g5]al facts

 & ab/ract ideas4 ,b x mu/ be requir$ ( 
e *ur* hymn t x express only su*        
religi\s exp]i5ces z are  9 ! ma9 common
 to ! :ole communion ( ! fai?ful1 only  
su*  s\l /ates & spiritual /ages (      
developm5t z are ess5tially  exp]i5c$ by
 e true ,*ri/ian4    ,if ! requirem5t ( 
community 9 ! *ur* hymnody p]mits deal+ 
) special situations & exp]i5ces 9 !    
realm ( spiritual life1  !n x ought to  
foll[ t ?is "* ( community w n be       
violat$ if ! cont5t ( ! *ur* hymn be>s  
^u c]ta9 ext]nal  conditions &          
circum/ances 9 :i* ! entire congregation
 nev] c  f9d itself at any "o "t4 ,s9ce 
!re are liturgical acts :i*  directly   
affect only c]ta9 individuals 9 !       
congregation1 n !  congregation z a     
:ole1 !re may be *ur* hymns = c]ta9     
individuals & special occasions4 ,!re   
are *ur* hymns = m>riage1  confirmation1
 ord9ation1 etc4 ,x is also p]fectly    
well to h *ur*  hymns = ! ag$1 = ! sick1
 = ! dy+1 = prison]s1 9 "t  ( w>1 etc4  
,s9ce ! *ur* memb]s %\ld be k9dly &     

lov+ly  int]e/$ 9 ea* o!r1 !            
congregation may well give expression to
  c]ta9 sympa!tic feel+s 9 ! *ur* hymns4
 ,b su* conditions  & circum/ances 9 !  
life ( an individual z are q exceptional
  & ( special int]e/ only to him1 n to !
 congregation z su*1  are unsuitable z  
subjects = *ur* hymns1 s9ce !y may q    
easily  =m a di/urb+ digression f t "* (
 community :i*  %\ld di/+ui% ! *ur*     
hymns z su*4 ,hymns 8= a fa!r or a  "m  
at ,new ,ye>1 = a poor "y man1 = a "y   
lady1 = a bl9d  man10 & ! l1 really h no
 place 9 ! hymnal4    ,! congregational 
"* ( ! *ur* hymn also f9ds expression 9 
! language & /yle ( pres5tation4 ,?is   
mu/ be pla9 & cle>1 s  t ! hymn may be  
easily und]/ood & appreciat$ by all :o  
possess a reasonable religi\s tra9+1 "y 
or old4 ,! mode (  expression is        
orig9al1 naive1 true-he>t$ & graphic4 ,!
 true *ur*  hymn avoids />tl+ phrases1  
prett9ess1 & m]e rhetoric4              
,,! ,,poetical ,,quality    ,! o!r po9t 
( view f :i* ! *ur* hymn may be consid]$

 is  ! poetical2 ! *ur* hymn is a song  
?us a product ( poetical  art4 ,be=e    
attempt+ to analyze ! poetical quality (
 ! *ur*  hymn1 x may be well to consid] 
:at k9ds ( poetry are us$ 9 !  hymnody (
 ! ,*ur*4    ,! ?ree ma9 k9ds ( poetry  
are ! epic1 ! drama1 & ! lyric4  ,epic &
 drama are n ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,lu!ran 
,*ur*4 ,works  exi/ :i* %[ t ! graphic &
 pla/ic /yle ( epic poetry has  be5     
employ$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :5 /ories f  
sacr$ hi/ory  7 p>aphras$ 9 metrical =m4
 ,! ,gospel lessons h (t5 be5  read or  
*ant$ 9 metrical =m1 z hymns4 ,?is      
poetical "w may be  classifi$ z didactic
 hymnody ) an epic t\*4 ,! epic1 /rictly
  speak+1 requires an imag9ative        
adornm5t ( ! hi/orical mat]ial  to be   
treat$1 & ?is _c v well be appli$ to    
,biblical hi/ory  )\t a c]ta9 am\nt (   
injury4 ,besides1 x w\ld be difficult to
  excel ! beauty ( ! ,biblical          
pres5tation1 ) its pre-em95t epic       
vividness & simplicity4 ,! m$iaeval     
,*ur* employ$ ! dramatic  =m 9 ! my/]ies

 & miracles1 religi\s plays1 :i* 7 us$  
especially at great fe/ival occasions to
 pres5t to ! laity 9 a  dramatic &      
effective way ! hi/orical facts p]ta9+  
to !  fe/ival4 ,m closely relat$ to !   
,*ri/ian cultus 0 ! ,passion  play1     
p]=m$ by ! cl]gy 9 ! *ur*es dur+ ,l5t4  
,! ,passion  play1 & a numb] (          
dramatic-liturgical c]emonies1          
especially at  ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]1 7 q    
freely employ$ 9 ! e>ly ,lu!ran  ,*ur*4 
,b ?is dramatic activity did n rema9    
p]man5tly 9 !  ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,p]haps ! 
,*ur* felt t ! dramatic reproduction  ( 
,biblical hi/ory did n h>monize v well )
 t elem5t (  p]sonal tru? :i* mu/ exi/  
?r\gh\t ! cultus & :i* may  suff] injury
 z ! dramatic illusion becomes great]4  
,:ile epic & dramatic poetry h little or
 no place 9 !  ,evangelical ,lu!ran     
cultus1 & s c n v well be employ$ 9 !   
hymnody ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ?ird k9d ( poetry1 
! lyric1 is v  ext5sively us$4 ,a       
notewor?y *>act]i/ic ( lyrical poetry is
 t  ! object ( ! song is mo/ closely    

unit$ ) ! s++ subject2  !y are z "o2 !  
object lives )9 ! subject & is ! real   
cont5t ( ! subject4 ,if ! cultus is a   
meet+ betwe5 ,god & !  ,*ur*1 9 :i* ,god
 imp>ts 8 gifts to ! congregation & !   
latt] fai?fully receives1 enjoys1 &     
ackn[l$ges ! div9e gifts (  grace2 a    
meet+1 9 o!r words1 9 :i* ! div9e       
objects jo9 !  wor%ipp+ subject1 9 :i* !
 latt] is p]meat$ by ! =m]1  !n x seems 
only v natural t religi\s lyrical poetry
 %\ld  "h f9d its prop] use2 :5 !       
wor%ipp+ congregation gives  expression 
to its life ( fai? & love ?r\gh sacr$   
song1 ?r\gh  ! hymns ( ! ,*ur*1 ^! hymns
 are lyrical poetry4    ,al?\gh ! fusion
 ( ! object & ! subject is a *>act]i/ic 
feature ( all religi\s lyrics1 x is to  
be not$ t ^! two  elem5ts1 ! objective &
 ! subjective1 are nev] pres5t 9 equal  
degree 9 ! *ur* hymns1 b t ! "o or ! o!r
 elem5t  pr$om9ates1 :]e=e x becomes    
necess>y to classify ! *ur*  hymns into 
! relatively objective hymns & !        
relatively  subjective hymns4 ,to ! =m] 

class belong ! hymn prop] & !  didactic 
or doctr9al hymns2 ! latt] class1 !     
lyrical hymns 9 a  n>r[] s5se1 consi/s (
 :at may be call$ hymns ( exp]i5ce &    
sacrifice4 ,! hymn prop] s+s ! praises (
 ,god's maje/y &  highness1 ,god's      
glori\s works & attributes1 n z some?+  
:olly  outside ( ! subject1 yet some?+  
:i* is look$ up to )  wor%ipful joy &   
admiration4 8,a mighty ,=tress is our   
,god0 is a good  example ( ?is class (  
*ur* hymns4 ,! didactic or doctr9al hymn
  pres5ts = quiet & in/ructive          
contemplation ei!r c]ta9 facts  f sacr$ 
hi/ory or c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,lu!ran        
doctr9e4 ,examples  ( ?is k9d are 8,nun 
freut eu*1 lieb5 ,*ri/5 g'me90 & 8,es i/
  das ,heil uns komm5 h]40 ,9 ^!        
relatively objective hymns1 true  *ur*  
hymns1 ! objective elem5t is m or less  
p]meat$ by !  life1 emotion1 & sympa?y (
 ! subject4 ,9 ! hymn prop] !  subject  
s+s its own joy & its jubilation 9 !    
great ,god & ,8  glori\s works4 ,!      
didactic or doctr9al hymn is n m]ely    

rhym$  hi/ory or rhym$ dogmatics1 b 9 x 
! div9e ev5ts & tru?s are  celebrat$ z  
treasures ( fai?1 s\rces ( spiritual    
life2 by means (  x ! congregation      
embraces1 ackn[l$ges & utt]s its        
confid5t ,yea  & ,am5 to ! div9e        
revelation ( salvation4 ,! relatively   
subjective *ur* hymns1 ! lyrical *ur*   
hymns 9 a re/rict$ s5se1  may be        
*>act]iz$ z hymns ( exp]i5ce1 because !y
 describe &  express religi\s life 9 its
 inn] exp]i5ce1 emotions1 conditions &  
manife/ations1 or because !y include    
m$itations :i* a ,*ri/ian  engages 9    
because ( 8 inn] & out] condition2 to   
?is class (  *ur* hymns belong also !   
s-call$ hymns ( sacrifice1 :i* are  m   
directly an expression ( individual     
devotion to ,jesus ,*ri/4  ,s9ce !      
*iefly subjective hymns1 because ( _!   
nature1 are subject  to ! dang] ( los+  
!mselves 9 ! individual & ! incid5tal1  
x is v important t !y be support$ &     
p]meat$ by a s\nd  religi\s philosophy4 
,god's revelation ( salvation1          

especially ,jesus  ,*ri/1 :o 9 ,8 p]son 
& "w is at once ! vital cause1 ! life1  
& ! liv+ /&>d ( all ! v>i\s ph5om5a &   
=ms 9 !  _w ( div9e grace & tru?1 mu/ =m
 ! backgr\nd :i*  ev]y:]e gleams =? 9 ! 
hymnody ( ! ,*ur*1 ! sun t gives  light 
& w>m? to ! cont5t1 ! p]fect law :i*    
re/ricts !  description & keeps !       
subjectivity )9 prop] b\nds4    ,s9ce ! 
*ur* hymn is lyrical poetry1 x %\ld be  
beautiful4 ,b !  beauty ( ! *ur* hymn   
consi/s 9 :at8 ,x mu/ be emphasiz$ t    
?is beauty is n some?+ appli$ to ! *ur* 
hymn f )\t1  b ?is beauty gr[s up       
naturally & spontane\sly out ( ! subject
  :i* is to be celebrat$ 9 song4 ,?is   
beauty is no?+ else ?an !  fai?ful      
reflection1 ! tell+ concrete revelation 
( its inn]  h>mony1 nobility &          
sublimity4 ,! communion ( ! congregation
 )  ,god ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* seeks  
concrete expression 9 ! *ur*  hymn1 is 9
 itself ! highe/1 ! mo/ noble1 & ! mo/  
h>moni\s  ( all ! realities ( human     
life4 ,:5 ?is div9e communion seeks     

expression 9 ! *ur* hymn1 !n ! poetical 
art to be employ$ mu/  be su* z w       
adequately express & convey ! emotions &
  exp]i5ces peculi> to ?is communion4 ,!
 inn] h>mony ( ! matt]  %\ld reveal     
itself 9 ! poetical =m ( pres5tation z  
out]  h>mony1 z beauty4 ,! entire tone (
 ! *ur* hymn w !n become1  by an inn]   
necessity1 graceful1 elevat$1 sublime4  
,x is to be not$  t ?is hymnic beauty is
 modifi$ accord+ to ! specific "*  ( !  
hymn4 ,9 ! *ur* hymn prop]1 l 8,e9' fe/e
 ,burg10 ?is  hymnic beauty is m        
elevat$1 maje/ic1 sublime4 ,9 ! didactic
 or  doctr9al hymn1 x is *>act]iz$ by ! 
purity1 positiv5ess1 &  sonor\sness ( ! 
fai?ful te/imony ( tru?4 ,9 ! lyrical   
*ur*  hymn 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 x is m    
color$ by subjective qualities  su* z   
f]vor1 s9c]ity1 & affection4 ,! lyrical 
beauty ( !  *ur* hymn is free f         
o/5tation2 x is di/+ui%$ by simplicity  
& naturalness4 ,?is simplicity (        
expression is a poetical z well z  a    
congregational requirem5t4 ,also1 !     

entire pres5tation ( !  subject mu/ be> 
! impress ( spontaneity1 ( fre%ness4 ,! 
*ur*  hymn %\ld n pres5t ab/ract ideas1 
reflective ?\ght1 conceptions1  &       
def9itions2 b1 in/ead1 x %\ld pres5t to 
! eyes ( !  he>t liv+ pictures1 concrete
 realities2 j z ! ,biblical             
pres5tation1 :i* ! *ur* hymn mu/ foll[1 
& ,*ri/ianity  itself1 :i* ! *ur* hymn  
mu/ reflect1 pre-em95tly possess ?is  "*
 ( concrete & vital reality4    ,!      
beauty ( ! *ur* hymn implies fur!r t its
 l9e ( ?\ght  & disposition be cle> &   
well arrang$1 t ea* /anza express a     
complete ?\ght1 & t !re be n too _m     
/anzas--! *ur* hymn  mu/ n be too long4 
,! phraseology1 syntax & metrical =m mu/
 be  free f su* defects z m> & desecrate
 ! sublime cont5t ( !  hymn or make x   
(f5sive1 uncle>1 or ev5 incompreh5sible 
to !  congregation4 ,?is does n mean to 
comm5d t v&alism :]eby  mod]ni/s h s\ght
 to remove f ! old *ur* hymns e         
obsolete ^w & con/ruction z well z      
ev]y?+ :i* seem$ to be  at v>iance ) !  

rules ( secul> poetry--a process :]eby  
_m  excell5t old *ur* hymns h be5       
depriv$ ( _! orig9al p[]  & simplicity4 
,mo/ c]ta9ly1 revision & purification ( 
! out]  =m ( ! old *ur* hymns is        
sometimes necess>y1 9 ord] to make  !m  
popul>ly intelligible & usable4 ,b su*  
revision &  purification %\ld be        
und]tak5 only by ,*ri/ians ( poetic m9d 
&  s\nd au?ority4                       
,,section ,,ii    ,,! ,,lu!ran ,,hymn   
,,book ,,or ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,!    
,,hymns ,,9 ,,! ,,hymnal      ,two      
diff]5t hymnological me?ods (           
disposition h aris5  hi/orically )9 !   
,*ur*1 namely1 ! dogmatic or !          
dogmatic-e?ical me?od1 & ! liturgical   
me?od4 ,! =m]  me?od came into exi/5ce 9
 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,by ?is me?od !     
hymns 9 ! hymnal are arrang$ accord+ to 
! usual ord] (  dogmatics4 ,= an        
illu/ration ( ?is me?od ( arrang+ !     
hymns1  look into almo/ any good hymnal 
( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*2 ,! ,me?odi/  ,hymnal1 
= example4 ,! liturgical me?od is !     

orig9al1 !  /&>d1 & ! correct me?od (   
disposition4 ,9 support ( ?is  ass]tion1
 x may be well to obs]ve t s9ce !       
,lu!ran hymnal is a  liturgical book1 a 
book int5d$ = ! ne$s ( ! wor%ipp+       
congregation1 ! succession ( ! hymns z  
well z _! cont5t &  "* %\ld reflect ! _s
 ( ! ,*ur*1 z x f9ds imm$iate           
expression 9 ! cultus & its v>i\s acts1 
& z x seeks  indirectly to ex]t a hall[+
 influ5ce on social life 9 l>g] or      
small] circles4    ,x may be well to    
take a g5]al view ( ! ma9 factors or    
/ages (  ?is liturgical "w ( ! ,*ur*1 s 
z to see m cle>ly :at  subjects may be  
consid]$ 9 ! hymn book & 9 :at ord] !   
v>i\s subjects or rubrics may foll[ ea* 
o!r4    ,! reason & ! vital basis = !   
exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur* is ,god's  revelation 
( salvation ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 i4 e41 !
 inc>nation &  ! "w ( r$emption ( ! ,son
 ( ,god & ! s5d+ ( ! ,holy  ,_s2 & ^!   
div9e works ( salvation are ! great     
objectives (  ! ?ree great *ur*         
fe/ivals1 ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & ,p5teco/1  

ar\nd :i* ! cycles & days ( ! *ur* ye>  
are gr\p$4 ,!  ,*ur* is ! result ( ?is  
revelation4 ,!re=e our att5tion turns   
t[>ds ! ,*ur*1 h] nature1 h] e/abli%m5t1
 & h] ext5sion 9  ?is _w ?r\gh mission>y
 activity2 fur!r1 t[>d h] inn]  gr[?1 by
 :i* %e gives expression to h] religi\s 
& h>moni\s  life z a communion 9 solemn 
div9e wor%ip1 & ?r\gh h] sacr$  acts &  
ord] consecrates human life unto a      
vessel = div9e life4 ,b  ?is            
self-edification is br\ght ab\t 9 !     
,*ur* only ?r\gh !  ,holy ,_s :o dwells 
& lives )9 ! ,*ur* & 9 & ?r\gh  ! ,*ur* 
& h] in/itutions ( grace produces 9 !   
he>ts ( !  r$eem$ p]sonal conv]sion1    
sanctification1 & salvation4 ,?us !     
,*ur* gr[s bo? outw>dly & inw>dly &     
proce$s t[>ds h]  et]nal p]fection4 ,b !
 ,*ur* has to d n only ) purely         
spiritual conditions1 ?+s div9e &       
et]nal4 ,by h] life %e seeks  to        
p]meate1 sanctify1 & glorify all        
conditions1 ev5 ! temporal4  ,! ,*ur*   
seeks to p5etrate1 9 a highly b5eficial 

way1 ! civic  community1 to ennoble its 
affairs & imp>t support & exhortation   
bo? to ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$1 9 times (   
prosp]ity & 9  times ( tr\ble4 ,! ,*ur* 
is deeply int]e/$ 9 h] educational      
in/itutions1 ^! nurs]ies ( "t & et]nity2
 ! ,*ri/ian s*ool  is n only a creation 
( ! ,*ur*1 b x ne$s ! :ole-he>t$        
support ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* is also     
deeply int]e/$ 9 !  welf>e ( dome/ic    
life--%e seeks to make ! home a happy   
,*ri/ian  home4 ,! ,*ur* also desires to
 support & accompany ! individual  memb]
 ?r\gh\t 8 c\rse ( life1 especially 9   
its m difficult  /ages1 s t ?is temporal
 life may lead to et]nal life4    ,if ^!
 are ! mo/ important factors 9          
ecclesia/ical-liturgical  activity1 & if
 ! *ur* hymnal is to be 9 p]fect h>mony 
) !  life ( ! ,*ur*1 !n ! hymns 9 !     
hymnal may be arrang$ z  foll[s3 #a4    
,fe/ival ,hymns1 arrang$ accord+ to !   
fe/ivals1  cycles & holy-days ( ! *ur*  
ye>--,adv5t1 ,*ri/mas1 ,new ,ye>1       
,epiphany1 etc4 #b4 ,hymns ab\t ! ,*ur* 

& ecclesia/ical acts3 !  ,^w1 ! ,*ur*1  
,missions1 ecclesia/ical acts 7wor%ip1  
,holy ,baptism1  ,holy ,communion1      
confirmation1 ord9ation & in/allation1  
d$ication (  *ur*es1 etc41 also m>riage 
& burial74 #c4 ,hymns ab\t ! ,*ri/ian   
life3 rep5tance1 fai?1 ju/ification &   
/ate ( grace1  sanctification 7! fruits 
( reg5]ation1 pray]1 cross &            
consolation71 ! completion 7!           
resurrection1 judgm5t1 et]nity74 #d4    
,hymns = c]ta9 p1 times & circum/ances3 
! ,*ri/ian  community 7fa!rl&1 !        
au?orities & ! subjects1 judges &  ^?   
su+ = ju/ice1 temporal necessities1 w> &
 peace1 plagues  & calamities1 etc471 ! 
,*ri/ian s*ool or ,*ri/ian education1 ! 
,*ri/ian home 7husb& & wife1 p>5ts &    
*ildr51 ma/] &  s]vant1 morn+ & ev5+    
hymns1 etc471 conditions 9 ! life ( an  
individual 7heal?1 sickness1 dea?1      
etc474                ,,g5]al ,,survey  
,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian      
,,*ur* ,,hymns                          
,,section ,,iii                         

,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,hymnody              
,to ,ab\t #fjj ,a4 ,d4      ,! ,*ri/ians
 ( ! fir/ c5tury sang hymns1 bo? 9      
private & 9  public wor%ip4 ,! writ+s ( 
! ,new ,te/am5t te/ify to ?is fact1  z =
 example #a ,cor41 *apt] #ad1 also !    
well kn[n places ,eph4 #e3ai  & ,col4   
#c3af4 ,to beg9 ) ! ,*ri/ians sang !    
hymns ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t1 especially !  
,psalms ( ,david4 ,among e>ly ,*ri/ian  
songs1  we note ! foll[+3 ! ,gloria 9   
excelsis ,deo 7! angelic hymn71  !      
,gloria ,patri1 ! ,t] ,sanctus 7,isaiah 
#f3c71 ! ,hallelujah1 !  ,b5$icite1 !   
,nunc ,dimittis 7,luke #b3bi71 !        
,magnificat 7,luke #a3df71  ! ,b5$ictus 
7,luke #a3fh71 & ! ,te ,deum ,laudamus4 
,f ,paul's ref]5ces to sacr$ song 9 8   
epi/les we le>n t !  e>ly ,*ri/ians     
possess$ hymns ( _! own composition1    
besides !  ,bible songs4 ,b we "k v     
little ab\t ^! v e>ly hymns ( !         
,apo/olic ,age2 we "k ( no great hymn   
writ] ( t age4 ,"o ( !  e>lie/ hymn     
writ]s t we "k ( is ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1

 :o  liv$ ab\t #bjj ,a4 ,d4 ,to him is  
attribut$ ! ,greek hymn1 8,%eph]d (     
t5d] y\?10 :i* has be5 reg>d$ z ! fir/  
,*ri/ian hymn4 ,x  is f\nd 9 mo/ ( our  
/&>d ,am]ican hymnals--numb] #bhb 9     
,common  ,s]vice ,book4 ,9 #ahdf ?is    
hymn 0 freely translat$ into ,engli% by 
,rev4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,m>tyn ,dext]1 editor (
 ,! ,congregationali/1 ,bo/on4          
,,e>ly ,,greek ,,hymns    ,look+ at !   
,*ri/ian ance/ry ( our *ur* hymnody1 9 a
 n>r[]  way1 x may be said t its hi/ory 
goes back to ! hymn writ+ (  *ri/ianiz$ 
,greece--#aejj ye>s back--#aejj ye>s (  
,*ri/ian hymn  writ+ & hymn s++4 ,! *ur*
 hymnody ( ! diff]5t c\ntries  v>ies1 ( 
c\rse1 9 "t & duration4 ,a ,g]man1 =    
example1 f9ds  ab\t sev5 hundr$ ye>s (  
,g]man hymn writ+ 9 8 hymn book4 ,we  h 
inh]it$ & appropriat$ ?is common legacy4
    ,9 ,syria !re arose 9 ! second      
c5tury sev]al prolific hymn  writ]s4 ,!y
 7 ,gno/ics1 :o s\ght to propagate _!   
h]etical  tea*+s ?r\gh sacr$ song4      
,b>desanes & 8 son ,h>monius 7 !  lead]s

 ( ?is ,gno/ic hymnody 9 ! ,syriac      
,*ur*4 ,?is h]etical  hymnody 0 !       
negative cause ( ! great hymn writ+ (   
,ephrem  ,syrus1 :o 0 born at ,nisibis 9
 ,nor!rn ,mesopotamia1 #cjg ,a4 ,d41 &  
di$ at ,edessa1 #cgc4 ,he is reg>d$ z ! 
=emo/ repres5tative (  ! or?odox hymnody
 ( ! old ,syriac ,*ur*4 ,9 ord] to      
c\nt]act  ! dang]\s influ5ces (         
,gno/icism1 ,ephrem ,syrus produc$ a    
l>ge  numb] ( f9e hymns1 :i* became v   
popul> ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/]n  ,*ur*4 ,?us a  
new era 9 ,*ri/ian hymnody 0 introduc$4 
,see pages  #fc-fh 9 8,! ,hymn z        
,lit]ature10 by ,j4 ,b4 ,reeves4    ,l !
 ,gno/ics ( ,syria 9 ! second c5tury1 s 
also ! ,arians (  ,con/ant9ople 9 ! f\r?
 c5tury s\ght to propagate _! h]etical  
doctr9es ?r\gh sacr$ song4 ,aga9 great  
*ampions ( or?odoxy arose1  m5 l ,ephrem
 ,syrus1 :o produc$ f9e hymns1 ma9ly 9  
def5se ( !  doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity &      
,*ri/'s div9e nature4 ,among e>ly well  
kn[n ,greek hymn writ]s we note !       
foll[+3 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus  7di$     

#chi71 ,anatolius 7sev5? or eigh?       
c5tury71 ,/4 ,&rew (  ,j]usalem         
7#ffj-gcb71 ,/4 ,cosmas1 ! ,melodi/ 7di$
 ab\t #gfj71 ,/4 ,john  ( ,damascus 7di$
 ab\t #ghj71 ,/4 ,/eph5 ( ,/4 ,sabas    
7di$ #gid71 &  ,/4 ,joseph !            
,hymnograph] 7di$ ab\t #hdj74 ,z        
examples ( _! hymns  we h 8,o ,?\ ! ,"o 
supreme o'er all0 by ,gregory1 8,! day  
is pa/  & ov]0 by ,anatolius1 8,! day ( 
resurrection0 by ,/4 ,john (  ,damascus1
 & 8,art ?\ we>y1 art ?\ languid0 by ,/4
 ,/eph54 ,rev4  ,dr4 ,john ,mason ,neale
 7#ahah-ahff7 ( ,ea/ ,grim/ead1 ,engl&1 
has  produc$ _m excell5t translations ( 
! old ,greek hymns1 :i* are  f\nd 9     
ne>ly all mod]n hymnals4    ,9 ! ,ea/]n 
,*ur*1 z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury1 ! cu/om (
  s++ _h become s g5]al z to be         
recogniz$ z "o ( ! ,*ur*'s  pr$om9at+   
features4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 at ,antio*1
 antiphonal  congregational hymn s++ _h 
its orig91 & f !nce spread 9  all       
directions 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,an int]e/+ 
fact comes to light  9 connection ) !   

use ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* made ( its hymns4    
,!odoret1 9 8 hi/orical writ+s1 tells u 
t 8:ile ,*ryso/om  7#cdg-djg7 0 bi%op ( 
,con/ant9ople1 at ! op5+ ( ! fif?       
c5tury1 ! or?odox ,*ri/ians 7 9 ! habit 
( assembl+  !mselves 9 ! public squ>es1 
!n m>*+ 9 midnight processions1  ?r\gh !
 city1 s++ sacr$ songs1 9 ord] to combat
 ^? :o  7 enemies ( ,*ri/'s div9ity40   
,?is is a te/imony conc]n+ !            
anti-,arian hymnody4    ,! e>ly hymnody 
( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* possesses a great deal 
( poetic  beauty & f9e rhetorical /yle4 
,b _m ( ^! old ,greek hymns  indulge 9 a
 c]ta9 am\nt ( t$i\s broadness &        
dogmatic pros9ess4  ,!y are (t5 vague & 
fanta/ic4 ,f9e language seems (t5 to be 
(  great] importance ?an spiritual      
cont5t4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* sacr$  song   
nev] receiv$ ! developm5t & ! place 9 ! 
life & !  cultus ( ! congregation z 9 ! 
,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,dur+ ! la/  half ( ! ?ird
 c5tury ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* advocat$ ! use ( 
!  ,psalms ( ,david only 9 div9e s]vice4
 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d  t attempts 

7 made 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* ab\t ! middle ( 
!  f\r? c5tury to suppress              
congregational s++4 ,! "* ( !  hymns t 7
 produc$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 _! bomba/ic &
  (t5 turgid /yle1 _! complicat$        
rhy?mical /ructure1 & _!  unpractical   
,*ri/ianity1 prev5t$ !m f becom+ a      
prop]ty ( !  common p4                  
,,e>ly ,,lat9 ,,hymns    ,e>ly sacr$    
song 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* is *>act]iz$ by   
noble  simplicity & cle>ness 9 =m1 z    
well z by a m practical  ,*ri/ianity2   
f9e qualities :i* g to make ! old ,lat9 
hymns m  accessible & s]viceable to u   
?an ! old ,greek hymns4    ,! f\r?      
c5tury witness$ a rem>kable activity 9  
,lat9 hymnody4 ,!  ,we/]n ,*ur* 0 f> m  
active 9 ! hymnological field ?an !     
,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,"o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,lat9    
hymnody 0 ,/4 ,hil>y1 !  good bi%op (   
,poiti]s1 great s*ol>1 & great def5d] ( 
!  ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,dur+ 8 exile         
7#cef-cfj7 9 ,phrygia1 ,/4 ,hil>y came  
9 t\* ) ,arian hymn s++4 ,:5 he 0       
p]mitt$ to return to  ,gaul1 he br\ght )

 him a great en?usiasm = hymn s++4 ,he  
edit$  ! fir/ hymn book ( ! ,we/]n      
,*ur*1 & introduc$ s++ (  or?odox hymns 
among 8 p4 ,he di$ 9 #cfh ,a4 ,d4    ,b 
! great au?or & lead] ( ,lat9 hymnody   
is1 und\bt$ly1 ,/4  ,ambrose1 !         
admirable & amiable bi%op ( ,milan4 ,he 
0 born 9 #cdj  & di$ on ,good ,friday1  
#cig4 ,/4 ,ambrose has be5 call$ ! fa!r 
(  ,lat9 *ur* song1 because ( 8 great "w
 9 hymnody & *ur*  music4 ,! fir/ /anza 
( "o ( 8 beautiful hymns is "h quot$4   
,o ,jesus1 ,"l ( heav5ly grace1    ,?\  
,brightness ( ,?y ,fa!r's face1    ,?\  
,f\nta9 ( et]nal light1    ,^: beams    
disp]se ! %ades ( night4    ,prud5tius  
7,aurelius ,prud5tius ,clem5s7 is a     
prom95t ,lat9 hymn  writ] ( ?is p]iod4  
,he 0 born 9 ,spa91 #cdh ,a4 ,d4        
,prud5tius has  be5 call$ 8! fir/ great 
,*ri/ian poet40 ,) him ! ,lat91 !       
language ( a /]n & h>d p1 is1 z x 71    
temp]$ by fai?4  ,he1 l mo/ ( ! e>ly    
,lat9 hymni/s1 s+s ! praises ( !  fai?1 
hope & love ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,!      

subjective1 ) its  8,i10 8me0 & 8m9e10 s
 *>act]i/ic ( mod]n hymnody1 _h no place
  9 ! hymns ( ,prud5tius4 ,he receiv$   
high honors f ! ,roman  emp]or1 b 9 old 
age he pref]r$ to devote himself quietly
 to  religi\s lit]>y "w4 ,he di$ ab\t   
#daj ,a4 ,d4 ,we quote ! fir/  /anza ( a
 beautiful ,*ri/mas hymn1 ,corde natus  
ex ,p>5tis1 f  ,prud5tius1 ! translation
 by ,neale4      ,( ! ,fa!r's love      
begott51    ,ere ! worlds began to be1  
,he is ,alpha & ,omega1    ,he ! s\rce1 
! end+ ,he1    ,( ! ?+s t are1 t h be51 
,& t future ye>s %all see1    ,ev]more &
 ev]more4    ,/4 ,patrick 7fif? c5tury71
 call$ ! ,apo/le ( ,irel&1 wrote  sev]al
 hymns = 8 p4 ,coelius ,s$ulius1 ( !    
fif? c5tury1  wrote sev]al great ,lat9  
hymns1 among :i* we ref] to "o t has    
be5 sung q ext5sively1 namely1 ,a solis 
ortus c>d9e--,f l&s  t see ! sun arise4 
,gregory ! ,great 7#ede-fjd7 & ,v5antius
 ,=tunatus 7#ecj-fji7 m>k a  p]iod (    
transition 9 ! hymn s++ ( ! ,we/]n      
,*ur*4 ,x 0  at ?is "t1 ab\t #fjj ,a4   

,d41 t ! ,ambrosian *ur* song 0  sup]s$$
 by ! ,gregorian4 ,"h x 0 t             
congregational song 9 !  ,we/]n ,*ur* 0 
ab&on$ & t "p ( public wor%ip giv5 ov]  
to ! prie/s & ! monks4 ,! only "p !     
congregation took 0 9  a few responses4 
,gregory ! ,great 0 a man ( unusual     
ability4 ,he 0  pope f #eij until 8 dea?
 9 #fjd4 ,he 0 a zeal\s mission>y to    
,brita91 great z a *ampion aga9/ !      
h]etics1 & great z a  prea*]1 b 8 be/   
s]vice to ! ,*ur* is und\bt$ly 8        
liturgical & musical contribution4 ,he  
/rove to make public wor%ip  wor?y (    
,him to :om x 0 r5d]$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9
 m9d t  good congregational s++ 0 some?+
 :i* pres5t$ great &  p]plex+ problems 9
 ^? days4 ,! ,gregorian *ants1 /ill 9   
use1  aft] a lapse ( m ?an a doz5       
c5turies1 %[ ! ,gregorian /yle  &       
indicate h[ ,gregory *ang$ ! melodi\s & 
fl[+ hymns ( ,/4  ,ambrose into ! m     
sev]e & solemn /yle ( ! new p]iod4 ,b we
  h sev]al hymns f ,gregory's p5 :i*    
indicate t he 0 n  )\t ! ,ambrosian _s4 

,take1 = example1 8 beautiful hymn1     
,o ,*ri/1 our ,k+1 ,creator1 ,"l1       
,savi\r ( all :o tru/ ,?y ^w1    ,to !m 
:o seek ,!e ev] ne>1    ,n[ to our      
praises b5d ,?9e e>4    ,v5antius       
,=tunatus1 ! tr\bad\r1 holds a v        
important place 9  e>ly ,lat9 hymnody4  
,he wrote "o ( ! greate/ hymns ( !      
,we/]n  ,*ur*1 namely1 ,vexilla         
,regis--,! royal bann]s =w>d g1 ! ,cross
  %9es =? 9 my/ic gl[4 ,we quote ! fir/ 
/anza ( ano!r great  hymn by ,=tunatus1 
a gr& ,ea/] hymn4      ,welcome1 happy  
morn+6 age to age %all say2    ,hell    
today is vanqui%$2 heav5 is won today4  
,lo6 ! ,dead is liv+1 ,god = ev]more6   
,him _! true ,creator1 all ,8 works     
adore4    ,welcome1 happy morn+6 age to 
age %all say4    ,simplicity1 dep?1     
f]vor1 div9e s5tim5t1 full-he>t$        
confession1  are "s ( ! out/&+          
*>act]i/ics ( ! e>ly ,lat9 hymns4  ,!y  
are1 on ! :ole1 ,scriptural1 pure1 &    
devotional4 ,! key-note  9 ^! v5]able   
old hymns consi/s ( ! ma9 po9ts (       

,*ri/ianity1 ! protection & c>e ( !     
,fa!r1 ! r$emption (  ,*ri/1 !          
sanctification ( ! ,holy ,_s1 /ra9s (   
?anksgiv+  & praise1 invocation ( ,god's
 support aga9/ ! devil1 ! fle% &  ! _w4 
,,section ,,iv                          
,,m$iaeval ,,*ri/ian ,,hymnody          
,a4 ,d4 #fjj-aebj      ,:5 ! ,we/]n     
,*ur* pass$ into ! m$iaeval era ( its   
hi/ory1  ab\t #fjj ,a4 ,d41 we f9d *ur* 
song 9 a new & diff]5t situation4  ,dur+
 ! anci5t era ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 x may 
be said t  *ur* song 01 = ! mo/ "p1 a   
song ( ! p ( ,god1 a  congregational    
song4 ,attempts _h be5 made be=e ?is "t1
 x is  true1 to suppress congregational 
song1 b !y _h prov5 m or less           
unsuccessful4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1    
h[ev]1 ! ,*ur* 0 successful  9 def9itely
 transf]r+ *ur* song f ! p to ! cl]gy & 
a well tra9$ cl]ical *oir4 ,lat9 0 !    
liturgical language ( !  entire ,we/]n  
,*ur*1 :]e=e ! m$iaeval *ur* hymns 7    
writt5  9 t language4 ,! ,c>ol+ian age1 
productive 9 s _m respects1  also       

produc$ a numb] ( v beautiful hymns1    
resembl+ ! be/  productions ( !         
,ambrosian era ( hymnody4 ,*>lemagne 0 n
 only a  zeal\s promot] b also a        
practis] ( sacr$ poesy4 ,9 ! n9?  c5tury
 ,notk] ,balbulus ( ,/4 ,gall mona/]y   
produc$ hymns call$  ,sequ5ces1 :i*     
diff]$ 9 _! metrical /ructure f ! old]  
hymns4 ,^! ,sequ5ces _h ?ree or six l9es
 9 ea* v]se1 :ile !  v]ses ( ! old]     
hymns _h f\r l9es ea*4 ,9 a subsequ5t   
*apt]  we %all speak m fully ( !        
,sequ5ces & _! rem>kable  bir?place4    
,pass+ ov] into ! m$iaeval ,*ur*1 we f9d
 t our *ur* hymnody  _h ?ree diff]5t    
s\rces 9 ! "t be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,"o    
s\rce 0 ! ,lat9 *ur* hymnody4 ,! second 
s\rce consi/$ ( !  ,g]man songs1 call$  
,leis54 ,! ?ird s\rce 0 ! religi\s      
folk-song ( ! common p4                 
,,m$iaeval ,,lat9 ,,hymns    ,dur+ !    
second half ( ! ,middle ,ages1 beg9n+ ) 
! elev5?  c5tury1 a numb] ( great hymn  
writ]s arose4 ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,france1  :o 
di$ #ajca ,a4 ,d41 probably wrote "o ( !

 greate/ hymns ( !  ,lat9 ,*ur*1 namely1
 ,v5i ,sancte ,spiritus4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4   
,duffield claims  t ?is great ,sequ5ce 0
 writt5 by ,h]mannus ,contractus1 !     
crippl$ monk ( ,rei*5au1 9 ! elev5?     
c5tury4    ,b]n>d ( ,cluny & ,b]n>d (   
,clairvaux are two ,lat9 hymn writ]s :o 
hold a v important place 9 ,*ri/ian     
hymnody4 ,f ,b]n>d ( ,cluny  7twelf?    
c5tury7 comes ! well kn[n hymn1         
8,j]usalem ! gold51 )  milk & honey     
ble/40 ,?is hymn comes f 8 fam\s & only 
poem  ,laus ,patriae ,cele/is :i*       
consi/s ( "s ?ree ?\s& l9es (  dactylic 
hexamet]4 ,we quote ! fir/ /anza ( ano!r
 well kn[n hymn  t comes f ! same poem4 
,brief life is "h our portion2          
,brief sorr[1 %ort-liv$ c>e2    ,! life 
t kn[s no end+1      ,! te>less life1 is
 !re4      ,oh1 happy retribution6      
,%ort toil1 et]nal re/2    ,= mortals1 &
 = s9n]s1      ,a mansion ) ! ble/4     
,f ,/4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux we h su*     
great hymns z 8,light ( !  anxi\s he>t10
 8,wide op5 are ,?y h&s10 8,o ,jesus1   

,k+ mo/  wond]ful10 8,jesus1 ! v ?\ght (
 ,!e10 8,jesus1 ,?\ ,joy (  lov+ he>ts10
 & 8,o ,sacr$ ,head1 n[ w\nd$40 ,/4     
,b]n>d 0 born  9 ,f\nta9es1 ,burgundy1  
#ajia4 ,hi/ory speaks ( him z highly    
imag9ative1 great *ampion ( ! fai?1     
great orator1 great tea*]1  f\nd] &     
abbot ( ! ,ci/]cian mona/]y at          
,clairvaux1 & lead]  9 m$iaeval         
my/icism4 ,he di$ 9 #aaec4 ,lu!r call$  
him 8! be/  monk t ev] liv$40 ,hymns f !
 two ,b]n>ds c be f\nd 9 any  /&>d mod]n
 hymn book & !y are wor? c>eful /udy4   
,adam ( ,/4 ,victor 7twelf? c5tury7 is  
ano!r important ,lat9 hymni/4  ,he 0    
*oirma/] at ! great ,/4 ,victor mona/]y 
at ,p>is4 ,tr5*  speaks ( him z 8! =emo/
 among ! sacr$ ,lat9 poets ( !  ,middle 
,ages40    ,?omas ( ,celano1 ^:         
bir?place is unkn[n1 0 "o ( ! fir/      
memb]s ( ! ,franciscan ord]4 ,9 #abba he
 w5t to ,g]many & rema9$  !re = n9e     
ye>s2 !n he return$ to ,italy1 :]e he   
di$ 9 #abee4  ,?omas ( ,celano wrote !  
greate/ hymn ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*--,dies     

,irae4  ,!re are n9ete5 v]ses to ?is    
great ,sequ5ce1 ( :i* we quote !  fir/  
two4 ,! translation is by ,wm4 ,j4      
,irons4      ,day ( wra?1 t ,day (      
m\rn+1    ,see fulfill$ ! prophet's     
w>n+1    ,heav5 & e>? 9 a%es burn+4     
,o :at fe> man's bosom r5de?1    ,:5 f  
heav5 ! ,judge desc5de?1    ,on ^:      
s5t5ce all dep5de?4    ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 
born 9 a ,neapolitan ca/le1 ,italy1 ab\t
 #abbe4 ,he  0 a ,dom9ican & ! /ronge/ (
 ! s*ola/ics1 !ological  pr(essor at    
sev]al univ]sities1 ,doctor ( ,!ology f 
,p>is1 also  call$ ,doctor ,angelicus4  
,he 0 a prolific writ]2 8 ,summa        
,!ologiae  is a great dogmatic "w4 ,he  
di$ 9 a prom95t mona/]y at ,naples 9    
#abgd4 ,?omas ,aqu9as produc$ a numb] ( 
excell5t hymns4 ,8 8,lauda1  ,sion1     
salvatorem0 is g5]ally reg>d$ z "o ( !  
greate/ hymns (  ,lat9 hymnody4 ,x c be 
f\nd 9 almo/ any /&>d hymnal1 beg9n+    
8,sion1 to ?y ,savi\r s++40             
,jacoponus 7di$ #acjf7 wrote "o ( !     
greate/ hymns ( ! ,roman  ,*ur*1 namely1

 ,/abat ,mat] ,dolorosa4 ,?is hymn is   
f\nd 9 _m  ,prote/ant hymnals1 beg9n+   
8,at ! ,cross h] /ation keep+40 ,?omas  
a ,kempis 7#achj-adga7 ( ,holl& & ,john 
,huss 7#acfi-adae7 ( ,bohemia1  made    
valuable contributions to m$iaeval      
hymnody4    ,^! ,lat9 hymn writ]s h     
produc$ hymns :i* are *>act]iz$ by  deep
 ardor1 great love ( ,*ri/1 & s\l-/irr+ 
e>ne/ness4 ,!  ,lat9 *ur* hymnody is v  
weal?y inde$2 m ?an #bj1jjj ,lat9  *ur* 
hymns h be5 discov]$4 ,( ^! ,lat9 hymns 
we h  appropriat$ a l>ge numb] (        
beautiful fe/ival *ur* hymns4 ,_!  =m is
 v pla94 ,)\t any comm5t ! fe/ival      
subject is  pres5t$ 9 a v pla9 & simple 
/atem5t ( ! ev5t 9 "q4  ,! s+] loses    
himself 9 8 subject2 !re is no?+ "h (   
self-ass]tion4 ,note su* hymns z 8,a    
great & mighty wond]10 8,all  praise to 
,!e1 ,et]nal ,"l10 8,! /rife is o'er1 ! 
battle done10  8,*ri/1 ! ,"l1 is ris'n  
today10 8,jesus ,*ri/ is ris5 today1    
,alleluia10 etc4    ,mightily ?r\gh !   
ages s\nd ! hymns ( p5ance & judgm5t2   

p]haps too /rong at times4 ,note t      
mighty & mo/ p[]ful hymn1  ,dies irae1  
dies illa4 ,b ! m$iaeval hymnody is n   
)\t !  evangelical _s2 ?is is cle>ly se5
 9 our hymn books1 especially  9 !      
,communion hymns4 ,9 spite ( magic &    
abuse1 x 0 nev]!less  9 ! ,holy         
,communion t ! true ,*ri/ian ( ! ,middle
 ,ages came  close/ to ,*ri/4 ,note two 
m$iaeval ,communion hymns3      ,"l     
,jesus ,*ri/6 ,to ,!e we pray1    ,f u  
,god's wra? ,?\ turn'/ away1    ,?9e    
agony & bitt] dea?    ,r$eem u f et]nal 
wra?4    ,?is hymn comes f ,john ,huss &
 0 translat$ by ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 ,!  o!r    
,communion hymn is 8,jesu dulcis        
memoria10 probably by ,/4 ,b]n>d  (     
,clairvaux3      ,jesus1 ! v ?\ght ( ,!e
    ,) sweetness fills ! brea/2    ,b   
sweet] f> ,?y face to see1    ,& 9 ,?y  
pres5ce re/4    ,x is a v difficult task
 to translate ^! old ,lat9 hymns2 mu* is
  lo/ by ! translation4 ,x is n an easy 
matt] to con/ruct a bridge  betwe5 !    
great gl[ ( ,/4 ,b]n>d's my/icism & !   

p[]ful1 yet  cold fai? ( ! sev5te5?     
c5tury4 ,if 8,jesu dulcis memoria0 0 n  
writt5 by ,/4 ,b]n>d1 x mu/ h be5 writt5
 by "o ( 8 dev\t  pupils4 ,we are "h at 
! v f\nta9-head ( ,*ri/ian poetry1 s    
closely relat$ to ! ,song ( ,solomon1 i4
 e41 x pres5ts ! relation  ( ! fai?ful  
to ,*ri/--! love ( ! bride to !         
bridegroom4 ,f  ?is circle came ! great 
hymn 8,o ,sacr$ ,head1 n[ w\nd$10       
translat$  & p]fect$ by ,paul ,g]h>dt4  
,no wond] t ! s*ools & ca!drals clung s 
t5aci\sly to !  old ,lat9 hymnody4 ,x   
ex]t$ great influ5ce4 ,too bad1 inde$1 t
 we  h p]mitt$ ?is ,lat9 song to become 
ext9ct4 ,p]haps our ta/e 9  ?+s religi\s
 w\ld n h decl9$ s l[1 & religi\s song  
w\ld n h come to be despis$ s g5]ally1  
_h our good lead]s  realiz$ t !re are   
bett] ?+s ?an ,am]ican jazz4            
,,m$iaeval ,,g]man ,,hymns    ,along )  
?is ,lat9-cl]ical *ur* song !re exi/$ 9 
! ,g]manic  m$iaeval ,*ur* a religi\s   
popul> poetry or congregational song4   
,"u ! hi]>*ic autocracy ( ! ,gregorian  

song x _h gone s f>  t ! active         
p>ticipation ( ! congregation 9 public  
wor%ip 0  r$uc$ to a jo9+ only 9 !      
response ,kyrie ,eleison 7,"l h m]cy  ^u
 u71 repeat$ "o hundr$ or m times at any
 "o *ur* s]vice4  ,b 9 ! sad tones ( ?is
 ,kyrie ,eleison1 ?is cry = compassion f
  a p spiritually oppress$ & enslav$1   
!re em]g$ 9 !  ,g]manic m$iaeval ,*ur* !
 fir/ attempts at congregational song 9 
! v]nacul>4 ,at ! close ( ! n9? c5tury  
!y began to supply  ! tune ( !          
me*anically repeat$ ,kyrie ,eleison )   
religi\s  v]ses 9 ! language ( ! p4 ,e  
v]se ( ^! songs end$  ) ! refra9 ,kyrie 
,eleison4 ,?us arose ! fir/ ,g]man *ur* 
hymns  call$ ,kirleison or ,leis51 z !y 
_h gr[n out ( & end$ ) !  ,kyrie        
,eleison4    ,9 ! twelf? & ?irte5?      
c5turies1 :5 significant religi\s       
awak5+s & ! ,crusades 7#ajif-abgc7 /irr$
 up great en?usiasm  among ! p1 ^!      
,g]man hymns took on new life & ga9$    
great  favor among ! p4 ,^! religi\s    
songs ( ! p 7 us$  m & m freely bo? 9   

public wor%ip & at o!r religi\s &       
secul> fe/ive occasions4 ,"s ( ^!       
m$iaeval ,g]man hymns or  ,leis5 are3   
,also heilig i/ d] ,tag2 ,mitt5 wir im  
,leb5 s9d2 ,*ri/  i/ er/&52 ,nun bitt5  
wir d5 heilig5 ,gei/4 ,"o ( ! be/ (  ^! 
,leis5 is1      ,*ri/ i/ er/&5    ,von  
d] ,m>t] ,b&51    ,des soll5 wir alle   
froh se91    ,*ri/ w uns] ,tro/ se91    
,kyrie ,eleison4    ,b ev5 ?\gh ! p sang
 ^! hymns 9 ! *ur* s]vices1 su*  s++ 0  
m]ely tol]at$ & _h no set place4 ,^!    
,g]man hymns (  ! p 7 diff]5t f ! ,lat9 
hymns ( ! cloi/]s4 ,!y  possess a m     
simple1 popul> & he>ty key-note1 ?\gh _!
 =m  may be poor & _! /yle rugg$4 ,b ^! 
hymns1 ) _! s+able  tunes1 7 greatly    
lov$ by ! p1 & s !y liv$ & ?riv$  9 !   
he>ts ( ! common p dur+ ! deplorable    
times &  conditions ( ! m$iaeval ,*ur*4 
,! secul> ,m9nes+]s 7?irte5?  c5tury7 & 
! ,mei/]s+]s 7f\rte5? c5tury7 ex]t$     
consid]able influ5ce ^u ,g]man hymnody1 
especially ) respect to  poetic =m &    
music4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies !

  8,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,life0 7,ne!rl&s7
 & ! significant  religi\s movem5ts     
associat$ ) ,john ,wycliffe & ,john     
,huss gave to  hymnody 9 ! v]nacul> a   
p[]ful revival & a pur] evangelical     
cont5t4 ,desirable ,lat9 hymns 7        
translat$ & new hymns 9 !  v]nacul> 7   
writt54 ,! ,g]mans & ! ,bohemians       
possess$1 be=e  #aejj1 ab\t five hundr$ 
*ur* hymns 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,9 !  fifte5?  
c5tury ! ,bohemians sang ^! hymns 9 !   
regul> *ur*  s]vices4                   
,,m$iaeval ,,sc&9avian ,,hymnody        
,because ( ! close connection :i* exi/$ 
9 m$iaeval times betwe5  ,g]manic       
c\ntries & peoples1--a natural outcome (
 _! racial  aff9ity1--x 0 q natural t ! 
movem5ts ( m$iaeval hymnody  9 ,g]many  
w\ld become kn[n among ! p ( ! ,nor?4 ,!
 ,sw$i%  m$iaeval ,*ur* possess$ a      
hymnody bo? 9 ,lat9 & 9 ,sw$i%4 ,only  a
 v few ( ! ,sw$i% m$iaeval religi\s     
songs rema9 to-day4 ,^!  popul> religi\s
 songs1 l secul> folk songs & ballads1 7
  transmitt$ n 9 writ+ b z a liv+       

tradition on ! lips ( !  p f g5]ation to
 g5]ation4 ,?us only v few ( ^! old     
,sw$i% religi\s songs h surviv$ ! c5tury
 ( ! ,re=mation4 ,by  way ( example we  
may note ! old m$iaeval song1 8,! bless$
 day  :i* we behold0--?is is f\nd 9 all 
,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymn books4 ,x  exi/$ 9 !
 f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 its pres5t =m x has 
be5  greatly improv$ by ! greate/ (     
,sw$i% hymnologi/s1 ,j4 ,o4 ,wall94     
,ericus ,olai is ! only kn[n ,sw$i% hymn
 writ] ( m$iaeval times4  ,"o ( 8 hymns1
 8,! ,ri* ,man10 a metrical p>aphrase ( 
! ,gospel  lesson :i* deals ) ! ri* man 
& ,laz>us1 ,olaus ,petri1 ! great       
,sw$i% re=m]1 includ$ 9 ! fir/ ,sw$i%   
,lu!ran hymn book4 ,x  0 also includ$ 9 
! ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymn book ( #afie4 ,an 
int]e/+ & valuable te/imony conc]n+ !   
fact t also 9 !  ,sw$i% m$iaeval ,*ur* !
 p 7 all[$ to s+ 9 public  wor%ip1 is   
f\nd 9 ! answ] t ,k+ ,gu/avus ,i gave to
 !  compla9t ( ! ,dalec>lians1 9 #aebg4 
,among o!r ?+s1 ! k+  says t 8x is an   
old cu/om 9 our c\ntry1 9 our *ur*es1 to

 s+  9 ,sw$i% & praise ,god1 & x is well
 t ?is is done 9 our own  language1 :i* 
we und]/&1 & n 9 ,lat91 :i* we d n      
und]/&40                                
,,! ,,sequ5ces    ,! ,sequ5ces 7        
religi\s liturgical songs1 :i* develop$ 
f !  florid vocalizations ^u ! la/      
syllable ( ! ,hallelujah4 ,at fir/  only
 a melody or tune ) words1 b lat] on x  
became an art =m  bo? 9 music & 9 sacr$ 
poetry4 ,musically (t5 ( f9] quality    
?an ! hymn4 ,! ,sequ5ces usually consi/$
 ( two v]ses1 ?ree  l9es to ea* v]se1 ) 
! same melody = ea* ( ! two v]ses4  ,!  
=m seems to h orig9at$ at ! conv5t ( ,/4
 ,gall 9  ,switz]l&1 ab\t #hge ,a4 ,d4  
,dur+ ! lat] "p ( ! m$iaeval era  !     
,sequ5ces became v popul>1 & ! numb] (  
,sequ5ces t 7  sung 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*  
rea*$ ne>ly "o ?\s&4 ,! *ur*  music     
decisions ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t           
7#aede-aefc7 op]at$ v  /rongly aga9/ !  
,sequ5ces1 & s !y practically disappe>$ 
ab\t #aegj4 ,only five ,sequ5ces 7      
reta9$1 namely1 ,victime pas*ali        

laudes1 ,v5i ,sancte ,spiritus1 ,lauda  
,sion salvatorem1 ,/abat ,mat]          
dolorosa1 & ,dies ,irae4                
,,/4 ,,gall    ,we close our /udy (     
m$iaeval hymnody ) a /ory ab\t ,/4      
,gall4 ,/4  ,gall is a v rem>kable old  
mona/]y4 ,m5 ( q diff]5t m9ds  &        
dispositions got along v amicably "u !  
,b5$ict9e rule at  ,/4 ,gall4 ,among its
 "o hundr$ monks !re 7 9 ! n9? c5tury   
f\r monks ^: names 7 well kn[n ?r\gh\t !
 ,we/]n ,*ur*1  namely1 ! le>n$ ,ratp]t1
 ! en?usia/ic ,notk]1 ! highly gift$  & 
greatly admir$ arti/ ,tutilo1 & !       
unrivall$ h&-pr9t] (  books1 ,s9tram1 ^:
 v beautiful h&writ+ 0 greatly admir$   
?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,ratp]t1 a /]n         
educator1 nev] sp>+ ! rod1 &  n deeply  
int]e/$ 9 8 devotional ex]cises--a great
 s*ol>4  ,notk] ,balbulus 7/amm]]71 !   
sa9t-l1 ascetic tune-writ] &  plant     
speciali/1 :o _h /range visions & liv$ 9
 ano!r _w--a  dream]4 ,!n !re 0 also !  
+5i\s1 humor\s ,tutilo4 ,^! ?ree  monks 
7 z diff]5t z ?ree highly gift$ p]sons  

c\ld be1 & yet  !y 7 always z "o s\l4   
,ratp]t respect$ ,tutilo's f9e          
s*ol>%ip2 at night !y 7 (t5 f\nd )      
,notk] ,balbulus 9 !  writ+-room1 comp>+
 & improv+ ! works t ,s9tram 0 ab\t  to 
copy4 ,notk] :o wrote _m f9e hymn tunes1
 want$ !m sung by  ,tutilo :o 0 a good  
s+] & clev] p]=m] ^u sev]al musical     
in/rum5ts4 ,tutilo wrote sev]al excell5t
 hymn tunes1 & he also  produc$ sev]al  
noble hymns ( :i* ! mo/ popul> are      
,hodie  cant&us1 ,viri ,galilei1 &      
,gaudete et cantate4    ,notk]'s g5u9e  
affection = ,tutilo 0 n di/urb$ by      
,tutilo's  good-natur$ submission to    
unreasonable mona/ic regulations1 :i*   
,notk] reg>d$ z symbolically            
significant4 ,! ,b5$ict9e regulations  7
 meant = ! mona/]ies ( s\!rn ,italy1 &  
did n suit !  conv5t ( ,/4 ,gall v well4
 ,a midday nap 0 "o ( ! ,b5$ict9e       
regulations1 & s ! monks ( ,/4 ,gall _h 
to retire & sleep two or  ?ree h\rs at  
midday e day4 ,! ,b5$ict9e rule         
prescrib$ a diet  ( fi%1 fruit &        

vegetables--! usual diet ( s\!rn ,italy4
 ,b fi%  & fruit 7 difficult to secure  
at ,/4 ,gall2 meat1 :i* 0  pl5tiful1 0  
=bidd54 ,& s ! diet ( ,/4 ,gall consi/$ 
ma9ly  ( pulse & pap4 ,notk] :o 0 !     
gu>dian ( ! discipl9e ( !  mona/]y1 nev]
 _h an occasion to br+ up any reproa*   
aga9/  ,tutilo4 ,tutilo obs]v$ ! midday 
nap1 & flav\r$ ) m]rim5t !  monoton\s   
diet :i* ma9ta9$ 8 spl5did mortal clay4 
,,section  ,v                           
,,lu!ran ,,hymnology                    
#aebj--      ,! ,re=mation ( ! sixte5?  
c5tury put life into congregational     
hymn s++4 ,be=e ?is "t x _h be5 he>d    
only 9 /ra9s1  brok51 timid1 & vague4 ,!
 ,re=mation end[$ congregational hymn   
s++ ) a sonor\sness & p[]1 z nev] be=e 9
 ! hi/ory (  ! ,*ur*4 ,"o ( ! ma9       
pr9ciples ( ! ,re=mation 0 t all        
,*ri/ians1 z a spiritual prie/hood      
7,rev4 #a3f & #a ,pet4 #b3e71 are       
privileg$ & oblig$ to approa* ,god & br+
 ,him _! (f]+1  )\t human m$iators &    
deputies1 only because ( ! m]its (      

,*ri/1 ! "o true m$iator2 & ?is n only  
individually 9 private  life b also 9   
public wor%ip4 ,! ,re=mation br\ght into
 play all  s]viceable =ces & means to   
promote & make possible !  realization (
 ?is pr9ciple 9 ! cultus4 ,! re=m]s     
s\ght to  make ! liturgy intelligible & 
accessible to ! common p--=  ! ,lat9 !y 
sub/itut$ ! language ( ! p1 & !         
congregation 0 giv5 an opportunity to   
take an active "p 9 public  wor%ip4 ,x 0
 p]fectly natural t *ur* song c\ld n    
rema9 9  its m$iaeval =m1 an exclusive  
privilege ( ! cl]gy1 b be  transf]r$ to 
! p4 ,& s popul> *ur* hymns 7 produc$4  
,lu!r became ! lead] also 9 ?is great   
"w4 ,:at k9d ( hymns he  want$1 is q    
cle>ly se5 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to !         
electoral  c\rt *apla91 ,spalat91 :om he
 call$ ^u to assi/ 9 ?is  hymnological  
"w3 8,i am will+ to make ,g]man psalms =
 ! p1  aft] ! example ( ! prophets & !  
anci5t fa!rs2 t is1  spiritual hymns    
:]eby ! ,^w ( ,god1 ?r\gh s++1 may      
cons]ve  itself among ! p40 ,lat] on 9 !

 same lett]1 he makes !  foll[+         
sugge/ion3 8,i desire1 h[ev]1 t         
new-fangl$ words1 &  c\rtly expressions1
 be omitt$1 9 ord] t ! language may be !
  simple/ & mo/ famili> to ! p1 & yet1  
at ! same "t1  pure1 & well suit$ to !  
cle> s5se ( ! psalm40 ,su* *ur*  hymns1 
?or\ghly ,biblical & at ! same "t       
popul>1 ! great  re=m] want$ = ! p4 ,&  
,lu!r produc$ sev]al *ur*  hymns1 :i* h 
nev] be5 surpass$ & r>ely equal$4 ,he   
translat$  & v]sifi$ ,davidic ,psalms2  
he translat$ & revis$ old ,lat9 hymns2  
he revis$ sev]al old religi\s folk      
songs2 & he wrote sev]al  orig9al hymns4
 ,he 0 n alone 9 ?is hymnological "w2 _m
 able  assi/ants came =w>d4 ,?us ! great
 ,lu!ran hymnody began4#a    ,! out/&+  
m]it ( ^! *ur* hymns is t !y proclaim & 
extol ,god's great works ( love1 9 words
 & /ra9s t bur/ =?  f ! v s\l ( !       
p--imm$iately !y became ! prop]ty (  !  
p4 ,z sil5t & yet z mo/ eloqu5t         
witnesses ( evangelical  tru?1 ^! hymns 
made _! way ev5 to di/ant l&s & awak5$ !

  langui%+ he>ts ( ! p to new life1 to  
joy & praise4 ,!  annals ( ! ,re=mation 
are ri* 9 ! mo/ rem>kable te/imonies    
conc]n+ ^! ?+s1 h[ ! ,lu!ran hymns      
p[]fully conqu]$ !  love ( ! p & h[ ! p 
he>tily sang !m 9 ! *ur*es  & 9 ! homes1
 9 weal & woe4 ,& ?is great legacy f !  
,re=mation era1 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* has     
pres]v$1 us$ well1 &  ri*ly increas$4 ,!
 *ur* hymn is ! special glory ( !       
,lu!ran  ,*ur*4 ,no *ur* communion c be 
comp>$ to ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* 9  ?is        
respect4 ,n )\t reason has ! ,lu!ran    
,*ur* be5 call$ !  s++ *ur*4            
,,m>t9 ,,lu!r    ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ,lu!ran 
hymnody f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1  we  
mu/ dwell1 if b briefly1 on its         
classical =mation 9 !  mo!rl& ( !       
,lu!ran ,*ur*1 ,g]many4 ,some?+ p]man5t 
&  peculi>ly typical is pres5t 9 !      
hymnody ( ! ,re=mation days4    ,)      
respect to ,lu!r himself1 8 be/ hymns   
are our mo/ preci\s  possession4 8,e9'  
fe/e ,burg0 is kn[n ! _w ov]4 ,*ri/ians 
ev]y:]e are famili> ) x4    ,at fir/    

,lu!r did n seem to be aw>e ( 8 poetical
 gifts4 ,x 0  n until 9 ,july1 #aebc1 :5
 two ,belgian m>tyrs ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*  
_h be5 burnt at ! /ake1 t ,lu!r's fir/  
poetical product came  into exi/5ce--9 !
 folk song /yle4 ,?is song1 8,e9 neues  
,li$ wir  heb5 an10 spread v rapidly    
?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,soon !reaft] came  two
 hymns1 "o ab\t p5ance1 & "o ab\t fai?3 
8,out ( ! dep?s ,i  cry to ,!e0 & 8,de> 
,*ri/ians "o & all rejoice40 ,!y 7      
suppli$ ) tunes & spread v rapidly      
?r\gh\t ! l&4    #aebd 0 ! hymn-ye> ( ! 
,re=mation4 #bd ( ,lu!r's #cg hymns     
appe>$ 9 v>i\s publications4 8,e9' fe/e 
,burg0 seems to belong to  ! ye> #aebg4 
,lu!r's musical assi/ants 7 ,conrad     
,rupf & ,johann  ,wal!r4 ,x is said t   
:ile ^! two musicians sat at ! table1   
busy ) ! writ+ ( ! music1 ,lu!r walk$   
ab\t ! l>ge room  & tri$ ! tunes1 s++   
!m1 or play+ !m on 8 flute4 ,:5 we  /op 
to consid] :at 0 !n =m$ & creat$1 we see
 cle>ly t  ?is is a hi/orical situation 
( epo*-mak+ significance4 ,lu!r at  !   

*ur* door 9 ,witt5b]g1 ,lu!r at ,worms1 
at ,w>tburg1 9 8  home2 s also ,lu!r ) 8
 musical fri5ds1 creat+ or remodell+    
poetry & music = ! new ,*ur*--a c5tral  
figure 9 ! hi/ory (  ! ,*ur*4    ,to    
*>act]ize ,lu!r's hymns is no easy task1
 because ( _!  ri*ness4 ,lu!r's s\l     
possess$ an enorm\s span ( fai? &       
spiritual life4 ,x exp]i5c$ ! m$iaeval  
?und]-tones ( judgm5t  z well z !       
brightness ( ! ,gospel4 ,comp>e1 =      
example1 ! two  hymns1 8,?\gh 9 mid/ (  
life we be0 & 8,de> ,*ri/ians "o & all  
rejoice40 ,comp>e ! foll[+ /anza f 8,e9 
fe/e ,burg10      ,! ,^w !y /ill %all   
let rema91      ,nor any ?anks h = x2   
,he's by our side ^u ! pla9      ,) ,8  
good gifts & ,_s4        ,take !y !n our
 life1        ,goods1 fame1 *ild1 &     
wife1        ,:5 _! wor/ is done1       
,!y yet h no?+ won3      ,! ,k+dom ours 
rema9e?4    ) "o ( ! /anzas f 8,vom     
,himmel ho* da komm i* h]01      ,ah1   
de>e/ ,jesus1 ,holy ,*ild1    ,make ,!e 
a b$1 s(t1 undefil$1    ,"h 9 my poor   

he>t's inmo/ %r9e1    ,t ,i may ev]more 
be ,?9e4    ,x is obvi\s t 9 8,de>      
,*ri/ians "o & all rejoice0--,nun freut 
eu*1 lieb5 ,*ri/5 g'me9--we h ! outl9e (
 ,lu!r's entire  exp]i5ce ( fai?1 f !   
mom5t he felt himself condemn$ by ,god  
till he c\ld triumph 9 songs ( praise4  
,?is hymn =ms a v cle>  p>allel to 8    
exposition ( ! ,second ,article4        
,mo/ ( ,lu!r's hymns ought to be f\nd 9 
our ,engli% ,lu!ran hymn  books4 ,!y are
 noble *ur* hymns--all ,lu!rans %\ld "k 
!m4 ,!  ,*ur* ,militant is "o ( ,lu!r's 
*ief subjects4 ,note 8 great h]oic  hymn
 8,e9 fe/e ,burg40 ,note also "o ( 8 la/
 hymns3      ,erhalt uns1 ,h]r1 bei     
de9em ,wort    ,und /eure de9] ,fe9de   
,mord1    7,orig9al3 und /eur des ,pab/s
 und ,tu]k5 ,mord74    ,die ,jesum      
,*ri/um1 de95 ,sohn1    ,/u]z5 woll5 von
 de9em ,?ron4      ,"l1 keep u /eadfa/ 9
 ,?y ,^w2    ,curb ^? :o fa9 by craft or
 sword    ,w\ld wre/ ! k+dom f ,?y ,son1
    ,& set at naught all ,he ha? done4  
,p[]ful & c\rage\s ,lu!ran hymns6 ,a*   

,gott1 vom ,himmel sieh  d>e9--,look    
d[n1 ,o ,"l1 f heav5 behold--seems to be
 z valid  aga9/ ! dis9tegrat+           
subjectivism & sup]-culture ( our "t z  
aga9/ ! age 9 :i* x 0 born1 :i* dissolv$
 ,god's k+dom &  div9e w at pleasure &  
put uncontroll$ human w 9 _! place4     
,:e!r ?is ref]s to cl]icalism & papism  
or mod]n culture & mass  dom9ion1 makes 
little or no diff]5ce2 ! result 9 bo?   
cases is  de/ruction4    ,ne>ly all (   
,lu!r's hymns close ) words (           
praise--note ?is  consci\sness (        
communion ) ,*ri/4 ,take = example ! la/
 /anza  ( 8,*ri/ lag 9 ,todesb&503      
,!n let u fea/ ?is ,ea/] day    ,on !   
true ,bread ( heav52    ,! ,^w ( grace  
ha? purg$ away    ,! old & wick$ leav53 
,*ri/ alone our s\ls w fe$2    ,he is   
our meat & dr9k inde$2    ,fai? lives ^u
 no o!r6          ,alleluia6    ,we     
recomm5d a c>eful /udy ( 8,lu!r's       
,hymns0 by ,james ,f4 ,lamb]t4          
,,g]man ,,hymnody    ,! hi/ory ( ,g]man 
hymnody aft] #aejj may be divid$ into   

five  p]iods3 #a7 ! f\ndation p]iod1    
includ+ ! "t ( ! ,re=mation  & d[n to ! 
close ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 #b7 ! p]iod ( 
prosp]ity1 f ab\t #afjj to ab\t #agjj2  
#c7 ! p]iod (  subjectivism1 embrac+ !  
"t f #agjj to #agej2 #d7 ! p]iod (      
decl9e1 f #agej to ab\t #ahbj2 #e7 a "t 
( r5ovation & g5]al  developm5t1 f ab\t 
#ahbj to ab\t #aijj4    ,to pres5t a    
cle>1 yet reasonably complete1 survey ( 
! hi/ory (  ! *ur* hymn 9 ,g]many dur+ !
 c5tury ( ! ,re=mation1 is n  an easy   
task4 ,! p]iod is ri* 9 victories &     
rev]ses4 ,x embraces  n only ! fir/     
victories ( ! new ,*ur* b also !        
,c\nt]-,re=mation ) its rega9+ ( lo/    
gr\nd4 ,x includes !  sad /ory ( !      
int]nal /ruggles ( ! e>ly ,lu!ran ,*ur*1
 :i*  result$ 9 diss5sion & weakness1   
bitt]ness & disc\ragem5t4 ,all  ?is is  
reflect$ 9 ! hymnody ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!      
sixte5? c5tury  produc$ _m great        
hymni/s1 to :om we are greatly indebt$4 
,lu!r's  hymns alone w\ld =m a valuable 
little hymn book4 ,b x w\ld be  /ill m  

valuable1 if we includ$ 9 x ! be/       
,lu!ran *ur* hymns  ( ! entire c5tury4  
,a hymn book conta9+ all ! great ,lu!ran
  *ur* hymns ( ! sixte5? c5tury--a      
rem>kable ,lu!ran hymn book4    ,!      
,re=mation hymnody possesses a          
prepond]at+ly objective  "*4 ,def9ite & 
true evangelical fai? is its keynote4   
,*ri/'s  r$emption & ! s9n]'s           
ju/ification by fai? are ! out/&+       
expressions 9 ?is hymnody4 ,! human & ! 
individual1 !  subjective1 receives a   
second>y place4 ,9 fact !re is h>dly any
  indication 9 ?is hymnody ( a prop]    
coalesc5ce ( ! subjective &  !          
objective4 ,a great _m ( ! hymns are    
translations ( old ,greek  & ,lat9      
hymns4 ,b ! ?\ghts are he>ty1 vigor\s1  
p[]ful1 &  s]i\s4 ,! outw>d =m is       
simple1 ev5 faulty at times4 ,yet x is !
  song ( e>ne/ & s9c]e ,*ri/ians4    ,! 
=emo/ hymni/ ( ?is p]iod is1 ( c\rse1   
,m>t9 ,lu!r4 ,o!r  great hymni/s ( ?is  
p]iod are ,ju/us ,jonas1 ,paul ,eb]1    
,paul  ,sp]atus1 ,nikolaus ,decius1     

,laz>us ,sp5gl]1 ,nikolaus ,h]mann1     
,b>?ol4  ,r+waldt1 & ,nikolaus          
,selneck]4 ,mi*ael ,weiss ( ,bohemia    
belongs to  ?is p]iod1 because he       
produc$ a numb] ( excell5t ,g]man       
translations ( *ur* hymns :i* _h be5 9  
use among ! foll[]s  ( ,john ,huss4     
,! second p]iod ( ,g]man hymnody1 !     
sev5te5? c5tury1 may be  reg>d$ z "o (  
great prosp]ity4 ,9 x ! objective & !   
subjective seem to atta9 a f9e balance4 
,! *ur* hymn n[ comes m  directly f !   
s\l ( ! communion ( ! fai?ful4 ,9 =m &  
expression !re is heal?y progress4 ,a v 
f9e type ( lyrical poetry  develops4    
,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ?is p]iod we note   
su* excell5t  hymni/s z ,l4 ,helmbold1  
,m>t9 ,s*all+1 ,val]ius ,h]b]g]1 &      
,philipp ,nicolai4 ,among hymn writ]s   
dur+ ! h>d times ( ! ,?irty  ,ye>s ,w>1 
:o produc$ excell5t hymns ( consolation1
 p[]ful hymns1  we note especially ,john
 ,he]mann1 ,paul ,flem+1 ,j4 ,m4        
,meyf>t1 ,m>t9  ,r9k>t1 ,john ,ri/1 &   
,simon ,da*4 ,! objective-subjective    

hymnody (  ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 its     
pure/ & noble/ =m1 is to be f\nd  9 !   
hymns ( ,paul ,g]h>dt1 writ] ( m ?an "o 
hundr$ hymns1 9  :i* ! ardor & f]vor (  
,*ri/ian subjectivity atta9$ a mo/      
happy union ) ! firm evangelical fai? & 
! noble popul>  elem5ts ( ! ,re=mation  
p]iod4 ,he is "o ( ! greate/ ,g]man     
hymn writ]s1 if n ! greate/4 ,) him we  
note ,georg ,neum>k1 ,j4  ,franck1 & ,m4
 ,s*irm]4    ,! ?ird p]iod1 f ! end ( ! 
sev5te5? c5tury to ab\t #agej1  may be  
call$ ! age ( subjective hymnody4 ,to   
?is p]iod belong su*  great hymn writ]s 
z ,johann ,s*effl] 7,angelus ,silesius7 
& ,c\ntess  ,ludemilia ,elisabe? (      
,s*w>tzburg-,rudol/adt4 ,bo? ( ^! hymn  
writ]s are q /rongly incl9$ t[>ds s\nd  
,my/icism4 ,at !  op5+ ( ! eighte5?     
c5tury1 ,pietism br\ght ab\t a great    
awak5+ 9 hymn writ+4 ,sev]al ( ! foll[]s
 ( ,sp5] &  ,francke produc$ a l>ge     
numb] ( devotional hymns :i* are full ( 
s\nd & s9c]e piety 9 simple & noble =m4 
,to ?is gr\p ( hymn  writ]s belong      

,samuel ,rodiga/1 ,gottfri$ ,arnold1    
,johann ,freyl+haus51  ,h]rns*midt1     
,ri*t]1 ,c\ntess ,emilie ,juliane (     
,s*w>tzburg1 ,j4 ,j4  ,ramba*1 &        
,wolt]sdorf4 ,9 ?is connection we mu/   
also m5tion  ,g]h>d ,t]/eeg51 a prea*]  
)\t a *ur*1 & a lead] among  8awak5$    
s\ls40 ,! foll[]s ( ,j4 ,a4 ,b5gel1 or !
 s-call$ ,bible  ,!ologians1 produc$ a  
numb] ( f9e devotional hymns4 ,lead+    
hymn  writ]s 9 ?is gr\p are ,johann     
,m5tz] & ,phillip ,fri$ri* ,hill]4      
,c\nt ,z9z5dorf1 ! great lead] among !  
,h]rnhut]s1 or ,moravian  ,bre?r51 wrote
 a numb] ( excell5t hymns4 ,besides ^!  
hymnological  fruits ( ,pietism1 !      
or?odox t5d5cy did n rema9 unproductive4
  ,pietism ex]t$ consid]able influ5ce ^u
 ! or?odox hymnody4 ,to  ?is gr\p (     
or?odox hymn writ]s belong ,erdmann     
,neumei/]1 ,b5jam9  ,s*molck1 & ,salomo 
,franck4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! eighte5?   
c5tury a dull & degrad$ ,pietism began  
to react ^u sacr$ poetry4 ,a  s\nd &    
vigor\s tone 0 sup]s$$ by ! subjective &

 lyrical  effusions ( ! individual4 ,!  
hymns began to treat m & m (  p]sonal   
feel+s & s\l exp]i5ces1 ( ev5ts &       
situations 9  private life4 ,a numb] (  
poor hymn books appe>$4 ,public ta/e = !
  "r k9d ( *ur* song 0 spoil$4 ,?is pav$
 ! way = a  hymnological revolution1    
br\ght ab\t ma9ly by ,rationalism1 dur+ 
!  la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4    ,!  
f\r? p]iod1 ! era ( decl9e1 includes !  
la/ half ( !  eighte5? c5tury & ! fir/  
decades ( ! n9ete5?4 ,?is is !  "t ( !  
de/ructive influ5ces ( ,neologism or    
,rationalism 9  ,g]many4 ,g]man hymnody 
suff]$4 ,rationalism is a d5ial (       
positive  ,*ri/ian life1 & lacks sympa?y
 = ! primitive1 ! simple1 &  ! popul>4  
,x _c att5d to ! ne$s ( ! common p4 ,x  
possesses a "* ( sup]ficial & he>tless  
intellectualism4  ,reason 0 made !      
highe/ au?ority 9 all religi\s matt]s4  
,g5u9e  hymn writ+ c\ld n gr[ up 9 a    
soil :i* 0 de/itute bo? (  poetry & (   
true ,*ri/ianity4 ,! dom9ion (          
rationalism 9 ,g]man  hymnody began ab\t

 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ) a       
revision  ( ! old *ur* hymns 9          
accordance ) ! new ideas ( ! age1 an    
age ( enlight5m5t & illum9ation4 ,to    
beg9 ) ?is hymnological  revision 0     
ma9ly 9 ! int]e/ ( =m4 ,sev]ity1        
irregul>ity &  ar*aism 9 expression &   
/yle1 9 rhyme & met]1 etc41 _h to be    
elim9at$ f ! *ur* hymns4 ,up-to-date    
language _h to be us$4  ,! revision ( =m
 0 soon foll[$ by a revision ( cont5t4  
,old  ideas 9 ! hymns _h to be remov$4  
,! *ur* hymns _h to be 9  h>mony ) ! new
 e?ical ideas ( ! age4 ,a great "w 9    
hymnological v&alism 0 9 progress4 ,x 0 
n suffici5t to m]ely  improve ! old     
hymns4 ,mo/ ( ! gr& old *ur* hymns 7    
dropp$  & new ones produc$--new hymns   
:i* 7 9 p]fect h>mony ) !  new ideas ( !
 age4 ,! new hymn book 0 to be a k9d (  
textbook 9  moral philosophy4 ,! new    
hymn book %\ld in/ruct ! p 9 _m  useful 
?+s4 ,hymns 7 writt5 on su* subjects z  
pr(itable  economy1 extravagance1       
sup]/ition1 scepticism1 quiet & peaceful

  life1 cont5t$ness1 integrity1 ! "r use
 ( pleasure1 comm]ce1  agriculture1     
vacc9ation1 sleep1 etc4 ,! direction 0 n
 heav5w>d  s mu* z worldw>d4    ,! lead+
 hymnological revisor or editor 0       
,fri$ri* ,gottlieb  ,klop/ock           
7#agbd-ahjc74 ,he also wrote a few      
orig9al hymns4 ,"o ( !  be/ hymn writ]s 
( ?is hymnological era 0 ,*ri/ian       
,fu]*tegott  ,gell]t 7#agae-agfi74 ,he  
wrote a numb] ( excell5t hymns4 ,johann 
,casp]  ,lavat] 7#agda-ahja7 0 p]haps ! 
greate/ hymn writ] ( ?is p]iod4    ,!   
fif? p]iod ( ,g]man hymnody1 an era (   
r5ovation1 f ab\t  #ahbe to ab\t #aiaj1 
is kn[n n s mu* = orig9al hymn writ+ z  
= its g5]al return to ! be/ ( old ,g]man
 hymnody4 ,! neological  hymn books ( ! 
prec$+ p]iod 7 condemn$ & reject$4 ,new 
hymn  books 7 publi%$1 :i* conta9$ ! be/
 *ur* hymns ( all  times4 ,out/&+       
hymnological compil]s & editors are ,dr4
 ,h]mann  ,adalb]t ,daniel1 ,dr4 ,c>l   
,edu>d ,philipp ,wack]nagel1 & ,/ip4    
,alb]t  ,knapp & ,dr4 ,c>l ,johann      

,spitta are important ,g]man hymni/s (  
?is  p]iod4 ,important ,engli%          
translators are ,miss ,ca!r9e ,w9kwor?1 
,miss  ,frances ,elizabe? ,cox1 ,miss   
,jane ,bor?wick & h] si/]--,mrs4        
,f9dlat]1 ,rev4 ,ri*>d ,massie1 & ,rev4 
,a4 ,toz> ,russell4                     
,,sc&9avian ,,lu!ran ,,hymnody    ,!    
,re=mation era1 ! sixte5? c5tury4--,!   
hymnody ( !  ,sc&9avian ,*ur* dur+ ?is  
p]iod 01 = ! mo/ "p1 an e*o  ( t ( !    
,g]man "m ,*ur*4 ,among important       
hymni/s ( ?is  p]iod we note ,hans      
,tauss51 ,hans ,tomissn1 ,cl4 ,tndeb9d] 
& ,nils  ,jesp]s5 ( ! ,dani% ,*ur*4 ,9 !
 ,sw$i% ,*ur* we note especially  ! two 
bro!rs1 ,olaus & ,laur5tius ,petri1 !   
two great ,sw$i%  re=m]s1 /ud5ts "u ,dr4
 ,m>t9 ,lu!r at ! ,univ]sity (          
,witt5b]g4 ,! fir/ ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymn  
book 0 issu$ by ,olaus  ,petri1 #aebf1  
call$ 8,sw$i% ,songs0 7ab\t t5 hymns74  
,revis$ &  enl>g$ editions ( ?is hymn   
book appe>$ 9 #aecj & #aecf4 ,9 ?is     
fir/ ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymn book we f9d    

hymns by ! ,sw$i% poet ,olaf  ,sw5sson1 
:o di/+ui%$ himself z a zeal\s polemic  
aga9/ !  ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* &        
8,anti*ri/0 7! pope74 ,9 #aefg appe>$   
ano!r ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymn book1 conta9+ 
#ii hymns1 :i* has be5  call$ 8! hymn   
book ( ,laur5tius ,petri10 because x    
conta9$ _m  translations & sev]al       
orig9al hymns by him4 ,a revis$ & enl>g$
  edition ( ?is hymn book appe>$ 9      
#aegb4 ,9 ?is hymnal appe>$ !  popul> & 
beautiful ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymn1 8,a s9ful
 man1 :o lay 9  trance ( s91 he he>d a  
voice f heav53 ,awake1 awake1 li/ to !  
,^w t com=t gives40 ,x has be5 claim$ by
 sev]al au?orities  t ?is hymn is !     
=emo/ hymn 9 ! ,sw$i% lit]ature ( !     
sixte5? c5tury1 & also "o ( ! greate/ ( 
,sw$i% ,lu!ran  hymns4 ,x is probably ! 
"w ( ,laur5tius ,petri ,go?us4          
,sc&9avian ,lu!ran hymnody may be divid$
 into five hymnological  p]iods1 simil> 
to ! five p]iods ( ,g]man ,lu!ran       
hymnody4 ,!  hymnological p]iods (      
,g]man & ,sc&9avian hymnody are p>allel4

    ,! second p]iod1 ! sev5te5?         
c5tury4--,! sev5te5? c5tury is  said to 
be ! days ( glory 9 ! hi/ory (          
,sc&9avian ,lu!ran  hymnody--its =emo/  
p]iod4 ,:ile ! ,dani% hymni/s ,hans     
,/h51 ,a4  ,arreboe1 & especially ,t4   
,k+o wrote _! hymns1 ! hymnody ( !      
,sw$i% ,*ur* develop$ some:at           
indep5d5tly1 ) ,sw$i% f]vor &  virility 
9 connection ) ,biblical & practical    
simplicity 9 !  be/ s5se4 ,! advance (  
?is p]iod on ! ,re=mation era 0 mu*     
great] 9 ! ,sw$i% ,*ur* ?an 9 ! ,g]man  
,*ur*4 ,x is also to  be not$ t ! highe/
 po9t 9 ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymn writ+ 0     
rea*$ 9 ! lat] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1  
some:at lat]  ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,important 
,sw$i% hymni/s ( ?is p]iod are ,samuel  
,columbus1 ,erik ,l9dskld1 ,petrus      
,brask1 ,gu/af ,ollon1 ,israel ,kolmod91
  ,jacob ,boe?ius1 ,jakob ,arrh5ius1 &  
especially ! two bi%ops1 ,haqu9  ,spegel
 & ,jesp] ,sw$b]g4 ,! ,sw$i% ,lu!ran    
hymnal ( #afie 0 a  ma/]work4    ,! ?ird
 p]iod1 f #agjj to #agej4--,! ,sc&9avian

 ,*ur* 0 n  subject to ! hymnological   
fluctuations t ! ,g]man ,*ur*  exp]i5c$ 
9 ?is p]iod1 because ! excell5t ,sw$i%  
hymnal ( #afie  rema9$ ?r\gh\t ! #ah?   
c5tury z ! only (ficial & popul>  hymn  
book4 ,ef=ts 7 made to produce new      
hymnals4 ,ab\t #agfe appe>$  an or?odox 
hymnal1 8s\nd 9 doctr9e &               
unpoetical0--call$ ! ,celsic  hymnal1   
because ,o4 ,celsius _h a great deal to 
d ) its compilation4  ,pieti/ic &       
,moraviani/ic hymnals appe>$4 ,z an     
example ( !  ,pieti/ic hymnals we note  
8,! ,songs ( ,moses & ! ,lamb10 by      
,lybeck]1 #agag4 8,! ,songs ( ,zion0 0 a
 ,moraviani/ic product1  publi%$ ab\t   
#agde4 ,! ,danes & ! ,norwegians 7      
=tunate 9  hav+ z _! =emo/ hymni/ !     
great ,h4 ,a4 ,brorson1 a mo/ noble     
,pieti/ic hymn writ]4    ,! f\r?        
p]iod4--,?is p]iod includes ! la/ half (
 ! eighte5?  c5tury & ! fir/ fifte5 ye>s
 ( ! n9ete5?4 ,! neological  _s did n   
get into ! *ur* life ( ,sw$5 z ?or\ghly 
z 9  ,g]many4 ,?is =tunate condition is 

pla9ly se5 9 ! hymnody ( !  ,sw$i%      
,*ur*4 ,! hymnal t 0 publi%$ 9 #agic1 ! 
ye> ( !  #bjj? anniv]s>y ( ! important  
,*ur* ,c\ncil at ,upsala 7#aeic71       
conta9$ v few new hymns1 & ! old hymns  
reta9$ 7 only  slightly revis$4 ,b ?is  
hymnal 0 n accept$ by ! ,sw$i%  ,*ur*4  
,ab\t tw5ty ye>s lat]1 9 #ahad1 appe>$ a
 new project 9 !  matt] ( a revis$ &    
improv$ hymnal1 ! result ( neological   
ef=ts to produce new *ur* hymns4 ,_m v  
able hymni/s unit$ 9  ?is great         
hymnological project1 to %[ :at g5ius & 
good ta/e c  accompli%4 ,x 0 a great "w1
 b1 on ! :ole1 unsuccessful--too  f9e1  
p]haps4    ,! fif? p]iod1 ! n9ete5?     
c5tury4--,! hymnological situation 9    
,sw$5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 some:at      
simil> to t 9  ,g]many4 ,b x is h>dly a 
"q ( return+ to ! old1 because          
neological activities 7 n able to       
deprive ! ,sw$i% ,*ur* ( h]  old        
hymnody4 ,ef=ts to give to ! ,*ur* a    
l>ge numb] ( ! be/ (  ! old *ur* hymns  
7,greek1 ,lat91 ,g]man & ,sc&9avian71   

c>efully  edit$1 & "s new ,sw$i% *ur*   
hymns1 result$ 9 ! important  ,sw$i%    
,hymnal ( #ahai4 ,x has rema9$ to ?is   
day 7#aibe7 ! (ficial  & popul> ,hymnal 
( ! ,sw$i% ,*ur*4 ,x is ! ,sw$i% hymn   
book (  ! ,augu/ana ,synod4 ,) respect  
to ! old *ur* hymns 9 ! hymnal1  x may  
be said t mu* 0 ga9$ by ?is "w (        
revision4 ,mo/ (  ! new hymns are       
excell5t4 ,a few ( ! hymns betray       
neological  influ5ces4 ,on ! :ole1      
h[ev]1 ! ,hymnal ( #ahai is a v f9e     
,lu!ran hymn book4 ,x conta9s #ejj      
hymns4 ,revision is und\bt$ly  ne$$1 &  
su* "w has be5 go+ on = "s "t4    ,among
 ,sw$i% hymn writ]s :o contribut$ to !  
,hymnal ( #ahai we note  especially     
,bi%op ,j4 ,o4 ,wall9 7di$ #ahci7 &     
,bi%op ,f4 ,m4 ,franz5  7di$ #ahdg74    
,wall9 produc$ #abh orig9al hymns &     
revis$ or  translat$ v _m old & new     
hymns4 ,! ,hymnal ( #ahai has (t5  be5  
call$ ,wall9's ,hymnal4 ,mo/ ( 8 hymns  
are immortal  ma/]pieces4 ,franz5       
produc$ #bb orig9al hymns4 ,z a hymni/  

,franz5  possess$ less rhetorical       
elevation & =ce ?an ,wall91 b he is     
fully equal to ,wall9 n only 9 !        
,biblical-evangelical quality (  !      
cont5t b also 9 ! lyrical he>t9ess ( !  
tone z well z 9  ! transp>5cy &         
simplicity ( ! language4 ,o!r important 
,sw$i%  hymn writ]s ( ?is p]iod are     
,samuel ,j4 ,h$born 7di$ #ahdi7 & ,erik 
,gu/af ,geij] 7di$ #ahdg74 ,johan ,h5rik
 ,?om&] & ,p] ,wieselgr5 are  ! editors 
( ! ,sw$i% ,hymnal 7#ahai7 t is us$ 9 ! 
,sw$i%  ,lu!ran ,augu/ana ,synod1 ,u4   
,s4 ,a4    ,9 ! ,dani% ,*ur* ! well kn[n
 ,n4 ,f4 ,s4 ,grundtvig 7di$ #ahgb7 has 
r5d]$ great s]vice z a revis] ( old *ur*
 hymns & writ] (  sev]al excell5t       
orig9al hymns4 ,! ,norwegian ,lu!ran    
hymn book by  ,rev4 ,m4 ,b4 ,l&/ad 7di$ 
#ahha7 is a v important hymnological "w4
  ,x is a popul> hymnal 9 ! ,norwegian  
,*ur*4 ,an important ,sw$i%  hymn book 0
 publi%$ 9 ,f9l& 9 #ahhj1 :i* conta9$ _m
  excell5t old *ur* hymns f ,sw$i% &    
,g]man s\rces1 b also  sev]al new hymns 

by su* well kn[n ,f9ni% s*ol>s z ,johan 
,ludvig  ,runeb]g 7di$ #ahgg71 ,za*>ias 
,topelius 7di$ #ahih71 & o!rs4    ,bi%op
 ,j4 ,o4 ,wall9 br\ght ab\t a v high    
hymnic /&>d 9 !  ,sw$i% ,*ur*--p]haps ! 
highe/ hymnic /&>d 9 ! entire  ,lu!ran  
_w4 ,:5 we exam9e :at ,grundtvig &      
,l&/ad gave !  ,dani% & ,norwegian      
*ur*es1 we f9d a great deal ( ! folk    
song  elem5t 9 t hymnody--n an          
un:olesome attribute4 ,wall9's "w       
belongs r to ! sph]e ( ! solemn &       
sublime *ur* hymn4 ,!  hymnody ( !      
,sw$i% ,lu!ran ,*ur* is among ! f9e/ 9 !
 :ole  field ( ,lu!ran hymnology1 a *ur*
 hymnody born 9 ! days ( !  ,re=mation1 
f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4                    
,,am]ican ,,lu!ran ,,hymnody    ,! e>ly 
,lu!rans 9 ,am]ica came f l&s :]e *ur*  
song _h  atta9$ high position & :]e a   
l>ge numb] ( noble *ur* hymns  _h be5   
produc$4 ,! e>ly ,g]man ,lu!rans sang f 
a great v>iety  ( hymn books :i* !y _h  
br\ght ) !m f ! homel&4 ,dr4  ,h5ry     
,ey/] ,jacobs makes ! foll[+ /atem5t 9  

8,a ,hi/ory ( !  ,evangelical ,lu!ran   
,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates03 8,muhl5b]g _h 
compla9$ greatly ( ! v>iety ( hymn books
 9 use 9 !  congregations1 & g5]ally )9 
! same congregation4 ,( ^!1 !  ,m>burg  
hymn book ga9$ prec$5ce1 & an ,am]ican  
edition 0  publi%$ by ,*ri/oph] ,saur1  
,g]mant[n1 9 #agfb40 ,?is hymn book     
conta9$ ov] six hundr$ hymns4    ,ab\t !
 same ?+ may be said ( ! e>li] ,lu!ran  
immigrants1 !  ,dut* & ! ,sw$es4 ,ab\t  
#afge ! ,sw$es appeal$ to ! ,k+ (  ,sw$5
 = #ab ,bibles1 #ajj hymn books1 etc4 ,9
 #afif a %ip c>ry+  mission>ies & a l>ge
 supply ( books left ,sw$5 = ,am]ica4   
,! "w ( organiz+ ! e>ly ,lu!ran ,*ur* 9 
,am]ica fell to ,rev4  ,dr4 ,h5ry       
,mel*ior ,muhl5b]g1 (t5 call$ ! ,patri>*
 ( !  ,am]ican ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,he came  
to ,philadelphia 9 #agdb4 ,! fir/       
,evangelical ,lu!ran ,synod 9 ,am]ica 0 
organiz$ by ,muhl5b]g at  ,philadelphia 
9 #agdh4 ,?is body is kn[n z !          
,evangelical ,lu!ran  ,m9i/]ium (       
,p5nsylvania & ,adjac5t ,/ates4 ,9 #aghb

 ?is synod  resolv$ to h a new hymn book
 pr9t$ = ! unit$ congregations4 ,a  hymn
 book committee 0 appo9t$ & giv5 !      
foll[+ in/ructions3  8,z f> z possible  
to foll[ ! arrangem5t ( ! ,halle hymn   
book1  & n to omit any ( ! old /&>d     
hymns1 especially ( ,lu!r &  ,paul      
,g]h>dt40 ,?is ,g]man hymn book appe>$ 9
 #aghf1 hav+ be5  prep>$ by ,muhl5b]g1  
,kunze1 & ,helmu?4 ,poor heal? prev5t$  
,muhl5b]g f tak+ a m active "p 9 !      
compilation ( ?is  hymn book4 ,:ile x 0 
us$ ext5sively1 x seems t ! book did n  
fully meet ! wi%es ( ! synod4 ,app>5tly 
! active editors1  especially ,dr4      
,helmu?1 _h n be5 successful 9 !        
selection &  revision ( ! hymns4 ,!     
int]-d5om9ational 7,lu!ran & ,re=m$7    
hymn book ( #ahag1 ! 8,geme9s*aftli*es  
,gesangbu*10 0 an inf]ior  hymnological 
"w4 ,x 0 meant to take ! place ( !      
,p5nsylvania  hymn book ( #aghf4 ,9     
#ahdi ! ,m9i/]ium ( ,p5nsylvania publi%$
 a  new hymn book1 prep>$ *iefly by ,dr4
 ,c4 ,r4 ,demme4 ,! ,synods ( ,new      

,york & ,we/ ,p5nsylvania co-op]at$ 9   
?is issue4 ,al?\gh popul>1  ?is         
,p5nsylvania hymn book did n measure up 
to t ( #aghf4 ,ab\t  ! middle ( !       
n9ete5? c5tury1 sev]al ,g]man ,lu!ran   
hymn books  7 publi%$ by diff]5t synods4
 ,! ,kir*5bu* ( ! ,g5]al  ,c\ncil1      
publi%$ 9 #ahgg1 is a hymnological "w ( 
high m]it4    ,! fir/ ,engli% ,lu!ran   
hymn book us$ 9 ,am]ica 0 ! 8,psalmodia 
,g]manica0 ( #agbe1 #agcb1 & #agef4 ,x  
came to ,am]ica f ,london1  ,engl&4 ,x  
conta9$ #abb hymns1 sev]al by ,lu!r &   
,paul ,g]h>dt4 ,9  #agie ,dr4 ,john ,c4 
,kunze ( ,new ,york publi%$ 8,a ,hymn & 
,pray] ,book1  = ! use ( su* ,lu!ran    
,*ur*es z use ! ,engli% language40 ,its 
#bdj hymns 7 ga!r$ f ,g]man ,lu!ran1    
,moravian1 ,engli% &  ,am]ican s\rces4  
,9 #agig ,rev4 ,george ,/rebeck issu$   
8,a ,collection (  ,evangelical ,hymns1 
made f ,diff]5t ,au?ors & ,collections1 
= !  ,engli% ,lu!ran ,*ur* 9 ,new       
,york40 ,?is 0 a r un-,lu!ran hymn      
book4 ,rev4 ,/rebeck & 8 ,new ,york     

congregation w5t ov] to !  ,prote/ant   
,episcopal ,*ur*4 ,9 #ahjf ,rev4 ,ralph 
,willi/on publi%$ 8,a  ,*oice ,selection
 ( ,evangelical ,hymns f ,v>i\s ,au?ors1
 = ! ,use  ( ! ,engli% ,lu!ran ,*ur* 9  
,new ,york40 ,:ile ?is hymn book met  ) 
popul>ity )9 ! ,new ,york ,m9i/]ium1 x 0
 n a ,lu!ran  hymn book4 ,mo/ ( its     
hymns 7 tak5 f ,watts & ,*>les ,wesley4 
,rev4 ,willi/on & 8 ,new ,york          
congregation also w5t ov] to !          
,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur*4 ,9 #ahae   
appe>$ 8,a ,collection ( ,hymns &  a    
,liturgy = ! ,use ( ,evangelical ,lu!ran
 ,*ur*es40 ,publi%$ by  ord] ( !        
,evangelical ,lu!ran ,synod ( ! ,/ate ( 
,new ,york4 ,!  editors 7 ,drs4 ,quitman
 & ,wack]hag54 ,?is book conta9$ #ebj   
c>efully select$ hymns4    ,a numb] (   
,engli% hymn books 7 publi%$ be=e #ahej1
 b !y 7  f\nd m or less unsatisfactory4 
,"s ( !m 7 q un-,lu!ran4  ,9 #ahfc !    
,m9i/]ium ( ,p5nsylvania decid$ to issue
 a new ,engli%  hymn book4 ,a hymn book 
committee 0 appo9t$1 :i* did v ?or\gh   

"w4 ,?is result$ 9 ! publication ( !    
,*ur* ,book by ! ,g5]al  ,c\ncil 9      
#ahfh4 ,?is is und\bt$ly "o ( ! be/     
,engli% ,lu!ran  hymn books ( ! ,am]ican
 ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,x has be5 highly prais$
  by prom95t hymnologi/s ( ,europe1 & x 
has rema9$ a v popul>  ,engli% hymn book
 ?r\gh\t ! ,am]ican ,lu!ran ,*ur* = ov] 
fifty  ye>s4 ,x has pass$ ?r\gh sev]al  
editions4    ,rev4 ,ju/us ,falckn]      
7#afgb-agbc7 wrote :at may be call$ !   
fir/  ,am]ican ,lu!ran hymn4 ,he is said
 to be ! fir/ ,g]man ,lu!ran  pa/or 9   
,am]ica & 0 orda9$ by ! ,sw$i% ,lu!ran  
pa/ors 9  ,gloria ,dei ,*ur* at ,wicaco 
9 #agjc4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,lu!ran          
ord9ation 9 ,am]ica4 ,we quote "h ! fir/
 two /anzas ( ,rev4  ,ju/us ,falckn]'s  
beautiful hymn4 ,! hymn 0 orig9ally     
writt5 9  ,g]man--8,auf1 ihr ,*ri/51    
,*ri/i ,gli$]40      ,rise1 ye *ildr5 ( 
salvation1      ,all :o cleave to ,*ri/ 
! ,head6    ,wake1 arise1 ,o mighty     
nation1      ,ere ! foe on ,zion tread3 
,he draws nigh1 & w\ld defy    ,all !   

ho/s ( ,god ,mo/ ,high4      ,sa9ts &   
h]oes1 long be=e u1      ,firmly on ?is 
gr\nd h /ood2    ,see _! bann] wav+ o'er
 u1      ,conqu]ors ?r\gh ! ,savi\r's   
,blood6    ,gr\nd we hold1 :]eon ( old  
,f\ght ! fai?ful & ! bold4    ,!        
,am]ican ,lu!ran ,*ur* _c z yet po9t to 
an ,am]ican ,lu!ran  hymni/ l ,paul     
,g]h>dt or ,john ,ol( ,wall94 ,! ,engli%
 ,lu!ran  hymn books 9 ,am]ica conta9   
translations ( ,g]man1 ,sc&9avian1 old  
,greek1 & old ,lat9 hymns1 also a l>ge  
numb] ( c>efully select$  ,engli%       
7,re=m$7 hymns4 ,! matt] ( translat+    
great ,g]man &  ,sc&9avian ,lu!ran hymns
 into ,engli% is a v difficult task4 ,b 
!re are ,lu!rans 9 ,am]ica :o write     
hymns wor?y ( m g5]al  acceptance4 ,!y  
w\ld f9d x if x 71 fir/ ( all1 accord$  
to  !m by _! fell[-,lu!rans ( o!r       
synods4 ,s long z ! hymn  writ]s ( ano!r
 synod are l>gely ignor$ 9 ,am]ican     
,lu!ran  synodical hymnals1 x is n to be
 expect$ t :at !y write w  f9d its way  
into ! hymnals ( o!r d5om9ations4 ,among

 ! mo/  successful translators & hymn   
writ]s )9 ! ,am]ican ,lu!ran  ,*ur* !   
foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,rev4 ,h4        
,brueckn]1 ,rev4 ,dr4  ,mat?ias ,loy1   
,rev4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,pot]field ,krau?1    
,rev4 ,john ,casp]  ,mattes1 ,rev4 ,dr4 
,alfr$ ,ramsey1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,*>les       
,william ,s*aeff]1 ,rev4  ,dr4 ,joseph  
,augu/us ,seiss1 ,mrs4 ,h>riett         
,reynolds ,spae?1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4    
,l4 ,s*uette1 ,miss ,anna ,hoppe1 &     
,rev4 ,dr4 ,paul ,e4 ,kretzmann4 ,miss  
,ca!r9e ,w9kwor?1 ,anglican1 has produc$
 a l>ge numb] ( excell5t  translations (
 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymns4    ,sev]al       
excell5t ,engli% ,lu!ran hymn books h   
be5 publi%$ )9  ! ,am]ican ,lu!ran      
,*ur*4 ,p]haps ! =emo/ "w is ! ,common  
,s]vice ,book1 au?oriz$ by ! ,g5]al     
,synod1 ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil1 &  ! ,unit$   
,synod 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! ,evangelical ,lu!ran
 ,hymnal1  publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,fir/    
,engli% ,di/rict ( ! ,jo9t ,synod (     
,ohio & ,o!r ,/ates1 is a wor?y ,am]ican
 ,lu!ran hymn book4 ,!  ,w>tburg        

,hymnal1 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,o4 ,h>dwig 
& publi%$ by  ,w>tburg ,publi%+ ,h\se1  
is notewor?y4 ,! ,sc&9avian ,lu!rans  h 
also publi%$ comm5dable hymn books4 ,!  
new ,hymnal ( !  ,augu/ana ,synod       
7#aibe7 is excell5t4 ,hymn book         
committees are at "w on  ! compilation (
 bett] & m s]viceable ,engli% ,lu!ran   
hymnals4    ,! hi/ory ( hymnody 9 !     
,am]ican ,lu!ran ,*ur* is 9 _m  respects
 disc\rag+4 ,a prom95t ,am]ican ,lu!ran 
!ologian rec5tly  made ! foll[+ /atem5t3
 8,few ( our m9i/]s h ev] _h an         
appreciation ( ! treasures ( ,lu!ran    
*ur* song0 ,! tra9+ (  ! cl]gy 9        
hymnology & *ur* music is n :at x ought 
to be4 ,!  education ( ! *ur* organi/ & 
*oir director is woefully  defici5t4 ,m 
s]i\s /udy 9 liturgics1 hymnology & *ur*
 music  is ne$$4 ,yet "s v good "w has  
be5 done by ,am]ican ,lu!ran  hymni/s1  
hymnologi/s & *ur* musicians4 ,!        
,memoirs ( ! ,lu!ran  ,liturgical       
,association conta9 mu* valuable        
in=mation conc]n+  ,am]ican ,lu!ran *ur*

 song2 s also ! ,essays on ,*ur* ,music1
  volumes :i* conta9 pap]s read at      
,lu!ran *ur* music conv5tions  held     
*iefly 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,o!r s\rces (    
in=mation are3 8,!  ,engli% ,hymn0 by   
,dr4 ,l\is ,f4 ,b5son1 pages #daj-dbj & 
#efj-efc4 8,!  ,lu!ran ,cyclop$ia0 by   
,jacobs & ,haas1 pages #bce-bch &       
#if-ig4 8,a  ,hi/ory ( ! ,evangelical   
,lu!ran ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates0 by     
,h5ry ,ey/] ,jacobs1 ! ref]5ces to hymn 
books & hymns4 ,hi/ory (  ! ,liturgical 
,developm5t ( ! ,m9i/]ium (             
,p5nsylvania1 vol4  ,,xvii1 page #ic1   
,lu!ran ,*ur* ,review4 ,! ,common       
,s]vice ,book &  ,hymnal1 vol4 ,,xxxvii1
 page #bhi1 ,lu!ran ,*ur* ,review4      
,,conclusion      ,h[ old is ,lu!ran    
*ur* song8 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s--! hi/orical
 age  ( ! mo/ vigor\s production 9 !    
realm ( sacr$ song4 ,we mu/ n  =get t "o
 ?\s& popul> evangelical ,lu!ran *ur*   
hymns are a  selection f p]haps "o      
hundr$ ?\s& *ur* hymns4 ,:at a great    
vital p[]6 ,is !re any reason to believe

 t ?is vitality is ab\t  to cease8 ,is  
,lu!ran hymn writ+ a ?+ ( ! pa/8 ,! p[] 
to  create is n yet ext9ct4 ,! hymnody (
 ! ,*ur* is /eadily  conqu]+ new gr\nd4 
,9 ! ,episcopal ,*ur* ! *ur* hymn has   
tak5  on great] & great] significance4  
,:]ev] evangelical mission>y  "w is ga9+
 gr\nd1 ! *ur* hymns f9d favor4 ,s long 
z !  ,lu!ran ,*ur* lives1 ,lu!ran *ur*  
song w fl\ri%4    ,ev5 f ! lit]>y po9t (
 view1 ?is ,lu!ran hymnic vitality      
ought to be appreciat$4 ,is x n /range t
 poets ^: "w w be  =gott5 aft] a few    
decades1 are treat$ at l5g? 9 our       
hi/ories (  lit]ature1 :ile ?is body (  
song1 :i* has /ood ! te/ (  c5turies1   
sc>cely receives m5tion8 ,yet our       
,lu!ran *ur* hymn has  p]haps v few     
lit]>y competitors4 ,z a repres5tation (
 life1 does  x n fitly take its place   
beside ! _m leg5ds t h delight$  !      
*ildr5 ( old ,india1 or ,hom]'s ,iliad &
 ,odyssey1 or ! metrical  romances ( !  
,middle ,ages1 or ,dante's ,div9e       
,com$y1 or a great  ,%akespe>ean drama1 

or ! songs ( ! ,israelites8    ,b x is n
 because ! ,lu!ran *ur* hymn is great   
poetry t x  lives4 ,x is because ( !    
life ( ! ,*ur*1 ! life ( s\ls1 !  life (
 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 t ! *ur* hymn lives4  
,f ?is x  draws its life & becomes an   
ev] fre% s\rce ( spiritual life4        
,look+ at ! *ur* hymn f ?is po9t ( view1
 look+ at !  cont5t ( ! *ur* hymn1 !    
outlook wid5s & goes f> beyond !  "t (  
f\r hundr$ ye>s4    ,if ! hi/ory ( our  
evangelical *ur* hymn has ref]5ce m     
p>ticul>ly to ! hi/orical evolution ( ! 
cont5t & ! mak+  ( ! =m1 !n ?is hi/ory  
embraces sev]al ?\s& ye>s ( !  religi\s 
developm5t ( our race4 ,?is holds good  
also f !  lit]>y po9t ( view4 ,x is     
obvi\s t our popul> ,lu!ran *ur*  hymns 
conta9 mat]ial f all classical ages     
reveal$ by hi/ory1 f  ! fir/ lit]>y days
 ( old ,israel d[n to ! pres5t "t1 & ?is
  v (t5 9 ! mo/ intimate fusion4        
,take = example "o ( ,f4 ,m4 ,franz5's  
greate/ hymns1 ! fir/ /anza  ( :i*      
foll[s3      ,prep>e ! way1 ,o ,zion6   

,ye awful deeps1 rise high1    ,s9k l[1 
ye t[]+ m\nta9s2    ,! ,"l is draw+     
nigh3    ,! righte\s ,k+ ( glory1       
,=etold 9 sacr$ /ory4    ,oh1 ble/ is   
,he t came    ,9 ,god ! ,fa!r's ,"n6    
,h[ mu* !re is 9 t /anza6 ,& x is only !
 fir/ /anza ( a  truly great ,lu!ran    
*ur* hymn4 ,9 all ?is1 :i* may seem q   
commonplace1 !re really is some?+ truly 
wond]ful2 an old1 old  /ory ab\t ! life 
( fai? & its expression 9 song &        
wor%ip--an  exce$+ly beautiful te/imony 
ab\t ! fulness ( ,god's "w 9 !  hi/ory (
 spiritual life on e>?4    ,our         
hymnological annotations mu/ draw to a  
close4 ,!y may be reg>d$  z obs]vations 
& reflections dur+ ! /udy ( a great     
subject3 ,our  ,lu!ran *ur* song4       
,p]haps !y w be ( "s value to ^? :o  h  
mu* to d ) ,lu!ran hymn s++ z well z to 
^? :o tea*  & in/ruct our "y p 9 ?is    
bran* ( our ecclesia/ical  inh]itance4  
,mu* mu/ be done be=e we c really claim 
t ! ,am]ican ,lu!ran  ,*ur* has fully   
tak5 ov] ?is ri* legacy4    ,a *ur* hymn

 sung by a ,lu!ran congregation z x %\ld
 be sung--t  may at fir/ ?\ght seem to  
be a v simple & insignificant matt]4  ,b
 tak5 9 its hi/orical & religi\s        
connections1 ! matt] is f>  f simple or 
insignificant4 ,& tak5 z a problem--x is
 n easily  solv$4 ,its relations to !   
facts & conditions ( spiritual life     
ext5d f> & wide4 ,hymnological /udy     
gives u an idea ( ^!  ?+s4 ,our ,lu!ran 
hymnody is f\r hundr$ ye>s old--_m ( our
 be/  ,lu!ran hymns are f\r hundr$ ye>s 
old--f\r hundr$ ye>s1 ?9k (  x1 full (  
ups & d[ns1 ecclesia/ically &           
politically--f\r hundr$  ye>s ( sacr$   
song ?r\gh all k9ds ( significant life  
exp]i5ces4  ,f\r hundr$ ye>s--turn to   
m$iaeval & mod]n hi/ory4    ,look+ at ! 
hi/ory ( ! *ur* hymn1 we may lay d[n z a
  fundam5tal pr9ciple t ! *ur* hymn _c  
live )\t  connection ) ! life t has     
pass$ ?r\gh ! ages1 f !  prophets ( old1
 ,*ri/1 ! ,re=mation1 & d[n to ! pres5t4
 ,only  9 ?is connection does ! *ur*    
hymn possess a positive significance  or

 ! significance ( a life-promot+ factor4
    ,! correctness ( ?is pr9ciple may be
 confirm$ f actual  exp]i5ce4 ,9 !      
hi/ory ( langui%+ & dy+ *ur* song1 we c 
read ab\t langui%+ & dy+ ,*ri/ian       
nations--nations 9 deplorable  condition
 bo? ecclesia/ically &                  
nationally--nations ( emigration1       
non-patriotism1 & ( little or no s5se ( 
duty--nations ( import$  religi\s ?9k+ &
 poorly translat$ songs4    ,! "q has   
(t5 be5 rais$3 ,does ! ,am]ican ,lu!ran 
,*ur*  really s+8 ,yes & ,no--= ! mo/ "p
 ,no4 ,mo/ ( our ,am]ican  ,lu!ran      
c\ntry congregations d n s+4 ,h[ ab\t ! 
city *ur*es8  ,a sad affair6 ,9 mo/     
cases ! situation is f> f ideal4 ,a *ur*
  hymn1 a ,lu!ran *ur* hymn1 _c be sung 
prop]ly by ^? :o  =get ,god1 ,bible1    
hi/ory1 etc41 9 ord] to practise a      
little g5]al  culture & enjoy a little  
ta/y p]sonal ae/hetics4 ,if a noble     
,lu!ran *ur* hymn is sung1 x is usually 
sung by ! *oir1 p]haps  z a conc]t      
numb]1 disconnect$ f its vital          

connection4 ,&  deta*$ f its connection1
 ! noble ,lu!ran *ur* hymn becomes1  l  
ev]y?+ else t has vital significance1   
no?+4 ,t :i*  does n really hang toge!r1
 becomes pat*work1 b&ages1 f9]y1        
rags--we may praise x en?usia/ically4 ,v
 mu* l ,am]ican  culture--sorry to say4 
,unit+1 cem5t+1 productive ,,life is    
lack+4    ,_m ,am]ican ,lu!ran *ur*es d 
n s+ ,lu!ran *ur* hymns at  all4 ,h[    
deplorable6 ,we (t5 att5d ,lu!ran *ur*  
s]vices :]e n  a s+le ,lu!ran *ur* hymn 
or ,lu!ran *orale is sung4 ,"h is a     
s]i\s flaw 9 ,am]ican ,lu!ran education 
& lead]%ip4 ,h[ ab\t  ! hymn s++ 9 our  
,am]ican ,lu!ran ,sunday s*ools8 ,w\ld x
 n  be well to s+ at lea/ "o ,lu!ran    
*ur* hymn ea* ,sunday8 ,or %all  we     
p]mit ,lu!ran hymnody to die8 ,is great 
,lu!ran hymnody a ?+ (  ! pa/8    ,b :at
 is ! mo/ s]i\s ?+ t our ,am]ican       
,lu!ran  congregational hymn s++ lacks8 
,"o ?+--,,life4 ,t is our great         
problem--life 9 our *ur* song--new      
life--,,life4 ,) ?is g all !            

difficulties ( ! problem ( life4        
,s9ce x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,*ur* to s+ !  
*ur* hymn1 !  "q becomes v complicat$4  
,s _m factors mu/ co-op]ate 9  ?is      
matt]1 if we are to get any:]e--to s+ a 
,lu!ran *ur* hymn z  x %\ld be sung4    
,our ,am]ican ,lu!ran colleges &        
!ological  sem9>ies w h to und]take m   
s]i\s educational "w 9 !  important     
field ( hymnology & *ur* music4 ,a /rong
 summ] s*ool (  ,lu!ran *ur* music1     
liturgics & hymnology w\ld be v         
valuable4    ,take ! famili> situation3 
,! great fe/ival hymn ( ! ,re=mation  is
 sung4 ,we h be=e u alt>1 pulpit1 pipe  
organ2 we h be=e u  m9i/]1 organi/1     
*oir1 congregation4 ,! ideal ( ! problem
 is a  h>moni\s co-op]ation betwe5 all  
if we are to h ,,vital wor%ip  & ,,vital
 song4    ,! good pa/or ( a l>ge ,lu!ran
 *ur* 9 ,connecticut ?ank$ 8  organi/ & 
*oirma/] 9 a v he>ty way aft] a f9e     
,sunday  morn+ s]vice4 ,! good organi/ &
 *oirma/] answ]$3 8,well1 :o  _c play & 
s+ :5 ! pa/or prea*es su* s\l-/irr+     

s]mons  & conducts ! liturgy s          
beautifully80 ,& ! good pa/or repli$3   
8,well1 :o _c prea* & conduct ! liturgy 
:5 ! organi/ &  *oirma/] does su*       
excell5t "w80 ,t is real co-op]ation--!y
  help$ ea* o!r 9 a beautiful way4 ,!y  
co-op]at$ 9 ! selection  ( hymns & *oir 
music--e ,tuesday or ,w$nesday ev5+ t   
pa/or  & organi/ 7 toge!r 9 conf]5ce    
conc]n+ ! song ( !  *ur*4 ,t is "w v mu*
 wor? :ile = ! ,*ur* s]vice4    ,9 our  
?\s&s ( ,lu!ran *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ 
,/ates (  ,am]ica1 ! ,am]ican ,lu!ran   
,*ur* is to be built up & built  toge!r 
into ,,"o great ,*ur*1 into ,,"o p t    
really s+s--a  p ( ,god4      ,b :5 "h  
dev\tly so>e?    ,high ! temple-an!m    
sweet1    ,grief gr[s calm1 no pla9t    
outp\re?--    ,he>ts ) holy rapture     
beat3    ,free f e>?ly cl\ds ! s\l      
,presses t[>d a high] goal1    ,takes f 
hope ! com=t giv51    ,speaks e'en n[ ! 
tongue ( heav54      ,o my s\l1 ?y w+   
asc5d+1    ,yet on ,salem's m\nt %all   
re/2    ,!re :]e *]ub-h>ps are bl5d+    

,) ! s++ ( ! ble/2    ,let ?y note (    
praise & pray]    ,to ?y ,god prec$e !e 
!re1    ,:ile e'en yet a c>e-worn       
mortal1    ,/ill )\t ?y ,fa!r's portal4 
,let u1 ,*ri/ians1 "h t w&]1    ,z our  
fa!rs 9 _! day1    ,pi\sly toge!r pond]1
    ,gladly s+ & meekly pray2    ,be !  
*ildr5's voices rais$    ,to ! ,god _!  
fa!rs prais$4    ,let ,?y b\nty fail+   
nev]    ,be on u & all =ev]4            
7,f ,j4 ,o4 ,wall97                     
,,add5da                                
,,re=m$ ,,*ur* ,,song      ,! f\nd]s ( !
 s-call$ ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 ,ulri* ,zw+li &  
,john  ,calv91 s\ght to re/ore apo/olic 
simplicity 9 ! matt] ( public  wor%ip4  
,all images & ornam5ts 7 remov$ f !     
,re=m$  *ur*es4 ,! alt>s 7 *ang$ to pla9
 tables4 ,musical in/rum5ts  7 n all[$ 9
 ! *ur*es4 ,zw+li made ! s]mon ! *ief "p
  ( ! *ur* s]vice4 ,! ,lat9 *ants &     
songs 7 aboli%$1 &  _! places 7 seldom  
fill$ ) congregational s++ 9 !          
v]nacul>4 ,) reg>d to *ur* s]vice1      
,calv9 _h on ! :ole !  same views z     

,zw+li4 ,he introduc$1 h[ev]1           
congregational s++1  us+ translat$ &    
v]sifi$ portions ( ! ,psalms ( ,david4  
,?us ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* turn$ to ,biblical  
,psalmody4 ,e>ly v]sifi]s  ( ,davidic   
,psalms 7 ,clem5t ,m>ot 7#adie-aedd71   
,!odore ,beza  7#aeai-afje71 &          
,ambrosius ,lobwass] 7#aeae-aehe74      
,joa*im ,ne&]  7#afej-afhj71 ,g]h>d     
,t]/eeg5 7#afig-agfi71 & ,lavat] 7di$   
#ahja7 are  important ,re=m$ hymni/s4 ,!
 ,g5evan ,psalt]1 by ,m>ot & ,beza1 a   
successful & influ5tial hymnological "w1
 appe>$ ab\t ! middle  ( ! sixte5?      
c5tury4 ,ambrosius ,lobwass] produc$ a  
,g]man edition  ( ! ,g5evan ,psalt] 9   
#aegc1 :i* became v popul> & ex]t$      
consid]able influ5ce4 ,engli% ,psalmody 
pres5ts su* important names  z ,miles   
,cov]dale 7#adhg-aefi71 ,george ,bu*anan
 7#aejf-aehb71 ,?omas  ,/]nhold 7sixte5?
 c5tury71 ,john ,hopk9s1 ,nahum ,tate1  
,ni*olas ,brady1  & ,isaac ,watts4 ,9   
,scot* ,psalmody ! ,royal ,psalt] & !   
celebrat$  ,r\s' ,v]sion are significant

 hymnological works4 ,! ,bay ,psalmi/ or
  ! ,new ,engl& ,v]sion 0 ,am]ica's fir/
 hymn book4 ,= fur!r /udy  ( ,re=m$ *ur*
 song we recomm5d 8,! ,hymn z           
,lit]ature10 by ,j4 ,b4  ,reeves1 also  
,b5son's 8,! ,engli% ,hymn40            
,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,hymn ,,writ]s            
7,ma9ly ,lu!ran7      ,adam ( ,/4       
,victor 7di$ #aagg71 ,lat9 hymni/4      
,adl]be?1 ,g4 ,g41 /ate secret>y1 b4    
#agea1 d4 #ahah1 ,sw$i% hymni/4         
,afzelius1 ,a4 ,a41 c\rt *apla91 b4     
#aghe1 d4 #ahga1 ,sw$i% hymni/4         
,agricola1 ,johann1 c\rt *apla91 b4     
#adib1 d4 #aeff1 ,g]man hymni/4         
,ahnfelt1 ,o41 bi%op 9 ,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 
#ahed1 d4 #aiaj4    ,ahnfelt1 ,p4 ,g41  
pa/or 9 ,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 #ahjc1 d4      
#ahfc4    ,alb]t1 ,he9ri*1 b4 #afjd1 d4 
#afea1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4           
,alb9us1 ,rev4 ,johann ,georg1 b4 #afbd1
 d4 #afgi1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4       
,albre*t 7,,iv7 ,jr41 d4 #aeeg1 ,g]man  
hymni/4    ,al91 ,s41 rural dean 9      
,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 #aheb4    ,alt5burg1   

,rev4 ,johann ,mi*ael1 b4 #aehd1 d4     
#afdj1 ,g]man ,lu!ran      hymni/4      
,ambrose1 ,aurelius1 ,bi%op ( ,milan1 b4
 #cdj1 d4 #cig1 ,lat9 hymni/4           
,amnelius1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,p41 b4 #afch1 d4  
#afib1 ,sw$i% hymni/4    ,anatolius1    
cir4 ,,viii c5tury1 ,greek hymni/4      
,&rew ( ,crete1 ,ar*bi%op1 b4 #ffj1 d4  
#gcb1 ,greek hymni/4    ,arndt1 ,ern/   
,moritz1 pr(essor1 b4 #agfi1 d4 #ahfj1  
,g]man hymni/4    ,arrh5ius1 ,rev4      
,jacob1 ,upsala ,univ]sity pr(essor1 b4 
#afdb1 d4 #agbe1      great ,sw$i%      
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,augu/9e1 ,aurelius1 
great ,bi%op ( ,hippo1 b4 #ced1 d4 #dcj4
    ,ausius1 ,hakan1 d4 #afec1 ,sw$i%   
hymni/4    ,bahnmai]1 ,rev4 ,jona?an    
,fri$]i*1 b4 #aggd1 d4 #ahda1 ,g]man    
,lu!ran      hymni/4    ,beck]1         
,cornelius1 pa/or 9 ,leipzig1 b4 #aefa1 
d4 #afjd4    ,b$e1 ! ,v5]able1 b4 #fgc1 
d4 #gce1 ,lat9 hymni/4    ,bellman1 ,c>l
 ,mi*ael1 ,sw$i% poet1 b4 #agdj1 d4     
#agie4    ,b5gel1 ,j4 ,a41 consi/orial  
c\nselor 9 ,/uttg>t1 ,bible ,!ologian1  

b4      #afhg1 d4 #ageb4    ,b]g/$t1 ,c4
 ,f41 ,sw$i% au?or1 b4 #ahag1 d4 #aijc4 
,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 b4 #ajia1 d4 #aaec1
 ,lat9 hymni/4    ,b]n>d ( ,cluny1 b4   
cir4 #aade1 ,lat9 hymni/4    ,beza1     
,!odore1 b4 #aeai1 ,burgundy1 pr(essor  
at ,lausanne1 prea*] at      ,g5eva1    
,fr5* ,switz]l&1 d4 #afje4    ,blix1    
,e41 pr(essor1 ,norwegian ,*ur*1 b4     
#ahcf1 d4 #aijb4    ,boe?ius1 ,rev4     
,jacob1 ,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 #afdg1 d4      
#agah4    ,boe?ius1 ,s4 ,j41 pr(essor1  
,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 #ahej4    ,begatsky1   
,k>l ,he9ri* von1 b4 #afij1 ,silesia1   
,lu!ran ,pieti/1 d4      #aggd4         
,bor?wick1 ,miss ,jane ,laurie1 b4      
#ahac1 d4 #ahig1 important ,engli%      
translator ( ,g]man hymns4    ,brag1    
,k>l ,j41 pa/or & dean at ,go!nburg1    
,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 #agce1      d4 #agha4  
,brask1 ,pet]1 b4 #afda1 d4 #afia1      
,sw$i% hymni/4    ,brorson1 ,hans       
,adolf1 bi%op 9 ,dani% ,*ur*1 b4 #afid1 
d4 #agfd1      important ,dani% hymni/4 
,bu]mey]1 ,f]d9& ,fr$]ick1 ,m4 ,a41 ,d4 

,d41 b4 #ahdf1 ,new ,york1      ,lu!ran4
    ,canitz1 ,fri$ri* ,rudolph ,ludwig1 
,freih]r von1 b4 #afed1 d4 #afii1 ,g]man
      ,lu!ran4    ,c>lb]g1 ,birg]1 pa/or
 9 ,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 #afda1 d4 #afhc4    
,cassel1 ,k>l ,gu/af1 /ate (ficial1 b4  
#aghc1 d4 #ahff1 ,sw$i% ,lu!ran         
hymni/4    ,cavall91 ,s41 rural dean 9  
,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 #ahbj1 d4 #ahhf4       
,*oraeus1 ,mi*ael1 pr(essor1 b4 #aggd1  
d4 #ahjf1 ,sw$i%-,f9ni% hymni/4         
,claudius1 ,mat?ias1 b4 #agdj1 d4 #ahae1
 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,clausnitz]1 
,rev4 ,tobias1 ,m4 ,a41 b4 #afai1 d4    
#afhd1 ,g]man ,lu!ran      hymni/4      
,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,titus ,flavius    
,clem5s71 b4 cir4 #agj1 d4 cir4 #bbj1   
,greek hymni/4    ,columbus1 ,samuel1 b4
 #afdb1 d4 #afgi1 ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymni/4
    ,cornelius1 ,c4 ,a41 bi%op 9 ,sw$i% 
,*ur*1 b4 #ahbh1 d4 #ahic4    ,cox1     
,miss ,frances ,elizabe?1 b4 #ahab1 d4  
#ahig1 ,engli% translator (      ,g]man 
hymns4    ,crucig]1 ,elizabe?1 di$      
#aeeh1 ,g]man hymni/4    ,da*1 ,simon1  

pr(essor1 b4 #afje1 d4 #afei1 ,g]man    
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,da*/e91 ,wolfgang1  
organi/ at ,/4 ,?omas ,*ur*1 ,/rassburg1
 left      mona/ic life #aebd1 ,g]man   
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,dahl1 ,kri/(f]1     
,upsala ,univ]sity pr(essor1 b4 #ageh1  
d4 #ahji4    v4 ,dal91 ,ol(1 ,sw$i% poet
 & hi/orian1 b4 #agjh1 d4 #agfc4        
,dalius1 ,sv51 b4 #afjd1 d4 #afic1      
,sw$i% hymn writ]4    ,decius1          
,nikolaus1 b4 ,bav>ia1 d4 #aebi1 ,g]man 
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,d5icke1 ,david1 b4  
#afjc1 d4 #afhj1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4 
,dillu]1 ,j41 dean 9 ,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4   
#aghe1 d4 #ahfb1 important ,sw$i%       
,lu!ran hymnologi/4    ,dit]i*1 ,j4 ,s41
 pa/or 9 ,b]l91 ,g]many1 b4 #agba1 d4   
#agig4    ,dueb51 ,j4 von1 b4 #afga1 d4 
#agcj1 ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,eb]1  
,rev4 ,paul1 b4 #aeaa1 d4 #aefi1 ,g]man 
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,ekdahl1 ,f4 ,n41    
rural dean 9 ,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 #ahec4    
,ev]s1 ,edv>d1 c\rt *apla91 b4 #ahec1   
,sw$i% hymnologi/4    ,fant1 ,erik ,m41 
,upsala ,univ]sity pr(essor1 b4 #aged1  

d4 #ahag4    ,f9dlat]1 ,mrs4 ,s>ah      
7,bor?wick71 b4 #ahbc1 d4 #aijg1 ,engli%
 translator      ( ,g]man hymns4        
,flem+1 ,paul1 physician1 b4 #afji1 d4  
#afdj1 ,g]man hymni/4    ,=tunatus1     
,v5antius1 bi%op ( ,poiti]s1 b4 #ecj1 d4
 #fji1 ,lat9      hymni/4    ,franck1   
,johann1 burgoma/]1 b4 #afah1 d4 #afgg1 
,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,franck1      
,salomo1 b4 #afei1 d4 #agbe1 ,g]man     
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,franz51 ,frans      
,mi*ael1 bi%op1 b4 #aggb1 d4 #ahdg1     
great ,sw$i% ,lu!ran      hymni/4       
,freyl+haus51 ,johann1 b4 #afgj1 d4     
#agci1 ,g]man hymni/4    ,frimann1      
,claus1 pa/or1 b4 #agdf1 d4 #ahbi1      
,norwegian hymni/4    ,funcke1 ,rev4    
,fri$ri*1 b4 #afdb1 d4 #afii1 ,g]man    
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,g>die1 ,magnus      
,gabriel de la1 *ancellor1 c\nt1 etc41  
b4 #afbb1 d4 #afhh1      ,sw$i% hymni/4 
,geij]1 ,erik ,gu/af1 ,upsala ,univ]sity
 pr(essor1 great ,sw$i% poet1           
hi/orian1 b4 #aghc1 d4 #ahdg1 ,sw$i%    
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,gell]t1 ,rev4       

,*ri/ian ,f41 pr(essor1 ,leipzig1 b4    
#agae1 d4 #agfi4    ,g]des 7,g]dess571  
,johann1 pa/or ( ,g]man ,*ur*1          
,/ockholm1 ,sw$51      b4 #afbd1 d4     
#afgc4    ,g]h>dt1 ,paul1 b4 #afjg1 d4  
#afgf1 great ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4     
,gezelius1 ,j41 bi%op 9 ,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4
 #afdg1 d4 #agah4    ,ges5ius1 ,rev4    
,dr4 ,ju/us1 c\rt *apla91 c\rt prea*]1  
b4 #afja1 d4      #afgc1 ,g]man ,lu!ran 
hymni/4    ,gott]1 ,ludwig ,&reas1 b4   
#affa1 d4 #agce1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4 
,gramann1 ,johann1 pa/or1 b4 #adhg1 d4  
#aeda1 e>ly ,g]man ,lu!ran      hymni/4 
,gregory ! ,great1 b4 #edj1 d4 #fjd1    
important e>ly ,lat9 hymni/4            
,grip5hjelm1 ,edmund1 ,upsala ,univ]sity
 pr(essor1 s5ator1 etc41 b4      #afbb1 
d4 #afge1 ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymni/4        
,grundtvig1 ,rev4 ,n4 ,f4 ,s41 b4 #aghc1
 d4 #ahgb1 great ,dani% ,lu!ran         
hymni/4    ,gn!r1 ,cyriacus1 b4 #afdi1  
d4 #agjd1 ,g]man hymni/4    ,gu/avus    
,adolphus1 "o ( ,sw$5's greate/ k+s1    
great conqu]+ h]o      ( oppress$       

,prote/antism1 b4 #aeid1 fell 9 ! battle
 ( ,ltz51      ,novemb] #f1 #afcb4      
,gyll5borg1 ,gu/af ,fr$rik1 c\nt1       
,secret>y ( ,/ate1 great ,sw$i%         
poet1 b4 #agca1 d4 #ahjh4    ,h>d5b]g1  
,freih]r von1 b4 #aggb1 d4 #ahja1 ,g]man
 ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,h>sdrff]1 ,georg   
,philipp1 c\ncillor1 b4 #afjg1 d4 #afeh1
 ,g]man      hymni/4    ,hauge1 ,a41    
dean 9 ,norwegian ,*ur*1 b4 #ahae1 d4   
#ahib1 important      ,norwegian hymni/ 
& hymnologi/4    ,h$born1 ,samuel ,j41  
c\rt *apla91 pa/or1 great ,sw$i% poet1  
b4 #aghc1      d4 #ahdi1 great ,sw$i%   
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,he]mann1 ,johann1   
pa/or1 b4 #aehe1 d4 #afdg1 great ,g]man 
,lu!ran      hymni/4    ,held1 ,he9ri*1 
d4 #afee1 lawy]1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4 
,helmbold1 ,ludwig1 sup]9t5d5t1 b4      
#aecb1 d4 #aeih1 ,g]man ,lu!ran         
hymni/4    ,h]b]g]1 ,val]ius1 pa/or1 b4 
#aefb1 d4 #afbg1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4 
,h]mann1 ,nicolaus1 s*oolma/]1 cantor & 
organi/1 d4 #aefa1 important            
,g]man-,bohemian hymni/4    ,h]zog1     

,joh4 ,fri$ri*1 ,,ll4,d41 ,dresd51 b4   
#afdg1 d4 #afii1 ,g]man      hymni/4    
,hey1 ,rev4 ,johann ,wilhelm1 b4 #aghi1 
d4 #ahed1 ,g]man ,lu!ran ,pieti/4       
,heyd1 ,sebaldus1 rector at ,nrnb]g1 b4 
#adih1 d4 #aefa4    ,hil>ius 7,hil>y71  
fam\s ,bi%op ( ,poiti]s1 d4 #cfh1 fir/  
,lat9      hymni/4    ,hill]1 ,philipp1 
pa/or1 b4 #afii1 d4 #agfi1 ,g]man       
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,hj]t51 ,j41 pa/or1  
b4 #agha1 d4 #ahce1 ,sw$i% ,lu!ran      
hymni/4    ,homb]g1 ,ern/ ,*ri/oph1     
lawy]1 b4 #afje1 d4 #afha1 ,g]man       
,lu!ran      hymni/4    ,hoppe1 ,miss   
,anna1 ( ! ,evangelical ,lu!ran ,synod (
 ,wiscons91      ,am]ican ,lu!ran       
hymni/4    ,hub]t1 ,konrad1 deacon1     
,/rassburg1 b4 #aejg1 d4 #aegg1 ,g]man  
hymni/4    ,huss1 ,johann1 b4 #acfi at  
,huss9ecz1 ,bohemia1 precursor ( !      
,re=mation1 foll[] ( ,john ,wycliffe1   
pa/or 9 ,prague1 rector (               
,univ]sity ( ,prague1 excommunicat$ by !
 ,pope z an ar*-h]etic1      burn$ at ! 
/ake dur+ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ,c\ncil at   

,con/ance1      ,july1 #adae4           
,+emann1 ,b]nh>dt ,sev]91 poet1         
pr(essor1 b4 #aghi1 d4 #ahfb1 great     
,dani% ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,jacobs1 ,h5ry
 ,ey/]1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,s4,t4,d41 b4 
#ahdd1 ,p5nsylvania1 dean               
,philadelphia ,!ological ,sem9>y1       
,lu!ran ,!ologian & ,au?or4             
,jacoponus 7,jacopone da ,todi71        
,franciscan monk1 d4 #acjf1 ,lat9       
hymni/4    ,johannis ,go?us1 ,pet]1     
pa/or1 b4 #aecf1 d4 #afaf1 ,sw$i%       
hymni/4    ,john ( ,damascus1 d4 #ghj1  
great ,greek hymni/4    ,jonae          
,ge/ritius1 ,laur5tius1 pa/or1 d4 #aeig1
 ,sw$i% hymni/4    ,johansson1 ,j41     
sem9>y rector1 b4 #ahfg1 ,sw$i%         
hymnologi/4    ,joseph ! ,hymnograph]1  
d4 #hhc1 great ,greek hymni/4    ,kahl1 
,johan1 b4 #affj1 d4 #agdb1 ,sw$i%      
hymni/4    ,k+o1 ,?omas1 bi%op1 b4      
#afcd1 d4 #agjc1 great ,dani% hymni/4   
,klop/ock1 ,fri$ri* ,gottlieb1 au?or1 b4
 #agbd1 d4 #ahjc1 ,g]man hymni/4        
,knapp1 ,rev4 ,alb]t1 b4 #agih1 d4      

#ahfd1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,knoll1
 ,*ri/oph1 deacon1 b4 #aefc1 d4 #afba1  
,g]man hymni/4    ,knorr von ,ros5ro?1  
,*ri/ian1 b4 #afcf1 d4 #afhi1 ,g]man    
,lu!ran      hymni/4    ,kock1 ,k>l     
,anton1 lawy] & gov]nm5t (ficial1 b4    
#aghh1 d4 #ahdc1      ,sw$i% ,lu!ran    
hymni/4    ,kolmod91 ,israel1 pr(essor (
 !ology1 ,upsala ,univ]sity1 b4 #afdc1  
d4      #agji1 great ,sw$i% hymni/4     
,kolmod91 ,rev4 ,ol(1 b4 #afij1 d4      
#agec1 important ,sw$i% hymni/4         
,lag]lf1 ,pet]1 ,upsala ,univ]sity      
pr(essor1 hi/orian1 sci5ti/1      poet1 
b4 #afdh1 d4 #afii1 ,sw$i% hymni/4      
,l&/ad1 ,rev4 ,m4 ,b41 b4 #ahjb1 d4     
#ahha1 great ,norwegian hymni/4         
,laur5ti1 ,laur5tius1 b4 #affj1         
,s*leswig1 d4 #agbb1 ,cantor1 ,director 
(      ,music1 ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1   
,brem51 ,lu!ran4    ,laur9us1 ,laur5tius
 ,laur5tii1 rector1 pa/or1 b4 #aegc1 d4 
#afee1      ,sw$i% hymni/4    ,l5ngr51  
,anna ,m>ia1 great ,sw$i% poet1 b4      
#agee1 d4 #ahag4    ,leopold1 ,k>l      

,gu/af1 /ate secret>y1 ,sw$i% poet1 b4  
#agef1 d4 #ahbi4    ,l9ds*ld1 ,erik1    
gov]nm5t (ficial1 b4 #afcd1 d4 #afij1   
important      ,sw$i% hymni/4           
,lobwass]1 ,ambrosius1 pr(essor ( law1  
b4 #aeae1 d4 #aehe1 ,g]man      ,re=m$4 
,lohman1 ,k>l ,johan1 pa/or1 ,doctor (  
,!ology1 b4 #afid1 d4 #agei1      ,sw$i%
 ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,loy1 ,rev4 ,dr4    
,ma?ias1 ,presid5t ( ,capital           
,univ]sity1 ,columbus1 ,ohio1      b4   
#ahbh1 ,p5nsylvania1 d4 #aiae1 ,am]ican 
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,lucidor1 ,l41 poet1 
b4 #afch1 d4 #afgd1 ,sw$i% hymni/4      
,lundwall1 ,rev4 ,k>l ,johan1 ,upsala   
,univ]sity pr(essor1 b4 #agge1 d4       
#aheh4    ,lu!r1 ,dr4 ,m>t91 b4 #adhc1  
d4 #aedf1 ! fa!r ( ! evangelical        
hymn4    ,lybeck]1 ,g41 d4 #agaf1 ,sw$i%
 ,pieti/ic hymni/4    ,m>ci1 ,rev4      
,georg1 c\rt *apla91 b4 #aedj1 d4 #afac1
 ,sw$i% hymni/4    ,m>ot1 ,clem5t1 fir/ 
,re=m$ v]sifi] ( ,davidic ,psalms1      
,g5eva1      ,fr5* ,switz]l&1 b4 ab\t   
#adie1 d4 ab\t #aedd4    ,m>t9i1 ,rev4  

,olaus1 bi%op1 b4 #aeeg1 d4 #afji1      
,sw$i% hymni/4    ,massie1 ,ri*>d1      
pa/or1 b4 #ahjj1 d4 #ahhg1 ,anglican1   
important ,engli%      translator (     
,g]man hymns4    ,mattes1 ,rev4 ,john   
,casp]1 ,m4 ,a41 b4 #ahgf1 ,p5nsylvania1
 ,lu!ran4    ,melan*?on1 ,philip1       
,witt5b]g ,univ]sity pr(essor1          
,praeceptor      ,g]maniae1 ,lu!r's     
important assi/ant1 b4 #adig1 d4 #aefj4 
,m5tz]1 ,rev4 ,johann1 b4 #afeh1 d4     
#agcd1 ,g]man hymni/4    ,meusl91 ,rev4 
,wolfgang1 !ological pr(essor1 b4 #adig1
 d4 #aefc1 ,g]man      hymni/4          
,meyf>t1 ,rev4 ,johann ,mat?aeus1       
,erfurt ,univ]sity pr(essor1 b4 #aeij1  
d4      #afdb1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4   
,mort5sn ,tndeb9d]1 ,claus1 pa/or1 b4   
ab\t #aejj1 d4 ab\t #aegg1              
important e>ly ,dani% ,lu!ran hymni/4   
,muraeus1 ,rev4 ,/efan ,l>sson1 c\rt    
*apla91 b4 ab\t #afjj1 d4 #afge1        
,sw$i% hymni/4    ,mnt]1 ,rev4 ,bal?as>1
 b4 #agce1 d4 #agic1 ,g]man ,lu!ran     
hymni/4    ,ne&]1 ,rev4 ,*ri/4 ,fri$ri*1

 b4 #agbc1 d4 #ahjb1 ,g]man ,lu!ran4    
,ne&]1 ,joa*im1 b4 #afej1 d4 #afhj1     
important ,g]man ,re=m$ pieti/ic        
hymni/4    ,neale1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john     
,mason1 hymnologi/ & liturgiologi/1 b4  
#ahah1 d4      #ahff1 important ,engli% 
translator ( ,greek & ,lat9 hymns4      
,nelson1 ,rev4 ,augu/us1 ,augu/ana      
,synod1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 b4 #ahfc4          
,neum>k1 ,georg1 poet1 b4 #afba1 d4     
#afha1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4           
,neumei/]1 ,rev4 ,erdmann1 c\rt prea*]1 
etc41 b4 #afga1 d4 #agef1 ,g]man        
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,nicolai1 ,rev4 ,dr4 
,philipp1 b4 #aeef1 d4 #afjh1 ,g]man    
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,nibelius1 ,rev4     
,simon1 b4 #agdg1 d4 #ahbj1 ,sw$i%      
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,niemey]1 ,aug4      
,h]man1 univ]sity *ancellor1 b4 #aged1  
d4 #ahbh1 ,g]man      hymni/4           
,nor5ius1 ,rev4 ,ericus ,laur5tii1 b4   
#afce1 d4 #afif1 ,sw$i% ,lu!ran         
hymni/4    ,notk] ,balbulus1 ,b5$ict9e  
monk1 w>d5 at ,/4 ,gall1 d4 #iab1       
important      writ] ( ,sequ5ces4       

,nygr51 ,rev4 ,c>l1 b4 #agbf1 d4 #aghi1 
,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,ny/rm1 ,p]   
,ol(1 gov]nm5t (ficial1 b4 #agfd1 d4    
#ahcj1 ,sw$i%      ,lu!ran ,hymni/4     
,nilsson1 ,rev4 ,paul1 c\rt prea*]1 b4  
#ahff1 important ,sw$i%      hymnologi/4
    ,ohl1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j]emiah ,frankl91 
b4 #ahej1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,lu!ran4        
,olai1 ,ericus1 ,upsala ,univ]sity      
pr(essor1 d4 #adhf1 important ,sw$i%    
hymni/4    ,ole>ius1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,johann1
 g5]al sup]9t5d5t ,halle & ,weiss5fels1 
b4 #afaa1 d4 #afhd1 ,g]man ,lu!ran      
hymni/4    ,ollon1 ,gu/af1 b4 #afdf1 d4 
#agjc1 important ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymni/4 
,opitz1 ,m>t91 hi/orian1 b4 #aeig1 d4   
#afci1 important ,g]man hymni/4         
,pappus1 ,joh41 pr(essor ( !ology1      
,/rassburg1 b4 #aedi1 d4 #afaj4         
,petri1 ,laur5tius1 b4 #adii1 d4 #aegc1 
,upsala ,univ]sity pr(essor &           
rector1 fir/ ,lu!ran ar*bi%op ( ,sw$51  
pupil & foll[] (      ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 
editor ( "o ( e>lie/ ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymn
      books1 important ,sw$i% ,lu!ran   

hymni/4    ,petri1 ,olaus1 b4 #adic1 d4 
#aeeb1 pa/or1 great *ampion ( ,lu!ranism
 9      ,sw$51 pupil & foll[] ( ,dr4    
,m>t9 ,lu!r1 editor ( fir/      ,sw$i%  
,lu!ran hymn book1 important ,sw$i%     
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,poli&] 7,gramann or 
,graumann71 ,rev4 ,joh41 b4 #adhg1 d4   
#aeda1 ,g]man      hymni/4              
,prud5tius1 ,aurelius ,clem5s1 bi%op1 b4
 #cdh1 d4 #dac1 great e>ly ,lat9        
hymni/4    ,qwirsfeld1 ,joh41 ar*deacon1
 b4 #afdb1 d4 #afhf1 ,g]man hymni/4     
,ramba*1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,johann ,jakob1     
pr(essor ( !ology1 b4 #afic1 d4 #agce1  
,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,ramsey1 ,rev4
 ,dr4 ,alfr$1 b4 #ahfj1 ,p5nsylvania1   
pr(essor1 ,lu!ran      ,!ological       
,sem9>y1 ,*icago4    ,re$1 ,rev4 ,dr4   
,lu!r ,d41 b4 #ahgc1 ,p5nsylvania1      
pr(essor1 ,lu!ran      ,!ological       
,sem9>y1 ,philadelphia4    ,ri*t]1      
,*ri/ian ,fri$r41 physician1 b4 #afgf1  
d4 #agaa1 ,g]man hymni/4    ,r+waldt1   
,rev4 ,b>?olomew1 b4 #aecj1 d4 #aeih1   
,g]man hymni/4    ,r9k>t1 ,m>t91 cantor1

 ar*deacon1 b4 #aehf1 d4 #afdi1 ,g]man  
,lu!ran4    ,ri/1 ,rev4 ,johann1 b4     
#afjg1 d4 #affg1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4 
,rodiga/1 ,rev4 ,samuel1 ,m4,a41 rector1
 b4 #afdi1 d4 #agjh1 ,g]man ,lu!ran4    
,ro!1 ,rev4 ,johann ,&reas1 ,m4,a41 b4  
#afhh1 d4 #ageh1 ,g]man ,lu!ran4        
,rudbeck1 ,ol(1 ,upsala ,univ]sity      
pr(essor1 b4 #affj1 d4 #agdj1 ,sw$i%    
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,rudbeckius1 ,rev4   
,petrus ,johannes1 ,upsala ,univ]sity   
pr(essor1 b4 #aegh1      d4 #afbi1      
,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,runeb]g1 ,c4 
,l41 pr(essor1 b4 #ahjd1 d4 #ahgg1 great
 ,f9ni% hymni/4    ,rutilius1 ,m>t91    
ar*deacon1 b4 #aeej1 d4 #afah1 ,g]man   
hymni/4    ,s&z51 ,j4 ,p41 rural dean 9 
,sw$i% ,*ur*1 b4 #ahcj1 d4 #aijd4       
,s*aeff]1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,william1 b4
 #ahac1 d4 #ahih1 pr(essor      ,lu!ran 
,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,philadelphia4      
,s*all+1 ,rev4 ,m>t91 b4 #aecb1 d4      
#afjh1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4           
,s*>tau1 ,h5ric1 rural dean 9 ,sw$i%    
,*ur*1 b4 #ageg1 d4 #ahbe4    ,s*effl]  

7,angelus ,silesius71 ,johann1          
physician1 ,lu!ran1 lat]                
,franciscan1 b4 #afbd1 d4 #afgg1 ,g]man 
hymni/4    ,s*5k1 ,rev4 ,h>tmann1 b4    
#afcd1 d4 #afii1 ,g]man hymni/4         
,s*5k1 ,rev4 ,he9ri* ,!obald1 b4 #afef1 
d4 #agbg1 ,g]man ,lu!ran4    ,s*5k5dorf1
 ,max von1 gov]nm5t (ficial1 b4 #aghc1  
d4 #ahag1 ,g]man      hymni/4           
,s*irm]1 ,rev4 ,mi*ael1 ,m4,a41 b4      
#afjf1 d4 #afgf1 ,g]man ,lu!ran4        
,s*legel1 ,joh4 ,adolf1 pr(essor1 b4    
#agba1 d4 #agic1 ,g]man hymni/4         
,s*m$eman1 ,johan1 gov]nm5t (ficial1 b4 
#afec1 d4 #agac1 ,sw$i%      hymni/4    
,s*molck1 ,rev4 ,b5jam91 b4 #afgb1 d4   
#agcg1 important ,g]man hymni/4         
,s*tz1 ,johann ,jakob1 lawy]1 b4 #afdj1 
d4 #afij1 ,g]man hymni/4    ,scriv]1    
,*ri/ian1 c\rt *apla91 b4 #afbi1 d4     
#afic1 ,g]man hymni/4    ,seiss1 ,rev4  
,dr4 ,joseph ,augu/us1 b4 #ahbc1 d4     
#aijd1 ,am]ican ,lu!ran      hymni/4    
,selneck]1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,nikolaus1        
sup]9t5d5t1 b4 #aecj1 d4 #aeib1 e>ly    

,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,sk>/$t1 ,c4  
,w41 pr(essor1 b4 #ahae1 d4 #aijh1      
,sw$i% hymni/4    ,sond51 ,p] ,adolf1   
pa/or1 au?or1 b4 #agib1 d4 #ahcg1 ,sw$i%
 hymni/4    ,spegel1 ,haqu91 c\rt       
*apla91 ar*bi%op1 poet1 b4 #afde1 d4    
#agad1      important ,sw$i% ,lu!ran    
hymni/4    ,sp5gl]1 ,laz>us1 close fri5d
 ( ,lu!r1 b4 #adgi1 d4 #aecd1 ,g]man    
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,sp]atus1 ,paul1     
bi%op1 b4 #adhd1 d4 #aeea1 e>ly ,g]man  
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,spitta1 ,rev4 ,k>l  
,johann ,philipp1 b4 #ahja1 d4 #ahei1   
important ,g]man      ,lu!ran hymni/4   
,spr+]1 ,l>s1 #ag? c5tury1 ,sw$i%       
hymni/4    ,/egmann1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,josua1 
b4 #aehh1 d4 #afcb1 ,g]man ,lu!ran      
hymni/4    ,/5bck1 ,rev4 ,l4 ,j41 b4    
#ahaa1 d4 #ahgj1 important ,f9ni%       
hymni/4    ,/5hamm>1 ,rev4 ,ma?ias1 b4  
#agff1 d4 #aheb1 ,sw$i% ,lu!ran hymni/4 
,/h51 ,hans ,*r41 pa/or1 b4 #aedj1 d4   
#afaj1 ,dani% hymni/4    ,/olpe1 ,rev4  
,georg1 b4 #agge1 d4 #aheb1 ,sw$i%      
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,/urm1 ,rev4 ,*ri/oph

 ,*ri/ian1 b4 #agdj1 d4 #aghf1 ,g]man   
hymni/4    ,sw$b]g1 ,jesp]1 bi%op1 b4   
#afec1 d4 #agce1 fa!r ( ,emanuel        
,sw$5borg1 great ,sw$i% hymni/4         
,synesius ( ,cyr5e1 bi%op ( ,ptolemais1 
b4 cir4 #cie1 d4 #dcj1 e>ly      ,greek 
hymni/4    ,tegn]1 ,e41 bi%op1 great    
,sw$i% s*ol>1 b4 #aghb1 d4 #ahdf4       
,t]/eeg51 ,g]h>d1 b4 #afig1 d4 #agfi1   
important ,g]man ,re=m$      hymni/4    
,?om&]1 ,johan ,h5rik1 bi%op1 b4 #agih1 
d4 #ahfe1 important ,sw$i%      ,lu!ran 
hymnologi/4    ,?omas ,aqu9as1 confessor
 & ! ,angelical ,doctor1 ,dom9ican1 b4  
cir4      #abbe1 d4 #abgd1 ,lat9 hymni/4
    ,?omas ( ,celano1 #ac? c5tury1      
,franciscan1 important ,lat9 hymni/4    
,toll/adius1 ,erik1 great prea*]1 b4    
#afic1 d4 #agei1 ,sw$i% ,lu!ran         
hymni/4    ,topelius1 ,z41 great ,f9ni% 
s*ol>1 b4 #ahah1 d4 #ahih1 important    
,f9ni%      ,lu!ran hymni/4    ,vis*]   
7,fis*]71 ,rev4 ,*ri/oph1 d4 #afjj1     
,g]man ,lu!ran4    ,wall91 ,rev4 ,dr4   
,johan ,ol(1 ar*bi%op1 b4 #aggi1 d4     

#ahci1 greate/      ,sw$i% ,lu!ran      
hymni/ & hymnologi/4    ,wal!r1 ,johann1
 *oirma/] & cantor1 ,torgau1 ,lu!r's    
musical      assi/ant1 b4 #adif1 d4     
#aegj1 ,g]man ,lu!ran hymni/4           
,weigel1 ,rev4 ,joh4 ,adam ,val5t41 b4  
#agdj1 d4 #ahjf1 ,g]man hymni/4         
,weisse1 ,rev4 ,mi*ael1 monk1 lat]      
,bohemian ,bre?r5's ,unity1 b4 cir4     
#adhj1 d4 #aecd4    ,weissel1 ,rev4     
,georg1 b4 #aeij1 d4 #afce1 ,g]man      
,lu!ran hymni/4    ,wieselgr51 ,p]1     
ca!dral dean1 ,go!nburg1 b4 #ahjj1 d4   
#ahgg1 important      ,sw$i% ,lu!ran    
hymni/ & hymnologi/4    ,wilhelm ,,ii1  
b4 #aeih1 d4 #affb1 ,g]man ,lu!ran      
hymni/4    ,w9kwor?1 ,miss ,ca!r9e1 b4  
#ahbi1 d4 #ahgh1 great ,engli%          
translator (      ,g]man hymns4         
,wirs51 ,c4 ,d41 b4 #ahdb1 d4 #aiab1    
important ,sw$i% hymni/4    ,wiwallius1 
,l>s1 b4 #afje1 d4 #affi1 ,sw$i% hymni/4
    ,wolt]sdorf1 ,rev4 ,ern/ ,gottlieb1 
b4 #agbe1 d4 #agfa1 ,g]man hymni/4      
,wultejus1 ,rev4 ,johan1 c\rt *apla91 b4

 #afci1 d4 #agjj1 ,sw$i% hymni/4        
,z9z5dorf1 ,c\nt1 ,moravian1 b4 #agjj1  
d4 #agfj4    ,a/rm1 ,rev4 ,johan1 b4    
#agfg1 d4 #ahdd1 important ,sw$i%       
,lu!ran      hymni/4    dmann1 ,samuel1 
pa/or1 pr(essor ( !ology1 au?or1 b4     
#agej1 d4 #ahbi1      great ,sw$i%      
,lu!ran hymni/4                         
,,footnotes      #a,! fir/ ,lu!ran hymn 
book 0 8,etli* ,*ri/li*e ,li$]0 ( #aebd4
      ,?is little hymn book may h be5   
publi%$ )\t ,lu!r's      assi/ance4     
,p]haps ! mo/ important hymn book1      
conta9+ a      numb] ( ,lu!r's hymns1 0 
8,gei/li*es ,gesangbue*le90 ( #aebd4    
8,en*iridion od] e9 ,h&bue*le90 appe>$ 9
 #aebd4 ,o!r      important hymn books  
appe>$ 9 #aebf1 #aeca1 & #aece4         
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,pres]v$    
copyright notice f ! pr9t$ book1 al?\gh 
?is e,book    is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry
 ( publication4    --,correct$ a few    
palpable typographical errors4    --,9 !
 text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is   
delimit$ by    und]scores4